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29964

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranar%20tunawa%20da%20%C6%B4ancin%20bil%27adama%20ta%20amruka

Ranar tunawa da ƴancin bil'adama ta amruka

The Freedom Riders National Monument wani abin tunawa ne na Ƙasar Amurka a Anniston, Alabama wanda Shugaba Barack Obama ya kafa a cikin Janairu shekarata 2017 don kiyayewa da tunawa da 'Yancin 'a lokacin Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama Hukumar kula da wuraren shakatawa ta kasa ce ke gudanar da wannan abin tunawa. Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Riders National Monument na ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa na kasa guda uku da aka tsara ta hanyar shelar Shugaba Obama a ranar 12 ga Janairu, shekarar 2017. Na biyu shi ne abin tunawa na Ƙasar Haƙƙin Bil'adama na Birmingham kuma na uku, Gidan Tarihi na Zamani na Sake, an sake sanya shi azaman National Historical Park a ranar Maris 12, shekarata 2019. Shafukan Abin tunawa na 'Yancin Riders na Kasa ya ƙunshi wurare biyu, ɗaya a cikin garin Anniston kanta da ɗayan a wajen gari. Tashar Bus ta Greyhound Wurin farko da aka sanya a matsayin wani ɓangare na abin tunawa na ƙasa shine tsohon wurin ajiyar bas na Greyhound a 1031 Gurnee Avenue a Anniston, inda, a ranar 14 ga Mayu, shekarata 1961, ƴan zanga-zanga suka kai hari ga hadaddiyar ƙungiyar fararen fata da baƙi 'Yanci Riders waɗanda suka nemi kawo ƙarshen wariyar launin fata a cikin bas ɗin tsakanin jahohi. ’Yan zanga-zangar sun sare tayar motar bas din, suka yi jifa da duwatsu, suka karya tagogin bas din, sannan suka bi motar bayan ta tashi daga ma’ajiyar. A yau bangon ginin da ke kusa da tsohon ma'ajiyar ajiyar yana dauke da bangon da ke da alaƙa da bayanin abin da ya faru. An sanya irin wannan bangon bango kusa da tsohon tashar Trailways inda sauran 'Yan Riders na Freedom suka isa a 1961. Tsohon tashar Greyhound daga baya mallakin birnin Anniston ne kafin bayar da gudummawarsa ga gwamnatin Amurka. Yana ɗaya daga cikin shafuka tara waɗanda ke ɓangare na Anniston Civil Rights and Heritage Trail, kuma ana tunawa da shi tare da alamar tarihi, wanda aka gina a cikin shekarata 2016. Hukumar kula da wuraren shakatawa ta kasa, tare da haɗin gwiwar birnin Anniston, sun sanar da shirye-shiryen haɓaka ginin da buɗe shi ga jama'a, amma tun daga watan Mayu shekarata 2017 an rufe shi ga baƙi. Wurin kona bas Wuri na biyu da aka haɗa cikin sabon abin tunawa na ƙasa shine na bas ɗin da ke cin wuta, wanda ke wajen Anniston kusa da Old Birmingham Highway/ Hanyar Jiha 202 wasu nesa da tashar Greyhound. A nan ne motar bas din ta karye saboda tayoyin da ta tashi. ’Yan bangar da suka bi ta daga ma’ajiyar bas din, sun ci gaba da kai farmakin, inda suka jefa “wani dam din daurin wuta a cikin motar bas din da ta fashe bayan dakika kadan” lamarin da ya sa motar ta kone kurmus. Mutanen sun far wa fasinjojin ne yayin da suke kokarin guduwa. Mai daukar hoto mai zaman kansa Joseph "Little Joe" Postiglione ya dauki hoton bas din yayin da ta kone; Hoton da aka samu ya zama alamar motsin kare hakkin jama'a. Alamar Tarihi ta Alabama, wacce aka gina a cikin shekarata 2007 a ƙarƙashin kulawar babin Theta Tau na Omega Psi Phi fraternity, alama ce ta wurin kona bas ɗin. An ba da sanarwar a cikin shekarata 2010 cewa an ba da gudummawar kadada biyar na ƙasar da ke kewaye da wurin da motar bas ɗin ta ƙone ga gundumar Calhoun don haɓaka wurin shakatawa; Shirye-shiryen farko sun yi kira ga shimfidar hanyar tafiya, tare da kafa allunan fassara a wurin. Abubuwan da za a iya yiwuwa a nan gaba sun haɗa da mutum-mutumi na Hank Thomas, wanda ya tsira daga lamarin, wanda mazaunin Janie Forsythe na kusa ya ba shi ruwa. Tun lokacin da aka nada abin tunawa na kasa, Ma'aikatar Parking ta Kasa, Calhoun County, da Kwamitin Tunawa da 'Yanci na Freedom Riders sun fara aiki tare don samar da wani shiri don fassara shafin; Alabama Power ya ba da kuɗi don ƙoƙarin a shekarata 2015. An kafa wata alamar da ke nuna kasancewar wurin shakatawa a nan gaba a cikin shekarata 2012. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan an sanya shi a wurin an lalata shi, amma an yi gyare-gyare cikin sauri. Gidan da aka kona a yau yana kewaye da gidaje masu zaman kansu. Tarihin abin tunawa Zayyana abin tunawa na kasa ya biyo bayan ziyarar da Sakatariyar Harkokin Cikin Gida Sally Jewell da Daraktan Sabis na Parks Jonathan Jarvis suka kai wurin a watan Oktoba 2016. Shugabannin gida a Anniston da Calhoun County, waɗanda suka yi fafutuka don ƙirƙirar abin tunawa. Sauran wadanda suka goyi bayan kafa ta sun hada da Sanata Richard Shelby Wakili Mike Rogers, wanda ya gabatar da wani doka don zayyana wuraren tarihi na Freedom Riders National Park a Yuli shekarar 2016; da gwamna Robert J. Bentley An gudanar da bikin sadaukarwa a ranar 13 ga Mayu, shekarata 2017, a cikin garin Anniston, a ranar da ke gaban bikin cika shekaru 56 da aukuwar lamarin; Wasu masu sauraro sun yi tafiya daga nesa zuwa Denmark Tsohon Rider Freedom Hank Thomas, wanda shi ne mutun na karshe da ya tsira daga konawar bas, ya yi jawabi. Cibiyar baƙo ta wucin gadi, gami da tashar da baƙi za su iya siyan tambarin fasfo na National Parks, an kafa shi a yankin liyafar Anniston City Hall. A cikin shekarata 2017, Ma'aikatar Kula da Gandun Wuta ta Ƙasa ta nemi taimako daga jama'a game da tsarawa da fassarar Babban Monument na Ƙasa. Jami'an tarayya da na gida sun fara tsara tsare-tsare na yau da kullun na gudanarwa a ƙarshen shekarar 2017. A cikin Maris Na shekarata 2018, Majalisar Birnin Anniston ta ba da izini ga Jami'ar Jihar Jacksonville don gudanar da nazarin tasirin tattalin arziki don abin tunawa. Duba wasu abubuwan Babban abin tunawa na 'Yancin Bil'adama na Birmingham Abin tunawa na Gida na Medgar da Myrlie Evers Ƙungiyoyin 'yancin ɗan adam a cikin shahararrun al'adun gargajiya Rajista na Kasa na Lissafin Wuraren Tarihi a cikin Calhoun County, Alabama Jerin abubuwan tarihi na ƙasa na Amurka Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafin Sabis na Kasa na hukuma Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

52749

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert%20Macaulay

Herbert Macaulay

Olayinka Herbert Samuel Heelas Badmus Macaulay i (14 Nuwamba 1864 7 ga Mayu 1946)ɗan Najeriya ɗan kishin ƙasa ne,ɗan siyasa, ɗan safiyo,injiniya,gine-gine,ɗan jarida,mawaƙa kuma yawancin ƴan Najeriya suna ɗauka a matsayin wanda ya assasa kishin Najeriya. Shekarun farko An haifi Herbert Macaulay a Broad Street,Legas,a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba 1864 ga dangin Thomas Babington Macaulay da Abigail Crowther.Iyayensa ‘ya’yan mutanen ne da aka kama daga kasar Nijeriya a yanzu,da sojojin Birtaniya na yammacin Afirka suka sake tsugunar da su a kasar Saliyo,da kuma wadanda suka dawo Najeriya a yau.Thomas Babington Macaulay yana daya daga cikin 'ya'yan Ojo Oriare yayin da Abigail Crowther diyar Bishop Samuel Ajayi Crowther ce, zuriyar Sarki Abiodun.Thomas Babington Macaulay shi ne ya kafa makarantar sakandare ta farko a Najeriya,Makarantar Grammar CMS,Legas. Thomas Babington Macaulay was the founder of the first secondary school in Nigeria, the CMS Grammar School, Lagos. Ilimi Macaulay ya fara makarantar firamare a shekarar 1869 kuma daga shekarar 1869 zuwa 1877 ya yi karatunsa a makarantar St Paul’s Breadfruit da ke Legas da kuma CMS Faji School,Legas. Daga 1877 zuwa Oktoba 1880,ya halarci Makarantar Grammar CMS,Legas don karatun sakandare.Ya kasance dalibi a makarantar lokacin da mahaifinsa ya rasu a shekara ta 1878.A cikin 1880,ya shiga sana'ar kawun mahaifiyarsa kuma ya yi tafiya ta kasuwanci da mishan ta kogin Neja yana ziyartar Bonny,Lokoja,Gbebe da Brass.Bayan ya tafi makarantar mishan na Kirista,ya ɗauki aiki a matsayin mataimaki na limamai da kuma fihirisa a Sashen Ayyukan Jama'a, Legas.Bayan haka,tare da goyon bayan gwamnatin mulkin mallaka,Macaulay ya bar Legas a ranar 1 ga Yuli 1890 don ci gaba da horo a Ingila.Daga 1891 zuwa 1894 ya karanci aikin injiniyan farar hula a Plymouth,Ingila,kuma ya kasance almajiri na GD Bellamy,mai binciken unguwa da injiniyan ruwa a Plymouth.A 1893,ya zama digiri na biyu na Royal Institute of British Architects, London.Macaulay ya kasance ƙwararren mawaƙi ne wanda ya sami takardar shedar kida daga Kwalejin Trinity,London da kuma takardar shaidar wasan violin daga Kwalejin Music International ta London. Sana'a Bayan ya dawo Legas a watan Satumba na 1893,ya koma aiki da aikin mulkin mallaka a matsayin mai binciken Landan Crown .Ya bar aikin a matsayin mai duba filaye a watan Satumba na shekarar 1898 saboda rashin jin dadin mulkin Birtaniya na Turawan mulkin mallaka na Legas da matsayin yankin Yarbawa da yankin Neja a matsayin masu kare martabar Burtaniya.Wasu mawallafa irin su Patrick Dele-Cole sun lura da cin zarafi na zarge-zargen ofis(wanda manyansa na Biritaniya suka yi)da kuma neman rigima ta sirri wanda ya rutsa da murabus din Macaulay a matsayin mai binciken Tallafin Crown.Kristin Mann,yana ambaton aika aika gwamnatin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya,ya lura cewa Macaulay ya nuna rashin gaskiya,ta hanyar amfani da "matsayinsa na Surveyor of Crown Lands don taimakawa abokai su sami tallafin kambi da kuma tsananta makiya ta hanyar ba da ƙasarsu ga wasu".Ta kara rubuta cewa Macaulay "ya sami tallafin kambi a karkashin sunayen karya sannan ya sayar da su a kan riba".A cikin Oktoba 1898,ya sami lasisi don yin aiki a matsayin mai binciken.A matsayinsa na safiyo,tsare-tsare da kimarsa sun hada da gidan EJ Alex Taylor da ke kan titin Victoria,gidan Henry Carr a Tinubu,gidan Akinola Maja da Doherty Villa a dandalin Campos. Rayuwa ta sirri Macaulay ya auri Caroline Pratt, 'yar wani Sufeton 'yan sanda na Afirka a cikin Disamba 1898.Auren su ya ƙare a watan Agusta 1899 bayan mutuwar Caroline a lokacin haihuwa kuma Macaulay an ruwaito cewa ya yi alƙawarin ba zai sake yin aure ba.Duk da yake Macaulay bai sake yin aure a Cocin ba, yana da abokan hulɗa da suka haɗa da Ms.da Souza wadda ta koma Legas, gidan kakaninta, daga Brazil kuma ta rayu a cikin shekarunta 90,daga wanda ya haifi 'ya'ya da yawa, kuma.a matsayin abokan hulɗa waɗanda ba su haifa ba (Stella Davies Coker, 'yar JPL Davies da Sarah Forbes Bonetta,sun zauna tare da Macaulay daga 1909 har zuwa mutuwarta a 1916.Sun haifi 'ya mace mai suna Sarah Abigail Idowu Macaulay Adadevoh.An ba Sarah Abigail sunan kakarta ta wajen uwa Sarah Forbes Bonetta da kakarta Abigail Crowther).An ruwaito Macaulay shine dan Najeriya na farko da ya mallaki mota. Ko da yake daga dangin Anglican masu ibadaMacaulay ya rungumi al'adun addinan Afirka na asali, ya kasance mai camfi,kuma ya shiga aikin sihiri .Takardunsa na sirri sun ƙunshi bayanin kula daga masu duba da masu duba tare da umarni game da haram, duba,sadaukarwa, da sauran ayyukan asiri Macaulay ya kasance memba na Association of Babalawos Ifa priests) na Legas. Macaulay ya kasance babban abokin zamantakewa a Legas ta Victoria. Ya shirya kide-kide da shirye-shiryen fina-finai(Yana daga cikin ’yan Najeriya na farko da suka kawo fina-finai a Najeriya ta hanyar gayyatar kamfanonin fina-finai zuwa Legas don baje kolin fina-finai) a gidansa (mai suna "Kirsten Hall" bayan abokinsa na jakadan Jamus Arthur Kirsten)a ranar 8.Titin Balbina in Yaba.An yi wa Macaulay lakabi da "Wizard of Kirsten Hall" saboda ikonsa na samun bayanan sirri.Macaulay ya gudanar da hanyar sadarwar masu ba da labari wanda ya biya da kyau.Sau da yawa,mintuna daga tarurrukan gwamnatin mulkin mallaka za a yi ta leka a jaridu da Macaulay ke da alaƙa da su.Ana iya samun dukkan sassan fayilolin gwamnatin mulkin mallaka da telegram a cikin Takardun Macaulay a sashin Africana na Laburaren Jami'ar Ibadan

19935

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obolon%2C%20Kyiv

Obolon, Kyiv

Obolon Ukrainian lɔnʲ] ya kasan ce wani tarihi ne a gargariyance wanda ya hada da wani yankin (masyv), tare da wasu masana'antu na shakatawa a cikin Ukraine 's babban birnin Kyiv cewa an samar wuri a kan arewa, a cikin wani eponymous dake cikin Gundumar Obolonskyi (har 2001 Minskyi Gundumar). A yaren Yukreniyanci kalmar na nufin 'ƙaramar ƙasa kusa da kogi' ambaliyar ruwa ko makiyaya mai ambaliya Ukrainian:)). Kamar yadda ƙasar Obolon take yawan ambaliyar ta hanyar kogin Dnieper akwai wuraren kiwo na garin Kyiv da haymakings. Labarin kasa Gundumar tana cikin Kudancin Polesian Lowland, a arewacin wani yanki na yankin garin Kyiv. An yi amfani da Dnieper din, kananan koguna, kududdufai da tabkuna a kusa da Obolon a matsayin tushen yashi don tsawan tsawa don ci gaba da ginin, ta amfani da fasaha mai cike da ruwa. Don haka mutane sun canza yanayin Obolon. Obolon ya keɓe daga wasu sassan garin Kyiv ta bakin kogin Dnieper tare da raƙuman ruwansa da gungun tabkuna Tana iyaka da tsarin tafkuna a yamma, wanda ake tsammani an kirkireshi ne a wurin da almara ya kasance A cikin 2016 wasu masana tarihi sun bayyana cewa kogin yana ci gaba da wanzuwa kuma yana cikin kusancin tsarin da aka ambata na tabkuna. Iyakar gabas ta yankin ita ce Dnieper tare da bays: the Sobache hyrlo bakin kogin Kare da kuma Obolon bay (tsoffin sunaye Starytsa, wanda za a iya fassara shi azaman tsohon kogi, ko Bratsky Staryk). Akwai Kogin Redkyne Ministerka da kuma gaɓar Verbliud Rakumi a arewacin Obolon, wanda aka ƙirƙira shi ta girman faɗaɗa tafkin Lukove (Ulukovo) lokacin da ake karɓar ƙasa daga gare ta. Willow da kuma Vovkuvata bay suna kudu da yankin. Yankin da ke kusa da Obolon shine Redkyn Khutir, Petrivka na Obolon Raion shima da Kurenivka, Rybalsky Ostriv na Podil Raion na Kyiv Ta hanyoyi, an sami yankin bayan gari: Kilomita 10 zuwa tsakiyar garin Kyiv. Kilomita 13 zuwa tashar tsakiyar garin Kyiv-Pasazhyrskyi Railway Station 16 kilomita zuwa Kyiv International Airport (Zhuliany) Kilomita 43 zuwa tashar jirgin saman babban birni Filin jirgin saman Boryspil na Kasa. Akwai P69, Kyiv Vyshhorod Desna Chernihiv suna wucewa ta yammacin ɓangare na yankin. Nazarin taswirar tarihi Masanin tarihin dan kasar Ukraine ya zana jerin taswirar tarihi na Kyiv, tun lokacin Gimbiya Olga, karni na 20 har zuwa karni na 19. A duk maps map Obolon fara da zarar gari ta babbar katanga a kusa Podil a dama banki na kusa da tashar tashar jirgin Taras Shevchenko na yanzu A taswirar Kyiv na shekara ta 1902 wanda mai binciken filayen birni Tairov ya kirkira, Obolon an zana shi a gefen hagu na bakin Kogin Pochaina, inda yankin Rybalsky Ostriv na zamani yake. Akwai wuraren kiwo na gari da waƙoƙi waɗanda aka yiwa alama a wurin yankin Obolon na yau. Duk waɗannan filayen mallakar mallakar Kyiv ne na sashen gudanarwa a lokacin Plosky Uchastok Flat Area Tarihi Lokacin farko Kewayen tarihin a zamanin yau shine tsarin tafkuna, an samo wuraren adana kayan tarihi na Mesolithic da Zarubintsy. An sami ragowar ƙauyuka na karni na 1 BC 2nd AD ƙarni na 6 7th a Obolon. Na farkon da ya ja hankali na musamman ga Obolon shi ne ɗan tarihin Baƙi ɗan Yukren nan Volodymyr Antonovych, wanda ya sami kuɗin azurfa ɗari biyu na tagulla na Roman a can a 1876, waɗanda aka raba rabin rabin na 3 rabin farko na ƙarni na 4. Sannan ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai sulhu a Obolon, wanda mazaunansa suka gudanar da musaya da biranen tsufa na Arewacin Baƙin Baƙin Arewa An cigaba da binciken Obolon musamman ta hanyar Turvont Kybalchych, Mykola Biliashivsky, AA Piantkovsky, da Kafin zamanin Kievan Rus yanki ne na Polans na Gabas. Wurin bautar Veles yana wurin a lokacin maguzawan A lokacin Kievan Rus da Grand Duchy na Lithuania ƙasar mallakar Sarakunan Kyiv ne Obolon sau da yawa ya zama wani wuri na fadace-fadace tare da makiyaya da kuma a lokacin 'ya'yan sarakuna ba feuds Bayan Tarayyar Lublin wannan yankin wani yanki ne na Kyiv Voivodeship na Masarautar Masarautar Poland ta Tarayyar Poland-Lithuanian A lokacin Cossack Hetmanate, Obolon na toungiyar Obolon ta makiyaya da kuma haymakings sun sau da yawa wani abu na muhawara tsakanin Cossacks, da birni majistare, gidajen lama da sojojin na Tsardom na Muscovy a Kyiv. A lokacin Yaƙin Russo-Turkish, ana gina palisades a wurin. A cikin 1911 aka buɗe jirgin sama na Kurenivka a filayen Obolon. Zamanin Soviet Sakamakon Yakin Yukiren-Soviet (1917-1921) da Yakin Poland-Soviet (1919-1919) Kyiv City da kewayenta daga ƙarshe rundunar Red Army ta kama su. A shekarar 1967 aka amince da tsarin ci gaban Kyiv, gwargwadon yadda za a gina wuraren zama a yankin dausayi a bangarorin biyu na Dnieper. Don haka, ta amfani da fasaha mai cike da ruwa, yashi yashi mita 4-5 a tsayi an halicce shi sama da Obolon-makiyaya. A cikin 1972 1980 an gina babbar rukunin gidaje na rukunin hasumiya a Kyiv a Obolon. A cikin 1975 sabon rukunin gudanarwa Minsky Raion aka kafa. Ya haɗa da rukunin gidaje na Obolon. Tunda aka sake fasalin tsarin mulki na Kyiv a 2001 Obolon suburbude mallakar mallakar Obolon Raion ne wanda aka kirkireshi akan Minsky Raion. A 1972 1980 akwai babbar Kyiv ta gidaje da dukiya na 9 da 16 storey hasumiya tubalan gina a cikin Obolon. Gidajen gine-ginen sune MI Kulchynsky, ZG Klebnikova da IG Verymovska. Sanannen sanannen gida ne saboda tsarin makwabtaka kamar zuma wanda aka tsara ci gaba tare da ɗakunan gidaje masu hawa da yawa masu hawa (duba gidajen jama'a A cikin 1980 a Obolon aka buɗe hukuma a hukumance kamfanin giya na Obolon wanda ake bikin tunawa da shi a wasannin Olympics na lokacin bazara na 1980 Ginin yanzu Tun daga 1992 ana gina rukunin gidaje na zamani Obolon Lypki tsakanin Kogin Dnieper da wanda ya hada da tubalin hasumiya da kuma gidajen zama An kira shi a kan kwatankwacin babbar unguwa Lypky a cikin Pechersk Raion Hoto Hanyoyin haɗin waje Obolon a cikin Art Wasu hotunan Obolon na yanzu Manazarta Pages with unreviewed

25885

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI

MI

MI ko bambance -bambancen na iya nufin to: Zane-zane da nishaɗi Fim da talabijin <i id="mwDA">Mi</i> (fim), fim na Burmese na 2018 Ofishin Jakadancin: Ba zai yiwu ba (disambiguation), yawan amfani da "MI" Ofishin Jakadancin: Ba zai yiwu ba, jerin talabijin na Amurka na farko <i id="mwFQ">Ofishin Jakadancin: Ba zai yiwu ba</i> (fim), fim ne wanda ya danganci jerin talabijin Monsters, Inc., fim na Disney/Pixar Kiɗa Mi, bayanin kula na uku na sikelin a solfege <i id="mwHw">Mi</i> (Kundin Flower Flower), kundi na farko na 2014 ta Flower Flower <i id="mwIg">Mi</i> (Super Junior-M album), kundi na 2008, wanda kuma ake kira Ni <i id="mwJg">Mi</i> (Faye Wong album), kundi na 1994 MI Abaga (acronym of Mr. Incredible), mawaƙin Najeriya kuma mawaƙi Mi Pasion, kundi ne daga mawaƙin Kirista na Bishara Ericson Alexander Molano Sammi Cheng, Sarauniyar Pop ta Hong Kong Masked Intruder, mawaƙin pop punk na Amurka MI, kundi na Masked Intruder Sauran kafofin watsa labarai Maison Ikkoku, wani manga na Jafan wanda Rumiko Takahashi ya rubuta <i id="mwOA">Tsarin Monkey Island</i>, jerin wasannin kasada na kwamfuta ta LucasArts Kasuwanci da ƙungiyoyi Bankin M&amp;I, tsohon bankin Amurka ne, yanzu ya zama Bankin Montreal Marching Illini, ƙungiyar masu tafiya a Jami'ar Illinois Hankalin kasuwa, bayanan da suka dace da kasuwannin kamfani da ake amfani da su don tallafawa yanke shawara Measurement Incorporated, kamfanin gwajin ilimi ne da ke Arewacin Carolina Cibiyar Makanikai Micronutrient Initiative, wata ƙungiya ce mai ba da riba ta duniya wacce ke Kanada Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant, ofishin ƙirar Rasha Militia Immaculata, ƙungiyar masu bishara ta duniya Cibiyar Millennia, wata jami'a ce ta farko a Singapore Mood Indigo (mai laifi), bikin al'adu na shekara -shekara na IIT Bombay Hawan tsaunuka na Ireland, ƙungiyar wakilai ta ƙasa don masu yawo da hawan dutse a Ireland Mumbai Indians, ƙungiyar Premier League ta Indiya Cibiyar Mawaƙa, cibiya ce ta ilimi mai zurfi a California a Amurka Ordo Clericorum Regularium Ministrantium Infirmis, Camillians, tsarin addinin Katolika SilkAir (mai tsara jirgin sama na IATA) Abinci M, Vietnamese alkama mai launin rawaya (ko kwai) noodles da miyar miya Harshe M, harafi a haruffan Latin Mu (harafi), harafi a cikin haruffan Helenanci Mi (cuneiform), alama ce a rubutun cuneiform Mi (kana), romanization na Jafananci kana da Yaren Māori, lambar ISO 639-1: mi Soja Bayanan soja, ko milint, sabis na soja wanda ke amfani da fannonin tattara bayanan sirri don tattara bayanan da ke sanar da kwamandoji don hanyoyin yanke shawara. MI5, MI6, MI7, MI8, ko MI9, sassan leken asirin sojan Ingila Operation MI, aikin sojan Japan na yakin duniya na biyu Wurare Gundumar Michalovce, Slovakia (lambar lambar motar MI) Michigan, taƙaitaccen sabis na gidan waya a Amurka Milan, Italiya (lambar motar mota MI) Lardin Milan, Italiya Minden-Lübbecke, Jamus (lambar lambar motar MI) Mission Inn Hotel &amp; Spa, otal mai tarihi a Riverside, California, Amurka Gundumar Mistelbach, Austria (lambar lambar motar MI) Phthiotis, Girka (lambar lambar motar MI) Kimiyya, fasaha, da lissafi Biology, magani, da ilimin halin dan Adam Index Injin, ma'aunin duban dan tayi wanda ake amfani da shi don kimanta yuwuwar illolin halittu Rashin lafiyar hankali, ko matsalar tabin hankali Methylisothiazolinone, ko MIT, wani sinadari da aka samo a samfuran kulawa na mutum, wani lokacin ana kiransa layin methylisothiazo, wanda ake amfani da shi azaman biocide da mai kiyayewa. Tattaunawa Mai Motsa Jiki, hanyar warkarwa da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin ilimin halin ɗabi'a da ilimin halayyar ɗabi'a, musamman a cikin aikin maye Ilimi da yawa, ka'idar da ke ba da hujjar cewa hankali, musamman kamar yadda aka ayyana a gargajiyance, bai wadatar da ɗimbin damar da mutane ke nunawa ba. Myocardial infarction, kalmar fasaha don bugun zuciya Kwamfuta da sadarwa Interface Machine, abstraction na kayan aikin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin tsarin IBM/38's Mi (alamar prefix), alamar prefix na IEEE ga mebi, wanda ke wakiltar 2 20 Mi, alamar kamfanin lantarki na Xiaomi Intanit na wayar hannu, tushen tushen mai lilo zuwa Intanet ko aikace-aikacen yanar gizo ta amfani da na'urar hannu da aka haɗa zuwa cibiyar sadarwa mara waya Gadon gado da yawa, fasali na wasu harsunan shirye-shirye masu daidaituwa a cikin abin da ajin zai iya gadon ɗabi'u da fasalulluka daga manyan superclass sama da ɗaya Lissafi Ƙaddamar da ilimin lissafi Bayanin juna, ma'auni na dogaro da juna na masu canjin canji guda biyu cikin yuwuwar da ka'idar bayanai Sauran amfani a kimiyya da fasaha Malleable iron, wani irin ƙarfe na ƙarfe Melt Flow Index, wata sifa ce ta kayan polymer thermoplastic a matsayin hanyar kula da inganci Mile, ma'aunin nisa a cikin tsarin daular, kusan 1.6 km da Kebul mai rufi na ma'adanai, wanda aka haɗa da kebul na lantarki Lokacin inertia, ma'aunin juriya na abu don canje -canje a cikin jujjuyawar juzu'in sa MI, ko M i, dangantakar girma-ƙarfi, ko girman girman ƙarfin, wanda aka yi amfani da shi don tantance girman girgizar ƙasa mai tarihi da ta faru kafin ci gaban taswirar sararin samaniya a ƙarshen karni na 19, duba ma'aunin ƙarfin Mercalli. Multi Interface Shoe, hotshoe na kyamara wanda Sony ya gabatar a 2012 Hankalin injin, wani suna don ilimin Artificial Sauran amfani 1001 (lamba), a cikin adadi na Romawa Mi (sunan mahaifi), mutanen Sinawa daban -daban Media Indonesia, jarida a Jakarta, Indonesia Mia (sunan da aka bayar) Tsarin farko, cikin sunayen mutane Rubutun Monumental Inshorar jinginar gida, ko garanti na jinginar gida, tsarin inshora wanda ke biyan masu ba da bashi ko masu saka jari asarar da aka yi saboda tsoffin lamunin jinginar gida. Mi goreng, wani soyayyen noodle da aka saba da shi a Indonesia Duba kuma MII (rarrabuwa) ML (rarrabuwa) M1

49470

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash%20drive

Flash drive

Kebul flash drive Kebul flash drive (kuma ana kiransa babban babban yatsan yatsan hannu a Amurka, ko ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a cikin UK Pen Drive a cikin ƙasashe da yawa) [1] [bayanin kula 1] na'urar adana bayanai ce wacce ta haɗa da ƙwaƙwalwar filasha tare da haɗin kebul na USB. Yawanci abin cirewa ne, ana iya sake rubuta shi kuma ya fi ƙanƙanta fiye da fayafai na gani. Yawancin nauyin nauyin kasa da 30 g (1 oz). Tun lokacin da aka fara bayyana a kasuwa a ƙarshen 2000, kamar yadda yake tare da duk sauran na'urorin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar kwamfuta, ƙarfin ajiya ya tashi yayin da farashin ya faɗi. Tun daga watan Maris na 2016, ana siyar da filasha da ko'ina daga 8 zuwa 256 gigabytes (GB[bayanin kula 2]), yayin da 512 GB da terabyte 1 (TB[bayanin kula 3]) ba su da yawa.[4][5] Tun daga 2018, filasha TB 2 sune mafi girma da ake samu ta fuskar iyawar ajiya.[6] Wasu suna ba da izini har zuwa 100,000 rubuta goge hawan keke, ya danganta da ainihin nau'in guntun ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da aka yi amfani da su, kuma ana tsammanin za su ƙare a zahiri tsakanin shekaru 10 zuwa 100 a ƙarƙashin yanayin al'ada (lokacin ajiya na shelf[bayanin kula 4]). Abubuwan gama-gari na filasha na USB sune don ajiya, ƙarin bayanan baya, da canja wurin fayilolin kwamfuta. Idan aka kwatanta da faifan diski ko CD, sun fi ƙanƙanta, sauri, suna da ƙarfi sosai, kuma sun fi ɗorewa saboda ƙarancin sassa masu motsi. Bugu da ƙari, ba su da rauni ga tsangwama na lantarki fiye da faifan floppy, kuma ba su da lahani ta hanyar karce (saɓanin CD). Koyaya, kamar kowane ma'ajiyar walƙiya, asarar bayanai daga ɗigowa kaɗan saboda ƙarancin wutar lantarki na tsawon lokaci da yuwuwar gazawar mai sarrafa ba tare da bata lokaci ba saboda ƙarancin masana'anta na iya sa ya zama mara dacewa ga adana bayanai na dogon lokaci. Ƙarfin riƙe bayanai yana tasiri ta hanyar firmware na mai sarrafawa, sakewar bayanan ciki, da algorithms gyara kuskure.[7][8] TARIHI Tushen fayafai na USB shine ƙwaƙwalwar walƙiya, nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar kofa mai iyo da Fujio Masuoka ya ƙirƙira a farkon 1980s. Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa tana amfani da transistor MOSFET-ƙofa a matsayin ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwa.[9][10] Mutane da yawa sun yi iƙirarin kasancewa masu ƙirƙira na'urar filasha ta USB. A ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 1999, Amir Ban, Dov Moran, da Oron Ogdan na M-Systems, wani kamfani na Isra’ila, sun shigar da takardar haƙƙin mallaka mai taken “Architecture for a Universal Serial Bas-Based PC Flash Disk”.[11][3] Daga baya an ba da takardar shaidar a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 2000 kuma waɗannan mutane galibi ana gane su a matsayin masu ƙirƙira na'urar filasha ta USB.[12] Hakanan a cikin 1999, Shimon Shmueli, injiniya a IBM, ya ƙaddamar da bayanin ƙirƙira yana mai tabbatar da cewa ya ƙirƙira kebul na filasha.[3][13] Wani kamfani na kasar Singapore mai suna Trek 2000 International shi ne kamfani na farko da aka san ya sayar da kebul na flash drive, kuma ya tabbatar da cewa shi ne ya kirkiro na'urar.[14] Daga karshe Pua Khein-Seng, wani injiniya dan kasar Malaysia, wasu kuma sun amince da shi a matsayin mai yuwuwa ya kirkiro na'urar.[15] Idan aka ba da waɗannan da'awar ƙirƙira, takaddamar haƙƙin mallaka da ke tattare da kebul ɗin filasha ya taso tsawon shekaru. Duk Trek 2000 Fasahar International da Netom na Netom sun zargin wasu da ke burge wasu naúrar kan layi. [17] Duk da haka, duk da waɗannan ƙararrakin, tambayar wanene ya fara ƙirƙira na'urar filasha ta USB ba a daidaita ba kuma ana ci gaba da da'awar. Haɓaka fasaha Sau da yawa ana auna lash drive ta adadin da suke canja wurin bayanai. Ana iya ba da ƙimar canja wuri a megabytes a sakan daya (MB/s), megabits daƙiƙa guda (Mbit/s), ko a cikin masu ninkawa na gani kamar "180X" (sau 180 150 KiB/s).[19] Farashin canja wurin fayil ya bambanta sosai tsakanin na'urori. Filashin filasha na ƙarni na biyu sun yi iƙirarin karantawa har zuwa 30 MB s kuma suna rubuta kusan rabin wannan adadin, wanda ya kusan sau 20 cikin sauri fiye da ƙimar canja wurin ka'idar da ta gabata, USB 1.1, wanda ke iyakance ga 12 Mbit/ s (1.5 MB/s) tare da lissafin sama da ƙasa.[20] Ingantacciyar hanyar canja wurin na'urar tana da tasiri sosai ta tsarin samun damar bayanai.[21] A shekara ta 2002, kebul na filasha suna da haɗin kebul na 2.0, wanda ke da 480 Mbit s azaman ƙimar canja wuri babba; Bayan da aka yi lissafin ƙididdiga na ƙa'idar da ke fassara zuwa 35 MB s ingantaccen kayan aiki. A shekara ta 2010, madaidaicin damar ajiya na na'urorin ya kai sama da 128 GB.[23] USB 3.0 ya kasance yana jinkirin fitowa a cikin kwamfyutocin. A cikin 2010, yawancin samfuran kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka har yanzu suna ɗauke da USB 2.0 kawai.[22] A cikin Janairu 2013, kamfanin fasaha Kingston, ya fitar da filasha tare da TB 1 na ajiya.[24] Na farko USB 3.1 irin-C flash drives, tare da karantawa rubuta gudun kusan 530 MB/s, an sanar a watan Maris 2015.[25] A watan Yuli na 2016, ana siyar da filasha masu ƙarfin 8 zuwa 256 GB akai-akai fiye da waɗanda ke da iko tsakanin 512 GB da 1 TB.[4] [5] A cikin 2017, Fasahar Kingston ta sanar da fitar da filasha 2-TB.[26] A cikin 2018, SanDisk ya sanar da 1TB USB-C flash drive, mafi ƙarancin irinsa.[27] FASAHAR USB A kan kebul na USB, ƙarshen na'urar yana sanye da filogi na USB guda ɗaya; wasu faifan filasha kuma suna ba da filogi na USB, sauƙaƙe musayar bayanai tsakanin na'urori daban-daban. A cikin casing ɗin akwai ƙaramin allon da'ira da aka buga, wanda ke da wasu nau'ikan wutar lantarki da ƙaramin adadin na'urorin haɗaɗɗiyar da'ira (ICs). yayin da ɗayan kuma shine ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar flash. Direbobi yawanci suna amfani da ajin na'urar ma'ajiya ta USB don sadarwa da mai masaukin baki.[28]. Flash memory Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ta haɗe da yawan tsofaffin fasaha, tare da ƙananan farashi, ƙananan amfani da wutar lantarki da ƙananan girman da aka samu ta hanyar ci gaba a fasahar ƙirƙira na'urar semiconductor. Ma'ajiyar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ta dogara ne akan fasahar EPROM da EEPROM na baya. Waɗannan suna da ƙayyadaddun iya aiki, suna jinkirin karantawa da rubuce-rubuce, suna buƙatar haɗaɗɗen keɓan kayan aikin wutar lantarki, kuma ana iya sake rubutawa kawai bayan shafe dukkan abubuwan da ke cikin guntu. Masu zanen kayan masarufi daga baya sun haɓaka EEPROMs tare da yankin gogewa ya rabu zuwa ƙananan “filaye” waɗanda za a iya goge su daban-daban ba tare da shafar sauran ba. Canja abubuwan da ke cikin wani wurin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ya haɗa da kwafi gabaɗayan filin cikin ma'aunin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na kashe-chip, goge filin, canza bayanai kamar yadda ake buƙata a cikin ma'ajin, da sake rubuta su cikin filin guda. Wannan yana buƙatar goyon bayan kwamfuta mai yawa, kuma tsarin EEPROM na filasha na tushen PC sau da yawa yana ɗaukar nasu tsarin microprocessor. Filashin filasha sun fi ko žasa ƙaramin sigar wannan. Haɓaka hanyoyin mu'amalar bayanai masu saurin gudu kamar USB sanya tsarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na semiconductor tare da ma'ajin da aka samu ta hanyar da ta dace, da haɓakar ƙanana, babban sauri, tsarin microprocessor mara ƙarfi ya ba da damar shigar da wannan cikin ƙaramin tsari. Samun shiga serial yana buƙatar ƙarancin haɗin lantarki don guntuwar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya fiye da yadda ake yin layi ɗaya, wanda ya sauƙaƙa kera na'urorin gigabyte masu yawa. Kwamfutoci suna samun tsarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar filashin na zamani sosai kamar faifan diski, inda tsarin sarrafawa ke da cikakken iko akan inda ainihin ke adana bayanai. Haƙiƙanin rubutun EEPROM da matakan gogewa, duk da haka, suna kama da tsarin da aka bayyana a baya. Yawancin 'yan wasan MP3 masu rahusa suna ƙara ƙarin software da baturi zuwa daidaitaccen ma'aunin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar filasha don haka zai iya zama mai rikodin sake kunna kiɗan. Yawancin waɗannan 'yan wasan kuma ana iya amfani da su azaman filasha na al'ada, don adana fayiloli kowane iri. Mahimman abubuwa masu mahimmanci Dangane Da Flash Drive Akwai yawanci sassa biyar zuwa filasha: Filogi na USB yana ba da haɗin kai na zahiri zuwa kwamfutar mai masaukin baki. Wasu faifan kebul na USB suna amfani da filogi na USB wanda baya kare lambobin sadarwa, tare da yuwuwar toshe shi cikin tashar USB a yanayin da ba daidai ba, idan nau'in haɗin ba daidai bane. Kebul na ajiya mai sarrafa taro ƙaramin microcontroller tare da ƙaramin ROM akan guntu da RAM. NAND flash memory guntu (s) adana bayanai (NAND flash yawanci ana amfani dashi a cikin kyamarorin dijital). Crystal oscillator yana samar da siginar babban agogon na'urar kuma yana sarrafa fitar da bayanan na'urar ta hanyar madaidaicin kulle-kulle. Murfi yawanci an yi shi da filastik ko ƙarfe, yana kare kayan lantarki daga damuwa na inji har ma da gajerun da'irori NASSOSHI Merriam Website Romano, Benjamin J. (2008-04-29). "Microsoft device helps police pluck evidence from cyberscene of crime". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 2008-04-29. "The Largest Flash Drives Digital Trends". Digital Trends. 2018-07-23. Retrieved

22776

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filin%20Jirgin%20Flydubai

Filin Jirgin Flydubai

Filin Jirgin Flydubai Da bin doka Dubai sufurin jiragen sama Corporation jirgin sama ne na kasafin kudi mallakar gwamnati a Dubai, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa tare da babban ofishinta da kuma ayyukan jirgin a Terminal 2 na Filin jirgin saman Dubai Kamfanin na zirga-zirgar zirga-zirga har sau 95, yana hidimar Gabas ta Tsakiya, Afirka, Asiya da Turai daga Dubai Taken kamfanin shine Get Going. Tarihi A watan Yulin shekara ta 2008, gwamnatin Dubai ta kafa kamfanin jirgin sama. Ko da yake flydubai baya cikin kungiyar Emirates, tana tallafawa flydubai yayin farkon kafawar. A ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2008 flydubai ta sanya hannu kan wani tsari mai karfi tare da kamfanin kera jiragen Amurka na Boeing a Farnborough Air Show na 50 Boeing 737-800s tare da jimillar dala biliyan 3.74, tare da zabin canza oda zuwa mafi girma da tsawo Boeing 737- 900ER, gwargwadon bukatar kamfanin jirgin. An ba da farkon wannan jirgi a ranar 17 ga Mayu 2009. Jirgi flights fara a ranar 1 ga watan Yuni, tare da sabis don Beirut, Lebanon, da kuma Amman, Jordan Tun daga wannan lokacin, hanyar sadarwa ta faɗaɗa an faɗaɗa ta sosai. A ranar 13 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2013, flydubai ya ba da sanarwar cewa yana tattaunawa da Boeing da Airbus don odar jirgi-50. A ranar 19 ga Yuni 2013, kamfanin jirgin saman ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai kara sabis na Kasuwancin Jirgin Sama. Classakin Kasuwancin zai ƙunshi kujeru 12 tsakanin hanya da taga, abinci sau uku, talabijin inci 12, ɗakin shakatawa na kasuwanci, kujerun fata na Italia don bayar da ita don neman biyan matafiya kasuwanci a masarautar, samun dama fiye da Fina-finai 200, da kantunan wuta masu dacewa da matosai daga ƙasashe sama da 170. A watan Maris na 2020, Flydubai ta yi asara babba saboda dakatar da jirgin saman Boeing Max 737 a duniya. Kamfanin mallakar gwamnati ya yi ikirarin cewa lamarin ya shafi tasirin ci gabansa saboda yana da 11 daga cikin jiragen da aka fada, da kuma fiye da 220 a kan tsari. Shugaban Kamfanin Ghaith Al-Ghaith ya ce an yi yarjejeniyar sulhu ta wucin gadi tare da Boeing don wasu kudaden diyya amma bayanan yarjejeniyar sun kasance na sirri. A ranar 4 ga watan Nuwamba, 2020, FlyDubai ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai fara zirga-zirga kai tsaye tsakanin Tel Aviv da Dubai daga ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, tare da bayar da tikiti kan sayarwa. Wannan zai nuna hanyar jirgin kasuwanci ta farko tsakanin Dubai da Tel Aviv Harkokin kamfanoni Gudanarwa da mallaka Kamfanin an kafa shi a ranar 19 Maris 2008 a matsayin kamfani na Gwamnatin Dubai Gwamnatin Dubai ita ma ta mallaki kamfanin jiragen sama na Emirates duk da haka, mallakar kowa shine kawai haɗin tsakanin kamfanonin jiragen sama biyu. Ko da yake kamfanin jirgin ya sami wani taimako daga kamfanin jirgin sama na 'yar'uwarta da farko, ana gudanar da shi da kanshi tun. Hakanan, akwai ƙaura na farko na shugabannin gudanarwa, amma babban adadin hayar ya fito ne daga wajen ƙungiyar Emirates Shugaban kamfanin Ghaith Al-Ghaith, wanda ya kwashe sama da shekaru 22 tare da Emirates. Shugaban kamfanin shi ne Ahmed bin Saeed Al Maktoum, wanda kuma shi ne shugaban kungiyar ta Emirates. Hedikwata Flydubai tana aiki ne kwata-kwata daga Dubai kuma a halin yanzu tana da ayyukanta na Ayyuka kusa da Terminal 2 a Filin jirgin saman Dubai ban da wasu jiragen da ke tashi daga Terminal 3. Da farko, flydubai yana da niyyar aiki daga sabon Filin jirgin saman Al-Maktoum na Duniya a cikin Dubai World Center a Jebel Ali Cibiyoyin Cigaban Flydubai ta kafa 'cibiyar bunƙasar Indiya' ta farko (IDC) a cikin birnin Hyderabad. Cibiyar tana jagorantar fasahar flydubai ta IT da kere-kere wanda zai maida hankali kan Tsarin Sabis na Fasinja (PSS). IDC za ta kasance cibiyar haɓaka software, bincike da ayyuka. Yanayin kasuwanci Mabudin yanayin flydubai a cikin shekarun da suka gabata an nuna su a ƙasa (kamar yadda yake a ƙarshen shekara ta 31 Disamba): Rahotannin da aka fitar a ranar 2 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2021 sun bayyana cewa Flydubai tayi asarar US 194 miliyan a cikin 2020. Kamfanin jirgin ya fuskanci daya daga cikin mawuyacin shekaru a bangaren zirga-zirgar jiragen sama kamar yadda kudaden shiga ya fadi da fiye da 50% don ya kai dalar Amurka miliyan 773 a shekarar 2020. A watan Yunin 2020, kamfanin jirgin ya kori ma'aikata da yawa, ya rage albashin wasu sannan kuma ya sanya wasu a kan ganyen da ba a biya ba har tsawon shekara. Makoma Tun daga watan Mayu 2017, flydubai yana sauka sama da wurare 90. A halin yanzu kamfanin jirgin yana da cibiya ɗaya kuma yana aiki daga Terminal 2 na Filin jirgin saman Dubai Ko yaya, don saukar da jirgin sama mai tasowa da kuma faɗaɗa kamfanin jirgin sama na ƙasa a DXB, flydubai ya fara aiki daga Al-Maktoum International (DWC) daga 25 Oktoba 2015 Kamfanin jirgin ya fara da jirage 70 a kowane mako zuwa Amman, Beirut, Chittagong, Doha, Kathmandu, Kuwait da Muscat daga DWC. Yarjejeniyar Codeshare Flydubai codeshares tare da kamfanonin jiragen sama kamar haka: Rundunar jirage Rundunar Jirgen ruwa na yanzu Lambar abokin cinikin Boeing na Flydubai ita ce KN, wacce ke bayyana a cikin sanya tsoffin jiragen Boeing a matsayin infix, kamar 737-8KN. Ya zuwa watan Mayu 2021, rundunar Flydubai ta ƙunshi jiragen Boeing 737 masu zuwa: Wasu tarihan Boeing 737-800 A gasar Farnborough Air Show na watan Yulin 2008, kamfanin jirgin ya umarci Boeing 737-800s masu darajar kimanin dala biliyan 3.74 tare da damar sauyawa don sauya umarnin 737-800 zuwa 737-900ERs (tsawan zango) a nan gaba. A watan Nuwamba 2010, flydubai ya amince da sayarwa da kwangilar kwangila tare da Avolon akan wasu 737-800s huɗu. Boeing 737 MAX A ranar 17 ga watan Nuwamba Nuwamba 2013 a Dubai Airshow, Boeing da flydubai sun ba da sanarwar sadaukarwa game da Boeing 737 MAX 8s 100 da 11 Boeing 737-800 Next Generation. An ƙaddamar da wannan alƙawarin kusan dala biliyan 11.4 a farashin farashi, yana mai da shi mafi girma da aka taɓa sayan jirgin saman Boeing a Gabas ta Tsakiya. A ranar 6 ga Janairun 2014, flydubai ta kammala aikin Boeing 737 MAX dinta An kammala oda tare da oda na jirgi 75 Boeing 737 MAX 8s da 11 Boeing 737-800 Next Generation, tare da hakkin sayan wasu karin jiragen Boeing 737 MAX 25. Wannan oda tana da darajar dala biliyan 8.8 a farashin farashi. A ranar 31 ga Yulin 2017, flydubai ya karɓi jigilar Boeing 737 MAX 8 na farko, yana mai da shi kamfanin jirgin sama na farko a Gabas ta Tsakiya da ke aiki da nau'in. A Nunin Nuwamba 2017 na Dubai Air Show, Flydubai ya sanya hannu kan babbar yarjejeniya don jirgin sama 175 Boeing 737 MAX da haƙƙin sayan 50. Wannan oda don jirgi 225 yana da darajar dala biliyan 27 a farashin jerin yanzu. Fiye da 50 na farko 175 jiragen sama zasu zama sabbin 737 MAX 10, yayin da sauran zasu kasance 737 MAX 9 da ƙarin 737 MAX 8s. Wannan sadaukarwar ta tarihi ita ce mafi girman sayan jirgi guda ɗaya da kamfanin jirgin sama na Gabas ta Tsakiya ya saya. A ranar 21 ga Disamba 2017, flydubai ta kammala siyan jiragen 175 Boeing 737 MAX a cikin mafi girman tsari na jirgin sama daya a tarihin Gabas ta Tsakiya wanda aka fara sanar da shi a 2017 Dubai Air Sho. Al'amurran cikin-jirgin Ajin masu karamin karfi Ana bayar da cikakken sabis na abinci akan wasu sabis zuwa ƙasashen Turai da Afirka. Ana iya siyan giya da kayan makulashe bayan an gama muhimman ayyuka. A kan sauran jirage tsakanin cibiyar sadarwar, fasinjoji na iya yin rajistar abinci mai zafi, kuma a kan jirage sama da awanni 3 da kuma kan gajeren jirage, akwai cikakken menu na nadewa da sandwiches. Ana iya siyan siye daga ƙungiya ko daga allon taɓawa na sirri a kowane kujera. Ajin kasuwanci A cikin Yunin 2012 an sanar da cewa za a ƙara ajin kasuwanci a zaman sabis. 85 na wuraren da ake nufi da flydubai suna da sabis na ajin kasuwanci. Kowane rukunin kasuwancin da aka tanada yana dauke da kujeru 12 tare da filin zama na inci 42. Tare da babban wurin zama, a cikin jirgin kamfanin na ba da sabis kamar: zaɓi na kayan ciye-ciye, abinci da abin sha; damar yin amfani da fina-finai sama da 200, da tashar wutar lantarki, da barguna da matashin kai da belun kunne masu amo. Hakanan sabis na Kasuwancin Kasuwanci yana faɗaɗa a zaɓaɓɓun filayen jirgin sama. A zababbun filayen jirgin sama suna ba da fifikon dubawa da hanya mai sauri ta hanyar binciken tsaro. A ranar 6 ga Yulin 2014, flydubai ya ba da sanarwar buɗe zauren kasuwancin su a Filin jirgin saman Dubai Gidan fal yana cikin Terminal 2 kuma yana da Wi-Fi kyauta, Abubuwan Shaƙatawa da Kayan ciye-ciye. Bidiyon tsaro Bidiyo na kariya na flydubai yana dauke da haruffa daga jerin shirye-shiryen gidan talabijin na emirate mai rai Freej Babban halayen a cikin bidiyon ma'aikacin jirginne mai suna Maya. Tsarin ƙasa fasinjojin flydubai na iya canja wurin kayansu zuwa haɗa Emirates da jiragen flydubai lokacin shiga. Hadari da abubuwan da suka faru A ranar 26 ga Janairun 2015, wani karamin jirgi mai lamba flydubai Boeing 737-800 mai jigilar Flight 215 daga Dubai zuwa Baghdad, karamar bindiga ta buge shi a kan hanyar zuwa Filin jirgin saman Baghdad dauke da fasinjoji 154. Jirgin ya sauka lami lafiya kuma ba a bukatar kulawa a filin jirgin. A ranar 19 ga Maris 2016, Flydubai Flight 981, wani Boeing 737-800 da ke aiki daga Dubai zuwa Rostov-on-Don a Rasha, ya yi hadari a yayin tafiye-tafiye a cikin yanayi mara kyau a Filin jirgin saman Rostov-on-Don Dukkan fasinjoji 55 da ma’aikatan jirgin 7 sun mutu a hatsarin. Wannan shine hadari na farko da yayi sanadiyyar mutuwa a tarihin kamfanin jirgin. Dalilin shine gajiyar jirgin. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Filin jirgin Emirates Filin tashan Emirates Filayen Jirage na Dubai Gwamnatin Kasar Dubai Gwamnati Jirage masu matsakaicin tsada Kamfanonin da aka kafa a 1997 Filayen jirgin sama Mukalan Wikipedia masu buqatan tantancewa Pages with unreviewed

31297

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taslim%20Olawale%20Elias

Taslim Olawale Elias

Taslim Olawale Elias (11 Nuwamba 1914 14 ga Agusta 1991) masanin shari’a ne na Najeriya. Ya kasance babban lauya kuma babban alkalin Najeriya sannan kuma alkali kuma shugaban kotun kasa da kasa. Malami ne wanda ya zamanantar da dokokin Najeriya kuma yayi mata kwaskwarima sosai. Kuruciya da karatu An haifi Elias ga dangin sarakunan gargajiya na Legas, sannan babban birnin Najeriya, a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba 1914. Ya yi karatunsa na sakandare a Makarantar Grammar ta Church Missionary Society da kuma Kwalejin Igbobi da ke Legas. Ya auri Ganiat Yetunde Fowosere, kuma ma’auratan za su haifi ‘ya’ya biyar tare (’ya’ya maza uku, mata biyu). Bayan ya ci jarrabawar satifiket na makarantar Cambridge, ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimaki a Ma’aikatar Audit na Gwamnati. A shekarar 1935 ya shiga aikin layin dogo na Najeriya kuma ya yi aiki a babban ofishin akanta na tsawon shekaru tara. Yayin da yake aiki a tasahr jirgin kasan Najeriya, Elias ya zama dalibi a jami’ar Landan, sannan ya ci jarrabawar matsakaitan digiri na BA da LLB. Ya bar Najeriya zuwa kasar Ingila a shekarar 1944 kuma ya samu gurbin shiga Jami'ar College London Kamar yadda wannan ya kasance a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, tare da Landan da ake kaiwa hari akai-akai, ya shafe wani lokaci a Kwalejin Trinity na Cambridge Ya kammala karatunsa da BA a shekarar da ya shiga Jami'ar College London kuma bayan shekaru biyu ya sami LLB. A 1947 aka kira shi zuwa mashaya a cikin Haikali na ciki, inda ya kasance Yarborough Anderson Scholar, kuma a wannan shekarar ya sami digiri na LLM. Ya ci gaba da karatunsa na digiri kuma ya zama dan Afirka na farko da ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin shari'a a Jami'ar London a 1949. A cikin 1951 an baiwa Elias lambar yabo ta UNESCO don gudanar da bincike kan matsalolin shari'a, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa a Afirka. Daga baya wannan shekarar ya sami nadin karatunsa na farko, Simon Senior Research Fellow a Jami'ar Manchester A can ya kasance malami a fannin shari'a da ilimin halin ɗan adam. A shekarar 1951 ne kuma ya wallafa littafinsa na farko mai suna Nigerian Land Law and Custom Rayuwar aiki Elias ya ƙaura daga Manchester zuwa Oxford a 1954 lokacin da ya zama mabiyi a kungiyar Bincike na Oppenheimer a Cibiyar Nazarin Commonwealth, Kwalejin Nuffield da Gidan Sarauniya Elizabeth. Ya ci gaba da bincike a kan dokokin Najeriya kuma ya buga Groundwork of Nigerian Law a cikin wannan shekarar. A cikin 1956 ya kasance malami mai ziyara a fannin kimiyyar siyasa a Jami'ar Delhi. Ya taka rawar gani wajen shirya kwasa-kwasan gwamnati, shari'a, da zamantakewar al'umma da kuma kafa Sashen Nazarin Afirka. Elias kuma ya yi karatu a jami'o'in Aligarh, Allahabad, Bombay, da Calcutta. A wannan shekarar kuma ya buga littattafai guda biyu, Makers of Nigerian Law and The Nature of African Customary Law. Ya koma Landan a shekara ta 1957 kuma an nada shi Gwamnan makarantar School of Oriental and African Studies. A matsayinsa na mai ba da shawara kan tsarin mulki da shari'a ga Majalisar Tarayyar Najeriya da Kamaru (wanda daga baya ya zama taron kasa na 'yan Najeriya), ya halarci taron kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya na 1958 a Landan. Ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka tsara tsarin mulkin Najeriya. A 1960 aka gayyaci Elias ya zama babban lauyan Najeriya kuma ministan shari’a. Ya yi aiki a wannan matsayi a cikin dukan jamhuriyar farko. Ko da yake daga baya aka kore shi bayan juyin mulkin a watan Janairun 1966, an mai da shi bakin aiki a watan Nuwamba na wannan shekarar. Baya ga ba da gudummawa ga dokokin Najeriya da na Afirka, Elias ya dade yana taka rawa a fagen dokokin kasa da kasa. Ya kasance memba a Hukumar Dokokin Kasa da Kasa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daga 1961 zuwa 1975, ya zama Janar Rapporteur daga 1965 zuwa 1966 kuma ya kasance shugabanta a 1970. Ya kasance shugaban wakilan Najeriya da suka halarci taron da aka gudanar domin duba daftarin yarjejeniyar sasanta rikicin saka hannun jari tsakanin jihohi da ‘yan kasar a shekarar 1963 da kuma kwamitin musamman kan ka’idojin dokokin kasa da kasa da suka shafi dangantakar abokantaka da hadin gwiwa. tsakanin Jihohi a 1964. Ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Kwararru na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, wanda ya tsara kundin tsarin mulkin Kongo, 1961-1962. Ya kuma taimaka wajen tsara kundin tsarin mulkin kungiyar hadin kan Afirka (OAU), da kuma ka'idojinta na sasantawa, sulhu da sasantawa. Elias ya kuma wakilci OAU da Najeriya a gaban kotun duniya a shari'ar da ta shafi matsayin Namibiya. An zabe shi a matsayin abokin tarayya na Institut de droit international a 1969. Ya kasance Shugaban Kwamitin Gabaɗaya a taron Vienna kan Dokar Yarjejeniya a tsakanin (1968-1969). A 1966 an nada Elias Farfesa kuma shugaban tsangayar shari'a a Jami'ar Legas. Shekaru hudu a baya ya sami digiri na LLD daga Jami'ar London don aikinsa a kan dokokin Afirka da kuma dokokin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya. (Zai ci gaba da samun digirin girmamawa na digiri 17 daga jami'o'i daban-daban na duniya Ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka fara karbar lambar yabo ta kasa ta Najeriya a shekarar 1979. Yawancin ayyukansa akan batutuwan shari'a daban-daban sun zamo darussan karatu a makarantun shari'a a Afirka na tsoffin ƙasashen Burtaniya. Daga baya a 1966, an sake nada Elias a matsayin babban Lauyan Najeriya kuma kwamishinan shari'a (a matsayin da ya rike yayin da ya ci gaba da zama Dean kuma Farfesa a Jami'ar Legas), har zuwa 1972, lokacin da ya zama Alkalin Alkalan Kotun Koli ta Najeriya. A karshen watan Yulin 1975 ne gwamnatin soja da ta karbi mulki a Najeriya ta kore shi daga wannan mukamin. Bayan 'yan watanni (a cikin Oktoba 1975), Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya suka zabe shi a Kotun Duniya ta Hague. A 1979, abokan aikinsa suka zabe shi mataimakin shugaban kasa a waccan kotun. A cikin 1981, bayan mutuwar Sir Humphrey Waldock, Shugaban Kotun, ya zama shugaban riko. A shekarar 1982, mambobin Kotun suka zabe shi Shugaban Kotun. Don haka ya zama masanin shari'a na farko na Afirka da ya sami wannan girma. Shekaru biyar bayan haka, an kuma nada Eliyas a Kotun Dindindin na Arbitration a Hague. Mutuwa Elias ya mutu a ranar 14 ga Agusta 1991, a Lagos, Nigeria. Sunayen 'ya'yansa biyar su ne Gbolahan, Olusoji, Olufemi, Yeside da kuma Olufolake Elias. Duba kuma Kudurin Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai lamba 708 Manazarta Manyan Alkalan Najeriya Lauyoyi daga jihar Legas Mutanen Najeriya a lokacin mulkin mallaka Haihuwan 1914 Tsaffin daliban Jami'ar Kwalejin Landan Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

14606

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca%20Akufo-Addo

Rebecca Akufo-Addo

Rebecca Naa Okaikor Akufo-Addo (née Griffiths-Randolph; an haife ta a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da hamsin da daya 1951A.C) ƴar asalin kasar Ghana ce kuma Uwargidan Shugaban ƙasar Ghana a yanzu a matsayin matar Shugaban kasa Nana Akufo-Addo, Shugaba na 5 na Jamhuriya ta 4 ta Ghana. Rayuwar Farko Akufo-Addo ta halarci sashen firamare na makarantar Achimota. Tsohuwar dalibi ce a makarantar Wesley Grammar a Dansoman a yankin Greater Accra na Ghana. Ita 'yar alkali ce, Jacob Hackenburg Griffiths-Randolph wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Ghana a Jamhuriya ta Uku da Frances Phillipina Griffiths-Randolph (née Mann). Ayyuka Rebecca Akufo-Addo ta cigaba da karatunta a Makarantar Sakatariyar Gwamnati inda ta cancanci zama sakatare. Ta yi aiki a Bankin Kasuwanci da ke Ghana daga baya ta koma Ingila. Sannan ta yi aiki a matsayin sakatariyar shari'a ga Clifford Chance Ashurst Morris Crisp dukkan kamfanonin lauyoyi na kasashe daban-daban a Ingila. Rayuwar Kai An haifi Rebecca Akufo-Addo a ranar 12 ga Maris ɗin shekarar 1951. Ita mamba ce kuma shugabar kungiyar ba da agaji, Gidauniyar Rigakafin Cutar Malaria ta Infanta da aka kafa a shekarar 2005, don tallafawa kokarin kasa na rage kamuwa da zazzabin cizon sauro ga jarirai da kananan yara. Rebecca da Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo sun yi aure tsawon shekaru 22 kuma a shekarar 2017 sun yi bikin cika shekaru 20 da kafuwa. Suna da yara mata biyar da jikoki biyar. An nada Rebecca Akufo-Addo a matsayin sarauniyar ci gaban uwar Sarautar Gargajiya ta Ada a wajen bikin cika shekaru 82 da bikin Ada Asafotufiami a watan Agustan shekara ta 2019 kuma ana kiranta da suna Naana Ode Opeor Kabukie I. Akufo-Addo memba ne na Cocin Accra Ridge kuma mai kula da Infanta Malaria, wata kungiyar agaji da ta himmatu ga rigakafin zazzabin cizon sauro a yara. Gidauniyar Rebecca Akufo-Addo A shekarar 2017, ta kafa gidauniyar Rebecca Akufo-Addo, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta don bunkasa kokarin gwamnati tsakanin mata da kananan yara 'yan Ghana. A watan Nuwamban shekarar 2017, gidauniyar Rebecca ta kulla yarjejeniya da makarantar gwaji ta gundumar Licang a Qingdao, China. Wannan don shirin musayar ne wanda kowace shekara zai bawa ɗalibai goma daga ƙasashen biyu damar ziyartar ɗayan. Wannan wani yunkuri ne wanda zai haɓaka ilimin ilimi, wasanni da haɗin kan al'adu tsakanin ɗaliban ƙasashen biyu. A watan Oktoban shekarar 2018, Gidauniyar Rebecca ta fitar da shirin Koyon karatu, karatu don koyo Wannan shi ne domin cusa al'adun koyo a cikin yara don haɓaka karatu da rubutu. Wasu daga cikin manufofin aikin sun hada da gina dakunan karatu a faɗin ƙasar tare da kuma gabatar da shirye-shirye na makaranta da yara don baiwa yara damar koyon karatu. A watan Nuwamban shekarata 2018, Gidauniyar ta ƙaddamar da aikin 'Saboda ina son in zama'. Yana bayar da matashi ga yara mata marasa galihu a cikin alumma kuma yana ba da tabbacin ci gaba da ilimi da horo na ƙwarewa ga ɗaliban mata da suka daina zuwa makaranta. Gidauniyar ta gina kuma ta ba da sabon sashin kula da lafiyar yara da kulawa mai karfi (PICU) a asibitin koyarwa na Korle-Bu a shekarar 2019. A watan Janairun shekarar 2019, ta ƙaddamar da kamfen na Kyauta zuwa Haske. Wannan ya kasance ne don dakatar da yaduwar cutar kanjamau daga uwa zuwa jaririnta kuma ya yi daidai da tsarin kungiyar matan shugabannin kasashen Afirka masu yaki da cutar kanjamau (OAFLA). A watan Yunin shekarata 2019, gidauniyar ta gabatar da motocin daukar marasa lafiya guda shida ga wasu kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya domin bunkasa isar da ayyukansu. Aikin Ajiye Yaro, Ajiye Mahaifiya ya samar da bangaren Uwa da Jarirai (MBU) da kuma sashen kula da lafiyar yara (PICU) a Asibitin Koyarwa na Komfo Anokye. Gidauniyar ce ta dauki nauyinta tare da Multimedia Group da The Komfo Anokye Koyarwar Hopital kuma Fadar Manhyia da Gwamnatin Japan sun tallafawa. An tsara aikin ne domin rage mace-macen mata masu juna biyu da jarirai. A watan Satumba na shekarar 2019, ta yi roƙo don ƙarfafa mata, a Babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Wannan zai ba su damar yin tasiri sosai kan rayuwar danginsu da al'ummominsu. Ta kuma kasance ne a wani taron taron da Kungiyar Matan Shugabannin Afirka na Raya Gabatarwa (OAFLAD) suka gabatar tare da taken "Sabunta sadaukarwa don bunkasa daidaiton jinsi da karfafa mata a Afirka". A watan Janairun shekarar 2020, shirin tallafawa mata na gidauniyar, shirin karfafawa mata na Terema, tare da hadin gwiwar Hukumar Kula da Masana'antu, sun horar da mata kan yin sabulu. A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2020, Gidauniyar Rebecca, ta hanyar ‘Inganta Matasa ta hanyar Ilimi da Lafiya (EYEH) Miyan Kitchen’, ta ba da gudummawar kayayyakin abinci iri-iri na kimanin GH¢15,000 ga wasu yara kan titi a Accra. A watan Afrilu na 2020, gidauniyar ta ba da gudummawar abubuwa daban-daban ta hanyar 'Kalubalen Taimakon Akwatinan' zuwa Kauyen SOS. Wannan shirin ya kasance tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da gwamnati don taimakawa ƙungiyoyi suyi aiki ta hanyar ɓangaren ɓangare mafi kyau. Manazarta Rayayyun Mutane Haifaffun

48693

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Yancin%20jama%27a%20a%20Burtaniya

'Yancin jama'a a Burtaniya

'Yancin jama'a a Burtaniya wani ɓangare ne na dokar tsarin mulkin Burtaniya kuma suna da dogon tarihi mai inganci. Ana ɗaukar wannan yawanci da ya fara da Magna Carta na 1215, takarda mai mahimmanci a tarihin tsarin mulkin Birtaniyya Haɓaka yancin ɗan adam ya ci gaba a cikin dokar gama-gari da ka'ida a cikin ƙarni na 17 da 18, musamman tare da Bill of Rights 1689 A cikin karni na 19, mutane masu aiki sun yi kokawa don samun 'yancin kada kuri'a da shiga kungiyoyin kwadago. Majalisa ta amsa da sabuwar doka da ta fara da Dokar Gyara ta 1832 Halayen zaɓe da 'yanci sun ci gaba da ci gaba bayan yakin duniya na farko da na biyu. Tun daga wannan lokacin, dangantakar Burtaniya da 'yancin ɗan Adam ta shiga tsakani ta hanyar kasancewarta a cikin Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Bil'adama Ƙasar Ingila, ta hannun Sir David Maxwell-Fyfe, ta jagoranci tsara Yarjejeniyar, wanda ke bayyana ka'idar 'yanci na gargajiya. Ya zama mai aiki kai tsaye a cikin dokar Burtaniya tare da aiwatar da Dokar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta 1998 'Yancin jama'a na raguwa sannu a hankali a cikin Burtaniya tun daga ƙarshen karni na 20. An tabbatar da cire su gabaɗaya ta hanyar roƙon kare lafiyar jama'a da Tsaron ƙasa da rikice-rikice kamar harin 11 ga Satumba, harin bam na 7/7 da cutar ta COVID-19 na 2020.Barkewar cutar ta lura da gabatarwar Dokar Coronavirus 2020, wanda tsohon Alkalin Kotun Koli Ubangiji Sumption ya bayyana a matsayin "mafi girman mamayewa na 'yancin kai a tarihin [Birtaniya]." Dangantaka tsakanin 'yancin ɗan adam da 'yancin ɗan adam ana yawan kallon su azaman bangarori biyu na tsabar kuɗi ɗaya. Haƙƙi wani abu ne da za ku iya nema a wurin wani, yayin da 'yanci shine 'yanci daga tsoma baki daga wani a cikin haƙƙoƙin da kuke zato. Duk da haka, haƙƙin ɗan adam sun fi girma. A cikin takardu masu yawa a duniya, sun ƙunshi ƙarin tabbaci na ɗabi'a akan abin da ya wajaba, alal misali, don "rayuwa, yanci da neman farin ciki", "don haɓaka halayen mutum ga cikakkiyar damar" ko "kare mutuncin da ba za a iya tauyewa ba" "'Yancin jama'a" tabbas hakan ne, amma suna da alaƙa da shiga cikin rayuwar jama'a Kamar yadda Farfesa Conor Gearty ya rubuta,'Yancin jama'a wani suna ne na 'yancin siyasa wanda dole ne mu samu duka idan har gaskiya ne a ce game da mu muna rayuwa a cikin al'ummar da ke bin ka'idar wakilci, ko dimokuradiyya, gwamnati. Ma'ana, 'yancin ɗan adam shine "yancin" ko "'yanci" waɗanda suke ƙulla dimokuradiyya. Wannan yawanci yana nufin 'yancin jefa ƙuri'a, 'yancin rayuwa, haramcin azabtarwa, tsaron lafiyar mutum, 'yancin walwala da tsarin shari'a, 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da 'yancin yin tarayya Dokar 'Yan Sanda da Shaidar Laifuka ta 1984, ta ba da izinin tsare kwanaki hudu ba tare da shari'a ba (a baya sa'o'i 24 ne). CCSU v Minister for Civil Service [1985] AC 374, inda Margaret Thatcher (kuma ministar ma'aikatan farar hula) ta haramtawa membobin GCHQ shiga cikin ƙungiyoyi. House of Lords sun yi imanin cewa ikon sarauta yana ƙarƙashin sake dubawa na shari'a. Haramcin kungiyoyin ya kasance bisa ga shawarar Ministan. Kwamishinan 'yan sanda na Malone v Metropolitan [1979] Ch 344, Megarry VC ya ce zartarwa na iya yin duk wani abu da doka ba ta hana ba (da nufin juyawa Entick v Carrington Wannan yana nufin cewa ba za a iya gurfanar da dillalan kayan gargajiyar dodgy don sarrafa kayan da aka sata ba bisa ga shaidar da aka samu daga bututun waya cewa 'yan sanda ba su da ikon yin duk wata doka. Malone v United Kingdom (1984) 7 EHRR 14, ya ce Burtaniya barin latsa wayar ya saba wa wajibcinta a karkashin ECHR, saboda babu wata doka da ta nuna 'karara mai ma'ana da iyawa da kuma yadda ake aiwatar da abin da ya dace. An ba da shi ga hukumomin jama'a." Dokar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a (Control of Disease) Dokar 1984 ta baiwa gwamnati damar sanya hani ko buƙatu akan daidaikun mutane a cikin lamarin lafiyar lafiyar jama'a. An yi amfani da wannan dokar don tabbatar da martanin gwamnati game da cutar ta COVID-19 ta 2020. Interception of Communications Act 1985, da gwamnati ta mayar da martani ga hukuncin, ƙyale kowane waya tapping. Dokar Dokar Jama'a ta 1986, ta wuce a cikin mahallin rikice-rikice na masana'antu, musamman ma masu hakar ma'adinai, Sashe na II iyakacin jerin gwanon jama'a da zanga-zangar ta hanyar buƙatar 6 kwanaki gaba da sanarwar da za a ba wa 'yan sanda. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Dokar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam 1998 Text of the Civil liberties in the United Kingdom as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk. Rights Brought Home: Government white

15359

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike%20Davies-Okundaye

Nike Davies-Okundaye

Nike Davies-Okundaye haihuwa(an haife ta a shekarar 1951), kuma an santa da i datwin seven seven akwharshen turanci, kuma an santa da suna ai daOlaniyie Olan ta kasan ce yar Najeriya ce mai sarrafa yadi da shadda irin na al'ada. Farkon rayuwa Nike Okundaye an haife tane a shekarar 1951 a wani gari mai suna Ogidi, dake Jihar Kogi, a Arewa ta tsakiyar Nijeriya, kuma ta girma ne a tsakanin aikin gargajiya na saƙar gargajiya da rini kamar yadda ake yi a garinsu. Iyayenta da kakanninta tsofaffin mawaƙa ne da kuma harama da sana'ar, waɗanda suka ƙware a ɓangaren sakar zane, yin adire, rini da fatar indigo. Ta yi rayuwarta ta farko ne a Osogbo, Yammacin Nijeriya, jihar Osun ta zamani An kuma san Osogbo a matsayin babbar cibiyar fasaha da al'adu a Najeriya. Ta girma a Osogbo, yarinyar Nike ta kasance maiyin sana'ar rini da aikin Adire wanda ya mamaye horonta na yau da kullun. Aikin ta A cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, tayi bita kafofin yada labarai akan masaku na gargajiya na Najeriya ga masu sauraro a Amurka da Turai. Ta baje kolin ta na farko ne a Cibiyar Goethe, Lagos a shekarar 1968. Ita ce wacce ta kafa, kuma darektan cibiyoyin fasaha guda huɗu waɗanda ke ba da horo kyauta ga matasa masu fasaha sama da 150 a cikin fannin gani, kide-kide da zane-zane, waɗanda suka haɗa da zane-zane sama da 7,000. Ganin cewa hanyoyin gargajiya na saƙa da rini da suka samo asali tun iyaye da kankanni sun fara raguwa a Najeriya, Davies-Okundaye ta fara ƙaddamar da gidajniyar farfado da wannan ɓangaren na al'adun Najeriya, a bagarorin gina cibiyoyin zane-zane da ke ba da kwasa-kwasan kyauta ga matasa 'yan Nijeriya don koyon fasahohin gargajiya da kere kere. Kamar yadda masanin tarihin John Peffer ya ce, “Wani abu da yawancin sababbin masu fasahar Afirka da ke kasashen waje suk yi shine yada wadannan fasahar ta gargajiya, hakan yasa suka yi nasara a fagen fasaha shi ne cewa ayyukansu na sukar nauyin da ke wuyan wakilci wanda kuma shi ne yanayin ganuwarsu. A ganinta fasahar gargajiya ta Adire Eleko tana yiwuwa ne kawai saboda takamaiman al'adun Najeriya na yada ilimin tsare tsare. A wata hira ta bidiyo da Nubia Africa ta wallafa, Okundaye ya ce "makaranta ba za ta iya koyar da abin da [ɗaliban fasaha] suka riga suka sani ba." A cewar wata hira da aka yi da CNBC a Afirka, ta horar da matasa sama da 3000 a Najeriya kyauta kuma tana ci gaba da taimakawa ta hanyar tallafawa talakawa da yawa, domin kafa kananan sana’o’in da kuma bita a bangarorin sana'o'in Najeriya. Davies-Okundaye na kokarin inganta rayuwar mata marasa galihu a Najeriya ta hanyar fasaha. Tana karantar da dabarun sanya dafen zane-zane (Adire) ga matan karkara a taron bita da ke kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. Tana fatan farfado da tsohuwar al’ada da rayuwar wadannan mata. Adire abin da aka ɗaura kuma aka rina, asalin shi yana yankin Kudu maso Yammacin Nijeriya ne, Wani lokaci ana kiran rinin da mai ɗanɗano Adire Eleko. "Adire" yana nufin feshin indigo, kuma 'Eleko' yana nufin dafaffen rogo, lemun tsami, da alum tsayayya da dabarar da aka yi amfani da ita don ƙirƙirar alamu. Akwai karfi mai karfi na kiyaye girke-girke na rini da hanyoyin asirce daga bare masu neman sani. Davies-Okundaye ta zaɓi ci gaba da yin nuni da salon Adire a cikin zane-zane saboda Adire ƙirar mata ce, kuma mahaifiyarsa ce ta koya mata. Abubuwan da aka tsara na Adire sun kasance al'ada bisa ga al'ada daga uwa zuwa diya, kuma zane-zanen kansu kusan basu canza ba cikin tsari a tsawon lokaci. Davies-Okundaye ta kasance a gidan talabijin na CNN na "Muryoyin Afirka" wanda ke ba da labarin game da manyan mutane na Afirka, suna bincikar rayuwarsu da sha'awar su. Haka kuma, zanen na Nike har abada an nuna shi a Gidan Tarihi na Smithsonian kamar na shekarar 2012, kuma aikinta kuma wani ɓangare ne na tarin Taskar Hotunan Fasaha ta Afirka da British Library, a London. Ta riqe da Masarautu lakabi na Yeye Oba na Ogidi-Ijumu da Yeye Tasase na garin Oshogbo Nike Okundaye an sanya ta a cikin wasan kwaikwayon na shekarar 2019 Na Am… Matan Zamani na Afirka a Smithsonian's National Museum of African Art a Washington, D C. Rayuwar ta Ta taɓa yin aure ga artistan wasan fasaha na Nijeriya Twins Bakwai Bakwai, amma wannan auren ya ƙare da saki. Danta Olabayo Olaniyi, Kwalejin Santa Fe ya kammala karatu, shi ma mai fasaha ne. Davies-Okundaye yana da ɗalibai sama da 150 a Turai da Amurka. Ita ma mai taimakon jama’a ce. Bugawa a jarida Kim Marie Vaz ce ta rubuta wani littafi game da Nike, The Woman with the Art Brush: A Life History of Yoruba Batik Artist Nike Okundaye Lamban girma A shekarar 2019, Jami'ar Rhodes da ke garin Grahamstown ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta baiwa Davies-Okundaye digirin digirgir a fannin fasaha mai kyau (DFA, hc). Duba kuma Manazarta Kara karantawa "The material of life according to textile queen Nike Davies-Okundaye". Africa Forbes. 4 January 2019. Hanyoyin haɗin waje Tashar yanar gizon Nike Art Center Tashar Nike dake dandalin sada zumun ta na Youtube/ Haihuwan 1954 Rayayyun mutane Ƴan Najeriya Mata

53091

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyu%20Cisse

Aliyu Cisse

Aliou Cissé (an haife shi A ranar 24 ga watan Maris shekarar 1976) kocin ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Senegal kuma tsohon ɗan wasa wanda shine manajan ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Senegal Cissé sananne ne da kyaftin din tawagar Senegal da ta kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin Afrika a shekarar 2002 da kuma kasancewa kocin Senegal na farko da ya lashe gasar a shekarar 2022 bayan ya kai wasan karshe a shekarar 2019 Bayan ya fara aikinsa a Faransa, daga baya ya taka leda a kungiyoyin Ingila Birmingham City da Portsmouth Cissé ya kasance dan wasan tsakiya na tsaro wanda kuma, a wani lokaci, ya taka leda a tsakiya. Cissé ya kasance babban kocin Senegal tun a shekarar 2015, bayan da ya karbi ragamar horas da su na dan lokaci bayan korar Amara Traoré, a matsayin riko a shekarar 2012. Ya kuma kasance mataimakin kocin kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekaru 23 daga 2012 zuwa shekarar 2013, inda ya zama babban koci daga 2013 zuwa 2015. Aikin kulob An haife shi a Ziguinchor, Senegal, Cissé ya koma Paris yana da shekaru tara inda ya girma tare da mafarkin wasa don Paris Saint-Germain Ya fara aikinsa da Lille OSC kafin ya koma CS Sedan Ardennes sannan kuma Paris Saint Germain. Ya kuma ciyar da mafi yawan lokacin 2001–02 akan lamuni a Montpellier Herault SC Bayan ya zama kyaftin din tawagar kasar Senegal zuwa wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta shekarar 2002, Cissé ya koma kulob din Birmingham City na Ingila a kakar wasa ta shekarar 2002-03, kakarsu ta farko a gasar Premier Cissé ya buga wasansa na farko a kungiyar a Arsenal a ranar farko ta kakar wasan bana, amma an kore shi. Kodayake an soke sallamar, ya ci gaba da karɓar katunan rawaya biyar a cikin wasanni shida, a ƙarshe yana tara katunan rawaya goma kafin Sabuwar Shekara. Duk da haka, kakarsa ta katse bayan da ya samu rauni a watan Fabrairu wanda ya sa ba zai buga sauran kakar wasa ta bana ba. Cissé ya dawo a ƙarshen horo na farko a Yuli shekarar 2003, wanda ya jagoranci manajan Steve Bruce ya sanya shi a cikin jerin canja wuri. Cissé ya dawo da kansa cikin hoton tawagar farko, amma dangantakarsa da Bruce ta ci gaba da yin tsami. Bayan Kirsimeti, Cissé ya buga wasanni uku kawai a waccan kakar. A karshen kakar wasa ta bana ya sanya hannu kan Portsmouth kan £300,000 kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu, duk da karfin canja wuri zuwa abokan hamayyar Premier Bolton Wanderers Canja wurin ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin da yawa da aka haɗa a cikin rahoton Stevens da aka fitar a watan Yunin shekarar 2007, wanda ya nuna damuwa game da cin hanci da rashawa a cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na Ingila. Game da Cissé, rahoton ya ce, "Agent Willie McKay ya yi aiki ga Portsmouth a cikin canja wurin Cissé da binciken ba a shirya don share waɗannan canje-canje a wannan mataki ba". Bayan shekaru biyu a Portsmouth, Cissé ya koma CS Sedan a watan Nuwamba shekarar 2006 bayan ya yi gwajin makonni biyu. Daga nan ya sanya hannu a Nîmes Olympique ta Faransa daga CS Sedan a cikin Satumba shekarar 2008. Cissé ya buga wasanni bakwai a lokacin kakar a shekarar 2008 09 kafin ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa yana da shekaru 33. Ayyukan kasa da kasa Cissé ya zama din tawagar kasar Senegal a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a shekarar 2002 Bayan da Faransa ta samu nasara da ci 1-0 a gasar cin kofin duniya a ranar daya ga watan, tawagar ta kai ga wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe inda Turkiyya ta yi rashin nasara da ci 1-0 Cissé kuma yana cikin tawagar Senegal da ta zo ta biyu a gasar cin kofin Afrika a shekara ta 2002, amma yana daya daga cikin 'yan wasan da suka yi rashin nasara a bugun fanareti a wasan karshe a wasan da suka doke Kamaru Aikin gudanarwa A farkon Watan Maris shekarar 2015, an nada Cissé bisa hukuma a matsayin babban kocin tawagar yan wasan Senegal Tawagar ta samu gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2018 a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 2017, tare da ci 2-0 a waje da Afrika ta Kudu A karshe dai Senegal ta yi waje da ita a matakin rukuni na gasar bayan ta zama tawaga ta farko a tarihin gasar kwallon kafa ta duniya da aka fitar saboda dokar tazarce “Wannan daya ne daga cikin ka’idojin. Dole ne mu mutunta shi, "in ji Cissé. “Hakika, mun gwammace a kawar da mu wata hanya. Wannan rana ce ta bakin ciki a gare mu, amma mun san wadannan su ne ka’idoji.” Cissé ya horar da Senegal a gasar cin kofin Afrika ta 2019, inda ya taimakawa Senegal zuwa wasan karshe na farko tun shekarar 2002, gasar da Cissé da kansa ya halarta lokacin yana kyaftin din kungiyar. Sai dai Senegal ta sha kashi a wasan karshe da ci 1-0 a wasan karshe da Algeria, bayan da ta yi rashin nasara da ci daya a matakin rukuni, kuma ta rasa kofinta na farko a Afirka. A cikin watan Fabrairu shekarar 2019, Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Senegal (FSF) ta tsawaita kwantiragin Cissé da ma’aikatansa har zuwa watan Agusta shekarar 2021. A ranar 6 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2022, Cissé ya jagoranci Senegal zuwa ga nasara a gasar cin kofin Afirka na 2021 A wasan karshe sun doke Masar da ci 4-2 a bugun fenariti inda suka samu nasarar lashe kofinsu na farko, ta haka ne ya fanshi kansa bayan rashin nasara biyu da suka yi a baya. A gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2022, ya jagoranci tawagar wasan kasar Senegal zuwa matakin knockout a karon farko tun yana dan wasa a shekarar 2002. Rayuwa ta sirri Cissé ya rasa wasu daga cikin danginsa a cikin MV gwagwalad Bala'in jirgin MV wanda ya afku a gabar tekun Gambiya a ranar 26 ga Satumba shekarar 2002. Domin girmama rayukan da aka rasa, Cissé ya halarci wasan sadaka tsakanin Senegal da Najeriya wanda ya tara kudi ga iyalan sama da 1,000 da aka ruwaito. Birmingham City, daya daga cikin tsoffin kulab dinsa, ya gwagwalad tattara kudi ga iyalan wadanda abin ya shafa kuma ya karrama Cissé ta hanyar nuna katafaren tutar gwagwalad Senegal a wasan da suka buga da Manchester City Kididdigar sana'a Kulob Gudanarwa Girmamawa Mai kunnawa Paris Saint-Germain Coupe de la Ligue ya zo na biyu: 1999-2000 UEFA Intertoto Cup 2001 Senegal Gasar cin kofin Afrika ta biyu: 2002 Individual Kocin Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka: 2021 CAF Kyaututtuka na Shekara: 2022 Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Aliou Cissé French league stats at Ligue 1 also available in French Aliou Cissé at Soccerbase Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1976 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

23843

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Beginning%20of%20the%20End%20%28Lost%29

The Beginning of the End (Lost)

"A farkon karshen" ne karo na hudu a kakar farko, kuma 73rd(saba'in da uku) episode overall, na American Broadcasting Company 's talabijin drama jerin Lost An watsa shi ne a ABC a Amurka da CTV a Kanada ranar (Talatin da daya)31 ga Janairu, 2008. Abokin haɗin gwiwa/mai gabatarwa Damon Lindelof da mai gabatar da shirye-shirye Carlton Cuse sun rubuta wasan farko a ƙarshen Yuli shekara ta dubu biyu da bakwai (2007), tare da mafi yawan abubuwan da aka tsara akan wuri a Oahu, Hawaii, a watan Agusta da Satumba ta hannun mai gabatarwa Jack Bender Tare da wannan farkon, Jeff Pinkner baya aiki a matsayin babban mai samarwa da marubucin ma'aikata. Amurkawa miliyan sha takwas (18) ne suka kalli wasan, yana kawo mafi kyawun ƙima don Lost a cikin shirye -shirye sha bakwai (17). A cewar Metacritic, "Farkon Ƙarshe" ya sami "yabo na duniya". Labarin ya faru ne sama da kwanaki 90 bayan faduwar jirgin ruwan Oceanic 815, a ranar Ashirin da Uku (23) ga watan Disamba, shekara ta dubu biyu da hudu (2004). Wadanda suka tsira daga hadarin sun tuntubi abokan aikin Naomi Dorrit (wanda Marshall Thomason ya buga a kan jirgin dakon kaya kusa, amma wadanda suka tsira sun rarrabu lokacin da suka ji cewa wadanda ke kan jirgin ba za su zo don ceton wadanda suka tsira ba. Flashforwards yana nuna rayuwar tsibirin bayan Hugo "Hurley" Reyes Jorge Garcia da Jack Shephard Matthew Fox Suna yi wa jama'a ƙarya game da lokacinsu a tsibirin. A cikin walƙiya, Hurley yana da wahayi na abokinsa da ya mutu Charlie Pace Dominic Monaghan a halin yanzu, Hurley yana bakin cikin mutuwar Charlie a tsibirin. Daniel Faraday Jeremy Davies ya fara fitowa a cikin "Farkon Ƙarshe". Bayan da John Locke Terry O'Quinn ya ɗaure shi a bayan sa a wasan ƙarshe na uku, Na'omi ta yi amfani da wayar tauraron dan adam don kiran George Minkowski Fisher Stevens akan jirgin dakon kaya ko jigilar kaya. Kafin ta mutu, ta gaya masa cewa raunin da ta samu hatsari ne kuma don ba da ƙaunarta ga 'yar uwarta. A halin yanzu, Hurley ya sami ɗakin Yakubu. Yana dubawa ta taga sai ya ga wani mutum da ba a san ko wanene ba a cikin kujerar da ke juyawa, kafin wani ya hau kan gilashin, ana ganin idon hagu kawai ake gani. Hurley ya gudu, amma ya sake samun gidan a wani wuri na daban. Ya matse idanunsa ko kuma ya rufe idanuwansa a kuma lokacin da ya buɗe su, ginin ya ɓace kuma Locke ya bayyana. Desmond Hume Henry Ian Cusick ya dawo daga Kallon Gilashi, yana ɗauke da saƙo na ƙarshe na Charlie cewa Penny Widmore Sonya Walger ba mallakar jirgin ruwan ba. Wadanda suka tsira sun sake haduwa a kwale -kwalen 815. Jack ya bugi Locke a ƙasa, ya ɗauki bindigarsa ya ja abin da ya jawo, amma ya gano cewa ba a ɗora bindigar ba saboda Locke bai yi niyyar kashe Jack ba a farkon wannan ranar Locke ya gaya wa masu ba da labari cewa suna cikin haɗari kuma suna barin Barracks tare da Hurley, James "Sawyer" Ford Josh Holloway Claire Littleton Emilie de Ravin da jaririnta Haruna, Danielle Rousseau Mira Furlan da Ben da ta kama. Linus Michael Emerson Alex Tania Raymonde da saurayinta Karl Blake Bashoff Vincent kare (Pono) da sauran mutane hudu da suka tsira. Ba da daɗewa ba, Jack da Kate sun ga helikwafta kuma sun sadu da Daniel. Flashforwards ya nuna cewa Hurley ya shahara a matsayin ɗayan Oceanic Six bayan tserewarsa daga tsibirin kuma yana yin shiru game da lokacin sa ko kuma zamansa a can. Hurley ya ci karo da bayyanar Charlie. A gigice, ya gudu a cikin Camaro kuma 'yan sandan Los Angeles sun kama shi. Ana Lucia Cortez 's Michelle Rodriguez tsohon abokin binciken Detective "Big" Mike Walton Michael Cudlitz ya yiwa Hurley tambayoyi kuma ya yi ƙarya cewa ba shi da masaniya game da Ana Lucia. Hurley, yana kallon gilashin madubin ɗakin tambayoyin, yana tunanin ganin Charlie yana iyo cikin ruwa har sai ya fasa gilashin ya mamaye ɗakin. Hurley da son rai ya koma Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Santa Rosa inda Matthew Abaddon Lance Reddick wanda ya yi ikirarin zama lauya na Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na Oceanic ya ziyarce shi. Lokacin da Abaddon kasa samar da wani katin kasuwanci, ya tambaye idan har yanzu suna da rai kafin stealthily exiting. Bayyanar Charlie ya bayyana wanda ke gaya wa Hurley cewa "suna" buƙatarsa. A ƙarshe, Jack ya ziyarci Hurley, wanda ke tunanin haɓaka gemu Jack ya tabbatar da cewa Hurley ba zai tona asirin Oceanic Six ba. Hurley ya nemi afuwa don tafiya tare da Locke kuma ya nace cewa su koma tsibirin, amma Jack ya ƙi (wanda ke nuna cewa waɗannan walƙiya suna faruwa kafin walƙiya ta Jack). A lokacin simintin, an sanya sunayen karya, sana'o'i da fannoni na ɗan lokaci don iyakance ɓarkewar ɓarna An gaya wa Lance Reddick cewa yana binciken wani bangare na "Arthur Stevens", "ma'aikaci mara kamfani", maimakon Matthew Abaddon. "Matta" da "Abaddon" an bayyana su azaman kalmomin alamar kakar 4 a cikin wasan gaskiya na ainihi Nemo 815 Marubutan sun zaɓi sunan mahallin bayan sun karanta labarin Wikipedia akan Abaddon, wanda ke nuna cewa yana nufin "wurin lalata". Marubutan-marubutan da farko suna da sha'awar samun Reddick ya yi wasa da Mr. Eko a kakar wasa ta biyu, duk da haka, ya shagala da tauraro akan HBO 's The Wire Jeremy Davies an jefa shi a matsayin Daniyel saboda yana ɗaya daga cikin yan wasan da marubutan marubutan suka fi so, kuma suna tunanin cewa "ingancin sa mai canzawa [da] babban hikimar da ke fitowa daga gare shi. da alama cikakke ne ga [ɓangaren] wanda da farko an shirya shi don zama rawar maimaitawa Lokacin da Davies ya sadu da mai ƙera kayan ƙira Roland Sanchez, yana sanye da siririn baƙar fata. Sanchez ya haɗu da wannan "kyakkyawa, kyakykyawar kallo" tare da ra'ayin sa na tufafin halayen: rigar rigar da aka saƙa daga J.Crew An gabatar da taken daban -daban don wasan. Babban taken shine nuni ga layi a cikin labarin da ya gabata lokacin da Ben ya gargadi Jack cewa tuntuɓar mai jigilar kaya "shine farkon ƙarshen". An fara yin fim a ranar 17 ga Agusta kuma ya ƙare ko bayan bakwai (7) ga Satumba, shekara ta dubu biyu da bakwai 2007. Garcia ya ji "ɗan ƙaramin matsin lamba" saboda yana da rawar jagoranci a cikin wasan, amma "ya yi matukar farin ciki, shi ma [saboda] wata hanya ce ta daban don fara kakar wasa [wanda ya ji] mai yiwuwa magoya baya su tono". A cikin cibiyar tabin hankali, ana ganin Hurley yana zana hoton wani Inuit da igloo. Garcia ne ya zana wannan. Lokacin da aka watsa labarin, Kirista ya bayyana a cikin gidan Yakubu; duk da haka, an harbe wurin tare da wani Hurley a ciki. Bugu da ƙari, lokacin da Garcia ke yin fim ɗin tambayoyinsa a cikin akwatin kifaye, bai san cewa Charlie zai yi iyo a waje ya fasa gilashin a cikin samfurin da aka gama ba. An yi fim ɗin iyo na Charlie na makwanni bayan an harbi sauran abubuwan, tare da samar da Haɗu da Kevin Johnson da Lobis: Missis Pieces mobisodes a ƙarshen Nuwamba 2007. An yi fim ɗin tare da Jake Kilfoyle stunt ninki biyu a saitin Gilashin Gilashin da aka yi amfani da shi a baya don wasannin yanayi na uku mai taken Mafi Girma Hits da Ta Gilashin Gani Mai Lost aukuwa ƙunshi crossovers da kuma Easter qwai -intentionally boye alamu da nassoshi da show ta mythology -and "The farkon karshen" ba bare bane. Duk da cewa ya mutu, Kirista ya bayyana na 'yan dakikoki a cikin gidan Yakubu ba tare da tattaunawa ba. Big Mike, wanda ke fitowa a cikin abubuwan haskakawa Ana Lucia a cikin wasan na karo na biyu Hadari ya dawo cikin haske na Hurley. Randy Nations Billy Ray Gallion ya bayyana a cikin 'yan dakikoki ba tare da tattaunawa ba, tare da ɗaukar hoton kama Hurley. Lokacin da Hurley ya nuna cewa Charlie yana iyo a wajen ɗakin tambayoyi, Charlie ya rubuta "suna buƙatar ku" a hannunsa. Wannan shine abin da Charlie ya gaya wa Hurley daga baya a cikin labarin. Saboda samar da yanayi na huɗu da aka dakatar saboda yajin aikin dubu biyu da bakwai 2007-2008 Marubutan Guild of America, masu tseren wasan kwaikwayon sun so su riƙe shirye -shiryen takwas da aka kammala har suka sami damar yin ƙarin lokacin. ABC ta yanke hukunci kan hakan kuma ta sanar da cewa "Farawar Ƙarshe" za a fara watsa shi a ƙarshen Janairu 2008, ba tare da la'akari da lokacin da yajin aikin zai ƙare ba. Wannan shi ne farkon Lost episode da za a watsa a ranar Alhamis da 9:00 pm ET, gasa mai fa'ida da babbar gasa wanda Grey's Anatomy ya saba yi abubuwan da suka gabata an watsa su ranar Laraba. Kamar wasannin farko na Lost na farko, an fara "Farkon Ƙarshe" don farawa na farko a Sunset on the Beach a Waikiki, Honolulu, inda ake nuna fina-finai akai-akai akan ƙafa 30. m) allo kyauta ga jama'a, amma an soke shi saboda yajin aikin marubutan. An fara watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin na asali na shirin nan da nan ta wani shirin bidiyo mai taken "Lost: Past, Present Future". Don Williams na BuddyTV wanda aka yiwa lakabi da "Farkon Ƙarshe" "farkon farkon kakar shekara". An duba shi kimanin 16.137 miliyoyin masu kallo Amurkawa suna rayuwa ko cikin sa'o'i shida tare da 6.7/17 a cikin manyan manya 18-49 alƙaluma, suna kawo mafi kyawun ƙimar Nielsen don Lost a cikin shafuka goma sha bakwai da matsayi Lost takwas a cikin sigogi na mako -mako. An kalli wasan a jimlar 17.766 miliyoyin masu kallo suna rayuwa ko yin rikodi kuma suna kallo cikin kwanaki bakwai na watsa shirye-shirye kuma wannan lambar ta tafi zuwa ƙarshen ƙarshen shekara. A Kanada, an fara “Farkon Ƙarshe” da 1.855 miliyoyin masu kallo, suna yin Lost shirin na shida mafi yawan kallon mako. Ya kawo masu sauraro kusan ninki biyu na abin da ya gabata kuma ya fi kowane juzu'i na uku, ban da farkon lokacin Fim ɗin farko na kakar ya yi nasara a cikin Burtaniya tare da 1.1 miliyan masu kallo. A Ostiraliya, Lost shine wasan sha biyar mafi yawan kallon dare tare da masu kallo 912 000, wanda David Dale na The Sun-Herald ya ɗauka. An aika masu sukar Amurka DVDs na "Farkon Ƙarshe" da "Tabbatattun Matattu" a ranar ashirin da takwai (28) ga Janairu, shekara ta dubu daya da takwas (2008). Metacritic ya ba da labarin Metascore matsakaicin matsakaici wanda ya danganci abubuwan da aka zaɓa na zaɓaɓɓu sake dubawa masu mahimmanci -na 87. Robert Bianco na USA Today ya rubuta cewa "dawowa tare da tsayayyar zuciya, cikakken tsari Lost wuri ne na hamada a cikin hamada ta TV da aka buge. Mary McNamara na Jaridar Los Angeles Times ta bayyana "Farkon Ƙarshe" a matsayin "juzu'in sunadarai mai ɗaci a cikin tsohuwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa-tsoro, tashin hankali, nadama, adrenaline da menene zai faru a gaba? Adam Buckman na New York Post ya ba da labarin kashi huɗu daga cikin taurari huɗu. Maureen Ryan na Chicago Tribune "yana jin daɗin kowane minti" kuma ya lura cewa "babu wani kuskure". Diane Werts na Newsday ta ɗauki labarin a matsayin "na kwarai" da "nishaɗin nishaɗi" kuma ta kammala bita da Lost da alama ta sami kanta". Tim Goodman na San Francisco Chronicle ya baiyana cewa shi da Tabbatar da Matattu "su ne masu aikin motsa jiki na gaggawa da wahayi [waɗanda] suna da kyau a gani". Matthew Gilbert na The Boston Globe yayi nuni da cewa Lost har yanzu yana iya yin tseren bugun jini da ƙwaƙwalwa [kuma] ya kasance mafi girman jerin shirye -shiryen TV Alan Sepinwall na The Star-Ledger bai da tabbas "idan Lost zai taɓa ba da gamsassun amsoshi ga dimbin asirin da suka rage. amma idan yana da matsayin da ban tsoro da kuma ban dariya da kuma motsi, kuma m kamar yadda wadannan biyu aukuwa, ina lafiya tare da cewa. A cikin sake dubawa mara kyau, Rodney Ho na The Atlanta Journal-Constitution ya kira shi "wani lamari mai gamsarwa mai dawowa tare da rabon wasan kwaikwayo da cuta. [hakan] yana ba da isassun wahayi don ci gaba da jin yunwa ga masu sha'awar yunwa kuma David Hinckley na Daily News ya ƙaddara labarin tare da taurari uku daga cikin biyar mai yiwuwa. Brian Lowry na Iri-iri ce cewa "Lost 's sama ke sauka kamar barka da tonic kamar yadda scripted TV fades to black yana ba da jadawalin kyauta mai ban sha'awa na lokutan m don babban kuma, a wasu lokuta, sakaci simintin Mark Medley na National Post ya kira shi "kyakkyawan lokacin farawa" tare da "lokutan faduwa da yawa". Jeff Jensen na Makon Nishaɗi na mako-mako yana jin cewa farkon wasan yana da ban sha'awa kuma Garcia ya nuna kyakkyawan aiki. Frazier Moore na Associated Press ya rubuta cewa Lost yana ƙara haɓaka ante, da haɓaka matsin lamba a kan mu yayin da babban tarihin wasan kwaikwayon ke ci gaba da haɓaka." Kristin Dos Santos na E! an kira shi "da kyau an rubuta, aka samar, aka yi aiki kuma aka nuna shi kamar fim". Michael Ausiello na Jagoran TV ya bayyana shi a matsayin "cikin sauƙi ɗayan mafi kyawun sa'o'i na TV har zuwa wannan kakar." Bruce Fretts na Jagoran TV ya amsa da kyau ga aikin Reddick. Chris Carabott na IGN ya ba da labarin 9.1/10, yana mai cewa "babban farawa ne ga abin da ya yi alkawarin zama mai ban sha'awa kakar 4. Ƙarfafawa da tafiya daidai yake da wasan ƙarshe na kakar bara LTG na Gidan Talabijan Ba tare da Tausayi ya kimanta shi a matsayin "A–". Jon Lachonis na UGO ya ba da labarin "A+", yana kiran shi "abin tausayi, mai cike da aiki [wanda ke tabbatar da hakan] Lost 's gawurtaccen protean form har yanzu yana da yalwa da makantar da hanyoyi zuwa sha'awa da kuma nishadantar a hanyar da cewa shi ne amma duk da haka musamman ga kansa. Oscar Dahl na BuddyTV ya rubuta cewa "labarin ya yi fice sosai". Daniel na TMZ ya zana shi a matsayin "A", yana mai cewa cikakke ne kuma ya kafa sauran kakar da kyau. Nassoshi 0 Hanyoyin waje Pages with unreviewed

34245

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20Yoav

Operation Yoav

Operation Yoav (wanda kuma ake kira Operation Plagues Goma ko Operation Yo'av wani aikin sojan Isra'ila ne da aka gudanar daga 15-22 Oktoba 1948 a cikin hamadar Negev, a lokacin Yaƙin Larabawa da Isra'ila na 1948. Manufarta ita ce ta kora tsakanin sojojin Masar a bakin gaɓar, da hanyar Biyer-sheba, da Hebron, da hanyar Urushalima, da yaƙi dukan Negeb. Operation Yoav ya kasance karkashin jagorancin kwamandan Front Front Yigal Allon An yi wa wannan aiki suna ne bayan Yitzhak Dubno, wanda kwamandojinsa a Palmach suka yi masa lakabi da "Yoav". Dubno, babban jami'in Palmach, an tuhumi shi ne da shiryawa da kuma jagorantar kare kibbutzim Negba da Yad Mordechai. An kashe Dubno ne a wani samame da aka kai ta sama a Kibbutz Negba jim kadan bayan da sojojin Masar suka fara kai farmaki a yankin kudancin Isra'ila. Fage A yankunan tsakiya da arewacin kasar Falasdinu, Isra'ilawa sun yi nasarar samun galaba mai yawa a yankin kafin a fara aiki da tsagaita bude wuta na biyu. Amma Hamadar Negev ta kudu, wadda aka ware wa kasar Yahudawa a cikin Tsarin Rarrabuwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 1947 na Falasdinu, har yanzu yana karkashin ikon Masar. Duk da tsagaitawar ta biyu, Masarawa sun hana ayarin yahudawa wucewa zuwa Negev, kuma sun kama wasu mukamai fiye da layin sulhu. Ayyukan Annoba Goma (bayan horon da Allah ya aika wa Masarawa don riƙe Isra’ilawa bauta a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci an yi shi kuma an amince da shi a zaman majalisar zartarwa na 6 ga Oktoba 1948. Wannan farmakin ya zo ne a ranar 14 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 1948, lokacin da aka harba wani ayari dauke da manyan motoci 16 a lokacin da suke wucewa ta yankunan kasar Masar. Ralph Bunche, wanda ya zama mai shiga tsakani na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya bayan kisan gillar da aka yi wa Count Folke Bernadotte, ya ce: Matakin soja na [Isra'ila] na 'yan kwanakin nan ya kasance a kan sikelin da za a iya aiwatar da shi ne kawai bayan dogon shiri, kuma da kyar za a iya bayyana shi a matsayin matakin ramuwar gayya kan harin da aka kai kan ayarin motocin [Isra'ila]. Aikin ya zo daidai da Operation ha-Har, 18-24 ga Oktoba, inda dakarun Harel da Etzioni Brigades suka kai hari kan kauyukan Masar da ke kan hanyar Jerusalem Corridor Tarihi Sojojin Isra'ila sun hada da birged soji guda uku, Negev Brigade, Givati Brigade karkashin jagorancin Abraham "Kiki" Elkin, da Yiftach Brigade, bataliyar mai sulke daga Brigade ta 8 masu sulke da kuma kakkabo manyan bindigogi da aka samu ga sojojin. IDF a lokacin. A ranar 18 ga Oktoba kuma rundunar Oded Brigade ta shiga aikin. Da yammacin ranar 15 ga watan Oktoba sojojin saman Isra'ila sun kai hari Gaza, al-Majdal (yanzu Ashkelon Beersheba da Beit Hanoun An sake kai harin bama-bamai a wasu wurare a cikin dare biyu masu zuwa. Wata bataliyar rundunar sojojin ta Yiftach Brigade ta yi aikin hakar ma'adinan jirgin kasa tsakanin El-Arish da Rafah da kuma hanyoyi daban-daban a yankin na Gaza, inda suka kuma tuka wata hanya. Bataliyoyin Birgediya Biyu na Givati Brigade sun kori kudu maso gabashin Iraki al-Manshiyya (a yanzu Kiryat Gath don haka yanke hanya tsakanin al-Faluja da Beit Jibrin Bataliya ta 52 ta Givati da Brigade ta 8 sun kama Beit Jibrin a ranar 23 ga Oktoba. Da sanyin safiya na ranar 21 ga watan Oktoba, bayan dare biyu na hare-hare ta sama, sojojin Negev Brigade da 8th Armored Brigade sun kai hari kan Beersheba daga yamma. Wata runduna ta sake haɗa su daga arewa. Dakarun sojojin Masar sun kunshi sojoji 500 da wasu kananan bindigogi. Sun dan yi tsayin daka na tsawon awanni biyar kafin su mika wuya. An yi wa cin nasarar Biyersheba suna Operation Moshe, bayan Moshe Albert, wanda ya faɗi yana kare Beit Eshel da aka kewaye. Yayin da aka ba da umarnin tsagaita wuta na tsawon sa'o'i 15:00 a ranar 22 ga Oktoba, an ci gaba da aiwatar da kwanaki da suka biyo bayan aikin, da kuma alaƙa da shi. Bayan da Masarawa suka koma kudu daga Ashdod (Oktoba 28) da al-Majdal (Nuwamba 6) zuwa Gaza, yankin gabar tekun da ke Yad Mordechai ya kasance a hannun sojojin Isra'ila. A ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, an kama sansanin Suwaydan na Iraki tare da canza sunan sansanin Yoav don girmama aikin. A ranar 29 ga watan Oktoba sojoji na birgediya ta 8 sun yi kisan kiyashi a al-Dawayima A ƙarshen aikin Janar Allon ya nemi izinin ƙaddamar da hari a kan tuddan Hebron da cikin kwarin Jericho. David Ben-Gurion ya ki yarda, musamman saboda fargabar cewa hakan zai kai ga shiga Burtaniya. Hukumar ba da agajin ‘yan gudun hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayar da rahoton cewa, ‘yan gudun hijira a zirin Gaza sun haura daga 100,000 zuwa 230,000 sakamakon aikin da ake yi na Operation Yoav. Wannan adadi bai haɗa da waɗanda suka gudu zuwa Dutsen Hebron ba. Kauyukan Larabawa da aka kama Brigades masu shiga 8th Brigade masu sulke Givati Brigade Negev Brigade Oded Brigade Yiftach Brigade Duba kuma Yakin sojojin ruwan Isra'ila a Operation Yoav Jerin fadace-fadace da ayyuka a yakin Falasdinu na 1948 Rushewar wuraren Falasɗinawa a Isra'ila Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Yaƙin Isra'ila da Larabawa na Farko da 'Yan Gudun Hijira 1948-53 Archived Kada Mu Manta labarin Nizar Sakhanini Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

58545

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelo%20Soliman

Angelo Soliman

Angelo Soliman,an haife shi Mmadi Make, (c. 1721 1796)ɗan Austriya Freemason ne.Ya sami matsayi a cikin al'ummar Viennese da Freemasonry Rayuwa Watakila Soliman dan kabilar Magumi ne na kabilar Kanuri .,Mmadi Make,yana da alaƙa da ajin sarauta a jihar Borno a Najeriya ta zamani.An kai shi fursuna tun yana yaro kuma ya isa Marseilles a matsayin bawa.An sayar da shi zuwa gidan wani maci na Messinan,wanda ya kula da iliminsa.Domin yana ƙaunar wani bawa a gidan,Angelina,ya ɗauki sunan ‘Angelo’ kuma ya zaɓi ya amince da ranar 11 ga Satumba,ranar baftisma a matsayin ranar haihuwarsa.Bayan buƙatun da aka maimaita, an ba shi kyauta a 1734 ga Prince Georg Christian,Prince von Lobkowitz,gwamnan daular Sicily.Ya zama abokin Yarima kuma abokin tafiya, tare da raka shi a yakin neman zabe a duk fadin Turai kuma an ce ya ceci rayuwarsa a wani lokaci,wani muhimmin al'amari da ke da alhakin hawansa zamantakewa.Bayan mutuwar Yarima Lobkowitz,an kai Soliman cikin gidan Vienna na Joseph Wenzel I,Yariman Liechtenstein, daga ƙarshe ya tashi zuwa babban bawa. Daga baya,ya zama mai koyar da sarauta na magajin Yarima, Aloys I.A ranar 6 ga Fabrairu,1768, ya auri mace mai martaba Magdalena Christiani,matashiya gwauruwa kuma 'yar'uwar Janar na Faransa François Etienne de Kellermann,Duke na Valmy,marshal na Napoleon Bonaparte. </br>Wani mutum mai al'ada,Soliman yana da mutuƙar mutuntawa a cikin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun Vienna kuma an ƙidaya shi a matsayin aboki mai daraja ta Sarkin Austriya Joseph II da Count Franz Moritz von Lacy da kuma Prince Gian Gastone de' Medici.Soliman ya halarci daurin auren Sarki Joseph II da Gimbiya Isabella ta Parma a matsayin bakuwar Sarki. A cikin 1783,ya shiga gidan Masonic Lodge "True Concord" (Zur Wahren Eintracht),wanda membobinsu sun haɗa da yawancin masu fasaha da masana Vienna na lokacin,daga cikinsu akwai mawaƙa Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart da Joseph Haydn da mawallafin Hungarian Ferenc Kazinczy .Bayanan Lodge sun nuna cewa Soliman da Mozart sun hadu a lokuta da dama.Wataƙila halin Bassa Selim a cikin wasan opera na Mozart Satar daga Seraglio ya dogara ne akan Soliman. zama Babban Jagora na wannan masaukin,Soliman ya taimaka canza al'ada ta haɗa da abubuwan ilimi.Wannan sabon alkiblar Masonic ya yi tasiri cikin sauri ga ayyukan Freemasonic a cikin Turai.Har yanzu ana yin bikin Soliman a cikin bukukuwan Masonic a matsayin "Uban Tunanin Masonic Tsabta",tare da fassara sunansa da "Angelus Solimanus". A lokacin rayuwarsa an dauki Soliman a matsayin abin koyi ga "mai yuwuwar hadewa" na 'yan Afirka a Turai,amma bayan mutuwarsa hotonsa ya kasance ƙarƙashin cin mutunci da cin mutunci ta hanyar wariyar launin fata na Kimiyya,kuma jikinsa ya kasance a cikin wani nau'i na musamman,kamar dai an yi watsi da shi.dabba ko don gwaji. Wigger da Klein sun bambanta bangarori hudu na Soliman "sarauta Moor "Moor Moor", "physiognomic Moor" da "mummified Moor". Nadi biyu na farko suna magana ne game da shekaru kafin mutuwarsa. Kalmar "Moor Moor" ta bayyana Soliman a cikin mahallin bautar Moors a kotunan Turai,inda launin fatarsu ke nuna ƙasƙantarsu kuma suka zama alamomin matsayi da ke nuna iko da dukiyar masu su. Tun daga zuriyarsa da al'adunsa na asali,Soliman ya ƙasƙantar da shi zuwa "alamar gabas ta gabas ta Ubangijinsa"wanda ba a yarda ya yi rayuwa mai son rai ba.Sunan "Moor Moor" ya bayyana Soliman a matsayin tsohon kotu Moor wanda hawansa kan matakin zamantakewa saboda aurensa da wata mace mai girman kai ya sa ya sami damar 'yantar da shi. A wannan lokacin Soliman ya zama memba na Freemasons kuma a matsayin masaukin Grand Master tabbas an dauke shi daidai da ’yan uwansa Mason duk da cewa ya ci gaba da fuskantar kaurin kabilanci da son zuciya. Mumification bayan mutuwa Ƙarƙashin bayyanar haɗin kai ya lulluɓe kyakkyawar makomar Soliman.Ko da yake ya ci gaba da tafiya cikin kwanciyar hankali a cikin manyan al'umma,kyakkyawan yanayin da aka ba shi bai taɓa ɓacewa ba kuma tsawon rayuwarsa ya rikide zuwa yanayin launin fata. Halayen da aka yi amfani da su wajen rarraba Soliman a matsayin "Mor Physognomic Moor" an tsara su ta hanyar masana ilimin ƙabilun Viennese a lokacin rayuwarsa,waɗanda aka tsara ta hanyar ka'idoji da zato game da "jinin Afirka".Ba zai iya tserewa ra'ayin harajin da ya mai da hankali kan halaye na launin fata ba, watau,launin fata,nau'in gashi, girman leɓe da siffar hanci.Matsayinsa na zamantakewa ko kasancewarsa a cikin Freemasons ba zai iya hana cin zarafinsa ba,wanda zai kai ga matsayinsa na ƙarshe a matsayin "mummified Moor".

47920

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%27idar%20Cartagena%20akan%20Biosafety

Ka'idar Cartagena akan Biosafety

Yarjejeniyar Cartagena kan Tsaron Tsirrai zuwa Yarjejeniyar kan Bambancin Halitta yarjejeniya ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa kan tsaron Halitta a matsayin kari ga Yarjejeniyar Wanzuwar Halittu (CBD) wanda ya fara aiki tun daga shekara ta 2003. Yarjejeniyar Biosafety tana neman kare wanzuwar halittu daga yiwuwar haɗarin da ƙwayoyin halitta suka haifar da ƙwayoyin da suka samo asali daga fasahar zamani. Yarjejeniyar Biosafety ta bayyana a fili cewa samfuran daga sabbin fasahohi dole ne su dogara ne akan ƙa'idar kariya kuma su ba kasashe masu tasowa damar daidaita lafiyar jama'a da fa'idodin tattalin arziki. Misali zai bar ƙasashe su hana shigo da kwayoyin halitta idan sun ji cewa babu isasshen shaidar kimiyya cewa samfurin yana da aminci kuma yana buƙatar masu fitarwa su lakafta jigilar kayayyaki da ke ɗauke da kayan da aka canza su kamar masara ko auduga. An kai adadin kayan aiki 50 da ake buƙata na tabbatarwa shiga amincewa karɓa ta ƙasashe a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2003. Dangane da tanadin Mataki na 37, Yarjejeniyar ta fara aiki a ranar 11 ga Satumba 2003. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2020, Yarjejeniyar tana da jam'iyyu 173, wanda ya hada da kasashe 170 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Jihar Falasdinu, Niue, da Tarayyar Turai. Tarihi An karɓi Yarjejeniyar Cartagena a kan Tsaron Tsirrai, wanda aka fi sani da Yarjejeniyar Biosafity, a watan Janairun 2000, bayan ƙungiyar aiki ta CBD Open-ended Ad Hoc Working Group on Biosafury ta haɗu sau shida tsakanin Yuli 1996 da Fabrairu 1999. Kungiyar Aiki ta gabatar da rubutun Yarjejeniyar, don la'akari da Taron Jam'iyyun a taron farko na musamman, wanda aka taru don manufar karɓar yarjejeniya kan tsaron halittu ga CBD. Bayan 'yan jinkiri, an karɓi Yarjejeniyar Cartagena a ranar 29 ga Janairun 2000 Yarjejeniyar Biosafety tana neman kare bambancin halittu daga haɗarin da ke tattare da kwayoyin halitta masu canzawa waɗanda suka haifar da fasahar halittu ta zamani. Manufar Dangane da tsarin kariya, wanda ke cikin Ka'idar 15 na Sanarwar Rio kan Muhalli da Ci gaba, manufar Yarjejeniyar ita ce ta ba da gudummawa don tabbatar da isasshen matakin kariya a fagen canja wurin lafiya, sarrafawa da amfani da 'kayan da aka gyara da suka samo asali daga fasahar halittu ta zamani' wanda zai iya samun mummunar tasiri kan kiyayewa da amfani mai ɗorewa na bambancin halittu, tare da la'akari da haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam, kuma mayar da hankali kan motsi na iyaka (Mataki na 1 na Yarjejeniyar, SCBD 2000). Rayayyun ƙwayoyin halitta (LMOs) Yarjejeniyar ta bayyana 'matsalolin da aka gyara mai rai' a matsayin kowane abu mai rai wanda ke da sabon haɗuwa na kayan kwayar halitta da aka samu ta hanyar amfani da fasahar kimiyyar zamani, kuma 'matsayyar halitta' tana nufin kowane bangare na halitta wanda zai iya canja ko kwafin kayan kwayar cuta, gami da kwayoyin halitta, ƙwayoyin cuta da viroids. 'An bayyana 'Fasahar kimiyyar zamani' a cikin Yarjejeniyar don nufin aikace-aikacen dabarun in vitro nucleic acid, ko haɗuwa da sel fiye da dangin taxonomic, waɗanda suka shawo kan shingen haihuwar jiki ko sake haɗuwa kuma ba dabarun da aka yi amfani da su a cikin kiwo da zabin gargajiya ba. 'Living modified organism (LMO) Products' an bayyana su azaman kayan sarrafawa waɗanda suka fito ne daga asalin kwayoyin halitta mai canzawa, wanda ke dauke da sababbin abubuwan da za a iya ganowa na kayan kwayar halitta da aka samo ta hanyar amfani da fasahar halittu ta zamani. LMOs na yau da kullun sun haɗa da amfanin gona waɗanda aka canza su don ƙarin yawan aiki ko don juriya ga kwari ko cututtuka. Misalan amfanin gona da aka gyara sun hada da tumatir, cassava, masara, auduga da soya. 'Jami'ar da aka gyara don amfani kai tsaye a matsayin abinci ko abinci, ko don sarrafawa (LMO-FFP)' kayan aikin gona ne daga amfanin GM. Gabaɗaya kalmar 'kayan halitta masu rai' daidai take da kwayoyin halitta da aka canza su ta hanyar kwayar halitta. Yarjejeniyar ba ta nuna bambanci tsakanin waɗannan kalmomin ba kuma ba ta amfani da kalmar 'kwayar halitta da aka gyara ta hanyar kwaya ba. Hanyar kariya Ɗaya daga cikin sakamakon taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Muhalli da Ci gaba (wanda aka fi sani da Taron Duniya) wanda aka gudanar a Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, a watan Yunin 1992, shine karɓar Sanarwar Rio kan Muhalli Da Ci gaba, wanda ya ƙunshi ka'idoji 27 don tallafawa ci gaba mai ɗorewa. An san shi da ka'idar kariya, Ka'idar 15 ta bayyana cewa "Domin kare muhalli, Jihohi za su yi amfani da tsarin kariya bisa ga iyawarsu. Inda akwai barazanar mummunar lalacewa ko lalacewa ba za a iya dawo da ita ba, ba za a yi amfani da rashin cikakken tabbacin kimiyya a matsayin dalilin jinkirta matakan da suka dace don hana lalacewar muhalli ba. Abubuwa na tsarin kariya suna nunawa a cikin tanadi da yawa na Yarjejeniyar, kamar: Gabatarwa, ta sake tabbatar da "tsarin kariya da ke cikin Ka'idar 15 na Sanarwar Rio game da muhalli da Ci gaba"; Mataki na 1, yana nuna cewa manufar Yarjejeniyar ita ce "bisa ga tsarin kariya da ke cikin Ka'idar 15 na Sanarwar Rio kan Muhalli da Ci gaba"; Mataki na 10.6 da 11.8, wanda ya bayyana cewa "Rashin tabbacin kimiyya saboda rashin isasshen bayanan kimiyya da ilimi game da girman tasirin tasirin LMO akan bambancin halittu, la'akari da haɗarin lafiyar ɗan adam, ba zai hana Jam'iyyar shigowa ta yanke shawara ba, kamar yadda ya dace, game da shigo da LMO da ake tambaya, don kauce ko rage irin wannan tasirin mummunan sakamako ba. Ƙaddamarwa ta III game da kimanta haɗari, wanda ya lura cewa "Rashin ilimin kimiyya ko yarjejeniyar kimiyya bai kamata a fassara shi ba kamar yadda yake nuna wani matakin haɗari, rashin haɗari, ko haɗari mai karɓa. Aikace-aikacen Yarjejeniyar ta shafi motsi na iyaka, wucewa, sarrafawa da amfani da dukkan ƙwayoyin da aka gyara masu rai waɗanda zasu iya haifar da mummunar tasiri akan kiyayewa da amfani mai ɗorewa na bambancin halittu, tare da la'akari da haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam (Mataki na 4 na Yarjejeniyar, SCBD 2000). Jam'iyyun da wadanda ba jam'iyyun ba Ƙungiyar da ke kula da Yarjejeniyar ana kiranta Taron Jam'iyyun da ke cikin Yarjejeniyar da ke aiki a matsayin taron Jam'iyyu da ke cikin yarjejeniyar (kuma COP-MOP). Babban aikin wannan kungiya shine sake duba aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar da kuma yanke shawara da suka dace don inganta ingantaccen aikinta. Shawarwari a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar ne kawai ɓangarorin da ke cikin Yarjejeniyar za su iya ɗauka. Jam'iyyun da ke cikin Yarjejeniyar da ba Jam'iyyu ba za su iya shiga cikin yarjejeniyar ne kawai a matsayin masu sa ido a cikin ayyukan tarurrukan COP-MOP. Yarjejeniyar tana magance wajibai na bangarorin dangane da motsi na LMOs zuwa da kuma daga wadanda ba bangarorin ba zuwa Yarjejeniyar. Dole ne a gudanar da motsi tsakanin bangarorin da wadanda ba bangarorin ba a hanyar da ta dace da manufar Yarjejeniyar. Ana buƙatar jam'iyyun don ƙarfafa wadanda ba jam'iyyu ba su bi Yarjejeniyar da kuma ba da gudummawa ga Bayar da Bayani ga Gidan Tsaro na Biosafety. Dangantaka da WTO Yarjejeniyoyi da yawa a ƙarƙashin Ƙungiyar Ciniki ta Duniya (WTO), kamar Yarjejeniyar kan Aikace-aikacen Sanitary da Phytosanitary Matches (SPS Yarjejeniyar) da Yarjejeniyar Kan Harkokin Fasaha ga Ciniki (Tattalin Arziki na TBT), da Yarjejeniya kan Al'amuran Ciniki na Hakkin Kwarewa (TRIPs), sun ƙunshi tanadi da suka dace da Yarjejeniyarsa. Wannan Yarjejeniyar ta bayyana a cikin gabatarwa cewa jam'iyyun: Ku fahimci cewa yarjejeniyar kasuwanci da muhalli ya kamata ta kasance mai tallafa wa juna; Yi jaddada cewa ba a fassara Yarjejeniyar ba kamar yadda take nuna canji a cikin haƙƙoƙi da wajibai a ƙarƙashin duk wata yarjejeniyar da ke akwai; da kuma Fahimtar cewa ba a nufin karatun da ke sama don sanya Yarjejeniyar ga wasu yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa ba. Babban fasalulluka Bayani game da siffofi Yarjejeniyar tana inganta tsaron halittu ta hanyar kafa dokoki da hanyoyin don canja wurin lafiya, sarrafawa, da amfani da LMOs, tare da takamaiman mayar da hankali kan motsi na LMOs. Yana da saiti na hanyoyin ciki har da ɗaya don LMOs waɗanda za a gabatar da su da gangan a cikin mahalli da ake kira tsarin yarjejeniyar da aka sanar da shi, da ɗaya donLMOs waɗanda aka nufa a yi amfani da su kai tsaye azaman abinci ko abinci ko don sarrafawa. Dole ne bangarorin da ke cikin Yarjejeniyar su tabbatar da cewa ana sarrafa LMOs, an shirya su kuma ana jigilar su a ƙarƙashin yanayin aminci. Bugu da ƙari, jigilar LMOs da ke ƙarƙashin motsi na ƙetare dole ne ya kasance tare da takardun da suka dace waɗanda ke ƙayyade, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, asalin LMOs kuma wurin tuntuɓar don ƙarin bayani. Wadannan hanyoyin da buƙatu an tsara su ne don samar da ɓangarorin shigo da su tare da bayanan da ake buƙata don yin yanke shawara mai kyau game da ko a yarda da shigo da LMO da kuma sarrafa su cikin aminci. Jam'iyyar shigo da kayayyaki tana yanke shawara daidai da kimantawar haɗarin kimiyya. Yarjejeniyar ta tsara ka'idoji da hanyoyin kan yadda za a gudanar da kimantawar haɗari. Idan ba su da isasshen bayanai da ilimin kimiyya masu dacewa, Jam'iyyar shigowa na iya amfani da kariya wajen yanke shawara game da shigowa. Jam'iyyun na iya la'akari da, daidai da wajibai na kasa da kasa, la'akari na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki wajen cimma shawarwari game da shigo da LMOs. Dole ne jam'iyyun su dauki matakai don sarrafa duk wani haɗari da aka gano ta hanyar kimanta haɗari, kuma dole ne su ɗauki matakai masu mahimmanci idan aka saki LMOs ba da gangan ba. Don sauƙaƙe aiwatarwa, Yarjejeniyar ta kafa Gidan Bayar da Tsaro na Biosafety don Kasashe don musayar bayanai, kuma ya ƙunshi wasu muhimman tanadi, gami da haɓaka iyawa, tsarin kuɗi, hanyoyin bin doka, da buƙatu don wayar da kan jama'a da shiga. Hanyoyi don motsa LMOs a fadin iyakoki Yarjejeniyar Bayani ta Gabatarwa Hanyar "An sanar da Yarjejeniyar Ci gaba" (AIA) ta shafi cigaba na farko na LMOs don gabatar da gangan a cikin yanayin Jam'iyyar shigo da kaya. Ya haɗa da abubuwa huɗu: sanarwa daga Jam'iyyar fitarwa ko mai fitarwa, amincewa da karɓar sanarwa daga jam'iyyar shigowa, hanyar yanke shawara, da kuma damar sake duba yanke shawara. Manufar wannan hanya ita ce tabbatar da cewa ƙasashe masu shigowa suna da damar da kuma damar tantance haɗarin da za a iya danganta da LMO kafin su amince da shigo da ita. Jam'iyyar shigo da kayayyaki dole ne ta nuna dalilan da suka sa aka yanke shawara (sai dai idan yardar ba ta da iyaka). Jam'iyyar shigowa na iya, a kowane lokaci, dangane da sabon bayanan kimiyya, sake dubawa da canza yanke shawara. Jam'iyyar fitarwa ko mai sanarwar na iya neman Jam'iyyar shigowa don sake duba shawarwarinta. Koyaya, tsarin AIA na Yarjejeniyar ba ya aiki ga wasu nau'ikan LMOs: LMOs a cikin tafiya; LMOs da aka ƙaddara don amfani da ƙunshe; LMOs da aka nufa don amfani kai tsaye azaman abinci ko abinci ko don sarrafawa Duk da yake tsarin AIA na Yarjejeniyar ba ya aiki ga wasu nau'ikan LMOs, Jam'iyyun suna da damar tsara shigo da kayayyaki bisa ga dokokin cikin gida. Har ila yau, akwai izini a cikin Yarjejeniyar don bayyana wasu LMOs da aka keɓe daga aikace-aikacen hanyar AIA. LMOs da aka yi niyya don abinci ko abinci, ko don sarrafawa LMOs da aka nufa don amfani kai tsaye a matsayin abinci ko abinci, ko aiki (LMOs-FFP) suna wakiltar babban rukuni na kayan aikin gona. Yarjejeniyar, maimakon amfani da hanyar AIA, ta kafa hanyar da ta fi sauƙi don motsi na LMOs-FFP. A karkashin wannan tsari, Jam'iyya dole ne ta sanar da wasu Jam'iyyun ta hanyar Biosafety Clearing-House, a cikin kwanaki 15, game da shawarar da ta yanke game da amfani da LMOs na cikin gida wanda zai iya kasancewa ƙarƙashin motsi na ƙetare. Shawarwari da Jam'iyyar shigo da kaya ta yanke kan ko karɓar shigo da LMOs-FFP ana ɗaukar su a ƙarƙashin tsarin tsarin tsarin cikin gida wanda ya dace da manufar Yarjejeniyar. Jam'iyyar kasashe masu tasowa ko Jam'iyyar da ke da tattalin arziki a cikin canji na iya, ba tare da tsarin tsarin cikin gida ba, ya bayyana ta hanyar Biosafety Clearing-House cewa za a yanke shawara game da shigo da LMOs-FFP na farko daidai da kimantawar haɗari kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin Yarjejeniyar da kuma lokacin yanke shawara. Gudanarwa, sufuri, marufi da ganewa Yarjejeniyar ta samar da buƙatun da ake buƙata waɗanda ake ɗauka don ba da gudummawa ga motsi mai aminci na LMOs. Ana buƙatar jam'iyyun su dauki matakai don sarrafawa mai aminci, marufi da sufuri na LMOs waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin motsi na ƙetare. Yarjejeniyar ta ƙayyade buƙatu game da ganewa ta hanyar tsara abin da dole ne a bayar da bayanai a cikin takardun da ya kamata su kasance tare da jigilar LMOs. Har ila yau, yana barin wuri don yiwuwar ci gaba na gaba na ka'idoji don sarrafawa, marufi, sufuri da kuma gano LMOs ta hanyar taron bangarorin zuwa Yarjejeniyar. Kowace jam'iyya ana buƙatar ɗaukar matakai don tabbatar da cewa LMOs da ke ƙarƙashin motsi na ƙetare da gangan suna tare da takardun da ke gano LMOs kuma suna ba da cikakkun bayanai game da mutanen da ke da alhakin irin wannan motsi. Bayanan waɗannan buƙatu sun bambanta bisa ga amfani da aka nufa na LMOs, kuma, game da LMOs don abinci, abinci ko don sarrafawa, ya kamata a kara magance su ta hanyar hukumar da ke kula da Yarjejeniyar. (Mataki na 18 na Yarjejeniyar, SCBD 2000). Taron farko na Jam'iyyun sun karɓi yanke shawara da ke tsara buƙatun tantancewa don nau'o'i daban-daban na LMOs (Sakamako BS-I/6, SCBD 2004). Koyaya, taron na biyu na Jam'iyyun ya kasa cimma yarjejeniya game da cikakkun buƙatu don gano LMOs da aka nufa don amfani kai tsaye a matsayin abinci, abinci ko don sarrafawa kuma zai buƙaci sake la'akari da wannan batun a taron na uku a watan Maris na shekara ta 2006. Gidan Tsaro na Biosafety Yarjejeniyar ta kafa Gidan Tsaro na Biosafety (BCH), don sauƙaƙe musayar bayanan kimiyya, fasaha, muhalli da shari'a akan, da gogewa tare da, kwayoyin da aka gyara; da kuma taimakawa bangarorin don aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar (Mataki na 20 na Yarjejeniyar, SCBD 2000). An kafa shi a cikin tsari, kuma taron farko na bangarorin ya amince da sauyawa daga matakin matukin jirgi zuwa matakin aiki cikakke, kuma ya karɓi hanyoyin don ayyukansa (Sakamako BS-I 3, SCBD 2004). Bayani Sakatariyar Yarjejeniyar kan Bambancin Halitta (2000) Yarjejeniyar Cartagena kan Tsaro zuwa Yarjejeniyar Bambancin Hlutta: rubutu da abubuwan haɗe-haɗe. Montreal, Quebec, Kanada. ISBN 92-807-1924-6 Sakatariyar Yarjejeniyar kan Bambancin Halitta (2004) Tsaro na Duniya Daga ra'ayoyi zuwa aiki: Shawarwarin da aka karɓa ta taron farko na Taron Jam'iyyun zuwa Yarjejeniyar Bambancin Hlutsa da ke aiki a matsayin taron Jam'iyyu zuwa Yarjejeniya ta Cartagena kan Tsaro. Montreal, Quebec, Kanada. Haɗin waje Shafin yanar gizo na Biosafety Protocol Tabbatar da ajiya Biosafety Clearing-House Central Portal Rubutun Yarjejeniyar Taswirar da ke nuna yanayin tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Cartagena akan Tsaro. Bayani na gabatarwa na Laurence Boisson de Chazournes, bayanin tarihin tsari da kayan bidiyo akan Yarjejeniyar Cartagena kan Biosafety zuwa Yarjejeniyar Biological Diversity a cikin Tarihin Tarihi na Tarihin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Audiovisual Library of International Law Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudanci

Yahudanci

Yahudanci Ibrananci addini ne daga cikin addinin Ibrahimiyya mafi tsufa a duniya. Yana da kusan shekaru 4,000 kuma ya samo asali daga Isra'ila. Akwai mabiya kusan miliyan 15. Ana kiran su Yahudawa. Shi ne addinin tauhidi mafi daɗewa. Attaura ita ce mafi mahimmancin littafi mai tsarki na Yahudanci. Dokoki da koyarwar addinin Yahudanci sun fito ne daga Attaura, littattafai biyar na farko na Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci da al'adun baka Wasu daga cikin waɗannan hadisai na baka ne na farko kuma daga baya an rubuta su a cikin Mishnah, Talmud, da sauran ayyuka. Kiristanci da Musulunci duka suna da alaƙa da Yahudanci. Waɗannan addinai sun yarda da imani ga Allah ɗaya da koyarwar ɗabi'a na Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci (Tsohon Alkawari), wanda ya haɗa da Attaura ko Imani na asali Manyan imani guda uku a tsakiyar addinin Yahudanci sune Tauhidi, Shaida, da alƙawari (yarjejeniya tsakanin Allah da mutanen Allah). Koyarwar da ta fi muhimmanci a addinin Yahudanci ita ce akwai Allah ɗaya, wanda yake son mutane su yi abin da yake na adalci da kuma juyayi. Addinin Yahudanci yana koyar da cewa mutum yana bauta wa Allah ta wurin koyon littattafai masu tsarki da kuma yin abin da suke koyarwa. Waɗannan koyarwar sun haɗa da ayyukan al'ada da ɗabi'a. Yahudanci yana koyar da cewa an halicce dukan mutane cikin surar Allah kuma sun cancanci a bi da su da daraja da daraja Allah daya Babban koyarwar addinin Yahudanci game da Allah ne, cewa Allah ɗaya ne. A bisa addinin Yahudanci, Allah ne kaɗai ya halicci duniya kuma Allah ne kaɗai yake iko da ita. Yahudawa suna ambaton Allah da sunaye da yawa. Sunan mafi tsarki ga Allah a cikin addinin Yahudanci shine Yahweh ko da yake yawancin Yahudawa suna guje wa faɗin wannan sunan da babbar murya saboda girmansa. Yahudanci kuma yana koyar da cewa Allah na ruhaniya ne ba na zahiri ba. Yahudawa sun gaskata cewa Allah ɗaya ne haɗin kai: Allah ɗaya ne, cikakke. Ba za a iya raba Allah kashi-kashi ba kuma mutane ba za su iya fadin yadda Allah yake kallo da kalmomi ba; kawai suna iya faɗin yadda Allah yake da kuma abin da Allah yake aikatawa. Yahudawa sun yi imani cewa duk alheri da ɗabi'a daga Allah suke. Allah yana sha'awarabin da mutane suke yi kuma Allah yana kallon abin da suke aikatawa. Yahudanci yana koyar da cewa dukan mutane an halicce su cikin surar Allah. Don haka dole ne a yi wa mutane adalci da kuma a daraja mutane. Mutum yana bautawa Allah ta wurin zama kamar Allah. Wannan yana nufin cewa dole ne su yi adalci su yi jinƙai, su kasance da alheri da ƙauna ga mutane. Yahudanci ya ce Allah yana wanzuwa har abada, Allah yana ko'ina, kuma Allah ya san komai. Allah yana bisa dabi'a ("mafi allahntaka") amma Allah yana cikin duniya yana jin masu addu'a ga Allah kuma zai amsa musu. Allah shine babban iko a sararin samaniya. Addinin Yahudanci yana koyar da cewa Allah yana ƙyale mutane su zaɓi abin da za su yi ana kiran wannan yancin zaɓi Ƴancin zaɓe shi ne ’yancin yin duk abin da mutum yake so, amma dole ne su kasance masu alhakin ayyukansu. Mutane ne ke da alhakin ayyukansu. Allah yana sakawa masu kyautatawa, kuma zai azabtar da masu zalunci. Allah yana ba mutum lada ko ukuba a nan duniya, amma Allah yana ba da lada ko ukuba ga ran mutum bayan mutuwarsa. Yahudawa Yahudawa sun gaskata cewa Allah ya yi yarjejeniya da ake kira “alƙawari” da Ibrahim, kakan Yahudawa. Littafi Mai Tsarki ya ce Allah yayi alkawari zai albarkaci Ibrahim da zuriyar sa idan sun bautawa Allah kuma suka kasance da aminci ga Allah. Allah ya yi wannan alkawari da ɗan Ibrahim, Ishaku, da ɗan Ishaku, Yakubu Allah ya ba Yakubu wani suna, Isra'ila. Haka zuriyar Yakubu ta sami sunan “Ya’yan Isra’ila” ko kuma Isra’ilawa Daga baya Allah ya ba Isra’ilawa Attaura ta hannun shugabansu Musa Attaura ta gaya wa Isra'ilawa yadda za su yi rayuwa da gina al'ummarsu Allah ya ba Isra’ilawa Dokoki Goma da wasu dokoki a cikin Attaura (613 a jimla). A wasu lokatai ana kiran Yahudawa “Zaɓaɓɓu.” Domin Littafi Mai Tsarki ya ce Allah ya ce musu, “Za ku zama mini mulkin firistoci, al’umma mai-tsarki.” (Fitowa 19:6) da kuma “Gama ku mutane ne masu-tsarki. ga Ubangiji Allahnku, Ubangiji kuwa ya zaɓe ku, ku zama al’umma ta Allah daga cikin dukan al’umman duniya.” (Kubawar Shari’a 14:2) Yahudawa sun fahimci cewa wannan yana nufin suna da ayyuka na musamman da kuma hakki da Allah ya umurce su. Dole ne Yahudawa su gina al'umma mai adalci kuma su bauta wa Allah kaɗai. abin da Allah ya gaya musu.Yahudawa sun gaskata cewa dole ne su koya wa mutane cewa Allah ya wanzu kuma Allah yana son dukan mutane su yi ayyuka masu kyau, Yahudawa sun gaskata cewa aikinsu a duniya shi ne ya zama “haske ga al’ummai.” (Ishaya 49:6) ta hanyar nuna wa mutanen duniya hanyoyin da za su gyara duniya. Yahudawa sun yi imanin cewa Allah ya ba su aiki na musamman wanda shine gyara duniya. Aikin su shine su sa duniya ta zama wuri mafi kyau tare da mafi kyau a cikinta. Dole ne su yi amfani da abubuwan da ke cikin duniya don haɓaka alheri kuma su kusanci Allah. Suna kiran wannan "tikkun olam" gyaran duniya. Yahudawa suna ganin kansu da dukan mutane a matsayin abokan tarayya da Allah. Dole ne mutane su gyara duniya ta kowace hanya don nemo hanyoyin da za a rage wahalhalun mutane da dabbobi, don samar da ƙarin zaman lafiya, samar da mutuntawa tsakanin mutane da kare muhallin duniya daga halaka. Yahudawa ba sa ƙoƙarin shawo kan wasu mutane su yi imani da addinin Yahudanci. Yahudawa sun gaskata suna da aiki na musamman don nuna wa duniya cewa akwai Allah, amma ba dole ba ne mutane su zama Bayahude su bi Allah ba. Dukan mutane za su iya bauta wa Allah ta wajen bin Dokoki Bakwai (dokoki) da aka ba Nuhu. Amma, Yahudanci yana yarda da mutanen da suka zaɓi canza addininsu zuwa addinin Yahudanci. Attaura da Mizvot Yahudawa sun gaskata cewa Allah ya gaya musu a cikin Attaura hanyar rayuwa da dole ne su bi. Attaura ta ce Allah yana son mutanen Isra’ila su yi tafiya cikin tafarkun Allah, su ƙaunaci Allah, su bauta wa Allah, su kiyaye dokokin Allah (K. Sha 10:12–13). Ayyuka sun fi mahimmanci fiye da imani kuma dole ne a sanya imani cikin ayyuka. Ana kiran waɗannan ayyukan “mitzvot” a cikin Ibrananci (mai guda ɗaya: mitzvah Wani lokaci ana kiran su "dokoki," "dokoki" ko "umarni". Mutane da yawa suna tunanin mitzvah a matsayin "aiki mai kyau," ko "abu mai kyau da za a yi." Akwai mitzvot 613 a cikin Attaura. Yahudawa sun gaskata cewa Attaura tana ba da mitzvot ga dukan mutane; Dole ne dukan mutane su kiyaye dokoki bakwai da aka koya wa Nuhu da ’ya’yansa bayan rigyawa. Dole ne Yahudawa su kiyaye mitzvot 613, waɗanda aka jera a cikin Attaura. Malaman sun ƙidaya mitzvot 365 waɗanda Yahudawa ba za su yi ba (mara kyau mitzvot), da kuma mitzvot 248 da Yahudawa dole ne su yi (mai kyau mitzvot). Wasu mitzvot na rayuwar yau da kullun ne, wasu kuma don lokuta na musamman ne kawai, kamar bukukuwan Yahudawa. Yawancin mitzvot 613 game da Haikali Mai Tsarki ne a Urushalima kuma ba za a iya yin su ba, tun da an lalatar da Haikali. Wasu daga cikin mitzvot game da yadda dole ne mutane su yi wa wasu mutane. Misali, dole ne su ba da sadaka ga talaka, ko kuma su taimaki wanda ke cikin hadari. Kada su yi sata ko yin ƙarya. Waɗannan su ne mitzvot na ɗabi'a da ɗabi'a. Wasu mitzvot game da yadda dole ne mutane suyi aiki ga Allah. Alal misali, dole ne su daraja sunan Allah, ko kuma kada su yi aiki a ranar Asabar. Waɗannan su ne mitzvot na addini ko na al'ada. Yahudawa sun gaskata cewa Allah ya gaya musu su yi duka ayyuka na ɗabi'a da na addini. Yahudawa suna kallon mitzvot a matsayin ayyukan da suke tsarkakewa kawo tsarki ga duniya kuma suna kusantar mutane da duniya kusa da Allah. Yahudawa suna yin mitzvot don tsarkake duniyar zahiri da abubuwan da ke cikinta, kamar abinci da abin sha, tufafi, da ayyukan halitta kamar jima'i, aiki, ko ganin kyawawan abubuwan gani. Kafin su yi ayyuka da yawa, kamar su ci, Yahudawa suna sanya albarka gajeriyar addu’a da Allah ya yi kuma ya ba mutum abubuwan da suke bukata don rayuwa. A cikin addinin Yahudanci, rayuwa ita ce mafi tsarki da muhimmanci. Dole ne Bayahude ya daina yin wasu mitzvot na Attaura don taimakawa ceton ran wani. Yahudawa sun gaskata cewa dole ne su yi aikin da farin ciki domin Littafi Mai Tsarki ya ce “Ku bauta wa Allah da farin ciki; Ku zo gaban Allah da raira waƙoƙi.” (Zabura 100:2). Yin mizawa yana taimaka wa mutum ya kusanci Allah kuma hakan yana sa mutumin farin ciki. Wata kungiyar Yahudawa da ake kira Hasidim ta ce wannan ita ce hanya mafi dacewa ta rayuwa. Sun ce damuwa yana kawar da mutane daga farin ciki kuma ba za su ga kyau da kyau a duniya ba. Yawancin mitzvot a cikin Attaura suna game da ƙasar Isra'ila. Talmud da littattafai daga baya sun kira waɗannan mitzvot "umarni da ke da alaƙa da Ƙasa" domin Yahudawa kawai za su iya yin su a cikin ƙasar Isra'ila. Alal misali, Yahudawa suna ba da kyauta ga matalauta ko firistoci daga gonakinsu kowace shekara, kuma kafin a halaka Haikali, suna kai ’ya’yan itace ko dabbobi zuwa Haikali a Urushalima, kuma dole ne su daina aiki a ƙasar kowace shekara bakwai (“shmittah”) shekara ta sabati). Ƙasar Isra'ila Ƙasar Isra'ila ƙasa ce mai tsarki ce a cikin addinin Yahudanci. Imani na Yahudawa shine Allah ya halicci Duniya daga Dutsen Moriah a Urushalima a cikin ƙasar Isra'ila, kuma Allah shine mafi kusanci da wannan ƙasa koyaushe. Yahudawa sun yi imani cewa wannan ƙasa ita ce inda Allah ya gaya wa Yahudawa su gina al'umma don bauta wa Allah, kuma yawancin mitzvot (umarni) a cikin Attaura suna game da ƙasar Isra'ila. Mutanen Yahudawa sun gaskata tarihinsu a matsayin al'umma ya fara da Ibrahim. Labarin Ibrahim a cikin Attaura ya fara ne lokacin da Allah ya gaya wa Ibrahim ya bar ƙasarsa. Allah ya yi wa Ibrahim da zuriyarsa alkawari sabon gida a ƙasar Kan’ana. Yanzu ana kiran wannan ƙasar Isra'ila. An ba da sunan jikan Ibrahim, Yakubu, wanda kuma ake kira Isra’ila kuma wanda shi ne uban ƙabilu goma sha biyu. A nan ne sunan “Ƙasar Isra’ila” ya fito. Ana kuma kiran ƙasar “Ƙasar Alkawari” domin a cikin Attaura, Allah ya yi alkawari zai ba da ƙasar ga ’ya’yan Ibrahim (Farawa 12:7, Far 13:15; Farawa 15:18, Farawa 17:8). Malaman Talmud sun fahimta daga Attaura (Littafin Lissafi 33:53) cewa “mitzvah” ne ga Yahudawa su zauna a ƙasar Isra’ila. Suna ganin rayuwa a wajen Isra'ila ba dabi'a ce ga Bayahude ba. Yahudawa sukan kira ƙasar da ke wajen Isra'ila "galut." Yawancin lokaci ana fassara wannan a matsayin "kasashen waje" (wajen da mutane ke warwatse), amma kalmar tana nufin "ƙaura" a hankali. Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khabib%20Nurmagomedov

Khabib Nurmagomedov

Khabib Abdulmanapovich Nurmagomedov (an haife shi 20 Satumba 1988) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Rasha wanda ya yi gasa a rukunin ƙananan nauyi na Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). A cikin UFC, shi ne zakara mafi dadewa a kan UFC Lightweight Champion, wanda ya rike taken daga Afrilu 2018 zuwa Maris 2021. Tare da nasara 29 kuma ba asara ba, ya yi ritaya tare da rikodin da ba a yi nasara ba. An yi la'akari da Nurmagomedov a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu fasaha na yaƙi a kowane lokaci, kuma an shigar da shi cikin UFC Hall of Fame a ranar 30 ga Yuni, 2022. Yaƙin Sambo World Champion sau biyu, Nurmagomedov yana da tushe a cikin horo na sambo, judo da kokawa Nurmagomedov ya kasance a matsayi #1 a cikin darajar fam-for-pound maza na UFC a lokacin da ya yi ritaya, har sai an cire shi bayan hutun takensa a cikin Maris 2021. Fight Matrix ya sanya shi a matsayin mai nauyi #1 na kowane lokaci. Nurmagomedov ya fito daga Jamhuriyar Dagestan ta kasar Rasha, shi ne musulmi na farko da ya lashe kambun UFC. Shi ne ɗan Rashan da aka fi bin shi akan Instagram, tare da mabiya sama da 34 million tun daga Disamba 2022. Har ila yau, shi ne mai tallata kayan wasan Martial Arts (MMA), wanda aka sani don haɓaka gasar tseren Eagle Fighting Championship (EFC). Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya sauya sheka zuwa zama koci kuma mai horar da ‘yan wasa kafin ya yi ritaya daga wasan gaba daya a watan Janairun 2023. Rayuwar farko Khabib Abdulmanapovich Nurmagomedov an haife shi ga dangin Avar a ranar 20 ga Satumba 1988, a ƙauyen Sildi a gundumar Tsumadinsky na Dagestan ASSR, jamhuriya ce mai cin gashin kanta a cikin SFSR na Rasha, Tarayyar Soviet Yana da kane mai suna Magomed da kanwar Amina. Iyalin mahaifinsa sun ƙaura daga Sildi zuwa Kirovaul, inda mahaifinsa ya mai da kasan ginin bene mai hawa biyu zuwa wurin motsa jiki. Nurmagomedov ya girma a cikin gidan tare da 'yan uwansa da 'yan uwansa. Sha'awar sa game da wasan motsa jiki ya fara ne lokacin kallon horar da dalibai a dakin motsa jiki. Horon da Khabib ya yi tun yana yaro ya hada da kokawa a lokacin yana dan shekara tara. Kamar yadda aka saba da yara da yawa a Dagestan, ya fara kokawa tun yana ƙarami: ya fara tun yana ɗan shekara takwas a ƙarƙashin kulawar mahaifinsa, Abdulmanap Nurmagomedov Wani dan wasa da aka yi wa ado kuma tsohon sojan Soviet, Abdulmanap shi ma ya yi kokawa tun yana karami, kafin ya samu horo a judo da sambo a aikin soja. Abdulmanap ya sadaukar da rayuwarsa wajen horas da matasa a birnin Dagestan, da fatan bayar da wani zabi ga tsattsauran ra'ayin Islama da ya zama ruwan dare a yankin. A cikin 2001, danginsa sun ƙaura zuwa Makhachkala, babban birnin Dagestan, inda ya horar da wasan kokawa tun yana ɗan shekara 12, da Judo daga 15. Ya koma horo a fagen fama sambo, a karkashin mahaifinsa, yana da shekara 17. A cewar Nurmagomedov, sauyi daga kokawa zuwa judo yana da wuya, amma mahaifinsa ya so ya saba yin fafatawa a cikin <i id="mwkQ">gi</i> jaket Abdulmanap babban koci ne na kungiyar sambo ta kasa a Jamhuriyar Dagestan, inda ya horar da 'yan wasa da dama a sambo a Makhachkala na kasar Rasha. Nurmagomedov ya sha shiga fadace-fadacen tituna a lokacin kuruciyarsa, kafin ya mai da hankalinsa ga hadaddiyar fasahar fada. Khabib ya ce, tare da mahaifinsa, 'yan wasa uku da suka zaburar da shi su ne 'yan damben Amurka Muhammad Ali da Mike Tyson da kuma dan wasan kwallon kafa na Brazil Ronaldo Haɗaɗɗen sana'ar fasaha Farkon aiki Nurmagomedov ya fara wasansa na MMA na farko a watan Satumba na 2008 kuma ya tattara nasarori hudu cikin kasa da wata guda. A ranar 11 ga Oktoba, ya zama zakaran gasar cin kofin Atrium na farko, bayan da ya doke abokan hamayyarsa uku a taron Moscow A cikin shekaru uku masu zuwa, ya yi rashin nasara, inda ya kammala 11 cikin 12 na abokan hamayya. Waɗannan sun haɗa da ƙarshen armbar zagaye na farko na mai kalubalantar taken Bellator na gaba Shahbulat Shamhalaev, wanda ya nuna alamar M-1 Global na farko. A cikin 2011, ya yi takara a cikin gwagwarmaya bakwai don haɓaka ProFC, duk wanda ya ci nasara ta TKO ko ƙaddamarwa. Rikodin 16-0 a cikin da'irori na yankuna na Rasha da Ukraine ya haifar da sha'awa daga Gasar Yaƙi na Ƙarshe (UFC) don sanya hannu kan Nurmagomedov. Daga baya, mahaifin Nurmagomedov ya bayyana a cikin wata hira cewa saboda kwangilar kwangila tare da ProFC suna da shari'o'in kotu 11 da ke adawa da haƙƙin kwangilar UFC Nurmagomedov. Bayan sun sha kashi shida sun samu nasara a kararraki biyar, sun cimma yarjejeniya kuma Khabib ya ci gaba da aikinsa. Gasar Yaƙin Ƙarshe Farkon yaƙe-yaƙe na UFC da neman gasa A ƙarshen 2011, Nurmagomedov ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar gwagwarmaya shida don yin gasa a cikin rukunin UFC mai sauƙi. A cikin UFC na farko, a ranar 20 Janairu 2012 a UFC akan FX 1, Nurmagomedov ya ci Kamal Shalorus ta hanyar ƙaddamarwa a zagaye na uku. Nurmagomedov ya ci Gleison Tibau na gaba a ranar 7 ga Yuli 2012 a UFC 148 ta hanyar yanke shawara gaba ɗaya, tare da dukan alkalai uku sun zira kwallaye 30-27. Yaƙin na gaba na Nurmagomedov ya kasance da Thiago Tavares akan 19 Janairu 2013 a UFC akan FX 7 Ya yi nasara ta KO a zagayen farko. Bayan yaƙin, Tavares ya gwada tabbatacce ga Drostanolone, steroid anabolic, kuma ya karɓi dakatarwar watanni 9. A cikin yakinsa na biyar na UFC, a ranar 21 ga Satumba 2013 a UFC 165, Nurmagomedov ya fuskanci Pat Healy Ya mamaye yakin kuma ya yi nasara ta hanyar yanke shawara gaba daya, tare da dukkan alkalai uku da suka zira kwallaye 30 27. Da yake halartar taron manema labarai na farko bayan taron, shugaban UFC Dana White ya yaba wa sabon dan uwan yana mai cewa, "Wannan slam, lokacin da kawai ya tsinke shi ya caka shi, salon Matt Hughes Wannan ya tunatar da ni tsohon Matt Hughes inda zai gudu da wani Guy a fadin Octagon kuma ya buge shi. Yaron yana da ban sha'awa. Wataƙila za mu yi manyan abubuwa da wannan yaron.” A cikin Disamba, Nurmagomedov ya kalubalanci Gilbert Melendez a kan kafofin watsa labarun, tare da biyu sannan ana sa ran za su fuskanci UFC 170 akan 22 Fabrairu 2014. Koyaya, an soke wasan saboda dalilai da ba a bayyana ba, kuma Nate Diaz ya maye gurbin Melendez. Duk da haka, an soke wasan yayin da Diaz ya yi watsi da karawar. Nurmagomedov ya nuna rashin jin dadinsa, yana bayyana a kan MMA Hour, "Idan sun ce suna shirye su yi yaki mafi kyau, ya kamata su yi yaki mafi kyau. Idan sun so, zan dauke su duka a cikin keji." Nurmagomedov na gaba ya fuskanci tsohon UFC Lightweight Champion Rafael dos Anjos a kan 19 Afrilu 2014 a UFC a kan Fox 11 Ya mamaye yakin kuma ya yi nasara ta hanyar yanke shawara gaba daya, tare da dukkan alkalai uku da suka zira kwallaye 30 27. An danganta Nurmagomedov a taƙaice da faɗa da Donald Cerrone akan 27 Satumba 2014 a UFC 178 Duk da haka, an kawar da haɗin gwiwar da sauri bayan an bayyana cewa Nurmagomedov ya sami rauni a gwiwa. Daga baya an sa ran zai fuskanci Cerrone a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2015, a UFC 187 Duk da haka, Nurmagomedov ya fice daga fafatawar ranar 30 ga Afrilu saboda raunin da ya samu a gwiwa kuma John Makdessi ya maye gurbinsa. An sa ran Nurmagomedov zai fuskanci Tony Ferguson a ranar 11 ga Disamba 2015 a Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarfafa 22 Duk da haka, Nurmagomedov ya janye daga yakin a ƙarshen Oktoba, yana ambaton wani rauni, kuma Edson Barboza ya maye gurbinsa. An sake shirya wasan da Ferguson don 16 Afrilu 2016 a UFC akan Fox 19 Koyaya, a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, Ferguson ya fice daga fafatawar saboda matsalar huhu. An maye gurbin Ferguson da sabon mai talla Darrell Horcher a nauyi na 160 lb. Nurmagomedov ya yi nasara a fafatawar da TKO ta yi mai gefe daya a zagaye na biyu. A watan Satumba, Nurmagomedov ya sanya hannu kan kwangila biyu don lakabin harbi a kan mai mulki na UFC Lightweight Champion, Eddie Alvarez, akan ko dai UFC 205 ko UFC 206 yakin katin, tare da Dana White yana tabbatar da yakin UFC 205. Duk da haka, a ranar 26 ga Satumba, UFC ta sanar da cewa Alvarez a maimakon haka za a kare take da Conor McGregor Nurmagomedov ya bayyana rashin jin dadinsa a shafukan sada zumunta, inda ya kira Alvarez a matsayin "champ" don ƙin yaƙin da kuma zaɓen fafatawar da McGregor a maimakon haka, yana zargin UFC da kasancewa "wasan kwaikwayo". In lieu of a title shot, Nurmagomedov next faced Michael Johnson on 12 November 2016 at UFC 205. Nurmagomedov dominated the fight and was heard telling Dana White to give him a title shot as he mauled Johnson, winning via submission in the third round. An shirya fafatawar da Ferguson a karo na uku a UFC 209 a ranar 4 ga Maris 2017 don Gasar Fuska ta wucin gadi. Nurmagomedov, duk da haka, ya kamu da rashin lafiya saboda raunin da aka yanke, kuma an soke wasan a sakamakon haka. Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1988 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

30147

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binciken%20Mahaifa

Binciken Mahaifa

Binciken mahaifa shine tsari na ganowa da cire nama ko sel marasa kyau a cikin mahaifa kafin cutar kansar mahaifa ta taso/bayyana. Ta hanyar niyya don ganowa da magance neoplasia na mahaifa tun da wuri, tantancewar mahaifa yana nufin rigakafin cutar kansa ta mahaifa ta biyu Hanyoyi da yawa na nunawa don kansar mahaifa sune gwajin Pap (wanda kuma aka sani da Pap smear ko cytology na al'ada), cytology na tushen ruwa, gwajin DNA na HPV da dubawa na gani tare da acetic acid Gwajin Pap da cytology na tushen ruwa sun yi tasiri wajen rage aukuwa da yawan mace-mace na kansar mahaifa a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa amma ba a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa ba. Hanyoyin tantancewa waɗanda za a iya amfani da su a cikin ƙananan albarkatun ƙasa a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa sune gwajin DNA na HPV da duban gani. Shawarwari Kasashe daban-daban suna da shawarwarin tantancewar mahaifa daban-daban. A cikin Turai, yawancin ƙasashe suna ba da shawara ko bayar da bincike tsakanin shekarun 25 zuwa 64. Dangane da jagororin Turai na 2015 don gwajin cutar kansar mahaifa, gwajin farko na HPV na yau da kullun bai kamata ya fara ƙasa da shekaru 30 ba. Ana iya amfani da gwaji na farko don oncogenic HPV a cikin tsarin tushen yawan jama'a don tantance kansar mahaifa. A Ingila, shirin gwajin mahaifa na NHS yana samuwa ga mata masu shekaru 25 zuwa 64; mata masu shekaru 25 zuwa 49 suna samun gayyata duk shekara 3 kuma mata masu shekaru 50 zuwa 64 suna samun gayyatar duk shekara 5. A {asar Amirka, ana ba da shawarar yin gwaji ga mata masu shekaru 21-65, ba tare da la'akari da shekaru a lokacin fara jima'i ko wasu halayen haɗari ba. Ga mata masu lafiya masu shekaru 21-29 waɗanda ba su taɓa yin smear mara kyau ba, gwajin cutar kansar mahaifa tare da cytology na mahaifa (Pap smear) ya kamata ya faru kowace shekara 3, ba tare da la’akari da matsayin rigakafin HPV ba. Abin da aka fi so don mata masu shekaru 30-65 shine "gwaji tare", wanda ya haɗa da haɗin gwajin cytology na mahaifa da gwajin HPV, kowane shekaru 5. Duk da haka, yana da kyau a gwada wannan rukunin shekaru tare da yin gwajin Pap kadai a kowace shekara 3. A cikin matan da suka haura shekaru 65, ana iya dakatar da yin gwajin cutar kansar mahaifa idan babu sakamakon binciken da ba a saba gani ba a cikin shekaru 10 da suka gabata kuma babu tarihin raunuka masu girma. A Ostiraliya, ana ba da gwaje-gwaje ga mata masu shekaru 18-70, kowace shekara biyu. Wannan ta Pap smear ne, kuma ba tare da la'akari da tarihin jima'i ba. yana buƙatar sabuntawa A Kanada, inda aka shirya shirye-shiryen nunawa a matakin lardi, shawarar gabaɗaya ita ce ba za a fara gwajin yau da kullun ba har zuwa shekaru 25 in babu takamaiman dalilai, sannan a duba kowane shekaru uku har zuwa shekaru 69. A cikin Ontario, "Shirin Nazarin Cervical na Ontario ya ba da shawarar cewa matan da ke yin jima'i ko kuma suna yin jima'i suna yin gwajin Pap a kowace shekara 3 tun daga shekaru 21." A cikin ƙasashe masu ƙarancin albarkatu, ana yanke shawara game da tantancewar mahaifa bisa la'akari da albarkatun da ake da su don haka yawanci ba zai yiwu a ba da gwajin mahaifa akai-akai ba. Babban tasiri akan rage ciwon sankarar mahaifa ya bayyana yana faruwa ne daga tantance mata masu shekaru 30 zuwa 39, don haka ana iya tura albarkatun zuwa wannan rukunin. Tsarin nunawa Hanyoyin gwajin mata ta amfani da Pap smear, cytology na tushen ruwa, ko gwajin HPV iri ɗaya ne. Ana tattara samfurin sel daga mahaifa ta hanyar amfani da spatula ko ƙaramin goga. Sannan ana bincika sel ɗin don kowane rashin daidaituwa. Don ɗaukar samfurin sel, likitan kula da lafiyar ya saka kayan aiki, wanda ake kira speculum, a cikin farji Tashin hankali yana da hannaye biyu waɗanda ke shimfiɗa bangon farji baya don ganin mahaifar mahaifa Sa'an nan kuma, suna goge saman cervix tare da spatula ko ƙaramin goga. Wannan yana tattara samfurin sel daga saman Layer na mahaifa. Tare da smear Pap, ƙwayoyin da aka tattara ta amfani da spatula ana shafa su a kan nunin faifai don dubawa a ƙarƙashin na'urar gani A cikin cytology na tushen ruwa, ana ɗaukar samfurin sel ta amfani da ƙaramin goga. Ana saka sel a cikin akwati na ruwa, kuma ana bincikar su don rashin daidaituwa. Kwayoyin mahaifa da za a gwada don HPV ana tattara su ta irin wannan hanya. Cire sel marasa al'ada Ana iya gaya wa mata cewa suna da CIN cervical intraepithelial neoplasia ko CIS carcinoma in situ waɗannan sharuɗɗan sun bayyana matakan daban-daban na rashin daidaituwa da aka samu a cikin ƙwayoyin mahaifa. Ana iya cire ko lalata ƙwayoyin da ba su da kyau ta amfani da ɗayan hanyoyi daban-daban. Zubar da Laser da cryotherapy suna magance kawai ɓangaren mahaifar mahaifa wanda ya ƙunshi ƙwayoyin da ba na al'ada ba. Zubar da Laser yana amfani da Laser don ƙone ƙwayoyin da ba su da kyau, yayin da cryotherapy yana amfani da binciken sanyi don daskare sel. Waɗannan hanyoyin suna ba da damar sel na yau da kullun su yi girma a wurinsu. Hanyar katsewar madauki na lantarki (wanda ake kira LLETZ ko 'babban madauki na yanki na canji' a cikin Burtaniya conization na mahaifa (ko cone biopsy da hysterectomy cire duk yankin da ke dauke da sel waɗanda zasu iya zama pre-cancer ko haɓaka zuwa kansar mahaifa. Nau'in dubawa Akwai nau'ikan hanyoyin tantancewa iri-iri. A cikin Amurka, ana yin gwajin mahaifa ta hanyar amfani da gwajin Pap (ko 'smear test'), kodayake shirye-shiryen tantancewar Burtaniya sun canza hanyar tantancewa zuwa cytology na tushen ruwa a cikin 2008. cytology na al'ada A cikin smear na al'ada na Pap, likitan da ke tattara ƙwayoyin sel yana shafa su akan faifan microscope kuma yana amfani da gyara. Gabaɗaya, ana aika nunin zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje don kimantawa. Nazarin daidaiton rahoton cytology na al'ada: hankali 50% musamman 94% Liquid-based monolayer cytology Tun daga tsakiyar 1990s, ana ƙara amfani da dabarun da suka dogara kan sanya samfurin a cikin vial mai ɗauke da matsakaicin ruwa wanda ke adana sel. Biyu daga cikin nau'ikan sune Sure-Path (TriPath Imaging) da Thin-Prep Cytyc Corp). Kafofin watsa labarai sune tushen ethanol da farko don Sure-Path da methanol don ThinPrep. Da zarar an sanya shi a cikin vial, ana sarrafa samfurin a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje zuwa cikin siraren tantanin halitta, tabo, kuma a duba shi ta hanyar hangen nesa. Samfurin ruwa yana da fa'idar kasancewa dacewa da babban haɗarin gwajin HPV kuma yana iya rage samfuran marasa gamsarwa daga 4.1% zuwa 2.6%. Samfurin da ya dace yana da mahimmanci ga daidaiton gwajin, kamar yadda tantanin halitta wanda ba ya cikin samfurin ba za a iya kimanta shi ba. Nazarin daidaiton rahoton cytology tushen tushen ruwa: hankali 61% zuwa 66%, (kodayake wasu binciken sun ba da rahoton ƙara yawan hankali daga smears na tushen ruwa musamman 82% zuwa 91% Gwajin papillomavirus na mutum Kwayar cutar papillomavirus (HPV) shine sanadin kusan dukkanin lokuta na ciwon daji na mahaifa. Yawancin mata za su yi nasarar kawar da cututtukan HPV a cikin watanni 18. Wadanda ke da kamuwa da cuta mai tsawo tare da nau'in haɗari mai girma (misali nau'in 16, 18, 31, 45) sun fi kamuwa da ciwon Intraepithelial Neoplasia na Cervical, saboda tasirin da HPV ke da shi akan DNA. Duba kuma CervicalCheck Manazarta Cutar daji Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

51663

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkokin%20yara%20a%20Azerbaijan

Hakkokin yara a Azerbaijan

Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Jamhuriyar Azerbaijan ya tabbatar da kare hakkin yara da wasu dokoki da dama. Hakkokin yara sun rungumi doka, zamantakewa da sauran batutuwan da suka shafi yara. Halin doka na yara Bisa ga Dokar Haƙƙin Yara da Dokar Iyali ta Azerbaijan, idan aka keta haƙƙin yaro da bukatunsa, ciki har da gazawar iyaye a cikin nauyin da ke kan su a cikin ilimin yara da kuma renon yara, yaron yana da hakkin ya yi amfani da lambar yabo. na hukumomin shari'a na jihohi, da kuma kotuna. Yaro na iya nema a ɗaiɗaiku ko ta hanyar wakilansu dangane da haƙƙin da aka keta masa da kuma ƙa'idojin da suka dace. Wani sashe na Kwamitin Iyali, Mata da Yara na Jiha wanda aka kafa a dokar shugaban kasa mai kwanan wata 6 ga Fabrairu 2006, ta magance matsaloli a wannan yanayin. Kwamitin yana da alhakin kare yara, bunkasa jin dadin su, samar da 'yancinsu da 'yancinsu da kuma daidaita manufofin jihohi a wannan fanni. Yana gudanar da sa ido akai-akai a cikin cibiyoyin da jihohi ke kula da su, bincika aikace-aikacen da 'yan ƙasa suka yi, shirya yakin amincewa, horarwa da abubuwan da suka faru ga masana da yara, da sauransu. Gwamnatin Azabaijan da wannan kwamiti suna aiki tare da cibiyoyin kasa da kasa a wani fanni mai alaka. Bugu da kari, Azabaijan na ba da hadin kai sosai da UNICEF a fannin ilimi, kiwon lafiya da sauran batutuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa kamar yara masu nakasa, yaran kan titi, da hana cin zarafin yara, auren wuri, mace-macen yara, da ilimin makarantun gaba da sakandare. Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Yara (CRC) A shekara ta 1992, an amince da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Hakkokin Yara a Azerbaijan kuma bayan shekaru takwas, an amince da ka'idojin Zabi guda biyu, ciki har da "Shigar da yara a cikin rikice-rikicen makami" da "Sayar da yara, karuwanci na yara da hotunan batsa na yara. Azerbaijan ta amince da ƙa'idodin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mafi ƙanƙanta don gudanar da shari'ar yara a shekarar 1993, Yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniyar Aure, Mafi ƙarancin shekarun Aure da Rajista na Aure a 1996, Yarjejeniya Ta Zaman Lafiya ta Turai a shekarar 2004, da Yarjejeniyar kawar da Wariya a cikin Ilimi Sphere a 2006. Gwamnati tana ba kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'yancin yara (UNHCR) rahotanni na lokaci-lokaci don aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar da ka'idoji guda biyu na Zabuka. Bugu da kari, Azerbaijan wani bangare ne ga Yarjejeniya ta Duniya kan "Ciraye, kariya da ci gaban yara". An tabbatar da wasu ayyuka na majalisar dokokin ƙasa a cikin "kan kare haƙƙin yara" kuma. Matsayin doka na Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Yara (CRC) An shigar da CRC cikin dokar ƙasa. Bugu da ƙari, Azerbaijan ta fitar da Dokar Haƙƙin Yara da ta dace da dokokinta da ƙa'idodin da aka bayyana a cikin CRC a cikin 1998. Sai dai kwamitin kare hakkin yara ya jajanta wa wasu bangarori na dokokin kasa da ake bukatar gyara domin su kasance cikin yarjejeniyar. UNICEF UNICEF tana aiki a Azerbaijan tun a shekarar 1993. Babban makasudin shirin sun hada da kafa muhallin kariya ga dukkan yara ba tare da nuna wariya ba. Kare yara daga cin zarafi, cin zarafi, cin zarafi da wariya shine fifikon duniya ga UNICEF. A Azerbaijan, ƙa'idodin Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Yara da Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata ne ke gudanar da shirin. UNICEF ta yarda da rayuwa, kariya da haɓaka yara a matsayin tushen ci gaban ɗan adam. Bugu da ƙari, yara da iyalai daga ƙasashe masu tasowa suna samun ayyuka daga UNICEF wanda ke amfani da nufin siyasa da kayan aiki don taimakawa kasashe masu tasowa don tabbatar da "kira ta farko ga yara" da kuma samar da damar su don bunkasa manufofin da suka dace. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ƙungiyar ta mayar da hankali kan ba da kariya ta musamman ga yara marasa galihu wadanda ke fama da yaki, bala'i, matsanancin talauci, kowane nau'i na tashin hankali da cin zarafi da kuma nakasassu. Bugu da ƙari, tana haɗin gwiwa tare da abokan hulɗa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da hukumomin jin kai don magance batutuwan 'yancin yara cikin hanzari. Dangane da haka, UNICEF ta fara wani aiki da ya danganci yara da ke cin karo da dokar a shekara ta 2005. Makasudin aikin sun haɗa da wayar da kan 'yan sanda, alkalai da masu kulawa jami'an tsaro game da 'yancin ɗan adam na yara tare da doka da kuma kafa tsarin da ya dace don taimakawa yara a cikin hulɗar da masu tilasta doka da muhalli. Dangane da aikin, kungiyar ta dauki matakai a kasa: Matakin Haɗin Kan Yara Masu Nakasa: UNICEF na da niyyar canza ɗabi'a ga yara masu nakasa a Azerbaijan ta hanyar gyara ilimin gida da duba tattara bayanai. Aiki akan Yaran kan titi: UNICEF ta yi niyya don inganta ayyukan zamantakewar al'umma ga yara da aiki a tituna ta hanyar aiki tare da hukumomin kare yara da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Aiki akan Ilimin Hadarin Mine: Domin fadakar da yara game da yiwuwar fashewar nakiyoyi UXO, UNICEF tana aiki tare da abokan hulɗa na gida don ƙara Ilimin Hadarin Mine a cikin tsarin karatun makaranta a gundumomi na gaba. Taimakon United a Azerbaijan UAFA A shekara ta 1998, an kafa United Aid for Azerbaijan (UAFA) da nufin 'taimakawa ci gaban rayuwa na dogon lokaci a Azerbaijan, tare da mai da hankali musamman kan yara, lafiya da ilimi'. UAFA tana aiki a matsayin kungiya mai zaman kanta a Azerbaijan kodayake rajista a Burtaniya. UAFA ta gabatar da ayyukan matukin jirgi tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyin jihohi don tallafawa yara masu nakasa da danginsu, kawo ayyukan pre-school ga yara daga iyalai marasa ƙarfi da kafa ƙananan ƙungiyoyin ma'aikatan zamantakewa a yankuna inda nakasa, talauci da wuri ke barazana ga zaman lafiya na iyali. Ranar Kariyar Yara ta Duniya Azerbaijan na bikin ranar kare yara ta duniya a ranar 1 ga watan Yuni. Azerbaijan tana ba da fifiko ga kare yara. Game da wannan, ayyukan da suka shafi ci gaban yanayin rayuwa, kiwon lafiya, ilimi da kuma aikin yi na yara nan gaba an rufe su a cikin Shirin Jiha na Jamhuriyar Azerbaijan kan manufofin yara. Bugu da ƙari, an ba da kulawa ta musamman ga shirya abubuwa da yawa game da yara daga kungiyoyi masu rauni, irin su yaran da aka hana su kulawar iyaye, masu nakasa, daga tsiraru na kasa, da kuma 'yan gudun hijira da 'ya'yan IDP. Bugu da kari, Gidauniyar Heydar Aliyev, wacce aka kafa a watan Mayun 2004, tana aiwatar da ayyuka da dama a kan ci gaban cibiyoyin kula da yara, da samar da kudade don gyara gidajen marayu da makarantun kwana da gina makarantun reno da kindergarten. Bayan haka, gidauniyar ta yi magana ne game da aiwatar da ayyukan da aka yi niyya don haɗa kai da yara, waɗanda suka rasa iyayensu kuma waɗanda suka girma a gidajen marayu, da na nakasassu. Dangane da tsarin shirin mai taken “Haɓaka gidajen yara da gidajen marayu”, gidauniyar ta maido da kuma samar da cibiyoyin kula da yara 34. Duba kuma Yaran Azerbaijan AZERBAIJAN: NASARA AKAN HAKKIN YARA A CIKIN NAZARI NA DUNIYA. UNICEF a Azerbaijan Hakkokin ma'aikata a Azerbaijan Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

14759

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond%20Elliot

Desmond Elliot

Desmond Elliot (an haife Desmond Oluwashola Elliot;a ranar 4 ga watan February shekarar 1974) ya kuma kasance Dan Najeriya ne, dan'fim, mai-shiri, kuma dan'siyasa wanda ya fito acikin sama da films dari biyu da shirye-shiryen telebijin da soap operas. Ya kuma lashe kyeutan best supporting actor acikin drama na 2nd Africa Magic Viewer's Choice Awards kuma an gabatar dashi best supporting actor a 10th Africa Movie Academy Awards.Ya Shiva siyasa inda ya fito Neman Dan majalissa kuma An zabe shi dan'majalisa a Lagos State House of Assembly, mai wakiltar Surulere Constituency,a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilun shekarar, 2015 Nigerian General Elections. Farkon rayuwa Desmond Elliot an haife shi daga dangin Olowogbowo a Lagos Island, Lagos da mahaifiyarsa daga Illah a Arewacin Oshimili, Jihar Delta; Yayi makarantar firamare a Air Force Primary School sannan yaje St John's College, duk a Jos. Ya karanta economics a Jami'ar Jihar Lagos da gamawa a shekarar, 2003. Aiki Desmond Elliot yace abokin sa ne ya rinjaye shi yasa ya fara aikin shirin fim. Ya fara fim fim dinsa na farko shi ne a Everyday People, One Too Much da Saints and Sinners. Yana daga na farkon manyan jarumai a Nollywood, ya fito a sama da films dari wadanda suka hada da Men Who Cheat, Yahoo Millionaire da Atlanta. A shekarar 2006, an gabatar dashi a African Movie Academy Award don zama "Best Actor in Supporting Role" acikin "Behind closed doors". A shekara ta, 2008 Elliot co-produced da co-directed shirin "Reloaded" wanda ta samu gabatarwa sau 3 a African Movie Academy Awards a shekarar 2009. a cikin 2009 zuwa 2010, Elliot was nominated for the Best Actor category at the Nigeria Entertainment Awards. Also in 2010, Elliot has been competing to become the ambassador for the Face of Hope Project, a "volunteer-based non-profit, non-religious, non-political organization established to give hope to the hopeless", in which he will work toward fixing "child illiteracy in Nigeria and Africa at large" if he is the victor. In 2014, he was nominated for the African Movie Academy Award for "Best Actor in a Supporting Role" in the movie "Finding Mercy". Siyasa Desmond Elliot ya bayyana kudurinsa a Satumba shekarar, 2014 Dan neman Lagos State House of Assembly karkashin jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress. Yayi takara kuma yalashe Surulere Constituency a zaben a ranar 11 ga watan April shekarar, 2015 Nigerian General Elections. Rayuwarsa Desmomd Elliot yana da aure kuma yana da yara hudu. He is involved in public relations for Globacom. Fina-finai Falling (2015) Black Val (2015) The Department (2015) When Love Happens (2014) 30 Days in Atlanta (2014) Okon Goes to School Kamara's Tree (2013) Kiss and Tell (2011) I'll Take My Chances (2011) Bursting Out (2010) Holding Hope (2010) Nollywood Hustlers (2010) Before the Light (2009) Edikan Uyai (2008) Final Tussle (2008) (V) Guilty Pleasures (2008) Black Night in South America (2007) A Better Place (2007) Caught-Up (2007) Double Game (2007) Fine Things (2007) Ghetto Queen (2007) Secret Pain (2007) Men Who Cheat (2006) A Time to Love (2007) Hank Yahoo Millionaire (2007) Jerry Put It on Me (2006) Asunder (2006) Behind the Plot (2006) Divided Attention (2006) Efficacy (2006) Ekaette Extreme Measure (2006) Festus Final Point (2006) The Greatest Sacrifice (2006) King of the Town (2006) Love Wins (2006) Austin Married to the Enemy (2006) My Little Secret (2006) My Sister My Love (2006) Jar Naked Sin (2006) Romeo (2006) Strange Love (2006) Supremacy (2006) Too Late to Claim (2006) Traumatised (2006) Unbreakable Affair (2006) Up to Me (2006) Without Apology (2006) The Wolves (2006) Zoza (2006) A Night in the Philippines (2005) 2 Face (2005) Behind Closed Doors (2005) The Bet (2005) Broadway (2005) Destiny's Challenge (2005) Flying Without Wings (2005) Fools in Love (2005) Games Women Play (2005) Girls in the Hood (2005) Hold Me Down (2005) It's Juliet or No One (2005) Just Me (2005) The King's Son (2005) Knowing You (2005) Men Do Cry (2005) My Precious Son (2005) My Sister My Child (2005) My Sister's Act (2005) Now Forever (2005) Orange Groove (2005) The Price of Love: Life Is Beautiful (2005) Shackles of Death (2005) Wedding Gift (2005) Wheel of Change (2005) Images in the Mirror (2004) Deji Above Love (2004) Atlanta (2004) Big Pretenders (2004) Cinderella (2004) Danger Signal (2004) Deep Loss (2004) Died to Save (2004) Discord (2004) For Real (2004) A Kiss from Rose (2004) Lake of Fire (2004) Brother Emmanuel Life in New York (2004) Magic Moment (2004) Melody of Life (2004) Missing Angel(2004) Passion of Mind (2004) Power of Trust (2004) Promise Fail (2004) True Romance (2004) Great Change (2003) Magic Love (2003) My Faithful Friend (2003) Passion Pain (2003) Tunnel of Love (2003) Fire Love (2002) Jesu Mushin (2002) FISHERS OF MEN Telebiji Everyday People (Soap Opera) One Too Much (Soap Opera) Saints and Sinners (Soap Opera) Santalal Super Story Duba kuma Manazarta Hadin waje Rayayyun

26647

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zayd%20ibn%20Harithah

Zayd ibn Harithah

Zayd ibn Harithah (Larabci: Zayd ibn Ḥārithah) (c. 588-629 AZ), shi ne farkon Musulmin, sahabah kuma dan Annabin Musulunci, Muhammad. An yi masa kallon mutum na hudu da ya karbi Musulunci, bayan matar Muhammad Khadija, dan'uwan Muhammad Ali, da kuma na kusa da Muhammad Abu Bakr, Zaid ya kasance bawa a gidan Khadija na tsawon shekaru da dama, amma daga baya Muhammad ya 'yanta kuma ya dauki Zayd a matsayin nasa bisa doka dan kansa. Zayd kwamanda ne a farkon sojojin musulmi kuma ya jagoranci balaguron farko na soja a zamanin Muhammad. Zayd ya jagoranci balaguronsa na ƙarshe a watan Satumba na shekara ta 629 A.Z., kuma ya tashi ya kai hari birnin Bosra na Rumawa. Sai dai sojojin Rumawa sun tare sojojin musulmi sannan aka kashe Zaid a yakin Mu'tah. Zaid ya auri wasu fitattun mata guda biyu na gidan Muhammad, ciki har da kawunsa Zainab da kuyangar mahaifiyarsa Ummu Ayman. Yarantaka An ce Zayd ya girmi Muhammad da shekaru goma, yana nuna shekarar haihuwar c. 581. An kuma ce yana da shekara 55 (watau) a wafatinsa a shekara ta 629, wanda ke nuni da ranar haihuwarsa 576. An haife shi a cikin reshen Udhra na kabilar Kalb a Najd, tsakiyar Larabawa. Ya yi da'awar zuriya ta goma sha biyu daga Udhra bn Zaid al-Lat bn Rufayda bn Thawr bn Kalb ibn Wabara. Mahaifiyar Zayd, Suda bint Thaalaba, ta fito ne daga reshen Maan na kabilar Tayy. Lokacin da Zaid ya kasance "Yaro karami na shekarun da zai iya zama bawa": ya raka mahaifiyarsa ziyarar danginta. Yayinda suke zaune tare da kabilar Ma’an, mahaya dawakai daga kabilar Qayn suka far wa tantunansu suka yi garkuwa da Zaidu. Suka kai shi kasuwa a Ukkaz suka sayar da shi a matsayin bawa a kan dinari 400. Iyalan Zayd sun neme shi, amma ba su yi nasara ba. Ana jingina makoki ga mahaifinsa Harithah bn Sharahil (BaSharahil):Ina yi wa Zayd kuka, ban san me ya same shi ba. Shin yana raye, ana tsammaninsa, ko kuwa Mutuwa ta riske shi?. "Wallahi na roke ka har yanzu ban gane ba." Tuni ne ko dutse ne ya kawo karshen ku? "Da ma na sani: Shin za ku dawo?" A duniyar nan sai da dawowar ku nake buri. "Rana ta tuna da shi lokacin da gari ya waye, yana tayar da tunaninsa yayinda magriba ta fadi." Lokacin da iska ke kadawa, sai su tada tunani kamar kura. Ya kai tsawon raina da tsoro gareshi! Bauta a Makka Wani dan kasuwan Makka, Hakim bn Hizam ne ya siyo Zaidu, wanda ya ba yaron a matsayin kyauta ga innarsa Khadijah bint Khuwaylid. Ya kasance a hannunta har ranar da ta auri Muhammad, lokacin da ta ba wa angonta kyautar kuyanga. Muhammad ya shaku da Zayd sosai, wanda ya kira al-Ḥabīb (Larabci: lit. 'Masoyi'). Bayan wasu shekaru, wasu 'yan kabilar Zayd ya faru sun isa Makka a kan aikin hajji. Suka ci karo da Zaidu suka gane juna, ya ce su kai sako gida.Ga sakon daga gare ni zuwa ga mutane na, cewa na yi nisa, ina kusa da dakin Allah inda ake zuwa aikin hajji kuma zan zauna nan. Bakin cikin da ya yi matukar damunku ya kwaranye, kada ku yi ta karakainar nema na a bayan kasa. Ina zaune tare da mafificiyar zuriya; ba a yi zurya da ta kai ya ta su tun daga iyayensu da 'ya'yansu. Da samun wannan sakon, nan da nan mahaifin Zaidu da kawunsa suka tashi zuwa Makka. Sun sami Muhammad a dakin Ka'aba, suka yi masa alkawarin duk wani fansa idan zai mayar musu da Zaidu. Muhammad ya amsa da cewa a bar Zayd ya zabi makomarsa, amma idan yana son komawa ga iyalansa, Muhammad zai bayar da shi, ba tare da karbar fansa a madadinsa ba. Sai suka kira Zayd, wanda cikin sauki ya gane mahaifinsa da kawunsa, amma ya gaya musu cewa ba ya son barin Muhammad, “domin na ga wani abu a cikin wannan mutumi, kuma ni ba irin mutumin da zan iya zabar kowa ba ne sabaninsa." A nan ne Muhammadu ya kai Zayd ga matakalar Ka'aba, inda aka amince da wannan yarjejeniyar a bisa shari'a kuma aka shaida, ya kuma yi wa jama'a bushara da cewa: "Ku shaida cewa Zaid ya zama dana, tare da hakkokin juna na gado." Da ganin haka, mahaifin Zayd da kawunsa “sun gamsu,” suka koma gida ba tare da shi ba. A daidai da al'adar Larabci na tallafi a lokacin, Zayd daga baya aka san shi da "Zayd ibn Muhammad" kuma ya kasance 'yantacce, dauke a cikin zamantakewa da kuma shari'a a matsayin dan Muhammad. Musulunta A wani kwanan wata da ba a sani ba kafin 610, Zayd ya raka Muhammad zuwa Ta'if, inda ya kasance al'adar sadaukar da nama ga gumaka. Kusa da Baldah a hanyarsu ta komawa Makka, sai suka gamu da Zaidu bn Amr, suka miqa masa wani dafaffen naman da Zaidu yake xauke da su a cikin jakarsu. Zaid bn Amr, mai tauhidi mai faxi, ya ce: “Ba ni cin wani abu da kuke yanka da sunan gumakanku na dutse, ba ni cin kome sai abubuwan da aka ambaci sunan Allah a kansu a lokacin yanka. Bayan wannan haduwar, in ji Muhammad, “Ban taba shafa wani gunki nasu ba, ban kuma yi musu yanka ba, har sai da Allah ya girmama ni da manzancinsa." Lokacin da Muhammadu ya ba da labari a shekara ta 610 cewa ya sami wahayi daga mala'ika Jibril, Zayd na ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fara musulunta. Yayinda Khadijah ta kasance Musulma ta farko a cikin al'ummar Muhammadu, Makwabciyarta Lubaba bint al-Harith ce ta bi ta, 'ya'yanta mata hudu, da farkon wadanda suka musulunta, Ali, Zayd. da Abubakar. Hijira A shekara ta 622, Zaid ya shiga cikin sauran musulmi a Hijira zuwa Madina. Da zarar ya sauka a sabon garin, Muhammadu ya bukaci kowane musulmi da ya "dauki dan'uwa a cikin Addini" domin kowanne ya samu abokin tarayya a cikin al'umma. Zayd ya kasance tare da kawun Muhammad Hamza. Don haka, Hamza ya aminta da wa’adinsa na ƙarshe ga Zayd kafin rasuwarsa a shekara ta 625. Bayan 'yan watanni, Muhammad da Abubakar sun aika da Zaid ya koma Makka don ya raka iyalansu zuwa Madina. Taron dawowar ya kumshi matar Muhammad Sawda, da ‘ya’yansa mata Ummu Kulthum da Fatimah, da bawansa Abu Rafi, da matar Zaidu, Baraka da dansu Usama, da matar Abubakar Ummu Rumman, da ‘ya’yansa Asma, Abdullahi da Aisha, da jagora mai suna Abdullahi bn Urayqit, kuma dan'uwan Abubakar Talhah shi ma ya yanke shawarar ya raka su. Aure da Yara Zaid ya yi aure akalla sau shida. Durrah (Fakhita) bint Abi Lahab, 'yar' uwan Muhammadu. Sun rabu; Ba a san kwanakin ba, amma ’yan’uwan Durrah biyu sun rabu da ’ya’yan Muhammadu mata biyu a shekara ta 613. Ummu Ayman (Barakah), 'yar Muhammadu 'yantacce kuma mahaifiyar Ayman ibn Ubayd. Sun yi aure “bayan Musulunci” kuma an haifi ɗansu a shekara ta 612. Hind bint Al-Awwam, 'yar yayar Khadijah. Humayma bint Sayfi (Umm Mubashshir), matar Al-Baraa ibn Maarur, shugaba a Madina. Al-Baraa ya mutu a watan Agusta ko Satumba 622, don haka, auren Zaid ya kasance a cikin ko bayan 623. Zainab bint Jahsh, kani ga Muhammad. Sun yi aure a cikin 625 kuma sun sake su a ƙarshen 626. Ummu Kulthum bint Uqba ‘yar uwar halifa Usman ce ta wajen uwa. Muhammadu ne ya ba da umarnin auren a shekara ta 628, amma daga baya sun rabu. Zaid ya haifi 'ya'ya uku. Usama, ɗan Barakah, wanda yake da zuriyarsa, amma adadinsu bai wuce ashirin ba a kowane tsara. Zayd bin Ummu Kulthum, wanda ya rasu yana karami. Ruqayya diyar Ummu Kulthum, wadda ta rasu a karkashin kulawar Uthman. Auren Zainab bint Jahsh A wajajen 625 Muhammad ya ba da shawarar cewa 'yar'uwarsa, Zaynab bint Jahsh, ta auri Zayd. Da farko ta ki a kan cewa ita Baquraisha ce. An yi nuni da cewa bambance-bambancen zamantakewar Zainab da na Zaidu ne ya sa Muhammadu ya so a daura auren. Annabi yana sane da cewa tsayuwar mutum ce a gaban Allah take da muhimmanci, maimakon matsayinsa a wajen mutane... aurensu zai nuna cewa ba su ne kakanninsu ba, a a. Tsayuwarsu a wurin Allah abin ya kasance. Akasin haka, Montgomery Watt ya yi nuni da cewa Zayd na da daraja a wurin Muhammadu. Da kyar ta yi tunanin bai isa ba. Ita mace ce mai buri, duk da haka, mai yiwuwa ta riga ta yi fatan auren Muhammad, ko kuma ta so ta auri wanda Muhammadu ba ya son danginsa su kasance da kusanci da juna. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya sanar da wata sabuwar ayar Kur'ani,33:36, Zainab ta yarda ta auri Zaid. Saki daga Zainab Auren bai wuce shekara biyu ba. A cewar masana tarihi na karni na 9 Ibn Sa'd da al-Tabari, Muhammad ya kai ziyara gidan Zaid. Labulen fatar gashin da ke a Kofar gidan Zaid ya fice a gefe, da gangan zainab ta fito sanye da kayan aikinta kawai. Zaynab ta tashi ta yi kwalliya, tana yi wa Muhammad nasiha cewa zaid baya gida amma yabar gidan. Sai dai bai shiga ba. Ya ce a ransa: “Godiya ta tabbata ga Allah wanda Yake juya zukata”. sannan ya fita. Zaid ya dawo gida, Zainab ta ba shi labarin abinda ya faru. Zaid ya je wurin Muhammad, yana cewa: “Annabi, na ji labarin ziyararka. Watakila kana sha'awar Zainab, don haka zan sake ta." Muhammad ya amsa masa da cewa, a a ka ji tsoron Allah ka rike matarka. Bayan haka ne aka samu rikici tsakanin ma'auratan, kuma Zainab ta rufe Zaid daga dakin. Zaid ya saki Zainab a watan Disamba 626. Sai dai mafi yawan malaman musulmi sun yi watsi da wannan labari musamman saboda rashin samun wani isnadi na ruwaya da rashinsa gaba daya daga wani ingantaccen hadisi. Wasu masu tafsiri sun ga cewa ba zato ba tsammani Muhammad zai fahimci kyawun Zainab wata rana bayan ya san ta tsawon rayuwarta; da kyawunta ne ya sa Muhammad ya aure ta, da da kansa ya aurar da ita tun farko maimakon ya shirya aurenta da Zaidu. A cewar mai fassara Fishbein Zaynab, wanda dan'uwan Muhammadu ne, ya yi aure ta tsarin Muhammadu ga bawa Muhammad da 'ya'yanta Zayd b. Harithah, wanda ya rayu a gidan Muhammadu kuma ya zo a matsayin ɗan renonsa don haka a kai a kai ana kiransa da Zayd, ɗan Muhammad. Ko auren zaid da zainab ya kasance azzalumi tun farko hasashe ne, duk da cewa labarin ya tabbatar da cewa Zaidu bai hakura ba ya saki matarsa ya bar ta ta auri Muhammad. An bayyana Muhammad a matsayin wanda ba ya son cigaba da daurin auren saboda kura-kuran da ake yi game da ko auren tsohuwar matar ɗan da aka ɗauke shi ya keta haddi na aure. Al'adar Larabawa sun gane dangantakar dangi ba bisa ga alaƙar jini ba: reno (jinin mace ɗaya) ɗaya ce irin wannan dangantakar; Tambayar ko reno ya shiga cikin wannan nau'in dole ne ya kasance babu tabbas a tsakanin musulmi. Ba a yi auren ba sai bayan an saukar da Alkur’ani mai girma, wanda ya ba wa muminai izinin auren matan ‘ya’yansu da suka saki. Canja dokokin riko a Musulunci Bayan wadannan abubuwan da suka faru, an daina gane tsarin karbe Larabawa na gargajiya a Musulunci; aka maye gurbinsa da kafala. An rubuta ayoyi uku na Alkur'ani game da haka. Al-Tabari ya ce, an saukar da Q33:40 ne saboda “Munafukai sun sanya wannan batu na zancensu, kuma suka zargi Annabi, suka ce: “Muhammad ya hana [aure] da [tsohon] matan ‘ya’yansa, amma ya auri [tsohon] matar dansa Zayd." Zaid ya koma zama sananne da asalin sunansa na Zayd ibn Harithah kuma yanzu ba a ɗauke shi a matsayin ɗan Muhammad na shari'a ba bayan wahayin Q33:5. Ibn Saad ya nuna cewa Q33:37 wani umarni ne na musamman ga Muhammadu da Zainab da su yi aure kuma ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa aurensu ya wajaba. Balaguron soji Zaid ya kasance “daya daga cikin mashahuran maharba daga cikin Sahabban Annabi.” Ya yi yaki a Uhud, Trench da Khaibar, kuma ya kasance a wajen yakin Hudaibiyya. Lokacin da Muhammad ya kai hari Al-Muraysi, ya bar Zayd a baya a matsayin gwamna a Madina. Zaid ya jagoranci balaguron soji guda bakwai. Al-Qarada a watan Nuwamba 624. Ya kama ayarin kayayyaki, amma mafi yawan ‘yan kasuwar Makka suka tsere. Juma'a a watan Satumba 627. Al-'Is a Oktoba 627. At-Taraf, wani hari a yankin Nakhl "a kan hanyar zuwa Iraki": Wadi al-Qura. Zayd ya kai hari a yankin a watan Nuwamba 627, amma kabilar Fazara sun kai hari, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikin musulmi, yayinda aka dauke Zayd daga filin wasa. Zaid ya lashi takobin daukar fansa kuma, bayan ya warke daga raunin da ya samu a watan Janairun 628, ya koma Wadi al-Qura da wata babbar runduna. Wannan karon ya ci Fazari. Hisma, ko Khushayn, a kan kabilar Judham a watan Oktoba 628. Yakin Mu'uta a watan Satumba 629, inda aka kashe Zaid. A’isha ta ce: “Manzon Allah bai taba tura Zaidu bn Haritha cikin runduna ba tare da ya nada shi a matsayin shugabanta ba, ko da kuwa ya zauna bayan ya nada shi”. Rasuwa a Yakin Mu'uta da bayansa Zaid ibn Harithah ya jagoranci ziyararsa ta ƙarshe a watan Satumba na shekara ta 629 M.Z. Rundunar musulmi mai mutane 3,000 ta tashi don kai farmaki a birnin Basra na Rumawa. Duk da haka, sojojin Rumawa na "Girkawa 100,000 tare da mutane 100,000 daga Lakhm da Judham da Al-Qayn da Bahra' da Bali" suka tare su a wani kauye mai suna 'Mu'tah'. Zaid ya riqe ma’auni a wajen yaqin, har sai da mashi ya buge shi sai ya zubar da jini har ya mutu. Sauran shugabannin biyu, Ja’afar bn Abi Talib da ‘Abd Allāh bn Rawahah, su ma an kashe su, aka tarwatsa sojojin musulmi. Da jin labarin mutuwar Zayd, Muhammad ya tafi wurin iyali. ‘Yar Zaidu ta yi kuka a gaban Manzon Allah, sai Manzon Allah ya yi kuka, Sa’ad bn Ubada ya ce: “Manzon Allah mene ne wannan? Sai ya amsa da cewa, wannan ita ce kwadayin masoyi ga masoyi. Manazarta Kara karantawa Powers, David, Zayd, the little-known story of Muhammad's adopted son, Pennsylvania University Press, 2014 Watt, Montgomery, Muhammad at Mecca, Oxford University Press, 1953 Watt, Montgomery, Muhammad at Medina, Oxford University Press, 1956 Lings, Martin. The life of Muhammad from the earliest

17871

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moosa%20AbdulRahman%20Hassan

Moosa AbdulRahman Hassan

Hajj Moosa AbdulRahman Hassan Larabci ɗan kasuwar Omani ne, shugaban ƙabila, maigida da kuma alamar Golf; an haifeshi ne a tsohon garin Muscat a shekarar 1902 kuma ya gama karatunshi a American Mission School. Ya kafa kamfani a cikin shekarar 1927 don samar da gawayi da kayan abinci ga jiragen ruwan Biritaniya frigates a Muscat. Ayyukan gidan waya Haji Moosa na ɗaya daga cikin masu amfani da farko kuma waɗanda suka kafa akwatin gidan waya a cikin masarautar Oman Omanis da ke kasashen waje (musamman Afirka ta Gabas, wasu kasashen Tekun Fasha da Indiya) sun kasance suna aika masa da wasiku zuwa akwatin wasikar shi kuma yana isar da su ga mutane daga baya, saboda haka ya zama kamar adireshin jama'a ga kowa ya yi amfani da shi. Kamfanin har yanzu yana riƙe da akwatin gidan Box 4 Muscat ɗaya. Banking da kuma kudi Hajj Moosa ya kuma kafa hidimar aikewa da kudi tsakanin 1940s da 1960s ta hanyar kirkirar sa da kuma sanannen PO Box 4 Muscat, wanda ke aiki a matsayin cibiyar hada-hadar kudi ta farko da kuma samar da igiyar waya ga yawancin Omanis da ke zaune kuma suke aiki a Gabashin Afirka, Kasashen Gulf. da Indiya An gabatar da wannan aikin ne don taimakawa Omanis, waɗanda ke zaune a ƙasashen waje a lokacin, don aikawa da karɓar kuɗi, saboda ya zama da wahala saboda rashin ƙwararrun banki da harkar banki a lokacin. Yana da kyau a faɗi, wannan sabis ɗin kuɗin na kyauta an bayar da shi sosai kafin a kafa Western Union a yankin. Bugu da ƙari, ya kasance memba na kafa kuma babban darekta na Bankin Burtaniya na Gabas ta Tsakiya, wanda aka kafa a 1948. Bankin na ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin bankuna ba kawai a cikin Oman ba, har ma a duk yankin. Daga baya a tsakiyar 1970s, ya shiga cikin kafa Bank of Oman, Bahrain da Kuwait, wanda ya kasance haɗin gwiwa tare da Bank of Bahrain da Kuwait (BBK). Kasuwanci da kasuwanci Muscat, tun daga farkon zuwa tsakiyar ƙarni na 20, an san shi a matsayin cibiyar kasuwanci tsakanin Yankin Larabawa, Tekun Indiya, Gabashin Afirka da sauran sassan Oman. Hajj Moosa ya yi cinikin kayayyaki iri-iri da suka hada da dabino, busasshen kifi da katako. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ya sanya 'yan kasuwa masu tafiya a gidansa, wanda daga baya aka sauya shi zuwa zauren da ake amfani da shi don ɗaukar bakuncin lokuta daban-daban na zamantakewa. Dangane da sa hannun sa na fataucin kananzir, wanda shine babban tushen makamashi a wancan lokacin, Kamfanin Kamfanin Man Fetur na Burtaniya (BP) ya zabi Hajj Moosa ya zama wakilin su a Oman. Ya mallaki cibiyar sadarwar mai na BP a yankin Muscat da Batinah. Ya kuma shiga cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da Birtaniyya Gary McKenzie, da Oman's WJTowell Co., waɗanda suka kafa Mcungiyar Kamfanoni na Gary McKenzie Moosa Towell, wanda daga baya ya zama Hukumomin Oman United. Kamfanin ya samar da kayayyaki da kayan aiki na kamfanonin mai a Oman, wanda kuma ya kasance yana da bangaren abinci da kuma hukumar tafiye tafiye. Hajj Moosa tun asali ta kirkiro kamfanin ne a 1956 kafin ta hada kai da sauran abokan hulda. Moosa Furniture, wanda shine ya samarda kayan aiki, ya sami nasarar samarda ayyuka ga ma'aikatu da dama da kuma kungiyoyi mallakar gwamnati musamman a shekarun 1970. Hajj Moosa ya kuma wakilci kayayyaki kamar su kyamarar Canon Eterna Matic Swiss agogon a kasuwar Omani a tsawon shekarun 1970, har sai da aka sayar da wadannan hukumomin ga wasu 'yan kasuwa a farkon 1980s. Noma da ban ruwa Hajj Moosa ya yi hadaka da wani babban kamfani daga Burtaniya don gina aikin daga samar da ruwa a Muscat da Mattrah. Ya kuma wakilci kamfanoni daban-daban na Burtaniya wadanda ke da ruwa a fanfunan tuka-tuka da masu samar da dizal, wadanda suka taimaka wajen bunkasa bangaren noma a Oman cikin sauri. An kawo su kuma sun tayar da hankali zuwa yankuna da yawa na Oman da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa. Jaridar Al Khaleej Daily News, a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu 2012, bayyana gudummawar sa tare da marigayi Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan a bangaren noma na Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, musamman a aikin noman rani na Al Dhaqdaqah a Ras al Khaimah. Wutar lantarki Kamar yadda aka fada a baya, Haj Moosa shine mai samar da kananzir, wanda shine asalin tushen makamashi a lokacin, har ila yau kuma shine mai rarraba janareto. Dukansu biyun an buƙata don samar da buƙatun ƙasar na makamashi da wutar lantarki. Ya kuma kafa kamfanin wutar lantarki na farko a Mattrah-Oman, tare da wasu abokan hadin gwiwa biyu, domin samar da karin bukatar makamashi a kasar. Gine-gine da ci gaban ƙasa Moosa AbdulRahman Establishment shima ya kasance a bangaren gine-gine lokacin da yake kawance da kamfanin Ingila na kwangila, Costain, wanda ke aikin gina Ofishin Gidan waya a Muscat, fadada a Bait Al-Falaj a yankin Ruwi na Muscat, da kuma tsaro sansanoni a Bait Al-Falaj da Bidbid. Ya kuma hada hannu da manyan 'yan kasuwar Oman marigayi Qais Al-Zawawi, Suhail Bahwan da Mohsin Haider Darwish don kafa Kamfanin Kwangilar Qurum, daya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin kwangila na cikin gida a lokacin. Kamfanin yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu saka hannun jari a cikin aikin Madinat Al-Sultan Qaboos. A yau kamfani ya mallaki kuma ya haɓaka kasuwancin kasuwanci da ayyukan gine-gine da yawa a Oman, UAE, Lebanon, United Kingdom da Kanada da sauransu. Mota Hajj Moosa ya kasance dillalin kera motoci ne a cikin shekarun 1950 yana samun nasarar mallakar kamfanin Holden, wanda ya sanya shi daya daga cikin tsofaffin dillalan motoci a Oman. Ya kuma zama wakilin Babban Motar Bedford, wanda aka samar ma Sojojin Omani. A cikin 1960s ƙungiyar kera motoci ta sami ƙarin hukumomi kuma suka wakilci Vauxhall da Indiya Super Taya. A cikin shekarun 1970s da 1980, ya zama mai rarraba kamfanin Pontiac, Kawasaki, GMC, Opel, Suzuki, Foton, Mantra da sauran manyan kamfanonin kera motoci na duniya. Bangaren tsaro da na sojoji suma sun ci gaba da bunkasa ta hanyar samar da motoci na musamman da aka kera don Sojojin Omani. Matsayin Gwamnati Hajj Moosa AbdulRahman, ya taka rawar gani wajen kafa majalisar birni ta farko a Oman a cikin shekarun 1950. Bugu da kari, an kafa Hukumar Kula da Kudade ta Oman a cikin 1972 ta hanyar Dokar Sarauta; Hajj Moosa ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban kwamitin kuma Sakataren Kudi na hukumar. Mai Martaba Sultan Qaboos bin Said Al-Said, ya ba da wata doka ta sarauta a ranar 21 ga Mayu 1972 don kafa kwamiti don warware rikice-rikicen kasuwanci, wanda ya kunshi marigayi Hajj Moosa, marigayi Qais Al-Zawawi, Mohammed Al-Zubair, Mohsin Haider Darwish, marigayi Ali Dawood Al-Raisi, da marigayi Hajj Jafar AbdulRahim da marigayi Hajj Ali Sultan. An kuma sanya shi a cikin 1970s a cikin kwamitin don kafa Chamberungiyar Kasuwanci da Masana'antu ta Oman. Mai Alfarma Sarkin Musulmi Qaboos bin Said al Said, Sarkin Oman; ya ba da marigayi Hajj Moosa AbdulRahman a shekarar 1983 ta lambar yabo ta farar hula ta Oman saboda irin gudummawar da ya bayar ta fuskar zamantakewar al'umma, tattalin arziki da siyasa ga Oman da al'ummomin Oman. Hajj Moosa ya mutu a ranar 21 ga Afrilu 1987, ya bar abubuwa da yawa na aiyuka da aiyuka ga kasarsa da al'ummarsa, ya bar 'ya'ya maza guda biyu (Abdullah Ali), wadanda sune magabatan gidan kula da kasuwancin dangi, zamantakewar bukatun gwamnati. Manazarta Sauran kafofin Mohammed Al-Zubair (2008). Tafiya Cikin Lokaci. Muscat: BaZ Bugawa. 13- (1990). Tarihin gidan waya na Oman. 2nd ed. Muscat: Ma'aikatar Post, Telegraphs Telephones. 10. Nasser Al-Riyami (2009). Zanzibar Mutane da Wurare. 2nd ed. Kairo: Makarantar sayar da littattafai ta Beirut. 216. Dokta Mohammed Faris, 2012. Kokarin Sheikh Zayed A Bangaren Noma A Shekarun 1960. Jaridar Daily-Khaleej, 17 ga Fabrairu. JE Peterson. (2004). Tarihin Oman (Kashi na II) Abdullah bin Said Al Balushi 1990 da Ma'aikatar Post da Telegraph da Tarho Hanyoyin haɗin waje Moosa AbdulRahman Yanar Gizo Kokarin Sheikh Zayed A Bangaren Noma A Shekarun 1960 Manungiyar Bambancin Oman ta JE Peterson Cibiyoyin Jaridun Kasashen Waje Siyasa Pages with unreviewed

19847

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garga%20Haman%20Adji

Garga Haman Adji

Garga Haman Adji (an haife shi 27 Janairu 1944 ɗan siyasan Kamaru ne. Yayi aiki a gwamnatin Kamaru a matsayin Ministan Ma'aikatan farar hula daga 1990 zuwa 1992 kuma a yanzu shi ne Shugaban Alliance for Democracy and Development (ADD), karamar jam'iyyar siyasa. Hakanan shi kansila ne na birni a cikin Arrondissement na Farko na Maroua Rayuwar farko da ilimi Musulmi ne kuma memba ne na ƙabilar Fula, Garga an haife shi ne a Maroua. Ya fara aiki a cikin gwamnatin jihar tun yana saurayi, ya zama mai taimaka mataimakan mulki a Yagoua Prefecture a ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamban shekara ta1961 sannan kuma shugaban sakatariyar karamar hukumar Kar-Haye a watan Yulin shekara ta 1962; mukamin na karshen ya bashi damar samun kwarewa a shirya kasafin kudi. Ya kuma shiga jam’iyya mai mulki a 1962, kuma ya yi karatu a Makarantar Gudanarwa ta Kasa ta Kamaru da Magistracy, a Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Duniya da ke Paris, da kuma Jami’ar Tarayya ta Yaounde a lokacin 1960s. Kwarewar aiki da aikin gwamnati A farkon aikinsa, Garga ya rike manyan mukamai a Kamaru, yana aiki a matsayin Babban Daraktan Tsaron Kasa, Mataimakin Darakta a Ma’aikatar Kudi, Babban Sakatare na Ma’aikatan Farar Hula, da Daraktan Kudi na Kamfanin Wutar Lantarki na Kamaru. Sannan yayi aiki a matsayin Sufeto na Jiha kuma Mataimakin Darakta na Kula da Gyara Tsarin Mulki. Bayan yunkurin juyin mulki na watan Afrilu na shekarar 1984, wanda yan Arewa ke da hannu a ciki, aka kama Garga aka tsare shi a babban kurkukun Kondengui Ba da daɗewa ba aka sake shi, amma, aka naɗa shi Babban Darakta-Janar na Bankin Boston na Kamaru a ranar 24 ga watan Oktoba 1984. Shugaba Paul Biya ya nada Garga ga gwamnati a matsayin Ministan Ma’aikatan Gwamnati da kuma Oditon Jiha na Koli a shekarar 1990. Da yake waiwaye bayan nadin nasa, Garga ya ce ya yi farin ciki da hakan saboda yana ganin Biya ya amince da kudurinsa na yaki da cin hanci da rashawa kuma zai ba shi damar yin hakan cikin 'yanci. Bayan halatta siyasa da yawa a watan Disambar shekarar 1990, Garga ya taimaka wajen kafa jam'iyyar siyasa, Alliance for Democracy and Progress; an yarda da shi bisa doka a ranar 4 ga watan Yuni shekarar 1991. A cikin gwamnati, Garga yayi aiki don yaki da rashawa. A matsayinsa na shugaban Audit na Jiha, ya ba da rahoton cewa manyan jami’ai daban-daban suna bin jimlar kudi CFA miliyan 357 na kudaden da suka bace, inda aka gano 42 daga cikinsu da ake zargi da satar CFA miliyan daya ko fiye da haka. Garga ya ce ya kamata a gurfanar da manyan jami'an a gaban kotu don nuna cewa ba za a amince da rashawa ba, amma ba a dauki wani mataki a kansu ba. Daga nan sai aka gyara ma'aikatar Garga a ranar 9 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 1992, lokacin da aka nada shi a matsayin Ministan Ma'aikatan Gwamnati da Gyara Tsarin Mulki; don haka ya rasa ikonsa akan Kudin Gwamnatin Jiha. A cewar Garga, Biya bai bayyana wa Garga dalilin da ya sa ya sauya ayyukan Garga ba, amma Garga ya yi imanin cewa an yi hakan ne saboda Biya da wadanda ke kusa da shi ba su amince da tsayin daka na Garga game da rashawa ba. Takaici da halin da ake ciki da kuma jin cewa Biya ba shi da tabbaci a kansa, Garga ya yi murabus daga gwamnati a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta shekarar 1992. Ya musanta cewa jagoran adawa John Fru Ndi ya shawo kansa ya yi murabus, duk da cewa ya yi yakin neman goyon bayan takarar Fru Ndi a zaben shugaban kasa Octoba shekarar 1992 A lokacin zaben, Biya ya ce Garga ya yi murabus ne saboda Biya ba ya son yin abin da Garga yake so. Biya ya lashe zaben shekarar 1992 bisa ga sakamakon hukuma; duk da haka, Garga ya yi ikirarin cewa an yi magudi a zaben kuma Fru Ndi ne ainihin wanda ya yi nasara. Harkar siyasa bayan shekarar 1992 Jam’iyyar Garga, wacce aka sauya mata suna zuwa Alliance for Democracy and Development (ADD), ta yi rawar gani a zabuka, amma Garga ya ce hakan ya faru ne saboda magudin zabe. A watan Mayu na 1996, an shirya shi ya bayyana a matsayin bako a fagen Les Heures, shirin muhawara a rediyon jama'a, don tattaunawa game da mutuwar Ahmadou Ahidjo, amma an dakatar da shirin kai tsaye kafin watsa shi. A cewar manajan gidan rediyon, ba a watsa shirin ba ne saboda rashin cika takardu. A matsayinsa na wakilin wata kungiyar siyasa, Garga ya kasance cikin kwamitin kidaya kuri’u na kasa na mutum 22 a lokacin zaben shugaban kasa na watan Oktoba na shekarar 1997, kuma ya zargi Hukumar da yin zamba wajen gudanar da sakamakon. Bayan zaben yan majalisar dokoki na watan Yunin shekarar 2002, Garga da wasu fitattun' yan siyasar arewa hudu sun fitar da sanarwa a watan Yuli, inda suka yi zargin magudin zabe tare da sanar da kafa "fagen adawa". Sun yi gargadin cewa gwamnatin Kamaru mai mulkin dimokiradiyya (RDPC) tana mayar da kasar zuwa mulkin jam'iyya daya kuma sun yi kira ga 'yan siyasa "da su tsallake duk wani banbanci, son kai da son zuciya don samar da wani yunkuri da zai iya ceto Kamaru daga rugujewa". Garga ya kuma bi sahun sauran 'yan siyasar arewa wajen sanya hannu a wata takarda a watan Satumbar shekarar 2002 inda ya yi tir da yadda ake zargin gwamnatin ta mayar da arewa saniyar ware da rashin kulawa tare da yin kira da a mai da hankali sosai kan magance matsalolin arewa. Garga ya tsaya a matsayin dan takarar ADD a zaben shugaban kasa na watan Oktoba na shekarar 2004 Da yake kin shiga kawancen adawar a wancan lokacin, ya ce baya ga Fru Ndi da Adamou Ndam Njoya hadakar ta kunshi ‘yan cin amana ne marasa gaskiya, yayin da masu sukar sa suka yi ikirarin cewa yana son yin takarar Shugaban kasa ne kawai don biyan bukatar kansa. Tare da sauran shugabannin adawa, Garga ya yi kira da a yi amfani da na’ura mai kwakwalwa wajen gudanar da zaben, yana mai cewa ya zama dole “a kiyaye zaman lafiyar al’umma da kuma tabbatar da zaben gaskiya” A zaben, ya sanya na hudu da kashi 3.73% na kuri'un. Biya ya lashe zaben da gagarumin rinjaye, duk da cewa Garga ya gudanar da aikin "mutunci" a yankin Diamaré, wanda ke cikin lardin Arewa mai Nisa A wata sanarwa da aka fitar a ranar 15 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2004, 'yan kwanaki bayan zaben, Garga ya yi Allah wadai da zaben a matsayin magudi, yana mai nuni da kura-kurai da dama tare da tabbatar da bukatar hukumar zabe mai zaman kanta da za ta kula da zabuka masu zuwa. Ya kuma soki sauran shugabannin adawa saboda nuna halin da ya bayyana a matsayin ha'inci, son kai, da kuma sabawa tun a farkon shekarun 1990. A wasu bayanan bayan zaben, ya nuna rashin amincewa ya lura cewa mutane sun zabi yin zaben ga ‘yan takarar da suka fito daga yankinsu tare da jaddada mahimmancin hadin kai, yana mai cewa ya kamata mutane su matsa gaba fiye da siyasar kabilanci kuma su zabi kan ra’ayi. Dangane da rashin gamsuwa da son ballewa a cikin yaren mutanen Ingilishi, ya ce korafin nasu ya cancanta kuma ya kamata gwamnati ta dauki wadannan korafe-korafen da muhimmanci. Hukumar yaki da cin hanci da rashawa da kuma zaben shekarar 2007 Lokacin da Biya ta fara kamfen na yaki da cin hanci da rashawa a farkon shekarar 2006, Garga ya nuna amincewarsa a hankali, yana mai cewa Biya daga karshe yana yin abin da ya ba da shawara a farkon shekarun 1990 kuma "ya fi kyau fiye da yadda aka saba da shi", amma kuma ya ce masu adawa da yaƙin neman cin hanci da rashawa ya buƙaci faɗaɗa sosai. A cewar Garga, ministocin da shugabannin kamfanonin gwamnati da yawa sun yi almundahana. Baya ga matsayinsa na Shugaban ADD, Garga ya kuma jagoranci ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta "Kyakkyawan Lamiri" har zuwa na shekarar 2006. Biyo bayan kirkiro da lambar yabo ta Mo Ibrahim, wacce aka shirya don inganta shugabanci na gari ta hanyar ba shugabannin Afirka da suka yi ritaya ladan kudade masu yawa, Garga ya nuna shakku a wata hira da ya yi da BBC Afirka ta Oktoba a shekarar 2006. Ya bayar da hujjar cewa rashin son shiga cin hanci da rashawa ya ta'allaka ne da "imanin mutum, wanda ba shi da wata alaka da dukiya". Ya kuma nuna shakku kan cewa kyautar za ta karfafawa shugabannin Afirka gwiwa su yi ritaya, yana mai cewa babu wani kudi da zai isa idan ba sa son barin mulki. A ranar 15 ga watan Maris shekarar 2007, Shugaba Biya ya nada Garga zuwa wa'adin shekaru uku a Kwamitin Kula da Hukumar yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa na Kasa. A bikin rantsar da shi a ranar 30 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2007, Garga ya fadi, amma ya sami kulawar gaggawa cikin gaggawa kuma ya murmure cikin 'yan mintoci. A cikin 'yan jaridu, an zargi rushewar tasa da yanayin cunkoson mutane a cikin zauren, da kuma gaskiyar cewa ya yi kusan awa daya tsaye. Garga yana ɗaya daga cikin yan takarar ADD guda uku da aka zaɓa cikin mambobina kungiyar Municipal mai mambobi 35 na Babban Arrondissement na farko na Maroua a zaɓen birni na watan Yulin shekarar 2007 Kodayake jam’iyyarsa ta samu ‘yan kujerun karamar hukuma kawai kuma ba ta da kujerun majalisa, amma Garga ya lura cewa ADD ba ta taba cin wani kujerun karamar hukuma ba sannan ya yi ikirarin cewa ADD din ta samu ci gaba saboda tana“ a yanayin barayi ”amma har yanzu ta yi nasarar wasu daga [kayanta] A zaman farko na Majalisar Birni ta farko ta Karamar Hukumar, an zabi Garga a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Kudi. Kodayake matsayin na biyu a karamar hukuma karami ne idan aka kwatanta shi da mukaman da ya rike a baya a rayuwarsa, Garga ya ce yana son ya zama mai amfani kuma yana farin cikin sanar da kwarewarsa ga sauran mambobin majalisar. Dangane da rahoton da Hukumar Kula da Zabe ta Kasa ta bayar game da zaben majalisar dokoki da na kananan hukumomi na shekarar 2007, wanda aka buga a ranar 31 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2008, Garga ya ce an yi magudi a zaben kuma rahoton masu kula bai nuna gaskiya ba. A cewar Garga, rajistar masu jefa kuri'a zababbu ce kuma tana wakiltar wannan karamin yanki na yawan jama'a (miliyan 4.6 da suka yi rijista a cikin mutane miliyan 18.5) don haka zaben ba shi da wani kwari. Ya kuma yi nuni da zargin da aka yi na yawaitar kada kuri’a da kuma sayen kuri’u a da’awar cewa zaben ba shi da gaskiya da adalci. Rayuwar mutum Garga, a matsayinsa na Musulmi, yana da mata da yawa Manazarta 2. a b c d e f g h i j Kini Nsom, "Garga Haman Adji: Hunting Embezzlers" The Post (Cameroon), 8 October 2004. 3. a b c d Mathurin Petsoko, "Garga Haman Adji: Un exemple de rectitude morale pour la jeunesse camerounaise" Archived 2011-07-13 at the Wayback Machine journalducameroun.com, 20 March 2009 (in French). 4. ruqyah cirebon 5. a b c d e f Kini Nsom, "'The Corrupt Still Run Gov't'" The Post (Cameroon), 27 February 2006. 6. a b Report by the Ministry of Justice on the State of Human Rights in Cameroon 2005 [permanent dead link], October 2006, page 98 (in French). 7. New African January 1992, page 18, cited in George B. N. Ayittey, Africa Betrayed (1992), page 239. 8. a b c d e Tangie Nsoh Fonchingong, "Corruption, Governance and Development in Cameroon", in Cameroon: The Stakes and Challenges of Governance and Development (2009), ed. Tangie Nsoh Fonchingong and John Bobuin Gemandze, page 50. 9. "CAMEROON: New anti-corruption drive leaves many sceptical" IRIN, 27 January 2006. 10. Edmond Kamguia Koumchou, Le journalisme du carton rouge: réflexions et chronologie des années orageuses (2003), page 245 (in French). 11. "Cameroon: A Transition in Crisis" Article 19, October 1997, pages 15–16. 12. Jean-Germain Gros, Cameroon: Politics and Society in Critical Perspective (2003), page 147. 13. "Five former Cameroonian ministers allege vote rigging" Panapress, 15 July 2002. 14. "Northerners in Cameroon deny seeking secession" Panapress, 15 September 2003. 15. Sylvestre Tetchiada, "Politics-Cameroon: A Vote for Computerization" Archived 2004-12-22 at the Wayback Machine IPS, 27 September 2004. 16. "List of candidates and results for the 2004 presidential election" Archived from the original on December 12, 2004. Retrieved 2017-10-11. (in French). 17. "Cameroon Biya Wins" Africa Research Bulletin, October 2004. 18. "Présidentielle: Communiqué de Presse de Garga Haman Adji, Président de l'ADD" Archived 2012-02-24 at the Wayback Machine Cameroon-Info.net, 23 October 2004 (in French). 19. Kini Nsom and Nformi Sonde Kinsai, "SDF, Others, Ready For Dialogue With Biya" Archived 2012-02-24 at the Wayback Machine The Post (Cameroon), 1 November 2004. 20. "Un prix pour promouvoir la bonne gouvernance en Afrique" BBC Afrique, 28 October 2006. 21. "Décret n° 2007/078 du 15 mars 2007 portant nomination des membres du Comité de coordination de la Commission nationale anti-corruption" Archived 2007-08-19 at the Wayback Machine Cameroon government website (in French). 22. Kini Nsom and Christopher Jator Njechu, "National Anti-Corruption Commission: Garga Haman Collapses At Swearing-In Ceremony" The Post (Cameroon), 31 May 2007. 23. "Garga Haman Adji Un délégué du gouvernement n'est pas nécessaire à Maroua" Archived 2008-04-30 at the Wayback Machine, Mutations, 18 January 2008 (in French). 24. Kini Nsom, "Opposition Says NEO Report is Fallacious" The Post (Cameroon), 4 August 2008. Pages with unreviewed

36943

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerin%20mawakan%20Najeriya

Jerin mawakan Najeriya

Wannan jerin mawakan Najeriya ne Fitattun mutane ne kawai aka jera sunayen su a nan; domin sanin ƙungiyoyi, duba Jerin List of Nigerian musical groups. Sunaye an jera su ta hanyar bin tsarin harafin (A) har i zuwa (Z) harafin farko na sunan kowane daga cikinsu da ya fara zuwa shine farkon zuwan sunan na sa domin saukakawa mai bincike. Abubuwan da ke ciki 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Duba kuma 0–9 2face Idibia mawakin hip hop da R&B 9ice mawakin hip hop da afroop A AQ mawakin hip hop Abiodun Koya (an haife shi 1980), mawaƙin bishara, mawaƙin opera Ada Ehi Linjila Artist kuma marubuci Adé Bantu Mawaƙin ɗan Najeriya-Jamus, furodusa, ɗan wasan gaba na ƙungiyar BANTU guda 13 Adekunle Gold mawaki, mawaki Adewale Ayuba mawakin fuji Ado Gwanja mawakin hausa Afrikan Boy rapper Afro Candy pop singer Alamu Atatalo mawakin sekere, nau'in wakokin Yarbawa na gargajiya Ali Jita mawaki kuma marubucin waka Amarachi mawaki, dan rawa, violinist Andre Blaze rapper Aramide Mawaƙin Afro-Jazz Ara mawaƙi kuma mai magana da ganga Asuquomo mawaki Aṣa R&B, ƙasa kuma mawaƙin pop-mawaƙi Ayinde Bakare Yoruba jùjú and highlife musician Ayinla Kollington Fuji mawaki Ayinla Omowura apala musician Ayra Starr Mawaƙin Afropop R&B B Babatunde Olatunji mai ganga Bella Shmurda Banky W pop da R&B mawaƙa-marubuci Blackface Naija mawakin reggae Blackmagic rapper, mawaƙa, mawaƙa Blaqbonez rapper Brymo singer Burna Boy reggae-dancehall mawaki C CDQ rapper, mawaki Celestine Ukwu highlife musician Chidinma pop singer Chike singer, songwriter kuma actor Chinko Ekun rapper, mawaki Charly Boy Cobhams Asuquo rai singer Cynthia Morgan pop, hip hop da dancehall mawaƙa D D'banj pop singer Daddy Showkey Galala Singer Da Emperor ɗan asalin rapper Da Grin rapper Dammy Krane mawaƙa, mawaki Darey Mawaƙin R&B-Mawaƙiya Dauda Epo-Akara mawakin Yarbawa Davido pop singer Dekumzy R&B da mawaƙin highlife Dele Ojo mawaƙin juju kuma mawaki Dice Ailes pop singer Di'Ja singer DJ AB rapper, mawaki kuma mai shirya rikodi DJ Lambo mawaki Don Jazzy mai yin rikodi kuma mai yin rikodin D'Prince Mawaƙin Afro-pop Dr Sir Warrior mawakin Igbo da mawaka Dr. Alban Mawaƙin Najeriya-Sweden mai yin rikodin kuma furodusa Dr SID pop singer Duncan Mighty reggae singer E Ebenezer Obey mawakin jujú Echezonachukwu Nduka pianist kuma masanin kiɗa Eddy Wata Eurodance singer Edris Abdulkareem Ego Ogbaro eLDee rapper, mawaƙa, furodusa Emeka Nwokedi madugu da daraktan waka Emma Nyra mawaƙin R&B Emmy Gee rapper Eva Alordiah rapper da singer Evi Edna Ogholi Mawaƙin Reggae F Falz mawaki, mawaki Faze mawaƙin R&B Fela Kuti afrobeat, mawaƙin jazz-marubuci kuma mawaki Fela Sowande Femi Kuti afrobeat, mawaƙin jazz-marubuci kuma mawaki Fireboy DML mawaƙa Flavor N'abania highlife and hip hop mawaki Frank Edwards mawaƙin bishara G Genevieve Nnaji pop singer H Helen Parker-Jayne Isibor opera singer kuma mawaki Harrysong singer da songwriter Haruna Ishola Humblesmith mawaƙa afroop I IK Dairo Ice Prince rapper Idahams Singer kuma marubucin waƙa Iyanya pop singer Ikechukwu Singer, rapper kuma actor J J. Martins mawaƙi mai girma-mawaƙiya kuma mai tsara rikodin Jamopyper Mawaƙi Jaywon Jesse Jagz rapper Jasën Blu Mawaƙin R&B-mawaƙiya kuma mai yin rikodin Joeboy singer Joe El singer Johnny Drille singer Juiceslf rapper K K1 De Ultimate Mawakin Fuji Kce Kefee Mawakin Bishara King Wadada Reggae singer Kizz Daniel Koker Bello Bello Kheengz L Ladipoe Lagbaja Lara George Laycon Lil Kash Lyta M MI rapper M Trill rapper Made Kuti mawaƙin afrobeat Majek Fashek mawaki-marubuci Mayu 7 wata [[May D mawaki-mawaƙiya [[Mayorkun Mawaki-marubuci Maud Meyer jazz singer Mercy Chinwo Bishara Artiste Mike Ejeagha Highlife mawaki Miraboi mawaƙa-marubuci Mo'Cheddah mawakiyar hip hop Yanayin 9 rapper Monica Ogah pop singer-marubuci Mr 2 Kayi Mr Eazi mawaki-marubuci Mr Raw Mr Real -gidan mawaki Muma Gee pop singer-songwriter Muna rapper N Naeto C Naira Marley mawaki kuma marubuci Niniola Afro-gidan artist Niyola rai da jazz singer Nneka mawakin hip hop da rai Nonso Amadi Nonso Bassey Mawaƙi, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kuma abin koyi Nosa bishara artist O Obongjayar Singer Obesere mawaƙin fuji Obiwon R&B da mawaƙin bishara Olamide mawakin rapper kuma mawakin hip hop Oliver De Coque Omawumi mawaƙin rai Ummah Layi Omotola Jalade Ekeinde R&B da mawaƙin pop Onyeka Onwenu pop singer Orezi reggae singer Yan'uwan Gabas Oritse Femi Orits Williki Reggae singer Orlando Julius Osita Osadebe Orlando Owoh Muraina Oyelami]] dùndún da Batá drummer P Patience Ozokwor highlife singer [[Patoranking reggae da dancehall singer [[Paul Play Dairo R&B Singer Pepenazi rapper, mawakin hip hop kuma mai yin rikodin Pericoma Okoye Peruzzi Peter King Phyno rapper kuma mai shirya rikodin Pheels Singer kuma mai rikodin rikodin Praiz Mawaƙin R&B kuma marubuci Prince Nico Mbarga R Ras Kimono Reggae artist Reekado Banks mawakin hip hop Rema Afrobeats da Tarko Tunawa Rapper Rex Lawson Ric Hassani Ruby Gyang]] Ruger (Mawaki) Ruggedman rapper kuma mawakin hip hop Runtown mawaki kuma mawakin hip hop S Sade Adu Safin De Coque rapper kuma mawakin hip hop Saheed Osupa Mawakin Fuji Salawa Abeni Waka singer Samsong mawaƙin bishara Sarz Furodusa kuma mawaki Sasha P rapper da singer Sean Tizzle Afroop Seun Kuti afrobeat, mawaƙin Jazz-marubuci kuma mawaki Seyi Shay pop singer da songwriter Slimcase (mawaƙa) mai yin rikodi da mawaƙa Shina Peters juju singer Simi Sinach mawaƙin bishara Skales rapper da singer Shola Allynson Mawaƙin Bishara Small Doctor afrobeat Sonny Okosuns Sauti Sultan Stella Damasus R&B da mawaƙin rai Sunny Ade jùjú singer T Tamara Jones R&B mawaƙa-marubuci Tekno Miles Mawaƙin Afropop-mawaƙiya kuma furodusa Tems singer Teni mawaƙa kuma mawaki Terry G The Cavemen highlife band Timaya reggae singer Tiwa Savage R&B da mawaƙin pop-mawaƙi Timi Dakolo mawaki kuma wanda ya lashe Idol West Africa (2007) Toby Foyeh guitarist Tonto Dikeh pop singer Tony Allen Tony Tetuila Tonye Garrick Mawaƙin R&B-Mawaƙiya Tope Alabi mawakin bishara Tunde King Tunde Nightingale TY Bello mawaƙin bishara V Victor Olaiya mawaki Victor Uwaifo Vict0ny mawaki W Waconzy pop singer Waje Wasiu Alabi Pasuma film actor and Fuji musician Weird MC]]- rapper William Onyeabor Wizkid pop singer Wurld (mawaki) Electro fusion Y Yce rapper Yemi Alade R&B da pop singer Yinka Ayefele mawaƙin bishara Yinka Davies jazz singer Yung6ix rapper Yusuf Olatunji Z Zlatan singer Zayn Africa R&B da mawaƙin pop Zoro African Rapper Duba kuma Music of Nigeria Manazarta

17734

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya%20Haqqi

Yahya Haqqi

Yahya Haqqi Larabci (an haife shi 7 ga watan Janairu shekarar 1905 -ya mutu 9 ga watan Disamba shekarar 1992) (ko Yehia Hakki, Yehia Haqqi marubuciya ce kuma marubuciya 'yar kasar Masar. An haife shi daga dangin masu matsakaicin matsayi a cikin Alkahira, an horar da shi a matsayin lauya a Makarantar Koyon Shari'a ta Alkahira, yana kammala karatu a shekarar 1925. Kamar sauran marubutan Misira da yawa, kamar Naguib Mahfouz da Yusuf Idris, ya shafe mafi yawan rayuwarsa a matsayin ma'aikacin gwamnati, yana mai ƙara yawan kuɗin da yake samu a fagen adabi; daga ƙarshe ya zama mai ba da shawara ga dakin Karatun na Masar A cikin aikinsa na wallafe-wallafe, ya wallafa tarin gajerun labarai, labarai guda Fitilar Umm Hashem), da labarai da yawa da sauran gajerun labarai ban da. Ya kasance editan mujallar adabi ta Al-Majalla daga shekarar 1961 zuwa shekarar 1971, lokacin da aka hana buga wannan a Masar. Ya yi gwaji da ka’idoji daban-daban na adabi: gajeren labari, labari, sukar adabi, kasidu, bimbini, da fassarar adabi Farkon rayuwa da iyali Haqqi aka haife kan ga watan Janairu 7, shekarar 1905 a Alkahira unguwar Zainab zuwa tsakiyar aji- Turkish Musulmi iyali. Kakanninsa sun yi kaura daga Turkiya zuwa Girka, kuma daya daga cikin ‘ya’yan gidan, Ibrahim Haqqi (a. 1890), kakan Yahya, ya ƙaura zuwa Masar a farkon karni na sha tara. Ibrahim Haqqi ya yi aiki a Damietta na wani lokaci, kuma yana da ‘ya’ya maza uku: Muhammad Ibrahim (mahaifin Yahya), Mahmoud Taher, da Kamal. Matar Muhammad Ibrahim, mahaifiyar Yahya, ita ma asalin asalin Baturke ce. Duk iyayensa sun ji daɗin adabi. Yahya Haqqi shi ne ɗa na uku a cikin shida, kuma yana da mata biyu. Babban wansa shine Ibrahim, sai Ismael. 'Yan uwansa kanana, bisa tsarin haihuwa, su ne Zakariya, Musa, Fatima, Hamza, da Maryamu. Hamza da Miriam duk sun mutu tun suna 'yan watanni. Ya kammala karatunsa daga Faculty of Law kuma ya zama lauya a Alexandria A shekarar 1929 ya shiga aikin diflomasiyya ya yi aiki a Jeddah, Rome, Paris, da Ankara A shekarar 1952 aka nada shi jakada a Libya A shekarar 1953 aka nada shi Daraktan Sashen Kere-kere sannan kuma mai ba da shawara kan Adabi ga Kungiyar Kundin Litattafai ta Masar a shekarar 1958. A cikin shekara ta 1959, ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa kuma ya zama edita na ɗaya daga cikin mujallar da ke Cairo. A cikin shekara ta 1970, aka naɗa memba na Majalisar Supremeoli ta Rediyo da Talabijin. Aikin adabi A cikin aikinsa na wallafe-wallafe, ya wallafa tarin gajerun labarai guda biyu, labari daya, ("Barka da Safiya", wanda Miriam Cooke ta fassara daga Larabci), labari mai suna Haske ta Hasum Hashem, sau biyu ana fassarawa daga Larabci, na MMBadawi da Denys Johnson-Davies), da kuma labarai da yawa wadanda wasu daga cikinsu sun shafi sukar adabin marubuta ne, da sauran gajerun labarai banda haka. Sabri Hafez ya ɗauki Haqqi a matsayin jagora a cikin rubuce-rubucen gajerun labarai, kuma mai gwaji a cikin tsari da salo. Yawancin masu sukar adabi suna yabawa da salon rubutun Haqqi da kuma dacewarsa da harshensa. Ya kasance editan mujallar adabi ta Al-Majalla daga shekarar 1961 zuwa shekarar 1971; wannan matsayi ne mai hatsari, saboda an dakatar da buga shi a Misira ta hanyar umarnin gwamnatin Gamal Abdel Nasser A wannan lokacin har ma kafin Haqqi ya jagoranci marubutan Masar masu tasowa wadanda ayyukan su suke matukar birge su kuma yake imani dasu. A cikin shekarun 1960 kuma Haqqi ya dauki matakin da ya ba shi karfin gwiwa na yin ritaya daga rubuta gajerun labarai da litattafai, amma ya ci gaba da rubuta kasidu da masu suka suka bayyana a matsayin zane-zanen fasaha. Aiki Aikinsa a Book Organisation ya bashi damar karatu da yawa. An dauke shi a matsayin mahaifin gajeren labari da labari a Misira. Gajeren labarinsa na farko ya bayyana a cikin shekarar 1925, kuma ya kafa kansa a matsayin ɗayan manyan jagororin rubutun gajerun labarai na wannan zamani a cikin ƙasashen Larabawa Gajerun labaransa suna isar da ƙoƙari ne na bayyana wata falsafa akan rayuwa, wani matsayi ko ra'ayi da kuma ƙwarin gwiwar ɗan adam wanda ya ɗauki maɓuɓɓugar tushen kyawawan halaye. Ya yi imanin cewa harshe ba kawai kayan aiki ba ne na nunawa ko isar da ra'ayoyi amma mahimmin ɓangare ne na tsarin rubutu a duk ƙa'idodin adabi. Karatunsa na shari'a ya yi tasiri a kan rubuce-rubucensa waɗanda ke da alamun rashin daidaito. Haqqi ya kuma fassara shahararrun ayyukan adabi na duniya kamar "The Chess Player" wanda aka fi sani da The Royal Game na Stefan Zweig, Baltagul (The Hatchet) na Mihail Sadoveanu, da kuma "The Prodigal Father" na Edith Saunders, ya kuma halarci fassarar shahararren Likitan Rasha Zhivago na Boris Pasternak A shekarar 1990, ya ci "King Faisal International Prize", a cikin Harshen Larabci da Adabi, Gajerun Novels Fannin. Kyautar tana daya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da suka faru na Gidauniyar Sarki Faisal (KFF), wata ƙungiya mai taimako da aka kafa a 1976G 1396H ta thea andan maza da ofa daughtersan Marigayi Sarki Faisal bin Abdulaziz, na Masarautar Saudi Arabia, don tunawa da su uba. Gwamnatin Faransa ta ba shi, a cikin shekarar 1983, taken "Legion of Honor", Kashi na Farko. Bugu da kari, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jami'ar Al Minya, Misira ta ba shi digirin girmamawa. A cikin shekarar 1969, ya ci lambar yabo ta girmamawa ta kasar Masar saboda littafinsa mai suna "The Postman" inda ya nuna hanyoyin da'awar dabi'u da ka'idojin Masar. A cikin shekarar 2005, UNESCO tana da alaƙa da bikin cika shekara ɗari da haihuwar Yahya Haqqi, a matsayin ɗayan gumakan al'adun Duniya. Littattafai da aka Rubuta game da Yahya Haqqi "Gihad Fil Fann" (foroƙarin Cigaban Fasaha) Mustafa Abdalla, Mai Bugawa: Babbar Majalisar Kula da Al'adu ta Masar "Zekrayat Matweyya" (Ba a Sanar da Tunawa ba) Noha Yahya Haqqi. Bibliography Ba-almara "Asubahin littafin labari na Masar" "Antar da Juliet" "Matakai a cikin suka" "Waƙar Sauƙi" adadi da yawa da aka saka a cikin "Kammalallen Ayyuka" Ayyukan adabi Littafinsa mai suna "Qandeel Om Hashem" (Fitilar Om Hashem) a shekarar 1943, ya yi tasiri matuka kan karatun littafin larabci domin aiki ne mai matukar muhimmanci cikin yare da fasaha. A ciki ya yi bita kan kwastomomin da suka mamaye yankunan karkarar ta Masar da hanyoyin gyara su ta hanyar ilimi don samun ci gaba. "Om Al'awagiz" (Uwar marassa galihu) "Dima 'Wa Teen" (Jini da Laka) "Antar da Juliet" "Sah El Nome: (Tashi daga barci) "Ihtigag" (Zanga-zanga) "Aqrab Affandi" (Mr. Scorpion) "Tanawa'at Al Asbab" (Yana Da Bambanci) "Qessa Fi Ard'hal" (Labari A Cikin Kira) "Iflass Khatibah" (Fatarar Matchan wasa don aure) "Al Firash Al Shaghir" (Smallananan Bed) "Al Bostagi" (The Postman) Fitilar Ummu Hashim Littafinsa mai suna "Khaleeha Ala Allah" shi ne mafi gaskiyar tarihin rayuwar mutum kuma mafi bayyana ci gaba a matakai daban-daban na rayuwar marubucin. Manazarta Mutuwan 1992 Pages with unreviewed

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dele%20Momodu

Dele Momodu

Cif Dele Momodu (an haife shi Ayòbámidélé Àbáyòmí Ojútelégàn Àjàní Momodu; 16 ga Mayu 1960) ɗan jaridar Najeriya ne mawallafi, ɗan kasuwa, kuma mai magana mai ƙarfafawa. Shi ne shugaba kuma mawallafin mujallar Ovation International, mujallar da ta ba da sanarwar jama'a daga ko'ina cikin duniya, musamman a Afirka. A cikin 2015, ya ƙaddamar da Ovation TV a hukumance kuma daga baya ya ƙaddamar da wata jarida ta kan layi mai suna The Boss Newspapers. Momodu ya samu lambobin yabo da karramawa a kan ayyukan da ya yi a fagen kasuwanci, siyasa, adabi, masana’antar waka da kuma sana’ar kayan sawa. Yakan rubuta wani shafi na mako-mako mai suna "Pendulum", wanda ake bugawa kowace Asabar a shafi na baya na jaridar Thisday An yaba wa kasidun don bayyana batutuwan da ke faruwa a Najeriya, da kuma tattauna batutuwan da suka shahara, al’amuran yau da kullum da kuma fitattun mutane, galibi a cikin salon magana. Rayuwar farko An haifi Dele Momodu a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1960. Sunansa Ayòbámidélé ma'ana 'farin ciki ya biyo ni gida', Shi ne na ƙarshe cikin 'yan'uwa uku. Ya rasa mahaifinsa yana ɗan shekara 13, bayan haka ya dogara ga mahaifiyarsa da danginsa don samun tallafi. Marigayi mahaifiyarsa ce ta koya wa Dele, wacce ta mutu a ranar 18 ga Mayu 2007, kada ya yanke kauna ko da lokacin da ake da wahala. An misalta hakan ta yadda ta ci gaba da ba shi goyon baya ko da wasu sun rubuta masa. Ta bashi dama har karo na uku na cin jarabawar WAEC (senior secondary exam). Duk da cewa mahaifiyarsa tana samun kudin shiga ne daga kananan sana’o’i, kuma tana da ’ya’ya biyu manya Dokta Oladele B. Ajayi da Debbie Ajayi da suke kula da su, ta yi aiki tukuru wajen ciyar da iyalinta, kuma a cewar Momodu, “ba ta yi ba. ka daina min." Ilimi da aiki Ya kammala karatunsa na Jami'ar Ife, (yanzu Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo, Ile-Ife) 1982, Momodu ya yi digiri a harshen Yarbanci da digiri na biyu a Adabin Turanci (1988). Ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Jihar Oyo da ke Ile-Ife, tsakanin 1982 zuwa 1983 yayin da yake hidimar kasa. A tsakanin 1983 zuwa 1985, ya kasance sakataren sirri na tsohon mataimakin gwamnan jihar Ondo, Cif Akin Omoboriowo A cikin 1986, Momodu ya yi hidima ga Ooni of Ife, Oba Okunade Sijuwade Olubuse II, mai kula da Motel Royal Limited mallakin sarki. Bayan murabus din Momodu daga Motel Royal, ya ci gaba da karatun digirinsa na biyu a fannin adabin turanci. Ya kasance a wannan lokacin yana ba da gudummawar labarai ga irin su The Guardian, Sunday Tribune da sauran wallafe-wallafen da ke tushen Najeriya. A ranar 30 ga Yuli, 2016, an ba Dele lambar girmamawa ta digirin digirgir (PhD) daga Jami'ar Nazarin Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun, Accra, Ghana, inda ya ba shi lakabi Doctor of Humane Letters A watan Mayun 1988, Dele Momodu ya samu aikin sa na farko a matsayin ma’aikacin marubuci a mujallar African Concord, mallakar Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola Bayan shekara guda, an mayar da Momodu zuwa Weekend Concord a matsayin ma’aikacin majagaba. Ya rubuta labarin murfin farko na takarda a cikin Maris 1989. Ya kuma ba da gudummawa ga wasu littattafai kamar National Concord, Sunday Concord, Business Concord da jaridar Yoruba Isokan A watan Mayu 1989, ya zama Editan Adabi, a cikin watanni shida ya zama Editan Labarai na Concord na karshen mako A tsakanin Mayu 1990 da Satumba 1991 ya gyara May Ellen Ezekiel's Classique, wata shahararriyar mujalla, alƙawarin da ya ba shi edita mafi girma a Najeriya. Ya yi murabus kuma ya gwada hannun sa wajen yin kasuwanci a matsayin mai raba biredi ga ubangidansa Moshood Abiola, wanda ya mallaki “Wonderloaf”. Bayan haka ne Momodu ya fara wata kamfani mai hulda da jama’a mai suna Celebrities-Goodwill Limited wacce ke kula da asusun Moshood Abiola, Mike Adenuga, da Hakeem Belo-Osagie. Ƙaura A shekarar 1993, Momodu ya yi murabus ya shiga kungiyar yakin neman zaben Moshood Abiola. An kama Momodu tare da tsare shi a Alagbon Close a Legas, bayan soke zaben shugaban kasa da Janar Ibrahim Babangida ya yi a ranar 12 ga watan Yuni. Mulkin kama-karya ne ya hukunta shi saboda ra'ayinsa na ra'ayin dimokuradiyya amma bai yi nasara ba. Za a kama shi ne a shekarar 1995 kuma gwamnatin Sani Abacha, a lokacin mai mulkin kama karya ta tuhume shi da laifin cin amanar kasa. An zargi Momodu da kasancewa daya daga cikin masu rajin kafa gidan rediyon ‘yan fashin teku, wato Radio Freedom (daga baya Rediyon Kudirat), bayan kashe Alhaja Kudirat Abiola. Momodu ya yi nasarar tserewa ta hanyar yin kamfen a matsayin manomi ta kan iyakar Seme zuwa Cotonou, a jamhuriyar Benin, daga nan ya gudu zuwa Togo, Ghana daga karshe ya koma Birtaniya. Tsawon shekaru uku masu zafi ya kasa shiga kasarsa ta haihuwa Najeriya. Tuni dai aka wanke shi daga dukkan zarge-zargen da gwamnatin Abacha ta yi, wadanda ake kyautata zaton gwamnatin Abacha mai adawa da dimokuradiyya Momodu ne ya kitsa shi tare da goyon bayan yakin neman zaben MKO Abiola. Ovation International Cif Momodu ya fara Ovation International ne a shekarar 1996 a lokacin da yake gudun hijira. Bayan mutuwar Abiola a gidan yari, da kuma mutuwar wanda ya tsananta masa, Sani Abacha, Momodu ya kawo karshen zaman gudun hijira. Tun daga wannan lokacin, ya fadada Ovation International, kuma a yanzu ya zama ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun mujallu na Afirka. Ovation International kuma ana kyautata zaton ita ce kawai mujalla mai harsuna biyu a Afirka, inda aka buga bugu a cikin Ingilishi da Faransanci. Ovation Red Carol Momodu ya gudanar da taron shekara-shekara tun daga 2008, wanda aka sani da Ovation Red Carol (daga baya ya canza zuwa Ovation Carol da Awards). Ana gudanar da bikin Red Carol ne a duk watan Disamba, kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi shahara a Afirka ta Yamma na shekara-shekara na Kirsimeti, wanda galibi ya haɗa da wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa, wasan kwaikwayo, nunin kayan ado da kuma gabatar da lambobin yabo don dalilai na agaji daban-daban. Daga 2008 zuwa 2012 an gudanar da shi a Legas, Najeriya, amma an gudanar da shi a Accra, Ghana, a cikin Disamba 2013. A cikin 2013, tsohon shugaban Ghana JJ Rawlings ya halarci, tare da Wyclef Jean a matsayin babban kanun labarai, tare da sauran ’yan wasa da dama na duniya, ciki har da MI, Ice Prince da Burna Boy daga Najeriya. A shekarar 2015, an gudanar da wasanni biyu a karon farko daya a Legas na Najeriya, daya kuma a birnin Accra, inda dan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya Wizkid ya ba da labari kan abubuwan biyu, da mawaƙin Ba’amurke Evelyn "Champagne" King na wasan kwaikwayo na Legas. An gudanar da wasan kwaikwayon na 2016 a Legas a Eko Hotel Suites, tare da mai gabatar da shirin Ovation Daala Oruwari da jarumi Richard Mofe Damijo a matsayin wadanda suka dauki nauyin shiryawa. Korede Bello, Flavour N'abania, Reekado Banks, King Sunny Ade da Simi duk sun taka rawar gani a wajen taron da Globacom ta dauki nauyi, kuma ya samu halartar shugaban kasar Ghana John Dramani Mahama An gudanar da karramawar bidiyo ga marigayi furodusa OJB Jezreel a gaban iyalinsa. Nunin na 2017 ya ƙunshi wasanni daga Tiwa Savage, 2baba, Davido, Sinach, Sammie Okposo, D'banj, DJ Cuppy, Banky W, Sir Shina Peters da Ebenezer Obey, kuma ya samu halartar baƙi ciki har da Femi Otedola da Aliko Dangote Buga na 2018, wanda Gidauniyar Esther Ajayi ta dauki nauyin shiryawa, ya fito da manyan jarumai da suka hada da Burna Boy, Adekunle Gold, Mr Eazi, Falz, DJ Cuppy, Teni, Mayorkun, Yinka Ayefele, Sinach, Sammie Okposo da sauransu. Sana'ar siyasa Dele Momodu a hukumance ya nuna sha’awarsa ta tsayawa takarar shugabancin jamhuriyyar tarayyar Najeriya a karkashin jam’iyyar Labour, a lokacin zabukan shugaban kasa na 2011 a watan Satumba na 2010. Duk da haka, jam'iyyar Labour za ta fice daga takarar shugaban kasa kuma zai tsaya takara a karkashin jam'iyyar National Conscience Party, ya sha kasa a hannun Goodluck Jonathan a babban zabe. Daga baya zai bayyana wannan takara ta shugaban kasa da cewa ta tashi ne saboda takaici. A watan Fabrairun 2022, Momodu ya bayyana aniyarsa ta tsayawa takarar shugabancin Najeriya, a kan dandalin babbar jam’iyyar adawa ta People’s Democratic Party. Iyali da rayuwar sirri A ranar 19 ga Disamba 1992, Dele ya auri matarsa Mobolaji Abiodun Momodu. Suna da 'ya'ya hudu: Pekan (an haife shi 1994), Yole (an haife shi 1996), Eniafe (an haife shi 1997) da Korewa (an haife shi 2004). Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje goontop.com Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurbatar%20hasken%20muhalli

Gurbatar hasken muhalli

Gurɓatar hasken muhalli shine tasirin hasken wucin gadi akan kwayoyin halitta guda daya da kuma tsarin halittu gaba daya. Tasiri da hasken wucin gadi ke da shi a kan kwayoyin halitta yana da matukar muni, kuma ya bambanta daga fa'ida (misali karin ikon nau'in maharbi don lura da ganima) zuwa ga mutuwa nan da nan (misali asu da ke sha'awar fitilun wuta kuma zafi ya kashe su). Hakanan yana yiwuwa hasken da dare ya kasance mai fa'ida kuma yana cutar da nau'in halitta. A matsayin misali, mutane suna amfana daga yin amfani da hasken wucin gadi na cikin gida don tsawaita lokacin da ake samu don aiki da wasa, amma hasken yana rushe rudun circadian na ɗan adam, kuma sakamakon damuwa yana lalata lafiya. Ta hanyar tasirin daban-daban da gurɓataccen haske ke da shi a kan nau'ikan mutum ɗaya, yanayin yanayin yankuna yana shafar. A cikin batun inda jinsuna biyu suka mamaye Niche guda biyu, yawan adadin yawan jama'a na iya canzawa da gabatarwar wucin gadi da dare. Misali, wasu nau'in gizo-gizo suna guje wa wuraren da aka kunna wuta, yayin da wasu nau'ikan suna son gina gidajen yanar gizo kai tsaye akan fitilun. Tun da fitilun fitulu suna jawo kwari masu tashi da yawa, gizo-gizo da ke jure wa haske suna samun fa'ida akan gizo-gizon da ke guje mata, kuma suna iya zama mafi rinjaye a cikin muhalli a sakamakon haka. Canje-canje a cikin waɗannan mitoci na nau'in na iya yin tasiri a kan ƙwanƙwasa, kamar yadda hulɗar tsakanin waɗannan nau'ikan da sauran nau'ikan halittu ke shafar kuma ana canza gidajen abinci Waɗannan illolin na iya shafar tsirrai da dabbobi na yau da kullun Misali, canje-canje a cikin ayyukan ƙwari masu aiki na dare na iya canza yanayin rayuwa na tsire-tsire masu furanni na dare, wanda zai iya ba da abinci ko matsuguni ga dabbobin yau da kullun. Gabatarwar hasken wucin gadi da dare yana ɗaya daga cikin sauye-sauye masu tsauri ga ɗan adam a Duniya, kwatankwacin gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu, canjin amfani da ƙasa, da canjin yanayi saboda haɓakar iskar gas na kore Zagayen haske na halitta Gabatarwar hasken wucin gadi yana tarwatsa da yawa na hasken halitta wanda ke tasowa daga motsi na Duniya, Wata, da Rana, da kuma daga abubuwan yanayi Zagayowar rana (rana). Mafi bayyanan canji a cikin gabatar da haske da dare shine ƙarshen duhu gaba ɗaya. Zagayowar rana/dare mai yiwuwa shine siginar ɗabi'ar muhalli mafi ƙarfi, kamar yadda kusan dukkan dabbobi za a iya rarraba su azaman dare ko na rana Idan dabbar dare tana aiki ne kawai a cikin matsanancin duhu, ba za ta iya rayuwa a wuraren da aka kunna wuta ba. Mafi munin abin da ya fi shafa shine kai tsaye kusa da fitilun tituna da gine-gine masu haske, amma hasken sararin sama zai iya kaiwa zuwa ɗaruruwan kilomita nesa da tsakiyar gari Zagaye na yanayi (rana). Karɓawar axial na Duniya yana haifar da yanayi a waje da wurare masu zafi Canji a cikin tsawon yini, ko lokacin daukar hoto, shine mabuɗin sigina don halayen yanayi (misali lokacin mating a cikin dabbobin da ba na wurare masu zafi ba. Kasancewar haske da daddare na iya haifar da "lokacin da ba su wuce lokaci ba", canza hali, thermoregulation, da aikin hormonal na kwayoyin da abin ya shafa. Wannan na iya haifar da yanke haɗin kai tsakanin aikin jiki da yanayin yanayi, haifar da rushewa ga haifuwa, barci, da ƙaura. Zagayen wata Halin wasu dabbobi (misali coyotes, jemagu, kwari yana da mabuɗin zuwa zagayowar wata. Kusa da cibiyoyin birni matakin skyglow yakan wuce na cikakken wata, don haka kasancewar hasken da daddare na iya canza waɗannan halayen, mai yuwuwar rage dacewa. Cloud ɗaukar hoto A wurare masu kyau, gajimare na shafe taurari kuma suna duhuntar da sararin sama, wanda ke haifar da mafi duhun dare. A cikin birane da kewayen birni, akasin haka, gajimare na haɓaka tasirin skyglow, doi: musamman don tsayin igiyoyin ruwa. Wannan yana nufin cewa matakin haske ya fi girma a kusa da birane, amma kuma yana nufin cewa da gaske dare duhu bai taɓa faruwa a waɗannan wuraren ba. Tasirin gurɓataccen haske a kan kwayoyin halitta guda ɗaya Muhalli na Duniya Kwari Shawarar kwari zuwa hasken wucin gadi yana daya daga cikin sanannun misalan tasirin hasken da daddare kan halittu. Lokacin da kwari ke sha'awar fitilu ana iya kashe su ta hanyar gajiya ko hulɗa da fitilar kanta, kuma suna da rauni ga mafarauta kamar jemagu. Bambance-bambancen tsayin hasken haske yana shafar kwari daban-daban, kuma yawancin nau'ikan suna iya ganin hasken ultraviolet da infrared wanda ba zai iya gani ga mutane. Saboda bambance-bambance a cikin fahimta, asu sun fi sha'awar faffadan fari da maɓuɓɓugan haske masu launin shuɗi fiye da yadda suke fitowa zuwa hasken rawaya wanda ƙananan fitilun sodium-vapor ke fitarwa. Haɗin ido na asu yana haifar da jan hankali ga haske. Dragonflies suna ganin haske a kwance a kwance a matsayin alamar ruwa. Don haka, ba za a iya bambanta tushen ruwa da hanyoyin kwalta tare da gurɓataccen haske a gare su. Duwatsu masu neman ruwa ko dai su sha ko kuma a sanya ƙwai a cikinsa sukan sauko akan tituna ko wasu wurare masu duhu duhu kamar motoci kuma suna kasancewa a wurin har sai sun mutu saboda rashin ruwa da hawan jini. Rashin gurɓataccen haske na iya kawo cikas ga al'adar ɗaurin aure na gobara, da zarar sun dogara da hasken nasu don yin zawarcin, yana haifar da raguwar yawan jama'a. Ƙwayoyin wuta suna da kwarjini (wanda ke da ƙarancin inganci a tsakanin kwari) kuma waɗanda ba ƙwararru ba ne suke iya hange su cikin sauƙi, suna samar da kyawawan nau'ikan tukwane don jawo hankalin jama'a; Kyakkyawan samfurin bincike don tasirin haske akan namun daji na dare; kuma a ƙarshe, saboda hankalinsu da saurin amsawa ga sauye-sauyen muhalli, masu kyau na bioindicators don hasken dare na wucin gadi. Tsuntsaye Fitilar kan dogayen gine-gine na iya ɓatar da tsuntsayen da ke ƙaura zuwa ga mutuwa. Kimanin mutane miliyan 365-988 ne suka yi karo da gine-ginen tsuntsaye masu saurin kisa a kowace shekara a Arewacin Amurka, wanda ke sa gine-ginen da mutum ya kera ya zama babban taimako ga raguwar jinsunan tsuntsaye. Wurin saman gilashin da ke fitar da hasken wucin gadi da dare shine babban abin da ke haifar da mugunyar karon tsuntsaye da gine-gine, kuma kashe fitulu da daddare na iya rage yawan mace-macen. Shirin Fatal Light Awareness Program (FLAP) yana aiki tare da masu ginin a Toronto, Kanada da sauran biranen don rage mace-macen tsuntsaye ta hanyar kunna fitilu a lokacin ƙaura. An kuma lura da irin wannan rashin fahimta ga nau'in tsuntsayen da ke ƙaura kusa da samar da wuraren hakowa a teku. Nazarin Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij bv (NAM) da Shell sun haifar da haɓakawa da gwajin sabbin fasahohin haske a cikin Tekun Arewa. A farkon 2007, an shigar da fitilu a kan dandalin samar da Shell L15. Gwajin ya tabbatar da babban nasara tun da yawan tsuntsayen da ke kewaya dandalin ya ragu da kashi 50 90%.[56] Tsuntsayen teku na kanana kuma fitilu na iya ɓatar da su yayin da suke barin gidajensu da tashi zuwa teku. Tsuntsaye suna ƙaura da dare saboda dalilai da yawa. Ajiye ruwa daga bushewa a cikin zafin rana yana tashi kuma wani ɓangare na tsarin kewayawa na tsuntsu yana aiki tare da taurari ta wata hanya. Tare da hasken birni yana haskaka sararin sama na dare, tsuntsaye (da kuma game da dabbobi masu shayarwa) ba sa yawo da taurari. Ceilometers (fitilolin bincike) na iya zama tarkuna musamman ga tsuntsaye, yayin da aka kama su a cikin katako kuma suna haɗarin gajiya da karo da wasu tsuntsaye. A cikin mafi munin kisa da aka yi rikodin ceilometer, a ranar 7-8 ga Oktoba, 1954, an kashe tsuntsaye 50,000 daga nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan 53 a Warner Robins Air Force Base. Kunkuru Fitilar ci gaban gabar teku tana korar iyayen kunkuru na Teku, kuma 'ya'yansu masu kyankyashe suna sha'awar fitilun titi da otal maimakon ga teku. Tsire-tsire Hasken wucin gadi yana da mummunan tasiri akan bishiyoyi da shuke-shuke, musamman a cikin fall da kaka phenology Bishiyoyi da tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire suna dogara ga photoperiod, ko adadin lokaci a cikin rana inda hasken rana ke samuwa don photosynthesis, don taimakawa wajen ƙayyade yanayi masu canzawa. Lokacin da sa'o'in hasken rana ya ragu, tsire-tsire za su iya gane cewa kaka yana gudana kuma ya fara yin shirye-shirye don kwanciyar hankali na hunturu. Misali, bishiyu masu ɗorewa suna canza launin ganyen su don ƙara girman tsayin haske daban-daban waɗanda suka fi yawa a cikin faɗuwa kafin daga bisani su watsar da su yayin da haske ya yi ƙaranci don photosynthesis ya zama mai daraja. Lokacin da bishiyun da aka fallasa ga gurɓataccen haske, suna kuskuren hasken wucin gadi don hasken rana kuma suna riƙe koren ganyen su daga baya zuwa lokacin kaka. Wannan na iya zama haɗari ga itacen, saboda yana ɓata makamashi don ƙoƙarin yin photosynthesize wanda ya kamata a kiyaye shi don rayuwa ta hunturu. Rashin gurɓataccen haske na iya haifar da stoma na ganye ya kasance a buɗe har cikin dare, wanda ke barin bishiyar ta kasance mai saurin kamuwa da cuta. Hakazalika, gurɓataccen haske a cikin bazara kuma na iya zama haɗari ga bishiyoyi da tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire. Hasken wucin gadi yana sa tsire-tsire suyi tunanin cewa bazara ya isa kuma lokaci yayi da za a fara samar da ganye don sake yin photosynthesizing. Koyaya, yanayin zafi ba zai yi zafi ba tukuna don tallafawa sabbin ganyayen ganye, kuma suna iya kamuwa da sanyi, wanda zai iya lalata samar da ganyen gaba. Ƙananan tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire waɗanda aka fallasa ga hasken wucin gadi na iya fuskantar haɗari mafi girma, saboda yawancin jikinsu yana haskakawa. Sabili da haka, tsarin tushen kawai yana da kariya, kuma zai iya yuwuwa ba zai isa ya ci gaba da ciyar da shuka gaba ɗaya ba yayin da yake ƙoƙarin kasancewa kore ta cikin kaka da hunturu. Muhallin Ruwa Zooplankton Zooplankton (misali Daphnia yana nuna ƙaura a tsaye Wato suna canza matsayinsu na tsaye a cikin tafkunan cikin yini. A cikin tabkuna tare da kifi, babban direba na ƙaura shine matakin haske, saboda ƙananan kifi suna ganima a kansu. Gabatar da haske ta hanyar skyglow yana rage tsayin da zasu iya hawa cikin dare. Saboda zooplankton yana ciyar da phytoplankton da ke samar da algae, raguwar tsinkayar su akan phytoplankton na iya ƙara samun damar furen algal, wanda zai iya kashe tsire-tsire na tabkuna da ƙananan ingancin ruwa Kifi Gurɓataccen haske yana tasiri ƙaura a wasu nau'in kifi. Misali, salmon chinook na yara suna jan hankali kuma suna rage gudu ta hanyar hasken wucin gadi. Mai yiyuwa ne hasken wucin gadi ya kusantar da su kusa da bakin tekun, inda suke fuskantar hadarin tsinke daga tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa. Hasken wucin gadi kuma yana jawo babban kifin piscivorous, wanda ke da fa'ida saboda saurin motsin kifin yara. Gurɓataccen haske kuma yana da tasiri akan aikin hormonal na wasu kifi; Turai perch da roach duk sun sami raguwa a cikin samar da hormones na haihuwa lokacin da aka fallasa su ga hasken wucin gadi a cikin yanayin karkara. An kuma nuna hasken wucin gadi yana haifar da tarnaki ga kifaye (da zooplankton) a cikin tsaunukan Arctic, inda kwale-kwalen kamun kifi da fitulu suka haifar da karancin kifin da ya kai mita 200 a kasa da ruwan. Mutane A farkon ƙarni an gano cewa idanuwan ɗan adam suna ɗauke da na'urar daukar hoto mara hoto wanda shine farkon mai daidaita yanayin hawan circadian na ɗan adam. Wannan photoensor yana da tasiri musamman ta launin shuɗi, kuma idan ya lura da haske glandon pineal yana dakatar da fitar da melatonin Kasancewar haske da daddare a cikin gidajen mutane (ko na masu aiki) yana sa yin barci da wahala kuma yana rage yawan adadin melatonin a cikin jini, da fallasa ga ƙaramin fitila mai haske na mintuna 39 ya isa ya hana matakan melatonin. zuwa 50%. Saboda melatonin yana da ƙarfi anti-oxidant, ana tsammanin cewa wannan raguwa zai iya haifar da ƙarin haɗarin nono da ciwon daji na prostate. The effect that artificial light has upon organisms is wavelength dependent. While human beings cannot see ultraviolet light, it is often used by entomologists to attract insects. Generally speaking, blue light is more likely to be damaging to mammals because the non-imaging photoreceptors in mammalian eyes are most sensitive in the blue region. This means that if traditional vapor discharge streetlamps are replaced by white LEDs (which generally emit more of their radiation in the blue part of the spectrum), the ecological impact could be greater even if the total amount of radiated light is decreased. Polarized haske gurbatawa Fuskokin shirin wucin gadi, kamar tagogin gilashi ko kwalta suna nuna haske sosai. Yawancin kwari suna jan hankalin su zuwa ga sararin samaniya, saboda polarization yawanci alama ce ta ruwa. Ana kiran wannan tasirin gurbataccen haske na polarized, kuma ko da yake yana da wani nau'i na photopollution na muhalli, gurɓataccen hasken muhalli yawanci yana nufin tasirin hasken wucin gadi akan kwayoyin halitta. A cikin dare, polarization na sararin samaniyar wata yana raguwa sosai a gaban gurɓataccen hasken birane, saboda hasken birane da ya tarwatse ba ya da ƙarfi sosai. Tunda hasken wata da aka yi imani da cewa dabbobi da yawa suna amfani da su don kewayawa, wannan nunin wani mummunan tasiri ne na gurɓataccen haske a kan ilimin halittu. Hana da Sarrafawa Don daidaitawa da sarrafa matsalar gurɓataccen haske, yana buƙatar kafa tsarin kulawa da balagagge. Bisa binciken da Zhou ya yi, gabatar da ka'idoji kamar hasken wutar lantarki, karfafa farfaganda da ilmantar da gwamnoni na iya taimakawa wajen dakile ko rage illar gurbatar yanayi. Nassoshi Yanayi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amincewa%20da%20auren%20jinsi%20a%20Najeriya

Amincewa da auren jinsi a Najeriya

Najeriya ba ta amince da auren jinsi ɗaya ko haɗin dadiro ga jinsi ɗaya ba. Ana iya hukunta luwaɗi tsakanin maza da ɗaurin shekaru 14 a Kudancin Najeriya kuma yana iya haifar da hukuncin kisa ga maza a yankunan da ke ƙarƙashin dokar Musulunci a arewacin ƙasar. Mutanen da suka "yi, shaida, taimako ko ƙarfafa" auren jinsi ɗaya na iya fuskantar hukunci mai tsanani. Dokar Aure na Jima'i (Haramtarwa) 2013 A ranar 18 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2007, Majalisar Zartarwa ta Tarayya ta gabatar da lissafin da ya hana auren jinsi guda kuma ya bukaci Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa da ta zartar da shi cikin gaggawa. A cewar Ministan Shari'a, Bayo Ojo, Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo ne ya gabatar da lissafin bayan taron kasa da kasa kan cutar kanjamau da cututtukan da ake samu ta hanyar jima'i a Afirka (ICASA) a Abuja a shekarar 2005. Kudin zai yi kira ga ɗaurin shekaru biyar ga duk wanda ya yi, "yi, shaidu, taimako, ko kuma ya ba da" auren jinsi ɗaya. Hakanan zai hana duk wani nuni na "dangantaka ta jima'i" da kuma karɓar yara ta hanyar gays ko lesbians. Ƙudirin ya sami ƴan adawa kaɗan a majalisar. Hakanan zai ba da umarnin ɗaurin shekaru biyar don shiga cikin fafutukar jama'a ko ƙungiyoyi da ke tallafawa haƙƙin ƴan mata da ƴan luwaɗi, gami da haramta kowane irin dangantaka da ɗan luwadi. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2006, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta yi Allah wadai da lissafin. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2006, ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin yin taraiya na kasa da kasa 16 sun sanya hannu kan wata wasika da ke Allah wadai da dokar, suna kiran ta keta 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, tarayya da ƴancin yin taro da aka tabbatar da dokar kasa da kasa da kuma Yarjejeniyar Afirka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a da kuma shingen gwagwarmaya da yaduwar cutar kanjamau AIDS. An kiyasta mutane miliyan 3 suna rayuwa da cutar HIV AIDS a Najeriya. Ba a zartar da lissafin ba kafin zaben 2007. An gabatar da irin wannan takardar kuɗi a cikin 2013. Ya ce: "Mutumin da ya yi rajista, ya yi aiki ko ya shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin ƴan luwaɗi, al'ummomi ko ƙungiyoyi, ko kai tsaye ko a kaikaice ya nuna wa jama'a dangantakar soyayya ta jinsi guda a Najeriya ya aikata laifi kuma yana da alhakin yanke hukunci har zuwa shekaru 10". Ya wuce majalisar tare da 'yan adawa kaɗan, kuma Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan ya sanya hannu a cikin doka a ranar 7 ga Janairu, 2014 a matsayin Dokar Aure na Jima'i (Hakkatarwa) Dokar 2013 (SSMPA). Masu goyon bayan dokar sun ambaci bangaskiyarsu ta Kirista da al'adunsu don tallafawa doka. Masu sukar sun yi jayayya cewa al'adun yankin ba su haramta auren jinsi guda da dangantaka ba. Misali, wani Ìyá Ṣàngó (Yoruba: [ì.já gó]) mace ce firist na Shango, allahn tsawa da walƙiya a cikin addinin Yoruba, wanda a lokacin da yake da trance ba a sake kallon shi a matsayin mace kuma ana ganinsa ya auri Shango a matakin metaphysical, ya zama namiji. Wani shari'a, Mista Teriah Joseph Ebah v. Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya, ta kalubalanci tsarin mulki na dokar an sallame ta a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 204 saboda rashin matsayi. A cikin 2018, masu gwagwarmayar LGBT da yawa sun ce ga sanin su cewa ba a taɓa amfani da dokar don hukunta kowa a cikin kowane shari'ar da ta shafi auren jinsi ɗaya ba. A cewar masu fafutuka, wannan saboda dokar "ba ta dace ba", kuma shari'o'i da yawa da suka shafi wadanda ake zargi da LGBT ba su da tabbacin da ya dace, wanda ya sa "ba zai yiwu ga masu gabatar da kara su gabatar da shari'ar da za a iya cin nasara ba kuma su tabbatar da cewa an aikata duk wani laifi". Duk da haka, "saboda wannan dokar, 'yan sanda suna bi da mutane ta kowace hanyar da suke faranta musu rai. Suna azabtarwa, suna tilasta mutane su furta, kuma lokacin da suka ji game da taron maza, sai kawai su je su kama mutane. A cikin 2018, an kama wani rukuni na mutane 47 a Legas saboda zargin da ake yi "ƙwarewa cikin kulob din gay". Mutanen sun ce suna halartar bikin ranar haihuwar. An ga wannan shari'ar a matsayin shari'ar gwaji kan ko za'a iya amfani da doka don gurfanar da ita. Alkalin Rilwan Aikawa na Babban Kotun Tarayya ta Najeriya ya watsar da karar saboda rashin shaidar a watan Oktoba 2020. A watan Oktoba 2020, masu gwagwarmayar LGBT sun kuma yi amfani da zanga-zangar End SARS a Najeriya don neman kawo karshen warewar al'ummar LGBT a Najeriya. Rundunar Hisbah ta Jihar Kano ta kama samari 12 a watan Janairun 2015 a Kano kan zargin shirya bikin auren jinsi guda. Mutanen sun musanta hakan, suna cewa suna shirin bikin ranar haihuwar aboki. Hakazalika, 'yan sanda sun kama mata matasa 11 a shekarar 2018 kan zargin shirya bikin auren lesbian. Matan sun karyata zargin, suna cewa suna murna da nadin shugaban kulob din rawa. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2022, an kama mutane 19 a kan irin wannan tuhuma. Babu wani daga cikin wadannan shari'o'in da ya haifar da hukunci. Ra'ayin jama'a Wani binciken ra'ayi na 2015 da NOIPolls ta gudanar tare da hadin gwiwa tare da Initiative for Equal Rights da Gidauniyar Bisi Alimi sun nuna cewa kashi 87% na 'yan Najeriya sun goyi bayan Dokar Aure na Jima'i (Hakkatarwa) na 2013. Dubi kuma Hakkin LGBT a Najeriya Amincewa da auren jinsi a Afirka Manazarta Hakki LGBT a Najeriya LGBT a

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gur%C9%93atar%20%C6%99asa

Gurɓatar ƙasa

Gurɓatar ƙasa, ƙazantar ƙasa, ko ƙazantar ƙasa a matsayin wani ɓangare na lalacewar ƙasa yana faruwa ne sakamakon kasancewar sinadarai na xenobiotic (wanda ɗan adam ya yi) ko wani canji a cikin yanayin ƙasa. Yawanci yana faruwa ne ta hanyar ayyukan masana'antu, sinadarai na aikin gona ko zubar da sharar da bai dace ba. Mafi yawan sinadaran da ke tattare da su sune man fetur hydrocarbons, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (kamar naphthalene da benzo (a) pyrene kaushi, magungunan kashe qwari, gubar, da sauran ƙananan karafa An haɗu da gurɓatawa tare da ƙimar masana'antu da ƙarfin abubuwan sinadarai. Damuwa game da gurɓacewar ƙasa ya samo asali ne daga haɗarin lafiya, daga hulɗar kai tsaye tare da gurɓataccen ƙasa, tururi daga gurɓataccen ƙasa, ko kuma daga gurɓacewar ruwa na biyu a cikin ƙasa da ƙasa. Taswirar wuraren gurɓataccen ƙasa da sakamakon tsaftacewa suna ɗaukar lokaci da ayyuka masu tsada, kuma suna buƙatar gwaninta a cikin ilimin geology, hydrology, sunadarai, ƙirar kwamfuta, da GIS a cikin gurɓataccen muhalli, da kuma godiya ga tarihin sunadarai na wasu masana'antu. A Arewacin kasar Amurka da Yammacin Turai an fi sanin girman gurɓataccen ƙasa, tare da kuma yawancin ƙasashe a waɗannan yankuna suna da tsarin doka don ganowa da magance wannan matsalar muhalli. Kasashe masu tasowa ba su da ka'ida sosai duk da cewa wasu daga cikinsu sun sami ci gaban masana'antu. Dalilai Ana iya samun haifar da gurɓacewar ƙasa ta abubuwan da ke biyowa (jerin da ba ya ƙarewa) Microplastics Mai ya zube Ma'adinai da ayyukan da sauran manyan masana'antu Zubewar haɗari na iya faruwa yayin ayyuka, da sauransu. Lalacewar tankunan ajiya na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (ciki har da bututun da ake amfani da su don watsa abubuwan da ke ciki) Ruwan acid Noma mai zurfi Agrochemicals, irin su magungunan kashe qwari, herbicides da takin mai magani Petrochemicals Hadarin masana'antu Barazanar hanya Magudanar da gurbataccen ruwan saman cikin ƙasa Harsasai, sinadarai masu guba, da sauran abubuwan yaƙi Sharar gida Zubar da mai da mai Sharar da makaman nukiliya Fitar da sharar masana'antu kai tsaye zuwa ƙasa Zubar da najasa Kisan shara da zubar da shara ba bisa ka'ida ba Kwal ash Sharar gida An gurɓace da duwatsu masu ɗauke da adadi mai yawa na abubuwa masu guba Pb ya gurɓata saboda shaye-shayen abin hawa, Cd, da Zn wanda lalacewan taya ya haifar. Lalacewa ta hanyar ƙarfafa gurɓataccen iska ta hanyar ƙona albarkatun burbushin halittu. Duk wani aiki da ke haifar da wasu nau'ikan lalacewar ƙasa zaizayar ƙasa tattarawa, da dai sauransu) na iya ƙara tsananta tasirin gurɓataccen abu a kaikaice a cikin wannan gyaran ƙasa ya zama mai matuƙar wahala. Ajiye tokar kwal a tarihi da ake amfani da shi don zama, kasuwanci, da dumama masana'antu, da kuma hanyoyin masana'antu kamar narka tama, sun kasance tushen gurɓata da yawa a wuraren da aka haɓaka masana'antu kafin kusan shekarata 1960. Coal a dabi'ance yana maida hankali da gubar da zinc yayin samuwarsa, da kuma sauran karafa masu nauyi zuwa karami. Lokacin da gawayi ya ƙone, yawancin waɗannan karafa suna taruwa a cikin toka (babban abin da ya rage shi ne mercury). Coal toka da slag na iya ƙunsar isasshiyar gubar don cancanta a matsayin sharar da ke da haɗari", wanda aka ayyana a cikin Amurka kamar yadda ya ƙunshi fiye da 5 mg/l na gubar cirewa ta amfani da hanyar TCLP Baya ga gubar, kwal ash yawanci yana ƙunshe da madaidaicin amma mahimman ma'auni na hydrocarbons na polynuclear aromatic (PAHs; misali, benzo (a) anthracene, benzo (b) fluoranthene, benzo (k) fluoranthene, benzo (a) pyrene, indeno (cd) pyrene, phenanthrene, anthracene, da sauransu). Waɗannan PAHs sanannu ne na ƙwayoyin cuta na ɗan adam kuma yawan adadin su a cikin ƙasa yawanci kusan 1 ne. mg/kg. Ana iya gane tokar kwal da slag ta kasancewar ƙwaya mara-fari a cikin ƙasa, ƙasa mai launin toka mai launin toka, ko (ƙwanƙarar kwal) mai kumfa, hatsi masu girman dutsen vesicular. Magance sludge na najasa, wanda aka sani a masana'antu a matsayin biosolids, ya zama mai jayayya a matsayin taki Da yake shi ne sakamakon maganin najasa, gabaɗaya ya ƙunshi ƙarin gurɓatattun abubuwa kamar ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma magungunan kashe qwari, da ƙarfe masu nauyi fiye da sauran ƙasa. A cikin Tarayyar Turai, Dokar Kula da Sharar Ruwa ta Birane ta ba da damar fesa najasa a ƙasa. Ana sa ran adadin zai ninka zuwa tan 185,000 na busassun daskararru a cikin shekarata 2005. Wannan yana da kyawawan kaddarorin noma saboda babban abun ciki na nitrogen da phosphate A cikin Shekarun 1990/1991, an fesa jika 13% akan 0.13% na ƙasar; duk da haka, ana sa ran wannan zai tashi sau 15 nan da shekarata 2005. bukatar sabuntawa Masu ba da shawara ya ce akwai buƙatar sarrafa wannan don kada ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa su shiga cikin darussan ruwa da kuma tabbatar da cewa babu tarin ƙarfe mai nauyi a saman ƙasa. Maganin kashe kwari da ciyawa Maganin kashe qwari wani abu ne da ake amfani da shi don kashe kwaro. Maganin kashe qwari na iya zama sinadari, wakili na halitta (kamar ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta), maganin rigakafi, maganin kashe kwayoyin cuta ko na'urar da ake amfani da ita ga kowace kwaro. Ƙwararrun sun haɗa da kwari, ƙwayoyin cuta na tsire-tsire, ciyawa, mollusks, tsuntsaye, dabbobi masu shayarwa, kifi, nematodes (roundworms) da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke yin gasa da mutane don abinci, lalata dukiya, yadawa ko kuma su ne cututtukan cututtuka ko haifar da damuwa. Ko da yake ma akwai fa'idodi ga amfani da magungunan kashe qwari, akwai kuma nakasu, kamar yuwuwar cutar da mutane da sauran halittu. Ana amfani da maganin ciyawa don kashe ciyayi, musamman a kan titina da layin dogo. Sun yi kama da auxins kuma yawancin ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙasa suna iya lalata su. Koyaya, rukuni ɗaya da aka samo daga trinitrotoluene (2: 4 D da 2: 4: 5 T) suna da dioxin na ƙazanta, wanda yake da guba sosai kuma yana haifar da mutuwa ko da a cikin ƙananan ƙima. Wani maganin ciyawa shine Paraquat Yana da guba sosai amma yana saurin raguwa a cikin ƙasa saboda aikin ƙwayoyin cuta kuma baya kashe namun ƙasa. Ana amfani da maganin kashe kwari don kawar da kwari daga gonakin da ke lalata amfanin gona da aka shuka. Kwarin yana lalata ba kawai amfanin gona da ke tsaye ba har da wanda aka adana kuma a cikin wurare masu zafi an yi la'akari da cewa kashi ɗaya bisa uku na jimillar abin da ake nomawa ya ɓace yayin ajiyar abinci. Kamar yadda yake tare da fungicides, magungunan kashe qwari na farko da aka yi amfani da su a ƙarni na sha tara ba su da tushe misali. Paris Green da sauran mahadi na arsenic An kuma yi amfani da nicotine tun daga ƙarshen karni na sha takwas. Yanzu akwai manyan ƙungiyoyi biyu na maganin kwari na roba 1. Organochlorines sun haɗa da DDT, Aldrin, Dieldrin da BHC. Suna da arha don samarwa, masu ƙarfi da tsayin daka. An yi amfani da DDT akan ma'auni mai girma daga shekarun 1930, tare da kololuwar tan 72,000 da aka yi amfani da su a shekarata 1970. Sannan amfani ya faɗi yayin da aka gane illolin muhalli masu cutarwa. An samo shi a duniya a cikin kifi da tsuntsaye kuma an gano shi a cikin dusar ƙanƙara a cikin Antarctic Yana da ɗan narkewa a cikin ruwa amma yana narkewa sosai a cikin jini. Yana shafar tsarin juyayi da tsarin endocrin kuma yana haifar da kwai na tsuntsaye don rasa sinadarin calcium yana sa su zama masu saurin karyewa. Ana tunanin shine ke da alhakin raguwar adadin tsuntsayen ganima kamar ospreys da pergrine falcons a cikin shekarar 1950s yanzu suna murmurewa. Haka kuma ƙara yawan maida hankali ta hanyar sarkar abinci, an san shi yana shiga ta hanyar membranes masu lalacewa, don haka kifaye suna samun ta cikin gills. Da yake yana da ƙarancin narkewar ruwa, yana ƙoƙarin tsayawa a saman ruwa, don haka kwayoyin da ke zaune a wurin sun fi shafa. DDT da aka samu a cikin kifin da ya zama wani ɓangare na jerin abinci na ɗan adam ya haifar da damuwa, to amma kuma matakan da aka samu a cikin hanta, koda da nama na kwakwalwa bai wuce 1 ppm ba kuma a cikin mai ya kai 10 ppm, wanda ke ƙasa da matakin da zai iya haifar da lahani. Koyaya, an dakatar da DDT a cikin Burtaniya da Amurka don dakatar da haɓakar sa a cikin sarkar abinci. Masana'antun Amurka sun ci gaba da sayar da DDT ga ƙasashe masu tasowa, waɗanda ba za su iya samun tsadar sinadarai masu tsada ba kuma waɗanda ba su da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin da ke kula da amfani da magungunan kashe qwari. 2. Organophosphates, misali parathion, methyl parathion da kuma sauran 40 sauran kwari suna samuwa a cikin ƙasa. Parathion yana da guba sosai, methyl-parathion ya yi ƙasa da haka kuma ana ɗaukar Malathion gabaɗaya lafiya saboda yana da ƙarancin guba kuma yana rushewa cikin sauri a cikin hanta mammalian. Wannan rukuni yana aiki ta hanyar hana watsawar jijiya na al'ada kamar yadda aka hana cholinesterase daga rushewa mai watsawa acetylcholine, wanda ke haifar da motsin tsoka mara sarrafawa. Wakilan yaki Zubar da alburusai, da rashin kulawa wajen kera alburusai da gaggawar kerawa ke haifarwa, na iya gurɓata ƙasa na tsawon lokaci. Amman Babu wata shaida kaɗan da aka buga akan wannan nau'in gurɓataccen abu musamman saboda takunkumin da gwamnatocin ƙasashe da yawa suka sanya akan buga abubuwan da suka shafi ƙoƙarin yaƙi. Duk da haka, gas ɗin mustard da aka adana a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu ya gurɓata wasu wurare har tsawon shekaru 50 da gwajin Anthrax a matsayin makamin kwayoyin halitta ya gurɓata dukan tsibirin Gruinard Lafiyar dan Adam Hanyoyin fallasa Gurbatacciyar ƙasa ko gurɓatacciyar ƙasa tana shafar lafiyar ɗan adam kai tsaye ta hanyar tuntuɓar ƙasa kai tsaye ko ta shakar gurɓataccen ƙasa wanda ya yi tururi; Akwai yuwuwar barazana mafi girma ta hanyar kutsawa daga cikin gurɓacewar ƙasa a cikin magudanan ruwa na ƙasa da ake amfani da su don amfanin ɗan adam, wani lokaci a wuraren da ake ganin ba su da nisa daga duk wani tushen gurɓacewar ƙasa a sama. Wannan yana haifar da haɓakar cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da gurɓatawa Yawancin bayyanar da haɗari ne, kuma fallasa na iya faruwa ta hanyar: Shigar ƙura ko ƙasa kai tsaye Ci abinci ko kayan lambu da aka shuka a cikin ƙasa maras kyau ko tare da abincin da ke da alaƙa da gurɓataccen abu Alamar fata tare da ƙura ko ƙasa Tururi daga ƙasa Shakar ƙura yayin aiki a cikin ƙasa ko yanayin iska Duk da haka, wasu nazarin sun kiyasta cewa kashi 90% na fallasa su ta hanyar cin gurɓataccen abinci ne. Sakamako Sakamakon lafiya daga kamuwa da gurɓacewar ƙasa ya bambanta sosai ya danganta da nau'in gurɓataccen abu, hanyar kai hari da raunin mutanen da aka fallasa. Bayyanar cututtuka na yau da kullum ga chromium, gubar da sauran karafa, man fetur, masu kaushi, da magungunan kashe qwari da Kuma magungunan herbicide da yawa na iya zama carcinogenic, na iya haifar da cututtuka na haihuwa, ko kuma zai iya haifar da wasu yanayin kiwon lafiya na yau da kullum. Abubuwan da ke faruwa a masana'antu ko na mutum, kamar nitrate da ammonia da ke da alaƙa da takin dabbobi daga ayyukan aikin gona, an kuma gano su a matsayin haɗarin lafiya a cikin ƙasa da ruwan ƙasa. Bayyanuwa na yau da kullun ga benzene a isassun yawa an san yana da alaƙa da haɓakar cutar sankarar bargo. An san Mercury da cyclodienes don haifar da mafi yawan abubuwan da ke faruwa na lalacewar koda da wasu cututtuka marasa jurewa. PCBs da cyclodienes suna da alaƙa da gubar hanta. Organophosphates da carbonates na iya haifar da sarkar martani da ke haifar da toshewar neuromuscular Yawancin chlorinated kaushi yana haifar da canje-canjen hanta, canjin koda da damuwa na tsarin juyayi na tsakiya. Akwai nau'i-nau'i na ƙarin illolin kiwon lafiya kamar ciwon kai, tashin zuciya, gajiya, ciwon ido da kurjin fata don abubuwan da aka ambata a sama da sauran sinadarai. A isassun allurai, adadin gurɓataccen ƙasa na iya haifar da mutuwa ta hanyar saduwa ta kai tsaye, shaka ko sha da gurɓatacce a cikin ruwan ƙasa da aka gurbata ta ƙasa baki daya. Gwamnatin Scotland ta umurci Cibiyar Nazarin Magungunan Ma'aikata ta gudanar da nazarin hanyoyin da za a tantance haɗarin lafiyar ɗan adam daga gurɓataccen ƙasa. Babban manufar aikin shine a samar da jagora wanda yakamata ya zama mai amfani ga Hukumomin Yankin Scotland wajen tantance ko shafuka suna wakiltar babbar yuwuwar cutarwa (SPOSH) ga lafiyar ɗan adam. Ana sa ran cewa fitowar aikin zai zama ɗan gajeren takarda da ke ba da jagora mai girma game da kimanta haɗarin lafiya tare da la'akari da jagorar da aka buga da kuma hanyoyin da aka gano a matsayin masu dacewa da taimako. Aikin zai bincika yadda aka samar da jagororin manufofi don ƙayyade yarda da haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam da kuma ba da shawarar hanyar da za a iya yin la'akari da abin da ke tattare da hadarin da ba a yarda da shi ba daidai da ka'idojin SPOSH kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin doka da Jagorar a ciki Dokokin Scotland. Tasirin muhalli Ba zato ba tsammani, gurɓataccen ƙasa na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako ga yanayin halittu. Akwai sauye-sauyen sinadarai na ƙasa waɗanda zasu iya tasowa daga kasancewar sinadarai masu haɗari da yawa ko da a ƙarancin ƙarancin nau'in gurɓataccen yanayi. Duk Wadannan canje-canje na iya bayyanawa a cikin canjin canjin ƙwayoyin cuta na endemic microorganisms da arthropods mazauna a cikin yanayin ƙasa da aka ba. To Amman Sakamakon zai iya zama share wasu daga cikin sarkar abinci na farko, wanda hakan na iya haifar da babban sakamako ga mafarauta ko nau'in mabukaci. Ko da tasirin sinadarai kan ƙananan sifofin rayuwa kaɗan ne, ƙananan matakan pyramid na sarkar abinci na iya shigar da sinadarai na baƙon, wanda yawanci ya fi maida hankali ga kowane nau'in sarkar abinci. Yawancin waɗannan illolin yanzu an san su sosai, kamar tattara kayan DDT na dindindin ga masu amfani da jiragen ruwa, wanda ke haifar da rauni na bawo, ƙara yawan mace-macen kaji da yuwuwar bacewar nau'ikan. Tasirin yana faruwa ga filayen noma waɗanda ke da wasu nau'ikan gurɓataccen ƙasa. Abubuwan gurɓatawa galibi suna canza canjin shuka, galibi suna haifar da raguwar amfanin gona. Wannan yana da tasiri na biyu akan kiyaye ƙasa, tunda albarkatun gona masu lalacewa ba za su iya kare ƙasan ƙasa daga zaizawar ƙasa ba To Sai Dai Wasu daga cikin waɗannan gurɓatattun sinadarai suna da tsawon rabin rayuwa kuma a wasu lokuta ana samun wasu sinadarai masu tasowa daga ruɓar gurɓataccen ƙasa na farko. Mahimman tasirin gurɓatawa ga ayyukan ƙasa Karafa masu nauyi sosai da sauran gurɓataccen ƙasa na iya yin illa ga aiki, nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan halittu da yawa na ƙasa, don haka suna barazanar ayyukan ƙasa kamar hawan keke na carbon da nitrogen. Koyaya, gurɓataccen ƙasa kuma na iya zama ƙasa da samuwa ta lokaci, kuma ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da tsarin halittu zasu iya dacewa da yanayin da suka canza. Kaddarorin ƙasa kamar pH, abubuwan da ke cikin kwayoyin halitta da rubutu suna da mahimmanci sosai kuma suna canza motsi, haɓakar halittu da gubar gurɓataccen ƙasa. Adadin gurɓataccen abu ɗaya na iya zama mai guba a cikin ƙasa ɗaya to amma gaba ɗaya mara lahani a wata ƙasa. Wannan yana jaddada buƙatar tantance takamaiman kasada da matakan ƙasa. Zaɓuɓɓukan tsaftacewa Masana kimiyyar muhalli ne ke nazarin tsaftacewa ko gyaran muhalli waɗanda ke amfani da ma'aunin sinadarai na ƙasa kuma suna amfani da samfuran kwamfuta GIS in Environmental Contamination to Amman Duk DA yake don nazarin jigilar kayayyaki da makomar sinadarai na ƙasa. An ƙirƙiro fasahohi iri-iri don gyara ƙasa da gurɓataccen mai Akwai manyan dabaru da yawa don gyarawa: Cire ƙasa kuma ɗauka zuwa wurin zubarwa daga shirye-shiryen hanyoyin don tuntuɓar yanayin muhalli ko ɗan adam. Wannan dabara kuma ta shafi ɗigon laka mai ɗauke da guba. Iskar ƙasa a wurin da aka gurbata (tare da haɗarin haifar da gurɓataccen iska Gyaran zafin jiki ta hanyar gabatar da zafi don ɗaga yanayin zafi a ƙarƙashin ƙasa sosai don daidaita gurɓataccen sinadarai daga cikin ƙasa don hakar tururi. Fasaha sun haɗa da ISTD, wutar lantarki juriya dumama (ERH), da ET-DSP. Bioremediation, hade da ƙwayoyin cuta narkewa na wasu kwayoyin halitta. Dabarun da aka yi amfani da su a cikin bioremediation sun haɗa da aikin gonakin ƙasa, biostimulation da bioaugmentating ƙasa biota tare da samun microflora na kasuwanci. Cire ruwan ƙasa ko tururin ƙasa tare da tsarin lantarki mai aiki, tare da cire gurɓatattun abubuwan da aka cire daga baya. Rashin gurɓataccen ƙasa (kamar ta hanyar rufewa ko shimfidawa a wuri). Phytoremediation, ko amfani da tsire-tsire (kamar willow) don fitar da karafa masu nauyi. Mycoremediation, ko amfani da naman gwari don daidaita gurɓatattun abubuwa da tara ƙarfe masu nauyi. Gyaran gurɓataccen mai mai gurbataccen ruwa tare da ruɗewar iska mai ruɗewa Surfactant leaching Ta ƙasa Ma'auni daban-daban na ƙasa don tattara abubuwan gurɓatawa na musamman sun haɗa da Manufofin Gyaran Farko na Yankin EPA 9 (US PRGs), Yankin EPA na ƙasar Amurka 3 Risk Based Concentrations (US EPA RBCs) da Majalisar Kare Muhalli ta ƙasa na Jagoran Ostiraliya kan Matakan Bincike a cikin ƙasa da Ruwan karkashin kasa. Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin Babban ci gaban da Jamhuriyar Jama'ar kasar Sin ta samu tun daga shekarun 1970 ya haifar da tsadar farashi daga kasar sakamakon karuwar gurbatar yanayi. Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Muhalli ta yi imanin cewa barazana ce ga muhalli, ga lafiyar abinci da kuma noma mai dorewa. Wani samfurin kimiya ya nuna cewa, an gurbata muhallin mu miliyan 150 (kilomita murabba'in 100,000) na kasar Sin da aka noma, inda aka yi amfani da gurbataccen ruwa wajen ban ruwa fiye da murabba'in mu miliyan 32.5 (kilomita murabba'i 21,670) da kuma wani murabba'in mu miliyan 2 (kilomita 1,300). ko lalata ta da ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gida. Gabaɗaya, yankin ya kai kashi ɗaya bisa goma na ƙasar da ake nomawa a ƙasar Sin, kuma ya fi yawa a yankunan da suka sami ci gaban tattalin arziki. Kimanin tan miliyan har 12 na hatsi na gurɓatar da karafa mai nauyi a kowace shekara, yana haifar da asarar yuan biliyan 20 kai tsaye (dalar Amurka biliyan 2.57). Tarayyar Turai Dangane da bayanan da aka samu daga ƙasashe membobin, a cikin Tarayyar Turai adadin da aka kiyasta yiwuwar gurɓataccen wuraren ya fi miliyan 2.5 da wuraren da aka gano gurɓatattun wuraren kusan 342 dubu. Sharar gida da masana'antu suna ba da gudummawa mafi yawa ga gurɓacewar ƙasa (38%), sai kuma fannin masana'antu/kasuwanci (34%). Man ma'adinai da ƙarfe masu nauyi sosai sune manyan gurɓatattun abubuwa waɗanda ke taimakawa kusan kashi 60% ga gurɓacewar ƙasa. Ta fuskar kasafin kudi, ana kiyasin kula da gurbacewar muhallin zai kai kusan Yuro biliyan 6 duk shekara. Ƙasar Ingila Jagorar gamayya da aka saba amfani da ita a cikin Ƙasar Ingila sune Ƙimar Jagorar ƙasa da Sashen Muhalli, Abinci da Harkokin Karkara (DEFRA) da Hukumar Muhalli suka buga. Waɗannan dabi'u ne na nunawa waɗanda ke nuna ƙaramin matakin abin karɓa. Sama da wannan ba za a iya samun tabbaci dangane da gagarumin haɗarin cutar da lafiyar ɗan adam ba. An samo waɗannan ta amfani da Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙasa (CLEA UK). Wasu sigogin shigarwa kamar Kimar Ma'aunin Lafiya, shekaru da amfani da ƙasa ana ciyar da su cikin CLEA UK don samun fitowar mai yiwuwa. Jagorar da Kwamitin Sashe na Internation na Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙasa (ICRCL) ya yi watsi da shi a hukumance ta DEFRA, don amfani da shi azaman takaddun shaida don sanin yiwuwar buƙatar gyara ko ƙarin daraja. Samfurin CLEA da DEFRA da Hukumar Kula da Muhalli (EA) suka buga a cikin Maris 2002 ya tsara tsarin da ya dace don kimanta haɗarin lafiyar ɗan adam daga gurɓataccen ƙasa, kamar yadda Sashe na IIIA na Dokar Kare Muhalli ta 1990 ta buƙata. A matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan tsarin, a halin yanzu an samo manyan Jigon Jagoran Ƙasa na Ƙimar Ƙasa (SGVs) don gurɓatawa guda goma da za a yi amfani da su azaman "ƙimar sa baki" Wadannan dabi'u bai kamata a dauki su azaman maƙasudin gyara ba amma ƙimar da ke sama da waɗanda ya kamata a yi la'akari da ƙarin ƙima; duba ka'idojin Dutch An samar da nau'ikan CLEA SGVs guda uku don amfanin ƙasa daban-daban guda uku, wato: wurin zama (tare da kuma ba tare da ɗaukar shuka ba) rabo kasuwanci/masana'antu Ana nufin SGVs su maye gurbin tsoffin ƙimar ICRCL. CLEA SGVs suna da alaƙa da tantance haɗarin na yau da kullun (dogon lokaci) ga lafiyar ɗan adam kuma ba sa amfani da kariya ga ma'aikatan ƙasa yayin gini, ko wasu yuwuwar masu karɓa kamar ruwan ƙasa, gine-gine, tsirrai ko sauran yanayin muhalli. CLEA SGVs ba su da amfani kai tsaye ga wani rukunin da aka rufe gaba ɗaya cikin tauri, saboda babu wata hanyar fallasa kai tsaye zuwa gurɓataccen ƙasa. Har zuwa yau, an buga goma na farko na SGVs masu gurɓata guda hamsin da biyar, don masu zuwa: arsenic, cadmium, chromium, gubar, mercury inorganic, nickel, selenium ethyl benzene, phenol da toluene. An samar da Draft SGVs na benzene, naphthalene da xylene amma ana ci gaba da buga su. An buga bayanan Toxicological (Tox) ga kowane ɗayan waɗannan gurɓatattun abubuwa da kuma na benzo[a] pyrene, benzene, dioxins, furans da dioxin-kamar PCBs, naphthalene, vinyl chloride, 1,1,2,2 tetrachloroethane da 1, 1,1,2 tetrachloroethane, 1,1,1 trichloroethane, tetrachlorethene, carbon tetrachloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, trichloroethane da xylene. SGVs na ethyl benzene, phenol da toluene sun dogara ne akan abun ciki na kwayoyin halitta na ƙasa (SOM) (wanda za'a iya ƙididdige shi daga jimlar kwayoyin carbon (TOC) abun ciki). A matsayin allo na farko ana ɗaukar SGVs na 1% SOM sun dace. Kanada As of February 2021, there are a total of 2,500 plus contaminated sites in Canada. One infamous contaminated sited is located near a nickel-copper smelting site in Sudbury, Ontario. A study investigating the heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of the smelter reveals that elevated levels of nickel and copper were found in the soil; values going as high as 5,104ppm Ni, and 2,892 ppm Cu within a 1.1 km range of the smelter location. Other metals were also found in the soil; such metals include iron, cobalt, and silver. Furthermore, upon examining the different vegetation surrounding the smelter it was evident that they too had been affected; the results show that the plants contained nickel, copper and aluminium as a result of soil contamination. Indiya A cikin Maris shekarata 2009, batun gubar Uranium a Punjab ya ja hankalin manema labarai. An yi zargin cewa ta faru ne sakamakon tafkunan tokar kuda na tashoshin wutar lantarki, wadanda aka bayar da rahoton cewa suna haifar da lahani mai tsanani ga yara a yankunan na Faridkot da Bhatinda na Punjab Rahotannin labarai sun yi iƙirarin cewa matakan uranium sun fi ninki 60 iyakar aminci. A cikin shekarata 2012, Gwamnatin Indiya ta tabbatar da cewa ruwan ƙasa a cikin Malwa bel na Punjab yana da ƙarfe na uranium wanda ya kai kashi 50% sama da iyakokin da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta gindaya. Nazarin kimiyya, bisa sama da samfurori 1000 daga wuraren samfuri daban-daban, ba za su iya gano tushen tashi da toka ba da duk wata tushe daga masana'antar wutar lantarki ko masana'antu kamar yadda ake zargi da farko. Sannan Kuma Har ila yau binciken ya nuna cewa yawan sinadarin Uranium a cikin ruwan karkashin kasa na gundumar Malwa bai ninka adadin da WHO ta kayyade ba sau 60, amma kashi 50% ne kawai ke sama da iyakar WHO a wurare 3. Wannan mafi girman maida hankali da aka samu a cikin samfuran bai kai wanda aka samu a cikin ruwa na ƙasa a halin yanzu da ake amfani da shi don dalilai na ɗan adam a wasu wurare, kamar Finland Ana ci gaba da bincike don gano abubuwan halitta ko wasu hanyoyin samar da uranium. Duba wasu abubuwan Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Manazarta Portal don sarrafa ƙasa da ruwa a Turai Ƙofar bayanai mai zaman kanta ta asali ta samo asali daga Hukumar Turai don batutuwan da suka shafi ƙasa da ruwa, gami da gurɓataccen ƙasa, ƙasa da sarrafa ruwa. Portal Soil Portal na Turai: Gurɓatar ƙasa A matakin EU, batun gurɓataccen wuraren gurɓatattun wurare gurɓacewar ƙasa) da gurɓataccen ƙasa (ƙasar da ke yaduwa) an yi la'akari da shi ta: Cibiyar Bayanan ƙasa ta Turai (ESDAC). Labari kan gurbatar ƙasa a China Arsenic a cikin ruwan karkashin kasa Littafin akan arsenic a cikin ruwan karkashin kasa ta IAH's Netherlands Chapter da Netherlands Hydrological Society Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

40325

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elayne%20Jones

Elayne Jones

Elayne Viola Jones (30 Janairu, 1928 17 Disamba 2022) ɗan timpanist ɗan Amurka ne. Matar Ba’amurke Ba’amurke, ta karya tarkacen launi a cikin kiɗan gargajiya ta zama ɗan wasa Bakar fata na farko a wata babbar ƙungiyar makaɗa ta Amurka a 1972 kuma ita ce mamba ta huɗu a zauren Fam ɗin Percussive Arts Society Hall of Fame. Rayuwar farko An haifi Elayne Viola Jones a birnin New York a ranar 30 ga Janairu, 1928 a matsayin ɗa tilo na Cecil da Ometa waɗanda suka yi ƙaura daga Barbados. Ta fara koyon Piano tun tana shekara shida daga mahaifiyarta wacce aka yaudareta zuwa New York tare da tayin pianist amma ta zama mai tsabta saboda launinta. Da wannan, ta zama malamin piano na farko na 'yarta kuma ta motsa ta da kalmomi irin su "Laynie, za ku yi wani abu mai daraja. Ba za ku tsaftace benaye na fararen fata ba. Da lokaci, ta shiga ƙungiyar mawaƙa a St. Luke's Episcopal Church inda ta fi son raira waƙa kuma ba da daɗewa ba aka fallasa zuwa kiɗan Duke Ellington, Count Basie, da Frank Sinatra. Ilimi Jones ya halarci makarantar sakandaren 'yan mata duka a Harlem kuma saboda ƙwarewar piano, an yarda da ita zuwa Makarantar Kiɗa da Fasaha; makarantar fitattu da dalibai daga dukkan gundumomi biyar na New York ke halarta. A cikin makarantar kiɗa, ana sa ran duk ɗaliban piano suma za su yi kayan aikin kaɗe-kaɗe kuma Jones ya ƙaunaci Violin amma ta bayyana cewa malaminta Isadore Russ ya gaya mata cewa tana da fata sosai kuma an ba ta ganga biyu maimakon a kan tunanin Negroes. da kari. Don haka, ta haɗa piano, timpani da waƙa tare a makarantar sakandare. A cikin Yuni 1995, Jones ya sauke karatu daga Makarantar Kiɗa da Fasaha wacce a halin yanzu aka sani da Makarantar Kiɗa da Fasaha ta LaGuardia. Ta sami Duke Ellington shida fitattun ɗalibai guraben karatu daga gundumomi biyar na New York duk da cewa ba mace kaɗai ba ce amma kuma baƙar fata. Tare da tallafin karatu, ta halarci Makarantar Kiɗa ta Juilliard inda ta zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ɗan wasan Philharmonic na New York, Saul Goodman. Ta kuma amfana daga Morris "Moe" Goldenberg wanda aka shigar da shi cikin zauren PAS na shahara shekaru biyu bayan Goodman. A shekarar 1948, ta samu difloma a fannin Timpani kuma a shekarar 1949 ta samu difloma ta difloma a fannin wasan wake-wake karkashin kulawar Saul Goodman. Sana'a A farkon aikinta, ta fuskanci wariyar launin fata da wariyar jinsi. Jones ta duba yin aiki tare da Opera na birnin New York amma ta ji rashin son daukar ta saboda fatarta da jinsi. Koyaya, malaminta, Goodman ya shiga don tunatar da su abin da ta yi na ban mamaki. Ta zama baƙar fata ta farko da ta fara wasa a ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta opera a 1949 kuma ta yi aiki tare da kamfanin na tsawon shekaru goma sha ɗaya.Daga baya ta shiga ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta San Francisco Opera kuma ta yi aikin kai tsaye a cikin abubuwan nuna manyan biranen New York kamar Carousel, Kudancin Pacific, da Green Willow. A cikin 1958 ta sami damar yin wasa tare da New York Philharmonic kuma a cikin 1960 ta bar Opera ta New York don zama wani ɓangare na sabuwar ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta American Symphony Leopold Stokowski. A cikin 1972 ta sami aiki ta hanyar kallon makafi ta San Francisco Symphony a ƙarƙashin kulawar Seiji Ozawa wanda ya sa ta zama Ba'amurke ɗaya tilo da ta sami wannan matsayi a lokacin. Ta zama sananne a San Francisco wanda yawancin masu suka sun tabbatar da aikinta na ban mamaki. Heuwell Tircuit ta ba da shaida a cikin The San Francisco Chronicle na farkon fitowarta cewa "Wasan da ta yi ba shi da kyau sosai a cikin inganci, mutum yana samun titters kawai yana tunaninsa". Arthur Bloomfield wanda ita ce The San Francisco Examiner ta ba da rahoton cewa aikinta a San Francisco Opera ya kasance cikakke kuma yana jin cewa yana gab da fadowa daga wurin zamansa kuma an taɓa kiran ta a matsayin ɗan wasan timpanist. Hakanan, Jones ya ɗauki matsayi na koyarwa da yawa. A cikin birnin New York, ta sauƙaƙe a makarantu masu zuwa; Makarantar Kiɗa ta Metropolitan, Kwalejin Al'umma ta Bronx, da kuma Westchester Conservatory of Music. A cikin aikinta, ta gabatar da nunin lacca sama da 300 na kayan kida a makarantu da kwalejoji. Wariyar launin fata da wariyar jinsi Jones ta sha fama da wariyar launin fata da jinsi a cikin aikinta. Ta zaɓi hanyar da ta fi dacewa ga maza da fararen fata. Dole ne ta tabbatar da cewa duk wanda nake son shi zai iya kunna kiɗan ba tare da la'akari da jinsi da launi ba. Babbar gudunmawarta ita ce canje-canjen da ta yi ga labarin. Ta tabbatar da cewa ta fuskanci cin zarafi fiye da nuna bambancin jinsi. A cikin 1950 a lokacin yawon shakatawa na New York City Opera, Jones da abokin aikinta Blanche Birdsong sun tafi Chicago Opera House don shirye-shiryen farko don wasan kwaikwayo amma mai tsaron gida ya ki yarda ta shiga tare da furta "Ba mu bar Nigras a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo ba. Me ya sa ba za ku je Kudu inda kuke ba?, Har ila yau, a farkon aikinta, an tilasta mata ta kwanta a wasu matsuguni da aka tanada don Ba'amurke, yayin da abokan aikinta ke kwana a wani otal mai alfarma. Ayyuka A cikin 1965, Jones, wasu mawakan Baƙar fata, da Benjamin Steinberg (mai gudanarwa) sun kafa Symphony na Sabuwar Duniya. Ita ce kungiyar kade-kade ta farko mai hade da launin fata a Amurka wacce ke baiwa mawakan baka damar yin repertore na kade-kade. Har ila yau, sun gabatar da makafi don kawar da kyamar launin fata. San Francisco Symphony ya yarda da shawarar kuma a cikin 1972 Jones ya buge mutane arba'in da makanta don samun kanta a kamfanin. Batun makaho al'ada ce da ake amfani da ita har yau. Rigimar zaman lokaci A cikin 1974 wani kwamiti mai mutane bakwai ya kada kuri'ar adawa da ita da Ryohei Nakagawa. Jones ya kai ƙarar ƙungiyar Orchestra da ƙungiyar mawaƙa bisa tushen wariyar launin fata da jinsi. Duk da haka, an ƙyale ta ta sake buga wasa na tsawon shekara guda amma an kore ta lokacin da kotu ta ba da umarnin a sake kada kuri'a a watan Agustan 1975 kuma an ƙi ta. Ta ci gaba da yin aiki tare da San Francisco Opera har zuwa 1998 amma shari'arta da San Francisco Symphony ta kasance cece-kuce. Rayuwa ta sirri Jones ya sadu da George Kaufman a Adirondacks lokacin da take buga ganga a jazz gig 1952. Sun kasance da aure sama da shekaru goma. A lokacin rabuwarsu a 1964, sun haifi 'ya'ya uku Stephen, Harriett, da Cheryl Mutuwa Jones ya mutu a ranar 17 ga Disamba 2022 kuma a cewar 'yarta Cheryl Stanley dalilin mutuwar shi ne ciwon hauka.

28375

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamberg

Bamberg

Bamberg rɡ/, Amurka mbɛərk/, Jamusanci: bambɛʁk] (saurara)) birni ne, da ke cikin Upper Franconia, Jamus, akan kogin Regnitz kusa da haɗuwarsa da kogin Main. Garin ya samo asali ne tun karni na 9, lokacin da aka samo sunansa daga gidan Babenberch na kusa. Da aka ambata a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun garuruwan Jamus, tsohon garinsa ya kasance wurin Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO tun 1993, tare da Bamberg gida ne ga katangar tsohon birni mafi girma a Turai. Daga karni na 10 zuwa gaba, Bamberg ya zama babbar hanyar haɗi tare da al'ummomin Slav, musamman na Poland da Pomerania. Ta samu babban ci gaba tun daga karni na 12 zuwa gaba, wanda a lokacin ya kasance tsakiyar Daular Rum a takaice. An kuma binne sarki Henry II a tsohon garin, tare da matarsa Kunigunde. Gine-ginen garin daga wannan lokacin ya yi tasiri sosai a Arewacin Jamus da Hungary. Daga tsakiyar karni na 13 zuwa gaba, bishop ya zama sarakunan daular kuma sun yi mulkin Bamberg, suna kula da gine-ginen gine-gine. An haɓaka wannan haɓakar ta hanyar samun babban yanki na ƙididdigar Meran a cikin 1248 da 1260 ta wurin gani, wani ɓangare ta hanyar siye da wani ɓangare ta hanyar rabon fifs ɗin da aka kashe. Bamberg ya rasa ƴancin kai a cikin 1802, bayan da aka mayar da ƙasar coci, ya zama wani yanki na Bavaria a 1803. An fara haɗa garin da tsarin layin dogo na Jamus a 1844, wanda ya kasance muhimmin ɓangare na abubuwan more rayuwa tun daga lokacin. Bayan boren gurguzu ya mamaye Bavaria a cikin shekarun bayan yakin duniya na daya, gwamnatin jihar ta gudu zuwa Bamberg ta zauna a can kusan shekaru biyu kafin sassan Freikorps su karbe babban birnin Bavaria na Munich (duba Bavarian Soviet Republic). An zartar da kundin tsarin mulkin jamhuriya ta farko ta Bavaria a Bamberg, wanda aka fi sani da Bamberger Verfassung (Tsarin Mulkin Bamberg). Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, Bamberg ya kasance muhimmin tushe ga Bavaria, Jamusanci, sannan sojojin Amurka da aka jibge a Barrack Warner, wanda kawai ya rufe a cikin 2014. Tarihi A cikin ƙarni na baya-bayan Roman na ƙaura da zama na Jamus, yankin daga baya ya haɗa da Diocese na Bamberg galibi Slavs ne suka zauna. Garin, wanda aka fara ambata a cikin 902, ya girma ta gidan sarauta Babenberch wanda ya ba da suna ga dangin Babenberg. A kan bacewar su, ya wuce gidan Saxon. Sufaye na Benedictine Fulda Abbey ya zama Kirista musamman yankin, kuma ƙasar tana ƙarƙashin ikon ruhaniya na Diocese na Würzburg. A cikin 1007, Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki Henry II ya mai da Bamberg gadon iyali, wurin zama na diocese daban. Manufar Sarkin a cikin wannan shi ne don mayar da Diocese na Würzburg rashin ƙarfi a girman da kuma ba da Kiristanci mai karfi a gundumomin Franconia, gabashin Bamberg. A shekara ta 1008, bayan doguwar tattaunawa da limaman cocin Würzburg da Eichstätt, wadanda za su raba wasu sassan majami'unsu, an bayyana iyakokin sabuwar diocese, kuma Paparoma John XVIII ya ba da tabbacin Paparoma a cikin wannan shekarar. Henry II ya ba da umarnin gina sabon babban coci, wanda aka keɓe ranar 6 ga Mayu, 1012. Cocin ya wadata da kyaututtuka daga Paparoma, kuma Henry ya keɓe shi don girmama shi. A cikin 1017 Henry kuma ya kafa Michaelsberg Abbey a kan Michaelsberg ("Mount St. Michael"), kusa da Bamberg, gidan gidan Benedictine don horar da malamai. Sarkin da matarsa Kunigunde sun ba wa sabuwar diocese manyan abubuwa na wucin gadi, kuma ta sami gata da yawa waɗanda daga cikinsu suka haɓaka ikon bishop na duniya. Paparoma Benedict na VIII ya ziyarci Bamberg a cikin 1020 don ganawa da Henry II don tattaunawa game da Daular Roma Mai Tsarki. Yayin da yake nan ya sanya diocese bisa dogaro kai tsaye ga Mai Tsarki. Shi ma da kansa ya tsarkake wasu majami'un Bamberg. Na ɗan lokaci Bamberg ya kasance cibiyar daular Roma mai tsarki. An binne Henry da Kunigunde a babban cocin. Daga tsakiyar karni na 13 zuwa gaba, bishop ya zama sarakunan daular kuma sun yi mulkin Bamberg, suna kula da gine-ginen gine-gine. A cikin 1248 da 1260 gani ɗin ya sami babban yanki na kadarorin Counts na Meran, wani ɓangare ta hanyar siye da wani ɓangare ta hanyar keɓancewar fif ɗin da aka kashe. Tsohon Bishopric na Bamberg ya ƙunshi wani yanki mara karye daga Schlüsselfeld a arewa maso gabas zuwa dajin Franconian, kuma yana da ƙarin kadarori a Duchies na Carinthia da Salzburg, a cikin Nordgau (Upper Palatinate na yanzu), a Thuringia, da kuma na Danube. Ta wurin sauye-sauyen da aka samu daga gyare-gyaren, yankin wannan gani an rage kusan rabin gwargwado. Tun 1279 an san rigar makamai na birnin Bamberg a cikin hanyar hatimi. Gwajin mayu na ƙarni na 17 ya yi da’awar kimanin mutane dubu ɗaya da aka kashe a Bamberg, wanda ya kai kololuwa tsakanin 1626 da 1631, a ƙarƙashin mulkin Yarima-Bishop Johann Georg II Fuchs von Dornheim. Shahararren Drudenhaus kurkukun mayya), wanda aka gina a 1627, ba ya nan a yau; duk da haka, cikakkun bayanai na wasu lokuta, kamar na Johannes Junius, sun kasance. A cikin 1647, an kafa Jami'ar Bamberg azaman Academia Bambergensis. Bambrzy (Posen Bambergers) 'yan sandan Jamus ne waɗanda suka fito daga mazauna yankin Bamberg waɗanda suka zauna a ƙauyuka da ke kusa da Poznań a cikin shekaru 1719-1753. A cikin 1759, an sayar da dukiyoyi da hukunce-hukuncen diocese a Ostiriya zuwa waccan jihar. Lokacin da aka wayi gari da masu zaman kansu na coci (1802) diocese ta rufe 3,305 km2 (1,276 sq mi) kuma tana da yawan jama'a 207,000. Don haka Bamberg ya rasa 'yancin kai a 1802, ya zama wani ɓangare na Bavaria a 1803. An fara haɗa Bamberg zuwa tsarin jirgin ƙasa na Jamus a cikin 1844, wanda ya kasance muhimmin ɓangare na abubuwan more rayuwa tun daga lokacin. Bayan boren gurguzu ya mamaye Bavaria a cikin shekarun bayan yakin duniya na daya, gwamnatin jihar ta gudu zuwa Bamberg ta zauna a can kusan shekaru biyu kafin sassan Freikorps su karbe babban birnin Bavaria na Munich (duba Bavarian Soviet Republic). An zartar da kundin tsarin mulkin jamhuriya ta farko ta Bavaria a Bamberg, wanda aka fi sani da Bamberger Verfassung (Tsarin Mulkin Bamberg). A watan Fabrairun 1926 Bamberg ya zama wurin taron Bamberg, wanda Adolf Hitler ya kira a yunƙurinsa na haɓaka haɗin kai da kuma murkushe adawa a cikin jam'iyyar Nazi ta matasa a lokacin. An zaɓi Bamberg don wurin da yake a Upper Franconia, kusa da gidajen membobin ƙungiyar Nazi ta arewa masu adawa amma har yanzu a cikin Bavaria. A cikin 1973, garin ya yi bikin cika shekaru 1,000 da kafuwar sa. Yawan jama'a na tarihi Labarin ƙasa Bamberg yana cikin Franconia, mai tazarar kilomita 63 (39 mi) arewa da Nuremberg ta hanyar jirgin ƙasa da 101 km (63 mi) gabashin Würzburg, kuma ta jirgin ƙasa. Yana kan kogin Regnitz, kilomita 3 (1.9 mi) kafin ya kwarara cikin Babban kogin. Yanayin yanayinsa yana da siffa ta hanyar Regnitz da kuma tsaunin Steigerwald, wani yanki na tsaunukan Jamus. Daga arewa maso gabas zuwa kudu maso yamma, an raba garin zuwa farkon filin Regnitz, sannan ɗayan manyan tsibirai da yawa da yawa waɗanda makamai biyu na Regnitz (Inselstadt) suka kirkira, kuma a ƙarshe ɓangaren garin kan tsaunuka, “Tudun Gari” (Bergstadt). Duwatsu bakwai na Bamberg Bamberg ya shimfida sama da tsaunuka bakwai, kowanne coci ya yi rawani. Wannan ya haifar da Bamberg ana kiransa "Romawa Franconiya" ko da yake wasan barkwanci tsakanin jagororin yawon shakatawa na Bamberg shine a koma Rome a maimakon "Bamberg Italiyanci". Tuddan sune Cathedral Hill, Michaelsberg, Kaulberg/Obere Pfarre, Stefansberg, Jakobsberg, Altenburger Hill da Abtsberg. Yanayin Yanayi a wannan yanki yana da ɗan bambanci tsakanin sama da ƙasa, kuma ana samun isasshen ruwan sama duk shekara. Tsarin yanayin Köppen na wannan yanayin shine "Cfb" (Yanayin Marine West Coast Climate/Oceanic weather), tare da wani tasiri na nahiyar kamar yadda aka nuna ta matsakaicin yanayin sanyi na dare da ke ƙasa da sifili. Tattalin Arziki A cikin 2013 (bayanan da aka samu) GDP na kowane mazaunin ya kasance €56,723. Wannan ya sanya gunduma ta 10 daga cikin gundumomi 96 (na karkara da birane) a cikin Bavaria (matsakaicin gabaɗaya: €39,691). Abubuwan jan hankali Garin Bamberg an rubuta shi a cikin jerin abubuwan tarihi na UNESCO a cikin 1993 saboda tsarinsa na da da kuma kyawawan gine-ginensa na tarihi. Tun tsakiyar zamanai, ana yin aikin lambu a birane a Bamberg. Gundumar Masu Lambun Kasuwa tare da Birni a kan tuddai da Gundumar Tsibiri wani muhimmin yanki ne na Gidan Tarihi na Duniya. A cikin 2005, Municipality ya kafa naúrar don daidaita aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar Tarihi ta Duniya a Bamberg. A cikin 2019, an buɗe baƙo da cibiyar fassara don Gidan Tarihi na Duniya. Wasu daga cikin manyan abubuwan gani sune: Cathedral na Bamberg (1237), tare da kaburburan Emperor Henry II da Paparoma Clement II. Alte Hofhaltung, wurin zama na bishops a ƙarni na 16 da 17 Neue Residenz, mazaunin bishop bayan karni na 17 Laburare na Jihar Bamberg a cikin Sabon Gidan zama Tsohon zauren gari (1386), wanda aka gina a tsakiyar kogin Regnitz, gada biyu ke samun damar shiga Klein-Venedig ("Little Venice"), wani yanki ne na gidajen masunta daga karni na 19 tare da wani bankin kogin Regnitz. Michaelsberg Abbey, wanda aka gina a karni na 12 akan ɗayan Bamberg's "Bakwai Hills" Altenburg, castle, tsohon wurin zama na bishops Cathedral Bamberg Cathedral marigayi ginin Romanesque ne mai hasumiya hudu. An kafa shi a shekara ta 1004 da Sarkin sarakuna Henry II, ya ƙare a 1012 kuma ya tsarkake shi a ranar 6 ga Mayu 1012. Daga baya an lalata shi da wuta a cikin 1081. Sabon Cathedral, wanda Saint Otto na Bamberg ya gina, an keɓe shi a cikin 1111 kuma a cikin karni na 13. ya karɓi sigar ta na ƙarshen-Romanesque na yanzu. Ilimi Jami'ar Bamberg, mai suna Otto-Friedrich University, tana ba da ilimi mafi girma a fannonin kimiyyar zamantakewa, nazarin kasuwanci da zamantakewa, kuma dalibai fiye da 13,000 ke halarta. Jami'ar Kimiyyar Aiwatar da Bamberg tana ba da ilimi mafi girma a fannonin lafiyar jama'a. Bamberg kuma gida ne ga makarantun sakandare guda takwas (dakunan motsa jiki): Clavius-Gymnasium Dientzenhofer-Gymnasium Eichendorff-Gymnasium E.T.A. Hoffmann-Gymnasium Franz-Ludwig-Gymnasium Kaiser-Heinrich-Gymnasium Maria-Ward-Gymnasium Theresianum Haka kuma akwai sauran cibiyoyi masu yawa na firamare, sakandare, fasaha, sana'a da manyan makarantu. Fitattun mutane A-K Annette von Aretin (1920 2006), mai shelar talabijin ta farko na Bayerischer Rundfunk. Carl Adam Bader, (1789 a Bamberg; 1870 a Berlin), tenor Lisa Badum Dorothee Bär (an haife ta a shekara ta 1978), Memba na Majalisar (CSU), Sakataren Jiha na Ministan Sufuri da Kayayyakin Dijital na Tarayya. Wilhelm Batz, (1916-1988), Luftwaffe, ace Louis-Alexandre Berthier, (1753-1815), Shugaban Ma'aikatan Napoleon Bonaparte Joachim Camerarius (1500-1574), ɗan adam, polymath da mawaƙi Claudia Ciesla, (an haife ta a shekara ta 1987), 'yar wasan Poland-Jamus Paparoma Clement II, (ya mutu 1047), bishop na Bamberg daga 1040 zuwa 1046 Christopher Clavius, (1538-1612), masanin lissafi, astronomer da Jesuit. Conrad III na Jamus, (1093-1152), Sarkin Jamus Cunigunde na Luxembourg, (c. 975–1040), uwargidan sarki, mai mulkin Daular Roman Mai Tsarki kuma matar Henry II. Stefan Dassler (an haife shi a shekara ta 1962), marubucin da ba na almara ba Günther Denzler (an haife shi a shekara ta 1948), tsohon shugaban gundumar Bamberg (CSU) Karlheinz Deschner (1924-2014), marubuci kuma mai sukar addini da coci Gottfried Diener (1907-1987), masanin ilimin kimiyya da bincike na Goethe Ignaz Dollinger (1770-1841), likita Ignaz von Dollinger (1799-1890), muhimmin masanin tauhidin Katolika da tarihin coci Curt Echtermeyer, wanda kuma aka sani da Curt Bruckner (1896-1971), mai zane. Erich Ebermayer (1900-1970), marubuci Hans Ehard (1887-1980), lauya kuma ɗan siyasa Günter Faltin (an haife shi a shekara ta 1944), malamin jami'a Heinrich Finck (1444-1527), madugu kuma mawaki Klaus-Dieter Fritsche (an haife shi a shekara ta 1953), masanin shari'a kuma ɗan siyasa (CSU), Karl von Gareis (1844-1923), lauya kuma marubuci, memba na Reichstag Nora-Eugenie Gomringer, (an haife ta a shekara ta 1980), mawaki kuma marubuci Thomas Gottschalk (an haife shi a shekara ta 1950), mai gudanarwa, mai gabatar da talabijin, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Lukas Görtler (an haife shi a shekara ta 1994), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne Hans Grassmann (an haife shi a shekara ta 1960), masanin kimiyyar lissafi kuma marubuci Joseph Heller (1798-1849), mai tarawa, a yau Helleriana a cikin Laburaren Jihar Bamberg Karl Höller (1907-1987), mawaki Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, (1770-1831), masanin falsafar Jamus. Henry II, (973-1024), Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki E.T.A. Hoffmann, (1776-1822), marubucin Jamusanci kuma marubuci Joachim Jung (an haife shi a shekara ta 1951), mai fasaha Harry Koch (an haife shi a shekara ta 1969), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne Lorenz Krapp (1882-1947), lauya, mawaƙi kuma ɗan siyasa (BVP, CSU) Dieter Kunzelmann (an haife shi a shekara ta 1939), ɗan majalisa kuma ɗan gwagwarmayar hagu Paul Lautensack (1478-1558), mai zane kuma organist L-Z Paul Maar, (an haife shi a shekara ta 1937), marubucin Jamus kuma marubuci Emil Marschalk von Ostheim (1841-1903), masanin tarihi kuma mai tarawa. Duke Maximilian Joseph a Bavaria, a zahiri Duke Maximilian Joseph a Bavaria (1808-1888), mai tallata kiɗan jama'ar Bavaria a ƙarni na 19. Willy Messerschmitt (1898-1978), mai zanen jirgin sama na Jamus, Flugzeugbau Messerschmitt GmbH Wolf-Dieter Montag (1924-2018), likitan Jamus, ƙwararren likitancin wasanni, likitan ceton dutse, da mai kula da wasanni na duniya. Christina Morhaubt, wanda aka samu da laifin maita kuma an yanke mata hukumcin kisa ta hanyar ƙonewa a 1627 a lokacin gwajin mayya na Bamberg. Martin Münz (1785-1848), masanin ilimin halitta kuma farfesa Ida Noddack-Tacke, (1896-1978), masanin ilmin sunadarai da physicist; ta gano kashi 75, rhenium Christopher Park (an haife shi a shekara ta 1987), ɗan wasan pian Fiona Parker (1991), wacce ta samu lambar azurfa ta Olympic Bernd Redmann (an haife shi a shekara ta 1965), mawaki kuma masanin kiɗa Mike Rose, (1932-2006), mai zane, saiti kuma marubuci Gerd Schaller (an haife shi a shekara ta 1965), shugaba Rainer Schaller (an haife shi 1969), ɗan kasuwa kuma wanda ya kafa McFit Fitness GmbH. Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg (1907-1944), wani jami'in Jamus wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya kashe mai mulkin Jamus Adolf Hitler a cikin makirci na Yuli 20. Berthold Maria Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg (an haife shi a shekara ta 1934), tsohon Janar na Bundeswehr. Franz-Ludwig Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg (an haife shi a shekara ta 1938), tsohon ɗan majalisar Bavaria na Turai. Ritter Josef von Schmitt (1838-1907), Bajamushe mai martaba, Shugaban Kotu na Masarautar Bavaria, mai ba da shawara ga Yarima Luitpold na Bavaria, dan majalisa mai zaman kansa kuma ɗan ƙasa mai daraja na birnin Bamberg. Gottfried von Schmitt (1827-1908), ɗan Jamus mai daraja, memba na Kotun Koli kuma memba na Babban Majalisar Bavaria. Josef Schmitt (1875-1944), ɗan Jamus mai daraja kuma ɗan majalisa mai zaman kansa. Gottfried Schmitt (1865-1919), ɗan siyasan Jamus Josh Shipp, (1986-yanzu), ƙwararren ɗan wasan kwando na Brose Baskets Bamberg Tom Schütz (an haife shi a shekara ta 1988), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne Sven Schultze (an haife shi a shekara ta 1978) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando Karsten Tadda (an haife shi a shekara ta 1988) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando Karl Borromäus Thumann (1820-1874), masanin tauhidin Jamus Oscar Wassermann (1869-1934), ma'aikacin banki na Jamus Andrew Wooten (an haife shi a shekara ta 1989) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Jamus Karl Friedrich Gottlob Wetzel, (1779-1819), marubuci kuma mai zane Fränkischer Merku. Hotuna

26678

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19%20pandemic%20in%20Angola

COVID-19 pandemic in Angola

Annobar cutar COVID-19 a Angola wani bangare ne na cutar sankarau ta duniya ta 2019 COVID-19 wacce ke haifar da mummunan cutar numfashi ta coronavirus 2 SARS-CoV-2 An tabbatar da cewa cutar ta bazu zuwa Angola a ƙarshen Maris 2020, inda aka tabbatar da bullar cutar guda biyu a ranar 21 ga Maris. Fage A ranar 12 ga Janairu, 2020, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta tabbatar da cewa wani sabon labari na coronavirus ne ya haifar da cutar numfashi a cikin tarin mutane a birnin Wuhan na lardin Hubei na kasar Sin, wanda aka ba da rahoto ga WHO a ranar 31 ga Disamba 2019 The hali fatality rabo ga COVID-19 ya kasance yawa ƙananan fiye da SARS na 2003, amma baza ta kasance da muhimmanci mafi girma, tare da wani gagarumin total wadanda suka mutu. Simulations na tushen samfur na Angola sun nuna cewa tazarar amincewar kashi 95% na adadin haifuwa mai canzawar lokaci R t ya wuce 1.0 har zuwa Satumba 2020 amma tun daga nan ya ragu zuwa kusan 1. Maris 2020 A ranar 19 ga Maris, wani faifan bidiyo na WhatsApp game da wani lamari da ake zargi ya shiga hoto, wanda daga baya aka musanta. Daga ranar 20 ga Maris, an rufe dukkan iyakokin Angola na tsawon kwanaki 15. Shugaba João Lourenço ya haramtawa duk masu isa zuwa filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama tare da dakatar da jiragen ruwa na fasinja zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na Angola na tsawon kwanaki 15. Duk waɗannan haramcin za su kasance har zuwa 4 ga Afrilu. A ranar 21 ga Maris, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta tabbatar da sabbin maganganu biyu na COVID-19 na farko shari'o'in biyu sun dawo daga Portugal Shari'ar farko ita ce ma'aikacin Sonangol wanda ya tashi daga Lisbon zuwa Luanda Shari'ar ta biyu ta fito ne daga Porto kuma tana karkashin kulawa a Luanda. An rufe dukkan makarantu a Angola a ranar 24 ga Maris. A ranar 29 ga Maris, an yi rikodin mutuwar farko guda biyu masu alaƙa da coronavirus, yayin da adadin waɗanda aka tabbatar sun karu zuwa bakwai. A ranar 30 ga Maris, an yi rikodin shari'ar murmurewa ta farko daga COVID-19. A karshen watan an sami kararraki 7 da aka tabbatar, 1 murmurewa da mutuwar 2, wanda ya bar lokuta 4 masu aiki. Afrilu 2020 A ranar 1 ga Afrilu, an ba da sanarwar cewa za a saki mutane 1900 da ake tsare da su kafin a yi musu shari'a domin hana yaduwar cutar korona a gidajen yarin kasar. A ranar 15 ga Afrilu, an ba da rahoton cewa mutane 2582 da aka tsare a Luanda a karkashin dokar ta-baci yanzu an mayar da su lardin Zaire A cikin watan an sami sabbin kararraki 20, wanda ya kawo adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 27. Adadin wadanda suka mutu bai canza ba. Marasa lafiya bakwai sun murmure, sun bar lokuta 18 masu aiki a ƙarshen Afrilu. Mayu 2020 A cikin watan an sami sabbin kararraki 59, wanda ya kawo adadin wadanda aka tabbatar sun kai 86. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 4. Adadin marasa lafiya da aka murmure ya karu zuwa 18, yana barin lokuta 64 masu aiki a ƙarshen wata. Yuni 2020 A cikin watan Yuni an sami sabbin kararraki 198, wanda ya kawo adadin wadanda aka tabbatar sun kai 284. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 13. Adadin marasa lafiya da aka dawo dasu ya karu zuwa 93, yana barin lokuta 178 masu aiki a ƙarshen wata (178% fiye da a ƙarshen Mayu). Yuli 2020 An samu sabbin kararraki 864 a watan Yuli, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar sun kamu zuwa 1148. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya rubanya zuwa 52. Adadin wadanda aka dawo dasu ya karu zuwa 437, yana barin lokuta 659 masu aiki a karshen wata (270% fiye da a karshen watan Yuni). Agusta 2020 An samu sabbin kararraki 1476 a cikin watan Agusta, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar sun kamu zuwa 2624. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya ninka zuwa 107. Yawan lokuta masu aiki a ƙarshen wata sun ninka fiye da ninki biyu daga ƙarshen Yuli, zuwa 1475. A ranar 25 ga Agusta, Amnesty International ta ba da rahoton cewa tsakanin Maris da Yuli, wata rundunar gwamnati da ke aiwatar da dokar hana kulle-kullen ta kashe a kalla maza da yara maza bakwai. Satumba 2020 A ranar 1 ga Satumba, wani likita ya mutu a hannun 'yan sanda bayan da aka tsare shi saboda rashin sanya abin rufe fuska, wanda ya haifar da zanga-zangar a shafukan sada zumunta da kuma a Luanda. A ranar 18 ga Satumba, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa Nelson da Luz ya gwada ingancin COVID-19 An samu sabbin kararraki 2281 a cikin watan Satumba, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar sun kamu zuwa 4905. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 179. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 1833, inda ya bar lokuta 2893 masu aiki a karshen wata. Oktoba 2020 Vietnam ta ba da rahoton shari'o'in COVID-19 guda shida da aka shigo da su daga Angola waɗanda 'yan asalin Vietnam ne aka dawo da su a cikin jirgin jin kai a ranar 20 ga Oktoba. An samu sabbin kararraki 5900 a watan Oktoba, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 10805. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 284. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 4523, inda ya bar lokuta 5998 masu aiki a karshen wata. Nuwamba 2020 An samu sabbin kararraki 4334 a watan Nuwamba, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 15139. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 348. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 7851, wanda ya bar lokuta 6940 masu aiki a karshen wata. Disamba 2020 An samu sabbin kararraki 2,294 a cikin watan Disamba, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar sun kai 17,433. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 405. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 10,859, inda ya bar lokuta 6,169 masu aiki a karshen wata. Janairu 2021 Bambancin da aka fara gano a Indiya an gano shi ne a Angola a ranar 14 ga Janairu, sannan a ranar 15 ga Janairu ta hanyar bambance-bambancen da aka fara gano a Burtaniya An samu sabbin kararraki 2,363 a cikin watan Janairu, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 19,796. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 466. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 18,035, inda ya bar lokuta 1,295 masu aiki a karshen wata. Fabrairu 2021 An sami sabbin kararraki 1,011 a watan Fabrairu, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 20,807. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 508. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 19,322, wanda ya bar lokuta 977 masu aiki a watan. Maris 2021 An fara allurar rigakafin a ranar 10 ga Maris. Bambancin da aka fara gano a Afirka ta Kudu an gano shi a Angola a ranar 29 ga Maris. An sami sabbin kararraki 1,504 a cikin Maris, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 22,311. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 537. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 20,493, inda ya bar lokuta 1,281 masu aiki a karshen wata. Afrilu 2021 An sami sabbin kararraki 4,120 a cikin Afrilu, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 26,431. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 594. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 23,606, inda ya bar lokuta 2,231 masu aiki a karshen wata. Mayu 2021 An sami sabbin kararraki 8,120 a watan Mayu, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 34,551. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 766. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 28,079, inda ya bar lokuta 5,706 masu aiki a karshen wata. Yuni 2021 An sami sabbin kararraki 4,298 a watan Yuni, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 38,849. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 900. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 33,242, inda ya bar lokuta 4,707 masu aiki a karshen wata. Yuli 2021 An sami sabbin kararraki 3,797 a watan Yuli, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar sun kai 42,646. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 1008. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 36,708, inda ya bar lokuta 4,930 masu aiki a karshen wata. Adadin wadanda aka yiwa cikakken rigakafin ya kai 700,871. Agusta 2021 An sami sabbin kararraki 4,898 a cikin watan Agusta, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 47,544. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 1217. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 43,421, inda ya bar lokuta 2,906 masu aiki a karshen wata. Satumba 2021 An samu sabbin kararraki 9,703 a watan Satumba, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar sun kai 57,247. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 1548. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 47,950, inda ya bar lokuta 7,749 masu aiki a karshen wata. Pages using the Graph extension Pages using the Graph extension Duba kuma Annobar COVID-19 a Afirka COVID-19 annoba ta ƙasa da ƙasa Manazarta

38724

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan%20Jones%20%28wrestler%29

Nathan Jones (wrestler)

Nathan Jones (an Haife shie 21 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1969) ɗan wasan qasar Ostiraliya ne, zakara mai ƙarfi, mai ƙarfi kuma tsohon ɗan kokawa ne An fi saninsa da lokacinsa a WWE Ya gudanar da gasar WWA ta Duniya mai nauyi sau ɗaya a cikin kokawa ta Duniya All-Stars, kuma ya daidaita kansa tare da The Undertaker in World Wrestling Entertainment a kan ta SmackDown. Rayuwar farko An haifi Jones a Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. Kafin aikinsa na kokawa, an yanke wa Jones hukuncin shekaru 16 a 1987 yana da shekaru 18 zuwa Boggo Road Gaol saboda fashi da makami takwas tsakanin 1985 zuwa 1987, biyu daga cikinsu sun faru a Tasmania A lokacin fashin, ya zama daya daga cikin wadanda ake nema ruwa a jallo a Ostireliya kuma ya kai shekaru bakwai a gidan yari mai tsananin tsaro. A cikin 1994, an ba Jones aikin saki na shekara guda kafin a sake shi yana da shekaru 25. Yayin da yake kurkuku, an gabatar da shi ga wasan motsa jiki Ana kuma zarginsa da fara shan kwayoyin hana daukar ciki a wannan lokaci. A cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, ya zama Zakaran fowerlifting na Ƙasa na Ostiraliya. Aiki mai ƙarfi No local image but image on Wikidata Bayan an sake shi, Jones kuma ya fara fafatawa a gasa mai karfi kuma a wannan lokacin, an yi masa lakabi da "Megaman". A matsayinsa na Babban Mutum mafi ƙarfi a Ostiraliya, ya shiga Gasar Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Duniya a Callander, Scotland, a ranar 29–30 ga Yuli 1995. Ya dauki matsayi na farko, yana saman filin da ya hada da 1993 Mutumin da ya fi Karfi a Duniya Gary Taylor Karshen mako mai zuwa, ya fafata a gasar Muscle Power Classic ta Duniya da aka gudanar a Mintlaw, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Magnús Ver Magnússon ne ya lashe wannan gasa, inda Nathan ya kare a matsayi na biyar a fage na fafatawa a gasa goma sha biyu. Jones na gaba ya shiga cikin gasar 1995 mafi ƙarfi, a duniya. Bayan da ya yi saurin kayar da Phil Martin sau biyu a gasar kokawa ta hannu a cikin zafin nama, Jones ya yi daidai da Magnus Samuelsson, wanda ya kasance zakaran kokawa na Turai tsawon shekaru da yawa kuma wanda zai zama Mutumin da ya fi Karfi a Duniya a 1998. Samuelsson ya lashe zagayen farko. A zagaye na biyu Jones ya ki sauka ya ja da hannu kishiyarsa yana murguda jikinsa. Wannan ya haifar da karye hannun da yake amfani da shi don yin kokawa (karya ta karkace ta humerus kuma daga baya ya fita daga gasar. Jones ya koma gasar Strongman a cikin 1996, inda ya lashe Kalubalen Ƙarfafa na Duniya, kuma ya sanya na uku a cikin Mutum mafi ƙarfi a duniya wanda ya cancanci zafi a bayan Magnús Ver Magnússon da Jorma Ojanaho Haɗaɗɗen sana'ar fasaha Ya kuma halarci wani gasa mai gardama a wasan farko na Pride Fighting Championship Pride 1 a watan Oktoba 1997, yana fuskantar ƙwararren ɗan kokawa na Japan kuma tsohon zakaran sumo Koji Kitao An mika Jones bayan an kama shi a cikin maƙalli. Kwararren sana'ar kokawa Kokawa ta Duniya All-Stars (2001-2002) Bayan aiki a matsayin mai gadi ga multimillionaire Rene Rivkin, Jones ya fara aiki a cikin kokawa a wannan lokacin. Jones ya fara samun shahara a aiki a Duniyar Kokawa All-Stars, yana yin babban tasiri a farkon WWA biya-per-view Inception inda Rove McManus ya raka shi zuwa zobe. Duk da haka, ya sha kaye bayan an farfasa Rove da guitar Jeff Jarrett kuma an buge Jones da bugun jini A lokacin da yake cikin WWA, Nathan ya lashe gasar WWA ta duniya a ranar 7 ga Afrilu 2002 kafin ya rasa bel ga Scott Steiner kwanaki 5 kacal. Pro Wrestling Zero1-Max (2002) Bayan asarar taken, Jones ya fara yin wa Pro Wrestling Zero1-Max a watan Yuni. A ranar 20 ga Oktoba, Jones da Jon Heidenreich sun doke Masato Tanaka da Shinjiro Otani don lashe gasar NWA Intercontinental Tag Team Championship A ranar 25 ga Oktoba, Jones da Heidenreich sun yi nasarar riƙe kambun a kan Jimmy Snuka Jr. A karo na 2. da The Predator kafin a rasa taken washegari zuwa Naoya Ogawa da Shinya Hashimoto Nishaɗin Wrestling na Duniya (2002-2003) Bayan Jones da farko ya sanya hannu, kan kwangilarsa da World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), bai iya yin aiki a Amurka ba saboda batutuwan biza da suka samo asali daga tarihin aikata laifuka. A ƙarshen 2002 da farkon 2003, Jones ya fara yin wasa a cikin duhu don Nishaɗi na Wrestling na Duniya. Tun asali an inganta shi a matsayin Hannibal Lecter nau'in hali. A ranar 10 ga Afrilu 2003 shirin SmackDown!, Jones ya yi WWE a cikin zobe na farko da aka watsa ta talabijin kuma ya ci Bill DeMott Bayan yin muhawara, ainihin halin Jones ya kasance nixed, kuma an sanya shi a cikin labarun labari tare da The Undertaker a matsayin mai kare shi da mataimaki a lokacin yakin Undertaker tare da A-Train da Babban Nuna A WrestleMania XIX, Jones da Undertaker an shirya su fuskanci Big Show da A-Train a cikin Tag Team wasan, amma a cikin minti na karshe, wasan ya zama wasan nakasa a maimakon. A kan allo, an kai wa Jones hari kafin wasan kuma ya ji rauni. Kusa da lokacin rufe wasan, Jones ya sake bayyana kuma ya kai hari kan Babban Nunin, wanda ya ba da damar Undertaker ya saka A-Train don nasara. An aika Jones zuwa Ohio Valley Wrestling don inganta kwarewarsa. Jones ya kasance ba ya nan a talabijin na tsawon watanni da yawa har sai da ya dawo a cikin kaka na 2003 a matsayin mugu da aka sani da sunan barkwanci "The Colossus of Boggo Road", taken yana nufin lokacin da ya kashe a Boggo Road Gaol An haɗa shi tare da Paul Heyman akan allo, tare da Heyman yana ɗaukar rawar SmackDown! Ganaral manaja. Nan da nan kuma an sanya shi cikin ƙungiyar Survivor Series na Brock Lesnar, wanda kuma ya haɗa da A-Train, Big Show, da Matt Morgan don yin fafatawa da abokin hamayyar Lesnar Kurt Angle da tawagarsa. A Survivor Series, An kawar da Jones ta Angle bayan ya ƙaddamar da Kulle Ankle Kungiyar Lesnar ta sha kashi a hannun Team Angle sannan Jones ya koma matakin don yin katsalandan a wasannin Lesnar tare da sauran membobin Team Lesnar. Hakanan Lesnar ko Heyman ya sanya shi cikin matches don taimaka musu. A ranar 6 Disamba 2003, Jones ya bar kamfanin saboda tsananin jaddawalin balaguron balaguro na WWE yayin da yake yawon shakatawa a Perth, Ostiraliya Bayan-WWE da ritaya Bayan barin WWE, an shirya Jones don yin kokawa a cikin 2004 a Supershow na Australiya na Wrestling, wanda aka yi wa Mark Mercedes Jones bai bayyana kamar yadda aka yi tallace-tallace ba kuma an gudanar da yakin basasa bayan wani hasashe na harbi kan Jones da Mercedes da mai talla Andy Raymond suka, yi. A cikin shekara ta 2005, ya yi kokawa guda uku don Kokawa ta Duniya. A ranar 5 ga Oktoba, ya doke Lee Star kuma a ranakun 7 da 8 ga Oktoba, ya doke Mark Hilton. Bayan wasansa na ƙarshe da Hilton, nan da nan Jones ya yi ritaya daga kokawa. A cikin 2008, Jones ya sanya hannu tare da Total Nonstop Action Wrestling, amma lalacewar jijiyar da motar siminti ta buga hannunsa na hagu ya sa shi jinkiri na watanni uku na farko. Bai taba yin kokawa ba don talla. Gasar da nasarori An kwatanta Pro Wrestling PWI ya sanya shi 137 na Manyan kokawa guda 500 a cikin PWI 500 a cikin 2003 Pro kokawa ZERO1-MAX NWA Intercontinental Tag Team Championship lokaci 1 tare da Jon Heidenreich Kokawa ta Duniya All-Stars Gasar Cin Nauyi ta Duniya ta WWA sau 1 Jaridar Wrestling Observer Wrestler Mafi Kunnya (2003) Wrestler mafi muni (2003) Mixed Martial Art Records |Loss |align=center|0-1 |Koji Kitao |Submission (keylock) |PRIDE 1 |align=center|1 |align=center|2:14 |Tokyo, Japan Filmography Fim Talabijin Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Professional MMA record for Nathan Jones from Sherdog Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1970 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global%20Witness

Global Witness

Global Witness wata ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta kasa da kasa da aka kafa a cikin 1993 wacce ke aiki don karya alakar amfani da albarkatun ƙasa, rikici, talauci, cin hanci da rashawa, da take hakkin dan Adam a duk duniya. Kungiyar tana da ofisoshi a London da Washington, DC Global Witness ta bayyana cewa ba ta da wata alaka ta siyasa. Gillian Caldwell ya shiga ƙungiyar a matsayin babban darekta a watan Yuli 2015 kuma an nada Mark Stephens Shugabanci a cikin Maris 2016. A cikin Fabrairu 2020, Mike Davis ya zama Shugaba na Global Witness. Binciken da Global Witness ta yi a watan Afrilun 2014 ya nuna cewa an kashe kusan sau uku fiye da adadin masu kare muhalli da aka kashe a 2012 fiye da shekaru 10 da suka gabata. Global Witness ta ba da rahoton mutuwar mutane 147 a cikin 2012, idan aka kwatanta da 51 a 2002. A Brazil, an kashe masu fafutuka 448 masu kare albarkatun kasa tsakanin 2002 zuwa 2013, a Honduras 109, Peru 58, Philippines 67, da Thailand 16. Yawancin wadanda ke fuskantar barazana, talakawa ne da ke adawa da kwace filaye, ayyukan hakar ma'adanai da kuma cinikin katako na masana'antu, wadanda galibi ana tilasta musu barin gidajensu kuma suna fuskantar barazanar lalata muhalli. An kashe wasu kuma saboda zanga-zangar da ake yi kan madatsun ruwa na ruwa da gurbatar yanayi da kuma kare namun daji. A shekara ta 2019, Shaidun Duniya sun rubuta irin waɗannan mutuwar guda 212 a cikin shekara. Bayanan martaba Global Witness ta bayyana cewa manufofinta ita ce fallasa cin hanci da rashawa na albarkatun ƙasa da tsarin kasuwanci na ƙasa da ƙasa, don fitar da yakin da ke kawo karshen rashin adalci, rikice-rikicen da ke da alaka da albarkatu, da haƙƙin ɗan adam da cin zarafin muhalli. Kungiyar ta binciko yadda lu'u-lu'u da sauran albarkatun kasa za su iya samar da kudade ko kuma rura wutar cin hanci da rashawa. Tana gudanar da bincike a kan yadda wasu mutane na musamman da kamfanoni na kasuwanci ke da hannu a cikin ayyukan da suka shafi haramtacciyar dazuzzuka ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, da cin hanci da rashawa a masana'antar mai, iskar gas da ma'adinai. Hanyar Shaida ta Duniya ta haɗu da bincike na bincike, buga rahotanni da kuma gudanar da yaƙin neman zaɓe. Ana yaɗa rahotanni zuwa ga gwamnatoci, ƙungiyoyin gwamnatoci, ƙungiyoyin farar hula da kuma kafofin watsa labarai. An yi niyya ne don tsara manufofin duniya da canza tunanin ƙasa da ƙasa game da hakowa da cinikin albarkatun ƙasa da tasirin da cin hanci da rashawa da rashin dorewa zai iya haifar da ci gaba, 'yancin ɗan adam da kwanciyar hankali na siyasa da tattalin arziki Aiyuka Global Witness ta yi aiki a kan lu'u-lu'u, mai, katako, koko, gas, zinariya da sauran ma'adanai. Ta gudanar da bincike da nazarin shari'a a Cambodia, Angola, Laberiya, DR Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Kazakhstan, Burma, Indonesia, Zimbabwe, Turkmenistan da Ivory Coast Har ila yau, ya taimaka wajen kafa manufofin ƙasa da ƙasa irin su Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, Tsarin Kimberley, da Buga Abin da Ka Biya haɗin gwiwa. (Shaidan Duniya ya janye daga Tsarin Kimberley a 2011, yana mai cewa ba ya aiki.) Kamfen na farko na ƙungiyar ya haɗa da yin aiki da cinikin katako na haramtacciyar hanya tsakanin Cambodia da Tailandia wanda ke ba da tallafin ƴan ta'addar Khmer Rouge Global Witness ta yi gardamar cewa ana iya amfani da albarkatun ƙasa, kuma an yi amfani da su, don tallafawa sojoji da ƴan bindigar da ke kisan kai, fyaɗe, da sauran cin zarafin ɗan adam akan farar hula. Ya ce "ana iya amfani da albarkatun kasa don yin shawarwari da wanzar da zaman lafiya" kuma "zai iya zama mabuɗin kawo ƙarshen talaucin Afirka". Kambodiya Kamfen na farko na Witness na Duniya shine a Cambodia a cikin shekarun 1990 inda Khmer Rouge ke safarar katako zuwa Thailand. Jaridar Observer ta danganta dakatarwar da “cikakkiyar rahoton da Global Witness ta yi”. Bayan wani rahoto da ke alaƙanta dangin Firayim Minista Hun Sen da wasu manyan jami'an gwamnati, an nakalto dan uwan Firayim Minista Hun Neng, wanda shi ma gwamnan lardin ne a wata jaridar Cambodia yana cewa idan wani daga Global Witness ya koma Cambodia, zai "ku buge su har sai kawunansu ya karye." A cikin 2009, Global Witness ta fitar da Ƙasa don Siyarwa, rahoto kan cin hanci da rashawa a cikin rabon lasisin albarkatun ƙasa na Cambodia. A cikin 2010 rahoton, Shifting Sand, an buga shi. Ya bincika yashi don fitarwa zuwa Singapore. Rahoton ya yi iƙirarin cewa, fitattun ƴan majalisar dattawan Cambodia biyu ne suka mamaye cinikin. Lu'u-lu'u na jini A cikin 1998 Global Witness ta fitar da rahoton, A Rough Trade: The Role of Companies and Governments in the Angolan Conflict, yana bayyana irin rawar da cinikin lu'u-lu'u na duniya ke takawa wajen bayar da tallafi ga yakin basasar Angola Saliyo A matsayin wani ɓangare na yaƙin neman zaɓe na yaƙi da lu'u-lu'u masu rikici, Global Witness ta taimaka wajen kafa Tsarin Shaida ta Kimberley (KCPS). An kafa tsarin ba da takardar shaida na gwamnatocin duniya don dakatar da cinikin lu'u-lu'u na jini, wanda ke buƙatar gwamnatoci su tabbatar da cewa jigilar lu'u-lu'u ba ta da rikici. Kamar sauran ƙasashe na kudu da hamadar Sahara (SSA), Saliyo na da albarkatun mai da ma'adinai a cikin rashin daidaituwar zamantakewa, yawan talauci, da rikice-rikice. Ƙarƙashin yunƙurin ƴan tawaye ƙarƙashin jagorancin Charles Taylor, wanda ya mamaye masana'antar lu'u-lu'u, ana cinikin lu'u-lu'u don bindigogi tare da Revolutionary United Front (RUF). Wannan ƙungiyar ƴan tawayen ita kaɗai ta sami kuɗin da ya kai dalar Amurka miliyan 125. A shekara ta 1998, Global Witness ta ce lu’u-lu’u ne ke haddasa waɗannan rikice-rikice. Sakamakon binciken da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta yi a shekara ta 2000, an tabbatar da cewa ana safarar duwatsun daga gabashin Saliyo ta Laberiya, daga baya kuma zuwa kasuwannin duniya. Ɗinkin Duniya ta sanya takunkumi kan lu'u-lu'u na Laberiya a cikin Maris 2001. A ranar 19 ga Yuli, 2000, Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta amince da wani kuduri a Antwerp don ƙarfafa ikon masana'antar lu'u-lu'u na toshe tallace-tallacen lu'u-lu'u masu rikici. Bayan haka, tare da karuwar matsin lamba na duniya daga Global Witness da sauran kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, an gudanar da tarurruka tare da kasashe masu samar da lu'u-lu'u sama da shekaru uku, wanda aka kammala a kafa tsarin tabbatar da lu'u-lu'u na duniya a watan Janairu 2003. Tsarin ba da takardar shaida kan fitarwa da shigo da lu'u-lu'u, wanda aka fi sani da KCPS, an kira shi da kudurin, inda ya kafa doka a dukkan kasashe na karbar jigilar lu'u-lu'u kawai da aka rufe a hukumance tare da takardar shaidar KP da ke ba da tabbacin cewa ba su da rikici. Duk wanda aka samu yana safarar lu'u-lu'u masu rikici za a tuhume shi da laifin aikata laifuka, yayin da kuma za a sanya takunkumi kan mutanen da aka samu suna cinikin wadannan duwatsun daga barayin lu'u-lu'u a ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai ta Diamond Bourses. Tsarin Kimberley (KP) a Saliyo ya kasance mai inganci wajen iyakance kwararar lu'ulu'u masu rikici. Mafi mahimmanci, KP ya taimaka wajen maido da zaman lafiya da tsaro a cikin rayuwar wadannan mutane, kuma, ta hanyar samar da kwanciyar hankali a cikin wadannan yanayi, ya sa su ci gaba. An yi nasara wajen isar da lu'u-lu'u masu yawa zuwa kasuwannin duniya, da haɓaka kudaden shiga na gwamnati, da kuma taimakawa wajen magance matsalolin ci gaba. A cikin 2006, an fitar da lu'u-lu'u kimanin dalar Amurka miliyan 125 bisa doka daga Saliyo, idan aka kwatanta da kusan babu guda a cikin shekarun 1990. Duk da nasarar da ya samu, bayan shekaru tara, a ranar 5 ga Disamba, 2011, Global Witness ta sanar da cewa ta fice daga KP, inda ta bayyana cewa ba a gyara manyan kurakuran shirin ba yayin da gwamnatoci suka daina nuna sha'awar yin garambawul. Mai, gas, da ma'adinai Ƙididdiga ta Duniya don samun ƙarin fahimi a ɓangaren mai, iskar gas, da ma'adinai. Memba ne wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar Buga Abin da kuke Biyan (PWYP), wanda ke ba da shawarar "bayyana wajabcin biyan kuɗin kamfani da kuɗaɗen shiga na gwamnati daga ɓangaren mai, iskar gas, da ma'adinai". Sama da ƙungiyoyin jama'a 300 a duniya memba ne na PWYP. Sauran waɗanda suka kafa PWYP sun hada da CAFOD, Oxfam, Save the Children UK, Transparency International UK, da George Soros, Shugaban Cibiyar Buɗaɗɗiyar Jama'a. Global Witness ta taimaka wajen kafa Initiative Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI), wanda Firayim Ministan Burtaniya Tony Blair ya sanar a lokacin taron koli na duniya kan ci gaba mai dorewa a Johannesburg a watan Satumba 2002 kuma Bankin Duniya ya amince da shi a watan Disamba 2003. EITI sakamakon ƙoƙarin masu fafutukar PWYP ne. Yanzu haka ana tallafa mata da mafi yawan kamfanonin mai, haƙar ma'adinai da iskar gas da masu saka hannun jari na hukumomi, jimillar dalar Amurka tiriliyan 8.3. Global Witness memba ne na Ƙungiyar Ba da Shawarwari ta Duniya ta EITI kuma tana zaune a kan hukumar EITI. Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo Global Witness tana aiki kan batutuwa da dama a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (DRC). Sashin gidan yanar gizon su na DRC ya karanta cewa, "'Yan siyasa, sojoji da ƙungiyoyin sa kai sun wawashe dukiyar kasa tare da yin amfani da ita wajen wadatar da kansu wajen cutar da jama'a." Global Witness ta yi kira ga gwamnatin Burtaniya da kwamitin sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da su dakatar da cinikin ma'adanai da ke ruruta wutar yaƙi a gabashin Kongo. Global Witness ta bayyana albarkatun rikice-rikice a matsayin "albarkatun dabi'a waɗanda cin zarafi da cinikayya a cikin wani yanayi na rikici suna ba da gudummawa, amfana daga ko haifar da aiwatar da manyan take hakki na bil'adama, take haƙƙin dokokin jin kai na ƙasa da ƙasa ko kuma cin zarafi da ya kai ga laifuka ƙarƙashin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa." Dazuzzuka Global Witness ta yi ayyuka da yawa a kan gandun daji. Ta fitar da rahotanni kan yadda katako ya taimaka wajen samar da kudaden yakin basasa a Laberiya da kuma duba yadda ake fasa kwaurin katako daga Burma zuwa China. A baya-bayan nan ne dai Global Witness ta kaddamar da shari'ar kotu a kasar Faransa kan kamfanin DLH da suka yi zargin sayan katako daga wasu kamfanonin ƙasar Laberiya a lokacin yakin basasa tsakanin shekara ta 2001-2003, inda ta ke bayar da goyon baya ga gwamnatin Charles Taylor. Global Witness ta kwatanta dazuzzuka a matsayin "matsayi na ƙarshe a kan sauyin yanayi", tare da sare itatuwa ya kai kashi 18 cikin ɗari na jimillar hayaƙin carbon dioxide na duniya. Dangane da kokarin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na kulla yarjejeniya kan Rage hayaki mai guba daga saran gandun daji da lalata gandun daji (REDD) Global Witness ta ce: "REDD na da matukar hadari ga gandun daji da kuma al'ummomin cikin gida kuma za ta yi nasara ne kawai idan ƙungiyoyin farar hula sun tsunduma a matsayin mai zaman kanta mai sa ido don tabbatar da hakan. ana amfani da kudin ne bisa dokokin kasa da ƙa'idojin ƙasa da ƙasa." Global Witness ta soki tsarin da Bankin Duniya ya amince da shi na karfafa aikin noman noma na masana'antu a matsayin hanyar bunkasar tattalin arziki a kasashe masu tasowa, wanda a cewarta, an sha nuna gazawa. Madadin haka, Global Witness tana ba da shawarar dabarun gudanarwa waɗanda ke amfanar al'ummomin da suka dogara da gandun daji, ƙasashensu na asali, muhalli, kuma suna ɗaukar gandun daji a matsayin "kadara ta duniya". Kwanan nan Kamfanonin da ba a san su ba Global Witness na ƙalubalanta a kan kamfanoni da ba a san su ba da kuma don rajistar mallakar fa'ida Kamfanoni da ba a san su ba al'adar kasuwanci ce ta doka amma ana iya amfani da su don dalilai kamar su halatta kuɗaɗen haram, ba da tallafin ta'addanci, ko guje wa haraji. Bankuna A shekara ta 2009 Global Witness ta ƙaddamar da wani kamfen kan rawar da bankuna ke takawa wajen magance cin hanci da rashawa. Rahotonta, Undue Diligence, ya bayyana sunayen wasu manyan bankunan da suka yi kasuwanci tare da gwamnatocin rashawa. Ya kara da cewa, "ta hanyar karbar wadannan kwastomomi, bankuna suna taimaka wa wadanda ke amfani da kadarorin gwamnati wajen arzuta kansu ko kuma musgunawa jama'arsu" kuma "wannan cin hanci da rashawa ya hana talakawan duniya damar fitar da kansu daga kangin talauci da kuma barin su dogaro da kansu. yarda." Shaida ta Duniya tana kan Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Taskforce akan Mutuncin Kudi da Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki, kuma memba ne na BankTrack, da Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Jama'a ta UNCAC. A cikin Mayu 2009, ma'aikaciyar Global Witness, Anthea Lawson, ta ba da shaida a gaban Kwamitin Sabis na Kuɗi na Majalisar Dokokin Amurka kan "Asara Babban Ƙasa, Cin Hanci da Rashawa da Rawar Cibiyoyin Kuɗi na Yamma". A cikin wata wasika zuwa ga The Guardian mai kwanan wata 9 ga Fabrairu 2010, Ms Lawson ta zargi bankunan Burtaniya da "sun nuna hadin kai" a cikin cin hanci da rashawa. Sudan Global Witness ta yi kamfen na tabbatar da gaskiya a masana'antar mai na Sudan. Global Witness ta buga Fueling Mistrust a watan Yunin 2009, wani rahoto da ke nuna bambance-bambancen da ya kai kashi 26 cikin 100 tsakanin alƙaluman da gwamnatin Sudan ta wallafa da na babban kamfanin mai da ke aiki a yankin, CNPC ya wallafa. Yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tsakanin arewaci da kudanci ta yi tanadi kan yarjejeniyar raba kuɗaɗen shigar da ake samu daga man fetur. Lu'u-lu'u na Zimbabwe A watan Yuni na 2010, Global Witness ta soki Zimbabwe saboda manyan take haƙƙin ɗan adam da aka yi a filayen Lu'u-lu'u na Marange. Ta buga wani rahoto na Return of the Blood Diamond wanda ya soki tsarin tabbatar da tsarin Kimberley saboda rashin mayar da martani mai inganci ga rikicin Zimbabwe. A cikin Yuli 2010 Tendai Midzi, yana rubutawa a cikin The Zimbabwe Guardian, ya zargi Global Witness da Partnership Africa Canada da kasancewa "amma abin kunya ne na gwamnatocin yammacin da suke wakilta". Malaysia Global Witness ta fallasa cin hanci da rashawa a cinikin filaye a cikin gwamnatin Taib Mahmud, babban ministan jihar Sarawak a Malaysia ta faifan bidiyo mai taken "Cikin Jihar Inuwar Malaysia." Bidiyon ya nuna hotunan tattaunawa da dangin Taib da lauyansu inda wakilan Global Witness suka nuna a matsayin masu son saka hannun jari. 2020: An kashe masu fafutukar kare muhalli 227 a duk duniya A cikin 2019, Global Witness ta rubuta kisan gillar masu fafutukar kare muhalli 212, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama shekara mafi muni tun lokacin da aka fara wannan rikodin, a cikin 2012. Wannan ya haura daga adadin 197 da aka kashe a cikin 2018. 2020 ya ƙara ƙaruwa a lokuta, tare da kashe 227. Girmamawa da kyaututtuka Global Witness and Partnership Africa Canada ta kasance tare da Majalisar Wakilan Amurka da ƴan majalisar dattijai suka gabatar da sunayensu don samun lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel a shekara ta 2003 don aiki kan alakar rikici da lu'u-lu'u a ƙasashen Afirka da dama. Wanda ya ci kyautar Gleitsman Foundation don gwagwarmayar kasa da kasa (2005) Wanda ya ci nasara a Cibiyar Ci gaban Duniya Mujallar Manufofin Ƙasashen Waje ga Ƙaddamar da Ra'ayoyin Ci gaba a Kyautar Ayyuka (2007) Wanda ya karɓi Kyautar Allard don Mutuncin Ƙasashen Duniya (2013 Mai Girma Magana) Charmian Gooch, ɗaya daga cikin uku da suka kafa Daraktocin Duniya na Duniya, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Ted a cikin 2014. Burin ta shine "mu san su waye suke da iko da kamfanoni, don kada a daina amfani da su ba tare da sunansu ba wajen cin mutuncin jama'a." Bari mu kunna ra'ayi na duniya, mu canza doka, tare da kaddamar da sabon zamani na bude kofa a kasuwanci.' Wanda ya ci lambar yabo ta Skoll don Harkokin Kasuwancin Jama'a 2014 Wanda ya lashe kyautar David da Goliath Foundation na Sheila McKechnie Foundation na 2021, don nasarar yaƙin neman zaɓe na dakatar da tallafin biliyoyin da gwamnatin Burtaniya ke bayarwa na albarkatun mai a ketare. Adam McGibbon mai fafutukar sheda ta Duniya ne ya haɗa gangamin. Kuɗin shiga Mafi yawan tallafin Shaidu na Duniya suna zuwa ne daga tallafi da gidauniyoyi, gwamnatoci, da ƙungiyoyin agaji suke bayarwa. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu amfanar su shine Cibiyar Buɗaɗɗiyar Jama'a, wacce kuma ke ba da tallafin Human Rights Watch. Global Witness kuma yana karɓar kuɗi daga gwamnatocin Norway da na Burtaniya, Gidauniyar Adessium, da Oxfam Novib. A cikin wata hira da aka yi da shi a jaridar The Guardian a shekara ta 2007, Patrick Alley, dtaya daga cikin daraktocin da suka kafa, ya yi watsi da ikirarin cewa karbar kudi daga gwamnatoci na iya nuna son kai ga yakin neman zaɓensu: “Kasancewar jagorancin yakin neman zabe, maimakon jagorancin kudade, yana nufin cewa ba a hada da ‘yancin kai namu ba. in ji gardama. "Ma'aikatar ciniki da masana'antu ta taba tambaya ko muna so mu sanya hannu kan wata magana ta sirri. Mun ce ba za mu ɗauki kuɗaɗen a karkashin wadannan sharudda ba. Babu wata gwamnati da ta taɓa ƙoƙarin sanya wani hani." Daga Disamba 2008 zuwa Nuwamba 2009 Kudin shiga na Shaidun Duniya ya kai £3,831,831. A cikin wannan, kusan kashi 61 cikin 100 sun fito ne a matsayin tallafi daga amintattu da gidauniyoyi masu zaman kansu, kashi 33 cikin 100 daga gwamnatoci, kashi uku daga ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da masu zaman kansu, sannan kashi uku daga cikin kudaden ruwa na banki da sauran hanyoyin. Global Witness ta ce tana kashe kashi 75 cikin 100 na kudadenta wajen yakin neman zabe, kashi bakwai kan harkokin sadarwa da tara kuɗaɗe, sannan kashi 18 cikin 100 na tallafi da gudanar da mulki. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Ƙungiyar Ta'addanci Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

23890

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed%20Mounir

Mohamed Mounir

Mohamed Mounir an haifi 10 ga watan Oktoban a shekara ta 1954) mawaƙin Masar ne kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, tare da aikin kiɗan da ya wuce shekaru arba'in. Ya haɗa nau'ikan daban -daban a cikin kiɗansa, gami da Kiɗan Masar na gargajiya, kiɗan Nubian, blues, jazz da reggae. An lura da waƙoƙin sa duka don abubuwan falsafancin su da kuma shaharawar zamantakewa da siyasa. Masoyan sa sun san shi da suna "The King" dangane da faifan sa da kuma wasa "El Malek Howwa El Malek" (The King is The King). Iyalan Mounir sun fito daga Nubia, Kudancin Aswan, Masar. Rayuwar farko An haife shi a cikin dangin Nubian a Aswan, Mounir ya shafe yawancin ƙuruciyarsa a ƙauyen Manshyat Al Nubia, inda ya raba abubuwan mahaifinsa a cikin kiɗa da siyasa. Tun yana matashi, an tilasta shi da iyalinsa komawa Cairo lokacin da aka rasa ƙauyensa a ambaliyar da ta biyo bayan gina madatsar ruwa ta Aswan A nan ne ya karanci daukar hoto a Faculty of Applied Arts a Jami'ar Helwan A wannan lokacin, sau da yawa zai yi wa abokai da dangi waƙa a wurin tarurrukan zamantakewa. Mawakin waka Abdel-Rehim Mansour ya lura da muryar sa ta waka, wanda zai ci gaba da gabatar da Mounir ga shahararren mawakin jama'a Ahmed Mounib. Aikin kiɗa Bayan kammala karatunsa, an kira shi zuwa aikin soja a shekara ta 1974, a lokacin da ya ci gaba da ƙwaƙƙwaran aikin kiɗan ta hanyar yin kide -kide daban -daban. Ya yi irin wannan kide kide na farko a shekarar ta 1975. Duk da cewa da farko jama'a sun soki Mounir saboda yin wasan kwaikwayo cikin suttura a lokacin da ake tsammanin mawaƙan Masar da yawa za su sanya riguna, amma daga ƙarshe sun yi ɗimuwa da kwarjinin sa. Bayan kammala aikin soja, Mounir ya saki kundin solo na farko na Alemon Eneeki a shekarar ta 1977 akan alamar rikodin Sonar. Mounir ya ci gaba da sakin ƙarin kundin kundin aiki guda biyar a jere kuma ya fito a kan kundin waƙoƙi guda ɗaya a ƙarƙashin alamar Sonar. Har zuwa yau, Mounir ya fitar da jimillar kundin wakoki guda 22 kuma an nuna su a cikin kundin waƙoƙin sauti guda shida a ƙarƙashin wasu lambobin rikodin daban -daban. Waƙar Mounir ta "Maddad" daga wannan faifan ta haifar da cece -kuce, saboda ana iya fassara waƙoƙin ta a matsayin kira na roƙo daga annabi Muhammad A tsakanin Musulmai, akwai ra’ayoyi mabanbanta akan ko annabi zai iya yin roƙo tsakanin Allah da muminai. Wannan ya haifar da dakatar da bidiyon kiɗan daga gidan talabijin na Masar na ɗan lokaci. Mounir ya amsa da cewa "wannan yaki da tsauraran tunani ne ke sanya wani abu daga cikin ku". A cikin littafin sa na shekara ta 2003 mai suna Ahmar Shafayef (Lipstick), ya koma salon da ya saba da shi musamman na wakokin duniya. A lokacin bazara na shekara ta 2003, bayan fitowar kundin sa Mounir ya zagaya Austria, Jamus da Switzerland tare da mawaƙin pop na Austriya Hubert von Goisern, kuma daga baya a wannan shekarar duo ya yi kide kide a Asyut A watan Mayu shekara ta 2004, ya gudanar da babban kide -kide a pyramids, a lokacin da wani mashayi ya buge shi a zahiri. Duk da raunin da ya samu, amma ya ci gaba da wasansa har zuwa ƙarshen kide -kide. Ya ci gaba da ɗabi'unsa na sakin kundi na duniya wanda aka sanya shi tare da sharhin zamantakewa tare da sakin faifan sa na 2005 Embareh Kan Omry Eshren Jiya Na Shekaru Ashirin kundin Ta'm El Beyout Ku ɗanɗani Gidaje wanda aka saki a 2008. An lura da Ta'm El Beyout saboda ƙirarsa amma da farko bai yi yadda ake tsammani ba dangane da siyar da kundin kundi. A cikin shekara ta 2012, Mounir ya fito da sabon faifan sa Ya Ahl El Arab we Tarab A shekara ta 2008, Mounir ya jinkirta yin kade -kade na sabuwar shekarar Hauwa'u a gidan Opera House a cikin hadin kai da Falasdinawa da ke fama da illar yakin Gaza Ya fitar da sanarwar: "jinkirta kide kide wani sako ne da aka aike wa duniya baki daya, domin ta ci gaba da taimakawa mutanen Gaza." Ya jagoranci taken Fasahar Larabci na Liverpool na 2010 a ranar 9 ga watan Yuli, a Zauren Philharmonic na Liverpool Shi ne magabacin kungiyoyin kida na kwanan nan kamar Black Theama A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2021, Mounir ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai yi wasa a wani kade -kade a Kudus, Haifa, Ramallah da Gaza, don zama Masari na farko da zai yi a Isra'ila, kamar yadda ya ambata: "Zan zama wakilin zaman lafiya, kamar Sadat Sai dai daga baya ya ayyana cewa zai zagaya garuruwan Falasdinawa na Ramallah da Gaza. Aiki mai aiki Kazalika aikinsa na waka, Mounir shima yana da rawar wasan kwaikwayo. Duk cikin aikinsa ya fito a fina -finai guda 12, jerin talabijin guda 4 da wasannin 3. Ayyukan fim ɗinsa sun fara ne a shekara ta 1982, lokacin da ya yi aiki kuma ya fito a cikin kundin waƙar Youssef Chahine fim Hadouta Masreia Labarin Masar A cikin shekara ta 1997 ya taka rawar bard a cikin Youssef Chahine wasan kwaikwayo na Faransa-Masar Al Maseer Kaddara wanda ya fita daga gasar a Fim ɗin Cannes na 1997 Mounir ya taka rawar farfesa wakar farfesa "Bashir" a cikin fim din Dunia mai rikitarwa na shekara ta 2005, wanda ke kewaye da taken Dunia, dan rawa ciki da mawaƙiyar 'yar wasan Masar Hanan Tork Lokacin da aka nuna fim ɗin a bikin Fina-Finan Duniya na Alkahira na shekara ta 2005, ya bar masu sauraro sun rarrabu tsakanin waɗanda ke goyan bayan kiran fim ɗin don 'yancin ilimi da matsayin ƙin kaciyar mata, da waɗanda ba su yarda da ko dai marubucin marubucin yana son bayyana kansa ta hanyar rawa ba, ko kuma yin fim na abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin unguwannin marasa galihu na Alkahira, wanda za a iya ganin yana bata sunan Masar a duniya. Binciken hoto Albums na hukuma Alemony Eneeki (idanunku sun koya mani) 1977 Bnetweled (Muna Haihuwa) 1978 Shababeek (Windows) YKB 1981 Etkalemy (Magana) YKB 1983 Bareea (mara laifi) YKB 1986 West El Dayra (A Tsakiyar Da'irar) YKB 1987 Shokolata (Chocolate) 1989 Ya Eskenderia (O Alexandria) 1990 Meshwar (Tafiya) 1991 El Tool We El Loon We El Horya (Length, Color, and Freedom) 1992 Eftah Albak (Bude Zuciyarka) 1994 Momken (Wataƙila) 1995 Maza Awel Lamsa (Daga Farko Na Farko) 1996 El Farha (The Joy) 1999 Fi Eshg El Banat (Soyayyar Yan Mata) 2000 Ana Alby Masaken Shabya (Zuciyata Gida ce ta Jama'a) 2001 El Arda. El Salam (Duniya. Aminci) 2002 Ahmar Shafayef (Lipsticks) 2003 Embareh Kan Omry Eshren (Jiya Ina Shekara Ashirin) 2005 Ta'm El Beyout (Ku ɗanɗani Gidaje) 2008 Ahl El Arab Wel Tarab (Mutanen Larabawa da Kiɗa) 2012 El-Rooh Lel-Rooh Dayman Bet'hen (Rayukan Kullum Suna Son Juna)-2017 Watan (Gida) 2018 Bab El Jamal (Kofar Kyau) 2021 AA Filmography Fina -finai Talabijin Bakar Ali Elewa Gomhoreyat Zefta (Jamhuriyar Zefta) Al Moghani (The Singer) Gidan wasan kwaikwayo El Malek; El Malek Al Shahateen Masa 'Al Kheer Ya Masr Kyaututtuka Ya karɓi lambar yabo ta Aminci daga CNN don album ɗin sa na Duniya An karɓi lambar yabo ta Diamond daga "Bama Awards" Ya lashe lambar yabo mafi kyawun mawaƙa a gasar MEMA na gawatan Yuli 2008. An karrama shi da gudanar da bikin Fim na Alexandria a bude zamansa na 30 Ya ci lambar yabo ta Platinum don mafi kyawun mawaƙin Masar da Larabawa don waƙar "Yasmina", wanda mawaƙin duniya Adel Al-Taweel ya halarta tare da ƙungiyar "Ich und Ich", shahararriyar ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa a yanzu, kuma ya cancanci Kyautar Duniya ta Duniya, bayan da ya rarraba faifan wanda ya haɗa da waƙar "Taht Al-Yasmina" kwafi 700,000, wanda ya kai mafi girman adadin rarrabawa a Jamus. Mounir ya kuma ci nasara, a cikin shekara guda kuma don waƙa ɗaya, a cikin Larabci da Ingilishi, matsayi na uku a cikin raba gardamar jama'a da tashar "Proseven" ta shirya don gasar mafi kyawun waƙa a Jamus. Wakar "El-leila Samra" ta lashe zaben BBC guda 50 mafi kyawun wakokin Afirka na karni na ashirin. Ya kuma lashe lambar yabo mai daraja a shekara ta 2005 don fim ɗin "Duniya". Nassoshi Hanyoyin waje IMDB Rayayyun Mutane Haifaffun 1954 Pages with unreviewed

40726

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Shakespeare

William Shakespeare

William Shakespeare 26 Afrilu 1564 23 Afrilu 1616) marubucin wasan kwaikwayo ne na Ingilishi, mawaƙi kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Ana yi masa kallon babban marubuci a cikin harshen Ingilishi kuma fitaccen marubucin wasan kwaikwayo a duniya. Ana kiransa sau da yawa mawaƙin ƙasa na Ingila da Bard of Avon" (ko kuma kawai "Bard"). Ayyukansa na baya, ciki har da haɗin gwiwar, sun ƙunshi wasu wasan kwaikwayo 39, 154 sonnets, dogayen wakoki guda uku, da wasu 'yan wasu baiti, wasu daga cikin marubuta marasa tabbas. An fassara wasan kwaikwayonsa zuwa kowane babban harshe mai rai kuma ana yin su sau da yawa fiye da na kowane marubucin wasan kwaikwayo. Ya kasance a iya cewa shi ne marubuci mafi tasiri a cikin harshen Ingilishi, kuma ana ci gaba da nazari da sake fassara ayyukansa. An haifi Shakespeare kuma ya girma a Stratford-Upon-Avon, Warwickshire. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 18, ya auri Anne Hathaway, wanda yake da 'ya'ya uku: Susanna, da tagwaye Hamnet da Judith. Wani lokaci tsakanin 1585 zuwa 1592, ya fara aiki mai nasara a London a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, marubuci, kuma mai mallakar wani kamfani mai suna Lord Chamberlain's Men, wanda daga baya akafi sani da King's of Men. Yana da shekaru 49 (a kusan 1613), ya bayyana ya yi ritaya zuwa Stratford, inda ya mutu bayan shekaru uku. 'Yan kaɗan na bayanan sirri na Shakespeare sun tsira; wannan ya jawo hasashe mai yawa game da al'amura kamar kamanninsa, Sexuality, imaninsa na addini da kuma ko wasu ne suka rubuta ayyukan da aka dangana masa. Biography with signature Articles with hCards Shakespeare ya samar da mafi yawan sanannun ayyukansa tsakanin 1589 da 1613. Wasanninsa na farko sun kasance masu ban dariya da tarihi kuma ana daukar su a matsayin wasu mafi kyawun ayyukan da aka samar a cikin waɗannan nau'o'in. Daga nan ya rubuta mafi yawan tragedies har zuwa 1608, daga cikinsu Hamlet, Romeo da Juliet, Othello, King Lear, da Macbeth, duk an dauke su daga cikin mafi kyawun ayyuka a cikin harshen Ingilishi. A cikin lokaci na ƙarshe na rayuwarsa, ya rubuta abubuwan ban tausayi (wanda aka fi sani da romances) kuma ya yi aiki tare da sauran marubutan wasan kwaikwayo. Yawancin wasan kwaikwayon Shakespeare an buga su a cikin bugu na inganci da daidaito a cikin rayuwarsa. Duk da haka, a cikin karni na 1623, John Heminges da Henry Condell, 'yan wasan kwaikwayo biyu da abokan Shakespeare, sun buga wani rubutu mafi mahimmanci da aka sani da Folio na Farko, wani bugun da aka tattara na Shakespeare na ban mamaki wanda ya haɗa da duka amma biyu daga cikin wasanninsa. Gabatarwansa wata waka ce ta Ben Jonson, tsohon abokin hamayyar Shakespeare, wanda ya yaba Shakespeare tare da sanannen yanzu: "ba na zamani ba, amma na kowane lokaci". Rayuwa Ƙuruciya Shakespeare ɗa ne ga John Shakespeare, alderman kuma ƙwararren mai yin sana'ar safar hannu (mai yin safar hannu) asali daga Snitterfield a Warwickshire, da Mary Arden, 'yar dangin masu affluent landwning. An haife shi a Stratford-Upon-Avon, inda aka yi masa baftisma a ranar 26 ga watan Afrilu 1564. Ba a san ranar haihuwarsa ba, amma bisa ga al'ada ana kiyaye shi a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilu, Ranar Saint George. Wannan kwanan wata, wanda za a iya gano shi zuwa William Oldys da George Steevens, ya tabbatar da sha'awar masu tarihin saboda Shakespeare ya mutu a daidai wannan ranar a 1616. Shi ne na uku na yara takwas, kuma mafi girma da ya tsira. ɗa. Kodayake ba a sami bayanan halarta na wannan lokacin ba, yawancin masu tarihin rayuwa sun yarda cewa tabbas Shakespeare ya sami ilimi a Sabuwar Makarantar King a Stratford, makarantar kyauta da aka yi hayar a 1553, kusan mil (mile kwata). 400 m) daga gidansa. Makarantun nahawu sun bambanta da inganci a lokacin Elizabethan, amma tsarin karatun nahawu sun kasance kama da haka: ainihin rubutun Latin an daidaita shi ta dokar sarauta, kuma makarantar za ta ba da ilimi mai zurfi a cikin nahawu bisa ga marubutan gargajiya na Latin. Lokacin da yake da shekaru 18, Shakespeare ya auri Anne Hathaway mai shekaru 26. Kotun da'a na Diocese na Worcester ta ba da lasisin aure a ranar 27 ga watan Nuwamba 1582. Kashegari, biyu daga cikin makwabtan Hathaway sun buga shaidu da ke ba da tabbacin cewa babu wani da'awar halal da ta hana auren. Wataƙila an shirya bikin cikin gaggawa tun lokacin da shugaban gwamnati na Worcester ya ba da izinin karanta haramcin aure sau ɗaya maimakon sau uku, da watanni shida bayan auren Anne ta haifi diya mace. Susanna, ta yi baftisma a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu 1583. Twins, ɗan Hamnet da 'yar Judith, sun bi kusan shekaru biyu bayan haka kuma aka yi musu baftisma a ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairu 1585. Bayan haihuwar tagwaye, Shakespeare ya bar tarihin tarihi har sai da aka ambace shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na wasan kwaikwayo na London a karni na 1592. Banda shi ne bayyanar sunansa a cikin "lissafin korafi" na wata shari'a a gaban kotun Sarauniya a Westminster Michaelmas Term 1588 da 9 Oktoba 1589 shekaru". Marubutan tarihin rayuwar da suke ƙoƙarin yin lissafin wannan lokacin sun ba da rahoton labaran apocryph da yawa. Nicholas Rowe, marubucin tarihin rayuwar farko na Shakespeare, ya ba da labarin wani labari na Stratford cewa Shakespeare ya gudu daga garin zuwa Landan don tserewa tuhumar farautar barewa a cikin gida na squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare kuma ya kamata ya dauki fansa akan Lucy ta hanyar rubuta balla mai ban tsoro game da shi. Wani labari na karni na 18 shine Shakespeare ya fara aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo yana kula da dawakai na abokan wasan kwaikwayo a London. John Aubrey ya ruwaito cewa Shakespeare ya kasance malamin makaranta na kasa. Wasu malaman ƙarni na 20 sun ba da shawarar cewa mai yiwuwa Shakespeare ya ɗauke shi aiki a matsayin shugaban makaranta Alexander Hoghton na Lancashire, wani mai gidan Katolika wanda ya ba da wani sunan "William Shakeshafte" a cikin wasiyyarsa. Ƙananan shaidu sun tabbatar da irin waɗannan labarun ban da jita -jita da aka tattara bayan mutuwarsa, kuma Shakeshafte shine sunan gama gari a yankin Lancashire. Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

24416

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamarpa

Shamarpa

Yaren Shamarpa Tibetan Shamarpa na farko, Drakpa Senggé Wylie A shekara ta 1283 zuwa shekara ta 1349), sun karɓi taken “Shamarpa”, da kambi mai launin ja, madaidaicin kwafin kambin Karmapa daga Rangjung Dorje, Karmapa na uku, yana kafa layin na biyu na lambobi na reincarnate a cikin addinin Buddha na Tibet. Karmapa shine na farko. Sau da yawa ana kiran Shamarpa a matsayin "Red Hat Karmapa", musamman a farkon rubutun Kagyu. The 5th Dalai Lama saw the Shamarpa as equal to the Karmapa: Sunan mahaifi Shamarpa An jera Shamarpa a matsayin reincarnations na gaba a cikin "The Garland of Moon Water Crystal" ta 8th Tai Situpa Chökyi Jungne da Belo Tsewang Künkhyab. Khedrup Drakpa Senge a shekara ta (1284 zuwa shekara ta 1349) shine babban almajirin Karmapa na uku Shamar Khachö Wangpo a shekara ta (1350 zuwa shekara ta 1405) Karmapa na 4 ya gane shi. Shamar Chöpal Yeshe shekara ta (1406 zuwa shekara ta 1452). Chöpal Yeshe ya shahara saboda ya gina gidajen ibada da cibiyoyi da dama. Ya kuma sami damar kawar da aikin hadayar dabbobi a yankunan Tibet inda wannan al'ada ta ci gaba. Karmapa na bakwai 7 ya gane Shamar Chokyi Drakpa Yeshe Pal Zangpo a shekara ta (1453 zuwa shekara ta 1526), wanda ya zama Lama. Shahararren sufi na Tibet Ga Mamo Tashi Rabten ne ya kafa shi. Ya kuma kafa ƙananan gidajen ibada da yawa. A lokacin tafiyarsa a wajen Tibet, Chökyi Tragpa ya gina gidajen ibada da dama, a tsakanin wasu akwai gidajen ibada guda huɗu a Bhutan kuma shine farkon Shamar ya sake dawowa ya ziyarci Nepal inda ya gina ƙaramin gidan sufi a Swayambhunath, ɗayan wurare mafi alfarma na ƙasar. Bayan ya dawo ƙasarsa, ya zama sarkin Tibet na tsawon shekaru goma sha biyu kuma ya yi mulkin ƙasar bisa tsananin bin ƙa'idodin Buddha. Shamar Köncho Yenlak a shekara ta (1526 zuwa shekara ta 1583) ta Karmapa ta takwas 8 Ya kuma gane kuma ya zama Lama na Karmapa na tara 9 Shamar Mipan Chökyi Wangchuk a shekara ta (1584 zuwa shekara ta 1629) an gane da 9th Karmapa wanda ya zama babban Lama. cf https://www.tbrc.org/#!rid=P1432 Shamar Yeshe Nyinpo a shekara ta (1631 zuwa shekara ta 1694) Karmapa ta goma 10 ta gane shi, kuma ya zama almajirin Karmapa. An haifi Palchen Chökyi Döndrup a shekara ta(1695 zuwa shekara ta 1732) a Yilmo, Nepal kuma an kai shi Tibet yana ɗan shekara bakwai 7. Ya karɓi koyarwa da umarni daga Karmapa na sha daya 11 kafin mutuwarsa. Shamarpa bi da bi, an gane shi kuma ya naɗa Karmapa na sha biyu 12 a matsayin Karmapa na sha biyu12 kuma ya zama Tushen-guru. Könchog Geway Jungnay shekara ta (1733 zuwa shekara ta 1741) an haife shi a Paro a Bhutan kuma Karmapa na 13 ya gano shi, amma ya ra[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2014)">abin da ake buƙata</span> ]yu har zuwa shekaru tara Mipam Chödrup Gyamtso shekara ta (1742 zuwa shekara ta 1793) shine ɗan uwan ɗan Panchen Lama na shidda 6, Lobsang Palden Yeshe shekara ta (1738 zuwa shekara ta 1780). Tai Situ Rinpoche takwas ne suka koyar da shi, sannan kuma ya gane Tai Situ Rinpoche na tara. Shamar Tulku ya shafe shekaru da yawa yana rayar da Dharma a Tibet. Musamman, Shamar Tulku yayi yunƙurin kawo koyarwar Kagyu zuwa tsakiyar Tibet, wanda ya kasance tangarɗar manyan ƙungiyoyin siyasa na Gelugpa a lokacin, tare da taimakon ɗan'uwansa Panchen Lama na shidda 6 na zuriyar Gelugpa. Bayan aiwatar da wannan aikin Shamarpa ya tafi aikin hajji zuwa Nepal. A cewar wasu kafofin, wata muhawara a kan da'awar wa stepbrother ta kaya gado ya kai ga wani makamai rikici a cikin abin da Shamarpa maƙarƙashiya tare da Nepalese Gurkha sojoji a shekara ta 1788. A cewar wasu majiyoyi, yayin da Shamarpa ke aikin hajji zuwa Nepal, fada ya barke tsakanin Gurkhas na Nepale da Tibet. Shamarpa yayi yunƙurin yin zaman lafiya da shiga tsakani a rikicin. A cikin Tibet mashahurin ministan Gelugpa Tagtsag Tenpai Gonpo ya ga damar cire wata barazanar siyasa da ake ganin ta mallaki dukiya. Ya yada jita -jita cewa Shamarpa ne ke iza wutar fada kuma ya kwace gidan sufi na Yang Chen daga Shamarpa. An tuba da sufaye zuwa makarantar Gelug. Daga baya gwamnati ta ba da umarni cewa duk gidajen ibada na Shamarpa dole ne su koma makarantar Gelug. Wannan, da sauran jayayya tsakanin makarantun Gelug da Kagyu sun kai ga gudun hijira daga Tibet na Shamarpa da dokar Tibet da gwamnatin Tibet ta hana a ci gaba da zama cikin Shamarpa Wannan haramcin ya ci gaba da kasancewa har sai bayan Dalai Lama ya rasa iko a Tibet yayin shekara ta 1950, kodayake daga baya an bayyana cewa Karmapa ya gane sake yin Shamarpa a asirce a lokacin shiga tsakanin. Ba a sani ba, ana tsammanin gwamnatin Tibet ta tilasta ta buya. Tugsay Jamyang shekara ta (1895 zuwa shekara ta 1947 ɗan Karmapa na 15 ne Koyaya, an yi rikodin cewa ya koyar kuma yayi addinin Buddha a matsayin ɗan adam. Tinlay Kunchap a shekara ta (1948zuwa shekara ta 1950), jariri ne wanda ya tsira kaɗan kaɗan fiye da shekara guda Mipham Chokyi Lodro shekara ta (1952 zuwa shekara ta 2014) an haife shi a Derge, Tibet kuma yana ɗan shekara huɗu Karmapa na 16 ya gane shi. Ya mutu a ranar 11 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 2014 a Jamus. Sunan mahaifi Shamar Bayan mutuwar Shamarpa na tara 9, an gano yara daban -daban guda biyu a matsayin wadanda za su iya zama 'yan takarar zama reincarnation: daya shine Mipam Chödrup Gyamtso, dan uwan dan Panchen Lama na 6; ɗayan kuma shine Könchok Garwang Gyatso na dangin Namseling An warware rigimar da yawa: An jawo sunan Mipam Chödrup Gyamtso kuma an nada shi sarautar a matsayin Shamarpa ta goma 10. An kira Könchok Garwang Gyatso a matsayin Shamar Trisur ko "tsohon Shamarpa"; a cewar wasu asusun, "ya yi murabus" bayan cacar, yana nuna cewa da farko an naɗa shi sarauta. A kowane hali, Shamar Trisur ya zauna a gidan danginsa a Namseling Manor, kusa da Samye Monastery, kuma ya zama lama. Bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1792, an gano reincarnation, yana kafa zuriyar da aka sani da suna Namling Shamar. Lamling Shamar na baya -bayan nan shi ne na biyar, wanda Karmapa sha biyar 15 shekara ta (1871 zuwa shekara ta 1922) ta gano shi kuma ya rayu har zuwa a shekara ta 1982. Rigima A cikin shekara ta 1792 gwamnatin Tibet ta zargi Shamarpa ta goma 10 da ingiza yaki tsakanin Tibet da Nepal An fitar da shi daga jihar Tibet kuma an sanya haramcin sa a cikin abubuwan da zai zo nan gaba daga amincewa da shi a hukumance. Wani masanin ilimin Tibeto na zamani ya tabbatar da cewa wannan fassarar tarihin ba daidai ba ne kuma ya nuna cewa Shamarpa ce ta shiga tsakani a wannan rikici. Sharhin Gyalwa Karmapa na goma sha shida akan wannan lokacin shine: “Girmama yana ƙara ƙanƙanta. Akwai tsangwamar siyasa da yawa. Baƙi ya zama fari. Hakikanin ya zama na gaskiya. A wancan lokacin ba abu ne mai yiyuwa ba a san wani ko sanin Shamarpa. An boye komai. Abubuwan da ke cikin jiki sun bayyana, amma ba a bayyana su ba. A shekarar 1963, bayan bukatar Karmapa ta sha shidda 16, gwamnatin Tibet da ke gudun hijira ta dage haramcin. An nada Shamar Rinpoche na 14 a sarauta, kuma bayan kammala karatunsa a shekara ta 1979 ya fara aikin koyarwa mai yawa. Wani sabani ya fara ne a shekara ta 1992, yayin neman da karrama Gyalwa Karmapa na goma sha bakwai 17. An sami rarrabuwa tsakanin Karma Kagyu sangha kan zaɓen 'yan takarar Karmapa guda biyu. Rikicin Karmapa yana da ban sha'awa kuma yana da sarkakiya, kuma yana da asali a cikin tarihin Tibet na ƙiyayya, kuma yana da alaƙa da siyasar China da Indiya ma. 'Yan takarar Karmapa Ogyen Trinley Dorje da Thaye Dorje sun hadu da juna, kuma sun ba da sanarwar hadin gwiwa da ke kira da hadin kai, da fatan samun Shamar Rinpoche na sha biyar 15 tare. 14 Shamarpa Shamarpa ta sha hudu 14 ita ce Mipham Chokyi Lodro, an haife shi a Derge, Tibet a shekara ta 1952. Yana ɗan shekara huɗu ya bayyana asalinsa a matsayin Shamarpa ta hanyar gane tsoffin sufaye daga gidan sufi na Yangpochen, wurin kakannin Shamarpas. Kawunsa, Karmapa na 16, ya gane shi a matsayin reincarnation na Shamarpa na baya. A cikin she KARA shekara ta 1964 Shamar Rinpoche na sha hudu 14 ya hau gadon sarauta a cikin gidan sufi na Rumtek na Karmapa. A wannan lokacin Karmapa ya rubuta waka: Mafi ɗaukaka, ubangijin ƙasashen dusar ƙanƙara shine Avalokiteśvara. Haɗuwa da asalinsa shine Karmapa mai ɗaukaka. Ba za a iya raba shi daga asirinsa guda uku ba, kamar yadda ubangiji uku suke, Shine bayyanarsa, babban emanation; babbar rana, Wanda nake saka hannun jari yanzu shine mai mulkin tsarin jinsi. Da ikon warwatsa furanni masu kyawun kyawawan halaye Haɗe da kalmomin gaskiya na gaskiyar ṛiṣhi Bari ya yi nasara kuma har abada ya kasance mai ikon yin oda. Shamar Rinpoche ya karɓi duk tsarin koyarwar Kagyu daga Karmapa na sha bakwai 16. Ya kasance kusa da Karmapa na sha shidda 16 har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1981. Shamar Rinpoche yana sha'awar batun addinin Buddha da dimokuradiyya Littafinsa "Samar da Dimokuraɗiyya Mai Fassara" ya shimfida wani tsari na kafa tsarin mulkin demokraɗiyya na gaskiya wanda ke inganta walwala da wadata. Ya kuma kafa “Gidauniyar Tausayi Ta Ƙarshe” tare da dalilin inganta jin daɗin ɗan adam na dabbobin da aka kiwon don cin nama da sauran samfura. Duba kuma Drikungpa Karmapa Nassoshi Hanyoyin waje Shamarpa Official shafin yanar gizo Mai ba da tarihin rayuwar Shamar Rinpoche na 14 ta Karma Trinlay Rinpoche Pages with unreviewed

39952

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed%20Suleiman%20Ambursa

Mohammed Suleiman Ambursa

Mai shari'a Mohammed Suleiman Ambursa shine babban alkalin jihar Kebbi Ya fito ne daga Ambursa karamar hukumar Birnin Kebbi ta Kebbi. An haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Disamba a shekara ta 1957 a jihar Kebbi ta yanzu. Ilimi Mai shari’a Ambursa ya fara karatun firamare ne a shekarar 1963 a makarantar gwamnati ta garin Ambursa inda ya samu shaidar kammala karatunsa na firamare a shekarar 1969 sannan ya wuce makarantar gwamnati ta Yawa-Yauri. inda ya sami takardar shaidar kammala karatunsa daga 1970-1974. Yayin da yake jiran halartar Kwalejin Ilimi ya yi aiki a Makarantar Firamare ta Manfolo a matsayin malami daga 1974-1975. Yayin da yake dalibi a kwalejin Ilimi; Burinsa na koyar da ilimi ne ya sa ya karantar da shi a Government College Sokoto da Teachers college D/Daj a 1977 da 1978 bi da bi. Bayan ya samu satifiket dinsa a Kwalejin Ilimi ta Sakkwato, ya koyar a makarantar Ifon-Erin Community High School, Ifon Jihar Osun tsakanin 1979-1980 da Kanta College Argungu a 1980-1981. A shekarar 1981 kafin ya wuce Jami'ar Sokoto domin yin digirin sa na LLB. Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Jihar Sakkwato (A yanzu Shehu Shagari College of Education) daga 1976-1999 kuma ya samu takardar shedar ilimi ta kasa. Ya yi karatu a Jami’ar Usmanu Danfodio Sokoto a shekarar 1981, inda aka ba shi damar yin karatun lauya. A cikin 1985, bayan shekaru huɗu na ƙwararrun guraben karatu, an ba shi digiri a fannin shari'a, inda ya kammala karatunsa a matsayin ɗalibi mafi kyawun digiri a cikin Sashen Shari'a. Ya wuce Makarantar Shari'a ta Najeriya, Legas kuma an kira shi zuwa Kotun Najeriya a ranar 16 ga Oktoba 1986 a matsayin Barrister kuma Lauya, Kotun Koli ta Tarayyar Najeriya Aikin shari'a A 1986 ya fara aiki a matsayin Barista da Lauya. Ya fara zama mai ba da shawara na jiha, Ma’aikatar Shari’a ta Jihar Sakkwato Ya yi wannan aiki na tsawon shekaru biyu har zuwa lokacin da aka naɗa shi a matsayin Majistare 1 a shekarar 1988 da kuma Majistare da Birnin Kebbi da Jega har zuwa 1990. Ya yi Babban Majistare a Jega da Birnin Kebbi daga 1990-1992. Daga baya an naɗa shi Sakatare a hukumar kula da harkokin shari’a ta jihar Kebbi daga shekarar 1992 zuwa 1997 kuma ya kai ofishin babban magatakarda kuma ya yi aiki a babbar kotun shari’a ta Birnin Kebbi na tsawon shekara guda kafin ya zama alkalin babbar kotun tarayya a ranar 16 ga Afrilu. 1998 kuma ya yi aiki a jihar Kebbi tun. Baya ga kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin shari'a a Jami'ar Sokoto aji na '85; Sannan kuma shi ne dalibin da ya fi kowa kokari a digiri a fannin Shari’ar Musulunci, sannan kuma ya yi fice a fannin shari’ar kasuwanci. An naɗa shi a matsayin prefeto a lokacin karatunsa na Firamare da Sakandare. Daga baya ya riƙe manyan ofisoshi. Ya taba zama Darakta mai kula da kararrakin jama’a na ma’aikatar shari’a a Birnin Kebbi daga 1987 1988. Sauran mukaman da ya rike sun hada da Counsel of Zuru Religious Disturbance Commission of Justice (1988), Member the Revenue Drive Committee Kebbi State (1993), Chiyaman ɗin zaɓe na kananun hukumomi na jihar kebbi a (1997) Chairman Review Contract Review (1997). 1999), Shugaban Hukumar Binciken Rikicin Tsakanin membobin NURTW da 'Yan sandan Najeriya a Koko (2004) Kararrakin Kotun Korar Zabe Ya kuma rike mukamin dan majalisar, zuwa kotun kararrakin zabe na kananan hukumomi a jihar Edo a shekarar 1999 da kuma dan majalisar wakilai da na zaben gwamna na jihar Osun a irin wannan (1999). A watan Agustan 2003 ya zama memba a Majalisar Dokoki da Kotun Korar Zaben Gwamna, Jihar Ribas. Sannan a ranar 2 ga watan Janairu, ya kasance mamba a kotun sauraron kararrakin zabe na majalisar dokoki da na gwamna, jihar Nassarawa, sannan a watan Afrilun 2004 ya kasance memba a majalisar dokoki da kuma karar zaben gwamna na jihar Benue; a watan Yulin 2004 ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mamba a Majalisar Dokoki da Kotun Kolin Zaben Gwamna na Jihar Anambra da kuma Jihar Kogi a watan Oktoban 2004; A wannan shekarar ya taba zama mamba a majalisar dokokin jihar Enugu da kotun sauraron kararrakin zaben gwamna. A watan Afrilun 2005, ya kasance memba a kotun jihar Delta kuma a watan Agustan 2006 ya kasance memba na kotun jihar Ekiti. A watan Mayun 2007, ya kasance mamba a kotun jihar Jigawa. Ya rike mukamin shugaban kotun sauraron kararrakin zaben gwamna da na ‘yan majalisu a jihar Osun, jihar Ogun, da jihar Edo a shekarar 2009 Ya kuma kasance Shugaban Kotun Jihar Filato a watan Afrilun 2011 da Kotun Zaben Gwamnan Jihar Kogi a watan Disambar 2011 sannan a watan Yulin 2012 na Kotun Jihar Edo. Ya kuma taba zama shugaban kotun sauraron kararrakin zaben gwamna na jihar Ribas a shekarar 2015. Ya kuma rike wasu mukamai kamar Shugaban PTA na Moh'd Suleiman Model Primary School Ambursa daga 1998-2006, a halin yanzu yana rike da mukamin Shugaban PTA na Kwalejin ’Yan Mata ta Gwamnati a Birnin Kebbi; mukamin da ya rike tun shekarar 1997. Bayan da Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kebbi ta tabbatar da shi a ranar 10 ga Janairu, 2020; Gov. Atiku Bagudu na Kebbi, ya rantsar da Justice Suleiman Ambursa a matsayin babban alkalin jihar a ranar 16 ga Janairu 2020. Kafin nadin nasa, ya rike mukamin mukaddashin Alkalin Alkalan Jihar bayan ritayar tsohon Alkalin Alkalai: Hon. Justice Karatu Asabe. Tun bayan da ya hau kujerar babban alkalan jihar, ya yi gaggawar samar da shari’a da rage cunkoso a gidajen yari, biyu daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da ya sa a gaba wajen sake fasalin shari’a a jihar. Honourable Justice Suleiman Mohammed Ambursa ya yi aure cikin farin ciki kuma Allah ya albarkaci 'ya'ya da dama. Nassoshi Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1957 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

29925

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokar%20%C6%98asa

Dokar Ƙasa

Dokokin ƙasa nau'i ne na doka da ke magana game da haƙƙin amfani, ƙetare, ko keɓe wasu daga ƙasa A cikin hukunce-hukuncen da yawa, ana kiran waɗannan nau'ikan kadarorin a matsayin dukiya ko arziƙi, kamar yadda suka bambanta da na mutum Yarjejeniyar amfani da ƙasa, gami da hayarta, muhimmin haɗin gwiwa ne na kadarori da dokar kwangila ta Ƙaddamar da haƙƙin ƙasa na ɗaya, kamar sauƙi, na iya zama haƙƙin ƙasa na wani. Haƙƙin ma'adinai da haƙƙin ruwa suna da alaƙa ta ƙud da ƙud, kuma galibi ra'ayoyi masu alaƙa da juna. Haƙƙin filaye irin waɗannan dokoki ne na asali waɗanda suke haɓaka ko da babu wata ƙasa da za ta tilasta su; alal misali, kulab ɗin da'awa na Yammacin Amurka, cibiyoyi ne waɗanda suka taso a zahiri don aiwatar da tsarin ƙa'idojin da suka shafi hakar ma'adinai. matsuguni, mallakar ƙasa ba tare da mallaka ba, al'amari ne na ko'ina a duniya. Mulkin Ƙasa Mulki, a cikin hukunce-hukuncen doka na gama-gari, galibi ana kiransa da cikakken ta ke, ko ta ken ma mallaki. Kusan duk waɗannan hukunce-hukuncen suna da tsarin rajistar ƙasa, don yin rikodin biyan buƙatu masu sauƙi, da tsarin neman ƙasa, don warware husuma. Haƙƙin ƙasa Asalin haƙƙin ƙasa sun shaida da haƙƙoƙin ƴan asalin ƙasa da kuma tsarin dokokin ƙasa na dokokin gama gari da ƙasashen na farar hula A cikin hukunce-hukuncen shari'a na gama-gari, ana kiran haƙƙin filaye na ƴan asali a matsayin ta ke na asali A cikin hukunce-hukuncen dokokin al'ada, ƙasar al'ada ita ce mafi girman nau'in mallakar filaye. Gyaran ƙasa yana nufin manufofin gwamnati da ke ɗauke da/ko sake rarraba ƙasa, kamar:- kyautar ƙasa Haƙƙoƙin filaye na nuni ne ga yadda mutane ba za su iya karewa ba na samun damar yin amfani da su da kuma mallaki fili bisa ga ra’ayinsu, matukar dai ayyukan da suke yi a wannan kasa ba su tauye hakkin wasu ba. Wannan ba za a ruɗe shi da samun fili ba, wanda ke ba wa ɗaiɗai damar amfani da fili ta fuskar tattalin arziki (watau noma). Maimakon haka, haƙƙoƙin ƙasa suna magana game da ikon mallakar ƙasa wanda ke ba da tsaro kuma yana ƙara ƙarfin ɗan adam Lokacin da mutum yake da damar yin amfani da ƙasa, suna cikin barazanar kora akai-akai dangane da zaɓin mai mallakar ƙasar, wanda ke iyakance kwanciyar hankali na kuɗi. Haƙƙoƙin ƙasa wani muhimmin sashi ne na Dokokin Ƙasa, yayin da suke aiwatar da ƙungiyoyin ƴancin jama'a na haƙƙin mallakar filaye daidai da dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa. Dokar filaye ta yi magana game da hurumin shari'a da wata ƙasa ta gindaya dangane da mallakar filaye, yayin da haƙƙoƙin ƙasa ke nuni ga yarda da zamantakewar mallakar ƙasa. Ƙungiyar Landesa ta ɗauki matsayin cewa duk da cewa doka na iya ba da shawarar samun daidaiton damar mallakar filaye, haƙƙin ƙasa a wasu ƙasashe da al'adu na iya hana ƴan ƙungiya mallakar fili. Dokoki suna da mahimmanci, amma dole ne a goyi bayansu ta hanyar al'adar al'adu da yarda da zamantakewa. Don haka, dokokin da suka shafi mallakar filaye da haƙƙin ƙasa dole ne su kasance cikin yarjejeniya. A duk duniya, an ƙara mai da hankali kan haƙƙin ƙasa, saboda suna da alaƙa da fannoni daban-daban na ci gaba. A cewar Wickeri da Kalhan, mallakar ƙasa na iya zama tushen babban jari, tsaro na kuɗi, abinci, ruwa, matsuguni, da albarkatu. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Global Land Tool kungiyar ta gano cewa rashin ƙasa a karkara shine babban hasashen talauci da yunwa, kuma yana tasiri mara kyau ga Ƙarfafawa da kuma tabbatar da 'yancin ɗan adam Domin ganin an shawo kan wannan matsala mai mahimmanci na rashin isassun haƙƙin ƙasa, Manufar Ci gaban Ƙarni 7D na ƙoƙarin inganta rayuwar mazauna ƙauye miliyan 100. Wannan ya haɗa da ƙarin haƙƙin ƙasa ga talakawa, wanda a ƙarshe zai haifar da ingantaccen rayuwa. Ko da yake haƙƙin ƙasa na da mahimmanci wajen samun ingantacciyar rayuwa, wasu ƙungiyoyin daidaikun mutane a koyaushe ana barin su daga tanadin mallakar ƙasa. Doka na iya ba da damar samun fili, duk da haka, shingen al'adu da tarkon talauci suna iyakance ikon ƙungiyoyin tsiraru na mallakar filaye. Don cimma daidaito, dole ne waɗannan ƙungiyoyi su sami isassun haƙƙoƙin ƙasa waɗanda aka yarda da su a cikin al'umma da ta doka. Iyaka na hukunce-hukuncen kasa da ikon mallakar Ƙasa Cikakkun ikon ƙasa da ikon mallakar ƙasaƘuntatawa kan hukunce-hukuncen ƙasa da ikon mallakar ƙasa Hukuncin ƙasa da ƙasa bisa ga gadon kowa na ɗan Adam Haƙƙoƙin ƙasa da mata Malamai da yawa suna jayayya cewa rashin isassun ‘yancin mata na ƙasa yana shafar danginsu na kusa da sauran al’umma, haka nan. Tare da mallakar filaye, mata za su iya haɓaka kuɗin shiga kuma su ware wannan kuɗin shiga cikin adalci a cikin gida. malam Tim Hanstad ya yi iƙirarin cewa samar da isassun haƙƙoƙin ƙasa ga mata yana da fa'ida saboda, da zarar mata sun sami damar yin amfani da waɗannan haƙƙoƙin za a inganta su: Mata za su rage kamuwa da cutar HIV/AIDS saboda ba sai sun yi karuwanci ba Mata ba za su kasance masu fama da tashin hankalin cikin gida ba Yaransu za su fi samun ilimi kuma su daɗe a makaranta Mata za su kasance mafi kyawun matsayi, don samun matsakaicin rance A ƙasashen duniya da dama, mata na samun fili don yin noma; duk da haka, akwai al'adu da suka hana mata cin gado ko sayen fili. Wannan yana sanya mata a wurin dogara ga mazajensu, ’yan’uwansu, ko iyayensu don rayuwa da matsuguni. Idan akwai rashin lafiya, tashin hankalin gida, ko mutuwa a cikin iyali, mata za su zama marasa ƙasa kuma ba za su iya yin noma don abinci ba, ko hayar ƙasa don riba. Mallakar filaye ga mata wani muhimmin tsari ne na tsaro da samun kudin shiga, da kara Karfafawa da rage Talauci Ƙasar Indiya Malam Kanakalatha Mukund ya ba da muhimmin batu cewa duk da cewa mata a Indiya suna da haƙƙin mallaka na shari'a, amma kaɗan ne kawai suke yin hakan a sakamakon ayyukan magabata da suka mamaye al'ummar ƙasar. Har zuwa kwanan nan, matan Indiya sun kasance ba su da dokoki game da rabon filayen jama'a kuma an tilasta musu dogaro da ƙaramin yuwuwar samun fili mai zaman kansa daga danginsu. Dokokin gado waɗanda ke kula da maza suna ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin daidaito a cikin haƙƙin ƙasa. A cewar Bina Agarwal, mallakar ƙasa yana bayyana matsayin zamantakewa da ikon siyasa a cikin gida da ƙauyen, tsara dangantaka da samar da yanayin iyali. Don haka gadon fili yana fifita maza sama da mata a cikin gida, da kuma a cikin al'umma. Ba tare da ja-gorancin siyasa a ƙauyen ba, kuma tare da iyakacin ikon yin ciniki a cikin gida, mata ba su da murya don neman haƙƙinsu. Wani batu da ya shafi hakkin filaye a Indiya shi ne yadda suke barin mata kwata-kwata a kan rayuwar mazajensu. Wani bincike da malama Bina Agarwal ya yi ya gano cewa a Yammacin Bengal, iyalai masu wadata sun zama marasa galihu idan shugaban gidan na miji ya mutu, saboda ba a yarda mata su mallaki gonar mijinta. Haka kuma, saboda al'ada su, girman matsayi na mace, ba zai yiwu ba ta sami wata fasaha ta ci gaba da za ta yi amfani da ita wajen neman aiki. Su wadannan matan ana tilasta musu yin bara da abinci da matsuguni da zarar mazajensu ya mutu saboda ba a basu damar samun gogewar aiki ba. Malama Bina Agarwal ta bayar da hujjar cewa mallakar filaye na matukar rage yiwuwar cin zarafin mata a Indiya. Mallakar dukiya yana ɗaukaka mata zuwa matsayi mafi girma a cikin gida, yana ba da damar ƙarin daidaito da ikon yin ciniki. Ƙari ga haka, mallakar dukiya dabam da mazajensu ya ba wa mata damar kuɓuta daga mu’amalar da ba ta dace ba Agarwal ta ƙarasa da cewa begen samun mafaka mai aminci a wajen gidan babban gida yana rage tsawon lokacin tashin hankalin gida. Haƙƙin ƙasa yana da mahimmanci ga mata a Indiya saboda yawan al'ummar ubangida da suke rayuwa a ciki. Ra'ayoyin al'adu suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yarda da daidaito tsakanin mallakar ƙasa. Mallakar kasa a karshe mata suna amfanar gida da al'umma gaba daya. Ci gaba na baya-bayan nan game da daidaito a haƙƙin ƙasa a Indiya shine Dokar Nasara ta Hindu ta 2005 Wannan aikin ya yi niyya don kawar da nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi wanda ke cikin Dokar Nasara ta Hindu, 1956 A cikin sabon gyaran, 'ya'ya mata da maza suna da haƙƙin daidaitawa don samun fili daga iyayensu. Wannan matakin ya kasance duka biyun muhimmin mataki na doka da zamantakewa don yancin mata na filaye. Ba wai kawai dokar ta ba da umarnin daidaito a maye gurbin ƙasa ba, har ma ta tabbatar da matsayin mata a matsayin daidaito a cikin al'umma. Ƙasar Uganda Kundin tsarin mulkin Uganda na 1995 ya tabbatar da daidaito tsakanin maza da mata, gami da mallaka da mallakar filaye. Duk da haka, bincike daga ƙungiyar Women's Land Link Africa (yankin mata na Afirka) ya nuna cewa ba a ware mata daga mallakar filaye saboda al'adu da kuma tushen al'adu masu zurfi. Ko da mata suka tara isassun kudade don siyan fili, ana sanya hannu a kan filin da sunan mijinsu, yayin da mata suka sa hannu a matsayin shaida. Ayyukan gado wani cikas ne na musamman wanda ke rage ƙarfafa mata, haka nan. Ana rarraba ƙasa ta hanyar zuriyar maza wanda ke ƙarfafa keɓancewar mata daga mallakar filaye. Wani abin da ke haifar da daidaito, kamar yadda kungiyar Women's Land Link Africa (yankin mata na Afirka) ta yi nuni da cewa, mata ba su da cikakkiyar masaniya game da hakkokin da suke da shi a karkashin dokar mallakar filaye. Matan karkara, da jahilai ma ba su da damar yin amfani da sabon kundin tsarin mulkin da ya ba su damar mallakar filaye. Duk da cewa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar na 1995 ya tanadi daidaito tsakanin maza da mata, amma har yanzu akwai gibi a cikin dokar da ke shafar ‘yancin mata na mallakar filaye. Doka ta kare hakkin mata a cikin aure; duk da haka, bai magance bukatun matan da mazansu suka mutu ba ko kuma wadanda aka kashe. Sakamakon haka, an bar waɗannan matan ba su da ƙasa kuma ba tare da bayar da kariya ta filayen ba. Har ila yau, mata na da wuya a kai kara kotu saboda cin hanci da rashawa da tsadar shari’a. Gwaje-gwajen da suka shafi filaye suna ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo ana aiwatar da su ta yadda mata da yawa ba sa yin ƙoƙarin neman taimakon doka. Ƙungiyar Women's Land Link Africa (yankin mata na Afurka) ita ba da shawarwari don rage rashin daidaito a cikin mallakar filaye. Ana iya ilmantar da matan karkara game da hakkokinsu ta hanyar yakin rediyo, tattaunawar al'umma, shirye-shiryen wayar da kan jama'a, da tarukan jama'a. Dole ne a magance matsalolin al'adu a cikin manufofi kuma ana iya ilimantar da shugabannin al'umma game da haɗa ƙungiyoyin tsiraru. Har ila yau, dokar da kanta za ta iya magance hakkokin zawarawa da wadanda aka kashe baya ga hakkokin matan aure. Duba kuma Dokokin ƙasar Ingila Raba ƙasa Kasa tamu ce Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya Gwagwarmayar Kasa Shaidoji Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

42261

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd%20muller

Gerd muller

Gerhard Gerd Müller German pronunciation; 3 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta, 1945 zuwa 1915 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2021) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne a kasar Jamus. Dan wasan da ya yi suna saboda kammala aikin sa na asibiti, musamman a ciki da wajen akwatin yadi shida, ana daukarsa a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan ‘yan wasan da suka zura kwallaye a tarihin wasanni. Tare da nasara a matakin kulob da na duniya, yana daya daga cikin 'yan wasa tara da suka lashe gasar cin kofin duniya na FIFA, UEFA Champions League da Ballon d'Or A matakin kasa da kasa da yammacin kasar Jamus, ya zira kwallaye 68 a raga da kuma wasanni 62, kuma a matakin kulob din, a cikin shekaru 15 tare da Bayern Munich, inda ya zira kwallaye 365 a wasanni 427 na Bundesliga, ya zama kuma har yanzu yana mai rike da wannan kasar A wasanni 74 na kungiyoyin Turai ya zura kwallaye 65. Matsakaicin burin da ya ci a wasa tare da Jamus ta Yamma, Müller ya kasance, tun daga ranar 11 ga watan Yuli shekara ta, 2021, 21st a jerin masu cin kwallaye na duniya a duk lokacin, duk da wasa kaɗan fiye da kowane ɗan wasa a saman 48. Daga cikin manyan masu zura kwallaye, yana da matsayi na uku mafi girma-zuwa wasa. Ya kuma sami mafi girman rabo na 0.97 a raga a kowane wasa a gasar cin kofin Turai, inda ya zira kwallaye 34 a wasanni 35. Wanda ake yi wa lakabi da Bomber der Nation ("Dan Bomber na kasar") ko kuma kawai Der Bomber Müller ya kasance gwarzon dan kwallon kafa naTurai a shekara ta, 1970. Bayan nasarar kakar wasa a Bayern Munich, ya zira kwallaye goma a gasar cin kofin duniya na FIFA na shakara ta, 1970 na Jamus ta Yamma inda ya karbi kyautar Golden Boot a matsayin dan wasa wanda ya fi zira kwallaye, kafin ya lashe Ballon d'Or na 1970 A shekara ta, 1972, ya lashe gasar cin kofin Turai ta UEFA kuma ya kasance mafi yawan kwallaye, inda ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan karshe Bayan shekaru biyu, ya zira kwallaye hudu a gasar cin kofin duniya na shekara ta, 1974, ciki har da burin da ya ci nasara a wasan karshe Müller ya rike tarihin zura kwallo a raga a gasar cin kofin duniya inda ya zura kwallaye 14 tsawon shekaru 32. A shekara ta 1999, Müller ya kasance a matsayi na tara a cikin 'yan wasan Turai na zaɓen Ƙarni da Hukumar Kula da Tarihin Kwallon Kafa ta Duniya (IFFHS) ta gudanar, kuma an zabe shi a matsayi na 13 a zaɓen IFFHS'Dan wasan Duniya na ƙarni A cikin shekara ta, 2004, Pelé ya sanya sunan Müller a cikin jerin sunayen manyan 'yan wasa na duniya na FIFA 100 Aikin kulob Bayern Munich Müller wanda ya samu damar jefa kwallo a raga, shi ma ya zama dan wasan Jamus na farko da ya fi zira kwallaye sau bakwai kuma ya fi zura kwallaye a Turai sau biyu. Müller ya zira kwallaye 365 a wasanni 427 na gasar cin kofin Bundesliga a Bayern Munich, kwallaye 53 a kan dan wasan da ya fi cin nasara a gasar Bundesliga, Robert Lewandowski Ya rike tarihin Bundesliga na kakar wasa daya da kwallaye 40 a kakar wasa ta shekarar, 1971 zuwa 1972, rikodin da za a yi har sai Lewandowski ya zira kwallaye 41 a kakar shekara ta, 2020 zuwa 2021 Müller ya zura kwallaye a wasa daya ko mafi kyau a wasanni bakwai cikin 14 da ya yi. Ya zura kwallaye 68 a wasanni 62 na kasar Jamus. Ya rike rikodin mafi yawan kwallayen da aka zira a cikin shekara ta kalanda, inda ya zira kwallaye 85 a cikin shekara ta, 1972, har sai jimlar sa ta wuce shekaru 40 daga baya a shekara ta, 2012 ta Lionel Messi Sunan Kulob din Gerd Muller Yakoma Fort Lauderdale Strikers Bayan aikinsa a Bundesliga Müller ya tafi Amurka, inda ya shiga Fort Lauderdale Strikers (wanda ke a yankin Miami na Arewacin Amurka Soccer League (NASL) a shekara ta, 1979. Ya buga wasanni uku tare da wannan ƙungiyar, inda ya zira kwallaye 38 a raka, kuma ya kai, amma ya sha kashi, wasan karshe a gasar a shekara ta, 1980. Ayyukan kasa da kasa Müller ya zura kwallaye 68 a wasanni 62 a yammacin Jamus Ya kasance dan wasan da ya fi kowa zura kwallo a ragar Jamus kusan shekaru 40 har sai da Miroslav Klose ya zarce a shekarar 2014, kodayake Klose ya bukaci fiye da yawan wasannin da ya buga don yin hakan, inda ya ci kwallo ta 69 a wasansa na 132. Müller ya fara buga wasan kasa da kasa ne a shekarar ta, 1966 kuma ya kare a ranar 7 ga watan Yulin shekara ta, 1974 tare da nasara a gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar, 1974 a filin wasa na gida a Munich. Ya zura kwallon da ta yi nasara a wasan da suka doke Johan Cruyff ta Netherlands da ci 2-1 a wasan karshe Kwallaye hudu da ya ci a wannan gasa da kuma kwallaye goma da ya ci a gasar cin kofin duniya a shekarar, 1970 sun hada da ya zama dan wasan da ya fi zira kwallaye a gasar cin kofin duniya a lokacin da kwallaye 14. Rikodinsa ya tsaya har zuwa gasar shekara ta, 2006, da aka yi a Jamus, lokacin da dan wasan Brazil Ronaldo ya karye, wanda kuma ya bukaci karin matches fiye da Müller don cimma burinsa. Müller kuma ya halarci gasar cin kofin Turai ta shekara ta, 1972, inda ya zama babban mai zura kwallo a raga da kwallaye hudu (ciki har da biyu a wasan karshe kuma ya lashe gasar tare da tawagar Jamus ta Yamma. Müller ya daina bugawa kasar Jamus ta Yamma bayan nasarar lashe kofin duniya a shekarar ta, 1974 bayan takaddama da hukumar kwallon kafa ta kasar Jamus a wajen bikin bayan gasar, inda aka ba matan jami'ai damar halarta amma matan 'yan wasa ba su samu ba. Rayuwa bayan kwallon kafa Bayan Müller ya ƙare aikinsa a shekara ta, 1982, ya fada cikin wani mawuyacin hali kuma ya sha wahala daga shaye-shaye Duk da haka, tsohon sahabbai a Bayern Munich shawo shi ya tafi ta hanyar barasa gyara Lokacin da ya fito, sun ba shi aiki a matsayin koci a kulob din na Bayern Munich II Ya rike mukamin daga shekarar, 1992 har zuwa lokacin da yayi ritaya a shekarar, 2014 saboda matsalolin lafiya. Akwai kuma tarin tufafin da ’yan wasa Adidas suka fitar a karkashin sunan Gerd Müller. Yana daga cikin jerin asali na Adidas. A cikin watan Yuli shekara ta, 2008, Rieser Sportpark, a Nördlingen, inda Müller ya fara aikinsa, an sake masa suna Gerd-Müller-Stadion don girmama shi. A ranar 6 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta, 2015, an sanar da cewa Müller yana fama da cutar Alzheimer Ya mutu a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta shekara ta, 2021 a gidan kula da tsofaffi a Wolfratshausen, yana da shekara 75 a duniya. Salon wasa A cikin littafinsa, Brilliant Orange: The Neurotic Genius of Dutch Football, marubucin David Winner ya rubuta, "Müller ya kasance gajere, squat, mai ban sha'awa kuma ba mai sauri ba; bai taba dacewa da ra'ayin al'adu na babban dan wasan kwallon kafa ba, amma yana da hanzari na mutuwa. kan gajeriyar tazara, wasan ban mamaki na iska, da ilhami na zura kwallo a raga. Ƙafafunsa gajere sun ba shi ƙananan tsakiya na nauyi, don haka zai iya juyawa da sauri kuma tare da cikakkiyar ma'auni a cikin sarari da kuma gudu wanda zai sa sauran 'yan wasa su fadi. Ya kuma kasance yana da gwanintar zura kwallo a cikin abubuwan da ba za su iya yiwuwa ba.” Müller ya yi amfani da matsananciyar hanzari da sauye-sauye na yaudara don fara kwance ƙwallo, da ketare masu tsaron gida. Abokin wasansa Franz Beckenbauer ya jaddada saurin da ba a saba gani ba na Müller: “Tafin sa ya yi ban mamaki. A horo na yi wasa da shi kuma ban taba samun dama ba.” <ref name=guardianobituary> <ref name="FIFA Muller"> <ref name=guardianobituary> Kididdigar sana'a Kulob Kwallaye da aka zura a raga sun nuna cewa Müller ne ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar ta jamus a wannan kakar. Ƙasashen Duniya Müller ya ci wa kasar Jamus ta Yamma kwallaye 68 a wasanni 62. Kwallaye 14 da ya ci a gasar cin kofin duniya na FIFA ya kasance tarihi tsakanin shekara ta, 1974 da shekara ta, 2006. A shekarar, 2006 Ronaldo na Brazil ne ya ci wannan kwallo, sai kuma bayan shekaru takwas Bajamushe Miroslav Klose, wanda shi ma Müller ya kafa tarihin zura kwallo a ragar Jamus. Sai dai Müller ya samu nasarar zura kwallaye takwas a wasansa na kasa da kasa. Girmamawa Bayern Munich Bundesliga 1968–69, 1971–72, 1972–73, 1973–74 DFB-Pokal 1965–66, 1966–67, 1968–69, 1970–71 Regionalliga Sud 1964-65 Kofin Turai 1973–74, 1974–75, 1975–76 Gasar Cin Kofin Turai 1966–67 Intercontinental Cup 1976 Jamus ta Yamma FIFA World Cup 1974 Gasar Cin Kofin Turai 1972 Mutum daya Ballon d'Or 1970 mai gudu: 1972 Wuri na uku: 1969, 1973 Gwarzon Dan Wasan Kwallon Kafa (Jamus) 1967, 1969 An Zabi Mafi kyawun Dan Wasa Shekaru 40 Bundesliga 1963–2003 Kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season: 1968–69, 1969–70, 1971–72, 1972–73 Eric Batty's World XI 1969, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1976, 1977, 1978 Babban Mawaƙin Bundesliga (Kicker-Torjägerkanone) 1967, 1969, 1970, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1978 Takalmin Zinare na Turai 1969–70, 1971–72 Kofin Zinare na Duniya na FIFA 1970 Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Duniya ta FIFA 1970 FIFA Zaben Duniya XI: 1971, 1972, 1973 Mafi Girma a Duniya: 1970, 1972 Babban wanda ya zira kwallaye a gasar cin kofin Turai: 1972 Ƙungiyar Gasar Cin Kofin Turai ta UEFA 1972 Babban wanda ya zira kwallaye a gasar cin kofin Turai 1973, 1974, 1975, 1977 Ranar ƙarshe 1976 Hukumar FIFA 1998 FIFA 100 2004 Golden Foot 2007, a matsayin tarihin ƙwallon ƙafa Bravo Otto Kyautar Zinariya: 1973, 1974; Kyautar Azurfa: 1975; Kyautar Bronze: 1972, 1976 Tatsuniyoyi na IFFHS Bayern Munich Mafi Girma XI IFFHS Mafarkin Mafarki na Duk lokaci 2021 IFFHS Ko da yaushe Turai Ƙungiyar Mafarkin Mafarki: 2021 Nassoshi 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Jamus Matattun 2021 Haifaffun 1945

42388

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacine%20Brahimi

Yacine Brahimi

Yacine Nasreddine Brahimi (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta,1990), ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda kuma kyaftin ɗin ƙungiyar Al-Gharafa ta Qatar da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Aljeriya .Yana taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari da winger kuma an kwatanta shi da "mai hazaka ta fasaha" Yacine kuma sananne ne don "Brahimi Moments" (a cikin Portuguese, "Momentos Brahimi"). Brahimi ya fara aikinsa a cikin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban a yankin Île-de-Faransa, bayan ya yi horo a ASB Montreuil da CO Vincennois. A cikin shekarar 2003, an zaɓi shi don halartar makarantar Clairefontaine Brahimi ya shafe shekaru uku a makarantar kuma, bayan barinsa, ya sanya hannu tare da Rennes Yayin da yake makarantar horar da matasa na kulob ɗin, ya samu lambobin yabo na kulob da dama. Bayan ya zama ƙwararre, Brahimi an ba shi rancen zuwa kulob na biyu na Clermont Foot Yayin da yake a Clermont, ya sami nasarar mutum na shekarar, 2009 zuwa 2010 kakar Bayan ya shafe kakar wasan da ta gabata a can aro, ya koma kulob din La Liga Granada CF a shekarar, 2013, sannan ya koma Porto kan Yuro 6.5. miliyan daya bayan shekara. Dan kasar Algeriya Brahimi tsohon matashin dan wasan kasar Faransa ne wanda ya wakilci kasar a dukkan matakan matasa. A cikin shekarar 2009, ya taka leda a tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 19 da suka kai wasan kusa da na ƙarshe a gasar cin kofin Turai ta shekarar, 2009 UEFA European Under-19 A watan Fabrairun shekara ta, 2013, Brahimi ya sauya sheƙa na ƙasa da ƙasa zuwa Algeriya kuma ya fara buga mata wasa wata daya bayan haka, ya kuma taka leda a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a shekara ta, 2014 zuwa 2015,da 2017 zuwa 2019 da kuma 2021 na Afirka, inda ya lashe gasar shekarar, 2019. Aikin kulob Farkon aiki An haifi Brahimi a birnin Paris ga iyayen Aljeriya kuma ya girma a gabashin gabashin Paris a Montreuil a Seine-Saint-Denis Yayin girma, sau da yawa ya yi koyi da Zinedine Zidane yayin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa tare da abokai. Brahimi ya fara buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne a ƙungiyar sa ta ASB Montreuil. Bayan shekaru hudu a can, ya shiga CO Vincennois, wanda aka sani don samar da dan wasan Ligue 1 Blaise Matuidi, a kusa da Vincennes Shekaru biyu bayan haka, an zaɓi Brahimi don halartar mashahurin makarantar Clairefontaine a shekarar, 2003 don ci gaba da ci gabansa. Yayin horo a Clairefontaine a cikin mako, yana buga wasa akai-akai a Vincennois a karshen mako. A cikin shekararsa ta ƙarshe a Clairefontaine, Brahimi ya shafe shekara guda a Camp des Loges, cibiyar horar da matasa na Paris Saint-Germain, horo tare da abokin wasan matasa na kasa da kasa Mamadou Sakho Duk da cewa kungiyoyin Faransa da na Turai da dama sun yi masa shari'a, biyo bayan zamansa a Clairefontaine, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar mai neman (matasa) tare da Rennes A cikin OOktobar shekara ta, 2010, Brahimi ya ambaci zabar Rennes a matsayin wurin da zai nufa saboda darajar ilimin kulob din, yana mai cewa, "A Rennes, makarantar tana ba da mahimmanci ga aikin makaranta", kuma, "Wannan garanti ne ga iyayena. Sun shawarce ni da in zaɓi Stade Rennes. Ta wannan hanyar, zan iya ci gaba da horar da ƙwallon ƙafa yayin shirya Baccalauréat na." Rennes Brahimi ya shiga Rennes kuma cikin sauri ya zama wani ɓangare na ƙwararrun ƙungiyar matasa. Ya shiga Damien Le Tallec (kanin Anthony Le Tallec Yann M'Vila, Yohann Lasimant, Kévin Théophile-Catherine da Samuel Souprayen a matsayin mafi kyawun kulob din. Haɗin M'Vila, Brahimi, Camara da Le Tallec (dukansu ƴan aji na shekarar, 1990) sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen nasarar ƙungiyar matasan su. Tare da tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 16, 'yan hudun sun lashe gasar Tournoi Carisport, gasar kasa da ke cin karo da manyan jami'o'i a Faransa akai-akai da juna. Bayan shekaru biyu tare da ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da 18, Brahimi ya lashe gasar zakarun 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 18 na kakar shekarar, 2006 zuwa 2007. A cikin shekarar, 2008, makarantar matasa ta sami babbar daraja bayan ta lashe Coupe Gambardella Taken shi ne kofin Gambardella na Rennes na uku kuma na farko tun shekarar, 2003 lokacin da irin su Yoann Gourcuff da Sylvain Marveaux ke taka leda a gasar. Bayan kakar shekara ta 2007zuwa 2008, a ranar 23 ga Yuni, Brahimi ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin ƙwararrun ƙwararrunsa na farko da ya amince da yarjejeniyar shekaru uku har zuwa watan Yuni shekara ta, 2011. Ko da yake yana kan kwantiragin kwararren, Brahimi ba a sanya lamba a babbar kungiyar ba, a maimakon haka ya taka leda a kungiyar ta Championnat de France amateur team a rukuni na hudu ya bayyana a wasanni 22 kuma ya zira kwallaye uku, wanda ya taimaka wa kungiyar ta zama ta daya a cikin kwararrun kungiyoyin a rukuninsu., ta haka ne suka cancanci shiga gasar, inda suka yi rashin nasara a hannun Lyon a wasan kusa da na karshe. Clermont (rance) Bayan nasarar cin nasara na kasa da kasa tare da Faransa, Rennes ya yanke shawarar zai zama mafi kyau a aika matashin dan wasan a kan aro don karɓar lokacin wasan da ake bukata. A ranar 3 ga watan Yuli a shekara ta, 2009, kulob din ya sanar da cewa Brahimi zai koma kulob din Ligue 2 Clermont Foot a matsayin aro na tsawon kakar shekara ta, 2009 zuwa 2010 Brahimi ya isa kulob din ne bayan gasar cin kofin kwallon kafa ta Turai ta shekara ta, 2009 UEFA European Under-19, tare da dan wasan aro daga Juventus Carlo Vecchione, kuma an ba shi riga mai lamba 28. Ya buga wasansa na farko na ƙwararru a ranar buɗe wasa na kakar wasa yana bayyana a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a 2-1 da Arles-Avignon ya sha kashi. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a ranar 25 ga watan Satumba inda ya koma fanareti a wasan da kulob din ya doke Angers da ci 3–2. Burin Brahimi na farko a budaddiyar wasa ya faru ne a ranar 4 ga watan Disamba a Clermont da ci 3-1 da Bastia Makonni biyu bayan haka, ya sake zura kwallo a raga, inda ya sake canza wani hukunci a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Guingamp A ranar 23 ga watan Maris a shekara ta, 2010, Brahimi ya zura kwallo ta farko a wasan da Clermont ta doke Ajaccio da ci 3-0. Bayan kwana uku, ya zira kwallaye a raga kuma ya ba da taimako a cikin nasara 3-1 a kan Istres Bayan wata daya, Brahimi ya canza hukuncinsa na uku na kakar wasa a nasarar da suka yi da Dijon da ci 3–2. Nasarar ta motsa Clermont zuwa matsayi na 4 a matakin gasar da maki uku kacal daga wurin ci gaba. A mako mai zuwa, Brahimi ya ci gaba da nuna bajintar da ya ci wa Le Havre Sai dai wasan ya kare ne da ci 2-1 a hannun Clermont. Wannan ne karon farko da kungiyar ta sha kashi a wasa inda Brahimi ya zura kwallo a raga. Kwanaki uku bayan haka Brahimi ya zura kwallonsa takwas na kamfen a wasan da suka yi nasara da Guingamp da ci 3-1. Nasarar ta haifar da wasan share fage a ranar wasan karshe na kakar wasa yayin da Clermont mai matsayi na hudu ya fuskanci Arles-Avignon mai matsayi na uku tare da samun nasarar zuwa gasar Ligue 1. Abin takaici ga Clermont, kulob din ya kasa samun ci gaba zuwa Ligue 1 a karon farko a tarihin kulob din yayin da aka yi rashin nasara da ci 1-0. Brahimi ya buga minti 89 a wasan inda ya karbi katin gargadi a cikin wasan. Komawa zuwa Rennes Bayan kakar wasa, a ranar 15 ga watan Mayu shekara ta, 2010, Manajan Rennes Frédéric Antonetti ya tabbatar da cewa Brahimi zai koma kungiyar, duk da sha'awar Arsenal da Real Madrid, kuma za a dogara da shi sosai don kakar shekara ta, 2010 zuwa 2011 mai yiwuwa ya zama mai maye gurbin wasan Jérôme Leroy da ya tsufa A ranar 7 ga watan Agusta shekara ta, 2010, Brahimi ya fara buga wa kungiyar Rennes wasa a gasar bude gasar da kulob din ya yi da Lille Ya fara wasan kuma ya buga minti 71 a tashi 1-1. Washegari, Rennes ya sanar da cewa Brahimi ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu da kungiyar. Sabuwar yarjejeniyar ita ce ta ci gaba da zama a kulob din har zuwa watan Yuni shekara ta, 2014. A ranar 14 ga watan Agusta shekara ta, 2010, Brahimi ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a nasara da ci 3–0 akan Nancy Domin wani yanki na kakar bazara, mai yin wasan ya yi fama da bushe-bushe ba ya zura kwallo a raga ko ba da taimako. Sakamakon haka, Brahimi ya fara juyawa a ciki da waje. Bayan hutun hunturu, Brahimi ya dawo ya zira kwallaye tare da bayar da taimako a wasan da kungiyar ta doke Cannes na kasa da ci 7-0 a Coupe de France Mako daya bayan haka, ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Arles-Avignon da ci 4-0. A ranar 5 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta, 2011, Brahimi ya zira kwallo a ragar tsohuwar kungiyarsa ta Paris Saint-Germain. Kwallon da aka ci daga nesa ita ce kwallo daya tilo da aka ci a wasan yayin da nasarar ta sa Rennes ya yi daidai da maki da PSG a matsayi na biyu. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Yacine Brahimi French league stats at LFP also available in French Yacine Brahimi at L'Équipe Football (in French) Yacine Brahimi at ESPN FC 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Aljeriya Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buraq

Buraq

link=dftkb://xs.wikipedia.org/wiki/dike:tyxah_gcuipeuoe_from_Moneanxu_zoslimwinqs.deg|khnme|gkni zanen Mindanaoan Muslim Buraq. Siffar ta hada da asalin okir motif. Burāq (Larabci: al-Burāq ko k/ "walƙiya" ko kuma gabaɗaya "mai haske") wata halitta ce a cikin al'adar Musulunci da aka ce safarar wasu annabawa ce. Muhimman labaran hadisi game da Isra'i da Mi'iraji sun ba da labarin cewa Buraq ya ɗauko Annabin Musulunci Muhammad daga Makka zuwa Kudus da sama da dawowa da dare. Etymology Encyclopaedia of Islam, yana nufin rubuce-rubucen Al-Damiri (d.1405), yana ɗaukar Buraq a matsayin asalin da kuma adabin Larabci: barq "walƙiya walƙiya" ko ma'anoni daban-daban na ma'ana daga kalmar: "da katako, walƙiya, haske, haske, haske. A cewar Encyclopædia Iranica, "Boraq" nau'in Arabized ne na "Farisa ta Tsakiya *barāg ko *bārag, 'dabbar hawa, hawa' (Sabuwar Farisa bāra)". Tafiya zuwa Sama ta Bakwai Bisa al'adar Musulunci, Tafiyar Dare ta faru ne shekaru goma bayan Muhammadu ya bayyana annabcinsa, a cikin karni na 7. Muhammadu ya kasance a Makka, a gidan kaninsa (gidan Fakhitah bint Abi Talib), lokacin da ya tafi al-Masjid al-Haram (Masallacin Al-Haram). Yayin da yake hutawa a dakin Ka'aba, Jibrilu ya bayyana gare shi yana kawo Buraq, wanda ya dauki Muhammad a cikin tawagar shugaban mala'iku, zuwa al-Masjid ,[Quran 17:1] wanda aka saba da shi a Urushalima. A nan ne ya sauka daga Buraq, ya yi addu'a a wurin Haikali mai tsarki (Bait Al-Maqdis), sannan ya sake dora shi yayin da halittar ta hau sama bakwai inda ya hadu da Adamu da Isa da dan uwansa Yahaya Maibaftisma, Yusufu, Anuhu, Haruna, Musa da Ibrahim daya bayan daya har ya kai ga kursiyin Allah. Allah ya yi magana da shi yana ba shi kalmomi da umarni, mafi mahimmancin umarnin da aka yi wa musulmi na yin sallah, tun farko sau hamsin a rana. Dangane da roƙon Musa, Muhammadu ya koma ga Allah sau da yawa kafin daga bisani ya rage adadin zuwa biyar. Ibrahim Ibn Ishaq ya ce, Buraq ya yi jigilar Ibrahim ne a lokacin da ya ziyarci Hajara da Isma’il. Hadisi ya nuna cewa Ibrahim ya zauna tare da Saratu a Kan'ana amma Buraq sukan kai shi Makka da safe don su ga iyalansa a can su mayar da shi da yamma. Hadisi Duk da cewa Hadisin bai fito karara ya yi nuni da Buraq a matsayin fuskar mutum ba, kusan ko da yaushe fasahar Gabas da Farisa tana nuna hakan hoton da ya sami hanyar shiga fasahar Musulunci ta Indiya da Farisa. Wataƙila wannan ya samo asali ne daga fassarar halittar da aka siffanta da "kyakkyawan fuska" a matsayin fuskar mutum maimakon dabba. An karbo daga fassarar Sahihul Bukhari yana siffanta Buraq cewa: Wani guntu kuma ya yi bayanin Buraq dalla-dalla: A cikin bayanin da suka gabata babu yarjejeniya dangane da jinsin Buraq. Yawanci namiji ne, duk da haka Ibn Sa'd yana da Jibrilu yana magana da halitta a matsayin mace, kuma masu zane-zane da kan mace sukan yi shi sau da yawa. An kuma lura da ra'ayin cewa "al-Buraq" kawai mareyin allahntaka ne a cikin littafin The Dome of the Rock, a cikin babin "Kotun Bude", da kuma a cikin taken shafi na Georg Ebers's Palestine in Picture and Word. Bangon yamma Malamai da marubuta daban-daban, irin su ibn al-Faqih, ibn Abd Rabbih, da Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi, sun ba da shawarar wuraren da aka ce an haxe Buraq a cikin tatsuniyoyi, galibi wurare a kusa da kusurwar kudu maso yammacin Harami. Koyaya, tsawon ƙarni da yawa wurin da aka fi so shine Masallacin al-Buraq, kusa da bango a ƙarshen ƙarshen bangon Yammacin Plaza. Masallacin yana zaune a saman wata tsohuwar hanyar wucewa wacce ta taɓa fitowa ta Ƙofar Barclay da aka daɗe da rufewa wanda katon lintel ɗinsa ya kasance a bayyane a ƙasan ƙofar Maghrebi. Saboda kusancin katangar Yamma, yankin da ke kusa da bango yana da alaƙa da Buraq aƙalla tun a ƙarni na 19. Lokacin da wani Bayahude dan Burtaniya ya nemi izinin mahukuntan Masar a shekara ta 1840 don sake shimfida kasa a gaban katangar Yamma, gwamnan Syria ya rubuta: Carl Sandreczki, wanda ake tuhuma da hada jerin sunayen wurin Charles William Wilson's Ordnance Survey na Urushalima a 1865, ya ruwaito cewa titin da ke kaiwa ga bangon Yamma, gami da bangaren bangon, mallakar Hosh (kotu katanga) na al Burâk, "ba Obrak ba, kuma ba Obrat". A cikin 1866, Consul na Prussian kuma masanin Gabas Georg Rosen ya rubuta cewa: “Larabawa suna kiran Obrak tsayin bangon duka a wurin makoki na Yahudawa, kudu har zuwa gidan Abu Su’ud da arewa har zuwa tsarin Mechkemeh. Obrâk ba, kamar yadda aka yi iƙirari a da, lalata kalmar Ibri (Ibraniyawa) ba ne, amma kawai lafazin sabon larabci na Borâk, wanda, yayin da (Muhammad) yake addu'a a dutse mai tsarki. an ce shi ne ya hada shi a cikin bangon da aka ambata a sama." Sunan Hosh al Buraq ya bayyana a taswirorin binciken Wilson na 1865, bugu na 1876 da 1900, da sauran taswirori a farkon karni na 20. A cikin 1922, Majalisar Pro-Jerusalem na hukuma ta ayyana shi azaman sunan titi. Haɗin kai yankin katangar Yamma da Buraq ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tashe-tashen hankula kan wurare masu tsarki tun lokacin da Birtaniyya ta ba da izini. Ga Musulmi, Katangar Makoki (ko Katangar Yamma) ana kiranta da "Ḥā'iṭu 'l-Burāq" (Larabci: "Bangaren Buraq", don a gefe guda (bangaren musulmi na bangon kuka a kan. Dutsen Haikali) shi ne inda Muhammadu ya daura Buraq, dabbar da ya hau da ita a cikin daren Lailatul kadari (Larabci: Mi'rāj Katangar ta hade da tsarin Masallacin Al-Buraq. Tasirin al'adu A Turkiyya, Burak sunan namiji ne na kowa. An sanya wa kamfanonin jiragen sama biyu suna Buraq: Buraq Air na Libya, da kuma tsohon jirgin saman Bouraq Indonesia na Indonesia (an rufe a 2006). "el-Borak" ɗan fashi ne a cikin littafin Rafael Sabatini mai suna The Sea Hawk; "El Borak" wani hali ne a cikin gajerun labarai na Robert E. Howard. Dukansu an ba su suna saboda saurinsu da juzu'i. An sanya wa NESCOM na Pakistan sunan Burraq. Aceh, Indonesiya, ta ɗauki hoton Buraq rampant da ya mamaye hatimin gwamnatin lardin da aka tsara. Ana kiran jam'iyyar Boragh APC ta Iran. Wani kamfanin mai na Malaysia mai suna Buraq Oil. Ana kiran wani kamfanin sufuri na Bangladesh Boraq Paribahan Al-Boraq (Larabci: babban titin jirgin kasa ne mai tsawon kilomita 323 (201 mi) tsakanin Casablanca da Tangier wanda ONCF ke gudanarwa a Maroko. Irinsa na farko a nahiyar Afirka, kuma mafi sauri.

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanci%20mai%20kyau

Yanci mai kyau

'Yanci mai kyau shi ne mallakar iko da albarkatu don yin aiki da 'yancin son rai a cikin mahallin al'umma mai fa'ida wanda ke sanya iyaka akan ikon mutum na yin aiki, sabanin 'yanci mara kyau, wanda shi ne 'yanci daga kamewa ko tauyewa daga ayyukan mutum. Kamar yadda Wani Masani Heyman ya lura, yana da mahimmanci a fahimci ma’anonin ‘yanci guda biyu na Ishaya Berlin dangane da yanayin akida na shekarar 1950, don haka tunanin ’yanci mai kyau ya haɗa da ’yanci daga ƙaƙƙarfan waje, wanda ke haifar da fahimtar ’yanci mai kyau a cikin mahallin. na hukumar dan adam A cewar Charles Taylor, 'Yanci mai kyau shine ikon cika manufar mutum. 'Yanci mara kyau shine 'yanci daga tsoma baki daga wasu. Ma'anar tsari da hukuma sune samun tsakiyar manufar 'yanci mai kyau saboda don samun 'yanci, ya kamata mutum ya kasance cikin 'yanci daga hana tsarin zamantakewa wajen aiwatar da yancin kansa. A tsari, classism, jima'i, shekaru, iyawa da wariyar launin fata na iya hana 'yancin mutum. Kamar yadda tabbataccen 'yanci ya fi damuwa da mallakar hukumar zamantakewa, ana haɓaka ta ta ikon 'yan ƙasa su shiga cikin gwamnati kuma a gane muryoyinsu, bukatu, da damuwarsu kuma a yi aiki da su. Rubutun Ishaya Berlin Ra'ayoyi Biyu na 'Yanci shekarata (1958) yawanci an yarda da su a matsayin farkon wanda ya zana a sarari tsakanin 'yanci mai kyau da mara kyau. Bayanin Charles Taylor ya yi aiki don warware ɗaya daga cikin batutuwan da suka raba ra'ayoyin 'tabbatacce' da 'marasa kyau' na 'yanci, kamar yadda aka bambanta su a cikin maƙalar Ishaya Berlin, sannan Kuma 'Ma'anar 'yanci biyu'. Yana ganin ba za a iya musantawa ba cewa akwai iyalai guda biyu na tunanin 'yancin siyasa. Don haka, Taylor ya fayyace cewa a fili akwai ra'ayoyi masu gasa. Wanda ke da nufin ayyana 'yanci na musamman dangane da 'yancin kai na mutum daga tsoma baki daga wasu, ya Kuma kasance gwamnatoci, kamfanoni, ko masu zaman kansu; Hakazalika, a fili, waɗannan ra'ayoyin suna ƙalubalantar waɗanda suka yi imani cewa 'yanci yana zaune aƙalla a cikin wani ɓangare na ikon gama kai kan rayuwar gama gari. 'Yanci mara kyau ra'ayi ne wanda galibi ana amfani dashi a falsafar siyasa. Ra'ayin cewa 'yanci yana nufin samun damar yin abin da kuke so, Sannan ba tare da wani cikas na waje ba. An soki wannan ra'ayi don zama mai sauƙi kuma ba tare da la'akari da mahimmancin fahimtar kansa ba. Taylor ya ba da shawarar cewa 'yanci mara kyau bai wuce kalmar falsafa ba kuma ana samun 'yanci na gaske lokacin da aka yi la'akari da rashin daidaiton zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Kuma Ya ba da shawarar 'yanci mai kyau na yare a matsayin hanyar samun 'yanci mara kyau da tabbatacce, ta hanyar shawo kan rashin daidaiton da ke raba mu. A cewar Taylor, takaita bayyana ra’ayin mutane na addini da na dabi’a ya fi muhimmanci fiye da takaita zirga-zirga a sassan kasar da ba kowa; kuma duka biyun suna da mahimmanci fiye da abubuwan da ba su da mahimmanci na sarrafa zirga-zirga. To Amma makircin Hobbesian ba shi da wuri don ra'ayi na mahimmanci. Zai ba da izini kawai don yanke hukunci kawai. Bugu da ari, Taylor yayi jayayya cewa ra'ayin Hobbes-Bentham ba shi da kariya a matsayin ra'ayi na 'yanci. Fuskantar wannan tsari mai matakai biyu, yana da alama mafi aminci da sauƙi don dakatar da shi a matakin farko, sannan don dagewa da tabbaci cewa 'yanci lamari ne kawai na rashin cikas na waje, cewa, saboda haka, ya ƙunshi ba tare da nuna bambanci na dalili da izini ba. ka'ida babu zato na biyu na batun da wani. Wannan shine ainihin dabarun Maginot Line kuma yana da jaraba sosai; (a nan, Taylor yana magana ne akan hanyoyin da mutum zai iya “ƙarfafa” hujja). To Amma, ya yi iƙirarin wannan ba daidai ba ne, ba za mu iya kare ra'ayi na 'yancin kai wanda ba ya haɗa da aƙalla wasu bambance-bambance masu kyau game da dalili, wanda ba ya sanya wasu ƙuntatawa akan dalili a cikin abubuwan da suka dace don 'yanci, don haka wanda zai iya yin mulki. fitar da zato na biyu bisa manufa. Sabili da haka, Taylor yayi jayayya don bambanta tsakanin 'yanci mara kyau da mai kyau wanda ke nuna mahimmancin adalci na zamantakewa. Tarihi Ka'idar 'yanci ta Jean-Jacques Rousseau, bisa ga yadda ake samun 'yancin kai na mutum ta hanyar shiga cikin tsarin da al'ummarsu ke gudanar da ayyukansu na gama-gari a kan al'amuransu bisa ga "wadda ta gama-gari Wasu suna fassara The Social Contract don nuna cewa Rousseau ya yi imanin cewa 'yanci shine ikon kowane ɗan ƙasa don yin aiki a cikin gwamnati don kawo canje-canje; Kuma wannan shine ainihin ikon mulkin kai da dimokuradiyya ya ce, "abin sha'awa kawai shine bauta, yayin da bin doka da muka tsara kanmu shine 'yanci." Ga Rousseau, wucewa daga yanayin yanayi zuwa na farar hula ya maye gurbin adalci ga ilhami yana ba ayyukansa kyawawan dabi'un da suke da su a da. GFW Hegel ya rubuta a cikin wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ya yi na falsafar dama (a cikin wani bangare da ya gabatar da manufar m dama amma kawai kan 'yanci a cikin m "da kuma" aikin shine samun ainihin mu, samun 'yanci mai kyau Misalai A cikin bayanin ingantaccen 'yanci daga Stanford Encyclopedia of Falsafa ,A takaice dai, mutum zai iya cewa al’ummar dimokuradiyya al’umma ce mai ‘yanci domin al’umma ce mai cin gashin kanta, kuma dan wannan al’ummar yana da ‘yanci gwargwadon yadda ya shiga cikin tsarin dimokuradiyya. Amma akwai kuma aikace-aikacen ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗaikun ra'ayi na ingantaccen 'yanci. Misali, wani lokaci ana cewa gwamnati ta himmatu sosai wajen samar da yanayin da ya kamata daidaikun mutane su kasance masu dogaro da kansu ko kuma su kai ga gaci. A cikin "Mayar da Kwangilar Jama'a", Ron Replogle ya yi kwatancen da ke taimakawa wajen fahimtar 'yanci mai kyau. “Tabbas, ba cin zarafi ba ne a matsayina na mutum idan ka ɗauki mukullin motata, ba tare da so ba, lokacin da na sha abin sha. Babu wani abu mai banƙyama game da yin yarjejeniya tun da farko tana ba da kulawa ta uba a cikin yanayi lokacin da ƙwarewarmu ta buɗe ga shakku." A kuma wannan ma'anar, 'yanci mai kyau shine bin tsarin ƙa'idodin da duk bangarorin da abin ya shafa suka amince da su, waɗanda dukkansu dole ne su yarda da kowane canji ga ƙa'idodin. Don haka, ingantaccen 'yanci falsafar ɗan kwangila ce. Duk da haka, Ishaya Berlin ya yi adawa da duk wata shawara cewa uba da 'yancin walwala na iya zama daidai. Ya bayyana cewa za a iya amfani da kyakkyawar ’yanci ne kawai a lokacin da za a cire ’yanci daga mutum yana neman wani zaɓi ne da kansa ya yi, ba ƙa’idar gamayya ta al’umma ko ra’ayin wani ba. Idan mutum ya cire mukullin motar direba ba tare da son ransa ba saboda ya sha da yawa, wannan ya zama 'yanci mai kyau kawai idan direban ya yanke shawarar da ya dace da ra'ayin kansa, Kuma tun da farko cewa ba za su tuƙi a bugu ba. Don haka, ta hanyar cire maɓallan, ɗayan ya sauƙaƙe wannan shawarar kuma ya tabbatar da cewa za a kiyaye shi ta fuskar ɗabi'a mai ban sha'awa (watau shan) direba. Ga mai cirewa don cire maɓallan idan babu irin wannan niyya da direba ya bayyana, shiyasa saboda mai cirewa yana jin cewa direban bai kamata ya tuƙi bugu ba, ubanci ne, kuma ba tabbataccen 'yanci ta ma'anar Berlin ba. Erich Fromm yana ganin banbance tsakanin nau'ikan 'yanci guda biyu da ke fitowa tare da juyin halittar dan adam nesa ba kusa ba daga aikin ilhami wanda ke nuna kananan sifofin dabbobi. Wannan fanni na 'yanci, in ji shi, "ba a nan ana amfani da shi ba a ma'anarsa mai kyau na 'yanci don' amma a cikin mummunan ma'anar 'yanci daga', wato 'yanci daga ƙaddarar basirar ayyukansa." Ga Fromm, 'yanci daga ilhami na dabba a fakaice yana nuna cewa rayuwa yanzu ya dogara ne akan wajabcin tsara tafarki na mutum. Kuma Ya danganta wannan bambanci ga labarin Littafi Mai Tsarki na korar mutum daga Adnin 'Yanci mai kyau, ya kiyaye kuma, ya zo ta hanyar tabbatar da daidaituwa tare da rabuwa daga duka: "ƙantawa tare da dukan mutane", haɗin kai ba ta hanyar ilhami ko ƙayyadaddun dangantaka ba, amma a kan 'yancin da aka kafa akan dalili. Duba wasu abubuwan 'Yancin juna Hakkoki mara kyau da tabbatacce 'Yanci na gaske Yi mulki bisa ga babbar doka <i id="mwdg">Tarkon</i> (jerin shirin talabijin) Manazarta Ci gaba da karatu 978-1412965804 Nicholas Dent, Rousseau, Routledge, 2005. Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

49028

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Tattalin%20Arzikin%20%C6%98asar%20Afirka%20ta%20Tsakiya

Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasar Afirka ta Tsakiya

Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasar Afirka ta Tsakiya ECCAS CEAC; Spanish CEAC; Portuguese CEEAC) Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi ta Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka don inganta haɗin gwiwar tattalin arziki na yanki a Afirka ta Tsakiya Tana "na nufin cimma 'yancin cin gashin kai na gamayya, da daukaka matsayin rayuwar al'ummarta da kuma tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali ta fuskar tattalin arziki ta hanyar hadin gwiwa mai jituwa". Tarihi Hukumar Kwastam da Tattalin Arzikin Afirka ta Tsakiya Kungiyar Kwastam da Tattalin Arzikin Afirka ta Tsakiya (ko UDEAC daga sunanta a cikin Faransanci, (a cikin Mutanen Espanya: UAEAC), (a cikin Portuguese: UAEAC), wanda yarjejeniyar Brazzaville ta kafa a cikin 1964, sun kafa ƙungiyar kwastan tare da kasuwanci kyauta tsakanin membobi da harajin waje na waje don shigo da kaya daga wasu ƙasashe. Yarjejeniyar ta fara aiki ne a shekara ta 1966 bayan da kasashe biyar na wancan lokaci suka amince da ita Kamaru, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Chadi, Jamhuriyar Congo, da Gabon Equatorial Guinea ta shiga Tarayyar ne a ranar 19 ga Disamba 1983. UDEAC ta sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya don kafa Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki na Afirka ta Tsakiya (CEMAC) don inganta dukkanin tsarin haɗin gwiwar yankuna ta hanyar kafa haɗin gwiwar kuɗi tare da CFA franc na Afirka ta Tsakiya a matsayin kudin gama gari; Cemac ne ya maye gurbinsa a hukumance a watan Yuni 1999 (ta hanyar yarjejeniya daga 1994). A halin yanzu CEMAC tana aiki da ƙungiyar kwastan da ƙungiyar kuɗi. Kasuwar gama gari tana nan, amma har yanzu akwai keɓancewa da yawa ga tsarin kuɗin fito. Foundation A taron kolin da aka yi a watan Disamba na shekarar 1981, shugabannin UDEAC sun amince bisa manufa ta kafa wata al'umma mai fa'ida ta tattalin arziki na kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya. An kafa ECCAS a ranar 18 ga Oktoba 1983 ta membobin UDEAC, São Tomé da Principe da membobin Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi na Manyan Tafkuna (CEPGL da aka kafa a 1976 ta DR Congo, Burundi da Rwanda Angola ta kasance mai sa ido har zuwa 1999, lokacin da ta zama cikakkiyar mamba. ECCAS ta fara aiki a cikin 1985, amma ya yi aiki tsawon shekaru da yawa saboda matsalolin kuɗi (rashin biyan kuɗin zama membobin ƙungiyar) da kuma rikici a yankin Manyan Tafkuna Yakin da aka yi a Jamhuriyar Demokaradiyyar Kwango ya kasance mai raba kan jama'a musamman kasashen Rwanda da Angola. An ayyana ECCAS a matsayin ginshiƙi na Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Afrika (AEC), amma tuntuɓar juna tsakanin AEC da ECCAS an kafa ta ne kawai a watan Oktoba 1999 saboda rashin aiki na ECCAS tun 1992 (ECCAS ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya kan dangantaka tsakanin AEC da yankin blcs (RECs) a cikin Oktoba 1999). AEC ta sake tabbatar da mahimmancin ECCAS a matsayin manyan al'ummomin tattalin arziki a Afirka ta Tsakiya a taron share fage na uku na Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Zamantakewa (ECOSOC) a watan Yuni 1999. Shugaban kasar Burundi Pierre Buyoya ne ya jagoranci taron a Libreville a ranar 6 ga Fabrairun 1998. Shugabannin kasashe da na gwamnatocin da suka halarci taron sun jajirce wajen tayar da kungiyar. Firaministan Angola ya kuma nuna cewa kasarsa za ta zama cikakkiyar mamba. Taron ya amince da kasafin kudin Faransa miliyan 10 na 1998 kuma ya bukaci sakatariyar ta: Sami taimako daga UNECA don tantance ayyukan gudanar da sakatariya; don tantance gudunmawar da kasashe membobin suka bayar; da tsarin albashi da tsarin albashi na ma’aikatan sakatariya Tara wani taro na musamman na Majalisar Ministoci da wuri-wuri don tantance shawarwarin UNECA; Majalisar ya kamata ta tsara shawarwarin sabon tsarin gudanarwa na sakatariya da kuma sake fasalin gudunmawar da kowace ƙasa memba za ta biya. Taron ya kuma bukaci kasashen yankin da su lalubo hanyoyin warware matsalolinsu na siyasa cikin lumana. Shugaban ya kuma yi kira ga kasashe mambobin kungiyar da su goyi bayan dage takunkumin da aka sanya wa kasarsa baki daya. A yayin bikin rantsar da shugaban kasar Gabon Bongo a ranar 21 ga watan Janairun 1999, an gudanar da karamin taron shugabannin ECCAS. Shugabannin sun tattauna matsalolin da suka shafi ayyukan ECCAS da kuma samar da mukami na uku na mataimakin Sakatare-Janar, wanda aka sanya wa Angola. Angola ta shiga cikin al'umma a yayin wannan taron. Abubuwan da suka faru na kwanan nan Taron shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatoci karo na 10 ya gudana a Malabo a watan Yunin 2002. Wannan taron kolin ya yanke shawarar aiwatar da wata yarjejeniya kan kafa cibiyar sadarwa ta 'yan majalisar dokokin Afirka ta Tsakiya (REPAC) da kuma amincewa da ka'idojin Majalisar Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro a Afirka ta Tsakiya (COPAX), gami da Hukumar Tsaro da Tsaro (CDS), Rundunar Sojojin Afirka ta Tsakiya (FOMAC) da Tsarin Gargaɗi na Farko na Afirka ta Tsakiya (MARAC). An kuma maraba da Rwanda a hukumance bayan dawowarta a matsayin cikakken memba na ECCAS. A ranar 24 ga Janairu, 2003, Tarayyar Turai (EU) (EU) (EU) (EU) ta kammala yarjejeniya ta kudi tare da ECCAS da CEmac, wanda ya dace da ECCAS da CEMAC zuwa kungiya daya, tare da ECCAS ta dauki alhakin zaman lafiya da tsaro na yankin ta hanyar yarjejeniyar tsaro ta COPAX. CEAC ba ɗaya daga cikin ginshiƙan Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Afirka ba, amma membobinta suna da alaƙa da ita ta Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasar Afirka ta Tsakiya. EU tana da ayyukan wanzar da zaman lafiya da yawa a DR Congo Operation Artemis (Yuni zuwa Satumba 2003), EUPOL Kinshasa (daga Oktoba 2003) da EUSEC DR Congo (daga Mayu 2005). Taron shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatoci karo na 11 a Brazzaville a cikin watan Janairun 2004 ya yi maraba da yadda yarjejeniyar da ta shafi kafa majalisar zaman lafiya da tsaro a Afirka ta tsakiya (COPAX) ta samu adadin da ake bukata na amincewa da fara aiki. Taron ya kuma amince da kudurin aiwatar da shirin NEPAD a Afirka ta Tsakiya da kuma ayyana daidaiton jinsi. A ranar 23 ga Satumba, 2009, bisa ga Ƙudurin Shugaban Ƙasa na 2009-26 kuma kamar yadda aka buga a cikin Tarayya Register Vol. 74, No. 183 (Takardun Shugaban kasa 48363) An sanya ECCAS ta cancanci a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kula da Fitar da Makamai ta Amurka don samar da labaran tsaro da sabis na tsaro. Wannan ya sa ƙungiyar ECCAS da (a zahiri) ƙasashen da ke ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyarsu sun cancanci Shirin Tallace-tallacen Soja na Ƙasashen Waje na Amurka (watau gwamnati ga tallace-tallace da taimako na gwamnati) bisa ga Dokar Kula da Fitar da Makamai da sauran irin taimakon Amurka kamar yadda kwangilar USG ta umarta zuwa Masana'antar Amurka don irin wannan tallafin bisa ga (ITAR) A cikin 2007, Rwanda ta yanke shawarar barin ƙungiyar don cire haɗin gwiwa a cikin membobinta a cikin tubalan kasuwanci na yanki kuma ta yadda za ta fi mai da hankali kan kasancewarta a cikin EAC da COMESA. Rwanda ta kasance memba ce ta kafa kungiyar kuma tana cikinta tun 18 ga Oktoba 1981. Daga baya ya koma ECCAS a cikin 2016. Haɗin kai na tattalin arziki Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Kuɗi na Afirka ta Tsakiya Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Kuɗi na Afirka ta Tsakiya (ko CEMAC daga sunanta a cikin Faransanci Communauté Économique et Monétaire de l'Afrique Centrale, cikin Mutanen Espanya Comunidad Económica y Monetaria de África ta Tsakiya, kuma a cikin Portuguese Comunidade Económica e Monetária da África ta Tsakiya kungiya ce ta kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya wacce Kamaru, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Chadi, Jamhuriyar Kongo, Equatorial Guinea da Gabon suka kafa don inganta hadewar tattalin arziki tsakanin kasashen da ke da kudin bai daya, CFA franc UDEAC ta rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya don kafa CEMAC don inganta dukkan tsarin haɗin gwiwar yankuna ta hanyar kafa haɗin gwiwar kuɗi tare da CFA franc na Afirka ta Tsakiya a matsayin kudin gama gari; Cemac ne ya maye gurbinsa a hukumance a watan Yuni 1999 (ta hanyar yarjejeniya daga 1994). Manufofin CEMAC sune haɓaka kasuwanci, kafa cibiyar kasuwanci ta gaskiya, da ƙarin haɗin kai tsakanin al'ummomi da ga ƙasashe da yankuna marasa galihu. A cikin 1994, ya yi nasarar gabatar da ƙuntatawa ga ƙididdiga da raguwa a cikin iyaka da adadin kuɗin fito. A halin yanzu, ƙasashen CEmac suna raba tsarin kuɗi na bai ɗaya, tsari, da tsarin shari'a, kuma suna kiyaye jadawalin kuɗin fito gama gari kan shigo da kaya daga ƙasashen da ba na CEMAC ba. A ka'ida, an kawar da jadawalin kuɗin fito kan ciniki tsakanin CEAC, amma an jinkirta aiwatar da wannan cikakken aiki. Motsin jari a cikin CEmac kyauta ne. Makasudai Babban burin shi ne kafa kasuwar gama-gari ta Afirka ta Tsakiya A taron shugabannin Malabo da na gwamnatocin da aka yi a shekarar 1999, an gano fannoni hudu da kungiyar ta ba da fifiko: don haɓaka damar wanzar da zaman lafiya, tsaro da kwanciyar hankali a matsayin muhimman abubuwan da ake buƙata don ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewa don haɓaka haɗin gwiwar jiki, tattalin arziki da kuɗi don haɓaka al'adar haɗin gwiwar ɗan adam don kafa tsarin samar da kuɗi mai cin gashin kansa don ECCAS Tsarin Taron shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatoci Majalisar Ministoci Sakatare Janar (Saratare-Janar daya zaba har tsawon shekaru hudu da mataimakan sakatare-janar guda uku) Kotun Shari'a Hukumar Tuntuba Yarjejeniya da ladabi Yarjejeniyar Kafa Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasar Afirka ta Tsakiya (ECCAS) Yarjejeniyar Kafa Cibiyar Sadarwar Yan Majalisun ECCAS (REPAC) Yarjejeniyar Taimakawa Juna Tsakanin Membobin Kasashe na ECCAS Yarjejeniyar da ta shafi Ƙaddamar da Yarjejeniyar Tsaron Juna a Afirka ta Tsakiya (COPAX) Abubuwan da aka haɗa zuwa yarjejeniyar ECCAS Yarjejeniya kan Dokokin Asalin don samfuran da za a yi ciniki tsakanin ƙasashe membobi na ECCAS Yarjejeniya kan Matsalolin Ciniki Ba-Tariff ba Yarjejeniya kan Sake fitar da kaya a cikin ECCAS Yarjejeniya kan hanyoyin wucewa da zirga-zirga Yarjejeniya kan haɗin gwiwar kwastam a cikin ECCAS Yarjejeniya kan Asusun Tallafawa don Asarar Kuɗi Yarjejeniya kan 'Yancin motsi da Haƙƙin Kafa 'yan ƙasa na ƙasashe mambobi a cikin ECCAS Yarjejeniya kan Gidan Tsara don ECCAS Yarjejeniya kan Haɗin kai a Ci gaban Noma tsakanin ƙasashe membobin ECCAS Yarjejeniyar Haɗin kai a Ci gaban Masana'antu tsakanin ƙasashe membobin ECCAS Yarjejeniya kan Haɗin kai a cikin Sufuri da Sadarwa tsakanin ƙasashe membobi na ECCAS Yarjejeniya kan Haɗin kai a Kimiyya da Fasaha tsakanin ƙasashe membobin ECCAS Yarjejeniya kan hadin gwiwar Makamashi tsakanin kasashe mambobin ECCAS Yarjejeniyar Haɗin kai a cikin albarkatun ƙasa tsakanin ƙasashe membobi na ECCAS Yarjejeniya kan Haɗin kai don haɓaka albarkatun ɗan adam, ilimi, horo da al'adu tsakanin ƙasashe membobin ECCAS Yarjejeniyar Haɗin kai a Yawon shakatawa tsakanin ƙasashe membobi na ECCAS Yarjejeniya kan Sauƙaƙawa da Daidaita takaddun ciniki da Tsari a cikin ECCAS Yarjejeniya kan Halin Ƙarƙashin Ƙasa, Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙasa, Tsibiri, Tsibirin Tsibirin da/ko Ƙasashe Masu Cigaba Ayyukan zaman lafiya da tsaro Kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya sun amince da yarjejeniyar hana cin zarafi a karshen taro karo na biyar na kwamitin ba da shawara kan harkokin tsaro na MDD a Afirka ta tsakiya da aka gudanar a birnin Yaoundé na kasar Kamaru. Yarjejeniyar wadda aka kulla a ranar 9 ga watan Satumban shekarar 1994, ta zo ne bayan ganawa ta kwanaki biyar da tattaunawa tsakanin kwararrun soja da ministocin kasashen Kamaru, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Jamhuriyar Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon da Sao Tomé da Principe A taron koli na kwamitin ba da shawara na dindindin na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Tambayoyin Tsaro a Afirka ta Tsakiya wanda ya gudana a Yaoundé a tsakanin 25-26 Fabrairu 1999, kasashe membobin sun yanke shawarar kirkiro wata kungiya don inganta, kiyayewa da karfafa zaman lafiya da tsaro a Afirka ta Tsakiya., wanda za a kira shi Majalisar Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro a Afirka ta Tsakiya (COPAX). Ka'idar COPAX ta fara aiki yanzu. Ƙungiyoyin fasaha na majalisar COPAX Tsarin Gargaɗi na Farko na Afirka ta Tsakiya (MARAC), wanda ke tattarawa da kuma nazarin bayanai don gano farkon ganowa da rigakafin rikice-rikice. Hukumar tsaro da tsaro (CDS), wadda ita ce taron hafsoshin hafsoshin sojojin kasa da manyan kwamandojin 'yan sanda da na Jandarma daga kasashe daban-daban. Aikinsa shi ne tsarawa, tsarawa da ba da shawarwari ga ƙungiyoyin masu yanke shawara na al'umma don fara ayyukan soja idan an buƙata. Rundunar Sojojin Afirka ta Tsakiya (FOMAC), wacce runduna ce mai zaman kanta wacce ta kunshi rundunonin soji daga kasashe mambobi, wadanda manufarsu ita ce cimma manufofin zaman lafiya, tsaro da agajin jin kai. An amince da oda a tsaye don COPAX, gami da na CDS, MARAC da FOMAC a watan Yuni 2002 a babban taron koli na 10th a Malabo A watan Janairun 2000, Gabon ta dauki nauyin atisayen wanzar da zaman lafiya a yankin "Gabon 2000" da nufin kara karfin jihohin ECCAS a fagen wanzar da zaman lafiya da rigakafin rikice-rikice da sarrafa su. Wannan darasi yana wakiltar aikace-aikacen kai tsaye na tsarin RECAMP na Faransa (ƙarfafa ƙarfin wanzar da zaman lafiya na Afirka). An gudanar da babban taron koli na ECCAS da CEMAC a Libreville a ranar 23 ga Yuni 2000. Ministocin harkokin wajen kasashe 10 na Afirka ta Tsakiya sun yi taro a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo a ranakun 16 da 17 ga watan Agustan 2001 don tattauna batun tsaro a yankinsu da yaki ya daidaita. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ce ta dauki nauyin taron, kuma Rwanda ce kawai ta ki halarta. An gudanar da taron hafsoshin hafsoshin tsaro a Brazzaville a watan Oktoban 2003, inda aka yanke shawarar cewa za a samar da wata rundunar kiyaye zaman lafiya mai girman birged domin shiga tsakani a yankunan tsakiyar Afrika da ba su da kwanciyar hankali. Wannan zai iya zama ɗaya daga cikin birged biyar da Tarayyar Afirka ta tsara na rundunar Jiragen Sama na Afirka, birged ɗaya ga kowane yanki Arewa, Yamma, Tsakiya, Gabas da Kudancin Afirka Taron ya ba da shawarar cewa masu shirye-shiryen soji daga kowace jihohin ECCAS su kafa wata kungiya da za ta tantance bayanan rundunar. Sun kuma ba da shawarar kafa wata cibiyar horar da zaman lafiya ta hadin gwiwa da atisayen soji duk bayan shekaru biyu. Na farko a cikin wadannan shi ne faruwa a Chadi MICOPAX Manufar tabbatar da zaman lafiya a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya (MICOPAX) wani aiki ne na zaman lafiya a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya karkashin jagorancin ECCAS. Tana da hannu a yakin Bush na Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya da rikicin Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya na 2012-2013 Nassoshi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

39131

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semuliki%20National%20Park

Semuliki National Park

Semuliki National Park wurin shakatawa ,na kasa a gundumar Bwamba, wani yanki mai nisa na gundumar Bundibugyo a Yankin Yamma na Uganda wanda aka kafa a watan Oktoba 1993. Ya ƙunshi 219 km2 na dajin dazuzzuka masu zafi na Gabashin Afirka tilo. Yana daya daga cikin wurare mafi wadata na fure-fure da na dabbobi, a Afirka, tare da tsuntsaye da nau'in malam buɗe ido sun bambanta musamman. Hukumar kula da namun daji na Uganda ce ke kula da wurin shakatawa. Wuri Semuliki National Park,yana kan iyakar Uganda, ne da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo Dutsen Rwenzori yana kudu-maso-gabas na wurin shakatawa, yayin da Lake Albert ke arewa da wurin shakatawa. Wurin shakatawa yana a cikin Albertine Rift, hannun yammacin Gabashin Afirka Rift Wurin shakatawa yana kan faffadar faffada a hankali wanda ya kai daga 670 to 760 m (2,200 zuwa 2,490 ft) sama da matakin teku Wurin shakatawa yana samun matsakaicin ruwan sama na 1,250 mm (49 in), tare da kololuwar ruwan sama daga Maris zuwa Mayu da kuma daga Satumba zuwa Disamba. Yawancin wuraren shakatawa suna fuskantar ambaliya a lokacin damina. Yanayin zafin jiki a wurin shakatawa ya bambanta daga 18 to 30 °C (64 zuwa 86 °F), tare da ƙananan bambance-bambancen yau da kullun. Wurin shakatawa yana iyaka da kogin Semlikim da na Lamia, wuraren shayar da dabbobi da yawa. Wurin shakatawa yana da maɓuɓɓugan zafi guda biyu a cikin ma'adinan zafi mai cike da fadama Ɗaya daga cikin maɓuɓɓugan ruwa Mumbuga spring yayi kama da geyser ta hanyar samar da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai tsayi 0.5 m. Waɗannan maɓuɓɓugan ruwan zafi suna jan hankalin ɗimbin tsuntsayen bakin teku kuma suna ba da lasa gishiri ga dabbobi da yawa. Daga 1932 zuwa 1993, yankin da Semuliki National Park ke kula da shi a matsayin gandun daji, da farko gwamnatin mulkin mallaka sannan kuma ta bangaren kula da gandun daji na gwamnatin Uganda. Gwamnati ta mai da shi wurin shakatawa na kasa a watan Oktoba 1993 don kare gandun daji a matsayin wani muhimmin bangare na wuraren da aka karewa na Yammacin Rift Valley. Wurin shakatawa wani yanki ne na hanyar sadarwa na yankuna masu kariya a cikin Albertine Rift Valley. Sauran wuraren kariya a cikin wannan hanyar sadarwa sun haɗa da: Dutsen Rwenzori A Uganda Bwindi Imperetrable National Park A Uganda Kibale National Park A Uganda Sarauniya Elizabeth National Park A Uganda Virunga National Park A cikin DR Congo Wurin shakatawa na Volcanoes A Ruwanda Maziyartan wurin shakatawa za su iya shiga kallon tsuntsaye, tafiya zuwa ciyayi na savannah, suna tafiya cikin 13 km (8.1 mi) Titin Kirumia, kuma ziyarci maɓuɓɓugar ruwan zafi inda ruwan ya yi zafi don dafa ƙwai da plantain. Flora da fauna Yankin Semuliki National Park wani yanki ne na musamman a cikin mafi girman yanayin yanayin Albertine Rift Wurin shakatawa yana kusa da mahaɗin yankuna da yawa na yanayin yanayi da muhalli, kuma a sakamakon haka yana da nau'ikan nau'ikan tsire-tsire da dabbobi da yawa da yawa. Yawancin nau'in tsiro da dabbobin da ke cikin wurin shakatawa kuma ana samun su a cikin dazuzzukan kwarin gwiwar Kongo, tare da yawancin ire-iren wadannan nau'ikan sun kai iyakar gabashin iyakar su a dajin Semuliki. Tsire- tsire na wurin shakatawa galibi matsakaita ne mai ɗanɗano har abada har zuwa dajin da ba a taɓa gani ba. Babban nau'in tsire-tsire a cikin gandun daji shine Uganda ironwood Cynometra alexandri Haka kuma akwai nau'ikan bishiya na yanayin da ba a taɓa gani ba da kuma al'ummomin gandun daji na fadama. Wurin shakatawa yana da nau'ikan tsuntsaye sama da 400, gami da jagorar zuma mai leda 216 na waɗannan nau'ikan (kashi 66 na jimillar nau'in tsuntsayen ƙasar) tsuntsayen gandun daji ne na gaske, ciki har da ƙwanƙwasa na ƙasa na Oberländer Geokichla oberlaenderi Sassi's olive greenbul Phyllastrephus lorenzi da nau'in hornbill tara. Wurin shakatawa yana ba da wurin zama ga nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa sama da 60, gami da bauna na Afirka, damisa, hippopotamus, biri na biri, chevrotain ruwa, jariran daji, civet na Afirka, giwa na Afirka, da squirrel na Pygmy scaly-tailed tashi squirrel Idiurus zenkeri Ana samun nau'ikan duiker tara a cikin wurin shakatawa, gami da bay duiker, (Céphalophus dorsalis Wurin shakatawa yana da nau'ikan firamare guda takwas da kusan nau'ikan malam buɗe ido 460. Yawan mutane Dazuzzukan dajin na da matukar muhimmanci ga zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ga al'ummomin bil'adama da ke zaune kusa da wurin shakatawa. Al’ummar yankin na noma ne na rayuwa, kuma suna amfani da dazuzzukan dajin don ciyar da rayuwarsu gaba. Wasu daga cikin kayayyakin da suke samu daga dazuzzuka sun hada da 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari, magungunan ganye, da kayan gini. Al'ummar yankin na karuwa da kashi 3.4 a kowace shekara. Yawan yawan jama'a da raguwar yawan amfanin gona tare da rashin samun madadin hanyoyin samun kudin shiga na nufin cewa al'ummar yankin sun dogara da albarkatun dajin. Dajin kuma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa ta al'adu da ta ruhaniya a cikin rayuwar mutanen gida. Dazuzzuka kuma gida ne na mutane kusan 100 Great Lakes Twa, al'ummar ƴan asalin da har yanzu suna rayuwa a matsayin mafarauta Domin yawon bude ido yana ba wa mutanen Basua ƙarin hanyar samun kudin shiga, masu ziyartar wurin shakatawa za su iya ƙarin koyo game da al'adu da tarihin mutanen Basua a wurin shakatawa kuma su ga sana'o'in hannu da suka yi. Abubuwan da hukumomi suka yi a baya da suka ware mutanen yankin ya haifar da bacin rai a tsakaninsu. Wannan ya rage tasirin ayyukan kiyayewa kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga faruwar ayyukan haram. Tun daga shekarun 1990s, Hukumar Kula da namun daji ta Uganda ta shiga cikin al'ummomin yankin wajen tsara wuraren shakatawa. Rikicin jama'a ya faru a gundumar Bundibugyo tsakanin 1997 zuwa 2001. A ranar 16 ga Yuni 1997, 'yan tawayen Allied Democratic Forces sun kai hari tare da mamaye garin Bundibugyo tare da mamaye hedkwatar wurin shakatawa. An kai mutanen da ke zaune kusa da wurin shakatawa zuwa sansanonin 'yan gudun hijirar. Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Hukumar Kula da namun daji ta Uganda Semuliki National Park (wuri na hukuma). UNEP-WCMC Database na Duniya akan Taskar Bayanan Yankunan Kare. Herpetofauna na Afirka Semuliki National Park a Yammacin Uganda. Semallki national park Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

42937

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98wallon%20%C6%98afa%20a%20Angola

Ƙwallon Ƙafa a Angola

Wasan ƙwallon ƙafa shi ne mafi shaharar wasa a Angola, sai kuma ƙwallon kwando. Ƙungiyar ƙasa (m) ta samu tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a shekara ta 2006 a Jamus kuma da yawa daga cikin 'yan wasan kwallon kafa na Angola suna taka leda a duniya musamman a Portugal da Faransa. An san wasannin ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na mata a Angola tun daga shekarar 1993, kuma tun a shekarar 1995, lardin Campeonato de Luanda ke gudanar da gasar laliga a Angola, duk da cewa ya taƙaita ne a lardin Luanda. Babban lig na ƙasa na maza shi ne Girabola Ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata a Angola gabaɗaya tana fama da rashin kulawa, ta hanyar ƙungiyoyi da kulake. Sakamakon haka, da ƙyar ba a samu tsarin wasannin gasar ba, kuma saboda rashin azuzuwan matasa, ba kasafai ‘yan mata ‘yan shekara 12 da mata ‘yan shekara 40 ke haɗuwa a wasa daya ba. Sakamakon rashin samun horo ga mata, ana fuskantar barazanar wuce gona da iri, don haka a kawo ƙarshen wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa na mata a Angola. Angola ta kasance yankin da Portugal ta yi wa mulkin mallaka tun daga karshen ƙarni na 15, don haka 'yan Portugal din ne suka shahara a wajen wasan ƙwallon ƙafa. Har yanzu ana tsara ƙwallon ƙafa a Angola ta asali da alaƙar sa na Portugal, misali ta hanyar wasu ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyin Portugal Benfica Lisbon da Sporting Lisbon. Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Angola ita ce Federação Angolana de Futebol (FAF). An kafa ta ne a shekarar 1979, bayan Angola ta samu 'yancin kai daga Portugal a shekarar 1975. FAF ita ce ke shirya gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa Girabola (Liga na farko) da Gira Angola (laliga ta biyu) kuma ita ce ke da alhakin tawagar 'yan wasan ƙasar ta Angola maza da mata. Ƙasar ta karbi baƙuncin gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka a shekarar 2010. Tsarin League da Kofin A halin yanzu babu gasar mata a Angola. Don tarihin gasar duba Gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Mata ta Angola Gasar zakarun ƙungiyoyin mata ta ƙasa ta farko ta gudana ne a shekarar 1999, a matsayin gasa a birnin Lubango.Taken ya koma Blocos FC daga babban birnin Luanda. Tun daga shekara ta 2005, FAF ce ke shirya gasar cin kofin kasa na yau da kullun. Zakaran gasar Lardin Luanda, Progresso do Sambizanga, ita ce ta mamaye gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Angola tare da kambun ƙasashe biyar tun daga wancan lokacin. Baya ga Progresso, kulob ɗin Amigas dos Mártires de Kifangondo Luanda yana daya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi masu ƙarfi, kodayake ba tare da samun nasara ba a gasar zakarun Turai a Luena a shekarar 2008. Sauran kungiyoyin da suka fafata su ne Regedoria FC de Viana, da Clube Desportivo da Terra Nova. Terra Nova ita ce kulob guda ɗaya da ke da ƙungiya ta biyu da kuma makarantar ƙwallon ƙafa na mata matasa. Baya ga wadannan, kulake huɗu sun rage. Sauran ƙungiyoyin ba su da tsari, kuma hatta hazikan 'yan wasa sau da yawa ba su da damar ci gaba. Gabaɗaya, ana gudanar da gasa a larduna uku na Angola: a lardunan Cunene, da Huíla, musamman a Luanda. Lokaci-lokaci, kuma za a yi gasa a sauran larduna, musamman a lardunan Bié, Benguela da Cabinda. Gasar ƙasa (Campeonato Nacional) koyaushe ana buga ta a kowane hali a cikin gasa ta tsakiya, amma ba a daidaita shi kowace shekara. Tun daga shekara ta 2011, ba a buga wani masters ba. Ya zuwa yanzu dai an buga gasar kasa da kasa a gasar mata ta Angola. Akalla tun daga shekarar 1965, maza ne ke buga zakaran kasa a Angola a wani aiki na gasar. Mai rike da kambun tarihi a lokacin mamaya na Portugal shi ne kulob din Atlético de Luanda da ya kafa a shekara ta 1953, yana rike da kambun gasar a shekarun 1965, 1966, 1967 da 1968. A Angola bayan mamayar ƙasar, ana gudanar da gasar babbar gasar Girabola tun a shekarar 1979, sannan kuma ana gudanar da gasar ta Gira Angola ta biyu mai matsayi uku a fadin kasar. Wadannan wasannin sun haɗa da manyan ƙungiyoyin larduna 18 na Angola, waɗanda ake buga sauran wasannin na yankin. A yau, Girabola har yanzu shi ne babban rabo na ƙwallon ƙafa na Angola. Hukumar Ƙwallon ƙafa ta Angola ce ta shirya shi. Tawagar kasa ta maza Tawagar ƙasar ta shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a karon farko a shekara ta 2006. A lokacin gasar neman cancantar shiga gasar Angola ta lashe rukunin 4 da Najeriya da Zimbabwe da Gabon da Aljeriya da kuma Rwanda An sanya tawagar a rukunin D tare da Portugal da Mexico da Iran Sun kammala da ci 0, 2 da rashin nasara 1, sun yi matsayi na 3 a rukunin. Ba su wuce wasan rukuni ba. A ranar 4 ga watan Satumbar 2006, Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Afirka CAF ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a ba da gasar cin kofin Afirka na shekarar 2010 ga Angola. An gina karin sabbin filayen wasa hudu don gasar cin kofin Afirka: Estádio 11 de Novembro mai kujeru 50,000 a Luanda, Estádio Nacional de Ombaka mai kujeru 35,000 a Benguela da Estádio Nacional de Chiazi a Cabinda da Estádio Nacional da Tundavala a Lubango, bi da bi 20,000 ƴan kallo. A wasan da aka buga a rukunin A, Mali an sanya Algeria da Malawi a rukunin A. An sanya Angola a matsayin jagorar rukunin wannan rukunin. Kungiyar mata ta kasa Mafi kyawun matsayi a cikin FIFA Rankings na kungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasa shine matsayi na 82 a cikin watan Disambar 2003. A cikin watan Yuli shekarar 2022, an sanya su a matsayi na 140. Gasar da suka samu tilo ita ce ta shekarun 1995 da 2002 na mata na Afirka, kuma mafi kyawun wasan da suka yi shi ne na kusa da na karshe a gasar shekarar 1995. Angola ta kammala gasar cin kofin Afrika a matsayi na uku a shekarar 1995. Angola kuma ta samu gurbin shiga gasar a shekara ta 2002, inda ta doke Zimbabwe da Afirka ta Kudu, amma ta sha kashi a hannun Kamaru da ci daya mai ban haushi. Tun daga wannan lokacin Angola ba ta samu gurbin shiga gasar ba. A lokacin neman gurbin shiga gasar Olympics ta 2008 Angola ba ta wuce zagaye na farko ba, inda ta sha kashi a hannun Ghana Sai dai sun kai wasan karshe a gasar cin kofin COSAFA, inda suka kara da Afirka ta Kudu, inda ta doke su da ci 3-1. A gasar cin kofin Afrika ta mata na 2022 Angola ta kara da Botswana da ci 1-5 da 2-0. Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

44264

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansur%20Ibrahim%20Sokoto

Mansur Ibrahim Sokoto

An haifi shehin malamin a birnin Sokoto ranar Litinin 13 ga watan Zulqidah shekara ta 1388 bayan Hijira, daidai da 2 ga Maris din 1969. Ya yi karatun Ƙur'ani a gidansu a wajen mahaifiyarsa Modibbo Hafsatu, wacce ke da makarantar koyar da yara da matan aure. Ya sauke Ƙur'ani yana da shekara takwas a lokacin yana aji uku na firamare. Bayan sauke Ƙur'ani sai Ya fara karatun saniN Fiƙihu a wajenta inda ya karanta littattafai irin su Usul-din da Ishmawi da Ahlari. Daga nan sai ya koma wajen mahaifinsa ya ci gaba da karatun Babus Sahwi ya kuma karatun Iziyya. Bayan anaɗa mahaifinsa limancin ƙauyensu sai ya kasance ba ya samu lokacinsa, sai ya koma makarantar Malam Abbakar Makera Bakane.ya ci gaba da karatun Iziyya. Daga bisani ya koma wajen Malam Aliyu Muhammad Gidan Kanawa ya karanci littattafai irin su Riyadus Salihin da na Fiqihu kamar Risala, sannan ya kammala da Askari. Ya kuma yi karatu a makaratantar Malam Muhammad Isa Talata Mafara ya karanta littattafai irin su Ihyaus Sunna da wasu littattafan Sheikh Dan Fodio da kuma wasu kamar Alburda da sauransu. Malam ya yi karatu a wajen wasu malaman da dama. Karatu A ɓangaren boko ya yi firamare a makarantar Magajin Gari One, inda ya kammala a shekarar 1980, sai ya shiga makarantar sakandare ta Technical da ke Rinjin Sambo ya koyi fasaha da ƙere-ƙere. "Ina iya cewa sau uku na yi sakandire saboda yanayin sauyin karatu," in ji malam. "Bayan kammala karatu na je na samu horo a wani kamfanin motoci inda na fara aikin kanikanci har aka dauke ni aiki a UTC Kaduna 1985. "Daga nan ne na samu gurbin karatu a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Minna don karantar ilimin kimiyyar komfuta da kuma wani gurbin a Kaduna Polytechnic, a cewar malam. Sai dai sha'warsa ta koma wa karatun addinin Musulunci ta sa ya bar guraben inda ya ya koma makarantar marigayi Malam Bashir Yusuf a Talata Mafara. Yana can ne sai ya samu gurbin karatu a Islamic African Center Khartoum da ke Sudan kan shari'a. "Sai na ce ni makarantar sakandare nake son komawa, abin har ya zo ya zama rigima, da ƙyar aka amince. Wannan ya sa sau uku kenan ina yin sakandare daga SS1 zuwa SS3." A shekarar 1990 sai ya samu gurbin karatu a Jami'ar Islamiyya Madina inda ya yi Kwalejin Hadisi daga shekarar 1990 zuwa 1994. Daga nan ya komwa gida Najeriya ya fara aiki da KwalejinKimiyya ta jihar Sokoto a lokacin, State Poly kenan a yanzu, ya yi shekara biyu har da hidimar ƙasa, daga nan ya koma Jami'ar Usman Danfodi a 1996. Malam ya yi digiri na biyu da digirin digirgir a fannin Hadisi duk a Danfodio. Yanzu haka ya zama farfesa a ilimin Hadisi a watan Janairun 2019. Tambaya mai Sarkakiya Kamar yadda aka sani malamai kan Sha fama da amsa tambayoyi, to shi ma Farfesa Mansur haka abin yake gare shi. "Ana samun tambayoyi masu sarƙaƙiya sosai. Sai dai ni ina da samun shakkar fatwa, idan har ina da shakku sai na ce a ban lokaci na yi bicike ko na tura wajen wani malamin. "Akwai wata tambaya da aka min tun a shekarun 1990. Wasu matan aure su biyu mijinsu na zuwa ci rani Lagos. Gudar na da ilimi dayar kuma ba ta da shi. "To lokacin babu waya mijin kan aiko da saƙo ne ta hanyar wasiƙa. Ita uwargida ita ce ta iya karatu ita ke karantawa idan an aiko saƙo. "Rannan sai ya aiko da wasika uwargida na karantawa sai ta dubi amarya ta ce "me ki kai wa maigida ne?" Me ya faru ya sake ki saki uku?" "Suka sha koke-kokensu amarya ta tafi gidansu ba wanda ya nemi ganin takarda. Ta yi zaman idda har ta yi aure. "Mijin nan bai tashi zuwa Sokoto ba har sai da ta haifi yara biyu. Da ya dawo sai ya tarar amarya ba ta nan, ya gane abin da ya faru. "To a gaskiyar magana da aka kawo batun wajena sai da na tura su kotu aka warware a can, don abin na da sarƙaƙiya da yawa," malam ya ce. Da'awa Farfesa ya ce ya tashi tare da 'yan da'awa. Yana hulda da su Adamu Badullahi da Malam Bello Dan Malam. Tun yana ƙaramar sakandare a shekara 13. Ya buɗe makarantarsa ta farko a 1983, cikin ɗalibansa har da fitattun ƴan siyasa da manyan ƴan kasuwa. Amma fara da'awa haƙiƙa sai bayan da ya kammala digiri a Jami'ar Madina bayan da ya buɗe makarantar Hadisi a gidansu. Makarantar na ci gaba har yanzu. Ya ce "Na fara tafsirin Ƙur'ani a shiyyar Tsamiyar Dila." Littatafai Malam ya rubuta littattafai da dama tun yana ɗalibi a Madina. Sannan ya rubuta cikin harshen Hausa da Larabci. Wasu daga cikin na Hausan sun haɗa da: Alkaki da Ruwan Zuma na tarihin Manzon Allah SAW Ƙaddara ta Riga Fata Abin da ya faru a Ƙarbala Aƙidun Shi'a a Ma'aunin Shari'a Su waye masoyan Ahlul Baiti? Duniya Makaranta Abokin hira Malam ya fi son abincin gargajiya musamman tuwon shinkafa da miyar kuka da kuma kwaɗon ƙanzo.

8345

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras

Pythagoras

Pythagoras (lafazi: /fitagoras/), da tsohon yaren Girka masanin falsafa ne na kasar Girnka, masanin lissafi ne kuma wanda ya kirkiri lissafin Pythagoreanism Koyarwarsa na addini da siyasa sunyi fice a yankin Magna Graecia kuma yayi tasiri akan falsafar masana irinsu Plato, Aristotle, sannan kuma tasu ne hakan ya yadu Yammacin Turai baki daya. Mahaifinsa shine Mnesarchus, wani mai hako arzikin kasa a tsiribirin Samos. Masana na zamanin nan sunyi sabani akan ilimi da tasirin Pythagoras, amma sun amince da cewa, a tsakanin shekarar 530 BC, yayi kaura zuwa garin Croton da ke a kudancin Italiya, inda ya kafa wata makaranta wanda dalibansa suna rantsuwa a cikin sirri cewa zasu rika yin rayuwa mai sauki ta zuhudu. Wannan rayuwa ya kunshi haramcin daga wasu nau'oin abinci, wanda a gargajiyance ance sun hada da haramcin cin nama, duk da cewa malaman zamani sunyi kokwanto akan hana cin nama baki daya daga gare shi. Anfi alakanta koyarwar Pythagoras da metempsychosis, ko kuma "kaurar ruhi", wanda ke cewa kowacce rai bata mutuwa baki daya, cewa a gabannin mutuwa, ruhin zai koma cikin wani sabon jikin. Watakila ma ya koyar da musica universalis, wanda ke cewa, duniyoyi suna motsi ne dangane da dabarun lissafi mathematical equations), kuma suna fitar da wani sauti na waka. Masana sunyi sabani akan cewa ko Pythagoras ne ya kirkiro numerological da koyarwar waka wanda ake alakanta su da shi, ko kuwa daga cikin mabiyansa ne suka kirkiro koyarwar, musamman Philolaus na Croton. Bayan cin nasara da Croton tayi ga a cikin karni na 510 BC, mabiya Pythagoras sun shiga rikici tare da magoya bayan dimukradiyya, kuma an kone wuraren taro na Pythagoras da mutanensa. Watakila acikin tsakiyar rikicin ne Pythagoras ya mutu, ko kuma ya tsira zuwa Metapontum inda ya mutu a can. A zamunan baya, ana jinjinawa Pythagoras dangane da nasarorin bincike na kimiyya da lissafi, irin su Pythagorean theorem, Pythagorean tuning, five regular solids, Theory of Proportions, sphericity of the Earth da kuma gano yanayin safiya da yammaci a duniyar Venus. An sanar cewa shine wanda ya fara kiran kansa a matsayin masanin falsafa wato (masoyin hikima). Pythagoras yayi koyar da Plato, wanda acikin zantukan shi, musamman Timaeus, ya nuna koyarwar Pythagoras. Hikimomin Pythagoras dangane da lissafi yayi tasiri akan Fasahar Kasar Girka na zamunan baya. An cigaba da daukar Pythagoras a matsayin mashahuran masana falsafa a daukakin shekarun tsakiyar zamunai, sannan falsafarsa sunyi tasiri sosai akan masana, irin su Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, da kuma Isaac Newton. An cigaba da amfani da tamburan pythagoras a daukakin zamanin European esotericism na yau, sannan koyarwarsa, kamar yadda aka zayyano a wakar, Ovid sunyi tasiri ga mabiya akidar cin ganyayyaki kawai (vegetarianism). Labaran tarihin rayuwarsa Babu wani ainihin takamaimen tarihi akan yadda Pythagoras yayi rayuwa, sannan kuma babu wani tabbataccen abu da aka sani game da rayuwarsa. Tarihin kuruciyar Pythagoras 'yan kadan ne, masu harshen damo, kuma mafi yawanci a matsayin almara suke. Tarihin farkon koyarwar Pythagoras suma sun kasance a matsayin wakokin almara suke, watakila Xenophanes ya rubuta bayan mutuwarsa, wanda sunyi rayuwa tare. Acikin wakar Xenophanes ya bayyana pythagoras a lokacinda yake kare hakkin wani kare wanda aka buga, cewa ya gano acikin kukan karen muryar wani tsohon abokinsa da ya bata. Alcmaeon na Croton wani likita wanda yayi rayuwa kusan lokaci daya da Pythagoras yana nan, kuma yayi amfani da koyarwar Pythagoras da dama acikin rubuce rubucensa. kuma yayi ikirarin cewa ya san Pythagoras sosai. Watakila mawaki, Heraclitus wanda aka haifa a wasu 'yan miloli kusa da teku da ke kusanci da garin Samos ya rayu a lokaci daya da Pythagoras. Yana yi wa Pythagoras izgili cewa mayaudari ne mai wayau, yana cewa "Pythagoras, dan dan Mnesarchus, ya koyi bincike fiye da kowanne mutum, sannan ya zaba daga cikin wadannan rubuce-rubuce abubuwan da suka kara masa hikima ya koyi mafi yawanci, fasaha ta karya". Mawakin Girka Ion of Chios (c. 480 c. 421 BC) da kuma Empedocles na Acragas (c. 493 c. 432 BC) dukkaninsu sun nuna qaunarsu ga Pythagoras a cikin wakokinsu. Kwatancen sufar Pythagoras da yayi kusa da gaskiya shine na masanin tarihi Herodotus na Halicamassus (c. 484 c. 420 BC), wanda ya bayyana shi a matsayin "baya cikin wadanda basuyi fice ba" acikin mutanen kirki na kasar Girka, sannan kuma ya sanar cewa, Pythagoras ya koya wa dalibansa yadda zasu more rayuwa na har abada. Akwai kokwanto akan gaskiyar ayyukan Herodotus. Rubucw-rubucen da masanin falsafa kuma dalibin Pythagoras Philolaus na Kroton, wanda ya rayu a karni na biyar Kafin zuwan Yesu, sune rubuce-rubuce na kusa-kusa da ke bayani akan wakoki da bayanai da ake alakanta su da Pythagoras. Mahikayi na Tshouwar Athens, Isocrates ya fara bayyana cewa Pythagoras ya ziyarci kasar Misra. Aristotle yayi rubutu akan mabiya Pythagoras amma a yanzu babu rubutun. Watakila an ajiye wasu daga cikin rubuce rubucen acikin Protrepticus. Daliban Aristotle irin su, Dicaearchus, Aristoxenus da kuma Heraclides Ponticus suma sunyi rubutu akan wannan babin. Manazarta Mutanen

29269

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciwon%20Daji

Ciwon Daji

Ciwon daji, ko ciwon daji na iyali, cuta ce ta kwayoyin halitta wanda gadaje maye gurbi a cikin daya ko fiye da kwayoyin halitta ya sa wadanda abin ya shafa ga ci gaban ciwon daji kuma yana iya haifar da farkon farkon wadannan ciwon daji. Ciwon daji sau da yawa yana nuna ba kawai babban haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansa ba, har ma da haɓakar ciwace-ciwacen farko masu zaman kansu. Yawancin waɗannan cututtukan suna haifar da maye gurbi a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari, kwayoyin halittar da ke da hannu wajen kare tantanin halitta daga juyewar kansa. Sauran kwayoyin halittar da za a iya shafa su ne kwayoyin gyaran DNA, oncogenes da kwayoyin da ke cikin samar da jini angiogenesis Misalai na gama-gari na ciwon daji da aka gada sune ciwon daji na nono-ovarian na gado da ciwon daji marasa polyposis colon cancer (Lynch syndrome). Fage Ciwon daji na gado yana ƙarƙashin kashi 5 zuwa 10 cikin ɗari na duk cututtukan daji kuma akwai nau'ikan ciwon daji sama da 50 waɗanda za a iya gane su. Fahimtar ilimin kimiyya game da cututtukan ciwon daji na haɓakawa sosai: ana samun ƙarin cututtukan cututtuka, ilimin halitta yana ƙara bayyana, kuma gwajin ƙwayoyin cuta yana inganta ganowa, jiyya, da rigakafin cututtukan daji. Idan aka yi la’akari da yawaitar ciwon nono da ciwon hanji, cututtukan da aka fi sani da su sun haɗa da ciwon daji na nono-ovarian na gado da kuma ciwon daji marasa polyposis colon cancer (Lynch syndrome). Wasu cututtukan da ba a saba gani ba suna da alaƙa mai ƙarfi tare da cututtukan cututtukan daji na gado. Ya kamata a yi la'akari da gwajin kwayoyin halitta tare da adrenocortical carcinoma ciwon daji na carcinoid yaduwa ciwon daji tube fallopian ciwon daji na peritoneal na farko; leiomyosarcoma medullary thyroid ciwon daji paraganglioma pheochromocytoma; ciwon daji na koda na chromophobe, hybrid oncocytic, ko oncocytoma histology; ciwon daji na sebaceous da ciwace-ciwacen jima'i tare da tubules na annular. Likitocin kulawa na farko na iya gano mutanen da ke cikin haɗarin kamuwa da ciwon daji na gado. Genetics na ciwon daji Kwafi biyu na kowane kwayar halitta suna nan a cikin dukkan sel na jiki kuma kowannensu ana kiransa allele Yawancin ciwon daji na ciwon daji ana yaɗa su ta hanyar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwayoyin cuta A cikin waɗannan lokuta, allele guda ɗaya kawai dole ne ya kasance a wurin don mutum ya sami yanayin cutar kansa. Mutanen da ke da allele guda ɗaya na al'ada da kuma allele ɗaya mara kyau ana kiran su heterozygous Mutum mai heterozygous da mutumin da ke da allura biyu na al'ada homozygous za su sami damar 50% na haifar da yaron da abin ya shafa. An san maye gurbin da ke cikin kwayoyin halittar da aka gada a matsayin maye gurbi na germline da kuma ƙarin maye gurbi a cikin al'ada na al'ada yana haifar da ci gaban ciwon daji. Wannan shi ake kira da Knudson ta biyu-hit hasashe, inda farkon bugu na kwayar halitta shine maye gurbi kuma bugun na biyu yana faruwa daga baya a rayuwa. Kamar yadda kawai allele ɗaya ke buƙatar canzawa (kamar idan aka kwatanta da duka a cikin abin da ake kira "ciwon daji na lokaci-lokaci"), mutum yana da babbar dama ta bunkasa ciwon daji fiye da yawan jama'a. Kadan sau da yawa, ana iya yaɗuwar ciwon siga a matsayin halin koma baya na autosomal Dole ne a canza nau'ikan cututtukan da kuma da cutar kansa. Mutumin da ke da allale guda biyu ana kiransa da homozygous recessive Duk iyaye biyu dole ne su sami aƙalla kuskure guda ɗaya don yaro ya zama mai ɗaukar homozygous. Idan iyaye biyu suna da allele guda ɗaya da allele guda ɗaya heterozygous to suna da damar 25% na samar da ɗan luwaɗi na homozygous (yana da tsinkaya), 50% damar samar da ɗan heterozygous (mai ɗaukar kwayar cutar) da 25% damar haifar da yaro tare da alleles guda biyu na al'ada. Misalan cututtukan ciwon daji na autosomal sune autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (Canale-Smith Syndrome), ciwon Beckwith-Wiedemann (ko da yake kashi 85 cikin 100 na lokuta na ɗan lokaci ne), -Dubé ciwo, Carney ciwo, familial chordoma, Cowden ciwo, dysplastic nevus ciwo tare da familial melanoma, iyali adenomatous polyposis, gadon nono-ovarian ciwon daji, gadon yaduwa na ciki ciwon daji (HDGC), Gada nonpolyectal cancer color (Lynch ciwo), Howel-Evans ciwo na esophageal ciwon daji tare da tylosis, yara polyposis ciwo, Li-Fraumeni ciwo, mahara endocrine neoplasia type 1/2, mahara osteochondromatosis, neurofibromatosis type 1/2, babu basal-cell carcinoma ciwo (Gorlin ciwo). Peutz–Jeghers ciwo, Familial prostate ciwon daji, hereditary leiomyomatosis renal cell ciwon daji (LRCC), hereditary papillary renal ciwon daji, hereditary paraganglioma -pheochromocytoma ciwo, retinoblastoma, tuberous sclerosis, von Hippel-Lindau cuta da kuma Wilm's tumor cuta Misalan cututtuka na ciwon daji na autosomal sune ataxia-telangiectasia, Bloom syndrome, Fanconi anemia, MUTYH polyposis, Rothmund-Thomson ciwo, Werner ciwo da Xeroderma pigmentosum Misalai Ko da yake ciwon daji yana nuna haɗarin ciwon daji, haɗarin ya bambanta. Ga wasu daga cikin waɗannan cututtuka, ciwon daji ba shine farkon fasalinsu ba. Fanconi anemia Fanconi anemia cuta ce da ke da fa'idar bakan asibiti, gami da: farkon farawa da haɗarin ciwon daji; gazawar kasusuwa da rashin haihuwa Babban bayyanar cututtuka na wannan cuta shine wadanda ke da alaka da hematopoeisis (samar da jini ta hanyar kasusuwa waɗannan sun haɗa da anemia aplastic, myelodysplastic syndrome da kuma m myeloid cutar sankarar bargo Ciwace-ciwacen hanta da squamous cell carcinomas na esophagus, oropharynx da uvula sune ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen da aka danganta da FA. Abubuwan da aka haifa sun haɗa da: skeletal anomalies (musamman wadanda ke shafar hannu), cafe au lait spots da hypopigmentation Har zuwa yau, kwayoyin halittar da aka sani suna haifar da FA sune: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, FANCI, FANCJ, FANCL, FANCM, FANCN, FANCO, FANCP da BRCA2 (wanda aka sani da FANCD1). Gadon wannan ciwo da farko shine recessive autosomal, amma FANCB za a iya gado daga uwa ko uba x-chromosome x-linked recessive gadon Hanyar FA tana da hannu wajen gyaran DNA lokacin da aka haɗa nau'i biyu na DNA ba daidai ba interstrand crosslinks Hanyoyi da yawa ana daidaita su ta hanyar FA don wannan ciki har da gyaran ɓangarorin nucleotide, fassarar fassarar da sake hadewar homologous Familial adenomatous polyposis Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) wani ciwo ne mai rinjaye na autosomal wanda ke ƙara haɗarin kansar launin fata Kusan 1 cikin 8000 mutane za su kamu da wannan cuta kuma tana da kusan 100% shiga Mutumin da ke da wannan cuta zai sami ɗaruruwa zuwa dubbai na adenoma mara kyau a ko'ina cikin hanjin su, wanda a mafi yawan lokuta zai ci gaba zuwa ciwon daji. Sauran ciwace-ciwacen da ke karuwa a yawan sun hada da; osteomas, adrenal adenomas da carcinomas, thyroid ciwace-ciwacen daji da kuma desmoid ciwace-ciwacen daji Dalilin wannan rashin lafiya shine maye gurbin APC gene, wanda ke shiga cikin tsarin -catenin Kuskuren APC yana haifar da -catenin don tarawa a cikin sel kuma kunna abubuwan rubutun da ke cikin yaduwar kwayar halitta, ƙaura, bambance-bambance da apoptosis (mutuwar kwayar halitta). Gadon nono da ciwon daji na kwai Ciwon daji na ciwon nono-ovarian na gado cuta ce da ta mamaye ta ta hanyar maye gurbi na kwayoyin halittar BRCA1 da BRCA2 A cikin mata wannan cuta da farko yana ƙara haɗarin nono da kansar kwai, amma kuma yana ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da cutar sankara na fallopian tube da papillary serous carcinoma na peritoneum. A cikin maza ana ƙara haɗarin cutar kansar prostate Sauran cututtukan daji da ke da alaƙa da wannan ciwon sun haɗa da ciwon daji na pancreatic, kansar nono na namiji, ciwon daji na launin fata da kuma ciwon daji na mahaifa da cervix Maye gurbin kwayoyin halitta sun kai kusan kashi 7% da 14% na ciwon nono da ovarian, bi da bi, kuma BRCA1 da BRCA2 ke da kashi 80% na waɗannan lokuta. BRCA1 da BRCA2 duka kwayoyin cutar ciwon tumo ne da ke da hannu wajen kiyayewa da gyara DNA, wanda hakan ke haifar da rashin zaman lafiyar kwayoyin halitta. Maye gurbi a cikin waɗannan kwayoyin halitta suna ba da damar ƙarin lalacewa ga DNA, wanda zai haifar da ciwon daji. Gadon ciwon daji mara polyposis Ciwon daji wanda ba shi da polyposis na gado, wanda kuma aka sani da cutar Lynch, ciwo ne na kansa wanda ya mamaye kansa wanda ke ƙara haɗarin kansar launin fata. Ana haifar da maye gurbi a cikin kwayoyin halittar DNA mismatch gyara (MMR), musamman MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 da PMS2 Bugu da ƙari, ciwon daji na launin fata da yawa sauran ciwon daji suna karuwa a mita. Wadannan sun hada da; ciwon daji na endometrial, ciwon ciki, ciwon daji na ovarian, ciwon daji na ƙananan hanji da ciwon daji na pancreatic Ciwon daji na hanji wanda ba shi da polyposis kuma yana da alaƙa da farkon farawar kansar launin fata. Kwayoyin halittar MMR suna da hannu wajen gyara DNA lokacin da tushe akan kowane madaidaicin DNA ba su daidaita ba. Ƙwayoyin halittar MMR marasa lahani suna ba da damar ci gaba da sakawa da goge maye gurbi a yankuna na DNA da aka sani da microsatellites Waɗannan gajerun jerin DNA masu maimaitawa sun zama marasa ƙarfi, suna haifar da yanayin rashin zaman lafiya na microsatellite (MSI). Ana samun maye gurbin microsatellites sau da yawa a cikin kwayoyin halittar da ke da hannu wajen farawa da ci gaba, kuma MSI na iya inganta rayuwar sel, wanda zai haifar da ciwon daji. Paraganglioma-pheochromocytoma ciwo na gado Yawancin lokuta na paraganglioma na iyali suna haifar da maye gurbi a cikin succinate dehydrogenase (succinate: ubiquinone oxidoreductase) ƙananan kwayoyin halitta SDHD, SDHAF2, SDHC, SDHB PGL-1 yana da alaƙa da maye gurbin SDHD, kuma yawancin mutanen PGL-1 tare da paraganglioma sun shafi ubanni maimakon iyaye mata. PGL1 da PGL2 sun mamaye autosomal tare da bugawa PGL-4 yana hade da maye gurbin SDHB kuma yana da alaƙa da haɗarin pheochromocytoma mafi girma, da kuma ciwon daji na renal cell da ciwon daji na thyroid wanda ba medullary ba. Li-Fraumeni ciwo Li-Fraumeni ciwo ne mai autosomal rinjaye ciwo da farko lalacewa ta hanyar maye gurbi a cikin TP53 gene, wanda ƙwarai yana ƙara haɗarin ciwon daji da yawa kuma yana da alaƙa sosai da farkon farkon waɗannan ciwon daji. Ciwon daji masu alaka da wannan cuta sun hada da; sarcomas nama mai laushi (sau da yawa ana samun su a cikin yara), osteosarcoma, ciwon nono, ciwon daji na kwakwalwa, cutar sankarar bargo da adrenocortical carcinoma Mutanen da ke da ciwon Li-Fraumeni sau da yawa suna da cututtukan daji na farko masu zaman kansu da yawa. Dalilin babban nau'in asibiti na wannan cuta na iya kasancewa saboda wasu maye gurbi da ke gyara cutar. Sunadaran da aka samar ta hanyar TP53 gene, p53, yana da hannu a cikin kama sake zagayowar tantanin halitta, gyaran DNA da apoptosis Ƙila p53 bazai iya aiwatar da waɗannan matakai yadda ya kamata ba, wanda zai iya zama dalilin samuwar ƙwayar cuta. Saboda kawai 60-80% na mutanen da ke da cutar suna da maye gurbi a cikin TP53, sauran maye gurbi a cikin hanyar p53 na iya shiga cikin ciwo na Li-Fraumeni. polyposis mai alaƙa da MUTYH polyposis mai alaƙa da MUTYH yana raba mafi yawan fasalulluka na asibiti tare da FAP; Bambance-bambancen shine cewa cuta ce ta autosomal recessive cuta ta hanyar maye gurbi a cikin kwayar gyaran DNA na MUTYH Ciwon daji tare da ƙarin haɗari a cikin wannan cuta sune ciwon daji na launi, adenoma na ciki da adenoma duodenal. Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome Nevoid basal cell carcinoma ciwo, wanda kuma aka sani da Gorlin ciwo, ya kasan ce kuma wani autosomal rinjaye ciwon daji ciwo a cikin abin da hadarin basal cell carcinoma yana da yawa sosai. Cutar tana da alamun basal cell nevi, jaw keratocysts da skeletal abnormalities. Ƙididdiga na ciwon basal cell carcinoma na rashin lafiya ya bambanta, amma yana da kusan 1 a cikin 60000. Kasancewar basal cell carcinoma ya fi girma a fari fiye da mutane baƙi; 80% da 38%, bi da bi. Odontogenic keratocysts ana samun su a cikin kusan 75% na mutanen da ke da cutar kuma galibi suna faruwa a farkon rayuwarsu. Mafi yawan cututtukan kwarangwal suna faruwa a kai da fuska, amma sau da yawa wasu wuraren suna shafa kamar kejin haƙarƙari Abubuwan da ke haifar da maye gurbi na wannan cuta yana faruwa a cikin kwayar halittar PTCH, kuma samfurin PTCH shine mai hana ƙari da ke cikin siginar tantanin halitta Kodayake ainihin aikin wannan furotin a cikin ciwon basal cell carcinoma ba a san shi ba, yana da hannu a cikin hanyar siginar bushiya, wanda aka sani don sarrafa ci gaban kwayar halitta da ci gaba. Von Hippel-Lindau cuta Cutar von Hippel-Lindau cuta ce mai wuyar gaske, yanayin halitta mai ƙarfi da ke haifar da ɗaiɗaikun mutane ga ciwace-ciwace marasa kyau da marasa kyau. Mafi yawan ciwace-ciwacen daji a cikin cutar Von Hippel-Lindau sune tsarin juyayi na tsakiya da hemangioblastomas na retinal, carcinomas na renal fili, pheochromocytomas, ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayar cuta na pancreatic, cysts pancreatic, ciwace-ciwacen endolymphatic sac da epididymal papillary cystadenomas. Cutar Von Hippel-Lindau ta samo asali ne daga maye gurbi a cikin kwayar cutar ta von Hippel-Lindau a kan chromosome 3p25.3. Xeroderma pigmentosum Xeroderma pigmentosum cuta ce ta autosomal recessive cuta wacce ke da hankali ga hasken ultraviolet (UV), haɓakar haɗarin kunar rana a jiki da haɗarin cututtukan fata Haɗarin ciwon daji na fata ya fi sau 10000 fiye da na mutane na yau da kullun kuma ya haɗa da nau'ikan kansar fata da yawa, gami da melanoma da cututtukan fata waɗanda ba melanoma ba. Hakanan, wuraren da aka fallasa rana na harshe, lebe da idanu suna da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansa. Xeroderma pigmentosum na iya haɗuwa da wasu cututtuka na ciki da kuma ciwace-ciwacen daji. Baya ga ciwon daji, wasu sauye-sauyen kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke haifar da xeroderma pigmentosum suna hade da neurodegeneration Xeroderma pigmentosum na iya haifar da maye gurbin kwayoyin halitta a cikin kwayoyin halitta 8, wanda ke samar da enzymes masu zuwa: XPA, XPB, XPC, XPD, XPE, XPF, XPG da Pol XPA-XPF su ne enzymes gyare-gyaren cirewar nucleotide waɗanda ke gyara DNA mai lalacewa da hasken UV da kuskuren sunadaran zasu ba da damar gina maye gurbin da hasken UV ya haifar. Pol shine polymerase, wanda shine enzyme wanda ke shiga cikin kwafin DNA. Akwai polymerases da yawa, amma pol shine enzyme wanda ke yin kwafin UV mai lalacewa DNA. Maye gurbi a cikin wannan kwayar halitta zai haifar da kuskuren pol enzyme wanda ba zai iya kwafin DNA tare da lalacewar hasken UV ba. Mutanen da ke da maye gurbi na wannan kwayar halitta suna da juzu'in XP; Cutar bambance-bambancen XP. DNA gyara lahani da ƙara haɗarin ciwon daji Yawancin ciwon daji na ciwon daji suna faruwa ne saboda raunin da aka gada a iya gyara DNA gurbin da aka gada ya kasance a cikin kwayar halittar DNA, ko dai ba za a bayyana gene ɗin gyaran ba ko kuma a bayyana shi a wani tsari da aka canza. Sa'an nan aikin gyaran zai iya zama kasala, kuma, saboda haka, lalacewar DNA za ta yi taruwa. Irin wannan lalacewar DNA na iya haifar da kurakurai yayin haɗin DNA wanda ke haifar da maye gurbi, wasu daga cikinsu na iya haifar da ciwon daji. Gyare-gyaren DNA na gyaran layin Germ wanda ke ƙara haɗarin kansa an jera su a cikin Tebur. Ƙididdigar hanyoyin hanyoyin gyaran DNA sune HRR homologous recombinational gyara, SSA sub-hanyar HRR, NHEJ ba homologous karshen hadawa, BER tushe gyara gyara, TLS translesion kira, NER nucleotide excision gyara gyara, MMR mismatch gyara Binciken kwayoyin halitta Ana iya amfani da gwajin kwayoyin halitta don gano maye gurbin kwayoyin halitta ko chromosomes da ke wucewa ta cikin tsararraki. Mutanen da suka gwada ingancin samun maye gurbin kwayoyin halitta ba lallai ba ne a la'anta su don haɓaka cutar kansa da ke da alaƙa da maye gurbin, duk da haka suna da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansa idan aka kwatanta da yawan jama'a. Ana ba da shawarar cewa mutane su sami gwajin kwayoyin halitta idan tarihin lafiyar danginsu ya haɗa da: Iyali da yawa masu ciwon daji, wani a cikin danginsu wanda ya kamu da cutar kansa tun yana ƙanana ko kuma ta wata ƙabila Tsarin binciken kwayoyin halitta hanya ce mai sauƙi, mara lalacewa. Duk da haka, kafin a gwada kwayoyin halitta don maye gurbin mai haƙuri yawanci dole ne ya je wurin mai ba da lafiya kuma ya bi ta hanyar shawarwari daya-daya, inda suke tattauna tarihin kansa da na iyali na ciwon daji. Kwararren likita zai iya tantance yiwuwar majiyyaci ya sami maye gurbin kuma zai iya jagorance su ta hanyar gwajin kwayoyin halitta. Yana da mahimmanci cewa wannan shawarwarin ya faru saboda yana tabbatar da cewa mutumin ya ba da izini don shiga gwajin kwayoyin halitta, ya sani kuma ya fahimci matakai, fa'idodi da iyakancewar hanya kuma ya fi sanin sakamakon sakamakon gwajin ji. Ana iya yin gwajin ta hanyar amfani da ruwan jiki ko ƙwayoyin majiyyaci, wannan ya haɗa da; jini (wanda shine ya fi kowa), jini, ruwan amniotic har ma da sel daga ciki na bakin da aka samo daga buccal swab Ana aika wannan kayan zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje na musamman na kwayoyin halitta inda masu fasaha za su bincika shi, ana mayar da sakamakon gwajin zuwa ma'aikacin lafiya wanda ya nemi bincike kuma an tattauna sakamakon tare da mai haƙuri. Za a iya samun gwajin kai tsaye ga mabukaci ba tare da ƙwararren likita ba amma ba a ba da shawarar ba saboda mabukaci ya rasa damar tattauna shawararsu tare da ƙwararrun ilimi. Dangane da Laburaren Magunguna na Ƙasa a cikin gwajin ƙwayoyin halittar Amurka a Amurka farashin farashi daga $100-$2000 ya danganta da nau'in da ƙaƙƙarfan gwaji. Ayyukan rigakafi Gwajin kwayoyin halitta yana da mahimmanci kamar idan gwajin ya fito tabbatacce sun fi sanin lafiyar kansu da lafiyar dangin dangi. Tare da taimako da shawarwari daga kwararrun likitoci za su iya ɗaukar matakai don rage girman haɗarin ci gaban ciwon daji ta hanyar: motsa jiki na yau da kullun Abincin lafiya, daidaitacce Kula da lafiyayyen nauyi Ba shan taba ba Kasance cikin aminci a ƙarƙashin hasken rana mai cutarwa Akwai wasu nau'o'in ayyukan rigakafi, misali ga nono na gado da kuma Ciwon daji na Ovarian zai kasance ta hanyar tiyata: A hysterectomy shine cire duk ko wasu daga cikin mahaifa, yayin da mastectomy yana cire nono mastectomy biyu ma'ana cewa nono biyu). an cire su), wannan na iya ƙara shekaru akan tsawon rayuwarsu Wani ma'auni na rigakafi shine gwajin cutar kansa na yau da kullun da kuma duba. Idan mutum yana da cutar Lynch to sai a yi masa tiyatar colonoscopy na yau da kullun don bincika idan akwai wani canji a cikin sel ɗin da ke rufe bangon hanji, an tabbatar da binciken akai-akai yana ƙara matsakaicin shekaru 7 akan tsawon rayuwar mutumin da ke fama da shi. daga cutar Lynch kamar yadda gano wuri da wuri yana nufin daidaitattun matakan rigakafi da tiyata za a iya ɗauka cikin sauri. Ana kuma ba da shawarar duba nono akai-akai ga matan da aka gano suna da maye gurbi na BRCA, haka kuma, binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa maza masu haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar prostate saboda maye gurbi na BRCA na iya rage haɗarinsu ta hanyar shan aspirin Aspirin yana da amfani sosai wajen rage yawan ciwon daji; duk da haka, dole ne a sha shi akai-akai sama da aƙalla tsawon shekaru biyar don yin tasiri. Yawaitar maye gurbi a cikin kabilu daban-daban Sau da yawa maye gurbi ya fi zama ruwan dare a wasu ƙabilu, wannan saboda jinsi na iya bin kakanninsu zuwa wuri ɗaya, rikitattun kwayoyin halitta daga kakanni sukan bi ta cikin tsararraki wanda shine dalilin da ya sa wasu ƙabilun suka fi kamuwa da maye gurbi, ta haka sai karuwa suke. yiwuwar kamuwa da cutar kansa [61]. Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, wannan na iya zama da amfani saboda yana iya taimakawa ƙwararrun kiwon lafiya tantance haɗarin majiyyaci na maye gurbi kafin a gwada su. Ciwon daji na Werner yana da yawan 1 cikin 200,000 masu rai a cikin Amurka, amma yana shafar mutane a Japan a cikin 1 cikin 20,000-40,000. 1 a cikin 40 Ashkenazi Yahudawa suna da maye gurbi na BRCA, wannan babban bambanci ne daga yawan jama'a a Amurka inda 1 a cikin 400 ke shafar. Yahudawan Ashkenazi na cikin hatsarin kamuwa da ciwon nono na gado da kuma ciwon daji na kwai kuma ana ba da shawarar cewa su yi gwajin kwayoyin halitta don ganin ko suna da maye gurbi da kuma duba cutar kansa akai-akai. Duba kuma Tarin dangi Manazarta Cutar daji Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imota

Imota

Imota gunduma ce a garin Ikorodu a jihar Legas. Ana kiran shugabanninsu Oba Ranodu na Imota. Mutanen Ijebu ne. Etymology An samo sunan Imota daga "UMU-OTA" ma'ana "Kusa da bishiyar Ota." Tarihi Wurin yanki da aka fi sani da "Imota" ya samo sunansa daga ƙanƙancewa "Imu-Ota" ma'ana "Kusa da bishiyar Ota". Hakan ya faru ne sakamakon hijirar da Ranodu da jama’arsa suka yi daga Ijebu-Ode domin neman masarauta daban suka sauka a kusa da bishiyar Ota wadda a yau ake kira Imota. Tun daga wannan lokacin, an hana duk mazaunan Imota yin wuta da itacen Ota. Tarihin Imota ya nuna cewa Ranodu na farko yana ɗaya daga cikin ‘ya’yan Obaruwa ko Obaruwamoda ko Arunwa ko Ekewa-olu na Ijebu-ode. Mai martaba Obaruwa shine Awujale na goma akan karagar mulki, a Ijebu- Ode. Sauran ’ya’yan Obaruwa da ke sarauta a matsayin muhimman Obas a yankunansu sun haɗa da Alaiye-ode na Ode-Remo da Ewusi na makun duk a yankin Remo na Jihar Ogun da Osobia na Makun-omi a karamar hukumar Ijebu ta ruwa ta Jihar Ogun. Obaruwa shi ne Awujale na farko da ya fara gabatar da gangunan sarauta mai suna ‘Gbedu’ wanda suke kaɗawa ba kawai a lokacin bikin “Osi” na shekara-shekara ba har ma da shelanta nadin sabon Oba ko High Chief ko kuma a duk lokacin bikin sarauta. Har ila yau, an hana a lokacin bikin “Osi” a Ijebu-ode, a rika buga gangunan sarauta, Gbedu, sai dai idan an fara buge shi a hubbaren Obaruwa. Obaruwa kuma yana da siffa ta musamman; a wurin ibadarsa ne kawai ake yanka raguna biyu a lokacin bikin Osi. Ranodu, limamin Oro tare da abokinsa Senlu Olupe-oku, dan Eluku da sarkin Agemo, dan uwansa Adebusenjo Orederu, limamin Ifa, bayi Osugbo, Oro Liworu, Oro Logunmogbo, Agemo Jamuse, Agemo Esuwele da Eluku Meden-Meden tare da kayan Obaship., duk suka bar Ijebu-Ode tare suka fara tafiya neman masarauta daban. Da farko suka sauka a Aiyepe, daga baya kuma fadar Ifa ta umarce su da su ci gaba. Ko a cikin wannan tafiya ta tarihi, Ranodu ya ratsa ta Oko Mayon inda ya bar alamar sarauta, sun dan sauka a Idado kusa da sagamu, a yau ake kiran Idado da 'Agbala Imota'. A garin Idado, Ranodu ya yi mubaya’a ga Oba Akarigbo na Sagamu, ya nemi izinin zama, sarki ya duba kayansa, ya ga rawani da sauran alamomin sarauta, ya shawarci ranodu da ya haye wani kogi mai suna ‘Eruwuru’ ya zauna a can. Ranodu mai suna Eruwuru as Ajura wanda yanzu ake kira Sabo a cikin Sagamu. Bayan sun zauna ne Ranodu da jama’arsa suka yanke shawarar yin bikin Agemo inda Oba Akarigbo ya fusata da rashin sanar da shi matakin da suka dauka, ya tura masu gadinsa guda biyu domin su dakatar da bikin, aka kashe masu gadin sannan sakamakon haka ya zama umarni daga Ifa Oracle don su bar wurin zuwa Isopo inda shi da jama'arsa suka yi wani ɗan gajeren hutu, ya bar wasu daga cikin tawagarsa suna ƙaura zuwa kudu. Ana ci gaba da tafiya Ranodu da jama'arsa sun isa wani tudu mai tsayi wanda Senlu Olupe-oku ne kawai ya fara hawa sannan ya kira wasu su zo tare da shi. Sun kuma zauna a saman tudun na dan wani lokaci, don nuna godiya ga jajircewar Senlu Olupe-oku na hawan dutsen da Ranodu ya sanyawa wurin sunan Odo-Senlu wanda ya kasance gari har zuwa yau. Cikin biyayya ga Ifá oracle, suka ci gaba da tafiya, suka gaji a hanya, suka yanke shawarar huta, suka yi rumfa na ɗan lokaci da ganyen dabino. Sai suka sake tuntubar Ifa, sai baƙon ya ce su ci gaba da tafiya, Ranodu ya sa wa wurin suna Abatiwa wanda kuma ya kasance ƙauye har zuwa yau. Sun kuma wuce ta Odo-Ayandelu amma Ranodu ya umarci wasu bayinsa karkashin wani bawa mai suna Ayan da su zauna a wurin. Sun tashi daga Odo-Ayandelu zuwa Odo-Onasa inda ya gina Igboti Oro ya bar Oro Liworu domin yin ibada. Mutanen Odo-Onosa kuma suna bauta wa Allah har zuwa yau. Bayan sun tashi daga Odo-Onasa sai suka isa Agudugbun suka huta na wasu watanni. Ranodu ya yi bikin Oro kuma ya gina wani Igboti Oro wanda ya rage a Agudugbun har zuwa yau. Bayan wasu kwanaki Adebusenjo Orederu ya yi bikin Agemo inda aka umurci bayi da su sare daji domin su raye-raye, a cikin wannan biki ne Adebusenjo Orederu ya gano hanyar da ta kafa a daji inda suka bar Agudugbun zuwa wasan karshe. makoma. A Agudugbun, Ranodu ya hango wutar da ke fitowa daga Yamma, sai ya binciko wutar, ya tarar da wasu mafarauta guda biyu da suke cin wuta a rumfarsu, mafarauta masu suna Ofirigidi, wani dan Oke Orundun da Ojoyeruku, mai ibadar Eluku daga Ijebu Ode, suka tarbi Ranodu. da mukarrabansa, Ofirigidi ya bukaci Ranodu ya bude jakarsa ya samu kadarorin sarauta a cikinta, suka zama abokai, Ranodu ya sanyawa wurin taronsu suna Opopo. Ofirigidi ya umurci Ranodu da ya yi tazara kadan zuwa Ehindi, wani nau'in damfara na 'Ehin Odi' ya zauna a can. Ehindi shine inda Idi Ota yake kuma aka sanya sunan garin. Ranodu ya umurci Senlu ya tuntubi Ifa oracle don sanin ko za su iya zama a wurin kuma Ifa oracle ya amince da bukatarsu, a karshe wannan ya nuna aka haifi garin Imota. Ranodu ya umurci bayinsa da su datse ciyayi a kusa da bishiyar Ota tare da gina rumfuna don masauki. Ya kuma umarce su da su shirya wurin noma domin su samu abinci su yi noma kuma bayi suna noma a arewa da kudancin kasar har zuwa wata gona mai suna gonar Masara wadda a yanzu ake kira Ago-Mota a Agbowa. Bayan ya sauka a Imota, Ranodu da jama’arsa sun gayyaci Ofirigidi da Ojoyekuru domin ziyarce shi kuma Ofirigidi ya ba da shawarar cewa tun da Ranodu ya yi wa Oba rawani ya zama sarkin wurin amma Ranodu ya ki saboda tsufa ya dauko Senlu Olupe-oku ya zama sarki. Sarkin Imota. An nada Senlu a matsayin sarkin garin na farko kuma Ranodu ya ci gaba da zama kambun da aka baiwa duk Obas na garin Imota na gargajiya (Oba Ranodu na Imota). Bayan nadin sarautar Oba Senlu Olupe Oku, Ranodu na Imota na farko a karni na 17, Adebusenjo da Ojoyekuru sun hada kai wajen bautar Ubangijin Eluku tare da gudanar da bikin tare duk shekara. Yayin da aka nada Ojoyekuru a matsayin Onimale Eluku da Adebusenjo a matsayin Cif Magodo na Agemo Esuwele. Shugabannin da dana yanzu 1. Oba Seniu olupe-oku -1610-1616, ya sauke sarautar Ranodu ya gudu zuwa Omu-Ijebu a gudun hijira. Ya rayu kuma ya mutu a can a 1638. 2. Oba Aladesuwasi, 2nd Senlu-1640-1665. 3. Oba Lasademo, 1st Lasademo daga 1669-1687. 4. Oba Orewaiye Olugayan-Jikan Ranodu da Oba na 1st indigenous daga Imota, 1st Olugayan daga 1690-1731 5. Oba Ore Oye, Senlu na uku daga 1734-1770 6. Oba Igara 4th Senlu daga 1772-1793. 7. Oba Ademokun, 2nd Lasademo daga 1796-1817 8. Oba Arowuyo, 2nd Olugayan daga 1820-1854 9. Oba Oyemade, 1st- Oyemade daga 1856-1881 an yi yakin tsakanin 1881-1893 wanda ya kai hari ga lImota kuma babu sarki Oba a lokacin. 10. Oba Okumona Olufoworesete, ta hanyar rinjayar matarsa ta farko Princess lge Mayandenu Olugayan, 1st Olufoworesete daga 1894-1917 11. Oba Akindehin wanda aka fi sani da Oba Onisuru, 3rd Lasademo daga 1917-1920 12. Oba lge Okuseti daga zuriyar Oba Rowuyo, 3rd Olugayan daga 1921-1935 13. Oba Shaibu Awotungase wanda aka fi sani da Oba Daranoye, 4th Olugayan daga 1936-1949 14. Oba Albert Adesanya Adejo wanda aka fi sani da Kiniwun Iga, wanda ya fara karatu Oba Ranodu na Imota, 2nd Oyemade from 1951-1981 15. Oba Lawrence Adebola Oredoyin, Oba Ranodu na Imota mai ilimi na biyu, Senlu na 5 daga 1981-1993. 16. Oba Mudasiru Ajibade Bakare Agoro, mai ilimi na uku Oba Ranodu na Imota, 2nd Olufoweresete daga 1993 zuwa yau. Iyalai masu mulki 1. Senlu Ruling House 2. Olugayan Ruling House 3. Lasademo Ruling House 4. Oyemade Ruling House Sarautar gargajiya 1. Olisa 2. Ayangade 3. Aro 4. Alagbo Jamuse 5. Ayangbuwa 6. Balogun 7. Alase Oluweri 8. Olootu Erelu 9. Olumale Eluku 10. Lojona Jamuse 11. Busenowo 12. Adegoruwa 13. Lojona Jamuse 14. Alfarma 15. Lashi 16. Oluwo 17. Laraba 18. Aare 19. Ayanolu 20. Adeyoruwa 21. Apena Osugbo 22. Adebusenjo 23. Olootu Balufon 24. Lapeni Awo 25. Alase Jamuse 26. Magodo Esuwele 27. Muleoruwa 28. Gusanlomo 29. Alagbo Orisa nla 30. Eluku Asa 31. Adegorusen 32. Ogbeni-Odi 33. Egbo 34. Afina 35. Rasuli 36. Alakan 37. Odofin 38. Legunsen 39. Ogbodo 40. Fadegbuwa 41. Jomu 42. Ogbeni Oja 43. Iyalode 44. Iyalaje 45. Gwargwadon 46. Wata 47. Eleku Asa 48. Ladugba 49. Agoro 50. Jagun 51. Sufari 52. Shafi 53. Alwala 54. Oluomo Wuri da tsarin siyasa Garin Imota yana da sandwiched da latitude 6°39′50″N kuma yana madaidaicin tsayin 3°40′12″E. A Arewa yana da iyaka da garin Agbowa-Ikosi, a Kudu da garin Isiu, a Gabas kuma ya yi iyaka da garin Gberigbe, sai kuma a Yamma ga garin Ode-remo mai fadin kasa mai fadin kusan kilomita 502. Imota was initially placed in Ikosi district council under Epe division. The town is divided into four quarters: Itun-Opopo, Itun-Onabu, Itun- Maja, and Atere. Each quarter has its own political representative called councillors. The first sets of councillors from Imota were illiterate; they include Pa. Ogunnoiki, Pa. Alaga, Pa. Oyinbo and Pa. Agbonmagbe. They were chosen based on their activeness and held in high esteem that their decisions remain final. A wajen aiwatar da mulkin dimokuradiyya a garin, ‘yan Osugbo ne ke da hurumin shari’a, suna duba yadda sarki ya wuce gona da iri, yayin da sarki ke gudanar da ayyukan zartarwa da na majalisa. Ƙirƙirar Jihar Legas a 1967 ta ƙunshi manyan sassa biyar, wato Legas Colony, Badagry, Epe, Ikeja da Ikorodu Wannan ya kawo kayyade yankin Ikorodu zuwa mazabu biyu da Ikorodu ta tsakiya, Ikorodu arewa da Ikorodu yamma a matsayin mazabar I da Imota, Igbogbo, Ijede a matsayin mazabar II. Sake fasalin kananan hukumomi na 1976 ya raba jihar Legas zuwa kananan hukumomi takwas da aka kafa karamar hukumar Ikorodu. Haka kuma mulkin farar hula na 1979 a karkashin Lateef Jakande ya raba jihar zuwa kananan hukumomi ashirin da uku sannan rusasshiyar karamar hukumar Irepodun ta fito daga karamar hukumar Ikorodu amma kwarewar shigowar sojoji cikin harkokin siyasar Najeriya ya gurbata jamhuriya ta biyu kuma ta kai ga soke zaben. na karamar hukumar Irepodun da kuma mayar da kananan hukumomi a jihar zuwa farko takwas. Kafa karamar hukumar Irepodun ya haifar da yarjejeniya da yarjejeniya tsakanin manyan garuruwa uku da ke mazabar Ikorodu II cewa 'mukamin dan majalisa mai girma a majalisar dokokin jihar Legas na mazabar da mukamin shugaban karamar hukumar Irepodun da kuma shugaban karamar hukumar Irepodun. Za a raba kujerar hedkwatar karamar hukumar a tsakanin garuruwa uku na mazabar'. Ko da yake, yarjejeniyar ba ta kasance a rubuce ba saboda a lokacin, yawancin shugabannin siyasa a waɗannan garuruwa ba su iya karatu da rubutu ba amma sun yarda da yarda da juna. Amma duk da haka kafawar ta shaida gabatar da Hon. Fola Oredoyin a matsayin wakilin farko na mazabar a majalisar dokokin jihar Legas (1979-1983). Fola Oredoyin ta zama mataimakin kakakin majalisar jiha a jamhuriya ta biyu, Alhaji SO Amusa-Olorunishola ya ci gaba da zama na farko kuma shugaban zartarwa daya tilo a karamar hukumar Irepodun kuma hedikwatar karamar hukumar Irepodun tana Ewu. -elepe, garin Igbogbo. Da rusasshiyar karamar hukumar Irepodun, an bar garuruwa uku na mazabar da mukamin dan majalisa mai girma a majalisar dokokin jihar Legas wanda aka raba bisa ga yarjejeniyar da aka kulla. Ya samar da Hon. MK Sanni daga Imota a matsayin zababben dan majalisar dokokin jihar Legas don kammala wa'adin mulkin Hon. Fola Oredoyin. Jamhuriyyar Najeriya ta uku da ta hudu ita ma ta samar da Hon. Adefarasin Saheed Hassan daga Ijede a matsayin dan majalisar dokokin jihar Legas (1999-2007), da Late (Hon. Rotimi Sotomiwa daga Igbogbo a cikin 2007-2010, mutuwarsa ta ƙare shine wa'adin mulki da kuma takarar neman kujerar dan takarar jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party (PDP), Hon. Gbenga Oshin don kammala wa'adinsa (2010-2011), Hon. An kuma zabi Akinsola Adebimpe daga Igbogbo/Bayeku LCDA don kammala wa’adi na biyu (2011-2015) kuma an mayar da koton mulki zuwa Imota a 2015 da Hon. An zaɓi Nurudeen Saka-Solaja a matsayin wakilin mazabar a majalisar dokokin jihar Legas Samar da karin kananan hukumomi talatin da bakwai ga kananan hukumomi ashirin da ake da su a jihar Legas da Bola Ahmed Tinubu ya yi a shekarar 2003 ya sa Imota da sauran al’ummomin mazabar Ikorodu II su zama gwamnati mai cin gashin kai mai unguwanni hudu na siyasa. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje https://web.archive.org/web/20150218065021/http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/entities.php?k=85 http://www.ayayogong.com.ng/p/the-geographical-location-known-as.html http://www.isese_lagba.com/Onifade.za Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibiyoyin%20Kasa%20na%20Bayanan%20muhalli

Cibiyoyin Kasa na Bayanan muhalli

Cibiyoyin Kasa na Bayanan muhalli (NCEI), wata hukumar da gwamnatin Amurka, da kulawa da daya daga cikin kasashen dake da archives na yanayi, bakin teku, Geophysical, kuma Oceanic data, dauke da bayanai da cewa jeri daga surface na rãnã, Duniya ta core, kuma daga tsohuwar zoben itace da rikodin ainihin kankara zuwa kusan hotunan ainihin tauraron dan adam. NCEI tana aiki ne ta hanyar Tauraron Dan Adam na Muhalli na Kasa, Bayanai, da Bayanai (NESDIS), ofishi na National Oceanic da Gudanar da Yanayi (NOAA), wanda ke aiki a ƙarƙashin Sashin Kasuwancin Amurka Baya ga adana bayanai, NCEI na haɓaka samfuran da sabis waɗanda kuma ke samar da bayanan a sauƙaƙe don amfani da masana kimiyya, jami'an gwamnati, ƙungiyar 'yan kasuwa, makarantun kimiyya, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da sauran jama'a. Babban daraktan yanzu shine Mary Wohlgemuth. Tarihi An ƙirƙiri NCEI a cikin shekarar 2015 daga haɗuwa da cibiyoyin bayanan NOAA guda uku: Cibiyar Bayar da Bayanan Yanayi ta Kasa (NCDC) Cibiyar Bayar da Bayanai ta Duniya (NGDC) Cibiyar Bayar da Bayanai ta Kasa (NODC), wanda ya hada da Cibiyar Bayar da Bayanai ta Yankin Kasa (NCDDC) Haɗin, wanda ya zo ne sakamakon ƙarin buƙata na bayanin muhalli, an yi niyya ne don sanya bayanan NOAA ya zama mai amfani ta hanyar aikace-aikacen ɗimbin aikin kula da bayanai a duk fannonin ilimin kimiyya. NCEI yana aiki tare da ISC World Data System don samar da bayanai kyauta da samun dama. Bayanai da aiyuka Taskar NCEI ta ƙunshi fiye da petabytes 37 na bayanai, kwatankwacin sama da ɗakunan ajiya miliyan 400 cike da takardu.NCEI tana ba masu amfani damar yin amfani da dubun dubatar bayanai da ɗaruruwan samfura. NOAA ne ke tattara bayanai, ta wasu hukumomi da sassan gwamnatin Amurka, da sauran cibiyoyi, kungiyoyi, da gwamnatoci a Amurka da duk duniya. Environmental data aka tattara daga kafofi da dama, ciki har da tauraron dan adam, ƙasar-tushen tashoshin, teku buoys, jirãge, mugun sarrafa karkashin ruwa motocin, yanayin balloons, radar, kiyasin da kuma sauyin yanayi model, kuma paleoclimatological bincike. Da zarar an watsa su zuwa NCEI, ana adana bayanai kuma an samar dasu don amfani ga masu bincike da wasu a cikin jama'a da kuma kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. A data da kuma kayayyakin bayar da bayanai game da sauyin yanayi da kuma weather, mutuniyar ƙasar, tekuna, da kuma geophysics Sauyin yanayi da yanayi NCEI tana ba da damar yin amfani da bayanan yanayi ta hanyar rahotanni da bayanai na zamani. Yanayi a Kallo, kayan aikin mu'amala ne, wanda ya shafi tarihi da yanayin hazo da yanayin zafi na birane, jihohi, da yankuna, da kuma Amurka gabaɗaya. Fihirisar Snowfall na Yanki ya inganta fahimtar tasirin yanki wanda ke haɗuwa da iskar dusar ƙanƙara a Amurka. Bayanai daga NEXRAD, cibiyar sadarwar yanar gizo mai suna Doppler, mai dauke da radar yanayi sau 160, wanda Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Kasa (NWS) ke aiki, an ajiye shi a NCEI. NCEI tana ba da rahotanni don nazarin yanayin da yanayin yanayi da abubuwan da suka faru. Rahoton Yanayi na Wata-wata yana nazarin bayanai daga ko'ina cikin duniya don inganta fahimtar manyan yanayin duniya. Rahoton Yanayin Amurka na Wata-wata yana nazarin yanayin yanayin Amurka na kwanan nan dangane da yanayin dogon lokaci. Don Takardun sanarwa na shekara-shekara na kungiyar Kula da Yanayi ta Amurka na Rahoton Yanayi, NCEI tana jagorantar ƙetaren duniya, bita da nazari game da yanayin yanayin shekarar kalandar da ta gabata. Essimar canjin yanayin ƙasa ta taƙaita ilimin canjin yanayi da tasirin sauyin yanayi a kan Amurka Norabi'ar Yanayi, matsakaicin shekaru 30 na zazzabi da hazo da ake samarwa sau ɗaya kowace shekara 10, suna ba da ingantacciyar hanyar ingantacciyar hanyar nazarin yanayi. dangane da shawarwarin Kungiyar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya. Ra'ayoyin Paleo, waɗanda ƙungiyar NCEI ta Paleoclimatology ta ƙirƙira, jerin jigogi ne da ke nuna mahimmancin binciken paleoclimate. NCEI tana ba da bayanai iri-iri game da abubuwan da suka faru. Rahoton Bala'in Dala na Amurka da Bala'in Yanayi ya ba da bayani game da asarar tattalin arziƙi kai tsaye daga guguwa masu zafi, mahaukaciyar guguwa, wutar daji, ambaliyar ruwa, fari, guguwar hunturu, da sauran abubuwan da suka faru tun 1980. Droofar Fari ta Amurka, daga Tsarin Hadadden Bayani na Fari na ,asa, yana ba da tushen tushen bayanin fari. Shafin Climatology na Taranadojin Amurka na NCEI yana nazarin ayyukan guguwa a duk faɗin Amurka, wanda shine yanki mafi tasirin hadari a duniya, tare da matsakaiciyar guguwa 1,253 a kowace shekara. Bestasashen Duniya Mafi Kyawun Waƙoƙi don Kula da Yanayi ya tattara cikakkun bayanai na duniya game da guguwar wurare masu zafi. Kayan Yammacin Yammacin Amurka yana ba da bayani game da wuri da girma na mafi ƙanƙan da ƙimomin ƙima don zafin jiki, hazo, da sauran sigogi. Yankuna NCEI na samar da dama ga bayanai masu yawa kan yanayin gabar teku. Taswirar Bahar Maliya ta Mexico tana ba da damar yin amfani da bayanan jiki, na rayuwa, na muhalli, da na tattalin arziki na dogon lokaci waɗanda ke bayyana mahimman yanayin yanayin halittun Gulf of Mexico NCEI shine ajiyar dogon lokaci don duk bayanan ma'aunin gabar teku na NOAA. Gulf of Mexico Hypoxia Watch ya tattara kuma ya ba da bayanai kan matakan narkewar iskar oxygen a cikin tsakiyar tsakiyar Tekun Mexico don nazarin illolin rayuwar rayuwar gubar gurbataccen abinci daga kogin Mississippi .A Cutarwa algal blooms Kiyaye System (HABSOS) shi ne kayan aiki da damar da muhalli manajoji, masana kimiyya, da kuma jama'a zuwa waƙa biyu na yanzu da kuma da Gulf of Mexico blooms, wani lokacin da aka sani da ja tides, wanda zai iya kashe marine rai, da suke da mutane da lafiya, da kuma lalata masana'antar kamun kifi da yawon buda ido. Tekuna NCEI tana ba da albarkatu da yawa waɗanda suka danganci bayanan teku. Aikin Bayanai na Tekun Duniya (WOD), mafi girman tarin wadatattun bayanai a duniya na bayanan bayanan bayanan teku, ya ƙunshi sama da masu canji 25 ciki har da zafin jiki, da gishiri, da iskar oxygen, da abubuwan gina jiki. Atlas na Atlas na Duniya (WOA) wani yanayi ne na yanayin yanayin teku wanda aka bincikeshi da gaske, yanayin zafin-sarrafawa mai inganci, gishiri, da kuma kayan abinci, tare da zurfin, dangane da bayanan martaba daga Bayanai na Tekun Duniya. Samfuran Abincin Tekun Duniya da Gishirin yana da mahimmanci don fahimta da samfurin yanayin duniya saboda sama da kashi 90% na zafin rana mai yawa a cikin tsarin Duniya yana shagaltar da tekun. Temarin Zafin Zafin Ruwa da Aka Sake Gyarawa (ERSST) shine ma'aunin zafin yanayin teku na wata-wata na duniya, tare da bayanan da yake faɗawa daga 1854 zuwa yanzu. Tsarin Bayanai na Carbon Ocean yana ba da damar yin amfani da bayanan carbon na cikin teku da aka tattara daga ko'ina cikin duniya. Shirin Bayanin Zazzabi da Girman Gishirin Duniya (GTSPP), ƙoƙari na ƙasa da ƙasa wanda aka shirya a NCEI, yana ba da zazzabin zamani da bayanan gishirin. Rukunin Hadadden Tekun Iska ya ƙunshi dunƙule a duniya, iska mai ƙarfi mai ɗaukar hoto, ana samun sa a kowane lokaci kamar kowane awa shida. Pathfinder SST babban ƙuduri ne, rikodin bayanan yanayi na dogon lokaci na yanayin tauraron dan adam na duniyar tauraron dan adam, wanda aka ƙirƙira shi ta amfani da kayan aikin Mataki mai ƙarfi na Radiometer a cikin tauraron dan adam na NOAA wanda ke kewaye da tauraron dan adam. NCEI tana aiki tare da NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research don adanawa da bayar da damar samun damar bayanin da NOAAS Okeanos Explorer ya tattara, jirgin ruwan NOAA ne kawai ya keɓe don binciken teku. Kayan aiki sun hada da OER Portal Video, wanda yake bawa masu amfani damar bincike da samun damar bidiyo daga Okeanos Explorer da sauran ayyukan da OER ke daukar nauyinsu, da OER Digital Atlas, wata hanyar taswira ce wacce take bada damar isa ga dukkan bayanai daga balaguron da OER ke tallafawa. Littafin Benthic Deepwater Animal Identification Guide tarin hotuna ne masu kyan gani na dabbobin ruwa wadanda aka kirkiresu daga firam din bidiyo da aka karbo daga Deep Discoverer, motar Okeanos Explorer wacce ke da nesa. Bayanin Bayanai na Analaly na Coral Reef shine tarin bayanai game da yanayin zafin teku da kuma matakan da suka dace wanda aka tsara don kula da lafiyar kogin murjani, yayin da NOAA Deep Sea Coral Data Portal yana ba da damar yin amfani da hotuna, rahotanni na fasaha, da bayanai kan murjani mai zurfin teku. da soso. Jagoran Yanayin Zafin Ruwa na gabar teku yana ba da kusan-lokacin-lokacin ruwa mai zafi don Manyan Manyan Manyan Ruwa da kuma ruwan teku daga gabar Amurka da yankunanta. OceanNOMADS yana ba da dama ga fitowar shekaru masu yawa daga tsarin samfurin teku da tsarin hasashen. Ilimin yanayin rayuwa Bathymetric data ne mai musamman da hankali. NCEI ne na aikin rarraba nufi ga National Ocean Service bathymetric maps, wanda suke topographic maps na seafloor cewa taya kimiyya da bincike, aikin injiniya, makamashi bincike, da kuma more. Taswirar kamun kifin mai hade da ruwa ya hada da bayanai kan nau'ikan laka da sauran bayanan da zasu taimaka wajen gano filayen kamun kifi.GEBCO Undersea Featured Sunaye Gazetteer ya samar da sunaye da wuraren fasali akan tekun. NCEI tana ginawa tare da rarraba sifofin ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar bakin teku mai ƙarfi (DEMs) waɗanda ke haɗa bathymetry na teku da yanayin ƙasa kuma ana amfani dasu don samfurin ƙira na bakin teku (wanda ke da alaƙa da nazarin ambaliyar tsunami, guguwar iska, haɓakar teku, da ƙari), kula da muhalli da bincike game da muhalli, tsara yankin sararin samaniya da na ruwa, da ragi da kawo hadari da tattalin al'umma. NCEI ta shiga cikin wani shiri don tattara bayanan batirin Great Lakes don amfani dasu wajen bincike kan gurɓacewar ƙasa, zaizayar bakin teku, canjin yanayi, da masana'antar kamun kifi. NCEI's Marine Trackline Geophysical database yana ba da bayanai akan kayan wanka, maganadiso, nauyi, da kuma tunanin girgizar ƙasa wanda aka tattara yayin balaguron jirgin ruwa daga 1939 zuwa yanzu. Extaddamarwar Shelasashen Nahiyar Nahiyar Amurka (ECS) tana aiki don kafa cikakken iyakar wannan yanki na keɓaɓɓen yankin na Amurka fiye da mil 200 daga bakin teku. NCEI ta kirkiri wani bayanan adana bayanai wadanda suka tattara daga tekunan duniya, wadanda zasu iya taimakawa wajen nazarin halayyar dabbobi, sadarwa, da kaura, gami da tasirin karar da mutum yayi akan rayuwar tekun. Ana amfani da bayanan sonar na ruwa a taswirar makarantun kifi da sauran kwayoyin halittun ruwa na cikin ruwa, da kuma sanya ido kan hanyoyin iskan gas da malalar mai. NCEI tana kula da adana bayanai na geomagnetic bayanai da haɓaka samfuran filin geomagnetic na Duniya. Tsarin Magnetic na Duniya (WMM) yana haɓaka binciken kimiyya kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga aikace-aikace ciki har da kewayawa da binciken ma'adinai, da High Definition Geomagnetic Model (HDGM) suna ba da ƙimar magnetic ta kowane wuri sama ko ƙasa da saman Duniya. NCEI ta adana bayanai kuma tana ba da damar yin amfani da hasken rana da bayanan muhalli da aka tattara daga maɓuɓɓuka masu yawa, gami da GOES-R da sauran tauraron dan adam, masu lura da hasken rana, da masu sauti a ƙasa, da kuma daga yanayin yanayin sararin samaniya. NCEI tana adana bayanai akan haɗarin yanayi. Taskar Bayanai na Tsarin Girman Girgizar Amurka ya ƙunshi rahotanni game da girgizar ƙasar Amurka sama da 23,000 da suka fara daga 1638 zuwa 1985, yayin da Database mai mahimmancin Duniya ya ɓullo a cikin 2150 BC zuwa yanzu. NCEI tana adana bayanai don shirin Tantancewa da Rahoto na Tsunamis (DART), wanda ke amfani da na'urori masu auna teku don gano tsunami da tsauraran raƙuman ruwa don watsa bayanai a cikin lokaci na ainihi don a iya faɗakarwa. Bayanan Tsunami na Tarihi na Duniya, wanda ya shafi 2000 BC har zuwa yanzu, ya ƙunshi bayanai kan tushen tsunami da wuraren da aka ji tasirinsu. Muhimmin Bayanin Bazuwar Yankin Volcanic ya kunshi bayanai kan manyan fitattun abubuwa 500, gami da nau'in dutsen tsawa da fashewar da aka sani na karshe, yayin da Database na Shawarwarin Ba da Shawara na Volcanic ya taimaka wajen tabbatar da lafiyar jirgin sama da kuma taimakawa wajen nazarin tasirin yanayi na aman wuta. Don magance karuwar barazanar gobarar daji, Tsarin Taswirar Hatsari ya haɗu da hotunan tauraron dan adam tare da bayanai daga kayan aikin gano wuta ta atomatik don nuna wuraren wuraren wuta. NCEI kuma tana kula da tarin hotunan bala'o'i. Masu amfani da bayanan NCEI Ana amfani da albarkatun NCEI don binciken kimiyya da aikace-aikacen kasuwanci a fannoni da yawa, gami da aikin gona, gandun daji, halittun ruwa da na bakin teku, yawon buɗe ido, sufuri, kayayyakin more rayuwa, makamashi, sufuri, albarkatun ruwa, makamashi, kiwon lafiya, inshora, shari'a, da tsaron ƙasa. Misali, kasuwanci da masana'antun masana'antu suna amfani da bayanan yanayi don tantance yadda yanayin ya rinjayi tallace-tallace da suka gabata don haka zasu iya kyakkyawan shiri don nan gaba. Manoman masara sun dogara da bayanan NCEI don yanke shawarar yawan takin da za a yi amfani da shi. Kamfanin inshorar-wanda ke ba da inshora ga kamfanonin inshora-yana amfani da bayanan NCEI don ƙayyade haɗarin da ke tattare da bala'o'i. Masu kiwon shanu suna amfani da NCEI na mako-mako na Kula da Fari na Amurka don yanke shawara game da kula da ƙasa, girman garken shanu, da kuma sayen abinci. Kamfanin jirgin kasa mai jigilar kayayyaki yana amfani da samfuran NCEI da yawa gami da Bayanai na Yanayi na Yankin Gida, Haɗin Haɗin Haɗin Daily, da Gidan Tarihin Climatology na Duniya don yin hasashen inda hanyoyi za su iya toshewa ta hanyar zaizayar ƙasa da kuma taimakawa jiragen ƙasa guje wa hanyar mummunan hadari. Jiragen ruwan kamun kifi na Amurka suna amfani da bayanan NCEI na teku da na bakin teku don ƙayyade inda yanayin kamun kifi ya kasance mai matukar alfanu. Serviceangare na uku masu ba da sabis na yanayi suna amfani da bayanan NCEI don ƙirƙirar tsinkaya ta musamman da sauran kayan aiki don yi wa ɗumbin kwastomomi hidima, kamar kamfanonin sufuri da ke neman gina wuraren da hazo ko dusar ƙanƙara ba za su iya haifar da matsaloli ba. Wurare NCEI yana da hedkwatarsa a Asheville, North Carolina, tare da wasu wurare na farko a Boulder, Colorado Faduwar Azurfa, a Maryland da kuma Stennis Space Center a Hancock County, Mississippi Daraktocin Ayyukan Yanayi na NOAA guda shida, waɗanda suke cikin NCEI, suna wakiltar yankunan Gabas, Tsakiya, Kudancin, Fasifik, Yamma, da Alaska. Suna aiki tare da manyan abokan kawancen don samar da bayanan yanayi na musamman ga kowane yanki. NCEI ke kula da Shirin Cibiyar Yankin Yanayi, wanda ke ba da sabis ta ofisoshin yanki shida: Babban Yankin Yankin Yankin Yanki (Lincoln, Nebraska) Cibiyar Yanayi na Yankin Midwest (Champaign, Illinois) Cibiyar Yankin Yankin Arewa maso Gabas (Ithaca, New York) Cibiyar Yanayin Yankin Kudu maso Gabas (Chapel Hill, North Carolina) Cibiyar Yankin Yankin Kudancin (Baton Rouge, Louisiana) Cibiyar Yanayi ta Yammacin Yamma (Reno, Nevada) NCEI abokan hulɗa tare da cibiyoyin ilimi da na ba da agaji waɗanda aka sani da cibiyoyin haɗin gwiwa don gudanar da bincike da aiwatar da ayyuka waɗanda ke tallafawa manufa da burinta. Cibiyoyin hadin gwiwar da ke hade da NCEI sune kamar haka: Cibiyar Hadin Kai don Nazarin Tsarin Tsarin Duniya (CISESS) kungiyar Hadin gwiwa don Bincike a Kimiyyar Muhalli (CIRES) Cibiyar Gulf ta Arewa (NGI) Duba kuma Earth System Research Laboratory Environmental data rescue National Snow and Ice Data Center NOAA Central Library Space Weather Prediction Center Manazarta Kafawa a Carolina Arewa a

33493

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diepreye%20Alamieyeseigha

Diepreye Alamieyeseigha

Diepreye Solomon Peter Alamieyeseigha DSP (16 Nuwamba 1952 10 Oktoba 2015) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda ya kasance Gwamnan Jihar Bayelsa a Najeriya daga 29 ga Mayu 1999 zuwa 9 ga Disamba 2005. Farkon Rayuwa An haifi Diepreye Alamieyeseigha a ranar 16 ga watan Nuwamba 1952 a Amassoma dake karamar hukumar Ogboin ta Arewa a jihar Bayelsa Ya halarci Makarantar Grammar Bishop Dimeari, Yenagoa Ya shiga makarantar horas da jami’an tsaro ta Najeriya a matsayin jami’in kadet a shekarar 1974, sannan ya shiga aikin sojan saman Najeriya, inda ya yi aiki a sashen samar. Ya rike mukaman sojojin sama daban-daban a Enugu da Makurdi da Kaduna da kuma Ikeja Alamieyeseigha ya yi ritaya daga aikin sojan sama a 1992 a matsayin Shugaban Squadron. Bayan ya bar aikin sojan sama ya zama mai kula da Pabod Supplies Port Harcourt Daga baya ya zama Shugaban Kasafin Kudi, Tsare-tsare, Bincike da Ci gaban Kamfanin Taki na Kasa (NAFCON). Gwamnan jihar Bayelsa An zabi Diepreye Alamieyeseigha a matsayin gwamnan jihar Bayelsa a watan Mayun 1999 a jam’iyyar PDP An sake zabe shi a shekara ta 2003. tsohon Mataimakin shugaban kasa Atiku Abubakar ya halarci taron watan Maris na 2003 wanda ya kaddamar da yakin neman zabensa a 2003. Zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa Ƙasar Ingila An tsare Diepreye Alamieyeseigha a birnin Landan bisa zarginsa da laifin safarar kudade a watan Satumban 2005. A lokacin da aka kama shi, 'yan sandan Metropolitan sun gano tsabar kudi kusan fam miliyan 1 a gidansa na Landan. Daga baya sun gano jimlar £1.8m ($3.2m) na tsabar kudi. An same shi da mallakar gidaje hudu a Landan da kudinsu ya kai fam miliyan 10. Kudaden gwamnatin tarayya na jiharsa na wata-wata na shekaru shida da suka gabata ya kai fam miliyan 32. Anyi beliinsa a watan Disambar 2005 daga Burtaniya. An tsige Alamieyeseigha bisa zargin cin hanci da rashawa a ranar 9 ga Disamba 2005. Najeriya A ranar 26 ga Yuli, 2007, Alamieyeseigha ya amsa laifinsa a gaban wata kotun Najeriya da laifuka shida, kuma an yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru biyu a gidan yari kan kowane tuhume-tuhume; duk da haka, saboda an sanya hukuncin zai gudana a lokaci guda kuma an ƙidaya lokacin daga lokacin da aka kama shi kusan shekaru biyu kafin yanke hukuncin, ainihin hukuncin da aka yanke masa ya kasance ɗan gajeren lokaci. An bayar da umarnin a kwace da dama daga cikin kadarorinsa ga gwamnatin jihar Bayelsa. A cewar Alamieyeseigha, ya amsa laifinsa ne kawai saboda shekarunsa, amma da ya yi yaki da tuhumar da ake yi masa da yana da karancin shekaru. A ranar 27 ga Yuli, 'yan sa'o'i kadan bayan an kai shi gidan yari, an sake shi saboda lokacin da yana rike da mukami yayi aiki. A watan Afrilun 2009, Alamieyeseigha ya yi alkawarin bayar da gudummawar Naira miliyan 3,000,000 ga gidauniyar ci gaba ta Akassa. A cikin Disamba 2009, gwamnatin tarayya ta dauki hayar wani kamfanin lauyoyi na Biritaniya don taimakawa wajen gwanjon kadarori hudu masu tsada da Alamieyeseigha ya mallaka a Landan Alamieyeseigha ya sayi ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan kadarorin akan £1,750,000.00 a cikin Yuli 2003, yana biyan kuɗi. Diepreye Solomon Peter Alamieyeseigha ya yi amfani da shi a matsayin mazauninsa na London, kuma a matsayin ofishin rajista na Solomon and Peters Inc. Amurka A ranar 28 ga Yuni, 2012, Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka (US) (DoJ) ta sanar da cewa ta aiwatar da odar kwace kadarorin kan dala $401,931 a cikin asusun dillalan Massachusetts, wanda Alamieyeseigha ke ganowa. Masu gabatar da kara na Amurka sun shigar da takardun kotu a cikin watan Afrilun 2011 da suka yi niyya kan asusun dillalan Massachusetts da kuma wani gida $600,000 a Rockville, Maryland, wanda suka zarge shi da cin hanci da rashawa. Wani alkali na gundumar Massachusetts ya ba da wani kuduri na rashin yanke hukunci da cin zarafi a farkon watan Yuni 2012. Umurnin kwace shi ne na farko da aka yi a ƙarƙashin Ƙirƙirar Farfaɗowar Kari na Kleptocracy na DoJ. A watan Fabrairun 2023, Amurka ta rattaba hannu da Najeriya kan maido da kusan dala miliyan daya da Deprieye Alamieyeseigha ya wawure.. Afuwa A ranar 12 ga Maris, 2013, Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan ya yi wa Alamieyeseigha afuwa, amma da yawa sun soki afuwar da ya yi. Mutuwa An ba da rahoton cewa Alamieyeseigha ya mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya a asibitin koyarwa na Jami’ar Fatakwal a ranar 10 ga Oktoba 2015. Sai dai a wata hira da aka yi da shi daga baya, kwamishinan yada labarai na jihar Bayelsa, Esueme Kikile ya bayyana cewa tsohon gwamnan “ya rasu ne sakamakon matsalolin da suka taso daga cutar hawan jini da ciwon suga da suka shafi kodarsa. Duba kuma James Ibori Manazarta Haifaffun 1952 Gwamnan jihar Bayelsa Mutuwa 2015 Sojan saman Najeriya Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

30591

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98ungiyoyin%20kare%20muhalli%20a%20Switzerland

Ƙungiyoyin kare muhalli a Switzerland

Ƙungiyoyi masu yawa kuma(ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu) suna wakiltar ƙungiyoyin muhalli a Switzerland Yanayi ya kuma gabatar da siyasa tare da manufofin muhalli na Switzerland. Ƙungiyoyi Ƙungiyoyi sun wanzu kuma suna aiki akan ma'auni na gida, kantonal, tarayya da na duniya. Ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na muhalli sun bambanta sosai a cikin ra'ayoyin siyasa da kuma yadda suke neman tasiri ga halaye da manufofin muhalli. na gwamnati Ofishin Tarayya na Muhalli (tun 1971) Na gwamnati Pro Natura (tun shekarata 1909, Sashen Abokan Duniya na Swiss tun 1995) mafi tsufa Ƙungiyar Swiss don Kare Tsuntsaye (tun 1922, Sashen Swiss na BirdLife International Sashen Swiss na Asusun Duniya na Duniya (WWF Switzerland, tun shekarar 1961) mafi yawan mambobi Idon Jama'a (Bayanin Berne) (tun 1968) Ecology da Yawan Jama'a (tun 1971) Franz Weber Foundation (tun 1977) Ƙungiyar Sufuri da Muhalli na Swiss (tun 1979) Bio Suisse (tun 1981) Pro Specie Rara (tun 1982) Sashen Swiss na Greenpeace (tun 1984) Alternative Bank Schweiz (tun 1990) Bruno Manser Foundation (tun 1992) Sashen Swiss na Green Cross International (tun 1994) Summit Foundation (tun 2001) Myclimate Foundation (tun 2002) Swiss Climate Alliance (haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyi 66, tun shekarata 2004) Category: Swiss Climate Alliance Matasan Swiss don Yanayi (tun 2015) Ƙungiyar Swiss don Kare Yanayi (tun 2018) Jam'iyyun siyasa Green Party of Switzerland (tun shekarata 1983) Green Liberal Party of Switzerland (tun 2007) Sauran ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa BreakFree [daga burbushin mai] Switzerland (tun shekarar 2016) Yajin yanayi Switzerland (tun 2018) Kashe Tawayen Switzerland (tun 2018) manufofin doka don Muhalli Doka A cikin shekarata 1874, an gabatar da wata kasida don kare gandun daji a cikin Tsarin Mulki na Tarayyar Switzerland A cikin shekarar 1962, an gabatar da labarin tsarin mulki don kariyar yanayi A cikin shekarata 1967, Dokar Tarayya game da Kariya da Halittu da Al'adun gargajiya ta gabatar da musamman haƙƙin roko na ƙungiyoyin muhalli ("haƙƙin ɗaukaka", labarin 12) wanda ya ba duk ƙungiyoyin Swiss da ke da alaƙa da kariyar yanayi 'yancin tayar da gaba ɗaya ƙin yarda ko zuwa shigar da kara kan wasu ayyuka. Haƙƙin ƙungiyoyin muhalli don ɗaukaka daga baya kuma an haɗa su a cikin Dokar Tarayya kan Kare Muhalli (1985, labarin 55 da Dokar Tarayya kan Fasahar Jini da Ba Bil Adama ba (2004, labarin 28 A cikin shekarata 1971, kashi 92.7 cikin 100 na masu jefa ƙuri'a sun amince da wata ka'idar tsarin mulki don kare muhalli (Mataki na 24, a halin yanzu sashi na 74 na kundin tsarin mulkin 1999) da Ofishin Tarayya na Muhalli, dazuzzuka da Tsarin ƙasa (wanda aka sake masa suna Ofishin Tarayya na Muhalli). a cikin 2006) an kafa shi (a matsayin ɓangare na Ma'aikatar Sufuri, Sadarwa da Makamashi An gabatar da Inventory na Tarayya na Filaye da Abubuwan Mota na Halitta a cikin shekarar 1977. A ranar 21 ga Mayu shekarata 2017, kashi 58 cikin 100 na masu jefa kuri'a na Switzerland sun yarda da sabon Dokar Makamashi da ke kafa dabarun makamashi na 2050 (msar da makamashi da kuma hana gina sabbin tashoshin makamashin nukiliya. Shahararrun himma An ƙaddamar da wasu mashahuran yunƙurin tarayya don ƙara kare muhalli An kar~i da dama daga cikinsu: Shahararriyar yunƙurin gwamnatin tarayya "don kariyar marsh" Rothenthurm initiative"), wanda kashi 57.8 cikin ɗari na masu jefa ƙuri'a suka karɓa a ranar 6 ga Disamba 1987. Domin kare dausayi Shahararriyar yunƙurin gwamnatin tarayya "dakatar da gina tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki (moratorium)", wanda kashi 54.5 cikin ɗari na masu jefa ƙuri'a suka karɓa a ranar 23 ga Satumba shekarata 1990. Tsawon shekaru goma na dakatar da gina sabbin tashoshin nukiliya. Shahararriyar yunƙurin tarayya "don kare wuraren tsaunuka daga zirga-zirgar ababen hawa" ("Initiative na Alps wanda kashi 51.9 cikin ɗari na masu jefa ƙuri'a suka karɓa a ranar 20 ga Fabrairun 1994. Don kare yanayin Alpine daga mummunan tasirin zirga-zirga (duba kuma Ramin Gidan Gida na Gotthard Shahararriyar shirin gwamnatin tarayya "don abincin da aka samar ba tare da injiniyan kwayoyin halitta ba", wanda kashi 55.7 cikin dari na masu jefa kuri'a suka amince da shi a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba shekarar 2005. Don dakatar da al'adar kwayoyin halitta da aka gyara Shahararriyar yunƙurin tarayya "don kawo ƙarshen ginin gidaje na biyu" Franz Weber initiative"), wanda kashi 50.6 cikin ɗari na masu jefa ƙuri'a suka karɓa a ranar 12 ga Maris 2012. Don rage bazuwar birane ta hanyar iyakance adadin gidaje na biyu (tare da kaso na kashi ashirin cikin ɗari a kowace gari Duba wasu abubuwan 2000-watt al'umma Ƙungiyar yaƙi da makaman nukiliya a Switzerland Bio Suisse Energy a Switzerland Nature Parks a Switzerland Matakin fita daga jakunkunan filastik marasa nauyi (Switzerland) Sandoz sinadarai zube Gudanar da sharar gida a Switzerland Manazarta Sources Peter Knoepfel, Stéphane Nahrath, Jérôme Savary and Frédéric Varone, Analyse des politiques suisses de l’environnement, 2010 René Longet, Planète, sauvetage en cours, third edition, collection Le savoir suisse Presses polytechniques et universitaires romandes, 2016 Philippe Roch, "Écologie en Suisse (histoire)", in Dominique Bourg and Alain Papaux Dictionnaire de la pensée écologique, 2015 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Environment in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland. Environmental movement in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland. Protection of nature in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of

26603

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilton%20Norman%20Chamberlain

Wilton Norman Chamberlain

Wilton "Wilt" Norman Chamberlain yakasance ba Tarayyar Amurka ne na ƙasar amurka wanda shahararen dan wansan kwallon kwando. Shekarun Haihuwa An haife shi shekarar alib ta(21 Agustan 1936). Garin haihuwa An haife shi kasar Amurka garin Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Tarayyar Amurka. Mutuwarsa Ya mutu a shekara ta(12 Oktoban 1999), a garin Bel Air, Los Angeles, California, Tarayyar Amurka. Manazarta "Legends profile: Wilt Chamberlain" NBA.com August 24, 2017. Retrieved November 24, 2020. 2. a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Wilt Chamberlain Summary" NBA.com February 10, 2007. Retrieved January 26, 2008. 3. a b c d e f g h "Chamberlain towered over NBA" ESPN October 12, 1999. Retrieved January 26, 2008. 4. "Warriors riding high on Wilt the Stilt" Sportingnews.com March 5, 2007. Archived from the original on December 13, 2007. Retrieved January 26, 2008. 5. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Schwartz, Larry (February 10, 2007). "Wilt battled loser label" Retrieved January 26, 2008. 6. a b c d e f g "Wilt Chamberlain Biography" Hoophall.com February 10, 2007. Archived from the original on February 16, 2008. Retrieved January 26, 2008. 7. https://www.nba.com/news/nba-75th-anniversary-team-announced 8. "NBA.com: Wilt Chamberlain Bio" www.nba.com Retrieved November 21, 2017. 9. a b c d Cherry, 311–316. 10. "Sexual claim transformed perception of Wilt" ESPN February 10, 2007. Retrieved January 26, 2008. 11. "Chamberlain, Wilt(on) Norman Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives, Thematic Series: Sports Figures-HighBeam Research" Archived from the original on June 29, 2014. Retrieved November 21, 2017. 12. Wilt: Larger Than Life Robert Cherry, Triumph Books (Chicago, 2004), 3. 13. Cherry, 8. 14. a b Pierce, Don (February 10, 2007). "Chamberlain rated greatest in court game" Archived from the original on December 13, 2007. Retrieved January 26, 2008. 15. Cherry, 19. 16. Cherry, 9. 17. Cherry, 20–21. 18. a b Bock, Hal (February 10, 2007). "More than a big man, Wilt was a giant" Retrieved January 26, 2008. 19. a b Cherry, 25–26. 20. a b Cherry, 30. 21. Berger, Joseph (March 31, 2013). "Helen Kutsher, Pampering Matriarch of a Grand Borscht Belt Resort, Dies at 89" The New York Times. Retrieved March 31, 2013. 22. a b Cherry, 32–33. 23. a b Cherry, 34–35. 24. a b c d Schwartz, Larry (February 10, 2007). "A revolutionary force" Retrieved January 26, 2008. 25. a b c Cherry, 35–39. 26. Taylor, John. The Rivalry: Bill Russell, Wilt Chamberlain, and the Golden Age of Basketball p. 84. 27. "AAU Focuses 'Trouble Light' on Cumberland". Cumberland Evening Times. p. 14. "He got himself into the jam by allowing a Philadelphia booking agency to play him under the name of 'George Marcus.'" 28. Cherry, 63. 29. Cherry, 47. 30. a b c d e f g h i j Cherry, 48–57. 31. "Biography Wilt Chamberlain" HickokSports.com. September 6, 2004. Archived from the original on January 11, 2013. Retrieved January 26, 2008. 32. a b c d e Cherry, 68–71. 33. Schwartz, Larry (February 10, 2007). "A revolutionary force" Retrieved January 26, 2008. 34. kusports.com (December 27, 2007). "Men's Basketball" Archived from the original on December 23, 2007. Retrieved January 26, 2008. 35. a b c d e Lazenby, Roland (February 14, 2007). "Big Norman" Archived from the original on January 3, 2008. Retrieved January 26, 2008. 36. a b harlemglobetrotters.com (February 10, 2007). "The Original Harlem Globetrotters" Archived from the original on August 12, 2007. Retrieved January 26, 2008. 37. Cherry, 79. 38. a b c d e f Deford, Frank (February 10, 1999). "Just doing fine, my man" CNN. Retrieved January 26, 2008. 39. Cherry, 89. 40. a b Cherry, 93–94. 41. "Syracuse Nationals at Philadelphia Warriors Box Score, November 4, 1959" Basketball-Reference. Retrieved September 18, 2019. 42. nba.com (February 10, 2007). "Larry Bird Bio" Retrieved January 26, 2008. 43. "New York Knicks at Philadelphia Warriors Box Score, November 10, 1959" Basketball-Reference. Retrieved September 18, 2019. 44. "Philadelphia Warriors vs Detroit Pistons Box Score, January 25, 1960" Basketball-Reference. Retrieved September 18, 2019. 45. "New York Knicks at Philadelphia Warriors Box Score, February 25, 1960" Basketball-Reference. Retrieved September 18, 2019. 46. a b c d e Cherry, 96–97. 47. a b c Cherry, 105–106. 48. "Players to have recorded 50 points and 30 rebounds in the playoffs" Basketball-Reference. Retrieved September 18, 2019. 49. a b Cherry, 99. 50. "Philadelphia Warriors at Syracuse Nationals Box Score, October 22, 1960" Basketball-Reference. Retrieved September 18, 2019. 51. "Boston Celtics at Philadelphia Warriors Box Score, November 24, 1960" Basketball-Reference. Retrieved September 18, 2019. 52. "Philadelphia Warriors vs Los Angeles Lakers Box Score, November 29, 1960" Basketball-Reference. Retrieved September 18, 2019. 53. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q basketball-reference.com (February 14, 2007). "Wilt Chamberlain Statistics" Retrieved January 26, 2008. 54. basketball-reference.com (February 10, 2007). "1961 NBA Season Summary" Retrieved January 26, 2008. 55. Cherry, 100. 56. Cherry, 106. 57. Pomerantz, Gary M. Wilt, 1962 ASIN 1400051606 58. Verrier, Justin (February 20, 2017). "Anthony Davis breaks Wilt's All-Star scoring record, earns MVP honors" ESPN Retrieved March 29, 2018. 59. a b Cherry, 115–116. 60. basketball-reference.com (February 10, 2007). "1962 NBA Season Summary" Retrieved January 26, 2008. 61. Cherry, 118. 62. Cherry, 125. 63. basketball-reference.com (February 10, 2007). "1963 NBA Season Summary" Retrieved January 26, 2008. 64. Cherry, 128. 65. basketball-reference.com (February 10, 2007). "1964 NBA Season Summary" Retrieved January 26, 2008. 66. Cherry, 129. 67. "Connie Hawkins: Thoughts on Wilt" Retrieved July 3, 2009. 68. a b Cherry, 130–131. 69. a b Cherry, 138–139. 70. a b Cherry, 141–143. 71. nba.com/history (January 18, 2008). "NBA's Greatest Moments "Havlicek Stole the Ball!" Retrieved January 26, 2008. 72. a b c bookrags.com (February 15, 2007). "Wilt Chamberlain" Archived from the original on May 27, 2008. Retrieved January 26, 2008. 73. Cherry, 161. 74. Cherry, 160–161. 75. a b c d e Cherry, 163–165. 76. basketball-reference.com (February 10, 2007). "1966 NBA Season Summary" Retrieved January 26, 2008. 77. a b c d e f Cherry, 170–173. 78. a b c d e Ramsay, Jack (February 10, 2007). "Wilt's spirit was larger than life" Retrieved January 26, 2008. 79. "Wilt Chamberlain's Records" www.nba.com Retrieved November 21, 2017. 80. "Wilt Chamberlain 1966-67 Game Log Basketball-Reference.com" Basketball-Reference.com Retrieved November 21, 2017. 81. a b c d e f g h Cherry, 173–179. 82. basketball-reference.com (February 10, 2007). "1967 NBA Season Summary" Retrieved January 26, 2008. 83. Cherry, 185–187. 84. Martinez, Nico (April 1, 2020). "Wilt Chamberlain Reportedly Had A Quintuple-Double With 53 Points, 32 Rebounds, 14 Assists, 24 Blocks, And 11 Steals" Fadeawayworld.net Retrieved April 5, 2021. 85. "Los Angeles Lakers at Philadelphia 76ers Box Score, March 18, 1968" Basketball-Reference.com Retrieved April 5, 2021. 86. Cato, Tim (December 31, 2016). "James Harden tied Wilt Chamberlain for the most points scored in a triple-double" CBSSports.com Retrieved April 5, 2020. 87. Wire, S. I. (March 29, 2017). "Russell Westbrook scored 57 points for most in triple-double" Sports Illustrated Retrieved April 5, 2021. 88. Ward-Henninger, Colin (January 30, 2018). "Rockets' James Harden records first 60-point triple-double in NBA history" CBSSports.com Retrieved April 5, 2021. 89. Pomerantz, Gary M. (2005). Wilt, 1962: The Night of 100 Points and the Dawn of a New Era New York: Crown. p. 199 ISBN 1-4000-5160-6 90. Cherry, 188. 91. Cherry, 189. 92. a b c d e f g h i Cherry, 190–199. 93. Cherry, 203. 94. Cherry, 205. 95. Cherry, 206. 96. a b c d e f Cherry, 213–215. 97. a b c d e f g h i j k l m Cherry, 216–222. 98. "Wilt Chamberlain 1969-70 Game Log" Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved October 26, 2019. 99. "Use Extension On Operating Table As Wilt Chamberlain Undergoes Tendon Surgery" AP November 10, 1969. 100. a b c d e f g h i Cherry, 231–239. 101. nba.com (February 10, 2007). "Willis Reed Bio" Retrieved January 27, 2008. 102. a b Cherry, 246–247. 103. basketball-reference.com (February 10, 2007). "1971 NBA Season Summary" Retrieved January 27, 2008. 104. O'Reilly, Terry (August 30, 2018). "Achilles Heel Advertising: Repositioning the Competition" Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved March 27, 2016. 105. "5 Things You Didn't Know About Wilt Chamberlain" mentalfloss.com June 26, 2009. Retrieved June 26, 2009. 106. a b "Wilt spoke of regrets, women and Meadowlark" ESPN. February 10, 2007. Retrieved January 27, 2008. 107. eastsideboxing.com (March 2, 2007). "Ali vs. Wilt Chamberlain: The Fight That Almost Was" Archived from the original on February 10, 2008. Retrieved January 27, 2008. 108. "Ali's Remark Ended Wilt's Ring Career" Los Angeles Times. January 15, 1989. Morning Briefing. 109. "Jim Brown Talks Ali vs. Wilt Chamberlain SiriusXM" youtube.com October 20, 2009. Retrieved October 20, 2009. 110. a b Lawrence, Mitch (February 10, 2007). "Chamberlain's feats the stuff of legend" Retrieved January 27, 2008. 111. Cherry, 255. 112. Cherry, 257. 113. Goldstein, Richard (May 25, 2013). "Flynn Robinson, 72, Scorer on Dominant N.B.A. Club" The New York Times. Retrieved May 25, 2013. 114. a b Cherry, 264–265. 115. "One for the Dipper" Time May 22, 1972. Archived from the original on September 18, 2012. Retrieved January 27, 2008. 116. a b c d e f Cherry, 266–270. 117. a b Cherry, 290. 118. a b Cherry, 291. 119. basketball-reference.com (February 10, 2007). "1973 NBA Season Summary" Retrieved January 26, 2008. 120. a b c d e Cherry, 294–299. 121. Ostler, Scott (March 16, 2007). "WILT: The Ultimate All-Star" Archived from the original on October 26, 2012. Retrieved January 26, 2008. 122. Go for It (1976) at IMDb 123. Jet Magazine (September 2, 1976). "Wilt Chamberlain now a movie mogul" Vol.50, No.24, page 63 124. YOUNG, A. S. DOC. (October 1982). "THE TRACK TEAM THAT WILT BUILT" 125. "Nehemiah Snaps Hurdle Mark" Ocala Star-Banner January 30, 1982 P11 126. Lawrence Journal-World February 16, 1982 P.6. "Chamberlain considers return" 127. Hoffman, Andy (December 14, 1998). "Chamberlain biopic has Canuck coproducer" Playback magazine. 128. a b c "Reaction to a basketball legend's death" ESPN.com February 10, 2007. 129. Cherry, 330. 130. Chamberlain, Wilt (March 2, 2007). Who's Running the Asylum? Inside the Insane World of Sports Today ISBN 978-1579010058 131. a b c Sheridan, Chris (February 10, 2007). "Until his dying day, Wilt was invincible" Retrieved January 26, 2008. 132. Hudson, Maryann. (February 28, 1992). Chamberlain Has Irregular Heartbeat Los Angeles Times, page C4 133. Chamberlain, Wilt (October 14, 1999). "Death Of A Legend" CNN. 134. Fordahl, Matthew. (October 13, 1999). Chamberlain Was Seeing Heart Specialist, Taking Medication Associated Press 135. Mirkin, Gabe. "STD's, Cardiomyopathy and Wilt Chamberlain" Archived from the original on August 5, 2009. Retrieved March 2, 2009. 136. "The day Wilt Chamberlain, NBA legend, died at 63 in 1999" Retrieved November 21, 2017. 137. Associated Press. (October 14, 1999). Agent says Chamberlain had congestive heart failure Pittsburgh Post-Gazette page C7 138. hoophall.com (February 10, 2007). "Wilt Chamberlain Biography" Archived from the original on April 4, 2004. 139. a b "Wilt Chamberlain: An Appreciation" Retrieved August 20, 2010. 140. a b c Pomerantz 2005 p.200 141. Sheridan, Chris (February 10, 2007). "Until his dying day, Wilt was invincible" 142. "Wilt: 'I Maybe Could have Scored 140' ESPN.com Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 28, 2012. 143. Pomerantz 2005 pp.196, 217 144. a b "Roundtable: Reliving Wilt's feats" SI.com Time Inc. March 2, 2010. Archived from the original on February 3, 2012. Retrieved July 24, 2018. 145. "Sports' 10 Greatest Records" SportingNews.com American City Business Journals. Archived from the original on February 3, 2012. 146. "Are all sports records made to be broken?" Chron.com Hearst Communications. Associated Press. July 21, 2007. Archived from the original on February 3, 2012. 147. Adande, J.A. (January 24, 2006). "Where There's Wilt Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 3, 2012. 148. Stein, Marc (January 24, 2006). "Sorry, Wilt: You're no Kobe" ESPN. Archived from the original on February 3, 2012. 149. "Toronto Raptors vs. Los Angeles Lakers recap" ESPN.com January 22, 2006. Retrieved February 5, 2011. 150. Bresnahan, Mike (January 23, 2006). "81 for the Books" Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 3, 2012. 151. Fixler, Kevin (December 13, 2012). "Shooting for Perfection" SB Nation. Retrieved December 16, 2012. 152. Lawrence, Mitch (October 15, 1999). "Wilt Scores 100!" ESPN. Retrieved February 4, 2012. 153. NBA Top 10 Signature Moves Of All Time 154. "ESPN: Top N. American athletes of the century" March 5, 2007. Retrieved January 26, 2008. 155. "Daily Dime: Special Edition The game's greatest giants ever" March 6, 2007. Retrieved January 26, 2008. 156. "The New Top 50" SLAM Online June 19, 2009. Archived from the original on June 22, 2009. Retrieved March 22, 2011. 157. "Ranking the top 74 NBA players of all time: Nos. 10-1" EPSN May 13, 2020. Retrieved May 19, 2021. 158. Cherry, p.289 159. Cherry, p.360 160. Schwartz, Larry (February 10, 2007). "A revolutionary force" 161. Pomerantz 2005 pp.124–5, 186 162. Pomerantz 2005 p.201 163. Cherry, p.362 164. Russell, Bill. "Chat Transcript: Celtics Legend Bill Russell celtics.com" Retrieved December 1, 2006. 165. Cherry, pp.360–1 166. Sheridan, Chris (February 10, 2007). "Until his dying day, Wilt was invincible" 167. DuPree, David. "Wilt Chamberlain: A Tribute" NBA.com. Retrieved August 20, 2010. 168. Ostler, Scott (February 12, 1989). "The Leaping Legends of Basketball". Los Angeles Times. 169. "That Stilt, Wilt, Responsible For 2 Rule Changes; Kansas' Chamberlain Even Dunked His Foul Shots", Toledo Blade November 28, 1956 170. Lawrence, Mitch (February 10, 2007). "Chamberlain's feats the stuff of legend" 171. Schwartz, Larry (February 10, 2007). "Wilt battled loser label" 172. "Regular Season Records: Free Throws" NBA.com Retrieved September 5, 2012. 173. Malcolm Gladwell (June 29, 2016). "The Big Man Can't Shoot" Revisionist History Retrieved March 22, 2021. 174. "Wilt Chamberlain" Bookrags.com February 15, 2007. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. 175. basketball-reference.com. "Bob Lanier Career Statistics" 176. Cherry, 207. 177. espn.com (February 10, 2007). "Wilt was Philadelphia's greatest athlete" Retrieved January 26, 2008. 178. a b c Cherry, 343–356. 179. "The House that Wilt Built" Life March 24, 1973. pp. 58–63. Retrieved August 28, 2013. 180. Taylor, 44. 181. Bierman, Fred (December 24, 2006). "N.B.A. Accessorizing: Supersize My Ride" The New York Times. 182. O'Neil, Ann (April 16, 2000). "A Full-Court Press to Regain Late Basketball Great's Items" LA Times. 183. Shaw, David (October 13, 1999). "A Gracious Man, but Driven to Win" The Los Angeles Times. 184. Cherry, 348. 185. Whalen, Thomas (2003). Dynasty's End: Bill Russell and the 1968–69 World Champion Boston Celtics Northeastern. p. 122 ISBN 978-1555535797 186. Sports Illustrated (March 4, 2015), A Giant Shadow: Did Wilt Chamberlain have a son? Levi may be living proof Sports Illustrated 187. Garner, Glenn (September 23, 2021). "Elvira's Cassandra Peterson Accuses NBA Pro Wilt Chamberlain of Sexual Assault: 'I Kept That a Secret' People Magazine. Retrieved September 27, 2021. 188. "Elvira accuses basketball legend Wilt Chamberlain of sexual abuse" The Toronto Sun. September 23, 2021. Retrieved September 27, 2021. 189. Cherry, vii–viii. 190. Cherry, 85. 191. Cherry, 362. 192. a b c d Cherry, 360–361. 193. a b Cherry, 245. 194. "Wilt Chamberlain The Warrior" sports.jrank.org Retrieved November 21, 2017. 195. Simeon Booker (January 1969), "What Blacks Can Expect From Nixon" Ebony p. 27 196. "Black Celebrities With Republican Ties" Retrieved November 21, 2017. Further reading Chamberlain, Wilt; Shaw, David (1973). Wilt: Just Like Any Other 7-Foot Black Millionaire Who Lives Next Door New York: Macmillan. Chamberlain, Wilt (1992). A View From Above New York: New York Signet Books. ISBN 0-451-17493-3 Chamberlain, Wilt (1997). Who's Running the Asylum? Inside the Insane World of Sports Today International Promotions. ISBN 1-57901-005-9 Cherry, Robert (2004). Wilt: Larger than Life Chicago: Triumph Books. ISBN 1-57243-672-7 Heisler, Mark (2003). Giants: The 25 Greatest Centers of All Time Chicago: Triumph Books. ISBN 1-57243-577-1 Mosenson, Cecil (2008). It All Began With Wilt Oklahoma: Tate Publishing Enterprises. ISBN 978-1-60604-055-3 Pluto, Terry (1992). Tall Tales: The Glory Years of the NBA in the Words of the Men Who Played, Coached, and Built Pro Basketball New York: Simon Schuster. ISBN 0-671-74279-5 Pomerantz, Gary M. (2005). Wilt, 1962: The Night of 100 Points and the Dawn of a New Era New York: Crown. ISBN 1-4000-5160-6 Taylor, John (2005). The rivalry Bill Russell, Wilt Chamberlain, and the golden age of basketball New York: Random House. ISBN 1-4000-6114-8 Retrieved February 6, 2012.

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambaliya%20da%20ha%C9%93aka%20kogin%20Tulsa

Ambaliya da haɓaka kogin Tulsa

Haɗuwa da yanayin a kogi Maisa ambaliya cikin Tulsa, yankin Oklahoma sun haifar da ambaliyar ruwa akai-akai, musamman a kusa da koguna waɗanda galibi ke zubar da yankin. An kafa birnin a saman wani bluff akan kogin Arkansas. Don haka, tsayin ya kare yawancin mazaunan da dukiyoyinsu daga lalacewa lokacin da kogin ya yi ambaliya. Koyaya, ya zuwa ƙarshen karni na 20 haɓakar yawan jama'a ya matsa kusa da kogin, kuma filayen da ke yammacin Arkansas sun fara haɓaka suma. Ambaliyar ta saba haifar da asarar dukiya da kuma asarar rayuka. A cikin shekarata 1920s, ambaliyar ruwa na Arkansas na yanayi ya fara haifar da mummunar lalacewa da asarar rayuka. Tun lokacin da aka kafa shi, shugabannin birni sun amsa irin waɗannan abubuwan ta hanyar sake ginawa da maye gurbin dukiyoyin da aka lalata a wurin Sai a shekarar 1970 gwamnatin birnin ta fara bullo da dabarun dakile ambaliyar ruwa ko kuma rage asarar dukiyoyi da kuma hana asarar rayuka. Wannan labarin ya bayyana wasu fitattun ambaliyar ruwa a Tulsa, sannan hanyoyin ragewa da dabarun sarrafawa waɗanda suka samo asali daga gare su. Ambaliyar ruwa ta ci gaba da yin barazana ga rayuka da dukiyoyi, yayin da birnin ya mamaye filayen noma da ke kewaye. Hukumomin birni sun yanke shawarar cewa ƙa'idodin Tarayya na lokacin ba su isa ba don sarrafa yanayin gida kuma sun fara haɓaka ƙarin buƙatu. Shirin Tulsa ya samo asali kuma a yanzu ya shafi dukkanin magudanar ruwa, gami da sauran al'ummomi a cikin babban birnin Tulsa Ko da yake ba za a iya hana aukuwar ambaliya kwata-kwata ba, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Tarayya (FEMA) da wasu kungiyoyi da dama sun amince da shirin shawo kan ambaliyar Tulsa a matsayin nasara. Za a ci gaba da kokarin shawo kan lamarin muddin mutane suna zaune a wurare masu rauni ko rashin ƙarfi. Manyan ambaliyar ruwa Bayanan ambaliya ba su da yawa kafin shekarata 1900. A cikin 1908, shekara guda kacal bayan zama jiha, ambaliyar kogin Arkansas a Tulsa ya haifar da asarar $250,000 6.45 miliyan a cikin dala 2019). Garin ya kasance a saman kogin kogin, don haka ya kare ambaliya. Sai dai gadar layin dogo ta tsallake rijiya da baya, lamarin da ya kawo cikas ga zirga-zirgar jiragen kasa zuwa yamma har sai an sauya gadar. 1923 ambaliya A shekara ta 1920, yawan man fetur ya haifar da ci gaba mai sauri wanda aka gina gidaje a kan ƙananan ƙasa kusa da kogin Arkansas, A ranar 13 ga Yuni, shekarata 1923, kogin ya mamaye wadannan ƙananan wurare, ya haifar da 500,000 a cikin diyya 9.83 miliyan a cikin dala 2019). da kuma barin gida 4,000. Ambaliyar ta hada da aikin ruwa na Tulsa, wanda ke a yanzu a Newblock Park, An gina sabbin ayyukan ruwa a kan tudu mai tsayi a arewa maso gabashin Tulsa, kusa da Bird Creek Wannan yanki ya zama Mohawk Park, ɗayan manyan wuraren shakatawa na birni na ƙasar. Har ila yau, birnin ya fitar da shirinsa na shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa na farko, inda ya yi kokarin sanya gidaje a kan tudu da kuma tanadin guraben wuraren shakatawa. 1943 ambaliya Wani ambaliya a kan kogin Arkansas ya yi barazana ga matatun mai a yammacin Tulsa a shekarata 1943. Rundunar Sojojin Amurka na Injiniya (USACE) nan da nan ta gina matsuguni a kusa da matatun, waɗanda aka ɗauka suna da mahimmanci ga sojojin Amurka a yakin duniya na biyu Wani tanadi a cikin Dokar Kula da Ambaliyar Ruwa ta Mississippi ta 1928 ta ba da izini ga USACE don gina madatsun ruwa da lefi kamar yadda ake buƙata don sarrafa ambaliya. Duk da haka, ambaliyar ta kashe mutane 21, tare da raunata 26, ta kuma bar kusan 4,000 da gidajensu. Ko da yake ba a samu barnar kudi ba, gidaje 413 sun lalace sannan 3,800 sun lalace. 1970 ambaliya Kamar yadda Tulsa ta faɗaɗa cikin karkarar da ke kewaye bayan WWII, ambaliya na yankunan birane akai-akai, yawanci kowace shekara biyu zuwa huɗu. A cikin 1966, Tulsa ta mamaye magudanar ruwan Mingo Creek. Ambaliyar Ranar Mata ta a shekarar 1970 a Tulsa ta haifar da asarar dala 163,000 1.07 miliyan a cikin dala miliyan 2019) zuwa yankunan da ke ci gaba da sauri tare da kogin Mingo da Joe a gabashin birnin. Har yanzu, farfadowa ya ƙunshi gyara ko maye gurbin gine-ginen da ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye a wurarensu na asali. 1974 ambaliya Ambaliyar ruwa uku ta faru a watan Afrilu da Mayu shekarata 1974. An kiyasta lalacewar dala $744,000 ($3.86 miliyan a cikin dala miliyan 2019) tare da Bird Creek. A watan Yuni, ambaliyar ruwa ta afku tare da Fry, Haikey, Joe da Mingo Creek. Wannan lokacin an kiyasta asarar sama da dala miliyan 18 ($93.30 miliyan a cikin dala 2019). Mingo Creek ta sake yin ambaliya a ranar 19 ga Satumba, shekarata 1974. 1976 ambaliya Ambaliyar Ranar Tunawa da Mutuwar Shekara ta 1976 ta nuna wani ci gaba a cikin binciken Tulsa na neman mafita. Ruwan ruwa mai tsawon sa'o'i uku, mai inci 10 ya afku a kan magudanar ruwan Mingo, Joe da Haikey. Sakamakon ambaliya ya kashe mutane uku tare da haddasa asarar dala miliyan 40 ($179.65 a dala miliyan 2019) ga gine-gine sama da 3,000. 1984 ambaliya Gaban sanyi wanda ya tsaya kan yankin Tulsa a ranar 26-27 ga Mayu, shekarata 1984 ya faɗi tsakanin inci 6 zuwa 15 (15 da 38). cm) ruwan sama ya mamaye sassa da dama na birnin. Ambaliyar ta kashe mutane 14 tare da yin asarar dala miliyan 180 (dalar Amurka miliyan 442.72 a shekarar 2019). Yankunan da ke kusa da Mingo Creek a gabashin Tulsa da Cherry Creek a yammacin Tulsa sun kasance da wahala musamman. 1986 ambaliya A cikin Satumba shekarata 1986, ragowar guguwa a kudu maso yammacin Mexico sun isa yankin Tulsa kuma sun haifar da ruwan sama na inci 24 (61). cm) arewa maso yamma na Keystone Lake An yi ruwan sama mai yawa cikin kankanin lokaci, ta yadda za a iya cewa matakin tafkin zai kai kololuwar dam. Rundunar Sojojin Amurka (USACE) na buƙatar buɗe ƙofofin ambaliya tare da sakin kusan cfs 300,000 na ruwa a cikin Kogin Arkansas. Wannan adadin zai haifar da rikodin ambaliya tare da kogin daga Keystone zuwa Muskogee. Shiyasa Mutane da yawa da ke zaune kusa da kogin a Tulsa sun yi gudun hijira bisa radin kansu. An ba da umarnin ficewa na tilas a Jenks da Bixby. Wani lefe mai zaman kansa a Yammacin Tulsa ya gaza, wanda ya haifar da kiyasin dala miliyan 1.3 (dala miliyan 3.03 a cikin dala 2019). Gine-gine 64 ne suka lalace, ciki har da goma sha uku da za a rushe. Sauran yankunan da ke kusa sun ba da rahoton barna kamar: $32.5 miliyan ($75.78 a dala miliyan 2019) a cikin Sand Springs da dala miliyan 13.4 (dala miliyan 31.24 a cikin dala 2019). Gundumar Tulsa ta ba da rahoton asarar dala miliyan 63.5 ($148.06 miliyan a cikin dala 2019). 2019 ambaliya A cikin watan Mayun shekarata 2019, jerin tsawa mai tsanani sun yi ruwan sama a arewacin Oklahoma. Ruwan ya gangara daga koramai zuwa tafkin Keystone Dangane da martani, Rundunar Sojojin Amurka na Injiniya sun fara sakin ruwa daga Dam ɗin Keystone zuwa Kogin Arkansas A shirye-shiryen sake zagayowar guguwa, Rundunar Sojojin Amurka ta rage yawan ruwan da ake sakowa a cikin kogin, tare da fatan ba da damar ruwanta ya ja da baya don samun karin ruwan sama. Guguwar tsawa ta biyu ta yi ta jefar da yawan ruwan sama da ya haifar da guguwa da yawa. Wannan karin ruwan sama kuma ya mamaye tafkin Keystone, da dai sauransu, kuma an tilastawa Rundunar Sojoji suka bude kofofin kara. Kashegari, yayin da ruwa ya ci gaba da cika tafkin, Rundunar Sojan ta yi ƙoƙari don daidaita ruwan shiga da barin tafkin. Duk da haka, ba su da wani zaɓi illa ci gaba da ɗaga ƙofofin sama ko ƙasa da matakin ruwa ya wuce madatsar ruwa. Sakamakon kwararar ruwa ya fara a barazana ga unguwanni da birane. Yankunan Sapulpa, Kudancin Broken Arrow (wanda aka fi sani da Indian Springs), da Bixby, Oklahoma sun nutse. A ranar 22 ga Watan Mayu, an ɗaga ƙofofin daɗaɗa girma cikin yini. An kori Webbers Falls yayin da garin ya fara nutsewa cikin ruwa. Ruwan da ke gefen kogin Tulsa ya fara tashi sosai, wanda hakan ya sa makarantun gwamnati na Sand Springs da Jenks soke azuzuwa a sauran shekarar karatu saboda matsalar ambaliyar ruwa. An fara bullowa a cikin da kewayen yankin Tulsa, inda aka samu rahotannin motoci da ke shiga cikinsu. Tsarin gine-ginen da aka gina tare da bakin kogi, kamar Kogin Ruhun Casino da Riverwalk, an rufe su da gangan kuma an fara tattara su a cikin kogin da sauran sanannun wuraren ambaliya kamar Tulsa Zoo Gwamna Kevin Stitt da Magajin Garin Tulsa GT Bynum sun yi shawagi a kan metro na Tulsa don duba ambaliyar tare da ayyana dokar ta baci ga kananan hukumomi guda 66. Yayin da rana ta koma dare, wani guguwa mai tsananin gaske ya fara tashi a kusa da birnin Oklahoma, ya nufi Tulsa. Barges sun balle a kan kogin da ke kan hanyar zuwa Makullin Falls na Webbers da Dam, suna barazanar yin karo a cikin ginin. Jiragen ruwan sun bace ne da dare kuma ba a gano su ba sai da safe. A safiyar ranar 23 ga Mayu, an ci gaba da ɗaga kofofin ambaliya na Keystone yayin da Ruwan ya kai 100%, yana ƙara yawan kwarara zuwa cfs 221,000 tare da shirye-shiryen haɓaka wannan zuwa 250,000 cfs da tsakar rana. Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Kasa a Tulsa ta haɓaka matakin hasashen kogin Arkansas daga ƙafa 21 zuwa ƙafa 23, wanda hakan ya sanya kogin cikin babban matakin ambaliya kuma ƙafar 2 kawai na jin kunyar matakan da aka kai a cikin Oktoban shekarar 1986. A halin da ake ciki dai, jiragen ruwan sun sake ballewa jim kadan kafin karfe 11 na safe, inda suka sake yin barazana ga dam din. Jim kadan kafin azahar ne jiragen ruwan suka yi karo da dam din suka nutse. Bayan duba dam din, an bayyana cewa ya samu barnar kadan. A ranar 24 ga Mayu, Gwamna Stitt ya faɗaɗa dokar ta-baci don haɗa dukkan larduna guda 77 na Oklahoma. Shugaba Trump ya amince da ayyana bala'in a washegari, yana ba da umarnin taimakon tarayya don ƙara martanin Jiha, kabilanci, da na cikin gida. Rundunar Sojin ta yi niyyar ci gaba da sakin a kan cfs 250,000 har zuwa ranar Lahadi, 26 ga Mayu. Bayan karin tsawa da aka yi a daren ranar 24-25 ga Mayu, rundunar ta sauya shirinsu na ci gaba da tafiya a haka har zuwa ranar Laraba, 29 ga Mayu kuma ta ba da shawarar karin hazo na iya haifar da wani tsawaitawa. Magajin garin Bynum ya kuma bukaci 'yan kasar da ke samun kariya daga lefes da su fara yin tsare-tsare na son rai na ficewa. Ya bayyana cewa, duk da cewa a halin yanzu leve din suna gudanar da aikinsu, amma ba a taba gwada su ba. Ƙarin guguwa a cikin dare na Mayu 25-26 ya sa Corps su tsawaita jadawalin sakin su wata rana zuwa 30 ga Mayu. Sun kuma ƙara adadin sakin a cikin Arkansas da farko zuwa 265,000 cfs sannan kuma sun haɓaka shi zuwa 275,000 da safe. A cikin farkon sa'o'i na Ranar Tunawa da Tunawa da Mutuwar, duk da haka wani zagaye na mummunar guguwa ya sake yin hazo tare da babban kogin Arkansas a arewa maso yamma da arewa ta tsakiya Oklahoma da kuma kudancin tsakiyar Kansas. A ranar 28 ga Watan Mayu, tafkin a ƙarshe ya shawo kan wata babbar matsala kuma ya fara komawa baya. Guguwar da aka yi hasashe ta tafi kudancin dam ɗin, wanda ya ba da damar ruwan tafkin ya daidaita. Kashegari, ko da wani zagaye na guguwa ke tafe a Tulsa, Rundunar Sojan Sama ta sanar da cewa za ta fara yanke sakewa a madatsar ruwa. Da karfe 4 na yamma, an rage kwararar zuwa cfs 265,000 sannan a rage 10,000 cfs kowane awa 6. Manufar su shine a rage adadin zuwa cfs 150,000 a ranar Asabar da 100,000 cfs farkon mako mai zuwa. A halin yanzu, guguwar da aka yi a Tulsa ta kara tsayin kogin da inci kusan 6, amma kuma bai yi tasiri sosai a tafkin Keystone ba. Duk da haka, cikin sauri kogin ya koma kasa da tsayin da ya gabata. Ragewa da kariya Gwamnatin Tulsa ta mayar da martani ga ambaliya ta shekarar 1970 ta hanyar shiga cikin "tsarin gaggawa" na Shirin Inshorar Ambaliyar Ruwa ta Kasa (NFIP) da kuma yin alƙawarin ɗaukar ka'idojin ambaliyar ruwa na tarayya. A watan Agustan shekarata 1971, NFIP ta fitar da taswirar ƙimar toshe. Bayan wata guda, a Ranar Ma'aikata, Flat Rock, Bird da Haikey koguna sun yi ambaliya, wanda ya shafi al'ummomin karkara da yawa. A cikin Disamba, Bird Creek ta sake yin ambaliya. Daga nan Tulsa ta shiga cikin shirin “na yau da kullun” na NFIP, ta ɗauki sabon ƙayyadaddun ambaliya na shekaru 100, kuma ta yi alƙawarin daidaita yadda ake amfani da filayen ambaliya. Bayan ambaliyar ruwa guda uku da aka yi a shekarar 1974, wadanda abin ya shafa sun bukaci da a dauki matakin da ya dace daga birnin, wanda a cewarsu ba ya aiwatar da ka’idojin NFIP. Sun yi kokarin dakatar da ci gaba, don guje wa barnar ambaliyar ruwa har sai an magance matsalolin da ake da su. Masu haɓakawa sun yi kakkausar suka, inda suka fara muhawara game da gudanar da ambaliyar ruwa, wanda ake kira "Babban Yaƙin Magudanar ruwa" daga kafofin watsa labaru na cikin gida, wanda ya ɗauki shekaru da yawa. Birnin ya zo don ganawa da manajoji tare da shirin fadada wani yanki na Mingo Creek. Wani bangare na shirin ya hada da cire kayan da suka lalace. An kwashe gidaje 33 a hannun dama kafin ambaliyar ruwa ta biyo baya. Ambaliyara a shekarata 1984 ta nuna cewa masu kula da gaggawa ba za su iya samun cikakkun bayanai da sauri ba game da ci gaban ambaliya. Wannan gaskiya ne a ko'ina cikin jihar, da kuma a Tulsa. Bayanai daga radar filin jirgin sama, sabunta sa'o'i, bai isa ba don biyan bukatun manajoji. Jami'ar Oklahoma da Jami'ar Jihar Oklahoma sun haɗa kai tare da Binciken Yanayin yanayi da sauran hukumomin jama'a da masu zaman kansu don ƙirƙirar Oklahoma Mesonet Wannan tsarin yana tattara bayanan yanayi (misali, saurin iska, ruwan sama, zazzabi) kowane minti a ƙalla 5 daga tashoshin Mesonet 120 a duk faɗin Oklahoma. Masu tsara shirin gaggawa yanzu za su iya sa ido kan bayanan yanayi na zamani kafin isowar guguwar da ke gabatowa. Labarin ya ambato wani jami'in Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Tulsa yana cewa ma'aikatansa suna amfani da Oklahoma Mesonet a kowace rana. a cikin shekarata 1985, Tulsa ta daidaita alhakin duk ambaliya na birni, magudanar ruwa, da shirye-shiryen ruwan guguwa a cikin Sashen Kula da Ruwan Ruwa. An kafa kuɗin amfani da ruwan sama ta hanyar doka a cikin shekarar 1986 don gudanar da shirin. Ana buƙatar masu duk kadarorin da ke cikin birni su biya kuɗin, wanda aka kafa ta hanyar doka akan 2.58 kowace wata. Ana harajin kadarorin kasuwanci a $2.58 kowace wata ga kowane na m surface. Dokar ta ware gabaɗayan kuɗin na musamman don ayyukan kula da ambaliyar ruwa da ruwan guguwa, tare da tabbatar da samar da tsayayyen kudade don kulawa da gudanarwa. Shirin kare ambaliyar ruwa na Tulsa yana da manufofi guda uku: hana sababbin matsaloli; gyara matsalolin da ke akwai; inganta aminci, muhalli da ingancin rayuwa. Jami'an birnin sun yi imanin cewa ƙa'idodin da NFIP ta gindaya ba su isa ba, dangane da gogewar Tulsa a baya. Tulsa yana buƙatar fayyace filayen ambaliya bisa ga ci gaban da ake tsammani a gaba, maimakon yanayin ci gaba a lokacin. NFIP kuma yana buƙatar mafi ƙanƙanta matakin gine-gine a cikin filayen ambaliya ya kasance ko sama da tsayin ambaliya na shekaru a ƙalla 100. Tulsa yana buƙatar kuma yana tilasta ƙarin ƙafa ɗaya (30.5 cm) na allon kyauta sama da hawan ambaliya. Kafin a canza kadarorin da ke cikin filayen ambaliyar ruwa, dole ne mai shi ya sami izinin ci gaban magudanar ruwa. Gane ci gaba A farkon shekarata 1990s, FEMA ta sanya Tulsa ta farko a cikin al'umma don shirin kula da ambaliyar ruwa. barin Tulsans su ji daɗin ƙimar inshorar ambaliyar ruwa mafi ƙasƙanci. An kuma karrama shirin da lambar yabo ta FEMA ta shekarar 1992 da ta yi fice a ma'aikatan gwamnati; da Ƙungiyar Manajojin Ambaliyar Ruwa ta Jiha ta ba Tulsa lambar yabo ta gida sau biyu don Ƙarfafawa. FEMA ta ƙara ƙimar al'ummar Tulsa daga Aji na 5 zuwa Aji na 3, wanda hakan ya sa Tulsans suka cancanci rangwame kashi 35 akan ƙimar inshorar ambaliyar ruwa. Ƙimar aji na 5 da ya gabata ya ba da rangwamen kashi 25 cikin ɗari. Ana daidaita ma'auni na lokaci-lokaci don nuna raguwar haɗarin al'umma ta hanyar ƙoƙarinta na inganta "...bayanin jama'a, taswira da ka'idoji, shirye-shiryen ambaliya da rage lalacewar ambaliya. Rangwamen yana cikin haɓaka kashi biyar daga Class 9 (kashi biyar) zuwa Class 1 (kashi 45)." Tun daga shekarata 2000, Tulsa ita ce kawai al'ummar Amurka da aka ƙima a matsayin Class 3. Takamaiman ayyuka da FEMA ta ambata sune:"...Samun kusan kaddarorin da ke fama da ambaliyar ruwa da kuma adana fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na ambaliyarsa a matsayin fili; ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin gini, gami da buƙatun yanayin aminci na ƙafa biyu freeboard) a cikin gine-ginen ambaliya; da kuma wayar da kan jama'a don ba da shawara ga mazauna haɗarin ambaliya da ba da mafita na ragewa da taimakon fasaha." Bayanan kula Ci gaba da karatu Hukumar Ba da Shawarar Ruwa ta Tulsa Stormwater da Sashen Ayyukan Jama'a. "Daga Rufin zuwa Kogi: Hanyar Tulsa zuwa Filin Ambaliyar Ruwa da Gudanar da Ruwa." Mayu, 1994. An shiga Afrilu 7, 2017. Marshall, Timothy P. "Tasirin Ƙarfafa Ƙarfafa Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Mingo Creek Watershed." (1984) An dawo da shi Mayu 25, 2014 "Mooser Creek Greenway: Maidowa da Kiyaye Rafi na Tarihi." Flanagan, John D. An Shirya Don Birnin Tulsa, Oklahoma. Afrilu 2004. An dawo da Yuni 15, 2014. Bergman, Deroy L. da kuma Robert L. Tortorelli. "Ambaliya daga Mayu 26-27, 1984 a Tulsa, Oklahoma." USGS Hydrologic Atlas 707. 1988. An shiga Afrilu 7, 2017. Manazarta Ruwa Kogi Ambaliya Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

30756

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reine%20Alapini-Gansou

Reine Alapini-Gansou

Reine Adélaïde Sophie Alapini-Gansou (an haife ta 11 ga Agusta 1956) ƙwararren masanin shari'a ne 'yar ƙasar Benin wanda ta kasance alkali na Kotun Hukunta Manyan Laifuka ta Duniya tun Maris 2018. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Alapini-Gansou a birnin Abidjan na kasar Ivory Coast a ranar 11 ga Agusta, 1956. Tana da digiri a fannin shari'a na gama gari daga Jami'ar Lyon ta Faransa sannan ta yi digiri na biyu a fannin Shari'a da Ayyukan Shari'a daga Jami'ar Kasa ta Benin. Har ila yau, tana da digiri na haɗin gwiwa daga Jami'o'in Maastricht, Lomé da Bhutan. Aiki An shigar da Alapini-Gansou a Bar na Benin a 1986. Ta yi aiki da Avocats Sans Frontières Belgium kan aikin "Adalci ga kowa a Ruwanda" a cikin 2001. Ta koyar da Babban Laifin Laifuka da Tsarin Laifuka a Jami'ar Abomey-Calavi tun daga 2001 kuma ta rubuta wasu takaddun bincike a cikin yancin ɗan adam da doka. Ta kasance memba a kungiyar lauyoyin mata ta Benin kuma ta kaddamar da wasu dokoki da ke kare mata a Benin. Alapini-Gansou ƙwararren ce na Babban Taron Bars a Paris a cikin 1988 kuma ma'aikaci ce na Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasa ta Duniya a Roma daga 2000 zuwa 2002. A matsayinta na memba na kungiyar aiki kan hakkin tsofaffi kuma tare da hukumar Afirka tun daga shekarar 2007, ta shiga cikin samar da wata yarjejeniya ga Yarjejeniya ta Afirka kan Hakkokin Bil Adama da Jama'a kan Ingantawa da Kare Hakkokin Tsofaffi a Afirka, da Yarjejeniya ta Afirka 'Yancin Dan Adam da 'Yancin Jama'a Kan Hakkokin nakasassu a Afirka.A shekara ta 2008, ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya don tsara daftarin doka don inganta da kuma kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na masu tabin hankali. Ta kuma kasance mai ba da shawara ga ofishin ƙwadago na duniya kan haƙƙin ɗan adam ga masu tabin hankali da masu cutar kanjamau a wuraren aiki. An nada ta memba a Ofishin Jakadancin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan rikicin zabe a Jamhuriyar Cote d'Ivoire daga Mayu zuwa Yuni 2011. Har ila yau, ta kasance shugabar sashin kare hakkin bil'adama na Ofishin Jakadancin Afirka na tallafawa Mali daga Afrilu 2013 zuwa Oktoba 2014. Alapini-Gansou memba ce a wasu kwamitocin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan take hakkin dan Adam. A cikin 2011, an nada ta a matsayin mai shari'a a Kotun Dindindin na Arbitration. Alapini-Gansou ta kasance memba na Hukumar Haƙƙin Bil Adama da Jama'a ta Afirka na tsawon shekaru goma sha biyu, ciki har da aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na musamman daga 2005-2009 da 2012-2017, da shugaban hukumar daga 2009 har zuwa 2012. Ta horar da lauyoyi masu magana da Faransanci game da shari'ar da ake yi a gaban Kotun Hukunta Manyan Laifuka ta Duniya daga 2012. Ta fara gabatar da batun take hakkin dan Adam da aka aikata a Libya a shekara ta 2010 zuwa kotun kare hakkin bil'adama ta Afirka. A matsayinta na mai ba da rahoto na musamman kan masu kare hakkin bil'adama a Afirka, ta gudanar da bincike kan masu kare hakkin mata a Afirka da kuma 'yancin yin tarayya a Afirka. A watan Satumban 2016, Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya nada ta a matsayin mamba a kwamitin bincike kan take hakkin dan Adam a Burundi. An nada Alapini-Gansou a kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya a watan Disamba 2017, wanda ta fara wa'adinsa a ranar 11 ga Maris 2018. Kyaututtuka da karramawa Wanda ta lashe lambar yabo ta 'yancin ɗan adam na shekara ta hamsin ta samun 'yancin kai daga Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Faransa, Sorbonne, 2010 Kyautar bikin cika shekaru 25 na Hukumar Haƙƙin ɗan Adam ta Afirka don gudummawar hidimar haƙƙin ɗan adam ga Afirka, Oktoba 2012 Bambance-banbance don gudummawar yaƙi da wariya dangane da yanayin jima'i, UNAIDS, 2014 Labarai "Daga labarin 64 zuwa labarin 122-1 na kundin hukunta laifuka: sake fasalin rabin hanya", Annual Review of African Mental Health Assistance "African Realities" 1999 *"Pathological Psychological Aspects of Rape in Africa: The Case of Benin and Congo" "Violence against women: the interest of setting up a cell of medico-psycho-legal care", Benin Medical N 39 40-2008 "Benin's code of people and family at the test of the application" 2012 "State responsibility for sexual violence in Africa", 2016; "Adoption in Benin, between law and culture", majalisa kan lafiyar kwakwalwa, Nuwamba 2016 "The legislator and the African judge in the success of the mission of the Court International Criminal, 2017

13889

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diezani%20Alison-Madueke

Diezani Alison-Madueke

Diezani K. Alison-Madueke (an haife ta ne a ranar 6 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 1960), yar siyasa ce ta Najeriya kuma mace ta farko a matsayin shugabar kungiyar OPEC. An zabe ta ne a taron majalisar OPEC karo na 166 a Vienna ranar (27) ga watan Nuwamba, a shekara ta (2014). Ta zama ministan sufuri a Najeriya a ranar ishirin da shida (26) ga watan Yuni, shekara ta dubu biyu (2000). An canza ta zuwa ma'adinai da Ci gaban Karfe a cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da takwas (2008), kuma a watan Afrilun, shekara ta dubu biyu da goma( 2010 )aka nada ta Ministan Albarkatun Man Fetur. Rayuwa Diezani Alison madueke Agama an haife ta a Fatakwal, Jihar Ribas, Najeriya. Mahaifinta shi ne Cif Frederick Abiye Agama. Ta yi karatun Architecture a Ingila sannan kuma a Jami’ar Howard a Amurka. Ta yi karatun digiri a kan Howard tare da digiri na farko a ranar 8 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta alif 1992. Ta dawo Nijeriya kuma ta shiga cikin Kamfanin Shell a shekarar 2002, ta halarci Makarantar Kasuwancin Kasuwanci ta Cambridge, don digiri na MBA. Bayan dawowarta Gida Najeriya, an nada Diezani Alison Madueke Agama a matsayin Babban Darakta a kamfanin Shell a shekarar 2006. Ita ce mace ta farko da Shell ta taba nadawa a matsayin Darakta a Najeriya Tun daga shekara ta alif 1999, ta auri Admiral Allison Madueke (mai ritaya), Shugaban Sojojin Ruwa na lokaci guda wanda ya kasance a lokuta daban-daban na gwamnan Imo da na jihar Anambra. Tana da 'ya'ya maza guda biyu, Chimezie Madueke da Ugonna Madueke. A watan Satumbar, shekara 2011. Alison-Madueke ta ba Alison-Madueke lambar girmamawa a fannin Kimiyya ta Kasuwanci ta Makarantar Tsaro ta Najeriya, Kaduna A watan Satumbar, shekara ta 2008. An yi wani yunƙurin ƙoƙari na sace Alison-Madueke a gidanta a Abuja tare da ɗanta Chimezie Madueke.. Matsayin majalisun tarayya Diezani Alison-Madueke ta rike manyan mukamai guda uku a gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya An nada ta Ministan Sufuri a watan Yuni na sekarar 2007. A ranar 23 ga watan Disamba shekarar 2008, ta zama Ministan Ma'adanai da Ci gaban Karfe. Lokacin Mataimakin Shugaban kasa; Goodluck Jonathan ya zama shugaban kasa a watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010, ya soke majalisar ministocin a ranar 17 ga watan Maris shekarar 2010, sannan ya rantsar da sabuwar majalisar a ranar 6 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 2010 tare da Alison-Madueke a matsayin Ministan Albarkatun Man Fetur. Ministan abarkatun man fetur A matsayina na Ministan Albarkatun Man Fetur, Alison-Madueke ta yi alkawarin sauya masana'antar mai da iskar gas ta Najeriya domin dukkan 'yan Najeriya su amfana. A watan Afrilun shekarar 2010, Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan ya rattaba hannu kan dokar Najeriyar, wanda ke da niyyar kara yawan kwangilolin masana'antar mai da aka baiwa 'yan kasuwan Najeriya na asali martani ga mamayar da masu kamfanonin kasashen waje ke yi. Ofayan mafi mahimmancin manufofin da aka gabatar a ƙarƙashin Alison-Madueke shine shirin gwamnati don cire tallafin jihohi akan farashin mai. Alison-Madueke ta goyi bayan dakatar da tallafin "saboda tana haifar da babban matsin lamba ga gwamnati, a bayyane yake amfanar da attajirai, [kuma] yana ƙarfafa rashin iya aiki, rashawa da ɓarnatar da albarkatun jama'a masu ƙarancin saka hannun jari ga mahimman kayan aikin. Ta farko Alison-Madueke ita ce mace ta farko da ta rike matsayin Ministan Albarkatun Man Fetur a Najeriya, kuma a watan Oktoba na shekarar 2010 ta kasance mace ta farko da ta shugabantar da wakilan kasashe a taron OPEC na shekara-shekara. Ta kuma kasance mace ta farko ministar sufuri, kuma mace ta farko da aka nada a kwamitin bunkasa Kamfanin Man Fetur na Shell Nigeria. A ranar 27 ga Satan Nuwamban shekarar 2014, an zabe ta a matsayin mace ta farko a matsayin shugaban kungiyar OPEC. Lokacin da take aiki a bangarorin maza da suka mamaye, Alison-Madueke ta ce ta gargadi 'yan matan da ta yi wa horo yayin da suke kamfanin Shell da su "canza yanayin tunaninsu." Zargi akan rashin gudanarwan kuɗi da kuma kamata Wani labarin PBS NewsHour ya nakalto jami'an Amurkawa da na Burtaniya suna cewa tsohuwar Ministan man fetur Diezani Alison-Madueke da kanta za ta iya yin amfani da dala biliyan 6 (N1.2 tiriliyan) daga baitul malin Najeriya. An tuhume ta da alhakin dala biliyan 20 da aka bata daga hukumar kula da man fetur. Wani tsohon gwamnan Babban Bankin Najeriya (CBN), Sanusi, ya sake yin wannan bayani yayin hirar PBS a ranar 2 ga watan Disamba shekarar 2015. Sanusi lamido Sanusi ya yi amanna cewa an kore shi daga Babban Bankin Najeriya ne saboda ya je gaban jama’a tare da tuhumar cewa dala biliyan 20 ba ta bata daga Kamfanin Man Fetur na Najeriya (NNPC) ba karkashin jagorancin Alison-Madueke. Alison Madueke ta ce Sanusi ya yi zargin ne don ramuwar gayya bayan da ta taimaka masa aka nada a matsayin shugaban bankin ci gaban Afirka (AfDB) tare da yin watsi da zargin. An zarge ta da bayar da kwangiloli na Naira bilyan da yawa ba tare da sakaci kan tsarin da ya dace ba da kuma kashe kudaden gwamnati ba da kulawa ba. da kuma barnatar da biliyoyin nairori da ba ta dace ba a cikin jiragen sama masu zaman kansu. A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2009, Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya ta tuhumi Diezani Alison-Madueke da bayar da shawarar gurfanar da dala biliyan 1.2 cikin asusun ajiyar kuɗaɗen kamfanin ba tare da tsari mai inganci ba, kuma ya karya yarjejeniyar sasantawa. Hukumar da ke yaki da masu yi wa tattalin arzikin Najeriya ta’annati ta gurfanar da ita gaban kuliya bisa laifin ‘Kudi da Kudi’. A ranar 2 ga Oktoba shekarar 2015, kamfanin dillancin labarai na Reuters ya ba da rahoton cewa Hukumar Kula da Laifuka ta Kasa (NCA) ta kama Alison-Madueke a Landan, tare da wasu mutane hudu bisa zargin rashawa da aikata laifukan cin hanci da rashawa. Sai dai mai magana da yawun ‘yan sanda ya musanta cewa yana da wani ilimin game da lamarin. Iyalinta da gwamnatin Najeriya sun tabbatar da cewa, an kama ta a Landan, kodayake Hukumar NCA ta ki cewa komai game da karar. Har ila yau a Najeriya, tana da gida a Asokoro, Abuja da aka kai hari da kuma hatimce ta yaki da cin hanci da jamiái na Najeriya tattalin arzikin Laifukan Hukumar, 'yan sa'o'i bayan ta yi zargin kama a London... Lafiya Alison-Madueke ta bayyana cewa a yayin da take ofishi, ta sha fama da cutar sankarar mama a cikin Burtaniya. See Duba nan Jerin mutane daga Port Harcourt Jerin yan Najeriya Manazarta Bibiliyo The Oxford handbook of late antiquity. Johnson, Scott Fitzgerald, 1976-. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2012. ISBN 978-0-19-533693-1. OCLC 

40286

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haush

Haush

IRHaush Haush ko Manek'enk ƴan asalin ƙasar ne waɗanda suka rayu a Miter Peninsula na Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego. Suna da alaƙa ta al'ada da harshen mutanen Ona ko Selk'nam waɗanda su ma suka rayu a kan Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, da kuma mutanen Tehuelche na kudancin ƙasar Patagonia. Suna Haush shine sunan da Selknam ko Ona suka ba su, yayin da Yamana ko Yaghan ke kiran su Italum Ona, ma'ana Ona ta Gabas. Yawancin marubuta sun bayyana cewa sunansu don kansu Manek'enk ko Manek'enkn. Martin Gusinde ya ruwaito, duk da haka, cewa a cikin yaren Haush Manek'enkn yana nufin mutane gaba ɗaya kawai. Furlong ya lura cewa Haush ba shi da ma'ana a cikin yaren Selknam/Ona, yayin da haush ke nufin kelp a yaren Yamana/Yaghan. Tunda Selknam/Ona mai yiwuwa sun hadu da mutanen Yamana/Yaghan a yankin Haush, Furlong yayi hasashen cewa Selknam/Ona sun aro haush a matsayin sunan mutanen Yamana/Yaghan. Asali Yawancin marubuta sunyi imanin cewa Haush sune mutanen farko da suka mamaye Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego. Haush suna da alaƙa da Selknam da Tehuelche, kuma ana tsammanin ƙungiyoyin uku sun samo asali ne daga ƙungiyar da ta gabace ta a ƙasar Patagonia. Ƙungiyoyin ukun sun kasance mafarauta, musamman na guanacos, kuma ba su da tarihin amfani da jiragen ruwa. Kamar yadda Haush da Selknam ba su yi amfani da jirgin ruwa ba, Mashigin Magellan zai kasance babban shinge ga isa ga Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego. Selknam yana da al'adar cewa wata gada ta ƙasa ta taɓa haɗa tsibirin da babban ƙasa, amma daga baya ta rushe. Lothrop yayi watsi da hakan a matsayin wanda ba zai yuwu ba. Furlong ya ba da shawarar cewa kwale-kwalen Indiyawan (Yahgan ko mutanen Alacalufe sun ɗauki Haush da Selknam a kan mashigar ruwa. [8] [5] Yanki Wataƙila Haush sun mamaye duk tsibirin Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego shekaru da yawa da suka wuce, kafin Selknam ya isa tsibirin. Sunaye da yawa a yankin Selknam a zamanin tarihi ana kiran su Haush. Bayan hayewa daga babban yankin, ana zaton Selknam sun kashe ko kuma sun mamaye yawancin Haush, kuma suka tura ragowar zuwa cikin Miter Peninsula. [3] [5] [6] [9] An raba yankin Haush zuwa yankuna biyu. Yankin arewa, kusa da yankin Selknam, ya miƙe a gefen gabas na tsibirin daga Cape San Pablo zuwa Caleta Falsa akan Polycarpo Bay. Yankin kudu ya fadada daga Caleta Falsa kusa da ƙarshen ƙarshen Miter Peninsula zuwa Sloggett Bay. Yankin arewa yana da mafi kyawun yanayi don zama. Yankin kudancin, wanda a yanzu kusan babu kowa a ciki, yana da yanayi mai tsauri, ya fi sanyi da ruwan sama da hazo da iska fiye da yankin arewa. [10] Furlong ya bayyana cewa yankin Haush ya fito ne daga Cape San Pablo zuwa Good Success Bay, tare da tafiya lokaci-lokaci zuwa yamma har zuwa Sloggett Bay, kuma manyan matsugunan su sun kasance a Cape San Pablo, Polycarpo Cove, False Cove, Thetis Bay, Cape San Diego da Good Success Bay. [11] Haush sun kasance kakanninsu da na uba. An raba su zuwa gidaje akalla goma, kowannensu yana da filaye da ke gudana daga wuraren farautar cikin ƙasa zuwa gaɓar teku. Iyalan makaman nukiliya (mutane biyar ko shida) za su yi ƙaura daban-daban ta cikin yankin danginsu, wani lokaci suna shiga tare da sauran dangin makaman nukiliya. Ƙungiyoyi daga yankuna da yawa za su taru don bukukuwa, musayar kyaututtuka, da kuma amfani da kifayen kifaye. [6] [11] Al'adu Haush sun kasance mafarauta. Haush sun sami wani kaso mai yawa na abincinsu daga majiyoyin ruwa. Binciken da aka yi na kasusuwa daga wuraren binne a Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego ya nuna cewa tun kafin zuwan Turai Selknam ya samu mafi yawan naman da suka ci daga guanacos da sauran dabbobin ƙasa, yayin da abokan hulɗar Haush kafin zuwan Turawa, kamar Yamana, suka sami rinjaye. daga cikin naman da suka ci daga maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, ciki har da hatimi da zakin teku. Da yake guanacos ba su da yawa a yankin Haush, mai yiwuwa sun yi ciniki tare da Selknam don fatun guanaco. [13] Sun raba al'adu da yawa tare da maƙwabtansu Selk'nam, kamar yin amfani da ƙananan bakuna da kiban dutse, ta yin amfani da fatun dabbobi (daga guanacos, kamar yadda Selknam, amma kuma daga hatimi) don 'yan kayan da suke amfani da su (capes)., suturar ƙafa da, ga mata, ƙananan "figleafs"), da kuma al'ada na farawa ga samari maza. [14] Harsunansu, wani ɓangare na dangin Chonan, sun kasance iri ɗaya, kodayake suna fahimtar juna "sai da wahala". [15] Tuntuɓar Turai Tuntuɓar farko tsakanin Haush da Turawa ta faru ne a cikin 1619, lokacin balaguron Garcia de Nodal ya kai ƙarshen ƙarshen Miter Peninsula, a cikin bay da suka kira Bahia Buen Suceso (Good Success Bay). A can suka ci karo da mazajen Haush goma sha biyar, waɗanda suka taimaka wa Sipaniya su tanadi ruwa da itace don jiragen ruwa. Mutanen Espanya sun ba da rahoton ganin bukkoki hamsin a sansanin Haush, wanda ya zuwa yanzu taro mafi girma na Haush da aka ruwaito. [16] Wani malamin Jesuit a kan jirgin ruwa da ya ziyarci Good Success Bay a 1711 ya kwatanta Haush a matsayin "rashin hankali". Balaguron farko da James Cook ya jagoranta ya ci karo da Haush a cikin 1769. Kyaftin Cook ya rubuta cewa Haush "watakila mutane ne masu wahala kamar yadda suke a wannan rana a duniya." [17] HMS <i id="mwbQ">Beagle</i>, tare da Charles Darwin a cikin jirgin, sun ziyarci Tierra del Fuego a 1832. Darwin ya lura da kamannin Haush da "Patagonians" da ya gani a baya a cikin wannan tafiya, ya kuma bayyana cewa sun sha bamban da "masu tsautsayi, masu bakin ciki da ke kara zuwa yamma", da alama yana nufin Yamana. [17] Yawan Haush ya ƙi bayan hulɗar Turai. A cikin 1915, Furlong ya kiyasta cewa kimanin iyalai ashirin, ko 100 Haush, an bar su a farkon karni na 19, [13] amma daga baya an kiyasta cewa 200 zuwa 300 Haush ya kasance a cikin 1836. A shekara ta 1891, an kiyasta 100 ne kawai aka bari, kuma zuwa 1912, ƙasa da goma. [19] A lokacin gamuwa da zama na Turai, Haush sun zauna a can iyakar gabashin tsibirin a Miter Peninsula. Ƙasa zuwa yammacinsu, har yanzu a arewa maso gabas na Tierra del Fuego, Ona ko Selk'nam, ƙungiyar harshe da al'adu masu alaƙa, sun mamaye su. [20] Masu mishan Salesian sun yi hidima ga Manek'enk, kuma sun yi aiki don kiyaye al'adunsu da harshensu. Uba José María Beauvoir ya shirya ƙamus. Lucas Bridges, Anglo-Argentine da aka haife shi a yankin, wanda mahaifinsa ya kasance mai wa'azin Anglican a Tierra del Fuego, ya haɗa ƙamus na harshen Haush [21] Bayanan kula Manazarta Sources Mutane Kabilu Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

30040

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rage%20shara

Rage shara

Rage shara tsara tsare ne da ayyuka da aka yi niyya don rage yawan sharar da ake samarwa. Ta hanyar rage ko kawar da haɓakar ɓarna masu cutarwa da dawwama, rage sharar gida yana tallafawa ƙoƙarin haɓaka al'umma mai dorewa. Rage sharar gida ya haɗa da sake fasalin samfura da matakai da/ko canza tsarin al'umma na amfani da samarwa. Hanyar da ta fi dacewa da muhalli, ingantaccen tattalin arziki, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don sarrafa sharar gida sau da yawa shi ne rashin magance matsalar tun farko. Manajoji suna ganin rage sharar gida a matsayin babban abin da aka fi mayar da hankali ga yawancin dabarun sarrafa shara Magani mai kyau da zubarwa na iya buƙatar lokaci mai yawa da albarkatu; don haka fa'idodin rage sharar na iya zama babba idan an aiwatar da su cikin inganci, aminci da dorewa. Gudanar da sharar al'ada yana mai da hankali kan sarrafa sharar bayan an ƙirƙira shi, yana mai da hankali kan sake amfani da shi, sake yin amfani da shi, da juyar da sharar-zuwa makamashi Rage sharar gida ya ƙunshi ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce don guje wa ƙirƙirar sharar yayin masana'anta. Don aiwatar da aikin rage sharar yadda ya kamata, manajan yana kuma buƙatar sanin tsarin samarwa, bincike-binciken jariri-zuwa-kabari (binciken kayan daga hako su zuwa komawar su ƙasa) da cikakkun bayanai na abubuwan da ke cikin sharar dama yadda sa'a rage ta. Babban tushen sharar gida ya bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa A cikin Burtaniya, yawancin sharar gida suna fitowa daga gini da rushewar gine-gine, sannan kuma hakar ma'adinai da fasa dutse, masana'antu da kasuwanci. Sharar gida ta ƙunshi ɗan ƙaramin rabo na duk sharar gida. Sharar gida sau da yawa ana ɗaure da buƙatun a cikin sarkar samarwa. Misali, kamfani da ke sarrafa samfur na iya cewa yakamata a tura shi ta amfani da marufi na musamman saboda ya dace da buƙatun ƙasa baki ɗaya. Amfani Rage sharar gida na iya kare muhalli kuma sau da yawa yakan zama yana da fa'idodin tattalin arziki mai kyau. Rage sharar gida na iya ingantawa: Ingantattun ayyukan samarwa rage sharar gida na iya samun ƙarin fitowar samfur kowane raka'a na shigar da albarkatun ƙasa Komawar tattalin arziki ingantaccen amfani da samfuran yana nufin rage farashin siyan sabbin kayayyaki, haɓaka ayyukan kuɗi na kamfani. Hoton jama'a bayanin martabar muhalli na kamfani wani muhimmin sashi ne na gaba dayan sunansa da kuma rage sharar gida yana nuna wani yunkuri na kare muhalli. Ingantattun samfuran da aka samar sabbin ƙira da ayyukan fasaha na iya rage haɓakar sharar gida da haɓaka ingancin abubuwan da ake samarwa a cikin lokacin samarwa. Alhakin muhalli ragewa ko kawar da samar da sharar gida yana sauƙaƙa cimma manufofin ƙa'idodin muhalli, manufofi, da ƙa'idodi; za a rage tasirin muhalli na sharar gida. Masana'antu A cikin masana'antu, yin amfani da ingantattun hanyoyin masana'antu da mafi kyawun kayan gabaɗaya yana rage samar da sharar gida. To Kuma Aiwatar da dabarun rage sharar gida ya haifar da haɓaka sabbin samfuran maye gurbinsu da cin nasara na kasuwanci. Ƙoƙarin rage sharar gida sau da yawa yana buƙatar saka hannun jari, wanda yawanci ana biya shi ta hanyar tanadi. Kuma Koyaya, raguwar sharar gida a wani yanki na aikin samarwa na iya haifar da samar da sharar a wani bangare. Marufi ya wuce kima. Kawar da shi zai iya haifar da raguwar tushe, rage sharar gida kafin a samar da shi ta hanyar ƙirar kunshin da ya dace da aiki. Amfani da ƙaramin marufi shine mabuɗin aiki zuwa marufi mai dorewa Tsari Sake amfani da kayan datti Za'a iya sake haɗa tarkace nan da nan a farkon layin masana'anta don kada su zama abin sharar gida. Yawancin masana'antu suna yin haka akai-akai; alal misali, masana'antun takarda suna mayar da duk wani juzu'in da aka lalace zuwa farkon layin samarwa, to kuma a cikin kera abubuwan filastik, yanke-yanke da tarkace ana sake shigar da su cikin sabbin kayayyaki. Ingantattun kulawa da kulawa da tsari Za a iya ɗaukar matakai don tabbatar da cewa an kiyaye adadin ƙwaƙƙwaran da aka ƙi. Ana za'a iya samun wannan ta hanyar ƙara yawan dubawa da adadin wuraren dubawa. Misali, shigar da kayan aikin ci gaba da sa ido na atomatik zai iya taimakawa wajen gano matsalolin samarwa a matakin farko. Musanya sharar gida Wannan shi ne inda sharar kayan aiki guda ɗaya ya zama albarkatun ƙasa don tsari na biyu. Musayar shara tana wakiltar wata hanya ta rage yawan zubar da shara don sharar da ba za a iya kawar da ita ba. Jirgin zuwa wurin amfani Wannan ya haɗa da yin isar da kayan da ke shigowa ko abubuwan haɗin kai kai tsaye zuwa wurin da aka haɗa su ko amfani da su a cikin tsarin masana'antu don rage yawan sarrafawa da yin amfani da nannade masu kariya ko shinge (misali: Kifi Sharar gida Wannan tsari ne na gabaɗayan tsarin da ke da nufin kawar da sharar gida a tushen da kuma duk wuraren da ke ƙasa da sarkar samar da kayayyaki, tare da niyya na samar da wani sharar gida. Falsafa ce ta ƙira wacce ke jaddada rigakafin sharar gida sabanin ƙarshen sarrafa sharar bututu. Tunda, a duk faɗin duniya, Kuma sharar gida kamar haka, duk da ƙarancinsa, ba za a taɓa iya hana shi ba (za a sami ƙarshen rayuwa ko da na samfuran da aka sake fa'ida), makasudin da ke da alaƙa shine rigakafin gurɓataccen gurɓataccen iska. Minimalism Minimalism sau da yawa yana nufin ra'ayoyin fasaha da kiɗa, ko da yake ƙananan salon rayuwa na iya yin babban tasiri ga sarrafa sharar gida da samar da sharar gida, na iya rage waɗanne darussan zubar da ƙasa da gurɓataccen yanayi. Lokacin da aka rage amfani mara iyaka zuwa mafi ƙarancin abin da ake buƙata kawai, samar da rashin kulawa ga buƙatu zai ragu. Ƙananan salon rayuwa na iya tasiri ga adalcin yanayi ta hanya ta hanyar rage sharar gida. Joshua Fields Millburn da Ryan Nikodemus sun ba da umarni kuma suka shirya wani fim mai suna Minimalism: A Kuma Documentary wanda ya nuna ra'ayin rayuwa kaɗan a duniyar zamani. Tsarin samfur Rage sharar gida da haɓaka albarkatu don samfuran da aka ƙera ana iya yin su cikin sauƙi a matakin ƙira. To Amman Rage adadin abubuwan da ake amfani da su a cikin samfur ko sauƙaƙe samfur ɗin don ware su na iya sauƙaƙe gyarawa ko sake yin fa'ida a ƙarshen rayuwarsa mai amfani. A wasu lokuta, yana iya zama mafi kyau kada a rage girman ɗanyen da ake amfani da su don yin samfur, a maimakon haka, a rage ƙarar ko gubar sharar da aka ƙirƙira a ƙarshen rayuwar samfurin, ko kuma tasirin muhalli na amfanin samfurin. (Duba sashe Durability Daidaita abin da aka yi niyya A cikin wannan dabarun, samfura da fakiti an tsara su da kyau don saduwa da abin da aka yi niyya. Wannan ya shafi musamman ga kayan marufi, wanda yakamata ya kasance mai ɗorewa kamar yadda ya cancanta don biyan manufar da aka yi niyya. A gefe guda kuma, zai iya zama mafi ɓarna idan abinci, wanda ya cinye albarkatu da makamashi a cikin samar da shi, sannan Kuma ya lalace kuma ya lalace saboda matsanancin matakan rage amfani da takarda, karafa, gilashi da robobi a cikin marufi. Dorewa Haɓaka ɗorewa samfurin, kamar tsawaita rayuwar amfanin mai tsabtace injin zuwa shekaru 15 maimakon 12, na iya rage sharar gida kuma galibi yana haɓaka haɓaka albarkatun ƙasa. Amma a wasu lokuta yana da mummunan tasirin muhalli Idan samfurin yana da ɗorewa sosai, maye gurbinsa tare da ingantacciyar fasaha na iya jinkirtawa. Don haka, tsawaita rayuwar amfanin tsohuwar na'ura na iya sanya nauyi mai nauyi a kan muhalli fiye da goge ta, sake sarrafa karfe da siyan sabon salo. Hakazalika, tsofaffin motocin suna cin man fetur kuma suna fitar da hayaki fiye da takwarorinsu na zamani. Yawancin masu goyon bayan rage sharar sun yi la'akari da cewa hanyar gaba mai yiwuwa ita ce duba duk wani samfurin da aka ƙera a ƙarshen rayuwarsa a matsayin hanyar sake amfani da shi da sake amfani da shi maimakon sharar gida. Yin kwalaben gilashin da za a iya cika su da ƙarfi don jure tafiye-tafiye da yawa tsakanin mabukaci da masana'antar kwalba yana buƙatar sanya su kauri da nauyi, wanda ke haɓaka albarkatun da ake buƙata don jigilar su. Tunda sufuri yana da babban tasirin muhalli, ana buƙatar kimantawa da kyau na adadin tafiye-tafiyen komawar kwalabe. Idan an jefar da kwalbar da za a iya cikawa bayan an cika ta sau da yawa, albarkatun da aka yi hasarar na iya zama mafi girma fiye da an yi kwalaben don tafiya ɗaya Kawai. Zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa sun haɗa da ciniki na tasirin muhalli, kuma sau da yawa akwai rashin isasshen bayani don yanke shawara. Retail Daban-daban na ayyukan kasuwanci suna shafar sharar gida, kamar amfani da kayan abinci da za a iya zubar da su a gidajen abinci. Jakunkunan sayayya masu sake amfani da su Jakunkuna da za a iya sake amfani da su wani nau'i ne na sake amfani da shi, kuma wasu shagunan suna ba da "kiredit jakunkuna" don sake amfani da buhunan sayayya, kodayake aƙalla sarkar guda ɗaya ta juyar da manufofinta, tana mai da'awar "launi ne kawai na wucin gadi". Sabanin haka, wani bincike ya nuna cewa harajin jaka yana da tasiri mai tasiri fiye da rangwamen irin wannan. (Na lura, kafin bayan binciken ya kwatanta yanayin da wasu shaguna suka ba da rangwame vs. yanayin da duk shagunan ke amfani da haraji. Kuma Duk da yake akwai ƙaramar rashin jin daɗi a ciki, wannan na iya gyara kanta, saboda jakunkuna masu sake amfani da su gabaɗaya sun fi dacewa da ɗaukar kayan abinci. Iyali Wannan sashe yayi bayani dalla-dalla wasu dabarun rage sharar gida ga masu gida Za a iya zaɓar adadin da ya dace da girma lokacin siyan kaya; siyan manyan kwantena na fenti don ƙaramin aikin ado ko siyan abinci mai yawa fiye da yadda ake iya cinyewa yana haifar da sharar da ba dole ba. Sannan Har ila yau, idan za a jefar da fakiti ko gwangwani, dole ne a cire duk abin da ya rage kafin a sake yin fa'ida. Takin gida, al'adar mai da dafa abinci da sharar lambu a cikin takin ana iya la'akari da rage sharar gida. Ana iya rage albarkatun da gidaje ke amfani da su sosai ta hanyar amfani da wutar lantarki da tunani (misali kashe fitilu da kayan aiki lokacin da ba a buƙata) da kuma rage yawan tafiye-tafiyen mota. Mutane da yawa za su iya rage yawan sharar da suke ƙirƙira ta hanyar siyan ƙananan kayayyaki da kuma siyan samfuran da suka daɗe. Gyara karya ko sawa kayan sawa ko kayan aiki shima yana taimakawa wajen rage sharar gida. Mutane za su iya rage yawan amfani da ruwa, kuma su yi tafiya ko kuma zagayawa zuwa inda suke maimakon amfani da motarsu don adana mai da rage yawan hayaki. A cikin yanayin gida, sau da yawa ana yin la'akari da yiwuwar ragewa ta hanyar salon rayuwa Wasu mutane na iya kallon sa a matsayin almubazzaranci don siyan sabbin samfura kawai don bin salon salo lokacin da tsofaffin samfuran har yanzu suna da amfani. Manya da ke aiki cikakken lokaci ba su da ɗan lokaci na kyauta, don haka ƙila su sayi abinci masu dacewa waɗanda ke buƙatar ɗan shiri, ko kuma sun gwammace nap ɗin da za a iya zubarwa idan akwai jariri a cikin iyali. Adadin sharar da mutum ke samarwa kadan ne daga cikin sharar da al'umma ke samarwa, kuma rage sharar mutum ba zai iya yin tasiri kawai kan yawan sharar ba. Duk da haka, ana iya yin tasiri kan manufofin a wasu fagage. Kuma Ƙara wayewar mabukaci game da tasiri da ƙarfin wasu yanke shawara na siyayya yana ba masana'antu da daidaikun mutane damar canza yawan amfani da albarkatu Masu amfani za su iya yin tasiri ga masana'antun da masu rarrabawa ta hanyar guje wa siyan samfuran da ba su da alamar yanayi, wanda a halin yanzu ba dole ba ne, ko zabar samfuran da ke rage amfani da marufi. A cikin Burtaniya, PullApart ya haɗu da binciken marufi na muhalli da na mabukaci, to a cikin tsarin rarrabuwa na sake amfani da marufi don rage sharar gida. Inda tsarin sake amfani da su ke akwai, masu amfani za su iya zama masu himma da amfani da su. wuraren kiwon lafiya Cibiyoyin kula da lafiya sune manyan masu samar da sharar gida. Manyan tushen sharar kiwon lafiya sune: asibitoci, dakunan gwaje-gwaje da cibiyoyin bincike, wuraren ajiyar gawa da gawa, dakunan gwaje-gwaje na binciken dabbobi da dakunan gwaje-gwaje, bankunan jini da ayyukan tattarawa, da gidajen kula da tsofaffi. Rage sharar gida na iya ba da dama da yawa ga waɗannan cibiyoyi don amfani da ƙarancin albarkatu, zama ƙasa da ɓarna da haifar da ƙarancin sharar gida. Kyakkyawan gudanarwa da ayyukan sarrafawa a tsakanin wuraren kula da lafiya na iya yin tasiri sosai kan a rage sharar da ake samu kowace rana. Ayyuka Akwai misalai da yawa na ingantattun ayyuka waɗanda zasu iya ƙarfafa rage sharar gida a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da wuraren bincike Rage tushe Sayen ragi wanda ke tabbatar da zaɓin kayan da ba su da ɓata ko ƙasa da haɗari. Amfani da na zahiri maimakon hanyoyin tsaftace sinadarai irin su gurɓataccen tururi a maimakon ƙwayar cuta Hana ɓatar da samfuran da ba dole ba a cikin ayyukan jinya da tsaftacewa. Gudanarwa da matakan kulawa a matakin asibiti Tsakanin siyan sinadarai masu haɗari Kula da kwararar sinadarai a cikin cibiyar kula da lafiya daga karɓa a matsayin ɗanyen abu zuwa zubar a matsayin sharar haɗari Rabewar abubuwan sharar gida a hankali don taimakawa rage yawan sharar da zubar da ciki mai haɗari. Sarrafa hannun jari na sinadarai da samfuran magunguna Yin oda akai-akai na ƙananan ƙididdiga fiye da yawa a lokaci ɗaya. Yin amfani da mafi tsufan samfurin samfur da farko don guje wa kwanakin ƙarewa da sharar da ba dole ba. Yin amfani da duk abubuwan da ke cikin akwati mai ɗauke da datti mai haɗari. Duba ranar ƙarewar duk samfuran a lokacin bayarwa. Duba wasu abubuwan Tsaftace samarwa Eco-aiki Makon Turai don Rage Sharar gida Sharar abinci Kima na rayuwa Jerin gajerun hanyoyin sarrafa shara Littattafai Karamin shara Sake yin amfani da su Sake amfani Rage tushe Matsayin sharar gida Gudanar da sharar gida Sharar gida Sharar gida mai haɗari Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Gidan yanar gizon aikin riga-kafin EU, shafin gida. Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

50203

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuma%20Monou

Fuma Monou

fuma monou(Japanese: Hepburn),ankuma rbuta Fuma monou,Mai zane ya ƙirƙiro halin juzu'i a clamp aka bayyanar alokacin manga gim X.Fuma yafitu ayaro matashi da abokinsa protagonist kamui shiro.Duk dahaka,yawan haduwarsa da kamui da karfin fawa yasa shi sannan yasa shi habaka chanjin- jini Mai sanyi,wanene yashiga dragons na duniya,kawar da dan Adam a duniya Ƙirƙira da haɓakawa Ƙungiyar Mangaka Clamp ta ƙirƙiri manga X bayan editan su, Aoki, sun ga wani zane da ya shafi Fuma Monou da babban hali Kamui Shiro Fuma ya sha bamban da sigarsa ta ƙarshe: matashi mai fara'a wanda daga baya ya bayyana a cikin manga a matsayin Keiichi Segawa, ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban manyan makarantu na Kamui. A farkon silsilar, Marubuciya ta Clamp Nanase Ohkawa ta gaya wa ƴan uwanta masu fasaha game da canjin Fuma a nan gaba ya zama ɗan iska. Ohkawa ta yi amfani da ra'ayoyin Kamui da Fuma da take da su a lokacin makarantar sakandare, kamar yanayin mutum biyu da yadda za a iya ɗaukar mutane nagari ko mugu.Kamui ya sadu da babban jarumin Babila na Tokyo Subaru Sumeragi, wanda kishiyoyinsa da Seishiro Sakurazuka yayi daidai da kishiyar Kamui da Fuma. Clamp da ake kira Kamui da Subaru a matsayin 'yan'uwa;Ya kamata Kamui ya koyi darasi daga yakin karshe da Subaru ya yi da Seishiro, don haka kuma yakinsa na karshe da Fuma ba shi da irin wannan mummunan karshe. Canji na Fuma daga hali mai goyan baya zuwa babban mugu yana da wahala ga Clamp, tunda 'yar uwarsa Kotori Monou za ta mutu yayin wannan canji. Sun gabatar da Fuma da Kotori sama da juzu'i takwas saboda ta'addancin labarin,har ma masu karatu da ba su son Kotori sun nuna alhinin mutuwarta. Tun da jerin suna da haruffa masu magana da yawa, Fuma zai zama matashi mai shiru; yawancin maganganunsa sun shafi Kamui.A farkon bayyanarsa Fuma ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin mafi munin halayen shiru kamar yadda marubutan da kansu suka faɗa saboda da kyar yake tattaunawa kawai lokacin da ya shafi 'yar uwarsa da Kamui,wanda hakan ya sa su sa ido ga canjin sa zuwa mugu. Fuma ya kashe 'yar uwarsa wanna yana daya daga cikin mafi munin al'amuran Clamp.Sun dage,duk da adawar edita, domin sun riga sun hango hakan a daya daga cikin mafarkin Kamui.Kisan Fuma na Daisuke Saiki shima ya sha adawa saboda tashin hankalinsa, amma editocin sun yanke shawara tare dogaro da martanin masu karatu. Mawallafin mawaƙa Mokona yana jin cewa Fuma shine hali mafi wuyar zanawa, tun da sun sanya shi kama da wasu haruffa kamar Kusanagi Shiyū lokacin da Yuzuriha Nekoi ya gan shi. Clamp ya kauce wa ra'ayin Seiichiro Aoki (wani hali bisa ga editan su) haduwa da Fuma, tun da za a tilasta musu yin Fuma androgynous. Mawaƙin nan Satsuki Igarashi ya sami zana Dodanni na sama da ƙasa a lokaci guda da wahala saboda suturar ɗaiɗaikun da suke da ita, wanda hakan ya sa ta yi fatan su sa kaya iri ɗaya A cikin fim ɗin Jafananci X, Ken Narita ya bayyana Fuma a cikin Jafananci da Adam Henderson a Turanci; Junichi Suwabe ne ya bayyana wannan hali a cikin jerin talabijin. Suwabe ya samu furucin Fuma Wanda ya ke da wuya saboda halinsa guda biyu: iri daya, dayan kuma mai sanyin zuciya.Ya kuma lura cewa manga X ya shahara sosai a Japan, kuma yana so ya cika tsammanin masu sauraro. Suwabe ya yi abota da jarumin Kamui, Kenichi Suzumura,a lokacin da yake nadar anime. Crispin Freeman ya maye gurbin Suwabe don Turanci dub na jerin talabijin. A cikin Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle OVAs, Yuji Kishi ne ya furta Fuma a cikin Jafananci da kuma Joel McDonald a Turanci. Kishi ya auri yar wasan murya Mika Kikuchi, wacce ta buga Mokona Modoki a Tsubasa, a cikin shekara ta 2009;An yi shagali tare da misalan Fuma ta auri Mokona. Halaye da jigogi Fuma dalibin sakandire ne kuma shine wanda ya yi abota da Kamui tare da yayarsa Kotori lokacin suna yara. Duk da rashin nuna wata baiwa kamar fitattun jarumai na jerin,Fuma ya tsallake shingen sihiri wanda Sorata Arisugawa ya kirkira don mamakin kansa. Ba da daɗewa ba asirin abubuwan da ke cikin rawar Fuma a cikin Armageddon mai zuwa sun bayyana a fili lokacin da Nataku ya kashe mahaifinsa kuma ya yi amfani da dakarunsa na ƙarshe don gaya masa shi "tauraron tagwaye" na Kamui ne, yayin da mace mai iya ganin nan gaba ta umurce shi da kashe shi idan yana so ya ceci 'yar uwarsa. Fuma yana da sabani game da waɗannan saƙonnin yayin da har yanzu yana riƙe da haɗin gwiwa ga abokinsa har lokacin ƙuruciyarsu inda ya kasance yana ganin Kamui a matsayin yaro marar laifi. Koyaya,Fuma yana haɓaka kudadensa sa loka Fuma ya canza ba zato ba tsammani ya zama mutum mai bakin ciki wanda ya azabtar da Kamui kuma ya kashe 'yar uwarsa. Wannan sabon Fuma yana tare da Kanoe da Dodanni na Duniya domin cimma manufar halaka bil'adama. Kamar yadda Kamui ya ɓoye, Fuma yana haɓaka sha'awar biyan bukatun wasu.Duk da tashin hankalin da ya aikata,Fuma yana yin murmushi mai daɗi. A lokacin da ya aikata kisan kare dangi, Fuma mai tausayine har yanzu ya kasance a ɓoye yayin da ya sadu da wata yarinya kuma ya gargade ta da ta bar garin tare da mahaifiyarta yayin da yake shirin haifar da girgizar kasa da za ta lalata birnin. Ita kanta Kanoe tana tsoron Fuma ta kasa gane mene ne sha'awarsa ko kuma ainihin sonsa. Bayan mutuwar daya daga cikin abokansa, Seishiro Sakurazuka, Fuma ya bayyana nasa falsafa game da sha'awarsa; Idan mutum ya rasa nufinsa na rayuwa,da kansa zai kashe shi da ya kasance da muhimmanci a gare shi ya nuna yadda dangantakar da ke tsakanin su biyu take da muhimmanci. A cikin surori na gaba,halin Fuma ya zama abin ruɗawa ga abokan gabansa yayin da ya kashe abokinsa Nataku wanda ya ƙaunace shi sosai ga Fuma. A sakamakon haka, an lura cewa Fuma's alterego da kansa ba ya jin dadin ayyukansa na tashin hankali ko burin Dodanni na Duniya na kawar da bil'adama. Bayyanuwa A cikin manga X An gabatar da Fuma a cikin X manga a matsayin matashi mai kirki, mai taushin haline sanan yanada nutsuwa mai tsoratar da takwarorinsa. Yana taimakon mahaifinsa, Kyogo; dotes akan kanwarsa, Kotori, kuma ya yi fice a wasannin manyan makarantu. Fuma da Kotori sun kasance abokai na yara na Kamui Shiro, wanda ya so ya auri Kotori. Kamar yadda matashin Kamui ya yi alkawarin kare Kotori, Fuma ya yi alkawarin kare shi. Daga baya Kamui ya bar Tokyo ya zama mai laifi; Mahaifiyar Fuma da Kotori ta mutu, inda suka kera makamin da aka fi sani da Takobin Tsarkaka wanda Kyogo ke boyewa Lokacin da Kamui ya koma birni yana matashi, cyborg Nataku ya kai hari Kyogo kuma ya sace Takobin Tsarkakewa; Mahaifin Fuma da ke mutuwa ya gaya masa cewa tauraruwar Kamui ce. Bayan haka, innar Kamui ta mutu, ta ƙirƙiri wani takobi mai tsarki kamar mahaifiyar Fuma. Bayan haka,an zaɓi Kamui a matsayin memba na Dodanni na Sama, ƙungiyar da ke da alhakin ceton ɗan adam. Wannan ta atomatik yana haifar da tilasta Fuma ya zama Dragon na Duniya, yana kai hari kan Kamui kuma ya kashe Kotori tare da sababbin iko da Takobin Tsarkakewa na biyu. Yayin da Dodanni na Duniya suka sake haduwa da Fuma, Nataku ya dawo da Takobin Tsarkakewa. Dukansu Fuma da Kamui suna rufe takuba masu tsarki har zuwa ranar da Armageddon ya fara. Sabuwar Fuma ta lalata yankunan birnin tare da sauran Dodanni na Duniya, kuma yana tunatar da duk wanda ya gan shi mutumin da ya fi damuwa da shi. Bayan ya canza shi zuwa Dragon na Duniya, Fuma yana nufin kansa a matsayin "Kamui"Fuma,a matsayin Kamui na Dodanni na Duniya, yana iya fahimtar tunanin wasu. Duk da haka, yana ba da karfingwiwa ga jaruman da yake hulɗa da su, wanda sau da yawa yakan kai ga mutuwarsu ko na ƙaunatattunsu. Yayin da yake kashe abokan gabansa, Fuma ya yi baƙin ciki don gaskiyar cewa ’yan Adam suna son su mutu domin wasu maimakon su rayu. Bayan lalata yawancin Tokyo tare da katanga guda ɗaya da har yanzu ba ta ƙare ba, Kamui ya sake cin karo da shi. Fuma ta gaya masa cewa Kamui ba zai taba kayar da shi ba, sai dai in ya gano ainihin burinsa, kuma ya gaya wa Kakyo da Subaru cewa Kamui ne kawai zai iya biyan bukatarsa. Yasake dawo da ɗayan Takobin Tsarkaka, Fuma yasake fuskantar Kamui a karo na ƙarshe yayin da jerin ke ci gaba da tsayawa. Sauran bayyanar A cikin fim ɗin 1996, halin Fuma ya bambanta. Lokacin da Kamui ya dawo Tokyo, Fuma yana bin Dodanni na Duniya lokacin da suka sace Kotori. Ya hadu da wata mata mai suna Kanoe tana son daukar shi zuwa Dodanni na Duniya. Daga Kanoe, Fuma ya fahimci cewa shi kishiyar Kamui ne kuma dole ne ya fuskance shi don ya lalata bil'adama, Fuma ya canza zuwa mummunan halinsa.Duk da haka, Fuma kuma yana kashe Kotori da yawancin dodanni na Duniya don ɗaukar takobinsa mai tsarki.Kamui ya fille kansa da takobinsa mai alfarma a kusa da karshen fim din; aKuka ya ke kan gawar Fuma ya dafe kansa da ya yanke yana mamakin dalilin da ya sa bala'i ya same shi. A cikin jerin talabijin na anime, Fuma ya zama Kamui kamar a cikin manga amma ayyukansa na ƙarshe sun bambanta;Ya dauki Arashi Kishū a cikin dodanni na Duniya don ya kashe Kamui kamar yadda masoyinta, Dragon of Heaven Sorata Arisugawa, an ƙaddara ya mutu yana kare Kamui.A ƙarshe, Sorata ya sadaukar da rayuwarsa don kare Arashi daga Fuma kuma ya ƙone yawancin jikinsa. Wanda aka ji masa rauni, Fuma ya sha neman Nataku domin ya warke daga raunukan da ya samu.Ya tsira a wasansa da Kamui,kuma ya doke shi. Wani Kamui da ya ji rauni ya sadaukar da rayuwarsa don ƙirƙirar shinge wanda zai dawo da tsohon halin abokinsa. Bugu da ƙari ga manga da anime, Fuma wani hali ne mai kunnawa a cikin X: Unmei no Sentaku, wasanni na bidiyo dangane da jerin. Madadin Fuma yana bayyana a cikin Tsubasa: Tafsirin Tarihi Fuma ƙani ne na Seishiro, mafarauci kuma shugaban mutane ne a Hasumiyar Tokyo Ya isa Tokyo shekaru hudu da suka gabata tare da gashin tsuntsu daga wata yarinya, Sakura Fuma ya kan yi fada da Kamui a Tokyo, kuma su ne manyan mayaka a yankin. Aboki ne na mayya Yuko Ichihara, wanda ya dawo da abubuwa lokacin da yake tafiya zuwa wasu nau'i. Fuma ya bayyana a cikin Kasar Japan don ba abokin Sakura, Kurogane, hannu na robot yayin aiki ga Yūko. Fuma ya ci karo da jerin protagonist Syaoran, sanin cewa ya fi ƙarfin Seishiro ya horar da shi; sai dai ba a san sakamakon yakin ba. Ya sake bayyana a cikin juyin juya halin Tsubasa World Chronicle akan manufa don isar da maye gurbin hannun Kurogane. liyafa Mahimman martani ga Fuma an fara gauraya shi, tare da Mike Krandol Anime News Network ya kira shi "mai ban tsoro". Mike Crandol ya ji cewa Fuma ba shi da fara'a ko da a matsayin mai adawa, musamman lokacin da sauran jerin abubuwan suka fi jan hankali. Andy Hanley na Birtaniya Anime Network ya ce Fuma ya lura cewa farkon yanayin a cikin jerin shine babban abin da zai iya hango shi wanda zai haɗa shi da Kamui duk da cewa ba shi da mahimmanci a farko don jin daɗin labarin. Idan aka kwatanta da fim ɗin X na farko, Zac Bertschy na ANN ya ce sauyin da Fuma ya yi a cikin jerin 'muguwar dabi'a ya fi dacewa a cikin jerin talabijin. A cikin wani bayyani,Carl Kimlinger ya yarda game da sauye-sauyen Fuma zuwa cikin mugu wanda aka sani da "Shadow Kamui". Game da manga, Shaenon K. Garrity na ANN ya kira canjin Fuma zuwa Kamui na Duniya ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun rubutattun lokacin Clamp a cikin wuraren aiki da shojo manga gabaɗaya. Garrity ya kira shi "Sample Badass Moment" da kuma kisan da Fuma ya yi wa 'yar uwarsa "ya rikice". Jason Thompson ya sami sauyin Fuma ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun makircin maƙarƙashiya, kama da waɗanda ke cikin RG Veda da Tokyo Babylon Wani mai bitar labarai na Manga ya ji daɗin hulɗar halayyar da Seishiro yayin da suka zama abokai sannan da suke haddasa girgizar ƙasa. Crispin Freeman ya yaba da Anime News Network a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi kyawun 'yan wasan muryar Ingilishi na X, kamar yadda Junichi Suwabe ya yi kyau. Baya ga halayen Fuma, sauran masu suka sun mayar da hankali kan dangantakarsa da Kamui.A cikin CLMP a cikin Ma'anar: Nazarin Mahimmanci na Manga da Anime, Dani Cavallaro yayi nazarin yadda ake tafiyar da ayyukan Fuma da Kamui. Duk da cewa su biyun suna daukar irin wannan hanya a yakin da ake yi tsakanin Dodanni, Fuma ya dauki makaminsa ta karfin tuwo kuma danginsa ne suka ba Kamui.An lura da abin da Fuma ya yi a matsayin abin bakin ciki, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama babban cikas ga Kamui. A yakinsu na karshe a fim din, Fuma ya sha kashi amma har yanzu Kamui yana kula da abokinsa. Masu karatun silsila sun yi mamakin ko Clamp yana nuni ga dangantakar soyayya tsakanin Kamui da Fuma;bisa ga SequentalArt, yawancin hulɗar Fuma tare da Kamui suna da alamun homoerotic. A cikin littafin Understanding Manga da Anime,Robin E.Brenner ya ce Clamp ba shi da irin wannan niyya idan aka kwatanta da dangantakar da ke tsakanin Subaru da Seishiro. A cikin komawa baya na anime X, Beverdige ya yaba dangantakar Kamui da Fuma;ko da yake sauran simintin ya kasance kamar su, kaɗan ne za su sa masu sauraro su yi watsi da rikicin da ke tsakanin manyan jaruman biyu. Masu suka da yawa sun sami alaƙar su ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙarfi a cikin fim ɗin Rintaro na 1996. Chris Beveridge na Mania Entertainment ya yaba yakin karshe na Kamui da Fuma a cikin jerin talabijin, tare da "matakin nasa na bakin ciki da bala'i." A waje da jerin X, ANN ya kira kula da sabis na fan haruffa X. Nassoshi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

38011

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdussamad%20Dasuki

Abdussamad Dasuki

OccupationAbdussamad Dasuki Abdussamad Dasuki (an haife shi 30 Yuni 1978) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne, masanin tattalin arziki kuma ɗan kasuwa. Shi ne Kwamishinan Kudi na Gwamnatin Jihar Sakkwato a halin yanzu kuma ya yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya tsakanin 2015 zuwa 2019, mai wakiltar mazabar Kebbe/Tambuwal ta Jihar Sakkwato Dan jam'iyyar PDP ne. Farko Rayuwar da Karatu An haifi Abdussamad a Jihar Sokoto a ranar 30 ga Yuni, 1978 da ne ga iyalan Mai Martaba, Alhaji Ibrahim Dasuki, Sarkin Musulmi na 18 Shi ne na 13 a cikin yara 27. Ya yi karatun firamare a Federal Staff School Sokoto daga 1984 zuwa 1990. A shekarar 1991, ya samu gurbin shiga Makarantar Soja ta Najeriya da ke Zariya, Jihar Kaduna, inda ya kammala karatunsa na Sakandare a shekarar 1996. Ya fara karatunsa na jami'a a makarantar horas da sojoji ta Najeriya (NDA), dake Kaduna, a shekarar 1997. Ya yi shekara uku a NDA kafin ya samu admission a jami'ar Abuja Yayi karatun Digiri na farko a fannin Tattalin Arziki inda ya kammala a shekarar 2004. Ya samu takaddun shaida da suka hada da Nazarin Kasuwanci a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Legas a 2008; Shugabanni a Ci gaba a Makarantar Harvard Kennedy a 2013. Dasuki mataimaki ne na Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Najeriya, Cibiyar Tallace-tallace ta Najeriya, da Cibiyar Masana Tattalin Arziki ta Najeriya. Sana'a da siyasa A 2006, Dasuki ya fara aiki a rukunin Dangote, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin Manajan Kasuwancin Kamfanoni har zuwa 2010 lokacin da ya shiga siyasa. A matsayinsa na shugaban sashen kasuwanci da siminti na Dangote/Obajana a Abuja, ya lura da bangaren matsakaicin tallace-tallace na kusan Naira biliyan 10 a kowane wata. Majalisar Jahar Sokoto A shekarar 2011, ya tsaya takarar dan majalisar dokokin jihar Sakkwato, don wakiltar mazabar Tambuwal ta Gabas. kuma yayi nasarar lashe zaben, A lokacin da yake Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Sakkwato, ya jagoranci kwamitoci guda biyu, wato Kwamitin Noma (2011-2013) da kuma Kwamitin Kudi da Rabawa (2013-2015). A nan, ya dauki nauyin kudirori uku wadanda aka zartar kuma ya wakilci Majalisar Dokokin Jiha a lokuta da dama, ciki har da taron 'yan majalisar Commonwealth, da kuma bikin cika shekaru dari a Burtaniya a 2011. A shekarar 2013, kungiyar manoma ta Najeriya reshen jihar Sokoto ta ba shi lambar yabo saboda irin gudunmawar da ya bayar a lokacin da yake rike da mukamin shugaban kwamitin noma. Shigar da Kudiri Kudirin dokar sanya haraji kan kayayyaki da ayyukan da ake ci a Otal a jihar Sokoto. Kudirin dokar da za ta gyara tsarin kafa tsarin mulki da ayyuka na Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Sakkwato da sauran batutuwan da suka shafi ta. Kudirin dokar da za ta tsara yadda ake gudanar da ayyukan babura a jihar Sakkwato da nufin inganta tsaro da tsaron jama’a. Wani kudiri kan bukatar gyara wata hanya a kauyen Gudum da ke kan titin Dogon Daji zuwa Sanyinna a karamar hukumar Tambuwal a jihar Sokoto. Wani al’amari mai matukar muhimmanci ga al’umma kan bukatar kafa kwamitin wayar da kan jama’a domin yin rijistar rumbun adana bayanai na manoma ta kasa a jihar Sakkwato. An gabatar da kudiri kan bukatar amfani da tashar kara kuzari da ke Shagari a karamar hukumar Shagari ta jihar Sakkwato. Wani al’amari mai matukar muhimmanci ga jama’a kan bukatar taya Jelani Aliyu murnar samun karramawar da shugaban kasar na wancan lokacin, Goodluck Jonathan ya ba shi. Kudirin kafa karin makarantar firamare a garin Sanyinna dake karamar hukumar Tambuwal a jihar Sokoto. Kudiri kan bukatar gwamnatin jihar da sauran hukumomin da abin ya shafa su dauki kwararan matakan kariya daga ambaliyar ruwa a lokacin damina (2013). Ƙudurin neman Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshe na Virement Warrant 2014 don kammala wasu manyan ayyuka a jihar Sokoto. Al'amarin da ke da matukar muhimmanci ga jama'a dangane da matakin da ya saba wa ka'ida na janye bayanan tsaron da aka makala wa kakakin majalisar wakilai, Rt. Hon. Aminu Waziri Tambuwal, a fadar shugaban kasa saboda ficewar sa daga PDP zuwa APC. Dangane da kudirin na karshe, lokacin da tsohon kakakin majalisar Tambuwal ya sauya sheka daga jam’iyya mai mulki ta PDP zuwa jam’iyyar adawa ta APC, gwamnatin tarayya karkashin jam’iyyar PDP ta janye jami’an tsaronsa tare da neman bayyana kujerarsa a sarari. Dangane da hakan, Abdussamad Dasuki ya gabatar da kudiri mai muhimmanci na gaggawa inda ya bukaci majalisar dokokin jihar ta yi Allah wadai da wadannan, kuma tare da wasu ‘yan majalisa biyu sun nemi a dakatar da shari’ar da ake yi wa Tambuwal, inda suka bukaci a kara da su a matsayin wadanda ake tuhuma. tare da bayyana cewa mazabar ba za ta kasance ba tare da wakilci a majalisar wakilai ba. Tambuwal ya samu nasarar ci gaba da rike mukaminsa, kuma bayan ya yanke shawarar tsayawa takarar gwamna, Dasuki ya nemi ya maye gurbinsa. Majalisar wakilai A ranar 7 ga watan Disamba 2014 Abdussamad ya fito a matsayin dan takarar mazabar tarayya ta Kebbe/Tambuwal a zaben fidda gwani na jam’iyyar APC wanda ya gudana a filin wasa na Tambuwal a jihar Sokoto, kuma ya samu nasara da kuri’u 70,653 a zaben da aka gudanar a watan Maris na 2015. Bayan nasarar da ya samu, dan takarar PDP da ya sha kaye ya shigar da kara a kansa. Daga karshe an buga takardar koken a watan Satumbar 2015 saboda rashin cancanta. An rantsar da shi a matsayin dan majalisar Jihar sokoto a ranar 9 ga Yuni, 2015, kuma a cikin Oktoba 2015, an nada shi shugaban kwamitin majalisar sojojin ruwa. Bukatunsa na doka sun haɗa da ƙarfafa matasa da ci gaban karkara. A watan Fabrairun 2016, yana cikin tawagar da aka dora wa alhakin warware rikicin da ke faruwa a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kogi, biyo bayan tsige Shugaban Majalisar ba bisa ka’ida ba tare da dakatar da wasu 14 da wasu mambobi tara suka yi. A watan Maris na 2016 a matsayinsa na daya daga cikin ‘yan majalisar wakilai mafi karancin shekaru ya halarci taron Majalisar Matasa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (IPU) a Lusaka, Zambia. A watan Mayun 2016, biyo bayan karin farashin man fetur, Abdussamad an kuma sanya shi a cikin wani kwamitin wucin gadi kan yadda ake tafiyar da harkokin man fetur a kasa, wanda aka ba da umarnin kafa hanyoyin kawo karshen yajin aikin da kungiyar kwadago ta Najeriya ta fara. NLC). Kudiri An hada hannu da kudurin dokar “Eh za mu iya” da ke neman yin gyara ga kundin tsarin mulkin tarayyar Najeriya na shekarar 1999 domin bunkasa siyasa da shigar da matasa cikin harkokin mulki a Najeriya ta hanyar wajabta wa akalla mukamai guda daya mataimaka. nadin ministoci da dai sauransu wanda dan Najeriya kasa da shekaru 35 zai cika. Kudi don Dokar Gyara Dokar Kifin Cikin Gida (2004) don Bitar Sama Hukunci da sauran Al'amura masu alaƙa. Kudirin Dokar Gyara Dokar Tsaro da Tsaro ta Najeriya (2003) don Bayar da Jagoran Tabbatar da Matakan Tsaro ta hanyar Bukatu da Shigarwa da Gudanar da Gidan Talabijin na Kusa (CCTV) da sauran Abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da su. Gyaran kudiri kan rikicin ‘yan gudun hijira a shiyyar Arewa maso Gabas, inda ya bayyana bukatar kafa hukumar gwamnati kwatankwacin Hukumar Raya Neja-Delta (NDDC) na yankin Arewa maso Gabas. An gabatar da wani batu mai muhimmanci ga jama'a na neman kawo karshen yajin aikin likitoci a jihar Sokoto. Ya gabatar da kudiri a kan asusun gwamnati da babban bankin Najeriya (CBN), inda ya bukaci CBN ya bayyana duk wani buri da ke tattare da asusun ajiyar kasashen waje na tarayya. Kudirin yazayar kasa a karamar hukumar Dogon-Daji a jihar Sokoto. Ma'aikatan Kudi, Gwamnatin Jahar Sokoto A watan Yunin 2019 ne Gwamna Aminu Waziri Tambuwal ya nada Dasuki a cikin mutane 26 da Gwamna Aminu Waziri Tambuwal ya nada a matsayin majalisar zartaswar jihar Sokoto. Daga baya aka bayyana shi a matsayin Kwamishinan Kudi a cikin gwamnati, biyo bayan kwarewarsa a harkokin kamfanoni da na siyasa, kuma a matsayinsa na kwararren masanin tattalin arziki. Karin bayani Yakubu Dogara Aminu Waziri Tambuwal manazarta Haihuwan 1978 Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

21872

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filin%20shakatawa%20na%20K%C3%A9ran

Filin shakatawa na Kéran

Filin shakatawa na Oti-Kéran yana arewacin Togo, a cikin yankin Kara. Hanya guda daya ce ta ratsa wannan yankin. Ba 'yan yawon bude ido da yawa da ke ziyartar Togo saboda manyan wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa sun fi sauƙi a Ghana. Tasirin zamantakewa Filin shakatawa na Oti-Kéran na mallakar cibiyar sadarwar yanki ne a arewacin Togo wanda asalinsa ya fadada tun daga shekarun 1960s. An aiwatar da waɗannan ayyukan ba tare da izini da sa hannun jama'ar yankin ba. Maimakon samun kuɗin shiga daga yawon buɗe ido da sauran damar kasuwanci da ke iya alaƙa da wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa, an cire mutane daga ƙasarsu kuma an yi watsi da cigaban noma, wanda ya haifar da ƙaruwar talauci har ma da yunwa. Bugu da kari, namun daji musamman giwaye daga wuraren da aka kiyaye amma ba masu katanga ba sun lalata gonaki da amfanin gona a cikin al'ummomin da ke kewaye da su. Wannan ya haifar da ƙiyayya ga jama'ar gari game da yankunan da aka kiyaye da dabbobin daji. A lokacin rikice-rikicen siyasa a shekarar 1990 wannan kiyayya ta rabu da manyan hare-hare kan yankunan da aka kiyaye da kuma kisan dabbobi da yawa, wanda hakan ya haifar da babbar illa ga muhalli. Sake shiryawa tun 1999 Sakamakon barna mai yawa da mamayewar mutane zuwa yankunan da aka kiyaye, hukumomin Togo sun sake fasalin kan iyakokin wuraren shakatawa tun daga 1999. Yankunan gefe da ake ganin sun lalace sosai da ba za a sake sanya su ba an kebe su daga gandun dajin kuma an rarraba su a hukumance don cigaban dan Adam. Wannan ya rage girman filin shakatawa na ƙasar, wanda yanzu ake kira Oti-Kéran National Park, daga hekta 179550 zuwa kadada 69000. Abin da ya rage an tsara shi don zama wani ɓangare na ajiyar ajiyar halittu na gaba, wanda ya haɗa ta da Oti-Mandouri National Park da tsarin yanki na kariya na WAP (W, Arli, Pendjari) a Burkina Faso, Benin, da Niger. Duk da haka, har yanzu ana barazanar ta daga ƙauyuka, noman auduga, samar da gawayi, da sauran ayyukan ɗan adam a cikin iyakokin wurin shakatawa. Lissafin jiki Lissafin jiki ya kasance yana da kyau sosai a cikin Oti-Kéran National Park kafin 1990. Wani kamfani na Afirka ta Kudu ya saka hannun jari a cikin abubuwan yawon buɗe ido (otal, otal, dandamalin lura da dai sauransu) da kuma ecotourism suna ƙirƙirar kuɗaɗen shiga kowane wata don kula da yankin kariya a cikin tsari na 50-60 miliyan CFA (U 100000-120000) a cikin Oti-Kéran shi kaɗai. A lokacin ana ɗaukarsa samfurin yanki ne na kariya ga cigaban ƙasa da hotuna har yanzu akwai garken giwaye da sauran manyan wuraren jan hankalin masu yawon buda ido a wurin shakatawar. A yau dukkan abubuwan more rayuwa sun lalace kuma bangaren ecotourism bai sake farawa ba a yankin Oti-Kéran bayan dogon lokacin da ake fama da matsalolin zamantakewar siyasa. 'Yan yawon bude ido yankuna kalilan ne suke zuwa daga kasashe makwabta (WAP hadaddun Niger, Burkina Faso, Benin), amma babu wadatattun kayan aiki ko masauki a Togo dan karfafa musu gwiwa su daɗe. Ma’aikatar yawon bude ido ta kasa tana mai da hankali kan ayyukanta a Yankin Filato kuma tana ganin ya zama dole don kula da wuraren da aka kiyaye a cikin rukunin Oti-Keran Oti-Mandouri da za a sake inganta su sannan kuma a sake kafa wuraren zama da dabbobi kafin shirin ecotourism ya zama ɓullo. Dabbobi Rushewar shekarun 1990 ta haifar da ragin yawan alfarmar wuraren shakatawa na kasar Togo idan aka kwatanta da na makwabta Burkina Faso da Benin. Bincike a cikin shekarar 2008 ya jera nau'ikan masu zuwa duk da cewa yana bayyana cewa matsayinsu bai tabbata ba: Dabbobi masu shayarwa Giwar Afirka (Loxodonta africana) Ganin kowa da jan hankali a lokacin shekarun 1980, watakila giwayen sun kusan karewa a shekarun 1990. Wani bincike da aka gudanar ta sama a shekara ta 2003 ya kasa gano giwaye a wurin shakatawar. A yau, ana ba da rahoton aukuwar rikice-rikice na mutane da kungiyoyi masu ƙaura. Wani shiri na UNDP daga 2010 na da nufin sake kafa yawan dabbobi kusan 20 a wurin shakatawar. Kudin zaitun (Papio anubis) Tantalus biri (Chlorocebus tantalus) Sau da yawa ana lasafta shi azaman Cercopithecus aethiops. Patas biri (Erythrocebus patas) Kasancewar wannan nau'in an tabbatar dashi ta hanyar binciken jirgi a 2003. Kob (Kobus kob kob) An tabbatar da kasancewar wannan nau'in ta hanyar binciken jirgi a 2003. Waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus defassa) An tabbatar da kasancewar wannan nau'in ta hanyar binciken jirgi a 2003. Red-flanked duiker (Cephalophus rufilatus) Babban duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia coronata) Kasancewar wannan nau'in ya tabbatar ta hanyar binciken jirgi a 2003. Buffalo na Afirka (Synceros caffer brachyceros) Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) Warthog (Phacochoerus africanus africanus) An tabbatar da kasancewar wannan nau'in ta hanyar binciken jirgi a 2003. Zakin Afirka ta Yamma (Panthera leo senegalensis) Mutanen da ke ba da rahoton an ba da rahoton su lokaci-lokaci, a karo na ƙarshe a cikin 2005. Babu mazaunan zaki na dindindin a Togo. Crested porcupine (Hystrix cristata) Riunƙwasa ƙasa (Xerus (Euxerus) erythropus erythropus) Hagu huda huɗu (Atelerix albiventris) Tsuntsaye Kimanin nau'in tsuntsaye 214 aka rubuta, gami da: Black crowned crane (Balearica pavonina) Goliath heron (Ardea goliath) Grey heron (Ardea cinerea) Pink-backed pelican (Pelecanus rufescens) Violet turaco (Musophaga violacea) Red-throated bee-eater (Merops bullocki) Bearded barbet (Lybius dubius) Pied-winged swallow (Hirundo leucosoma) Rufous cisticola (Cisticola rufus) Oriole warbler (Hypergerus atriceps) Blackcap babbler (Turdoides reinwardtii) Purple starling (Lamprotornis purpureus) Bronze-tailed starling (Lamprotornis chalcurus) White-crowned robin-chat (Cossypha albicapilla) White-fronted black chat (Myrmecocichla albifrons) Splendid sunbird (Cinnyris coccinigastrus) Heuglin's masked weaver (Ploceus heuglini) Red-winged pytilia (Pytilia phoenicoptera) Bar-breasted firefinch (Lagonosticta rufopicta) Black-faced firefinch (Lagonosticta larvata) Lavender waxbill (Estrilda caerulescens) Exclamatory paradise whydah (Vidua interjecta) Togo paradise whydah (Vidua togoensis) Brown-rumped bunting (Emberiza affinis) Dabbobi masu rarrafe Kada Yammacin Afirka ta Yamma (Crocodylus suchus) A da an lasafta shi da kada duka (C. niloticus)

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle

Aristotle

Aristotle ærɪs tɒtəl Greek Aristotéles, pronounced s} 384-322 BC) Masanin falsafar Girka ne kuma masanin ilimin lissafi a lokacin zamanin gargajiya a tsohuwar Girka. Plato ya koyar da shi, shi ne wanda kuma ya kafa makarantar falsafar Peripatetic a cikin Lyceum da kuma al'adar Aristotelian mai faɗi. Rubuce-rubucensa sun ƙunshi batutuwa da yawa da suka haɗa da ilimin kimiyyar lissafi, ilmin halitta, ilimin dabbobi, metaphysics, dabaru, da'a, aesthetics, waƙoƙi, wasan kwaikwayo, kiɗa, lafazi, ilimin halin dan Adam, ilimin harshe, tattalin arziki, siyasa, sauyin yanayi, geology, da gwamnati. Aristotle ya ba da haɗaɗɗun nau'ikan falsafar da ke gabansa. Sama da duka daga koyarwarsa ne kasashen yamma suka gaji kamus na hankali, da matsaloli da hanyoyin bincike. A sakamakon haka, falsafarsa ta yi tasiri na musamman akan kusan kowane nau'i na ilimi a yammacin Turai kuma yana ci gaba da kasancewa batun tattaunawa ta falsafar zamani. Ba a san komai game da rayuwarsa ba. An haifi Aristotle a birnin Stagira a Arewacin Girka. Mahaifinsa, Nikomachus, ya mutu sa’ad da Aristotle yake ƙarami, kuma wani mai kula da shi ya rene shi. Yana da shekara sha bakwai ko sha takwas ya shiga Kwalejin Plato a Athens kuma ya zauna a can har ya kai shekara talatin da bakwai Ba da daɗewa ba bayan Plato ya mutu, Aristotle ya bar Athens kuma, bisa buƙatar Philip II na Macedon, ya koyar da Alexander the Great tun daga 343 BC. Ya kafa ɗakin karatu a Lyceum wanda ya taimaka masa ya fitar da yawancin ɗaruruwan littattafansa a kan naɗaɗɗen takarda. Ko da yake Aristotle ya rubuta kyawawan litattafai da tattaunawa don bugawa, kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ainihin fitowar sa ya tsira, babu ɗayansa da aka yi niyya don bugawa. Ra'ayin Aristotle yana da siffa sosai ga malanta na tsakiyar zamanai. Tasirin kimiyyar jiki ya tashi daga Late Antiquity da Farkon Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Zamani zuwa Renaissance, kuma ba a maye gurbinsu da tsari ba har sai an haɓaka wayewa da ka'idoji irin su injiniyoyi na gargajiya Wasu abubuwan duban dabbobin Aristotle da aka samu a cikin ilimin halittarsa, kamar a hannun hectocotyl (haihuwa) na dorinar ruwa, an kafirta su har zuwa karni na 19. Ya kuma rinjayi falsafar Judeo-Islam a lokacin Tsakiyar Zamani, da kuma tauhidin Kiristanci, musamman Neoplatonism na Cocin Farko da al'adar scholastic na Cocin Katolika. An girmama Aristotle a tsakanin malaman musulmi na zamanin da a matsayin "Malami na farko", kuma a cikin kiristoci na zamanin da kamar Thomas Aquinas a matsayin kawai "Masanin Falsafa", yayin da mawallafin Dante ya kira shi "shugaban wadanda suka sani". Ayyukansa sun ƙunshi sanannun binciken ilimin tunani na farko, kuma masana na zamanin da kamar Peter Abelard da John Buridan suka yi nazari. Tasirin Aristotle akan dabaru ya ci gaba da kyau har zuwa ƙarni na 19. Bugu da kari, ƙa'idojinsa, ko da yake ko da yaushe yana da tasiri, ya sami sabon sha'awa tare da zuwan zamani na kyawawan dabi'u. Aristotle an kira shi "uban dabaru", "uban ilimin halitta", "uban kimiyyar siyasa", "uban ilimin dabbobi", "uban ilimin mahaifa", "uban shari'ar halitta", "da uban hanyar kimiyya", "uban maganganu", "uban ilimin halin ɗan Adam", "uban gaskiya", "uban zargi", "uban mutum-mutumi", "uban ilimin telebijin", da uban meteorology". Rayuwa Gabaɗaya, cikakkun bayanai game da rayuwar Aristotle ba su da kyau. Tarihin rayuwar da aka rubuta a zamanin d a sau da yawa hasashe ne kuma masana tarihi sun yarda da ƴan mahimman bayanai kawai. An haifi Aristotle a shekara ta 384 BC a Stagira, Chalcidice, kusan 55 km (mil 34) gabas da Tasalonika ta zamani Mahaifinsa, Nikomakus, shi ne likitan sirri ga Sarki Amyntas na Makidoniya. Yayin da yake matashi, Aristotle ya koyi game da ilmin halitta da bayanan likita, wanda mahaifinsa ya koyar. Duk iyayen Aristotle duka sun mutu yana ɗan shekara goma sha uku, kuma Proxenus na Atarneus ya zama waliyinsa. Ko da yake ɗan ƙaramin bayani game da ƙuruciyar Aristotle ya tsira, wataƙila ya ɗan ɗauki ɗan lokaci a cikin fadar Macedonia, yana yin dangantakarsa ta farko da masarautar Makidoniya Yana da shekaru sha bakwai ko sha takwas, Aristotle ya koma Athens don ci gaba da karatunsa a Kwalejin Plato Wataƙila ya ɗanɗana asirin Eleusinian kamar yadda ya rubuta lokacin da yake kwatanta abubuwan gani da ake kallo a Eleusinian Mysteries, "ƙwarewa shine koya" Aristotle ya zauna a Athens kusan shekaru ashirin kafin ya tafi a 348/47 BC Labarin al'ada game da tarihin tafiyarsa ya nuna rashin jin dadinsa tare da jagorancin Kwalejin bayan da kulawa ya wuce ga dan uwan Plato Speusippus, ko da yake yana yiwuwa ya ji tsoron rashin amincewa da Macedonia a Athens a lokacin kuma ya bar kafin Plato ya mutu. Aristotle sannan ya raka Xenocrates zuwa kotun abokinsa Hermias na Atarneus a Asiya Ƙarama Bayan mutuwar Hermias, Aristotle ya yi tafiya tare da ɗalibinsa Theophrastus zuwa tsibirin Lesbos, inda suka yi bincike tare da nazarin halittu da dabbobi na tsibirin da kuma tafkin da ke da mafaka. Yayin da yake a Lesbos, Aristotle ya auri Pythias, ko dai ɗiyar riƙon Hermias ko kuma ƴar ɗan'uwa. Ta haifa masa ƴa mace, wadda kuma suka sa masa suna Fatiyas. A cikin 343 BC, Philip na biyu na Makidoniya ya gayyaci Aristotle don ya zama malami ga ɗansa Alexander An naɗa Aristotle a matsayin shugaban makarantar sarauta ta Macedon A lokacin Aristotle a kotun Macedonia, ya ba Alexander darussa ba kawai ga Alexander amma kuma ga wasu sarakuna biyu na nan gaba: Ptolemy da Cassander Aristotle ya ƙarfafa Alexander zuwa ga ci gabas, kuma halin Aristotle ga Farisa ya kasance mai ƙabilanci mara kunya A cikin wani sanannen misali, ya shawarci Iskandari da ya zama “shugaba ga Helenawa, mai ɗorewa ga ƴan baranda, ya kula da na farko kamar abokai da dangi, kuma ya yi mu’amala da na ƙarshe kamar dabba ko tsiro”. Na 335 BC, Aristotle ya koma Athens, ya kafa makarantarsa a can da ake kira Lyceum Aristotle ya gudanar da darussa a makarantar na shekaru goma sha biyu masu zuwa. Yayin da yake Atina, matarsa Pythias ta mutu kuma Aristotle ya shiga tare da Herpyllis na Stagira, wanda ya haifa masa ɗa wanda ya sa wa mahaifinsa, Nicomachus Idan Suda tarin uncritical daga tsakiyar zamanai daidai ne, yana iya yiwuwa ya sami erômenos, Palaephatus na Abydus Wannan lokaci a Atina, tsakanin 335 zuwa 323 BC, shine lokacin da Aristotle ya yi imanin cewa ya haɗa yawancin ayyukansa. Ya rubuta tattaunawa da yawa, wanda guntu kawai ya tsira. Waɗannan ayyukan da suka wanzu suna cikin sigar rubuce -rubuce kuma ba, galibi, an yi niyya don yaɗawa ba; gaba daya ana tunanin su ne kayan taimakon lacca ga dalibansa. Muhimman litattafansa sun hada da Physics, Metaphysics, Nicomachean Ethics, Siyasa, A Ruhi da Waka Aristotle ya yi karatu kuma ya ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga "hankali, metaphysics, lissafi, kimiyyar lissafi, ilmin halitta, ilimin halitta, ɗabi'a, siyasa, aikin gona, likitanci, rawa, da wasan kwaikwayo."

23542

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obi%20Egbuna

Obi Egbuna

Obi Benue Egbuna (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Yuli na shekara ta alif ɗari tara da talatin da takwas (1938) A Chris, ya mutu a ranar 18 ga watan Janairu shekara ta dubu biyu da sha hudu 2014) ya bada gudun mawa a Nijeriya a bangarori daban daban kamar -wallafai wallafai, marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo sannan dan siyasar da aka sani ga manyan Universal Launin ta Association (UCPA) da kuma kasancewa memba na Burtaniya Black damisa Movement na shekarar (1968-72) a lokacin shekarun da ya rayu a Ingila, tsakanin shekarar (1961 zuwa 1973). Egbuna ya buga rubutu da yawa akan Marxist Black Power, gami da Rushe Wannan Haikali: Muryar Baƙar Ƙarfi a Biritaniya a shekarar(1971) da The ABC of Black Power Thought a shekarar (1973). Tarihin Rayuwa Shekarun farko da ilimi An haifi Egbuna a Ozubulu, a Jihar Anambra, Najeriya. Ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Iowa da Jami'ar Howard, Washington, DC, inda ya koma a shekarar 1961 zuwa Ingila, inda ya zauna har zuwa shekarar 1973. Harkokin siyasa a Burtaniya A Landan, Egbuna memba ne na wata ƙungiya da ake kira Kwamitin Ƙungiyoyin Afirka waɗanda ke da asali a cikin Ƙungiyar Daliban Afirka ta Yamma, kuma waɗanda suka shirya ziyarar Malcolm X a shekarar 1965 a Biritaniya. Egbuna ya halarci abubuwan da kungiyar masu fasahar Caribbean suka shirya, kuma a cikin shekara ta 1966 an yi wasansa na Wind Versus Polygamy a Bikin Duniya na Negro Arts a Dakar, Senegal, inda Pan African Players da Negro Theater Workshop wanda aka kafa a London da Pearl Connor ya wakilci Ingila. Ya zama majagaba na motsi na Black Power a Biritaniya, kafa Ƙungiyar Jama'a Masu Launi ta Duniya (UCPA) "ƙungiyar Black Power ta farko da aka bayyana a Burtaniya a watan Agusta a shekara ta 1967, bayan ziyarar Stokely Carmichael da magana a babban gangamin yaki da Vietnam a watan Oktoban wannan shekarar. Egbuna ya kuma halarci Jami'ar Antiuniversity ta London A watan Agusta a shekarar 2020, Egbuna ta dan, Obi Egbuna Jr, ya yi magana candidly zuwa Bryan Knight ta gaya A abokai podcast game da mahaifinsa siyasa fafatukar da kuma yaki da wariyar launin fata a cikin kasar Birtaniya na shekarar 1960 da kuma shekara ta 1970s. Kasancewar Marxism ya rinjayi shi sosai, Egbuna ya jaddada mahimmancin gwagwarmayar ƙasa da ƙasa da jari -hujja, a zaman wani ɓangare na gwagwarmayar duniya da zalunci na launin fata. A cikin wani jawabi daga shekarar 1967 a dandalin Trafalgar, London, Egbuna ya bayyana cewa: "Black Power yana nufin kawai cewa baƙar fata na wannan duniyar ta fita don kawar da zaluncin 'yan jari hujja ga baƙar fata a duk inda ta kasance ta kowace hanya." A ranar 10 ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta 1967, ya ƙaddamar da Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfi, wanda Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙwararrun Jama'a ta Duniya ta buga. A matsayin mai magana da yawun kungiyar, ya yi ikirarin cewa sun dauki mambo bi 778 a Landan cikin makonni bakwai da suka gabata. A shekara ta 1968 Egbuna ya buga wata ƙasida mai taken Ƙarfin Ƙarfi ko Mutuwa Egbuna ya kuma ga motsi na ɗaliban gurguzu da na kwaminisanci na shekarar 1960 a matsayin matsala ga Black Power Kodayake akida ta kafu a cikin irin wannan al'adar ta Markisanci, amma ya ga ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai a matsayin "ƙungiyoyin gurguzu" waɗanda ke ba da umarni daga "jigon cewa kawai sun karanta kuma za su iya fahimtar Marx". Wannan raunin hankali ya kasance, a cewar Egbuna, "yana yin babbar illa ga abin da suke ikirarin ɗaukaka" ta hanyar yin watsi da launin fata a matsayin babban dalilin zaluntar ma'aikatan baƙar fata:Babu wanda ke cikin hankalinsa na jayayya cewa gaskiyar cewa ma'aikacin Farin farar fata ne ga cin amanar 'yan jari hujja, da kuma Baƙin Aiki. Amma daidai gwargwado shine gaskiyar cewa ana amfani da Farin ma'aikacin ne kawai saboda ma'aikaci ne, ba don fari bane, yayin da akasin haka, ana zaluntar Baƙin Ma'aikaci, ba wai saboda ma'aikaci bane kawai, amma kuma saboda Baƙi ne. A cikin shekara ta 1960, masu tausayawa Black Power da yawa sun bar ƙungiyoyin ɗaliban su na gurguzu da na kwaminisanci sannan daga baya suka fara nasu ƙungiyoyin Black Power na Marxist -orientated Black Power Alliance, kamar Black Socialist Alliance. Sakamakon dokar dangantakar launin fata na shekarar 1965, ingiza rikicin kabilanci ya zama doka a cikin Burtaniya. An ci tarar membobin UCPA na Egbuna da yawa a karkashin wannan aikin. Egbuna a wancan shekarar an daure shi bisa zargin yin barazanar kashe 'yan sanda da wasu' yan siyasa. Shekarun baya Littafin labari na ƙarshe na Egbuna, The Madness of Didi, an buga shi a 1980. Ya mutu a Washington, DC, a ranar 18 ga Janairun 2014, yana da shekaru 75, kuma an yi jana'izar rayuwarsa da aikinsa ranar Asabar, 1 ga Maris, 2014, a Babban Masallacin Rankin, Jami'ar Howard, Washington, DC. Takaddun Egbuna ana gudanar da su a Cibiyar Bincike a Al'adun Baƙar fata, Manufofin Rubutu, Rumbun Littattafai da Rare Books Division, a Makarantar Jama'a ta New York. Littafin tarihin Duba kuma Ƙarfin Ƙarfi Markisanci Kara karantawa Sivanadan, A., Yunwa dabam -dabam Rubuce -rubuce akan Baƙuncin Resistance, London: Pluto Press, 1982) "Sharhi: Maganar 'Kogin Jini' na Enoch Powell", Daily Telegraph, 6 ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta (2007). Bunce, RER, da Paul Field, "Obi B. Egbuna, CLR James da Haihuwar Ƙarfin Ƙarfi a Biritaniya: Baƙin Rini a Biritaniya 1967 72", Tarihin Biritaniya na ƙarni na ashirin, ga watan Satumba a shekara ta (2011) Vol. 22, fitowa ta 3, p. 391. Manazarta Haifaffun 1938 2014 dead Pages with unreviewed

30205

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharar%20gida%20dake%20sarrafa%20iskar%20gas

Sharar gida dake sarrafa iskar gas

Sharar gida bawul ne da ke sarrafa kwararar iskar gas zuwa injin turbocharged. Karkatar da iskar gas mai fitar da iskar gas yana daidaita saurin turbine wanda hakan ke daidaita saurin jujjuyawar kwampreso. Babban aiki na sharar gida shine daidaita matsakaicin matsa lamba a cikin tsarin turbocharger, don kare injin da turbocharger. Kuma Ɗaya daga cikin fa'ida na shigar da sharar gida mai nisa zuwa turbo mai kyauta (ko wanda ba WG ba) ya haɗa da izini don ƙaramin gidaje na turbine A/R, yana haifar da ƙarancin ƙarancin lokaci kafin turbo ya fara spool da haɓaka. Nau'in sharar gida Na waje Wurin sharar gida wani keɓantaccen tsari ne mai ƙunshe da kai wanda yawanci ana amfani da shi tare da turbochargers waɗanda ba su da sharar gida. Ƙofar sharar gida tana buƙatar ƙera na musamman turbo manifold tare da keɓe mai gudu zuwa ga sharar gida. Sannan Kuma Ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gida na waje na iya kasancewa wani ɓangare na sharar gida da kanta. Ana amfani da ɓangarorin waje na waje don daidaita matakan haɓaka daidai gwargwado fiye da sharar gida a cikin manyan aikace-aikacen wutar lantarki, inda za a iya samun manyan matakan haɓakawa. Wuraren sharar gida na iya zama mafi girma tun da babu wani ƙuntatawa na haɗa bawul ko bazara a cikin turbocharger da gidaje na turbine. Yana yiwuwa a yi amfani da gate mai sharar gida tare da turbocharger na ciki. Ana iya samun wannan ta hanyar ɓangarorin da aka kera na musamman mai sauƙi wanda ke toshewa tare da taƙaita motsin hannun mai kunnawa, tare da kiyaye shi daga buɗewa. Kuma Wata hanya kuma ta haɗa da walda mashigar sharar gida wanda ke hana shi buɗewa har abada, amma gazawar walda na iya ba shi damar sake buɗewa. Sharar gida gabaɗaya suna amfani da bawul mai kama da bawul ɗin poppet dsilinda. mu a kan silinda Sannan Koyaya ana sarrafa su ta hanyar pneumatics maimakon camshaft kuma suna buɗewa ta wata hanya. Har ila yau, sharar gida na waje na iya amfani da bawul ɗin malam buɗe ido, kodayake hakan ba shi da yawa. Na ciki Wurin sharar gida shi ne ginannen bawul ɗin kewayawa da wucewa a cikin mahalli na turbocharger wanda ke ba da izinin wuce gona da iri don ketare injin ɗin zuwa cikin shayewar ƙasa. Sannan Sarrafa bawul ɗin sharar gida ta hanyar siginar matsa lamba daga mahaɗar abun ciki iri ɗaya ne da na ƙofar sharar gida. Fa'idodin sun haɗa da mafi sauƙi kuma mafi ƙarancin shigarwa, ba tare da bututun sharar gida na waje ba. Bugu da ƙari, duk iskar gas ɗin sharar gida ana sake tura su ta atomatik zuwa cikin na'ura mai jujjuyawa da tsarin shaye-shaye. Yawancin OEM turbochargers suna da irin wannan. Kuma Lalacewar idan aka kwatanta da sharar gida ta waje sun haɗa da iyakataccen ikon zubar da jini daga matsin shayewa saboda ɗan ƙaramin diamita na bawul ɗin kewayawa na ciki, da ƙarancin aiki mai inganci a ƙarƙashin yanayin haɓakawa. Ƙarar yanayi/waɗanda aka kashe aure Ƙofar sharar gida “wanda aka rabu” tana zubar da iskar gas kai tsaye zuwa sararin samaniya, maimakon mayar da su da sauran sharar injin. Sannan Ana yin wannan don hana tashin hankali zuwa magudanar ruwa da kuma rage jimlar matsa lamba na baya a cikin tsarin shaye-shaye. Kuma Bututun juji da aka kashe ana kiransa bututun mai kururuwa saboda iskar gas mai sharar da ba a rufe ba da kuma ƙarar da suke yi. Sarrafa Manual Mafi sauƙin sarrafawa don sharar gida shine haɗin haɗin injiniya wanda ke bawa mai aiki damar sarrafa matsayin bawul ɗin sharar gida kai tsaye. Kuma Ana amfani da wannan kulawar da hannu a cikin wasu jiragen sama masu cajin turbo. Cutar huhu Mafi sauƙaƙan sarrafa madauki na rufaffiyar sharar gida shine don samar da matsa lamba kai tsaye daga gefen cajin iska zuwa mai kunna sharar gida. Karamin tiyo na iya haɗawa daga mashin ɗin turbocharger compressor, cajin bututu, ko yawan abin sha zuwa kan nono a kan mai kunna sharar gida. Sannan Sharar gida za ta kara buɗewa yayin da ƙarfin haɓaka ke matsawa da ƙarfin bazara a cikin injin sharar gida har sai an sami daidaito. Ana iya ƙara ƙarin kulawar hankali ta hanyar haɗa mai sarrafa haɓakar lantarki. Madaidaitan sharar gida suna da tashar jiragen ruwa guda ɗaya don haɗa layin sarrafa haɓakawa daga layin samar da iska ko haɓaka solenoid mai ƙarfi. Cigaba na baya-bayan nan a cikin injinan sharar gida na ciki yana kawo sarrafa tashar jiragen ruwa biyu. Sharar gida ta tashar jiragen ruwa biyu tana ƙara tashar jiragen ruwa ta biyu a kishiyar ɓangaren mai kunnawa. Matsin iska da aka ba da izinin shiga wannan tashar jiragen ruwa na biyu yana taimaka wa bazara don ƙara matsawa zuwa hanyar rufe sharar gida. Kuma Wannan shi ne daidai kishiyar tashar tashar farko. Ƙarfin taimakawa wurin sharar gida ya kasance a rufe yayin da ƙarfin haɓaka yana iya ƙaruwa. Wannan kuma yana ƙara ƙarin rikitarwa don haɓaka sarrafawa, yana buƙatar ƙarin tashoshin sarrafawa akan solenoid ko yuwuwar cikakken tsarin sarrafa haɓakawa na biyu tare da nasa solenoid na daban. To amfi Amfani da tashar jiragen ruwa ta biyu ba lallai ba ne. Tashar jiragen ruwa na sakandare, ba kamar tashoshin jiragen ruwa na farko ba, ba za a iya haɗa su da layin sarrafawa kawai kuma suna buƙatar sarrafa lantarki ko na hannu don zama masu amfani. Hakanan za'a iya amfani da CO 2 don amfani da matsa lamba zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na biyu, don sarrafa haɓakawa akan matakin mafi kyau. Lantarki Wasu injunan jiragen sama na shekarata 1940 sun ƙunshi tarkace masu sarrafa wutar lantarki, irin su Wright R-1820 akan B-17 Flying Fortress. General Electric shine babban mai kera waɗannan tsarin. Kasancewa kafin shekarun kwamfutoci, gabaɗayan su analog ne. Matukin jirgi suna da iko don zaɓar matakan haɓaka daban-daban. Ba da daɗewa ba ɓangarorin lantarki sun ɓace saboda falsafar ƙira waɗanda suka ba da umarnin rabuwa da sarrafa injin da tsarin lantarki.</br></br> An fara a cikin shekarar ƙirar ta 2011 injin mai nauyin lita 2.0 Theta II turbocharged mai kai tsaye allurar (GDI) da aka gabatar a cikin Hyundai Sonata ya haɗa da PCM mai sarrafa wutar lantarki ta servo wastegate actuator. Wannan yana ba da damar dabarun sarrafa haɓakar haɓakawa wanda ke rage matsi na baya da aka haifar da turbocharger ta hanyar buɗe sharar gida lokacin da ba a buƙatar haɓakar turbo, Kuma yana haifar da ingantaccen tattalin arzikin mai. Hakanan ana buɗe ƙofar sharar gida yayin farawa sanyi don rage hayaki ta hanyar hanzarta kashe hasken farko. </br></br> An fara a watan Nuwamba 2015, Mafarkin Duniya na Honda kai tsaye alluran injunan turbocharged tare da matsugunin lita 1.5 suna amfani da sharar gida ta ECU. An fara gabatar da wannan a cikin ƙirar Honda Civic 2016 kuma CR-V ta biyo baya a cikin shekarar 2017. A cikin 2018 1.5L da 2.0L turbocharged kai tsaye allurar injuna sun maye gurbin 2.4L da 3.6L 6 Silinda da aka saba nema a cikin yarjejeniyar Honda. Na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa Yawancin jirage na zamani masu turbocharged suna amfani da sarrafa sharar gida na ruwa tare da man inji a matsayin ruwa. Sannan Tsarika daga Lycoming da Continental suna aiki akan ƙa'idodi iri ɗaya kuma suna amfani da sassa iri ɗaya waɗanda suka bambanta da suna kawai. A cikin mai kunna sharar gida, wani marmaro yana aiki don buɗe sharar gida, kuma matsin mai yana aiki don rufe sharar gida. Kuma A gefen fitar da mai na mai kunna sharar gida yana zaune da mai sarrafa yawa, bawul ɗin mai mai sarrafa iska wanda ke jin matsin bene na sama kuma yana sarrafa yadda mai zai iya zubar da sauri daga mai kunna sharar gida zuwa injin. Yayin da jirgin ke hawa kuma yawan iska ya ragu, mai sarrafa mai yawa a hankali yana rufe bawul ɗin ya kama mai da yawa a cikin injin sharar gida, yana rufe sharar gida don ƙara saurin turbocharger da kiyaye ƙarfin ƙima. Wasu tsare-tsare kuma suna amfani da na'ura mai sarrafa matsi na daban wanda ke fahimtar matsi na iska a kowane gefen farantin magudanar kuma yana daidaita ɓangarorin sharar gida don kula da saiti. Wannan yana kula da ma'auni mafi kyau tsakanin ƙaramin aikin turbocharger da saurin spool-up lokaci, kuma yana hana hawan jini sakamakon tasirin bootstrapping. Girman sharar gida Girman sharar gida ya yi daidai da matakin haɓaka da ake so kuma ya ɗan ɗan bambanta da girman ko ƙarfin injin. Jagoran dillali ɗaya don girman gate ɗin sharar gida shine kamar haka: babban turbo ƙaramar haɓakawa babban sharar gida babban turbo babban haɓaka ƙarami mai sharar gida ƙaramin turbo ƙaramar haɓakawa babban sharar gida ƙaramin turbo haɓaka mai girma ƙarami mai sharar gida Duk da haka, shaye-shaye kwarara shine tasirin iko. Don haka, wani jadawalin yanke shawara yakamata yayi kama da wannan. babban turbo/kananan injina/karamin iko ƙaramin gate mai shara babban turbo/karamin inji/babban iko babban sharar gida karamin turbo/kananan injina/karamin iko karamin kofar shara babban turbo babban injin ƙaramin ƙarfi matsakaicin sharar gida karamin turbo/babban inji/kowane matakin wuta babban sharar gida -->Dalilin haka shi ne cewa karamin injin injin din zai yi kokarin tsallakewa daga wuce haddi na iskar gas. Duba wasu abubuwan Gudanar da Aiki ta atomatik (APC) Juji bawul Recirculation Gas (EGR) Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

23610

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiuzhen%20Tu

Xiuzhen Tu

Xiuzhen tu zane ne na Daoist na jikin ɗan adam wanda ke nuna ƙa'idodin "Ciwon ciki na ciki astrology na China, da sararin samaniya Take Laƙabin Xiuzhen tu ya haɗa kalmomin Sinanci guda uku: "yi ado, yi ado; gyara, gyarawa; karatu, noma; gina, gina, datse, datse; rubuta, tattara" "gaskiya. real. gaske" ko (Daoist) "asali, unspoiled hali na wani mutum. matuƙar gaskiya; a Xian tushensu". "hoto; zane; ginshiƙi; taswira; shirin" Misalai na yau da kullun na wannan mahimmancin Daoist zhen "ainihin gaskiya" ma'ana sun haɗa da "mutum na gaskiya; Jagora na Ruhaniya" da "cikakkiyar gaskiya; Makarantar Quanzhen". An fassara Xiuzhen tu zuwa Hausa kamar haka: "Illustration of Developing Trueness" (Alphen and Aris 1995:170) "Chart of the Cultivation of Perfection" (Kohn 2000:487) "Diagram of Cultivating Perfection" (Komjathy 2004:53) "Chart for the Cultivation of Perfection" (Despeux 2008:767) Xiuzhen kalma ce da ba a saba da ita ba wacce ke da alaƙa da Daoism. Yana da farko da ya bayyana a Ge Hong 's (4th arni) sura), wadda ta ce xiuzhen ayyuka faye hali mai "Daoist". da sun fi na kowa ma'anar xiuzhen wanda ya faru shekaru aru-aru da suka gabata a cikin rubutun gargajiya na zamanin da Xiushen Chinese wata ƙa'idar ɗabi'a ce ta falsafar China A cikin Confucianism, xiushen shine tushen ɗabi'a don tsarin zamantakewa. Babban Ilmi (tr. Legge 1893: 266) ya ce tsoffin sarakuna sun yi amfani da “noman kai”: “Ana noma mutanensu, an tsara iyalansu. Iyalinsu ana tsara su, jihohinsu an yi su bisa gaskiya. Jihohin su ana mulkin su da gaskiya, duk masarautar ta sami kwanciyar hankali da farin ciki. A cikin Daoism, xiushen yana nufin allahntaka "noman kai". A Zhuangzi (tr. Mair 1994: 96) ya yi iƙirarin cewa zai iya haifar da tsawon rai: “Ku kula da jikinku da kyau, kuma ku bar wasu abubuwa don cin nasara da kansu. Ina tsare wanda zai zauna lafiya. Don haka na noma mutuncina tsawon shekara dubu ɗaya da ɗari biyu kuma har yanzu yanayin jikina bai lalace ba. Xiudao Chinese yana nufin "aiwatar da tsarin addini; bi dokokin addini; shiga gidan sufi". Jumla ta farko a cikin rukunan Confucian na Ma'ana (tr. Legge 1893: 124) abokan haɗin gwiwa xiudao tare da jiao "koyarwa; koyarwa": "Abin da sama ta bayar shine ake kira Yanayi; daidai da wannan yanayin ana kiransa Tafarkin aiki; ƙa'idar wannan hanyar ana kiranta Umarni." Tarihi Rubutun Xiuzhen tu mai yiwuwa ya kasance "daga farkon karni na 19" (Komjathy 2004: 53) kuma yana wanzuwa cikin juyi iri -iri, wasu da take daban -daban kamar Xiuzhen "Noma na Cikakken Zane". Duk bugu suna da alaƙa da ƙungiyar Longmen ƙofar Dragon 'na makarantar Daoism ta Quanzhen. Catherine Despeux (2008: 770) ya lissafa manyan juzu'i guda biyar: sitiya a Sanyuan Gong "Fadar Firai Uku" a Guangzhou (ranar 1812); bugu da aka buga daga tsaunin Wudang (sake buga 1924 na 1888), Shanghai (1920), da Chengdu (1922); da sigar a Haikalin Farin Hadari a Beijing (ba a cika ba). Xiuzhen Tu yayi kama da sanannen sanannen Neijing "Inner Pathways Diagram". Dukansu waɗannan sigogin anatomical tare da alamar Daoist Neidan sun samo asali daga farkon zane -zanen da aka danganta da Yanluozi fl. Ƙarni na 10) kuma an kiyaye shi a cikin 1250 CE Xiuzhen “Koyar da Littattafai Goma Kammala” (Kohn 2000: 521). Abubuwan da ke ciki Idan aka kwatanta da Neijing tu, Xiuzhen tu yana hoton jikin mai yin zuzzurfan tunani a gaban gaba maimakon gefe, kuma ya haɗa da wani ɓangaren rubutu mafi tsayi, wanda ke bayyana ayyukan Neidan matakai na wata, da Leifa Thunder Thunder "Thunder Rites" masu alaƙa da motsi na Zhengyi Dao. na Tianshi Dao "Hanyar Malaman Sama". Despeux ya taƙaita bambance -bambancen Xiuzhen tu.Abubuwan da ke rarrabe wannan jadawalin daga Neijing tu suna da alaƙa da Thunder Rites leifa musamman, karkace a matakin kodan, tara "madaidaicin jahannama" a gindin kashin baya, da uku curls a saman kai wanda ke wakiltar numfashi na farko guda uku bisa ga al'adar Tianxin zhengfa Har ila yau ginshiƙi yana wakiltar manyan sassan jiki, gami da Cinnabar Filayen dantian Ƙetare Uku (sanguan, waɗanda ke wakiltar kekuna uku) na baya, makogwaro, aljannar firdausi da duniyoyin mahaifa, da alloli na jiki bisa ga Huangting jing, kuma yana nuna tsarin harbe -harben (huohou). Gabaɗaya yana tunatar da talisman da ke kwatanta jikin allahntaka wanda ke haɗawa da duniya mai tsarki. (2008: 770)A lokaci guda, Xiuzhen tu yana jaddada abubuwan da ke cikin sararin samaniya. Musamman, siffar ɗan adam tana kewaye da da'irar baƙi da fari talatin waɗanda ke wakiltar kwanakin watan wata, ɗayan samfuran Neidan "matakan wuta". Abubuwan da aka shirya a kusa da adadi (Zhen Dui Qian Xun Gen da Kun suna wakiltar matakai shida na zagayowar wata, kowanne daga cikinsu an yi shi ne da kwanaki biyar. Nassoshi Hanyoyin waje Wani rubutun Bilingual (Chinese-English) na Xiuzhen tu sigar launi Xiuzhen tu sigar Wudangquan Xiuzhen tu hoton GIF Xiuzhen tu Qigong da Xiuzhen tu, Cibiyar Al'adu da Bayani ta Taoist Xiuzhen tu (Chart for the cultivation of Reality) daga gidan yanar gizon Golden Elixir Sin Pages with unreviewed

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krulak%20Mendenhall%20mission

Krulak Mendenhall mission

Manufar Krulak-Mendenhall wani balaguro ne na gano gaskiya wanda gwamnatin Kennedy ta aika zuwa Kudancin Vietnam a farkon Satumba 1963. Makasudin ziyarar ita ce bincikar ci gaban yakin da gwamnatin Vietnam ta Kudu da kuma masu ba da shawara ga sojojin Amurka suka yi a kan 'yan tawayen Viet Cong Victor Krulak da Joseph Mendenhall ne suka jagoranci wannan manufa. Krulak babban janar ne a rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Amurka, yayin da Mendenhall ya kasance babban jami'in ma'aikatar harkokin waje da ya kware wajen tunkarar al'amuran Vietnamese An kaddamar da wannan balaguron kwana hudu na guguwa ne a ranar 6 ga Satumba, 1963, a daidai lokacin da aka gudanar da taron kwamitin tsaro na kasa (NSC), wanda kuma ya zo ne bayan da dangantaka ta kara tsami tsakanin Amurka da Kudancin Vietnam. Rikicin jama'a ya barke a Kudancin Vietnam yayin da zanga-zangar mabiya addinin Buddah ta nuna adawa da wariyar addini da gwamnatin Katolika ta shugaba Ngô Đình Diệm ke ta'azzara. Bayan farmakin da aka kai a wuraren ibadar addinin Buddah a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane kusan dari, Amurka ta ba da izinin gudanar da bincike kan yuwuwar juyin mulki ta hanyar igiyar igiya zuwa jakadan Amurka Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. A cikin abubuwan da suka gabatar ga NSC, Krulak ya gabatar da wani rahoto mai kyau game da ci gaban yakin, yayin da Mendenhall ya gabatar da mummunan hoto na gazawar soja da rashin jin dadin jama'a. Krulak ya yi watsi da goyon bayan da jama'a ke ba Viet Cong, yana jin cewa ƙoƙarin sojojin Vietnam a fagen ba zai shafi rashin jin daɗin jama'a da manufofin Diệm ba. Mendenhall ya mayar da hankali ne wajen auna ra'ayin 'yan Biyetnam na birane kuma ya kammala da cewa manufofin Diệm sun kara yiwuwar yakin basasa na addini, kuma suna sa 'yan Vietnam ta Kudu su yi imani cewa rayuwa a karkashin Viet Cong za ta inganta rayuwar su. Rahotanni daban-daban sun sa shugaban Amurka John F. Kennedy ya tambayi mashawartansa biyu "Ku biyu kun ziyarci ƙasa ɗaya, ko ba haka ba?" Rahoton da ba a kammala ba ya kasance batun muhawara mai zafi da na sirri tsakanin manyan mashawartan Kennedy. An tattauna matakai daban-daban game da Vietnam, kamar samar da sauyin gwamnati ko ɗaukar jerin matakan zaɓe da aka tsara don gurgunta tasirin Ngô Đình Nhu, ɗan'uwan Diệm kuma babban mashawarcin siyasa. Ana ganin Nhu da matarsa Madame Ngô Đình Nhu a matsayin manyan musabbabin matsalolin siyasa a Kudancin Vietnam. Sakamakon rashin cikakkar tafiyar Krulak da Mendenhall ya haifar da manufa ta gaba, manufar McNamara–Taylor Fage Bayan harbin Huế Phật Đản a ranar 8 ga Mayu, tashin hankalin jama'a ya barke a Kudancin Vietnam Gwamnatin shugaba Ngô Đình Diệm ta Roman Katolika ta bindige mabiya addinin Buddah guda tara bayan da suka ki amincewa da dokar hana fita daga tutocin addinin Buddha a Vesak, ranar haihuwar Gautama Buddha da kuma gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati. Bayan harbe-harbe, shugabannin addinin Buddah sun fara neman Diệm don samun daidaiton addini da diyya da kuma yin adalci ga iyalan wadanda aka kashe. Yayin da Diệm ya kasance mai jajircewa, zanga-zangar ta karu. Kona kansa da aka yi wa malamin addinin Buddah Tích Quảng Đức a wata mahadar jama'a ta Saigon ya zama bala'i ga dangantakar jama'a ga gwamnatin Diệm, yayin da hotunan taron suka yi kanun labarai na farko a duniya kuma suka zama alamar manufofin Diệm. Yayin da ake ci gaba da zanga-zangar, Sojojin Jamhuriyar Vietnam (ARVN) na musamman da ke biyayya ga dan uwan Diệm Ngô Đình Nhu sun kai farmakin Xá Lợi Pagoda a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta, inda aka kiyasta adadin wadanda suka mutu ya haura dari da dama tare da haddasa barna mai yawa a karkashin sojojin. ayyana dokar soja An rufe jami'o'i da manyan makarantu a daidai lokacin da ake gudanar da zanga-zangar goyon bayan mabiya addinin Buda. A halin da ake ciki, yakin da ake yi da 'yan tawayen Viet Cong ya fara yin rauni a cikin jita-jita na fadan kabilanci tsakanin sojojin ARVN. Hakan ya kara tabarbare ne sakamakon yunkurin juyin mulkin da jami’an ARVN daban-daban suka yi, wanda ya dauke hankali daga yan tawayen Bayan hare-haren pagoda, gwamnatin Kennedy ta aika da Cable 243 zuwa Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka, Saigon, yana ba da umarnin bincika madadin shugabanci. Ƙaddamarwa da balaguro A karshen taron kwamitin tsaro na kasa (NSC) da aka yi a ranar 6 ga watan Satumba, an amince da cewa fifikon shi ne samun karin bayani kan halin da ake ciki a Vietnam. Sakataren tsaron Amurka Robert McNamara ya ba da shawarar tura Manjo Janar Victor Krulak zuwa wata ziyarar gano gaskiya cikin gaggawa. NSC ta yarda cewa Joseph Mendenhall Jami'in Harkokin Waje tare da gogewar Vietnam zai raka shi kuma su biyun sun fara aikin daga baya a wannan rana. A tafiyarsu ta komawa Washington, DC, Krulak da Mendenhall za su dawo da John Mecklin da Rufus Phillips daga Saigon don bayar da rahoto. Mecklin ya kasance darektan Sabis na Watsa Labarai na Amurka (USIS), yayin da Phillips ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan shirye-shiryen ƙauyuka na Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka (USM) kuma a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Shirin Hamlet Strategic Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen ta aika wa ofishin jakadancin Saigon cikakken kebul mai dauke da tambayoyi game da ra'ayin jama'ar Vietnam a duk sassan al'umma. A cikin kalmomin Krulak, manufar ita ce lura da "tasirin abubuwan da suka faru na baya-bayan nan akan halayen Vietnamese gabaɗaya, da kuma yaƙin yaƙi da Viet Cong". A cikin tafiya ta kwanaki hudu, mutanen biyu sun zagaya a duk fadin kasar Vietnam kafin su koma Washington don gabatar da rahotonsu. Krulak ya ziyarci wurare 10 a duk yankuna hudu na Corps na ARVN kuma ya tattauna da Jakadan Amurka Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., shugaban sojojin Amurka a Vietnam Janar Paul Harkins da ma'aikatansa, masu ba da shawara na Amurka 87 da jami'an ARVN 22. Mendenhall ya tafi Saigon, Huế, Da Nang da wasu garuruwan lardi da dama, yana magana da abokanan Vietnam. Kiyasin da suka yi na lamarin ya kasance akasin haka. Mecklin ya rubuta bayan haka cewa "aiki ne mai ban mamaki, tafiya mil dubu ashirin da hudu da tantance wani yanayi mai sarkakiya kamar Vietnam da dawowa cikin kwanaki hudu kacal. Alama ce ta jihar da gwamnatin Amurka ke ciki." Tashin hankalin da ke tsakanin shugabanninta ya yi nuni da aikin. Mendenhall da Krulak sun ƙi juna sosai, suna magana da juna kawai idan ya cancanta. Mecklin da Krulak sun shiga cikin rikici yayin tashin jirgin na dawowa. Krulak ya ki amincewa da shawarar Mecklin na dawo da faifan talabijin da gwamnatin Diệm ta yi watsi da su zuwa Amurka, yana ganin matakin cin zarafi ne. Bayan doguwar muhawara mai daci a cikin jirgin, Krulak ya yi kira ga Mecklin da ya bar fim din a Alaska a lokacin da aka dakatar da man fetur a Elmendorf Air Force Base, yana mai nuna cewa darektan USIS ya kasance tare da fim din a Alaska. Bayar da rahoto Hukumar NSC ta koma zama a safiyar ranar 10 ga watan Satumba domin jin rahotannin tawagar. Mendenhall ya sami gogewa a cikin al'amuran Vietnamese, wanda ya yi aiki a ƙarƙashin Jakadan Amurka Elbridge Durbrow na baya. Durbrow ya bukaci Diệm a lokuta da dama da ya aiwatar da garambawul na siyasa. Krulak wani sojan ruwa ne da aka sani da imaninsa na yin amfani da aikin soja don cimma manufofin harkokin waje. Halinsa ya sa aka yi masa lakabi da "Brute", wanda ya samo asali daga aikin kokawa a Kwalejin Naval Mataimakin Sakataren Tsaro Roswell Gilpatric ya lura cewa Mendenhall ana ɗaukarsa "tare da babban zato a gefen kogin Virginia [Pentagon, hedkwatar Ma'aikatar Tsaro]", yayin da Krulak ya kasance "ƙaunar duniya kuma an amince da Pentagon. a bangaren farar hula da na soja”. Asalin Krulak da Mendenhall sun bayyana a sabanin nazarin yakin. Krulak ya ba da cikakken kyakkyawan nazari game da ci gaban soja tare da rage tasirin rikicin addinin Buddah akan yakin ARVN da Viet Cong. Ƙarshensa shine "[t] yana harbin yaƙin yana ci gaba da tafiya cikin sauri. Rikicin siyasa ya yi tasiri sosai, amma tasirin bai yi yawa ba.” Krulak ya tabbatar da cewa har yanzu ana bukatar yawan fadace-fadace, musamman a yankin Mekong Delta, wanda ake daukarsa a matsayin yanki mafi karfi na Viet Cong. Krulak ya tabbatar da cewa dukkan matakan jami'an ARVN sun san rikicin addinin Buddah amma ya yi imanin cewa yawancin ba su yarda akidun addini su yi illa ga dangantakarsu ta soja ba. Ya yi imanin cewa jami'an ARVN suna da biyayya kuma ana iya sa ran aiwatar da duk wani umurni da suke ganin halal ne. Krulak ya ci gaba da tabbatar da cewa rikicin siyasar bai yi illa ga alakar sojan kasashen biyu ba. Da yake tafiya tare da ra'ayin Vietnamese game da shugabanninsu, Krulak ya annabta cewa akwai rashin gamsuwa a tsakanin jami'an, wanda ya yi imanin cewa an fi mayar da hankali ga Ngô Đình Nhu, ƙane na Diệm wanda aka fi gani a matsayin ikon da ke bayan tsarin mulki. Krulak ya yi imanin cewa yawancin jami'ai sun so ganin bayan Nhu amma wasu kaɗan ne suka yarda su yi juyin mulki Krulak ya ruwaito cewa masu ba da shawara na Amurka uku sun soki Nhus da kakkausar murya tare da ba da shawarar tashi daga Kudancin Vietnam don gujewa bala'in hulda da jama'a a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Krulak ya ji cewa waɗannan matsalolin sun fi ƙarfin abin da ya yi imanin cewa an yi nasarar ƙoƙarin soja kuma za a ci nasara a yakin ba tare da la'akari da shugabancin siyasa ba. Ya yi annabta cewa ARVN ba ta da ɗan ƙaramin ƙarfi don sauƙaƙe haɓakar mulki kuma yana jin cewa ba za su murƙushe duk wata tsoka da suke da ita ba. Krulak ya kammala da kyakkyawan fata, Mendenhall bai amince da hakan ba kuma ya bayar da hujjar cewa kyamar Diệm ta kai matakin da zai yiwu rugujewar mulkin farar hula. Ya ba da rahoton "sarautar ta'addanci" a Saigon, Huế da Da Nang, yana lura da cewa ƙiyayyar da aka saba keɓancewa ga Nhus ta yaɗu zuwa Diệm gabaɗaya. Mendenhall ya tabbatar da cewa yawancin 'yan Vietnam sun yarda cewa rayuwa a ƙarƙashin Diệm ta fi muni fiye da mulkin Viet Cong. Mendenhall ya yi tunanin cewa yakin basasa a kan dalilan addini zai yiwu. Ya yi hasashen cewa za a iya cin nasara a yakin ne kawai tare da sauya tsarin mulki, in ba haka ba Kudancin Vietnam za ta ruguje cikin fadan bangaranci ko kuma wani gagarumin hari na gurguzu. Saɓanin yanayin rahotannin ya haifar da sanannen tambayar Kennedy, "Ku biyu kun ziyarci ƙasa ɗaya, ko ba haka ba?" Muhawara Krulak ya yi ƙoƙari ya bayyana bambance-bambancen da aka kwatanta ta hanyar nuna cewa Mendenhall ya bincika yankunan birane, yayin da ya shiga cikin karkara "inda yakin yake". Krulak ya tabbatar da cewa al'amuran siyasa a Saigon ba za su kawo cikas ga ci gaban soji ba, yana mai cewa "Za mu iya yin taka-tsan-tsan don cin nasara a yakin da Nhu ya rage." Mataimakin sakatariyar harkokin wajen Amurka Roger Hilsman ya tabbatar da cewa, banbancin dake tsakanin rahotannin da suka saba wa juna "shine bambancin ra'ayi na soja da na siyasa". A yayin muhawara kan bambance-bambancen ra'ayi, Mendenhall ya tabbatar da cewa Saigon ya sha wahala "kusanci cikakkiya" biyo bayan hare-haren pagoda Mendenhall ya ba da rahoton cewa ma'aikatan gwamnati na Vietnam suna tsoron ganin su tare da Amurkawa. Ya tuna wata ziyara lokacin da ya yi shiru yayin da mai masaukin baki dan Vietnam ya zagaya cikin dakin, yana neman boye makirufo. Mendenhall ya tabbatar da cewa "Saigon yana da nauyi da yanayin tsoro da ƙiyayya" kuma mutanen sun fi tsoron Diệm fiye da Viet Cong. Ya ba da rahoton cewa yawancin ma'aikatan gwamnati ba sa kwana a gida saboda fargabar kama jami'an tsaron sirri na Nhu. A baya-bayan nan dai jami’ai da dama sun shafe mafi yawan kwanakinsu suna tattaunawa a kan sakin ‘ya’yansu, wadanda aka daure a gidan yari saboda shiga zanga-zangar goyon bayan mabiya addinin Buda. Mendenhall ya tabbatar da cewa hargitsin cikin gida yanzu shine fifiko mafi girma fiye da yakin da ake yi da 'yan gurguzu. Mendenhall ya yi tir da sulhun da Saigon ya yi da kuma fatan alheri ga mabiya addinin Buddah a matsayin dangantakar jama'a. Ya bayar da rahoton cewa, ba a mayar da sufaye daga yankunan larduna da aka kama a Saigon saboda gudanar da zanga-zanga zuwa wurarensu na asali kamar yadda suka yi alkawari. Mendenhall ya lura cewa lokacin da aka saki sufaye, jami'an Diệm sun riƙe takaddun shaida. Hakan ya sa aka sake kama su bayan yunkurin barin babban birnin kasar. Daga nan aka yiwa sufaye suna a matsayin Viet Cong saboda basu da takaddun shaida na gwamnati. Yayin da labarin irin wannan dabarun ya bazu a babban birnin kasar, wasu sufaye sun nemi mafaka a gidajen Saigon na jami'an ARVN. Mendenhall ya dage cewa Amurka ce ke da alhakin lamarin saboda ta taimaka wa dangin Ngo su sami mulki, dauke da makamai da kuma ba da kudade. Ya yi tunanin cewa yayin da Diệm ya yi amfani da makamai a kan mutanensa, Washington ita ma tana da alhakin. Ya ce "ki yin aiki zai kasance kamar tsoma baki a cikin harkokin Vietnam kamar yin aiki". A cewar Pentagon Papers, "mummunan gazawar dukkanin rahotannin biyu shine fahimtar muhimmiyar rawar siyasa da sojojin ke zuwa a Vietnam". Takardun sun kammala cewa ARVN ita ce kawai cibiya da ke da ikon yin watsi da maye gurbin Diệm. Diệm da Nhu sun fahimci yuwuwar barazanar, suna amsawa tare da rarrabuwar kawuna da cin nasara Sun kwace ikon karin girma na babban hafsa tare da nada janar-janar bisa biyayya ga fadar, suna ba da umarni kai tsaye ga hafsoshi. Wannan matakin ya haifar da rashin yarda sosai a tsakanin manyan hafsoshi tare da wargaza karfinsu. Krulak ya kasa gane cewa idan al’amarin ya tabarbare har ya kai ga rashin gamsuwa da Diệm ya haifar da yiwuwar samun nasarar gurguzu, janar-janar za su sa baki cikin siyasa domin abin da zai faru da su a ƙarƙashin mulkin gurguzu. Ko Krulak ko Mendenhall ba su yi tsammanin cewa idan gwamnatin mulkin soja ta hau kan karagar mulki, tasirin rarrabuwar kawuna na inganta siyasar Diệm zai bayyana kansa yayin da janar-janar ke neman mulki. Babu wani daga cikin ma'auratan da ya ba da wani fifiko kan illolin da zai haifar da rigingimun siyasa a tsakanin janar-janar. A yayin taron NSC, Frederick Nolting wanda ya riga Lodge a matsayin Jakadan Amurka a Kudancin Vietnam ya dauki batun nazarin Mendenhall. An ɗauke shi a matsayin mai neman afuwar Diệm, Nolting ya nuna cewa Mendenhall ya kasance mai raɗaɗi game da Kudancin Vietnam tsawon shekaru da yawa. Mecklin ya kara ingiza ra'ayin Mendenhall tare da yin kira ga gwamnati da ta matsa lamba kai tsaye kan Saigon ta hanyar dakatar da taimakon da ba na soji ba, a kokarin kawo sauyi na gwamnati. A cikin kalmomin Mecklin: Takardun Pentagon sun yi nuni da cewa Mecklin ya fahimci ramummuka na mulkin soja da Krulak da Mendenhall suka yi watsi da su. Ko ta yaya, Mecklin ya kammala da cewa ya kamata Amurka ta ci gaba da inganta tsarin mulki, ta yarda da sakamakon, kuma ta yi la'akari da shigar da sojojin Amurka don dakatar da yiwuwar nasarar Viet Cong. Sai taron NSC ya ji mummunan hasashen da Phillips ya yi na halin da ake ciki a yankin Mekong Delta. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa Shirin Hamlet na Dabarun ya zama tartsatsi a cikin yankin delta, yana mai cewa "Kungiyar Viet Cong tana cin duri". Lokacin da aka lura cewa kwanan nan Phillips ya ga wani yaƙi a yankin delta, Kennedy ya tambayi Phillips don tantance shi. Phillips ya amsa da cewa: “To, ba na son saba wa Janar Krulak, amma dole ne in gaya maka, ya shugaban kasa, cewa ba mu ci nasara a yakin ba, musamman a yankin Delta. Sojojin sun gurgunce, suna cikin bariki, kuma wannan shi ne ainihin abin da ke faruwa a wani lardi da ke kusa da Saigon.” Phillips ya tabbatar da cewa cire Nhu ita ce kadai hanyar da za a inganta lamarin. Phillips ya tabbatar da cewa hanya daya tilo ta cire Nhu ita ce kawo Kanar Edward Lansdale, jami'in CIA wanda ya karfafa matsayin Diệm shekaru goma da suka gabata, shawarar da Kennedy ya yi watsi da shi. Phillips ya ba da shawarar matakai uku: Kashe agaji ga Sojoji na musamman na ARVN na Kanar Lê Quang Tung, wanda ya karɓi umarninsa kai tsaye daga fadar ba umurnin soja ba. Tung ya jagoranci hare-haren da aka kai a wuraren bautar addinin Buddah a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta inda aka kashe daruruwan mutane tare da lalata jiki. An yi amfani da dakaru na musamman domin murkushe ‘yan adawa maimakon fada da ‘yan gurguzu. Yanke kuɗi zuwa Cibiyar Hoton Motion, wanda ya samar da fina-finai na hagiographic game da Nhus. Bi ayyukan ɓoye da nufin rarrabawa da ɓata Tung da Manjo Janar Tôn Thất Đính Dinh shi ne gwamnan soja na Saigon kuma Kwamandan ARVN III Corps Dinh shine janar mafi ƙaranci a tarihin ARVN, da farko saboda amincinsa ga dangin Ngo. A muhawarar da ta biyo baya, Kennedy ya tambayi Phillips abin da zai faru idan Nhu ya mayar da martani game da ratsewar ta hanyar karkatar da kudade daga hannun sojoji don inganta dabarunsa. Lokacin da Kennedy ya tambayi ko Nhu zai zargi Amurka da duk wani lalacewar soji da ya haifar, Phillips ya amsa cewa ARVN za ta yi tawaye, saboda jami'an ARVN da ke cikin jerin sunayen 'yan Viet Cong ba za su bari 'yan gurguzu su yi sako-sako ba. Phillips ya ce, idan Nhu ya yi kokarin karkatar da tallafin soji daga hannun sojojin don tsara makircinsa, Amurkawa za su iya kai kudaden kai tsaye zuwa karkara cikin akwatuna. Rashin jituwa mai ƙarfi Ganawar ta zama tirjiya a lokacin da Krulak ya katse Phillips, yana mai cewa masu ba da shawara kan sojan Amurka a kasa sun ki amincewa da kimar jami'in na USOM. Phillips ya yarda cewa duk da cewa an samu ingantuwar yanayin soji gaba daya, amma ba haka lamarin yake ba a yankunan da ke da matukar muhimmanci. Phillips ya lura cewa mai ba da shawara kan soji na lardin Long An kusa da Saigon, ya ba da rahoton cewa Viet Cong sun mamaye Hamlets Strategic Hamlets 200 a cikin makon da ya gabata, wanda ya tilasta wa mazauna kauyen tarwatsa matsugunin. McNamara ya girgiza kai saboda rahotannin da suka bambanta. Lokacin da Krulak ya yi wa Phillips ba'a, Mataimakin Sakataren Harkokin Wajen W. Averell Harriman ba zai iya kame kansa ba kuma ya kira Janar "Wawa ne". Phillips ya karbe mulki daga hannun Harriman ta hanyar diflomasiyya kuma ya tabbatar da cewa yaki ne don zukata da tunani maimakon tsantsar awo na soja. Mecklin ya haifar da ƙarin damuwa ta hanyar ba da shawarar yin amfani da sojojin Amurka don kawar da mulkin Diệm da cin nasara a yakin. Ya kara da cewa, "Lokaci ya yi da Amurka za ta yi amfani da matsin lamba kai tsaye don kawo sauyi na gwamnati, duk da rashin kunya". Mecklin ya tabbatar da cewa za a samu koma baya idan aka yanke taimakon kawai, don haka dole ne sojojin Amurka su gyara matsalar kai tsaye. Daga baya Mecklin ya rubuta wa shugaban USIS Edward R. Murrow cewa ya nace cewa sojojin Amurka za su yi maraba da yaki a cikin lamarin gurguzu. A lokacin da yake komawa Amurka, ya tabbatar da cewa yin amfani da sojojin Amurkan zai karfafa juyin mulkin da kuma kara kwarin gwiwa kan 'yan Viet Cong. Ya kuma yi kira da a samar da injiniyan juyin mulki. Ya yi kira ga Amurka da ta kara nuna niyya. Rashin baƙin ciki da Phillips da Mecklin suka bayyana ya ba Frederick Nolting mamaki, wanda ya riga Lodge a matsayin jakadan Amurka a Saigon. Nolting ya ce asusun Phillips "ya yi mamakin jahannama daga gare ni. Na kasa gaskata kunnuwana." Nolting ya tabbatar da cewa Mecklin yana da rauni a tunanin mutum don wanke kwakwalwa saboda kwanan nan ya rabu da matarsa. A lokacin, Mecklin yana zaune tare da 'yan jarida David Halberstam da Neil Sheehan na New York Times da UPI bi da bi. Halberstam da Sheehan dukkansu sun sami lambobin yabo na Pulitzer kuma sun kasance masu sukar Diệm. Bayan haka Ɗaya daga cikin dabarun da aka ƙara yin la'akari a cikin tarurrukan NSC-da kuma a Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka, Saigon da Majalisa shine dakatar da taimakon da ba na soja ba ga Diệm. Bayan yada kuskuren muryar Amurka a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, wadda ta sanar da dakatar da agaji, an baiwa Lodge shawarar a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta da ta dakatar da agaji idan hakan zai saukaka juyin mulki A halin da ake ciki, Majalisar Dattijan Amurka ta fara matsa wa gwamnati lamba don ta dauki mataki kan Diệm. Karamin Kwamitin Majalisar Dattawa kan Gabas Mai Nisa ne ya mamaye Hilsman. Senata Frank Church ya sanar da hukumar aniyarsa ta gabatar da wani kuduri na yin Allah wadai da zaluncin Diệm na kyamar mabiya addinin Buddah tare da yin kira da a dakatar da agajin sai dai idan ba a kafa daidaiton addini ba. Wannan ya haifar da Cocin ya amince da jinkirta gabatar da kudirin na wani dan lokaci don gujewa kunyatar da gwamnati. Yayin da tawagar ta kasance a Vietnam, an tattauna dabarun yin amfani da wani zaɓi na dakatar da taimako don matsawa Diệm don kawo ƙarshen wariyar addini a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen. A wata hira da aka yi da shi ta talabijin a ranar 8 ga Satumba, Daraktan AID David Bell ya yi gargadin cewa Majalisa za ta iya rage tallafin da take ba Kudancin Vietnam idan Diệm bai canza manufofinsa ba. A ranar 9 ga Satumba, Kennedy ya ja baya daga maganganun Bell, yana mai cewa "Ba na tsammanin muna tunanin cewa [raguwar taimako ga Saigon] zai taimaka a wannan lokacin." Ranar 11 ga Satumba, washegarin bayan Krulak da Mendenhall sun gabatar da rahotonsu, Lodge ya sauya matsayinsa. A cikin dogon kebul zuwa Washington, ya ba da shawarar yin la'akari da amfani da dakatarwar agajin da ba na soji ba don tayar da ɗumbin Diệm. Lodge ya kammala da cewa Amurka ba za ta iya samun abin da take so daga Diệm ba, kuma dole ne ta tilasta wa al'amura su zo kan gaba. Bayan wani taron fadar White House a wannan rana, an sanar da Sanata Church cewa kudirin nasa na da karbuwa, don haka ya gabatar da dokar a majalisar dattawa. Kwamitin tsaro na kasa ya sake zama a ranar 17 ga Satumba don duba shawarwari biyu na Hilsman na tunkarar Diệm. Shirin da Hilsman da takwarorinsa na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka suka amince da shi shine "matsi da lallashi". Wannan ya ƙunshi ƙarin matakan matakai a matakin jama'a da na masu zaman kansu, gami da zaɓin dakatar da agaji da matsawa Diệm don cire Nhu daga mulki. Madadin ita ce sulhu tare da hanyar GVN da aka gyara", wanda ya haɗa da bayyanar jama'a na yarda da ayyukan Diệm na baya-bayan nan da kuma ƙoƙarin ceto gwargwadon iko daga halin da ake ciki. Duk shawarwarin biyu sun ɗauka cewa juyin mulkin ARVN bai zo ba. Rahoton da ba a gama ba ya ga wani aikin da aka aika zuwa Vietnam, aikin McNamara Taylor, wanda Sakataren Tsaro Robert McNamara ya jagoranta da Shugaban Hafsan Hafsoshin Sojojin Maxwell D. Taylor Bayanan kula Nassoshi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

36678

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana%20Island%2C%20Lagos

Banana Island, Lagos

Tsibirin Banana Tsibiri tsibiri ne na wucin gadi kusa da gabar tekun Ikoyi, Legas, Najeriya. Sunanta ya samo asali ne daga lankwasa siffarsa. Tsibiri shiri ne, gauraye ci gaba tare da gine-ginen zama, kasuwanci da na nishaɗi. Tarihin gine-gine Asalin aikin ginin Banana Island mai taken Lagoon City shine ƙwaƙƙwaran Marigayi Cif Adebayo Adeleke, Jami'ar London horar da Injiniya (MICE), kuma Shugaba na City Property Development Ltd. Tun farko Adeleke ya kaddamar da wani sabon ci gaban birane a Maroko, Victoria Island, amma wannan aikin gwamnatin jihar Legas ta samu. Biyo bayan shari’ar da aka kwashe shekaru 10 ana yi a kotu, gwamnatin jihar Legas ta ba da wasu filaye domin ci gaban Maroko. Mutane da yawa sun yi ba'a ga shawarar da Cif Adeleke ya yanke na zabar kewayen tsibirin Ikoyi, duk da haka sun kasa fahimtar hangen nesa na Babban Hafsan, wanda ba tare da bata lokaci ba ya sa Kamfanin Dredging na Westminster ya kwashe gabar tekun, ya kuma kirkiro tsibirai guda shida masu alaka da juna. Don kammala tunanin Lagoon City, Cif Adeleke ya tsara wani zane mai ban sha'awa wanda ya haɗa da filin jirgin sama na City, wanda shine hangen nesa da aka yi tun kafin Ci gaban Docklands na London, Filin jirgin saman London City, Tsibirin Palm na Dubai ko Filin jirgin sama na Chek Lap Kok na Hong Kong. Da ya kwato filin kuma aka bayyana ra’ayin, sai wasu suka yi yunkurin kokawa da filin daga gare shi, aka sake ‘saye’ aikin ba tare da la’akari da biyan su ga City Property Development Limited ba. Tun daga 1983, a halin yanzu ana kalubalantar 'sayan' a kotuna daban-daban, kuma akwai gargadin Caveat Emptor a wurin don gargaɗi masu sayayya cewa jarin su na iya zama cikin haɗari a nan gaba. Haka kuma akwai shari'a a kotunan Birtaniya da Turai dangane da wannan batu. Masu haɓakawa na gaba sun kasance suna da sha'awar ƙara yawan amfanin ƙasa tare da kashe kyakkyawan ƙirar ƙira da Cif Adebayo Adeleke ya hango. Sakamakon haka ƙasar ta cika don ƙirƙirar tsibiri mai siffar ayaba, don haka tsibirin Banana. Tsibirin Banana, yanki ne na Ikoyi, Lagos, Nigeria, mai tazarar kilomita 8.6 gabas da dandalin Tafawa Balewa. Wani bangare na karamar hukumar Legas ta Eti-Osa a tsakiyar Legas. Zane Tsibirin Banana Tsibiri ne da mutum ya yi a Jihar Legas, Najeriya wanda ya dan lankwasa su -kamar ayaba. Yana cikin Lagon Legas kuma an haɗa shi da tsibirin Ikoyi ta hanyar sadaukarwar hanya wacce ke da alaƙa da hanyar sadarwar da ake da ita kusa da Estate Parkview. Ƙungiyar Chagoury ta Lebanon-Nigeria ce ta gina tsibirin tare da haɗin gwiwar Ma'aikatar Ayyuka da Gidaje ta Tarayya kuma ana ganin cewa ya yi daidai da Ƙungiyar Bakwai a Paris, La Jolla a San Diego, da Shibuya na Tokyo. da kuma unguwannin Roppongi. Ya mamaye yanki mai cike da yashi na kusan murabba'in 1,630,000 kuma an raba shi zuwa filaye 536 (na tsakanin murabba'in 1000 da 4000 a girman) wanda aka shirya shi tare da cul-de-sacs, don haka an tsara shi don haɓaka yanayin zama na tarihi na Ikoyi. An tanadar wa mazauna wurin da kayan aiki da suka haɗa da na'urorin lantarki na karkashin kasa (tare da na'urorin lantarki na sama da aka saba a ko'ina cikin Legas), cibiyar samar da ruwa ta karkashin kasa, na'urar kula da najasa ta tsakiya da masana'anta, da hasken titi da hanyoyin sadarwar tauraron dan adam. Tsibirin shiri ne, gauraye ci gaba tare da keɓance wurare don ayyukan zama, kasuwanci da nishaɗi. A gefen mazaunin tsibirin, ba a ba da izinin tsarawa don gidaje sama da hawa 3 ba. The developers also aniyar gina babban piazza, club-house, a primary and secondary school, fire and police station and a medical clinic. Suna kuma tattaunawa don gina otal mai tauraro 5 a tsibirin, tare da ɗimbin ƙananan Gidajen Baƙi. Abun ciki Tsibirin Banana yana ɗaukar manyan ci gaba na zama na ƙarshe kamar Ocean Parade Towers jerin ginshiƙan hasumiya na alfarma 14 waɗanda ke da dabaru a ƙarshen tsibirin don cin gajiyar ra'ayoyin panoramic na digiri 180 da ke kallon tafkin. Kama da yawancin abubuwan ci gaba a tsibirin, ta keɓe wuraren nishaɗi kamar ƙungiyar kiwon lafiya mai zaman kanta-tare da kotunan wasan tennis, kotunan ƙwallon ƙafa da kuma wurin shakatawa da ke kewaye da manyan lambuna. An sayar da gidajen da aka kaddamar da su a cikin Ocean Parade akan dalar Amurka sama da $400,000. Manyan kamfanoni na Najeriya da na duniya da dama kamar Etisalat Nigeria, Airtel Nigeria, Ford Foundation Nigeria da Olaniwun Ajayi Co suma sun dogara ne akan tsibirin Banana. Sanannun mazauna Mike Adenuga hamshakin dan kasuwan biliyan Aliko Dangote Attajirin dan kasuwa Davido Afrobeats artist Model Linda Ikeji kuma mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo Iyabo Obasanjo Tsohon Sanatan Najeriya Manazarta <div aria-label="Portals" class="noprint plainlist portalbox portalborder tright" role="navigation"> Nigeria portal tashar tashar </div> Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

3705

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guguwa

Guguwa

Iska shi ne motsin yanayi na iska ko wasu iskar gas dangane da saman duniya Iska tana faruwa akan ma'auni dabam-dabam, daga tsawa da ke gudana na tsawon mintuna goma, zuwa iskar gida da ake samu ta hanyar ɗumama saman ƙasa da kuma ɗaukar sa'o'i kaɗan, zuwa iskoki na duniya da ke haifar da bambanci na ɗaukar makamashin rana tsakanin yankunan yanayi a duniya Abubuwan da ke haifar da manyan nau'o'in yanayi na yanayi mai girma shine bambancin dumama tsakanin ma'auni da sanduna, da kuma juyawa na duniya Coriolis sakamako A cikin wurare masu zafi da ƙananan wurare, ƙananan wurare masu zafi a kan ƙasa da kuma tudu mai tsayi na iya haifar da yaduwar damina A yankunan da ke bakin teku, zagayowar iskar teku ƙasa na iya ayyana iskar gida; a yankunan da ke da yanayi mai ma'ana, iskar tsaunuka da kwari na iya yin galaba. Ana rarraba iskoki ta hanyar ma'aunin sararin samaniya, saurinsu da alkiblarsu, ƙarfin da ke haifar da su, yankunan da suke faruwa, da tasirin su. Iskoki suna da bangarori daban-daban: gudu gudun iska yawan iskar gas da ke ciki; abun ciki na makamashi, ko makamashin iska A cikin ilimin yanayi, sau da yawa ana kiran iskoki gwargwadon ƙarfinsu, da kuma alkiblar da iskar ke busawa. Yarjejeniyar kwatance tana nufin inda iska ta fito; don haka iskar ‘yamma’ ko ‘yamma’ tana kadawa daga yamma zuwa gabas, iskar ‘arewa’ tana kada kudu, da sauransu. Wannan wani lokaci yana gaba da ilhama. Gajerun fashewar iska mai ƙarfi ana kiranta gusts Iska mai ƙarfi na tsaka-tsaki (kusan minti ɗaya) ana kiranta squalls Iskar da ta dade tana da sunaye iri-iri da ke da alaƙa da matsakaicin ƙarfinsu, kamar iska, gale, hadari, da guguwa A cikin sararin samaniya, iskar rana ita ce motsi na iskar gas ko cajewar ɓarɓashi daga Rana ta cikin sararin samaniya, yayin da iskar taurari ita ce fitar da abubuwan sinadarai masu haske daga yanayin duniya zuwa sararin samaniya. Iska mafi ƙarfi da aka gani akan duniyar da ke cikin Tsarin Rana na faruwa akan Neptune da Saturn A cikin wayewar ɗan adam, an bincika ra'ayin iska a cikin tatsuniyoyi, ya rinjayi abubuwan da suka faru na tarihi, faɗaɗa jigilar sufuri da yaƙi, kuma ya ba da tushen wutar lantarki don aikin injiniya, wutar lantarki, da nishaɗi. Iska tana iko da tafiye-tafiyen jiragen ruwa a cikin tekunan Duniya. Balloon iska mai zafi na amfani da iska don ɗaukar gajerun tafiye-tafiye, kuma jirgin da ke da ƙarfi yana amfani da shi don ƙara ɗagawa da rage yawan mai. Wuraren girgizar iska ta haifar da yanayi daban-daban na iya haifar da yanayi mai haɗari ga jirgin sama. Lokacin da iska ta yi ƙarfi, bishiyoyi da gine-ginen da mutane za su iya lalacewa ko lalata su. Iska na iya siffanta yanayin ƙasa, ta hanyoyi daban-daban na aeolian kamar samuwar ƙasa mai albarka, misali loess, da zaizayar ƙasa Kurar da ta fito daga manyan hamada za ta iya nisa da nisa daga yankin da ta samo asali ta hanyar iskar da ta mamaye iskar da ke saurin dagula yanayin yanayin yanayi da ke da nasaba da barkewar kura an sanya sunayen yankuna a sassa daban-daban na duniya saboda tasirin da suke da shi a kan wadannan yankuna. Iska kuma tana shafar yaduwar gobarar daji. Iska na iya tarwatsa tsaba daga tsire-tsire daban-daban, wanda zai ba da damar rayuwa da tarwatsa irin waɗannan nau'ikan shuka, da kuma yawan kwari da tsuntsaye masu tashi. Lokacin da aka haɗa shi da yanayin sanyi, iska tana da mummunan tasiri akan dabbobi. Iska tana shafar shagunan abinci na dabbobi, da kuma dabarun farautarsu da na tsaro. Dalilai Ana haifar da iska ta hanyar bambance-bambancen matsa lamba na yanayi, wanda galibi saboda bambance-bambancen yanayin zafi. Lokacin da bambanci a cikin matsa lamba na yanayi ya kasance, iska tana motsawa daga mafi girma zuwa ƙananan matsa lamba, yana haifar da iskoki na gudu daban-daban. A kan duniyar da ke jujjuyawa, iska kuma za ta iya karkatar da sakamakon Coriolis, sai dai a kan ma'aunin ma'aunin zafi. A duk duniya, manyan abubuwan motsa jiki guda biyu na manyan nau'ikan iska zazzagewar yanayi sune bambancin dumama tsakanin ma'auni da sandunan (bambancin sha na makamashin hasken rana wanda ke haifar da motsin motsi da jujjuyawar duniya A waje da wurare masu zafi da kuma tashi daga tasirin juzu'i na saman, manyan iskoki suna kusan kusantar ma'aunin geostrophic Kusa da saman duniya, gogayya yana sa iskar ta yi kasala fiye da yadda za ta kasance. Har ila yau, jujjuyawar saman yana haifar da iska ta ƙara hura ciki zuwa wuraren da ba su da ƙarfi. Ana amfani da iskar da aka ayyana ta ma'auni na ƙarfin jiki a cikin ruɓewa da nazarin bayanan bayanan iska. Suna da amfani don sauƙaƙe ma'auni na yanayi na motsi da kuma yin muhawara mai inganci game da rarrabawar iskoki a kwance da a tsaye. Bangaren iska na geostrophic shine sakamakon ma'auni tsakanin ƙarfin Coriolis da ƙarfin gradient matsi. Yana gudana a layi daya zuwa isobars kuma yana ƙayyadaddun magudanar sama da saman iyakar yanayin yanayi a cikin tsakiyar latitudes. Iskar thermal ita ce bambancin iskar geostrophic tsakanin matakan biyu a cikin yanayi. Yana wanzu ne kawai a cikin yanayi tare da matakan zafin jiki a kwance Bangaren iska na ageostrophic shine bambanci tsakanin ainihin iska da iskar geostrophic, wanda ke da alhakin iskar "cika" cyclones akan lokaci. Iskar gradient yayi kama da iskar geostrophic amma kuma ya haɗa da ƙarfi na centrifugal (ko haɓakawar centripetal Aunawa Yawanci ana bayyana alkiblar iska dangane da alkiblar da ta samo asali. Misali, iskar arewa tana kadawa daga arewa zuwa kudu. Weather vanes pivot don nuna alkiblar iskar. A filayen jirgin sama, safa na iskar gas na nuna alkiblar iska, kuma ana iya amfani da ita don kimanta saurin iskar ta kusurwar rataya. Ana auna saurin iska ta hanyar anemometers, galibi ana amfani da kofuna masu jujjuya ko na'urori. Lokacin da ake buƙatar mitar ma'auni mai girma (kamar a aikace-aikacen bincike), ana iya auna iska ta saurin yaɗuwar sigina na duban dan tayi ko kuma tasirin iska akan juriyar waya mai zafi. Wani nau'in anemometer yana amfani da bututun pitot waɗanda ke cin gajiyar bambancin matsa lamba tsakanin bututun ciki da bututun waje da ke fuskantar iska don tantance ƙarfin kuzari, wanda ake amfani da shi don ƙididdige saurin iskar. Ana ba da rahoton guguwar iska mai dorewa a duniya a tsawon tsayi kuma ana ƙididdige su sama da firam ɗin mintuna 10. Amurka ta ba da rahoton iskoki sama da matsakaicin minti 1 don guguwar iska mai zafi, da matsakaicin mintuna 2 tsakanin abubuwan lura da yanayi. Indiya yawanci tana ba da rahoton iska sama da matsakaicin mintuna 3. Sanin matsakaicin samfurin iskar yana da mahimmanci, saboda ƙimar iskar da ke dawwama na minti ɗaya yawanci 14% ya fi iskar da ke ci na minti goma. Wani ɗan gajeren fashewar iska mai ƙarfi ana kiranta gust ɗin iska, ma'anar fasaha ɗaya ta iskar iskar ita ce: maxima ɗin da ya wuce mafi ƙarancin saurin iskar da aka auna a cikin tazarar mintuna goma da na tsawon daƙiƙa guda. squall shine haɓakar saurin iskar sama da wani kofa, wanda ke ɗaukar minti ɗaya ko fiye. Don tantance iskoki daga sama, radiosondes suna tantance saurin iska ta GPS, kewayawar rediyo, ko bin diddigin radar binciken. A madadin haka, ana iya sa ido kan motsi na yanayin balloon yanayi daga ƙasa ta hanyar gani ta amfani da theodolites Hanyoyi masu nisa don iska sun haɗa da SODAR, Doppler lidars da radars, waɗanda za su iya auna motsi Doppler na radiation electromagnetic warwatse ko nuna kashe aerosols ko kwayoyin da aka dakatar, kuma ana iya amfani da na'urorin rediyo da radars don auna yanayin yanayin teku daga sararin samaniya ko jirgin sama. Za a iya amfani da ƙaƙƙarfan teku don ƙididdige saurin iskar kusa da saman teku a kan tekuna. Za a iya amfani da hoton tauraron dan adam na yanayin ƙasa don kimanta iskoki a saman gajimare dangane da nisan gajimare daga hoto ɗaya zuwa na gaba. Injiniyan iska ya bayyana nazarin illolin da iskar ke haifarwa ga muhallin da aka gina, ciki har da gine-gine, gadoji da sauran abubuwa na wucin gadi. Samfura na iya ba da bayanan sarari da na ɗan lokaci game da kwararar iska. Ana iya samun bayanan sararin samaniya ta hanyar haɗa bayanai daga tashoshin auna daban-daban, ba da izinin lissafin bayanan kwance. A madadin, ana iya amfani da bayanan martaba, kamar bayanin martabar iska na logarithmic, don samun bayanai na tsaye. Ana ƙididdige bayanan ɗan lokaci ta hanyar warware ma'auni na Navier-Stokes a cikin nau'ikan hasashen yanayi na ƙididdigewa, samar da bayanan duniya don Samfuran Gabaɗaya ko takamaiman bayanan yanki. Lissafi na filayen iska yana tasiri da abubuwa kamar bambancin radiyo, jujjuyawar duniya, da gogayya, da sauransu. Warware ma'auni na Navier-Stokes tsari ne mai cin lokaci mai ƙima, amma dabarun koyan na'ura na iya taimakawa haɓaka lokacin ƙididdigewa. Nau'o'in hasashen yanayi na adadi sun haɓaka fahimtarmu game da haɓakar yanayi kuma sun zama kayan aikin da babu makawa a cikin hasashen yanayi da binciken yanayi Ta hanyar yin amfani da bayanan sararin samaniya da na ɗan lokaci, waɗannan samfuran suna baiwa masana kimiyya damar yin nazari da hasashen yanayin iskar duniya da yanki, suna ba da gudummawa ga fahimtar tsarin yanayin yanayin duniya. Ma'aunin ƙarfin iska A tarihi, ma'aunin ƙarfin iska na Beaufort (wanda Beaufort ya ƙirƙira) yana ba da kwatanci mai ma'ana game da saurin iska dangane da yanayin teku da aka lura. Asalin ma'aunin matakin 13 ne (0-12), amma a cikin shekarun 1940, an faɗaɗa ma'aunin zuwa 18. matakan (0-17). Akwai sharuddan gabaɗaya waɗanda ke bambanta iskoki na matsakaicin matsakaicin gudu kamar iska, iska, guguwa, ko guguwa. A cikin ma'aunin Beaufort, iska mai ƙarfi tana kwance tsakanin da tare da sifofin da suka gabata kamar matsakaici, sabo, ƙarfi, da duka waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don bambance ƙarfin iskar cikin rukunin gale. Guguwa tana da iskoki zuwa Kalmomi don guguwa mai zafi sun bambanta daga wannan yanki zuwa wancan a duniya. Yawancin kwalayen teku suna amfani da matsakaicin saurin iska don tantance nau'in guguwar na wurare masu zafi. A ƙasa akwai taƙaitaccen rabe-raben da Cibiyoyin Kula da Yanayi na Musamman na Yanki ke amfani da su a duk duniya: Ingantattun ma'aunin Fujita HHaɓaka Siffar Fujita (EF Scale) tana ƙididdige ƙarfin guguwa ta amfani da lalacewa don kimanta saurin iska. Yana da matakai guda shida, daga lalacewa ta bayyane zuwa cikakkiyar lalacewa. Ana amfani da ita a cikin Amurka da wasu ƙasashe tare da ƙananan gyare-gyare (a cikinsu waɗanda suka haɗa da Kanada da Faransa). Samfurin tashar da aka ƙulla akan taswirorin yanayi na saman yana amfani da barb ɗin iska don nuna alkiblar iska da sauri. Barb ɗin iska yana nuna saurin ta amfani da "tuta" a ƙarshen. Kowane rabin tuta yana nuna na iska. Kowane cikakken tuta yana nuna na iska. Kowannen rubutu (cikakken alwatika) yana nuna na iska. Ana nuna iskoki kamar yadda suke tashi daga inda barb ɗin ke fuskanta. Don haka, za a nuna iskar arewa maso gabas mai layin da ta tashi daga da'irar gajimare zuwa arewa maso gabas, tare da tutoci masu nuna saurin iska a ƙarshen arewa maso gabas na wannan layin. Da zarar an ƙirƙira ta akan taswira, ana iya yin nazarin isotachs (layukan saurin iskar daidai). Isotachs suna da amfani musamman wajen gano wurin rafin jet akan ginshiƙan matsa lamba na matakin sama, kuma galibi ana samun su a ko sama da 300. Babban darajar hp. Duniya climatology Iskar Easterly, a matsakaita, ta mamaye tsarin kwararar sanduna, iska ta yamma tana busawa a tsakiyar latitudes na duniya, polewards na tudu masu zafi, yayin da easterlies ke sake mamaye wurare masu zafi Kai tsaye a ƙarƙashin kogin na wurare masu zafi akwai doldrums, ko latitudes na doki, inda iskoki suka fi sauƙi. Da yawa daga cikin hamadar duniya suna kwance kusa da matsakaicin latitude na tudun wurare masu zafi, inda saukowa ke rage dankon zafi na yawan iska. Mafi ƙaƙƙarfan iskoki suna cikin tsakiyar latitudes inda iska mai sanyin iyakacin duniya ke saduwa da iska mai zafi daga wurare masu zafi. tsakiyan Duniya Iskar cinikayya (wanda kuma ake kira ciniki) su ne yanayin yanayin iska na gabas da ake samu a cikin wurare masu zafi zuwa ma'aunin duniya. Iskar cinikayya ta fi kadawa daga arewa maso gabas a yankin Arewacin kasar da kuma daga kudu maso gabas a Kudancin kasar. Iskar cinikin tana aiki ne a matsayin tuƙi na guguwa mai zafi da ke tasowa a kan tekunan duniya. Iskar kasuwanci kuma tana karkatar da kurar Afirka zuwa yamma ta tekun Atlantika zuwa cikin Caribbean, da kuma wasu sassan kudu maso gabashin Arewacin Amurka. Ruwan damina iskar ce da ke mamayewa na lokaci-lokaci wanda ke ɗaukar watanni da yawa a cikin yankuna masu zafi. An fara amfani da kalmar a cikin Turanci a Indiya, Bangladesh, Pakistan, da ƙasashe makwabta don yin nuni ga manyan iskar yanayi da ke tashi daga Tekun Indiya da Tekun Larabawa a kudu maso yamma da ke kawo ruwan sama mai yawa a yankin. Ci gabansa yana haɓaka ta hanyar haɓaka ƙarancin zafi akan nahiyoyin Asiya, Afirka, da Arewacin Amurka a cikin Mayu zuwa Yuli, da kuma sama da Ostiraliya a cikin Disamba. Westerlies da tasirin su Westerlies ko Prevailing Westerlies su ne iskoki masu rinjaye a tsakiyar latitudes tsakanin 35 da 65 digiri latitude Waɗannan iskoki masu rinjaye suna busawa daga yamma zuwa gabas, kuma suna tafiyar da guguwar yanayi ta wannan yanayin gaba ɗaya. Yawan iskar tana daga kudu maso yamma a yankin Arewa da kuma daga arewa maso yamma a Kudancin kasar. Sun fi karfi a lokacin hunturu lokacin da matsa lamba ya ragu a kan sanduna, kuma mafi rauni a lokacin rani da lokacin da matsi ya fi girma akan sanduna. Tare da iskõki na ciniki, yammacin yamma ya ba da damar hanyar kasuwanci ta zagaye-zagaye don jigilar jiragen ruwa da ke ratsa tekun Atlantika da Pasifik, yayin da yammacin tekun ke haifar da haɓakar igiyoyin ruwa mai karfi a yammacin sassan teku a cikin sassan biyu ta hanyar tsarin yammacin teku. ƙarfafawa Waɗannan magudanan ruwa na yammacin teku suna jigilar ruwa mai dumi, masu zafi zuwa yankunan polar Yankin yamma na iya samun karfi musamman musamman a yankin kudancin kasar, inda ake samun karancin kasa a tsakiyar latitudes don sa yanayin kwarara ya kara karfi, wanda ke rage iskar. Mafi ƙaƙƙarfan iskoki na yamma a tsakiyar latitudes suna cikin ƙungiyar da aka sani da Roaring Forties, tsakanin 40 zuwa 50<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAeE">&nbsp;</span>digiri na latitude kudu da equator. Turawan Yamma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kai dumu-dumu, ruwan equatorial da iskoki zuwa gabar tekun yammacin nahiyoyi, musamman a kudancin kogin saboda fadin teku. Polar gabas Yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya, wanda aka fi sani da Polar Hadley sel, bushes ne, iska mai tsananin sanyi da ke kadawa daga wuraren da ake fama da matsananciyar matsananciyar tsaunuka a tsaunukan arewa da kudu zuwa wuraren da ba su da karfi a cikin Westerlies a manyan latitudes. Ba kamar Turawan Yamma ba, waɗannan iskoki da ake yi suna busawa daga gabas zuwa yamma, kuma sau da yawa suna da rauni da rashin daidaituwa. Saboda ƙananan kusurwar rana, iska mai sanyi tana tasowa kuma tana raguwa a sandar sandar da ke haifar da wuraren da ke da matsananciyar matsa lamba, ta tilasta fitar da iska daga equator; wannan fitowar tana karkata zuwa yamma ta tasirin Coriolis. La'akari na gida Iskar teku da ta ƙasa A yankunan bakin teku, iskar teku da iska na iya zama muhimman abubuwa a cikin iskar da ke mamaye wuri. Rana tana dumama teku a hankali saboda tsananin zafi na ruwa idan aka kwatanta da ƙasa. Yayin da zafin jiki na saman ƙasa ya tashi, ƙasa tana zafi da iska a sama da shi ta hanyar gudanarwa. Iska mai dumi ba ta da yawa fiye da yanayin da ke kewaye da ita don haka ya tashi. Iska mai sanyaya sama da teku, yanzu tare da matsa lamba mafi girma na teku, yana gudana a cikin ƙasa zuwa cikin ƙananan matsa lamba, yana haifar da iska mai sanyi kusa da bakin tekun. Iskar da ke kan gabar teku ko dai tana ƙarfafa ko raunana iskar teku, ya danganta da yanayin da take da shi dangane da ƙarfin Coriolis. Da daddare, ƙasar tana yin sanyi da sauri fiye da teku saboda bambance-bambance a cikin takamaiman yanayin zafi. Wannan canjin yanayin zafi yana haifar da iskar teku da rana ta bace. Lokacin da yanayin zafi a bakin teku ya yi sanyi kasa da yanayin zafi a cikin teku, matsa lamba a kan ruwan zai yi kasa da na kasa, yana kafa iska mai iska, matukar iskar bakin teku ba ta da karfin da za ta iya adawa da ita. Kusa da duwatsu Sama da filaye masu tsayi, dumama ƙasa ya zarce dumama iskar da ke kewaye a wannan tsayin daka sama da matakin teku, ƙirƙirar ƙarancin zafi mai alaƙa da ƙasa da haɓaka duk wani yanayi mai zafi wanda da in ba haka ba zai kasance, da canzawa. zagayawar iskar yankin. A wuraren da akwai tarkacen yanayin yanayin da ke kawo cikas ga iskar muhalli, zazzagewar iskar tsakanin tsaunuka da kwaruruka ita ce mafi mahimmancin gudummawar iskar da ta mamaye. Tsaunuka da kwaruruka suna karkatar da iskar iska ta hanyar haɓaka juzu'i tsakanin yanayi da ƙasa ta hanyar aiki azaman toshewar jiki zuwa kwarara, tana karkatar da iskar daidai da kewayon saman saman hoto, wanda aka sani da jet mai shinge Wannan katanga jet na iya ƙara ƙaramar iska da 45%. Hanyar iska kuma tana canzawa saboda kwandon ƙasar. Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%B3ancin%20yin%20taro%20a%20Rasha

Ƴancin yin taro a Rasha

An amince da 'yancin yin taro a cikin Tarayyar Rasha ta Art. 31 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki da aka karɓa a shekarata 1993:Jama'ar Tarayyar Rasha za su sami 'yancin yin taro cikin lumana, ba tare da makamai ba, da kuma gudanar da tarurruka, zanga-zangar, da kumw zaɓe Bisa wata dokar Rasha da aka gabatar a shekara ta 2014, za a iya ba da tara ko tsarewar kwanaki 15 saboda gudanar da zanga-zanga ba tare da izinin hukuma ba, kuma za a iya yanke hukuncin daurin shekaru biyar a gidan yari na laifuka uku. Masu zaɓen mutum ɗaya sun haifar da tara da daurin shekaru uku a gidan yari. Doka Tsakanin shekarun 1991 da 2004, an kuma tsara zanga-zangar a Rasha ta wata doka da babbar jam’iyyar Soviet ta farko ta bayar a shekara ta 1988 kuma ta sake tabbatar da, tare da ’yan gyare-gyare, ta dokar shugaban kasa a shekarata 1992 da 1993. A cikin 2004 waɗannan an maye gurbinsu da Dokar Tarayya ta Tarayyar Rasha No.54-FZ A Taro, Rallies, Zanga-zangar, Marises da Pickets (wanda shugaban Rasha ya sanya hannu a halin yanzu a ranar 19 ga Yuni Shekarata 2004, kuma ya fara aiki. ranar 4 ga Yuli, shekarar 2004). Idan ana sa ran taron a bainar jama'a zai ƙunshi mahalarta fiye da ɗaya, wajibi ne masu shirya ta su sanar da hukumomin zartarwa ko na ƙananan hukumomi game da taron da ke tafe kwanaki kaɗan a rubuce. Kuma Duk da haka, doka ba ta hango hanyar ba da izini ba, don haka hukumomi ba su da ikon hana taro ko canza wurinsa sai dai idan yana barazana ga tsaro na mahalarta ko kuma an tsara shi a kusa da wurare masu haɗari, mahimman hanyoyin jirgin kasa, viaducts, bututun mai, babban ƙarfin lantarki Layukan wutar lantarki, gidajen yari, kotuna, wuraren zama na shugaban kasa ko a yankin kula da iyaka Hakanan ana iya taƙaita haƙƙin tattarawa a kusancin abubuwan tarihi na al'adu da na tarihi. Hukumomin yanki da na ƙananan hukumomi na iya ba da ƙa'idodi na biyu, amma iyakancewa da hani kan al'amuran jama'a za a iya gabatar da su ta Dokokin Tarayya kawai. Kuma Masu shirya za su fuskanci alhakin gudanarwa don keta hanya bisa ga Art. 20 na Kundin Laifukan Gudanarwa A watan Yunin shekarata 2012, majalisar dokokin Rasha ta kada kuri'a kan dokar da ta nemi a kara tsayuwar tara ga gudanar da zanga-zangar ba tare da izini ba daga 5,000 rubles (kusan 150) zuwa 300,000 rubles (kusan 10,000) ga mahalarta kowane mutum kuma ya karu zuwa 600,000 rubles ga masu shirya zanga-zangar. Tarar masu shirya zanga-zangar da suka gaza bin ka'idojin tarayya game da zanga-zangar za su ƙaru daga 50,000 rubles 1,160) zuwa rubles miliyan 1.5 48,000). Hakanan, za a hana masu zanga-zangar sanya abin rufe fuska, ɗaukar makamai ko abubuwan da za a iya amfani da su azaman makamai. Kuma Jama'a ba za su iya shirya gangami ba waɗanda aka samu da laifin keta zaman lafiya da tsaro na jama'a ko kuma an fuskanci hukunci na gudanarwa saboda cin zarafi sau biyu ko fiye a cikin shekara guda. Tun daga shekara ta 2014, gudanar da zanga-zangar ba tare da izinin hukuma ba, ko da na lumana na mutum ɗaya, ana iya hukunta shi ta hanyar tara ko tsare shi har tsawon kwanaki 15, ko kuma ɗaurin shekaru biyar a gidan yari idan wannan shine karo na uku. Kididdiga Bisa kididdigar da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Rasha ta fitar, Rigingimu Gabaɗaya gwamnati ba ta mutunta wannan haƙƙin ba. A watan Mayun shekarata 2005, 'yan sanda na Moscow, bayan sun tarwatsa zanga-zangar a gaban zauren birnin, sun tsare 10 jama'a da magoya bayan Cocin Emmanuel Pentecostal Mambobi da magoya bayan cocin sun cigaba da gudanar da zanga-zangar, suna zargin cewa ana nuna musu wariya daga hukumomi da suka ƙi izinin cocin na gina coci da kuma gyara gine-gine a birnin Moscow da kuma wata gunduma. A cikin watan Yunin shekarata 2005 an kama da yawa daga cikin waɗannan masu zanga-zangar yayin zanga-zangar. Hukumomin birnin sun ce zanga-zangar ta sabawa doka, kuma sun shawarci masu zanga-zangar da su gudanar da zanga-zangar a wani wuri na daban. Masu zanga-zangar sun ce zanga-zangar ta doka ce kuma ba su taba samun irin wannan umarni daga hukumomin birnin ba. Kuma An tuhumi wasu masu zanga-zangar da laifin gudanar da zanga-zangar ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma an yanke musu hukuncin zaman gidan yari na kwanaki biyar. Wata kotun gundumar Moscow ta yanke hukunci a watan Nuwamba shekarata 2005, cewa hukumomin yankin sun keta tsarin doka na tsara al’amuran jama’a a yadda suke tafiyar da zanga-zangar da Coci ta yi akai-akai. Kotun dai ta yanke hukunci a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2005 cewa jami’an ‘yan sanda 13 sun tsare mambobin Emmanuel bisa zalunci bayan wata zanga-zanga mako guda da ya gabata. Limamin cocin ya tabbatar da cewa tsoma bakin 'yan sanda ya kare bayan wadannan hukunce-hukuncen kotuna. A watan Mayun shekarar 2006 an hana masu fafutukar kare hakkin yan luwadi da aikace-aikacensu don gudanar da taron girman kai, Moscow Pride A cikin kwanaki kafin sauran taron 'yan adawar siyasa na Rasha a Moscow a watan Yuli shekarata 2006, a cewar Human Rights Watch wato (Ƙungiyar kare Haƙƙin Dan adam), hukumomi sun yi ƙoƙarin hana masu halartar taron barin garuruwansu da ƙarfi. A yayin taron G8 karo na 32 a St. Petersburg a watan Yulin shekarata 2006, masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam sun yi ikirarin aikata laifuka 577 da ake zargin jami'an tsaro na aikata ba bisa ka'ida ba kan masu zanga-zangar, ciki har da shari'o'i 94 na 'yan sanda sun kai mutum ofishin 'yan sanda ba tare da wani bayani ba; shari'o'i 267 (ciki har da yara uku) na tsare wucin gadi kan tuhume-tuhume kamar "kananan hooliganism," "zagi," da "juriya ga jami'an tilasta bin doka"; da kuma shari'o'in 216 na mutanen da aka hana su tafiya ta bas ko jirgin kasa zuwa St. Bayan shirya wani picket a Moscow a ranar 3 ga Satumba, shekarata 2006, don tunawa da wadanda ke fama da rikicin garkuwa da su a makarantar Beslan, an kama Lev Ponomaryov mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam kuma an tsare shi har tsawon kwanaki uku, sabani kuma ba bisa ka'ida ba, bisa ga kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama, kamar yadda ya gabatar da shi. sanarwar da ake buƙata kafin taron, amma an zaɓi kar a kiyaye shawarar da ta biyo baya cewa ta faru a wani wuri ko a wata rana ta daban. A ranar 16 ga Oktoba, shekarar 2006, 'yan sanda a Nazran sun watse da tashin hankali a zanga-zangar tunawa da Anna Politkovskaya, wanda aka kashe a ranar 7 ga Oktoba, tare da tsare masu fafutuka. Maris masu sabani Hukumomi sun dakatar da yawancin Maris na rashin jin daɗi, wanda ya faru a ranar 16 ga Disamban shekarata 2006, a Moscow, a ranar 3 Maris 2007, a Saint Petersburg, ranar 24 ga Maris 2007, a Nizhny Novgorod, 14 Afrilu shekarata 2007, a karo na biyu a Moscow, a ranar 15 Afrilu 2007, kuma a Saint Petersburg, a ranar 18 ga Mayu a Samara da kuma a ranar 19 ga Mayu a Chelyabinsk, ko kuma sun ba da shawarar canza wurin su. Yayin da masu zanga-zangar suka bijirewa takunkumin, ‘yan sandan kwantar da tarzoma OMON sun lakadawa ko kuma tsare ’yan adawa masu yawa a lokacin zanga-zangar, tsare ko tashi daga jirgin kasa da bas wasu da ake sa ran shiga gaba (duba masu adawa da Maris A ranar 17 ga Disamba, shekarar 2006, hukumomin birnin Moscow sun hana kusan mambobin jam'iyyar siyasa 300 Yabloko da magoya bayansu yin gangamin tunawa da 'yan jarida da aka kashe. An ba Yabloko damar ganawa, amma an ki ba shi izinin yin maci. Moscow Pride A ranar 27 ga Mayu, shekarata 2007, an sake gudanar da zanga-zangar 'yancin luwadi da Yury Luzhkov a matsayin shaidan a Moscow kuma a shekara ta biyu tana gudana. Duba Moscow Pride A ranar 1 ga Yuni, shekarata 2008, wani girman kai ya faru a Moscow, wanda magajin gari ya sake dakatar da shi. Har ila yau duba Moscow Pride An gudanar da bugu na Moscow Pride na shekarar 2009 a ranar 16 ga Mayu, 2009, a daidai wannan rana da wasan karshe na gasar wakokin Eurovision ta shekarar 2009 da Moscow ta shirya, da kuma jajibirin ranar yaki da 'yan luwadi ta duniya. An kira faretin Slavic Pride saboda zai inganta 'yancin 'yan luwadi da al'adu daga dukkanin yankunan Slavic na Turai. Bugu da ƙari, an ƙi izini. Duba Moscow Pride Fursunonin Bolotnaya Kwana daya gabanin rantsar da shugaba Putin, 'yan sanda sun dakatar da masu zanga-zangar lumana don nuna adawa da zaben dandalin Bolotnaya da ke birnin Moscow. Sannan Masu zanga-zangar 19 sun fuskanci tuhume-tuhume da laifuka dangane da al'amuran da hukumomi suka bayyana a matsayin tarzoma An bayyana sunayen manyan masu fafutukar siyasa da dama a matsayin shaidu a lamarin kuma an bincikar gidajensu a ayyukan da gidajen talabijin da gwamnati ke yadawa. Sama da 6 da 7 ga Mayu, an kama ɗaruruwan mutane masu zaman lafiya a duk faɗin Moscow. Amnesty ta bukaci dukkanin fursunonin lamiri (POCs) guda 10 da ke cikin wannan shari'a a gaggauta sakin su ba tare da wani sharadi ba, sannan kuma a soke duk wani tuhuma da ke da alaka da tada hankulan jama'a dangane da duk wadanda ake tuhuma da wadanda ake bincike a kan wannan lamari. "Sakin dan kasuwa Mikhail Khodorkovsky, mawaƙan Pussy Riot Maria Alyokhina da Nadezhda Tolokonnikova, da ɗimbin fursunoni na Bolotnaya (uku) da ake tsare da su bai kamata a yi la'akari da shi a matsayin wani aikin jinƙai ba, amma wani yunkuri na siyasa a cikin gudu har zuwa Gasar Olympics ta Sochi in ji John Dalhuisen, Daraktan Amnesty International. “Wadanda aka sako an daure su ne kawai saboda bayyana ra’ayoyinsu. Yayin da suke da 'yanci, har yanzu ana tuhumarsu da tuhumar da ake musu. Afuwar ba ta zama madadin ingantaccen tsarin adalci ba.” Dabaru-31 Tun a ranar 31 ga Yulin shekarata 2009 aka fara gudanar da gangamin neman ‘yancin yin taro a dandalin Triumfalnaya da ke birnin Moscow. Ana yin su ne a kowace rana ta 31 ga wata, wanda irin wannan rana ta kasance. Wannan ra'ayi, wanda ake kira Strategy-31, Eduard Limonov ya gabatar da shi kuma yana goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin adawa daban-daban da ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama, Kuma ciki har da Moscow Helsinki Group karkashin jagorancin Lyudmila Alexeyeva Tun shekarar 2010 ana gudanar da zanga-zangar neman 'yancin yin taro a wasu biranen Rasha. Ya zuwa ranar 31 ga Maris, babu wani gangami a Moscow ko St.Petersburg da hukumomi suka yarda. 'Yan sanda sun tarwatsa tare da tsare mahalarta taron. Zaɓin mutum ɗaya A watan Mayun shekarata 2015, an yanke wa wasu masu fafutuka biyu hukuncin zaman gidan yari na kwanaki goma a kan masu satar mutum daya a dandalin Bolotnaya na Moscow. A watan Yunin shekarar 2015, wata kotu a Murmansk ta ci tarar wata mace 20,000 rubles saboda gudanar da zanga-zangar da ba a ba da izini ba a ranar 1 ga Maris wani shiru-mutum daya na juyawa na tunawa da Boris Nemtsov Wata kotu a Moscow ta ci tarar wani mutum 10,000 rubles saboda zaɓen mutum ɗaya da ya yi a kan Ramzan Kadyrov A cikin Disamba Shekarata 2015, an yanke wa Ildar Dadin hukuncin daurin shekaru uku a gidan yari saboda wasu mutane guda daya a cikin shekarar 2014. Amnesty International ta bayyana cewa, "Hukuncin ban mamaki da aka yanke wa Ildar Dadin ya nuna cewa hukumomin Rasha na amfani da doka kan tarukan jama'a wajen gaggauta kai masu zanga-zangar lumana zuwa gidan yari". Martani na duniya A watan Mayun shekarata 2016, Lithuania ta ba da mafaka ga Irina Kalmykova bayan Rasha ta zarge ta da shiga cikin zanga-zangar da ba ta da izini kuma ta aika da takardunta zuwa Interpol Duba wasu abubuwan Hakkin Dan Adam a Rasha Moscow Pride Nikolai Alekseyev Ayyukan Haƙƙin Dan Adam na LGBT Gayrussia.ru Dabaru-31 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Tarihi na Cin Hanci Haƙƙin ɗan adam a Rasha, 2006, Rahoton Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka 'Yancin taro, www.legislationline.org Dabaru-31 Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

28140

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boomplay%20Music

Boomplay Music

Boomplay Music sabis ne mai yawo da zazzagewa ta hanyar Transsnet Music Limited.Kamfanin TECNO Mobile, Transsion Holdings ne ya fara kaddamar da wannan hidimar a Najeriya a shekarar 2015. Boomplay yana da freemium da sabis na tushen biyan kuɗi; Fasali na asali kyauta ne tare da tallace-tallace ko iyakancewa, yayin da ƙarin fasaloli, kamar zazzagewa don wasan layi da sauraron talla ta hanyar biyan kuɗi. A halin yanzu ana samun sabis ɗin don amfani da Yanar Gizo, Android da iOS. Tun daga watan Agusta 3, 2018, Boomplay Music ya yi rikodin shigarwa miliyan 10 daga shagon Google Play App. A halin yanzu yana da masu amfani da miliyan 75. Tarihi Waƙar Boomplay ta fi mai da hankali kan abubuwan kiɗan gida da na birni na Afirka kuma an fara ƙaddamar da ita a Najeriya a cikin 2015. Kiɗa na Boomplay ya fito da "Boomplay Music Version 2.1" a cikin Maris 2016 yana gabatar da Premium Subscription ɗin sa wanda ya ƙunshi sabis na biyan kuɗi, sauraren talla da zazzagewa don wasan layi. A cikin Maris 2017 Boomplay Music ya fito da Shafin 3.0 wanda ya ƙunshi sabon tambari, sake fasalin Interface Mai amfani, fasalin da ke biyo baya da kuma gabatar da sabon fasalin "Buzz" wanda ke ba masu amfani damar samun damar samun labarai na nishaɗi ba tare da barin app ba. A cikin 2017, ta sami lambar yabo ta 'Best African App' a Kyautar Innovation na AppsAfrica a Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu kuma a ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 2017 ta sanar da haɗin gwiwa tare da TuneCore. A ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 2018, Boomplay Music ya amince da yarjejeniya tare da Ƙungiyar Kiɗa ta Duniya don rarraba abun ciki daga alamun kiɗan na Universal. Yarjejeniyar ta kawo babban kasida ta UMG na masu fasaha na gida da na duniya ciki har da Eminem, Tekno, Post Malone, Nicki Minaj, Lady Zamar, Lil Wayne, Bob Marley, Brenda Fassie, Wurld, J. Cole, Dr Tumi, Nasty C, 6lack, Diana Ross, Hugh Masekela, Jon Bellion, Lady Gaga, Tamia, Maroon 5, AKA Anatii, Tjan, Jah Prayzah, Nonso Bassey, Mafikizolo, Cina Soul, Ella Mai, and Mr Eazi to its users. A cikin Disamba 2018, an fitar da sigar iOS ta app. A cikin Maris 2019, Boomplay ya sanar da yarjejeniyar lasisi tare da Warner Music Group. Sharuɗɗan haɗin gwiwar sun ba da damar Boomplay don rarraba kasida mai yawa na Warner Music na fiye da waƙoƙi miliyan ɗaya ga al'ummar masu sauraron sa a ƙasashe goma; Kamaru, Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Kenya, Najeriya, Rwanda, Senegal, Tanzania, Uganda da Zambia. A cikin Maris 2019, Boomplay ya sami nasarar kammala jerin kuɗaɗen dalar Amurka miliyan 20 wanda Maison Capital ke jagoranta sannan Seas Capital da sauran masu saka hannun jari na dabaru suka biyo baya. A cikin 2021 an ba da sanarwar cewa Boomplay yana aiki tare da ɗan kasuwan Croatian Centili don haɓaka samfuran biyan kuɗi na bayanai. Abokan ciniki suna samun maki waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don musayar bayanai, za su iya shiga cikin talla da gasa don cin nasara bayanai, kuma suna iya ba da bayanai ga wasu masu amfani. An kaddamar da wannan fasalin a Najeriya tun da farko, amma ana sa ran za a yada shi zuwa sauran kasashen da Boomplay ke aiki a cikinsu. An sanar da Billboard a cikin Oktoba 2021, cewa za a ƙara bayanai daga rafukan Boomplay zuwa bayanan da aka yi amfani da su wajen tattara Billboard Hot 100, Billboard 200 da sauran sigogin bayanan Billboard. Abokan hulɗa A cikin Mayu 2019, Boomplay ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar rarrabawa tare da Believe Digital rarraba ayyukan. An kafa Believe a cikin Paris a cikin 2004 ta Denis Ladegaillerie a matsayin sashin rarrabawa da sabis na kan layi na duniya da alamar rikodin cikin gida. Tare da ofisoshin 32 a cikin yankuna 16, abokan cinikin kamfanin sun hada da Scorpio Music, Kitsune, Sinanci Man Records, Fargo, Baco Records, Afrique Caribes Productions da Yellow. Hakanan a cikin 2019, Boomplay ya sanar da yarjejeniyar lasisi tare da Warner Music Group, Ƙungiyar Kiɗa ta Duniya, Ƙungiyar Kiɗa ta Sony, da hukumar kare haƙƙin indie ta duniya Merlin. Fadadawa Boomplay Music ya sanar da ƙaura zuwa Gabashin Afirka ta hanyar buɗe ofishinta na Kenya a watan Agustan 2016. Ya buɗe ofishin Tanzaniya A cikin Afrilu 2017. A halin yanzu tana da ayyuka da ofisoshin gida a Najeriya, Kenya, Ghana da Tanzaniya. Asusu da biyan kuɗi Tun daga Janairu 2018, nau'ikan biyan kuɗi na Boomplay guda biyu, duka suna ba da lokacin saurare mara iyaka da ingantaccen ingancin sauti (har zuwa 320kbit s bitrate) sune: Manazara

40891

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand%20Magellan

Ferdinand Magellan

Ferdinand Magellan ɡɛlən/ dʒɛlən/; Portuguese, IPA: w dɨ jʃ]; Spanish:, IPA: nando ðe ʎanes]; 4 Fabrairu 1480-27 Afrilu 1521) ɗan ƙasar Portugal ne mai bincike. An fi saninsa da yadda ya shirya kuma ya jagoranci balaguro na shekarar 1519 na Sipaniya zuwa Gabashin Indiyawan da ke kan Tekun Pasifik don buɗe hanyar kasuwanci ta teku, a lokacin ne ya gano hanyar interoceanic da ke ɗauke da sunansa kuma ya sami nasarar fara zirga-zirgar Turai daga Tekun Atlantika zuwa Asiya. A lokacin wannan tafiya, an kashe Magellan a yakin Mactan a shekara ta 1521 a Philippines ta yau, bayan da ya fuskanci turjiya daga al'ummar 'yan asalin da Lapulapu ya jagoranta, wanda a sakamakon haka ya zama alamar kasa ta Philippine na tsayin daka ga mulkin mallaka. Bayan mutuwar Magellan, Juan Sebastián Elcano ya jagoranci balaguron, kuma tare da wasu 'yan tsirarun mambobi a cikin daya daga cikin jiragen ruwa biyu da suka rage, sun kammala zagaye na farko na duniya lokacin da suka koma Spain a shekarar 1522. Biography with signature Articles with hCards An haifi Magellan a ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairun 1480 a cikin dangin ƙananan ƴan ƙasar Portugal, Magellan ya zama ƙwararren matukin jirgin ruwa kuma jami'in sojan ruwa a hidimar Crown Portuguese a Asiya. Sarki Manuel ya ki goyon bayan shirin Magellan na isa tsibirin Maluku ("Spice Islands") ta hanyar tafiya zuwa yammacin nahiyar Amurka. Da yake fuskantar tuhumar aikata laifuka, Magellan ya bar Portugal kuma ya ba da shawarar irin wannan balaguron zuwa ga Sarki Charles I na Spain, wanda ya yarda da shi. Saboda haka, mutane da yawa a Portugal sun ɗauke shi maci amana kuma bai dawo ba. A Seville ya yi aure, ya haifi 'ya'ya biyu, kuma ya shirya balaguro. Domin biyayyarsa ga Masarautar Hispaniya, a cikin shekarar 1518, an nada Magellan a matsayin mai kula da jiragen ruwa na Sipaniya kuma ya ba da umarnin balaguro-jirgin ruwa biyar na Armada na Molucca. An kuma nada shi Kwamandan Order of Santiago, daya daga cikin manyan mukamai na soja na Daular Spain. Ya ba da iko na musamman da gata daga Sarki, ya jagoranci Armada daga Sanlucar de Barrameda kudu maso yammacin Tekun Atlantika, zuwa gabar tekun gabashin Amurka ta Kudu, har zuwa Patagonia. Duk da yawan guguwa da guguwa, balaguron ya samu nasarar ratsa mashigin Magellan zuwa cikin Mar del Sur, wanda Magellan ya sake masa suna "Tekun Aminci" (Tekun Pacific na zamani). Balaguron ya isa Guam kuma, ba da daɗewa ba, tsibirin Philippine. A can aka kashe Magellan a yakin Mactan a cikin watan Afrilu 1521. A karkashin umarnin kyaftin Juan Sebastian Elcano, balaguron ya isa tsibirin Spice daga baya. Don komawa Spain da kuma guje wa kamawa da Portuguese, sauran jiragen ruwa guda biyu na balaguro sun rabu, daya yana ƙoƙari, bai yi nasara ba, don isa New Spain ta hanyar tafiya zuwa gabas ta tekun Pacific, yayin da ɗayan, Elcano ya umarta, ya yi tafiya zuwa yamma ta Tekun Indiya. har zuwa gabar tekun Atlantika na Afirka, daga karshe suka isa tashar jirgin ruwan balaguro kuma ta haka ne aka kammala zagaye na farko na duniya. Yayin da yake hidimar Masarautar Portugal, Magellan ya riga ya isa tsibirin Malay a kudu maso gabashin Asiya a tafiye-tafiyen da ya gabata na tafiya gabas (daga 1505 zuwa 1511-1512). Ta hanyar sake ziyartar wannan yanki amma yanzu tafiya yamma, Magellan ya sami kusan cikakkiyar kewayawa na duniya a karon farko a tarihi. Ƙuruciya da tafiye-tafiye An haifi Magellan a garin Sabrosa na Portuguese a ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairu 1480. Mahaifinsa, Pedro de Magalhães, ƙaramin memba ne na ƴan ƙasar Portugal kuma magajin garin. Mahaifiyarsa ita ce Alda de Mezquita. 'Yan uwan Magellan sun hada da Diego de Sosa da Isabel Magellan. An haife shi azaman shafin Sarauniya Eleanor, mataimakiyar Sarki John II. A cikin shekarar 1495 ya shiga hidimar Manuel I, magajin John. A cikin watan Maris 1505, yana da shekaru 25, Magellan ya shiga cikin rundunar jiragen ruwa 22 da aka aika don karbar bakuncin Francisco de Almeida a matsayin mataimakin farko na Portuguese Indiya. Ko da yake sunansa bai bayyana a cikin tarihin ba, an san cewa ya zauna a can shekaru takwas, a Goa, Cochin da Quilon. Ya halarci yaƙe-yaƙe da dama, ciki har da yaƙin Cannanore a shekara ta 1506, inda ya ji rauni. A shekara ta 1509 kuma ya yi yaƙi a wani yaƙe-yaƙe guda shida da suka canza duniya, yaƙin Diu. Daga baya ya tashi a ƙarƙashin Diogo Lopes de Sequeira a cikin ofishin jakadancin Portugal na farko zuwa Malacca, tare da Francisco Serrão, abokinsa kuma mai yiwuwa dan uwan. A watan Satumba, bayan isa Malacca, balaguron ya fada cikin wani makirci kuma ya ƙare a ja da baya. Magellan yana da muhimmiyar rawa, yana gargaɗin Sequeira tare da jefa rayuwarsa cikin haɗari don ceto Francisco Serrão da sauran waɗanda suka sauka. A cikin shekarar 1511, karkashin sabon gwamna Afonso de Albuquerque, Magellan da Serrão sun shiga cikin cin nasara na Malacca. Bayan cin nasara, hanyoyinsu sun rabu: An ɗaukaka Magellan, tare da ganima mai arziki. A cikin kamfanin wani Malay ya yi baftisma kuma ya yi baftisma, Enrique na Malacca, ya koma Portugal a 1512 ko 1513. Serrão ya tashi a cikin balaguron farko da aka aika don nemo "Tsibirin Spice" a cikin Moluccas, inda ya zauna. Ya auri wata mace daga Amboina kuma ya zama mai baiwa Sarkin Musulmi shawara bayan Sirrullah. Wasiƙunsa zuwa Magellan daga baya sun tabbatar da yanke hukunci, suna ba da bayanai game da yankuna masu samar da kayan yaji. Bayan ya yi hutu ba tare da izini ba, Magellan ya fadi daga ni'ima. Yin hidima a Maroko, an ji masa rauni, wanda ya haifar da gurguzu na dindindin. An zarge shi da yin kasuwanci ba bisa ka'ida ba tare da Moors. An tabbatar da zargin karya, amma bai sami ƙarin tayin aikin ba bayan 15 ga watan Mayu 1514. Daga baya a cikin shekarar 1515, an ba shi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa na Portuguese, amma ya ƙi wannan. A cikin shekarar 1517, bayan jayayya da Manuel I na Portugal, wanda ya ki amincewa da buƙatunsa na ci gaba da jagorantar balaguro don isa tsibirin Spice daga gabas (watau yayin tafiya zuwa yamma, don haka guje wa buƙatar tafiya a kusa da iyakar Afirka ya tafi Spain. A Seville ya yi abokantaka da dan kasarsa Diogo Barbosa kuma nan da nan ya auri 'yar matar Diogo ta biyu, Maria Caldera Beatriz Barbosa. Suna da 'ya'ya biyu: Rodrigo de Magallanes da Carlos de Magallanes, dukansu sun mutu tun suna ƙanana. Matarsa ta mutu a Seville a kusa da 1521. A halin yanzu, Magellan ya sadaukar da kansa don nazarin zane-zane na baya-bayan nan, bincike, tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da masanin kimiyyar sararin samaniya Rui Faleiro, wata ƙofa daga Tekun Atlantika zuwa Kudancin Pacific da yiwuwar Moluccas na Sipaniya ne a ƙarƙashin ƙa'idar Yarjejeniyar Tordesillas. Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

13434

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zainab%20al%20Ghazali

Zainab al Ghazali

Zainab Al-Ghazali Arabic 2 an haife ta watan Janairu shekarar 1917 ta mutu a ranar 3 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2005) yar gwagwarmaya ce yar kasar Masar. Ita ce ta kafa kungiyar Matan Musulmai a kasar masar mai suna Jamaa'at al-Sayyidaat al-Muslimaat Tarihin Rayuwa Farkon rayuwa Mahaifiyarta ta yi karatu a jami’ar al-Azhar malamar addini mai zaman kanta da kuma dan kasuwar auduga Ta karfafa ta ta zama jagorar musulinci yayin buga misali da Nusayba bint Ka'b al-Muzaniyya, mace ta yi fada tare da Annabi Muhammadu a yakin Uhud A takaice dai a lokacin shekarunta, ta shiga kungiyar Feminist Union kawai don yanke hukuncin cewa "Musulunci ya bai wa mata hakkoki a cikin dangin da ba wata al'umma ba. Lokacin da ta kai shekara goma sha takwas, ta kafa kungiyar Jama'at al-Sayyidat al-Muslimat (Women'sungiyar Mata ta Musulmi) wacce ta ce tana da membobi miliyan uku a duk faɗin ƙasar a lokacin da aka soke ta da umarnin gwamnati a cikin shekara ta 1964 Aminta ga Hassan Al-Banna Hasan Al-Banna, wanda ya kirkiro kungiyar 'Yan Uwa Musulmi, ya gayyaci al-Ghazali da ta hada kungiyar sa da shi, gayyatar da ta ki tayi kamar yadda ta ke so ta ci gaba da cin gashin kanta. Koyaya, duk da haka, ta yi rantsuwar kama aiki na al-Banna. (Mahmood 2005: 68) Gaskiyar cewa kungiyarta ba ta da alaƙa da Brotheran’uwa Musulmi kasance mai amfani ne bayan an dakatar da Ikhwan, kamar yadda a wani lokaci al Ghazali ya sami damar ci gaba da rarraba littattafansu da kuma shirya taronsu. a gidanta. Ka'idar Zeinab al-Ghazali ta ba da sanarwar mace wacce ta kasance asalin addinin Musulunci. Ta yi imani da "ra'ayi da ke tattare da ilmantarwa ta hanyar ilimi mai amfani na Musulunci da Qu'ran, kuma ta ji cewa 'yanci mata, yancin tattalin arziki,' yancin siyasa, da dai sauransu za a iya samun sa ta hanyar zurfafa fahimtar Musulunci. al-Ghazali shi ma ya yi imanin cewa babban abin da mace ke da shi na cikin gida ne, amma kuma ya kamata ta sami damar shiga rayuwar siyasa idan ta ga dama. Matsayin Addinin Islama na al-Ghazali ya ba ta damar ba da yarda a bainar jama'a a kan wasu batutuwa da suka "ba ta sabawa da shugabannin Islama na maza". Kungiyar Mata Musulmai Taron laccinta na mako-mako ga mata a Masallacin Ibnu Tulun ya jawo taron mutane dubu uku, wadanda suka haura zuwa dubu biyar a cikin watanni masu alfarma na shekara. Bayan bayar da darussan ga mata, ƙungiyar ta buga mujallar, ta kula da marayu, ta ba da taimako ga iyalai matalauta, da kuma sasanta rikicin iyali. Alsoungiyar ta kuma ɗauki matsayar siyasa, tana neman Masar Alƙur'ani Wasu malamai, kamar Leila Ahmed, Miriam Cooke, M. Qasim Zaman, da Roxanne Euben sun bayar da hujjar cewa ayyukan Al Ghazali da kansu sun tsaya daga nesa, har ma sun lalata wasu daga cikin ayyukanta na imani. Ga waɗannan masana, a cikin mutane da yawa, aikinta shine ɗayan da ke tayar da halaye na al'ada, yayin maganarta, a cikin tambayoyi, wallafe-wallafe, da haruffa waɗanda ke ayyana yawancin mata a matsayin mata da uwaye. Idan wadannan kwanakin suka zo rikici shine zai afku tsakaninka abunda kakeso da sha'anonin kudi a daya bangaren, Kuma aikin musulunci na a dayan bangaren, na samu rayuwar aure na ya tsayu ne akan da samar da garin musulunci, sai kowanen mu tya tafi hanyarsa, bana bukatar ku da kushiga cikin ayyuka na, amma Kuma hakkin ku ne akai na da kada ku hana ni yin jihadi a hanyar Allah. Kuma kada ku tambaya ni dangane da ayyuka na tare da wasu masu jihadi Kuma kawai yadda ya zama shine a tsakaninmu. Cikakken yadda tsakanin mace da namiji, mace wacce a shekaru 18 ta bada rayuwarta ga Allah da da'awah. A kan duk wani sa'insa dake tsakanin auren da da'awah, auren mu zai rabu amma da'awah zai shiga da kasancewa ajiki na. (al Gazali 2006) Da yake keɓance keɓantacce na kashinta ga wanda ya bayyana ta yarda da rawar da mace ke da shi, al Ghazali ya bayyana rashin haihuwarta a matsayin "albarka" da ba za a taɓa ganin irinta ba, saboda ta 'yantar da ita ta shiga cikin rayuwar jama'a. (Hoffman 1988). Mijinta na biyu ya mutu tun tana kurkuku, bayan ya sake ta bayan barazanar da gwamnati ta yi na karbe kayan sa. Iyalan al Ghazali sun fusata da wannan rashin biyayya, amma al Ghazali da kanta ta kasance mai biyayya gare shi, inda ta rubuta a rubutunta cewa ta nemi a saka hotonta a gidansu lokacin da aka fada cewa an cire. Rayuwa a kurkuku Bayan kisan Hasan al-Banna a cikin 1949, Al-Ghazali ya kasance mai taimakawa wajen sake kafa kungiyar 'Yan Uwa Musulmi a farkon shekarun 1960. An daure ta a kurkuku saboda ayyukanta a shekarar 1965, aka yanke mata hukuncin shekaru ashirin da biyar na aiki tukuru amma aka sake ta a karkashin Shugabancin Anwar Sadat a 1971. A lokacin ɗaurin kurkuku, Zainab Al-Ghazali da membobin Brotherungiyar 'Yan Uwa Musulmi sun azabtar da azabtarwa marasa kyau. Al-Ghazali ta ce an jefa ta cikin wani daki da aka kulle da karnuka don ta yi ikirarin yunkurin kisan Nassir. Al-Ghazzali a wadannan lokutan wahala an ce tana da wahayi da Muhammed. Wasu mu'ujizai ma sun dandana ta, yayin da ta sami abinci, mafaka da ƙarfi a waccan lokutan wahalar. Bayan an sake ta daga kurkuku, al-Ghazali ta fara koyarwa da rubutu don farfado da mujallar Brotherungiyar 'Yan Uwa Musulmi, Al-Dawah. Edita ce a sashin mata da yara a cikin Al-Dawah, wanda a ciki ya karfafa mata gwiwar zama masu ilimi, amma suyi biyayya ga mazajen su kuma zauna a gida yayin renon ‘ya’yansu. Ta rubuta littafi ne sakamakon kwarewar da ta samu a gidan yari. Memoir Ta bayyana kasancewarta a gidan yari, wanda ya hada da azabtarwa, a cikin wani littafi mai suna Ayyām min ḥayātī, wanda aka buga a cikin Ingilishi kamar yadda Days from My Life wanda Hindustan Publications ya buga a 1989 da kuma a matsayin Return of the Pharoah ta Islamic Foundation (UK) a 1994. “Fir’auna” da ake magana a kai shine Shugaba Nasser Al Ghazali depic kanta kanta a matsayin jure azabtarwa da ƙarfi fiye da na mafi yawan maza, kuma ta shaidar da duka mu'ujizai da wahayi cewa karfafa ta da taimaka ta ta tsira. Masanin Falsafa Sayed Hassan Akhlaq ya buga littafin rubutun tare da wasu mahimman mahimman bayanai. Legacy Ita ma Zainab 'yar Ghazali marubuciya ce, kuma tana bayar da gudummawa a kai a kai a cikin manyan mujallun Musulunci da mujallu kan al'amuran Musulunci da mata. Duk da cewa harkar musulinci a duk duniyar musulmai a yau ta jawo hankalin mata da yawa, musamman ma tun a shekarun 1970, Zaynab al-Ghazali ta fito ta nuna wannan a matsayin mace daya tilo da ta bambanta kanta a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan jagororinta. Manazarta Al Ghazali Maidojin Fir’auna Gidauniyar Musulunci 2006 Hoffman, Valerie. "Mai fafutukar Islama: Zaynab alGhazali." A cikin Mata da dangi a Gabas ta Tsakiya, Elizabeth W. Fernea ce ta shirya. Austin: Jami'ar Texas Press, 1985. Mahmood, Saba Siyasa na Tsira da Tawakkali: Juyin Islama da Batutuwan mata, Jami'ar Princeton ta 2005 Haɗin waje Karanta littafin Mayar da Fir'auna' kan layi https://www.scribd.com/doc/18540888/Return-of-the-Pharaoh-Memoirs-in-Nasirs-Prison- Shafin yanar gizo game da al'adun musulmai Pages with unreviewed

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron%20Hamence%20with%20the%20Australian%20cricket%20team%20in%20England%20in%201948

Ron Hamence with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948

Ron Hamence ya memba na Donald Bradman 's shahara Australian wasan kurket tawagar 1948, wanda rangadin Ingila da aka undefeated a cikin talatin da hudu 34 ashana. Sakamakon wannan bajintar da ba a taɓa yin irinta ba ta hanyar Gwajin da ke yawo da Ingila, ƙungiyar ta sami laƙabin The Invincibles Dan damfara na tsakiya na dama, Hamence bai taka rawar gani ba wajen samun nasarar kungiyar. An ɗauke shi a matsayin mai jemage na ƙarshe da za a zaɓa don ƙungiyar, zaɓin sa ya kasance abin jayayya saboda yawancin jemagu da suka ci ƙarin gudu a cikin kakar Australiya da ta gabata an yi watsi da su. Hamence da Colin McCool su ne kawai membobin ƙungiyar da ba su yi Gwaji ba yayin yawon shaƙatawa. An yi amfani da Hamence a wasannin yawon shaƙatawa da ba na Gwaji ba domin manyan jemagu su iya adana makamashi don Gwaje-gwaje, kamar yadda aka tsara wasa na kwana shida a mako. Tare da Doug Ring, Hamence da McCool sun kira kansu "ma'aikatan ƙasa" saboda ƙarancin ayyukansu a manyan wasannin, kuma galibi suna ƙirƙira da rera waƙoƙi masu ban tsoro game da rashin damar su. Bradman ya yi jinkirin haɗarin rikodin ƙungiyar da ba a doke ta ba kuma a sakamakon haka, Hamence bai sami dama da yawa don yin faɗa a cikin tsari ba, wani abu da ya zama abin zargi. Hamence zira ƙwallaye dari biyar da tamanin da biyu 582 runs a batting talakawan na 32,33, da top-ci na casa'in da tara 99. Shi kaɗai ne ɗan wasan batirin Australiya na gaba don kada ya ci ƙarnin Ragowar jemagu takwas na gaba kowannen su ya ci aƙalla ɗari tara da saba'in da uku 973 gudu kuma duk aƙalla ba su wuce 47.30 ba. Hamence kuma lokaci -lokaci yana buɗe ƙwallon ƙwallo a wasannin yawon shaƙatawa tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaici, yana ba da damar manyan ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa su murmure tsakanin Gwaje -gwaje. Bayan Fage A lokacin kakar dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da arba'in da bakwai zuwa arba'in da takwas 1947 48 da ta gabata a Ostiraliya, an cire Hamence daga tawagar kasa. Ya taka leda kwata -kwata a cikin kungiyar Gwajin, an zabe shi a cikin uku daga cikin wasanni goma a cikin yanayi biyu da suka gabata. A cikin waɗannan Gwaje -gwaje uku ya ci gaba da jimillar tseren 81 a matsakaicin 27.00. Da yake komawa cikin wasan kurket na cikin gida bayan ɓacewar sa, Hamence ya ci ƙwallo tamanin da biyar 85 da sittin da shida 66 a wasan da suka fafata da Queensland, wasan da ya sa ya ci gaba da fafutukar neman gurbin shiga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar. Zaɓinsa na yawon shaƙatawa na Ingila na shekara ta dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da arba'in da takwas 1948 a ƙarƙashin Bradman shine babban abin jayayya, kamar yadda aka yi watsi da wasu jemagu da yawa duk da cewa sun kasance masu fa'ida yayin bazara na Ostiraliya. A nasa ɓangaren, Bradman ya bayyana matsayinsa na tsakiya-Hamence a tsakanin su-a matsayin "jerin jemagu waɗanda da wuya su kasa". Tun daga farko, Hamence ya kasance a waje d ɓangane da zaɓin cikin Gwaje -gwaje. Ba a zaɓe shi ba don kowane Gwaje -gwaje yayin kamfen ɗin Ingilishi, amma a cikin hirar shekara ta dubu biyu da takwas 2008, Ya jaddada cewa bai ji haushin ɓacin ransa ba. Hamence sanannen memba ne na ƙungiyar yawon buɗe ido kuma yanayinsa na fara'a da kyakkyawar muryar tenor da aka ƙara wa kyawawan halayen ƙungiyar. Abokin zama a lokacin yawon shaƙatawa shine mai ƙera jirgin ruwa Ernie Toshack Yawon shaƘatawa na farko Ostiraliya bisa al'ada ta ƙaddamar da ƙungiyar zaɓin ta na farko a cikin yawon buɗe ido, wanda ya saba da Worcestershire Kasancewa mamba a cikin ƙungiyar kuma bayan kawai ya bayyana fitowar Gwaji a cikin lokutan da suka gabata, ba a zaɓi Hamence ba. Nan da nan Ostireliya ta murƙushe masu masaukin baƙi ta hanyar innings Hamence ya fara wasansa na farko a kasar Ingila a wasan yawon shaƙatawa na biyu da Leicestershire Batting a No. 6, ya shigo a 4/344 kuma ya yi bakwai kawai. Korar sa ta haifar da rugujewar 5/38 yayin da aka fitar da Ostiraliya don 448 kafin ta ci nasara. Wasan na gaba da Yorkshire, a kan rami mai laushi wanda ya dace da ɗan wasan bowling, shine mafi kusa da Australia da ta sha kashi a rangadi. Batting a No. 4, Hamence ya yi 12 a farkon farawa yayin da Ostiraliya ta amsa wa 71 na Yorkshire da 101. Ya yi wanka a hankali, yana shigowa 2/24 kafin ya tashi da 7/74. Bayan da Australia ta kori masu masaukin baƙi da ci 89 a wasan su na biyu, Australia ta durƙushe zuwa 3/13 a ci gaba da neman 60 don samun nasara. Hamence ya shigo ya ci ɗaya kafin ya karasa bayan ya yi jinkirin tashi don saurin guda; Ostiraliya ta rushe zuwa 6/31. Don yin abin da ya fi muni, Sam Loxton ya ji rauni kuma bai iya yin jemage ba, don haka Ostiraliya da gaske tana da wickets uku kawai a hannu kuma sun fuskanci asarar farko ga gundumar Ingilishi tun 1912. Koyaya, Ostiraliya ta ragargaza gida da wickets huɗu bayan farmakin da Neil Harvey da Don Tallon suka yi, tare da taimakon kamawar da aka yi kuma ta rasa tuntuɓe. An huta Hamence yayin da Australiya ke tafiya zuwa London don kayar da Surrey a The Oval ta innings. Ya dawo don wasa na gaba da Jami'ar Cambridge An dauƙaƙa shi zuwa lamba 3 ta kaftin din Lindsay Hassett, Hamence ya shigo a 1/64 kuma ya sanya haɗin gwiwa na 176 tare da Bill Brown, ya ƙare tare da 92 yayin da Ostiraliya ta tara a ranar 4/414 kuma ta sami nasara. Hamence ya zira ƙwallaye daga ƙafar baya, kuma Jack Fingleton ya ba da shawarar "kyakkyawan innings shi ma, a cikin kyakkyawan bugun bugun sa". Hamence ma bowled karo na farko a kan yawon shaƙatawa, aika saukar da uku overs bakwai runs a karo na biyu innings ba tare da shan wani wicket. A wasan da ya biyo baya, Ostiraliya ta murƙushe Essex da inci kuma 451 ke gudana, mafi girman fa'idar cin nasarar bazara. A rana ta farko, Ostiraliya ta kafa tarihin duniya ta hanyar zira ƙwallaye 721, mafi girman matakin farko da aka ƙara cikin kwana ɗaya. Rabin rana, a 2/364, duk mai zagaye Keith Miller ya zo gaɓar. Haƙiƙi da halin rashin kulawa, Miller ya fusata halin rashin tausayi na Bradman game da lalata 'yan adawa kuma galibi ya ƙi gwadawa lokacin da Ostiraliya ta kasance cikin yanayin da ba za a iya mantawa da ita ba. Da gangan ya bar ƙwallon ya bugi kututture kuma ya fita don duck na zinariya Hamence ya shigo ya buge 46, ya ƙara gudu 146 don bugun tazara na biyar tare da Sam Loxton Hadin gwiwar ya ɗauki awa ɗaya kawai, kuma Ostiraliya ta ci nasara ta hanyar innings. Miller daga baya ya ce ɗaya daga cikin dalilansa na ba da kyautar wicket dinsa shine don nuna rashin amincewa da rashin damar da aka baiwa Hamence da sauran jemagu. Batting a No. 5 a wasa na gaba da Jami'ar Oxford, Hamence ya yi guda uku kacal kamar yadda Australia ta yi 431 kuma ta ci gaba da samun nasara. Wasan na gaba ya kasance ne da Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) a Lord MCC ta fitar da 'yan wasa bakwai waɗanda za su wakilci Ingila a cikin Gwaje-gwaje, N- kuma sun kasance cikakkiyar ƙungiyar Gwajin ƙarfi, yayin da Ostiraliya ta ƙaddamar da ƙungiyar zaɓin farko. Wata dama ce ta samun fa'idar tunani. Ganin gwagwarmayar Hamence ta farko a cikin yanayin Ingilishi, wanda ya gan shi yana yin gudu 161 kawai a 26.83 a cikin farkon shida na farko, yayin da duk zaɓin farko na Australia ya yi ƙarni, N- ba a zaɓe shi ba; Ostiraliya ta tara 552 kuma ta ci nasara ta hanyar innings. An tuno da wasa na gaba, da Lancashire a Old Trafford a Manchester, Hamence ya zura ƙwallaye biyu yayin da ya yi bahaya a lamba ta 7 a wasan farko da kuma rashin nasara 49 a lamba ta 6 a karo na biyu, inda ya ƙulla kawancen ƙarni mara nasara da Harvey a matsayin wasan ya ƙare a cikin k ƙunci bayan duk wasan na ranar farko ya ɓace saboda ruwan sama. An yaba ayyukansa na biyu saboda kyawun ƙima. Shi ne wasa na farko a rangadin da Australia ta kasa cin nasara. An huta Hamence don wasa na gaba da Nottinghamshire, wanda aka sake yin canjaras, kafin ya dawo da Hampshire Ya yi biyar yayin da aka kori Australiya don 117 a cikin martani ga rukunin gida na 195, karo na farko da masu yawon buɗe ido suka yarda da jagorar farko a lokacin kakar. Bai sake samun wata dama ba tare da jemagu yayin da Ostiraliya ta murmure don cin nasara da ƙwallaye takwas. Hamence yana da damar ƙarshe don gabatar da ƙarar sa don zaɓin Gwaji a wasan da Sussex a Hove, wasan ƙaramar hukuma na ƙarshe kafin Gwajin Farko a Trent Bridge Ya zo ƙwanƙwasa a 4/453 kuma ya sanya 34 a matsayi na 96 tare da Harvey. Korar sa da Harvey ya kai 100 ya sa Australia ta bayyana a 5/549. Bradman ya ce Hamence "ɗan wasa ne mara sa'a na wasan" kuma yana tsaye a baranda yana shirye ya bayyana lokacin da Hamence ya faɗi akan ƙwallon ƙarshe. Ostiraliya ta ci gaba da kammala nasarar innings. A cikin wasanni na biyu, Hamence ya buɗe ƙwallon tare da Ray Lindwall Ya ɗauki wicket da wuri kafin ya ƙare innings ta hanyar iƙirarin mutum na ƙarshe da ya faɗi, bugun da Ron Saggers ya yi a tsaye ga kututturen. Tsallake gwaji Tun lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, matsayi biyar na farko a cikin odar gwajin gwajin Ostiraliya ya ƙunshi Arthur Morris, Sid Barnes, Bradman, Hassett da Miller, yayin da matsayi na shida ya ga yawancin mazauna. An zaɓi duka biyar na farko don wasannin da Worcestershire da MCC, kuma sun riƙe matsayinsu don Gwajin Farko. Wannan ya bar matsayi ɗaya ga ragowar jemagu a cikin tawagar. Har zuwa wannan lokacin, Brown ya zira ƙwallaye 800 a rangaɗi a matsakaita na 72.72, tare da ƙarni huɗu, kuma yana kan tafiyarsa ta uku ta Ingila. Brown ya taka leda a rukunin farko-farko a wasannin da Worcestershire da MCC. Harvey ya tara 296 gudu a 42.29, duk mai zagaye Loxton yana da gudu 310 a 51.66, amma ya ji rauni, yayin da Hamence ya yi gudu 251 kawai a 27.88 kuma shi kaɗai ne guda huɗu da ba su da ya ci karni. An yi watsi da Hamence yayin da Brown ya sami zaɓi a cikin Gwajin Farko a Trent Bridge, ya fita daga matsayi a tsakiyar tsari yayin da aka fi son Barnes da Morris a matsayin zaɓin farko na zaɓin farko, yayin da aka sauke Harvey duk da yin ƙarni a cikin kwanan nan na Ostiraliya. Gwaji akan Indiya. Wannan shine ainihin yanayin da ya faru a cikin wasannin Worcestershire da MCC inda Ostiraliya ta ƙaddamar da ƙungiyar zaɓin farko; Brown yayi batting a cikin tsari na tsakiya. Bradman ya bayyana shawarar a cikin abubuwan tunawarsa: "Hamence ba shi da isasshen tsari kuma Harvey da kyar ya shirya". A lokacin farkon buɗe rangadi, Bradman ya ɗan bata lokaci yana magana da Hamence a zaman zama, wanda ke jagorantar manazarta don kammala cewa ɗan wasan na Australiya yana kallon Hamence a matsayin wanda ba zai yiwu ya yi wasa a cikin Gwaje -gwaje ba. Australia ta ci gaba da doke Ingila da ci takwas, kodayake Brown ya yi gwagwarmaya kuma ya yi 17. Tsakanin Gwaje -gwaje, Hamence ya sami zaɓi don wasan da Northamptonshire, yana yin faɗa a No. 4 da zira kwallaye 34; ya ha] a hannu mukaddashin kyaftin Hassett a wani matsayi na 104 don wicket na uku. Ya ɗauki 1/11 a cikin innings na biyu yayin da Ostiraliya ta ci nasara ta hanyar innings. A wasan na biyu kafin Gwajin na Biyu, wanda ya yi karo da Yorkshire, Hamence ya yi 48 kuma shida bai fita ba, kuma ya ɗauki jimlar 1/17 yayin da wasan ya ƙare. Ya yi wanka a hankali da taka tsantsan; Bradman ya ba shi dama kaɗan, don haka dole ne ya yi amfani da su sosai. Innings na farko 48 shine aikin da aka ƙaddara akan wicket mai ɗorawa wanda ya taimaki Australia zuwa 249; Bradman ya ji gurnin Hamence ya kasance sananne a cikin Ostiraliya wanda ke sarrafa wucewa 200. Harvey ya yi 49 da 56 yayin da Brown ya yi 19 da 113 a matsayin mai buɗewa. Wannan ya ishe Brown ya riƙe matsayinsa na tsaka-tsaki don Gwajin Na Biyu a Ubangiji, inda Ostiraliya ta kafa ƙungiyar da ba ta canzawa. Ostiraliya ta ci gaba da samun nasara ta hanyar tsere 409 amma Brown ya yi ashirin da huɗu 24 da talatin da biyu 32 kawai. Wasan na gaba ya kasance da Surrey kuma an fara shi ne bayan gwajin na biyu. Yayin da 'yan wasan Gwaji suka gaji, Bradman ya ba su nauyi mai nauyi kuma ya sanya Hamence da Loxton don buɗe ƙwal. Dukansu sun ɗauki wickets biyu kuma Hamence ya murƙushe kyaftin Laurie Fishlock da Eric Bedser don ƙare da 2/24. Brown ya ji rauni a yatsa yayin da yake filin wasa, don haka bai sami damar yin jemage ba a farkon wasan Australia. Ta haka ne aka ɗaga Hamence don buɗe bugun. Hamence ya yi agwagwa, amma duk da haka Ostiraliya ta jagoranci jagora 168. Hamence ya sake buɗe wasan na bowling a karo na biyu, duk da cewa bai iya shan wicket ba kuma ya kare da 0/30. A cikin innings na biyu, Harvey ya ba da kansa don yin wasa azaman mai buɗe ido tare da Loxton kuma sun bi tseren ɗari da ashirin da biyu 122 don cin nasara cikin ƙasa da awa ɗaya don kammala cin nasara 10-wicket. Don wasan da ya biyo baya da Gloucestershire kafin gwaji na Uku, Brown da Hamence basu buga wasa ba. Harvey ya yi 95 kuma Loxton ya ƙare a 159 bai fita ba yayin da Ostiraliya ta kai 7/774 da aka ayyana, mafi girman balaguron, wanda ke ba da nasarar nasara. Sakamakon wasan kwaikwayon, Loxton ya ƙwace matsayin tsakiyar Brown don Gwajin Uku a Old Trafford. Yayin gwajin da aka zana na Uku, wanda ya buɗewa Sid Barnes ya ji rauni. Wannan ya buɗe wani wuri don gwaji na huɗu. Hamence ya yi 30 yayin da Australia ta doke Middlesex da ci goma a wasan da suka yi na gundumar kafin Gwajin Huɗu a Headingley An yi watsi da Hamence don zama kamar yadda aka kira Harvey. Ostiraliya ta zira ƙwallaye 3/404 don saita rikodin duniya don mafi girman nasarar tserewar Gwajin gwaji; Harvey ya zira kwallaye ɗari. Nan da nan bayan Gwajin, Hamence ya yi 21 a No. 6 yayin da Ostiraliya ta tara 456 kuma ta ci Derbyshire ta innings. A wasa na gaba da Glamorgan, Hamence bai yi wanka ba lokacin da ruwan sama ya ƙare wasan a 3/215 a farkon wasan Australia. An huta da shi yayin da Australia ta ci Warwickshire da ci tara. An tuna Hamence yayin da Australia ta fuskanci kuma ta yi kunnen doki da Lancashire a karo na biyu a rangadin. Ya yi 14 a cikin wasan farko kuma bai ci nasara ba a 10 a karo na biyu lokacin da Ostiraliya ta ba da sanarwar, bayan da ta yi gasa a No. 5 sau biyu. A wasan da ya gabata kafin gwajin na biyar, wanda ba ajin farko ba da Durham, Hamence ya ci ƙwallo ashirin da hudu 24 a lamba shida 6 a Australia 282. Wasan ya kasance ruwan sama ne wanda bai kai na biyu ba. An yi watsi da Hamence don Gwajin na biyar, kamar yadda Ostiraliya ta ci nasara ta hanyar innings don rufe jerin 4 0; gwajin da aka zana na Uku shine kawai rashin nasara a Australia. Wasannin yawon shaƘatawa na baya Wasanni bakwai sun ci gaba da neman Bradman ya zagaya Ingila ba tare da shan kashi ba. Ostiraliya ta fara fafatawa da Kent kuma Hamence ya yi talatin da takwas 38. Hamence shi ne mutum na tara da ya faɗo yayin da abokan hulɗa suka gudu kuma Ostireliya ta rasa wickets bakwai na ƙarshe don 89 don ƙare a dari uku da sittin da ɗaya 361. Duk da wannan, sun kammala nasarar innings. A wasa na gaba da Gentlemen na Ingila, Hamence ya yi baturi a lamba 7 kuma kawai yana da ƙarancin damar ba da gudummawa, ya shigo a 5/532 kuma ya zira ƙwallaye 24 kafin Bradman ya bayyana a 5/610 lokacin da Hassett ya kai 200. Hamence ya durƙusa cikin duka biyun don jimlar 1/41 kamar yadda Australia ta ci nasara ta hanyar innings. A wasa na gaba da Somerset, Hamence ya sanya dari da casa'in da biyar 195 a bugun tazara na biyar tare da Ian Johnson don kai Ostiraliya zuwa 4/501 tare da ci 99. Sauran jemagu duk sun yi ƙarni, kuma 'yan wasan Ostiraliya suna ɗokin ganin Hamence ya yi daidai. Tare da maki nasa akan 99, sauran ƙungiyar sun bar wasannin katin su a shirye don yabawa babban ci gaban sa. Koyaya, Hamence ya bugo ƙwallo biyu daga tsakiyar jemage, kawai don ganin suna tafiya kai tsaye zuwa mai wasan, ba tare da yin gudu ba. Cikin damuwa don isa ƙarninsa, Hamence daga baya ya caje filin sannan kuma ya ci karo da 99, mafi girman maki a kakar. A cewar Bradman, Hamence "ya faɗi a kan abin da kowa ya ce shine mafi kyawun ƙwallon duk rana". Duk da haka, Ostiraliya ta ci nasara ta hanyar innings da tseren 374. A wasan da ya biyo baya da Kudancin Ingila, Hamence ya yi bakwai kamar yadda Australia ta bayyana a 7/522. An wanke wasan; Hamence ya zira ƙwallaye uku ba tare da samun nasara ba a cikin wasannin masu masaukin baki. Babban ƙalubalen da Ostiraliya ta fuskanta a wasannin yawon shaƙatawa bayan gwajin ita ce karawa da Leveson-Gower na XI. A lokacin yawon shaƙatawa na ƙarshe a cikin 1938, wannan ƙungiyar ta kasance cikakkiyar kayan Ingilishi mai ƙarfi, amma a wannan karon Bradman ya dage cewa 'yan wasa shida ne a halin yanzu a cikin ƙungiyar Gwajin Ingila za a ba su damar buga wa masu masaukin baki. Daga nan Bradman ya fito da ƙungiya mai ƙarfi, don haka aka bar Hamence. Australia ta jagoranci ta ɗari uku da sha biyu 312 a farkon wasan kuma tana da iko sosai, amma wasan ya ƙare a can bayan jinkirin ruwan sama da yawa. An kammala rangadi tare da wasanni biyu marasa aji na farko da Scotland Hamence ya yi nasara sau ɗaya a kowane wasa, inda ya zira kwallaye shida da shabiyar 15 yayin da Ostiraliya ta kawo karshen yawon shaƙatawa tare da cin nasara guda biyu. Matsayi Yayin yawon shaƙatawa, Hamence ya buga 19 Wasannin ajin farko kuma ya ci 582 yana gudana a matsakaita na 32.33. Wani ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa wanda ya ba da nauyin 56.3 na matsakaicin matsakaici yayin balaguron, ya ɗauki wickets bakwai a 21.42 kuma ya kammala kama tara. Ya kasance mafi nasara ga ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwallon ƙafa tare da ƙwal, lokaci -lokaci yana buɗe ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin wasannin yawon shaƙatawa, kamar a duka biyun na wasan na biyu da Surrey da na biyu na wasan na biyu da Yorkshire. Wannan ya ba Bradman damar huta ƙwallan da ya zaɓa na farko don kiyaye su sabo don Gwajin. Babban aikin Hamence shine ya baiwa manyan jemagu damar samun damar adana makamashi don Gwajin; Ostiraliya gabaɗaya tana da kwanaki shida na wasan da aka tsara kowane mako. A mafi yawan wasannin, Hamence yayi batse a tsakiyar tsari a Lissafi 5, 6 da 7. N- Tare da Loxton, an ba shi damar aji 22 na farko tare da jemage, yayin da sauran jemagu takwas na gaba suna da aƙalla innings 26. Loxton ya zira kwallaye 973, yayin da sauran duk suka ci sama da 1,000. Duk masu jemagu ban da Loxton sun kai aƙalla aƙalla 47.30. kuma yayin da Ostiraliya ta lashe yawancin wasannin su ta hanyar innings ko ta takwas ko fiye da wickets, ba kasafai yake yin wanka a cikin na biyu ba. Sau huɗu, bai ci nasara ba lokacin da Ostiraliya ko dai ta baiyana, ta isa inda suke so ko lokaci ya kure. Teammate Sid Barnes ya soki tsallake Hamence daga wasan kurket mai ma'ana a yawon shaƙatawa. Da yake magana game da wasan da Gentlemen na Ingila, Barnes ya soki gaskiyar cewa Bradman, Hassett da kansa duk sun yi ƙarni, yayin da aka ba Hamence ɗan gajeren innings a cikin ƙaramin tsari kuma bai fita ranar 24 ba lokacin da Australia ta bayyana. Kamar yadda masu yawon buɗe ido sun riga sun kasance cikin matsayi mai ƙarfi, Barnes ya yi tunanin cewa ana iya aika Hamence "a farkon wicket, inda ya yi wasa tare da tawagarsa ta tsakiya. Duk da wannan, Hassett har yanzu ya shiga gaban Hamence a wasan na gaba, da Somerset Hamence ya yi jifa da lamba 6 amma da an aiko shi a lamba ta 3 Barnes ya ba da rahoton cewa Hamence, tare da sauran abubuwan da ba a saba gani ba Colin McCool da Doug Ring, sun kira kansu "ma'aikatan ƙasa". Ya kara da cewa: "A cikin dakin suttura yayin wasannin gundumar za su shiga cikin wakar ban dariya game da 'yan damar da suka samu." Loxton ya ba da rahoton cewa waɗannan waƙoƙin sun haɗa da "m risque limerick Daga baya Bradman ya bayyana cewa "saboda tarin jemagu na gabansa, [Hamence] ba kasafai yake samun damar yin maki mai yawa ba" amma "ya kasance tanadi mai matuƙar amfani wanda za a iya buga shi cikin Gwaji da ƙarfin gwiwa". Bayan yawon shaƙatawa na 1948, Bradman ya bayyana Hamence a matsayin "ɗan jemage mai kyau na irin ɗabi'ar gargajiya. Sauti mai ƙarfi kuma abin dogaro tare da wasan sa dangane da tuƙi "da" mai kula da gona mai aminci Bradman ya kara da cewa Hamence yana da karancin dama saboda ƙarfin bugun Ostireliya amma "koyaushe yana yin nasara sosai kuma galibi a mahimmin lokaci yana yin gasa mai mahimmanci". Bradman ya ce ana iya buga Hamence a cikin Gwaje -gwaje da kwarin gwiwa kuma ya yaba da gudummawar da ya bayar ga ɗabi'ar ƙungiya. Fingleton ya ce "akwai sukar zabinsa a wannan ɓangare, amma da yakin bai shiga tsakanin ba babu shakka da ya yi [n] [Ashes] tafiya a da". Bayanan kula Bayanan kididdiga Bayanan kula Nassoshi Pages with unreviewed

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasar%20Inyamurai

Kasar Inyamurai

Ƙasar Inyamurai (Standard Igbo), wanda kuma aka fi sani da Kudu maso Gabashin Najeriya (amma ya wuce kudu maso kudancin Najeriya), shi ne asalin mahaifar ƙabilar Igbo. yanki ne na al'adu da na harshe gama gari a kudancin Najeriya. A geographically, an raba shi da ƙananan kogin Neja zuwa kashi biyu: gabas (mafi girma na biyu) da kuma yamma. Yawan al'ummarta yana da al'adun Igbo iri-iri da masu magana da harsunan Igbo iri-iri iri-iri. A siyasance, an raba yankin Igbo zuwa jihohin kudancin Najeriya da dama; A al'adance, ya haɗa da ƙungiyoyi da yawa, ciki har da Anioma, Ngwa, Aro, da Ezza, da Ibeku, da Ohuhu, da Ikwerre, da Ogba, da Omuma, da Ohafia, da Oyigbo, da Mbaise, da Isu da Ekpeye. Iyakokin yanki Ƙasar Igbo na kewaye da manyan koguna daga ko’ina, da sauran ƙabilu na kudanci da tsakiyar Najeriya, wato Igala, Tiv, Yako, Idoma da Ibibio. A cikin kalmomin William B. Baikie kuma,“Mazaunan kabilar Ibo, sun mamaye gabas da yamma a yankin Neja-Delta wanda mallakar Middle-belt, wanda a da ake kira Bendel, tun daga tsohon kogin Kalabar zuwa gabar kogin Kwora, kogin Neja, kuma suna zaune a wani yanki a Aboh. ƙabilar Ibo, zuwa yammacin rafi. A arewa ta yi iyaka da Igara da Igala da A’kpoto, kuma kananan kabilu ne kawai ke raba ta da teku, wadanda duk sun samo asali ne daga wannan babban jinsin.”Ta fara daga yankin dajin Lowland na Najeriya, ana kuma iya samun su a wasu sassan Neja-Delta. Anan magoya bayan kogin Neja suka fito zuwa cikin Tekun Atlantika a cikin tarin ramukan. Matsugunan da aka fara ganowa na ƙasar Igbo sun kasance a shekara ta 4500 BC a tsakiyar yankin, inda aka yi imanin yawancin al'ummar Igbo sun yi ƙaura. Masarautar Nri ta arewacin ƙasar Igbo, wacce ta tashi a kusan karni na 10 miladiyya, ana ganin ita ne tushen yawancin al'adu, da ayyukan addini na Igbo. Ita ce sarauta mafi daɗewa a Najeriya a yau. A kudancin ƙasar Igbo ƙungiyoyi da yawa sun haɓaka, wanda mafi shaharar su shine ƙungiyar Aro Confederacy. A karshen karni na 19, kasar Igbo ta zama wani yanki na Kudancin Najeriya mai kariya na Daular Burtaniya kuma an hade shi zuwa Najeriya a dunƙule a shekarar 1914. Najeriya ta samu ƴancin kai a shekarar 1960. Ba da daɗewa ba ƙasar Igbo ta shiga cikin yaki mafi girma a lokacin yunkurin ballewar kasar Biafra. Yaƙin ya ƙare ne a shekarar 1970, lokacin da sojojin gwamnatin Najeriya suka yi galaba a rikicin. Labarin kasa da halittu A tarihance, yankin Igbo ta mamaye wani yanki mai yawa na kudu maso gabashin Najeriya, galibi a gefen gabashin kogin Kogin Neja. Yankinsu ya mamaye yammacin Neja zuwa yankunan Aniocha, Ndokwa, Ukwuani, da Ika a jihar Delta a yau. Kogin Cross River ne ya ƙare gefensa na gabas, kodayake ƙananan al'ummomin sun wanzu a wancan gefen kogin; Yankin arewacinta ya shiga yanayin Savannah a kusa da Nsukka A Najeriya a yau, yankin Igbo ta mamaye kusan jihohin Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Enugu, Imo, Delta ta Arewa da Rivers. Fiye da mutane miliyan 30 ne ke zaune a ƙasar Igbo kuma tare da yawan jama'a daga zai iya zama yanki mafi yawan jama'a a Afirka bayan Kogin Nile. Gabaɗaya ƙasar Igbo tana da yanki kusan Hanyoyin ciniki na zamunan baya An tsara al’adun Inyamurai ne ta yanayin dazuzzukan da suke ciki, da dadadden cinikin da yake yi a rafuka, hijira, da tarihin zamantakewa tsakanin kabilu da jama’arta daban-daban. Abokan huldar kasuwanci na da, abokan hulda, da kuma kwanan baya ta hanyar hulda da Turawa. Wani dan kasuwa a tsakiyar karni na sha tara WB Baikie ya ce, "Nayi amfani da dama, kuma, ta wurin fassararmu, na gaya wa Tshukuma, cewa mun zo ne don mu san shi da abota, da kuma tabbatar da ko mutane suna son yin kasuwanci da mu." Ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar kasuwanci da sarkin Igbo, Tshukuma (Chukwuma) Obi daga dangin Aboh, daya daga cikin manyan kabilar Igbo, wadanda suka fara kasuwanci da Turai Hakazalika, Baikie ya ba da labarin cewa, "bayan gaisuwarmu, na yi magana game da abokantaka, kasuwanci, da ilimi, kuma na kara fadada kan illolin yaki, da kuma fa'idar zaman lafiya, wanda duk ya samu karbuwa sosai", lokacin da aka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kasuwanci. a ranar 30 ga Agusta, 1885 tare da Ezebogo, sarkin Igbo a Asaba. Saboda ma'aunin harshe na gama gari da kuma al'adun da ke da alaƙa da ƙasar Inyamurai, ƙananan yarukan kogin Neja, wanda ya raba yankin Inyamurai zuwa gabas da yamma, ya samar da hanyoyin sadarwa cikin sauƙi, kasuwanci da haɗin kai a tsakanin Inyamurai a bangarorin biyu na kogin. Har ila yau, ta nan aka samaun damar yin cinikayya da kuma tafiye-tafiye na mutane zuwa ƙasar Inyamurai, da kuma tsakanin Igbo da sauran kasashen duniya. Wasu daga cikin tsoffin hanyoyin kasuwanci da fitar da kayayyaki a cikin ƙasar Igbo sun haɗa da shahararriyar ƙananan hanyoyin Niger da tafkin Njaba tafkin Oguta hanyoyin kewayawa na Orashi ta hanyar Asaba Onitsha Aboh, and Awo-omamma Oguta Ogba–Egbema–Ndoni Aboh Ferry services, bi da bi. Tarihi Zamanin baya Akwai shaidar tsofaffin zamunan duwatsu wato "Late Stone Age" (tsaffin duwatsun Paleolithic) kasancewar ɗan adam daga aƙalla shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata. Farkon matsugunan yankin Inymurai an yi shi ne a shekara ta 6000 BC bisa ga tukwane da aka samu a Okigwe, Oka Igwe, wanda aka fi sani da Awka a yau. A cikin 1978 wata tawagar karkashin jagorancin Thurstan Shaw, tare da Jami'ar Najeriya a Nsukka, sun hako dutsen dutse. Sun gano cewa ma'adanin ne na kayan aiki da tukwane don yin 'wayewar dutse' kusa da Ibagwa Masana ilimin dan adam a jami'ar Benin sun gano burbushin halittu da kuma amfani da kasusuwa da aka yi tun shekara ta 4500 BC a Ngodo da ke cikin garin Uturu. An gano ƙarin shaida na tsoffin ƙauyuka a abin da masu bincike suka yi imanin na iya zama yankin al'adun ƙarfe na Nsukka daga 3000 BC, kuma daga baya ƙauyukan da aka danganta ga al'adun Ngwa a AD 8-18. Ba a dai san irin alakar al'adu tsakanin wadannan kayayyakin tarihi na tarihi da al'ummar yankin a yau ba. Daga baya matsugunin dan Adam a yankin na iya samun alaka da wasu binciken da aka yi a yankin, musamman ma al'adun da ke da alaka da binciken terracotta a Nok, wanda ya mamaye wani yanki mai fadi a arewa ta tsakiyar Najeriya a yau. Wasu mazauna ƙauyen suna riƙe da abin da suka yi imani na asali na daga sunayen ƙauyukan, kamar su Umuzuoka, Maƙeran Maƙera, Kigwe, Ịmọka, da sauransu. Yankin Nsukka-Okigwe ya zama tushen tushen tsarin al'adun Proto-Igbo wanda ya riga ya kasance ga al'adun Igbo na zamani. An yi imanin cewa yawancin al'ummar Igbo sun samo asali daga ƙaramin yanki a cikin wannan yanki, inda suka rikiɗe zuwa ƙabilu masu zaman kansu na Igbo, ƙungiyoyin ƙauye, masarautu da jahohi. Gabaɗaya ƙungiyoyin sun kasu kashi biyu na ƙaura: ƙungiyar 'yan arewa da ta faɗaɗa gaɓar kogin Nijer da babban kwata na kogin Cross River; dayan kuma bin hanyar kudu, ya taso ne daga al'ummar Isu da ke kusa da kuryar da mafi yawan al'ummomin kudancin Igbo suka fito. Mbaise sune mafi kyawun misalan ƙungiyar Igbo da ke da'awar autochthony; sun yi watsi da ka'idodin tarihin ƙaura da yawa game da asalinsu. Dangane da kusancin al'adu da na makwabtansu, da alakar iyali da siyasa, da yawa daga cikin wadannan kungiyoyin da alama al'ada ce ta arewa ko kudancin Igbo. Gano Igbo-Ukwu (AD 300-900) An tsinci karfe na farko na Igbo Ukwu na daga kayan tarihi masu daraja an yi su ne a shekarar 1939, lokacin da wani mazaunin garin mai suna Isiah Anozie ya same su a cikin aikin tona rijiya. Wannan ya haifar da gano babbar hanyar sadarwa na ayyukan ƙarfe da aka haɗa daga karni na 9. Ayyukan sun kasance a cikin Igbo Ukwu. Ƙungiyoyin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi da Thurstan Shaw suka jagoranta sun sami ƙarin binciken a cikin 1959-60, kuma a cikin 1964 a cikin fili na Jonah Anozie. Da farko dai, a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970, masana sun yi imanin cewa, an yi kayayyakin Ibo Ukwu da jan karfe da tagulla da aka samu a nan a wani waje kuma kayan ciniki ne, ko kuma fasahar waje ta rinjayi su saboda fasahar zamani. An bayyana akasin haka: an yi amfani da ajiyar tagulla a cikin gida tun karni na 9 kuma shaidun ɗan adam, irin su Ichi-kamar scarifications a kan alkaluman ɗan adam, sun nuna abubuwan asalin al'adun Igbo ne. Tun daga lokacin an danganta ayyukan ga masana'antar tagulla ta keɓe, wacce ta ci gaba ba tare da tasirin waje ba tsawon lokaci kuma ta kai ga haɓaka. Hanyoyin kasuwancin Inyamurai na farkon karni na biyu sun isa har garuruwan Makka, Madina da Jeddah ta hanyar hanyoyin kasuwanci da 'yan tsakiya ke bi. An gano beads da suka samo asali a Indiya a ƙarni na 9 a wuraren da aka binne 'yan kabilar Igbo Ukwu: An gano dubunnan ƙullun gilashi daga rugujewar rigar wani mai martaba. Wurin binnewa yana da alaƙa da Masarautar Nri, wacce ta fara kusan karni ɗaya, bisa ga tarihin ƴan asalin. Masarautar Nri (900–c. 1560) Masarautar Igbo ta Nri ta arewa, wacce ta soma daga karni na 10 bisa al'adun Umunri, ana danganta ta da tushen yawancin al'adu, al'adu, da ayyukan addini na Igbo. Ita ce sarauta mafi dadewa a Najeriya a yau. A tsakiyar karni na 10 ne aka ce Allah Eri ya yi hijira, a cewar Umunri lore, zuwa Anambra Igbo Basin kogi musamman a taronsa da kogin Ezu wanda aka fi sani da Ezu na Omambara a Aguleri na yau. Ba a san ainihin asalin Eri ba kuma yawancin al'adun Nri sun gabatar da shi a matsayin shugaba na allahntaka da farar hula da aka aiko daga sama don fara wayewa. Sabanin haka, asalin Eri gabaɗaya yana nuna asalin arewa maso gabas wanda ya haifar da muhawara dangane da yuwuwar Igala (ba gaskiya bane) dangane da asalin Eri. Saboda cinikai na tarihi da ƙaura na da, wasu mutane kuma sun shiga ƙasar Inyamurai a kusan ƙarni na sha huɗu ko na sha biyar kuma sun cakuɗe da ƴan asalin ƙasar. A yammacin karshen yankin Igbo, da ke gabar kogin Neja, wani mutumi da aka fi sani da Eze Chima ya tashi daga Benin tare da abokan aikinsa bayan rikici da Oba na Benin wanda ya yi gudun hijira a shekarun 1560. Yayin da suka tashi daga birnin Benin zuwa gabas, Eze Chima da mabiyansa sun zauna a kasashe da dama tare da kafa masarautu tare da 'yan asalin yankin. Wasu bayanai sun nuna cewa Eze Chima ya fito ne daga Ife sakamakon Ekaladeran, wani basaraken Bini da ya yi hijira zuwa Ife daga Bini ya kwace asalin sarakunan Ibo. Igbo ne asalin Ife kafin 1300. Waɗannan sun girma zuwa manyan ƙungiyoyin ƙauye da garuruwa bayan ƙarni na 16. A dunkule, ana kiran wadannan wurare da Umuezechima wanda ke fassara a matsayin 'ya'ya ko zuriyar sarki Chima'. Yaƙin Igbo da haduwa da Turawa (1450-1750) Kasashen Inyamurai a da an fi sanin su da Ibo (e), Ebo (e), da Ibwo Ƙasar Ibwo a tarihi an san su da Ibo (e) da kuma Ƙasar Ibwo a farkon masu binciken Turai. Kasar Inyamurai dai ta samu galaba a hannun daular Burtaniya bayan shekaru da dama na tsayin daka ta kowane bangare; wasu daga cikin fitattun ‘yan adawa sun hada da kungiyar Ekumeku, yakin Anglo-Aro, da rikicin mata na Aba wanda matan kabilu daban-daban suka bayar a gabashin Najeriya. Arochukwu da cinikin bayi (1750-1850) Matsaloli da dama sun tashi kai tsaye ko a kaikaice sakamakon Nri; Masarautar da ta fi karfi a cikin wadannan ita ce kungiyar Aro Confederacy wacce ta tashi a yankin Kuros Riba a karni na 17 kuma ta ragu bayan turawan mulkin mallaka a farkon karni na 20. Jihar Aro ta mai da hankali kan Arochukwu ta biyo bayan koma bayan da Nri ya samu a kai a kai, inda ya danganta yawancin ayyukanta na tattalin arziki kan karuwar cinikin bayi ga turawa da matsakaita daga mutanen Afirka ke yi. A halin yanzu wurin da ake kira Arochukwu, asalinsa mutanen Ibibio ne suka zauna a karkashin masarautar Obong Okon Ita kafin cin galabarsu inda ta zamo Obinkita a karni na 17 da manyan kungiyoyin Igbo guda biyu suka yi: dangin Eze Agwu da Oke Nnachi wadanda Ibom Isi suka taimaka masa (ko Akpa) sojojin haya a karkashin jagorancin daular Nnubi. Agwu Inobia, zuriyar Nna Uru daga Abiriba ne ke jagoranta, dangin Eze Agwu sun kasance ne a babban birninsu wat Amanagwu inda mutanen Obong Okon Ita suka yi musu turjiya wanda ya kai ga fara yakin Aro-Ibibio. Yaƙin da farko ya zama jiya ayau. Bangarorin biyu sun shirya daurin aure tsakanin Sarkin Obong Okon Ita da wata mata daga Amanagwu. Auren ya kasa kawo zaman lafiya amma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a yakin. Oke Nnachi ya kasance karkashin jagorancin Nnachi Ipia wanda dibia ne ko limamin coci a cikin mutanen Edda kuma Agwu Inobia ne ya kira shi ya taimaka a yakin da ake yi da Ibibio. Wadannan kungiyoyi sun biyo bayan wata kungiya ta uku wadda ba ta kabilar Igbo ta Ekoi ba, wato Akpa ko Ibom Oburutu wadanda Akuma Nnaubi, na farko Eze Aro, na sarautar Sarkin Aro ke jagoranta. A kudancin kasar Igbo, kungiyoyi da dama sun samu yancin kai daga mulkin Nri. Galibin wadannan kungiyoyin sun biyo bayan hijira ne daga al'ummar Isu a jihar Imo a yau, kodayake wasu al'ummomi, irin su kungiyar Mbaise na kauyukan gefe, sun yi ikirarin cewa su ne 'yan asalin yankin. Zamanin Mulkin Turawa (1850-1960) Bayan da majalisar dokokin Burtaniya ta soke cinikin bayi a shekarar 1807, sojojin ruwan Burtaniya sun bude kasuwanci da garuruwan Bonny da Opobo da ke gabar teku da kuma har zuwa cikin kasar Nijar tare da Asaba a shekarun 1870. Masana'antar dabino, wacce ita ce mafi girma da ake fitarwa, ta girma kuma tana da mahimmanci ga Burtaniya da ke kasuwanci a nan. Zuwan Birtaniyya da kasuwancinsu ta haifar da karuwar cin karo da juna tsakanin Inyamurai da sauran hukumomi da kabilun da ke kusa da Kogin Neja wanda ya haifar da zurfafa fahimtar asalin kabilar Ibo. Masu mishan sun fara isowa a cikin 1850s. Ibo, da farko sun yi taka-tsan-tsan da addinin, sun fara rungumar addinin Kiristanci da ilimin Yammacin duniya, yayin da al’ummar gargajiya ta lalace. Kiristanci ya taka rawa sosai wajen shigar da akidun Turawa a cikin al'ummar Igbo da al'adun Igbo sau da yawa ta hanyar shafe ayyukan al'adu; Sau da yawa an hana masu bin mazhabobi wajen shiga cikin tsoffin al'adu da al'adu, kuma an hana shiga ƴan'uwa da ƙungiyoyin asiri yayin da cocin ke ƙaruwa. Saboda rashin daidaituwar tsarin mulkin da ake yi wa Inyamurai na mulkin kai tsaye na Birtaniyya, mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya a yankin ya kasance da tashe-tashen hankula da firgici. Karkashin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya, bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin manyan kabilun Najeriya ya ragu sannu a hankali, kuma bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin Inyamurai da sauran manyan kabilu, kamar Hausawa da Yarbawa, ya kara kaimi. Mulkin ingila ya kawo sauye-sauye a al'adu kamar gabatar da sarakunan gargagajiya kamar Eze (sarakunan gargajiya) inda babu irin wadannan masarautu. 'Yancin Najeriya da yakin basasa (1960s) Bayan samun 'yancin kai daga kasar Ingila a shekarar 1960, yawancin kasashen Inyamurai sun kasance cikin yankin Gabashin Najeriya. Bayan juyin mulkin da aka yi a shekarar 1966 wanda akasarin sojojin kabilar Inyamurai ke kashe 'yan siyasa daga yankunan yammaci da arewacin Najeriya, Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi ya kwace iko da birnin Legas, babban birnin kasar, ya kuma hau mulki a matsayin shugaban mulkin soja na Najeriya. A cikin tawaye da ramuwar gayya ga gwamnatin Janar Aguiyi-Ironsi, wasu sojojin Arewa ne suka yi masa kwanton bauna tare da kashe shi a ranar 29 ga Yulin 1966 a wata tawaye da akayi wanda ke dauke da kabilanci mai tsanani. Kashe Ironsi ya yi kaurin suna, saboda salon da aka bi aka kashe shi; An daure kafafun Ironsi a bayan wata mota kirar Land Rover kuma an ja shi ana zagaye gari dashi. Yankin Gabashin Najeriya ta zamo tushen Jamhuriyar Biyafra. Majalisar shiyya ta al'ummar Gabashin Najeriya ta yanke shawarar ballewar yankin a matsayin Jamhuriyar Biafra a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 1967. Janar Emeka Odumegwu-Ojukwu na Najeriya a wannan rana ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga Biafra daga Najeriya kuma ya zama shugaban sabuwar jamhuriya. Yakin basasar Najeriya (ko "Yakin Najeriya da Biafra") ya kasance daga 6 ga Yuli 1967 har zuwa 15 ga Janairu 1970, bayan haka Biafra ta sake zama wani yanki na Najeriya. Anci Jamhuriyar Biyafara da yaki bayan yakin da aka kwashe shekaru uku da gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya daga 1967 zuwa 1970 tare da tallafin soji daga kasar Birtaniya (dabarun da harsasai), Tarayyar Soviet (harsashi), da hadaddiyar daular Larabawa sojojin sama), kamar yadda haka kuma tare da tallafi daga wasu jahohin duniya. Illar dabarun yakin Najeriya irinsu yunwa ga farar hular Biafra (wadanda akasarin su 'yan kabilar Igbo ne) ya zamo batun tattaunawa. An ci gaba da fafutukar neman yancin Biafra tare da wasu tsiraru, mafi yawan su daga kungiyar MASSOB Manazarta Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Al'adu da Harshen Igbo, Igboguide.org Ziyarar hoto na kasar Igbo Yankunan Afurka ta Yamma Tarihin kasar Inyamurai Yankunan Gargajiya Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

26774

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinima%20a%20Afrika%20ta%20Kudu

Sinima a Afrika ta Kudu

Sinima a Afirka ta Kudu na nufin fina-finai da masana'antar fina-finai ta ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu. An kuma shirya fina-finai na ƙasashen waje da yawa game da Afirka ta Kudu (yawanci suna da alaƙa da launin fata). Fim ɗin Afirka ta Kudu na farko da ya samu karɓuwa da karramawa a duniya shi ne wasan barkwanci na shekarar 1980 The Gods Must Be Crazy rubuta, shiryawa kuma Jamie Uys ya shirya. A cikin Kalahari, ya ba da labari game da yadda rayuwa ta canza a cikin al'ummar Bushmen lokacin da kwalban Coke, aka jefa daga cikin jirgin sama, ba zato ba tsammani daga sama. Duk da cewa fim ɗin ya gabatar da mahallin da ba daidai ba na mutanen Khoisan san, ta hanyar tsara su a matsayin al'umma na farko da aka haskaka ta hanyar zamani na fadowa kwalban Coke. Marigayi Jamie Uys, wanda ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni The Gods Must Be Crazy, kuma ya sami nasara a ƙasashen waje a cikin 1970s tare da fina-finansa masu ban sha'awa da mutane masu ban dariya II, kamar jerin TV Candid Camera a Amurka. Leon Schuster 's Dole ne ku kasance kuna wasa! fina-finai iri daya ne, kuma sun shahara a tsakanin farar fata na Afirka ta Kudu lokacin mulkin wariyar launin fata Wani babban fim ɗin da ke nuna Afirka ta Kudu a cikin ƴan shekarun nan shi ne District9 Neill Blomkamp, ɗan asalin Afirka ta Kudu ne ya jagoranta, kuma mai ba da izini na Lord of the Rings trilogy helmer Peter Jackson ne ya jagoranta, fim ɗin aikin almara na kimiyya ya nuna ƙaramin aji na baƙi ƴan gudun hijirar da aka tilasta wa zama a cikin tarkace na Johannesburg a cikin abin da mutane da yawa suka gani. misali mai ƙirƙira ga wariyar launin fata Fim din ya kasance nasara mai mahimmanci da kasuwanci a duk duniya, kuma an zaɓe shi don lambar yabo ta Academy hudu, ciki har da Mafi kyawun Hotuna, a 82nd Academy Awards Sauran fitattun fina-finai sune Tsotsi, wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Academy don Fim na Harshen Waje a lambar yabo ta 78th Academy Awards a shekarar 2006 da U-Carmen eKhayelitsha, wanda ya lashe kyautar zinare a bikin fina-finai na Berlin na 2005 Zamanin Shiru Gidan fina-finai na farko a Afirka ta Kudu, Killarney Film Studios, an kafa shi ne a cikin 1915 a Johannesburg ta hamshakin ɗan kasuwan Amurka Isidore W. Schlesinger lokacin da ya tafi Afirka ta Kudu ba tare da burin danginsa ba bayan ya karanta game da gano zinare a Witwatersrand kuma yana sha'awar. binciko abin da zai iya samu. A cikin shekarun 1910 da 1920, an yi fina-finan Afirka ta Kudu da yawa a ciki ko wajen birnin Durban Waɗannan fina-finai sukan yi amfani da abubuwan ban mamaki da ake samu a karkarar KwaZulu-Natal, musamman yankin Drakensberg KwaZulu-Natal kuma ya zama wurin da ya dace don fina-finai na tarihi kamar De Voortrekkers (1916) da Alamar Sacrifice (1918). Ba'amurke mai shirya fina-finai Lorimer Johnston ya jagoranci fina-finai da yawa a yankin a ƙarshen shekarun 1910 wanda ya fito da ƴan wasan Amurka Edna Flugrath da Caroline Frances Cooke Duk da halartar Johnson, Flugrath da Cooke, waɗannan shirye-shiryen Afirka ta Kudu ne waɗanda ke nuna ƴan wasan gida da labarai. Zamanin Sauti Sarie Marais, fim ɗin sauti na farko na harshen Afirka, an sake shi a cikin 1931. Sauti na gaba kamar Die Wildsboudjie (1948), Sarie Marais remake na 1949, da Daar doer in die bosveld (1950) sun ci gaba da kula da fararen fata, masu sauraron harshen Afirkaans. Shekarun 1950 sun ga ƙaruwar amfani da wuraren Afirka ta Kudu da baiwa ta masu yin fina-finai na duniya. Haɗin gwiwar Biritaniya kamar Coast of Skeletons (1956) da kuma samfuran haɗin gwiwar Amurka kamar The Cape Town Affair (1967) sun nuna haɓakar yanayin harbi a wurare na gaske, maimakon yin amfani da koma baya. Abubuwan Kayayyakin Duniya Daga shekarar 2009, an sami ƙarin amfani da wuraren Afirka ta Kudu da hazaka ta ɗakunan fina-finai na duniya. Ayyukan Amurka kamar District 9 (2009), Chronicle (2012), Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), The Dark Tower (2017), Tomb Raider (2018), The Kissing Booth (2018), Maze Runner: The Death Cure (2018). 2018), Escape Room (2019) da Bloodshot (2020) suna nuna haɓakar haɓaka ta manyan gidaje na duniya don amfani da Cape Town, Johannesburg da sauran wuraren Afirka ta Kudu don shirya fina-finai. Manyan masu rarraba fina-finai 3 na Afirka ta Kudu An jera su tare da kowane mai rarraba su ne ɗakunan studio da suke wakilta: Times Media Films 20th Century Studios, Warner Bros., Sabon Layi Cinema, Hotunan DreamWorks, DreamWorks Animation Ster-Kinekor Hotunan Walt Disney, Hotunan Sony Hotunan United International International Hotunan Duniya, Hotunan Paramount, VideoVision Nishaɗi Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Sabbin Labarai, Bayar Aiki da Dama a Masana'antar Fina-Finan Afirka ta Kudu Gidan yanar gizon fina-finan Afirka ta Kudu Masana'antar fina-finai ta Afirka ta Kudu Mai da hankali kan masana'antar SouthAfrica.info Shirin Watsa Labarun Afirka Cikakken bayanan kafofin watsa labarai na Afirka Lokaci: 1895–2003 Tarihin Masana'antar Fina-Finan Afirka Ta Kudu Ma'ajin Fina-Finan Afirka Ta Kudu Mai Nuna masana'antar Afirka ta Kudu The Callsheet Newspaper na wata-wata na Afirka ta Kudu buga cinikayya masana'antar fina-finai Sinima a Afrika Afirka ta Kudu Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba

34889

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Kan-Dapaah

Albert Kan-Dapaah

Albert Kan-Dapaah (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Maris, shekara ta alif ɗari tara da hamsin da uku1953A.C) ɗan ƙasar Ghana ne da aka hayar akawu kuma ɗan siyasa. A halin yanzu shi ne ministan tsaro na kasa. Shugaba Nana Addo Danquah Akufo-Addo ne ya nada shi a ranar 10 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2017. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Kan-Dapaah a ranar 14 ga watan Maris shekara ta 1953. Shi dan Ashanti ne kuma ya fito daga Maase-Boaman a yankin Ashanti na Ghana. Albert Kan-Dapaah ya yi karatunsa na sakandare a makarantar sakandare ta Acherensua daga shekara ta 1964 zuwa 1969. Sannan ya karanci Accountancy a Jami'ar Professional Studies (UPS), Accra Legon. Ya kara da kwasa-kwasan Accountancy a North East London Polytechnic, London da Emile Woolf College of Accountancy. Aiki Kan-Dapaah ya yi aiki tare da Pannel Kerr Forster, wani kamfani na lissafin kuɗi a matsayin Babban Audit. Ya yi aiki a ofisoshinsu a Monrovia, Laberiya da London, UK tsakanin shekarar 1978 zuwa 1986. Ya koma Ghana, ya kasance shugaban Audit a Social Security and National Insurance Trust (SSNIT) daga watan Janairu shekarar 1987. A watan Satumban shekarar 1987, ya shiga kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki ta Ghana inda ya tashi daga daraktan binciken kudi har ya zama darakta mai kula da kudi, inda ya rike shekaru shida. Kan-Dapaah abokin tarayya ne a Kwesie, Kan-Dapaah da Baah Co., wani kamfani na Chartered Accountants a Accra. Hakanan yana kula da mai ba da shawara na Kan-Dapaah da Associates, ƙungiyar masu ba da shawara ta kayan aiki. Ya kuma karantar da Auditing na ɗan lokaci a Makarantar Gudanar da Kasuwanci, Jami'ar Ghana da Jami'ar Nazarin Ƙwararru. Siyasa Albert Kan-Dapaah shi ne wakilin yankin Ashanti a majalisar New Patriotic Party (NPP) ta kasa tsakanin shekarar 1992 zuwa 1996. Ya kuma kasance mamba a kwamitin kudi da tattalin arziki na jam’iyyar NPP. Ya lashe kujerar Afigya-Sekyere a zaben majalisar dokoki na shekarar 1996. Ya hau kujerarsa a watan Janairun shekarar 1997 a jam'iyyar adawa kuma ya rike kujerarsa a zabukan 'yan majalisar dokoki guda biyu da suka biyo baya a shekara ta 2000 da 2004. Ya zama ministan makamashi a gwamnatin Kufuor bayan jam'iyyar NPP ta lashe madafun iko a zaben shekarar 2000. A lokacin da aka yi wa majalisar ministocin garambawul a watan Afrilun shekarar 2003, ya zama ministan sadarwa da fasaha. Ya zama ministan harkokin cikin gida a wa'adi na biyu na Kufuor. Zabe A shekara ta 2000, Kan-Dapaah ya lashe babban zaben a matsayin dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Afigya Sekyere ta Yamma a yankin Ashanti na Ghana. Ya yi nasara akan tikitin New Patriotic Party. Mazabarsa wani bangare ne na kujeru 31 na majalisar dokoki daga cikin kujeru 33 da New Patriotic Party ta lashe a wancan zaben na yankin Ashanti. New Patriotic Party ta samu rinjayen kujeru 99 na 'yan majalisa daga cikin kujeru 200. An zabe shi da kuri'u 10,605 daga cikin 14,878 da aka kada. Wannan yayi daidai da kashi 72.2% na jimlar ingantattun ƙuri'un da aka jefa. An zabe shi a kan Beatrice Aboagye ta National Democratic Congress, S.Osei Yaw na jam'iyyar Convention People's Party, Agyem Vincent na People's National Convention da Tawiah Joseph na New Reformed Party. Wadannan sun samu kuri'u 3,806, 129, 82 da 62 daga cikin jimillar kuri'un da aka kada. Waɗannan sun yi daidai da 25.9%, 0.9%, 0.6%, da 0.4% bi da bi na jimlar ingantattun ƙuri'un da aka jefa. An zabi Kan-Dapaah a matsayin dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Afigya-Sekyere ta yamma na yankin Ashanti ta Ghana a karo na uku a babban zaben kasar Ghana na shekara ta 2004. Ya yi nasara akan tikitin New Patriotic Party. Mazabarsa wani bangare ne na kujeru 36 na 'yan majalisa daga cikin kujeru 39 da New Patriotic Party ta lashe a wancan zaben na yankin Ashanti. New Patriotic Party ta samu rinjayen kujeru 128 na 'yan majalisa daga cikin kujeru 230. An zabe shi da kuri'u 13,936 daga cikin 17,863 masu inganci da aka jefa kwatankwacin kashi 78% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada. An zabe shi a kan Ampofo Stephen na Peoples’ National Convention, Joseph Baah na National Democratic Congress da A.S. Osei Yaw na Convention People's Party. Waɗannan sun sami 0.8%, 20.1% da 1% bi da bi na jimlar ƙuri'un da aka jefa. A shekarar 2008, ya lashe zaben gama gari a kan tikitin New Patriotic Party na wannan mazaba. Mazabarsa tana cikin kujeru 34 na 'yan majalisa daga cikin kujeru 39 da New Patriotic Party ta lashe a wancan zaben na yankin Ashanti. New Patriotic Party ta lashe kujerun 'yan majalisa 109 daga cikin kujeru 230. An zabe shi da kuri'u 13,824 daga cikin 18,747 masu inganci da aka jefa kwatankwacin kashi 73.74% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada. An zabe shi a kan Joyce Oduro ta jam'iyyar Peoples' National Congress, Joseph Baah na National Democratic Congress da James Gyimah Dabo na jam'iyyar Convention People's Party. Wadannan sun samu kashi 1.28%, 23.07% da 1.91% bi da bi na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada. Rayuwa ta sirri Kan-Dapaah tana da aure da ‘ya’ya hudu. Kawun Collins Adomako-Mensah ne. Rigima A ranar 15 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 2020, wani bidiyo na kiran wayan bidiyo na kwarkwasa a WhatsApp tsakanin Albert Kan-Dapaah da wata budurwa ya bayyana a shafukan sada zumunta wanda ya haifar da kiraye-kirayen yin murabus daga mukaminsa na Ministan Tsaro na kasa. Sauran mukaman da aka gudanar 1996 Shugaban Cibiyar Akawu na Chartered, Ghana 1996 Mataimakin shugaban kasa, Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Lissafi a Yammacin Afirka Manazarta Rayayyun

27345

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyautar%20Gasan%20Fina-finai%20ta%20Afurka%20ta%20kudu.

Kyautar Gasan Fina-finai ta Afurka ta kudu.

Kyautar Fim da Talabijin na Afirka ta Kudu 'South Africa' (wani lokaci ana kiranta da Golden Horns ko kuma wata sa'in SAFTAs bikin bayar da kyaututtukan Afirka ta Kudu ne na shekara-shekara wanda Cibiyar Fina-Finai ta Kasa da Gidauniyar Bidiyo (NFVF) ta shirya, don girmama ƙwararrun ƙwararru a cikin fim ɗin gida. masana'antar talabijin kamar yadda alkalan sa kai suka tantance. Wadanda suka yi nasara a rukuni daban-daban ana ba su kyautar mutum-mutumi, a hukumance da ake kira Golden Horn, da satifiket. Kyautar, wanda aka fara gabatarwa a cikin 2006 a Gallagher Estate, kwamitin da NFVF ke kula da shi. Zaɓuɓɓu, waɗanda aka gabatar, da waɗanda suka yi nasara ana zabar su ta hanyar alƙalai da aka kafa do tantancewa. 'Yan asalin kasar Afirka ta Kudu (South Africa) ne kadai suka cancanci samun wannan kyauta. Kamfanin Watsa Labarun Afirka ta Kudu (SABC) shine abokin hulɗar watsa shirye-shiryen kai tsaye na hukuma kuma mai ɗaukar nauyi. Kyautar fina-finai da Talabijin na Afirka ta Kudu karo na 13 (wanda akayi lokacin killacewa saboda Corona Quarantine Edition-ceremony) an gudanar da shi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Sun City Metro ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2021 ta Edem, Henry-Kendall A. Kuma ya tattara sama da masu kallo sama da miliyan 1 a SAFTAs 2021 Zoom Link Asali A taron fim na indaba na farko a watan Agustan 2005, wakilan masana'antar fina-finai da talabijin na Afirka ta Kudu, tare da jagora daga gidauniyar fina-finai da bidiyo ta kasa (NFVF), sun shirya bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na shekara-shekara. Kyautar za ta zama hanyar girmamawa, murna, da haɓaka ƙwararrun ƙirƙira, da ƙarfafa haɓaka sabbin ƙwarewa a cikin masana'antar. Tun bayan bikin kaddamar da kyaututtukan na karkashin kulawar hukumar ta NFVF kuma wani kwamiti ne ke tafiyar da shi. Babban jami'in gudanarwa na NFVF na yanzu shine shugabar, yayin da sauran sassan hukumar ta ƙunshi masu watsa shirye-shiryen watsa shirye-shirye na kasa, kungiyar Afirka ta Kudu (SASFED), Guild Writers' na Afirka ta Kudu (WGSA), da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki. A wajen bikin karramawar fina-finai da talabijin na Afirka ta Kudu karo na 6, shugaban NFVF na lokacin kuma shugaban kwamitin SAFTA, Eddie Mbalo, ya sanar da cewa za a gudanar da bincike kan kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Fina-Finai da Talabijin ta Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin “masu kula da kyaututtukan”. Sanarwar ta biyo bayan murabus din Eddie Mbalo ne, “da fatan” za a kaddamar da makarantar da sabon shugaba. Makwanni kafin bikin bayar da lambar yabo ta fina-finai da talabijin na Afirka ta Kudu karo na 7 shugabar hukumar ta NFVF na yanzu, Zama Mkosi, ta ba da rahoton cewa wani karamin kwamiti na musamman ya zana daftarin tsarin mulki na Kwalejin. An saki kundin tsarin mulki ga masana'antar don amsawa, ta bayyana cewa "muna iya samun nasara a cikin shekaru biyu zuwa uku masu zuwa." An tsara shi akan makarantun duniya, kamar Cibiyar Nazarin Hoto na Motsi da Kimiyya da Kwalejin Fina-Finai da Talabijin na Biritaniya NFVF ta ce ba za ta iya ba da cikakken tallafin makarantar ba, yana mai cewa za su "tafiya tare" masana'antar don sanya makarantar ta zama "hankali na kudi". Kyautar Golden Statue Tun lokacin bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na farko a cikin 2006, kowane mai nasara yana karɓar mutum-mutumi mai suna Golden Horn da takardar shedar nasara don karrama ƙwararrun ƙirƙira. Fuskokin da ke jikin mutum-mutumin sun dogara ne akan kayan tarihi daga ko'ina cikin Afirka, wasu tun daga 800 AZ, kuma suna nuni da shugabannin Lydenburg Kawukan mutum uku an sassaka su kamar ƙahonin shanu da kama da sifofin da aka samu akan akwatunan shaƙa na asali. Waɗannan abubuwan galibi sun kasance sananne matsayin memba mai daraja a cikin al'ummar Afirka. Tare da ƙahoni suna magana ne ga harshen wuta kuma, a ƙarshe, fitowar rana a matsayin "tambarin haske, ƙawa da babban ka'ida na yanayi". Ƙirƙirar ra'ayi a bayan kofin an gina shi akan ƙarfin ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwa da kuma amincewa da mutum a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar. Cancantar da shiga Dangane da jagororin kwamitocin bayar da kyaututtuka, ƴan ƙasa da mazaunan dindindin na Afirka ta Kudu ne kawai suka cancanci naɗa; a wasu nau'ikan wannan doka ta shafi shugaban furodusa ne kawai. A cikin nau'ikan lambar yabo ta talabijin, mafi yawan masu ruwa da tsaki na kamfanin dole ne su kasance Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin hali na co-productions tare da kasashen waje kamfanonin, ne kawai m inda wani "muhimmin rabo" na m yanke shawara da aka yi da tawagar Afirka ta Kudu da samar da aka bokan da National Film da Video Foundation. Kwamitin SAFTA yana aika kira don shigarwa, yawanci kusan watan Agusta. Don lambar yabo ta fina-finai da Talabijin na Afirka ta Kudu na 10, an ba wa mahalarta damar gabatar da kafofin watsa labaru ta kan layi, kafin a gabatar da fom ɗin shigarwa akan layi kuma a aika da kafofin watsa labarai ta hanyar sabis na gidan waya zuwa manyan ofisoshin NFVF a Johannesburg A cikin nau'ikan shirye-shiryen gidajen talabijin da ake nunawa a bainar jama'a a kowace tashoshi na gida tsakanin 1 ga Agusta zuwa 31 ga Yuli sun cancanci. Dole ne a jera nunin talabijin, tare da aƙalla kakar wasa ɗaya. Kamfanin samar da fina-finai ko mai produsa zai gabatar da mafi kyawun sassa biyu na fim dinshi, tare da jerin takamaiman nau'ikan da suke da su don shiga gasan. A cikin nau'ikan fina-finai, fina-finan da aka baje kolin jama'a a Afirka ta Kudu a tsakanin 1 ga Janairu zuwa 31 ga Disamba ne suka cancanci gasar. An rage mafi ƙarancin lokacin shigar da fina-finai do kaddamar da fim a gasar daga mintuna 70 zuwa mintuna 41 don lambar yabo ta Fina-Finan Afirka ta Kudu da Talabijin na 10. Ga kowane nau'in 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da ƴan wasan kwaikwayo an ƙaddamar da wasan kwaikwayo na mafi kyawun al'amuransu, don baiwa alkalan kallon kewayon su. Idan an ƙaddamar da shigarwa ba daidai ba, nan da nan an hana shi daga wannan rukunin. Tsarin hukunci Kwamitin SAFTA yana fara kowane tsarin shari'a, ta hanyar zabar alkalai guda uku ko fiye. Waɗannan shugabanni suna kula da matakai biyu, suna ba da katin ƙima kuma suna jagorantar alkalai a kowane rukuni. ’Yan fim da ƙwararrun talbijin waɗanda ke da ƙarancin gogewar shekaru goma, ko waɗanda alkalai suka ɗauka “masu aminci”, na iya ba da kai don zama alkali. A cikin 2011, kwamitin SAFTA ya fara haɗa waɗanda suka yi nasara a baya da waɗanda aka zaɓa a cikin tsarin shari'a don "ƙarfafa fahimtar abokan gaba". Ba a bayyana sunayen alkalan a bainar jama'a, don kare sirrin su da kuma kawar da duk wani tursasa da zai iya yiwuwa a yayin gudanar da aikin. A cikin 2016, akwai kusan alkalai 300 da aka yi amfani da su a duk lokacin aikin. An gudanar da zaman shari'ar ne a manyan biranen Afirka ta Kudu guda uku, Johannesburg, Cape Town da Durban Bayan zargi daga masana'antar talabijin, kwamitin SAFTA sun haɗa gwiwa tare da kwamitin Emmy Awards a 2015 don dubawa da ba da shawara game da inganta tsarin shari'a. Sakamakon haka, alkalai sun kada kuri'a ne kawai a cikin sana'arsu ba kowane bangare ba yayin matakin farko na yanke hukunci. Mataki na daya Zagayen farko na hukunci, ko lokacin tantancewa, shine lokacin da ake yi la'akari da duk fina-finai da aka shigar. Yawanci yana faruwa sama da makonni shida a cikin Oktoba da Nuwamba shekara kafin bikin. Tsarin tacewa yana rage adadin shigarwar zuwa mafi ƙanƙanta biyar kuma mafi girman ƴan wasan ƙarshe bakwai a kowane rukuni. Idan akwai shigarwar uku ko ƙasa da haka a cikin nau'in, an dakatar da kyautar na shekara. Wannan sau da yawa ya shafi lambobin yabo na fasaha, inda kamar yadda ƙofar shigarwa na iya zama ƙasa don manyan nau'ikan kyauta kamar Mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo na TV, Mafi kyawun Sabulun TV, Mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo na TV, Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Fim, Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Fim ɗin Fim da Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Fim ɗin Fim. An raba alkalan zuwa “matakai”, kowane kwamiti ya ƙunshi ƙwararru a rukunin da aka bayar. Misali, alkalan da suke daraktocin talabijin za su yi hukunci ne kawai ga nau'ikan jagorar talabijin (ba tare da la'akari da nau'in ba). Dole ne bangarorin su zabi Shugaban Kwamitin da Mataimakin Shugaban, wadanda ke shiga cikin bangarorin biyu na hukunci. Sabon shugaban alkalai da aka nada ne ya ƙirƙiri katin ƙima, bisa ƙayyadaddun sharuɗɗa a cikin wani nau'i da aka bayar. Wannan ma'auni yawanci yana tsakanin tambayoyi uku ko hudu, tare da kowace tambaya tana samun kima cikin biyar. Wannan shine misalin abin da katin ƙima na jagorar talabijin zai yi kama da: Da zarar an ƙidaya duk katunan maki, manyan ƴan takara bakwai na ƙarshe a kowane rukuni su matsa zuwa mataki na biyu. Mataki na biyu Matakin karshe yana gudana tsakanin Nuwamba da Janairu tare da sabbin alkalai. Waɗannan alkalai ba su da ilimin abunda ya faru a mataki na farko na kashi na farko kuma, an sake raba su zuwa bangarori na musamman. Ana ƙarfafa kowane kwamiti ya sami aƙalla taro ɗaya, ta Skype ko cikin mutum, don tattauna waɗanda za su ƙare a rukuninsu. Wani mai binciken kudi yana halarta yayin tarurrukan don tantance cewa tattaunawa “ta kasance mai ‘yanci da adalci”, kuma ba ra’ayi daya ya mamaye shi ba. Bayan wadannan tattaunawa, alkalan sun mika katin makinsu ga kwamitin SAFTA. Abubuwan samarwa guda uku waɗanda ke karɓar mafi girman maki sun sanya jerin sunayen waɗanda aka zaɓa, waɗanda galibi ana sanar da su a farkon-Fabrairu. Masu binciken, wanda kwamitin SAFTA ya ba su, sun kididdige maki na karshe da aka gabatar kuma su ne kadai suka san wadanda suka yi nasara kafin maraicen karramawar. Bukukuwa An gudanar da bikin kaddamarwa ne a shekarar 2006, an yi bugu 12 a yau. Lokuta tunawa Ƙungiyoyi sun janye gabatarwansu (2008) A cikin 2008, Mfundi Vundla, wanda ya kirkiri shahararren sabulun TV na Generations, ya janye daga lambar yabo ta 3rd na fina-finai da talabijin na Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar yin watsi da duk zabukan wasan kwaikwayon, daraktoci, 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo. SABC ce ta ƙaddamar da aikace-aikacen shigarwa, ba tare da tuntuɓar shugaban furodusan ba, Friedrich Stark, wanda sunansa ke cikin aikace-aikacen. Daga nan ne wani ɗan ɗalibi ya sanya hannu, ya saba wa ka'idodin shigar SAFTA. Vundla ya bayyana cewa shigar da Generations a bikin Fina-Finan Afirka ta Kudu na biyu da lambar yabo ta Talabijin ta SABC "ta tura ta" kuma SAFTA ta amince da su bayan an riga an kammala aikin yanke hukunci. Wannan ya sanya ayar tambaya kan ingancin bikin, Vundla ya bayyana cewa ba za a sake “tilasta shi” shiga ba kuma dole ne a fara samun kyaututtukan na gidansu. Ƙungiyar samar da Generations ba ta halarci bikin ba, kamar yadda Vundla ya bayyana cewa yana so ya guje wa "ƙirƙirar ra'ayi cewa Generations ta kowace hanya tana goyon bayan (SAFTAs)". Shugaban NFVF, Eddie Mbalo, a bainar jama'a ya bayyana "ɓacin ransa" game da shawarar da Vundla ya yanke na janye sunayen 'yan takarar kuma ya yi imanin cewa "an hana ƙungiyar damar amincewa" ta masana'antar. Rukunin lambar yabo Kyaututtuka na musamman Za a iya ba da wasu kyaututtuka na musamman bisa ga shawarar Hukumar Zartarwa da Kwamitocin Shari'a na SAFTA. Duba kuma Jerin lambobin yabo na talabijin Jerin Kyautar Kyautar Fina-Finan Afirka Ta Kudu da Talabijin Cinema na Afirka ta Kudu Talabijin a Afirka ta Kudu Jerin fina-finan Afirka ta Kudu Jerin jerin talabijin na Afirka ta Kudu Manazarta Gasar kyauta ta Afirka ta kudu Kyautukan gidajen talebijin Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangaren%20wutar%20lantarki%20a%20Ghana

Bangaren wutar lantarki a Ghana

Ghana tana samar da wutar lantarki daga makamashin lantarki, burbushin mai (makamashin thermal), da kuma hanyoyin samarda makamashi. Samar da wutar lantarki na ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da ci gaban tattalin arzikin ƙasar ta Ghana, tare da haɓaka da haɓaka masana'antu cikin sauri; Yawan amfani da wutar lantarki na kasar ta Ghana ya kai awanni 265 a kowace kwata a cikin shekarar 2009. Ghana na fitar da wasu makamashin da ta samu zuwa wasu kasashen. Bayar da wutar lantarki yana karkashin ayyukan Kamfanin Grid na Ghana. Rabon wutar yana karkashin Kamfanin Rarraba Wutar Lantarki na Arewa da Kamfanin Wutar Lantarki na Ghana. Tarihi Samun wutar lantarki na farko da gwamnatin Ghana ta tallafawa a Ghana ta fara ne a shekara ta 1914 a Sekondi-Takoradi, wanda Hukumar Kula da Railway ta Ghana (Ghana Railway Corporation) ke aiki. An fadada wutar lantarki zuwa Sekondi-Takoradi a shekarata 1928. Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a ta Ghana ta fara wadataccen kayan aiki kai tsaye (DC) a cikin Accra a lokacin 1922. Babban aikin canzawa na yanzu (AC) ya fara ne a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 1924, kuma an girka wata karamar shuka wacce ta kunshi injiniyoyi guda uku a kwance masu amfani da mai a cikin Koforidua a 1925. A cikin 1926, an fara aikin rarraba wutar lantarki zuwa Kumasi. Kuntataccen isar da yamma ya fara a watan Mayu 1927, kuma an kawo tashar wutar lantarki cikakke aiki a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1927. A wannan shekarar aka sanya wadatar DC a Winneba amma daga baya aka canza ta zuwa AC ta hanyar faɗaɗa wadataccen wadata daga Swedru kuma a lokacin 1929-30, an ba da wadataccen wutar lantarki zuwa Tamale har sai da aka sanya sabon injin AC a 1938. Tashar wutar lantarki ta gaba da za a kafa ita ce Cape Coast a cikin 1932. Ma'aikatar Wutar Lantarki ta Ghana ta karɓi wannan a cikin 1947. An ba da tashar samarda wutar lantarki ta Ghana a Swedru a 1948 kuma wannan ya biyo bayan girka shuke-shuke a Akim Oda, Dunkwa-on-Offin da Bolgatanga a 1948. A ranar 27 ga Mayu, 1949, an samar da wutar lantarki a Nsawam ta hanyar gina layin watsa daga sama daga Accra. Rashin wutar lantarki na Keta wanda aka sanya shi cikin shirin ya sami jinkiri saboda matsalolin ma'aikata kuma ba a ƙaddamar da shi ba har zuwa 1955. An ƙaddamar da tashar wutar lantarki ta Tema a cikin 1956 tare da samfurin kilowatts 3 x 650 (870 hp) na samar da dizal. Tashar wutar Ho ta biyo baya a 1957 kuma daga 1961-64. An faɗaɗa tashar wutar Tema zuwa matsakaicin ƙarfin kilowatts 35,298 (47,335 hp), saboda haka, yana mai yiwuwa ya zama babbar tashar samar da mai ta diesel a Afirka. A cikin 1963 sashen Ghana na Wutar Lantarki ya fara aiki da tsarin watsawa na farko 161 kV a Ghana, wanda aka yi amfani dashi don daukar wuta daga tashar wutar lantarki ta Tema. A lokacinda yakai kololuwa a shekarar 1965, anyi amfani da kusan kashi 75 na ikon a cikin Accra. A shekarar 1994, karfin samarda Ghana ya kai kimanin 1,187GW, kuma yawan abin da ake samarwa a shekara ya kai kimanin 4.49GW. Babban tushen wadatar shine Hukumar Volta River tare da injinan lantarki 127MW shida da aka girka a Akosombo Hydroelectric Project. A wannan lokacin, wannan aikin ya samar da yawancin wutar lantarki da aka cinye a Ghana, kusan kashi 60 cikin ɗari wanda Kungiyar Aluminium ta Volta (Valco) ta saya don ƙarata. Fitar da tashar wutar lantarki ta kai kimanin tan 180,000 na mai a cikin 1991. Ididdigar wutar lantarkin ta Ghana an samar da ita ne ta injunan dizal mallakar Kamfanin Lantarki na Ghana, na kamfanonin haƙar ma'adinai, kuma ta wata tashar samar da ruwa mai karfin 160MW a Kpong, kimanin kilomita 40 ta gangara daga Akosombo. An yi nazarin madatsar ruwa ta uku a Bui a kan Kogin Black Volta kuma an kammala ta a cikin 2013. Sauran rukunin yanar gizon da ke da karfin samar da lantarki, a kan Kogin Pra (Ghana), da Kogin Tano, da White Volta River, da Kogin Ankobra, suma zasu buƙaci saka hannun jari mai yawa. Ghana ta yi yunƙurin ƙara rarraba wutar lantarkin ta a duk faɗin ƙasar. Daya daga cikin shirye-shiryen da Ghana ta ƙaddamar zai samar da ingantaccen wutar lantarki a cikin birane da kudancin ƙasar. Bugu da kari, an ba da aikin fadada layin sadarwar kasa zuwa yankin Arewa a shekarar 1989. Fadada aikin ya danganta arewacin Ghana da ikon da aka samu daga Madatsar ruwan Akosombo. Kashi na biyu na fadada aikin zai hade manyan garuruwa a yankin Upper East da Bolgatanga babban birnin yankin, kan kudi dalar Amurka miliyan 100. Mataki na karshe zai ga fitar da lantarki daga iyakar Ghana zuwa Burkina-Faso. A farkon 1991 Kamfanin Lantarki na Ghana ya fara fadada hanyoyin sadarwar lantarki a yankunan arewa maso yammacin Accra kuma kamfanin na Ghana na da niyyar fadada samar da wutar zuwa dukkan cibiyoyin da ke kebe a Ghana inda man dizel shi ne babban tushen samar da wuta. An kuma shirya wani shiri na kara samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar amfani da makamashin zafin sannan kuma ana sa ran ginawa a karshen shekarar 1994 a kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na farko a kusa da Sekondi-Takoradi kuma an shirya kammala shi a shekarar 1997, kamfanin ya ba da gudummawar wutar lantarki 300MW ga Ghana tsarin kasa. Tun daga 2007, Ghana ta zama mai fitar da wutar lantarki kuma tun daga 2011 ta kasance mai fitar da danyen mai, da iskar gas, da kuma janareta na lantarki ta hanyar makamashin zafi, da wutar lantarki, da hasken rana da kuma kuzarin sabuntawa tun daga 2012. Burbushin mai Danyen mai da kuma iskar gas Ghana na samar da gas mai nauyin cubic miliyan 140-200 a kowace rana kuma a cikin ta an hana samar da iskar gas a Ghana daga cikakken damar samarwa tun daga watan Disambar 2012, saboda jinkirin gina matatar iskar gas ta Ghana a Sekondi-Takoradi wanda aka tsara za a kammala shi a watan Disambar 2012 kuma yanzu an shirya kammala shi a watan Disambar 2013, kuma saboda hakan ne ya haifar da barkewar iskar gas kuma Ghana ta yi asarar daruruwan miliyoyi a rana tun Disambar 2012 a cikin kudaden shiga daga samar da iskar gas. Tun watan Disambar 2012 biliyoyin daloli a shekara suka yi asara daga GDP na Ghana saboda jinkirin da ake yi na gina matatar iskar gas a Sekondi-Takoradi. An gano wani filin mai na Ghana wanda aka ruwaito yana dauke da gangar mai biliyan 3 (480,000,000 m3) na danyen mai a 2007, kuma a cewar gwamnatin Ghana, kasar za ta iya fadada yawan mai da ya kai ganga biliyan 5 (790,000,000 m3) na danyen mai a cikin yan shekaru kadan. Ghana na fitar da gangar danyen mai 200,000 a kowace rana a kan matsakaita daga ganga miliyan 1-2 na danyen mai a kowace rana, da kuma kudin shigar da ake hako danyen mai na dala biliyan 30 a shekara; kamar yadda yake tare da Angola, ita ma mai samar da danyen mai, tana da ganga miliyan 2 na danyen mai a kowace rana kuma tana samun dala biliyan 33.7 da ake tsammani a duk shekara a kudaden shigar danyen mai. Babban tasirin tattalin arziki daga burbushin halittu a cikin tattalin arzikin Ghana ya fara ne daga rubu'in farko na shekarar 2011 lokacin da Ghana ta fara samar da danyen mai da iskar gas a yawan kasuwanci kuma masana'antar danyen mai ta Ghana tana da kashi 6% na kudin shigar Ghana na 2011. Ana ci gaba da binciken Mai da Gas a ƙasar Ghana kuma adadin ɗanyen mai da iskar gas a Gana yana ci gaba da ƙaruwa. Makamashin rana Babban hoto (PV) da kuma babbar tashar samar da hasken rana a Afirka, aikin Nzema, wanda yake a Ghana, zai iya samar da wutar lantarki ga gidaje sama da 100,000. Kamfanin 155MW zai kara karfin samar da wutar lantarki a Ghana da kashi 6%. Aikin gini a kan GH 740 miliyan (GB£ 248 million) da kuma kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki mai amfani da hasken rana na 4 a duniya, ana bunkasa shi ne ta kamfanin Blue Energy, wani kamfani ne mai sabunta makamashi na samar da makamashi, wanda mambobi ne na, Stadium Group, babban kamfani mai zaman kansa na Turai da kamfanin ci gaba tare da fam biliyan 2.5 karkashin kulawa. Daraktan aikin shine Douglas Coleman, daga Mere Power Nzema Ltd, Ghana. Sabanin sauran ayyukan samar da hasken rana a Afirka wadanda ke amfani da karfin hasken rana, tsirrai masu amfani da hasken rana za su yi amfani da fasahar daukar hoto (PV) don sauya hasken rana kai tsaye zuwa lantarki. Girkawar fiye da 630,000 masu amfani da hasken rana na PV za ta fara a ƙarshen 2017. Tun daga watan Agusta 2015, aikin yana ci gaba. Makamashin iska Baya ga samar da wutar lantarki da kuma amfani da hasken rana, kasar ta Ghana tana kuma samar da wasu makamashi masu yawa, sauran nau'ikan makamashi da ke samar da wutar lantarki a Ghana sune makamashin iska, da na geothermal da kuma na biomass. Manufa ce ta masana'antar makamashi ta Ghana a samu kashi 10% na curin makamashin na Ghana ya fito ne daga kafofin da za a iya sabuntawa (ba tare da kidaya wutar lantarki mai karfi ba) a shekarar 2015, ko kuma a karshen shekarar 2020. Ghana tana da albarkatun iska na aji 4-6 da wuraren da iska mai karfi take kamar Nkwanta, da Accra Plains, da Kwahu da Gambaga. Matsakaicin ƙarfin da za'a samu daga albarkatun iska na Ghana don wutar lantarki an kiyasta ya kai kimanin 500 600 GWh shekara. Don bayar da hangen nesa A cikin 2011, daga wannan Hukumar Makamashi, babbar madatsar ruwa ta Akosombo a cikin Gana kawai ta samar da GWhrs 6,495 na wutar lantarki kuma, ana kirga dukkan albarkatun da ke samar da makamashi a Ghana gaba daya, duka makamashin da aka samar ya kai GWhrs 11,200 a wannan shekarar. Waɗannan ƙididdigar ba sa la'akari da ƙarin iyakance abubuwan kamar ƙuntatawa-amfani da ƙasa, grid ɗin da ake ciki (ko yadda nisan albarkatun iska zai iya kasancewa daga layin wutar) da kuma isa. Karfin iska yana da damar bayar da gudummawa sosai ga masana'antar makamashin ƙasar tabbas za a iya samun kashi 10 cikin 100 dangane da ƙarfin shigar da shi, kuma kusan 5% na ƙarfin samar da lantarki daga iska kawai. Bio makamashi Ghana ta tsara wasu dabaru don jawo hankalin masu saka jari a bangarorin ta na zamani da kuma makamashi domin karfafa ci gaban karkara, samar da ayyukan yi da kuma adana kudaden kasashen waje. Kasar da ake nomawa da taɓarɓarewar ƙasar ta Ghana na da damar noman albarkatun gona da tsire-tsire waɗanda za a iya canza su zuwa nau'ikan makamashi masu ƙarfi da ruwa, kamar yadda haɓakar wasu hanyoyin zirga-zirgar keɓaɓɓu na iya taimaka wa Ghana ta faɗaɗa da kuma tabbatar da ita samar da makamashi na gaba. Babban saka hannun jari a cikin karamin sashin makamashi ya wanzu a fannonin samarwa, sune sufuri, ajiya, rarrabawa, sayarwa, kasuwanci da fitarwa. Burin kasar Ghana dangane da makamashi, kamar yadda manufofin bangaren makamashi suka bayyana, shine zamanantar da zamani da kuma nazarin fa'idodin makamashin a dunkule. Biomass ita ce babbar hanyar samar da makamashi a kasar Ghana dangane da baiwa da kuma amfani, tare da manyan albarkatun mai guda biyu da ake amfani dasu sune ethanol da biodiesel. Don haka, ma'aikatar makamashi ta Ghana a shekarar 2010 ta kirkiro dabarun bangaren makamashi da shirin bunkasa. Karin bayanai kan dabarun manufofin manufofi na bangaren makamashi mai sabuntawa sun hada da dorewa da samarwa da ingantaccen amfani da itacen mai-mai yayin tabbatar da cewa amfani da su ba zai haifar da sare dazuzzuka ba. Tsarin zai tallafawa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu saka jari a fannin noman bio-fuel, hakar mai da kuma tace shi a cikin kayayyakin na biyu, ta haka ne zai samar da hanyoyin da suka dace na kudi da haraji. Dokar Sabunta makamashi ta Ghana ta samar da kwarin gwiwa na kasafin kudi don cigaban makamashi daga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, sannan kuma yayi bayani dalla-dalla game da sarrafawa da gudanar da aiyukan samar da mai da bishiyoyi a Ghana. Hukumar Kula da Man Fetur ta Ghana (NPA) ta yi aiki da Dokar Sabunta makamashi ta 2011 don ta sanya farashin kayan mai na kasar ta Ghana bisa ga tsarin farashin mai. Haɗakar tasirin canjin yanayi da rikice-rikicen tattalin arziƙin duniya, ya haifar da da hanzari tsakanin masu tsara manufofin Ghana, masana'antu da masu neman ci gaba don nemo ɗorewa da ingantacciyar hanyar samar da mai. A halin yanzu, Brazil, wacce ke samar da ethanol daga masara da dawa, ita ce babbar kasuwar mai a duniya. Duba kuma Tattalin Arziki na Ghana Ikon nukiliya a Ghana Dumsor, kalmar gida don wutar lantarki baƙar fata

21645

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad%20ibn%20Isa%20al-Shaybani

Ahmad ibn Isa al-Shaybani

Ahmad ibn Isa al-Shaybani (ya mutu a shekara ta 898), ya kasance shugaban larabawa na kabilar Shayban. A cikin shekara ta 882/3 ya gaji mahaifinsa, mai suna Isa ibn al-Shaykh, a matsayin mai mulkin kusancin Diyar Bakr, kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya faɗaɗa ikonsa a wasu yankunan kudancin Armenia shi ma. Ya sami iko a kan Mosul a 891/2, amma fuskantar wani resurgent Abbasiyawa Khalifanci, ya aka hana birnin da kuma tilasta su a cikin wani wuri na vassalage da Halifa al-Mu'tamid. Jim kaɗan da mutuwarsa a shekara ta 898, Halifa ya hana ɗansa da magajinsa, Muhammad, yankuna na ƙarshe da suka rage a ƙarƙashin ikon dangin. Rayuwa Ahmad dan Isa bin al-Shaykh al-Shaybani ne. A cikin shekarun 860s, ta hanyar amfani da hargitsin "Anarchy at Samarra", wanda ya gurguntar da Khalifanci na Abbasawa kuma ya karfafa rarrabuwar kai a lardunan, Isa ya dauki kansa a matsayin dan lokaci kadan ya zama shugaban wata kasar a zahiri ta makiyaya a Falasdinu. Daga ƙarshe an tilasta masa barin Falasɗinu ya zama gwamnan Armenia, amma ya kasa aiwatar da ikonsa a kan sarakunan yankin, sai ya bar lardin a shekara ta 878 ya koma garinsa na asali Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia). A can ya kafa kansa a matsayin mai mulkin Diyar Bakr, tare da Amid a matsayin babban birninta. A mutuwar Isa a shekara ta 882/3, Ahmad ya gaji mahaifinsa. Mutum ne mai son cika buri, ya yi amfani da matsayinsa a matsayin gwamna na Diyar Bakr mai cikakken 'yanci don faɗaɗa tasirinsa a duka sauran Jazira da arewa zuwa Armenia. Duk da cewa sabanin mahaifinsa bai rike wani mukami a madadin Kalifanci a Armenia ba, a shekara ta 887 Khalifa al-Mu'tamid ya aike shi don ya ba da sarautar ga yariman Bagratid Ashot I, ta haka ya kafa daular Armeniya mai zaman kanta. A cikin Jazira, kamar mahaifinsa da ya gabace shi, sarkin Turkiya na Mosul, Ishaq bn Kundajiq, wanda Halifa ya amince da shi a matsayin gwamnan Jazira ya yi adawa da Ahmad. Bayan mutuwar Ibn Kundajiq ne a cikin shekara ta 891/2 sannan Ahmad ya sami damar faɗaɗa ikonsa, ya kame Mardin kuma daga ƙarshe Mosul da kansa, yana fitar da ɗan Ibn Kundajiq Muhammad. Nasarorin nasa ba su dade ba, domin a cikin shekarar 893, sabon kazamin khalifa al-Mu'tadid ya yi kamfen a Jazira kuma ya sanya Mosul karkashin shugabancin halifa kai tsaye, yana iyakance Shaybanids zuwa asalin lardinsu na Diyar Bakr. Ganin farfadowar ikon Abbasiyawa karkashin al-Mu'tadid, Ahmad ya yi kokarin ganin ya sami yardar Halifa don tabbatar da matsayinsa. Don haka, bisa bukatar Halifa, ya aika da dukiyar Ibn Kundajiq zuwa Bagadaza kuma ya haɗa da kyaututtuka da yawa nasa, da kuma ɗan tawayen Khawarij da ya kama. Dan uwan Al-Mu'tadid kuma mai kula da hargitsi, Ibn al-Mu'tazz, ya yi murnar miƙa wuya ga Ahmad kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa "yana tunanin ƙetarewa zuwa yankin Byzantine kuma ya zama Kirista", amma Marius Canard yana ganin na biyun ba mai shakku ba ne. A cikin jagorancin Armenia, Ahmed ya fara faɗaɗa a cikin ya tsare Abu'l-Maghra bn Musa bn Zurara, sarkin Arzen a kudancin Armenia, wanda yake da dangantaka da Bagratids kuma har ma ya zama Kirista a ɓoye da kansa, kuma ya haɗa yankinsa da nasa. Amfani da damar yaƙin tsakanin magajin Ashot I Smbat I da Sajid Muhammad al-Afshin, Ahmad ya ƙaddamar da mamayar masarautar Taron, inda ya kame Sasun Bayan rasuwar yarima Dauda, Ahmad ya kirkiro kisan dan dan uwansa kuma magajinsa, Gurgen, kuma ya sami nasarar kwace dukkanin masarautar (shekarar 895 ko farkon shekara ta 896). Da yake sarakunan Taron membobin gidan Bagratid ne, wannan aikin ya sa Ahmad cikin rikici kai tsaye tare da Sarki Smbat I, wanda yanzu ya nemi sarkin Shaybanid ya bar Taron, don amintar da zaɓinsa a matsayin wakilin Kalifa a Armenia. Ahmad ya ƙi, kuma Smbat ya tara babbar runduna (wanda aka ba da rahoton 60,000 ko ma maza 100,000 bisa ga tushen zamanin da) don yin maci da shi. Yakin Smbat bai yi nasara ba, saboda yaudarar Gagik Apumrvan Artsruni, mai mulki na Vaspurakan: Sojojin Smbat sun dogara ga Gagik a matsayin jagoran su, kuma ya jagorance su da gangan akan hanyoyi masu wahala kan tsaunuka, don haka lokacin da suka isa Taron, Armeniyan sojoji sun gaji. Tare da Gagik da ke aiki don lalata ruhin, sojojin masarauta sun kusan hallaka a cikin yaƙin na gaba, kuma da ƙyar Sarki Smbat da kansa ya tsere. Ahmad ya mutu a shekarar 898, kuma dansa, Muhammad, wanda ya gaje shi ya yi mulki a takaice har zuwa, a shekara mai zuwa, al-Mu'tadid ya kawo karshen ikon Shaybanid kuma ya sanya Diyar Bakr karkashin shugabancinsa kai tsaye. A cikin Taron, wani dan uwan yariman da aka kashe Gurgen, Grigor ya karbe mulki Legacy A matsayinsu na "masu mulki ta hanyar kwace mulki" alā sabīl al-taghallub Ahmad da mahaifinsa suna yanke hukunci mai tsauri daga masana tarihi na musulmi na wannan zamani, amma a cewar M. Canard, "a cikin rikicewar lokacin da wadannan Larabawan Mesobotamiya suke rayuwa, ba su da kyau a ciki halayensu fiye da sauran sojoji na mulkin Abbasawa". Kamar sauran Shayban, duk da haka, Isa da Ahmad suma an girmama su saboda ingancin waƙoƙin larabcin su. Masanin tarihin al-Mas'udi shi ma ya rubuta cikakken tarihin rayuwar Ahmad a cikin Akhbar al-zaman, yanzu an rasa.

22146

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha%20Byrne

Martha Byrne

Mary Martha Byrne (an haife ta a ranar 23 ga watan Disamba shekarar alif 1969) Ba’amurkiyar ’yar fim ce, mawaƙiya kuma marubuciya a talabijin. Ta taka rawar Lily Walsh Snyder a wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu Kamar yadda Duniya ke juyawa daga shekarar alif 1985 zuwa shekara ta alif 1989, sannan kuma daga shekarar alif 1993 zuwa shekara ta 2008; haka kuma, daga shekarar 2000 zuwa shekara ta 2003, 'yar tagwayen Lily, Rose D'Angelo. Byrne ya kuma bayyana a wani mataki, talabijin da matsayin fim, gami da rawar take a cikin fim ɗin shekarar 1983 Anna zuwa Inarfin finitearshe. A halin yanzu ita ce babban mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen wasannin kwaikwayo na dijital Anacostia, inda ta taka rawar Alexis Jordan tun daga shekarar 2011. Byrne ta ci kyaututtukan Emmy Awards sau uku don wasan kwaikwayo. Rayuwar farko An haifi Byrne a Ridgewood, New Jersey, 'yar Terrence Joseph da Mary Adele (née TuMulty) Byrne. Ayyuka Fitattun ayyuka Byrne ta fara wasan kwaikwayo tun tana karama lokacin da ta shiga 'yar fim din Broadway mai suna Annie, inda ta taka rawa a watan Yuli. Ta kasance yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wadansu shirye-shiryen telebijin na zamani wadanda suka hada da Kate da Allie, Murder, She Wrote, Parker Lewis Can't Rasa, Jake da Fatman, A Cikin Zafin Dare, kuma Zukata suna daji Byrne kuma ya fito a cikin fina-finai na talabijin da yawa, tare da fasalin rawar A lokacin da Gidan shimfiɗar jariri ya Fada da Walƙiya ruwan hoda Sanannen sanannen fim na Byrne shine matsayin take a cikin fim ɗin shekara ta 1983 Anna zuwa finitearfin finitearshe A cikin shekarar 2010 ta bayar da sharhi don fitowar DVD fim din. Rana talabijin Byrne sananne ne don nuna Lily Walsh Snyder a wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu na CBS Daytime Kamar yadda Duniya take Ta fara ne a watan Mayu shekarar 1985 tana da shekara 15, tana karɓar aiki daga wata 'yar fim. Byrne ba da daɗewa ba ya zama wani ɓangare na supercouple lokacin da babban marubuci Douglas Marland ya haɗu da "ƙaramar yarinya mai wadata" Lily tare da mai hannun jari mai wahala Holden Snyder, wanda Jon Hensley ya buga Nunin ya jawo cece-kuce a shekarar 1987 lokacin da Byrne-watanni masu jin kunya na bikin cikarta na 18-da kuma dan wasa mai karancin shekaru Brian Bloom suka buga labarin wanda suka rasa budurcinsu ga juna. Byrne ta sami lambar yabo ta Emmy ta Yarinya don Fitacciyar Matashiyar 'Yar Wasanni a shekarar 1987. Ta bar Kamar yadda Duniya ke juyawa a cikin shekarar 1989, kuma ta dawo a watan Afrilu shekarar 1993. Daga shekarar 2000 har zuwa shekara ta 2003, Byrne ita ma ta taka rawa ta biyu, tagwayen Lily da suka daɗe, Rose D'Angelo. Ta sake cin wata Emmy a Rana a cikin shekarar 2001, wannan lokacin a matsayin Fitacciyar Jarumar Jaruma Byrne ya bar Kamar yadda Duniya ta sake juyawa a cikin watan Afrilu shekarar 2008. Babban mai gabatar da shirin Christopher Goutman ya bayyana cewa, “Mun yiwa Martha kyauta mai tsoka da fatan za ta ci gaba da kasancewa mamba a cikin castan wasan ATWT. Abun takaici, Martha ta yanke shawarar barin duk da kokarin da muke yi na kiyaye ta. Daga baya Byrne ta tabbatar da cewa tattaunawar kwantiragin ta faɗi saboda shirin ya ƙi ba ta tabbacin yawan adadin abubuwan aikin da aka ba ta tabbacin a baya. Ta kara da cewa an yi kira ga wanda zai gaje ta yayin tattaunawar kwangilarta, wanda ya rura wutar yunkurin ta na barin. Jirgin sama na ƙarshe na Byrne akan wasan kwaikwayon shine a ranar 22 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2008; magajinta, Noelle Beck, ya fito a cikin rawar Lily daga watan Mayu shekarar 2008 har zuwa jerin 'karshen a shekarar 2010. An dauki Byrne a matsayin marubucin rubutu daga Bradley Bell don The Bold and the Beautiful a farkon shekarar 2009. Daga ranar 17 ga watan Yuni da ranar 9 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2009, ta nuna Andrea Floyd a Babban Asibitin sabulu na ABC Byrne ta fara nuna hoton Alexis Jordan (mai suna Joanne Edwards) a jerin sabulu wasan opera na gidan yanar gizo Anacostia a cikin shekarar 2011, lashe lambar yabo ta Indie Series na shekarar 2012 don Bayyanar Bako Mafi Kyawu (Drama), da kuma Kyautar Emmy ta shekarar 2015 na Fitaccen Mai Aiki a wani Sabon Kundin Tsarin Wasan Kwaikwayo Dukkanin 'yan wasan sun sami lambar yabo ta Indie Series na shekarar 2015 don Mafi Kyawun (ungiyar (Drama) Byrne tayi aiki a matsayin babban mai gabatarwa, darekta da kuma marubuci don jerin shirye-shirye daga shekarar 2012 da shekara ta 2016, kuma an ciyar da ita zuwa Babban Mai gabatarwa a cikin zango na biyar na shekarar 2017. A matsayinta na mai gabatarwa, an zabi Byrne a matsayin Emmy na Rana don Fitowar Sabbin Hanyoyin Wasannin Wasanni a shekara ta 2015. Waƙa Byrne ma mawaƙa ce. Ta ba da gudummawar kyautar Kirsimeti ga fitowar 1994 RCA, A Sabulu Opera Kirsimeti. Ta saki kundi mai taken Martha Byrne a 1996. Ta kuma fito da faifai na biyu, Mace Mai Musicaunar Mace Byrne ya sake zama batun rikice-rikice, kamar yadda mai ɗaukar hoto na biyu ya kasance Philip Morris Za'a iya siyan CD kawai tare da sayan sigari, ko kuma a ɗaya daga cikin kide kide da wake-wake na "Mata Music Music" wanda Philip Morris ya tallafawa. Daga baya Byrne ta janye amincewa daga lakabin kiɗa, saboda ba ta son a haɗa ta da samfurin da zai iya ƙarfafa sigari. Kyauta da yabo Byrne ne goma-lokaci rana Emmy Award -nominee kamar actress da kuma m, inda ya lashe fice Matasa Actress a shekarar 1987, fice a Gubar Actress a shekarar 2001, da kuma fice mai yi a New halarci Drama Series a shekarar 2015. Rayuwar mutum Byrne ta auri Michael McMahon, wani tsohon jami'in leken asiri a Sashin 'Yan Sanda na Birnin New York, a ranar 12 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 1994. Ta girma a Waldwick, New Jersey kuma tana zaune a kusa da Ridgewood An haifi ɗansu na fari, Michael Terrence McMahon, a ranar 29 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 1998. Wani sashi na jerin TLC Labarin Jariri ya ba da labarin cikin na biyu da haihuwar ɗanta, Maxwell Vincent McMahon, a ranar 3 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2002. An haifi ɗansu na uku da 'yarsu ta fari, Annmarie, ranar 12 ga watan Yuni, shekarar 2006. Fina-finai Marubuciya Furodusa Hanyoyin haɗin waje Martha Byrne at IMDb Martha Byrne at AllMovie Manazarta Pages with unreviewed

40734

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar%20Allan%20Poe

Edgar Allan Poe

Edgar Allan Poe (/poʊ/; né Edgar Poe; 19 ga Janairu, 1809-Oktoba 7, 1849) marubuci ne kuma Ba'amurke ne, mawaƙi, edita, kuma mai literary critic. Poe ya fi shahara da wakoki da gajerun labarai, musamman tatsuniyoyi na asiri da macabre. Ana ɗaukansa a matsayin babban jigo na Romanticism a Amurka, da kuma adabin Amurka. Poe ya kasance daya daga cikin jiga-jigan kasar da suka fara aiwatar da takaitaccen labari, kuma ana daukarsu a matsayin wanda ya kirkiri nau'in almara na bincike, da kuma bayar da gudummawa sosai ga fitowar nau'in almara na kimiyya. Poe shine sanannen marubuci ɗan Amurka na farko da ya sami abin rayuwa ta hanyar rubutu kaɗai, wanda ya haifar da rayuwa mai wahala da aiki. An haifi Poe a Boston, shine ɗa na biyu ɗan wasan kwaikwayo David da Elizabeth "Eliza" Poe Mahaifinsa ya watsar da iyali a cikin 1810, kuma lokacin da mahaifiyarsa ta mutu a shekara ta gaba, John da Frances Allan na Richmond, Virginia sun dauki Poe. Ba su taɓa ɗauke shi ba, amma yana tare da su har ya kai ƙarami. Ya halarci Jami'ar Virginia amma ya tafi bayan shekara guda saboda rashin kudi. Ya yi rigima da John Allan kan kuɗaɗen iliminsa, da basussukan caca. A cikin karni na 1827, bayan ya shiga cikin Sojan Amurka a ƙarƙashin sunan da aka ɗauka, ya buga tarinsa na farko Tamerlane and other poems wanda aka lasafta kawai ga "dan Boston". Poe da Allan sun sami kusanci na ɗan lokaci bayan mutuwar matar Allan a 1829. Daga baya Poe ya gaza a matsayin jami'in jami'a a West Point, ya bayyana burinsa na zama mawaƙi kuma marubuci, kuma ya rabu da Allan. Poe ya mayar da hankalinsa zuwa ga larura kuma ya shafe shekaru masu zuwa yana aiki ga mujallu na wallafe-wallafe da na lokaci-lokaci, ya zama sananne saboda salon sukar wallafe-wallafe. Ayyukansa sun tilasta masa ƙaura zuwa birane da yawa, ciki har da Baltimore, Philadelphia, da New York City. A 1836, ya auri ''yar uwarsa mai shekaru 13, Virginia Clemm, amma ta mutu da tarin fuka a 1847. A cikin Janairu 1845, Poe ya buga waƙarsa "The Raven" don samun nasara nan take. Ya shirya tsawon shekaru don samar da nasa mujallar The Penn (daga baya aka sake masa suna The Stylus), amma kafin a iya samar da shi, ya mutu a Baltimore a ranar 7 ga watan Oktoba, 1849, yana da shekaru 40, a ƙarƙashin yanayi masu ban mamaki. Har yanzu dai ba a san musabbabin mutuwarsa ba, kuma an danganta shi da dalilai daban-daban da suka hada da cututtuka, shaye-shaye, shaye-shaye, da kashe kai. Poe da ayyukansa sun rinjayi wallafe-wallafe a duniya, da kuma fannoni na musamman irin su ilmin sararin samaniya da cryptography. Shi da aikinsa suna fitowa a cikin shahararrun al'adu a cikin adabi, kiɗa, fina-finai, da talabijin. Yawancin gidajen sa kayan tarihi ne na sadaukarwa. Marubutan Mystery na Amurka suna ba da lambar yabo ta shekara-shekara da aka sani da lambar yabo ta Edgar don fitattun ayyuka a cikin nau'in asiri. Ƙuruciya An haifi Edgar Poe a Boston, Massachusetts a ranar 19 ga watan Janairu, 1809, ɗa na biyu ga ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka David Poe Jr. da kuma 'yar wasan Ingila Elizabeth Arnold Hopkins Poe. Yana da ƙani, William, da ƙanwarsa, Rosalie. Kakansu, David Poe, ya yi hijira daga County Cavan, Ireland, kusan 1750. Mahaifinsa ya watsar da iyalinsa a cikin karni na 1810, kuma mahaifiyarsa ta mutu bayan shekara guda daga sha (cututtukan huhu). Daga nan aka kai Poe zuwa gidan John Allan, ɗan kasuwa mai nasara a Richmond, Virginia, wanda ke yin ciniki da kayayyaki iri-iri, gami da tufa, alkama, duwatsun kabari, taba, da bayi. Allans sun yi aiki a matsayin dangi na reno kuma sun ba shi suna "Edgar Allan Poe", ko da yake ba su taɓa karɓe shi ba. Iyalin Allan sun yi wa Poe baftisma a cikin Cocin Episcopal a 1812. John Allan ya ɓata kuma ya ladabtar da ɗan renonsa. Iyalin sun yi tafiya zuwa Burtaniya a cikin 1815, kuma Poe ya halarci makarantar nahawu na ɗan gajeren lokaci a Irvine, Ayrshire, Scotland (inda aka haifi Allan) kafin ya koma cikin iyali a London a 1816. A can ya yi karatu a makarantar kwana a Chelsea har zuwa lokacin rani na 1817. Daga baya an shigar da shi a Makarantar Manor House ta Reverend John Bransby a Stoke Newington, sannan wani yanki arewacin London. Poe ya koma tare da Allans zuwa Richmond a 1820. A cikin 1824, ya yi aiki a matsayin laftanar mai gadin matasa na Richmond yayin da birnin ke bikin ziyarar Marquis de Lafayette. A cikin watan Maris 1825, kawun Allan kuma dan kasuwa William Galt ya mutu, wanda aka ce yana daya daga cikin mafi arziki a Richmond, ya bar Allan da yawa kadada na dukiya. An kiyasta gadon akan $750,000 (equivalent to $18,000,000 a 2021). A lokacin bazara 1825, Allan ya yi bikin yalwar arzikinsa ta hanyar siyan gidan bulo mai hawa biyu mai suna Moldavia. Wataƙila Poe ya yi hulɗa da Sarah Elmira Royster kafin ya yi rajista a Jami'ar Virginia a watan Fabrairun 1826 don nazarin tsoffin harsuna da na zamani. Jami'ar tana cikin ƙuruciyarta, an kafa ta bisa manufofin wanda ya kafa ta Thomas Jefferson. Tana da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodi game da caca, dawakai, bindigogi, taba, da barasa, amma waɗannan ƙa'idodin an yi watsi da su. Jefferson ya kafa tsarin mulkin kansa na ɗalibai, yana ba wa ɗalibai damar zaɓar karatun nasu, yin nasu shirye-shiryen shiga, da kuma kai rahoton duk wani laifi ga malamai. Tsarin na musamman yana cikin hargitsi, kuma an sami raguwar yawan ficewa. A lokacin da yake can, Poe ya rasa hulɗa da Royster kuma ya rabu da mahaifinsa mai reno kan bashin caca. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa Allan bai ba shi isassun kuɗi don yin rajista don yin karatu ba, siyan rubutu, da sayan da kuma samar da ɗakin kwana. Allan ya aika ƙarin kuɗi da tufafi, amma Poe bashi ya karu. Poe ya daina shiga jami'a bayan shekara guda amma bai ji maraba da komawa Richmond ba, musamman lokacin da ya sami labarin cewa ƙaunataccensa Royster ya auri wani mutum, Alexander Shelton. Ya yi tafiya zuwa Boston a cikin Afrilu 1827, yana mai da kansa da ayyuka marasa kyau a matsayin magatakarda kuma marubucin jarida, kuma ya fara amfani da sunan mai suna Henri Le Rennet a wannan lokacin. Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

59501

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canjin%20yanayi%20a%20Argentina

Canjin yanayi a Argentina

Ana hasashen canjin yanayi zaiyi tasiri sosai kan yanayin rayuwa a Argentina.Yanayin Argentina yana canzawa dangane da yanayin hazo da yanayin zafi. Mafi girman haɓakar hazo (daga lokacin 1960-2010)ya faru a sassan gabashin ƙasar. Haɓɓakar hazo ya haifar da samun sauye-sauyen hazo daga shekara zuwa shekara a sassan arewacin ƙasar,tare da ƙarin haɗarin daɗaɗɗen fari, wanda ke damun noma a waɗannan yankuna. Kodayake yanayin zafi ya ƙaru a hankali fiye da matsakaicin duniya, dukda haka waɗannan tasirin sun faru a wurare da yawa. Yanayin zafi mafi girma na iya rage dusar ƙanƙara ta hunturu,wanda ke haifar da raguwar kwararar kogi (ƙarancin ruwa),wanda zai iya rage samar da wutar lantarki; an lura da asarar har zuwa 40%.Idan waɗannan yanayin sun cigaba, anyi hasashen cewa canjin yanayi zai ƙara muni da bala'o'in dake akwai kamar ƙara ƙarfin da yawan ambaliyar ruwa ko ƙirƙirar sabbin. Tasirin yanayi Yanayin zafi da sauye-sauyen yanayi Matsakaicin yanayin zafi ya karu da 0.5 °C (0.90 °F) daga 1901-2012, wanda ya ɗan ƙasa da matsakaicin duniya.Yanayin zafi a yankin Andean na Patagonia ya karu da fiye da 1°C (.80 °F), wanda ya haifar da koma baya na kusan dukkanin kankara. Wannan yana shafar wadatar ruwa ga wuraren da ba suda ruwa a ƙasar da suka dogara da shi. Yanayin zafi mafi girma na iya rage dusar ƙanƙara ta hunturu, wanda ke haifar da raguwar kwararar kogi (ƙananan ruwa),wanda zai iya rage samar da wutar lantarki;an lura da asarar har zuwa 40%:25,A waje Patagonia,matsakaicin yanayin zafi ya karu a ƙaramin adadin tunda karuwar mafi ƙarancin yanayin zafi ta hana raguwar yawan zafin jiki.:89 Karin mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki a yawancin Argentina a waje da Patagonia an danganta shi da karuwar yawan iskar gas a cikin yanayi.Rage yawan zafin jiki shine sakamakon ruwan sama mafi girma,wanda keda alaƙa da girgije mafi girma da evaporation,matakai waɗanda ke rage yawan zafin arewacin 40oS: 89:9 Acikin Patagonia,karuwar yawan zafin yana da girma fiye da karuwar mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki kuma saboda canji ne a cikin yanayin yanayi,ba kawai karuwar tasirin greenhouse ba:9 Rashin iskar oxygen ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen canza yanayin yaɗuwar yanayi.An sami raguwa a cikin kwanakin tare da sanyi,kuma karuwa a cikin yawan dare mai zafi a duk faɗin ƙasar:Heat raƙuman ruwa,wanda aka bayyana a matsayin kwanaki 3 a jere inda zafin ya wuce kashi 90 dangane da lokacin 1961-1990 sun zama mafi yawanci da tsananin tsakanin 1961-2010. A cikin shekaru 2 ko 3 masu zuwa(2016-2035),ana hasashen yanayin zafi zai karu da 0.5 zuwa 1.0 °C(0.90 zuwa 1.80 °F)a ƙarƙashin yanayin biyu (RCP 4.5 da RCP 8.5) daga Rahoton Bincike na Biyar na IPCC.A karkashin yanayin RCP 4.5,yanayin zafi zai karu da 1.0 °C(1.80 °F)a duk faɗin ƙasar,kodayake wannan karuwar za ta fi bayyana a arewa maso yamma inda yanayin zafi zai ƙaru da 2 zuwa 2.5 °C(3.60 zuwa 4.50 °F).A cikin yanayin RCP 8.5 mafi tsanani,ƙaruwar da aka tsara a yanayin zafi zai zama mafi girma, ya kai 3.5 °C(6.30 °F) a arewa maso yamma.Acikin yanayin biyu, zafin da aka tsara zai kasance mafi mahimmanci a cikin watanni na rani.Halin da aka yi hasashen don hazo ba a bayyane yake kamar na zafin jiki ba.:92 A yankunan arewa da na tsakiya,ana hasashen hazo zai karu yayin da a yawancin tsakiyar yammacin Argentina da Patagonia, ana haskaka hazo zai ragu. Saboda Argentina tana iya fuskantar canjin yanayi, irin waɗannan canje-canjen da aka tsara bisa ga samfuran na iya inganta halin yanzu ko haifar da sabbin matsalolin da ke da alaƙa da canjin yanayi a Argentina: 25 Hotuna masu zuwa suna nuna canje-canjen da aka tsara acikin nau'ikan yanayi bisaga rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen. Ruwan sama da abubuwan da suka faru An sami karuwar hazo na shekara-shekara a kusan dukkanin kasar Argentina, musamman a arewa maso gabas da tsakiyar sassan kasar.Tun daga 1970,hazo ya karu da kashi 10% a arewa maso gabas yayin da a sassan lardin La Pampa da yammacin lardin Buenos Aires, ya karu da kashi 40%.Mafi girman haɓakar hazo(daga lokacin 1960-2010)ya faru a sassan gabashin ƙasar.Sabanin haka,yankin Andean na Patagonia tare da yankin Cuyo yasami raguwar hazo,wanda ya haifar da raguwar kwararar kogin a cikin shekaru 100 da suka gabata.Wasu sassan Patagonia a cikin Andes sun ga raguwar hazo da kashi 30-50% tun tsakiyar karni na 20. Hawan matakin teku A yawancin yankunan bakin teku na Argentina,ba za ta sha wahala daga ambaliyar ruwa ta dindindin da asarar ƙasa da ke da alaƙa da hauhawar matakin teku ba tunda yawancin yankunan da ke bakin teku tsaunuka ne masu tsawo:97 Duk da haka,yiwuwar ƙasar noma za a iya rasa idan matakan teku suka tashi da 1 m(3.3 ft).:67 Hawan matakin teku zai shafi ƙasar ta hanyar karuwar yawan guguwa a yankunan bakin tekun,gami da Buenos Aires kuma binciken ya nuna cewa Buenos Aires na iya samun tasiri sosai ta hanyar hauhawar teku:67:98 Tasirin da aka yi wa mutane Tasirin Tattalin Arziki Aikin noma Canjin yanayi zai shafi aikin gona. Ragewar ruwan sama da aka lura a cikin Andes za a yi hasashen ci gaba da raguwa, yana shafar wutar lantarki har ma da yawa: An yi hasashen cewa 33 Glaciers za su ci gaba da koma baya da narkewa ko a wasu yankuna, su ɓace. An yi hasashen cewa yankin Cuyo na iya fuskantar yiwuwar matsalar ruwa saboda karuwar bukatar ruwa saboda raguwar kogin kogin da kuma karuwar evapotranspiration daga haɗuwa da ruwan sama da yanayin zafi mafi girma.: 95 Mafi girman zafin jiki zai haifar da dusar ƙanƙara ta narke a farkon shekara, yana haifar da hauhawar kwararar kogi a cikin watanni na bazara da raguwa a lokacin rani, wanda shine lokacin da bukatar ruwa ta fi girma ga aikin gona. Babban buƙatun ruwa zai haifar da amfani da ruwan ƙasa don ban ruwa wanda ke haifar da farashin ban ruwa, yana haifar da lalacewar ingancin ruwa, kuma yana haifar da raguwar ruwa. A arewacin Patagonia, ana hasashen irin wannan yanayin wanda tasirin mummunan zai iya faruwa a nan gaba don 'ya'yan itace da kayan lambu saboda raguwar ruwan da ke akwai. An yi hasashen cewa tsakanin 2020-2040, kogin da ke cikin Kogin Colorado da Kogin Chubut zai ragu da kashi 20% saboda ƙarin ban ruwa: 97 A cikin rabin karshe na karni na 20, rashin dusar ƙanƙara a mafi girman tsaunuka a yankin Cuyo ya shafi aikin gona da samar da ruwan inabi saboda karancin ruwa da ke cikin koguna (ragewa a cikin 50% na kwararar kogi). Bincike da yawa sun nuna cewa yawan amfanin alkama, soya da masara ba zai canza sosai ba a tsakiyar karni na 21. Wannan shi ne saboda yayin da samar da amfanin gona na iya ƙaruwa a kudanci da yammacin sassan Pampas, zai ragu a sassan arewa. A cikin arewa da tsakiya na kasar, yanayin zafi mafi girma da aka tsara don wannan yankin yana haifar da mafi girma: 94 Haɗe da ƙananan canjin ruwan sama ga wannan yankin, mai yiwuwa zai zama mafi bushewa, wanda ke haifar da hamada.: 94 A yankunan da yawanci suna da hunturu mai bushewa, mafi girma zai kara fari wanda zai hana aikin gona: 88, 94 Tun daga tsakiyar karni na 20, 600 mm (24 in) isohyet a kudu da 800 mm (31 in) isochyet a arewa, wanda kusan ya zama iyakokin da za a iya samar da aikin gona ya koma fiye da 100 km (62 mi) zuwa yamma, yana fadada yiwuwar samar da aikin noma zuwa waɗannan yankuna: 86, 87 Ko da yake karuwar hazo zai fadada aikin noma zuwa yamma a yankunan da a baya busassu ya yi yawa kuma zai amfanar da wutar lantarki sakamakon karuwar kwararar kogin, za a samu karuwar yawan hazo kamar ambaliya, ƙanƙara da ƙarfi. iskar da ke iya lalata wadannan filayen noma. An lura da waɗannan abubuwan tare da karuwa a cikin kogin rafi a mafi yawan ƙasar ban da kogin da suka samo asali daga Andes, da kuma karuwa a cikin matsanancin hazo wanda ya haifar da asarar tattalin arziki mai yawa. Wadannan matsanancin hazo irin su ambaliya, da ƙanƙara sun fi faruwa a gabas, wanda ya kai ga lalata filayen noma a wadannan yankuna. Haɓakar hazo ya haifar da samun sauye-sauyen hazo daga shekara zuwa shekara a sassan arewacin ƙasar, tare da ƙarin haɗarin fari na tsawan lokaci, da rashin jin daɗin noma a waɗannan yankuna Tasirin kiwon lafiya Canjin yanayi na iya fadada wuraren zama na cututtukan da ke dauke da cututtukani na wurare masu zafi kamar zazzabin cizon sauro da ke yaduwa zuwa kudu. Tasirin gidaje Yanayin zafi mafi girma na iya shafar yankunan birane ta hanyar shafar samar da ayyuka kamar ruwa da makamashi ta hanyar kara buƙatun waɗannan ayyukan: Ruwa mai zafi kamar wanda a cikin 2013-2014 a lokacin rani na iya zama mafi yawanci da ƙarfi. Wadannan raƙuman zafi na iya tasiri ga samar da aikin gona yayin da a cikin birane, yana sanya ƙarin buƙata akan bukatun makamashi.: 94 Abubuwan da suka faru na hazo na iya zama na yau da kullun, wanda ke haifar da mummunan sakamako.: 33 Argentina, tare da yawancin jama'arta da ke zaune a cikin birane suna da rauni ga abubuwan da ke faruwa da ruwan sama mai tsanani tunda birane da yawa suna kusa da ruwa (koguna, tabkuna da teku), wanda ke kara yiwuwar shan wahala daga waɗannan abubuwan da ke faru da ruwan sama masu tsanani kamar ambaliyar ruwa 95: Duba kuma Yanayin yanayi na Argentina 2022 Kudancin Kudancin Manazarta Ƙarin karantawa Haɗin waje Cibiyar Bincike na Tekun da Sararin samaniya Sadarwar Kasa ta Uku ta Argentina don Canjin Yanayi Sadarwar Kasa ta Biyu ta Argentina don Canjin Yanayi

7008

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo

Edo

Jihar Edo Jiha ce dake kudu maso kudancin Najeriya. Babban birnin jihar shi ne Benin. Dangane da ƙidayar shekara ta 2006, Jihar ita ce ta shida a yawan jama'a da adadin mutane kimanin 3,233,366. Edo ita ce ta 22 a faɗin ƙasa a Najeriya. Babban birnin jihar shi ne Benin City, ita ce birni ta hudu a girma a Najeriya, kuma ta ƙunshi cibiyar masana'antun roba a Najeriya. An ƙirƙire ta a shekarar 1991, daga tsohuwar Jihar Bendel, kuma ana kiranta da kuma suna "Heart beat of the Nation" (bugun zuciyan ƙasa). Jihar Edo tana da iyaka da Jihar Kogi daga arewa maso gabas, Jihar Anambra da ga gabas, Jihar Delta daga kudu maso gabas da kudu maso kudancin jihar, Jihar Ondo kuma daga yamma. Yankunan Jihar Edo a yau sun haɗa iyaka da masarautun da dauloli da aka kafa tun a ƙarni na 11 miladiyya, harda Masarautar Benin. A shekarar alif 1897, Daular Burtaniya ta ƙaddamar da wata azzalimar ziyara ga yankin Benin, inda suka tarwatsa tsaffin biranen Edo, inda suka haɗe su a cikin yankin da ta zamo Yankin mulkin mallaka na Kudancin Najeriya. Edo jiha ce dake ɗauke da mutane iri-iri musamman Harsunan Edoid da kuma Mutanen Edo ko Bini, Esan, Kabilar Owan, Afemai. Harshen da yafi fice daga cikin yarukan Edo shine Yaren Edo wanda akae yawan amfani dashi a Birnin Benin. Mafi yawa mutanen Jihar mabiya addinin Kiristanci ne. Turawan mishanari na Portugal suka kawo addinin a yankin a ƙarni na 15. Akwai 'yan tsirarun mabiya addinin Musulunci da addinan gargajiya. Tarihi Yankin Yamma ta Tsakiya, Najeriya yanki ne a Najeriya a tsakanin shekarun 1963 zuwa 1991. Kuma ana kiranta da Jihar Bendel daga shekarar 1976. An ƙirƙiri jihar a watan June 1963, daga yankin gundumomin Benin da Delta na Yankin Yammacin Najeriya, kuma babban birninta shi ne Benin City. An canza mata suna zuwa gunduma a 1966, sannna kuma a 1967 lokacin da aka rarraba sauran gundumomin zuwa jihohi da dama, ta tsaya a matsayin yanki, kafin daga bisani ta zamo jiha. A lokacin Yaƙin basasar Najeriya, sojojin Biyafara sun kai wa sabuwar jihar Yankin Yamma ta Tsakiya hari, wacce ta haɗa hanya da Lagos, a wata yunkuri na tilasta kawo karshen yakin. A yayin wannan fafatawar, an sanya wa jihar suna ''Jamhuriyar Benin gabanin sojojin Najeriya su sake ƙwato yankin. Jimhuriyar ta zo ƙarshe na tsawon yini ɗaya bayan sojojin Najeriya sun kwace birnin Benin City. An ƙirƙiri jihar Edo a ranar 27 ga watan Augustan 1991, a lokacin da aka raba Jihar Bendel zuwa jihohin Edo da Delta. Mutane Tare da Birnin Benin a matsayin babban birnin jihar, yawan mutanen garin sun kai kimanin mutum miliyan 8. Jihar ta kunshi muhimman kabilu guda hudu sune: Kabilar Edo (mutanen Bini, Owan, Esan, Afemai (Etsakọ da kuma Akoko-Edo). A jihar akwai mutane daga yankuna da dama daga sassa daban daban na duniya. Birnin bini yana da tarihin zama daya daga cikin yankunan da Turawa suka zauna a zamanin ziyarar su Nahiyar Afirka daruruwan shekaru da suka gabata. Wasu daga cikin wadannan yankuna sun zamo wuraren ziyaran buda idanu a yau. Zamantakewa Muhimman kabilun Jihar Edo sun hada da kabilun Bini, Etsako, Esan, Owan da kuma kabilar Akoko Edo. Yawancin wadannan Kabilu sun samo asalli ne daga babban birnin Benin City, a dalilin haka harsunansu sun bambanta ne dangane da nisansu da babban birnin. Kabilar Bini sun mamaye kananan hukumomi guda bakwai daga cikin kananan hukumomi 18 dake jihar kuma sun kwashe kaso 57.54% na yawan mutanen Jihar. Sauran kuma: Esan (17.14%), Etsako (12.19%), Owan (7.43%), da kuma Akoko Edo (5.70%). Amma kuma akwai yarukan dake zaune a yankunan Akoko Edo, su kuma Itsekiri na zaune a yankin Ikpoba-Okha, da kuma harsunan IjawIzons, Urhobos dake zaune a kananan hukumomin Ovia ta Arewa maso Gabas da Kudu maso Yamma da kuma yankunan iyakokin jihar. Har wayau, ana samun mutanen Ibo a yanki Igbanke(Ika) dake karamar hukumar Orhionmwon. Gwamnoni Kananan Hukumomi Jihar Edo nada Kananan hukumomi guda goma sha takwas (18). Sune: Akoko-Edo Egor Esan ta Tsakiya Esan ta Arewa maso Gabas Esan ta Kudu maso Gabas Esan ta Yamma Etsako ta Tsakiya Etsako ta Gabas Etsako ta Yamma Igueben Ikpoba-Okha Oredo Orhionmwon Ovia ta Arewa maso Gabas Ovia ta Kudu maso Yamma Owan ta Gabas Owan Yamma Uhunmwonde Yankunan Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Edo (Majalisa ta Biyar) a shekara ta 2013 Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Edo a shekara ta 2013 ta kunshi yankuna guda ashirin da hudu (24) Akoko-Edo 1 Ovia ta Kudu maso Yamma Orhionmwon I Etsako ta Gabas Uhunmwode Esan ta Kudu maso Gabas Esan ta Tsakiya Esan ta Yamma Igueben Oredo ta Yamma Esan ta Arewa maso Gabas I Ikpoba-Okha Etsako ta Gabas I Owan ta Gabas Orhionmwon II Etsako ta Tsakiya Owan ta Yamma Egor Esan ta Arewa maso Gabas II Akoko-Edo II Ovia ta Arewa maso Gabas II Oredo ta Gabas Ovia ta Arewa maso Gabas I Etsako ta Yamma II Sashen Shari'a na Jihar Edo Sashen Shari'a itace mataki na uku na gwamnatin Jihar Edo, wacce ke da alhakin zartar da shari'a da kuma sasanta rigingimu na al'umma da kuma masu laifi a jihar. A ranar 16 ga watab Mayun 2021 ne, Gwamna Obaseki ya rantsar da Mai Shari'a Joe Acha a matsayin a matsayin Alkalin Alkalai na rikon kwarya a Jihar Edo, bayan mai shari'a Esther Edigin ya ajiye aiki. Siyasa Godwin Obaseki ne gwamnan jihar Edo na yanzu kuma an rantsar da shi a ranar 12 ga watan Nuwamban, 2016. Mataimakinshi kuma shine Comrade Philip Shaibu. Harsuna Turanci ne harshen gwamnati a jihar. Yarukan da ake magana dasu a jihar sun hada da:Harshen Edo, Igarra, Etsako/Afemai, Harshen Esan da kuma Yaren Okpamheri. Jihar Edo gida ne ga wasu harsunan kamar; Edo, Okpe, Okpe, Esan, Ora, Akoko-Edo, Igbanke, Emai. Kabilun Etsako/Afemai ne ke da mafiya yawan musulmai a jihar. Sun mamaye kananan hukumomi shida kuma muhimmin aikinsu shine noma. Harsunan Jihar Edo dangane da kananan hukumomin jihar. Addinai Mafi yawan mutanen Jihar Edo mabiya addinin Kirista ne tare da tsiraru daga cikin mabiya addinin Musulunci da addinan gargajiya. Tattalin arziki Wuraren ziyara na Jihar Edo sun hada da; Mutum-mutumin Emotan dake cikin Birnin Benin, koramar Ise, da wurin shakatawa na gabar Kogin Niger wato Agenebode. Etsako-East; Mike Akhigbe Square dake fugar, Ambrose Alli Square, Ekpoma, River Niger Beaches da ke Ilushi, BFFM Building dake Ewu, Igun Bronze Caster da ke Igun Street a birnin Benin City, Kwalejin numa da kiwon halittun ruwa (Agriculture and Aqua Culture Technology, Agenebode), Okpekpe da tsaunukan ta da wuraren kallo, tsaunin Usomege Hills, Apana-Uzairue, Somorika hills da ke Akoko Edo inda akwai wurin bude ido da gwamnati ta a shirya a Ososo da kyawawan wuraren kallon. Jihar tana samar da man fetur da sauran ma'adanai kamar farar kasa da dutsen kwaru. Jihar tana da kamfanin siminti a Okpilla. da kamfanin fulawa a Ewu wanda ke kawo karshe. Ma'adanai Ma'adinan da ake iya samu a jihar sun hada da: Asphalt/Bitumen Clay Dolomite (mineral)/Dolomite Phosphate Glass/Glass-sand Gold Gypsum/Gypsium Iron ore/Iron-ore Lignite Limestone Marble Fossil fuel/Oil/Gas Ilimi Makarantu na gaba da sakandare a Jihar Edo sun hada da: Auchi Polytechnic Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma Benson Idahosa University, Benin City Edo State Polytechnic Usen Edo Technical College Edo State University, Uzairue (formerly Edo University, Iyahmo) Igbinedion University, Okada Kings Polytechnic Mudiame University, Irrua Samuel Adegboyega University, Ogwa Shaka Polytechnic University of Benin (UNIBEN) Wellspring University College of Education, Ekiadolor College of Agriculture, Iguoriakhi Kiwon Lafiya Jerin wuraren kiwon lafiya na Jihar Edo da kananan hukumomin da suke. Shahararrun Mutane Oba of Benin John Odigie Oyegun, Gwamnan farko na Jihar Edo kuma tsohon shugaban jam'iyyar APC Godwin Obaseki, Tsohon chiyaman na jiha na kungiyar harkokin tattalin arziki kuma Gwamnan Jihar Edo na yanzu Jeffrey Obomeghie, Babban jami'i na asibitin International Hospitality Institute da marubuci Erhabor Emokpae, wanda ya fara fasaha na zamani a Najeriya Admiral Mike Akhigbe, tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasa na Federal Republic of Nigeria. Dele Giwa, dan jarida a Najeriya, edita kuma wanda ya kirkiri mujallar Newswatch. Senator Albert Legogie, tsohon mataimakin shugaban majalisar dattawa na Jamhuriya ta Uku kuma mafarin "Board of Trustees" na Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). Pa Michael Imoudu, shugaban labour kuma and founder of the Nigeria state, Chief Julius Momo Udochi, jakadan Najeriya na farko da kasar Amurka, Gen. George Agbazika Innih, gwamna na dan-lokaci a zamanin mulkin soji Bendel and Kwara State, Major-General Abdul Rahman Mamudu tsohon kwamanda Nigerian Army "Signals Corps and military administrator" Gongola State, Aigboje Aig-Imoukhuede, wanda ya taimaka wajen kirkirar bankin Access Bank Plc kuma ya kirkiri "Africa Initiative for Governance" (AIG) Adams Oshiomhole, tsohon shugaban Nigeria Labour Congress kuma tsohon gwamnan Jihar Edo; shi ya gina Edo University da ke Iyamoh, Jihar Edo. Pastor Chris Oyakhilome, wanda ya kirkiri Believers Loveworld Nation Prince Tony Momoh, tsohon ministan Labarai da al'adu (Information and Culture) Maymunah Kadiri, Wakilin masu tabun hankali a Najeriya Commander Anthony Ikhazoboh, ministan wasanni da zurga-zurga Professor Ambrose Alli, tsohon gwamnan Jihar Bendel da ta shude. Shi ya kirkiri Jami'ar Jihar Bendel kuma an sanya mata sunanshi a yau. John Momoh, dan jarida mai watsa labari kuma CEO na Channels TV Professor Osayuki Godwin Oshodin, tsohon vice chancellor na University of Benin Jacob U. Egharevba, a Bini masanin tarihi kuma jagora na gargajiya Dr Samuel Ogbemudia, tsohon gwamnan Yankin Yamma ta Tsakiya na Najeriya kuma daga bisani na Jihar Bendel Chief Anthony Enahoro, dan adawa da mulkin mallaka kuma mai and pro-democracy activist and politician Professor Festus Iyayi, marubucin littattafai kuma dan Afurka na farko da ya fara lashe lamban yao na Commonwealth Writers Prize Odia Ofeimun, mahikyanci kuma tsohon shugaban Association of Nigerian Authors Dr Abel Guobadia, mai ilimantarwa kuma tsohon jakadan Najeriya da Republic of Korea, tsohon Chairman Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) General Godwin Abbe, tsohon ministan Najeriya akan Tsaron cikin Gida Archbishop John Edokpolo, wanda ya kirkiri makarantar Edokpolo Grammar Schools and Political Activist Sir Victor Uwaifo, mawakai Archbishop Benson Idahosa, shugaban cocin Pentecost Sonny Okosun, mawaki Augustine Eguavoen, tsohon dan wasan kwallafa na kwararru na Najeriya pkuma mai horo Felix Idubor, artist Festus Ezeli, dan wasan kwallon kwando wanda yayi wasa a kungiyar Golden State Warriors Modupe Ozolua, likitan habaka jiki da surgery Chief Tony Anenih, chairman na kwamitin amintattu na (PDP) tsohon Ministan Ayyuka. Gabriel Igbinedion, international business mogul kuma babban chife na bini, me ITV Raymond Dokpesi, me babban gidan telebijin a Afurka kuma dan siyasa Lancelot Oduwa Imasuen, film director, screenwriter and producer Suyi Davies Okungbowa, marubuci kirkirarren labari da kuma labarai na almara Osaze Peter Odemwingie, kwararren dan wasan kwallon kafa Chris Aire-Iluobe, mai sana'ar jauhari kuma designer Francis Edo-Osagie, dan kasuwa Kamaru Usman, kwararren dan damben mixed martial arts wanda aka baiwa kwantiragin Ultimate Fighting Championship, kuma welterweight champion. Yakubu Ayegbeni, tsohon kwararren dan wasan kwallon kafa Rema (Nigerian musician), mawaki wanda ya sa hannu da Mavin Records, Philip Shaibu (haihuwar 1 December 1969, a Kaduna) tsohon dalbi a University of Jos alkali ne a Najeriya, dan siyasa kuma dan kasuwa. Shine mataimakin gwamnan Jihar Edo na yanzu Eghosa Asemota Agbonifo, politician, coordinator of Michael Agbonifo shoe a child foundation Prof T. M. Yesufu, wanda ya fara zama Vice-Chancellor a Jami'ar Benin, economist. Odion Jude Ighalo, kwararren dan wasan kwallon kafa. Victor Osimhen, kwararren dan wasan kwallon kafa. Aisha Yesufu, 'Yar gwarmayar siyasa akan zamantakewa a Najeriya. Yvonne Jegede jaruman, furodusan fina-finai, 'yar talla, kuma mai fitowa a shiri Telebijin; musamman wajen shirya 3 is Company. Zakariyau Oseni, shaharrren farfesa na Larabci kuma malami a Islamic studies, guardian of Arabic language da literature, kuma limami kuma poet. Mike Ozekhome, mai kare hakki da 'yan dan Adam. Mike Oghiadomhe, chief of staff na shugaban kasa Goodluck Jonathan in 2014. Solomon Arase, tsohon kuma Inspeta jenar na 'Yan sanda a Najeriya karkashin shugaba mulkin Goodluck Jonathan. Julius Aghahowa, kwararren dan wasan kwallon kafa. Sam Loco Efe (1945-2011), tsohon jarumin Nollywood kuma furodusa. Admiral Augustus Aikhomu,tsohon chief of staff a lokacin General Ibrahim Babangida administration. Helen Paul, 'yar barkwanci kuma jaruma kuma an santa da Tatafo. ta kasance fuskar Telecom consumer na Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC). Lancelot Oduwa Imasuen, darekta kuma furodusa a Nollywood. Ya kirkiri makarantan fim na farko a Benin Igbinedion University, Okada, Jihar Edo. Hon. Joe Edionwele, dan siyasa kuma dan majalisa a majalisa ta 8 da ta 9 National Assembly, Nigeria mai wakiltar mazabar Edo ta Tsakiya. Lucky Igbinedion dan siyasa kuma tsohon gwamnan Jihar Edo. Oserheimen Osunbor, Lauya kuma gwamna na wani dan lokaci a jihar. Osagie Ehanire Likitan Najeriya kuma dan siyasa Skales mawakin rap na Najeriya, kuma marubci. Nancy Isime Jaruma a Najeriya, 'yar talla kuma sannan a midiya. Adesua Etomi Jaruma a Najeriya BB02 Mawaki Prof. Eghosa Emmanuel Osaghae, farfesa akan harkokin siyasa a Jami'ar Ibadan, Jihar Oyo, Najeriya. ya rike matsayin Vice Chancellor a Igbinedion University, Okada tsakanin 2004-2018. A shekarar 2019, ya kasance shugaban Claude Ake a Jam'iar Uppsala da ke Sweden. A shekara ta 2017, Professor Osaghae ya koyar da siyasa da zamantakewa a Van Zyl Slabbert, Jam'iar Cape Town South Africa. A yanzu yana bin sahun MacArthur. Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ya nada shi matsayin Director General na Nigerian Institute of International Affairs (NIIA). Manazarta Jihohin

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarah%20ibn%20Shaddad

Antarah ibn Shaddad

ANTARAH IBN SHADDAD AL-ABSYAfarkon rayuwarshi anfi kiranshi da "Antarah bin Zhabibah" Amman daga karshen rayuwarshi ya shahara da "Antarah bin Shaddad" Labarin AntaAntrah ibn Shadād Absī AD 525–608), ya kasance daya daga cikin shararrun labaran soyayya masu cike da al'ajabi dasuka faru ayankin larabawa bayan Labarin Lailah Majnoon Antarah yakasance dane ga wata baiwa me suna Zhabibah yatashi cikin tsangwama da tsana daga kabilar Absi sakamakon kasancewar mahaifiyarshi bakar fata daga Afrika kuma Baiwa sakamakon tsanar da akemishi hartakai Mahaifinshi Shaddad bayason andaganta Antarah dashi saboda tsabar nunu wariyar launi.Bayan gwagwarmaya dayasha Akan soyayyar Wata yar yayan Mahaifinshi Ablah bint Malek Antarah yakasance jarumi,kuma fitaccen mawaƙin Larabawa kafin Jahiliyya, ya shahara ga duka waƙoƙinsa da rayuwarsa mai jan hankali. Babban waƙarsa tana cikin jerin Mu'allaƙāt, tarin ƙamshi mai rataye bakwai da aka ce an dakatar da su a cikin Ka'aba Antarah yafara soyayyar Ablah tun yana matashi kaskantacce acikin kabilarsu Ablah Bani Absi mahaifiyarshi kanta bata goyi bayan wannan soyayya ba saboda tasan Bani Absi bazasu taba bada Auren kyakkywar mace irin Ablah ga Bakin Bawa ba, Amman ahaka Antarah yayita Neman haryar dazai gabatar da soyayyarshi ga Ablah bint Malek Amman yanajin shakkar cin mutunchin dazai fuskanta daga iyayenta. Kwatsam! Wata rana aka kawo farmaki akan kabilar Bani Absi gashi kuma Babban Ablah Malek da wasu mayakan kabilar duk basanan,Awannan rana ne jarumtar Antarah tafito fili saboda yanda yayi yaki da jarumta kuma yakwato masu matan Bani Absi da akafara kamawa amatsayin ribatattun yaki ciki kuwa hada Ablah Bint Malek,bayan Baban Ablah yadawo sukaji labarin jarumatar da Antarah yayi hakan tasa aka karramashi akamishi kyaututtuka nagirma kuma akafara dangantashi da Mahaifinshi wartou Antarah Ibn Shaddad daga wannan lokaci kuma yasamu damar nuna soyayyarshi ga Ablah afili kodayake duk dahaka Mahaifinta bayason yabada Aurenta ga Antarah,Malek yafison yabawa wani Baban attajiri Dan Kabilar Bani Absi. Lissafin rayuwarsa ya zama tushen dogon soyayya da saida rai tare da juriya a Soyayya. Rayuwa An haifi Antrah a Najd a ƙasar Larabawa Mahaifinsa shi ne Shaddād al-īAbī, jarumin Banu Abs da ake girmamawa a ƙarƙashin babbansu Zuhayr. [1] Mahaifiyarsa 'yar Habasha ce mai suna Zabeebah. [2] Ita gimbiya ce babansa ya kwace a matsayin bayi yayin wani hari na kabilar akan Axum [1] An bayyana shi a matsayin kukar Larabawa" (al-aghribah al-'Arab saboda launin ntaAntarah ta girma kuma bawa. Ya kamu da son yar uwansa Abalata, amma ba zai iya fatan aurenta ba saboda matsayinsa. [1] Hakanan ya sami ƙiyayya da matar mahaifinsa Shammeah. [1] Ya sami kulawa da girmamawa ga kansa ta kyawawan halayensa na sirri da ƙarfin hali a fagen fama, ya yi fice a matsayin ƙwararren mawaƙi kuma babban jarumi. Ya sami 'yanci bayan da wata kabila ta mamaye ƙasashen Banu Abs. Lokacin da mahaifinsa ya ce masa, Antarah, ku yi yaƙi da mayaƙan Mahaifinsa ya amsa masa da cewa: "Ka kare ƙabilarka, ya ntarAntar, kuma kana da 'yanci". Bayan ya kayar da maharan, ya nemi neman izinin auren dan uwansa Don samun damar yin aure, Antarah ta fuskanci ƙalubale da suka haɗa da samun wani irin raƙumi daga masarautar Lakhmids ta arewacin Larabawa, sannan a ƙarƙashin Al-Nu'man III ibn al-Mundhir Antarah ta shiga cikin babban yaƙin tsakanin ƙabilun bin Abs da Dhubyān, [2] wanda ya faro akan gasar dawakai, kuma aka sanya masa sunan yaƙin Dāhis da Ghabrā. Lokaci da yanayin mutuwarsa lamari ne na jayayya. Ibn Doreid ya sa Wasr-ben-Jaber ya kashe shi [1] ko a yaƙin da Tai, [2] yayin da a cewar Abu Obeida ya mutu mutuwa yanada shekara70-72 [1] 'Antarah ta shayari aka kyau kiyaye kuma sau da yawa ambatar chivalrous dabi'u, ƙarfin hali, kuma heroism a yaƙi, kazalika da da soyayya ga'Abla. Ba ta mutu ba lokacin da aka saka ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙinsa a cikin Mu'allaƙat, tarin waƙoƙin almara da aka ce an dakatar da su a cikin Ka'aba [1] Mahimmancin waƙoƙinsa na tarihi da al'adu ya samo asali daga cikakken bayanin yaƙe -yaƙe, makamai, makamai, dawakai, hamada, da sauran jigogi daga zamaninsa. Labarin Antar da Abla sun shiga cikin tarihin waƙoƙin gargajiya wanda ake yiwa i, mawaƙi a kotun Hārūn al-Rashīd [1] Har yanzu ana karanta ta masu ba da labari na gargajiya a cikin gidajen kofi na Larabawa. Da muhimmancin da aka kwatanta da Turanci adabi 's Arthurian romances [1] Gidansa da bargarsa almara ce ta musamman. [1] Daya daga cikin dangi bakwai na Baitalami ana kiranta Anatreh, mai suna bayan Antarah. A baya ya yi aiki a matsayin masu kula da Cocin Nativity Mawaƙan Rasha Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov ya rubuta Symphony Na 2 dangane da labarin Antar. A cikin 1898 mai zanen Faransanci Étienne Dinet ya buga fassarar sa waƙar almara ta ƙarni na 13 Antar, wanda ya kawo Antar bin Shaddad ga sanarwar Turai. An bi shi da wasu abubuwan da aka samo asali kamar Diana Richmond's Antar da Abla wanda ya haɓaka bayyanar yamma ga almara Antar bin Shaddad. "Antar" shine taken wasan opera na Falasdinu na farko, wanda mawaƙin Falasdinawa Mustapha al-Kurd ya shirya a 1988. Mai zanen Labanon Rafic Charaf ya haɓaka daga 1960s jerin zane -zanen da ke nuna almara na Antar da Abla. Waɗannan ayyukan da ke nuna sha’awarsa a cikin sanannen labarin yankin ana ɗaukarsu ginshiƙi ne a cikin aikin mawakin. An buga wakokin Antara a cikin Wilhelm Ahlwardt 's Divans na tsoffin mawaƙan Larabci guda shida (London, 1870); an kuma buga su daban a Beirût (1888). Dangane da sahihancin su, cf. W. Ahlwardt's Bemerkungen über die Aechtheit der alten arabischen Gedichte (Greifswald, 1872), shafi. 50f ku. Soyayyar Antar (Sīrat 'Antar ibn Shadād) aiki ne wanda al'adar baka ta daɗe tana ba da ita; ya yi girma sosai kuma an buga shi a cikin juzu'i 32. a Alkahira (1889), kuma a cikin vol 10. a Beirût, 1871. Terrick Hamilton ya fassara shi a ƙarƙashin taken Antar, Romance Bedoueen (4 vols, London, 1820). [2] Bugu da kari, an fassara Sīrat 'Antar zuwa Turanci ta hanyar Fatih Sultan Mehmed a cikin 1477 AD. Ba a san mai fassarar fassarar ta Turkiya cikin mujalladi uku ba. Kwafin rubutun na fassarar Turkiya da aka fi sani da Qıssa-i 'Antar suna nan a cikin Dakin adana kayan tarihi na fadar Topkapı. Adabin larabci adabin soyayya Banu Abs Thornycroft Antar Tractor bututu na Burtaniya mai suna bayan ƙarfinsa da

55789

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero

Cicero

Marcus Tullius Cicero sɪsər oʊ SISS -ə SISS roh 3 Janairu 106 BC 7 ga Disamba 43 BC) ɗan ƙasar Roma ne, lauya, malami, masanin falsafa, marubuci kuma mai shakkar Ilimi, wanda ya yi ƙoƙarin kiyaye ingantattun ka'idoji yayin rikicin siyasa wanda ya haifar da kafa daular Roma Rubuce-rubucensa masu yawa sun haɗa da rubuce-rubuce kan maganganu, falsafa da siyasa. Ana la'akari da shi daya daga cikin manyan maganganu na Rome da masu rubutun ra'ayin mazan jiya kuma wanda ya kirkiro abin da aka sani da "Ciceronian rhetoric". Cicero ya yi karatu a Roma da Girka. Ya fito ne daga dangin arziki na birni na tsarin doki na Roman, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin jakada a cikin 63. BC Tasirinsa a kan yaren Latin yana da yawa. Ya rubuta fiye da kashi uku cikin huɗu na tsoffin adabin Latin waɗanda aka san cewa sun wanzu a rayuwarsa, kuma an ce labarin da ya biyo baya ko dai wani martani ne ko kuma komawa ga salonsa, ba kawai a cikin Latin ba amma a cikin harsunan Turai sama. zuwa karni na 19. Cicero ya gabatar da muhawarar manyan makarantun falsafar Hellenistic a cikin Latin kuma ya ƙirƙiri babban adadin ƙamus na falsafar Latin ta hanyar haɓaka ƙamus (misali neologisms kamar janareta, infinitio, kusan 150 daga cikinsu an gabatar da su daga fassarar kalmomin falsafar Girkanci, yana nuna kansa a matsayin ƙwararren masanin falsafa da ƙwararren mai fassara Ko da yake shi ƙwararren mai magana ne kuma lauya mai nasara, Cicero ya yi imanin cewa aikinsa na siyasa ita ce babbar nasararsa. A lokacin da yake zaman nasa ne makircin Catiline ya yi yunkurin kifar da gwamnati ta hanyar kai hari a birnin da wasu dakaru na waje suka yi, kuma Cicero ya murkushe tawayen ta hanyar aiwatar da hukuncin kisa a takaice da kuma aiwatar da hukuncin kisa guda biyar ba tare da shari'a ba. A lokacin tsaka mai wuya na ƙarni na farko BC, wanda yaƙe-yaƙe na basasa da mulkin kama-karya na Julius Kaisar ke yiwa alama, Cicero ya jajirce wajen komawa ga gwamnatin jamhuriya ta gargajiya. Bayan mutuwar Kaisar, Cicero ya zama abokin gaba na Mark Antony a cikin gwagwarmayar iko, ya kai masa hari a cikin jerin jawabai An haramta shi a matsayin makiyin jihar ta hanyar Triumvirate ta biyu kuma saboda haka sojoji da ke aiki a madadinsu suka kashe shi a cikin 43. BC, wanda aka kama shi a lokacin ƙoƙarin tashi daga tsibirin Italiya. Hannunsa da aka yanke da kansa a lokacin, a matsayin fansa na ƙarshe na Mark Antony, aka nuna akan Rostra Sake gano haruffan Cicero na Petrarch sau da yawa ana ƙididdige shi don ƙaddamar da Renaissance na ƙarni na 14 a cikin al'amuran jama'a, ɗan adam, da al'adun Roman na gargajiya. A cewar masanin tarihin Poland Tadeusz Zieliński, "Renaissance ya kasance sama da komai a farfaɗowar Cicero, kuma bayansa kuma ta wurinsa na sauran zamanin da na gargajiya Kololuwar ikon Cicero da martaba sun zo a lokacin wayewar karni na 18, da kuma tasirinsa akan jagorancin masu tunani na Fadakarwa da masu ra'ayin siyasa kamar John Locke, David Hume, Montesquieu, da Edmund Burke yana da mahimmanci. Ayyukansa suna cikin mafi tasiri a cikin al'adun duniya, kuma a yau har yanzu sun zama ɗaya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin kayan aiki na farko don rubutawa da sake duba tarihin Romawa, musamman ma kwanakin ƙarshe na Jamhuriyar Roma Rayuwa ta sirri Rayuwar farko An haifi Marcus Tullius Cicero a ranar 3 ga Janairu 106 BC a Arpinum, wani tsauni mai nisan kudu maso gabas na Roma. Ya kasance na tribus Cornelia. Mahaifinsa ya kasance memba mai kyau na doki dawaki kuma yana da kyakkyawar alaƙa a Roma. Duk da haka, kasancewar ba shi da inganci, ya kasa shiga rayuwar jama'a kuma ya yi karatu mai zurfi don ramawa. Ko da yake ba a san da yawa game da mahaifiyar Cicero, Helvia ba, yawancin matan Romawa ne suke kula da gida. Ɗan’uwan Cicero, Quintus ya rubuta a cikin wata wasiƙa cewa ita matar gida ce mai arziƙi. Cicero's cognomen, ko sunan suna na sirri, ya fito ne daga Latin don kaji, Plutarch ya bayyana cewa asalin sunan an ba wa ɗaya daga cikin kakannin Cicero wanda ke da tsaga a saman hancinsa mai kama da kaji. Duk da haka, yana yiwuwa kakannin Cicero sun sami wadata ta hanyar noma da sayar da kaji. Romawa sau da yawa suna zaɓar sunayen sunayen ƙasa-da-ƙasa. Shahararrun sunayen iyali na Fabius, Lentulus, da Piso sun fito ne daga sunayen Latin na wake, lentil, da wake, bi da bi. Plutarch ya rubuta cewa an bukaci Cicero da ya canza wannan suna a lokacin da ya shiga siyasa, amma ya ki, yana mai cewa zai sa Cicero ya fi Scaurus ("Kumburi-ankled") da Catulus ("Puppy"). A wannan lokacin a cikin tarihin Romawa, "al'ada" na nufin iya magana duka Latin da Hellenanci. Don haka Cicero ya sami ilimi a cikin koyarwar tsohuwar falsafar Girka, mawaƙa da masana tarihi yayin da ya sami yawancin fahimtarsa na ka'idar da kuma aiki na magana daga mawaƙin Girkanci Archias da kuma daga mawallafin Girkanci Apollonius Cicero ya yi amfani da iliminsa na Hellenanci don fassara yawancin ka'idodin falsafar Girkanci zuwa Latin, don haka ya fassara ayyukan falsafar Girkanci don yawan masu sauraro. Karatunsa ne ya ɗaure shi da manyan sarakunan Romawa. Sha'awar Cicero ga falsafar ta kasance mai girma a cikin aikinsa na baya kuma ta kai shi samar da cikakken bayani game da falsafar Girkanci ga masu sauraron Romawa, gami da ƙirƙirar ƙamus na falsafa a cikin Latin. A cikin 87 BC, Philo na Larissa, shugaban Kwalejin Platonic da Plato ya kafa a Athens kimanin shekaru 300 da suka wuce, ya isa Roma. Cicero, "wanda aka yi masa wahayi ta wani babban kishi na falsafa", ya zauna da sha'awa a ƙafafunsa kuma ya rungumi falsafar Skeptic na Carneades. Cicero ya ce game da Tattaunawar Plato, cewa idan Zeus zai yi magana, zai yi amfani da harshensu. A lokacin da ya dace, zai karrama su da nasa tattaunawa mai gamsarwa A cewar Plutarch, Cicero ɗalibi ne mai hazaka, wanda karatunsa ya ja hankalin jama'a daga ko'ina cikin Roma, ya ba shi damar yin nazarin dokar Roman a ƙarƙashin Quintus Mucius Scaevola Abokan karatun Cicero sune Gaius Marius Minor, Servius Sulpicius Rufus (wanda ya zama sanannen lauya, daya daga cikin 'yan kaɗan waɗanda Cicero ya ɗauka ya fi kansa a cikin shari'a), da Titus Pomponius Na biyun sun zama abokan Cicero na rayuwa, kuma Pomponius (wanda daga baya ya karɓi lakabin "Atticus", kuma 'yar'uwarsa ta auri ɗan'uwan Cicero) zai zama, a cikin kalmomin Cicero, "a matsayin ɗan'uwa na biyu", tare da duka biyun suna riƙe da wasiƙar rayuwa. A cikin 79 BC, Cicero ya tafi Girka, Asiya Ƙarama da Rhodes Wataƙila wannan ya kasance don guje wa yuwuwar fushin Sulla, kamar yadda Plutarch ya yi iƙirari, ko da yake Cicero da kansa ya ce shi ne don inganta ƙwarewarsa da inganta lafiyar jikinsa. A Athens ya yi karatun falsafa tare da Antiochus na Ascalon, 'Tsohuwar Ilimi' kuma wanda ya ƙaddamar da Platonism ta Tsakiya A Asiya Ƙarama, ya sadu da manyan masu magana na yankin kuma ya ci gaba da karatu da su. Cicero ya yi tafiya zuwa Rhodes don saduwa da tsohon malaminsa, Apollonius Molon, wanda ya koya masa a Roma. Molon ya taimaka wa Cicero ya inganta salon sa, tare da horar da jikinsa da huhu don buƙatun magana da jama'a. Ƙirƙirar hanya ta tsakiya tsakanin fafatawa da salon Attic da Asiya, Cicero a ƙarshe zai zama na biyu kawai ga Demosthenes a cikin masu magana da tarihi.

20780

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombino%20%28mawa%C6%99i%29

Bombino (mawaƙi)

Omara "Bombino" Moctar (a cikin Tifinagh an haife shi a shekara ta 1980) ɗan asalin Abzinawan Neja ne mai rera waƙoƙi da kuma kiɗa. Ana rera waƙarsa a cikin Tamasheq kuma galibi ana magance damuwar siyasa a Turag. Hakanan shine babban memba na Rukunin Bombino Bombino batun fim ne na Agadez, Kida da Tawaye. Tarihin rayuwa Matasa da farkon kiɗa Bombino an haife shi ne a shekarar 1980) a Tidene, Nijar, sansanin Abzinawa kimanin kilomita( 80 arewa maso gabashin Agadez Shi dan ƙabilar Ifoghas ne, wanda yake na tarayyar Kel Air Abzinawa. Bayan barkewar tawayen Buzaye a shekara ta (1990), Bombino, tare da mahaifinsa da kakarsa, an tilasta su gudu zuwa makwabciya Algeria don aminci. A wannan lokacin, ziyartar dangi sun bar guitar, Bombino ya fara koya wa kansa yadda ake wasa. Daga baya ya yi karatu tare da shahararren makaɗa jita Abzinawa, Haja Bebe. Bebe ya nemi shi da ya shiga kungiyar sa inda ya sami lakabin "Bombino", wanda aka samo shi daga kalmar Italia "bambino", ma'ana 'karamin yaro'. Yayin da suke zaune a Aljeriya da Libya a shekarun samartakarsa, Bombino da abokansa sun kalli bidiyon Jimi Hendrix, Mark Knopfler da sauransu don koyon salonsu. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mawaƙa da makiyayi a cikin hamada kusa da Tripoli. Zuwa shekara ta( 1997), Bombino ya koma Agadez kuma ya fara rayuwa a matsayin ƙwararren mawaƙa. Rikodi da rikici a Nijar Mai shirya fina-finai Hisham Mayet ya yi nasarar bin diddigin Bombino da rukunin sa na ƙungiyar lantarki Bombino a cikin 2007 yayin wani bikin aure. Ana iya jin waɗannan rikodin, tare da wasan kwaikwayon wakoki da yawa a cikin salon 'bushewar jita a kan fitowar madaidaiciyar Mitar '2009, Rukunin Bombino Guitars daga Agadez, juzu'i. 2 Daga baya a cikin 2007, rikice-rikice sun sake kunno kai a Nijar kuma daga ƙarshe ya rikide zuwa wani Tawayen Abzinawa Gwamnati, da fatan dakile tawayen ta kowane fanni, ta hana guitar ta Abzinawa, saboda ana ganin kayan aikin wata alama ce ta tawaye. Bombino ya yi tsokaci a wata hira da aka yi da shi, "Ban gjiua tata a matsayin bindiga ba sai dai kamar guduma wacce da ita za a taimaka wajen gina gidan Abzinawa." Bugu da kari, an kashe wasu abokan waka Bombino biyu, wanda hakan ya tilasta shi yin gudun hijira a makwabciyar Burkina Faso Ayyukan duniya, da komawa gida Daga nan Bombino ya shiga Tidawt, ƙungiyar mawaƙi Hasso Akotey ta ƙasar Nijar, wanda hakan ya haifar da karon farko a Arewacin Amurka yayin da aka kawo makada don nunawa a fasahar fasahar Abzinawa wacce Cantor Center for Visual Arts ta shirya Yayin da yake wurin, saxophonist Tim Ries ya gayyace Tidawt a cikin sabon kundin wakokinsa na The Rolling Stones versions, Stone's World: The Rolling Stones Project Volume 2, inda suka yi wasa a cikin murfin Hey Negrita wanda kuma ya ƙunshi mambobin ƙungiyar Keith Richards da Charlie Watts Daga baya Bombino ya ce bai taba jin labarin Rolling Stones ba, ganin cewa mawakan farin dutse ba su da karfi a Afirka. A watan Janairun 2010, Bombino ya sami damar komawa gidansa a Agadez Don murnar kawo ƙarshen rikicin, an shirya wani babban taron kade kade a masalacin babban masallacin Agadez, bayan samun alfarmar Sarkin Musulmi Bombino da tawagarsa sun yi wa mutane sama da dubu wasa a waƙar, duk suna rawa kuma suna murnar ƙarshen gwagwarmayar su. Hakanan an yi rikodin bidiyon don shirin fim, Agadez, Kida da Tawaye Yayin da Bombino ke zaman gudun hijira a Burkina Faso, mai shirya fim Ron Wyman, da jin kaset na kaset ɗin sa, sai ya yanke shawarar bin sahun sa. Wyman ya ƙarfafa Bombino don yin rikodin kiɗan sa da kyau. Bombino ya yarda, kuma su biyun, tare da taimakon Chris Decato, sun samar da faifai tare a cikin Agadez Rikodin sun ƙare a cikin faifan sa Agadez, wanda aka fitar a watan Afrilu 2011. Agadez ya fara aiki ne a saman Shafin Duniyar iTunes. Nasarar Agadez ta jawo hankalin taurarin kiɗa da yawa zuwa Bombino gami da Dan Auerbach na ƙananan Maɓallan A watan Yunin 2012, Auerbach ya fara samar da kundi na biyu na Bombino na kasa da kasa mai taken Nomad Nonesuch Records ne ya saki Nomad a ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 2013 kuma ya fara aiki a lamba ta daya a kan iTunes World Chart da Billboard World Chart. A halin yanzu, yaƙi ya sake ɓarkewa a ƙasar ta Mali, kuma bayan ‘yan watanni bayan haka Bombino da Tinariwen sun yi wani wasan kwaikwayo a Paris, inda suka tabbatar da ra’ayin kidan nasu a matsayin na tawaye da gaske. Bombino ya fara rangadi a Amurka a watan Mayu 2013. Yawon shakatawa ya hada da bayyana a manyan bukukuwan kiɗa, ciki har da Bonnaroo da bikin The Newport Folk Festival A cikin 2013, an kuma gayyaci Bombino don buɗe wa Robert Plant, Amadou &amp; Mariam da Gogol Bordello A ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2016, Bombino ya saki Azel Wanda David Longstreth na Dirty Projectors ya kirkira, kundin ya kawo jita na Bombino yana wasa a gaba yayin da yake kasancewa mai gaskiya ga ƙauyukan sahara yayin da yake waƙa a cikin yaren mahaifinsa na Tamasheq. Pitchfork's Andy Beta ya lura sosai musamman cewa rikodin "yana ba da cikakkiyar maimaitawar ƙyamar shuɗi wanda yake ingantacce kuma mai buri." Don kundin faifan sauti na shida, Deran, Bombino da aka rubuta a Casablanca a Studio HIBA, gidan dautkar hoto mallakar sarkin Morocco. A watan Mayu 2018, gabanin fitowar kundin, bulogin kiɗan, Noisey, ya kira Bombino "'san wasan Jita na Bayan haka, ranar da aka saki Deran, Bombino ya yi masa lakabi da "Sarkin Shred" ta New York Times, wani laƙabi wanda daga nan kafofin watsa labarai da yawa suka karɓe shi. Deran an sake shi bisa hukuma a ranar 18 ga Mayu, 2018, kuma an karbe shi tare da yaɗawa don yabo ga duka kidan sa da kuma karɓar al'adu da al'adun gargajiya. Jason Heller na NPR ya rubuta cewa wasan kwaikwayon Bombino akan kundin "yayi magana kuma yana numfashi cikin ƙarni da yawa." An zabi Deran a cikin rukunin Mafi Kyawun Kundin Kwallan Duniya a lambar yabo ta Grammy ta 61 na Shekaru. Bombino shine dan wasan Nijar na farko da aka zaba don kyautar Grammy. Kaɗe-kaɗe 2009 Rukunin Bombino Guita daga Agadez, juzu'i. 2 laukaka Frequencies 2010 Agamgam 2004 (Reaktion) 2011 Agadez Cumbancha 2013 Nomad Nonesuch 2016 Azel Partisan 2017 La Sombra ta Mazaunin (baƙon aiki) 2018 Deran Partisan 2020 Rayuwa A Amsterdam Partisan Manazarta Yanar gizon Bombino Bombino akan Cumbancha Agadez, gidan yanar gizo na Kiɗa da Tawaye Mawaƙan Nijar Mutanen Nijar Mutanen Afirka

19728

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheetz

Sheetz

Sheetz, Inc. Ya kasan ce wani gurin sarkar Amurka ce ta shagunan saukakawa da shagunan kofi mallakar dangin Sheetz. Shagunan suna sayar da haɗin abinci na yau da kullun, abubuwan sha da abubuwan shagon saukakawa Kusan dukkansu suna sayar da mai; 'yan wurare sune tsayayyun manyan motoci, gami da shawa da kuma wurin wanki Hedikwatar Sheetz tana cikin Altoona, Pennsylvania, tare da shagunan da ke Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Maryland, Ohio, Virginia, da North Carolina Tarihi 1952–1995 G. Robert "Bob" Sheetz ne ya kafa Sheetz, Inc. a cikin 1952 lokacin da ya sayi ɗayan shagunan kiwo biyar na mahaifinsa da ke Altoona A 1961, Bob ya ɗauki ɗan'uwansa Steve aiki na ɗan lokaci. A shekarar 1963 aka bude shago na biyu da sunan "Sheetz Kwik Shopper." Shago na uku ya biyo baya a 1968. A cikin 1969, Steve ya zama babban manajan. ‘Yan’uwan sun shirya fadadawa a kan farashin shago guda a kowace shekara tare da burin shaguna bakwai a shekara ta 1972. A cikin 1972, kamfanin ya faɗaɗa daga shaguna bakwai zuwa sha huɗu. Shekara guda bayan haka, Sheetz ya fara sayar da mai, kuma ya buɗe fanfunan samar da iskar gas na kai tsaye a tsakiyar Pennsylvania. A 1981 Bob ya yi ritaya kuma Steve ya zama shugaban kasa. A shekarar 1983, Bob da Steve sun bude shaguna 100. 1995–2019 A 1995, Stanton R. "Stan" Sheetz, ɗan Bob, ya zama shugaban ƙasa kuma Steve ya ɗauki matsayin Shugaban Hukumar. Har wa yau, Sheetz yana kula da kasuwancin dangi tare da membobin gida huɗu da ke aiki a Kwamitin Zartarwa. A lokacin tsakiyar 1990s, Sheetz ya sayar da shi! Cola, alama ce mai zaman kanta ta sarkar kayan shaye-shaye a cikin gwangwani, kwalabe, da kuma matsayin ruwan sha. An daina shan abin sha kuma an maye gurbin ruwan da kayayyakin Pepsi. Sarkar yanzu tana da kayayyakin Pepsi da Coca-Cola a cikin maɓuɓɓugan. A watan Satumba na 2001, Sheetz ya buɗe cibiyar rarraba a Claysburg, Pennsylvania. A cikin Disamba 2004 suka fara bayar da sabon Sheetz MasterCard PayPass tare da fasahar RFID, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin dillalai na farko da suka karɓi irin wannan fasahar, gabanin McDonald's, Arby's, CVS, da abokan hamayyarsu 7-Eleven, waɗanda duk suka gabatar da ita ƙasa gaba ɗaya a cikin 2006. A ranar 10 ga Yuli, 2006 Sheetz ya zama sarkar ta biyu ta Pennsylvania don bayar da madadin mai na E85 ethanol a wasu tashoshin da aka zaɓa. A cikin 2008, Sheetz ya buɗe kwamiti na farko, Sheetz Bros. Kitchen, don samar da sabbin sandwiches da kayayyakin burodi waɗanda ake siyarwa a wuraren Sheetz. 2013 yanzu A watan Oktoba 2013, Stan Sheetz ya zama Shugaban Hukumar Sheetz, tare da dan uwansa Joseph S. "Joe" Sheetz ya zama shugaban da Shugaba. An buga shi a watan Nuwamba 2013, An shirya Kenneth Womack don Ba da Umarni: Labarin Sheetz ya bi diddigin tarihin kamfanin ne daga asalin shagon sayar da madara har zuwa yau. A cikin 2014, Sheetz ya buɗe cibiyar rarraba ta biyu da kayan girki a Burlington, North Carolina. Cinikin shekarar kasafin kudi 2018–2019 ya kai dala biliyan 7.5. A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, 2019, Sheetz ya ba da sanarwar fadadawa zuwa Columbus, Ohio wanda ya fara a 2021. A halin yanzu, manyan masu fafatawa a wannan yankin sun hada da Speedway, Circle K, GetGo, United Farmers Farmers, da kuma tushen garin Duchess Shoppe. Sheetz na shirin bude wurare 60 a yankin Columbus nan da shekarar 2025 (sama da ninki biyu na adadin shagunan da yake yanzu a Ohio), tare da Sheetz COO Travis Sheetz yana gaya wa Columbus Dispatch cewa "ba za mu zo da sauƙi ba". Wuraren da aka riga aka tabbatar zasu kasance a Obetz (kusa da Filin jirgin saman Rickenbacker na Duniya wurare huɗu a Columbus daidai (ciki har da ɗaya a waje da filin jirgin saman John Glenn Columbus na kusa da Gahanna da wani kusa Hollywood Casino Columbus, Mark Wahlberg Chevrolet, da tsohuwar West Mall Circleville, South Bloomfield, Polairs, Reynoldsburg, da biyu a Delaware, New Albany Hilliard Hakanan ana sa ran wurare a cikin Grove City Lancaster (na ƙarshen saboda kusancin ta da wurin Sheetz na yanzu a Zanesville). An shirya wani wuri a Worthington amma an rufe shi saboda ƙin yarda da mazaunin yankin na wurin da aka tsara ya kasance kusa da matatar ruwa. A watan Janairun 2021, Sheetz ya ƙaddamar da gidan yanar gizo, SheetzIsComing.com, don shirya don ƙaddamar da Columbus, tare da rakiyar tallan dijital don tallata zuwansa. Bayan Sheetz ya isa yankin tare da buɗe shagon farko na shagunan biyu a Delaware a watan Afrilu 2021, Travis Sheetz ya ce kamfanin ya yi tunanin faɗaɗa zuwa Columbus a farkon ƙarshen 1990s lokacin da kamfanin ya fara faɗaɗa zuwa Arewa maso gabashin Ohio, amma ya yanke shawara don fadada cikin Arewacin Carolina a maimakon haka kuma kwanan nan ne kawai ya fara faɗaɗa cikin tsakiyar Ohio saboda buƙatun kafofin watsa labarun da yawa daga masu dasawa yanzu suna zaune a yankin suna neman Sheetz. A ranar 19 ga Disamba, 2019, Sheetz ya yi bikin buɗe shagonsa na 600th a Shaler Township, PA Sheetz yanzu yana da fiye da wurare 600 a duk faɗin Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, Ohio da North Carolina, kuma sama da ma'aikata 21,000. Duk shagunan Sheetz na kamfanin ne-kuma ana sarrafa su. Kamfanin ba shi da niyyar sayar da takardun shaida. Sheetz shine babban kantin sayar da kaya a cikin mafi yawan Pennsylvania, yana riƙe da keɓaɓɓen mallaki a Altoona kuma yana ba da umarni a Pittsburgh (inda yake takara tare da 7-Eleven, Speedway, GetGo, da kuma zuwa mucharamar Circle K da Harrisburg (inda da farko yana gasa tare da Rutter, da kuma 7-Eleven da Speedway), amma ba a lura da shi daga kwarin Delaware (gami da Philadelphia saboda kasancewar Wawa, yana haifar da "hamayya" mai zafi tsakanin sarkoki biyu tsakanin Pennsylvania, amma duk da haka kamfanonin biyu da kansu suna da alaƙar abokantaka. A cikin 2020, Sheetz ya dakatar da sayar da kayan lefe na Faygo kuma ya maye gurbinsu da sabon tambarin mai zaman kansa, Sheetz Pop! Wannan abin sha ya maye gurbin shi da kyau! Cola shekaru 25 bayan an dakatar da samfurin na ƙarshe. Sabis ɗin abinci A cikin 1986, don haɓaka tallace-tallace masu ɓarna, Earl Springer, manajan Sheetz a Williamsport, MD, ya bi ra'ayin abinci wanda zai zama sa hannun Sheetz na Made To Order (MTO). Farawa da sandwiche na cikin teku kawai, abokan cinikin zasu cika san takarda, suna zayyano abubuwan da suke buƙata akan sandwich ɗinsu, da kuma yawan adadinsu. Za a sanya takardar izinin cikin kwandon, kuma ma'aikatan kicin za su shirya ƙaramin zuwa umarnin abokin ciniki. Tun daga wannan lokacin, menu ya faɗaɗa, kuma zuwa 1990s MTO ya kasance jagoran tallace-tallace na Sheetz. Farawa daga 1996, an cire tsarin ba da odar takarda don amfani da tsarin kwamfuta mai taɓa fuska. Yanzu ya zama gama gari a yawancin gidajen abinci da gidajen mai a duk duniya, Sheetz shine kamfani na farko da ya fara aiwatar da wannan fasahar. Zuwa 1999, Sheetz yana sayar da raka'a MTO 10,000 a rana. Sheetz yanzu tana horar da ma'aikata don yin aiki a matsayin mashaya don sabon tambarin su na "Sheetz Bros. Coffeez waɗanda aka tsara su don zama mafi girman kofi fiye da yadda aka saba samu a shagunan saukakawa. Tare da gabatar da manufar "Abincin Saukakawa", sun fadada tsarin abincin su. Abokan ciniki zasu iya siyan nau'ikan kayan abinci iri-iri. Espresso Bar, yana ba da kofi na musamman, ana samunsa a duk wurare. Sheetz a koyaushe yana ba abokan ciniki kofi kyauta a ranar Kirsimeti da Ranar Sabuwar Shekara A tsakanin 2008-2009, Sheetz ya fito da "MTGo!", Kamawa da tafiye-tafiye na sandwiches, wraps da sauran ƙananan abubuwa don abokin cinikin gaggawa. Tare da "MTGo!" Sheetz ta fito da kayan "Shweetz Bakery" wadanda suka hada da donuts, fritters da muffins da aka yi kuma ake kawowa kullum daga "Sheetz Bros. Kitchen "a cikin Claysburg, Pennsylvania A cikin 2003, Sheetz ya buɗe kantin sayar da kayayyaki a farfajiyar abinci na Hanes Mall a Winston-Salem, North Carolina Wannan wurin ya ba da kayan abinci da abubuwan sha na Sheetz a cikin tsarin abinci mai sauri na gargajiya. Bai yi aiki azaman kantin saukakawa ba. Tuni aka rufe shagon. A cikin 2012, Sheetz, ya sake fara tunanin "sabon ra'ayi", wuraren da babu mai A cikin 2014, an sanar da wani shiri don buɗe irin wannan wurin a harabar Jami'ar West Virginia, a Morgantown, WV Manufar ita ce a kira shi "Kasuwar Sheetz MTO", duk da haka, lokacin da aka buɗe shi, a watan Fabrairun 2015, wa shagon suna "Sheetz Café" (duk da cewa alamun waje suna daidai da sauran shagunan). A watan Satumbar 2015, an sake buɗe wani gidan gahawa na mai-mai a Kwalejin Jiha, PA, kusa da harabar Jami'ar Jihar ta Penn A Indiana, PA, a kan iyakar harabar jami'ar Indiana ta Pennsylvania, wani Sheetz da ke ɗauke da man fetur a baya ya wargaje, kuma an maye gurbinsa da gidan gahawa na mai-mai wanda ya buɗe a watan Agusta 2016. Irin wannan wuri na huɗu ya buɗe a watan Satumba na 2017, a Charlottesville, VA, kai tsaye a ƙetaren titi daga harabar Jami'ar Virginia A watan Satumba na 2019, Sheetz ya ba da sanarwar ba za su sabunta yarjejeniyar su tare da WVU ba don wannan wurin na Morgantown. Kamfanin bai bayar da wani bayani ba game da rufewar ba. Cinikin barasa a Pennsylvania Har zuwa 8 ga Yuni, 2016 Dokar jihar Pennsylvania ta haramta siyar da giya a cikin shagunan saukakawa. Giya da za a sayar a wata giya rabawa yayin da sayar da giya da za a sayar a jihar-sarrafa Stores mai taken "giya Spirits". A cikin 2007, Sheetz ya yi ƙoƙari ya sami rami game da wannan ta hanyar rarraba ɗayan ɗayan shagunan samfurarsu a Altoona a matsayin gidan abinci, wanda zai ba da izinin sayar da giya. Kungiyar Masu Rarraba Abincin Malt na Pennsylvania sun yi zanga-zanga kuma an hana Sheetz sayar da giya na dan lokaci. A kan roko, an ba Sheetz lasisin sayar da giya kuma yana ci gaba da yin haka a yau. A ranar 15 ga Yuni, 2009, Kotun Koli ta Pennsylvania ta ba Sheetz izinin sayar da giya don fitarwa a ƙarƙashin sharaɗin cewa shi ma ana iya sha a wurin. Sheetz ya sami nasarar jagorantar kokarin sauya dokokin sayar da giya a Pennsylvania don ba da damar tallace-tallace a cikin sauki da shagunan kayan masarufi, wanda ya zama doka lokacin da Gwamna Tom Wolf ya sanya hannu kan Dokar 39 ta zama doka a ranar 8 ga Yuni, 2016. Man fetur Sheetz da ke sayar da mai suna ba da maki uku na mai (87, 89, da 93 Octane) da dizal Yawancin shaguna suna ba da E85 da E15 Wasu shagunan suna ba da kananzir a fanfunan daban. Sheetz sananne ne ga babban tallan mai, yawanci ya dogara ne da ƙimar cikin cikin daga MTO's da sauran kayan da ke haifar da tallace-tallace a fanfunan. A Pennsylvania, Sheetz shine shugaban kasuwa a duk tallace-tallacen mai sama da 21%, a gaban duk wasu sarƙoƙin shagunan sayayya masu sauƙi gami da waɗanda ke sayar da mai daga manyan kamfanonin Big Oil kamar Exxon, Sunoco, da BP, dukansu suna da babban matsayi a cikin Pennsylvania tare da Sheetz. Kyaututtuka Kyautar Farantin Azurfa daga Manufungiyar Masana'antun Abinci ta Duniya (2001). Manyan Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu na Amurka daga Forbes (shekaru da yawa). Mafi kyawun wurare don aiki daga Bestungiyoyin Kamfanoni Mafi Kyau® don Virginia da Pennsylvania (2012-2015) Mafi Kyawun yersawa daga Bestungiyar Kamfanoni Mafi Kyau® don North Carolina da Ohio (2013-2015) 100 Mafi kyawun Kamfanoni don Aiki For® daga Fortune® (2014, 2016–2020) Madadin shugaban mai na Gwarzon Shekarar daga Labaran Shagon Saukakawa, don girka mai mai sauƙi a cikin shagunan Arewacin Carolina (2015) Kyautar Ci gaban Fan-Fan don ƙara 102,000 Sheetz Freakz akan Facebook da Twitter; Twitter Tweeter Award don yawancin tweets na kowane shagon saukakawa; Kyauta don Fanarfafa Fanaunar Fan Fanirƙira da daidaito; duk daga Shawarwarin Saukakawa na Shafi (2016) Kyautar Kyautar Shugaban Kasa daga Truungiyar ckingungiyar Motoci ta Amurka, don shirinmu na kare lafiyar abin hawa, ƙaramin rukunin jigilar kayayyaki (2013) 100 Mafi kyawun Yankin Ayyuka na Millennials daga Fortune® (2016) Hanyoyin Hadin Waje Sheetz Manazarta Pages with unreviewed

61943

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9n%C3%A9r%C3%A9

Ténéré

Ténéré Abzinawa Tenere, a zahiri: "Hamada") yanki ne na hamada a kudu ta tsakiyar Sahara Ya ƙunshi babban fili na yashi wanda ya tashi daga arewa maso gabashin Nijar zuwa yammacin Chadi, wanda ya mamaye fili fiye da An ce iyakokin Ténéré su ne tsaunin Aïr a yamma, tsaunin Hoggar a arewa, da Djado Plateau a arewa maso gabas, tsaunin Tibesti a gabas, da kwarin tafkin Chadi a kudu. Babban yankin hamada, Erg du Bilma, yana tsakiya ne kusan Suna Sunan Ténéré ya fito ne daga harshen Abzinawa, ma'ana "hamada", kamar yadda kalmar Larabci ta "Hamada", Sahara, ta zo a cikin yankin gaba daya. Yanayi Ténéré yana da yanayi mai zafi na hamada Köppen weather classification BWh irin na babban hamadar Sahara Yanayin yana da bushewa, zafi sosai, rana da bushewa duk shekara kuma kusan babu rayuwar shuka. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi sama da 40 °C (104 °F) na kimanin watanni 5 da ƙari a cikin yankuna mafi zafi, kuma ana yin rikodin yanayin zafi mai girma kamar 50 C (122 F) yana yiwuwa sosai a lokacin bazara. Matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara yana kusa da 35 C (95 F) har ma da ƙari. A cikin watannin “hunturu”, matsakaita yanayin zafi yana tsayawa sama da 25°C (77°F) kuma gabaɗaya yana shawagi a kusa da 30°C (86°F). Adadin hazo na shekara yana da ƙasa sosai-ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙarancin ruwan sama da ake samu a Duniya-kusan mm 10 (0.39 in) zuwa 15 mm (0.59 in), kuma akai-akai shekaru da yawa na iya wucewa ba tare da ganin ruwan sama ba kwata-kwata. Ruwa yana da wuyar samun sananne, har ma a ƙarƙashin ƙasa, kuma rijiyoyin na iya yin nisa da ɗaruruwan mil. Tsawon lokacin hasken rana kuma yana daya daga cikin sakamako mafi girma a doron kasa a kusan sa'o'i 4,000, wato kusan kashi 91% na hasken rana tsakanin fitowar alfijir da faduwar rana. Wannan yanki na hamadar Sahara yana daya daga cikin mafi tsananin yanayi a duniya. A cewar wani binciken NASA, mafi sunniest tabo a duniya zai zama rugujewar kagara a Agadem a kudu maso gabashin Ténéré, kuma yana da ko da sarari sama fiye da iyakacin duniya hamada overall. The Ténéré, kazalika da sauran Babban Hamada, suna daga cikin mafi matsananci yanayi a duniya Hoton hoto Yawancin Ténéré wani kwandon lebur ne, sau ɗaya gadon tafkin Chadi na prehistoric. A arewa, da Ténéré ne a sararin yashi takardar gaskiya, featureless 'Ténéré' na labari kai har zuwa low tuddai na Tassili du Hoggar tare da Algerian iyaka. A cikin tsakiya, Bilma Erg ta samar da layuka na ƙananan dunes masu sauƙi waɗanda hanyoyin ke yin titin yau da kullun don ayarin azalai ko gishiri. A yamma, tsaunin Aïr ya tashi. Zuwa kudu maso gabas, Ténéré yana iyaka da tsaunin Kaouar da ke gudana kilomita 100 arewa zuwa kudu. A gindin, ya ta'allaka ne da igiyar ruwa ciki har da shahararriyar Bilma Tsire-tsire na lokaci-lokaci, kamar dutsen marmara na Blue Mountains da ba a saba gani ba a arewa maso yamma kusa da Adrar Chiriet, ko tsaunin Agram kusa da bakin Fachi da Adrar Madet a arewa, ba safai ba ne amma fitattun alamomi. Tarihi A lokacin Carboniferous lokacin, yankin yana ƙarƙashin teku; daga baya ya kasance dajin wurare masu zafi. Wata babbar makabartar dinosaur tana kudu maso gabashin Agadez a Gadoufaoua An gano burbushin halittu da yawa a wurin, wadanda suka bace daga kasa. Kimanin cikakken samfurin dabbar mai rarrafe Sarcosuchus mai rarrafe mai kama da kada, wanda ake yi wa lakabi da SuperCroc, masana burbushin halittu ne suka gano a can A lokacin farkon tarihin ɗan adam, wannan ƙasa ce mai albarka wacce ta fi dacewa da rayuwar ɗan adam fiye da yadda take a yanzu. Mutanen zamani ne ke zaune a yankin tun zamanin Paleolithic kusan shekaru 60,000 da suka wuce. Sun yi farautar namun daji kuma sun bar shaidar kasancewarsu a cikin nau'ikan kayan aikin dutse da suka haɗa da ƙanana, filayen kiban kibiya. A lokacin zamanin Neolithic kimanin shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata, mafarauta na dā, mutanen Holocene Kiffian na farko, sun ƙirƙira zane-zanen dutse da zane-zanen kogo waɗanda har yanzu ana iya samun su a duk faɗin yankin. Neolithic Subpluvial ya kasance wani tsawaita yanayin yanayi, daga kimanin 7,500-7,000 BC zuwa kusan 3,500-3,000 BC, na yanayin jika da ruwan sama a tarihin yanayi na arewacin Afirka. An gabace shi kuma ya biyo bayan lokaci mai bushewa da yawa Rubuce-rubucen kayan tarihi da yawa waɗanda suka fara tun daga wannan lokacin, waɗanda galibi ana gano su a matsayin wani ɓangare na al'adun Tenerian, suna cikin hamadar hamadar da ke kan iyakokin Nijar, Aljeriya da Libiya Yawan mutane ya ragu yayin da Sahara ta bushe, kuma a shekara ta 2500 BC, ya zama bushe kamar yadda yake a yau. A cikin 'yan kwanakin nan, Ténéré ta kasance hanyar hayewa ga bakin haure na Afirka da ke neman yin ƙaura zuwa Turai. Yawan jama'a Ténéré ba ta da yawan jama'a sosai. Fachi da Bilma su ne kawai ƙauyuka waɗanda ba a gefen Tenéré ba. Yayin da sanannun Abzinawa suka mamaye tsaunin Aïr da Agadez zuwa yamma, kuma har yanzu suna gudanar da ayarin gishiri ga ƴan kasuwa Hausawa, sauran mazauna Ténéré, waɗanda aka samu daga tudu kamar Fachi gabas, su ne waɗanda ba Berber Kanuri da Toubou, na karshen. tunani ya fito daga cikin asalin mutanen Sahara. Mulki A shekarar 1960, yankin Abzinawa ya zama wani yanki na jamhuriyar Nijar mai cin gashin kanta. An raba shi gida bakwai Babban yanki na Ténéré yanki ne mai kariya, ƙarƙashin kulawar Aïr da Ténéré Reserve Natural Reserve Garuruwa Cibiyar gudanarwa ta Ténéré ita ce garin Agadez, kudu da tsaunin Aïr da yammacin Tenere. Hakanan akwai ƙauyuka daban-daban na oasis, wasu kamar Bilma da Séguedine dangane da samar da gishiri. Matsugunai da ƙauyukan Ténéré: Fachi Bilma Dirkou Séguedine Alamomin ƙasa An kuma san hamada don bishiyar bishiyar Ténéré, da zarar an yi tunanin kasancewa cikin mafi nisa a duniya. Da yake kusa da rijiya ta ƙarshe kafin shiga Grand Erg du Bilma a kan hanyar zuwa Fachi, ayarin gishiri sun dogara da bishiyar a matsayin alamar ƙasa har sai da direban babbar mota ya rushe ta a 1973. An maye gurbinsa da wani sassaka na karfe kuma an ajiye gawarwakin a gidan tarihi na Yamai (babban birnin Nijar). An dasa sabbin bishiyoyi amma saboda karancin ruwa (rijiyar da ke kusa da ita tana da zurfin kusan mita 40), ba tare da bata lokaci ba ta hanyar matafiya ta ga sun kasa tsira. Duk da wannan rashin tausayi, ana nuna bishiyar akan taswirorin yankin a matsayin wata alama ta musamman, kamar yadda mafi ƙarancin sanannun Arbre Perdu (Lost Tree) ke a cikin Tenere na gaskiya zuwa arewa, yammacin Chirfa. Wani abin tunawa ga jirgin UTA mai lamba 772, da'irar duwatsu masu duhu mai tsawon ƙafa 200 da fashewar madubai 170 waɗanda ke wakiltar kowane wanda harin ta'addancin 1989 ya ruguje jirgin, an gina shi a watan Mayu da Yuni 2007 a 16°51′53″N 11°57′13″E. Duba Duba kuma Aïr da Ténéré National Nature Reserve Jamus Green Sahara Babur Ténéré Ofishin Jakadancin Berliet-Ténéré Nassoshi Samuel Decalo. Kamus na Tarihi na Nijar. Scarecrow Press, London da New Jersey (1979). ISBN 0-8108-1229-0 Jolijn Geels. Nijar. Bradt London da Globe Pequot New York (2006). ISBN 1-84162-152-8 Chris Scott. Sahara Overland. Trailblazer (2004). ISBN 1-873756-76-3. Manazarta Sahara Nijar Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

32998

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline%20Foster

Jacqueline Foster

Jacqueline Foster, Baroness Foster na Oxton, DBE née Renshaw yar siyasa ce a jam'iyyar Conservative ta Biritaniya kuma tsohon memba ne a Majalisar Tarayyar Turai na yankin Arewa maso Yammacin Ingila. A watan Disamban 2020, aka sanarwar cewa za a ba ta Matsayin Rayuwa bayan nadin da Firayim Minista Boris Johnson ya yi a matsayin wani bangare na Darajojin Siyasa na 2020. A cikin Janairu 2021, an kara mata matsayi zuwa matsayin Baroness Foster of Oxton, na Oxton a karkashin gundumar Merseyside. Fara aiki An haifi Jacqueline Foster a Liverpool kuma ta yi karatu a Prescot Girls' Grammar School. Ta yi aiki a British Airways na sama da shekaru ashirin. Tsakanin 1981 zuwa 1985 ta bar British Airways kuma ta zama Manaja a Austria don Horizon, Ma'aikaciyar Yawon shakatawa ta Burtaniya kafin ta koma British Airways bayan shekaru hudu. A cikin 1989, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Cabin Crew '89, ƙungiyar ƙwadago mai zaman kanta kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Babban Sakatare. Ta ci gaba da aiki a British Airways har zuwa lokacin da aka zabe ta matsayin MEP a 1999. Ta kuma zauna kuma ta yi aiki a Faransa da Sifaniya. Tana fahimtar harsunan Faransanci da Jamusanci. Shiga siyasa A shekarar 1988, bayan jawabin Bruges da Margaret Thatcher, ta yi adawa da shigar Biritaniya cikin tsarin kudaden Turai guda ɗaya tare da shiga cikin Sashin zamantakewa. Tare da gogewarta na rayuwa da aiki a Turai, koyaushe tana riƙe da ƙwaƙƙwaran Euro. Foster ta haɗe ayyukan ta na ƙungiyar kasuwanci tare da kuma harkokin ta na memba na Jam'iyyar Conservative, aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Twickenham Conservative Association da kuma rike da ofisoshin siyasa na son rai iri-iri na yankin Greater London. A babban zaɓe na 1992, ta kasance 'yar takarar Conservative a Newham South, kujera ta Labour a gabashin London. Dangane da yanayin ƙasa, Foster ta yanke yawancin Labour. An tantance ta a matsayin ‘yar takarar Eastleigh a zaben fidda gwani na shekarar 1994 amma ta sha kaye a zaben. 1997 babban zaben Burtaniya Ta ci gaba da neman zaɓe kuma a Nuwamban 1995 ne Eric Forth ya kada ta a zaɓen yankunan Bromley da Chislehurst A cikin watan Agusta 1996 an zabe ta don zama ɗan ƙaramin kujera na Peterborough, inda dan majalisa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya Brian Mawhinney ke ƙaura zuwa wani yanki da ke kusa. Ta koma Peterborough don yaƙin neman zaɓe kuma tana cikin ƴan takara masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a wannan zaɓen da suka ayyana adawarsu da kuɗaɗen Turai guda Zaben Turai na 1999 A zaben Majalisar Tarayyar Turai na 1999, masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a Arewa maso Yamma sun zabi Foster a matsayin na biyar a jerin 'yan takarar su. Ta lashe kujerar karshe da aka samu akan tsarin rukunonin. Aiki a matsayin MEP A lokacin wannan wa'adi na farko (1999-2004), an zabe ta a kowacce shekara a matsayin shugabar muhimmin kwamiti na MEPs. Ayyukanta na siyasa sun kasance a matsayin mai magana da yawun masu ra'ayin rikau kan harkokin sufuri da yawon bude idanu da kuma mamba a kwamitin masana'antu. Ta kware a fannin zirga-zirgar jiragen sama, tare da wasu ayyuka da suka hada da sufuri ta ruwa, titina da jiragen kasa. Bayan ibtila'in 9/11 Foster ta kasance mai Rapporteur/mai tsara labari na Dokokin wanda suka gabatar da mafi ƙarancin ƙa'idodin tsaro a filayen jirgin saman Turai. Wannan ya hada da sabbin ka’idoji da suka bukaci a rika tantance ma’aikatan filin jirgin yayin da suke shiga wurare masu muhimmanci, kamar yadda ya faru a Burtaniya. Ta goyi bayan yunƙuri na buƙatar kamfanonin jiragen sama don biyan fasinjojin da suka rasa tashin jiragensu. Sauran bangarorin da ta mayar da hankali a kai sun hada da: Single Turai Sky, ATM, GNSS, Galileo (sabon tsarin tauraron dan adam); Ƙirƙirar Hukumar Kare Jiragen Sama ta Turai (European Air Safety Agency "EASA"); Rahoton abin da ya faru Ramummuka, Hayaniyar Ground-handling da Pax hakkokin; Ayyukan Crew da Buɗe yarjejeniyar tashin jirage. Ta kasance kuma memba na Sky Space Parliamentary Intergroup. A matsayinta na mamba a majalisar hadin gwiwa ta kasashen Afirka, Caribbean da Pacific (ACP) ta zama mai magana da yawun majalisar dokokin da kasar Zimbabwe, inda daga baya aka hana ta shiga kasar. Cin nasara a 2004; sake zabe a 2009 An sake zabar Foster a matsayin 'yar takara a zaben majalisar Turai na 2004 a matsayi na hudu a jerin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, don haka ba a sake zabe ba lokacin da Conservatives suka lashe kujeru uku kawai. Bayan da ta kware a fannin zirga-zirgar jiragen sama, ta zama mai ba da shawara ga Airbus kan dokokin EU bayan da aka nada ta Shugabar Harkokin Turai na Aerospace, Space and Defence Industries (ASD), wanda ke Brussels (2005-2009). Ta ci gaba da taka rawa a waɗannan yankuna a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙungiyar Sky Space Parliamentary Intergroup. A shekarar 2009 ta zo ta uku a jerin 'yan takarar Conservatives na yankin Arewa maso Yamma a zaben majalisar Turai kuma an zabe ta a matsayin MEP, inda jam'iyyar Conservative ta lashe kujeru uku a karo na biyu. An sake nada ta a matsayin Kakakin Sufuri sannan kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar Shugabar Sky Space da Animal Welfare Intergroups na majalisar kuma a matsayin memba na Wakilan EU-US. Bugu da kari ta zauna a matsayin memba na kwamitin muhalli. An zabe ta mataimakiyar shugabar tawagar 'yan mazan jiya na MEPs a 2013, kuma an sake zabar ta a kowace shekara. A cikin 2013, ta yi jayayya da Jam'iyyar Conservative tana da yarjejeniyar zaɓe tare da Jam'iyyar Independence ta Burtaniya. Zaben Turai na 2014 Foster ta cinye kuri'u a jerin 'yan takarar Arewa maso Yamma na zaben Majalisar Tarayyar Turai na 2014 Conservatives sun riƙe MEPs biyu. Bayan zaben ne aka sake nada ta a matsayin mai magana da yawun sufuri, wacce ta kasance kwararra a fannin sufurin jiragen sama da na sama kamar da, kuma ta kasance mai magana da yawun yawon bude ido. Ita ce mai tsara shirin 'Rahoto kan Amintaccen Amfani da RPAS' (drones) a cikin farar hula. Ta ci gaba da zama a Kwamitin Muhalli. Ta ci gaba da aiki kan harkokin tsaro tare da hukumomin Amurka da sauran kasashen duniya. An sake zaɓe ta a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar ƙungiyoyin majalissar Sky Space da Animal Welfare Intergroups. Ta kasance memba a Wakilin EU/US kuma an nada ta a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar tawagar Ostiraliya/New Zealand tare da mai da hankali kan kulla yarjejeniyar kasuwanci. Ana yawan gayyatar ta don yin jawabi ga taron jiragen sama/aerospace, irin su Royal Aeronautical Society (drones emissions ciniki), da kuma kiranta don yin sharhin siyasa akan dukkan bangarorin biyu. Ita memba ce ta RAeS da kuma Kungiyar Kula da Jiragen Sama ta Turai. Foster ta kuma taka rawa kan batutuwan da suka shafi bangaren Sufurin Ruwa kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Darakta kuma Memba na Mersey Maritime Ltd. daga 2016 zuwa Yuni 2019. An sake zabar Foster, ba tare da hamayya ba, a matsayin Mataimakiyar Shugaban tawagar Conservatives na MEPs a watan Nuwamba 2018 yana aiki shekaru shida a cikin duka. Ta tsaya takara a karshen wa'adin 2014-2019 kuma ba ta tsaya takara a zaben Turai na watan Mayun 2019 ba. An nada ta shugabar din Conservative Clubs na Arewa maso Yamma a shekarar 2010. An nada Foster matsayin Dame Kwamandan Order of the British Empire (DBE) a Girmama Maulidan 2019. Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

60992

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac%20Ladipo%20Oluwole

Isaac Ladipo Oluwole

Isaac Ladipo Oluwole (1892 1953) wani likita ne ɗan Najeriya wanda ya kawo muhimman ci gaba ga ayyukan kiwon lafiyar jama'a a Najeriya. Shekarun farko Isaac Ladipo Oluwole an haife shi a kusa da shekarar 1892, ɗan Bishop na Anglican Isaac Oluwole da Abigal Johnson, malamin kiɗa. Mahaifinsa shi ne shugaban makarantar CMS Grammar School, Legas a lokacin da aka haife shi. Ya taso ne a gidan kiristoci wanda kuma salon Victorian na Legas ya rinjayi shi a ƙarni na sha takwas. Ya yi karatun Grammar School a takaice kafin ya koma King's College. Shi da James Churchill Vaughan dukansu suna cikin ɗaliban farko a Kwalejin King, Legas lokacin da aka buɗe ta a cikin watan Satumba 1909. Oluwole shi ne Babban Shugaban Makarantar na farko. Later Oluwole and Vaughan both went to the University of Glasgow in 1913 to study Medicine. The two students were conspicuous by their colour, and were subject to racial prejudice. Oluwole was called "Darkness visible" after the phrase from Milton's Paradise Lost. Daga baya Oluwole da Vaughan dukansu sun tafi Jami'ar Glasgow a shekarar 1913 don yin karatun likitanci. Daliban biyu sun yi fice ta launinsu, kuma sun kasance ana nuna musu wariyar launin fata. An kira Oluwole "Duhu a bayyane" bayan kalmar Milton 's Paradise Lost. Bayan kammala karatunsa a matsayin MB, ChB a shekarar 1918, Oluwole ya dawo Najeriya. Ya tafi aikin gama-gari a Abeokuta na wasu shekaru, sannan ya koma Glasgow ya dauki DPH dinsa. Yayin da yake Abeokuta, ya kafa tsarin aikin likita na gama-gari inda ya karbi marasa lafiya a ofishinsa ko kuma ya ziyarce su a gidansu. A lokacin zamansa a Abeokuta, ya tsunduma cikin wasu ayyukan al’umma. Ya kafa rundunonin sa ido na maza a shekarar 1923; sojojin sun tarbi Yariman Wales a lokacin da ya ziyarci Abeokuta. Jami'in lafiya A shekarar 1922, Majalisar Garin Legas wacce a baya Turawa ke mamaye da ita ta buɗe kofa ga sabbin zababbun mambobin Afirka. Sabbin mambobin sun fara yunkurin daukar wani jami’in kiwon lafiya na Afirka aiki a hukumar lafiya ta karamar hukumar Legas. A shekara ta 1924, majalisar ta yanke shawarar daukar wani ɗan Afirka da zai iya jin yaren gida; Oluwole da wasu biyu ne suka nemi wannan matsayi. Oluwole ya samu nasara amma kafin ya fara aiki sai da ya kara samun horo kan harkokin kula da lafiyar jama'a. A cikin shekarar 1925, ya fara aiki a matsayin mataimakin jami'in lafiya na farko na Afirka a Legas. A cikin shekarar 1917, Legas ta zartar da dokar kula da lafiyar jama'a, jerin ka'idojin kiwon lafiya don inganta tsafta a cikin birni. Duk da haka, aiwatar da dokokin ya sami cikas saboda ƙarancin adadin ma'aikatan da aka horar da su. Daga nan Oluwole ya kafa Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta farko a Najeriya, a Yaba, Legas, yana ba da horo ga masu sa ido na tsafta daga sassan Najeriya. Bayan kammala karatun sun sami Diploma na Royal Institute of Public Health, London. Ya sake shirya hanyoyin duba tsaftar muhalli a tashar jirgin ruwa ta Legas domin dakile yaduwar cutar bubonic. Ya kuma kafa hukumar kula da lafiya ta Yammacin Afirka ta Royal Society of Health wacce ta zama ginshikin ka'idojin kiwon lafiyar jama'a a Najeriya. Annobar da ta barke a garuruwan da ba su da tsafta a Legas, ta yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane da dama a tsakanin shekarun 1924 zuwa 1930. An ruguje da yawa daga cikin guraren marasa galihu, lamarin da ya tilastawa mazaunan su sake tsugunar da su cikin unguwannin da ba su da tsari. Ilimin lafiyar jama'a Daga cikin nasarorin da aka samu, Oluwole ya buɗe ma'aikatar kula da titin Massey, ya kwato tsibiran fadama don taimakawa wajen yaki da zazzabin cizon sauro da kuma gina sabon mahauta domin inganta tsaftar abinci. Oluwole ya fara aikin kula da lafiya na makaranta a Legas a 1925. Ya gabatar da duba tsafta da kuma allurar rigakafin yara akai-akai. An naɗa Oluwole Jami’in Lafiya a 1936. Maganin haihuwa da kula da yara Ta hanyar kokarin Oluwole, Majalisar Garin Legas ta kafa Cibiyar Massey a shekarar 1926. An ƙirƙiri sashin sabis na kula da mata masu juna biyu da jin daɗin yara don zama wani ɓangare na sabon sashin. Wannan shi ne mataki na farko a cikin birnin don samar da wani shiri na musamman na kula da haihuwa da kuma yara a cikin sashen kula da lafiyar jama'a na Legas. Babban makasudin sabon asibitin mata masu juna biyu shi ne rage yawan mace-macen yara da mata masu juna biyu a Legas. Daga shekarun 1926 zuwa 1930, Massey dispensary ya kirkiro shirye-shirye irin wadannan asibitocin jin dadin jarirai wadanda ake gudanar da su sau uku a mako-mako da kuma shirya sashen yara. Sakamakon nasarar asibitin Massey an kafa wani asibitin ga mazauna babban yankin Legas a Ebute Metta. Asibitin ya kuma shirya shirye-shirye don kula da maziyartan lafiya da kuma matan aure wadanda ke ba marasa lafiya shawara a lokutan asibiti. Maziyartan lafiyar sun kuma ziyarci marasa lafiyan da aka sallame su domin duba lafiyarsu da inganta harkokin kiwon lafiya. Makarantar Sabis na Lafiya Oluwole ya kuma maida hankalinsa kan yaran da suka kai makaranta. Ko da yake, ana koyar da tsafta a makarantu da yawa, galibi na ka'ida ne kuma ba shi da fa'ida mai amfani da gani. A shekarar 1927 ya ziyarci makarantu kusan 57 a yankin Legas inda ya duba yanayin tsaftar makarantun; Bayan shekara guda ya yi irin wannan tafiye-tafiye. Oluwole ya ga wasu nakasu a yanayin tsaftar makarantun sannan ya ba da shawarar wasu magunguna. A cikin shekarar 1930, an kafa dokoki waɗanda suka wajaba don duba tsaftar makarantu na wajibi da kuma duba lafiyar ɗalibai a duk bayan shekaru uku. Babban makasudin shine gano cututtukan da wasu yara suka kamu da su, don ba da magani don rage cututtuka da kuma ilmantar da malaman makaranta game da ingantattun hanyoyin kiwon lafiya da tsafta. A cikin shekarar 1940 an ba Oluwole lambar yabo ta Daular Birtaniya (OBE). Lokacin da ya rasu a shekarar 1953 an san shi a matsayin uban kiwon lafiyar jama'a a Najeriya. Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilimin%20kimiyyar%20yanayi

Ilimin kimiyyar yanayi

Sinadarin yanayi wani reshe ne na kimiyyar yanayi wanda a cikinsa ake yin nazari kan sinadarai na yanayin duniya da na sauran duniyoyi. Hanya ce ta bincike da yawa kuma ta zana kan sinadarai na muhalli, kimiyyar lissafi, meteorology, ƙirar kwamfuta, ilimin teku, ilimin ƙasa da volcanology da sauran fannonin ilimi. Bincike yana ƙara haɗawa da sauran wuraren karatu kamar climatology. Abubuwan da ke tattare da sinadarai na yanayin duniya suna da mahimmanci saboda dalilai da yawa, amma da farko saboda mu'amala tsakanin yanayi da rayayyun halittu. Abubuwan da ke tattare da yanayin duniya yana canzawa sakamakon tafiyar matakai na dabi'a kamar hayaki mai aman wuta, walƙiya da bama-bamai ta barbashi na rana daga korona. Har ila yau, an canza shi ta hanyar ayyukan ɗan adam kuma wasu daga cikin waɗannan canje-canjen suna da illa ga lafiyar ɗan adam, amfanin gona da kuma yanayin muhalli. Misalan matsalolin da masana kimiyyar yanayi suka magance sun haɗa da ruwan sama na acid, ragewar ozone, hayaƙin photochemical, iskar gas da ɗumamar yanayi. Masana kimiyyar yanayi suna neman fahimtar musabbabin wadannan matsalolin, kuma ta hanyar samun fahimtar fahimtar su, ba da damar a gwada hanyoyin da za a iya gwadawa da kuma tantance tasirin sauye-sauye a manufofin gwamnati. Gas abun da ke ciki Bayan ƙarin manyan abubuwan da aka lissafa a sama, yanayin duniya yana da nau'ikan iskar gas da yawa waɗanda suka bambanta sosai dangane da tushen da ke kusa. Wadannan iskar gas na iya haɗawa da mahadi irin su CFCs/HCFC waɗanda ke cutar da Layer na ozone, da H</br> H S wanda ke da ƙamshin ƙamshi na ruɓaɓɓen ƙwai kuma ana iya narke shi da yawa ƙasa da 0.47 ppb. Wasu kimanin adadin kusa da saman wasu ƙarin iskar gas an jera su a ƙasa. Baya ga iskar gas, yanayin yana ƙunshe da ɓarna kamar aerosol, wanda ya haɗa da misali droplets, lu'ulu'u na kankara, ƙwayoyin cuta, da ƙura. Tarihi Girkawa na dā sun ɗauki iska a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin abubuwa huɗu. Nazarin kimiyya na farko game da abubuwan da ke cikin yanayi ya fara ne a cikin ƙarni na 18, kamar yadda masana kimiyya irin su Joseph Priestley, Antoine Lavoisier da Henry Cavendish suka yi ma'auni na farko na abubuwan da ke cikin yanayi. A ƙarshen 19th da farkon ƙarni na 20, sha'awa ta koma ga abubuwan da aka gano tare da ƙaramin ƙima. Wani muhimmin bincike na kimiyyar yanayi shine gano ozone na Christian Friedrich Schönbein a 1840. A cikin karni na 20, kimiyyar yanayi ta ci gaba daga nazarin abubuwan da ke tattare da iskar zuwa la'akari da yadda yawan iskar iskar gas a cikin yanayi ya canza a tsawon lokaci da kuma tsarin sinadaran da ke haifar da lalata mahalli a cikin iska. Misalai biyu masu mahimmanci na wannan shine bayanin da Sydney Chapman da Gordon Dobson suka yi game da yadda ake ƙirƙirar da kuma kiyaye shi, da kuma bayanin smog na photochemical na Arie Jan Haagen-Smit. Ci gaba da karatu a kan al'amurran da suka shafi ozone ya kai ga kyautar Nobel ta 1995 a cikin ilmin sunadarai da aka raba tsakanin Paul Crutzen, Mario Molina da Frank Sherwood Rowland.. A cikin ƙarni na 21st yanzu mayar da hankali yana sake canzawa. Ana ƙara nazarin ilmin sunadarai na yanayi a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin Duniya. Maimakon mayar da hankali kan ilmin sunadarai na yanayi a ware, yanzu an mayar da hankali kan ganinsa a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin guda ɗaya tare da sauran yanayi, biosphere da geosphere. Wani muhimmin abin da ke haifar da hakan shi ne alakar da ke tsakanin ilmin sinadarai da yanayi kamar illar sauyin yanayi kan farfadowar ramin ozone da akasin haka amma har ma da mu'amalar abubuwan da ke tattare da yanayi tare da tekuna da yanayin halittu. Hanya Abubuwan lura, ma'aunin lab, da ƙirar ƙira sune manyan abubuwa uku na tsakiya a cikin sinadarai na yanayi. Ci gaba a cikin sinadarai na yanayi sau da yawa yana haifar da hulɗar da ke tsakanin waɗannan abubuwan kuma suna samar da haɗin kai gaba ɗaya. Misali, abubuwan lura na iya gaya mana cewa akwai ƙarin abubuwan sinadarai fiye da yadda ake tsammani zai yiwu. Wannan zai tada sabbin nazarce-nazarce da binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje wanda zai kara fahimtar kimiyyar mu har zuwa inda za a iya bayyana abubuwan lura. Lura Abubuwan lura da sinadarai na yanayi suna da mahimmanci ga fahimtarmu. Abubuwan lura na yau da kullun na abubuwan sinadaran suna gaya mana game da canje-canjen abubuwan da ke cikin yanayi na tsawon lokaci. Wani muhimmin misali na wannan shine Keeling Curve jerin ma'auni daga 1958 zuwa yau wanda ke nuna ci gaba da haɓakar ƙwayar carbon dioxide (duba ma'auni mai gudana na yanayi CO 2 Ana yin abubuwan lura da sinadarai na yanayi a wuraren kallo kamar na Mauna Loa da kan dandamali na wayar hannu kamar jirgin sama (misali Facility na Burtaniya don Ma'aunin yanayi na iska jiragen ruwa da balloons. Ana ci gaba da lura da abubuwan da ke cikin yanayi ta hanyar tauraron dan adam tare da kayan aiki masu mahimmanci irin su GOME da MOPITT suna ba da hoton gurɓataccen iska da sinadarai a duniya. Abubuwan lura na saman suna da fa'idar cewa suna samar da bayanan dogon lokaci a babban ƙudurin lokaci amma suna iyakancewa a tsaye da sarari sarari waɗanda suke ba da abubuwan lura daga. Wasu kayan aikin da aka kafa misali LIDAR na iya samar da bayanan tattara bayanai na mahaɗan sinadarai da aerosol amma har yanzu ana iyakance su a cikin yankin kwance da za su iya rufewa. Ana samun abubuwan lura da yawa akan layi a cikin Rukunin Bayanai na Chemistry na Yanayi. Karatun dakin gwaje-gwaje Ma'aunai da aka yi a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje suna da mahimmanci don fahimtar tushe da magudanar ruwa da abubuwan da ke faruwa a zahiri. Ana yin waɗannan gwaje-gwajen a cikin mahalli masu sarrafawa waɗanda ke ba da izinin kimanta daidaitattun halayen halayen sinadarai ko kimanta kaddarorin wani yanki na yanayi. Nau'o'in bincike da ke da sha'awa sun haɗa da duka waɗanda ke kan halayen gas-lokaci, da kuma halayen halayen da suka dace da samuwar da girma na aerosols. Har ila yau, babban mahimmanci shi ne nazarin yanayin photochemistry wanda ke ƙididdige yadda adadin kwayoyin da ke raba su da hasken rana da kuma abin da ke haifar da su. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya samun bayanan thermodynamic kamar ƙididdigar dokar Henry. Yin samfuri Don haɗawa da gwada fahimtar ka'idar ilmin sinadarai na yanayi, ana amfani da ƙirar kwamfuta (kamar samfuran jigilar sinadarai Samfuran ƙididdiga suna warware ma'auni daban-daban waɗanda ke tafiyar da yawan sinadarai a cikin yanayi. Suna iya zama mai sauƙi ko rikitarwa. Ciniki ɗaya gama-gari a cikin ƙirar ƙididdiga shine tsakanin adadin mahaɗan sinadarai da halayen sinadarai waɗanda aka ƙirƙira tare da wakilcin sufuri da gauraya a cikin yanayi. Misali, samfurin akwatin na iya haɗawa da ɗaruruwa ko ma dubban halayen sinadarai amma kawai zai sami ainihin ɗanyen wakilcin haɗuwa a cikin yanayi. Sabanin haka, ƙirar 3D suna wakiltar yawancin tafiyar matakai na zahiri na yanayi amma saboda ƙuntatawa akan albarkatun kwamfuta zai sami ƙarancin halayen sinadarai da mahadi. Za'a iya amfani da samfura don fassara abubuwan lura, gwada fahimtar halayen sinadarai da kuma tsinkayar adadin mahaɗan sinadaran nan gaba a cikin yanayi. waɗannan samfuran na iya zama na duniya (simulating duk duniya) ko kuma suna iya zama yanki (mai da hankali kan takamaiman yanki kawai). Ciniki tsakanin hanyoyin biyu shine ƙudurinsu da kuma adadin dalla-dalla da za su iya bayarwa; Samfuran duniya yawanci suna da ƙananan ƙuduri a kwance kuma suna wakiltar ƙananan hanyoyin sinadarai amma suna kwaikwaya yanki mafi girma, yayin da ƙirar yanki ba sa kwaikwayi duk duniya amma suna mai da hankali kan yanki ɗaya mai ƙuduri mafi girma da ƙarin cikakkun bayanai. Wani muhimmin yanayin da ake ciki yanzu shine na'urorin sinadarai na yanayi su zama sashe ɗaya na tsarin tsarin duniya wanda za'a iya yin nazarin alaƙa tsakanin yanayi, abubuwan da ke cikin yanayi da kuma yanayin halittu. Wadannan nau'ikan nau'ikan suna ba da damar haɗuwa da sassa daban-daban na duniya, kamar yanayi, biosphere da hydrosphere; kyale masu amfani su yi nazarin rikitattun hulɗar da ke tsakanin su. Wasu samfura ana gina su ta hanyar janareta na lamba ta atomatik (misali Autochem ko Kinetic Preprocessor A cikin wannan tsarin ana zaɓar saitin abubuwan ƙira kuma janareta ta atomatik za ta zaɓi halayen da ke tattare da waɗancan abubuwan daga saitin bayanan bayanai. Da zarar an zaɓi halayen da aka yi, za a iya gina ma'auni daban-daban na yau da kullun waɗanda ke bayyana juyin halittar lokacin su ta atomatik.

19045

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwaminisanci

Kwaminisanci

Kwaminisanci na nufin zamantakewa tattalin arziki siyasa da cigaba. Manufarta ita ce ta kafa tsarin zamantakewar jama'a inda masana'antu da gonaki ke raba mutane, kuma ba za su sami masu mulki ko kuɗi ba A cewar marubutan kwaminisanci da masu tunani, manufar kwaminisanci ita ce samar da al’umma marassa ƙasa, mara aji kuma kawo ƙarshen jari hujja Masu tunanin kwaminisanci sun yi imanin cewa hakan na iya faruwa idan mutane suka karɓi ikon masu iko (rukunin masu mulki, waɗanda ke da masana'antu da gonaki) tare da kuma kafa ikon ma'aikaci na hanyoyin samarwa (masana'antu da gonaki). Kwaminisanci ba ya ƙin son kai. Koyaya, ya kuma ce yanke shawara ya kamata ya zama mai kyau ga yawan jama'a gaba ɗaya, maimakon kawai ya kasance mai kyau ga ƙalilan mutane a cikin ƙasar. Tun daga shekara ta 1992, akwai sauran ƙasashe guda biyar da suka rage bisa mulki bisa aƙidar gurguzu. Huɗu daga cikin waɗannan suna bin nau'ikan salon shugabanci daban-daban Vietnam, China, Cuba da Laos Na biyar, Koriya ta Arewa, yanzu a hukumance yana bin Juche, wanda ke iƙirarin zama mafi kyawun sigar Markisanci-Leniyanci. Koriya ta Arewa ta kira kanta Marxist-Leninist kafin 1991. Yawancin al'ummomi da yawa sun watsar da Markisanci a wancan lokacin saboda yawancin mutane suna tsammanin ya gaza. A lokuta da dama akidar Karl Marx gwamnatocin fadi zuwa mulkin, salla talauci, tattalin arziki auka da kuma tashin hankali, kamar yadda shi ne yanayin da Tarayyar Soviet da kuma {asar Yugoslavia, misali. Wasu sanannun mutane waɗanda suka kasance masu mahimmanci ga ci gaban kwaminisanci sun haɗa da Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Joseph Stalin, Mao Zedong, Vladimir Lenin, da Leon Trotsky Tarihi A cikin 1848, Karl H. Marx da Friedrich Engels ya rubuta Manifesto na Kwaminisanci Ya kasance gajeren littafi ne mai mahimman ra'ayoyin kwaminisanci. Yawancin yawancin 'yan gurguzu da' yan gurguzu a yau suna amfani da wannan littafin don taimaka musu fahimtar siyasa da tattalin arziki. Yawancin wadanda ba 'yan kwaminis ba suna karanta shi, koda kuwa ba su yarda da duk abin da ke ciki ba. Karl Marx ya ce idan har al'umma za ta canza zuwa tsarin rayuwar kwaminisanci, dole ne a samu wani lokaci na canji. A wannan lokacin, maaikatan zasu mulki al'umma. Marx ya kasance mai matukar sha'awar gogewar taron Paris na 1870, lokacin da ma'aikatan Paris suka mamaye garin biyo bayan fatattakar Sojojin Faransa da Sojojin Prussia Ya zaci cewa wannan m gwaninta ya fi muhimmanci fiye da msar tambayar ra'ayoyi na daban-daban m kungiyoyin. Ƙungiyoyi da mutane da yawa suna son ra'ayin Marx. A farkon ƙarni na ashirin, akwai wata kungiyar gurguzu a duniya da ake kira Social Democracy Ra'ayoyinsa ne suka rinjayi shi. Sun ce ma’aikata a ƙasashe daban-daban suna da kusanci da juna fiye da yadda ma’aikatan suke tare da shugabannin da ke cikin kasashensu. A cikin 1917, Vladimir Lenin da Leon Trotsky sun jagoranci wata ƙungiyar Rasha da ake kira Bolsheviks a cikin juyin juya halin Oktoba Sun kawar da gwamnatin wucin gadi ta Rasha, wacce aka kafa bayan Juyin Juya Hali na Fabrairu akan Tsar Sarki Sun kafa Tarayyar Soviet Socialist Republics, wanda ake kira Taraiyar Sobiyat ko USSR. Tarayyar Sobiyat ita ce ƙasa ta farko da ke da'awar kafa ƙasar ma'aikata. A zahiri, ƙasar bata taɓa zama kwaminisanci ba kamar yadda Marx da Engels suka bayyana. A cikin karni na 20, mutane da yawa sun yi ƙoƙarin kafa jihohin ma'aikata. A ƙarshen 1940s, China ma ta sami juyin juya hali kuma ta ƙirƙiri sabuwar gwamnati tare da Mao Zedong a matsayin shugaba. A cikin 1959, tsibirin Cuba ya sami juyin juya hali kuma ya ƙirƙiri sabuwar gwamnati tare da Fidel Castro a matsayin shugabanta. A wani lokaci, akwai irin waɗannan ƙasashe da yawa, kuma ya zama kamar kwaminisanci zai ci nasara. Amma gwamnatocin jam'iyyun kwaminisanci ba su yi amfani da dimokiradiyya a cikin gwamnatocinsu ba, wani muhimmin bangare ne na gurguzu da kwaminisanci. Saboda wannan, gwamnatoci suka rabu da mutane, ya sa kwaminisanci yake da wahala. Wannan kuma ya haifar da rashin jituwa da rabuwar kai tsakanin ƙasashe. Ya zuwa shekarun 1960, kashi ɗaya bisa uku na duniya sun tumɓuke jari hujja kuma suna ƙoƙarin gina kwaminisanci. Yawancin waɗannan ƙasashen sun bi samfurin Tarayyar Sobiyat. Wasu sun bi samfurin China. Sauran kashi biyu cikin uku na duniya har yanzu suna rayuwa cikin tsarin jari-hujja, kuma wannan ya haifar da rarrabuwa a duniya tsakanin ƙasashe masu jari-hujja da ƙasashen kwaminisanci. Ana kiran wannan Yaƙin Cacar Baki saboda ba a yi yaƙi da makami ko sojoji ba, amma ra'ayoyi masu gasa. Koyaya, wannan na iya juyawa zuwa babban yaƙi. A lokacin 1980s, Amurka da Tarayyar Sobiyat suna fafatawa don samun babbar runduna kuma suna da makamai masu haɗari. Wannan ana kiransa "Tseren Makamai". Shugaba Ronald Reagan ya kira ƙasashen kwaminisanci kamar Taraiyar Sobiyat da Muguwar Daular saboda bai yarda da ra'ayin kwaminisanci ba. Tun daga 1989, lokacin da katangar Berlin ta ruguje, yawancin kasashen da suka kasance masu ra'ayin gurguzu sun koma tsarin jari hujja. Kwaminisanci yanzu yana da ƙasa da tasiri a duniya. A 1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta balle Koyaya, kusan kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na mutanen duniya har yanzu suna zaune a cikin jihohin da ƙungiyar kwaminisanci ke iko da su. Yawancin waɗannan mutanen suna cikin Sin. Sauran ƙasashen sun haɗa da Cuba, Vietnam, Laos, da Koriya ta Arewa Hakanan akwai ƙungiyoyin kwaminisanci a Latin Amurka da Afirka ta Kudu Rigima Mutane da yawa sun rubuta ra'ayoyinsu game da kwaminisanci. Vladimir Lenin na Rasha ya yi tunanin cewa dole ne a sami ƙungiyar masu neman sauyi (wanda ake kira vanguard don jagorantar juyin juya halin gurguzu a duk duniya da ƙirƙirar zamantakewar kwaminisanci a ko'ina. Leon Trotsky, shi ma daga Rasha ya yi iƙirarin cewa gurguzancin dole ne ya zama na duniya, kuma ba shi da mahimmanci a fara faruwarsa a Rasha. Hakanan baya son Joseph Stalin, wanda ya zama shugaban USSR bayan mutuwar Lenin a 1924. An sanya Trotsky ya bar Soviet Union ta Stalin a 1928, sannan a kashe shi a 1940 Wannan ya tsoratar da mutane da yawa, kuma yawancin kwaminisanci sunyi jayayya game da ko wannan yayi daidai kuma wanda za'a bi ra'ayin sa. Mao Zedong na China ya yi tunanin cewa sauran azuzuwan za su kasance masu mahimmanci ga juyin juya halin China da sauran ƙasashe masu tasowa saboda azuzuwan aiki a waɗannan ƙasashen ba su da yawa. Mao ra'ayin Mao game da gurguzu galibi ana kiransa Maoism ko Tunanin Mao Zedong. Bayan mutuwar Stalin a 1953, Mao ya ga kansa a matsayin shugaban kwaminisanci na duniya har sai da ya mutu a 1976. A yau gwamnatin China tana karkashin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ne, amma a zahiri suna da abin da ake kira cakuda tattalin arziki. Sun ari abubuwa da yawa daga jari-hujja Gwamnati a China yau ba ta bin Maoism. Koyaya, kaɗan yan juyin juya hali a wasu ƙasashe kamar Indiya da Nepal har yanzu suna son ra'ayinsa kuma suna ƙoƙarin amfani da su a cikin ƙasashensu. Amfani da lokaci Kalmar "kwaminisanci" ba takamaiman ƙungiiyoyin siyasa bane. Yawancin jam'iyyun siyasa da ke kiran kansu "kwaminisanci" na iya zama a zahiri sun fi masu kawo sauyi (masu goyon bayan sauye-sauye da jinkirin canji maimakon juyi) fiye da yadda wasu jam'iyyun ke kiran kansu "masu ra'ayin gurguzu". Yawancin jam'iyyun kwaminisanci a Latin Amurka sun rasa membobi da yawa saboda waɗannan jam'iyyun suna yin abubuwa daban-daban fiye da abin da suka yi alkawari da zarar sun hau mulki. A cikin Chile, tsakanin 1970-1973, a ƙarƙashin haɗin gwiwar hagu (ƙungiyoyin jam'iyyun) na ƙungiyar Haɗin Kai ƙarƙashin jagorancin Salvador Allende, Kwaminisancin Kwaminisancin na Chile yana hannun dama na Socialungiyar Socialist ta Chile. Wannan yana nufin ta fi jam'iyyar masu ra'ayin gurguzu gyara. Yawancin jam'iyyun kwaminisanci za su yi amfani da dabarun kawo canji Sun ce mutane masu ajin aiki ba su da tsari sosai don yin canje-canje ga al'ummominsu. Sun gabatar da ‘yan takarar da za a zaba ta hanyar dimokiradiyya. Da zaran an zaɓi 'yan gurguzu a majalisa ko majalisar dattijai, to za su yi fada don ajin ma'aikata. Wannan zai ba mutane masu aiki damar canza tsarin jari hujjarsu zuwa tsarin gurguzu. Alamu da al'adu Launin ja alama ce ta gurguzu a duniya. Jan tauraruwa guda biyar a wani lokacin shima yana wakiltar kwaminisanci. Guduma da sikila sanannen alama ce ta kwaminisanci. Ya kasance akan tutocin ƙasashe masu ra'ayin gurguzu, kamar Tarayyar Soviet (duba saman labarin). Wasu 'yan gurguzu kuma suna son amfani da hotunan shahararrun kwaminisanci daga tarihi, irin su Marx, Lenin, da Mao Zedong, a matsayin alamomin dukkanin falsafar gurguzu. Waƙa da ake kira Internationale ita ce waƙar kwaminisanci ta duniya. Tana da kiɗa iri ɗaya a ko'ina, amma ana fassara kalmomin zuwa waƙar zuwa cikin harsuna da yawa. Harshen Rashanci shine taken ƙasa na Tarayyar Soviet daga 1922 har zuwa 1944. Launi a cikin tutar Tarayyar Sobiyat ya nuna gwagwarmayar manoma-manoma. Guduma a tuta wakiltar gwagwarmaya ga ma'aikata. Dukkansu tsallakawa suna nuna goyon bayansu ga junan su. Hakanan akwai nau'in fasaha da gine-gine na musamman da aka samo su a yawancin kwaminisanci da tsoffin ƙasashe masu ra'ayin gurguzu. Ana yin zane-zanen da aka yi da salon mulkin gurguzu na zahiri don farfaganda don nuna cikakkiyar sigar mutanen ƙasa da jagoran siyasa. Fasaha da aka yi cikin salon gurguzu na zahiri, kamar wasan kwaikwayo, fina-finai, littattafai, da zane-zane suna nuna aiki tuƙuru, da farin ciki, da ƙoshin ma'aikata da masana'antar masana'antu. Fina-finai, wasan kwaikwayo da litattafai a cikin wannan salon galibi suna ba da labarai ne game da ma'aikata ko sojoji waɗanda suka sadaukar da kansu don amfanin ƙasarsu. Zane-zane sukan nuna hotunan jaruntaka na shugaba, ko shimfidar wurare da ke nuna manyan filayen alkama Tsarin gine-ginen Stalin yakamata ya wakilci ƙarfi da ɗaukakar jihar da jagoran siyasa. Wasu da ba 'yan kwaminisanci ba ma suna jin daɗin wannan fasahar. Mutane sanannu Fidel Castro Nicolae Ceauşescu Mikhail Gorbachev Che Guevara Erich Honecker Vladimir Lenin Karl Marx Friedrich Engels Joseph Stalin Ho Chi Minh Mao Tse-Tung Leon Trotsky Josip Broz Tito Kim Jong Un Deng Xiaoping Manazarta Sauran yanar gizo Siyasa Sin Duniya Pages with unreviewed

19878

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamfanin%20Chanchangi%20Airlines

Kamfanin Chanchangi Airlines

Chanchangi Airlines Nigerian Limited ya kasance wani mai zaman mallaka da kuma sarrafa kamfanin jirgin sama tare da shugaban ofishin a cikin Chanchangi Office Complex a Kaduna, Nigeria Yana aiki da sabis na fasinjan cikin gida wanda aka tsara. Babban sansanin shi a Murtala Mohammed International Airport, Lagos, tare da matattara a Kaduna, Abuja, da Fatakwal Alhaji Ahmadu Chanchangi, wanda ya kafa ta, ya fito ne daga ƙauyen Chanchangi da ke cikin ƙaramar hukumar Takum ta jihar Taraba, Najeriya. Tarihi Kamfanin Alhaji Chanchangi ya kafu a matsayin kamfani a ranar 5 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1994 kuma ya fara zirga-zirgar jiragen sama zuwa Kaduna, Lagos, Owerri, Abuja da Fatakwal a ranar 2 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 1997. An yi amfani da sabis ta amfani da jirgin Boeing 727-200 An kuma samo jirgi 3 Boeing 737-200 da 2 Boeing 737-300 a shekara ta 2009. Kamfanin jirgin sama na Chanchangi ya sami lambar Hukumar Kula da Filayen Jiragen Sama na Tarayyar Najeriya (FAAN) da kuma Kyautar Kyauta ta "Kyauta mafi Kyawun Jirgin Sama na Shekara" na 1998, 1999 da 2000. A cikin shekara ta 2004 ta sami hukumomin hanya don ayyuka zuwa Abidjan, Accra, Dakar, Douala da Malabo A ranar 26 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2006 aka gabatar da ayyuka daga Lagos zuwa Accra. Kamfanin jirgin mallakar Alhaji Ahmadu Chanchangi ne (94%) da wasu mutane hudu rike da kaso 1% kowanne. Yana da ma'aikata 780 kafin watan Maris na shekara ta 2007. Gwamnatin Najeriya ta sanya ranar 30 ga Afrilun, shekara ta 2007 ga dukkan kamfanonin jiragen saman da ke aiki a kasar da su sake yin amfani da damar su ko kuma su dakatar da su, a kokarin ta na tabbatar da ingantattun ayyuka da tsaro. Kamfanin jirgin ya gamsar da sharuddan Hukumar Kula da Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Najeriya (NCAA) dangane da sake samun kudin shiga kuma an sake yi masa rajista don aiki. Hukumar Kula da Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Najeriya (NCAA) ta dakatar da kamfanin jiragen sama na Chanchangi a ranar 5 ga Yulin shekara ta 2010, inda ta ambaci wata doka da ta nuna cewa babu wani kamfanin jirgin sama da zai iya yin aiki da jirgin sama daya tilo da ke aiki, wanda hakan ya kasance a Chanchangi a lokacin. A ranar 21 ga watan Oktoban, shekara ta 2010, Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na Chanchangi ya ci gaba da aiki tsakanin Lagos da Abuja. Kamfanin jiragen sama na Chanchangi bai bayyana ba a ranar 1 ga watan Afrilu, na shekara ta 2012, don kare kanta daga tuhumar da kamfanin jirgin na Ethiopian Airlines ya yi mata kan gazawar da ta yi ta shirya biyan kudin Br miliyan 14 don ayyukan kulawa. Saboda wannan ne aka dakatar da jirgin nata a Filin jirgin saman Bole, inda wasu manazarta suka yi hasashen rashin biyan kudin zai sa kamfanin jirgin saman Habasha ya yi gwanjon jirgin. Makoma Kamfanin jiragen sama na Chanchangi ya dakatar da dukkan aikin jiragensa a shekara ta 2012. Yarjejeniyar Jirgi Kamfanin jirgin sama na Chanchangi ya gudanar da jirgin haya a ciki da wajen Najeriya. Wasu daga cikin abokan aikinsa sun kasance kamar haka: Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Sojojin Nijeriya Kwalejin Sojoji &amp; Kwalejin Ma'aikata, Jaji Hukumar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya Getra a Equatorial Guinea Abubuwan da suka faru Daya daga cikin jirgin Chanchangi Airlines Boeing 727s ya sauka (tare da matsalar kayan sauka) a Filin jirgin saman Murtala Mohammed, Lagos a ranar 29 ga Disambar 2004 bayan jirgi ya tashi daga Fatakwal. Mutane 81 da ke jirgin ba su samu rauni ba kuma babu wata babbar illa da jirgin ya yi. A sakamakon haka, ragowar 5 Boeing 727 an dakatar dasu ne domin baiwa masu bincike damar gudanar da bincike mai zurfi a cikin jirgin. A ranar 3 ga Janairun 2005 ne Hukumar Kula da Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Najeriya (NCAA) ta ba da izinin sake cigaba da gudanar da aikin tukin jirgin. Bayan hatsarin jirgin Sosoliso Airlines 1145 a ranar 10 ga Disamba, 2005, Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo ya dakatar da Sosoliso da Chanchangi Airlines. Saukar da Chanchangi ya samo asali ne daga wani rahoto da ke nuna cewa ayyukanta ba su da hadari. Bayan wucewar binciken da ma'aikatar jirgin saman Najeriya ta yi, an kyale Chanchangi ya cigaba da aiki a ranar 22 ga Disamba, 2005. Wani jirgin Boeing 727 da ke kan hanyar zuwa Abuja an tilasta shi komawa Lagos a ranar 9 ga Mayu bayan da ma’aikatan suka ba da rahoton wata matsala game da tsarin sanyaya jirgin. A ranar 22 ga Agusta, 2006, tayoyi biyu sun fashe a kan jirgin Boeing 727 dauke da fasinjoji 98. An rahoto cewa matukin jirgin ya yi saukar keda wuya domin ya rungumi titin jirgin sama bayan ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya a filin jirgin saman Nnamdi Azikiwe da ke Abuja. Babu asarar rai. Chanchangi ya sha fama da hadari da yawa na hatsari a tsakiyar/ƙarshen 2007. Wani jirgi daga Kaduna zuwa Legas ya sami cikas bayan da wani injin injina ya tashi kimanin minti ashirin da fara tafiyar. A tsakiyar watan Satumba, wani jirgin Legas zuwa Abuja ya koma Legas bayan an gano kwararar ruwa. A ranar 22 ga Fabrairun 1998, babban direban jirgin saman na Chanchangi ya nemi Air Traffic Control (ATC) da ke Kaduna, Najeriya don a ba shi izinin gudanar da horon jirgin sama ta hanyar amfani da jirgin kamfanin Chanchangi Airlines Boeing 737-2K3 (wanda aka bayar da shi daga Aviogenex, mai rajista YU-ANU) wanda ya taho daga Legas kusan awa ɗaya da ta gabata. Tun da yake ganuwa ta ragu zuwa mita 600, an gaya masa cewa yana ƙasa da mafi ƙarancin izinin sauka kuma buƙatarsa ba za ta yiwu ba. Na gaba, matukin jirgin ya nemi a ba shi izinin gudanar da horon tashi, kuma daga baya ATC ya ba da izini. Mutane da yawa sun shiga kyaftin din don motsa jiki. An umarce shi da fara horo a Runway 05, kuma sau ɗaya a matsayi izini don "ɗauka" an ba shi. A ka'ida, duk wani hanin da aka ƙi shi da sauri zai buƙaci aƙalla mintina goma don ba birki damar yin sanyi kafin a sake yin aiki da jirgin lafiya, kuma ya dogara da wasu dalilai, wannan lokacin na iya daɗewa, abin da matuƙin jirgin zai sani. Koyaya, a cikin mintuna goma sha biyu masu zuwa, matuƙin jirgin ba tare da wata ma'ana ba ya gudanar da ƙasa da huɗu waɗanda aka ƙi tashi, aƙalla ɗayansu kuma mai yiwuwa dukkansu su huɗu cikin sauri. Birki a ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan sauka (gefen hagu) ya fara kamawa da wuta, wanda ya ta'azzara ta malalar ruwa. Matukin jirgin ya ci gaba da tasi jirgin har sai tayoyin motar sannan sai ƙafafun babban kayan hagu suka watse, suna hana jirgin motsawa gaba. Sannan ya yi kira da a kawo agajin gaggawa. Abun takaici, sun kasa hana jirgin konewa kasa. Babu asarar rai. Babban matukin jirgin ya yi zargin cewa bai yi amfani da birki ba don aikin da aka ki yarda da shi, duk da haka shaidun ba haka ba ne. A ranar 13 ga Oktoba, 2007, wani jirgi kirar Boeing 727 da ke kan hanyarsa daga Kaduna zuwa Abuja kan hanyarsa ta zuwa Lagos ya gamu da gobarar jirgin. A ranar 20 ga Agusta 2010, Jirgin Chanchangi Flight 334, wanda Boeing 737-200 5N-BIF ya yi aiki ya buge eriya da ke kusa da filin jirgin Kaduna Fasinjoji da yawa sun sami rauni kaɗan kuma jirgin ya lalace sosai. Kamfanin jiragen sama na Chanchangi ya sake dakatar da ayyukansa sakamakon hatsarin. Rundunar soja Jirgin sama na Chanchangi Airlines ya ƙunshi jirgi masu zuwa a lokacin rufewarsa (kamar na watan Disamban shekara ta 2012) kamar haka: Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Kaduna (jiha) Filayen jirgin

17702

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph%20Ahlhaus

Christoph Ahlhaus

Christoph Ahlhaus (An haife shi ne a ranar 28 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1969), ya kasan ce ɗan siyasan kasar Jamusa ne. Kuma shi wakili ne na Jam’iyyar Christian Democratic Union ta Jamus wacce ya shiga a shekarar 1985. Ya kasan ce kuma Shi ne magajin garin Hamburg daga watan Agustan shekarar 2010 zuwa Maris 2011. Rayuwar mutum An haifi Ahlhaus a ranar 28 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1969 a Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, inda ya girma. Daga Shekarar 1988 zuwa 1990 ya kammala koyan aikin banki, kuma daga wannan shekarar ya ci gaba da karatun shari'a a jami'o'in Heidelberg, Munich, Berlin, da Speyer. A cikin 1998 ya yi aikin magatakarda, tare da tashar a Jami'ar Kimiyyar Gudanarwa ta Jamusanci a Speyer. A 1999 ya cancanci zama lauya. Ya auri Simone Ahlhaus (née Götz) tun daga Mayu 2006. Ahlhaus memba ne na ƙungiyar 'yan uwantaka ta Turnerschaft Ghibellinia zu Heidelberg. A lokacin rani na shekarar 2014 Ahlhaus ya ƙaura tare da iyalinsa zuwa Berlin. A can yana aiki a matsayin lauya a wani kamfanin lauya. Siyasa a cikin CDU Christoph Ahlhaus, wanda ya wakilci CDU daga shekarar 1985, shi ne Shugaban ƙungiyar ƙaramar hukumar Heidelberg-Altstadt-Schlierbach kuma Mataimakin Shugaban kungiyar Gundumar Heidelberg har zuwa 2001. Daga 2001 zuwa 2006 ya kasance sakataren yanki na CDU a Hamburg. Daga Maris 2004 zuwa Maris 2006 ya kasance memba na Majalisar 'Yanci da Hanseatic City na Hamburg, a matsayin wani ɓangare na kwamitocin shari'a da na cikin gida. Har zuwa Yunin 2012, ya kasance Shugaban CDU a Hamburg-Nord. Memba na majalisar dattijan Hamburg A watan Afrilu na shekarar 2006, Magajin gari Ole von Beust ya nada shi a matsayin kansilan jiha na sashen wasanni da harkokin cikin gida. A ranar 7 ga Mayu 2008, Ahlhaus ya maye gurbin Udo Nagel kuma ya zama sanatan harkokin cikin gida na Free da Hanseatic City na Hamburg. a watan Satumbar shekarata 2009, ba tare da sanar da jam’iyyarsa ba tukunna, Ahlhaus ya shirya rage harajin gidan caca a Hamburg daga 90% zuwa 50%. Wannan zai ba gidajen caca damar adana kusan Euro miliyan 30 a cikin haraji har zuwa 2010. Wani abin kunya shine John Jahr Jr. (daga Gruner Jahr) yana ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin gidan caca, haka kuma shine wanda ya kirkiro kamfani na ƙasa wanda matar Ahlhaus ta jagoranci tallan lasisinsu tun daga 2009. Har ila yau, an soki yadda aka yi amfani da kuɗaɗen jihar don biyan harabar gidansa da gidansa na biyu a Altona (wanda ya ci kusan Euro miliyan 1.2). A cikin "al'amarin motar kamfanin", dole ne ya yi ƙarin biyan kuɗi na EUR 59.40 don amfanin mota mai zaman kansa. Ahlhaus ya ci gaba duk da tsauraran kasafin kudi a cikin 2010 ta hanyar sayen tawaga tare da jarin kusan investment 600,000 da kuma farashin aiki shekara shekara na ,000 200,000. A karkashin Ministan cikin gida Michael Neumann (SPD) kwangilar nishadi za a rufe ta 2015. Burinsa na ci gaba da kasancewar ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta 'yan sanda, tare da kashe Euro miliyan 1.5 kowace shekara, ya kasance a wani ɓangare saboda rashin fahimta, duk da yankewarsa a sashen al'adu. Magajinsa Scholz ya tsayar da wannan al'adar. Magajin gari na Farko da Hanseatic na Hamburg A ranar 18 ga Yulin 2010, Beust ya ba da sanarwar yin murabus daga matsayin magajin garin Hamburg, don haka zai iya ba da ƙarin lokaci ga rayuwarsa. Shawarwarin da ya bayar na tsayar da Christoph Ahlhaus a matsayin wanda zai gaje shi ya kasance ɗayan ya bi sahun Babban Jami'in Yankin CDU na Hamburg. Zaɓen Magajin Farko na CDU-Green Majalisar Dattijai mafi rinjaye an tsayar da shi don taron farko na 'yan ƙasa bayan hutun bazara na majalisa a ranar 25 ga Agusta 2010. Koyaya, abokan haɗin gwiwar GAL da farko sun nuna shakku game da nadin Christoph Ahlhaus. Sun yi kira ga 'yan siyasar masu ra'ayin rikau da su bi tafarkin sassaucin ra'ayi na Beust kuma su mutunta yarjejeniyar ƙawancen. Ahlhaus ya sa kansa sosai bayan yarjejeniya tsakanin CDU da GAL, wacce ta kasance tun shekara ta 2008, sannan kuma ya bayyana shirinsa na fuskantar Green tushe a watan Agusta 2010. Bayan taron tare da asalin GAL a ranar 18 ga watan Agusta, Ahlhaus da wakilan GAL duka sun nuna kwarin gwiwa na iya ci gaba da hadin gwiwar CDU-Green. Jam'iyyar Green Youth ta bukaci ficewa daga kawancen. Gabanin zaben da aka shirya yi na kasancewa memba Ahlhaus a cikin Turnerschaft Ghibellinia. Wannan ya haifar da fushi a cikin GAL, kuma shugabannin jam'iyyar sun sanya goyon bayan ɓangarensu a zaɓen na Magajin garin Lord da ake magana a kai. Sun nemi bayanin Ahlhaus game da alakar sa da Turnerschaft kuma sun yi korafin cewa a ganin su, dabi'un kasa da ka'idojin misogynistic suna nan a hade da Coburg Convents. Ahlhaus ya bayyana cewa tsawon shekaru bai yi hulda da kamfanin na Heidelberg Turnerschaft ba. Ya nemi shugaban kungiyar ta 'yan uwa da ya daina daukar sa a matsayin memba. Lokacin zabar Magajin gari na Farko a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta 2010 ya zo duk da rikice-rikicen da suka gabata a matsayin abin mamaki. Christoph Ahlhaus ya samu kuri’u 70 a kan kuri’ar farko, kuri’u biyu sun fi na ‘yan majalisun da ke hade da launin kore-kore. 'Yan majalisar ƙasa na' yan adawa daga duka SPD da Hagu ma sun zaɓi Ahlhaus. 'Yan majalisa 50 ne suka kada masa kuri'a, kuma daya ya kaurace. Zabe da wa'adin mulki A ranar 28 ga watan Nuwamba, 2010, duka rukunin majalisar GAL, Sanatocin GAL da kwamitin zartarwa na GAL suka yanke shawarar kawo karshen hadin gwiwar, abinda ya sa Ahlhaus bada umarnin sallamar sanatocin GAL da kansilolin jihar a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 2010. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Ahlhaus ya jagoranci gwamnatin tsiraru ta CDU. Manazarta Pages with unreviewed

38899

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul

Abdul

Abdul (ko kuma Abdal, Abdel, Abdil, Abdol, Abdool, ko Abdoul shi ne mafi yawan tafsirin haduwar kalmar larabci Abd ma'ana "Bawa") da tabbataccen furuci al el ma'ana "da"). Shi ne farkon ɓangaren sunaye masu yawa, sunayen da aka yi da kalmomi biyu. Misali, yawanci ya rubuta Abdel Hamid, Abdelhamid, Abd El Hamid ko Abdul Hamid, wanda ke nufin "bawan Ubangiji" (Allah). Ma'anar Abdul a zahiri kuma a al'ada tana nufin "Bawan", amma fassarorin Hausa kuma galibi suna fassara shi zuwa "Bawan Ubangiji". Bambance-bambancen rubutu Bambance-bambance a cikin rubutun suna da farko saboda bambancin lafuzza. Masu jin harshen Larabci yawanci suna furtawa da rubuta sunayensu na asali na Larabci bisa ga yarensu na Larabci Saboda haka, ana furta shi kuma an rubuta Abdel... ko Abd El.. Koyaya, waɗanda ba masu jin Larabci ba ko masu jin Larabci suna iya zaɓar rubuta sunan bisa ga lafazin Adabin Larabci, wanda shine yaren Alƙur'ani, wanda aka bayyana da da kuma rubutat Abdul. Don wasu bambance-bambancen rubutun kalmomi, duba sashin nahawun Larabci Asalin kalma A harshen larabci, kalmar yana nufin "bawa" ko "bawa", daga tushen triliter wanda kuma yana da alaƙa da kalmar "ibada". Don haka kalmar tana da ma’ana mai kyau, a ma’anar Musulunci, na bauta da yabo ga Allah, watau zama bawan Allah ba gumaka ba. Amfani da sunan Ubangiji Ainihi babu Abdul, ba tare da kashi na biyu ba idan aka rubuta shi da Larabci, don haka ya bayyana a matsayin wani bangare na sunayen Larabci da yawa da kuma musamman na musulmi, inda yake bude sunan addini, ma'ana: "Bawan..." tare da bangaren karshe na sunan yana daya daga cikin sunayen Allah a Musulunci, wanda zai samar da sunan ka'idar larabci na musulmi Kamar Abdullahi kawai yana nufin "Bawan Allah" yayin da "Abdul Aziz" ke nufin "Bawan Allah" da sauransu. Sunan Abdul Masih, ("Bawan Masihu kwatankwacin Kiristanci ne na Larabci. Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da Abdul lokaci-lokaci, ko da yake ba kasafai ake yin amfani da shi ba wajen wani siffa ba Allah ba. Misali, sunan Indiya Abdul Mughal, ("Bawan Daular Mughal"). Sunaye na Ubangiji da aka samo An jera sunayen da aka fi sani a ƙasa Abdullahi Bawan Allah Abdulaziz, Bawan Allah Abdulkarim, Bawan Mafi Karamci Abdurrahim, Bawan Mai rahama Abdurrahman, Bawan masu kyautatawa Abdussalam, Bawan Salama Abdulqadir, Bawan Masu Karfi Abdul Latif, Bawan Allah Nahawun Larabci Lokacin da wasiƙar rana ta biyo baya, l a cikin al (wanda aka saba magana da shi colloquially el yana daidaitawa da farkon baƙon suna mai zuwa, yana haifar da ninki biyu. Misali, "Abdul Rahman", za a furta shi da Larabci Abdur-Rahman. [ʕæbdʊr n]. Lokacin da ƙayyadaddun labarin ke biye da wasiƙar watã, babu wani abu da ke faruwa. Don haka, ba koyaushe ake amfani da Abdul a matsayin ɓangaren buɗe sunan ba; idan kashi na biyu ya fara da harafin rana, zai iya zama siffofi ciki har da Abdun, Abdur, Abdus, ko Abdush, wasali a kowane suna, kamar Abdul, shi ma yana buɗewa ga fassarar mabambanta. Mai zaman kansa suna Abdul baya fitowa da kansa a matsayin namiji da aka ba shi idan an rubuta shi da Larabci. A wasu al'adu, ɓangaren theophoric na iya zama kamar sunan tsakiya ne kaɗai, ko kuma sunan mahaifi, don haka yana rikitar da mutane game da ko Abdul sunan da aka karɓa ne. Sau da yawa idan wani ya gajarta sunansa, zai iya zabar sashin ƙa'idar ko Abdul Duk da haka, Abdul da kansa wani lokaci ana amfani da shi azaman cikakken sunan farko mai zaman kansa a wajen al'ummomin masu jin Larabci. Wani lokaci Abdul sai a biyo bayan kalmar da ke kwatanta Annabi Muhammad, misali "Abd un Nabi", wanda ke nufin "bawan/bawan annabi". Fitattun mutane masu sunan DJ Abdel, Faransanci DJ kuma furodusan zuriyar Moroccan suna wasa hip hop, funk da R&B na zamani Abdul Diallo (an haife shi a shekara ta 1985) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Burkina Faso Abdul "Duke" Fakir (an haife shi a shekara ta 1935), mawakin Amurka, wanda aka fi sani da memba na Top Tops Abdul Gaddy (an haife shi a shekara ta 1992) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando na Amurka Abdul Hodge (an haife shi a shekara ta 1983), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka Abdul Salis (an haife shi a shekara ta 1979) shi ne ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Birtaniya Abdul Thompson Conteh (an haife shi a shekara ta 1970), shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Saliyo Abdul Vas (an haife shi a shekara ta 1981) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙasar Venezuela APJ Abdul Kalam (1931 2015), Shugaban Indiya na 11 Sunan mahaifi David Abdul (an haife shi a shekara ta 1989), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Aruban Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (an haife shi a shekara ta 1947) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando na Amurka Lida Abdul (an haife ta a shekara ta 1973) ƴan wasan Farisa ce Paula Abdul (an Haife shi a shekara ta 1962), mawaƙin Ba’amurke kuma ɗan wasan talabijin Jarumai rubutu Abdul Alhazred, Halin da marubucin tsoro na Amurka HP Lovecraft ya kirkira Abdul ibn Shareef, ɗan siyasan almara akan The West Wing Mohammed Avdol (wanda kuma ya rubuta Abdul), ɗan wasan almara a cikin manga da anime JoJo's Bizarre Adventure wanda Hirohiko Araki ya kirkira. Duba kuma Abdu, laƙabi ga sunan fili ko sunan da aka ba shi. A wannan yanayin ba lallai ba ne sunan da aka ba musulmi ba Abdi, kama da Abdu Abdiel, Sunan Littafi Mai Tsarki ma'ana "Bawan Allah" Abdullah (rashin fahimta), sau da yawa yana rikicewa da ma'ana iri ɗaya da Abdul Sunan Larabci Rubuce-rubuce kamar Abdel-Halim Sunan Turkiyya Nassoshi Musulmai Sunan mahaifi Sunaye Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sare%20gandun%20daji%20a%20tsakiyar%20amurka

Sare gandun daji a tsakiyar amurka

Kasashen Amurka ta tsakkiya sun fuskanci zagayowar sare gandun daji da sare dazuzzuka tun bayan faduwar wayewar Maya, da abubuwa da yawa suka rinjayi kamar karuwar yawan jama'a, noma, rarraba narcotic da ayyukan da ba bisa ka'ida ba. Daga shekarar 2001 zuwa 2010, an yi asarar gandun daji a yankin. A cikin shekarata 2010 Belize tana da kashi 63% na ragowar gandun daji, Costa Rica 46%, Panama 45%, Honduras 41%, Guatemala 37%, Nicaragua 29%, El Salvador 21%. Yawancin hasarar ta faru ne a cikin gandun dajin, mai fadin murabba'in kilomita 12,201 An saita asarar ciyayi ta wani yanki ta hanyar ƙari a cikin gandun daji na coniferous tare da 4,730 km2, da 2,054 km2 Mangroves da hamada sun ba da gudummawar kashi 1 cikin ɗari kawai ga asarar ciyayi na gandun daji. Mafi yawan sare itatuwan dazuzzukan ya kasance ne a tsaunin Caribbean na Nicaragua tare da raguwar dazuzzukan da ya kai murabba'in kilomita 8,574 a tsakanin shekarar 2001 zuwa shekarata 2010. Mafi mahimmancin sake girma na 3,050 kilomita 2 na gandun daji an gansu a cikin ciyayi na katako na Honduras. Tarihi Sake sare dazuka a Amurka ta tsakiya na daya daga cikin matsalolin muhalli da ke da nasaba da matsugunan kan iyakokin noma da manoma masu neman filaye da masu sana'ar noma suka yi, wadanda suka taimaka wajen mayar da gandun daji zuwa kiwo, da Kuma karin fadada amfanin gona kamar kofi, ayaba, saren daji. ayyuka, kiwo da itacen mai da sauran ayyukan raya birane. Yankin tsakiyar Amurka ya sami mafi girman adadin sare dazuzzuka a duniya tsakanin shekarun 1960 zuwa 1970. Abin da ake kira "haɗin hamburger" shi ne babban dalilin sare dazuzzuka a yankin, tare da ƙarin mazauna da suka mayar da hankali kan share filayen don kiwon shanu da kuma harkokin kasuwanci. Bugu da ƙari, ƙididdiga daban-daban na bincike sun ba da cewa kimanin eka 949,150 na gandun daji, wanda ya kai hekta 384,107.377 na gandun daji, an yi hasarar kowace shekara tsakanin shekarun 1990 da 2010 a Amurka. A cewar Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma (FAO), Amurka ta tsakiya ta yi hasarar matsakaicin hekta 285,000 na gandun daji a duk shekara tsakanin 2000 zuwa 2005. Daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi tayar da hankali da kungiyar masu bincike ta yi a cikin rahoton ita ce, a cikin shekaru 15 da suka gabata, an rage girman gandun daji uku mafi girma a Amurka ta tsakiya da fiye da kashi 23 cikin dari. Karni na sha biyar A karni na sha biyar, aikin noma na Mayan ya rage dazuzzuka sosai, amma bai lalata su gaba daya ba. Kafin zuwan Turawa, gandun daji sun mamaye murabba'in kilomita 500,000 kusan kashi 90% na yankin. Zuwan mutanen Sipaniya ya haifar da raguwar yawan jama'a sakamakon kamuwa da cututtuka masu saurin yaduwa da 'yan ci suka kawo. Wannan raguwar matsin lamba na ɗan adam ya ba da yawancin ƙasar da aka share don lokacin noma don farfadowa. Daga karshe, tilastawa "tattalin arzikin kudin Turai a Latin Amurka" ya haifar da bukatar fitar da kayayyakin farko, wanda ya gabatar da bukatar samar da filayen noma mai yawa don samar da wadannan kayayyakin. Yayin da noman wasu kayayyakin da ake fitarwa zuwa kasashen waje kamar indigo da rini na cochineal sun yi aiki cikin jituwa tare da ciyayi da ke kewaye da su, da Dai sauran amfanin gona irin su sukari na bukatar yanke filaye da yawan itacen wuta don kara kuzarin aikin tacewa, wanda ya haifar da saren gandun daji cikin gaggawa. Karni na sha takwas zuwa karni na ashirin Daga karni na goma sha takwas zuwa karni na ashirin, mahogany da ake fitarwa zuwa kayan daki ya zama babban dalilin gajiyar dazuzzuka. Kuma Yankin ya sami canjin tattalin arziki a karni na sha tara ta hanyar "cikakkiyar haɗin kai a tsarin jari hujja na duniya". Wannan, haɗe da rikici tare da Spain, ya ba da fifiko mafi girma ga noman shuka. A cikin karni na goma sha tara da ashirin, sannan Turai da Arewacin Amurka sun zama manyan masu shigo da noman kofi da ayaba a yankin, wanda hakan ya sa ake samun karuwar bukatu a kasar don samar da adadi mai yawa na wadannan amfanin gona da kuma cigaba da aikin share dazuka a kokarin da ake yi na samar da dazuzzuka masu yawa. samun filayen noma masu amfani. Mafi kwanan nan Kwanan nan, tun daga shekarun 1960, kiwo ya zama dalilin farko na share fage. Dabbobin ciyawa masu ciyayi da Kuma wuraren kiwo na Amurka ta tsakiya ke samarwa (sabanin shanun da ake kiwon hatsi da ake kiwon su a wasu wurare a Amurka) sun dace da gidajen cin abinci na Arewacin ƙasar Amurka kuma wannan kasuwa da alama mara tushe ta haifar da abin da ake kira "haɗin hamburger" ya danganta "salon mabukaci a Arewacin Amurka tare da sare itatuwa a Amurka ta tsakiya". Wannan ya nuna yadda kasashen da suka ci gaba suka yi tasiri a kaikaice a kan yanayi da yanayin kasashe masu tasowa. A Amurka ta tsakiya, yawan sare dazuzzuka kuma yana barazana ga rayuwar fitattun nau'ikan irin su jaguars, tapirs, da macaws masu ja. <ref name=":0">Conde, D. A. (2008). Road impact on deforestation and jaguar habitat loss in the Mayan Forest. Ecology PhD, Nicholas School of the Environment. Duke University.Peccary mai launin fari, da Kuma wani muhimmin nau'in dutse mai mahimmanci ga dazuzzuka na Amurka ta Tsakiya, yana cikin haɗari sosai wanda zai iya ɓacewa nan ba da jimawa ba a yankin. Farin leɓoɓin peccaries suna ƙaura a cikin manyan garkuna don neman 'ya'yan itace da sauran abinci a cikin manyan gandun daji, Kuma suna aiki duka biyun a matsayin mai nuna lafiyar daji da haɗin kai kuma a matsayin babban nau'in ganima ga jaguar. Shiga Yin sare itace wani abu ne da ke ƙara sare itatuwa ta hanyoyi da yawa. Sannan Kuma Shiga cikin dazuzzukan da tituna ke kara yawan amfani da albarkatu, kamar saren daji ba bisa ka'ida ba, da farautar naman daji. Ko da yake ka'ida ba ta da illa ga gandun daji, to amma ba a kula da shi ba ya zama ruwan dare a kasashe masu tasowa saboda bukatar katako zuwa gidaje da ake nomawa, da kuma rashin tattalin arziki na masu sana'ar dogaro da kai daga daji da kanta. Bugu da ƙari, kowane nau'i na katako yana buƙatar gina tituna, wanda ke ba da damar shiga cikin sauƙi ga masu neman sabon fili don yin noma. Amfani da itace a matsayin man da ake amfani da shi na farko wajen dafa abinci da dumama yana da nasaba da rashin iya biyan farashin mai a kasashe masu tasowa. Kuma Sakamakon haka, bukatar itacen “daya daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi sani da su na sare itatuwa”. A Guatemala, saboda aikin noma da masana'antar katako, kashi 98 cikin ɗari na ainihin gandun daji an lalata su a wannan yanki. Manyan yankunan dazuzzukan, sannan Kuma a cikin mafi yawan yanayi, ana asara ne kawai don lalata wasu bishiyu masu kima. Akwai tasiri na dindindin na tasirin wannan barnar: injuna masu nauyi sun haɗa ƙasa kuma suna sa ta zama mai saurin lalacewa. Narco-yanke daji The pervasion of the illegal drug trade throughout the region decimates forestland and is primarily fueled by demand for narcotics in North America. Honduras, Guatemala, and Nicaragua have suffered from some of the highest rates of deforestation in the world since 2000 and in 2005 these rates of forest loss began to accelerate, coinciding with an influx of drug trafficking activity. Following the election of Felipe Calderón in 2006 and the ignition of the Mexican Drug War, many Mexican drug trafficking organizations (DTO) relocated their operations southward enticed by the porous borders, corruption, and weak public institutions characteristic of Guatemala and Honduras. The sparsely populated forested highlands in these countries harbor little state presence and offer perfect refuge for DTO's looking to evade interdiction. Kasuwancin avocado a Mexico Masana'antar avocado na biliyoyin daloli na Mexico sun zama babbar manufa ga DTOs, waɗanda ke kame gonaki tare da share wuraren da aka ba da kariya don shuka avocado. An san membobin Cartel da fitowa ba tare da an sanar da su ba, dauke da makamai masu sarrafa kansu da sarƙoƙi. Lokacin da mutanen yankin suka yi zanga-zangar cewa an kare yankin daga sare itatuwa, sai kuma a rike su da bindiga tare da ba su umarnin yin shiru. Ba koyaushe ake saran gandun daji ba masu saran daji suna asirce kawai suna gyara alfarwar dajin, suna dasa itatuwan avocado a cikin wani ɓoye na ƙasa. Wannan al'ada tana ƙara gurɓataccen hayaƙi yayin da gandun daji ke raguwa don samar da ƙarin gonakin gonaki. Kiwo ba bisa ka'ida ba Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da sare dazuzzuka an ƙaddara shi ne babban kiwo ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, yawancinsa yana faruwa ne a cikin wuraren da aka ba da kariya da kuma yankuna na asali. Sau da yawa, wannan aikata laifuka yana da alaƙa da fataucin muggan kwayoyi da safarar kuɗi. Cin hanci da rashawa ya sa matalautan gandun daji ba su da yuwuwar yin aikin kiyayewa, na tilastawa ko na son rai. Sannan duk Wani da aka yi hira da shi ya fayyace ilimin gama gari a tsakanin al'ummomin gandun daji: manyan masu hannu da shuni ne, masu alaka da siyasa, da narko-masu wadatar da muhalli ke aikata laifukan. Ƙara yawan fataucin hodar iblis ta Guatemala da Honduras yana da alaƙa da hauhawar asarar gandun daji a yankin. A cikin dazuzzukan gabashin Honduras, adadin sabbin sare dazuzzuka da aka gano ya zarce hekta 5.29 yayin da a Peten na Guatemala, yawan asarar gandun daji ya yi daidai da adadin hodar iblis da ba a taɓa gani ba. A cewar Dr. Kendra McSweeney daga Jami'ar Jihar Ohio, adadin sare itatuwan daji a yankin kusan 20. kilomita 2 a kowace shekara ya haɓaka zuwa 60 km 2 a kowace shekara a ƙarƙashin tasirin narco adadin sare gandun daji na kusan 10%. A cikin shekarata 2011, Rio Plátano Biosphere Reserve da ke Honduras ya kasance a matsayin "Al'adun Duniya na Haɗari" ta UNESCO saboda babban matakin sare gandun daji a hannun masu safarar muggan kwayoyi. Hanyoyin da ke da alaƙa da narcotics da asarar gandun daji Hanyoyi guda uku masu alaƙa sun bayyana yanayin asarar gandun daji bayan kafa cibiyar jigilar magunguna. Kuma Na farko shi ne share gandun daji domin gina tituna na sirri da filayen saukar jiragen sama da motocin da ke safarar miyagun kwayoyi da magungunan kashe qwari da takin zamani ke amfani da su. Na biyu, kwararowar makudan kudade da makamai zuwa yankunan da tuni aka gaza gudanar da mulki na kara tsananta matsin da ake fuskanta a dazuzzuka. Shigar da narco-Capital a cikin waɗannan iyakokin yana ƙarfafa masu mallakar filaye da sauran masu yin wasan kwaikwayo a yankin su shiga cikin fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi, wanda yawanci yakan bar al'ummomin ƴan asalin ƙasar su rasa filayensu da rayuwarsu. A ƙarshe, babban ribar da ake samu ga masu fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi yana ƙarfafa DTOs don canza gandun daji zuwa aikin noma don lalata waɗannan ribar. "Inganta" ƙasa mai nisa ba wai kawai yana bawa masu fataucin miyagun kwayoyi damar canza kadarorin su ba tare da fa'ida ba amma kuma yana halatta kasancewar DTO a yankin. Ko da yake canza filaye a cikin dazuzzukan da ke da kariya da kuma al'ummomin ƴan asalin haramun ne, masu fataucin suna da tasirin siyasa da ya dace don tabbatar da hukunci. Dangane da al’ummomin ’yan asalin da aka ware saboda karuwar safarar muggan kwayoyi, ba su da wani karfi wajen fuskantar tashe- tashen hankula da cin hanci da rashawa; Kuma Ana fuskantar barazana ga kungiyoyin kare hakkin jama'a a yankin sannan kuma ana baiwa masu gabatar da kara na jihar cin hanci don su rufe ido kan "yankin narko" ba bisa ka'ida ba. A cewar Dr. Kendra McSweeney daga Jami'ar Jihar Ohio, adadin sare itatuwa a yankin kusan 20. kilomita 2 a kowace shekara ya haɓaka zuwa 60 km2 McSweeney ya ba da misali da kisa mafi girma a kasar Honduras a duniya, yana mai bayanin cewa masu rajin kare hakkin jama'a suna matukar fargabar bayyana ra'ayoyinsu da kuma bayyana ra'ayoyinsu kan lamarin, saboda haka za su iya haifar da illa da barazanar rufe su. Kungiyoyin kare muhalli na kasa da kasa sun yi nuni da mutuwar Jairo Mora Sandoval a matsayin misali na irin wannan shiru da masu safarar miyagun kwayoyi suka yi wa masu kare muhalli, sannan Kuma lamarin da ke nuni da cewa an ji tasirin muhalli da zamantakewar cinikin muggan kwayoyi a duk fadin Amurka ta tsakiya. Girman yawan jama'a Yayin da kasashen wannan yanki ke ci gaba da bunkasa, yawan jama'a, da kuma cinikayya da kasashen da suka ci gaba, na matsa lamba kan albarkatun kasa ta hanyar samar da da dama daga cikin al'amuran da aka tattauna a baya, kamar dai yadda ya kamata a cire filayen noma da gidaje. Wani bincike ya nuna cewa karuwar yawan jama'a da ci gaban fasaha a Amurka ta tsakiya Mesoamerican biodiversity hotspot) a haƙiƙa yana da tasiri kai tsaye akan adadin sare bishiyoyi. Sauran yankuna a tsakiyar Amurka sun sami karuwar yawan jama'a, kamar Petén, saboda gano mai da kuma hanyar korar 'yan gudun hijirar siyasa daga yakin basasar Guatemala Yawan karuwar birane da karuwar yawan jama'a ya haifar da karuwar sare itatuwa Dangane da kididdigar kwanan nan, yawan jama'ar Amurka ta tsakiya ya ninka cikin kewayon shekaru 15, daga 2.1. miliyan har 2000 zuwa 4.2 miliyan a shekarata 2015. Tasirin duniya Rasa dazuzzukan Amurka ta tsakiya ba kawai barazana ga yankin ba ne; yana da tasiri a duniya. Dazuzzuka suna taimakawa sha da adana carbon dioxide da ke dumama duniya Amma duk lokacin da aka lalata su, suna ƙara yawan iskar carbon zuwa yanayin don haka dumama duniyar don sha'awar wasu 'yan ƙasa, 'yan kasuwa, da masu fataucin muggan ƙwayoyi Bayan haka, abubuwan da ke haifar da iskar carbon da ke haifar da tsarin sare dazuzzuka ana ba da rahoton cewa suna da alaƙa kuma suna da alaƙa da hana yanayi kuma suna iya taka rawa wajen ɗumamar duniya. A cikin abin da, Kuma wannan yana da alaƙa da taka rawa wajen haɓakar iskar carbon a cikin yanayi, adadin da aka ruwaito na 10-20% an ƙididdige shi daga matakan sare dazuzzuka. Haka kuma, masu fataucin miyagun kwayoyi a yankin na kara yawan yin hijira ko kaura ga mazauna yankin a lokacin da suke raya hanyoyin a yankunan. Sannan kuma Wannan yana kara yawan talauci da rashin zaman lafiya a yankin. A daya bangaren kuma, bunkasar wadannan masu safarar miyagun kwayoyi a yankin na kara samun da kuma amfani da muggan kwayoyi a cikin al’umma don haka ka iya lalata matasa, iyalai, da kuma samar da wadata a cikin al’umma. Kawar da wurin zama na nau'ikan da ba kasafai ba kamar jaguar, tapirs, da macaws ja na iya rage yawan masu yawon bude ido, wanda lamari ne na gida da na duniya. Bugu da ƙari, an ba da rahoton cewa ta hanyar sare itatuwan wurare masu zafi kamar na Amurka ta tsakiya, an yi asarar jinsuna 140. Yiwuwar asara ko asarar nau'o'i ko asara, suna ba da gudummawa ga sarkar abinci." Hakazalika ga gandun daji na Amazonian, dajin ƙasar Amurka ta tsakiya shima "yana kara zafi a cikin gida ta hanyar motsin rai". Ba tare da ƙarin danshi daga haifuwa ba, jimlar ruwan sama yana raguwa sosai. Bugu da ƙari, tare da ƙarancin danshi a cikin iska ya zo da ƙarar daɗaɗɗen wuta. Wadannan gyare-gyare na gida suna da matukar tsanani kuma suna shafar rayuwar al'ummomin da ke kewaye, musamman ma matalauta, kuma mutanen karkara waɗanda suka dogara da ƙasa don rayuwarsu. Bugu da ƙari, da damuwa a kan yanayin gida, lalata dazuzzuka yana da "tasiri mafi girma, yana shafar yanayin duniya da bambancin halittu Bayanan kimiyya da ke da alaƙa da sare bishiyoyi A wani ɓangare na matakan sare gandun daji na yankin Amurka ta tsakiya, ayyuka masu zuwa suna da alaƙa da fannonin kimiyya. Kamar yadda aka fada a baya, bishiyoyin da ke wurin suna shan carbon dioxide kuma suna taimakawa wajen adana wannan abu daga sararin samaniya. Kuma A cikin wanne da gaske, ke ba da gudummawa don taimakawa wajen samar da yanayi ya zama yanayi mafi koshin lafiya. Duk da haka, a cikin aiwatar da saran gandun daji, ana cire bishiyoyi kuma don haka, suna ba da gudummawa ga ƙananan bishiyoyi da ake da su don cire abu kuma zai iya haifar da haɓakar tasirin greenhouse Haɓaka tasirin greenhouse shine samfurin yanayi wanda ke ɗumamawa. A wannan yanayin, Kuma zai buɗe tasiri daban-daban kamar haɗawa da ambaliya a wasu yankuna, fari a wasu yankuna kuma gabaɗaya yana nuna nau'ikan abubuwan canjin yanayi Dumamar yanayi na iya haɗawa da duk waɗannan abubuwa da abubuwan da suka faru ta hanyar tarwatsa sararin samaniyar ozone, sannan kuma ya mallaki tasirin da zai iya sanya wasu glaciers da tsarin ƙanƙara su narke sannan su haifar da hawan matakin teku. Ana iya lura da hakan don samar da matsanancin matakan ruwa wanda zai iya yuwuwa ya mamaye filaye kuma ya haifar da ambaliya. Bugu da ƙari, tsarin da ɗumamar yanayi ta hanyar sare bishiyoyi, zai iya haifar da Rana ta hanyar karuwa tare da hasken UV mai karfi wanda zai iya shiga cikin yanayi. Sabili da haka, sarrafa don haifar da wuraren da za su bushe kuma su sami dogon lokaci mai tsawo idan aka kwatanta da adadin hasken rana da ake buƙata akai-akai. Bayan haka, tasirin sauyin yanayi kamar samar da yanayin yanayin da ba a saba gani ba yana da alaƙa tare da dumama yanayi. Kuma Wannan zai kasance ta hanyar rugujewar Layer na Ozone a cikin yanayi da kuma samun ƙasa mai saurin kamuwa da ƙarin hasken rana a wuraren da yawanci ba su da isasshen hasken rana da zafi a cikin yanayi na musamman, kuma yana iya yuwuwar samun rani mai tsayi tare da shi, sannan Kuma a cikin wani ɓangare na ƙãra hasken rana da yanayin da ke da ƙarin buɗe ido don hasken rana ya zo. Zaizayar kasa Haka kuma, wani fannin da ke da alaƙa da hanyoyin sare dazuzzuka shine zaizayar ƙasa Kuma A cikin abin da aka lura a matsayin tsari wanda ke faruwa ta dabi'a, duk da haka an lura cewa yana da sauri da kuma samar da shi a cikin adadin da ya ƙunshi abubuwan da ke faruwa lokacin da sarewar daji ya faru. Bishiyoyi da nau'ikan tsire-tsire masu zuwa suna kasancewa a cikin mahalli don da gaske rage saurin yadda ruwa ke tafiya a cikin muhalli. Tushen bishiyun da ke nan suna nan don tabbatar da cewa ba a ɗauke ƙasa daga ruwan da ke wucewa ba. Bugu da ƙari, rashin bayyanar bishiyoyi nau'in tsire-tsire na iya yuwuwar yin wasa a cikin ɓangaren saman ƙasa don ya ɓace cikin yanayin da yake da sauri kamar. Zazzage ƙasa na iya samun dalili don hana ƙasa mai kyau ta bunƙasa da tabbatar da jinsuna suna girma yadda ya kamata. Matakan ruwan karkashin kasa Ana danganta sare dazuzzuka da abubuwan da suka shafi matakan ruwan karkashin kasa Bishiyoyi suna taimakawa kuma suna ba da gudummawa wajen samar da abin da ke cikin tururin ruwa a cikin yanayi. Saboda haka, sannan Kuma a cikin aikin sare dazuzzuka, wannan na iya nufin ƙarancin tushen bishiyoyi don ba da gudummawar tururin ruwa zuwa sararin samaniya. A cikin abin da ke haifar da raguwar samar da ruwan sama kuma a kaikaice yana taka rawa wajen haifar da illa na jimlar yawan ruwan karkashin kasa. Ƙoƙarin mayar da illolin An samo shi a duk tsawon karatu da bincike cewa yawancin mutane a Amurka ta tsakiya har yanzu suna dogara ne akan itace da gawayi a matsayin tushen man fetur na farko. Don haka, nuna yadda rage ingantaccen ikon magance matsalar sare itatuwa a yankin zai iya haifar da tasiri. Sannan Duk da haka, an ba da shawara daga kungiyoyi kamar Conservation International, Trees for Future and Rainforest Alliance, cewa yankuna na Amurka ta tsakiya ya kamata su inganta sake dasa bishiyoyi a yankin. Wannan na iya zama yuwuwar turawa ta hanyar da ta dace, saboda wannan hanyar zata iya taimakawa wajen kiyaye daidaito da rage fitar da iskar carbon zuwa muhalli. Ya kamata a lura da kuma sani, cewa gwamnati kuma za ta iya daukar wani mataki don ci gaba da gudanar da yakin neman zabe na inganta zaman gida a dasa itatuwa da kuma kiyayewa don rage sare dazuzzuka Har ila yau, ana ba da shawara mai karfi daga kungiyoyi daban-daban da bangarorin gwamnati, sannan cewa ya kamata gwamnati ta samar da tsare-tsaren da za su kare al'ummar yankin tare da ba su hakkin mallakar filaye don yaki da 'yancinsu da kuma rage fataucin miyagun kwayoyi a yankin. Bugu da kari, sauran jam’iyyu da kungiyoyin gwamnati da aka ambata a baya suna bayyana cewa ya kamata gwamnatocin kananan hukumomi da na kasa su tsara yadda ake gudanar da aikin sare itatuwa a yankunan domin tabbatar da cewa ana sake dasa itatuwa da kuma kiyaye daidaiton muhalli. Bugu da kari kuma, ana ba da shawarar cewa, ya kuma kamata gwamnati, tare da hadin gwiwar sauran kungiyoyi, su baiwa jama'ar yankin damar kiyaye albarkatun kasa, ta hanyar ilmi, samar da ayyukan yi, da tabbatar da adalci, da dai kuma sauransu. Har ila yau, ana tunatar da yankuna na Amurka ta tsakiya akai-akai kuma ana ba su shawara sosai don inganta tattalin arzikin karkara mai dorewa ta hanyar noman gandun daji tare da noman koko Kasashe da dama sun yi shiri na kiyayewa da kuma cike dazuzzukan saboda karuwar sare itatuwa a baya-bayan nan. Shugabannin 'yan asalin ƙasar, masu kula da filaye na al'umma, da masu kula da wurin shakatawa suna sanya rayuwarsu kowace rana a kan layi don kare gandun daji na Mesoamerica Har ila yau, al'umma da masu kula da yanki sun haɓaka sanarwar Petén, Kuma wanda ya ƙunshi ƙaddamar da matakai na musamman guda biyar don dawo da gandun daji na yankin: 1) tallafi ga gandun daji na gida da al'ummomin asali don samun ikon mallakar ƙasa; 2) inganta tsaro na yankuna masu kariya; 3) ƙarfafa ƙaddamar da laifukan muhalli; 4) mayar da hankali kan haramtattun dabbobi a matsayin babban dalilin sare itatuwa; da kuma kare al’ummar yankin da ke jefa rayuwarsu cikin kasada don kare muhalli. Alal misali, a Nicaragua, kula da gandun daji ya ƙunshi sauyawa daga katako zuwa girbin da ba na katako ba tare da ɗorewar hanyoyin sare itace. A Costa Rica, hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su da suka taɓa ƙara matsalar sare dazuzzuka ana yin bincike a matsayin hanyoyin da za a iya sake dasa itatuwa. Sannan Kuma Bugu da ƙari kuma, a tsakiyar shekarun 1990, an aiwatar da "la'aikan katako mai lalacewa" don hana yawaitar sare itatuwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba Shawarwari da shawarwarin da za a iya magance batutuwa irin waɗannan, suna nan don ƙarfafawa da ƙarfafawa mazauna yankin da kuma sake dawo da ƙimar lalacewa a yankin. Duba wasu abubuwan sare itatuwa a Amurka Nau'in da ke cikin haɗari Tasirin muhalli na aikin gona Amfani da ƙasa, canjin amfanin ƙasa, da gandun daji Fadada aikin noma Geography na Honduras Geography na Nicaragua Geography na Costa Rica Geography na Panama Geography na Guatemala Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkin%20%C9%97an%27adam%20na%20ruwa%20da%20tsaftar%20muhalli

Hakkin ɗan'adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli

Hakkin Dan Adam na Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (HRWS) ƙa'ida ce wacce ta yarda cewa tsabtataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli suna da mahimmanci ga rayuwar kowane mutum. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shi a matsayin 'yancin dan adam a ranar 28 ga Yulin shekarar 2010. HRWS ta amince da ita a cikin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa ta yarjejeniyoyin haƙƙin ɗan adam, sanarwa da sauran ƙa'idojin. Da Wasu masu sharhi sun samo 'yancin ɗan adam na ruwa fiye da ƙudurin Babban taro daga mataki na 11.1 na yarjejeniyar tattalin arziki da al'adu (ICESCR), sun mai da ita dokar ta zama ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa. Sauran yarjejeniyoyin da suka amince da (HRWS) a fili sun hada da Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wasu nau'ikan nuna wariya ga mata (CEDAW) da kuma 1989 na 'yancin yara (CRC). Kudurin farko game da HRWS an zartar da shi ne daga babban taron majalisar dinkin duniya da majalisar kare hakkin dan-Adam na Majalisar dinkin duniya a shekarar 2010. Sun yarda cewa akwai haƙƙin ɗan adam na tsaftar da ke da nasaba da haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa, tun da rashin tsafta na rage ingancin ruwa a ƙasashen, saboda haka tattaunawar da ta biyo baya ta cigaba da jaddada haƙƙin biyu tare. A watan Yulin shekarata 2010, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (Majalisar Dinkin Duniya) Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Resolution 64/292 sun amince da 'yancin dan Adam na karbar ingantaccen, mai araha, da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da ayyukan tsafta. A lokacin waccan Babban Taron, ta yarda da hakan don fahimtar jin daɗin rayuwa da duk haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam, lafiyayye da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da kuma tsabtace muhalli a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam. Yarda da samun damar tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsafta a matsayin 'yancin ɗan adam na kyauta a cikin Babban Taron Majalisar (64/292) ya kawo mahimmancin kulawar gwamnati a duk duniya. Cikan rayuwa mai amfani da lafiya zai gudana ta hanyar fahimtar muhimmancin mahimmancin samun ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli. Wani sabon kudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da aka yi wa kwaskwarima a shekarar 2015 ya nuna cewa hakkokin biyu sun banbanta da juna to amma sun daidaita. Kwamitin majalisar dinkin duniya kan 'yancin tattalin Arziki da Al'adu a cikin Babban Sharhi na 15 ne ya fitar da ma'anar' yancin ɗan adam na ruwa a cikin sharhi 15 wanda aka tsara a shekara ta 2002. Fassara ce ba ta ɗaure ba cewa samun ruwa sharadi ne na jin daɗin haƙƙin samun daidaituwar rayuwa, ba tare da rarrabuwa dangane da haƙƙin babban matakin samun lafiya, don haka haƙƙin ɗan adam. Sanarwar ta ce: "'Yancin mutum na ruwa ya ba kowa damar wadatacce, amintacce, karfin iko, mai isa ga jiki da kuma arha don amfanin kansa da na gida." (HRWS) ta tilastama gwamnatoci su tabbatar da cewa mutane za su iya jin daɗin inganci, wadatacce, karɓa, mai sauƙi, da ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli. domin samun rahusa ta amfani da ruwa yayi la’akari da yadda tsadar ruwa ya zama mai hana ruwa gudu har ya buƙaci mutum ya sadaukar da kai ga wasu kayayyaki da aiyuka masu mahimmanci. Gaba ɗaya, ƙa'idar babban yatsa don wadatar ruwa ita ce kada ta wuce 3-5% na kuɗin shigar iyalai. Samun ruwa yana la'akari da lokacin da aka ɗauka, na dacewa don isa tushen da haɗarin da ke ciki yayin isa ga asalin ruwa. Ruwa dole ne ya kasance mai isa ga kowane ɗan ƙasa, ma'ana cewa bai kamata ruwa ya wuce mita dubu 1,000 ko ƙafa 3,280 ba kuma dole ne ya kasance cikin minti 30. Samuwar ruwa yayi la'akari da cewa shin ana samun wadatar ruwa a wadatacce, abin dogaro da cigaba. Ingancin ruwa yana la'akari da gane ko ruwa mai lafiya ne don amfani, gami da sha ko wasu ayyukan. Don karɓar ruwa, dole ne ya kasance yana da ƙanshi kuma bai kamata ya ƙunshi kowane launi ba. (ICESCR) tana buƙatar ƙasashe masu rattaba hannu don samun cigaba da girmama duk haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam, gami da na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli dasu tabbatar da suna tsabbace dukkanin abinda ya dace na ruwa da muhallin su. Yakamata suyi aiki cikin sauri dan inganci don haɓaka samun dama da haɓaka sabis. dama wasu abubuwan more rayuwa Yanayin duniya Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Duniya ta WHO UNICEF don samar da Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli ta ba da rahoton cewa mutane kimanin miliyan 663 ba su sami ingantattun samun ruwan sha ba kuma sama da mutane biliyan 2.4 ba su da damar samun ayyukan tsabtace muhalli a shekarar 2015. Samun ruwa mai tsafta babbar matsala ce ga sassan duniya da dama. Kafofin da za a yarda da su sun hada da "hanyoyin sadarwar gida, bututun jama'a, rijiyoyin burtsatse, rijiyoyin da aka tona, kare maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da tattara ruwa. Kodayake kashi 9 cikin 100 na yawan mutanen duniya ba su da ruwa, amma akwai "yankuna da aka jinkirta musamman, kamar Saharar Afirka". Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kara jaddada cewa "kimanin yara miliyan 1.5 'yan kasa da shekaru biyar ke mutuwa a kowace shekara kuma an rasa ranakun zuwan su makaranta miliyan 443 saboda cututtukan da suka shafi ruwa da tsafta." Tushen shari'a da amincewa Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'yancin tattalin arziki, da al'adu (ICESCR) na shekarar 1966 ta tsara haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewar jama'a, da al'adujin wanda aka samo a cikin Sanarwar Duniya kan' Yancin Dan Adam (UDHR) ta shekarar 1948. Babu ɗayan waɗannan takardu na farko da aka yarda da haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsafta. Manyan yarjejeniyoyin kare haƙƙin bil'adama na ƙasa da ƙasa daga baya, duk da haka, suna da tanaji waɗanda suka bayyana haƙƙin samun ruwa da tsafta. Yarjejeniyar kawar da dukkan nau'ukan nuna wariya ga mata ta 1979 (CEDAW) tana da Mataki na 14.2 da ke cewa "bangarorin za su dauki duk matakan da suka dace don kawar da nuna wariya ga mata a yankunan karkara don tabbatar da, bisa daidaito tsakanin maza da mata, cewa suna shiga tare da fa'idantar da cigaban karkara kuma, domin zasu tabbatarwa da mata yancin kan su da suke da shi dama wasu mahimman hakkokin su… (h) Don jindaɗin yanayin rayuwa, musamman dangane da gidaje, tsaftar muhalli, wutar lantarki da samar da ruwa, sufuri da sadarwa. Yarjejeniyar ta shekarar 1989 game da haƙƙin yara (CRC) tana da Mataki na 24 wanda ya ba da cewa "ƙungiyoyi sun amince da haƙƙin yara don jin daɗin mafi girman matsayin kiwon lafiya da kuma wuraren kulawa da rashin lafiya da kuma gyara lafiyar…. Bangarorin Jihohi za su nemi cikakken aiwatar da wannan 'yancin kuma, musamman, za su dauki matakan da suka dace Don yaki da cututtuka da rashin abinci mai gina jiki, gami da tsarin kula da lafiya na farko, ta hanyar, tsakanin suna iya samar da isasshen abinci mai gina jiki. da tsaftataccen ruwan sha. Yarjejeniyar 2006 kan 'yancin nakasassu (CRPD) tana da Mataki na ashirin da takwas 28 (2) (a) wanda ya bukaci "bangarorin su amince da' yancin nakasassu na kariya ta zamantakewa da kuma cin gajiyar wannan 'yancin ba tare da nuna bambanci ba naƙasa, kuma za ta ɗauki matakan da suka dace don kiyayewa da haɓakar wannan haƙƙin, gami da Samar da daidaito tsakanin nakasassu da sauran mutane, da kuma tabbatar da samun dama ga ayyuka masu dacewa da arha, na'urori da sauran taimako don alaƙanta da nakasa bukatun su. "Dokar 'Yancin Dan-Adam ta Duniya" wacce ta kunshi yarjejeniya ta shekarar 1966: Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan' Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa (ICCPR); 1966: Labari na 11 da na 12 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa da Tattalin Arziki, Tattalin Arziki, da Al'adu (ICERS); a shekarar 1948: Mataki na ashirin da biyar 25 na Bayyanar da Duniya game da 'Yancin Dan Adam (UDHR) sun yi rubuce-rubucen canjin' yancin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli da sauran haƙƙoƙin da ke da alaƙa da ruwa da za a amince da su a cikin dokar duniya. Har ila yau, masanan sun yi kira ga muhimmancin yiwuwar amincewa da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da 'yancin bil'adama ga ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a ƙarshen karni na ashirin. Yunkuri biyu na farko don ayyana 'yancin ɗan adam na ruwa ya fito ne daga farfesa masanin shari'a Stephen McCaffrey na Jami'ar Pacific a 1992 da Dokta Peter Gleick a 1999. McCaffrey ya bayyana cewa "Irin wannan haƙƙin ana iya yin tunaninsa a matsayin wani ɓangare na haƙƙin abinci ko abinsha, haƙƙin lafiya, ko mafi mahimmanci, haƙƙin rayuwa. Gleick ya kara da cewa: "samun damar samun ruwa na asali hakki ne na dan'adam a fili kuma a bayyane yake da goyon bayan dokokin kasa da kasa, ayyanawa, da kuma aikin Gwamnati." Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Tsarin Al'adu da Al'adu (CESCR) wanda ke kula da bin ka'idojin ICESCR ya zo ga yanke shawara iri ɗaya kamar yadda waɗannan masanan suka yi da Babban Sharhi na 15 a 2002. Ya gano cewa haƙƙin ruwa a fakaice ɓangare ne na haƙƙin samun daidaito na rayuwa kuma yana da alaƙa da haƙƙin babban matakin samun lafiya da haƙƙin samun isassun gidaje da isasshen abinci. Ya bayyana cewa "'Yancin ɗan adam na ruwa ya ba kowa damar wadatacce, amintacce, karɓa, mai wadataccen jiki da kuma araha don amfanin kansa da na gida. Adadin ruwa mai lafiya ya zama dole don hana mutuwa daga rashin ruwa, don rage haɗarin kamuwa da cutar da ruwa da kuma samar da amfani, girki, buƙatun tsafta na mutum da na gida. Countriesasashe da yawa sun amince kuma bisa ƙa'ida sun yarda da haƙƙin ruwa don kasancewa wani ɓangare na wajibai na yarjejeniyarsu a ƙarƙashin ICESCR (misali, Jamus; United Kingdom; Netherlands bayan wallafa Babban Magana 15. Wani tsohon mataki na karamin kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Karewa da Kare Hakkokin Dan-Adam ya sake daukar wani mataki a 2005 wanda ya ba da ka'idoji don taimaka wa gwamnatoci don cimmawa da mutunta ‘yancin dan Adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Waɗannan ƙa'idodin sun jagoranci Majalisar Rightsungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sanya Catarina de Albuquerque a matsayin ƙwararriyar masaniya kan batun haƙƙin ɗan adam da ya shafi samun ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli a shekarar 2008. Ta rubuta cikakken rahoto a cikin 2009 wanda ya bayyana wajibcin hakkin dan adam na tsaftace muhalli, kuma CESCR ta amsa ta hanyar bayyana cewa ya kamata dukkan jihohi su amince da tsaftar muhalli. Bayan tattaunawa mai karfi, kasashe 122 a hukumance sun amince da "'Yancin Dan Adam na Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli" a Babban Kudurin Majalisar 64/292 a ranar 28 ga Yulin 2010. na gida (tsakanin lita 50 zuwa 100 na ruwa ga kowane mutum a kowace rana), duk wasu na ganin shifa ruwa kawai kayi amfani da shi ne a inda ka tsinci kanka wanda dole ne ya kasance mai aminci, karɓa kuma mai araha (farashin ruwa bai wuce 3% na kudin shiga na gida), da kuma samun karfin jiki (tushen ruwan ya kasance tsakanin mita 1000 na gida kuma lokacin tarawa bai kamata ya wuce minti 30 ba). Babban taron ya ayyana cewa tsabtataccen ruwan sha yana da "mahimmanci ga cikakken jin daɗin rayuwa da sauran 'yancin ɗan adam". A watan Satumban 2010, Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya zartar da wani kuduri wanda ya amince da cewa 'yancin dan Adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na daga cikin yancin samun cikakken yanayin rayuwa An kara wa'adin Catarina de Albuquerque a matsayin "Kwararren masani kan batun hakkin dan adam da ya shafi samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli" an fadada shi kuma an sauya masa suna zuwa "Mai ba da rahoto na Musamman kan 'yancin dan Adam na samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli" bayan shawarwari a 2010. Ta hanyar rahotonninta ga Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ta ci gaba da bayyana fili da abin da ke tattare da hakkin dan Adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A matsayinta na mai ba da rahoto na Musamman, ta yi magana kan batutuwa kamar: bautar da Jama'a domin hakkim samun ruwa da tsafface muhalli(2010); Kudade don Gano Hakkokin Ruwa da Tsafta (2011); Gudanar da ruwa a cikin haƙƙin haƙƙin ruwa da tsafta (2013); da Dorewa da rashin komawa baya a cikin haƙƙin haƙƙin ruwa da tsafta (2013). An nada Léo Heller a cikin 2014 don zama na biyu Rapporteur na Musamman kan haƙƙin ɗan adam zuwa tsabtataccen ruwan sha da tsafta. Resoludurin da ya biyo baya ya faɗaɗa aikin Wakilin Musamman kuma ya bayyana matsayin kowace jiha a cikin girmama waɗannan haƙƙoƙin. A mafi yawan 'yan Majalisar Resolution 7/169 na 2015 da aka kira wani furucin da "The Human Rights zuwa Safe Shan Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli. Ya fahimci bambanci tsakanin haƙƙin ruwa da haƙƙin tsaftace muhalli. An yanke wannan shawarar ne saboda damuwa game da haƙƙin kula da tsafta da aka manta da shi idan aka kwatanta da haƙƙin ruwa. Fikihun duniya Kotun Tsakanin Amurka da 'Yancin Dan Adam An yin la’akari da haƙƙin ruwa a cikin Kotun Tsakiyar Amurka da ke Yancin Dan Adam na kungiyar Asalin Sawhoyamaxa v. Paraguay Batutuwan sun shafi jihohi ne na rashin amincewa da haƙƙin mallakar communitiesan asalin overan asalin yankin kakanninsu. A cikin 1991, jihar ta cire 'yan asalin garin na Sawhoyamaxa daga ƙasar wanda hakan ya haifar da asarar hanyoyin samun muhimman ayyukan su, kamar ruwa, abinci, makaranta da kuma ayyukan kiwon lafiya. Wannan ya faɗi ne tsakanin theungiyar Yarjejeniyar Amurka akan 'Yancin Dan Adam shigar da hakkin rayuwa. Ruwa yana cikin wannan haƙƙin, a zaman wani ɓangare na samun damar ƙasa. Kotuna sun bukaci a mayar da filayen, a bayar da diyya, sannan a aiwatar da kayan masarufi da aiyuka, yayin da al'umma ke cikin shirin dawo da filayensu. Cibiyar Duniya don sasanta rikice-rikicen saka jari Shari'un da ke tafe daga Cibiyar International Settlement of Settlement of Disputes ICSID sun shafi kwangilolin da aka kafa tsakanin gwamnatoci da hukumomi don kula da hanyoyin ruwa. Ko da yake shari'o'in suna la'akari da tambayoyin saka hannun jari, masu shiri na taka rawa sosai wajen ganin an tabbatar da adalci a kotuna game da filayen mutane. Bayanai na Bankin Duniya sun nuna cewa harkar ba da ruwa ta fara daga 1990s kuma cigaba mai yawa a harkar cinikayyar ya ci gaba zuwa 2000s. Azurix Corp v. Ajantina Babban sananne na farko game da haƙƙin ruwa a cikin ICSID shine na Azurix Corp v. Ajantina Rikicin ya kasance tsakanin Jamhuriyar Ajantina da Kamfanin Azurix dangane da sabanin da ya taso daga kwantiragin shekaru 30 tsakanin bangarorin don gudanar da aikin samar da ruwa na larduna daban-daban. An yi la'akari game da haƙƙin ruwa a bayyane yayin lokacin sasantawa don biyan diyya, inda aka gudanar da cewa Azurix na da haƙƙin dawo da adalci kan ƙimar kasuwa na saka hannun jari. Wannan ya kasance maimakon dala miliyan 438.6 da aka nema, yana mai ambaton cewa dan kasuwa mai hankali ba zai iya tsammanin irin wannan dawowar ba, idan aka yi la’akari da iyakokin karin farashin ruwa da ci gaban da za a bukata don tabbatar da kyakkyawan aiki, tsarin ruwa mai tsafta. Biwater Gauff Ltd v. Tanzania Abu na biyu, irin wannan karar da ICSID ta fuskanta shine na Biwater Gauff Ltd v. Tanzania Wannan ya sake kasancewa batun kamfanin ruwa mai zaman kansa a cikin takaddama ta kwantiragi da gwamnati, a wannan karon Jamhuriyar Tanzania ce Wannan kwangilar ta kasance don aiki da gudanar da tsarin ruwan Dar es Salaam. A watan Mayu 2005, gwamnatin Tanzaniya ta kawo karshen kwangilar da Biwater Gauff saboda zargin rashin cika alkawuran aiki. A watan Yulin 2008, Kotun ta fitar da hukuncin ta game da karar, inda ta bayyana cewa gwamnatin Tanzania ta karya yarjejeniyar da ta kulla da Biwater Gauff. bata bada komai, yarda da cewa damuwar jama'a ita ce mafi mahimmanci a cikin takaddamar. 'Yancin ruwa a cikin dokar gida Ba tare da kasancewar ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa da za ta iya tilasta ta ba, haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa ya dogara da ayyukan kotunan ƙasa. Tushen wannan an kafa shi ta hanyar tsarin mulki na haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu ya da kullum da akeyi (ESCR) ta ɗayan hanyoyi biyu: a zaman "ƙa'idodin umarni" waɗanda suke da maƙasudai kuma galibi ba masu adalci ba ne; ko kamar yadda kariya ta musamman da tilasta aiwatarwa ta kotuna. Afirka ta Kudu A Afirka ta Kudu, haƙƙin samun ruwa yana cikin tsarin mulki kuma ana aiwatar da shi ta hanyar ƙa'idodi na yau da kullum. Wannan hujja ce ta sauyin sauyi kaɗan na dabara ta biyu ta tsarin mulki wanda ake kira "ƙirar dokokin ƙira". Wannan yana nufin cewa babban ɓangare na abun ciki da aiwatar da haƙƙin an yi ƙa'idar ƙa'idar gida ta yau da kullun tare da wasu tsayuwa na tsarin mulki. Mazaunan Bon Vista Mansions v. Karamar Hukumar Kudancin Birni Babban sananne na farko wanda kotuna suka aikata shine Mazaunan Bon Vista Mansions v. Karamar Hukumar Kudancin Birni Mazauna wani rukunin gidaje (Bon Vista Mansions) ne suka kawo karar, biyo bayan yankewar ruwan da karamar hukumar ta yi, sakamakon rashin biyan kudin ruwan Wanda hakan ya sanya su cikin matsi. Kotun ta ce bisa biyayya ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu, cewa a tsarin mulki ya kamata dukkan mutane su sami ruwa a matsayin 'yanci. Arin dalilan yanke shawara ya dogara da Janar Sharhi 12 kan Hakkin Abinci, wanda Kwamitin Majalisar oninkin Duniya kan Economicancin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu ya sanya wa waɗanda ke cikin yarjejeniyar wajibcin kiyayewa da mutunta damar samun wadataccen abinci da ke akwai ta hanyar rashin aiwatarwa duk wani matakan cin amana. Kotun ta gano cewa dakatar da tushen ruwan da ake da shi, wanda bai bi ka'idojin "adalci da ma'ana" na Dokar Sabis na Ruwan Afirka ta Kudu ba, ya saba wa doka. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa yanke shawara ta riga ta kasance kafin a amince da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da Shafi na 15. Mazibuko v. Birnin Johannesburg An ci gaba da tattauna yawan ruwan da za'a bayar a cikin Mazibuko v. Birnin Johannesburg Shari'ar ta shafi rarraba ruwa ta bututu zuwa Phiri, ɗayan tsofaffin yankuna na Soweto. Wannan shari'ar ta shafi manyan batutuwa biyu: shin ko manufar garin game da samar da ruwan sha kyauta, kilogram 6 a kowane wata ga kowane mai asusun a cikin garin ya ci karo da Sashe na 27 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu ko Sashe na 11 na Ayyukan Ruwa. Dokar. Batu na biyu kasancewar shin ko girka mitatun ruwa da aka riga aka biya ya halatta. An gudanar dashi a babbar kotun cewa dokokin garin basu bada damar sanya mitoci ba sannan kuma sanya su haramtacce ne. Bugu da ari, yayin da mitoci suka dakatar da samar da ruwa zuwa mazauni da zarar an gama samar da ruwan sha kyauta, wannan ana ganin dakatar da samar da ruwan ba bisa ka'ida ba. Kotun ta rike mazauna Phiri ya kamata a samar musu da ruwa na asali na lita 50 kowane mutum a kowace rana. Aikin Cibiyar Nazarin Nazarin Shari'a (CALS) na Jami'ar Witwatersrand a Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu da Cibiyar Pacific a Oakland, California sun raba Kyautar Kyautar Kasuwanci ta Kasuwancin 2008 ta BENNY don aikin da suka yi a kan wannan shari'ar. Cibiyar Pacific Pacific ta ba da gudummawar shaidar shari'a bisa ga aikin Dr. Peter Gleick wanda ke bayyana haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da ƙididdigar bukatun ɗan adam na ruwa. Manyan wadanda ake kara sun gabatar da karar zuwa Kotun Koli ta Koli SCA wacce ta tabbatar da cewa an tsara manufofin ruwa na gari ne bisa kuskuren kayan aiki na doka dangane da wajibin garin na samar da mafi karancin saiti a Tsarin Afirka ta Kudu, saboda haka aka ware shi. Kotun ta kuma rike adadin don kasancewar mutum mai mutunci kamar yadda sashi na 27 na kundin tsarin mulki ya nuna a zahiri lita 42 na kowane mutum a kowace rana maimakon lita 50 na mutum daya a kowace rana. Hukumar ta SCA ta bayyana cewa sanya mitocin ruwa ya sabawa doka, amma ta dakatar da umarnin na tsawon shekaru biyu domin ba wa garin damar gyara lamarin. Batutuwan sun kara zuwa Kotun Kundin Tsarin Mulki, wacce ta ce aikin da kundin tsarin mulki ya kirkira ya bukaci jihar ta dauki matakan doka da sauran matakai a hankali don fahimtar nasarar da aka samu ta samun ruwa, a cikin wadatar da take da shi. da kotun tsarin kuma gudanar da shi ne wani al'amari ga majalisar dokoki da kuma zartarwa ma'aikata na gwamnatin da aiki a cikin allowance na kasafin kudi da kuma cewa ta bincika shirye-shirye ne wani al'amari na mulkin demokra en Saboda haka, mafi karancin abun da doka 3 (b) ta shimfida shine na tsarin mulki, wanda ke baiwa gawarwowi karkata zuwa gaba kuma baya dacewa bai kamata kotu ta yanke hukunci ga nasarar duk wani hakki na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da gwamnati ta dauka don aiwatarwa ba. Maimakon kotuna sun fi mayar da hankali kan bincikensu kan ko matakan da Gwamnati take bi suna da ma'ana, kuma ko Gwamnati tana bin manufofinta don yin nazari akai. An soki hukuncin saboda yin amfani da "takaitaccen ra'ayi na girmamawa ga shari'a". Indiya Laifuka biyu da suka fi shahara a Indiya game da haƙƙin ruwa suna misalta cewa kodayake ba a kiyaye wannan a bayyane a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya, kotuna sun fassara ta cewa haƙƙin rayuwa ya haɗa da haƙƙin samun lafiya da isasshen ruwa. Delhi Ruwayar v. Jihar Haryana Anan wata takaddama ta amfani da ruwa ta samo asali saboda gaskiyar cewa jihar Haryana tana amfani da Kogin Jamuna don ban ruwa, yayin da mazaunan Delhi suke buƙatar hakan da nufin sha. Anyi la'akari da cewa amfani da gida ya wuce yadda ake amfani da ruwa kuma kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa Haryana dole ne ta ba da isasshen ruwa don zuwa Delhi don amfani da amfanin gida. Subhash Kumar v. Jihar Bihar Har ila yau sananne shine batun Subhash Kumar v. Jihar Bihar, inda aka shigar da kwararar kwararar abubuwa daga kayan wanki zuwa Kogin Bokaro ta hanyar shari'ar bukatun jama'a. Kotuna sun gano cewa haƙƙin rai, kamar yadda doka ta 21 ta Tsarin Mulki na Indiya ta tanada, ya haɗa da haƙƙin more ruwa mara ƙazanta. Shari'ar ta gaza kan hujjojin kuma an gabatar da cewa ba a gabatar da karar ba don wata maslaha ta jama'a ba amma don bukatun mai karar ne don haka ci gaba da shari'ar na iya zama cin zarafin aiki. 'Yancin Duniya na Ranar Ruwa Ruwa yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwar rayayyun halittu gami da mutane. Sabili da haka, samun ruwa mai tsabta da isasshe haƙƙin ɗan adam ne wanda ba za a iya raba shi ba. Saboda haka, Eco Needs Foundation (ENF) yana ganin ya zama dole a amince da haƙƙin ruwa (tare da tabbatar da ƙarancin adadin ruwa) ta hanyar dacewa da aka gabatar da doka. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tare da alkawurra da dama sun wajabta ta ga dukkan kasashe don tabbatar da raba ruwa daidai tsakanin dukkan 'yan kasa. Dangane da haka, ENF ya fara lura da inganta bikin Ranar 'Yancin Duniya na Ruwa a ranar 20 ga Maris, ranar da Dokta Babasaheb Ambedkar ("mahaifin Indiya ta zamani") ya jagoranci satyagraha na farko a duniya don ruwa a 1927. Ranar Ranar 'Yancin Ruwa ta Duniya ta yi kira da a zartar da doka ta musamman da ta kafa' yancin samun ruwa a duniya. A karkashin jagorancin wanda ya kirkiro Dr Priyanand Agale, ENF ta shirya shirye-shirye iri-iri da dama don tabbatar da 'yancin samun ruwa ga yan kasar ta Indiya. New Zealand Ba a kariya ga ESCR a bayyane a cikin New Zealand a halin yanzu, ko dai ta Rightsancin Dan Adam ko Dokar 'Yancin Hakkoki, saboda haka ba a kare haƙƙin ruwa a wurin. Lawungiyar Doka ta New Zealand ta kwanan nan ta nuna cewa wannan ƙasar za ta ba da ƙarin haske ga matsayin doka na haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu. Amurka A cikin Pilchen v. Birnin Auburn, New York, wata uwa mai suna Diane Pilchen tana zaune a matsayin hayar haya a wani gida da aka killace, wanda mai shi (mai gidan) ya kasa biyan kudin ruwa na wani lokaci. Birnin Auburn ya biya Pilchen bashin bashin mai gida, kuma ta rufe hidimarta na ruwa ba tare da sanarwa ba lokacin da ta kasa biyan wadannan basussukan, wanda hakan yasa gidan ba mai zama. Gari ya la'anci gidan kuma ya tilastawa Pilchen da ɗanta su ƙaura. Pilchen ya sami wakilcin Projectungiyar Dokar Ba da Amfani da Jama'a ta New York (PULP) a cikin ƙarar. Birnin Auburn ya yi ƙoƙari ba tare da nasara ba don jayayya cewa ruwa ba haƙƙin tsarin mulki ba ne saboda ana iya amfani da ruwan kwalba a maimakon haka, wata hujja da PULP ta yi takara a matsayin wauta. A cikin 2010, Pilchen ta yi nasarar yanke hukunci a inda ta yanke hukuncin cewa rufe ruwan ya keta hakkinta na tsarin mulki, kuma ba za a iya biyan Pilchen da dakatar da samun ruwa ba sakamakon jinkirin biyan wata kudin ruwa. Tsayayyar Rock Sioux Tribe v. Armyungiyar Injiniyan Sojojin Amurka A cikin 2016, akwai shahararren shari'ar da aka sani da Tsayayyar Rock Sioux Tribe v. Armyungiyar Injiniyan Sojojin Amurka, inda Sioux Tribe suka ƙalubalanci ginin Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL). Wannan bututun danyen mai ya fadada sama da jihohi hudu, wanda ya hada da farawa a Dakota ta Arewa, sannan ya ratsa ta biyu ta Dakota ta Kudu da Iowa, ya ƙare a Illinois Ajiyar Dutse na Tsaye yana kusa da kan iyakar Arewa da Dakota ta Kudu kuma an gina bututun a tsakanin rabin mil daga gare shi. Tunda an gina bututun a kusa da wurin ajiyar, kabilar sun ji tsoron cewa za a iya lalata mahimmancin tarihi da al'adun tafkin Oahe, duk da cewa bututun ba ya tafiya kai tsaye ta cikin tafkin. Tafkin Oahe yana ba da buƙatun ruwa na asali ga Kabilar Sioux kamar ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli. Gina bututun mai na nufin akwai yiwuwar fuskantar malalar mai a cikin tafkin Oahe, wanda ya sanya kabilar ta damu. Kabilar Sioux ta kai karar kamfanin na DAPL saboda sun yi amannar cewa kirkirar bututun ya sabawa dokar kare muhalli ta kasa (NEPA) da kuma dokar tarihi ta kasa (NHA). Bayan bayanin 2016, kotu ta kasa zuwa ga ƙarshe, don haka kotun ta yanke shawarar yin ƙarin bayanan. Bayan bayanai 5 da aka gabatar a 2017 da kuma bayani 1 a 2018, kotu ta ba da izinin gina bututun, amma kabilar ta Rock Rock na ci gaba da gwagwarmaya don ganin an cire bututun. Ostiraliya Hankali a Ostiraliya yana kan haƙƙin ofan Asalin Australiya na ruwa da tsafta. Tarihin mulkin mallaka-ya mamaye mulkin yau da ke tsara tsarin amfani da ruwa ga 'yan asalin Australiya. Akwai yarjejeniyoyin gwamnati da yawa, amma mafi yawansu basu cika yin tasiri sosai ga ikon mallakar toan asalin ƙasar na samun ruwa da tsafta ba A cikin <i id="mwAVo">Mabo v Queensland</i>, 1992, an amince da haƙƙin ativean ativean asali bisa doka a karon farko. 'Yan asalin ƙasar Australiya galibi suna da'awar alaƙar al'adu da ƙasar. Kodayake "al'adu" an san shi a cikin kotu kamar albarkatun ƙasa, al'adun gargajiyar da ruhaniya na Aborigines don shayar da jiki suna da ban tsoro. Yana da kalubale amma ana buƙata don ƙetare darajar al'adunsu da na ruhaniya zuwa fagen shari'a. A yanzu, kusan babu wani ci gaba. Dokar ruwa ta Ostiraliya tana tsara ruwan ƙasa don 'yan ƙasa waɗanda zasu iya amfani da ruwan ƙasa amma ba za su iya mallaka ba. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, duk da haka, babu wani kwatanci game da cikin ruwa da kuma na ruwa. Sabili da haka, yanayin haƙƙin haƙƙin ruwa na ruwa raƙuman ruwa sune farkon ayyukanta na jihar. Gwamnatin Commonwealth ta sami iko kan ruwa ta hanyar aron taimakon alaƙar waje, gami da rantsarfin Ba da Talla, Kasuwanci da Comarfin Kasuwanci. A 2000, Kotun Tarayya ta kammala yarjejeniyar da ta ba wa masu mallakar ƙasa damar shan ruwa don abubuwan gargajiya. Koyaya, amfani yana iyakance ga mahimmancin al'ada, wanda bai haɗa da ban ruwa ba azaman al'adar gargajiya. A watan Yunin 2004, CoAC ta kulla wata yarjejeniya tsakanin gwamnatoci kan shirin National Water Initiative (NWI), don inganta amincewa da 'yan asalin yankin na ruwa. Koyaya, NWI bata damu sosai game da rikitaccen tarihin mulkin-mallaka ba, wanda ya haifar da tsari mai kyau na rarraba ruwa. 'Yan asalin Australiya koyaushe suna neman haƙƙin samun ruwa. Tattaunawa da suka rage Tasirin wuce gona da iri Ganin cewa samun ruwa shine tushen damuwa da rikice rikice a Gabas ta Tsakiya, Kudancin Asiya, Gabashin Bahar Rum da sassan Arewacin Amurka tsakanin sauran wurare, wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) da masana suna jayayya cewa haƙƙin samun ruwa kuma yana da yanayin canjin ƙasa ko na waje. Suna jayayya cewa idan aka yi la’akari da cewa samar da ruwa a dabi'ance ya wuce kuma ya tsallaka kan iyakoki, jihohi ma suna da hurumin doka kada su yi aiki ta hanyar da ka iya yin mummunan tasiri ga jin daɗin haƙƙin ɗan adam a wasu jihohin. Amincewa da wannan aikin na doka na iya hana mummunan tsarin tasirin "matsalar ruwa" a duniya (a matsayin barazanar nan gaba da sakamako mara kyau na yawan mutane). Karancin ruwa da kuma yawan amfani da ruwan sha na sanya wannan haƙƙin ya zama mai rikitarwa. Yayin da yawan mutanen duniya ke karuwa cikin sauri, karancin ruwa zai haifar da matsaloli da yawa. Karancin ruwa mai yawa ya kawo batun ko ya kamata a canza ruwa daga wata ƙasa zuwa wata. Rigimar ruwa tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan Takaddama kan ruwa tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan ta rinjayi ƙarancin ruwa a yankin Asiya ta Kudu Kasashen biyu suna da wata yarjejeniya wacce aka riga aka sani da Yarjejeniyar Ruwan Indus An kafa yarjejeniyar ne don takaita rikici tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan dangane da amfani da kogin Indus da kuma samar da ruwa ga kasashen biyu bayan da kasashen suka sami 'yencin kai. Koyaya, rashin jituwa game da shi ya bayyana. A cewar yarjejeniyar, an bar Indiya ta yi amfani da gabar kogin yamma don ban ruwa da kuma dalilan da ba na cuwa-cuwa ba, yayin da Pakistan ke da rinjaye a kan jirgin. Koyaya, Pakistan ta nuna damuwarta cewa ginin Indiya akan kogunan na iya haifar da matsanancin ƙarancin ruwa a Pakistan. Bugu da ƙari, Pakistan ta yi furucin cewa ana iya amfani da madatsun ruwan da Indiya ta gina don dalilai marasa amfani don juya ruwa da kuma kawo cikas ga samar da ruwan Pakistan. Bugu da kari, yarjejeniyar ta shafi kogunan da suka samo asali daga Jammu da Kashmir, wadanda aka cire su daga kula da jikinsu na ruwa. Kasuwancin ruwa da samarda jiha Akwai takaddama game da wanda, idan kowa, alhakin sa ne don tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsafta. Sau da yawa, makarantun tunani guda biyu suna fitowa daga irin wannan maganganun: hakkin jihar ne ta samar da damar samun ruwa mai tsafta ga mutane ta hanyar ba da tallafi da tsabtace muhalli. Ana ba da kasuwancin ruwa a matsayin amsa ga ƙarancin ƙarancin ruwa wanda ya haifar saboda yawan mutanen duniya sau uku yayin da buƙatar ruwa ya ƙaru sau shida. Ka'idodin muhalli na kasuwa suna amfani da kasuwanni azaman mafita ga matsalolin muhalli kamar lalacewar muhalli da rashin amfani da albarkatu. Magoya bayan masana harkokin tsabtace muhalli sun yi imanin cewa sarrafa ruwa a matsayin fa'idar tattalin arziki ta kamfanoni masu zaman kansu zai kasance mafi inganci fiye da gwamnatocin samar da albarkatun ruwa ga 'yan ƙasa Irin wadannan masu ikirarin suna ikirarin cewa kudin da gwamnati ke kashewa don bunkasa abubuwan more rayuwa don rabon albarkatun ruwa bai cancanci amfanin kadan na samar da ruwa ba, don haka suke ganin jihar a matsayin mai samar da ruwa mara tasiri. Bugu da ƙari, ana jayayya cewa sake ruwa yana haifar da ci gaba da gudanar da ruwa mai ɗorewa saboda ƙarfin tattalin arziƙi ga masu amfani da su don amfani da ruwa yadda ya kamata. Abokan adawar sun yi imanin cewa sakamakon ruwa kasancewar haƙƙin ɗan adam ne ban da sa hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu kuma yana buƙatar a ba da ruwa ga dukkan mutane saboda yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwa. Samun ruwa a matsayin 'yancin ɗan adam da wasu ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ke amfani da shi a matsayin hanyar yaƙi da yunƙurin sayar da kamfanoni. 'Yancin ɗan adam na samun ruwa "galibi yana kan dalilai biyu: rashin maye gurbin ruwan sha mai mahimmanci ga rayuwa da kuma gaskiyar cewa wasu haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam da yawa waɗanda aka yarda da su a fili a cikin Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya an tsara su a kan (ɗauka) samun ruwa (misali yancin cin abinci Ra'ayoyin jamaa a matsayin ma'ana don kare haƙƙin al'umma mara ƙarfi Hikimar yalwar jamaa na kara samun karfi, tare da tunanin Anthropocene da kuma amincewa da yan asalin kasar wadanda ke fuskantar mummunar kutse ta hakkinsu zuwa ga kasar tasu mai muhimmanci da ruwa. Ra'ayoyin jamaa hanya ce ta fannoni da yawa, wanda ke amfani da dokoki daban-daban ga rukunin mutane. Akwai yarjejeniya ta ƙasa da ƙasa da yawa, waɗanda ke taƙaita ikon kan haƙƙin igenan asali na ruwa, amincewa da haƙƙin igenan asali, da inganta su. Misali, sun hada da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa da kasashe 167 suka amince da ita a shekarar 1996, wanda ya kwace ikon kasa wanda ya keta hakkin' yan asalin kasar kuma ya ba da damar cin gashin kai ga 'yan asalin kasar. Determinationudurin kai shine ra'ayin da yakamata mutane su iya sarrafa ikon kansu ta hanyar sarrafa albarkatun ƙasa. Hakanan, a cikin wannan shekarar, Yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniyar Tattalin Arziki, Tattalin Arziki da Al'adu ICESCR ta amince da ƙaddarar kai tsaye na 'yan asalin ƙasar don amfani da ruwa da ruwa. Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Muhalli da Ci Gaban ya zartar da ajanda 21 wanda ke samun goyon baya daga jihohi 174, tare da kara kare ‘yan asalin daga kutse daga albarkatun kasa. Akwai wasu shirye-shirye da yawa a fagen duniya da na gida. Masana game da jamaa game da dukansu su yi amfani da waɗannan ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodi daban-daban zuwa iko ɗaya a kan shari'a-da-hali. Akwai iyakoki da yawa akan wannan hanyar ta fannoni da yawa, kodayake. Wasu sharuɗɗa suna amfani da harsunan da ba a sani game da haƙƙin, wanda ke nuna shubuha. Sau da yawa wata jiha ke amfani da su don ba da ikon haƙƙin albarkatun ruwa akan takamaiman al'umma. Yawancin jihohi suna sanya doka bin ƙa'idodin al'adunsu maimakon tsarin ƙasashe. Hakanan, abun cikin kowane ka'idoji yana da fasali daban, yana haifar da "rashin daidaito" a ƙarƙashin abun ciki ɗaya, ajanda. Shubuha, dokokin al'ada, da rashin jituwa sun zama cikas don aiwatar da ra'ayoyin jamaa da yawa. Duk da wadannan matsalolin, mahangar jamaa ta samar da wasu zabin ga shugabanci don taimakawa marasa karfi na zamantakewar al'umma, gami da yan asalin gari, saboda haka yana da kyau a kara bincike. Kungiyoyi Kungiyoyin da ke aiki kan haƙƙin ruwa da tsaftar ƙasa an jera su a ƙasa. Kungiyoyin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya OHCHR (Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam) UNDP UNICEF Tsabta da Ruwa ga Kowa Hukumomin hadin gwiwar gwamnati DFID (Hukumar Hadin gwiwar Burtaniya) GIZ (Kamfanin Tarayyar Jamus don Haɗin Kan Duniya) SDC (Hukumar Ci Gaban da Hadin Kan Switzerland) EPA (Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka) Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da cibiyoyin sadarwa na duniya Aiki kan Yunwa (ACF) Jini: Ruwa Cibiyar Tsaron Ruwa da Hadin gwiwa Freshwater Action Network (FAN) Tsarkakakken Ruwa ga Duniya Hakkin DigDeep na Tsarin Ruwa Cibiyar Pacific Aikin Ruwa Cibiyar kasa da kasa tare da aikin Adalcin Ruwa UUSC WaterAid WaterLex (wanda aka daina aiki tun daga shekarar 2020) Zaman LafiyaJam Duba kuma Bayani Hanyoyin haɗin waje Mai ba da rahoto na musamman kan haƙƙin ɗan adam na tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli daga Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar foran Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Ruwayar Ruwa 'Yancin Haƙin Mutum na Ruwa da Tsarin Tsabtace Tsarin Tsabta cikin Aiwatarwa (2009) na GIZ 'Yancin Ruwa: Fahimtar haƙƙin yara na shayarwa akan Humanium Pages with unreviewed

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98ungiyar%20Lauyoyin%20Duniya

Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Duniya

Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Duniya IBA wadda aka kafa a shekarar 1947, ita ce Ƙungiyar bar association ta ma'aikatan shari'a na duniya, ƙungiyoyin lauyoyi da ma ƙungiyoyin doka. A halin yanzu IBA tana da membobin lauyoyi sama da dubu 80,000 da ƙungiyoyin lauyoyi 190 da ma ƙungiyoyin doka. Hedkwatarta ta a duniya tana a birnin London, Ingila, kuma tana da ofisoshin a biranen Washington, DC, Amurka, Seoul, Koriya ta Kudu da São Paulo, Brazil. Tarihin IBA Wakilan ƙungiyoyin lauyoyi 34 na ƙasa sun hallara a birnin New York, New York a ranar 17 ga watan Fabrairu 1947 don ƙirƙirar ko assasa ƙungiyar da ake takaita sunan da; IBA-(International Bar Association). Kasancewar tsarin farko ya iyakance ga ƙungiyoyin lauyoyi da ƙungiyoyin doka, amma a cikin shekara ta 1970, an bada dama wa membobin IBA ga kowane lauyoyi. Membobin sana'ar shari'a da suka haɗa da lauyoyi, lauyoyi, lauyoyi, membobin shari'a, lauyoyi na cikin gida, lauyoyin gwamnati, malamai da ɗaliban shari'a sun ƙunshi membobin IBA. Dangantaka da sauran kungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa IBA ta gudanar da matsayi na musamman a gaban babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Zamantakewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (ECOSOC) tun daga 1947. A ranar 9 ga watan Oktoba 2012, IBA ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna tare da Kungiyar Hadin gwiwar Tattalin Arziki da Ci Gaba (OECD). Har ila yau, IBA tayi haɗin gwiwa tare da OECD da Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Muggan kwayoyi da Laifuka (UNODC) a cikin Dabarun Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa don Sana'ar Shari'a, wani shiri na yaki da cin hanci da rashawa ga lauyoyi. IBA kuma ta haɗu tare da wasu ƙungiyoyi da suka haɗa har da International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) da Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata (IOE). Tsarin IBA IBA ta kasu kashi biyu Sashen Ayyukan Shari'a (LPD) da Ƙungiyar Jama'a da Muradun Ƙwararru (PPID). Kowace Sashe tana ba da kwamitoci daban-daban da kuma dandalin tattaunawa waɗanda aka keɓe ga takamaiman wuraren aiki. Waɗannan kwamitoci suna fitar da wallafe-wallafe na yau da kullun waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan ayyukan shari'a na ƙasa da ƙasa. PPID tana dauke da Hukumar Ba da Lamuni (BIC) da Cibiyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam (IBAHRI). An kafa BIC a cikin 2004 kuma ta ƙunshi wakilai daga ƙungiyoyin lauyoyi da ƙungiyoyin doka a duniya. An kafa IBAHRI a shekarar 1995 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin mai girma, Nelson Mandela. Babban Daraktan IBA na yanzu shine Mark Ellis. Cibiyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam (IBAHRI) An kafa Cibiyar Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Ƙungiyar Lauyoyi ta Duniya (IBAHRI) a cikin shekarar 1995 a ƙarƙashin shugabancin Nelson Mandela. Bayanin manufa na IBAHRI shine "ingantawa, kare da kuma aiwatar da hakkokin bil'adama a ƙarƙashin ingantacciyar doka". IBAHRI na gudanar da ayyuka iri-iri a fagen kare hakkin ɗan Adam da bin doka da oda, musamman ma fannin da ya shafi ƴancin kai na ɓangaren shari’a da haƙƙin shari’a. Lambobi da jagoranci kan aikin shari'a IBA tana ba da lambobi sirri, da jagoranci kan ayyukan shari'a na duniya. Dokokin IBA akan Ɗaukar Hujjoji a Hukuncin Ƙasashen Duniya, waɗanda aka karɓa a cikin 1999 kuma aka sake sabuntawa a cikin 2010, ƙungiyoyi suna amfani da su a cikin sasantawa na kasuwanci na duniya. Har ila yau, IBA ta fitar da: Jagoran IBA kan rikice-rikice masu sha'awar shiga tsakani na ƙasa da ƙasa, jagororin IBA don tsara sharuddan sasantawa na kasa da kasa, da ka'idojin IBA kan Halayyar Sana'ar Shari'a (2011). Ƙungiyoyin ayyuka da ƙungiyoyi masu gudanarwa Rukunin Ayyukan Doka Rukunin masu sa'ido akan Rikicin Kuɗi Rukunin masu sa ido akan Ta'addanci Duniya Kyautar Lauyan Mata ta Duniya IBA Hukumar ta IBA tana da lambar yabo da ake baiwa fitacciyar lauya mace da aka yi la'akari da cewa ta fi cancantar wannan karramawa. Ana bayar da ita a kowace shekara kuma LexisNexis ne ke ɗaukar nauyin shirin bada kyautar. Kyautar ta haɗa da gudummawar dalar Amurka 5,000 ga ƙungiyar agaji don fitar da wanda zai yi nasara. Waɗanda suka karɓi kyautar a baya sun haɗa da: Helvi Sipilä na Finland a 2001 Navi Pillay ta Afirka ta Kudu a cikin 2003 Dianna Kempe ta Bermuda a cikin 2006 Anne-Marie Hutchinson ta Ingila a 2010 Olufolake Solanke na Najeriya a 2012 Tukiya Kankasa-Mabula of Zambia in 2014 Carol Xueref na Faransa a cikin 2016 Eloísa Machado de Almeida na Brazil a cikin 2018 Shugabannin IBA na baya-bayan nan 2018–2019: Horacio Bernardes Neto, 2017–2018: Martin Šolc, CZE 2015–2017: David W. Rivkin, USA 2013–2014: Michael Reynolds, GBR 2011–2012: Akira Kawamura, JAP 2009–2010: Fernando Pelaez-Pier, VEN 2007–2008: Fernando Pombo, ESP 2005–2006: Francis Neate, GBR 2003–2004: Emilio Cardenas, 2001–2002: Dianna Kempe, BER 1999–2000: Klaus Böhlhoff, 1997–1998: Desmond Fernando, LKA Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Ƙungiyar Bar Association ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta yanar gizo Kungiyar Duniya Kungiyar

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciwon%20daji%20mai%20launi

Ciwon daji mai launi

Ciwon daji mai launi (CRC), wanda kuma aka sani da ciwon hanji, ciwon hanji, ko kansar dubura, shine ci gaban kansa daga hanji ko dubura (sassan babban hanji). Ciwon daji shine rashin girma na sel wadanda ke da ikon mamayewa ko yada zuwa wasu sassan jiki. Alamomi da alamomi na iya haɗawa da jini a cikin bayan gari, canjin hanji, raguwar nauyi, da jin gajiya koyaushe. Yawancin ciwon daji na launin fata suna faruwa ne saboda tsufa da kuma yau da kullum na rayuwar dan adam, tare da kananan adadin lokuta kawai saboda rashin lafiyar kwayoyin halitta. Sauran abubuwan haɗari sun haɗa da abinci, kiba, shan taba, da rashin motsa jiki. Abubuwan da ake ci waɗanda ke ƙara haɗarin sun haɗa da jan nama, naman da aka sarrafa, da barasa. Wani abu mai haɗari shine cututtukan hanji mai kumburi, wanda kuma ya haɗa da cutar Crohn da ulcerative colitis. Wasu daga cikin cututtukan da aka fada wadanda ke haifar da ciwon daji na launin fata sun hada da polyposis na iyali adenomatous polyposis da ciwon daji mara polyposis na hanji; duk da haka, wadannan suna wakiltar ƙasa da 5% na lokuta. Yawanci yana farawa ne azaman ƙwayar cuta mara kyau, sau da yawa a cikin nau'in polyp, wanda bayan lokaci ya zama cutar kansa. Ana iya gano kansar hanji ta hanyar samun samfurin hanji a lokacin sigmoidoscopy ko colonoscopy. Daga nan sai a yi hoton likita don sanin ko cutar ta yadu. Bincike yana da tasiri don hanawa da rage mace-mace daga ciwon daji na launin fata. Ana ba da shawarar yin nuni, ta ɗayan hanyoyin da yawa, farawa daga shekaru 45 zuwa 75. A lokacin colonoscopy, ana iya cire ƙananan polyps idan an same su. Idan an sami babban polyp ko ƙari, ana iya yin biopsy don bincika ko ciwon daji ne. Aspirin da sauran magungunan anti-inflammatory marasa steroidal suna rage haɗarin. Ba a ba da shawarar amfani da su gabaɗaya don wannan dalili ba, duk da haka, saboda illa. Magungunan da ake amfani da su don ciwon daji na launin fata na iya hadawa da wasu hadin tiyata, maganin radiation, chemotherapy da maganin da aka yi niyya. Ciwon daji da ke tsare a bangon hanji na iya warkewa ta hanyar tiyata, yayin da ciwon daji da ya yaɗu a ko'ina ba zai iya warkewa ba, tare da kulawa da kulawa don inganta rayuwa da alamomi. Yawan rayuwa na shekaru biyar a Amurka yana kusa da 65%. Yiwuwar rayuwa ta mutum ya dogara da yadda ciwon daji ya ci gaba, ko za a iya kawar da kansa ko a'a tare da tiyata da kuma lafiyar mutum gaba ɗaya. A duniya baki daya, ciwon daji na colorectal shine nau'in ciwon daji na uku da aka fi sani, wanda ke da kusan kashi 10% na dukkan cututtukan. A cikin 2018, an sami sabbin mutane miliyan 1.09 da mutuwar 551,000 daga cutar. Ya fi zama ruwan dare a kasashen da suka ci gaba, inda sama da kashi 65% na masu kamuwa da cutar ake samu. Ba shi da yawa a cikin mata fiye da maza. Alamomi Cutar Daji Alamu da alamun ciwon daji na launi sun dogara ne akan wurin da ciwon daji ke cikin hanji, da kuma ko ya yada wani wuri a cikin jiki metastasis Alamomin faɗakarwa na yau da kullun sun haɗa da: ƙaran maƙarƙashiya, jini a cikin stool, raguwar stool caliber (kauri), asarar ci, asarar nauyi, da tashin zuciya ko amai a cikin wanda ya haura shekaru 50. Kusan kashi 50 cikin 100 na mutanen da ke fama da ciwon daji ba sa bayar da rahoton wata alama. Zubar da jini na dubura ko anemia alamun haɗari ne a cikin mutane sama da shekaru 50. Rage nauyi da canje-canje a al'adar hanjin mutum yawanci sun shafi kawai idan suna da alaƙa da zubar jini na dubura. Dalili Kashi 75-95% na cututtukan ciwon daji na launin fata suna faruwa a cikin mutanen da ba su da ƙarancin haɗarin kwayoyin halitta. Abubuwan haɗari sun haɗa da tsufa, jima'i na maza, yawan cin mai, sukari, barasa, jan nama, naman da aka sarrafa, kiba, shan taba, da rashin motsa jiki Kusan kashi 10% na lokuta suna da alaƙa da rashin isasshen aiki. Haɗarin barasa yana bayyana yana ƙaruwa fiye da abin sha ɗaya kowace rana. Shan gilashin ruwa 5 a rana yana da alaƙa da raguwa a cikin haɗarin ciwon daji na launin fata da adenomatous polyps. Streptococcus gallolyticus yana da alaƙa da ciwon daji na launi. Miliyoyin mutane ne ke cinye wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan Streptococcus bovis/Streptococcus equinus a kullum don haka na iya zama lafiya. 25 zuwa 80% na mutanen da ke da Streptococcus bovis/gallolyticus bacteremia suna da ciwace-ciwacen launin fata. Seroprevalence na Streptococcus bovis/gallolyticus ana ɗaukarsa azaman ɗan takara alama mai amfani don farkon hasashen raunin hanji mai fa'ida a cikin haɗarin yawan jama'a. An ba da shawarar cewa kasancewar ƙwayoyin rigakafi ga Streptococcus bovis/gallolyticus antigens ko antigens da kansu a cikin jini na iya zama alamomi ga carcinogenesis a cikin hanji. Pathogenic Escherichia coli na iya ƙara haɗarin ciwon daji na launi ta hanyar samar da kwayoyin halitta na genotoxic, colibactin Ciwon ciki mai kumburi Mutanen da ke da cututtukan hanji mai kumburi ulcerative colitis da cutar Crohn suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da ciwon daji na hanji. Haɗarin yana ƙaruwa tsawon lokacin da mutum ke da cutar, kuma mafi muni da tsananin kumburi. A cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi masu haɗari masu haɗari, ana ba da shawarar rigakafin aspirin da na yau da kullun Sa ido na Endoscopic a cikin wannan yawan mutanen da ke da haɗari na iya rage haɓakar ciwon daji na launin fata ta hanyar ganewar asali da wuri kuma yana iya rage yiwuwar mutuwa daga ciwon daji na hanji. Mutanen da ke da cututtukan hanji mai kumburi suna lissafin ƙasa da 2% na cututtukan daji na hanji kowace shekara. A cikin wadanda ke da cutar Crohn, kashi 2 cikin 100 suna samun kansar launin fata bayan 10 8% bayan shekaru 20 shekaru, da kuma 18% bayan shekaru 30. A cikin mutanen da ke da ulcerative colitis, kimanin kashi 16 cikin dari suna tasowa ko dai ciwon daji ko ciwon daji na hanji fiye da 30. shekaru. Genetics Wadanda ke da tarihin iyali a cikin dangi biyu ko fiye da na farko (kamar iyaye ko 'yan'uwa) suna da haɗarin kamuwa da cuta sau biyu zuwa uku kuma wannan rukunin yana da kusan kashi 20% na duk lokuta. Yawan cututtukan cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta kuma suna da alaƙa da haɓakar cutar kansar launin fata. Mafi na kowa daga cikin waɗannan shine ciwon daji marasa polyposis colorectal (HNPCC ko Lynch syndrome) wanda ke cikin kusan kashi 3% na mutanen da ke fama da ciwon daji. Sauran cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da ciwon daji mai ƙarfi sun haɗa da ciwon Gardner da adenomatous polyposis na iyali (FAP). Ga mutanen da ke da waɗannan cututtukan, ciwon daji kusan koyaushe yana faruwa kuma yana da kashi 1% na cututtukan daji. Ana iya ba da shawarar jimlar proctocolectomy ga mutanen da ke da FAP a matsayin ma'aunin rigakafi saboda babban haɗarin malignancy. Colectomy, cire hanji, bazai isa a matsayin ma'aunin rigakafi ba saboda babban haɗarin ciwon daji na dubura idan duburar ta kasance. Mafi yawan ciwon polyposis da ke shafar hanji shine serrated polyposis syndrome, wanda ke da alaƙa da haɗarin 25-40% na CRC. Maye gurbi a cikin nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta POLE da POLD1 an haɗa su da ciwon daji na iyali. Yawancin mace-mace saboda ciwon daji na hanji suna da alaƙa da cutar metastatic. Halin da ke bayyana yana taimakawa wajen yiwuwar cutar cututtuka, metastasis da ke hade da ciwon daji na hanji 1 MACC1 an ware shi. Wani abu ne na rubutun da ke tasiri ga bayanin haɓakar haɓakar hanta Wannan jinsin yana da alaƙa da yaduwa, mamayewa da watsar da ƙwayoyin cutar kansar hanji a cikin al'adar tantanin halitta, da haɓakar ƙari da metastasis a cikin mice. MACC1 na iya zama manufa mai yuwuwa don shiga tsakani na kansa, amma ana buƙatar tabbatar da wannan yuwuwar tare da nazarin asibiti. Abubuwan Epigenetic, irin su methylation na DNA mara kyau na masu haɓaka ƙari, suna taka rawa wajen haɓaka ciwon daji na launin fata. Yahudawan Ashkenazi suna da kashi 6% na hadarin kamuwa da adenoma sannan kuma ciwon daji na hanji saboda maye gurbi a cikin kwayar halittar APC da ya fi yawa. Pathogenesis Ciwon daji mai launi cuta ce da ta samo asali daga sel epithelial da ke rufe hanji ko dubura na gastrointestinal tract, galibi sakamakon maye gurbi a cikin hanyar siginar Wnt wanda ke haɓaka ayyukan sigina. Ana iya gada ko samun maye gurbin, kuma galibi yana faruwa ne a cikin kwayar cutar ta hanji Mafi yawan rikitattun kwayoyin halitta a cikin dukkan ciwon daji na launin fata shine kwayar halittar APC, wanda ke samar da furotin na APC. Protein na APC yana hana tarin furotin -catenin Ba tare da APC ba, -catenin yana tarawa zuwa manyan matakan kuma ya canza (motsi) zuwa cikin tsakiya, yana ɗaure zuwa DNA, kuma yana kunna fassarar proto -oncogenes Waɗannan kwayoyin halitta galibi suna da mahimmanci don sabuntawa da bambance-bambancen kwayar halitta, amma idan aka bayyana rashin dacewa a manyan matakan, suna iya haifar da ciwon daji. Yayin da APC ke canzawa a yawancin ciwon daji na hanji, wasu ciwon daji sun karu da -catenin saboda maye gurbi a cikin -catenin (CTNNB1) wanda ke toshe rushewar kansa, ko kuma yana da maye gurbi a cikin wasu kwayoyin halitta masu aiki irin na APC kamar AXIN1, AXIN2, TCF7L2 ko NKD1 Bayan lahani a cikin hanyar siginar Wnt, wasu maye gurbi dole ne su faru don tantanin halitta ya zama mai cutar kansa. Sunan furotin p53, wanda aka samar ta hanyar TP53 gene, yawanci yana lura da rarrabuwar tantanin halitta kuma yana haifar da tsarin mutuwar su idan suna da lahani na hanyar Wnt. Daga ƙarshe, layin tantanin halitta ya sami maye gurbi a cikin kwayar halittar TP53 kuma yana canza nama daga ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta mara kyau zuwa ciwon daji na sel na epithelial Wani lokaci kwayar halittar p53 ba ta canza ba, amma wani furotin mai kariya mai suna BAX an canza shi a maimakon haka. Sauran sunadaran da ke da alhakin mutuwar kwayar cutar da aka yi amfani da su da yawa a cikin ciwon daji na colorectal sune da DCC An share a cikin Ciwon daji na Colorectal yana da maye gurbi mai kashewa a cikin aƙalla rabin ciwon daji na launin fata. Wani lokaci ba a kashe shi ba, amma ana kashe furotin na ƙasa mai suna SMAD DCC yawanci yana da share ɓangaren chromosome a cikin ciwon daji mai launi. Kusan kashi 70 cikin 100 na dukkanin kwayoyin halittar dan adam ana bayyana su a cikin ciwon daji na launin fata, tare da kusan kashi 1% na yawan bayyanar cututtuka a cikin ciwon daji idan aka kwatanta da sauran nau'in ciwon daji. Wasu kwayoyin halitta su ne oncogenes suna da yawa a cikin ciwon daji na colorectal. Alal misali, kwayoyin halittar da ke ɓoye sunadaran KRAS, RAF, da PI3K, waɗanda yawanci ke motsa tantanin halitta don rarrabawa don amsawa ga abubuwan haɓaka, na iya samun maye gurbin da ke haifar da haɓakar haɓakar kwayar halitta. Tsarin lokaci na maye gurbi yana da mahimmanci a wasu lokuta. Idan maye gurbin APC na baya ya faru, maye gurbin KRAS na farko sau da yawa yakan ci gaba zuwa ciwon daji maimakon cutar hawan jini mai iyakancewa ko raunin iyaka. PTEN, mai hana ƙari, yawanci yana hana PI3K, amma wani lokaci yana iya zama rikiɗewa kuma yana kashewa. M, bincike-bincike-genome ya bayyana cewa za a iya rarraba carcinomas masu launin launin fata zuwa nau'in ciwon daji da marasa hawan jini. Bugu da ƙari, maye gurbi na oncogenic da inactivating da aka kwatanta don kwayoyin halitta a sama, samfurori marasa hypermutated sun ƙunshi CTNNB1, FAM123B, SOX9, ATM, da ARID1A Ci gaba ta hanyar wani nau'i na abubuwan da suka faru na kwayoyin halitta, hypermutated ciwace-ciwacen daji suna nuna nau'i na ACVR2A, TGFBR2, MSH3, MSH6, SLC9A9, TCF7L2, da BRAF Maganar gama gari tsakanin waɗannan kwayoyin halitta, a duk nau'in ciwon daji, shine shigar da su a cikin hanyoyin siginar Wnt da wanda ke haifar da ƙara yawan aiki na MYC, dan wasa na tsakiya a cikin ciwon daji na launi. Rashin haɓakar ciwace- ciwacen ciwace-ciwace (MMR) ana siffanta shi da ɗan ƙaramin adadin maimaita tandem na poly-nucleotide. Wannan yana faruwa ne ta hanyar rashi a cikin sunadaran MMR waɗanda yawanci ke haifar da su ta hanyar shiru na epigenetic da ko maye gurbi (misali. Lynch ciwo 15 zuwa 18 bisa dari na ciwace-ciwacen daji na launin launi suna da raunin MMR, tare da kashi 3 cikin dari suna tasowa saboda ciwo na Lynch. Matsayin tsarin gyare-gyaren rashin daidaituwa shine kare mutuncin kwayoyin halitta a cikin sel (watau: gano kuskure da gyarawa). Sakamakon haka, rashi a cikin sunadaran MMR na iya haifar da rashin iya ganowa da gyara lalacewar kwayoyin halitta, yana ba da damar ci gaba da haifar da maye gurbi da ciwon daji na launin fata ya ci gaba. Polyp zuwa jeri na ci gaban kansa shine samfurin gargajiya na cututtukan ciwon daji na colorectal. Tsarin polyp zuwa jerin ciwon daji yana bayyana matakan sauye-sauye daga ciwace-ciwacen daji zuwa ciwon daji na launin fata tsawon shekaru masu yawa. Tsakanin polyp zuwa jerin CRC sune maye gurbi, sauye-sauyen epigenetic da canje-canje masu kumburi na gida. Za a iya amfani da jerin polyp zuwa CRC azaman tushen tsarin don kwatanta yadda takamaiman canje-canjen kwayoyin ke haifar da nau'ikan ciwon daji daban-daban. Lalacewar filin An fara amfani da kalmar "ciwon daji na filin" a cikin 1953 don bayyana wani yanki ko "filin" na epithelium wanda aka riga aka tsara (ta hanyar abubuwan da ba a san su ba a lokacin) don ƙaddamar da shi zuwa ci gaban ciwon daji. Tun daga wannan lokacin, an yi amfani da kalmomin "ciwon daji na filin", "carcinogenesis filin", "lalacewar filin", da tasirin filin don bayyana cutar da ta rigaya ko riga-kafin neoplastic wanda sabon ciwon daji zai iya tasowa. Lalacewar filin suna da mahimmanci wajen ci gaba zuwa kansar hanji. Duk da haka, kamar yadda Rubin ya nuna, "Yawancin binciken da aka yi a cikin binciken ciwon daji an yi shi ne akan ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayoyi a cikin vivo, ko kuma a kan ƙananan ƙwayoyin neoplastic foci in vitro Amma duk da haka akwai shaidar cewa fiye da kashi 80 cikin 100 na maye gurbi da aka samu a cikin mutator phenotype ɗan adam ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwace na faruwa ne kafin farkon haɓakawar haɓakar clonal na ƙarshe." Hakanan, Vogelstein et al. ya nuna cewa fiye da rabin maye gurbi da aka gano a cikin sun faru ne a wani lokaci na pre-neoplastic (a cikin wani lahani na fili), yayin haɓakar sel na zahiri. Hakanan, sauye-sauyen epigenetic da ke cikin ciwace-ciwace na iya faruwa a cikin lahani na filin pre-neoplastic. An faɗaɗa ra'ayi game da tasirin filin "tasirin filin etiologic", wanda ya ƙunshi ba wai kawai kwayoyin halitta da canje-canjen pathologic a cikin sel pre-neoplastic ba har ma da tasirin abubuwan muhalli na waje da canje-canjen ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na gida akan juyin halitta na neoplastic daga farkon ƙari zuwa mutuwa. Epigenetics Canje-canjen Epigenetic sun fi yawa a cikin ciwon daji na hanji fiye da sauye-sauyen kwayoyin halitta (mutational). Kamar yadda aka bayyana ta Vogelstein et al., matsakaicin ciwon daji na hanji yana da maye gurbi na 1 ko 2 na oncogene kawai da 1 zuwa 5 na maye gurbi (tare da "canza maye gurbin direba"), tare da ƙarin maye gurbin "fasinja" kusan 60. An yi nazarin kwayoyin halittar oncogenes da ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari kuma an kwatanta su a sama a ƙarƙashin Pathogenesis Bugu da ƙari, canjin epigenetic na magana na miRNAs, sauran nau'ikan sauye-sauye na epigenetic na yau da kullun a cikin cututtukan daji waɗanda ke canza matakan maganganu na kwayar halitta sun haɗa da hypermethylation kai tsaye ko hypomethylation na tsibiran CpG na ƙwayoyin halittar furotin da sauye-sauye a cikin tarihin tarihi da gine-ginen chromosomal waɗanda ke yin tasiri ga bayyanar halittar. A matsayin misali, 147 hypermethylations da 27 hypomethylations na furotin codeing genes aka akai-akai hade da colorectal cancers. Daga cikin kwayoyin hypermethylated, 10 sun kasance hypermethylated a cikin 100% na ciwon daji na hanji, kuma wasu da yawa sun kasance hypermethylated a cikin fiye da 50% na ciwon daji na hanji. Bugu da ƙari, 11 hypermethylations da 96 hypomethylations na miRNAs suma suna da alaƙa da ciwon daji na launi. methylation mara kyau (aberrant) yana faruwa ne a sakamakon al'ada na al'ada na al'ada kuma haɗarin ciwon daji na launin fata yana ƙaruwa yayin da mutum ya tsufa. Ba a san tushen da abin da ke haifar da wannan methylation mai alaƙa da shekaru ba. Kusan rabin kwayoyin halittar da ke nuna sauye-sauyen methylation masu alaka da shekaru su ne kwayoyin halittar da aka gano suna da hannu wajen haifar da ciwon sankarar launi. Wadannan binciken na iya ba da shawarar dalilin shekaru da ke hade da haɗarin haɓakar ciwon daji na launin fata. Ragewar Epigenetic na maganan gyaran enzyme na DNA na iya haifar da rashin zaman lafiyar kwayoyin halitta da na epigenomic na ciwon daji. Kamar yadda aka taƙaita a cikin articles Carcinogenesis da Neoplasm, don ciwon daji na lokaci-lokaci a gaba ɗaya, ƙarancin gyare-gyare na DNA yana faruwa lokaci-lokaci saboda maye gurbi a cikin kwayar gyaran DNA, amma yana da yawa akai-akai saboda sauye-sauye na epigenetic wanda ke rage ko yin shiru na maganganun gyaran DNA. Canje-canjen Epigenetic da ke cikin haɓakar ciwon daji na launin fata na iya shafar martanin mutum ga ilimin chemotherapy. Genomics Epigenomics Ijma'i na kwayoyin subtypes (CMS) na rarrabuwar kansar launin fata an fara gabatar da shi a cikin 2015. Rarraba CMS ya zuwa yanzu an yi la'akari da mafi ƙaƙƙarfan tsarin rarrabawa da ake da shi don CRC wanda ke da fassarorin fassarar ilimin halitta da tushe don rarrabuwa na asibiti a nan gaba da kuma matakan da aka yi niyya na tushen nau'in. Wani labari na tushen Epigenome (EpiC) na kansar launin fata an gabatar da shi a cikin 2021 yana gabatar da nau'ikan haɓakawa 4 a cikin mutanen da ke da CRC. Jihohin Chromatin da ke amfani da alamomin tarihi guda 6 ana siffanta su don gano ƙananan nau'ikan EpiC. Hanyar haɗakarwa ta hanyar warkewa dangane da abubuwan da aka gabatar da ijma'i a baya (CMSs) da EpiCs na iya haɓaka dabarun jiyya na yanzu. Bincike Ana yin ganewar cutar kansar launin fata ta hanyar yin samfuri na wuraren da ake zargin hanji don yuwuwar ci gaban ƙari, yawanci a lokacin colonoscopy ko sigmoidoscopy, ya danganta da wurin da raunin ya kasance. An tabbatar da shi ta hanyar duban ɗan adam na samfurin nama. Hoto na likita Wani lokaci ana gano ciwon daji mai launin fata akan CT scan Ana tabbatar da kasancewar metastases ta hanyar CT scan na ƙirji, ciki da ƙashin ƙugu. Wasu yuwuwar gwajin hoto kamar PET da MRI ana iya amfani da su a wasu lokuta. Ana amfani da na ƙarshen sau da yawa don raunukan dubura don tantance matakin sa na gida da kuma sauƙaƙe shirye-shiryen riga-kafi. Histopathology Ana ba da rahoton halayen tarihin tarihin ƙwayar cuta daga nazarin nama da aka ɗauka daga biopsy ko tiyata. Rahoton ilimin cututtuka yana ƙunshe da bayanin halayen ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta, ciki har da ƙwayoyin tumor guda biyu da kuma yadda ciwon daji ke shiga cikin kyallen takarda masu lafiya kuma a ƙarshe idan ciwon ya bayyana an cire shi gaba daya. Mafi yawan nau'in ciwon daji na hanji shine adenocarcinoma, wanda ya ƙunshi tsakanin kashi 95% zuwa 98% na duk cututtukan daji na colorectal. Sauran, nau'ikan da ba su da yawa sun haɗa da lymphoma, adenosquamous da carcinoma cell squamous An gano wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan suna da ƙarfi Ana iya amfani da Immunohistochemistry a lokuta marasa tabbas. Tsayawa Matsayin ciwon daji ya dogara ne akan binciken rediyo da ilimin cututtuka. Kamar yadda yake tare da sauran nau'o'in ciwon daji, ciwon daji yana dogara ne akan tsarin TNM wanda yayi la'akari da yadda ƙwayar farko ta yada da kuma kasancewar metastases a cikin nodes na lymph da sauran gabobin da ke nesa. An buga bugu na AJCC na 8 a cikin 2018. Rigakafi An yi kiyasin cewa kusan rabin cututtukan da suka kamu da cutar sankarar launin fata suna faruwa ne saboda abubuwan rayuwa, kuma kusan kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na duk ana iya yin rigakafinsu. Ƙara yawan sa ido, yin motsa jiki, cin abinci mai yawan fiber, da rage shan taba da shan barasa yana rage haɗarin. salon rayuwa Abubuwan haɗari na rayuwa tare da shaida mai ƙarfi sun haɗa da rashin motsa jiki, shan taba sigari, barasa, da kiba. Ana iya rage haɗarin ciwon daji na hanji ta hanyar kiyaye nauyin jiki na yau da kullun ta hanyar haɗuwa da isasshen motsa jiki da cin abinci mai kyau Binciken da ake yi a yanzu yana danganta cin jan nama da naman da aka sarrafa zuwa babban haɗarin cutar. Tun daga shekarun 1970s, shawarwarin abinci don hana ciwon daji na launin fata sau da yawa sun haɗa da ƙara yawan amfani da hatsi, 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari, da rage cin nama da nama da aka sarrafa Wannan ya dogara ne akan nazarin dabba da nazarin duban baya. Duk da haka, babban binciken da ake tsammani ya kasa nuna wani tasiri mai mahimmanci na kariya, kuma saboda dalilai masu yawa na ciwon daji da kuma rikitarwa na nazarin dangantaka tsakanin abinci da lafiya, ba shi da tabbas ko wani takamaiman tsarin abinci na abinci (a waje da cin abinci mai kyau) zai sami tasiri mai mahimmanci na kariya. A cikin 2018 Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Kasa ta bayyana cewa "Babu wani tabbataccen shaida cewa abincin da aka fara a lokacin balagagge wanda ba shi da kitse da nama da yawan fiber, 'ya'yan itatuwa, da kayan lambu yana rage haɗarin CRC ta hanyar digiri mai mahimmanci na asibiti." A cewar Asusun Binciken Ciwon daji na Duniya, shan barasa da kuma cinye naman da aka sarrafa duka suna kara haɗarin ciwon daji na colorectal Game da fiber na abinci, rahoton ciwon daji na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya na 2014 ya lura cewa an yi hasashen cewa fiber na iya taimakawa wajen hana ciwon daji na colorectal, amma yawancin binciken ba su fitar da wannan ba, kuma matsayin kimiyya ya kasance ba a sani ba tun daga 2014. Wani bita na 2019, duk da haka, ya sami shaidar fa'ida daga fiber na abinci da dukan hatsi. Asusun Binciken Ciwon daji na Duniya ya lissafa fa'idar fiber don rigakafin ciwon daji a matsayin "mai yiwuwa" kamar na 2017. Ana ba da shawarar aikin motsa jiki mafi girma. Motsa jiki yana da alaƙa da raguwar raguwar hanji amma ba haɗarin kansar dubura ba. Babban matakan motsa jiki yana rage haɗarin ciwon daji na hanji da kusan kashi 21%. Zauna akai-akai na tsawon lokaci yana da alaƙa da yawan mace-mace daga ciwon daji na hanji. Ba a kawar da haɗarin ta hanyar motsa jiki na yau da kullum, kodayake an saukar da shi. Magunguna da kari Aspirin da celecoxib sun bayyana suna rage haɗarin ciwon daji na launin fata a cikin waɗanda ke cikin haɗari mai girma. Ana ba da shawarar aspirin ga waɗanda ke da shekaru 50 zuwa 60, ba su da haɗarin zubar jini, kuma suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan zuciya don hana ciwon daji na launin fata. Ba a ba da shawarar ba a cikin waɗanda ke cikin matsakaicin haɗari. Akwai sheda na ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙwayar calcium, amma bai isa ba don ba da shawara. Shan bitamin D da matakan jini suna da alaƙa da ƙarancin haɗarin ciwon daji na hanji. Nunawa Kamar yadda fiye da 80% na ciwon daji na colorectal ya tashi daga adenomatous polyps, nunawa ga wannan ciwon daji yana da tasiri don ganowa da wuri da kuma rigakafi. Ganewar cututtukan ciwon daji na launin fata ta hanyar yin gwaje-gwaje yana nuna yakan faru shekaru 2-3 kafin ganewar asali na lokuta masu alamun bayyanar. Ana iya cire duk wani polyps da aka gano, yawanci ta hanyar colonoscopy ko sigmoidoscopy, don haka ya hana su juya zuwa ciwon daji. Nunawa yana da yuwuwar rage mutuwar cutar kansar launin fata da kashi 60%. Babban gwaje-gwajen gwaji guda uku sune colonoscopy, gwajin jini na gabobin ciki, da sigmoidoscopy mai sassauƙa Daga cikin ukun, sigmoidoscopy kawai ba zai iya bincika gefen dama na hanji ba inda aka sami kashi 42% na ciwon daji. Sigmoidoscopy mai sauƙi, duk da haka, yana da mafi kyawun shaida don rage haɗarin mutuwa daga kowane dalili. Gwajin jini na ɓoyayyiya (FOBT) na stool yawanci ana ba da shawarar kowace shekara biyu kuma yana iya zama tushen guaiac ko immunochemical Idan an sami sakamako na FOBT mara kyau, yawanci ana tura mahalarta don gwajin colonoscopy na gaba. Lokacin da aka yi sau ɗaya a kowace shekara 1-2, gwajin FOBT yana rage yawan mutuwar ciwon daji da kashi 16 cikin 100 kuma daga cikin waɗanda ke shiga cikin tantancewa, za a iya rage yawan mutuwar ciwon daji har zuwa 23%, ko da yake ba a tabbatar da rage yawan mace-mace ba. Gwaje-gwajen rigakafi daidai ne kuma baya buƙatar canjin abinci ko magani kafin gwaji. Sauran zaɓuɓɓukan sun haɗa da kama-da -wane colonoscopy da gwajin gwajin DNA (FIT-DNA). Ƙwararren ƙwayar cuta ta hanyar CT scan ya bayyana yana da kyau kamar daidaitaccen colonoscopy don gano ciwon daji da manyan adenoma amma yana da tsada, yana da alaƙa da bayyanar radiation, kuma ba zai iya cire duk wani ci gaban da aka gano na al'ada ba kamar yadda daidaitaccen colonoscopy zai iya. Gwajin gwajin DNA na Stool yana neman alamomin halittu masu alaƙa da ciwon daji na launin fata da raunukan da suka rigaya, gami da canza DNA da haemoglobin na jini Kyakkyawan sakamako yakamata a bi shi ta hanyar colonoscopy FIT-DNA yana da mafi ƙarancin inganci fiye da FIT kuma don haka yana haifar da ƙarin sakamako mara kyau. Ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike kamar na 2016 don sanin ko tazarar gwajin shekaru uku daidai ne. Shawarwari A Amurka, ana ba da shawarar yin gwajin tsakanin shekaru 50 zuwa 75 shekaru. Ƙungiyar Ciwon daji ta Amirka ta ba da shawarar farawa tun yana da shekaru 45. Ga waɗanda ke tsakanin shekaru 76 zuwa 85, yanke shawarar tantancewa ya kamata a keɓance shi. Ga waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin haɗari, yawanci ana farawa da kusan 40. Ana ba da shawarar hanyoyin dubawa da yawa ciki har da gwajin tushen stool kowane shekaru 2, sigmoidoscopy kowace shekara 10 tare da gwajin rigakafi na fecal a kowace shekara biyu, da colonoscopy kowace shekara 10. Ba a san wanne daga cikin waɗannan hanyoyi biyu ba ne mafi kyau. Colonoscopy na iya samun ƙarin ciwon daji a ɓangaren farko na hanji, amma yana da alaƙa da farashi mai girma da ƙarin rikitarwa. Ga mutanen da ke da matsakaicin haɗari waɗanda suka sami babban ingancin colonoscopy tare da sakamako na al'ada, Ƙungiyar Gastroenterological Association ta Amirka ba ta ba da shawarar kowane nau'i na nunawa a cikin shekaru 10 bayan colonoscopy ba. Ga mutane sama da 75 ko waɗanda ke da tsawon rayuwar ƙasa da 10 shekaru, ba a ba da shawarar dubawa ba. Yana ɗaukar kimanin shekaru 10 bayan an gwada ɗaya daga cikin mutane 1000 don amfana. USPSTF ta lissafta dabaru guda bakwai masu yuwuwa don tantancewa, tare da mafi mahimmancin abu shine cewa aƙalla ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan dabarun ana amfani da su yadda ya kamata. A Kanada, daga cikin waɗanda ke da shekaru 50 zuwa 75 a cikin haɗarin al'ada, ana ba da shawarar gwajin rigakafi na fecal ko FOBT kowace shekara biyu ko sigmoidoscopy kowace shekara 10. Colonoscopy ba shi da fifiko. Wasu ƙasashe suna da shirye-shiryen tantance launin launi na ƙasa waɗanda ke ba da gwajin FOBT ga duk manya a cikin wani rukunin shekaru, yawanci farawa tsakanin shekaru 50 zuwa 60. Misalan ƙasashen da ke da tsarin tantancewa sun haɗa da United Kingdom, Australia, Netherlands, Hong Kong da Taiwan. Magani Maganin ciwon daji na launin fata na iya zama da nufin warkarwa ko ragewa. Shawarar abin da ake son ɗauka ya dogara da abubuwa daban-daban, ciki har da lafiyar mutum da abubuwan da ake so, da kuma matakin ƙwayar cuta. Ƙididdiga a cikin ƙungiyoyi masu yawa shine muhimmin sashi na ƙayyade ko majiyyaci ya dace da tiyata ko a'a. Lokacin da aka kama kansar launin fata da wuri, tiyata na iya zama magani. Duk da haka, lokacin da aka gano shi a matakai na gaba (wanda metastases ke samuwa), wannan yana da wuyar gaske kuma sau da yawa ana ba da magani ga palliation, don kawar da bayyanar cututtuka da ciwon daji ke haifar da shi kuma ya sa mutum ya ji dadi sosai. Tiyata Idan an sami ciwon daji a farkon mataki, ana iya cire shi a lokacin colonoscopy ta amfani da daya daga cikin fasaha da yawa, ciki har da endoscopic mucosal resection ko endoscopic submucosal dissection Ga mutanen da ke da ciwon daji na gida, abin da aka fi so shine cikakken cirewar tiyata tare da isassun tazara, tare da ƙoƙarin samun magani. Hanyar zaɓin ita ce partel colectomy (ko proctocolectomy don raunukan duburar) inda aka cire ɓangaren hanji ko duburar da abin ya shafa tare da sassan mesocolon da samar da jini don sauƙaƙe cire ƙwayoyin lymph nodes Ana iya yin wannan ko dai ta hanyar buɗewar laparotomy ko laparoscopically, dangane da abubuwan da suka shafi mutum ɗaya da abubuwan raunuka. Ana iya sake haɗa hanjin ko kuma mutum ya sami colostomy Idan akwai 'yan metastases a cikin hanta ko huhu, ana iya cire su. Ana iya amfani da chemotherapy kafin tiyata don rage ciwon daji kafin yunƙurin cire shi. Wurare guda biyu da aka fi samun yawaitar cutar kansar launin fata sune hanta da huhu Ga peritoneal carcinomatosis cytoreductive tiyata, wani lokacin a hade tare da HIPEC za a iya amfani da a yunƙurin cire ciwon daji. Chemotherapy A cikin duka ciwon daji na hanji da dubura, ana iya amfani da chemotherapy ban da tiyata a wasu lokuta. Shawarar da za a ƙara chemotherapy a kula da ciwon hanji da dubura ya dogara da matakin cutar. A Stage I ciwon daji na hanji, ba a bayar da chemotherapy, kuma tiyata shine tabbataccen magani. Matsayin ilimin chemotherapy a cikin Stage II ciwon daji na hanji yana da muhawara, kuma yawanci ba a ba da shi ba sai an gano abubuwan haɗari kamar ƙwayar cutar T4, ciwon daji mara bambanci, mamayewar jijiyoyin jini da na perineural ko rashin isasshen samfurin node na lymph. Hakanan an san cewa mutanen da ke ɗauke da abubuwan da ba su da kyau na ƙwayoyin gyaran gyare-gyaren da ba su dace ba ba su amfana da ilimin chemotherapy. Don mataki na III da Stage IV ciwon daji, chemotherapy wani bangare ne na jiyya. Idan ciwon daji ya yada zuwa ga ƙwayoyin lymph ko gabobin da ke nesa, wanda shine yanayin da mataki na III da mataki na IV ciwon daji na ciwon hanji, ƙara magungunan chemotherapy fluorouracil, capecitabine ko oxaliplatin yana ƙara tsawon rai. Idan nodes na lymph ba su ƙunshi ciwon daji ba, amfanin chemotherapy yana da rikici. Idan ciwon daji yana da yawa ko kuma ba a sake shi ba, to magani yana da lafiya. Yawanci a wannan saitin, ana iya amfani da adadin magungunan chemotherapy daban-daban. Magungunan chemotherapy don wannan yanayin na iya haɗawa da capecitabine, fluorouracil, irinotecan, oxaliplatin da UFT Magungunan capecitabine da fluorouracil suna canzawa, tare da capecitabine kasancewar maganin baka da fluorouracil shine maganin jijiya. Wasu ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun tsarin da ake amfani da su don CRC sune CAPOX, FOLFOX, FOLFOXIRI, da FOLFIRI Magungunan Antiangiogenic kamar su bevacizumab ana yawan ƙara su a cikin layin farko. Wani nau'i na kwayoyi da aka yi amfani da su a cikin layi na biyu sune masu hana masu karɓan haɓakar haɓakar haɓakar epidermal, waɗanda FDA ta amince da su guda uku suna aflibercept, cetuximab da panitumumab Bambanci na farko a cikin kusanci zuwa ƙananan ciwon daji na dubura shine haɗa maganin radiation. Sau da yawa, ana amfani da shi tare da chemotherapy a cikin yanayin neoadjuvant don ba da damar aikin tiyata, ta yadda a ƙarshe ba a buƙatar colostomy Koyaya, bazai yuwu a cikin ƙananan ciwace-ciwacen daji ba, a cikin wannan yanayin, ana iya buƙatar colostomy na dindindin. Ana kula da ciwon daji na dubura mataki na IV kama da mataki na IV ciwon daji. Sashe na IV ciwon daji na launin fata saboda ciwon peritoneal carcinomatosis za a iya bi da shi ta amfani da HIPEC tare da tiyata na cytoreductive, a wasu mutane. Radiation therapy Duk da yake haɗuwa da radiation da chemotherapy na iya zama da amfani ga ciwon daji na dubura, ga wasu mutanen da ke buƙatar magani, chemoradiotherapy na iya ƙara yawan ƙwayar cuta mai tsanani, kuma ba a nuna shi don inganta yawan rayuwa ba idan aka kwatanta da radiotherapy kadai, ko da yake yana da alaƙa. tare da ƙaramar maimaitawar gida. Amfani da radiotherapy a cikin ciwon daji na hanji ba na yau da kullun ba ne saboda ji na hanji zuwa radiation. Kamar yadda yake tare da chemotherapy, ana iya amfani da radiotherapy azaman neoadjuvant don matakan asibiti T3 da T4 don ciwon daji na dubura. Wannan yana haifar da raguwa ko raguwar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta, shirya shi don aikin tiyata, kuma yana rage yawan maimaitawar gida. Don ciwon daji na dubura na gida, neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy ya zama daidaitaccen magani. Bugu da ƙari, lokacin da tiyata ba zai yiwu ba, an ba da shawarar maganin radiation don zama magani mai mahimmanci game da ƙwayoyin cuta na CRC, wanda kashi 10-15% na mutanen da ke da CRC suka haɓaka. Immunotherapy Immunotherapy tare da masu hana wuraren bincike na rigakafi yana da amfani ga nau'in ciwon daji na launin fata tare da rashin daidaituwa na gyaran gyare-gyare da rashin kwanciyar hankali na microsatellite. An amince da Pembrolizumab don ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwan CRC waɗanda ba su da ƙarancin MMR kuma sun kasa jiyya na yau da kullun. Yawancin mutanen da suka inganta, duk da haka, har yanzu suna tabarbarewa bayan watanni ko shekaru. Sauran nau'in ciwon daji na colorectal kamar na 2017 har yanzu ana nazarin su. Kulawar jin daɗi Ana ba da shawarar kula da jin daɗi ga duk mutumin da ya sami ci gaba da ciwon daji na hanji ko kuma yana da alamun bayyanar cututtuka. Shiga cikin kulawar jin daɗi na iya zama da amfani don inganta rayuwar mutum da danginsa, ta hanyar inganta alamun cututtuka, damuwa da hana shiga asibiti. A cikin mutanen da ke fama da ciwon daji na launi maras magani, kulawar jin daɗi na iya ƙunshi hanyoyin da ke kawar da alamun cututtuka ko rikitarwa daga ciwon daji amma kada ku yi ƙoƙarin warkar da ciwon daji, don haka inganta rayuwar rayuwa Zaɓuɓɓukan fiɗa na iya haɗawa da cirewar wasu ƙwayar cutar kansa ta hanyar tiyata marasa magani, ƙetare wani ɓangaren hanji, ko sanya stent. Ana iya la'akari da waɗannan hanyoyin don inganta alamun bayyanar cututtuka da kuma rage rikitarwa kamar zubar jini daga ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayoyi, ciwon ciki da kuma toshewar hanji. Hanyoyin da ba a yi amfani da su ba na maganin bayyanar cututtuka sun haɗa da maganin radiation don rage girman ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta da magungunan ciwo. Bibiya Cibiyar Cutar Cutar Kasa ta Amurka da kuma al'adar Clinical ta Amurka ta samar da jagorori saboda masu lalata cutar ta bakin ciki. Ana ba da shawarar tarihin likita da duba lafiyar jiki kowane watanni 3 zuwa 6 na tsawon shekaru 2, sannan kowane watanni 6 har tsawon shekaru 5. Ma'aunin matakin jini na Carcinoembryonic antigen yana bin lokaci guda, amma ana ba da shawarar kawai ga mutanen da ke da T2 ko raunuka mafi girma waɗanda ke takarar shiga tsakani. Ana iya yin la'akari da CT-scan na ƙirji, ciki da ƙashin ƙugu a kowace shekara don shekaru 3 na farko ga mutanen da ke cikin haɗarin sake dawowa (misali, waɗanda suka sami bambance-bambancen ciwace-ciwacen daji ko venous ko lymphatic mamayewa) kuma su ne 'yan takara don maganin warkewa. tiyata (da nufin warkewa). Ana iya yin ƙwanƙwaran ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta bayan shekara 1, sai dai idan ba za a iya yin shi ba a lokacin da aka fara farawa saboda yawan abin da ya hana, wanda ya kamata a yi bayan watanni 3 zuwa 6. Idan an sami polyp mai wutsiya, polyp> 1 centimita ko dysplasia mai girma, ana iya maimaita shi bayan shekaru 3, sannan a kowace shekara 5. Don wasu abubuwan da ba su da kyau, ana iya maimaita colonoscopy bayan shekara 1. PET na yau da kullun ko duban duban dan tayi, X-rays na kirji, cikakken adadin jini ko gwajin aikin hanta ba a ba da shawarar ba. Ga mutanen da aka yi wa tiyatar warkewa ko maganin jin daɗi (ko duka biyu) don magance ciwon daji na colorectal wanda ba na metastatic ba, ba a nuna tsananin sa ido da bin kusanci ba don samar da ƙarin fa'idodin rayuwa. Motsa jiki Ana iya ba da shawarar motsa jiki a nan gaba azaman magani na biyu ga waɗanda suka tsira daga cutar kansa. A cikin nazarin cututtukan cututtuka, motsa jiki na iya rage takamaiman mace-mace-cancer na launin fata da kuma yawan mace-mace. Sakamako na takamaiman adadin motsa jiki da ake buƙata don lura da fa'ida sun yi karo da juna. Waɗannan bambance-bambancen na iya nuna bambance-bambance a cikin ilmin halitta na ƙari da kuma bayyana alamun halittu. Mutanen da ke da ciwace-ciwacen da ba su da maganganun CTNNB1 -catenin), suna shiga cikin hanyar siginar Wnt, sun buƙaci fiye da 18 Metabolic daidai (MET) sa'o'i a kowane mako, ma'auni na motsa jiki, don lura da raguwa a cikin mutuwar ciwon daji na launi. Hanyar yadda motsa jiki ke amfanar rayuwa na iya shiga cikin sa ido na rigakafi da hanyoyin kumburi. A cikin nazarin asibiti, an sami amsa mai kumburi a cikin mutanen da ke da ciwon daji na launi na II-III waɗanda suka yi makonni 2 na matsakaicin motsa jiki bayan sun kammala aikin farko. Ma'aunin Oxidative na iya zama wata hanya mai yuwuwa don amfanin da aka lura. An sami raguwa mai yawa a cikin 8-oxo-dG a cikin fitsarin mutanen da suka yi makonni 2 na matsakaicin motsa jiki bayan farfaɗo na farko. Sauran hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su na iya haɗawa da hormone na rayuwa da jima'i-steroid hormones, ko da yake waɗannan hanyoyi na iya shiga cikin wasu nau'in ciwon daji Wani m biomarker iya zama p27 Wadanda suka tsira tare da ciwace-ciwacen da suka bayyana p27 kuma sun yi girma kuma sun yi daidai da 18 MET hours a mako daya an gano sun rage yawan mutuwar ciwon daji na launin fata idan aka kwatanta da wadanda ke da kasa da 18 MET hours a mako guda. Wadanda suka tsira ba tare da maganganun p27 waɗanda suka yi motsa jiki an nuna su suna da sakamako mafi muni ba. Ƙaddamar da kunnawa ta hanyar PI3K/AKT/mTOR na iya yin bayanin asarar p27 da ma'auni mai yawa na makamashi na iya daidaita tsarin p27 don dakatar da kwayoyin cutar kansa daga rarrabuwa. Ayyukan jiki suna ba da fa'ida ga mutanen da ke da ciwon daji mara ci gaba. An ba da rahoton haɓakawa a cikin motsa jiki na motsa jiki, gajiya mai alaƙa da ciwon daji da ingancin rayuwa mai alaƙa da lafiya a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. Duk da haka, ba a lura da waɗannan gyare-gyaren a matakin lafiyar kwakwalwa da ke da alaka da cututtuka, kamar damuwa da damuwa. Hasashen Kasa da kwayoyin halitta 600 suna da alaƙa da sakamako a cikin ciwon daji mai launi. Waɗannan sun haɗa da duka nau'ikan kwayoyin da ba su da kyau, inda babban magana ke da alaƙa da sakamako mara kyau, misali girgizar zafi 70 kDa furotin 1 (HSPA1A), da kyawawan ƙwayoyin cuta inda babban magana ke da alaƙa da rayuwa mafi kyau, misali furotin mai ɗaure RNA mai ɗorewa. RBM3) Yawan maimaitawa Matsakaicin yawan dawowa na shekaru biyar a cikin mutanen da aikin tiyata ya yi nasara shine 5% na ciwon daji na mataki na, 12% a mataki na II da 33% a mataki na III. Duk da haka, dangane da adadin abubuwan haɗari ya tashi daga 9-22% a mataki na II da 17-44% a mataki na III. Yawan tsira A Turai, tsawon shekaru biyar na rayuwa na ciwon daji na launin fata bai wuce 60% ba. A cikin kasashen da suka ci gaba kusan kashi uku na mutanen da ke kamuwa da cutar suna mutuwa daga cutar. Rayuwa yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da ganowa da kuma nau'in ciwon daji da ke tattare da shi, amma gabaɗaya ba shi da kyau ga cututtukan daji masu alama, saboda galibi sun ci gaba sosai. Adadin tsira don gano matakin farko ya ninka sau biyar fiye da na ciwon daji a ƙarshen mataki. Mutanen da ke da ciwon daji wanda bai keta mucosa na mucosa ba (TNM matakin Tis, N0, M0) suna da adadin rayuwa na shekaru biyar na 100%, yayin da wadanda ke da ciwon daji na T1 (a cikin submucosal Layer) ko T2 (a cikin muscular). Layer) suna da matsakaicin adadin rayuwa na shekaru biyar kusan 90%. Waɗanda ke da ƙari mai ɓarna duk da haka ba tare da shigar kumburi ba (T3-4, N0, M0) suna da matsakaicin ƙimar rayuwa na shekaru biyar kusan 70%. Mutanen da ke da ƙananan ƙwayoyin lymph na yanki (kowane T, N1-3, M0) suna da matsakaicin matsakaicin shekaru biyar na rayuwa kusan 40%, yayin da waɗanda ke da metastases mai nisa (kowane T, kowane N, M1) suna da rashin fahimta da biyar. Rayuwar shekara ta bambanta daga <5 bisa dari zuwa kashi 31. Hasashen ya dogara da abubuwa da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da matakin lafiyar jiki na mutum, girman metastases, da ƙimar ƙari. Duk da yake tasirin ciwon daji na launin fata akan waɗanda suka tsira ya bambanta sosai, sau da yawa za a sami buƙatar daidaitawa ga sakamakon jiki da tunani na rashin lafiya da maganinta. Misali, ya zama ruwan dare ga mutane su fuskanci rashin natsuwa, tabarbarewar jima'i, matsaloli tare da kula da stoma da kuma tsoron sake dawowar ciwon daji bayan an kammala maganin farko. Wani ingantaccen tsarin bita da aka buga a cikin 2021 ya nuna cewa akwai manyan abubuwa guda uku da ke haifar da daidaitawa ga rayuwa tare da kuma bayan cutar kansa ta launi: hanyoyin tallafi, tsananin tasirin ƙarshen jiyya da daidaitawar zamantakewa. Don haka yana da mahimmanci a ba mutane tallafin da ya dace don taimaka musu su dace da rayuwa bayan jiyya. Epidemiology Duniya fiye da 1 Miliyoyin mutane suna kamuwa da cutar kansar launin fata a kowace shekara wanda ya haifar da mutuwar kusan 715,000 a cikin 2010 daga 490,000 a 1990. it is the second most common cause of cancer in women (9.2% of diagnoses) and the third most common in men (10.0%) with it being the fourth most common cause of cancer death after lung, stomach, and liver cancer. It is more common in developed than developing countries. Globally incidences vary 10-fold with highest rates in Australia, New Zealand, Europe and the US and lowest rates in Africa and South-Central Asia. Amurka Ciwon daji na launin fata shine na biyu mafi girma na sanadin kamuwa da cutar kansa da kuma mutuwa ga maza da mata a Amurka a hade. An kiyasta cutar 141,210 a cikin 2011. Dangane da farashin daga 2007 zuwa 2009, kashi 5.0% na maza da matan Amurka da aka haifa a yau za su kamu da ciwon daji a lokacin rayuwarsu. Daga 2005 zuwa 2009, matsakaicin shekarun da aka gano don ciwon daji na hanji da dubura a Amurka yana da shekaru 69. Kusan 0.1% an gano su a ƙarƙashin shekaru 20; 1.1% tsakanin 20 da 34; 4.0% tsakanin 35 da 44; 13.4% tsakanin 45 da 54; 20.4% tsakanin 55 da 64; 24.0% tsakanin 65 da 74; 25.0% tsakanin 75 da 84; da 12.0% 85+ shekaru. Farashin ya fi girma a tsakanin maza (54 a cikin 100,000 cf 40 cikin 100,000 na mata). Ƙasar Ingila A Burtaniya kimanin mutane 41,000 ne ke kamuwa da cutar kansar hanji a shekara wanda ya zama nau'i na hudu da aka fi yawan samu. Ostiraliya Ɗaya daga cikin maza 19 da ɗaya a cikin 28 mata a Ostiraliya za su kamu da ciwon daji na launin fata kafin shekaru 75; daya daga cikin maza 10 da daya a cikin 15 mata za su ci gaba da cutar ta hanyar shekaru 85. Papua New Guinea A cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa kamar Papua New Guinea da sauran Jihohin tsibirin Pacific da suka haɗa da tsibirin Solomon, cutar kansar launin fata cuta ce da ba a taɓa samunta ba a tsakanin mutane, wacce ba ta fi yawa ba idan aka kwatanta da huhu, ciki, hanta ko kansar nono. An kiyasta cewa aƙalla kashi 8 cikin 100,000 na mutane suna iya kamuwa da cutar kansar launin fata a kowace shekara, wanda ba kamar huhu ko kansar nono ba, inda na ƙarshe kawai 24 a cikin 100,000 na mata kawai. Tarihi An gano ciwon daji na dubura a cikin tsohuwar mummy ta Masar wacce ta rayu a cikin Dakhleh Oasis a lokacin Ptolemaic Al'umma da al'adu A Amurka, watan Maris shine watan wayar da kan jama'a game da ciwon daji Bincike Shaida ta farko ta in-vitro tana nuna kwayoyin lactic acid (misali, lactobacilli, streptococci ko lactococci na iya zama kariya daga ci gaba da ci gaba da ciwon daji na launi ta hanyar hanyoyi da yawa kamar aikin antioxidant, immunomodulation, inganta shirin mutuwar kwayar halitta, antiproliferative effects, da epigenetic gyare-gyare. na kwayoyin cutar daji. Mouse model na colorectal da ciwon daji na hanji an haɓaka kuma ana amfani dashi a cikin bincike. The Cancer Genome Atlas Colourectal Cancer Atlas wanda ya haɗa bayanan kwayoyin halitta da na kariya da suka shafi kyallen kansar launin launi da layin salula an haɓaka su. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Manazarta Translated from MDWiki Cutar