id
stringlengths 4
5
| url
stringlengths 31
140
| title
stringlengths 1
79
| text
stringlengths 4.27k
110k
|
|---|---|---|---|
25208 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dots%20%28candy%29 | Dots (candy) | Dots, ko Mason Dots (alamar DOTS mai alamar kasuwanci), alama ce ta ɗanɗano ɗanɗano da Kamfanin Tootsie Roll Industries ya sayar, wanda ke iƙirarin cewa "tun lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da shi acikin shekara ta1945," alewar ta zama "Amurka ...#1 sayar da alamar gumdrop." Dangane da tallace -tallace, sama da digo biliyan huɗu ake samarwa daga masana'antar Tootsie Roll Industries Chicago kowace shekara. A cewar PETA, Dots vegan ne, kuma bisa ga gidan yanar gizon Masana'antu na Tootsie, ba su da yalwar abinci, ba su da gyada, ba su da gyada, kuma kosher (Kungiyar Orthodox ta tabbatar da kosher a hukumance har zuwa Disamba 1, acikin shekara ta 2009).
Tarihi An gabatar da digo a cikin shekara ta 1945 ta Mason kuma alamar kasuwanci ce a waccan shekarar. A cikin shekara ta1972, Masana'antu na Tootsie Roll sun sami alamar Dots ta hanyar siyan Sashin Mason na Kamfanin Candy Corporation na Amurka Kafin wannan siyan Mason, AU da Magenheimer Confectionery Manufacturing Company na Brooklyn kuma daga baya Mineola, New York Crows sune tsofaffin alewa a cikin dangin Dots, wanda aka fara halitta a ƙarshen karni na 19. Dots na asali sun koma acikin shekara ta1945, Dropical Dots zuwa shekarar ta 2003, da Yogurt Dots zuwa shekara ta 2007. An gabatar da Dots a cikin shekara ta 2009 zuwa shekara ta2010.
Dadi da iri
Dandano Dandano na yanzu don "Dots na asali" sun haɗa da ceri (ja), lemo (rawaya), lemun tsami (kore), orange (orange), da strawberry (ruwan hoda). Dots masu ɗaci suna da ɗanɗano biyar, amma an halicce su da citric acid: ceri, lemo, lemu, innabi, da koren apple. Dandano don Dots na Tropical sun haɗa da Nectar Island, Mangoro na daji, Mai sanyaya Inabi, Carambola Melon, da Aljanna Punch; kuma ga Yogurt Dots, Ayaba, Orange, Blackberry, da Lemon-Lime. Crows, black licorice flavored gum gum drop, kuma ana ɗaukarsu wani ɓangare ne na dangin Dots, waɗanda masu shayarwa Ernest Von Au da Joseph Maison suka kirkira a cikin 1890s. Akwai labarin almara na birni wanda yakamata a kira Crows "Black Rose", amma firintar ta ɓata sunan a matsayin "Black Crows" da buga masu kunshe da sunan da ba daidai ba a kansu. Koyaya, bincike gami da gaskiyar cewa sunan yana da haƙƙin mallaka kafin alewar ta taɓa zuwa tare da masu rufewa ta bayyana cewa wannan labarin ba gaskiya bane.
Iri -iri Baya ga nau'ikan Dots na asali (wanda kuma aka sani da Dots na Mason), Dots Tropical, Yogurt Dots, Sour Dots, da Crows, nau'ikan da suka gabata (gami da sadaukarwa na gajeren lokaci na musamman) sun haɗa da:
Fasahar Halloween An sayar da nau'ikan Dots ɗin Halloween na musamman guda uku: Dots ɗin fatalwa sune koren haske mai haske, tare da dandano iri ɗaya na Dots na asali, amma ba tare da launuka daban -daban don nuna wane dandano kowane ɗigon ɗanɗano zai iya samu ba.
Dots na Jemage Dots ne masu launin baƙar fata waɗanda ke da ɗanɗano ruwan lemu.
Dots ɗin Masarar alewa ƙanshin masara ne kuma suna kama da masara.
Sauran fannonin biki Sauran fannonin biki sun haɗa da:
Dots na Kirsimeti, waɗanda ke da saman Vanilla (fari) tare da tushen Cherry (ja) ko lemun tsami (kore)
Dots na Valentine, waɗanda ke da tushe na Vanilla (farar fata) tare da saman Cherry (ja) ko Farin Ciki (ruwan hoda).
Dots na Ista a Blueberry (shuɗi), Lemon (rawaya), Lemun tsami (kore), Cherry (ja), da Orange (orange) (wanda aka gabatar a 2010)
Wasu iri da dandano Wasu nau'ikan da dandano sun haɗa da:
An gabatar da Dots na Berry a cikin 2000. Dots na daji na Berry suna da daɗi, ƙyallen gumdrops mai rufi tare da ƙamshi, mai ruɓi. An katse Dots na Berry a 2007.
Dots Elements a rumman (ƙasa, shunayya), kirfa (wuta, ja), koren shayi (ruwa, kore), da hunturu (iska, shayi) (wanda aka gabatar a 2008; ba a ƙara samar da shi ba)
Hot Dots (aka Cinnamon Dots) an sake su a 2004, amma an dakatar da su a 2006.
Dots masu kishin ƙasa, waɗanda ke da saman vanilla (fari) tare da tushe strawberry (ja) ko tushe na blueberry (blue)
A cikin shekarun 1980, akwai Dots iri -iri da ake kira Dice Spice.
Fakiti na ɗanɗano na musamman irin su Pink Grapefruit, Peach, da kankana. Tallace -tallace a matsayin "yankakken tsami", suna kula da sifar gumdrop na duk sauran Dots.
Sinadaran Dots sun ƙunshi: Ruwan masara, sukari, sitaci abinci -modified, malic acid, dandano na halitta da na wucin gadi, sodium citrate, da launuka na wucin gadi.
Duba kuma Jerin samfuran kayan zaki
Hanyoyin waje
|
50341 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Kessell | Mary Kessell | Articles with hCards
Mary Merlin Kessell (13 Nuwamban shekarar 1914 1977) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Biritaniya, mai zane, kuma mai fasahar yaki.An haife ta a Landan, ta yi karatu a Makarantar Fasaha ta Clapham, sannan daga baya a Makarantar Fasaha da ta Tsakiya.A ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu,an umurce ta data yin aiki a Jamus a matsayin mai zane-zane na yankin Birtaniya; daya daga cikin mata uku da aka zaba.Ta shafe makonni shida a Jamus.inda ta je sansanin taro na Bergen-Belsen da aka 'yanto kwanan nan da kuma wasu manyan birni da suka hada da Berlin.Ta samar da zanen gawayi na 'yan gudun hijira, musamman mata da yara wanda daga baya ta sayar da su ga Kwamitin Ba da Shawarar Mawakan Yaki.Bayan yakin Kessell ta haɗu tare da Shirin Bunƙasa Buƙatun Needlework, NDS,don samar da ƙirar gwaji don na'ura da kayan aikin hannu da kuma yin aiki ga Shell a matsayin mai zane.Daga baya ta koma Makarantar Tsakiya don koyarwa a Makarantar Maƙera Azurfa da Kayan Ado tare da mai zane Richard Hamilton.
Farkon aiki An haifi Kessell a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba 1914 a London.Ta fara horar da fasahar ta a Makarantar Fasaha ta Clapham,inda ta yi karatu daga 1935 zuwa 1937, sannan a Makarantar Tsakiyar daga 1937 zuwa 1939. A tsawon lokacinta na ɗalibi ta kwatanta littattafai, ɗaya daga cikinsu ita ce Miss Kimber ta Osbert Sitwell a 1937.
Mawaƙin yaƙi A lokacin ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu, Kessell ta kasance a Jamus bayan da Kwamitin Ba da Shawarar Ƙwararru, WAAC,ta ba ta izini, a matsayin mai zane-zane na yakin Birtaniya. Mawakiyar yaki mata uku ne kawai suka yi aiki a kasashen waje a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu; a matsayin daya daga cikinsu,an bukaci Kessell da ta rubuta ‘yan gudun hijirar da ke tafiya cikin Turai bayan mika wuya na Jamus.Ta yi makonni shida a Jamus,daga 9 ga Agusta 1945 zuwa 20 ga Satumba, inda ta yi zanen gawayi na 'yan gudun hijira tare da adana bayanan abubuwan da suka faru. Makasudin farko na Kessell shine sansanin taro na Bergen-Belsen,wanda dakarun kawance suka kwato watanni hudu da suka wuce. Ta zo daga baya tayi aiki fiye da sauran masu fasaha na yaki,ciki har da Doris Zinkeisen, Edgar Ainsworth da Eric Taylor, wanda ta ziyarci sansanin nan da nan bayan 'yantar da shi. A lokacin da Kessell ta isa, an lalata sauran gine-ginen sansanin kuma an tura tsoffin fursunonin zuwa sansanin 'yan gudun hijira da ke kusa. An shirya ayarin motocin mutanen da suka tsira daga sansanin don komawa ƙasashensu kuma Kessell ta shaida da yawa daga cikin waɗannan tashin. Wannan ta yi tasiri na musamman akan aikin da ta samar. A Belsen, Kessell ta kammala zane-zane bakwai a cikin baƙar fata da sanguine gawayi, wanda ta kira Notes daga Belsen Camp, 1945. Waɗannan su ne mafi ƙanƙanta daga cikin zane-zanen da aka samar a lokacinta a matsayin mai zanen yaƙi.Ba kamar aikin da sauran masu fasaha suka ƙera ba, wanda sau da yawa ke ba da cikakken bayani game da fage,an cire batutuwan Kessell gaba ɗaya daga kowace ma'anar asali. Batun da kansu,da farko mata da yara,an zana su a matsayin "jiki marasa cikakken bayani". A lokacin zamanta a Jamus, Kessell ta kuma ziyarci Hamburg, Lübeck, Hanover,Kiel, Berlin da Potsdam kuma tana samar da zane-zane na gawayi a cikin irin salon da ta kammala a Belsen.An buga littafin tarihin lokacinta a Jamus a cikin Mujallar Cornhill a cikin 1946.
Aikin bayan yaki Bayan yakin, a cikin 1947,an umurci Kessell don kammala zane-zane na allura don Tsarin Buƙatar Aikin Ƙaddamarwa, yunƙurin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ilimi da masana'antu, wanda ta nemi ingantawa da inganta ƙirar Birtaniya.Ko da yake makircin tana da babban zaɓi na kayan ado a cikin nau'i-nau'i masu yawa, misalan kasashen waje sun wakilci mafi kyawun allura na tarin.Tare da niyyar faɗaɗa adadin ayyukan Birtaniyya,an zaɓi Kessell don ƙirƙirar ƙirar gwaji don aikin hannu da na'ura waɗanda masu fasaha na Burtaniya za su iya fassara su. An yi la'akari da ƙirar musamman "na ci gaba" kuma tana da wahala a sake haifuwa.An yi la'akari da sakamakon injin sun fi nasara fiye da waɗanda aka samar da hannu.Ko da yake ƙananan makarantun fasaha sun cika isa don ɗaukar ƙirar, Bromley College of Art ita ce wacce ta yi nasarar yin hakan. A cikin 1939 Kessell ta zana bangon,Judith da Helofernes, don tsohon Asibitin Westminster. A cikin 1955 ta zana wasu tsoffin abubuwa guda huɗu don Gidan Chemical na Imperial, Millbank. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ƙira a Shell Studio a Shell-Mex House kuma ta samar da fastoci don Shell (1952) kuma daga baya,a cikin 1964,don jigilar London na haɓaka Kew Gardens. Kessell ta baje kolin wasu zane-zanenta na 'yan gudun hijira a farkon shirye-shiryenta na solo guda hudu da za a gudanar a Leicester Gallerries a 1950. A cikin 1960s Oxfam ta umarci Kessell ta ziyarci Indiya don samar da zane-zanen da ke tallafawa aikinsu a can. An buga waɗannan daga baya, tare da rubutu ta Kessell,a matsayin Ziyarar Indiya don Oxfam a 1969. Kessell ta shiga ma'aikata a Makarantar Fasaha da Sana'a ta Camberwell a 1950 kuma daga baya ta koyar da ita a Makarantar Tsakiya inda Shugaban Makarantar William Johnstone ta kawo ta don koyarwa a Makarantar Ma'aikatar Azurfa da Kayan Ado a can,tare da mai zane Richard Hamilton. Ta koma koyarwa a Camberwell tsakanin 1955 zuwa 1960. Ana gudanar da aikin Kessell a cikin tarin London ciki har da Gidan Tarihi na Imperial War Museum, Tate da Victoria da Albert Museum. An gudanar da bitar aikinta a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Camden a cikin 1980. Ta yi aure da mai zanen fosta Tom Eckersley.
Littattafai da aka kwatanta Mrs Kimber na Oswald Sitwell, Macmillen, 1937. Mafi kyawun Waqoqin 1937 da Cape ta buga, 1938. Littafin rubutu na ɗan wasa na Ivan Turgenev, 1959. Ziyarar Indiya don Oxfam tare da rubutu ta Kessell, 1969.
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 13 artworks by or after Mary Kessell at the Art UK |
50583 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aria%20%28manga%29 | Aria (manga) | Aria (mai salo kamar ARIA)jerin manga ne na Jafananci wanda Kozue Amano ya rubuta kuma ya kwatanta.Asalin jerin an yi wa lakabi da Aqua (mai salo kamar AQUA)Lokacin da aka buga shi a cikin mujallar Enix 's Monthly Stencil daga 2001 zuwa 2002,kuma an sake masa suna lokacin da aka tura shi zuwa Mag Garden 's Comic Blade,inda ya ci gaba da yin jerin gwano daga Nuwamban shekarar 2002 zuwa Afrilu. 2008.An tattara Aqua a cikin juzu'i na tankobon guda biyu,kuma an tattara Aria cikin juzu'i goma sha biyu.
Hal Film Maker ya daidaita manga zuwa jerin talabijin na anime da yawa.An watsa kakar farko a cikin 2005,kakar wasa ta biyu a cikin 2006,OVA ta saki Satumba 2007,da kuma kakar wasa ta uku a cikin 2008 wanda ya ƙare kusan lokaci guda da jerin abubuwan manga.An fitar da wani OVA,mai suna Aria the Avvenire,a cikin jerin animekwatin bikin cika shekaru 10 na Blu-ray tsakanin Disamba 2015 da Yuni 2016.Fim don murnar cika shekaru 15 na jerin anime mai taken Aria the Crepusscolo wanda aka fara ranar 5 ga Maris 2021.Fim ɗin anime na biyu mai suna Aria the Benedizone wanda aka fara ranar 3 ga Disamba 2021.
ADV Manga ya fitar da fassarorin Turanci na litattafai uku na farko na Aria a cikin 2004 kafin barin lasisi. Daga nan Tokyopop ya sami haƙƙin Ingilishi zuwa Aqua da Aria.Tokyopop ya fitar da juzu'i biyu na Aqua a cikin Oktoba 2007 da Fabrairu 2008 da juzu'i shida na Aria tsakanin Janairu 2008 da Disamba 2010.An ba da lasisin anime a Arewacin Amurka ta The Right Stuf International,wanda ya fito da duk yanayi uku a cikin akwatin akwatin a ƙarƙashin tambarin Nishaɗi na Nozomi tsakanin 30 Satumba 2008 da 2 Maris 2010.
Labari Aqua da Aria faruwa a farkon karni na 24th,farawa a 2301 AD,a cikin birnin Neo-Venezia Neo Venetia,a zahiri "New Venice")a kan duniyar Aqua wani lokacin Akusized.a cikin manga tare da rubutun tushe na "Mars" yana aiki azaman mai sheki ),wanda aka sake masa suna bayan an mai da shi duniyar da za ta iya zama wacce aka rufe a cikin teku a kusa da shekaru 150 kafin. Neo-Venezia,wanda ya dogara da Venice a duka gine-gine da yanayi, birni ne mai tashar jiragen ruwa mai kunkuntar magudanar ruwa maimakon tituna, wanda gondola marasa motsi ke tafiya.
A farkon Aqua,wata budurwa mai suna Akari ta zo daga Manhome Manhomu,a da Duniya,wani lokacin ana salo kamar tare da rubutun tushe don"Duniya"yana aiki azaman mai sheki)don zama gondolier gondolier tare da Kamfanin Aria,ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfanoni uku masu jagorar ruwa a cikin birni.Burinta shine ta zama Undine,gondolier wanda ke aiki azaman jagorar yawon shakatawa (duba Sharuɗɗan da ke ƙasa).Yayin da take atisaye,Akari yana abokantaka da mai ba ta shawara Alicia,masu horarwa da kuma manya daga kamfanonin kishiya-Aika,Alice,Akira,da Athena—da sauran su a Neo-Venezia. Aqua ta ba da labarin zuwan Akari kan Aqua da horon da ta fara a matsayin Ma'aurata ko almajiri.Aria ta ci gaba da horar da ita a matsayin Single, ko mai tafiya,wanda ya ƙare a lokacin kammala karatun ta,Aika,da Alice a matsayin cikakkiyar Prima Undines.
Kowane babi yanki ne na rayuwa na binciken Akari na duniyar gondoliers,Neo-Venezia,da Aqua kanta. Amano akai-akai yana amfani da shafuka da yawa na zane-zane masu ban sha'awa don nuna yanayi,yana nuna al'ajabin abubuwan yau da kullun da abubuwan da suka faru na iri ɗaya.Masu bita sun bayyana shi da kamanceceniya a cikin sauti da tasiri ga Yokohama Kaidashi Kiko.
Halaye
Kamfanin Aria Kamfanin Aria karamin kamfani ne na jagorar ruwa wanda ya fara da ma'aikata biyu kawai.Tufafin sa suna sanye da shuɗi,kuma shugabanta (da sunan sa) shine Aria Pokoteng.
Voiced by: Erino Hazuki[11] (Japanese); Veronica Taylor[12] (English)
A native of Japan on Manhome (Earth) who immigrates to Aqua when she is 15 to become an Undine. While not as skillful at rowing a gondola as Alice nor as familiar with the history of her adopted city as Aika, Akari makes friends quickly and easily converses with customers and other strangers. She is depicted as optimistic and cheerful, finding enjoyment in things or events that others think humdrum and mundane, for which Aika and Alice call her "mysterious"; in the anime, Aika and Alice separately comment that Akari seems to attract mysterious phenomena to her. Akari often says Hohe or Hahi, which is her short version of "wow". When Akari used gondola simulations on Manhome, she accidentally learned how to row backwards and has to relearn the proper method when she starts at Aria Company; however, as Alicia puts it, "When rowing backward, Akari-chan is unrivaled!"
Most chapters of the manga and episodes of the anime are framed with narration taken from e-mails written by Akari. In the anime, the recipient is a young girl named Ai, a customer in the first episode who becomes Akari's pen pal, but in the manga the recipient is someone she does not name and is referred to as zenryaku but has never seen.
At the start of Aqua, Akari arrives on Aqua as a new Pair (apprentice) at Aria Company. In chapter 5 of Aqua, when Aika is promoted to Single (journeyman), Alicia tests and promotes Akari as well. Later, in chapter 58 of Aria and episode 12 of Aria the Origination, after Aika is promoted to Prima (full Undine), Alicia gives Akari the test for Prima. When Akari passes, she is given the title "Aquamarine" Harukanaru Ao, lit. "Distant Blue").
Voiced by: Sayaka Ohara[11] (Japanese); Marissa Lenti[16] (English)
The only other Undine with Aria Company, Alicia is one of the Three Water Fairies of Neo-Venezia, known by the title "Snow White" Shiroki Yōsei, lit. "White Fairy"). At the start of the series, she is 19 years old and the most popular Undine in the city, noted especially for her graceful rowing style. She was promoted to Prima at 15, the youngest ever to do so. Like Akari, she is relaxed and easy-going, but she also likes to tease others, especially her childhood friend Akira. Her favorite phrase is "My, my" (ara ara; "Well Well") and she frequently giggles, to Akira's annoyance. According to Grandma Akino, she is an excellent Undine because of her ability to enjoy everything.
At the end of the series, Alicia announces her upcoming marriage and retirement to take an administrative position with the Gondola Association. She tells Akari she had put off her Prima exam because she had been planning to retire after that and did not want to leave her student and friend. According to issue No. 6 of Monthly Undine, after her retirement, "Snow White" is designated the 8th "honored appellation" by the Gondola Association, as an Undine who made great contributions to the industry.
Voiced by: Yoshiko Matsuo[20] (Japanese); Karen Smith[21] (English)
A famous and long-serving Prima Undine, who started Aria Company with Aria Pokoteng after realizing she was missing too much of life as Himeya's top ace. She was Prima Undine for 30 years and mentor to Alicia, her last disciple, to whom she left the company on her retirement. She is highly respected by younger Undines, who call her "Grandma".
Voiced by: Kaori Mizuhashi[11] (Japanese); Lisa Oritz[16] (English)
A girl from Manhome. In the anime, she befriends Akari in episode 1 and becomes Akari's e-mail correspondent, while visiting Aqua whenever she can. In the manga, she first appears in chapter 60 as Aria Company's newest employee. In both versions, at the end of the series she becomes a Pair under Akari after Alicia's marriage and retirement. At some point before the start in the OVA Aria the Avvenire, she becomes a Single.
Anna Anna)
Voiced by: Risa Hayamizu[24] (Japanese); Erica Schroeder[21] (English)
A retired Undine who trained under Grandma Akino, becoming a Prima before Alicia. She left Aria Company shortly after Alicia was promoted to Prima to marry a fisherman named Alberto. She has a son named Ahito, and lives with her family on Neo-Burano |
40529 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023 | 2023 | 2023 itace shekarar da ake ciki a wadda ta zo bayan 2022 kafin 2024. Shekarar ta fara ne a ranar Lahadi a kalandar miladiyya, shekarar tana a cikin ƙarni na 21, kuma itace shekara ta huɗu a cikin sharar ta gomiya 2020.
Abubuwan da ka iya faruwa a 2023 1 ga Janairu
Croatia za ta karɓi kuɗin Euro kuma za ta zama ƙasa ta 20 a cikin ƙasashe masu amfani da kuɗin Euro Wannan shi ne karo na farko da za a kara faɗaɗa ƙungiyar hada-hadar kudi tun shigar kasar Lithuania a shekarar 2015 Croatia za ta shiga Schengen kuma ta zama ƙasa ta 27 memba a yankin Turai ba tare da fasfo ba. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da za a faɗaɗa yanƙin tafiye-tafiye na fasfo na Turai tun bayan shigar Liechtenstein a shekarar 2011 Za a rantsar da Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva a matsayin sabon shugaban kasar Brazil bayan ya doke shugaba mai ci Jair Bolsonaro a zaɓen fidda gwani da aka gudanar a Brazil ranar 30 ga Oktoba 2022 Canjin haruffan Latin na Uzbekistan zai cika. Janairu 5 Vatican za ta gudanar da jana'izar Paparoma Benedict XVI 8 ga Janairu Ƙasar Sin za ta kawo ƙarshen keɓewa ga matafiya na duniya bayan shekaru uku na manufofin COVID-Covid-19 Janairu 12 Janairu 22 2023 Wasannin Jami'ar Duniya na lokacin sanyi a Lake Placid, New York, Amurka.
Janairu 13 Janairu 14 2023 Zaben shugaban kasa na Czech Fabrairu 25 2023 babban zaben Najeriya Maris 5 2023 Zaɓen majalisar dokokin Estoniya Afrilu An yi hasashen Voyager 2 zai wuce Pioneer 10 a matsayin jirgin sama na biyu mafi nisa daga Duniya.
Afrilu 2 2023 Zaɓen ƴan majalisar dokokin Finland Afrilu 30 2023 babban zaɓen Paraguay Mayu 5 Za a ga kusufin wata da maraice da washegari a Afirka, Asiya da Ostiraliya, kuma zai kasance kusufin wata na 24 na Lunar Saros 141 Mayu 6 Sarautar Charles III da Camilla a matsayin Sarki da Sarauniyar Burtaniya da sauran daular Commonwealth a Westminster Abbey, London Mayu 7 2023 babban zaben Thai Mayu 12 Mayu 28 2023 IIHF Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a Finland da Latvia Mayu 9 Mayu 13 Gasar Waƙar Eurovision 2023 a Liverpool, United Kingdom Mayu 20 Yuni 11 2023 FIFA U-20 gasar cin kofin duniya a Indonesia Yuni 10 2023 Final Champions League a Istanbul, Turkiyya Yuni 18 2023 babban zaben Turkiyya Yuni 23 Yuli 2 2023 Wasannin Turai a Kraków da Małopolska, Poland Yuni 25 2023 babban zaben Guatemala Yuli 20 Agusta 20 2023 Gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA a Australia da New Zealand Yuli 23 2023 babban zaɓen Cambodia Yuli 28 Agusta 6 2023 Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu Agusta Afirka Super League Agusta 25 Satumba 10 2023 FIBA gasar cin kofin duniya a Philippines, Japan, da Indonesia Satumba 8 Oktoba 28 2023 Gasar Rugby a Faransa Satumba 23 Oktoba 8 2022 Wasannin Asiya a Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
Satumba 24 Ana sa ran OSIRIS-REx zai dawo tare da samfurori daga Asteroid Bennu na ƙungiyar Apollo Oktoba Nuwamba 26 2023 Kofin Duniya na Cricket a Indiya Oktoba 8 2023 babban zaben Luxembourg a Luxembourg Oktoba 14 Za a ga kusufin rana na shekara a yammacin Amurka, Amurka ta tsakiya, Colombia da Brazil, kuma zai kasance kusufin rana na 44 na Solar Saros 134 Oktoba 20 Nuwamba 5 2023 Wasannin Pan American a Santiago, Chile 28 ga Oktoba Za a ga wani bangare na kusufin wata da maraice da kuma washegari a kasashen Turai da galibin ƙasashen Afirka da Asiya, kuma za a yi husufin wata na 11 ga watan Saros 146 Nuwamba 11 2023 Zaɓen ƴan majalisar dokokin Poland na majalisar dokokin Poland Disamba 15 2023 Babban zaɓe na Spain na Cortes Generales Kwanan wata ba a sani ba Fabrairu Paparoma Francis zai ziyarci Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da Sudan ta Kudu. An shirya ziyarar ne daga 2 zuwa 7 ga Yuli 2022, amma an dage ta saboda rashin lafiyar Paparoma. Paparoma Francis ne zai zama magaji na farko ga Manzo Peter da zai ziyarci kasashen biyu.
Fabrairu Ukraine na shirin gudanar da taron zaman lafiya mai samun goyon bayan Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya nan da ƙarshen watan Fabrairu. Oktoba 2023 babban zaɓen Pakistan Disamba 2023 babban zaɓen Bangladesh Ana hasashen Indiya za ta zarce China don zama kasa mafi yawan jama'a a duniya Ƙungiya ta Ƙungiya ta Kyauta tare da Amurka don Micronesia da Marshall Islands ya ƙare. Ana sa ran Tushen Spallation na Turai zai fara aiki a Lund, Sweden Türksat 6A, tauraron dan adam na farko na cikin gida da na kasar Turkiyya, ana shirin tura shi zuwa sararin samaniya tare da hadin gwiwar SpaceX Za a gudanar da babban zaben kasar Sudan a shekara ta 2023 a matsayin wani bangare na mika mulki ga dimokradiyya, tare da shirin gudanar da babban taron tsarin mulki kan tsarin zabe da tsarin gwamnati. Bayan amincewa da daftarin da kasashe bakwai na EAC suka yi bayan shekara guda na tuntubar juna, za a kafa kungiyar kasashen gabashin Afirka nan da wannan shekara. An shirya gudanar da gasar cin kofin Asiya ta AFC ta 2023 a Qatar Ana sa ran hasken farko na Vera C. Rubin Observatory zai faru a watan Fabrairun 2023 tare da cikakken ayyukan kimiyya wanda zai fara shekara guda daga baya.
Mutuwa
Nassoshi |
23769 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris%20Lessing | Doris Lessing | Doris Lessing (Doris May Tayler,an haifeta aranar 22 ga watan Oktoba shekarata 1919 -ta mutu a ranar 17 ga watan Nuwamba shekarata 2013) marubuciyar Burtaniya ce. A shekarar 2007, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Nobel a Adabi. Masu ba da rahoto sun gaya wa Doris cewa ta lashe kyautar Nobel kuma sun tambaye ta "Shin ba ki yi mamaki ba?". Ta ce ta riga ta "lashe duk wasu kyaututtukan adabin Turai" don haka samun kyaututtukan al'ada ne.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Lessing a Iran a ranar 22 ga watan Oktoba shekarata 1919. Iyayenta duka turawa ne. Sun hadu ne a Royal Free Hospital Mahaifinta, Kyaftin Alfred Tayler, mai haƙuri ne saboda ya rasa ƙafarsa a Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya. Mahaifiyarta, Emily Maude Tayler (sunan budurci McVeagh), ma'aikaciyar jinya ce. Alfred Tayler da matarsa sun ƙaura zuwa Kermanshah, Iran. Ya fara aiki a can a matsayin magatakarda na Babban Bankin Farisa An haifi Doris a shekarata 1919. Daga baya, dangin sun ƙaura zuwa mulkin mallaka na Kudancin Rhodesia (wanda yanzu ake kira Zimbabwe a shekarar 1925 don noman masara.
Lessing yayi karatu a Makarantar Sakandaren Dominican Convent a Salisbur (yanzu Harare Makarantar zuhudun Katolika ce ta 'yan mata. Ta bar makaranta tana da shekara 14, kuma ta koyar da kanta bayan hakan. Ta bar gida tana da shekara 15 kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai aikin jinya Ta fara karatu game da siyasa da ilimin zamantakewa kuma ta fara rubutu a wannan lokacin. A cikin shekarata 1937, Lessing ta koma Salisbury don yin aiki a matsayin mai aikin tarho Ba da daɗewa ba ta auri mijinta na farko, Frank Wisdom. Suna da yara biyu (John da Jean), kafin auren ya ƙare a shekarar 1943. Ta kula da marubuci nan gaba Jenny Diski bayan iyayenta sun zage ta. Diski ya zauna tare da Lessing tsawon shekaru hudu a London.
Bayan kisan aurenta, Lessing ta ƙara shiga cikin membobin ƙungiyar left book Ta shiga wannan ƙungiyar littafin kwaminisanci shekara da ta gabata. Ta sadu da mijinta na biyu, Gottfried Lessing a can. Sun yi aure ba da daɗewa ba bayan ta shiga ƙungiyar, kuma ta haifi ɗa namiji mai suna Peter. Wannan aure ya ƙare da saki a shekarar 1949. Gottfried Lessing daga baya ya zama jakadan Jamus ta Gabas a Uganda An kashe shi a cikin tawaye a shekarata 1979 akan Idi Amin Dada Ta tafi Landan don ci gaba da aikinta na rubutu da manufofin gurguzu. Lessing ta bar yara ƙanana biyu tare da mahaifinsu a Afirka ta Kudu. peter, daga aurenta na biyu, ya tafi tare da ita. Daga baya ta ce tana tunanin ba ta da zabi a wannan lokacin. Ta ji ta yi iyakacin abin da za ta iya kuma ba ita ce mafi kyawun mutumin da za ta yi renon yaran ba. Da za ta yi takaici matuka kamar yadda mahaifiyarta ta kasance saboda yana da mahimmanci mace mai hankali ta ciyar da duk lokacinta tare da yara ƙanana.
Amsoshi Babbar tarin rubuce -rubucen Lessing yana a Cibiyar Bincike ta 'Yan Adam ta Harry Ransom, a Jami'ar Texas a Austin Akwai akwatuna 45 na kayan Lessing a Cibiyar Ransom waɗanda ke ɗauke da kusan duk rubutattun rubutunta da rubutunta har zuwa 1999. Lessing ba ta riƙe ko ɗaya daga cikin ainihin rubutunta na farko ba. Sauran cibiyoyi, gami da ɗakin karatu na McFarlin a Jami'ar Tulsa, suna ɗaukar ƙaramin tarin.
Mutuwa A ƙarshen shekarun 1990, Lessing ya gamu da bugun jini wanda ya hana ta yin balaguro a shekarun baya kuma ya mai da hankalinta kan mutuwa. Lessing ta mutu a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba 2013 a gidanta da ke Landan, tana da shekara 94.
Kyaututtuka Kyautar Somerset Maugham (1954)
Prix Médicis étranger (1976)
Kyautar Jihar Austriya don Adabin Turai (1981)
Alfred Toepfer Stiftung FVS, Hamburg (1982)
WH Smith Literary Award (1986)
Kyautar Palermo (1987)
Premio Internazionale Mondello (1987)
Premio Grinzane Cavour (1989)
James Tait Black Memorial Prize don tarihin rayuwa (1995)
Kyautar Littafin Los Angeles Times (1995)
Premium Internalional Catalunya (1999) Umarnin Sahabban Daraja (1999)
Abokin Adabi na Royal Society of Literature (2000)
Kyautar David Cohen (2001)
Premio Príncipe de Asturias (2001)
Kyautar ST Dupont Golden PEN (2002)
Lambar Nobel a Adabi (2007)
Ayyuka Novels
The Grass is Singing (1950)
Retreat to Innocence (1956)
The Golden Notebook (1962)
Briefing for a Descent into Hell (1971)
The Summer Before the Dark (1973)
Memoirs of a Survivor (1974)
The Diary of a Good Neighbour (as Jane Somers, 1983)
If the Old Could... (as Jane Somers, 1984)
The Good Terrorist (1985)
The Fifth Child (1988)
Love, Again (1996)
Mara and Dann (1999)
Ben, in the World (2000) sequel to The Fifth Child
The Sweetest Dream (2001)
The Story of General Dann and Mara's Daughter, Griot and the Snow Dog (2005) sequel to Mara and Dann
The Cleft (2007)
Alfred and Emily (2008)
The Children of Violence series
Martha Quest (1952)
A Proper Marriage (1954)
A Ripple from the Storm (1958)
Landlocked (1965)
The Four-Gated City (1969)
Canopus in Argos: Archives series
Shikasta (1979)
The Marriages Between Zones Three, Four and Five (1980)
The Sirian Experiments (1980)
The Making of the Representative for Planet 8 (1982)
The Sentimental Agents in the Volyen Empire (1983)
Opera libretti
The Making of the Representative for Planet 8 (opera)|The Making of the Representative for Planet 8 (music by Philip Glass, 1986)
The Marriages Between Zones Three, Four and Five (music by Philip Glass, 1997)
Comics
Playing the Game (graphic novel illustrated by Charlie Adlard, 1995)
Drama
Each His Own Wilderness (three plays, 1959)
Play with a Tiger (1962)
Poetry
Fourteen Poems (1959)
The Wolf People INPOPA Anthology 2002 (poems by Lessing, Robert Twigger and T.H. Benson, 2002)
Short story collections
Five Short Novels (1953)
The Habit of Loving (1957)
A Man and Two Women (1963)
African Stories (1964)
Winter in July (1966)
The Black Madonna (1966)
The Story of a Non-Marrying Man (1972)
This Was the Old Chief's Country: Collected African Stories, Vol. 1 (1973)
The Sun Between Their Feet: Collected African Stories, Vol. 2 (1973)
To Room Nineteen: Collected Stories, Vol. 1 (1978)
The Temptation of Jack Orkney: Collected Stories, Vol. 2 (1978)
Through the Tunnel (1990)
London Observed: Stories and Sketches (1992)
The Real Thing: Stories and Sketches (1992)
Spies I Have Known (1995)
The Pit (1996)
The Grandmothers: Four Short Novels (2003)
Cat Tales
Particularly Cats (stories and nonfiction, 1967)
Particularly Cats and Rufus the Survivor (stories and nonfiction, 1993)
The Old Age of El Magnifico (stories and nonfiction, 2000)
On Cats (2002) omnibus edition containing the above three books
Autobiography and memoirs
Going Home (memoir, 1957)
African Laughter: Four Visits to Zimbabwe (memoir, 1992)
Under My Skin: Volume One of My Autobiography, to 1949 (1994)
Walking in the Shade: Volume Two of My Autobiography, 1949 to 1962 (1997)
Other nonfiction
In Pursuit of the English (1960)
Prisons We Choose to Live Inside (essays, 1987)
The Wind Blows Away Our Words (1987)
A Small Personal Voice (essays, 1994)
Conversations (interviews, edited by Earl G. Ingersoll, 1994)
Putting the Questions Differently (interviews, edited by Earl G. Ingersoll, 1996)
Time Bites (essays, 2004)
On Not Winning the Nobel Prize (Nobel Lecture, 2007, published 2008)
Nassoshi Marubata
Turanci
Marubutan turanci
Lamabar yabo ta |
48801 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciwon%20Tafki | Ciwon Tafki | kaikayin tafki, cercarial dermatitis ko schistosome dermatitis cuta ce ta rashin lafiyar ɗan gajeren lokaci da ke samun fatar jikin mutum wanda ya kamu da kwayar cutar Tsargiya na ruwa, nau'in flatworm Ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a cikin ruwan koramu, ƙanƙara da wuraren zama na ruwa a duniya. Abubuwan da ke faruwa na wannan yanayin na iya karuwa, ko da yake ana iya danganta wannan ga ingantacciyar kulawa da bayar da rahoto akan abinda ke faruwa Duk da haka, ana ɗaukar yanayin a matsayin cuta wadda take tasowa yanzu Babban alamar ita ce kuraje ƙaiƙayi (fatar da ta tashi) wanda yawanci ke faruwa a cikin kwanaki 2 na kamuwa da cuta. Da farko, kurajen suna girma da sauri, sannan su juya zuwa macula(wani nau'in kurji) a cikin kusan rabin sa'a. A cikin sa'o'i 10 zuwa 12 waɗannan sun zama papules masu ƙaiƙayi waɗanda ke kaiwa ga mafi muni a rana ta biyu ko ta uku. Papules suna ɓacewa a cikin makonni 1-2 amma sakamakon na biyu daga karce na iya ci gaba da tsayi. Ƙunƙarar ƙaƙƙarfan ƙazanta, wanda ke tasowa bayan sa'o'i 48-72, yana hade da zafi da kumburin wuraren da aka shafa. Mutanen da suka kamu da kwayar cutar cercaria akai-akai suna haɓaka alamun bayyanar cututtuka tare da farawa da sauri. Babu wani tasiri na dindindin ga mutane daga wannan yanayin. maganin Hydroxyzine da baki, wanda yake maganin antihistamine, wani lokaci ana rubutashi don magance ƙaiƙayi na masu iyo da irin wannan rashin lafiyar dermal. Bugu da ƙari, yin wanka a cikin oatmeal, soda burodi, ko gishiri na Epsom kuma na iya ba da taimako na bayyanar cututtuka.
Abinda ke kawo cuta An san ciwon tafki tun farkon karni na 19, amma sai a shekara ta 1928 wani masanin halitta ya gano cewa ciwon fatar na tafkin ya faru ne ta hanyar tsutsa na rukuni na tsutsotsi a cikin iyali Schistosomatidae Abubuwan da aka fi dangantawa da ƙaiƙayi na masu iyo a cikin mutane sune Trichobilharzia da Gigantobilharzia Hakanan yana iya samuwa ta hanyar schistosome parasites na vertebrates waɗanda ba avian ba, irin su Schistosomatium douthitti, wanda ke cutar da katantanwa da rodents Sauran haraji da aka ruwaito sun haifar da dauki sun hada da Bilharziella polonica da Schistooma bovis A cikin mahalli na ruwa, musamman tare da bakin teku, ƙaiƙayi na masu iyo na iya faruwa kuma. Wadannan kwayoyin cuta suna amfani da katantanwa na ruwa da katantanwa a matsayin runduna a cikin yanayin rayuwarsu kamar haka:
Da zarar an nutsar da kwai na schistosome cikin ruwa, wani ɗan gajeren lokaci, ba ciyarwa ba, matakin rayuwa mai 'yanci wanda aka sani da miracidium ya fito. Miracidium yana amfani da cilia don bin abubuwan sinadarai da na zahiri da ake tunanin zai ƙara yuwuwar samun babban masaukin baki na farko a cikin tsarin rayuwarsa, katantanwa na ruwa mai daɗi Bayan kamuwa da katantanwa, yana tasowa zuwa uwa sporocyst, wanda hakan yana haifar da haifuwa na jima'i, wanda ya haifar da adadi mai yawa na 'ya'ya mata, wanda ba tare da jima'i ba ya haifar da wani ɗan gajeren lokaci, matakin rayuwa kyauta, cercaria Cercariae yana amfani da abin da ke kama da wutsiya (sau da yawa ana cokali mai yatsa a cikin nau'in halitta yana haifar da ƙaiƙayi na masu iyo) don yin iyo zuwa saman ruwa; kuma a yi amfani da alamu na zahiri da na sinadarai iri-iri domin gano na gaba kuma na ƙarshe (tabbatacciyar) mai masaukin baki a cikin zagayowar rayuwa, tsuntsu. Waɗannan tsutsa na iya haɗuwa da fatar ɗan wasan ninkaya da gangan. Cercaria yana shiga cikin fata kuma ya mutu a cikin fata nan da nan. Cercariae ba zai iya cutar da mutane ba, amma suna haifar da amsawar rigakafi Wannan yanayin yana haifar da ƙaiƙayi masu ƙaiƙayi da farko a fata. A cikin sa'o'i, waɗannan tabo sun zama papules masu tasowa waɗanda suke da ƙaiƙayi. Kowane papule yayi daidai da wurin shigar parasite guda ɗaya.
Bayan gano wani tsuntsu, kwayar cutar ta shiga cikin fata (yawanci ƙafafu), yana zubar da wutsiya mai yatsa a cikin tsari. A cikin tsarin jijiyoyin jini, tsutsotsin da ba su da girma schistosomula suna tasowa zuwa tsutsotsi maza da mata masu girma, ma'aurata da ƙaura ta hanyar tsarin jini na mai watsa shiri (ko tsarin jin tsoro idan akwai T. regenti zuwa wuri na ƙarshe (jijiya da ke ciyar da gastrointestinal tract) a ciki. jikin mai gida. A nan ne suke sanya ƙwai a cikin ƙananan jijiyoyi a cikin maƙarƙashiya na hanji daga cikin su suna shiga cikin lumen na hanji, kuma a jefa su cikin ruwa lokacin da tsuntsu ya yi bayan gida. Ɗaya daga cikin nau'in Turai, Trichobilharzia regenti, a maimakon haka yana cutar da ƙwayoyin hanci na tsuntsayen tsuntsaye da tsutsa daga ƙwai kai tsaye a cikin nama yayin shan ciyar da tsuntsaye masu cutar.
Abubuwan daka iya taimakawa wurin kamuwar ciwo Yawancin mutane suna kamuwa da cutar bayan yin iyo a cikin koguna, tafkuna ko tafkuna masu tafiya a hankali. Wasu bincike dakin gwaje-gwaje sun nuna katantanwa suna zubar da cercariae sosai da safe da kuma ranakun rana, kuma shiga cikin ruwa a cikin waɗannan yanayi na iya ƙara haɗari. Tsawon lokacin yin iyo yana da alaƙa da haɗarin kamuwa da cuta a Turai da Arewacin Amurka, da ruwa mara zurfi na iya ɗaukar nauyin cercariae sama da buɗaɗɗen ruwa a bakin teku. Ana tsammanin iskar da ke kan teku za ta sa cercariae ta taru tare da bakin teku. Nazarin tafkuna da barkewar annoba a Turai da Arewacin Amurka sun gano lokuta inda haɗarin kamuwa da cutar ya bayyana a ko'ina ya rarraba a kusa da gefen ruwa da kuma lokutan da haɗarin ke ƙaruwa a cikin ƙaiƙayi na masu iyo "masu zafi". Yara na iya kamuwa da kamuwa da cutar akai-akai kuma fiye da manya amma wannan yana iya nuna halinsu na yin iyo na tsawon lokaci a cikin teku, inda cercariae kuma ke maida hankali. Abubuwan ƙarfafawa don shiga cikin mahaifa cikin fata mai masauki sun haɗa da fatty acids marasa ƙarfi, kamar linoleic da linolenic acid. Ana samun waɗannan mahimman fatty acid a yawancin amfanin gona da ake ci, da man shuka da aka samu, da man rana da man shafawa dangane da mai.
|
21295 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwanton%20Bauna%20Abagana | Kwanton Bauna Abagana | Kwanton Baunar Abagana (31 ga Maris, din shekarar 1968) ya kasance kwanton bauna ne daga sojojin kungiyar masu rajin kafa Biafra karkashin jagorancin Manjo Jonathan Uchendu inda suka rusa runduna ta 2 ta Najeriya. Daga cikin sojojin Najeriya 6,000 da suka yi wa kwanton bauna, kadan ne kawai suka tsira, ciki har da kwamandan runduna ta biyu, Janar Murtala Muhammed Bayan Fage A ranar 4 ga Oktoban shekarar 1967, runduna ta 2 ta Najeriya ta fara ruwan bama-bamai kan Onitsha kuma ta ci gaba da kai mata hari har tsawon kwanaki takwas, kafin jirgin ruwan armada 10 ya tsallaka Kogin Neja zuwa cikin gari. 'Yan Najeriya da ke mamaya ba su bi sojojin Biafran da suka dawo ba sai suka gwammace wawashewa da kona kasuwar Onitsha a kasa. Bataliyar Biyafara ta 11 da ta 18 karkashin Manjo Joseph Achuzie da Col. Assam Nsudoh kafa pincer da farmaki Onitsha daga biyu kwatance, kamawa da kuma kashe mafi sojojin Najeriya da.
A watan Disamban shekarata 1967 runduna ta 2 ta Najeriya da bataliya ta 6 suka tsallaka Kogin Neja a Idah suka fara hanyarsu zuwa Onitsha, a ƙarshe suka kame garin bayan ƙoƙari da yawa. Sojojin Najeriya yanzu haka sun yi niyyar hada Runduna ta daya a Enugu da ta 2 a Onitsha. A karshen wannan ne runduna ta 2 ta Nijeriya ta tashi zuwa Enugu, a cikin wata ayarin motoci masu dauke da motoci masu sulke, a ranar 31 ga Maris 1968.
Kwanton Bauna A 31 Maris din shekarar 1968, a jerin gwanon kunshi 106 motocin na zuwa Nijeriya rumfuna ta 2 shari 6,000 sojoji, kazalika da makamai daga Onitsha zuwa Enugu aka kwanton bauna da decimated a garin Abagana da wani kananan naúrar na Biafran sojoji karkashin jagorancin Manjo Jonathan Uchendu 'Yan Biafra sun harba rokoki na gida mai suna Ogbunigwe ne a cikin wata motar dakon mai dauke da fetur wanda ya haifar da wani mummunan fashewa da ya lalata da yawa daga motocin sulke na ayarin tare da kashe adadi mai yawa na sojojin Najeriya. Sojojin Biafra sun lalata ko kuma sun kama tan 350 na kayan aikin Sojojin Najeriya. Bayan harin na roka sai sojojin Biafran suka bude wuta kan ayarin tare da kananan bindigogi suka kashe karin sojojin Najeriya da yawa.
Bayan haka Samun nasarar kwanton baunar da aka yi a Abagana ya baiwa sojojin Biafran da farar hula fata a yakin tare da dakatar da ci gaban Najeriya na wani lokaci zuwa yankin Biyafara. Janar Murtala Muhammed ya sami sauki daga umarnin sa kuma bai sake ba da umarnin ballewa ba. A nasa kalaman, Uchendu ya ce ganin ayarin motocin ya kusan shanye sojojin nasa. Yaransa sun yi matukar damuwa don fara harbe-harbe, fiye da fargaba fiye da komai. Ya roke su da su kwantar da hankulansu har sai ya ba da umarnin. Ya bar yawancin ayarin sojojin Najeriya na 2 suka wuce. Yaransa sun yi mamakin dalilin da zai ba su izinin shiga yankin Biafra da aka kame. Sun kasance masu tsoro da shakku, duk da haka sun aminta da aikin soja kuma don haka suna jiran sanin dabarun sa. Ya ce sun gama cewa yakin ya kare, amma a matsayinsu na jarumawa sojoji, dole ne su yi fada har zuwa karshe!
Yayin da yake jagorantar sojan tare da harba roket kan abin da zai yi wa ayarin da ke shigowa da kuma lokacin da ya fi dacewa ya buge, sojan ba da daɗewa ba ya danna harbin, yana barin rokar. Yayi sa'a, ya buge tankar mai. Tankar ta fashe kuma ta jefa abubuwan da ke ciki a kan dako dauke da makamai kusa da wurin wanda ya cinna wuta komai, ya haifar da fashe-fashe da yawa.
A cikin firgici, sojojin da tuni suka tsallaka layin Biafra sun gudu zuwa wurare daban daban cikin rudani. Sojojin Biafra sun kai hari. Sun yi magana da sojoji na yau da kullun kuma sun shiga cikin harin. Lokacin da Uchendu ya samu labarin cewa Muritala Muhammed yana tare da ayarin kuma a wani wuri a Nawfia, sai ya tashi da sauri don kamo shi amma ya makara kasancewar ana ganin Muritala yana tashi da jirgi mai saukar ungulu.
Bayanan kula Though John de St. Jorre mentions Colonel Joseph Achuzie as commander of the operation, Major-General Alexander Madiebo (General Officer Commanding the Biafran Army) credits Major Uchendu. Chinua Achebe and others also credit Uchendu. From all indications, Achuzie was the commanding officer of Uchendu`s division and strategically planned the operation, while Uchendu led the actual ambush.
International journalists present in Biafra at the time like Frederick Forsyth, Gilles Caron and other authors give the strength of the ambushed Nigerian troops as 6000 men supported by armor, of which almost all were lost. Chinua Achebe gives the much lower figure of about 500 Nigerian troops. All sources state that the convoy was about 100 vehicles long including troop transport, ammunition transport, tankers and armored cars.
Manazarta de St. Jorre, John (2012). The Brothers' War: Biafra and Nigeria. Faber and Faber. ISBN 9780571287376.
Oyewẹsọ, Syan (1992). The post-Gowon Nigerian accounts of the Civil War, 1975 1990: a preliminary review. Africa Peace Research Institute, Lagos. p. 17.
Achebe, Chinua (2012). There was a country. Penguin. ISBN 9780141973678.
Osuji, Steve (23 October 2012). "'There was a country': Ogbunigwe, Abagana ambush; Achebe, Okigbo and Ifeajuna". The Nation Online. Archived from the original on 28 December 2015.
Forsyth, Frederick (1971). The Biafra Story: The Making of an African Legend. ISBN 1848846061.
Caron, Gilles (1968). La Mort du Biafra: Photographies du Gilles Caron. Presentation de F. de Bonneville, Paris Solar.
Baxter, Peter (2014). Biafra The Nigerian Civil War 1967-1970. Helion Co Ltd. pp. 31–50. ISBN 9781909982369.
Alabi-Isama, Godwin. The Tragedy of Victory: On-the-spot Account of the Nigeria-Biafra War in the Atlantic Theatre. Spectrum Books Limited, Ibadan. ISBN 9789789260393.
Appiah, Kwame Anthony; Gates, Henry Louis (2005). Africana (2ème éd. ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 453. ISBN 9780195170559.
Nwadike, Jerome (2010). A BIAFRAN SOLDIER’S SURVIVAL FROM THE JAWS OF DEATH: NIGERIAN BIAFRAN CIVIL WAR. p. 57. ISBN 9781453513811
Rikici
Afirka
|
45816 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinology | Sinology | Kimiyyar kasar Sin ko Nazarin Tarihin Sin (A turance: Sinology) ilimi ne da ke kula da abin da ya shafi kasar Sin ta hanyar nazarin yarenta da adabi da tarihinta, kuma galibi ana yin la'akari da nazarin kasashen yamma a wannan fanni. Watakila wannan kimiyya ta mayar da hankali kan gwada nasarorin da masana kimiyyar kasar Sin suka samu a cikin wayewarsu. A tarihi, ana kallon "Sinology" a matsayin kwatankwacin amfani da ilimin Harshe a kasar Sin, kuma har zuwa karni na 20 ana ganin yana nufin ilimin harshe ne (harshe da adabi). Daga baya an fadada wannan kimiyya ta hanyar ƙara tarihin kasar Sin, rubuce-rubuce, da sauran batutuwa.
Sinology a Japan A kasan Japan, ana kiran Sinology da kangaku "Han karatu", sabanin Kokugaku ma'ana nazarin Japan, da Yōgaku ko Rangaku ma'ana nazarin Yamma ko Netherlands. An bambanta shi da Sinology na Yamma da na zamani.
Sinology a Kasashen Yamma
Farkon karni na sha bakwai Turawan Yamma na farko da aka sani da sun yi nazarin Sinanci da yawa su ne ’yan kasar Portugal, Mutanen Espanya, da Italiya na ƙarni na goma sha shida—dukansu na Dominican Order ko Society of Jesus (Mabiya addinin kiristanci)—waɗanda suka nemi yaɗa Kiristanci na Katolika a tsakanin mutanen Sinawa. Ofishin Dominican na Mutanen Espanya na farko a Manila yana sarrafa injin buga littattafai, kuma tsakanin 1593 da 1607 ya samar da ayyuka huɗu kan bangaskiyar Katolika ga al'ummar baƙi na Sinawa, uku cikin Sinanci na gargajiya da ɗaya cikin cakuda Sinanci na gargajiya da na Hokkien.
Sinology tsakanin Larabawa
kafin karni na ashirin Littafan tarihi na kasar Sin sun nuna cewa, Sinawa suna da masaniya sosai kan Larabawa shekaru da dama kafin Musulunci, kasancewar tarihin dangantakar da ke tsakanin al'ummomin biyu ya samo asali ne tun kafin Musulunci. Manufar daular Han (206 BC 8 AD) na da nufin bude hanyoyin kasuwanci tare da yankunan yammacin kasar Sin, wadanda a halin yanzu aka sansu da Asiya ta Tsakiya, Indiya da Yammacin Asiya, har zuwa yankin Larabawa da Afirka.
karni na ashirin da abinda ya biyoshi A karni na 20, ayyukan hadin gwiwa tsakanin kasar Sin da kasashen Larabawa sun kai ga samun bunkasuwar Sinology a kasashen Larabawa bayan da aka fadada fannin hadin gwiwa tsakanin Sin da Larabawa a fannin ilimi, inda aka samu bambanci bisa matakin hadin gwiwa. Tun bayan kulla huldar diflomasiyya tsakanin kasashen Sin da Masar a shekarar 1956 miladiyya, kasar Masar ta fara bude kofofin koyar da harshen Sinanci a jami'o'in kasar Masar. Jami'ar Ain Shams ta bude bangaren gwanancewa a harshen Sinanci a shekarar 1958. Duk da haka, ya tsaya saboda dalilai na siyasa a lokacin. A tsakanin shekarar 1958 zuwa 1963 miladiyya, an yaye daliban kasar Sin 33 daga kasar Masar. A shekara ta 1977 miladiyya, jami'ar Ain Shams ta koma ƙware a cikin harshen Sinanci. Baya ga Masar, akwai kuma ayyukan koyar da yaren Sinanci a Kuwait, amma sun tsaya bayan wani dan lokaci kadan. Masanan Larabawa sun yi kokarin zurfafa zurfafa bincike kan ilimin Sinology don dalilai na ilimi, siyasa, al'adu da diflomasiyya don gina hanyar sadarwa tsakanin al'ummar Larabawa da Sinawa. Sha'awarsu ga tarihin kasar Sin ma ta karu sosai. An buga litattafai da dama da suka shafi tarihin al'adun kasar Sin da jama'arta cikin harshen Larabci. A cikin 2020 AD, bayan ya shafe kusan shekaru shida a matsayin karamin jakadanci a Guangzhou, Dr. Ali bin Ghanem Al-Hajri, jami'in diflomasiyyar Qatar wanda ake yi wa kallon daya daga cikin Larabawa wanda ya mallaki manyan ayyukan ilimi na Larabawa da yawa a Sinology, ya buga littafin "Zheng He, Sarkin Tekun China." Littafin ya kunshi tarihi da abubuwan da suka faru na wani shugaban kasar Sin mai suna Zheng He, wanda ya yi tafiya tare da rundunarsa a duniyar da aka sani a lokacin a cikin tafiye-tafiye bakwai tsakanin shekara ta 1415 zuwa 1432 miladiyya. Kafin haka, ya rubuta wani labari mai suna "The Rundunar Rana", wanda ya samo asali daga labarin wani jagorar kasar Sin. Ana kallon littafin a matsayin littafin Riwaya (Novel) na farko cikin littafan Larabci mai dauke da Sinanci, kuma ya yi suna sosai a duniyar Larabawa da Sinawa, duk da cewa bai dade da fitowa ba, yayin da aka fassara shi zuwa harsuna sama da uku. a bisa wannan labari, an shirya wani fim na Documentary (Hanyar Rana) a birnin Guangzhou a shekarar 2021 miladiyya a karkashin jagorancin ofishin yada labarai na lardin da hadaddiyar gidan rediyo da talabijin da kuma karamin ofishin jakadancin kasar Qatar a Guangzhou. Fim din ya yi bayani ne kan tasirin sadarwa tsakanin kasar Sin da yankin Gulf na Larabawa a tarihi. Jaridar Difaf Publications ta buga littafin "Sarkin Gabashin Chudi" na Dr. Ali bin Ghanem Al-Hajri, inda ya yi karin haske kan tarihin sarki Yongle da irin zaman lafiyar da kasar Sin ta samu a karkashin mulkinsa a bangaren al'adu, wanda kuma ya samu kulawa daga wannan sarki. Sannan ya ba da kulawa ta musamman ga bangaren hukumar gudanarwa da hada-hadar kudi, Sarkin ya yi kokarin sabunta wasu tsare-tsarensa da kafa sabbin dokoki, baya ga bangaren tattalin arziki, wanda ya samu ci gaba da habaka sosai sakamakon kwanciyar hankalin siyasa. Har ila yau, ya buga littafi mai suna "kasar Sin a idon matafiya", kuma littafi ne da ya yi bincike cikin tarihin tsohuwar kasar Sin ta hanyar bincike da matafiya da masu bincike suka yi. Wata cibiyar buga littattafai ta Sin ce ta buga fassarar littafin zuwa harshen Sinanci a shekarar 2020 miladiyya tare da gudummawar farfesa Wang Yue da Dr. Wang Fu na jami'ar nazarin kasa da kasa dake nan birnin Beijing. Har ila yau, Al-Hajri ya rubuta littafin "Al-adu a daular Ming", inda ya yi bayani kan ci gaban siyasa da tattalin arziki na daular Ming, da kuma ci gaban tarihi na al'adun kasar Sin. An fassara hudu daga cikin littattafansa zuwa Sinanci. Littafin Dokta Ali bin Ghanem Al-Hajri mai suna "Takardun Tattalin Arziki kan Hanyar Siliki" ya yi bayani ne kan shirin Belt and Road na kasar Sin, inda ya yi nazari kan wannan shiri ta mabanbantan ra'ayi, inda ya yi magana a cikin babi takwas kan ma'anar hanyar siliki, da tarihin tattalin arziki (Sin) a cikin karni na uku, da tattalin arzikin sufuri bisa ma'auni na shirin Sinawa, da matsayin kasashen duniya, musamman gabas ta tsakiya, kasashen Afirka, Amurka da Indiya zuwa ga wannan shiri. An fassara littattafai da yawa daga Sinanci zuwa Larabci a matsayin wani ɓangare na waɗannan ƙoƙarin. Fiye da litattafai 700 na mutanen kasar Sin, da al'adu, da tattalin arzikinsu, da adabi da falsafa aka fassara zuwa harshen Larabci daga kamfanin House of Wisdom da ke Ningxia Hui, arewa maso yammacin kasar Sin tun bayan kafa shi a shekarar 2011.
Duba kuma
|
22382 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yancin%20Samun%20Wadatattun%20Sutura | Yancin Samun Wadatattun Sutura | Yancin samun wadatattun sutura, ko' yancin sanya tufafi, an amincewa da shi a matsayin 'yancin ɗan adam a cikin wasu kayan aiki na haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa wannan, tare da haƙƙin abinci da haƙƙin zama, ɓangarori ne na haƙƙin samun daidaito na rayuwa kamar yadda aka sani a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 11 na Yarjejeniyar onasa ta Duniya kan Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu (ICESCR). Hakanan an yarda da haƙƙin sutura a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 25 na Bayyanar da Duniya na 'Yancin Dan Adam (UDHR).
Masu cin gajiyar Hakkin sanya sutura wani bangare ne na 'yancin samun daidaituwar rayuwa, kuma don hakan, ana daukarsa a matsayin wani abu da ya kamata a tabbatar don hana mutane rayuwa a karkashin talauci. Lallai, sanya sutura alama ce ta talauci mai girma da Kuma arziki:
Don nuna yadda ake da damar samun suturar da ke akwai, Dakta Stephen James ya samar da jerin wasu wadatattun masu cin gajiyar hakkin mafi karancin sutura. Wadanda suka hada da wannan jerin mutanen sune wadanda suka fi fama da rashin sutura, kamar su: Masu karamin karfi, gami da marasa aikin yi, marasa karfi da aiki An fansho da sauransu sun dogara da tsaro na zamantakewa Marassa matsuguni da sauransu a cikin rashin matsuguni;
Waɗanda ke cikin masaukin gaggawa (alal misali, wuraren neman mata ko na hali ko masu zaman kansu (gami da masaukin sadaka);
Tsofaffi, ko kuma a cikin keɓaɓɓun gidaje ko hayar haya, ko na jiha, na kasuwanci ko na jinƙai gidajen kula da jinya, asibitoci da masu kula da asibiti;
Mutanen da ke fama da matsanancin rashin lafiya ta hankali ko na rashin ƙarfi na tunani ko na jiki (ko suna rayuwa a gida ba tare da kansu ba, tare da danginsu ko wasu, ko kuma a kungiyoyi Yanki na al'ummomi rabin-gida-gida, asibitoci na gwamnati ko masu zaman kansu da sauran cibiyoyi);
Yara da matasa, musamman marayu da yara masu laifi a cikin kulawa, makarantun jihohi ko wuraren tsare mutane;
Marasa lafiya da wadanda suka ji rauni a asibitoci (ko cibiyoyin gyarawa), gami da waɗanda ake kula da su saboda shaye-shaye da sauran masu dogaro da ƙwayoyi Fursunoni, a tsare ko akasin haka;
Ma'aikata a cikin masana'antun haɗari (alal misali, masana'antar kera sinadarai da masana'antar hakar ma'adanai ko kuma suna aiki a ƙarƙashin yanayi na matsi (misali, masu gumi waɗanda rayuwarsu ko lafiyarsu ta dogara da tufafin kariya (haɗe da masu aikin yara);
'Yan asalin ƙasar da ke rayuwa a cikin talauci;
'Yan Gudun Hijira, masu neman mafaka, da kuma ma'aikatan bakin haure (musamman wadanda ke aiki a kasuwannin bayan fage ba bisa ka'ida ba); kuma,
Wadanda ke fama da bala'o'i, rikice-rikicen cikin gida, yakin basasa da na duniya (gami da fursunonin yaƙi zalunci na kisan kare dangi da sauran ɓarna.
Ganewa Rashin tattaunawa a game da haƙƙin sutura ya haifar da rashin tabbas game da burin dama da kuma yawan tufafi da ake buƙata. Masani Matthew Craven ya lura cewa mafi ƙarancin matakin tufafi shine abin da ake buƙatar samarwa; yana da "mahimmin mahimmanci ba kadan ba saboda a mafi karancin matakan yana wakiltar batun rayuwa." Wannan abin da ake buƙata na "mafi ƙarancin" ko "isasshe" ana nuna shi a cikin rahotanni daga Kwamitin UNancin Haƙƙin Yara UN) na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kuma rahoto daga Consortium For Street Children, kazalika a matsayin yawan Janar Bayani daga Kwamitin Kula da Tattalin Arziki, Tsarin Al'adu da Al'adu (CESCR) dangane da tsofaffi, nakasassu, da ma'aikata. Akwai, duk da haka, babu wata alama game da abin da irin wannan mafi ƙarancin "ƙarancin" ko "isasshen" daidaiton ya ƙunsa: hakika, ba safai ba ne CESCR ya yi tambayar wata ƙungiya ta ICESCR game da aikinta game da haƙƙin sutura ko tufafi. An sami takaitaccen sharhin ilimi game da burin 'yancin sanya sutura dangane da' yan gudun hijira. James Hathaway ya bayar da hujjar cewa ya kamata 'yan gudun hijirar su samu suturar da za ta dace da yanayin kuma ta wadatar da duk wani aiki ko wasu mukamai da suke fatan aiwatarwa. Bugu da ƙari, bai kamata a tilasta su sanya kowane irin tufafin da zai haifar da ƙyamar jama'a ko nuna bambanci a matsayin baƙi ba. A gefe guda kuma, duk da haka, idan 'yan gudun hijirar suka zabi sanya tufafin da ke wakiltar al'adunsu, kasar da suka fito ko kuma al'ummarsu, suna da kariya a karkashin doka ta 27 ta Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan' Yancin Jama'a da Siyasa don yin hakan. Kwamitin kan Hakkin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu ya karkata zuwa ga amfani da fassarar takamaiman mahallin kan abin da ya isa daidaiton sutura; ya zuwa yanzu, ba a yi la'akari da haƙƙi a cikin azancin sa gaba ɗaya a cikin sharhi na gaba ɗaya ba. Hakkin mallakar sutura ko tufafi an yarda dashi a cikin gida tsawon shekaru dubbai aƙalla sashi amma ya sami ƙarancin sanarwa a yanayin duniya saboda wasu dalilai. Ba a bayyana dalilin da ya sa ake samun rashin ganewa ba; wani marubucin ya ba da shawarar cewa rashin bayani dalla-dalla ya samo asali ne saboda bambancin bukatun al'adu da bukatunsu. Koyaya, wannan bayanin an ɗauke shi a matsayin "ba mai yiwuwa ba ne": Dr James ya lura cewa "[c] bambancin al'adu, muhalli da tattalin arziki a cikin 'buƙatu da buƙatu' tabbas suna da alama game da gidaje, lafiya kamar yadda suke a ciki dangantaka da sutura, amma wannan bai hana ba da cikakken bayani ba game da waɗancan haƙƙoƙin a cikin dokokin duniya. Masani Matthew Craven ya kammala a shekarata 1995 cewa:
Koyaya, Dr James ya sake cewa: babu wani daga cikinmu da zai yi sakaci cewa ba za mu tsinci kanmu cikin bukatar wadatattun sutura ba. Hakkin yana da mahimmancin amfani sosai. 'Yanci ne mai mahimmanci, ba ado ko wauta ba ta shari'a Ya kuma yi kira da a cigaba da tattaunawa da sharhin ilimi, yana jayayya da hakan:
Hulɗa tsakanin haƙƙin sutura da sauran haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam Kamar yadda haƙƙin tufafi ya shafi irin wannan mahimmin al'amari na ɗan'adam, a dabi'ance yana hulɗa da wasu haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam waɗanda ke ƙunshe cikin wasu kayan aikin haƙƙin ɗan adam.
Hakkin rayuwa Kowane mutum na da haƙƙin rayuwa, kamar yadda aka tabbatar a ƙarƙashin Mataki na uku na UDHR. Koyaya, idan mutane ba sa suturar da ta dace, sun fi kyau fuskantar yanayi. Ba tare da dumi tufafi, wani mutum zai iya da kyau mutu daga hypothermia a lokacin da wani sanyi da hunturu; suturar da ba ta dace ba, a gefe guda, na iya taimakawa ga zafin jiki, rashin ruwa da gajiya a lokacin bazara ko a yanayin zafi. Bugu da ƙari kuma, rashin wadatattun tufafi na iya ƙara ɗaukar hotuna zuwa hasken ultraviolet kara rashin lafiyar jiki da yanayin fata; da kuma tsananta yanayin kiwon lafiya da suka kasance. Bugu da ƙari, samun damar zuwa wajen likita kamar yadda aka tabbatar a karkashin Mataki na 25 na UDHR da kuma Mataki na 12 na ICESCR ana iya hana ta ta hanyar rashin wadatattun kayan sawa, musamman idan ba a samun damar saye da suttura mai warkarwa ko takalmin ƙafa ko tsada.
'Yancin faɗar albarkacin baki Sanya tufafi ko fiye daidai, zaɓar waɗancan tufafi da za a sa shine, ga mutane da yawa, wani muhimmin bangare na bayyanawa kamar yadda aka tabbatar a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 19 na UDHR. Mutanen da ke da babban nakasa na iya yin suturar da ba ta dace ba, suna musun maganganun da suke so. Bugu da ƙari, tilasta sanya sutura mai datti, yage, mara kyau da ma tsofaffin tufafi na iya kiran izgili da raini da kuma haifar da kunya. Wannan na iya zama gaskiya musamman ga yaran makaranta iyaye na iya yin jinkirin la’akari da tura yaro zuwa makaranta sakamakon gori da kunya da aka kawo ta tufafin da yaron ya sanya. Ya kamata a ke rarrabewa, duk da haka, tsakanin waɗanda aka tilasta musu sa rigunan da suka yage, marasa kyau ko tsofaffin kayan aiki da waɗanda suka sani sanye da sanya irin waɗannan tufafi a matsayin 'bayanin sanarwa'.
'Yanci daga wariya Tufafin da mutane suka zaɓi sanyawa na iya gano abubuwa da yawa game da mutum: alaƙar addini, ƙabila, asalin ƙasa ko siyasa, al'ada, ko launin fata. Za a iya gardama da shi, tufafin da matalauci yake sawa zai iya nuna talaucinsu. Wannan alamar talauci ko talaucin halin tattalin arziki na iya zama sanadin wariya da zagi. Ari akan haka, tufafi wanda yake da banbancin al'ada ko kuma yake nuna alaƙar addini na iya haifar da wariya kuma ya haifar da ƙin damar jama'a, tattalin arziki, ko siyasa da kasuwanci.
Hakki zuwa 'yanci daga zalunci, rashin mutuntaka ko wulakanta mutum ko horo Akwai babbar dama ga "cin zarafin amana, don wulakanci da cin zarafi iri-iri a cikin likitanci da tsarin hukumomi, musamman dangane da mata da yara, nakasassu da tsofaffi." Idan aka hana mutum samun wadatattun sutura musamman tufafi masu mahimmanci, kamar su kayan ciki mai yiyuwa ne a sanya su cikin rauni ga danniya, rashin mutuntaka, ko wulakanta mutum ko hukunci a karkashin doka ta 5 ta UDHR. Irin wannan musun zai hada da karbar tufafi da karfi, kuma yana da matukar muhimmanci a mahallin tsarewa da gidajen yari: "[o] ne a zahiri ana iya barin shi tsirara a tsakiyar karfin mulki, wani mummunan yanayi da ake gani sau da yawa a gidajen yari, a cikin yaki da sansanonin tattara hankali. Misalan irin wannan cin zarafin a gidan yarin Abu Ghraib da ke Iraki da Guantanamo Bay sun gano sun haifar da cututtukan hankali, gami da rikicewar tashin hankali, sakamakon tilasta wa fursunoni yin tsirara da farati a gaban mata masu gadi, da kuma wadanda ake tsare da maza ana tilasta musu su sanya kayan mata.
Bayani [Versions in French, Spanish, Arabic, Russian and Chinese]
[Versions in French, Spanish, Arabic, Russian and Chinese]
[Versions in French, Spanish, Arabic, Russian and |
22438 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luisa%20Neubauer | Luisa Neubauer | Luisa-Marie Neubauer (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1996) bajamushe ce mai rajin sauyin yanayi. Tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan waɗanda suka shirya yajin aikin makaranta don sauyin yanayi a cikin kasar Jamus, inda ake yawan kiranta da sunan daban na Juma'a don Makoma Tana bayar da shawarwari game da manufar sauyin yanayi wacce ke aiki da kuma zarce Yarjejeniyar Paris kuma tana goyan bayan ci gaba Neubauer memba ne na Alliance 90 The Greens da Green Green Rayuwa An haifi Neubauer a Hamburg a matsayin ƙarami na ofan uwanta huɗu. Mahaifiyarta nas ce. Kakarta ta auri Feiko Reemtsma, wanda ya mallaki ɗayan manyan masana'antun sigari da sigari a Turai. Kakarta ta shiga cikin gwagwarmayar yaki da nukiliya na shrkarar 1980, ta wayar da kan Luisa Neubauer game da matsalar yanayi kuma ta ba ta nata kason na hadin gwiwar taz Biyu daga cikin manyan yayanta guda uku suna zaune a London Dan uwanta Carla Reemtsma ita ma mai rajin kare yanayin ne. Neubauer ta girma ne a gundumar Hamburg-Iserbrook kuma ta kammala difloma a makarantar a cikin Hamburg-Blankenese a cikin shekara ta 2014. A cikin shekarar bayan ta kammala karatunta tayi aiki don wani aikin ba da taimakon raya kasa a Kasar Tanzania da kuma gonar muhalli a Ingila Kuma a shekara ta 2015 ta fara karantar ilimin kasa a jami'ar Göttingen Ta yi wani zangon karatu a waje a Kwalejin Jami'ar London kuma ta karɓi tallafin karatu daga gwamnatin Jamus da Alliance 90 The Greens waɗanda ke da alaƙa da Heinrich Böll Foundation A shekara ta 2020 ta kammala karatunta da Kwalejin Kimiyya Farkon gwagwarmaya Neubauer ta kasance jakadan matasa na kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu DAYA tun daga shekara ta 2016. Ta kuma kasance mai aiki don Foundation for the rights of Future Generations, 350.org, da Gidauniyar Kyautar Rayuwa ta Dama kamfen ɗin burbushin halittu da kuma Yunwar Yunwa Tare da yakin neman zabe Cire kuɗin ku! ta tilasta wa Jami'ar Göttingen ta daina saka hannun jari a masana'antar da ke samun kuɗi da gawayi, mai ko gas.
Juma'a Don Nan Gaba Tun daga farkon shekara ta 2019, Neubauer ta zama sananne a matsayin ɗayan manyan Juma'a Don masu gwagwarmaya na gaba. Yawancin kafofin watsa labaru suna kiranta a matsayin "fuskar Jamusanci na motsi." Neubauer ya ƙi yarda da kwatancen kanta da sauran masu shirya yajin aiki ga Greta Thunberg, yana mai cewa: "Muna gina ƙungiya-ƙungiya kuma mun kai ga nesa cikin hanyoyinmu na tattarawa da kuma samun kulawa. Neubauer baya ganin yajin aikin wata hanya ce ta shafar siyasa kai tsaye. Mafi mahimmanci shine aikin da ke bayan yajin aikin: "Abin da muke yi yana da matuƙar ɗorewa. Muna ƙirƙirar tsari da juya abubuwan zuwa abubuwan ilimi. Kuma muna jagorantar muhawara a kan ka'idojin kiyaye yanayi. Bayan zanga-zangar Juma'a Don Gabatar da Jamus game da Siemens don takamaiman aikin more rayuwa a Ostiraliya, Neubauer ya sadu da Joe Kaeser a cikin watan Janairun shekara ta 2020. A ranar 13 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2020, aka sanar da cewa Neubauer ya juya saukar da wani tayin da Joe Kaeser don su zauna a cikin Siemens Energy jirgin A cikin wata sanarwa Neubauer ya ce "Idan zan karba, to ya zama dole in wakilci bukatun kamfanin kuma ba zan taba zama mai sukar Siemens mai zaman kanta ba," in ji ta. "Wannan bai dace da matsayina na [mai] gwagwarmayar yanayi ba." Joe Kaeser ya bayyana cewa bai baiwa Neubauer kujera a cikin kwamitin kamfanonin ba, amma a bude yake don samun Neubauer a kan Hukumar kan tambayoyin muhalli A ranar da Siemens ta ba da sanarwar cewa za su ci gaba da kwantiragin da Adani don samar da abubuwan dogo na ma'adinan Carmichael a Kasar Australia Neubauer ya fada wa kamfanin dillacin labarai na DPA “Mun nemi Kaeser da ya yi duk mai yiwuwa don dakatar da hakar ma’adanai na Adani. Madadin yanzu zai ci riba daga wannan mummunan aikin. "Ta kara da cewa wannan shawarar" ta kasance karnin da ya gabata "kuma Kaeser yana yin" kuskuren da ba za a gafarta masa ba Sukar Neubauer ta sami labarai mara kyau game da jiragen da ta yi a baya zuwa kasashe a duk duniya; ta amsa cewa duk wani zargi game da cin abincin nata yana shagaltar da manyan al'amuran siyasa da siyasa. a professor of political science at the University of Regensburg, accused her of using the term “old white men“ as a synonym for people with different opinions to discredit people with different opinions.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje published 4 October 2019 TED (conference)
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1996
Yanayi
Muhalli
Ƴancin muhalli
Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki
Ƴancin Ɗan Adam
Pages with unreviewed |
17638 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbala | Karbala | Karbala ko sahara ʔ], /k r b ə l ə KAR -bə-lə, kuma US k r b ə l KAR -bə- Lah birni ne, da ke a yankin tsakiyar Iraki, wanda yake kusa da kudu maso yamma na Baghdad, da kuma 'yan mil mil gabas na Tafkin Milh, wanda aka fi sani da Lake Razzaza. Karbala ita ce babban birnin Masarautar Karbala, kuma tana da kimanin mutane 700,000 (2015).
Garin, wanda aka fi sani da wurin da aka yi Yaƙin Karbala a cikin shekara ta 680 CE, ko wuraren bautar Imam Husayn da na Abbas, ana ɗauke da shi a matsayin birni mai tsarki ga musulmin Shi’a, daidai da Makka, Madina da Urushalima Miliyoyin miliyoyin 'yan Shi'a na ziyartar wurin sau biyu a shekara, suna kishiyar Makka da Mashhad da yawan mahajjata a kowace shekara. Miliyoyin ‘yan Shi’a ne ke tuna shahadar Husayn bn Ali kowace shekara. Kimanin mahajjata miliyan 8 ne suka ziyarci garin don yin bikin (rana ta goma ga watan Muharram wanda ke nuna ranar da Husayn ya mutu, amma babban taron shi ne īn (rana ta 40 bayan 'Ashura'), inda har zuwa Miliyan 30 suka ziyarci kaburbura. Mafi yawan mahajjatan suna tafiya ne a kafa daga duk kewayen kasar Iraki da kuma sama da kasashe 56.
Bayanin Lantarki Akwai ra'ayoyi da yawa a tsakanin masu bincike daban-daban, game da asalin kalmar "Karbala". Wasu sun nuna cewa "Karbala" yana da alaƙa da yaren "Karbalato", yayin da wasu kuma suke ƙoƙari su sami ma'anar kalmar "Karbala" ta hanyar nazarin yadda ake rubuta ta da kuma yarenta. Sun yanke hukuncin cewa ya samo asali ne daga kalmar larabci "Kar Babel" wacce ta kasance tsohuwar ƙauyukan Babila waɗanda suka haɗa da Nainawa, Al-Ghadiriyya, Karbella (Karb Illu. Kamar yadda yake a Arba Illu [Arbil]), Al-Nawaweess, da Al- Mai hankali. Wannan sunan karshe a yau ana kiransa Al-Hair kuma anan ne kabarin Husayn ibn Ali yake.
Mai binciken Yaqut al-Hamawi ya nuna cewa ma'anar "Karbala" na iya samun bayanai da yawa, daya daga ciki ita ce, wurin da Husayn bn Ali ya yi shahada an yi shi ne daga kasa mai laushi- "Al-Karbalat".
A cewar 'yan Shi'ah da imani, cikin Mala'ikan Gabriel ruwaito da gaskiya ma'anar sunan Karbala''' to Muhammad a hade da Karb Ƙasar da zai sa dayawa mãyen) da kuma Bala masifu). Yanayi Karbala tana fuskantar yanayin hamada mai zafi BWh a cikin yanayin yanayin yanayi na Köppen tare da tsananin zafi, doguwa, lokacin rani mai raɗaɗi da sanyin hunturu. Kusan dukkanin ruwan sama na shekara ana karɓar tsakanin watan Nuwamba zuwa watan Afrilu, kodayake babu watan da ke da ruwa.An yi Yaƙin Karbala a hamada a kan hanya zuwa Kufa a ranar 10 ga watan Oktoba 10, shekara ta 680 (10 Muharram 61 AH). Dukansu Husayn bin Ali da dan uwansa Abbas bin Ali sun binne su ne ta hanyar kabilar Banī Asad, a abin da daga baya ya zama sananne da Mashhad Al-Husayn Yakin da kansa ya faru ne sakamakon kin amincewar Husain na bukatar Yazid I na neman yin mubaya'a ga khalifancinsa. Gwamnan Kufan, Ubaydallah bn Ziyad, ya aika da mahaya dubu talatin a kan Husayn yayin da yake tafiya zuwa Kufa An umarci mahaya, a karkashin Umar bin Sa’ad, da su hana Husayn da mabiyansa ruwa domin tilasta Husayn ya yarda ya ba da bai’a. A ranar 9 ga watan Muharram, Husayn ya ƙi, kuma ya nemi a ba shi daren yin salla. A ranar 10 ga watan Muharram, Husayn bn Ali ya yi sallar asuba sannan ya jagoranci rundunarsa tare da dan uwansa Abbas. Da yawa daga cikin mabiyan Husayn, gami da dukkanin 'ya'yansa na yanzu Ali Akbar, Ali Asghar (dan wata shida) da yayansa Qassim, Aun da Muhammad an kashe su. A cikin 63 AH (682 Yazid bn Mu'awiya ya saki sauran dangin Husayn daga gidan yari. A kan hanyarsu ta zuwa Makka, sun tsaya a wurin da aka gwabza yakin. Akwai rikodin Sulayman bn Surad da zai je aikin hajji a wurin tun a farkon 65 AH (685 CE). Birnin ya fara zama kabari da hubbare ga Husayn kuma ya girma a matsayin birni domin biyan bukatun mahajjata. Birni da kaburburan an fadada su sosai daga sarakunan musulmai masu zuwa, amma sun sha wahala sau da yawa daga rundunoni masu kai hari. Asalin dakin ibada ne wanda Halifan Abbasawa Al-Mutawakkil ya lalata a 850 amma an sake gina shi a halin yanzu kusan 979, amma wuta ta lalata wani ɓangare a cikin 1086 kuma aka sake gina shi.
Kamar Najaf, garin ya sha wahala daga matsalar ƙarancin ruwa wanda kawai aka warware shi a farkon karni na 18 ta hanyar gina madatsar ruwa a kan Hanyar Husayniyya. A cikin shekara ta 1737, garin ya maye gurbin Isfahan a Iran a matsayin babbar cibiyar karatun Shi'a. A tsakiyar karni na sha takwas ya sami rinjaye daga shugaban malanta, Yusuf Al Bahrani, babban mai tallata al'adun Akhbari na Shia yana tunani, har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekara ta 1772, bayan haka kuma makarantar Usuli mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ta zama mai yawa tasiri.
Buhun Wahhabi na Karbala ya faru ne a 21 ga Afrilu shekara ta 1802 (1216 Hijri) (1801), a karkashin mulkin Abdul-Aziz bin Muhammad mai mulki na biyu na Gwamnatin Saudiyya ta Farko, lokacin da Musulman Wahabiyawa 12,000 daga Najd suka afka wa garin na Karbala Harin ya yi daidai da ranar bikin Ghadir Khum, ko 10 ga Muharram Wannan yakin ya bar rayuka 3,000-5,000 da dome na kabarin Husayn bn Ali, jikan Muhammad kuma dan Ali bin Abi Talib, ya lalace. Fadan ya dauki tsawon awanni 8. Bayan mamayar daular Saudiyya ta Farko, garin ya sami ikon cin gashin kai a lokacin mulkin Ottoman, wanda ke karkashin jagorancin wasu gungun kungiyoyin 'yan daba da na mafia da ke kawance da mambobin' ulama. Don sake tabbatar da ikon su, sojojin Ottoman sun yiwa garin kawanya. A ranar 13 ga watn Janairu, shekara ta 1843 sojojin Ottoman suka shiga garin. Yawancin shugabannin gari sun gudu sun bar tsaron garin galibi ga 'yan kasuwa. Kimanin Larabawa 3,000 aka kashe a cikin birni, da kuma wasu 2,000 a waje da bango (wannan yana wakiltar kusan 15% na yawan jama'ar gari). Turkawan sun rasa mazaje 400. Wannan ya sa ɗalibai da malamai da yawa suka koma Najaf, wacce ta zama babbar cibiyar addinin Shi'a. Tsakanin 1850 da 1903, Karbala ya sami wadataccen kwararar kuɗi ta hanyar Oudh Bequest Lardin Indiya na Shiad da ke Awadh, wanda Birtaniyya ta sani da Oudh, a koyaushe yana tura kudi da mahajjata zuwa birni mai tsarki. Kudin Oudh, rupees miliyan 10, sun samo asali ne daga shekara ta 1825 daga Awadh Nawab Ghazi-ud-Din Haider Daya bisa ukun shi ne ya je ga matansa, sauran kuma kashi biyu bisa uku sun tafi biranen Karbala da Najaf masu tsarki. Lokacin da matansa suka mutu a cikin 1850, kuɗin sun tara tare da riba a hannun Kamfanin Burtaniya na Gabashin Indiya Kungiyar ta EIC ta tura kudin zuwa Karbala da Najaf bisa ga duk abin da matan suka ga dama, da fatan yin tasiri ga Malamai kan ni'imar Burtaniya. Wannan ƙoƙari don neman yardar gaba ɗaya ana ɗauka cewa gazawa ce. A cikin shekara ta 1928, an gudanar da wani muhimmin aikin magudanar ruwa don kawar da garin daga fadamar rashin lafiya, wanda aka kafa tsakanin Hussainiya da Kogin Bani Hassan a Kogin Yufiretis. Tsaron Gidan Majalisa a Karbala wasu gumurzun da aka gwabza tsakanin aranar 3 ga Afrilu zuwa 6 ga Afrilu shekara ta, 2004 tsakanin 'yan tawayen Iraki na rundunar Mahdi da ke kokarin mamaye zauren majalisar da kuma kare sojojin Poland da Bulgaria daga Sashin Kasashen Duniya na Tsakiyar Kudu.
A shekara ta 2003 bin 2003 mamayewa na Iraki, da Karbala majalisar dattawan gari yunkurin zabe United States Marine Corps Laftanar Kanar Matthew Lopez a matsayin magajin garin. Babu shakka don sojojin sa, yan kwangila, da kuɗaɗen sa sun kasa barin sa. A ranar 14 ga watan Afrilu,shekara ta 2007, wani bam da ke cikin mota ya fashe kusan daga wurin ibadar, suna kashe mutane 47 da raunata sama da 150.
A ranar 19 ga Janairun 2008, Mabiya Shi’a ‘yan Iraki miliyan biyu sun yi tattaki a cikin garin Karbala, Iraki don tunawa da Ashura Dakarun Iraki da ‘yan sanda dubu 20 ne suka tsare taron yayin tashin hankali saboda rikici tsakanin sojojin Iraki da‘ yan Shia wanda ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar mutane 263 (a Basra da Nasiriya Yawon shakatawa na addini Karbala, tare da Najaf, ana daukar shi ne wurin da musulmai mabiya Shi'a ke zuwa yawon bude ido, kuma masana'antar yawon bude ido a garin ta bunkasa bayan karshen mulkin Saddam Hussein. Wasu abubuwan jan hankali na yawon shakatawa na addini sun hada da:
Masallacin Al Abbas.
Haramin Imam Husayn.
Ifiritu.
Rushewar Mujada, kimanin zuwa yamma da garin Filin jirgin sama a Karbala sun hada da: Karbala Filin jirgin saman arewa maso gabas Filin jirgin saman Karbala (wanda ke kudu maso gabashin Karbala).
Imani na addini Wasu daga cikin ‘yan Shi’ar suna ganin wannan ayar ta Alqurani tana magana ne game da kasar Iraki, yankin Kufah na tsarkakakkun wuraren Shi’a, Najaf, Karbala, Kadhimiyyah da Samarra, tunda masu wa'azin Tauhidi Ibrāhīm Ibrahim da Lūṭ Lutu waɗanda ake ɗaukarsu Annabawa a Islama, an yi imanin cewa sun rayu a tsohon garin Iraqi Kutha Rabba, kafin zuwa Kasa Mai Albarka Akwai hadisai da yawa na Shi'a da ke bayar da labarin matsayin Karbala:
Karbalaa FC kungiyar kwallon kafa ce da ke garin Karbala.
Akwai nassoshi da yawa a cikin littattafai a cikin fina-finai zuwa "Karbala", galibi ana nufin mutuwar Husayn a Yaƙin Karbala. Husayn galibi ana nuna shi akan farin dokin da kibiyoyi suka rataye. Akwai fina-finai da shirye-shiryen bidiyo game da abubuwan da suka faru a Karbala a yanayi mai rai da kuma haƙiƙa (duba mahaɗan waje "Karbala: Lokacin da Sararin samaniya Yayi Hawan jini"; "Safar-e-Karbala").
Hoton bidiyo na ainihin garin ya wanzu a cikin wani shirin Burtaniya mai taken "Yankin Kashe Saddam." Shirin shirin ya nuna yadda sojojin Saddam suka lalata garin a cikin watan Maris na 1991 ta hanyar kyamarar bidiyo ta wasu 'yan'uwa maza biyu da ke zaune a garin.
Hawza cibiyoyin ilimin addinin musulunci ne wadanda mujtahid ko Allamas ke gudanarwa tare don koyar da musulmai yan shia da shiryar dasu ta hanya mai tsauri na zama da Alim. Dangane da hawaz a Karbala, Bayan rasuwar wani mashahurin Alama, Sayyid Muhammad, jagoranci a bangaren malami ya koma zuwa taklid zuwa mujtahid. Wannan mahimmin abu ne wanda ya jagoranci jagorancin Malama don zama a Karbala da kuma Najaf. Da farko hauza ta Karbala (cibiyar koyar da addinin Musulunci) ta ƙunshi yawancin Iraniyawa da Ulama ta Turkiya. Bayan rasuwar Sharif-ul-Ulama Mazandarani a 1830 da kuma danniyar yan shia da Ottoman suka yi a shekara ta 1843 duk sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sauya Ulamas da yawa don haka Najaf ya zama cibiyar jagorancin Islama ta Shi'a a cikin ilimi. Kamar yadda yake a yanzu, akwai jami'o'i biyu a Karbala. Jami'ar Karbala, wacce aka ƙaddamar a ranar 1 ga Maris, shekara ta 2002, ɗayan manyan jami'o'i ne a Iraki dangane da harkokin ilimi, albarkatun ɗan adam, da kuma binciken kimiyya. An kafa Jami'ar Ahl Al Bayt a watan Satumba na shekara ta 2003 da Dokta Mohsen Baqir Mohammed-Salih Al-Qazwini. Jami'ar na da manyan kwalejoji shida: Kwalejin Shari'a, Arts, Kimiyyar Islama, Fasaha da Kiwon Lafiya, Magunguna da Ilimin Hakora. Jami'ar Warith al-Anbiya da ke Karbala, kwanan nan an kafa ta a karkashin wani aikin na Masallacin Husayn Mai Tsarki, tana da ƙwarewar injiniya, gudanarwa, tattalin arziki, doka da ilimin lissafi, wanda ke shirye don karɓar ɗalibai a shekarar farko ta ilimi wato a shekàra ta 2017–2018. Conasashen Indiya A cikin yankin Indiya, Karbala, baya ga ma'anar garin Karbala (wanda galibi ake kira da Karbala-e-Mualla ma'ana Karbala mai ɗaukaka), yana kuma nufin filaye na gari inda jerin gwanon tunawa ke ƙarewa da ko ta'zīya a lokacin Ashura ko Arba'een, galibi irin waɗannan filayen suna da shabeeh (kwafin) Rauza ko wasu tsare-tsare. A Kudancin Asiya inda ta'zīya ke nufin musamman ga ƙananan kaburbura da aka yi amfani da su a jerin gwanon da aka gudanar a Muharram. Abin ya faro ne daga gaskiyar cewa nisan da Indiya ta yi daga Karbala ya hana a binne Shi'an Indiya a kusa da kabarin Husayn ko yin hajji akai-akai ziyarat zuwa kabarin. Wannan shine dalilin da yasa 'yan Shi'ar Indiya suka kafa karbalas na gida a kan yankin ta hanyar kawo ƙasa daga Karbala da kuma yayyafa ta a kan kuri'a da aka sanya a matsayin makabartu na gaba. Da zarar an kafa karbalas a kan yankin ƙasa, mataki na gaba shi ne kawo kabarin Husayn zuwa Indiya. Wannan an kafa shi ne ta hanyar gina kwatankwacin kabarin Husayn da ake kira ta'zīya don aiwatarwa cikin jerin gwanon Muharram. Dubunnan ta'zīyas'' masu siffofi daban-daban ana yin su kowace shekara don watannin makokin Muharram da Safar; kuma ana daukar su cikin tsari kuma ana iya binne su a karshen Ashura ko Arba'een.
Hotuna
Duba kuma Yakin Karbala
Zanga-zangar Shi'a ta 1977 a Iraki
Tarzoma 1991 a Karbala
Harin Bam na Karbala na 2003
Harin Bam na Ashura na Iraki a 2004
Harin Bam na Karbala na 2007
Arba'een
Ashura
Karbala, Iran
Karbala, Fars
Karbala, Zanjan
Jerin wadanda suka jikkata a rundunar Husayn a yakin Karbala
Bayanan kula
Manazarta
Kara karantawa
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Wuraren bautar Shi'a na Karbala Wurare masu tsarki
Wakokin Shi'a Karbala Karbala Darasi ne ga Dan Adam
Karbala da Maganganun Karbala
Karbala da Shahada Karbala Gaskiya da Tatsuniyoyi
Karbala, Sarkar Abubuwan
Biranen Iraƙi
Pages with unreviewed |
50439 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny%20Crawford | Johnny Crawford | Articles with hCards
John Ernest Crawford (Maris 26, 1946 Afrilu 29, 2021) ɗan wasan kasar Amurka ne, mawaƙi. Ya fara yi a gaban masu sauraro na ƙasa a matsayin Mouseketeer A lokacin da yake da shekaru 12, Crawford ya tashi ya zama sanannen dan wasa Mark McCain a cikin jerin The Rifleman, wanda aka zabe shi don Kyautar Emmy Award wadda kyautar kwarewa ce a wasasn kwaikwayo yana da shekaru 13.
Crawford yayi da ɗan gajeren aiki a matsayin mai yin rikodi a cikin 1950s da 1960s. Ya ci gaba da yin wasan kwaikwayo a talabijin da fim tun yana balagagge. Tun daga shekara ta 1992, Crawford ya jagoranci kungiyar kade-kade ta Johnny Crawford na California, wata kungiyar kade-kade ta raye-raye wacce ta yi a wasu abubuwa na musamman
Rayuwar farko An haifi Crawford a Los Angeles, California, Amurka, ɗan Betty (née Megerlin) da Robert Lawrence Crawford Sr. Kakannin mahaifiyarsa 'yan Belgium ne; Kakansa na uwa shi ne dan wasan violin Alfred Eugene Megerlin A cikin 1959, Johnny, ɗan'uwansa Robert L. Crawford Jr., abokin haɗin gwiwa na jerin Laramie, da mahaifinsu Robert Sr. duk an zabi su don Emmy Awards ('yan'uwa don yin aiki, da mahaifinsu don gyaran fim).Ya Rasha-Yahudu, Jamusanci, da Ingilishi.
Sana'a Crawford ya fara aikinsa a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na yara. Ɗaya daga cikin ainihin Mouseketeers na Kamfanin Walt Disney a cikin 1955, ya yi aiki a mataki, a cikin fina-finai, da kuma a talabijin. Disney ya fara da Mouseketeers 24 na asali, amma a ƙarshen kakar farko, ɗakin studio ya rage lambar zuwa 12, kuma an yanke Crawford. Mahimmancin hutunsa na farko a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ya biyo baya tare da rawar take a cikin wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Lux Video Theatre na "Little Boy Lost", watsa shirye-shirye kai tsaye a ranar 15 ga Maris, 1956. Ya kuma fito a cikin shahararrun jerin Yammacin Yamma The Lone Ranger a cikin 1956 a cikin ɗayan fewan sassan launi na wannan jerin.Bayan matashin ɗan wasan ya yi aiki tare da ƙwararrun ƴan wasan kwaikwayo da daraktoci da yawa. Freelancing na tsawon shekaru biyu da rabi, ya tattara kusan lambobin talabijin na 60, gami da rawar da ya taka a cikin sassa uku na NBC's The Loretta Young Show da bayyanar Manuel a cikin "Ni Ba'amurke ne", wani yanki na wasan kwaikwayo na laifi The Sheriff na Kochise Ya yi tauraro a cikin 1958 Season 1 final na The Restless Gun Ya yi tauraro a matsayin Bobby Adams a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na 1958 Ƙarfin Ƙauna na Black Beauty Ya bayyana a matsayin Tommy Peel a cikin 1958 episode "The Dila" a cikin Tales of Wells Fargo A lokacin bazara na 1958, ya yi ayyuka 14 masu buƙata a cikin shirye-shiryen telebijin na NBC Matinee Theatre ya bayyana a kan sitcom na CBS Mista Adams da Hauwa'u, a cikin Wagon Train episode "The Sally Potter Story", da kuma a kan syndicated jerin Crossroads, The Sheriff na Cochise, da Whirlybirds, kuma ya sanya uku matukan jirgi na talabijin jerin. Matukin jirgi na uku, wanda aka yi a matsayin wasan kwaikwayo na Dick Powell's Zane Gray Theater, ABC ne ya dauko shi, kuma farkon lokacin The Rifleman ya fara yin fim a watan Yuli 1958.
An zabi Crawford don lambar yabo ta Emmy a matsayin Mafi kyawun Jarumin Taimakawa a cikin 1959, yana ɗan shekara 13. Ya karɓi nadin don matsayinsa na Mark McCain (ɗan Lucas McCain, wanda Chuck Connors ya buga) a cikin The Rifleman Crawford kuma ya buga wani saurayi mai suna Clay Holden, wanda ya yi abota da Connors a cikin wani taron 1965 na Branded Connors da Crawford sun kasance abokai na kud da kud lokacin da Connors ya mutu a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 1992, kuma Crawford ya ba da yabo a wurin tunawa da Connors. A ƙarshen 1950s da farkon 1960s, Crawford yana da farin jini sosai tare da matasan Amurka da kuma yin rikodi akan Del-Fi Records wanda ya haifar da hits guda huɗu na Billboard Top 40, gami da "Birthday na Cindy", wanda ya kai lamba takwas a 1962. Sauran abubuwan da ya buga sun hada da "jita-jita" (lamba 12, 1962), "Hancinka Zai Girma" (lamba 14, 1962), da "Alfahari" (lamba 29, 1963). A ƙarshen 1961, Crawford ya bayyana a matsayin Victor a cikin shirin "Yaro Mai Haskakawa" akan Nunin Donna Reed kasance tauraro mai baƙo akan Nunin Donna Reed A cikin 1964 da 1965, Crawford ya fito a wasan kwaikwayo na ilimi na NBC Mr. Novak yana wasa JoJo Rizzo.
Crawford ya buga Jeff, maƙwabcin Wilbur a Mister Ed, wanda ya fi sha'awar kiɗan pop fiye da algebra. A cikin fina-finansa, Crawford ya buga wani Ba'amurke Ba'amurke a cikin fim ɗin ban mamaki na musamman na Indiya Paint (1965). Ya buga wani hali tare da yarinyar da Kim Darby ta buga a cikin The Restless Ones (1965), kuma ya buga wani hali wanda halin John Wayne ya harba a cikin El Dorado (1966). Ya buga mataimakin matashi Billy Norris a cikin Babban Valley episode "Sauran Fuskar Adalci" a cikin 1969.
Yayin da aka shiga cikin Sojan Amurka na tsawon shekaru biyu, Crawford ya yi aiki a kan fina-finai na horo a matsayin mai gudanarwa na samarwa, mataimakin darekta, mai kula da rubutun, da kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na lokaci-lokaci. Matsayinsa shine Sajan a lokacin da aka sauke shi mai girma a cikin Disamba 1967.
Manazarta Matattun 2021
Haifaffun |
48797 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrister | Barrister | Barista, wani nau'in lauya ne a cikin hukunce-hukuncen shari'a. Baristoci galibi sun kware a fagen bayar da shawarwari da shari'a. Ayyukansu sun haɗa da ɗaukar shari'o'i a manyan kotuna da kotuna, rubuta ƙararrakin shari'a, binciken falsafar, hasashe da tarihin doka, da ba da ra'ayoyin doka na ƙwararru.
An bambanta Barristers daga duka lauyoyi da masu zartarwa na doka, waɗanda ke da ƙarin damar kai tsaye ga abokan ciniki, kuma suna iya yin aikin shari'a nau'in ciniki. Barristers ne ake nada su a matsayin alkalai, kuma ba kasafai ake daukarsu aiki daga abokan hulda kai tsaye ba. A wasu tsarin shari'a, ciki har da na Scotland, Afirka ta Kudu, Scandinavia, Pakistan, Indiya, Bangladesh, da masu dogaro da Crown Birtaniyya na Jersey, Guernsey da Isle of Man, kalmar barrister kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin take na girmamawa A wasu ƴan hukunce-hukunce, yawanci an haramta wa lauyoyi daga “gudanar da ƙara”, kuma ba za su iya yin aiki da umarnin lauya kawai ba, kuma suna ƙara yin aiki masu gudanar da shari'a waɗanda ke yin hayar, waɗanda ke yin ayyuka kamar dacewa da ƙungiyoyi da kotu, da tsara takaddun kotu. A Ingila da Wales, lauyoyi na iya neman izini daga Hukumar Kula da Ma'auni don gudanar da ƙara. Wannan yana ba wa lauya damar yin aiki a cikin “karfi biyu”, yana cika aikin barrister da lauya. A wasu hukunce-hukuncen shari'a na gama gari, irin su New Zealand da wasu jahohi da yankuna na Ostiraliya, lauyoyi suna da damar yin aiki duka a matsayin barista da lauyoyi, amma ya kasance wani tsarin cancantar yin aiki na musamman a matsayin lauya. A wasu, kamar Amurka, barrister, lauya da rarrabuwa na zartarwa na doka ba su wanzu kwata-kwata.
Bambance-bambance tsakanin Barristers da sauran lauyoyi
Bambance-bambance Barrister, wanda za a iya ɗauka a matsayin lauya, lauya ne wanda ke wakiltar mai ƙara a matsayin mai ba da shawara a gaban kotun da ta dace. Barrister yayi magana a kotu kuma ya gabatar da karar a gaban alkali ko juri. A wasu hukunce-hukuncen, barrister yana samun ƙarin horo a kan shari'ar shaida, ɗa'a, da aikin kotu da tsari. Sabanin haka, lauya ko mai zartarwa na doka gabaɗaya yana saduwa da abokan ciniki, yana yin aikin shiri da gudanarwa kuma yana ba da shawarar doka. A cikin wannan rawar, shi ko ita na iya tsarawa da sake duba takaddun doka, yin hulɗa tare da abokin ciniki idan ya cancanta, shirya shaida, da kuma gudanar da ayyukan yau da kullun na ƙara. A Ingila da Wales lauyoyin da kuma wasu, duk da haka ci gaba da samun digiri, masu gudanarwa na shari'a na iya ba da muhimmiyar gudummawar tallafi ga barista lokacin da ke cikin kotu, kamar sarrafa manyan takardu a cikin shari'ar ko ma yin shawarwarin sasantawa a wajen kotun yayin da Ana ci gaba da shari'a a ciki.
Akwai wasu bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci. Barrister yawanci yana da haƙƙin masu sauraro a manyan kotuna, yayin da sauran ƙwararrun shari'a galibi za su sami mafi ƙarancin damar shiga, ko kuma suna buƙatar samun ƙarin cancanta don samun irin wannan damar. Kamar yadda ake yi a kasashen da ke da rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin ayyukan lauya da lauya, lauyan da ke kula da dokokin farar hula. yana da alhakin bayyana a cikin shari'a ko kararraki a gaban kotuna.
Barristers yawanci suna da masaniya ta musamman game da shari'ar shari'a, abin da ya gabata, da basirar "gina" shari'a. Lokacin da lauya ko mai zartarwa na doka a cikin, bi da bi, na gabaɗaya da takamaiman aiki suka fuskanci wata ƙa'ida ta doka, za su iya neman "ra'ayin shawara" kan batun. A yawancin ƙasashe, ƙwararrun lauyoyi suna aiki ne kawai a matsayin masu aiki kuma an hana su yin haɗin gwiwa ko yin aiki a matsayin lauya a matsayin wani ɓangare na kamfani. (A cikin 2009, Rahoton Clementi ya ba da shawarar soke wannan ƙuntatawa a Ingila da Wales. Duk da haka, lauyoyi sukan haɗa kai cikin ɗakunan lauyoyi don raba ma'aikata (manai) da kuɗin aiki Wasu ɗakuna suna girma don zama manya da haɓaka kuma suna da yanayin haɗin gwiwa. A wasu hukunce-hukuncen, ana iya ɗaukar su da kamfanonin lauyoyi da shuwagabannin shari'a, bankuna, ko kamfanoni a matsayin masu ba da shawara kan shari'a na cikin gida Sabanin haka, lauyoyi, masu zartarwa na doka da lauyoyi suna aiki kai tsaye tare da abokan ciniki kuma suna da alhakin shigar da lauya tare da ƙwarewar da ta dace game da shari'ar. Baristici gabaɗaya ba su da ɗan tuntuɓar abokan cinikinsu ko kaɗan, musamman ba tare da kasancewar ko shigar da lauya da/ko mai zartarwa na doka ba. Duk wasiku, tambayoyi, daftari, da sauransu, za a aika da su zuwa ga lauya ko ga hukumar zartarwa ta doka, wanda ke da alhakin biyan kuɗin lauyoyi.
A cikin kotu, galibi ana ganin ƙwararrun lauyoyi daga lauyoyi da sauran masu aikin shari'a ta hanyar tufafinsu. Misali, a Ireland, Ingila, da Wales, barista yakan sa gashin doki, ƙwanƙolin wuya, makada, da riga. Tun daga watan Janairu na shekarar 2008, lauyoyin masu ba da shawara suma sun sami damar sanya wigs, amma sanya riguna daban-daban. A cikin ƙasashe da yawa, rarrabuwar kawuna ta al'ada tsakanin lauyoyi da lauyoyi da sauran wakilai na shari'a na lalacewa. Barristers sun taɓa jin daɗin kasancewarsu a gaban manyan kotuna, amma a Biritaniya yanzu an soke wannan, kuma an ba da lauyoyi da Haƙƙin Masu Sauraro shuwagabannin shari'a da aka ba da izini gabaɗaya na iya bayyana ga abokan ciniki a lokacin gwaji. Ƙwarai, kamfanonin lauyoyi da takwarorinsu masu tasowa da sauri da kuma sanannun takwarorinsu shuwagabannin shari'a da aka ba da hayar, suna kiyaye ko da mafi girman shawarwari da ƙarar aiki a cikin gida don dalilai na tattalin arziki da abokan ciniki. Hakazalika, haramcin da aka yi wa lauyoyi na daukar umarni kai tsaye daga jama'a shi ma an soke shi sosai. Amma, a aikace, koyarwar kai tsaye har yanzu ba ta da yawa a yawancin hukunce-hukuncen, wani bangare saboda lauyoyin da ke da ƙwararru, ko waɗanda kawai aka horar da su don ba da shawara, ba su da shiri don ba da nasiha ga jama'a.
A tarihi, Baristoci sun taka rawar gani a shirye-shiryen gwaji, ciki har da rubuta roko da sake duba shaida. A wasu wuraren shari'a, haka lamarin yake. A wasu wuraren, ya zama ruwan dare gama gari ga lauyan ya karɓi taƙaitaccen bayani daga lauyan da ke ba da umarni don wakiltar abokin ciniki a gaban shari'a kwana ɗaya ko biyu kawai kafin ci gaba. Wani bangare na dalilin hakan shine tsada. Barrister yana da hakkin samun “takaitaccen kuɗi” lokacin da aka kawo taƙaitaccen bayani, kuma wannan yana wakiltar mafi yawan kuɗinta dangane da kowace gwaji. Sannan yawanci suna da damar samun refresher a kowace rana na shari’a bayan na farko, amma idan an yanke hukunci a gaban shari’a, ba a buƙatar lauya kuma za a yi asarar ɗan gajeren kuɗin. Wasu lauyoyin suna guje wa hakan ta hanyar jinkirta isar da taƙaitaccen bayanin har sai an tabbatar da shari'ar za ta kai ga shari'a.
Dalili don raba sana'a Wasu fa'idodin kiyaye tsaga sun haɗa da:
Samun lauya mai zaman kansa yana bitar hanyar aiki yana ba abokin ciniki sabon ra'ayi mai zaman kansa daga kwararre a fagen daban da lauyoyin da zasu iya ci gaba da dangantaka mai dorewa tare da abokin ciniki. A yawancin hukunce-hukuncen, ana nada alkalai daga lauyoyi (mambobin sana'ar barrister da ke cikin hurumin da aka bayar). Tunda Barristers ba su da alaƙar abokin ciniki na dogon lokaci kuma ana ƙara cire su daga abokan ciniki fiye da lauyoyi, waɗanda aka nada na shari'a sun fi zaman kansu.
Samun duk wani ƙwararrun ƙwararrun lauyoyi a mashaya na iya baiwa ƙananan kamfanoni, waɗanda ba za su iya kula da manyan sassan ƙwararru ba, su yi gogayya da manyan kamfanoni.
Barrister yana aiki a matsayin duba lauyoyin da ke gudanar da shari'ar; idan ya bayyana cewa lauyan ba ya gudanar da da'awar ko kariya da kyau kafin a fara shari'a, lauyan zai iya (kuma yawanci yana da alhakin) ba da shawara ga abokin ciniki na wani da'awar daban akan lauyan.
Kware a gudanar da gwaji, saboda kasancewar barristers ƙwararrun masu ba da shawara ne.
A yawancin hukunce-hukuncen shari'a, dole ne lauyoyi su bi ka'idar taksi, wanda ke tilasta musu karɓar taƙaitaccen bayani idan yana cikin ƙwararrunsu kuma idan akwai su, sauƙaƙe samun damar yin adalci ga waɗanda ba a so.
Yawan masu ba da shawara kan shari'a na iya haifar da ƙarancin inganci da ƙarin farashi, damuwa ga Sir David Clement a cikin nazarinsa na aikin lauya na Ingilishi. Saboda an ƙara cire su daga abokin ciniki, barristers ba za su iya sanin bukatun abokin ciniki ba.
Ana iya samun cikakken cikakken nazarin dalilan da ke tabbatar da rabuwar sana'ar shari'a da kuma gardamar da ke ba da haɗin kai a cikin littafin lauyan Ingilishi Peter Reeve na 1986, Shin Sana'o'in Shari'a Biyu Ne Necessary?
Ka'ida Barrister yana ƙarƙashin ikon da suke aiki, kuma a wasu ƙasashe, ta Inn of Court wanda suke. A wasu ƙasashe, akwai ƙa'ida ta waje.
Inns na Kotun, inda suke, suna tsara shigar da aikin. Inns of Court ƙungiyoyi ne masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke da alhakin horarwa, shigar da (kira), da horo na barristers. Inda suke, ana iya kiran mutum zuwa mashaya ta wurin masauki, wanda dole ne ya fara zama memba. A gaskiya ma, a tarihi, kira zuwa ga nasara a Bar, zuwa babban mataki, ya dogara da haɗin gwiwar zamantakewa da aka yi a farkon rayuwa. Barista tare da bayyana duk membobi na sana'ar Barrister a cikin hurumin da aka bayar. Duk da yake mafi ƙarancin lauyoyi ƙungiya ce da ke rungumar duk membobinta, yawanci yakan faru, ko dai de facto ko de jure, an saka hannun Barri tare da ikon sarrafa yadda ake aiwatar da lauyoyi.
Barristers a duniya A cikin al'adar doka ta gama gari, ayyukan lauya wato a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan shari'a kuma mai ba da shawara an raba bisa ƙa'ida zuwa gida biyu daban-daban, ƙayyadaddun ƙananan sana'o'i, ɗayan kuma ofishin lauya ne. A tarihi, bambance-bambancen ya kasance cikakke, amma a zamanin shari'a na zamani, wasu ƙasashe da suka sami rarrabuwar kawuna a yanzu suna da sana'ar haɗaka duk wanda ya cancanci aiki a matsayin lauya yana iya zama lauya, kuma akasin haka; kuma a madadin a matsayin mai zartarwa na doka. A aikace, bambancin yana iya zama babu shi, ƙarami, ko alama, ya danganta da hurumi. A wasu hukunce-hukuncen, kamar Ostiraliya, Scotland da Ireland, ba a sami ɗan zobe ba.
A cikin jihohin Ostiraliya na New South Wales, Victoria da Queensland, akwai rarrabuwar kawuna. Koyaya, dangane da sharuɗɗa, lauyoyi na iya karɓar aikin samun dama kai tsaye daga abokan ciniki. Kowace Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Jiha tana tsara sana'a kuma da gaske tana da ayyukan Inns na Kotu na Ingilishi. A cikin jihohin Kudancin Ostiraliya da Yammacin Ostiraliya, da kuma Babban Babban Birnin Australiya, ana haɗa guraben ayyukan lauya da lauya, amma duk da haka akwai mashaya mai zaman kanta, wanda Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Shari'a ta jiha ko ƙasa ta tsara. A cikin Tasmania da Arewacin Arewa, sana'ar ta haɗu, kodayake ƙananan adadin masu aikin aiki suna aiki azaman mashaya mai zaman kanta.
Gabaɗaya, ba da shawarar yin sutura a cikin al'adar Ingilishi (wig, gown, jaket ɗin bar da jabot a gaban manyan kotuna, kodayake ba a saba yin hakan don aikace-aikacen shiga tsakani. Har yanzu ana sa riga da riguna a Kotun Koli da Kotun Lardi a cikin al'amuran jama'a kuma sun dogara da suturar jami'in shari'a. Ana amfani da riguna da wigs a duk shari'ar laifuka. A Yammacin Ostiraliya, ba a sake sanya wigs a kowace kotu.
Kowace shekara, Ƙungiyoyin Lauyoyi suna nada wasu ƴan lauyoyi masu girma da girma zuwa matsayi na "Senior Counsel" (a mafi yawan Jihohi da Yankuna) ko "Shawarar Sarauniya" (a cikin Yankin Arewa, Queensland, Victoria da South Australia). Irin waɗannan barista suna ɗauke da taken "SC" ko "QC" bayan sunansu. Ana nadin nadin ne bayan wani tsari na tuntubar ma’aikata da kuma bangaren shari’a. Babban Mashawarci yana bayyana a cikin mawuyacin yanayi na musamman ko wahala. Su ne kusan kashi 14 cikin ɗari na mashaya a New South Wales.
Bangladesh A Bangladesh, dokar da ta shafi Barrister ita ce Dokar Ma'aikatan Shari'a ta Bangladesh da Dokar Majalisar Lauyoyi, 1972 (Dokar Shugaban Kasa mai lamba 46) kamar yadda aka yi wa kwaskwarima wacce Majalisar Lauyoyin Bangladesh ke gudanarwa da kuma aiwatar da ita. Majalisar lauyoyin Bangladesh ita ce babbar hukuma ta doka don tsara guraben ayyukan shari'a a Bangladesh tare da tabbatar da daidaiton ilimi da bin ka'ida ta masu ba da shawara kan tsarin majalisar lauyoyi. Majalisar lauyoyi, tare da taimakon gwamnati, suna tsara dokoki don daidaita wannan sana'a. Duk wanda ya kammala karatun shari'a daga gida ko kuma a waje dole ne ya rubuta kuma ya ci jarrabawar majalisar lauyoyi don yin rajista kuma a shigar da shi a matsayin ƙwararrun Lauyoyi don yin aiki da doka duka a matsayin Barristers Lauyoyin. An ba da izinin sabbin masu ba da shawara su fara aiki a ƙananan kotuna (Ƙananan gundumar) bayan shigar da su a matsayin memba na Ƙungiyoyin Lauyoyi na gida (District). Bayan shekaru biyu na Kwarewa a ƙaramar kotu, Lauyoyin sun cancanci shiga cikin Sashen Kotun Koli na Kotun Koli na Bangladesh. Ta hanyar cin jarrabawar majalisar lauyoyi, ana ba masu ba da shawara takardar shaidar yin rajista da izini ta hanyar da aka tsara don yin aiki a Sashen Kotun Koli na Kotun Koli kuma. Masu ba da shawara waɗanda suka zama Barrister a Burtaniya ne kawai ke riƙe babban matsayinsu na Barristers. A Bangladesh, akwai wata ƙungiya mai suna Barristers' Association of Bangladesh wadda ke wakiltar irin waɗannan barrister na Burtaniya.[10]
Kanada A Kanada (ban da Quebec sana'o'in barrister da lauya sun haɗu, kuma yawancin lauyoyi suna magana da kansu da sunayen biyu, ko da ba su yi aiki a bangarorin biyu ba. A cikin yaren magana a cikin ma'aikatan shari'a na Kanada, lauyoyi galibi suna ɗaukar kansu a matsayin "masu ƙararraki" (ko "lauyoyi"), ko kuma a matsayin "lauyoyi", ya danganta da yanayin aikinsu na doka ko da yake wasu na iya yin aiki a matsayin masu shari'a da lauyoyi. Duk da haka, “masu gabatar da kara” gabaɗaya za su yi duk ayyukan ƙarar da lauyoyi da lauyoyi suke yi; akasin haka, waɗanda ke kiran kansu "lauyoyi" gabaɗaya za su iyakance kansu ga aikin shari'a wanda ba ya haɗa da yin aiki a gaban kotuna (ba ma ta hanyar shiri ba kamar yadda lauyoyi ke yi a Ingila), kodayake wasu na iya yin aiki a gaban alkalan kotuna. Kamar yadda ake yi a yawancin hukunce-hukuncen Commonwealth irin su Ostiraliya, masu shigar da kara na Kanada suna "share", amma ba tare da wig ba, lokacin da suke bayyana a gaban kotuna na "mafi girman iko". Duk waɗanda suka kammala karatun doka daga makarantun shari'a na Kanada, kuma masu riƙe da takaddun cancantar NCA (lauyoyin da aka horar da su na duniya ko waɗanda suka kammala digiri daga wasu makarantun doka a cikin hukunce-hukuncen gama gari a wajen Kanada) daga Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Shari'a ta Kanada bayan suna iya amfani da hukumar kula da lardin da ta dace. (Ƙungiyoyin doka) don shiga (lura a nan cewa Lardunan Kanada an yi la'akari da su daban-daban na shari'a). Abubuwan da ake buƙata don shigar da su a matsayin memba a cikin ƙungiyar shari'a sun haɗa da kammala digiri na shari'a na Kanada (ko kammala jarrabawa don gane digiri na shari'a na kasashen waje), shekara ta yin magana a matsayin ɗalibi wanda wani ƙwararren lauya ke kulawa, da kuma cin jarrabawar mashaya. wanda lardin ya ba da umarni ɗalibin ya nemi lasisi a ciki. Da zarar waɗannan buƙatun sun cika to ana iya kiran ɗalibin mai yin magana zuwa mashaya bayan bita idan aikace-aikacen su da la'akari da duk wasu batutuwan "kyakkyawan hali" waɗanda aka gabatar da su ga Kotu a cikin bikin kira. Sannan mai nema ya zama memba na jama'ar doka a matsayin "barrister da lauya".
Lamarin ya ɗan bambanta a Quebec sakamakon al'adar dokar farar hula Sana'ar lauya, ko avoué, ba ta taɓa kasancewa a cikin Quebec na mulkin mallaka ba, don haka lauyoyi avocats sun kasance al'adar sana'a ce mai ban sha'awa, yin jayayya da shirya shari'o'i a cikin batutuwa masu rikitarwa, yayin da sauran nau'in lauya na Quebec, notaries na doka notaires kula da al'amuran da ba su da alaƙa a waje da kotu. Duk da haka, ba a keɓance wasu fagage masu zaman kansu masu zaman kansu ta hanyar notaries ta yadda lauyoyi sukan ƙware wajen gudanar da ko dai gwaji, shari'o'i, ba da shawara, ko abubuwan da ba na shari'a ba. Rashin hasara kawai shine cewa lauyoyi ba za su iya zana kayan aikin jama'a waɗanda ke da ƙarfin doka iri ɗaya da ayyukan notarial ba Yawancin manyan kamfanonin shari'a a Quebec suna ba da cikakkiyar sabis na shari'a na kamfanonin doka a lardunan doka. Masu neman lauyoyin Quebec dole ne su sami digiri na farko a cikin shari'ar jama'a, su wuce jarrabawar mashawarcin lardi, kuma su sami nasarar kammala horon doka don shigar da su yin aiki. Ƙungiyoyin Shari'a na Quebec Barreau du Québec ne ke tsara lauyoyi.
Faransa A Faransa, avocats, ko lauyoyi, sun kasance, har zuwa karni na 20, daidai da barista. Sana'ar ta haɗa da maki da yawa waɗanda aka zaɓa ta hanyar manyan mutane: avocat-stagiaire (mai horo, wanda ya riga ya cancanta amma yana buƙatar kammala shekaru biyu (ko fiye, dangane da lokacin) na horo tare da ƙwararrun lauyoyi), avocat, da avocat Honouraire (babban barrister) Tun daga karni na 14 da kuma a cikin 19th da 20th musamman, Barritocin Faransa sun yi gasa a fadace-fadacen yankuna a kan fannoni daban-daban na aikin shari'a a kan hukunce-hukuncen shari'a (mai ba da shawara kan shari'a, lauyan ma'amala) da avoué lauyan tsari), kuma sun fadada don zama. babban kwararren lauya, tare da sananne ban da notaires (notaries), waɗanda ma'aikatar da aka nada lauyoyi (tare da wani cancantar cancanta) kuma waɗanda ke riƙe keɓancewa kan isar da saƙon da kuma tantancewa. Bayan gyare-gyaren shari'a na 1971 da 1990, an haɗa avocat tare da avoué da juridique na conseil, yana mai da avocat (ko, idan mace, avocate lauya mai cikakken manufa don batutuwan hukunce-hukuncen hukumci, kwatankwacin lauyan Amurka. Lauyoyin Faransa yawanci ba sa (ko da yake suna da haƙƙin) aiki duka biyu a matsayin masu shari'a (lauyoyin gwaji) da masu ba da shawara kan lauyoyi (lauyoyin masu ba da shawara), waɗanda aka sani da suna avocat plaidant da avocat -conseil Wannan bambance-bambancen ba na yau da kullun ba ne kuma bai dace da kowane bambanci na cancanta ko shigar da littafin ba. Duk lauyoyin da ke da niyya dole ne su ci jarrabawar don samun damar yin rajista a ɗayan Cibiyar régional de formation à la professional d'avocat (CRFPA) (Cibiyar horar da lauyoyi). Kwas ɗin CRFPA yana da tsawon shekaru biyu kuma yana haɗuwa tsakanin koyarwar aji da horarwa. Ƙarshensa shine mataki na ƙarshe horo na ƙarshe), inda lauyan da ke shirin ya shafe watanni 6 a cikin kamfanin lauyoyi (gaba ɗaya a fagen aikin da ya fi so da kuma a cikin kamfanin da yake fatan za a dauka daga baya). Daga nan sai lauyan da ke da niyyar wucewa da Certificat d'Aptitude à la Profession d'Avocat (CAPA), wanda shine jarrabawar ƙwararru ta ƙarshe da ke ba shi damar shiga mashaya ta kotu barreau An gane gabaɗaya cewa jarrabawar farko ta fi CAPA wahala kuma yawancin ɗaliban doka suna jin tsoro. Majalisar Bar Ordre du barreau ce ke sarrafa kowace mashaya.
Akwai wani rukunin barrister daban da ake kira avocats au Conseil d'Etat et à la Cour de Cassation Ko da yake asalinsu na shari'a, horarwa da matsayinsu iri ɗaya ne da ƴan avocat, amma waɗannan suna da hurumin shari'ar da ake kai ga kotun koli, a cikin al'amuran farar hula, masu laifi ko na gudanarwa.
Jamus A Jamus, ba a bambanta tsakanin lauyoyi da lauyoyi ba. Lauyoyi na iya yin kara a duk kotuna ban da reshen farar hula na Kotun Tarayya ta Tarayya Bundesgerichtshof wanda aka shigar da kasa da lauyoyi kasa da hamsin. Wadancan lauyoyin, wadanda kusan ke gudanar da shari’a, ba za su iya kara a wasu kotuna ba kuma yawanci lauya ne wanda ke wakiltar wanda ake tuhuma a kananan kotuna ya ba su umarni. Koyaya, waɗannan hane-hane ba su shafi shari'o'in laifuka ba, ko kuma ƙararraki a kotunan sauran tsarin kotuna, waɗanda suka haɗa da aiki, gudanarwa, haraji, kotunan zamantakewa da tsarin kotunan Tarayyar Turai Hong Kong Aikin shari'a a Hong Kong kuma ya kasu kashi biyu: lauyoyi da lauyoyi.
A cikin Babban Kotun (ciki har da Kotun farko da Kotun Daukaka Kara) da Kotun Daukaka Kara, a matsayin doka ta gabaɗaya, barristers da lauyoyin masu ba da shawara ne kawai ake ba su damar yin magana a madadin kowane ɓangare a gaban kotun. Wannan yana nufin cewa an hana lauyoyi yin hakan. A cikin wadannan kotuna guda biyu, sai dai a yi tanadin sauraren kararraki a zauren majalisa, lauyoyin lauyoyi suna sanya tufafi irin na turanci na gargajiya, kamar yadda alkalai da sauran lauyoyi suke yi.
A Hong Kong, an ba da matsayin mashawarcin Sarauniya kafin mika Hong Kong daga Birtaniya zuwa kasar Sin a shekarar 1997. Bayan mikawa, babban mai ba da shawara ya maye gurbinsa da haruffa bayan fage SC. Babban mashawarci na iya har yanzu, duk da haka, su sanya kansu a matsayin siliki, kamar takwarorinsu na Biritaniya.
Indiya A Indiya, dokar da ta shafi Barrister ita ce Dokar Masu ba da shawara, 1961 ta gabatar da tunani ta Ashoke Kumar Sen, ministan shari'a na Indiya a lokacin, doka ce da majalisa ta zartar kuma majalisar lauyoyi ta Indiya ce ke gudanarwa kuma ta aiwatar da ita. A karkashin dokar, majalisar lauyoyin Indiya ita ce babbar hukumar kula da harkokin shari'a a Indiya da kuma tabbatar da bin doka da kiyaye ka'idojin kwararru ta hanyar kwararrun lauya a kasar. Don wannan dalili, Majalisar Lauyoyin Indiya tana da izini don zartar da dokoki da yin oda a cikin shari'o'in mutum ɗaya da ma gabaɗaya.
Kowace Jiha tana da Majalisar lauyoyinta wanda aikinta shi ne yin rajistar Barrister da ke son yin aiki gabaɗaya a cikin iyakokin jihar da yin ayyukan Majalisar Lauyoyin Indiya a cikin yankin da aka ba su. Don haka, kowane mai digiri na doka dole ne a yi rajista tare da Majalisar Bar na Jiha (guda) don yin aiki a Indiya. Sai dai yin rajista da kowace Majalisar Lauyoyin Jiha ba ta hana Barrister zuwa gaban kowace kotu a Indiya ba, duk da cewa ya wuce hurumin Majalisar Lauyoyin Jihar da ya shiga. Fa'idar samun Majalisar Lauyoyin Jiha shine cewa za a iya raba aikin Majalisar Lauyoyin Indiya zuwa wadannan Majalisun Lauyoyin Jihohi daban-daban da kuma cewa za a iya magance al'amura a cikin gida da kuma cikin sauri. Koyaya, don duk dalilai masu amfani da doka, Majalisar Lauyoyin Indiya tana riƙe da ita, ikon ƙarshe don ɗaukar yanke shawara a kowane ɗayan al'amuran da suka shafi aikin shari'a gabaɗaya ko kuma game da kowane tsarin don samun damar yin aiki a cikin Indiya biyu ne. Na farko, mai nema dole ne ya kasance mai riƙe da digiri na doka daga wata ma'aikata da aka sani a Indiya (ko daga ɗayan jami'o'in da aka sani guda huɗu a cikin Burtaniya) kuma na biyu, dole ne su wuce cancantar shiga rajista na Majalisar Bar na jihar inda ya tana neman a saka ta. Don wannan dalili, Majalisar Lauyoyin Indiya tana da kwamiti na cikin gida wanda aikinsa shine kulawa da bincika cibiyoyi daban-daban da ke ba da digiri na doka da ba da izini ga waɗannan cibiyoyin da zarar sun cika ka'idodin da ake buƙata. Ta wannan hanyar Majalisar Lauyoyin Indiya kuma tana tabbatar da daidaiton matakin ilimin da ake buƙata don yin aiki a Indiya. Dangane da cancantar yin rajista tare da Majalisar Lauyoyin Jiha, yayin da ainihin ƙa'idodin na iya bambanta daga wannan Jiha zuwa waccan, amma galibi suna tabbatar da cewa aikace-aikacen bai kasance mai fatara mai laifi ba kuma ya dace da yin aiki a gaban kotunan Indiya. Shiga tare da majalisar lauyoyi kuma yana nufin cewa wanda ya mallaki digirin doka an san shi a matsayin Barrister kuma ana buƙatar ya kiyaye ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a da halayen ƙwararru a kowane lokaci, duka a ciki da wajen sana'a. Majalisar lauyoyi ta Indiya ta kuma tsara "Dokokin Da'a" da Barristers za su kiyaye a cikin kotuna, yayin da ake hulɗa da abokan ciniki da ma wasu.
Ireland A jamhuriyar Ireland, shigar da Babban Mai Shari'a na Ireland ya iyakance ga waɗanda aka fara ba da digiri na Barrister-at-Law (BL). The Honorable Society of King's Inns ita ce kawai kafa ilimi wanda ke gudanar da kwasa-kwasan sana'a ga barristers a cikin Jamhuriya da kuma digiri na Barrister-at-Law ne kawai za a iya ba da shi ta King's Inns. Gidan masaukin King suma sune kawai jiki da ke da ikon kiran mutane zuwa mashaya da kuma hana su.
Yawancin lauyoyin Irish sun zaɓi Bar of Ireland, wata ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta. Ana iya zaɓar manyan membobin wannan sana'a don haɓaka zuwa Bar na ciki, lokacin da za su iya bayyana kansu a matsayin Babban Mashawarci ("SC"). Duk baristan da ba a kira su zuwa Barr Ciki ba an san su da Junior Counsel (kuma ana gano su da baƙaƙen baƙaƙen “BL”), ba tare da la’akari da shekaru ko gogewa ba. Shiga cikin Bar na ciki ana yin shi ta hanyar bayyanawa a gaban Kotun Koli, ikon mallakar ikon da gwamnati ta ba da ita. Barristers na Irish ƙwararru ne kawai kuma maiyuwa ba za su samar da ɗakuna ko haɗin gwiwa ba idan suna son ci gaba da kasancewa memba na Laburaren Shari'a na Bar of Ireland.
Don yin aiki a ƙarƙashin dokokin Bar of Ireland, sabon ƙwararren barrister ana horar da shi zuwa gogaggen lauya na aƙalla shekaru bakwai na gogewa. Ana kiran wannan koyo da almajiri ko shaidan Iblis wajibi ne ga waɗancan lauyoyin da ke son zama memba na Laburaren Shari'a kuma yana ɗaukar shekara ɗaya na shari'a. Ya zama ruwan dare ga shaidan na shekara ta biyu a cikin tsari mara kyau amma wannan ba wajibi ba ne. Ba a yawan biyan aljanu albashin aikinsu a cikin shekar shedarsu.
A cikin Isra'ila, babu bambanci tsakanin lauyoyi da lauyoyi, duk da cewa tsarin shari'a a Isra'ila ya dogara ne akan dokar gama gari ta Ingilishi, a matsayin ci gaba da Dokar Burtaniya a Falasdinu A zahiri, akwai lauyoyi a Isra'ila waɗanda ba sa zuwa kotu, kuma aikinsu yana kama da na lauya.
Japan Japan ta ɗauki tsarin haɗin kai. Duk da haka, akwai wasu nau'o'in ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru waɗanda aka ba su izinin yin aiki a wasu ƙayyadaddun dokoki, irin su masu rubutun shiho shoshi, ƙwararrun yin rajistar rajista, ajiya, da wasu ƙararrakin kotu tare da ƙarin takaddun shaida), masu lissafin haraji zeirishi wanda ya cancanci shirya harajin haraji, ba da shawara game da lissafin haraji da wakiltar abokin ciniki a cikin roko na haraji na gudanarwa) da kuma wakilai na haƙƙin mallaka "benrishi", wanda ya cancanci yin rajistar rajista da wakiltar abokin ciniki a cikin roko na gudanarwa). Lauyoyin bengoshi ne kawai za su iya bayyana a gaban kotu kuma sun cancanci yin aiki a kowane fanni na doka, gami da, amma ba'a iyakance su ba, wuraren da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun doka da ke sama aka ba su damar yin aiki. Yawancin lauyoyi har yanzu suna mai da hankali kan aikin kotu kuma har yanzu ƙananan lauyoyi suna ba da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun shawarwarin shari'a a kowace rana ga manyan kamfanoni.
Netherlands Netherlands ta kasance tana da wata sana'ar shari'a mai rabe-raben da ta ƙunshi lauya da mai ba da izini, na ƙarshe ya yi kama da, har zuwa wani lokaci, aikin lauya. A karkashin wannan tsarin, lauyoyin suna da damar wakiltar wadanda suke karewa a shari'a, amma kawai suna iya shigar da kara a gaban kotun da aka yi musu rajista. Shari'ar da ke ƙarƙashin ikon wata kotun dole ne wani ɗan kasuwa da ya yi rajista a waccan kotun ya shigar da kara, a aikace sau da yawa wani lauya yana aiwatar da ayyukan biyu. An tabo tambayoyi kan wajibcin rabuwar, ganin cewa babbar manufarsa kiyaye ingancin aikin shari'a da kiyaye dokokin kotunan kananan hukumomi da kwastam ya zama tsoho. Don haka, an soke mai siyar a matsayin sana'a ta daban kuma ayyukanta sun haɗu da aikin lauya a 2008. A halin yanzu, lauyoyi na iya shigar da kara a gaban kowace kotu, ba tare da la’akari da inda aka yi musu rajista ba. Iyakar abin da aka sani kawai ya shafi shari'o'in farar hula da aka gabatar a gaban Kotun Koli, wanda lauyoyin da suka yi rajista a Kotun Koli dole ne su gudanar da su, don haka suna samun lakabin "lauya a Kotun Koli".
New Zealand A cikin New Zealand, ba a haɗa guraben ayyukan a bisa ka'ida ba amma ana yin rajistar masu aikin a Babban Kotun a matsayin "Barristers da Lauyoyi". Za su iya zaɓar, duk da haka, don yin aiki a matsayin barista su kaɗai. Kimanin kashi 15% na yin aiki ne kawai a matsayin barista, galibi a cikin manyan birane kuma yawanci a cikin "ɗakuna" (bayan kalmomin Burtaniya). Suna karɓar "umarni" daga wasu masu aiki, aƙalla na asali. Yawancin lokaci suna gudanar da shari'ar gaba ɗaya.
Duk wani lauya na iya neman zama mai ba da shawara ga Sarauniya (QC) don gane gudummawar da ta daɗe a fannin shari'a amma ana ba da wannan matsayin ne kawai ga waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin lauyoyi a cikin yanayi na musamman. Wannan matakin da ake magana da shi a matsayin "ana kiransa zuwa mashaya na ciki" ko "ɗaukar siliki", ana ɗaukarsa mai daraja sosai kuma ya kasance mataki a cikin aikin alkalan New Zealand da yawa.
Ba kamar sauran hukunce-hukuncen ba, kalmar “junior barrister” an fi amfani da ita wajen koma wa lauyan da ke da takardar shedar aiki a matsayin barrister, amma wani babban barrister ne ya dauke shi aiki. Gabaɗaya, ƙananan barristers suna cikin shekaru biyar na farko na aikin kuma har yanzu ba su cancanci yin aiki a matsayin barista kaɗai ba. Barristers sole (watau barrister wadanda ba wani barrister suke aiki ba) wadanda ba Lauyan Sarauniya ba ba a taba kiran su da kananan barrister.
Najeriya A Najeriya, babu bambanci tsakanin Barrister da lauyoyi. Duk daliban da suka ci jarrabawar mashaya wanda Makarantar Shari’a ta Najeriya ta ke bayarwa ana kiranta zuwa mashawartan Najeriya, ta Body of Benchers. Lauyoyi na iya yin gardama a kowace kotun tarayya ko kotun daukaka kara da kuma kowacce kotuna a jihohi 36 na Najeriya da kuma babban birnin tarayya. Doka ta ‘Legal Practitioner’s Act’ tana kiran lauyoyin Najeriya a matsayin masu aikin shari’a, kuma bayan kiran da suka yi wa lauyoyin, lauyoyin Najeriya sun shigar da sunayensu a cikin rajista ko Roll of Legal Practitioners da ke a Kotun Koli. Watakila, saboda wannan dalili, ana kiran lauyan Najeriya a matsayin Barrister kuma Lauyan Kotun Koli ta Najeriya, kuma yawancin lauyoyin Najeriya suna kiran kansu Barista-at-Law cike da baƙaƙen baƙaƙe na "BL" Yawancin lauyoyin Najeriya sun haɗu da aiki mai rikitarwa da rashin daidaituwa, ko da yake ana samun haɓaka ga masu sana'a a cikin manyan ayyuka don ƙware a ɗayan ko ɗayan. A cikin harshe na magana a cikin ma'aikatan lauyoyin Najeriya, lauyoyi na iya, saboda wannan dalili, ana iya kiran su "masu kara" ko "lauyoyin".
Kamar yadda ake yi a Ingila da sauran wurare a cikin Commonwealth, ana iya zaɓar manyan membobin wannan sana'a don haɓaka zuwa Bar na ciki ta hanyar ba da matsayi na Babban Lauyan Najeriya (SAN).
Pakistan Sana'ar a Pakistan ta haɗu; mai ba da shawara yana aiki duka a matsayin lauya da lauya, tare da samar da haƙƙin masu saurare. Don yin aiki a matsayin lauya a Pakistan, mai digiri na lauya dole ne ya kammala matakai uku: wuce Bar Practice and Training Course (BPTC), a kira shi zuwa Bar ta Inn of Court, kuma ya sami lasisi don yin aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara a cikin kotunan Pakistan daga majalisar lauyoyi masu dacewa, lardi ko tarayya.
Poland A Poland, akwai manyan nau'ikan sana'o'in shari'a guda biyu: mai ba da shawara da lauya. Dukansu an kayyade su kuma waɗannan sana'o'in an iyakance su ne kawai ga mutanen da suka kammala karatun shari'a na shekaru biyar, suna da ƙwarewar akalla shekaru uku kuma suka ci jarrabawar ƙasa biyar masu wahala (dokar farar hula, dokar laifuka, dokar kamfani, dokar gudanarwa da ɗa'a) ko kuma suna da likitan digiri. Kafin 2015, kawai bambanci shine masu ba da shawara suna da hakkin su wakilci abokan ciniki a gaban kotu a kowane hali kuma masu ba da shawara na shari'a ba za su iya wakiltar abokan ciniki a gaban kotu ba a cikin laifuka. A halin yanzu, masu ba da shawara kan shari'a na iya wakiltar abokan ciniki a cikin shari'o'in laifuka don haka a halin yanzu, bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin wannan sana'o'in mahimmancin tarihi ne kawai.
Afirka ta Kudu A Afirka ta Kudu aiki da aikin masu ba da shawara (kamar yadda aka san barista a Afirka ta Kudu) ya yi daidai da sauran Commonwealth. Masu ba da shawara suna ɗaukar matsayi na ƙarami ko Babban Mashawarci (SC), kuma yawancin lauyoyi suna ba da taƙaitaccen bayani kuma suna biyan su (wanda aka sani da lauyoyi Yawancin lokaci ana aiki da su a manyan kotuna, musamman a Kotunan daukaka kara inda sukan bayyana a matsayin ƙwararrun lauya. Lauyoyin Afirka ta Kudu (lauyoyin) suna bin al'adar mika kararraki ga Lauyan don ra'ayi kafin a ci gaba da shari'ar, lokacin da mai ba da shawara kan ayyukan tambaya a matsayin kwararre a cikin shari'ar da ke kan gaba. Masu neman shawara a halin yanzu suna shafe shekara ɗaya a cikin ɗalibi (tsohon watanni shida kacal) kafin a shigar da su mashaya a yankunansu ko na shari'a. Ana amfani da kalmar "Advocate" wani lokaci a Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin take, misali "Mai ba da shawara John Doe, SC" Advokaat a cikin Afrikaans) kamar yadda "Dr. John Doe" ga likitan likita.
Koriya ta Kudu A Koriya ta Kudu, babu bambanci tsakanin bangaren shari'a da lauyoyi. A baya, mutumin da ya ci jarrabawar mashawarta ta kasa bayan shekaru biyu na karatun kasa, zai iya zama alkali, mai gabatar da kara, ko “lauya” daidai da maki bayan kammala karatunsa. Sakamakon canje-canje daga aiwatar da tsarin makarantar doka, akwai daidaitattun hanyoyi guda biyu na zama lauya. A karkashin tsarin shari'a na yanzu, don zama alkali ko mai gabatar da kara, lauyoyi suna buƙatar aiwatar da iliminsu na shari'a. “Lauya” ba shi da iyakacin aiki.
Spain Spain tana da rarrabuwa amma ba ta yi daidai da rarrabuwar kawuna a Biritaniya tsakanin Barristers/lauyoyi da lauyoyi ba. Procuradores suna wakiltar masu ƙarar ta hanyar doka a cikin kotu, gabaɗaya ƙarƙashin ikon ikon lauya wanda notary na dokar farar hula ya aiwatar, yayin da abogados ke wakiltar ƙaƙƙarfan iƙirari na mai ƙara ta hanyar bayar da shawarwari. Abogados suna gudanar da ayyukan kasuwanci biyu da ba da shawara dangane da shari'ar kotu, kuma suna da cikakken 'yancin sauraro a gaban kotun. Ana gudanar da shari'ar kotu da abogados, ba tare da masu ba da izini ba. A taƙaice, procuradores wakilai ne na kotu waɗanda ke aiki a ƙarƙashin umarnin abogado Aikinsu ya ta’allaka ne ga yankin kotun da aka shigar da su.
Ƙasar Ingila A karkashin dokar EU, an san lauyoyi, tare da masu ba da shawara, masu zartarwa na doka da lauyoyi, a matsayin lauyoyi.
Ingila da Wales Ko da yake tare da wasu dokoki daban-daban, ana ɗaukar Ingila da Wales a cikin Burtaniya ɗaya ɗaya kuma haɗen ikon doka don dalilai na dokar farar hula da na laifuka, tare da Scotland da Ireland ta Arewa, sauran hukunce-hukuncen shari'a biyu a cikin Burtaniya. Ingila da Wales suna rufe da mashaya gama gari (kungiyar barristers) da ƙungiyar doka ɗaya (kungiyar lauyoyi).
Sana'ar lauya a Ingila da Wales sana'a ce ta daban da ta lauya. Yana da, duk da haka, yana yiwuwa a riƙe cancantar duka biyun lauya da lauya, da/ko zartarwar doka da aka yi hayar a lokaci guda. Ba lallai ba ne a bar mashaya don cancanta a matsayin lauya.
Barristers ana tsara su ne ta Hukumar Kula da Ma'auni, yanki na Babban Majalisar Lauyoyi Dole ne lauya ya kasance memba na ɗaya daga cikin Inns of Court, wanda a al'ada ya karanta da kuma tsara barristers. Akwai Inns guda huɗu na Kotu: The Honourable Society of Lincoln's Inn, The Honourable Society of Grey's Inn, The Honorable Society of the Middle Temple, da The Honourable Society of the Inner Temple Duk suna a tsakiyar London, kusa da Kotunan Sarauta na Shari'a Suna yin ayyukan ilimi da zamantakewa, kuma a kowane hali, suna ba da taimakon kuɗi ga ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ɗalibai (wanda ya dace da cancanta) ta hanyar tallafin karatu. Inn ne a zahiri "kira" dalibi zuwa mashaya a wani biki mai kama da kammala karatun. Ayyukan zamantakewa sun haɗa da cin abinci tare da sauran membobin da baƙi da kuma gudanar da wasu abubuwan.
Wadanda suka kammala karatun shari'a da ke son yin aiki kuma a san su da Barristers dole ne su ɗauki kwas ɗin horo na ƙwararru (wanda aka sani da "bangaren sana'a") a ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin da Majalisar lauyoyi ta amince. Har zuwa ƙarshen 2020 wannan kwas ɗin ita ce kawai Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru, amma tun lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da tayin horon da aka amince da shi don zama barista ta hanyar darussa daban-daban, irin su sabon Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Kotun. Bayan kammala karatun sana'o'in cikin nasara, ana kiran 'yan barista dalibai zuwa mashaya ta wurin masaukin nasu kuma ana daga darajarsu zuwa matakin "Barista". Koyaya, kafin su iya yin aikin kansu dole ne su fara ɗaukar watanni 12 na ɗalibi Watanni shida (6)na farkon wannan lokacin ana yin su ne don inuwar ƙarin manyan likitoci, bayan haka ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ɗalibai za su iya fara gudanar da wasu ayyukan kotu na kansu. Bayan nasarar kammala wannan matakin, yawancin lauyoyi sai su shiga rukunin Chambers, ƙungiyar masu ba da shawara waɗanda ke raba farashin gidaje da ma'aikatan tallafi yayin da suke zama masu zaman kansu.
A cikin watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014 akwai wasu baristoci sama da dubu shabiyar 15,500 a cikin ayyukan zaman kansu, wanda kusan kashi goma daga cikinsu Lauyan Sarauniya ne, sauran kuma ƙananan lauyoyi ne Yawancin lauyoyi (kimanin 2,800) suna aiki a cikin kamfanoni a matsayin shawara na "cikin gida", ko ta karamar hukuma ko ta ƙasa ko a cibiyoyin ilimi.
Certain barristers in England and Wales are now instructed directly by members of the public. Members of the public may engage the services of the barrister directly within the framework of the Public Access Scheme; a solicitor is not involved at any stage. Barristers undertaking public access work can provide legal advice and representation in court in almost all areas of law (see the Public Access Information on the Bar Council website) and are entitled to represent clients in any court or tribunal in England and Wales. Once instructions from a client are accepted, it is the barrister (rather than the solicitor) who advises and guides the client through the relevant legal procedure or litigation.
Kafin barrister ya gudanar da aikin shiga jama'a, dole ne ya kammala kwas na musamman. A halin yanzu, kusan daya daga cikin 20 barista sun cancanci haka. Har ila yau, akwai wani tsari na daban da ake kira "Lasisi mai lasisi", akwai ga wasu zaɓaɓɓun nau'ikan ƙwararrun abokin ciniki; ba a bude ga jama'a. Aikin shigar da jama’a ya yi kaurin suna a mashaya, inda lauyoyi suka yi amfani da sabuwar damar da mashawar ta samu wajen cin riba ta fuskacin yanke tallafin shari’a a wasu wurare na wannan sana’a.
Ikon Barristers na karɓar irin waɗannan umarnin ci gaba ne na kwanan nan; ya samo asali ne daga wani canji a cikin dokokin da Babban Majalisar Lauyoyi ya kafa a watan Yulin 2004. An bullo da tsarin shiga jama’a a matsayin wani bangare na budaddiyar tsarin shari’a ga jama’a da kuma saukaka da rahusa wajen samun shawarwarin shari’a. Yana kara rage banbance tsakanin lauyoyi da lauyoyi. Bambancin ya rage saboda akwai wasu sassa na aikin lauya da lauya ba zai iya yi ba.
A tarihi, barrister na iya amfani da girmamawa, Esquire Duk da cewa kalmar barrister-at-law wani lokaci ana ganinta, kuma ta kasance ta zama ruwan dare gama gari, ba a taɓa yin daidai ba a Ingila da Wales. Barrister shine kawai daidaitaccen nomenclature. Ana sa ran Barristers su kula da kyawawan halaye na ƙwararru. Makasudin ka'idodin ƙa'idodin ƙa'idar shine don guje wa rinjaye ta ko dai lauya ko abokin ciniki da kuma abokin ciniki da aka ba su damar yanke shawara a cikin yanayi mai tallafi kuma, bi da bi, abokin ciniki yana tsammanin (a bayyane da/ko a bayyane) Lauyan da ke kula da ayyukansu, wato ta hanyar yin aiki bisa maslahar abokin ciniki (CD2), yin aiki da gaskiya da gaskiya (CD3), kiyaye al'amuran abokin ciniki sirri (CD6) da yin aiki zuwa ma'auni mai inganci (CD7). Waɗannan mahimman ayyuka (CDs) kaɗan ne, da sauransu, waɗanda ke cikin Littafin Jagora na BSB.
Ireland ta Arewa A cikin Afrilu 2003 akwai Barristeri 554 a cikin aiki mai zaman kansa a Ireland ta Arewa 66 sun kasance masu ba da shawara ga Sarauniya (QCs), Barristers waɗanda suka sami babban suna kuma Sarauniyar ta nada su bisa shawarar Ubangiji Chancellor a matsayin manyan masu ba da shawara da masu ba da shawara.
Waɗannan barrister waɗanda ba QCs ba ana kiran su Junior Counsel kuma ana yin su da salon "BL" ko "Barrister-at-Law". Kalmar junior sau da yawa yaudara ce tun da yawancin membobin Junior Bar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru ne waɗanda ke da ƙwarewa sosai. Benchers sune, kuma sun kasance na ƙarni, hukumomin gudanarwa na Inns na Kotu guda huɗu a London da King's Inns, Dublin. Benchers na Inn na Kotun Arewacin Ireland sun gudanar da Inn har sai an kafa Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Inn a cikin 1983, wanda ya ba da cewa an raba gwamnatin Inn tsakanin Benchers, Majalisar Zartarwa na Inn da membobin Inn. taro a Babban Taro.
Majalisar Zartarwa (ta hanyar Kwamitin Ilimi) tana da alhakin yin la'akari da Memorials da masu nema suka gabatar don shigar da su a matsayin ɗaliban Inn da kuma ɗaliban Bar na Inn don shigar da digiri na Barrister-at-Law da ba da shawarwari ga Benchers. Benchers ne ke yanke hukunci na ƙarshe akan waɗannan abubuwan Tunatarwa. Benchers kuma suna da keɓantaccen ikon korar ko dakatar da ɗalibin Bar da kuma hana barista ko dakatar da barrister daga aiki.
Bugu da ƙari, wasu kotunan ƙararrakin ƙararrakin jihohi suna buƙatar lauyoyi su sami wata takardar shaidar shigar da ƙara da yin aiki a kotun daukaka kara. Kotunan tarayya na buƙatar takamaiman shigar da ƙarar kotun don yin aiki a gabanta. A matakin daukaka kara na jihohi da kuma a kotunan tarayya, gaba daya babu wani tsarin jarrabawa daban, kodayake wasu kotunan gundumomi na Amurka suna bukatar a yi nazari kan ayyuka da hanyoyin da ake bi a kotunansu. Sai dai idan an buƙaci jarrabawa, yawanci ana ba da izinin shiga a matsayin al'amari ga kowane lauya mai lasisi a jihar da kotu take. Wasu kotunan tarayya za su ba da izinin shiga kowane lauya mai lasisi a kowace ikon Amurka.
Popular culture Hong Kong Bar Association (barristers in Hong Kong)
Law Society of Hong Kong (solicitors in Hong Kong) at the Library of Congress Web Archives (archived 2006-07-23)
Canadian Bar Association
Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Australiya (Barristers a cikin Commonwealth of Australia)
New South Wales Bar Association
Bar Victorian (Ostiraliya)
Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Queensland (Ostiraliya)
Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Kudancin Australiya (Ostiraliya)
Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Yammacin Australiya (Ostiraliya)
Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Yankin Arewa (Ostiraliya)
The Barrister magazine
The Inner Temple
Bar Council (barristers in England and Wales)
Bar Library of Northern Ireland Faculty of Advocates in Scotland
The Bar of Ireland
The difference between barristers and solicitors Advice on structure and training for the Bar
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
|
60366 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/If%C3%A1 | Ifá | Ifá tsarin duba ne da addinin Yarbawa wanda ke wakiltar koyarwar Orisha Ọrunmila Jikinsa na adabin baka yana kunshe da juzu'i (alamu) guda 256 wadanda suka kasu kashi biyu, na farko ana kiransa Ojú Odù ko babban Odù wanda ya kunshi babi 16. Kashi na biyu ya ƙunshi babi 240 mai suna Amúlù Odù (omoluos), waɗannan an haɗa su ta hanyar haɗin babban Odù.
Tsarin duban da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin Ifá lamba ce don samun damar ilimin kimiyya da metaphysical a cikin rukunin adabi, Odu Ifá An bayyana Orunmila a matsayin Babban Firist, kamar yadda ya bayyana (karanta; ƙirƙira) tushen Allahntaka da annabci (Odu na farko 16) ga duniya. Babalawos ko Iyanifas galibi ana kiransu firist Ifa, amma a gaskiya, malamai ne; kwatankwacin furofesoshi a tsarin jami'a na gargajiya. Suna amfani da ko dai sarkar duba da aka sani da Opele, ko kuma dabino mai tsarki Elaeis guineensis ko kuma kola goro da ake kira Ikin, akan tiren duban katako da ake kira Opon Ifá don lissafin wace Odu zai yi amfani da ita ga wace matsala.
Ana yin Ifá a ko'ina cikin Amurka, Afirka ta Yamma, da Canary Islands, a cikin tsarin tsarin addini mai rikitarwa, kuma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a al'adun Santería, Candomblé, Palo, Umbanda, Vodou, da sauran bangaskiyar Afro-Amurka da kuma a wasu addinan gargajiya na Afirka Tarihi Tsarin mai ka'idoji 16 yana da tarihin farko a Afirka ta Yamma Kowace kabila mai magana da harshen Niger-Congo da ke gudanar da ayyukanta na da tatsuniyoyi na asali; Addinin Yarbawa ya nuna cewa Orunmila ne ya kafa ta a lokacin da ya ƙaddamar da kansa sannan kuma ya ƙaddamar da ɗalibansa, Akoda da Aseda Wasu tatsuniyoyi sun nuna cewa Setiu, mutumin Nupe da ya zauna a ne ya kawo shi. A cewar littafin The History of the Yorubas from the Earliest of Times zuwa British Protectorate (1921) na ɗan tarihin Najeriya Samuel Johnson da Obadiah Johnson, Arugba, mahaifiyar Onibogi, Alaafin na Oyo na 8, ce ta gabatar da Oyo ga Ifá. a ƙarshen 1400s. Ta kaddamar da Alado na Ato kuma ta ba shi dama ya fara wasu. Shi kuma Alado shi ne ya qaddamar da limaman Oyo kuma haka Ifá ta kasance a cikin daular Oyo. Orunmila ya zo ne don ya kafa ƙungiyar adabin baka wanda ya haɗa labarai da abubuwan da suka faru na firistoci da abokan cinikinsu tare da sakamakon. Wannan Odu corpus ya fito a matsayin manyan takardu akan al'adar Ifá don zama gadon tarihi.
Al'adar Yarbawa A cikin ƙasar Yarbawa, duba na ba wa firistoci damar shiga koyarwar Orunmila ba tare da wani tanadi ba. Eshu shine wanda aka ce ya ba da rance ga magana yayin samar da jagora da/ko bayyana shawara. Eshu kuma shine wanda ke riƙe maɓallan fushin mutum (arziƙi ko albarka) don haka yana aiki a matsayin Oluwinni (Mai ba da Lamuni): yana iya ba da ire ko cire shi. Ayyukan duba na Ifá suna ba da hanyar sadarwa zuwa ga ruhaniya da kuma niyyar mutum.
Al'adar Igbo A kasar Igbo, Ifá ana kiranta da Afá, kuma kwararru ne da ake kira Dibia Ana daukar Dibia a matsayin likita kuma ta kware wajen amfani da ganye don warkarwa da canji.
Al'adar Ewe Daga cikin mutanen Ewe na kudancin Togo da kuma kudu maso gabashin Ghana, Ifá kuma ana kiranta da Afá, inda ruhohin Vodun ke shiga kuma suna magana. A da yawa daga cikin Egbes ɗinsu, Alaundje ne aka karrama a matsayin ɗan Bokono na farko da aka koya masa yadda ake yin allantaka da makomar ɗan adam ta amfani da tsattsarkan tsarin Afá. Amingansi su ne raye-rayen baka wadanda suka fi boko. Wani firist wanda ba bokono ba ana kiransa Hounan, kama da Houngan, wani limamin coci a Haitian Vodou, addinin Vodun, addinin Ewe.
Odù Ifá Akwai manyan littattafai goma sha shida a cikin rukunin adabi na Odu Ifá Lokacin da aka haɗa, akwai jimillar 256 Odu (tarin na goma sha shida, kowannensu yana da zaɓi goma sha shida 16 2, ko 4 4 waɗanda aka yi imani suna yin nuni ga duk yanayi, yanayi, ayyuka da sakamakon rayuwa bisa ga rashin ƙidaya. (ko "koyawawan wakoki") dangane da 256 Odu coding. Waɗannan su ne tushen ilimin ruhaniya na Yarabawa na gargajiya kuma su ne tushen duk tsarin duban Yarbawa. Ba a rubuta karin magana da labarai da wakoki Ifá. Maimakon haka, ana rarraba su da baki daga wani babalawo zuwa wani. Yarabawa suna tuntubar Ifá don taimakon Allah da ja-gorar ruhaniya.
Alamar Manzo ta Ifá Baya ga alamomin asali guda goma sha shida, duban Ifá ya haɗa da wata babbar alama, wadda ita ce haɗe da Ọse da Otura, daga dama zuwa hagu (Ọse-Tura).
Dole ne a rubuta wannan alamar a duk lokacin da aka yi al'ada: Ɔse-Tura manzo ne kuma mai ɗaukar hadaya. Yana da alaƙa da haɗin gwiwa tare da allahn Eshu a cikin tsarin Ifá. An san wannan alamar Manzo a cikin Geomancy na Tsakiyar Larabawa da Latin a matsayin Tauraruwar Morning, wato duniyar Venus Wato, Ɔse-Tura ragowar tsohuwar falaki ce a duban Ifá.
Sanarwa na duniya An ƙara tsarin duban Ifá a cikin 2005 ta UNESCO zuwa jerin sunayen Ma'auni na Baka da Gadon Dan Adam Ifá a Santeria Ana amfani da Ifá a cikin addinin Afro-Cuba na Santería shi ne mafi sarƙaƙƙiya kuma mafi girman tsarin duba da ake amfani da shi a cikin addini. Su biyun suna da alaƙa da juna, suna raba tatsuniyoyi iri ɗaya da tunanin sararin samaniya, [13] ko da yake Ifá kuma yana da bambancin rayuwa daga Santería. Manyan firistoci na Ifá ana san su da babalawos kuma kodayake kasancewarsu ba shi da mahimmanci ga bukukuwan Santería, galibi suna halarta a matsayin masu duba. [15] Yawancin santeros ma babalawos ne, [16] ko da yake ba sabon abu ba ne ga babalawos su fahimci kansu a matsayin mafi girma fiye da yawancin santeros. A al'adance, kawai mazaje masu madigo ne kawai aka yarda su zama babalawos, [18] kodayake babalawos na ɗan luwadi yanzu suna wanzu saboda ƙarin buɗaɗɗen manufofin Santería. Yawanci an haramta mata yin wannan aikin, [20] takurawa da aka bayyana ta hanyar labarin cewa òrìṣà (lafazin "orisha" ko "oricha" a cikin Mutanen Espanya) Orula ya fusata cewa Yemayá, matarsa, ta yi amfani da tablarsa hukumar duba kuma daga baya ta yanke shawarar hana mata sake tabawa. Duk da wannan almara, a farkon karni na 21, tun daga lokacin da aka fara wasu ƙananan mata a matsayin babalawos. Ƙaddamarwa a matsayin babalawo yana buƙatar biyan kuɗi ga mai farawa kuma yawanci ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mai tsada sosai. Òrìṣà na Ifá, Orula ko rúnmila, kuma yana da fitaccen wuri a cikin Santeria. An yarda cewa shi ne yake lura da duba; da zarar an kaddamar da mutum a matsayin babalawo sai a ba su tukunyar da ke dauke da abubuwa daban-daban, ciki har da dabino, wanda aka yi imanin shi ne ainihin siffar Orula. Babalawos suna ba da hadayu ga Orula, gami da hadayun dabbobi da kyaututtukan kuɗi. A Kuba, Ifá yawanci ya haɗa da jefar da dabino tsarkakakku don amsa tambaya. Sai babalawo ya fassara sakon goro dangane da yadda suka fadi; akwai iya daidaitawa guda 256 a cikin tsarin Ifá, wanda ake sa ran babalawo ya haddace. [26] Mutane suna kusanci babalawo suna neman jagora, sau da yawa akan al'amuran kudi, wanda mai duba zai tuntubi Orula ta hanyar da aka kafa ta hanyar duba. Su kuma masu ziyartar babalawoyi suna biyansu ayyukansu.
Fitattun mabiya Yoshiaki Koshikawa, farfesa a fannin adabi na Jafananci a Jami'ar Meiji kuma ɗan Japan na farko da aka ƙaddamar a matsayin babalawo Susanne Wenger, 'yar Ostiriya
Patrisse Cullors, ɗan Amurka wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar Black Lives Matter Shéyaa Bin Abraham-Joseph mai shekaru 21 Savage mawakin rap na Burtaniya Ba'amurke. Xolo Maridueña, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka. Iyanla Vanzant, marubucin Ba'amurke, mai koyar da rayuwa da ruhaniya, Iyanifa da Firist na Obatala.
Nassoshi
Kara karantawa Manyan Tushen FAMA na Addinin Yarbawa (Bautar Orisa) (yana aiki da kansa ta hanyar kamfaninta)
Littafin Jagoran Ma'aikatan FAMA na Ƙwararrun Ifa Chief FAMA Fundamentos de la Religion Yoruba (Adorando Orisa) Cif FAMA FAMA'S EDE AWO (Kamus Yoruba Dictionary) Babban FAMA The Rituals (novel) Awo Fasina Falade Ifa: Mabudin Fahimtarta Cif Adedoja Aluko Goma Sha Shida (16) Manjo Odu Ifa daga Ile-Ife Chief S. Solagbade Popoola library, INC Ifa Dida: Vol 1 (EjiOgbe Orangun Meji) Chief S. Solagbade Popoola library, INC Ifa Dida: Vol 2 (Ogbe Oyeku Ogbe Ofun) Chief S. Solagbade Popoola Fakunle Oyesanya Ikunle Abiyamo ASE of Motherhood C. Osamaro Ibie Ifism the Complete Works of Orunmila William R. Bascom: Dubban Ifa: Sadarwa Tsakanin Alloli da Maza a Yammacin Afirka William R. Bascom: Cowries goma sha shida: duban Yarbawa daga Afirka zuwa Sabuwar Duniya Rosenthal, J. 'Mallakar Ecstasy Doka a Ewe Voodoo''' Maupoil, Bernard. "La Geomancie L'ancienne Côte des Esclaves Alapini, Julien. Les noix sacrées. Etude complète de Fa-Ahidégoun génie de la sagesse et de la divination au Dahomey Dokta Ron Eglash (1997) Masanin ilimin Halittar Dan Adam na Amurka Recursion a cikin ilimin kabilanci'', Ka'idar Chaos a cikin duban Afirka ta Yamma.
Bàbálàwó Ifatunwase Tratados Enciclopédicos de Ifá (Colección Alafundé) Manazarta Addinai a Najeriya
Addinan gargajiya
Addini
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
26888 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinima%20a%20Libya | Sinima a Libya | Sinimar Libya ta kasance tana da tarihi daban daban. Ko da yake an sami ƙarancin samar da fina-finai na gida a Italiyar Libya da Masarautar Libya, wasan cinema ya zama sanannen wurin nishaɗi. Tun daga shekarar 1973 Muammar Gaddafi ya yi ƙoƙarin sarrafa fina-finai. Ko da yake ya karfafa gwiwar yin fim na cikin gida, toshewar da ya yi na cin fina-finan kasashen waje ya sa an rufe gidajen sinima. A cikin rashin zaman lafiya bayan shekara ta 2011 a Libya, fatan sake dawowa da cinema na Libya tare da rashin kayan aiki.
Sinima kafin 1967 Fim na farko da aka fara dauka a kasar Libya shi ne shirin da Faransa ta yi a 1910, Les habitants du desert de Lybie. Italiya, a matsayinta na mulkin mallaka, ta yi wasu gajerun shirye-shirye game da Libya. Libya faɗace-faɗace a lokacin yakin duniya na II aka rufe a Birtaniya, Jamus da kuma Italian newsreels Bayan yakin, kamfanonin mai da hukumomin ƙasa da ƙasa sun yi fim ɗin lokaci-lokaci. Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1951, Masarautar Libiya ta yi wasu gajerun fina-finai game da Leptis Magna don karfafa yawon shakatawa. Amma duk da haka Libya ta kasance matalauta kuma an sami karancin shirya fina-finai a kasar. A shekarar 1959 Ma’aikatar Labarai da Guildance ta kafa sashen fina-finai, inda ta zagaya kasar da faifan bidiyo da labarai na milimita 16, kuma ma’aikatar ilimi da ilmantarwa ta shirya wasu fina-finai na ilimi. Duk da ƙarancin samar da fina-finai, cin fim ya shahara sosai a matsayin nishaɗi. An kafa fim ɗin farko na ƙasar tun a shekara ta 1908, ko da yake an ba da rahoton rugujewa bayan mamayar Italiya a Libiya a 1911. Italiyanci sun kafa gidajen sinima, galibi amma ba don masu sauraron Italiya kawai ba, a cikin manyan biranen Libya. Daga shekarun 1940 har zuwa tsakiyar 1960s, Libya tana alfahari da yawan gidajen sinima: a kusa da 14 ko 20 a Tripoli, kuma kusan 10 a Benghazi. Cinema a Tripoli sun hada da filin wasa na Arena Giardino da kuma gidan sinima na Royal, wanda Gaddafi zai canza sunan Al-Shaab (The People).
Sinima ƙarƙashin Gaddafi Gaddafi ya hau mulki a shekarar 1969. Ya ɗauki fina-finan waje tare da tuhuma, game da su a matsayin mulkin mallaka na al'adun Amurka. A baya fina-finan da aka yi a Libya su ne na masu shirya fina-finai na kasashen waje fina-finai kamar Albert Herman 's 1942 A Yank in Libya ko Guy Green ta 1958 Tekun Yashi Fim ɗin farko na Libya, Abdella Zarok na baki-da-fari Lokacin da Fate Hardens Destiny is Hard ya fito a 1972. A cikin 1973 aka kafa Babban Majalisar Cinema, don ɗaukar ikon yin fim da ginin sinima a Libya. An mayar da fina-finan ƙasashen waje zuwa Larabci, kuma ana bukatar su bi tsarin al'adun gwamnati, hade da dokokin addini da kishin ƙasa. Yawancin fina-finai da aka yi a gida sun kasance raye-raye, kuma an inganta yanayin zamantakewa a matsayin manufa don fina-finai na almara. Babban Majalisar Cinema ya ci gaba da aiki har zuwa shekarar 2010. Ya yi rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce, a kusa da gajerun fina-finai 20-25, kuma ya taimaka tallafawa ƴan fina-finan fasalin da aka yi a cikin shekarun 1970 da 1980. Gaddafi ya yi amfani da ikon kai tsaye kan shirya fina-finai. Misali, ya sanya ido kan sakin wani fim da Kasem Hwel, mai neman Layla al-Amiriya ya yi Gaddafi ya kafa kamfanin shirya fina-finan Masar. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 ne gwamnati ta kara daukar nauyin duk gidajen sinima kai tsaye, tare da hana shigo da fina-finai, sannan aka fara rufe gidajen sinima. Tare da Kuwait da Maroko, gwamnatin Gadaffi ta ɗauki nauyin labarin fim na shekarar 1976 da Mustafa Akkad ya yi game da haihuwar Musulunci, Saƙo Duk da haka, yawancin ƙasashen Larabawa ba za su nuna fim ɗin ba, kuma ya haifar da Ƙungiyar Islama ta kewaye gine-ginen ofisoshin uku a Washington, DC Akkad's Lion of the Desert (1981), wanda gwamnatin Gadaffi ta ba da kuɗi, wani fim ne na tarihi wanda ya nuna. da makiyayi shugaban Omar Mukhtar juriya a kan Italian mulkin mallaka na Libya An tace fim ɗin a Italiya har zuwa 2009. A cikin shekarata 2009 an sanar da cewa ɗan Gaddafi, al-Saadi Gaddafi, yana ba da kuɗin tallafin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da ke da hannu wajen tallafawa fina -finan Hollywood kamar The Experiment (2010) da Warewa (2011). A cikin shekarar 2009-2010 kamfanonin ƙasashen waje sun amince su sake gyara da bude gidajen sinima da gidajen sinima na Libya. Duk da haka, juyin juya halin 2011 ya haifar da wannan aikin ya tsaya, kuma an sace yawancin kayan aiki.
Sinima daga 2011 Bayan faduwar Gaddafi, an yi sha'awar sake tabbatuwar fina-finan Libiya na kanta. Duk da haka, an kawo cikas ga sake dawo da gidajen sinima ta hanyar fada da adawar Islama. Matasan masu yin fina-finai na Libya sun fara yin gajeren fina-finai, tare da goyon baya daga Majalisar Biritaniya da Cibiyar Nazarin Labaran Scotland. Bukukuwan fina-finai a Tripoli da Benghazi sun shahara amma masu kishin Islama sun kai hari. An kafa bikin Fim na Bahar Rum na Duniya don Takardun Takaddun Takaddun Takaddun Takaddun da Gajerun Fina-finai a cikin shekarar 2012. A cikin 2013 an kafa kulob na cinema cikin basira a cikin ginshiƙi na gidan kayan fasaha na Tripoli. A shekara ta 2015 gidan fim guda ne kawai ya rage a Tripoli, wurin da maza kawai ke ba da fina-finai ga ƴan bindigar da ke iko da birnin.
A watan Disamba na shekarata 2017 Erato Festival, an kaddamar da bikin fina-finai na fina-finai na kare hakkin bil'adama a Tripoli An bude shi da Docudrama Jasmine na Almohannad Kalthoum.
Manazarta Sinima a Afrika
|
52245 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maganin%20gargajiya | Maganin gargajiya | Magungunan Gargajiya (wanda kuma akafi sani da likitan ƴan ƙasa ko likitancin jama'a Ya kasance wan nan ya ƙunshi fannonin likitanci na ilimin gargajiya, waɗanda suka bunƙasa tsawon tsararraki a cikin aƙidar al'ummomi daban-daban, gami da ƴan asalin ƙasar, kafin lokacin maganin zamani. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ayyana. Maganin gargajiya a matsayin “jimlar ilimi, fasaha, da ayyuka bisa ka’idoji, imani, da gogewa na asali ga al’adu daban-daban, ko an bayyana ko a’a, da ake amfani da su wajen kula da lafiya haka nan. kamar yadda yake a cikin rigakafi, tantancewa, ingantawa ko magance cututtukan jiki da na tabin hankali”. Magungunan gargajiya sau da yawa ana bambanta da likitan ilimin kimiyya.
A wasu kasashen Asiya da Afirka, kusan kashi 80 cikin 100 na al'ummar kasar sun dogara ne da magungunan gargajiya domin bukatunsu na farko na kiwon lafiya Lokacin da aka ɗauke shi a waje da al'adun gargajiya, ana ɗaukar magungunan gargajiya a matsayin wani nau'i na madadin magani Ayyukan da aka fi sani da magungunan gargajiya sun haɗa da magungunan gargajiya na Turai, magungunan gargajiya na kasar Sin, magungunan gargajiya na Koriya, magungunan gargajiya na Afirka, Ayurveda, magungunan Siddha, Unani, magungunan gargajiya na Iran, magungunan Musulunci na tsakiya, Muti, da Ifá Sana'o'in kimiyya da ke nazarin likitancin gargajiya sun hada da herbalism, ethnomedicine, ethnobotany, da kuma ilimin halin ɗan adam WHO ta lura cewa, duk da haka, "yin amfani da magungunan gargajiya ko ayyuka marasa dacewa na iya haifar da mummunan tasiri ko haɗari" kuma ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike domin tabbatar da inganci da aminci" irin waɗannan ayyuka da tsire-tsiren masu magani da tsarin magungunan gargajiya ke amfani da su. A sakamakon haka, WHO ta aiwatar da dabarun shekaru tara domin taimakawa kasashen mambobin kungiyar domin samar da manufofi masu tasiri da aiwatar da tsare-tsaren ayyuka da za su karfafa rawar da magungunan gargajiya ke takawa wajen kiyaye lafiyar jama'a.
Amfani da tarihi
Tarihi na gargajiya A cikin rubuce-rubucen da aka rubuta, binciken da aka yi na ganye ya samo asali ne shekaru 5,000 zuwa tsohuwar Sumerians, waɗanda suka bayyana ingantaccen amfani da magani ga shuke-shuke. A cikin magungunan Masar na d a, papyrus Ebers daga c. 1552 BC ya rubuta jerin magungunan jama'a da ayyukan likita na sihiri. Tsohon Alkawari kuma ya ambaci amfani da ganye da kuma noma game da Kashrut. Yawancin ganyaye da ma'adanai da aka yi amfani da su a Ayurveda an kwatanta su da tsoffin masana ganye na Indiya irin su Charaka da Sushruta a lokacin karni na 1 BC. Littafin ganye na farko na kasar Sin shi ne Shennong Bencao Jing, wanda aka harhada a zamanin daular Han amma tun daga baya aka kara shi a matsayin Yaoxing Lun Maganin yanayin Ganyewar Magunguna a lokacin daular Tang Mawallafin Hellenanci na farko da aka sani na ilimin ganye na zamani da na yanzu sun haɗa da Pythagoras da mabiyansa, Hippocrates, Aristotle, Theophrastus, Dioscorides da Galen Tushen Romawa sun haɗa da Tarihin Halitta na Pliny da Celsus 's De Medicina Pedanius Dioscorides ya zana kuma ya gyara mawallafin farko don De Materia Medica, yana ƙara sababbin abubuwa; An fassara aikin zuwa harsuna da dama, kuma an ƙara sunayen Turkawa, Larabci da Ibrananci a cikinsa tsawon ƙarni. Rubutun Latin na De Materia Medica an haɗa su tare da ganyen Latin ta Apuleius Platonicus Herbarium Apuleii Platonici kuma an haɗa su cikin codex Anglo-Saxon Cotton Vitellius C.III.Waɗannan rukunonin Girka na farko da na Romawa sun zama ƙashin bayan ka'idar likitancin Turai kuma Persian Avicenna (Ibn Sīnā, 980-1037), Persian Rhazes (Rāzi, 865-925) da Maimonides na Yahudawa suka fassara su. An yi amfani da wasu burbushin maganin gargajiya tun zamanin da.
Medieval kuma daga baya Magungunan 'yan asalin Larabci sun samo asali daga rikici tsakanin magungunan tushen sihiri na Badawiyya da fassarar Larabci na al'adun likitancin Hellenic da Ayurvedic Larabawa sun yi tasiri a kan likitancin Spain daga 711 zuwa 1492. Likitoci na Musulunci da masanan kimiyyar ilmin halitta musulmi irin su al-Dinawari da Ibn al-Baitar sun fadada sosai akan ilimin likitancin mata. Shahararriyar rubutun likitancin Farisa shine Avicenna's Canon of Medicine, wanda shine farkon pharmacopoeia kuma ya gabatar da gwaji na asibiti An fassara Canon zuwa Latin a karni na 12 kuma ya kasance ikon likita a Turai har zuwa karni na 17. Hakanan tsarin Unani na magungunan gargajiya yana dogara ne akan Canon Hieronymus Bock ya yi fassarar farkon rubutun Roman-Greek zuwa Jamusanci wanda aka buga a cikin 1546, ana kiransa Kreuter Buch An fassara littafin zuwa Yaren mutanen Holland azaman Pemptades ta Rembert Dodoens (1517-1585), kuma daga Yaren mutanen Holland zuwa Turanci ta Carolus Clusius, (1526–1609), Henry Lyte ya buga a 1578 a matsayin A Nievve Herball Wannan ya zama John Gerard 's (1545-1612) Herball ko Janar Tarihin Tsirrai Kowane sabon aiki ya kasance tarin rubutun da ake da su tare da sababbin ƙari.
Ilimin jama'a na mata ya wanzu a layi daya da waɗannan matani. Har ila yau ana jera magunguna arba'in da huɗu, abubuwan maye, abubuwan ɗanɗano da abubuwan motsa rai da Dioscorides ya ambata a cikin pharmacopoeias na Turai. Puritans sun ɗauki aikin Gerard zuwa Amurka inda ya rinjayi magungunan 'yan asalin Amurka. Francisco Hernández, likitan Philip na biyu na Spain ya shafe shekaru 1571-1577 yana tattara bayanai a Mexico sannan ya rubuta Rerum Medicarum Novae Hispaniae Thesaurus, yawancin nau'ikan da aka buga ciki har da wanda Francisco Ximénez ya buga. Dukansu Hernandez da Ximenez sun dace da bayanan kabilanci na Aztec a cikin ra'ayoyin Turai game da cututtuka kamar "dumi", "sanyi", da "danshi", amma ba a bayyana cewa Aztecs sun yi amfani da waɗannan nau'ikan ba. Juan de Esteyneffer 's Florilegio medicinal de todas las enfermedas ya tattara matani na Turai kuma ya ƙara shuke-shuken Mexico guda 35.
Martín de la Cruz ya rubuta wani ganye a Nahuatl wanda Juan Badiano ya fassara zuwa Latin kamar Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis ko Codex Barberini, Latin 241 kuma aka ba Sarki Carlos V na Spain a 1552. Da alama an rubuta shi cikin gaggawa kuma mamayewar Turawa na shekaru 30 da suka gabata ya rinjaye shi. Fray Bernardino de Sahagún ya yi amfani da hanyoyin ƙabilanci don tattara ka'idodinsa waɗanda suka zama Tarihi Janar de las Cosas de Nueva España, wanda aka buga a 1793. Castore Durante ya buga Herbario Nuovo a cikin 1585 yana kwatanta tsire-tsire masu magani daga Turai da Gabas da Yammacin Indiya An fassara shi zuwa Jamusanci a cikin 1609 kuma an buga bugu na Italiyanci na ƙarni na gaba.
Mallakar Amurka A cikin karni na 17 da 18 a Amurka, masu maganin gargajiya, mata akai-akai, sun yi amfani da magungunan ganye, cin abinci da leshi Magungunan gargajiya na Amirkawa na gargajiya sun gabatar da maganin zazzabin cizon sauro, ciwon zazzaɓi, scurvy, syphilis maras nauyi, da matsalolin goiter. Yawancin waɗannan magungunan ganye da na jama'a sun ci gaba har zuwa karni na 19 zuwa karni na 20, tare da wasu magungunan tsire-tsire waɗanda suka zama tushen ilimin harhada magunguna na zamani.
Amfanin zamani Yaɗuwar magungunan jama'a a wasu yankuna na duniya ya bambanta bisa ga ka'idodin al'adu. Wasu magungunan zamani sun dogara ne akan sinadarai na shuka waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin magungunan jama'a. Masu bincike sun bayyana cewa da yawa daga cikin madadin jiyya ba su da "ƙididdigar ƙididdiga daga magungunan placebo watsa ilimi da halitta Maganin ƴan asalin gabaɗaya ana yaɗa su ta baki ta hanyar al'umma, dangi da daidaikun mutane har sai an “tara”. A cikin wata al'ada da aka ba da, abubuwan ilimin likitancin na asali na iya zama sananne ga mutane da yawa, ko kuma waɗanda ke cikin takamaiman aikin warkarwa kamar shaman ko ungozoma Abubuwa uku sun halatta matsayin mai warkarwa akidarsu, nasarar ayyukansu da imanin al'umma. Lokacin da al'adar ta ƙi iƙirarin magungunan ƴan asalin, gabaɗaya iri uku na mabiya suna amfani da shi waɗanda aka haife su kuma suka yi tarayya da su a cikinta waɗanda suka zama masu bi na dindindin, masu bi na ɗan lokaci waɗanda suka juya zuwa gare shi a lokutan wahala, da waɗanda suka yi imani kawai a takamaiman fannoni., ba a cikin duka ba.
Ma'ana da kalmomi Ana iya ɗaukar magungunan gargajiya a wani lokaci a matsayin dabam da magungunan jama'a, kuma ana la'akari da sun haɗa da abubuwan da aka tsara na maganin jama'a. A karkashin wannan ma'anar magungunan jama'a akwai magungunan da aka dade suna yadawa da kuma amfani da su. Magungunan jama'a sun ƙunshi ayyukan warkaswa da ra'ayoyin ilimin halittar jiki da kiyaye lafiyar da wasu suka sani a cikin al'ada, ana watsawa ta hanyar yau da kullun azaman ilimin gabaɗaya, kuma kowa a cikin al'adar da ke da gogewa ta farko ya yi aiki ko amfani da shi.
Maganin jama'a Kasashe da yawa suna da ayyukan da aka siffanta a matsayin magungunan jama'a waɗanda za su iya kasancewa tare tare da tsarin aikin likita na yau da kullun, tushen kimiyya, da kuma tsarin aikin likita wanda ke wakilta. Misalan al'adun magungunan jama'a sune magungunan gargajiya na kasar Sin, likitancin Iran, likitancin Koriya, likitancin Larabci, maganin gargajiya na Uygur, magungunan Kampho na Japan, magungunan daji na Aboriginal na gargajiya, 'yan asalin Hawaiian La'au lapa'au, da kuma maganin gargajiya na Jojiya, da sauransu.
Magungunan daji na Australiya Gabaɗaya, maganin daji da mutanen Aboriginal da Torres Strait Islander ke amfani da su a Ostiraliya ana yin su ne daga kayan shuka, kamar haushi, ganye da iri, kodayake ana iya amfani da kayan dabbobi kuma. Babban bangaren magungunan gargajiya shine maganin gargajiya, wanda shine amfani da kayan shuka na halitta don magance ko hana cututtuka.
Magungunan 'yan asalin Amurka Magungunan ƴan asalin ƙasar Amurka da Alaska nau'ikan warkarwa ne na gargajiya waɗanda suka wanzu tsawon dubban shekaru. Akwai shuke-shuke ethnobotany da yawa da ke cikin maganin gargajiya ga ƴan asalin ƙasar Amirka kuma wasu har yanzu ana amfani da su a yau. Idan ya zo ga magungunan gargajiya na Amirkawa, ra'ayoyin da ke tattare da lafiya da rashin lafiya a cikin al'adun ba su da bambanci da ra'ayoyin addini da ruhaniya. Masu warkarwa a cikin al'ummomin ƴan asalin suna da sunaye da yawa kama daga namiji ko mace zuwa likitan ganye ko ma shaman kuma ana ɗaukar su shugabannin ruhaniya ko na addini a cikin kabilun su. Idan ana maganar waraka, masu warkarwa na ƙabilanci za su kalli halayen shuka don tantance ingancinta don maganin rashin lafiya. Takamaiman halayen shuka kamar siffar shuka, wari, launi, da ɗanɗano na iya taimakawa wajen tantance yadda za'a iya amfani da shuka azaman magani. Kabilar Meskwaki sun gano cewa za su iya amfani da ruwan 'ya'yan itace daga Arum maculatum don saran maciji. An yi la’akari da hakan ne daga bayyanar madarar ruwan da aka ce daga shukar wadda aka ce tana kama da dafin maciji, kuma siffar shukar ta yi kama da kan maciji. 'Yan asalin ƙasar Amirka sun yi amfani da ganyen foxglove a matsayin magani ga wata cuta da ake kira ɗigon ruwa ko edema, wanda ruwa ne ke taruwa yawanci a cikin ƙananan ƙafafu, kuma dalilinsa na yau da kullum shine ciwon zuciya. A cikin maganin zamani, ana amfani da tsantsa foxglove a ƙarƙashin sunan digitalis, kuma manufarsa ita ce matsakaicin bugun zuciya. ’Yan asalin ƙasar Amirka sun yi nasara tare da wasu ayyukan likita, kamar su magance zazzaɓi, yanayin gastrointestinal, raƙuman fata, kafa ƙashi, da kuma haihuwar jarirai, da taimaka wa iyaye mata wajen samun waraka. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a cikin wani asibitin IHS wanda ke ba masu warkarwa na Navajo damar ziyartar marasa lafiya ya gano cewa asibitin ya samu kashi 80 cikin 100 na nasara wajen dawo da marasa lafiya cikin hayyacinsu, wanda ya zarce adadin asibitocin sarrafa kwayoyin halitta a yau. An zaɓi dangin Asteraceae da yawa don taimakon orthopedic da taimakon huhu, musamman nau'in Achillea da Artemisia Wani bincike da aka gudanar tsakanin kabilu 14 daban-daban a Arewacin Amurka ya gano cewa Asteraceae ita ce dangin tsire-tsire da aka fi amfani da shi don kayan magani.
Natuvaidyam Nattuvaidyam saiti ne na ayyukan likitanci na asali waɗanda suka wanzu a Indiya kafin zuwan maganin allopathic ko na yamma. Waɗannan ayyuka suna da nau'o'i daban-daban na ka'idoji da ra'ayoyin jiki, lafiya da cututtuka. An yi karo da juna da aron ra'ayoyi, magungunan da aka yi amfani da su da dabaru a cikin waɗannan ayyukan. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan ayyukan sun rubuta rubuce-rubuce a cikin yarukan yare kamar Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu, da sauransu. yayin da wasu kuma ana ba da su ta baki ta hanyar na'urori daban-daban. Ayurveda wani nau'i ne na nattuvaidyam da ake yi a kudancin Indiya. Sauran sun hada da kalarichikitsa (wanda ya shafi saitin kashi da tsoka), marmachikitsa (mahimmanci tabo tausa), ottamoolivaidyam (maganin kashi ɗaya ko magani na lokaci ɗaya), chintamanivaidyam da sauransu. Lokacin da aka sake fasalin tsarin likitanci a cikin karni na ashirin Indiya, yawancin ayyuka da dabaru na musamman ga wasu nattuvaidyam iri-iri sun haɗa cikin Ayurveda.
Maganin gida Maganin gida (wani lokaci kuma ana kiransa maganin kaka magani ne don warkar da cuta ko cuta wanda ke amfani da wasu kayan yaji, ganye, kayan lambu, ko wasu abubuwan gama gari. Magungunan gida na iya ko ba su da kaddarorin magani waɗanda ke magance ko warkar da cutar ko cutar da ake tambaya, kamar yadda ƴan ƙasa yawanci ke wucewa tare da su (wanda Intanet ta sauƙaƙe a cikin 'yan shekarun nan). Yawancin ana amfani da su ne kawai sakamakon al'ada ko al'ada ko kuma saboda suna da tasiri wajen haifar da tasirin placebo Ɗaya daga cikin mashahuran misalan maganin gida shine amfani da miya na kaji domin magance cututtuka na numfashi kamar mura. Sauran misalan magunguna na gida sun haɗa da tef ɗin duct domin taimakawa tare da kafa ƙasusuwan da suka karye; tef ko superglue don magance warts na shuka da Kogel mogel don magance ciwon makogwaro. A zamanin da, an damƙa wa iyaye mata duk wasu magunguna amma masu tsanani. Littattafan girke-girke na tarihi akai-akai suna cike da magunguna don dyspepsia, zazzabi, da gunaguni na mata. Ana amfani da kayan aikin aloe don magance cututtukan fata. Yawancin barasa ko narkar da abinci na Turai an sayar da su azaman magungunan magani. A cikin magungunan jama'ar kasar Sin, congees na magani (miyan shinkafa da aka daɗe tare da ganye), abinci, da miya suna cikin ayyukan jiyya.
Suka
Damuwar tsaro Ko da yake kasashe 130 suna da ka'idoji game da magungunan jama'a, akwai haɗarin da ke tattare da amfani da su (watau zoonosis, musamman kamar yadda wasu magungunan gargajiya ke amfani da sinadarai na dabba Sau da yawa ana ɗauka cewa saboda magungunan da ake zato na halitta ne cewa ba su da lafiya, amma ana haɗa matakan kiyayewa da yawa tare da amfani da magungunan ganye.
Amfani da nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari Dabbobin da ke cikin haɗari, irin su jinkirin loris, wasu lokuta ana kashe su don yin magungunan gargajiya. Har ila yau, an yi amfani da filaye na shark a cikin magungunan gargajiya, kuma duk da cewa ba a tabbatar da ingancin su ba, yana cutar da yawan kifin shark da kuma yanayin su. Sana'ar hauren giwa ba bisa ka'ida ba za a iya gano wani bangare na masu siyan magungunan gargajiya na kasar Sin Bukatar hauren giwa shine babban abin da ke haifar da farautar nau'ikan da ke cikin hadari kamar karkanda da giwaye. Pangolins na fuskantar barazana ta hanyar farautar namansu da sikelinsu, wadanda ake amfani da su wajen maganin gargajiya. Su ne dabbobi masu shayarwa da aka fi fataucinsu a duniya.
Duba kuma Ayurveda
Bioprospecting
Maganin jama'a
Maganin ganye
Jarrah (likita)
Tsire-tsire masu magani
Asalin kabilanci na Amurka
Labarin Tsofaffin Mata
Pharmacognosy
Magungunan gargajiya na Afirka
Maganin gargajiya na kasar Sin
Laburaren Ilimi na Gargajiya
Jerin nau'ikan madadin magani
Manazarta Maganin Gargajiya
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
24302 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prempeh%20I | Prempeh I | Prempeh I (Otumfuo Nana Prempeh I, 18 ga Disamba 1870 12 ga Mayu 1931) shine sarki na goma sha uku na sarautar Asante na Masarautar Ashanti da Daular Asante Oyoko Abohyen. Sarki Asantehene Prempeh I ya yi mulki daga ranar 26 ga Maris, 1888 har zuwa rasuwarsa a 1931, kuma ya yi yaƙin Ashanti da Birtaniya a 1893.
Tarihin Rayuwa
Rayuwar farko da iyali Asalin sarautar Sarki Asantehene Prempeh I shine Yarima Kwaku Dua III Asamu na Masarautar Ashanti. Mahaifiyar Prempeh I, Sarauniya Asantehemaa Yaa Akyaa, ita ce uwar sarauniyar masarautar Ashanti daga 1880 zuwa 1917. Ta hanyar aure na siyasa mai mahimmanci ta gina ikon soja don tabbatar da Stool na Zinare ga ɗanta Prince Prempeh.
Al'arshi kuma a matsayin Sarkin Masarautar Ashanti A 1888 Yarima Prempeh ya hau gadon sarauta, yana amfani da sunan Kwaku Dua III. Sarautarsa ta fuskanci matsaloli tun daga farkon mulkinsa. Ya fara kare Asante daga Biritaniya kuma lokacin da Biritaniya ta nemi Prempeh I ya karɓi wani yanki na masarautar sa ta Ashanti, ya ƙi shi kuma ya ba da amsa a cikin amsar cewa Burtaniya ta yi lissafi. Ya fara kamfen na ikon Asante. Turawan Burtaniya sun yi tayin ɗaukar Masarautar Ashanti a ƙarƙashin kariyar su, amma ya ƙi kowace buƙata.
Masarautar Ashanti da Burtaniya A watan Disamba na 1895, turawan Burtaniya sun bar Cape Coast tare da rundunar balaguro. Ya isa Kumasi a cikin Janairu 1896 a ƙarƙashin umurnin Robert Baden-Powell. Asantehene ya umarci Ashanti da kada ya yi adawa da ci gaban Burtaniya, saboda yana tsoron ramuwar gayya daga Burtaniya idan balaguron ya zama tashin hankali. Jim kaɗan bayan haka, Gwamna William Maxwell ya isa Kumasi shima.
Biritaniya ta hade yankunan Ashanti da Fanti, duk da cewa Burtaniya da Fante abokan juna ne a wannan lokacin, har yanzu suna yi. An sauke Asantehene Agyeman Prempeh tare da kama shi, sannan aka tura shi da sauran shugabannin Ashanti gudun hijira a cikin Seychelles. An rushe Ƙungiyar Asante. Burtaniya a hukumance ta ayyana jihar masarautar Ashanti da yankuna na gabar teku don zama masarautar Gold Coast. An sanya Ba'amurke mazaunin har abada a cikin garin Kumasi, kuma ba da daɗewa ba bayan an gina sansanin Burtaniya a can.
Shekaru goma sha ɗaya bayan haka, Baden-Powell ya buga "Scouting for Boys". Daga ƙarshe an sake Prempeh, kuma daga baya ya zama Babban Scout na Gold Coast.
Bataliyar Telegraph na Injiniyoyin Sarauta (wanda ya gabaci Royal Corps of Signals) ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a Gangamin Ashanti; Mutanen Bataliyar Telegraph sun yi fashin wata hanya ta layin sama daga Tekun zuwa Prahsu, mai nisan mil 72 ta cikin dajin. Daga nan sai wadannan runduna suka fice daga cikin dajin, suka tunkari Sarki Prempeh suka kuma amince da mika wuya ga sojojinsa. Yanzu an nuna kursiyin Sarki Prempeh a gidan adana kayan tarihi na Royal Signals a Blandford.
A cikin 1900, roƙon cewa mutanen Ashanti su jujjuya "kujerar zinariya" ainihin alamar Ashanti cikakken mulkin sarauta ga mutanen Ashanti. Masarautar Ashanti ba ta da juriya kuma ta zama membobi masu cin gashin kansu na Masarautar Burtaniya. Ashanti ya yi tawaye daga baya daga Burtaniya don yaƙin Yakin Zinariya (wanda kuma aka sani da Yaa Asantewaa War) a cikin 1900-01. A ƙarshe, turawan Ingila sun yi nasara; sun kori Asantewaa da sauran shugabannin Asante zuwa Seychelles don shiga cikin sarkin Asante Prempeh I. A cikin watan Janairun 1902, a ƙarshe Biritaniya ta sanya Asanteman a matsayin matsara. An dawo da Asanteman 'yancin kai a ranar 31 ga Janairu 1935.
Prempeh Na shafe lokaci a cikin ƙauyensa akan Mahe daga maidowa gida, mafi girma a cikin Seychelles a Tekun Indiya, ƙauyen ya kasance babban katako, wanda aka rufe da bishiyar kwakwa, mangoro, 'ya'yan burodi da itatuwan lemu da kuma gida mai hawa biyu. Prempeh I villa, da sabbin gidaje 16 na katako da yashi yashi kuma an rufesu da mayafi na ƙarfe a Seychelles kuma an keɓe su ga manyan jiga-jigan Asante. Prempeh ya yi ƙoƙarin ilimantar da kan sa cikin Turanci da kuma tabbatar da cewa yaran sun sami ilimi.
Sarki Asantehene Prempeh Na taɓa bayyana cewa, "Masarautata ta Ashanti ba za ta taɓa ba da kanta ga irin wannan manufar kariya ba; Mutanen Ashanti da Masarautar Ashanti dole ne su kasance ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta kamar ta dā, kuma a lokaci guda ku zama abokai da kowa. fararen mutane Mutuwa Bayan rasuwar Prempeh a ranar 12 ga Mayu 1931 magajinsa Prempeh II na Masarautar Ashanti ya gaje shi. An binne shi a Kumasi.
|
31186 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abokan%20Duniya | Abokan Duniya | Abokan Duniya FoEI cibiyar sadarwar kasa da kasa ce ta kungiyoyin muhalli a cikin kasashe 73. An kafa ƙungiyar a cikin 1969 a San Francisco ta David Brower, Donald Aitken da Gary Soucie bayan Brower ta raba tare da Saliyo Club saboda kyakkyawan tsarin kula da makamashin nukiliya. Robert Orville Anderson, mai kamfanin mai na Atlantic Richfield ne ya bayar da gudummawar da aka kafa na $500,000 (a cikin USD 2019). Ya zama cibiyar sadarwa ta duniya a cikin 1971 tare da taron wakilai daga ƙasashe huɗu: Amurka, Sweden, Birtaniya da Faransa.
FoEI a halin yanzu yana da sakatariya (wanda yake a Amsterdam, Netherlands wanda ke ba da tallafi ga cibiyar sadarwa da manyan yakin da aka amince da shi. Kwamitin zartarwa na zaɓaɓɓun wakilai daga ƙungiyoyin ƙasa ya tsara manufofi da kula da ayyukan sakatariyar. A cikin 2016, an zaɓi ɗan gwagwarmayar Uruguay Karin Nansen don zama shugabar ƙungiyar.
Matsalolin yaƙin neman zaɓe Abokan Duniya (International) ƙungiyar memba ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa, tare da membobi waɗanda ke bazu cikin duniya. Shirye-shiryenta na ba da shawara suna mayar da hankali kan batutuwan muhalli, suna nuna yanayin zamantakewa, siyasa da haƙƙin ɗan adam. Reshen ƙasa da ƙasa na Abokan Duniya yana da hedikwata a Amsterdam, Netherlands, saboda dalilai na haraji.
Kamar yadda yake a cikin gidan yanar gizon sa, abubuwan da suka sa a gaba na kamfen na Abokan Duniya a duniya sune: adalcin tattalin arziki da kuma tsayayya da tsarin mulkin neoliberalism gandun daji da halittu ikon abinci da yanayin adalci da makamashi. An saita mahimman abubuwan yaƙin neman zaɓe na FOEI a babban taronta na shekara biyu. Bugu da ƙari, FOEI kuma tana shirin yaƙin neman zaɓe a wasu fagage, kamar kwararowar hamada Antarctica Maritime, ma'adinai da kuma haƙar masana'antu da makamashin nukiliya A cikin 2016, FOEI kuma ta jagoranci yaƙin neman zaɓe akan cin abinci da kuma samar da nama mai ƙarfi Meat Atlas FOEI ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta sami nasara yayin da ta kawar da biliyoyin tallafin masu biyan haraji ga masu gurɓata muhalli, sake fasalin Bankin Duniya don magance matsalolin muhalli da haƙƙin ɗan adam, ta tura muhawara kan ɗumamar yanayi don matsawa Amurka lamba don ƙoƙarin yin mafi kyawun doka mai yiwuwa, dakatar da ƙari. Fiye da madatsun ruwa 150 masu lalata da ayyukan ruwa a duk duniya, an matsa su kuma sun ci nasara kan ƙa'idojin ma'adinai da tankokin mai da kuma hana kifin kifin na ƙasa da ƙasa. Masu sukar ta sun yi iƙirarin cewa ƙungiyar tana ƙoƙari ne kawai don samun hankalin kafofin watsa labaru (kamar yadda ta fitar da waƙar "Ƙauna zuwa Duniya"), amma ba ta zauna tare da 'yan gida don magance matsaloli masu rikitarwa, kuma suna hana ci gaba a kasashe masu tasowa. Sun kuma yi suka kan manufofinta na karbar manyan kudade daga kamfanoni da ƙungiyoyin agaji masu alaka da mai da iskar gas.
Mai A watan Oktoban 2018, an sanar da cewa, Aliko Dangote, hamshaƙin attajirin Afrika, na shirin gina matatar mai na dala biliyan 12 a kan kadada 6,180 na fadama a Najeriya. Wannan zai sa ta zama matatar mai mafi girma a duniya. Nan da shekarar 2022, matatar za ta rika sarrafa gangar danyen mai 650,000 a kullum. Tuni dai Najeriya ta kasance kasa mafi arzikin man fetur a nahiyar Afirka, duk da cewa matatun da ake da su ba su da inganci, don haka ana shigo da mafi yawan man da ake amfani da shi a cikin ƙasar. Domin za a gina matatar mai nisa daga yankin Neja Delta, inda ake hako mafi yawan man Najeriya, za a yi amfani da bututun da ke ƙarƙashin ruwa guda biyu wajen jigilar mai mai nisan mil 240 zuwa matatar mai da ke Legas Bututun da dama a Najeriya na karkashin tsaro, wasu kuma fusatattun ‘yan kasa da kuma ‘yan kungiyar ‘yan tawaye mai suna Delta Avengers, wadanda ke fusata da gurbatar yanayi da talauci da ke tattare da su da kuma samo asali daga harkar mai. Bugu da kari, da alama wannan matatar man za ta baiwa Dangote damar mallakar man Najeriya.
A ranar 11 ga Disamba, 2018, FOE Afirka ta fara zanga-zangar a wajen wani taron da kamfanin Shell ya shirya. Masu fafutuka sun gano cewa Shell ya taimaka wajen tsara wani yanki na yarjejeniyar yanayi ta Paris a cikin 2015. Shell, kamfanin haƙar mai, ya rinjayi ka'idojin kan alawus-alawus na iskar gas da hani. A wajen zanga-zangar, Rita Uwaka ta kungiyar FOE reshen Najeriya ta ce: “Kamar wuta ce a doron kasa. Ina wakiltar al'ummomin yankin Neja Delta wadanda wadannan manyan gurbatattun gurbataccen yanayi ke shafa. Samun waɗannan manyan masu gurɓatawa sun shigo nan a matsayin waliyyi ba kawai mari ba ne a kan mu a matsayin wakilai na COP Har ila yau, mari ne a kan Uwar Duniya."
Tsarin hanyar sadarwa Ƙungiyar memba a wata ƙasa na iya kiran kanta Abokan Duniya ko kuma daidai da fassarar jumla a cikin harshen ƙasa, misali, Abokan Duniya (US), Abokan Duniya (EWNI) (England Wales da Arewacin Ireland), Amigos de la Tierra (Spain da Argentina). Duk da haka, kusan rabin ƙungiyoyin membobin suna aiki ƙarƙashin sunayensu, wani lokaci suna nuna asali mai zaman kanta da shigar da hanyar sadarwa ta gaba, kamar Pro Natura (Switzerland), Ƙungiyar Koriya ta Ƙwararrun Muhalli, Ayyukan Haƙƙin Muhalli (FOE Nigeria) da WALHI (FOE Indonesia).
Abokan Duniya na Duniya (FoEI) suna goyan bayan wata sakatariya da ke Amsterdam, da kuma kwamitin gudanarwa da aka sani da ExCom. Duk ƙungiyoyin mambobi ne ke zaɓen ExCom a babban taron da ake gudanarwa duk bayan shekaru biyu, kuma ita ce ExCom wacce ke ɗaukar sakatariya. A daidai wannan babban taron, an amince da manufofin gaba ɗaya da ayyukan fifiko.
Baya ga aikin da aka haɗa a matakin FoEI, ƙungiyoyin membobin ƙasa suna da yancin gudanar da nasu kamfen da yin aiki bi- ko da yawa kamar yadda suka ga dama, muddin hakan bai saba wa manufofin da aka amince da su ba a duniya. matakin.
Labarai Meat Atlas rahoto ne na shekara-shekara kan hanyoyin da tasirin aikin noma na masana'antu Littafin ya ƙunshi gajerun kasidu 27 kuma, tare da taimakon jadawali, yana hango gaskiya game da samarwa da cin nama. Abokan Duniya da Gidauniyar Heinrich Böll ne suka buga Meat Atlas tare.
Sanannen magoya baya Mawaƙin Rock George Harrison ya sami alaƙa da Abokan Duniya bayan halartar zanga-zangar adawa da makaman nukiliya a London a cikin 1980. Ya sadaukar da kundin sa mafi girma na 1989, Mafi kyawun Dokin Duhu, ga Abokan Duniya, a tsakanin sauran ƙungiyoyin muhalli. Jay Kay, frontman na funk/acid jazz group Jamiroquai, an san shi don ba da gudummawar wani ɓangare na ribar da aka samu daga tallace-tallacen album ɗinsa ga Abokan Duniya da Oxfam, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa.
Dominique Voynet, wanda ya tsaya takara a zabukan shugaban kasar Faransa a 1995 da 2007 a jam'iyyar "les verts" jam'iyyar Green Party, memba ne.
Thom Yorke, jagoran mawaƙin Radiohead, ya goyi bayan kamfen ɗin Abokan Duniya da yawa a bainar jama'a.
Mawaƙa na fitattun muryoyin muryoyin akan "Ƙauna Zuwa Duniya" -ciki har da Paul McCartney, Jon Bon Jovi, Sheryl Crow, Fergie, Sean Paul, da Colbie Caillat sun haɗu da sojoji a kan wannan waƙar pop mai ban sha'awa. Duk abin da aka samu daga kowane siyar da guda ɗaya za a ba da gudummawa ga Abokan Duniya na Amurka da Gidauniyar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya.
Taimakawa ga Babban Tambaya Daga cikin wadanda suka halarta a ƙaddamar da yakin neman sauyin yanayi na Abokan Duniya (EWNI) Babban Tambaya shine Dokar Jude, Edith Bowman, Siân Lloyd, Ross Burden, David Cameron, David Miliband, Thom Yorke, Stephen Merchant, Michael Eavis, da Emily Eavis.
Ƙungiyoyin membobi
Asiya Dandalin Indonesiya don Muhalli, Indonesia
Ƙungiyar Koriya don Ƙwararrun Muhalli
Abokan Duniya Gabas ta Tsakiya
Legal Rights and Natural Resources Center Kasama sa Kalikasan
Cibiyar Shari'ar Muhalli, Sri Lanka
Sahabat Alam Malaysia
Turai Abokan Duniya na Turai, Brussels
Abokan Matasa na Duniyar Turai, Brussels
Abokan Duniya Faransa
Abokan Duniya na Scotland
Pro Natura (Switzerland)
Amigos de la tierra, Spain
Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland, Jamus
Abokan Duniya (EWNI), Ingila, Wales da Ireland ta Arewa
Birmingham Abokan Duniya
GLOBAL 2000, Austria
Abokan Duniya Malta
Abokan Duniya Finland
Magyar Természetvedok Szövetsége Abokan Duniya Hungary
Priatelia Zeme Slovensko (Abokan Duniya Slovakia) Abokan Duniya (EWNI), (Ingila, Wales da Arewacin Ireland)
Manchester Abokan Duniya
Green Action, Croatia
Hnutí DUHA, Jamhuriyar Czech
Milieudefensie, Netherlands
Ƙungiyar Norwegian don Kiyaye Halitta, Norway
Abokan Duniya (Malta)
NOAH, wanda aka kafa a cikin 1969 a Denmark, ƙungiyar maƙiya ta ƙasa tun 1988, Denmark
Amirka ta Arewa Abokan Duniya Kanada
Les AmiEs de la Terre de Québec, Kanada
Abokan Duniya (US)
Oceania Abokan Duniya Ostiraliya
Manazarta
Littattafan bibiya Brian Doherty da Timothy Doyle, Muhalli, Juriya da Haɗin kai. Siyasar Abokan Duniya na Duniya (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2013). Jan-Henrik Meyer, "'A ina za mu je daga Wyhl?' Zanga-zangar Anti-Nuclear ta Juyin Juya Hali da ke niyya ga Ƙungiyoyin Turai da na Duniya a cikin 1970s, Binciken Tarihi na Zamantakewa 39: 1 (2014): 212-235.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Labarin Abokan Duniya Faransa "Multinationals Masana ilimin halittu suna duba ja"
Abokan Duniya na YouTube tashar YouTube
Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
Haƙƙoƙi
Muhalli
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
53448 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atif%20Aslam | Atif Aslam | Biography with signature
Articles with hCards
Atif Aslam an haife shi 12 Maris din shekarar 1983) mawaƙin sake kunnawa ɗan Pakistan ne, marubucin waƙa, mawaki, kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Ya yi rekodi da yawa a cikin Pakistan da Indiya, kuma an san shi da fasahar bel ɗin murya Aslam ya fi yin waka a cikin Urdu, amma kuma ya rera a cikin Hindi, Punjabi, Bengali, da Pashto A cikin 2008, ya sami lambar yabo ta Tamgha-e-Imtiaz, lambar yabo ta huɗu mafi girma ta farar hula daga gwamnatin Pakistan Hakanan ya kasance mai karɓar lambobin yabo na Lux Style da yawa. Aslam ya fara fitowa a 2011, tare da Urdu social drama film Bol A cikin 2019, an ba shi tauraro a cikin Walk of Fame na Dubai bayan an zaɓi shi don mafi kyawun mawaƙa a Pakistan An kuma nuna shi a cikin Forbes Asia's Digital Stars 100, wanda aka buga a watan Disamba 2020. Yana kiran magoya bayansa da suna "Aadeez" Habituals Rayuwar farko An haifi Atif Aslam a ranar 12 ga Maris 1983, ga dangin Punjabi a Wazirabad, Pakistan Ya tafi Makarantar Kimberley Hall a Lahore har zuwa 1991, lokacin da ya koma Rawalpindi, kuma ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Makarantar St. Paul's Cambridge a Garin tauraron dan adam A 1995, Aslam ya koma Lahore, inda ya ci gaba da karatunsa a reshen Makarantar Jama'a da Kwalejin (DPSC) Ya ci gaba da zuwa Fazaia Inter College don HSSC daga 1999 zuwa 2001, sannan ya tafi PICS don yin karatun digiri a kan ilimin kwamfuta A wata hira da akayi dashi Aslam ya bayyana cewa burinsa a wannan lokacin shine ya zama mawaki.
Sana'a
2004-2008 Aslam tsohon dan group ne Jal Bayan rabuwa da Jal, Aslam ya fitar da albam dinsa na farko mai suna Jal Pari a shekarar 2004 wanda ya zama bugawa nan take. Album din solo na Aslam na biyu <i id="mwYg">Meri Kahani</i> ya samu kyautar a karo na 7 na Lux Style Awards a rukunin "Best Album". Kundin waƙar "wanda aka zaba a cikin 2009 a cikin "MTV Music Awards" a cikin "Best Rock Song".
A cikin 2008, ya rubuta nau'ikan Pehli Nazar Mein da Bakhuda Tumhi Ho daga <i id="mwaA">Race</i> da Kismat Konnection bi da bi. Pehli Nazar Mein ya ba shi lambar yabo ta Bollywood kuma ya lashe lambar yabo ta IIFA.
2009 2015: Fim na Indiya/Pakistan ya fara fitowa A cikin fim din Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani na 2009, ya rera Tu Jaane Na" da Tera Hone Laga Hoon" gami da remix versions na wakokin biyu wadanda suka zabo shi da dama. A shekarar 2011, ya rera waka daga cikin fim din FALTU, mai suna "Le Ja Tu Mujhe". A wannan shekarar, ya rera wakoki guda biyu Hona Tha Pyar da "Kaho Aaj Bol Do" tare da Hadiqa Kiani a cikin fim din Pakistan na Bol wanda aka jefa shi a matsayin jagora. A wannan shekarar, ya nada wakoki biyu na fim din Tere Naal Love Ho Gaya, "Tu Muhabbat Hai" da "Piya O Re Piya". Ya yi wakoki biyu "Bol Ke Lub Azaad Hain" da "Mori Araj Suno" na fim din Hollywood The Reluctant Fundamentalist Ya kuma yi a cikin Coke Studio's Season Five mai taken "Charka Nolakha", "Rabba Sacheya" da "Dholna". An zabi Main Rang Sharbaton Ka a lambar yabo ta Duniya a cikin 2014 don "Mafi kyawun Waƙa". "Main Rang Sharbaton Ka" ya samo kyaututtuka da yawa da kuma zabuka masu yawa a gare shi. An saki Zameen Jaagti Hai da Tu Khaas Hai a Pakistan. A cikin 2014, ya yi rikodin waƙoƙin 2 don fim ɗin Nishaɗi, "Tera Naam Doon" da "Nahi Woh Saamne". Duk wakokin Sachin-Jigar ne suka tsara su tare da rubutattun wakokin Priya Panchal. Ya kuma rera wakar talla ta QMobile Noir i10 "Dil Se Dil" da wakar tallan Etisalat "Faasle".
Ya yi aiki tare da Sachin-Jigar a waƙar Jeena Jeena na fim ɗin Badlapur, Waƙar Jeena Jeena ta kasance kan gaba a matakai daban-daban kuma ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan jarumai a 2015, wanda kuma ya ba shi lambar yabo ta Filmfare a matsayin mafi kyawun mawakin sake kunnawa. A wannan shekarar kuma ya yi rikodin Dil Kare ga Ho Mann Jahaan Fassarar Aslam na Tajdar-e-Haram ya haye ra'ayoyi miliyan 285 akan YouTube a watan Yuli 2020, wanda aka fito dashi a shekarar 2015, ya zama asalin bidiyo na farko a Pakistan don cimma babban rikodin. Waƙar Qawwali, wadda Sabri Brothers suka rera ta, an sake shi a ranar 15 ga Agusta 2015 a cikin CokeStudio Season 8 kuma an kallo a cikin ƙasashe 186 a fadin duniya. Hakanan, shine farkon bidiyo na mutum ɗaya na Aslam akan YouTube don yin rikodin.
2016 2020 Aslam ya yi aiki tare da mawaki Arko Pravo a waƙar Charbuster Tere Sang Yaara daga Rustom wacce ta yi sama da jadawalin "Bollywood Life", ta samu lambar yabo ta "Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer". Atif yayi aiki da Mithoon akan wakar "Mar Jaayen" ta Loveshhuda nau'i hudu a shekarar 2016, wanda Sayeed Qaudri ya rubuta.
"Dil Dancer" na fim din Actor in Law wanda aka saki, wanda ya ba shi lambar yabo ta LUX a matsayin mafi kyawun mawaƙin sake kunnawa. Ya rera wakar “Yaariyaan” tare da Ali Zafar, wanda Sahir Ali Bagga ya yi wanda aka saki a ranar tsaro ta 2016. Ya yi aiki tare da Maher Zain don waƙar "Ina Raye" kuma ya rera "Jal Pari" don tallan Huawei Honor 5X A farkon shekara, waƙar "Hoor" ta Hindi Medium ta fito. Bayan haka, an fitar da waƙar Romantic Baarish daga Half Girlfriend wanda Tanishk Bagchi ya tsara da waƙar ballad "Musafir" daga Sweetie Weds NRI. Waƙar soyayya mai suna "Darasal" wadda JAM8 ta shirya a wannan shekarar. Waƙoƙin Ballad guda biyu "Main Agar" daga Tubelight da "Jaane De" na Qarib Qarib Singlle, bi da bi, sun fito, waɗanda Pritam da Vishal Mishra suka shirya. A cikin Disamba 2017, Dil Diyan Gallan daga Tiger Zinda Hai ya fito, wanda Vishal–Shekhar ya tsara da kuma waƙoƙin Irshad Kamil Waƙar ta sami ra'ayoyi sama da 670M akan YouTube har zuwa Janairu 2021. Wakarsa ta farko ta Bengali "Mithe Alo" daga fim din Cockpit shima an sake shi.
A wannan shekarar, an fito da Pehli Dafa tare da Aslam da Ileana D'Cruz, wanda ya kasance wani abu na Shiraz Uppal Wani “Younhi” da Atif da kansa ya rubuta a ranar haihuwar Atif, wanda ya fito da Aslam da Nicolli Dela Nina. "Noor-e-Azal" Hamd ya fito, wanda Aslam da Abida Parveen suka rera, wani abun da Shani Arshad ya yi. Ya kuma rera wakar ISPR mai suna Kabhi Percham Main, wacce aka saki a ranar Tsaro ta 2017. Ya yi a karo na 16 na Lux Style Awards ta hanyar rera wakar Pakistan National Anthem da "Us Rah Par". Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1983
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
30293 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%B3ancin%20kirkirar%20kyauta | Ƴancin kirkirar kyauta | An kafa 'Yancin Ƙirƙirar Kyauta a cikin shekarata 2008 don haɓaka wadata a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa ta hanyar saka hannun jari a cikin ginshiƙan ƙirƙira na al'umma. Kuma an ba da kyautar 'Yanci don Ƙirƙirar Kyauta daga shekarata 2008 zuwa shekarar 2011 don tallafawa, da kuma gane masu fasaha waɗanda suke ƙoƙari don samun sauyin zamantakewa a wuraren da babu "'yancin ƙirƙirar".
'Yancin Ƙirƙirar Kyauta 'Yancin Ƙirƙirar Kyautar tana murna da ikon fasaha don haɓaka adalci na zamantakewa da ƙarfafa ruhin ɗan adam. Kuma Kyautar tana buɗe wa masu fasaha a duk fagagen ƙirƙira. Ana kimanta aikin zane akan iyawarsa don cimma ɗaya ko duka masu zuwa: haɓaka adalcin zamantakewa, Sannna gina tushen al'umma, da zaburar da ruhin ɗan adam.
Kowace shekara, dalar ƙasar Amurka 125,000 a cikin kuɗin kyaututtuka ana bayar da su a cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan uku: Babban, Matasa da Mawaƙin ɗaure.
2011 'Yancin Ƙirƙirar Kyauta An sanar da wadanda suka yi nasara a wani bikin bayar da kyaututtuka da kade-kade a lambun Botanical na Kirstenbosch na kasa a Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba shekarata 2011. Jagorar masu fafutukar kare hakkin dimokuradiyya a Myanmar kuma wadda ta lashe kyautar zaman lafiya ta Nobel Aung San Suu Kyi ta rubuta wani sako na musamman inda ta taya Win Maw wanda ya lashe lambar yabo a gidan yari.
Kwamitin Shari'a Alkalan da suka tabbatar da ‘Yancin Ƙirƙirar Kyauta ta shekarar 2011 sun haɗa da: shekarata 2010 ‘Yanci don Ƙirƙirar lambar yabo da furodusan wasan kwaikwayo na Sudan Ali Mahdi Nouri; Mai shirya fina-finan Thai Apichatpong Weerasethakul Mawallafin Afirka ta Kudu Achmat Dangor An haifi ɗan Croatian mai zane Ana Tzarev Kuma Mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Masar Dalia Ziada; Jarumar fina-finan Amurka Daryl Hannah mawaƙin titi D*Face Mawakiyar Pakistan, 'yar jarida kuma mai fafutukar zamantakewa Fatima Bhutto masanin falsafa, masanin al'adu, kuma marubuci Kwame Anthony Appiah marubuci Salman Rushdie Farfesa Lourdes Arizpe dan rawa da actor Mikhail Baryshnikov mai shirya fim kuma furodusa Mira Nair marubuci kuma mai kula Sarah Lewis da kuma iko a kan cigaban kerawa, Kuma ƙirƙira da albarkatun ɗan adam, Sir Ken Robinson Babban Rukunin Kyauta
Kyautar Mawaƙin Dauri
2010 'Yancin Ƙirƙirar Kyauta Sama da masu fasaha 1,700 daga ƙasashe 127 sun shiga cikin shekarata 2010 'Yancin Ƙirƙirar Kyauta. An sanar da wadanda suka yi nasara a wani biki a dakin taro na Salah El Din da ke birnin Alkahira na kasar Masar a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, shekarata 2010.
Kwamitin Shari'a Kwamitin alkalan na bana ya kunshi mutane 13 daga kwararru daban-daban. Su ne: tsohuwar uwargidan shugaban kasar Masar kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama Mrs Jehan Sedat Mawakiyar Pakistan, 'yar jarida kuma mai fafutukar zamantakewa, Fatima Bhutto Shahararren masanin ka'idar akan Critical Race ka'idar kuma farfesa a Makarantar Doka ta UCLA da Makarantar Shari'a ta Columbia Farfesa Kimberlé Crenshaw mawaƙin titi D*Face Kuma ba darektan zartarwa ba a Hukumar Kula da Kuɗi ta Burtaniya, Farfesa Dame Sandra Dawson OBE 2009 'Yanci don Ƙirƙirar lambar yabo kuma mashahurin mai shirya fina-finai na Iran Mohsen Makhmalbaf mai shirya fim kuma furodusa Mira Nair 'yar jarida kuma marubuci Mariane Pearl Farfesa na Ilimin Musulunci na Zamani Sannna a Jami'ar Oxford, Farfesa Tariq Ramadan babban lauyan kare hakkin dan adam Geoffrey Robertson QC ikon ci gaba da kerawa, ƙirƙira da albarkatun ɗan adam, Sir Ken Robinson tsohon jami'in diflomasiyya da kuma malami kan diflomasiyyar al'adu,Masani Farfesa Cynthia P. Schneider da ɗan wasan Croatian Haihuwa Ana Tsarev Martani Shekarata 2010 Freedom to Create Prize panelist kuma tsohuwar uwargidan shugaban Masar, Jehan Sadat, ya ce: "Masu fasaha da aka zaba a matsayin 'yan wasan karshe Kuma a cikin 'Yancin Ƙirƙirar gasar ta bana sun san da kyau farashin da suke biya don bayyana ra'ayoyinsu, fata, da kuma ra'ayoyinsu. mafarkin mutanensu da al'ummarsu. Sun jimre da zarge-zargen da ake yi musu, kuma a wasu lokuta, sun saka kansu cikin haɗari mai tsanani. Sannan Kuma A sakamakon haka, sun yi fiye da fallasa illolin da ke addabar al’ummarsu. Sun samar da mafita da mafita, kuma ta yin hakan, suna ƙoƙarin canza duniya. Kowannensu yana misalta ikon fasaha, kiɗa, da kuma rubutacciyar kalma."
Babban Rukunin Kyauta
Rukunin Kyautar Matasa
Rukunin Kyautar Mawaƙin Mawaƙin Dauri
2009 'Yancin Ƙirƙirar Kyauta An ba da sanarwar zaɓaɓɓun masu fasaha don shekarata 2009 'Yanci don Ƙirƙirar Kyauta a ranar 26 ga Oktoba shekarar 2009. Gabaɗaya, akwai masu fasaha 1,015 daga ƙasashe sama da 100.
Kwamitin Shari'a Shekarata 2009 'Yanci don Ƙirƙirar Kyautar ta sami hukunci daga ƙungiyar manyan masu fasaha, tsoffin ra'ayi, da ƙwararrun 'yancin ɗan adam. Sannan Kuma Sun kasance: manyan lauyan kare hakkin dan Adam na kasa da kasa kuma masanin shari'a kan Majalisar Shari'a ta Cikin Gida ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Geoffrey Robertson QC mawaki kuma wanda ya kafa kungiyar kade-kade ta Divan ta Yamma- Gabas Daniel Barenboim co-kafa, tare da Kofi Annan, na kungiyar diflomasiyya ta duniya, The Global Elders, kuma wanda ya kafa mata Indiya da ƙananan ƙungiyoyin kuɗi Dr Ela Bhatt Wakiliyar BBC Razia Iqbal Time Out wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban Human Rights Watch Tony Elliott Mawaƙin Anglo-Indiya mai lambar yabo Sacha Jafri Lauyan fasaha na New York Peter Stern; artist Ana Tsarev da kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo dan Zimbabwe Cont Mhlanga, wanda ya lashe kyautar 'Yanci don Ƙirƙirar Kyauta a shekarata 2008.
Babban Rukunin Kyauta
Rukunin Kyautar Matasa
Rukunin Kyautar Mawaƙin Mawaƙin Dauri
2008 'Yancin Ƙirƙirar Kyauta
Sakamako da kwamitin yanke hukunci Kyautar 'Yancin Ƙirƙirar Kyauta ta farko ta jawo hankalin sama da mutane 900 daga ƙasashe 86. An yi hukunci da lambar yabo ta shekarar 2008 da ƙungiyar masu fasaha, Kuma masu sharhi da ƙwararrun 'yancin ɗan adam ciki har da Andrew Dickson, Htein Lin, Carlos Reyes-Manzo da Ana Tzarev Martani Da yake ba da lambar yabo a bikin shekarata 2008 a Landan, fitaccen marubucin wasan kwaikwayo Sir Tom Stoppard ya ce, "Haɗin da na yi a cikin 'Yancin Ƙirƙirar Kyautar ita ce tuntuɓar da na fara da wannan kamfani mai ban sha'awa. Kuma Yana da muhimmanci a rika kai hari kan take hakkin dan Adam daga kowane bangare na kowace al'umma mai 'yanci."
'Yancin Ƙirƙirar Nunin Kyauta Baje kolin 'Yancin Ƙirƙirar Kyauta shine nunin balaguro na shekara-shekara na fitattun abubuwan shiga daga 'Yancin Ƙirƙirar Kyautar na waccan shekarar. An gudanar da nune-nunen baje kolin lambar yabo ta shekarar 2009, 2010, da shekarata 2011 a birane daban-daban na duniya, ciki har da London, New York City, Harare, Kabul, Alkahira, Mumbai, Sarajevo, da Xiamen 'Yancin Ƙirƙirar Dandalin A cikin shekarar 2010, 'Yancin Ƙirƙirar Ƙirƙirar wani sabon shiri, 'Yancin Ƙirƙirar Dandalin. Kuma Taron ya kasance jerin tattaunawa ne da nufin yin muhawara kan kalubale da damammaki ga mata wajen gina rayuwa mai inganci da wadata, iyalai da al'umma. An gudanar da taron kaddamar da taron ne a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, shekarata 2010, a Jami'ar Amirka da ke birnin Alkahira Ƙungiyar ta ƙunshi baƙo na girmamawa da kuma shekarata 2010 Prize alkali Jehan Sedat, mai gudanarwa da kuma mai watsa labaran duniya Femi Oke kuma yana tare da Mariane Pearl, Dalia Ziada, Farfesa Kimberlé Crenshaw da Dianne Laurance. Kuma Ya mai da hankali kan rashin amfani da akidu na gargajiya, al'adu, da na addini wadanda ke hana mata damarmaki.
Akwai 'Yancin Ƙirƙirar Zaure guda biyu da aka gudanar a shekarata 2011. An gudanar da taron na farko ne a birnin New York, inda aka gudanar da tattaunawa kan harkokin kasuwanci da karfafawa mata a kasashe masu tasowa. Sannan Kuma Kwamitin ya nuna Mary Ellen Iskenderian, Francine LeFrak, Lauren Bush, da mai gudanarwa Femi Oke. An gudanar da taron karo na biyu a birnin Cape Town, wanda ya kunshi matan da suka kalubalanci tsarin da ke sanya mata cikin halin kaka-nika-yi a yankunansu. Kwamitin ya hada da mai magana mai mahimmanci Graça Machel, 'yan kwamitin Unity Dow, Chouchou Namegabe, da Molly Melching, da mai gudanarwa Gcina Mhlophe Majiyoyi 'Yancin Ƙirƙirar Kyautar 2009 Sanarwa ta Nasara:
Daraktan Iran, dan gwagwarmayar adawa ya lashe kyautar 'Reuters'
Mohsen Makhmalbaf 'Guardian' ya ce ya kamata Iran ta fuskanci karin takunkumi
Mai shirya fina-finai na Iran ya karbi kyautar 'Channel4'
Mai shirya fina-finan Iran ya karbi lambar yabo ta 'Telegraph'
Daraktan Iran, Dan Kamfen na 'Yan Adawa Ya Lashe Kyautar 'New York Times'
Mohsen Makhmalbaf 'Al Jazeera'
Makhmalbaf: baya demokradiyya a Iran 'Mai tsaro'
'Yancin Ƙirƙirar Kyautar 2009 Sanarwa da Zaɓaɓɓen Mawakan:
Daraktan Iran, Mawakin Saharan ya lashe kyautar 'Saudi Gazette'
'Yanci Don Ƙirƙirar Kyauta ta Sanar da Ƙarshen Ƙarshe 'Newstin'
'Yancin Ƙirƙirar Kyauta ta Sanar da Ƙarshen 'Amurka A Yau'
Daraktan Iran daga cikin wadanda aka zaba don 'Yanci don Samar da Kyauta 'Yahoo Entretenimiento'
'Yancin Ƙirƙirar Kyauta ta Sanar da Ƙarshen 'Payvand.com'
Daraktan Iran daga cikin wadanda aka zaba don 'Yanci don ƙirƙirar Kyauta 'Lokacin Kasuwancin Duniya'
Daraktan Iran, Dan Jarida Up Ga Kyautar Adalci ta zamantakewa 'Washington TV'
Daraktan Iran, mawakin Saharan ya lashe kyautar 'Yahoo' Labaran Indiya KYAUTA RAYUWATA
Daraktan Iran, Mawakin Sahara ya samu lambar yabo 'Insing.com'
Zaɓin ɗaukar hoto daga 2009 'Yanci don Ƙirƙiri Ƙaddamarwa:
Cont Mhlanga ya yi magana game da rubuce-rubucen da ke adawa da tsarin mulkin Robert Mugabe 'Guardian'
Wasika daga Afirka, 'Lokacin da kuke ba da dariya a kan titi, siyasa ce' 'BBC'
Zaɓin ɗaukar hoto daga 'Yanci don Ƙirƙirar Kyautar 2008:
BBC Hausa BBC News Hausa
Zane-zane Magana Kyauta a cikin 'Mai tsaro' na Zimbabwe
Mai sukar Mugabe ya lashe kyautar Arts 'New York Times'
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 'Yanci don Ƙirƙirar gidan yanar gizo Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
57694 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukumar%20kula%20da%20filayen%20jiragen%20sama%20ta%20Najeriya | Hukumar kula da filayen jiragen sama ta Najeriya | Jiragen saman fasinja a Najeriya ya yi kaca-kaca da turawan mulkin mallaka na Ingila. Amma sama da komai, ya samo asali ne daga wani hatsarin tarihi da aka yi tun a shekarar 1925 a wani wuri da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tsohon birnin Kano mai katanga.
Jirgin sama na farko da ya taba sauka a Najeriya Airco DH.9A na 47 Squadron (Station a Helwan Kusa da Alkahira jiragen sun sauka a Maiduguri a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 1925,akan hanyarsu ta zuwa Kano da Kaduna a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba. Shugaban Squadron Arthur Coningham ne ya jagoranci tafiyar. Wani lokaci a cikin watan Yuli na wannan shekara birnin na Arewa ya yi fama da takun saka tsakanin mazauna garin da jami'an gwamnatin mulkin mallaka.
Gwamnatin Birtaniyya a lokacin tana rike da sansanin sojojin sama na Royal Air Force(RAF)a birnin Khartoum na kasar Sudan.Da jin matsalar Kano,sai Landan ta yi gaggawar yiwa kwamandan rundunar RAF Squadron Khartoum lamba,inda ta umarce shi da ya tashi zuwa birnin Arewacin Najeriya, ya kai rahoto kan halin da ake ciki.A yayin da matukin jirgin ya tashi da wani jirgin yaki na Bristol,ya yi kasa a gwiwa a kan titin tseren dawaki a Kano,wanda hakan ya shiga tarihi a matsayin aikin jirgin sama na farko a Najeriya.
Ba tare da hanyoyin iska ba,taswirori ko sadarwar rediyo ana ɗaukar jirgin a matsayin"aiki mai haɗari musamman". Don haka jami’ai suka firgita da cewa an yi tunanin cewa idan har za a yi titin Khartoum-Kano zai zama dole a samu wuraren saukar gaggawa a kowane mil 20 na hanya.
Za a fara jigilar jirage na gaba daga Alkahira,Masar inda RAF kuma ke da tushe.Saukowar da aka yi ta yi matukar ban sha'awa,har wani dan Kano ya motsa ya yi zanen wurin(hoton kalar ruwa daga baya gwamnati ta samu).Ayyukan RAF sun kasance daga baya sun zama taron shekara-shekara,tare da mitar da hanya zuwa Maiduguri.
Aikin jirgin sama na farko da aka fi sani da kasuwanci a Najeriya ana ba da shi ga wani mutum mai hankali,"Bud"Carpenter, wanda ya mallaki farkon nau'in jirgin sama na Light,de Havilland Moth.Bayanai sun nuna cewa ya kan yi zirga-zirgar jiragen sama masu hatsarin gaske a tsakanin Kano da Legas,inda ya yi amfani da titin dogo a matsayin jagoransa tare da yin tazarar tazara.
A farkon shekarun 1930,wani matukin jirgi mai hazaka ya dauki wasu fasinja masu biyan kudin tafiya a cikin jirgin ruwa tsakanin Legas da Warri.Tare da ci gaba da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na RPLF na shekara-shekara,ayyukan zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a Najeriya sun yi yawa, wanda ya haifar da buƙatar jiragen sama.
Saboda haka,wakilin ma'aikatar jiragen sama a Landan ya ziyarci Najeriya don duba abin da za a iya kwatanta shi da kyau a matsayin"filayen sauka".An zabi wuraren a Maiduguri,Oshogbo,Legas, Minna,Kano da Kaduna.
Wing Commander EH Coleman,daya daga cikin wadanda suka fara lura da juyin halittar jiragen sama a Najeriya,ya bayyana yanayin jirage kamar haka:
Dole ne a tuna,duk da haka cewa abin da ake kira aerodrome a wancan lokacin ba zai cika buƙatu na wasu ƙananan jiragen sama na zamani ba.A zamanin farko an yi la'akari da cewa ya zama dole a gina hanyoyin saukar jiragen sama da yawa masu daidaitawa ta hanyoyi daban-daban don guje wa ƙetarawar iska da tashi, saboda tsofaffin nau'in keken wutsiya ya fi saurin lilo fiye da nau'ikan ƙafafun hanci na zamani.
A cikin 1935,an maye gurbin ayyukan RAF da na Imperial Airways waɗanda ke jigilar jiragen sama na yau da kullun da fasinjoji daga London zuwa Najeriya.Ta haka ne waɗannan hidimomin suka fara gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci na duniya a Najeriya,ko da yake sai a shekarar 1936 ne jirgin kasuwanci ya shigo Nijeriya. Kamfanin jiragen sama na Imperial Airways,wanda shi ne na farko na Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Burtaniya (BOAC),ya yi amfani da manyan jirage masu injina hudu,da aka fi sani da Hannibal class ko kuma Handley,akan hanyar Nilu daga Alkahira zuwa Kisumu, Uganda.A karshen shekarar 1936,an bullo da wata hidima ta mako-mako,sannan wata hanya,daga Khartoum–Kano Lagos,jirgin da ya dauki kwanaki bakwai, ana sarrafa shi da wani karamin jirgi mai injina guda hudu De Havilland 86 (daya daga cikin rijiyoyin DH 86).Fasinjojin da aka sani shine Sir Bernard Bourdillon, wanda ya tashi a jirgin farko na kasuwanci daga Legas).
A Najeriya matukin jirgi na farko sun kasance jajirtaccekuma dole ne su fuskanci tsananin harmattan da yanayin ruwan sama. Amma akwai wata saukar gaggawa ta musamman kusa da Maiduguri a 1937.Nan take aka aike da injiniyoyi daga Kano.Sun iso kwana guda a kan doki da kayan aikinsu.Bayan an gyare-gyaren an sake fitar da jirgin an sake sanya shi aiki:Bayanai sun nuna cewa yakan dauki tsawon yini guda kafin ya tashi daga Kano zuwa Legas a cikin wani jirgin DH8,la'akari da fasaharsa da farko da kuma kan hanyarsa ta tsayawar mai.
An tuhumi WAAAC da"haɓaka ayyukan jiragen sama a ciki da tsakanin yankunan Afirka ta Yamma".Kamfanin jirgin ya fara sabis da jirgin De Havilland Dove mai kujeru shida.Ayyukanta na cikin gida na Najeriya ana sarrafa su tare da Dove yayin da sabis na Kogin Yamma ke aiki tare da Bristol Wayfarers.Kulawa da gudanar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama sun kasance ga Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jama'a na waɗannan ƙasashe waɗanda suka yi amfani da odar United Kingdom Colonial Air Navigator a matsayin ikon doka.
Bayan samun 'yancin kai a 1957 Ghana ta fice daga kamfanin jirgin sama,kuma a watan Agustan 1958 gwamnatin Najeriya tare da hadin gwiwar BOAC da Layukan Elder Dempster suka kafa West African Airways Corporation(Nigeria)Limited (wanda daga baya zai kwatanta zuwa Nigeria Airways na yau).Wannan mataki guda daya mai cike da tarihi ya shelanta tsarin kamfanonin jiragen sama a Najeriya.
A ranar 22 ga Mayu,2023 gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta sanar da sabon manajan darakta na hukumar kula da filayen jiragen sama na Najeriya(FAAN) kuma wa'adin zai dauki tsawon shekaru hudu.
Kulawa Lokacin da ake ma'amala da cikakken kewayon hadaddun tsarin da ake amfani da su don amincin sabis na zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a cikin muhalli,kowane daki-daki ana yin la'akari da shi don tsara kayan aikin kiyayewa da tallafin dabaru. Wadannan su ne kayan aikin kulawa da sabis na tallafin kayan aiki waɗanda ake buƙata don ingantaccen sabis na kulawa wanda FAAN ke bayarwa:
Na'urorin saka idanu na waje/na ciki
Cibiyar kula da tsakiya/dakin gwaje-gwaje
Sauran tsarin tallafi na dabaru
Na'urorin Kula da Kayayyakin Waje/Na Cikin Gida A halin yanzu,ana karɓar kayan aiki da matsayin hukumar kula da filayen jiragen sama ta Najeriya matsayin kayan aiki/kayan aiki da bayanan gazawa ta hanyar rahoton masu amfani da sabis da sauran nau'ikan na'urorin sa ido daban-daban Duk da haka,tare da ƙudurin Hukumar don inganta ayyuka,ƙarin fayyace.na'urorin sa ido da nufin gano kayan aiki/gazawar kayan aiki yanzu ana hasashen su jimre da haɓakar haɓakar tsarin daban-daban.Na'urar da ke da nuni na gani a cikin ɗakin kayan aiki zai nuna tsarin duk kayan aikin da aka haɗa a ainihin lokacin
Bincike Wannan ƙayyadaddun bita ne/dakin gwaje-gwaje na musamman inda ake gudanar da takamaiman tsarin kulawa zuwa matakin-bangaren.Kulawa, gyare-gyare,gyare-gyare da dai sauransu,na duk sassan analog ana aiwatar da su tare da na'urorin aunawa na al'ada kamar na'urori masu yawa na gargajiya,janareta, oscilloscopes,da dai sauransu.Ana duba aikin waɗannan kayan aikin gwajin kuma ana sake yin gyaran fuska kowace shekara biyu.
Dabaru Sayen kaya,adanawa da kyau da kuma dawo da kayayyakin cikin sauki wani nauyi ne na farko na sashin shaguna na hukumar kula da filayen jiragen sama ta tarayyar Najeriya.Bisa la'akari da yawan adadin kayayyakin kayayyakin da aka tanadar ga kowane tsari,akwai tsare-tsare na sarrafa wannan fanni na kwamfuta domin inganta aiki.Sauran muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi aikin kula da FAAN sun hada da ingancin kayayyakin amfanin jama’a kamar hukumar samar da wutar lantarki ta kasa,NEPA(wato wutar lantarki ta jama’a),hukumar sadarwa ta Najeriya(NITEL)da kuma allunan ruwa daban-daban.
Ayyuka
filayen jiragen sama Mallakar ta kuma FAAN:
Nnamdi Azikwe International Airport
Mallam Aminu Kano International Airport
Murtala Muhammed International Airport
Filin Jirgin Sama na Port Harcourt
Kaduna Airport
Maiduguri International Airport
Yakubu Gowon Airport
Yola Airport
Sadiq Abubakar III International Airport
Margaret Ekpo International Airport
Akanu Ibiam International Airport
Sam Mbakwe International Cargo Airport
Ibadan Airport
Filin jirgin sama na Ilorin
Bida filin jirgin sama
Sauran ayyuka Makarantun filin jirgin na Murtala Muhammad(MMAS)na gudanar da azuzuwan renon yara da karbar baki a cikin gidajen ma'aikatan FAAN da ke Ikeja, Legas,kusa da filin jirgin sama na Murtala Muhammad.Makarantun firamare da sakandare na makarantar suna makwabtaka da gidajen ma'aikata.
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje FAAN Official website
Portal mai ɗaukar kaya FAAN
Filayen jirgin sama a Najeriya
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
End of preview. Expand
in Dataset Viewer.
README.md exists but content is empty.
Use the Edit dataset card button to edit it.
- Downloads last month
- 29