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24148

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C6%99e%20-ya%C6%99e%20na%20Komenda

Yaƙe -yaƙe na Komenda

Yaƙe -yaƙe na Komenda sun kasance wasu jerin yaƙe -yaƙe ne daga 1694 zuwa 1700 galibi tsakanin kamfanin yammacin Indiya da kamfanin Royal na Ingila, a Masarautar Eguafo a cikin ƙasar Ghana ta yanzu, kan haƙƙin kasuwanci. Yaren mutanen Holland suna ƙoƙarin nisantar da Ingilishi daga yankin don ci gaba da mulkin mallaka, yayin da Ingilishi ke ƙoƙarin sake kafa sansanin soja a cikin garin Komenda. Fadan ya hada da sojojin kamfanin Dutch West India Company, Royal African Company, Masarautar Eguafo, yariman masarautar da ke kokarin hawa kan karagar mulki, sojojin wani babban dan kasuwa mai suna John Cabess, sauran kabilun Akan da masarautu kamar Twifo da Denkyira. An yi lokacin yaƙi daban -daban guda huɗu, gami da yaƙin basasa a masarautar Eguafo, kuma yaƙin ya ƙare tare da Ingilishi ya ɗora Takyi Kuma a cikin iko a Eguafo. Saboda kawancen da ke saurin canzawa tsakanin manyan kasashen Turai da na Afirka, masanin tarihi John Thornton ya gano cewa "babu wani kyakkyawan misali na [rikitacciyar haɗuwar hamayyar Turai da ke haɗe da kishiyar Afirka fiye da Yaƙin Komenda." Yanayi na gaba Kamfanin Dutch West India Company (WIC) da Masarautar Eguafo sun tsunduma cikin wani tashin hankali na farko a 1688. Yaren mutanen Holland da Ingilishi sun kafa masana’antu a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Komenda. A cikin shekarar 1687, Faransa ta tattauna da sarkin Eguafo don buɗe masana'anta a Komenda kuma WIC ta amsa ta hanyar ƙaddamar da sojojinta don tilasta sarkin Eguafo ya kori Faransanci. Mutanen Holland sun yi ƙoƙarin jawo ƙasashe maƙwabta don su kai wa Eguafo hari a lokaci guda, yayin da Faransawa suka ba da zinari ga Sarki don biyan jihohin maƙwabta don su daina faɗa. A ƙarshe, Twifo ya shiga cikin Mutanen Holland kuma ya sami izinin kasuwanci a Komenda sakamakon. Tashin hankalin ya yi sanadiyyar kashe Sarkin Eguafo da wani basaraken da ya yi kawance da Holan an dora shi akan karaga mai suna Takyi. Daga nan ne Komenda ya zama mai iko da Dutch da kawayensu Twifo. Wannan yanayin a hankali ya haifar da tashin hankali tsakanin Takyi da duka 'yan wasan. A sakamakon haka, Takyi ya yi ta ƙoƙarin daidaita bukatun Ingilishi a tashar jiragen ruwa na Komenda. Jerin yaƙe -yaƙe Yaƙe -yaƙe na Komenda ya kasance jerin ayyukan sojoji daban -daban guda huɗu waɗanda aka ayyana ta hanyar sauya ƙawance da shigar da sojoji daga masarautu da yawa a yankin. Yaƙe -yaƙe sun ƙare tare da Takyi Kuma na Ingilishi a matsayin Sarkin Eguafo. Willem Bosman shine babban marubucin tarihin Yaƙe -yaƙe na Komenda, kasancewa ɗan takara mai aiki tare da Kamfanin Yammacin Yammacin Indiya da buga mujallu a cikin 1703. Gabaɗaya, yaƙin da ya daɗe ya haɗa da Kamfanin Yammacin Yammacin Indiya (WIC) da Kamfanin Royal African Company (RAC) da ke tallafa wa ɓangarori daban -daban a Masarautar Eguafo don tallafawa gatansu na kasuwanci. Sojojin John Cabess, shahararren ɗan kasuwa a birnin Komenda, sun kasance masu kawance da Ingilishi kuma galibi suna goyon bayansu. Yaƙin ya fara ne tare da John Cabess ya kai hari kan Sansanin Vredenburgh na Dutch a Komenda sannan Dutch ɗin ya shirya sojojin yanki a kan Sarki a Eguafo, Takyi. Daga ƙarshe, ɓangarori sun canza kuma Ingilishi ya fara tallafawa mai ƙalubalantar sarautar Eguafo, Takyi Kuma. Fadan ya kawo wasu al'adun Akan a yankin cikin fada, da suka hada da: Adom, Akani, Akrons, Asebu, Cabess Terra, Denkyira, Fante, Ahanta da Twifo. Yakin farko Yaƙin farko ya fara ne sakamakon sabani tsakanin fitaccen ɗan kasuwa na Afirka, John Cabess (wani lokacin Kabes) wanda ke da sojoji masu yi masa biyayya, a Eguafo da Kamfanin Dutch West India Company (WIC). Cabess abokin aiki ne na aminci kuma mai aminci ga Kamfanin Royal African Company kuma ya taimaka ayyukan su a yankin. Yaren mutanen Holland, a gasa tare da Kamfanin Royal African Company, yana da jerin takaddama tare da Cabess gami da misali a cikin shekarata 1684 tare da Cabess na Dutch da ɗaukar kayansa. Rikicin ya tsananta ne a watan Nuwamba 1694 lokacin da Cabess ya gayyaci Kamfanin Royal African Company da ya koma Komenda sannan ya kai hari kan masu hakar ma'adinai na Holland a wajen birnin. Tare da Ingilishi suna mamaye tsohon sansanin Ingilishi a Komenda sai sansanin Dutch ya kore su. Sakamakon wannan tashin hankali, sarkin Ingilishi, Dutch, da Eguafo sun fara tuntuɓar abokan haɗin gwiwa a cikin masarautun Afirka da ke kewaye don shirya yaƙi. Da farko Cabess Terra da Twifo sun shiga cikin Yaren mutanen Holland, amma an dakatar da wannan ƙawancen lokacin da Denkyira yayi barazanar kai farmaki Twifo idan yaƙi ya barke. Adoms sun karɓi kuɗi daga Eguafo don su kasance masu tsaka tsaki a duk wani faɗa. Yaƙe -yaƙe ya ɓarke a watan Fabrairu 1695 lokacin da sojojin John Cabess suka kai hari kan sansanin Dutch kuma suka hana ƙarfafawa. Ranar 28 ga Afrilun shekarar 1695, an ci sojojin Twifo. Daga nan yaƙin ya fi ɗaukar yanayin panyarring inda ƙarfi ɗaya zai kame membobin wasu ƙungiyoyi akai -akai. John Cabess da Dutch sun fara tattaunawa a waccan shekarar, amma a ranar 26 ga Yuni, shugaban Dutch a sansanin, Willem Bosman, ya zana bindiga ya yi ƙoƙarin harbi a Cabess. Tashe-tashen hankula da tashin hankali na lokaci-lokaci sun barke har sai an cimma zaman lafiya na ɗan gajeren lokaci a ƙarshen 1695. Yaki na biyu A ranar 21 ga Janairun shekara ta 1696, wani matashin yariman Eguafo ya fara yakin basasa don yunƙurin da'awar kursiyin masarautar. Sau da yawa ana sanya sunan ƙaramin yariman a matsayin Takyi Kuma ko Ƙananan Takyi (dangane da sarki Takyi na yanzu). Yaren mutanen Holland sun tallafawa Takyi Kuma kuma sun sami damar samun jihohin makwabta na Adom da Akani su shiga cikin yaƙin da ke tallafawa Takyi Kuma. 'Yan Akron sun hada kai da Takyi wajen kare Eguafo. Yaƙin ya ƙare da sauri tare da Takyi Kuma da sojojinsa sun yi asara a ranar 20 ga Maris. Asarar ta haifar da tattaunawa ta yau da kullun tsakanin Dutch da Eguafo. Jan van Sevenhuysen, sabon WIC Gwamnan Gold Coast ya yi sulhu tare da Eguafo wanda ya ba Dutch damar ci gaba da masana'anta da sansanin su a Komenda. Koyaya, tashin hankalin Ingilishi da Yaren mutanen Holland ya kasance mai girma kuma garuruwansu a Komenda sun yi musayar na yau da kullun, ƙananan tashin hankali. Yaki na uku Mutanen Holland sun fara rokon sauran jam’iyyun na Afirka da su gwada da shirya wani runduna kan Eguafo da Takyi. A ranar 5 ga Agustan shekarar, 1697, Dutch da Fante sun yi yarjejeniya don kai farmaki kan Eguafo a madadin babban gwal da aka baiwa Fante. Ingilishi sun sami damar yin tayin fante na daidai gwargwado don kiyaye su tsaka tsaki kuma Fante ya yarda. Sauran ƙalubalen na Dutch sun sha musantawa ta hannun kawancen. A farkon 1698 Ingilishi da Yaren mutanen Holland sun cimma yarjejeniya don sanin juna ga haƙƙoƙin kasuwanci da kuma kiyaye shingaye a Komenda. Ya zuwa Nuwamba 1698, Ingilishi ya zo ganin cewa Takyi yana ƙara zama cikin layi tare da bukatun Dutch don haka ya fara tallafawa Takyi Kuma. A watan Nuwamba 1698, Turawan Ingilishi suka jagoranci kai hari wanda ya kashe Takyi a zaman wani yunƙuri na dora Takyi Kuma akan karagar mulki. Turanci ya biya sojojin haya daga Asebu, Cabess Terra, da Akani don shiga rikicin. Ya bambanta, Dutch, Fante da Denkyira sun kasance masu tsaka tsaki a yakin. Sojojin Takyi Kuma sun haɗu a kan Eguafo amma sojojin masarautar sun fatattake su. Yaƙi na huɗu Yaƙin na huɗu ya fara ne a watan Nuwamba 1699 tare da rundunar haɗin gwiwa da ke tallafawa Takyi Kuma ta fara tashin hankali a yankin. Panyarring ya zama babban sikeli tsakanin runduna daban -daban da haɓaka tashin hankali. A farkon 1700, Adom ya tona asirin kowane ɗan kasuwa da ke da alaƙa da Twifo da John Cabess. Rikici ya ci gaba da faruwa tare da kwace mutane na sojojin da ke gaba da juna har zuwa lokacin da sojojin haya masu goyon bayan Birtaniyya suka hau kan Eguafo kuma a ranar 9 ga Mayu, 1700, aka nada Takyi Kuma sabon sarkin Eguafo. Gada Babban abin gado a yankin shine canjin da ikon Turai ke sarrafa kasuwanci tare da Tekun Gold. Yayin da ƙaramin yanki ya canza hannu tsakanin kamfanonin Dutch da Ingilishi, ko kuma manufofin Afirka, Ingilishi ya ƙare tare da babban fa'idar ikon kasuwanci a bakin tekun. Sai dai kuma cikin hanzari suka nesanta sabon sarki Takyi Kuma ta hanyar neman biyan basussuka. Bugu da ƙari, matsayin Ingilishi ya lalace a cikin 1704 lokacin da mutuwar Takyi Kuma ya haifar da yakin basasa a Eguafo. Abu na biyu, yaƙe -yaƙe da ɓarkewar ɓarna a farkon 1700s sun haifar da raguwar yankin bakin teku. Yaƙe -yaƙe sun kuma fara ayyukan yaƙi wanda zai zama na yau da kullun a cikin sauran shekarun 1700 ciki har da amfani da sojojin haya da panyarring. Hargitsi ya ƙarshe ya ba da damar fadada daular Ashanti a yankin da maye gurbin cinikin gwal tare da cinikin bayi.

26567

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogin%20Tigris

Kogin Tigris

Taigiris /t aɪ ɡ r ɪ s shine na biyu mai girma koguna cewa ayyana Mesofotamiya, da sauran kasancewa Yufiretis Kogin yana gudana kudu daga tsaunukan tsaunukan Armeniya ta cikin hamadar Siriya da Larabawa, kuma ya fantsama zuwa Tekun Fasha Geography Tigris shine 1,750 Tsawon kilomita, yana tashi a tsaunukan Taurus na gabashin Turkiyya kimanin 25 kilomita kudu maso gabas da birnin Elazig da kuma kusan 30 km daga magudanar ruwan Furat. Sai kogin yana gudana har 400 kilomita ta kudu maso gabashin Turkiyya kafin ya zama wani yanki na iyakar Siriya da Turkiyya Wannan nau'i na 44 km ne kawai yanki na kogin da yake a Siriya. Wasu daga cikin wadatarta sune Garzan, Anbarçayi, Batman, da Babban da Ƙananan Zab Kusa da haɗuwa da Euphrates, Tigris ya rabu zuwa tashoshi da yawa. Na farko, rassan Shatt al-Hayy na wucin gadi, don shiga cikin Furat kusa da Nasiriya Na biyu, Shatt al-Muminah da Majar al-Kabir reshen don ciyar da tsakiyar Marshes Daga baya, wasu tashoshi biyu na rarrabawa sun rabu Al-Musharrah da Al-Kahla don ciyar da Marshes Hawizeh Babban tashar yana ci gaba zuwa kudu kuma yana haɗuwa da Al-Kassarah, wanda ke zubar da Marshes Hawizeh. A ƙarshe, Tigris ya haɗu da Furat kusa da al-Qurnah don kafa Shatt-al-Arab A cewar Pliny da wasu ’yan tarihi na dā, Euphrates asalinsa yana da hanyar shiga teku dabam da na Tigris. Baghdad, babban birnin ƙasar Iraki, yana kan gabar Tigris. Birnin Basra mai tashar jiragen ruwa yana mashigin Shatt al-Arab. A zamanin da, da yawa daga cikin manyan biranen Mesofotamiya sun tsaya a kan Tigris ko kuma kusa da Tigris, suna ɗibar ruwa daga gare ta don ba da shayarwa ga wayewar Sumeriyawa Manyan garuruwan da ke gefen Tigris sun haɗa da Nineba, Ctesiphon, da Seleucia, yayin da Tigris ke ba da ruwa a birnin Lagash ta wata magudanar ruwa da aka haƙa a shekara ta 2900 BC. Kewayawa Tigris ta kasance hanya mai mahimmanci ta sufuri a cikin ƙasa mai yawan hamada. Tasoshin jiragen ruwa marasa zurfi na iya zuwa Bagadaza, amma ana buƙatar raƙuman ruwa don hawa sama zuwa Mosul Janar Francis Rawdon Chesney ya jera jiragen ruwa guda biyu a kan kasar Siriya a shekara ta 1836 don gano yiwuwar hanyar tudu da kogi zuwa Indiya. Wani jirgin ruwa mai suna Tigris, ya kuma rushe a cikin guguwar da ta nutse kuma ta kashe ashirin. Chesney ya tabbatar da kogin na iya tafiya zuwa sana'a mai ƙarfi. A shekara ta 1855, wani ayarin rafts dauke antiquities daga Victor Place ta balaguro zuwa Khorsabad, Rawlinson 's zuwa Kuyunjik da Fresnel s zuwa Babila aka sunk ta gida ta kabilu kusa Al-Qurnah Daga baya, Euphrates da Tigris Steam Navigation Company aka kafa a shekara ta 1861 da Lynch Brothers ciniki kamfanin, wanda yana da biyu steamers a sabis. A shekara ta 1908 masu hawa goma sun kasance a kan kogin. Masu yawon bude ido sun hau jiragen ruwan tururi don shiga cikin gida saboda wannan shine farkon shekarun yawon shakatawa na kayan tarihi, kuma wuraren Ur da Ctesiphon sun zama sananne ga matafiya na Turai. A yakin duniya na farko, a lokacin da Birtaniyya ta mamaye Mesopotamiya na Ottoman, an yi amfani da mashinan ruwa na Indiya da na Kogin Thames don samar da sojojin Janar Charles Townsend, a cikin Siege na Kut da Fall of Baghdad (1917) Tigris Flotilla sun hada da jiragen ruwa Clio, Espiegle, Lawrence, Odin, tug Comet, makamai masu linzami Lewis Pelly, Miner, Shaitan, Sumana, da sternwheelers Muzaffari/Muzaffar. Waɗannan sun haɗa da jiragen ruwa na Royal Navy Fly-class Butterfly, Cranefly, Dragonfly, Mayfly, Sawfly, Snakefly, da Mantis, Moth, da Tarantula. Bayan yakin, cinikin koguna ya ragu da muhimmanci a cikin ƙarni na 20 yayin da aka kammala titin jirgin kasa na Basra-Baghdad-Mosul, wani yanki da ba a kammala ba a baya na titin jirgin kasa na Bagadaza, kuma hanyoyi sun mamaye yawancin zirga-zirgar jigilar kayayyaki. Etymology Tsohon Girkanci na Tigris ma'ana damisa (idan ana bi da shi azaman Girkanci), an samo shi daga Tsohon Farisa Tigrā, kanta daga Elamite Tigra, kanta daga Sumerian Idigna ko Idigina (wataƙila an samo shi daga id (i) gina "ruwa mai gudu"). A Sumerian lokaci, wanda za a iya fassara a matsayin "da gaggawar kogin", ya bambanta da na Taigiris ta zuwa ga maƙwabcinsa, wato Kogin Yufiretis, wanda leisurely taƙi sa shi saka ƙarin silt da kuma gina wata babbar gado fiye da Taigiris. An aro nau'in Sumerian zuwa Akkadian a matsayin Idiqlat kuma daga nan zuwa sauran yarukan Semitic (kwatanta Ibrananci Ḥîddeqel, Syriac Deqlaṯ, Larabci Dijlah Wani suna na Tigris da aka yi amfani da shi a Farisa ta Tsakiya shine Arvand Rud, a zahiri "kogi mai sauri". A yau, duk da haka, Arvand Rud Sabon Persian yana nufin haduwar kogin Furat da Tigris, wanda aka fi sani da Larabci da Shatt al-Arab A cikin Kurdawa, an san shi da Ava Mezin, "Babban Ruwa". Sunan Tigris a cikin harsunan da suka kasance masu mahimmanci a yankin sune kamar haka: Gudanarwa da ingancin ruwa Yankin Tigris yana da ruwa sosai a Iraki da Turkiyya don samar da ruwan sha don ban ruwa a yankuna masu bushe da hamada da ke kan iyaka da kwarin kogin. Damming ya kuma kasance muhimmi wajen kawar da ambaliya a Iraki, wanda tarihi ya yi kaurin suna a yankin Tigris bayan narkar da dusar kankara a cikin watan Afrilu a tsaunukan Turkiyya. Matsalolin ruwan da Turkiyya ta yi a baya-bayan nan ya kasance batun cece-kuce, saboda illar da ke tattare da muhalli a cikin kasar Turkiyya da kuma yuwuwar rage kwararar ruwa daga magudanar ruwa. Dam na Mosul shi ne madatsar ruwa mafi girma a Iraki. Ana amfani da ruwa daga kogunan biyu a matsayin hanyar matsi yayin rikici. A cikin shekara ta 2014 an sami babban ci gaba wajen samar da yarjejeniya tsakanin wakilan masu ruwa da tsaki na Iraki da Turkiyya kan wani shiri na inganta musaya da daidaita bayanai da ka'idojin da suka shafi magudanar ruwa na Tigris. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2016, ofishin jakadancin Amurka a Iraki da kuma Firayim Ministan Iraki Haider al-Abadi sun ba da gargadin cewa Dam din Mosul na iya rushewa. Amurka ta gargadi jama'a da su kaurace wa magudanar ruwan Tigris saboda mutane tsakanin 500,000 zuwa miliyan 1.5 na cikin hadarin nutsewa saboda ambaliyar ruwa idan dam din ya ruguje, kuma manyan biranen Iraki na Mosul, Tikrit, Samarra, da Baghdad suna cikin hadari. kasada. Addini da tatsuniyoyi A cikin tarihin Sumerian allahn Enki ne ya halicci Tigris, wanda ya cika kogin da ruwa mai gudana. A cikin tatsuniyar Hittiyawa da Hurrian, Aranzah (ko Aranzahas a cikin sunan Hittiyawa shine sunan Hurrian na Kogin Tigris, wanda aka yi masa sihiri. Shi ɗan Kumarbi ne kuma ɗan'uwan Teshub da Tašmišu, ɗaya daga cikin alloli uku ya tofa albarkacin bakinsa daga bakin Kumarbi a kan Dutsen Kanzuras Daga baya ya hada baki da Anu da Teshub don halaka Kumarbi. Tigris ya bayyana sau biyu a cikin Tsohon Alkawari Na farko, a cikin Littafin Farawa, shi ne na uku na koguna huɗu da ke reshen kogin da ke fitowa daga gonar Adnin An ambaci na biyu a cikin Littafin Daniyel, inda Daniyel ya ce ya sami ɗaya daga cikin wahayinsa “lokacin da nake bakin babban kogin Tigris”. Haka nan ana ambaton kogin Tigris a Musulunci. A kabarin Imam Ahmad Bin Hambali da Syed Abdul Razzaq Jilani ne a birnin Bagadaza, da kuma da ya kwarara daga Tigris ƙuntatãwa da yawan baƙi. Kogin ya kasance a kan rigar makamai na Iraki daga shekara ta 1932-1959. Duba kuma Assuriya Yaro na wayewa Yakin yakin neman zabe na Dam din Ilisu na yaki da dam a Tigris a Turkiyya Jerin wurare a Iraki Namun daji na Iraki Manazarta Hanyoyin waje Livius.org: Tigris Gudanar da Ruwan Tigris da Furat Littafin Littafi Mai Tsarki akan Albarkatun Ruwa da Laburaren Fadar Zaman Lafiya na Dokokin Duniya Bayanin Yaƙe-yaƙe na WWI da suka haɗa da Kogin Tigris Tsohon taswirorin Tigris, Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, The National Library of Israel Dam a Najeriya Ruwan Koramu Ruwa Koguna Kogi Kogunan Nijar Baghdad Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba

51788

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahoton%20Lafiya%20ta%20Duniya

Rahoton Lafiya ta Duniya

Rahoton Lafiya ta Duniya WHR jerin rahotanni ne na shekara-shekara wanda Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ke fitarwa. An fara wallafa shi a shekarar1995, Rahoton Lafiya na Duniya shine wallafin WHO na kan gaba. Ana wallafa rahotannin a kowacce shekara daga 1995 zuwa 2008, sannan kuma a cikin 2010 da 2013. Ana samun rahotannin a cikin yaruka da dama, kuma suna samun tantance daga ƙwararru akan wani takamaiman batun kiwon lafiya na duniya, wanda ya shafi dukkannin ƙasashen da suke membobin ƙungiyar. Babban manufar WHR ita ce samar da muhimmman bayanai ga masu tsara manufofi, hukumomin ba da agaji, kungiyoyin kasa da kasa da sauran su don taimaka musu wajen yanke manufofin kiwon lafiya da suka dace da kuma yanke shawara akan tallafi. Duk da haka, rahoton kuma yana samun isa ga mafi yawan masu sauraro, kamar jami'o'i, 'yan jarida da sauran jama'a. Ana sa ran cewa duk wani ƙwararre ko kuma wanda ke da ra'ayi akan amuran kiwon lafiya na duniya, zai iya karantawa kuma yayi amfani da shi. Jerin jigogi dangane da shekara Kowane WHR tana magance jigo daban-daban. A kasa akwai jerin rahotanni da jigogi. 2013: Research for universal health coverage 2010: Health systems financing: The path to universal coverage 2008: Primary health care: Now more than ever 2007: A safer future: global public health security in the 21st century 2006: Working together for health 2005: Make every mother and child count 2004: Changing history 2003: Shaping the future 2002: Reducing risks, promoting healthy life 2001: Mental health: new understanding, new hope 2000: Health systems: improving performance 1999: Making a difference 1998: Life in the 21st century: a vision for all 1997: Conquering suffering, enriching humanity 1996: Fighting disease, fostering development 1995: Bridging the gaps WHR 2013: Bincike don ɗaukar nauyin lafiya na duniya Rahoton Lafiya na Duniya na 2013 ta mai da hankali kan mahimmancin bincike don haɓaka ci gaba zuwa ɗaukar nauyin kula da lafiya na duniya a wasu kalmomi, cikakken damar yin amfani da ayyuka masu inganci don rigakafi, jiyya da kariyar haɗarin asarar dukiya. Rahoton yana ba da shawarar kara zuba jari na kasa da kasa da na kasa a cikin bincike da nufin inganta ayyukan kiwon lafiya a ciki da tsakanin kasashe. Misalan binciken da ake buƙata sun haɗa da binciken magunguna, ko bincikar abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin lafiya da kuma abubuwan da ake bukata don inganta kiwon lafiya da jin dadi, da kuma bincike na ayyukan kiwon lafiya, mayar da hankali kan yadda za a fadada ayyukan da kuma rage rashin daidaito a wajen dakan nauyi Rahotannin da suka gabata 2010: Tallafin Tsarin Kiwon Lafiya Rahon Lafiya ta Duniya ta 2010 ta mayar da hankali ne akan kula da kiwon lafiya na duniya, da kuma yadda kasashe zasu canza tsarin tallafin kudadensu don cimma wannan buri. Rahoton ya samar da ajenda na matakai ga kasashe daga kowanne mataki na cigaba, kuma ta bada shawara akan yadda kasashen duniya zasu tallafawa manufofi a kasashe da ke da karamin karfi don cimma nasarorin shiga tsarin kiwon lafiya ta duniya da kuma bunkasa sakamakon kiwon lafiyar jama'a. 2008: Kiwon lafiyar ta farko Rahon Lafiya ta Duniya ta 2008 ya ta'allaka akan sabunta kiwon lafiya ta farko, da kuma bukatar Tsarin Lafiya da ta inganta mayar da martani acikin sauri ga matsalolin kiwon lafiya a wannan duniya mai canzawa. 2007: Tsaron kiwon lafiyar jama'ar duniya Muhimmin kudurin Rahon Lafiya ta Duniya ta 2007 sun ta'allaka akan cewa, duka duniya na cikin barazanar barkewar cututttuka, annoba, hadurran masana'antu, tashin hankali na yau da kullum da kuma sauran tashe-tashen hankula wadanda ka iya zama barazana ga tsaron lafiyar jama'a. Rahoton ya nuna yadda sabbin Dokokin Lafiya na Kasa da Kasa ke taimakawa kasashe wajen aiki tare wajen gano hadurra da kuma daukan matakai na tsayar da su da kuma sarrafa su. 2006: Aiki tare don kiwon lafiya Rahon Lafiya ta Duniya ta 2006 (WHR2006), ta bayyana karancin ma'aikatan lafiya akalla miliyan 4.3, da suka hada da likitoci, ma'aikatan jinya, unguwannin zoma da sauran maikatan kiwon lafiyaa fadin duniya, kuma suka kira yanayin da "matsalolin ma'aikatan lafiya na duniya". Rahoton ya shimfida tsarin matakai na tsawon shekaru goma don gina ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya a tsakanin kasashe ta hanyar horarwa na musamman, daukar ma'aikata da kuma hanyoyin sarrafa su. 2005: Kiyaye kowacce mahaifiya da dan ta Rahon Lafiya ta Duniya ta 2005 ya mayar da hankali akan cewa akalla yara miliyan 11 'yan kasa da shekaru biyar suna mutuwa daga ciwuka wadanda za'a iya magance su, sannan kuma akalla mata 500 na mutuwa a wajen rainon ciki, wajen haihuwa, ko kuma da zarar an haihu. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa, rage wannan mace-mace dangane da tsarin Millennium Development Goals zai ta'allaka ne akan kowacce mahaifiya da kuma kowanne yaro da su samu damar hakkin kiwon lafiya tun daga daukan ciki har zuwa haihuwa, da rainon jariri har zuwa yarintarsa. 2004: Canza tarihi Batun Rahon Lafiya ta Duniya ta 2004 ya kasance akan annobar HIV/AIDS a fadin duniya. 2003: Tsara gaba Rahon Lafiya ta Duniya ta 2003 ya auna yanayin lafiya ta duniya da kuma wasu muhimman barazana ga lafiya. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa an kusa samu muhimmin cigaba a cikin shirin lafiya ga kowa, sannan kuma cigaba ya ta'allaka ne akan hadin gwiwa a tsakanin gwamnatoci, cibiyoyin kasa da kasa, ma'aikatu masu zaman kansu, da kuma kungiyoyin 'yan kasa don gina tsarin kiwon lafiya masu inganci. 2002: Rage hadurra, bunkasa ingantacciyar rayuwa Rahon Lafiya ta Duniya ta 2002 ta bayyana dumbin cututtuka, tawaya, da mace-mace a duniya da ke da alaka da wasu muhimman abubuwa masu hatsari ga rayuwar dan-adam. Ta bayyana yadda za'a iya rage wannan nauyi a cikin shekaru 20 masu zuwa idan an rage wadannan abubuwa masu hatsari. 2001: Matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa An mayar da hankali akan watsi da matsalolin kwakwalwa a cikin Rahon Lafiya ta Duniya ta 2001. Rahoton ta fitar da awon ayyukan tsarin lafiya na kasa na kowacce kasa. 2000: Tsare-tsaren lafiya: inganta lafiya Rahon Lafiya ta Duniya ta 2000 ta gabatar da wasu tsare-tsare da hanyoyin gwaje-gwaje wajen aunawa da danganta harkokin tsarin lafiya a fadin duniya, da kuma yadda za'a fi fahimtar rikitattun abubuwan da suke bayyana yadda tsarin lafiya ke wakana. Rahoton ta fitar da awon ayyukan tsarin lafiya na kasa na kowacce kasa. Kara bincike World Health Day World report on disability Bulletin of the World Health Organization Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal Human Resources for Health journal U-Report Pan American Journal of Public Health WHO South-East Asia Journal of Public Health Hanyoyin hadin waje Official World Health Organization page on the World Health Report

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%B3ancin%20Cire%20Ha%C9%97in

Ƴancin Cire Haɗin

Yancin cire haɗin haƙƙin ɗan adam ne da aka gabatar game da ikon mutane don cire haɗin aiki da kuma ainihin kada su shiga a cikin ayyukan sadarwa na lantarki da suka shafi aiki kamar imel ko saƙonni a lokutan da ba na aiki ba. Sabon yanayin aiki na zamani ya canza sosai ta sabbin hanyoyin sadarwa da fasahar sadarwa. Iyaka tsakanin rayuwar aiki da rayuwar gida ta ragu tare da gabatar da kayan aikin dijital cikin aiki. Yayinda kayan aikin dijital ke kawo sassauci da yanci ga ma'aikata suma zasu iya haifar da rashin iyakoki, wanda zai haifar da tsangwama mai yawa a cikin rayuwar masu zaman kansu. Ƙasashe da yawa, musamman a cikin ƙasar Turai, suna da wasu nau'ikan haƙƙin cire haɗin da aka haɗa a cikin dokar su, yayin da a wasu lokuta ya kasance a cikin manufofin manyan kamfanoni da yawa. A ranar 24 ga Yulin, shekara ta 2018, Takaddar 1057 ta yi kira da a gabatar da 'yancin cirewa ko kuma kamar yadda ake kira da Faransanci "Le droit à la déconnexion" a cikin Dokar Kwadago a Luxembourg. Faransa Asali 'Yancin cire haɗin ya fito a Cikin ƙasar Faransa a cikin yanke hukunci a Chamberungiyar Ma'aikata na Kotun Koli ta Faransa Hukuncin da aka yanke a ranar 2 ga Oktoban shekara ta 2001 ya nuna cewa "ma'aikaci baya cikin tilas ko dai ya karɓi aiki a gida ko kuma ya kawo fayilolinsa da kayan aikinsa a wurin." A shekara ta 2004 Kotun Koli ta tabbatar da wannan hukuncin kuma ta yanke hukuncin cewa "gaskiyar cewa ba a iya samunta [ma'aikacin] a wayar salularsa ba a wajen lokutan aiki ba za a dauke shi a matsayin rashin da'a ba." Dokar El Khomri Gwamnatin ƙasar Faransa ta zartar da dokar El Khomri don gyara yanayin aiki ga Faransawa. Mataki na 55 a ƙarƙashin Fasali na II "Adaarɓar da Dokar Aiki ga Zamanin Zamani" Adaptation du droit du travail à l'ère du numérique ya haɗa da tanadi don yin kwaskwarimar Dokar Kwadago ta Faransa don haɗawa da haƙƙin katsewa le droit de la déconnexion Mataki na 55 (1) ya gyara Mataki na L. 2242-8 na Dokar Aiki ta hanyar ƙara sakin layi (7); "(7) Hanyoyi don cikakken motsa jiki da ma'aikacin yake da hakkin yankewa da kuma kafa ta kamfanin na hanyoyin don tsara amfani da kayan aikin dijital, da kuma nufin tabbatar da girmama lokutan hutu da barin kuma na mutum da rayuwar iyali. Idan aka gaza cimma yarjejeniya, sai mai aikin ya zana yarjejeniya, bayan ya gama tattaunawa da majalisar ayyuka ko kuma, idan ba haka ba, tare da wakilan ma'aikata. Wannan kundin tsarin mulkin ya fayyace wadannan hanyoyin don aiwatar da 'yancin yankewa da kuma samar da aiwatarwa, ga ma'aikata da ma'aikatan gudanarwa da ma'aikatan gudanarwa, na horo da ayyukan wayar da kan jama'a game da amfani da kayan aikin zamani. ""7 Les modalités du plein exercise par le salarié de son droit à la déconnexion et la mise en place par l'akasuwa ta hanyar disitififs de régulation de l'utilisation des outils numériques, en vue d'assurer le respect des temps de repos et de congé ainsi que de la vie personnelle et familiale. A défaut d'accord, l'employeur élabore une charte, après avis du comité d'entreprise ou, à défaut, des délégués du ma'aikata. Cette charte définit ces modalités de l'exercice du droit à la déconnexion et prévoit en outre la mise en œuvre, ƙaddara zuwa salariés et du ma'aikata d'encadrement et de shugabanci, dasuwa da ƙwarewa da ƙwarewa da rashin amfani outils numériques "Gabatarwar wannan dokar ta biyo bayan nazarin shekara ta 2016 wanda ya gano cewa kashi 37% na ma'aikata suna amfani da kayan aikin dijital na ƙwarewa (misali wayoyin hannu) a waje da lokutan aiki kuma cewa 62% na ma'aikata suna son ƙarin sarrafawa da dokoki don tsara wannan. Aikace-aikace Ana amfani da haƙƙin cire haɗin ga kowane kamfani a yadda yake so. Dokar El Khomri ta gabatar amma ba ta ayyana dama ba, ba wa kamfanoni damar zabar hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa don aiwatar da hakkin la'akari da yanayin kasuwancin (misali ko yana aiki tare da kasashe a yankunan kasashen waje ko kuma ma'aikata na aiki dare ko a karshen mako). Ga kamfanoni da ma'aikata sama da guda 50, haƙƙin shine a saka su cikin Tattaunawar Tattaunawa ta Shekara-shekara (MAN) game da daidaito tsakanin maza da mata da kuma yanayin ingancin rayuwa a wurin aiki. Dokar El Khomri ta riga ta buƙaci wannan ƙarin ta hanyar yin la'akari da hanyoyin da za a iya tsara amfani da kayan aikin dijital da hanyoyin yin hakan. Idan babu wannan, "yarjejeniya ta kyawawan halaye" za a tattauna da wakilan ƙungiyar kwatankwacin lokacin da ma'aikata za su iya cire haɗin kayan aikin su na dijital da lokacin da ba za a tsammaci su haɗi zuwa wayoyin su na zamani ko kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka ba. Kamfanoni da ke da ma’aikata kasa da hamsin ana sa ran za su fitar da wata takarda ga ma’aikatansu da ke bayyana dokokin kamfaninsu. Haƙƙi kamar yadda yake a dokar El Khomri bai shafi wadancan ma'aikata masu zaman kansu ba wadanda suke wani bangare na gwamnatocin cinkoson jama'a. Duba sauran wasu abubuwan 'Yancin Dan Adam Dama a manta dashi Dokar El Khomri Dokar Aiki Hanyoyin haɗin waje Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya Sanarwar Duniya game da 'Yancin Dan Adam Manazarta Ƴancin Ɗan Adam Rajin Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauyin%20yanayi

Sauyin yanayi

Sauyin yanayi ya haɗa da duk bambance-bambance a cikin yanayin da ke dadewa fiye da abubuwan da suka faru na kowanne yanayi, yayin da kalmar canjin yanayi kawai tana nufin wadannan bambance-bambancen da ke dawwama na tsawon lokaci, yawanci shekarun da suka gabata ko fiye. Canjin yanayi na iya nufin kowane lokaci a tarihin duniya, amma yanzu ana amfani da kalmar don kwatanta wasauyin yanayi na zamani, wanda aka fi sani da dumamar yanayi. Tun bayan juyin juya halin masana'antu, yanayin yana ƙara shafar ayyukan ɗan adam. Tsarin yanayi yana karɓar kusan dukkan ƙarfinsa daga rana kuma yana haskaka makamashi zuwa sararin samaniya Ma'auni na makamashi mai shigowa da mai fita da hanyar makamashi ta tsarin yanayi shine kasafin makamashi na duniya Lokacin da makamashi mai shigowa ya fi makamashi mai fita girma, kasafin makamashi na duniya yana da kyau kuma tsarin yanayi yana dumama. Idan ƙarin makamashi ya fita, kasafin makamashi mara kyau ne kuma Duniya tana samun sanyi. Ƙarfin da ke tafiya a cikin tsarin yanayi na duniya yana samun magana a cikin yanayi, ya bambanta akan ma'auni na yanki da lokaci. Matsakaicin tsayin lokaci da sauye-sauyen yanayi a cikin yanki sune yanayin yankin. Irin waɗannan sauye-sauye na iya zama sakamakon "saɓanin ciki", lokacin da tsarin yanayi ya shafi sassa daban-daban na tsarin yanayi ya canza rarraba makamashi. Misalai sun haɗa da sãɓãwar launukansa a cikin kwalayen teku kamar Pacific decadal oscillation da Atlantic multidecadal oscillation Canjin yanayi kuma na iya haifarwa daga tilastawa waje, lokacin da abubuwan da suka faru a wajen sassan tsarin sauyin yanayi suka haifar da canje-canje a cikin tsarin. Misalai sun haɗa da canje-canje a fitowar hasken rana da volcanism Canjin yanayi yana da sakamako ga canje-canjen matakin teku, rayuwar shuka, da ɓarnawar taro; yana kuma shafar al'ummomin mutane. Kalmomi Canjin yanayi shine kalmar don bayyana bambance-bambance a cikin ma'anar jihar da sauran halaye na yanayi (kamar dama ko yiwuwar matsanancin yanayi, da dai sauransu) "a kan duk ma'auni na sararin samaniya da na wucin gadi fiye da abubuwan da suka faru na kowane yanayi." Wasu daga cikin sauye-sauyen ba ya bayyana sun haifar da sanannun tsarin kuma yana faruwa a wasu lokuta bazuwar. Irin wannan sauye-sauye ana kiransa bazuwar bazuwar ko hayaniya A gefe guda, sauye-sauye na lokaci-lokaci yana faruwa akai-akai kuma a cikin yanayi daban-daban na sauye-sauye ko yanayin yanayi. Ana amfani da kalmar sauyin yanayi sau da yawa don nuni musamman ga canjin yanayi na ɗan adam. Sauyin yanayi na ɗan adam yana faruwa ne ta hanyar ayyukan da ɗan adam, sabanin sauyin yanayi wanda zai iya haifar da wani ɓangare na tsarin yanayin duniya gaba daya. Dumamar yanayi ta zama sanannen lokaci a cikin 1988, amma a cikin mujallu na kimiyya dumamar yanayi tana nufin karuwar zafin jiki yayin da sauyin yanayi ya haɗa da dumamar yanayi da duk wani abu da haɓaka matakan iskar gas ke shafar. Kalmar da ke da alaƙa, canjin yanayi, ita ce Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya (WMO) ta gabatar da ita a cikin 1966 don haɗa duk nau'ikan canjin yanayi akan ma'aunin lokaci fiye da shekaru 10, amma ba tare da la'akari da dalili ba. A cikin shekarun 1970s, kalmar canjin yanayi ta maye gurbin canjin yanayi don mai da hankali kan abubuwan da ke haifar da ɗan adam, kamar yadda ya bayyana a fili cewa ayyukan ɗan adam suna da yuwuwar canza yanayin. An shigar da canjin yanayi a cikin taken Kwamitin Gudanar da Canjin Yanayi (IPCC) da Tsarin Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Sauyin Yanayi (UNFCCC). Ana amfani da canjin yanayi yanzu azaman bayanin fasaha na tsari, da kuma suna da ake amfani da shi don bayyana matsalar. Dalilai A mafi girman ma'auni, adadin kuzarin da ake samu daga Rana da adadin da ya ɓace zuwa sararin samaniya yana ƙayyade ma'aunin zafin jiki da yanayin duniya. Ana rarraba wannan makamashi ne a ko'ina cikin duniya ta hanyar iska, magudanar ruwa, da sauran hanyoyin da za su shafi yanayin yankuna daban-daban. Abubuwan da za su iya siffanta yanayi ana kiransu da tilastawa yanayi ko "hanyoyin tilastawa". Waɗannan sun haɗa da matakai irin su bambance-bambance a cikin hasken rana, bambance-bambance a cikin kewayar duniya, bambance-bambance a cikin albedo ko tunani na nahiyoyi, yanayi, da tekuna, ginin dutse da raƙuman nahiyoyi da canje-canje a cikin ƙididdigar iskar gas Tilastawa na waje na iya zama ko dai ɗan adam (misali ƙarar hayaƙin iskar gas da ƙura) ko na halitta (misali, canje-canjen fitowar hasken rana, kewayawar duniya, fashewar aman wuta). Akwai ra'ayoyin canjin yanayi iri-iri waɗanda zasu iya haɓakawa ko rage tilastawa ta farko. Hakanan akwai maɓalli na maɓalli waɗanda idan sun wuce su na iya haifar da canji mai sauri ko mara jurewa. Wasu sassa na tsarin yanayi, irin su tekuna da kankara, suna mayar da martani da sannu a hankali game da tilasta yanayi, yayin da wasu ke mayar da martani da sauri. Misalin sauyi cikin sauri shine sanyin yanayi bayan fashewar aman wuta, lokacin da tokar aman wuta ke nuna hasken rana. Fadada yanayin zafi na ruwan teku bayan ɗumamar yanayi yana jinkirin, kuma yana iya ɗaukar dubban shekaru. Haɗin kai kuma yana yiwuwa, misali, asarar albedo kwatsam a cikin Tekun Arctic yayin da ƙanƙara na teku ke narkewa, sannan kuma a hankali fadada yanayin zafi na ruwa. Har ila yau, canjin yanayi na iya faruwa saboda matakai na ciki. Hanyoyin da ba a tilasta su cikin ciki sukan haɗa da canje-canje a cikin rarraba makamashi a cikin teku da yanayi, alal misali, canje-canje a cikin yanayin zafi na thermohaline. Canjin ciki Canjin yanayi saboda canjin cikin gida wani lokaci yana faruwa a cikin hawan keke ko oscillations. Ga sauran nau'ikan canjin yanayi na yanayi, ba za mu iya yin hasashen lokacin da ya faru ba; Ana kiran canjin bazuwar ko stochastic. Daga yanayin yanayi, ana iya ɗaukar yanayin bazuwar. Idan akwai ƙananan gizagizai a cikin shekara ta musamman, akwai rashin daidaituwar makamashi kuma za a iya ɗaukar karin zafi daga teku. Saboda rashin jin daɗi na yanayi, ana iya 'ajiye wannan siginar' a cikin teku kuma za'a bayyana shi azaman sauye-sauye akan ma'auni mai tsayi fiye da na asali na rikicewar yanayi. Idan hargitsi na yanayin gaba daya bazuwar, yana faruwa kamar farin amo, inertia na glaciers ko tekuna na iya canza wannan zuwa canje-canjen yanayi inda tsawon lokaci oscillations ma ya fi girma oscillations, wani sabon abu da ake kira a ja amo Yawancin canje-canjen yanayi suna da yanayin bazuwar da yanayin zagaye. Wannan halin ana yiwa lakabi da resonance stochastic Rabin kyautar Nobel ta 2021 akan ilimin kimiyyar lissafi an ba shi don wannan aikin ga Klaus Hasselmann tare da Syukuro Manabe don aiki mai alaƙa akan ƙirar yanayi Yayin da Giorgio Parisi wanda tare da masu haɗin gwiwa suka gabatar da an ba da ra'ayin stochastic resonance rabin rabin amma akasari don aiki akan ilimin kimiyyar lissafi. Canjin yanayin yanayin Teku da yanayi na iya yin aiki tare don samar da canjin yanayi na cikin gida ba tare da bata lokaci ba wanda zai iya dawwama shekaru zuwa shekaru aru-aru a lokaci guda. Waɗannan bambance-bambancen na iya shafar matsakaicin zafin jiki na duniya, ta hanyar sake rarraba zafi tsakanin teku mai zurfi da yanayi da/ko ta hanyar canza girgije/ tururin ruwa/ rarraba kankarar teku wanda zai iya shafar jimillar kasafin makamashi na duniya. Oscillations da hawan keke Juyin yanayi ko zaga yowar yanayi shine duk wani yanayi mai maimaitawa a cikin yanayin duniya ko yanki. Suna da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun lokaci (ba daidai ba na lokaci-lokaci), don haka bincike na Fourier na bayanan ba shi da kololuwa mai kaifi a cikin bakan An samo ko hasashen da yawa akan ma'auni daban-daban na lokaci: da El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Babban sikelin sikelin na warmer El Niño da kuma sanyi La Niña yanayin zafi na teku a cikin Tekun Pacific tare da tasirin duniya. Yana da juzu'i mai ɗorewa, wanda aka yi nazarin tsarinsa da kyau. ENSO shine sanannen sanannen tushen bambancin shekara-shekara a yanayi da yanayi a duniya. Zagayowar tana faruwa a kowacce shekara biyu zuwa bakwai, tare da El Niño yana ɗaukar watanni tara zuwa shekaru biyu a cikin dogon lokaci. Harshen sanyi na tekun Pasifik na equatorial ba ya yin ɗumama da sauri kamar sauran tekun, saboda haɓakar ruwan sanyi a yammacin gabar tekun Kudancin Amirka. Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) Tsarin motsi na gabas na karuwar ruwan sama a kan wurare masu zafi tare da tsawon kwanaki 30 zuwa 60, ana lura da shi a kan Tekun Indiya da Pacific. Arewacin Atlantic oscillation (NAO) Fihirisa na NAO sun dogara ne akan bambanci na daidaitaccen yanayin matakin teku (SLP) tsakanin Ponta Delgada, Azores da Stykkishólmur Reykjavík, Iceland. Kyawawan dabi'u na ma'auni suna nuna ƙarfi fiye da matsakaicin yamma a kan tsakiyar latitudes. oscillation na Quasi-biennial ƙawancin fahimta mai kyau a cikin yanayin iska a cikin stratosphere kewaye da equator. A cikin tsawon watanni 28 iskar da ke da rinjaye tana canzawa daga gabas zuwa yamma da baya. Pacific Centennial Oscillation girgizar yanayi da wasu samfuran yanayi suka annabta the Pacific decadal oscillation Mafi girman tsarin canjin yanayin teku a Arewacin Pacific akan sikelin decadal. A lokacin "dumi", ko "tabbatacce", lokaci, yammacin Pacific ya zama sanyi kuma wani ɓangare na tekun gabas yana dumama; a lokacin “sanyi” ko “mara kyau”, akasin tsarin yana faruwa. Ana tunanin ba a matsayin abu ɗaya ba, amma a maimakon haka haɗuwa da matakai daban-daban na jiki. the Interdecadal Pacific oscillation (IPO) Basin faffadan sauye-sauye a cikin Tekun Pacific tare da tsawon shekaru 20 zuwa 30. Atlantic multidecadal oscillation Wani nau'i na sauye-sauye a cikin Arewacin Atlantic na kimanin shekaru 55 zuwa 70, tare da tasiri akan ruwan sama, fari da yawan guguwa da kuma tsanani. Juyin yanayi na Arewacin Afirka bambancin yanayi da Damina ta Arewacin Afirka ke tafiyar da shi, tare da tsawon dubban shekaru. da Arctic oscillation (AO) da Antarctic oscillation (AAO) Hanyoyin annular suna faruwa ne ta dabi'a, nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i na bambancin yanayi. A kan ma'auni na makonni zuwa watanni suna bayyana 20-30% na sauye-sauye a cikin sassansu. Yanayin Annular Arewa ko Arctic oscillation (AO) a cikin Arewacin Hemisphere, da Yanayin Kudancin Kudancin ko Antarctic oscillation (AAO) a cikin Kudancin Kudancin. Hanyoyin shekara-shekara suna da tasiri mai ƙarfi a kan zafin jiki da hazo na tsaka-tsaki zuwa tsayin ƙasa talakawa, kamar Turai da Ostiraliya, ta hanyar canza matsakaitan hanyoyin guguwa. Ana iya ɗaukar NAO a matsayin yanki na AO/NAM. An bayyana su azaman EOF na farko na matsin matakin teku ko tsayin ƙasa daga 20°N zuwa 90°N (NAM) ko 20°S zuwa 90°S (SAM). Keke Dansgaard-Oeschger yana faruwa akan zagayowar kusan shekaru 1,500 a lokacin Glacial na ƙarshe. canjen yanayin teku Abubuwan da ke cikin teku na sauye-sauyen yanayi na iya haifar da sauye-sauye a kan lokutan shekaru ɗari saboda tekun yana da yawan ɗaruruwan sau fiye da na yanayi, don haka yana da ƙarfin rashin kuzari. Misali, sauye-sauyen hanyoyin tafiyar teku kamar yanayin yanayin thermohaline suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sake rarraba zafi a cikin tekunan duniya. Ruwan na teku yana ɗaukar ƙarfi da yawa daga wurare masu zafi zuwa yankuna masu sanyi. Canje-canje da ke faruwa a kusa da shekarun ƙanƙara na ƙarshe (a cikin sharuddan fasaha, glacial na ƙarshe) ya nuna cewa wurare dabam dabam shine Arewacin Atlantika na iya canzawa ba zato ba tsammani kuma yana haifar da canjin yanayi na duniya, kodayake yawan adadin kuzarin da ke shigowa cikin tsarin yanayi bai yi ba'. t canza da yawa. Waɗannan manyan canje-canjen ƙila sun fito ne daga abubuwan da ake kira abubuwan da ake kira Heinrich inda rashin kwanciyar hankali na zanen kankara ya haifar da sakin manyan ƙanƙara a cikin teku. Lokacin da takardar kankara ta narke, ruwan da aka samu yana da ƙasa sosai a cikin gishiri da sanyi, yana motsa canje-canje a wurare dabam dabam. Rayuwa Rayuwa tana shafar yanayi ta hanyar rawar da take takawa a cikin hawan carbon da ruwa da kuma hanyoyin kamar albedo, evapotranspiration, samuwar gajimare, da yanayin yanayi Misalan yadda rayuwa ta iya shafar yanayin da ta gabata sun haɗa da: glaciation 2.3 shekaru da suka wuce ya jawo ta hanyar juyin halitta na oxygenic photosynthesis, wanda ya lalatar da yanayi na greenhouse gas carbon dioxide da gabatar da free oxygen wani glaciation 300 shekaru miliyan da suka wuce shigar a cikin dogon lokaci binne na bazuwa resistant detritus na jijiyoyin bugun gini ƙasa-shuke-shuke (ƙirƙirar a carbon nutse da kafa kwal Ƙarshen Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum shekaru miliyan 55 da suka wuce ta hanyar bunƙasa phytoplankton na ruwa Juyayin dumamar yanayi shekaru miliyan 49 da suka gabata ta hanyar shekaru 800,000 na furen arctic azolla sanyayawar duniya a cikin shekaru miliyan 40 da suka gabata wanda ya haifar da haɓakar yanayin ciyawar Tilasta yanayi na waje Greenhouse gas Yayin da iskar gas da biosphere ke fitarwa galibi ana ganin su azaman martani ko tsarin yanayi na ciki, iskar gas da ke fitowa daga dutsen mai aman wuta yawanci masana yanayin ke rarraba su azaman waje. Gas na kore, irin su CO methane da nitrous oxide, suna dumama tsarin yanayi ta hanyar kama hasken infrared. Volcanoes kuma wani bangare ne na tsawaita zagayowar carbon A cikin dogon lokaci (geological) lokaci, suna sakin carbon dioxide daga ɓawon burodi da alkyabbar duniya, suna hana ɗaukar ta da duwatsu masu ruɗi da sauran abubuwan da ke nutsewar carbon dioxide Tun bayan juyin juya halin masana'antu, bil'adama yana ƙara haɓaka iskar gas ta hanyar fitar da CO 2 daga konewar burbushin mai, canza amfani da ƙasa ta hanyar sare bishiyoyi, kuma ya ƙara canza yanayin yanayi tare da aerosols (ɓangarorin kwayoyin halitta a cikin yanayi), sakin iskar gas. (misali nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, ko methane). Sauran dalilai, ciki har da amfani da ƙasa, ragewar ozone, kiwo na dabbobi (dabbobin dabbobi kamar shanu suna samar da methane da sare bishiyoyi, suma suna taka rawa. Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙirar ƙasa ta Amurka ita ce fitar da hayaƙi mai aman wuta ya yi ƙasa da ƙasa fiye da tasirin ayyukan ɗan adam na yanzu, wanda ke samar da adadin carbon dioxide sau 100-300 da volcanoes ke fitarwa. Adadin shekara-shekara da ayyukan ɗan adam ke fitarwa na iya zama mafi girma fiye da adadin da supereruptions ya fitar, wanda na baya-bayan nan shine fashewar Toba a Indonesia shekaru 74,000 da suka gabata. bambancen Orbital Bambance-bambancen kaɗan a cikin motsin duniya yana haifar da canje-canje a yanayin rarraba hasken rana zuwa saman duniya da yadda ake rarraba shi a duk faɗin duniya. Akwai ɗan canji kaɗan ga matsakaicin matsakaicin hasken rana a kowace shekara; amma ana iya samun sauye-sauye masu ƙarfi a cikin yanayin ƙasa da na yanayi. Nau'ukan canji na kinematic guda uku su ne bambance-bambance a cikin eccentricity na duniya, canje-canje a kusurwar karkatar jujjuyawar duniya, da kuma gaban axis na duniya. Haɗe, waɗannan suna haifar da zagayowar Milankovitch waɗanda ke shafar yanayin yanayi kuma suna sane da alaƙar su da lokutan glacial da tsaka-tsakin lokaci, dangantakarsu da ci gaba da ja da baya na Sahara, da kuma bayyanar su a cikin rikodin ma'auni. A lokacin zagayowar glacial, an sami babban alaƙa tsakanin ma'aunin CO da yanayin zafi. Nazarin farko ya nuna cewa yanayin zafi na CO ya ragu, amma ya bayyana a fili cewa ba koyaushe haka lamarin yake ba. Lokacin da yanayin teku ya ƙaru, ƙarfin CO yana raguwa ta yadda za a sake shi daga cikin teku. Hakanan ana iya yin tasiri akan musayar CO tsakanin iska da teku ta ƙarin abubuwan canjin yanayi. Waɗannan da sauran hanyoyin ƙarfafa kai suna ba da damar ƙananan canje-canje a cikin motsin duniya don yin tasiri mai yawa akan yanayi. Fitowar hasken rana Rana ita ce babbar hanyar shigar da makamashi zuwa tsarin yanayin duniya. Sauran hanyoyin sun haɗa da makamashin ƙasa daga tushen duniya, makamashin ruwa daga wata da zafi daga ruɓar mahadi na rediyoaktif. Dukansu bambance-bambancen na dogon lokaci a cikin ƙarfin hasken rana an san su suna shafar yanayin duniya. Fitowar hasken rana ya bambanta akan guntun ma'auni na lokaci, gami da zagayowar hasken rana na shekaru 11 da gyare-gyare na tsawon lokaci. Daidaituwa tsakanin wuraren rana da yanayin yanayi da rashin ƙarfi a mafi kyau. Shekaru biliyan uku zuwa hudu da suka wuce, Rana ta fitar da kashi 75% kawai kamar yadda take a yau. Idan da yanayin yanayi ya kasance iri ɗaya da na yau, bai kamata ruwa ya kasance a saman duniya ba. Duk da haka, akwai shaidar kasancewar ruwa a farkon Duniya, a cikin Hadean da Archean eons, wanda ke haifar da abin da aka sani da ƙananan matasa Sun paradox. Maganganun da aka yi hasashe game da wannan sabani sun haɗa da yanayi daban-daban, tare da mafi girman yawan iskar gas fiye da yadda ake da su a halin yanzu. A cikin kimanin shekaru biliyan 4 masu zuwa, yawan makamashin Rana ya karu. A cikin shekaru biliyan biyar masu zuwa, ƙarshen mutuwar rana yayin da ta zama ja-jajayen giant sannan kuma farar dodanniya za ta yi tasiri mai yawa akan yanayi, tare da jan giant lokaci mai yiwuwa ya kawo ƙarshen duk wata rayuwa a duniya da ke wanzuwa har zuwa lokacin. Volcanism Fashewar fashewar da ake ganin tana da girma da za ta iya shafar yanayin duniya a ma'aunin sama da shekara 1, su ne suka yi allurar sama da tan 100,000 na SO 2 a cikin ma'aunin sararin samaniya Wannan ya faru ne saboda kaddarorin gani na SO 2 da sulfate aerosols, waɗanda ke da ƙarfi sosai ko watsar da hasken rana, suna haifar da hazo na sulfuric acid na duniya. A matsakaicin irin wannan fashewar yana faruwa sau da yawa a cikin karni, kuma yana haifar da sanyaya (ta hanyar hana watsa hasken rana zuwa saman duniya) na tsawon shekaru da yawa. Kodayake dutsen mai aman wuta a zahiri wani bangare ne na lithosphere, wanda shi kansa wani bangare ne na tsarin yanayi, IPCC ta bayyana karara volcanism a matsayin wakili na tilastawa waje. Fitattun fashe-fashe a cikin bayanan tarihi sune fashewar tsaunin Pinatubo a 1991 wanda ya rage zafin duniya da kusan 0.5 °C (0.9 °F) har zuwa shekaru uku, da fashewar 1815 na Dutsen Tambora wanda ya haifar da Shekara Ba tare da bazara ba. A mafi girman ma'auni 'yan lokuta a kowace shekara miliyan 50 zuwa miliyan 100 fashewar manyan lardunan da ba su da kyau suna kawo adadi mai yawa na dutsen wuta daga riga da lithosphere zuwa saman duniya. Ana fitar da Carbon dioxide da ke cikin dutsen zuwa sararin samaniya. Ƙananan fashewa, tare da alluran kasa da 0.1 Mt na sulfur dioxide a cikin stratosphere, yana rinjayar yanayi kawai a hankali, kamar yadda canje-canjen zafin jiki yayi kama da bambancin yanayi. Duk da haka, saboda ƙananan fashewa suna faruwa a mafi girma mita, su ma suna tasiri sosai a yanayin duniya. Plate tectonics A cikin tsawon miliyoyin shekaru, motsin faranti na tectonic yana sake fasalin ƙasa da yankunan teku kuma yana haifar da yanayin yanayi. Wannan zai iya shafar yanayin duniya da na gida na yanayi da yanayin yanayi-teku. Matsayin nahiyoyi yana ƙayyadaddun lissafi na tekuna don haka yana tasiri yanayin zagawar teku. Wuraren teku suna da mahimmanci wajen sarrafa yanayin zafi da danshi a fadin duniya, don haka, wajen tantance yanayin duniya. Misali na baya-bayan nan na sarrafa tectonic akan zagayawan teku shine samuwar Isthmus na Panama kimanin shekaru miliyan 5 da suka gabata, wanda ya rufe hada-hadar kai tsaye tsakanin Tekun Atlantika da Pacific Wannan ya yi tasiri sosai ga yanayin tekun abin da ke yanzu mashigin Gulf Stream kuma mai yiwuwa ya kai ga rufe kankara ta Arewacin Hemisphere. A cikin lokacin Carboniferous, kimanin shekaru miliyan 300 zuwa 360 da suka gabata, tectonics na farantin karfe na iya haifar da babban adadin ajiyar carbon da haɓaka glaciation Shaidar ilimin kasa tana nuni ne da tsarin “megamonsoonal” da ake yadawa a lokacin babban yankin Pangea, kuma tsarin yanayin yanayi ya nuna cewa kasancewar babban nahiyar ya taimaka wajen kafa damina. Girman nahiyoyi kuma yana da mahimmanci. Saboda yanayin daidaitawar tekuna akan zafin jiki, sauye-sauyen yanayin zafi na shekara gabaɗaya yana ƙasa da ƙasa a yankunan bakin teku fiye da yadda suke cikin ƙasa. Don haka babban nahiya mafi girma zai sami ƙarin yanki wanda yanayin ke da ƙarfi fiye da nahiyoyi da tsibirai da yawa. Sauran hanyoyin An ba da sanarwar cewa ionized barbashi da aka sani da cosmic haskoki na iya yin tasiri ga murfin gajimare kuma ta haka ne yanayin. Yayin da rana ke kare duniya daga waɗannan barbashi, an yi hasashen canje-canjen ayyukan hasken rana don yin tasiri ga yanayin a kaikaice. Don gwada hasashe, CERN ta tsara gwajin CLOUD, wanda ya nuna tasirin hasken sararin samaniya yana da rauni sosai don rinjayar yanayi a hankali. Shaidu sun nuna cewa tasirin asteroid na Chicxulub a shekaru miliyan 66 da suka gabata ya shafi yanayin duniya sosai. An harba iskar sulfate mai yawa zuwa cikin sararin samaniya, wanda yana rage yanayin zafi a duniya har zuwa 26. °C da kuma samar da yanayin sanyi mai sanyi na tsawon shekaru 3-16. Lokacin dawowa don wannan taron ya ɗauki fiye da shekaru 30. An kuma gudanar da bincike kan yawan amfani da makamin nukiliya saboda tasirinsa ga yanayin. Hasashen ita ce ɗigon da gobara mai girma ke fitarwa yana toshe wani yanki mai mahimmanci na hasken rana har tsawon shekara guda, wanda ke haifar da raguwar yanayin zafi na ƴan shekaru. An kwatanta wannan abu mai yiwuwa a matsayin lokacin sanyi na nukiliya Amfani da ƙasa na ɗan adam yana tasiri yadda hasken rana ke nunawa da yawan ƙura. Samuwar gajimare ba wai yawan ruwan da ke cikin iska da yanayin zafi ne kadai ke tasiri ba, har ma da yawan iskar da ke cikin iska kamar kura. A duniya, ana samun ƙarin ƙura idan akwai yankuna da yawa tare da ƙasa bushe, ciyayi kaɗan da iska mai ƙarfi. Shaida da auna canjin yanayi Paleoclimatology shine nazarin canje-canjen yanayi a cikin dukkan tarihin duniya. Yana amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban na wakili daga Duniya da kimiyyar rayuwa don samun bayanan da aka adana a cikin abubuwa kamar duwatsu, sediments, zanen kankara, zoben bishiya, murjani, bawo, da microfossils. Daga nan sai ta yi amfani da bayanan don tantance jahohin da suka gabata na yankuna daban-daban na yanayi da yanayin duniya. Ma'aunin kai tsaye yana ba da ƙarin cikakken bayani game da canjin yanayi. Kai tsaye ma'auni Canje-canjen yanayi waɗanda suka faru bayan yaɗuwar na'urorin aunawa ana iya lura da su kai tsaye. Cikakkun bayanan yanayin zafin duniya cikin hikima yana samuwa tun daga tsakiyar ƙarshen karni na 19. Ana samun ƙarin abubuwan lura a kaikaice daga takardun tarihi. Gajimare na tauraron dan adam da bayanan hazo yana samuwa tun shekarun 1970. Ilimin yanayi na tarihi shine nazarin canje-canjen tarihi a yanayi da tasirinsu akan tarihin ɗan adam da ci gabansa. Tushen farko sun haɗa da rubutattun bayanai kamar sagas, tarihin tarihi, taswirori da wallafe-wallafen tarihin gida da kuma hotunan hoto kamar zane-zane, zane har ma da fasahar dutse Ana iya samun sauye-sauyen yanayi a baya-bayan nan daga canje-canjen matsuguni da tsarin noma. Shaidar archaeological, tarihin baka da takaddun tarihi na iya ba da haske game da canje-canjen da suka gabata a cikin yanayi. Canje-canjen yanayi yana da alaƙa da habɓaka da rugujewar wayewa daban-daban. Ma'aunin wakili Ma'ajiya daban-daban na yanayin da suka gabata suna nan a cikin duwatsu, bishiyoyi da burbushin halittu. Daga waɗannan ɗakunan ajiya, ana iya samun matakan yanayi kai tsaye, waɗanda ake kira proxies. Ƙididdigar bambancin yanayin na hazo a ƙarnin da suka gabata da zamanin da ba a cika cika ba amma ana ƙididdige su ta hanyar amfani da proxies kamar ruwan teku, ruwan dusar ƙanƙara, stalagmites kogo, da zoben bishiya. Damuwa, karancin hazo ko yanayin zafi da bai dace ba, na iya canza girman girmar bishiyoyi, wanda ke baiwa masana kimiyya damar sanin yanayin yanayi ta hanyar yin nazari kan girman zoben bishiyar. Wannan reshe na kimiyya yana nazarin wannan da ake kira dendroclimatology. Glaciers suna barin bayan moraine waɗanda ke ɗauke da ɗimbin kayan—ciki har da kwayoyin halitta, ma'adini, da potassium waɗanda ƙila za a yi kwanan watan suna rikodin lokutan da dusar ƙanƙara ta ci gaba da ja da baya Ana iya yin nazarin ƙanƙara a cikin muryoyin da aka haƙa daga takardar kankara irin su Antarctic kankara, ana iya amfani da su don nuna alaƙa tsakanin yanayin zafi da bambancin matakin teku na duniya. Iskar da ke makale a cikin kumfa a cikin ƙanƙara kuma na iya bayyana bambance-bambancen CO 2 na yanayi daga nesa mai nisa, tun kafin tasirin muhalli na zamani. Nazarin waɗannan nau'ikan kankara ya kasance mai nuna alama mai mahimmanci na canje-canje a cikin CO 2 a cikin shekaru dubu da yawa, kuma yana ci gaba da ba da bayanai masu mahimmanci game da bambance-bambance tsakanin yanayin yanayi na da da na zamani. Matsakaicin 18 O/ 16 O a cikin samfuran ƙididdiga da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙanƙara da aka yi amfani da su don cire yanayin zafin teku a baya mai nisa misali ne na hanyar wakili na zafin jiki. Ragowar tsire-tsire, musamman pollen, ana kuma amfani da su don nazarin canjin yanayi. Rarraba tsire-tsire ya bambanta a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban. Ƙungiyoyin tsire-tsire daban-daban suna da pollen tare da nau'i na musamman da nau'in launi, kuma tun da yanayin waje na pollen ya ƙunshi abu mai juriya sosai, suna tsayayya da lalacewa. Canje-canje a cikin nau'in pollen da aka samu a cikin nau'ikan laka daban-daban suna nuna canje-canje a cikin al'ummomin shuka. Wadannan sauye-sauye sau da yawa alama ce ta sauyin yanayi. A matsayin misali, an yi amfani da nazarin pollen don bin diddigin yanayin ciyayi a cikin glaciations na Quaternary kuma musamman tun daga ƙarshen glacial. Bincike da rashin tabbas Wahala ɗaya wajen gano zagayowar yanayi ita ce yanayin duniya yana canzawa ta hanyoyin da ba za a iya jujjuyawa ba fiye da mafi yawan lokutan nazarin halittu. A halin yanzu muna cikin lokacin dumamar yanayi a duniya A cikin mafi girman lokaci, Duniya tana fitowa daga sabon zamanin ƙanƙara, sanyaya daga yanayin yanayi na Holocene da kuma ɗumamawa daga Ƙananan Ice Age wanda ke nufin cewa yanayin yana ci gaba da canzawa cikin shekaru 15,000 da suka gabata ko makamancin haka. A lokacin dumi, sauyin yanayi sau da yawa yana da ƙarancin girma. Lokacin Pleistocene, wanda aka maimaita akai akai, ya haɓbaka daga mafi kwanciyar hankali yanayi a cikin yanayin Miocene da Pliocene Yanayin Holocene ya kasance ɗan kwanciyar hankali. Duk waɗannan canje-canje suna rikitar da aikin neman ɗabi'a na cyclical a cikin yanayi. Magana mai kyau, ra'ayi mara kyau, da inertia na muhalli daga tsarin yanayin yanayi na ƙasa-teku sau da yawa yana ragewa ko juyar da ƙananan tasiri, ko daga tilastawa orbital, bambancin hasken rana ko canje-canje a cikin yawan iskar gas. Wasu ra'ayoyin da suka shafi matakai kamar girgije kuma ba su da tabbas; don contrails, gajimare cirrus na halitta, dimethyl sulfide na teku da kuma daidai da tushen ƙasa, ka'idoji masu gasa sun wanzu game da tasirin yanayin yanayin yanayi, misali sabanin hasashen Iris da hasashe na CLAW. Tasiri Tsire Canjin nau'in, rarrabawa da ɗaukar ciyayi na iya faruwa idan aka yi la'akari da canjin yanayin. Wasu canje-canjen a cikin yanayi na iya haifar da habɓakar hazo da zafi, haifar da ingantacciyar habɓakar tsire-tsire da habɓakar iska ta CO 2 na gaba. Ana sa ran tasirin zai shafi ƙimar yawancin zagayowar yanayi kamar ƙimar ruɓewar shuka. A hankali karuwa a cikin zafi a cikin yanki zai haifar da farkon furanni da lokutan 'ya'yan itace, yana haifar da canji a cikin lokutan yanayin rayuwa na kwayoyin dogara. Akasin haka, sanyi zai sa tsire-tsire masu hawan keke su ragu. Canje mafi girma, sauri ko mafi girma, duk da haka, na iya haifar da damuwa ciyayi, saurin asarar shuka da kwararowar hamada a wasu yanayi. Misalin wannan ya faru ne a lokacin Rushewar Dajin Carboniferous (CRC), abin da ya faru shekaru miliyan 300 da suka wuce. A wannan lokacin dazuzzuka masu yawa sun mamaye yankin equatorial na Turai da Amurka. Sauyin yanayi ya lalata waɗannan dazuzzukan na wurare masu zafi, ba zato ba tsammani ya wargaza mazaunin zuwa 'tsibirin' keɓe kuma ya haifar da bacewar nau'ikan tsirrai da dabbobi da yawa. Dabbobin daji Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman hanyoyin da dabbobi za su iya magance sauyin yanayi shine ƙaura zuwa yankuna masu zafi ko sanyi. A tsawon lokaci mai tsawo, juyin halitta yana sa tsarin halittu ciki har da dabbobi ya fi dacewa da sabon yanayi. Sauyin yanayi mai sauri ko babba na iya haifar da rugujewar jama'a lokacin da halittu suka miƙe da nisa don su iya daidaitawa. Dan Adam Rushewar wayewar da ta gabata irin ta baya na iya kasancewa tana da alaƙa da zagayowar hazo, musamman fari, wanda a cikin wannan misalin kuma yana da alaƙa da tafkin Dumi na Yamma. Kusan shekaru 70 000 da suka wuce fashewar dutsen na Toba ya haifar da lokacin sanyi musamman a lokacin lokacin kankara, wanda ke haifar da yuwuwar lalacewar kwayoyin halitta a cikin yawan mutane. Canje a cikin cryosphere Glacier da zanen kankara Ana ɗaukar dusar ƙanƙara a cikin mafi mahimmancin alamun sauyin yanayi. An ƙayyade girman su ta hanyar ma'auni mai yawa tsakanin shigarwar dusar ƙanƙara da fitarwar narkewa. Yayin da yanayin zafi ke ƙaruwa, dusar ƙanƙara tana ja da baya sai dai idan ruwan dusar ƙanƙara ya ƙaru don yin ƙarin narke. Glaciers suna girma kuma suna raguwa saboda duka biyun bambancin yanayi da tilastawa waje. Canje-canje a cikin zafin jiki, hazo da ilimin ruwa na iya ƙayyadad da ƙaƙƙarfan juyin halittar glacier a cikin wani yanayi na musamman. Mafi mahimmancin tsarin sauyin yanayi tun daga tsakiyar zuwa marigayi Pliocene (kimanin shekaru miliyan 3 da suka wuce) sune hawan glacial da interglacial Lokacin interglacial na yanzu Holocene ya ɗauki kimanin shekaru 11,700. Siffata ta hanyar bambance-bambancen orbital, martani kamar tashi da faɗuwar zanen kankara na nahiyar da gagarumin canje-canjen matakin teku sun taimaka wajen haifar da yanayi. Sauran canje-canje, ciki har da abubuwan da suka faru na Heinrich, abubuwan Dansgaard-Oeschger da Dryas Younger, duk da haka, sun nuna yadda bambancin glacial zai iya rinjayar yanayi ba tare da tilasta orbital ba. Canjin matakin teku A lokacin Ƙarshen Glacial Maximum, kimanin shekaru 25,000 da suka wuce baya, matakan teku sun yi ƙasa da nisan mitoci 130 fiye da na yau. Ragewar bayan haka yana da saurin canjin matakin teku. A farkon Pliocene, yanayin zafi na duniya ya fi 1-2˚C zafi fiye da yanayin da ake ciki, duk da haka matakin teku ya fi mita 15-25 fiye da na yau. Kankarar teku Kankarar teku tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a yanayin duniya yayin da yake shafar adadin hasken rana da ke nesa da duniya. A baya, tekun duniya sun kasance kusan gaba ɗaya sun rufe da ƙanƙara a lokuta da yawa, lokacin da duniya ke cikin yanayin da ake kira Snowball Earth, kuma ba shi da ƙanƙara a lokutan yanayi mai dumi. Lokacin da akwai ƙanƙara mai yawa a duniya, musamman a cikin wurare masu zafi da wurare masu sanyi, yanayin ya fi dacewa da tilastawa kamar yadda bayanin kankara-albedo ke da ƙarfi sosai. Tarihin yanayi Daban na tilasta sauyin yanayi yawanci suna jujjuyawa cikin lokacin yanayin ƙasa, kuma wasu hanyoyin zafin duniya na iya zama masu sarrafa kansu Alal misali, a lokacin Snowball Duniya a lokacin, manyan kankara zanen gado na glacial dusar ƙanƙara a kan duniya ta equator, rufe kusan dukan surface, da kuma sosai high albedo halitta matsananci yanayin zafi, yayin da tarawar dusar ƙanƙara da kankara iya cire carbon dioxide ta yanayi ajiya Duk da haka, rashin murfin shuka don ɗaukar yanayi CO 2 da ke fitowa daga volcanoes yana nufin cewa iskar gas na iya taruwa a cikin sararin samaniya. Har ila yau, akwai rashin fallasa duwatsun siliki, waɗanda ke amfani da CO 2 lokacin da suke fuskantar yanayi. Wannan ya haifar da dumamar yanayi wanda daga baya ya narkar da kankara kuma ya dawo da yanayin zafin duniya. Mafi girman zafi na Paleo-eocene Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) lokaci ne tare da fiye da 5-8 °C matsakaicin yanayin zafi na duniya ya tashi a duk faɗin taron. Wannan yanayin ya faru a lokacin iyakar Paleocene da zamanin Eocene. A yayin taron an saki methane mai yawa, iskar gas mai ƙarfi. PETM yana wakiltar "binciken shari'a" don canjin yanayi na zamani kamar yadda ake fitar da iskar gas a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci na yanayin ƙasa. A lokacin PETM, yawan bacewar kwayoyin halitta a cikin zurfin teku ya faru. Cenozoic A ko'ina cikin Cenozoic, sauyin yanayi da yawa ya haifar da ɗumamar yanayin da sanyaya yanayi, wanda ya haifar da farkon samuwar takardar ƙanƙara ta Antarctic, narkewar gaba, da sake sakewa daga baya. Canje-canjen yanayin zafi ya faru ba zato ba tsammani, a yawan adadin carbon dioxide na kusan 600 760 ppm da yanayin zafi kusan 4. °C ya fi na yau zafi. A lokacin Pleistocene, zagayowar glaciations da interglacials sun faru akan zagayowar kusan 100,000. shekaru, amma yana iya zama mai tsayi a cikin tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin lokaci lokacin da eccentricity na orbital ya kusan kusan sifili, kamar lokacin interglacial na yanzu. Interglacials da suka gabata irin su lokacin Eemiyan sun haifar da yanayin zafi sama da na yau, matakan teku mafi girma, da wani ɗan narkewar takardar kankara ta yammacin Antarctic. Yanayin shafar murfin gajimare da hazo sosai. A ƙananan yanayin zafi, iska na iya ɗaukar ƙarancin tururin ruwa, wanda zai haifar da raguwar hazo. A lokacin Ƙarshe na Glacial Maximum na shekaru 18,000 da suka wuce, ƙawancen zafin zafi daga tekuna zuwa kan ƙasashen nahiyoyi ya yi ƙasa da ƙasa, wanda ya haifar da manyan yankunan hamada mai tsananin gaske, gami da sahara na iyakacin duniya (sanyi amma tare da ƙarancin murfin gajimare da hazo). Sabanin haka, yanayin duniya ya fi gajimare da ruwa fiye da na yau a kusa da farkon lokacin dumin Atlantika na shekaru 8000 da suka gabata. Holocene An kwatanta Holocene ta hanyar sanyaya na dogon lokaci wanda ya fara bayan Mafi kyawun Holocene, lokacin da yanayin zafi zai iya zama ƙasa da yanayin zafi na yanzu (shekaru na biyu na karni na 21st), da kuma damina mai karfi na Afirka ya haifar da yanayin ciyawa a cikin Sahara a lokacin da ake ciki. Neolithic Subpluvial Tun daga wannan lokacin, abubuwan sanyaya da yawa sun faru, gami da: the Piora Oscillation the Middle Bronze Age Cold Epoch the Iron Age Cold Epoch the Little Ice Age the phase of cooling c. 1940–1970, which led to global cooling hypothesis Sabanin haka, lokutan dumi da yawa su ma sun faru, kuma sun haɗa amma ba'a iyakance wa ga: a warm period during the apex of the Minoan civilization the Roman Warm Period the Medieval Warm Period Modern warming during the 20th century An sami wasu tasiri yayin waɗannan zagayowar. Misali, a lokacin Lokacin Dumi na Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Amurka, Tsakiyar Yammacin Amurka tana cikin fari, gami da Sand Hills na Nebraska wadanda suke dunes yashi. GAyyukan hasken rana na iya ba da gudummawa ga wani ɓangaren na ɗumamar zamani wanda ya kai kololuwa a cikin 1930s. Koyaya, zagayowar rana sun kasa yin lissafin ɗumamar da aka gani tun daga shekarun 1980 zuwa yau. faru kamar budewa na Arewa maso yamma Passage da kuma rikodin ƙananan ƙarancin ƙanƙara na zamani na Arctic shrinkage ba su faru ba har tsawon ƙarni da yawa, kamar yadda masu bincike na farko duk sun kasa yin hanyar wucewa ta Arctic, har ma a lokacin rani. Sauye-sauye a cikin halittun halittu da jeri na mazaunin su ma ba a taɓa yin irin su ba, suna faruwa a ƙimar da ba su zo daidai da sanannun girgizar yanayi ba. Sauyin yanayi na zamani da dumamar yanayi Sakamakon yadda mutane ke fitar da iskar gas, yanayin zafi na duniya ya fara tashi. Dumamar yanayi wani al'amari ne na sauyin yanayi na zamani, kalmar da ta haɗa da sauye-sauyen da aka gani a hazo, hanyoyin guguwa da gajimare. A sakamakon haka, glaciers a duk duniya an gano yana raguwa sosai. Tushen kankara na ƙasa a duka Antarctica da Greenland sun kasance suna yin asarar taro tun 2002 kuma sun ga haɓakar asarar ƙanƙara tun 2009. Matakan teku na duniya suna karuwa sakamakon fadada yanayin zafi da narke kankara. Rushewar ƙanƙaramar tekun Arctic, duka da girma da kauri, cikin shekaru da dama da suka gabata ƙarin shaida ce ga saurin sauyin yanayin. Sauyawa tsakanin yankuna Misalai na canjin yanayi na yanki. Kasa-teku. Yanayin zafin saman ƙasa yana ƙaruwa da sauri fiye da waɗanda ke kan teku, tekun yana ɗaukar kusan kashi 90% na wuce gona da iri. Hemispheres. Matsakaicin canjin yanayi na Hemispheres ya bambanta saboda yawan kaso na yankin Arewa, da kuma ruwan tekun duniya. Latitude makada. Ƙungiyoyin latitude uku waɗanda ke rufe kashi 30, 40 da 30 bisa ɗari na sararin saman duniya suna nuna yanayin girma dabam dabam na yanayin zafi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Tsayi Hoton ratsi mai zafi (blues yana nuna sanyi, ja yana nuna dumi) yana nuna yadda tasirin greenhouse ke kama zafi a cikin ƙasan yanayi ta yadda yanayi na sama, yana samun ƙarancin haske, yayi sanyi. Volcanos yana haifar da hauhawar zafin jiki na sama. Duniya da yanki. Don dalilai na yanki da ƙididdiga, ana tsammanin manyan bambance-bambancen shekara zuwa shekara don yankuna na yanki (misali, Caribbean) fiye da matsakaicin duniya. Sabanin dangi. Ko da yake arewacin Amurka ya yi zafi sosai fiye da wurare masu zafi, wurare masu zafi sun fi fice a fili daga bambancin tarihi na al'ada (magunguna masu launi: daidaitattun daidaituwa). Baya ga sauye-sauyen yanayi na duniya da kuma sauyin yanayi na duniya kan lokaci, sauye-sauyen yanayi da yawa suna faruwa a lokaci guda a yankuna daban-daban na zahiri. Ruwan ruwa na kusan kashi 90% na zafi mai yawa ya taimaka wajen haifar da yanayin yanayin ƙasa da sauri fiye da yanayin yanayin teku. Arewacin Hemisphere, yana da mafi girman girman ƙasa zuwa teku fiye da Kudancin Ƙasar, yana nuna matsakaicin matsakaicin haɓaka. Bambance tsakanin makada daban-daban suma suna nuna wannan bambance-bambancen a matsakaitawar karuwar zafin jiki, tare da karuwar zafin zafi na karin zafi na arewa ya wuce na wurare masu zafi, wanda hakan ya zarce na kudanci extratropics. Yankuna na sama na yanayi sun kasance suna yin sanyi lokaci guda tare da ɗumamar yanayi a cikin ƙananan yanayi, suna tabbatar da aikin tasirin greenhouse da raguwar ozone. bambancen yanayi na yanki da aka lura sun tabbatar da tsinkaya game da sauye-sauye masu gudana, alal misali, ta hanyar bambanta (mai laushi) bambance duniya na shekara zuwa shekara tare da (mafi canzawa) bambancin shekara zuwa shekara a cikin yankuna. Akasin haka, kwatanta yanayin ɗumamar yankuna daban da bambance tarihi daban-daban, yana ba da damar ɗora girman girman canjin yanayin zafi a cikin mahangar abin da ke faruwa na yau da kullun ga kowane yanki. Abubuwan lura da canjin yanki suna ba da damar yin nazari akan wuraren da aka raba sauyin yanayi kamar asarar dazuzzukan dazuzzuka, narkewar kankara da kankara na teku, da narkewar permafrost. Irin wannan bambance-bambancen yana haifar da bincike a cikin yuwuwar yuwuwar balaguron balaguro na duniya Duba kuma Climatological normal Anthropocene

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Safiya Songhai

Safiya Songhai, ta kasance ƴar fim ɗin Amurka ce, mai watsa labarai ta talabijin, mai ba da rahoto da kuma sarauniya kyau. Ta kasance itace ta farko data kasance Miss Black USA 2008 a wakiltar Massachusetts. Songhai ta kasance gwarzuwar gida kuma mai tsere a cikin biyu daga cikin District of Columbia da New York masu neman shiga gasar Miss America. Daga 2010 2012, Songhai ta yi aiki a matsayin farfesa ta Mass Communications a Jami'ar Prairie View A&M, ɗaliban jami'ar sun gabatar da ita ga kyautar Shugaban Malamai da kuma lambar yabo na PV Choice. Tarihin Rayuwa Iyali An haifi Songhai a Philadelphia zuwa Dwight Lamont Hendricks da Tamara Pierce. Iyayen Songhai sun hadu a Filin Wasan Kasa da Kasuwa na Philadelphia, wani biki inda Songhai daga baya za ta lashe kyautar fim dinta na farko. Mahaifiyarta ta fito daga shahararren dangin Philadelphia kuma ta kasance mai kirkiro kuma mai masaukin baki don wasan WPVI na wasan kwaikwayo na VP, kuma daga baya ta yi aiki a ofisoshi daban-daban a matsayin mace ta kamara kuma editan labarai na Frontline Songhai ita ce jikanyar sanannen likitan likitanci Dr. Harold E. Pierce, jikanyar alkalin tarayya mai ritaya Lawrence W. Pierc, ita ce yarima mai jiran gado na duniya Barkley L. Hendricks, kuma yar uwan mai wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai wasan motsa jiki Jayne Kennedy Karatu Bayan shekaru 7, Songhai ta girma a Roxbury, Massachusetts, kuma ta kammala karatunsa a Makarantar Latin Latin Songhai ta yi fice a bainar Jama'a, Gwamnatin daliba, da rubuce-rubuce, kuma ta kammala a matakin 10% na ajin ta. Har ila yau, ita ce Shugabar kungiyar Al'adu ta Afirka, kuma mamba a cikin Kungiyar Kwadago ta kasa. An zabi Songhai da alama ta zama Jagora saboda irin rawar da ta taka a makarantar sakandare. Har ila yau, Songhai ta kafa lambobin yabo guda biyu, Siyarwar Nazarin Ruhun Latin da kuma lambar yabo ta Crystal Apple Teacher's yayin da take shugabar Kwamitin Dalibai. Karatun gaba Songhai ta fara karatun nata ne a Kwalejin Dartmouth, ta mai da hankali sosai a harkar fim, tarihi da kirkirar rubutu. Daga baya, ta canza sheka zuwa Jami'ar Howard inda ta kammala karatuttukan summa kuma ta zama gado na uku na makarantar. Daga baya Songhai ta kammala MFA a Fim da kuma Talabijin a makarantar Tisch na Arts a Jami'ar New York Yayinda take karatun digiri na biyu, Songhai ta sauka matsayin mai watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin a kamfanin haɗin gwiwa na PBS WHUT-TV a Washington, DC, kuma tayi aiki a WJZ-TV a Baltimore a matsayin mai gabatarwa da kuma mai ba da labari ga gidan caca na Maryland Ta yi nasara a kan dalibi Emmy a shekararta ta ƙarshe a kwaleji. Aikin fim A shekarar 2003, Songhai ta fara kamfanin shiya fina-finai na Mpirefilms. Ayyukan farko sun kasance gajeren fina-finai, sanar wa jama'a har ma da kaset na duba na gaskiya wanda ke nuna bege. Fim ta farko, LadyLike, ta karɓi rarraba ta hanyar AltCinema kuma an bincika ta a duniya. A shekara ta 2010, Songhai ta shiga sashen koyarwa na Jami’ar Prairie View A&M a matsayin malami mai cikakken koyon hanyoyin sadarwa. Studentsalibai da ɗalibai sun zaɓe ta a lambar yabo ta Shugaba na Kyautar, da kuma Choaƙatar Zabi na PV don ƙwararren koyarwa. Fina-finai Kyaututtuka da kuma gabatarwa Aikin jarida da talabijin Songhai ta kasance mai isar da labarai na Labaran Yanzu a tashar labarai ta duniya, Arise.tv. A cikin 2012, Songhai ta kasance matattarar karshen mako da kuma mai ba da rahoto na saiti ga ƙungiyar ABC mai wakiltar KQ2 a St. Joseph, Missouri. A 2008, ta rufe kidan Laifuka da Adalci don wasan kwaikwayon Richard French Live akan WRNN-TV a Westchester, NY. Har ila yau Songhai ta ba da gudummawa ga gidan yanar gizo na FDNN-TV wanda ke ba da labaran labaran mutane game da masu kashe gobara a Gabas. Yayin da take cikin kwaleji da makarantar digiri na biyu, Songhai ya yi aiki a matsayin mai watsa shiri na TV, kuma mai gabatarwa don WHUT-TV, mai haɗin PBS a Washington, DC. Ta ci nasara a Dalibin Emmy a matsayin mai kera abubuwa na musamman da ake kira Spring Black Arts Festival Har ila yau, Songhai ya samar da shirye-shiryen caca na karshen mako a WJZ-TV 13 a Baltimore, yana aiki a matsayin mai ba da sanarwar tallafi. An gabatar da Songhai a cikin littattafai guda biyu a matsayin hira da gwani, Shut Up da Shoot Documentary Guide a Down and Dirty DV Production wanda Anthony Q. Artis da Reel Abinci daga Reel Mata ta Nina Knapp suka gabatar. An nuna Songhai a cikin mujallar Hype Hair, mujallar Jet kuma ta rubuta kasida ga jaridar Washington Post Pageantry Songhai ta kasance wacce ta zo ta farko a tseren Miss Black USA 2008, mai wakiltar Massachusetts a gasar. Songhai ta yi aiki sananne a cikin tsarin Miss America Pageant, inda ya lashe taken Miss Five Boroughs a 2004 wanda aka sanya ta a cikin manyan goma na gasar cin nasara a kan mataki a kan Miss New York Pageant. Kafin wannan nasarar, Songhai ta kasance ta farko ta farko har zuwa Miss District of Columbia 2003, wacce ta zo ta biyu har zuwa Miss District of Columbia 2001, kuma ita ce ta farko da ta tsere zuwa Miss Metropolitan Manhattan 2004. Kyautar Songhai mafi yawanci jaruma ce, kuma ta yi babbar hira, da kuma tambaya kan mataki a kusan kowace shafin da ta shiga gasar. Ma'anar Suna Safiya na nufin "mace mai hankali da tsarkakakkiya" a cikin yaren Swahili Songhai ta fito ne daga mafi girma kuma an sami cikakken iko a Masarautar yamma ta Yammacin Afirka, yanzu Mali, Burkina Faso da Nijar, waɗanda shugabanninsu suka jaddada ilimi da zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da daidaito tsakanin mata. Zuriyarta sun fito ne daga Yarbawa, Bantu, Kpelle, Bamileke da mutanen Mandika na Yammaci da Afirka ta Kudu. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Safiya Songhai Gidan yanar gizon Mpirefilms Kamfanin yanar gizon Miss Black USA Miss Black Massachusetts Amurka shafin yanar gizo Shafin yanar gizo Miss America 2004 Alamar kasuwanci ta Mpirefilms Labarin New York

22482

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98ungiyar%20%C6%98asa%20da%20%C6%98asa%20ta%20%C6%B3anci

Ƙungiyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Ƴanci

Liberty International (tsohuwar kungiyar ta kasa da kasa ce ta 'yanci ko ISIL kungiya ce mai zaman kanta, kungiyar ilimantarwa ta' yanci da ke Ƙasar San Francisco. Yana karfafa gwagwarmaya a cikin yanci da yanci yankuna ta hanyar 'dabarun da aka zaba cikin yardan mambobinta. Tarihinta ya faro ne daga Shekara ta 1969 a matsayin Society for Individual Liberty, wanda Don Ernsberger da Dave Walter suka kafa. Kuma a cikin shekara ta 1989 ana kiranta da suna (ISIL) bayan haɗuwa tare da Libertarian International an haɗa shi da Vincent Miller, wanda ya zama shugaban sabuwar ƙungiyar. Jim Elwood shine babban darakta na yanzu, tare da mambobin kwamitin ciki har da Mary Ruwart da Ken Schoolland. Ƙungiyar tana da membobi a cikin ƙasashe sama da guda 80. Ayyuka Al'umma suna daukar nauyin taron shekara-shekara wanda ya jawo hankalin masu sassaucin ra'ayi, masu sassaucin ra'ayi na gargajiya, da sauran manyan masu fada a ji daga siyasa daga Milton Friedman zuwa Shugaban Costa Rica Miguel igungel Rodríguez Hakanan yana ɗaukar nauyin nau'ikan kayan ilimi da ayyukan membobin daga gidan yanar gizonta, kuma a cikin shekarun nan sun haɗa wasu ƙungiyoyin masu sassaucin ra'ayi kamar su Laissez Faire Books da Freedom News Daily. Tarihi Ƙungiyar 'Yanci ta Mutum An kafa Society for Liberty (SIL) a shekarar 1969 don Don Ernsberger da Dave Walter, wadanda suka zama daraktocin ta, bayan da aka kori masu fafutukar neman sassaucin ra'ayi ko kuma daga baya suka sauya sheka daga Matasan Amurka don 'Yanci (YAF) a lokacin da kuma bayan taron su na Shekara ta 1969 a St., Missouri. A yayin taron YAF na Agustan shekara ta 1969, masu gargajiya (trads) da masu sassaucin ra'ayi (libs ko rads) sun yi gwagwarmaya don iko da ƙungiyar ɗalibai. Bangaren masu sassaucin ra'ayi ya sha kashi. A lokacin gwagwarmaya da bayan haka, arungiyar Anarcho-Libertarian Alliance, YAF Libertarian Caucus da babin ɓarna biyu na ɗalibai na ƙungiyar Demokraɗiyya (SDS) sun yi aiki tare, kuma daga ƙarshe an tsara su cikin ƙawancen haɗin kai wanda aka san shi da SIL. Rikicin da ke tsakanin bangarorin ya zo karshe yayin da wani mamban kungiyar 'yan tawayen YAF ya daga katin da yake rubutawa ya kunna wuta a filin taron, wanda ya haifar da nauyin mintoci 30 na naushi, tursasawa da gaba, wanda ke haifar da tsarkake membobin da yawa daga masu sassaucin ra'ayin. shugabannin, ciki har da Karl Hess, suna bugawa tawagar ta California musamman da wuya, wanda ya hada da Dana Rohrabacher, Shawn Karfe, Ron Kimberling, Rod Manis, Pat Dowd, da John Schureman, yayin da suke soke matsayin aiki na babba ashirin da shida YAF. Kafuwar SIL ana Ɗaukarta a matsayin wani lokaci mai ma'ana wanda ya shaidi “haihuwar wani motsi mai cin gashin kansa." Tsarkakewa ko rudani da surori na YAF kuma mambobi suka janye daga YAF suka shiga SIL wanda ke da'awar cewa yana da mambobi guda 3,000 waɗanda suka girma zuwa ɗakunan karatu Guda 103 a Ƙasashen: Amurka, "biyu a Kanada ɗaya a Sweden, Indiya da Ostiraliya" kafin shekara ta 1970 Ayyuka da Tasirin SIL A cewar masanin tarihi Jonathan Schoenwald "duk ƙungiyoyin 'yan bautar ƙasar sun yi adawa da yakin Vietnam da kuma daftarin," wanda ya fito fili ya hada da SIL. Tun daga farko, SIL ya gina kamfen a harabar don kawar da shigar da mutane, yana rubutawa a wata takarda cewa "girman wauta ne a kula da cewa yakin da ake kiyaye shi ta hanyar daftarin, hauhawar farashin kaya, da tilasta gwamnati ta hanyar tsarin haraji na iya ta kowace hanya ya zama misali ga kyakkyawan matakin hana cin hanci da rashawa. Dangane da cancantar rarrabawa, SIL har ila yau ya zama gidan share fage ga daliban masu sassaucin ra'ayi, wadanda shugabanninsu ke son ci gaba da cin gashin kansu amma haka nan suna son "hada kai don ruguza Hagu da dama da kuma jihar." A wasu ayyukan, SIL ya fara shirin kasa don “mallake Amurka da maido mana da yanci”. Sun dauki nauyin tarurrukan ilimi, suka kirkiro manyan takardu masu ɗauke da shafi guda daya, suka kirkiro Ofishin Masu Magana da 'Yanci na Libertarian, suka buga wata mujallar wata-wata don Labaran' Yanci na Mutum da kuma mujallar kowane wata Mutum, wanda Roy Childs ya shirya, ya yi aiki don gudanar da kundin tsarin mulki a manyan jami'o'i, da littattafan da aka buga, gami da A Liberty Primer na W. Alan Burris a Shekara ta 1979. A cikin shekara ta 1971 SIL ta ƙaddamar da wani shiri mai fasali uku, wanda ya haɗa da “The Draft Keep It Dead,” Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun shugabanni da ayyukan SIL ya shafa shine David Nolan, babban mai shirya bayan kafa Jam'iyyar Libertarian Party a Amurka. Nolan ya kasance tare da SIL a matsayin shugaban harabar jami'a, kuma da farko ya bayyana sigar ta Nolan Chart ta yanzu a cikin wata kasida mai suna "Rarrabawa da Nazarin Tsarin Siyasa da Tattalin Arziki" a cikin fitowar mutum ɗaya ta SIL ta Shekara ta 1971. Ed Clark, dan takarar shugabancin Amurka na shekara ta 1980, ya tsunduma cikin harkar sassaucin ra'ayi ta hanyar halartar taron SIL a Birnin New York. Bayan haka Ɗaya daga cikin manyan dalilan haɗewar SIL a cikin tƙungiyar 'Yanci ta ƙasashen Duniya (ISIL) a cikin shekara ta 1989 shi ne ficewar Don Ernsberger daga ayyukan SIL don zama mataimakin shugaban ma'aikata na ɗan majalisa Dana Rohrabacher. Bayan aikinsa a matsayin ma'aikacin majalisa, ya kwashe shekaru da yawa yana rubuta littattafan yakin basasa da kuma kusan shekaru 40 a matsayin babban malamin makaranta da kwaleji. Dave Walter ya shiga cikin Jam’iyyar Libertarian, inda ya hau kujerar shugaban kasa daga Shekara ta 1988 1991. ISIL Zamani ISIL ta mallaki Laissez Faire Books (LFB) a cikin Nuwamban shekara ta 2007. An shirya kungiyar ISIL a matsayin kungiyar ba da bangaranci, ba da kai wa ga biyan haraji da kungiyar ilimantarwa, wacce a matsayinta na babbar ƙungiya, ta wakilci ƙungiyoyi da mambobi daban-daban a cikin kasashe Guda 80. A tsawon shekarun kungiyar ISIL, Jarret Wollstein ya rubuta takardu daban-daban na ilimi guda 38, inda aka kiyasta cewa an raba kwafi sama da miliyan 5. Da yawa daga ƙasidun an fassara su zuwa cikin harsunan waje da yawa. Sun kuma fassara littattafai da dama a cikin yare daban-daban kamar su Ken Schoolland's The Adventures of Jonathan Gullible: A Free Market Odyssey, Ayn Rand ’s Anthem, Karl Hess ’s Capitalism for Kids, Frances Kendall's Super Parents Super Children da Mary Ruwart ’s s Warkar da Duniyarmu. Bayanin ISIL game da Ƙa'idoji sune kamar haka:Ƙungiyar forasa ta Duniya don erancin Mutum ɗaya ƙungiya ce ta mutane da ƙungiyoyi waɗanda aka keɓe don gina duniya mai 'yanci da zaman lafiya, mutunta' yanci da kowa, da kuma tsarin tattalin arziki mai buɗewa da gasa bisa musayar son rai da kasuwanci mara shinge. A cikin shekara ta 2016, kungiyar ISIL ta sake tsari kuma aka sauya mata suna zuwa Liberty International tare da Jim Elwood a matsayin babban darakta. Duba kuma Shafin 'yanci Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Tashar yanar gizo Yanayi Ƴancin muhalli Ƴancin ɗan adam Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki Pages with unreviewed

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Abuja

Abuja Itace babban birnin tarayya, kuma na takwas a girma a Najeriya. Birnin na nan a tsakiyar ƙasar Najeriya, a cikin Birnin Tarayya (FCT), kuma tsararran birni ne da aka zana a tsakanin shekarun 1980s wanda mai zane Architect Kenzo Tange ya zana ta. Ta zama babbar birnin Najeriya bayan tsohuwar babban birnin Legas a ranar 12 ga watan Disamba shekara ta Alif 1991 Birnin ya koma na tarayya ne tun a lokacin mulkin Gen. Ibrahim Babangida a shekarar alif ɗari tara da casa'in da ɗaya (1991) wanda kafin lokacin birnin tarayyar ya kasance a birnin Legas dake kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. Birnin Abuja ya kasance birni ne gagara-misali saboda birnin ya ƙunshi abubuwa da dama wanda ido ne kaɗai zai iya tabbatar da haka. Manƴan Ma'aikatu, Makarantu, filayen jiragen sama, da kuma filin wasa Babba, da dai sauran manya-manyan ma'aikatun gwamnati wanda suke juya akalar ƙasar baki ɗaya. A cikin birnin Abuja akwai mutane a kalla 776,298 a kiɗayar shekarar 2006, kasan cewar birnin na tarayya ne wato ya tara duk jinsin mutane da ƙabilun dake Najeriya gaba ɗaya, ko wacce jiha a Najeriya tana da wakilai a sassa daban-daban a cikin Abuja domin ganin sun wakilci jihar su a fage da dama don cigaban jihar su. A cikin birnin Abuja akwai wuraren shaƙatawa da dama da wuraren buɗe ido musamman ga baƙi, waɗanda suke muradin kashe kwarkwatar ido ta fagen kallon abubuwan ban al'ajabi, da ɗebe kewa. Babban al'amari game da labarin ƙasa na Abuja (wato geography) sun haɗa da dutsen Aso Rock, gidan shugaban ƙasa (presidential complex), Majalisar dokoki (National assembly), Kotun ƙoli (supreme court), Sannan yawancin birnin ya mike har zuwa kudancin dutsen, Sannan kuma Zuma Rock wanda ke arewacin birnin a bisa babban titin Kaduna. Manyan wuraren bautan sun haɗa da babban masallaci da babban chochi na birnin Abuja, wato Nigerian National Central Mosque da Nigerian National Christian Centre. Birnin na hada-hada daga filin jirgin saman Abuja wato Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport. Abuja tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan birane da aka tsara kuma ɗaya daga cikin mafi arziƙi. Abuja itace cibiyar gudanarwa da siyasa na Najeriya. Har wayau tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan biranen na Afurka musamman matsayin Najeriya a harkokin siyasa da ci gaba. Abuja tana da mahimmanci a harkokin ganawa watau meeting kamar 2003 Commonwealth Heads of Government meeting da kuma 2014 World Economic Forum (Africa) meetings. Tarihi Garin Abuja a farkon ƙarni na 20 sunan wani gari ne yanzu da ake kira Suleja. Asalin mazauna Abuja Gwari ne, wato mutanen Gbagyi, wanda Gbagyi ne yaren farko na garin sai kuma sauran yarika kaman Bassa, Gwandara, Gade, Dibo, Nupe da kuma Koro. An samar da babban birnin a dalilin rabe-raben harsuna a Najeriya. Sauran dalilan kuma sun haɗa da yawan mutanen Legas, wanda ke jawo cunkuso a garin. Sannan bugu da ƙari garin Legas na samun haɓakar kasuwanci cikin sauri, wannan dalilai suka jawo aka maido da babban birnin zuwa Abuja. Wannan tsari da aka bi iri ɗaya ne da yadda Brazil suka tsara babban birninsu Brasilia. Gwamnatin Soji ta Najeriya a ranar 4 ga watan Febrerun shekara ta 1976 ta fidda tsarin doka mai lamba 6 acikin kundin tsarin mulki wacce ta cire Legas a matsayin babban birnin kasan zuwa Abuja. Gwamnatin Soji na Murtala Muhammed da kuma Olusegun Obasanjo ne suka fidda asalin aikin tsarin samar da babban birnin Abuja wanda gamnatin farar hula ta Shehu Shagari ta karasa.Tsarin gine-gine ya fara acikin shekarun 1970s amma a dalilin matsalar kudade na siyasa, an karasa aikin a shekarun 1980s. Maido babban birnin Najeriya zuwa Abuja ya jawo rikici sosai kuma babban dan-adawan wannan canji shine Obafemi Awolowo. Obafemi Awolowo ya kasance dan siyasan Najeriya mai kuma wakiltan yarbawa acikin kin yarda da maido babban cibiyar kasan daga Legas zuwa Abuja. A lokacin da ake yakin neman zabensa na shugaban kasa, ya sha alwashin cewa idan ya zamo shugaba zai gayyato kamfanin "Walt Disney Corporation" don su mayar da Abuja wajen shakatawa. Amma kash, samun nasarar shugaban ƙasan farar hula na farko wato shehu shagari ya sa an fara ci gaba da habaka gine-gine a babban birnin inda ya nemi 'yan kwangila da 'yan kwadago da su dage wajen kammala aikin a cikin sauri. Bayan dawowarsa ya nuna rashin gamsuwar sa akan yadda aikin ya dau tsawon lokaci ga Alhaji Abubakar Koko. An baiwa kamfanin International Planning Associates (IPA) kwangilar kawo tsarin zanen Abuja a shekarar 1977 wanda sashin gwamnatin tarayya watau Federal Capital Development Authority (FCDA) suka bada kwangilan.A yanda nasaban tsarin yarjejeniyar ta nuna, tsarin ya klƙunshi al'amurra daban daban, wanda suka hada da zaban wajen da zai zama gidan gwamnati, tsarin yadda yankuna da birane zasu kasance da kuma kundi na tsare-tsare da na cigaba. Gudanarwa Abuja Municipal Area Council ke gudanar da harkokin birnin Abuja. Bugu da ƙari akan harkokin ayyukan gwamnati birnin shine cibiyar gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya kuma har wayau tushen siyasa da gudanarwa na gwamnatin ƙasar. Hukumar babban birnin tarayya (FCTA) ce ke tafiyar da babban birnin tarayya, wanda ministan da shugaban kasa ya zaba na FCT ke shugabanta. Hukumar Raya Babban Birnin Tarayya (FCDA) ce ke kula da ayyukan gine-gine da abubuwan more rayuwa na yankin. A yanzu haka tsohon gwamnan Rivers Nyesome Wike shine ministan babban birnin tarayya. Ƙananan hukumomi Babban Birnin tarayya Abuja nada ƙana nan hukumomi guda Shida (6) 1.Abaji 2.Garki (Abuja Municipal) 3.Bwari 4.Gwagwalada 5.Kuje 6.Kwali Haɗin fili na waɗannan kananan hukumomi 6 kusan kilomita 7,290 ne. Sassan Abuja Abuja tana da sassa wato (districts) da dama tun daga Phase 1 har zuwa phase 3 sune kamar haka: SASSA NA PHASE 1 Central cadastral zone A00 Garki I District cadastral zone A01 Wuse 1 District cadastral zone A02 Garki II District cadastral zone A03 Asokoro cadastral zone A04 Maitama Districts cadastral zone A05 Maitama cadastral zone A06 Wuse II District cadastral zone A07 Wuse II cadastral zone A08 Guzape District zone A09 SASSA NA PHASE 2 kukwuaba cadastral zone B00 Gudu cadastral zone B01 Durumi cadastral zone B02 Wuye cadastral zone B03 Jabi cadastral zone B04 Utako cadastral zone B05 Mabushi cadastral zone B06 Jahi cadastral zone B08 Kado cadastral zone B09 Dakibiyu cadastral zone B10 Kaura cadastral zone B11 Duboyi cadastral zone B12 Gaduwa cadastral zone B13 Dutse cadastral zone B14 Katampe Ext cadastral zone B19 SASSA NA PHASE 3 Institution and Research Cadastral Zone C00, Karmo Cadastral Zone C01, Gwarimpa Cadastral Zone C02. Dape Cadastral Zone C04, Kafe Cadastral Zone C05 Nbora Cadastral Zone C06, Galadimawa Cadastral Zone C07, Dakwo Cadastral Zone C08, Lokogoma Cadastral Zone C09, Wumba Cadastral Zone C10, Idu Industrial Cadastral Zone C16 Manyan wurare a Abuja Gidan Shugaban kasa (Villa) Majalisar Dattawa Majalisar Wakilai (NASS) Babban kotun koli (supreme court) Babban Bankin Nijeriya (CBN) Babban ofishin sojoji Babban ofishin yan sanda na kasa Ma'aikatar sufuri ta kasa Babban ofishin kwastam na kasa Ofishin gamayyar Afrika (ECOWAS) Massallacin Tarayya Massallacin An Noor Wajen Gari Garuruwan da suke waje da birnin Abuja Dawaki Gwagwalada Karu Kubwa Mpape Nyanya Labarin Ƙasa Garin Abuja na da bisan kimanin mita 360m. Chanjin yanayi a sashen Abuja Abuja a tsarin rabe-raben Koppen ta faɗa a ajin tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen: Aw). Garin na fuskantar yanayi iri uku, sanyi, zafi da kuma lokacin ɗumi da ruwan sama. A tsakanin waɗan nan yanayi akwai lokacin sanyi da hazo. Ruwan sama a Abuja yana farawa ne daga watan Aprilu sannan ya ƙare a watan October, a yayin da zafin hasken rana yake kaiwa makin 28 °C (82.4 °F) zuwa 30 °C (86.0 °F) sannan kuma sanyin dare a maki mafi karanci yana kaiwa 22 °C (71.6 °F) zuwa 23 °C (73.4 °F). Amma a lokacin rani, zafin hasken rana a bisa maki mafi girma yana kaiwa 40 °C (104.0 °F) amma yanayin yana sauƙi da dare akan makin ma'aunin celcius 12 °C (53.6 °F). har zuwa ƙarshen dare yana kaiwa 30 °C (86.0 °F). wannan shine adadin makin sauyin yanayi da sashin birnin Abuja ke fuskanta a taƙaice. Sadarwa Tashoshin Gidan Radio a yankin Abuja 88.9 Brila FM (Abuja) sports 92.1 Vision FM 92.9 Kapital FM 93.5 ASO Radio 94.7 Rhythm FM (Abuja) 96.9 Cool FM (Abuja) 98.3 Hot FM (Abuja) 99.5 Wazobia FM (Abuja) 99.9 Kiss FM (Abuja) 100.5 RayPower FM (Abuja) 104 Love FM (Abuja) 95.1 Nigeria Info 106 WE FM Hotuna [[File:Secret garden in Riverplate park Abuja.jpg|Secret garden in Riverplate park Abuja Manazarta Nijeriya Babban

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuhu%20Aliyu%20Labbo

Nuhu Aliyu Labbo

Nuhu Aliyu Labbo (an haife shi a 1941) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne da aka zaɓa a Majalisar Dattawa don mazabar Neja ta Arewa a Jihar Neja a 1999 kuma an sake zaɓensa a 2003 da 2007. Bayan Fage An haifi Nuhu Aliyu a watan Yunin shekarar 1941. Ya yi karatun Advance Police Management a kwalejin 'yan sanda da ke Jos Ya zama Mataimakin Sufeto Janar (DIG) na 'yan sanda. A watan Yunin shekarar 1994, kame madugun 'yan adawa Moshood Abiola a Legas ya jawo zanga -zanga. An zabi Abiola a matsayin shugaban Nigeria a shekarar 1993, amma shugaban mulkin soji Ibrahim Babangida ya soke sakamakon zaben. DIG Aliyu ne ke da alhakin inganta tsaro don wanzar da zaman lafiya. A matsayinsa na Mataimakin Sufeto-Janar na 'yan sanda ya kasance mai kula da sashen binciken manyan laifuka na rundunar (FCID) matsayinsa na Mataimakin Sufeto-Janar na 'yan sanda ya kasance mai kula da sashen binciken manyan laifuka na rundunar (FCID). Aliyu ya kasance shugaban jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party na jihar Neja kafin zaben sa na majalisar dattawa Wa'adin farko na Majalisar Dattawa 1999 2003 An zabi Aliyu a shekarar 1999 a matsayin dan jam'iyyar PDP na mazabar Neja ta Arewa kuma an nada shi shugaban kwamitin majalisar wakilai kan harkokin 'yan sanda. A cikin watan Janairun shekarar 2001, bayan da majalisar dattawa ta yi watsi da sassaucin da aka samu daga bangaren man fetur, Aliyu ya ce hakan ya faru ne saboda ba a tuntubi majalisar dattawa b. A farkon shekarar 2002, Majalisar Dattawa ta yi yunkurin tsige shugabakba Obasanjo atan Nuwamba na 2002, ya bayyana cewa an biya sanatoci da wakilai don su janye karar. Aliyu ya ce an bukace shi da ya karbi rabonsa daga cikin ganimar tsige shi amma ya ki. A cikin watan Janairun shekarar 2003, a matsayinsa na shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Dattawa kan Tsaro da Leken Asiri, Aliyu ya shawarci gidan da kada ya gudanar da aikin tantance ministoci uku da aka gabatar cikin gaggawa sannan daga baya ya dawi ya koka game da halayen wadanda aka nada. Wa'adin Majalisar Dattawa ta biyu 2003-2007 An sake zaben Aliyu a shekarar 2003. A watan Mayun shekarar 2003, Majalisar Dattawa ta zartar da kudirin dokar Hukumar Samar da Wutar Lantarki, wanda Aliyu ya hada kai da shi. A watan Oktoban shekarar 2003, ya hada kai da wani kudiri wanda ya soki hana rabon tallafin kananan hukumomi da tallafin da gwamnatocin jihohi ke bayarwa. A cikin watan Janairun shekarar 2004, an kona masaukinsa da ke Kontagora, Jihar Neja a lokacin tarzomar da ta biyo bayan zaben cikin gida da ake takaddama akai. A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2004, ya halarci taron gamayyar jam'iyyun adawa na jihar Neja, wanda ya fitar da sanarwar cewa samar da karin kananan hukumomi goma sha bakwai na dindindin ne kuma zaben da aka yi ranar 10 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2004 yana da inganci. A watan Satumbar 2004, ya hada kai da kudirin dokar Asusun Haraji na 'Yan Sanda wanda ya yi nufin samar da isasshen kudade ga' yan sanda kan rigakafin aikata laifuka da gano su. Haka kuma a watan Satumbar 2004, Aliyu ya goyi bayan kudirin cewa shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo ya sauke Malam Nasiru El-Rufai daga mukaminsa na Ministan Babban Birnin Tarayya (FCT) a cikin awanni 48. Wannan ya biyo bayan maganganun jama'a da El-Rufai ya bayyana Sanatocin a matsayin 'wawaye' a martanin rahoton kwamitin asusun gwamnati na majalisar dattijai wanda ya tuhume shi da almubazzaranci na kudi, a matsayin Darakta Janar na Ofishin Harkokin Kasuwanci da kuma Ministan Babban Birnin Tarayya. A watan Disambar 2004, ya soki rahoton Kwamitin Majalisar Dattawa kan Jihohi da Kananan Hukumomi kan dawo da zaman lafiya a Jihar Anambra, yana mai cewa rahoton da ake jira kan wannan batu da Kwamitin Sanata David Mark ya yi zai fi kyau a yi bincike da nazari. A watan Mayun 2005, hukumomi biyu da shugaban kasa Olusegun Obasanjo ya kafa sun fara shari’ar wasu manyan mutane. Wasu daga cikin wakilan majalisar wakilan sun yi barazanar tsige shugaban. Aliyu ya ce ya binciki wasu daga cikin masu goyon bayan shirin tsige shi bisa zargin zamba a lokacin da yake aikin dan sanda. Aliyu ya bayyana wasu abokan aikinsa kamar yadda aka tabbatar fitattun yan damfara. A watan Nuwamba na 2005, sakamakon rahotannin yawaitar hadduran manyan hanyoyi, ya goyi bayan kudirin kwamitin Majalisar Dattawa kan Ayyuka don binciken Hukumar Kula da Kula da Hanya ta Tarayya (FERMA) da Ma’aikatar Ayyuka ta Tarayya da bayar da rahoto cikin makonni hudu. A watan Fabrairun 2006, Nuhu Aliyu ya bayyana yunkurin da ake zargin shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo na neman wa’adi na uku da sake duba kundin tsarin mulki da cewa “sharri ne”. A watan Afrilu na shekarar 2006, Aliyu ya nemi a binciki kalamai daban -daban na zamba kan Sanata Ibrahim Mantu, Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa, sannan a dakatar da Mantu daga Majalisar Dattawa yayin bincike. Bukatar dakatar da Mantu bai samu isasshen goyon baya da zai wuce ba, amma majalisar dattawa ta yanke shawarar kaddamar da bincike. A watan Fabrairun 2007, Aliyu ya soki Hukumar Yaki da Yiwa Tattalin Arzikin Kasa Tu’annati (EFCC) saboda ta yarda gwamnati ta yi amfani da ita wajen yaƙi da abokan gaban ta na siyasa, amma ya ce duk da cewa matakin na iya zama ba daidai ba, EFCC tana yin wani abin kirki. Wa'adin Sanata na Uku 2007–2011 An sake zabar Aliyu a watan Afrilun 2007. An nada shi kwamitoci kan Tsaro Leken Asiri, Harkokin 'Yan sanda, Bashi na gida da na waje, Al'adu Yawon shakatawa da Sadarwa. Ya kasance mai neman kujerar Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa, amma aka zabi David Mark. A cikin watan Janairun 2008, ya bayyana cewa wasu daga cikin 'yan Majalisar Dattawa suna da hannu cikin zamba, amma daga baya bisa shawara daga lauyoyin sa suka nemi gafara tare da janye zargin ba tare da sunaye sunaye ba. Shugaban kwamitin yada labarai da yada labarai na majalisar, Eziuche Ubani, ya ce majalisar ba za ta amince da afuwar Aliyu ba, amma ta roke shi da ya bayyana jerin sunayen ‘yan majalisar tarayya da ake zargi da hannu a zamba 419 A watan Maris na shekarar 2008, Aliyu ya ba da babura 400 da mashin dinki 400 ga karamar hukumar Borgu da ke jihar Neja, don rabawa jama'a. "Na'urorin dinki na mata ne, yayin da babura na maza ne." Ya ce yana hada gidauniya, da za a kira ta Gidauniyar Sanata Nuhu Aliyu, don kara ba da gudummawa. A cikin hirar watan Mayu na 2009, Aliyu ya ce rahoton 'yan sanda da aka gabatar wa Kotun daukaka kara kan karar zaben gwamnan jihar Osun da aka yi, ya lura cewa rawar da' yan sanda ke takawa a zabe ita ce kiyaye zaman lafiya, kuma ya bayyana kwarin gwiwa ga juyin halitta zuwa cikakken dimokuradiyya a Najeriya. Aliyu ya sake tsayawa takara a karo na hudu a watan Afrilun 2011, amma dan takarar jam'iyyar Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) Ibrahim Musa ya kayar da shi inda ya samu kuri'u 131,872 zuwa 83,778 na Aliyu. Bayan zaben, Aliyu, Shugaban Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dattawa, ya shigar da kara zuwa kotun daukaka kara ta jihar Neja kan Ibrahim Musa. Nassoshi Pages with unreviewed

61993

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olumide%20Idowu

Olumide Idowu

Olumide Idowu (an haifeshi a shekarar 1987) wanda aka fi sani da Mista Climate, matashi ne ɗan Najeriya mai fafutukar sauyin yanayi. Shi ne wanda ya kafa wata kungiya mai suna International Climate Change Development Initiative (ICCDI Africa), da Climate Wednesday and Nigerian Youth Climate Coalition. Olumide ɗan'uwan Atlas Corps ne, tsofaffin ɗalibai na Shirin Jagorancin Baƙi na Jiha (IVLP), kafofin watsa labarun da jami'in sadarwa na Ƙungiyar Cigaban Ilimi a Afirka, Triennale 2017 a Senegal, kuma babban darektan sadarwa na Ƙaddamarwar Matasan Afirka akan Canjin Yanayi AYICC). Ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Shirya 7th Global Platform on Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) a Mexico, African Youth Champion for the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) kuma ya karɓi lambar yabo ta Save the Children Award na shekarar 2015 da Gudunmawarsa ga Ci gaba mai dorewa (Sustainable Development) a Najeriya. Olumide shi ne Cibiyar Matasa a Najeriya UNDP Small Grant Program, marubucin matasa na Global Environment Outlook (GEO) na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Muhalli da Babban Kodineta na Matasan Afirka kan Sauyin Yanayi (AYICC). Shi ma memba ne na kungiyoyi daban-daban na cikin gida da na waje. Babban abin da ya fi mayar da hankali ya haɗa da ƙarfafa matasa, Muhalli, Canjin yanayi, Sadarwa, Kulawa da Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Idowu mahaifinsa wani masanin noma ne a Najeriya. Ya karanta Statistics a Jami'ar Abuja, Nigeria inda ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya (B.Sc.) a shekarar 2010. Sana'a Olumide ya zama memba na hukumar zartarwa kuma daraktan yankin Afirka na Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Duniya (IYF) a cikin shekarar 2016. A cikin shekarar 2018, Olumide ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan ƙasar Najeriya na Climate Scorecard, wani yunƙuri na Global Citizens' Initiative, (TGCI) da EarthAction. A cikin wannan rawar, ya samar da Brief na kasa na wata-wata mai suna Action Alert yana bayyana ayyukan da suka kawo cikas ga aiwatar da yarjejeniyar Paris, mafita da masu ruwa da tsaki don aiwatar da ayyukan da ake buƙata. A cikin wannan shekarar, ya yi aiki akan aikace-aikacen wayar hannu don ba da rahoto ga ɗan ƙasa game da Gudanar da Sharar gida da Rage Hadarin Bala'i. Shi ne babban darektan sadarwa, na Initiative Youth Africa on Climate Change (AYICC) kuma ya zama babban jami’in gudanarwa a watan Janairu, 2022. Bugu da ƙari, ya kasance ƙwararren mai ba da shawara da yaƙin neman zaɓe na Save the Children Nigeria, kodinetan ayyuka na TUNZA Nigeria, kuma Manazarcin Bincike da Rahoto na Ƙungiyar Sana'a ta Yammacin Afirka. Olumide shi ne cibiyar Matasa a Najeriya don shirin UNDP Small Grant, kuma Jagoran Matasa Marubuci Global Environmental Outlook (GEO6). Fafutuka Olumide Idowu ya fara tafiyar sa na fafutukar ganin an samu sauyin yanayi tare da kungiyar AIESEC da haɗin gwiwar matasan Najeriya a lokacin karatun digirinsa na farko wanda hakan ya sa ya halarci buɗaɗɗiyar taron majalisar dokokin Najeriya (Najeriya). A shekara ta 2013, ya kafa shirin da ake yi a ranar Laraba don ilimantar da mutane game da sauyin yanayi da dabarun daidaita shi. Ya kafa shirin bunƙasa sauyin yanayi na ƙasa da ƙasa (ICCDI Africa) a shekarar 2016 da nufin gina tsarar yanayi mai mai kyau ta hanyar tattaunawa da sabbin abubuwa. Ya yi aiki a kan shirye-shiryen da za su jagoranta da suka mayar da hankali kan yin bayan gida a fili, kiwon lafiyar mata, sarrafa shara, da tsaftace malalar mai da sauransu a jihohin Legas da Rivers Najeriya. Kyaututtuka da zaɓe An karrama Olumide da lambar yabo ta Save the Children Award na Gudunmawa ga Ci gaba mai dorewa a Najeriya na 2015. Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka a Najeriya ne ya zaɓe shi a matsayin Shirin Shugabancin Baƙi na Jiha (IVLP), da kuma Zakaran Matasan Afirka na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Dabarun Rage Bala'i (UNISDR). Olumide ya lashe Asusun Ƙirƙirar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru a Nijeriya. Olumide ya fito a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mutane takwas da suka samu lambar yabo ta Tod'Aérs Global Network (TGN) ga shugabannin matasa daga ko'ina cikin duniya da aka amince da su da lambar yabo ta "2022 Global Young Leader of the Year" saboda gagarumin aikin da suka yi. Wallafe-wallafe Matsayin da matasa ke takawa wajen tabbatar da manufarsu ta kawo sauyi. Tushen buƙatun Najeriya a cikin ajandar ci gaban bayan 2015. Tasirin Sauyin Yanayi akan Noma da Abinci. Noma da Ci gaban Matasa a Afirka. Manazarta Haihuwan 1987 Rayayyun

8900

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth%20II

Elizabeth II

Sarauniya Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary) An haife ta a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta alif ɗari tara da ashirin da shida 1926, zuwa ranar 8 ga watan Satumba shekarata 2022. Ita ce Sarauniyar United Kingdom da wasu ƙasashen Ƙungiyar Ƙasashe masu tasowa. Elizabeth dai an haife ta ne a birnin London, ita ce ɗiyar farko daga gidan Duke na York da matarsa Duchess na York, wanda daga bisani ya zama Sarki George VI matarsa kuma Mahaifiyar Sarauniya Elizabeth II, sarauniyar ta samu karatun tane daga cikin gidan iyayenta a matsayin ta na ƴar gidan sarauta. Mahaifinta yakaiga karagar mulki bayan ƙwace sarautar da akayi daga hannun Sarki Edward VIII wanda ɗan uwanta a ne a shekara ta alif 1936, wanda tun daga nan ne ta zama mai jiran gado. Tafara yin ayyukan al'umma musamman aikin soja a yayin yaƙin duniya na II, inda tayi aiki a ƙarƙashin Auxiliary Territorial Service. A shekarata alif 1947, Ta auri Philip, Duke na Edinburgh, tsohon Yariman ƙasar Greece da Denmark, wanda suke da yara huɗu dashi: Charles, Yariman Wales; Anne, Princess Royal; Andrew, Duke na York; da Edward, Earl na Wessex. Bayan rasuwar mahaifin ta a watan Fabrairun shekara ta alif 1952, tazama shugaban Commonwealth kuma queen regnant na ƙasashe bakwai (7) dake cikin Commonwealth: United Kingdom, Kanada, Australiya, New Zealand, Union of South Africa, Dominion of Pakistan, da Ceylon. Tayi mulki da kawo sauyin dokokin ƙasashe kamar devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation, da kuma decolonisation of Africa. A tsakanin shekarar alif 1956 da shekarar alif 1992, adadin yawan ƙasashen da Elizabeth ta II ke mulka sun sauya kasantuwar wasu yankuna sun samu ƴancin cin gashin kansu, waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙasa kamar Africa ta kudu, Pakistan, da Ceylon (wanda aka canja wa suna zuwa Sri Lanka), wasu kuma sun zama republics. Daga cikin ziyarce ziyarcen ta na tarihi da huɗɗoɗinta akwai state visit to the Republic of Ireland da kuma ziyararta ga ko ziyartan Pope Roma biyar. Manyan biki a Rayuwarta akwai coronation in 1953 da murnar cikarta shekara ashirin da biyar a karagar mulki Silver, Da na shekara hamsin Golden, Da kuma Diamond Jubilees a shekara ta alif 1977, 2002, da 2012 dasuka gabata. A shekarar 2017, tazama sarauniyar Biritaniya ta farko da takai Sapphire Jubilee. Kuma ita ce mafi tsawon shekaru akan Sarautar Biritaniya har wayau ita ce tsohuwar sarauniyar data daɗe akan karagar mulki kuma mace shugaba da tafi daɗewa a duniya, kuma mafi tsawon shekaru akan karagar mulki cikin shugabannin duniya dake raye a yanzu. Elizabeth ta fuskanci suka daga ƴan republican sentiments da na ƴan jarida royal family, musamman bayan rabe-raben auren ƴa yanta her annus horribilis a shekarar 1992 da rasuwar death in 1997 wadda tsohuwar sarakuwarta ce Diana, Sarauniyar Wales. Duk da yake samun goyon bayan masarautar ya cigaba da ƙaruwa, hakama cigaba da karɓuwarta da ƙarin farin jinin ta.. Farkon Rayuwarta An haifi Elizabeth a daidai ƙarfe 02:40 (GMT) ranar 21 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1926, A lokacin mulkin kakanta namiji, King George V. Mahaifinta Duke din York (wanda yazama King George VI), shine ɗa na biyun Sarkin. Mahaifiyarta, Duchess din York (wadda tazama Queen Elizabeth), Itace ƴar autan Scottish aristocrat wato Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne. An haife ta a Caesarean section gidan iyayen kakanta dake London: 17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. Anyimata baptised daga Anglican Archbishop of York, Cosmo Gordon Lang, a cocin Buckingham Palace a ranar 29 ga watan Mayu,efn|name=baptism|Her godparents were: King George V and Queen Mary; Lord Strathmore; Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (her paternal great-granduncle); Princess Mary, Viscountess Lascelles (her paternal aunt); and Lady Elphinstone (her maternal aunt). An raɗa mata suna Elizabeth daga sunan mahaifiyarta, Alexandra kuma bayan George V's mother, wanda yarasu wata shida kafin a haife ta, Mary kuma daga her paternal grandmother. ƴan uwanta nakusa nakiranta da "Lilibet" akan abinda ta kira kanta dashi ne da farko, mahaifin mahaifinta na matuƙar sonta wato George V, A lokacin tsakanin ciwonsa a 1929, ziyarar data riƙa kai masa yasamu tagomashi a jaridu da kuma tarihai, tareda taimaka masa wurin samun sauƙi. Ƴar uwar Elizabeth ɗaya, itace Princess Margaret, an haife ta a shekarar 1930. Sunyi karatunsu a gidan mahaifinsu a ƙarƙashin kulawar mahaifiyarsu da kuma maikula dasu wato, Marion Crawford. Karatunsu yafi mayarda hankaline akan tarihi, Harshe, literature da Waƙa. Crawford ya wallafa tarihin Elizabeth da yarintar Margaret, wanda akaiwa laƙabi da The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family. Littafi ya fayyace son da Elizabeth kewa Dokuna da Karnuka, yadda takeda tsari, da halayyarta na ɗaukan nauyin abunda ke ƙarƙashin ta. Wasu kuma sun yi na'am da irin waɗannan abubuwan: Winston Churchill ya kwatanta Elizabeth lokacin da take da shekaru biyu a matsayin "halayya. Tana da iska mai iko da tunani mai ban mamaki a cikin jariri." amma mai hankali da kiyaye".[2]. Hotuna Manazarta Sarauniyar

40748

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9%20Descartes

René Descartes

René UK ko rt/; Faransanci French: [ʁəne dekaʁt]; Latinized: Renatus Cartesius; 31 Maris 1596-11 Fabrairu 1650 Bafaranshe ne masanin falsafa, masanin kimiyya, kuma masanin lissafi, wanda aka fi sani da shi a matsayin mutum na farko a cikin bullowar falsafa da kimiyyarzamani. Ilimin lissafi ya kasance tsakiyar hanyar bincikensa, kuma ya haɗa fage daban-daban na lissafin lissafi da algebra a baya zuwa cikin lissafi na nazari. Descartes ya shafe yawancin rayuwarsa na aiki a Jamhuriyar Holland, tun da farko yana hidima ga Sojojin Ƙasar Holland, daga bisani ya zama babban ƙwararrun ƙwararrun shekarun Golden Age. Ko da yake ya yi aiki a jihar Furotesta kuma daga baya masu suka suka ƙidaya shi a matsayin mai ba da shawara, Descartes ya ɗauki kansa a matsayin Katolika. Yawancin abubuwa na falsafar Descartes suna da abubuwan da suka faru a ƙarshen Aristotelianism, Rayarwar Stoicism na karni na 16, ko a cikin falsafar farko kamar Augustine. A cikin falsafar dabi'a, ya bambanta da makarantu a kan manyan abubuwa guda biyu: na farko, ya ƙi rarraba kayan jiki zuwa kwayoyin halitta da siffar; na biyu, ya ƙi duk wani roko zuwa ga ƙarshe, na allahntaka ko na halitta, a cikin bayanin abubuwan mamaki na halitta. A cikin tauhidinsa, ya nace a kan cikakken 'yanci na aikin Allah na halitta. Da yake ƙin karɓar ikon masana falsafa na baya, Descartes akai-akai ya keɓe ra'ayinsa baya ga masana falsafa da suka gabace shi. A cikin ɓangaren budewa na Ƙaunar Soul, wani rubutun zamani na farko game da motsin zuciyarmu, Descartes ya ci gaba da tabbatar da cewa zai rubuta a kan wannan batu "kamar dai babu wanda ya rubuta game da waɗannan batutuwa a baya."Sanannen bayaninsa na falsafa shine "cogito, ergo sum" ("Ina tsammanin, saboda haka ni ne"; wanda aka samo a cikin Magana akan Hanyar (1637; a Faransanci da Latin) da Ka'idodin Falsafa (1644, a cikin Latin). Descartes sau da yawa ana kiransa uban falsafar zamani, kuma galibi ana ganin shi ne ke da alhakin ƙarin kulawa da aka ba wa ilimin kimiya na zamani a ƙarni na 17. Ya aza harsashi na rationalism na nahiyar na ƙarni na 17, daga baya Spinoza da Leibniz suka ba da shawarar, kuma daga baya mazhabar empiriricist ta yi adawa da shi, wanda ya ƙunshi Hobbes, Locke, Berkeley, da Hume. Yunƙurin rationalism na farko na zamani-a matsayin makarantar falsafa mai tsari sosai a cikin kansa a karon farko a cikin tarihi-ya yi tasiri mai girma da tasiri a kan tunanin yammacin zamani gaba ɗaya, tare da haifuwar tsarin falsafancin falsafa biyu masu tasiri biyu na Descartes (Cartesianism) da Spinoza (Spinozism). Ya kasance ƙarni na 17 masu ra'ayin ra'ayi kamar Descartes, Spinoza da Leibniz waɗanda suka ba da "Age of Reason" suna da wuri a cikin tarihi. Leibniz, Spinoza, da Descartes duk sun kware sosai a fannin lissafi da falsafa, kuma Descartes da Leibniz sun ba da gudummawa sosai ga kimiyya ma. Tunanin Descartes akan Falsafa na Farko (1641) ya ci gaba da zama daidaitaccen rubutu a yawancin sassan falsafar jami'a. Tasirin Descartes a cikin ilmin lissafi daidai yake a bayyane; tsarin haɗin gwiwar Cartesian an sanya masa suna. An lasafta shi a matsayin uban lissafi na nazari-wanda aka yi amfani da shi wajen gano ƙididdiga da bincike mara iyaka. Descartes kuma ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan mutane a juyin juya halin kimiyya. Rayuwa Ƙuruciya An haifi René Descartes a La Haye en Touraine, lardin Touraine (yanzu Descartes, Indre-et-Loire), Faransa, a ranar 31 ga watan Maris 1596. An haifi René Descartes kusan rabin watan Agusta 1595. Mahaifiyarsa, Jeanne Brochard, ta mutu kwanaki kaɗan bayan ta haifi ɗa a watan Mayu 1597. Mahaifin Descartes, Joachim, ya kasance memba na Majalisar Brittany a Rennes. René ya zauna tare da kakarsa kuma tare da kawunsa. Kodayake dangin Descartes Roman Katolika ne, Furotesta Huguenots ne ke iko da yankin Poitou. A cikin 1607, marigayi saboda rashin lafiyarsa, ya shiga Kwalejin Jesuit Royal Henry-Le-Grand a La Flèche, inda aka gabatar da shi ga ilimin lissafi da kimiyyar lissafi, gami da aikin Galileo. Yayin da yake can, Descartes ya fara cin karo da sufanci. Bayan kammala karatunsa a 1614, ya yi karatu na tsawon shekaru biyu (1615-16) a Jami'ar Poitiers, yana samun Baccalauréat da Lasisi a cikin canon da dokar farar hula a 1616, bisa ga burin mahaifinsa cewa ya zama lauya. Daga can, ya koma Paris. A cikin Discourse on the method, Descartes ya tuna: Na bar nazarin haruffa gaba ɗaya. Na yanke shawarar neman wani ilimi sai dai wanda ake iya samunsa a cikin kaina ko kuma a cikin littafin nan mai girma na duniya, na shafe sauran kuruciyata ta tafiye-tafiye, ziyartar kotuna da dakaru, ina cudanya da mutane masu hali da matsayi daban-daban, tare da tattaro nau'o'in daban-daban. kwarewa, gwada kaina a cikin yanayin da arziki ya ba ni, kuma a kowane lokaci ina yin tunani a kan duk abin da ya zo don samun riba daga gare shi. Dangane da burinsa na zama ƙwararren jami'in soja a 1618, Descartes ya shiga, a matsayin ɗan haya, Rundunar Sojojin Yaren mutanen Holland na Furotesta a Breda ƙarƙashin umarnin Maurice na Nassau, kuma ya gudanar da nazarin aikin injiniya na soja, kamar yadda aka kafa. by Simon Stevin. Descartes, saboda haka, ya sami kwarin gwiwa sosai a Breda don haɓaka iliminsa na lissafi. Ta wannan hanyar, ya saba da Isaac Beeckman, shugaban makarantar Dordrecht, wanda ya rubuta Compendium of Music (wanda aka rubuta 1618, aka buga 1650). Tare, sun yi aiki a kan faɗuwar kyauta, ɗakin karatu, sashen conic, da ƙididdigar ruwa. Dukansu sun yi imanin cewa ya zama dole a ƙirƙira hanyar da ke da alaƙa sosai da lissafi da kimiyyar lissafi. Yayin da yake hidimar Duke Maximilian na Katolika na Bavaria daga 1619, Descartes ya kasance a yakin White Mountain kusa da Prague, a cikin watan Nuwamba 1620. A cewar Adrien Baillet, a daren 10-11 Nuwamba 1619 (Ranar St. Martin), yayin da yake tsaye a Neuburg an der Donau, Descartes ya rufe kansa a cikin daki tare da "tanda" (watakila cocklestove) don tserewa. sanyi Yayin da yake ciki, ya yi mafarkai guda uku, kuma ya gaskata cewa ruhun allahntaka ya bayyana masa sabuwar falsafa. Duk da haka, ana hasashen cewa abin da Descartes ya ɗauka a matsayin mafarkinsa na biyu shi ne ainihin abin da ya faru na fashewar ciwon kai. Bayan ya fita, ya ƙirƙiro lissafi na nazari da ra'ayin yin amfani da hanyar ilimin lissafi ga falsafa. Ya kammala daga waɗannan wahayin cewa, neman ilimin kimiyya zai kasance, a gare shi, neman hikima ta gaskiya da kuma wani muhimmin sashi na aikinsa na rayuwarsa. Descartes kuma ya ga a sarari cewa dukkanin gaskiya suna da alaƙa da juna, ta yadda gano ainihin gaskiya da ci gaba da tunani zai buɗe hanya ga dukkan kimiyya. Descartes ya gano wannan ainihin gaskiyar nan ba da jimawa ba: sanannensa "Ina tsammani, saboda haka ni ne." Manazarta Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

22327

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty%20International%20Thailand

Amnesty International Thailand

Amnesty International Thailand (AITH), wanda aka fi sani da Amnesty Thailand ko AI Thailand, kungiya ce mai zaman kanta (NGO-wadda ba ta gwamnati ba) wacce ta maida hankali kan kare hakkin dan adam a Thailand da ma duniya baki daya tare da mambobi sama da guda 1,000 a fadin Thailand. Amnesty Thailand na daga cikin "sassa" sama da guda 70 wadanda suka hada da Amnesty International a duk duniya. Amnesty International, a dunkule, kungiya ce da ke da magoya baya sama da miliyan bakwai, masu fafutuka da masu sa kai a cikin kasashe sama da Guda 150, masu zaman kansu daga gwamnati, kamfanoni, da sauran kungiyoyin masu sha'awar. Yana aiki don tattara ra'ayoyin jama'a don matsa lamba ga gwamnatocin da suka bar cin zarafi. An ba wa kungiyar lambar yabo ta Nobel ta zaman lafiya a shekara ta 1977. An kafa Amnesty International Thailand a cikin Shekara ta 1993 kuma ta yi rajista tare da gwamnatin Thai shekaru goma daga baya a shekara ta 2003 a matsayin ƙungiya. Hedikwatarta tana Chatuchak, Bangkok A cikin Shekara ta 2016, Amnesty International ta buɗe Ofishin Kudu maso Gabas ta Asiya da yankin yankin Pacific a Pathum Wan, Bangkok. Tarihin rayuwa Amnesty ta zama sananne ga mutanen Thai yayin kisan gillar Jami'ar Thammasat na 6, Oktoba alib na 1976. Bayan nasarar kamfen, yawancin mutanen Thai sun fara amincewa da Amnesty. Bayan wannan, an sami karin mutanen da ke goyon bayan Amnesty har zuwa lokacin da aka zabi Hukumar Amnesty a Thailand don halartar taron Amnesty na duniya a Shekara ta 1993. An kafa AITH bisa ƙa'ida a cikin Thailand a cikin Shekara ta 2003. A watan Yunin Shekara ta 2016, Amnesty International Thailand ta bukaci gwamnatin Thailand da ta yi watsi da duk tuhumar da ake yi wa masu rajin kare demokradiyya 13 tare da sakin wasu masu fafutuka bakwai da ke yakin neman kin amincewa da sabon daftarin kundin tsarin mulki a zaben raba gardama mai zuwa. Amnesty International Thailand, tare da Thai Netizen Network, sun gabatar da takardar koke ta yanar gizo don sake rubuta kwaskwarima ga Dokar Laifuka masu nasaba da Kwamfuta da nufin kiyaye ta daidai da dokokin kasa da kasa. A cewar Amnesty Thailand, kudirin dokar zai zama barazana ga 'yancin jama'a, sirri, sirrin kasuwanci, da tsaron intanet. Missions Ofishin jakadancin Amnesty Thailand ya dogara ne da ka'idojin Yarjejeniyar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam ta Duniya Amnesty Thailand ta yi kamfen da masu ba da shawara don: 'Yancin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu 'Yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, yancin walwala, da 'yancin taro Karshen take hakkin bil adama a Myanmar Ingarshen hukuncin kisa da azabtarwa Haɗin kan kamfanoni Kare haƙƙin thean gudun hijira da bakin haure ma'aikata a kudu maso gabashin Asiya Tabbatar da cewa wadanda ke da alhakin cin zarafin bil adama za a hukunta su kuma wadanda abin ya shafa suna da damar yin adalci, gaskiya, da kuma biyan diyya. Bayar da ilimin haƙƙin ɗan adam da horar da masu horarwa (TOT) ga ɗalibai, malamai, shugabannin al'umma, da jami'an gwamnati Tsarin kungiya Amnesty International Thailand ta ƙunshi membobin da suke zaɓar mambobinta da shugabanta Kowace shekara akwai babban taro na shekara-shekara (AGM) inda ake tattauna makomar kungiyar da sauran batutuwa ta hanyar halartar mambobi. Ya zuwa na Shekara ta 2016 Amnesty Thailand ta haɗa da aƙalla manyan ƙungiyoyi guda uku sune kamar haka: Gangamin Manufofi da Ba da Shawara Kunnawa Media da Sadarwa Girma da Tattalin Arziki Samun kudi Membobinsu Gudanarwa Kudade Tallafi Amnesty Thailand tana samun tallafi daga Amnesty International da kuma gudummawar daidaikun mutane daga mambobi sama da Guda 1,000 a duk fadin Thailand. Ƙarƙashin mulkin soja Bayan da sojoji suka kwace mulki a wani juyin mulkin shekara ta 2014, Amnesty International Thailand ta damu matuka game da take hakkin dan adam da cin zarafin da ake yi a kasar. An soki kungiyar saboda kasancewarta kishiya ga gwamnatin Prayut Chan-o-cha da kuma yi wa Thaksinocracy hidima domin tumbuke gidan sarauta. A watan Yulin shekara Ta 2015, ‘yan sanda sun tuhumi wani memba a kwamitin Amnesty International na Thailand saboda nuna rashin amincewarsa da hana masu mulkin kasar mulkin mallaka a kan‘ yancin jama’a. "White Shadow Duba kuma Amnesty International Takunkumi a Thailand Sukar da Amnesty International ta yi 'Yancin ɗan adam a Thailand Human Rights Watch Manazarta Ƴancin Ɗan Adam Ƴancin muhalli Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki Rajin Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam Pages with unreviewed

24154

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alone%20%28TV%20series%29

Alone (TV series)

Shi kadai shine jerin talabijin na gaskiya na Amurka akan Tarihi Ya bi gwagwarmayar yau da kullun na mutane goma 10 (ƙungiyoyi guda bakwai a cikin kakar guda hudu 4) yayin da suke tsira su kaɗai a cikin jeji har tsawon lokacin da za su iya amfani da ƙarancin kayan aikin rayuwa. Ban da duba lafiyar likita, mahalartan sun ware daga juna da duk sauran mutane. Suna iya "fita" a kowane lokaci, ko a cire su saboda gazawar duba lafiyar likita. Mai takarar wanda ya kasance mafi tsawo ya lashe babbar kyautar 500,000. An yi fim ɗin yanayi a cikin wurare masu nisa, galibi akan ƙasashen da ake sarrafawa, ciki har da arewacin tsibirin Vancouver, British Columbia, Nahuel Huapi National Park a Patagonia na Argentina, arewacin Mongolia, Babban Bakin Slave a Yankunan Arewa maso Yamma, da Chilko Lake a ciki British Columbia Tarihin farawa An fara shirin a ranar 18 gawatan Yuni,shekara ta 2015. A ranar 19 ga watan Agusta, kafin ƙarshen kakar na farko 1, an ba da sanarwar cewa an sabunta jerin don kakar ta biyu, wacce za ta fara samarwa a ƙarshen shekara ta 2015 a tsibirin Vancouver, Kanada. Lokaci na biyu 2 ya fara ranar 21 gawatan Afrilu, shekara ta 2016. An yi fim ɗin Season na uku 3 a cikin kwata na biyu na shekara ta 2016 a Patagonia, Argentina kuma an fara shi ranar 8 gawatan Disamba. Kwana ɗaya kafin fara kakar wasa ta uku 3, Tarihi ya ba da sanarwar cewa an fara simintin don kakar ta hudu 4. An saita Lokaci na hudu 4 a Tsibirin Arewacin Vancouver tare da ƙungiya mai ƙarfi da farawa a ranar 8 ga watan Yuni,shekara ta 2017. An saita yanayi na 5 a Arewacin Mongoliya kuma ya ba da damar masu hasara daga lokutan baya su dawo su yi gasa. An fara shi a ranar 14 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 2018. Lokaci na 6 ya fara ne a watan Yuni na shekara ta 2019 kuma ya ƙunshi sabbin sabbin masu fafatawa tsakanin shekarun 31 zuwa 55. An kafa ta ne kawai kudu da Arctic Circle akan wani tafki a Yankunan Arewa maso Yammacin Kanada. Lokaci na bakwai ya fara ranar 11 gawaan Yuni, shekara ta 2020. Mahalarta sun yi ƙoƙarin tsira na kwanaki 100 a cikin Arctic don samun kyautar 1 miliyan. Jerin kashe-kashe, Alone: The Beast, wanda aka fara nunawa a ranar 30 gawatan Janairu, shekara ta 2020. A cikin wannan jerin, mutane uku suna ƙoƙarin tsira a cikin daji na tsawon kwanaki 30, ba tare da kayan aiki ko kayayyaki ba sai tufafinsu da dabbar da aka kashe. Daya kungiyar, a cikin Arctic, aka bayar da wani 1,000-laba sa muz an tura wasu ƙungiyoyi biyu daban zuwa fadama ta Louisiana kuma aka ba su alligator da boar daji, bi da bi. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2017, sigar Danish da aka fara gabatarwa tare da taken Alone in the Hamada Danish a kan DR3 Ya ƙunshi masu fafatawa goma kuma an yi fim ɗinsa a arewacin Norway a ƙarshen shekara ta 2016. Mahalarta sun zaɓi abubuwa guda 12 daga jerin guda 18. Wanda ya ci nasarar sigar Danish ba ya samun komai sai ɗaukaka. Tun daga shekara ta 2017, an samar da ƙarin yanayi huɗu tare da Kadai a cikin jeji. A cikin faduwar shekara ta 2017, sigar Yaren mutanen Norway an watsa shi tare da masu fafatawa 10 da ke yawo kusa da tafkin da kifi. Yana kusa da layin bishiyar, don haka kaɗan, ƙanana, galibi bishiyoyin birch sun bar albarkatun ƙasa kaɗan. Tsarin da dokoki Dokokin gabaɗaya duk yanayi Ana sauke masu fafatawa a cikin yankuna masu nisa na Tsibirin Vancouver na Arewa (yanayi 1-2, 4), Patagonia (lokacin 3), Mongoliya ta Arewa (kakar 5) da gabar Tekun Babbar Slave (yanayi na 6 da 7), nesa ba kusa ba don tabbatar da cewa ba za su sadu da juna ba. Tsarin yana farawa daga tsakiyar zuwa ƙarshen kaka; wannan yana ƙara matsin lokaci don ƙwarewar rayuwa yayin da hunturu da ke gabatowa ke haifar da faduwar yanayi da ƙarancin abinci. Kodayake filaye na iya bambanta a wurin kowane mai fafatawa, ana tantance yankunan da za a faɗo a gaba don tabbatar da samun irin wannan rarraba albarkatun gida ga kowane ɗan takara. Masu fafatawa kowanne ya zaɓi abubuwa guda 10 na kayan rayuwa daga jerin abubuwan da aka riga aka amince da su na 40, kuma ana ba su kit ɗin kayan aiki na yau da kullun, sutura da agajin gaggawa/kayan gaggawa. Ana kuma ba su kyamarar kyamarori don yin rikodin abubuwan da suka shafi yau da kullun da motsin zuciyar su. Ƙoƙarin zama cikin daji har tsawon lokacin da zai yiwu, masu fafatawa dole ne su nemo abinci, gina mafaka, da jimre warewa mai zurfi, rashi na jiki da damuwa na tunani. Masu fafatawa waɗanda ke son ficewa daga gasar saboda kowane dalili (wanda ake kira "tapping out") na iya siginar ma'aikatan ceto ta amfani da wayar tauraron dan adam da aka bayar. Bugu da kari, kwararrun likitocin suna gudanar da binciken lafiya na lokaci -lokaci kan masu fafatawa kuma suna iya, a cikin hankalinsu, cire cancantar da fitar da duk wanda suke jin ba zai iya ci gaba da shiga cikin aminci ba. Wanda ya tsaya takara na ƙarshe ya lashe kyautar tsabar kuɗi 500,000. Ana gargadin masu fafatawa cewa wasan kwaikwayon na iya ɗaukar tsawon shekara guda. Tsarin nau'i -nau'i (Yanayi na 4) Hakanan an yi fim ɗin Season na 4 a Tsibirin Arewacin Vancouver amma ya haɗa da ƙungiya mai ƙarfi. Masu fafatawa goma sha huɗu, waɗanda suka ƙunshi nau'i-nau'i guda bakwai na dangi, an sauke su daban-daban a yankuna masu nisa na Tsibirin Arewacin Vancouver. Membobi biyu na kowace ƙungiya sun zaɓi abubuwa guda 10 na kayan aikin rayuwa don a raba daidai tsakanin su. Tawagar ta zaɓi memba ɗaya da za a kai shi sansani; ɗayan ya fara kusan guda nesa kuma ana buƙatar yin tafiya zuwa wurin, ta amfani da kamfas kawai da ɗaukar hanya don nemo hanyar. Idan ko memba ya fita ko kuma an fitar da shi a asibiti, abokin aikin sa ma ya cancanci. Ƙungiya ta ƙarshe da ta rage ta lashe kyautar 500,000. Season 5 An zaɓi masu fafatawa na kakar 5 daga masu fafatawa da ba sa cin nasara daga Lokacin 1 zuwa 4. Ka'idojin sun kasance daidai da Lokacin 1 zuwa 3. Season 7 Don Lokacin 7, masu fafatawa sun yi ƙoƙarin tsira na kwanaki 100 don samun babbar kyautar 1 miliyan. A cikin "Kadai: Tatsuniyoyi daga yankin Arctic" a ƙarshen kowane lamari, mai masaukin baki Colby Donaldson ya yi magana bayan kakar wasa ga masu fafatawa da aka nuna a wannan labarin game da abin da ya faru, tare da "wanda ba a taɓa gani ba." Lokacin 8 (2021) An yi fim ɗin Lokaci na 8 a ƙarshen bazara na 2020 a bakin Tekun Chilko, British Columbia, babban tafkin da ke cike da ƙanƙara a kan busasshiyar gabashin Gabashin Dutsen Tekun Lokaci ya koma tsarin asalin wasan kwaikwayon, tare da mutum na ƙarshe tsaye (ba tare da la'akari da lokacin lokaci ba) ya bayyana wanda ya ci nasara kuma ya ba da kyautar 500,000. Karɓar baki Jerin ya karɓi sake dubawa mai kyau a farkon kakar sa da fitattun bita don kakar sa ta uku, kuma ya sami cikakkiyar masu kallo miliyan 2.5, wanda ya sanya shi a cikin sabbin sabbin jerin kebul guda uku marasa inganci na 2015. Yankuna Siffar jeri Lokacin 1 (2015) An fara kakar farko a ranar 18 gawatan Yuni,shekara ta 2015. Alan Kay, wanda ya yi asarar sama da fam 60 a lokacin kakar. Babban abincinsa shine limpets da ciyawar teku. Ya kuma cinye mussels, kaguwa, kifi da slugs. Lucas Miller ya ji daɗin lokacin sa akan wasan kwaikwayon kuma an zaɓi shi gwargwadon aikinsa a matsayin likitan ilimin jeji. Ƙwarewar sa mafi wahala tare da wasan kwaikwayon shine yin ikirarin gaskiya ga kyamara. Sam Larson ya bayyana lokacinsa na wasan kwaikwayon a matsayin "wasa cikin dazuzzuka". Ya kafa wa kansa wata manufa ta tsawon kwanaki 50. Bayan ya kai ga burinsa, wani babban guguwa ya afkawa tsibirin, wanda Larson ya bayyana ya fi girma fiye da wanda ya gani kuma ya sa ya yanke shawarar barin tsibirin. Larson ya ce kadaici da kadaici sun ɗauki mafi yawan lokaci don daidaitawa, kuma shirye -shiryen sa galibi ya ƙunshi shirye -shiryen hankali. Wuri Hakanan an saita lokacin na biyu a tsibirin Vancouver, a cikin Yankin Quatsino, wanda ke kusa da Port Hardy, British Columbia Quatsino ƙaramin ƙauye ne na mutane sama da 91 wanda ke kan Sautin Quatsino a Tsibirin Arewacin Vancouver, Kanada, kawai ana iya isa ta jirgin ruwa ko jirgin sama. Maƙwabcinta mafi kusa shine Coal Harbour, zuwa gabas, kusan mintuna sama da 20 ta jirgin ruwa, da Port Alice, zuwa kudu, kusan mintuna sama da 40 ta jirgin ruwa. Garin mafi girma a yankin, Port Hardy, yana kusan awa daya arewa maso gabas ta jirgin ruwa da abin hawa. Masu takara Lokaci na 2 (2016) An fara kakar 2 a ranar 21 gawatan Afrilu,shekara ta 2016. Lokacin yana da shirye-shirye 13 na sa'a guda ɗaya, gami da wasan sake haduwa da "Episode 0" na farko, wanda ke nuna yadda aka zaɓi masu fafatawa 10 (waɗanda aka rage daga 20) bisa ƙwarewar rayuwa (watau ikon yin wuta ba tare da farawa ba, shirye-shiryen dabbobi na asali, mafaka), halayen kamara, da yadda suke koyan kayan aikin kyamara cikin sauƙi. Wannan shine farkon kakar da aka haɗa mata da maza. Wanda ya ci nasara, David McIntyre, ya yi asarar kusan fam 20 a cikin makwannin farko kaɗai. Mike Lowe ya sanya lokacin sa akan Alone na kirkire -kirkire kuma ya sanya nutse, jirgin ruwa, wasan kwallon kafa, da sauran abubuwa da yawa. Wuri Masu takara Lokaci na uku ya fara ranar 8 gawatan Disamba, shekara ta 2016. Wanda ya yi nasara, Zachary Fowler, ya sha kashi 70 lbs (sulusin nauyin jikinsa na farawa) kafin ƙarshen zamansa. Lokaci na 3 shine farkon lokacin da aka ja mai fafatawa saboda dalilan lafiya; na farko shine wuri na huɗu, Dave Nessia, wanda aka cire lokacin da, saboda rashin isasshen adadin kuzari, matsin lambar systolic da kyar ya wuce matsin lamba na diastolic (80/60 mmHg), yana jefa shi cikin haɗarin mutuwa saboda ƙarancin turare na gabobin ciki. Ya daɗe yana cikin yanayin yunwa, duk da cewa ya tafi tare da rabi na busasshen kifi har yanzu yana shirye ya ci, yana rayuwa tare da tunanin cin rabin kifi kowace rana. Na biyu, kuma mutumin da ya zauna na biyu mafi tsayi, Carleigh Fairchild, an cire shi saboda, a 101 lbs/45.8 kg, ta yi asarar kusan 30% na nauyin jikinta na farawa kuma tana da BMI na 16.8. Ana “jawo” mahalarta ta atomatik a BMI na 17 ko ƙasa da haka. Wuri An saita kakar ta uku a Patagonia, Argentina, a Kudancin Amurka. Masu fafatawa sun bazu a cikin tafkuna da yawa a cikin gindin tsaunin Andes. Ba kamar a cikin yanayi na 1 da na 2 ba, waɗanda ke kan Tekun Pacific, albarkatun abinci na lokacin 3 galibi an iyakance su ga magudanar ruwa da bakan gizo, abinci, ƙananan tsuntsaye, da yuwuwar daji. Su ma masu fafatawa sun kasance cikin rashi saboda ba su da damar zuwa flotsam da jetsam da ke wanke a gabar tekun Pacific. Ba su kuma da tushen gishiri. Yanayin Patagonia yayi daidai da na tsibirin Vancouver, tare da ruwan sama mai matsakaicin inci 78 a shekara. Koyaya, sabanin Tsibirin Vancouver, dusar ƙanƙara ta zama ruwan dare gama gari. Masu takara Mai taken "Shi kadai: Lost Found", kakar ta huɗu da aka fara ranar 8 gawatan Yuni,shekara ta 2017. A wannan kakar, a karon farko mahalarta sun kasance biyu (2) na dangin (ɗan'uwan/ɗan'uwana, miji/mata, uba/ɗa), tare da ƙungiyoyi bakwai da aka warwatsa ko'ina cikin tsibirin. Kyautar har yanzu 500,000 ce, wanda za a raba tsakanin su biyun. An jefa memba ɗaya a cikin al'adar gargajiya, tare da kan rairayin bakin teku tare da ra'ayin cewa za su zauna a yankin dangi na tsawon lokacin su, yayin da aka jefa memba na biyu kusan mil 10 daga waje tare da kamfas da ɗaukar hoto kawai kuma yana buƙatar yin tafiya. hanyar sansanin sansanin. Abubuwan da aka tanada har yanzu an iyakance su zuwa jimlar kayan aikin rayuwa guda 10 da aka zaɓa, waɗanda aka raba tsakanin membobin ƙungiyar har zuwa sake haɗawa. Idan memba ɗaya ya yanke shawarar fita kowane lokaci, an kawar da abokin tarayya. Ƙungiyoyi uku ba su taɓa haduwa ba kafin su fita, kuma ya ɗauki kwanaki takwas don ƙungiyar ta farko ta taru. Pete Brockdorff ya sami matsalar gaggawa ta likita yayin fitowar fitowar sa da dan sa. Ciwon kirji ne mai tsananin gaske wanda reflux acid ya kawo sakamakon rashin abinci. Jim da Ted Baird sun lashe kakar bayan sun shafe kwanaki 75. Wuri An sake saita kakar ta huɗu a tsibirin Vancouver, a cikin Yankin Quatsino, wanda ke kusa da Port Hardy, British Columbia An ware ƙungiyoyi fiye da yadda aka saba a wannan kakar, saboda tafiyar radius mil 10 da ake buƙata don haɗuwa a wurin taron su. Masu takara Member Memba (s) wanda ya fita Lokacin 5 (2018) Mai taken "Shi kaɗai: Kubuta", Lokaci na 5 da aka fara ranar 14 gawatan Yuni, shekara ta 2018. 'Yan takarar 10 ba wadanda suka ci nasara aka zaba daga lokutan 4 da suka gabata na Kadai Wuri An saita kakar ta biyar a Arewacin Mongoliya a Asiya An yi fim ɗin a cikin Khonin Nuga kusa da birnin Züünkharaa, Selenge aimag "Khonin Nuga" kwari ne da ke kusa da tsaunukan Khentii na Arewacin Mongoliya, ɗayan wuraren musamman na ƙasar kuma har yanzu ba a taɓa samun su ba. Masu takara Wuri Kodayake an yi masa taken The Arctic an saita lokacin na shida tare da gefen gabas na Great Slave Lake a Yankunan Arewa maso Yammacin Kanada, kusan kudu da Arctic Circle da kusan kudu da layin bishiyar arctic Masu takara Mai taken "Shi Kadai: Kalubalen Dalar Miliyoyin", Lokaci na 7 ya fara a ranar 11 gawatan Yuni, shekara ta 2020. Ba kamar lokutan baya ba, maimakon ƙoƙarin wuce duk masu fafatawa da su, babban burin mahalarta shine su rayu na kwanaki 100 da kansu, wanda ke nufin cewa akwai yuwuwar samun nasara da yawa ko akasin haka, babu masu cin nasara kwata -kwata. A ƙarshen kowane mai watsa shirye -shiryen Colby Donaldson yana barin masu fafatawa su yi sharhi game da labarin wanda ke tare da "fim ɗin da ba a taɓa gani ba." Wuri An sake saita lokacin na bakwai tare da gabar gabas na Great Slave Lake a Yankunan Arewa maso Yammacin Kanada Fitowa (Rana ta 1) ta kasance a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2019. Mai taken Shi kaɗai: Grizzly Mountain Lokacin 8 ya fara a ranar 3 gawatan Yuni, 2021. Lokacin ya koma tsarin asalin wasan kwaikwayon, tare da mutum na ƙarshe da ke tsaye ya bayyana mai nasara kuma ya ba da rabin mil 500,000). A ƙarshen mafi yawan abubuwan da mai fafatawa ya fitar, mai fafatawa a kakar 6 da kuma mai matsayi na biyar Nikki van Schyndel (masanin rayuwa da mai amsawa na farko yana gudanar da ɗan gajeren hirar fita a sansanin sansanin 'yan kwanaki bayan fitowar. Lokaci na takwas an saita shi a bakin tudun Chilko Lake (Tŝilhqox Biny), British Columbia wani tafkin ruwan kankara mai nisan mil 40 a busasshiyar gabashin Tekun Tekun Tekun tafkin yana kan sama da 3800 ft sama da matakin teku, yana yin Yanayi na 8 shine farkon lokacin Alpine na Kadai, kasancewa sama da 1000 ft sama sama da na gaba mafi girma, Lokacin 3, a Patagonia Saukewa (Rana ta 1) ta kasance a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2020, kusa da farkon kaka Duba kuma Rayuwar daji Nassoshi Hanyoyin waje Pages with unreviewed

27496

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esteri%20Tebandeke

Esteri Tebandeke

Esteri Tebandeke (an haife ta ranar 16 ga watan Mayu, 1984). ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce a Uganda, ƴar rawa kuma mai zane na gani. Ta kammala karatun digiri a Makarantar Masana'antu da Fine Art ta Margaret Trowell a Jami'ar Mkerere Ta taka rawa a cikin fina-finan Sins of the Parents (2008), Master on Duty (2009), Sarauniyar Katwe (2016) da Broken Shadow (2016) shine farkon fitowar ta a cikin almarar kimiyya Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Ester a Kampala, Uganda, kuma yar asalin Teso ce. Ita ce ta shida a cikin yara takwas kuma dangin ta suna zaune a Uganda. Esteri ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta ƴan mata ta St. Joseph a Uganda kuma ta yi wasan kwaikwayo da raye-raye na makaranta. Sana'a Rawa Esteri ta fara aiki a matsayin ƴar wasan raye-raye ta zamani a shekara ta 2008 kuma ya yi wasa da kamfanonin raye-raye daban-daban a Uganda wato Keiga Dance Company, Kamfanin rawa na Stepping Stones, Kamfanin rawa na Mutumizi, Kamfanin Rawar Guerrilla dadai sauransu. Ta gabatar da wasannin kwaikwayo a dandalin fasaha daban-daban wato; Makon Rawar Uganda, Bikin Watsa Labarai na Rawa (duka nunin raye-raye na zamani na shekara-shekara), Bayimba International Festival of Arts da Umoja International Festival da farko a matsayin ɗalibi da malami na shekaru 3 don ambaci kaɗan. Ayyukanta ba kawai Uganda ba ne kawai amma ta kuma shiga cikin ayyuka a Kenya, Rwanda, Madagascar, Afirka ta Kudu, Tanzaniya, Amurka, da Habasha. Ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a La Mama a New York a cikin 2012, Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Artwater Village a 2013 da New Orleans Fringe a 2014. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo Ta kasance ƴar wasan kwaikwayo tun sheekarar 2008 tana yin wasan kwaikwayo da fina-finai iri-iri a Uganda. Shirinta na farko na Theatre, Lion and The Jewel inda ta nuna Sidi, Kaya Kagimu Mukasa ne ya bada umarni. Sauran ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo sun haɗa da Maria Kizito shugabar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin mai ilimin halin dan Adam wasan kwaikwayo na farfesa na Jami'ar Brown, Erik Ehn game da shari'ar mata masu zaman kansu wadanda suka taimaka wajen kisan kiyashin da aka yi wa Tutsi a lokacin kisan kare dangi na Rwanda. Ita ce ja-gora a cikin shirin mai na Cooking Oil, wasan kwaikwayo na marubuciyar wasan kwaikwayo Deborah Asiimwe wadda ta samu lambar yabo, wanda aka yi a Uganda da Amurka. Sauran ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo sun haɗa da likitan kwakwalwa da ke damun hankali a cikin samar da Jikin mace a Uganda a matsayin filin yaƙi a yaƙin Bosnia da kuma matar da ta damu a cikin Tarihin Aure A ƙarshen 2015, Esteri ya yi balaguro zuwa yankin Arewacin Uganda tare da ƙungiyar masu fasaha don tattara labarai da fatan mayar da waɗannan wasannin wasan kwaikwayo waɗanda za a gabatar da su ga masu sauraro a duniya. Shirin Circle Circle, wanda Jerry Stropnicky ya jagoranta, wani mai aikin wasan kwaikwayo a Amurka ya ba ta kyakkyawar fahimta game da yin amfani da labari a matsayin hanyar da za ta taimaka wa mutane su jimre da ɓangarori daban-daban na rayuwa kamar rauni. Ta kuma himmatu wajen ba da umarni kuma ta yi aiki a kan aikin wasan kwaikwayo, Afroman Spice daga rukunin Afroman, duk rukunin wasan kwaikwayo na mata. An fara gudanar da aikin ne a Kampala a watan Yunin 2015 kuma tun daga lokacin an fara shi a Kasuwar Watsa Labarai ta Afirka (MASA) da ke Ivory Coast kuma an shirya shi don nunawa a Ruwanda, Tunisiya da Nijar a cikin 2016. A matsayinta na malami ta sauƙaƙe zaman horo tare da sauran ayyukan fasaha da kuma sha'awarta don samun ƙarin ƙwarewar rayuwa da kuma raba abin da ta sani tare da wasu a cikin ƙwararrun yanayi yana motsa ta don yin aiki tare da mutane daga kowane ɓangare na rayuwa. Kwarewarta ta kuma haɗa da koyar da yara a makarantu daban-daban a kusa da birnin Kampala. Fim Esteri ta samu rawar farko ta wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wani ɗan gajeren fim a ɗaya daga cikin shirye-shiryen shirin Maisha Film Lab shirin horar da fina-finai mara riba na Uganda wanda darakta mai lambar yabo Mira Nair ta kafa don ƴan fim na Gabashin Afirka da Kudancin Asiya. Ta yi aiki a cikin Zunuban Iyaye na Judith Adong a cikin 2008 da Jagora akan Ayyuka a cikin 2009 ta Joseph Ken Ssebaggala. Aikinta na fina-finai na baya-bayan nan ya kasance a nan ba da jimawa ba da za a fito da shirye-shiryen Hotuna na Walt Disney Sarauniyar Katwe, tare da 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Academy Award Lupita Nyong'o da David Oyelowo Da yake magana game da fim ɗin, Esteri ta bayyana tasirin da Sarauniyar Katwe ta yi mata a cikin kalmomi masu zuwa:“Kafin fim ɗin, na ji tsoron mafarkina saboda suna da girma sosai. Amma yanzu na fi jin tsoro—sun fi girma.” Mira Nair, daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ta zaburar da ita a harkar fim a wata ƙasida da ta yi a baya-bayan nan ta bayyana ta a matsayin "mutum mai haske." A nakalto shahararren maxim na Mira Nair:"Idan ba mu ba da labarin kanmu ba, ba wanda zai iya."Don haka, ta himmatu wajen haɓaka labarai daga ƙasarta ta haihuwa, Uganda da kuma nahiyar Afirka waɗanda ke magana da jigogi masu mahimmanci na cikin gida amma tare da jan hankalin duniya. Tana binciken yuwuwar haɓaka abun ciki na Uganda tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙirƙira iri-iri a Gabashin Afirka da bayanta. Esteri an nuna fina-finanta a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo da darakta a bukukuwa da yawa kamar bikin fina-finai na Toronto International, Bikin Fina-Finan BFI London, Luxor African Film Festival, Raindance Film Festival, Uganda Film Festival, Durban International Film Festival, Africa International Film Festival. Ester yana cikin ƙungiyar masu rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo da ake haɓakawa tare da haɗin gwiwar ɗaliban fina-finai daga Uganda, Kenya, Ghana da Jamus. An harbe wannan aikin a wurin a Accra, Ghana kuma a halin yanzu yana kan samarwa. Little Black Dress, fitowar darekta na farko ɗan gajeren fim ne wanda aka yi harbi a wurin a Nairobi, Kenya a cikin Afrilu 2019. Fim din dai an fara shi ne a gasar 2019 na Africa International Film Festival da aka gudanar a birnin Lagos na Najeriya da kuma gasar a bikin Luxor African Film Festival. A matsayin mai zane mai tasowa kuma mai zane-zane, Esteri yana fatan nunawa duniya abin da ake nufi da zama dan Uganda a wannan zamani. Rayuwa ta sirri Ester ta yi aure tun 2011 ga Samuel Tebandeke, wani mai shirya fina-finai dan kasar Uganda. A halin yanzu tana zaune a Kampala, Uganda. Ayyuka Fim Gidan wasan kwaikwayo Hanyoyin haɗi na waje http://www.playbill.com/article/cooking-oil-a-new-play-set-in-developing-africa-gets-nyc-reading-may-28-prior-to-uganda-com-168784 http://www.soulographie.org/the-plays/maria-kizito/ http://www.bestofneworleans.com/blogofneworleans/archives/2014/11/19/review-maria-kizito https://web.archive.org/web/20160511201644/http://www.nofringe.org/ https://web.archive.org/web/20160525055333/http://www.masa.ci/en/ https://www.yahoo.com/music/queen-katwe-esther-tebandeke-working-224100032.html http://blueimp.site Manazarta Mutanen Uganda Ƴan Fim Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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Dele Adebola

Bamberdele Olusegun Adebola (an haife shi ne a ranar 23 ga watan Yuni a shekara ta 1975), ya kasance ɗan wasan kwallon kafa na Najeriya mai ritaya. Har da matsayin dan wasan aro, ya taka leda a kungiyoyi kwallon kafa guda 16 a rayuwarsa, ya fi dadewa a Crewe Alexandra, Birmingham City da Coventry City. Rayuwar farko An haife shi ne a Jihar Legas, Adebola ya girma ne a Liverpool bayan ya isa Ingila a matsayin jariri tare da danginsa; a matsayinsa na dan makaranta, ya taka rawa a bangarorin kwallon kafa na wakilci tare da Robbie Fowler. Lokacin da ya samu tayi don horarwar matasa a Liverpool, ƙungiyar da yake goyon baya, yayi nazarin cewa tsayawa a matsayin dan wasan gefen hagu tare Fowler a lokaci daya ba abu bane mai sauki. Sakamakon haka, ya karɓi irin wannan tayin daga Crewe Alexandra. Kulob Crewe Alexandra Ya fara wasansa na farko da kungiyar a cikin shekarun 1992 zuwa 1993 kakar a Third Division lokacin yana da shekaru 17, kuma a cikin wadannan kakar sami kwarewa da wasa a matsayin aro a Bangor City a Welsh Premier League da kuma taron gefen Northwich Victoria. Ya taka rawar gani sosai ga Crewe a cikin shekara ta, 1996 zuwa shekara ta, 1997, kwallayen sa guda 16 masu mahimmanci a wajen isar da kungiyar zuwa Matakin Farkon. Ba da daɗewa ba ya nuna kwazonsa wajen zira kwallaye a wannan matakin, kuma ya jawo hankalin manyan manyan kungiyoyin kwallon kafa. Yayi bakin ciki a lokacin da Crewe ta ki amincewa da tayin da aka yi masa daga West Ham United, ya bayyana wa kulob din cewa yana son tafiya, kuma ba da son kulob din ba suka ba shi damar canja wuri ba. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta, 1998, Manajan Trevor Francis ya sanya hannu kan Adebola don kulob din na farko a Birmingham City kan kudi 1 miliyan. Birmingham Birnin Tare da kwallaye bakwai a ragowar wancan lokacin, da zura kwallaye a cikin kowane wasa biyar na farko (a cikin dukkan gasa) a shekarar, 1998 zuwa 1999, makomarsa a Birmingham tayi kyau. A farkon kakarsa ta farko ya ci kwallaye 13, amma a shekarar, 1999 zuwa 2000 bai cika kwazo ba, ya fadi warwas, kuma a karshen kakar wasa an saka shi a jerin masu sauyawa. Las Palmas, wanda aka sabunta zuwa La liga, ya ba da sanarwar cewa sun saye shi, kawai don motsawar ta fadi ta dalilin likitoci. Kodayake ya kasance cikin jerin canja wurin, an maido da shi zuwa ƙungiyar farko, kuma burinsa ya taimaka Birmingham ta kai wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Kwallon Kafa na shekarar, 2001, Manajan ya ce ya sanya shi a cikin jerin masu canjin wurin ne don tsokanar da shi zuwa ga irin aikin da ya dace da karfinsa, saurinsa da iyawar fasaha amma wanda halinsa na "kwan-baya" zai iya hana shi. Mummunan rauni a gwiwa, wanda aka samu daga baya a wancan lokacin lokacin da ɗan wasan ya zira kwallo a raga, ya nuna ƙarshen aikinsa na Birmingham. Lada a kan aro a Oldham Athletic zuwa ƙarshen kakar shekarar, 2001 zuwa 2002 ta taimaka masa ya dawo cikin koshin lafiya, amma sabon manajan Steve Bruce ya zaɓi ba ya sabunta kwantiraginsa. Crystal Palace A watan Agusta, a shekara ta 2002, Adebola ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekara daya da Crystal Palace, bayan ya burge tsohon manajan Trevor Francis a cikin gwaji. Ya buga kaka daya a kulob din, inda ya tabbatar da dacewarsa, inda ya buga wasanni 48 a dukkan wasannin. Garin Coventry Sake sakewa a ƙarshen wannan lokacin, Gary McAllister ya ɗauke shi zuwa Coventry City, inda a farko ya kasa samun kowane nau'i, yana kammala kakar wasa ta aro zuwa Burnley, abin birgewa shi ne kulob ɗin da ke sha'awar siyan shi kafin rauni. A Burnley ya ci kwallaye daya a wasanni uku, burin shi ya zo akan Watford. Wani rancen aro ya biyo baya, wannan karon a Bradford City wanda ya ci kwallaye uku don shi. Ya kasance kawai lokacin da aka tuna da shi zuwa Coventry gefe akai-akai a cikin 2004 2005, na farko a ƙarƙashin Peter Reid kuma musamman a ƙarƙashin Micky Adams, yana wasa tare da irin su Stern John da Gary McSheffrey, cewa fasalinsa ya ɗauka. Birnin Bristol A ranar 30 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2008, Adebola ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin watanni 18 tare da Bristol City, yana matsawa kan kudin da ba a bayyana ba, duk da cewa Coventry na son sabunta yarjejeniyar tasa, wacce za ta kare a lokacin bazara. Adebola ya fara taka leda ne a ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairu, a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Queens Park Rangers da ci 3-0, kuma ya zira kwallaye cikin mintoci bakwai kacal a fara wasan sa don taimakawa City doke Sheffield Laraba 2-1. Wasannin da ya yi a kakar wasanni ta shekarar 2008 zuwa 09, lokacin da ya ci kwallaye 10 daga wasanni 42, ya ba shi kyautar gwarzon dan wasan shekara. ɗan wasan ya yi watsi da tayin da kungiyar ta yi na karin shekara daya a kwantiraginsa, yana mai cewa an ba shi kwantiragin shekara biyu a wani wuri. Dajin Nottingham An sanar a ranar 30 ga watan Yuni, a shekarar 2009 cewa Adebola ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu tare da Nottingham Forest Ya hade su tare da kyauta bayan ya ki amincewa da yarjejeniyar shekara daya a Bristol City. Adebola yayi ƙoƙari ya riƙe wuri na yau da kullun a cikin Yankin Gandun daji a cikin kakar shekara ta 2009 zuwa 2010. Yawanci an iyakance shi don sauya bayyanuwa, ya sami kansa a ƙasa da Dexter Blackstock da Robert Earnshaw a cikin umarnin ɓoye, amma ya sami ikon tilasta hanyarsa ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar Forest, musamman daga gida, zuwa ƙarshen kakar. Ya zira kwallon karshe a wasan karshe a wasan kusa dana karshe da kungiyar Blackpool Hull City Ya shiga tattaunawar kwantiragi da Hull City a ƙarshen kakar shekara ta 2010 zuwa 2011. A ranar 29 ga watan Yuni, aka tabbatar da cewa Adebola ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekara daya. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a kakar wasa a ranar 5 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2011 a filin wasa na KC a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Blackpool daci 1-0. A ranar 20 ga watan Maris, a shekara ta 2012, Adebola ya koma kulob din League One na Notts County a matsayin aro don ragowar lokacin. Ya buga wasanni shida kuma ya zira kwallaye daya, minti na 89 a raga daidai wasan da ci 4-3 a waje Wycombe Wanderers. Rochdale A ranar 7 ga watan Agusta, a shekara ta 2012, Adebola ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda tare da kulob din Rochdale na League Two. Karkashin kocin kungiyar John Coleman, Adebola ya buga wasanni 26 a kungiyar ta Rochdale, amma lokacin da Keith Hill ya fara aiki a matsayin manaja bayan korar Coleman, Hill ya bayyana karara yana son barin Adebola ya bar kungiyar. Wrexham (lamuni) A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2013, Adebola ya rattaba hannu a kan lamuni don shugabannin taron Wrexham, gwargwadon yarda ta duniya. A ranar 2 ga watan Maris, ya yi wasan sa na farko a wasan 1-1 da aka buga a Taron taro a The Racecourse da Alfreton Town Adebola ya buga wa Wrexham wasanni 13, inda ya ci kwallaye biyu, a karawar da Lincoln City da Ebbsfleet United Wasansa na karshe ga Wrexham ya kasance a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbin minti 88, ya maye gurbin Jay Harris, a filin Wembley a wasan karshe na karawa da Newport County Wrexham ta sha kashi ci 2-0, yana mai Allah wadai da su a kakar wasanni ta shida a wasan kwallon kafa ba na lig ba Bayan dawowarsa Rochdale, an sake shi. Gasar Olympic Adebola ya rattaba hannu a kan wata kungiya ta Rushall Olympic wacce ba ta League ba a watan Agusta, shekara ta 2013. Ayyukan duniya A cikin watan Maris, a shekara ta 1998 sabon manajan Ireland ta Arewa Lawrie McMenemy, a kan gano Adebola ɗan asalin Burtaniya ne da aka haifa a ƙasashen waje don haka ya cancanci buga wa ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen yankin, ya zaɓe shi don wasansa na farko da zai jagoranci, wasan sada zumunci da Slovakia. Dole Adebola ya janye saboda rauni, amma ya nuna sha'awar bugawa kasar wasa. Hakanan an zabe shi a cikin rukunin wucin gadi na Najeriya don gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar 1998, amma ya kasa yin hakan. Dukkanin Arewacin Ireland da Najeriya sun ci gaba da neman dan wasan; a cikin watan Oktoban shekarar 1998 McMenemy ya ba da rahoton cewa Adebola ba ya son yin wa Najeriya wasa, kuma ba ya son sadaukar da Arewacin Ireland saboda yana da niyyar buga wa Ingila wasa. A watan Maris, na shekarar 1999, McMenemy yayi yunƙurin ɓoyewa na ƙarshe don lallashin shi ya bugawa Ireland ta Arewa wasa. Duk da rashin kwazonsa a matakin kulob, amma har yanzu 'yan wasan Najeriya sun ba shi kwarjini sosai don a sanya shi cikin rukunin farko na gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka na shekara ta 2000 kuma, bayan tattaunawa da koci Jo Bonfrere, a cikin tawagar don Wasan neman cancantar zuwa gasar Kofin Duniya a watan Yulin shekarar 2000. Koyaya, bai karɓi ɗayan waɗannan gayyata ba. kididdigar aiki Daraja Crewe Alexandra Wasannin Firimiya Lig na biyu wasan karshe na shekarar 1996 zuwa 1997 Manazarta 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijeriya Ƴan Najeriya Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1975 Pages with unreviewed

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Kwadago%20ta%20Najeriya

Kungiyar Kwadago ta Najeriya

Nigeria Labour Congress (N.L.C) kungiya ce ta kungiyoyin kwadago a Najeriya. Abdulwaheed Ibrahim omar shi ma ya yi Shugabancin kungiyar.A yanzu kuma Comrade Ayuba Wabbah shi ne shugaban Kungiyar. Tarihi An kafa wannan kungiyar kwadagon ta Najeriya a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1975, a matsayin hadewar kungiyoyi hudu daban-daban: kungiyar 'Yan Kasuwancin Najeriya (NTUC), Kungiyar Kwadago ta Labour (LUF), United Labour Congress (ULC) da kuma Kungiyar Ma'aikatan Najeriya (NWC). Sai dai, Gwamnatin Sojan Tarayya da aka kafa kwanan nan, karkashin jagorancin Murtala Mohammed, ta ki amincewa da sabuwar kungiyar, kuma a maimakon haka ta kafa Kotun Koli ta Adebiyi da za ta binciki ayyukan kungiyoyin kwadago da shugabanninsu. Kotun ta ba da rahoto a cikin shekara ta 1976 kuma ta yi ikirarin cewa duk cibiyoyin kungiyar kwadagon da ke akwai suna yada akidun Yakin Cacar Baki, sun dogara da kudade daga tarayyar kungiyoyin kwadagon duniya, da kudaden da ba su dace ba. An yi amfani da wannan a zaman hujja don dakatar da dukkan cibiyoyin guda huɗu, tare da MO Abiodun a matsayin mai kula da ƙungiyar ƙwadago. Ya yarda da kafa sabuwar Kungiyar Kwadago ta Najeriya, bisa sharadin cewa an sake tsara kusan kungiyoyin kwadago 1,500 zuwa kungiyoyin kwadago na masana'antu guda 42, gami da kungiyoyi 19 masu wakiltar manyan ma'aikata. A shekara ta 1978, aka kafa Kungiyar Kwadago ta Najeriya, tare da kungiyoyin kwadago na masana'antu guda 42. Ya kasance kawai ƙungiyar tarayyar kwadagon doka. Shugabancinta ya hada da yawancin manyan mutane daga magabata hudu, inda Wahab Goodluck ya zama shugabanta na farko. A tarihinta, rikice-rikice da mulkin soja sau biyu ya kai ga rusa gabobin kungiyar NLC, na farko a shekara ta 1988 a karkashin mulkin soja na Janar Ibrahim Babangida da kuma karo na biyu a shekara ta 1994, a karkashin mulkin Janar Sani Abacha A cikin shekara ta 1996, an haɗa ƙungiyoyi guda 42 na NLC zuwa guda 29, ta Dokar Majalisar. A karkashin gwamnatocin sojojin Najeriya, ana yawan kama shugabannin kwadago tare da tarwatsa taron kungiyar kwadago. Bayan sauye-sauyen dimokiradiyya a kasar, an soke wasu ka'idojin kin-kungiyar a watan Janairun shekara ta 1999. A wannan watan ne kuma aka zabi Adams Oshiomhole a matsayin Shugaban kungiyar da aka yiwa garambawul. A farkon shekara ta 2000, rikici tsakanin gwamnati da Kungiyar ta NLC ya ta'azzara saboda adawar kungiyar da karin farashin mai. farashin sakamakon yanke shawara da gwamnatin Olusegun Obasanjo ta yi don rage tallafi da kuma rage saye da sayarwar fue l. Kungiyar kwadago ta NLC ta jagoranci yajin aikin gama gari da dama don nuna adawa da manufofin gwamnati game da farashin mai. A watan Satumbar shekara ta 2004, kungiyar kwadago ta NLC ta bai wa gwamnatin tarayya wani wa’adi na ta sauya shawarar sake dawo da batun harajin mai da ake ta ce-ce-ku-ce a kai ko kuma a shiga yajin aiki a duk fadin kasar. An yi barazanar yajin aikin ne duk da cewa hukuncin da wata Babbar Kotun Tarayya ta yanke a wata takaddama da ta gabata ta bayyana kungiyar ba ta da karfin doka na kiran yajin aikin gama gari kan manufofin gwamnati. Bayan sanarwar shirye-shiryen yajin aikin, NLC ta ce an kama Shugaba Adams Oshiomhole a ranar 9 ga Oktoban, shekara ta 2004 a wata zanga-zanga a Filin jirgin saman Nnamdi Azikiwe. A cewar kungiyar, "wasu gungun jami'an tsaro na farin kaya (SSS) da yawansu ya kai goma sha biyar ne suka sace Oshiomhole, wadanda suka fi karfinsa, suka yi masa kokawa da shi a kasa sannan suka hada shi da wata motar daukar kaya kirar Peugeot 504, wacce ba ta da lasisi. faranti. Hukumar Tsaron Jiha ta kira ikirarin da "sanarwa mara kyau kuma ba daidai ba", suna cewa shugaban NLC ya samu rashin fahimta tare da ma'aikatan filin, amma ba da jimawa ba aka shawo kan lamarin. Mai magana da yawun shugaban kasar ya yi ikirarin cewa an gayyaci Oshiomhole ne kawai don "tattaunawa" a filin jirgin sama, ba a kame kowa ba. A shekara ta 2005, an sauya dokar don baiwa sauran tarayyar kungiyoyin kwadago damar samun amincewar gwamnati, sannan kuma ta baiwa manyan kungiyoyin kwadago damar shiga NLC. A cikin shekara ta 2016, kusan rassa guda 25 suka bar kafa United Labour Congress, amma sun sake komawa cikin NLC a cikin shekara ta 2020. A ƙarshen shekara, tana da rassa guda 43, wanda ya zuwa shekara ta 2016 wakiltar mambobi sama da 4,000,000. Mata reshe Kwamitin mata na ƙasa shine reshen mata na ƙasa na NLC. An kirkireshi ne a shekara ta 2003 don ƙara shigar mata cikin al'amuran ƙungiyar. Farawa daga shekara ta 1983, neman karin daraja ga mata masu aiki ya haifar da kafa reshen mata a manyan biranen jihohi. A yanzu haka rassan kungiyar NLC na jihohi suna da kwamitin mata kuma shugaban kwamitin mambobi ne kai tsaye na majalisar gudanarwa ta NLC ta jihar. A matakin ƙasa, shugabar Hukumar Mata ta ƙasa kai tsaye Mataimakin Shugaban NLC ne. Shugabar hukumar mata ta kasa Kwamared Rita Goyit. Kungiyoyi Kungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa na yanzu Unungiyoyin kwadagon masu zuwa suna da alaƙa da NLC: Kungiyoyin Noma Shuwagabanninta 1978: Wahab Goodluck 1979: Hassan Sunmonu 1984: Ali Chiroma 1988: Pascal Bafyau 1994: Matsayi babu kowa 1999: Adams Oshiomhole 2007: Abdulwaheed Omar 2015: Ayuba Wabba Janar Sakatarori 1978: Aliyu Dangiwa 1986: Lasisi Osunde 1992: Ba a sami matsayi ba 2001: John Odah 2014: Peter Ozo-Eson 2019: Emmanuel Ugboaja Duba kuma Tarihin Najeriya Tattalin arzikin Najeriya Wahab Goodluck Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Shafin farko na NLC Jaridar Nigerian Tribune: NLC tayi laccar shekaru 30 Pages with unreviewed

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resa

Resa

Reza kayan aiki ne mai wutsiya da ake amfani da shi da farko wajen cire gashin jiki ta hanyar askewa Ire-iren reza sun haɗa da reza kai tsaye, reza da za a iya zubarwa, da reza mai amfani da wutar lantarki. Yayin da reza ta kasance tun kafin shekarun Bronze Age (abin da ya fi daɗewa mai kama da reza an rubuta shi zuwa 18,000 BC mafi yawan nau'in reza da ake amfani da su a halin yanzu shine reza mai amfani da wutar lantarki, ko da yake wasu kalar har yanzu ana amfani dasu. Tarihi An gano reza daga al'adun zamanin Bronze da yawa. An yi waɗannan da tagulla ko obsidian kuma gaba ɗaya sun kasance ma siffa, tare da ƙaramin tang ɗin da ke fitowa daga ɗayan gajerun ƙarshen. An yi amfani da reza iri-iri a cikin tarihi, waɗanda suka bambanta a bayyanar amma kama da amfani da reza madaidaiciya na zamani. A zamanin da, an kaifi harsashi, haƙoran kifin shark, da dutsen dutse ana yin aski da su. An samo zane-zane na irin waɗannan ruwan wuƙaƙe a cikin kogo na tarihi. Wasu ƙabilu har yanzu suna amfani da wuƙaƙe na dutse har yau. Binciken da aka yi a Masar ya gano tsantsar zinari da reza na tagulla a cikin kaburbura tun daga ƙarni na 4 BC. An yi amfani da reza da ƙera su a Kerma a zamanin Bronze Age An dawo da reza da yawa da kuma wasu kayan tarihi na tsafta daga wuraren binne shekarun Bronze a arewacin Turai kuma an yi imanin cewa suna cikin manyan mutane. Masanin tarihin Romawa Livy ya ruwaito cewa an gabatar da reza a tsohuwar Roma a ƙarni na 6 BC. ta sarkin almara Lucius Tarquinius Priscus Priscus ya riga ya wuce lokacinsa saboda reza ba su zo ga amfani da su ba sai bayan ƙarni ɗaya. An gina reza madaidaiciyar zamani ta farko mai cike da kayan hannu da aka yi wa ado da fatun ƙasa a Sheffield, a Ingila, cibiyar masana'antar yankan, a ƙarni na 18 da 19. Benjamin Huntsman ya samar da madaidaicin matakin ƙarfe na farko, ta hanyar tsari na musamman, wanda ya dace da amfani da shi a zaman kayan ruwa a cikin 1740, koda yake an ƙi shi da farko a Ingila. Faransawa sun karɓi tsarin Huntsman daga baya; duk da rashin so da farko saboda kishin ƙasa. Masu masana'antun Ingilishi sun ma fi na Faransanci yin amfani da tsarin kuma sun yi haka ne kawai bayan sun ga nasararsa a Faransa. Ƙarfe Sheffield, ƙarfe ne mai gogewa sosai, wanda kuma aka sani da Sheffield ƙarfe n azurfa kuma sananne ne don gamawa mai sheƙi mai zurfi, ana ɗaukarsa mafi ingancin ƙarfe kuma har yanzu ana amfani dashi har yau a Faransa ta hanyar masana'anta kamar Thiers Issard A ƙarni na 18 da na 19, masu hannu da shuni suna da bayin da za su aske su ko kuma suna iya yawan shagunan aski. Aski yau da kullun ba al'ada ce da ta yaɗu ba a ƙarni na 19 don haka wasu mutane ba su taɓa yin aski ba. Al'adar aski a kowace rana tsakanin mazan Amurkawa wani sabon abu ne na ƙarni na 20 wanda aka fara shi bayan ƴaƙin duniya na ɗaya. An buƙaci maza su riƙa aski a kullum domin abin rufe fuska na gas ɗin ya dace da kyau kuma hakan ya samu sauƙi sosai bayan bayyanar reza mai aminci, wanda hakan ya ƙara sauki. ya kasance daidaitaccen batu a lokacin ƴaƙin. A cikin ƙarni na 19, masu yankan a Sheffield, Ingila da Solingen, Jamus sun samar da reza iri-iri. Reza madaidaiciya sune mafi yawan nau'in aski kafin ƙarni na 20 kuma sun kasance gama gari a ƙasashe da yawa har zuwa shekarun 1950. An horar da masu aski na musamman don baiwa abokan ciniki suski da sauri, kuma tarin reza madaidaiciya da aka shirya don amfani da su ya kasance abin gani gama gari a yawancin shagunan aski. Har yanzu aski suna da su, amma ba sa amfani da su sau da yawa. Reza madaidaici daga ƙarshe sun faɗi daga salon. Mai ƙalubalen su na farko King C. Gillette ne ya ƙera shi: reza aminci mai kaifi biyu tare da wuƙaƙe masu maye gurbin. amfani da manufar shugaban asara wanda aka siyar da reza a cikin asara, amma ɓangarorin maye gurbin sun sami babban rata kuma suna ba da tallace-tallace na ci gaba. Sun yi nasara sosai saboda kamfen ɗin talla da taken ƙasƙantar da ingancin reza kai tsaye da kuma tambayar amincin sa. Waɗannan sabbin reza masu aminci ba su buƙatar kowane horo mai ƙarfi don amfani da su. Wuraren suna da matuƙar wahala a kaifafa, kuma ana so a jefar da su bayan an yi amfani da su, kuma su yi tsatsa da sauri idan ba a jefar da su ba. Hakanan sun buƙaci ƙaramin saka hannun jari na farko, kodayake suna da ƙari akan lokaci. Duk da fa'idodinsa na dogon lokaci, madaidaiciyar reza ta rasa babban rabon kasuwa. Kuma yayin da aski ya zama ƙasa da ban tsoro kuma maza suka fara aske kansu, buƙatun masu aski waɗanda ke ba da askin reza kai tsaye ya ragu. A cikin 1960, bakin karfe wanda za a iya amfani da shi fiye da sau ɗaya ya zama samuwa, yana rage farashin aminci-reza. Kamfanin Wilkinson, sanannen mai yin takuba, a Sheffield ne ya yi irin wannan na farko. Ba da da ewa Gillette, Schick, da sauran masana'antun suna yin bakin-karfe ruwan wukake. Wadannan sun biyo bayan harsashin ruwa mai yawa da reza da za a iya zubarwa. Ga kowane nau'in ruwan wukake mai maye, gabaɗaya akwai reza da za a iya zubarwa. A cikin 1930s, ana samun reza na lantarki. Waɗannan za su iya yin hamayya da farashin madaidaiciyar reza mai kyau, kodayake duka kayan aski madaidaiciya-reza na iya wuce farashin ko da aska mai tsada na lantarki. Madaidaicin reza Reza madaidaiciya tare da buɗaɗɗen ruwan ƙarfe, wanda kuma aka fi sani da yanke-maƙogwaro, sune reza da aka fi amfani da su kafin ƙarni na 20. Reza madaidaici sun ƙunshi ƙwanƙolin da aka kaifi a gefe ɗaya. The ruwa za a iya yi da ko dai bakin karfe, wanda shi ne a hankali zuwa hone da strop, amma ya fi sauƙi don kula tun da shi ba ya tabo sauƙi, ko high carbon karfe, wanda hones da strops da sauri da kuma kiyaye gefen da kyau, amma tsatsa da kuma. tabo cikin sauƙi idan ba a tsaftace ba kuma a bushe da sauri. A halin yanzu, ɓangarorin bakin ƙarfe suna da wahalar samu fiye da ƙarfe na carbon, amma duka biyun suna cikin samarwa. Ruwan ruwa yana jujjuyawa akan fil ta cikin tang ɗinsa tsakanin guda biyu masu kariya da ake kira ma'auni: idan an naɗe shi cikin ma'auni, ruwan ruwan ana kiyaye shi daga lalacewa, kuma ana kiyaye mai amfani. Ana yin sikelin hannu da abubuwa daban-daban, ciki har da uwar-lu'u-lu'u, celluloid, kashi, filastik da itace. Da zarar an yi da hauren hauren giwa, an daina yin hakan, kodayake ana amfani da hauren giwar burbushin lokaci-lokaci. Raza madaidaiciya Waɗannan reza suna kama da amfani da kuma kamanni zuwa madaidaicin reza, amma suna amfani da wukake da za a iya zubarwa, ko dai daidaitaccen mai kaifi biyu a yanka a cikin rabi ko na musamman kerarre guda ɗaya. Ana amfani da waɗannan aski kamar yadda ake amfani da reza kai tsaye amma ba sa buƙatar tsutsawa da honing. Reza aminci Mataki na farko zuwa ga reza mafi aminci don amfani shine reza mai gadi wanda kuma ake kira reza madaidaiciyar aminci wanda ya kara mai gadi zuwa madaidaicin reza na yau da kullun. Mai yiyuwa ne irin wannan reza na farko ya ƙirƙira shi ne da wani mai yankan Faransa Jean-Jacques Perret a shekara ta 1762. Wannan ƙirƙira ta samo asali ne daga jirgin mai haɗin gwiwa kuma ainihin reza ce madaidaiciya tare da gemunsa kewaye da hannun katako. Masu gadin reza na farko suna da hakora masu kama da tsefe kuma ana iya haɗa su kawai a gefe ɗaya na reza; wani mai gadi mai juyi yana ɗaya daga cikin gyare-gyaren farko da aka yi don gadin reza. An samo bayanin farko na reza mai aminci mai kama da waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a yau akan aikace-aikacen haƙƙin mallaka na William Samuel Henson na 1847 don gadin haƙori. Ana iya haɗa wannan gadin zuwa madaidaicin reza ko kuma zuwa reza "yanke ruwa wanda ke kusa da kusurwoyi daidai tare da abin hannu, kuma yayi kama da wani nau'i na farat gama gari." Around 1875 wani sabon zane tare da ƙarami ruwa sanya a saman wani rike aka sayar da Kampfe Brothers a matsayin "mafi kyawun samuwa Hanyar aski a kasuwa wanda ba zai yanke mai amfani, kamar madaidaiciya karfe reza." Reza masu cire ruwa Kalmar aminci reza an fara amfani da ita ne a cikin 1880 kuma ta kwatanta reza ta asali tare da abin da aka makala a kai inda za'a iya sanya ruwan wukake mai cirewa. Sannan an kare gefen ta hanyar tsefe -tsafe a kai don kare fata. A cikin mafi zamani samar da aminci reza, yanzu an fi maye gurbin tsefe da sandar tsaro. Akwai nau'ikan reza masu aminci iri biyu, mai kaifi ɗaya da mai kaifi biyu. Reza mai kaifi ɗaya da gaske shine dogon yanki na madaidaicin reza. Gilashin aminci mai kaifi biyu shine reza tare da sanduna mara nauyi wanda za'a iya amfani dashi a bangarorin biyu, tare da buɗaɗɗen gefuna biyu. Wurin da ke kan reza aminci mai kaifi biyu yana ɗan lanƙwasa don ba da izinin aske mai santsi da tsafta. A cikin 1901, mai ƙirƙira Ba'amurke King Camp Gillette, tare da taimakon William Nickerson, ya ƙaddamar da takardar shaidar sabon saɓani na reza mai aminci tare da ruwan wukake da za a iya zubarwa wanda aka ƙirƙira a cikin 1904. Dalili ɗaya shine cewa aske da aska mai aminci yakamata ya kasance mafi aminci kuma ya fi dacewa fiye da aski tare da reza madaidaiciya madaidaiciya mai kaifi. Za'a iya sake amfani da kauri na waɗannan reza masu aminci. Gillette ta gane cewa za a iya samun riba ta hanyar siyar da reza mara tsada tare da wukake. Wannan an kira shi samfurin kasuwanci na reza da ruwan wukake, kuma ya zama al'ada na yau da kullum don samfurori iri-iri. Yawancin wasu nau'ikan reza masu aminci sun zo sun tafi. Yawancin gasar ta dogara ne akan zayyana ruwan wukake wanda zai dace da salon reza guda ɗaya kawai har sai an daidaita siffar ruwan wuka ta hanyar shigar da tashar tsakiya mai fuskoki daban-daban zuwa ruwan wukake wanda zai ɗauki nau'ikan ƙira iri-iri na tsare-tsare na shinge; misali fil uku, siririyar karfen karfe, da sauransu. Ko da a yau, waɗannan nau'ikan amintattun nau'ikan har yanzu suna dagewa a cikin nau'ikan su a cikin DE reza, duk suna karɓar ƙirar ƙirar duniya iri ɗaya. Rezan harsashi Yin amfani da tsarin kasuwanci iri ɗaya da reza da ruwan wukake kamar yadda aka yi majagaba a farkon ƙarni na 20, an ƙera reza harsashi a shekarun 1960 kuma yanzu shine nau'in aske da aka fi sani a ƙasashen da suka ci gaba. Ko da yake an tsara shi don samun ƙarin ergonomic siffa a duka hannu da kai (ciki har da kan daɗaɗɗen kai wanda ke kiyaye ruwan wukake zuwa fata a kusurwar da aka riga aka ƙaddara ta hanyar motsin shaving) ra'ayin yana kama da na reza baki biyu. Koyaya, a nan an cire duka babban taron shugaban (wanda aka sani da harsashi) kuma ana zubar dashi, ba kawai ruwan wukake ba. Har ila yau, ya zama ruwan dare ga waɗannan kawuna na harsashi suna da ɓangarorin reza da yawa a cikin su, yawanci tsakanin ruwan wukake biyu zuwa biyar. Reza masu aminci da za a iya zubarwa Reza masu aminci da ake zubarwa suna da kamanni sosai a ƙira da reza harsashi, waɗanda aka gina daga kayan marasa tsada (wanda aka ƙera polycarbonate na yau da kullun), duk da haka ana nufin su zama abin zubarwa gaba ɗaya bayan amfani ba tare da ƙwanƙwasa ko maye mai yiwuwa ba. An ƙirƙira na'ura ɗaya a cikin 1963 ta Ba'amurke ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai ƙirƙira Paul Winchell Tsawon rayuwa Za a iya tsawaita rayuwar reza ta hanyar bushewar ruwan wukake bayan amfani. Reza mai amfani da Wutar lantarki Reza na lantarki (wanda kuma aka sani da busasshen aski) yana da wuƙa mai juyawa ko motsi. Reza na lantarki yawanci baya buƙatar amfani da kirim, sabulu, ko ruwa. Ana iya yin amfani da reza ta ƙaramin motar DC, wanda ko dai ana amfani da shi ta batura ko wutar lantarki Yawancin na zamani ana amfani da su ta amfani da batura masu caji A madadin, za a iya amfani da oscillator-mechanical oscillator wanda na'urar solenoid mai kuzarin AC ke motsawa. Wasu injinan aski na farko ba su da injin lantarki kuma dole ne a yi amfani da su da hannu, misali ta hanyar jan igiya don tuƙi. John F. O'Rourke ya kirkiro reza na farko na lantarki a shekara ta 1898. An fara samar da injunan reza na lantarki a cikin 1937 ta kamfanin Amurka Remington Rand bisa haƙƙin mallaka na Jacob Schick daga 1928. Tun 1939 kamfanin Philips na Holland ya kera injin reza na lantarki. Daya daga cikin manyan bambance-bambance tsakanin reza na lantarki shine fasahar aske da suke amfani da ita. Galibi injunan aski na lantarki suna amfani da wukake mai jujjuyawa da yawa ko kuma fasahar askewa a kwance. Sauran reza Masu kauri, masu kauri, reza mai kaifi ɗaya kamar wuƙaƙen kayan aiki ana amfani da su don ayyuka daban-daban na hannu. Aikace-aikace sun haɗa da cikakken aikin kafinta kamar yashi da gogewa (a cikin ƙwararriyar mariƙi), yankan takarda don zanen fasaha, aikin famfo da gamawa kamar grouting da tsaftacewa, da cire fenti daga filaye masu lebur kamar gilashin gilashi. Ba kamar aske reza ba, nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan masana'antu da ake amfani da su a cikin waɗannan kayan aikin galibi ana yin su ne daga ƙarfe mara ƙarfe kamar ƙarfe na carbon, kuma suna da ƙaƙƙarfan baki kuma mara nauyi. Gurguwa reza ce da ake amfani da ita wajen samar da biredi don yanke saman biredi da ba a toya ba. Duba kuma Gyaran gashi Ciwon kai Razor ruwa karfe Manazarta ambato Aski Abun cire gashi. Reza. Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry

Biochemistry

Biochemistry ko ilmin sunadarai na halitta shine nazarin hanyoyin sinadarai a ciki da kuma alaƙa da rayayyun halittu. Karamin horo na duka biyun sunadarai da ilmin halitta, biochemistry na iya kasuwa kashi uku: ilmin halitta tsarin, enzymology da metabolism. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata na karni na 20, ilimin kimiyyar halittu ya sami nasara wajen bayyana tsarin rayuwa ta waɗannan fannoni uku. Kusan dukkan fannonin kimiyyar rayuwa ana buɗe su kuma ana haɓaka su ta hanyar hanyoyin nazarin halittu da bincike. Biochemistry yana mai da hankali kan fahimtar tushen sinadarai wanda ke ba da damar kwayoyin halitta damar haifar da hanyoyin da ke faruwa a cikin sel masu rai da tsakanin sel, bi da bi yana da alaƙa sosai ga fahimtar kyallen takarda da gabobin jiki, da tsarin kwayoyin halitta da aiki. Biochemistry yana da alaƙa ta kud da kud da ilmin halitta, wanda shine nazarin hanyoyin kwayoyin halitta na abubuwan mamaki. Yawancin kwayoyin halitta suna hulɗar da tsarin, haɗin kai, ayyuka, da hulɗar macromolecules na halitta, irin su sunadarai, acid nucleic, carbohydrates, da lipids. Suna samar da tsarin sel kuma suna yin yawancin ayyukan da ke da alaƙa da rayuwa. Har ila yau, sunadarai na tantanin halitta ya dogara da halayen ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da ions. Wadannan na iya zama inorganic (misali, ruwa da ions karfe) ko kwayoyin halitta (misali, amino acid, waɗanda ake amfani da su don haɗa sunadarai). Hanyoyin da sel ke amfani da su don amfani da makamashi daga muhallinsu ta hanyar halayen sinadarai an san su da metabolism. Ana amfani da sakamakon binciken kimiyyar halittu da farko a cikin magunguna, abinci mai gina jiki da aikin gona. A cikin magani, masana kimiyyar halittu suna bincika musabbabi da kuma maganin cututtuka. Abincin abinci yana nazarin yadda ake kula da lafiya da lafiya da kuma illolin rashin abinci mai gina jiki. A aikin gona, masana kimiyyar halittu suna binciken ƙasa da takin zamani. Haɓaka noman amfanin gona, adana amfanin gona, da magance kwari suma burinsu ne. Biochemistry yana da matukar mahimmanci tunda yana taimaka wa mutane su koyi game da batutuwa masu rikitarwa kamar prions. Tarihi A ma'anarsa mafi mahimmanci, ana iya kallon biochemistry a matsayin nazarin sassa da tsarin halittu da yadda suke haduwa su zama rayuwa. A wannan ma'anar, tarihin ilimin kimiyyar halittu na iya komawa baya har zuwa tsohuwar Helenawa. Koyaya, ilimin kimiyyar halittu a matsayin takamaiman horo na kimiyya ya fara wani lokaci a cikin karni na 19, ko kuma a baya, ya danganta da wane fanni na ilimin halittu ake mai da hankali akai. Wasu sun yi iƙirarin cewa farkon biochemistry na iya kasancewa gano farkon enzyme, diastase (yanzu ana kiransa amylase), a cikin shekarar 1833 na Anselme Payen, yayin da wasu suka yi la'akari da nunin farko na Eduard Buchner na wani hadadden tsarin biochemical na barasa. abubuwan da ba su da tantanin halitta a cikin shekarar 1897 don zama haihuwar biochemistry. Wasu kuma na iya nunawa a matsayin farkon aikin 1842 mai tasiri na Justus von Liebig, Kimiyyar Dabbobin Dabbobi, ko, Kimiyyar Halittu a cikin aikace-aikacensa ga ilimin lissafi da ilimin cututtuka, wanda ya gabatar da ka'idar sinadarai na metabolism, ko ma a baya zuwa karni na 18. Nazarin kan fermentation da numfashi na Antoine Lavoisier. Wasu majagaba da yawa a wannan fanni waɗanda suka taimaka wajen gano sarƙaƙƙiyar ilimin halittu an shelanta su waɗanda suka kafa ilimin kimiyyar halittu na zamani. Emil Fischer, wanda ya yi nazarin ilmin sunadarai na sunadaran, da F. Gowland Hopkins, wanda ya yi nazarin enzymes da kuma yanayin yanayi mai mahimmanci na biochemistry, wakiltar misalai biyu na masana kimiyya na farko. Kalmar "biochemistry" ita kanta ta samo asali ne daga haɗin ilimin halitta da kuma ilmin sunadarai. A cikin shekarar 1877, Felix Hoppe-Seyler ya yi amfani da kalmar (biochemie a Jamusanci) a matsayin ma'anar ilmin sunadarai a cikin jigon farko na Zeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie (Journal of Physiological Chemistry) inda ya yi jayayya da kafa cibiyoyin da aka sadaukar don su. wannan fanni na karatu. Masanin ilmin sinadarai na Jamus Carl Neuberg duk da haka ana yawan ambaton cewa ya ƙirƙiri kalmar a cikin shekarar 1903, yayin da wasu ke jingina ta ga Franz Hofmeister. An taba yin imani da cewa rayuwa da kayanta suna da wasu muhimman dukiya ko wani abu (wanda galibi ake kira "mahimman ka'ida") wanda ya bambanta da duk wani abu da aka samu a cikin al'amuran da ba su da rai, kuma an yi tunanin cewa halittu ne kawai za su iya samar da kwayoyin halitta. rayuwa. A cikin shekarar 1828, Friedrich Wöhler ya buga takarda a kan haɗin urea mai banƙyama daga potassium cyanate da ammonium sulfate; wasu sun dauki hakan a matsayin rugujewar rayuwa kai tsaye da kafa kimiyyar sinadarai. Duk da haka, haɗin Wöhler ya haifar da cece-kuce yayin da wasu suka ƙi mutuwar rayuwa a hannunsa. Tun daga wannan lokacin, ilimin kimiyyar halittu ya ci gaba, musamman tun tsakiyar karni na 20, tare da ci gaba da sababbin fasahohi irin su chromatography, X-ray diffraction, dual polarization interferometry, NMR spectroscopy, lakabin rediyoisotopic, microscopy na lantarki da simulations na kwayoyin halitta. Wadannan fasahohin sun ba da izini don ganowa da cikakkun bayanai game da yawancin kwayoyin halitta da hanyoyin rayuwa na tantanin halitta, irin su glycolysis da tsarin Krebs (citric acid cycle), kuma ya haifar da fahimtar kwayoyin halitta akan matakin kwayoyin. Wani muhimmin al'amari na tarihi a cikin ilimin kimiyyar halittu shine gano kwayar halitta, da rawar da take takawa wajen isar da bayanai a cikin tantanin halitta. A cikin shekarar 1950s, James D. Watson, Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin da Maurice Wilkins sun taimaka wajen magance tsarin DNA kuma suna ba da shawara game da dangantakarta tare da canja wurin bayanai. A cikin shekarar 1958, George Beadle da Edward Tatum sun sami lambar yabo ta Nobel don aiki a cikin fungi wanda ke nuna cewa kwayar halitta guda ɗaya tana samar da enzyme guda ɗaya. A cikin shekarar 1988, Colin Pitchfork shine mutum na farko da aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa tare da shaidar DNA, wanda ya haifar da haɓakar kimiyyar bincike. Kwanan nan, Andrew Z. Fire da Craig C. Mello sun sami lambar yabo ta Nobel ta 2006 don gano rawar da ke tattare da tsoma baki na RNA (RNAi), a cikin shiru na maganganun kwayoyin halitta. Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Marley

Bob Marley

Robert Nesta Marley (An haife shi 6 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta 1945 ya mutu 11 Mayu, 1981) ya kasance mawaƙin Jamaica, mai rubutawa da kuma rera waƙa. A dukkan shekara idan ranar mutuwarsa ta zagayo, mashaya suna kiranta da suna "Marli=day", Dauke ɗayan ɗayan masu farauta na reggae, aikinsa na kiɗa yana da alamun abubuwa masu haɗuwa na reggae, ska, da rocksteady, da kuma sautinsa na musamman da salon waƙoƙi. Gudummawar Marley ga kiɗa ta ƙara waƙoƙin Jamaica a duniya gabaɗaya, kuma ya sanya shi ya zama babban mutum a cikin al'adun gargajiya sama da shekaru goma. A tsawon aikinsa Marley ya zama sananne ne a matsayin Rastafari icon, kuma ya sanya waƙarsa da ma'anar ruhaniya. Hakanan kuma ana ɗaukar shi a matsayin alama ta duniya ta waƙar Jamaica da al'adu da asali, kuma ya kasance mai jayayya a cikin goyon bayan da ya nuna game da halatta marijuana, yayin da ya kuma yi kira ga Pan-Africanism Haihuwar Maril a Nine Mile, Jamaica ta Biritaniya, Marley ya fara aikinsa na kide-kide a shekarar 1963, bayan ya kafa Bob Marley da Wailers Releasedungiyar ta fitar da kundi na farko na sutudiyo mai suna The Wailing Wailers a shekarar 1965, wanda ke ɗauke da waƙoƙin "Loveauna Daya Mutane Suna Shirya wakar ta shahara a duk duniya, kuma ta kafa kungiyar a matsayin masu tashe a reggae. Daga baya Wailers sun sake fitar da faya-fayan ɗawainiya guda goma sha; yayin da farko suka fara amfani da kayan kida da rera waka, kungiyar ta fara tsunduma cikin aikin rera waka a karshen shekarun 1960s da farkon 1970s, wanda yayi daidai da sauyawar mawakiyar zuwa Rastafari A wannan lokacin Marley ta ƙaura zuwa London, kuma ƙungiyar ta haɗa da canjin canjin su tare da fitowar kundin kundin Mafi Kyawun Wailers (1971). Ungiyar ta sami nasarar ƙasa da ƙasa bayan fitowar kundin faifai Kama da Wuta da (duka 1973), kuma sun ƙirƙiri suna kamar masu zane-zane. Bayan watsewar Wailers shekara guda daga baya, Marley ya ci gaba da sakin kayan aikinsa ƙarƙashin sunan ƙungiyar. Faifan faifan fim din sa na farko Natty Dread (1974) ya sami kyakkyawar tarba, kamar yadda mai biyewa Rastaman Vibration (1976) yayi. Bayan 'yan watanni da fitar da kundin wakokin Marley ya tsallake yunkurin kisan kai a gidansa da ke Jamaica, wanda hakan ya sa shi komawa Landan din din din. A lokacin da yake Landan ya yi rikodin kundin fitarwa (1977); ya ƙunshi abubuwan da suka haɗa da shuɗi, ruhu, da dutsen Burtaniya kuma sun sami fa'idar kasuwanci da babbar nasara. A cikin shekarar alib na 1977, Marley ya kamu da cutar acral lentiginous melanoma ya mutu sakamakon rashin lafiya a shekarar 1981. Masoyan sa a duk fadin duniya sun nuna alhinin su, kuma ya samu jana'izar kasa a Jamaica. An saki mafi girman kundin Tarihi na Tarihi a cikin shekara ta 1984, kuma ya zama mafi kyawun kundin reggae na kowane lokaci Marley shima ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu kiɗan kiɗa a kowane lokaci, tare da ƙididdigar tallace-tallace sama da rubuce miliyan 75 a duk duniya. Jamaica ta girmama shi bayan rasuwa jim kaɗan da mutuwarsa tare da tsara alfarmar girmamawa daga alummarsa. A cikin shekarar ta 1994, an saka shi cikin Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Rolling Stone ya sanya shi A'a. 11 a cikin jerin 100 Mafi Girma Artan wasa na kowane lokaci Farkon rayuwa da aiki An haifi Robert Nesta Marley a ranar 6 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar na 1945 a gonar kakan mahaifiyarsa a Nine Mile, Saint Ann Parish, Jamaica, zuwa Norval Sinclair Marley da Cedella Malcolm Norval Marley ya fito ne daga Crowborough, East Sussex a Ingila, sannan mazaunin Clarendon Parish, wanda dangin sa suka ce asalin su yahudawan Siriya ne su ma. Norval ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya kasance kyaftin a Royal Marines a lokacin aurensa da Cedella Malcolm, wani ɗan Afro-Jamaica a lokacin yana ɗan shekara 18, an dauke shi aiki a matsayin mai kula da shukar. Cikakken sunan Bob Marley shine Robert Nesta Marley, kodayake wasu kafofin sun sanya sunan haihuwarsa a matsayin Nesta Robert Marley, tare da labarin cewa lokacin da Marley ke yarinya karama wani jami'in fasfo din Jamaica ya sauya sunayensa na farko da na tsakiya saboda Nesta ya yi kama da sunan yarinya. Norval ya ba da tallafin kuɗi don matarsa da ɗansa amma ba safai yake ganinsu ba kamar yadda baya yawan zuwa. Bob Marley ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Stepney da kuma karamar makarantar sakandare wacce ke hidiman yankin da ake kamawa na Saint Ann A shekarar na 1955, lokacin da Bob Marley ke da shekaru 10, mahaifinsa ya mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya yana da shekara 70. Mahaifiyar Marley daga baya ta auri Edward Booker, wani ma'aikacin gwamnati daga Amurka, yana ba Marley 'yan uwan biyu: Richard da Anthony. Bob Marley da Neville Livingston (daga baya aka sani da Bunny Wailer sun kasance abokai yara a Nine Mile. Sun fara yin waƙa tare yayin da suke Stepney Primary da Junior High School. Marley ya bar Mil Mili tara tare da mahaifiyarsa lokacin da yake 12 kuma suka koma Trenchtown, Kingston. Ita da Thadeus Livingston (mahaifin Bunny Wailer) suna da 'ya mace tare wanda suka sa mata suna Claudette Pearl, wacce kanwa ce ga Bob da Bunny duka. Yanzu da Marley da Livingston suke zaune a cikin gida ɗaya a Trenchtown, bincikensu na kide-kide ya zurfafa don haɗa da R&B na baya-bayan nan daga gidajen rediyo na Amurka wanda watsa shirye-shiryensu suka isa Jamaica, da sabon kiɗan ska. Matsayin zuwa Trenchtown ya kasance mai wadatar gaske, kuma Marley ba da daɗewa ba ya sami kansa cikin ƙungiyar murya tare da Bunny Wailer, Peter Tosh, Beverley Kelso da Junior Braithwaite Joe Higgs, wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na nasarar rawar murya Higgs da Wilson, suna zaune a ranar 3 ta St., kuma tsohuwar mai suna Junior Braithwaite ta tashi tare da abokin wasan sa Roy Wilson. Higgs da Wilson za su sake yin atisaye a bayan gidajen tsakanin titin 2 da na 3, kuma ba da daɗewa ba, Marley (da ke zaune yanzu a kan 2nd St.), Junior Braithwaite da sauran sun taru a kusa da wannan nasarar da suka samu. Marley da sauran ba su buga kowane kayan kida ba a wannan lokacin, kuma sun fi sha'awar zama kungiyar hadin kai ta murya. Higgs ya yi farin cikin taimaka musu wajen haɓaka jituwarsu, kodayake mafi mahimmanci, ya fara koya wa Marley yadda ake kaɗa guitar ta haka ne zai samar da gado wanda daga baya zai ba Bob Marley damar gina wasu waƙoƙin reggae mafi girma a tarihin tarihin salo Ayyukan waƙa A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1962, Marley ya yi rikodin waƙoƙi huɗu, Ba Alƙali Ba "Kofi Oneaya Na Kofi", "Har Yanzu Kuna Loveauna Na?" da "Terror", a Federal Studios don mai samar da kiɗa na cikin gida Leslie Kong Uku daga cikin waƙoƙin an sake su ne a kan Beverley tare da "Kofi ɗaya na Kofi" wanda aka sake su a ƙarƙashin sunan ɓoye Bobby Martell. A cikin shekarar ta 1963, Bob Marley, Bunny Wailer, Peter Tosh, Junior Braithwaite, Beverley Kelso, da Cherry Smith an kira su Matasa. Daga baya suka canza sunan zuwa Wailing Rudeboys, sannan suka koma Wailing Wailers, a wanna lokacin ne furodusa mai rikodin Coxsone Dodd ne ya gano su, daga karshe kuma suka koma Wailers. Singleaurarsu ɗaya Simmer Down don alamar Coxsone ta zama ɗan ƙasar Jamaica na Februaryaya a cikin watan Fabrairu shekarar 1964 suna siyar da kimanin kwafi 70,000. Wailers, yanzu suna yin rikodin Studio One a kai a kai, sun sami kansu suna aiki tare da fitattun mawaƙa na Jamaica kamar Ernest Ranglin (mai tsara "It Hurts To Be Alone"), masanin keyboard Jackie Mittoo da saxophonist Roland Alphonso. Zuwa shekarar 1966, Braithwaite, Kelso, da Smith sun bar Wailers, sun bar manyan ukun Bob Marley, Bunny Wailer, da Peter Tosh. A cikin shekarar 1966, Marley ya auri Rita Anderson, kuma ya koma kusa da gidan mahaifiyarsa a Wilmington, Delaware, a cikin Amurka na wani ɗan gajeren lokaci, a lokacin da ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da taimako na dakin gwaje-gwaje na DuPont kuma a layin taron a wani gidan Chrysler da ke kusa da Newark, karkashin laƙabi da Donald Marley. Kodayake Marley ya tashi a matsayin Katolika, Marley ya sami sha'awar imani na Rastafari a cikin 1960s, lokacin da yake nesa da tasirin mahaifiyarsa. Bayan dawowarsa Jamaica, Marley bisa tsari ya canza zuwa Rastafari kuma ya fara yin katako Bayan rashin jituwa ta kuɗi da Dodd, Marley da ƙungiyarsa suka haɗa kai tare da Lee "Scratch" Perry da rukunin studio, Upsetters Kodayake ƙawancen bai wuce shekara guda ba, sun yi rikodin abin da mutane da yawa ke ɗauka mafi kyawun aikin Wailers. Marley da Perry sun rarrabu bayan takaddama game da sanya haƙƙin rakodi, amma za su ci gaba da aiki tare. A shekarar 1969 ya kawo wani canji ga mashahurin kiɗan Jamaica wanda ƙwanƙwasa ya ragu har ma da ƙari. Sabuwar kidan ya kasance sannu a hankali, kwari, alamar amo wanda aka fara ji a waƙar The Maytals "Do the Reggay Marley ta tunkari furodusa Leslie Kong, wanda aka ɗauka ɗayan manyan masu haɓaka sautin reggae. Don rikodin, Kong ya haɗu da Wailers tare da mawaƙan sautuka da ake kira Beverley's All-Stars, wanda ya ƙunshi mawaƙa Lloyd Parks da Jackie Jackson, ɗan wasan kidan Paul Douglas, 'yan wasan madannin Gladstone Anderson da Winston Wright, da kuma guitar guitar Rad Bryan, Lynn Taitt, da Hux Brown. Kamar yadda David Moskowitz ya rubuta, "Waƙoƙin da aka ɗauka a cikin wannan zaman sun kwatanta ƙoƙarin farko na Wailers a cikin sabon salon reggae. Kahon ska da waƙoƙin saxophone na waƙoƙin da suka gabata sun tafi, tare da hutu da kayan aiki yanzu ana amfani da guitar guitar. Za a sake waƙoƙin da aka yi rikodin azaman kundin album na Mafi Kyawun Wan Wailers, gami da waƙoƙin "Soul Shakedown Party," "Dakatar da Wannan Jirgin," "Tsanaki," "Ku Faɗa Kan Dutse," "Ba da Daɗewa Ba Ku Zo," "Can t Ka Gani, Soaukan Rai, Yi Murna, Baya Baya, "Da" Yi Sau Biyu Tsakanin shekarar 1968 da shekarar 1972, Bob da Rita Marley, Peter Tosh da Bunny Wailer sun sake yanke wasu tsofaffin waƙoƙi tare da JAD Records a Kingston da London a ƙoƙarin kasuwancin sautin Wailers. Bunny daga baya ya tabbatar da cewa waɗannan waƙoƙin "bai kamata a sake su ba a cikin faifai ba kawai demos ne don kamfanonin rakodi su saurara". A cikin shekarar1968, Bob da Rita sun ziyarci marubucin waƙa Jimmy Norman a gidansa da ke Bronx. Norman ya rubuta kalmomin da aka tsawaita don Kai Winding 's "Time Is on My Side" (wanda Rolling Stones ya rufe) kuma ya kuma rubuta wa Johnny Nash da Jimi Hendrix. Zama na jam na kwana uku tare da Norman da wasu, gami da marubucin marubucin Norman Al Pyfrom, ya haifar da faifai na minti 24 na Marley yana yin nasa da yawa da kuma na Norman-Pyfrom. Wannan tef din, a cewar mai kula da tarihin Reggae Roger Steffens, ba safai ake samun hakan ba saboda tasirin shi ya mamaye shi maimakon na reggae, a wani bangare na kokarin karya Marley cikin jadawalin Amurka. A cewar wata kasida a The New York Times, Marley ta yi gwaji a kan tef din da sautuka daban-daban, ta hanyar daukar salon doo-wop a kan "Ku Kasance Tare Da Ni" da "salon wakar sannu a hankali na masu fasahar shekarar 1960" a kan "Splish for My Splash". Mai zane-zane har yanzu bai samu damar kafa kansa ba a wajen ƙasar Jamaica, Marley ya zauna a cikin Ridgmount Gardens, Bloomsbury, a lokacin shekarar 1972. 1972–1974: Matsar zuwa rikodin din Tsibiri A cikin shekarar 1972, Bob Marley ya sanya hannu tare da CBS Records a London kuma ya fara rangadin Burtaniya tare da mawaƙin rai Johnny Nash Yayinda suke Landan, Wailers sun nemi manajan hanyarsu Brent Clarke da ya gabatar da su ga Chris Blackwell, wanda ya ba da lasisin wasu abubuwan da Coxsone ya fitar don rikodin Island Records Wailers sun yi niyyar tattauna batun masarauta da ke tattare da waɗannan sakewar; maimakon haka, taron ya haifar da tayin ci gaban 4,000 don yin rikodin kundi. Tun Jimmy Cliff, babban tauraron reggae na tsibiri, kwanan nan ya bar lakabin, Blackwell ya kasance don maye gurbinsa. A cikin Marley, Blackwell ya fahimci abubuwan da ake buƙata don tarkon masu sauraron dutsen: “Ina ma'amala da kiɗan dutsen, wanda da gaske waƙar tawaye ne. Na ji hakan zai iya zama silar fasa kidan Jamaica. Amma kuna buƙatar wanda zai iya zama wannan hoton. Lokacin da Bob ya shiga ciki ainihin hoton ne. Wailers sun dawo Jamaica don yin rikodi a Harry J's a Kingston, wanda ya haifar da kundin Catch a Fire Primarily recorded on an eight-track, Catch a Fire marked the first time a reggae band had access to a state-of-the-art studio and were accorded the same care as their rock 'n' roll peers. Blackwell desired to create "more of a drifting, hypnotic-type feel than a reggae rhythm", and restructured Marley's mixes and arrangements. Marley travelled to London to supervise Blackwell's overdubbing of the album which included tempering the mix from the bass-heavy sound of Jamaican music and omitting two tracks. During this period, Blackwell gifted his Kingston residence and company headquarters at 56 Hope Road (then known as Island House) to Marley. Housing Tuff Gong Studios, the property became not only Marley's office but also his home. An shirya Masu Wailers ɗin za su buɗe wasanni 17 a Amurka don Sly da Dutsen Iyali Bayan wasanni hudu, an kori ƙungiyar saboda sun fi shahara fiye da ayyukan da suke buɗewa. Wailers ya watse a cikin 1974, tare da kowane ɗayan manyan membobin uku suna neman aikin solo. 1974–1976: Canje-canje na layi da harbi Despite the break-up, Marley continued recording as "Bob Marley The Wailers". His new backing band included brothers Carlton and Aston "Family Man" Barrett on drums and bass respectively, Junior Marvin and Al Anderson on lead guitar, Tyrone Downie and Earl "Wya" Lindo on keyboards, and Alvin "Seeco" Patterson on percussion. The "I Threes", consisting of Judy Mowatt, Marcia Griffiths, and Marley's wife, Rita, provided backing vocals. In 1975, Marley had his international breakthrough with his first hit outside Jamaica, with a live version of "No Woman, No Cry", from the Live! album. This was followed by his breakthrough album in the United States, Rastaman Vibration (1976), which reached the Top 50 of the Billboard Soul Charts. A ranar 3 ga watan Disambar shekarar 1976, kwana biyu kafin Murmushi Jamaica wani baje kolin kyauta da Firayim Ministan Jamaica Michael Manley ya shirya a kokarin sasanta tashin hankali tsakanin kungiyoyin siyasa biyu masu fada, Marley, matarsa, da manajansa Don Taylor sun ji rauni a harin ta wasu 'yan bindiga da ba a san su ba a cikin gidan Marley. Matar Taylor da matar Marley sun sami munanan raunuka amma daga baya suka murmure. Bob Marley ya sami ƙananan raunuka a kirji da hannu. Yunkurin kashe shi ana tunanin yana da nasaba da siyasa, yayin da mutane da yawa ke ganin shagalin da gaske taron nuna goyon baya ne ga Manley. Ko ta yaya, waƙar ta ci gaba, kuma Marley da ya ji rauni ya yi kamar yadda aka tsara, kwana biyu bayan yunƙurin. Lokacin da aka tambaye shi dalili, Marley ta amsa, “Mutanen da ke ƙoƙari su sa duniya ta tabarbare ba sa yin hutu. Ta yaya zan iya? Membobin kungiyar Zap Pow sun taka rawa a matsayin kungiyar ajiyar Bob Marley a gaban taron bikin na Dubu tamanin 80,000 yayin da mambobin The Wailers har yanzu suka bata ko kuma suna buya. 1976–1979: Komawa zuwa Ingila Bob Nesta Marley ya bar Jamaica a ƙarshen 1976, kuma bayan tsawon watanni "murmurewa da rubutu" baƙunci a wurin Chris Blackwell's Compass Point Studios a Nassau, Bahamas, ya isa Ingila, inda ya yi shekaru biyu a cikin ƙaura. Yayin da yake Ingila, ya yi rikodin kundi na Fitowa da Kaya Fitowa ya kasance a cikin kundin kundin kundin tarihin Burtaniya tsawon makonni 56 a jere. Ya haɗa da UKan wasa guda huɗu na Burtaniya: "Fitowa", "Jiran a ɓoye", "Jamming", da "Loveauna aya (wanda ke maimaita muryar Curtis Mayfield, Mutane Sun Shirya A lokacin da yake Landan, an kama shi kuma an yanke masa hukunci kan mallakar ƙananan wiwi A cikin shekarar 1978, Marley ya koma Jamaica kuma ya yi wani taron kide-kide na siyasa, Loveaya daga cikin Oneaunar Zaman Lafiya, a sake ƙoƙarin kwantar da hankulan ɓangarorin da ke faɗa. Kusa da kammala aikin, bisa bukatar Marley, Michael Manley (shugaban Jam’iyyar Jama’iyya mai mulki a wancan lokacin da abokin hamayyarsa na siyasa Edward Seaga (shugaban Jam’iyyar Labour da ke adawa da shi sun hade juna a kan mataki tare da musafaha. A karkashin sunan Bob Marley da Wailers albums 11 aka sake su, kundaye masu rai huɗu da kuma kundi-studio bakwai. Sabbin sun hada da Babila ta Bus, kundin waka sau biyu tare da waƙoƙi 13, an sake shi a cikin shekarar 1978 kuma ya sami yabo mai mahimmanci. Wannan kundin, kuma musamman waƙar ƙarshe "Jamming" tare da masu sauraro cikin fushi sun ɗauki ƙarfin Marley na wasan kwaikwayon kai tsaye. 1979–1981: Shekarun baya Tsira, raini ne mai cike da zargi da siyasa, an sake shi a cikin shekarar 1979. Waƙoƙi irin su "Zimbabwe", Afirka gama ɗaya "Ku farka ka rayu", da kuma "Tsira" sun nuna goyon bayan Marley ga gwagwarmayar 'yan Afirka. Bayyanar sa a bikin Amandla a Boston a watan Yulin shekarar 1979 ya nuna tsananin adawarsa ga mulkin wariyar launin fata na Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ya riga ya nuna a cikin wakarsa ta War a shekara ta 1976. A farkon shekarar 1980, an gayyace shi ya yi bikin a ranar 17 ga watan Afrilu na Ranar 'Yancin Zimbabwe. Tashin hankali a shekarar (1980) shi ne faifan studio na ƙarshe na Bob Marley, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin shirye-shiryensa na addini; ya hada da "Waƙar fansa" da Madawwami vingaunar Jah Arangama, wanda aka sake shi bayan shekara ta 1983, ya ƙunshi abubuwan da ba a sake su ba a cikin rayuwar Marley, gami da abin da ya faru na Buffalo Soldier da kuma sababbin cakuda marassa aure a da ana samunsu kawai a Jamaica. Rashin lafiya da mutuwa A watan Yulin shekarar alib 1977, Marley ya kamu da wani irin mummunan ƙwayar melanoma a ƙarƙashin ƙusar ƙafa. Akasin labarin alƙarya, wannan cutar ba ta haifar da rauni ba yayin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a wannan shekarar amma a maimakon haka alama ce ta kansar da ta riga ta kasance. Dole ne ya ga likitoci biyu kafin a yi gwajin, wanda ya tabbatar da aclan lentiginous melanoma Ba kamar sauran melanomas ba, galibi akan fatar da ake yiwa rana, aclan lentiginous melanoma na faruwa a wuraren da ke da saukin kewarsu, kamar tafin ƙafa, ko ƙarƙashin ƙusoshin ƙafa. Kodayake shine mafi yawan cutar melanoma a cikin mutanen da ke da fata mai duhu, amma ba a san shi da yawa ba, kuma ba a ambata shi a cikin shahararren littafin likita na lokacin ba. Marley ya ƙi shawarar likitocinsa na yanke yatsan ƙafarsa (wanda hakan zai iya hana shi yin aikinsa), yana mai ambaton imaninsa na addini, kuma a maimakon haka, an cire ƙusa da gadon ƙusa kuma an ɗauke dutsen fata daga cinyarsa don rufe yankin. Duk da rashin lafiyarsa, ya ci gaba da rangadi kuma yana kan tsara jadawalin rangadin duniya na 1980. Fitowa daga album din an sake shi a watan Mayu shekara ta 1980. Bandungiyar ta kammala wata babbar yawon shakatawa a Turai, inda ta taka rawa mafi girma ga mutane dubu Dari 100,000 a Milan, Italiya. Bayan yawon shakatawa Marley ya tafi Amurka, inda ya yi wasanni biyu a Madison Square Garden a cikin New York City a matsayin wani ɓangare na Tashin Tashin hankali Ya fadi yayin da yake tsere a Central Park kuma an kai shi asibiti, inda aka gano cewa ciwon kansa ya bazu zuwa kwakwalwarsa, huhunsa, da hanta. Marley wasan karshe ya gudana bayan kwana biyu a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Stanley (yanzu Benedum Center For The Performing Arts a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, a ranar 23 ga watan Satumba 1980. Hoton da aka sani kawai daga wasan kwaikwayon an haɗa shi a cikin fim ɗin Kevin Macdonald na 2012 Marley Jim kaɗan bayan haka, lafiyar Marley ta tabarbare saboda ciwon kansa ya bazu cikin jikinsa An soke sauran rangadin kuma Marley ta nemi magani a asibitin Josef Issels da ke Bavaria, Jamus, inda ya yi amfani da wani magani na kansa wanda ake kira magani na Issels wani ɓangare bisa guje wa wasu abinci, abubuwan sha, da sauran abubuwa. Bayan watanni takwas na rashin nasarar magance cutar kansa, Marley ya hau jirgi zuwa gidansa a Jamaica. Yayin tafiyar Marley mahimman ayyuka sun tabarbare. Bayan saukarsa a Miami, Florida, an dauke shi zuwa Cedars na asibitin Lebanon (daga baya Jami'ar Miami Asibitin don kula da lafiya kai tsaye, inda ya mutu a ranar 11 ga watan Mayu shekarar 1981, yana da shekara 36, saboda yaduwar cutar melanoma a huhunsa da kwakwalwa. Maganarsa ta ƙarshe ga ɗansa Ziggy ita ce "Kudi ba zai iya sayen rai ba." An yi wa Marley jana'izar ƙasa a Jamaica a ranar 21 ga watan Mayu shekarar 1981, wanda ya haɗu da abubuwa na Orthodox da al'adar Rastafari. An binne shi a cikin ɗakin sujada kusa da mahaifarsa tare da guitar. A ranar 21 ga watan Mayu na shekarar 1981, firaministan kasar Jamaica Edward Seaga tsĩrar da karshe jana'izar eulogy ga Marley, ya ce: Wasiya Kyauta da girmamawa 1976: Rolling Stone Band na Shekara Yunin 1978: An ba da Lambar Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya ta Uku daga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Fabrairu 1981: An ba da Kyautar Kyautar Jamaica, sannan girmamawa ta uku mafi girma ta ƙasar. Maris 1994: An Shiga cikin Dutsen da Roll Hall na Shahara 1999: Kundin karni na Fitowa daga Mujallar Lokaci Fabrairu 2001: Fitaccen tauraro a Hollywood Walk of Fame Fabrairu 2001: Kyautar Grammy Life Achievement Award 2004: Rolling Stone ya sanya shi A'a. 11 a jerin su na 100 Mafi Girma Artists na Duk Lokaci. 2004: Daga cikin waɗanda aka fara ba da izinin shiga zauren Kiɗa na UKasar Burtaniya "Loveauna Daya" mai suna waka ta karni ta BBC An zabe shi a matsayin ɗayan manyan mawaƙan waka a kowane lokaci ta hanyar zaɓen BBC. 2006: An bayyana allon shuɗi a gidansa na farko a Burtaniya a Ridgmount Gardens, London, wanda Nubian Jak Community Trust ta ba shi kuma Ofishin Kasashen waje da na Commonwealth ya tallafa masa. 2010: Kama Wuta da aka shigar a cikin Grammy Hall of Fame (Reggae Album). Sauran haraji An ƙaddamar da mutum-mutumi, kusa da filin wasa na ƙasa a Arthur Wint Drive a Kingston don tunawa da shi. A cikin shekarar 2006, Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Birnin New York sun hada-baki da wani bangare na hanyar Avenue daga Remsen Avenue zuwa East 98th Street a cikin East Flatbush na Brooklyn a matsayin "Bob Marley Boulevard". A cikin shekarar 2008, an ƙaddamar da mutum-mutumin Bob Marley a Banatski Sokolac, Serbia. Bangaren kasa da kasa, sakon Bob Marley har ilayau yana ci gaba da bayyana a tsakanin al'ummomi daban-daban na asali. Misali, mutanen Aboriginal na Ostiraliya suna ci gaba da cinna wata wuta mai tsarki don girmama shi a cikin Victoria Park na Sydney, yayin da membobin Asalin Amurka Hopi da kabilun Havasupai suke girmama aikinsa. Hakanan akwai kyaututtuka da yawa ga Bob Marley a duk faɗin Indiya, gami da gidajen cin abinci, otal-otal, da bukukuwan al'adu. Bob Marley ya samo asali ne zuwa wata alama ta duniya, wacce aka siyar da ita har abada ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai da yawa. Dangane da wannan ne, marubucin Dave Thompson a cikin littafinsa Reggae da Music na Caribbean, ya koka da abin da ya gani na zama sassaucin kasuwanci na Marley wanda ya fi ƙarfin mayaƙa, yana mai cewa: Yawancin gyare-gyare na fim sun samo asali kuma. Misali, dogon shirin da aka gabatar game da rayuwarsa, Rebel Music, ya sami kyaututtuka daban-daban a Grammys Tare da gudummawa daga Rita, The Wailers, da kuma masoyan Marley da yara, shi ma yana ba da labarin sosai a cikin nasa kalmomin. A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2008, darekta Martin Scorsese ya sanar da aniyarsa ta shirya fim din Marley. An saita fim ɗin a ranar 6 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2010, a kan abin da zai kasance ranar haihuwar Marley ta 65. Koyaya, Scorsese ya daina aiki saboda matsalolin tsarawa. Jonathan Demme ne ya maye gurbinsa, wanda ya daina aiki saboda bambancin kirkira tare da furodusa Steve Bing a lokacin farkon gyara. Kevin Macdonald ya maye gurbin Demme kuma an sake fim din, Marley a ranar 20 Afrilu 2012 A shekara ta 2011, tsohuwar budurwa kuma mai shirya fim Esther Anderson, tare da Gian Godoy, sun yi shirin fim din Bob Marley: The Making of a Legend, wanda aka fara a Edinburgh International Film Festival A watan Oktoban shekarar 2015, marubucin dan Jamaica Marlon James A Brief History of Bakwai Kashe-kashe, wani kirkirarren labari ne na yunƙurin kisan Marley, ya sami lambar yabo ta Man Booker ta 2015 a wani bikin da aka yi a Landan. A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2020, mawaki ya tashi tsaye marubuci Lee Hall ne ya sanar da labarin Bob Marley da darakta Dominic Cooke, tare da Arinzé Kene a matsayin Bob Marley. Za a buɗe shi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Lyric da ke Landan a cikin watan Oktoba shekarar 2021, bayan da aka ɗage daga ainihin farkon watan Fabrairu saboda annobar COVID-19 Rayuwar mutum Addini Bob Marley ya kasance memba na wasu shekaru na kungiyar Rastafari, wanda al'adunsa suka kasance muhimmiyar mahimmanci na ci gaban reggae. Ya zama mai himma wajen nuna goyon baya ga Rastafari, tare da fitar da kide-kide daga yankunan da jama'a ke fama da talauci a Jamaica da zuwa fagen wakokin duniya. Ya taɓa ba da amsa mai zuwa, wanda yake na al'ada, ga tambayar da aka yi masa yayin wata hira da aka yi rikodin: Akbishop Abuna Yesehaq ya yi wa Bob Marley baftisma a cikin Cocin Orthodox na Habasha, ya ba shi suna Berhane Selassie, a ranar 4 ga Watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1980, jim kaɗan kafin mutuwarsa. Iyali Bob Marley ya auri Alpharita Constantia "Rita" Anderson a Kingston, Jamaica, a ranar 10 ga Watan Fabrairu shekarar 1966. Marley yana da 'ya'ya da yawa: guda huɗu tare da matarsa Rita, biyu waɗanda aka karɓa daga dangantakar da ta gabata da Rita, kuma wasu da yawa tare da mata daban-daban. Tashar yanar gizon Bob Marley ta yarda da yara 11. Wadanda aka lissafa a shafin hukuma sune: Sharon, an haife shi ranar 23 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1964, 'yar Rita daga dangantakar da ta gabata amma sai Marley ya karɓa bayan aurensa da Rita Cedella, an haife ta 23 ga Agusta 1967, ga Rita David "Ziggy", an haife shi 17 ga Oktoba 1968, ga Rita Stephen, an haife shi a 20 Afrilu 1972, ga Rita Robert "Robbie", an haife shi 16 Mayu 1972, ga Pat Williams Rohan, an haife shi 19 Mayu 1972, ga Janet Hunt Karen, an haife ta 1973 zuwa Janet Bowen Stephanie, an haife shi 17 ga watan Agusta 1974; a cewar Cedella Booker ita 'yar Rita ce kuma wani mutum ne da ake kira Ital wanda Rita ta yi tarayya da shi; duk da haka, an yarda da ita a matsayin 'yar Bob Julian, an haife ta 4 Yuni 1975, zuwa Lucy Pounder Ky-Mani, an haife shi 26 Fabrairu 1976, ga Anita Belnavis Damian, an haife shi 21 ga Yuli 1978, zuwa Cindy Breakspeare Sauran rukunin yanar gizon sun lura da ƙarin mutanen da ke da'awar cewa su 'yan uwa ne, kamar yadda aka gani a ƙasa: An haifi Makeda a ranar 30 ga watan Mayu shekarar 1981, ga Yvette Crichton, bayan mutuwar Marley. Littafin Meredith Dixon ya lissafa ta a matsayin ɗiyar Marley, amma ba a lasafta ta haka a cikin gidan yanar gizon Bob Marley ba. Shafukan yanar gizo daban-daban, misali, kuma sun lissafa Imani Carole, an haife shi ranar 22 ga watan Mayu shekarar 1963 ga Cheryl Murray; amma ba ta bayyana a shafin yanar gizon Bob Marley ba. Marley kuma tana da jikoki uku sanannu, mawaƙa Tsallake Marley, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka Nico Marley da ƙirar Selah Marley Kungiyar kwallon kafa Ra'ayoyin mutum Pan-Afirka Bob Marley ɗan asalin Afirka ne kuma ya yi imani da haɗin kan mutanen Afirka a duk duniya. Abubuwan da ya yi imani da su sun samo asali ne daga imaninsa na Rastafari. Marcus Garvey ne ya yi masa kwarin gwiwa sosai, kuma yana da maganganu masu adawa da mulkin mallaka da kuma nuna wariyar launin fata a Afirka a cikin yawancin waƙoƙinsa, irin su Zimbabwe "Fitowa", "Tsira", "Redmanption Blackman", da Waƙar Fansa "Waƙar Redemption" ta sami tasiri daga jawabin da Marcus Garvey ya bayar a Nova Scotia, shekarar 1937. Marley ta tabbatar da cewa 'yancin kan kasashen Afirka daga mamayar Turai nasara ce ga duk wadanda ke cikin kasashen Afirka. A cikin waƙar "Afirka gama ɗaya", ya rera waƙoƙi ne na son dukkan al'ummomin ƙasashen Afirka da su taru su yaƙi "Babila" makamancin haka, a cikin wakar "Zimbabwe", ya nuna 'yanci ga dukkan nahiyar Afirka, kuma yana kira ga hadin kai tsakanin dukkan' yan Afirka, ciki da wajen Afirka. Cannabis Bob Marley ta dauki wiwi a matsayin ciyawar warkarwa, "sacrament", da kuma "taimako ga tunani"; ya goyi bayan halatta maganin. Ya yi tunanin cewa amfani da wiwi ya zama sananne a cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki, karanta wurare kamar Zabura 104: 14 kamar nuna yarda da amfani da shi. Marley ya fara amfani da wiwi lokacin da ya koma addinin Rastafari daga Katolika a shekarar 1966. An kama shi a cikin shekara ta 1968 bayan an kama shi da wiwi amma ya ci gaba da shan wiwi bisa ga imaninsa na addini. Game da shan tabar wiwi, ya ce, "Lokacin da kuke shan ganye, ganye ya bayyana kanku gare ku. Duk muguntar da kake yi, ganye ya bayyana kansa, lamirinka, ya nuna kanka a sarari, saboda ganye yana sa ka yin tunani. Ising ne kawai na halitta kuma yana girma kamar bishiya. Marley ya ga amfani da wiwi a matsayin muhimmiyar mahimmanci ga ci gaban addini da alaƙa da Jah, kuma a matsayin wata hanya ta falsafa da zama mai hikima. Binciken Faifan Studio Masu Wailing Wailers (1965) 'Yan Tawayen Rai (1970) Juyin Juya Hali (1971) Mafi Kyawun Masu Wailers (1971) Kama Wuta (1973) Burnin (1973) Natty Dread (1974) Faɗakarwar Rastaman (1976) Fitowa (1977) Kaya (1978) Tsira (1979) Tashewa (1980) Rikici (1983) Kundaye kai tsaye Kai tsaye! (1975) Babila ta Bus (1978) Duba kuma Lokacin kundi Shafin Bob Marley Jerin masu gwagwarmayar zaman lafiya Fabian Marley Desis bobmarleyi'' wani nau'in gizo-gizo ne dake cikin ruwa mai suna don girmama Marley Manazarta Majiya Kara karantawa Bob Marley Bob Marley a Discogs Pages with unreviewed

29640

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makarantar%20Kimiyyar%20Fim%20na%20Ukrainian

Makarantar Kimiyyar Fim na Ukrainian

Makarantar Kimiyyar Fim na Ukrainian wato "Ukrainian Film Academy Ukrainian" Babban ƙungiyar kwararru ne da farfesosshi a fagen silima da kuma samar da fina-finai. An kafa shi a shekara ta 2017 don tallafawa da haɓaka sinimar Ukrain na zamani. Tun 2017, Ukrainian Film Academy yana gudanar da babban taron shekara-shekara na Golden Dzyga Film Awards". Wadanda suka kafa Wanda ya fara, ya ƙirƙiro, kuma manajan makarantar da lambobin yabonta su ne Odesa International Film Festival. A cikin 2017, yayin ƙirƙirar Kwalejin Fim, duk manyan mukamai na Kwalejin Fina-Finan sun karɓi ta manajojin OIFF: Anna Machukh, Daraktan Kasuwar Fina-Finai ta OIFF, ta zama Babban Darakta na Kwalejin Fina-Finai ta Ukraine, Daraktan PR na OIFF Kateryna Zvezdina ya zama babban darektan OIFF. Daraktan PR, OIFF Viktoriya Tigipko Shugaban babban kwamitin gudanarwa na Cibiyar Nazarin Fim kwamitin kulawa. Tun 2018, PR darektan na fim Academy ne PR darektan OIFF Tetyana Vlasova, da kuma tun 2019 mai gudanarwa na fim Academy Yaroslava Kiyashko. Tarihi "Lokaci ya yi da kasarmu za ta sami nata Oscar. Masana'antar tana farfaɗowa, muna so mu haɓaka 'yan wasanmu, daraktoci, furodusa duk wanda ke aiki a cikin wannan fage mai rikitarwa. Yana da kyau a ja hankalin jama'a kan wannan taron." Viktoriya Tigipko, Shugabar Kwalejin Fina-finai ta Ukrainian da Odesa International Film Festival An kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Fina-Finan na Ukrainian a matsayin ƙungiyar jama'a mai zaman kanta a ranar Fabrairu 8, 2017, wanda aka sanar a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu na wannan shekarar a taron manema labarai da masu kafa, masu tallafawa, da abokan haɗin gwiwar Cibiyar Fim suka gudanar. bikin Karramawar Fina-Finan Kasa ta Farko. Kafuwar Cibiyar Fim ta Odesa International Film Festival ne ta fara tare da goyon bayan Hukumar Jihar Ukraine don Cinematography da Kamfanin Haɗin gwiwa "TASKOMBANK." An nada Anna Machukh Babban Darakta na Kwalejin Fina-finai ta Yukren da lambar yabo ta fina-finai ta kasa. A ranar 20 ga Afrilu, an gudanar da bikin bayar da lambobin yabo na lambar yabo ta Fina-Finan Farko ta kasa Golden Dzyga Manufa da ayyuka An kirkiri makarantar koyar da fina-finai ta Ukrainian da nufin tallata fina-finan Ukrainian a cikin Ukraine da kasashen waje, da kuma ba da cikakken goyon baya ga ci gaban cinema na kasa ta: Tsarawa da gudanar da al'amuran a lokacin da masana masana'antar fina-finai za su tantance mafi kyawun nasarori da mutuntaka a silima ta ƙasa Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan shine bikin shekara-shekara na ba da lambar yabo ta National Film Award Golden Dzyga don manyan nasarori a cikin fina-finan Ukrainian. Ƙungiya na abubuwan da suka faru don fahimtar da masu kallon fina-finai dangane da sabon fim ɗin Ukrainian. Tallafin kuɗi don shirye-shiryen fim na ilimi. Kasancewa cikin makarantar na fim Kasancewa cikin makarantar koyar da fina-finai, bisa ga tsarinta, ya dogara ne akan ka'idar gudummuwa da kuma shi mutum. Makarantar na iya haɗawa da duk wanda ya cika buƙatun ɗayan nau'ikan uku: Wakilan masana'antar fim waɗanda, tun 1991, suka shiga a matsayin marubuta 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, masu rubutun allo, daraktoci, masu daukar hoto, masu zanen kaya, ko mawaƙa ko furodusoshi a cikin ƙirƙirar fim ɗaya ko fiye mai cikakken tsayi ko uku ko fiye gajerun shirye-shiryen bidiyo da ko fina-finai masu rai. Hotunan al'adu, fasaha, da masana'antar fina-finai waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga haɓakawa da haɓaka fina-finai na Ukrainian (daga cikinsu masu rarrabawa, masu sukar fina-finai, da shugabannin bukukuwan fina-finai na duniya). Majiɓinta da masu ɗaukar nauyin fina-finan cikin gida. An karɓi izinin zama memba a makarantar fim daga 20 ga Fabrairu zuwa 19 ga Maris, 2017. Bisa ga sakamakon, daga cikin 343 aikace-aikace, 242 Ukrainian masu shirya fina-finai sun sami matsayi na memba na Ukrain film Academy. Karɓa na biyu na neman zama memba a makarantar fim ɗin ya kasance daga Afrilu 27, 2017, zuwa 15 ga Janairu, 2018. Kamar na 2019, Kwalejin ta ƙunshi ƙwararrun fina-finai na Ukrainian guda 355. Kungiyoyin gudanarwa na Kwalejin Fim Babban taron mambobi (General assembly of members) shine mafi girman hukumar gudanarwa na makarantar ta fina-finai, wanda duk membobi a makarantar fim na yanzu suna da damar shiga. Babban darektan (Executive director)yana kula da ayyukan yau da kullun na kungiyar. Hukumar kula da harkar fim ce ta zabe shi na tsawon shekaru uku. Hukumar Kula (Supervisory Board) da Fina-Finai ita ce hukumar da ke kula da makarantar ta fina-finai, wacce ke kula da ayyukan babban daraktan kamfanin gudanarwa. Ta ƙunshi mutane biyar da ba za su iya zama membobin wannan makarantar ta fina-finai ba, waɗanda uku daga cikinsu sun zama dindindin kuma an zabe su na tsawon shekaru 20. Shugaban hukumar ne ke jagorantar ta, wanda aka zaba daga cikin mambobin hukumar na tsawon shekaru 20. An zabi Viktoriya Tigipko a matsayin shugaban farko na hukumar kula da harkar fina-finai ta Ukrainian a farkon Afrilu 2017. Hukumar ba da shawarwari ta makarantar koyar da fina-finai ita ce hukumar gudanarwa, wacce ta ƙunshi mambobi 15, 12 daga cikinsu an zaɓe su ta babban taron makarantar koyar da fina-finai, uku kuma ana nada su daga hukumar kula da makarantar. Kwamitin Cibiyar Nazarin Fina-Finai ta kasar Ukraine yana karkashin jagorancin shugaban hukumar gudanarwa, wanda aka zaba ta hanyar yanke shawara na hukumar gudanarwa daga cikin mambobin kwamitin gudanarwa. Shugaban farko na Hukumar Kwalejin fina-finai ta Ukrainian a farkon Afrilu 2017 shine shahararren darektan fina-finai na Ukrainian kuma dan wasan kwaikwayo Mikhailo Illienko, wanda ya rike wannan matsayi har zuwa Nuwamba 2018. A halin yanzu, shugaban hukumar kula da fina-finai ta Ukraine shine mai sukar fim na Ukrainian Volodymyr Voitenko. Hukumar Jami'ar fim na Ukraine Haɗin gwiwar Hukumar Kwalejin fina-finai ta Ukrainian (daga Oktoba 2018): Volodymyr Voitenko, film critic Ciyaman na Kungiyar Sergey Bordenyuk, cinematographer Lyudmila Gordeladze, Jaruma Ivanna Dyadyura, Furodusa Denis Ivanov, Furodusa, mai nuni ga tsarin kwaikwayo Mikhailo Illienko, Darektan fim Sergey Lavrenyuk, Furodusa Yuri Minzyanov, Furodusa Yegor Olesov, Furodusa Andriy Rizol, Furodusa Vlad Ryashin, Furodusa Igor Savichenko, Furodusa Akhtem Seitablayev, film director, jarumi Valeria Sochivets, Furodusa Marina Stepanska, darektan fim Tamabarin Makarantar Ma'anar alamar tambarin makarantar Ukrainian Film Academy an haɓaka ta ƙungiyar tallan "Quadrate 28." Lokacin tasowa tambarin, ya dogara ne akan hoton alamar fim din Golden Dzyga wanda sanannen dan wasan Ukrainian Nazar Bilyk ya ƙunsa. Duba kuma Cinema na Ukraine Golden Dzyga Manazarta Tushen Labari 14 2018. 14.11.2018. Kayayyaki 25 ga Disamba 2018. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Ukrainian Film Academy on Facebook Kungiyoyin fina-finai na Ukraine Al'adun Ukraine Sinimar kasar Ukrain Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

16755

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyni%20Oumarou

Seyni Oumarou

Seyni Oumarou (an haife shi a 9 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1951) ɗan siyasan Nijar ne wanda ya kasance Firayim Minista na Nijar daga watan Yunin shekara ta 2007 zuwa Satumba na shekara ta 2009 da kuma Shugaban Majalisar Dokokin Nijar daga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 2009 zuwa watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2010. Ya fito ne daga yammacin ƙasar kuma ɗan kabilar Djerma (Ba Zabarme) ne. Tun watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2008, ya kasance shugaban ƙungiyar National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD). Bai yi nasarar tsayawa takarar shugaban kasa ba a shekara ta 2011 da 2016 ba. Bayan shekaru a matsayin jagoran adawa a karkashin Shugaba Mahamadou Issoufou, an nada shi mukamin Babban Wakilin Shugaban kasa a watan Oktoban shekara ta 2016. Farkon aiki Seyni Oumarou an haife shi a Tillabéri Sunan danginsa, Seyni, yawanci yakan sa sunansa, kuma wani lokacin ana rubuta shi Seini ko Seïni Ya kasance Darakta-Janar na Kamfanin Canja Takarda na Nijar (ENITRAP) daga shekarar 1987 zuwa shekarar 1998, sannan a shekarar 1995 ya zama Mashawarci na Musamman ga Firayim Minista Hama Amadou An naɗa Oumarou a cikin gwamnatin a matsayin Ministan Kasuwanci da Masana'antu a ranar 16 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1999 a karkashin mulkin soja na rikon kwarya na Daouda Malam Wanké, kuma bayan zabuka ya ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayinsa na wani bangare na gwamnatin Hama Amadou (wanda ya dawo a matsayin Firayim Minista), wanda aka sanya masa suna a ranar 5 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2000. Daga nan aka nada shi Ministan Kasuwanci da Inganta kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a ranar 17 ga watan Satumbar shekarar 2001 da Ministan Kasuwanci, Masana'antu, Masana'antu, da Inganta kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2004. A ranar 12 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 2004, bayan wasu murabus da ministocin da suka yi takara a zaben na shekarar suka yi, Oumarou an kara sanya shi a kan kula da lafiyar jama'a, yaki da cututtukan da ke yaduwa, da kuma gyare-gyaren asibiti, har sai da aka nada shi Karamin Ministan Kayan aiki a wani sabon gwamnati a ranar 30 ga watan Disamba, shekarar 2004. A wannan matsayin shi ne na uku cikin mambobin gwamnati (bayan Amadou da ƙaramin Ministan Abdou Labo A Matsayin Firayim Minista Oumarou ya ci gaba da kasancewa ƙaramin Ministan na kayan aiki har sai lokacin da Amadou da gwamnatinsa suka kaɗa da ƙuri’ar rashin amincewa a majalisar dokokin kasar a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2007. Shugaba Mamadou Tandja ya zabi Oumarou ya gaji Amadou a matsayin Firayim Minista a ranar 3 ga watan Yuni; MNSD ce ta gabatar da Oumarou a kan mukamin kuma yana daya daga cikin ‘yan takara uku da Majalisar ta gabatar wa Tandja. Nadin Oumarou ya samu hamayya daga babbar jam'iyyar adawa, Jamhuriyar kasar Nijar ta Demokradiyya da Gurguzu (PNDS), da kuma kungiyoyin kungiyoyin farar hula da dama, saboda ya kasance yana da kusanci sosai da wanda ya gabace shi kuma mai yuwuwa ne da irin wannan badakalar ta rashawa almubazzaranci da kudaden ilimi wanda ya haifar da rashin amincewar da aka yiwa Amadou. An rantsar da Oumarou a matsayin Firayim Minista a ranar 7 ga watan Yuni, kuma an ba da sabuwar gwamnatinsa a ranar 9 ga watan Yuni, tare da mambobi 32 (ciki har da Oumarou). A cikin shekarar 2007, Oumarou ya kasance shugaban sashin MNSD a Tillabéri, haka kuma ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban ofishin siyasa na MNSD. Rikicin Abzinawa Oumarou ya ce a ranar 13 ga watan Yuli, shekarar 2007 cewa gwamnati ba za ta yi shawarwari da ƙungiyar ƴan tawayen ta Neman ƴancin ƴan Nijar a arewacin Nijar ba. Rikicin jam’iyya Yayin da ake tuhumar tsohon Firayim Minista Hama Amadou da aikata laifuka a shekarar 2008, wasu shugabannin majalisar na MNSD-Nassara sun kasance masu biyayya ga tsohon shugaban jam'iyyar. A watan Yunin shekarar 2008, aka kame Amadou bisa zargin almubazzaranci da dukiyar kasa. Duk da rikici da wasu masu rajin kare MNSD har yanzu masu biyayya ga Amadou, an nada Oumarou a matsayin shugaban rikon kwarya na jam'iyyar. A watan Janairun shekarar 2009, gwamnatin Oumarou ta nemi Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa ta tsige mataimakan MNSD uku daga rigakafin tuhuma. Jim kaɗan bayan haka, magoya bayan Amadou suka gabatar da ƙarar rashin amincewa da Oumarou. Zaben shekarar 2009 da shekarar 2011 A ƙarshen shekarar 2008, magoya bayan Shugaba Tandja suka gudanar da taruka suna kiran a tsawaita wa’adin shugaban na biyu, saboda ƙarewar a watan Disambar shekarar 2009. Zanga-zangar adawa da 'yan adawa gami da masu fafutuka na MNSD masu biyayya ga Amadou biyo bayan makonni da yawa. Bayan haka Oumarou ya gabatar da bayanai da ke nuni da cewa zaben shugaban kasa, na 'yan majalisu da na kananan hukumomi zai gudana kamar yadda aka tsara. A watan Agusta na shekarar 2009, kuri'ar raba gardama ta tsarin mulki da ta tanadi tsawaita wa'adin shekaru Tandja ya yi nasara a yayin kauracewar 'yan adawa. An shirya zaben majalisar dokoki a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2009, kuma Oumarou ne ya jagoranci jerin sunayen ‘yan takarar na MNSD a Tillabéri. Saboda ya tsaya takarar dan majalisa, dole ne ya sauka daga gwamnatin, kuma a ranar 24 ga watan Satumbar, shekarar 2009 kafafen yada labaran kasar sun ruwaito cewa ya yi murabus, tare da wasu ministocin biyu da su ma suke takara. Albade Abouba, Ministan cikin gida, an nada shi don maye gurbinsa a matsayin Firayim Minista a matsayin mai rikon mukamin. Bayan zaɓen ƴan majalisar dokoki, wanda‘ ƴan adawa suka kaurace masa, Kungiyar bunkasa tattalin arzikin kasashen Afirka ta Yamma (ECOWAS) wacce ke son a jinkirta zaben da fatan shawo kan rikicin siyasa dakatar da Nijar daga sahunta. Oumarou ne ya jagoranci wakilan mambobin na Nijar su 22 da suka je Abuja domin tattaunawa da ECOWAS wanda aka fara a ranar 9 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 2009. Kasancewar ya sami kujera a majalisar kasa, an zabi Oumarou a matsayin shugaban majalisar dokokin kasar a ranar 25 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 2009. An kada kuri’ar baki daya, tare da dukkanin mataimaka 109 da suka kasance a wurin da suka kada kuri’ar nuna goyon baya ga takarar tasa. Oumarou ya ce a ranar zai yi aiki don dawo da martabar Majalisar Dokoki sakamakon rikice-rikicen watannin da suka gabata. Rikicin na siyasa bai gamsu ba, sojoji suka kwace mulki a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 2010, suka kori Tandja kuma nan take suka rusa majalisar kasa. Ba kamar Tandja da Abouba ba, da farko Oumarou ba sabon soja ne ya tsare shi ba; duk da haka, an kama shi a ranar 29 ga watan Maris shekarar 2010, tare da wasu manyan mukarrabansa da masu biyayya ga Tandja. A cewar Ousmane Cissé, Ministan cikin gida, an kame su ne saboda suna da hannu cikin "ayyukan bata gari da yiwa gwamnatin zagon kasa da tsarin mika mulki". Cissé ya jaddada cewa za a hukunta duk wani aiki da nufin lalata gwamnati ko haifar da rikici. Duk da haka, gwamnatin mulkin soja ta saki Oumarou da sauran a ranar 2 ga Afrilu 2010. Cissé, Ministan cikin gida, ya ce "aikinsu na rusa zaman lafiya" ya kasance "tsaka tsaki" kuma ana sakin wadanda ake zargin "don kwantar da hankali". Bayan ƴan watanni, an zargi Oumarou da satar dukiyar kasa kuma aka kama shi a ranar 29 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2010. Hukumar da ke Yaki da Laifin Laifin Kuɗi ta yi zargin cewa ya ciyo jihar bashin CFA miliyan 270. MNSD ta nuna rashin jin dadinta game da kamun da aka yi wa Oumarou, wanda ake sa ran zai kasance dan takarar na MNSD a zaben shugaban kasar da za a yi a watan Janairun shekarar 2011, inda ta nemi a sake shi; ta ce tuhumar da ake yi masa wani yunkuri ne na siyasa don lalata da mayar da jam'iyyar saniyar ware. A ranar 2 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2010, an gurfanar da Oumarou tare da bada belinsa. MNSD ta sanar a ranar 10 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2010 cewa an sanya Oumarou a matsayin dan takarar shugaban kasa a babban taron jam’iyyar. Daga karshe Mahamadou Issoufou ya kayar da shi a zagaye na biyu na zaben, wanda aka gudanar a watan Maris din shekarar 2011. A ranar 29 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 2015, aka sanya Oumarou a matsayin dan takarar MNSD a zaben shugaban kasa na 2016. Issoufou ya sake kayar da shi, yana matsayi na uku. Watanni kadan bayan sake zaben Issoufou, Oumarou ya sanar a watan Agustan shekarar 2016 cewa MNSD na shiga cikin hadaddun "shugaban masu rinjaye" na jam'iyyun da ke goyon bayan Issoufou. Wannan matakin ya biyo bayan shigar da MNSD cikin gwamnatin da aka nada a ranar 19 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2016 da nadin Oumarou a matsayin Babban Wakilin Shugaba Issoufou a ranar 20 ga watan Oktoba. A cikin sabon mukamin sa a matsayin wakilin shugaban kasa, an baiwa Oumarou babban aiki na "gudanarwa da gudanar da ayyukan siyasa, tattalin arziki ko zamantakewar al'umma" kuma a hukumance an bashi matsayi na biyar a tsarin yarjejeniya ta jiha. Manazarta Ƴan siyasar Nijar Mutanen

24266

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paa%20Grant

Paa Grant

George Alfred Grant, wanda aka fi sani da Paa Grant (15 ga Agusta 1878 30 ga Oktoba 1956), ɗan kasuwa ne kuma ɗan siyasa a cikin Gold Coast wanda ake kira "mahaifin siyasar Gold Coast". A matsayinsa na mai fafutukar siyasa, shine wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban farko na United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) a watan Agustan 1947. Ya kuma kasance daya daga cikin Mahaifan da suka kafa kasar Ghana. Ya biya Kwame Nkrumah ya dawo Ghana daga Amurka. Tarihin Rayuwa Ilimi da fara aiki An haifi Grant a 1878 a Beyin, Western Nzema, cikin dan kasuwa mai tasiri. Ya kasance ɗan William Minneaux Grant da Madam Adjua (Dwowa) Biatwi na dangin Aboradze, kuma jikan Francis Chapman Grant, mai mallakar Gold Coast Times kuma ma’aji na Ƙungiyar Fante. Grant ya yi karatu a Makarantar Wesleyan da ke Cape Coast yanzu Makarantar Mfantsipim kuma ta hanyar koyarwa mai zaman kansa da Joseph D. Abraham ya bayar, wani attajiri abokin abokin mahaifinsa. Daga baya Grant ya sami aiki a kasuwancin katako, na farko a Axim sannan na tsawon shekaru biyar a Ivory Coast. A cikin 1896, ya kafa kamfani nasa, George Grant da Kamfanin. Ya bunƙasa a matsayin ɗan kasuwar katako, tare da bunƙasa kasuwancin fitar da kaya, a lokacin da kamfanonin Turai suka mamaye kasuwancin. Ya ziyarci Biritaniya a 1905 kuma lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Farko a 1914, ya kulla alaƙar kasuwanci tare da manyan kamfanonin katako a Turai da Amurka. Tsakanin 1914 zuwa 1919 ya yi hayar jiragen ruwa don jigilar katako zuwa Burtaniya da Amurka. Ya buɗe ofisoshinsa a London, Liverpool da Hamburg tsakanin 1920 zuwa 1922, kuma a cikin Gold Coast ya faɗaɗa ayyukan zuwa Dunkwa, Sekondi da Akim Abuakwa. A 1926 an nada shi a Majalisar Dokoki, mai wakiltar Sekondi. Grant ya kasance memba na Ƙungiyar Kare Hakkokin Aborigines kuma ya kasance mai taimakawa a cikin ayyukan ci gaba da yawa, gami da gabatar da hasken titi da ruwan da ke ɗauke da bututu zuwa Sekondi da Axim. Harkokin siyasa da rayuwa ta gaba A lokacin da bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Grant ya fahimci cewa 'yan Afirka a yankin Gold Coast suna fama da al'adun mulkin mallaka da yawa waɗanda ke nuna wariya da rashin jin daɗi, don haka ya yanke shawarar ɗaukar matakai don magance ƙarancin wakilcin bukatun Afirka. Ya gayyaci J.B. Danquah da sauran su zuwa wani taro don kaddamar da jam'iyyar masu kishin kasa. Kimanin mutane 40, ciki har da lauyoyi R. A. Awoonor-Williams, Edward Akufo-Addo, da Emmanuel Obetsebi-Lamptey, sun hadu a Saltpond kuma an kafa United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) a ranar 4 ga Agustan 1947, tare da burin cimma mulkin kai. An zabi Kwame Nkrumah babban sakataren UGCC, bayan da Ebenezer Ako-Adjei ya bashi shawara, kuma Grant ya biya kudin jirgi na Nkrumah na fam 100 don komawa Ghana daga Liverpool a waccan shekarar. Daga baya Nkrumah ya rabu da UGCC don kafa Jam'iyyar Jama'a (CPP), kuma a ƙarshe Grant ya fi mai da hankali kan kasuwancinsa fiye da siyasa. Koyaya, sun ci gaba da tuntuɓar juna, kuma Nkrumah ya ziyarce shi kwanaki biyu kafin mutuwar Grant a Axim a ranar 30 ga Oktoba 1956, yana ɗan shekara 78. A cikin 1955 ya sha fama da harin apoplexy wanda daga baya bai warke gaba daya ba. Iyali da rayuwar mutum Yaran da ke rayuwa a halin yanzu sune Sarah Esi Grant, Mrs Rosamond Hammond-Grant, William Minneaux Grant, da jikoki da jikoki da yawa a fadin duniya. Sarah Esi Grant-Acquah, itace mahaifiyar lauya Phyllis Christian. Sauran jikokin da aka sani sune: Georgina Grant, Margaret Grant, Stella Blay-Kwofie, Christine Blay-Kwofie, Dorothy Blay-Kwofie, Joyce Christian, Letitia Hammond, Rosamond Hammond, James Hemans Hammond, Matilda Hammond, Georgina Hammond, Emmanuel Hammond, George Hammond Alberta Hammond, Lawrence Hammond, Yvonne Hammond, Samuel Duker-Ako, George Grant, Felix Grant, Sabina Grant, Kweku Robert Grant, Kwesi Brown Grant, Frances Grant, Maame Efua Lartey-Grant, Sefa Gohoho na Songhai Africa, Panafrican Luxury Kamfanin Kayayyakin Kaya. Wani dangi shine David Prah-Annan, Accra, Ghana. Paa Grant shima yana da alaƙa da marigayi Dr Mary Grant. Tunawa da gado Domin girmama rawar da Grant ya taka a fafutukar neman 'yancin kai, gwamnatin Ghana ta sanya sabon gadar sama a bayan sa a Caprice, a Accra. Paa Grant Soccer Academy Kim Tyrone Grant, tsohon dan wasan kasa na Ghana Black Stars, ya kafa Kwalejin Kwallon Kafa ta Paa Grant a shekarar 2009, don girmama “sadaukarwa da da'a na kakansa da ke taimakawa kawo 'yanci da' yancin kai ga dukkan 'yan Ghana daga mulkin mallaka har zuwa 1957". Jami'ar George Grant ta Ma'adinai da Fasaha A ranar 12 ga Janairun 2018, Shugaba Akufo-Addo ya ba da sanarwar yayin wani taro na musamman da aka gudanar a jami'ar, da sauya sunan Jami'ar Ma'adinai da Fasaha (UMaT) wacce ke yankin Yammacin Gana, zuwa Jami'ar Ma'adinai da Fasaha ta George Grant. don girmama shi kasancewa uban kafa ga gwagwarmayar Ghana don samun 'yancin kai da kuma kasancewarsa ɗan aKara karantawa Ako Adjei, The Life and Work of George Alfred Grant (Paa Grant), Accra: Waterville Pub. House, 1992, 31 pp. Hanyoyin waje Mrs. Sarah Esi Grant-Acquah, "In the beginning was…PAA GRANT And the UGCC". Excerpts from Recollections. Source: Daily Graphic, Wednesday, 14 February 2007. National Commission on Culture. The author is the daughter of Paa Grant.Bernard Ralph Adams, "Paa Grant The Unsung Hero!", 31 December 2014.salin yankin yamma. Manazarta Kara karantawa Ako Adjei, The Life and Work of George Alfred Grant (Paa Grant), Accra: Waterville Pub. House, 1992, 31 pp. Hanyoyin waje Mrs. Sarah Esi Grant-Acquah, "In the beginning was…PAA GRANT And the UGCC". Excerpts from Recollections. Source: Daily Graphic, Wednesday, 14 February 2007. National Commission on Culture. The author is the daughter of Paa Grant. Bernard Ralph Adams, "Paa Grant The Unsung Hero!", 31 December

26958

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayanai%20Marasa%20Tushe%20kan%20Annobar%20Covid%2019%20Daga%20Gomnatoci

Bayanai Marasa Tushe kan Annobar Covid 19 Daga Gomnatoci

A lokacin bala'in COVID-19 na duniya, mutane da yawa sun fara yada bayanan karya ko waɗanda ba a tabbatar da su ba. Wannan kuma ya haɗa da 'yan siyasa da sauran jami'an gwamnati daga gwamnatoci a kasashe da dama. Bayanan da ba daidai ba game da kwayar cutar sun hada da asalinta, yadda take yaduwa, da hanyoyin rigakafi da warkar da cutar Wasu sun yi watsi da barazanar cutar, kuma sun yi maganganun karya game da matakan rigakafi, adadin mace-mace da gwaji a cikin ƙasashensu. Wasu sun ma yada COVID-19 maganin misinformation Canje-canjen manufofin kuma ya haifar da rudani kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga yaduwar rashin fahimta. Misali, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) da farko ta hana jama'a amfani da abin rufe fuska a farkon shekarar 2020, suna ba da shawara "Idan kuna da lafiya, kuna buƙatar sanya abin rufe fuska ne kawai idan kuna kula da mutumin da ake zargin 2019- nCoV kamuwa da cuta, "ko da yake WHO daga baya ta canza shawararsu don ƙarfafa jama'a sanya abin rufe fuskas. Argentina An zargi shugaban kasar Argentina Alberto Fernández da ministan lafiya Ginés García da yada labaran karya da suka shafi COVID-19 sau da yawa. A wata hira ta rediyo Fernández ya ba da shawarar shan ruwan dumi tunda "zafi na kashe kwayar cutar". Nazarin kimiyya ya tabbatar da cewa wannan bayanin karya ne. Fernández, yayin da yake mayar da martani ga sukar, daga baya ya ce: "Kwayar cuta ce, a cewar duk rahotannin kiwon lafiya a duniya, ta mutu a 26ºC. Argentina tana cikin yanayin yanayi inda zazzabi ya kusan 30ºC don haka zai yi wahala kwayar cutar ta tsira. Daga baya ya kara da cewa: Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ba mu shawarar mu sha ruwan dumi tunda zafi yana kashe kwayar cutar”; duk da haka, WHO ba ta ba da shawarar hakan kwata-kwata ba. A cikin watan Yuni, a cikin wani taron manema labarai, gwamnan lardin Buenos Aires Axel Kicillof ya yi karya cewa Spain na cikin tsauraran matakan tsaro a wancan lokacin. Bayan 'yan sa'o'i kadan, ofishin jakadancin Spain a Argentina ya musanta hakan. Brazil Shugaban kasar Brazil Jair Bolsonaro ya fito fili ya yi yunkurin tilastawa gwamnatocin jihohi da na kananan hukumomi su janye matakan kebewar jama'a da suka fara ta hanyar kaddamar da wani kamfen na hana kulle-kulle mai suna o Brasil não pode parar (Brazil ba za ta iya tsayawa ba). Ta samu kakkausar suka daga kafafen yada labarai da jama'a, kuma alkalin kotun koli ya hana ta. Ko da bayan Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Brazil ta amince da amfani da CoronaVac da rigakafin Oxford AstraZeneca COVID-19, Bolsonaro ya ce "wadannan allurar gwaji ne ba tare da wata shaidar kimiyya ba". Har ila yau Bolsonaro ya yi adawa da amfani da abin rufe fuska kuma ana yawan ganin sa a bainar jama'a ba tare da sanya abin rufe fuska ba. Duk da binciken da aka yi da ke nuna rashin tasirin chloroquine da hydroxychloroquine don magance COVID-19, shugaban na Brazil ya ci gaba da yin jigilar maganin a cikin sakonni da kuma gidajen yanar gizon kai tsaye a kan kafofin watsa labarun. Wasu manazarta sun lura cewa matsayin Bolsonaro ya yi kama da na tsohon shugaban Amurka Donald Trump, wanda a lokacin gwamnatinsa shi ma ya yi kokarin yin watsi da cutar sannan kuma ya tilasta wa jihohi yin watsi da nisantar da jama'a. Kambodiya Firayim Ministan Cambodia Hun Sen ya yi watsi da hadarin da ke tattare da kwayar cutar tare da neman jama'a da kada su sanya abin rufe fuska yayin wani taron manema labarai yayin da ake ci gaba da barkewar barkewar cutar a China. China Kuba Shugaban Cuba Miguel Díaz Canel ya yi ikirarin a shafin Twitter cewa ana amfani da Interferon alfa-2b na Cuban don yin magani da kuma warkar da COVID-19 a China, yana danganta labarin da jaridar gwamnatin Granma ta rubuta Ofishin jakadancin Sin da ke Cuba shi ma ya yi irin wannan iƙirari. Kafofin yada labarai na Latin Amurka da yawa ba da labarin, wanda kuma aka yada shi a kan kafofin watsa labarun, kuma a ƙarshe an fassara da'awar zuwa Portuguese da Faransanci. A gaskiya ma, wani kamfanin kasar Sin ne ya kera na'urar interferon, a kasar Sin, ta yin amfani da fasahar kasar Cuba, kuma tana karkashin gwaji na asibiti a kasar Sin a matsayin maganin da za a iya amfani da shi, amma ba a yi amfani da shi sosai ba, kamar yadda ikirari ya nuna. Masar Twitter ya dakatar da dubban asusun da ke da alaƙa da El Fagr, wata ƙungiyar kafofin watsa labaru da ke Masar "wanda ke karɓar umarni daga gwamnatin Masar" don "ƙarfafa saƙonnin da ke sukar Iran, Qatar da Turkiyya." Estoniya A ranar 27 ga Fabrairu 2020, da Istoniyanci ministan cikin gida Mart Helme ce a wani taron manema labarai gwamnati cewa kowa sanyi da aka sake masa suna a matsayin coronavirus da cewa a cikin matasa kome kamar cewa wanzu. Ya ba da shawarar sanya safa mai dumi da facin mastad da kuma yada kitsen azzakari a kirjin mutum a matsayin maganin cutar. Helme ya kuma ce kwayar cutar za ta wuce cikin 'yan kwanaki zuwa mako guda, kamar mura. Indiya Ma'aikatar AYUSH ta ba da shawarar maganin homeopathic Arsenicum album 30 a matsayin maganin rigakafi don COVID-19 Da'awar ba tare da wani tushe na kimiyya ko hujja ba kuma an yi ta suka sosai. Yarjejeniya mai ƙarfi ta yi nasara a tsakanin al'ummar kimiyya cewa homeopathy wani ɗan ƙaramin kimiya ne, rashin ɗa'a da layin jiyya mara kyau. Karamin Ministan AYUSH Shripad Naik ya yi ikirarin cewa wani likitan Ayurveda ya warkar da Yarima Charles lokacin da ya gwada ingancin Covid-19 Jami'an Burtaniya sun yi watsi da wannan ikirarin. Arvind Kejriwal, Babban Ministan Delhi, ya ce a cikin Mayu 2021 cewa akwai "sabon bambance-bambancen coronavirus da aka samu a Singapore" wanda "ana cewa yana da matukar hadari ga yara". Koyaya, babu wani sanannen bambancin ɗan Singapore na COVID-19; Wani rahoto na baya-bayan nan da ke tattaunawa game da barazanar COVID-19 ga yaran Singapore yana tattaunawa game da bambance-bambancen COVID-19 da aka fara gano a Indiya: B.1.617 Yawancin shari'o'in COVID-19 na kwanan nan a cikin Singapore sun kasance na B.1.617. Kwararru irin su Gavin Smith, masanin ilimin juyin halitta a Singapore, da Chandrakanth Lahariya, masanin cututtukan dabbobi a Indiya, sun bayyana cewa sabon bambance-bambancen Singapore "ba shi yiwuwa" saboda matakin kararraki da yadawa a Singapore bai kai ga Mayu 2021 ba. Manazarta Covid-19 Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba

34471

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kola%20Tembien

Kola Tembien

Kola Tembien Tigrinya "Lower Tembien") yanki ne a yankin Tigray Habasha An sanya masa suna a wani bangare bayan tsohon lardin Tembien Wani yanki na Mehakelegnaw Zone, Kola Tembien yana iyaka da kudu da Abergele, a yamma da Kogin Tekeze wanda ya raba shi da yankin Semien Mi'irabawi (Arewa maso Yamma), a arewa da kogin Wari wanda ya raba shi da Naeder Adet da Werie Lehe, a gabas ta yankin Misraqawi (Gabas), kuma a kudu maso gabas ta Degua Tembien Garuruwan da ke Kola Tembien sun hada da Guya da Werkamba Garin Abiy Addi yana kewaye da Kola Tembien. Alƙaluma Bisa kidayar jama'a a shekarar 2007 da hukumar kididdiga ta kasar Habasha (CSA) ta gudanar, wannan gundumar tana da jimillar jama'a 134,336, wanda ya karu da kashi 28.13 bisa dari bisa kidayar shekarar 1994, wadanda 66,925 maza ne, mata 67,411; 0 ko 0.00% mazauna birni ne. Yana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 2,538.39, Kola Tembien yana da yawan jama'a 52.92, wanda ya kai 56.29 fiye da matsakaicin yanki na mutane 0 a kowace murabba'in kilomita. An ƙidaya adadin gidaje mafi girma a wannan gundumar, wanda ya haifar da matsakaita na mutane 8,871 zuwa gida guda, da gidaje 28,917. Yawancin mazaunan sun ce suna yin addinin Kiristanci na Orthodox na Habasha, tare da 99.86% suna ba da rahoton hakan a matsayin addininsu. Kididdiga ta kasa a shekarar 1994 ta bayar da rahoton jimillar yawan jama'a na wannan gundumar mai mutane 113,712, wadanda 56,453 maza ne, 57,259 kuma mata; 8,871 ko kuma 7.8% na yawan jama'arta mazauna birni ne. Ƙabilar mafi girma da aka ruwaito a Kola Tembien ita ce Tigrai (99.88%). An yi magana da Tigrinya a matsayin yaren farko da kashi 99.82%. Kashi 98.23% na yawan jama'ar kasar Habasha mabiya addinin kirista ne, kuma kashi 1.69% musulmi ne Game da ilimi, 9.15% na yawan jama'a an dauke su karatu, wanda bai kai matsakaicin Zone na 14.21%; 8.64% na yara masu shekaru 7-12 suna makarantar firamare; 0.72% na yara masu shekaru 13-14 sun kasance a makarantar sakandare, kuma 0.86% na mazauna shekaru 15-18 suna manyan makarantun sakandare. Dangane da yanayin tsafta, kusan kashi 86% na gidajen birane da kashi 17% na dukkan gidaje sun sami tsaftataccen ruwan sha a lokacin ƙidayar; Kashi 11% na birane da kashi 3% na duka suna da kayan bayan gida. Tarihin Kola Tembien Duba: Tarihin Tembien Rock coci Kamar sauran gundumomi da yawa a cikin Tigray, Kola Tembien yana riƙe da kason sa na majami'u da aka sassaƙa dutse ko na ɗaya. Waɗannan a zahiri an sassaƙa su daga dutsen, galibi kafin 10th C. CE. Fitattun wuraren tarihi a wannan yanki sun haɗa da gidan sufi na Abba Yohanni da cocin guda ɗaya na Gebriel Wukien, waɗanda dukkansu ke arewacin Abiy Addi. An kafa majami'u shida da aka sassaƙa dutse tare da gangaren dutsen Degua Tembien Mika'el Samba cocin dutse gaba daya dutsen da aka sassaka a Adigrat Sandstone Akwai jerin ƙwayoyin kabari da ke jagorantar babban sararin samaniya. Da yake wannan ba cocin ƙauye ba ne, mutane suna zuwa nan ba da daɗewa ba, kuma galibi ana kulle shi. Firistoci suna halarta musamman a ranar Mika'els, rana ta goma sha biyu ga kowane wata a kalandar Habasha Majami'ar Maryam Hibeto wanda ba a san shi ba a gefen dajin coci da makabarta, kuma an sare shi gaba ɗaya a cikin Adigrat Sandstone, tare da ƙwararrun pronaos a gabansa. Na waje na ginshiƙin mallaka yana da babban birni biyu. An sassaƙa rufin, kuma a kowane gefe akwai ɗakuna masu tsayi biyu waɗanda zasu iya zama farkon motar asibiti, ko kuma zama wuraren zama. Babban kofar shiga cocin yana kan ƙananan matakai, ƙasa da matakai da yawa kuma nan da nan da shiga, wani tafkin ruwa mai siffar rectangular wanda aka ciyar da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa zuwa dama. Kasan ba daidai ba ne kuma ginshiƙan sun yi tagumi tare da fitowar bazara suna zuwa rabin ginshiƙan da yanke manyan manyan abubuwa. Cocin Welegesa an sare shi a cikin Adigrat Sandstone Ƙofar gine-ginen cocin a haƙiƙance wani yanki ne na dutsen da ke samar da shinge ko tsakar gida biyu, duka da aka sassaka kuma a buɗe zuwa iska. A cikin farfajiyar farko akwai kaburbura da yawa, kuma tsakanin su biyun, wani shinge na dutse tare da giciye a cikin taga bude a tsakiyar. Ikilisiyar da ta dace, mai hawa uku, ƙorafi huɗu a cikin zurfin, ana shigar da ita daga kowane bangare ta hanyoyi da aka sassaƙa. Silinkin cocin yana da tsayi iri ɗaya a ko'ina, tare da manyan kaya, manyan baka da ƙorafi zuwa kowane bay, tare da tsinken tabo a cikin babban falo. Shirin yana da nagartaccen tsari, tare da axis na tsakiya da ke gudana daga arewa zuwa kudu da kuma fili guda biyu da aka bude a cikin dutsen. Sabuwar cocin Medhanie Alem rock da aka sare a Mt. Werqamba yana cikin tsakiya, ƙarami mafi girma (a cikin Adigrat Sandstone Babban a cikin tsaunukan arewa maso yammacin Abiy Addi, cocin dutsen Geramba an sare shi a saman dutsen farar ƙasa silicified, ƙarƙashin bakin bakin murfin basalt An sassaka ginshiƙan da danni, ko da yake ɗan gicciye a cikin tsari kuma tare da manyan manyan bango an gyaggyarawa da yawa kafin tsirowar tarkace. Itsiwto Maryam rock Church an sare shi gaba ɗaya a cikin Adigrat Sandstone Karamar cocin tana da rufin da ba a saba gani ba mai ci gaba da hawa zuwa tsakiyar hanyar tare da sassakakken giciye diagonal zuwa sashe na ƙarshe da gicciye da aka sassaƙa sama da baka zuwa cikin Wuri Mai Tsarki. Silin yana da lebur zuwa mashigin gefen tare da filaye masu tsayi masu tsayi suna tafiya cikin tsayin daka cikin cocin, suna yin tsinkaya tare da samar da ci gaba mai dorewa yayi kama da aikin aiki bin al'adar Tigrayan. Ba a ba da izinin shiga cocin ba saboda haɗarin rushewa. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin tsaunukan Degua Tembien a gabas, akwai ƙarin majami'u takwas na dutse da kogo na halitta tare da coci a ƙofarta. Noma Wani samfurin kididdiga da CSA ta yi a shekarar 2001 ya yi hira da manoma 27,665 a wannan gundumar, wadanda ke rike da matsakaicin kadada 0.81. Daga cikin hectare 22,402 na fili masu zaman kansu da aka yi bincike, 85.28% na noma ne, 0.87% kiwo, 10.78% fallow, 0.23% na itace, da 2.84% an sadaukar da su ga sauran amfanin. A kasar da ake nomawa a wannan gundumar, an shuka kashi 78.02 cikin 100 a hatsi, kashi 4.61 cikin 100 na hatsi, kashi 1.82 cikin 100 na mai, kashi 0.08 cikin 100 na kayan lambu. Yankin da aka dasa a gesho ya kai kadada 36; adadin ƙasar da aka dasa a cikin itatuwan 'ya'yan itace ya ɓace. Kashi 77.26% na manoman duk sun yi noman noma da kiwo, yayin da kashi 19.75% kawai suke noma, kashi 2.98% kuwa kiwo ne kawai. Filayen filaye a wannan yanki an raba tsakanin kashi 89.01% na mallakar filayensu, da kuma 10.48% na haya; kashi dari da aka bayar da rahoton cewa suna rike da filayensu a karkashin wasu nau'ikan wa'adin ya bata. Geomorphology Kola Tembien na ɗaya daga cikin ƴan wurare a tsaunukan Habasha inda ake samun zaizayar iska Ana yin dunes a cikin gida a wurare masu inuwar iska. Tafkunan ruwa A wannan gunduma da ake da ruwan sama wanda ke wuce watanni biyu kacal a shekara, tafkunan ruwa daban-daban suna ba da damar girbin ruwan damina daga lokacin damina don ci gaba da amfani da shi a lokacin rani. Tafkunan gundumar sun hada da Addi Asme'e Gabaɗaya, waɗannan tafkunan suna fama da siltation mai sauri. Wani ɓangare na ruwan da za a iya amfani da shi don ban ruwa yana ɓacewa ta hanyar tsagewa Kyakkyawan sakamako mai kyau shine cewa wannan yana taimakawa wajen sake cajin ruwan ƙasa Sake tsara gundumar 2020 Tun daga shekarar 2020, yankin gundumar Kolla Tembien na cikin sabbin gundumomi masu zuwa: Kolla Tembien (sabo, karami, woreda yamma da Abiy Addi) Kayeh Tehli woreda (arewa maso gabas na Abiy Addi, tare da garuruwan Workamba da Addeha) garin Abiy add Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

44129

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand%20Traore

Armand Traore

Armand Mouhamed Traoré (an haife shi 8 ga watan Oktobar 1989), tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ya taka leda a matsayin baya na hagu Traoré samfurin ne na Kwalejin Arsenal An haife shi a Faransa, ya wakilci Faransa a matakin ƙasa da 19 da 21, amma tun lokacin da ya zaɓi ya wakilci ƙasar iyayensa, Senegal, a babban matakin. Aikin kulob Arsenal An haife shi a Chatenay-Malabry, Faransa, Traoré ya fara aikin matashin ƙwallon ƙafa a Suresnes, a Racing Paris da Monaco Traoré ya koma Arsenal a ranar 1 ga watan Agustan 2005. Kodayake ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar ajiya, yana yin bayyanuwa shida a gasar Premier ta FA a shekarar 2005–2006, ya taka leda a shaidar Dennis Bergkamp da Ajax a wasan farko a filin wasa na Emirates a cikin watan Yulin 2006. Traoré ya kasance memba ne da ba a yi amfani da shi ba a cikin 'yan wasa su 18 na Arsenal a wasansu da Dinamo Zagreb a gasar zakarun Turai a wata mai zuwa. Ya ci gaba da sanya hannu kan kwantiragin ƙwararru tare da kulob ɗin a cikin watan Agustan 2006 kafin ya fara buga wasansa na farko a gasar cin kofin League a wasan zagaye na uku da West Bromwich Albion a ranar 24 ga watan Oktoba, a matsayin minti na 24 a madadin Emmanuel Adebayor Traoré ya ci gaba da fara wasa a gasar cin kofin League da Everton wanda aka yi nasara da ci 1-0 a Goodison Park Sannan ya taka leda a waje da Liverpool a ci 6-3 na kwata fainal. Traore ya kasance cikin jerin ‘yan wasan da za su fafata a zagayen kusa da na ƙarshe da Tottenham Hotspur wadda ta yi nasara da ci 5-3 a jumulla. Sannan ya buga wasan ƙarshe da Chelsea wanda Arsenal ta sha kashi da ci 2-1. A ranar 28 ga watan Fabrairun 2007, Traoré ya fara wasan daf da na kusa da ƙarshe na cin kofin FA da Blackburn Rovers a ci 1-0 a Ewood Park A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta shekarar 2006–2007, ya buga wasanni bakwai a duk gasa. A farkon yaƙin shekarar 2007-2008, Traoré ya ce yana so ya tabbatar da ingancinsa ga kocin Arsène Wenger Traoré ya sa a cikin wasanni masu ban sha'awa da yawa don Reserves kuma har ma ya zira ƙwallaye kaɗan ciki har da ƙoƙari na dogon lokaci da Tottenham Reserves A cikin watan Satumbar 2007, Traoré ya koma White Hart Lane, amma wannan lokacin ne kawai a matsayin mai kallo lokacin da aka kama shi don ɗaukar ƙurar ƙura a cikin filin wasa. An kama Traoré da abokinsa don yi masa tambayoyi tsawon lokacin wasan, kuma an yi masa gargaɗi. Daga baya Traoré ya nemi afuwar lamarin kuma ya ce bai san ba daidai ba ne domin dokokin sun bambanta a Faransa. A wannan watan ne Traoré ya fara jefa ƙwallo a ragar kungiyar a wasan da suka doke Newcastle United da ci 2-0 a zagaye na biyu na gasar cin kofin League. Sai a ranar 18 ga Disambar 2007 lokacin da ya fara buga wa Arsenal wasa na farko cikin watanni uku da Blackburn Rovers a zagaye na hudu na gasar cin kofin League, inda ya fara wasan kuma ya buga minti 120 don taimakawa kungiyar ta samu nasara da ci 3-2. Daga nan Traoré ya fara wasan Arsenal da Burnley a gasar cin kofin FA, kafin Justin Hoyte ya maye gurbinsa a minti na 71. Ya buga wasan kusa da na ƙarshe na gasar cin kofin League da abokan hamayyarsa, Tottenham Hotspur, yayin da kulob ɗin ya yi rashin nasara da ci 6-2 a jimillar. Bayan ya bayyana a benci a wasan da ƙungiyar ta doke Manchester City da ci 3-1 a gasar Premier a ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairun 2008 ba tare da shiga filin wasa ba, Traoré ya fara buga minti 90 a karawar da Manchester United a Old Trafford a ci 4-0 a gasar. FA Cup zagaye na biyar ranar 16 ga watan Fabrairu, 2008. A ƙarshe ya sami wasansa na farko na Premier a ranar 5 ga Afrilun 2008, da Liverpool, yayin da suka tashi 1-1. An yi amfani da Traoré a matsayin ɗan wasan hagu a wasanni biyu na ƙarshe na Arsenal na kakar 2007-2008, inda ya ba da giciye wanda ya kai ga nasarar Nicklas Bendtner a kan Everton. A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta bana, ya buga wasanni goma sha daya a dukkan gasa. An sanar da shi a ranar 4 ga watan Agustan 2008 cewa Traoré ya rattaba hannu kan tsawaita kwantiragin na dogon lokaci tare da Arsenal. Traoré ya koma Arsenal a lokacin rani na shekarar 2009 kuma ya kuduri aniyar yin yakin neman gurbinsa a ƙungiyar ta farko. Bayan haka ya taka leda a wasan da Arsenal ta doke West Bromwich Albion da ci 2-0 a gasar cin kofin League, har na tsawon mintuna 61 kafin Nacer Barazite ya maye gurbinsa. Sakamakon Gaël Clichy da Kieran Gibbs duka suna fama da rauni, Traoré ya tashi zuwa matsayin farkon hagu. Ya fara fara kakar wasa ta farko da Sunderland, yayin da suka sha kashi 1–0 a ranar 21 ga Nuwambar 2009. Hakan ya biyo bayan farawa a wasanni biyu na gaba a cikin rashin nasara da ci 3-0 a gida a hannun Chelsea da kuma nasara akan Liverpool 2-1 a Anfield. Traoré da kansa ya ji rauni kuma ya rasa wasu wasanni, amma ya dawo da Aston Villa a ci 3–0 a ranar 27 ga Disambar 2009. Sannan ya kara buga wasanni huɗu a gefe amma ya sha fama a wasan da Everton da Bolton Wanderers An ba da rahoton cewa tsarinsa ya jawo sha'awar Paris Saint-Germain kuma Traoré ya tilasta musu ƙaryata rahotannin da ke shirin komawa Faransa. Komawar Clichy ya tilasta wa Traoré ficewa daga ƙungiyar har zuwa lokacin da May za ta ziyarci Blackburn Rovers, amma mai tsaron baya ya tabbatar da cewa shi daliɓi ne wanda ya fi iya ƙwarewa, wanda ya taimaka wa Gunners din ta rufe tazarar da ke saman teburin gasar Premier. A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2009–2010, ya buga wasanni goma sha hudu a duk gasa. Traoré ya buga wasansa na farko a kakar wasa ta shekarar 2011-2012, inda ya buga wasa a minti na 86, da Udinese a wasa na biyu, inda Arsenal ta samu nasara da ci 2-1 da 3-1 a jumulla wanda ya taimakawa Arsenal ta samu tikitin shiga gasar. matakin rukuni mai fa'ida na gasar don karo na 14 a jere. A ranar 28 ga Agustan 2011, ya taka leda na tsawon mintuna 90 a matsayin mai tsaron baya na hagu da Manchester United a Old Trafford a cikin rashin nasara da ci 8 2. An ruwaito a ranar 29 ga watan Agustan 2011 cewa Traore na daf da komawa sabuwar ƙungiyar Premier ta Queens Park Rangers da ta samu ci gaba bayan ya wuce lafiyarsa. Gabaɗaya, ya buga jimlar sau 32 tare da Gunners. Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan

30358

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gidan%20wasan%20Upera%20na%20kasar%20Ukraine

Gidan wasan Upera na kasar Ukraine

An kafa kungiyar Kyiv Opera bisa ka'ida a lokacin ranin shekarar 1867, kuma ita ce opera ta uku a tsufa a Ukraine, bayan Odessa Opera da Lviv Opera. A yau, Kamfanin Kyiv Opera yana yin wasan kwaikwayo a National Opera House na Ukraine mai suna Taras Shevchenko a Kyiv Tarihi Tarihin farko: 1867 20th karni An kafa shi a lokacin rani na 1867 wanda Ferdinand Berger 1875) ya jagoranta kafawar. Berger ya yi nasarar gayyato hazikan mawaƙa, da masu gudanarwa, kuma majalisar birnin (duma) ta ba da sabuwar ƙungiyar da aka ƙirƙira don yin amfani da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na birni (wanda aka gina a 1856, architect I. Shtrom) don wasan kwaikwayo. A hukumance, ana kiran gidan wasan kwaikwayon gidan wasan kwaikwayo na birni amma an fi kiransa da Opera na Rasha. Ranar wasan farko, Nuwamba 8 (Oktoba 27 tsohon salon), 1867 an sanya shi hutun birni. Ayyukan opera Askold's Tomb na Alexey Verstovsky shine farkon farkon ƙungiyar. Nasarar farko tana da nasaba da basirar murya na wancan lokacin O. Satagano-Garchakova, F. L'vov, M. Agramov amma kuma makircin da ya ɗauka daga wasu manyan shafuka na tsohon tarihin birnin. Wasannin kwaikwayo na farko sun kasance mafi yawan wasannin opera na Russia ne, ciki har da Ruslan da Ludmila na Mikhail Glinka, Rusalka na Alexander Dargomyzhsky, Maccabees na Anton Rubinstein da The Power of the Fiend ta A. Serov, da kuma fassarar Turai operas ciki har da Barber na Seville ta Rossini, The Barber of Seville ta Rossini Auren Figaro na Mozart, Der Freischütz na Weber, Lucia di Lammermoor na Donizetti, da operas ta Giuseppe Verdi, wanda ya zama mafi so na Kyivites. Ranar Fabrairu 4, 1896, bayan wasan kwaikwayo na safe na Eugene Onegin ta Tchaikovsky, wuta ta tashi daga kyandir da ba a kashe a gidan wasan kwaikwayon ba. Gobarar ta cinye ginin gaba daya cikin sa'o'i da dama. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ɗakunan karatu na kiɗa a Turai tare da kayayyaki masu yawa da kayan wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo da yawa sun ɓace yayin gobara. Bayan gobarar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na birnin, ƙungiyar ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a wasu matakai na shekaru da yawa, ciki har da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Bergonie (yanzu gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa na Rasha mai suna Lesya Ukrainka Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Solovtsov (yanzu Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa mai suna Ivan Franko har ma a kan. filin wasa na sanannen Circus na Krutikov. Farkon karni na 20 Bayan gobarar, majalisar birnin ta sanar da gasar kasa da kasa don tsara wani sabon gini ga gidan wasan kwaikwayon na Opera a Kyiv. Victor Schröter ya bada shawaran hakan. An tsara na waje a cikin salon Neo-Renaissance kuma ya ba da lissafin bukatun 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da masu kallo. An sake fasalin ciki a cikin salon gargajiya kuma ana kiransa Viennese Modern Duk da haka, ana daukar babban nasararsa a matsayin mataki daya daga cikin mafi girma a Turai da aka tsara zuwa sababbin matakan injiniya. A ranar 29 ga Satumba, an gudanar da bikin buɗe sabon filin wasan kwaikwayo tare da wasan kwaikwayo na cantata Kyiv na mawaki Wilhelm Hartweld (1859 1927) da kuma gabatar da wasan opera Life for the Tsar na M. Glinka. A ranar 14 September O.S, akwai wasan kwaikwayo na Rimsky-Korsakov 's <i id="mwTA">The Tale of Tsar Saltan</i> a Kyiv Opera House a gaban Tsar da 'ya'yansa maza biyu, Grand Duchesses Olga da Tatiana Maza 90 ne suka mamaye gidan wasan kwaikwayon. A lokacin da ake tsaka da aikin an kashe Firayim Minista Pyotr Stolypin A cewar Alexander Spiridovich, bayan aiki na biyu "Stolypin yana tsaye a gaban ramp yana raba parterre daga ƙungiyar makaɗa, baya zuwa mataki. A gefen damansa akwai Baron Freedericks da Gen. Suhkomlinov Mai tsaron lafiyarsa ya tafi shan taba. An harbe Stolypin sau biyu, sau ɗaya a hannu kuma sau ɗaya a cikin kirji Dmitry Bogrov, wani juyin juya hali na hagu, yana ƙoƙari ya gyara kansa. Bogrov ya gudu zuwa ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da aka shigar kuma aka kama shi. "Ya [Stolypin] ya juya wajen Akwatin Imperial, sannan ya ga Tsar da ya shiga akwatin, sai ya yi nuni da hannaye biyu ya ce wa Tsar ya koma." Mawakan sun fara wasa "Allah Ya Tsare Tsar." Likitocin sun yi fatan Stolypin zai murmure, amma duk da cewa bai haihu ba, yanayinsa ya tabarbare. Washegari, Tsar da ke cikin damuwa ya durƙusa a gefen gadon asibitin Stolypin ya ci gaba da maimaita kalmar "Ka gafarta mini". Stolypin ya mutu bayan kwana uku. A cikin shekaru goma na farko na karni na 20, gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kyiv Opera ya jawo hankalin hazikan mawaƙa na Ukrainian da Rasha, ciki har da O. Petlyash, P. Tsevich, K. Voronets, M. Medvedev, K. Brun, O. Mosin da O. Kamionsky. kuma shahararrun taurarin opera daga Yamma sukan zo yawon bude ido. Da yawa sabon abu don wasan kwaikwayo na lokaci ya faru a kan mataki: Die Walkure ta Wagner, Sadko ta Rimsky-Korsakov da Mefistofele ta Arrigo Boito Jihar Ukraine A cikin shekarar 1917, an yi amfani da gidan wasan opera ba kawai don fasaha ba har ma da majalisa. Musamman ma, a cikin 1917, an gudanar da taron Soja na Biyu na Sojoji na Biyu a cikin Opera House wanda aka fi sani da shela ta farko na Majalisar Tsakiyar Ukraine A lokacin Jihar Ukraine, Kyiv Opera ake kira Ukrainian Drama da Opera gidan wasan kwaikwayo An gudanar da wasan kwaikwayo a cikin fassarar Yukren, musamman a cikin 1918: "Faust", "La Traviata", "Bohemia", "Madame Butterfly" da sauransu. An rubuta a cikin 'yan jaridu na Ukrainian cewa Opera na Jihar Ukrainian yana da kowane dalili da kuma yiwuwar zama daya daga cikin mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo na lokacinsa, yayin da yake gargadin cewa "Opera na Ukraine kada ya sake maimaita tarihin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Petrograd, wanda ya ba da al'adun kasashen waje da al'adun 'yan kasa. da kuma jaddada cewa wajibi ne a "tsara aikin opera mai karfi, kasa da al'adu". lokacin Soviet Bayan da Tarayyar Soviet ta mamaye Ukraine, gidan wasan kwaikwayon ya zama ƙasa kuma an sanya masa suna K. Liebknecht Opera House. A 1926 an sake masa suna Kyiv State Academic Ukrainian Opera, kuma a 1934, lokacin da Kyiv aka mayar da babban birnin kasar matsayi Academic Opera da Ballet gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Tarayyar Soviet A 1936 gidan wasan kwaikwayo aka bayar da Order of Lenin, kuma a 1939 aka mai suna bayan Taras Shevchenko Bisa ga Dokar Kwamishinonin Jama'a na 1926, an yi duk wasan operas a harshen Ukraine. Wannan wahayi zuwa ga kafa cikakken darajar Ukrainian al'adu da Ukrainian harshe. Al'adar yin wasan opera a cikin fassarorin Ukrainian ta yi nasara har zuwa farkon 1990s. A shekara ta 1981, an yi bikin ballet na duniya a kan rayuwar Olga na Kiev don tunawa da ranar 1500th na birnin. 1990-2010 A tsakanin shekarun 1991-1999, Anatoliy Mokrenko ya jagoranci Opera ta kasa. A wannan lokacin, gidan wasan kwaikwayo ya fara watsar da fassarori na yaren Ukrainian a hankali, wanda matsalolin tattalin arziki ya bayyana da kuma buƙatar ayyukan yawon shakatawa don tsira ga masu fasaha. Manazarta Bayanan kula Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Kyiv.ua: Ziyarar gani da ido na Gidan Opera na Kasa Worldwalk.info: Shevchenko National Opera House na Ukraine (Kyiv) Gidajen wasan kwakwayo da aka kammala a 1901 Wakar Ukraine Gine-ginen karni na 19 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

58070

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarjejeniyar%20Epe

Yarjejeniyar Epe

Yarjejeniyar Epe yarjejeniya ce tsakanin Burtaniya (wanda Benjamin Campbell,Consul a Legas da Thomas Miller Kwamandan HMS Crane ya wakilta) da Kosoko a ranar 28 ga Satumba 1854. Fage A ranar 26 ga Disamba 1851,a wani abin da a yanzu ake kira Bombardment of Lagos ko Reduction of Lagos Biritaniya ta shiga cikin siyasar Legas ta hanyar aiwatar da hukuncin sojan ruwa a kan Kosoko,lokacin Oba na Legas,ta kore shi,tare da dora Oba Akitoye wanda ya yi alkawarin rungumar sokewar.A ranar 1 ga Janairun 1852 Akitoye ya rattaba hannu kan yerjejeniya tsakanin Burtaniya da Legas na kawar da cinikin bayi. Kosoko ya gudu zuwa Epe ya gina sansani mai zaman kansa tare da mayaka kusan 400 tare da kai hare-hare da yawa a Legas;daya a ranar 5 ga watan Agustan 1853 da wani a ranar 11 ga watan Agustan 1853 wanda ya zo kusa da fadar Oba cikin hadari amma ya ki amincewa a daidai lokacin da wata gobara ta tashi daga sojojin ruwa na Burtaniya karkashin kwamandan Phillips na HMS Polyphemus. Bayan tattaunawa mai yawa,Kosoko ya sanya hannu kan yerjejeniyar Epe a ranar 28 ga Satumba 1854 tare da Consul Benjamin Campbell,inda ya amince da kada ya yi wani iƙirari ga Legas ko kuma ya kawo barazana ga kasuwanci a LegasYarjejeniyar ta kasance nasara ta dabara ga Kosoko wanda ya sa Birtaniya ta amince da jiharsa a Epe.A babban hoto,sarautar Legas ta kasance ba ta isa ba tare da kafuwar zuriyar Akitoye da Dosunmu. Rubutun yarjejeniya An rubuta rubutun yarjejeniyar a ƙasa:<blockquote>Yarjejeniyar da aka kulla a wannan rana ta 28 ga Satumbar 1854 tsakanin Kosoko da Sarakunansa da Hakimai da Hakimai,da Benjamin Campbell ya nemi jakadan Birtaniyya na Bight of Benin,da Thomas Miller Esquire Kwamandan HMS Sloop “Crane” Babban Jami’in Bights na Benin da Biafra.</br> </br>1st. Kosoko Sarakunansa da Sarakunansa sun yi alkawarin ba za su yi wani yunƙuri na maido da birnin Legas ta hanyar barazana,tashin hankali ko daba</br> </br>Na biyu. Kosoko ya Caboceers da Chiefs da'awar Palma,a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci,da Benjamin Campbell Esquire Her Brittanic Majesty's Consul,da Thomas Miller Esquire Kwamandan da Babban Hafsan Sojan Ruwa a Bights,sun tsunduma don gane Palma,a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa na Kosoko da Caboceers da kuma.Shugabanni, don duk dalilai na halaltaccen ciniki.</br </br> 3r. Kosoko Sarakunansa da Sarakunansa sun yi alkawarin yin watsi da cinikin bayi,wato fitar da bayi daga Afirka,haka nan ba za su kyale duk wani mai cinikin bayi ya zauna a tashar jiragen ruwa ko wani wurin da ke karkashin ikonsu da tasirinsa ba.</br> </br> 4th.Kosoko Sarakunansa da Sarakunansa sun daure kansu don ba da kowace kariya da taimako ga irin wadannan 'yan kasuwa da 'yan kasuwa da ke son zama a cikin su don ci gaba da kasuwanci na halal da kuma taimakawa karamin jakadan Burtaniya don sake bude kasuwanni a gabar tekun Jaboo.Agienu,Ecorodu, da Aboyee,da kuma tabbatar da tsaro da tsaro a kasuwannin.</br> </br> 5th.Za a ba da haraji a tashar jiragen ruwa na Palma,harajin fitarwa na kanwar shanu guda ɗaya ga kowane Puncheon na Man dabino na matsakaicin girman galan ɗari da ashirin da igiyoyin saniya guda biyu a kowace lb. domin amfanin Kosoko.</br> </br> 6 ta. Benjamin Campbell Esquire Jakadanta na Brittanic ya yi aiki a madadin Gwamnatin Mai Martaba cewa saboda cikar wannan alkawari na Kosoko da Sarakunansa da Sarakunansa,Gwamnatin Mai Martaba za ta biya Kosoko alawus na shekara-shekara don rayuwarsa Kawuna dubu biyu na shanu ko dala dubu a zabinsa.</br> </br> 7th. Wannan alkawari zai kasance mai cikakken ƙarfi da tasiri tun daga yau har zuwa lokacin da Gwamnatin Mai Martaba ta Biritaniya ta soke.</br> </br> 7th. Wannan alkawari zai kasance mai cikakken ƙarfi da tasiri tun daga yau har zuwa lokacin da Gwamnatin Mai Martaba ta Biritaniya ta soke.</br> </br> Shiga Lagoon a Appe wannan ranar 28 ga Satumba 1854</br> Kosoko X</br> Oloosema X</br> Oloto X</br> Pelleu X</br> Agenia X</br> Bosoopo </br> Agagoo X</br> Obatchi X</br> Whydobah X</br> Bagaloo </br> Apsee </br> Oleesau X</br> Etti X</br> Lomosa X</br> Otcheodee X </br> Campbell.</b> To. Miller (Kwamandan HMS 'Crane' da Babban Jami'in Fafutukar Benin da Biafra) A gaban</br> Herbert L. Ryves, Lieut. Kwamandan 'Minx'</br> WP Braund, Jagora HMS 'Crane'</br> Francis Wm. Davis, Mataimakin Likita, 'Minx'</br> Geo. Bat. Scala, dan kasuwan Legas</br> WR Hansen, dan kasuwan Legas</br> Jose Pedro da Cousta Roy, dan kasuwan Legas</br> SB Williams, dan kasuwan Legas kuma mai

33515

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Kwallon%20Kafa%20ta%20Mata%20ta%20Ivory%20Coast

Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Ivory Coast

Kungiyar kwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Ivory Coast, ita ce kungiyar kwallon kafa wanda FIFA ta amince da ita a matsayin Cote d'Ivoire tana wakiltar Ivory Coast a wasannin kwallon kafa na mata na duniya, sannan kuma hukumar kula da wasannin kwallon kafa ta Ivory Coast ce ke kula da ita. Sun buga wasansu na farko a duniya a shekarar 1988. Kungiyar a halin yanzu tana matsayi na 64 a cikin jerin sunayen mata na FIFA kuma a matsayin ta 6 mafi kyawun kungiya a CAF Tarihi Farkon A cikin shekarar 1985, kusan babu wata ƙasa a duniya da ke da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta ƙasa, ciki har da Ivory Coast waɗanda ba su buga wasansu na farko da FIFA ta amince da su ba har zuwa 1988 lokacin da suka shiga gasar Gayyatar mata ta FIFA 1988. Kasar na cikin rukunin A. A ranar 1 ga watan Yuni, sun yi rashin nasara a hannun Netherlands da ci 0–3 a wasa a Foshan A ranar 3 ga Yuni, sun yi rashin nasara a hannun Kanada 0–6 a wasa a Foshan. A wasan da suka yi ranar 5 ga watan Yuni, sun yi rashin nasara a hannun China da ci 1–8 a wasan da suka buga a Guangzhou A 1992, sun fafata a gasar cin kofin Lyon'ne na farko Mata, wanda aka gudanar a Lyon, Faransa daga 17 Shea 20 ga watan Afrilu. Ivory Coast tana cikin rukunin kasar. Sun yi rashin nasara a hannun kungiyar U20 ta Amurka da ci 0–4, sun sha kashi a hannun kungiyar CIS da ci 0–3 sannan suka sha kashi a hannun Faransa da ci 1–6. A shekara ta 2002, ƙungiyar ta fafata a wasanni 2. A 2003, sun buga a 0 matches. A shekarar 2004, sun buga a 0 matches. A shekarar 2005, sun buga a wasanni 3. A cikin 2006, sun buga a wasanni 2. A cikin 2006, ƙungiyar ta sami horo 3 a mako. A shekara ta 2005, sun taka leda a gasar mata ta Tournoi de Solidarité a Dakar, Senegal A ranar 18 ga Mayu, sun yi rashin nasara a hannun Mali da ci 1–6. A ranar 20 ga Mayu, an tashi kunnen doki da Senegal ci 3-3. Ba su yi wasan karshe ba kuma gaba daya sun kare a gasar. A ranar 17 ga watan Mayu, shekara 2006 a Dakar, Togo ta yi kunnen doki 3-3. A cikin shekaar 2007, ƙasar ta fafata a gasar Tournoi de Cinq Nations] da aka gudanar a Ouagadougou A ranar 2 ga Satumba, an tashi kunnen doki 1-1 a Mali 1-1, Rita Akaffou ta ci wa kungiyar a minti na 65. A ranar 5 ga Satumba, sun doke Togo da ci 5-0 kafin a kore Togo daga gasar saboda kawo kungiyar kulab din. A ranar 6 ga Satumba, an yi rashin nasara a hannun Mali da ci 1-2. A shekarar 2010, kasar ta samu tawaga a gasar cin kofin kwallon kafa na mata na Afirka a lokacin wasannin share fage. A zagayen kuma sun doke Guinea da ci 5-1. Sun yi rashin nasara a hannun Malawi da ci 4-2 a karawar ta biyu. A shekarar 2010, gasar cin kofin mata a Afirka, an yi rashin nasara a zagayen farko a watan Maris, inda ta doke Gabon a gida da waje da ci 2–1 da 3–1. A zagayen farko da Najeriya ta yi rashin nasara a dukkan wasannin biyu da ci 1–2 da kuma 1–3. Kasar dai ba ta da tawagar da za ta fafata a gasar ta Afirka ta shekarar 2011. Tawagar kasar sun yi atisaye a Abidjan kasar ba ta da bangaren ‘yan kasa da shekara 17 ko kasa da 20. A watan Yunin shekara 2012, kungiyar ta kasance ta 67 a duniya ta FIFA kuma ta 6 mafi kyawun kungiya a CAF. Wannan ci gaba ne na wurare huɗu daga Maris 2012 lokacin da suke matsayi na 71 a duniya. Matsayi mafi muni da ƙungiyar ta taɓa samu shine a shekarar 2011 lokacin da take matsayi na 136 a duniya. Sauran martaba sun haɗa da 73 a 2006, 75 a 2007, 74 a 2008, 92 a 2009, da 77 a 2010. Duk da haka, a gasar cin kofin mata ta Afirka ta shekarar 2014, Ivory Coast ta ba kowa mamaki ta hanyar tsallakewa zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe, kuma daga baya, ta girgiza Afirka ta hanyar doke babbar Afirka ta Kudu, wanda aka nuna a karon farko da za su buga gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata na FIFA, a Canada shwkarar 2015 A gasar cin kofin duniya na baya-bayan nan, an cire su da rashin nasara uku a hannun Jamus (0–10), Thailand (2–3) da Norway (1–3). Duk da rashin nasara da aka yi, an zabi kwallon da Ange N'Guessan ya ci Norway a matsayin daya daga cikin kwallaye goma mafi kyau a gasar baki daya. Fage da ci gaba Farkon cigaban wasan mata a lokacin turawan mulkin mallaka sun kawo wasan kwallon kafa a nahiyar yana da iyaka, saboda turawan mulkin mallaka a yankin sun kasance suna daukar ra'ayi na ubangida da shigar mata cikin wasanni tare da su zuwa ga al'adun gida wadanda suke da irin wannan tunani a cikin su. Rashin samun ci gaba daga baya na ƙungiyar ƙasa a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa na alamomin dukkan ƙungiyoyin Afirka ne sakamakon abubuwa da yawa, waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙarancin damar samun ilimi, talauci tsakanin mata a cikin al'umma, da rashin daidaito na asali a cikin al'umma wanda ke ba da izini lokaci-lokaci. domin tauye hakkin dan Adam musamman na mata. Lokacin da aka haɓaka ƙwararrun ƴan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa mata, sun kan tafi don samun damammaki a ƙasashen waje. Nahiyar gaba ɗaya, ba da kuɗi kuma batu ne, tare da mafi yawan kuɗin ci gaba daga FIFA, ba ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ba. Nasarar gaba ga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na mata a Afirka ya dogara ne akan ingantattun kayan aiki da samun damar mata zuwa waɗannan wuraren. Kokarin tallata wasan da kuma sanya shi yin kasuwanci ba shine mafita ba, kamar yadda ake nunawa a halin yanzu da damammakin kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na matasa da na mata da ake gudanarwa a fadin nahiyar. Wasan ƙwallon ƙafa shi ne na huɗu mafi shaharar wasanni na 'yan mata, wanda ke bayan ƙwallon hannu, ƙwallon kwando da wasannin motsa jiki An kafa shirin kwallon kafa na mata a kasar a shekarar 1975 kuma ana buga wasan kwallon kafa na 'yan mata a makarantu. Rijistar yan wasa tana farawa ne tun yana ɗan shekara tara. A shekarar 2006, akwai mata 610 da suka yi rajista, 560 daga cikinsu manyan ’yan wasa ne, 50 kuma ba su kai shekara 18 ba. Wannan ya karu daga 2002 lokacin da mata 130 suka yi rajista, 2003 lokacin da akwai 220, 2004 lokacin akwai 253, da 2005 lokacin da 'yan wasa 428 suka yi rajista. A shekarar 2006, akwai kungiyoyin kwallon kafa 123 a kasar, inda 11 daga cikinsu na mata ne kawai. Kamar yadda na shekara 2009, akwai manyan ƙungiyoyi 36 da ƙungiyoyin matasa 4 don mata. Akwai gasar bisa makaranta. An kirkiro hukumar ta kasa a shekarar 1960 kuma ta zama mai alaka da FIFA a 1964. Kit ɗinsu ya haɗa da rigar lemu, farar wando da kuma safa koren. Kwamitin kasa ba shi da ma’aikaciyar cikakken lokaci mai kula da kwallon kafa ta mata. Ba shi da tabbacin wakilcin ƙwallon ƙafa na mata a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin hukumar. Fifa trigramme shine CIV. An gudanar da kwas ɗin ƙwallon ƙafa na mata na FIFA a ƙasar a cikin 2007. Ma'aikatan koyarwa Ma'aikatan horarwa na yanzu Tarihin gudanarwa Adélaïde Koudougnon (2004–2010) Clémentine Touré (2010–) Manazarta Duba Kuma Wasanni a Ivory Coast Kwallon kafa a Ivory Coast Wasan kwallon kafa na mata a Ivory Coast Tawagar kwallon kafa ta maza ta Ivory Coast Manaza ta yvyHanyoyin haɗi na waje Gidan yanar gizon hukuma Bayanan martaba na

32993

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio%20Nsue

Emilio Nsue

Emilio Nsue López (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Satumba a shekara ta alif 1989) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Equatoguine wanda ke taka leda kuma kyaftin ɗin tawagar ƙasar Equatorial Guinea. Dan wasan da ya dace, yana taka leda ne a matsayin dan baya na dama amma kuma yana iya taka leda a matsayin winger. Nsue ya fara aikinsa a Mallorca, inda ya bayyana a wasanni 153 na gasa da kuma wasanni na La Liga hudu, kuma ya shafe lokaci a Real Sociedad da Castellón. A cikin shekarar 2014, ya shiga kulob din Ingila Middlesbrough, kuma ya taimaka musu samun ci gaba zuwa Premier League a shekarar 2016. Nsue ya sanya hannu kan Birmingham City a cikin watan Janairu a shekarar 2017, kuma bayan shekara guda ya koma cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na Cypriot, ya kwashe watanni 18 tare da APOEL, a kakar tare da Apollon Limassol, da kuma wani yanayi tare da APOEL. Bayan watanni shida ba tare da kulob ba, ya koma kulob din Tuzla City na Premier Bosnia a shekarar 2022. Nsue ya wakilci Spain, kasar haihuwarsa, a matakin matasa, inda ya lashe gasar zakarun nahiyar Afirka a matakin kasa da shekaru 19 a shekarar 2007 da matakin kasa da 21 a shekara ta 2011. A cikin shekarar 2013, ya fara buga wasansa na farko a duniya a Equatorial Guinea, ƙasar mahaifinsa, kuma bayan shekaru biyu ya wakilci ƙasar a gasar cin kofin Afirka na shekarar 2015. Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya Mallorca An haifi Nsue a Palma, Majorca, a cikin tsibirin Balearic, kuma ya fara aikinsa na kwallon kafa a matsayin gaba a tsarin matasa na RCD Mallorca. Ya buga wasansa na farko na kwararru a kulob din a ranar 3 ga watan Fabrairun a shekara ta 2008, yana buga 'yan mintoci na karshe na wasan da suka tashi 1-1 a Villarreal. Ya kara da wasu 'yan mintoci a mako mai zuwa, a cikin gidan wasan da babu ci da Almería. Domin a 2008–09, An ba da Nsue aro ga Castellon na Segunda División. Ana amfani da shi akai-akai a cikin kulob ɗin Valencians, ya zira kwallaye biyu a nasarar 4-1 a gida zuwa Levante a ranar 18 ga watan Oktoba 2008. Nsue ya koma wani kulob na biyu, Real Sociedad, a kan aro a kakar 2009-10. Ko da yake da wuya ya fara farawa, ya kasance muhimmin memba na harin yayin da kungiyar Basque ta koma La Liga bayan shekaru uku. Nsue ya koma Mallorca a 2010-11 kuma ya fara kakar wasa a farkon sha daya, a wasan farko shine 0-0 a gida tare da Real Madrid. A ranar 3 Oktoba 2010 ya zira kwallonsa ta farko ga kulob din, inda ya tashi daga kusurwa a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 a Barcelona. Ya buga dukkan wasannin gasar 38 kuma ya zura kwallaye hudu yayin da kungiyarsa ta kaucewa koma baya. A cikin kakar 2011–12 Nsue ya buga wasanni da yawa azaman kai hari dama baya, kuma ya kai kusan mintuna 2,000 na aiki (fara 20) don taimakawa Mallorca matsayi na takwas.Bayan tattaunawa da manaja Joaquín Caparrós -season, an yarda cewa zai fara yakin neman zabe a wannan matsayi. Middlesbrough A ranar 1 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2014, Nsue ya shiga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila Middlesbrough, ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku a matsayin wakili na kyauta. Aitor Karanka ya sanya hannu, wanda ya san shi daga tsarin samarin Mutanen Espanya. Bayan kwana takwas ya fara buga wasansa na farko, inda ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Albert Adomah na mintuna 23 na karshe na nasara da ci 2-0 a kan Birmingham City a filin wasa na Riverside. A ranar 12 ga watan Agusta ya fara farawa na farko, yana wasa duka nasarar 3-0 a Oldham Athletic a zagaye na farko na gasar cin kofin League na shekarar 2014 zuwa 2015. Boro ya kai wasan karshe a Wembley a ranar 25 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2015. Sun yi rashin nasara da ci 2-0 a hannun Norwich City, kuma Nsue ya buga rabin na biyu a madadin Dean Whitehead bayan an riga an jefa kwallaye biyun. Duk da dagewar da Karanka ya yi cewa za a yi amfani da dan wasan wajen tsaron gida ne kawai a matsayin hanyar gaggawa, ya buga yawancin kakarsa ta biyu a dama. A ranar 28 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2015, ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kwallon kafa ta Ingila a kammala nasara da ci 2–0 a Huddersfield Town. A ranar 15 ga watan Disamba, ya zura kwallo daya tilo da ta doke Burnley a gida da ta sa Middlesbrough ta zama ta daya a teburin. Nsue ya buga wasanni 37 cikin 46 na gasar a cikin shekarar 2015 zuwa 2016 yayin da Boro ya samu ci gaba ta atomatik zuwa Gasar Premier. Ya buga wasanni uku na farko da ba a ci nasara ba kafin a jefa shi da Antonio Barragán. Birmingham City Nsue ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da rabi da Birmingham City na gasar Championship a ranar 18 ga watan Janairu a shekara ta 2017; kudin, wanda ba a bayyana a hukumance ba, Birmingham Mail ya yi imanin ya zama £1m tare da ƙarin £1m a cikin ƙari. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a farkon goma sha daya a ziyarar lig a Norwich City a ranar 28 ga watan Janairu, yana wasa a dama; Birmingham ta sha kashi da ci 2-0. Ya kasance mai maye gurbin da ba a yi amfani da shi ba don wasa na gaba, amma ya bayyana a kowane wasa bayan haka, kuma "wanda aka yi amfani da shi da hannu daya a jawo Blues sama da filin wasa" a wasan karshe na kakar wasa, zuwa Bristol City, wanda tawagarsa ke bukata. don samun nasara a gujewa faduwa. Burinsa daya tilo na kamfen ya zo ne da Queens Park Rangers a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu a karawar lokacin da aka tashi 4-1 a gida. Canje-canje na gudanarwa da ma'aikata, da buƙatar daidaita ƙungiyar masu gwagwarmaya, yana nufin Nsue ba shine zaɓi na farko ba a cikin shekara ta 2017 zuwa 2018. Ya taka leda akai-akai a karkashin jagorancin Harry Redknapp a farkon kakar wasa, amma Steve Cotterill ya fi son Maxime Colin mai tsaron baya a dama, kuma a cikin kasuwar musayar 'yan wasa na Janairu shekarar 2018, an ba Nsue damar barin. Cyprus Nsue ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu da rabi tare da zakarun rukunin farko na Cypriot APOEL a cikin watan Janairu a shekara ta 2018; Ba a bayyana kudin ba. Ya tafi kai tsaye cikin farawa goma sha ɗaya don ziyarar Doxa a ranar 14 ga watan Janairu; kwallon da ya ci bayan mintuna 26 ita ce ta uku da Apoel ya ci a ci 8-0. Ya buga wasanni na 26 a cikin watanni 13 na farko tare da kulob din, kafin rikici da kocin Paolo Tramezzani ya kai ga soke kwangilarsa saboda dalilai na horo. Bayan shafe kakar shekara ta 2019 zuwa 2020 tare da wani kulob na Farko, Apollon Limassol, Nsue ya koma APOEL a watan Satumba a shekara ta 2020 akan kwantiragin shekara guda. Tuzla City Kasancewa wakili kyauta tun barin APOEL a ƙarshen kakar shekarar 2020 zuwa 2021, Nsue ya rattaba hannu kan kungiyar Tuzla City ta Bosnia a ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairu a shekara ta 2022 har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa. Ya buga wasansa na farko a kulob din a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, inda ya zo a madadinsa a rabin na biyu na wasan da suka tashi 1-1 a waje da abokan hamayyar Sloboda. A ranar 12 ga watan Maris a shekara ta 2022, ya ci kwallonsa ta farko ga Tuzla City a bayyanarsa ta hudu a wasan da suka doke Velež Mostar da ci 2–1 a waje a gasar Premier ta Bosnia. Watanni biyu kacal da shiga kulob din, Nsue ya bar Tuzla City a watan Afrilu a shekara ta 2022. Ayyukan kasa Spain Nsue ya wakilci ƙasarsa ta Spain a duk matakan ƙasa da shekaru. Ya kasance memba na tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 a gasar cin kofin Turai ta shekara ta 2006, amma ya ji rauni a wasansu na farko kuma bai sake shiga gasar ba. Ya fara duk wasanni biyar yayin da Spain ta kasa da shekara 19 ta lashe Gasar Cin Kofin Turai ta shekarar 2007, kuma ya sake kasancewa cikin tawagar da za ta buga gasar ta shekara mai zuwa Spain ta gaza tsallakewa zuwa matakin rukuni, bayan da ta sha kashi a hannun Jamus da HungaryA cewar rahoton fasaha na UEFA, "Daya daga cikin hotuna masu ban sha'awa na gasar ya fito ne daga dan wasan gaba Emilio Nsue wanda ya fusata da rashin damar da aka samu wanda ya buga minti na karshe (da Hungary) yana kuka." Ya zira kwallaye biyu a ragar Bulgaria da ci 4-0 a wasan rukuni na uku wanda ke nufin har yanzu sun cancanci shiga gasar cin kofin duniya na FIFA U-20 na shekarar 2009. Nsue ya buga wasanni biyu cikin uku na rukuni-rukuni, inda ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Tahiti da ci 8-0, kuma ya buga dukkan wasannin zagaye na 16 da Italiya ta fitar da Spain. Nsue ya fara buga wasan sa na kasa da shekara 21 a shekarar 2009. Ya kasance wani ɓangare na shekarar 2011 na gasar cin kofin Turai, amma ya bayyana sau ɗaya kawai, a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin a matakin rukuni a kan Jamhuriyar Czech. Equatorial Guinea Nsue ya ki amsa gayyatar da aka yi masa na wakiltar kasar mahaifinsa, Equatorial Guinea, a gasar cin kofin Afrika ta shekarar 2012, saboda yana so ya kasance cikin tawagar kasar Sipaniya a gasar Olympics, amma bai kai matakin karshe ba. A cikin Maris a shekara ta 2013, ya sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Equatoguinean, yana ba da kansa don halartar duk kiran kira da aka haɗa da shi, duk kuɗin da aka biya. Ya zira kwallo a wasansa na farko a Equatorial Guinea a wasan sada zumunci da ba a hukumance ba da Benin a ranar 21 ga watan Maris a shekara ta 2013; shi ne kyaftin din kungiyar kuma ya buga mintuna 45 na farko. Ya sake zama kyaftin a bayyanarsa ta farko, lokacin da ya ci hat-trick a wasan da suka doke Cape Verde da ci 4-3 a wasan neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya na shekarar 2014. Daga baya FIFA ta ayyana shi ba zai cancanci buga wasan ba da kuma wasan da za a buga, inda ta baiwa Cape Verde wasannin biyu da ci 3-0. Nsue ya zama kyaftin din tawagar Equatorial Guinea yayin da suka karbi bakunci kuma suka kare a gasar cin kofin Afrika na shekarar 2015. Ya zura kwallon farko a gasar a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Jamhuriyar Congo a ranar 17 ga watan Janairu a Estadio de Bata. Kididdigar sana'a/Aiki Kwallayensa na kasa Maki da sakamako sun nuna yadda Equatorial Guinea ta fara zura kwallo a raga. Rukunin maki ya ba da maki bayan burin Nsue. Girmamawa Spain U19 Gasar cin Kofin Turai na Under-19 2007 Spain U20 Wasannin Bahar Rum 2009 Spain U21 Gasar cin Kofin Turai na Under-21 2011 Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

52865

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmau%20al-Assad

Asmau al-Assad

Asma Fawaz al-Assad (née Akhras; an haife ta a ranar 11 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1975) ita ce Uwargidan Shugaban Siriya. An haife ta kuma ta girma a Landan ga iyayen Siriya, ta auri shugaban Siriya na 19 kuma na yanzu, Bashar al-Assad. Assad ta kammala karatu daga King's College London a 1996 tare da digiri na farko a kimiyyar kwamfuta da wallafe-wallafen Faransanci. Tana da aiki a banki na saka hannun jari kuma an shirya ta don fara MBA a Jami'ar Harvard lokacin da ta auri Bashar al-Assad a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2000. Ta yi murabus daga aikinta na banki na saka hannun jari bayan bikin auren ma'auratan kuma ta kasance a Siriya, inda aka haifi 'ya'yansu uku. A matsayinta na Uwargidan Shugaban kasa, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen aiwatar da kungiyoyin gwamnati da ke da alaƙa da ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a duk faɗin ƙasar a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin sake fasalin da aka dakatar saboda barkewar yakin basasar Siriya. Tare da mijinta Bashar, Asma an dauke ta daya daga cikin "manyan 'yan wasan tattalin arziki" a Siriya kuma tana kula da manyan bangarorin kasuwanci na Siriya, banki, sadarwa, dukiya da masana'antun teku. A sakamakon yakin basasar Siriya da ke gudana, rikici wanda ya fara a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, Assad yana ƙarƙashin takunkumin tattalin arziki da ya shafi manyan jami'an gwamnatin Siriya, yana mai da shi ba bisa ka'ida ba a Tarayyar Turai (EU) don samar mata da kayan aiki da taimakon kuɗi, don ta sami wasu kayayyaki, da kuma rage ikonta na tafiya a cikin EU. A Burtaniya, a halin yanzu tana cikin wani bincike na farko a cikin sashin laifukan yaki na 'yan sanda na Metropolitan tare da zarge-zargen da suka shafi "tsarin tsarin azabtarwa da kisan fararen hula, gami da amfani da makamai masu guba" da kuma tayar da ayyukan ta'addanci. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Assad Asma Fawaz Akhras a ranar 11 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1975 a Landan ga Fawaz Akheras, likitan zuciya a asibitin Cromwell, da matarsa Sahar Akhras (née Otri), diflomasiyya mai ritaya wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakatare na farko a Ofishin Jakadancin Siriya a Landan. Iyayenta Musulmai ne na Sunni kuma 'yan asalin Siriya ne, daga birnin Homs Ta girma a Acton, London, inda ta tafi makarantar sakandare ta Twyford Church of England sannan daga baya ta zama makarantar 'yan mata masu zaman kansu, Kwalejin Sarauniya, London. Ta kammala karatu daga King's College London a 1996 tare da digiri na farko na digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar kwamfuta. Ayyukan kudi Bayan kammala karatunta daga King's College London, ta fara aiki a matsayin mai sharhi kan tattalin arziki a Deutsche Bank Group a cikin sashen gudanar da kudade tare da abokan ciniki a Turai da Gabashin Asiya. A shekara ta 1998, ta shiga sashen banki na saka hannun jari na JP Morgan inda ta yi aiki a cikin ƙungiyar da ta ƙware a fannin kimiyyar halittu da kamfanonin magunguna. Ta yaba da kwarewarta ta banki tare da ba ta "tunani na nazari" da kuma ikon fahimtar] bangaren kasuwanci na gudanar da kamfani". Tana gab da neman MBA a Jami'ar Harvard lokacin da, a hutu a gidan kawunta a Damascus a shekara ta 2000, ta sake saduwa da Bashar al-Assad, abokiyar iyali. Bayan rasuwar Hafez al-Assad a watan Yunin 2000, Bashar ya zama shugaban kasa. Asma ta koma Siriya a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2000 kuma ta auri Bashar a watan Disamba na wannan shekarar. Aure ya ba mutane da yawa mamaki tunda babu rahotanni na kafofin watsa labarai game da soyayya da soyayya kafin bikin. Mutane da yawa sun fassara ƙungiyar a matsayin sulhu da alamar ci gaba zuwa ga gwamnatin sake fasalin yayin da Asma ta girma a Ƙasar Ingila kuma tana wakiltar yawancin Sunni, ba kamar Alawite Bashar ba. Bayan bikin auren, Asma ta yi tafiya a ko'ina cikin Siriya zuwa ƙauyuka 100 a cikin 13 daga cikin gwamnatocin Siriya 14 don yin magana da Siriya da kuma koyon inda ya kamata ta jagoranci manufofinta na gaba. Ta ci gaba da kirkirar tarin kungiyoyi da ke aiki a karkashin bangaren agaji na gwamnati, wanda ake kira Syria Trust for Development; kungiyoyin sun hada da FIRDOS (ƙananan bashi na karkara), SHABAB (ƙwarewar kasuwanci ga matasa), BASMA (taimaka yara da ke fama da ciwon daji), RAWAFED (ci gaban al'adu), Kungiyar Siriya don nakasassu, da Cibiyar Binciken Ci gaban Siriya, da nufin yin niyya ga al'ummomin karkara, ci gaban tattalin arziki, 'yan ƙasa masu nakasa, da ci gaban al'adun yara da mata, bi da bi da bi. Mafi sanannun sune cibiyoyin MASSAR da ta kirkira, wuraren da ke aiki a matsayin cibiyoyin al'umma don yara su koyi zama ɗan ƙasa. Saboda wannan aikin, ta sami wuri a matsayin daya daga cikin Mujallar Gabas ta Tsakiya ta 411 "Larabci mafi tasiri a Duniya". Manazarta Haɗin waje Vogue: A Rose in the Desert (article later withdrawn) at archive.today (archived 25 February 2011) Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan

23016

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanka

Fanka

Fanka wata Na'ura ce, wacce take bada iska ta hanyar amfani da maganaɗisu imma dai na wutan-lantarki (electricity) Ko na hasken-rana wato (soler system). Tarihi An yi amfani da punkah (aka fan) a Indiya a kusan 500 KZ. Fannonin hannu ne wanda aka yi daga bamboo tube ko wasu fiber na shuka, wanda za'a iya jujjuyawa ko fantsama don motsa iska. A lokacin mulkin Biritaniya, kalmar Anglo-Indiyawa ta fara amfani da ita da nufin wani babban fanfo mai lilo, wanda aka kafa a saman rufi kuma wani bawa mai suna punkawallah ya ja. Don dalilai na kwandishan, masanin daular Han kuma injiniya Ding Huan (a shekara ta 180 AZ) ya ƙirƙira injin jujjuyawar da hannu mai ƙafa bakwai wanda ya auna mita 3 (10 ft) a diamita; a cikin karni na 8, lokacin daular Tang (618-907), Sinawa sun yi amfani da wutar lantarki don jujjuya ƙafafun fanfo don sanyaya iska, yayin da injin rotary ya zama ruwan dare a lokacin daular Song (960-1279). A cikin karni na 17, gwaje-gwajen masana kimiyya ciki har da Otto von Guericke, Robert Hooke, da Robert Boyle, sun kafa ainihin ka'idodin vacuum da iska. Masanin gine-ginen Ingila Sir Christopher Wren ya yi amfani da tsarin iskar iska da wuri a cikin Majalisun Dokoki da ke amfani da bello don yaɗa iska. Zane na Wren zai zama mai haɓakawa da haɓakawa da yawa daga baya. Masoyan rotary na farko da aka yi amfani da su a Turai shine don samun iska a cikin karni na 16, kamar yadda Georg Agricola (1494-1555) ya kwatanta. John Theophilus Desaguliers, injiniyan dan Burtaniya, ya nuna nasarar yin amfani da tsarin fanfo don fitar da iska daga ma'adinan kwal a shekara ta 1727 kuma ba da jimawa ba ya shigar da irin wannan na'ura a majalisar. Kyakkyawan samun iska yana da mahimmanci musamman a mahakar ma'adinan kwal don rage masu fama da asphyxiation. Injiniyan farar hula John Smeaton, kuma daga baya John Buddle ya shigar da famfunan iska a cikin ma'adanai a Arewacin Ingila. Koyaya, wannan tsari bai yi kyau ba kamar yadda injinan ke da alhakin rushewa. Steam A cikin 1849 an yi wani fanti mai tuƙi mai nisan mita 6, wanda William Brunton ya tsara, ya fara aiki a Gelly Gaer Colliery na South Wales. An baje kolin samfurin a babban baje kolin na 1851. Haka kuma a shekara ta 1851 David Boswell Reid, wani likita dan kasar Scotland, ya sanya magoya baya guda hudu masu amfani da tururi a rufin Asibitin St George's da ke Liverpool, ta yadda matsin lambar da magoya bayan suka yi zai tilasta masu shigowa. iska zuwa sama da kuma ta matsuguni a cikin rufi. James Nasmyth, Bafaranshe Theophile Guibal, da J.R. Waddle ne suka inganta fasahar. Electrical Tsakanin 1882 zuwa 1886 Schuyler Wheeler ya ƙirƙira fanka mai amfani da wutar lantarki. Wani kamfani na Amurka Crocker Curtis Electric Motor Company ne ya tallata shi. A cikin 1885 wani fanin lantarki kai tsaye na tebur yana samun kasuwa ta Stout, Meadowcraft Co. a New York. A shekara ta 1882, Philip Diehl ya ƙirƙira fanni na farko da ke hawa saman rufin lantarki a duniya. A cikin wannan matsanancin lokaci na ƙirƙira, magoya bayan giya, mai, ko kananzir sun zama ruwan dare gama gari a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20. A shekara ta 1909, KDK na Japan ya fara ƙirƙira na'urorin lantarki da ake samarwa da yawa don amfanin gida. A cikin 1920s, ci gaban masana'antu ya ba da izinin samar da magoya bayan karfe a cikin nau'i-nau'i daban-daban, yana kawo farashin fan saukar da ƙyale masu gidaje masu yawa don samun su. A cikin 1930s, Emerson ne ya ƙera ƙwararren kayan ado na farko ("Silver Swan").A cikin 1940s, Crompton Greaves na Indiya ya zama mafi girma a duniya na masana'antar silin lantarki na musamman don siyarwa a Indiya, Asiya, da Gabas ta Tsakiya. A cikin shekarun 1950, tebur da masu sha'awar tsayawa an ƙera su cikin launuka masu haske da ɗaukar ido. Window da kwandishan na tsakiya a cikin 1960s ya sa kamfanoni da yawa dakatar da samar da fanfo, amma a tsakiyar shekarun 1970, tare da karuwar wayar da kan farashin wutar lantarki da yawan makamashin da ake amfani da su don zafi da sanyaya gidaje, juya. Magoya bayan rufin zamani masu salo na ƙarni sun sake zama sananne sosai a matsayin rukunin kayan ado da ingantaccen ƙarfi. A cikin 1998 William Fairbank da Walter K. Boyd sun ƙirƙira babban fan ɗin silin mai ƙaramin girma (HVLS), wanda aka ƙera don rage yawan kuzari ta hanyar amfani da dogayen ruwan fanfo suna juyawa cikin ƙaramin sauri don matsar da iskar da yawa. Ire-iren fanka Akwai fanka kala-kala kamar; Ta sama (ceilling fan) wannan itace mafi yawan fanka wacce ake amfani da ita agidaje musamman birane domin tana amfanine da wutan-lantarki kuma ana rataye tane a silin wato saman daki. Sai ta teburi (table fan) wannan ita ana ajiye tane akan teburi ko akasa gwargwadon yadda kake bukatar ta domin zamani ya kawo sauki yanzu haka anyi me chargi ga gudu domin aja hankalin mai siya. Sai tower fan itamadai ana ajiyetane akasa saboda tanada tsawo kuma tana matukar bada iska ako ina acikin daki kusurwa zuwa kusurwa tanada na'urar sarrafawa (remote control). Takan huro iska daga cikinta zuwa waje me matukar sanyi domin sanyayawa. Sai tsayayya (pedestal fan) itama kamar tower tanada remote control wanda zaibaka daman sarrafata yanda kake bukata kuma takan bada iska gaya kwarai. Exhaust fan fankace wacce ake amfani da ita wajen kayata bayin wanka. Ana amfani da itane domin tsane jiki idan mutum ya yi wanka ya tsane jikinsa. Wall mounted fan itace wacce ake sakawa ajikin bango saboda akan samu saman dakin mutun yayi sama ko kasa sosai to itace zabi na daidai ga kakan wannan matsalan. Misting fan tana amfanine wajen fitar da tsananin zafi musanman agu mai cunkoso ko taron jama'a domin tanada karfi sosai tayadda zata iya fitar da shi kuma tasamarda wani sabon iskan. Ta kasa (Floor fan) akanyi amfani da itane waje sanyaya iska adaki tanada kokari wajen samarda ingantaccen iska ga maigida. Akwai wacce ake cewa industrial fan wannan industrial fan anasatane ama'aikata wadanda suke a manyan injina domin sanyayasu kuma yanada matukar shan gas. Akwai hand fan itace ake sakawa ajakka wacce take anfani DA chaji 'yar karamace madaidaiciya kuma tana bada iska sosai. Ta tsaye (standing fan) akwai ta sama

31477

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raguwar%20Yawan%20Kwari

Raguwar Yawan Kwari

Bincike da yawa sun ba da rahoton raguwar yawan ƙwari. Mafi yawanci raguwar sun haɗa da raguwa da yawa, kodayake a wasu lokuta gabaɗayan nau'ikan ƙarin suna shuɗewa. Ragewar ba ta da nisa daga uniform. A wasu yankunan, an sami rahotannin karuwar yawan kwari, kuma wasu nau'ikan ƙwari suna da girma a duniya. Wasu daga cikin ƙwari da abin ya fi shafa sun hada da ƙudan zuma, malam buɗe ido, asu, beetles, dragonflies da damselflies. An ba da shedar ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙwari a cikin ƙarni na 20; Tunawa da abin da ya faru a fuskar iska misali ne. Dalilai masu yiwuwa suna kama da sauran asarar halittu, tare da binciken gano: lalata muhalli, gami da aikin gona mai zurfi amfani da magungunan kashe qwari (musamman magungunan kashe qwari haɓaka birane, da haɓaka masana'antu; gabatar da nau'in da sauyin yanayi. Ba duk umarni na kwari ke shafa ta hanya ɗaya ba; Ƙungiyoyi da yawa batutuwa ne na taƙaitaccen bincike, kuma alkaluma masu kwatanta daga shekarun da suka gabata ba sa samuwa. Dangane da raguwar da aka bayar, an ƙaddamar da ƙarin matakan kiyayewa masu alaƙa da kwari. A cikin 2018 gwamnatin Jamus ta ƙaddamar da "Shirin Ayyuka don Kariyar Kwari", kuma a cikin 2019 ƙungiyar 27 ƙwararru da masu ilimin halittu sun rubuta buɗaɗɗen wasiƙa suna kira ga kafa bincike a Burtaniya "don ba da damar bincike mai zurfi na Haƙiƙanin barazanar rushewar muhalli sakamakon raguwar kwari ba tare da bata lokaci ba”. Tarihi Rikodin burbushin halittu game da kwari ya kai shekaru daruruwan miliyoyin shekaru. Yana nuna akwai ci gaba da matakan baya na duka sabbin nau'ikan bayyanarwa da bacewa. Wani lokaci sosai, rikodin kuma yana bayyana yana nuna ɓarkewar ƙwari, waɗanda aka fahimci abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi ne ke haifar da su kamar ayyukan volcanic ko tasirin meteor. Lamarin bacewar Permian-Triassic ya ga mafi girman matakin gushewar ƙwari, kuma Cretaceous–Paleogene na biyu mafi girma. Bambance-bambancen kwari ya sake farfadowa bayan halakar da yawa, sakamakon lokutan da sabbin nau'ikan suka samo asali tare da karuwa mai yawa, kodayake farfaɗo wa na iya ɗaukar miliyoyin shekaru. Damuwa game da bacewar Holocene da ɗan adam ke haifarwa yana ƙaruwa tun ƙarshen ƙarni na 20, kodayake yawancin damuwar farko ba ta mai da hankali kan ƙwari ba. A cikin wani rahoto game da invertebrates na duniya, Ƙungiyar Zoological ta London ta ba da shawarar a cikin 2012 cewa yawan kwari ya ragu a duniya, yana shafar pollination da kayan abinci ga sauran dabbobi. An ƙiyasta cewa kusan kashi 20 cikin 100 na dukkan nau'in invertebrates suna fuskantar barazanar bacewa, kuma nau'in da ke da ƙarancin motsi da ƙananan jeri sun fi fuskantar haɗari. Nazarin gano raguwar ƙwari ya kasance shekaru da yawa-bincike guda ɗaya ya bi diddigin raguwa daga 1840 zuwa 2013-amma shine sake buga 2017 na nazarin ajiyar yanayi na Jamus wanda ya ga batun ya sami tartsatsi a kafofin watsa labarai. Ƴan jarida sun ba da rahoton raguwa tare da kanun labarai masu ban tsoro, gami da "Insect Apocalypse Masanin ilimin halittu Dave Goulson ya gaya wa The Guardian a cikin 2017: "Muna da alama muna yin fasfot ɗin ƙasar da ba su da kyau ga yawancin nau'ikan rayuwa, kuma a halin yanzu muna kan hanya don Armageddon Don yawancin karatu, abubuwa irin su yawa, biomass, da wadatar jinsuna galibi ana samun su suna raguwa ga wasu, amma ba duk wurare ba; wasu nau'ikan suna raguwa yayin da wasu ba sa. Ƙwarin da aka yi nazari ya kasance galibin malam buɗe ido da asu, kudan zuma, beetles, dragonflies, damselflies da dutsen dutse Kowane nau'in yana tasiri ta hanyoyi daban-daban ta hanyoyi daban-daban ta hanyar canje-canje a cikin muhalli,kuma ba za a iya la'akari da cewa ana samun raguwa mai yawa a cikin ƙungiyoyin kwari daban-daban. Lokacin da yanayi ya canza, wasu nau'ikan suna daidaitawa cikin sauƙi ga canjin yayin da wasu ke ƙoƙarin tsira. Sanarwar Maris 2019 ta ƙungiyar Entomological Society of America ta ce har yanzu ba a sami isassun bayanai da za su yi hasashen halakar kwari da ke kusa ba kuma wasu daga cikin hasashen da aka fitar na iya "an tsawaita da iyakokin bayanan ko kuma an wuce gona da iri. hyped". Ga wasu ƙungiyoyin ƙwari kamar wasu malam buɗe ido, asu, kudan zuma, da beetles, an sami raguwar yawa da bambancin a cikin binciken Turai. Waɗannan gabaɗaya sun haifar da tsarin faɗuwa gabaɗaya, amma akwai sauye-sauye ga nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan mutum ɗaya a cikin ƙungiyoyi. Misali, tsirarun asu na Biritaniya sun zama ruwan dare gama gari. Sauran yankuna sun nuna ƙaruwa a wasu nau'in kwari, kodayake ba a san halin da ake ciki a yawancin yankuna a halin yanzu ba. Yana da wahala a tantance abubuwan da ke faruwa na dogon lokaci a yawan kwari ko bambancin saboda ba a san ma'aunin tarihi ga nau'ikan nau'ikan da yawa ba. Robust bayanai don tantance yankunan da ke hadarin ko jinsin mutane ba su da wani yanki ne na Arctic da yankuna masu zafi da kuma mafi yawan hemisphere. Dalilai da sakamako Abubuwan da aka ba da shawara Ba a fahimci musabbabin raguwar yawan kwari ba. Wataƙila za su bambanta tsakanin ƙungiyoyin ƙwari daban-daban da yankuna na yanki. Abubuwan da ake zargin suna da mahimmanci sune lalata wuraren zama ta hanyar noma mai tsanani da ƙauyuka, amfani da magungunan kashe ƙwari, an gabatar da nau'in nau'i, sauyin yanayi, eutrophication daga taki, gurbacewa, da hasken wucin gadi Yin amfani da ƙarin adadin maganin kashe ƙwari da ciyawa a kan amfanin gona ya shafi ba kawai nau'in ƙwarin da ba a yi niyya ba, har ma da tsire-tsire da suke ciyarwa. Sauye-sauyen yanayi da shigar da nau'ikan halittu masu ban sha'awa da ke gogayya da na asali sun sanya nau'in ƴan asalin cikin damuwa, kuma a sakamakon haka suna iya fadawa cikin cututtuka da ƙwayoyin cuta. Tsire-tsire suna girma da sauri a gaban ƙarar CO 2 amma sakamakon yanayin shuka ya ƙunshi ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki. Yayin da wasu nau'ikan irin su ƙuda da kyankyasai na iya karuwa a sakamakon haka, an kiyasta jimillar ƙwayoyin kwari suna raguwa da kusan 0.9 zuwa 2.5% a kowace shekara. Tasiri Rage yawan ƙwarin yana shafar yanayin halittu, da sauran yawan dabbobi, gami da mutane Ƙwari suna kan "tsari da aikin tushe na yawancin halittun duniya." Wani nazari da aka yi a duniya na shekarar 2019 ya yi gargadin cewa, idan ba a sassauta ta da tsayuwar daka ba, raguwar za ta yi mummunar tasiri ga yanayin halittun duniya. Tsuntsaye da manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa waɗanda ke cin kwari na iya shafar kai tsaye ta hanyar raguwa. Rage yawan kwarin zai iya rage ayyukan muhallin da ke samarwa ta hanyar kwari masu fa'ida, kamar pollination na amfanin gona, da zubar da sharar halittu. A cewar Ƙungiyar Zoological ta Landan, baya ga irin wannan asarar ƙimar kayan aiki, raguwar kuma tana wakiltar hasarar raguwar darajar ainihin nau'in Shaida Ma'auni Ana amfani da ma'auni na musamman guda uku don kamawa da ba da rahoto kan raguwar ƙwari: Abundance a sauƙaƙe sanya jimlar adadin kwari ɗaya. Dangane da mahallin, yana iya komawa zuwa adadin ƙwari a cikin wani taro na musamman, a cikin yanki, ko jimillar kwari a duniya (ba tare da la'akari da wane nau'in mutane ke cikin ba). Biomass jimlar nauyin kwari (kuma ba tare da la'akari da nau'in ba). Diversity adadin extant nau'in kwari. Dangane da mahallin, raguwar rayayyun halittu na iya nufin wasu nau'ikan kwari sun ɓace a cikin gida, kodayake yana iya nufin nau'in sun ɓace gaba ɗaya a duk duniya. Yawancin binciken da aka yi na bin diddigin kwarin suna ba da rahoton yawa kawai, wasu kan biomass kawai, wasu akan duka biyun, amma duk da haka wasu suna ba da rahoto akan duk ma'auni uku. Bayanai kai tsaye da ke da alaƙa da asarar bambance-bambance a matakin duniya sun fi ƙarancin yawa fiye da raguwar yawa ko raguwar ƙwayoyin halitta. Ƙididdiga don asarar bambance-bambance a matakin duniya yakan haɗa da fitar da bayanai daga yawa ko bayanan halitta; yayin da wani lokaci bincike ya nuna bacewar wani nau'in kwari a cikin gida, ainihin ɓarnar da aka yi a duniya yana da ƙalubale don ganewa. A cikin bita na 2019, David Wagner ya lura cewa a halin yanzu bacewar Holocene yana ganin asarar nau'ikan dabbobi a kusan sau 100 1,000 na al'ada na duniya, kuma binciken daban-daban ya sami irin wannan, ko yuwuwa ma saurin halakar ƙwari ga ƙwari. Wagner ya yanke shawarar cewa mai tsanani ko da yake wannan hasarar rayayyun halittu shine, raguwar yalwar halittu ne zai sami mafi girman tasirin muhalli. Dangantaka tsakanin raguwar awo A ƙa'idar yana yiwuwa ma'auni uku su kasance masu zaman kansu. Misali raguwar ƙwayoyin halitta bazai ƙunshi raguwar yawa ko bambance-bambance ba idan duk abin da ke faruwa shine kwarin na yau da kullun yana ƙara ƙarami. A aikace ko da yake, yawa biomass suna da alaƙa da kusanci, yawanci suna nuna irin wannan matakin raguwa. Canji a cikin bambance-bambancen halittu sau da yawa, ko da yake ba koyaushe ba, daidai yake da sauran ma'auni guda biyu. Rothamsted Insect Survey, UK Rothamsted Insect Survey a Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Ingila, ya fara sa ido kan tarkon kwarin a cikin Burtaniya a cikin 1964. A cewar ƙungiyar, waɗannan sun samar da "mafi dacewa daidaitattun bayanai na dogon lokaci akan kwari a duniya". Tarkunan suna "hanzarin juye- sauyen Hoovers yana gudana 24/7, suna ci gaba da yin samfurin iska don ƙaura", a cewar James Bell, jagoran binciken, a cikin wata hira a cikin 2017 tare da mujallar Kimiyya Tsakanin 1970 da 2002, ƙwayar halittar ƙwarin da aka kama a cikin tarko ta ragu da sama da kashi biyu bisa uku a kudancin Scotland, ko da yake ta tsaya tsayin daka a Ingila. Masanan kimiyya sun yi hasashen cewa an riga an yi hasarar yawan kwari a Ingila a shekara ta 1970 (alkalumman da ke Scotland sun fi na Ingila da aka fara binciken), ko kuma aphids da sauran kwari sun karu a wurin idan babu masu farautarsu. Dirzo et al. 2014 Wani nazari na 2014 da Rodolfo Dirzo da sauransu a Kimiyya suka lura: "Daga cikin duk kwari tare da IUCN rubuce-rubucen yawan jama'a [203 nau'in kwari a cikin umarni biyar], 33% suna raguwa, tare da bambanci mai karfi tsakanin umarni." A cikin Burtaniya, "30 zuwa 60% na nau'ikan kowane tsari suna da raguwar jeri". Masu pollinators na kwari, "ana buƙatar kashi 75% na duk amfanin gonakin abinci na duniya", da alama "suna raguwa sosai a duniya a cikin yalwa da bambance-bambancen", wanda aka danganta a Arewacin Turai zuwa raguwar nau'in tsire-tsire da suka dogara da su. Binciken ya yi nuni da asarar ƙashin baya da invertebrates da ɗan Adam ya haifar a matsayin Defaunation Anthropocene". Nazarin Krefeld, Jamus A cikin 2013 Krefeld Entomological Society ya ba da rahoton "raguwa mai girma a cikin kwayoyin halittu na kwari" an kama shi a cikin tarkon malaise a cikin wuraren ajiyar yanayi 63 a Jamus (57 a Nordrhein-Westfalen, ɗaya a Rheinland-Pfalz da ɗaya a cikin Brandenburg Wani bincike da aka buga a cikin 2017 ya ba da shawarar cewa, a cikin 1989-2016, an sami raguwar yanayin yanayi na 76%, da raguwar lokacin bazara na 82%, a cikin biomass na kwari a cikin shekaru 27 na binciken. Ragewar ta kasance "bayyane ba tare da la'akari da nau'in mazauni ba" kuma ba za a iya bayyana shi ta hanyar "sauyin yanayi, amfani da ƙasa, da halayen wurin zama ba". Marubutan sun ba da shawarar cewa ba wai kawai malam buɗe ido, asu da kudan zuma na daji suna nuna raguwa ba, kamar yadda binciken da aka yi a baya ya nuna, amma "al'ummar ƙwari masu tashi gaba ɗaya". A cewar The Economist, binciken shine "na uku mafi yawan binciken kimiyya da aka ambata (na kowane nau'i) a cikin kafofin watsa labaru a cikin 2017". Masanin ilimin halittu na Burtaniya Simon Leather ya ce yana fatan rahotannin kafofin watsa labaru, bayan binciken, an yi karin gishiri game da "Armageddon na muhalli"; ya yi iƙirarin cewa Krefeld da sauran karatun ya kamata su zama faɗakarwa, kuma ana buƙatar ƙarin kudade don tallafawa karatun dogon lokaci. Marubutan binciken na Krefeld ba su iya danganta koma baya ga sauyin yanayi ko magungunan kashe kwari ba, in ji shi, amma sun ba da shawarar cewa an shiga aikin noma sosai. Yayin da yake amincewa da shawarar da suka yanke, ya yi gargadin cewa "bayanan sun dogara ne akan kwayoyin halitta, ba nau'in jinsi ba, kuma shafukan yanar gizon ba a ci gaba da yin samfurin ba kuma ba su da wakilci a duniya". Sakamakon Krefeld da sauran nazarin, gwamnatin Jamus ta kafa "Shirin Ayyuka don KariƘar Kwari". El Yunque National Forest, Puerto Rico Wani bincike na 2018 na El Yunque National Forest a Puerto Rico ya ba da rahoton raguwa a cikin arthropods, da kuma lizards, frogs, da tsuntsaye nau'in cin kwari bisa ma'auni a 1976 da 2012. Masanin ilimin halitta dan kasar Amurka David Wagner ya kira binciken a matsayin "kira" da "daya daga cikin labaran da suka fi tayar da hankali" da ya taba karantawa. Masu binciken sun ba da rahoton "asara na kwayoyin halitta tsakanin kashi 98% zuwa 78% na kiwo na ƙasa da kuma arthropods a cikin shekaru 36, tare da asarar shekara tsakanin 2.7% da 2.2%". An danganta raguwa da hauhawar matsakaicin zafin jiki; nau'in ƙwari na wurare masu zafi ba za su iya jurewa yanayin zafi da yawa ba. Babban marubucin, Brad Lister, ya gaya wa The Economist cewa masu binciken sun kadu da sakamakon: "Ba za mu iya yarda da sakamakon farko ba. Na tuna [a cikin 1970s] malam buɗe ido a ko'ina bayan ruwan sama. A ranar farko da baya [a cikin 2012], na ga da kyar." Netherlands da Switzerland A cikin 2019 binciken da Statistics Netherlands da Vlinderstichting (Yaren mutanen Holland Butterfly Conservation) na lambobin malam buɗe ido a cikin Netherlands daga 1890 zuwa 2017 ya ba da rahoton an ƙiyasta raguwar kashi 84 cikin ɗari. Lokacin da aka bincika ta nau'in mazaunin, an gano yanayin ya daidaita a cikin ciyayi da gandun daji a cikin 'yan shekarun nan amma raguwa ya ci gaba a cikin ƙasa An danganta raguwar ta ne sakamakon sauye-sauyen amfani da filaye saboda ingantattun hanyoyin noma wanda ya haifar da raguwar ciyawa. Haɓaka kwanan nan a wasu al'ummomi da aka rubuta a cikin binciken an danganta su da canje-canjen (mai kiyayewa) a cikin kula da ƙasa don haka haɓakar mazaunin da ya dace. Wani rahoto da Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyyar Halitta ta Switzerland ta fitar a watan Afrilun 2019 ya ba da rahoton cewa kashi 60 cikin 100 na ƙwarin da aka yi nazari a Switzerland na cikin haɗari, galibi a wuraren noma da na ruwa; cewa an sami raguwar kashi 60 cikin 100 na tsuntsaye masu cin kwari tun 1990 a yankunan karkara; kuma an bukaci daukar matakin gaggawa don magance musabbabin. 2019 Sánchez-Bayo da Wyckhuys bita Wani bita na 2019 da Francisco Sánchez-Bayo da Kris AG Wyckhuys suka yi a cikin mujallar Kariyar Halittu ta yi nazarin binciken ƙwaro na dogon lokaci guda 73 waɗanda suka nuna raguwa, galibinsu a Amurka da Yammacin Turai. Yayin da aka lura da ƙaruwar yawan jama'a ga wasu nau'in ƙwari a wasu yankuna na musamman, marubutan sun ba da rahoton asarar 2.5% na kwayoyin halitta a kowace shekara. Sun rubuta cewa bita "ya bayyana raguwar raguwar ban mamaki wanda zai iya haifar da bacewar 40% na nau'in kwari a duniya a cikin ƴan shekarun da suka gabata", ƙarshe da aka kalubalanci. Sun lura da gazawar bita, wato binciken ya fi mayar da hankali ne kan rukunin kwari masu shahara (malabari da asu, ƙudan zuma, dodanniya da ƙwaro); An yi kaɗan akan ƙungiyoyi kamar Diptera (ƙuda), Orthoptera (wanda ya haɗa da ciyawa da crickets da Hemiptera (irin su aphids bayanai daga baya wanda za a iya ƙididdige abubuwan da ke faruwa ba su da yawa; kuma bayanan da ke wanzu galibi suna da alaƙa da Yammacin Turai da Arewacin Amurka, tare da tropics da kudancin kogin (manyan wuraren ƙwari) ba su da wakilci. An yi tambaya kan hanyoyin da harshe mai ƙarfi na bita. Mahimman kalmomi da aka yi amfani da su don binciken bayanan wallafe-wallafen kimiyya sune [kwari da [raguwa [bincike], wanda yawanci ya mayar da binciken gano raguwa, ba ƙaruwar ba. Sánchez-Bayo ya amsa cewa kashi biyu bisa uku na binciken da aka yi bitar sun fito ne daga wajen binciken bayanai. David Wagner ya rubuta cewa yawancin bincike sun nuna "babu wani gagarumin canje-canje a cikin lambobin ƙwari ko haɗari", duk da nuna rashin amincewa da "binciken da ba shi da mahimmanci". A cewar Wagner, babban kuskuren takardun shine daidaitawa "40% raguwar yanayin ƙasa ko yawan jama'a daga ƙananan ƙasashe masu yawan jama'a da kusan rabin ko fiye na ƙasarsu a aikin noma zuwa 'kashe kashi 40% na nau'in ƙwari a duniya fiye da yadda ya kamata. shekaru masu zuwa." Ya rubuta cewa bacewar kashi 40 cikin 100 zai kai asarar kusan nau'ikan miliyan 2.8, yayin da kasa da nau'in kwari 100 aka san sun bace. Duk da yake gaskiya ne cewa kwari suna raguwa, ya rubuta, bita ba ta ba da shaida don tabbatar da ƙarshe ba. Sauran sukar sun haɗa da cewa marubutan sun danganta raguwa da wasu barazana ta musamman dangane da nazarin da suka yi bitar, ko da kuwa waɗannan binciken sun nuna kawai barazanar maimakon bayyana su a fili. Masanin ilimin halittu na Biritaniya Georgina Mace ya yarda cewa bitar ba ta da cikakkun bayanai da ake buƙata don tantance halin da ake ciki, amma ta ce yana iya yin la'akari da ƙimar raguwar ƙwari a cikin wurare masu zafi A cikin kimanta tsarin nazarin, edita a cikin Halittar Halittar Duniya ta Duniya ta bayyana cewa, "Binciken wallafe-wallafen marasa son rai har yanzu zai sami raguwa, amma ƙiyasin da aka danganta da wannan hanya ta 'unidirectional' ba ta tabbata ba. Komon et al. an yi la'akari da binciken "mai faɗakarwa ta hanyar mummunan ƙira" saboda da'awar da ba ta da tushe da al'amurran da suka shafi hanyoyin da suka lalata ingantaccen kimiyyar kiyayewa. Sun bayyana abin da ake kira ɓarna a cikin binciken yana wakiltar asarar nau'ikan a takamaiman wurare ko yankuna, kuma bai kamata a fitar da su azaman bacewa a ma'auni mafi girma na yanki. Sun kuma lissafta cewa an yi amfani da nau'ikan IUCN Red List ba daidai ba kamar yadda kwari ba su da wani bayani game da raguwar yanayin da aka rarraba su azaman samun raguwar 30% daga marubutan binciken. Simmons et al. Har ila yau, yana da damuwa game da sharuddan bincike na bita, ra'ayi na yanki, ƙididdige ƙimar ƙarewa, da ƙima mara kyau na direbobi na canjin jama'a yana bayyana yayin da yake "bita mai amfani na raguwar yawan kwari a Arewacin Amirka da Turai, bai kamata a yi amfani da shi azaman shaida ba. yanayin yawan ƙwari na duniya da kuma barazanar." Rahoton kima na duniya game da bambancin halittu da sabis na muhalli Platform na Kimiyya-Tsarin Manufofin Gwamnati akan Diversity da Sabis na Muhalli ya ba da rahoton kimarta game da bambancin halittun duniya a cikin 2019. Takaitaccen bayaninsa game da rayuwar ƙwari shine "Ba a san yanayin duniya na yawan ƙwari ba amma an sami saurin raguwa a wasu wurare. Sau da yawa ana ba da rahoton raguwar yawan kwari a cikin gida irin su kudan zuma na daji da malam buɗe ido, kuma yawan kwari ya ragu da sauri a wasu wuraren ko da ba tare da an sami sauyi mai yawa na amfanin ƙasa ba, amma ba a san girman irin wannan raguwar a duniya ba. Matsakaicin nau'in ƙwari da ke barazanar bacewa shine babban rashin tabbas, amma akwai shaidun da ke goyan bayan ƙiyasin 10 bisa ɗari." van Klink et al. 2020 Wani bincike-bincike na 2020 na van Klink da sauransu, wanda aka buga a cikin mujallar Kimiyya, ya gano cewa kwari a duniya suna raguwa da yawa a cikin kusan kashi 9% a cikin shekaru goma, yayin da yawan ƙwari na ruwa ya bayyana yana ƙaruwa da 11. a kowace shekara goma. Binciken ya yi nazarin nazarin dogon lokaci guda 166, wanda ya ƙunshi shafuka 1676 daban-daban a duk faɗin duniya. Ya sami bambance-bambance masu yawa a cikin raguwar kwari dangane da yankin marubutan sun ɗauki wannan alamar bege, kamar yadda ya nuna abubuwan gida, gami da ƙoƙarin kiyayewa, na iya yin babban bambanci. Labarin ya bayyana cewa karuwar kwarin na iya kasancewa a wani bangare na ƙoƙarin tsaftace tafkuna da koguna, kana kuma yana iya alaka da dumamar yanayi da bunƙasar samar da kayan aiki na farko sakamakon karuwar kayan abinci mai gina jiki. Duk da haka, zaɓin bayanai da hanyoyin da ke cikin labarin an soki su a cikin haruffa e-wasiku hudu a Kimiyya, wani sharhin fasaha da aka buga a Kimiyya da kuma ra'ayi daya da aka buga a Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Ruwa. Crossley et al. 2020 A cikin takarda na 2020 a cikin mujallar Nature Ecology Evolution wanda ya yi nazarin ƙwari da sauran arthropods a duk wuraren Binciken Muhalli na Tsawon Lokaci (LTER) a cikin Amurka, marubutan sun sami raguwa, wasu suna ƙaruwa, amma gabaɗaya ƙarancin asara a cikin arthropod yawa ko bambancin. Wannan binciken ya sami ɗan bambanta a wuri, amma gabaɗaya lambobi masu tsayi na kwari. Kamar yadda aka gani a cikin takarda, marubutan ba su yi wani zaɓi na fifiko na arthropod taxa ba. Maimakon haka, sun gwada hasashe cewa idan raguwar arthropod ya kasance mai yawa, za a gano shi a cikin shirye-shiryen kulawa da ba a tsara su ba don neman raguwa. Suna ba da shawarar cewa jimlar adadin kwari sun bambanta amma gabaɗaya ba su nuna wani canji ba. Duk da haka, an soki tsarin labarin a cikin labaran biyu na "Al'amura Tashi" a cikin Halittu Ecology da Juyin Halitta, saboda ya kasa yin la'akari da canje-canje a cikin samfurin wuri da kuma ƙoƙarin samfurin a shafukan LTER da kuma tasirin yanayin gwaji, yana da rashin daidaituwa a cikin tsarin tsarin bayanai kuma ya dogara da ƙarancin ƙididdiga na ƙididdiga. Tabbataccen shaida Waɗanda suka tuno da alama mafi girman yawan kwari sun bayar da shaida ta ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan a ƙarni na 20. Masanin ilimin halitta Simon Fata ya tuna cewa, a cikin 1970s, tagogin gidajen Yorkshire da ya ziyarta a zagayen takardan safiya da safe za su kasance "an lullube su da asu damisa" wanda hasken gidan ke jan hankali a cikin dare. Asu na damisa a yanzu sun bace sosai daga yankin. Wani labari da masanin muhalli Michael McCarthy ya sake tunawa game da bacewar "haɗarin dusar ƙanƙara asu", abin da aka saba gani a Burtaniya a cikin 1970s da baya. Guguwar dusar ƙanƙara asu ta faru ne lokacin da asu suka taru da yawa da za su iya fitowa kamar guguwa a cikin fitilun mota. Wani bincike na 2019 da Mongabay na masana ilimin halittu 24 da ke aiki a nahiyoyi shida ya gano cewa a kan sikelin 0 zuwa 10, tare da 10 mafi muni, duk masanan kimiyyar sun ƙididdige tsananin raguwar ƙwayar a matsayin tsakanin 8-10. Lamarin da ya faru na gilashin gilashin mota gilashin mota da aka rufe da matattun kwari bayan ko da ɗan gajeren tafiya ta cikin yankunan karkara a Turai da Arewacin Amirka da alama ma sun ɓace; a cikin karni na 21st, direbobi sun gano cewa za su iya tafiya duk lokacin rani ba tare da lura da shi ba. John Rawlins, shugaban invertebrate zoology a Carnegie Museum of Natural History, ya yi hasashe a cikin 2006 cewa ƙarin ƙirar motar motsa jiki na iya bayyana canjin. Masanin ilimin halittu Martin Sorg ya gaya wa Kimiyya a cikin 2017: "Ina tuka Land Rover, tare da yanayin iska na firiji, kuma kwanakin nan yana da tsabta." Rawlins ya kara da cewa, kasa kusa da manyan tituna masu saurin gaske ta zama mafi kyawu don haka ba ta da kyau ga kwari. A shekara ta 2004 kungiyar Royal Society for the Protection of Birds ta shirya babban kididdigar bug, ta ba da "splatometers" ga masu aikin sa kai kimanin 40,000 don taimakawa wajen kirga adadin ƙwarin da ke ƙaro da lambobin su Sun sami matsakaita na ƙwari guda ɗaya a cikin mil 5 (8 km), wanda bai kai yadda ake tsammani ba. liyafa Martani A cikin Maris 2019 Chris D. Thomas da sauran masana kimiyya sun rubuta a cikin martani ga tsinkayar "Insectageddon" na Sánchez-Bayo, "muna nuna girmamawa ga cewa lissafin mutuwar kwari na iya zama dan karin gishiri". Sun yi kira da a yi “tunanin haɗin gwiwa” don mayar da martani ga raguwar ƙwari, tare da samun ƙwaƙƙwaran bayanai fiye da yadda ake samu a halin yanzu. Sun yi gargadin cewa yawan mayar da hankali kan rage amfani da magungunan kashe qwari ba zai yi tasiri ba domin ƙwarin sun riga sun haifar da asarar kashi 35 cikin 100 na amfanin gona, wanda zai iya haura zuwa kashi 70 cikin 100 idan ba a yi amfani da magungunan kashe qwari ba. Idan an rama asarar amfanin amfanin gona ta hanyar faɗaɗa ƙasar noma tare da sare bishiyoyi da sauran lalata wuraren zama, zai iya tsananta raguwar kwari. A cikin Burtaniya, masana ilimin halittu 27 da masana ilimin halitta sun sanya hannu kan wata buɗaɗɗiyar wasiƙa zuwa ga The Guardian a cikin Maris 2019, suna kira ga kafa binciken Birtaniyya da su binciki raguwar. Waɗanda suka sanya hannu sun hada da Simon Fata, Stuart Reynolds (tsohon shugaban kungiyar Royal Entomological Society John Krebs da John Lawton (dukansu tsoffin shugabannin Hukumar Binciken Muhalli na Halitta Paul Brakefield, George McGavin, Michael Hassell, Dave Goulson, Richard Harrington (edita). na mujallar Royal Entomological Society, Antenna Kathy Willis da Jeremy Thomas A cikin Afrilun 2019, don mayar da martani ga binciken da aka yi game da raguwar kwari, Carol Ann Duffy ta fitar da ƙasidu da yawa, da kanta da sauransu, don nuna ƙarshen wa'adinta na matsayin mawaƙin Burtaniya da kuma yin daidai da zanga-zangar a wannan watan ta ƙungiyar masu fafutukar kare muhalli. Mawakan sun hada da Fiona Benson, Imtiaz Dharker, Matthew Hollis, Michael Longley, Daljit Nagra, Alice Oswald, da Denise Riley Gudunmawar Duffy ita ce "Kudan zuman Dan Adam". Hanyoyin magancewa Yawancin yunƙurin duniya na riƙe nau'ikan halittu a matakin ƙasa ana ba da rahoto ga Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a zaman wani ɓangare na Yarjejeniyar Bambancin Halittu Rahotanni yawanci suna bayyana manufofi don hana asarar bambance-bambancen gabaɗaya, kamar adana wuraren zama, maimakon ƙayyadaddun matakan kare takamaiman haraji. Masu yin pollin sune babban keɓanta ga wannan, tare da ƙasashe da yawa suna ba da rahoton ƙoƙarin rage raguwar ƙwari da suke yi. Bayan 2017 Krefeld da sauran karatu, ma'aikatar muhalli ta Jamus, BMU, ta fara shirin Aiki don Kariyar Kwari Aktionsprogramm Insektenschutz Manufar su sun haɗa da haɓaka wuraren zama na kwari a cikin yanayin noma, da rage amfani da magungunan kashe ƙwari, gurɓataccen haske, da gurɓataccen ƙasa a cikin ƙasa da ruwa. Wani bincike ya nuna cewa abubuwan da suka fi tasiri, wadanda za a iya magance su, su ne asara da gurbacewar muhalli, magungunan kashe kwari, da sauyin yanayi. Ya ba da shawarar kafa manufofi ta hanyar gwamnatoci a kowane mataki a duniya waɗanda ke magance waɗannan ta hanya mai ma'ana. Gane matsayin arthropods A cikin takarda na 2019, masana kimiyya sun jera bincike 100 da wasu nassoshi da ke nuna cewa kwari na iya taimakawa wajen cimma burin ci gaba mai dorewa (SDG) wanda Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta amince da shi a cikin 2015. Sun bayar da hujjar cewa, ya kamata al'ummar duniya masu tsara manufofinta su ci gaba da sauye-sauye daga ganin kwari a matsayin abokan gaba, zuwa kallon da ake yi wa kwari a matsayin "masu samar da ayyukan muhalli", kuma ya kamata su ci gaba da kallon ƙwari a matsayin "maganin SDGs" (kamar su. amfani da su azaman abinci da sarrafa kwaro na halitta Jama'a a ƙasashe da yawa ba su san fa'idodi da ayyukan da ƙwari ke bayarwa ba, kuma mummunan ra'ayi game da ƙwari ya yaɗu. Gilashin daji A wani tsiri ne na ƙasar da aka shuka tare da tsaba na nau'in tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire masu rarrafe-da kuma nau'in furanni masu pollinator, yawanci a gefen filin noma, wanda aka yi niyya don ci gaba da ɗimbin halittu na gida, adana ƙwari, maido da tsuntsayen gonaki da kuma magance mummunan sakamakon haɓaka aikin noma. Rage amfani da magungunan kashe ƙwari Bayan dakatar da asarar wurin zama da rarrabuwa da iyakance canjin yanayi, ana buƙatar rage amfani da magungunan kashe qwari don kiyaye yawan kwari. An gano magungunan kashe qwari da nisa daga tushen aikace-aikacensu da kuma wajabcin kawar da amfani da magungunan kashe ƙwari da doka ta ba da izini, da kuma rage yawan amfani da magungunan kashe qwari, na iya amfanar ƙwari sosai. Matakan da suka danganci abinci noma na iya zama mafita. Lambu da ilimi Ƙungiyar Entomological Society of America ta ba da shawarar cewa mutane suna kula da bambancin tsire-tsire a cikin lambunansu kuma su bar "mazauni na halitta, kamar ganyayen ganye da matattun itace". Ƙungiyar Xerces ƙungiya ce ta muhalli ta Amurka wacce ke yin haɗin gwiwa tare da hukumomin tarayya da na jihohi, masana kimiyya, masu ilimi, da ƴan ƙasa don haɓaka kiyaye invertebrates, bincike mai amfani, bayar da shawarwari, wayar da kan jama'a da ilimi. Ayyukan da ke ci gaba da gudana sun haɗa da gyara wuraren zama ga nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari, wayar da kan jama'a game da mahimmancin masu yin pollin na asali, da maido da kiyaye magudanan ruwa. Sun kasance suna yin ƙidayar godiya ta Sarkin Yamma wanda ya haɗa da lura daga masu sa kai tsawon shekaru 22. An ba da shawarar cewa "Saboda kwari da yawa suna buƙatar ɗan sarari don tsira, har ma da juzu'in juzu'i na lawns zuwa ciyayi kaɗan da ke damun ciyayi ka ce 10% na iya ba da gudummawa sosai ga kiyayewar ƙwari, yayin da lokaci guda rage farashin kiyaye lawn". An ba da shawarar ƙarin ɗaukar hoto. Yankunan maƙewa Yankunan da ke kewaye da wuraren ajiyar yanayi inda aka rage amfani da magungunan kashe qwari an ba da shawarar shigar da su cikin matakan kariya. Masana kimiyya da suka ba da shawarar wannan matakin sun gudanar da wani bincike na fage a Jamus kuma sun gano cewa samfuran kwari a waɗannan yankuna sun gurɓata da 16 magungunan kashe ƙwari a matsakaici, daidai da yankin da ake noman noma a cikin radius na kilomita 2. Rushewar nazarin ƙwari Ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da binciken da aka yi a cikin raguwa ya iyakance shi ne cewa ilimin ilimin halitta da ilimin lissafi suna cikin raguwa. A taron 2019 Entomology Congress, babban masanin ilimin halitta Jürgen Gross ya ce "mu kanmu nau'in halittu ne" yayin da Wolfgang Wägele ƙwararre kan ilimin dabbobi ya ce "a cikin jami'o'in mun yi asarar kusan dukkanin masana". Gabaɗaya darussan nazarin halittu a kwaleji suna ba da kulawa ga kwari, kuma adadin masanan ilimin halitta waɗanda ke ƙware a ilimin halittar ɗan adam yana raguwa yayin da ƙwarewa kamar ilimin halittar jini ke haɓaka. Bugu da kari, binciken da ke gudanar da bincike kan koma bayan da aka yi ana yin shi ne ta hanyar tattara ƙwari da kashe su cikin tarko, wanda ke haifar da matsalar da'a ga masu kiyayewa. Manazarta Ci gaba da karatu "Shaidar baka: Lafiyar Duniya, HC 1803" Kwamitin Zaɓar Muhalli, House of Commons (Birtaniya), 12 Fabrairu 2019. "Zum Insektenbestand in Deutschland: Reaktionen von Fachpublikum und Verbänden auf eine neue Studie" Wissenschaftliche Dienste, Deutscher Bundestag (Majalisar dokokin Jamus), 13 Nuwamba 2017. 9781324006602 Halitta Halittu Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

12125

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort%20Saint%20Anthony

Fort Saint Anthony

Fort Saint Anthony Fotigal Forte de Santo António Yaren mutanen Holland Fort St. Anthony) birni ne wanda Fotigal ta gina a shekara ta alif 1515 kusa da garin Axim, a yanzu kasar ta Ghana ce. A cikin 1642, Yaren mutanen Holland ya kwace sansanin soja kuma daga ya mai da shi bangare na Dutch Gold Coast. Yaren mutanen Holland sun fadada sansanin soja da yawa kafin su jiya shi, tare da ragowar mulkin mallaka, ga Birtaniyya a cikin 1872 Ginin yanzu shine mallakar jihar Ghana kuma yana budewa ga jama'a. Kamar yadda yamma Fort na Yaren mutanen Holland mallaka, Fort Saint Anthony shi ne na farko Fort ci karo da Yaren mutanen Holland yan kasuwa, da kuma wurin da tattalinsu, kuma sabo ruwa da aka dauka a. Fort Saint Anthony zauna wani muhimmin Fort a cikin Yaren mutanen Holland mallaka, tare da kwamandan na aiki a matsayin babban kwamishina (Yaren mutanen Holland: cin nasara a majalisar) a masarautar mulkin mallaka a Elmina, tare da kwamandan Fort Nassau a Moree, kwamandan Fort Crèvecoeur a Accra, da kwamandan masana'antar a Ouidah, a Yankin Ku bauta na Yaren mutanen Holland Ya bambanta da sauran abubuwan Dutch masu yawa a kan Gold Coast, Fort Saint Anthony ba a taɓa barin shi ba a cikin karni na 19, kuma ya kasance yana kasancewa har zuwa 1872. Tarihi Sakamakon karance-karancen karatun tarihin adabin na Portugal na karni na sha shida, ba a san ƙarami game da farkon shekarun Fort Saint Anthony da kuma dalilin Bafarangujin su zauna da kansu a Axim ba, duk da cewa muradin sarrafa cinikin zinare a yankin alama mai ma'ana dalili. Shaida ta farko game da shiga Portugal a kusa da Axim shine wasika daga gwamnan Elmina zuwa ga Sarkin Fotugal daga 1503, don aika kayan gini zuwa kyaftin Diogo d'Alvarenga, wanda ke kula da ginin "Gidan Axem. Bayan mutanen yankin sun lalata wannan gidan, Fotigal ɗin ya gina sabon matsayi a ɗan gabas fiye da nesa, mai yiwuwa ne a wurin da har yanzu Fort Saint Anthony yake tsaye. Ya bambanta da sauran makabartun da ke Gold Coast, ikon kwamandan Fort Saint Anthony ya kai nesa da birni mai kyau da kuma garin Axim. A cikin yarjejeniyar Axim wanda Netherlands ta sanya hannu a 1642 tare da mutanen gari bayan cin nasarar Saint Anthony daga Fotigal a shekara guda, sun ce suna da iko game da wasu ƙauyuka da ke kewaye da Axim, suna nuna cewa sun gaji wannan ikon daga da Fotigal. Bugu da kari, a watan Nuwamba 1656, bisa bukatar Buƙatar Janar Jan Valckenburgh, an gabatar da sanarwar ta wakilai na Gyommre, "Abripiquem," Ankobra, Ebokro, Axim da "Encasser," waɗanda suka ayyana su majiɓinta ne. tun a tarihi, kuma a koyaushe sukan sa rigimarsu a gaban kwamandan Fort Saint Anthony a Axim. Babban yankin ikon yin tunanin shine sakamakon yunƙurin Portuguese a farkon karni na 17 don dawo da ikon su a cikin kasuwancin zinari wanda a cikin 'yan shekarun nan Dutch ta ƙwace ta ta hanyar samun dama kai tsaye ga tushen kasuwancin zinari a ciki. A shekara ta 1623, Fotigal ta kafa wani katanga mai kyau a Kogin Ankobra, mai tazarar kilomita 20 daga Axim, kusa da ƙauyen Bamianko na yanzu, daga nan suka kafa ma'adinin zinare a kan Dutsen Aboasi, kimanin kilomita takwas daga wannan hanyar. Bayan da Dutch ta ci Axim, suka karɓi ƙoƙarin Portuguese don sarrafa kasuwancin gwal a ciki. Koyaya, ginin da suka gina don wannan dalili akan Kogin Ankobra, Fort Ruychaver, kwamandan shi ne ya buge shi bayan shekaru biyar bayan ginin sa, bayan rikici tsakanin sa da mutanen gari. Bayan da Dutch West India Company rasa ta kenkenewa a kan cinikin bayi a 1730, shi kokarin samar da auduga plantations a Axim. [1] Babban kwamandan Fort Saint Anthony ya ci gaba da samun ikon yin shari'a a kan jihohin da aka ambata tun daga karni na 19. Lokacin da a ƙarshen 1850s Yaren mutanen Holland suka sake yin kwalliyar kayansu a kan Gold Coast zuwa cikin gundumomi kuma sun umurce kwamandojinsu-yanzu ake kira "mazauna" don yin rahoto game da mutanen da ke ƙarƙashin ikonta, mazaunin Fort Saint Anthony, Julius Vitringa Coulon, haƙiƙa ya zana taswira wanda ke nuna ikon yin kama da wanda Valckenburgh ya ayyana. 3D Model A cikin 2013, Zamani Project ya wallafa Fort Saint Anthony tare da yin binciken 3D na laser 3D. Researchungiyar binciken da ba ta riba ba daga Jami'ar Cape garin (Afirka ta Kudu) ƙwararre ne a cikin takaddun 3D na kayan tarihin al'adun gargajiya Bayanan da aka samo daga Zamani na Zamani yana kirkirar rikodin dindindin wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don bincike, ilimi, maidowa da kiyayewa. A 3D model, panorama yawon shakatawa da kuma tsare-tsaren na Fort Saint Anthony suna samuwa a kan www.zamaniproject.org Hoto Bayanan kula

48284

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haramta%20jakar%20Leda

Haramta jakar Leda

Haramta kamar Leda doka ce da ke ƙuntata amfani da jakar ledoji na filastik mai sauƙi a wuraren sayarwa. A farkon ƙarni na 21, an sami yanayin duniya game da fitowar jaka na filastik masu sauƙi. Takalma na sayen filastik guda ɗaya, wanda aka saba yi daga filastik mai ƙarancin polyethylene (LDPE), an ba da su kyauta ga abokan ciniki ta hanyar shagunan yayin sayen kayayyaki: an daɗe ana ɗaukar jaka a matsayin hanyar da ta dace, mai arha, da tsabta don jigilar abubuwa. Matsalolin da ke tattare da jakunkunan filastik sun haɗa da amfani da albarkatun da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba (kamar mai, gas da kwal), matsaloli yayin zubar, da tasirin muhalli. A lokaci guda tare da raguwa a cikin jaka na filastik mai sauƙi, shagunan sun gabatar da jaka na cin kasuwa masu amfani. Gwamnatoci daban-daban sun haramta sayar da jaka masu sauƙi, cajin kwastomomi don jaka masu sauƙi. Gwamnatin Bangladesh ita ce ta farko da ta yi hakan a shekara ta 2002, inda ta sanya haramtacciyar haramtacciya a kan jakunkunan filastik masu sauƙi. Tsakanin 2010 da 2019, yawan manufofin jama'a da aka nufa don fitar da jakunkunan filastik sun ninka sau uku. Ya zuwa 2022, an kuma gabatar da irin wannan haramcin a cikin kasashe 99, tare da matakai daban-daban na tilasta, kuma kasashe 32 a maimakon haka suna sanya caji ga jaka. Har ila yau, wasu hukunce-hukunce a matakin kasa sun kafa haramtacciya da cajin. Tambayoyi Takalma na filastik suna haifar da ƙananan batutuwan muhalli da muhalli. Matsalar da ta fi dacewa tare da jakunkunan filastik shine adadin sharar da aka samar. Yawancin jakunkunan filastik sun ƙare a kan tituna kuma daga baya sun gurɓata manyan hanyoyin ruwa, koguna, da rafi. Ko da lokacin da aka zubar da su yadda ya kamata, suna ɗaukar shekaru da yawa don lalacewa da rushewa, suna samar da adadi mai yawa na shara a tsawon lokaci. Takalma da ba a zubar da su yadda ya kamata sun gurɓata hanyoyin ruwa, an toshe magudanar ruwa kuma an samo su a cikin teku, suna shafar yanayin halittu na halittu na ruwa. Babban adadin sharar filastik ya ƙare a cikin teku a kowace shekara, yana haifar da barazana ga nau'in ruwa da rushewa ga jerin abinci na ruwa. Yawancin nau'o'in microbial suna mamayewa a kan barbashi na filastik wanda ke inganta cutar su, kuma barbashi na roba da iska ke fitarwa suna samar da wuraren shara a sassa daban-daban na teku. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kiyasta cewa za a sami filastik fiye da kifi a cikin teku nan da shekara ta 2050 sai dai idan kasashe sun zo da matakan gaggawa don inganta ingantaccen samarwa, amfani da kuma kula da sharar filastik a duk rayuwarsu. An gano jakunkunan filastik don taimakawa ga dumamar duniya. Bayan an zubar da shi, idan an fallasa shi ga hasken rana mai daidaituwa, farfajiyar irin wannan filastik tana samar da iskar gas guda biyu na methane da ethylene. Bugu da ƙari, saboda ƙananan ƙwayoyin reshe manyan rassan rassa, yana rushewa cikin sauƙi a tsawon lokaci idan aka kwatanta da sauran filastik da ke haifar da wuraren da aka fallasa da kuma hanzarta sakin iskar gas. Samar da wadannan iskar gas daga filastik budurwa yana ƙaruwa sosai tare da yanki lokaci, don haka LDPE yana fitar da iskar gas a cikin mafi ƙarancin ƙima idan aka kwatanta da sauran filastik. A ƙarshen kwana 212, an yi rikodin hayaki a 5.8 nmol g-1 d-1 na methane, 14.5 nmol g 1 d-1 na ethylene, 3.9 nmol g1 d-1 na etane da 9.7 nmol g d-1 na propylene. Nau'o'i biyu na asali na lalacewar kai tsaye ga namun daji shine rikicewa da cin abinci. Dabbobi na iya zama masu rikitarwa da nutsar da su. Sau da yawa dabbobi ne ke cinye jakunkunan filastik waɗanda ba za su iya rarrabe su daga abinci ba. A sakamakon haka, suna rufe hanji wanda ke haifar da mutuwa ta hanyar yunwa. Takalma na filastik na iya toshe magudanar ruwa, kama tsuntsaye da kashe dabbobi. Asusun Duniya na Yanayi ya kiyasta cewa fiye da 100,000 whales, hatimi, da turtles suna mutuwa a kowace shekara sakamakon cin abinci ko kuma an kama su da jakar filastik. A Indiya, kimanin shanu 20 suna mutuwa a kowace rana sakamakon cinye jaka na filastik da kuma samun tsarin narkewar su da jaka. Har ila yau, ya zama ruwan dare a duk faɗin Afirka don samun magudanar ruwa da tsarin magudanar da aka rufe da jaka wanda ke haifar da mummunar cutar zazzabin cizon sauro saboda karuwar yawan sauro da ke zaune a kan magudanar ruwan da ta ambaliya. An kirkiro kalmar "farar gurɓataccen" a kasar Sin don bayyana tasirin gida da na duniya na jakunkunan filastik da aka watsar a kan muhalli. Ana kuma hura jakar filastik masu sauƙi a cikin bishiyoyi da sauran tsire-tsire kuma ana iya kuskuren su don abinci. Takalma na filastik sun lalace ta hanyar lalacewar polymer amma ba ta hanyar lalacewa ba. A sakamakon haka, duk wani sinadarin guba da suka hada da masu hana wuta, antimicrobials, da filastik za a saki cikin muhalli. Yawancin waɗannan gubobi kai tsaye suna shafar tsarin endocrine na kwayoyin halitta, wanda ke sarrafa kusan kowane tantanin halitta a cikin jiki. Bincike ya nuna matsakaicin aiki na "rayuwa" na jakar filastik ya zama kusan shekaru 20. Takalma na kayan robori da aka zubar a cikin Tekun Pacific na iya ƙare a cikin Babban Gidan shara na Pacific. 80% na sharar filastik ya fito ne daga ƙasa; sauran sun fito ne daga dandamali na mai da jiragen ruwa. Dabbobi na ruwa na iya cin wannan, kuma su toshe hanyoyin numfashin su da tsarin narkewa. Bakunan filastik ba wai kawai suna ƙarawa ga Babban Gidan shara na Pacific ba, ana iya wanke su a bakin teku a duniya. Hanyoyi Hanyoyi biyu da suka fi shahara na fitar da jaka na filastik masu sauƙi sune caji da haramtacciyar doka. An ce dabarun cajin [who?] don samun duk sakamako iri ɗaya a rage jakar filastik a matsayin haramta jakar fila filastik, tare da ƙarin fa'idar ƙirƙirar sabon tushen kudaden shiga. Hanyar cajin jakar filastik kuma tana kare zaɓin mabukaci, wanda haramcin bai yi ba. Sake amfani da jaka na filastik na iya zama wata hanyar fitarwa. Koyaya, kashi 5% ne kawai na jakunkunan filastik ke zuwa wuraren sake amfani. Ko da lokacin da aka kawo jaka zuwa wuraren sake amfani, sau da yawa suna tashi daga waɗannan ɗakunan ko motocin sake amfani kuma sun ƙare a matsayin datti a kan tituna. Wani batu tare da sake amfani da shi shine cewa ana yin jaka daban-daban daga nau'ikan filastik daban-daban amma suna da kama da juna. Za'a iya yin jaka daga bioplastics ko filastik mai narkewa, kuma idan ba zato ba tsammani an haɗa su a cikin takin mai, bioplastics na iya gurɓata gurɓataccen biodegradable. Wadannan jaka na iya toshe kayan aikin sake amfani lokacin da aka gauraya da wasu nau'ikan filastik, wanda zai iya zama mai tsada don gyarawa. Misali, farashin gyare-gyare ya kai kusan dala miliyan 1 a kowace shekara a San Jose, California. Dangane da binciken 2018 a cikin Jaridar Tattalin Arziki ta Amurka: Manufofin Tattalin arziki, haraji na cents biyar a kan jaka masu zubar da su ya rage amfani da jaka mai zubar da maki 40. Dangane da bita na 2019 na binciken da ke akwai, haraji da haraji sun haifar da raguwar kashi 66% a cikin amfani a Denmark, fiye da 90% a Ireland, tsakanin 74 da 90% a Afirka ta Kudu, Belgium, Hong Kong, Washington DC, Santa Barbara, Burtaniya da Portugal, da kuma kusan 50% a Botswana da China. Wani binciken 2019 a cikin Jaridar Tattalin Arziki da Gudanarwa na Muhalli ya gano cewa aiwatar da haramtacciyar takunkumin filastik a California ya haifar da raguwar fam miliyan 40 na filastik ta hanyar kawar da jakunkunan filastik amma Californians sun sayi fam miliyan 12 na filastic ta hanyar sayen jakar shara. Binciken ya nuna cewa kafin gabatar da haramcin tsakanin 12% da 22% na jakunkunan filastik an sake amfani da su azaman jakunkunan shara. Rashin amincewa Hana jakar filastik na iya haifar da manyan kasuwannin baƙar fata a cikin jakar fila filastik. Bincike ya nuna cewa haramtacciyar jakar filastik na iya kawar da mutane daga amfani da jakar fila filastik mai laushi, amma kuma yana iya kara amfani da jakunkunan takarda guda ɗaya da ba a tsara su ba ko jakunkunan filastik masu kauri a wuraren da ake samar da waɗannan kyauta. Bugu da ƙari, haramcin na iya haifar da karuwa mai mahimmanci a cikin tallace-tallace na jakunkunan shara sabo mutane ba za su iya sake amfani da tsoffin jakunkunan kayan abinci ba don abubuwa kamar yin ƙananan gwangwani. Samar da wasu jaka wadanda ba na filastik ba {misali takarda, auduga, ta amfani da filastik budurwa kamar filastik da ke da kauri na micron 50} na iya samar da karin hayakin gas fiye da jakunkunan filastik, wanda ke nufin cewa hayakin gas na iya ƙaruwa a kan net bayan haramtacciyar jakar filastik. Za a buƙaci sake amfani da wasu hanyoyin da za su iya amfani da su fiye da sau ɗari don sanya su da muhalli fiye da jakunkunan filastik. Ana kuma kallon su a matsayin marasa tsabta fiye da filastik saboda suna iya kawo kwayoyin cuta daga waje da shagon zuwa manyan wuraren tuntuɓar kamar kekuna da bincika wuraren da aka ajiye. Shari'a a duniya Takaitaccen bayani Afirka Kenya ta yi ƙoƙari na farko don hana masana'antu da shigo da jakar filastik a cikin 2007 da 2011 a matsayin hanyar kare muhalli. haramcin 2007 da 2011 da aka yi niyya da filastik a ƙasa da microns 30 ya gaza bayan masana'antun da shagunan sayar da kayayyaki sun yi barazanar ba da kuɗin amfani da wasu kayan ga masu amfani. A cikin 2017 sakataren majalisa na Muhalli da albarkatun kasa, Farfesa Judy Wakhungu ya haramta amfani, ƙerawa da shigo da duk jakar filastik da aka yi amfani da su don kunshin kasuwanci da na gida a ƙarƙashin lambar sanarwar Gazette 2356. A ranar 28 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2017, Kenya ta fara aiwatar da haramtacciyar haramtacciya a duk fadin kasar na jakunkunan filastik guda daya. An cire jakunkuna na farko, jakunkuna masu sharar gida, da kayan kwalliya daga haramcin. An yaba da haramcin a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi tsauri a duniya, tare da tarar har zuwa 40000, ko shekaru huɗu a kurkuku. Shugaba Uhuru Kenyatta a cikin 2019, a lokacin Ranar Muhalli ta Duniya, ya kara karfafa kokarin Kenya na yaki da gurɓata filastik da kuma ci gaba da kula da sharar gida ta hanyar haramta filastik mai amfani guda ɗaya a wuraren da aka kiyaye. Harin, wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Yuni 2020, ya haramta amfani da filastik a wuraren shakatawa na kasa, rairayin bakin teku, gandun daji da wuraren kiyayewa. Najeriya A watan Mayu 2019, Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya ta haramta samarwa, shigowa da amfani da jaka na filastik a kasar. Rwanda haramcin jakar filastik na Rwanda ya fara aiki a cikin 2008. Gwamnatin Rwanda ta karfafa wasu kasashe a yankinsu da su haramta jakar filastik, tun daga shekarar 2011. Somaliya An dakatar da jakunkunan filastik a Jamhuriyar Somaliland da ta ayyana kanta a ranar 1 ga Maris 2005 bayan lokacin alheri na kwanaki 120 wanda gwamnati ta bai wa jama'a don kawar da kayansu. Ma'aikatar Kasuwanci da Masana'antu ta sanar da shawarar majalisar a cikin wata doka mai taken: "Harka shigo da kaya, samarwa da amfani da jaka na filastik a cikin kasar". An yi wa jaka lakabi da "furewar Hargeysa", saboda da yawa daga cikinsu sun ƙare da hurawa kuma sun makale a cikin bishiyoyi da shrubs, suna haifar da haɗari ga dabbobi saboda dabbobin da ke cin ganyayyaki galibi suna cinye jaka ba zato ba tsammani. A cikin 2015 an sake maimaita haramcin ta hanyar Dokar Shugaban kasa No. #JSL M XERM/249-3178/042015, sake samar da kwanaki 120 na alheri don kawar da hannun jari. Don tabbatar da aiwatar da haramcin, gwamnati ta kafa ƙungiyoyin tilasta aiki a cikin 2016 don gudanar da tafiye-tafiye na musamman waɗanda ke ƙaddamar da bincike a cikin ɗakunan kasuwanci. Akalla maza da mata 1000 a cikin tufafi da aka tura cikin manyan kasuwanni da manyan kantin sayar da kayayyaki. Gwamnati ta sanar da tarar masu keta doka da ke ci gaba da sayar da jakunkunan filastik a kasar. Afirka ta Kudu Takalma na filastik sun kasance babbar damuwa a Afirka ta Kudu kafin a gabatar da harajin jaka a shekara ta 2004. Ba a taɓa dakatar da jaka ba, amma an gabatar da haraji, wanda mai yin jakar filastik zai biya. Ana karɓar jakunkunan filastik masu kauri kuma kodayake wannan matakin da farko ya haifar da fushi tare da masu amfani da raguwa na farko a cikin ƙididdiga, amfani da masu amfani ya ci gaba da ƙaruwa zuwa jakunkunan sayen filastik biliyan da yawa a kowace shekara. Tanzania Gwamnatin Juyin Juya Halin Zanzibar ta haramta jakar filastik a shekarar 2005. Tanzania ta gabatar da shirye-shiryen aiwatar da haramtacciyar haramtacciya a duk fadin kasar a cikin shekara ta 2006. Koyaya, an jinkirta tabbatar da shi fiye da shekaru goma. A ƙarshe haramcin ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Yuni 2019. Tunisiya Tunisia ta gabatar da haramtacciyar rarraba jakar filastik a cikin manyan kantuna tun daga 1 ga Maris 2017. An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tsakanin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida da Muhalli da manyan sarkar manyan kantuna a kasar don aiwatar da matakin farko na tsari da nufin rage amfani da jaka na filastik. 'Yan gwagwarmayar Tunisia suna shirin kamfen na wayar da kan jama'a don kafa manufofi masu kyau a kasar. Uganda Uganda ta gabatar da doka a cikin 2007 don hana sayar da jakunkunan filastik masu sauƙi a ƙarƙashin 30 m kauri da jakunkuna masu kauri a cikin kashi 120%. Kodayake dokokin sun fara aiki a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar, ba a aiwatar da su ba kuma sun kasa rage yawan amfani da jakunkunan filastik. Ba a aiwatar da doka sosai ba. Asiya Bangladesh An gabatar da haramtacciyar haramtacciya a Bangladesh a shekara ta 2002 bayan ambaliyar ruwa da aka haifar da jakunkunan filastik da aka zubar da su ta mamaye kashi biyu bisa uku na kasar cikin ruwa tsakanin 1988 da 1998. Takalma na filastik sun kasance babbar matsala ga tsarin sharar gida da hanyoyin ruwa. Cambodia Kambodiya ta zartar da doka don sanya harajin jakar filastik a watan Oktoba 2017. Supermarkets yanzu cajin abokan ciniki 400 Riels (10 US cents) ga kowane jakar filastik idan suna buƙatar ɗaya. China An gabatar da haramtacciyar jakar filastik a kan jakar filalastik mai laushi da kuma kuɗin a kan jakunkunan filastik da aka gabatar a kasar Sin a ranar 1 ga Yuni 2008. Wannan ya fara aiki ne saboda matsalolin da ke tattare da magudanar ruwa da sharar gida. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2009 ya nuna cewa amfani da jakar filastik ya fadi tsakanin 60 zuwa 80% a cikin manyan kantin sayar da kayayyaki na kasar Sin, kuma an yi amfani da jakunkuna biliyan 40. Koyaya, asusun farko sun nuna a sarari, haramcin ya ga iyakantaccen nasara, kuma cewa amfani da jaka na filastik ya kasance mai yawa. Masu sayar da tituna da ƙananan shagunan, waɗanda suka zama babban ɓangare na tallace-tallace a China, ba sa bin manufofin a wani ɓangare saboda matsalolin aiwatar da haramcin. Kalmar "farar fata gurɓata" (Sinanci: pinyin: baise wuran, ba sau da yawa shara" ya zama na gida ga China kuma daga baya zuwa Kudancin Asiya, yana jin daɗin amfani da karami a waje da yankin. Yana nufin launi na fararen jaka na sayen filastik, kwantena na styrofoam, da sauran kayan haske waɗanda suka fara juyawa a cikin girma a cikin filayen noma, wuri mai faɗi, da hanyoyin ruwa a tsakiyar- zuwa ƙarshen 1990s. Magana ta farko game da kalmar "farar gurɓata" ta bayyana a cikin harshen hukuma aƙalla tun farkon 1999, lokacin da Majalisar Jiha ta sanya haramtacciyar farko. Hong Kong Hong Kong ta haramta masu siyarwa daga ba da jakunkunan filastik a ƙarƙashin wani kauri kuma kyauta. An aiwatar da harajin jakar filastik na 50 cent a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2015 a fadin Hong Kong. Amfani da jaka na filastik ya ragu da kashi 90% bayan gabatar da harajin. Alamomi sun nuna cewa Hong Kong tana kawar da amfani da jaka na filastik a cikin babban farashi. Indiya A shekara ta 2002, Indiya ta haramta samar da jakunkunan filastik a ƙasa da 20 m a kauri don hana jakunkunan roba daga toshe tsarin magudanar ruwa na birni da kuma hana shanu na Indiya cin jakunkunan Filastik yayin da suke rikitar da shi don abinci. Koyaya, tilasta aiki ya kasance matsala. Ma'aikatar Muhalli, dazuzzuka da Canjin Yanayi ta kuma zartar da ka'idoji don hana duk jakar polythene kasa da microns 50 a ranar 18 ga Maris 2016. Saboda rashin aiwatar da wannan ka'idar, hukumomin yanki (jihohi da kamfanonin birni), dole ne su aiwatar da nasu ka'idojin. A cikin 2016, Sikkim, jihar farko ta Indiya, ta haramta amfani da ba kawai kwalabe na ruwan sha ba a kowane taron gwamnati ko ayyuka har ma da kwantena na abinci da aka yi daga kumfa na polystyrene a duk fadin jihar. Himachal Pradesh ita ce jiha ta farko da ta haramta jakar filastik kasa da 30 m. Jihar Karnataka ta zama jiha ta farko da ta haramta duk nau'ikan jakar filastik, banners na filastik، buntings na filastic, flex, filastik flags, filastic plates, filastics cups, filakstik spoons, cling films da filastik sheets don yadawa a kan cin abinci teburin ciki har da abubuwan da ke sama da aka yi da thermacol da filastic micro beads wanda ke amfani da filastika. Jihar Goa ta haramta jaka har zuwa 40 m kauri, yayin da birnin Mumbai ya haramta jaka a ƙasa da mafi ƙarancin kauri zuwa 50 m. Gwamnatin jihar Maharashtra ta haramta filastik daga ranar 23 ga Yuni 2018. Gwamnatin jihar Tamil Nadu ta kuma haramta filastik daga ranar 1 ga Janairun 2019. Indonesia Daga 2016, Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta tilasta wa 'yan kasuwa a cikin birane 23 a fadin tsibirin (mini-markets, hypermarkets, da supermarkets) su cajin masu amfani tsakanin Rp.200 da Rp.5,000 ga kowane jakar filastik, gami da jakar filalastik mai lalacewa. Ana amfani da kuɗin da harajin ya tara a matsayin kudaden jama'a don kula da sharar gida tare da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Tsibirin Bali ya haramta jakar filastik guda ɗaya, straws, da styrofoam, daga watan Yulin 2019. Sauran manyan birane, ciki har da Jakarta, Surabaya, Bandung, Semarang da Bogor, tun daga lokacin sun haramta jakar filastik guda ɗaya. Isra'ila Tun daga watan Janairun 2017, ana buƙatar manyan 'yan kasuwa su cajin masu amfani don jakunkunan filastik tare da hannayensu, a NIS 0.10 don kowane jaka. Za a yi amfani da kudaden shiga na haraji don tallafawa shirye-shiryen kula da sharar gida na jama'a. Matsakaicin amfani da jaka na filastik a Isra'ila a cikin 2014 ya kasance 275 ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara. Watanni huɗu bayan dokar ta fara aiki, yawan jakunkunan filastik da aka rarraba ta hanyar 'yan kasuwa masu bin doka sun ragu da kashi 80%. Philippines Philippines ita ce ta uku mafi girma a duniya a duniya a gurɓata teku duk da aikin kula da sharar gida wanda ya fara aiki shekaru 18 da suka gabata. Kokarin sarrafa filastik ya sami cikas saboda cin hanci da rashawa, rashin son siyasa, da yaduwa da kuma samun dama ga samfuran filastik masu amfani guda ɗaya. A shekara ta 2010, Muntinlupa ta zama karamar hukuma ta farko a Babban Birnin Kasa don hana jakar filastik da styrofoam a cikin shaguna. Wannan ya biyo bayan matakan a cikin biranen Las Piñas (2 Janairu 2012), Pasig (1 Janairu 2012). Quezon City (1 Satumba 2012, jaka don kuɗi), Pasay (1 Satumba, 2012, jaka don kuɗin), da Makati (30 Yuni, 2013). Biranen Metro Manila waɗanda suka jinkirta ɗora ka'idoji da haramtacciyar doka sun haɗa da Taguig, Caloocan, Malabon, Valenzuela, Navotas, San Juan da Parañaque, waɗanda ke da ɗaruruwan filastik da kamfanonin masana'antun roba. A cikin birni ɗaya, dangin magajin gari suna da fili na hekta 60 na "Plastic City Industrial". A ranar 4 ga watan Yulin 2019, Sanata Francis Pangilinan ya gabatar da lissafin da ke neman fitar da kayayyakin filastik guda daya ta hanyar hana shigo da kayayyaki, masana'antu da amfani a wuraren abinci, shagunan, kasuwanni, da 'yan kasuwa. Singapore Za a buƙaci manyan kantuna a Singapore su caji aƙalla 5 cents a kowace jaka a cikin harajin jakar mai ɗaukar kaya daga tsakiyar 2023. Taiwan A watan Janairun shekara ta 2003, Taiwan ta haramta rarraba jakunkunan filastik masu sauƙi kyauta. Hanawar ta hana masu mallakar shagunan sashen, manyan kantuna, manyan kantin sayar da kayayyaki, shagunan kayan masarufi, gidajen cin abinci mai sauri da gidajen cin abincin yau da kullun daga samar da jakunkunan filastik kyauta ga abokan cinikin su. Yawancin shagunan sun maye gurbin filastik tare da akwatunan takarda da aka sake amfani da su. A shekara ta 2006, duk da haka, gwamnati ta yanke shawarar fara ba da izinin jakunkunan filastik kyauta ga masu ba da sabis na abinci. A watan Fabrairun 2018, Taiwan ta ba da sanarwar shirye-shiryen hana jakunkunan filastik a digiri daban-daban, an haramta don amfani da su a cikin shagon ta 2019, wasu shagunan da aka haramta daga bayar da jakunkuna ta 2020, farashin ya karu tun daga 2025, sannan kuma 2030 haramtacciyar bargo na jakunkunan roba guda ɗaya, da kayan aiki guda ɗaya da kwantena.

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s%20degree

Master's degree

Digiri na biyu (daga Latin magister) digiri ne na karatun digiri na biyu da jami'o'i ko kwalejoji ke bayarwa bayan kammala karatun da ke nuna gwaninta ko bayyani na musamman na takamaiman fannin karatu ko fannin aikin ƙwararru. Digiri na biyu na buƙatar karatun baya a matakin digiri, ko dai a matsayin digiri na daban ko a matsayin wani ɓangare na kwas ɗin da aka haɗa. A cikin yankin da aka yi nazari, ana sa ran masu digiri na biyu su mallaki ƙwararrun ƙwararrun jigo na ƙa'idodi da batutuwan da aka yi amfani da su; babban tsari a cikin bincike, ƙima mai mahimmanci, ko aikace-aikacen ƙwararru; da ikon magance matsaloli masu rikitarwa da tunani mai tsauri da kuma kai tsaye. Ci Gaban Tarihi Zamanin tsakiya zuwa karni na 18 Digiri na biyu ya samo asali ne tun daga asalin jami'o'in Turai, inda wani Paparoma mai lamba 1233 ya ba da umarnin cewa duk wanda ya samu digiri na biyu a jami'ar Toulouse ya kamata a ba shi damar koyarwa kyauta a kowace jami'a. Asalin ma’anar digiri na biyu shi ne, wanda aka ba shi daraja (digiri) na digiri (wato malami) a wata jami’a sai a ba shi matsayi iri daya a wasu jami’o’in. Wannan a hankali ya zama na asali azaman licentia docendi (lasisi na koyarwa). Da farko dai, ba a bambanta masters da likitoci ba, amma a karni na 15 ya zama al'ada a cikin jami'o'in Ingilishi a rika kiran malamai masu karamin karfi (arts and grammar) a matsayin masters da kuma wadanda ke manyan jami'o'i a matsayin likitoci. Da farko, an ba da Bachelor of Arts (BA) don nazarin abubuwan da ba su da mahimmanci da kuma Jagoran Arts (MA) don nazarin quadrivium. Tun daga ƙarshen Tsakiyar Tsakiya har zuwa karni na 19, tsarin karatun shine don haka samun digiri na farko da na biyu a cikin ƙananan jami'o'i da samun digiri na farko da digiri na uku a manyan jami'o'i. A Amurka, an ba da digiri na farko na digiri (Magister Artium, ko Master of Arts) a Jami'ar Harvard jim kadan bayan kafuwarta. A Scotland, jami'o'in farko na gyarawa (St Andrews, Glasgow, da Aberdeen) sun haɓaka ta yadda Scotland MA ta zama digiri na farko, yayin da a Oxford, Cambridge da Trinity College, Dublin, MA an ba da kyauta ga waɗanda suka kammala digiri na BA na wani matsayi. ba tare da ƙarin jarrabawa ba daga ƙarshen karni na 17, babban manufarsa ita ce ba da cikakken membobin jami'a. A Harvard ka'idojin 1700 sun buƙaci 'yan takarar digiri na biyu su ci jarrabawar jama'a, amma ta 1835 an ba da wannan nau'in Oxbridge shekaru uku bayan BA. Karni na shatara Ƙarni na 19th ya ga babban haɓaka a cikin nau'ikan digiri na masters da aka bayar. A farkon karni, digiri na biyu kawai shine MA, kuma ana ba da wannan kyauta ba tare da ƙarin karatu ko jarrabawa ba. Jami'ar Glasgow ta gabatar da Jagora a cikin Digiri na tiyata a cikin 1815.. A shekara ta 1861 an karɓi wannan a ko'ina cikin Scotland da Cambridge da Durham a Ingila da Jami'ar Dublin a Ireland. Lokacin da aka kafa Kwalejin Likitoci ta Philadelphia a 1870, ita ma ta ba da Jagoran tiyata, “mai kama da na Turai”. A cikin Scotland, Edinburgh ya kiyaye digiri na BA da MA daban har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 19, ko da yake akwai manyan shakku game da ingancin digirin Scotland na wannan lokacin. A cikin 1832 Lord Brougham, Lord Chancellor kuma tsohon dalibi na Jami'ar Edinburgh, ya gaya wa House of Lords cewa "A Ingila Jami'o'in sun ba da digiri bayan wani lokaci mai tsawo, bayan an yi aiki mai yawa, kuma idan ba a kowane bangare ba. Yana da tsauri kamar yadda dokokin Jami'o'i ke buƙata, duk da haka ba za a iya cewa, an ƙirƙiri Masters of Arts a Oxford da Cambridge kamar yadda suke a Scotland, ba tare da wani wurin zama ba, ko kuma ba tare da wani irin jarrabawa ba.A Scotland, duk dokokin daga cikin Jami'o'in da suka tilasta sharuddan bayar da digiri sun kasance matattun haruffa.". Sai a 1837 aka sake gabatar da jarabawar daban-daban don MA a Ingila, a sabuwar jami'ar Durham da aka kafa (ko da yake, kamar yadda a cikin tsoffin jami'o'in Ingilishi, wannan shine don ba da cikakken memba), don bi shi a cikin 1840 ta sabon makamancin haka. Jami'ar London, wanda kawai aka ba da izini ta tsarinta don ba da digiri ta hanyar jarrabawa. Koyaya, a tsakiyar karni MA a matsayin digiri na biyu da aka bincika ya sake fuskantar barazana, tare da Durham yana motsawa don ba da ita ta atomatik ga waɗanda suka sami karramawa a cikin BA a 1857, tare da layin Oxbridge MA, da Edinburgh suna bin sauran jami'o'in Scotland wajen ba da MA a matsayin digiri na farko, a madadin BA, daga 1858. A lokaci guda kuma, an kafa sababbin jami'o'i a kusa da daular Burtaniya ta lokacin tare da layin London, ciki har da jarrabawar MA: Jami'ar Sydney a Australia da Jami'ar Sarauniya ta Ireland a 1850, da Jami'o'in Bombay (yanzu da Jami'ar Mumbai), Madras da Calcutta a Indiya a 1857. A cikin Amurka, farfaɗowar digiri na biyu kamar yadda aka gwada cancantar ya fara ne a cikin 1856 a Jami'ar North Carolina, sannan Jami'ar Michigan a 1859, ko da yake ra'ayin digiri na biyu a matsayin digiri na biyu bai yi kyau ba. wanda aka kafa har zuwa 1870s, tare da PhD a matsayin digiri na ƙarshe. Wani lokaci yana yiwuwa a sami MA ko dai ta hanyar jarrabawa ko kuma ta hanyar girma a cikin wannan ma'aikata; alal misali, a Michigan an gabatar da "in course" MA a 1848 kuma an ba da shi a ƙarshe a 1882, yayin da aka gabatar da "kan jarrabawa" MA a 1859. Wataƙila mafi mahimmancin digiri na biyu da aka gabatar a ƙarni na 19 shine Jagoran Kimiyya (MS a Amurka, MSc a Burtaniya). A Jami'ar Michigan an gabatar da wannan a cikin nau'i biyu a cikin 1858: "a cikin shakka", an fara ba da kyauta a 1859, da kuma "a kan jarrabawa", da farko da aka bayar a 1862. An ba da "a cikin shakka" MS a ƙarshe a 1876. A Biritaniya kuwa, digirin ya ɗauki ɗan lokaci kafin ya isa. Lokacin da London ta gabatar da Faculty of Sciences a cikin 1858, an ba Jami'ar sabuwar yarjejeniya da ke ba ta iko "don ba da Digiri da yawa na Bachelor, Master, da Doctor, a Arts, Laws, Science, Medicine, Music", amma digirin da aka ba shi a fannin kimiyya su ne digiri na farko da kuma likitan kimiyya. Digiri guda biyu iri ɗaya, sun sake tsallake masters, an ba su a Edinburgh, duk da MA kasancewar matakin digiri na farko na Arts a Scotland. A cikin 1862, Hukumar Sarauta ta ba da shawarar cewa Durham ya kamata ya ba da digiri na biyu a cikin ilimin tauhidi da kimiyya (tare da taƙaitaccen ra'ayi na MT da MS, sabanin aikin Biritaniya daga baya na amfani da MTh ko MTheol da MSc don waɗannan digiri), amma shawarwarinsa sun kasance. ba a kafa ba. A cikin 1877, Oxford ya gabatar da Jagoran Kimiyyar Halitta, tare da Bachelor of Natural Science, don tsayawa tare da digiri na MA da BA kuma a ba shi kyauta ga daliban da suka sami digiri a makarantar girmamawa na kimiyyar halitta. A cikin 1879 an ƙaddamar da wata doka don kafa sashen Kimiyyar Halitta a Oxford, amma a cikin 1880 an ƙi ba da shawara don sake sunan digiri a matsayin Jagoran Kimiyya tare da shawara don baiwa Masters of Natural Sciences Master of Arts. digiri, domin su zama cikakken membobin jami’a. Wannan makircin zai zama kamar an watsar da shi a hankali, tare da Oxford ya ci gaba da ba da BAs da MAs a kimiyya. A ƙarshe an gabatar da Digiri na Master of Science (MSc) a Biritaniya a cikin 1878 a Durham, sannan sabuwar Jami'ar Victoria a 1881. A Jami'ar Victoria duka MA da MSc sun bi jagorancin Durham's MA wajen buƙatar ƙarin jarrabawa ga waɗanda ke da digiri na farko amma ba ga masu daraja ba. Karni na ashirin A farkon karni na 20, saboda haka, akwai nau'o'in digiri na biyu daban-daban a Burtaniya: MA na Scotland, wanda aka ba shi a matsayin digiri na farko; Master of Arts (Oxbridge da Dublin), da aka bai wa duk masu digiri na BA wani ɗan lokaci bayan digiri na farko ba tare da ƙarin karatu ba; digiri na biyu da za a iya samu ta hanyar kara karatu ko kuma ta hanyar samun digiri na girmamawa (wanda a lokacin a Burtaniya ya shafi kara karatu fiye da digiri na yau da kullun, kamar yadda har yanzu a Scotland da wasu kasashen Commonwealth); da kuma digiri na biyu wanda za a iya samu ta hanyar ƙarin karatu (ciki har da duk digiri na biyu na London). A cikin 1903, Jaridar London Daily News ta soki al'adar Oxford da Cambridge, suna kiran MAs su "mafi girman zamba na ilimi" da "digiri na bogus". Wasikun da suka biyo baya sun nuna cewa "A Scotch MA, a mafi yawan, daidai yake da B.A na Ingilishi." ya kuma yi kira da a samar da ka'idojin gama-gari na digiri, yayin da masu kare tsoffin jami'o'in suka ce "Cambridge M.A. ba ya yin kamar ladan koyo ne" don haka "abin banza ne a kwatanta daya daga cikin digirin nasu a matsayin na bogi domin sauran na zamani. Jami'o'i suna ba da digiri iri ɗaya saboda dalilai daban-daban A cikin 1900, Kwalejin Dartmouth ta gabatar da Master of Commercial Science (MCS), wanda aka fara bayar da shi a cikin 1902. Wannan shi ne digiri na farko na digiri a fannin kasuwanci, wanda ya jagoranci MBA na zamani. Tunanin da sauri ya ketare Tekun Atlantika, tare da Manchester ta kafa Faculty of Commerce, tana ba da digiri na Bachelor da Master of Commerce, a cikin 1903. A cikin rabin farkon karni na atomatik digiri na masters ga masu digiri na girmamawa sun ɓace yayin da digiri na girmamawa ya zama daidaitattun cancantar digiri a Burtaniya. A cikin 1960s, sababbin jami'o'in Scotland (sai dai Dundee, wanda ya gaji digiri na farko na MA daga St Andrews) sun sake dawo da BA a matsayin digiri na farko a Arts, suna maido da MA zuwa matsayinsa na digiri na biyu. Oxford da Cambridge sun riƙe MAs ɗinsu, amma sun canza sunan da yawa daga cikin digirin farko na digiri a manyan jami'o'i a matsayin digiri na biyu, misali. Cambridge LLB ya zama LLM a cikin 1982, da Oxford BLitt, BPhil (sai dai a falsafa) kuma BSc ya zama MLitt, MPhil da MSc. A cikin 1983, Majalisar Injiniya ta ba da "'Sanarwa game da haɓakawa da tsawaita kwasa-kwasan karatun digiri na digiri", yana ba da shawarar kafa digiri na farko na shekaru huɗu (Master of Engineering). Waɗannan sun tashi kuma suna gudana a tsakiyar 1980s kuma MPhys na ƙwararrun masana kimiyya sun bi su a farkon 1990s kuma tun daga nan sun haɗu da digiri na biyu a wasu ilimin kimiyya kamar MChem, MMath, da MGeol, kuma a wasu cibiyoyi na gaba ɗaya ko takamaiman MSci (Master in Kimiyya) da digiri na MArts (Master in Arts). Rahoton Dearing a UK Higher Education ya lura da wannan ci gaban a cikin 1997, wanda ya yi kira da a kafa tsarin cancantar ƙasa da kuma gano hanyoyi daban-daban guda biyar zuwa digiri na biyu: Shekaru hudu (biyar a Scotland) digiri na farko kamar MEng Digiri na jujjuyawa, wani lokacin ƙasa da ma'aunin digiri na farko a cikin darasi ɗaya Digiri na fasaha na girmamawa na tsoffin jami'o'in Scotland ƙwararrun shirye-shiryen digiri na biyu, kamar MA da MSc Oxbridge MA, wanda aka bayar ba tare da ƙarin aiki ba Hakan ya kai ga kafa hukumar tabbatar da inganci, wadda aka dorawa nauyin zana tsarin. Karni na ashirin A cikin 2000 an sabunta matsin lamba akan Oxbridge MAs a Majalisar Dokokin Burtaniya, tare da dan majalisar Labour Jackie Lawrence ya gabatar da wani kuduri na ranar farko yana kiran a soke su tare da gaya wa Times Higher Education cewa "aiki ne na nuna wariya" kuma yana "rauta kuma yana lalata kokarin dalibai a sauran jami’o’i”. A wata mai zuwa hukumar tabbatar da ingancin ta sanar da sakamakon wani bincike na manyan ma'aikata 150 da ke nuna kusan kashi biyu cikin uku na kuskuren tunanin Cambridge MA ta kammala karatun digiri na biyu kuma sama da rabin sun yi kuskure iri ɗaya game da Edinburgh MA, tare da babban jami'in QAA John Randall ya kira. Oxbridge MA "masu yaudara da rashin fahimta". QAA ta fitar da "tsarin don cancantar ilimi mafi girma a Ingila, Wales da Ireland ta Arewa" a cikin Janairu 2001. Wannan ƙayyadaddun sakamakon koyo don digiri na M-level (master's) kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa "Master" ya kamata a yi amfani da shi kawai don cancantar cancantar da cika waɗannan sakamakon koyo gaba ɗaya. Ya magance yawancin abubuwan da ke damun Rahoton Dearing, yana ƙayyadad da cewa guntun darussa a matakin H (girmama), misali. kwasa-kwasan juyi, ya kamata a tsara Diploma Difloma ko Graduate Certificate maimakon a matsayin digiri na biyu, amma ya tabbatar da cewa tsawaita karatun digiri na biyu digiri ne na biyu, yana mai cewa “An ba da wasu digiri na Masters a kimiyya da injiniyanci bayan tsawaita shirye-shiryen karatun digiri na ƙarshe, yawanci, a shekara fiye da shirye-shiryen digiri na girmamawa". Har ila yau, ya yi magana game da batun Oxbridge MA, tare da lura da cewa "MAs da Jami'o'in Oxford da Cambridge suka bayar ba cancantar ilimi ba ne". Na farko "tsarin don cancantar Makarantun Ilimi mafi girma a Scotland", wanda kuma aka buga a cikin Janairu 2001, ya yi amfani da ma'anar cancanta iri ɗaya, yana ƙara a cikin ƙimar kiredit waɗanda ke ƙayyadaddun cewa babban malamin ya kamata ya zama ƙididdigewa 180 da kuma "Masters (bayan haɗaɗɗen haɗakarwa). shirin daga karatun digiri na biyu zuwa karatun matakin Masters)" yakamata ya zama kiredit 600 tare da mafi ƙarancin 120 a matakin M. An kayyade cewa ya kamata a yi amfani da lakabin "Master" kawai don cancantar cancantar da suka dace da sakamakon koyo da ma'anar bashi, kodayake an lura cewa "Ƙananan adadin jami'o'i a Scotland suna da dogon al'ada na lakabin wasu digiri na farko a matsayin 'MA'. Rahotanni na sake dubawa na Hukumar na irin wannan tanadi zai shafi ma'auni na digiri na farko kuma zai bayyana a fili cewa taken yana nuna al'ada da al'ada na Scotland, kuma ba za a dauki duk wani hukunci mai kyau game da ma'auni ba a matsayin ma'anar cewa sakamakon shirin ya kasance a matakin digiri na biyu. Sanarwar Bologna a cikin 1999 ta fara Tsarin Bologna, wanda ya haifar da ƙirƙirar Yankin Ilimin Ilimin Turai (EHEA). Wannan ya kafa digiri na uku-master's-digiri na digiri na digiri, wanda ke haifar da karɓar digiri na masters a duk faɗin Nahiyar, sau da yawa maye gurbin tsofaffin cancantar zagayowar lokaci kamar Magister (arts), Diplom (kimiyya) da rajista na jiha (masana'antu). kyaututtuka a Jamus. Yayin da tsarin ya ci gaba, an gabatar da masu siffantawa ga duk matakan uku a cikin 2004, kuma an ɓullo da jagororin bashi na ECTS. Wannan ya haifar da tambayoyi game da matsayin haɗin gwiwar digiri na biyu da digiri na biyu na shekara guda a Burtaniya. Koyaya, Tsarin Tsarin Karatun Ilimi mafi girma a Ingila, Wales da Ireland ta Arewa da Tsarin cancantar Makarantun Ilimi mafi girma a Scotland duk sun daidaita tare da babban tsarin EHEA tare da karɓar waɗannan a matsayin cancantar matakin masters.

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamza%20bin%20Husain

Hamza bin Husain

Hamzah bin Al Hussein, OSJ (Arabic; an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Maris 1980) shi ne ɗa na huɗu na Sarki Hussein bin Talal na Jordan gabaɗaya kuma na farko da matarsa ta huɗu da aka haifa a Amurka, Sarauniya Noor. An ba shi suna Yarima na Jordan a shekarar 1999, matsayin da ya rike har sai dan uwansa, Sarki Abdullah II, ya soke shi a shekara ta 2004. Shi memba ne na daular Hashemite, dangin sarauta na Jordan tun a shekarar 1921, kuma zuriyar Muhammad ce ta ƙarni na 41. A halin yanzu an yi imanin cewa Hamzah yana cikin tsare-tsare tun watan Afrilu na shekarar 2021, bayan an zarge shi da yunkurin lalata Masarautar Jordan da kuma tayar da tashin hankali. Hamzah ya yi watsi da matsayinsa na yarima a watan Afrilun 2022. Tarihin rayuwa An haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Maris 1980, Hamzah bin Al Hussein ya yi ikirarin kakanninmu tare da annabin Musulunci Muhammad ta hanyar iyalin Hashemite. Sarauniya Noor ta bayyana a cikin tarihin rayuwarta cewa ita da Sarki Hussein sun kira Hamzah bayan Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib. Hamzah ya sami ilimin firamare a Jordan da Amman, sannan ya halarci Makarantar Harrow a Ingila. Daga nan sai ya shiga Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, ya fita a matsayin jami'in kwamishinan a cikin Jordan Arab Legion a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1999, tare da kyaututtuka da yawa ciki har da Sandhurst Overseas Sword, wanda aka ba wa mafi kyawun ɗan ƙasa da HRH Prince Saud Abdullah Prize, wanda aka gabatar wa ɗan ƙasa tare da mafi kyawun alamar duka a cikin batutuwa na ilimi. Da yake aiki a matsayin jami'in rundunar sojin Larabawa ta 40th Armored Brigade, Hamzah ya halarci darussan soja da yawa a Jordan, Burtaniya, Poland, Jamus da Amurka. A halin yanzu yana riƙe da matsayin Brigadier a cikin Sojojin Larabawa na Jordan, ya yi aiki tare da rundunar Jordan-United Arab Emirates da ke aiki a tsohuwar Yugoslavia a ƙarƙashin laima na masu kiyaye zaman lafiya na duniya. A shekara ta 2006, ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Harvard. An rantsar da Hamzah a matsayin Regent a lokuta da yawa kuma an ba shi izini ga Sarki Abdullah II a kan ayyuka da yawa a cikin Masarautar da kasashen waje. Ya jagoranci Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Royal a Sashin Makamashi. Har ila yau, shi ne Shugaban girmamawa na Ƙungiyar Kwando ta Jordan, kuma shi ne shugaban kwamitin amintattu na Gidan Tarihin Motar Royal, Shugaban Royal Aero Sports Club na Jordan da Shugaban Al-Shajarah (Tree) Protection Society. Hamzah ƙwararren matukin jirgi ne mai juyawa da kuma matukin jirage, kuma yana shiga wasu wasanni kamar Jujitsu da harbi-harbi. Batun Mayewa/Magaji A ranar 7 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1999, Sarki Hussein ya mutu kuma babban ɗansa Yarima Abdullah bin Al Hussein ya hau gadon sarautar Jordan, bayan da aka sanya makonni biyu a baya don ya gaji mahaifinsa a matsayin mai mulki a madadin ɗan'uwan sarki, Yarima Hassan bin Talal. A wannan rana, bisa ga sha'awar mahaifinsa, Sarki Abdullah II ya ba da umarnin cewa shi, bi da bi, ba ɗansa ba zai gaji shi ba amma ɗan'uwansa, Hamzah, wanda saboda haka aka ba shi taken yarima. Kusan shekaru shida bayan haka, a ranar 28 ga watan Nuwamba 2004, Sarki Abdullah ya cire Hamzah a matsayin yarima. A cikin wata wasika daga Abdullah zuwa Hamzah, wanda aka karanta a gidan talabijin na jihar Jordan, ya ce, "Yana da wannan matsayi na alama ya hana 'yancinku kuma ya hana mu ba ku wasu nauyin da kuka cancanci cikawa". Babu wanda ya gaji taken a lokacin, amma wasu masu sharhi sun yi imanin cewa mai yiwuwa ne cewa Abdullah ya yi niyyar sanya sunan ɗansa, Yarima Hussein, don ya gaji shi a wani lokaci a nan gaba. Mataki na 28 (B) na kundin tsarin mulkin Jordan ya ba da cewa ɗan fari na sarki ya gaji kambin kai tsaye a kan mutuwar sarki sai dai idan sarki ya sanya ɗaya daga cikin 'yan uwansa ya gaji kujerarsa a matsayin yarima, amma Abdullah II ya tabbatar da cewa ɗansa Hussein zai gaji shi ta hanyar sanya shi a matsayin yariman kambin a ranar 2 ga watan Yulin 2009. Gidan Yari A ranar 3 ga watan Afrilu 2021, BBC ta buga bidiyon Hamzah inda ya ba da rahoton cewa an tsare shi a gidan yari a matsayin wani ɓangare na zalunci ga masu sukar. An bayyana cewa an ba da bidiyon ga BBC ta hanyar lauyan Hamzah. A ranar 7 ga watan Afrilu 2021, Sarki Abdullah II ya nuna a fili cewa tashin hankali da Hamzah, wanda ya yi alkawarin aminci a gare shi kwana biyu bayan da aka fara kama shi a gidansa, ya ƙare kuma Hamzah yanzu "a fadarsa a ƙarƙashin kariya ta". Abdullah ya kuma bayyana cewa rikicin da ya haifar da kama gidan Hamzah ya fara ne lokacin da shugaban ma'aikatan soja na Jordan ya ziyarci Hamzah kuma ya gargadi shi ya daina halartar tarurruka tare da masu sukar gwamnati. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2022, Hamzah ya bar matsayinsa na sarauta na yarima, yana mai cewa "gaskatawarsa ta mutum" ba ta dace da "hanyar, yanayin da hanyoyin zamani na cibiyoyinmu ba". Wata daya da ta gabata, an ruwaito cewa ya nemi gafara ga Sarki a cikin wata wasika, yana so ya "juya shafin a kan wannan babi a tarihin kasarmu da danginmu". A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2022, Sarki ya sanar da cewa an tsare Hamzah a gidansa kuma an iyakance hanyoyin sadarwa da motsinsa saboda "halayensa da burinsa". Aure da iyali Hamzah ya auri 'yar uwansa ta biyu, Princess Noor bint Asem bin Nayef, a Fadar Al Baraka a Amman a ranar 29 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2003. An gudanar da bikin auren a ranar 27 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 2004 a Fadar Zahran. Hamzah da Noor sun sake aure a ranar 9 ga watan Satumba 2009. Ma'auratan suna da 'yar: Gimbiya Haya bint Hamzah (an haife ta a ranar 18 ga watan Afrilu 2007) A ranar 12 ga watan Janairun 2012, Hamzah ya auri Basmah Bani Ahmad Al-Outom. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya mata hudu da' ya'ya maza biyu: Gimbiya Zein bint Hamzah (an haife ta 3 Nuwamba 2012) Gimbiya Noor bint Hamzah (an haife ta 5 ga watan Yulin 2014) Gimbiya Badiya bint Hamzah (an haife ta 8 ga watan Afrilu 2016) Gimbiya Nafisa bint Hamzah (an haife ta a ranar 7 ga watan Fabrairu 2018) Yarima Hussein bin Hamzah (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Nuwamba 2019) Yarima Muhammad bin Hamzah (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Fabrairu 2022) Daraja Kasar kasa Knight Grand Cordon (Special Class) of the Supreme Order of the Renaissance Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of the Star of Jordan Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of Independence Knight Officer of the Order of Military Merit Baƙi Recipient of the Medal of Ahmad Al-Fateh Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Olav Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Orange-Nassau Kyautar Recipient of the United Nations Peace Medal Manazarta Haɗin waje Sarauniya Noor (2003) Leap of Faith: Memoirs of an Unexpected Life, Miramax Books, Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1980 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Tattalin%20Arziki%20Ta%20Duniya

Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki Ta Duniya

Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya ƙungiya ce ta kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da aka kafa a shekarata 1969 wacce ke yin gwagwarmayar haƙƙoƙin 'yan ƙasa da ko kabilu da kuma mutanen da ba a sadu da su ba. Kamfen ɗin ƙungiyar gaba ɗaya yana mai da hankali ne ga sha'awar mutanen kabilu don kiyaye ƙasashen kakanninsu. Kungiyar ta Duniya ta kira waɗannan mutanen "wasu daga cikin mafiya rauni a duniya", da nufin kawar da abin da ta kira "ra'ayoyin" da ake amfani da su don ba da hujjar take haƙƙin ɗan Adam. Hakanan yana da manufar tallata abubuwan da ake hango na kasada da kabilu ke fuskanta daga ayyukan hukumomi da gwamnatoci. Vungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya ta ce tana da niyyar taimaka wa jama’ar ƙabila don cin gashin kansu Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya tana cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da Ma'aikatar Bayanin Jama'a na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma a cikin shawarwari tare da Majalisar Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi da Tattalin Arziki ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Don tabbatar da 'yancin aiwatarwa, Tsira ba ta karɓar tallafin gwamnati. Memba ne mai kafa kuma kungiyar sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Ba da Lamuni na Kungiyoyi na Kasa da Kasa Yarjejeniyar Kula da Inci ta INGO Tsira tana da ofis a Amsterdam, Berlin, London, Madrid, Milan, Paris da San Francisco Tarihi An kafa Survival International ne a shekarar 1969 bayan labarin da Norman Lewis yayi a cikin jaridar The Sunday Times Magazine ya nuna yadda ake kashe-kashe, sace-sacen kasa da kisan kiyashi da ake yi a yankin Amazonia na Brazil. Kuma a cikin shekarata 1971, sabuwar ƙungiyar ta ziyarci Brazil don lura da hukumar gwamnatin Fundação Nacional do Índio (FUNAI) da ke da alhakin ƙabilun yankin. kungiyar Survival International da aka kafa a matsayin kamfanin ingilishi a cikin shekarar 1972 kuma an yi rajista a matsayin sadaka a cikin shekarata 1974. Dangane da tarihin rayuwar shugabanta na farko, mai binciken Robin Hanbury-Tenison, yayin tafiya tare da masanin ilimin kabilanci Conrad Gorinsky a cikin Amazon a 1968, Shi ne na farko a wannan fagen da ya yi amfani da rubuce-rubuce da yawa, bayan da ya tsara kamfe da yawa a wurare daban-daban a duk duniya, kamar Siberia, Kanada da Kenya Yakin neman zabe da yawa sun sami damar kawo sauyi ga manufofin gwamnati game da hakkin 'yan asalin yankin. A shekarar 2000, wannan salon gwagwarmaya ya yi nasara wajen ingiza gwamnatin Indiya ta yi watsi da shirinsu na mayar da kabilar Jarawa wacce ta kebanta da ita, bayan ta karbi wasiku 150-200 a kowace rana daga magoya bayan Tsira a duk duniya. Jim kaɗan gabanin hakan, gwamnan yammacin Siberia ya kafa dokar hana duk lasisin mai a yankin Yugan Khanty cikin 'yan makonnin da Tsira ta fitar da sanarwa. Har ila yau, Tsira ita ce ƙungiya ta farko da ta jawo hankali game da tasirin ayyukan Bankin Duniya wanda yanzu aka gane a matsayin babban abin da ke haifar da wahala a yawancin ƙasashe matalauta taron. Tsira ita ce ƙungiya ta ƙungiyoyin ƙabilanci ta ƙasa da ƙasa da ta karɓi kyautar Kyauta ta Rayuwa, da Spanish 'Premio Léon Felipe' da 'Medaglia della Presidenza della Camera dei Deputati' na ƙasar Italiya. Tsarin da manufofin Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya tana aiki don haƙƙin al'ummomin kabilanci a matakan girma guda uku: ilimi, ba da shawara da kamfen. Har ila yau, yana ba wa kabilun dandamali don magance duniya, yayin haɗuwa da ƙungiyoyin asali na gida, tare da mai da hankali kan mutanen kabilun da ke fuskantar barazanar gaggawa daga tuntuɓar waje. Shirye-shiryen ilimin suna nufin mutane ne a cikin Yammacin duniya, da nufin "rusa labarin almara da ke cewa mutanen kabilu kayan tarihi ne, waɗanda aka ƙaddara su halaka ta hanyar 'ci gaba' Tsira tana neman inganta girmama al'adunsu da kuma bayyana dacewar su a yau wajen kiyaye hanyar rayuwarsu. Kungiyar tana da magoya baya a ƙasashe 82. Ana buga littattafansa cikin harsuna da yawa a duk duniya. Kungiya ce ta rijista a Kingdomasar Ingila kuma daidai take a cikin Jamus, Faransa, Italia, Spain da Amurka, kuma tana iya karɓar gudummawar da ba haraji a cikin Netherlands Rayuwa ta ƙi tallafin gwamnati, ya dogara ne kawai da taimakon jama'a, don tabbatar da 'yancin aiwatarwa. Duk mutanen da aka turo filin sun kasance daga ma'aikatan International Survival International, babu ɗayan masu aikin sa kai ko baƙi na kowane nau'i. Ana aiwatar da ayyukan ƙasashen waje ta hanyar kabilu da kansu. Kabilu Akwai fiye da 150 miliyan kabilu a duk duniya, gami da aƙalla mutane 100 da ba a sadu da su ba a cikin ƙasashe 60. Vungiyar Survival International tana tallafawa waɗannan kabilun da ke cikin haɗari a matakin duniya, tare da kamfen da aka kafa a Amurka, Afirka da Asiya. Yawancinsu an tsananta musu kuma suna fuskantar kisan ƙare dangi ta hanyar cututtuka da wasu illolon, ƙaura daga gidajensu ta hanyar sare bishiyoyi da haƙar ma'adinai, da kuma korar mutanen da suka zauna. Rayuwa ta yi imanin cewa haƙƙin 'yan ƙasa na mallakar ƙasa, duk da cewa dokokin ƙasa sun yarda da shi, ba a mutunta su yadda ya kamata, tare da mamaye kabilu ta hanyar ayyuka kamar hakar mai da ma'adinai, sare bishiyoyi, kiwon shanu, basu damar zaman kansu ko shirin' ci gaban 'gwamnati kamar gina hanyoyi da madatsun ruwa, ko don wuraren ajiyar yanayi da wuraren shakatawa. Bayan waɗannan abubuwan tattalin arziki don mamayewar mamayewa, Tsira yana nuna jahilci da wariyar launin fata wanda ke ganin mutanen ƙabila a matsayin ci baya da dadadden tarihi. Tsira ta yi imanin cewa a cikin dogon lokaci, ra'ayin jama'a shine mafi tasiri ga canji. An bayyana tasirin duniyar waje akan wanzuwar 'yan asalin ƙasar da al'adunsu a matsayin abin birgewa sosai. A Siberia, kashi 10 cikin 100 na mutanen kabilun suna rayuwa ne ta ƙaura ko ta ƙaura, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 70% shekaru 30 da suka gabata. A cikin Brazil inda Survival ke imani da cewa yawancin kabilun duniya da ba a sadar da su ba, wataƙila sama da 50, ance suna rayuwa akwai masu magana kusan 400 don harsuna 110. Ga marubuta kamar su Daniel Everett, wannan lamari yana wakiltar mummunan hari kan wanzuwar mutane, yayin da harshe ke bayyana yadda ƙungiyar mutane ke fuskantar gaskiya a wata hanya ta musamman, kuma yana daga cikin al'adunmu na yau da kullun. Ranka Bjeljac-Babic, malami kuma kwararre a fannin ilimin harshe, ya bayyana alaƙa ta asali da ta haddasawa tsakanin barazanar bambancin halittu da bambancin al'adu. An bayyana cin zarafin al'adun gargajiya da al'adun gargajiyar a matsayin wani ɓangare na cin zarafi mafi girma a kan rayuwa, tare da tushen tarihin mallaka Rahoton Tsira da Ci gaba na iya Kashe haskakawa cewa mamayewar Amurka da Ostiraliya da Turawa suka yi ya kawar da kashi 90% na 'yan asalin ƙasar a waɗannan nahiyoyin. Barazanar kisan kare dangi na ci gaba. Most fundamentally, Survival believes that it is the respect for the right to keep their land that may allow them to survive. The issues of human rights and freedom depend on the land on which they can subsist and develop according to their own culture. Interference with this basic need endangers their capacity to live sustainably. In January 2019, the newly elected president of Brazil Jair Bolsonaro stripped the indigenous affairs agency FUNAI of the responsibility to identify and demarcate indigenous lands. He argued that those territories have very tiny isolated populations and proposed to integrate them into the larger Brazilian society. According to the Survival International, "Taking responsibility for indigenous land demarcation away from FUNAI, the Indian affairs department, and giving it to the Agriculture Ministry is virtually a declaration of open warfare against Brazil’s tribal peoples." Gangamin Kungiyoyin dan Tattalin Arziki na forasashen duniya don ƙabilun da ba a sadu da su ba a cikin yankin na Peru, da yawa daga cikin indan asali waɗanda ba a san su ba a cikin Brazil, Rasha, West Papua, da kusan kabilu 30 a ƙasashe da yawa a Kudancin Amurka, Afirka da Asiya. Suna zaɓar shari'arsu bisa la'akari da ma'aunin da ƙungiyar ta kafa, wanda ya dogara da abubuwa da dama, kamar aminci da ci gaba da bayanin, yanayin yanayin da ƙabilar da ake magana a kanta ke fuskanta, matakin da suka yi imani da shi ayyukansu na iya kawo canji na gaske, gwargwadon yadda ingantawa a wannan yanki zai haifar da tasiri ga wasu, ko akwai wata ƙungiya da ta riga ta fara aiki a kan lamarin, kuma ko suna da tabbacin abin da mutane da kansu suke so. Babban barazana ga kabilun da yakin neman tsira shine mamaye ƙasashensu don bincika albarkatu. Wannan koyaushe yana haifar da ƙaura tilastawa, asarar dorewa da tilasta canje-canje ta hanyar rayuwarsu. Mati Yawancin lokaci, wannan yana tare da cututtuka daga haɗuwa da waɗanda ke waje waɗanda suke da tsarin rigakafi marasa shiri wannan barazanar ita kaɗai na iya shafe ƙabilun baki ɗaya. Garkuwa da ko masu kiwon shanu sun shafi mafi yawan waɗannan ƙabilun, daga Kudancin Amurka, Afirka zuwa Australasia. Arhuaco, a cikin Kolombiya, suna da gonakin magani, masu alaƙa da musayar wuta daga yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin ƙungiyoyi da bukatun gwamnati. Ogiek, a Kenya, suna da gonakin shayi, kuma Amungme a Indonesia, San a Botswana, Dongria Kondh a Indiya, da Palawan a Philippines suna da wuraren hakar ma'adinai. Sauran sashen duniya masu tsira sun kuma nuna a cikin kamfen ɗin su game da cin zarafin da ake yi a kan hanyar su ta rayuwa sakamakon aikin mishan. Arhuaco, Ayoreo, Aborigines, Innu da kabilu da yawa a Yammacin Papua duk sun gamu da mummunan hari akan al'adunsu daga menene, za'a iya cewa a mahangar Tsira, na iya zama kyakkyawar niyya, amma duk da haka yana lalata rayuwar su. 'Ya'yan Khanty da Wanniyala-Aetto an sace su don su girma cikin addinai da al'adun kasashen waje. A cikin dogon lokaci, waɗannan ayyukan suna cin nasara cikin haɗuwa da lalata rukunin mutane. Baya ga shan wahalar kisan kare dangi da aka kawo ta cuta da yunwa (wanda hakan ya samo asali ne sakamakon rasa muhallinsu da kuma sata ƙasa mai kyau daga gare su), Survival sun ce wasu kabilun sun sha fama da kamfen na kisan kai tsaye. Yawancin kabilun da ke Kudancin Amurka, kamar su Awá, Akuntsu, Guaraní da Yanomami, an kashe su ne a gaban ma’aikatan kasashe daban-daban, masu kiwo da ‘yan bindiga don haya, yayin da kabilun Afirka da Asiya suka sha fama da kisan gilla a hannun gwamnati. Kungiyar vasa ta Duniya ta nuna ƙabilar Akuntsu, daga cikin mambobi biyar kawai suka rage, a matsayin misali na abin da wannan barazanar ke wakilta: a ƙarshe kisan ƙare dangi ga dukan mutane. Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya ta yi kira ga hankali game da ƙaruwar kashe kansa a cikin kabilu kamar Innu, Aborigines na Australiya da Guarani, sakamakon tsoma baki a waje da al'adun kabilun da kuma tsanantawa kai tsaye. Cutuwa ko Wahalar da baƙin ciki na tilasta yin kaura, da yawa daga cikin kabilun sun sami kansu cikin yanke kauna suna rayuwa a cikin yanayin da ba su saba da shi ba, inda babu wani abu mai amfani da za a yi, kuma inda sabbin maƙwabta suke musu ƙyamar wariyar launin fata. Sauran illolin zamantakewar jama'a daga wannan kaura an nuna su ne ga shaye-shaye da tashin hankali, tare da kamfen ɗin da ke ba da rahoton ƙarar Innu, Mursi, Bodi, Konso da Wanniyala-Aetto Mutanen ƙabilu kuma sun fi fuskantar matsalar yin lalata da su. Daga cikin kabilun da Survival International ta yi yakin neman zabe tare da su, an ba da rahoton fyade na ’yan mata da mata daga ma’aikatan kamfanoni masu mamaye yankin kabilun‘ yan asalin na Penan, Yammacin Papuan, Jummas da Jarawa Matsayin gwamnati a cikin waɗannan yankuna ya bambanta. Yawancin kabilun Brazil suna da kariya a ƙarƙashin doka, yayin da a zahiri akwai tsayin daka a cikin manufofi da ƙaƙƙarfan goyon baya ga kamfanonin da ke aiwatar da waɗannan barazanar game da rayuwarsu. A cikin Afirka, an tsananta wa kabilun San da sauran kabilu da duka da azabtarwa don tilasta ƙaura, da kisan kai a cikin Nuba, da cikin Bangladesh, Asiya, tare da Jummas. Wani loaci dole gwamnati ke bada diyya ga Survival suka yi imani da su ba wasu abubuwa ne da ba a so don ƙabilun, waɗanda aka nuna a matsayin "cigaba". A watan Afrilu na shekarar 2012, kungiyar ta Survival International ta kaddamar da wani kamfen a duk duniya, tare da goyan bayan dan wasan kwaikwayo Colin Firth, don kare mutanen Awa-Guajá na Brazil, wanda kungiyar ke ganin su ne "kabilar da ta fi fuskantar barazana a duniya". A ƙarshen shekarata 2015, Survival International ta fara yakin neman dakatar da Con, wanda ke neman wayar da kan jama'a game da mummunan tasirin manufofin kiyaye al'adun gargajiyar kan kabilun. Wannan kamfen din wani bangare ne na babbar yakin neman tsira a duniya game da kiyayewa. Kulawa da 'yan jarida Kungiyar Survival International ta sami ɗan kulawa a cikin kafofin watsa labarai tsawon shekaru tare da kamfen da aikin magoya bayan sa kai. Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da aka amince da su sun hada da Richard Gere, wanda ya yi magana game da Jumma na Bangladesh, Julie Christie, wacce ta ba da Rediyo 4 a madadin Khanty na Siberia, Judi Dench, wanda ya yi gargadin abubuwan da suka faru game da Arhuaco na Colombia, da Colin Firth, wanda yayi magana game da korar ƙabilar San, kuma don nuna goyon baya ga mutanen Awa-Guajá. Koyaya, kafofin watsa labarai ba koyaushe suke tausayawa kungiyar ba. A cikin 1995, Hukumar Talabijin mai zaman kanta ta hana ɗayan tallace-tallace na vasashen Duniya na Tsira, ta ambaci Dokar Watsa Labarai ta 1990, wacce ta ce ƙungiyoyi ba za su iya tallata ayyukansu ba idan ya kasance cikakke ne ko kuma galibi na yanayin siyasa. An watsa tallan a tashar tashar kiɗa The Box da kuma tauraron dan adam na MTV wanda ke kan hanyar VH-1 Richard Gere ya fitar da sanarwar yana kira ga masu kallo da su taimaka don dakatar da kisan mutane da kuma amfani da su da ake yi wa kabilu. An sake samun sabani bayan wata kasida a cikin jaridar The Observer ta jefa shakku da tsoro a kan rahoton da Survival International ta bayar game da wata kabila da ba a sadu da ita ba a cikin Peru, wanda ya hada da hoto tare da 'yan kabilun suna harba kibiyoyi a jirgin sama. Bayan wani artabu mai zafi da aka kwashe watanni ana yi, tare da barazanar kai Survival International a kotu don yin batanci, The Observer ya ƙare da yarda a watan Agusta 2008 cewa labarin ya sa ba daidai ba. A cikin wani bayani, jaridar ta ce: "Duk da cewa The Observer ba za ta iya daukar nauyin bayanan wasu kafofin watsa labarai ba amma tana da aiki a karkashin Dokar Editocin kada ta buga 'bayanai marasa inganci, ko yaudara ko gurbatattu'. Ya fadi a cikin wannan aikin a nan. Gwamnatin Botswana, wacce Survival International ta samu sabani na dogon lokaci tare da ita game da yadda gwamnati ke kula da mutanen San a Babban Tsibirin Tsari na Kalahari, ta koka game da yadda labarai ba daidai ba a manyan kafofin watsa labarai. 'Yan San sun kalubalanci gwamnati a kotu sau da yawa game da' yancinsu na ci gaba da kasancewa a yankinsu ba tare da tsangwama ba. Ian Khama, Shugaban kasar Botswana, ya bayyana cewa, Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya "tana hana su kuma musamman yaransu damar da za su iya girma tare da yadda ake amfani da su," wanda hakan ke tilastawa 'yan asalin su ci gaba da "rayuwa mai matukar koma baya". An yi zargin cewa gwamnatin Botswana "ta umarci dukkan shugabannin sashe a kafafen yada labaran kasar da su tabbatar da cewa duk wani rahoto mara kyau game da sauya wuraren da ake takaddama daga Central Kalahari Game Reserve (CKGR) ya kamata a bambanta shi sosai da bayanan gwamnati da ake nema yanzu." A cikin watan Mayu na 2013, Survival International ta zargi gwamnati da shirin korar San daga gidajensu a Ranyane Wakilin gwamnati Jeff Ramsay ya Sha musanta wannan zargin kuma ya bayyana Survival International a matsayin "kungiyar ba da wariyar launin fata". Daga baya kungiyar ta 'Survival International' ta ruwaito cewa a ranar 28 ga watan Mayu, Babbar Kotun Botswana ta yanke hukuncin dakatar da korar mutanen har zuwa tsakiyar watan Yuni. An rawaito wani mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam na kungiyar ta Survival International yana cewa, "Ban san yadda gwamnati za ta ce babu shari'ar ba, kuma ba su shirin korar su a lokacin da Ranyane Bushmen ke kai gwamnatin kasar kotu don a daina cire ta. Daraktan Majalisar Khwedom, Keibakile Mogodu, ya ce, "Mun yi ta tattaunawa a kan batun tare da jami'an gwamnati, eh zan iya tabbatar da cewa gwamnati ta kamata ta koma [Basarwa] dari shida a ranar Litinin, [27 ga Mayu]." An shigar da kara a madadin San. A cikin shekarata 2005, Tsira ta buga littafin Akwai Ka Tafi! Oren Ginzburg wanda ke nuna al'umman ƙabila da ci gaban ya cutar da su. Duka a jumlar littafin, Stephen Corry ya rubuta: "'Ci gaban' mutanen kabilu ba tare da son ransu ba da gaske don barin wasu su sami ƙasarsu da albarkatunsu ya samo asali ne daga mulkin mallaka na ƙarni na 19 ('Mun sani mafi kyau') sun shiga cikin ƙarni na 20 siyasa daidai 'euphemism. Al’ummomin kabilu ba koma baya ba ne: al’umma ce masu zaman kansu kuma masu kuzari waɗanda, kamar kowane ɗayanmu koyaushe, koyaushe suna dacewa da canjin duniya. Babban bambanci tsakanin mutanen kabilu da mu shine mun dauki ƙasarsu da albarkatun su, kuma munyi imanin marasa gaskiya, har ma masu wariyar launin fata, suna da'awar cewa don amfanin kansu ne. Cin nasara, ba ci gaba ba. Idan da gaske kuna son fahimtar abin da ke faruwa, karanta wannan littafin. Kungiyar Survival International ta ƙarfafa magoya bayanta su yi amfani da kafofin watsa labarai da yawa don yada wayar da kan jama'a game da batun haƙƙin 'yan ƙasa. A cikin jagorar Walk your Talk, kungiyar tana ba da nasihu kan ayyuka daban-daban, daga rubuta wasiku zuwa gwamnatoci, zuwa yada maganar ta hanyar daukar nauyi, takardu, zanga-zanga, nuna finafinai, da karbar kudi daga abubuwa da dama. Duba kuma Rayuwar Al'adu Sanarwa game da Hakkokin Indan Asalin Abokan Mutanen Kusa da Yanayi Waƙoƙi don Rayuwa Manazarta Majiya (first published by Granada, 1984) Pages with unreviewed

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarauta%20na%20Akan

Sarauta na Akan

A yawancin sassan yammacin Afirka, akwai tsohuwar al'adar sarauta, kuma mutanen Akan sun haɓaka tsarin kansu, wanda ya kasance tare da tsarin dimokuradiyya na kasar. Kalmar Akan ga mai mulki ko ɗaya daga cikin fadawansa daban-daban ita ce "Nana" nænə/). A zamanin mulkin mallaka, Turawa sun fassara shi da "shugaba", amma wannan ba daidai ba ne. Wasu majiyoyin kuma suna magana akan “sarakuna”, wanda kuma ba haka yake ba, musamman a maganar da aka fada. Kalmar “shugaba” ta zama ruwan dare ko da a tsakanin mutanen Ghana na zamani, ko da yake zai fi kyau a yi amfani da kalmar “Nana” ba tare da fassara ba a duk inda zai yiwu. Tarihi Tushen sarautar Akan an san shi, kodayake rubuce-rubucen ba su da yawa. Lokacin da Akan ke zama a Bonoman, a cikin lokacin kafin 1300, Bonos ya riga ya yi amfani da tsarin sarauta. Babban sarki yana da matsayi da za a iya kwatanta shi da na sarki mai cikakken imani. Lokacin da aka kafa Jamhuriyar Ghana a shekara ta 1957, an amince cewa a mutunta tsarin sarauta. Lokacin yanzu An karɓi sarauta bisa hukuma. ’Yan siyasa suna tambayar sarakuna shawara domin yawanci sun fi kusanci da mutane. Babban kwamitin shi ne Majalisar Sarakunan Kasar da ke Kumasi. Akwai kuma Majalisar Sarakunan Yanki. Idan aka samu matsala tsakanin sarakuna, Majalisar Sarakunan tana da aikin shari’a ta yanke hukunci a kan irin wadannan batutuwa. Matsayi A cikin ƙabilar Akan akwai ƙungiyoyin dangi daban-daban, kamar su Ashanti, Bono, Akyem, Kwahu, Akwapim, Assin, ko Fante, [Denkyira]. Mafi girman matsayi na gaba dayan makarantar sarautar Akan shine babban sarki. An sanya su a ƙasan shugaban Paramount sune ƙananan shugabannin. Za a iya kwatanta karamin shugaba da mai gari, sai dai ofishinsa na gado ne sabanin wanda aka zaba. Sarakunan suna da yankunansu, kuma baya ga kula da su, suna da aiki a kotunan manyan sarakunansu a matsayin ministoci. Yawancin ayyukan gargajiya ne, yayin da wasu an ƙirƙira su kwanan nan: Wani sarki ne ke yin hukunci da yanke hukunci kan tambayoyin siyasa da tattalin arziki a yankinsa. Lokacin da aka sanya shi, yana karɓar sunan stool. Yawanci, duk sarakunan da ke cikin zuriyar sarauta suna da suna iri ɗaya an ƙara wa'adi don bambanta su duka. Omanhene Fassarar Turanci na take Omanhene shine Babban Babban Babban Sarki. A lokuta da ba kasafai ba, Sarauniya da kansu za su kasance masu kula da sarauta har sai an zaɓi namijin da ya dace daga Gidan Sarauta a matsayin shugaba. Wannan da matsayin Obaapanin ko Sarauniya su ne kawai ake samun su ta hanyar zuriya daga dangin da ke mulki. Krontihene Krontihene shine mai kula da ƙasa kuma mai ba da umarni na biyu bayan Omanhene. Ankobeahene Ankobea na nufin wanda ya zauna a gida ko bai je ko’ina ba. Ankobeahene shine mai kula da fada. Obaatan Obaatan yana nufin "iyaye" kuma rawar mace ce. Alamarta ita ce kwai, daga cikinsa ne duk sauran sarakuna suka fito. Ita ce mai ba Omanhene shawara. Lokacin da stool ɗin Omanhene ba kowa, Obaatan ya ba da shawarar wanda ke kan gaba. Ana sa ran ta yi la'akari da dukkan abubuwa kamar halayen 'yan takarar da ake da su, zuriyarsu ta sarauta da kuma gudunmawar da suke bayarwa ga gidan sarauta. Yawancin zuriya da tsarin haihuwa ana ba da la'akari mai mahimmanci a cikin tsarin zaɓin. Ko da yake ana samun shi a wasu hadisai, matsayin Obaatan bai dace da tsarin sarautar Akan daidai ba. Wanda ya ba da shawara kuma ya zabi Omanhene a cikin Akans shine Obaahemaa (ko uwar Sarauniya). Tufohene “Shugaban yaki” shi ne shugaban duk kamfanonin Asafo da kuma ministan tsaro (ko shugaban ‘yan bindiga). Tufohene ya fassara sako-sako a cikin Akan a matsayin 'shugaban 'yan bindiga', Asafohene Asafohene shine shugaban kamfani guda ɗaya na Asafo. Manwerehene Shugaban ciki. Sanaahene Shugaban baitul mali. Adontehene Akwai mukamai guda hudu da ke kwatanta bangaren soji. Adontehene shi ne wanda ke zuwa gaban sojoji. Nkyidomhene Yakan tattara sojojin da suka bari, ya mayar da su wurin sojoji. A lokacin Odambea, Nkyidom koyaushe suna zama a cikin palanquin na ƙarshe. Nifahene Nifahene yana rike da gefen dama na kafa sojojin. Benkumhene Benkumhene yana rike da bangaren hagu na kafa sojoji (kuma a tsarin mulkin zamani wanda aka fi sani da bangaren hagu). Akyempimhene Idan akwai abin da za a raba ko raba, Akyempimhene (ko mataimakin sarki) dole ne ya yi shi. Shi ne ɗan fari na sarki. Yana kuma kāre sarki, mahaifinsa, kowane sarki yana yanke shawara ko zai ba da sarauta ga ɗansa na gaske ko kuma na kusa. Hakanan yana jin daɗin isa a cikin palanquin bayan Asantehene ya zauna; shi kadai ke da wannan ikon yin haka. Shi ne kuma shugaban dukkan sarakunan Kumasi. Otumfuo Opoku Ware (Katakyie) ya kirkiro wannan take. Yawanci 'ya'yan farko na sarakuna su ne suke hawan wannan sãƙi. Shi ne kuma shugaban dangin Kyidom (Fekuo). Saboda tsarin gado na matrilineal, 'ya'ya maza ba sa maye gurbin ubanninsu a matsayin sarakuna kai tsaye. An zabo sarakuna da yawa daga cikin ‘ya’yan marigayin na makusanta mata. Don haka wannan laƙabi hanya ce mai dacewa ta ɗaukaka ɗan sarki ba tare da bata wa sarautar rai ba. Mankrado Aikin Mankrado shine tsarkakewa. Ya sanya ganye a cikin ruwa, sannan ya yayyafa shi akan Omanhene. Haka kuma gishiri a aljihunsa kodayaushe ya ke domin ya kyautata ma Omanhene. Guantuahene Taken Guantuahene sabon salo ne na kwanan nan. Guantoahene shi ne wanda mutane za su iya juya zuwa gare shi don tsari da jinƙai. Nsumankwahene Nsumankwahene yana kallon baka. Wannan take kuma wani ɗan ƙaramin halitta ne. Nsumankwahene shugaban ruhaniya ne na al'umma/al'ummomi. A da, babban firist ne ya yi wannan aikin. Nkosuohene Nkosuohene ne ke da alhakin ci gaban yankin. An halicci Nkosuohene don girmama wanda ba dole ba ne ya zama dan gidan sarauta. Ashanti ne suka kirkira, an karrama wasu ’yan kasashen waje da aka zaba da wannan lakabi wanda ya yaba da gudummawar da ba na sarauta ba. Tawagar Okomfo Mutum mafi mahimmanci a cikin tawagar shugaban shine firist ko firist (Okomfo). A al’adance, firist yana gaya wa sarki lokacin da ya dace a soma yaƙi ko kuma a yi aure, alal misali. Matan Kwanciya Akwai kuma matar stool. Ko da sarki ya yi aure ko bai yi aure ba, idan aka nada shi, za a aura masa da karamar yarinya. Samun matar aure wajibi ne, kuma auren mata fiye da daya ya halatta a Ghana. A yau, aikin alama na aure ya isa, duk da haka. Yayin faretin, wata mata ce ta zauna a gaban sarki. Okyeame Basarake yana da masana harshe ɗaya ko fiye (Okyeame). Basarake ba ya yin magana a bainar jama'a, sai dai yana isar da saƙo ta hanyar masanin ilimin harshe, wanda kuma ke da alhakin zubar da layya. Uwar Sarauniya Lakabin uwar Sarauniya na iya danganta da matsayi na babbar sarauniya, sarauniya ko sarauniya. Mai martaba Akan daidai yake da na maza, "Nana". Lokacin amfani da Ingilishi, 'yan Ghana sukan ce "uwar sarauniya". Wannan matar ba lallai ba ce mahaifiyar sarki ba, duk da cewa tana da alaka da shi. Matsayinta a cikin tsarin shine sanya ido kan yanayin zamantakewa, kuma an san uwar Sarauniya mai iya kai tsaye ko ta zarce sarki mai mulki ta fuskar iko da daraja. Misali mai kyau na faruwar haka shine lamarin Sarauniya Yaa Asantewaa. Ana sa ran uwar Sarauniya (ko Ohemaa) za ta nada wani a matsayin shugaba idan ya zama fanko. A wasu wuraren, Abusuapanyin (ko shugaban dangi) yana yin wannan aikin tare da shawarwari tare da sauran ƴan uwa a maimakon haka. Regalia Kayan ado na sirri A lokuta na musamman, sarakunan kan sanya rigar gargajiya, wanda ya kai tsayin yadi shida, an nannade shi a jiki kuma ana sawa a matsayin toga. Shuwagabannin mata suna saka yadudduka guda biyu waɗanda za su iya zama nau'i daban-daban. Kayan adon suna da yawa kuma an yi amfani da su da zinariya. A zamanin yau, yawancin sarakuna suna sanya zinare na kwaikwayo. Tufafin kai yakan ɗauki siffar kambi. Ana iya yin shi da ƙarfe ko na baƙar fata, an yi masa ado da ƙarfe. Sarakuna suna da takalma na gargajiya, kuma sanya takalma alama ce a gare su. Idan shugaba ya sauka, sai ya cire takalminsa. Wuƙar tashi (Bodua) Lokacin hawa a cikin palanquin, hakimai suna riƙe da wuƙar tashi a hannu ɗaya da takobin biki a ɗayan. An yi whisk ɗin tashi da gashin dabba. Takobi (Afena) Ana amfani da gajeren takobin biki don hadayar dabba. Shugaban ya taba makogwaron dabbar a alamance da takobinsa kafin wani ya yanke ta da wuka mai kaifi. Palanquin (Apakan) A lokacin durbar, wadda fareti ce ta musamman, ana ɗaukar wasu sarakuna a cikin palanquin. Subchiefs dole su yi tafiya. Palanquins na iya samun siffar kujera ko na gado. Kwanciya (Dwa) Maimakon sarauta, sarakunan Akan suna zama a kan kujera. Idan sun mutu, a kan yi musu fenti baki a ajiye a cikin ɗaki mai tsarki. Ana kiran wannan ɗaki mai tsarki Nkonwafie (gidan kwanciya). Idan marigayi sarki ne ya fara zama a kan wannan kujera, sunan mutumin ya zama na farko I. Duk wanda ya zauna a kan wannan kujera a nan gaba za a kira shi da sunan sarki na farko amma zai yi II a liƙa. Sunan ya zama sunan sabon sarki. Laima (Bamkyim) Manyan laima da aka yi da siliki da sauran yadudduka masu arziƙi ana amfani da su don inuwar sarki da nuna daga nesa cewa shugaba na gabatowa. Manazarta Mafari Da yake babu bayanai da yawa da aka rubuta, dole ne a nakalto kafofin baka: Mr. Anthony Alick Eghan, Yamoransa (Yankin Tsakiya, Ghana) Kofi Owusu Yeboah, Ejisu-Onwe (Yankin Ashanti) Adabi Antubam, Kofi, Ghana's Heritage of Culture, Leipzig, 1963 Kyerematen, A. A. Y., Panoply of Ghana, London, 1964 Meyerowitz, Eva L. R., Akan Traditions of Origin, London, 1952 Meyerowitz, Eva L. R., At the Court of an African King, London, 1962 Obeng, Ernest E., Ancient Ashanti Chieftancy, Tema, Ghana,

15679

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie%20Okoh

Julie Okoh

Juliana (Julie) Omonukpon Omoifo Okoh (an haife ta ranar 5 ga watan Agusta 1947) a Ubiaja. yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Nijeriya, mai ilmantarwa, mai rajin ƙyamar mata. wadda ta kasance farfesa a ka'idar wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Fatakwal daga 2004 zuwa 2017. Bayan ta yi karatu a Amurka da Kanada, sai ta sami digiri na uku a Jami’ar Bordeaux III a 1991. Tattaunawa game da al'amuran da suka shafi mata a cikin al'umma, wasanninta sun haɗa da The Mannequins (1997), Edewede (2000) da Dooofofin Rufe (2007) Tarihin rayuwa Juliana Omonukpon Omoifo da aka haifa a Ubiaja da ke kudu maso gabashin Najeriya jihar Edo, ‘yar Augustine Azamuoisa Omoifo, malami kuma magatakarda a kotu, da matarsa, mai dinki da manajan shago. An haife ta a cikin gida mara kyau, ita ce ta biyar a cikin 'ya'ya takwas. Duk iyayenta sun kasance masu aiki da al'adu: mahaifinta yana son kida kuma yana kaɗa guitar yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta kasance mai ba da labarin gargajiya wacce ta halarci rawar Ikhio-raye-raye. Tana da aure ga Joseph Donatus Okoh (an haife shi a shekara ta 1941), farfesa a fannin ilimi a Jami'ar Fatakwal. Suna da yara hudu. Bayan ta kammala karatunta na firamare a Ubiaja, Juliana Omoifo ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta Lady of Lourdes da ke Uromi. Sannan ta sami aiki a Ma’aikatar Harkokin Waje a Legas inda ta yi jarabawar GCE a matakin talakawa da na ci gaba. Godiya ga kyawawan sakamako, ta sami damar halartar kwas na shekaru uku a horo a matsayin sakatariyar harshe biyu a Cibiyar Horar da Tarayya. A cikin 1972, an ba ta izinin shiga Jami'ar Loyola ta Chicago inda ta kammala karatun Faransanci da Adabin Ingilishi a 1976. Ta ci gaba da samun digiri na biyu a Adabin Faransanci daga Jami'ar Alberta (1979). Daga baya ta halarci jami’ar Bordeaux don yin karatun gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Faransanci da Ingilishi, inda ta samu digiri na biyu a shekarar 1989 da kuma digiri na uku a 1991. A shekarar 2000 da 2001, Okoh ta kasance a kasar Amurka inda ta kasance abokiyar aikin Fulbright a Kwalejin Smith, inda take karbar aiyuka a matsayin bako malami a Jami'ar Jihar ta North Carolina da kuma Jami'ar Massachusetts a Amherst. A cikin 2004, ta fara aiki mai tsayi a matsayin farfesa a ka’idar wasan kwaikwayo da suka a Jami’ar Fatakwal. Julie Okoh tayi ritaya a shekarar 2017. A wata laccar da aka yi wa laƙabi da "Zuwa Gidan Wasannin Mata a Najeriya", wanda ta gabatar a watan Oktoban 2012, Okoh ya kammala da cewa: Batun daidaiton jinsi da ke mai da hankali kan haƙƙin mata ya zo mai nisa, kuma adabin mata ya taka rawar gani wajen kawo sauye-sauye game da ɗabi'un mata. Duk da haka, har yanzu yaƙi mai tsawo yana nan gaba, saboda zai ɗauki dogon lokaci kafin daidaiton jinsi da rawar da mata ke takawa a cikin al'umma don a fahimta da kuma yarda da ita yadda ya dace. Amma ni, na zaɓi hanyar wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin mumbarina don wannan dalili. Na yi ƙoƙarin zuwa duniya tare da wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo bisa ƙa'idodin mata da dabaru. Littattafai Okoh ta rubuta kuma ta jagoranci wasan kwaikwayo sama da 30, da yawa daga cikinsu an buga su, da kuma rubuce-rubuce masu mahimmanci da labarai a cikin Faransanci da Ingilishi kan wasan kwaikwayo, al'adu da kuma batun jinsi. Daya daga cikin rawar da ta taka rawar gani ita ce Edewede wacce aka fara yi a Jami'ar Fatakwal a 1998. Yana da nufin shawo kan matan Najeriya cewa cire jiki al'ada ce da ya kamata a guje mata, tare da gabatar da ita a matsayin wata al'ada mai cutarwa. Wasan kwaikwayon ya hada da raye-rayen gargajiya na mata da wakoki, wani lokacin kuma. Yin amfani da yajin aiki mai tsayi azaman na'urar, mata suna jefa kuri'a don hana cirewa. Hakanan Excision shi ne taken A Cikakken Lokaci, wanda a cikinsa ake ƙarfafa masu sauraro don shiga cikin jefa ƙuri'a ko waƙa da tafawa. 1997: Maski: Wasan Wasanni ne da Makarantu 1997: Mannequins 2000: Edewede Washegari Sabuwar Rana 2000: Cikin Cikakken Lokaci 2002: Waye Zai Iya Yaƙin Alloli? 2005: Aisha 2007: Dooofofin Rufe 2008: Jarrabawa 2009: Haunting Past: Drama 2010: Matarmu Har abada: Wasan kwaikwayo 2014: Kuka don Demokradiyya 2018: Hanyar Thorny Kyauta Okoh an bata kyautuka da yawa. Sun hada da: 2000: Babban Masanin Fulbright 2011: Kyautar Gwanin Rayuwa daga ofungiyar ofwararrun aterwararrun ateran Wasan Kwaikwayo na Nijeriya (SONTA) Manazarta Mata Ƴan

32658

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Profumo

John Profumo

John Dennis Profumo, CBE, OBE (Mil.) prə f m oʊ prə-FEW -moh 30 Janairu 1915 9 Maris 2006) ɗan siyasar Biritaniya ne wanda aikinsa ya ƙare a 1963 bayan dangantaka ta jima'i da shi. Christine Keeler mai shekaru 19 a cikin 1961. Wannan abin kunya, wanda aka fi sani da Profumo affair, ya sa ya yi murabus daga gwamnatin Conservative ta Harold Macmillan Bayan murabus din Profumo ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da agaji a Toynbee Hall, wata ƙungiyar agaji a Gabashin London, kuma ta zama babban mai tara kuɗaɗe. Waɗannan ayyukan agaji sun taimaka wajen dawo da martabarsa kuma an naɗa shi Kwamandan Tsarin Mulkin Burtaniya (CBE) a cikin 1975. Rayuwar farko da aiki An haifi Profumo a Kensington, London, ɗan Albert Profumo, jami'in diflomasiyya kuma barista na zuriyar Italiya, wanda ya mutu a 1940. Ya halarci Makarantar Harrow da Kwalejin Brasenose, Oxford, inda ya karanta doka kuma ya kasance memba na Bullingdon Club A farkon 1930s, "Jack" Profumo yana da dangantaka da wani samfurin Jamus, Gisela Winegard, wanda daga baya ya yi aiki don leƙen asirin Jamus a Paris. Takardun Sabis na Sirrin jihar Profumo kuma ya rubuta wa Winegard yayin da yake ɗan majalisa. A ranar 1 ga Yuli 1939, an ba shi izini a cikin Royal Armored Corps a matsayin laftanar na biyu, Ya taɓa zama memba na Jami'an Horar da Jami'an da kuma Sajan Cadet yayin da yake Harrow. Ya yi aiki a Arewacin Afirka tare da Northamptonshire Yeomanry a matsayin Kaftin manyan riƙo inda aka ambace shi a cikin aikewa. Ya sauka a Normandy a ranar D-Day kuma ya shiga mummunan faɗa don tabbatar da yankin na Faransa. Matsayinsa na ƙarshe a Sojan Burtaniya shine birigediya. A ranar 21 ga Disamba 1944, Manjo Laftanar Kanal na wucin gadi) an naɗa Profumo a matsayin jami'in Order of the British Empire (OBE, Military Division) "don girmamawa ga galant da fitaccen sabis a Italiya", musamman, don hidimarsa a kan Ma'aikatan filin Marshal Sir Harold Alexander da ke jagorantar Rukunin Sojoji na 15 A cikin Nuwamba 1947, Muƙaddashin Kanar Profumo ya sami lambar yabo ta Bronze Star Medal ta Amurka "don amincewa da fitattun ayyuka a cikin hanyar Allies". Sana'ar siyasa A cikin 1940, yayin da yake ci gaba da aiki a Soja, an zaɓi Profumo a cikin House of Commons a matsayin ɗan majalisa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya (MP) don Kettering a Northamptonshire a zaɓen fidda gwani a ranar 3 ga Maris Jim kaɗan bayan haka ya kada ƙuri'ar adawa da gwamnatin Chamberlain a muhawarar da ta biyo bayan shan kayen da Birtaniyya ta yi a Narvik a Norway. Wannan rashin amincewa da Profumo ya yi ya fusata mai shari'ar gwamnati, David Margesson, wanda ya ce masa, "Zan iya gaya maka wannan, kai ɗan ƙaramin abin raini ne. A duk safiya da ka tashi har ƙarshen rayuwarka za ka ji kunyar abin da ka aikata a daren jiya." Profumo daga baya ya bayyana cewa Margesson "ba zai iya yin kuskure ba." Profumo ya kasance ɗan majalisa mafi ƙanƙanta kuma, a lokacin mutuwarsa, ya zama ɗan majalisa na ƙarshe da ya tsira a cikin 1940 House of Commons. A zaɓen 1945 Profumo ya sha kaye a Kettering ta ɗan takarar Labour, Dick Mitchison Daga baya a cikin 1945, ya zama shugaban ma'aikata na Ofishin Jakadancin Burtaniya a Japan. A cikin 1950, ya bar Sojoji kuma, a babban zaɓe a watan Fabrairun 1950, an zaɓe shi don Stratford-on-Avon a Warwickshire, wurin zama mai aminci na Conservative. Profumo ɗan siyasa ne mai haɗin gwiwa tare da kyakkyawan tarihin yaƙi kuma, duk da fashewar da Margesson ya ambata, an yi masa ƙimma sosai a cikin Jam'iyyar Conservative. Waɗannan halaye sun taimaka masa ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba ta hanyar gwamnatin Conservative da ta hau kan karagar mulki a shekarar 1951. An naɗa shi Sakataren Majalisa a Ma’aikatar Sufurin Jiragen Sama a watan Nuwamba 1952, Babban Sakataren Majalisar Dokoki a Ma’aikatar Sufuri da Jiragen Sama a watan Nuwamba 1953, Mataimakin Sakataren Majalisar Dokokin Mulkin Mallaka a Janairu 1957, Mataimakin Sakataren Gwamnati a Majalisar Ofishin Harkokin Waje a cikin Nuwamba 1958, da Ministan Harkokin Waje a cikin Janairu 1959. A cikin Yuli 1960, an naɗa shi Sakataren Yaki na Jiha (a wajen Majalisar Zartaswa) kuma an rantsar da shi a Majalisar Wakilai. A 1954, ya auri actress Valerie Hobson Matsalar Profumo A cikin Yuli 1961, a wata ƙungiya a Cliveden, gidan Viscount Astor, John Profumo ya sadu da Christine Keeler, wani samfurin 19 mai shekaru 19 wanda ya fara jima'i. An yi gardama kan ainihin tsawon al'amarin tsakanin Profumo da Keeler, wanda ya ƙare ko dai a cikin watan Agustan 1961 bayan da jami'an tsaro suka gargaɗi Profumo game da haɗarin haɗuwa da da'irar Ward, ko kuma ci gaba da raguwar kuzari har zuwa Disamba 1961. Tun da Keeler ya yi jima'i tare da Yevgeny Ivanov, babban hafsan sojojin ruwa a Ofishin Jakadancin Soviet, al'amarin ya ɗauki nauyin tsaron ƙasa. A watan Disamba na 1962, wani harbi da ya faru a London wanda ya haɗa da wasu mutane biyu da ke da hannu tare da Keeler ya jagoranci 'yan jarida don bincikar Keeler, kuma ba da daɗewa ba 'yan jarida sun fahimci al'amuranta tare da Profumo da Ivanov. Amma al'adar Burtaniya na mutunta rayuwar sirri na 'yan siyasar Burtaniya, saboda tsoron ayyukan cin zarafi, an kiyaye shi har zuwa Maris 1963, lokacin da ɗan majalisar Labour George Wigg, ya yi iƙirarin cewa al'amuran tsaron ƙasa ne suka motsa shi, yana cin gajiyar damar majalisar wanda ya ba shi kariya daga duk wani mataki na shari'a, wanda aka ambata a cikin House of Commons zuwa jita-jita da ke danganta Profumo tare da Keeler. Profumo ya yi wata sanarwa ta sirri inda ya yarda cewa ya san Keeler amma ya musanta cewa akwai "rashin adalci" a cikin dangantakar su kuma ya yi barazanar kai ƙara idan jaridu suka yi iƙirarin akasin haka. Maganar Profumo ba ta hana jaridu buga labarun game da Keeler ba, kuma nan da nan ya bayyana ga Macmillan cewa matsayin Profumo bai dace ba. A ranar 5 ga Yuni 1963, an tilasta Profumo ya yarda cewa ya yi ƙarya ga House a watan Maris lokacin da ya ƙaryata game da wani al'amari da Keeler, wanda a lokacin ya kasance wani laifi da ba a gafartawa a cikin siyasar Birtaniya. Profumo ya yi murabus daga ofis kuma daga majalisar masu zaman kansu, kuma ya nemi kuma a naɗa shi a matsayin mai kula da ɗaruruwan don ya bar kujerarsa ta Commons. Kafin ya yi iƙirari a bainar jama’a, Profumo ya shaida wa matarsa, wadda ta tsaya masa. Ba a taɓa nuna cewa dangantakarsa da Keeler ta haifar da wani cin zarafi na tsaron ƙasa ba. Wannan abin kunya ya girgiza gwamnatin Conservative, kuma ana kyautata zaton na ɗaya daga cikin musabbabin shan kaye da jam'iyyar Labour ta yi a zaɓen 1964 Macmillan ya riga ya wuce lokacin, bayan ya yi murabus a watan Oktoba 1963 bisa dalilan kiwon lafiya da Alec Douglas-Home ya gaje shi. Profumo ya ci gaba da yin shiru na jama'a game da lamarin har tsawon rayuwarsa, ko da lokacin fim ɗin Scandal na 1989 wanda Ian McKellen ya buga shi da kuma buga bayanan Keeler ya farfaɗo da sha'awar jama'a game da lamarin. Daniel Flynn ne ya nuna Profumo a cikin wasan kida na matakin Andrew Lloyd Webber Stephen Ward, wanda aka buɗe a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Aldwych akan 19 Disamba 2013. Ben Miles ne ya bayyana shi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na BBC na 2019/2020 Jarabawar Christine Keeler da Tim Steed a cikin jerin Netflix The Crown, inda Al'amarin Profumo wani bangare ne na shirin na kakar 2, episode 10. "Mystery Man". Daga baya rayuwa Ba da daɗewa ba bayan murabus ɗinsa, an gayyaci Profumo don yin aiki a Toynbee Hall a matsayin mai ba da agaji ta Walter Birmingham, wanda ya kasance mai kula da wurin. Toynbee Hall sadaka ce da ke Gabashin Ƙarshen London, kuma Profumo ya ci gaba da yin aiki a wurin har tsawon rayuwarsa, ya zama babban mai tara kuɗi na Toynbee Hall, kuma yana amfani da dabarun siyasa da abokan huɗɗarsa don tara kuɗi masu yawa. Duk wannan aikin an yi shi ne a matsayin mai sa kai, tun da Profumo ya iya rayuwa a kan dukiyar da ya gada. Matarsa, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Valerie Hobson, ita ma ta sadaukar da kanta ga sadaka har mutuwarta a 1998. A ganin wasu, ayyukan agaji na Profumo ya fanshi sunansa. Abokinsa, mai fafutukar kawo sauyi na zamantakewa Lord Longford, ya ce "ya ji sha'awar [ga Profumo] fiye da [ga] duk mazajen da na sani a rayuwata". An naɗa Profumo a matsayin kwamandan Order of the British Empire (CBE, Civil Division) a cikin 1975 Birthday Honors, kuma ya sami karramawa a wani bikin Buckingham Palace daga Sarauniya Elizabeth II, yana nuna alamar komawa ga girmamawa. A shekarar 1995, tsohuwar Firayim Minista mai ra'ayin mazan jiya Margaret Thatcher ta gayyace shi zuwa liyafar bikin cikarta shekaru 70 da haihuwa, inda ya zauna kusa da Sarauniya. Yana bayyana lokaci-lokaci a bainar jama'a, musamman a shekarunsa na ƙarshe lokacin da ya yi amfani da keken guragu. Fitowarsa ta ƙarshe ita ce wurin taron tunawa da Sir Edward Heath a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba 2005. Mutuwa da haraji A ranar 7 ga Maris 2006, Profumo ya sha fama da bugun jini kuma an kwantar da shi a asibitin Chelsea na London da Westminster Ya rasu bayan kwana biyu tare da iyalansa, yana da shekaru 91 a duniya. Bayan rasuwarsa, masu sharhi da dama sun ce kamata ya yi a riƙa tunawa da shi saboda irin gudunmawar da ya bayar ga al’umma bayan da ya faɗi daga ra’ayin siyasa dangane da badaƙalar 1963 da ta haifar da faɗuwar. An ƙona shi a Mortlake Crematorium An binne tokarsa kusa da na matarsa a rumfar iyali a Hersham. Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandun%20Daji%20Na%20Yankuna%20masu%20Zafi

Gandun Daji Na Yankuna masu Zafi

Gandun daji na wurare masu zafi sune gandun dajin da ke faruwa a yankunan dajin yanayi na wurare masu zafi wanda babu lokacin bazara duk watanni suna da matsakaicin hazo na akalla 60 mm kuma ana iya kiran shi dausayi mai tsayi dazuzzuka. Ana samun gandun daji na gaskiya a tsakanin digiri 10 Arewa da kudu na mai daidaitawa (duba taswira); su ne wani sa na wurare masu zafi da gandun daji da ya auku wajen a cikin 28-mataki latitudes (a cikin Equatorial zone tsakanin Tropic of Cancer kuma Tropic of Capricorn A cikin rabe -raben biome na Asusun Kula da Dabbobi na Duniya, gandun daji na wurare masu zafi sune nau'in gandun daji mai yalwar ruwa mai zafi (ko gandun daji mai zafi) wanda kuma ya haɗa da gandun daji na yanayi mai faɗi Karin Bayani Ana iya rarrabe gandun daji na wurare masu zafi a cikin kalmomi biyu: zafi da rigar zafi. Ma'ana yanayin zafi na wata ya wuce a duk watanni na shekara. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara -shekara bai wuce kuma yana iya wuce ko da yake yawanci yana tsakanin da Wannan babban hazo sau da yawa yakan haifar da ƙasa mara kyau saboda leaching wato abubuwan da ke narkewa a ƙasa. Gandun dazuzzuka masu zafi suna nuna ɗimbin halittu. Kusan kashi 40% zuwa 75% na duk nau'ikan halittun 'yan asalin gandun daji ne. Gandun dazuzzukan gida ne na rabin dukkan dabbobi masu rai da tsirrai a doron ƙasa. Za a iya samun kashi biyu bisa uku na duk tsirrai masu furanni a cikin gandun daji. ya kadada na gandun daji na iya ƙunsar nau'ikan kwari iri -iri 42,000, har zuwa bishiyoyi 807 na nau'ikan 313 da nau'ikan tsirrai 1,500 mafi girma. An kira dazuzzukan daji na wurare masu zafi mafi girman kantin magani na duniya saboda an gano sama da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na magungunan halitta a cikinsu. Wataƙila za a iya samun miliyoyin nau'in tsirrai, kwari da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda har yanzu ba a gano su a cikin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi ba. Gandun daji na wurare masu zafi suna daga cikin mawuyancin yanayin muhallin halittu a duniya, saboda rarrabuwa mai yawa sakamakon ayyukan ɗan adam. Rarrabuwa na mazaunin da ke haifar da tsarin ilimin ƙasa kamar volcanism da canjin yanayi ya faru a baya, kuma an gano su a matsayin manyan direbobi na ƙwarewa. Koyaya, lalacewar mazaunin cikin sauri ana tsammanin shine ɗayan manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da gushewar nau'in. An sha fama da gandun daji na wurare masu zafi na gandun daji da tsabtace aikin gona a cikin karni na 20, kuma yankin da gandun daji ke rufe a duniya yana raguwa cikin sauri. Tarihi Gandun daji na wurare masu zafi sun wanzu a doron duniya miliyoyin shekaru. Yawancin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi a yau suna kan gutsurarrun curare zamanin Mesozoic na Gondwana .Rabuwa da filin ya haifar da babban rashi na bambancin halittu masu rai yayin da a lokaci guda kuma yanayin bushewar yanayi ya haifar da rarrabuwar dabbobi masu rarrafe. Rarraba ya bar gandun daji na wurare masu zafi waɗanda ke cikin manyan yankuna biyar na duniya: Amurka mai zafi, Afirka, kudu maso gabashin Asiya, Madagascar, da New Guinea, tare da ƙaramin waje a Ostiraliya. Ko yaya, takamaiman asalin gandun dazuzzuka har yanzu ba a tabbatar da shi ba saboda ƙarancin burbushin halittu. Sauran nau'ikan gandun daji na wurare masu zafi Dabbobi da yawa na iya bayyana kama da, ko hade ta hanyar ecotones da, gandun daji na wurare masu zafi: Gandun daji na wurare masu zafi Gandun daji na wurare masu zafi na damina suna samun ruwan sama gaba ɗaya tare da lokacin damina mai zafi da lokacin sanyi mai sanyi. Wasu bishiyoyi a cikin waɗannan gandun daji suna zubar da wasu ko duk ganye a lokacin bazara, don haka a wasu lokutan ake kiransu da "gandun daji mai gauraye na wurare masu zafi". Ana samun su a sassan Kudancin Amurka, a Amurka ta Tsakiya da kewayen Caribbean, a Yammacin Afirka ta gabar teku, sassan yankin na Indiya, da kuma yawancin Indochina Gandun daji na Montane Ana samun waɗannan a cikin wuraren tsaunuka masu sanyi da sauyin yanayi, ana kiransu dazuzzukan girgije a tsaunukan da suka fi tsayi. Dangane da latitude, mafi ƙarancin iyakar gandun daji na montane akan manyan tsaunuka yawanci tsakanin 1500 zuwa 2500 m yayin da iyakar babba yawanci daga 2400 zuwa 3300 m. Ambaliyar dazuzzukan Ana samun dazuzzukan fadama na ruwan zafi, ko “gandun daji da ambaliyar ruwa”, a cikin kwarin Amazon Várzea da sauran wurare. Tsarin gandun daji An raba gandun dazuzzuka zuwa sassa daban-daban, ko yadudduka, tare da tsirrai da aka tsara su a cikin tsayin daka daga saman ƙasa zuwa rufi. Kowane Leya wata al'umma ce ta musamman da ke ɗauke da tsirrai da dabbobi daban-daban waɗanda aka saba da su don rayuwa a cikin wannan madaidaicin. Leya mai fitowa kawai ya kebanta da gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, yayin da sauran kuma ana samun su a cikin gandun daji. Dajin da kasar Gandun daji, mafi ƙasƙanci, yana karɓar kashi 2% kawai na hasken rana. Shuke -shuke da suka dace da ƙananan haske ne kawai za su iya girma a wannan yankin. A nesa daga bakin kogi, fadama da tsaunuka, inda ake samun gindin ciyawa mai yawa, kasan gandun daji yana da ƙarancin ciyayi saboda ƙarancin shigar hasken rana. Wannan ingantaccen ingancin yana ba da izinin sauƙaƙan motsi na manyan dabbobi kamar: kamar okapi Okapia johnstoni tapir Tapirus sp. Sumatran rhinoceros Dicerorhinus sumatrensis da birai kamar gorilla mai faɗi ta yamma Gorilla gorilla da kuma yawancin nau'ikan dabbobi masu rarrafe, dabbobi masu rarrafe, da kwari. Har ila yau gandun dajin yana ɗauke da gurɓataccen tsirrai da ƙwayoyin dabbobi, waɗanda ke ɓacewa da sauri, saboda yanayin ɗumi da ɗumi yana haɓaka lalata da sauri. Yawancin nau'ikan fungi da ke girma anan suna taimakawa lalata dabbobi da sharar gida. Kasan labarin layer Layer na ƙasa yana tsakanin alfarwa da gandun daji. Ƙasa gida ce ga tsuntsaye da yawa, ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa, kwari, dabbobi masu rarrafe, da masu farauta. Misalai sun haɗa da damisa Panthera pardus kwaɗi masu guba Dendrobates sp.), Coati-wutsiya Nasu nasua boa constrictor Boa constrictor da yawancin nau'in Coleoptera Tsirrai da ke cikin wannan Layer gaba ɗaya sun ƙunshi shuke-shuke masu jure inuwa, ganye, ƙananan bishiyoyi, da manyan kurangar inabi waɗanda ke hawa cikin bishiyoyi don ɗaukar hasken rana. Kusan kashi 5% ne kawai na hasken rana ke karya rufin don isa ga ƙasan da ke haifar da tsirrai na ƙasa da gaske ba sa girma zuwa 3 m (10 ƙafa). A matsayin karbuwa ga waɗannan ƙananan matakan haske, tsire -tsire marasa tushe sau da yawa sun haɓaka manyan ganye. Yawancin tsirrai da za su yi girma zuwa matakin alfarwa suna cikin ƙasa. Layer mai rufi Rufin shine babban sashin dajin, yana yin rufi akan yadudduka biyu da suka rage. Ya ƙunshi yawancin manyan bishiyoyi, yawanci tsayinsu ya kai 30-45 m. Dogayen bishiyoyi masu faffadan ganye suna da manyan tsire-tsire. Ana samun mafi yawan wuraren halittu masu rai a cikin rufin gandun daji, saboda galibi yana tallafawa tarin furannin epiphytes, gami da orchids, bromeliads, mosses da lichens. Waɗannan tsirrai na epiphytic suna haɗe da kututtuka da rassa kuma suna samun ruwa da ma'adanai daga ruwan sama da tarkace waɗanda ke tattara kan tsirrai masu goyan baya. Dabbobi ((Fauna) yayi kama da wanda aka samo a cikin ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyiyar ƙasa, amma ya bambanta. Ana ba da shawarar cewa jimillar wadatattun nau'in arthropod na rufin na wurare masu zafi na iya kaiwa miliyan 20. Sauran nau'ikan da ke rayuwa a cikin wannan ƙirar sun haɗa da nau'ikan avian da yawa irin su hornbill mai launin rawaya-casqued wattled Ceratogymna elata sunbird mai launin shuɗi Anthreptes collaris parrot launin toka Psitacus erithacus keucen-billed toucan Ramphastos sulfuratus macaw mai launin ja Ara macao) da kuma sauran dabbobi kamar biri na gizo -gizo Ateles sp. Babban abin hadiye na Afirka (Papilio antimachus), mai yatsun kafa uku Bradypus tridactylus kinkajou Potos flavus da tamandua Tamandua tetradactyla Layer ta gaugawa Layer mai fitowa yana ƙunshe da ƙaramin adadi na manyan bishiyoyi, waɗanda ake kira masu fitowa, waɗanda ke girma sama da babban rufin, suna kaiwa tsayin 45-55. m, ko da yake a wasu lokuta wasu nau'ikan tsiro zasu yi girma zuwa 70-80 m tsayi. Wasu misalan masu tasowa sun haɗa da: Balizia elegans, Dipteryx panamensis, Hieronyma alchorneoides, Hymenolobium mesoamericanum, Lecythis ampla da Terminalia oblonga Waɗannan bishiyoyin suna buƙatar su iya jure yanayin zafi da iska mai ƙarfi da ke faruwa a saman rufin a wasu yankuna. Dabbobi daban-daban na (faunal) da yawa suna zaune a cikin wannan Layer kamar gaggafa mai kambi Stephanoaetus coronatus sarki colobus Colobus polykomos da babban fox mai tashi Pteropus vampyrus Koyaya, stratification ba koyaushe yake bayyana ba. Gandun daji suna da ƙarfi kuma canje -canje da yawa suna shafar tsarin gandun daji. Bishiyoyin da ke fitowa ko alfarwa suna rushewa, alal misali, suna haifar da gibi. Buɗewa a cikin gandun dajin an yarda da su da mahimmanci don kafawa da haɓaka bishiyoyin dazuzzuka. An kiyasta cewa wataƙila kashi 75% na nau'in bishiyar a tashar Sashen Halittar La Selva, Costa Rica suna dogaro ne da buɗaɗɗen katako don tsiro iri ko don girma fiye da girman tsiro, misali. Ilimin halittu Yanayi Gandun daji na wurare masu zafi suna kusa da kusa da mai daidaitawa, sabili da haka yana da abin da ake kira sauyin yanayi wanda ke da muhimman sigogin yanayi uku: zazzabi, ruwan sama, da tsananin lokacin bazara. Sauran sigogin da ke shafar gandun daji na wurare masu zafi sune tarin carbon dioxide, hasken rana, da wadatar nitrogen. Gaba ɗaya, yanayin yana kunshe da yanayin zafi da yawan ruwan sama na shekara -shekara. Ko yaya, yawan ruwan sama yana canzawa a cikin shekara yana haifar da yanayi mai danshi da bushewa. An rarrabe gandun daji na Tropical da yawan ruwan sama da ake samu a kowace shekara, wanda ya ba da damar masana kimiyyar muhalli su ayyana bambance-bambancen da ke cikin gandun dajin waɗanda suke kama da juna a tsari. Dangane da rarrabuwa na yanayin halittu na wurare masu zafi, ainihin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi suna samun ruwan sama da shekara 2 m da yawan zafin jiki na shekara sama da digiri 24 na Celsius, tare da yuwuwar ƙimar evapotranspiration (PET) na <0.25. Ko yaya, yawancin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi ana iya rarrabe su a matsayin gandun daji mai ɗumi ko rigar, waɗanda suka bambanta dangane da ruwan sama. Ilimin kimiyyar gandun daji na Tropical- kuzari, abun da ke ciki, da aiki- suna kula da canje-canje a yanayi musamman canje-canjen ruwan sama. Ƙasa Nau'o'in ƙasa Nau'o'in ƙasa suna da sauyi sosai a cikin wurare masu zafi kuma sakamakon haɗuwar abubuwa masu yawa kamar yanayi, ciyayi, matsayi na ƙasa, kayan iyaye, da shekarun ƙasa. Yawancin ƙasa na wurare masu zafi ana rarrabe su da muhimmin leshi da ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki, duk da haka akwai wasu yankuna waɗanda ke ɗauke da ƙasa mai albarka. Ƙasa a cikin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi sun faɗi cikin rarrabuwa guda biyu waɗanda suka haɗa da ultisols da oxisols Ultisols an san su da yanayi, ƙasa mai launin jan yumɓu, ƙarancin abinci mai muhimmanci kamar alli da potassium. Hakanan, oxisols acidic ne, tsofaffi, yawanci ja ne, mai ɗimbin yawa da narkewa, duk da haka suna da kyau idan aka kwatanta da ultisols. Abun yumɓu na ultisols yana da girma, yana sa ya zama da wahala ruwa ya shiga kuma ya ratsa ta. Launin ja na ƙasa duka sakamakon zafi mai zafi da danshi ke haifar da oxide na baƙin ƙarfe da aluminium, waɗanda basa narkewa cikin ruwa kuma tsire -tsire ba sa ɗaukar su cikin sauƙi. Siffofin ƙasa da halayen jiki suna da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da haɓakar ƙasa sama da tsarin gandun daji da juzu'i. Kayayyakin jiki na ƙasa suna sarrafa yawan jujjuyawar itace yayin da kaddarorin sunadarai kamar wadataccen nitrogen da phosphorus ke sarrafa ƙimar girma na gandun daji. Ƙasa na gabas da tsakiyar Amazon da kuma gandun daji na kudu maso gabashin Asiya tsofaffi ne da ma'adinai yayin da ƙasa ta yammacin Amazon (Ecuador da Peru) da yankunan volcanic na Costa Rica matasa ne da ma'adinai. Yawan aiki na farko ko samar da itace ya kasance mafi girma a yammacin Amazon kuma mafi ƙasƙanci a gabashin Amazon wanda ya ƙunshi ƙasa mai ɗimbin yawa da aka ƙira da oxisols. Bugu da ƙari, ƙasa ta Amazonian tana da ɗimbin yawa, yana sa su zama marasa ma'adanai kamar phosphorus, potassium, calcium, da magnesium, waɗanda ke fitowa daga tushen dutsen. Ko yaya, ba duk gandun daji na wurare masu zafi suna faruwa akan ƙasa mara kyau na abinci mai gina jiki ba, amma a kan ambaliyar ruwa mai wadataccen abinci mai gina jiki da ƙasa mai aman wuta a cikin tsaunukan Andean, da kuma yankunan dutsen kudu maso gabashin Asiya, Afirka, da Amurka ta Tsakiya. Oxisols, marasa haihuwa, yanayi mai zurfi da lecha mai ƙarfi, sun haɓaka akan tsoffin garkuwar Gondwanan Rushewar kwayan cuta na hana taruwar humus. A taro na baƙin ƙarfe ne da aluminum oxides da laterization aiwatar bada oxisols wani haske ja launi da kuma wani lokacin samar mines a adibas (misali, haƙar A kan ƙaramin abu, musamman na asalin dutsen mai fitar da wuta, ƙasa na wurare masu zafi na iya zama mai yawan haihuwa. Maimaita kayan abinci Wannan babban ɓarna yana haifar da matakan phosphorus a cikin ƙasa, hazo, matsanancin yanayin zafi da yawan al'ummomin ƙwayoyin cuta. Baya ga ƙwayoyin cuta da sauran ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, akwai yalwar sauran masu lalata kamar fungi da gandun daji waɗanda ke taimakawa cikin aikin. Sake sarrafa abinci mai gina jiki yana da muhimmanci saboda a ƙarƙashin wadatar albarkatun ƙasa yana sarrafa abubuwan da ke sama da tsarin al'umma na gandun daji na wurare masu zafi. Waɗannan filayen galibi suna da ƙarancin phosphorus, wanda ke hana haɓakar kayan aiki na farko ko ɗaukar carbon. Ƙasa tana ɗauke da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta kamar ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda ke lalata juzu'in ganyaye da sauran kwayoyin halitta zuwa nau'ikan inorganic na carbon da shuke -shuke ke amfani da su ta hanyar wani tsari da ake kira rarrabuwa. Yayin aiwatar da rugujewar al'ummomin ƙwayoyin cuta suna numfashi, suna ɗaukar iskar oxygen da sakin carbon dioxide. Ana iya kimanta ƙimar rarrabuwa ta hanyar auna iskar oxygen. Babban yanayin zafi da hazo yana ƙaruwa da ɓarna, wanda ke ba da damar dattin shuka ya ruɓe cikin sauri a yankuna masu zafi, yana sakin abubuwan gina jiki waɗanda tsirrai ke ɗauka nan da nan ta cikin ruwa ko ƙasa. Yanayin yanayi na numfashi ana sarrafa shi ta faɗuwar ɗanyen ganyaye da hazo, ƙarfin tuƙin yana motsa carbon mai ruɓewa daga datti zuwa ƙasa. Yawan iskar numfashi shine mafi girma a farkon damina saboda damina na baya -bayan nan yana haifar da ɗimbin ganyayyaki don haka mafi yawan adadin kwayoyin halitta ana shiga cikin ƙasa. Tushen Jijiyoyin Wani fasali na yawancin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi na wurare daban daban shine tushen bishiyoyi. Maimakon shiga cikin zurfin ƙasa mai zurfi, Tushen buttress yana ƙirƙirar cibiyar sadarwa mai ɗorewa a farfajiya don ingantaccen amfani da abubuwan gina jiki a cikin mawuyacin yanayi mai fa'ida da gasa. Yawancin abubuwan gina jiki a cikin ƙasa na gandun daji na wurare masu zafi suna faruwa kusa da farfajiya saboda saurin juyawa da ɓarna na ƙwayoyin cuta da ganye. Saboda wannan, tushen jijiyoyin yana faruwa a farfajiya don bishiyoyin su iya haɓaka haɓakawa da yin gasa tare da saurin ɗaukar sauran bishiyoyi. Waɗannan tushen kuma suna taimakawa haɓakawa da adana ruwa, haɓaka sararin samaniya don musayar gas, da tattara dattin ganye don ƙarin abinci mai gina jiki. Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan tushen suna rage yaƙar ƙasa kuma suna haɓaka ƙimar abinci mai gina jiki yayin ruwan sama mai ƙarfi ta hanyar karkatar da ruwa mai wadataccen abinci mai gina jiki wanda ke gangarowa a cikin akwati zuwa ƙananan gudana yayin da kuma ke aiki a zaman shinge ga kwararar ƙasa. Hakanan, manyan wuraren da waɗannan tushen ke haifar suna ba da goyan baya da kwanciyar hankali ga bishiyoyin gandun daji, waɗanda galibi suna girma zuwa manyan mahimman wurare. Wannan ƙarin kwanciyar hankali yana ba wa waɗannan bishiyoyin damar yin tsayayya da tasirin guguwa mai ƙarfi, don haka rage faruwar bishiyoyin da suka faɗi. Gandun daji Gado shine tsarin muhalli wanda ke canza tsarin al'adun halittu akan lokaci zuwa mafi daidaituwa, tsarin al'umma daban -daban bayan tashin hankali na farko ga al'umma. Hargitsi na farko sau da yawa wani abu ne na halitta ko abin da ɗan adam ya haifar. Hargitsi na halitta sun haɗa da guguwa, fashewar aman wuta, motsi kogi ko wani abu kamar ƙaramin itace da ya faɗi wanda ke haifar da gibi a cikin gandun daji. A cikin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, waɗannan rikice -rikicen dabi'a an yi rikodin su sosai a cikin burbushin halittu, kuma ana yaba su da ƙarfafawa da ƙima. Ayyukan amfani da ƙasa na ɗan Adam sun haifar da sare bishiyoyi masu yawa. A cikin ƙasashe da yawa na wurare masu zafi irin su Costa Rica an watsar da waɗannan ƙasashen da aka sare dazuka kuma an ba da izinin gandun daji su sake rayuwa ta hanyar maye gurbi. Waɗannan dazuzzukan dazuka na matasa ana kiransu dazuzzukan sakandare ko gandun daji na biyu. Halittar halittu da ƙwarewa Gandun dazuzzuka masu zafi suna nuna banbanci iri -iri a cikin tsirrai da dabbobi. Tushen wannan ƙwarewar ta musamman ta kasance shekaru masu bincike da masana kimiyyar muhalli An ƙirƙiro da ra'ayoyi da yawa don me yasa kuma yadda yanayin zafi zai iya bambanta. Gasar Interspecific Gasar da ba ta dace ba ta samo asali ne daga ɗimbin yawa na nau'in da ke da irin wannan wadatar a cikin wurare masu zafi da ƙarancin albarkatun da ake da su. Dabbobin da suka “rasa” gasar na iya zama ko sun lalace ko nemo wani sabon salo. Gasar kai tsaye galibi tana haifar da wani nau'in ya mamaye wani ta wata fa'ida, a ƙarshe yana fitar da shi daga lalacewa. Raba rarrabuwa shine sauran zaɓi don nau'in. Wannan shine rarrabuwa da raba albarkatun da ake buƙata ta amfani da mazauna daban -daban, tushen abinci, murfi ko bambance -bambancen ɗabi'a. Wani nau'in da ke da kayan abinci iri ɗaya amma lokutan ciyarwa daban -daban shine misalin rarrabuwar kawuna. Tsarin Pliestocene Jürgen Haffer ya haɓaka ka'idar Pleistocene refugia a cikin shekarar 1969 tare da labarinsa Ƙwarewar Tsuntsayen Daji na Amazon Haffer ya ba da bayanin ƙwararre ne sakamakon rabe-raben gandun dajin da ke rarrabewa ta hanyar shimfidar ciyayi marasa gandun daji a lokacin ƙanƙara na ƙarshe. Ya kira waɗannan facin na yankunan dazuzzukan mafaka kuma a cikin waɗannan facin ƙwararrun allopatric ya faru. Tare da ƙarshen lokacin ƙanƙara da ƙaruwa cikin ɗimbin yanayi, gandun daji ya fara faɗaɗa kuma mafaka sun sake haɗawa. Wannan ka'idar ta zama batun muhawara. Masana kimiyya har yanzu suna da shakku kan ko wannan ka'ida halal ce ko a'a. Shaidar kwayoyin halitta tana nuna ƙwarewa ta faru a wasu takamaiman shekaru miliyan 1-2 da suka gabata, kafin Pleistocene Girman mutum Mazauni Gandun daji na wurare masu zafi sun mamaye rayuwar ɗan Adam tsawon shekaru da yawa, tare da kabilun Indiya da yawa a Kudanci da Amurka ta Tsakiya, waɗanda ke cikin 'yan asalin Amurkawa, Kwangiyoyin Kwango a Afirka ta Tsakiya, da kabilu da yawa a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, kamar Dayak mutane da mutanen Penan a Borneo Albarkatun abinci a cikin gandun daji sun bazu sosai saboda ɗimbin ilmin halittu kuma abin da abinci ke da shi ya ta'allaka ne ga alfarwa kuma yana buƙatar kuzari mai yawa don samu. Wasu kungiyoyin na mafarauci-gayya sun maida su ba kome Rainforest a kan wani dalilai na yanayi amma suka zauna da farko a cikin m savanna da kuma bude gandun daji muhallin inda abinci ne yafi m. Sauran mutanen da aka bayyana a matsayin mazauna dazuzzukan daji masu farauta ne waɗanda ke rayuwa da yawa ta hanyar siyar da samfuran gandun daji masu ƙima kamar fata, fuka-fuka, da zuma tare da mutanen aikin gona da ke zaune a wajen dajin. Mutanen asali Yawancin 'yan asalin ƙasar suna rayuwa a cikin gandun dajin a matsayin masu farauta, ko kuma su cigaba da zama a matsayin ɗan ƙaramin manoma na ɗan lokaci wanda ke ba da babban rabo ta hanyar siyar da samfuran gandun daji masu ƙima kamar fata, fuka-fuka, da zuma tare da mutanen aikin gona da ke zaune a wajen dajin. Jama'a sun zauna a cikin dazuzzukan dubun dubatan shekaru kuma sun kasance ba za a iya samun su ba wanda kwanan nan aka gano wasu kabilu. Waɗannan mutanen 'yan asalin suna fuskantar barazana ƙwarai daga masu aikin katako don neman katako na tsufa kamar Ipe, Cumaru da Wenge, da kuma manoma waɗanda ke neman faɗaɗa ƙasarsu, ga shanu (nama), da waken soya, waɗanda ake amfani da su don ciyar da shanu a cikin Turai da China. A ranar 18 ga Janairun 2007, FUNAI ta kuma ba da rahoton cewa ta tabbatar da kasancewar kabilu 67 da ba a tuntuɓe ba a Brazil, daga 40 a 2005. Da wannan kari, yanzu Brazil ta mamaye tsibirin New Guinea a matsayin kasar da ke da yawan kabilun da ba a tuntube su ba. Lardin Irian Jaya ko Yammacin Papua a tsibirin New Guinea yana da kimanin ƙungiyoyin kabilu 44 da ba a tuntube su ba. Mutanen ƙungiyoyin farauta ne waɗanda ke zaune a cikin gandun dajin da ke cikin gandun dajin da ke da ɗan gajeren tsayi (a ƙasa da mita ɗaya da rabi, ko 59 inci, a matsakaita). Daga cikin wannan rukunin akwai mutanen Efe, Aka, Twa, Baka, da Mbuti na Afirka ta Tsakiya. Ko yaya, kalmar pygmy ana ɗaukarta mai daɗi don haka kabilu da yawa sun fi son kada a yi musu lakabi da haka. Wasu sanannun 'yan asalin Amurkawa, ko Amerindians, sun haɗa da Huaorani, nomamö, da Kayapo mutanen Amazon Tsarin aikin gona na gargajiya da ƙabilu ke yi a cikin Amazon ya dogara ne akan noman guguwa (wanda kuma aka sani da kashe -kashe da ƙonawa ko canza shuki) kuma ana ɗaukarsa tashin hankali. A zahiri, idan ana duban matakin ƙulle -ƙullen mutum ɗaya ana ɗaukar ayyukan noman gargajiya da amfani. Misali, yin amfani da bishiyoyin inuwa da raguwa duk suna taimakawa adana kwayoyin halittar ƙasa, wanda shine mahimmanci wajen kula da haɓakar ƙasa a cikin ƙasa mai tsananin zafi da ƙura. Akwai bambancin gandun daji a Asiya, gami da mutanen Lumad na Philippines da mutanen Penan da Dayak na Borneo. Dayaks ƙungiya ce mai ban sha'awa musamman saboda an san su da al'adun farautar gargajiya. An buƙaci sabbin kawunan mutane don yin wasu ayyukan ibada kamar Iban "kenyalang" da Kenyah "mamat". Pygmies da ke zaune a kudu maso gabashin Asiya ana kiran su Negrito Albarkatu Abincin da aka noma da kayan yaji Yam, kofi, cakulan, ayaba, mangoro, gwanda, macadamia, avocado, da rake duk asalinsu sun fito ne daga gandun daji na wurare masu zafi kuma har yanzu galibi ana yin su ne a kan shuka a yankuna waɗanda a da suke dajin farko. A tsakiyar shekarun 1980 da 1990, suna cin tan miliyan 40 na ayaba a duk duniya a kowace shekara, tare da tan miliyan 13 na mangoro. Fitar da kofi na Amurka ta Tsakiya ya kai dala biliyan 3 a 1970. Yawancin bambancin kwayoyin da aka yi amfani da su wajen gujewa barnar da sabbin kwari ke haifarwa har yanzu ana samun su ne daga gandun daji. Gandun daji na wurare masu zafi sun samar da 'ya'yan itatuwa 250 da ake nomawa, idan aka kwatanta da 20 kawai ga gandun daji Dazuka a cikin New Guinea kadai sun ƙunshi nau'in bishiyoyi 251 tare da 'ya'yan itatuwa masu cin abinci, waɗanda 43 kawai aka kafa a matsayin noman da aka noma a shekarar 1985. Sabis na yanayin ƙasa Baya ga amfanin ɗan Adam, gandun daji kuma suna da abubuwan da ba a cirewa waɗanda galibi ana taƙaita su a zaman ayyukan muhalli Dazuzzukan ruwan sama suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kula da bambancin halittu, keɓewa da adana carbon, ƙa'idojin yanayi na duniya, kula da cututtuka da tsaba Rabin ruwan sama da ake samu a yankin Amazon dazuzzukan ke samarwa. Danshi daga cikin gandun daji yana da muhimmanci ga ruwan sama a Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina Yanke daji a yankin gandun daji na Amazon shine ɗayan manyan dalilan da ke haifar da matsanancin fari na 2014-2015 a Brazil Ga shekaru talatin da suka gabata, adadin iskar carbon da ke cike da gandun daji na wurare masu zafi na duniya ya ragu, a cewar wani binciken da aka buga a 2020 a cikin mujallar Nature. A cikin 2019 sun ɗauki iskar carbon mai kashi uku bisa uku fiye da yadda suka samu a shekarun 1990, saboda tsananin zafi, fari da sare itatuwa. Gandun daji na wurare masu zafi na iya zama tushen carbon a cikin 2060s. Yawon shakatawa Duk da mummunan tasirin yawon shakatawa a cikin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, akwai kuma wasu muhimman sakamako masu kyau. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan yanayin yawon shakatawa a wurare masu zafi ya ƙaru. Yayin da gandun dazuzzuka ke ƙara zama ruwan dare, mutane suna tafiya zuwa ƙasashe waɗanda har yanzu suna da wannan mazaunin daban -daban. Mazauna yankin suna cin gajiyar ƙarin kuɗin shiga da baƙi suka kawo, haka kuma wuraren da ake ganin suna da ban sha'awa ga baƙi galibi ana kiyaye su. Ecotourism na iya zama abin ƙarfafawa don kiyayewa, musamman lokacin da yake haifar da canjin tattalin arziƙi. Ecotourism na iya haɗawa da ayyuka iri-iri ciki har da kallon dabbobi, yawon shakatawa na daji da ma kallon abubuwan al'adu da ƙauyuka na asali. Idan ana yin waɗannan ayyukan daidai, wannan na iya zama da fa'ida ga mazauna gida da na flora da fauna na yanzu. Haɓaka yawon buɗe ido ya haɓaka tattalin arziƙi, yana ba da damar ƙarin kudaden shiga don shiga cikin kare mazaunin. Yawon shakatawa na iya ba da gudummawa kai tsaye ga kiyaye muhimman wurare da mazauninsu. Za a iya amfani da kudaden shiga daga kudaden shiga wurin shakatawa da makamantansu musamman don biyan kariya da gudanar da yankunan da ke da muhalli. Kudaden shiga daga haraji da yawon buɗe ido yana ba da ƙarin ƙarfafawa ga gwamnatoci don ba da gudummawar kudaden shiga don kare gandun daji. Har ila yau, yawon shakatawa yana da yuwuwar haɓaka darajar jama'a game da muhalli da kuma faɗaɗa matsalolin matsalolin muhalli lokacin da yake kusantar da mutane kusa da muhalli. Irin wannan karuwar wayar da kan jama'a na iya haifar da ɗabi'ar da ta dace da muhalli. Yawon shakatawa ya yi tasiri mai kyau kan kokarin kare namun daji da kokarin kariya, musamman a Afirka amma kuma a Kudancin Amurka, Asiya, Australia, da Kudancin Pacific. Kiyayewa Barazana Sare Dazuzzuka Hakar ma'adinai da hakowa Adadin ƙananan ƙarfe zinariya, azurfa, coltan da burbushin mai mai da iskar gas suna faruwa a ƙarƙashin gandun daji na duniya. Waɗannan albarkatun suna da muhimmanci ga ƙasashe masu tasowa kuma galibi ana ba da fifikon su don ƙarfafa ci gaban tattalin arziki. Hakar ma'adinai da hakowa na iya buƙatar ci gaban ƙasa mai yawa, wanda ke haifar da sare bishiyoyi kai tsaye. A Ghana, wata ƙasa ta Yammacin Afirka, sare bishiyoyin da aka yi shekaru da yawa na aikin hakar ma'adinai ya bar kusan kashi 12% na asalin dazuzzukan ƙasar. Juyowa zuwa ƙasar noma Tare da kirkirar aikin gona, mutane sun sami damar share sassan gandun daji don samar da albarkatu, suna mai da shi zuwa filin noma Irin waɗannan mutane, duk da haka, suna samun abincinsu da farko daga filayen gona da aka share daga cikin gandun daji da farauta da cin abinci a cikin gandun daji don ƙarin wannan. Batun da ke tasowa shine tsakanin manomi mai zaman kansa da ke biya wa iyalinsa bukatun da bukatun duniya baki ɗaya. Wannan batun bai ga ɗan cigaba ba saboda babu wani tsari da aka kafa don duk ɓangarorin da za'a taimaka. Aikin gona a kan ƙasar dazuzzuka ba tare da wahala ba. Ƙasa dazuzzukan ƙanƙara sau da yawa kuma suna lalacewa da ma'adanai da yawa, kuma ruwan sama mai ƙarfi zai iya hanzarta fitar da abubuwan gina jiki daga yankin da aka share don noman. Mutane irin su Yanomamo na Amazon, suna amfani da aikin kashe-kashe da ƙonawa don shawo kan waɗannan ƙuntatawa da ba su damar shiga cikin zurfin cikin yanayin dazuzzukan daji. Ko yaya, waɗannan ba mazaunan gandun daji ba ne, a maimakon haka suna zaune ne a cikin gonakin da aka share waɗanda ke yin ƙaura zuwa cikin gandun daji. Har zuwa 90% na abincin Yanamomo na yau da kullun ya fito ne daga tsirrai masu noma. An dauki wani mataki ta hanyar ba da shawarar lokutan faduwa na kasar da ke ba da damar gandun daji na biyu ya yi girma ya cika kasa. Ayyuka masu fa'ida kamar maido da ƙasa da kiyayewa na iya amfanar da ƙaramin manomi kuma ya ba da damar ingantaccen samarwa akan ƙananan filayen ƙasa. Canjin yanayi Yankuna na wurare masu zafi suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen rage gurɓataccen iskar carbon dioxide Ƙasashe masu zafi (galibi gandun daji na Amazon ana kiransu da nutsewar carbon A matsayin manyan masu rage carbon da iskar gas da na ƙasa da methane, lalata su yana ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka tarkon makamashin duniya, iskar gas. Canjin yanayi ya ba da gudummawa sosai ta hanyar lalata gandun daji. An yi wasan kwaikwayo wanda aka cire duk gandun daji a Afirka. Yin kwaikwaiyo ya nuna karuwar yanayin zafin yanayi ta 2.5 zuwa 5 digiri Celsius. Kariya Ƙoƙarin karewa da adana wuraren dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi iri -iri ne kuma sun bazu. Tsarin kula da gandun daji na wurare masu zafi ya fito ne daga tsananin kiyaye mazaunin zuwa gano dabarun gudanarwa mai dorewa ga mutanen da ke zaune a cikin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi. Manufofin kasa da kasa sun kuma bullo da wani shirin karfafawa kasuwa da ake kira Rage Rage fitar da hayaki daga gandun dazuzzuka da lalata gandun daji (REDD) don kamfanoni da gwamnatoci su fara fitar da iskar carbon dinsu ta hanyar saka hannun jari na kudi cikin kiyaye gandun dajin. Duba kuma Manazarta Pages with unreviewed

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98ungiyar%20Climate

Ƙungiyar Climate

Ƙungiyar Sauyin Yanayi (TCM) ƙungiya ce mai ba da shawara ga muhalli da ke aiki don aiwatar da manyan matakan siyasa game da ɗumamar yanayi Ta yi imanin cewa rikicin canjin yanayi yana buƙatar ƙoƙarin tattalin arziƙin ƙasa a kan girman tattarawar Amurkawa na gaban gida yayin Yaƙin Duniya na II don sauya tattalin arzikin Amurka cikin sauri. Masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam Margaret Klein Salamon ne ya kafa ta don fuskantar musun canjin yanayi da gina manufar siyasa da ake bukata don cimma nasarar sauyi na adalci na tattalin arzikin zahiri da kuma al'umma gaba daya, yana isar da wani hadadden tsari na mafita don sake haifar da gurbataccen iska, da kuma tattalin arziki mai cike da tsaro, wanda ya karkata ga canjin yanayin dumamar yanayi da kuma gushewar nau'in 6 na jinsin cikin sauri. Tarihi Tun aƙalla a shekara ta 2008, mutane kamar masu nazarin muhalli Lester Brown, tsohon mataimakin shugaban ƙasa Al Gore, marubuci kuma masanin makamashi Joseph J. Romm, marubucin jaridar New York Times Thomas Friedman, marubuciya Naomi Klein, kuma mai rajin kare yanayin sauyin yanayi Bill McKibben sun yi kira da a dauki matakin gwamnati na sauyin yanayi kan girman yaƙin duniya na II don hanzarta rage hayaki mai gurbata yanayi. A shekarar 2011, shugabannin manyan kungiyoyin kare muhalli wadanda suka hada da 350.org, Sierra Club, Greenpeace, Abokan Duniya, da kuma Rainforest Action Network sun sanya hannu a wasika zuwa ga shugabannin Barack Obama da Hu Jintao suna kira da a "hada kai kamar lokacin yaki" daga gwamnatoci na Amurka da China don yanke hayakin carbon 80% (bisa ga matakai a shekarar 2006) nan da shekara ta 2020. Koyaya, ƙungiyoyin kare muhalli a Amurka basu taba shirya siyasa don wannan babban burin ba. An ƙaddamar da Tattalin Yanayi a watan Satumba na shekara ta 2014, kafin Maris na Yanayin Jama'a a cikin Birnin New York, musamman don tsara siyasa game da batun hanzari, haɗakar gwamnati ta yakin duniya na biyu game da canjin yanayi. Margaret Klein Salamon, Ezra Silk da kawayenta sun kirkiro dabarun gina motsi wanda masu sa hannu suka amince da jefa kuri'a ga 'yan takarar siyasa wadanda suka sanya hannu kan alkawarin kan wadanda ba su ba. Yunkurin Tattalin Yanayi na Alkawarin Yunkuri ya yi kira ga gwamnatin Amurka da ta fara wani shiri na yakin duniya na biyu kan sauyin yanayi domin rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli 100% nan da shekara ta 2025, ta sanya tsarin cire iskar gas (GHG) daga yanayi tare da saurin lokacin yaƙi, da sanya rage GHGs ɗari bisa ɗari a duniya, tare da irin wannan saurin, babban fifiko na siyasa. A cikin shekara ta 2015 duka, 'yan gwagwarmaya na ƙasa a California, Iowa da sauran wurare a Amurka sun fara yin taro don yakin duniya na II na girman yanayin ƙasa, da kuma yada alƙawarin Climate zuwa ga' yan takarar siyasa na cikin gida. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2016, Climate Mobilisation ta dauki nauyin "Taron Gaggawar Yanayi" a cikin Des Moines kafin taron kungiyar Iowa, wanda yayi kwatankwacin taron farko na zaben shugaban kasa na shekara ta 2016 na jihar. Tsohon dan majalisar dattijan Amurka Tom Harkin ya yi magana a madadin ‘yar takara Hillary Clinton, kuma masu rajin kare yanayi Jane Kleeb, wanda ya kafa Bold Nebraska, da dan siyasar Iowa kuma mai watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo Ed Fallon sun yi magana a madadin dan takarar Bernie Sanders Sanders ya lashe kashi 67% na kuri’un, wanda ya karfafa tunanin cewa masu kada kuri’a da suke matukar damuwa da sauyin yanayi sun fi son Sanders a kan Clinton, kuma masu jefa kuri’ar yanayi sun kasance babbar kungiyar masu kada kuri’a da ke ba da gudummawa ga fafatawarsa a Iowa da kuma daga baya jihohin farko. A duk lokacin yakin neman zabensa na shugaban kasa, Bernie Sanders ya tattauna batun yaki da canjin yanayi "ta fuskar soja", yana fada a wani lokaci yayin muhawara kan Hillary Clinton cewa "idan muka tunkari wannan kamar muna yaki", Amurka na iya zuwa kalubalen, kamar yadda yake a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II. A cikin watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2016, ƙungiyar Climate Mobilization ta shirya mutu-in a wajen ginin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a birnin New York yayin sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar COP 21 Paris, nufin nuna rashin amincewa da abin da kungiyar ta kira rashin dacewar yarjejeniyar dangane da girman barazanar sauyin yanayi. Mataimakin darektan TCM Ezra Silk ya kira yarjejeniyar "mai dimbin tarihi ta yadda yarjejeniyar ta Munich ta kasance mai dimbin tarihi wani mummunan aiki ne na neman sassauci da nufin kula da harkokin kasuwanci yadda aka saba." Ya bayyana: "An yarda da kowa cewa wannan yarjejeniyar ba ta ma kusa da abin da ake buƙata ba. Da gaske baya kawo ma'anar gaggawa [don haka) muna son rarraba wasu abubuwa cikin tattaunawar. Muna buƙatar ci gaba da sahun yaƙi na gaggawa kamar yanzu haka Yanayin ya riga ya zama mai haɗari, mun riga mun shiga cikin gaggawa. An fahimci a cikin motsi na yanayi cewa wannan ita ce irin tsarin da ake buƙata. Kawai ana la'akari da shi ne a siyasance mara gaskiya. Burinmu shi ne sauya yiwuwar siyasa. A watan Yulin shekara ta 2016, kwamitin dandamali na kasa na Jam'iyyar Demokrat ta Amurka ya amince da kwaskwarimar da mai rajin kawo sauyin yanayi Russell Greene gabatar wa jam'iyyar zuwa ga yakin duniya na biyu game da canjin yanayi: "Mun yi imanin United din Dole ne kasashe su jagoranci samar da ingantacciyar hanyar magance matsalar sauyin yanayi a duniya Mun dukufa ga tattara kan kasa, da kuma jagorantar wani kokarin na duniya, na tattara kasashe don magance wannan barazanar a wani matakin da ba a gani ba tun yakin duniya na II. A cikin kwanaki 100 na farkon gwamnati mai zuwa, Shugaban zai kira taron koli na kwararrun injiniyoyi a duniya, masana kimiyyar yanayi, masana harkokin siyasa, ‘yan gwagwarmaya, da kuma‘ yan asalin yankin don tsara hanyar da za a magance matsalar yanayi. ‘Yan siyasar da suka sanya hannu kan alkawarin kawo canjin yanayi sun hada da magajin garin San Luis Obispo Heidi Harmon, magajin garin Des Moines Frank Cownie Dan majalisar jihar Iowa Dan Kelley Sanatan jihar Iowa kuma dan takarar majalisar dattijan Amurka Rob Hogg ‘Yar takarar majalisar dattijan jihar New York Debbie Medina; da ‘yan takarar majalisar Amurka Peter Jacob na New Jersey, da Tim Canova, Darren Soto, da Alina Valdes na Florida. Kwamitin ba da shawara Kwamitin ba da shawara na TCM ya haɗa da: Laura Dawn, tsohon daraktan kirkirar MoveOn.org Paul Gilding, tsohon darektan Greenpeace na Duniya Richard Heinberg, ɗan jarida da kuma babban jami'in Cibiyar Post Carbon Marshall Herskovitz, mai shirya fim Dr. Michael E. Mann, masanin kimiyyar yanayi Adam McKay, furodusa, darakta, marubucin fim na fina-finai kamar The Big Short Jamila Raqib, darekta a Cibiyar Albert Einstein Gus Speth, lauyan muhalli David Spratt da Philip Sutton, masu ba da umarni na Red Code na Red Lise Van Susteren, mai tabin hankali da kuma mai rajin kare muhalli Rev. Lennox Yearwood Jr na uungiyar Hip Hop. Duba kuma Tattalin arziki Yawan kayan aiki yayin Yaƙin Duniya na 2 Yaɗuwa mai girma-shuka Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje TheClimateMobilization.org Yanayi Muhalli Ƴancin Ɗan Adam Pages with unreviewed

35233

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto%E2%80%94Danforth

Toronto—Danforth

Toronto-Danforth (tsohon Broadview—Greenwood gundumar zaɓe ta tarayya ce a cikin Ontario, Kanada, wacce ke da wakilci a cikin House of Commons na Kanada tun 1979. Ya ta'allaka ne ga gabashin Downtown Toronto Shahararren dan majalisar ta shi ne shugaban New Democratic Party (NDP) kuma jagoran 'yan adawa Jack Layton Toronto—Danforth ya ƙunshi ƙabilu iri-iri, waɗanda suka haɗa da manyan al'ummomin Girkanci, Sinawa, Musulmai da Kudancin Asiya. Tana da kaso mafi girma na kabila na Girka a cikin duk abubuwan hawan Toronto (7.3%). A tarihi, hawan ya karkata zuwa hagu, musamman tun 1990s. Galibin zabukan dai na faruwa ne tsakanin jam'iyyar NDP da kuma jam'iyyar Liberal Party Ko da ƙarshen rarrabuwar ƙuri'a a tsakiyar dama, masu ra'ayin mazan jiya kusan babu su a cikin hawan; babu wani dan takarar jam'iyyar Conservative da ya haye kashi 15 cikin dari. Jam'iyyar NDP ta gudanar da hawan keke na tsawon shekaru tara na farkon wanzuwarta kafin Liberal Dennis Mills ya lashe kujerar a 1988 kuma ya rike ta a tsawon tsawon lokacin mulkin Liberal na fage na tarayya. Layton ne ya kwance shi a cikin 2004, wanda a baya ya yi takara da Mills a 1997 Layton ya rike kujerar har zuwa mutuwarsa a ranar 22 ga Agusta, 2011. Kujerar ta kasance babu kowa har sai da zaben fidda gwani na ranar 29 ga Maris, 2012, wanda dan takarar jam'iyyar NDP kuma lauyan kare hakkin dan Adam Craig Scott ya lashe. Duk da haka, Scott ya sha da kyar a hannun Liberal Julie Dabrusin a zaben 2015 a wani babban tashin hankali. Alkaluma Bisa ga ƙidayar Kanada 2016 2013 wakilci Ƙungiyoyin kabilanci: 65.2% Fari, 12.3% Sinawa, 5.0% Baƙar fata, 2.3% Filipino, 2.0% Aboriginal, 1.4% Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, 1.3% Latin Amurka, 1.7% Mahara</br> Harsuna: 67.7% Turanci, 6.3% Cantonese, 4.5% Girkanci, 2.6% Faransanci, 2.3% Mandarin, 1.4% Mutanen Espanya, 1.2% Tagalog, 1.1% Italiyanci</br> Addinai (2011): 48.7% Kirista (19.0% Katolika, 9.9% Kirista Orthodox, 4.7% Anglican, 3.5% United Church, 1.4% Presbyterian, 1.5% Pentecostal, 10.2% Sauran), 4.6% Buddhist, 4.4% Muslim, 1.9 Bayahude, 1.0% Hindu, 38.4% Babu addini</br> Matsakaicin kudin shiga (2015): $35,056</br> Matsakaicin samun shiga (2015): $54,560 Tarihi An halicci hawan a cikin 1976 a matsayin "Broadview-Greenwood" daga sassan Broadview da York East da wani karamin ɓangare na Greenwood Ya ƙunshi farkon ɓangaren Municipality na Metropolitan Toronto wanda ke iyaka da kudu ta hanyar Queen Street East, a yamma da Kogin Don, kuma a gabas da arewa ta layin da aka zana arewa daga titin Queen Street tare da Jones Avenue, gabas tare da Gerrard. Titin Gabas, arewa tare da Greenwood Avenue, yamma tare da O'Connor Drive, arewa tare da Titin Don Mills zuwa Kogin Don. A cikin 1987, an sake fasalinta ta ƙunshi ɓangaren birnin Toronto da Gundumar Gabashin York wanda ya yi iyaka da yamma ta Kogin Don, kudu da titin Sarauniya, kuma a gabas da arewa ta layin da aka zana daga tafkin arewa tare da titin Leslie, gabas tare da titin Sarauniya Gabas, arewa tare da Greenwood Avenue, gabas tare da Danforth Avenue, arewa tare da Coxwell Avenue da Coxwell Boulevard, da yamma tare da Taylor Creek da reshen Gabas na Don River zuwa Kogin Don. A cikin 1996, an ayyana shi ya ƙunshi sassan Birnin Toronto da Gundumar Gabashin York arewa tare da Leslie Street, gabas tare da titin Sarauniya Gabas, arewa tare da Greenwood Avenue, gabas tare da titin Gerrard Gabas, arewa tare da Coxwell Avenue da Coxwell. Boulevard, yamma tare da Taylor Creek, Kogin Don River Gabas da Kogin Don, arewa maso yamma tare da titin Millwood, kudu maso yamma tare da layin dogo na Kanada Pacific da iyakar gabashin birnin Toronto, kudu tare da Kogin Don zuwa Toronto Harbour. An canza sunan gundumar zaɓe a shekara ta 2000 zuwa "Toronto-Danforth" bisa shawarar Dennis Mills, dan majalisar wakilai mai hawa. ‘Yan kasar da dama sun ji haushin sauya sunan da aka yi musu, musamman saboda rashin bayyana ra’ayin jama’a kan lamarin. Layton ya nemi shigarwar unguwa don wani canjin suna zuwa hawan, amma ba a canza sunan ba. A cikin 2003, an ba ta iyakokinta na yanzu, wanda ya ƙunshi ɓangaren birnin Toronto wanda ke iyaka da kudu ta tafkin Ontario da Toronto Harbour, a gabas ta hanyar Coxwell da Coxwell Boulevard, a arewa ta Taylor Creek da Don. Reshen Kogin Gabas, kuma a yamma ta Kogin Don. Wannan hawan bai canza ba bayan sake rarraba zaɓe na 2012 Tsoffin iyakoki 'Yan Majalisa Wannan hawan dokin ya zabo 'yan majalisa kamar haka: Sakamakon zabe Toronto-Danforth, 2000-yanzu Lura: Canji daga 2000 don manyan jam'iyyu uku ya dogara ne akan sakamakon sake rarrabawa. Canjin Jam'iyyar Conservative ya dogara ne akan jimillar ƙuri'un Kanadiya Alliance da Ƙuri'un Jam'iyyar Conservative Party. Lura: An kwatanta ƙuri'ar Alliance ta Kanada da ƙuri'ar gyara a zaɓen 1997. Broadview-Greenwood, 1976-2000 Lura: An kwatanta fitacciyar ƙuri'ar ɗan takarar Progressive Conservative Peter Worthington da jimillar kuri'un da aka kada a zaɓen 1982 wanda ɗan takarar PC Bill Fatsis ya samu da Mista Worthington yana takara ba tare da alaƙa ba. Duba kuma Jerin gundumomin zaben tarayya na Kanada Gundumomin zaben Kanada da suka gabata Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Broadview—Greenwood federal riding history from the Library of Parliament Toronto—Danforth federal riding history from the Library of Parliament Campaign expense data from Elections Canada Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsare-tsare%20rage%20iskar%20kudi

Tsare-tsare rage iskar kudi

Tsare-tsare na Rage Iskar Kuɗi (ERCS) tsare-tsare ne waɗanda ke ba da lada mai kyau na tattalin arziƙi ko ko zamantakewa don rage fitar da iskar gas, ta hanyar rarrabawa ko sake rarraba kuɗin ƙasa ko ta hanyar buga takardun shaida, maki lada, kuɗin gida, ko ƙarin kuɗi Idan aka kwatanta da sauran kayan rage hayaki Kudin rage hayaki ya sha bamban da kiredit mai fitar da hayaki. Ƙimar kiredit ɗin fitar da iskar gas tana ƙididdige ƙimar ta ƙasa da matakin da kiredit ke ba da haƙƙin ƙazanta. Ƙimar ƙimar ƙima ta ƙarshe tana samuwa ne lokacin da aka mika shi don gujewa tara tarar fitarwa. Har ila yau, Kuma kuɗin rage fitar da hayaki ya sha bamban da na carbon diyya na son rai inda ake biyan kuɗi, yawanci don tallafawa madadin makamashi ko sake dazuzzuka, sannan rage fitar da hayaki da ke haifar da shi don rage ko soke masu biyan alhakin hayakin da kansu ke samarwa. Ƙimar kashe kuɗi yana cikin riƙe shi ta hannun mai siye kuma yana aiki ne kawai don lokaci da manufar da aka aiwatar akansa. Kuɗin rage fitar da hayaki, akasin haka, shine kawai abin ƙarfafawa ga canjin ɗabi'a ta mutane ko ƙungiyoyi. shiyasa Don haka kuɗin yana haifar da ƙarin fa'idar tattalin arziƙi don rage fitar da hayaki dabam da farashin da aka sanya ta hanyar isassun hayaki na ƙasa ko kuma farashi na son rai da mai siyan ya ɗauka. Ba za a iya musanya kuɗaɗen rage fitar da hayaki a cikin tsarin ƙasa da tsarin ciniki ba don haka ba sa ba da wani haƙƙin ƙazanta. Duk da yake babu tsarin rage fitar da hayaki da ya cimma ma'auni na tsarin ƙididdige ƙirƙira, akwai wasu ƙananan tsare-tsare da ke aiki ko kuma ana kafa su. Sannan Kuma Bugu da kari akwai hanyoyi da dama da a halin yanzu ake hasashen cewa kungiyoyi da dama, cibiyoyin ilimi da masu tunani ke gabatarwa Tsarukan rage fitar da hayaki a zahiri sun haɗa da tsarin kuɗin carbon amma kuma sun haɗa da tsare-tsaren da ke rage hayaki ta hanyoyin daban-daban kamar ta hanyar rage sharar gida da ilimin al'umma. Tarihi Buckminster Fuller ne ya fara ba da shawarar tsarin tsarin arzikin duniya bisa madadin samar da makamashi a cikin littafinsa na shekarata 1969 Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth Garry Davis ne ya yi gwajin wannan ra'ayi wanda ya rarraba wadannan "daloli na kilowatt" a taron kolin Duniya na shekarar 1992 da aka gudanar a Rio de Janeiro Edgar Kempers da Rob Van Hilton sun kaddamar da kudin Kiwah (kilowatt hour) a taron Copenhagen Climate Summit a shekarata 2009. Rukunin tsarin rage fitar da hayaki Ana iya tsara tsarin rage fitar da hayaki a matsayin na ɗaya ko fiye na rukuni biyar: Shirye-shiryen taken carbon Gabatar da ayyukan kula da ƙasa mai dorewa a cikin dazuzzukan dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi da sauran manyan mahalli na carbon na iya haifar da raguwar hayaki daga sharer ƙasa wanda wataƙila ya faru ko kuma daga ƙarin rarrabuwar CO2 Ana iya amfani da ƙasar da aka saya da sarrafa don waɗannan dalilai don ƙirƙirar haƙƙin carbon mai zaman kansa, wanda ƙila ko ƙila ba za a iya gane shi a cikin tsarin kiredit na hayaki ba. Misali, a halin yanzu ana iya jujjuya halittun halittun sama da ƙasa sakamakon sauye-sauyen amfani da ƙasa zuwa ƙididdige ƙididdige ƙirƙira a ƙarƙashin Kyoto Protocol Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Haɓaka carbon ɗin ƙasa saboda wasu dalilai ban da sake dazuzzuka ko dai ta hanyar canje-canje ga ayyukan sarrafa ƙasa ko Kuma ta hanyar binne biochar a halin yanzu ba a haɗa su cikin tsarin kiredit kamar CDM. Ana iya siyar da waɗannan takaddun takaddun take na doka azaman nau'in kuɗi ba tare da amfani da su azaman kashewa ba, suna ba da ƙarin fa'idodin tattalin arziki. Sannan Gidauniyar Carbon Currency Foundation ce ta ba da shawarar wannan amfani. Wani tsarin rage fitar da hayaki da aka tsara akan wannan shine ECO, aikin The Next Nature Lab wanda wani yunƙuri ne na Jami'ar Fasaha ta Eindhoven a Netherlands. Shirye-shiryen rangwame na haɓakawa Tsarin rage fitar da hayaki bisa rangwamen talla shine wanda ake samun lada ga mahalarta don rage hayakinsu ta hanyar samun maki wanda za'a iya fanshi don rangwame daga tallace-tallacen kasuwanci a cikin tsarin daya dace RecycleBank ɗaya ne irin wannan makirci inda mahalarta suke auna kayan da aka sake fa'ida a cikin kwandon shara na musamman da aka kera waɗanda ke nuna kansu zuwa ma'auni da ke cikin motocin tattara shara. Recyclebank kuma yana samun tallafin gwamnatocin birni waɗanda ke siya da sarrafa kayan aikin da ake buƙata, barin RecycleBank ya yi aiki a matsayin mai zaman kansa don kamfani mai riba. Wani makirci mai kama da haka shine GreenOps LLC, shirin lada na sake amfani da al'umma wanda ɗan kasuwa Anthony Zolezzi ya kafa, wanda daga baya ya sayar da shi zuwa Gudanar da Sharar gida, ya zama Greenopolis Recycling Rewards. Greenopolis ya ba da maki lada ga masu amfani daga shekarar 2008-2012 ta hanyar gidajen yanar gizon kafofin watsa labarun, Wasannin Facebook da kwalban kuma suna iya sake yin amfani da su ta PepsiCo Dream Machines. An sanya Injinan Mafarki a harabar kwaleji, kantin kayan miya da sansanonin soja a duk faɗin Amurka kuma sun tattara fiye da kwalaben filastik miliyan 4 a farkon farkon fara amfani da su. Oceanopolis, wani wasan Facebook ne da Greenopolis ya kirkira don sanya al'adar sake amfani da su cikin daɗi da nishadantarwa, Al Gore ya gane shi a shekarata 2011 Games for Change Festival a Jami'ar New York, yana mai cewa "Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan kamar Trash Tycoon sun ƙarfafa ni. da Oceanopolis, kuma dukkansu sun karfafa tunanina a wannan yanki." A ƙarshe, Recyclebank da Greenopolis za su haɗu bayan saka hannun jari a Bankin Recycle ta Gudanar da Sharar gida. A cikin shekarata 2019, RecycleBank an siyi ta hanyar Recycle Track Systems (RTS). EarthAid yana amfani da software na musamman wanda ke buga lissafin kuɗi daga kamfanoni a cikin tsarin kan layi wanda mahalarta zasu iya rabawa tare da dangi da abokai. Rage amfani da makamashi yana samun maki lada waɗanda za a iya fanshi don kyaututtuka a kasuwancin da ke cikin hanyar sadarwar ladan EarthAid. Shirye-shiryen rarrabawa Tsarin rage fitar da hayaki bisa ga kasafi shine wanda ake baiwa kowane mahalarta daidai gwargwado na kudaden fitar da hayaki. Sannan Kuma Mahalarta sai su yi musayar kayayyaki da ayyuka tare da juna don samun isassun kuɗin da za su biya ainihin hayakin da suke fitarwa. Manufar shirin rabo shine don samun daidaito tsakanin mahalarta game da rage hayaki. Technically an emission crediting makirci, wani kasafi makirci ne classed a matsayin wani emissions rage hayaki tsarin domin ciniki na kudin tsakanin daidaikun mutane kamar yadda ake nema na iya haifar da wata babbar kasuwar ciniki inda kudin zai iya aiki a matsayin matsakaici na musayar, da kuma wannan ciniki. Kuma yana haifar da ƙarin ƙimar tattalin arziƙi mai inganci mai alaƙa da raguwar hayaƙi. Bankin Albarkatun Duniya ƙungiya ɗaya ce da ke ba da shawarar irin wannan tsarin rabon duniya. Tsarin rabon hayaki In ba haka ba, an san shi azaman ciniki na carbon na sirri, tsarin rage hayaƙin hayaki bisa ga ragi yana ɗaukan daidaitaccen rabon hayaki wanda aka yarda da shi ga matsakaicin ɗan ƙasa wanda ke raguwa cikin lokaci. Mahalarta da ke amfani da ƙasa da adadin da aka raba suna karɓar kuɗin da za a iya kasuwanci tare da waɗanda ke fitarwa fiye da adadin da aka yarda. Kuma Duk mahalarta sunyi alƙawarin gabaɗaya su kasance ƙasa da matsakaici tare da ƙima mai kyau a cikin tsarin. Ƙungiyoyin Rarraba Rarraba Carbon (CRAGs), waɗanda aka fara a cikin United Kingdom, suna da hanyar sadarwar ƙungiyoyin duniya. Mahalarta CRAG suna amfani da madaidaicin matsakaici don ƙasar a matsayin tushen adadin da aka raba. Sannan Mahalarta da ke fitarwa a sama da matakan rabo dole ne su biya waɗanda ke ƙasa da kuɗin kuɗin ƙasa. Tsibirin Norfolk, Ostiraliya yana kan aiwatar da tsarin ciniki na carbon na son rai na gabaɗayan tsibiri wanda Farfesa Garry Egger na Jami'ar Kudancin Cross ya tsara, Tsare-tsaren kuɗin kuɗi na al'umma Tsarin rage fitar da hayaki na al'umma shine nau'in kuɗaɗen gida na C4 wanda al'amuran kuɗaɗen gida ke tallafawa ta hanyar rage hayaƙi na membobin tsarin. Kuɗin gida, lokacin da wasu membobin ko kasuwancin gida suka karɓi don ciniki, Kuma ta haka ne ke ba wa mahalarta kyauta don ƙoƙarinsu na rigakafin dumamar yanayi. Waɗannan kuɗaɗen na iya samun nau'ikan juzu'i daban-daban na canzawa zuwa ajiyar carbon, makamashi mai sabuntawa, ko kuɗin ƙasa. Edogawatt wani nau'i ne na rage fitar da hayaki da ake amfani da shi a Edogawa, Tokyo wanda wani yunƙuri ne na haikalin Jōdo Shinshū Jukou-in na gida. Sannan Kuma A cikin wannan makirci, haikalin da masu bautar sun sayi fale-falen hasken rana kuma suna sayar da wuce gona da iri ga Kamfanin Lantarki na Tokyo Sai haikalin ya ɗauki bambanci tsakanin farashin da Kamfanin Lantarki na Tokyo ya biya da farashin da ake biya na makamashin halitta a Jamus kuma yana sayar da Takaddun Takaddun Wutar Lantarki a matsayin mai tara kuɗi don haikalin. Kuma Ana ba masu siyan Takaddun Takaddun Wutar Lantarki 30 Edogawatt takardar shaida. “A halin yanzu ana amfani da waɗannan a tsakanin mutane… a matsayin takardar shaidar bashi ko wajibci a musayar jarirai, ɗaukar kaya, fassara da sauran ƙananan ayyuka. Sun ba da kwarin gwiwa don samar da al'ummar taimakon juna a cikin al'umma kuma muna so mu sanya su zama makami don zurfafa zumunci da amincewa." http://www.qoin.org/what-we-do/past-projects/kyoto4all/ Kyoto4All rahoto ne na 2006 da Peter van Luttervelt, David Beatty da Edgar Kampers suka rubuta na Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Holland (wanda ake kira VROM). Binciken ya bayyana jerin tsarin kuɗi don haɗa 'yan ƙasa-masu amfani da maƙasudin sauyin yanayi na lokacin bayan Kyoto. The Maia Maia Emissions Reduction Currency System, wani tsari ne da aka kirkira a Yammacin Ostiraliya. Ana san kuɗin tsarin da “boya”, mai suna bayan kalmar Nyungar ta ƴan asalin ƙasar don alamun kasuwancin dutse da su ke amfani da su. Kowane boya yana dogara ne akan kilogiram 10 na carbon dioxide daidai da rigakafin dumamar yanayi wanda yayi daidai da 100 tonne CO2-e Kudin zamantakewa na carbon, wanda ya kai matsakaicin matsakaicin ƙima daga binciken da aka yi bitar takwarorinsu. Fitowar boyar ta farko ta faru ne a ranar 30 ga Janairu, shekarata 2011 a Fremantle, Western Australia a wani taron da Hukumar Kula da Permaculture ta Duniya da Gidauniyar Gaia ta Western Australia suka shirya. Sauran masu fitar da Boya sun hada da Jami'ar Vermont da a Ostiraliya, makarantun firamare, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da ƙungiyar unguwanni. Cibiyar Sadarwar Liquidity, wani yunƙuri na Gidauniyar don Tattalin Arziki na Dorewa yana ba da shawara don gabatar da kuɗin rage fitar da hayaki na al'umma a cikin gundumar Kilkenny a Ireland. Kuma A halin yanzu shawara tana gaban majalisa don nazari. Shirye-shiryen samun kuɗi Ƙimar rage fitar da hayaki da aka samu ana tallafawa ne ta ƙimar kuɗin kuɗin ƙirtun hayaki ko kuma an tabbatar da shi ƙarƙashin tsarin tsari ko wasu samfuran kuɗi da aka samu daga gare su. Ana iya canza waɗannan ƙididdiga zuwa kuɗin fiat ta hanyar canja wurin mallakar kadarorin da ke cikin ƙasa kamar siyar da ƙirƙira ƙirƙira zuwa kasuwa da kasuwanci. Ven kuɗi ne mai kama- da-wane da cibiyar sadarwar zamantakewa ta Hub Culture ta fitar. An ƙayyade ƙimar Ven akan kasuwannin kuɗi daga kwandon kuɗi da kayayyaki. Sannan Za a iya rarraba Ven a matsayin kuɗin rage hayaki saboda an haɗa makomar carbon a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin kayayyaki da ake amfani da su don darajar kuɗin. Carbon Manna wani tsari ne da aka tsara wanda zai yi amfani da kuɗin da aka samu daga ƙididdigar ƙididdigewa kafin siyar da shi daga ayyukan rage hayaki da aka haɗa don mayar da masu amfani kai tsaye ko kuma shigar da su cikin nasarar wayar hannu M-PESA da ake amfani da ita a ƙasashe masu tasowa don rage farashin hada-hadar kuɗi. da kuma shinge kan sauyin kudi. Duba wasu abubuwan NORI alama Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

58359

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call%20of%20Duty

Call of Duty

Call of Duty jerin wasan bidiyo ne da ikon amfani da ikon watsa labarai wanda Activision ya buga, farawa a cikin 2003. Infinity Ward ne ya fara haɓaka wasannin, sannan ta Treyarch da Sledgehammer Games Wasu masu haɓakawa sun yi wasu wasannin juye-juye da na hannu. Taken kwanan nan, Kira na Layi: Yaƙin Zamani II, an sake shi a ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 2022. Take na gaba, Kira na Layi: Yakin Zamani III, za a sake shi ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 2023. Jerin ya fara mayar da hankali kan saitin Yaƙin Duniya na II, tare da Infinity Ward yana haɓaka Kira na Layi (2003) da Kira na Layi 2 (2005) da Treyarch haɓaka Kira na Layi 3 (2006). Kira na Layi na 4: Yakin Zamani (2007) ya gabatar da tsarin zamani, kuma ya tabbatar da cewa shine ci gaban taken ga jerin, samar da jerin jerin Yakin Zamani wani sabon salo <i id="mwKA">na Yakin Zamani</i> wanda aka sake shi a cikin 2016. Wasu shigarwar guda biyu, Yakin Zamani 2 (2009) da Yaƙin Zamani 3 (2011), an yi su. Sub-jerin ya sami sake yin aiki tare da Yaƙin Zamani a cikin 2019, Yaƙin Zamani na II a cikin 2022, da Yaƙin Zamani na III a 2023. Har ila yau Infinity Ward sun haɓaka wasanni biyu a waje da jerin shirye-shiryen Yakin Zamani, Ghosts (2013) da Ƙarshen Yaƙi (2016). Treyarch ya yi wasa ɗaya na tushen Yaƙin Duniya na II na ƙarshe, Duniya a Yaƙin (2008), kafin ya saki Black Ops (2010) kuma daga baya ya ƙirƙiri ƙaramin jerin Black Ops Wasu shigarwar guda hudu, Black Ops II (2012), Black Ops III (2015), Black Ops 4 (2018), da Cold War (2020) an yi su, na karshen tare da Raven Software Wasannin Sledgehammer, waɗanda suka kasance masu haɓakawa don Yakin Zamani 3, sun kuma haɓaka lakabi uku, Advanced Warfare (2014), Call of Duty: WWII (2017), da Vanguard (2021). Su ne kuma jagorar haɓaka don Yakin Zamani III (2023), shigarwa na uku a cikin jerin sake yi na Yakin Zamani the series has sold over 400 million copies. Meanwhile, the games in the series have consistently released annually to blockbuster-level sales, the series is verified by the Guinness World Records as the best-selling first-person shooter game series. It is also the most successful video game franchise created in the United States and the fourth best-selling video game franchise of all time. Other products in the franchise include a line of action figures designed by Plan B Toys, a card game created by Upper Deck Company, Mega Bloks sets by Mega Brands, and a comic book miniseries published by WildStorm Productions, and a feature film in development. Babban jerin Call of Duty wasan bidiyo ne mai harbi mutum na farko bisa id Tech 3, kuma an sake shi a ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 2003. Infinity Ward ne ya haɓaka wasan kuma Activision ya buga shi. Wasan yana kwaikwayi sojojin ƙasa da yaƙin yaƙin yaƙin duniya na biyu Fakitin faɗaɗawa, Kira na Layi: United Offensive, Gray Matter Studios ne ya haɓaka tare da gudummawa daga Pi Studios kuma Activision ya samar. Wasan ya biyo bayan sojojin Amurka da Birtaniya da kuma Red Army. Aspyr Media ne ya kawo sigar Mac OS X na wasan. A ƙarshen 2004, Nokia ta ƙirƙira sigar N-Gage kuma Activision ta buga. An sake fitar da wasu nau'ikan don PC, gami da Ɗabi'ar Mai tarawa (tare da sautin sauti da jagorar dabarun), Ɗabi'ar Wasan Shekara (ya haɗa da sabuntawar wasa), da Tsarin Deluxe (wanda ya ƙunshi faɗaɗa haɓaka da sauti na United Offensive a Turai ba a haɗa sautin sautin ba. A kan Satumba 22, 2006, Call of Duty, United Offensive, and Call of Duty 2 aka saki tare a matsayin Kira na Layi: War Chest for PC. Tun daga Nuwamba 12, 2007, Call of Duty wasanni suna samuwa don siye ta hanyar dandalin isar da abun ciki na Valve Steam Call of Duty 2 Kira na Layi 2 wasan bidiyo ne mai harbi mutum na farko da kuma ci gaba zuwa Kira na Layi Infinity Ward ne ya haɓaka shi kuma Activision ne ya buga shi. An saita wasan a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu kuma ana samun gogewa ta hanyar ra'ayoyin sojoji a cikin Red Army, Sojojin Burtaniya, da Sojojin Amurka An sake shi a ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 2005, don Windows, Nuwamba 15, 2005, don Xbox 360, da Yuni 13, 2006, don Mac OS X. An yi wasu nau'ikan don wayoyin hannu, PCs Pocket, da wayoyi Call of Duty 3 Kira na Layi: WWII Kira na Layi: WWII shine wasa na goma sha huɗu a cikin jerin kuma Wasannin Sledgehammer ne suka haɓaka. An sake shi a duk duniya a kan Nuwamba 3, 2017, don Windows, PlayStation 4 da Xbox One An saita wasan a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Turai, kuma yana kewaye da tawagar a cikin 1st Infantry Division, bin fadace-fadacen da suka yi a yammacin Front, kuma an saita shi a cikin abubuwan tarihi na Operation Overlord Call of Duty:

19627

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf%20Olatunji

Yusuf Olatunji

Yusuf Olatunji, Shine wanda aka fi sani da Baba Legba ko kuma Baba L'Egbaa (an haife shi a shekara ta 1905 ya kuma mutu a shekara ta 1978), dan wasan gangar Sakara ne na Najeriya, wanda ya shahara da salon kidan sakara an haife shi ne a shekarar 1905 ko shekarar 1906 a wani kauye da ake kira Gbegbinlawo a jihar Ogun a kudu maso yammacin Najeriya, kodayake har yanzu akwai shakku game da inda aka haife shi. A tsakiyar rayuwar sa ya shiga Musulunci ya kara masa shahara a sana'ar sa ta waken Yorubanci An haife shi kirista kuma ya fito daga Iseyin a jihar Oyo An san shi da suna Joseph Olatunji. Ya fara aiki a shekarar 1937 tare da rikodin sa na farko kuma ya shiga kungiyar Abibu oluwa a shekara ta 1927. Ya mutu a ranar 15 ga watan Disamban, shekara ta 1978. Ya mutu yana da shekara 74. Ya bar ‘ya’ya guda 4 da mata 3. Olatunji aboki ne ga marigayi Lamidi Durowoju, marigayi Jimoh Ishola, wanda daga baya aka rataye shi a karshen shekarun 80s,Marigayi Raji Orire, Marigayi Badejo Okunsanya da sauran manyan mutane. Su ne mawadatan maza waɗanda galibi yayi wa waƙa. Ya kuma rera wakokin yabo da yawa ga wasu shahararrun kungiyoyin kula da jin dadin jama'a a yankin Kudu maso Yammacin Najeriya. Wata mace mai kudi da aka fi sani da suna Alhaja Kuburatu Abike Adebisi da aka fi sani da cash Madam a Abeokuta ta tura shi ƙasar waje don yi masa tiyata, ya mutu shekaru 7 bayan haka. Binciken Yusufu Olatunji da Rukunin sa Yekinni Tiamiyu tsakanin Amusa Adeoye (78; HMV [UK] JZ 5252) 1969 Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyarsa a aiki Vol. 1 (Philips PL 13411) (CD; Premier Music [Lagos] PLCD 007 [as Vol. 1 Bolowo Bate]) [A] Surakaty Eki Jioh Gbensola Raufu Adegbite Egbe Ifenirepo [B] Bolowo Bate Ganiyu Ladeyinde Yekini Akintoye Egbe Iwajowa Ijebu-Ode Ajagbe Ejo Yusufu Olatunji da Rukunin sa suna wasan Sakara Na 2 (Philips West African PL 13413) (CD; Premier Music [Lagos] PLCD 002 [as Vol. 2 O Wole Ologo Keri]) (CD; Zareco [Lagos] ZON13413 [as Vol. 2 O'wole Olongo]) [A] Ajala Jinadu Alhaji Mustafa Dabiri marigayi Ramoni Alao Yekinni Aridegbe Egbe Irepolodun (Ibadan) [B] Salawu Adejola Mutairu Lemboye Alhaji Badiru Sodunke Badiru Amole Ajisegiri Egbe Oredegbe (Egba) Yusufu Olatunji da Rukunin sa suna Sakara Na 3 (Philips West African PL 13414) (CD; Premier Music [Lagos] PLCD 008 [as Vol. 3 Amode Maja]) (CD; Zareco [Lagos] ZON13414 [as Vol. 3 Atori Kio Ma Se Weleje]) [A] Tijani Akinyele Alimi Okerayi Yusufu Olatunji Sule Apena Alhaja Raliatu Adeyemi [B] Busari Salami (Baba-Jebba) Abudu Amodemaja Rafiu Amoo (Nijaiye) Alafia Boys (Eko) Muniratu Laro Yusufu Olatunji da Rukunin sa A Aiki Na 1 (Philips Phonogram 6361054) (CD; Premier Music [Lagos] PLCD 016 [as Majejo Mi O Bun Mi]) (CD; Zareco [Lagos] no lamba [as Mejejo Nio Bunmi Oba Oluwa]) [A] Sunmora Folarin Yekinni Ajala Tijani Aiyelokun Orokeloni Surakatu Amodu Joseph Balogun [B] AK Yusufu Salu Ojelade Lasisi Abiola Raufu Adisa Ayisatu Agbeke Egbe Ajisafe Yusufu Olatunji da Rukunin sa A Aiki Na 2 (Philips PL 13413) [A] Alaja Jinadu Alhaji Mustafa Dabiri Late Ramoni Alao Yekini Aridegbe Egbe Irepolodun (Ibadan) [B] Salawu Adejola Mutairu Lemboye Alhaji Badiru Sodunke Badiru Amole Ajisegiri Egbe Oredegbe (Egba) Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyarsa a aiki Na. 3 (Philips PL 13414) [A] Tijani Akinyele Alimi Okerayi Yusufu Olatunji Sule Apena Alhaja Raliatu Adeyemi [B] Busari Salami (Baba Jebba) Abudu Amodemaja Rafiu Amoo (Nijaiye) Alafia Boys (Eko) Muniratu Laro Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyarsa kan aiki Na. 4 (10 "LP, Philips PL 13422) (CD; Premier Music [Lagos] PLCD 003 [as Vol.4 Asa Mba Eiyele Sere]) [A] Kuye Dada Alhaji Rasaki Sanusi Busura Babaosa Alhaji Ramoni Salami Lamidi Durowoju B] Asa Mba Eiyele Sere Shewu Alhaji Raufu Adeola Liadi Shomuyiwa Egbe Ifelodun Adeoyo (Ibadan) Yusuf Olatunji da Kungiyar Sakararsa Na 5 Beriwa Ekiwa (LP; ba a sani ba) (CD; Zareco [Legos] ORSL 1302 [as Vol.5 Ilu T'ao Moba]) (CD; Olatunji [Legos] babu lamba) Alhaji Raufu Salawu Alhaji Ayinde Adenekan Beriwa Ekiwa Boti Sefun Mi Late Shittu Olasimbo Marigayi JF Olasimbo Abimbola Gbolade Alhaji Adeleke Dada Idayatu Sowami Egbe Oredegbe (Agege) 1970 Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyarsa A Action Vol. 6 (Philips PL 6386007) (CD; Premier Music [Lagos] PLCD 009 [as Vol. 6 Oye Kani Fura]) [A] Nofiu Lashoju Datemi Lare O Ye Kani Fura Egbe Membobi goma sha huɗu Egbe Ifelodun Kenta [B] Yankin Itoko Cif Waidi Awoleshu Adegoke Ajao Egba Boys Society R. Ayandeyi Akangbe Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyarsa Kasumu Sanni tsakanin Raimi Asuni (45; Badejo's Sound Studios BBAF 1022) Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyar sa Na 7 (Zareco ORSL 1301) (CD; Zareco [Lagos] ORSL 1301 [as Vol.7 E Ma F'ojowu Meji Dele]) (CD; Olatunji [Lagos] babu lamba [as Vol.7 Late Alimi Orerayi]) [A Memudu Amoo Abolade Alhaji Olanrewaju Oseni Oremeji (Ijebu-Ode) Marigayi Alimi Orerayi RP Salami [B] Lasisi Adelanwa Falila Abeke Nbamodi Ese (Lasisi Omolayemi) Egbe Social (Eko) Egbe Oba Idimu Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyar sa Na 8 Toba Oluwa Ni Yio Se (Zareco ORSL (CD; Premier Music [Lagos] PLCD 024) Alhaji M. Tolani Sufianu Ishola Aregbe Egbe Irawo Egba (Eko) Moshudi Bello Tijani Alalubarika Ganiyu Ajimobi (Alhaji) Kubura Abike Adebisi (Cash Woman) Alhaji Bello Agunbiade Alhaji Y. Ashiyenbi Egbe Ifenirepo (Odi-Olowo) 1971 Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyarsa a aiki Na 9 (10 "LP, Badejo's Sound Studio BBA 3004R; Zareco ORSR1303) [A] T. Ayinde Shonibare Shittu Olafuyi Busari Akiyo Buraimoh Ogunmefun Soredegbe (Iffo) [B] Lamide Adedibu Buraimoh Oyedele Comfort Seriki Alhaji Raufu Akiode Egbe Oredegbe (Saro) Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyarsa a kan aiki Na 10 (Philips Phonogram PL 6386022) (CD; Premier Music [Lagos] PLCD 021 [as Vol.10 Otegbola]) (CD; Zareco [Lagos] babu lamba [as Vol.10 Ka Tun 'Ra Mu]) [A] Mudasiru Otegbola Titilayo Ejire Raimi Balogun Sikiru Balogun Alafia Boys [B] Wahabi Shekoni Nurudeen Adedeji Abudu Okedara Late Ramoni Sanni Egbe Ifelodun Ikereku Yusuf Olatunji (Baba Legba) da kungiyar sa Na12 Iranse Lowo Je (LP; ba a sani ba) (CD; Zareco [Lagos] no number) Raimi Ayinla Mogaji Lamina Alabede James Soyoye Alaru Durowoju Alaru Durowoju Egbe Osupa (Egba) Amidu Ojedara Alhaji Lamidi Shoge Ilupeju Adatan Alhaji Raji Akanji Oredegbe Mushin Yusuf Olatunji (Baba Legba) da kungiyar sa ta Sakara Na 13 Asiko Wa Ni (LP; ba a sani ba) (CD; Zareco [Lagos] babu lamba) Alimi Sanusi Cif Olorun Tele Alhaji Sufianu Akande Egbe Yusuf Olatunji Bakare Shonde Alade Okewole Wosilatu Ologundudu Alhaji Mustafa Bakare Tijani Lemomu Egbe Fowosere? Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyar sa Na 14 (Zareco ORSL 1701) (CD; Zareco [Lagos] babu lamba [as Vol.14 Marigayi Badejo Okusanya]) [A] Marigayi Badejo Okusanya Lasisi Karaole [B] Oba Alake na Egba Land Yusufu Olatunji Amuda Obelawo Egbe Onifaji Eko 1973 Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyarsa Vol. 15 (Philips Phonogram PL 6361031) (CD; Premier Music [Lagos] PLCD 018 [as Vol.15 Onitire]) (CD; Zareco [Lagos] babu lamba [as Vol.15 Oni 'Tire]) [A] Jimoh Olojo (Itire) Sunmonu Akanbi Olori Karimu Olota Nuru Alowonle Egbe Ifelajulo (Ijemo) [B] Wahabi Ayinla Adetoun Aminu Alamu Bello Jimoh Ishola Amodu Alhaji Ganiyu Elekuro Egbe Obaniba Siri 1973 Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyarsa Na 16 (Zareco ORSL 1703) (CD; Zareco [Lagos] babu lamba [as Vol.16 Ojise Nla]) [A] Marigayi Lasisi omo Layemi Muraina Clundegun Orin Faji Jarinatu Seriki Egbe Ifelodun (Ilupeju) [B] Oloye Egba Alhaji Amuda Balogun Alhaji Ganiyu Latunde JKOT Egbe Ajigbotoluwa (Ibadan) Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyar sa Vol. 17 (Philips Phonogram PL 6361050) (CD; Premier Music [Lagos] PLCD 010 [as Vol.17 Yegede]) [A] Orin Yusufu Olatunji Kuburatu Adebisi Edioseri Egba Ilupeju (Kemta) [B] Sule Esinlokun Awon Oba Eko Basiratu Salawe Akanni Sherifatu Asake Late Sidi Ereko. 1974 Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyar Sakararsa Vol. 18 (Zareco ORSL 1706) [A] Alhaji Akanbi Awolesu SA Sunmonu Late Suara (Abusi Ibadan) Oti Oyinbo [B] Gwamna Rotimi Abudu Sanni Omo-Aje Salawu Amoo Arikuyeri Alhaja Sariatu Jaiyeoba Egbe Olowolagba (Gbagura) Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyarsa A Action Vol. 19 (Philips Phonogram PL 6361066) (CD; Premier Music [Lagos] PLCD 005 [as Vol.19 Se Eni Kosi, Omo Yin Nyo]) [A] Ayinde S. Kenkenke Jinadu Esho (Ifo) Raufu Are Atan Nagbowo Salaru Adeywmi Egbe Liberty (Eko) [B] Amusa Adenekan Rashidi Adogbonjeun Yusufu Da Kungiyarsa Eji Gbadero Egbe Fesojaiye Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyar sa Vol. 20 (Zareco ORSL 1708) (CD; Zareco [Lagos] ORSL 1708 [as Vol.20 Omo T'i O Gba Eko Ile]) [A] Chief Lasisi Oseni Alhaji Salisu Majek Rasaki Keshiro Ramoni Alabi Olayiwola Ero Wo O Ero Wo Egbe Ifelodun [B] A Se'ba K'A To Sere Eje Ka Sere Han Won Alhaji Rafiu Ajakaku (Ibadan) Egbe Irepolodun (Egba) Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyarsa (Sakara) Vol. 21 (Philips Phonogram PL 6361089) (CD; Premier Music [Lagos] PLCD 001 [as Vol.21 Ijimere Sogigun]) (CD; Zareco [Lagos] ZON 6361089 [as Vol.21 Ijimere Sogigun]) [A] Lamidi Akinola Asani Komolafe Falilatu Shoga Alhaja Nofisatu Agbeke Egbe Ifelodun (Egba) [B] Sogigun Jimoh Oni Alhaji Raufu Adisa Egbe Owoseni (Imo) 1975 Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyarsa Vol. 22 (Zareco ORSL 1711) (CD; Olatunji [Lagos] CMP008 [as Vol.22 Iwa]) [A] IWA Shewu Bakare Alhaja Musili Ashake Egbe Ajisafe Oshogbo [B] Lamina Ojugbele Alhaji Abasi Olisa Fatai Are- Ago Ailara Amodemaja Egbe Ifelodun (Oke-Bode) Yusuf Olatunji da kungiyar sa Na 23 Olowo Lagba (LP; ba a sani ba) (CD; Premier Music PLCD 004) (CD; Zareco [Lagos] babu lamba) Olowo Lagba Fasasi Olowobuso Alhaji Salimonu Lawal Egbe Osupa Egba Alhaji Ishatu Korodo Olufunmilayo Abiodun Omo Ogun Oloko (Oshodi) Egbe Olo Member (Ibadan) Buraimo Dan Boy (Ilorin) 1976 Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyarsa Vol. 24 (Zareco ORSL 1717) (CD; Olatunji [Lagos] babu lamba [as Vol.24 Oba Oluwa Loni Dede]) [A] Olorun Oba L'o Ni Dede Mo Ranti Baba Kan Lati Olasimbo Egbe Iwajowa (Ijebu- Ode) Alhaji Kasumu Ajibola [B] S. Abeni Ambali Akanni Salawu Egbe Oredegbe (Isale Offin) 1976 Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyarsa Vol. 25 (Philips Phonogram PL 6361160) (CD; Premier Music [Lagos] PLCD 019 [as Vol.25 Kafi Ara Wa Sokan]) (CD; Zareco [Lagos] babu lamba [as Vol.25 Oku Ano Konira]) [A Adeleke Ashata Mukadasi Aregbe Salamotu Abiosoye Oliyide [B] Alhaji Isiaka Kaka Rafiu Adigun Alhaji Bakare Adenle Egbe Ifelodun Oatunji (Egba) 1977 Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyarsa Vol. 26 (Zareco ORSL 1721) (CD; Zareco [Lagos] ORSL 1721 [as Vol.26 jahar ogun]) [A] jahar Ogun margayi Murtala Muhammed Alhaji Oloruntele Olukoya Egbe Irepolodun (Ibadan) [B] Igba Ta Ba Fi Winka Akanju Wowo Fasasi Kasumu Raufu Arogundade Egbe Oredegbe (Eko) 1977 Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyarsa Na 27 (Philips Phonogram PL 6361256) (CD; Premier Music [Lagos] PLCD 006 [as Vol.27 Orin Tokotaya]) (CD; Zareco [Lagos] babu lamba [as Vol.27 Oro Loko Laya]) [A] Alhaji Adetunji Adenekan Alhaja Lati Ladejobi Sinotu Abeke Egbe Egba Parapo (Oshodi) [B] Orin Tokotaya Orin Asiko Rasaki Adelakun Egbe Faripo (Egba) Egbe Irepolodun (Egba) Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyarsa a kan aiki. 28 (Zareco ORSL 1725) (CD; Zareco [Lagos] babu lamba [as Vol.27 Ef 'Omo Fun Alapata]) [A] Alhaji Rasidi Shoyoye Alhaji Lasisi Akinshola Ramoni Shanusi Wosilatu Ologundudu [B] Alhaji Yinusa Akanbi Otta) Kilani Babanla Alhaja Wosilatu Oguntade 1978 Yusufu Olatunji da kungiyarsa ta Sakara Vol. 29 (Philips Phonogram PL 6361335) (CD; Zareco [Lagos] babu lamba [as Vol.29 Ilu Osugbo]) [A] Surakatu Akinbola Alhaji Yekini Ajala Egbe Owo Otta [B] Lawrence Aina Aileru Sodimu Rasy Musitafa Egbe Obanibashiri Kemta 1978 Yusufu Olatunji da kungiyarsa ta Sakara Vol. 30 (Zareco ORSL 1729) [A] Alhaji Samusi Ayorinde Alhaji Musitafa Oyeleke Sufianu Ogunwolu Raufu Ajani Raji [B] Alhaji Muraina Ajadi Jimo Ishola Amodu Nofisatu Iya Iebeji Egbe Irepudun Ibadan Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyar sa Vol. 32 (Zareco ORSL 1731) [A] Iba Abibu Oluwa Alhaji Akinpelu Alhaji Salabiu Ladejobi Egbe Binukonu Iwo [B] Ibi Agbagbe Fowo Tisi Sidikatu Sogbamu Alhaji Sule Shittu Egbe Alafia Boys Egba 1980 Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyar Sakararsa Vol. 33 (Zareco Fontana FTLP 107) (CD; Premier Music [Lagos] PLCD 024 [as Vol.33 Adegbenro]) [A] Late Akhaji Adegbenro Bakare Ajani Olagunju Egbe Fesojaiye (Adatani) [B] Kasunmu Isola Sanni Sabitiyu Adunni Egbe Anjuwon (Itoko) 1981 Marigayi Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyar Sakararsa Na 35 (Zareco ORSL 1737) (CD; Zareco [Lagos] ORSL 1737 [as Vol.35 Oloye Faji]) [A] Alhaji Raufu Kube-Kube Alhaji Jimo Idowu Rabiatu Ayoka (Oloye Faji na Lagos) Mukaila Balogun Egbe Ifelodun-Fiditi [B] Lasisi Ishola Fajebe Mutalubi Dami Alhaji Onilegbale Egbe Ifelodun Odi Olowo Marigayi Yusufu Olatunji (Baba L'egba) da Kungiyar Sakararsa Vol. 36 Ore Marun (Zareco ORSL (CD; Premier Music [Lagos] PLCD 025) Alhaji Olatinwa Aderemi Alhaji Akande Falahan Alhaji Ishau Lawal Alhaji Shittu Adeyemi Alhaji Busari Akano Oredegbe Ita-Faji (Eko) Alhaji Badiru Alubarikaloju Emide Bello Egbe Ifelodun Fowosere (Egba) 1981-2 Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyar Sakararsa Vol. 37 (Zareco ORSL 1739) (CD; Zareco [Lagos] ORSL 1737 [as Vol.37 Mapada Leyin Mi Oba Oluwa]) [A] Chief Adeniyi Idowu Jinadu Ogunbayo Awon Omo Lefude Egbe Osupa Egba Obinrin [B] Mapada Lehin Mi Oluwa Alhaji Ashiru Olona Alhaji RP Salami Egbe Ajisafe (Eko) Mushin 1987 Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyar Sakararsa Baba O 5 (Zareco ORSL 1742) [A] Waidi Orelope Larimu Seriki Rabiu Shodunke Shitu Dokunmu [B] K. Dawodu Jimoh Asuni Jimo Subulade Alhaji Lemboye James Kodaolu Oredegbe Kaduna Yusufu Olatunji (Baba Legba) da Kungiyar Sakararsa Alara Morire (LP; ba a sani ba) (CD; Zareco [Lagos] babu lamba) Alara Morire Busari Salami Rasidi Ayandeyi Cif Kosebinu (Sagua Of Ilugun) SB Bakare Raji Asindemade Alhaji Aremu Kolapo Surakatu Rosiji Fasasi Bakare Abadatu LLB Yusufu Olatunji (Baba Legba) da kungiyar sa ta Sakara Group Agbalagba To'nta Roba F'eye (LP; unknown) (CD; Zareco [Lagos] no number) Waidi Orelope Karimu Seriki Rabiu Shodunke Shitu Dokunmu Egbe Unity K. Dawodu Jimoh Asuni Jimoh Subulade Alhaji Lemboye James kodaolu Oredegbe Kaduna 1993 Yusufu Olatunji Legend Vol. 2 (Premier Music PLMC 002) [A] Yusuf Oyokun Sikiratu Shobayo Asani Oloriebi Alhaji Tijani Ariledesi Egbe Binukonu Rasaki Sanusi raji bosa luck adelabu adegoke [B] Surakatu Amodu Egbe Ajisafe Lamidi Shoge Oroke Loni Niyen Jimoh Olori Ebi Abadatu Amoke Joseph Balogun 2001 Yusufu Olatunji Baba L'egba da Rukunansa na Sakara Rayayyun Wakokin Labari na 1 (CD; no label AG 002) Ajagbe ejo Asa Mba Eiyele Sere Orin Toko Taya Baba In The 60's 2001 Yusufu Olatunji Baba L'egba da Kungiyar Sakararsa Wakokin Rayuwa Na Labari Na Uku (CD; no label AG 003) Orin Yusuf Olatunji Awon Oba Eko Alhaji Adetunji Adenekan Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyar sa ta Premier Legend (Premier Music PLMC 004) [A] Jimoh Olojo (Itire) Sunmonu Akanbi Olori Karimu Olota Nuru Alowonie Egbe Ifelajulo (Ijemo) [B] Wabi Ayinla Adeotun Aminu Alamu Bello Jimoh Ishola Amodu Alhaji Ganiyu Elekuro Egbe Obanibasiri Eko Yusufu Olatunji da Kungiyar sa ta Premier Legend (Premier Music PLMC 006) [A] Tijani Akinyele Alimi Okerayi Yusufu Olatunji Sule Apena Lahaja Raliatu Adeyemi [B] Busari Salami (Baba Jebba) Abudu Amodemaja Rafiu Amoo (Nijaiye) Alafia Boys (Eko) Muniratu Laro Late Pa Yusufu Olatunji (Baba L'egba) The Evergreen Sakara Hit Collections Series 1 (CD; Premier Music no number) Fasasi Bakare Egbe Unity Adeniran Adegboyega Mojisola Ologunebi Rabiu Sodunke Shittu Dokunmi Surukatu Fadipe Oredegbe Kaduna Yusufu Oyekun Sikiratu Shobayo Asani Oloriebi Alhaji Tijani Ariledesi Waidi Orelope Karimu Seriki Raji bosa Mustafa sa'a Ramoni Ogunyomi Lasisi Abiola Jimoh Seriki Late Pa Yusufu Olatunji (Baba L'egba) The Evergreen Sakara Hit Collections Series 2 (CD; Premier Music no number) Bolowo Bate Ganiyu Ladeyinde Yekini Akintoye Egbe Iwajowa (Ijebu Ode) Surukatu Eki Jimoh Gbensola Raufu Adegbite Ajagbe Imenirepo Nofiu Lashoju Da Temi Lare O Ye Kani Fura Egbe Membobi goma sha huɗu Egbe Ifelodun Kenta yankin Ijoko Chief Waidi Awoleshu Adegoke Ajao Egbe Boys Society R. Ayandeji Akangbe Alhaja Muniratu Abeo Samsudeen Bankole Abraham Idowu Marigayi Yusufu Olatunji (Baba L'egba) da Kungiyar Sakararsa Orin Faaji (CD; Premier Music [Lagos] PLCD 017) Faji Song Jimoh Seriki Tesimili Kushimo Lamidi Shoge George Bammeke Egbe Obanibashiri Rasaki Sanusi Shitu Arowokoko Chief Lamidi Ashiwaju Raufu Adeola Jimo Ologun Ebi Abadatu Amoke Bayanai Abiodun Salawu, "Reeling Nostalgia: ‘Aremote’ and the Enduring Sakara Music in Nigeria", Journal of Global Mass Communication, Vol. II, Nos. 1/2 (Winter/Spring 2009), p. 114. {{ij}} Michael E Veal(2000). Fela:The life&Time of an African musical icon. Temple University Press.p.{28} {ISBN}1-56639-765-0 Pages with unreviewed

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu%20Hashim

Banu Hashim

Banu Hashim babbar dangin kabilar Kuraishawa ce, ita kuma Kuraish, kabila ce babba ga larabawan Makkah da Madina, wanda annabin musulunci Muhammad S.A.W ya kasance dan kabilar ne, kakan shi shi ne Hashim bn Abd Manaf, wanda aka laƙaba sunan dangin daga gareshi, Ana kiran yayan Abdu Manaf wannan dangin a matsayin HasheM ko Al-hashimi. Zuriyar Muhammad yawanci suna daukar lakabin Sayyid, Syed, Hashimi, Al-Hashmi Sayed da Sharif, ko kuma dangin Ashraf (wanda yayi daidai da Ahl al-Bayt Tarihi Daga cikin Larabawan da suka gabaci Islama, mutane suna sanya kansu bisa ga kabilan su, dangin su, sannan gidan su dangin su. Akwai manyan nau'ikan kabila guda biyu: Adnanites (waɗanda suka fito daga dAN ADAM, kakannin kakannin larabawan arewa, tsakiya da yammacin Larabawa) da kuma Qahtanites (waɗanda suka samo asali daga Qahtan, kakannin gargajiyar Larabawan kudu da gabashin Larabawa). Banu Hashim daya ne daga cikin dangin kabilar kuraishawa, kuma kabilar Adnan ce. Ya samo sunan ne daga Hashim bn Abd Manaf, kakan-kakan Muhammad, kuma tare da Banu Abd Shams, Banu Al-Muttalib, da dangin Banu Nawfal sun hada da Banu Abd al-Manaf na Kuraishawa. Gidan Abdul-Muttalib na Banu Hashim ya kunshi manyan mutane a Makka kafin musulinci Wannan ya samo asali ne daga aikinsu na gado don zama a matsayin wakilai da masu kula da mahajjatan da ke zuwa [[Makkah] don yin sujada a Kaaba, gidan ibada mai alfarma wanda a al'adar Musulunci Ibda ɗansa na fari kuma magajinsa Ismail ne suka gina shi. ya kasance wurin bautar Tauhidi. Da lokaci, ɗaruruwan gumaka sun mamaye Ka'aba. Ziyartar wadannan gumakan ta hanyar kabilu daban-daban ya haifar da zirga-zirgar kasuwanci wacce ta kara yawan dukiyar 'yan kasuwar Makka, wanda kuma ya ci gajiyar matsayinta wanda ke sa hanyoyin safarar daga yama (Arabia Felix) har zuwa kasuwannin Bahar Rum. A cikin gidan 'Abd al-Muttalib na Banu Hashim na Kuraishawa aka haifi Muhammad. Tun yana dan shekara 40, kafuwar addinin Musulunci ya sanya shi fada da manyan kasashen da ke Makka. Kasancewarsa na 'gidan sama, na babban dangi' (dangane da martaba da iko) wani al'amari ne (kamar yadda addinin Musulunci ya tanada) ta inda Allah ya tsare shi daga kisan gilla a farkon shekarun aikinsa, kamar yadda 'yan uwan mahaifinsa ba za su ga irin wannan cin fuska ga abin da ake kira girmama dangi ba. Bayan shekaru 13, al'ummar Musulmin Makka suka yi hijira (suka yi Hijrah zuwa garin Yathrib (wanda daga baya aka san shi da suna Madina) don guje wa fitinar kisan gillar da marasa imani na Makka ke musu. Tare da mamayan Makka, sojojin Musulunci sun kame garin. An tsarkake Kaabah daga gumaka kuma ya zama cibiyar hajji ga musulmai, ya sake zama cibiyar tsarkakakken tauhidi na Ibrahim. (Haramtacce ne ga wadanda ba musulmi ba su shiga yankin da aka sanya shi kusa da garin Makka). Manyan layukan zuriyar Muhammad su ne na jikokinsa guda biyu, Al-Hasan da waɗanda aka haifa ta haɗin kan 'yarsa [|Fatimah]] da dan uwansa kuma surukin Ali Muhammad ya roki kaunar musulmai akan jikokinsa, saboda haka zuriyarsu sun zama masu kishin addini a tsakanin musulmai. An san zuriyar Banu Hashim da laƙibin Sayyid, Syed da Sharif. A cikin 19th Century CE, don kokarin warware rikice rikicen da ke tattare da zuriyar Muhammadu, |Khalifofin]] Ottoman sun yi ƙoƙari don yin irin na Almanach de Gotha (jerin sunayen manyan gidajen Turai) don nuna sanannun layukan zuriya. Kodayake ba a cika 100% cikakke ba a cikin tasirin sakamakon Kitab al-Ashraf (Littafin Sharifai), wanda aka ajiye a Fadar Topkapı da ke Istanbul shine ɗayan mafi kyawun tushen shaidar zuriyar Muhammad. Alids (kalmar da aka ba zuriyar Muhammadu ta hanyar 'yarsa Fatima da Ali) layin zuriyar sun samar sau da yawa, daulolin da ke mulki na yanzu (da masu zuwa) a duk faɗin mulkin Islama, daga cikin waɗannan tsayuwa: Dauloli Wadannan Royal da na mallaka dauloli da'awar Saukowarsa daga Hashim: Daular Hummudid (ta hannun Idris ibn Abdullah Arabiya Daular Hashemite (ta hanyar Qatadah ibn Idris Daular Abbasawa ta Daular Abbasiyya (ta hannun Abbas bn Muttalib Daular Fatimid na daular Fatimid da suka hada da Agha Khans na gaba. (ta hannun Ismail ibn Jafar Daular Rassid ta Yemen (ta hanyar Ibrahim al Jamr bin Hassan al Muthanna Daular Mutawakkilite ta Yemen (ta hanyar Ibrahim al Jamr bin Hassan al Muthanna a matsayin 'yan leken asiri na Daular Rassid) Afirka Daular Aluoite ta Maroko (ta hanyar Muhammad Nafs az zakiyah bin Abdullah al Kamal) Daular Idrisid ta Afirka ta Yamma (ta hannun Idris ibn Abdullah Daular Senussi ta Libya (ta hannun Idris ibn Abdullah a matsayin manyan hafsoshin daular Idrisid) Safavid na Daular Farisa (ta hanyar Abul Qasim Humza bin Musa al Kadhim Alid na Tabaristan (ta hannun Zayd bin Hassan al Muthana Daular Zaydi ta Tabarstan (ta hannun Zayd bn Ali Daular Barha Ciki har da Nawabs na baya daga Samballhera (ta hanyar Zayd ibn Ali Daular Rohilla da ta hada da Nawabs na Rampur daga baya (ta hanyar Zayd bn Ali a matsayin Cadets na Daular Barha) Agha Khans (Ta hannun Isma'il bn Jafar a matsayin daliban da ke daular Fatimid) Daudpota daular gami da Nawabs na Bhawalpur da Sindh Kalhora daga baya (ta hannun Abbas bn Muttalib Sarakunan Mysore (ta hanyar Qatadah ibn Idris a matsayin 'yan sanda na daular Hashemite) Daular Sabzwari (ta hanyar Ali al Reza Daular Najafi ta Bengal Ciki har da Nawabs na Murshidabad na baya da dangin Tabatabai na Iran (ta hannun Ibrahim Tabataba ibn Ismail al Dibaj) Gabashin Asiya Sarakunan Siak (ta hanyar Ahmad al Muhajir a matsayin su na 'yan bautan Ba alawai) Bendahara daular Pahang da Terengannu (ta hanyar Ahmad al Muhajir a matsayin ɗaliban makarantar Ba alawai) Daular Bolkiah ta Brunei (ta hanyar Ahmad al Muhajir a matsayin ɗaliban makarantar Ba alawai) Gidan sarautar Jamal al layl na Perak da Perlis (ta hanyar Ahmad al Muhajir a matsayin cadets na Ba alawai) Sarakunan Pontianak (ta hanyar Ahmad al Muhajir a matsayin su na 'yan bautan Ba alawai) Iyalin gida Lura cewa alamar jinsi kai tsaye alama ce mai ƙarfi Duba nan kasa Wadanda ba Musulmi ba wadanda suka yi hulda da Musulmai a zamanin Muhammadu Banu Abbas Hashmi Sayyid Awan (kabilar) Husseini Halifancin Abbasawa Iyalin gidan Muhammadu Kuraishawa Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Ba'Alawi (Al Husayni Al Hashimi Al Qurayshi) Sadah na Hadhramaut Banu Hashim Kafin Haihuwar Musulunci Tarihin zuriyar Hashemite Banu Abbas https://bani-alabbas.com/ Kuraishawa Larabawa Kabilun

26463

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C6%99e%20-ya%C6%99e%20Ridda

Yaƙe -yaƙe Ridda

Yaƙe -yaƙe na Ridda (Larabci: ko Yaƙe -yaƙe Ridda, jerin yaƙe -yaƙe ne da Khalifa Abubakar ya ƙaddamar a kan kabilun Larabawa masu tawaye a lokacin 632 da 633, bayan rasuwar Annabi Muhammad. 'Yan tawaye da yawa sun bi ko dai Musaylimah, Tulayha, Sajjah ko Aswad Ansi, dukkansu sun yi da'awar annabawa ne. Wasu 'yan tawayen sun ce sun mika wuya ga Muhammadu a matsayin annabin Allah, amma ba su da wani abu ga Abubakar. An ci nasara da kabilun 'yan tawaye kuma an tilasta musu komawa cikin ikon halifanci. Cikakken sake gina abubuwan da ke faruwa yana da rikitarwa ta hanyar rikice -rikice da rikice -rikicen da ake samu a tushen asali. Gabatarwa A tsakiyar watan Mayu na 632, Muhammad, wanda yanzu ba shi da lafiya, ya ba da umarnin babban shiri don yaƙi da Daular Byzantine domin ɗaukar fansar shahidai na Yakin Mu'tah. Musulmai 3000 ne zasu shiga cikin ta. Usama bn Zaid, saurayi kuma ɗan Zaidu bn Harithah wanda aka kashe a yaƙi a Mu'utah, an naɗa shi kwamandan wannan runduna don ya rama mutuwar mahaifinsa. Koyaya, Muhammadu ya mutu a watan Yuni 632 kuma Abubakar ya zama Khalifa ta wasu tsirarun mutane da masu mahawara a Saqifah. A ranar farko ta halifancinsa, Abubakar ya umarci rundunar Usama da su shirya tafiya. Abu Bakr ya kasance cikin matsanancin matsin lamba game da wannan balaguron saboda tashin tawaye da ridda a duk ƙasar Arabiya, amma ya ƙuduri aniya. Kafin tafiyarsa, Usama ya aika Umar zuwa ga Abubakar kuma an ce ya fada: Sai dai Abubakar ya ki. An motsa shi zuwa wannan shawarar aƙalla wani ɓangare ta muradinsa na aiwatar da shirin soja na Muhammadu da bai cika ba. A ranar 26 ga Yuni, 632, sojojin Usama suka yi sansani suka tashi. Bayan barin Madina, Usama ya yi tattaki zuwa Tabuk. Yawancin kabilun da ke wannan yankin sun yi tsayayya da shi ƙwarai, amma ya ci su. Usama ya kai farmaki nesa ba kusa ba a yankin Arewacin Larabawa, ya fara da Quza'a, sannan ya nufi Dawmatu l-Jandal (Al Jawf na zamani, Saudi Arabia). Sakamakon sakamakon ayyukansa kai tsaye, kabilun 'yan tawaye da yawa sun sake mika mulkin Mediniya kuma sun yi iƙirarin cewa sun sake karɓar Musulunci. Quza'a ta ci gaba da tawaye kuma ba ta tuba, amma daga baya Amr bn al-As ya kai musu farmaki tare da tilasta musu sake mika wuya. Usama ya yi tattaki zuwa Mu'utah, inda ya kai hari kan Larabawan Kiristoci na kabilun Banu Kalb da Ghassanids a wani karamin yaki. Sannan ya koma Madina, tare da shi da yawan fursunoni da dukiya mai yawa, wanda daga cikinsu ya ƙunshi ganimar yaƙi da sashin haraji na kabilun da suka sake cin nasara. Sojojin Musulunci sun ci gaba da zama a Madina tsawon kwanaki 40. Tsaro na Madina Yawan 'yan tawayen da ke kusa da Madina yana cikin yankuna biyu: Abraq, mil 72 zuwa arewa maso gabas, da Dhu Qissa, mil 24 zuwa gabas. Waɗannan abubuwan sun ƙunshi kabilun Banu Ghatafan, Hawazin, da Tayy. Abubakar ya aike da wakilai zuwa ga dukkan kabilun abokan gaba, inda ya yi kira gare su da su kasance masu biyayya ga Musulunci da ci gaba da bayar da Zakka. Mako daya ko biyu bayan tafiyar sojojin Usama, kabilun ‘yan tawaye sun kewaye Madina, da sanin cewa akwai rundunonin fada a cikin garin. A halin yanzu, Tulayha, mai kiran kansa annabi, ya ƙarfafa 'yan tawayen a Dhu Qissa. A cikin sati na uku na watan Yulin 632, sojojin ridda sun tashi daga Dhu Qissa zuwa Dhu Hussa, daga inda suka shirya kai farmaki kan Madina. Abubakar ya sami bayanan motsin 'yan tawaye, kuma nan da nan ya shirya don kare Madina. Ibn Kathir ya rubuta cewa nan da nan Abubakar ya kafa sabuwar ƙungiyar tsaro ta al-Ḥaras wa al-Shurṭa don kare Madina. An nada tsofaffin sahabbai kamar Ali ibn Abi Talib, Talha ibn Ubaidullah da Zubair ibn al-Awam a matsayin kwamandojin wadannan raka'a. Dakarun Haras wa l Shurta sun hau raƙumansu zuwa kan tudun Madina da daddare, inda suka tare dakarun farmakin kawancen ridda, har sai abokan gaba suka koma Dhu Qisha. Yakin Zhu Hissa Kashegari, Abu Bakr ya yi tattaki tare da babban runduna daga Madina ya nufi Dhu Hussa. Da yake raƙuman sojan da ke hawa duk suna tare da rundunar Usama, zai iya tattara rakumi kawai a matsayin hawa. Waɗannan rakuman rakuman, waɗanda ba a horar da su don yaƙi ba, sun kulle lokacin da Hibal, kwamandan ridda a Zhu Hussa, ya kai hari ba zato ba tsammani daga tsaunuka; a sakamakon haka, Musulmai ba za su iya sarrafa Rakuman da ba su da horo ba kuma sun yanke shawarar komawa Madina, kuma 'yan ridda sun sake kwato wuraren da suka rasa' yan kwanaki da suka gabata. A Madina, Abubakar ya sake shirya rundunar don yaƙi kuma ya kai hari ga masu ridda a cikin dare, ya ba su mamaki. 'Yan ridda sun ja da baya daga Dhu Hussa zuwa Dhu Qissa. Kabilun da suka yi ridda sun koma Abraq, inda aka tara ƙarin dangin Ghatfan, Hawazin, da Tayy. Abubakar ya bar ragowar runduna karkashin jagorancin An-Numan ibn Muqarrin a Dhu Qissa sannan ya dawo tare da babban rundunarsa zuwa Madina. Yakin Abraq A ranar 4 ga Agustan 632, rundunar Usama ta koma Madina. Abubakar ya umarci Usama da ya huta ya sake tura mutanensa wurin don gudanar da ayyuka nan gaba. A halin yanzu, a sati na biyu na watan Agustan 632, Abubakar ya tura rundunarsa zuwa Zhu Qissa. Haɗin ragowar rundunonin An-Numan ibn Muqarrin da nasa, sai Abubakar ya koma Abraq, inda 'yan tawayen da suka ja da baya suka taru. Washegari da safe, Abubakar ya jagoranci rundunarsa zuwa Dhu Qissa, tare da shi kansa Abubakar ya jagoranci cibiyar, yayin da Al-Nu'uman ibn Muqrin ke hawa a gefen dama, Abdullah ibn Muqrin a gefen hagu, da Suwaid ibn Muqrin matsayi a baya. Dakarun Madina sun yi nasarar fatattakar kabilun 'yan tawaye, inda suka kame Dhu Qissa a ranar 1 ga watan Agustan 632. Sauran' yan tawayen sun koma Buzakha, inda Tulayha ya tashi tare da sojojinsa daga Samira. Dabarun Abubakar A cikin mako na huɗu na watan Agustan 632, Abubakar ya koma Zhu Qissa tare da duk rundunonin yaƙi. A can ya tsara dabarar sa, a cikin abin da daga baya za a kira Yaƙin Ridda, don magance maƙiya daban -daban waɗanda suka mamaye sauran Arabia. Yaƙe -yaƙen da ya yi kwanan nan kan munanan ridda a Zhu Qissa da Abraq sun kasance a cikin yanayin ayyukan kariya don kare Madina da kuma hana ƙarin farmakin abokan gaba. Waɗannan ayyukan sun ba Abubakar damar samun tushe daga inda zai iya yaƙar babban yaƙin da ke gaba, don haka ya sami lokaci don shiri da ƙaddamar da manyan rundunoninsa. Dole ne Abubakar ya yi yaƙi ba ɗaya ba amma abokan gaba da yawa: Tulayha a Buzakha, Malik bin Nuwaira a Butah, da Musaylima a Yamamah. Dole ne ya magance ridda mai yawa a gabas da kudancin Larabawa: a Bahrain, a Oman, a Mahra, a Hadhramaut da Yemen. An yi ridda a yankin kudu da gabashin Makka da Quza'a a arewacin Arabiya. Abubakar ya kafa runduna zuwa rukunoni da dama, wanda Khalid ibn Walid ya ba da umarni mafi karfi kuma aka ba shi aikin yakar mafi karfin sojojin 'yan tawaye. An ba wa wasu gungun wuraren muhimman wurare na biyu waɗanda za su mamaye ƙananan kabilun ridda masu ƙarancin haɗari, kuma an tura su bayan Khalid, sakamakon sakamakon ayyukansa. Shirin Abu Bakr shi ne ya fara share yankin yammacin Arabiya (yankin da ke kusa da Madina), sannan ya tunkari Malik bin Nuwaira, daga karshe ya mai da hankali kan maƙiyi mafi haɗari da ƙarfi: annabin Musaylima mai kiran kansa. Ƙungiyar soja Halifa ya rarraba karfin da ake da shi a tsakanin manyan runduna 11, kowanne a karkashin kwamandansa, kuma yana dauke da mizaninsa. An rarraba ikon da ake samu tsakanin waɗannan rukunin, kuma yayin da aka ba wasu kwamandojin ayyukan gaggawa, wasu kuma an ba su ayyukan da za a ƙaddamar daga baya. Kwamandojin da manufofin da aka ba su sune: Khalid Ibn Walid: Ya yi gaba da Tulaiha bin Khuwailad Al-Asdee daga Qabilar Asad a Buzaakhah sannan Banu Sulaim. Ikrimah ibn Abi-Jahl: Ganawa da Musaylima a Yamamah amma ba don shiga ba har sai an sami ƙarin runduna. Amr ibn al-As: Kabilun ridda na Quza'a da Wadi'a a yankin Tabuk da Daumat-ul-Jandal. Shurahbil ibn Hasana: Ku bi Ikrimah ku jira umarnin Halifa. Khalid bin Saeed: Wasu kabilun da suka yi ridda a kan iyakar Sham. Turaifa bin Hajiz: Kabilun Hawazin da Bani Sulaim da suka yi ridda a yankin gabashin Madina da Makka. Ala bin Al Hadhrami: Masu ridda a Bahrain. Huzaifa bin Mihsan: Masu ridda a Oman. Arfaja bin Harthama Masu ridda a Mahra. Muhajir bin Abi Umayyah: Masu ridda a Yemen, sai Kinda a Hadhramaut. Suwaid bin Muqaran: Masu ridda a yankin gabar teku a arewacin Yemen. Da zaran an kammala aikin yi wa kasa hidima, Khalid ya fita, don Ikrimah da Amr bn al-As su biyo baya kadan. Halifan ya hana sauran gungun kuma ya tura makonni da ma watanni bayan haka, bisa ga ci gaban ayyukan Khalid a kan babban maƙiyan adawa. Kafin gawarwaki daban -daban su bar Zhu Qissa, duk da haka, Abubakar ya aike da wakilai zuwa ga dukkan kabilun da suka yi ridda a yunƙurin ƙarshe na jawo su su miƙa wuya. Gangamin Tsakiyar Arabia Musaylima, mai kiran kansa annabi, ya jagoranci ridda da tawaye a tsakiyar Arabia a yankin Yamamah mai haihuwa. Mafi rinjaye ya goyi bayan ƙabilar Banu Hanifa mai ƙarfi. A Buzakha da ke tsakiyar tsakiyar Larabawa, wani mai kiran kansa annabi, Tulayha, sarkin kabilar Banu Asad, shi ne ya jagoranci tawayen Madina da taimakon kabilun Banu Ghatafan, Hawazin, da Tayy. Buzakha Bayan samun bayanan shirye -shiryen Musulmi, Tulayha shi ma ya shirya yaƙi, kuma ƙungiyoyin kabilun da ke ƙawance sun ƙara ƙarfafa shi. Kafin ya tura Khalid a kan Tulayha, Abubakar ya nemi ya rage ƙarfin na ƙarshen. Babu abin da za a iya yi game da kabilun Bani Assad da Banu Ghatafan, waɗanda suka tsaya kyam a bayan Tulayha, amma Tayy ba su da tsayin daka wajen goyon bayan Tulayha, kuma babbansu, Adi ibn Hatim, Musulmi ne mai ibada. Abu Bakr ne ya nada Adi don tattaunawa da dattawan kabilun don janye tawagarsu daga rundunar Tulayha. Tattaunawar ta yi nasara, Adi ya zo da mahayan dawakai 500 na kabilarsa don ƙarfafa sojojin Khalid. Daga baya Khalid ya yi yaƙi da wata kabila mai ridda, Jadila. Anan kuma Adi ibn Hatim ya miƙa hidimominsa don shawo kan ƙabilar su miƙa kai ba tare da zubar da jini ba. Bani Jadila yayi sallama, sannan jarumansu 1000 suka shiga rundunar Khalid. Khalid, yanzu ya fi ƙarfin lokacin da ya bar Zhu Qissa, ya nufi Buzakha. A can, a tsakiyar watan Satumba na 632 AZ, ya ci Tulayha a Yaƙin Buzakha. Ragowar sojojin Tulayha sun koma Ghamra, mil 20 daga Buzakha, kuma an ci su a Yakin Ghamra a sati na uku na Satumba. Kabilu da dama sun mika wuya ga Halifa bayan nasarorin da Khalid ya samu. Da yake tafiya kudu daga Buzakha, Khalid ya isa Naqra a watan Oktoba, da runduna yanzu 6000 mai karfi, kuma ya ci nasara akan kabilar Banu Saleem masu tawaye a yakin Naqra. A cikin sati na uku na watan Oktoba, Khalid ya ci nasara a kan wata yar sarauniya, Salma, a yakin Zafar. Bayan haka ya koma Najd a kan kabilar Banu Tamim masu tawaye da Sheikh Malik ibn Nuwayrah. Najd A Najd, da samun labarin manyan nasarorin da Khalid ya samu a kan masu ridda a Buzakha, yawancin dangin Banu Tamim sun yi gaggawar ziyartar Khalid, amma Bani Yarbu reshen Bani Tamim, a ƙarƙashin babbansu, Malik ibn Nuwayrah, ya tsaya. Malik ya kasance shugaban wasu banbanci: jarumi, wanda aka san shi da karamci, kuma shahararren mawaƙi. Jaruntaka, karimci, da waƙoƙi sune halaye uku da aka fi jin daɗinsu a tsakanin Larabawa. A lokacin Muhammadu, an naɗa shi a matsayin mai karɓar haraji ga ƙabilar Banu Tamim. Da zaran Malik ya ji labarin rasuwar Muhammadu, sai ya mayar wa mutanen kabilunsa dukkan harajin, ya ce, "Yanzu kai ne mai dukiyarka." Yawancin malamai sun yarda cewa yana bin ƙa'idodin Larabawa na zamaninsa wanda za su iya daina yin mubaya'a ga wata ƙabila bayan mutuwar Sheikhinta. Sojojin Khalid ne suka tare mahayan nasa a garin Buttah. Khalid ya tambaye su game da yarjejeniyar da suka rattabawa hannu tare da mai kiran kanta annabiya Sajjah; sun amsa cewa don ramuwar gayya ne kawai a kan abokan gabansu. Lokacin da Khalid ya isa Najd bai sami sojoji masu adawa ba. Ya aika da mahayan dawakansa zuwa ƙauyukan da ke kusa kuma ya umarce su da su kira Azaan (kiran sallah) ga kowane ɓangaren da suka haɗu. Zirrar bin Azwar, jagoran tawagar, ya cafke iyalan Malik, yana mai cewa ba su amsa kiran sallah ba. Malik ya guji hulɗa kai tsaye da sojojin Khalid kuma ya umarci mabiyansa da su watse, kuma da alama shi da danginsa sun ƙaura zuwa hamada. Ya ki bayar da zakka, ya banbanta tsakanin sallah da zakka. Koyaya, an zargi Malik da tawaye ga jihar Madina. Hakanan za a tuhume shi saboda shiga kawance da Sajjah a kan Khalifanci. An kama Malik tare da na danginsa. Khalid ya tambayi Malik game da laifukan da ya aikata, ya amsa, "maigidanku ya faɗi haka, maigidanku ya faɗi haka", yana nufin Muhammad. Khalid ya ayyana Malik dan tawaye ne kuma ya ba da umarnin kashe shi. Yamamah Ikrimah ibn Abi-Jahl, daya daga cikin kwamandojin masu yi wa kasa hidima, an umurce shi da ya tuntubi Musaylima a Yamamah, amma kada ya shiga har sai Khalid ya shiga tare da shi. Manufar Abu Bakr na bai wa Ikrimah wannan aikin shi ne ya daure Musaylima a Yamamah, ta yadda ya 'yantar da Khalid don ya yi hulɗa da kabilun ridda na arewa ta tsakiya Arabiya ba tare da tsangwama ba. A halin da ake ciki, Abubakar ya aika da gawar Shurhabil don ƙarfafa Ikrimah a Yamamah. Ikrimah, duk da haka, a farkon watan Satumba na 632, ya kai hari kan sojojin Musaylima kafin ƙarfafawa ta iso, kuma aka ci su. Ya ba da rahoton abin da ya aikata ga Abubakar, wanda duk ya ji haushi kuma ya fusata da saurin Ikrimah da rashin biyayyarsa, ya umarce shi da ya ci gaba da ƙarfinsa zuwa Oman don taimakawa Hudaifa; da zarar Hudaifa ya kammala aikinsa, zai yi tattaki zuwa Mahra don taimakawa Arfaja, daga baya ya tafi Yemen don taimakawa Muhajir. A halin da ake ciki, Abubakar ya aika da umarni ga Khalid don yin yaƙi da Musaylima. Gawar Shurhabil, wadda aka jibge a Yamamah, ita ce za ta karfafa gawar Khalid. Baya ga wannan Abu Bakr ya tara sabbin rundunonin Ansar da Muhajireen a Madina wadanda suka shiga gawar Khalid a Butah kafin rundunar hadin gwiwa ta tashi zuwa Yamamah. Kodayake Abu Bakr ya umarci Shurhabil da kada ya shiga rundunar Musaylima har zuwa lokacin Khalid, Shurhabil ya shiga rundunar Musaylima ta wata hanya kuma an ci shi ma. Khalid ya haɗu da ragowar gawar Shurhabil a farkon watan Disamba na 632. Hadin gwiwar Musulmai, wanda yanzu 13,000 suke da karfi, a karshe sun ci sojojin Musaylima a yakin Yamama, wanda aka yi a mako na uku na Disamba. Garin Yamamah mai garu ya mika kansa cikin lumana a cikin wancan makon. Khalid ya kafa hedkwatarsa a Yamamah, daga inda ya aika ginshiƙai a ko'ina cikin filin Aqraba don mamaye yankin kusa da Yamamah. Bayan haka, duk tsakiyar Arabiya sun miƙa wuya ga Madina. Abin da ya rage na ridda a yankunan Arabia da ba su da mahimmanci na Musulmai sun kawar da su a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen da aka tsara cikin watanni biyar. Oman A tsakiyar watan Satumba na 632, Abu Bakr ya aike da gawar Hudaifa bin Mihsan don magance ridda a Oman, inda babbar kabilar Azd ta yi tawaye a karkashin babbansu Laqeet bin Malik, wanda aka fi sani da "Dhu'l-Taj" ("Mai Girma Daya"). A cewar wasu rahotanni, ya kuma yi da'awar Annabci. Hudaifa ya shiga Oman, amma ba shi da isasshen ƙarfi don yaƙar Dhu'l-Taj, ya nemi ƙarfafawa daga Halifa, wanda ya aiko Ikrimah daga Yamamah don taimaka masa a ƙarshen Satumba. Sojojin haɗin gwiwar sun ci Dhu'l-Taj a yaƙin da aka yi a Dibba, ɗaya daga cikin garuruwan Dhu'l-Taj, a watan Nuwamba. Shi kansa Dhu'l-Taj an kashe shi a yakin. An nada Hudaifa gwamnan Oman, kuma ya himmatu game da sake kafa doka da oda. Ikrimah, ba shi da wani alhakin gudanarwa na gida, ya yi amfani da gawarsa don mamaye yankin da ke kusa da Daba, kuma, a cikin wasu ƙananan ayyuka, ya yi nasarar karya juriya na waɗanda Azd waɗanda suka ci gaba da bijirewa ikon Madina. Arewancin Arabiya Wani lokaci a watan Oktoba na 632, an tura gawar Amr zuwa iyakar Siriya don cin nasara ga kabilun da suka yi ridda-mafi mahimmanci, Quza'a da Wadi'a (wani ɓangare na Bani Kalb)-a yankin kusa da Tabuk da Daumat- ul-Jandal (Al-Jawf). Amr bai sami damar doke kabilun cikin biyayya ba har sai Shurhabil ya haɗu da shi a cikin Janairu bayan Yaƙin Yamamah. Yemen Yaman ita ce lardin farko da ta yi tawaye ga ikon Musulunci lokacin da kabilar Ans suka tashi da makamai karkashin jagorancin shugabansu kuma mai kiran kansa annabi Al-Aswad Al-Ansi, Black One. Al-Abna 'ne ke iko da Yemen a lokacin, wata ƙungiya ta fito daga sansanin Farisa na Sanaa. Lokacin da Badhan ya mutu, ɗansa Shahr ya zama gwamnan Yemen amma Al-Aswad ya kashe shi. Fayruz al-Daylami, wanda shi ma memba ne na abna wanda Muhammad ya aiko shi, daga baya Fairoz ya zama gwamnan Yaman a San'a daga baya ya kashe Al-Aswad. Tawaye na biyu na Yemen Wani lokacin a lokacin mulkin Umar mutanen Yemen sun sake yin tawaye. wannan karon karkashin jagorancin wani mutum mai suna Ghayth ibn Abd Yaghuth. Manufar masu ridda ita ce fitar da Musulmai daga Yaman ta hanyar kashe Fairoz da wasu manyan shugabannin Musulmai. Ko ta yaya Fairoz ya tsere ya nemi mafaka a cikin tsaunuka a watan Yuni ko Yuli na 632. Tsawon watanni shida masu zuwa Fairoz ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin mafakarsa, lokacin da dubunnan Musulman Yemen suka haɗa shi. Lokacin da ya ji ƙarfinsa, Fairoz ya yi tattaki zuwa San'a ya ci Qais, wanda ya ja da baya tare da ragowar mutanen arewa maso gabas zuwa Abyan, inda dukkansu suka mika wuya sannan daga baya halifa ya yi musu afuwa. A gefe guda kuma, Sayyiduna Uthman bn Abi al-As ya aika da runduna daga Ta'if akan 'yan tawayen daga kabilun Azd da Bajila a Yemen. Daga baya kuma ya ba da gudummawar runduna ashirin daga birnin a ƙarƙashin jagorancin ɗan'uwansa don taimakawa ayyukan yaƙin Madina a Yemen. Abubakar ya ajiye Uthman a matsayinsa kamar yadda halifansa halifa Umar ya yi. Mahra Daga Oman, bisa umarnin Abubakar, Ikrimah ya nufi Mahra don shiga Arfaja bin Harthama. Da yake Arfaja bai iso ba tukuna, Ikrimah maimakon ta jira shi, sai ya tunkari 'yan tawayen yankin da kansa. A Jairut, Ikrimah ya sadu da rundunonin 'yan tawaye guda biyu suna shirin yaƙi. Anan ya lallashe masu rauni su rungumi addinin musulunci sannan ya haɗa kai da su don kayar da abokan adawar su. Da ya sake kafa Musulunci a Mahra, Ikrimah ya tafi da gawarsa zuwa Abyan, inda ya huta da mutanensa yana jiran ci gaba. Bahrain Bayan yakin Yamamah, Abubakar ya aika da gawar Ala bin Al Hadhrami akan 'yan tawayen Bahrain. Ala ya isa Bahrain don nemo sojojin ridda da suka taru a Hajr sun shiga cikin karfi. Ala ya kai hari na bazata wata dare kuma ya ƙwace birnin. 'Yan tawayen sun koma yankunan da ke gabar teku, inda suka kara tsayawa amma aka ci su da karfi. Yawancin su sun mika wuya kuma sun koma addinin Musulunci. An kammala wannan aikin a kusan ƙarshen Janairu 633. Hadhramaut Ƙarshen babban tawayen ridda shine na ƙabila mai ƙarfi ta Kindah, wacce ke zaune a yankin Najran, Hadhramaut, da gabashin Yemen. Ba su shiga cikin tawaye ba har zuwa Janairu 633. Ziyad bin Lubaid, gwamnan Hadhramaut Musulmi, ya yi musu farmaki kuma ya kai wa Riyaz hari, bayan nan gaba dayan Kinda suka shiga tawaye karkashin al-Ash'ath ibn Qays kuma suka shirya yaki. Koyaya, ƙarfin rundunonin biyu, watau ridda da Musulmi, ya kasance daidai gwargwado ta yadda babu wani ɓangaren da ya ji zai iya fara tashin hankali mai tsanani. Ziyad ya jira karfafawa kafin ya kai hari kan 'yan tawayen. Ƙarfafawa suna kan hanya. al-Muhajir ibn Abi Umayya, na karshe daga cikin kwamandojin bautar da Abubakar ya aika, ya ci nasara kan wasu kabilun 'yan tawaye a Najran, kudu maso gabashin Arabiya, kuma Abubakar ya umarce shi da ya yi tattaki zuwa Hadhramaut ya shiga Ziyad a kan Kindah. Halifa ya kuma umarci Ikrimah, wanda ke Abyan, da ya shiga rundunar Ziyad da Muhajir. A karshen watan Janairun 633 sojojin Muhajir da Ziyad sun hadu a Zafar, babban birnin Hadhramaut, a karkashin umurnin tsohon, kuma sun ci al-Ash'ath, wanda ya koma garin Nujair mai garu. Kawai bayan wannan yaƙin kuma gawar Ikrimah ta iso. Ƙungiyoyin Musulmai guda uku, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Muhajir, sun ci gaba zuwa Nujair kuma sun kewaye birnin mai garu. An kama Nujair wani lokaci a tsakiyar watan Fabrairu na shekara ta 633. Tare da shan kashi na Kindah a Nujair na karshe daga cikin manyan kungiyoyin yan ridda sun rushe. Arabiya ta kasance lafiya ga Musulunci. An yi yaƙin neman zaɓe kuma an kammala shi a shekara ta 11 bayan Hijira. Shekara ta 12 Hijiriyya ta wayi gari a ranar 18 ga Maris, 633, inda Larabawa suka hade a karkashin ikon Halifa a Madina. Wannan yakin shine babban nasarar Abubakar da siyasa da soji, kuma ya kasance cikakkiyar nasara. Bayan Da rushewar tawayen, yanzu Abubakar ya yanke shawarar fadada daular. Ba a sani ba ko aniyarsa ta daɗa faɗaɗa faɗaɗa faɗaɗa, ko farmakin riga-kafi don tabbatar da yankin tsaro tsakanin daular Islama da masarautar Sassanid mai ƙarfi da daular Byzantine. Wannan shi ne ya kafa mataki na mamayar da Farisa ta yi wa Musulunci. An aika Khalid zuwa Farisa da runduna mai kunshe da masu aikin sa kai 18,000, kuma ya ci lardin Farisa mafi arziki: Iraki. Bayan haka, Abu Bakr ya aika da rundunarsa don su mamaye ƙasar Siriya ta Rum, muhimmin lardin daular Byzantine. Manazarta Kara karantawa Fred McGraw Donner: The Early Islamic Conquests. Princeton University Press, 1986.ISBN 0691053278 Meir J. Kister: The struggle against Musaylima and the conquest of Yamama. In: Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, 27 (2002) Ella Landau-Tasseron: The Participation of Tayyi in the Ridda. In: Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, 5

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajendra%20K.%20Pachauri

Rajendra K. Pachauri

Rajendra Kumar Pachauri (20 ga watan Agustan 1940-13 ga watan Fabrairun 2020)ya kasance shugaban kwamitin Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC) daga 2002 zuwa 2015,a lokacin zagaye na huɗu da na biyar. A ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa,an ba IPCC kyautar Nobel ta zaman lafiya a 2007,kuma ta gabatar da Rahoton bincike na Biyar,akan tushen kimiyya na Yarjejeniyar Paris.ya riƙe muƙamin daga 2002 har zuwa murabus ɗin sa a watan Fabrairun 2015,bayan ya fuskanci zarge-zarge da yawa nacin zarafin jima'i.A watan Maris na shekara ta 2022,an wanke shi daga zargin cin zarafin jima'i (Alƙalin na Kotun Saket).Hoesung Lee ne ya gajeshi. Pachauri ya ɗauki nauyin sa a matsayin Babban Darakta na Cibiyar Makamashi da albarkatu a 1981,kuma ya jagoranci cibiyar sama da shekaru talatin kuma ya sauka a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban TERI a 2016. Pachauri,wanda aka fi sani da Patchy, ya kasance sanannen murya a duniya game da batutuwan muhalli da manufofi, kuma jagorancinsa na IPCC ya ba da gudummawa ga batun canjin yanayi da ya haifar da mutum ya zama sananne a matsayin muhimmin damuwa na duniya. Tushe An haifi Pachauri a NainitalIndiya.Yayi karatu a Kwalejin La Martiniere da ke Lucknow da kuma Cibiyar Nazarin Injiniya da Lantarki ta Indiya a Jamalpur, Bihar. Ya kasance daga cikin Aji na musamman na masu koyo a Railway a 1958, yayi wani shiri mai kyau wanda ya sanar da farkon ilimin injiniya, a Indiya. Ya fara aikin sa tare da Indian Railways a Diesel Locomotive Works a Varanasi. An shigar dashi a Jami'ar Jihar North Carolina da ke Raleigh, Amurka, in da ya sami Digiri na biyu a Injiniyan Masana'antu a 1972,da kuma PhD tare da manyan jami'ai a Injiniya da Tattalin Arziki a 1974. Rubutun digirin sa ya kasance mai taken, A dynamic model for forecasting of electrical energy demand in a wani takamaiman yankin da ke Arewa da Kudancin Carolina. Ya kasance mai cin ganyayyaki mai tsauri, galibi saboda "mahimmancin muhalli da canjin yanayi". Ayyuka Yayi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Farfesa (Agusta 1974-Mayu 1975) da kuma ɓangaren Ma'aikata (Summer 1976 da 1977) a Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki da Kasuwanci a Jihar NC.Ya kasance Farfesa mai ziyara na Tattalin Arziki a Kwalejin Ma'adanai da Makamashi,Jami'ar West Virginia.A lokacin da ya dawo Indiya,ya shiga Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Gudanarwa ta Indiya,Hyderabad,a matsayin shugaban Ma'aikatar, a (Yuni 1975 Yuni 1979) kuma ya ci gaba da zama Darakta,a Sashen Bincike da Bincike (Yuli 1979 Maris 1981).Ya shiga Cibiyar Makamashi da albarkatu (TERI) a matsayin Darakta a shekarar 1982.Ya kuma kasance Babban Mai Ziyara a Cibiyar Nazarin Kasuwanci (1982),da kuma Mai Ziyarar Bincike a Bankin Duniya,Washington DC (1990).A ranar 20 ga Afrilun shekarar 2002, an zabi Pachauri a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Gwamnati kan Canjin Yanayi,kwamitin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya (WMO) da Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkinobho (UNEP) suka kafa don tantance bayanan da suka dace don fahimtar canjin yanayi. Pachauri ya kasance a cikin Kwamitin Gwamnoni,da Gidauniyar Nazarin Kimiyya da Masana'antu ta Shriram a (Satumba 1987);Kwamitin Zartar wa na Cibiyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Indiya,New Delhi (1985 zuwa gaba);da kuma Kotun Gwamnoni (Oktoba 1987 zuwa gaba); kuma yana ba da shawara ga kamfanoni kamar Pegasus Capital Advisors,Chicago Climate Exchange,Toyota,Deutsche Bank da NTPC.Ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na al'ummomi da kwamitoci da yawa.Ya kasance memba na kwamitin kungiyar International Solar Energy Society(1991-1997), Majalisar Cibiyar Kula da Makamashi ta Duniya (1992),yayin da yake Shugaban Majalisar Makamashi a Duniya (1993-1995),Shugaban ƙasa, sannan Shugaban Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya (1988-1990),da Shugaban Cibiyar Makamashi na Asiya (Tun daga 1992). Ya kasance mai ba da shawara naɗan lokaci ga Shirin Cigaban Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (1994 1999) a fannonin Makamashi da Gudanar da Harkokin Al'adu.A watan Yulin shekara ta 2001, an nada R K Pachauri a matsayin memba, Majalisar Ba da Shawara ta Tattalin Arziki ga Firayim Minista na Indiya. Aiki tare da IPCC A ranar 20 ga Afrilun shekarar 2002,an zabi Pachauri a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da aka kafa Kwamitin Gwamnati kan Canjin Yanayi. Pachauri yayi magana game da batun canjin yanayi kuma ya ce,"Abin dake faruwa, kuma abinda zai iya faruwa, ya shawo kaina cewa duniya dolene ta kasance mai matuƙar buri kuma ta ƙuduri aniyar matsa wa zuwaga manufa 350."350 yana nufin mataki a cikin sassa na carbon dioxide miliyan a cikin yanayi cewa wasu masana kimiyya na yanayi kamar NASA's James Hansen sun yarda su zama iyaka mafi aminci don kauce wa yanayin yanayi. Ayyukansa tare da IPCC sun ƙare ba zato ba tsammani bayan zargin cin zarafin jima'i a kansa ya bayyana a kotunan Indiya. Kyautar Nobel ta zaman lafiya ta 2007 don IPCC IPCC ta raba kyautar Nobel ta zaman lafiya a 2007,tare da tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Amurka Al Gore, wanda a baya ya soki Pachauri lokacin da aka fara zaɓen shi a 2002. A ranar 11 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2007, Pachauri (mai wakiltar mai karɓar IPCC) da mai karɓar Al Gore sun gabatar da jawabin karɓar su a wani bikin bayar da kyaututtuka a Oslo, Norway, a ranar da wakilai zuwa taron yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya suka hadu a Bali, Indonesia. Pachauri ya yi nuni da imaninsa cewa falsafar Hindu ta "'Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam', wanda ke nufin 'dukan sararin samaniya iyali ne,'" dole ne ya mamaye kokarin duniya don kare duniya. Komawa ga wannan taken a duk jawabinsa, ya nakalto shugaban Maldives a 1987 (Maumoon Abdul Gayoom): "...ma'aunin hauhawar matakin teku na mita biyu zai isa kusan nutse duk ƙasar na ƙananan tsibirai 1,190, mafi yawansu kusan sun tashi mita biyu sama da matakin teku. Wannan zai zama mutuwar wata al'umma. Pachauri ya jaddada damuwarsa akai-akai game da tasirin canjin yanayi ga kasashe mafi talauci a duniya, yana mai da hankali ga binciken da: "...sun tayar da barazanar ƙaurawar yawan jama'a, rikici, da yaƙi kan ruwa da sauran albarkatun, da kuma sake daidaita iko tsakanin al'ummomi. Wasu kuma suna nuna yiwuwar tashin hankali tsakanin kasashe masu arziki da matalauta, matsalolin kiwon lafiya da suka haifar musamman ta hanyar karancin ruwa da gazawar amfanin gona. Alkawari ga wasu kungiyoyi Rajendra K. Pachauri ya kasance memba na kwamitin girmamawa na Fondation Chirac, tun lokacin da tsohon shugaban Faransa Jacques Chirac ya ƙaddamar da shi a 2008 don inganta zaman lafiya a duniya. Haskaka Biliyoyin Rayuwa Pachauri ya tsara kuma ya ƙaddamar da shirin 'Lighting a Billion Live's (LaBL) na duniya a cikin 2008, don sauƙaƙe samun damar samun makamashi mai tsabta ga matalautan makamashi. Shirin ya dauki hasken rana zuwa wurare masu nisa kamar Sundarbans, West Bengal, Thar Desert, Rajasthan, da kuma jihar Bihar. Kasancewa mai ba da shawara na farko don haɗuwa da samun damar dafa abinci mai tsabta da kuma hasken wuta, shirin ya sami nasarar tura dubban Integrated Domestic Energy Systems (IDES) a yankunan karkara da yankunan da ke nesa. Ya saita ma'auni da yawa kuma ya jaddada samun dama ga menu na zaɓuɓɓukan makamashi mai tsabta ga matalauta a wuraren mil na ƙarshe. LaBL kuma ya kasance dandamali ga masana'antun fasaha da yawa don farawa tare da kasuwanci a cikin sararin makamashi mai tsabta. Shirin yana da sawunsa a cikin kasashe 13 da jihohi 23 na Indiya. Rashin jituwa Zarge-zargen rikice-rikice na sha'awa da rashin daidaituwa na kuɗi Christopher Booker da Richard North sun rubuta wata kasida ga Daily Telegraph a watan Janairun 2010 suna zargin yiwuwar rikice-rikice na sha'awa da suka shafi membobin Pachauri na kwamitin ONGC da kuma tallafin bincike ga TERI, wata cibiyar da ba ta da riba wacce Pachauri shine darakta janar. Sun ci gaba da zargin cewa akwai rashin daidaito na kudi a TERI Turai. Pachauri ya musanta duk zarge-zargen. Dangane da zarge-zargen, kamfanin binciken KPMG ya gudanar da bita a buƙatar TERI. Binciken ya ce: "Ba a sami wata hujja da ta nuna fa'idodin kuɗi na sirri da aka samu ga Dokta Pachauri daga matsayinsa na mai ba da shawara daban-daban wanda zai haifar da rikici na sha'awa". Rahoton ya bayyana manufofinsa da hanyoyinsa kuma ya bayyana cewa "Aikin da muka yi ya zama dole a wannan lokacin" kuma ya dogara ne akan bayanan da TERI, Pachauri da mai ba da shawara kan haraji suka bayar. A cikin wani gargadi bita ya bayyana cewa iyakarsa ta kasance "ya bambanta sosai da binciken kuma ba za a iya dogaro da shi ba don samar da irin wannan matakin tabbaci kamar binciken". KPMG ta bincika biyan kuɗi da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu suka yi kuma ta gano cewa an biya kuɗin da ya kai 326,399 ga TERI kanta, ba ga Pachauri ba. Ya sami albashi na shekara-shekara kawai daga TERI, wanda ya kai 45,000 a shekara, tare da matsakaicin kusan 2,174 daga kudaden shiga na waje. Bai sami biyan kuɗi don shugabancin IPCC ba. A ranar 21 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2010, jaridar Daily Telegraph ta nemi gafara, tana mai cewa "ba ta da niyyar bayar da shawarar cewa Dr Pachauri ya cin hanci da rashawa ko kuma ya yi amfani da matsayinsa na shugaban IPCC kuma mun yarda da KPMG mun gano Dr Pachaori bai yi "miliyoyin daloli" a cikin 'yan shekarun nan ba". Ya ce: "Mun nemi gafara ga Dokta Pachauri saboda duk wani kunya da ya haifar". The Guardian ta ruwaito cewa Telegraph ta biya kudin shari'a sama da 100,000. Pachauri ya yi maraba da neman gafara na Telegraph, yana mai cewa ya "yi farin ciki da cewa a ƙarshe sun amince da gaskiya", kuma ya danganta zarge-zargen ƙarya ga "wani yunkuri na masu shakka game da yanayi don lalata IPCC. Yanzu suna so su bi ni kuma suna fatan hakan zai cika manufarsu. George Monbiot na The Guardian ya bayyana ra'ayinsa cewa duk da cewa KPMG ta wanke Pachauri daga rikice-rikicen sha'awa da cin zarafin kudi, Richard North, Daily Mail da The Australian sun sake maimaita ikirarin karya game da shi. Shari'ar cin zarafin jima'i A ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2015, 'yan sanda na Delhi sun gabatar da rahoton bayanai na farko (FIR) a kan Pachauri kan zargin cin zarafin jima'i, tsoratarwa da tsoratar da aikata laifuka. A ranar 21 ga watan Maris, Babban Kotun Delhi ta ba shi belin jira. Duk da yake a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2015, kwamitin korafe-korafe na ciki (ICC) na TERI ya same Pachauri da laifin cin zarafin jima'i, an kalubalanci binciken ICC a gaban Kotun Masana'antu bisa la'akari da keta ka'idodin adalci na halitta. Wani labarin a cikin mujallar Indiya The Caravan ya ba da cikakken bayani game da ayyukan RK Pachauri a lokacin da yake aiki a TERI. A cikin wata sanarwa, Pachauri ya ce abinda ke cikin takardar tuhumar zargi" ne da mai shigar da kara ya gabatar kuma babu wani abu da aka "bayyana" bayan bincike na shekara guda. Pachauri ya ci gaba da cewa: "Daga ra'ayina wannan ba komai ba ne face kyakkyawar dangantaka da juna. Akwai sautin haske da abokantaka ga wasikarmu, amma a kowane mataki na taɓa nuna cewa ina da dangantaka ta jiki kuma ban shiga cikin cin zarafin jima'i ba. An ba Pachauri beli na yau da kullun daga kotun shari'a a watan Yulin 2016. Kotun ta lura cewa "Binciken shari'ar ya cika. An riga an shigar da takardar caji. Ba a taɓa kama shi ba yayin binciken a cikin shari'ar nan take wanda ke ci gaba da nuna cewa ba a buƙatar kula da shi don manufar bincike. Kyaututtuka da karbuwa A watan Janairun shekara ta 2001, Gwamnatin Indiya ta ba shi lambar yabo ta Padma Bhushan NDTV Global Indian of the Year na shekara ta 2007. Mai samar da Labaran Yanayi na Shekara 2007. Mujallar ta yaba da Pachauri a cikin wata kasida a matsayin mai gina kungiya "Babban ƙarfin Rajendra Pachauri shine a gina da shirya cibiyoyi a fannonin da ya fahimta mafi kyau injiniya da tattalin arziki yayin da suke amfani da batutuwan ci gaba". A ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2008, Pachauri ya karbi taken UNIDO Goodwill Ambassador A watan Janairun shekara ta 2008, an ba shi lambar yabo ta biyu mafi girma a Indiya, Padma Vibhushan A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2009, Pachauri ya karbi 'Order of the Rising Sun Gold and Silver Star' don nuna godiya ga gudummawar da ya bayar ga inganta manufofin Japan game da canjin yanayi. Sarkin sarakuna Akihito ne ya ba shi kayan ado. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2009, an sanya Pachauri a matsayi na biyar a cikin jerin "Top 100 Global thinkers" ta mujallar Foreign Policy, don "ƙaddamar da muhawara kan ko canjin yanayi yana da mahimmanci". A watan Fabrairun 2010, Shugaban Finland ya ba da Order of the White Rose of Finland ga Pachauri don nuna godiya ga aikinsa na inganta hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa kan canjin yanayi da ci gaba mai ɗorewa. Gwamnatin Faransa ta ba shi lambar yabo ta 'Officer of the Legion of Honour'. HEC Paris ta nada Pachauri Farfesa Honoris Causa a watan Oktoba 2009. Jami'ar Reims Champagne-Ardenne ta nada Pachauri Farfesa Honoris Causa a watan Satumbar 2012. Sauran abubuwan da suke so Baya ga wallafe-wallafen ilimi, Pachauri ya kuma rubuta waka da fiction. Shi ne marubucin Return to Almora, wani labari na soyayya da aka buga a shekara ta 2010. Littafin yana cikin nau'in tunatarwa na wani jami'in gwamnati mai ritaya, wanda ya kasance dalibi ne na injiniya, game da rayuwarsa ta ruhaniya da jima'i. Ya rubuta Moods and Musings, tarin waƙoƙi, tare da 'yarsa Rashmi Pachauri-Rajan Duba kuma Jami'ar TERI Cibiyar Makamashi da albarkatu Manazarta Hanyoyin Haɗin waje Dokta R.K. Pachauri tarihin rayuwa da jadawalin lokaci, iloveindia.com Bayyanawa a kan C-SPAN Mutattun 2020 Haihuwan 1940 Mutuwa 2020 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth%20Carne

Elizabeth Carne

Elizabeth Catherine Thomas Carne (1817-1873) marubuciya yar Biritaniya ce, masaniya falsafar halitta, masaniyar ilimin ƙasa, masaniyar ilimin halitta, mai tattara ma'adinai, kuma mai ba da taimako. A shekarun baya, bayan rasuwar mahaifinta, ita ma ta zama ma’aikaciyar banki. A yau tabbas za mu sanya gudummawarta ga kimiyya a fagen ilimin halittar ɗan adam. Rayuwa ta sirri Carne ita ce ɗa na bakwai na 'ya'ya takwas ('ya'ya maza uku da mata biyar) da aka haifa wa Joseph Carne, FRS, da matarsa Maryama Thomas na Glamorgan. An haifi Elizabeth a Rivière House, a cikin Ikklesiya na Phillack, kusa da Hayle, Cornwall, kuma an yi masa baftisma a cocin Phillack a ranar 15 ga Mayu 1820. A Rivière House, mallakar Kamfanin Cornish Copper Company wanda mahaifinta ya kasance Daraktan Kamfanin, ɗakunan ajiya sun kasance. wanda aka kera a matsayin dakunan gwaje-gwaje inda aka gwada aikin narkar da tagulla da tin, da kuma ma'adanai da duwatsun da aka yi nazari a kansu. Zuwa wancan dakin gwaje-gwajen ya zo, kafin a haife ta, Davies Gilbert, PFRS, tare da shi matashin Humphry Davy don duba ayyukan muhallin kimiyya. An haife ta a cikin dangin Methodist mai tasiri da arziƙi na wakilan ma'adinai da ƴan kasuwa, Elizabeth ta kasance tana sane sosai a tsawon rayuwarta na talauci da rashi a kewayen wuraren hakar ma'adinai, da tsananin buƙatar ilimi da tallafin zamantakewa ga waɗanda ba su da sa'a. Ta yi karatu ko'ina, ta yi karatun lissafi, na gargajiya, kuma ta koyi harsuna da yawa. Duka kakanta, sau da yawa ana kiranta 'Uban Methodism', kuma mahaifinta ya kasance jajirtacce kuma ƙwararren shugabanni na Wesleyan Methodist a cikin Cocin Ingila, kuma ɗakin littafin Methodist na gida ya sauka a gidansu. Ta yi karatu a gida a titin Chapel, Penzance, tare da ƴan uwanta mata, ta taimaki mahaifinta da tarin tarin ma'adinan sa kuma ta raba sha'awar sa game da tsarin ƙasa, shekaru da yawa. Aboki na kud da kud da sadaukarwa, wanda ta kasance tare da ita akai-akai, ita ce fitacciyar mawallafin Quaker, Caroline Fox na dangin jigilar kayayyaki da ma'adinai na Falmouth. Ayyukan sadaka A mutuwar mahaifinta a shekara ta 1858, ta shiga cikin babban arziki, kuma ta yi amfani da wannan gado, ta bi dabi'un sadaka na iyayenta da danginta, don raba kudade masu yawa don ilmantarwa da sauran ayyukan agaji. Ta ba da wurin makarantar St Paul wanda aka buɗe, bayan mutuwarta, a Penzance a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu 1876, kuma ta kafa makarantu a Wesley Rock (Heamoor), Carfury, da Bosullow, gundumomi uku masu ƙanƙanta a cikin unguwar Penzance. Ta ba da damar ta hanyar ba da gudummawar farashin sayan filin da aka gina St John's Hall (zauren garin) a kai kuma ta gina wani gidan kayan gargajiya daban a kan titin Lower Queen's kusa da gidanta, inda za ta baje kolin kyawawan ma'adanai da ta taimaka mata. baba in tarawa. Geologist kuma marubuciya Ta ɗauki haɗin gwiwar mahaifinta daga 1858 har zuwa mutuwarta, a matsayin shugaban bankin Penzance wanda kakanta, William Carne ya kafa a 1795 (Batten, Carne da Oxnam). Ta kuma gaji soyayyar mahaifinta game da ilimin geology, kuma ta rubuta takardu hudu a cikin 'Ma'amala na Royal Geological Society of Cornwall:' 'Cliff Boulders da Tsohon Yanayin Kasa da Teku a Gundumar Ƙarshen Land,' 'The Age of the Land's End. Maritime Alps da ke kewaye da Mentone,' 'A kan Sauye-sauye da Metamorphosis na Rocks,' da 'Akan Yanayin Sojojin da suka yi aiki akan Samar da Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Granite.' Ita ce mace ta farko da aka zaba a matsayin memba na Royal. Geological Society of Cornwall. Ta kasance memba na farko, tare da abokanta Caroline Fox da Anna Maria Fox na Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society a Falmouth, Cornwall. An ba da gudummawar labarai da yawa daga wurinta ga ‘London Quarterly Review,’ kuma ita ce marubuciyar littattafai da yawa. Mutuwa Carne ta mutu a Penzance a ranar 7 ga Satumba 1873, kuma an binne ta a Phillack, kwanaki biyar bayan haka, a ranar 12 ga Satumba. An yi wa'azin jana'izarta a cocin St Mary's, Penzance, ta Reverend Prebendary Hedgeland a ranar 14 ga Satumba. Ayyuka Ita ce marubucin: ‘Three months' rest at Pau in the winter and spring of 1859’ brought out with the pseudonym of John Altrayd Wittitterly in 1860. ‘Country Towns and the place they fill in Modern Civilisation,’ 1868. ‘England's Three Wants’ an anonymous spiritual pamphlet, 1871. ‘The Realm of Truth,’ 1873.

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft

Microsoft

Microsoft Corporation /m aɪ k r ə s ɒ f t /-k r oʊ ne American manyan fasahar kamfanin da hedikwata a Redmond, Washington Yana haɓaka, ƙera, lasisi, tallafi, da siyar da software na komputa, kayan masarufi na lantarki, kwamfutoci na sirri, da sabis masu alaƙa. Abubuwan sanannun kayan aikinta sune layin Microsoft Windows na tsarin aiki, da Microsoft Office suite, da kuma Internet Explorer da Edge masu bincike na yanar gizo Manyan kayan aikin ta sune Xbox consoles game video video da Microsoft Surface jeri na kwamfutocin sirri na fuskar fuska. Microsoft ya kasance A'a. 21 a cikin martabar 2020 Fortune 500 na manyan kamfanonin Amurka ta hanyar kudaden shiga gaba daya; ita ce babbar mai samar da software a duniya ta kudaden shiga har zuwa shekarar 2016. Ana ɗaukarta ɗayan manyan Kamfanoni biyar a masana'antar fasahar ba da bayanai ta Amurka, tare da Google, Apple, Amazon, da Facebook Microsoft (kalmar ita ce tashar komputa na "microcomputer software" wanda Bill Gates da Paul Allen suka kafa a ranar 4 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta alif1975, don haɓaka da sayar da masu fassarar BASIC don Altair 8800 Ya tashi ya mamaye kasuwar tsarin komputa na mutum tare da MS-DOS a tsakiyar 1980s, sannan Microsoft Windows yana biye da ita. Hadayar jama'a ta farko ta kamfanin 1986 (IPO), da hauhawar da ta gabata a farashin rabonta, sun kirkiro masu kudi biliyan uku da kimanin 12,000 miliyoyin kuɗi tsakanin ma'aikatan Microsoft. Tun daga 1990s,ya ƙara haɓaka daga kasuwar tsarin aiki kuma ya sami samfuran kamfanoni da yawa, mafi girman su shine samun LinkedIn na 26.2 biliyan a cikin watan Disambar, shekarar 2016, suka biyo baya ta hanyar sayen Technologies na Skype akan 8.5 biliyan a cikin watan Mayu, shekarar 2011. Microsoft is market-dominant in the IBM PC compatible operating system market and the office software suite market, although it has lost the majority of the overall operating system market to Android.The company also produces a wide range of other consumer and enterprise software for desktops, laptops, tabs, gadgets, and servers, including Internet search (with Bing), the digital services market (through MSN), mixed reality (HoloLens), cloud computing (Azure), and software development (Visual Studio). Steve Ballmer ya maye gurbin Gates a matsayin Shugaba a 2000,daga baya ya yi tunanin dabarun "na'urori da aiyuka".Wannan ya bayyana ne tare da kamfanin Microsoft da ke samun Danger Inc a shekarar 2008,shiga kasuwar kera kwamfutocin mutum a karon farko a watan Yunin 2012 tare da ƙaddamar da layin Microsoft Surface na kwamfutocin kwamfutar hannu, sannan daga baya ya samar da Microsoft Mobile ta hanyar mallakar Nokia's na'urorin da sabis.Tunda Satya Nadella ta hau kujerar Shugaba a shekarar 2014, kamfanin ya sake komowa kan kayan aiki kuma ya mai da hankali ga aikin sarrafa girgije,wani yunkuri da ya taimaka hannun jarin kamfanin ya kai matsayin da ya fi shi tun watan Disamba, shekara ta alif 1999. Tun da fari Apple ya kwace shi a cikin shekarar 2010, a cikin shekarar 2018, Microsoft ya sake dawo da matsayinsa a matsayin kamfanin da ya fi kowane dan kasuwa ciniki a duniya.A watan Afrilu, na shekarar 2019, Microsoft ya kai darajar kasuwar trillion-dollar,ya zama kamfanin kamfanin Amurka na uku da aka kiyasta kan 1 tiriliyan bayan Apple da Amazon bi da bi. Microsoft yana da ƙimar daraja ta uku mafi girma a fadin duniya. Tarihi 1972–1985: Kafa Abokan ƙuruciya Bill Gates da Paul Allen sun nemi yin kasuwanci ta amfani da ƙwarewar su a cikin shirye-shiryen kwamfuta A cikin shekara ta alif 1972, sun kafa Traf-O-Data, wanda ke siyar da komputa mai ƙwarewa don biye da nazarin bayanan zirga-zirgar motoci. Gates ya yi rajista a Jami'ar Harvard yayin da Allen ya ci gaba da karatun digiri a kimiyyar kwamfuta a Jami'ar Jihar Washington, kodayake daga baya ya bar aiki a Honeywell Fitowar fitowar Watan Lantarki ta watan Janairu, shekara ta alif 1975, ta Micro Instrumentation da Telemetry Systems 's (MITS) Altair 8800 microcomputer, wanda ya zaburar da Allen ya ba da shawarar cewa za su iya shirya mai fassara BASIC don na'urar. Gates ya kira MITS ya yi da'awar cewa yana da mai fassara, kuma MITS ta nemi a yi zanga-zangar. Allen ya yi aiki a kan na'urar kwaikwayo ta Altair yayin da Gates ya haɓaka mai fassara, kuma ya yi aiki ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba lokacin da suka nuna shi ga MITS a watan Maris, na shekara ta alif 1975, a Albuquerque, New Mexico MITS sun yarda su rarraba shi, suna tallata shi azaman Altair BASIC Gates da Allen sun kafa Microsoft a ranar 4 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta alif 1975, tare da Gates a matsayin Shugaba, kuma Allen ya ba da shawarar sunan "Micro-Soft", a takaice don software na ƙananan kwamfutoci. A watan Agusta, shekara ta alif 1977, kamfanin ya kulla yarjejeniya tare da ASCII Magazine a Japan, wanda ya haifar da ofishin farko na duniya na ASCII Microsoft Microsoft ya dauke hedkwatarsa zuwa Bellevue, Washington a watan Janairun, shekara ta alif 1979. Microsoft ya shiga kasuwancin tsarin aiki (OS) a cikin shekarar 1980, tare da nasa iri na Unix da ake kira Xenix, amma MS-DOS ne ya tabbatar da mamayar kamfanin. IBM ya ba da kwangila ga Microsoft a watan Nuwamba, shekara ta alif 1980, don ósamar da sigar CP M OS don amfani da shi cikin IBM Personal Computer (IBM PC). Don wannan yarjejeniyar, Microsoft ta sayi clone CP mai suna 86-DOS daga Seattle Computer Products wanda ta sanya alama a matsayin MS-DOS, kodayake IBM ya sake suna zuwa IBM PC DOS Microsoft ya ci gaba da mallakar MS-DOS bayan fitowar IBM PC a watan Augusta, shekara ta alif 1981. IBM ya haƙƙin mallaka na IBM PC BIOS, don haka dole ne sauran kamfanoni su sake injiniya don ba kayan aikin IBM ba su yi aiki azaman masu haɗin IBM PC, amma babu irin wannan ƙuntatawa da aka yi amfani da tsarin aiki. Daga ƙarshe Microsoft ya zama babban mai sayar da tsarin sarrafa PC. Kamfanin ya faɗaɗa cikin sabbin kasuwanni tare da fitowar Mouse na Microsoft a cikin shekara ta alif 1983, da kuma tare da sashen buga littattafai mai suna Microsoft Press Paul Allen ya yi murabus daga kamfanin Microsoft a shekara ta alif 1983, bayan ya kamu da cutar Hodgkin Allen ya yi ikirarin a cikin Idea Man: Memoir daga Co-kafa Microsoft cewa Gates ya so ya narkar da kasonsa a kamfanin lokacin da aka gano shi da cutar Hodgkin saboda bai yi tunanin cewa yana aiki tuƙuru ba. Daga baya Allen ya saka hannun jari a cikin ƙananan fannoni na fasaha, ƙungiyoyin wasanni, rukunin ƙasa na kasuwanci, ƙarancin kwakwalwa, sararin samaniya, da ƙari. 1985–1994: Windows da Ofishi Microsoft ya saki Microsoft Windows a ranar 20 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta alif 1985, a matsayin ƙarin hoto na MS-DOS, duk da cewa sun fara haɓaka OS 2 tare da IBM a watan Agusta, da ya gabata. Microsoft ya dauke hedkwatarsa daga Bellevue zuwa Redmond, Washington a ranar 26 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta alif 1986, kuma ya fito fili a ranar 13 ga watan Maris, tare da sakamakon karuwar hajojin da aka kiyasta masu biliyan hudu da 12,000 miliyoyin kuɗi daga ma'aikatan Microsoft. Microsoft ya saki sigar OS 2 ga asalin masana'antun kayan aiki (OEMs) a ranar 2 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta alif 1987. A cikin 1990, Hukumar Kasuwanci ta Tarayya ta binciki Microsoft don yiwuwar haɗin gwiwa saboda haɗin gwiwa tare da IBM, wanda ke nuna farkon farkon rikice-rikicen doka da sama da shekaru tare da gwamnati. A halin yanzu, kamfanin yana kan aiki akan Microsoft Windows NT, wanda ya dogara ƙwarai da kwafin su na lambar OS 2. An shigo dashi ne a ranar 21 ga watan Yuli, shekara ta alif 1993, tare da sabon kernel mai daidaito da kuma 32-bit Win32 aikace-aikacen shirye-shiryen aikace-aikace (API), yana mai sauƙin shigo da kaya daga Windows 16-bit (tushen MS-DOS) Microsoft ya sanar da IBM na Windows NT, kuma haɗin OS 2 ya lalace. A cikin shekarar 1990, Microsoft sun gabatar da Microsoft Office suite wanda ya hada aikace-aikace daban kamar Microsoft Word da Microsoft Excel A ranar 22 ga watan Mayu, Microsoft sun ƙaddamar da Windows 3.0, tare da fasalta ingantattun ƙirar mai amfani da ingantaccen yanayin kariya ga mai sarrafa Intel 386, kuma duka Office da Windows sun zama masu rinjaye a yankunansu. A ranar 27 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta alif 1994, Sashen Adalci na Ma'aikatar Shari'a ya gabatar da wata sanarwa game da tasirin gasar wanda ya ce: "farawa daga shekarar 1988, kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa 15 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta alif 1994, Microsoft ya jawo yawancin OEMs don aiwatar da lasisin adawa da gasa 'kowane mai sarrafawa.' A karkashin lasisin sarrafa-injin sarrafawa, OEM na biyan Microsoft kudin masarauta ga kowace kwamfutar da ta sayar dauke da takamaiman microprocessor, ko OEM ta sayar da kwamfutar tare da tsarin aiki na Microsoft ko kuma tsarin da ba na Microsoft ba. A zahiri, biyan kuɗin masarauta ga Microsoft lokacin da ba'a amfani da kayan Microsoft yana yin azaba, ko haraji, akan amfani da OEM na tsarin PC mai aiki. Tun daga shekarar alif 1988, amfani da lasisin kere kere na Microsoft ya karu. 1995 2007: Haɗa cikin Yanar gizo, Windows 95, Windows XP, da Xbox Bayan bin bayanan Bill Gates na "bayanan Tidal Wave na Intanet" a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta alif 1995, Microsoft ya fara sake fasalin abubuwan da yake bayarwa da fadada layin samfuransa zuwa sadarwar kwamfuta da Yanar Gizon Duniya Tare da wasu ƙananan keɓe na sababbin kamfanoni, kamar Netscape, Microsoft shine kawai babban kuma kamfani da aka kafa wanda yayi aiki da sauri don zama ɓangare na Gidan Yanar Gizon Duniya kusan tun daga farko. Sauran kamfanoni kamar Borland, WordPerfect, Novell, IBM da Lotus, kasancewa da jinkirin daidaitawa da sabon yanayin, zai ba Microsoft ikon mamaye kasuwa. Kamfanin ya saki Windows 95 a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta alif 1995, wanda ke nuna ayyukan ba da izini, sabon tsarin mai amfani tare da maɓallin farawa na sabon labari, da daidaituwa 32-bit; kwatankwacin NT, ta samar da Win32 API. Windows 95 ya kasance tare da sabis na kan layi na MSN, wanda da farko aka yi niyya ya zama mai gasa ga Intanet, da (don OEMs) Internet Explorer, mai binciken yanar gizo Ba a haɗa Internet Explorer da akwatunan Windows Windows na kiri-kiri, saboda an buga kwalaye ɗin kafin ƙungiyar ta gama aikin gidan yanar gizon, kuma a maimakon haka aka sanya ta cikin Windows 95 Plus! shirya An goyi bayan wani babban kamfen na talla da abin da The New York Times ta kira "fitarwa, mafi frenzied, mafi tsadar gabatarwar kayan komputa a tarihin masana'antar," Windows 95 da sauri ya zama mai nasara. Branching zuwa sababbin kasuwanni a cikin shekara ta alif 1996, Microsoft da General Electric 's NBC unit sun ƙirƙiri sabon tashar tashar labaran 24/7 MSNBC Microsoft ya kirkiro Windows CE 1.0, sabon OS da aka tsara don na'urori tare da ƙananan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da sauran ƙuntatawa, kamar mataimakan dijital na sirri A watan Oktoba, shekara ta alif 1997, Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta gabatar da kara a Kotun Gundumar Tarayya, tana mai cewa Microsoft ta karya yarjejeniyar da aka sanya wa hannu a shekara ta alif 1994, kuma ta nemi kotun da ta dakatar da hada Internet Explorer da Windows. A ranar 13 ga watan Janairun, shekarar 2000, Bill Gates ya mika mukamin Shugaba ga Steve Ballmer, wani tsohon abokin kwaleji na Gates kuma ma'aikacin kamfanin tun shekara ta alif 1980, yayin kirkirar sabon matsayi ga kansa a matsayin Babban Masanin Gine-ginen Software Kamfanoni daban-daban ciki har da Microsoft sun kirkiro Allianceungiyar Amintaccen Kayan Kayan Komfuta a cikin watan Oktoba, na shekara ta alif 1999, don (a tsakanin sauran abubuwa) haɓaka tsaro da kare kayan ilimi ta hanyar gano canje-canje a cikin kayan aiki da software. Masu suka sun yi tir da ƙawancen a matsayin wata hanya ta aiwatar da ƙayyadaddun iyakoki game da yadda masu amfani da su ke amfani da software, da kuma yadda kwamfutoci ke nuna ɗabi'a, kuma a matsayin nau'i na haƙƙin haƙƙin dijital misali yanayin da kwamfuta ba ta amintar da mai ita kawai, har ma da tsaro a kan mai shi kuma. Ranar 3 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 2000, an zartar da hukunci a game da Amurka v. Kamfanin Microsoft, kira kamfanin da "cin zali mai cin zali." Daga baya Microsoft ya zauna tare da Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka a 2004. A ranar 25 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 2001, Microsoft ya fitar da Windows XP, yana haɗa manyan layi da NT na OS a ƙarƙashin lambar NT. Kamfanin ya fitar da Xbox daga baya a waccan shekarar, ya shiga kasuwar wasan bidiyo na wasan bidiyo wanda Sony da Nintendo suka mamaye. A watan Maris 2004 Tarayyar Turai ta kawo karar cin amana a kan kamfanin, suna masu cewa ta yi amfani da ikonta na Windows OS, wanda ya haifar da hukuncin 497 miliyan 613 miliyan) da kuma buƙatar Microsoft don samar da sababbin sifofin Windows XP ba tare da Windows Media Player ba Windows XP Home Edition N da Windows XP Professional N. A watan Nuwamba 2005, kamfanin wasan bidiyo na bidiyo na biyu, Xbox 360, ya kasance saki. Akwai nau'i biyu, fasali na asali don 299.99 da kuma tsarin maficici na 399.99. Presentara kasancewa a cikin kasuwancin kayan aiki bayan Xbox, Microsoft a cikin 2006 ya saki jerin Zune na 'yan wasan kafofin watsa labaru na dijital, magaji na dandamali na software na baya Portable Media Center Waɗannan sun faɗaɗa kan alƙawarin kayan aikin da suka gabata daga Microsoft bayan Asalin Microsoft na asali a cikin 1983; ya zuwa shekara ta 2007 kamfanin ya sayar da mafi kyawun kebul keyboard Natural Ergonomic Keyboard 4000 linzamin kwamfuta IntelliMouse da kyamaran gidan yanar gizo na tebur LifeCam a Amurka. A waccan shekarar kamfanin ya kuma ƙaddamar da Surface "tebur na dijital", daga baya aka sake masa suna PixelSense An sake shi a watan Janairun 2007, na gaba na Windows, Vista, ya mai da hankali ne kan fasali, tsaro da kuma sabon tsarin amfani da mai suna Aero Microsoft Office 2007, wanda aka fitar a lokaci guda, ya nuna fasalin mai amfani da Ribbon wanda ya kasance babban rashi ne daga magabata. Salesarfin kasuwancin da ke da ƙarfi ya taimaka wajen samar da riba a cikin 2007. Tarayyar Turai ta sake sanya tarar of 899 miliyan 1.4 biliyan) for Microsoft ta rashin yarda da Maris 2004 hukunci a kan Fabrairu 27, 2008, yana mai cewa kamfanin ya zargi abokan hamayyar m farashin for key bayanai game da workgroup da Backoffice sabobin. Microsoft ya bayyana cewa yana bin ka’idoji kuma “wadannan tarar an yi su ne kan batutuwan da suka gabata da aka warware”. 2007 kuma ya ga ƙirƙirar cibiyoyi da yawa a Microsoft, suna bin matakan kamfanonin sabar kamar Sun da IBM. Gates ya yi ritaya daga matsayinsa na Cif Software Architect a ranar 27 ga Yunin, 2008, yanke shawara da aka sanar a watan Yuni 2006, yayin da yake riƙe da wasu mukamai da suka shafi kamfanin ban da kasancewa mai ba da shawara ga kamfanin kan muhimman ayyuka. Azure Services Platform, shigar kamfanin cikin kasuwar sarrafa kwamfuta ta Windows, wanda aka ƙaddamar a ranar 27 ga Oktoba, 2008. A ranar 12 ga Fabrairu, 2009, Microsoft ya sanar da aniyarsa ta buɗe jerin shagunan sayar da kayayyakin Microsoft, kuma a ranar 22 ga Oktoba, 2009, Shagon Microsoft na farko da aka buɗe a Scottsdale, Arizona a wannan ranar an fitar da Windows 7 a hukumance ga jama'a. Windows 7 ta fi mai da hankali kan sake sabunta Vista tare da sauƙin amfani da fasalolin haɓaka abubuwa, maimakon sake aikin Windows mai yawa. A yayin da masana'antar wayoyin zamani ta bunkasa a karshen shekarun 2000, Microsoft ta yi ta kokarin ci gaba da kasancewa tare da abokan hamayyar ta wajen samar da tsarin zamani na wayoyin zamani, inda ya koma bayan kamfanin Apple da Google wadanda ke daukar nauyin Android a Amurka. A sakamakon haka, a cikin 2010 Microsoft ta sake fasalin babban aikin babbar wayar salula, Windows Mobile, ya maye gurbin ta da sabon Windows Phone OS wanda aka fitar a watan Oktoba na shekarar. Ya yi amfani da sabon yare mai amfani da keɓaɓɓen mai amfani, wanda aka sanya wa suna "Metro", wanda ya yi amfani da fitattun sifofi masu sauƙi, rubutu da zane-zane, ta amfani da ma'anar ƙarancin aiki. Microsoft ya aiwatar da sabuwar dabara ga masana'antar software, yana samar da daidaitaccen kwarewar mai amfani a duk wayoyin zamani ta amfani da Windows Phone OS. Ya ƙaddamar da ƙawance tare da Nokia a cikin 2011 kuma Microsoft ya yi aiki tare da kamfanin don haɓaka Windows Phone, amma ya kasance abokan tarayya tare da Windows Mobile OEM HTC na dogon lokaci. Microsoft memba ne na kafuwar Open Networking Foundation da aka fara a ranar 23 ga Maris, 2011. Abokan kafa sune Google, Networking na HP, Yahoo!, Kamfanin sadarwa na Verizon, Deutsche Telekom da wasu kamfanoni 17. Wannan ƙungiya mai zaman kanta tana mai da hankali ne kan samar da tallafi don ƙaddamar da ƙididdigar girgije mai suna Sadarwar Sadarwar Software. An ƙaddamar da shirin ne don saurin haɓaka ta hanyar sauye-sauyen software cikin hanyoyin sadarwar sadarwa, hanyoyin sadarwar mara waya, cibiyoyin bayanai da sauran wuraren sadarwar. 2011–2014: Windows 8 8.1, Xbox One, Outlook.com, da Surface na'urorin Bayan fitowar Windows Phone, Microsoft ya gudanar da sake yin rajistar kayan aikinta a hankali a cikin shekarar 2011 da 2012, tare da alamun tambari, kayayyaki, aiyuka da gidajen yanar sadarwar da ke dauke da ka'idoji da dabarun yaren Metro Microsoft ya gabatar da Windows 8, wani tsarin aiki wanda aka tsara shi don baiwa kwamfutoci da kwamfutocin hannu iko, a Taipei a watan Yunin 2011. An saki samfoti mai tasowa a ranar 13 ga Satumba, wanda aka maye gurbinsa da samfurin samfoti a ranar 29 ga Fabrairu, 2012, kuma aka sake shi ga jama'a a cikin Mayu. An gabatar da Surface ne a ranar 18 ga watan Yuni, ya zama kwamfuta ta farko a tarihin kamfanin da Microsoft ta kera kayan aikinta. A ranar 25 ga Yuni, Microsoft ya biya US 1.2 biliyan don siyan hanyar sadarwar Yammer A ranar 31 ga Yuli, sun ƙaddamar da sabis ɗin gidan yanar gizo na Outlook.com don yin gogayya da Gmail A ranar 4 ga Satumba, 2012, Microsoft ya saki Windows Server 2012 A watan Yulin 2012, Microsoft ya sayar da kaso 50% na kamfanin na MSNBC, wanda ya yi aiki tare da hadin gwiwar kamfanin NBC tun daga 1996. A ranar 1 ga Oktoba, Microsoft ya sanar da aniyarsa ta ƙaddamar da aikin labarai, wani ɓangare na sabon salon MSN, tare da Windows 8 a cikin watan. A ranar 26 ga Oktoba, 2012, Microsoft suka ƙaddamar da Windows 8 da Microsoft Surface Kwana uku bayan haka, Windows Phone 8 aka ƙaddamar. Don jimre dammar karuwar bukatar kayayyaki da aiyuka, Microsoft ta bude wasu "shagunan hutu" a fadin Amurka don taimakawa yawan "Shagon bulo-da-turmi" na Shagunan Microsoft da aka bude a 2012. A ranar 29 ga Maris, 2013, Microsoft suka ƙaddamar da Patent Tracker. A August 2012, New York City Police Department sun baiyana bude kofar sanya hannun jari da Microsoft domin samar da Domain Awareness System domin amfanin Police surveillance in New York City. The Kinect, a motion-sensing input device made by Microsoft and designed as a video game controller, first introduced in November 2010, was upgraded for the 2013 release of the Xbox One video game console. Kinect's capabilities were revealed in May 2013: an ultra-wide 1080p camera, function in the dark due to an infrared sensor, higher-end processing power and new software, the ability to distinguish between fine movements (such as a thumb movement), and determining a user's heart rate by looking at their face. Microsoft filed a patent application in 2011 that suggests that the corporation may use the Kinect camera system to monitor the behavior of television viewers as part of a plan to make the viewing experience more interactive. On July 19, 2013, Microsoft stocks suffered their biggest one-day percentage sell-off since the year 2000, after its fourth-quarter report raised concerns among the investors on the poor showings of both Windows 8 and the Surface tablet. Microsoft suffered a loss of more than US$32 billion. Dangane da kasuwancin PC ɗin da ke balaga, a cikin Yuli 2013, Microsoft ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai sake tsara kasuwancin zuwa sabbin ɓangarorin kasuwanci guda huɗu, wato Operating System, Apps, Cloud, and Devices. Duk sassan da suka gabata za a narkar da su cikin sabbin rukunoni ba tare da an rage yawan ma’aikata ba. A ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2013, Microsoft ta amince ta sayi sashin wayar hannu ta Nokia akan dala 7 biliyan, bin Amy Hood tana ɗaukar matsayin CFO. 2014–2020: Windows 10, Microsoft Edge, HoloLens A ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2014, Steve Ballmer ya sauka daga mukamin Shugaba na Microsoft kuma Satya Nadella ce ta gaje shi, wanda a baya ya jagoranci sashen Cloud da Enterprise na Microsoft. A wannan ranar, John W. Thompson ya ɗauki matsayin shugaba, a madadin Bill Gates, wanda ya ci gaba da shiga a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan fasaha. Thompson ya zama shugaba na biyu a tarihin Microsoft. A ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 2014, Microsoft ta sayi Na'urorin Nokia da Sabis na 7.2 biliyan. An sake sunan wannan sabon reshen na kamfanin Microsoft Mobile Oy. A ranar 15 ga Satumba, 2014, Microsoft ta sayi kamfanin haɓaka wasan bidiyo Mojang, wanda aka fi sani da Minecraft, akan 2.5 biliyan. A ranar 8 ga Yuni, 2017, Microsoft ta sayi Hexadite, wani kamfanin tsaro na Isra’ila, a kan 100 miliyan. A ranar 21 ga Janairu, 2015, Microsoft ta ba da sanarwar sakin fararen allo na farko, Microsoft Surface Hub A ranar 29 ga Yuli, 2015, Windows 10 an sake shi, tare da ɗan uwan uwar garken sa, Windows Server 2016, wanda aka saki a watan Satumba na 2016. A cikin Q1 2015, Microsoft shine na uku mafi girman wayoyin hannu, yana siyar da 33 miliyoyin raka'a (7.2% na duka). Yayin da babban rinjaye (aƙalla 75%) daga cikinsu ba sa gudanar da kowane sigar Windows Phone waɗancan wayoyin ba Gartner ne ke rarrabe su azaman wayoyin komai da ruwankaa cikin lokaci guda 8 miliyoyin wayoyin salula na Windows (2.5% na duk wayoyin salula) duk masana'antun ne suka yi (amma galibi ta Microsoft). Rabon Microsoft na kasuwar wayoyin salula na Amurka a cikin Janairu 2016 ya kai kashi 2.7%. A lokacin bazara na shekarar 2015 kamfanin ya yi asarar 7.6 biliyoyin da ke da alaƙa da kasuwancin ta wayar hannu, ta kori ma'aikata 7,800. A ranar 1 ga Maris, 2016, Microsoft ta ba da sanarwar hadewar komfutocin PC da Xbox, tare da Phil Spencer ya ba da sanarwar cewa aikace -aikacen Universal Windows Platform (UWP) za su zama abin da za a mayar da hankali ga wasan Microsoft a nan gaba. A ranar 24 ga Janairu, 2017, Microsoft ya nuna Intune don Ilimi a taron fasahar fasaha na BETT 2017 a London Intune don Ilimi shine sabon aikace-aikacen tushen girgije da sabis na sarrafa kayan aiki don ɓangaren ilimi. A watan Mayun 2016, kamfanin ya sanar da cewa yana sallamar ma'aikata 1,850, tare da daukar nakasa da sake fasalin dala 950 miliyan. A watan Yunin 2016, Microsoft ta sanar da wani aiki mai suna Microsoft Azure Information Protection. Yana da nufin taimakawa kamfanoni su kare bayanan su yayin da yake tafiya tsakanin sabobin da na'urori. A cikin Nuwamba 2016, Microsoft ya shiga Gidauniyar Linux a matsayin memba na Platinum yayin Haɗin Microsoft taron mai tasowa a New York. Kudin kowane memba na Platinum shine 500,000 a shekara. Wasu manazarta sun ɗauki wannan abin da ba a zata ba shekaru goma da suka gabata, duk da haka, kamar yadda a cikin 2001 babban jami'in Steve Ballmer ya kira Linux "kansa". Microsoft yana shirin ƙaddamar da samfotin Intune don Ilimi “a cikin makwanni masu zuwa”, tare da jadawalin jadawalin jadawalin bazara na 2017, wanda aka saka farashi akan 30 a kowace na’ura, ko ta hanyar yarjejeniyar lasisin girma. A cikin Janairu 2018, Microsoft ya yi facin Windows 10 don yin lissafin matsalolin CPU da suka shafi matsalar tsaro ta Intel ta Meltdown Alamar ta haifar da batutuwa tare da injunan Microsoft Azure masu dogaro da gine -ginen CPU na Intel. A ranar 12 ga Janairu, Microsoft ta saki PowerShell Core 6.0 don tsarin aikin macOS da Linux A watan Fabrairun 2018, Microsoft ta kashe tallafin sanarwa don na'urorin Windows Phone ɗin su wanda ya ƙare sabunta firmware na na'urorin da aka daina. A cikin Maris 2018, Microsoft ya tuno Windows 10 S don canza shi zuwa yanayin don tsarin aikin Windows maimakon tsarin aiki na daban da na musamman. A cikin Maris kamfanin ya kuma kafa jagororin da ke toshe masu amfani da Office 365 daga amfani da ƙazanta a cikin takardu masu zaman kansu. A cikin Afrilu 2018, Microsoft ta saki lambar tushe don Mai sarrafa Fayil na Windows a ƙarƙashin lasisin MIT don murnar cikar shirin shekara 20. A watan Afrilu kamfanin ya kara nuna niyyarsa ta rungumi dabarun budewa ta hanyar sanar da Azure Sphere a matsayin tushen sa na tsarin aikin Linux A watan Mayu 2018, Microsoft ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da hukumomin leken asirin Amurka 17 don haɓaka samfuran sarrafa girgije. A aikin da aka An Kwafa "Azure gwamnatin", kuma yana da dangantaka da hadin gwiwa ciniki Tsaro Lantarki (JEDI) kula shirin. A ranar 4 ga Yuni, 2018, Microsoft bisa hukuma ta sanar da siyan GitHub akan 7.5 biliyan, yarjejeniyar da aka rufe a ranar 26 ga Oktoba, 2018. A ranar 10 ga Yuli, 2018, Microsoft ya bayyana dandalin Surface Go ga jama'a. Daga baya a cikin watan ya canza Kungiyoyin Microsoft zuwa kyauta A watan Agusta na 2018, Microsoft ta saki wasu ayyuka guda biyu da ake kira Microsoft AccountGuard da Kare Dimokuradiyya. Hakanan ya bayyana dacewa Snapdragon 850 don Windows 10 akan ginin ARM A watan Agusta 2018, Toyota Tsusho ya fara haɗin gwiwa tare da Microsoft don ƙirƙirar kayan aikin kiwon kifi ta amfani da Microsoft Azure suite don fasahar Intanet na abubuwa (IoT) da suka shafi sarrafa ruwa. Masu bincike daga Jami’ar Kindai suka haɓaka shi, kayan aikin famfon ruwa suna amfani da hankali na wucin gadi don ƙidaya yawan kifaye a kan mai ɗaukar kaya, bincika adadin kifayen, da cire tasirin kwararar ruwa daga bayanan da kifin ke bayarwa. Takamaiman shirye -shiryen kwamfuta da ake amfani da su a cikin aikin sun faɗi ƙarƙashin Koyar da Injin Azure da dandamalin Azure IoT Hub. A watan Satumba 2018, Microsoft ta daina Skype Classic A ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 2018, Microsoft ta shiga cikin Community Network Invention Network duk da cewa ta mallaki sama da 60,000 na haƙƙin mallaka. A watan Nuwamba 2018, Microsoft ta amince ta samar da na’urorin kai magana na Microsoft na HoloLens 100,000 ga sojojin Amurka don “kara yawan mutuwa ta hanyar inganta iya ganowa, yanke hukunci da shiga gaban abokan gaba.” A cikin Nuwamba 2018, Microsoft ya gabatar da Inganta Tabbatar da Multi-Factor na Azure don Microsoft Azure. A cikin Disamba 2018, Microsoft ta sanar da Project Mu, sigar buɗe tushen tushen Babban Haɗin Firmware Interface (UEFI) wanda aka yi amfani da shi a samfuran Microsoft Surface da Hyper-V. Aikin yana inganta ra'ayin Firmware azaman Sabis A cikin wannan watan, Microsoft ta ba da sanarwar buɗe tushen aiwatar da Fom ɗin Windows da Gidauniyar Gabatarwar Windows (WPF) wanda zai ba da damar ƙarin motsi na kamfanin zuwa ga sakin gaskiya na manyan mahimman hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su wajen haɓaka aikace -aikacen tebur na Windows da software. Disamba kuma ya ga kamfanin ya daina aikin Microsoft Edge don fifita tallafin baya na Chromium don masu binciken su. 20 ga Fabrairu, 2019 Kamfanin Microsoft ya ce zai ba da AccountGuard sabis na tsaro na yanar gizo ga sabbin kasuwanni 12 a Turai ciki har da Jamus, Faransa da Spain, don rufe gibin tsaro da kare abokan ciniki a sararin siyasa daga kutse. A watan Fabrairun 2019, daruruwan ma’aikatan Microsoft sun nuna rashin amincewarsu da cinikin yakin kamfanin daga 480 miliyoyin kwangila don haɓaka lasifikan kai na gaskiya ga Sojojin Amurka 2020 -gabatar: Sayi, Xbox Series X/S, Windows 11 A ranar 26 ga Maris, 2020, Microsoft ta ba da sanarwar cewa tana siyan Tabbatattun Hanyoyin Sadarwa na kusan 1.35 biliyan. Sakamakon barkewar cutar COVID-19, Microsoft ta rufe dukkan shagunan saida kayan ta har abada saboda matsalolin lafiya. A ranar 22 ga Yuli, 2020, Microsoft ya ba da sanarwar shirin rufe sabis na Mixer, yana shirin ƙaura abokan haɗin gwiwa zuwa Wasannin Facebook A Yuli 31, 2020, an bayar da rahoton cewa Microsoft ya tattaunawa don saya TikTok bayan da trump gwamnati da umarnin ByteDance zuwa divest ikon mallakar daga cikin aikace-aikace ga Amurka A Agusta 3, 2020, bayan da hasashe a kan yarjejeniyar, Donald trump ya fa cewa Microsoft na iya siyan aikace -aikacen, duk da haka yakamata a kammala shi zuwa 15 ga Satumba, 2020 kuma ya kamata Ma'aikatar Baitulmalin Amurka ta karɓi wani kaso idan za ta wuce. A ranar 5 ga Agusta, 2020, Microsoft ta dakatar da gwajin yawo na xCloud na na'urorin iOS A cewar Microsoft, makomar xCloud akan iOS har yanzu ba a sani ba kuma tana iya fita daga hannun Microsoft. Apple ya sanya tsauraran iyaka kan "abokan cinikin tebur mai nisa" wanda ke nufin aikace-aikacen kawai an ba su izinin haɗi zuwa na'urar mai masaukin mai amfani ko na'ura wasan bidiyo mallakar mai amfani. A ranar 21 ga Satumba, 2020, Microsoft ta sanar da aniyarta ta mallakar ZeniMax Media na kusan 7.5 biliyan, tare da tsammanin yarjejeniyar za ta kasance a cikin rabin rabin shekarar kasafin kudi na 2021. A ranar 9 ga Maris, 2021, an kammala siyan kayan kuma ZeniMax Media ya zama wani ɓangare na Microsoft's Xbox Game Studios division. Jimlar farashin yarjejeniyar ta kai dala biliyan 8.1. A ranar 22 ga Satumba, 2020, Microsoft ta ba da sanarwar cewa tana da lasisi na musamman don amfani da janareta harshe na wucin gadi na OpenAI na GPT-3. Siffar da ta gabata ta GPT-3, da ake kira GPT-2, ta yi kanun labarai don kasancewa “masu haɗarin sakin jiki” kuma tana da fa'idodi da yawa, gami da ƙirar gidajen yanar gizo, rubuta magunguna, amsa tambayoyi da rubutun rubutu. A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 2020, Microsoft ta saki kayan wasan bidiyo na Xbox Series X da Xbox Series S. A ranar 24 ga Yuni, 2021, Microsoft ta sanar da Windows 11 yayin raye raye. Sanarwar ta zo da rudani bayan da Microsoft ta sanar Windows 10 zai zama sigar karshe ta tsarin aiki. An shirya za a sake shi a Fall 2021. Harkokin kamfanoni Yan kwamitin gudanarwa Kwamitin daraktoci ne wanda galibin kamfanonin waje ne ke gudanar da kamfanin, kamar yadda aka saba ga kamfanonin da ke kasuwanci a bainar jama'a. Membobin kwamitin gudanarwa tun daga watan Yuli 2020 sune Satya Nadella, Reid Hoffman, Hugh Johnston, Teri List-Stoll, Sandi Peterson, Penny Pritzker, Charles Scharf, Arne Sorenson, John W. Stanton, John W. Thompson, Emma Walmsley da Padmasree Warrior Ana zaɓar membobin kwamitin kowace shekara a taron masu hannun jari na shekara -shekara ta amfani da tsarin ƙuri'a mafi rinjaye. Akwai kwamitoci guda huɗu a cikin kwamitin da ke kula da ƙarin takamaiman al'amura. Waɗannan kwamitocin sun haɗa da Kwamitin Binciken, wanda ke kula da batutuwan lissafin kuɗi tare da kamfanin da suka haɗa da dubawa da rahoto; Kwamitin diyya, wanda ya amince da diyya ga Shugaba da sauran ma'aikatan kamfanin; Kwamitin Gudanarwa da Zabe, wanda ke gudanar da harkokin kamfanoni daban -daban ciki har da nadin kwamitin; da Kwamitin Ka'idoji da Kwamitin Manufofin Jama'a, wanda ya haɗa da al'amuran doka/ƙin amincewa, tare da tsare sirri, kasuwanci, amincin dijital, hankali na wucin gadi, da dorewar muhalli. A ranar 13 ga Maris, 2020, Gates ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai bar kwamitin daraktocin Microsoft da Berkshire Hathaway domin ya mai da hankali kan kokarin sa na alheri. A cewar Haruna Tilley na The Wall Street Journal wannan "yana nuna alamar tashi mafi girma daga cikin ɗakin kwana a masana'antar fasaha tun bayan rasuwar abokin hamayya da abokin haɗin gwiwa na Apple Inc. Steve Jobs Shugabannin zartarwa Bill Gates (1975 2000) Steve Ballmer (2000 2014) Satya Nadella (2014- yanzu) Mai kudi Lokacin Microsoft tafi jama'a da kuma kaddamar da farko jama'a hadaya (IPO) a 1986, da bude stock farashin da aka 21. bayan ranar ciniki, farashin ya rufe akan 27.75. Tun daga watan Yuli na 2010, tare da rabe -raben tara na kamfanin, duk wani hannun jarin IPO zai ninka da 288; idan mutum zai sayi IPO a yau, idan aka yi rabe -raben da sauran abubuwan, zai ci kusan 9 cents. Farashin hannun jari ya hau a 1999 a kusan 119 60.928, daidaitawa don rarrabuwa). Kamfanin ya fara bayar da rabon a ranar 16 ga Janairu, 2003, yana farawa da cibi takwas a kowane kaso na shekarar kasafin kudi sannan ya biyo bayan ragin kashi goma sha shida a kowace shekara a shekara mai zuwa, yana sauyawa daga ribar shekara zuwa kashi uku a 2005 tare da kashi takwas a kowane rabo. kwata-kwata da kuma biya na musamman sau ɗaya na dala uku kowane rabon kashi na biyu na shekarar kasafin kuɗi. Kodayake kamfanin yana da ƙarin haɓakawa na biyan kuɗi, farashin hannun jarin Microsoft ya ci gaba da tsayawa tsawon shekaru. Standard &amp; Poor's da Moody's Investors Service duk sun ba Microsoft ƙimar AAA, wanda aka ƙiyasta kadarorinsa akan 41. biliyan idan aka kwatanta da 8.5 kawai biliyan a cikin bashin da ba a tsare ba. Sakamakon haka, a cikin watan Fabrairu na shekarar 2011 Microsoft ta saki wani haɗin kamfani wanda ya kai 2.25 biliyan tare da ƙarancin rancen kuɗi idan aka kwatanta da jarin gwamnati A karon farko cikin shekaru 20 Apple Inc. ya zarce Microsoft a cikin ribar Q1 2011 da kudaden shiga kwata -kwata saboda raguwar tallace -tallace na PC da ci gaba da manyan asara a Sashin Sabis na Layi na Microsoft (wanda ya ƙunshi injin bincikensa Bing Ribar Microsoft ta kasance 5.2 biliyan, yayin da ribar Apple Inc. ta kasance 6 biliyan, akan kudaden shiga na 14.5 biliyan 24.7 biliyan bi da bi. Sashin Sabis na kan layi na Microsoft yana ci gaba da yin asara tun 2006 kuma a cikin Q1 2011 ya yi asarar 726 miliyan. Wannan ya biyo bayan asarar 2.5 biliyan na shekarar 2010. A ranar 20 ga Yuli, 2012, Microsoft ta buga asarar farko ta kwata kwata, duk da samun kudaden shiga na kwata da na kasafin kuɗi, tare da asarar 492 miliyan saboda rubutaccen garin da ya danganci kamfanin talla aQuantive, wanda aka saya akan 6.2 biliyan baya a 2007. Tun daga watan Janairun 2014, babban kasuwancin Microsoft ya tsaya kan 314B, ya mai da shi kamfani na 8 mafi girma a duniya ta hanyar babban kasuwa. A ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 2014, Microsoft ya wuce ExxonMobil don zama kamfani na biyu mafi ƙima ta hanyar ƙimar kasuwa, bayan Apple Inc. Jimlar darajar kasuwar ta wuce 410B tare da farashin hannun jarin ya kai dala 50.04 rabon, mafi girma tun farkon 2000. A cikin 2015, Reuters ya ba da rahoton cewa Microsoft Corp yana da albashi a ƙasashen waje na 76.4 biliyoyin da Hukumar Harajin Cikin Gida ba ta karba ba A karkashin dokar Amurka, kamfanoni ba sa biyan harajin samun kudin shiga kan ribar da ke kasashen waje har sai an shigo da ribar cikin Amurka. A watan Nuwamba 2018, kamfanin ya lashe 480 miliyoyin kwangilar soja tare da gwamnatin Amurka don kawo ingantacciyar fasahar lasifikan kai (AR) a cikin repertoires na sojojin Amurka. Kwangilar na shekara biyu na iya haifar da bin umarnin sama da lasifikan kai 100,000, bisa ga takardun da ke bayyana tsarin yin siyarwar. Ofaya daga cikin lamuran alamar kwangilar don haɓaka haƙiƙanin fasaha da alama ikon sa ne na ba da damar “yaƙe -yaƙe 25 ba tare da jini ba kafin yaƙin farko”, yana ba da shawarar cewa ainihin horo na yaƙi zai zama muhimmin al'amari na haɓaka kai na gaskiya. Ƙungiyoyi Microsoft kasuwanci ne na duniya. Don haka, tana buƙatar rassan da ke cikin duk kasuwannin ƙasa da ta zaɓa don girbi. Misali shine Microsoft Canada, wanda ta kafa a 1985. Sauran ƙasashe suna da irin wannan shigarwa, don ribar ribar da aka samu har zuwa Redmond da rarraba rabon ga masu hannun jarin MSFT. A shekara ta 2004, Microsoft ta ba kamfanonin bincike damar yin bincike mai zaman kansa idan aka kwatanta jimlar kuɗin mallaka (TCO) na Windows Server 2003 zuwa Linux Kamfanonin sun kammala cewa kamfanoni sun sami Windows mafi sauƙin gudanarwa fiye da Linux, don haka waɗanda ke amfani da Windows za su gudanar da sauri wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin farashi ga kamfanin su (watau ƙananan TCO). Wannan ya haifar da raƙuman karatu masu alaƙa; binciken da Yankee Group ya kammala cewa haɓakawa daga sigar Windows Server zuwa wani yana kashe ɗan ƙaramin farashin sauyawa daga Windows Server zuwa Linux, kodayake kamfanonin da aka bincika sun lura da ƙarin tsaro da amincin sabobin Linux da damuwa game da kulle su cikin amfani da Microsoft. samfurori. Wani binciken, wanda Labarin Ci gaban Labarai na Open Source ya fitar, ya yi iƙirarin cewa binciken na Microsoft "ya kasance mai tsufa kuma mai gefe ɗaya" kuma binciken su ya kammala cewa TCO na Linux ya yi ƙasa saboda masu gudanar da Linux suna sarrafa ƙarin sabobin a matsakaita da sauran dalilai. A matsayin wani ɓangare na kamfen ɗin "Samun Gaskiya", Microsoft ya haskaka Dandalin ciniki na NET Framework wanda ya haɓaka tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Accenture don Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta London, yana mai cewa ya samar da dogaro na "tara tara". Bayan shan wahala na tsawan lokaci da rashin dogaro Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta London ta sanar a 2009 cewa tana shirin yin watsi da mafita ta Microsoft da canzawa zuwa tushen Linux a 2010. A cikin 2012, Microsoft ya yi hayar wani ɗan siyasa mai suna Mark Penn, wanda The New York Times ta kira shi "sananne don bulldozing" abokan hamayyarsa na siyasa a matsayin Babban Mataimakin Shugaba, Talla da Dabara. Penn ya ƙirƙiri jerin tallace -tallace marasa kyau waɗanda ke niyya ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu fafatawa da Microsoft, Google Tallace -tallacen, da ake kira "Scroogled", suna ƙoƙarin yin ƙarar cewa Google yana "murƙushe" masu amfani tare da sakamakon binciken da aka yi amfani da su don fifita masu talla na Google, cewa Gmel ta keta sirrin masu amfani da ita don sanya sakamakon talla da ya shafi abun cikin imel ɗin su da sakamakon siyayya, wanda ke fifita samfuran Google. Littattafan fasaha kamar TechCrunch sun kasance masu sukar kamfen ɗin talla, yayin da ma'aikatan Google suka rungume shi. Korar ma'aikata A watan Yulin 2014, Microsoft ta sanar da shirin korar ma’aikata 18,000. Microsoft ya dauki mutane 127,104 aiki tun daga ranar 5 ga Yuni, 2014, yana mai yin hakan game da raguwar ma’aikata kashi 14 cikin dari kamar yadda babbar Microsoft ta dakatar. Wannan ya haɗa da ƙwararrun ma'aikata 12,500 da ma'aikata. A baya, Microsoft ya kawar da ayyukan 5,800 a cikin 2009 daidai da Babban koma bayan tattalin arziki na 2008 2017. A watan Satumbar 2014, Microsoft ta sallami mutane 2,100, ciki har da mutane 747 a yankin Seattle Redmond, inda kamfanin ke da hedikwata. Wannan harbe -harben ya zo ne a matsayin guguwar sallamar da aka sanar a baya. Wannan ya kawo jimlar adadin sama da 15,000 daga cikin 18,000 da ake tsammanin ragewa. A cikin Oktoba 2014, Microsoft ya bayyana cewa kusan an yi shi tare da kawar da ma'aikata 18,000, wanda shine mafi girman aikin da aka taɓa yi. A watan Yulin 2015, Microsoft ta sanar da rage wasu ayyukan 7,800 a cikin watanni masu zuwa. A watan Mayun 2016, Microsoft ta sanar da rage wasu ayyuka 1,850 galibi a bangaren wayar salula ta Nokia. Sakamakon haka, kamfanin zai yi rikodin nakasa da cajin sake fasalin kusan 950 miliyan, wanda kusan 200 miliyan za su danganta da biyan kuɗaɗe. Gwamnatin Amurka Microsoft provides information about reported bugs in their software to intelligence agencies of the United States government, prior to the public release of the fix. A Microsoft spokesperson has stated that the corporation runs several programs that facilitate the sharing of such information with the U.S. government. Following media reports about PRISM, NSA's massive electronic surveillance program, in May 2013, several technology companies were identified as participants, including Microsoft. According to leaks of said program, Microsoft joined the PRISM program in 2007. However, in June 2013, an official statement from Microsoft flatly denied their participation in the program: A cikin watanni shida na farko a 2013, Microsoft ta karɓi buƙatun da suka shafi asusun 15,000 zuwa 15,999. A watan Disamba na 2013, kamfanin ya ba da sanarwa don ƙara jaddada gaskiyar cewa suna ɗaukar sirrin abokan cinikin su da kariyar bayanai da mahimmanci, har ma suna cewa "ɓarkewar gwamnati mai yuwuwar yanzu na iya zama ci gaba mai ɗorewa tare da ingantattun ƙwayoyin cuta da hare -haren yanar gizo". Sanarwar ta kuma nuna farkon shirye-shiryen kashi uku don haɓaka ɓoyewar Microsoft da ƙoƙarin nuna gaskiya. A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2014, a matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan shirin sun buɗe na farko (da yawa) Microsoft Transparency Center, wanda ke ba da "gwamnatoci masu halarta da ikon yin duba lambar tushe don manyan samfuranmu, tabbatar wa kansu amincin software, da tabbatar da can ba kofofin baya bane Microsoft ya kuma yi jayayya cewa yakamata Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta samar da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin tsare sirri don kare bayanan masu amfani. A watan Afrilun 2016, kamfanin ya kai karar gwamnatin Amurka, yana mai cewa umarnin sirri ya hana kamfanin bayyana wa abokan ciniki sammacin da ya sabawa haƙƙin kamfanin da na abokan ciniki. Microsoft ya musanta cewa ya sabawa tsarin mulki ga gwamnati ta haramta Microsoft daga sanar da masu amfani da ita cewa gwamnati na neman imel da sauran takardu, kuma Kwaskwarimar ta huɗu ta yi hakan don haka mutane ko 'yan kasuwa na da' yancin sanin ko gwamnati na bincike ko kwace dukiyarsu. A ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2017, Microsoft ta ce za ta yi watsi da karar sakamakon sauye -sauyen manufofi da Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka (DoJ) ta yi. DoJ ya "canza dokokin buƙatun bayanai kan faɗakar da masu amfani da Intanet game da hukumomin da ke samun bayanan su." Shaidar kamfani Al'adar kamfanoni Bayanan fasaha don masu haɓakawa da labarai don mujallu daban -daban na Microsoft kamar Microsoft Systems Journal (MSJ) ana samun su ta hanyar Microsoft Developer Network (MSDN). MSDN kuma tana ba da biyan kuɗi don kamfanoni da daidaikun mutane, kuma ƙarin biyan kuɗi mafi tsada galibi yana ba da damar zuwa sigar beta na software na Microsoft. A cikin Afrilu 2004, Microsoft ta ƙaddamar da rukunin al'umma don masu haɓakawa da masu amfani, mai taken Channel 9, wanda ke ba da wiki da dandalin Intanet Wani rukunin yanar gizon da ke ba da shirye -shiryen bidiyo na yau da kullun da sauran ayyuka, On10.net, an ƙaddamar da shi a ranar 3 ga Maris, 2006. Ana bayar da tallafin fasaha na kyauta ta hanyar ƙungiyoyin labarai na Usenet na kan layi, da CompuServe a baya, ma'aikatan Microsoft ke sa ido; ana iya samun ƙungiyoyin labarai da yawa don samfur ɗaya. Abokan hulɗa ko ma'aikatan Microsoft za su iya zaɓar zaɓaɓɓen matsayi don Matsayin Mafi Kyawun Kwararru na Microsoft (MVP), wanda ke ba su damar samun wani matsayi na zamantakewa na musamman da damar samun kyaututtuka da sauran fa'idodi. An lura da ƙamus ɗin sa na ciki, ana amfani da kalmar cin abincin karen ku don bayyana manufar yin amfani da fitarwa da sigar beta na samfuran a cikin Microsoft a ƙoƙarin gwada su a cikin yanayin "na zahiri". Wannan yawanci ana gajarta shi zuwa "abincin kare" kawai kuma ana amfani dashi azaman suna, fi'ili, da adjective. Wani bit na jargon, FYIFV ko FYIV "Fuck Kai, ba ni da [Cikakke] jarin"), da ake amfani da wani ma'aikaci ya nuna su ne financially m, kuma za a iya kauce wa aikin kowane lokaci da suke so. Microsoft babban abokin hamayya ne na h -1B visa, wanda ke bawa kamfanoni a Amurka damar daukar wasu ma'aikatan kasashen waje aiki. Bill Gates ya yi iƙirarin cewa hular da ke kan takardar visa ta H1B tana da wahalar ɗaukar ma'aikata ga kamfanin, yana mai cewa "Tabbas zan kawar da hular H1B" a 2005. Masu sukar visa ta H1B suna jayayya cewa sassauta iyakokin zai haifar da karuwar rashin aikin yi ga jama'ar Amurka saboda ma'aikatan H1B da ke aiki don ƙarancin albashi. The Human Rights Gangamin Corporate Daidaitan Index, wani rahoto na yadda m kungiyar deems kamfanin manufofin LGBT ma'aikata, rated Microsoft kamar yadda 87% daga 2002 zuwa 2004, kuma kamar yadda 100% daga 2005 zuwa 2010, bayan da suka yarda jinsi magana. A watan Agustan 2018, Microsoft ta aiwatar da manufa ga duk kamfanonin da ke ba da masu kwangilar don buƙatar makonni 12 na biyan kuɗi na iyaye ga kowane ma'aikaci. Wannan yana faɗaɗa akan tsohon abin da ake buƙata daga 2015 wanda ke buƙatar kwanaki 15 na hutu da aka biya da kuma rashin lafiya kowace shekara. A cikin 2015, Microsoft ta kafa tsarin hutun iyaye don ba da izinin makonni 12 don hutu na iyaye tare da ƙarin makonni 8 ga iyayen da suka haihu. Muhalli A cikin 2011, Greenpeace ta fitar da rahoto wanda ke ƙididdige manyan manyan samfura goma a cikin ƙididdigar girgije akan tushen wutar lantarki don cibiyoyin bayanan su A lokacin, cibiyoyin bayanai sun cinye har zuwa 2% na duk wutar lantarki ta duniya kuma ana hasashen wannan adadin zai ƙaru. Phil Radford na Greenpeace ya ce "muna damuwa cewa wannan sabon fashewar a cikin amfani da wutar lantarki na iya kulle mu cikin tsofaffi, gurɓataccen hanyoyin makamashi maimakon tsabtataccen makamashi da ake da shi a yau," kuma yayi kira ga "Amazon, Microsoft da sauran shugabannin bayanan. -Dole ne masana'antar fasaha ta rungumi makamashi mai tsabta don sarrafa cibiyoyin bayanan su na girgije. A cikin 2013, Microsoft ya amince ya sayi wutar lantarki da aikin iska na Texas ya samar don sarrafa ɗayan cibiyoyin bayanan sa. An saka Microsoft a matsayi na 17 a cikin Jagorar Greenpeace ga Greener Electronics (Fitowa ta 16) wacce ke matsayin masu kera na'urorin lantarki 18 bisa ga manufofinsu kan sunadarai masu guba, sake amfani da canjin yanayi. Lokaci na Microsoft don fitar da ƙarar wuta (BFRs) da phthalates a duk samfuran shine 2012 amma ƙudurinsa na kawar da PVC ba a bayyane yake ba. Tun daga watan Janairun 2011, ba shi da samfuran da ba su da cikakkiyar kyauta daga PVC da BFRs. Babban harabar Microsoft ta Amurka ta karɓi takaddar azurfa daga shirin Jagoranci a Makamashi da Tsarin Muhalli (LEED) a cikin 2008, kuma ta girka filayen hasken rana sama da 2,000 a saman gine -ginenta a harabar Silicon Valley, tana samar da kusan kashi 15 na jimlar kuzarin da ake buƙata. ta wurare a watan Afrilu 2005. Microsoft yana yin amfani da madadin hanyoyin wucewa. Ya ƙirƙiri ɗayan manyan motocin bas masu zaman kansu na duniya, "Mai Haɗawa", don jigilar mutane daga wajen kamfanin; don zirga-zirgar harabar harabar, “Haɗin Jirgin Sama” yana amfani da manyan motoci na matasan don adana mai. Kamfanin ya kuma tallafa wa jigilar jama'a na yanki, wanda Sound Transit da King County Metro suka bayar, a matsayin abin ƙarfafawa. A watan Fabrairun 2010, duk da haka, Microsoft ta ɗauki matakin hana ƙara ƙarin zirga-zirgar jama'a da manyan abubuwan hawa (HOV) zuwa Route 520 na jihar da gadar da ke shawagi ta haɗa Redmond zuwa Seattle; kamfanin bai so ya sake jinkirta ginin ba. Microsoft ta kasance lamba ta 1 a cikin jerin Mafi kyawun Ayyuka na Ƙasashen Duniya ta Babban Wuri zuwa Cibiyar Aiki a 2011. A cikin Janairu 2020, kamfanin ya yi alƙawarin cirewa daga muhallin duk carbon ɗin da ya fito tun lokacin da aka kafa shi a 1975. A ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 2020, Microsoft ya sanya aikinsu daga manufofin gida na dindindin. A cikin Janairu 2021, kamfanin ya ba da sanarwar a shafin Twitter don shiga cikin Yarjejeniyar Cibiyar Ba da Lamuni ta Yanayi, wanda ke ɗaukar kayan aikin girgije da masana'antun cibiyoyin bayanai don isa tsaka -tsakin yanayi a Turai nan da 2030. Hedikwatar Babban hedikwatar kamfani, wanda ba a san shi ba kamar harabar Microsoft Redmond, yana a One Microsoft Way a Redmond, Washington. Microsoft da farko ya koma harabar harabar harabar harabar a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 1986, makonni kafin kamfanin ya fito fili ranar 13 ga Maris. Tun daga lokacin hedkwatar ta sami fa'idodi da yawa tun lokacin da aka kafa ta. An kiyasta ya ƙunshi sama da 8 miliyan ft 2 (750,000 m 2 sararin ofis da ma'aikata 30,000 40,000. Ƙarin ofisoshin suna cikin Bellevue da Issaquah, Washington (ma'aikata 90,000 a duk duniya). Kamfanin yana shirin haɓaka Mountain View, California, harabar harabar ta a babban sikelin. Kamfanin ya mamaye wannan harabar tun 1981. A cikin 2016, kamfanin ya sayi harabar kadada 32, tare da shirye-shiryen gyara da fadada shi da kashi 25%. Microsoft yana aiki da hedikwatar Gabas ta Gabas a Charlotte, North Carolina Shagunan tutoci A ranar 26 ga Oktoba, 2015, kamfanin ya buɗe wurin siyar da shi a Fifth Avenue a Birnin New York. Wurin yana fasalin kantin gilashi mai hawa biyar kuma yana da murabba'in 22,270. Kamar yadda kowane jami'in kamfani, Microsoft ya kasance yana neman wurin da aka fi samun tuta tun 2009. Wuraren siyarwar kamfanin wani ɓangare ne na babban dabarun don taimakawa haɓaka haɗin gwiwa tare da masu amfani da ita. Bude shagon yayi daidai da kaddamar da littafin Surface da Surface Pro 4. A ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 2015, Microsoft ta buɗe kantin sayar da tutoci na biyu, wanda ke cikin Pitt Street Mall na Sydney. Logo Microsoft ya karɓi abin da ake kira Pac-Man Logo," wanda Scott Baker ya tsara, a cikin 1987. Baker ya bayyana "Sabuwar tambarin, a cikin nau'in rubutun italic ɗin Helvetica, yana da rauni tsakanin o da s don jaddada ɓangaren" taushi "na sunan kuma isar da motsi da saurin." Dave Norris ya gudanar da kamfen na wargi na ciki don ceton tsohuwar tambarin, wanda kore ne, a cikin manyan manya, kuma ya nuna harafin O, wanda ake yiwa lakabi da blibbet, amma an watsar. Alamar Microsoft mai taken "Ƙarfin ku. Sha'awar mu. a ƙarƙashin babban sunan kamfani ya dogara ne akan taken Microsoft da aka yi amfani da shi a 2008. A cikin 2002, kamfanin ya fara amfani da tambarin a Amurka kuma a ƙarshe ya fara kamfen na talabijin tare da taken, an canza shi daga layin farko na Ina kuke son zuwa yau? A lokacin taron MGX mai zaman kansa (Microsoft Global Exchange) a cikin 2010, Microsoft ya bayyana alamar kamfanin na gaba, "Kasance Abin Gaba." Suna kuma da taken/taken taken "Yin shi duka yana da ma'ana." A ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2012, Microsoft ta buɗe sabon tambarin kamfani a buɗe shagon Microsoft na 23 a Boston, yana nuna jujjuyawar kamfanin daga salon salo zuwa ƙirar zamani mai tayal, wanda yake amfani/zai yi amfani da shi akan Windows. Dandalin waya, Xbox 360, Windows 8 da Office Suites masu zuwa. Sabuwar tambarin ya haɗa da murabba'i huɗu tare da kalolin tambarin Windows na yanzu wanda aka yi amfani da su don wakiltar manyan samfuran Microsoft guda huɗu: Windows (shuɗi), Ofishin (ja), Xbox (kore) da Bing (rawaya). Alamar tayi kama da buɗe ɗayan tallan don Windows 95 Tallafawa Kamfanin shine mai daukar nauyin rigar wasan kwallon kwando ta kasar Finland a EuroBasket 2015 Kyautatawa A lokacin cutar ta COVID-19, shugaban Microsoft, Brad Smith, ya ba da sanarwar cewa rukunin farko na kayayyaki, gami da tabarau na kariya 15,000, ma'aunin zafi da sanyio na infrared, murfin likitanci, da rigunan kariya, an ba da gudummawa ga Seattle, tare da ƙarin agajin da zai zo nan ba da jimawa ba. Duba kuma Jerin software na Microsoft Jerin saka hannun jari ta Kamfanin Microsoft Jerin hadewa da saye da Microsoft Ƙungiyoyin injiniyan Microsoft Yarjejeniyar Kasuwancin Microsoft Manazarta Hanyoyin waje Pages with unreviewed

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taribo%20West

Taribo West

Taribo West (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Maris a shekarar 1974) tsohon ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ya taka rawa a matsayin mai tsaron gida Zai fi kyau ana tunawa da shi saboda salonsa daban-daban masu launuka iri-iri. Bayan da ya lashe kofuna da dama tare da Auxerre a kwallon kafa ta Faransa, West ta ci gaba da bugawa kungiyoyin biyu na Milanese, Internazionale da kuma Milan.Ya kuma fito a cikin manyan wasannin Ingila da na Jamus. A matakin kasa da kasa, West ya bugawa Najeriya wasanni 42 tsakanin shekarar 1994 da shekara ta 2005,ya halarci Gasar Kofin Duniya biyu da Gasar Afirka biyu.Ya kuma wakilci kasarsa a gasar Olimpics ta shekarar 1996, inda ya lashe lambar zinare. Kuwan kula da kulab Shekarun farko An haife shi a garin Port Harcourt, West ya gano Litinin Sinclair, wanda ya dauke shi buga wasa don Sharks Ya fara wasa tare da Obanta United a 1989, kafin ya dawo Sharks a 1990. Daga nan West ta buga wa Enugu Rangers a 1991, kafin ta koma kungiyar Julius Berger a cikin shekarar 1992. Sabuwa Bayan gwaji da aka samu a farkon 1993, West ta koma kungiyar Auxerre ta Faransa karkashin jagorancin Guy Roux.Ya kasance akan benci a lokacin wasan cin Kofin UEFA na 2-2 da suka buga da Tenerife a ranar 15 ga Satumban 1993, amma ya kasa fitowa a karon farko.West daga baya ya buga wasansa na farko na gasa a kungiyar a wasan da suka buga 0-0 a gasar Toulouse ranar 5 ga Maris 1994. Ya kasance kungiya ta farko a karon farko a kakar wasa mai zuwa,inda ya buga wasanni 31 a dukkan gasa.A cikin shekarun 1995 zuwa 1976,West ta taimakawa Auxerre lashe gasar Premier ta farko a tarihin kungiyar, tare da 'yan wasa irin su Laurent Blanc da Sabri Lamouchi, da sauransu.Sun kuma lashe kofin kasar, ta haka suka tara biyu West baya sanya bakwai da ya buga a cikin 1996-1997 UEFA Champions League, a matsayin kulob din da aka shafe ta a cikin kwata kusa da na karshe da m zakarun Borussia Dortmund. Internazionale da Milan A watan Yunin shekarar 1997, West ta koma kungiyar Internazionale ta Italiya, kan yarjejeniyar shekaru hudu. Ya buga wasansa na farko a kulob din a lokacin da suka yi nasara a kan 1-0 a Coppa Italia a kan Foggia a ranar 3 Satumba 1997. Bayan haka, West ta zira kwallon farko a wajan Internazionale a wasan farko a gasar Serie A da ci1-1 a kan Atalanta ranar 9 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1997. Ya kuma zira kwallaye lokacin nasara a kan Schalke 04 a wasan cin kofin zakarun Turai na UEFA Cup a shekarar 1997 98. A ƙarshe, Internazionale ta lashe gasar wanda Ronaldo da Iván Zamorano suka jagoranci, tare da an kori West a wasan karshe a Lazio A kakar wasa mai zuwa, West ta buga wasanni 21 a gasar, saboda kungiyar ta bata damar samun gurbi a gasa ta UEFA Ya kasa yin komai a kakar wasa ta 1999-2000, kasancewa sau uku a madadin da ba a amfani da shi. A cikin taga canja wuri na hunturu 2000, West ta juya zuwa abokiyar karawarta Internazionale ta Milan Ya fara bugawa kungiyar wasa ne a ranar 24 ga watan Maris shekarar 2000, yayin da ya maye gurbin Andriy Shevchenko lokacin rauni a wasan da suka tashi 2-0 a kan Juventus A ranar 14 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2000, West ta sami nasarar cin kwallaye daya tilo a ragar Milan a wasan da ci 4-0 a kan Udinese Ingila da Jamus A watan Nuwamba shekarar 2000, West ya koma kulob din Derby County na Turanci, a farkon aro na watanni uku. Ya fara wasa na farko a Rams ranar 18 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2000, yana wasa cikakke mintuna 90 a wasan da suka tashi 2-0 a kan Bradford City A watan Janairun shekarar 2001, West ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ta ci gaba da kasancewa tare da kungiyar Derbyshire har zuwa karshen kakar shekarar 2000 zuwa shekara ta 2001. Ya taimaka kungiyar ta guji fitarwa, inda ya buga wasanni 18, yayin da Derby ta sami nasara 31 daga cikin maki 42 tare da ita a jeri. A watan Mayun shekarar 2001, West daga baya ya bar kungiyar saboda "alkawuransa na kasa da kasa". A Nuwamba shekarar 2001, West ta koma kulob din Jamus 1. FC Kaiserslautern a kan canja wurin kyauta. Ya fara wasa na farko a kungiyar a wasan farko da suka fafata a kan St. Pauli a ranar 17 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2001, ya fara wasa ya kuma sami jan kati a wasan, kafin a sauya shi a minti na 81. A watan Afrilun shekarar 2002, kulob din ya sake shi West saboda "jituwa gaba daya". Ya buga wasanni 10 gaba daya a kakar 2001-02 A watan Agusta shekarar 2002, West ta horar tare da kungiyar Manchester City ta Ingila na kwana 10. A ƙarshe ya gaza samun kwangila saboda rashin ƙoshin lafiya. Aikin wasa a duniya West ya kasance mamba na Flying Eagles a Gasar Cin Matasan Afirka na 1993 Daga baya ya ci wa Najeriya kwallaye 42 a duniya, inda ya fara halartar wasan farko a Sweden a ranar 5 ga Mayu 1994. Har ila yau West ta kasance memba a cikin 'yan wasan Olympics wanda ya lashe lambar zinare a gasar Olympics ta lokacin bazara ta shekarar 1996 Ya buga kowane minti daya na gasar. Bayan shekaru biyu, West ta kasance cikin jerin 'yan wasa 22 da za su fafata a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya na shekarar 1998, tare da Jay-Jay Okocha, Nwankwo Kanu, da sauransu. Sun kai mataki na biyu na gasar, Denmark ta kawar da su a zagaye na 16. A cikin Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka ta shekarar 2000, West ta taka cikakkiyar mintuna 90 a duk wasannin Najeriya a gasar, yayin da suka kammala tseren zuwa Kamaru Ya kuma wakilci kasarsa a bugun feniti na shekarar 2002, wanda ya kare a matsayi na uku. Bugu da ƙari, West ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar a shekarar 2002 FIFA World Cup Ya buga wasanni biyu a cikin Group of Mutuwa yayin da Najeriya ta kammala a saman tebur, bayan Sweden, Ingila da Argentina Bayan kammala gasar, Kocin Najeriya Festus Onigbinde ya zargi West saboda rashin nasarar da kungiyar ta yi, yana mai cewa dan wasan ya “bijirewa umarnin sa. A watan Janairun shekarar 2004, West ya samu rauni a lokacin horon kungiyar wanda hakan ya hana shi buga gasar cin kofin kasashen Afrika Ya dawo taka leda ne a ranar 17 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2005, ya buga wa Super Eagles wasan karshe a wasan sada zumunci tsakaninta da Libya Rayuwar mutum Addini da imani Ckaikken mabiyin Kirista ne mai ibada, West ya yarda yayi amfani da tsafi kafin wasanni yayin aikinsa na kwararrun dan wasa. Daga ƙarshe ya zama fasto bayan kwanakinsa na kwallon kafa. A cikin shekarar 2014, West ya kafa cocin da ake kira "Shelter in the Storm Miracle Ministries of All Nation" a Legas. Jayayya ta zamani A shekara ta 2010, an ba da rahoton cewa West da wasu 'yan wasan Najeriya na duniya,kamar Jay-Jay Okocha, Nwankwo Kanu da Obafemi Martins suna da shekaru fiye da yadda suke ikirari shekarun su.A watan Afrilun 2013, Žarko Zečević,tsohon sakatare-janar na Partizan,ya ce West yana da shekaru 12 fiye da shekarun da aka sanshi dashi.Jim kadan bayan haka,West ya musanta wannan zargi. HOTO Kididdigar aiki nassi: Kasa da kasa Kyautuka Kulob Sabuwa Championnat de Faransa 1995–96 Coupe de Faransa 1993–44, 1995–96 Internazionale Kofin Uefa 1997–98 Partizan Kungiya ta farko ta Serbia da Montenegro 2002-03 Kasa da kasa Najeriya Gasar Olympics 1996 Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka Gasar tsere 2000 Manazarta Haɗin waje Taribo West at fussballdaten.de (in German) Taribo West at FootballDatabase.eu Taribo West FIFA competition record Taribo West at National-Football-Teams.com Rayayyun Mutane Haifaffun 1974 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijeriya Pages with unreviewed

45630

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasyl%20Barvinsky

Vasyl Barvinsky

Articles with hCards Vasyl Oleksandrovych Barvinsky Ukraine (20 Fabrairu 1888 9 Yuni 1963) ya kasance mawaƙin dan kasar Ukraine, mawakin fiyano, madugu, malami, masanin kida, da kuma wakoki masu alaƙa da zamantakewa. Barvinsky ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin mawaƙa na farko na Ukrainian don samun karɓuwa a duniya. An buga wakokinsa ba kawai a Tarayyar Soviet ba kawai, har ma a Vienna, Leipzig, New York Universal Edition da Japan. Barvinsky ya jagoranci makarantar kiɗa na gaba da sakandare a birnin Lviv (1915-1948) Cibiyar Kiɗa ta Lysenko Higher Institute, kuma an dauke shi a matsayin shugaban mawaka na wancan lokacin. A halin yanzu akwai Kwalejin Kiɗa mai sunansa Barvinsky a Drohobych, Ukraine. Tarihin Rayuwa An haifi Vasyl Barvinsky a Ternopil, a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 1888. Barvinsky ya fito ne daga dangin tsofaffin aristocratic. Mahaifin Barvinsky, Oleksander Barvinsky, sanannen malami ne a Ukraine, ɗan siyasa, kuma sananne acikin al'umma. A cikin 1917 an nada shi memba na babban ɗakin Austrian. Mahaifiyar Vasyl, mawaƙiya ce, Yevheniya Barvinska, ya zama malaminsa na farko. Barvinsky married Natalia Puluj, the daughter of scientist of radiology Ivan Puluj. Barvinsky ya auri Natalia Puluj, 'yar masanin kimiyyar nazarin kashi, Ivan Puluj A cikin 1939 ya kafa Lviv Secondary Specialized Music Boarding School mai suna Solomiya Kruchelnytska. A Janairu 1948, NKVD sun tsare Barvinsky da matarsa. Hukumomin Tarayyar Soviet sun yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru 10 a gidan yari. An kai shi GULAG a Mordovia Sa’ad da aka kai shi zaman bauta an kona yawancin ayyukansa da aka wallafa da kuma rubuce-rubucen hannu a cikin yanayi mai ban mamaki a Lviv. Bayan an sake shi a 1958, ya yi ƙoƙarin sake gina ayyukan da aka lalata, amma ya mutu a ranar 9 ga Yuni 1963, kafin ya kammala wannan aikin. Yawancin ayyukan da suka ɓace ba a sake gano su ba sai bayan mutuwarsa. An rasa ayyuka da yawa har abada. An sake gyara Barvinsky bayan mutuwarsa a cikin 1964. An binne shi a Lviv a kabarin danginsa dake a makabartar Lychakiv, fili mai lamba uku. Ilimi Barvinsky ya sami ilimin waka na ƙwararru a ɗakunan ajiya na Lviv Barvinsky ya ci gaba da karatun waka a Prague. Daga cikin malamansa akwai Vilém Kurz (piano), da Vítězslav Novák (composition). Lokacin da ya fara koyarwa, ɗayan daga ɗalibansa na farko shine Stefania Turkewich Ayyuka Barvinsky ya rubuta ayyuka akalla 30. Abubuwan da Barvinsky ya yi an ce suna da ban sha'awa ta hanyar girmamawa', tunani da mutuntawa". Barvinsky ya wakoki iri-iri amma ban da wasan opera da opera. Salon sa, soyayyar zamanin baya tare da fasali mai ban sha'awa, yawancinsa labarin tarihin al'adun Yukren. Kodayake yawancin ayyukan Barvinsky sun ɓace, yawancin ayyukansa na asali sun kasance kuma ana sauraronsu a duk duniya. Wakoki "Ukrainian Rhapsody" (Ukrayinska Rapsodiya for orchestra (1911) Piano cycle "Love" (Liubov Piano Sonata in C sharp minor Piano Trio in A minor Piano Preludes Piano Concerto in F minor Five miniatures on Ukrainian folk themes Cycle for piano "Koliadky i Shchedrivky" Piano collection for children: "Our Sun is Playing Piano" (Nashe Sonechko Hraye na Fortepiano "Ukrainian Suite" (Ukrayinska syuyita "Lemkiv's Suite" (Lemkivshchyna) (Lemkivska syuyita "Lemkiv's Dances" (Lemkivski tantsi Choir miniature: "The Sun is Already Down" (Uzhe sonechko zakotylosia Wakokin yara: "On the Christmas Tree" (Na yalynku "Summer" (Lito "The song of pupils" (Pisnia Shkoliariv Folk-song Arrangements: "There on the Hill are Two Oaklets" (Tam na hori dva dubky "Two Lemkiv's folk songs" (Dvi lemkivski narodni pisni Six Solo Arrangements of Folk Songs, composed in 1912: Yanhil-yahilochka Oi, khodyla divchyna berizhkom Chy ty virno mene liubysh Vyishly v pole kosari Oi, ziydy, ziydy, yasen misiatsiu Lullaby Oi Khodyt Son Wakokin Chamber: Sonata for Cello and Piano Nocturne for Cello (1910) Variations on folk-song theme for Cello (1918) (Variatsiyi na temu narodnoyi pisni "Oi, pyla, pyla ta Lymerykha na medu" "Dumka" for Viola (1920) Sonata and Suite for Viola and Piano Suite for Viola (1927) Sextet for piano and five string instruments String Quartet "Molodijniy" (published in 1941) String Quartet in B flat major For Violin: "Humoreska", "Sumna Pisnia", "Kozachok", "Metelytsia", "Pisnia bez sliv" also known as "Harodna Melodiya" Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Free scores by Vasyl Barvinsky at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP) Dytyniak Maria Ukrainian Composers Jagorar Halitta-Bibliographic Rahoton Bincike No. 14, 1896, Cibiyar Nazarin Yukren ta Kanada, Jami'ar Alberta, Kanada. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Impressionism a cikin Kiɗa Bayani game da Barvinsky akan gidan yanar gizon Art Song Project na Ukrainian Vasyl Barvinsky: Galiciyan I Muryar Vasyl Barvinsky da aka Shiru Mutuwar 1963 Haifaffun 1888 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

49145

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoran%20Franc

Comoran Franc

Faransanci alamar: FC ISO 4217 code: KMF kudin hukuma ne na Comoros An raba shi da sunan shi zuwa santimita 100, kodayake ba a taɓa fitar da adadin santimita ba. Tarihi Faranshi na Faransa ya zama kudin Comoros bayan tsibiran sun zama kariyar Faransa a 1886. A shekara ta 1891, Sultan Said Ali bin Said Omar na Grande Comore Ngazidja ya fitar da tsabar kudi da suka kai centimi da francs wadanda ke yawo tare da kudin Faransa. A cikin 1912, Comoros ya zama lardin Madagascar, wanda kuma mallakar Faransa ne. An rarraba takardun banki na Faransa da tsabar kudi a cikin mulkin mallaka. Baya ga batun gaggawa na ƙananan bayanan canje-canje a cikin 1920, kuɗin Faransa yana yaɗa shi kaɗai har zuwa 1925. A ranar 1 ga Yulin 1925, gwamnatin Faransa ta kulla yarjejeniya da Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas don ƙirƙirar Banque de Madagascar, hedkwata a birnin Paris, kuma ta ba ta wani yanki mai zaman kansa don ba da kuɗi ga mulkin mallaka na Madagascar. Malagasy franc (Faransanci: franc malgache yayi daidai da franc na Faransa kuma tsabar kudin Faransa sun ci gaba da yaduwa yayin da Madagascar ba ta da tsabar kanta har zuwa 1943. Lokacin da Comoros ta zama wani yanki na Faransa dabam a cikin 1945, an canza sunan bankin da aka ba da shi zuwa Banque de Madagascar et des Comores (har yanzu yana da hedikwata a Paris). An buɗe ofishin reshe a Comoros a shekara ta 1953. Yayin da aka canza takardun banki don nuna sabon matsayi na Comoros, tsabar kudi ba a canza ba kuma suna dauke da sunan Madagascar kawai. A ranar 26 ga Disamba 1945, an kafa CFA franc na Madagascar-Comores kuma an ƙayyadadden ƙimarsa a kan 1.7 Faransa francs Tsofaffin tsabar kudi da takardun banki na Madagascar sun ci gaba da yawo a matsayin wannan sabon kudin. A ranar 17 ga Oktoba, 1948, an ƙara darajar CFA franc zuwa francs 2 na Faransa. A cikin 1950, gwamnatin Faransa ta karɓi mafi yawan ikon mallakar Banque de Madagascar et des Comores. A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1960, an sake fasalin Faransanci, tare da tsofaffin francs 100 ya zama sabon franc 1. (Décret n°59-1450 du 22 décembre 1959) Sabon canjin canjin shine 1 Madagascar-Comores CFA franc 0.02 francs Faransa (50 Madagascar-Comores CFA francs 1 franc Faransa). A ranar 26 ga Yuni 1960, Madagascar ta sami 'yancin kai daga Faransa, kuma an ƙirƙiri Institut d'Émission Malgache (mai hedkwata a Antananarivo don ba da kuɗi ga Madagascar kawai. Madagascar ta bar yankin CFA daga ranar 1 ga Yuli 1973. A ranar 23 ga Nuwamba 1979, gwamnatin Comoros ta rattaba hannu kan Yarjejeniyar de coopération monétaire entre la République Française et la République fédérale islamique des Comores, yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwar kuɗi tare da Faransa, wanda ya mai da Comoros wani ɓangare na yankin franc (amma ba wani ɓangare na yankin CFA franc ba). Wannan yarjejeniya ta tanadi kafa tsarin daidaita daidaito tsakanin Faransa Franc da Comorian franc da canji kyauta tsakanin kudaden biyu, wanda babban bankin Comorian ya ba da garantin bude asusun gudanar da ayyuka compte d'operation a Faransa. Baitul mali Trésor jama'a don sarrafa duk ma'amaloli na musayar. Kashi 65 cikin 100 na asusun ajiyar waje na Comoros ana gudanar da shi ne a cikin Yuro a cikin wannan asusun. Wannan asusun yana kama da adibas na dare tare da Baitul Malin Faransa: yana iya ɗaukar riba kuma yana iya, a cikin yanayi na musamman, sanya ma'auni mara kyau. Duk da haka, don hana wannan asusun daga nuna wani abu mai ɗorewa, an kafa matakan rigakafi da dama. An kafa kwanciyar hankali na Comorian franc akan tsauraran tsarin kuɗi da tsarin bashi, wanda takamaiman matakan tsaro guda biyu ke ƙulla: ana buƙatar babban bankin ya kiyaye murfin musanya na waje na 20% na alhakin gani, kuma ba a yarda gwamnati ta zana fiye da Kashi 20% na rasit na kasafin kudin shekarar da ta gabata daga asusun babban bankin su. Ministocin kudi na yankin franc (Faransa, yankin CFA da Comoros) suna ganawa duk shekara. Yarjejeniyar tsakanin Faransa da Comoros ta kasance daidai da yarjejeniyar da Faransa ta yi da yankin CFA. Ci gaba ne na dangantakar hadin gwiwa ta kudi tsakanin kasashen biyu da ta wanzu sama da karni guda. Har zuwa 1994, Comorian franc yana da alaƙa da franc na Faransa akan ƙimar Comorian franc 50 zuwa franc 1 na Faransa. An canza wannan a ranar 12 ga Janairu 1994, lokacin da aka rage darajar kudin tare da rage darajar CFA franc duk da haka, an rage darajar Comorian franc zuwa sabon farashin 75 na Comorian franc na Faransa 1, yayin da sabon farashin CFA franc ya kasance 100 CFA francs zuwa franc 1 na Faransa. Tare da ƙirƙirar Yuro a cikin Janairu 1999, Comorian franc ya kasance mai ƙima, a ƙimar sa, zuwa sabon kudin. Canjin musanya yanzu 491.96775 Comoran franc zuwa 1 Yuro. Tarayyar Turai Monetary Union A cikin 1998 a cikin tsammanin Tarayyar Kuɗin Kuɗi na Turai, Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta yi magana game da yarjejeniyar kuɗi da Faransa ta yi da yankin CFA da Comoros kuma ta yanke hukuncin cewa: Yarjejeniyar ba ta da yuwuwa su yi wani tasiri na kayan aiki akan tsarin kuɗi da musayar kuɗi na yankin Yuro a halin da ake ciki yanzu da kuma jihohin aiwatar da su, da wuya yerjejeniyoyi za su iya kawo cikas ga tafiyar da harkokin tattalin arziki da lamuni. Babu wani abu a cikin yarjejeniyoyin da za a iya fassara azaman nuna wajibci ga Babban Bankin Turai (ECB) ko kowane babban bankin ƙasa don tallafawa canjin CFA da Comorian francs. gyare-gyare ga yarjejeniyoyin da ake da su ba za su haifar da kowane wajibai na Tsakiyar Turai ko kowane babban bankin ƙasa ba Baitul malin Faransa zai ba da garantin canjin kyauta a daidaitaccen daidaito tsakanin Yuro da CFA da kuma Comorian francs. Hukumomin Faransa masu cancanta za su sanar da Hukumar Tarayyar Turai, Babban Bankin Turai da Kwamitin Tattalin Arziki da Kuɗi game da aiwatar da yarjejeniyoyin da kuma sanar da kwamitin kafin canje-canjen daidaito tsakanin Yuro da CFA da Comorian francs. duk wani canji ga yanayi ko iyakokin yarjejeniyoyin zai bukaci amincewar majalisa bisa shawarar hukumar da tuntubar ECB Babban Bankin Dokokin Babban Bankin Comoros Banque Centrale des Comores Al-Bank al-Markazi al-Qomori ya bayyana cewa kwamitin gudanarwarsa zai kasance da mambobi takwas da za a zaba daga gwamnatin Comoriya, babban bankin Faransa. Banque de France da gwamnatin Faransa Matsayin mataimakin darektan babban bankin Comoros yana hannun wani jami'in Banque de France, wanda ke da alhakin manufofin kuɗi Tun daga ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 1999, duk kuɗin aikin babban bankin an daidaita shi zuwa Matsakaicin Matsakaicin Matsakaicin Daren dare na Yuro EONIA wanda ke haifar da daidaita bambance-bambancen ƙimar riba tare da Yuro. BCC tana aiwatar da tsarin ajiyar tilas (30% na ajiya) da tsarin sa ido na banki. Hedkwatar tana cikin Moroni, kuma gwamnan bankin na yanzu Mer Said Ahmed Said Ali. Tsabar kudi A cikin 1890, Sultan Said Ali na Bambao, Ngazidja ya ba da tagulla 5 da centimi 10 da azurfa 5 francs. An buga tsabar kuɗin a Paris zuwa ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun kuɗin da aka yi daidai da kuɗin Faransa. Tsabar kudi guda uku sun daina aiki a ka'idar a cikin 1912 amma ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu suna ci gaba da haɓaka gabaɗaya a ƙarshen 1930. Ana yawan amfani da tsabar tagulla guda biyu don dalilai na sihiri-addini. uku suna ɗauke da irin wannan rubutun, ciki har da kwanan watan 1308 bayan Hijira, wanda ya yi daidai da kalandar miladiyya 1890/91 AD A cikin 1920s, ƙarancin tsabar kudi ya haifar da samar da alamun masu zaman kansu daga babban kamfanin mulkin mallaka a Ngazidja da kuma shukar sukari a kan Mayotte Ƙungiyoyin sun haɗa da 25 da 50 centimes da 1 da 2 francs. An yi amfani da aluminum da tagulla a cikin waɗannan alamun. A cikin 1964, an ƙaddamar da tsabar kuɗi musamman don amfani a cikin Comoros, wanda ya maye gurbin tsabar Madagascar da ake amfani da su a baya. Aluminum 1 FC, 2 FC, da 5 FC da aluminum-bronze 10 FC da 20 An ba da tsabar kudi FC. A cikin 1975, an ƙaddamar da nickel 50 francs, sannan nickel 100 ya biyo baya. FC a 1977 da nickel 25 FC 1981. Nickel-plated-karfe ya maye gurbin nickel bayan 1990. Cibiyar ta Institut d'Émission des Comores ta ba da tsabar kudi tsakanin 1975 zuwa 1977, yayin da babban bankin ya fitar da tsabar kudi tun 1981. Har zuwa 1975, Faransanci kawai ya bayyana akan tsabar kudi na Comorian. Tun daga wannan lokacin, an kuma yi amfani da Comorian Monnaie de Paris ya kasance yana hakowa gabaɗayan tsabar tsabar Comorian. Ana nuna wannan ta alamar mint na cornucopia akan tsabar kudi, ana iya gani zuwa hagu na kwanan wata, kodayake an cire wannan daga 1994 50. FC yanki bisa bukatar gwamnatin Comorian. Ana kera tsabar kuɗin a wurin su a Pessac, Gironde. Na 5 FC tsabar kudin ana lakabi reali, yana nufin ainihin Mutanen Espanya ta 2 FC coin ana laƙabi da nusu, ma'ana "rabi", da kuma 1 FC tsabar kudin "robo", ma'ana "kwata". Na 1 FC, 2 FC, 5 FC da 10 FC tsabar kudi ba kasafai ake amfani da su ba saboda ƙarancin darajarsu. Na 25 FC da 100 FC tsabar kudi sun ƙunshi kalmar "Augmentons la production alimentaire" Bari mu ƙara yawan samar da abinci Na 5 FC coin ya ƙunshi kalmar "Conférence Mondiale sur les Pêches" Taron Duniya akan Kamun kifi Duk waɗannan kalmomin guda biyu suna nuni ne ga shirye-shiryen Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Comoros na daya daga cikin kasashe 114 da suka ba da tsabar kudi na FAO. Ana iya samun ƙarin bayani akan tsabar kudi na FAO anan. Bayanan banki An ba da kuɗin takarda na Comorian na farko a cikin 1920. Ya ƙunshi batun gaggawa na tambarin gidan waya na Madagascar da aka sanya a cikin kati don ba su damar yawo a matsayin kuɗi. An ba da ƙima na centimes 50 da franc 1. Loi ordinaire 62-873 da 31 ga watan Juillet 1962, Mataki na 12, ya baiwa Banque de Madagascar et des Comores damar ci gaba da bayar da bayanan kula a Comoros bayan da Madagascar ta fara fitar da kudinta, amma tun daga 1 ga Afrilu 1962, sun sami COMORES a kan su. Ƙungiyoyin 50 FC, 100 FC, 500 FC, 1,000 FC da 5,000 An bayar da FC. Kamar yadda a cikin Decret 64-1038 du 07 Oktoba 1964, takardun banki ba tare da wuce gona da iri ba sun daina kasancewa takardar doka a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1964. Rubutun da aka wuce gona da iri sun yada har zuwa 1976, lokacin da 500 FC, 1,000 FC da 5,000 An gabatar da FC ta Institut d'Émission des Comores, 50 FC da 100 Ana maye gurbin bayanan FC da tsabar kudi. Babban bankin ya karbi aikin samar da kudin takarda a shekarar 1984. 2,500 FC da 10,000 An gabatar da bayanin kula na FC a cikin 1997, sannan 2,000 suka biyo baya FC a 2005. 2,500 FC bayanin kula da aka demonetized a kan 31 Janairu 2007. Banque de France ne ke buga takardun banki na Comorian a masana'antar takarda a Vic-le-Comte da ayyukan buga su a Chamalières, duka a Puy-de-Dôme, Auvergne Na 500 FC, 1,000 FC, 2,000 FC, 5,000 FC, da 10,000 Bayanan FC na 2005 da 2006 sun ƙunshi ƙungiyar tauraro na EURion, tare da wasu ingantattun hanyoyin tsaro don sa su zama masu wahala ga jabu. Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Banque Centrale des Comores official site Text of the 1979 Comorian Agreement of Monetary Cooperation at Banque de France Council Decision of 23 November 1998 concerning exchange rate matters relating to the CFA Franc and the Comorian Franc Franc zone information at Banque de France Franc zone information at Banque de France (in French, but more extensive than the English version) Central Bank of Madagascar Images of Comorian banknotes at Islamic Banknotes Numismatics of Comoros Numismatics of Comoros by Dr Iain Walker Coins of Comoros Comoros at Ben's FAO Coins collection La fabrication des monnaies utilisées par les Comoriens "Les Monnaies à Madagascar", Louis Molet A table of conversion rates between the euro and the Comorian franc Kudi Kudade Kuɗi Komoros Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

33110

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Krobo

Mutanen Krobo

Mutanen Krobo kabila ce a Ghana. An tattara su a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar kabilanci ta Ga-Adangbe kuma su ne rukuni mafi girma na kabilun Dangme bakwai na Kudu maso Gabashin Ghana. Krobo mutane ne manoma da suka mamaye Accra Plains, Akuapem Mountains da Afram Basin. Tarihi Krobos (lafazi krorbors) wasu ƴan zaɓaɓɓun mutane ne daga yankin Gabashin Ghana. An raba su zuwa Manya da Yilo. Ainihin kwanan watan da Krobos suka raba kansu zuwa Yilo da Manya ya kasance asiri. A shekarun baya Manya Krobo da gwamnatin Ghana ta kira Eastern Krobo, yayin da Yilo Krobo ake kira Western Krobo. Daga wannan ranar zuwa yau, an gudanar da Krobo a matsayin jihohi biyu daban-daban, wanda aka sanya wa suna a yau a matsayin Manya da Yilo Krobo. Wuraren gargajiya na Krobo guda biyu an san su da asali da "Nɔwe" wato Mănya, ma'ana "gidan su", da we (Yilɔ). Sunan Manya ya fito ne daga kalmar "Maonya", a zahiri ma'ana "kare bakinka". Wannan yana tafiya tare da kalmar "nɔ bi nya me tee" a zahiri yana nufin "ba ya buƙatar yin magana game da duk abin da ya gani". Yilo kuwa, ya fito ne daga furcin “wa yilɔ”, ma’ana “ba mu ci wannan ba”. Wasu al'adun baka sun nuna cewa, lokacin da Yilo ya dawo daga Krobo Denkyera, sun rasa yawancin al'adun Krobo na asali; a sakamakon haka, an ɗauke su ta hanyar jerin ayyukan al'adu don samun karɓuwa a cikin al'umma. Wannan tsari ya ƙunshi daidaitawa don abincin da Krobos ya haramta. Yilo ya ci gaba da tabbatar da karbuwar abinci iri-iri da suka koya yayin da suke tare da Akan. Krobo mazaunin ya fara kiran su da kalmar wulakanci "Wa yilɔ", ma'ana "mun ce muku ba ma cin wannan". Akwai wasu shaidun da ke nuni da cewa Krobos da sauran kungiyoyin Dangme sun fito ne daga arewa maso gabashin Afirka, musamman tsohuwar Masar da yankunan da ke kewaye da a yanzu ake kira Gabas ta Tsakiya. Krobos, kamar sauran ƙungiyoyin ƙaura daga arewa-maso-gabashin Afirka, sun kasance waɗanda ke fama da jerin hare-hare a Masar daga 600 BC zuwa karni na 14 AD wanda ya haifar da ƙaura daidai a kowane mamaya (2,3,4). An tura kakanninmu zuwa yankin Chadi na kasar Sudan kuma suna daya daga cikin kungiyoyin da suka koma bakin kogin Nijar da ke yammacin Sudan inda suke cikin dauloli da suka bunkasa da kuma rugujewa, na baya-bayan nan shi ne daular Songhai da ta kafa daular Songhai. ya fadi a karshen karni na 16 (1591)(4,5). Hijira a ƙarshen daular Songhai ta dawo da su yankin tafkin Chadi. Daga nan suka wuce kudu zuwa Nijar sannan suka ratsa yammacin Najeriya zuwa Sameh tsakanin Najeriya ta yanzu da Benin (Dahomeh), inda suka yi tasha a Widah (Ouidah) da Huatsi, inda suka ci gaba da tafiya tare da sauran kungiyoyin Dangme. Yayin da suke wucewa ta wadannan wurare, sun bar baya tare da daukar dabi'un al'adu na yankunan da suka yi zamansu kuma suka wuce. Krobos suna ɗaukar ƙungiyoyin Ewe na Dahomeh da Togo a matsayin abokai don haka suna kiran Ewes "Wa hi", wanda ya lalatar zuwa li", ma'anar adabi na "abokanmu". Dole ne su ci gaba da tafiya, kuma a lokacin da suka tashi daga abokansu na Ewe ya bayyana akwai tashin hankali kuma suka kira wurin tashi Lorlorvor, ma'ana "ƙauna ta ƙare". Sun tsallaka kogin Volta ne kawai suka samu kansu a kewaye da mutanen Guans da Akan ta kowane bangare, don haka suke kiran mutanen Akan Ohieli, ma'ana mutane da yawa. Tsoron wannan sabon rukuni ya sa su haura wani katon dutsen da ke kan fili kusa da kogin Volta, wanda ake kira dutsen Krobo har zuwa yau. Sun isa Ghana ta yau a farkon karni na 17. Krobos sune suka fi yawa a cikin mutanen Ga-Adangme. Suna cikin tsaunukan da ke kusa da gabar teku kuma su ne kabila ta hudu mafi girma a kasar. A cikin karni na 19 sun kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan jihohin Gold Coast a cikin matakai masu tasowa na ci gaban siyasa da al'adu. Bayan tsakiyar karni na 19 sun kasance a fannin tattalin arziki da siyasa sun kasance daya daga cikin muhimman kungiyoyi a kasar saboda rawar da suke takawa wajen kasuwanci na samar da amfanin gona da ake fitarwa zuwa kasashen ketare da kuma yin kwalliya. Tafiya zuwa Dutsen Krobo Mutanen Dangme sun yi tafiya ne a matsayin rukuni, kuma sai da suka isa Ghana suka rabu zuwa rukuni bakwai na Dangme da aka sani a yau. Wurin da suka rabu an sake masa suna "Lɔlɔvɔ", kalmar Ewe da ke nufin "Ƙauna ta ƙare (ƙarewa)". Har yanzu wurin yana nan kuma ana kiransa da Filin Tagologo. Kungiyoyin Dangme guda bakwai sune: Krobo, Ada, Prampram, Shai, Ningo, Osu-Doku, da Kpone. Mutanen Osudoku sun hau dutsen Osudoku, mutanen Ada sun tafi gabar tekun gabas, mutanen Shai, Prampram da Kpone sun yi tafiya cikin kasa. Mutanen Ningo kuma sun yi tafiya kudu zuwa bakin teku. Bayan rabuwar, mutanen Krobo suka matsa zuwa yamma har sai da suka ga wani dutse mai tsayin ƙafafu 1,108 tare da kwazazzabo (kwari) ya raba shi gida biyu marasa daidaito. Jama'a sun yi imanin cewa wannan wuri ne mai kyau don zama, domin hawan dutsen zai yi wuya, ma'ana zai kasance wurin zaman lafiya da kuma tunkude hare-hare daga kabilu da makiya. Manyan mafarauta biyu Aklo Muase (Aklo Natebi) da Madja firistoci ne suka aike su don tabbatar da dacewar dutsen don zama. Rahoton da ya dawo ya tabbatar da cewa lallai wannan wuri ne mai kyau don zama kuma daga baya dutsen ya zama sananne da sunan "Klo yo" (Tundun Krobo). A hakikanin gaskiya sunan "Krobo" ya fito ne daga asalin Akan kuma ya samo asali ne daga kalmar "Kro-obo-so-Foɔ", ma'ana "Garin na dutse mazaunan dutse". Rayuwa akan Dutsen Krobo Dutsen ya zama cibiyar al'adu da al'ada ga mutanen Krobo. Gari ne na gidajen dutse, labarai da yawa da dakuna da yawa wasu asusun sun ce akwai wasu gidaje masu dakuna 20-30. Hakika, masu wa’azi a ƙasashen waje da suka ziyarci dutsen sun ce gine-ginen bai zama kamar wani abu da suka taɓa gani a Afirka ba. Krobo sun ɓullo da nasu tsarin shayarwa a kan dutsen don tallafawa karuwar yawan jama'ar su. Lokacin da yawan jama'a ya karu bayan dutsen, mutanen sun fara ba da lokaci mai yawa a yankunan da ke kewaye. A haƙiƙa, ta hanyar tsarin Krobo Huza na mallakar ƙasa mutanen Krobo sun sami nasarar mallakar filaye masu yawa a cikin yankunan da ke kewaye a cikin abin da Filin yake magana da shi a matsayin "mamaki marar jini". Dutsen Krobo ya ci gaba da zama cibiyar harkokin addini da al'adu har zuwa lokacin da aka kore su. Soja na Krobo Daga karni na 17, tsaunin Krobo ya zama wuri na hare-hare da dama daga kabilu da makiya masu mamaye. Duk da haka al'ummar Krobo a ko da yaushe suna iya yakar abokan gaba kuma ta hanyar shigar da makaman roka da bindiga da turawan Ingila suka yi ne aka samu nasarar fatattakar Krobo. Korar daga Dutsen Krobo Dutsen Krobo shine gidan ruhaniya da na zahiri na mutanen Krobo. Shi ne zama na farko da mutanen Krobo suka yi bayan rabuwa da sauran Ƙungiyoyin Dangme a Lɔlɔvɔ. An zabi dutsen ne saboda shi ne mafi kyawun kariya daga yakin da ake yi a lokacin. A gaskiya Krobos ya ci nasara da yawa yaƙe-yaƙe ta hanyar birgima duwatsu kawai wanda zai hana abokan gaba su fito su kashe da yawa daga cikinsu. Yayin da yawan jama'a ya karu, yawancin Krobos za su yi aiki a gonaki a yankunan da ke kewaye da dutsen. Dutsen, duk da haka, ya ci gaba da kasancewa cibiyar al'adu, inda dukkanin muhimman al'adu suka faru. 'Yan matan da ke gudanar da ibada ta Dipo za su shafe shekaru daya zuwa uku a kan dutsen suna tafiya ta kwastan Dipo. An haramta wa Djemli (firistoci) barin dutsen dare ɗaya. Bugu da ƙari, yayin da aka binne kakanninsu a gidajen iyali a kan dutse, dutsen ya zama gidan kakanni ba kawai a ruhaniya ba amma a zahiri. Duk da haka, wannan ya zama matsala ga Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka saboda mutane suna da wuyar sa ido don haka suna da iko daga yankunansu na tsaunuka. Yawancin rahotanni sun dawo cewa keɓe dutsen ya ba da damar yin wasu ƙungiyoyin mayaka da kuma karya dokoki (misali binne gawarku kawai a cikin makabarta) ba tare da wani sakamako ba. Sakamakon haka, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka na kallon dutsen a matsayin dutsen Fetish kuma lokacin da Gwamna Griffiths ya sami damar cire Krobo daga dutsen ya yi haka tare da Dokar Kwastam na 1892. Gwamnan ya baiwa mutanen kwana uku su bar dutsen. Yawancin mutanen Krobo suna zaune a yankunan da ke kewaye a gindin dutsen, suna aiki a gonakinsu, kuma, kamar yadda ake tsammani, ga waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin dutsen da kuma nesa (wasu har ma da 'yan kwanaki). Yana da wuyar tafiya zuwa dutsen, tattara kayan a saukar da su cikin iyakar kwanaki uku. Don haka mutane suna iya ɗaukar abin da za su iya kawai kuma an bar sauran a kan dutsen kuma daga baya aka lalata su. Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta tura sojoji sun lalata komai, tun daga gidaje da wuraren ibada zuwa tukwane da ma tsofaffin bishiyoyi. Wannan lokaci ne na bakin ciki ga mutanen Krobo, kuma shi ya sa har wala yau, Manya da Yilo Krobos suke shirya aikin hajji a tsaunin a kowace shekara don tunawa da wannan rana. Wannan aikin hajji yakan auku ne a lokacin bukukuwan Ngmayem da Kloyosikplem. Hotuna Manazarta Kabilu a

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth%20Omeruo

Kenneth Omeruo

Kenneth Josiah Omeruo (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Oktoba shekarar ta alif 1993) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ga Leganés a cikin Segunda División da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya. Omeruo ya sanya hannu a Chelsea daga Standard Liège a cikin watan Janairu, shekarar 2012 kuma a kan sanya hannu ya tafi a kan aro zuwa Dutch saman-jirgin ADO Den Haag. Sai kawai 19, ya burge sosai a Eredivisie don samun kira zuwa tawagar Najeriya. A yanzu dai Omeruo ya wakilci Najeriya a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka a shekarar 2013 da kuma gasar cin kofin nahiyoyi da aka yi a Brazil a shekarar 2013. Omeruo ya tabbatar da samun gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka inda ta zama gasa mai ban mamaki ga Super Eagles kuma ta samu nasara a gasar. A shekarar 2019 ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afrika da kasar Guinea,Ya kasance muhimmin bangare na tawagar Super Eagles da ta lashe lambar tagulla a shekarar 2019. Aikin kulob/ƙungiya Farkon aiki Omeruo ya yi wasa a Sunshine Stars da Anderlecht a matsayin mai gwadawa kafin ya sanya hannu daga makarantar Anderlecht ta Standard Liège. Chelsea A cikin watan Janairu a shekara ta 2012, Chelsea ta sanya hannu kan Omeruo daga Liège kuma nan da nan ta ba da shi rancensa zuwa kulob din Eredivisie ADO Den Haag. A watan Mayun a shekara ta 2014 Najeriya Omeruo mai daure a gasar cin kofin duniya ya amince da sabon kwantiragin shekaru uku da Chelsea. Lamuni zuwa ADO Den Haag Omeruo ya koma ADO Den Haag a matsayin aro na watanni 18 wanda ya ci gaba da zama a kungiyar har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta shekara ta 2012 zuwa 2013. A ranar 3 ga watan Maris a shekara ta 2012, Omeruo ya fara buga wa ADO Den Haag wasa da SC Heerenveen wanda ya kare da ci 0-0. A ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu a shekara ta 2012, a wasan da suka buga da FC Groningen Omeruo ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a ragar ADO Den Haag. A ranar 28 ga watan Afrilu, a shekara ta 2012, Omeruo ya zura kwallo a ragar VVV-Venlo a minti na 19. Shi ne dan wasa daya tilo da ya taba zura kwallo a raga a gasar ta Holland sannan kuma ya samu jan kati a wasa daya. Lamuni zuwa Middlesbrough A ranar 7 ga watan Janairu a shekara ta 2014, Omeruo ya koma Middlesbrough a matsayin aro har zuwa ƙarshen kakar shekarar 2013 zuwa 2014. A ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairu a shekara ta 2014, Omeruo ya fara bugawa Middlesbrough a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Doncaster Rovers. A ranar 8 ga watan Afrilu a shekara ta 2014, an kori Omeruo a minti na 82 bayan ya dauko rawaya ta biyu. Ko da yake Boro ya gama wasan da 9-maza (An kuma kori Ben Gibson a karshen wasan), har yanzu sun sami nasarar cin nasara da ci 3-1 a kan Birmingham City. Ya koma Middlesbrough don kakar a shekara ta 2014 zuwa 2015, ya fara bayyanarsa da Birmingham a ci 2-0. Lamuni zuwa Kasımpaşa A ranar 21 ga watan Yuli a shekara ta 2015, Omeruo ya shiga Kasımpaşa akan lamuni na tsawon lokaci tare da zaɓi don siyan ɗan wasan a ƙarshen sihiri. A ranar 16 ga watan Agusta a shekara ta 2015, Omeruo ya fara buga wa Kasımpaşa wasa a karawar da suka yi da Gaziantepspor, wasan ya kare da ci 3-0 a hannun Kasımpaşa. Bayan kwanaki biyar, Omeruo ya fara buga wasansa na farko a gida da İstanbul Başakşehir FK inda aka tashi da ci 1-0 a hannun Kasımpaşa. Omeruo ya yi sama da kasa, yana fama da raunuka biyu, amma ya fara duk lokacin da ya samu lafiya. Duk da cewa yarjejeniyar rancen tana da zabin siya, Kasımpaşa ya yanke shawarar bayar da zabin ne saboda rashin kudi, wanda hakan ya sa Omeruo ya koma Chelsea domin tunkarar kakar wasa ta bana. Lamu zuwa ga Alanyaspor A ranar 31 ga watan Agusta a shekara ta 2016, Omeruo ya sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwantiragin na shekara guda har zuwa shekara ta 2019, kafin ya sake barin aro. Ya koma Alanyaspor ne a matsayin aro na tsawon kaka. An ba shi lamba 44. A ranar 10 ga watan Satumba a shekara ta 2016, Omeruo ya fara buga wasansa na farko a 0-0 da Gençlerbirliği. A ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2017, Omeruo ya ci wa Alanyaspor kwallonsa ta farko a wasan da suka doke Adanaspor da ci 4-1 a gida, inda ya zura kwallo ta biyu a minti na 37. A watan Mayun shekara ta 2017, Omeruo ya ce mai yiwuwa ya bar Chelsea don buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na yau da kullun. Komawa Kasımpaşa A ranar 25 ga watan Agusta a shekara ta 2017, bayan sanya hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniya ta shekaru uku a Chelsea, Omeruo ya koma Kasımpaşa a matsayin aro na tsawon kakar wasa. Leganes A ranar 15 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2018, Omeruo ya shiga CD Leganés akan lamuni na tsawon lokaci. A cikin watan Oktoba a shekara ta 2018 ya bayyana cewa yana jin daɗin yin wasa a Spain, kuma a cikin watan Maris a shekara ta 2019 ya ce yana son shiga Leganés na dindindin. A ranar 13 ga watan Agusta a shekara ta 2019, Omeruo ya koma Leganés, a wannan karon kan yarjejeniyar dindindin, wanda ya kawo karshen zamansa na shekara bakwai a Chelsea. Ayyukan kasa Omeruo ya buga wa tawagar 'yan kasa da shekara 20 ta Najeriya wasa da ta kai wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA U-20 na shekara ta 2011 a Colombia. A ranar 9 ga watan Janairu, a shekara ta 2013, yana da shekaru 19 ya taka leda a babban kungiyar a karon farko a wasan da Cape Verde ba ta yi nasara ba. Daga nan ya ci gaba da buga dukkan wasannin da Najeriya ta buga a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka ta shekarar 2013 inda Najeriya ta ci gaba da lashe gasar a karo na uku. A waccan shekarar aka zabe shi a tawagar Najeriya a gasar cin kofin zakarun nahiyoyi na shekarar 2013 kuma ya buga dukkan wasannin rukuni uku da Najeriya ta zo ta uku a rukuninta. Omeuro ya kasance cikin ‘yan wasan karshe na Najeriya a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a shekara ta 2014 kuma ya fara ne a dukkan wasanni hudu da Najeriya ta yi a matsayi na biyu a rukuninsu kuma Faransa ta fitar da ita a zagaye na 16. Najeriya ce ta zabe shi a cikin 'yan wasa 35 na wucin gadi don gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekara ta 2016, amma bai shiga cikin tawagar 'yan wasa 18 na karshe ba. A watan Mayun a shekara ta 2018 an saka shi cikin jerin 'yan wasa 30 na farko da Najeriya za ta buga a Rasha. Salon wasa An siffanta Omeruo a matsayin "dogo, mai tsayi amma mai karfi na tsakiya" da "matashi mai kanshi kuma mai kishin kasa". Rayuwa ta sirri Kanensa Lucky Omeruo shima dan wasan kwallon kafa ne, wanda a halin yanzu yake bugawa CD Leganés B. a matsayin dan wasan gaba da kuma kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 Omeruo da matarsa Chioma sun tarbi yaronsu na farko a Landan, wata yarinya mai suna Chairein. Kididdigar sana'a Kulob Ƙasashen Duniya Manufar kasa da kasa Girmamawa Najeriya Gasar cin kofin Afrika 2013 Gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afrika a matsayi na uku: 2019 Manazarta 1. a b "2018 FIFA World Cup Russia List of Players" (PDF). FIFA.com Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 4 June 2018. Retrieved 19 June 2018. 2. "News C.D. Leganés Web Oficial" 3. Eredivisie. "Kenneth Omeruo, ADO Den Haag" Eredivisielive.nl. Archived from the original on 14 May 2012. Retrieved 31 May 2012. 4. "Kenneth Omeruo" Worldfootball.net. 17 October 1993. Retrieved 31 May 2012. 5. a b "Is Nigeria's Kenneth Omeruo Chelsea's best kept secret?" BBC Sport. 4 December 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2014. 6. "Nigeria vs Guinea: Kenneth Omeruo Voted Man Of The Match" For latest Sports news in Nigeria World 26 June 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2019. 7. "AFCON 2019: Nigeria beat Tunisia, win bronze" Punch Newspapers 17 July 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2019. 8. a b "Meet Kenneth Omeruo, the best Chelsea player you've never heard of" FourFourTwo. 6 January 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2014. 9. "Chelsea linked with move for Standard defender Kenneth Omeruo" ESPN Soccernet. 7 January 2012. Retrieved 31 May 2012. 10. "Chelsea Sign Nigerian Youngster Kenneth Omeruo" Goal.com. 8 January 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2012. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Kenneth Omeruo at BDFutbol 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijeriya Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latunde%20Odeku

Latunde Odeku

E. Latunde Odeku (an haife shi Emanuel Olatunde Alaba Olanrewaju Odeku 1927, Lagos, Nigeria mutu, London, 1974) shi ne dan Najeriya na farko da ya samu horo a fannin aikin jinya a Amurka wanda kuma ya fara aikin tiyatar jijiya a Afirka. Rayuwar farko da ilimi Daga cikin al'adun Yarbawa, An haifi Latunde a Legas, Najeriya. Mahaifinsa dan asalin Awe ne yayin da mahaifiyarsa 'yar Legas ce. Ya yi makarantar sakandare ta Methodist Boys, Legas. kuma ya wuce Jami'ar Howard kuma ya kammala karatun summa cum laude a Zoology a 1950. Daga baya an ba shi tallafin karatu don yin karatun likitanci a Jami'ar Howard, inda ya sami MD a 1954. Aikin likita Bayan da Latunde ta ci jarrabawar Licencuate Medical Canada a shekara ta gaba a Najeriya a matsayin jami'in kula da lafiya a babban asibitin Legas. A 1961, ya koma Amurka kuma an ba shi matsayin zama, horo a karkashin Dr. Kahn (daga 1956 zuwa 1960) a Jami'ar Michigan Bayan haka, ya horar da ilimin Neurology a karkashin Dokta Webb Haymaker a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Walter Reed da ke Washington, DC Daga bisani ya sake yin wani wurin zama na likitan yara a asibitin yara na Philadelphia karkashin Dokta Eugene Spitz, mahaliccin Spitz-Holter valve don magance hydrocephalus. A cikin 1961, an nada shi Malamin Neuroanatomy da Neurosurgery a Kwalejin Magunguna, Jami'ar Howard Ko da yake Latunde daga baya an ba da alƙawura da yawa da suka haɗa da fitattun jami'o'i biyu na aikin tiyata a cikin Amurka; duk da haka ya zabi komawa Najeriya. Latunde ya zo Jami'ar Ibadan a shekarar 1962 a matsayin likitan tiyata na farko a Afirka ta Yamma. A cikin 1962, an nada shi a matsayin babban jami'in koyarwa kuma ya zama ɗan'uwan Kwalejin Likitocin Amurka. A 1965, an nada shi a matsayin Farfesa na Neurosurgery; daga 1968 zuwa 1971, ya zama shugaban sashen tiyata da kuma shugaban kwalejin likitanci na jami'ar Ibadan Ya kuma kafa kwalejojin likitanci na kasa da Afirka ta yamma da kuma tsarin fara aiki a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Jami'ar Ibadan, wanda a halin yanzu ake gudanarwa a duk makarantun likitancin Najeriya. Latunde kuma mawaƙi ne kuma marubuci: Ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga wallafe-wallafen neurosurgical, inda ya buga labaran kimiyya 61 a cikin kusan shekaru 12. An ba Latunde lambar yabo ta tsofaffin ɗaliban Jami'ar Howard don hidima na musamman. Rayuwa ta sirri Latunde ta yi auren sau biyu ga likitocin likita. Aurensa na farko ya haifar da ’ya’ya biyu kafin a kashe aure. A cikin 1971 ya auri Katherine Jill Adcock, wata likitar likitancin Ingila wacce ke aiki a asibitin Kwalejin Jami'ar. Suna da 'ya'ya biyu Alan, wanda aka haifa a watan Oktoba 1971 da kuma 'yar da aka haifa a Janairu 1973. A cikin rayuwarsa, duk da kasancewarsa ƙwararren likita, Latunde kawai ya buga labarai 85 da suka shafi likitanci da wasu labarai 13 da suka shafi batutuwa na gaba ɗaya. A matsayinsa na ƙwararren likita-mawaƙi, ya rubuta tarin wakoki guda biyu: Twilight: Out of the Night (1964), da Whispers from the Night (1969). Bayan shekaru Daga 1972, lafiyarsa ta fara kasawa daga rikice-rikice na Ciwon sukari Ya mutu a ranar 20 ga Agusta, 1974, a Asibitin Hammersmith, London kuma an binne shi a cocin St Peter's Church, Burnham, Ingila. Ayyukan da aka buga Twilight of the Night Odeku, E. Latunde. (1978). Publications of E. Latunde E. Latunde Odeku (1975) Whispers from the night (1969) Odeku, E. L., Adeloye, A. (1978). Publications of E. Latunde Odeku. Ibadan, Nigeria: University of Ibadan. Beginnings of Neurosurgery at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria Congenital Subgaleal Cysts over the Anterior Fontanelle in Nigerians Adeloye, Adelola Odeku, E. Latunde (1971-02). Congenital Subgaleal Cysts over the Anterior Fontanelle in Nigerians Adeloye, A.; Odeku, E. L. (1971-02-01) Epilepsy after missile wounds of the head Epilepsy after missile wounds of the head (Book) Perspectives in Neurosurgery (1971-01-01) Adeloye, Adelola; Latunde Odeku, E. (1971). "The radiology of missile head wounds". Clinical Radiology. 22 (3): 312–320. doi:10.1016/s0009-9260(71)80079-x. ISSN 0009-9260. Biography E. Latunde Odeku, an African neurosurgeon (1976) Three decades of medical research at the College of Medicine, Ibadan, Nigeria 1948 1980 a list of the papers publ. by members of the College of Med. of the Univ. of Ibadan from its foundation through 1980 E. Latunde Odeku, M.D., F.A.C.S., F.I.C.S., 1927-1974. An African pioneer neurosurgeon. Letter E. Latunde Odeku Obituary: Professor E. Latunde Odeku B.Sc., M.D., L.M.C.C. (Canada), D.A.B.N.S., F.I.C.S., F.A.C.S., F.M.C.S. (Nigeria) by A Adeloye Publication: Surgical neurology, 1975 Apr; 3(4): 187 11th E. Latunde Odeku memorial lecture given on 27 October 1987. Nassoshi Mutuwan 1974 Haifaffun

25215

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Vince

James Vince

James Michael Vince (an haife shi ranar 14 ga watan Maris, shekarar 1991). ɗan wasan cricket ne na Ingila wanda shi ne kyaftin na Hampshire County Cricket Club kuma yana taka leda a ƙungiyar cricket ta Ingila. Vince na cikin tawagar Ingila da ta lashe gasar cin kofin duniya ta wasan kirket na shekarar 2019. Shi ɗan jemagu ne na hannun dama wanda kuma shi ne ɗan damben matsakaici na hannun dama. Ya fara buga wa Ingila wasa na farko a watan Mayun, shekara ta 2015. Rayuwar farko da aikin gida Vince ya yi karatu a Makarantar Warminster da ke Wiltshire, inda ya kasance dalibi daga shekara ta 2001 zuwa shekara ta 2007, kafin ya tafi don neman aiki a matsayin kwararren dan wasan kurket. Haka nan, ya kasance ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa wanda ya taka leda a Karatun na shekaru 3 kafin ya buga wa Trowbridge Town FC a 16. Wanda ya kammala karatun digiri daga makarantar wasan kurket ta Hampshire, Vince ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekara daya da kulob din a farkon 2009. Ya fara buga gasar Championship a ranar 11 Yuni 2009 a kan Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club. Wasan da ya yi na batsa ya sa aka kira shi zuwa Ingila U-19 don jerin Gwajin su da Bangladesh. A cewar Duncan Fletcher, wanda ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga Hampshire kuma tsohon kocin tawagar Ingila, Vince yana tunawa da tsohon dan wasan Ingila Michael Vaughan. Bayan yin ritaya na John Crawley a lokacin kakar 2009, Vince ya kasance na yau da kullun ga Hampshire a kowane nau'in wasan. Ya kasance memba na kungiyar Hampshire ta 2010 Abokan bada t20 t20 wanda ya ci Somerset. Vince ya zura kwallaye ajin sa na farko a gasar zakarun gundumar da Yorkshire, inda ya zira kwallaye 180 a cikin tseren gudu 278 tare da James Adams, wanda shine babban haɗin gwiwa na 4 na gundumar a wasan cricket na farko. Aikin duniya Vince ya fara bugawa Ingila wasa na farko a Duniya daya da Ireland a ranar 8 ga Mayu 2015, da wasansa na Ashirin (20) na farko da Pakistan a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba shekara ta 2015. Ya zira kwallaye 41 a wasan farko na jerin T20I yayinda Ingila ta yi nasara da gudu 14, sannan ya zira 38 a karo na biyu yayin da Ingila ta sake yin nasara. Vince ya zira kwallaye 46 a wasan karshe yayin da aka gama maki kuma Ingila ta lashe Super Over. An ba Vince sunan mutum bayan jerin gudummawar da ya bayar a duk wasannin uku. Ya buga wasa daya a cikin T20 World 2016, ya maye gurbin Alex Hales da ya ji rauni a wasan da Afghanistan. Vince ya zira kwallaye 22 kuma Ingila ta lashe wasan. A watan Mayu, shekara ta 2016, an ambaci Vince a cikin ƙungiyar Gwajin don balaguron Sri Lanka na Ingila, kuma ya ci nasarar gwajinsa na farko a Gwajin farko a Headingley. Koyaya, a cikin farkon sa, ya zira kwallaye 9 kawai. A cikin Gwaji na biyu, Vince ya zira kwallaye 35 a wasan farko na Ingila, kuma ba a buƙatar yin wanka a karo na biyu yayin da Ingila ta yi nasara da ci tara. Vince ya taka leda a cikin Gwaji na uku kuma na ƙarshe na jerin, ya zira kwallaye goma a cikin farkon farko kafin a kore shi don duck a cikin na biyu, yayin da wasan ya ƙare a can. Ya buga wasan karshe na ODI na jerin, ya maye gurbin Alex Hales da ya ji rauni, kuma ya ci 51, ya taimaka wa Ingila ta kai 324 kuma ta lashe wasan da gudu 122. Ya zira kwallaye 16 a cikin wasan T20I guda daya tsakanin kungiyoyin, wanda Ingila ta lashe da ci takwas. Vince ya ajiye matsayin sa don jerin Gwaje -gwaje akan Pakistan, kuma ya sanya 16 a farkon farkon gwajin farko. An sallame shi na 42 a cikin wasanni na biyu yayin da Ingila ta sha kashi a hannun 75. A cikin Gwaji na biyu, ya yi 18 yayin da Ingila ta yi 589/8 a cikin farkon su kuma ta lashe wasan da gudu 330. A cikin Gwaji na uku, Vince ya yi 39 a farkon wasan Ingila kuma ya bi wannan tare da 42 a cikin innings na biyu don taimakawa Ingila ta kai 445/6 kuma ta sami nasara ta hanyar tsere 141. Vince ya yi gwagwarmaya a Gwajin ƙarshe, yana yin ɗaya a farkon farawa kuma an kore shi don duck a cikin na biyu yayin da Ingila ta sha kashi da ci 10. Vince ya ci kwallaye 16 a wasan farko na ODI da Bangladesh, yayin da Ingila ta yi nasara da gudu 21. A wasan na biyu, ya yi 5 yayin da Ingila ta sha kashi kuma Bangladesh ta daidaita jerin a 1-1. Vince ya yi nasara mafi girma a wasan ƙarshe na jerin, ya zira kwallaye 32 yayin da Ingila ta biye wa burin Bangladesh na 278 don lashe jerin 2 1. A ranar 21 ga Mayu, 2019, Ingila ta kammala jerin 'yan wasanta na gasar cin kofin duniya na wasan kurket na 2019, tare da Vince da aka sanya a cikin' yan wasa 15. A ranar 29 ga Mayu 2020, an ambaci Vince a cikin rukunin 'yan wasa 55 don fara horo kafin shirye-shiryen ƙasa da ƙasa da za a fara a Ingila sakamakon barkewar COVID-19. A ranar 9 ga Yuli 2020, an sanya Vince a cikin 'yan wasa 24 na Ingila don fara horo a bayan ƙofofin rufe don jerin ODI da Ireland. A ranar 27 ga Yuli 2020, an ambaci Vince a cikin tawagar Ingila don jerin ODI. A wasan na biyu, Vince ya ci kwallaye na farko a wasan ODI, lokacin da ya kori kyaftin din Ireland Andrew Balbirnie. A watan Yuli 2021, a wasa na uku da Pakistan, Vince ya ci karni na farko a wasan cricket na ODI, tare da tsere 102. Ingila ta lashe wasan da ci uku da nema, inda Vince ya bayyana sunan dan wasan. A watan Satumba 2021, an ambaci Vince a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ajiyar ajiyar tafiye-tafiye uku a cikin tawagar Ingila don Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya na ICC na 2021 ICC. Franchise wasan kurket Vince ya buga wa ƙungiyoyi da yawa a gasa T20 na ƙasashen waje, ciki har da Pakistan Super League, Australian Big Bash League, Super Smash na New Zealand da Mzansi Super League na Kudancin Arica. Pakistan Super League A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2015, Sarakunan Karachi suka zaɓi Vince kuma a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu shekara ta 2016, ya yi muhawara don Karachi a kan Lahore Qalandars. Don 2019 Pakistan Super League, Multan Sultans ne ya sanya hannu. A watan Disamba na shekarar 2019, Multan Sultans ne ya rike shi kuma aka nada shi a matsayin jakadan kungiya. A cikin 2016, Vince ya fara wasansa na BBL na Sydney Thunder. Ya ciyar da yanayi biyu a can kafin ya shiga cikin abokan hamayyar gida na Sydney Sixers don cin nasarar cin nasarar 2019 20 Big Bash League League. A kakar wasa mai zuwa, Vince ya sake kasancewa cikin kungiyar da ta lashe kambun Sydney, inda ya zira kwallaye 95 a wasan karshe. Mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo Manazarta Hanyoyin waje James Vince at ESPNcricinfo 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila Pages with unreviewed

22087

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy%20Tuchman

Nancy Tuchman

Nancy Tuchman (an haife ta a ga watan Janairu 17, shekara ta 1958) Ba'amurkiya ce masanin kimiyar muhalli, mai ilmantarwa, kuma mai fafutuka. Tana ƙwarewa kan tasirin ɗan adam akan aikin halittu na cikin ruwa, tare da mai da hankali kan yanayin halittu na gabar tekun Great Lake. Tuchman ta kuma himmatu wajen wayar da kan jama'a game da al'amuran canjin yanayin duniya da ilimi. An nuna kwazo a cikin shekaru talatin na ilmantar da dalibai a kimiyyar muhalli a Jami'ar Loyola Chicago. Ta kafa Cibiyar Cigaban Muhalli a harabar Jami'ar Loyola kuma direba ne na canjin muhalli da ci gaba a yankin Chicago. Rayuwar farko da ilimi Tuchman ta girma ne a Ann Arbor, Michigan inda aka tashe ta don son a waje daga iyayenta masu ilimin ƙarancin yanayi. Lokaci da aka shafe a cikin yanayi, bincika rafuka da tafkuna, ya haifar mata da sha'awar tsarin halittun ruwa wanda aka gudanar ta hanyar iliminta da aikinta. Tuchman ya cigaba da karatun ilmin halitta da ilimin halittu a Jami'ar Central Michigan don haka ya sami Kwalejin Kimiyya a fannin ilimin halittun ruwa. Daga nan ne ta halarci Jami'ar Louisville don samun digirin digirgir a fannin ilimin halittun ruwa a cikin shekarar 1988 tare da mai ba da shawara, R. Jan Stevenson. Takardar karatun nata mai taken: “Tasirin abubuwa daban-daban da yawaitar hargitsi ta hanyar katantanwa na katantanwa akan maye gurbin periphyton.” Ayyuka da bincike Binciken Tuchman yana mai da hankali ne kan tasirin dan adam ga tsarin halittun ruwa tare da manyan layuka guda uku na bincike: tasirin nau'ikan nau'ikan cutarwa akan hanyoyin halittun bakin teku, tasirin gas din Greenhouse akan hanyoyin yanar gizo na kayan abinci, da kuma tasirin gurbatattun abubuwa da magunguna a rafuka da tafkuna. A halin yanzu tana nazarin tasirin tasirin nau'ikan nau'ikan cutarwa, Typha x glauca (matasan cattail) da Phragmites australis (sandar da ke kowa) a cikin manyan tafkuna masu dausayi. Herungiyar ta yanzu suna yin gwaji tare da hanyoyin girbi na tattalin arziƙi da ɗorewa don cire nau'ikan tsire-tsire masu haɗari da amfani da su azaman mashin, saboda cattail yana da yawa a cikin cellulose-carbon-mai girma don ƙonawa. A shekara ta 1988 ta zama malama a sashen nazarin halittu a Jami'ar Loyola Chicago Fiye da shekaru 30 na bincike, an ba Tuchman sama da dala miliyan 4.5 a cikin tallafin tarayya, ta yi rubuce-rubuce ko haɗin gwiwa a kan rubuce-rubuce 50 da babin littattafai, kuma ta jagoranci ko ta koyar da ɗalibai masu karatun digiri na 100 da na digiri a cikin lab. A cikin shekara ta 2002 ta yi aiki a matsayin jami'ar shirye-shirye don Tsarin Nazarin Yanayi a Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Kasa (NSF) don kula da kasafin dala miliyan 13 da shirye-shirye guda biyu, Nazarin Tsarin Yanayi da Ma'aurata na Couasa da andan Adam. Bayan ta yi aiki a NSF, ta koma Loyola a matsayin Mataimakin Provost don Bincike da Cibiyoyi. Wannan matsayin ya ba ta damar tattaunawa da ba da shawarar samar da ingantacciyar hanyar samar da makamashi mai ɗorewa kuma a ƙarshe ta kafa Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli. Tuchman ya kasance jagora a cikin ƙoƙari na sake yin tunanin harabar Loyola a matsayin ƙwararren kore, tare da haɗa ilimin ilimin muhalli a cikin babban tsarin karatun ɗaliban ɗalibai. A cikin shekara ta 2016, Jami'ar Loyola ta Chicago an lasafta ta ɗayan ɗayan jami'o'i na bakwai mafi kore a cikin ƙasar a cewar Sanarwar Saliyo. Cibiyar Cigaban Muhalli a Loyola ta dauki nauyin taron shekara-shekara kan Canjin Yanayi tun daga shekara ta 2015. Tuchman ta yi imanin cewa jami'o'in Jesuit na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ci gaban shigar da ilimin muhalli a cikin manyan makarantu saboda canjin yanayi yana da nasaba da batutuwan adalci na zamantakewa. Daga shekara ta 2008 zuwa shekara ta 2010, Tuchman tayi aiki azaman zaɓaɓɓen shugaban ƙasa sannan shugaban Society for Science na Freshwater Science Zaɓaɓɓun wallafe-wallafe Tasirin wasu nau'ikan cattail masu cin zali Typha glauca a kan nitrogen da ke tattare da ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin wani yanki mai dausayi Atmospaƙƙarwar yanayin sararin samaniya CO2 yana rage ingancin kayan lambu na ganyayyaki don rafukan yanar gizan abinci na yanar gizo Canje-canje a cikin Tsarin Microdistribution na Diatoms a cikin Tattalin Periphyton Mat mai tasowa Banbancin amfani da yanayin heterotrophic na mahaukatan kwayoyin ta hanyar diatoms da bacteria karkashin yanayin haske da duhu Vatedaukaka Yanayin 2ananan CO2 Alters Soasar Microananan biananan biananan Associananan Associungiyoyi waɗanda ke da alaƙa da Rawar Aspen Populus tremuloides Tushen Alamu na canjin muhalli masu alaƙa da mamayewar Typha x glauca a cikin babban tafkin gabar ruwa da ke gabar ruwa Littattafai sanannu, littattafan rubutu da mujallu waɗanda aka rubuta tare da shirya su tare Co-edita Warkarwa Duniya, kan layi, littafin karatun muhalli kyauta. Rubuta babi, "Zaɓin zaɓi na Duniya" a cikin Ra'ayoyin Addini akan Transhumanism. Op-ed: "Paparoma yana Magana da kai, Chicago" a cikin Chicago Sun-Times (2015) Op-ed: "Gaskiya mai Sanyi: Lokaci yayi da za'ayi aiki kan Canjin Yanayi" a cikin Chicago Tribune. (2013) Tuchman, NC da MJ Schuck. 2014. "Wani zaɓi na fifiko ga Duniya." A cikin: 'Yan Adam a Thofar shiga: Ra'ayoyin Addini game da Transhumanism. Edds. JC Haughey da I. Delio. Majalisar bincike kan Dabi'u da Falsafa. Washington, DC 113-126. Kyauta da girmamawa Awardaddamar da Dalilin Dalili, Paparoma Benedict XVI Foundation (2017) Mai karɓar Digiri na girmamawa da Kakakin Magana, Jami'ar MI ta tsakiya (2014) Kyautar Kyauta ta Mujallar Chicago Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1958 Yanayi Ƴancin muhalli Ƴancin ɗan adam Pages with unreviewed

51956

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban%20Masallacin%20Djenn%C3%A9

Babban Masallacin Djenné

Babban Masallacin Djenné Faransanci :Grande Mosquée de Djenné) babban bulo ne ko ginin ado a cikin salon gine-ginen Sudano-Sahelian. Masallacin yana cikin birnin Djenné na kasar Mali, a bakin kogin Bani.Masallacin farko da aka gina a wurin an gina shi ne kusan karni na 13, amma tsarin da ake da shi a yanzu ya fara ne tun a shekarar 1907. Kazalika kasancewar cibiyar al'ummar Djenné, tana ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun wuraren tarihi a Afirka. Tare da "Tsoffin Garuruwan Djenné" UNESCO ta sanya ta a matsayin Gidan Tarihi na Duniya a cikin 1988. Tarihi Masallacin farko Ba a san ainihin ranar da aka gina masallacin na farko a Djenné ba,amma an nuna cewa tun a shekara ta 1200 da kuma 1330 ne aka bayyana. Takardun farko da ke ambaton masallacin shi ne littafin Abd al-Sadi na Tarihi al-Sudan wanda ya ba da tarihin farko, mai yiwuwa daga al'adar baka kamar yadda ta wanzu a tsakiyar karni na sha bakwai. Tarihi ya bayyana cewa, wani Sarkin Musulmi Kunburu ya musulunta, aka ruguje fadarsa, aka mayar da wurin masallaci. Ya gina wa kansa wani gida kusa da masallacin da ke bangaren gabas. Magajinsa na nan take ya gina hasumiyai na masallacin yayin da Sultan na biye ya gina katangar da ken kewaye. Babu wani rubutaccen bayani game da Babban Masallacin har sai da mai binciken Faransa René Caillié ya ziyarci Djenné a shekara ta 1828, shekaru bayan an bar shi ya ruguje, ya kuma rubuta cewa "A Jenné wani masallaci ne da aka gina da kasa, wanda manya-manyan guda biyu suka mamaye amma ba manyan hasumiyai; an gina shi da rashin kunya, ko da yake manya ne. An watsar da shi ga dubban hadiye, waɗanda ke gina gidajensu a cikinsa. Wannan lokatai yana da warin da ba za a yarda da shi ba, don guje wa wanda, al'adar yin addu'a a cikin karamar kotu ta zama ruwan dare." Masallacin Seku Amadu Shekaru goma kafin ziyarar René Caillié, shugaban Fulani Seku Amadu ya kaddamar da jihadinsa ya mamaye garin. Da alama Seku Amadu bai yarda da masallacin da ake da shi ba ya bar shi ya lalace. Wannan zai zama ginin da Caillié ya gani. Seku Amadu shima ya rufe duk kananan masallatan unguwar. Tsakanin 1834 zuwa 1836, Seku Amadu ya gina sabon masallaci a gabashin masallacin da ake da shi a wurin tsohon fadar. Sabon masallacin wani katon gini ne maras hasumiya ko kayan ado. Sojojin Faransa karkashin jagorancin Louis Archinard sun kama Djenné a cikin Afrilu 1893. Ba da daɗewa ba ɗan jaridar Faransa Félix Dubois ya ziyarci garin inda ya bayyana rugujewar masallacin na asali. A lokacin da ya kai ziyarar, an yi amfani da cikin masallacin da ya lalace a matsayin makabarta. A cikin littafinsa na 1897, Tombouctou la Mystérieuse(Timbuktu the mysterious), Dubois ya ba da tsari da zane game da yadda ya yi tunanin masallacin ya dubi kafin a watsar da shi. Masallaci na yau A shekarar 1906, Gwamnatin Faransa a garin ta shirya sake gina ainihin masallacin, a lokaci guda kuma za a gina makaranta a wurin masallacin Seku Amadu.An kammala sake ginawa a cikin 1907 ta hanyar amfani da aikin tilastawa karkashin jagorancin Ismaila Traoré, shugaban gungun mason na Djenné. Daga hotunan da aka dauka a lokacin, ya bayyana matsayin akalla wasu bangon waje yana bin na ainihin masallacin amma babu tabbas kan ko ginshikan da ke goyon bayan rufin sun kiyaye tsarin da ya gabata. Abin da kusan babu labari a cikin masallacin da aka sake ginawa shi ne tsarin siminti na manyan hasumiyai guda uku a bangon alqibla. An dai tafka mahawara dangane da yadda zayyana masallacin da aka sake ginawa ya shafi tasirin Faransa. Dubois ya sake ziyartar Djenné a cikin 1910 kuma ya gigice da sabon ginin. Ya yi imanin cewa gwamnatin mulkin mallaka na Faransa ce ke da alhakin zanen kuma ya rubuta cewa yana kama da giciye tsakanin bushiya da sashin coci. Ya yi tunanin cewa cones sun sa ginin ya yi kama da haikalin baroque da aka keɓe ga allahn suppositories.Ya bambanta, Jean-Louis Bourgeois ya yi iƙirarin cewa Faransanci ba ta da tasiri sosai sai dai watakila na ciki da kuma cewa zane shine"na asali na Afirka." Masanin ilimin kabilanci dan kasar Faransa Michel Leiris,a bayaninsa na tafiya kasar Mali a shekarar 1931, ya bayyana cewa lallai sabon masallacin aikin Turawa ne. Ya kuma ce mutanen yankin ba su ji dadin sabon ginin ba, har suka ki tsaftace shi, sai da aka yi musu barazana da gidan yari. Amma Jean-Louis Bourgeois, ya rubuta cewa,gungun masanan gargajiya na Djenné ne suka gina masallacin da aka sake ginawa, wanda a al'adance ke da alhakin ginawa da kuma kula da ainihin masallacin garin da na sauran gine-ginen Djenné, ta hanyar amfani da dabarun gargajiya kuma tare da ƙarancin shigar Faransanci. Filin da ke gaban bangon gabas ya ƙunshi kaburbura biyu. Babban kabarin da ke kudu yana dauke da gawar Almany Ismaïla,wani muhimmin limamin karni na 18.A farkon lokacin mulkin mallaka na Faransa, wani tafki da ke gefen gabashin masallacin ya cika da kasa don samar da fili da ake amfani da shi a kasuwar mako-mako. An kara wayar da kan wutar lantarki da famfo na cikin gida a masallatai da dama a Mali.A wasu lokutan ma a kan yi rufin rufin ginin masallacin na asali, wanda hakan ke lalata tarihinsa, a wasu lokutan kuma yana lalata tsarin ginin. Yayin da Babban Masallacin ya ke da na'urar lasifikar lasifikar, jama'ar Djenné sun yi tir da zamanantar da gine-ginen domin tabbatar da ingancin ginin. Yawancin masu adana tarihi sun yaba da ƙoƙarin kiyaye al'umma, kuma sha'awar wannan ɓangaren ginin ya karu a cikin 1990s. A shekarar 1996, Mujallar Vogue ta gudanar da wani bikin daukar hoto a cikin masallacin. Hotunan da mujallar Vogue ta dauka na wasu mata da ba su da kaya sun harzuka ra'ayoyin jama'ar yankin, wanda hakan ya sa aka haramta wa wadanda ba musulmi ba shiga masallacin tun daga lokacin. Ana ganin Masallacin a fim din Sahara na 2005. Zane An yi bangon babban Masallacin ne da tubalin ƙasa da aka toya daga rana (wanda ake kira ferey da turmi mai yashi da ƙasa, kuma an lulluɓe shi da filasta wanda ke ba wa ginin kamannun siffa mai sassaka. An yi wa bangon ginin ƙawanya da dunƙule na itacen dabino(Borassus aethiopum), wanda ake kira toron,aikin kusan daga saman. Har ila yau, toron yana aiki azaman gyare-gyaren gyare-gyare na shekara-shekara. Rabin bututun yumbu kuma suna fitowa daga layin rufin da ruwan sama kai tsaye daga rufin daga bangon. An gina masallacin ne akan wani dandali mai girman kimanin wanda aka ɗaga da sama da matakin kasuwa. Dandalin yana hana lalacewar masallacin idan kogin Bani ya yi ambaliya. Ana isa gare ta da matakan hawa shida, kowanne an yi masa ado da filogi.Babban kofar shiga yana gefen arewa na ginin.Bangon Babban Masallacin Babba ba daidai ba ne ga juna ta yadda tsarin ginin ya kasance yana da fa'ida mai kyan gani. The prayer wall or qibla of the Great Mosque faces east towards Mecca and overlooks the city marketplace. The qibla is dominated by three large, box-like towers or minarets jutting out from the main wall. The central tower is around 16 meters in height. The cone shaped spires or pinnacles at the top of each minaret are topped with ostrich eggs. The eastern wall is about a meter (3 ft) in thickness and is strengthened on the exterior by eighteen pilaster like buttresses, each of which is topped by a pinnacle. The corners are formed by rectangular shaped buttresses decorated with toron and topped by pinnacles. Zauren addu'ar, wanda ya kai kimanin ya mamaye rabin gabas na masallacin bayan bangon alqibla. Rufin da aka lulluɓe da laka, rufin dabino yana goyan bayan bangon ciki guda tara da ke gudana daga arewa zuwa kudu waɗanda aka huda su da manyan baka waɗanda suka kai kusan rufin. Wannan zane ya haifar da gandun daji mai manyan ginshiƙai guda casa'in waɗanda suka mamaye ɗakin addu'o'in ciki kuma suna rage fage sosai. Ƙananan tagogin da ba a saba ba a kan bangon arewa da kudu suna ba da damar ɗan haske na halitta ya isa cikin zauren. Ƙasar ta ƙunshi ƙasa mai yashi. A cikin dakin sallah, kowanne daga cikin hasumiyai guda uku da ke bangon alkibla yana da alkibla ko mihrabi. Limamin yana gudanar da addu'o'i daga mihrab a cikin babbar hasumiya ta tsakiya. Ƙaƙƙarfan buɗewa a cikin silin na mihrab na tsakiya yana haɗawa da ƙaramin ɗaki da ke sama da matakin rufin a cikin hasumiya. A zamanin da, mai kuka yakan maimaita maganar liman ga mutanen garin. A gefen dama na mihrab dake cikin hasumiya ta tsakiya akwai alkuki na biyu, mimbari ko minbar, daga inda liman yake wa'azin juma'a. Hasumayoyin da ke bangon alqibla ba su ƙunshi matakalai da ke haɗa ɗakin sallah da rufin ba. Madadin haka akwai hasumiya mai murabba'i biyu na gidaje masu hawa zuwa rufin. Saitin hawa daya yana a kusurwar kudu maso yamma na dakin sallah yayin da sauran saitin da ke kusa da babbar kofar shiga ta bangaren arewa, ba a iya zuwa daga wajen masallacin. Kananan hulunan da ke cikin rufin suna sama da kwanonin da ake cirewa da ake juyawa, waɗanda idan an cire su ke ba da damar iska mai zafi ta tashi daga cikin ginin kuma don haka ya ba da iska a ciki. Harabar cikin gida da ke yammacin dakin sallah, wanda ya kai an kewaye shi ta gefe uku ta hanyar galleries. Ganuwar guraren da ke fuskantar tsakar gida suna da hulumi ta hanyar buɗe ido. An kebe gallery na yamma don amfani da mata. Ko da yake yana amfana daga kulawa na yau da kullum, tun lokacin da aka gina facade a 1907 ƙananan canje-canje ne kawai aka yi ga zane. Maimakon alkuki guda ɗaya na tsakiya, hasumiya ta mihrab asalinta tana da manyan wuraren shakatawa guda biyu waɗanda ke bayyana sifar mabuɗin shiga a bangon arewa. Har ila yau, masallacin yana da tarkacen toron da yawa ba tare da ko ɗaya a gindin gindi ba. Ya tabbata daga hotunan da aka buga cewa an ƙara ƙarin layuka biyu na toron zuwa bango a farkon shekarun 1990. Muhimmancin al'adu Daukacin al'ummar Djenné suna ba da gudummawa sosai a cikin kula da masallacin ta hanyar biki na musamman na shekara-shekara. Wannan ya hada da kade-kade da abinci, amma yana da manufa ta farko ta gyara barnar da aka yi wa masallacin a shekarar da ta gabata (yawancin zaizayar kasa da ruwan sama da ake samu a duk shekara da tsagewar da ke haifar da sauyin yanayi da zafi). A kwanakin da za a yi bikin, ana shirya filastar a cikin ramuka. Yana buƙatar kwanaki da yawa don warkewa amma yana buƙatar motsawa lokaci-lokaci, aikin yawanci yana faɗowa ga samari maza waɗanda ke wasa a cikin cakuda, don haka tada abubuwan da ke ciki. Maza suna hawa kan ginin masallacin da aka gina da kuma tsani da aka yi da itacen dabino suna shafa filastar a fuskar masallacin. Wasu gungun maza kuma suna ɗaukar filastar daga ramuka zuwa ma'aikatan da ke cikin masallaci. Ana gudanar da gasar tseren ne a farkon biki domin ganin wanda zai fara kai filastar masallacin. Mata da 'yan mata suna kai ruwa zuwa ramuka kafin bikin da kuma ma'aikatan da ke cikin masallaci a lokacinsa. Mambobin gungun ma'aikatan Djenné ne ke jagorantar aikin, yayin da tsofaffin 'yan al'umma, waɗanda suka riga sun halarci bikin sau da yawa, suna zama a wani wuri mai daraja a dandalin kasuwa suna kallon abubuwan da ke faruwa. A cikin 1930, an gina wani kwafin Masallacin Djenné a garin Fréjus a kudancin Faransa. Yin kwaikwayon, masallacin Missiri, an gina shi a cikin siminti kuma an zana shi a cikin jajayen ocher don kama da launi na asali. An yi niyya ne don zama masallaci ga Tirailleurs sénégalais, sojojin mulkin mallaka na yammacin Afirka a cikin Sojojin Faransa waɗanda aka tura zuwa yankin a lokacin hunturu. Asalin masallacin ya jagoranci daya daga cikin muhimman cibiyoyin koyar da ilimin addinin Islama a Afirka a lokacin tsakiyar zamanai, inda dubban dalibai suka zo karatun kur'ani a madarsa ta Djenné. Wuraren tarihi na Djenné, gami da Babban Masallaci, UNESCO ta sanya su a matsayin Wurin Tarihi na Duniya a cikin 1988. Duk da yake akwai masallatai da yawa da suka girmi jiki a halin yanzu, babban masallacin ya kasance mafi shaharar alamar birnin Djenné da kuma al'ummar Mali. On 20 January 2006 the sight of a team of men hacking at the roof of the mosque sparked a riot in the town. The team were inspecting the roof as part of a restoration project financed by the Aga Khan Trust for Culture. The men quickly disappeared to avoid being lynched. In the mosque the mob ripped out the ventilation fans that had been presented by the US Embassy at the time of the Iraq War and then went on a rampage through the town. The crowd ransacked the Cultural Mission, the mayor's home, destroyed the car belonging to the imam's younger brother and damaged three cars belonging to the Imam himself. The local police were overwhelmed and had to call in reinforcements from Mopti. One man died during the disturbances. A ranar Alhamis 5 ga Nuwamba, 2009, ɓangaren sama na babban hasumiya na katangar qibla ya rushe bayan 75. mm (3inci) na ruwan sama ya faɗi a cikin sa'o'i 24 Aga Khan Trust for Culture ne ya dauki nauyin sake gina hasumiya. Masallacin yana dauke da rigar makamai na kasar Mali. Takaddun 3D tare da Laser-scanning An gudanar da takaddun 3D na Masallacin Djenné a cikin 2005 ta amfani da Laser-scanning. Wannan ya kafa wani yanki na Zamani Project wanda ke da nufin rubuta wuraren tarihi na al'adu a cikin 3D don ƙirƙirar rikodin ga tsararraki masu zuwa. A cikin shahararrun al'adu A cikin taswirar Savannah Citadel a cikin wasan 2008 Sonic Unleashed, gine-ginen ya yi kama da babban masallaci. Wasan bidiyo na 4X <i id="mwARQ">Sid Meier's Civilization V</i> yana nuna masallacin a matsayin abin al'ajabi da za a iya ginawa. Masallacin shine Ginin Al'ajabi na Mali a zamanin dauloli na biyu da zamanin dauloli na hudu. An gabatar da Masallacin a cikin Season 2, Episode 21 of Go Jetters Duba kuma Jerin masallatai Jerin Masallatai a Afirka Jerin masallatai a Masar Architecture na Afirka Gine-ginen Musulunci Musulunci a Mali Bayanan kula Manazarta Google Books: Volume 1, Volume 2. Reproduces postcards and photographs dating from the early years of the 20th century. Kara karantawa Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

33984

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gembu%2C%20Najeriya

Gembu, Najeriya

Gembu birni ne, da ke a yankin Plateau na Mambilla, a Jihar Taraba, a Najeriya. Ita ce hedikwatar ƙaramar hukumar Sardauna (tsohon "Mambilla") a jihar Taraba. Zaune a matsakaicin tsayi na kusan sama da matakin teku, yana daga cikin manyan biranen Najeriya. Tarihi An yi imani tun da daɗewa cewa mutanen farko na mazaunan Mambilla Plateau su ne zuriyar kakannin Bantu. Sun zama mutanen Bantu waɗanda suka zauna a Gembu na zamani bayan faɗaɗa Bantu a faɗin Afirka daga 4000 zuwa 3500 KZ. Wuri Gembu, sunan gudanarwa na Garin Mambilla na Bommi, an cire shi ne daga sunan wani tsohon sarkin garin da aka fi sani da 'Gelmvu'. Ana samun garin ne a yankin Mambilla dake yankin kudu maso gabashin jihar Taraba, kusa da kan iyakar Najeriya da Kamaru. Bantuists sun yi imanin cewa mutanen da ke zaune a yankin Mambilla da maƙwabtansu zuriyar kakannin Proto-Bantu ne waɗanda suka mamaye yankin gaba ɗaya kafin faɗaɗa Bantu. Sun zama Bantu ko Bantoid mutanen da suka rage bayan babban rarrabuwar kawuna da kuma fadada Bantu a duk faɗin Afirka tun daga 2000 BC (ana kwatanta su da 'Bantu waɗanda suka zauna a gida'). Wannan wani yanki ne daga littafin Yankin Mambilla a Tarihin Afirka .Ya zuwa yanzu babban abin da ya fi ɗaukar hankali a tarihin Afirka shi ne ƙabilanci da yaɗuwar al'ummar Bantu da ke haɗe da yankin Mambilla na iyakokin Najeriya da Kamaru (Yankin Mambillobantu) a yammacin Afirka ta Tsakiya. Faɗaɗa Bantu, wanda hukumomi da yawa suka yi imanin cewa ya samo asali ne daga wannan yanki bayan 2000 BC har zuwa kimanin 1500 AD, ya haifar da haɓaka sama da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na Afirka ta hanyar rukuni ɗaya na Afirka, Bantus, wanda ya shafi wasu ƙasashe talatin na Afirka a yau. Galibin mutanen da ke zaune a yankin tsakiya da kudancin Najeriya da Kamaru, da kudancin Kamaru, da tsakiya, da gabas da kuma kudancin Afirka a yau, sakamakon fadada Bantu ne daga wannan yankin ko kuma sakamakon haɗewar da 'yan gudun hijirar Bantu suka yi da Nilo. Saharawa da Kushites (kamar a cikin ƴan al'ummomi a Gabashin Afirka) ko Bantu da Pygmies (kamar a wasu al'ummomi a tsakiyar Afirka). Daya daga cikin kowane 'yan Afirka uku a yau shine Bantoid. Yankin Mambilla shi kansa ba a ƙaura ba kwata-kwata, kuma yankin har yanzu yana hannun al'ummar Mambilloid masu magana da harshen Macro-Bantu waɗanda ke wakiltar ragowar wannan babban faɗuwar Afirka. Garin Bommi (Gembu) yana da daga kwarin Kyiumdua ko Donga River Mutane Asali, mazaunan Bommi kawai su ne 'Bom-bo' ko Tungbo Clan na Mambilla. Sun zama mutanen Bommi na gaskiya. Bommi sune tsakiyar rukunin faffadan Tungbo da suka haɗa da Mbubo, Ngebo (daga Lenge zuwa arewa maso yamma kamar Tumbuà, Jimau, Nasò, Ngùng, Yénájù Plain, abd Furrmi), Gulkal, Mverip, Kwubo, da Saan Cradle daga wanda duk suka faɗaɗa. Hakanan ana samun tsaga daga Tungbo a Liimila (Mbamnga), Mvurr (Warwar), Tem, Niggi, da Ngunochin. A yau, garin Bommi (Gembu), kasancewar hedkwatar wata ƙaramar hukuma, ya jawo hankulan al’umma daban-daban na ƙabilanci, wanda hakan ya sa garin ya yi kama da kowa. Mutanen da suka fito daga sassa daban-daban na Najeriya sun mayar da garin gidansu. Ana kuma iya samun baƙin hauren Kamaru a garin. Ƙaramar hukumar da aka fi sani da "Mambilla" a tsawon tarihinta na da da daɗewa, sai Col. Jega, mai alaƙa da “Sardaunan Sakkwato” Ahmadu Bello, lokacin da ya zama Gwamnan Soja na tsohuwar Jihar Gongola a shekarar 1976. An yi watsi da wannan kuskuren a jamhuriya ta biyu (1979-1983) kuma an dawo da tsohon sunan "Mambilla". Sai dai kuma a karo na biyu a shekarar 1984 Jega ya sake ɗora sunan “Sardauna” a wannan Ƙaramar Hukumar ba bisa ƙa’ida ba (wanda aka fi sani da “Mambilla Landschaft”, “Lardin Mambilla”, “Mambilla-Gashaka Native Authority”)., Mambilla Division and "Mambilla Local Authority"). Jega ya ɗora wa “Sardauna” mummunar suna duk da cewa ba tarihi ba ne kuma ba gaskiya ba ne. Shi ya sa Mubi, Ganye, Toungo, Michika da duk wasu yankunan da aka fi sani da "Lardin Sardauna" suka koma amfani da sunayensu na gaskiya da na gaskiya. Ƙabilar Mambila ita ce ƙabila guda mafi girma a garin, sai Kaka, sai kuma Hausa-Fulani, manyan masu kiwon dabbobin tudu. Ƙabilar Mambilla, ’yan asalin wannan Filato, su kaɗai ne mazauna garin har lokacin da mulkin mallaka ya shiga. Ana kyautata zaton sun kasance a wannan yankin shekaru dubu biyar da suka wuce. A ɗaya ɓangaren kuma, mai yiwuwa Kaka (Yamba) na farko ya isa Plateau a “farkon zamanin Jamus” amma ba a lura da shi ba har zuwa 1928, yayin da ziyarar kiwo na farko da Fulani makiyaya suka kai a ƙarshen shekarun 1920. A cewar Percival, “Ba wani Bafulatani da ya zauna a Filaton Mambilla sai bayan Turawan Ingila”. An ƙiyasta cewa kashi 85% na Mambilla Plateau ya ƙunshi rukunin Mambilla kuma adadin ya haura 500,000 a duniya. Haka kuma akwai ƙananan ƙungiyoyi da dama, musamman ’yan kasuwa da mata daga sassan Najeriya da Kamaru, waɗanda ake iya samun su suna kasuwanci a yankin Filato na Mambilla, irin su Igbo, Hausawa, Bansos, da Kambus. Dama Duk da cewa a baya hanyoyin da suka kai Garin Bommi (Gembu) da ke Mambilla Plateau ba su da kyau sosai, kuma tafiya garin daga wasu sassan Najeriya ke da wahala, matsalar sufuri ta samu sauƙi sosai inda aka gina babbar hanyar Mambilla da ta haɗa tudu da tudu. Ƙasashen yamma da arewacinta. Ayyukan titin da gwamnatin jihar Taraba ta fara a shekarar 2012 ya ƙara samun kyakkyawan fata na samun sauƙin sadarwa da sauran sassan Najeriya. Manazarta Jihar taraba Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

47922

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankin%20Saharar%20Afirka

Yankin Saharar Afirka

Afirka ta kudu da Sahara ita ce, a ilimin kimiyyar ƙasa, yanki da yankuna na nahiyar Afirka da ke kudu da Sahara. Wadannan sun hada da Afirka ta Tsakiya, Afirka ta Gabas, Kudancin Afirka da Yammacin Afirka. A fannin siyasa, ban da ƙasashen Afirka da yankunan da ke cikin wannan yankin da aka ƙayyade, kalmar na iya haɗawa da siyasa waɗanda kawai suna da wani ɓangare na yankinsu a wannan yankin, bisa ga ma'anar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN). Wannan an dauke shi yanki ne wanda ba a daidaita shi ba tare da yawan ƙasashe da aka haɗa sun bambanta daga 46 zuwa 48 dangane da ƙungiyar da ke kwatanta yankin (misali. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, WHO, Bankin Duniya, da sauransu.Rashin bayani Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka (AU) tana amfani da rarraba yanki daban-daban, ta amince da dukkan kasashe 55 a nahiyar ta raba su cikin yankuna biyar daban-daban da daidaitattun yankuna. Kalmar tana aiki azaman takwararta ta rukuni zuwa Arewacin Afirka, wanda a maimakon haka an haɗa shi tare da ma'anar MENA (watau Gabas ta Tsakiya –Arewacin Afirka) a matsayinta na yankin Larabawa, kuma yawancin jihohin Arewacin Afirka su ma membobi ne na kungiyar Larabawa Duk da haka, yayin da su ma mambobi ne na Ƙungiyar Larabawa, Comoros, Djibouti, Mauritania, da Somalia (da kuma wani lokacin Sudan duk ana la'akari da su a matsayin yanki na yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara. Gabaɗaya, shirin raya ƙasa na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ya yi amfani da rarrabuwar “kuda da sahara” zuwa 46 daga cikin ƙasashe 55 na Afirka, ban da Djibouti, da SADR, da Somaliya da kuma Sudan. Tun daga kusan 3900 KZ, yankunan Sahara da yankin Saharar Afirka sun rabu da yanayin yanayi mai tsanani na Sahara mai ƙarancin jama'a, wanda ya samar da wani shingen da Kogin Nilu kawai ya katse shi a Sudan, kodayake Sudd da kogin kogin sun toshe kewayawa a kan Kogin Nili. Har ila yau, akwai bambancin kwayar halitta tsakanin Arewacin Afirka da Afirka ta kudu da Sahara wanda ya samo asali ne daga Neolithic. Ka'idar famfo ta Sahara ta bayyana yadda tsire-tsire da dabbobi (ciki har da Homo sapiens) suka bar Afirka don shiga Eurasia da bayan. Lokaci na ruwan sama na Afirka suna da alaƙa da lokacin "Wet Sahara", lokacin da manyan tabkuna da karin koguna suka wanzu. Nomenclature Masana ilimin ƙasa a tarihi sun raba yankin zuwa sassa daban-daban na ethnographic bisa ga mazaunan kowane yanki. Masu sharhi a cikin Larabci a cikin zamani na zamani sun yi amfani da kalmar gabaɗaya bilâd as-sûdân ('Land of the Blacks') don babban yankin Sudan (magana da ke nuna Yamma da Afirka ta Tsakiya), ko kuma wani lokacin daga bakin tekun Yammacin Afirka zuwa Yammacin Sudan. Daidai da shi a kudu maso gabashin Afirka shine Zanj ('Ƙasar Baƙi'), wanda ke kusa da yankin Great Lakes. Masu ilimin ƙasa sun jawo bambancin bambancin al'adu tsakanin yankin Sudan da kwatankwacinsa Zanj, daga yankin zuwa gabas mai iyaka a bakin tekun Jar a Horn of Africa. A cikin Habasha da Eritrea na zamani shine Al-Habash ko Abyssinia, wanda Habash ko Abyssinians ke zaune, waɗanda su ne kakannin Habesha. A arewacin Somaliya ita ce Barbara ko Bilad al-Barbar ("Land of the Berbers"), wanda ke zaune da Baribah na Gabas ko Barbaroi, kamar yadda kakannin Somalis suka kasance daga Larabawa na zamani da tsoffin Helenawa, bi da bi. A cikin ƙarni na 19 da 20, an raba mutanen kudancin Sahara zuwa manyan kungiyoyi uku na kakanninmu: Hamites da Semites a cikin Horn na Afirka da Sahel da ke da alaƙa da waɗanda ke Arewacin Afirka, waɗanda ke magana da harsunan da ke cikin iyalin Afroasiatic; Negroes a mafi yawan sauran yankin (saboda haka, sunan yankin Khoponym Black Africa don Afirka a kudancin Sahara), waɗanda ke magana game da harsuna na iyalan Nijar-Congo da Nilo-Sahara; da Khoisan a Afirka, waɗanda suke magana da harshe na Afirka na Afirka ta Kudu. Yankunan yanayi da yankuna Afirka ta kudu da Sahara tana da yankuna daban-daban na yanayi ko halittu. Afirka ta Kudu da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo musamman ana daukar su a matsayin kasashe masu yawa. Yana da lokacin hunturu mai bushe da lokacin bazara mai laushi. Sahel ya shimfiɗa a duk faɗin Afirka a latitude na kimanin 10 zuwa 15 N. Kasashen da suka haɗa da ɓangarorin hamadar Sahara daidai a yankunansu na arewa da ɓangarori na Sahel a yankin kudancin su sun haɗa da Mauritania, Mali, Nijar, Chadi da Sudan. Sahel yana da yanayin zafi mai zafi. Kudancin Sahel, belin savanna (Yamma da Gabashin Sudan) ya shimfiɗa daga Tekun Atlantika zuwa tsaunukan Habasha. Yankin da ya fi zafi a Guinea da Arewacin Kongo yana tsakanin savannah da gandun daji na equatorial. Horn na Afirka ya haɗa da yanayin hamada mai zafi a bakin tekun amma ana iya samun yanayin zafi mai zafi a cikin ciki, ya bambanta da savanna da gandun daji masu laushi a cikin tsaunukan Habasha. Afirka ta wurare masu zafi ta ƙunshi gandun daji na wurare masu zafi wanda ya shimfiɗa a kudancin gabar tekun Afirka ta Yamma da kuma a fadin mafi yawan Afirka ta Tsakiya (Congo) yammacin Great Lakes na Afirka. A Gabashin Afirka, ana samun gandun daji, savannah, da ciyawa a yankin equatorial, gami da tsarin halittu na Serengeti a Tanzania da Kenya. Ana samun gandun daji na Afromontane, ciyawa, da kuma shrublands a cikin tsaunuka masu tsawo da tsaunuka na gabashin Afirka, daga tsaunukan Habasha zuwa Afirka ta Kudu. Kudancin gandun daji na equatorial, Yamma da Kudancin Kudancin Kongo mosaic sune yankuna na canji tsakanin gandun daji masu zafi da kuma belin gandun daji wanda ya mamaye nahiyar daga Angola zuwa Mozambique da Tanzania. Yankin hamada na Namib da Kalahari suna cikin Kudancin Afirka, kuma ana kewaye da hamada ciki har da yankin Karoo na Afirka ta Kudu. Yankunan ciyawa na Bushveld suna gabashin hamada. Yankin Cape Floristic yana a kudancin Afirka, kuma gida ne ga gandun daji daban-daban na subtropical da temperate, gandun daji, ciyawa, da shrublands. Tarihi Tarihi na farko Tarihin yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara ya kunshi lokaci tun daga farkon kasancewar dan Adam a yankin zuwa bullar manyan wayewa da jahohi. Bayanan da ake da su sun nuna cewa mutane sun fara zama a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara fiye da shekaru miliyan biyu da suka wuce, kuma yankin ya kasance gida ne ga wasu tsoffin al'adu da bambancin al'adu a duniya. Kasusuwan burbushin halittu na farko da aka sani a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara sun samo asali ne tun kimanin shekaru miliyan biyu da suka gabata, kuma an same su a sassa daban-daban na Gabashin da Kudancin Afirka. Wadannan mutane na farko sun kasance wani bangare na halittar Homo, wanda kuma ya hada da mutanen zamani, kuma gabobin su yana ba da mahimman bayanai game da juyin halittar mu. Kusan shekaru 50,000 da suka gabata, mutanen zamani sun yi ƙaura daga Afirka kuma suka fara mamaye sauran sassan duniya. Koyaya, Afirka kudu da hamadar Sahara ta ci gaba da kasancewa gida ga ɗimbin al'adu, harsuna, da al'adu iri-iri. Tsawon ƙarnuka da yawa, masarautu, dauloli, da jahohi daban-daban sun bayyana a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara, da suka haɗa da Masarautar Kush, da Masarautar Ghana, da Masarautar Mali, da Masarautar Songhai, da Masarautar Zimbabwe. Wadannan wayewar sun kasance da ci gaban tsarin gwamnati, noma, kasuwanci, da fasaha, kuma sun bar tasiri mai dorewa a yankin. A cikin 'yan lokutan baya-bayan nan, yankin kudu da hamadar Saharar Afirka ta fuskanci sauye-sauye na siyasa, zamantakewa, da tattalin arziki, da suka hada da mulkin mallaka daga Turawan mulkin mallaka, gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai, da kalubalen da ke ci gaba da fuskanta na talauci, rikici, da ci gaba. Duk da waɗannan ƙalubalen, yankin ya kasance wani yanki mai fa'ida da kuzari na duniya, tare da al'adun gargajiya iri-iri da ke ci gaba da zaburarwa da jan hankalin mutane a duniya. Yawan jama'a Ya zuwa shekarar 2021, an kiyasta yawan al'ummar yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara ya kai mutane biliyan 1.1. Wannan ya sa ya zama yanki na biyu mafi yawan jama'a a duniya bayan Asiya. Al'ummar yankin kudu da hamadar sahara na karuwa cikin sauri cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, kuma ana sa ran za su ci gaba da yin hakan nan da shekaru masu zuwa. Hasali ma dai an yi hasashen cewa nan da shekara ta 2050, al'ummar yankin za su kai kimanin mutane biliyan 2.2, wanda hakan zai sa ya zama yanki mafi yawan jama'a a duniya. tare da yawan jama'a na mutum 80 a duk niasan km2. Yankin kudu da hamadar sahara kuma yana da babban matsayi na kabilanci da yare daban-daban, tare da fiye da kabilu daban-daban 2,000 da fiye da harsuna daban-daban 1,000 a duk yankin. Wasu daga cikin manyan kabilun yankin sun hada da Bantu, Fulani, Yarbawa, Zulu, da Hausawa. Duk da wannan bambance-bambancen, akwai kuma al'adu da tarihi da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa al'ummomin yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara tare. Harshe da ƙabilu Yankin kudu da hamadar sahara yanki ne da ya shahara da dimbin kabilanci da yare. Akwai kabilu daban-daban sama da 2,000 da harsuna daban-daban sama da 1,000 da ake magana a duk yankin. Wasu daga cikin manyan kabilun sun hada da Bantu, Hausa, Yarbawa, Zulu, da Fulatanci, yayin da wasu daga cikin manyan yarukan sun hada da Swahili, Hausa, Yoruba, Zulu, da Amharic. Wannan bambance-bambancen wani nuni ne na kyawawan al'adun gargajiya na yankin, wanda tarihi da al'ada na ƙarni suka tsara. Tattalin arziƙi Kasashen Afirka kudu da hamadar sahara na da tattalin arziki iri-iri wanda galibin albarkatun kasa kamar man fetur, iskar gas, ma'adinai, da kayayyakin noma ke tafiyar da su. Yankin ya sami gagarumin ci gaban tattalin arziki a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, amma talauci, rashin daidaito, da rashin zaman lafiya na siyasa sun kasance manyan kalubale. Domin tinkarar wadannan kalubale, kasashe da dama a yankin sun aiwatar da sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki da nufin bunkasa ci gaba, rage talauci, da kyautata zaman rayuwa. Ana kuma kara samun hadin kai a yankin, tare da hadin gwiwar kasashe don inganta kasuwanci da zuba jari a fadin yankin. Duk da kalubalen, akwai yuwuwar ci gaba da samun ci gaba a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara. Ilimi Samun ilimi a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara ya samu ci gaba sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, kodayake har yanzu akwai manyan kalubale wajen samar da ingantaccen ilimi ga kowa. Ga wasu daga cikin manyan ci gaban da aka samu wajen samun ilimi: Kara yawan shiga makarantun firamare: Adadin yaran da suka yi rajista a makarantun firamare a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara ya ninka fiye da ninki biyu tun daga shekarar 1990, inda adadin daliban firamare ya kai kashi 79% a shekarar 2018. Matsakaicin jinsi: Haka kuma an rage tazarar jinsi a makarantun firamare da sakandare, inda a yanzu haka yara mata da yawa ke zuwa makaranta fiye da kowane lokaci. Sai dai kuma akwai sauran aiki a gaba don ganin dukkan ‘yan mata sun samu ilimi musamman a yankunan karkara. Ilimin firamare na bai-daya: Kasashe da dama a yankin sun aiwatar da manufofi da nufin cimma nasarar ilimin firamare na duniya. Misali, a shekara ta 2000, Tanzaniya ta soke biyan kudin makarantar firamare, wanda ya haifar da karuwar yawan shiga. Fadada ilimin sakandare: Haka nan kuma an samu ci gaba sosai a fannin ilimin sakandare a yankin, inda kasashe da dama suka kara yawan makarantun sakandare da inganta ilimi. Duk da wannan ci gaban, har yanzu akwai gagarumin kalubale wajen samar da ingantaccen ilimi ga kowa da kowa a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara. Yawancin yara har yanzu ba su da damar samun ilimi saboda talauci, rikice-rikice, da sauran abubuwa. Bugu da kari, akwai karancin kwararrun malamai da kuma karancin kayan aiki a makarantu da dama. Sai dai ana samun karuwar fahimtar mahimmancin ilimi a yankin, kuma kasashe da dama na kokarin inganta samar da ingantaccen ilimi ga kowa da kowa. Al'adu Yankin kudu da hamadar sahara na da al'adun gargajiya iri-iri, tare da kade-kade, fasaha, gine-gine, abinci, tufafi, jiyya, masana'antar fim, wasanni, da wasanni. Kiɗa: Yankin gida ne ga nau'ikan salon kiɗa daban-daban, gami da kiɗan gargajiya, da kuma nau'ikan zamani kamar Afrobeats, Highlife, da Jazz. Sana'o'i: Fagen fasaha a yankin Saharar Afirka yana da ɗorewa kuma ya bambanta, tare da masu fasaha da yawa suna aiki a cikin kafofin watsa labarai iri-iri, gami da zane-zane, sassaka, da masaku. Gine-gine: Yankin yana da kyawawan gine-ginen gine-gine, tare da gine-ginen tarihi da yawa da ke nuna tasirin al'adu da al'adu daban-daban. Abinci: Abincin Afirka na kudu da hamadar sahara yana da banbance-banbance da dandano, tare da fannonin yanki da dama da sinadarai na musamman. Jiyya: Ayyukan warkarwa na gargajiya na Afirka, irin su magungunan ganye, acupuncture, da tausa, har yanzu ana yin su sosai a sassa da yawa na yankin. Tufafi: Tufafin gargajiya na Afirka sun bambanta sosai, tare da salo daban-daban da yadudduka da ake amfani da su a yankuna daban-daban. Masana’antar Fina-Finai: Masana’antar fina-finai a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara na bunkasa cikin sauri, inda hazikan masu shirya fina-finai ke shirya fina-finai da dama. Wasanni da wasanni: Wasannin gargajiya da wasanni irin su Mancala, Djembe, da ƙwallon ƙafa sun shahara a duk faɗin yankin, tare da ƙwararrun 'yan wasa da yawa waɗanda ke fafatawa a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa. Gabaɗaya, al'adu, kiɗa, zane-zane, gine-gine, abinci, jiyya, sutura, masana'antar fim, wasanni, da wasanni a yankin Saharar Afirka suna nuna ɗimbin ɗimbin yawa na yankin da al'adu da al'adu daban-daban. Yawon buɗe ido An gano ci gaban yawon bude ido a wannan yanki da cewa yana da ƙarfin samar da ayyukan yi da inganta tattalin arziki. Afirka ta Kudu, Namibiya, Mauritius, Botswana, Ghana, Cape Verde, Tanzaniya da Kenya an gano cewa sun sami ci gaban masana'antar yawon shakatawa. Cape Town da kewaye yana da farin jini sosai ga masu yawon bude ido. Ƙungiyoyin Yanki Tarayyar Afirka (AU) Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Kasashen Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka (EAC) Ƙungiyar Ci gaban Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) Al'ummar Jihohin Sahel-Saharan (CEN-SAD) Kungiyar raya kasashe masu ci gaba (IGAD) Kasuwar gama gari na Gabashi da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) Bankin Raya Afirka (AfDB)

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobarar%20Daji

Gobarar Daji

Gobarar Daji (kuma kalmar lamuni na Jamusanci) yanayi ne da yake faruwa a cikin bishiyoyi ko tsire-tsire masu fitowa waɗanda ake kashe sassan gefe, ko dai ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta, wuta ko yanayi kamar ruwan acid, fari, da sauransu. Waɗannan al'amuran na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako kamar rage juriya na yanayin muhalli, bacewar mahimman alaƙar dabi'a da ƙofa. Wasu wuraren da za'a iya kaiwa ga manyan hasashen canjin yanayi a ƙarni na gaba suna da alaƙa kai tsaye da mutuwar gandun daji. Ma'ana Gobarar dajin yana nufin al'amarin tsayawar bishiyu da ke rasa lafiya da mutuwa ba tare da wani dalili na zahiri ba. Wannan yanayin kuma ana kiransa da raguwar gandun daji, lalacewar gandun daji, matakin mutuwa baya, da tsayawa matakin mutuwa. Wannan yawanci yana shafar nau'ikan bishiyoyi guda ɗaya, amma kuma yana iya shafar nau'ikan iri daban-daban. Gobarar Dajilamari ne na al'ada kuma yana iya ɗaukar wurare da siffofi da yawa. Yana iya kasancewa tare da kewaye, a takamaiman tsayi, ko kuma ya tarwatse a cikin yanayin dajin. Direwar daji yana ba da kansa ta hanyoyi da yawa: fadowa daga ganye da allura, canza launin ganye da allura, raƙuman rawanin bishiyu, matattun bishiyoyin wasu shekaru, da canje-canje a tushen bishiyar. Hakanan yana da nau'i-nau'i masu ƙarfi da yawa. Tsayin bishiyu na iya nuna ƙananan alamu, matsananciyar alamomi, ko ma mutuwa. Ana iya kallon raguwar gandun daji sakamakon ci gaba, yaɗuwa, da kuma mummunan mutuwa na nau'ikan nau'ikan da yawa a cikin gandun daji. Ana iya bayyana raguwar gandun daji na yanzu ta: saurin ci gaba akan bishiyu ɗaya, faruwa a nau'ikan gandun daji daban-daban, abin da ya faru na tsawon lokaci (sama da shekaru 10), da kuma faruwa a cikin yanayin yanayi na nau'ikan da abin ya shafa. Tarihi An yi bincike da yawa a cikin 1980s lokacin da wani mummunan mutuwa ya faru a Jamus da Arewa maso Gabashin Amurka. Abubuwan da aka kashe a baya sun iyakance a yanki, duk da haka, tun daga ƙarshen 1970s, raguwar dazuzzukan Turai ta Tsakiya da sassan Arewacin Amurka. Lalacewar gandun daji a Jamus, musamman, ya bambanta saboda raguwar ya yi tsanani: lalacewar ta yadu a cikin nau'ikan bishiyoyi daban-daban. Yawan itatuwan da abin ya shafa ya karu daga kashi 8% a 1982 zuwa 50% a 1984 kuma ya tsaya a 50% zuwa 1987. An gabatar da hasashe da yawa don wannan mutuwa, duba ƙasa. A cikin karni na 20, Arewacin Amurka an buge shi da fitattun katako guda biyar. Sun faru ne bayan balaga dajin kuma kowane lamari ya kai kimanin shekaru goma sha daya. Mafi tsananin zafin dajin dajin ya yi niyya ga fararen birch da bishiyar birch rawaya Sun fuskanci wani lamari wanda ya fara tsakanin 1934 zuwa 1937 kuma ya ƙare tsakanin 1953 zuwa 1954. Wannan ya biyo bayan tsarin igiyar ruwa wanda ya fara bayyana a yankunan Kudu kuma ya koma yankunan Arewa, inda aka yi tashin gwauron zabi tsakanin 1957 zuwa 1965 a Arewacin Quebec. Dieback kuma na iya shafar wasu nau'ikan kamar toka, itacen oak, da maple Sugar Maple, musamman, ya fuskanci guguwar mutuwa a sassan Amurka a cikin shekarun 1960. An samu guguwar ruwa ta biyu a Kanada a cikin shekarun 1980, amma kuma ta yi nasarar isa Amurka. An yi nazarin waɗannan abubuwan da suka mutu ta ƙididdigewa don keɓance mace-macen bishiyu Ana hasashen cewa dajin da ya balaga ya fi saurin kamuwa da matsananciyar matsalolin muhalli Abubuwan da za su iya haifar da mutuwar daji ko gobarar daji Abubuwan da ke cikin yanayin yanayin gandun daji suna da sarƙaƙiya kuma gano takamaiman dalili-tasirin alaƙa tsakanin mutuwa da muhalli tsari ne mai wahala. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, an gudanar da bincike da yawa kuma an yi ittifaqi a kan wasu hasashe kamar: Bark beetle Bark beetle suna amfani da laushin kyallen bishiya don matsuguni, rayuwa da kuma gida. Zuwansu yakan hada da wasu kwayoyin halitta kamar fungi da kwayoyin cuta. Tare, suna samar da alaƙar dabi'a inda yanayin bishiyar ke ƙara tsananta. Yanayin rayuwarsu ya dogara ne da kasancewar bishiya yayin da suke sa qwai a cikinsu. Da zarar tsutsa ta kyankyashe, za ta iya ƙulla dangantaka da bishiyar, inda take rayuwa daga cikinta kuma ta yanke zagayawa da ruwa da abinci mai gina jiki daga tushen zuwa ga harbe. Yanayi na karkashin kasa: Wani bincike da aka gudanar a Ostiraliya ya gano cewa yanayi irin su zurfin da gishiri na iya taimakawa wajen hasashen mutuwa kafin su faru. A cikin wani yanki na halitta, lokacin da zurfin zurfafa da gishiri ya karu, tsayawar dazuzzuka ya karu. Duk da haka, a wani yanki na yanki a cikin wannan yanki na binciken, lokacin da zurfin ya ƙaru amma ruwan yana da ƙarancin gishiri (watau ruwa mai laushi), raguwa ya karu. Fari da damuwa mai zafi: Fari da damuwa zafi ana hasashen su haifar da mutuwa. Dalilinsu na fili ya fito ne daga hanyoyi biyu. Na farko, gazawar hydraulic, yana haifar da gazawar sufuri na ruwa daga tushen zuwa harben bishiya. Wannan na iya haifar da rashin ruwa da yiwuwar mutuwa. Na biyu, yunwar carbon, yana faruwa ne a matsayin martanin shuka ga zafi shine rufe stomata. Wannan al'amari yana yanke shigar da carbon dioxide, don haka ya sa shuka ta dogara da abubuwan da aka adana kamar sukari. Idan yanayin zafi ya yi tsayi kuma idan shuka ya ƙare da sukari, zai ji yunwa kuma ya mutu. Kwayoyin cuta suna da alhakin mutuwa da yawa. Yana da wuya a ware da kuma gano ainihin ƙwayoyin cuta da ke da alhakin da kuma yadda suke hulɗa da bishiyoyi. Misali Phomopsis azadirachtae shine naman gwari na nau'in Phomopsis wanda aka gano yana da alhakin mutuwa a Azadiachta indica (Neem) a cikin yankuna na Indiya. Wasu ƙwararru suna ɗaukar mutuwa a matsayin rukuni na cututtuka waɗanda ba su da cikakkiyar fahimtar asalin abin da ke tasiri ta hanyar abubuwan da ke ba da damar bishiyoyi a ƙarƙashin damuwa zuwa mamayewa. Wasu hasashe na iya yin bayanin musabbabi da illolin mutuwa. Kamar yadda aka amince tsakanin mu’amalar kimiyyar Jamus da Amurka a cikin 1988: Ƙasa acidification aluminum toxicity Yayin da ƙasa ta zama mafi acidic, aluminum yana samun saki, yana lalata tushen bishiyar. Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da aka lura sune: raguwar ɗauka da jigilar wasu cations, raguwa a cikin tushen numfashi, lalata tushen ciyarwa mai kyau da tushen tsarin halittar jiki, da raguwa a cikin elasticity na bangon tantanin halitta Farfesa Bernhard Ulrich ne ya gabatar da wannan a cikin 1979. Complex High-levation Cuta Haɗuwa da manyan matakan ozone, ajiyar acid da ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki a tsayi mai tsayi yana kashe bishiyoyi. Matsakaicin adadin ozone yana lalata ganye da alluran bishiyu da kuma abubuwan gina jiki da ke tsirowa daga ganyen. Silsilar al'amura na karuwa akan lokaci. Ƙungiyar farfesa: Bernhard Prinz, Karl Rehfuess, da Heinz Zöttl ne suka gabatar da wannan. Cutar jajayen allura na spruce Wannan cuta yana haifar da digon allura da kambi. Allura suna juya launin tsatsa kuma su faɗi. Wannan yana faruwa ne ta hanyar fungi na foliar, waɗanda sune ƙwayoyin cuta na biyu waɗanda ke kai hari kan bishiyoyi da suka riga sun raunana. Farfesa Karl Rehfuess ne ya gabatar da hakan. Gurbacewa Ƙarfafa matakan da ake samu na gurɓataccen yanayi yana cutar da tushen tsarin kuma yana haifar da tarawa na guba a cikin sababbin ganye. Masu gurɓatawa na iya canza girma, rage ayyukan photosynthesis, da rage samuwar metabolites na biyu. An yi imani da cewa ƙananan matakan za a iya la'akari da su masu guba ne. Kungiyar malamai karkashin jagorancin Peter Schütt ce ta gabatar da wannan. Abubuwan gurɓataccen iska wannan sashin yana mai da hankali kan mahaɗan kwayoyin halitta. Abubuwan da aka tattauna sosai sune ethylene, aniline, da dinitrophenol Ko da a ƙananan matakan, waɗannan mahadi na sinadarai sun haifar da: zubar da ganye mara kyau, karkatattun ganye, da kashe tsire-tsire. Fritz Führ ne ya gabatar da wannan. Rage yawan Nitrogen Deposition: Ƙara matakin nitrogen da ammonium, duka biyun da ake samu a cikin taki, na iya samun sakamako masu zuwa: zai iya hana fungi masu amfani, jinkirta halayen sinadarai, dagula ma'auni na al'ada tsakanin girma girma da tushen girma, da kuma ƙara yawan leaching ƙasa Duk da haka, babu wata hujja ta gwaji. Carl Olaf Tamm ne ya gabatar da wannan. Duba kuma: gurɓatar abinci mai gina jiki Sakamakon mutuwar daji Ana iya haifar da mutuwar daji ta hanyar abubuwa da yawa, duk da haka, da zarar sun faru, suna iya samun wasu sakamako. Al'ummar Fungal Ectomycorrhizal fungi suna samar da alakar alama da bishiyoyi. Bayan fashewar ƙwayar ƙwaro, mutuwa na iya faruwa. Wannan tsari na iya rage photosynthesis, wadatar abinci mai gina jiki da ƙimar lalacewa da tafiyar matakai. Da zarar wannan ya faru, dangantakar symbiotic, da aka ambata a baya, ta sami mummunan tasiri: ƙungiyar ectomycorrhizal fungi yana raguwa sannan dangantakar ta ɓace gaba ɗaya. Wannan yana da matsala saboda wasu tsire-tsire sun dogara da kasancewar su don rayuwa. Chemistry na ƙasa Kimiyyar ƙasa na iya canzawa bayan wani lamari na mutuwa. Yana iya haifar da haɓaka jikewa na tushe yayin da biomass da aka bari a baya ya sa wasu ions kyauta kamar calcium, magnesium da potassium Ana iya la'akari da wannan sakamako mai kyau saboda jikewar tushe yana da mahimmanci don haɓaka tsiro da haɓakar ƙasa. Don haka, wannan yana nuna cewa ilimin sunadarai na ƙasa yana biye da mutuwa ko da zai iya taimakawa wajen dawo da ƙasa acidic. Canjin yanayi Canje-canje a matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara da fari sune manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwar gandun daji. Yayin da ake fitar da karin carbon daga matattun bishiyoyi, musamman a cikin dazuzzukan Amazon da Boreal, ana fitar da karin iskar gas a sararin samaniya. Ƙara yawan matakan iskar gas na ƙara yawan zafin jiki. Hasashen mutuƙar ya bambanta, amma barazanar sauyin yanayi na duniya yana tsayawa ne kawai don ƙara yawan mutuwa. Rage ƙarfin ƙarfi: Bishiyoyi na iya jurewa. Duk da haka, ana iya canza wannan lokacin da yanayin yanayin ya sami matsala ta fari. Wannan yana haifar da bishiyun su zama masu saurin kamuwa da kamuwa da kwari, ta yadda hakan ke haifar da abin da ya faru na mutuwa. Wannan dai matsala ce yayin da ake hasashen sauyin yanayi zai kara yawan fari a wasu yankuna na duniya. Ƙofa: Ƙofa da dama sun wanzu dangane da mutuwar gandun daji kamar "diversity yanayin muhalli da aikin muhalli." Kamar yadda canjin yanayi ke da ikon haifar da mutuwa ta hanyar matakai da yawa, waɗannan ƙofofin suna ƙara samun ci gaba inda, a wasu lokuta, suna da ikon haifar da ingantaccen tsarin amsawa: lokacin da yankin basal a cikin yanayin yanayin ya ragu ta hanyar. 50%, nau'in wadatar fungi na ectomycorrhizal yana biye. Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, ectomycorrhizal fungi suna da mahimmanci don rayuwar wasu tsire-tsire, juya mutuwa zuwa hanyar amsawa mai kyau. Mahimman bayanai Masana kimiyya ba su san ainihin maƙasudin sauyin yanayi ba kuma suna iya ƙididdige ma'auni kawai. Lokacin da aka kai madaidaici, ƙaramin canji a ayyukan ɗan adam na iya haifar da sakamako na dogon lokaci akan muhalli Biyu daga cikin maki tara don manyan hasashen canjin yanayi na ƙarni na gaba suna da alaƙa kai tsaye da mutuwar gandun daji. Masana kimiyya sun damu cewa dazuzzukan dazuzzukan dazuzzukan dajin Amazon da kuma dajin Boreal Evergreen za su haifar da wani buri a cikin shekaru 50 masu zuwa. Duba kuma Bakin ƙwaro Birch ya mutu Ciwon daji Kalaman zafi Hymenoscyphus fraxineus dalilin mutuwar ash Kauri mutuback Matsakaicin jujjuyawa na dindindin Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

52368

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanic

Titanic

Wani jirgin saman fasinja ne na kasar Biritaniya, wanda ke karkashin layin White Star, wanda ya nutse a Arewacin Tekun Atlantika a ranar 15 ga Afrilun 1912 bayan ta buge wani dutsen kankara yayin balaguron farko da ta yi daga Southampton, Ingila zuwa birnin New York na Amurka. Daga cikin fasinjoji da ma'aikatan jirgin 2,224 da aka kiyasta, sama da 1,500 ne suka mutu, wanda ya zama mafi muni a nutsewar jirgin ruwa guda har zuwa wannan lokacin. Ya kasance mafi munin lokacin kwanciyar hankali nutsewar jirgin ruwa ko jirgin ruwa Bala'in ya ja hankalin jama'a, ya ba da kayan tushe don nau'in fim ɗin bala'i, kuma ya ƙarfafa ayyukan fasaha da yawa. UpRMS Titanic RMS Titanic shi ne jirgin ruwa mafi girma a duniya da ke shawagi a lokacin da ta shiga sabis kuma na biyu na OlympicOlympics da ke karkashin White Star Line. Gidan jirgin ruwa na Harland da Wolff ne suka gina ta a Belfast Thomas Andrews, babban jami'in gine-ginen jiragen ruwa na filin jirgin ruwa, ya mutu a cikin bala'in. Titanic yana karkashin jagorancin Kyaftin Edward Smith, wanda ya sauka tare da jirgin Jirgin ruwan ya dauki wasu daga cikin masu hannu da shuni a duniya, da kuma daruruwan bakin haure daga tsibirin Biritaniya, Scandinavia, da sauran wurare a Turai, wadanda ke neman sabuwar rayuwa a Amurka da Kanada. An tsara masaukin na matakin farko don zama kololuwar jin daɗi da jin daɗi, tare da dakin motsa jiki, wurin shakatawa, dakunan shan taba, manyan gidajen cin abinci da wuraren shaye-shaye, wurin wanka na Turkawa da ɗaruruwan ɗakuna masu dumbin yawa. Ana samun mai watsa shirye -shiryen rediyo mai ƙarfi don aika fasinja "marconigrams" da kuma aikin aikin jirgin. Titanic yana da manyan fasalulluka na aminci, kamar ɗakunan da ba su da ruwa da kuma kunna kofofin da ba su da ruwa daga nesa, suna ba da gudummawa ga sunansa a matsayin "marasa nitsewa". Titanic an sanye shi da jiragen ruwa na ceto guda 16, kowannensu yana iya sauke kwale-kwalen ceto guda uku, domin jimillar jiragen ruwa 48. Koyaya, a zahiri ta ɗauki kwale-kwale na ceto guda 20 ne kawai, huɗu daga cikinsu sun ruguje kuma sun nuna wuya a harba yayin da take nutsewa (Collapsible A ya kusan fadama kuma an cika da ƙafar ruwa har sai an ceto; Collapsible B gaba ɗaya ya kife yayin ƙaddamarwa). Tare, kwale-kwalen ceto 20 na iya ɗaukar mutane 1,178—kusan rabin adadin fasinjojin da ke cikin jirgin, kuma kashi ɗaya bisa uku na adadin fasinjojin da jirgin zai iya ɗauka da cikakken iko (daidai da ka'idojin kiyaye teku na zamanin). Lokacin da jirgin ya nutse, kwale-kwalen ceton da aka saukar sun cika kusan kashi 60 ne kawai. Fage Sunan Titanic ya samo asali ne daga Titans na tatsuniyoyi na Girka An gina shi a Belfast, Ireland, a lokacin da United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, RMS Titanic shi ne na biyu a cikin OlympicOlympics uku na farko shi ne RMS Olympic kuma na uku shine HMHS Britanniya Britannic asalin ana kiransa Gigantic kuma ya kasance sama da dogon. Sun kasance da nisa mafi girma na jiragen ruwa na jirgin ruwa na kamfanin jirgin ruwa White Star Line na Birtaniya, 29 steamers da tender a 1912. Shugaban White Star Line, J. Bruce Ismay, da kuma mai ba da kudi na Amurka JP Morgan, wanda ke kula da iyaye na White Star Line, International Mercantile Marine Co. (IMM). Layin White Star ya fuskanci ƙalubale daga manyan abokan hamayyarsa, Cunard wanda kwanan nan ya ƙaddamar da Lusitania da Mauretania, jiragen ruwa mafi sauri a lokacin da suke aiki da kuma layin Jamus Hamburg America da Norddeutscher Lloyd Ismay ya gwammace ya yi gasa a kan girma maimakon sauri kuma ya ba da shawarar ƙaddamar da sabon nau'in layin layi wanda zai fi duk wani abu da ya gabata, da kuma kasancewa kalma ta ƙarshe a cikin jin daɗi da jin daɗi. Layin White Star ya nemi haɓaka rundunarta da farko don amsa gabatar da kattai na Cunard amma kuma don ƙarfafa matsayinsa sosai kan sabis na Southampton Cherbourg New York wanda aka buɗe a 1907. Sabbin jiragen ruwa za su sami isasshen gudun don kula da sabis na mako-mako tare da jiragen ruwa uku kawai maimakon hudu na asali. Don haka, Olympic da Titanic za su maye gurbin RMS Teutonic na 1889, RMS Majestic na 1890 da RMS Adriatic ta 1907. RMS Oceanic zai ci gaba da kasancewa a kan hanyar har sai an kawo sabon jirgi na uku.Za a dawo da Majestic akan sabis na White Star Line na New York bayan Titanic Gabaɗayan tsayinta, wanda aka auna daga gindin keel zuwa saman gada, ya kai Ta auna 46,329 GRT da 21,831 NRT kuma tare da daftarin aiki na ta raba tan 52,310. Dukkan jiragen ruwa guda uku na gasar Olympics suna da benaye goma (ban da saman guraben jami'an), takwas daga cikinsu na amfani da fasinja ne. Daga sama zuwa kasa, benen sun kasance:Harland &amp; Wolff na Belfast ne ya gina jiragen ruwa, wanda ke da dangantaka mai tsawo da White Star Line tun 1867. Hanyar da aka saba shine Wilhelm Wolff ya zana ra'ayi na gaba ɗaya, wanda Edward James Harland zai juya ya zama ƙirar jirgi. La'akarin farashi ya kasance mafi ƙarancin fifiko; Harland Wolff an ba su izinin kashe abin da suke buƙata a kan jiragen ruwa, da ribar kashi biyar cikin ɗari. A cikin yanayin jiragen ruwa na Olympics, farashin 3 miliyan (kimanin 310 miliyan a cikin 2019 na jiragen ruwa biyu na farko an amince da "karin kwangila" da kuma kuɗin da aka saba da kashi biyar. Harland da Wolff sun sanya manyan masu zanen su yin aikin kera jiragen ruwa na Olympics An kula da zane ta hanyar Lord Pirrie, darektan Harland da Wolff da White Star Line; Architecture na ruwa Thomas Andrews, Manajan Daraktan Harland da Wolff's zane sashen; Edward Wilding, mataimakin Andrews kuma ke da alhakin ƙididdige ƙirar jirgin, kwanciyar hankali da datsa; da kuma Alexander Carlisle, babban mai tsara aikin jirgin ruwa kuma babban manajan. Ayyukan Carlisle sun haɗa da kayan ado, kayan aiki, da duk shirye-shirye na gabaɗaya, gami da aiwatar da ingantaccen ƙirar davit jirgin ruwa A ranar 29 ga Yuli, 1908, Harland da Wolff sun gabatar da zanen ga J. Bruce Ismay da sauran shugabannin White Star Line. Ismay ya amince da tsarin kuma ya sanya hannu kan "wasiƙun yarjejeniya" guda uku bayan kwana biyu, wanda ya ba da izinin fara ginin. A wannan lokacin, jirgin na farko wanda daga baya ya zama Olympic ba shi da suna amma an kira shi kawai "Lambar 400", kamar yadda Harland da Wolff na dari hudu. Titanic ya dogara ne akan sigar da aka sabunta na ƙirar iri ɗaya kuma an ba shi lamba 401. Titanic ya kasance tsawo tare da iyakar fadin Jirgin ruwan, wanda aka ajiye kwale-kwalen ceto. Daga nan ne a farkon 15 ga Afrilu 1912 aka saukar da kwale kwalen ceton Titanic zuwa Arewacin Atlantic. Gada da keken keken sun kasance a ƙarshen gaba, a gaban ɗakin kyaftin da jami'ai. Gadar ta tsaya sama da bene, yana shimfiɗa zuwa kowane gefe don a iya sarrafa jirgin yayin da yake docking. Gidan motar ya tsaya a cikin gadar. Ƙofar Babban Matakai na Ajin Farko da Gymnasium suna tsakiyar jiragen ruwa ne tare da ɗagarar rufin falon falon ajin farko, yayin da a bayan bene akwai rufin ɗakin hayaƙi na aji na farko da ƙofar aji na biyu mafi ƙanƙanta. An raba benen da aka lulluɓe da itace zuwa manyan hanyoyin balaguro guda huɗu: na jami'ai, fasinjojin ajin farko, injiniyoyi, da fasinjojin aji na biyu bi da bi. Kwale-kwale na ceto sun yi layi a gefen jirgin sai dai a yankin da ake kira First Class, inda aka samu gibi don kada abin ya lalace. Deck, wanda kuma ake kira filin jirgin sama, wanda aka shimfida tare da dukan tsayin babban tsari An keɓe shi ne kawai don fasinjojin aji na farko kuma yana ɗauke da ɗakunan ajiya na ajin farko, ɗakin kwana na farko, ɗakin hayaki, ɗakunan karatu da rubutu, da Kotun Dabino. B Deck, benen gada, shine babban bene mai ɗaukar nauyi da matakin babba na ƙwanƙwasa. Ana samun ƙarin masaukin fasinja aji na farko a nan tare da dakunan fasinja guda shida (cabin) waɗanda ke da nasu balaguron balaguro. A kan Titanic, gidan cin abinci na à la carte da Café Parisien sun ba da wuraren cin abinci na alfarma ga fasinjojin Class Class. Dukansu biyun suna ƙarƙashin wasu masu dafa abinci ne da ma'aikatansu; duk sun yi asara a cikin bala'in. Dakin shan taba mai daraja na biyu da zauren shiga duk suna kan wannan bene. Hasashen da aka taso na jirgin yana gaba da bene na gada, yana ɗaukar ƙyanƙyashe lamba 1 (babban ƙyanƙyashe har zuwa ɗimbin kaya), manyan injina da gidajen anka. Bayan benen gada shine bene mai ɗagawa, dogon, wanda fasinjojin aji na uku ke amfani da shi azaman balaguro. A nan ne yawancin fasinjojin Titanic da ma'aikatan jirgin suka tsaya tsayin na ƙarshe yayin da jirgin ya nutse. An raba wurin hasashe da bene na gada da rijiyoyin rijiyoyin C Deck, benen tsari, shine mafi girman bene don gudana ba tare da katsewa ba daga kara zuwa baya. Ya haɗa da ɗakunan rijiyoyin biyu; wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin wani ɓangare na balaguron aji na uku. An ajiye dakunan jirgin a ƙasan hasashe kuma an ajiye dakunan jama'a na aji na uku a ƙasan bene. A tsakanin akwai mafi yawan gidajen kwana na Ajin Farko da ɗakin karatu na aji na biyu. D Deck, bene na saloon, ya mamaye manyan dakuna uku na jama'a-ɗakin liyafar ajin farko, salon cin abinci na aji na farko da salon cin abinci na aji na biyu. An samar da fili ga fasinjojin aji na uku. Fasinjoji na farko, na biyu da na uku suna da dakuna a wannan bene, tare da wuraren kwana na masu kashe gobara a cikin baka. Ya kasance mafi girman matakin da manyan ɗigon ruwa na jirgin ya kai (ko da yake kawai takwas daga cikin goma sha biyar). E Deck, bene na sama, an fi amfani dashi don masaukin fasinja don duk azuzuwan uku tare da wuraren dafa abinci, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa, masu kula da masu gyarawa Tare da tsawon sa an yi wata doguwar hanya mai suna 'Scotland Road', dangane da wani sanannen titi a Liverpool Fasinjojin aji na uku da ma'aikatan jirgin ne suka yi amfani da titin Scotland Road. F Deck, tsakiyar bene, shine cikakken bene na ƙarshe, kuma galibi yana ɗaukar fasinjoji na biyu da na uku da sassa da yawa na ma'aikatan jirgin. Salon cin abinci na aji uku yana nan, haka kuma wurin wanka, wankan Turkawa da dakunan kwana. G Deck, ƙananan bene, shine mafi ƙasƙanci cikakken bene wanda ke ɗaukar fasinjoji, kuma yana da ƙananan ramuka, kusa da layin ruwa. Kotun squash tana nan tare da gidan waya mai balaguro inda aka jera wasiƙu da fakiti a shirye don isarwa lokacin da jirgin ya tsaya. An kuma ajiye abinci a nan. An katse bene a wurare da yawa ta hanyar bene na orlop (bangare) akan tukunyar jirgi, injin da dakunan injin turbine. Wuraren orlop, da saman tanki da ke ƙasa da wancan, sun kasance a kan matakin mafi ƙasƙanci na jirgin, a ƙarƙashin layin ruwa. An yi amfani da bene na orlop a matsayin wuraren dakon kaya, yayin da babban tanki—ƙasa na cikin jirgin ruwa—ya samar da dandamalin da ake ajiye tukunyar jirgi, injina, injina da injinan lantarki. Wannan yanki na jirgin ya kasance a cikin injin da dakunan tanki, wuraren da za a hana fasinjoji gani. An haɗa su tare da matakan mafi girma na jirgin ta matakan matakan hawa; Matakan karkace tagwaye kusa da baka sun ba da damar zuwa D Deck. Siffofin Manazarta Webarchive template wayback

23821

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mido

Mido

Ahmed Hossam Hussein Abdelhamid an haifi shi a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar ta alif1983), wanda aka fi sani da Mido, shine manajan ƙwallon ƙafa na Masar kuma tsohon ɗan wasan da ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba Mido ya fara aikinsa tare da Zamalek a Masar a shekarar 1999. Ya bar kulob din zuwa Gent na Belgium a shekarar 2000, inda ya ci takalmin Ebony na Belgium Wannan ya haifar da komawa Ajax ta Holland a shekarar 2001, daga inda ya koma Celta Vigo a matsayin aro a shekara ta 2003. Makomarsa ta gaba ita ce Marseille a Faransa kuma ya bar su zuwa Roma ta Italiya a shekarar 2004. Ya kuma koma ƙungiyar Tottenham Hotspur ta Ingila a matsayin aro na watanni 18 a shekarar 2005 sannan daga karshe ya koma kulob din a shekarar 2006. Ya bar kulob din a shekara ta 2007 don komawa Middlesbrough, daga inda ya koma Wigan Athletic, Zamalek, West Ham United da Ajax a matsayin aro. A cikin shekarar 2011, ya sake komawa Zamalek, kafin ya shiga Barnsley a shekarar 2012. Ya kuma bugawa Masar wasanni 51, inda ya ci kwallaye 20. Mido ya yi ritaya daga kwallon kafa a watan Yunin shekarar 2013. Aikin kulob Zamalek An haife shi a Alkahira, Mido ya fara aiki tare da kasar Masar Premier League kulob din Zamalek a shekarar 1999. Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar a ranar 22 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2000 a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da El Qanah. A Mako mai zuwa, Mido ya ci kwallaye biyu na farko a kan Aluminum Nag Hammâdi, wanda Zamalek ya ci 3 2. Wasansa na farko na Afirka ya zo ne a ranar 28 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2000, a wasan da suka doke Habasha Coffee da ci 2-1, wanda ya kai jimillar kwallaye 3 3, wanda hakan ya sa aka yanke hukuncin wasan a bugun fenariti. Zamalek ta ci 4-2. Daga karshe Zamalek ya kai wasan karshe na cin Kofin Afirka na shekarar 2000, inda ya doke Canon Yaoundé na Kamaru da ci 4 3. Ayyukan Mido a ƙarshe ya jawo sha'awa daga ƙungiyar Gent ta Belgium. Gent A cikin shekarar 2000, yana da shekaru 17, Mido ya sanya hannu kan Gent. Da farko, ya yi fama da kewar gida, kuma ya koma Masar jim kadan bayan ya isa Belgium, kawai ya kasance a cikin matsanancin halin mahaifinsa. Yin aiki tuƙuru don yaƙar ajiyar ajiyar sa, a ƙarshe Mido ya ci nasara akan su, a cikin nasa kalmomin yana samun "tunanin ƙwararre". Manajan Gent Patrick Remy ya gamsu da yadda Mido ya bi da batun kuma ya inganta shi zuwa ƙungiyar farko a watan Satumbar shekarar 2000, inda ya sanya shi da farko akan kujerar masu maye gurbin. Duk da haka, Mido ya ci gaba da burge Remy, wanda ya yi tsokaci kan "alhakinsa [da] manyan fasahar fasaha". Daga ƙarshe ya zama ƙungiya ta farko, kuma ya fara buga wasansa na farko a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2000 a cikin nasarar 4-1 da Eendracht Aalst. A ranar 2 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2000, ya zira kwallon sa ta farko a wasan da gida ta doke Standard Liège da ci 2-1. Wasansa na farko na Turai ya zo ne a ranar 12 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2000, inda Gent ya sha kashi a hannun Ajax da ci 6-0. Ya zama mai son magoya baya, kuma 'yan jaridun Belgium sun yabe shi a ƙarshen kakar. Mido ya ci gaba da lashe takalmin Ebony na Belgium a shekarar 2001 a matsayin mafi kyawun ɗan wasan Afirka a rukunin farko na Belgium, tare da sanya masa suna "Gano Shekara". Kamar yadda ya jawo sha'awa daga manyan kulob a Belgium da waje, ya ƙare kakar tare da rawar gani a kan Royal Antwerp, inda ya zira ɗaya daga cikin burin Gent a nasarar 3 1 tare da kafa sauran biyun. Bayan shekaru biyu, Remy ya kwatanta wasan da wani ɗan jaridar Masar, yana mai cewa "Mido ya yi komai." Ya kammala kakar bana da kwallaye 11 daga wasanni 21, yayin da Gent ya kare a matsayi na biyar, inda ya ba su dama a kakar wasa mai zuwa ta UEFA Intertoto Cup Ajax Bayan nasarar da ya samu a Belgium tare da Gent, Mido ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar tare da kungiyar Eredivisie Ajax a shekarar 2001. Ya ji rauni a lokacin wasansu na cin Kofin UEFA da Limassol, bayan sun yi karo da mai tsaron baya Ya dawo dawowar kungiyar da Heerenveen, wasan da Ajax ta sha kashi 5-1. Koyaya, an kore shi daga wasan Twente, bayan ya harbi Spira Grujić yayin da yake ƙoƙarin doke shi zuwa ƙwallo, wanda daga baya aka dakatar da shi wasanni uku. Ya dawo Ajax da Vitesse, inda ya zo a matsayin wanda ya canza a minti na 75. Ya gaza zabar sa don maye gurbin benci da Feyenoord a cikin watan Maris na shekarar 2002, wanda ya faru ne sakamakon karamin rikici da kocin Ronald Koeman, kuma Mido ya tafi hutu na dan lokaci a Alkahira. Mido ya zira kwallaye a wasan da Ajax ta doke Utrecht a wasan karshe na KNVB Cup, ma'ana ya kawo karshen kakar shekarar 2001-02 tare da League League da Cup biyu. Ya yi wasa na mintuna 32 kawai da Groningen, bayan wasan da ba shi da ƙira. Ya ce daga baya ya gaji kuma yana dauke da rauni kadan a lokacin wasan, amma Koeman ya soki Mido yana mai cewa baya bayar da komai. Ya bayyana a watan Satumbar shekarar 2002 cewa yana son barin Ajax a kasuwar musayar 'yan wasa a karshen Disamba. Koyaya, Mido ba da daɗewa ba ya nemi afuwa ga Koeman da Leo Beenhakker game da bayanan canja wurin, yana cewa "mara nauyi ne" kuma "mara tunani". An ba shi tara sannan aka dakatar da shi daga wasan Ajax da Olympique Lyonnais A watan Disamba na waccan shekarar, ya bayyana cewa yana son ci gaba da zama a Ajax. Ya ci wa Ajax kwallaye a wasan da suka doke Willem II da ci 6-0 a watan Fabrairun shekarar 2003, amma Koeman ya sake sukar Mido, inda yayi sharhi mara kyau game da wasan sa da Roda a gasar KNVB. An jefa shi a wasan Ajax na gaba da Feyenoord, kawai yana nuna azaman wanda ba a amfani da shi ba. Ya ji rauni a tsokarsa a cinyarsa ta sama bayan wasan sada zumunci da ya yi da Masar, kuma an cire shi daga wasan Ajax da Groningen. An mayar da Mido zuwa kungiyar ajiyar Ajax saboda dalilan ladabtarwa, ke kewaye da rashin fahimtar kokari. Halinsa a kulob din ya haifar da sha'awa daga kungiyoyin Serie A Juventus da Lazio kuma daga baya ya yarda cewa ya jefa almakashi ga abokin wasan Ajax Zlatan Ibrahimović bayan muhawara a watan Maris shekarar 2003. Loan zuwa Celta Vigo Celta Vigo ta yi tayin ba da lamuni ga Mido a watan Maris, wanda aka ba da rahoton cewa ya fadi kwanaki bayan haka saboda FIFA ba ta amince da shi ba. Koyaya, a ƙarshe FIFA ta ba da izinin aiwatar da matakin kuma an kammala shi ranar 18 ga watan Maris. Ya zira kwallaye a wasan farko na Celta Vigo da Athletic Bilbao, wanda Celta ta ci 2-1. Ajax ta kimanta Mido tsakanin ƙimar 5 miliyan da 6 miliyan, a tsakanin sha'awa daga kungiyoyi a Italiya da Spain. Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa Newcastle United na gab da yin tayin Mido a watan Mayu, amma wakilin Mido Christophe Henrotay ya hana hakan. Ajax ta yi kokarin mayar da shi kulob din, amma ya ki amincewa da hakan, domin ya ci gaba da zama a Celta. Ya ji rauni a lokacin da yake horo a watan Mayu, amma yana da damar buga wasan Celta da Villarreal CF, wanda ya ga an kori Mido a wasan da Celta ta sha kashi ci 5-0. An danganta Mido da komawa AS Roma a karshen watan Mayu, inda shugaban Roma Franco Sensi ya furta "Ina son Mido", amma Ajax ya bayyana suna son 15 miliyan a gare shi. Ajax ta ki amincewa da komawar Real Betis zuwa Mido a watan Yuni. Daga nan an yi imanin Marseille ta yi tayin dan wasan kuma Celta ba ta shirya biyan kudin da Ajax ke nema na 15 ba. miliyan. Marseille Ajax ta karɓi 12 miliyan don neman Mido daga Marseille a watan Yuli, kuma ya kammala tafiya akan kwangilar shekaru biyar a ranar 12 ga watan Yuli 2003, wanda ya sanya Mido ya zama ɗan wasan Masar mafi tsada har abada. Ya fara buga wa Marseille wasa a wasan da suka doke Guingamp da ci 1-0 ranar 1 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2003. Jean-Pierre Papin ya yaba wa Mido, yana mai cewa ya rage ga 'yan wasa irin sa ne Ligue 1 na Faransa ke cikin manyan wasannin Turai. Ya zira kwallaye a ragar Real Madrid a wasan cin Kofin Zakarun Turai na UEFA a watan Nuwamba, wanda Marseille ta sha kashi 2-1. Mido ya bayyana a cikin watan Maris 2004 cewa zai iya barin Marseille a ƙarshen kakar 2003-04. An yi imanin wata kungiyar Ingila da wasu kungiyoyin Spain da yawa suna son siyan Mido, wanda Didier Drogba ya rufe shi a Marseille. Atlético Madrid, Zaragoza, Osasuna da tsohon kulob din Celta Vigo duk an yi ta rade -radin za su sayi Mido, inda Daraktan Fasaha Toni Muñoz ya tabbatar da sha'awar Atlético. A halin da ake ciki, an kama Mido cikin hanzari akan hanyar zuwa wasan Marseille da AS Monaco, wanda ya haifar da zaman kotu. Rahotanni sun nuna cewa Roma a shirye take ta sayi Mido akan kudi 9 miliyan duk da cewa Mido zai ji rauni a sauran wasannin kwallon kafa na Faransa. Kungiyar Be Turkishiktaş ta Turkiyya ta bayyana cewa suna son siyan sa, kuma Mido ya ce zai tattauna da Bobby Robson kan yiwuwar komawa Newcastle United Roma A ƙarshe Mido ya rattaba hannu ga Roma a ranar ƙarshe na kasuwar canja wuri ta bazara ta shekarar 2004, akan kuɗin 6 miliyan, ta sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar. An tabbatar da cewa ba zai buga wasan farko na kakar ba, kuma mai yiwuwa wasanni biyu masu zuwa. An daure Mido don buga wasansa na farko a Roma da Messina a watan Satumbar shekarar 2004, wasan da ya yi wasa a zahiri, amma Roma ta yi rashin nasara 4-3. Rahotanni sun nuna cewa ana iya sayar da Mido ga Valencia a yarjejeniyar musaya da Bernardo Corradi kuma ana alakanta shi da komawa Manchester City ta Premier An yi imanin Southampton na da Mido a cikin jerin sunayen wadanda za su kai hari, amma wakilinsa Christophe Henrotay ya ce Roma ba za ta yarda ta bar Mido ya bar kulob din ba. Har ma an ba da rahoton cewa an ba shi ga Southampton a matsayin aro amma sabon wakilinsa, Mino Raiola, ya sake maimaita ikirarin da aka yi cewa Roma na son ci gaba da Mido har zuwa, aƙalla, ƙarshen kakar. An danganta shi da komawa Tottenham Hotspur, tare da wakilin sa ya tabbatar yana son barin Roma. Tottenham Hotspur Tottenham ta sayo Mido a matsayin aro na watanni 18 a ranar 28 ga watan Janairu 2005. Ya ci kwallaye biyu a wasansa na farko na Tottenham da Portsmouth a ranar 5 ga watan Fabrairu 2005. Ya zira kwallaye 3 cikin wasanni 11 a lokacin 2004-05 na Tottenham. Mido ya ba da sanarwar shirye -shirye a cikin watan Yuli 2005 don ƙaddamar da makarantar kwallon kafa ta kansa a Masar, wanda ke da niyyar haɓaka ƙwararrun matasan ƙasar. A cikin watan Janairu 2006, ya bayyana cewa baya son komawa Roma a ƙarshen kakar 2005-06, amma ya sanya hannu tare da Tottenham na dindindin. Manajan Tottenham Martin Jol ya ce kulob din yana da kwarin gwiwar sayo Mido kan yarjejeniyar din -din -din saboda kyawawan ayyukan da yake yi, amma daga baya ya yarda cewa Tottenham na iya shan kashi wajen kiyaye Mido, tare da sauran kungiyoyin da ke sha'awar sa hannu. An ci gaba da yin shakku game da tafiyarsa ta dindindin a cikin watan Afrilu 2006, bayan da ya sami sabuwar matsalar rauni. Ya sha wahala daga wani ƙaramin sashi na magoya bayan Southampton da West Ham United a 2005. Manajan West Ham Alan Pardew ya nemi afuwar Mido saboda cin zarafin da magoya baya suka yi masa. Ya kammala kakar 2005-06 da kwallaye 11 a wasanni 27, ma'ana shine dan wasan Tottenham na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a raga. Tottenham ta tabbatar a watan Mayun shekarar 2006 cewa Mido zai koma Roma. Sai dai Mido ya sake komawa Tottenham a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta akan yarjejeniyar dindindin akan kudi 6.75 miliyan. Bayan ya dawo Tottenham ya yi sharhi a shafin yanar gizon kungiyar cewa "a koyaushe yana sane a cikin zuciyarsa zai dawo" kuma "ba zai iya jira ya ja rigar Tottenham ba, ya yi wasa a Lane kuma ya zira wasu kwallaye" Koyaya, jim kaɗan bayan wannan, manajan Martin Jol ya zargi Mido da "rashin gaskiya da rashin girmamawa", bayan kalaman da Mido yayi game da tsohon dan wasan Tottenham Sol Campbell Bayan da ya kasa zira kwallaye a wasanni biyar na farko a matsayin dan wasan Tottenham na dindindin, a ƙarshe ya sami raga a kan abokan hamayyarsa West Ham tare da bugun ƙwallo a ranar 19 ga watan Oktoba 2006, kuma ya biyo bayan hakan tare da kwallaye biyu a kan Milton Keynes na League Two Dons a gasar League Cup Dole ne ya yi gwagwarmaya da zama na huɗu a layi don ɗaya daga cikin wurare biyu masu ban sha'awa, amma ya dage cewa wannan alama ce ta ƙarfin kulob, kuma wani abu ne da ya sani sosai kafin ya koma ƙungiyar. Koyaya, an danganta shi da komawa Manchester City. Mido ya ci abin da ya zama burinsa na karshe ga Tottenham a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun 2007 a kan Arsenal, amma yuwuwar komawarsa Manchester City ya fadi cikin rabin sa'a kafin rufe kasuwar musayar 'yan wasa. A ƙarshe ya yarda cewa ya yi kuskure ta hanyar shiga Tottenham a yarjejeniyar dindindin. Ya ƙare kakar 2006 07 tare da bayyanuwa 23 da kwallaye 5. Middlesbrough Tottenham ta amince da 6 miliyan tare da Birmingham City don Mido a ranar 20 ga watan Yuli 2007. Manajan Birmingham Steve Bruce ya ce matakin ya kusa durkushewa, yayin da rahotanni ke cewa kwangilar ta lalace kan albashi da tsawon kwantiragin da Mido ke bukata. A ƙarshe yarjejeniyar ta ɓarke ne a kan wata magana da Mido ya dage ta na cikin kwantiragin. A watan Agustan 2007 Sunderland ta yi fam 6 miliyan suka yi masa tayin kuma suka tattauna, bayan haka Birmingham ta tabbatar da cewa suna ƙoƙarin farfado da yarjejeniyar su don shiga Mido. Daga nan Middlesbrough ta bayyana sha’awar su ta sa hannu, wanda ya yi daidai da fam 6 miliyan Birmingham da Sunderland kuma an ba su izinin magana da shi. Daga karshe sun sanya hannu kan Mido akan kudi 6 miliyan akan kwangilar shekaru hudu a ranar 16 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2007. Ya zira kwallaye a wasansa na farko a Middlesbrough da Fulham da kuma wasansa na farko a gida da Newcastle United A yayin wasan Newcastle, an bayar da rahoton cewa Mido ya fuskanci cin zarafin Islama daga wasu magoya bayan Newcastle, wanda Hukumar Kwallon Kafa (FA) za ta bincika. Ya sha wahala a danniya karaya da pubic kashi wanda ya hana shi fita don fiye da watanni uku daga watan Nuwamba 2007 har ya koma ga na farko-tawagar mataki domin Middlesbrough ta da ci 2-0 FA Cup nasara a kan Mansfield Town a ranar 26 Janairu 2008. An kore shi a minti na 80 a wasan da suka yi da Arsenal a ranar 15 ga watan Maris shekarar 2008 bayan ya harbi Gaël Clichy a fuska tare da takalminsa, wanda hakan ya sa ya samu haramcin wasanni uku. Mido da aka fitar da mulki ga saura daga cikin 2007-08 kakar a watan Afrilu wadannan wata hernia aiki a kan wani pelvic rauni. Ya yi benci a wasan farko da Middlesbrough za ta kara da tsohon kulob din Tottenham kuma ya zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin a cikin minti na 82 kuma ya zira kwallaye bayan mintuna hudu bayan ya karkare bugun Didier Digard Karshen mako mai zuwa ya gan shi ya ci Liverpool a Anfield don sanya Middlesbrough 1 0 a gaba, amma a ƙarshe sun sha kashi a wasan da ci 2-1. Wannan ya biyo bayan kwallaye a kan Yeovil Town a gasar League Cup da Portsmouth a gasar. Wasu magoya bayan Newcastle sun sake yi wa Mido hari yayin dumama kafin wasan Middlesbrough 0-0, tare da ikirarin cewa FA na binciken wakar wariyar launin fata. Ya bayyana fushinsa kan binciken hukumar FA, yana ganin ba za su yi wani banbanci ga duk wani cin zarafi da za a yi nan gaba ba. A ƙarshe an kama mutane biyu a kan yin waƙar kuma za su bayyana a Kotun Majistare ta Teesside. Loan zuwa Wigan Athletic Mido ya shiga tattaunawa da Wigan Athletic kan sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar aro na watanni shida, kuma ya kammala tafiya a ranar 23 ga watan Janairu 2009. Ya zira kwallaye a karon farko tare da burin daidaitawa da Liverpool tare da bugun fenariti a wasan 1-1 ranar 28 ga watan Janairu. Ya ci wa Wigan kwallaye a wasan da Arsenal ta doke su da ci 4-1 kuma ya kammala zaman aro tare da buga wasanni 12 da kwallaye 2. Wadannan Middlesbrough ta relegation zuwa Championship, ya kasa bayar da rahoton zuwa pre-kakar horo, kuma ya ƙarshe aka ci tarar da kulob din bayan ba juya up bayan makwanni biyu. Ya koma horo kwana daya bayan wannan. Loan zuwa Zamalek Middlesbrough ta karɓi tayin da ba a bayyana ba ga Mido daga wani kulob da ba a bayyana sunanta ba a ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, kuma ya kammala komawa zuwa tsohuwar ƙungiyar Zamalek a ranar 3 ga watan Agusta, wanda ke da zaɓi na siyan shi na dindindin idan sun sami damar cika sharuddan Middlesbrough. A ranar 20 ga watan Agusta, Mido ya buga wa Zamalek wasan farko na rashin nasara, inda ya bata fenariti na biyu yayin da Zamalek ya jefar da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida da ci 2-1 ga Petrojet a gasar Premier ta Masar Loan zuwa West Ham United Mido ya koma West Ham United a matsayin aro na wata hudu a ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010 bayan yarjejeniyar zamansa da Zamalek ta kare. Ya ce "Dole ne na sadaukar da wasu abubuwa amma ina nan don sake buga kwallon kafa kuma ina nan don tabbatar da ma'ana. Ina matukar farin cikin kasancewa a nan, babban kulob ne kuma na tabbata zan yi kyau a nan. Shugaban West Ham David Sullivan ya ba da sanarwar cewa domin Mido ya tabbatar da makomar kwallon kafa na dogon lokaci, kwantiraginsa da West Ham ya sanya shi cikin mafi karancin albashi a gasar Premier. Sullivan ya ce "Ba ya son a san shi a matsayin 'ya kasance' na wasan kwallon kafa na Ingila, don haka ya yarda ya zo nan don yin wasa a kan kudin da bai dace ba, fam dubu daya kacal a mako." Ya fara buga wa West Ham wasa a ranar 6 ga watan Fabrairu a wasan da suka doke Burnley da ci 2-1. A cikin wasanni tara da ya buga wa West Ham ya kasa zira kwallo kuma ya tsira da bugun fenariti a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Everton A watan Yuni shekarar 2010, West Ham ta yanke shawarar ba ta sabon kwantiragi. Loan zuwa Ajax Ajax ta shiga tattaunawa da Middlesbrough kan siyan Mido a kyauta a watan Yuli. A ranar 1 ga watan Satumba, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar aro na shekara guda. Mido ya fara buga wasansa na farko a ranar 16 ga Oktoba 2010, inda ya maye gurbin Miralem Sulejmani a wasan da suka doke NAC Breda da ci 3-0. Ya zira kwallon sa ta farko a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba a wasan da suka doke Veendam da ci 3-0 a gasar cin kofin Holland Duk da ya zura kwallaye uku a wasanni shida, damar kwallon kafa ta farko ta takaita, kasancewar sau daya kawai yake kan layi. Bayan Martin Jol ya yi murabus, Mido ya rasa matsayinsa lokacin da aka nada sabon manaja Frank de Boer a ranar 6 ga Disamba 2010. A ranar 4 ga watan Janairu 2011, ya rubuta wa Ajax wasika don soke kwangilarsa. Koma Zamalek A ranar 21 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2011, Mido ya koma Zamalek kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da rabi. Koyaya, saboda kuskuren da ƙungiyar Zamalek ta yi Mido bai yi rajista ba a lokacin da zai yi wasa tare da Zamalek don haka ya zauna a sauran kakar. Barnsley A ranar 16 ga watan Yuni 2012, Mido ya amince da yarjejeniya da Barnsley na Gasar Cin Kofin Ingilishi, dangane da likita. An kammala tafiyarsa a ranar 21 ga watan Yuni 2012 lokacin da ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekara guda tare da Barnsley. Mido ya fara buga wasansa na farko a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 2012 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Kelvin Etuhu a wasan da suka doke Huddersfield Town da ci 1-0. A ranar 31 ga watan Janairu 2013 an sake shi ta hanyar yarda tare da mai tsaron baya Lee Collins Ritaya An sanar da yin ritayarsa daga kwallon kafa a watan Yunin shekarar 2013. Kafin ya yi ritaya, an nada Mido Shugaban Rayuwa Mai Daraja na Tsohon Wykehamist Football Club, kulob don tsofaffin ɗaliban Kwalejin Winchester da ɗayan ƙungiyoyin da suka kafa ƙungiyar Arthurian League Aikin duniya Mido ya buga wa ƙungiyar matasa ta Masar wasa sau 13 tsakanin shekarar 1999 zuwa shekara ta 2001. Ya buga wa Masar wasanni 51 kuma ya ci kwallaye 20. Mido ya ci kwallo a wasansa na farko na kasa da kasa da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, wanda Masar ta ci 2-1. Mido ya aike da fax zuwa tawagar Masar don shaida musu cewa ba ya cikin jerin 'yan wasan da za a zaba a duniya a watan Mayun shekarar 2004, yana mai cewa ba shi da tabin hankali don shiga kungiyar. Mido yana cikin tawagar Masar da ta buga gasar cin kofin Afirka ta 2004 Kocin Masar Marco Tardelli ya sauke Mido a watan Satumbar shekarar 2004, bayan Mido ya yi ikirarin cewa ba zai buga wa tawagar kasar ba saboda raunin da ya samu, amma ya buga wasan sada zumunci da Roma awanni 24 bayan haka. Bayan kwana daya, Mido ya yi watsi da zargin cewa ya ki bugawa kasarsa wasa. Haka kuma, hukumar kwallon kafa ta Masar ta sanar da cewa ba zai sake buga wa kungiyar wasa ba. Duk da haka, an kori Tardelli a matsayin kocin Masar kuma a watan Janairun shekarar 2005 Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Masar ta ce za ta yi tunanin dawo da Mido cikin kungiyar idan zai nemi afuwa kan halinsa na baya. Mido ya tashi zuwa Alkahira a watan Fabrairun 2005 kuma ya nemi afuwar jama'a kuma a wata mai zuwa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa ta kira shi. Mido ya janye daga wasan share fagen shiga gasar cin kofin duniya da Masar ta buga da Kamaru a shekarar 2006, bayan da ya ji rauni a yayin da yake wasa da Tottenham Hotspur An fitar da Mido daga tawagar Masar a lokacin gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka ta 2006 sakamakon rigimar da suka yi da koci Hassan Shehata a wasan kusa da na karshe da Senegal, wanda ya faro bayan da Mido ya aikata mummunan aiki akan sauya shi. Wanda ya maye gurbinsa Amr Zaki ne ya fara zura kwallo a bugun tazara ta farko, wanda hakan ya sanya Masar shiga wasan karshe. Bayan kwana daya, Mido ya sulhunta da Shehata, amma an ba shi dakatarwar watanni shida daga buga wasa da Masar. Daga baya kungiyar ta dawo da Mido bayan dakatar da shi, a shirye don cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Afirka ta 2008 wanda Masar ta lashe. An saka Mido cikin tawagar Masar da za ta yi wasa da Afirka ta Kudu a Landan a watan Nuwambar shekarar 2006, duk da ya samu rauni a gwiwarsa a lokacin. Duk da haka, ba a bar shi cikin tawagar Masar da za ta yi wasa da Mauritania a wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Afirka a watan Maris na shekarar 2007. Aikin bayan ritaya Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya koma yin nazarin wasannin Premier League da wasannin gasar zakarun Turai a tashoshin Wasannin Al Jazeera. Hakanan yana da nunin nasa akan AlHayat TV da kuma shirin kan layi akan FilGoal Ya bayyana cewa yana da burin zama manaja bayan samun takardar shaidar da ake bukata. Aikin gudanarwa Zamalek Kodayake ya karɓi tayin da yawa daga ƙungiyoyi kamar Paris Saint-Germain Youth Academy da Al-Masry na Masar amma ya ƙi su. An nada shi a matsayin babban kocin Zamalek bayan korar Helmy Toulan a ranar 21 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2014, duk da yana da shekaru 30 kacal. Mido ya jagoranci tawagarsa zuwa matsayi na uku a gasar Firimiyar Masar ta 2013 zuwa 14 kuma ya samu gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin zakarun nahiyoyin Afirka na CAF bayan rashin nasara 1-0 ga abokin hamayyarsa Al-Ahly, 2-1 a hannun Smouha na Alexandria sannan kuma a 2–0 ta ci Petrojet .</br> Mido ya yi nasarar lashe Kofin Masar da kuma tabbatar da kofin kofin a shekara ta biyu a jere, ta hanyar doke Smouha da ci 1-0, wanda ya sa ya zama mafi karancin manaja da ya lashe kofi tare da tawagarsa a Masar. A ranar 29 ga watan Yuli 2014, Hossam Hassan ya maye gurbin Mido a matsayin manajan Zamalek. Zamalek Academy Academy Daga baya ya amince da tayin da shugaban Zamalek Mortada Mansour ya yi na zama Daraktan Kwalejin Matasa ta Zamalek tare da nada tsohon mataimakinsa Mohamed Salah a matsayin manajan fasaha na Makarantar Matasan Zamalek A karkashin jagorancin sa, Kungiyar U-16 ta lashe gasar Al Wehda International Championship bayan ta doke FC Steaua București U-16 da ci 2-0 a wasan karshe. Ismaily A ranar 15 ga watan Yuli 2015, shugaban Ismaily Mohamed Abo El-Soud ya sanar da cewa Mido zai zama manajan kungiyar. Ya kuma sanar da cewa Ashraf Khedr zai zama mataimakin manaja. Ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa a ranar 20 ga watan Disamba 2015 sakamakon wata matsala da ta taso da kyaftin din kungiyar Hosny Abd Rabo Koma Zamalek Shugaban Zamalek Mortada Mansour ya sanar da dawowar Mido a matsayin manajan Zamalek, ya maye gurbin Marcos Paquetá wanda ya kasa sarrafa kungiyar. Ya kuma nada Hazem Emam a matsayin babban manaja da Ismail Youssef a matsayin daraktan fasaha. Bayan wata daya kacal a matsayin manaja, an kore shi bayan rashin nasara a hannun Al Ahly da ci 2 0 a wasan tsere na Cairo, wanda ya haifar da kara tazara tsakanin kungiyoyin biyu zuwa maki bakwai. Daga baya Mortada Mansour ya ce hukumar ta yanke shawarar cire Mido daga matsayinsa bayan rashin da Ismaily ta yi, amma sanar da cewa an jinkirta har sai an buga wasan Alkahira Derby, don gujewa shagaltar da 'yan wasa. Maƙaryata A ranar 7 ga watan Yuli 2016, shugaban Lierse Maged Samy ya ba da sanarwar hayar Mido a matsayin mai ba da shawara na fasaha ga Lierse da Wadi Degla Mido ya ce yana da burin taimakawa kulob din don samun ci gaba zuwa rukunin farko na A na Belgium Wadi Degla A ranar 8 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2016, an nada shi a matsayin manajan Wadi Degla har zuwa ƙarshen kakar 2016 17 biyo bayan korar Patrice Carteron Mido ya kuma bayyana cewa ya karɓi aikin ne domin ya cancanci cancantar lasisin UEFA A wanda ke buƙatar mai nema ya kasance yana jagorantar ƙungiya a halin yanzu. Al Wehda A ranar 17 ga watan Disamba shekarar 2018, ya zama mai ba da shawara na fasaha da manajan riko a Al Wehda, bayan korar Fábio Carille El Makkasa A ranar 9 ga watan Yuni 2019, an nada Mido manajan Misr Lel Makkasa SC Daga baya an kore shi a cikin Janairu 2020. Rayuwar mutum A shekarar 2002, Mido ya yi aure yana da shekara 19, daga baya kuma ya haifi 'ya'ya maza uku. Yana dan shekara 34, ya kai a cikin nauyi wanda ya sa ya zama mai wadatar ciwon sukari duk da haka, ya yi nasarar rasa a cikin watanni biyar. Ƙididdigar sana'a Kulob Majiyoyi: Kasashen duniya Manufofin duniya An jera maki Masar da farko, shafi na nuna maki bayan kowane burin Mido. Ƙididdigar gudanarwa Daraja A matsayin dan wasa Zamalek Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka 2000 Ajax Eredivisie 2001–02, 2010–11 Kofin KNVB 2001 02 Johan Cruijff Garkuwa 2002 Kasashen duniya Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka 2006 Na ɗaya Takalmin Ebony na Belgium 2001 Matashin dan wasan na League na Belgium: 2000 01 Matashin Dan Kwallon Kafar Masar: 2000 01 Matashin dan wasan Afirka na shekara 2001 02 A matsayin manaja Zamalek Kofin Masar 2014 manazarta Hanyoyin waje Mido at Soccerbase Pages with unreviewed

59956

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken%20Caldeira

Ken Caldeira

Kenneth Caldeira (an haife shi a shekara ta 1960) ɗan Amurka masanin kimiyyar yanayi ne. Yankunan bincikensa sun haɗa da acidification na teku,tasirin yanayi na bishiyoyi, gyare-gyaren yanayi na ganganci, hulɗar yanayi acikin yanayin carbon/yanayin yanayi, da makamashi mai dorewa. Tun daga 2021, Caldeira Babban Masanin Kimiyya ne a cikin kamfanin binciken makamashi Breakthrough Energy, Babban Masanin Kimiyya na Ma'aikatan (emeritus) acikin Carnegie Institution for Science's Department of Global Ecology, kuma Farfesa (da ladabi) acikin Sashen Kimiyyar Tsarin Duniya na Jami'ar Stanford. Articles with hCards Rayuwar farko da ilimi A cikin 1980s, Caldeira yayi aiki a matsayin mai haɓɓaka software. Ya sami Ph.D a Kimiyyar yanayi acikin 1991 daga Sashen Aiwatar da Kimiyya na Jami'ar New York.Daga 1991 zuwa 1993, Caldeira yayi aiki a Jami'ar Jihar Penn a matsayin mai binciken bayan-doctoral. Sannan yayi aiki a matsayin Masanin Kimiyyar Muhalli da Physicist a Laboratory National Lawrence Livermore har zuwa 2005. Binciken canjin yanayi Acikin 2005, Caldeira ya shiga Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Carnegie na Sashen Kimiyya na Duniya a matsayin babban masanin kimiyya, inda aikinsa shine "yin mahimman binciken kimiyya. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Farfesa (da ladabi) a Sashen Kimiyyar Tsarin Duniya na Jami'ar Stanford. Caldeira tayi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin da ke samar da rahoton Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa ta Amurka ta 2015, Geoengineering Climate: Ƙimar Fasaha da Tattaunawa na Tasiri. Ya kasance marubuci mai ba da gudummawa ga Ƙungiyar gwamnatoci kan Canjin Yanayi (IPCC) AR5 rahoton Canjin Yanayi 2013: Tushen Kimiyyar Jiki. Acikin 2010, ya kasance mawallafi na 2010 US National Academy America's Climate Choices reportYa shiga cikin UK Royal Society geoengineering panel a 2009 da kuma ocean acidification panel a 2005. Caldeira yana jagorantar marubucin babin teku don rahoton IPCC na 2005 akan Kama Carbon da Adana. A cikin 2007, Caldeira ya fara ba Bill Gates shawara kan sauyin yanayi da batutuwan makamashi. Acikin sakonsa na ƙarshen shekara ta 2016, Gates ya kira Caldeira a matsayin malamin ban mamaki.Acikin 2021, Caldeira ya fara aiki ga kamfanin binciken makamashi Breakthrough Energy, wanda Gates ya kafa. Latsa An nuna aikin Caldeira a cikin labarin 14 May 2012 acikin New Yorker, mai suna "The Climate Fixers" da kuma a cikin 20 Nuwamba 2006 labarin a cikin New Yorker, mai suna"The Darkening Sea.Acikin 2007, ya bada gudummawar op-ed guda biyu kan batun dumamar yanayi zuwa The New York Times. Dangane da takaddamar da littafin SuperFreakonomics ya haifar a kan ra'ayin Caldeira game da aikin injiniya na yanayi, Caldeira yaƙi shawarar da yace, "Carbon dioxide ba daidai ba ne".Ya mayar da martani ta hanyar wallafawa a shafinsa na yanar gizo,"Carbon dioxide shi ne mugun da ya dace... matukar dai abubuwa marasa rai na iya zama mugaye." Yace yayin da sauran maganganun da marubuta Steven Levitt da Stephen Dubner suka dangana masa suna "ainihin gaskiya", mai karatu na yau da kullun na iya yin kuskuren abin da ya yi imani da shi [Caldeira]. Ra'ayi Acikin 2011, Caldeira yayi murabus a matsayin jagorar marubucin wani babi na IPCC AR5, yana mai cewa "Haka kuma, ina tsammanin IPCC ta kasance da amfani sosai a baya, kuma na yi imanin IPCC na iya zama da amfani sosai a nan gaba.[. murabus na ya yiwu ne saboda na yi imani cewa ƙungiyar babi da nake cikinta tana kan hanya madaidaiciya kuma tana yin kyakkyawan aiki ba tare da gudunmawata ba. Idan da ina da sukar kimiyya game da ƙungiyar babi na, za'a iya tabbatar muku da cewa da na cigaba da kasancewa a cikin sa. Don haka, murabus na kuri’ar amincewa ce ga takwarorina na kimiyya, ba zargi ba.” Caldeira yayi jayayya da manufar manufofin sifili na hayakin carbon dioxide. A shekara ta 2005, yace, "Idan kuna magana game da murƙushe ƙananan tsofaffin mata, ba ku ce, 'Mene ne burinmu na yawan mugging ƙananan tsofaffi?' Kun ce, 'Karɓar ƴan tsofaffi mata ba kyau ba ne, kuma za muyi ƙoƙari mu kawar da shi.' Kuna gane cewa ba za ku sami nasara kashi ɗari bisa ɗari ba, amma burin ku shine kawar da tsugunar da tsofaffin mata. Kuma ina ganin a ƙarshe ya kamata mu zo kusa don kallon hayaƙin carbon dioxide iri ɗaya." Acikin 2014, yace, "Lokaci ya yi da za'a daina gina abubuwa da bututun wutsiya da hayaki. Lokaci yayi da za mu daina amfani da sararin sama a matsayin sharar gida don gurɓatarwar carbon dioxide.” A cikin 2013, tare da wasu manyan masana, ya kasance marubucin wata budaddiyar wasika ga masu tsara manufofi, wanda ya bayyana cewa "ci gaba da adawa da makamashin nukiliya yana barazana ga ikon bil'adama na guje wa sauyin yanayi mai haɗari." Kyaututtuka da karramawa 2008 Jarumi Masanin Kimiyya na 2008 jerin, New Scientist mujallar 2009 Lamba 36 daga cikin Wakilan Canji 100 a cikin mujallar Rolling Stone 2010 Fellow of the American Geophysical Union Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Ken Caldeira publications indexed by Google Scholar Haihuwan 1960 Rayayyun

38907

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedan%20Kimathi

Dedan Kimathi

Articles with hCards Dedan Kimathi Waciuri (an haife shi a ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 1920 18 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 1957), an haife shi Kimathi wa Waciuri a cikin Kenya ta Burtaniya a lokacin, shi ne babban soja kuma jagoran ruhaniya na tashin Mau Mau Wanda aka fi sani da shi a matsayin jagoran juyin juya hali, ya jagoranci gwagwarmayar soji dauke da makamai da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya a Kenya a shekarun, 1950 har zuwa lokacin da aka kama shi a shekara ta, 1956 sannan aka zartar da hukuncin kisa a shekara ta, 1957. Kimathi yana da alhakin jagorantar ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar tsarin soja na yau da kullun a cikin Mau Mau, da kuma kiran majalisar yaƙi a shekara ta, 1953. Shi, tare da Musa Mwariama da Muthoni Kirima, na ɗaya daga cikin sarakunan Filaye uku. Masu kishin kasar Kenya suna kallonsa a matsayin gwarzon dan gwagwarmayar ‘yancin kai na kasar Kenya da Turawan mulkin mallaka na kasar Kenya, yayin da gwamnatin Birtaniya ke kallonsa a matsayin dan ta’adda. Duk da cewa shugabannin biyu na farko na Kenya mai cin gashin kanta, Jomo Kenyatta da Daniel Arap Moi, Kimathi da takwarorinsa na 'yan tawayen Mau Mau sun yi wa kallon kyama a hukumance a matsayin gwarzaye a fafutukar kwato 'yancin kai na Kenya a karkashin gwamnatin Mwai Kibaki, wanda ya kai ga kaddamar da bikin. wani mutum-mutumi na Kimathi a cikin shekara ta, 2007. An ƙarfafa hakan ne ta hanyar amincewa da sabon kundin tsarin mulki a shekara ta, 2010 da ke kira da a karrama jaruman ƙasa. Rayuwar farko An haifi Kimathi a kauyen Thegenge, yankin Tetu, gundumar Nyeri Mahaifinsa ya rasu a watan Satumba shekara ta, 1920, wata guda kafin a haifi Kimathi. Kimathi ya kasance mahaifiyarsa, Waibuthi, daya daga cikin matan mahaifinsa uku. Yana da ’yan’uwa biyu, Wambararia da Wagura, da ’yan’uwa mata biyu. Yana dan shekara sha biyar ya shiga makarantar firamare ta garin Karuna-ini inda ya kammala karatunsa na turanci Ya ci gaba da karatunsa a makarantar sakandare ta Tumutumu CMS. Ya kasance marubuci mai kishi, kuma ya yi rubuce-rubuce sosai kafin da lokacin tashin Mau Mau. Ya kasance memba Club Debate a makarantarsa kuma ya nuna iyawa a cikin waƙa. Kimathi ya yi tir da duk wani yunƙuri na horo ko sarrafa shi, kuma koyaushe yana cikin matsala da malamansa; a sakamakon haka, ya shiga da fita daga tsarin ilimi. Tumutumu ba zai iya ɗaukar halinsa na tawaye ba. Ana zargin har da yunkurin gurgunta karatu a makarantar ta hanyar satar karar kararrawa. Abokan nasa sun ce ya dauki kararrawa ya buga da karfi a saman tudun Tumutumu. Duk da haka masu wa'azin mishan sun kasance masu sassaucin ra'ayi, har yanzu sunansa yana cikin rajistar makaranta. A cikin shekara ta, 1940, Kimathi ya shiga cikin Sojan Burtaniya, amma an sallame shi bayan wata guda, ana zarginsa da buguwa da tashin hankali a kan abokan aikinsa. Ya tashi daga aiki zuwa aiki, daga barawon alade zuwa malamin firamare, daga inda aka kore shi bayan zargin cin zarafin dalibansa. Sai dai makusantan nasa sun ce an kore shi ne saboda ya yi magana game da hukumar makarantar. Mau Mau motsi A kusa da shekarar, 1947 ko shekarar, 1948, yayin da yake aiki a Ol Kalou, Kimathi ya sadu da membobin kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta Kenya (KAU). A shekara ta 1950 ya zama sakatare a reshen KAU a Ol Kalou, wanda magoya bayan kungiyar Mau Mau ke iko da shi. Mau Mau ya fara ne a matsayin Sojojin Kasa da 'Yanci (KLFA), mayakan Kikuyu, da sojojin Embu da Meru wadanda suka nemi kwato filayen, wanda a hankali turawan Ingila suka kwace daga hannunsu. Yayin da tasirin kungiyar da kuma kasancewarta mambobi ya zama babbar barazana ga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka. Bayan da aka rantsar da Mau Mau, Kimathi a cikin shekara ta, 1951 ya shiga Rukunin Arba'in, reshen tsageru na rusasshiyar kungiyar Kikuyu ta tsakiya A matsayin sakataren reshe, Kimathi ya jagoranci rantsuwa. Ya yi imani da tilasta wa Kikuyu ta hanyar rantsuwa don kawo hadin kai ga yunkurin 'yancin kai. Don cimma haka sai ya yi ta dukan tsiya tare da daukar bindigu mai yawan gaske. Ayyukan da ya yi da kungiyar sun sa gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta yi masa hari, kuma a waccan shekarar ne aka kama shi a takaice amma ya tsere da taimakon ‘yan sandan yankin. Wannan shi ne mafarin shigarsa cikin boren, kuma ya kafa hukumar tsaron Kenya domin hada kai da dukkan mayakan dajin a shekarar, 1953. Kama da kisa Yaƙin Kimathi na samun ‘yancin kai ya zo ƙarshen shekarar, 1956. A ranar 21 ga watan Oktoba na waccan shekarar, Ian Henderson, wani jami'in 'yan sandan Birtaniya da ke mulkin mallaka, wanda ya kasance a kan "farautar kima" don Kimathi, ya yi nasarar kama shi a cikin ɓoye a cikin dajin. An harbe Kimathi a kafa kuma wani dan sandan kabilanci da ake kira Ndirangu Mau ya kama shi wanda ya tarar da Kimathi dauke da panga (kayan aiki na Afirka da aka zare kamar machete). Kame shi ya nuna farkon ƙarshen yakin dajin; Hoton Kimathi da ake ɗauke da shi a kan shimfiɗa, Birtaniyya ne suka buga a cikin takardu (fiye da 120,000 aka rarraba), don kashe Mau Mau da magoya bayansu. An tuhumi Kimathi da laifin mallakar .38 Webley Scott revolver. Kotun da ke karkashin jagorancin Alkalin Alkalai O'Connor tare da alkalan bakar fata na 'yan Kenya sun yanke masa hukuncin kisa a lokacin da yake kwance a gadon asibiti a babban asibitin Nyeri An yi watsi da daukaka karar da ya yi, kuma an zartar da hukuncin kisa. Kwana ɗaya kafin a kashe shi, ya rubuta wa wani Uba Marino wasiƙa yana roƙonsa ya koya wa ɗansa ilimi: “Ya yi nisa da yawancin makarantunku, amma na yi imani cewa dole ne a yi wani abu don ganin ya fara tun da wuri ƙarƙashin kulawar ku." Ya kuma rubuta game da matarsa, Mukami, yana mai cewa, “An tsare ta a gidan yarin Kamiti, kuma ina ba da shawarar a sake ta na wani lokaci. Ina so ta samu ta'aziyya daga 'yan'uwa mata misali Sister Modester, da dai sauransu domin ita ma tana jin kadaici. Kuma idan ta kowace hanya za ta iya zama kusa da manufa kamar kusa da Mathari domin ta kasance kusa da ’yan’uwa mata da ikilisiya.” Ya nemi ganin matarsa, kuma da safe aka kashe Mukami ya ga Kimathi. Su biyun sun shafe kusan awa biyu suna hira. Ya ce mata “Babu shakka a raina cewa Turawan Ingila sun kuduri aniyar kashe ni. Ban aikata wani laifi ba. Laifin da na yi shi ne, ni dan juyin-juya-halin kasar Kenya ne wanda ya jagoranci rundunar 'yantar da kasa. Yanzu Idan dole in bar ku da iyalina ba abin da zan yi nadama a kai. Jinina zai shayar da itacen 'yanci." A safiyar ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta, 1957 an kashe shi ta hanyar rataya a gidan yarin Kamiti mafi girman tsaro An binne shi ne a cikin wani kabari da ba a bayyana ba, kuma ba a san inda aka binne shi ba tsawon shekaru 62 har zuwa ranar 25 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta, 2019 lokacin da gidauniyar Dedan Kimathi ta ba da rahoton cewa an gano wurin da aka binne shi a harabar gidan yarin Kamiti. Rayuwa ta sirri Kimathi ya auri Mukami Kimathi. Daga cikin ‘ya’yansu akwai maza Wachiuri da Maina da ‘ya’ya mata Nyambura, Waceke, Wangeci, Nyakinyua Nyawira, Muthoni, Wangui da Wanjugu. Gwamnati ta gina wa Mukami gida mai dakuna uku a gonarta da ke Kinangop, gundumar Nyandarua a shekarar, 2009 kuma ta samar mata da gidan daukar gida biyu don amfanin sirri a shekarar, 2012. A shekara ta, 2010, matar Kimathi ta bukaci a sabunta neman gawar mijinta domin ta yi masa jana'iza mai kyau. Legacy Rijistar hukuma ta Mau Mau A ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta, 2003, gwamnatin Kibaki ta yi rajistar ƙungiyar Mau Mau a hukumance, ba tare da la’akari da dokar zamanin mulkin mallaka da ta haramta ƙungiyar tare da sanya mambobinta a matsayin ‘yan ta’adda ba. A jawabinsa yayin mika takardar shaidar, mataimakin shugaban kasar Moody Awori ya yi nadama kan cewa an kwashe shekaru 40 ana yi wa kungiyar rajista a hukumance duk kuwa da sadaukarwar da Mau Mau ya yi don samun ‘yancin kai na kasar Kenya. Hoton Dedan Kimathi Gwamnatin Kibaki ta gina wani mutum-mutumin tagulla mai tsayin mita 2.1 mai taken Freedom Fighter Dedan Kimathi a kan wani katako mai zane, a tsakiyar birnin Nairobi Mutum-mutumin yana mahadar titin Kimathi da titin Mama Ngina. Kimathi, sanye da kayan soja, yana rike da bindiga a hannun dama da wuka a hagu, makamai na karshe da ya rike a gwagwarmayar sa. Mataimakin shugaban kasa Awori ne ya aza harsashin ginin mutum-mutumin a ranar 11 ga watan Disamban shekara ta, 2006 da kuma cikakken mutum-mutumi da shugaba Kibaki ya kaddamar a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta, 2007 wanda ya yi daidai da cika shekaru 50 na ranar da aka kashe shi. A cikin jawabin nasa, Kibaki ya jinjinawa Kimathi a matsayin mutumin da ba wai kawai ya biya kudin da ya dace ba wajen ‘yantar da kasar Kenya, har ma da karfafa gwiwar sauran mutane wajen yakar zalunci. Mutum-mutumin ya jawo yabo daga al'ummar Kenya a matsayin karramawar Mau Mau da suka yi a fafutukar neman 'yancin kai. Wannan ya sha banban da yadda gwamnatin Jomo Kenyatta da Daniel Arap Moi suka yi wa Mau Mau a matsayin 'yan ta'adda bayan mulkin mallaka. A ranar 12 ga watan Satumba shekara ta, 2015, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta kaddamar da wani mutum-mutumi na tunawa da Mau Mau a filin shakatawa na Uhuru na Nairobi wanda ta bayar da kudade "a matsayin alamar sulhu tsakanin gwamnatin Burtaniya, Mau Mau, da duk wadanda suka sha wahala". Hakan ya biyo bayan matakin da Birtaniyya ta dauka a watan Yunin shekara ta, 2013 na biyan wasu ‘yan Kenya sama da 5,000 da aka azabtar da su a lokacin rikicin Mau Mau. Nelson Mandela Kimathi dai ya samu karramawa daga jagoran yaki da wariyar launin fata Nelson Mandela A watan Yulin 1990, watanni biyar bayan sakinsa daga shekaru 27 da gwamnatin wariyar launin fata ta Afirka ta Kudu ta yi, Mandela ya ziyarci birnin Nairobi inda ya bukaci ya ga kabarin Kimathi ya gana da matar sa Mukami. Bukatar Mandela ta kasance abin kunya ga gwamnatin Moi, wadda ta yi watsi da Kimathi, kamar gwamnatin Jomo Kenyatta da ke gabanta. Wani bala'i ne ake nemanta a ƙauyen da ita da danginta suke zaune an manta da ita cikin talauci. Ba a biya bukatar Mandela ba. A lokacin da yake jawabi ga jama'a a filin wasa na Kasarani da ke Nairobi kafin ya bar kasar, Mandela ya bayyana jin dadinsa ga Kimathi, Musa Mwariama, Waruhiu Itote da sauran shugabannin Mau Mau wadanda suka zaburar da kansa kan gwagwarmayar rashin adalci. Bayan shekaru 15 ne kawai a shekarar 2005, a ziyararsa ta biyu a Kenya, daga karshe Mandela ya samu damar ganawa da Mukami da kuma wasu 'ya'yan Kimati guda biyu. Mutuncin Mandela ga Kimathi a farkon shekarun 1960 kuma ana ishara da shi a cikin My Moment with Legend by Ronnie Kasrils, tsohon babban jami'in leken asiri na reshen ANC mai dauke da makamai Umkhonto We Sizwe (MK) kuma ministan tsaro a gwamnatin Mandela. Wurare masu suna Kimati Dedan Kimathi University of Technology Filin wasa na Dedan Kimathi, Nyeri, Kenya (wanda aka fi sani da Kamukunji Grounds) Titin Kimathi, Nairobi, Kenya Daya daga cikin manyan tituna a Babban Cibiyar Kasuwancin Nairobi da kuma inda akwai mutum-mutumi don girmama shi. Titin Dedan Kimathi, Lusaka, Zambiya Ana kan wannan hanyar ita ce Tashar Bus ta Intercity da Jami'ar ZCAS. Kimathi Avenue, Kampala, Uganda Dedan Kimathi Road, Mombasa, Kenya Kimathi Road, Garin Nyeri, Kenya Kimathi Road, Nanyuki Town, Kenya Titin Dedan Kimathi, Embalenhle, Mpumalanga, Afirka ta Kudu Dedan Kimathi Memorial High School, Nyeri, Kenya Kimathi Crescent, Isamilo, Mwanza, Tanzania Shahararrun al'adu da ƙarin karatu Gwajin Dedan Kimati (wasa) Micere Mugo da Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o Karimi, Joseph (2013). Dedan Kimathi: Cikakken Labari. Jomo Kenyatta Foundation. Mukami Kimathi (2017). Mau Mau Freedom Fighter. Kudin hannun jari Mdahalo Bridging Divides Limited Kahiga, Samuel (1990). Dedan Kimathi: Gaskiyar Labari. Maina wa Kinyatti. Gwagwarmayar 'Yanci ta Kenya: Takardun Dedan Kimathi. Jabali Afrika (2011). Dedan Kimathi (waƙa) Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Daily Nation: Ƙauyen ƙauye sun tuna da jarumi Mau Mau Kimathi Kenya Times: Kimathi ya mutu a banza? Bayanan Dedan Kimathi (labarin a tsakiyar shafin) Takaitaccen Tattaunawar Tashi Rahoton daga Kenyad Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba