Datasets:

WikiQuality
/

all_methods_hi

Dataset card Viewer Files Files and versions Community

Subset (5)

ha · 3.13k rows

Split (2)

train · 2.97k rows

id stringlengths 4 5	url stringlengths 31 140	title stringlengths 1 79	text stringlengths 4.27k 110k
57849	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aro%20Confederacy	Aro Confederacy	Ƙungiyar Aro(1690-1902)ƙungiya ce ta siyasa wadda al'ummar Aro,ƙungiyar Igbo, ta tsakiya a Arochukwu a kudu maso gabashin Najeriya a yau.An kafa masarautar Aro Confederacy bayan farkon yakin Aro-Ibibio .Tasirinsu da kasancewarsu ya kasance a ko'ina a Gabashin Najeriya,ƙananan Tsakiyar Tsakiya,da wasu sassan Kamaru da Equatorial Guinea na yau a cikin ƙarni na 18th da 19th.Masarautar Arochukwu wata cibiya ce ta tattalin arziki,siyasa,kuma cibiyar baka ce domin ita ce gidan fadar Ibini Ukpabi, Manyan Firistoci,Sarkin Aro Eze Aro,da majalisar tsakiya(Okpankpo). Ƙungiyar Aro ta kasance ƙungiya ce mai ƙarfi da tasiri a siyasance da tattalin arziƙin al'ummar Igbo daban-daban a kudu maso gabashin Najeriya. a cikin karni na 17 kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a yankin har zuwa karshen karni na 19. Tashi da Karfi Ba a tantance ainihin tushen ƙungiyar Aro Confederacy ba,amma an yi imanin an kafa ta a tsakiyar karni na 17.Kabilar Aro wadanda ke cikin kabilar Ibo,sun mamaye yankin ne a kusa da Arochukwu na jihar Abia a Najeriya.Sun kasance ƙwararrun ƴan kasuwa da ƴan mishan waɗanda suka taka rawar gani wajen haɗa al'ummomin Igbo daban-daban. Wannan ƙaura da ƙarfinsu na soja,da yaƙe-yaƙe da masarautun da ke makwabtaka da su kamar goyon bayan ƙawancensu da wasu maƙwabtan Ibo da na Gabashin Cross River da aka yi yaƙi da su(musamman Ohafia,Edda,Abam,Abiriba,Afikpo,Ekoi, Bahumono,Amasiri da sauransu),cikin sauri.kafa kungiyar Aro Confederacy a matsayin ikon tattalin arziki na yanki. Ƙarfin Aro Confederacy ya fito ne daga ingantacciyar hanyar sadarwa ta wakilan Aro waɗanda suka watsu a cikin al'ummomi daban-daban na yankin. Waɗannan wakilai sun kasance masu shiga tsakani a harkokin kasuwanci, diflomasiyya,da al'amuran addini.Sun saukaka kasuwanci,sun warware rigingimu,da yada ibadar gunkin Aro da aka fi sani da“Dogon Juju”baka. The "Long Juju" Oracle Maganar"Long Juju"ita ce cibiyar ruhaniya ta ƙungiyar Aro Confederacy. An zaunar da shi a Arochukwu kuma an dauke shi babban tushen ikon siyasa da jagorar addini.Mutanen Aro sun yi amfani da baƙar magana don tilasta tasirinsu da iko akan al'ummomin da ke kewaye.Har ila yau, ya zama wata hanya ta gudanar da adalci da sasanta rigingimu,inda ta kan jawo hankalin alhazai masu neman mafita daga matsalolinsu. Ƙarfin Tattalin Arziƙi Ƙungiyar Aro ta sami gagarumin ƙarfin tattalin arziki ta hanyar kasuwanci da kasuwanci Tattalin arzikinsu ya dogara ne akan noma,tare da noman amfanin gona kamar dabino,dawa,da rogo.Har ila yau,sun kasance suna yin kasuwanci da al'ummomin makwabta da kuma 'yan kasuwa na Turai.Suna sarrafa hanyoyin kasuwanci da ke bi ta yankunansu,suna karbar haraji da haraji daga’yan kasuwa. Har ila yau,Aro ya tsunduma cikin cinikin bayi na Trans-Atlantic ta hanyar kamawa da sayar da bayi ga 'yan kasuwa na Turai. Ƙungiya Ayyukan Aro a bakin teku sun taimaka wa ci gaban biranen yankin Neja-Delta,kuma waɗannan jahohin na birni sun zama mahimman cibiyoyi na fitar da dabino da bayi.Irin wadannan jahohin sun hada da Opobo,Bonny,Nembe,Calabar,da kuma sauran garuruwan da ake fataucin bayi da Ijaw,Efik,da Igbo ke iko da su.Aros sun kafa cibiyar kasuwanci mai ƙarfi, mazauna,kuma sun haɗa ɗaruruwan al'ummomi waɗanda suka zama masarautu masu ƙarfi.Masarautun Ajalli, Arondizuogu,Ndikelionwu,da Igbene sun kasance wasu daga cikin manyan jahohin Aro a cikin Confederacy bayan Arochukwu.An kafa wasu kuma aka sanyawa sunayen kwamandoji da sarakuna irin su Izuogu Mgbokpo da Iheme wanda ya jagoranci sojojin Aro/Abam suka ci Ikpa Ora kuma suka kafa Arondizuogu.Daga baya kwamandojin Aro irin su Okoro Idozuka (kuma na Arondizuogu)sun fadada iyakokin jihar ta hanyar yaki a farkon karni na 19.Hijirar Aro ta kuma taka rawar gani wajen fadada Ozizza,Afikpo,Amasiri, Izombe,da sauran jahohin birni da dama. Misali,sojojin Aro sun kafa akalla kauyuka uku a Ozizza.Ikon Aro Confederacy,ya samo asali ne daga matsayinta na tattalin arziki da addini.Da Turawa‘yan mulkin mallaka a kan hanyarsu a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19,abubuwa sun canza. Karya A cikin shekarun 1890s,Kamfanin Royal Niger Company na Biritaniya ya sami sabani da Aros saboda karfin tattalin arzikinsu.Aro sun yi adawa da shigar Birtaniyya a yankin bayan gida saboda ana fuskantar barazanar tasirin tattalin arziki da addini.Aro da kawayensu sun kaddamar da farmaki kan kawayen Birtaniya a yankin Igbo da Ibibioland. Bayan tattaunawar da ba ta yi nasara ba, Birtaniya sun yi ƙoƙari su ci Aro Confederacy a 1899.A shekara ta 1901, tashin hankali ya karu musamman lokacin da Birtaniya ta shirya don balaguron Aro. Mamaya na Obegu(a cikin Igboland)shine babban harin Aro na ƙarshe kafin fara yakin Anglo-Aro.A watan Nuwamba na 1901,Turawan Ingila suka kaddamar da balaguron Aro,bayan da suka yi tsayin daka da Aro,aka kama Arochukwu a ranar 28 ga Disamba,1901.A farkon 1902,yakin ya ƙare kuma ƙungiyar Aro Confederacy ta rushe.Sabanin yadda aka yi imani da cewa an lalata Ibini Ukpabi,wurin ibadar har yanzu yana nan,kuma yana nan a cikin Arochukwu kuma ya kasance wurin yawon bude ido. Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Arookigbo.com Nazarin ƙasa.us Nigeriafirst.org Apuncna.com Aronewsonline.org
51531	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amin%20Mekki%20Medani	Amin Mekki Medani	Amin Mekki Medani (2 Fabrairu 1939 31 Agusta 2018) Larabci lauya ne dan Sudan, jami'in diflomasiyya, mai ƙare 'yancin dan adam kuma dan gwagwarmayar siyasa. Ya kasance shugaban ƙungiyar ƙungiyoyin jama'ar Sudan, mataimakin shugaban ƙungiyar farar hula, kuma shugaban ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta Sudan (SHRM). Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ofishin Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam (OHCHR) a Yammacin Kogin Jordan da Gaza, Shugaban Ofishin Jakadancin na OHCHR a Zagreb, Croatia, mai ba da shawara kan shari'a ga wakili na musamman na babban sakataren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Iraki da kuma Afganistan, da kuma wakilin yanki na OHCHR a Beirut, Lebanon. Shi ne wanda ya karɓi lambar yabo ta Human Rights Watch a 1991 don sa ido kan haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma mai karɓar lambar yabo ta Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Amurka ta 1991, da kuma mai karɓar 2013 don lambar yabo ta Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai. Ƙuruciya An haife shi a cikin 1939 a Wad Madani, Al Jazeera, Anglo-Masar Sudan, Medani ya fito ne daga asalin gata. Mahaifinsa ya kasance karamin sakatare na ma'aikatar ban ruwa dan kasar Sudan na farko, sannan kuma dan jam'iyyar Umma Party ne, kuma mahaifiyarsa 'yar uwa ce ga tsohon shugaban kasar Sudan, Abdallahi ibn Muhammad. Shi ma kani ne ga mawaƙin Sudan Ibrahim El-Salahi, da Mamban Majalisar Sarauta Aisha Musa el-Said. Ilimi Bayan kammala karatun sakandare na Hantoub mai daraja, Medani ya karanta shari'a a Jami'ar Khartoum, inda ya sami LL. B. tare da (Honours). Sannan a shekarar 1964 ya samu Dipl dinsa. Civ. L. (Civil Law) daga Jami'ar Luxembourg. Daga nan ya ci gaba da samun digiri na biyu LLM tare da bambanci a Jami'ar London a 1965, kuma a ƙarshe a 1970, ya sami digiri na uku a fannin shari'a na Criminal Law daga Jami'ar Edinburgh. Sana'a A cikin 1962 bayan samun LLB, ya fara aiki a matsayin majistare a sashin shari'a na Sudan. A shekarar 1966, bayan ya dawo daga Landan bayan kammala karatun digirinsa na farko, ya shiga fannin shari'a a Jami'ar Khartoum, a matsayin babban malami kuma malami har zuwa 1971. Bayan haka, ya zama wakilin riko na hukumar kula da 'yan gudun hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Tanzaniya, kuma ya ci gaba da aiki da cibiyoyin kasa da kasa, daga baya ya zama daya daga cikin manyan lauyoyin bakar fata na farko a bankin duniya da ke Washington DC. A cikin 1976, bayan ya koma Khartoum, Medani ya fara aiki a bankin Larabawa don bunkasa tattalin arzikin Afirka, a wannan lokacin kuma ya kara tsunduma cikin fafutukar inganta mulkin dimokradiyya, 'yancin dan Adam, da bin doka a Sudan. Bayan boren jama'a na 1985 wanda ya hambarar da mulkin kama-karya na Nimeiry, ya yi aiki a gwamnatin rikon kwarya ta Sudan a matsayin ministan kwadago, zamantakewa, zaman lafiya da ci gaban gudanarwa, har zuwa lokacin zaben demokradiyya na tsohon Firayim Minista Sadiq al-Mahdi. A shekarar 1991, an kama Medani bayan juyin mulkin da ya kawo Omar al-Bashir kan karagar mulki, sannan gwamnati ta kore shi daga Sudan, lamarin da ya sa ya yi hijira zuwa Alkahira da aiki a kungiyar lauyoyin Masar. Medani ya taba zama shugaban ofishin babban kwamishinan kare hakkin bil adama (OHCHR) a yammacin kogin Jordan da Gaza, Shugaban Ofishin Jakadancin na OHCHR a Zagreb, Croatia, mai ba da shawara kan shari'a ga wakilin musamman na babban sakataren MDD Iraki da kuma Afganistan, da kuma wakilin yanki na OHCHR a Beirut, Lebanon. A lokacin da yake rike da mukamin a Bagadaza, Medani ya shaida kuma ya ji rauni a harin da aka kai a Otal din Canal wanda ya kashe tsohon kwamishinan kare hakkin dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma wakili na musamman a Iraki, Sérgio Vieira de Mello. Elkarib Medani Amin Mekki Medani ya kafa kamfaninsa na lauyoyi a shekarar 1978 tare da Eltigani Elkarib, kuma kamfanin lauyoyin yanzu ya fi samun nasara a kasar. Wasu daga cikin abokan cinikinta sun haɗa da Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka, Ofishin Jakadancin Burtaniya, Ofishin Jakadancin Faransa, Ofishin Jakadancin Kanada, da Bankin Khartoum "Sudan Call" A watan Disamba na 2014, bayan dawowa daga rattaba hannu kan kiran Sudan da aka gudanar a Addis Ababa, an kama Medani, wanda ya sanya hannu kan takardar a matsayin shugaban kungiyar farar hula, tare da Farouk Abu Eissa, shugaban kungiyar hadin kan kasa, da sauransu. a lokacin da dimbin ma’aikata daga jami’an hukumar leken asirin kasar Sudan (NISS) suka isa gidansa da ke birnin Khartoum da tsakar daren ranar Asabar 6 ga watan Disamba. Ko da yake ba a sanar da iyalansa dalilan da suka sa aka kama shi ba, amma ana kyautata zaton an kama shi ne saboda sanya hannu, wata sanarwa mai dauke da sa hannun wakilan jam'iyyun siyasa da na 'yan adawa masu dauke da makamai a fadin kasar, na kokarin kawo karshen tashe-tashen hankula a kasar. Sudan a Darfur, Kudancin Kordofan da Blue Nile da kuma gina harsashi don dorewar dimokuradiyya bisa daidaiton 'yan kasa da cikakken zaman lafiya. An tsare shi a wani wuri da ba a sani ba har zuwa ranar 21 ga Disamba 2014, lokacin da Medani ya koma kurkukun Kober a Khartoum. A ranar 22 ga Disamba, a ƙarshe an ba Medani izinin ganawa da lauyoyinsa kuma bayan kwana biyu tare da iyalinsa. A ranar 10 ga Janairu, 2015, an tuhume shi a karkashin doka ta 50 (na zagon kasa ga tsarin mulkin kasa) da kuma sashi na 51 (ya yaki da kasa) a cikin kundin laifuffuka na 1991. An fara shari'arsa a gaban wata kotu ta musamman da aka kirkira a karkashin dokar yaki da ta'addanci ta 1991 a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu An sake shi bayan watanni biyar a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 2015. Mutuwa A ranar 31 ga watan Agusta, 2018, bayan hana shi barin kasar da gwamnati ta yi kuma ya sha fama da ciwon zuciya da ciwon koda, Medani ya rasu. An yi alhinin mutuwarsa a matsayin rashi na ɗan gwagwarmayar kare hakkin dan adam da dimokuradiyya. Gwamnatocin Amurka, Birtaniya, Faransa, da Kanada, da sauran hukumomin duniya daban-daban da na shiyya-shiyya da wasu jama'a sun buga bayanan alhinin rashinsa. Amin Mekki Medani Foundation A cikin 2018, jim kadan bayan mutuwar Medani, an kafa gidauniyar Amin Mekki Medani. Gidauniyar tana mai da hankali kan masu fafutuka masu tallafawa da karfafa bin hakkin bil'adama, 'yancin ɗan adam da na siyasa, gwagwarmayar dimokuradiyya, da sauran batutuwa masu yawa. Gidauniyar tana samun goyon bayan kungiyoyi da gwamnatoci da dama na kasa da kasa da fatan taimakawa wajen yada tabbatar da adalci a Sudan. Nassoshi 1. a b c "Amin Mekki Madani" dspcf.org Retrieved 2018-10-02. 2. "Amin Mekki Medani Bio, News, Photos" Washington Times Archived from the original on 2019-02-02. Retrieved 2018-10-02. 3. a b c "Dr. Amin Mekki Medani" Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission US Congress. 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2018-10-02. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain 4. a b "EU: The upcoming elections cannot produce a credible result with legitimacy throughout the country Sudanese Human Rights Activists Norway Part 72" sudanhr.org Retrieved 2018-10-02. 5. Mekki Medani, Amin. "European Parliament" (PDF). European Parliament 6. "EL KARIB MEDANI ADVOCATES" www.karibandmedani.com Retrieved 2018-10-02. Mutuwan
34170	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy%20Black%20Channel	Fantasy Black Channel	Fantasy Black Channel shine kundin studio na halarta na farko ta ƙungiyar rawa-punk ta Burtaniya Late of the Pier A sake shi a ranar 30 ga watan Yuli, shekarara ta 2008 a Japan ta hanyar Toshiba EMI kuma a ran 4ga watan Agusta shekarara ta 2008 a cikin Tsibirin Biritaniya akan Parlophone, alamar farko ta ƙungiyar. An riga an fitar da waƙoƙi biyar a matsayin marasa aure a Ƙasar Ingila: "Bathroom Gurgle", "The Bears Are Coming", Space and the Woods da Focker a matsayin biyu A-gefe, da kuma Zuciyar zuciya Rikodin ya kai kololuwa a lamba 28 akan Chart Albums na Burtaniya, amma ya kasa yin zane a Amurka. An yi rikodin kundi ɗin a cikin ɗakin kwana mai suna Sam Eastgate a Castle Donington, Ingila, da kuma a wurare da yawa a London. Ya tafi ta hanyar ƙerarriyar tsari wanda ya wuce fiye da shekaru biyu. Eastgate da DJ Erol Alkan ne suka samar da shi tsakanin shekarar 2007 da shekarara ta 2008. Fantasy Black Channel ba ya ƙunshe da jigon kiɗa ko kaɗe-kaɗe; a maimakon haka, haɗin gwiwa ne na duk ra'ayoyi, nau'ikan, da tasirin studio wanda ya burge membobin ƙungiyar da Alkan, musamman yayin zaman rikodi kai tsaye. An karɓo rikodin sosai daga masu suka. Yawancin lokaci ana bi da shi azaman ɗayan mafi kyawun kundi na Biritaniya na shekarar 2008 saboda haɓakarsa da ruhin ƙirƙira. Late of the Pier bai yi rikodin wani ƙarin kundi ba biyo bayan mutuwar ɗan wasan bugu Ross Dawson a shekarar 2015. Asalin da rikodi Bayan kafa ƙungiya a hukumance a ƙarƙashin sunan Late of the Pier a cikin shekarar 2004, abokai na yara Sam Eastgate, Andrew Faley, Sam Potter, da marigayi Ross Dawson sun fara haɓaka sautin kundi na farko ta hanyar sauraron madadin kiɗan rawa na. Ƙungiyar Burtaniya The Prodigy da kiɗan grunge na ƙungiyar Amurka Nirvana Ba da daɗewa ba suka shiga cikin sauraron nau'o'i daban-daban daga shekaru 40 na ƙarshe na kiɗa, ciki har da Motown da rai Potter ya yi la'akari da tunaninsu na Fantasy Black Channel a matsayin martani ga "matsakaicin maƙasudin indie -schmindie waɗanda suka sami sauti kuma suka manne da shi; waɗanda waƙoƙin su suna sauti iri ɗaya", yayin da marubucin marubuci kuma marubuci Eastgate ya nuna. cewa suna so su "daukar da mutane wuce iyakokinsu". Matakan naɗaɗɗen rikodi sun faru ne a ɗakin kwana na Eastgate, inda aka yi sa hannun sa hannu na lokacin da ba na al'ada ba da kuma waƙoƙin gwaji saboda, a lokacin, babu wani ɗan ƙungiyar da zai iya kunna kayan aiki yadda ya kamata. Late of the Pier ya fara amfani da lakabin aikin album mai ban sha'awa Adventure a cikin shekarar 2006 bayan sun yi aiki a ɗakin kwana na Eastgate na kusan shekara guda kuma sun samfoti sabon kayansu a Club Liars a Nottingham. Bayan kuma karɓar tayin kwangila daga Parlophone da Atlantic Records, 'yan ƙungiyar sun sanya hannu zuwa Parlophone saboda lakabin ya ba su cikakken ikon cin gashin kai a kan tsarin rikodi ba tare da matsawa su zama nasara a kasuwanci nan da nan ba. Yarjejeniyar rikodin ta biyo bayan rikodin wani EP mai suna Zarcorp Demo, daga wanda aka saki demo guda, "Space and the Woods", a cikin watan Maris na shekarar 2007. Eastgate ya yi iƙirarin cewa kiɗan na shekarun 1980 ya rinjayi membobin ƙungiyar a lokacin waɗannan matakan haɓaka na Fantasy Black Channel duk da cewa babu ɗayansu da aka haifa kafin shekarar 1986. A ƙarshen shekarar 2007, Late of the Pier a hukumance ya sadu da sanannen DJ Erol Alkan bayan ya gan shi yana buga saiti a Club Liars. Alkan ya kira su "Mafi kyawun kiɗa a kusa" kuma ya ba wa membobin ƙungiyar taimako a cikin tsarin rikodin Fantasy Black Channel Sun karbe shi kuma suka sanya shi furodusa na albam din saboda yadda aka samu daidaito a tsakanin bangarorin biyu. Dawson ya bayyana zabin furodusa ta hanyar ba da shawarar cewa Alkan ya shahara wajen buga nau'ikan kiɗan kiɗa da yawa kuma yana fahimtar kaddarorin da ketare raye-raye da kiɗa guitar. Alkan ya rungumi ra'ayoyin membobin kungiyar kuma nan da nan ya fahimci abin da suke ƙoƙarin cimma. "Bathroom Gurgle" an rubuta ta sabon haɗin gwiwar kuma a sake shi azaman ƙayyadadden bugu ɗaya a cikinatan wSatumbshekarar a 2007. Tsarin samarwa don Fantasy Black Channel ya taru a kusa da watan Disamba shekarar 2007. Later of the Pier yawanci yakan ci gaba ta hanyar ɗaukar rikodin ɗakin kwana a cikin ɗakin studio, inda Alkan ya tace su cikin "kunshin da ya fi dacewa". Sun gwada dabarun da ba na al'ada ba a cikin salon furodusan avant-garde Joe Meek a yayin da ake yin rikodi na studio kai tsaye, gami da yin tambari a cikin wanka da sake kunna gita ta hanyar iska. Lokacin da aka haɗu da waƙoƙi bayan an yi rikodin, membobin ƙungiyar, Alkan, da injiniya Jimmy Robertson sun yi aiki tare kuma suka yanke shawara gaba ɗaya lokacin da waƙa ta gama aiwatar da aikin tasirin studio. Babu waƙoƙin da suka canza bayan wannan batu, ko da lokacin da ɗaya daga cikin jam'iyyun ya sami ƙarin ra'ayi. A lokacin, a cikin wata hira da kungiyar, Stuart Turnbull na BBC Collective ya nuna cewa Alkan ya gudanar da "tashar Late of the Pier's sonic attack a cikin wani abu da ya fi mayar da hankali duk da haka har yanzu babu shakka daban-daban". Ci gaba da fitarwa An kusa kammala rikodin a ƙarshen watan Janairu shekarar 2008. Marigayi Pier ya dakatar da yin rikodi don fara balaguron balaguro na Burtaniya a cikin watan Fabrairu, wanda a cikinsa suka duba sabbin abubuwa. "The Bears Are Coming" an sake shi azaman vinyl guda a cikin Maris 2008. Ƙungiyar ta zagaya har zuwa ƙarshen Afrilu 2008 don haɓaka wani guda-gefen A-biyu wanda ke ɗauke da "Space and the Woods" da aka sake yin aiki da "Focker" daga Fantasy Black Channel wanda ba a sake shi ba tukuna. Aikin Studio tare da Alkan ya sake farawa a watan Mayu 2008 don sanya abubuwan ƙarewa akan kundin; sigar karshe an yi baftisma a matsayin "harbin hits" da "anti-pop pop An yi rikodin kundi na tsawon watanni shida a cikin ɗakunan karatu daban-daban kuma membobin ƙungiyar sun yarda cewa nau'ikan wuraren da ke cikin wani yanki na bayyana dalilin da yasa yake sautin rarrabuwa. Tunanin samun waƙa guda ɗaya na minti 45 maimakon jerin waƙoƙin an yi ta ne a ƙarshen Mayu 2008, amma ba a bi ta ba. Jerin waƙoƙin Fantasy Black Channel da kwanan watan fitar CD na UK na 11 ga Agusta 2008 an tabbatar da su akan 11 ga Yuni. Faley ya yi iƙirarin cewa "albam ɗin ya faɗo a wurin da kansa, kamar yadda waƙoƙin suka faɗa mana inda suke son shiga cikin kundin". Late of the Pier ya ɗauki sunan rikodin a bazuwar bayan fara tunanin yin amfani da Peggy Patch da Tufafin Sa. Abokin ƙungiyar daga Brighton, Jon Bergman ne ya tsara zanen murfin EP na ƙarshe wanda ya ƙunshi kayan da aka riga aka saki a cikin 2007 da 2008, Echoclistel Lambietroy, an sake shi a cikin Yuli 2008 a matsayin wani ɓangare na tallan tallace-tallace don kundi mai zuwa. Potter ya taƙaita ra'ayin rikodin ta hanyar kammalawa, "Ina tsammanin a cikin shekaru uku don gina kundin, ba mu taɓa tunanin jerin waƙoƙi ba, kuma ba mu taɓa yin la'akari da gaskiyar cewa ya kamata ya yi kama da kundin ba. Ina tsammanin mun nadi duk waƙoƙin sannan kuma suna can kuma ya kasance kamar, 'Oh, dole ne mu sanya wannan tare kuma mu sanya shi kamar guda ɗaya'" Abun ciki Waƙoƙi Tsarin rubuce-rubuce na Fantasy Black Channel ba shi da shiri sosai. Ayoyin "Broken" an haife su a cikin dare da dare kuma suna yin wahayi zuwa ga rashin barci Ya ɗauki Eastgate dogon lokaci don kwatanta yadda yake ji "ta hanyar da ta dace" don irin wannan jigon gama gari a cikin kiɗan pop. Waƙoƙin da ke cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa kusan lokaci ne na farko da Late of the Pier ya tafi Landan kuma ya ɓace. "Space and the Woods" yayi ƙoƙarin auna abin da ya fi mahimmanci: mutum ko abu marar rai, ko rashin wani abu, yayin da "The Bears Are Coming" ya shafi "barazanar shiru". Tunanin waƙar "Ƙaƙwalwar zuciya, flicker, layi" a cikin "Heartbeat" ya zo Eastgate yayin da ake rikodin waƙar da jin sa hannun sa a koyaushe yana canzawa. Mawaƙin ba zai iya tuna rubuta "Farin Maciji" ba kuma bai san akwai ƙungiyar suna iri ɗaya ba. "Focker" ya samo asali ne daga demo, wanda ake kira "6/8 Focker", Eastgate ya rera ta cikin na'urar gita tare da waƙoƙin da ba za a iya fahimtar su da farko ba. "Maƙiyi Ne Gaba" ya samo sunansa daga jumla a cikin takardar talla don ƙungiyar indie rock band The Enemy. Eastgate ya bayyana cewa ga "Mad Dogs da Ingilishi" ba da gangan "ya yi kururuwa da gajerun jimloli" sannan ya yi ƙoƙarin fahimtar abin da ya faɗa. Tsarin ya haifar da ingantattun layukan kamar "Faɗuwar jiragen sama da son zama maras kyau". Abun ciki Fantasy Black Channel an gina shi ne akan gwaje-gwajen sonic da kuma amfani da fasahar studio da na kwamfuta. Waƙar buɗewa, "Hot Tent Blues", gajeriyar kayan aiki ce wacce ke ƙunshe da yadudduka na guitar lantarki guda bakwai waɗanda ke gudana ta hanyar bugun gitar bass na Zoom 506. An yi tunanin "Broken" a yayin taron jam'i tsakanin gitar Eastgate da na Dawson, yayin da aka sake yin aikin demo na "Space and the Woods" mai kama da waƙar Nirvana All Apologies kuma an sake yin shi a cikin ɗakin studio. Eastgate ya yaba da Storm Mortimer, wanda ya saba tuƙi Late of the Pier a kusa da London, a matsayin gidan kayan tarihi na "The Bears Are Coming". Sau da yawa tana rera waƙa ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba kuma ɗan wasan gaba a ƙarshe ya ari shafi na waƙoƙin ta kuma ya ƙara waƙar afrobeat a ciki. Eastgate da Dawson suna so su ƙirƙiri waƙa da ta haifar da ra'ayin "fitowa daga cikin daji" da kuma kida iri-iri na kida kamar Slagsmålsklubben, Prince, The Beatles, Mr Flash, FrYars, da Lutricia McNeal a matsayin wahayi. Articles with hAudio microformats "Random Firl" yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da Alkan ya fi so kuma ya lallashe Late of the Pier don sake yin rikodin ta kamar yanki na kiɗa na gargajiya maimakon hanyar da ta dace da dutse. An ƙara jituwar murya a ƙarshen waƙar a lokacin ɗaya daga cikin kwanakin ƙarshe na rikodin lokacin da matsi don kammala kundin ya yi yawa. "Heartbeat" ya dogara ne akan tsohuwar waƙar demo na gidan acid wanda Eastgate ya ƙirƙira a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa ta amfani da na'urar lantarki ta Roland TB-303 sequencer Waƙar tana da haɗaɗɗun ci gaban sa hannu na lokaci da solo na guitar da Potter ya buga akan samfurin a ƙarshen. "Whitesnake" an yi wahayi zuwa ga kiɗa na Devo, Roxy Music, da Dandi Wind, yayin da "VW" ya dogara ne akan demo na 2001 da aka yi rikodin a ɗakin ɗakin Eastgate. A cikin ɗakin studio, Late of the Pier ya ɗauki 'yan wasan tagulla don yin sassan ƙaho da ƙirƙirar sabbin ma'auni Da zarar an yi rikodin kayan aikin, membobin ƙungiyar da gangan sun yanke shawarar haɗa nasu wasan ƙasa a wasu sassan waƙar don masu sauraro su ji ƙaho a sarari. An halicci "Focker" ta amfani da madauki daga "6/8 Focker". Daga nan Eastgate ya dauki cikin solo na ganga kuma ya sake hade tare da sake tsarawa dakika ashirin na karshe na wakar. "Maƙiyi Ne Gaba" an ƙirƙira shi ne a yayin taron jam'iyyar hungover, inda duk membobin ƙungiyar suka yi wasa daban-daban ba tare da tandem ba. Dawson ya yi kusan bugu 40 daban-daban daya bayan daya duk a lokuta daban-daban. An yi rikodin zaman ta amfani da na'urar kaset kuma an ƙera waƙa a cikin ɗakin studio. An rubuta ƙare daban-daban guda huɗu kuma an raba uku tare a ƙarshen. "Mad Dogs and Englishmen", wanda riff ɗinsu ya dogara ne akan tsohuwar waƙar samba ta Faransa, an samo asali ne daga wasan kwaikwayo tsakanin Eastgate akan guitar da Faley a kan bass. Waƙa ta ƙarshe akan kundi mai suna "Bathroom Gurgle", ta haɗa da "ƙaƙƙarfan niƙa na riff" wanda aka gina don masu sauraron ƙungiyar maƙaryata a lokacin wasan farko na ƙungiyar. Eastgate ya yi bayani, "Ina da waɗannan jigogi guda biyu, waɗanda suka zagaye juna waɗanda na raira waƙa a cikin salon salon salon Annie Lennox Saurin lokacin rabin farkon waƙar an haɗa shi da wani sashe na "sannun wasan kwaikwayo". Mahimman lit afternoon Martan watsa labarai ga Fantasy Black Channel ya kasance mai fa'ida sosai; Haɗin gidan yanar gizon Metacritic yana ba da rahoton daidaitaccen ƙima na 81% dangane da bita mai mahimmanci 18. AllMusic 's K. Ross Hoffman ya bayyana kundin a matsayin "mai ɗaukaka kuma mai ban sha'awa" kuma ya lakafta shi "wani ƙaƙƙarfan gine-gine da ke cike da daɗaɗɗen lokuta masu gamsarwa nan da nan wanda yana ɗaukar saurare da yawa don fitar da su duka". John Burgess na The Guardian ya bayyana cewa za a iya samun sabuwar waƙar da aka fi so, riff, ko lokacin rashin hankali a duk lokacin da aka saurari kundin. Tim Chester na NME ya kammala, "Yana da wani nau'i na tunani don yin wannan. Yayin da wasu ke kokawa game da rayuwa da mutuwa a cikin garuruwan cul-de-sac da ke daure da tunanin cul-de-sac, hangen nesa na LOTP yana kan aikin samar da tsibiri na Dubai Wasu masu bita sun rarraba Fantasy Black Channel cikin sabon nau'in rave na Biritaniya da yanayin kida. Wasu sun yi iƙirarin cewa za su iya jin ra'ayoyin ɗan wasan gaba na Roxy Music Bryan Ferry da mawaƙa Gary Numan a cikin faifan. Pitchfork 's Adam Moerder yayi sharhi cewa yana ƙunshe da sabbin abubuwan ƙirƙira da yawa waɗanda ke da kyan gani. Chris Baynes na PopMatters ya yi iƙirarin cewa membobin ƙungiyar "suna sanya tasirin su sosai a hannun hannayensu", amma sun kammala cewa kundin yana da ban sha'awa kuma yana da daɗi daidai gwargwado. A cewar Late of the Pier, kwatancen Klaxons da sabon rave sakamakon aikin jarida ne na kasala, musamman ga wurin da ƙungiyar ba ta taɓa shiga ba. Eastgate ya yi bayanin cewa tasirin kiɗan sau da yawa ba su da hankali, kodayake membobin ƙungiyar sun yi ƙoƙarin kada su saurari komai sai nasu aikin yayin yin rikodin kundin. Nick Mitchell na The Skinny ya yi nuni da cewa rikodin "wani tsari ne wanda ba a iyakance shi ba, wanda ba za a iya rarraba shi ba, ba zato ba tsammani ya sami nasara ta hanyar tasiri da nau'ikan nau'ikan, daga dutsen 70s na Sarauniya da Bowie zuwa na'urorin lantarki na farko na Gary Numan, tare da amsawar wasannin kwamfuta na 90s da kuma kwace gidan zamani". Fantasy Black Channel an ƙididdige shi a cikin wallafe-wallafe da yawa 'karshen shekara mafi kyawun jerin kundi na 2008, musamman, a lamba uku ta Clash, a lamba biyar ta <i id="mwAS0">GASKIYA</i>, kuma a lamba 18 ta NME An jera shi a lamba 16 a cikin Zaɓen Zaɓe na HMV na 2008, wanda ya tattara ƙuri'un fitattun masu sukar Birtaniyya don yanke shawarar Kundin Na Shekarar ƙungiyar kasuwanci. Tun da farko a cikin 2008, Rory Carroll na Artrocker ya yi iƙirarin cewa rikodin zai kasance marigayi mai shiga don Kyautar Kiɗa na Mercury, kuma tabbas zai sami lambar yabo, idan an gabatar da zaɓe a watan Agusta maimakon Yuli 2008. Saboda aikin da suka yi a kan kundin, Late of the Pier ya sami lambar yabo don Best New Band a 2009 <i id="mwAT0">NME</i> Awards An kuma zaɓi waƙoƙi biyu: "Bathroom Gurgle" da "Heartbeat", a cikin Mafi kyawun Filler na Dancefloor da Mafi kyawun nau'ikan Bidiyo bi da bi. A cikin 2009, Clash ya sanya Fantasy Black Channel a lamba 40 a cikin jerin 50 Mafi Girma Albums, 2004–2009, yayin da GASKIYA ta haɗa shi a lamba 99 a cikin jerin ma'aikatan edita na 100 Mafi kyawun: Albums na Decade. Waƙa da jeri Duk waƙoƙin da Sam Eastgate ya rubuta kuma suka shirya, sai dai in an faɗi. Waƙar ɓoye, "Babu Lokaci", yana farawa a 4:50 na "Gurgle Bathroom". Waƙoƙin Bonus "Kashi A" 1:47 waƙa 13 akan sigar iTunes "Very Wav" 4:44 waƙa ta 13 akan bugu na Jafananci da na Amurka "Focker (Rolmops Remix 3:15 waƙa ta 14 akan bugun Jafananci "The Bears Are Coming (Emperor Machine Remix)" 9:22 waƙa ta 14 akan bugu na Amurka da waƙa ta 15 akan bugu na Japan Vinyl Sigar LP ta Burtaniya ta 2008 ta Fantasy Black Channel ta ƙunshi daidaitaccen kwafin vinyl baƙar fata a cikin hannun rigar hoto. An sake shi mako guda kafin sigar CD ɗin kuma yana da canje-canjen waƙa masu zuwa: "Space da Woods Cenzo Townshend Mix)" maimakon "Space da Woods" "The Bears Suna Zuwa (Original Version)" maimakon "Bears Suna Zuwa" "Heartbeat (Sigar Cenzo Townsend)" maimakon "Heartbeat" An fitar da sigar LP ta US ta 2009 a lokaci guda tare da sigar CD. Ma'aikata Band Sam Eastgate lead vocals, electric guitar, acoustic guitar, drum sequencing, synthesiser Andrew Faley bass guitar, backing vocals, bass synthesiser Sam Potter sampler, synthesiser, backing vocals Ross Dawson drums Additional musicians Giselle Kennedy backing vocals (track 2) Erol Alkan backing vocals (track 5) Nik Carter tenor vocals, baritone vocals (track 8) Jack Birchwood trumpet, flugelhorn (track 8) Production Erol Alkan producer; mixing (except tracks 1, 2, 3) Sam Eastgate producer (tracks 1, 2, 4, 9, 12); arrangements Jimmy Robertson engineering; mixing (except tracks 1, 2, 3) Mark Alloway assistant engineer (tracks 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 10, 11) Al Lawson assistant engineer (track 1) Ben Jackson assistant engineer (track 7) Oli Wright assistant engineer (track 12) Cenzo Townshend mixing (tracks 1, 2, 3) Neil Comber assistant mixer (track 1, 2, 3) Darren Simpson assistant mixer (track 4) Daniel Rejmer assistant mixer (tracks 5, 11) Lee Slaney assistant mixer (tracks 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12) Mike Marsh mastering (except track 4) Nilesh Patel mastering (track 4) Artwork Jon Bergman cover art Late of the Pier design Traffic design Rikodi da bayanan saki An yi rikodin Fantasy Black Channel tsakanin 2006 zuwa 2008 a cikin ɗakin kwana na Sam Eastgate a cikin Castle Donington da kuma a cikin ɗakunan studio masu zuwa a London. Tarihin sakin albam din shine kamar haka: Matsayin jadawalin Album Singles denotes releases that did not chart. Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Fantasy Black Channel music player a Late of the Pier official site Fantasy Black Channel lyrics a Late of the Pier official site Fantasy Black Channel nazari mai mahimmanci a Metacritic Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
41098	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarihin%20yankin%20Bahar%20Rum	Tarihin yankin Bahar Rum	Tarihin yankin Bahar Rum da na al'adu da mutanen Basin Bahar Rum yana da mahimmanci don fahimtar asali da ci gaban Mesofotamiya, Masarawa, Kan'aniyawa, Phoenician, Ibrananci, Carthaginian, Minoan, Girkanci, Persian, Illyrian, Thracian, Etruscan. Iberian, Roman, Byzantine, Bulgarian, Larabawa, Berber, Ottoman, Kiristanci da al'adun Musulunci. Tekun Bahar Rum ita ce babbar hanyar sufuri, kasuwanci da musayar al'adu tsakanin al'ummomi daban-daban da suka mamaye nahiyoyi uku: Yammacin Asiya, Arewacin Afirka, da Kudancin Turai. Tarihin farko Lézignan-la-Cèbe a Faransa, Orce a Spain, Monte Poggiolo a Italiya da Kozarnika a Bulgaria suna daga cikin tsoffin wuraren Paleolithic a Turai kuma suna kusa da Basin Bahar Rum. Akwai shaidar kayan aikin dutse akan Crete a cikin shekaru 130,000 BC, wanda ke nuna cewa mutanen farko sun iya amfani da jiragen ruwa don isa tsibirin. Matsayin al'adu na wayewa (tsarin al'umma da aka tsara a kusa da cibiyoyin birane) ya fara tasowa a kudu maso yammacin Asiya, a matsayin hadakar yanayin Neolithic, tun daga farkon karni na 8 BC, na cibiyoyin proto-urban irin su Çatalhöyük. Civilization na gari daidai ya fara fitowa a cikin Chalcolithic, a cikin karni na 5 zuwa 4 na Masar da kuma a Mesopotamiya. Yankin Bahar Maliya babban jigon wayewar Turai ne. An yi imanin wurin Solnitsata (5500 BC 4200 BC) shine birni mafi dadewa a Turai kakkarfan katanga (garu) mazaunin dutse (birni na tarihi). Kayan kayan tarihi na farko na zinariya a duniya sun bayyana daga karni na 4 BC, kamar wadanda aka samo a cikin wani wurin binne daga 4569-4340 BC da kuma daya daga cikin mahimman wuraren tarihi na tarihi a tarihin duniya-Varna Necropolis kusa da tafkin Varna a Bulgaria, an yi la'akari da shi. zama farkon abin da aka samo na kayan tarihi na zinare na "kyakkyawan kwanan wata". Tun daga 1990, kayan tarihi na zinari da aka samu a makabartar kogon Wadi Qana na karni na 4 BC a Yammacin Kogin Jordan su ne na farko daga Levant. Zamanin Bronze ya taso a wannan yanki a cikin ƙarni na karshe na karni na 4th. Urban civilization na Crescent mai albarka a yanzu suna da tsarin rubuce-rubuce da hadaka aikin hukuma, a tsakiyar karni na 3 wanda ke haifar da ci gaban dauloli na farko. A cikin karni na 2, yankunan gabashin Tekun Bahar Rum sun mamaye daulolin Hittiyawa da Masarautar Masar, suna fafatawa don iko da jihohin birni a cikin Levant (Kan'ana). Minoans suna kasuwanci a ko'ina cikin yawancin Bahar Rum. Rushewar Zamanin Bronze shine sauyi daga Late Bronze Age zuwa farkon zamanin iron age, wanda aka bayyana ta hanyar rugujewar tattalin arzikin fadar Aegean da Anatoliya, wadanda aka maye gurbinsu bayan tsagaitawar al'adun kauye na tsohuwar Gabas ta Tsakiya. Wasu sun yi nisa har suna kiran abin da ya kawo karshen Zamanin Tagulla da “catastrophe”. Ana iya ganin rugujewar shekarun Bronze a cikin mahallin tarihin fasaha wanda ya ga jinkirin, kwatankwacin ci gaba da yaduwar fasahar aikin karfe a yankin, wanda ya fara da aikin ƙarfe na karfe a yanzu a cikin kasar Romania a karni na 13 da 12. Rushewar al'adu na masarautun Mycenaean, daular Hittiyawa a Anatoliya da Siriya, da Masarautar Masar a Siriya da Isra'ila, barkewar huldar kasuwanci mai nisa da kusufin karatu kwatsam tsakanin 1206 zuwa 1150 BC. A cikin kashi na farko na wannan lokacin, kusan kowane birni tsakanin Troy da Gaza an lalata su da karfi, kuma sau da yawa ya bar shi ba tare da komai ba (misali, Hattusas, Mycenae, Ugarit). A hankali karshen zamanin Duhu wanda ya biyo baya ya ga hadakar masarautun Neo-Hittite Aramaean na tsakiyar karni na 10 BC, da hadakar Daular Neo-Assyrian. Yayin da ci gaban al'adu a lokacin Bronze Age ya kasance mafi yawa a cikin yankunan gabas na Bahar Rum, tare da Iron Age, duk yankin bakin teku da ke kewaye da Bahar Rum yanzu ya shiga, mahimmanci saboda fadada Phoenician daga Levant, farawa a ca. karni na 12. Fernand Braudel ya bayyana a cikin Ra'ayin Duniya cewa Phenicia ta kasance farkon misali na "tattalin arzikin duniya" da dauloli suka kewaye. Babban batu na al'adun Phoenician da ikon teku yawanci ana sanya ca. 1200-800 BC An kafa yawancin kauyuka mafi muhimmanci na Finikiya tun kafin wannan lokacin: Byblos, Trye, Sidon, Simyra, Arwad, da Berytus, duk sun bayyana a cikin allunan Amarna. Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
49050	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjuki%20da%20Bil	Hjuki da Bil	A cikin tarihin Norse, Hjúki Tsohon Norse, ke], mai yiyuwa ma'anar "mai dawowa lafiya" da Bil (ON: bil], a zahiri "nan take" ɗan'uwa ne da 'yar'uwa biyu na yara waɗanda ke bin ƙayyadaddun wata, Máni,a sararin sama. Dukansu Hjúki da Bil an tabbatar da su a cikin Prose Edda, wanda Snorri Sturluson ya rubuta a ƙarni na 13. Ka'idodin masana da ke kewaye da su biyun sun shafi yanayinsu ne, da matsayinsu na abubuwan da za su iya bayyana ramukan da ke kan wata ko yanayin sa, da kuma dangantakarsu da tatsuniyoyi na baya-bayan nan a Turai ta Jamus An gano Bil da Bilwis, mutum ne mai alaƙa da aikin noma wanda galibi ana tabbatar da shi a cikin tarihin yankunan masu magana da Jamusanci na Turai. Shaida A cikin babi na 11 na littafin Prose Edda Gylfaginning, wanda aka naɗa na High ya ce yara biyu masu suna Hjúki da Bil su ne Viðfinnr ya haife su. Sau ɗaya yayin da su biyun suke tafiya daga rijiyar Byrgir (Tsohon Norse "Maboyin Wani abu" dukansu biyu suna ɗauke da sandar Simul (Tsohon Norse, mai yiwuwa ma'anar "madawwami" wanda ke riƙe da pail Sæg a tsakãninsu Máni ya ɗauke su daga ƙasa, kuma sun bi Máni a cikin sammai,"kamar yadda ake gani daga ƙasa." Hjúki ba a ambata ba, amma Bil ya sami karɓuwa. A cikin babi na 35 na Gylfaginning, a ƙarshen jerin alloli da yawa a cikin tarihin Norse, duka Sól (rana da aka bayyana) da Bil an jera su tare a matsayin alloli "wanda aka riga an kwatanta yanayinsu" Bil ya bayyana sau biyu a cikin littafin Prose Edda Skáldskaparmál A cikin babi na 75, Bil ya bayyana a cikin wani jerin alloli, kuma sunanta ya bayyana a babi na 47 a cikin kenning na "mace". Ka'idoji Ganewa da wakilci Kamar yadda ba a tabbatar da su biyun ba a wajen Snorri's Prose Edda,an ba da shawarwarin cewa Hjúki da Bil na iya zama ƙananan mahimmancin tatsuniyoyi, ko kuma Snorri ne ya yi su kai tsaye, yayin da Anne Holtsmark (1945) ta ce Snorri na iya sani ko sun sami damar samun tushen ayah da ta ɓace a yanzu inda Hjúki da Bil suka kwatanta wata da ke shuɗewa. Holtsmark ya kara da cewa Bil yana iya zama dís (nau'in abin bautar mata). Masana, sun yi hasashen cewa Hjúki da Bil na iya wakiltar ayyukan wata, gami da cewa suna iya wakiltar sassan wata ko kuma suna wakiltar ramukan wata Masanin karni na 19 Jacob Grimm ya yi watsi da shawarar cewa Hjúki da Bil suna wakiltar sassan wata, kuma ya bayyana cewa Hjúki da Bil suna wakiltar ramukan wata da ake gani daga doron ƙasa. Grimm ya ce shaidar wannan "a bayyane take daga adadi kanta. Babu wani canjin wata da zai iya nuna hoton wasu yara biyu da aka rataye a kafaɗunsu Bugu da ƙari, har wa yau mutanen Sweden suna gani a cikin wuraren wata mutane biyu ɗauke da babban guga a kan sandar sanda Grimm ya kara da cewa: Abin da ya fi muhimmanci, a gare mu, daga arna zato na wani satar mutum na wata, wanda, ban da Scandinavia, shi ne shakka a Vogue a duk faɗin Teutondom, idan ba da nisa, akwai ya samo asali kanta tun da Kirista karbuwa. Sun ce mutumin da ke cikin wata mai satar itace ne, wanda a lokacin Ikilisiya a ranar Asabar mai tsarki ya aikata wani laifi a cikin itace, sannan aka kai shi wata a matsayin hukunci; a can za a iya ganinsa da gatari a bayansa da dam din buroshi (dornwelle) a hannunsa A bayyane yake an rikitar da igiyar ruwa ta labarin arna, ta koma gatari ta gatari. An kiyaye ra'ayin sata na gaba ɗaya, amma damuwa na musamman da aka aza akan kiyaye hutun Kiristanci; Mutumin yana shan azaba ba sosai don yanke itace ba, domin ya yi hakan ne a ranar Lahadi. Grimm, ya ba da ƙarin misalai daga tarihin Jamusanci har zuwa lokacin rubuce-rubucensa (ƙarni na 19) kuma ya lura da yiwuwar alaƙa tsakanin kalmar Jamusanci wadel (ma'anar cikakken wata) da aikin yare na kalmar don "brushwood, twigs daure a cikin daure, musamman [musamman] fir-twigs, wadeln don ɗaure itacen goge baki", da kuma al'adar yanke itace a cikin cikakken wata. Benjamin Thorpe ya yarda da ka'idar Hjúki da Bil a matsayin keɓaɓɓen siffofi na raƙuman wata. Rudolf Simek, ya bayyana cewa duhun sunayen abubuwan da ke cikin tatsuniyar Hjúki da Bil na iya nuni da cewa Snorri ya samo su ne daga tatsuniyar tatsuniya, da kuma sigar tatsuniyar Mutumin da ke cikin, wata (wanda ya nuna wani mutum mai sanda da sandar sanda). mace mai bulo) kuma ana samunta a cikin tatsuniyoyi na zamani a Scandinavia, Ingila, da Arewacin Jamus. A cikin duka labarin Hjúki da Bil da aka samu a cikin Icelandic Prose Edda da waƙar renon Ingilishi Jack da Jill yara biyu, namiji ɗaya da mace ɗaya, sun ɗauko palon ruwa, kuma ma'auratan suna da sunayen da aka gane a matsayin sauti. kama. Waɗannan abubuwan sun haifar da ra'ayoyin da suka haɗa biyun, kuma ra'ayi ya sami ɗan tasiri, yana bayyana a cikin littattafan makaranta don yara daga karni na 19 zuwa karni na 20. Sigar al'ada ta waƙar tana karantawa:Jack and Jill went up the hill to fetch a pail of water Jack fell down and broke his crown and Jill came tumbling after. Up Jack got and home did trot as fast as he could caper. He went to bed to mind his head with vinegar and brown paper. Bilwis An, tabbatar da wani adadi mai suna Bilwis a sassa daban-daban na Turai masu magana da Jamusanci tun daga karni na 13. Wani masani Leander Petzoldt ya rubuta cewa wannan adadi ya fito ne daga gunkin Allah kuma bayan lokaci ya ga sauye-sauye da yawa, daga baya kuma ya haɓaka “wani yanayin elfin, dwarfish da ikon gurgunta mutane ko shanu da harbin kibiya” (kamar a cikin Wolfram von Eschenbach). Waƙar karni na 13 Willehalm Petzoldt ya kara nazarin ci gaban adadi:A cikin karni na goma sha uku, Bilwis ba a cika yin la'akari da shi azaman ikon allahntaka ba amma ana ƙara gano shi a matsayin ɗan adam mai mugun nufi, mayya .Har yanzu daga baya, tare da tashin hankalin mayya a ƙarshen tsakiyar zamanai, Bilwis ya zama aljanu; ta zama jiki na shaidan ga boka da boka. Ci gaba na ƙarshe ya faru tun daga karni na sha shida, musamman a arewa maso gabashin Jamus, an ɗauki Bilwis a matsayin ruhun hatsi yana kawo arziki; amma duk da haka wannan sabuwar bayyanar Bilwis tana da gefenta mai cutarwa, mai yankan Bilwis, wanda ake zargi da sifofin da ba a bayyana ba da aka samu a cikin layuka na hatsin tsaye. Mai yankan boka ne ko mayya mai yanka masara da sila da aka daure a kafa. An lasafta shi azaman ainihin ruhin Masara na mugunta. Don haka, Bilwis yana da nau'i-nau'i da yawa, yana ɗaukar bayyanuwa da ma'ana da yawa a duk yankunan da ake magana da Jamusanci a cikin tsakiyar zamanai. Bilwis daya ce daga cikin mafi ban mamaki da ban mamaki a cikin dukkan tatsuniyoyi; nau'ikansa daban-daban suna nuna damuwar al'adun noma, kuma yana yin bayani game da mummunan bayyanar layuka na tsire-tsire a cikin gonar masara. Toponys Ƙauyen, Bilsby a cikin Lincolnshire, Ingila (wanda sunan Ingilishi ya samo asali) an gabatar da shi azaman sunan Bil. Duba kuma Sinthgunt, allahn Jamusanci mai yiwuwa ya haɗa da wata Jerin abubuwan bautar wata Bayanan kula manazarta Hjuki da bil Ilimin
17155	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadiyya%20a%20Najeriya	Ahmadiyya a Najeriya	Ahmadiyya reshen Musulunci ne a Najeriya a ƙarƙashin khalifa a Landan. Membobin kungiyar galibi sun fito ne daga Yammacin Najeriya. A wani bangare na shirinta na taimakon jama'a, ƙungiyar ta gina makarantu goma da asibitoci biyu a cikin Apapa da Ojokoro, Jihar Lagos. Tarihi Kafuwa Ƙaungiyar Ahmadiyya an kafa ta a Biritaniya ta Indiya ta hannun Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, wani mai kawo sauyi a cikin addinin Islama da kuma sufi, wanda a cikin 1891 ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi annabi ne, mujaddid ("mai sabuntawa"), kuma Masihi ko Mahadi da Musulmai suke tsammani. Harkar Ahmadiyya an tsara ta ne a Legas a cikin shekara ta 1916 amma akwai da yawa, duk da cewa ba masu sabani ba ne, yadda Ahmadiyya ta zo Najeriya. Wani bayani ya nuna cewa a cikin 1913, wani malamin makaranta da ake kira Hamid ya yi tuntuɓe na yaɗuwa da kwafin "Review of Religion", wata mujalla da ƙungiyar Ahmadiyya ta kafa a Qadian kuma ta fara tattaunawa da su. Wata sigar kuma ta nuna cewa wani ɗan kasuwar Legas, Alhaji Ali Fahm ya tafi Misira a shekarar 1914 kuma ya samu kwafin adabin Ahmadiyya da ya kawo Najeriya, bayan ya yi nazari wanda shi da wasu abokansa suka rubuta wa hedikwatar Harkar a Kadian don bayyana niyyar zama membobin ƙungiyar. Alhaji Imran Adewuyi Onibudo yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka yi ikirarin cewa sun dauki bi’ah (bai’a) a shekarar 1914. Yawancin membobin al'umma sun kasance suna da alaƙa da ƙungiyar Adabin Musulmai a Legas, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Muhammed Basil Agusto, wani ɗan asalin Lagos ɗan asalin Afro-Brazil Agusto ya kafa ƙaramar makaranta don musulmai kuma yana da sha'awar samar da wayewar kai game da ilimin Yammacin Turai a tsakanin Jama'ar Musulmai. Tsakanin 1916 da 1919, Agusto shi ne cibiyar kungiyar, ya buga kasidarsa don ya cika waɗanda ya nema daga Qadian kuma galibi ana gudanar da taron ƙungiyar a gidansa na ƙashin kansa. Agusto iya yi kuma ya rinjayi shigarwa na da yawa Afro-Brazil a cikin motsi a cikin 1919. A shekara ta 1919, ya aka naɗa ta farko shugaba da kuma aka yi nasara da Jibril Martin idan Agusto tafiya zuwa London aikatãwa wani dokar mataki. A Landan, ya saba da bangaren Lahore kuma ya balle daga Qadiani Ahmadis. Lokacin da ya dawo Nijeriya a 1924, ya kafa ƙungiyarsa, Islamic Society of Nigeria. 1920 1940 A farkon, Musulman Ahmadi sun fuskanci kalubalance daga musulmai masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, wani malami, Adamu Animashaun ya yi amfani da kayan bugawarsa don kai hari ga ƙungiyar, wani ci gaba mai dorewa da aka nufa ga mabiya ahmadi ana zargin ya haifar da cin zarafin mambobi a cikin 1921. An sami Animashaun da sauran Musulmai da alhakin haifar da tashin hankali a kan Ahmis kuma an yanke musu hukuncin watanni uku a kurkuku, daga nan aka tsayar da fito na fito da mambobin. Daga cikin membobin da ke rufe gibin ilimi tsakanin Kirista da Musulmai a Legas na daga cikin abubuwan da suke kawo hadin kai. Mabiya harkar sun kasance daga cikin mutanen Legas na farko da suka rungumi ilimin Yammacin Turai, manyan mambobi biyu, Jibril Martin da Mohammed Agusto su ne manyan lauyoyi Musulmai daga Nijeriya yayin da wani memba, Abdul Hamid Saka Tinubu ya kasance farkon likita Musulmi da aka horar a kasar. Don inganta sha'awar ilimi, a cikin 1922, ƙungiyar ta kafa makarantar firamare a Elegbeta, Lagos Island, Lagos. Kafin kafuwar makarantar, an gabatar da bukatar wani malamin Ahmadi daga Indiya a 1921, an aika Maulana Abdur Rahim Nayyar, wakilin kungiyar Ahmadiyya a mulkin mallaka na Indiya kuma wanda ya kasance abokin Ghulam Ahmad zuwa Najeriya. a matsayin mishan mai kula. Da farko hukumomin mulkin mallaka sun yi shakku game da kasancewar Nayyar a cikin musulmin da ke da rauni a Legas wanda ya kasu zuwa kungiyoyi biyar, kungiyar Lemomu, kungiyar Al-Qur'ani, Ahmadis, jam'iyyar Jamaat, da kuma kungiyar Ogunro. An kawo shakku bayan Nayyar ya yi hira da cewa yana Legas don yin wa'azin bin al'adun da aka rubuta a cikin Alqurani da kuma dokokin gwamnatin mulkin mallaka. Ya gabatar da laccarsa ta farko a masallacin da ba Ahmadi Shitta Bey ba kuma yana da himma wajen kawo sabbin membobin kungiyar. Nayyar bata kutsa kai tsakanin sauran bangarorin ba in banda rukunin Al-Qur'ani, wadanda suka fara zama a Okepopo da Aroloya. Bayan yarjejeniyar hadewa da Ahmadiyya, an zabi Imam Dabiri na kungiyar Al-Qur'ani a matsayin Babban Limami. Imam Ajose ne ya gaji Dabiri a shekarun 1930. Zaman Nayyar a Legas ya yi daidai da kafa ƙarin rassa a Ebutte-Meta da Epe Ayyukan motsa jiki sun fara a Yaba a cikin 1921, kuma a cikin shekaru biyu, mambobi sun kafa manufa a Ibadan, Kano da Zariya. Fadada cikin Ado-Odo, Otta, Ijede da Ondo an kammala ta a tsakiyar 1930s. Tsakanin 1933 da 1940, rikice-rikicen cikin gida ya haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin ƙungiyar zuwa ɓangarori biyu. Wata kungiya ta kasance mai biyayya ga Imam Ajose sannan wata kungiyar ta kasance mai biyayya ga FR Hakeem dan Pakistan kuma wakilin Khalifa wanda ya nemi maye gurbin Imam Ajose a matsayin jagoran Imam. Ba kamar haka ba, halin ɗabi'a na Nayyar, Hakim ya kasance yana da hannu cikin lamuran Ahmadi kuma kasancewar sa ya haifar da rashin jituwa a cikin ƙungiyar. Wani bangare sun kewaye Imam Ajose kuma sun nemi wani nau'i na ikon cin gashin kai yayin da Hakeem ke son tsananin bin koyarwar Ahmadi. Khalifa ya janye amincewarsa da kungiyar Ajose kuma a cikin 1940, Hakeem ya jagoranci Ofishin Jakadancin Musulmi na Ahmadiyya an kafa shi a hukumance a cikin kasar tare da goyon bayan Khalifa. Kungiyar Ajose ta ci gaba da rike suna, kungiyar Ahmadiyya a Musulunci kuma an kaddamar da kungiyar Hakeem da sunan Ahmadiyya Muslim Mission. Ofishin Jakadancin Musulmi na Ahmadiyya daga baya ya zo ya wakilci ainihin Ahmadi na Najeriya. 1940 1970 Bayan rabuwar, kungiyoyin biyu sun sami mambobi a tsakanin Yarabawan Musulmai da kuma tsakanin Musulmi a Etsako, Jihar Edo da Nasarawa. A cikin rarrabuwar Egbado, goyon bayan dan kasuwa mai kera kayayyakin gona ya haifar da kafa wata manufa a Ilaro An sami fili a yankin Sabo na garin kuma a kan filin an gina masallaci don gudanar da hidimomin jumat da karatun al-Qur'ani ga yara. Yinga ayyukan wannan rukunin ya ƙarfafa wani matashin mishan a cikin Abeokuta. Gidan gidan mishan wanda yake a Idumagbo an kammala shi a cikin 1945 kuma a cikin 1951, aikin ya fara rarraba jaridar mako-mako, Gaskiya, don yada manufofin motsi. 1970 yanzu A shekarar 1970, Mirza Nazir Ahmad, Khalifa na uku ya ziyarci kasar, Janar Gowon ne ya karɓi iƙunkuncinsa a Legas. Ahmad ya ƙaddamar da shirin sabis na zamantakewar jama'a don faɗaɗa cibiyoyin ilimi da na likita don kulawa da motsi. Ya dawo a 1980, a wannan karon ba kawai ya hadu da mambobi a Legas, Ilaro da Ibadan ba amma membobin a wasu rassa kamar na Benin da Kano. A cikin shekarun 1970, kungiyar Imam Ajose ta kara rabewa tare da wani bangare da aka sauya wa suna Anwar ul Islam. Tun bayan rabuwar, akasarin Ahmadiyya a Najeriya galibi mambobi ne na Ofishin Jakadancin Musulmi na Ahmadiyya, bangaren da ke biyayya ga zabin Khalifa na Hakeem a matsayin amir a 1940. A cikin 1988, Khalifa na huɗu ya ziyarci ƙasar, ya naɗa Abdul Rasheed Agboola a matsayin Mishan na Missionan Nijeriya na aryasa. Tsarin kungiya Amir wanda aka fi sani da mishan a caji yana jagorantar tsarin tafiyarwar motsi, mataimakin Amir shida ya taimaka masa, baya ga haka, akwai kwamitin zartarwa na ƙasa wanda aka sake yin saiti a cikin da'irorin yankin. Nayyar, amir na farko kuma mishan mai kula da shi ya kafa kwamitin zartarwa na kasa a cikin 1921. Kwamitin zartarwa na kasa ya kunshi Sakatare-Janar, sakatare mai kula da Tabligh, mai binciken kudi, mai binciken kudi da wakilan rassa a cikin wannan motsi. Mataimaka a Najeriya Majalissar Ansarullah Lajna Imaillah Majlis Khuddam Majalisi Atfal Nasirat Kungiyar Daliban Musulman Ahmadi Duba kuma Musulunci a Najeriya Manazarta Musulunci Addini Pages with unreviewed
57692	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed%20Ben%20Bella%20Airport	Ahmed Ben Bella Airport	Tarihi A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu,Sojojin saman Faransa sun yi amfani da filin jirgin saman La Senia a matsayin filin jirgin sama na soja,na farko ta Armée de l'Air, kuma bayan Yuni 1940,ta Rundunar Sojan Sama( na gwamnatin Vichy. A lokacin saukar Operation Torch a cikin 1942, La Sénia na ɗaya daga cikin manyan makasudin harin Oran a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba. Rundunar sojojin da ke sa ido a kai za ta kama La Senia,tare da runduna masu sulke don tura cikin kasa don tabbatar da kama filin. Bayan hasken rana, wasu bama-bamai takwas Albacore sun nutse daga HMS Furious da mayaƙan Hurricane guda shida daga kowane daga cikin manyan jiragen biyu masu ɗaukar kaya sun taso a kan filin jirgin saman La Senia da tsakar rana don samun tarba daga manyan bindigogi masu saukar ungulu da mayaƙan Vichy.An kai wa filin jirgin hari a matsayin mayar da martani da bama-bamai guda shida masu nauyin kilo 250 da suka yi da su daidai inda suka farfasa rataye da babu kowa a yankin arewa maso yammacin jirgin,inda suka yi barna wanda daga baya za a yi nadama.A fafatawar da aka yi ta kare,an ce an kashe mayakan Dewoitine 520 na Faransa 5 tare da jikkata wasu. An kai hari na biyu a filin jirgin saman La Senia bayan 'yan mintoci goma daga hannun Seafires goma daga HMS Furious a cikin ƙananan matakan da ke tafiya da jiragen sama da batura masu saukar ungulu.Har ila yau mayakan Vichy na Faransa sun yi adawa da matakin. Mayakan Vichy,duk da haka sun kare yankin filin jirgin ne kawai kuma ba su adawa da sojojin kasa da suka sauka a Oran Harbor.An karkata akalar harin da aka shirya kai wa filin jirgin,kuma Kamfanin B,na runduna ta farko ta Makamai kimanin 1000,ya kama filin jirgin,bayan da jirgin Vichy da yawa ya tashi,mai yiwuwa zuwa Maroko na Faransa.Wasu kaɗan sun tarwatse a ƙasa ko a cikin rataye. Bayan kama shi,Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka ta yi amfani da filin jirgin a matsayin filin yaki a lokacin yakin Arewacin Afirka.An sanya raka'a masu zuwa ga tushe a cikin 1942 da 1943: HQ, XII Fighter Command, 12 Nuwamba Disamba 1942; 12 ga Janairu 20 Maris 1943 HQ, 51st Troop Carrier Wing, 28 Maris 13 Mayu 1943 3d Reconnaissance Group, 10-25 Disamba 1942 (Jigilar Leken asiri iri-iri) Ƙungiya ta 31st Fighter, 12 Nuwamba 1942 7 Fabrairu 1943, Supermarine Spitfire 52d Fighter Group, 14 Nuwamba 1942 1 Janairu 1943, Supermarine Spitfire Rukunin Bama-bamai na 86, 12 ga Mayu 3 ga Yuni 1943, A-36 Apache Rukunin Bama-bamai na 320, 2 Disamba 1942 28 Janairu 1943, B-26 Marauder Da zarar yaƙin raka'a ya koma gabas zuwa wasu filayen saukar jiragen sama a Aljeriya da Tunisiya a ƙarshen bazara na 1943,filin jirgin saman ya kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Dokar Sufurin Jiragen Sama,wanda a ƙarƙashinsa yake aiki a matsayin tasha a kan hanyar zuwa tashar jirgin sama na Algiers ko zuwa tashar jiragen sama na Port Lyautey,a cikin Maroko na Faransa a arewacin Afirka Alkahira-Dakar hanyar sufuri don kaya, jigilar jiragen sama da ma'aikata. Fadadawa Andrade Gutierrez,wani kamfani na Brazil ya lashe kwangilar gina sabuwar titin jirgin sama a filin jirgin sama na Oran,dake birni na biyu mafi girma a Aljeriya.An kiyasta kudin ginin zai ci Yuro miliyan 20.Oran tana da yawan jama'a kusan 650,000.Da yake shi ne birni na biyu mafi girma a cikin ƙasar,Oran muhimmin cibiyar masana'antu,ilimi da al'adu.Aikin gine-gine a filin jirgin sama na Oran shi ne kwangila na biyu da kamfanin ya samu a Aljeriya.Sabuwar mai tsawon ƙafa 9,843 07R/25L yana aiki tun 12 ga Fabrairu 2009. A halin yanzu,filin jirgin ya kunshi tashoshi biyu,daya na jiragen cikin gida,daya kuma na jiragen sama na kasa da kasa.Filin tashar jiragen ruwa na kasa da kasa shine filin jirgin sama da ya gabata,yayin da tashar gida ta kasance"babbar tanti"na baya-bayan nan kamar yadda Aljeriya ke kiranta. An gina sabon tasha ta kasa da kasa; Terminal 3 yana da sararin sama na 41,000 m2,wanda ya kamata ya ba da damar karɓar fasinjoji miliyan 3.5,wanda zai iya kaiwa fasinjoji miliyan 6 a kowace shekara, wanda zai kawo jimlar ƙarfin tare da tashar ta yanzu zuwa fasinjoji miliyan 5.5.Yana da gangways 6 telescopic da kuma rataye kaya guda biyu tare da sararin sama na 2,000 m2 da damar 15,000 t shekara.Hakanan an sanye shi da bangarori na hotovoltaic don bukatun makamashin lantarki.Shugaba Abdelmadjid Tebboune ne ya kaddamar da shi a ranar 23 ga Yuni 2022. Jiragen sama da wuraren zuwa Kamfanonin jiragen sama masu zuwa suna yin jigilar fasinja na yau da kullun a Filin jirgin saman Oran Ahmed Ben Bella: Kididdiga Nassoshi This article incorporates public domain material from the .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}Air Force Historical Research Agency. Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Air Force Historical Research Agency Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Gidan yanar gizon hukuma An Fassara Filin Jirgin Sama na Oran Es Sénia zuwa HAUSA Current weather for DAOO Accident history for ORN CS1 Faransanci-language sources
35217	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural%20Municipality%20of%20Manitou%20Lake%20No.%20442	Rural Municipality of Manitou Lake No. 442	Karamar Hukumar Manitou Lake No. 442 yawan jama'a a shekara ta 2016 573 birni ne na karkara (RM) a cikin lardin Kanada na Saskatchewan a cikin Sashin ƙidayar jama'a na 13 da Sashen mai lamba 6 Tarihi RM na Lake Manitou No. 442 an haɗa shi azaman gundumar karkara a ranar 12 ga Disamba, 1910. Ya ɗauki sunansa daga tafkin Manitou, wanda shine Algonquian don "halitta mai ban mamaki". A cikin 1905, mazaunan farko sun fito daga yankunan Kanada, Tsibirin Biritaniya, da Amurka An san yankin da gundumar Manitou Lake. A cikin 1907-1908 an kafa gidan waya a gidan Mista Alex Wright, kusan mil daya daga arewa maso gabas na garin Marsden na yanzu. Ofishin gidan waya ya yi hidima ga yankunan karkarar da ke kewaye. Wrights sun sanya wa gidan waya suna 'Marsden'. Wani labari ya ba da labarin sunan kamar yadda ya samo asali daga wurin haifuwar Mrs. Wright in Yorkshire, Ingila Wani rahoton kuma an sanya masa suna bayan sanannen Dutsen Marsden da ke kusa da Newcastle, Ingila. Yankin da ke kusa ya zama sananne da gundumar Marsden Rural Post Office District. Tsakanin 1919 zuwa 1922, an mayar da gidan waya mil daya kudu zuwa ofishin RM na Manitou Lake No. 442. A shekara ta 1905, an lulluɓe ƙasar da dogayen ciyawa da ake magana da ita a matsayin 'wul na ulu'. Akwai 'yan bishiyu ko bluffs. Ƙasar baƙar fata mai albarka ta jawo hankalin mazaunan farko zuwa yankin kuma ba da daɗewa ba gonaki suka bunkasa tare da gidajen sod da katako. Manoman sun juya sod ɗin tare da ƙungiyoyin doki da na sa, wani lokaci suna amfani da garma mai yawo (suky) don shirya ƙasa don shuka hatsi. An yanyanka hatsi da abin ɗaure, a murɗe, ana sussuka. Manoma suna jigilar hatsi ta wagon ko sleigh-doki zuwa Zumbro da Artland A cikin watannin hunturu, ana jigilar hatsi a kan kankara na tafkin Manitou. Mazaunan farko sun sayi kayan abinci da kayayyaki a Lashburn, Artland, ko Chauvin, Alberta Shahararriyar hanyar siyayya ta lokacin ita ce kasida ta Eaton. Yaran mazauni sun fara zuwa makaranta a Learig, kuma a cikin 1925 an gina ɗakin makaranta mai ɗaki huɗu a cikin ƙauyen Marsden Geography Al'ummomi da yankuna Gundumomin birni masu zuwa suna kewaye da RM. Kauyuka Marsden Al'ummomin da ba a haɗa su ba suna cikin RM. Yankuna Artland Cire nasara Tafkuna da koguna Mai zuwa shine jerin fitattun tafkuna da koguna a cikin RM: Lake Manitou Wells Lake Tafkunan Reflex Kogin Yaƙi Eyehill Creek Alkaluma A cikin ƙidayar yawan jama'a ta 2021 da Statistics Kanada ta gudanar, RM na tafkin Manitou Lamba 442 yana da yawan jama'a 505 da ke zaune a cikin 199 daga cikin jimlar 250 na gidajen zaman kansu, canjin yanayi. -11.9% daga yawan jama'arta na 2016 na 573 Tare da yanki na tana da yawan yawan jama'a 0.6/km a cikin 2021. A cikin ƙidayar yawan jama'a na 2016, RM na tafkin Manitou No. 442 ya ƙididdige yawan jama'a 573 da ke zaune a cikin 209 daga cikin 236 na gidaje masu zaman kansu, a 4.8% ya canza daga yawan 2011 na 547 Tare da filin ƙasa na tana da yawan yawan jama'a 0.7/km a cikin 2016. Tattalin Arziki Noma, shanu, da mai sune masana'antu na farko ga yawan mazauna 590 na RM na tafkin Manitou. Alkama, canola, sha'ir, hatsi, Peas, da flax sune amfanin gona na yau da kullun a yankin. Yankin ya shahara saboda kyawawan shanun da suka sami kyautar da suka haɗa da Hereford, Charolais, Simmental, da Angus Ana iya lura da bambancin aikin noma tare da samar da dabbobi na musamman kamar su alkama da bison Masana'antar mai na taka rawa sosai a tattalin arzikin cikin gida. Rijiyoyin mai da batura a karkara sun tabbatar da hakar danyen mai mai yawa a yankin. Sufuri Mai zuwa shine jerin manyan hanyoyin Saskatchewan a cikin RM: Hanyar Saskatchewan 40 Hanyar Saskatchewan 675 Hanyar Saskatchewan 680 Big Manitou Regional Park Big Manitou Regional Park wani wurin shakatawa ne na yanki da ke arewa maso yamma na tafkin Manitou, kusa da inda rafin da ke malala tafkin Wells ya kwarara zuwa tafkin Manitou. An kafa wannan wurin shakatawa ne a cikin 1975 a matsayin wani yanki na Yankin Yankin Suffern Lake A cikin 2019, an ba shi cikakken matsayin wurin shakatawa kuma an ba shi suna Big Manitou Regional Park a hukumance. Yana da nisan kudu da gabas da Marsden Wuraren shakatawa sun haɗa da filin sansani tare da wuraren zama na 32, shawa, gidan dafa abinci, filayen wasa, ramukan dawakai, lu'u-lu'u na ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙafa, da filin ƙwallon ƙafa Manitou Lake Golf Club kuma yana cikin wurin shakatawa. Hanya ce mai ramuka 9, koren yashi. Manitou Sand Hills Manitou Sand Hills kadada 105,000 ne na filin kiwo na Crown da gwamnatin Saskatchewan ta kebe wanda ke kewaye da yawancin rabin kudancin tafkin Manitou a kudancin yankin RM. Akwai tafiye-tafiye na zango da shiryarwa ta hanyar Manitou Sand Hills, waɗanda ke ɗaya daga cikin fitattun wurare na Yammacin Kanada Gwamnati RM na tafkin Manitou mai lamba 442 ana gudanar da shi ne ta hanyar zaɓaɓɓun majalissar ƙaramar hukuma da naɗaɗɗen gudanarwa wanda ke ganawa a ranar Alhamis ta farko bayan Talata ta farko na kowane wata. Reve na RM shine Ian Lamb yayin da mai kula da shi shine Joanne Loy. Ofishin RM yana cikin Marsden. Duba kuma Jerin kananan hukumomin karkara a cikin Saskatchewan Jerin al'ummomi a cikin Saskatchewan Jerin wuraren kariya na Saskatchewan Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
51328	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam%20Ben	Miriam Ben	Myriam Ben, an haifi Marylise Ben Haim a goma ga Maris shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da ashirin da takwas a Aljeriya kuma ya mutua cikin Vesoul, marubuci ne na Aljeriya, mawaƙi, malami, mai zane, mai fafutukar gurguzu kuma mai adawa da mulkin mallaka Haka kuma ta kasance mamba a kungiyar Marubuta Aljeriya, kungiyar tsoffin Mujahidai ta kasa da kungiyar Matan Aljeriya. Tarihin Rayuwar ta Myriam Ben ta fito ne daga kabilar Maghrebim na chaouia na ben Moshi ta mahaifinta kuma al'adar baka ta dangin mahaifiyarta Sultana Stora ta sa ta zuriya daga dangin mawakan Megorachim daga Andalusia wanda kakansa zai kasance Moussa ben Maimoun Maimonides) Dokar Crémieux ta soke matsayin Yahudawa 'yan asalin kasar ta hanyar ba su zama dan kasar Faransa, wani bangare na Ben Moshi ya musulunta Iyalin Myriam Ben ta zama Faransanci sun ƙi rasa Aljeriya. Don haka lokacin da aka haifi Marylise, kakarta ta so ta dauki sunan Meriem ko Louisa. Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta ƙi kuma ta lalata komai a cikin hanyar Marylise. Duk da haka, duk da cewa yaren Faransanci yarenta ne, za ta zama mai jin Larabci Mahaifinta Moïse Ben-Haim, wanda ya yi aiki a cikin sojojin Faransa a Rasha a lokacin juyin juya halin Oktoba na shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da goma sha bakwai dan gurguzu ne, mai kishin addini kuma mai adawa da sahyoniya Zai sanya wadannan dabi'u a cikin 'yarsa ban da al'adun Faransanci, a cewar Jessica Hammerman. Sai da ta kai shekara 7 sannan ta fahimci yahudanta, ana zaginta da cewa “Yahudawa kazanta” a makaranta. Ta dauki wannan lokacin a matsayin lokacin da ta rasa A farkon yakin duniya na biyu, ta kasance daliba a Lycée Fromentin a Algiers An kore ta daga cikinta ta hanyar adadin clausus da aka yi amfani da shi ga Yahudawa ta dokokin gwamnatin Vichy A wannan lokacin ne ta shiga cikin Matasan Kwaminisanci na Clandestine na Algiers, wanda ɗan'uwanta ya kasance sakatare. Tana da shekaru sha huɗu ta kasance shugabar harkar Har ila yau, a cikin wannan lokacin, wata rana bayan an kore ta daga makarantar sakandare, ta yi karatu a makarantar Maimonides, wanda al'ummar Yahudawa na Aljeriya suka kirkiro saboda ƙididdiga na ƙididdiga Wani abokinsa ya gaya masa cewa Yahudawan Aljeriya sun shirya yin aliya Dangane da mayar da martani, mahaifinta ya janye ta daga makaranta, saboda ba ya son a cusa ra'ayin yahudawan sahyoniya a cikin 'yarsa. A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da biyu ta koma makarantar sakandare bayan saukar da Amurkawa wanda ya faru a Algiers a takwas ga Nuwamba shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da biyu Daga nan ta ci gaba da horar da malamai yayin da ta ci gaba da karatun falsafa a Jami'ar Algiers Koyaya, ra'ayin Myriam Ben ya canza bayan shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da uku. Ta zama mai fafutukar kare hakkin 'yan asalin kasar. Yayin da abokanta maza da danginta suka shiga cikin sojojin Faransa, Myriam Ben ya zabi zama a Aljeriya A matsayin wani bangare na gwagwarmayarta a cikin Harkar Mata ta Aljeriya, Ben ta zama malami a yankunan karkarar Miliana, ta himmatu wajen koyar da dalibai musulmi a cikin al'ummar da yara ba sa zuwa makaranta, musamman saboda 'yan asalin ba su da takalma. Sakamakon haka, Myriam Ben ta taimaka wa ɗalibanta matalauta su sami takalma da tufafi don su iya zuwa aji, a cikin wata hira da aka buga a farkon shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin, ta bayyana ma'anar ilimi a Aljeriya: "A zamaninmu na matasa malamai, aikinmu ya kasance. wanda ba ya rabuwa da gwagwarmayar da al'ummar Aljeriya suke yi na yaki da zalunci". Ita da takwarorinta sun kafa wa kansu manufar wayar da kan dalibansu musulmi sanin wayewarsu ta siyasa tare da karfafa musu gwiwa su fahimci tarihinsu, sabanin wani “version” da mulkin mallaka ya dora musu Tun farkon yakin Aljeriya, a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da hamsin da hudu da shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da hamsin da biyar ta hada kai da jaridar Alger Republican Ta shiga yakin 'yantar da Aljeriya ta zama jami'in hulda a cikin maquis na Ouarsenis da aka fi sani da Maquis Rouge Yansanda ne suka nema ta, ta shiga buya. A shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da hamsin da takwas, kotun soji ta Algiers ta yanke mata hukuncin daurin shekaru ashirin na aiki mai wuyar gaske Iyalinsa, waɗanda aka azabtar da su, sun bar Algeria zuwa Marseilles A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da biyu, sabuwar gwamnati ta nada ta malamin aikace-aikace, sannan mai ba da shawara kan ilimi a École Normale. A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da hudu, saboda dalilai na kiwon lafiya, wanda ya tilasta mata ta daina aiki, ta tafi don neman magani a Faransa. Lokacin da Houari Boumediene ya karbi mulki a shekara ta 1965, ya murkushe 'yan gurguzu na Aljeriya Duk wadanda suka sami kansu, irinta, a wajen kasar, ba za su iya komawa ba. Myriam Ben ya yi amfani da wannan tilastawa gudun hijira don ci gaba da karatu a Sorbonne Ta koyi harshen Rashanci, tana kare kasida a tarihin zamani, yin fenti da rubutu. Bayan samun 'yancin kai, za ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin Yahudawan da ba kasafai ba na Aljeriya don samun takardar zama ɗan ƙasar Aljeriya A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da bakwaia rubuta wasan kwaikwayo, Leïla, wanda Mohamed Boudia da 'yan wasansa suka yi a Théâtre national de l'Ouest a Paris. A Algeria ne, duk da haka, a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da tara, wasansa Nora ya karanta a karon farko ta Action Culturelle des Travailleurs, ƙungiyar Kateb Yacine Labarin suna daya da kwanan watan Maris shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da bakwai kuma an buga shi a El-Djazaïria A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da hudu, Mujallar Parisian Les Temps Modernes ta buga ɗaya daga cikin gajerun labaransa L'enfant à la flûte Sa'an nan kuma zai zama littafin tattaunawa da masanin kimiyya Christiane Achour, tarin wakoki A kan tafarkin matakanmu da kuma wani labari, Sabrina, sun sace rayuwar ku daga gare ku A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da hudu ta koma ƙasar Aljeriya har zuwa shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da ɗaya bayan haka ta zaɓi zama a Faransa saboda yakin basasa A shekara ta dubu biyu, ta buga abubuwan tarihinta, Lokacin da aka yaudare katunan, kuma ta sake nunawa a Marseille, a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Art ashirin da biyar ga Afrilu shekara ta dubu biyu da daya A lokacin zaman karshe tare da abokai a Vesoul, dole ne a kwantar da ita a asibiti cikin gaggawa kuma a asibitin birni ne ta mutu.sha tara ga Nuwamba a shekara ta dubu biyu da daya Kamar yadda ta so, ta. Adabi Littafinsa mafi tsayi, Sabrina, sun sace rayuwarki (shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da shida) labarin soyayyar musulmi biyu da suka taso a Faransa da kuma wahalar da suka sha wajen daidaitawa da sabuwar gwamnatin Aljeriya. Marubuci Albert Bensoussan, kuma Bayahude daga Aljeriya ya yi imanin cewa Ben ta bayyana nasa ƙaura ta hanyar halayensa, kamar yadda al'adun Faransanci yanzu ana ganin baƙon waje a Algeria mai zaman kanta Duk da yake Ben ba ta taɓa musun gadonsa na Yahudanci ba, gwagwarmayarsa ta siyasa ta kasance cikin ra'ayinsa da ainihinsa. Bayahudenta na daga cikin zuriyar da ta sa ta zama ita. Tafiya ta Ben zuwa gwagwarmaya ta kasance ta hanyar tsanantawa a matsayinta na Bayahude, amma ta shigar da Yahudanci a cikin gwagwarmayar ɗan adam, wanda aka yi masa wahayi ta hanyar warewarta a lokacin Vichy. Ta ci gaba da rubuce-rubuce a cikin Faransanci, ba tare da tambayar kasancewarta na Aljeriya ba, ko wurinta a matsayin alamar al'adu a can. Ta kasance, duk da rubuce-rubucen da ta yi da Faransanci ba cikin Larabci ba, an yaba mata sosai a Aljeriya a shekarun dubu da dari tara da saba'in da dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin a matsayin marubuciya, mai zane da mawaƙi Littattafan L'Harmattan sun buga ayyukan adabinsa a Faransa. Aikin Fenti ta Tare da aikinta na rubuce-rubuce, Myriam Ben ta kasance mai zane-zane kuma ta ninka nune-nunen nune-nune a Aljeriya da kuma kasashen waje. Daga shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da shida zuwa shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da shida, Cibiyar Al'adu ta Willaya na Algiers ta baje kolin ayyukansa akai-akai. Har zuwa shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da biyu, ta baje kolin kowace shekara tare da wasu mata masu zane don tunawa da ranar mata ta duniya, bikin.takwasgga Maris Yayin da National Museum of Fine Arts a Algiers ya samu da dama daga cikin zane-zanenta, ta nuna a birnin Paris da kuma a kasashen Turai da dama Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
47694	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zazzabin%20Rawaya	Zazzabin Rawaya	Zazzabin Typhoid, shine akafi sani da typhoid, cuta ce da kwayoyin cutar Salmonella serotype Typhi ke haifarwa. Alamun sun bambanta daga wanda ze fara mai sauki zuwa mai tsanani, kuma yawanci suna farawa kwanaki shida zuwa 30 bayan kamuwa da kwayar cutar. Sau da yawa a hankali a hankali zazzaɓi mai tsanani yakan tashi bayan wasu kwanaki da yawa. Amma a wanna lokacin, yakan zo ne tare da rauni, ciwon ciki, cushewar ciki, ciwon kai, da amai marar tsanani. A Wasu mutane yakanzo masu da kurajen fata tare da tabo a jiki A lokuta masu yawa, mutane na iya samun rudani. Idan ba'a yi magani ba, cutar na iya wuce makonni ko watanni. Zawo na iya zama mai tsanani, amma ba a cika samun hakan ba. Wasu mutane na iya zama ɗauke da kwayar cutar ba tare da ta saka su rashin lapiya ba amma har kuma suna iya yada cutar ma wasu. Zazzabin Typhoid nau'in zazzabi ne na ciki, tare da zazzabin paratyphoid An yi imanin S. enterica Typhi tana sa rashin lapiya ne a cikin mutane kawai. Ana samun cutar Typhoid ta hanyar kwayar cutar Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi, wadda take girma a cikin hanji, peyers faci, mesenteric lymph nodes, saifa, hanta, gallbladder, kasusuwa da jini tyhoid tana yaduwa ne ta hanyar ci ko shan abinci ko ruwan da ya gurɓace da najasar mai kwayar cutar. Abubuwan da zasu iya saka ka samu cutar sun haɗa da ƙarancin samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha da rashin tsafta Wadanda har yanzu ba su kamu da cutar ba kuma suka ci gurbacewar ruwan sha ko abinci sun fi fuskantar hadarin kamuwa da alamun cutar. Mutane ne kawai za su iya kamuwa da cutar; babu sanannun dabbobi da zasu iya kamuwa. Anayin binciken ganeta ne ta hanyar shuka kwayoyin cutar daga samfurin marar lapiya ko kuma gano garkuwar jiki wadanda jiki ya samar ta dalilin cutar. Bada jimaw ba, sabbin manhajojin daukar bayanai da kuma yin bincike suna ba masu bincike damar kirkiro wasu sabbin hanyoyin gano cutar. Wannan ya hada da sauyawar kwayoyin dake cikin jini wadan da zasu iya nuna kwayar cutar typhoid. Na'urorin bincike a wuraren da typhoid ta zama ruwan dare sunada karanci sannan kuma ingancinsu a wurin bincike yayi karanci, yawan lokacinda ake bukata wurin bincike, karuwar yaduwar jurewar magungunan kwayoyin cuta, da kuma tsadar awo, suna daga cikin wahalaolin da ake samu inda babu isassun kayan aiki da ma'aikata na kula da lafiya. Alurar rigakafin typhoid na iya hana kusan kashi 40 zuwa 90% na lokuta a cikin shekaru biyu na farko. Maganin na iya yin ɗan tasiri har zuwa shekaru bakwai. Ga waɗanda ke cikin haɗari ko kuma mutanen da ke tafiya zuwa wuraren da cutar ta zama ruwan dare, ana ba da shawarar yin rigakafi. Sauran kokarin da ake na rigakafin cutar sun hada da samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli da kuma wanke hannu Har sai an tabbatar da cewa mutum ya warke, mai cutar bai kamata ya shirya abinci ga wasu ba. Ana yin maganin taifot da maganin kamar azithromycin, fluoroquinolones, ko cephalosporins na ƙarni na uku kwayar cutar typhoid tana bijirewa magunguna wanda ya sa maganinta yaketa kara wahala. A cikin 2015, an sami sabbin cututtukan typhoid miliyan 12.5. Cutar ta fi kamari a Indiya. tafi shafar yara. Typhoid ya ragu a kasashen da suka ci gaba a cikin 1940s sakamakon ingantacciyar tsafta da kuma amfani da maganin rigakafi. A kowace shekara ana ba da rahoton cutar kusan 400 a Amurka kuma an kiyasta mutane 6,000 suna da taifot. A cikin 2015, ya haifar da mutuwar kusan 149,000 a duk duniya ƙasa daga 181,000 a 1990. Idan ba tare da magani ba, haɗarin mutuwa zai iya kaiwa kashi 20%. Idan kuma anyi magani, yana iya kaiwa tsakanin 1% da 4%. Typhus cuta ce daban. Saboda irin alamun bayyanar su, ba a gane su a matsayin cututtuka daban-daban har zuwa 1800s. "Typhoid" na nufin "kamar typhus".. Alamomin cuta A bayyanance, ci gaban zazzabin typhoid ba tare da magani ba yana da matakai daban-daban guda uku, kowanne yana ɗaukar kusan mako guda. A tsawon waɗannan matakan, marar lapiya ze rika fama da gajiya da kuma ya yi rama A cikin satin farko zafin jiki ze rika karuwa a hankali, kuma za aya rika samun zazzabi mai zuwa yana dawowa. Bugun zuciya zaya rika raguwa, ciwon kai, da tari. marar lapiya ze iya samun habo a kashi daya bisa hudun na mararsa lafiya. tare da ciwon ciki. Ragu adadin kwayar halittar garkuwar jiki,tare da eosinopenia da lymphocytosis; Idan anyi Gwaji na shuka kwayoyin cuta za'a iya samun S. enterica subsp. Cutar sankarau. Gwajin Widal baya nunawa. A cikin mako na biyu, mutum yakan ji gajiya sosai wurin tashi, tare da zazzabi mai zafi a Filato kusan 40 °C (104 °F) da ragewar bugun gaba. Rudani yakan iya faruwa, inda marar lafia yakan kwantar da hankalina amma bayan dan wani lokacin se kuma yasamu rudani. Wannan halaccin ya sanyawa typhoid lakabin "zazzabin fargaba". jajayen kuraje zasu iya fitar ma marar lafiya kirji da ciki a kusan kashi uku na marasa lafiya. Ana jin (sautin numfashi) a wurin huhu. Ciki yana zazzalowa zuwa bangarn dama na kasa. kuma yana jin zafi a cikin ƙananan kwata na dama, kuma za a iya jin sautin ruri. Zawo na iya faruwa a wannan mataki, sannan da cushewar ciki. Hanta da sefa zasuyi girma sannan zasuyi taushi., sinadaran transaminases na hanta zasu karu. Gwajin Widal yana da inganci mai ƙarfi, wanda akayi da ƙwayoyin rigakafin antin O da antin H. Shuka kwayoyin cuta acikin jini har yanzu hanyar gwaji ce mai inganci. A cikin mako na uku na zazzabin typhoid, matsaloli da yawa na iya faruwa: Har yanzu zazzaɓin yana da yawa kuma yana hawa ya sauka a cikin awa ashirin da hudu(24). Rashin ruwan jiki yana faruwa tare da rashin koshi na abinci mai gina jiki, kuma mai haƙuri yana jin dadi. Kashi uku na mutanen da abin ya shafa suna samun kuraje a gangar jikii. a Zubar da jini CIKI hanji saboda zubar jini a cikin Peyer's faci. wannan na iya zama mai tsanani, amma yawanci baya kawo mutuwa. Ciwon hanji a cikin janji mai na kasa yana da matukar tsananta kuma sau da yawa yana iya kawo mutuwa. Yana iya faruwa ba tare da alamu masu ban tsoro ba har sai kwayoyin cuta sun shiga acikin jini. ko yaduwa peritonitis ya shiga. Cututtukan numfashi kamar su ciwon huhu da mashako mai tsanani Encephalitis Alamun ciwon jijiyoyi (wanda aka kwatanta da "muttering delirium" ko "coma vigil"), tare da ɗaukar tufafin gado ko abubuwan da aka sani. Metastatic abscesses, cholecystitis, endocarditis, osteitis Ana ganin ƙananan adadin platelet thrombocytopenia wani lokaci.
14864	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olusegun%20Olutoyin%20Aganga	Olusegun Olutoyin Aganga	Olusegun Olutoyin Aganga (An haife shi ne a shekara ta alif (1955),ya kasance kuma shi ne Ministan Masana'antu da Kasuwanci da zuba jari a Nijeriya.Janar Obasanjo ne ya fara tantance shi sannan Shugaba Jonathan ya nada shi a matsayin Ministan Kudi daga ranar 6 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta alif 2010 har zuwa watan Yunin shekara ta 2011. Nasarori An yaba wa Mista Aganga da cewa shi ke da Alhakin dimbin sauye-sauye da dama a Najeriya, ciki har da kafa Asusun Kula da masarautu na Kasar baki daya; tun bayan Euro Bond na farko; ya shugabanci Bankin Duniya da IMF a shekara ta 2010, ya jagoranci taron karo na 8 na Ƙungiyar Ciniki ta Duniya (MC8) a Geneva a shekara ta 2011 (Ba’amurke na farko da ya shugabanci waɗannan kungiyoyi); Ya sanya Najeriya a sahun gaba don sanya hannun jari a Afirka, da kuma ƙaddamar da ƙwarin gwuiwar masana'antun ƙasar baki daya. Har ila yau, shi ke da alhakin tsarawa da kuma bayar da aikin titin jirgin ƙasa na farko a(Abuja zuwa Kaduna) dake Nijeriya. Hakanan ma shi ne Shugaban Kamfanin Marina Express, na farko da ya fara harkar jirgi a Legas. Ya zauna a kan wasu kwamitoci ciki har da Kwamitin Shawara na ƙungiyar ƙasashe masu tasowa wadda ke Burtaniya. Mista Aganga ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan masu saka hannun jari a Najeriya, gwargwadon kwarewar sa a kasashen duniya da cikin gida, da kuma tarihin sa a ciki da wajen gwamnati. Wasu takamaiman nasarorin da ya samar sun hada da: 1. Cikakkiyar sauya fasalin Ma’aikatar Kasuwanci da Zuba Jari ta Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya (FGN) (MITI) zuwa ma’aikatar tattalin arziki mai lamba ta 1 a Najeriya. 2. Kamfanin sarrafa bashin Najeriya mai aiki, Kamfanin Kula da Kadarori na Najeriya (AMCON), don inganta harkar kudi da kawo kwanciyar hankali a harkar banki bayan rikicin tattalin arzikin duniya da ke aiki tare da Babban Bankin Najeriya (CBN). 3. A matsayinsa na shugaban taron WTO MC8 na ministocin, ya aza harsashin yarjejeniyar cinikayya ta WTO na farko sannan kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kammala yarjejeniyar a Bali, Indonesia, a shekara ta 2013. Wannan ita ce yarjejeniyar ciniki ta bangarori da dama a cikin shekaru 13 na kungiyar WTO. 4. Initiaddamar da manufofi da dama don fadada tattalin arzikin Najeriya don mayar da Nijeriya ta dogara da shigo da kayayyaki da samar da ayyukan yi. Wadannan manufofin sun hada da manufofin mota, da manufofin sukari, da auduga, da manufofin sutura, da kuma hadin gwiwa wajen samar da sabuwar manufar noman shinkafa. Ya aiwatar da manufofin ciminti wanda ya haifar da wadatar kai a cikin ciminti, karshen shigo da siminti zuwa Najeriya, kuma a karon farko a tarihin Najeriya, kamfanoni sun fara fitar da siminti. 5. Wanda aka yi rikodin manyan nasarori a matsayin Ministan FGN na Kasuwanci Zuba Jari waɗanda suka haɗa da: a) Juya masana'antu zuwa sashi na biyu mafi saurin bunƙasa tattalin arzikin Najeriya [Ofishin Kididdiga na Najeriya (NBS)] b) Tattara hanyoyin saka hannun jari da faɗaɗa wasu manyan fannoni inda Najeriya ya kasance yana shigo da dogaro kamar (sukari zuwa manufofin sukari), sukari, wato, sinadarin Petro, matatar mai, taki da ciminti. c) Ya samu gagarumar ci gaba a adadin kamfanoni a bangaren Micro, Small Medium Enterprise (MSME) daga miliyan 17.2 a 2010 zuwa miliyan 32.4 a 2014, kuma aikin yi wa ma'aikaci kirkirar shi ma ya karu daga sama daga miliyan 37 a 2010 zuwa Miliyan 60 a 2014 (NBS). d) atedaddamar da ƙasashe shirin farko na ingantaccen ƙasa tare da UNIDO. e) Rage farashin rajistar kasuwanci da 50% na SME's da 25% na manyan kamfanoni. Ya kuma kafa aikin yin rijista na awanni 24 a wasu biranen kasuwanci, sannan ya kaddamar da tsarin yin rijistar ta yanar gizo Ya kuma gabatar da tsarin biza na isowar Visa ga masu saka jari. f) A lokacin da yake Minista na MITI, Najeriya ta yi wa lamba 1 lamba ta World Street Journal Frontiers Market index a matsayin kasuwar kan iyakokin da aka fi kallo a duniya. g) NLI ta kasance sila ce ga hangen nesan tattalin arzikin Najeriya 20: 2020. Ilimi da asali Aganga ya yi karatunsa ne a jami'ar Ibadan, Najeriya inda ya sami digiri na B.Sc a fannin kimiyyar halittu a shekarar ta 1977 da kuma jami'ar Oxford ta ƙasar Ingila inda ya samu digiri a fannin ilimin tauhidi a shekarar ta 2000. Aganga ya cancanci zama Akawun Kamfanin a shekara ta 1983. Kwarewar sana'a Aikinsa na ƙwarewa ya ƙaru sama da shekaru arba'in, yana riƙe da matsayi na jagoranci da yawa a cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da na jama'a. Mista Aganga a baya ya kasance Manajan Darakta tare da Goldman Sachs a Landan, yana aiki a cikin babban dillali, wanda ke rufe Hedge Funds. Kafin wannan, ya kasance Darakta tare da Ernst Young, London da ke da alhakin rufe al'adun gargajiya da sauran kamfanonin saka hannun jari da suka hada da Venture Capital, Daidaitan Kamfanoni, da Kuɗaɗen Hedge. Kafin wannan, ya kasance yana da alhakin wasu abokan cinikin Japan da kamfanoni a wasu masana'antu da suka hada da mai da gas, mota, inshora, FMCG da gine-gine. Mista Olusegun Aganga shi ne wanda ya kirkiro kuma shugaban Kamfanin 3V Partners Ltd., wani kamfanin bunkasa kadara da kamfanin saka jari ya mai da hankali kan wasu bangarorin tattalin arzikin da aka gano ciki har da kayayyakin more rayuwa. 3V yana da kasancewa a cikin Burtaniya. A bangaren gwamnati ya fara aiki a matsayin Ministan Kudi da Shugaban Tattalin Arzikin Najeriya; sannan a matsayinta na Ministan Masana'antu, Kasuwanci da Zuba jari. Shirin Shugabanci da Asusun Dukiyar Mai Girma (SWF) A shekarar 2006, Aganga ya kafa kungiyar Shugabancin Najeriya. Ya jagoranci kafa Asusun Bayar da Dukiyar Nijeriya. Canza wurin ma'aikata A watan Yulin 2011, Shugaban ya sake tura Aganga zuwa sabuwar Ma’aikatar Ciniki da Zuba Jari, domin ba Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala damar komawa a matsayin Ministar Kuɗin Najeriya. A ranar 9 ga Maris, 2013, Gwamnatin Nijeriya ta canza sunan Ma'aikatar Kasuwanci da Zuba Jari zuwa Ma'aikatar Masana'antu, Kasuwanci da Zuba Jari. Rayuwar Ƙashin kai Aganga ya auri Abiodun Aganga (née Awobokun). Yana da yara hudu. Sannan kuma suruki ne ga tsohon Gwamnan soja na Kungiya ta Jihar Kwara Kyaftin Salaudeen Latinwo Babbar yayarsa ita ce Mercy Latinwo Rigima kan Naɗin Aganga Minista A shekarar 2010, jam'iyyar PDP reshen jihar Legas ta nuna adawa da nadin minista Aganga a kan cewa yana cike mukamin minista na jihar Legas amma ba a haife shi a jihar ba. A watan Yunin 2011, sake takarar Minista Aganga ya sha adawa da reshen jihar Legas na PDP, amma majalisar dattijai ta amince da Aganga a ranar 6 ga Yulin 2011 a matsayin Minista. A dukkan lokutan biyu Janar Obasanjo, tsohon shugaban kasar Najeriya ya zabi Aganga a matsayin minista. Matakin Hukumar bayar da sakamako Oktoba 2010 A watan Oktoba na 2010, Fitch hukumar bayar da sakamako ta yanke hangen nesan a kan darajar “BB” zuwa “mara kyau” daga “barga” saboda cire kudi daga Asusun danyen mai da aka samu da kuma faduwar kudin kasashen waje. Aganga wanda yake a wancan lokacin, Ministan Kudin Najeriya, ya bayyana cewa matakin da Fitch Ratings ya dauka na rage hangen nesa game da matsayin kasar ya kasance "ladabtarwa ba bisa ka'ida ba". Shigo da Shinkafa ya ƙare a 2014 A watan Oktoba na 2011, Aganga, Ministan Kasuwanci da Zuba Jari na Najeriya ya sanar da cewa shigo da shinkafa a Najeriya nan ba da dadewa ba a karshen shekarar 2014. Najeriya ta yi amfani da nau’ikan manufofin cinikayya daban-daban kamar takunkumin shigo da kayayyaki, da kuma dakatar da shigo da shinkafa kai tsaye a lokuta daban-daban daga shekarar 1978 zuwa 1995. Duk sun gaza. Pages with unreviewed
60896	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyar%20Shuwaka	Miyar Shuwaka	Miyar Shuwaka Sananniyar miyace a kasar hausawa wanda take da matukar amfani Yanda Akeyin Miyar Abubuwan da za a bukata Ganyen Shuwaka Manja Naman shanu Kayan ciki Kifi banda Danyen kifin karfasa Magi Kori Kifin ‘cryfish’ Attarugu Hadi A kankare fatar danyen kifin karfasa sannan a dora a wuta hade da magi da ruwa sannan a dafa har sai ya yi laushi sosai sannan a sauke. A cire kashin cikin kifin gaba daya, sannan a zuba a turmi a daka shi har sai ya yi laushi sannan a kwashe a ajiye a gefe. A wanke naman shanu da kayan ciki a dora a kan wuta da gishiri kadan. Sannan a wanke bandar kifi a cikin ruwan zafi a cire kayar kifin. Bayan naman da kayan cikin sun nuna sannan a zuba su a cikin tukunya tare da bandar kifin da kifin ‘cryfish’ da kuma dakakken kifinkarfasar. Sannan a dora wankakkiyar shuwaka a wuta da jajjagen attarugu da kori. Sannan a gauraya su a zuba magi da manja. Idan ganyen shuwakar ya nuna sai a sake gauraya girkin a sauke. Za a iya hada wannan irin miyar da kowane irin tuwo. Amfanin Miyar Shuwaka wata ciyawace mai launin kore(greenish) wacce take girma a sassa daban daban a kasashen Nahiyar Afrika dama wasu a nahiyar Turai zuwa wasu yankuna na kasashen Larabawa (Arabs countries). A harshen Turanci ana kiranta da suna BITTER LEAF,su kuma Yarbawa suna ambatonta da suna EWERU,a yayinda kabilar Igbo suke yi mata laqabi da suna ONUGBU. Komai na wannan ciyawar daci ke dashi kama daga ganyenta (leaves),saiwarta(roots) da itaciyarta waton (stem). Kabilar Igbo suna amfani da ganyen su yi abinci musamman miya ,su kuma Yarbawa sun dauki shiwaka a mastsayin magani wanda suka tarar kakanninsu na amfani da ita tun azal. A kasar Hausa musamman a arewacin Najeriya,mata masu jego su suka fi yawan amfani da shiwaka da mata masu shayarwa. Bisako amfanin wannan ciyawar ya fi gaban a nanata bawai ga mata kadaiba harta ma ga maza.Da dama abinda wasu suka dauki shiwaka kayan matane kawai.A dalili da haka yasa na zurfafa bincike akan shiwaka da kuma yin rubutu na musamman akan alfanon da take da shi ga lafiyar al'umma. Wannan ciyawar kamar yanda nace kusan komai nata daci ke gare shi,wanda hakan na karantar damu cewa rayuwa fa daci ke gareta.Mutanen da sun fi son abu mai daci fiye da abubuwan dake da zaki ,a yayinda mutanen wannan zamanin suka fi bukatar shan kayan zaki da maiko kawai wanda shi yasa ga cutukka nan birjit a cikin al 'umma domin mafiyawan cutukan dake damuwarmu nada alaqa da abincin da muke ci.mun fi son mu ci biskit da chocolate mu sha yoghurt mu kwankwadi coke da ice cream. Dukda yake yawan shan abu mai daci nada illa ga jiki musamman ga hanta(liver) sai dai kuma dacin dake ga shiwaka baya illata jiki asali maganine na musamman ga jiki.Na sha jin kareri kan shuwaka na illata jiki dan daci ke gareta,wannan ba gaskiya bane,indai an sha a yanda aka shawani cutarwa a tare da ita.dacin dake gareta ba irin na madaci ko bedi bane. Shuwaka na wanke hanta daga kwayoyin cuta .Hanta ita ce abu mafi nauyi a cikin jikin dan adam inda hantar babban mutum (adulta) ke da nauyin kilogram 1 zuwa 3 waton (1 to 3kg).zuqar suga da kwankwadar giya da shan magungunna barkatai na illata hanta(liver) wanda kusan duk abinda ya shafi hantar mutum to a hakika jiki zai fuskanci barazanar kamuwa da curuta. 2.koda (kidney) wata muhimmiyar halittace dake aikin fitarda duk waste materials daga cikin jiki kamar fitsari wanda shiwaka na taimakon kodar sosai dan karfafa aikinta. 3.Shiwaka na maganin ciwon ciki musamman ga jarirai,idan aja ga jariri yana ta mulle mulle yana tsuwa to sai uwar ta nemi shuwaka ta sa6e ta zuba ruwan pure water sai ta tace da kyau ta sha lita daya bayan awa daya sai ta shayarda jinjirin nono a hakika za a ga waraka da yardar Allah. 4.Diabeties-Ina masu fama da ciwon suga shekara da shekarru to ga magani sahihi kuma mujarribun sai dai akoi bukatar bayani anan wajen sosai ta yanda za ayi amfani da shuwaka da kuna yanda za a sarrafata. 5.Idan kana fama da yawan tinane tinane to sai a tace shiwaka a sanya dan garin dabino kadan haka sai a zuba zuma a sha cup daya a kullum.kwakwalwa zata washe. 6.Kasala marar misaltuwa -A nemi ganyen shiwaka a sa6e a sha liter daya da safe haka za a maimaita da yamma.Ayi haka na tsawon wata daya. 7.Gudawa Idan anci wani abinci wanda ya lalata ciki to a sha shiwaka. 8.Arthrities shi ma a sha shiwaka a kullum ayi suraci da ruwanta.za ayi mamaki 9.Rashin cin abinci a koshi shima sai a sha shiwaka 10.Gudawa ga yaranda ke shan nono a sabili da rikicewar nonon sai uwar ta tace shiwaka ta sha a sanda zata konta,haka idan gari ya waye zata sha. 11.Wankin dattin ciki 12.Maganin tsutsar ciki 13.Bayan gari mai tauri 14.Stroke 15.Rashin yin bacci(Insomnia) 16.Cutukan da ake dauka ta saduwa(sexually transmitted Diseases 17.Kumburin ciki da zafin ciki 18.Basir mai kumbura dubura. 19.Zafin ciki (internal heat) ko kaga kana bayan gari amma hayaqi na tashi a ciki 20.karin ruwan nono ga mata masu shayarwa anan sai a rinka yin kununta ana sha. 21.Tana tsaftace nonon da ya gur6ace 22.Pneumonia da tarin sanyi 23.cutukkan fata sai a sa6eta a shafawa wajen dake da matsalar. 24.Indigestion 25.Malaria sai a rinka sha ana suraci da ruwanta ko wanka dasu amma da duminsu. 26.Weight loss- sassauta nauyin jiki sai a fake shan shiwaka bayan anci abinci sannan aje a motsa jiki da kyau.a yi haka na tsawon wata daya.za a ga canji 27.ANTIBIOTIC ce ina nufin tana kashin kwayoyin cuta na bacteria. 28.Idan kana neman ka tsaftace cikinka daga yawan tugugi da tsuwa to sai ka gyara shiwaka ka sha. 29.Mata masu fama da matsalar rashin haihuwa to a fake amfani da shiwaka.
31190	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%83lin%20Georgescu	Călin Georgescu	Călin Georgescu (an haife shi a shekara ta 1962) babban ƙwararren ɗan ƙasar Romania ne a cikin ci gaba mai dorewa, tare da ƙwararren ƙwarewa a fagen, bayan shekaru 17 na hidima a yankin muhalli a cikin tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. An nada Georgescu a matsayin darektan zartarwa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Global Sustainable Index Institute a Geneva da Vaduz na lokacin 2015-2016. Kafin wannan, ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Cibiyar Nazarin Turai don Club of Rome (2013-2015). Hakanan memba ne na Club of Rome International a Switzerland. Ilimi An haifi Georgescu a unguwar Cotroceni na Bucharest, ɗan Scarlat Georgescu da Aneta Georgescu, née Popescu. Ya kammala karatun digiri na Kwalejin Reclamation Land, Nicolae Bălcescu Institute of Agronomy a Bucharest (1986) kuma ya sami Ph.D. a cikin ilimin ƙasa a 1999. Aiki Georgescu ya yi aiki a matsayin babban darektan Cibiyar ci gaba mai dorewa ta kasa a Bucharest daga 2000 zuwa 2013. Wani ikon da aka amince da shi a cikin tsare-tsare da tsara manufofin jama'a, Gwamnatin Romania ta nada shi don daidaita haɓaka nau'ikan dabarun ci gaba mai dorewa na ƙasa (a cikin 1999 da 2008), daidai da jagororin Dabarun Turai don Dorewa. Ci gaba. Ya haɗu da cikakken ilimin ka'idoji da ayyuka na ci gaba mai dorewa tare da ƙwarewar aikin hannu ta hanyar yin aiki tare da masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin jama'a da masu zaman kansu da kuma tare da ƙungiyoyin jama'a don tsarawa, aiwatarwa da kuma bi ta hanyar kammala wasu ayyuka na musamman a karkashin gida. Ajanda 21 (wanda Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya qaddamar a 1992) don fiye da gundumomin Romania 40. Wani tsohon babban jami'in shirin ci gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Georgescu ya kuma rike mukamai daban-daban a cikin tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kamar Wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman game da illar haramtacciyar motsi da zubar da kayayyaki masu guba da haɗari da sharar gida kan jin daɗin 'yancin ɗan adam Wakilin kwamitin UNEP na kasar Romania. Ya kuma rike mukamai kamar: Mai ba da shawara ga Ministan Muhalli, Sakatare Janar na Ma'aikatar Muhalli, Daraktan Sashen Kungiyoyin Tattalin Arziki na Duniya a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Romania, Babban Sakatare Janar na Ƙungiyar Rum ta Rum da kuma zartarwa. darektan Cibiyar kere-kere da ayyukan raya kasa. A cewar wata sanarwa da aka bayar a watan Nuwamba 2020, Georgescu ya bayyana cewa Ion Antonescu da Corneliu Zelea Codreanu jarumai ne wanda ta hanyarsu "ya rayu tarihin kasa, ta hanyar su yana magana kuma ya faɗi tarihin ƙasa kuma ba ta hanyar rashin ƙarfi na ikon duniya da ke jagorantar Romania a yau ba. na dan lokaci". An gabatar da Georgescu a matsayin Firayim Minista ta Alliance for the Union of Romanians (AUR), jam'iyyar da ta shiga Majalisar Romania bayan zaben majalisar dokokin Romania na Disamba 2020. A lokacin rikicin siyasar Romania na 2021 wanda ya haifar da tsige shi daga ofishin majalisar ministocin Cîțu, jam'iyyar ta sake ba shi shawara. Kafofin yada labarai da dama sun soki Georgescu saboda kalamansa na goyon bayan Rasha, wasu ma suna daukarsa a matsayin wakilin muradun Rasha a Romania. Labarai Romania a Crossroads, Editura Logos, Bucuresti, 2014 da Editura Christiana, 2016 (bugu na biyu da aikin ƙasar) "Pentru un ideal comun" [Don Neman Manufa gama gari], Kamfanin Bugawa na Kamfanin, Bucharest, 2012. "Romaniya după criză. Reprofesionalizarea" [Romania bayan rikicin. Sake fasalin Professionalwararru], masu gudanarwa da Călin Georgescu, Kamfanin Bugawa na Kamfanin, Bucharest, 2010. "Trezirea la realitate" [Kira na Farkawa], a cikin Rumunan bayan-criză. Reprofesionalizarea României III Romania bayan Rikicin], Rahoton IPID na 3, Bucharest, 2010, shafi. 5-15. "Recladirea capitalului uman" [Rebuilding Human Capital], in Șansa României: oamenii. Reprofesionalizarea României II Dama ga Romania: Yin fare akan Mutane Rahoton IPID na 2, București, 2009, shafi. 7-18. "Romania a Hauwa'u na Millennium na Uku", a cikin Millennium III, batu na musamman a kan "Wane Sojoji ne ke Tuki Turai?, Taron Tarayyar Turai na Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyar Roma", Bucharest, 23-24 May 2008, pp. 95-103. "Reprofesionalizarea României" [Sake fasalin Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru a Romania Rahoton IPID na 1st, Bucharest, 2008; marubuci kuma edita. Dabarun Ci gaban Dorewar Ƙasa ta Romania 2013-2020-2030, (akwai cikin Romanian da Ingilishi), Gwamnatin Romania, Bucharest, 2008; Manajan Ayyuka. Planurile Locale de Dezvoltare Durabilă “Agenda Locală 21” [Shirye-shiryen Ci gaba Mai Dorewa na Gida ƙarƙashin Tsarin Gida na 21], don ƙananan hukumomi 40, 2000-2008; Manajan Ayyuka. Dabarun ci gaba mai dorewa na ƙasa, (samuwa cikin Romanian da Ingilishi), Shirin Raya Ƙasa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Bucharest, 1999; Manajan Ayyuka. Romania 2020, Editura Conspress, București, 1998, Edita. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Club of Rome https://www.clubofrome.org/ Cibiyar Nazarin Turai ta Club of Rome http://www.clubofrome.eu/ Cibiyar Ma'anar Dorewa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya UNGSII http://www.ungsii.org/ Hakkokin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Ofishin Babban Kwamishina OHCHR http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Pages/Home.aspx Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya UNDP http://www.undp.org/ Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya UNEP http://www.unep.org/ Cibiyar ci gaba mai dorewa ta ƙasa Dezvoltare Durabilă http://www.ncsd.ro Strategia Națională pentru Dezvoltarea Durabilă a României National Sustainable Development Strategy http://strategia.ncsd.ro/ Labarai da hirarraki TVR 2 "Legile Afacerilor" (Dokokin Kasuwanci), 5 Satumba 2016 a cikin Romanian Călin Georgescu despre naționalism, ortodoxie, lupta politică 8 Yuni 2016 in Romanian Călin Georgescu: "Nu recunosc conducerea acestei țări", 29 Maris 2015 in Romanian Călin Georgescu interviu la Realitatea TV 25 Satumba 2014 in Romanian "Romania are nevoie de un stat care își servește cu abnegație cetățenii", 3 ga Maris 2014 in Romanian "Lideri farashin. Babban mahimmanci" -a cikin Romanian, “Skilled Leaders for Crucial Decisions” a cikin Ingilishi, kalmar mafari zuwa fitowar Romanian na "Bankrupting Nature, Denying our Planetary Boundaries" na Anders Wijkman da Johan Rockström (kamfani, Bucharest, 2013) -a cikin Turanci. Trebuie restabilit echilibrul între raţionalitatea economică şi suportabilitatea socială", hira da Adina Ardeleanu, BURSA, 27 Oktoba 2011. in Romanian BIDIYO Călin Georgescu este invitatul lui Victor Ciutacu la emisiunea "Vorbe Grele" la Antena 3, 26 Agusta 2011. "Avem ce învăța de la alții, dar problemele noastre tot noi trebuie să le rezolvam", hira da Călin Georgescu na RomaniaPress.ro, 3 Agusta 2011. in Romanian "Nişa României: agricultura eco" Călin Georgescu, darektan executiv al Centrului Naţional pentru Dezvoltare Durabilă din România ["Romania's Niche: bio noma": Călin Georgescu, babban darektan Cibiyar ci gaba mai dorewa ta kasa, Sabina Fati, hira da Sabina Fati. 5 Yuli 2011.-a cikin Romanian Ƙwararrawar tattalin arziƙi: Masanin Călin Georgescu la Dezbaterile Wall-Street.ro [Maɓallai don farfaɗo da tattalin arziƙin ƙasar nan da nan: kwararre Călin Georgescu a muhawarar Wall-Street.ro], 4 Yuli 2011.- in Romanian BIDIYO: "Pentru omenire, criza actuală nu este o problemă, ci ceea ce urmează după ea" 1 ga Yuni, 2011. Emisunea PRIM PLAN integrala poate fi vazuta la INREGISTRARILE SAPTAMANII, Luni: 20-06-2011.- in Romanian "Viitorul va fi al creierului și al minții" Makoma Za ta kasance na Kwakwalwa da Hankali, hira da Roxana Mazilu, Cadran Politic, Afrilu 2011. BIDIYO "Interviu în exclusivitate cu Călin Georgescu, unul dintre liderii europeni ai grupului de la Roma" Romanian Despre soluții pentru o relansare economică imediată a țării [Maɓallan farfaɗowar tattalin arziƙin ƙasa nan take], hira da Dr. Alex Todericiu, 15 Disamba 2010, Wall Street, INTERVIU Calin Georgescu: Despre solutii pentru o relansare economica imediata a tarii (in Romanian) "Poporul român va dainui, criza e provocată de trufie și lacomie" [Mutanen Romania za su daure. Rashin banza da kwaɗayi sun jefa mu cikin rikici.], hira da Irina Ursu da Lucian Hainăroșie, 16 Nuwamba 2010, www.ziare.com, Calin Georgescu: Poporul roman va dainui, criza e provocata de trufie si lacomie Interviu (a cikin Romanian). "Sunt oameni pregătiţi să-şi dedice viaţa reconstruirii acestei ţări" [Muna da mutanen da suke shirye su bauta wa ƙasar] ta Anca Hriban da Roland Cătălin Pena, 29 Oktoba 2010, Ziua Veche, (a cikin Romanian). ”Călin Georgescu: Romania nu este aceasta [Călin Georgescu: Wannan ba Romania ba ce], hira da George Rădulescu, 15 Oktoba 2010, Adevărul, Călin Georgescu: „Romani nu este aceasta” (a cikin Romanian). BIDIYO. "Expertul Călin Georgescu la videochatul Adevărul: În patru ani, Romania ar putea să devină lider european www.adevarul.ro/actualitate/Expertul_in_Dezvoltare_Drabila_Calin_Georgescu_va_fi_prezent_de_la_ora_13-00_la_vidochatul_adevarul-ro_0_348565358.html (a cikin Romanian). "Măsurile de austeritate sunt luate pe genunchi" [Austerity Measures in a Rush], hira da Călin Georgescu na Stelian Negrea, Financiarul, 15 Yuni 2010, Calin Georgescu: "Masurile de austeritate sunt luate pe genunchi" Interviu (a cikin Romanian). “N-am văzut încă o gândire coerentă pentru repornirea motoarelor economiei” [Babu Haɗin Kai akan Sake Fara Injin Tattalin Arziki], hira da Călin Georgescu na Cristian Andrei, Puterea, 13 ga Mayu 2010, (a cikin Romanian). "Haɗa da drum cu profesioniștii!" [Tafi tare da ƙwararrun], labarin ta Călin Georgescu, Manufofin Ƙasashen Waje na Romania, Satumba/Oktoba 2009; Mai sana'a Taskar Blog Mergeti la drum cu profesionistii! Blogul Alianței Profesioniștilor pentru Progres (cikin Romanian). "Profesioniştii strâng rândurile pentru Romania" [Masu Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Romania], hira da Călin Georgescu, Jurnalul Național, 9 Yuli 2009, "Profesioniştii strâng rândurile pentru România" (a cikin Romanian). "Reprofesionalizarea României" [Sake fasalin Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Rumaniya], hira da Călin Georgescu na Cristian Banu, Siyasa Cadran, No 67, 2009, Cadran politic Revista lunara de analiza si informare politica (a cikin Romanian). "Incompetenţa generează corupţia" [Rashin Ƙarfafa Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru], hira da Călin Georgescu na Ovidiu Nahoi, Adevărul, 9 Disamba 2008, http://www.adevarul.ro/actualitate/eveniment/Incompetenta-genereaza-251tia_6 Romanian Kafofin yada labarai sun ruwaito "Romania nu mai este un stat, ci o corporatie condusa de straini", 22 Nuwamba 2016 in Romanian "Motivatia: Romania" 1 Satumba 2014 in Romanian "Ya soluție pentru ieșirea din criză: dezvoltarea durabilă" [Hanyar fita daga cikin rikicin: ci gaba mai dorewa], labarin da Green Revolution Association, 9 Nuwamba 2010, CSR Romania. in Romanian "Romani după-criză. Reprofesionalizarea" [Romania bayan Rikicin. Sake fasalin Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru], na Dumitru Constantin, 12 Oktoba 2010, Cotidianul. in Romanian "Reprofesionalizarea României: Călin Georgescu, Dan Puric da Dumitru Costin" [Sake fasalin Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Romania: Călin Georgescu, Dan Puric da Dumitru Costin], na I.Culianu, Wordpress, 23 Yuni 2010, Reprofesionalizarea Romaniemi, Dan Georges Dumitru: Calitrun Costin "Desemnarea unui reprezentant al României în funcţia de Raportor na musamman ONU" [Nadin Wakilin Romania a matsayin Wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Musamman], Sanarwar manema labarai, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje, Bucharest, 21 Yuni 2010, http://www.mae.ro/index .php?unde=doc&id=44086&idlnk=2&cat=4 "Pledoarie pentru competenţă, distributism şi economie civică" [Plea for Competence, Distributive Growth and Civic Economy] na Ovidiu Hurduzeu, 18 Yuni 2010, http://atreifortaromaniaprofunda.blogspot.com/2010/2010 gwargwado.html "Reprofesionalizarea României lansarea unui proiect naţional" [Sake fasalin Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Romania: Ƙaddamar da Aikin Ƙasa], na Roxana Mazilu, Siyasa Cadran, No 67, 2009 http://arhiva.cadranpolitic.ro/view_article.asp?&title=27 Reprofesionalizarea "Anii vacilor slabe" [The Lean Years], na Emil Hurezeanu, Cotidianul, 6 Maris 2008, https://web.archive.org/web/20110726050731/http://old.cotidianul.ro/anii_vacilor_slabe-79.html "Formarea elitelor profesionale-soluția pentru dezvoltarea durabilă a României" [Koyarwar ƙwararrun Elites: Magani don Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa], EurActiv, 3 Maris 2008, http://www.euractiv.ro/uniunea-europeana/articles%72008 /Formarea-elitelor-profesionale-solutia-pentru-dezvoltarea-durabila-a-Romaniei.html "L'IPID a lance le volume La Reprofessionnalisation de la Roumanie", Investir en Roumanie, 29 Fabrairu 2008, Investir da Roumanie L'IPID a lance le volume "La Reprofessionnalisation de la Roumanie" actualités économiques et opportunités d'affaires en Roumanie "Pentru reprofesionalizarea României e nevoie de proiecte solide" [Don dawo da Kwarewar Romania na Bukatar Kyawawan Ayyuka], EurActiv, 12 Oktoba 2006, http://www.euractiv.ro/uniunea-europeana/articles%7CdisplayArticle/articlereprotesion/8a -Romaniei-e-nevoie-de-proiecte-solide.html Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
30730	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zafin%20haya%C6%99i	Zafin hayaƙi	Zafin datti shi ne zafi da injin ke samarwa, ko kuma wani tsari da ke amfani da makamashi, a matsayin sakamakon yin aiki Duk irin waɗannan hanyoyin suna ba da wasu zafi mai ɓatawa a matsayin sakamako na asali na dokokin thermodynamics Zafin sharar gida yana da ƙarancin amfani (ko a cikin ƙamus na thermodynamics ƙaramin ƙarfin aiki ko mafi girma entropy fiye da tushen makamashi na asali. Kuka Abubuwan da ke haifar da zafi sun haɗa da kowane nau'i na ayyukan ɗan adam, tsarin halitta, da dukkan halittu, alal misali, fitilu masu haske suna yin zafi, firji yana dumama ɗakin ɗakin, ginin yana zafi a cikin sa'o'i mafi girma, kuma injin konewa na ciki yana haifar da zafi mai zafi. iskar gas, da kayan lantarki suna samun dumi lokacin da suke aiki. Maimakon a "ɓata" ta hanyar saki cikin yanayi na yanayi, wani lokacin zazzage zafi (ko sanyi) na iya amfani da wani tsari (kamar yin amfani da injin sanyaya zafi don dumama abin hawa), ko wani yanki na zafi wanda in ba haka ba za a iya yin amfani da shi. Sannan kuma za a sake yin amfani da su a cikin tsari guda idan an ƙara zafi mai zafi a cikin tsarin (kamar yadda yake da iskar dawo da zafi a cikin ginin). Ajiye makamashi na thermal, wanda ya haɗa da fasaha duka biyu don ɗan gajeren lokaci da kuma dogon lokaci na zafi ko sanyi, na iya haifar da ko inganta amfanin sharar gida (ko sanyi). Misali ɗaya shine ɓata zafi daga injin kwandishan da aka adana a cikin tanki mai ɗaukar nauyi don taimakawa cikin dumama lokacin dare. Wani kuma shine tanadin makamashi na yanayi na yanayi (STES) a wani katafaren gida a Sweden. Ana adana zafin a cikin gadon da ke kewaye da gungun masu musayar zafi sanye da rijiyoyin burtsatse, sannan kuma ana amfani da shi don dumama sararin samaniya a wata masana'anta da ke kusa da ita kamar yadda ake bukata, ko da bayan watanni. Misali na yin amfani da STES don amfani da zafin sharar yanayi shine Drake Landing Solar Community a Alberta, Kanada, wanda, ta hanyar amfani da gungu na rijiyoyin burtsatse a cikin gado don ajiyar zafi na tsaka-tsakin yanayi, yana samun kashi 97 na zafi na tsawon shekara daga masu tara zafin rana a kan. rufin gareji. Wani aikace-aikacen STES yana adana sanyi na hunturu a ƙarƙashin ƙasa, don kwantar da iska na bazara. A kan sikelin nazarin halittu, duk kwayoyin halitta sun ƙi zafin sharar gida a matsayin wani ɓangare na tafiyar matakai na rayuwa, kuma za su mutu idan yanayin yanayi ya yi yawa don ba da damar wannan. Wasu suna tunanin zafi da sharar ɗan adam zai ba da gudummawa ga tasirin tsibiri na zafi na birane Kuma Babban madogaran zafin sharar gida yana samo asali ne daga injina (kamar injinan lantarki ko tsarin masana'antu, kamar samar da ƙarfe ko gilashi) da asarar zafi ta hanyar ambulan gini. Konewar iskar gas na da matukar taimakawa wajen zubar da zafi. Canza makamashi Injin da ke juyar da makamashin da ke cikin mai zuwa aikin injina ko makamashin lantarki suna samar da zafi azaman samfuri. Majiyoyi A yawancin aikace-aikacen makamashi, ana buƙatar makamashi a cikin nau'i mai yawa. Waɗannan nau'ikan makamashi yawanci sun haɗa da wasu haɗe-haɗe na: dumama, samun iska, da kwandishan, makamashin inji da wutar lantarki Sau da yawa, Kuma waɗannan ƙarin nau'ikan makamashi suna samar da injin zafi, yana gudana akan tushen zafi mai zafi. Injin zafi ba zai taɓa samun cikakkiyar inganci ba, bisa ga ka'ida ta biyu ta thermodynamics, don haka injin zafi koyaushe zai samar da rarar ƙarancin zafi. Ana kiran wannan daɗaɗɗen zafi ko "zafi na biyu", ko "ƙananan zafi". Wannan zafi yana da amfani ga yawancin aikace-aikacen dumama, duk da haka, wani lokacin ba shi da amfani don jigilar makamashin zafi a kan dogon nesa, sabanin wutar lantarki ko makamashin man fetur. Kuma Mafi girman kaso na jimlar zafin sharar daga tashoshin wuta da injunan abin hawa.Mafi girma tushe guda ɗaya lantarki da masana'antu irin su matatun mai da masana'antar sarrafa karafa Ƙarfin wutar lantarki An ayyana ingancin wutar lantarki na tashoshin wutar lantarki a matsayin rabo tsakanin shigarwa da makamashin fitarwa. Yawanci kashi 33% ne kawai lokacin yin watsi da fa'idar fitowar zafi don gina zafi. Hotunan suna nuna hasumiya mai sanyaya waɗanda ke ba da damar tashoshin wutar lantarki don kula da ƙananan gefen bambancin zafin jiki mai mahimmanci don sauya bambance-bambancen zafi zuwa wasu nau'ikan makamashi. Sannan Kuma Zafin da aka zubar ko "Sharar gida" wanda aka rasa ga muhalli ana iya amfani da shi don cin gajiyar. Hanyoyin masana'antu Hanyoyin masana'antu, irin su tace mai, yin ƙarfe ko yin gilashi sune manyan tushen zafi na sharar gida. Kayan lantarki Ko da yake ƙanƙanta ne ta fuskar wutar lantarki, zubar da zafin sharar gida daga microchips da sauran kayan lantarki, na wakiltar ƙalubalen injiniya. Kuma Wannan yana buƙatar amfani da magoya baya, heatsinks, da sauransu don zubar da zafi. Misali, cibiyoyin bayanai suna amfani da kayan lantarki masu amfani da wutar lantarki don sarrafa kwamfuta, ajiya da kuma hanyar sadarwa. Faransanci CNRS yayi bayanin cibiyar data kasance kamar resistor kuma yawancin makamashin da yake cinyewa yana canzawa zuwa zafi kuma yana buƙatar tsarin sanyaya. Halittu Dabbobi, ciki har da mutane, suna haifar da zafi a sakamakon metabolism Kuma A cikin yanayi mai dumi, wannan zafi ya wuce matakin da ake buƙata don homeostasis a cikin dabbobi masu jinni, kuma ana zubar da shi ta hanyoyi daban-daban na thermoregulation kamar gumi da haƙori Fiala et al. samfurin mutum thermoregulation. zubarwa Ƙananan zafin jiki yana ƙunshe da ƙananan ƙarfin yin aiki Exergy don haka zafi ya cancanta a matsayin sharar gida kuma an ƙi shi ga muhalli. Ta fuskar tattalin arziki mafi dacewa shine ƙin irin wannan zafi zuwa ruwa daga teku, tafkin ko kogi Kuma Idan babu isasshen ruwa mai sanyaya, shuka za a iya sanye shi da hasumiya mai sanyaya ko na'urar sanyaya iska don ƙin sharar da zafi a cikin yanayi. A wasu lokuta yana yiwuwa a yi amfani da zafin sharar gida, misali a tsarin dumama gundumomi Amfani Juyawa zuwa wutar lantarki </br>Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban don canja wurin makamashin zafi zuwa wutar lantarki, kuma fasahar yin hakan ta wanzu shekaru da yawa. Hanyar da aka kafa ita ce ta hanyar amfani da na'urar thermoelectric, inda canjin zafin jiki a kan kayan aikin semiconductor ya haifar da ƙarfin lantarki ta hanyar abin da aka sani da tasirin Seebeck Hanyar da ke da alaƙa ita ce amfani da ƙwayoyin thermogalvanic, inda bambancin zafin jiki ya haifar da wutar lantarki a cikin kwayar halitta ta lantarki. Halin yanayin Rankine na kwayoyin halitta, wanda kamfanoni irin su Ormat ke bayarwa, wata hanya ce da aka sani sosai, inda ake amfani da kwayoyin halitta a matsayin matsakaicin aiki maimakon ruwa. Sannna Kuma Amfanin shine cewa wannan tsari zai iya ƙin zafi a ƙananan zafin jiki don samar da wutar lantarki fiye da yanayin tururi na ruwa na yau da kullum. Misali na amfani da zagayowar Rankine na tururi shine Injin Watsa Labarai na Cyclone Haɗuwa da haɗin kai Sharar da zafin samfurin yana raguwa idan an yi amfani da tsarin haɗin gwiwa, wanda kuma aka sani da tsarin Haɗaɗɗen Heat da Wuta (CHP). Ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun amfani da zafi na samfur ya taso da farko daga ƙalubalen tsadar injiniya ƙalubalen dacewa wajen yin amfani da ƙananan bambance-bambancen zafin jiki yadda ya kamata don samar da wasu nau'ikan makamashi. Kuma Aikace-aikacen da ke amfani da zafin sharar gida sun haɗa da dumama wurin wanka da injina na takarda A wasu lokuta, ana iya samar da sanyaya ta hanyar amfani da firji masu sha, misali, a wannan yanayin ana kiransa trigeneration ko CCHP (haɗin sanyaya, zafi da ƙarfi). dumama gunduma Za a iya amfani da zafi mai sharar gida a dumama gundumomi Dangane da yanayin zafi na sharar gida da tsarin dumama gundumomi, Kuma dole ne a yi amfani da famfo mai zafi, don isa ga isasshen yanayin zafi. Hanya mai sauƙi da arha don amfani da sharar gida mai zafi a cikin tsarin dumama yankin sanyi, saboda ana sarrafa waɗannan a yanayin yanayin yanayi don haka ko da ƙananan ƙarancin sharar gida za a iya amfani da su ba tare da buƙatar famfo mai zafi ba a gefen mai samarwa. Pre-dumama Za a iya tilasta wa sharar zafi zafi don dumama ruwa mai shigowa da abubuwa kafin a yi zafi sosai. Kuma Misali ruwa mai fita zai iya ba da zafin sharar sa ga ruwan da ke shigowa a cikin na'urar musayar zafi kafin dumama a gidaje ko masana'antar wutar lantarki Zafin Anthropogenic Zafin Anthropogenic zafi ne da mutane da ayyukan ɗan adam ke samarwa. Kungiyar nazarin yanayi ta Amurka ta bayyana shi a matsayin “Zafin da ke fitowa a sararin samaniya sakamakon ayyukan dan Adam, wanda galibi ya shafi konewar mai. Tushen sun haɗa da tsire-tsire na masana'antu, dumama sararin samaniya da sanyaya, metabolism na ɗan adam, da sharar abin hawa. A cikin birane wannan tushen yawanci yana ba da gudummawar 15-50 W m 2 zuwa ma'aunin zafi na gida, da ɗaruruwan W m 2 a tsakiyar manyan biranen cikin yanayin sanyi da wuraren masana'antu." Tasirin muhalli Zafin ɗan adam ƙaramin tasiri ne akan yanayin ƙauye, kuma ya zama mafi mahimmanci a cikin manyan birane Yana daya mai ba da gudummawa ga tsibiran zafi na birni Sannan Sauran illolin da ɗan adam ke haifarwa (kamar canje-canje ga albedo, ko hasarar sanyaya mai ƙafewa) waɗanda za su iya ba da gudummawa ga tsibiran zafi na birni ba a ɗauke su a matsayin zafi na ɗan adam ta wannan ma'anar. Zafin ɗan adam ya kasance ƙarami mai ba da gudummawa ga ɗumamar duniya fiye da iskar gas A cikin shekarata 2005, yawan zafin daɗaɗɗen sharar ɗabi'a a duniya ya ɗauki kashi 1 cikin ɗari ne kawai na yawan kuzarin da iskar gas ɗin ɗan adam ke haifarwa. Ba a rarraba yanayin zafi daidai gwargwado, tare da wasu yankuna sama da wasu, kuma yana da girma sosai a wasu yankunan birane. Misali, tilastawa duniya daga zafin sharar gida a shekarar 2005 ya kasance 0.028 W/m 2, amma ya kasance +0.39 da +0.68 W/m 2 ga nahiyar Amurka da yammacin Turai, bi da bi. Ko da yake an nuna zafin sharar gida yana da tasiri a yanayin yanki, ba a ƙididdige yawan tilastawa yanayi daga zafin sharar gida ba a cikin na'urori na zamani na yanayi na duniya. Kuma Gwajin yanayin ma'auni na ma'auni yana nuna ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙididdiga dumamar yanayi (0.4-0.9) °C) wanda aka samar ta hanyar yanayin AHF 2100, amma ba ta halin yanzu ko 2040 kimantawa ba. Ƙididdiga masu sauƙi na duniya tare da nau'o'in girma daban-daban na zafi na ɗan adam waɗanda aka aiwatar kwanan nan suna nuna gudummawar da aka sani ga ɗumamar duniya, a cikin ƙarni masu zuwa. Misali, ƙimar girma na 2% pa na zafin sharar gida ya haifar da haɓaka digiri 3 a matsayin ƙaramin iyaka na shekara ta 2300. A halin yanzu, an tabbatar da wannan ta ƙarin ƙididdige ƙididdiga masu ladabi. Ɗaya daga cikin bincike ya nuna cewa idan hayaƙi mai zafi na ɗan adam ya ci gaba da karuwa a halin yanzu, za su zama tushen dumamar yanayi kamar yadda GHG ke fitarwa a karni na 21st. Duba wasu abubuwan Naúrar dawo da zafi mai sharar gida Heat dawo da tururi janareta Tsuntsaye bincike Dangantakar farashin wutar lantarki da aka samar ta hanyoyi daban-daban Urban metabolism Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
36693	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamfanin%20Kudi%20na%20Afirka%20%28AFC%29	Kamfanin Kudi na Afirka (AFC)	Kamfanin Kudi na Afirka (AFC) wata cibiya ce ta cigaban harkokin hada-hadar kudi ce ta kasashen Afirka da dama da aka kafa a shekara ta 2007 da wasu kasashen Afirka masu zaman kansu don samar da mafita ta gaskiya ga gibin ababen more rayuwa na Afirka da kalubalen da ake fuskanta. Kamfanin yana cike gibin saka hannun jari na ababen more rayuwa ta hanyar samar da bashi da kuɗaɗen adalci, haɓaka ayyuka, hidimar ba da shawara da fasaha. Kudirin AFC shine zuba jari a wajen cigaban Afirka, tana mai da hankali kan zuba jari a duk fannonin zuba jari a sassa biyar; Wutar Lantarki, Sufuri da Dabaru, Albarkatun Kasa, Sadarwa da Manyan Masana'antu. AFC mafi rinjaye mallakin masu saka hannun jari ne na daga 'yan kasuwa wadanda mafi yawansu cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi na Afirka ne, masu saka hannun jari masu zaman kansu ne suka mallaki kashi 55.3% na kamfanin. Kashi 44.7% kuwa na babban bankin Najeriya ne. Baya ga masu zuba jari masu zaman kansu da ke da hannun jari, AFC ta ba da dama ga kasashen Afirka (ta hanyar bankunan tsakiya, asusun arziƙi, asusun fansho na jihohi ko kuma cibiyoyin makamantansu) su zama masu hannun jari da membobin kamfani. Ya zuwa watan Afrilun 2020, AFC tana da ƙasashe ashirin da shida (26) a karkashinta. Su ne Najeriya (kasa mai masaukin baki), Benin, Cape Verde, Chadi, Cote d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Eritrea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Kenya, Laberiya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Rwanda, Saliyo, Togo, Uganda, Zambia da Zimbabwe. Kamfanin hada-hadar kudi ta Afirka, ta kashe sama da dalar Amurka biliyan 6.6 wajen ayyukan samar da ababen more rayuwa, a fadin kasashen Afirka guda 28. Tarihi Ayyukan farko An kaddamar da Kamfanin hada-hadar kudin na Afrika (AFC) a watan Disamba, 2007, shugaban da ya kafa kuma shugaban zartarwa Mista Austine Ometoruwa, sannan shugaban bankin Citibank Africa Investment Bank da kuma shugaban da ya kafa bankin Chukwuma Soludo, gwamnan babban bankin Najeriya (CBN) na lokacin, da kudi Dalar Amurka biliyan biyu na babban hannun jari. A watan Yunin 2009 ne AFC ta amince da yarjejeniyar ba da kuɗaɗen tare da haɗin gwiwar masu saka hannun jari a cikin Babban Tsarin Cable na Dalar Amurka miliyan 240, 7,000 wajen sanya kebul na fiber optic a karkashin ruwa mai nisa kilomita wanda ya haɗa Afirka ta Yamma da Turai. A watan Yulin 2009, kamfanin dillancin labarai na Reuters ya ruwaito cewa AFC ta zuba jarin dalar Amurka miliyan 180 a fannin man-fetur da gas, sadarwa, sufuri da jiragen sama musamman a Najeriya. A watan Satumban 2011, kamfanin ta hada gwiwa da Bankin shigo da kayayyaki na Afrika (Afreximbank) da Banque Internationale pour l' Afrique Occidentale Cote d'Ivoire (BIAO-CI) a cikin wata cibiyar hada-hadar kasuwanci ta dalar Amurka miliyan 320 don ba da rancen shigo da kayayyaki da sarrafawa da sarrafa su. tace danyen mai ta Societe Ivoirienne de Raffinage (SIR). wutar lantarki A watan Yunin 2013, AFC ta bayyana goyon bayanta na mayar da bangaren wutar lantarkin Najeriya ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, inda ta samar da dalar Amurka miliyan 215 domin ba da tallafin kudade don siyan Ughelli Power plc ta Transcorp. A watan da ya gabata ta shiga cikin kamfanin Vigeo da ke Legas da Tata Power na Indiya a wata ƙungiya wadda ta yi nasarar ba da dalar Amurka miliyan 129 ga Kamfanin Rarraba Benin. A watan Agustan 2013, AFC ta ba da rancen dalar Amurka miliyan 170 ga kamfanin Mainstream Energy Solutions Limited (MESL) na Najeriya a cikin nasarar da ta yi na samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin MW 1,338 na Gidan Wuta na Kainji a jihar Neja ta Najeriya. Kakanan kuma, an gayyace ta don zama abokiya mai zaman kanta a cikin shirin 'Power Africa' na dalar Amurka biliyan 7 da hukumar USAID ta bayar ga shugaban Amurka Obama ya sanar a Cape Town. Tuni dai AFC ta zuba jarin dalar Amurka miliyan 250 sannan ta kara zuba jarin dalar Amurka biliyan 1 a bangaren wutar lantarkin Ghana, Kenya da Najeriya. A watan Disambar 2014, AFC ta dauki hannun jarin kashi 23.2 cikin 100 wajen samar da wutar lantarki ta Mozambique Ncondezi Energy. Hakanan kuma a cikin watan Disamban 2014, AFC ta zama babbar mai saka hannun jari kuma mai jagora da dalar Amurka miliyan 900 ga Kpone Independent Power Project (Kpone IPP) da ke Ghana, wanda ya ƙunshi injin gas mai ƙarfin MW 350MW, wani tasha kuma wurin ajiyar mai. A watan Yulin 2015, kamfanin ta rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya ta hadin gwiwa da kamfanin aikin Ivoire Hydro Energy SA (IHE) na kasar Ivory Coast domin gina gidan wutar lantarki mai karfin megawatt 44 a Singrobo na kasar Cote d'Ivoire. A watan Yunin 2016, AFC da masu saka hannun jari na hukumomi Harith General Partners sun hade kadarorinsu na bangaren wutar lantarki don samar da wata kungiya sabuwa da ta hada kadarorin samar da wutar lantarki da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba a Afirka. Sanya Kudade AFC ta rattaba hannu kan lamunin farko dalar Amurka miliyan 50 tare da bankin Standard Bank a watan Yulin 2011. A shekara mai zuwa kuma Bankin Raya Afirka "African Development Bank" (AfDB) ta amince da tsarin bashi na dalar Amurka miliyan 200 ga AFC tare da wanzar da zuba jari da taimakawa wajen cike gibin ababen more rayuwa a Afirka. A cikin watan Oktoban 2013, AFC ta ƙaddamar da rancen haɗin gwiwa na farko yarjejeniyar dalar Amurka miliyan 250 tare da bankin Citibank, Bankin Rand Merchant, Bankin Standard, da Bankin Standard Chartered don tallafawa huldodin kasuwancisu. A cikin watan Yuni 2016, AFC ta ranci dalar Amurka miliyan 150 na shekaru 15 daga KfW, don ci gaba da ba da lamuni a fannonin wutar lantarki, sadarwa, sufuri da masana'antu masu nauyi. Ayyuka Wutar lantarki Cen Power Kpone IPP a Ghana Gidan gonar Cabeolica a Cape Verde 450MW IPP A Jamhuriyar Benin 350MW IPP a Ghana 300MW IPP a Mozambique Mai Ba Babban Bankin Nijeriya Shawara Kan Fasaha Akan Dalar Amurka Biliyan Biyu Da Biliyan 2 na Lantarki da Harkokin Jiragen Sama *Asusun (PAIF) AFC/Harith Merger Singrobo Hydro Power Plant Kamfanin Wutar Lantarki na Kenya Sufuri da dabaru Henri Konan Bedie Bridge a Cote d'Ivoire Fadada Jirgin Jirgin Habasha Titin Bakwena Toll a Afirka ta Kudu Kamfanin Filin Jirgin Sama na Ghana Port d' Abidjan Mai ba da shawara kan harkokin kudi ga Hukumar Kula da Zuba Jari ta Nijeriya (NSIA) akan gadar Neja ta Biyu Olam Gabon Special Economic Zone (GSEZ) Manyan Masana'antu ARM Cement (Tsohon Athi River Mining Limited) Sadarwa Babban tsarin kebul na ɗaya Samun SAIF, Afirka ta Kudu Albarkatun Kasa Seven Energy Megadrill Services Limited kasuwar Société Nationale des Petroles du Congo, Jamhuriyar Kongo Bonny Gas Transport Glencore/Société des Hydrocarbures du Tchad Kamfanin Vivo Energy Shalina Resources Limited girma Sabon Zamani (Makamashi na Duniya na Afirka) Alufer Mining Limited Carbon Holdings Limited Aker Energy offshore project Brahms Oil Refineries Limited Eriteriya Collui Potash Manazarta Kamfanoni da ke Jihar Legas Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
29842	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyukan%20radiyo%20na%20muhalli	Ayyukan radiyo na muhalli	Ayyukan rediyo na muhalli ba'a iyakance ga actinides kawai ba; wadanda ba actinides kamar radon da radium suna da bayanin kula. Duk da yake actinides DA rediyoaktif, akwai da yawa actinides ko actinides-da alaka da ma'adanai a cikin ƙasa ta ɓawon burodi kamar uranium da thorium. Wadannan ma'adanai suna taimakawa ta hanyoyi da yawa, kamar carbon-dating, mafi yawan abubuwan ganowa, X-ray, da sauransu. Inhalation tare da sha Gabaɗaya, abubuwan da ba za a iya narkewa ba, kamar su uranium dioxide mai ƙarfi da man fetur mai gauraya (MOX), za su wuce ta cikin tsarin narkewa tare da ɗan ƙaramin tasiri tunda ba za su iya narke ba kuma jiki ya sha. Abubuwan da aka shakar actinide, duk da haka, za su fi yin lahani yayin da suke zama a cikin huhu kuma suna haskaka ƙwayar huhu. Oxides masu ƙarancin wuta da gishiri masu narkewa kamar nitrate ana iya shiga cikin magudanar jini. Idan an shaka su to yana iya yiwuwa mai tauri ya narke ya bar huhu. Don haka, adadin zuwa huhu zai zama ƙasa don nau'in mai narkewa. Ana iya samun Actinium ta dabi'a a cikin alamun uranium kamar kimanin 227-Ac, da emitter tare da rabin rayuwar shekaru 21.773. Ton ɗaya na ma'adinin uranium ya ƙunshi kusan kashi goma na gram na actinium. An kuma fi yin shi a cikin adadin milligram ta hanyar iskar neutron na 226-Ra a cikin injin nukiliya. Actinium da ke faruwa a zahiri ya ƙunshi isotope na rediyoaktif guda 1; tare da 227-Ac kasancewa mafi yawan yawa (100% na halitta). Thorium A Indiya, ana iya samun adadi mai yawa na ma'adinan thorium a cikin nau'in monazite a cikin wuraren ajiya na Yashin dune na Yamma da Gabas, musamman a yankunan bakin teku na Tamil Nadu Mazauna wannan yanki suna fuskantar wani nau'in radiation da ke faruwa a zahiri sau goma fiye da matsakaicin duniya. Abin da ya faru Ana samun Thorium a ƙananan matakai a mafi yawan duwatsu da ƙasa, inda ya ninka kusan sau uku fiye da uranium, kuma yana da yawa kamar gubar Ƙasa yawanci tana ƙunshe da matsakaita kusan sassa a ƙalla shida 6 a kowace miliyan (ppm) na thorium. Thorium yana faruwa a cikin ma'adanai da yawa, mafi yawanci shine ma'adinan ƙasa-thorium-phosphate mai wuya, monazite, wanda ya ƙunshi kusan kimanin 12% thorium oxide. Akwai adibas masu yawa a ƙasashe da yawa. 232 Th yana rubewa a hankali rabin rayuwarsa ya kai kusan sau uku a duniya). Sauran isotopes na thorium suna faruwa a cikin sarƙoƙin ruɓar thorium da uranium. Yawancin waɗannan ba su da ɗan gajeren lokaci kuma don haka sun fi 232th radioactive, kodayake bisa ga tarin yawa ba su da komai. Tasiri a cikin mutane An danganta Thorium da ciwon hanta A baya an yi amfani da thoria thorium dioxide azaman wakili na bambanci don rediyon X-ray na likita amma an daina amfani da shi. An sayar da shi a ƙarƙashin sunan Thorotrast Protactinium Protactinium-231 yana faruwa ne ta dabi'a a cikin ma'adinan uranium kamar pitblende, har zuwa 3 ppm a wasu ma'adanai. Protactinium yana samuwa a cikin ƙasa, dutsen, ruwa mai zurfi, ruwan ƙasa, shuke-shuke da dabbobi a cikin ƙananan ƙididdiga (a kan tsari na 1 ppt ko 0.1 picocouries (pCi)/g). Uranium Uranium karfe ne na halitta wanda ake samu a ko'ina. Ya kasance a kusan dukkanin kasa kuma yana da yawa fiye da antimony, beryllium, cadmium, zinariya, mercury, azurfa, ko tungsten, kuma yana da yawa kamar arsenic ko molybdenum Mahimman ƙididdiga na uranium yana faruwa a cikin wasu abubuwa kamar ma'adinan dutsen phosphate, da ma'adanai irin su lignite, da yashi na monazite a cikin ma'adinan uranium mai arzikin uranium (an samo shi ta kasuwanci tun daga waɗannan tushe). Ruwan teku ya ƙunshi kusan sassa 3.3 a kowace biliyan na uranium bisa nauyi kamar yadda uranium (VI) ke samar da rukunin carbonate masu narkewa. An dauki hakar uranium daga ruwan teku a matsayin hanyar samun sinadarin. Saboda ƙarancin takamaiman aikin uranium tasirin sinadarai da ke kan rayayyun halittu na iya zarce tasirin tasirin rediyo. An ƙara ƙarin uranium a cikin muhalli a wasu wurare sakamakon sake zagayowar makamashin nukiliya da kuma amfani da ƙarancin uranium a cikin harsasai. Neptunium Kamar plutonium, neptunium yana da alaƙa da ƙasa. Duk da haka, yana da ingantacciyar wayar hannu a cikin dogon lokaci, kuma yaduwar neptunium-237 a cikin ruwan karkashin kasa shine babban al'amari wajen tsara ma'ajiyar yanayin kasa mai zurfi don adana dindindin na man nukiliya da aka kashe. 237 Np yana da rabin rayuwa na shekaru kimanin miliyan 2.144 don haka matsala ce mai tsawo; amma rabin rayuwarta har yanzu ya fi guntu fiye da na uranium-238, uranium-235, ko uranium-236, da 237 Np don haka yana da takamaiman aiki fiye da waɗancan nuclides. Ana amfani da shi kawai don yin Pu-238 lokacin da aka jefar da shi da neutron a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje. Plutonium Sources Plutonium a cikin muhalli yana da tushe da yawa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da: Batirin atomic A cikin sarari A cikin masu sarrafa bugun zuciya Fashewar bama-bamai Gwajin lafiyar bam Laifin nukiliya Zagayowar makamashin nukiliya Tashar makamashin nukiliya Kimiyyar muhalli Plutonium, kamar sauran actinides, da sauri ya samar da plutonium dioxide plutonyl core (PuO 2 A cikin mahalli, wannan plutonyl core yana buɗewa tare da carbonate da sauran nau'ikan oxygen (OH NO 2 NO 3 da SO 4 2- don samar da rukunin gidaje masu caji waɗanda za su iya zama cikin sauƙi ta hannu tare da ƙarancin alaƙa ga ƙasa. PuO 2 CO 3 2- PuO 2 (CO 3 2 4- PuO 2 (CO 3 3 6- PuO 2 da aka samu daga neutralizing babban acidic nitric acid mafita yana kula da samar da polymeric PuO 2 wanda ke da juriya ga kamanni. Har ila yau za'aga, Plutonium yana canza valences a tsakanin jihohin +3, +4, +5 da +6. Ya zama ruwan dare ga wasu juzu'in plutonium a cikin mafita su wanzu a cikin duk waɗannan jahohin cikin ma'auni. An san Plutonium yana ɗaure ɓangarorin ƙasa sosai, duba sama don nazarin spectroscopic X-ray na plutonium a cikin ƙasa da kankare Yayin da cesium yana da nau'ikan sunadarai daban-daban ga actinides, sananne ne cewa duka cesium da yawancin actinides suna ɗaure da ƙarfi ga ma'adanai a cikin ƙasa. Don haka yana yiwuwa a yi amfani da ƙasa mai lamba 134 Cs don nazarin ƙaura na Pu da Cs ƙasa ce. An nuna cewa hanyoyin sufuri na colloidal ya zama suna sarrafa ƙaura na Cs (kuma za su sarrafa ƙaura na Pu) a cikin ƙasa a Tsibirin Pilot na Waste Amurka Americium sau da yawa yana shiga wuraren da ake zubar da ƙasa daga abubuwan gano hayaki da aka jefar. Dokokin da ke da alaƙa da zubar da abubuwan gano hayaki suna da annashuwa sosai a yawancin gundumomi. Misali Kamar, a Burtaniya ya halatta a zubar da americium mai dauke da na’urar gano hayaki ta hanyar sanya shi a cikin kwandon shara tare da shara na yau da kullun na gida, amma kowane kwandon shara yana iyakance ga mai gano hayaki guda daya kawai. Ƙirƙirar samfuran da ke ɗauke da americium (kamar masu gano hayaki) da makaman nukiliya da fashe-fashe na iya sakin americium cikin muhalli. A cikin shekarata 1999, an ba da rahoton cewa wata babbar mota da ke jigilar hayaki 900 a Faransa ta kama wuta; an yi iƙirarin cewa hakan ya haifar da sakin americium a cikin muhalli. A Amurka, "Radioactive Boy Scout" David Hahn ya sami damar siyan dubunnan na'urorin gano hayaki a ragowar farashin kuma ya tattara americium daga gare su. Dama abinda Ke gudana Akwai lokuta da aka fallasa mutane da americium. Mafi munin lamarin shi ne na Harold McCluskey, wanda aka fallasa ga wani babban adadin americium-241 bayan wani hatsarin da ya shafi akwatin safar hannu Daga baya an yi masa maganin chelation Wataƙila kulawar jinya da aka ba shi ya ceci rayuwarsa: duk da irin wannan rarrabawar halittu da guba ga plutonium, abubuwa biyu na rediyoaktif suna da nau'ikan sunadarai na jihar daban-daban. Americium yana da ƙarfi a cikin yanayin oxidation +3, yayin da +4 oxidation yanayin plutonium zai iya samuwa a cikin jikin ɗan adam. Mafi yawan isotope americium-241 ya lalace (rabin rayuwa na shekaru kusan 432) zuwa neptunium-237 wanda ke da tsawon rabin rayuwa, don haka a cikin dogon lokaci, abubuwan da aka tattauna a sama don neptunium suna amfani. Americium da aka saki a cikin muhalli yana kula da zama a cikin ƙasa da ruwa a cikin zurfin zurfi kuma dabbobi da tsire-tsire za su iya ɗauka yayin girma; Shellfish irin su shrimp suna ɗaukar americium-241 a cikin bawonsu, kuma sassan tsire-tsire na hatsi na iya zama gurɓata da fallasa. JD Chaplin et al. kwanan nan an ba da rahoton ci gaba a cikin Diffusive gradients a cikin dabarun fina-finai na bakin ciki, waɗanda suka samar da hanyar auna ma'aunin Americium mai arha a cikin ƙasa, da kuma cikin ruwan ruwa da ruwan teku. Kurium Mahalli curium na yanayi ba su da ƙarfi sosai a cikin kaushi na gama gari kuma galibi suna manne da barbashi na ƙasa. Binciken ƙasa ya nuna kusan sau 4,000 mafi girma na curium a cikin ƙasa mai yashi fiye da ruwan da ke cikin ƙasa. An auna ma'auni mafi girma na kusan kimanin 18,000 a cikin ƙasan loam Californium Californium ba shi da narkewa cikin ruwa, amma yana manne da ƙasa ta ƙasa; kuma adadinsa a cikin ƙasa zai iya zama sau Dari biyar 500 sama da na ruwan da ke kewaye da barbashi ƙasa. Duba wasu abubuwan Uranium a cikin muhalli Radium a cikin yanayi Bayanan bangon waya Ilimin Radiyo Manazarta Ci gaba da karatu Hala, Jiri, James D. Navratil. Ayyukan Radiyo, Ionizing Radiation da Makamashin Nukiliya Konvoj: Brno, Jamhuriyar Czech, 2003. ISBN 80-7302-053-X Hanyoyin haɗi na waje "Me yasa hanyoyin ke da mahimmanci wajen sarrafa sharar rediyoaktif?" Royal Society for Chemistry "Spectroscopies for Environmental Studies of Actinide Species" Ƙungiyar Masana Kimiyya ta Amirka Muhalli Yanayi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
50592	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossroads%20%28fim%20na%202002%29	Crossroads (fim na 2002)	Crossroads wani fim ne na 2002 na matasa na Amurka mai ban dariya-wasan kwaikwayo wanda Tamra Davis ya ba da umarni,daga wasan kwaikwayo na Shonda Rhimes.Taurari na Britney Spears,Anson Mount,Zoe Saldana,Taryn Manning, Kim Cattrall da Dan Aykroyd. An saita a Jojiya,ya shafi 'yan mata matasa uku a kan hanyar ƙetare,yayin da suka sami kansu da abokantaka a cikin tsari. Ci gaba ya fara ne a ƙarshen 2000 lokacin da Spears ya ƙirƙira ra'ayi wanda Rhimes ya faɗaɗa daga baya. Babban yin fim ya fara a cikin Maris 2001,kuma ya ƙunshi sama da watanni shida.MTV Films ne ya samar da shi kuma aka sake shi a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu,2002, a Arewacin Amurka ta Paramount Pictures,Crossroads ya kasance nasara a ofishin akwatin, ya sami 61 miliyan a duk duniya akan kasafin kuɗi na 12 miliyan.Gabaɗaya ya sami sake dubawa mara kyau,amma an yaba wa aikin Spears. Makirci Yayin da yara ke girma a wani ƙaramin garin Georgia, Lucy,Kit,da Mimi suka binne “akwatin fata” kuma suka yi alƙawarin tono shi a daren kammala karatunsu na sakandare.Duk da haka,yayin da ukun ke girma,abokantakar su sun ɓace:Lucy ta zama mai shiga tsakani, Kit ta zama yarinya mafi mashahuri a makaranta,kuma Mimi ta zama mai ban sha'awa daga filin shakatawa na trailer da ke fuskantar ciki na matasa. A daren kammala karatun,sun sake haɗuwa don tono"akwatin fata",suna tunawa da tsohon buri:Kit yana son yin aure,Lucy tana so ta nemo mahaifiyarta da ta rabu da ita,kuma Mimi ta so tafiya California.Lucy da Kit sun yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Mimi,wadda ke da ciki wata biyar,kada ta je Los Angeles don yin jita-jita don kamfani mai rikodin.Duk da haka,sun yanke shawarar tafiya tare da ita zuwa Los Angeles da safe.Kit zai ga saurayinta wanda dalibi ne a UCLA,kuma Lucy za ta sami mahaifiyarta a Tucson,Arizona Ba tare da sanin mahaifinta mai girma Pete,Lucy,Kit,da Mimi sun tashi a cikin rawaya 1973 Buick Skylark mai canzawa tare da abokin Mimi Ben.Yayin tafiya, motar ta lalace a Louisiana kuma,tare da kuɗi kaɗan,Mimi ya nuna cewa suna rera karaoke a mashaya na New Orleans don shawarwari.A mashaya,Mimi ta fara tsoratar mataki kuma ta kasa yin waƙa.Lucy ta ɗauki wurinta kuma ta yi nasara,kuma 'yan matan suna samun isasshen kuɗi don gyara motar kuma su ci gaba da tafiya. Yayin da yake zama a gidan otel a Alabama,Kit ya gaya wa Lucy da Mimi cewa ta ji jita-jita game da Ben zai shiga kurkuku don kashe wani mutum.Ba tare da jin daɗin yawancin balaguron ba, a ƙarshe 'yan matan sun fuskanci Ben game da jita-jita,wanda ya nuna cewa a zahiri ya tafi kurkuku don tuki yar uwar sa a fadin jihar ba tare da izinin iyaye ba saboda uban nasa yana cin zarafinta.Lucy da Ben sun ƙaunaci juna,kuma ’yan matan sun fara tattaunawa ta gaskiya tun suna yara:Lucy ta bayyana cewa mahaifiyarta ta rabu da ita da mahaifinta sa’ad da take ’yar shekara uku, amma ta gaskata cewa mahaifiyarta tana son sake ganinta.;Kit,wacce ta yi kiba tun tana karama,ta bayyana cewa mahaifiyarta tana tura ta zuwa“sansanin kitse”duk lokacin rani har sai da ta kai nauyin burinta,amma yanzu tana ƙin cewa Kit ɗin ya fi ta kyau;Mimi ta bayyana cewa mahaifin jaririn nata ba tsohon saurayin ta ne Kurt ba,mutum ne da ya yi mata fyade a wajen wani biki,kuma tana shirin saka jaririn nata ne domin reno. A Tucson,Lucy ta sami mahaifiyarta Caroline,wacce ta sake yin aure tare da ’ya’ya maza biyu kuma ba ta ji daɗin ganinta ba.Caroline ta bayyana cewa Lucy ta kasance cikin da ba a yi niyya ba kuma ba ta son komai da ita,wanda hakan ya sa Lucy ta karaya.A gidan otel ɗin, Ben ya yi wa Lucy ta'aziyya kuma yana burge ta ta hanyar rubuta kiɗa zuwa waƙar da ta rubuta yayin tafiya.Daga nan Lucy ta koma Kit,Mimi,da Ben, kuma sun isa Los Angeles. Wata rana da daddare,Kit ta tafi da Mimi tare da ita don mamakin angonta Dylan.Ita kaɗai a cikin otel ɗin,Lucy ta rasa budurcinta ga Ben.Kit da Mimi suka isa d'akin Dylan suka same shi yana yaudarar Kit da wata mata.Sai ta gane cewa Dylan ne ya yi wa Mimi fyade,kuma ta yi masa naushi a fuska.A guje Mimi ta fado kan benen ta rasa jaririnta. A asibiti,Lucy da Kit sun yi mata jaje yayin da ta fahimci rashinta,bayan da ta yanke shawarar ajiye jaririnta da zarar sun isa Los Angeles. Lucy ta kira mahaifinta ya zo ya dawo da ita,Kit,da Mimi,su kuma Kit da Mimi suka gaya mata cewa ta tafi aution a wurin Mimi.Lucy ta ƙi kuma ta shirya tafiya tare da su da mahaifinta,amma ta gane cewa duk abin da ta yi don faranta wa mahaifinta rai ne maimakon kanta.Lucy ta gaya wa mahaifinta ya ƙyale ta,ta gudu zuwa Ben,kuma suka sumbace ta. Ita,Kit,da Mimi sun nufi wurin kallon wasan tare da Ben kuma sun sami karɓuwa a tsaye don wasan kwaikwayon da suka yi na waƙarta, "Ni Ba Yarinya Ba, Ba Har Yanzu Mace Ba
20673	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C6%99in%20Basasar%20Chadi%20%282005%E2%80%932010%29	Yaƙin Basasar Chadi (2005–2010)	Yaƙin basasar Chadi na kwanan nan ya fara ne a cikin Disamba 2005. Tun lokacin da ta samu 'yanci daga Faransa a shekarar 1960, yaƙin basasa ya mamaye yankin Chadi a tsakanin Larabawa-Musulmin arewa da Sahara Kiristocin kudu. A sakamakon haka, shugabanci da shugabanci a Chadi sun yi ta kai da komo tsakanin Kiristocin kudu da musulmin arewa. Lokacin da wani bangare ke kan mulki, ɗaya ɓangaren yakan fara yaƙin neman sauyi ne don dakile shi. Faransa, tsohuwar mai ikon mulkin mallaka, da makwabciyar Chadi Libya ta arewa duk sun shiga cikin sahu daban-daban a duk lokacin yakin basasa. Zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 1990 yakin basasa ya dan daidaita, kuma a shekarar 1996 an tabbatar da Idriss Déby, dan arewa, a matsayin shugaban ƙasar a zaɓen farko na demokradiyya da aka yi a Chadi. A cikin 1998 aka fara tawaye dauke da makamai a arewa, ƙarƙashin jagorancin tsohon shugaban tsaron Shugaba Déby, Youssouf Togoimi Yarjejeniyar zaman lafiyar Libya a shekarata 2002 ta kasa kawo karshen fadan. A shekarar 2003, rikici a yankin Darfur da ke makwabtaka da Sudan ya bazu zuwa kan iyaka zuwa Chadi. 'Yan gudun hijirar daga Sudan sun kasance tare da fararen hula' yan ƙasar Chadi waɗanda ke kokarin gujewa tashin hankalin 'yan tawaye kuma daga karshe suka cika sansanonin. A bayyane yake cewa 'yan tawayen Chadi sun sami makamai da taimako daga gwamnatin Sudan. A lokaci guda, 'yan tawayen Sudan sun sami taimako daga gwamnatin Chadi. A watan Fabrairun 2008, kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye uku suka hada karfi wuri guda suka fara kai hari a N'Djamena babban birnin Chadi. Bayan kaddamar da farmakin da ya kasa mamaye fadar shugaban kasar, an fatattaki harin da kakkausar murya. Faransa ta aika da dakaru don su mamaye gwamnati. Da yawa daga cikin ‘yan tawayen tsoffin abokan kawancen Shugaba Idriss Déby ne. Sun zarge shi da cin hanci da rashawa ga 'yan ƙabilar. Dalilin Yawancin shugabannin 'yan tawaye tsofaffin abokan Déby ne, waɗanda suka bijire masa bayan ya yanke shawarar sauya kundin tsarin mulki. Canjin tsarin mulki ya ba Déby damar sake tsayawa takara a 2006, tare da ba da ikon sauya kundin tsarin mulki ga shugaban, wannan matakin ya sa da yawa daga cikin abokan Déby suka fara yi masa tawaye. Yaƙin da aka yi a farkon Disamba 2005 a N'djamena babban birnin Chadi bai zo da mamaki ba. Shekaru kafin fashewar, gwamnatin Sudan din na kokarin hambarar da shugaban Chadi, Idriss Déby, ta hanyar amfani da ‘yan tawayen Chadi a matsayin mutane na tsakiya. Uku masu ɗauke da makamai da hannu a kai hare-hare a shekara ta 2008 da aka dauke da makamai da kasar Sudan jami'an tsaro niyyar kan yankan kashe da goyon bayan da Deby aka bai wa 'yan tawayen a yankin Darfur, musamman da Ƙungiyar Adalci da daidaito (JEM), wanda ya kasance a kan m a Darfur. Yaƙin da aka yi a Chadi sakamakon wasu runduna ne guda huɗu. Na ɗaya, yakin ya zama tamkar ci gaba ne na rikice-rikicen Darfur da Chadi, wadanda suka hada da gasar iko da kasa. Abu na biyu, akwai rikicin Cadi na cikin gida. Déby ya koma mulkin soja na mutum daya bayan da aka yi fatan fadada tushen mulkinsa a karshen shekarun 1990 wanda ya hade da ci gaban siyasar farar hula a N'djamena. Déby ya dogara sosai akan ƙungiyar dangi na kusa da kuma da'awar kuɗin da aka ba gwamnati don biyan bukatunsa, rarraba kayan agaji don biyayya ga farar hula. Na uku shi ne dabarun Khartoum (babban birnin Sudan) na kula da tsaro a cikin iyakarta, wanda ya hada da daukar kasashe marasa karfi da ke kewaye da ita kamar kawai fadada iyakarta. Tsaron Sudan ya taimaka wajen kawo Déby kan karagar mulki a 1990 a matsayin wani bangare na nauyin da ke kansu wanda kuma ya ga ta shiga soja a kasashen Eritrea, Habasha, Uganda, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Congo (DRC), da Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya (CAR) a cikin shekaru goma na soja. Kamar yadda Khartoum ta yi amfani da haɗin gwuiwa da azabtarwa don sarrafa manyan lardunan yankin na Darfur, ta yi amfani da waɗannan kayan aikin don yin tasiri a kan iyakarta zuwa iyakarta. Bugu da ƙari, gasar yanki don mamayewa ta hanyar babban yankin Afirka ta Tsakiya ba safai ke iko da ikon hukuma ba. Wannan yanki da ya keɓe ya haɗa da Chadi, CAR, da arewacin DRC, gami da yankunan Tripoli da Sudan, tare da Kinshasa, Kigali, Kampala, har ma da Asmara suna fafatawa don tasiri a wannan yankin, har da Khartoum. Sakamakon Aiwatar da sauye-sauyen da aka yi alkawalin a cikin yarjejeniyar watan Agustan 2007 tare da jam'iyyun adawa ba a hankali ba kuma ba a daidaita ba. A duk fadin kasar, sojojin gwamnati sun ci gaba da kamewa da tsare fararen hula da wadanda ake zargi da tayar da kayar baya, ba tare da nuna bambanci ba, galibi bisa la'akari da kabilanci, da kuma sanya su cikin mummunan hukunci da ba na al'ada ba. Yanayin gidan yarin Chadi na daga cikin mawuyacin hali a nahiyar Afirka. Institutionsananan hukumomi na adalci sun ba da gudummawa ga al'adar keɓewa. Gwamnati ba ta bincika ko gurfanar da mummunan cin zarafin da ake yi wa fararen hula ba, kamar kashe-kashe da fyaɗe da jami'an tsaron gwamnati da 'yan tawaye suka yi bayan arangamar da aka yi a Am Dam a watan Mayun 2009. Fiye da 'yan gudun hijirar Sudan 250,000 da' yan kasar Chadi 168,000 da suka rasa muhallinsu ke zaune a sansanoni da sauran wurare a gabashin Chadi. A watan Afrilun 2010, kusan sabbin 'yan gudun hijirar Sudan 5,000 sun zo daga Darfur ta Yamma, bayan sabon fada a can tsakanin kungiyar' yan tawayen Sudan Ƙungiyar Adalci (JEM) da sojojin gwamnatin Sudan. Manyan Yaƙe-yaƙe SCUD Raid akan Guéréda 'Yan tawayen Chadi sun kai hari a Guéréda, mai tazarar kilomita 120 arewa da Adré, a ranar 7 ga Disambar 2005, inda suka kashe mutane goma tare da raunata biyar. Harin (wanda aka danganta shi da Platform for Change, Unity and Democracy, SCUD, gungun wasu sojojin Chadi da suka gudu) ya nuna farkon kamfen din 'yan tawaye daga Darfur kuma ya sa gwamnatin Chadi ta la'anci Khartoum saboda goyon bayan' yan tawayen. RDL Raid on Adré A ranar 18 ga Disambar 2005, ƙungiyar (RDL), wata ƙungiyar 'yan tawayen Chadi da ke zaune a Darfur, ta kai hari kan iyakar garin Adré, Chadi da ke kan iyaka. Adré shine mabuɗin dabarun kare Chadi daga hare-haren da aka ƙaddamar daga Sudan. Shugaban Chadi Idriss Déby, sakamakon fatattaka daga sojojin Chadi zuwa kungiyoyin 'yan tawayen Chadi tsakanin Oktoba zuwa Disamba 2005, ya fara karfafa Adré, da kuma Abéché, babban birnin lardin gabashin Ouadda eastern, tun kafin harin 18 ga Disamba 2005. Yaƙin Farko na N'Djaména A watan Afrilun 2006 shugaban 'yan tawayen ƙasar Chadi Mahamat Nour Abdelkarim, bayan da ya hada kan kungiyoyin' yan tawayen na Chadi da dama a karkashin tutar ƙungiyar 'Front Uni pour le Changement' (United Front for Change, FUC), suka yiwa N'Djamena ƙawanya. A ranar 13 ga Afrilun 2006, 1,200 zuwa 1,500 ‘yan tawayen FUC a cikin manyan motocin ɗaukar kaya 56 suka fasa daruruwan kilomita a fadin Chadi daga sansanonin Darfur da Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya don fafatawa da musayar wuta da jami’an tsaron Chadi a kan titunan babban birnin kasar. Fadan da aka yi a Ndjaména ya kasance ne daga 5 na safe zuwa 11 na safe kuma ya hada da motocin daukar sojoji masu sulke, na’urar kere kere (motoci masu taya hudu dauke da manyan makamai) da tankokin yaki, kuma an yi yakin ne a yankunan kudu maso gabashin kudu da kuma a Palais des Quinze, majalisar dokokin Chadi, wacce Sojojin 'yan tawaye da ba su san yadda aka tsara babban birnin ba sun yi wa fadar shugaban kasa tawaye. Tare da taimako mai yawa daga sojojin Faransa, yunƙurin karɓar ikon ya ci tura, tare da kashe ɗaruruwan. Akwai manyan kaburbura guda biyu a yankin kudu maso gabashin garin N'Djaména a wani wuri can nesa a Djari-Kawas, inda sojojin gwamnati suka yiwa wani rukunin 'yan tawaye kwanton bauna. An bayar da rahoton cewa kabari daya na dauke da gawarwaki 102, kodayake rahotanni sun yi sabani kan ko waɗanda suka mutu dukkaninsu sojoji ne masu tawaye ko kuma wasu ‘yan tawaye ne da fararen hula. Kabari na biyu a Djari-Kawas an ce yana dauke da gawarwaki 45 da aka binne a can da zarar an fito da su daga dakin ijiye gawar a babban asibitin. A ranar 14 ga Afrilu 2006 Chadi ta yanke hulda da Sudan ba tare da bata lokaci ba. Duk da cewa ƙasashen biyu sun sabunta alkawarinsu na korar 'yan tawaye daga yankunansu a watan Yuli kuma sun dawo da hulɗar jakadanci a watan Agusta, harin na watan Afrilu ya ci gaba da haifar da koma baya kan alaƙar ƙasashen biyu. Manazarta Crisis in Chad: implications for the EU, Analysis by Damien Helly, February 2008, European Union Institute for Security Studies Chad's spiralling conflict (Aljazeera) Safer Access Summary of Events Jan–Mar 08 The Small Arms Survey Sudan-Chad conflict Yaƙi Rikici Cadi Tarihin Cadi Tarihin Afrika Pages with unreviewed
47325	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wariyar%20muhalli	Wariyar muhalli	Wariyar muhalli, wani nau'i ne na wariyar hukumomi wanda ke haifar da yin ciko da ƙasa ko ƙonewa, da kuma zubar da shara masu haɗari a yankunan da baƙaƙen fata ke rayuwa. A duniya ana kuma danganta shi da tsattsauran ra'ayi, wanda ke sanya ayyukan mahalli kamar haƙar ma'adanai, haƙar mai, da aikin noma na masana'antu a kan asalin ƴan ƙasa da kuma ƙasashen talakawa wanda mafi yawancin mazaunansu mutane masu launi. Martani ga wariyar muhalli ya ba da gudummawa ga adalci na muhalli, wanda ya fara daga kasashen Amurka da wajenta a cikin shekarun 1970 da 1980. Wariyar launin fata na muhalli na iya yin illa ga ƙungiyoyin tsiraru ko kuma masu rinjaye, kamar yadda yake a Afirka ta Kudu inda wariyar launin fata ta yi illa ga muhalli ga Baƙar fata. Ɓangaren ƙasa da ƙasa, cinikayya a sharar duniya na yin illa ga galibin ƙasashen duniya a ƙasashe matalauta waɗanda mutane masu launin fata ke zaune. Har ila yau, ya shafi rashin lahani na musamman na ƙungiyoyin ƴan asalin ga gurɓacewar muhalli. Tarihi "Wariyar muhalli" kalma ce da Benjamin Chavis, tsohon darektan zartarwa na United Church of Christ (UCC) Commission for Racial Justice. A cikin jawabin da ke adawa da sanya sharar polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mai haɗari a cikin gundumar Warren, ta Arewacin Carolina, Chavis ya ayyana kalmar a matsayin:wariyar launin fata a cikin aiwatar da lamurran manufofin muhalli, aiwatar da ƙa'idoji da dokoki, da gangan niyya ga al'ummomin launin fata don wuraren sharar gida mai guba, takunkumin hukuma na kasancewar barazanar rayuwa na guba da gurɓatawa a cikin al'ummominmu, da tarihin ware mutanen launi daga jagorancin ƙungiyoyin halittu.Sanar da wariyar launin fata na muhalli ya haifar da yunƙurin adalci na muhallu wanda ya fara a cikin 1970s da 1980s tare da tasiri daga yunkurin kare hakkin bil'adama na baya. Kungiyoyin Grassroots da kamfen sun jawo hankali ga wariyar launin fata na muhalli a cikin yin manufofi kuma sun jaddada muhimmancin shigar da 'yan tsiraru. Duk da yake wariyar launin fata na muhalli an danganta shi da tarihin da yunkurin adalci na muhallu, a cikin shekaru ana ƙara rarraba kalmar. Bayan abubuwan da suka faru a Warren County, UCC da Babban Ofishin Lissafi na Amurka sun fitar da rahotanni da ke nuna cewa wuraren sharar gida masu haɗari sun kasance a cikin unguwanni marasa galihu. Chavis da Dokta Robert D. Bullard sun nuna wariyar launin fata da aka kafa daga manufofin gwamnati da kamfanoni wanda ya haifar da wariyar launin fatar muhalli. Wadannan ayyukan wariyar launin fata sun hada da redlining, zoning, da kuma tsara shirye-shiryen daidaitawa. Mazauna sun fuskanci wariyar launin fata na muhalli saboda rashin matsayinsu na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, da rashin wakilcin siyasa da motsi. Da yake fadada ma'anar a cikin "The Legacy of American Apartheid and Environmental Racism", Dokta Bullard ya ce wariyar launin fata na muhalli:yana nufin kowane manufa, aiki, ko umarni wanda ya bambanta ko rashin fa'idodi (ko an yi niyya ko ba a yi niyya ba) mutane, kungiyoyi, ko al'ummomi bisa ga launin fata ko launi.Ko da yake an ƙaddamar da kalmar a cikin Amurka, wariyar launin fata kuma tana faruwa a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa. Bincike ya nuna cewa tun lokacin da dokokin muhalli suka yi fice a kasashen da suka ci gaba, kamfanoni sun kwashe shararsu zuwa Kudancin Duniya. Ƙasashen da ba su da ci gaba akai-akai suna da ƙarancin ƙa'idodin muhalli kuma sun zama mafakar gurɓatawa. Al'ummomin da aka ware wadanda ba su da hanyoyin tattalin arziki da siyasa don adawa da manyan kamfanoni suna da rauni ga ayyukan wariyar launin fata na muhalli wadanda ke cutar da lafiyarsu. Adalci na muhalli yana fama da shingen hana samun dama ga aiki daidai gwargwado[bayani da ake buƙata], nishaɗi, ilimi, addini, da ƙauyuka masu aminci. A cikin "Muhalli na Talakawa", Joan Martinez-Allier ya rubuta cewa adalcin muhalli "ya nuna cewa ci gaban tattalin arziki rashin sa'a yana nufin karuwar tasirin muhalli, kuma yana jaddada ƙaura daga wurare da matsuguni." Mai haddasawa Akwai dalilai huɗu waɗanda ke haifar da wariyar launin fata na muhalli: rashin ƙasa mai araha, rashin ikon siyasa, rashin motsi, da talauci. Kamfanoni da hukumomin gwamnati suna neman ƙasa mai rahusa. A sakamakon haka, al'ummomin da ba za su iya tsayayya da waɗannan kamfanoni da hukumomin gwamnati ba kuma ba za su sami damar samun ikon siyasa ba za su ba za su taɓa yin shawarwari kawai ba. Al'ummomin da ke da karancin motsi na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ba za su iya komawa ba. Rashin gudummawar kudi kuma yana rage ikon al'ummomi na yin aiki a zahiri da siyasa. Chavis ya bayyana wariyar launin fata na muhalli a cikin nau'o'i biyar: nuna bambancin launin fata a cikin bayyana manufofin muhalli, tilasta bin ka'idoji da dokoki, niyya da gangan ga al'ummomin 'yan tsiraru a matsayin wuraren zubar da sharar gida masu haɗari, hukuma ta hukuma ta gurɓataccen abu a cikin al'ummomi marasa rinjaye, da kuma cire mutane masu launin fata daga mukaman jagorancin muhalli. Al'ummomin 'yan tsiraru galibi ba su da hanyar kudi, albarkatu, da wakilcin siyasa don tsayayya da wuraren sharar gida masu haɗari. An san su da amfani da ƙasa da ba a so a cikin gida (LULUs), waɗannan wuraren da ke amfana da dukan al'umma galibi suna rage ingancin rayuwar al'ummomin 'yan tsiraru. Wadannan unguwanni na iya dogara da damar tattalin arziki da shafin ya kawo kuma suna jinkirin adawa da wurin da yake a hadarin lafiyarsu. Bugu da ƙari, ayyukan da ke da rikici ba za a iya zama a yankunan da ba na ƙarancin ba waɗanda ake sa ran su bi aikin hadin gwiwa kuma su yi nasara wajen tsayayya da zama na ayyukan a yankinsu. A cikin birane a Arewacin Duniya, birane da gentrification suna haifar da alamu na wariyar launin fata na muhalli. Misali, fararen jirgin sama daga yankunan masana'antu don mafi aminci, mafi tsabta, yankunan da ke kusa da yankunan antu. A cikin waɗannan yankuna, rashin aikin yi yana da yawa kuma kamfanoni ba su da damar saka hannun jari a inganta yankin, suna haifar da yanayin tattalin arziki mara kyau ga mazauna da ƙarfafa tsarin zamantakewa wanda ke haifar da rashin daidaito na launin fata. Bugu da ƙari, talauci na masu mallakar dukiya da mazauna a cikin gari na iya la'akari da masu haɓaka wuraren sharar gida masu haɗari, tunda yankunan da ke da ƙimar ƙasa masu raɗaɗi za su adana kuɗin masu haɓakawa. Al'amuran zamantakewa da tattalin arziki Binciken amfani da kaya (CBA) tsari ne wanda ke sanya darajar kuɗi akan farashi da fa'idodi don kimanta batutuwa. CBA na muhalli yana da niyyar samar da mafita ga manufofi don samfuran da ba a gani ba kamar iska mai tsabta da ruwa ta hanyar auna shirye-shiryen mabukaci don biyan waɗannan kayayyaki. CBA tana ba da gudummawa ga wariyar launin fata ta muhalli ta hanyar kimanta albarkatun muhalli bisa ga amfanin su ga al'umma. Lokacin da wani ya yarda kuma ya iya biyan ƙarin ruwa mai tsabta ko iska, biyan kuɗin da suke biya yana amfana da al'umma fiye da lokacin da mutane ba za su iya biyan waɗannan kayayyaki ba. Wannan yana haifar da nauyi ga al'ummomin matalauta. Komawar sharar gida mai guba ya cancanci tunda al'ummomin matalauta ba su iya biyan kuɗi kamar yankin da ya fi arziki don yanayi mai tsabta ba. Tsayar da sharar gida mai guba kusa da matalauta yana rage darajar dukiyar ƙasar da ta riga ta kasance mai rahusa. Tunda raguwar darajar dukiya ba ta da ƙasa da na yanki mai tsabta da wadata, fa'idodin kuɗi ga al'umma sun fi girma ta hanyar zubar da sharar mai guba a cikin yankin "mai ƙarancin ƙima". Tasirin lafiya Nuna wariyar launin fata na muhalli yana tasiri ga lafiyar al'ummomin da ke fama da yanayin talauci. Abubuwa daban-daban da zasu iya haifar da matsalolin kiwon lafiya sun haɗa da haɗari ga guba mai haɗari a cikin shara da koguna.rivers. Bayyanawa ga waɗannan gubobi na iya raunana ko jinkirta ci gaban kwakwalwa. Wadannan haɗari kuma suna shafar lafiyar mutanen da ke zaune a cikin waɗannan al'ummomin, suna nuna yadda kiyaye ingancin lafiyar muhalli yana da mahimmanci don tabbatar da cewa mutanen da ke fama da rauni suna iya rayuwa lafiya tare da sassan yanayin da suka dogara da su. Kungiyar kare dabbobi In Defense of Animals ta yi iƙirarin aikin gona na dabbobi yana shafar lafiyar al'ummomin da ke kusa. Sun yi imanin cewa tafkunan turare da ke da alaƙa suna samar da hydrogen sulfide kuma suna gurɓata kayan ruwa na gida, wanda ke haifar da matakan zubar da ciki, lahani na haihuwa, da barkewar cututtuka. Wadannan gonaki an sanya su cikin yankuna masu karamin karfi da al'ummomin launi. Sauran haɗari sun haɗa da fallasawa ga magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta, ɓarkewar sinadarai da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin a cikin iska. Rashin tsabta a cikin wurare da kuma bayyanar sinadarai na iya shafar ma'aikatan gona, waɗanda galibi mutane ne masu launi.. Al'ummar kimiyyar yanayi suna buƙatar yin aiki akan rarraba bayanan da ake da su, bayanan da suke tattarawa, da kuma aiki don kawar da rashin daidaito na tarihi a cikin albarkatu. Misali, akwai karancin bayanai game da kara yawan raƙuman zafi a Afirka, duk da haka raƙuman zafin suna shafar mutane da yawa. Rashin gurɓataccen yanayi Yankin kudu maso gabashin Amurka ya sami gurɓataccen gurɓata kuma an sami rinjaye ga yawancin ƴan tsiraru tare da nauyin waɗannan tasirin. Akwai lokuta da yawa na mutanen da suka mutu ko kuma suna fama da rashin lafiya daga tsire-tsire na kwal a wurare kamar Detroit, Memphis, da Kansas City. Mazaunan Tennessee da West Virginia galibi suna fuskantar numfashi mai guba saboda fashewa a cikin duwatsu don hakar ma'adinai. fari, ambaliyar ruwa, raguwar ƙasa da ingancin iska suna ƙayyade lafiyar da aminci na mazaunan da ke kewaye da waɗannan yankuna. Al'ummomin launi da matsayi mai ƙarancin kuɗi galibi suna jin nauyin waɗannan batutuwan da farko. Akwai al'ummomi da yawa a duniya da ke fuskantar irin waɗannan matsalolin. Misali, aikin Desmond D'Sa ya mayar da hankali kan al'ummomi a Kudancin Durban inda masana'antun gurɓataccen yanayi ke tasiri ga mutanen da aka tilasta su sake komawa lokacin wariyar launin fata. Rage wariyar launin fata na muhalli Nazarin Adalci na tsari Ra'ayoyin siyasa na yanzu da ke kewaye da yadda za a yi batutuwan da suka dace game da wariyar launin fata na muhalli da adalci na muhallu suna canzawa zuwa ra'ayin yin amfani da adalci na tsari. Adalci na tsari shine ra'ayi wanda ke nuna amfani da adalci a cikin aiwatar da yanke shawara, musamman lokacin da ake yanke shawara a cikin yanayin diflomasiyya kamar rarraba albarkatu ko warware rashin jituwa. Adalci na shari'a yana buƙatar tsarin yanke shawara mai adalci, bayyane, ba tare da nuna bambanci ba tare da daidaito ga dukkan bangarorin su bayyana matsayinsu, ra'ayoyin, da damuwa. Maimakon kawai mayar da hankali kan sakamakon yarjejeniyoyi da tasirin da waɗannan sakamakon ke da shi a kan yawan mutanen da suka shafi da kungiyoyin masu sha'awar, adalci na tsari yana neman ya shafi duk masu ruwa da tsaki a duk lokacin tsari daga tsarawa ta hanyar aiwatarwa. Dangane da yaki da wariyar launin fata na muhalli, adalci na tsari yana taimakawa wajen rage damar da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo masu iko kamar jihohin da ke cin hanci da rashawa ko ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ke yi don tsara duk tsarin yanke shawara kuma ya mayar da wasu iko a hannun waɗanda za su shafi yanke shawara da ake yi. Yunkuri Yin gwagwarmaya yana ɗaukar nau'o'i da yawa. Ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan shine zanga-zangar jama'a ko zanga-zambe, wanda zai iya faruwa a matakai daban-daban daga gida zuwa na duniya. Bugu da ƙari, a wuraren da masu gwagwarmaya ke jin kamar hanyoyin gwamnati za su yi aiki, ƙungiyoyi da mutane iri ɗaya na iya bin aikin siyasa kai tsaye. A lokuta da yawa, masu gwagwarmaya da kungiyoyi za su kafa haɗin gwiwa a cikin yanki da na duniya don samun ƙarin tasiri wajen cimma burinsu.
42373	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdoulaye%20Faye	Abdoulaye Faye	Abdoulaye Diagne-Faye (an haife shi 26 Fabrairun shekarar 1978), wanda aka fi sani da Abdoulaye Faye, tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Senegal wanda ya taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida Faye ya fara taka leda a ASEC Ndiambour da Jeanne d'Arc a ƙasar sa Senegal kafin ya koma ƙungiyar Lens ta Faransa a shekara ta 2002. Bayan shafe lokaci a kan aro a Istres ya ja hankalin Sam Allardyce wanda ya sanya hannu a Bolton Wanderers a watan Yulin 2005. Bayan ya shafe shekaru biyu a Bolton ya bi Allardyce zuwa Newcastle United inda ya shafe kakar wasa daya kafin ya koma Stoke City a watan Agustan 2008 kan fan miliyan 2.25. Faye ya zama sanannen ɗan wasa a filin wasa na Britannia a cikin 2008 2009 yayin da ya ci gwarzon shekara kuma Tony Pulis ya naɗa shi kyaftin na kakar 2009–2010 Ya rasa iya aiki ga Ryan Shawcross na 2010 2011 sannan ya yi aiki na uku tare da Allardyce a West Ham United Faye ya taimaka wa Hammers samun ci gaba zuwa Premier League a cikin 2011-2012 kafin ya koma Hull City inda ya sake shiga cikin kakar cin nasara a 2012-13 kafin a sake shi a karshen kakar 2013-2014 Aiki Farkon aiki An haifi Faye a Dakar, Senegal kuma ya fara aikinsa a ASEC Ndiambour, kafin ya bar ƙungiyar ta uku zuwa Jeanne d'Arc Daga nan ya ci gaba da shiga Lens a watan Yulin 2002, yana hadewa cikin tawagar da a wancan lokacin ya hada da dan kasar Senegal Papa Bouba Diop. Bolton Wanderers Faye ya kulla yarjejeniya da Bolton Wanderers ta Ingila a watan Yulin 2005 a matsayin aro. Faye ya fara buga wasansa na farko a Bolton da Newcastle United inda ya ji dadin halarta a karon farko a wasan da suka ci 2-0 a gida, inda ya fitar da Alan Shearer da iska. Ya zo ne a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Radhi Jaïdi wanda ya ji rauni kuma bai taba waiwaya baya ba bayan da ya yi fice. Kocin Wanderers Sam Allardyce ya yaba da salon Faye tun farkon aikinsa na Bolton. A cikin Disambar 2005 Faye ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar dindindin tare da Bolton. Bayan haka Faye ya bayyana jin dadin zamansa a Ingila. A cikin kakar 2006–2007 Faye ya yi aiki kusan na musamman a matsayin mai tsaron baya bayan tafiyar Bruno Ngotty da Jaïdi zuwa Birmingham City A cikin lokacin kakar wasan ya haɓaka ƙaƙƙarfan haɗin gwiwa tare da Ivory Coast Abdoulaye Méïté, yana tabbatar da cewa Bolton yana da rikodin kariyar gida mai ƙarfi kafin sabuwar shekara. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan da suka fado a rabin na biyu na kakar wasa kawai sun tsallake zuwa gasar cin kofin UEFA tare da ƙungiyoyin neman hanyar shiga Faye da Meite. Faye ya samu nasarar zura kwallaye biyu a ragar Arsenal a kakar wasanni daban-daban inda ya taimaka wa Bolton da ci 2-0 da kuma 3–1 saboda tabbatacciyar kwarewarsa ta iska wadda masu tsaron bayan Arsenal ba su da amsa. An san shi da manyan baje kolinsa a fagen tsaron tsakiya a duk tsawon kakar wasa kuma ya zama wanda aka fi so a tsakanin magoya bayan Bolton. Newcastle United A ranar 15 Agusta 2007, akwai labaru a cikin jaridu da dama da ke nuna cewa Faye zai koma Newcastle United a kusan 2m don shiga tare da tsohon Manajan Sam Allardyce A ranar 31 ga Agustan 2007, Faye ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku a Newcastle United. An gabatar da Faye ga magoya bayan Newcastle a lokacin hutun rabin lokaci yayin wasan gida da Wigan Athletic a ranar 1 ga Satumba. A ranar 24 ga Fabrairun 2008, Faye ya zira kwallo daya tilo a ragar Newcastle United yayin shan kashi da ci 5-1 a gida da Manchester United Stoke City A ranar 15 ga Agusta 2008, Faye ya shiga sabuwar ƙungiyar Premier ta Stoke City daga Newcastle United akan fan miliyan 2.25 akan kwantiragin shekaru uku. Ya fara bugawa Stoke wasa a wasan da suka doke Aston Villa da ci 3–2 a watan Agustan 2008. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a kan tsohuwar kungiyarsa Newcastle, wadda ta zo a cikin minti na 90 na wasan inda Stoke ta samu maki a wasan da suka tashi 2-2. Ya sake zura kwallo a ragar Newcastle daga baya a kakar wasa ta bana a wani canjaras tsakanin kungiyoyin biyu. Faye mai ban sha'awa a kakar wasan farko ba a lura da sauran 'yan wasan Stoke da magoya bayansa ba yayin da ya lashe kyautar 'yan wasa da magoya bayan Stoke City. Haka kuma dukkan kungiyoyin magoya bayan kungiyar ne suka zabe shi a matsayin gwarzon shekara. Bayan kakar wasansa ta farko a Stoke an ba shi lambar yabo ta kyaftin na dindindin na kakar 2009–10. Faye ya sake samun wani yanayi mai kyau a City amma kuma ya samu cikas sakamakon raunin da ya samu kuma sai da ya bar filin kafin mintuna 30 a lokuta da dama. Manajan Tony Pulis ya ba Ryan Shawcross mukamin kyaftin na kakar 2010–11. Ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi tasiri sosai a kakar wasa ta bana kuma an sake shi a ƙarshensa bayan ba a ba shi sabon kwangila ba. Manajan Stoke Tony Pulis da Sentinel sun yaba wa Faye bayan an sake shi a watan Mayu 2011. West Ham United A watan Yunin 2011, bayan da aka sake shi daga Stoke City, Faye ya rattaba hannu a gasar Championship ta West Ham United a kan musayar kyauta tare da kocin Sam Allardyce a karo na uku kuma ya ce: "Na yi matukar farin ciki da kasancewa a nan West Ham wannan. babban kulob ne, babban kulob kuma ba zan iya jira don farawa a nan ba," Faye ya shaida wa gidan yanar gizon kulob din. Faye ya fara buga wa West Ham wasa a ranar 16 ga watan Agustan 2011 a ci 4-0 a waje da Watford A karshen kakar wasa Faye ya bar West Ham bayan taimaka musu su sami nan take komawa ga Premier League Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Abdoulaye Diagne-Faye at Soccerbase Senegal's invasion of Stoke City Article on BBC Sport Premier League profile Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan
22096	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98yautar%20Muhalli%20ta%20Goldman	Ƙyautar Muhalli ta Goldman	Kyautar Muhalli ta Goldman kyauta ce da ake bayarwa kowace shekara ga masu rajin kare muhalli, daya daga kowane yanki na yankuna shida na duniya: Afirka, Asiya, Turai, Tsibiran da Kasashen Tsibiri, Arewacin Amurka, da Kudanci da Amurka ta Tsakiya. Kyautar an bayar da ita ne daga Gidauniyar Muhalli ta Goldman da ke da hedikwata a San Francisco, California Ana kuma kiransa Green Nobel. Kyautar Muhalli ta Goldman an ƙirƙira ta ne a cikin Shekara ta 1989 ta shugabannin ƙasa da masu hannu da shuni Richard N. Goldman da Rhoda H. Goldman adadin lambar yabo shine 200,000. Masu zaɓaɓɓu na ƙasashen duniya waɗanda ke karɓar zaɓin sirri daga cikin ƙungiyar yanar gizo na ƙungiyoyi da ɗaiɗaikun mutane da kuma mutane. Masu lashe lambobin yabo sun shiga yawon shakatawa na kwanaki 10 a San Francisco da Washington, DC, don bikin karramawa da gabatarwa, taron labarai, tattaunawa da manema labarai da kuma ganawa da siyasa, manufofin jama'a, shugabannin kudi da muhalli. Bikin karramawar yana dauke da gajerun shirye-shiryen bidiyo kan kowane mai nasara, wanda Robert Redford ya rawaito. Bikin ba da kyautar muhalli na Shekara ta 2019 Goldman wanda ke bikin cika shekaru 30 ya faru ne a ranar 29 ga Afrilun, shekara ta 2019 a Gidan Tunawa da Opera House a San Francisco. Anyi bikin karramawa karo na biyu a ranar 1 ga Mayun, shekara ta 2019 a Washington, DC An gudanar da bikin bayar da kyaututtukan muhalli na Shekara ta 2020 na Goldman ta yanar gizo (saboda annobar COVID-19 a ranar 30 ga Nuwamban, Shekara ta 2020. Kyautar kyaututtuka Source: Goldman Muhalli Foundation 1990 Robert Brown (Ostiraliya) Lois Gibbs (Amurka) Janet Gibson (Belize) Harrison Ngau Laing (Malaysia) János Vargha (Hungary) Michael Werikhe (Kenya) 1991 Wangari Muta Maathai (Kenya) Barnens Regnskog (Eha Kern Roland Tiensuu) (Sweden) Evaristo Nugkuag (Peru) Yoichi Kuroda (Japan) Samuel LaBudde (Amurka) Cath Wallace (New Zealand) 1992 Jeton Anjain (Tsibiran Marshall) Medha Patkar (Indiya) Wadja Egnankou (Ivory Coast) Christine Jean (Faransa) Colleen McCrory (Kanada) Carlos Alberto Ricardo (Brazil) 1993 Margaret Jacobsohn Garth Owen-Smith (Namibia) Juan Mayr (Kolombiya) Dai Qing (China) John Sinclair (Ostiraliya) JoAnn Tall (Amurka) Sviatoslav Zabelin (Rasha) 1994 Matthew Coon Come (Kanada) Tuenjai Deetes (Thailand) Laila Iskander Kamel (Misira) Luis Macas (Ekwado) Heffa Schücking (Jamus) Andrew Simmons (St. Vincent da Grenadines) 1995 Aurora Castillo (Amurka) Yul Choi (Koriya ta Kudu) Nuhu Idechong (Palau) Emma Dole (Ingila) Ricardo Navarro (El Salvador) Ken Saro-Wiwa (Najeriya) 1996 Ndyakira Amooti (Uganda) Bill Ballantine (New Zealand) Edwin Bustillos (Meziko) MC Mehta (Indiya) Marina Silva (Brasil) Albena Simeonova (Bulgaria) 1997 Nick Carter (Zambiya) Loir Botor Dingit (Indonesia) Alexander Nikitin (Rasha) Juan Pablo Orrego (Chile) Fuiono Senio Paul Alan Cox (Yammacin Samoa) Terri Swearingen (Amurka) 1998 Anna Giordano (Italiya) Kory Johnson (Amurka) Berito Kuwaru'wa (Kolombiya) Atherton Martin (Commonwealth na Dominica) Sven "Bobby" Peek (Afirka ta Kudu) Hirofumi Yamashita (Japan) 1999 Jacqui Katona Yvonne Margarula (Ostiraliya) Michal Kravcik (Slovakia) Bernard Martin (Kanada) Samuel Nguiffo (Kamaru) Jorge Varela (Honduras) Ka Hsaw Wa (Myanmar) 2000 Na baka Ataniyazova (Uzbekistan) Elias Diaz Peña Oscar Rivas (Paraguay) Vera Mischenko (Rasha) Rodolfo Montiel Flores (Meziko) Alexander Peal (Laberiya) Nat Quansah (Madagascar) 2001 Jane Akre Steve Wilson (mai rahoto) (Amurka) Yosepha Alomang (Indonesia) Giorgos Catsadorakis Myrsini Malakou (Girka) Oscar Olivera (Bolivia) Eugène Rutagarama (Rwanda) Bruno Van Peteghem (Sabon Caledonia) 2002 Pisit Charnsnoh (Thailand) Sarah James Jonathon Solomon (Amurka) Fatima Jibrell (Somalia) Alexis Massol González (Puerto Rico) Norma Kassi (Kanada) Jean La Rose (Guyana) Jadwiga Łopata (Poland) 2003 Julia Bonds (Amurka) Pedro Arrojo-Agudo (Spain) Eileen Kampakuta Brown Eileen Wani Wingfield (Ostiraliya) Von Hernandez (Philippines) Maria Elena Foronda Farro (Peru) Odigha Odigha (Najeriya) 2004 Rudolf Amenga-Etego (Ghana) Rashida Bee da Champa Devi Shukla (Indiya) Libia Grueso (Kolombiya) Manana Kochladze (Georgia) Demetrio do Amaral de Carvalho (Gabashin Timor) Margie Richard (Amurka) 2005 Isidro Baldenegro López (Meziko) Kaisha Atakhanova (Kazakhstan) Jean-Baptiste Chavannes (Haiti) Stephanie Danielle Roth (Romania) Corneille Ewango (Kwango) José Andrés Tamayo Cortez (Honduras) 2006 Silas Kpanan 'Siakor (Laberiya) Yu Xiaogang (China) Olya Melen (Yukren) Anne Kajir (Papua New Guinea) Craig E. Williams (Amurka) Tarcisio Feitosa da Silva (Brazil) 2007 Sophia Rabliauskas (Manitoba, Kanada) Hammerskjoeld Simwinga (Zambiya) Tsetsgeegiin Mönkhbayar (Mongolia) Julio Cusurichi Palacios (Peru) Willie Corduff (Ireland) Orri Vigfússon (Iceland) Duba kuma Lambobin Yada Labarai Na Muhalli Daraja ta 500 ta Duniya Makarantar Manufofin Jama'a ta Goldman Kyautar Grantham don Kyau a Rahoto kan Muhalli Jaruman Muhalli Kyautar Matasan Muhalli ta Shugaban Kasa Kyautar Tyler don Cimma Muhalli Jerin mutanen da ke da alaƙa da makamashi mai sabuntawa Jerin kyaututtukan muhalli Manazarta Hanyoyin Haɗin Waje Yanayi Ƴancin muhalli Ƴancin ɗan adam Pages with unreviewed
13760	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adesewa%20Josh	Adesewa Josh	Adesewa Hannah Ogunleyimu wacce aka sani da suna Adesewa Josh (an haife ta ranar 11 ga watan Oktoba, 1985). yar jaridar nan ce ta Najeriya wacce ke ba da labarai na kasa da kasa a TRT World. A baya ta kasance mai aiko da labarai a Channels TV daga 2012 zuwa 2017. Farkon rayuwa da karatu An haife Josh ce a garin Ipetu-Ijesha a cikin jihar Osun a kudu maso yammacin Najeriya don mahaifin Josiah Ogunleyimu, wanda ya fito daga jihar Osun Nigeria, da mahaifiyarsa Abimbola Ogunleyimu, wanda ya fito daga Epe, Legas A shekara ta 2009, Josh ta sami takardar sheda a Production News and Reporting daga BBC World Service A shekara ta 2010, ta sami takardar shedar samun digiri a cikin Gwamnati daga Alder Consulting kuma a shekarar 2012, takardar shaidar ce a cikin TV wanda ke gabatarwa daga Cibiyar gabatar da Aspire ta Burtaniya. Ita kuma tana da Takaddun Shafi a Tsarin Gabatarwa daga Rediyon Nigeria Josh ta samu digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin kimiya na kere-kere daga Jami'ar Ado Ekiti, kuma yana da takardar shedar kwararru daga Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Najeriya. A shekarar 2011, Josh ta sami takardar digiri na biyu a fannin dangantakar kasa da kasa daga jami’ar jihar Legas A cikin 2017, Josh ya sami digiri na biyu daga Makarantar Digiri na Jami'ar Columbia Kulawa A farkon shekarun 1990, Josh ta yi aiki a matsayin mai wasan kwaikwayo na yara a Najeriya, inda ta bayyana a ABC Wonderland daga Galaxy Television (Nigeria) Ta kuma yi aiki a kan sabulu, Tinsel Josh ta kuma bayyana a cikin wakokin wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Ibadan Theater Art Hall inda ta bayyana a bikin aure na alloli, The Gods not to Blame, and Under the Moon A cikin 2007, Josh ta kasance memba na wasan kwaikwayo na gidan talabijin na Najeriya wanda ake kira Next Movie Star, wanda ya mayar da hankali ga gano sabbin baiwa a harkar. A cikin 2012, Josh ta shirya wani wasan kwaikwayo a talabijin na Lucozade Boost Freestyle tare da mawaki dan Najeriya Julius Agwu. Ta kuma bayyana a matsayin alkali a kan Idol Najeriya A watan Yuli na shekara ta 2012, Josh ta fara aikinta na 'yar jarida a zaman hadin-gwiwar ba da sanyin safiya ta hanyar fitowar rana ta Sunrise Daily akan gidan talabijin na gidan rediyon Najeriya na Channels TV a Legas, Najeriya Ta zama marubucin labarai na maraice na Channels TV kuma tayi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da rahoto game da al'amuran ƙasa, matsayin da ta riƙe har zuwa Oktoba 2017. Bayan ɗan taƙaitaccen aiki a Muryar Amurka a New York City a cikin 2017, Josh ta yi aiki a matsayin mai masaukin baki na jerin shirye-shiryen labarai na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wanda aka fi sani da Tsarin Duniya na 21st A cikin Nuwamba 2017, Josh ta fara aiki a matsayin mai ba da labari a labarai tare da TRT World wanda ke fitowa daga Istanbul, Turkiyya A wannan matsayin, Josh ya rufe al'amuran duniya don TRT World News da sauran dandamali na labarai kan ci gaban Afirka, siyasa, da dangantakar diflomasiyya. Josh ta samar da sashin labarai na Newsmakers kuma yana aiki a matsayin wakili a Afirka Desk na TRT World. Ta kuma dauki nauyin wani shiri mai suna Network Africa for TRT World. Josh ta yi aiki mai zurfi game da tasirin rayuwar Boko Haram a cikin mata da yara. Aikin jinkai Bayan shekaru da yawa na bayar da rahoto a cikin al'ummomin Afirka da yawa, a cikin 2013 Josh ta ƙaddamar da Project Smile Africa, ƙungiyar ba ta gwamnati ba wanda ta ke aiki a matsayin ƙungiyar ci gaban al'umma, gano mahimman batutuwan ci gaba a cikin ƙauyukan ƙauyuka tare da samar da mafita ta hanyar samarwa mazaunan da ta horar da su horo. kamar yadda masu tasiri a cikin al'umma. Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna bayar da jagoranci, karfafa ilimi, da kuma bunkasa walwala da jin dadin jama'a. A cikin 2014, Josh ya fara aikin Talk2urteens, wani shiri don wayar da kan jama'a game da yawaitar rayuwar mata matasa a Najeriya. Kyaututtuka 2016: Cibiyar Mata ta CHAMP Xceptional Women, Xceptional Women in Media Award 2017: Kyautar lada ta gaba ta Afirka, Kyautar lada ta kyaututtuka ta gaba game da mutum-mutumi (Kayayyakin gani), Nominee Memban kungiya 2016: Junior Nasarar Najeriya 2016: Jagorancin Shugabancin Najeriya, Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa Matasan Shugabannin Matasan Afirka, Memba na Cibiyar YALI Cibiyar Binciken Jarida ta Duniya (GIJ) Manazarta Hadin waje Adesewa Josh a Duniyar TRT Adesewa Josh Pages with unreviewed
29987	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabel%20Dove%20Danquah	Mabel Dove Danquah	genreMabel Dove Danquah influencesMabel Dove Danquah influencedMabel Dove Danquah subjectMabel Dove Danquah Articles with hCards Mabel Dove Danquah (1905 -1984) ita 'yar jaridar Gold Coast ce, mai fafutukar siyasa, kuma marubuciya mai kirki, daya daga cikin matan farko a Yammacin Afirka da ke aiki a wadannan fannoni. Kamar yadda Francis Elsbend Kofigah ya lura dangane da majagaba na rubuce-rubuce na Ghana, "kafin fitowar masu wannan ƙaƙƙarfan ra'ayi na mata kamar Efua Sutherland da Ama Ata Aidoo, akwai Mabel Dove Danquah, mata mai saurin ra'ayi." Ta yi amfani da wasu maganganu iri-iri a rubuce don jaridu daga 1930s:" Marjorie Mensah "a cikin Times of West Africa;" Dama Dumas "a cikin African Morning Post;" Ebun Alakija "a cikin Jaridar Nigerian Daily Times; da" Akosua Dzatsui "a cikin Accra Evening News. Ta shiga siyasa a cikin shekarun 1950 kafin samun 'yancin kai na Ghana, ta zama mace ta farko da aka zaba a matsayin memba na kowace majalisar dokokin Afirka. Ta kirkiro wayar da kan jama'a da kuma bukatar gudanar da mulkin kai ta hanyar ayyukanta. Ilimi da farkon shekarun Mabel Ellen Dove an haife ta a Accra ga Eva Buckman, 'yar kasuwa a Osu, da Francis (Frans) Dove (1869-1949), lauya daga Saliyo wanda shi ne Shugaban farko na Gold Coast Bar. Tare da 'yan uwanta mata, Mabel yana da shekara shida an kai shi Makarantar Annie Walsh Memorial a Freetown, Saliyo, kuma ta sami ƙarin ilimi a Ingila a Anglican Convent a Bury St. Edmunds da St. Makarantar Michael, Hurstpierpoint, inda ta dauki matakin sakatariya, ba tare da burin mahaifinta ba. An sake tura ta zuwa Freetown, kuma yayin da ta taimaka ta kafa kulob din wasan cricket na mata, ta shiga cikin al'ummomin wasan kwaikwayo na gida da karatu sosai, kafin ta dawo tun tana da shekaru 21 zuwa Gold Coast. Ta sami aiki a matsayin ɗan gajeren zanen rubutu tare da Dattijon Dempster na tsawon shekaru takwas, sannan ta koma G. B. Olivant, kafin ta tafi aiki a matsayin Manajan tare da kamfanin kasuwanci na A. G. Leventis. Aikin Jarida Ta fara rubutu ne ga jaridar The Times of West Africa, jaridar farko ta kasar Ghana, wacce Dr J. B. Danquah ya kafa kuma mallakar ta kuma tana da matukar goyon baya ga hakkokin bil adama yayin da suke musanta mamayar kasashen waje. Ta hanyar shafin "Ladies Corner [daga baya Mata] ta Marjorie Mensah" (1931-34), labaran nata sun sami babban shahararta a bainar jama'a: "ta yi kokarin mata su karye da tsari, don samun kwarin gwiwa daga masu fada a ji, da yin tir da mulkin mallaka, da yin gwagwarmaya don 'yancinsu." Ta kuma sami sha'awar mallakar takarda, wanda daga ƙarshe ta aura a 1933. A shekara ta 1939, ta ba da jawaban rediyo don nuna goyon baya ga yaƙin. Bayan jaridar The Times of West Africa ta daina aiki, sai ta ci gaba da yin rubutu don Jaridar African Morning Post (1935-40), Jaridar Nigerian Daily Times (1936-37), Accra Evening News (1950-1960s) da Daily Graphic 1952). Lokacin da a cikin 1951 ta ɗauki nauyin shirya labarai na Accra Evening News takarda na Convention People’s Party (CPP), wanda aka kafa a 1948 ita ce mace ta biyu da ta taɓa yin gyaran jarida a Ghana. Kodayake nadin ya kare bayan watanni biyar saboda rashin jituwa da shugaban CPP Kwame Nkrumah kan hanyoyin edita, amma ta kasance mai biyayya ga Nkrumah da jam'iyyar. Siyasa Kasancewarta da siyasa ta fara ne bayan Kwame Nkrumah ya kafa Jam'iyyarsa ta Convention People’s Party (CPP), a cikin 1949, kuma ta zama memba na ma’aikatan kishin kasa na Accra Evening News, tare da shiga yakin neman karshen mulkin Birtaniyya da kuma samun mulkin kai na kai tsaye. Gold Coast. A babban zaben shekarar 1954, ta himmatu wajen shirya mata don CPP, daga baya aka sanya ta a matsayin dan takarar CPP na mazabar Ga Rural, wanda ta ci nasara. Zaben nata ya sanya ta zama mace ta farko a majalisar dokoki ta Gold Coast. Rubutun kirkire-kirkire Ta kasance marubuciya mai fasaha a cikin tsawon shekaru arba'in tarin littattafan da aka buga na gajerun labarai sun hada da The Happenings of the Night (1931) The Adventures of the Black Girl in her Search for Mr Shaw (1934) Anticipation (1947) The Torn Veil (1947) Payment (1947) Invisible Scar (1966) da kuma Evidence of Passion (1969) har sai da makanta ta rufe shi a shekarar 1972. An sake nazarin aikinta a cikin tarin da suka hada da An African Treasury: Articles, Essays, Stories, Poems (1960) na Langston Hughes, da Daughters of Africa (1992) na Margaret Busby. Tarin aikinta, Selected Writings of a Pioneer West African Feminist (wanda Stephanie Newell da Audrey Gadzekpo suka buga), an buga su a cikin 2004. Rayuwa ta sirri A watan Satumbar 1933 Dove ta auri ɗan siyasa kuma ɗan tarihi J. B. Danquah kuma suna da ɗa, Vladimir. Koyaya, auren "bai tsira daga tsawan lokacin da Danquah ya yi ba a tsakanin shekarun 1934 zuwa 36 lokacin da yake Ingila a matsayin sakataren wakilan kungiyar Gold Coast" kuma ma'auratan sun sake su a tsakiyar 1940s. Littafin da aka zaɓa The Happenings of the Night (1931) The Adventures of the Black Girl in her Search for Mr Shaw (1934) Anticipation (1947) The Torn Veil (1947) Payment (1947) Invisible Scar (1966) Evidence of Passion (1969) Selected Writings of a Pioneer West African Feminist (edited by Stephanie Newell and Audrey Gadzekpo). Nottingham: Trent Editions, 2004. ISBN 1 84233 097 7. Gado Dove's satire na George Bernard Shaw's Adventures of the Black Girl in Her Search for God (1932), wanda ta yi wa lakabi da Adventures of the Black Girl a cikin Binciken Mista Shaw, an sanya shi a cikin dakin karatun Burtaniya na 2015-16 a yammacin Afirka: Magana, Alama, Waƙa. Ci gaba da karatu LaRay Denzer, "Gender Decolonization: A Study of Three Women in West African Public Life", in Andrea Cornwall, Readings in Gender in Africa, International African Institute in association with James Currey/Indiana University Press, 2005, pp. 217–224. Audrey Gadzekpo, "The Hidden History of Gender in Ghanaian Print Culture", in Oyeronke Oyewumi (ed.), African Gender Studies: A Reader, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005, pp. 279–296. K. A. B. Jones-Quartey, Profiles First Lady of Pen and Parliament A Portrait (1975) Stephanie Newell, "White cargoes/black cargoes on the West Coast of Africa: Mabel Dove's A Woman in Jade", Literary Culture in Colonial Ghana: "How to Play the Game of Life", Manchester University Press, 2002, pp. 119–134. Naana J. Opoku-Agyeman, "Recovering Lost Voices: The Short Stories of Mabel Dove-Danquah", in Stephanie Newell (ed.), Writing African Women: Gender, Popular Culture and Literature in West Africa, London: Zed Books, 1997, pp. 74–75. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Kofigah, Francis Elsbend, "The Writing of Mabel Dove Danquah", 6 July 1996. A thesis submitted to the Board of Postgraduate Studies, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the Degree of Master of Arts in Comparative Literature, 1996. Kwarteng, Francis, "Mabel Dove-Danquah: A Trailblazing Author, Feminist, Politician, Activist Journalist", GhanaWeb, 17 October
24058	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twinkle%20%28mawa%C6%99i%29	Twinkle (mawaƙi)	Lynn Annette Ripley (15 ga Satan Yuli shekara ta 1948 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 2015), wanda aka fi sani da sunan mataki Twinkle, ta kasance mawaƙin Turanci-mawaƙa. Ta sami nasarorin ginshiƙi a shekarun 1960 tare da waƙoƙin ta Terry da "Hasken Haske". Rayuwar farko An haife ta a Surbiton, Surrey cikin dangin masu hannu da shuni, Ripley an san ta da suna "Twinkle". Ta halarci Makarantar Kofar Sarauniya tare da Camilla, Duchess na Cornwall, kuma ita ce mahaifiyar jaruma Fay Ripley Sana'a Twinkle tana bin ta da sauri ta shiga ɗakin rikodin tun tana ɗan shekara ta 16 ga saurayinta na wancan lokacin, Dec Cluskey, na sanannen ƙungiyar mawaƙa The Bachelors, wanda 'yar uwarta, ɗan jaridar kiɗa Dawn James, ya gabatar da ita. manajansa demo wanda mahaifin Twinkle ya yi masa wasa. Waƙar ta "Terry" waƙa ce ta bala'i na matashiya game da mutuwar saurayi a hadarin babur. Big Jim Sullivan, Jimmy Page da Bobby Graham suna cikin manyan mawaƙan zaman tauraro waɗanda suka taka rawa a rikodin, wanda ya haɗu da yanayin duhu tare da sautin goyon baya mai ƙarfi, gabobin ɓarna, guitar guda goma sha biyu 12-kirtani da jinkiri, mai ƙarfi rhythm wanda Phil Coulter ya shirya Taken jigo ne na yau da kullun don zamanin, yana ɗauke da wasu kamanceceniya da Shangri-Las 'ɗan kaɗan a baya Jagoran Kunshin shekara ta (1964), amma rikodin ya haifar da tashin hankali, zarge-zarge na ɗanɗanon dandano wanda ke haifar da hani daga BBC Mai biyo baya, "Hasken Haske", Twinkle ne kuma ya rubuta shi, tare da mai shirya Tommy Scott. A lokacin Cluskey ita ce tsohon saurayinta: Twinkle ya sadu da Peter Noone a shekara ta 1965. Waƙoƙin suna nuna ɓacin rai tare da kasuwancin pop: waƙar EP ɗin ta "A Dolon Singing Doll", sigar turanci ta Faransa Gall ta a shekara ta. 1965 ta lashe gasar Eurovision Song Contest na Luxembourg, Poupée de cire, poupée de son asali an rubuta Serge Gainsbourg, ya dawo kan jigo mai kama da "Hasken Haske". "Johnny" ya ci gaba da bincika yanki mai haɗari, wannan lokacin na aboki na ƙuruciya wanda ya zama mai laifi, amma da alama matsin lamba don samar da "wani Terry" ya jagoranci masu kera ta su wuce kayan ta, don "Tommy", waƙar da aka rubuta don Reparata da Delrons da "Ƙarshen Duniya" waƙar da aka tsara don Skeeter Davis Twinkle ya yi 'yan bayyanar rayuwa kaɗan amma ya yi "Terry" a bikin New Musical Express na shekara -shekara. Bayan yin rikodin waƙoƙi shida na Decca Records ta yi "ritaya" tana da shekara goma sha takwas a shekara ta 1966. A cikin shekara ta 1969 ta yi rikodin rubutacciyar waka guda ɗaya, Tamla Motown -ledled "Micky", wanda ke tallafawa "Darby da Joan", duka Mike d'Abo ya samar (shima daga cikin fewan kida mawaƙan mawaƙa da ke da gata a wancan zamanin) don lakabin nan take. Guda ɗaya ya ɓace, ba a watsa shi ba. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, ba tare da sanya hannu ba kuma tana aiki cikin kiɗa don talla, ta yi rikodin jerin waƙoƙin da dangantakarta da "Micky", ɗan wasan kwaikwayo/ƙirar Michael Hannah, wanda aka kashe a cikin hadarin jirgin sama a 1974. Waɗannan ba a sake su ba har sai an haɗa su a cikin faifan CD. Rikodin ta na baya sun bayyana a ƙarƙashin sunan Twinkle Ripley Ta yi rikodin guda ɗaya na shekara ta 1975, "Smoochie" tare da mahaifinta, Sidney Ripley a matsayin "Bill Coo". A cikin 1980s The Smiths ya rufe "Hasken Haske" kuma ya bayyana a kan kundin tarin su Duniya Ba Za Ta Saurara da Ƙarar Bomb ba yayin da a shekara ta 1983 Cindy & The Saffrons suka rufe "Terry". Ana nuna hotunan talla na Twinkle da aka ɗauka a tsakiyar shekarun 1960 a cikin Gidan Hoton Ƙasa Rayuwar mutum A cikin shekara ta 1972, ta auri ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Graham Rogers, wanda ya yi tauraro a tallan cakulan Milk Tray. Suna da yara biyu, Michael da Amber. Mutuwa A ranar 21 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 2015, Twinkle ya mutu yana da shekara 66 a Tsibirin Wight, bayan yaƙin shekaru biyar da ciwon hanta Binciken hoto Marasa aure don Records na Decca Terry (Twinkle) b/w "The Boy of My Dreams" (Tommy Scott) (1964) UK No. 4 "Golden Lights" (Twinkle) b/w "Ba kowa bane gida sai Ni" (Tommy Scott) (1965) UK No. 21 "Tommy" (Chip Taylor, Ted Daryll) b/w "So Sad" (Tommy Scott) (1965) "Poor Old Johnny" (Twinkle) b/w "Ina Bukatar Hannunku a Cikina" (Tommy Scott) (1965) "Ƙarshen Duniya" (Arthur Kent da Sylvia Dee b/w "Take Me to the Dance" (Tommy Scott) (1965) "Me nake yi anan tare da kai?" (PF Sloan, Steve Barri) b/w "Yanzu Ina da Ku" (Tommy Scott) (1966) don Rikodin nan take "Micky" (Twinkle) b/w "Darby da Joan" (Twinkle) (1969) don Bradleys Records, kamar Twinkle Ripley "Kwanaki" (Twinkle Ripley) b/w "Caroline" (Twinkle Ripley) (1974) don Bradleys Records, a matsayin duo Bill Coo "Smoochie" (Jim Jim) b/w "A koyaushe ina son ku" (Jim Jim) (1975) don EMI Records, kamar Twinkle Ni Mumini ne (Neil Diamond) b/w "Don Sayarwa" (Twinkle Ripley da Simon Darlow) (1982) EP Doll Singing Doll (Decca, DFE 8621, ga watan Mayu 1965) A Doll Singing Doll (Serge Gainsbourg, Tommy Scott, Bill Martin), "Unhappy Boy" (Twinkle), "Ba kowa bane gida sai Ni" (Tommy Scott) da "Hasken Haske" (Twinkle) Ƙaddamarwa Hasken Haske shekara ta (1993) Hasken Zinare: Buga na Musamman shekara ta (2001) Michael Hannah: Shekarun da Suka Rasa shekara ta (2003) Yarinya A Miliyan: Cikakken Rikodin shekara ta (2019) Duba kuma Jerin masu yin aiki a saman Pops Kulob-kulob Manazarta Hanyoyin waje Tarihin rayuwa da gano bayanai a gidan yanar gizon guda
29914	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wal%C6%99iya%20mai%20ha%C9%97ari	Walƙiya mai haɗari	Yajin walƙiya ko walƙiya shine fitarwar lantarki tsakanin yanayi da ƙasa. Yawancin ya samo asali ne a cikin gajimare na cumulonimbus kuma yana ƙarewa a ƙasa, wanda ake kira walƙiya -zuwa ƙasa (CG). Wani nau'in yajin da ba a saba sabawa ba, walƙiya daga ƙasa zuwa gajimare (GC), walƙiya ce mai haɓakawa zuwa sama wanda aka fara daga wani abu mai tsayi kuma yana shiga cikin gajimare. Kusan kashi 69 cikin 100 na duk abubuwan da ke faruwa na walƙiya a duk duniya suna faruwa ne tsakanin yanayi da abubuwan da ke daure ƙasa. Yawancin su ne intracloud (IC) walƙiya da gajimare-zuwa-girgije (CC), inda fitarwa kawai ke faruwa a cikin sararin samaniya. Walƙiya tana afkawa matsakaicin jirgin sama na kasuwanci aƙalla sau ɗaya a shekara, amma injiniyanci da ƙira na zamani yana nufin wannan ba matsala bace. Motsin jirage ta cikin gajimare na iya haifar da tashin walƙiya. Walƙiya guda ɗaya ita ce "flash", wanda ke da sarƙaƙƙiya, tsari mai yawa, wasu sassa waɗanda ba a fahimta sosai ba. Yawancin CG suna walƙiya kawai "busa" wuri ɗaya na jiki, wanda ake magana da shi azaman "ƙarewa". Tashar gudanarwa ta farko, haske mai haske, wanda ake iya gani kuma ana kiranta "yajin", kusan inci ɗaya ne kawai a diamita, amma saboda tsananin haske, sau da yawa ya fi girma ga idon ɗan adam da hotuna. Fitowar walƙiya yawanci tsayin mil ne, amma wasu nau'ikan watsawar a kwance na iya kaiwa sama da dubun mil a tsayi. Dukan filasha yana ɗaukar ɗan juzu'in daƙiƙa ɗaya kacal Yajin aiki Walƙiya na iya cutar da mutane ta hanyoyi daban-daban: Kai tsaye Yajin kai tsaye mutumin wani yanki ne na tashar walƙiya. Yawancin kuzari suna wucewa cikin jiki da sauri, yana haifar da konewa na ciki, lalata gabobin jiki, fashewar nama da kashi, da lalacewar tsarin juyayi. Dangane da ƙarfin walƙiya da samun dama ga sabis na likita, yana iya zama mai mutuwa nan take ko ya haifar da rauni da lahani na dindindin. Raunin tuntuɓa abu (gaba ɗaya madugu) wanda mutum yake taɓawa yana samun wutar lantarki ta yajin aiki. Fashewar gefe rassan igiyoyin igiyoyin ruwa "tsalle" daga tashar filasha ta farko, tana kunna mutum. Raunin fashewar jifa da fama da rauni mai ƙarfi daga girgizar girgiza (idan yana kusa) da yuwuwar lalacewar ji daga aradu Kai tsaye Ƙarƙashin ƙasa na halin yanzu ko "yiwuwar mataki" saman duniya yana cajin tseren zuwa tashar walƙiya yayin fitarwa. Saboda ƙasa tana da babban haɗari, na yanzu "zaɓi" mafi kyawun jagora, sau da yawa kafafun mutum, suna wucewa ta jiki. Matsakaicin saurin fitarwa na kusa yana haifar da yuwuwar (bambanci) akan nisa, wanda zai iya kai adadin volts dubu da yawa a kowace ƙafar madaidaiciya. Wannan al'amari (wanda kuma ke da alhakin rahotannin mutuwar dawa da yawa a sakamakon guguwar walƙiya) yana haifar da ƙarin raunuka da mutuwar fiye da uku na sama. haɗe. EMPs tsarin fitarwa yana haifar da bugun jini na lantarki EMP wanda zai iya lalata na'urar bugun zuciya ta wucin gadi, ko kuma ya shafi tsarin rayuwa na yau da kullun. Ana iya haifar da ruɗi a cikin mutanen da ke tsakanin a ƙalla 200 m (650 ft) na guguwar walƙiya mai tsanani. Sakandare ko sakamako Fashewa Gobara Hatsari Alamomin faɗakarwa na yajin da ke gabatowa a kusa na iya haɗawa da ƙarar sauti, jin daɗin wutar lantarki a gashi ko fata, ƙamshi mai ƙamshi na ozone, ko bayyanar hazo mai shuɗi a kusa da mutane ko abubuwa Wutar St. Elmo An shawarci mutanen da aka kama a cikin irin wannan matsanancin yanayi ba tare da sun iya guduwa zuwa wuri mafi aminci ba, cikakken sararin samaniya an shawarci su ɗauki "matsayin walƙiya", wanda ya haɗa da "zauna ko tsuguno tare da gwiwoyi da ƙafafu kusa da juna don ƙirƙirar wuri ɗaya kawai. Sannan Kuma tare da ƙasa" (tare da ƙafafu daga ƙasa idan zaune; idan ana buƙatar matsayi na tsaye, ƙafafu dole ne su taɓa). Raunin Hatsarin walƙiya na iya haifar da munanan raunuka, kuma suna da mutuwa a tsakanin kashi 10 zuwa 30% na lokuta, tare da kusan kashi 80% na waɗanda suka tsira suna samun raunuka na dogon lokaci. Wadannan raunuka masu tsanani ba yawanci ba ne suke haifar da ƙonawar zafi, tun da halin yanzu yana da ɗan gajeren lokaci don zafi da kyallen takarda; A maimakon haka, jijiyoyi da tsokoki na iya lalacewa kai tsaye ta hanyar babban ƙarfin lantarki da ke samar da ramuka a cikin membranes na tantanin halitta, tsarin da ake kira electroporation A cikin yajin kai tsaye, igiyoyin lantarki a cikin tashar walƙiya suna wucewa kai tsaye ta cikin wanda aka azabtar. Yawan faɗuwar wutar lantarki a kusa da mafi ƙarancin na'urorin lantarki (kamar ɗan adam), yana haifar da iskar da ke kewaye da ionize kuma ta karye, sannan kuma walƙiya na waje yana karkatar da mafi yawan magudanar ruwa ta yadda ya zagaya "zagaye" jiki, yana rage rauni. Abubuwan ƙarfe da ke hulɗa da fata na iya "maida hankali" ƙarfin walƙiya, idan aka yi la'akari da shi shi ne mafi kyawun jagorar halitta da kuma hanyar da aka fi so, wanda ya haifar da mummunan rauni, kamar konewa daga narkakkar da ƙarfe ko ƙafe. Akalla lokuta biyu (2) ne aka bayar da rahoton inda wani yajin aikin sanye da iPod ya samu munanan raunuka sakamakon haka. A lokacin walƙiya, to Amman kodayake, halin yanzu yana gudana ta hanyar tashar da kewayen jiki na iya haifar da manyan filayen lantarki da EMPs, waɗanda zasu iya haifar da ɓacin rai (surges) a cikin tsarin juyayi ko bugun zuciya, yana ɓata ayyukan yau da kullun Wannan tasirin na iya bayyana lokuta inda kamawar zuciya ko kamawa ya biyo bayan yajin walƙiya wanda bai haifar da rauni na waje ba. Hakanan yana iya yin nuni ga wanda aka azabtar ba a buga shi kai tsaye ba kwata-kwata, amma kawai yana kusa da ƙarshen yajin. Wani illar walƙiya akan masu kallo shi ne ga jinsu Sakamakon girgizar tsawa na iya lalata kunnuwa. Hakanan, kutsewar wutar lantarki ga wayoyi ko belun kunne na iya haifar da lalatar amo Epidemiology Kimanin al'amura kimanin 240,000 game da walƙiya na faruwa a duniya kowace shekara. A cewar National Geographic, kimanin mutane kimanin 2,000 a duk shekara ana kashe su a duniya ta hanyar walƙiya. Dangane da waɗannan alkalumman, to, matsakaicin ɗan adam yana da kusan ɗaya daga cikin 60,000 zuwa 80,000 damar faɗaɗa wa walƙiya a cikin rayuwar kusan shekaru 65-70. Haka kuma, saboda karuwar wayar da kan jama'a da ingantattun masu kula da walƙiya da kariya, adadin masu mutuwan walƙiya a kowace shekara yana raguwa a kowace shekara. A cewar Hukumar Kula da Ruwa da Ruwa ta Kasa, a cikin shekaru 40 da suka wuce, Amurka ta yi asarar rayuka 51 a duk shekara, lamarin da ya sa ya zama na biyu mafi yawan sanadin mutuwar masu nasaba da yanayi bayan ambaliya A cikin Amurka, tsakanin 9 zuwa 10% na waɗanda aka kashe sun mutu, tare da matsakaicin mutuwar 25 na shekara-shekara a cikin shekaru goma na shekarar 2010 (16 a cikin shekarata 2017). A Kisii da ke yammacin Kenya, kimanin mutane kimanin 30 ne ke mutuwa a kowace shekara sakamakon tsawa. Yawan kashewar walƙiyar Kisii na faruwa ne saboda yawan tsawa da kuma saboda yawancin gine-ginen yankin suna da rufin ƙarfe. Wadannan kididdigar ba su nuna bambanci tsakanin hare-haren kai tsaye ba, inda wanda aka azabtar ya kasance wani bangare na hanyar walƙiya, sakamakon kai tsaye na kusa da wurin ƙarewa, kamar igiyoyin ruwa na ƙasa, da kuma sakamakon, inda abin da ya faru ya taso daga abubuwan da suka biyo baya, kamar gobara. ko fashewa. Ko da mafi yawan ƙwararrun masu amsawa na farko ba za su iya gane raunin da ya shafi walƙiya ba, balle cikakkun bayanai, wanda ma'aikacin likita, mai binciken 'yan sanda, ko kuma a wani lokaci da ba kasafai ƙwararren ƙwararren walƙiya na iya samun wahalar gano yin rikodin daidai ba. Wannan yana watsi da gaskiyar cewa walƙiya, a matsayin abin da ya faru na farko, na iya ɗaukar alhakin gaba ɗaya da sakamakon haɗari. Rikicin kai-tsaye na iya yin sama da adadin da aka ruwaito. Tasiri akan yanayi Tasiri kan ciyayi Bishiyoyi sune masu jagorantar walƙiya akai-akai zuwa ƙasa. Tunda ruwan 'ya'yan itace maras nauyi ne, juriyar wutar lantarki ya sa ya yi zafi da zafi zuwa tururi, wanda ke fitar da bawon a wajen hanyar walƙiya. A cikin yanayi masu zuwa, bishiyoyi suna girma wurin da suka lalace kuma suna iya rufe shi gaba ɗaya, yana barin tabo a tsaye kawai. Idan lalacewar ta yi tsanani, to bishiyar ba za ta iya farfadowa ba, kuma rubewar ya taso, daga ƙarshe ya kashe bishiyar gaba ɗaya. A yankunan da ba su da yawa kamar Gabas mai Nisa na Rasha da Siberiya, walƙiya na daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haddasa gobarar dazuzzuka Hayaki da hazo da wata babbar gobarar dajin ke fitarwa na iya haifar da cajin wutar lantarki, tare da kunna ƙarin gobara a ƙasan kilomita da yawa sosai. Fasa duwatsu Lokacin da ruwa a cikin dutsen da ya karye ya yi saurin zafi ta hanyar yajin walƙiya, sakamakon fashewar tururi zai iya haifar da tarwatsewar dutse da kuma jujjuya duwatsu. Yana iya zama wani muhimmin al'amari na zaizayar wurare masu zafi da tsaunuka na wurare masu zafi waɗanda ba a taɓa samun dusar ƙanƙara ba. To Amman Shaidar faɗuwar walƙiya ta haɗa da filayen maganadisu marasa kuskure. Lalacewar lantarki da tsarin Wayoyin hannu, modem, kwamfuta, da sauran na’urorin lantarki na iya lalacewa ta hanyar walƙiya, saboda cutar da ke tattare da wuce gona da iri na iya isa gare su ta hanyar jack ɗin wayar, kebul na Ethernet, ko wutar lantarki Kusa-kusa yana iya haifar da EMPs, musamman a lokacin fitowar walƙiya". Wutar walƙiya tana da saurin tashi sosai, akan tsari na kusan 40 kA a cikin microsecond. Don haka, masu gudanar da irin wannan igiyoyin suna nuna alamar tasirin fata, yana haifar da mafi yawan igiyoyin ruwa suna gudana ta hanyar waje na mai gudanarwa. Baya ga lalacewar wayoyi na lantarki, sauran nau'ikan lalacewar da za a yi la'akari da su sun haɗa da tsari, gobara, da lalacewar kadarori. Rigakafi da raguwa Fannin tsarin kariyar walƙiya babbar masana'anta ce a duk duniya saboda tasirin walƙiya kan gine-gine da ayyukan ɗan adam. Walƙiya, kamar yadda ya bambanta a cikin kaddarorin da aka auna a fadin oda mai girma kamar yadda yake, na iya haifar da tasiri kai tsaye ko kuma yana da tasiri na biyu (2); kai ga rugujewar kayan aiki ko tsari ko kuma kawai haifar da gazawar firikwensin lantarki mai nisa; zai iya haifar da dakatar da ayyukan waje saboda matsalolin tsaro ga ma'aikata yayin da tsawa ta kusa kusa da wani yanki kuma har sai ta wuce isasshe; yana iya ƙone kayayyaki marasa ƙarfi da aka adana a cikin adadi mai yawa ko tsoma baki tare da aiki na yau da kullun na kayan aiki a lokuta masu mahimmanci sosai. Yawancin na'urori da tsarin kariya na walƙiya suna kare tsarin jiki a cikin ƙasa, jirgin sama a cikin jirgin ya kasance sanannen keɓanta. Yayin da aka biya wasu hankali ga ƙoƙarin sarrafa walƙiya a cikin sararin samaniya, duk ƙoƙarin da aka yi ya kasance mai iyaka a cikin nasara. Chaff da azurfa iodide kristal an ƙirƙira su don yin hulɗa kai tsaye tare da ƙwayoyin gajimare, kuma an ba su kai tsaye cikin gajimare daga wani jirgin sama mai wuce gona da iri. An ƙera ƙashin ne don magance alamun wutar lantarki na guguwar daga ciki, yayin da aka ƙirƙiri fasahar gishirin iodide na azurfa don tunkarar ƙarfin injina na guguwar. Tsarin kariya na walƙiya Ana amfani da ɗaruruwan na'urori, gami da sandunan walƙiya da tsarin canja wurin caji, don rage lalacewar walƙiya da tasiri hanyar walƙiya. Sanda mai walƙiya (ko kariyar walƙiya) tsiri ne na ƙarfe ko sanda da aka haɗa da ƙasa ta hanyar madubi da tsarin ƙasa, ana amfani da shi don samar da hanyar da aka fi so zuwa ƙasa idan walƙiya ta ƙare akan tsari. Ajin waɗannan samfuran ana kiran su da "ƙarshe" ko "air terminal". Sanda mai walƙiya ko kuma "sandan Franklin" don girmama sanannen mai ƙirƙira, Benjamin Franklin, sandar ƙarfe ce kawai, kuma ba tare da haɗa shi da tsarin kariya na walƙiya ba, kamar yadda ya kasance a wasu lokuta a baya, ba zai ba da ƙarin kariya ga tsari. Sauran sunaye sun hada da "dukiya mai walƙiya", "mai kama", da "mai fitar da wuta"; duk da haka, a cikin shekarun da suka gabata an shigar da waɗannan sunaye cikin wasu kayayyaki ko masana'antu tare da hannun jari na kariya ta walƙiya. Sai dai Mai kama walƙiya, alal misali, sau da yawa yana nufin haɗaɗɗun hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizo waɗanda ke fashewa lokacin da yajin ya faru zuwa layin wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi don kare mafi tsadar tasfoma a kan layi ta buɗe kewaye. A zahiri, farkon nau'i ne na na'urar kariya mai nauyi mai nauyi. Masu kamawa na zamani, waɗanda aka gina su da ƙarfe oxides, suna da ikon yin watsi da matsananciyar wutar lantarki da ba ta dace ba zuwa ƙasa yayin da suke hana gajartawar tsarin wutar lantarki na yau da kullun zuwa ƙasa. A cikin shekarata 1962, Hukumar ta USAF ta sanya ginshiƙan hasumiya mai kariyar walƙiya a duk wuraren da aka harba makami mai linzami na Jupiter MRBM na Italiya da Turkiyya bayan wasu hare-hare biyu da ke ɗauke da makamai masu linzami. Tsarin kulawa da faɗakarwa Har yanzu ba a iya tantance ainihin wurin da walkiya za ta kasance da kuma lokacin da zai faru. Koyaya, an ƙirƙira samfura da tsare-tsare daban-daban na sarƙaƙƙiya don faɗakar da mutane yayin da yuwuwar yajin aikin ke ƙaruwa sama da matakin da aka ƙayyade ta hanyar kimanta haɗarin yanayi da yanayin wurin. Wani muhimmin ci gaba shi ne a fannin gano walƙiya ta hanyar na'urorin kallo na tushen ƙasa da na tauraron dan adam. Ba a yi hasashen buguwa da walƙiya na yanayi ba, amma matakin dalla-dalla da waɗannan fasahohin suka rubuta ya inganta sosai a cikin shekaru a ƙalla 20 da suka gabata. Ko da yake yawanci ana danganta shi da tsawa a kusa, walƙiya na iya faruwa a ranar da kamar babu gajimare. Ana kiran wannan abin da ya faru da "kullun daga shuɗi [sky]"; Walƙiya na iya afkawa har zuwa mil kusan 10 daga gajimare. Walƙiya tana tsoma baki tare da sigina na rediyo na amplitude (AM) fiye da siginar daidaitawa (FM), yana ba da hanya mai sauƙi don auna ƙarfin walƙiya na gida. Don yin haka, ya kamata mutum ya daidaita daidaitaccen mai karɓar raƙuman raƙuman ruwa na AM zuwa mitar ba tare da tashoshi masu watsawa ba, kuma ya saurari ƙuƙumma a tsakanin madaidaicin Ƙarfi ko walƙiya na kusa zai haifar da tsagewa idan an kunna mai karɓar zuwa tasha. Yayin da ƙananan mitoci ke yaɗuwa tare da ƙasa fiye da na sama, ƙananan ƙananan igiyoyin igiya (MW) (a cikin kashi 500-600). kewayon kHz) na iya gano alamun walƙiya a nesa mai tsayi; idan band longwave (153-279 kHz) yana samuwa, yin amfani da shi na iya ƙara wannan kewayon har ma da ƙari. An ƙirƙira tsarin gano walƙiya kuma ana iya tura shi a wuraren da walƙiya ke haifar da haɗari na musamman, kamar wuraren shakatawa na jama'a. An tsara irin waɗannan tsare-tsare don gano yanayin da aka yi imanin zai taimaka wa faɗakarwar walƙiya da kuma ba da gargaɗi ga waɗanda ke kusa da su don ba su damar ɗaukar matakan da suka dace. Tsaro na sirri Cibiyar Tsaro ta Walƙiya ta Ƙasar Amirka tana ba da shawara ga jama'ar Amirka da su yi shiri don kare lafiyarsu lokacin da hadari ya faru kuma su fara shi da zarar an ga walƙiya na farko ko aka ji tsawa. Wannan yana da mahimmanci, saboda walƙiya na iya tashi ba tare da faɗuwar ruwan sama ba. Idan za a iya jin aradu kwata-kwata, to akwai hadarin walƙiya. Wuri mafi aminci shine cikin gini ko abin hawa. Idan a ciki, guje wa kayan lantarki da famfo, gami da shawa. Hatsarin ya kasance har zuwa mintuna a ƙalla 30 bayan walƙiya ko tsawa ta ƙarshe. Cibiyar Tsaro ta Walƙiya ta Ƙasa ta ba da shawarar yin amfani da hanyar FB (flash to boom) don auna nisa zuwa yajin walƙiya. Walƙiyar walƙiya da sakamakon tsawa na faruwa a kusan lokaci guda. Amma haske yana tafiyar kilomita kusan 300,000 a cikin dakika 1, kusan sau miliyoyi gudun sauti. Sauti yana tafiya a hankali cikin sauri kusan 340 m/sec (ya danganta da yanayin zafi), don haka ana ganin walƙiyar walƙiya kafin a ji aradu. Hanya don tantance tazara tsakanin yajin walƙiya da mai kallo ya haɗa da kirga daƙiƙa tsakanin walƙiyar walƙiya da tsawa. Sannan, a raba uku don tantance tazarar kilomita, ko da biyar tsawon mil. Ya kamata a dauki matakan gaggawa don guje wa walƙiya idan lokacin FB ya kasance daƙiƙa kimanin 25 ko ƙasa da haka, ma'ana, idan walƙiya ya kusa kusa da 8. km da 5 mil. Wani rahoto ya nuna cewa ko mutum yana tsaye, yana tsugunne, ko yana kwance a waje yayin da ake tsawa ba kome ba ne, domin walƙiya na iya tafiya tare da ƙasa; wannan rahoton ya ba da shawarar kasancewa a cikin ƙaƙƙarfan tsari ko abin hawa ya fi aminci. A cikin Amurka, matsakaicin adadin masu mutuwa na shekara-shekara daga walƙiya yana kusan mutuwar mutane 51 a kowace shekara, kodayake kwanan nan, a cikin lokacin shekarata 2009 zuwa 2018, Amurka ta sami matsakaicin asarar walƙiya 27 kawai a kowace shekara. Ayyuka mafi haɗari sun haɗa da kamun kifi, kwale-kwale, zango, da golf. Mutumin da ya ji rauni ta hanyar walƙiya ba ya ɗaukar cajin wutar lantarki, kuma ana iya kula da shi lafiya don neman taimakon gaggawa kafin isowar sabis na gaggawa. Walƙiya na iya shafar ƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, wanda ke sarrafa numfashi. Yawancin bincike da aka gudanar a Kudancin Asiya da Afirka sun nuna cewa ba a yi la'akari da illolin walƙiya da muhimmanci a can ba. Wata tawagar bincike daga Jami'ar Colombo ta gano cewa ko a unguwannin da suka fuskanci mace-mace sakamakon walkiya, ba a dauki matakan kariya daga guguwar da za ta yi gaba ba. A shekarar 2007 ne aka gudanar da taron kwararru kan yadda za a wayar da kan jama'a game da walƙiya da kuma inganta matakan kariya daga walƙiya, tare da nuna damuwa cewa ƙasashe da dama ba su da ƙa'idojin kafa sandunan walƙiya a hukumance. Sanannen al'amura Dukkan abubuwan da ke da alaƙa ko waɗanda ake zargi da haifar da lalacewa ana kiran su "haɗuwar walƙiya" saboda abubuwa huɗu masu mahimmanci. Hujjojin ƙarewar walƙiya, a cikin mafi kyawun misalan da aka bincika, su ne kaɗan (rami a cikin ƙarfe ƙasa da wurin alƙalami) ko kuma wanda bai dace ba (launi mai duhu). Abin da ya faru na iya fashe ko kuma gobarar da ta biyo baya ta lalata duk ƴan ƴan shaidar da ka iya samuwa nan da nan bayan yajin aikin da kansa. Tashar walƙiya da fitarwar kanta ba ita ce kaɗai ke haifar da rauni, ƙonewa, ko lalacewa ba, watau, igiyoyin ruwa na ƙasa ko fashewar abubuwan fashewa. Gashin hankalin ɗan adam bai kai na millise seconds ba a tsawon lokacin walƙiyar walƙiya, kuma ikon da mutane ke iya lura da wannan al'amari yana ƙarƙashin gazawar kwakwalwar fahimtarsa. Na'urorin gano walƙiya suna tafe akan layi, duka tauraron dan adam da na ƙasa, amma har yanzu ana auna daidaitonsu a cikin ɗaruruwan ƙafafu zuwa dubunnan ƙafa, da wuya su ba su damar tantance ainihin wurin da aka dakatarwa. Kamar yadda irin wannan sau da yawa ba shi da ma'ana, kodayake sai mai yiwuwa walƙiyar walƙiya ta shiga, don haka rarraba shi a matsayin "al'amarin walƙiya" ya rufe dukkan tushe. Duniya-daure 1660s: A cikin shekarata 1660, walƙiya ta kunna mujallolin bindiga a Osaka Castle, Japan Sakamakon fashewar fashewar ya kunna wuta a gidan sarauta. A shekara ta 1665, walƙiya ta sake ƙarewa a kan babban hasumiya na katangar, inda ta kunna wuta, wanda daga baya ya ƙone har zuwa tushe. 1769: Wani mummunar walƙiya ta faru a Brescia, Italiya Walƙiya ta afkawa cocin St. Nazaire, inda ta kona mutane 90 ton na gunpowder a cikin rumbunsa; Sakamakon fashewar ya kashe mutane 3,000 mutane suka lalata kashi shida na birnin. 1901: An kashe 11 kuma daya ya shanye a kasa da kwatangwalo ta hanyar wani yajin aiki a Chicago. 1902: Yajin walƙiya ya lalata sashin sama na Hasumiyar Eiffel, yana buƙatar sake gina samansa. 1970 ga Yuli 12: Babban mast ɗin tashar rediyon Orlunda da ke tsakiyar Sweden ya ruguje bayan wata walƙiya ta lalata insulator na tushe. 1980 Yuni 30: Wata walkiya ta kashe dalibai 11 a makarantar firamare ta Biego a Kenya a gundumar Nyamira ta yau. Wasu almajirai 50 kuma sun sami raunuka, yayin da wasu kuma suka ji rauni. 1994 Nuwamba 2: Wata walƙiya ta haifar da fashewar tankunan mai a Durunka, Masar, wanda ya haddasa 469 mace-mace. 2005 Oktoba 31: Shanu sittin da takwas sun mutu a wata gona a Fernbrook a kan hanyar Waterfall kusa da Dorrigo, New South Wales, bayan sun shiga cikin lamarin walƙiya. Wasu uku kuma sun samu gurguzu na wani dan lokaci na tsawon sa’o’i da dama, daga baya suka samu cikakkiyar lafiya. Shanun dai suna mafaka ne a kusa da wata bishiya sai walkiya ta same su. Ƙarƙashin ƙasa gabaɗaya ya fi na naman dabba girma. Lokacin da aka fitar da makamashi mai yawa a cikin ƙasa, ƴan ƴan mita sama da ƙafar dabba, ta cikin jikinta da ƙasa sauran ƙafafu na iya haifar da raguwar juriya ga wutar lantarki kuma daidai gwargwado mafi girma zai gudana ta cikin dabba fiye da ƙasa. wanda yake tsaye. Wannan al'amari, da ake kira hawan ƙasa mai yuwuwa, na iya haifar da girgizar wuta mai mahimmanci da lahani, wanda ya isa ya kashe manyan dabbobi. Yuli shekarata 2007: Wata walƙiya ta kashe mutane 30 mutane lokacin da ta afkawa Ushari Dara, wani ƙauyen dutse mai nisa a arewa maso yammacin Pakistan 2011 Yuni 8: An aika da walƙiya 77 Iska Tilasta jami'an tsaro zuwa asibiti lokacin da abin ya faru a tsakiyar sansanin horo a Camp Shelby, Mississippi. 2013 Fabrairu: An kwantar da yara 9 a Afirka ta Kudu a asibiti bayan da wata walkiya ta faru a filin wasan kurket a makarantarsu, inda ta raunata yara biyar a filin wasa da kuma ‘yan mata hudu da ke tafiya gida. 2016 Mayu–Yuni: An soke bikin Rock am Ring da ke kusa da birnin Frankfurt bayan da aƙalla mutane 80 suka jikkata sakamakon walƙiya a yankin. Bugu da kari. Yara 11 a Faransa da kuma manya uku a Jamus sun ji rauni sannan an kashe mutum daya a kudancin Poland a daidai wannan ranakun. 2016 Agusta 26: An kashe wani garke na daji a Hardangervidda a tsakiyar Norway, inda ya kashe 323. Kakakin Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Norway Kjartan Knutsen ya ce ba a taba jin adadin wadanda suka mutu irin wannan ba. Ya ce bai sani ba ko an sami wasu hare-hare da dama, amma duk sun mutu a cikin “lokaci daya”. 2017: Rikodin rayuwa ta farko na yajin walƙiya a kan tsiri na bugun zuciya ya faru a cikin wani saurayi matashi wanda ke da rikodin madauki a matsayin mai saka idanu na zuciya don syncope neurocardiogenic 2018: Wata walkiya ta kashe akalla mutane 16 tare da raunata wasu da dama a wani cocin Seventh-day Adventist a kasar Rwanda 2021: Wata tsawa ta kashe wani yaro dan shekara 9 a wata gona a Blackpool, Ingila. 2021: A cikin Afrilu, aƙalla mutane 76 a duk faɗin Indiya sun mutu sakamakon tsautsayi a ƙarshen mako guda; Mutane 23 sun mutu a hasumiya ta Amer Fort, sanannen wurin yawon bude ido a Rajasthan, kuma an kashe 42 a Uttar Pradesh tare da adadin 14 mafi girma da ya faru a birnin Allahabad A karshe, an kashe kusan 11 a Madhya Pradesh tare da kashe biyu daga cikinsu a lokacin da suke fakewa a karkashin bishiyoyi a lokacin da suke kiwon tumaki. 2021: A ranar 04 ga Agusta, an kashe mutane 17 sakamakon wata tsawa daya ta kama a Shibganj Upazila na gundumar Chapainawabganj a Bangladesh; Mutane 16 ne suka mutu nan take yayin da daya kuma ya mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya yayin da ya ga sauran. A cikin jirgin Ana yawan afkawa jiragen sama da walƙiya ba tare da lahani ba, tare da buga irin na kasuwanci da aka saba yi aƙalla sau ɗaya a shekara. Wani lokaci, ko da yake, sakamakon yajin aiki yana da tsanani sosai. 1963 Disamba 8: Pan Am Flight 214 ya fado a wajen Elkton, Maryland, a lokacin wata mummunar guguwar lantarki, tare da asarar duka 81. fasinjoji da ma'aikatan jirgin. Jirgin Boeing 707-121, mai rijista a matsayin N709PA, yana kan matakin karshe na jirgin San Juan-Baltimore-Philadelphia. 1969 Nuwamba 14: The Apollo<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAaY"> </span>12 manufa ta Saturn Roka V da ionized plume ɗin sa ya zama wani ɓangare na tashar walƙiya mai walƙiya 36.5 dakika kadan bayan dagawa. Ko da yake fitar ta faru ne "ta hanyar" fatar karfe da tsarin motar, bai kunna wutar da rokar din ke da shi sosai ba. 1971 Disamba 24: Jirgin LANSA Flight 508, Lockheed L-188A Electra turboprop, mai rijista OB-R-941, wanda aka tsara a matsayin jirgin fasinja na cikin gida ta Lineas Aéreas Nacionales Sociedad Anonima (LANSA), ya fado bayan wata walƙiya ta kunna tankin mai yayin da yake tafiya. Yana kan hanyarsa daga Lima, Peru, zuwa Pucallpa, Peru, inda ya kashe 91 mutane duk 6 ma'aikatan jirgin da 85 daga 86 fasinjoji. Wanda ya tsira shine Juliane Koepcke, wanda ya fadi zuwa cikin gandun daji na Amazon wanda ke daure a kujerarta kuma ta tsira da gaske daga faɗuwar, sannan ta sami damar tafiya cikin daji na tsawon 10. kwanaki har sai da masunta na cikin gida suka ceto ta. 2012 Nuwamba 4: An bayar da rahoton wani jirgin sama yana fashe a bakin tekun Herne Bay, Kent, yayin da yake cikin jirgin. Hakan bai kasance haka ba; a maimakon haka, jirgin ya zama wani ɓangare na tashar walƙiya, wanda ya sa masu kallo suka ba da rahoton jirgin kuma sararin samaniya ya bayyana mai haske. 2019 May 5: Aeroflot Flight 1492, Sukhoi Superjet 100, a cewar kyaftin din jirgin, walkiya ta same shi a yayin tashinsa, ya lalata na'urorin lantarki tare da tilasta matukan jirgin su yi yunkurin saukar gaggawa. Jirgin ya daki kasa da karfin tsiya ya kama wuta, lamarin da ya cinye jirgin a kan titin jirgin. Daga cikin mutane 78 da ke cikin jirgin, 41 sun mutu. Dan Adam da ya fi kamuwa da cutar Roy Sullivan yana rike da kundin tarihin duniya na Guinness bayan ya tsallake rijiya da baya a wata walkiya daban-daban guda bakwai. Ya samu raunuka da dama sosai a jikinsa. Wutar walƙiya mafi tsayi Wutar walƙiya ta shekarar 2020 a kudancin Amurka ta kafa tarihi mafi tsayi da aka taɓa ganowa. Jirgin ya yi nisan mil 477 (kilomita 768) a kan Mississippi, Louisiana, da Texas, duk da cewa yana tsakanin gajimare ne kuma bai taba kasa ba. Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya ta tabbatar da matsayinta na karya rikodin a cikin Janairun shekarata 2022. Duba wasu abubuwan Fulgurite wani lamari ne na fitarwa na walƙiya na CG wanda zai iya haifar da "walƙiya mai walƙiya", yana nuna babban, duk da taƙaitaccen adadin kuzarin da aka tura ta hanyar walƙiya. Suna iya nunawa a gani yadda makamashi zai iya yaduwa a ciki ko waje daga ɗaya ko dama tsakiya na ƙarshen ƙarshen, da kuma bambance-bambance tsakanin diamita na waɗannan tashoshi, wanda ke tsakanin ƴan mm kawai zuwa santimita da yawa. Yiwuwar kewayon nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan fulgurite sun bambanta da ban mamaki, suna nuna rikitattun kaddarorin lantarki, sinadarai, da zahiri na laka, dutse, ko yawan halittu. Matsalolin da ke haifar da geomagnetically abubuwan al'ajabi ne da ke da alaƙa da hasken sararin samaniya, suna haifar da wuce gona da iri da rashin daidaituwa na lantarki waɗanda ke tasiri tsarin watsa wutar lantarki da bayanai akan sikeli mai faɗi. Filashin EMPs da igiyoyin ruwa na ƙasa suna aiki iri ɗaya, amma sun fi yawa kuma suna da tasiri da yawa akan fasaha. Keraunopathy shine nazarin likita na raunin walƙiya da jiyya mai alaƙa. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Lokacin da walkiya ta afkawa mutane -NASA Shafin Tsaro na Walƙiya Sabis na Yanayi na Ƙasa Pueblo Colorado Hotunan bidiyo Bishiyar Beech (Fagus sylvatica) da walƙiya ta afkawa. Walkiya Tsawa Yanayi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
20607	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshen%20Ijaw	Harshen Ijaw	Ijaw harsuna kuma ana furta kalma Ịjọ, yare ne da mutanen Ijaw ke amfani dashi a kudancin Najeriya. Rarrabuwa A al'adance ana ɗaukar yarukan Ijaw wani reshe ne daga dangin Niger-Congo (wata kila ta fito daga tsatson wata ƙungiyar da ake kira Ijoid). An sansu dangane tsarin kalmomin su na batu-abu-aikatau, wanda shi ne in ba haka ba wani sabon abu fasalin a Nijar-Congo, shared kawai da irin wannan m m rassan a matsayin Mande da kuma Dogon. Kamar Mande da Dogon, Ijoid ba shi da ko da alamun tsarin suna wanda ake ganin halaye ne irin na Nijar-Congo. Wannan ya sa Joseph Greenberg, a cikin tsarin sa na farko na Nijar-Congo, ya bayyana su da kuma cewa sun rabu da wuri daga wannan dangin. Koyaya, saboda rashin waɗannan abubuwan, masanin ilimin harshe Gerrit Dimmendaal yana shakkar sanya su cikin Nijar Kongo kuma yana ɗaukar yarukan Ijoid a matsayin dangi mai zaman kansa. Waɗannan rarrabuwa na ciki ya dogara da Jenewari (1989) da Williamson Blench (2000). Gabas Nkoroo Kalabari (Bonny Ibani, Okrika Kirike) Ijo kudu maso gabas Nembe Akassa Yamma (ko Tsakiya) Izon Inland Ijo Biseni Akita (Okordia) Oruma Blench (2019) ya motsa kudu maso gabashin Ijo zuwa reshen yamma (ko Tsakiya Gabas Nkoroo Kalabari (Bonny Ibani, Okrika Kirike) Yamma (ko Tsakiya) Ijo kudu maso gabas Nembe Akassa Izon Inland Ijo Izon Inland Ijo Biseni Akita (Okordia) Oruma Sunaye da wurare A ƙasa akwai jerin sunayen harshen Ijaw, yawan jama'a, da wurare daga Blench (2019). A sauran kasashen Duniya Berbice Creole Dutch, tsohon yare da ake amfani dasu a Guyana, yana da ƙamus wanda ya dogara da yaren Ịjọ, wataƙila yana da alaka da Kalabari (Kouwenberg 1994). Ilimi da kafofin watsa labarai A watan Yunin 2013, aka kaddamar da littafin koyar da karatun Izon Fie da faifan CD a wani bikin da ya samu halartar jami'an gwamnatin jihar Bayelsa. Jami’ar Neja Delta na kokarin fadada jerin littattafan da ake samu a yaren Ijo. Fassarorin shayari da Kiran Kogin Nun da Gabriel Okara ke gudana. Bibiyar Tarihi Freemann, RA, da Kay Williamson. 1967. Ịjọ karin magana. Bayanan Bincike (Ibadan) 1: 1-11. Kouwenberg, Silvia 1994. Nahawu ta Berbice Dutch Creole (Mouton Grammar Library 12). Berlin New York: Mouton de Gruyter. Lee, JD, da Kay Williamson. 1990. Leididdigar ƙamus na yarukan Ịjọ. Bincike a cikin Yarukan Afirka da Harsunan Afirka 1: 1.1-10. Williamson, Kay 1963. Gajerun kalmomin aiki a cikin Ịjọ. J. Yarukan Afirka 2.150-154. Williamson, Kay. 1966. Ị yare yaruka a cikin Polyglotta Africana. Binciken Saliyo na Saliyo 5. 122-133. Williamson, Kay. 1969. 'Igbo' da 'Ịjọ', babi na 7 da 8 a cikin: Harsunan Nijeriya Goma Sha Biyu, ed. na E. Dunstan. Longmans. Williamson, Kay. 1971. Sunayen dabbobi a Ịjọ. Afr. Bayanan kula 6, a'a. 2, 53-61. Williamson, Kay. 1973. Wasu sun rage tsarin daidaita wasula. Bayanan Bincike 6: 1-3. 145-169. Williamson, Kay. 1977. Fasali masu yawa don baƙi. Harshe 53.843-871. Williamson, Kay. 1978. Daga sautin zuwa karin magana: batun Ịjọ. Kiabàrà 1: 2.116-125. Williamson, Kay. 1979. Rabowar baƙi a cikin Ịjọ. A cikin: Karatuttukan ilimin harshe da adabi da aka gabatar wa Archibald Hill, ed. EC Polome da W. Winter, 3.341-353. Lisse, Netherlands: Peter de Ridder Latsa. Williamson, Kay. 1979. Baƙi na medial a cikin Proto-Ịjọ. Jaridar Yarukan Afirka da Ilimin Harsuna 1.73-94. Williamson, Kay. 1987. Tsaranci a cikin Ịjọ. A cikin: Abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu a cikin ilimin harsunan Afirka, 4, ed. by David Odden, 397-415. Williamson, Kay. 1989. Sautin murya da lafazi a cikin Ịjọ. A cikin tsarin karin lafazi, ed. na Harry vd Hulst da Norval Smith, 253-278. Littattafan Foris. Williamson, Kay. 2004. Yanayin yare a yankin Niger Delta. Fasali na 2 a cikin: Ci gaban yaren Ịaz, wanda Martha L. Akpana ta shirya, 9-13. Williamson, Kay, da AO Timitimi. 1970. Bayani kan alamar lamba a cikin Ịjọ. Bayanan Afirka (Ibadan) 5: 3. 9-16. Williamson, Kay Lokaci, AO (197? 'Bayani akan alamar lambar Ijo', Bayanan Afirka, 5, 3, 9-16. Filatei, Akpodigha. 2006. Aikin Harshen Ijaw. (Editan www.ijawdictionary.com). www.ijawdictionary.com Akan takamaiman harsuna Williamson, Kay. 1962. (Sake buga ta Bobbs-Merrill Sake bugawa 1971. Canje-canje a tsarin aure na Okrika Ịjọ. Afirka 32.53-60. Orupabo, GJ, da Kay Williamson. 1980. Okrika. A cikin takardun bayanan harshen Afirka ta Yamma, Volume II, wanda ME Kropp Dakubu ya shirya. Leiden: Lungiyar Harshen Afirka ta Yamma da Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka. Manazarta Harsunan Nijeriya Al'adun Najeriya Al'ummomin Nijeriya
24101	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain%27t%20Nobody	Ain't Nobody	Ain't Nobody waka ce ta kungiyar funk ta Amurka Rufus da babban mawaƙin Amurka Chaka Khan An sake waƙar ce a ranar 4 ga watan Nuwamba, a shekarar ta alif ɗari tara da tamanin da uku (1983), a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙin studio guda huɗu waɗanda aka haɗa a cikin kundin rayuwarsu Stompin 'a Savoy a shekarar ta alif ɗari tara da tamanin da uku (1983). "Ba kowa bane" cikin sauri ya tattara shahara, kuma ya kai lamba ta ɗaya akan <i id="mwGA">ginshiƙin Billboard</i> R&B na Amurka da lamba guda ashirin da biyu 22 akan Billboard Hot 100 na Amurka Ya zama ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙin sa hannun Khan. Rufus keyboardist David "Hawk" Wolinski tayi rubuta waƙa a kusa da wani maimaita synthesizer madauki goyon baya da wani Linn LM-1 drum kwamfuta; duk da haka, John "JR" Robinson, mawaƙin makaɗa, ya buga ganguna na gaske don zaman rikodi. Ƙungiyar ta yi ƙuri'ar demokraɗiyya kuma sun yanke shawarar haɗa waƙar a cikin kundin kundin su. Da zarar an yi rikodin waƙar, masu zartarwar Warner sun so fitar da wata waƙa a matsayin farkon waƙar. Wolinski ya yi barazanar ba wa mawaƙin Amurka Michael Jackson da mai shirya fina- finan Amurka Quincy Jones don faifan Jackson Thriller idan waƙar ba ta zama jagora ɗaya ba. Alamar ta yi nadama kuma "Ba kowa ba ne" kuma an buga lamba ta ɗaya a kan taswirar R&B don satin da zai ƙare a ranar 15 ga watan Oktobar shekara ta alif dubu daya da Dari Tara da tamanin da uku(1983). Hakanan an haɗa waƙar a kan faifan sauti zuwa fim ɗin Breakin na shekarar alif ta 1984. Magoya bayan wasu kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na kasar sun karbe wakar a Burtaniya tare da kalmomin: Babu wanda yake kauna (dan wasa), yana faranta min rai, yana sanya ni jin haka. Abun da ke ciki Ana yin waƙar a cikin maɓallin E tare da saurin bugawa guda dari dahudu 104 a minti daya a cikin lokacin gama gari Muryar Khan ta fara daga G 3 zuwa E 5 a cikin waƙar. Charts da takaddun shaida Weekly chartsOriginal versionRemixYear-end charts Certifications Sauran sigogi Jaki Graham version A cikin shekara ta alif dari tara da casa'in da hudu (1994,) mawaƙiyar Burtaniya Jaki Graham ta fito da murfiyar ta A wannan lokaci ba kowa bane ya san ta An sake waƙar a zama na farko kuma jagora ce, ɗaya daga kundi na huɗu da na ƙarshe, Real Life Siffar Graham ta kai lamba ɗaya a kan Chart ɗin Rawar Billboard na Amurka na makwanni biyar gami da kasancewa cikin manyan bidiyon da aka fi so na BET (Charts Black Entertainment Charts). Mawakiyar ta kuma kai lamba guda arbain da hududu 44 a Burtaniya, lamba guda sha daya 11 a Iceland da lamba guda sha bakwai 17 a Ostiraliya. Tarba mai mahimmanci Larry Flick daga Billboard ya kira waƙar sa "ta fasa", kuma ya bayyana cewa Graham "ta dawo tare da babban karatun Rufus pop soulnugget Track shine sabo a cikin farmakin nau'ikan nau'ikan waƙoƙin waƙoƙin ta divas daban -daban. Wannan, duk da haka, shine ainihin ma'amala, godiya ga babban fara'a na Graham da tarin abubuwan cakuda waɗanda suka fito daga peppy NRG zuwa gidan tsoka. Kulob ɗin wuta mai ƙarfi ya buge, kada ku yi mamaki idan rediyo crossover ya yi kira. Jaridar Ingilishi Karatun Yammacin Post yayi sharhi, "Wannan shine ɗayan murfin da baya inganta ainihin. Amma waƙar Chaka Khan sanannen ruhi ne kuma Jaki Graham ta bayyana kyakkyawar harba, koda muryarta ba ta da ƙarfi sosai don ɗanɗano mai daɗi. Mai wuya kada a yi waka tare. Bidiyon kiɗa Bidiyon kiɗan na "Ba kowa ba ne" darektan fina -finan Amurka kuma furodusa Antoine Fuqua ne ya jagoranci Jerin jerin waƙoƙi Charts A cikin shekarar alif ɗari tara da casa'in da biyar 1995, mawaƙin Jamaica Diana King ya yi rikodin murfin guda ɗaya na Ain't Nobody wanda aka saki a matsayin na uku daga cikin kundi na farko, Tougher Than Love Ya kai lamba guda chasain da biyar 95 a kan Billboard Hot 100, lamba guda hudu 4 a kan ginshiƙi Playboard na Billboard Hot Dance Club da lamba guda sha uku 13 akan Chart Singles UK Tarba mai mahimmanci Larry Flick daga Billboard ya bayyana waƙar a matsayin fassarar hip hop na sexy" da "wanda ba za a iya jurewa ba", yana yabawa "tabbataccen aikin" na King. Music & Media yayi sharhi cewa bin Shy Guy yana ganin mawaƙin Jamaica "ya rasa wasu ƙananan raƙuman raye-raye na raye-raye don fifita sautin R&B ya kara da cewa mawaƙin "tsarkakakke ne, mai ɗaga ruhun zamani." Makon Kiɗa ya ƙididdige shi uku daga cikin biyar, yana rubutu, "Babban madaidaicin murfin Chaka Khan na gargajiya, tare da samar da ƙarfi. Tana iya canza wasu ƙarin magoya baya. Ralph Tee daga RM Dance Update na mujallar ya ce, "'Shy Guy' ya zama fashewar ƙasa da ƙasa kuma wannan bin yana da irin wannan damar crossover." Jerin jerin waƙoƙi Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Rapper LL Cool J ya yi rikodin waƙar don waƙar sauti zuwa fim ɗin shekarar alif ta 1996 Beavis da Butt-Head Do America An sake shi azaman sautin waƙa na biyu, waƙar ta hau kan lamba guda arbain da hudu 46 akan Billboard Hot guda dari 100, lamba huɗu akan Hot Rap Singles Chart da lamba guda ashirin da bakwai 27 akan taswirar Waƙoƙin Billboard Hot R & B/Hip-Hop A wajen Amurka, waƙar ta shahara a cikin Burtaniya, inda waƙar kuma ta kasance abin faɗa ga Gwen Dickey da KWS (sun kai lamba guda ahirin da bakwai 21) da The Course (lamba ta takwas). Bidiyon kiɗan wannan sigar, wanda Michael Martin ya jagoranta, wanda Jonathan Heuer ya shirya, da kuma fim ɗin Martin Coppen, an ɗan yi fim ɗinsa a Dutsen Hood na Oregon. Hakanan yana nuna ƙungiya mai cike da baƙi da suka haɗa da Maia Campbell, Brian McKnight, Alfonso Ribeiro, Cedric the Entertainer, John Salley, da John Witherspoon Charts In 2003, English-Irish pop group Liberty X released a version of the song titled "Being Nobody", produced by Richard X, as the lead single from Richard X's debut studio album Richard X Presents His X-Factor Vol. 1 (2003), as well as the lead single from Liberty X's second studio album Being Somebody (2003). The song is a pseudo-mashup, taking the lyrics of "Ain't Nobody" and placing them over an instrumental interpolation of The Human League's "Being Boiled". Additional elements from both songs were also used such as the recurring synth line from "Ain't Nobody" and the line "OK, ready? Let's do it." in the intro of the main mix are from the intro of "Being Boiled". Liberty X first performed "Being Nobody" on Ant & Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway on February 8, 2003. They also performed it twice on Top of the Pops, with other performances on The National Lottery Wright Ticket and CD:UK. Critical reception The song received mostly positive reviews from music critics. It was deemed "instantly memorable" by RTÉ.ie reviewer Linda McGee, whilst Louis Pattison of NME believed it was "Truly, a record to get over-excited about." Alexis Kirke of musicOMH said: "The marriage of the credible dance-bootleg production of Richard X with high profile pop-act Liberty X is not only a perfect career-expanding synergy for both, but also a powerful musical synergy in which the seventies meets the eighties during the noughties." Writing for ukmix.org, Martin P gave the song five stars out of five and called it "It's pure pop perfection with a twist of R&B one of the best Liberty X singles!" Jerin waƙa "Being Nobody" (Main Mix) 3:37 "Being Nobody" (Richard X Remix) 4:25 "Being Nobody" (X-Strumental) 3:38 Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Scooter version "Yana da wani Biz (Shin ba Babu wanda)" ne guda ta Jamus wuya dance band babur An sake shi a ranar 23 ga Maris, 2012, a matsayin na biyar guda ɗaya daga kundin ɗakin studio ɗin su na goma sha biyar The Big Mash Up Jerin jerin waƙoƙi CD guda (waƙa 2) Saukewa Charts Siffar Felix Jaehn A cikin shekara ta 2015, mai shirya kiɗan Jamusawa da DJ Felix Jaehn sun fitar da remix mai taken Ba kowa (Yana Ƙaunar Ni Mafi Kyawu) wanda ke nuna waƙoƙin mawaƙan Burtaniya Jasmine Thompson Shine jagora guda ɗaya don babban sunan sa na farko na shekara ta 2016 EP Felix Jaehn Remix ya dogara ne akan sakin solo na waƙar ta Thompson a cikin shekara ta 2013, lokacin da Thompson ya kasance 13, wanda ya hau kan lamba guda 32 akan Chart Singles UK Koyaya, Felix Jaehn remix ya zama babban nasarar taswirar ƙasa da ƙasa, yana kan lamba ɗaya ko biyu a cikin ƙasashen Turai da yawa (gami da lamba ta biyu a Burtaniya) da kuma manyan guda 10 a sauran ƙasashen Turai da Ostiraliya. Jerin waƙa "Babu Wani (Yana Ƙaunata Ƙauna)" 3:01 "Na Yi" 3:02Weekly chartsYear-end chartsDecade-end charts''' Duba kuma List of Airplay 100 number ones of the 2010s List of number-one R&B singles of 1983 (U.S.) List of UK top 10 singles in 1984 List of UK top 10 singles in 1989 List of number-one dance singles of 1994 (U.S.) List of UK Singles Chart number ones of 1997 List of UK top 10 singles in 2015 Mashup (music) Of the Night Rhythm Is a Dancer The Rhythm of the Night'' Nassoshi Pages with unreviewed
32417	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnie%20Pallister	Minnie Pallister	Articles with hCards Minnie Pallister (12 Maris 1885 26 Maris 1960) yar gwagwarmayar siyasa ce Baturiya, marubuciyar siyasa, mai bayyana kanta matsayin "mai farfagandar gurguzu 'yar takarar siyasa da bata yi nasara ba na Jam'iyyar Labour mai zaman kanta, da wasannin gidajen rediyo. An haifi Pallister a Cornwall, kuma 'yar wani malami ce. An horar da ita a matsayin malama a Jami'ar Cardiff, kuma ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru goma a matsayin malamin makaranta a makarantar firamare ta Welsh Ta shiga Jam'iyyar Labour Party mai zaman kanta, kuma a cikin 1914 ta zama shugaban jam'iyyar ta tarayya a Monmouthshire A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, Pallister ta taimaka wajen tsara ƙungiyar masu fafutukar neman zaman lafiya. Haka kuma a lokacin yakin, ta kasance mai fafutuka wajen kawo zaman lafiya da Ayyukan yi. A cikin babban zaɓe na 1923 da 1924, Pallister ta kasance 'yar takarar wace tayi rashin nasara daga mazabar Bournemouth a Hampshire. Saboda matsalolin lafiya, Pallister ta yi ritaya daga siyasa a shekarun 1920s. A cikin shekarun 1920, ta rubuta litattafai da dama kan batun zamantakewa. A cikin 1930s, ta rubuta littattafai game da aikin lambu. A cikin 1936, Pallister ta shiga ƙungiyar masu fafutukar zaman lafiya ta Aminci Pledge Union, kuma a cikin 1945 an zabe ta a matsayin memba na majalisar ƙungiyar. A cikin 1950s, Pallister yana da alaƙa da Gidan Rediyon BBC a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa na yau da kullun a cikin shirin Mujallar Radiyon Sa'ar Mata Ta rasu a shekarar 1960, tana da shekaru 75 a duniya. Kuruciya da ilimi An haifi Minnie Pallister a Kilkhampton, Cornwall, tsakiyar 'ya'ya mata uku na William da Rose (Parsons) Pallister. Mahaifinta malamin addini ne. Ta halarci makarantar gaba da sakandare na mata wato "Tasker Milward Voluntary Controlled School" kuma ta sami shaidar karatun ko yarwa a Jami'ar Cardiff Aiki Minnie Pallister ta koyar da shekaru goma a makarantar firamare a Brynmawr, inda ta saba da rayuwar aikin Welsh. Mawakan gida ma sun yi maraba da fasahar ta piano. A shekara ta 1914 ta kasance shugabar Tarayyar Monmouthshire ta Jam'iyyar Labour mai zaman kanta (mace ta farko da aka zaba zuwa wannan matsayi), kuma tayi aiki a Kwamitin Ilimi na Breconshire. Keir Hardie ya kwatanta ta "kamar sabon meteor a sararin sama" saboda iya magana. A yakin duniya na daya kuma daga baya ta shagaltu a matsayin mai jawo hankali don zaman lafiya da ƙungiyoyin kwadago, kuma ta shirya Fellowship No-Conscription a Wales. A cikin 1922, a matsayin mai shirya ILP na South Wales, an nakalto ta a shafi na farko na Jagoran Kwadago yana furta: "Mun yi daidai akan Yakin. Mun yi gaskiya a kan Aminci. Mun yi daidai akan ramuwa." An tallata ta a matsayin "Mafi Girman Maganar Mace ta Wales" a cikin sanarwar jarida. Ta kuma yi takara sau da yawa a cikin 1920s, kuma an nakalto Ramsay MacDonald a cikin New York Times a cikin 1924. Pallister ta tsaya takara a Bournemouth a babban zaɓe a 1923 da 1924 A cikin 1923, Pallister ta sami kuri'u 5,986, kashi 19.5% na kuri'un da aka jefa. Ta zo na uku a cikin 'yan takara, bayan Henry Page Croft na jam'iyyar Unionist (da kashi 50.4% na kuri'un) da Cyril Berkeley Dallow na jam'iyyar Liberal (da kashi 30.1% na kuri'un). A 1924, Pallister ta sami kuri'u 7,735, kashi 27.3% na kuri'un da aka jefa. Ta zo na biyu a tsakanin 'yan takara, bayan Henry Page Croft na jam'iyyar Unionist (da kashi 72.7% na kuri'un). Pallister ta yi fama da rashin lafiya dangane da ayyukanta na yau da kullun, kuma likitoci sun shawarce ta da ta canja tsarinta. Ta zama marubuci na cikakken lokaci, ko da yake ta ci gaba da sha’awar al’amuran siyasa. "Siyasa ta ni," in ji ta, "da alama ba zai yiwu ba har yanzu a sami mutanen da suka yarda cewa siyasa ba ta da mahimmanci." Mai son zaman lafiya na tsawon rayuwa, ta shiga Kungiyar Amincewa ta Zaman Lafiya a 1936, an zabe ta a Majalisarta a 1945 kuma daga baya ta zama Mai Tallafawa. Ta kasance mai ba da gudummawa akai-akai ga shirin rediyon Sa'ar Mata ta BBC a cikin 1950s. Ayyuka Littattafan Minnie Pallister sun haɗa da Socialism for Women ƙasida, 1923); The Orange Box: Thoughts of a Socialist Propagandist (1924); Socialism, Equality and Happiness (pamphlet, 1925); Rain on the Corn and Other Sketches (1928); Gardener's Frenzy: Being an Alphabet of the Garden (1933); A Cabbage for a Year (1934). Mutuwa Minnie Pallister ta mutu a ranar 26 ga watan Maris 1960 a lokacin tana da shekaru 75. Zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarta, rashin lafiya da ba a bayyana ba ya tilasta mata yin ritaya daga harkokin siyasa. A lokacin mutuwarta, ta kasance mai aikin watsa labarai ta rediyo. Manazarta Asalin labari Sakamako na Majalisar Dokokin Biritaniya 1918-1949, FWS Craig ta tattara kuma ta gyara (Macmillan Press, edition 1977 da aka bita) Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Masanin tarihi Alun Burge ya rubuta bayanin martaba mai kashi huɗu na Minnie Pallister akan shafin sa a cikin Maris 2016. Mutuwan 1960 Mata a
30384	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kididdigar%20cikakken%20hanyoyin%20samun%20ku%C9%97in%20muhalli	Kididdigar cikakken hanyoyin samun kuɗin muhalli	Ƙididdigar cikakken kuɗin muhalli EFCA hanya ce ta lissafin farashi wanda ke gano farashi kai tsaye da kuma rarraba farashi kai tsaye ta hanyar tattarawa da gabatar da bayanai game da yiwuwar muhalli, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da fa'idodi ko fa'ida.a takaice, game da "Tsarin ya kasu Kashi uku "ga kowane zaɓi madadin. Har ila yau, an san shi da lissafin kuɗi na gaskiya TCA amma, kamar yadda ma'anar "gaskiya" da "cikakke" su ne ainihin ra'ayi, masana sunyi la'akari da kalmomi biyu masu kasancewa Na iya Zama matsala. Tun da farashin da fa'idodi yawanci ana la'akari da su dangane da muhalli, tattalin arziƙi da tasirin zamantakewa, cikakken ko ƙoƙarin farashi na gaske ana kiransa da "layin ƙasa sau uku". Yawancin ma'auni yanzu suna wanzu a wannan yanki ciki har da Sawun Muhalli, alamun yanayi, da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Ƙaddamar da Muhalli na gida don fuskantar layi sau uku ta amfani da ma'aunin ecoBudget. Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya (ISO) tana da ƙa'idodi da yawa da aka yarda da su masu amfani a cikin FCA ko TCA ciki har da iskar gas, jerin ISO 26000 don alhakin zamantakewar kamfanoni da ke zuwa a shekarata 2010, da ma'auni na ISO 19011 don dubawa ciki har da duk waɗannan. Saboda wannan juyin halitta na kalmomi a cikin jama'a amfani da musamman, kalmar cikakken farashi a halin yanzu an fi amfani da ita wajen lissafin gudanarwa, misali kula da kayayyakin more rayuwa da kuma kudi. Sannan Kuma Amfani da sharuɗɗan FCA ko TCA yawanci suna nuna ƙarancin ra'ayin mazan jiya na ayyukan gudanarwa na yanzu, da haɓaka haɓakawa ga GAAP don magance fitar da sharar gida ko shigar da albarkatu. Ra'ayoyi Cikakkun lissafin kuɗi ya ƙunshi mahimman ra'ayoyi da yawa waɗanda ke bambanta shi da daidaitattun dabarun lissafin kuɗi Kuma Jeri mai zuwa yana haskaka ainihin ƙa'idodin FCA. Yin lissafin kuɗi don: Farashin maimakon fitar da kaya (duba bayanin da ke ƙasa); Ƙirar ɓoye da abubuwan waje; Kudin sama da kai; Abubuwan da suka gabata da na gaba; Farashin bisa ga tsarin rayuwar samfurin. Farashin maimakon fitar da kaya Ƙididdigar kuɗi don samun ko amfani da albarkatu. Ƙididdiga shine ƙimar tsabar kuɗi na albarkatun kamar yadda ake amfani da shi. Misali, kuma ana yin fitar da abin hawa ne lokacin da aka sayi abin hawa, amma farashin abin hawa yana faruwa ne tsawon rayuwar sa (misali, shekaru goma). Sannan Dole ne a ware kudin abin hawa na wani lokaci domin duk shekara da aka yi amfani da shi yana taimakawa wajen rage darajar abin hawa. Boyayyen farashi Ana nuna ƙimar kayayyaki da ayyuka azaman farashi ko da ba a haɗa kuɗaɗen kuɗi ba. Sannan Wata al'umma na iya samun tallafi daga jiha, misali, don siyan kayan aiki. Wannan kayan aiki yana da daraja, duk da cewa al'umma ba su biya shi da tsabar kuɗi ba. Kuma Kayan aiki, saboda haka, yakamata a kimanta su a cikin binciken FCA. Tallafin gwamnati a masana'antar samar da makamashi da abinci yana rage farashin gaske ta hanyar farashin samfur mai arha. Wannan magudin farashin yana ƙarfafa ayyuka marasa dorewa kuma yana ƙara ɓoye ɓarna na waje da ke tattare da samar da mai da kuma aikin noma na zamani. Kudin sama da kai tsaye FCA tana lissafin duk kuɗaɗen kai da kai tsaye, gami da waɗanda aka raba tare da sauran hukumomin jama'a. Kudin sama da kai tsaye na iya haɗawa da sabis na doka, tallafin gudanarwa, sarrafa bayanai, lissafin kuɗi, sannan da siye. Kudin muhalli kamar farashin kai tsaye sun haɗa da cikakken kewayon farashi a duk tsawon rayuwar samfurin Kimanin Zagayowar Rayuwa wasu daga cikinsu ma ba sa nunawa a cikin layin ƙasan kamfanin. Hakanan yana ƙunshe da ƙayyadaddun kayan aiki, ƙayyadaddun kuɗin gudanarwa da sauransu. Abubuwan da suka gabata da na gaba Fitar kuɗin da ya gabata da na gaba sau da yawa ba sa bayyana akan kasafin kuɗi na shekara a ƙarƙashin tsarin lissafin kuɗi. Kudin da suka gabata (ko na gaba) sune farkon saka hannun jari masu mahimmanci don aiwatar da ayyuka kamar siyan motoci, kayan aiki, ko wurare. Filayen gaba (ko ƙarshen baya) kuɗi ne da ake kashewa don kammala ayyuka kamar rufe kayan aiki da kulawa bayan rufewa, ritayar kayan aiki, da fa'idodin lafiya da ritaya bayan aiki. Misalai Gudanar da sharar gida Jihar Florida tana amfani da kalmar lissafin cikakken farashi don sarrafa shara. A cikin wannan misalin, FCA wata hanya ce ta tsari don ganowa, tarawa, da bayar da rahoton ainihin farashin sarrafa shara Kuma Tana yin la'akari da abubuwan da suka gabata da kuma na gaba, ƙima (sabis da sabis na tallafi) farashi, da farashin aiki. Integrated m tsarin kula da sharar ya ƙunshi ayyuka da hanyoyi daban-daban na ƙazamin shara na birni (MSW). Ayyuka sune tubalan ginin tsarin, wanda zai iya haɗawa da tarin sharar gida, aiki da tashoshin canja wuri, jigilar kaya zuwa wuraren sarrafa sharar gida, sarrafa sharar gida da zubar da shara, da sayar da kayayyaki. Sannan Hanyoyi su ne kwatancen da MSW ke bi a cikin tsarin sarrafa tsattsauran ra'ayi (watau ma'anar tsara ta hanyar sarrafawa da kuma halin da ake ciki) kuma sun haɗa da sake yin amfani da su, takin zamani, sharar-zuwa makamashi, da zubar da ƙasa Ana raba farashin wasu ayyuka tsakanin hanyoyi. Fahimtar farashin ayyukan MSW yakan zama dole don tattara farashi na gabaɗayan tsarin sharar gida, kuma yana taimaka wa gundumomi tantance ko za su samar da sabis da kanta ko kwangilar sa. Koyaya, a cikin la'akari da canje-canjen da suka shafi nawa MSW ya ƙare har ana sake yin fa'ida, takin, jujjuyawa zuwa makamashi, Kuma ko cika ƙasa, ya kamata manazarcin ya mai da hankali kan farashin hanyoyin daban-daban. Fahimtar cikakken farashi na kowane hanyar MSW muhimmin mataki ne na farko a cikin tattaunawa ko za a canza magudanar ruwa na MSW wata hanya dabam. Amfani Gano farashin sarrafa MSW Lokacin da gundumomi ke kula da ayyukan MSW ta hanyar kuɗin haraji na gabaɗaya, farashin gudanarwa na MSW na iya yin asara tsakanin sauran abubuwan kashewa. Tare da FCA, manajoji na iya samun ƙarin iko akan farashin MSW saboda sun san menene farashin. Duba cikin kololuwa da kwaruruka a cikin kashe kuɗi na MSW Yin amfani da dabaru irin su raguwa da amortization, FCA tana samar da ingantaccen hoto na farashi na shirye-shiryen MSW, ba tare da murdiya ba wanda zai iya haifar da mayar da hankali kawai akan kashe kuɗin kuɗi na shekara. Bayyana farashin MSW ga ƴan ƙasa a sarari FCA tana taimaka muku tattarawa da tattara bayanan da ake buƙata don bayyana wa ƴan ƙasa abin da ainihin sarrafa shara ke kashewa. Ko da yake wasu mutane na iya tunanin cewa sarrafa sharar gida kyauta ne (saboda ba a biya su ta musamman don ayyukan MSW ba), wasu na iya ƙima darajar sa. FCA na iya haifar da lambobin "layi na ƙasa" waɗanda ke magana kai tsaye ga mazauna. Bugu da ƙari, sannan kuma jami'an jama'a na iya amfani da sakamakon FCA don amsa takamaiman matsalolin jama'a. Ɗauki hanya mai kama da kasuwanci ga gudanarwar MSW Ta hanyar mai da hankali kan farashi, FCA tana haɓaka mafi kyawun tsarin kasuwanci ga gudanarwar MSW. Masu amfani da kaya da ayyuka suna ƙara tsammanin ƙima, kuma wanda ke nufin daidaitattun daidaito tsakanin inganci da farashin sabis. FCA na iya taimakawa wajen gano dama don daidaita ayyuka, kawar da rashin aiki, da sauƙaƙe ƙoƙarin ceton farashi ta hanyar ingantaccen tsari da yanke shawara. Haɓaka matsayi mai ƙarfi a cikin yin shawarwari tare da masu siyarwa Lokacin la'akari da keɓantawar sabis na MSW, ƙwararrun manajojin sharar gida na iya amfani da FCA don koyon abin da farashinsa (ko farashi) don yin aikin. Kuma A sakamakon haka, FCA mafi kyawun matsayi na hukumomin jama'a don yin shawarwari da yanke shawara. FCA kuma na iya taimaka wa al'ummomi masu gudanar da ayyukan jama'a su tantance ko farashinsu yana da gogayya da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Ƙimar haɗakar da ta dace na ayyukan MSW FCA tana ba manajoji ikon kimanta farashin kowane kashi na tsarin sharar su, kamar sake yin amfani da su, takin zamani, sharar-zuwa-makamashi, da kuma share ƙasa. FCA na iya taimaka wa manajoji su guje wa kura-kurai na gama gari a cikin tunani game da sarrafa sharar gida, musamman ga kuskuren kula da farashin da aka kauce masa azaman kudaden shiga. Kyakkyawan tsarin MSW Kamar yadda ƙarin al'ummomi ke amfani da FCA kuma suna ba da rahoton sakamakon, manajoji za su iya "ma'auni" ayyukansu zuwa al'ummomi iri ɗaya ko ƙa'idodi. Wannan kwatancen na iya ba da shawarar zaɓuɓɓuka don "sake aikin injiniya" ayyuka na yanzu. Bugu da ƙari, lokacin da birane, gundumomi, da garuruwa suka san abin da ake kashewa don sarrafa MSW da kansa, kuma za su iya gano duk wani tanadi da zai iya fitowa daga aiki tare. Abinci da Noma A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata an sami kulawa mai yawa don Cikakkun Kuɗi na Ƙididdiga (FCA) ko Ƙididdigar Kuɗi na Gaskiya (TCA) a fagen abinci da aikin gona. A cikin shekarata 2013 da 2016, Amintaccen Abinci mai Dorewa ya shirya tarurruka biyu kan Ƙididdigar Kuɗi na Gaskiya a Abinci da Noma, a Burtaniya da Amurka bi da bi. FAO ta buga karatu guda biyu a cikin shekarar 2014 da 2015 tare da TCA-bincike na tasirin asarar abinci ("Food wastage sawun: cikakken kididdigar ƙididdiga" da kuma wani TCA-bincike na jimlar tasirin samar da abinci na duniya akan Babban Jarida. ("Tasirin Babban Jari na Halitta a Aikin Noma" A cikin rahoton farko, FAO ta zo ga ƙarshe cewa ɓoyayyun ɓoyayyun ɓarnawar abinci a kan jarin halitta ya kai dala biliyan 700 a duk shekara yayin da ɓoyayyun tasirin zamantakewa ya kai dala biliyan 900. A cikin rahoton na biyu, hukumar ta FAO ta yi kiyasin lalacewar muhallin da ake noman abinci a duniya ya kai dala biliyan 2330 a kowace shekara. Dalilai na reno An gano dalilai daban-daban na ɗaukar FCA/TCA. Mafi mahimmancin abin da ke da alaƙa ya haɗa da hasashen kasuwa ko matsalolin ƙa'ida da ke da alaƙa da yin watsi da cikakken sakamako na gabaɗayan tsari ko taron da aka lissafa. Kuma A cikin tattalin arzikin kore, wannan shine babban abin damuwa da tushe ga sukar matakan kamar GDP Bangaren jama'a sun yi niyyar matsawa zuwa matakai na dogon lokaci don gujewa zargin nuna son kai ga wasu hanyoyin warware matsalolin da ke da alama suna da ma'ana ta kudi ko tattalin arziki a cikin gajeren lokaci, amma ba na dogon lokaci ba. Masu yanke shawara na kamfani wani lokaci suna kiran matakan FCA/TCA don yanke shawarar ko za a fara tunowa, gudanar da aikin kula da samfur na son rai (nau'i na tunawa a ƙarshen rayuwar amfanin samfur). Kuma Ana iya ƙarfafa wannan a matsayin shinge ga abubuwan da ke faruwa a nan gaba waɗanda sharar da samfur ta shafa. Na'urori masu tasowa na FCA, irin su Mataki na Halitta, mayar da hankali kan waɗannan. A cewar Ray Anderson, wanda ya kafa wani nau'i na FCA TCA a Interface Carpet, ya yi amfani da shi don yin watsi da yanke shawara da ke kara yawan Sawun Ecological da kuma mayar da hankali ga kamfanin a fili a kan dabarun tallace-tallace mai dorewa. Ilimin halittu na birni da yanayin masana'antu suna fuskantar FCA da gaske ɗaukar ginin da aka gina a matsayin nau'in halittu don rage sharar kansa. Duba wasu abubuwan Lissafin muhalli Gyaran farashin muhalli Asusun riba da asarar muhalli Abubuwan waje Ma'anar Ci gaba na Gaskiya Farashin dama Lamunin gurɓatawa Jimlar farashin mallaka Kudin rayuwa gabaɗaya Bayanan kula Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
44650	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauyin%20Yanayi%20a%20Kenya	Sauyin Yanayi a Kenya	Sauyin yanayi a Kenya, yana ƙara yin tasiri ga rayuwar 'yan kasar Kenya da muhalli.Sauyin yanayi ya haifar da matsanancin yanayi akai-akai kamar fari da ya dade fiye da yadda aka saba, ruwan sama mara kyau da rashin tabbas, ambaliyan ruwa da hadaka yanayin zafi. Tasirin wadannan sauye-sauyen yanayi sun sa kalubalen da ake fuskanta a yanzu tare da tsaro na ruwa, samar da abinci da ci gaban tattalin arziki ma da wahala. Girbi da noman noma wanda ke da kusan kashi 33% na jimlar Babban Hadin Cikin Gida (GDP) suna cikin haɗari. Ƙaruwar yanayin zafi, daɗadɗen ruwan sama a cikin ɓangarorin da ba su da iska, da iska mai karfi da ke da alaqa da cyclones masu zafi sun hadu don haifar da yanayi mai kyau don kiwo da kaura na kwari. Kara yawan zafin jiki har zuwa 2.5 °C nan da shekara ta 2050 ana hasashen zai kara yawaitar munanan abubuwa kamar ambaliyar ruwa da fari Yanayin zafi da bushewa a Ƙ asar Aid da Semi-Arid ASALs) na sa fari ko ambaliya da canjin yanayi ke haifarwa ya fi hadari. Al'ummomin bakin teku sun riga sun fuskanci hawan teku da kalubalen da ke da alaqa kamar kutsawa ruwan gishiri, Tafkin Victoria, tafkin Turkana da sauran tafkunan sun karu sosai a girman tsakanin shekara ta 2010-2020 da ke ambaliya al'ummomin gefen tafkin. Duk wadannan abubuwan suna tasiri ga al'ummomin da ke cikin hadari kamar al'ummomin da aka ware, mata da matasa. Tushen gas na Greenhouse Rabin wutar lantarkin Kenya ana samar da shi ne ta hanyar wutar lantarki Koyaya, saboda kirkira da rarraba wutar lantarki ba abin dogaro ba ne, wasu kamfanonin kera suna samar da karin tare da tushen mai. Fari da hadaka kawancen ruwa suna rage karfin wutar lantarki, wanda hakan zai kara yawan amfani da makamashi mai gurbata muhalli. Tasiri kan yanayi Zazzabi da canjin yanayi Yanayin zafin jiki yana da inganci kowace shekara tun 2000 dangane da ma'anar yanayin yanayi na shekara ta 1981 zuwa shekara ta 2010 bisa ga bayanan tauraron dan adam. Binciken yanayi a yankunan Arid da Semi Aid (ASAL) na Kenya ya nuna karuwar zafin jiki da raguwar ruwan sama tsakanin shekara ta 1977 da shekara t 2014. Ana hasashen tasirin sauyin yanayi zai bayyana musamman a cikin ASALs inda tattalin arziki da rayuwar karkara suka dogara sosai kan ayyukan da suka shafi yanayi, kamar kiwo da noman ruwan sama. Hadaka yanayin zafi, canjin ruwan sama da iska mai karfi da ke da alaqa da cyclones na wurare masu zafi sun hadu don kirkirar yanayi mai kyau don kiwo na kwari da kwari. Misali, a farkon shekara ta 2020 wasu sassan Kenya da makwaftan kasashen Gabashin Afirka sun fuskanci tarin fara Ko da kai tsaye danganta kayyadaddun cututtuka ga sauyin yanayi yana da wahala, an san canjin yanayi zai iya canza yanayin ciyarwa da bullar wasu nau'ikan kwari. Kimanin kashi 17% na Mombasa zai fuskanci barazanar hawan teku mai tsayin Tasiri kan albarkatun ruwa Ana fuskantar barazanar sake dawo da tafkunan ruwan karkashin kasa, babban tushen ruwan sha a Afirka, sakamakon raguwar hazo. Matsakaicin ruwan sama tsakanin Maris da Mayu/Yuni ya ragu a gabashin Afirka daga aqalla shekarun 1980 zuwa gaba, kuma ruwan damina ya ragu tsakanin shekara ta 1948 zuwa shekara ta 2009 a Kahon Afirka. Ruwan ruwa na shekara-shekara daga koguna da ke ratsa Gabashin Afirka, kamar kogin Nilu, zai ragu sakamakon sauyin yanayi. Ana sa ran karuwar fari da kwararowar hamada zai haifar da karancin ruwan sha.Yayin da ka'idojin kasa da kasa suka nuna cewa 1,000 m na ruwa kasance a kowane mutum, kawai 586 m ya kasance a cikin shekara ta 2010, kuma wannan na iya faduwa zuwa 293 m ta 2050. Guduwar glaciers na Dutsen Kenya ya ta'azzara karancin ruwa. Kogunan da a da suke gudana a duk shekara sakamakon ruwan dusar kankara a yanzu suna kwarara a kan kari, abin da ke kara ta'azzara rikici kan albarkatun ruwa. Tsarin halittu Canjin yanayi na zamani na iya rushe ayyukan ECosStEm wanda ke da hannu a cikin aikin gona, kamar ta hanyar rarraba halittar rarraba, dangantaka tsakanin dangantakar Inter, da kuma bambance da tasiri na gwamnatocin gudanarwa. Hakanan ana bukatar irin wadannan ayyuka ta fannin yawon bude ido dala biliyan 2.5. Ana sa ran cutar da nau'in namun daji na Kenya ta hanyoyi daban-daban yayin da yanayi ke canzawa, tare da sauye-sauyen yanayin zafi da ruwan sama da ke shafar al'amuran yanayi. Dazuzzuka sun mamaye kashi 7.4 bisa dari na kasar Kenya, kuma suna samar da ayyuka da suka hada da inganta ingancin ruwa, hana zaizayar kasa, da shakar iskar gas, baya ga zama wurin zama ga sauran namun daji. Kusan hekta 5,000 na gandun daji ana asarar duk shekara Daga shekara ta 1990 zuwa shekara ta 2015, gandun daji ya ragu da kashi 25% (kadada 824,115), wanda ya kai kadada 33,000 a kowace shekara. Wannan yana rage duka sabis na yanayin halittu da gandun daji ke bayarwa, gami da rage yawan amfanin itace da inganci, da nau'in halittun da suke tallafawa. Canjin yanayi na iya kawo cikas ga farfadowar wadannan dazuzzukan. Yana da illa yana shafar karfin sake hadaka gandun daji, yana iyakance hadakar bishiya da rayuwa, gami da hadaka kwaro da samun karin hadari da tsananin gobarar gandun daji yayin da yanayin zafi ke karuwa kuma fari yana karuwa da tsayi. Sauran wuraren da abin ya shafa su ne murjani reefs da mangroves, wadanda ayyukan da suka shafi muhalli sun hada da kariya daga guguwa, samar da damammaki na yawon bude ido, da korewar kamun kifi. Dukansu suna fuskantar kai tsaye ta hanyar hadaka yanayin zafi da hauhawar matakan teku. Tasiri kan mutane Tasirin tattalin arziki Kangarorin biyu mafi mahimmanci a cikin tattalin arzikin Kenya, noma da yawon buɗe ido, duk suna cikin hadari sosai ga tasirin sauyin yanayi Wani fari da ya kasance daga 2008 zuwa 2011 ya haifar da kimanin dala 12.1 biliyan a lalacewa. Matsalar karancin abinci ta haifar da fari daga shekara ta 2014-2022 ya shafi mutane kusan miliyan 3.4 yayin da a cikin 2018, kusan mutane 500,000 suka rasa ruwan sha. Tana da yawan mutane miliyan 48.5, Kenya ita ce mafi girman tattalin arziki a Gabas da Tsakiyar Afirka, kuma tana aiki a matsayin cibiyar diflomasiyya, sadarwa, kudi da kasuwanci a cikin yankin. Lalacewar tattalin arziki sakamakon sauyin yanayi da matsanancin yanayi na iya yin daidai da 2.6% na GDP nan da 2030. Noma da kiwo Canjin yanayi ya riga ya shafi fannin aikin gona na kasar, wanda ke da alhakin sama da kashi 33 na GDP na Kenya kuma shine tushen abinci na 60% na yawan jama'a. Kashi uku cikin hudu na noman Kenya na zuwa ne daga kananan manoma. A wasu yankuna na Kenya yanayin zafi na iya wuce wanda zafi ke lalata masara, amfanin gona mai mahimmanci a Kenya. Kasar Kenya tana daya daga cikin manyan masu noman shayi a duniya, inda bangaren shayi ya kai kusan kashi daya bisa hudu na adadin kudaden da ake samu daga ƙasashen waje da kashi 4% na GDP. Masana'antar tana ba da ayyukan yi na karkara wadanda ke da mahimmanci don rage daura zuwa kauyuka, amma ana sa ran yankunan da ake amfani da su a halin yanzu don noman shayi za su sami karin matsalolin yanayi. Ana kuma sa ran zazzabin zafi zai iya ƙara yawan kwari da cututtuka a cikin dabbobin gida, musamman a yankunan bushe da bushewa (ASALs). Halin kiwo a cikin ASAL tsakanin shekara ta 1977 da shekara ta 2016 ya nuna shanu sun ragu da kashi 26.5%, yayin da tumaki da awaki suka karu da kashi 76%, rakuma da kashi 13.3%. Canjin yanayi zai iya haifar da asarar 52% na yawan shanu na ASAL (ko shanu miliyan 1.7) a farashin dalar Amurka miliyan 340-680 ga tattalin arziki. Bangaren masana'anta bangaren masana'antu na Kenya, wanda ke samar da mai kyau don amfanin gida da fitarwa, yana daya daga cikin mafi girma a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara Ana lissafin kusan kashi 10% na GDP a cikin shekara ta 2010, da kuma ɗaukar kashi 13% na ma'aikata na yau da kullun a cikin shekara ta 2012, an kimar da abin da aka fitar a sama da Kshs 1 tiriliyan a 2014. Ana cinye kusan kashi 60% na wutar lantarki da ake samarwa a kasar, masana'anta na samar da kusan kashi 10% na hayakin da ake fitarwa a Kenya. Shirin Ayyukan Canjin Yanayi na Kenya (NCCAP) ya gano wasu tasirin sauyin yanayi a fannin masana'antu kamar haka: Sauye-sauyen makamashi ko katsewar wutar lantarki sakamakon katsewar samar da makamashin da ke tasowa sakamakon karancin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara da kuma tsananin fari da ke sa ruwan da ke cikin tashoshin wutar lantarki ya ragu da hakan ya haifar da karancin wutar lantarki. Mafi girman karancin albarkatu kamar ruwa da albarkatun kasa saboda bambancin yanayi da kara karancin ruwa Babban haɗarin shuka, samfura da lalacewar ababen more rayuwa da rushewar sarkar samarwa daga matsanancin yanayi kamar raƙuman zafi, iska da sauransu. ambaliya, fari, guguwa da guguwa Hadaka farashin samarwa saboda rashin kwanciyar hankali samar da wutar lantarki, da karin kudin inshora Tasirin lafiya Illa iri-iri da sauyin yanayi ya haifar ko ya tsananta, kamar zafi, fari, da ambaliya, suna yin illa ga lafiyar dan adam. Hadarin vector da cututtukan da ke haifar da ruwa zai tashi. Ana sa ran mutane miliyan 83 za su fuskanci barazanar kamuwa da cutar zazzabin cizon sauro kawai nan da shekarar 2070, Cutar da ta riga ta haifar da kashi 5% na mace-mace a yara 'yan kasa da shekaru biyar da kuma haifar da kudade masu yawa. Hakanan ana sa ran zazzabin Dengue zai karu nan da 2070. Daga cikin mutane masu shekaru 65 zuwa sama, ana sa ran mace-mace masu nasaba da zafin zafi zai karu daga mutuwar 2 a cikin 100,000 a kowace shekara a cikin 1990 zuwa 45 a cikin 100,000 nan da 2080. A karkashin yanayin ƙarancin hayaki, wannan na iya iyakance ga mutuwar guda 7 kawai a cikin 100,000 a cikin shekara ta 2080. A karkashin wani babban yanayin hayaki, ana sa ran sauyin yanayi zai tsananta mutuwar zawo, wanda zai haifar da kusan kashi 9% na irin wannan mutuwar ga yara ‘yan kasa da shekaru 15 nan da shekara ta 2030, da kuma kashi 13% na irin wadannan mutuwar nan da shekara ta 2050. Tamowa na iya ƙaruwa da kashi 20% nan da 2050. A cikin shekara ta 2009, an yi rikodin a Kenya cewa yawan yawan tsagaita wuta a cikin yara, ƙananan yara da almubazzaranci a cikin yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 5 shine 35.2%, 16.4% da 7.0%, bi da bi. Ragewa da daidaitawa Manufofi da dokoki Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta kasa a Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ma'adanai (MEMR), kwamitin Gudanar da Ayyukan Sauyin Yanayi na kasa, da Sashen Kula da Yanayi na Kenya a Ma'aikatar Sufuri su ne manyan sassan tsare-tsaren hukumomin gwamnati da aka dora wa aikin yau da kullum. gina yanayin juriya A cikin shekara ta 2010 gwamnatin Kenya ta buga dabarun ba da amsa ga sauyin yanayi na ƙasa. Dokar sauyin yanayi ta shekara ta 2016 ta kafa Majalisar Canjin Yanayi ta ƙasa, wadda shugaban Kenya ke shugabanta, tare da Iƙon sa ido kan "ci gaba, gudanarwa, aiwatarwa da kuma tsara hanyoyin da za a inganta juriya na sauyin yanayi da ƙananan haɓakar carbon don ci gaba mai ɗorewa na ƙasar Kenya", ta gwamnatocin ƙasa da gundumomi, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, ƙungiyoyin jama'a, da dai sauransu. An aiwatar da shirin daidaitawa na ƙasa (NAP) a cikin 2015 don inganta juriyar yanayi. NAP ta ƙunshi Rahoton Nazarin Fasaha na Adafta (ATAR), wanda ke nazarin raunin tattalin arziƙin sassa, gano buƙatun daidaitawa, da kuma ba da shawarar ayyukan daidaitawa a cikin larduna daban-daban. Hukumar ta NAP tana goyan bayan ci gaban tsare-tsare na Haɗin Kan Gundumar (CIPDs), wanda ya haɗa da kafa Asusun Canjin Yanayi (CCCFs). Shirin Ayyukan Sauyin Yanayi na Ƙasa na yanzu (NCCAP 2018-2022) ya bi tsarin Ayyukan Sauyin Yanayi na Ƙasa na shekara ta 2013-2017. Shirin ya mayar da hankali ne kan daidaitawa da matakan sassauta matakan da ƙasar za ta ɗauka, da nufin "karancin ci gaban juriyar yanayin carbon". Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta ƙasa tana aiki a matsayin gungiyar da aka amince da ita ga gungiyoyin ba da kudaden yanayi na ƙasa da kasa kamar Asusun daidaitawa da Asusun Yanayi na Green Al'umma da al'adu A cikin birane, karuwar yawan jama'a da kuma girman matsugunan da ba a saba gani ba yana jefa mutane da yawa ga zafi, ambaliya, da karancin ruwa. Sakamakon sauyin yanayi yana yin tasiri ga al'ummomin da aka ware, mata da matasa. Yankunan Arid da Semi Aid sun karbi kashi 38% na yawan jama'a, kuma suna samar da kashi 12% na GDP. Adadin talauci a arewacin ASALs ya kasance sama da kashi 80%, duk da raguwar talaucin kasa gaba daya. Duba kuma Daidaita canjin yanayi Sauyin yanayi a Afirka Manazarta Hanyoyin hadi na waje Shafin Ilimin Canjin Yanayi na Kenya. Sauyin Yanayi
50394	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay%20Naidoo	Jay Naidoo	Jayaseelan “Jay” Naidoo (an haife shi a shekara ta 1954 ɗan siyasan Afirka ta Kudu ne kuma ɗan kasuwa wanda ya zama babban sakatare na ƙungiyar ƙwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu (COSATU) daga shekara ta,1985 zuwa 1993. Daga nan ya zama Ministan da ke da alhakin Shirin Sake Ginawa da Ci Gaba a majalisar ministocin mulkin wariyar launin fata ta farko ta Shugaba Nelson Mandela (1994 zuwa 1996) kuma a matsayin Ministan Watsa Labarai, Sadarwa, da Watsa Labarai (1996 zuwa 1999). Naidoo ya kasance memba na NEC na African National Congress Ya kasance a sahun gaba a yakin da ake yi da wariyar launin fata da ke jagorantar kungiyar kwadago mafi girma a Afirka ta Kudu. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haife shi a shekara ta, 1954, Naidoo ya shiga Jami'ar Durban-Westville don yin karatun digiri na biyu (BSc) a kan neman aikin likitanci a shekara ta, 1975 don zama likita amma hargitsin siyasa a lokacin ya katse karatunsa. na tashin hankalin dalibai. Sana'a Sana'ar siyasa Naidoo ya zama mai fafutuka a kungiyar daliban Afirka ta Kudu (SASO) da aka dakatar a shekarar, 1977 bayan an kashe shugabanta Steve Biko a tsare ‘yan sanda. Sannan ya zama mai tsara al'umma yana aiki tare da tsarin jama'a na asali. Ya shiga kungiyar kwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin mai sa kai a shekarar, 1979. Daga baya an nada Naidoo a matsayin babban sakataren kungiyar Sweet, Food and Allied Workers' Union (SFAWU). A wannan matsayi, ya jagoranci yajin aikin mafi girma da aka taba gudanarwa a kasar baki daya tare da mahalarta kusan miliyan 3.5 a shekarar, 1991, inda ya gurgunta masana'antu da kasuwanci a fadin Afirka ta Kudu tare da barin mutane ba tare da ababen more rayuwa da ma'aikatan bakar fata ke yi ba. A cikin shekara ta, 1995, Naidoo ya yi aiki a kan kwamitin zaɓen da Shugaba Mandela ya naɗa don yin hira da jerin sunayen 'yan takara na Kwamitin Gaskiya da Sasantawa na Afirka ta Kudu. Aiki daga baya Daga shekara ta, 2002 zuwa 2015, Naidoo ya kasance shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa kuma shugaban kungiyar hadin gwiwa ta Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) mai hedikwata a Geneva kuma ya kaddamar a taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan yara na shekarar, 2002 a matsayin haɗin gwiwar jama'a masu zaman kansu don magance matsalar rashin abinci mai gina jiki. Mutane biliyan 2 a duniya. Shi ne wanda ya kafa sashin ci gaban zamantakewa na kamfanin zuba jari da gudanarwa, J&J Group, wanda ya kafa a shekara ta, 2000 a Afirka ta Kudu. Daga shekara ta, 2001 zuwa 2010, Naidoo ya zama shugaban bankin raya kudancin Afirka (DBSA), cibiyar hada-hadar kudi ta farko ta samar da ababen more rayuwa a yankin SADC. A cikin shekara ta, 2010, An bayar da rahoton cewa Naidoo ya sayar da kashi uku na hannun jarinsa na rukunin J&J kuma ya ba da kuɗin da aka samu ga wasu amintattu biyu na agaji da ba a bayyana sunayensu ba. Ya buga tarihin rayuwarsa, 'Fighting for Justice' kuma kwanan nan ya buga littafinsa 'Change: Organising Tomorrow, Today'. A cikin shekara ta, 2013, bisa ga buƙatar Ministan Harkokin Ƙasa na Faransa, Pascal Canfin, Naidoo ya rubuta wani rahoto (tare da Emmanuel Faber game da sake fasalin Taimakon Ci Gaban Hukuma A wannan shekarar, ya jagoranci wani bincike na kasa da kasa kan take hakkin ma'aikata a Swaziland, tare da Alec Muchadehama, Paul Verryn da Nomthetho Simelane. Sauran ayyukan Allolin kamfanoni Tsohuwar Mutual, ba memba na kwamitin gudanarwa ba tun a shekara ta, 2007 Hystra, memba na kwamitin shawara Ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu Mo Ibrahim Foundation, memba na hukumar Advanced Development for Africa (ADA), memba na hukumar ba da shawara ta duniya tun a shekara ta, 2013 Gidauniyar Bill & Melinda Gates, Memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawarar Shirin Kiwon Lafiyar Duniya tun a shekara ta, 2008 'Earthrise Trust', memba na kwamitin amintattu Ƙungiyar Sadarwa ta Duniya (ITU), memba na Hukumar Sadarwa 'Wasanni na Afirka' majiɓinci LoveLife Afirka ta Kudu, memba na kwamitin amintattu a shekara ta, 2003 zuwa 2010 Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya don Inganta Abincin Abinci, Shugaban Hukumar Ganewa Domin nasarorin da ya samu Naidoo ya sami karramawa da yawa, ciki har da zama Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur Legion of Honor ɗaya daga cikin manyan kayan ado na Faransa, kuma ya karɓi lambar yabo ta 'Drivers for Change Award' daga jaridar South African Trust da Mail & Guardian. a watan Oktoba a shekara ta, 2010. Kyaututtukansa na baya-bayan nan sun haɗa da lambar yabo ta Ellen Kuzwayo daga Jami'ar Johannesburg, a cikin watan Nuwamba shekara ta, 2012, da kuma digiri na digiri na digiri a fannin injiniya da muhallin da aka gina daga Jami'ar Fasaha ta Durban wanda aka ba a watan Satumba shekara ta, 2013. Rayuwa ta sirri Jay Naidoo ya auri Lucie Pagé, marubuci kuma ɗan jarida ɗan ƙasar Faransa da ya lashe lambar yabo, kuma yana ɗaukar 'ya'yansa uku a matsayin babban nasararsa. Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafin adalci na Naidoo Haihuwan 1954 Rayayyun mutane Yan kasuwa Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
16069	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundunonin%20Sojin%20Najeriya	Rundunonin Sojin Najeriya	Sojojin Najeriya su ne sojojin tarayyar Najeriya Asalinta ya ta'allaka ne da gundumar Royal West African Frontier Force wacce ta zama Najeriya lokacin da aka ba da 'yanci a shekara ta 1960. A shekarar 1956 da Nigeria Regiment na Royal West African Frontier Force (RWAFF) aka sake masa suna da Nigerian Military Forces, RWAFF, kuma a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1958 da mulkin mallakan gwamnatin Nijeriya ya hau kan daga Birtaniya War Office iko da Nigerian Military Forces tasa mu. Tun daga lokacin da aka kirkiro sojojin Najeriya suka yi civil war da conflict with Biafra a shekarar 1967 70 kuma sun tura sojojin kiyaye zaman lafiya kasashen waje tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma a matsayin kashin bayan Kungiyar Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Cease-fire Kungiya ta Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) a Laberiya da Saliyo Hakanan ta ƙwace mulki sau biyu a gida 1966 & 1983 Bayan yakin basasa, an fadada yawan sojoji, kusan 250,000 a 1977, sun cinye yawancin albarkatun Najeriya a karkashin mulkin soja domin samun koma baya. hakan ya fadada a cikin soja a lokacin yakin basasa hakan na kunshene da data kasance soja ya riƙe Nijeriya. jama'a dauki kansu a tsarin mulki soja A yayin hakan, ya taka rawar gani wajen karfafa matsayin soja na farko-tsakanin-daidai a tsakanin al'ummar Najeriya, da kuma raguwar tasirin soja. Olusegun Obasanjo, wanda a shekarar 1999 ya zama Shugaban kasa, ya nuna bacin ransa a jawabinsa na farko a waccan shekarar: An Rasa Kwarewar ma sana zuciyata tana jini don ganin lalacewa cikin kwarewar sojoji. Cibiyoyin horarwa a Najeriya sun hada da shahararren jami'in da ya shiga makarantar horar da sojoji ta Najeriya da ke Kaduna, da Kwamandan Sojoji da Kwalejin Ma'aikata, Jaji, da Kwalejin Yaƙin Kasa da ke Abuja Contractan kwangilar soja na Amurka dan kwangilar Sojan Sama da Kayan Kasuwanci ya kasance daga kusan 1999-2000 ya ba da shawara kan alaƙar soja da soja ga sojojin. Tsayayyar doka Matsayin rundunar sojojin ƙasa ya kafu a cikin Tsarin Mulkin ta. Kare mutuncin yanki ta da sauran manyan bukatun kasa shine babban jigon a wannan matsayin. Sashe na 217-220 na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Nijeriya na 1999 ya yi jawabi ga Sojojin Najeriya: (1) Za a sami rundunonin sojan Tarayya wadanda za su kunshi sojojan kasa, da sojan ruwa, da sojan sama, da sauran bangarorin rundunonin sojojin tarayyar kamar yadda dokar kasa ta kafa wato National Assembly (2) Tarayya za ta kasance, a karkashin Dokar Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa da aka sanya a madadin hakan, ta wadata da kuma kula da dakaru kamar yadda ake ganin ya wadatar kuma ya yi tasiri saboda (a) kare Najeriya daga ta'addancin waje; (b) kiyaye mutuncin yankinta da kiyaye iyakokinta daga keta doka a kan kasa, da teku, ko ta sama; (c) Dakushe tawaya da kuma yin aiki da taimakon hukumomin farar hula don dawo da tsari yayin da Shugaban kasa ya kira shi yin hakan amma bisa wasu sharudda kamar yadda Dokar Majalisar Dokoki ta tanadar. (d) Aikata wasu ayyukan wadanda dokar kasa ta gindaya. (3) kungiyar sojoji da sauran rukunin rundunonin soja na Tarayyar za su nuna halin tarayyar Najeriya. Sojojin kasa Sojojin Najeriya (NA) reshen ƙasa ne na Sojojin Najeriya kuma mafi girma a cikin sojojin. Manyan tsare-tsare sun hada da Runduna ta 1, Runduna ta biyu, Runduna ta 3 masu sulke, runduna ta 81, rukuni na 82, da kuma sabbin masu kafa 8, 7 da 6, Raba. Sojojin Ruwa Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Najeriya (NN) reshen teku ne na Sojojin Najeriya. Tsarin rundunar sojojin ruwan Najeriya a yau ya kunshi Hedikwatar Sojan Ruwa a Abuja, kwamandoji uku masu aiki tare da hedkwatarsu a Lagos, Calabar, da Bayelsa Hedikwatar kwamandan horarwa suna cikin Lagos, babban birnin kasuwancin Najeriya, amma tare da wuraren horo sun bazu a duk fadin Najeriya. Akwai sansanonin aiki guda biyar, sansanonin aiki biyar na gaba (tare da wasu biyu nan ba da dadewa ba), da mashigai biyu da ke Lagos da Fatakwal da jiragen ruwa biyu da ke Legas da Calabar. Sojan Sama An kafa rundunar Sojan Sama ta Najeriya a watan Janairun 1964 tare da taimakon taimakon fasaha daga Yammacin Jamus Sojojin sama sun fara rayuwa ne a matsayin masu jigilar kayayyaki tare da horarwa ta sama kasashen Canada, Habasha da Pakistan Sojojin sama ba su sami damar fada ba har sai da Tarayyar Soviet ta gabatar da wasu jirage masu lamba MiG-17 a 1966. A cikin 2007 Sojan Sama suna da ƙarfin 10,000. suna da jirgin shawagi da jigila, mai bada horo, mai saukar ungulu, da jirgin yaƙi. shekarar 2020, yawan ma'aikatan Sojan Sama ya karu zuwa 18,000. Sojojin saman suna daukar Nauyin Air Force Military School, Jos, Nigeria, da Cibiyar Fasaha ta Sojan Sama wato. Air Force Institute of Technology. Har ila yau, Nijeriya ta bi manufofin da jirgin yaƙi. shekarar 2020, yawan ma'aikatan Sojan Sama ya karu zuwa 18,000. Sojojin saman suna daukar Nauyin Air Force Military School, Jos, Nigeria, da Cibiyar Fasaha ta Sojan Sama wato. Air Force Institute of Technology. Har ila yau, Nijeriya ta bi manufofin bunƙasa horo a cikin gida da ƙwarewan samar da sojojin. Nijeriya ci gaba da tsaurara manufofin tana faɗaɗa hanyoyin ciga ban sojoji daga ƙasashe daban-daban. Sauran abubuwa Akwai Rundunar Hadin Gwiwa a yankin Neja Delta da aka ayyana "Maido da" Wannan tawaga ce ta hadin gwiwa wacce ta kunshi Sojoji, Sojojin ruwa, da Sojan Sama don yakar ta'addanci a yankin Neja Delta. JTF HQ yana a Yenagoa Sojojin Najeriya a kasashen waje A watan Disambar 1983, sabon mulkin Manjo Janar Muhammadu Buhari ya ba da sanarwar cewa Nijeriya ba za ta iya sake daukar nauyin wani mai fafutukar adawa da mulkin mallaka a Afirka ba. Membobin kungiyar Anglophone ECOWASta kafa ECOMOG, wanda Sojojin Najeriya suka mamaye a 1990 don tsoma baki a civil war in Liberia. Sojojin kasar sun nuna karfin su na tattarawa, girke su, da kuma tallafawa dakaru masu girman brigedi domin tallafawa ayyukan wanzar da zaman lafiya a Laberiya A baya an aika da kananan sojoji a kan tura UN da ECOWAS a tsohuwar Yugoslavia, da Guinea-Bissau, da Saliyo. Wannan koyarwar gami da katsalandan din sojan Afirka da Najeriya wani lokaci ana kiranta Pax Nigeriana. Wannan bayanan manufofin bai hana Najeriya tsaya waba a karkashin Janaral Ibrahim Babangida a 1990 da Sani Abacha a 1997 daga tura sojojin kiyaye zaman lafiya na ECOMOG karkashin inuwar ECOWAS zuwa Laberiya kuma daga baya Saliyo lokacin da yakin basasa ya barke a wadannan kasashen. Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo a watan Agustan na shekara ta 2003 ya sake tura sojojin Najeriya cikin Laberiya, bisa roƙon Amurka, da su ba da lokaci na wucin gadi har sai Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Laberiya wato United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) ya iso. Daga baya Charles Taylor ya samu sauka daga mulki kuma akai raki yarsa zuwa Najeriya. A watan Oktoba 2004, sojojin Najeriya suka sake turawa zuwa Darfur, wadda take Sudan don jagorantar rundunar Tarayyar Afirka don dakatar da kisan kare dangin Darfur. Nijeriya ta ba da gudummawar sojoji ‘yan sanda sama da 20,000 ga wasu ayyukan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tun 1960. Rundunar 'yan sanda ta Najeriya da sojoji sun shiga cikin: UNIPOM Indiya da Pakistan, 1965 UNIFIL Lebanon, 1978 UNIIMOG Iran da Iraki, 1988 UNPROFOR Tsohuwar Yugoslavia, 1998 UNMISET East Timor, 1999 MONUC Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, 2004 Jami'an Nijeriya sun yi aiki a matsayin Manyan hafsoshin tsaro a wasu kasashen, inda Birgediya Janar Maxwell Khobe ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Hafsun Sojojin Saliyo a 1998 1999, da kuma jami'an Nijeriya da ke aiki a matsayin Babban Jami'an Kwamandan Sojojin Liberia daga aƙalla 2007. Manazarta Jerin Cibiyoyin Kula da Kiwan Lafiya A Underarƙashin DHML don wurare naúrar Matsayi Na soja Na Rundunar Sojojin Najeriya Matsayi Na Sojojin Najeriya Kara karantawa Idang, Gordon J. "Siyasar Manufofin Kasashen Waje na Najeriya: Tabbatarwa da Sake Yarjejeniyar Tsaron Anglo da Najeriya." Nazarin Afirka 13, a'a. 2 (1970): 227-251. Robin Luckham, Sojojin Najeriya; nazarin zamantakewar al'umma na iko tawaye 1960-67, Cambridge [Eng. Jami'ar Press, 1971. NJ Miners, 'The Nigerian Army 1956-66,' Methuen and Co. Ltd, London, 1971 Jimi Peters, 'Sojojin Najeriya da Jiha,' 1997, kungiyar Ilimin Sojojin Nijeriya da Makaranta, Tarihin Sojojin Nijeriya 1863–1992, Abuja, 1992 Hanyoyin haɗin waje Ma’aikatan Tsaron Najeriya Sojojin Najeriya Sojojin Ruwan Najeriya Sojojin Sama na Najeriya Sojojin najeriya Pages with unreviewed
60610	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitav%20Ghosh	Amitav Ghosh	Amitav Ghosh (an haife shi 11 ga Yuli 1956) marubuci ɗan Indiya ne. Ya lashe kyautar Jnanpith karo na 54 acikin 2018, lambar yabo mafi girma a Indiya. Litattafan kishin Ghosh suna amfani da dabarun bada labari mai sarkakiya don bincika yanayin asalin ƙasa da na mutum, musamman na mutanen Indiya da Kudancin Asiya. Ya rubuta almara na tarihi sannan kuma ya rubuta ayyukan daba na almara ba yana tattaunawa akan batutuwa kamar mulkin mallaka da sauyin yanayi. Ghosh yayi karatu a Makarantar Doon, Dehradun, kuma ya sami digiri na uku a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Oxford. Yayi aiki a jaridar <i id="mwJQ">Indian Express</i> a New Delhi da cibiyoyin ilimi da yawa. An buga littafinsa na farko <i id="mwJw">The Circle of Reason</i> acikin 1986, wanda ya biyo baya tare da ayyukan almara na baya ciki har da Layin Shadow da Gidan Gilashi. Tsakanin 2004 da 2015, ya yi aiki a kan <i id="mwLQ">Ibis</i> trilogy, wanda ke tattare da ginawa da abubuwan da suka faru na Farko Opium War. Ayyukan sa na almara ya haɗa da Acikin Ƙasar Tsohon Alkawari da kuma Babban Ragewa: Canjin Yanayi da Rashin Tunani. Ghosh yana da kyaututtukan Nasara na Rayuwa guda biyu da digiri na girmamawa huɗu. Acikin 2007 ya sami lambar yabo ta Padma Shri, daya daga cikin mafi girman karramawa na Indiya, ta shugaban Indiya. Acikin 2010 ya kasance mai nasara na haɗin gwiwa, tare da Margaret Atwood na kyautar Dan David, kuma 2011 an ba shi kyautar Grand Prix na bikin Blue Metropolis a Montreal Shine marubucin Ingilishi na farko da ya sami kyautar. Acikin 2019 mujallar harkokin waje ta ba shi suna ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu tunani a duniya na shekaru goma da suka gabata. Rayuwa An haifi Ghosh a Calcutta a ranar 11 ga Yuli 1956 kuma yayi karatu a makarantar kwana ta dukan-boys The Doon School a Dehradun. Ya girma a Indiya, Bangladesh da Sri Lanka. Abokan aikinsa a Doon sun hada da marubucin Vikram Seth da masanin tarihi Ram Guha. Yayin da yake makaranta, ya kan ba da gudummawar almara da wakoki a kai a kai ga Makarantar Doon School Weekly (sannan Seth ya gyara) kuma ya kafa mujallar Tarihi Times tare da Guha. Bayan Doon, ya sami digiri daga Kwalejin St Stephen, Jami'ar Delhi, da Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta Delhi. Sannan yaci nasarar tallafin karatu na Gidauniyar Inlaks don kammala D. Phil. acikin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a St Edmund Hall, Oxford, ƙarƙashin kulawar masanin ilimin ɗan adam ɗan Burtaniya Peter Lienhardt. Kundin binciken, wanda aka gudanar a cikin Faculty of Anthropology and Geography, yana da taken "Kinship dangane da tattalin arziki da zamantakewa acikin ƙauyen Masarawa" kuma an gabatar da shi acikin 1982. Acikin 2009, an zabe shi a matsayin Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature. Acikin 2015 Ghosh an ba shi sunan Ford Foundation Art of Change Fellow. Gwamnatin Indiya ta ba shi lambar yabo ta Padma Shri acikin 2007. Ghosh ya koma Indiya don fara aiki a kan Trilogy <i id="mwbg">Ibis</i> wanda ya hada da Tekun Poppies (2008), Kogin Smoke (2011), da Ambaliyar Wuta (2015). Ghosh yana zaune a New York tare da matarsa, Deborah Baker, marubucin Laura Riding biography A Extremis: Life of Laura Riding (1993) da kuma babban edita a Little, Brown da Company Suna da 'ya'ya biyu, Lila da Nayan. Aiki Almara Ghosh shine marubucin The Circle of Reason (littafinsa na farko na 1986), Layin Shadow (1988), The Calcutta Chromosome (1995), Gidan Gilashi (2000), Ruwan Yunwa (2004) da Gun Island (2019). Ghosh ya fara aiki akan abin da ya zama Trilogy <i id="mwkw">Ibis</i> a cikin 2004. An kafa shi a cikin 1830s, labarinsa ya biyo bayan gina yakin Opium na farko a faɗin ƙasar Sin da yankin tekun Indiya. Kashi na farko na Tekun Poppies (2008) an zaba shi don Kyautar Man Booker na 2008. Wannan ya biyo bayan Kogin Smoke (2011) da na uku, Ambaliyar Wuta (2015) ta kammala aikin trilogy. Layin Shadow wanda ya ba shi lambar yabo ta Sahitya Akademi "yana bada haske game da al'amuran tashin hankalin al'umma da kuma yadda tushensa ya yadu sosai a cikin ruhin gama gari na yankin Indiya". Yawancin ayyukansa sun shafi wuraren tarihi, musamman a yankin tekun Indiya. A wata hira da Mahmood Kooria, ya ce: “Ba wai da gangan ba ne, amma a wasu lokuta al’amura na da niyya ba tare da ganganci ba. Ko da yake bai kasance wani ɓangare na shirin da aka tsara ba kuma bai fara aiki a matsayin mai hankali ba, na gane cewa wannan shine ainihin abin da ya fi sha'awar ni: Bay na Bengal, Tekun Arabiya, Tekun Indiya, da haɗin gwiwa da haɗin kai tsakanin waɗannan yankuna." Ghosh's Gun Island, wanda aka buga acikin 2019, yana hulɗa da sauyin yanayi da ƙaura ɗan adam, ya jawo yabo daga masu suka. A cewar wani bita a cikin Jaridar Columbia, "Wannan Ghosh ne a cikin ƙarfinsa, mafi ƙarancin gajiya -ya auri tatsuniyar tatsuniya daga ƙasarsa ta haihuwa tare da yanayin ɗan adam, duk yayin da yake riƙe da madubi ga ƙasar da a yanzu ya kira gida, da kuma samar da wata kila ma kyakkyawan hangen nesa game da makomar yanayin mu!" Littafin ya haifar da duniyar tatsuniyoyi na gaskiya, yana ƙalubalantar hukumar masu karatun ta don aiwatar da bukatun muhalli. Amfani da addini, gaskiyar sihiri, daidaituwar yanayi, da sauyin yanayi sun taru don ƙirƙirar labari mai kyau na husuma, rauni, kasada, da asiri. Mai karatu ya yi tafiya don warware labarin The Gun Merchant da kuma kaddamar da kansu a cikin halakar yanayi da kuma sakamakon ayyukan ɗan adam. Ghosh yana canza labari ta hanyar babban halayensa, labarinsa, da kuma rikicin yanayi da ya mamaye. Littafin ba da gangan kira ne ga aiki wanda aka haɗa shi cikin wani shiri mai nishadantarwa. The Guardian duk da haka, ya lura da dabi'ar Ghosh na ci gaba da yin tangal-tangal, yana mai kiransa"labari mai ban tsoro "wanda "zai iya ɗaukar hanya mai ma'ana zuwa ga gaskiya, amma zai isa can a ƙarshe." Acikin 2021, Ghosh ya buga littafinsa na farko a cikin ayar, Jungle Nama, wanda ke bincika almara na Sundarbans na Bon Bibi. Ba labari Sanannen rubuce -rubucen da ba na almara na Ghosh ba su ne A cikin Ƙasar tsoho (1992), Rawa a Cambodia da Large a Burma (1998), Countdown (1999), da The Imam and the Indian (2002, tarin kasidu a kan jigogi kamar tsattsauran ra'ayi)., tarihin labari, al'adun Masar, da adabi suna fitowa a jaridu da mujallu a Indiya da kasashen waje. Acikin Babban Haɓaka: Canjin Yanayi da wanda ba a iya tsammani (2016), Ghosh ya tattauna wallafe-wallafen zamani da fasaha kamar yadda ya kasa magance canjin yanayi daidai. Acikin 2021, An buga La'anar Nutmeg: Misalai don Duniya acikin Rikici. Aciki, Ghosh ya tattauna batun tafiyar nutmeg daga tsibirin Banda na asali zuwa sauran sassa na duniya, yana ɗaukar wannan a matsayin ruwan tabarau ta hanyar fahimtar tasirin tarihi na mulkin mallaka akan halaye ga al'adun ƴan asali da kuma canjin muhalli Acikin sabon aikinsa, Shan taba da toka: Tafiya ta Marubuci Ta Hidden Histories Opium (2023), Ghosh ya gabatar da bincikensa kan tarihin opium. Tarihin da ke bayan Yaƙin Opium na Farko shima yana aiki azaman asalin Ibis Trilogy (2008-12). Kyaututtuka da karramawa Circle of Reason ya lashe Prix Médicis étranger, ɗaya daga cikin manyan lambobin yabo na adabi na Faransa. Layin Shadow sun sami lambar yabo ta Sahitya Akademi da Ananda Puraskar. Calcutta Chromosome ya lashe kyautar Arthur C. Clarke na 1997. An zaɓi Tekun Poppies don Kyautar Man Booker na 2008. Shi ne wanda ya ci kyautar Vodafone Crossword Book Award acikin 2009, da kuma wanda ya lashe kyautar Dan David na 2010. An zaɓi Kogin Smoke don Kyautar Adabin Mutum ta Asiya ta 2011. Gwamnatin Indiya ta ba shi kyautar farar hula na Padma Shri a shekara ta 2007. Ya kuma karbi tare da Margaret Atwood kyautar Dan David na Isra'ila. Ghosh ya shahara ya janye littafinsa The Glass Palace daga la'akari da kyautar Marubuta ta Commonwealth, inda aka ba shi mafi kyawun labari a cikin sashin Eurasian, yana nuna rashin amincewarsa ga kalmar "jama'a" da rashin adalci na bukatun Ingilishi da aka ƙayyade a cikin dokoki. Ghosh ya sami lambar yabo ta rayuwa a Tata Literature Live, Mumbai LitFest akan 20 Nuwamba 2016. An ba shi lambar yabo ta 54th Jnanpith a watan Disamba 2018 kuma shine marubucin Indiya na farko a Turanci da aka zaba don wannan karramawa. Littafi Mai Tsarki Novels The Circle of Reason (1986) The Shadow Lines (1988) The Calcutta Chromosome (1995) The Glass Palace (2000) The Hungry Tide (2004) Sea of Poppies (2008) River of Smoke (2011) Flood of Fire (2015) Gun Island (2019) Jungle Nama (2021) Non-Fiction In an Antique Land (1992) Dancing in Cambodia and at Large in Burma (1998; Essays) Countdown (1999) The Imam and the Indian (2002; Essays) Incendiary Circumstances (2006; Essays) The Great Derangement: Climate Change and the Unthinkable (2016) The Nutmeg's Curse: Parables for a Planet in Crisis (2021) Uncanny and Improbable Events (2021) The Living Mountain (2022) Smoke and Ashes: A Writer's Journey Through Opium's Hidden Histories (2023) Duba kuma Jerin marubutan Indiya Ƙara karantawa Kalpaklı, Fatma. Amitav Ghosh ile Elif Şafak’ın Romanlarında Öteki/leştirme/Us and Them Attitude in the Works of Amitav Ghosh and Elif Şafak Konya: Çizgi Kitabevi, 2016. ISBN 978-605-9427-28-9 Manazarta i Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Falsafa Siyasa na maye gurbin kimiyya a cikin Amitav Ghoshs The Calcutta Chromosome An cire daga Kogin Hayaki a cikin Mujallar Guernica Tekun Poppies a Farrar, Straus da Giroux site Amitav Ghosh a Cibiyar Jami'ar Emory Amitav Ghosh's Blog akan Indipepal Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
15343	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yewande%20Omotoso	Yewande Omotoso	Yewande Omotoso (an haife ta a shekarar 1980) yar Afirka ta Kudu ce wacce take yin rubuce rubuce na asali, kuma ta kasance mai tsara gini ta hanyar yin zane zane, waccce aka haifa a Barbados kuma ta girma a Nijeriya Ita marubuciya ce yar Najeriya, yar Kole Omotoso, kuma' yar'uwar yar wasan fim na Omotoso A yanzu haka tana zaune ne a Johannesburg Littattafan nata biyu da aka wallafa sun ba ta babban kulawa, ciki har da lashe lambar yabo ta Adabin Afirka ta Kudu don Marubucin da aka Buga a Farko, da kuma kyautar Etisalat ta 2013 na Adabi, kuma ana cikin wadanda aka zaba domin samun kyautar Bailey ta mata ta almara a shekarar 2017. Shekarun farko da ilimi Yewande Omotoso an haife shi ne a Bridgetown, Barbados kuma a cikin shekara guda da haihuwarta ta tafi tare da mahaifiyarta Ba-barbiya, mahaifin Najeriyar da yayanta maza biyu zuwa Nijeriya. Ta girma a Ile-Ife, Jihar Osun, har zuwa 1992, lokacin da dangin suka koma Afirka ta Kudu bayan mahaifinta ya ɗauki alƙawarin ilimi tare da Jami'ar Western Cape Ta ce, "Ba tare da la'akari da yawan shekarun da na yi a Afirka ta Kudu ba, ina tunanin kaina a matsayin samfuran kasashe uku: Barbados, Najeriya, da Afirka ta Kudu. Najeriya ta kasance wani bangare mai matukar karfi na fahimtar kaina, na ainihi kuma a cikin hirar da aka yi da ita a shekarar 2015, ta ce:" Takaddama tana da rikitarwa. Ina son kasancewa dan Najeriya, ina son kasancewa cikin wannan asalin koda kuwa na kasance hadadden abu ne, saboda yawan sanin da nayi da kuma kwarewar rayuwa. Ta yi karatun gine-gine a Jami'ar Cape Town (UCT), kuma bayan ta yi aiki na wasu shekaru a matsayin mai zanen gine-ginen ta ci gaba da samun digiri na biyu a kan Rubutun Halitta a wannan jami'ar. Rubuta aiki Littafin farko na Omotoso, Bom Boy, an buga shi a cikin 2011 ta Littattafan Modjaji a Cape Town. Ya ci lambar yabo ta wallafe-wallafen Afirka ta Kudu ta 2012 don Marubucin da aka Buga a karon Farko, aka zaba don Afirka ta Kudu <i id="mwRQ">Lahadi</i> Fiction Prize Prize, da kuma M-Net Literary Awards 2012. Bom Boy shi ma ya zo na biyu a kyautar Etisalat ta Adabi a shekarar 2013, wanda Omotoso ya dauki 2014 Etisalat Fellowship a Jami'ar East Anglia wanda aka ba ta a madadin ta wanda ya samu kyautar 2013 NoViolet Bulawayo Omotoso ya kasance ɗan'uwan Norman Mailer Fellow na 2013, kuma ya kasance mai karɓar Males Morland Scholarship a 2014. Kamar Bom Boy, littafinta na biyu, The Woman Next Door Chatto and Windus, 2016)an kuma sake duba su da kyau, tare da Masu Bugawa a Mako-mako suna ambaton shi a matsayin "wannan kyakkyawar kyakkyawar magana, mai taɓawa, wani lokaci mai haskakawa game da wasu oan uwa biyu masu lalata: mata biyu., baƙi ɗaya fari ɗaya, maƙwabta waɗanda suka gano bayan shekaru 20 suna musayar maƙarƙashiya da zagi cewa za su iya taimakon jua, motoso ya kama canjin yanayin launin fata tun daga shekarun 1950, gami da ƙwarewar baƙi ta hanyar bayanan sirri da ƙananan fahimtar halayyar mutum cikin ɗimbin motsin rai, idanun mai zane, da kuma nadamar bazawara. Muryarta wata sabuwar murya ce wacce take da kwarjini wajen neman zaman lafiya na tafiya kopje kamar zaluncin da ya faru a Afirka ta Kudu a baya. Jaridar Independent ta Irish ta bayyana The Woman Next Door a matsayin "ingantaccen bayanin asusun nuna wariya na mata, fansa da galibi abin da ke haifar da kayayyaki abota." An jera shi ne don kyautar Bailey ta Mata don Almara a shekarar 2017,kuma an zaba ta don lambar yabo ta Adabin Dublin ta Duniya ta 2018. Omotoso ya ba da gudummawar labarai da shayari ga wallafe-wallafe iri-iri, daga cikinsu Konch, Noir Nation, yana magana ne game da Zamanin: Labaran Zamani daga Afirka, Wakokin Matan Afirka na Zamani, Kalahari Review, The asu Literary Journal, World One Biyu, the 2012 Caine Lissafin girmamawa, da Sabbin 'Ya'yan Afirka (2019), wanda Margaret Busby ta shirya Ta kasance mai yawan halarta a cikin bikin adabi wanda ya hada da bikin Aké Arts da Book Festival, da Edinburgh International Book Festival da kuma PEN American World Voices Festival. Omotoso sanannu ne a cikin wasu yankuna don amfani da kimiyyar emojis kamar kyakkyawan suna mai juju mask. Bibiliyo Bom Boy, Littattafan Modjaji, 2011. Mace Mai Kofar Gaba, Chatto da Windus, 2016. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Kyawun Tiah, "'A cikin Labarina Na Gata Da Micro.' Ganawa Tare Da Yewande Omotoso Ranar Gajeren Labari Na Afirka, 1 Yuni 2016. Yewande Omotoso, Seraunar Mai Girma", Tsarin Mata Masu Hadari, 20 Disamba 2016. "Tattaunawar Marubuci Yewande Omotoso", Bookish, 30 Janairu 2017. Ganawa tare da Omotoso, BBC, 19 ga Yulin 2016. Mata Mutane Rayayyun mutane Ƴan Najeriya Haihuwan 1980 Masu
35169	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshen%20Kamwe	Harshen Kamwe	Languages which need ISO 639-3 comment Kamwe ana kuma iya rubutashi da Kamue yare ne na Chadi mai zaman kanta a jihar Adamawa, jihar Borno a Najeriya da kuma arewa maso yammacin Kamaru. A Najeriya kusan kashi 80 cikin 100 na mutanen Kamwe ana samun su ne a karamar hukumar Michika da ke jihar Adamawa a Najeriya. Ana kuma samun su a kananan hukumomin Mubi ta arewa, Hong, Gombi, Song da Madagali a jihar Adamawa. Ana kuma samun mutanen Kamwe a jihar Borno, musamman a kananan hukumomin Askira/Uba da Gwoza. Blench (2019) ya lissafo Mukta na kauyen Mukta, jihar Adamawa a matsayin wani bangare na gungun yarukan Kamwe. Asalin kalma da sunaye Kamwe kalma ce da ta samo asali daga kalmomin "Ka" da "Mwe" wanda ke nufin "Mutane na". Kamwe yana kuma nufin mutane masu alaƙa iri ɗaya. Yana nufin dangi iri daya. 'Yan uwa a daure tare. Ya samo ma'anarsa daga wani nau'i na musamman na kayan ado na Kamwe na asali wanda dangi na kusa na mutumin da ya mutu ke sawa a matsayin alamar ganewa da tausayi. A cewar dattawan Kamwe "Mwe" ita ce alamar ainihi na dangi a kasar Kamwe. A baya, idan wanda ba dan dangi ba ya sanya Mwe, zai iya haifar da rikici da dangin ainihi. dangi na kusa ne kawai aka yarda su sanya Mwe. Domin "Mwe" shine ainihin asalin dangi na kusa kuma yana tabbatar da alakar da ke tsakanin su. Masu sanye da Mwe za su rungume kansu suna cewa "Tselie ra na". (Dan uwana ne kai. Wasu dattawa har yanzu suna ra'ayin cewa Kamwe yana nufin mutanen aljanna, mutane a kan tuddai, duwatsu har ma da sararin sama a Vecemwe. Akwai yaruka sama da 24 na Vecemwe (harshen Kamwe) amma Nkafa shine yaren tsakiya kuma an rubutu shi a rubuce-rubuce da adabi. Mutanen Kamwe da harshen ana kiransu Higi (Higgi) a da. Dattawan Kamwe sun ce "Higgi" kalma ce ta wulakanci kuma cin mutunci ne Ngelai a yaren Vecemwe kuma kalmar wulakanci da aka samo daga "hagyi" ciyawar da maƙwabtansu Margi suka yi wa Kamwe lakabi da wulakanci, wanda a zahiri yana nufin "ciyawa" don yin ba'a. Kamwe a baya. Mafi akasarin mutanen Kamwe sun raina kalmar ‘Higgi’ na wulakanci sai dai wasu tsirarun mutanen yankin Dakwa (Bazza) wadanda asalinsu ‘yan asalin Margi ne. Domin kwarin da aka samo kalmar wulakanci daga ita "higgi" kwari ne maras fata a al'adar Kamwe da kadangaru da kwadi suke cinyewa saboda suna da rauni da rashin karfi. Mutanen Margi sun fara kiran mutanen Kamwe "Higi" a shekarar alif 1937. Yaruka Akwai yaruka ashirin da huɗu masu na yaren Kamwe da ake amfani dasu a yanzu. Yarukan Kamwe masu aiki sun haɗa da Nkafa, Dakwa, Krghea (wani lokaci ana kiranta Higgi Fali), Fwea, Humsi, Modi, Sina, da Tilyi; Blench (2006) ya ɗauki Psikye a matsayin wani sashi. Kowa na fahimtar yaren Nkafa kuma ana magana da shi. Kasancewar babban harshen gudanarwa da kasuwanci, da kuma al'adar adabi. Mutane Yawancin Kamwe suna bayyana kansu da Mwe-ci-ka (Michika), gidan kakannin daukakin mutanen Kamwe. Sunan Mwecika (Michika) jimlar Nkafa ce wacce ke nufin ratsawa cikin shiru don farauta. Yana nuna yadda Kwada Kwakaa jarumin ke tafiya a hankali a kan tsaunin Michika don farautar wasanninsa. Kamwe a zahiri yana nufin mutane iri ɗaya "ƙulli da alaƙa". Mutanen Kamwe sun yi imani da Allah na samaniya da ake kira 'Hyalatamwe' Sadarwa da Hyalatamwe kai tsaye ba zai yiwu ba a al'adar Kamwe. Ana girmama Hyalatamwe kuma ana jin tsoro. Sadarwa tare da shi dole ne ta kasance ta hanyar masu shiga tsakani da ake kira "Da melie ko Tchehye shwa" A cikin al'adar Kamwe, tsarin ƙabila yana wanzuwa yayin da ake rarraba mutanen Kamwe zuwa 'Melie da Ka-Ligyi'. An ce wanda ya kafa Michika (Mwe-ci-ka) shine Kwada Kwakaa, yarima daga Kuli a Nkafamiya a kan tudun Michika. An ce Kwada Kwakaa jarumi ne mai farautar zaki da damisa shi kadai. Lokacin da mahaifinsa, wanda shine Sarki a Nkafamiya, ya san cewa Kwada 'kwa' 'kaa' ne, ya umurci Kwada ya zama sarki a Michika a yau. Wani abin da ya bambanta al’adun Kamwe shi ne yadda ake sanya wa ‘ya’yansu suna bisa yadda uwar yaro ta haife shi/ta. Wani ɗa na farko ana sanya mai suna Tizhe, 'yar fari mace kuwa, Kuve. Yara goma na farko a al'adar Kamwe suna zuwa kamar haka:- Namiji na fari Tizhe, mace Kuve. Namiji na biyu shine Zira, mace kuma Masi. Namiji na uku Tumba, mace Kwarramba, na hudu namiji Vandi, mace kuwa Kwanye. Na biyar shi ne Kwaji ko namiji ko mace. Na shida shi ne Tari na namiji da Kwata na mace. Na bakwai shi ne sini namiji da Kwasini na mace. Yaro na takwas Kwada ga duka maza ko mata. Yaro na tara shine Drambi ga namiji da mace. Yaro na goma ana kiransa Kwatri ga yaro namiji da mace. Daga baya, kowane yaro zai sami kari da "hale" a maƙala da sunan da ke nuna cewa an haifi yaron a lokacin tsufa na uwa. Misali shine Kuve-hale ko Zira-hale kamar yadda lamarin ya kasance. Ana bikin tagwaye ko 'ya'ya fiye da haka a al'adun Kamwe. Tagwaye suna da sunaye na musamman dangane da jinsi da wanda aka fara bayarwa. Tagwai namiji na farko ana kiransa Thakma, tagwai na biyu kuma shine Pembi. Tagwai mace ta farko ita ce Thakma, tagwai mace ta biyu kuma ita ce Kwalgha Kafin zuwan tsarin shari'a na Yammacin duniya a Afirka musamman Najeriya, mutanen Kamwe suna da tsarin shari'a na Sarki mai suna "Mbege" a matsayin mai shari'a na kai tsaye. Ana kiran shari'a a harshen Kamwe da "Kita". Domin inganta farfado da al'adu a Kamweland, bikin al'adu na shekara-shekara mai taken "Kamwe People Annual Cultural Festival of Art and Culture duk shekara ana yinsa ne a Michika Jihar Adamawa Najeriya kowace Asabar ta farko (1st) a cikin watan Afrilu na kowace shekara tun 2017. Anayi ne da nufin farfado da kyawawan al'adun Kamwe da jawo masu yawon bude ido daga nesa da kusa." A lokacin bugu na farko a shekarar 2017, an gabatar da wani littafi mai suna 'Kamwe People of Northern Nigeria: Origin, History and Culture' wanda aka rabawa jama'a. Bayanan kula Nassoshi Roger Mohrlang. 1972. Higi phonology Nazarin Harsunan Najeriya 2. Zaria: Cibiyar Nazarin Harsuna da Cibiyar Nazarin Harsunan Najeriya. Harsunan Nijeriya Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
28744	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/State%20Security%20Service%20%28Nijeriya%29	State Security Service (Nijeriya)	A Jami'an (SSS), A matsayin Department of State Services (Dss), ne hukumomin tsaro na Najeriya da kuma daya daga uku gaje kungiyoyi da National Security Organization (NSO). Hukumar tana karkashin fadar shugaban kasa ta Tarayyar Najeriya, kuma tana kai rahoton ayyukanta ga ofishin hukumar NSA. Babban nauyin da ya rataya a wuyanta shi ne a cikin kasar kuma ya hada da yaki da leken asiri, tsaro na cikin gida, yaki da ta'addanci, da sa ido da kuma binciken wasu nau'ikan manyan laifuka da ake yiwa jihar. Ana kuma dorawa alhakin kare manyan jami’an gwamnati, musamman shugaban kasa, mataimakin shugaban kasa, gwamnonin jahohi da shugabannin jihohi da gwamnatocin da suka kai ziyara tare da iyalansu. hedikwatar ta a Abuja Kamar yadda shelar shugaban kasa ta 1999 ta nuna, hukumar SSS tana aiki ne a matsayin sashe a cikin ma’aikatar tsaro da kuma karkashinta mai baiwa shugaban kasa shawara kan harkokin tsaro Daraktoci Janar na SSS Asalin Cika daya daga cikin alkawuran da ya yi a jawabinsa na farko na kasa a matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, Ibrahim Babangida a watan Yunin 1986 ya bayar da doka mai lamba 19, ta rusa hukumar tsaro ta kasa (NSO) tare da sake fasalin jami'an tsaron Najeriya zuwa hukumomi uku daban-daban a karkashin ofishin kungiyar. kodinetan tsaron kasa. Hukumar tsaron farin kaya (SSS) ta dora alhakin leken asirin cikin gida, tare da Darakta Janar Ismaila Gwarzo da Mataimakin Darakta Laftanar Col. AK Togun. Hukumar leken asiri ta kasa (NIA) ta kula da bayanan sirri na waje da kuma hana leken asiri. Hukumar leken asiri ta tsaro (DIA) ce ke da alhakin gudanar da bayanan sirri da suka shafi sojoji a waje da cikin Najeriya. Hedikwatar hukumar ta farko tana lamba 15, Awolowo road, Ikoyi a Legas A halin yanzu dai wannan rukunin yana dauke da hukumar yaki da masu yi wa tattalin arzikin kasa zagon kasa ta EFCC. Daga karshe dai an mayar da hedikwatar ta SSS zuwa Abuja a lokacin mulkin Janar Sani Abacha, hedkwatar da aka fi sani da "Yellow House", tana gefen arewa na shiyyar makamai uku a kan titin Aso a Maitama, Abuja. Umarni Manufar hukumar SSS ita ce ta kare tare da kare Tarayyar Najeriya daga barazanar cikin gida, tabbatar da tabbatar da aiwatar da dokokin aikata laifuka a Najeriya, da samar da shugabanci da ayyukan shari'a ga hukumomin tarayya da na jihohi. Ana kuma tuhumar SSS da kare Shugaban kasa, Mataimakin Shugaban kasa, Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa, Kakakin Majalisar Wakilai, Gwamnonin Jihohi, danginsu, sauran manyan jami’an gwamnati, tsoffin shugabannin kasa da matansu, da wasu fitattun ‘yan takarar ofis. na Shugaban kasa, Mataimakin Shugaban kasa da Gwamnoni, da shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin kasashen waje da suka kai ziyara. Hukumar SSS a kullum ta saba da ayyuka daban-daban da ake bukata ta hanyar haifar da barazanar tsaro a Najeriya da suka hada da yaki da ta'addanci da masu tayar da kayar baya. Nasara, gazawa da kuma kisa Hukumar SSS ta yi nasara mai ma'ana wajen gudanar da aikin ta na tsaro na cikin gida na farko. Hukumar tun a farkon farko ta na da alaka da kama dan kunar bakin wake dan kasar Masar Omar Mohammed Ali Rezaq a shekarar 1993 a lokacin da yake kokarin shiga Najeriya ta kan iyakar Najeriya da Benin. Amurka dai na neman Rezaq ne saboda ya jagoranci harin bam da aka kai wa kungiyar Abu Nidal a jirgin EgyptAir a shekarar 1985 daga baya aka mika shi ga Amurka bayan an samu bukatar a hukumance daga ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka. A watan Oktobar 2010, SSS sun kama tarin makamai da alburusai da suka samo asali daga Iran a tashar jirgin ruwa ta Apapa da ke Legas hakan duk da takunkumin da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kakabawa Iran Makaman da suka hada da makaman roka, harsasai da turmi, an boye su ne a cikin kwantena goma sha uku da aka bayyana karya a matsayin “kayan gini”, ana zargin cewa ana amfani da Najeriya ne a matsayin wurin jigilar kayayyaki yayin da Gambia ta kasance kasa ta karshe da za ta kai makaman. An kuma bayyana cewa hukumar ta kutsa kai cikin kungiyoyin masu tsattsauran ra'ayin addini a kasar ciki har da kungiyar Boko Haram A cikin watan Satumban 2001, an kama wasu masu gabatar da kara guda shida 'yan Pakistan da kungiyar Tabliq, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta Musulmi ta gayyace a jihar Benue a jihar Benue bisa zarginsu da keta haddin shige da fice sannan aka kore su a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba. A cewar wikileaks, Mista Kayode Are, "Darekta Janar na SSS ya nuna damuwa game da kudaden da ake ba wa kungiyar, wanda ya zo ta hanyar wayar tarho daga Pakistan, Indiya da Malaysia Hakazalika a cewar WikiLeaks, a shekarar 2009 an kama wani mai wa'azi mai tafiya a jihar Taraba kuma an kore shi. Hukumar SSS ta kuma samu wasu nasarori wajen yaki da masu garkuwa da mutane a Najeriya tare da kama wasu masu garkuwa da mutane tare da kubutar da wadanda suka mutu. A watan Oktobar 2011, hukumar ta ceto Limamin cocin Katolika na St Bernard Eguahulo a karamar hukumar Orhionmwon ta jihar Edo, Rev. Fr Sylvester Chukwura, daga maboyar wanda ya yi garkuwa da shi. Masu garkuwar dai an basu kudin fansa ne daga bisani jami’an SSS suka yi musu kwanton bauna. A lokaci guda kuma, hukumar SSS ta kuma kama wani mai garkuwa da mutane a jihar Edo mai suna Binebi Sibete, wanda aka bayyana shi a matsayin kasurgumin mai garkuwa da mutane. Ana neman Binebi da wasu abubuwa da ya kashe jami’in SSS a shekarar 2010 da kuma kona jirgin sintiri na gwamnatin jihar a Gelegele. An caccaki hukumar SSS kan barin Umar Farouk Abdul Mutallab, dan kunar bakin wando, ya shiga jirgin da ya tashi daga Legas daga Legas, duk da cewa mahaifinsa ya gargadi jami’an tsaro kan ra’ayin ‘ya’yansa masu tsauri kan Amurka. A nata bangaren, SSS ta ce mahaifin Mista Mutallab bai sanar da ita ba game da ‘ya’yansa da ake zargi da tsatsauran ra’ayi, hukumar ta ce mahaifin Mista Mutallab ya tattauna da jami’ai a ofishin jakadancin Amurka da ke Abuja, kuma ya nemi taimakon wani tsohon mai ba Najeriya shawara kan harkokin tsaro. Hukumar SSS dai ta ce hukumomin Amurka ba su bayar da bayanan da Mista Mutallab babba ya ba su ba, haka kuma tsohon mai baiwa shugaban kasa shawara kan harkokin tsaro bai tuntubi hukumar ba don haka sun kasa yin aiki da bayanan da basu samu ba. Haka kuma hukumar ta sha suka sosai sakamakon harin bam da aka kai a gidan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Abuja ranar 26 ga watan Agustan 2011. Kungiyar Boko Haram da ke da alaka da kungiyar Al-Qaeda reshen Magrib (AQIM) ta dauki alhakin harin bam da aka kai da mota wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutane 24; kungiyar ta sha fama da rikicin Boko Haram da ya faro sakamakon kashe shugabansu da 'yan sanda suka yi bayan kama shi. Al’ummar Najeriya dai na kara sukar hukumar ne bayan da jaridu suka yi ta yada labaran da ke cewa hukumar ta samu bayanan sirri game da harin bam daga Amurkawa. Daga baya wannan labarin ya zama karya ne bayan da aka bayyana cewa hukumar SSS ce ta samu wasu sahihan bayanan sirri daga wasu majiyoyi a cikin kungiyar Boko Haram game da wani hari da ke shirin kaiwa Abuja. Hukumar leken asirin ta bayyana wasu muhimman gine-gine da ma'aikatun gwamnati a matsayin harin, inda daga bisani hukumar ta kara kaimi a Abuja, sannan ta shawarci jami'an diflomasiyya da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa da ke birnin da su dauki kwararan matakan tsaro ga ma'aikatansu da wuraren. Rahoton na karshe na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan lamarin ya tuhumi mashawarcin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan harkokin tsaro a Abuja da mataimakinsa, ana zarginsu da sakaci idan aka yi la’akari da yadda aka ba su “isassun bayanan sirri kan yiwuwar harin kunar bakin wake”, amma duk da haka sun kasa aiwatar da matakan da suka dace. Dukkan mutanen biyu an sauke su daga mukamansu. A farkon watan Nuwamban shekarar 2011, jaridun Najeriya sun yi ta yada labaran da ke cewa gwamnatin Amurka ta ba da shawara kan tafiye-tafiye kan Najeriya. Shawarwari na tafiye-tafiye a cewar jaridun ya hada da barazanar hare-haren bama-bamai a manyan otal-otal da ke Abuja da ‘yan kasashen waje ke yawan zuwa. Nan take labarin ya haifar da firgici a tsakanin jama’a da kuma zargin rashin iya aiki da ake yi wa jami’an tsaro, wato SSS. Labarin ya kuma yi zargin cewa jakadan na Amurka ya bayar da wata sanarwa da ke bayyana cewa Amurka ta yi wannan gargadin ne kai tsaye saboda hukumomin tsaron Najeriya sun gaza yin aiki da bayanan sirrin da aka raba musu a baya. A karshe dai an shawo kan lamarin ne a lokacin da mai ba shugaban kasa shawara kan harkokin tsaro, Gen. Owoye Andrew Azazi ya bukaci shaidun da ke nuna cewa lallai Amurkawa sun yi irin wannan gargadin ko kuma jakadan na Amurka ya fadi abin da aka alakanta shi da shi a jaridu. Labarin ya zama karya ne, barazanar da ake yi wa otal-otal a haƙiƙanin binciken sirri ne na yiwuwar barazanar da hukumar SSS ta yi a watannin baya wanda aka yi ta yawo a cikin da’irar gwamnati. Hukumar SSS ta kasa sarrafa bayanai a kan lokaci kuma da ya dace wanda hakan ya sa jama’a suka rasa kwarin gwiwa ga kungiyar. Hukumar ta yi asarar ma’aikata da dama a bakin aiki, yayin da ba a bayyana yawan mace-macen da aka yi a wasu lokuta a kafafen yada labarai ba. A yayin bikin cikar Najeriya shekaru 50 a Abuja a ranar 1 ga Oktoban 2010, wani bam da aka dana a mota ya halaka mataimakin daraktan hukumar da Mista Tahir Zakari Biu jami’in hukumar yaki da yi wa tattalin arzikin kasa zagon kasa ta EFCC a lokacin da suke kokarin kwashe motocin da aka yi watsi da su a bakin hanya. kilomita daga wurin da aka yi bikin. Kungiyar fafutukar kwato yankin Neja Delta (MEND) ta dauki alhakin kai harin. Hukumar SSS ta samu nasarar gano rajistar motar da aka yi amfani da ita wajen kai harin inda daga bisani ta kama wasu da ake zargi a Legas, wanda ya shirya aikin Mista Henry Okah da hukumomin kasar Afirka ta Kudu suka kama aka gurfanar da shi a Afirka ta Kudu bisa zargin ta’addanci. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2007 an harbe wani jami’in tsaro (SPO) da ke aiki da cikakken kariya na Mista Onyema Ugochukwu, dan takarar gwamnan jihar Abia a karkashin jam’iyyar PDP a shekarar 2007 a wani yunkurin kashe shugaban makarantarsa. An harbi mai tsaron lafiyar a ka da kuma a hannunsa. A shekarar 2013, an samu cikas a wani harin da jami’an tsaro suka kai a jihar Nasarawa da ke tsakiyar kasar domin kamo shugaban kungiyar asiri ta Ombatse wanda da yawa ke ikirarin cewa yana da karfin iko da ake amfani da shi wajen gurgunta wasu kabilu musamman Fulani, lamarin da ya haifar da dimbin jami’an tsaro. Ma’aikatan da suka mutu ciki har da wasu mutane shida na SSS da ake zargin an kashe ta hanyar amfani da karfin sihiri A cikin watan Fabrairun 2013, SSS ta tarwatsa wata kungiyar ta'addanci karkashin jagorancin jami'an Iran da ke tattara bayanan sirri don kai hare-hare a kan Amurka da Isra'ila a cikin kasar. Rigima A cikin wani rahoto na musamman a ranar 29 ga Satumba, 2020, Peoples Gazette ta ruwaito dogon bayani da ke fallasa son zuciya da son zuciya a cikin daukar ma’aikatan Hukumar Tsaro ta Jihar da Bichi ke jagoranta, rahoton ya zama sananne da badakalar daukar ma’aikata ta SSS. Rahoton ya ruwaito majiyoyi da dama, ciki har da ma’aikatan hukumar, wadanda suka bayar da alkaluman yadda hukumar ta yi watsi da ka’idojin daukar ma’aikata domin fifita wasu daga kananan hukumomin babban daraktan hukumar da kuma yankin Arewacin Najeriya a kan yankin Kudu. Shugabanni a shiyyar Kudu da Tsakiyar Najeriya sun soki tsarin tare da yin barazanar gurfanar da hukumar tsaro ta farin kaya da babban darakta a gaban kotu. Duk da cewa an wargaza wannan shahararriyar hukumar ta NSO, sabuwar kafa ta tsaro a 1990 ta ci gaba da yin aiki ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma ba tare da wani hukunci ba. Gwamnati ta haramta ƙungiyoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi kamar NANS da Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Jami'o'i, ƙungiyar tsakiyar dukkanin malaman jami'a da malaman jami'a. An yi wa wasu 'yan kasa da ba su ji ba ba su gani ba hari ba tare da biyan diyya na gwamnati ba. An kiyaye haƙƙin ɗan adam sosai. Dokar mai lamba 2 ta ci gaba da kasancewa a cikinta, kuma an tsare ‘yan kasar da dama a karkashinta, duk da cewa an rage wa’adin da aka bari na tsarewa ba tare da tuhuma ba daga watanni shida zuwa makonni shida a watan Janairun 1990. Tare da taimakon wannan da wasu dokokin da suka tauye 'yanci, yawanci ana yin su ne a baya, ana tsare da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na gwamnati kamar Gani Fawehinmi, Tai Solarin, da Balarabe Musa a kai a kai. Duk da soke dokar lamba 4, gwamnati na da gogewa da yawa tare da kungiyoyin yada labarai. A cikin 1988 Newswatch an haramta shi na tsawon watanni shida, kuma an ci gaba da cin zarafin 'yan jarida, malamai, da masu fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a daga jami'an tsaron jihar. Jami’an tsaron gwamnati na yawan cin zarafi, kamawa, da kuma tsare editoci da ‘yan jaridu daga mujallu masu sukar tsarin mulki. A ranar 4 ga Nuwamba 1997 Aoetokunbo Fakeye, wakilin tsaro na The News, an kama shi. A ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, Jenkins Alumona, editan The News, jami'an SSS sun kama shi a wani gidan talabijin na Legas. A ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, Onome Osifo-Whiskey, manajan editan mujallar Tell, jami’an SSS a Legas sun kama shi a lokacin da yake tuka mota zuwa coci tare da ‘ya’yansa. A ranar 29 ga Oktoba, Osifo-Whiskey ya yi gargadin cewa mujallar ta samu rubutacciyar barazanar kisa, wadda ta lissafa sunayen ma’aikatan 27. A ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, jami'an SSS sun kama Babafemi Ojudu, editan News/Tempo Rafiu Salau, editan gudanarwa na News/Tempo, an kuma kama shi a tsakiyar watan Nuwamba. An tsare tsohon shugaban hukumar editan jaridar The Guardian, kuma Farfesan aikin jarida da ya ziyarce shi a wata jami’ar Amurka, Olatunji Dare, an tsare shi cikin dare tare da kwace fasfo dinsa da ya zo daga Amurka a ranar 2 ga watan Yunin 1997. An ce ya kai rahoto ga hukumar DSS don karbo fasfo dinsa. Bayan da jami’an SSS suka yi masa tambayoyi a ranar 17 ga watan Yuni game da ayyukansa a kasashen waje, sai aka mayar da fasfo dinsa. Ana kuma zargin hukumar SSS da murkushe ayyukan siyasa na kungiyoyin adawa. An soke ko hana tarurrukan jama'a ba bisa ka'ida ba, gami da al'amuran al'adu, taron ilimi, da tarukan 'yancin ɗan adam. A ranar 25 ga Satumbar 1997, 'yan sanda da jami'an SSS sun tarwatsa taron karawa juna sani na Human Rights Africa (HRA) ga dalibai a Jos, suka kama daraktan HARA Tunji Abayomi da wasu mutane 4, tare da tsare wasu dalibai 70 a takaice. An tsare Abayomi da sauran su na tsawon kwanaki 10 sannan aka bayar da belinsu. An soke wani taron bita a Fatakwal a ranar 1 ga Mayun 1998 kan yadda za a magance rikice-rikice a Fatakwal lokacin da hukumar SSS ta gargadi masu gudanar da taron na yankin cewa ba za a iya gudanar da irin wannan taro a ranar ma’aikata ba, wato ranar hutu. Irin wannan taron karawa juna sani a wani waje ya ci gaba ba tare da tsangwama ba duk da hutun. Makamai da kayan aiki Tun daga shekarar 2010, daidaitattun bindigogin harin da SSS Combat Operatives/Security Protection Officers (SPO) ke amfani da su sune IMI Tavor Tar-21 da masana'antun Sojoji na Isra'ila suka samar da makamin kariya na sirri na FN P90 bindigar FN F2000, duka biyu an kera su. ta FN Herstal waɗannan bindigogi sun maye gurbin Uzi a matsayin makamin harin farko na SSS. Har ila yau, ma'aikatan suna amfani da makamai na gefe daban-daban da bindigogi daga masana'antun da yawa da suka hada da Beretta, Glock, da Browning Hukumar ya kuma tura van saka backscatter X-ray screeners daga Basix Technologies domin ganowa da bama (bama-bamai) saboda wani upsurge a fashewar bamabamai tasowa daga wani Boko Haram a arewa gabashin Najeriya A cikin wannan aikin yaƙar ta'addanci, hukumar ta kuma yi amfani da jam'in IED ta wayar hannu don kariya ta VIP a wuraren jama'a kamar filayen wasa da kuma tsarin wayar hannu don amfani da ayarin motocin. Saboda yawan masu amfani da wayar salula ta GSM a Najeriya da kuma yadda ake amfani da wayar salula a matsayin babbar hanyar sadarwa ta masu garkuwa da mutane da kuma 'yan ta'adda, ya sa hukumar ta samu damar dakile kiran waya An tura masu kama lambar IMSI da masu gano hanyar sigina don shiga tsakani da bin diddigin hanyoyin sadarwar wayar GSM da tauraron dan adam Hukumar tana kula da jerin motocin alfarma masu sulke da kuma SUVs da ake amfani da su wajen jigilar shugaban kasa, mataimakin shugaban kasa da manyan baki masu ziyara. Sauran motocin galibi SUVs da Kamfanin Ford Motor Company, Toyota da Lexus ke samarwa kuma hukumar na amfani da su. Duba kuma Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Kasa (NIA) Mai alhakin ayyukan leken asirin kasashen waje da ayyukan hana leken asiri Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Tsaro (DIA) Mai alhakin bayanan soja. National Security Organisation (NSO) Shugaban Hukumar Tsaro ta Jiha da Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Kasa Manazarta An samo wasu abubuwan na wannan labarin daga Rahoton Ƙasar Najeriya kan Ayyukan Haƙƙin Dan Adam na 1997, Ofishin Jakadancin Amirka na Ofishin Demokraɗiyya, Haƙƙin Dan Adam, da Labour, 30 Janairu 1998. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Wurin aiki: Hukumar Tsaron Jiha (Nigeria) RSF/Masu Labarai Ba tare da Iyakoki ba akan Sabis na Tsaro na Jiha (SSS) Najeriya: NIA: Shekaru 20 na Hidima Najeriya: Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Kasa (NIA) A Twenty A Tribute Jami'an Najeriya Gwamnatin Najeriya Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
32490	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Aakin%20kwana	Ɗakin kwana	Ɗaki ko ɗakin kwana: ɗaki ne da ke tsakanin matsuguni ko naúrar masauki wanda ke da alaƙa da amfani da shi don bacci da ayyukan jima'i. Ɗakin ɗaki na yamma yana ƙunshe da kayan ɗaki ɗaya ko biyu gadaje (daga gadon gado ga jariri, gado ɗaya ko tagwaye don ƙarami, yaro, matashi, ko babba mara aure zuwa manyan girma kamar cikakken, biyu, sarauniya, sarki ko Sarkin California [girman gabas ko kuma na ruwa ga ma'aurata]), kabad na tufafi, da tebur na gado da teburin miya, dukansu yawanci suna ɗauke da aljihuna Sai dai a cikin bungalows, gidajen salon ranch, ko gidajen otel mai hawa ɗaya, ɗakunan kwana yawanci akan ɗayan benayen gidan da ke saman matakin ƙasa. Tarihi A cikin manyan gidajen Victoria ya zama gama gari don samun dama daga ɗakin kwanan wata boudoir ga uwar gidan da ɗakin tufa ga mai gida. Akwai dakuna masu ɗakuna a wasu gidaje; tunda rufin ya raba su da iska daga waje kawai suna da sanyi a lokacin sanyi kuma suna iya yin zafi sosai a lokacin rani. Gangar da rafters ɗin da ke goyan bayan rufin da aka kafa shima yana sa su zama marasa daɗi. A cikin gidajen da bayi suke zama suna yawan amfani da ɗakunan kwana na soro. A ƙarni na 14 ƙananan yara suna kwana a kan katifun da aka cika da ciyawa da tsintsiya. A cikin ƙarni na 16, katifun da aka cika da gashin fuka-fukai sun fara samun karɓuwa, tare da waɗanda za su iya samun su. Talakawa yana da kyau idan zai iya siyan katifa bayan shekara bakwai da aure. A cikin ƙarni na 18 auduga da ulu sun fara zama gama gari. Ba a ƙirƙira katifa na farko na coil spring ba sai 1871. Mafi yawan katifar da aka fi sani da siyan katifa ita ce katifar ciki, koda yake ana samun nau'ikan kayan madadin iri-iri ciki har da kumfa, latex, ulu, har ma da siliki. Zaɓuɓɓukan tabbatarwa iri-iri sun bambanta daga ɗan laushi zuwa ƙaƙƙarfan katifa. Ɗaki yana iya samun gadaje masu ɗorewa idan mutane biyu ko fiye suna raba ɗaki. Tukunyar ɗakin da aka ajiye a ƙarƙashin gado ko a ɗakin kwana ya saba a lokacin kafin aikin famfo na gida na zamani da ɗakunan wanka a cikin gidaje. Kayan ɗaki Kayan ɗaki da sauran abubuwa a cikin ɗakunan kwana sun bambanta sosai, ya danganta da dandano, al'adun gida da yanayin tattalin arziƙin mutum. Misali, babban gida mai ɗakuna (manyan gida mai ɗakuna) (wanda kuma ake kira gidajen kwana na masters a cikin Filipinas na iya haɗawa da gado mai ƙayyadaddun girman (biyu, biyu). girman sarki ko sarauniya); ɗaya ko fiye masu sutura (ko wataƙila, kayan sulke na tufafi wurin kwana ɗaki ɗaya ko fiye; da kafet Wuraren da aka gina a ciki ba su da yawa a Turai fiye da Arewacin Amirka; Don haka ana samun ƙarin amfani da riguna ko sulke a Turai. Ɗakin kwana na mutum yana nuni da halayensu, da kuma matsayin zamantakewa da kuma ya keɓanta ga kowane mutum. Duk da haka, akwai wasu abubuwa da suka zama ruwan dare a yawancin ɗakin kwana. Katifa yawanci suna da saitin gado don ɗaga katifa daga ƙasa kuma gadon yakan ba da kayan ado. Akwai nau'ikan katifa daban-daban. Tsayuwar dare kuma sun shahara. Ana amfani da su don saka abubuwa daban-daban, kamar agogon ƙararrawa ko ƙaramar fitila. A zamanin baya ɗakunan wanka sun kasance a cikin gidajen kwana sau da yawa suna ƙunshe da wurin wanki don ayyukan tsaftar mutum. A cikin 2010s, samun saitin talabijin a cikin ɗakin kwana ya zama gama gari kuma. Kashi 43% na yaran Amurka daga shekaru 3 zuwa 4 suna da talabijin a cikin ɗakin kwana. Tare da saitin talabijin da yawa ɗakunan kwana kuma suna da kwamfutoci, na'urorin wasan bidiyo da tebur don yin aiki. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 da farkon ƙarni na 21, ɗakin kwana ya zama mafi yanayin zamantakewa da mutane ya fara ciyar da lokaci mai yawa a cikin ɗakin kwana fiye da na baya. Kayan kwanciya da ake amfani da su a arewacin Turai (musamman a Scandinavia ya bambanta sosai da wanda ake amfani da shi a Arewacin Amurka da sauran sassan Turai. A Japan futons na kowa. Bugu da ƙari ga gado (ko, idan yara biyu ko fiye suka raba, gadon gado ɗakin kwana na yaro na iya haɗawa da ƙaramin ɗaki ko tufafi, akwatin wasan yara ko na'ura mai kwakwalwa, akwatunan littattafai ko wasu abubuwa. Ɗakunan kwana na zamani Yawancin gidaje a Arewacin Amirka suna da aƙalla ɗakuna biyu yawanci ɗakin kwana na farko da ɗakuna ɗaya ko fiye don ko dai yara ko baƙi. A wasu hukunce-hukuncen akwai abubuwa na asali (kamar kabad da "hanyoyin fita") waɗanda dole ne ɗaki ya kasance yana da su don cancantar zama ɗakin kwana a bisa doka. A cikin jihohi da yawa, kamar Alaska, ba a buƙatar ɗakunan kwana don samun ɗakunan ajiya kuma a maimakon haka dole ne su cika mafi ƙarancin buƙatun girma. Kabad ta ma'ana shine ƙaramin sarari da ake amfani da shi don adana abubuwa. A cikin ɗakin kwana, an fi amfani da kabad don tufafi da sauran ƙananan kayan da mutum zai iya samu. Tafiya a cikin kabad sun fi shahara a yau kuma sun bambanta da girma. Koyaya, a cikin riguna na baya sun kasance mafi shahara. Wardrobe doguwar kujera ce mai siffa rectangular wacce za'a iya adanawa ko rataye tufafi a ciki. Ana kuma ajiye tufafi a cikin kayan ado. Yawanci mafi kyawun tufafi ana ajiye su a cikin kabad saboda ana iya rataye su yayin da ake adana tufafin hutu da riguna a cikin tufa. A cikin gine-ginen da ke da rukunin gidaje da yawa (misali, gidaje), adadin ɗakunan kwana ya bambanta sosai. Yayin da yawancin irin waɗannan raka'a suna da aƙalla ɗakin kwana ɗaya- akai-akai, waɗannan rukunin suna da aƙalla biyu-wasu daga cikin waɗannan rukunin ƙila ba su da taƙamaiman ɗaki da aka keɓe don amfani da su azaman ɗakin kwana. (Waɗannan raka'a ƙila a san su da sunaye daban-daban, gami da studio, inganci, wurin kwana, da sauransu. Wani lokaci, ana haɗa ɗakin kwana na farko zuwa gidan wanka da aka keɓe, galibi ana kiransa ensuite. Al'adu Ɗakuna yawanci suna da ƙofar sirri (a wasu lokuta ana kulle su daga ciki) da taga don samun iska. A cikin manyan ɗakuna, ana iya amfani da ƙaramin teburi da kujera ko kujera mai ɗaki da ƙirji na aljihun tebur. A cikin ƙasashen Yamma, wasu manyan ɗakuna, da ake kira ɗakunan kwana, na iya ƙunshi gidan wanka Inda sarari ke ba da damar ɗakin kwana na iya samun talabijin da ko masu kunna bidiyo, kuma a wasu lokuta kwamfuta ta sirri A duk duniya Japan A Japan, ra'ayin samun ɗakin kwana ba shi da mahimmanci fiye da yadda yake a yamma, musamman yadda ya shafi samun wuri mai zaman kansa don amfanin kansa. Lallai, samun haɗin kai yana daidai da samun dangi ɗaya, ra'ayi mai mahimmanci wanda ba safai ake keɓance wuraren ba, har ma waɗanda suka shafi alaƙa. Komai yana ƙarƙashin manufar haɗin kai na farko. Wannan yana ba da sassauci dangane da yadda ake amfani da wurare daban-daban: Kowace maraice, Jafanawa suna kwance futon su kai tsaye a kan tabarmar tatami, yawanci kusa da juna. Sai suka ajiye su suka zo da safe a cikin oshiire. Haɗin kai na iyali kuma yana ƙarfafa ta hanyar yin amfani da ɓangarorin zamewa shoji wanda aka liƙa da takarda shinkafa da kuma rufewa ta kowace hanya. A zahiri, ɗakin tatami na Japan, saɓanin takwaransa na yamma (wanda ake kira The Western Room), ba shi da ƙofa, gado, ko ma bango, wanda ya sa ba a iya gano shi a sararin samaniya. Wannan ɗakin yawanci yana zuwa bayan gida, kusa da wurin da aka keɓe ga kakannin dangi kuma akasin facade na kudu, lambuna, da waje na gaba ɗaya. Rabin na biyu na ƙarni na ashirin ya ga canji mai yawa a cikin salon ɗakin kwana. Kusan babu shi kafin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Ɗakin Yamma ya ci gaba da samun karɓuwa a cikin sabbin gine-gine har ya kai ga samun kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin shekarun gini da kasancewar ɗakuna irin na yamma. Halayen al'adu, duk da haka, ba su canja da sauri ba. A cikin biranen da ke da cunkoson jama'a, akwai wani nau'in otal wanda ya ƙunshi tarin ɗakuna ɗaya don haka da ƙyar suke barin mutum ya yi fiye da kwanciya barci. Waɗannan ana kiran su otal ɗin capsule, kuma sun bazu zuwa yankuna kamar Singapore da Taiwan. Duba kuma Cabin (jirgin ruwa) Chambre du Roi Mai ta'aziyya Dakin wanki Nursery (daki) Manazarta Gado Bacci Ɗakuna Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
11443	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngozi%20Okonjo-Iweala	Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala	Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala (An haife ta a ranar 13 ga watan Yuni shekara ta alif dari tara da hamsin da huɗu 1954)ta Miladiyya. ta kasance 'ƴar siyasar Nijeriya ce. An Kuma haife ta a garin Ogwashi Ukwu a cikin Karamar Hukumar Aniocha ta Kudu, a jihar Delta, Nijeriya. Ngozi Okonjo-IweaMa Ministar Tattalin Arziki da Kasafin kuɗi ce daga watan Agustan shekarar 2011 zuwa Mayun shekarar ta 2015, bayan Olusegun Olutoyin Aganga (Tattalin Arziki) da Adamu Ciroma (Kasafin). A baya, Okonjo-Iweala ta shafe tsawon shekaru 25 a Bankin Duniya a matsayin masaniyar tattalin arziki da cigaba, tare da kuma samun mukamai har zuwa matsayin Darakta mai lamba ta 2 na Daraktan Gudanarwa, A shekara ta (2007-2011).Ta kuma yi aiki sau biyu a matsayin Ministan Kudi na Najeriya shekara ta (2003-2006, 2011-2015) a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo da Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan daki-daki.. Rayuwa da ilimi An haife Okonjo-Iweala a Ogwashi-Ukwu a, jihar Delta, Najeriya inda mahaifinta Farfesa ne mai suna Chukwuka Okonjo. Shi ne Eze (Sarki) daga gidan sarautar Obahai na Ogwashi-Ukwu. Okonjo-Iweala ta halarci makarantar "Queen's School, Enugu" da "St. Anne's School, Molete, Ibadan" da kuma "International School Ibadan". ta kuma ketara zuwa Amurka (USA) a shekarar 1973 tana matashiyarta don karatu a "Harvard University", ta kammala karatun da sakamakon AB a Economics a shekarar 1976. a shekarar 1981 kuma, ta samu shedar digiri na 3 wato Ph.D a kan Ilimin tattalin arziqi na yanki da cigaba (regional economics and development) daga "Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)" da kundin bincike wanda ta gabatar mai taken "Credit policy, rural financial markets, and Nigeria's agricultural development" Ta amshi lambar girma ta "International Fellowship" daga ""American Association of University Women (AAUW)", wadda kungiya ce da ta tallafa wa rubutun nazarin da ta yi a lokacin digirin ta na 3. Ta yi aure da Dr. Ikemba Iweala, wanda likita ne na "neurosurgeon" Suna da 'ya' ya 4 a tsakaninsu Mace daya: Onyinye Iweala (AB,MD,PhD,Harvard) da kuma Maza 3: Uzodinma Iweala (AB, Harvard, MD, Columbia), Okechukwu Iweala (AB, Harvard) da kuma Uchechi Iweala (AB, MD, MBA, Harvard). Aiki Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru 25 a Bankin Duniya a Washington DC a matsayin masaniyar tattalin arziƙi na cigaba, wanda ta hau matsayin lamba 2 na Daraktan Gudanarwa. A matsayinta na Darakta, ta kasance tana lura da nauyin dala biliyan 81 na bankin duniya a Afirka, Kudancin Asia, Turai da tsakiyar Asiya. Okonjo-Iweala ta shugabanci wasu shirye-shirye na Bankin Duniya don taimaka wa kasashe masu karamin karfi a tsakanin shekarar 2008 zuwa 2009, rikicin abinci, daga baya kuma lokacin rikicin kudi. A shekara ta 2010, ta kuma kasance shugabar bankin IDA, nasarar da bankin duniya ya tara dala biliyan 49.3 na bayar da tallafi da karancin ba shi ga kasashe mafi talauci a duniya. A cikin lokacinta a Bankin Duniya, tana kuma memba a cikin Kungiyar Haɗin Kai da Haɓakawa tare da Afirka, wanda Firayim Minista Anders Fogh Rasmussen na Denmark ya kafa, kuma ya gudanar da tarurruka tsakanin watan Afrilu da watan Oktoba shekarar 2008. Aiki da gwamnati Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala ta yi aiki sau biyu a matsayin Ministan Kudi na Najeriya, sannan kuma a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta rike mukamai biyu. A lokacin mulkinta na farko a matsayinta na Ministan Kudi a karkashin Gwamnatin tsohon Shugaban kasa Olusegun Obasanjo, ta jagoranci tattaunawar da kungiyar Paris Club wacce ta kai ga dakatar da bashin dalar Amurka biliyan 30 na Najeriya, gami da sokewar dala biliyan 18 na Amurka. A shekarar 2003 ta jagoranci kokarin inganta tattalin arzikin Najeriya wanda ya hada da aiwatar da dokar kasa-da-kasa a inda aka samu kudaden da suka tara son asusun ajiya watau “Excess Crude Account” wanda ya taimaka wajen rage tasirin tattalin arziki. Har ila yau, ta gabatar da al'adar wallafa tallafin kowane wata daga Gwamnatin Tarayyar Nijeriya a cikin jaridu. Wannan aikin ya yi babban amfani wajen kara nuna gaskiya a cikin shugabanci. Taimakon tallafin bankin duniya da IMF ga Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya, ta taimaka wajen gina wani tsarin hada-hadar kudi na lantarki tsarin hada-hadar kudi da bayanai (GIFMIS), gami da asusun hada-hadar kudi (TSA) da kuma Hadin Albashi da Tsarin Bayanai na Jama'a (IPPIS), suna taimakawa a rage cin hanci da rashawa a tsarin. Kamar yadda a ranar 31 ga watan Disamban shekarar 2014, IPPIS dandamali ya cire ma'aikatan bogi 62,893 daga tsarin kuma ya ceci gwamnatin Najeriya kusan 1.25 biliyan a cikin aikin. Bayan ajalinta na farko a matsayin Ministan Kudi, ta koma Bankin Duniya a matsayin Manajan Darakta a watan Disamba shekarar ta 2007. A shekara ta 2011, Shugaba Jonathan ya sake nada Okonjo-Iweala a matsayin Ministan Kudi a Najeriya tare da fadada jadawalin Ministan Mai Kula da Tattalin Arziki na Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan Kyaututtukan ta sun hada da karfafa tsarin hada-hadar kudade na Najeriya da kuma karfafa bangaren gidaje tare da kafa Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Gida na Najeriya (NMRC). Har ila yau, ta ba da iko ga mata da matasa na Najeriya tare da Kungiyar Inganta Mata da Matasa a cikin Shirin GWIN; Tsarin kasafin kudi da zai amsa jinsi, da kuma Babban Kamfanin Matasa da aka yaba da tsarin Innovation (YouWIN) don tallafawa 'yan kasuwa, wannan shi ne ya samar da dubban ayyukan yi. Bankin Duniya ya kimanta wannan shirin a matsayin daya daga cikin ingantattun shirye-shirye irin nasa a duniya. Karkashin jagorancin nata, ofishin kididdiga na kasa ya aiwatar da aikin sake yin amfani da Gross Domestic Product (GDP); na farko cikin shekaru 24, wanda ya sa Najeriya ta fito a matsayin mafi girman tattalin arzikin Afirka. Ta dauki zafi mai yawa don cire tallafin mai daga gwamnatin Najeriya, matakin da ya haifar da zanga-zanga a watan Janairu shekarar 2012. A watan Mayun shekarar 2016, sabuwar gwamnatin Najeriya daga karshe ta cire tallafin mai bayan da ta fito fili cewa ba za a iya jurewa masa ba kuma ba ba ya yin aiki. Daga bisani Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala ce shugabar Kwamitin Kasa da Kasa na tattalin arziki da kuma sauyin yanayin (Climate) tare da Nicholas Stern da Paul Polman. A baya, ta kasance shugabar Mata ta Kungiyar Kawancen Duniya don Karfafa Haɗin Kai. A da, Okonjo-Iweala shi ma memba ne a Hukumar Kasa da Kasa kan Ba da Haɓaka Ilimi a Duniya a shekarar (2015-2016), wanda Gordon Brown ke jagoranta; Hukumar da ke kan Sabon "Climate Economy" (wanda Paul Polman da Lord Nicholas Stern suka yi aiki tare); Kungiyar bunkasa tattalin arzikin matasa ta Duniya; Babban Kwamitin Babban Sakatare na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Tsarin Bunkasa Ci gaba da Shekarar 2015 (2012-2013); da kuma Mashahurin Hukumar Cigaban (2006-2009), wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel Prize Farfesa Michael Spence Okonjo-Iweala ita ce wadda ta kafu da kungiyar masu binciken jin ra'ayin jama'a na asalin Najeriya, watau NOI-Polls. Ta kuma kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Cigaban tattalin arzikin Afirka (C-SEA), wata matattara mai zurfin bincike a Abuja, babban birnin Najeriya kuma ita ce ke Ganawa da Cibiyar Cigaban Duniya da kungiyar Brookings. A shekarar 2012, Okonjo-Iweala ta kasance yar takarar Shugaban Bankin Duniya, wanda ta fafata da Shugaban Kwalejin Dartmouth Jim Yong Kim idan an zabe ta, za ta kasance shugabar mata ta farko ta kungiyar. Tun daga shekarar 2019, Okonjo-Iweala ta kasance memba a Hukumar UNESCO ta Duniya kan makomar Ilimi, wadda Sahle-Work Zewde ke jagoranta A shekarar 2020, Manajan Daraktan Asusun bada lamuni na duniya Kristalina Georgieva ya nada ta ga wata kungiyar masu ba da shawara ta waje don samar da bayanai kan kalubalen manufofin. Haka nan a shekarar 2020, Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka (AU) ta nada ta a matsayin Manzon musamman don neman goyon bayan kasa da kasa don taimaka wa nahiyar wajen magance tasirin tattalin arziki na cutar kwalara ta shekara ta 2019 zuwa 20 Wasu aikace-aikacenta Tun daga shekarar 2019, Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala ta kasance memba a Hukumar UNESCO ta Duniya kan makomar Ilimi, wadda Sahle-Work Zewde ke jagoranta A shekarar 2020, Manajan Daraktan Asusun bada lamuni na duniya Kristalina Georgieva ya nada ta ga wata kungiyar masu ba da shawara ta waje don samar da bayanai kan kalubalen manufofin. Haka nan a shekarar 2020, Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka (AU) ta nada ta a matsayin Manzon musamman don neman goyon bayan kasa da kasa don taimakawa nahiyar wajen magance tasirin tattalin arziki na cutar kwalara ta shekara ta 2019 zuwa 20 aiki Hukumar hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa ta Japan (JICA), ita mamba ce a kwamitin ba da shawara na kasa da kasa Kungiyoyin kasa da kasa Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), Member International Advisory Panel (since 2016) GAVI, Chair of the Board (since 2016) African Development Bank (AfDB), Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors (2003-2006, 2011-2015) International Monetary Fund (IMF), Member of the International Monetary and Finance Committee (2003-2006, 2011-2015) Joint World Bank-IMF Development Committee, Chair (2004) Kwamitin tattaunawa Twitter, Board of Directors (since 2018) Standard Chartered, Independent Non-executive Member of the Board of Directors (since 2017) Lazard, Senior Advisor (since 2015) Kungiyoyin sa kai Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Member of the Board of Trustees (since 2019) Bloomberg New Economy Forum, Member of the Advisory Board (since 2018) Results for Development (R4D), Member of the Board of Directors (since 2014) Women's World Banking, Member of the Africa Advisory Council (since 2014) The B Team, Member (since 2013) Friends of the Global Fund Africa, Member of the Board (since 2007) Global Financial Integrity (GFI), Member of the Advisory Board (since 2007) African Risk Capacity, Chair of the Board African University of Science and Technology, Chair of the Board Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security, Member of the Advisory Board Global Business Coalition for Education, Member of the Advisory Board Mandela Institute for Development Studies (MINDS), Member of the Advisory Board Mercy Corps, Member of the Global Leadership Council Rockefeller Foundation, Member of the Global Development Network Nelson Mandela Institution, Chair of the Board One Campaign, Member of the Board Oxford Martin School, Member of the Advisory Council Vital Voices, Member of the Global Advisory Council Lamban girma Okonjo-Iweala ta samu yabo da yawa. An lissafta ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan Shugabannin Duniya 50 na duniya (Fortune, 2015), Manyan 100an 100 da suka fi Tasiri a Duniya KWANKWASO, 2014), Manya 100 na Duniya (kasashen waje, 2011 da 2012), Manyan Mata 100 da suka fi Karfi a Duniya Forbes, 2011, 2012, 2013 da 2014), Manyan Mata 3 da suka fi Karfi a Afirka (Forbes, 2012), Manyan Mata 10 da sukafi Tasiri a Afirka Forbes, 2011), Manyan Mata 100 a Duniya The Guardian, 2011), Manyan Mata 150 a Duniya (Newsweek, 2011), Manyan mata 100 da suka fi kowa kwarjini a Duniya na Bayar da Girlsan mata da (an mata (Bayar da Matar, 2011). An sa ta cikin jerin ''kwararrun'' masu tasiri na kasuwanci a duniya ta Condé Nast International. A shekara ta 2019, an zabi Okonjo-Iweala ga Kwalejin Kimiyya da Kimiyya ta Amurka Har ila yau, an ba ta girmamawa ga manyan masu martaba na kasa daga Jamhuriyar Cote d'Ivoire da Jamhuriyar Laberiya. Ita ce kuma ta karɓi Kwamandan Rundunar Tarayyar Najeriya (CFR). Sauran girmamawa sun hada da: jadawali 2017 Vanguard Award, Howard University 2017 Women’s Economic Empowerment Award, WEConnect International 2017 Madeleine K. Albright Global Development Award, Aspen Institute 2016 Power with Purpose Award, Devex Development Communications Network 2016 Global Fairness Award, Global Fairness Initiative 2014 David Rockefeller Bridging Leadership Award 2011 President of the Italian Republic Gold Medal, Pia Manzu Centre 2011 Global Leadership Award, Chicago Council on Global Affairs 2010 Global Leadership Award, Columbia University School of International and Public Affairs 2010 Bishop John T. Walker Distinguished Humanitarian Service Award 2004 TIME’s European Heroes Award 2004 Finance Minister of the Year, Africa Investor Magazine 2004 Finance Minister of the Year for Africa and the Middle East, The Banker 2005 Global Finance Minister of the Year, Euromoney 2005 Finance Minister of the Year for Africa and the Middle East, Emerging Markets Magazine Digirin girmamawa Okonjo-Iweala ta sami digiri na girmamawa daga jami'o'i 14 a duniya, ciki har da wasu daga manyan kwalejoji masu daraja: Jami'ar Pennsylvania (2013), Jami'ar Yale (2015), Amherst College (2009) Trinity College, Dublin (2007) Jami'ar Brown (2006), Kwalejin Colby (2007), da Jami'ar Caribbean ta Arewa, Jamaica. Ta kuma samu digiri daga wasu jami’o’in Najeriya da suka hada da Jami’ar Jihar Abia, Jami’ar Delta State, Abraka, Jami’ar Oduduwa, Jami’ar Babcock, da Jami’ar Fatakwal, Calabar, da Ife (Obafemi Awolowo). A shekarar 2019, an ba Okonjo Iweala lambar girmamawa daga jami’ar Tel Aviv. Aikinta Yaki da rashawa yana da Hadari Labarin a kan kanun labarai Labari na gaba daga tsohuwar ministar kudi ta Najeriya, Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, kan yadda ake yaki da rashawa da darussan da aka koya don gudanar da mulki da ci gaban kasa. An buga ta MIT Press, (2018). Okonjo-Iweala, Ngozi. Canza marasa daidaituwa darussa daga Najeriya (MIT Press paperback ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts. ISBN Okonjo-Iweala, Ngozi. Okonjo-Iweala, Ngozi. LCCN 2012008453 OCLC 878501895 OL 25238823M Haske da Haske kan Takaitattun bayanai kasida kan hadahadar kudade ga Manoma kananan Ma'aikata na Afirka, wanda Ministan Harkokin Wajen waje ya wallafa, (2015), tare da Janeen Madan suka yi rubutu. Taimaka wa SDGs: Takaddar lasisi da Izinin Tallafi daga Developasashe Masu tasowa, wanda mujallar Horizons ta wallafa, (2016) Sallah, Tijan M.; Okonjo-Iweala, Ngozi (2003). Chinua Achebe, malamin haske tarihin rayuwa Trenton, NJ: Labaran Duniya na Afirka. ISBN Sallah, Tijan M.; Okonjo-Iweala, Ngozi (2003). Sallah, Tijan M.; Okonjo-Iweala, Ngozi (2003). LCCN 2002152037 OCLC 50919841 OL 3576773M Okonjo-Iweala, Ngozi; Soludo, Charles Chukwuma; Muhtar, Mansur, eds. (2003). Tarkon bashi a Najeriya zuwa dabarar ci bashi mai dorewa Trenton, NJ: Labaran Duniya na Afirka. ISBN Okonjo-Iweala, Ngozi; Soludo, Charles Chukwuma; Muhtar, Mansur, eds. (2003). Okonjo-Iweala, Ngozi; Soludo, Charles Chukwuma; Muhtar, Mansur, eds. (2003). LCCN 2002007778 OCLC 49875048 OL 12376413M Kuna son Taimakawa Afirka? Yi Kasuwanci Anan Ted Talk ya ba da Maris 2007 Taimakawa Kasuwancin Taimakon Ted Ted ya ba da Yuni 2007 Kada Trivialize Cin Hanci da Rashawa, magance Yana A Tedx Euston Talk tsĩrar Janairu 2013. Hotunan Ingozi Manazarta Ƴan siyasan
49305	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rand%20na%20Afirka%20ta%20Kudu	Rand na Afirka ta Kudu	Rand na Afirka ta Kudu, ko kuma kawai Rand, alamar R code ZAR ("South African rand"); the ZA is a historical relic from Dutch, used because "SA" is allocated to Saudi Arabia.}} ita ce kudin hukuma na yankin hada-hadar kuɗaɗe na Afirka ta Kudu Afirka ta Kudu, Namibiya (tare da dalar Namibiya Lesotho tare da Lesotho loti da Eswatini (tare da Swazi lilangeni An raba shi zuwa cents 100 (alama: "c"). Kudin Rand na Afirka ta Kudu ya kasance na doka a cikin ƙasashe membobin Namibia, Lesotho da Eswatini, tare da waɗannan ƙasashe uku kuma suna da nasu kuɗin ƙasa dala, loti da lilangeni bi da bi) tare da Rand a daidaito kuma har yanzu. yarda da ko'ina a matsayin madadin. Har ila yau, Rand ya kasance mai ba da izini na doka a Botswana har zuwa 1976, lokacin da pula ya maye gurbin rand a daidai. Bayani Rand ya ɗauki sunansa daga Witwatersrand ("farin ruwa" a cikin Ingilishi, rand shine kalmar Dutch da Afrikaans don 'ridge'), dutsen da aka gina Johannesburg kuma inda aka sami yawancin ajiyar zinare na Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin Turanci da Afrikaans nau'in nau'i ɗaya da jam'i na naúrar ("rand") iri ɗaya ne: rand ɗaya, rand goma, rand miliyan biyu. Tarihi An gabatar da Rand a cikin Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu a cikin 1961, watanni uku kafin kasar ta ayyana kanta a matsayin jamhuriya. Although pronounced in the Afrikaans style as in the jingles when introduced, An kafa Hukumar Samar da Kuɗin Decimal a cikin 1956 don yin la'akari da ƙaura daga ƙungiyoyin fam, shillings, da pence; ta gabatar da shawarwarinta a ranar 8 ga Agusta 1958. Ya maye gurbin fam na Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin ɗan takara na doka, a farashin Rand 2 zuwa fam 1, ko shillings 10 zuwa Rand. Gwamnati ta gabatar da mascot, Decimal Dan, "mutumin da ba shi da kuɗi" (wanda aka sani a Afrikaans da Daan Desimaal). Wannan yana tare da jingle na rediyo, don sanar da jama'a game da sabon kudin. Ko da yake an furta shi a cikin salon Afrikaans kamar /r ʌ n t a cikin jingles lokacin da aka gabatar da shi, furcin zamani a cikin Turanci na Afirka ta Kudu shine /r æ n d Takaitaccen tarihin canjin musaya 1961-2000 Rand daya ya kai dalar Amurka 1.40 (R0.72 kowace dala) tun daga lokacin da aka fara shi a shekarar 1961 har zuwa karshen 1971, kuma dalar Amurka ta yi karfi fiye da kudin Afirka ta Kudu a karon farko a ranar 15 ga Maris 1982. Ƙimar sa daga baya ta canza kamar yadda musayar kuɗi daban-daban Hukumomin Afirka ta Kudu ne suka aiwatar da A farkon shekarun 1980, hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da matsin lamba na siyasa gami da takunkumin da aka kakaba wa kasar sakamakon adawar da kasashen duniya ke yi wa tsarin wariyar launin fata ya fara zubar da kimarsa. Kudin ya karye sama da daidaito da dala a karon farko a watan Maris na 1982, kuma ya ci gaba da yin ciniki tsakanin R1 da R1.30 zuwa dala har zuwa watan Yunin 1984, lokacin da faduwar darajar kudin ta kara karfi. A watan Fabrairun 1985, ana cinikin sama da R2 akan kowace dala, kuma a watan Yuli na wannan shekarar, an dakatar da duk kasuwancin musayar waje na tsawon kwanaki uku don ƙoƙarin dakatar da faduwar darajar. A lokacin da shugaban jihar PW Botha ya yi jawabinsa na Rubicon a ranar 15 ga Agusta 1985, ya ragu zuwa R2.40 kowace dala. Kuɗin ya dawo da ɗan tsakanin 1986 zuwa 1988, yana kasuwanci a kusa da matakin R2 mafi yawan lokaci har ma yana karya ƙarƙashinsa kai tsaye. Farfadowar ba ta daɗe ba, amma a ƙarshen 1989, Rand yana cinikin fiye da R2.50 kowace dala. Kamar yadda ya bayyana a farkon shekarun 1990 cewa kasar na nufin mulkin mallaka mafi rinjaye na bakar fata da kuma sake fasalin daya bayan daya, rashin tabbas game da makomar kasar ya gaggauta faduwar darajar har zuwa matakin R. 3 zuwa dala an keta shi a watan Nuwamba 1992. Yawancin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin gida da na waje sun rinjayi kudin bayan haka, musamman babban zaben 1994, wanda ya raunana zuwa sama da R3.60 zuwa dala, zaben Tito Mboweni a matsayin gwamnan babban bankin Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma rantsar da shugaba Thabo Mbeki a shekarar 1999, wanda yayi saurin zamewa sama da R6 zuwa dala. Shirin sake fasalin kasa mai cike da cece-kuce da aka fara a Zimbabwe, wanda harin na ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2001 ya biyo baya, ya kai shi mafi raunin tarihin R13.84 zuwa dala a watan Disambar 2001. 2001-2011 Wannan faduwar darajar kwatsam a cikin 2001 ya haifar da bincike na yau da kullun, wanda hakan ya haifar da farfadowa mai ban mamaki. A karshen shekarar 2002, an sake cinikin kudin a karkashin R9 zuwa dala, kuma a karshen shekarar 2004 ana cinikin kasa da R5.70 zuwa dala. Kudin ya ɗan yi laushi a cikin 2005, kuma yana cinikin kusan R6.35 zuwa dala a ƙarshen shekara. A farkon shekara ta 2006, duk da haka, kuɗin ya ci gaba da yin gangami, kuma tun daga ranar 19 ga Janairu, 2006, an sake yin ciniki a ƙarƙashin R6 zuwa dala. Koyaya, a cikin kashi na biyu da na uku na 2006 (watau Afrilu zuwa Satumba), Rand ya raunana sosai. A cikin sharuddan sittin, ya faɗi daga kusan kashi 9.5% zuwa sama da kashi 7 cikin ɗari, ya yi asarar kusan kashi 25% na ƙimar kasuwancin ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin watanni shida kacal. A ƙarshen 2007, Rand ya haɗu cikin ladabi zuwa sama da 8% kawai, kawai don fuskantar faifai mai zurfi a cikin kwata na farko na 2008. Za a iya danganta wannan zamewar ƙasa da abubuwa da yawa: tabarbarewar gibin asusu na Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ya ƙaru zuwa shekaru 36 da ya kai kashi 7.3 cikin ɗari na jimlar yawan amfanin gida (GDP) a 2007; hauhawar farashin kaya a cikin shekaru biyar mafi girma na kusan 9%; haɓaka kyamar haɗari a duniya yayin da damuwar masu zuba jari game da yaduwar tasirin rikicin na ƙasa ya karu; da kuma jirgin gaba ɗaya zuwa "masu tsaro", nesa da haɗarin da ake gani na kasuwanni masu tasowa. Matsalar wutar lantarki ta Eskom ta kara ta'azzara faduwar darajar Rand, wanda ya taso saboda rashin iya biyan bukatun makamashin kasar cikin hanzari. 2012 yanzu A stalled ma'adinai masana'antu a cikin marigayi 2012 ya haifar da sabon lows a farkon 2013. A ƙarshen Janairu 2014, Rand ya zame zuwa R11.25 zuwa dala, tare da manazarta suna danganta canjin zuwa "kalmar daga Tarayyar Tarayyar Amurka cewa za ta rage kashe kashe kuɗi mai ƙarfafawa, wanda ya haifar da kasuwa mai yawa a cikin tattalin arziki masu tasowa." A cikin 2014, Afirka ta Kudu ta fuskanci mafi munin shekararta akan dalar Amurka tun daga 2009, kuma a cikin Maris 2015, Rand ya yi ciniki a mafi muni tun 2002. A lokacin, Trading Economics ya fitar da bayanai cewa Rand "ya kai R4.97 zuwa dala tsakanin 1972-2015, wanda ya kai R12.45 a kowane lokaci a watan Disamba 2001 da kuma raguwa na R0.67 a watan Yuni na 1973." Ya zuwa karshen shekarar 2014, kudin Rand ya ragu zuwa R15.05 a kowace dala, wani bangare saboda gibin asusun kasuwancin Afirka ta Kudu da sauran kasashen duniya. Daga ranar 9 zuwa 13 ga watan Disambar 2015, cikin kwanaki hudu, kudin Rand ya ragu da kashi 10 bisa dari, sakamakon abin da wasu ke zargin cewa shugaba Zuma ya bayyana mamakinsa na cewa zai maye gurbin ministan kudi Nhlanhla Nene da David van Rooyen wanda ba a san shi ba. Faduwar darajar da aka yi cikin sauri ta samo asali ne lokacin da Zuma ya ja baya tare da bayyana cewa a maimakon haka za a nada fitaccen ministan kudi Pravin Gordhan a kan mukamin. Korar da Zuma ya yi na ba-zata da Nene ya yi illa ga amincewar kasashen duniya a kan kudin kasar Rand, kuma farashin musayar ya yi kasala a tsawon watan Janairun 2016, kuma ya kai matsayin da ba a taba gani ba na R17.9169 zuwa dalar Amurka a ranar 9 ga watan Janairun 2016 kafin ya koma R16.57 daga baya. rana guda. Faduwar darajar watan Janairu kuma wani bangare ne ya haifar da masu zuba jari na kasar Japan sun yanke asarar da suke yi a cikin kudin don neman zuba jari mai yawa a wasu wurare kuma saboda damuwa kan tasirin koma bayan tattalin arziki a kasar Sin, babbar kasuwar fitar da kayayyaki a Afirka ta Kudu. A tsakiyar watan Janairu, masana tattalin arziki sun yi hasashe cewa Rand na iya sa ran ganin ƙarin canji ga sauran 2016. Ya zuwa ranar 29 ga Afrilu, ya kai mafi girman aikinsa a cikin watanni biyar da suka gabata, inda aka yi musanya akan farashin R14.16 zuwa dalar Amurka. Bayan da Burtaniya ta kada kuri'ar ficewa daga Tarayyar Turai, kudin Rand ya ragu da sama da kashi 8 cikin dari idan aka kwatanta da dalar Amurka a ranar 24 ga watan Yunin 2016, raguwar kudin mafi girma a rana guda tun bayan faduwar tattalin arzikin shekarar 2008. Wannan ya kasance wani bangare ne saboda koma bayan tattalin arzikin duniya gaba daya daga kudaden da ake ganin suna da hadari ga dalar Amurka kuma wani bangare na damuwa kan yadda ficewar Burtaniya daga kungiyar EU zai yi tasiri ga tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu da huldar kasuwanci. A watan Afrilun 2017, wata kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a ta Reuters ta yi kiyasin cewa, Rand zai ci gaba da kasancewa da kwanciyar hankali har zuwa karshen shekara, yayin da kuri'u biyu suka gano cewa manazarta sun riga sun yi la'akari da yiwuwar raguwa zuwa matsayi na "junk". A lokacin, Moody's ya kima Afirka ta Kudu daraja biyu sama da matsayin takarce. A lokacin da shugaba Jacob Zuma ya samu da kyar a yunkurin kin amincewa da kasar Afirka ta Kudu a watan Agustan 2017, kudin Rand ya ci gaba da zamewa, inda ya ragu da kashi 1.7 cikin dari a wannan rana. A cikin watan Satumban shekarar 2017, Goldman Sachs ya ce basussuka da cin hanci da rashawa na kamfanin Eskom Holdings shi ne babban hatsari ga tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu da kuma canjin kudin Rand. A lokacin, ba ta da wani babban jami'in gudanarwa na dindindin, kuma Colin Coleman na Goldman Sachs a Afirka ya ce kamfanin yana "tattaunawa kan mafita" kan samun ingantaccen gudanarwa. A watan Oktoban 2017, Rand ya tsaya tsayin daka akan dalar Amurka yayin da ya murmure daga karanci na watanni shida. Kamfanin dillancin labaran reuters ya bayyana cewa, "Afrika ta kudu na da matukar saukin kai ga ra'ayin masu zuba jari a duniya yayin da kasar ta dogara da kudaden kasashen waje wajen cike manyan kasafin kudinta da kuma gibin kudaden da take samu." A ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamban 2017, kudin Rand ya fadi da sama da kashi 1% a lokacin da shugaban kasafin kudi Michael Sachs ya sauka daga mukaminsa a gwamnatin Zuma. A cikin Oktoba 2022, Rand ya nutse zuwa mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin shekaru biyu, ya kai R18.46 zuwa dalar Amurka a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 2022. Tsabar kudi An gabatar da tsabar kudi a cikin 1961 a cikin ƙungiyoyin 1, 5, 10, 20, da 50 cents. A 1965, 2 cent tsabar kudi maye gurbin cent tsabar kudi. The An buga tsabar ƙarshe don yaduwa a cikin 1973. An ƙaddamar da tsabar kudin Rand 1 don rarrabawa a cikin 1967, sannan tsabar kudi 2-rand a 1989 da tsabar rand 5 a 1994. An dakatar da samar da cent 1 da 2 a shekara ta 2002, sai kuma cent 5 a 2012, da farko saboda hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da ya rage musu daraja, amma sun ci gaba da zama a doka. Shaguna yawanci suna zagaye jimillar farashin siyan kaya zuwa kusan centi 10 (don mabukaci). A kokarin da ake na dakile jabun, an fitar da sabon tsabar kudin Rand 5 a watan Agustan 2004. Abubuwan tsaro da aka gabatar akan tsabar kudin sun haɗa da ƙirar bimetal (mai kama da tsabar kuɗi €1 da €2, tsabar kuɗin Thai ฿10, tsabar kuɗin Philippine ₱10 kafin 2018, tsabar £2 na Burtaniya, da tsabar kuɗin Kanada $2 a keɓaɓɓen tsagi na tsaro na musamman tare da baki da ƙananan haruffa. A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2023, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a fitar da sabon jerin tsabar kudi. Waɗannan za su kasance da ɗarika ɗaya da jerin da suka gabata. 10c zai ƙunshi hoton Cape Honey Bee, 20c da Bitter Aloe, da 50c da Knysna Turaco, da R1 da Springbok, da R2 da King Protea, da kuma R5 da kudancin dama Whale. Takardun kuɗi An gabatar da jeri na farko na takardun kuɗin Rand a cikin 1961 a cikin ƙungiyoyin 1, 2, 10, da 20 rand, tare da ƙira da launuka iri ɗaya zuwa bayanan fam ɗin da suka gabata don sauƙaƙa sauyawa. Sun ɗauki hoton abin da aka yi imani da shi a lokacin Jan van Riebeeck, shugaban VOC na farko na Cape Town Daga baya an gano cewa hoton ba gaskiya ba ne Van Riebeeck kwata-kwata, hoton Bartholomeus Vermuyden ya yi kuskure da Van Riebeeck. Kamar bayanin kula na fam na ƙarshe, an buga su cikin bambance-bambancen guda biyu, ɗaya da Ingilishi aka fara rubuta ɗayan ɗayan kuma an fara rubuta Afirkaans A cikin 1966, an fitar da jeri na biyu tare da ƙira waɗanda suka ƙaura daga bayanan fam ɗin da suka gabata. Bayanan kula tare da raka'o'i na 1, 5 da 10 rand an samar da su tare da galibin launi ɗaya a kowane bayanin kula. An gabatar da ƙaramin bayanin rand 1 tare da ƙira iri ɗaya a cikin 1973 kuma an gabatar da bayanin rand 2 a cikin 1974. An yi watsi da darajar rand 20 daga jerin farko. Duk bayanan kula sun ɗauki hoton Jan van Riebeeck. An ci gaba da yin amfani da sigar Ingilishi da Afrikaans na kowane bayanin kula a cikin wannan jerin. Jerin 1978 ya fara da ƙungiyoyin 2, 5, 10 da 20 rand, tare da ƙaddamar da rand 50 a cikin 1984. Wannan silsilar tana da bambance-bambancen harshe guda ɗaya kawai ga kowane rukunin bayanin kula. Afrikaans shine yaren farko akan Rand 2, 10, da 50, yayin da Ingilishi shine yaren farko akan Rand 5 da 20. An maye gurbin bayanin kula da Rand 1 da tsabar kudi. A cikin 1990s, an sake tsara bayanin kula tare da hotunan Big Five nau'in namun daji. 10, 20 da 50 rand an gabatar da su a cikin 1992 1993, suna riƙe da tsarin launi na fitowar da ta gabata. An gabatar da tsabar kudi don 2 da 5 rand, tare da maye gurbin bayanin kula na jerin da suka gabata, musamman saboda tsananin lalacewa da tsagewar da aka samu tare da ƙananan bayanan ƙididdiga a wurare dabam dabam. A cikin 1994, an gabatar da bayanan rand 100 da 200. [ana buƙatar hujja] Jerin 2005 yana da babban ƙira iri ɗaya, amma tare da ƙarin fasalulluka na tsaro kamar tawada mai canza launi akan rand 50 da sama da kuma ƙungiyar taurarin EURion An buga sassan duka ƙungiyoyin a cikin Turanci, yayin da aka buga wasu harsuna biyu na hukuma a baya, don haka ana amfani da duk harsunan hukuma 11 na Afirka ta Kudu A cikin 2010, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu da bankunan kasuwanci sun janye duk jerin takardun banki na rand 200 na 1994 saboda ingantattun kuɗaɗen jabun da ke yawo. A cikin 2011, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da takardun banki na rand 100 waɗanda ba su da lahani saboda ba su da bugu mai kyalli da ake iya gani a ƙarƙashin hasken UV A cikin watan Yuni, an ƙaura da buga wannan ɗarika daga Kamfanin Bayanan kula da Bankin Afirka ta Kudu zuwa sashin Crane Currency na Sweden Tumba Bruk wanda aka bayar da rahoton ya samar da tsabar kuɗi miliyan 80 100 rand. Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya soke takardun banki miliyan 3.6-rand 100 da Crane Currency ya buga saboda suna da lambobi iri ɗaya da rukunin da Kamfanin Bayanan Bankin Afirka ta Kudu ya buga. Bugu da ƙari, bayanin kula da aka buga a Sweden ba su kasance daidai launi ba, kuma sun kasance 1 mm gajere. A ranar 11 ga Fabrairun 2012, Shugaba Jacob Zuma ya sanar da cewa kasar za ta fitar da sabbin takardun kudi masu dauke da hoton Nelson Mandela An shigar da su a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2012. Waɗannan sun ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi iri ɗaya na 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. A cikin 2013, an sabunta jerin 2012 tare da ƙari na ƙungiyar taurarin EURion zuwa duka ƙungiyoyin guda biyar. A ranar 18 ga Yuli, 2018, an fitar da jerin takardun kudi na musamman don tunawa da cika shekaru 100 na haihuwar Nelson Mandela. Wannan jeri ya ƙunshi bayanin kula na duk ƙungiyoyin, 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. Waɗannan bayanan kula za su yi yawo tare da bayanan da ke akwai. Bayanan bayanan sun nuna madaidaicin fuskar Nelson Mandela a zahiri, amma a maimakon dabbobin Big Five a baya, suna nuna ƙaramin Mandela tare da fage daban-daban da suka shafi gadonsa. Wadannan al'amuran sun hada da: tsaunin Gabashin Cape, wanda ke nuna wurin haifuwar Mandela na Mvezo (rand 10); Gidan Mandela a Soweto, inda ya bayyana rayuwarsa ta siyasa tare da sauran gumakan gwagwarmaya (rand 20); wurin da aka kama Mandela a kusa da Howick, bayan watanni 17 a boye, inda aka gina masa wani abin tunawa rand 50); wurin daurin shekaru 27 da Mandela ya yi a gidan yari a tsibirin Robben, yana nuna tarin dutsen farar ƙasa (rand 100); mutum-mutumin Mandela a ginin Tarayyar don tunawa da lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a can a shekarar 1994 (rand 200). A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2023, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a sami sabon jerin takardun banki waɗanda za su riƙe hoton Nelson Mandela a zahiri, yayin da yake nuna Big 5 a cikin hoton dangi a baya. Wannan silsilar ta ƙunshi ɗarika ɗaya na 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. Zubi na farko Zubi na biyu Zubi na uku Zubi na hudu Silsilar ta biyar Siridi na shida Siri na bakwai Siri na takwas Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Kudi Kudade Kuɗi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
40847	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan%20of%20Arc	Joan of Arc	Joan na Arc pronounced ['an da']; 1412 30 ga Mayu 1431) majiɓinciya ce ta Faransa, wanda aka karrama ta a matsayin mai kare ƙasar Faransa saboda rawar da ta taka a kewayen Orléans da kuma dagewarta kan nadin sarautar Charles VII na Faransa a lokacin Yaƙin Shekaru ɗari. Da yake bayyana cewa tana aiki ƙarƙashin divine guidance, ta zama shugabar soja wacce ta wuce matsayin jinsi kuma ta sami karɓuwa a matsayin mai ceton Faransa. An haifi Joan ga wani ƙwararrun dangin ƙauye a Domrémy a arewa maso gabashin Faransa. A cikin karni na 1428, ta nemi a kai ta wurin Charles, daga baya ta shaida cewa wahayi daga mala'ika Michael, Saint Margaret, da Saint Catherine ya jagorance ta don taimaka masa ya ceci Faransa daga mamayar Ingilishi. Da yake da tabbacin sadaukarwarta da tsarkinta, Charles ya aika Joan, mai kimanin shekara goma sha bakwai, zuwa ga kewayen Orléans a matsayin wani ɓangare na sojojin agaji. Ta isa birnin a watan Afrilun 1429, tana riƙe da tutarta da kuma ba da bege ga sojojin Faransa masu rauni. Bayan kwana tara da zuwanta, turawan Ingila suka watsar da kewayenta. Joan ya ƙarfafa Faransanci don yin fushi da Ingilishi a lokacin yakin Loire, wanda ya ƙare a wani gagarumin nasara a Patay, yana buɗe hanya ga sojojin Faransa don ci gaba a Reims ba tare da hamayya ba, inda Charles aka nada a matsayin Sarkin Faransa tare da Joan a gefensa. Waɗannan nasarorin sun karawa Faransa kwarin gwiwa, inda suka share fagen nasararsu ta karshe a yakin shekaru dari bayan shekaru da dama. Bayan naɗin sarauta na Charles, Joan ta shiga cikin rashin nasara a kewayen Paris a watan Satumba na 1429 da kuma gazawar La Charité a watan Nuwamba. Gudunmawar da ta yi a wadannan kaye-kaye ya rage imanin kotun a gare ta. A farkon shekara ta 1430, Joan ta shirya ƙungiyar masu ba da agaji don taimaka wa Compiègne, wanda Burgundians—abokan Faransanci na Ingilishi suka kewaye. Sojojin Burgundian sun kama ta a ranar 23 ga watan Mayu. Bayan kokarin tserewa bai yi nasara ba, an mika ta ga turawan Ingila a watan Nuwamba. Bishop Pierre Cauchon ya gabatar da ita a gaban shari'a a kan zargin karkatacciya, wanda ya hada da saɓo ta hanyar sa tufafin maza, yin aiki a kan wahayin da ke da aljanu, da ƙin ƙaddamar da maganganunta da ayyukanta ga hukuncin ikkilisiya. An bayyana ta da laifi kuma an kone ta a kan gungumen azaba a ranar 30 ga watan Mayun 1431, tana da kimanin shekaru goma sha tara. A shekara ta 1456, wata kotun bincike ta sake bincikar shari’ar Joan kuma ta soke hukuncin, ta bayyana cewa yaudara da kurakuran tsari ne suka gurɓata shi. An girmama Joan a matsayin shahidi, kuma ana kallonta a matsayin 'yar cocin Roman Katolika mai biyayya, farkon mata, kuma alamar 'yanci da 'yancin kai. Bayan juyin juya halin Faransa, ta zama alamar ƙasa ta Faransa. A cikin shekarar 1920, Cocin Roman Katolika ta ba da sunan Joan na Arc kuma, bayan shekaru biyu, an ayyanata ɗaya daga cikin tsarkakan Faransa. An nuna ta a cikin ayyukan al'adu da yawa, ciki har da wallafe-wallafe, zane-zane, sassakaki, da kiɗa. Suna An rubuta sunan Joan na Arc ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Babu daidaitaccen rubutun sunanta kafin karni na sha shida; Sunanta na ƙarshe yawanci ana rubuta su a matsayin "Darc" ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba, amma akwai bambance-bambancen kamar "Tarc", "Dart" ko "Ranar". An rubuta sunan mahaifinta a matsayin "Tart" a lokacin shari'arta. An kira ta "Jeanne d'Ay de Domrémy" a cikin wasiƙar Charles VII ta 1429 tana ba ta rigar makamai. Wataƙila Joan ba ta taɓa jin ana kiranta da suna "Jeanne d'Arc". Rubuce rubuce na farko na kiranta da wannan suna a cikin 1455, shekaru 24 bayan mutuwarta. Ba a koya mata karatu da rubutu ba a lokacin ƙuruciyarta, don haka ta rubuta wasiƙunta. Wataƙila daga baya ta koyi sa hannu a sunanta, kamar yadda wasu daga cikin wasiƙunta suke sa hannu, har ma ta koyi karatu. Joan ta kira kanta a cikin wasiƙun a matsayin (Joan the Maiden) ko a matsayin (Bawa), tana mai jaddada budurcinta, kuma ta sanya hannu kan "Jehanne". A cikin karni na sha shida, ta zama sanannun da "Maid of Orleans". Haihuwa da tarihi An haifi Joan na Arc a kusa da karni na 1412 a Domrémy, wani ƙaramin ƙauye a cikin kwarin Meuse yanzu a cikin sashen Vosges a arewa maso gabashin Faransa. Ba a san ranar haihuwarta ba kuma maganganunta game da shekarunta ba su da tabbas. Iyayenta sune Jacques d'Arc da Isabelle Romée. Joan yana da ’yan’uwa uku da ’yar’uwa. Mahaifinta manomi ne mai kauye mai kimanin na ƙasa, kuma ya ƙara samun kuɗin shiga iyali a matsayin jami'in ƙauye, yana karɓar haraji kuma yana jagorantar agogon gida. An haife ta a lokacin Yaƙin Shekaru ɗari tsakanin Ingila da Faransa, wanda ya fara a cikin karni na 1337 a kan matsayin yankunan Ingilishi a Faransa da kuma da'awar Ingilishi ga kursiyin Faransa. Kusan duk fadan ya faru ne a Faransa, wanda ya lalata tattalin arzikinta. A lokacin haihuwar Joan, Faransa ta rabu a siyasance. Sarkin Faransa Charles VI yana fama da ciwon hauka akai-akai kuma sau da yawa ya kasa yin mulki; ɗan'uwansa Louis, Duke na Orléans, da ɗan uwansa John the Fearless, Duke na Burgundy, sun yi jayayya game da mulkin Faransa. A cikin 1407, Duke na Burgundy ya ba da umarnin kashe Duke na Orléans, yana haifar da yakin basasa. Charles na Orléans ya gaji mahaifinsa a matsayin Duke yana da shekaru goma sha uku, kuma an sanya shi a hannun Bernard, Count of Armagnac; magoya bayansa sun zama sanannun "Armagnacs", yayin da magoya bayan Duke na Burgundy suka zama sanannun "Burgundians". Sarkin Faransa na gaba Charles VII ya ɗauki lakabin Dauphin (magaji ga kursiyin) bayan mutuwar ƴan uwansa guda huɗu, kuma yana da alaƙa da Armagnacs. Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
21868	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnter%20Schabowski	Günter Schabowski	Günter Schabowski ɡʏntɐ bɔfski]; 4 ga Janairun shekarar 1929 1 Nuwamba 2015) ɗan siyasan Jamusawa ne na Gabas wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'in Socialist Unity Party na ƙasar Jamus (Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands da aka taƙaita SED), jam'iyya mai mulki yayin mafi yawan kasancewar Jamhuriyar Demokiradiyar Jamus (GDR). Schabowski ya sami daraja a duk duniya a cikin Nuwamba 1989 lokacin da ya inganta amsar ɗan-kuskuren tambaya ga tambayar taron manema labarai. Wannan ya haifar da shahararrun fata cikin sauri fiye da yadda gwamnati ta tsara kuma don haka taron jama'a suka taru a wannan dare a Bangon Berlin, wanda ya tilasta buɗe shi bayan shekaru 28. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, aka buɗe duk iyakar Jamus ta ciki. Bayan Fage An haifi Schabowski a Anklam, Pomerania (a lokacin a cikin Free State of Prussia, yanzu wani ɓangare na jihar tarayya ta Mecklenburg-Vorpommern). Ya kuma yi karatun aikin jarida a jami'ar Karl Marx, Leipzig, daga nan ya zama editan mujallar kungiyar kwadago, Tribüne. A shekarar 1952, ya zama memba na SED. Daga 1967 zuwa 1968, ya halarci makarantar jami'a ta CPSU. A shekarar 1978, ya zama babban editan jaridar Neues Deutschland ("New Germany"), wanda a matsayinsa na babban jami'in kungiyar SED aka dauke shi a matsayin jaridar da ke kan gaba a GDR. [2] A 1981, ya zama memba na kwamitin tsakiya na SED. A cikin 1985, bayan barin Neues Deutschland, ya zama Sakataren Farko na reshen Gabashin Berlin na SED kuma memba na SED Politbüro. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin memba na Volkskammer daga shekarar 1981 zuwa 1990. A cikin 2009, marubuciya Christa Wolf ta kira Schabowski "ɗayan mafi munin" 'yan siyasar Jamusawan Gabas kafin Wende, tana mai cewa: "Na tuna aan bayyanar da ya yi a gaban ƙungiyar marubucin. Kun ji tsoronsa." Buɗe katangar Berlin da kuma Faduwar Bangon Berlin Günter Schabowski a zanga-zangar Alexanderplatz A ranar 4 ga Nuwamba 1989 Taron manema labarai a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba shekarar 1989 da Günter Schabowski (ya hau kan mataki, na biyu daga dama) da sauran jami'an Jamusawa na Gabas wanda ya haifar da Faɗuwar Bangon. Riccardo Ehrman yana zaune a ƙasan filin tare da tebur a bayansa. A watan Oktoban shekarata 1989, Schabowski, tare da wasu membobin na Politbüro da yawa, sun juya wa tsohon shugaban SED Erich Honecker baya tare da tilasta shi ya sauka don mara wa Egon Krenz baya. A wani bangare na kokarin sauya martabar gwamnatin, Schabowski ya kasance mai magana da yawun gwamnatin ba da hukuma ba kuma yana gudanar da tarurruka da dama na manema labarai a kowace rana don sanar da sauye-sauye. [5] Ya riga ya kasance mai kula da harkokin watsa labarai na Politbüro. Haka nan kuma an ba shi suna mutum na biyu a cikin SED, tsohuwar rawar Krenz. [6] Schabowski ya shafe mafi yawan aikinsa a aikin jarida irin na kwaminisanci inda aka gaya wa manema labarai abin da za su rubuta bayan abubuwan da suka faru sun riga sun faru. Don haka, ya ɗan wahalar da shi don ya saba da aikin watsa labarai irin na Yamma. [7] A ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 1989, ba da daɗewa ba kafin taron manema labarai na wannan rana, Krenz ya ba wa Schabowski wani rubutu [8] wanda ke ɗauke da sababbin ƙa'idodin tafiye-tafiye na ɗan lokaci. [7] Rubutun ya tanadi cewa 'yan asalin Jamusawa na Gabas na iya neman izinin zuwa kasashen waje ba tare da biyan bukatun da suka gabata ba game da wadannan tafiye-tafiye, kuma hakan ya ba da damar yin kaura na dindindin a duk kan iyakokin, ciki har da wadanda ke tsakanin Gabas da Yammacin Berlin. Yakamata a sanya takunkumin rubutu har zuwa wayewar gari. Schabowski bai kasance a hannu ba lokacin da Krenz ya karanta rubutun a safiyar yau ga membobin Politb severalro da yawa yayin hutun sigari a yayin zaman kwamitin kolin ranar ko lokacin da aka tattauna a gaban cikakken kwamitin. Koyaya, ya ji daɗin tattauna shi a taron manema labarai; ya ce daga baya cewa duk wanda ake bukata don gudanar da taron manema labarai ya iya magana da Jamusanci da karanta rubutu ba tare da kuskure ba. [7] Dangane da haka, ya karanta bayanin a bayyane a ƙarshen taron manema labarai. Ɗaya daga cikin masu aiko da rahotanni ya tambaya yaushe dokokin zasu fara aiki. Schabowski ya ɗauka cewa zai kasance daidai da ranar da aka rubuta kalmar, sai ya amsa bayan ɗan dakatawa na ɗan dakiku: "Kamar yadda na sani yana tasiri nan take, ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba.". meiner Kenntnis ist das sofort unverzüglich.) [10] [11] Lissafi sun banbanta kan wanda ya yi wannan tambayar. Dukansu Riccardo Ehrman, wakilin Berlin na kamfanin dillancin labarai na ANSA, da wakilin Bild Zeitung na Jamus (mai tabloid) Peter Brinkmann suna zaune a sahun gaba a taron manema labarai kuma sun yi iƙirarin cewa sun tambayi lokacin da dokokin za su fara aiki. Daga baya, lokacin da aka tambaye shi ko sabbin ƙa'idodin sun shafi tafiya tsakanin Gabas da Yammacin Berlin, Schabowski ya sake duba rubutun sai ya gano cewa sun yi. Lokacin da Daniel Johnson na jaridar Daily Telegraph ya tambaya me hakan ke nufi ga ganuwar Berlin, Schabowski ya zauna a sanyaye kafin ya ba da sanarwa game da bangon da ke ɗaure da babbar tambayar kwance ɗamara. [14] Bayan taron manema labarai, Schabowski ya zauna don yin hira kai tsaye tare da Tom Brokaw na NBC. Lokacin da Brokaw ya tambaye shi ko da gaske ne cewa Jamusawan Gabas yanzu za su iya tafiya ba tare da sun wuce wata ƙasa ta uku ba, Schabowski ya amsa cikin Ingilishi da ya ɓace cewa Ba a ƙara tilasta Jamusawan Gabas barin GDR ta hanyar wucewa ta wata ƙasa ba, l "kuma zai iya yanzu "tafi ta kan iyaka." Lokacin da Brokaw ya tambaya ko wannan yana nufin "'yancin tafiya," Schabowski ya amsa, "Ee mana," kuma ya kara da cewa "ba batun yawon bude ido ba ne" amma "izinin barin GDR ne." Tashoshin telebijin na kasa na Yammacin Jamus sun nuna sassan taron manema labarai na Schabowski a cikin rahotanninsu na yamma maraice da misalin karfe 7:17 na dare a kan heute na ZDF da kuma 8 na dare a kan ARD na Tagesschau, wanda ke nufin cewa an watsa labarin ga kusan dukkanin Gabashin Jamus da inda aka kalli talabijin na Yammacin Jamus. Daga nan labarin ya bazu kamar wutar daji tare da ci gaba da maimaita labarai a cikin daren. Yayin da dare ya ci gaba, dubban 'yan Berlin ta Gabas sun fara zuwa kan iyaka shida da ke kan katangar Berlin suna neman a ba su izinin. Gidan talabijin na kai tsaye ya ba da rahoto game da mutanen da suka taru wanda kawai ya ƙaru da lambobin East Berliners da ke zuwa ƙofar. Jama'ar sun fi yawa kan masu tsaron kan iyaka, wadanda suka fara kokarin tsayar da lokaci. Koyaya, babu wanda ya so yin oda da ƙarfi. A ƙarshe, da ƙarfe 11:30 na dare, jami'in Stasi Harald Jäger ya yanke shawarar buɗe ƙofofin a mashigar Bornholmer Straße da kuma ba mutane damar shiga Yammacin Berlin. The fall of the Berlin Wall was the key event leading to the end of the East German regime, a state that had been crumbling for many weeks as citizens had been fleeing through intermediate countries surrounding East Germany. Indeed, Victor Sebestyen later wrote that when the gates were opened, for all intents and purposes, East Germany "ceased to exist". He also wrote that many of Schabowski's colleagues suspected he was either an American or West German agent and could not believe that he had made "a simple cock-up". In 2014, his wife claimed that Schabowski had been well aware of the possible consequences of what he said in the press conference. A cikin tsarkakewar "tsohuwar mai tsaron jam'iyyar", an kori Schabowski da sauri daga Jam'iyyar Democratic Socialism, magajin SED, a kokarin inganta kimar jam'iyyar. Watanni kaɗan da suka gabata, an ba shi lambar girma ta Karl Marx. Rayuwar siyasa bayan sake hadewa Schabowski a shekarar 2007 Kabarin Günter Schabowski a garin Waldfriedhof Dahlem Bayan sake hadewar Jamusawa, Schabowski ya yi kakkausar suka game da ayyukansa a Gabashin Jamus da na sauran takwarorinsa na 'yan siyasa da kuma tsarin gurguzu irin na Soviet gaba daya. [10] Ya sake yin aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida kuma tsakanin 1992 da 1999, a matsayin edita na Heimat-Nachrichten, wata takarda ta mako-mako da ya haɗu tare da wani ɗan jaridar Jamus ta Yamma a Rotenburg an der Fulda. Taimakon yakin neman zaben da ya yiwa Jam’iyyar ta Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU) ya sa wasu tsoffin abokan aikin sa suka kira shi wryneck. Jamusanci ga Wendehals, tsuntsu da ke iya juya kansa kusan digiri 180, kalma ce sananniya da ake amfani da ita don izgili ga kwaminisanci waɗanda suka zama jari hujja. Tare da sauran manyan mutane na gwamnatin GDR, an tuhume shi da kisan Jamusawan Gabas da ke ƙoƙarin tserewa daga GDR. A watan Janairun shekarar 1995, masu gabatar da kara na Berlin sun gabatar da tuhuma a kansa. [1] A watan Agusta 1997, an yanke wa Schabowski hukunci tare da Egon Krenz da Günther Kleiber. Saboda ya yarda da laifinsa na ɗabi'a kuma ya la'anci GDR, an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru uku kawai. A watan Disamba na 1999, ya fara zaman gidan kaso a gidan yarin Hakenfelde da ke Spandau. Koyaya, a watan Satumbar 2000, Magajin Gari Eberhard Diepgen ya yi masa afuwa kuma aka sake shi a cikin Disamba 2000 bayan ya yi shekara ɗaya kawai. Ya kasance mai sukar PDS Hagu Party, magajin jam'iyyar Socialist Unity Party. A cikin 2001, ya yi aiki tare da Bärbel Bohley a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Frank Steffel (CDU). Mutuwa A cewar matar sa, Schabowski ya zauna a gidan kula da tsofaffi na Berlin a shekarun baya na rayuwarsa, bayan yawan bugun zuciya da shanyewar jiki. [10] Ya mutu a Berlin, bayan doguwar rashin lafiya, a safiyar 1 ga Nuwamba 2015, yana da shekaru 86. Wasu Bayanai akansa Günter Schabowski an haife shi ne a shekarar 1929" (a Jamusanci). Gidan Tarihi na Rayuwa akan layi. An sake dawo da Nuwamba 1, 2015.] Tsohon jami'in kwaminisanci na Gabashin Jamus Günter Schabowski wannan a cikin Berlin". DW.COM. Nuwamba 1, 2015. An dawo da Satumba 13, 2016. Yana dan shekara 86: Günter Schabowski ya mutu" (a Jamusanci). Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. Nuwamba 1, 2015. An dawo da Nuwamba 1, 2015. Tarihin GDR:" Schabowski na ɗaya daga cikin mafi munin (a Jamusanci). Mitteldeutsche Zeitung. Maris 12, 2009. Sebestyen, Victor (2009). Juyin juya halin 1989: Faduwar Daular Soviet. Birnin New York: Littattafan Pantheon. ISBN 978-0-375-42532-5. Sarotte, Mary Elise (7 Oktoba 2014). Rushewa: Budewar Katanga Ba da gangan ba. Birnin New York: Litattafan Basic. shafi na. 23. ISBN 9780465064946. Sarotte, shafi na. 115 kari wanda Gerhard Lauter ya shirya: https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/25-jahre-deutsche-einheit/mauerfall-am-9-november-1989-und-im-uebrigen-die- limit-ist- kan-12654876.html Sarotte, shafi na 107-108 "Matar Schabowski:" Mijina ya san abin da yake faɗi (a Jamusanci). Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. 7 Nuwamba 2014. An dawo da 1 Nuwamba 2015. Hemmerich, Lisa (Nuwamba 9, 2009). "Bayyanannun fitowar Schabowski: Babban kulawa mafi mahimmanci a tarihin GDR" ta hanyar Spiegel Online. Walker, Marcus (21 ga Oktoba, 2009) "Shin Brinkmannship ya Fadi Bangon Berlin ne? Brinkmann ya ce ya yi" Jaridar Wall Street Journal. Yu Tub Sarotte, shafi na. 118 Sarotte, shafi na. 129. Wroe, David (Nuwamba 8, 2009). "Ya kasance mafi kyau da mafi munin dare". Al Jazeera Amurka. An dawo da Oktoba 14, 2014. "Günter Schabowski: Mutumin da ya buɗe katangar ba da gangan" (a Jamusanci). Mayar da hankali An sake dawo da Nuwamba 1, 2015. Pond, Elizabeth (1993). Bayan Wuya: Hanyar Jamus don Haɗawa. Kamfanin Brookings Institution Press. shafi na. 117. ISBN 0-8157-7154-1. "Yafiya: Günter Schabowski Günther Kleiber" (a Jamusanci). Madubi. Satumba 11, 2000. An dawo da Nuwamba 1, 2015. "Frank Steffel: Babban dan takarar CDU ya nemi shawara ga Schabowski" (a Jamusanci). Madubi na yau da kullun. 8 ga Agusta 2001. An dawo da 1 Nuwamba 2015. "Yana da shekara 86: Schabowski mai aikin Ex-SED ya mutu" (a Jamusanci). Labaran Daily. Nuwamba 1, 2015. An adana daga asali ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 2015. An dawo da Nuwamba 1, 2015. Hanyoyin haɗin waje Media da ke da alaƙa da Günter Schabowski a Wikimedia Commons Manazarta Mutuwan
19514	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adama%20Barrow	Adama Barrow	Adama Barrow An haife shine a ranar 15 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1965, ya kasan ce ɗan siyasan Gambiya ne kuma mai harkar gine-gine wanda shine shugaban ƙasan Gambiya na uku kuma shugaba mai ci a yanzu, kan mulki tun shekara ta 2017. An haife shi ne a garin Mankamang Kunda, wani ƙauye kusa da Basse Santa Su, ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Tsubirin Crab da kuma Makarantar Sakandare ta Musulmai, na biyun a kan malanta. Sannan ya yi aiki da kamfanin makamashi na Gambiya Alhaji Musa Njie Sons, inda ya zama manajan tallace-tallace. Motsawa zuwa London a farkon 2000s, Barrow yayi karatun cancanta a cikin ƙasa kuma a lokaci guda yayi aiki azaman mai tsaro. Bayan ya dawo Gambiya a 2006, ya kafa Majum Real Estate kuma ya kasance Shugaba har zuwa 2016. Ya zama ma'aji na United Democratic Party, jam'iyyar adawa, sannan ya zama shugaba a watan Satumbar 2016 bayan an tura tsohon shugaban a kurkuku. Sannan an zaɓi Barrow a matsayin dan takarar UDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 2016. Daga baya an sanar da cewa zai tsaya matsayin mai zaman kansa tare da goyon bayan ƙungiyar adawa ta Coalition 2016 (wani kawancen da ke goyon bayan UDP da wasu jam'iyyun shaida). Barrow ya lashe zaben shugaban kasar na 2016 da kashi 43.34% na kuri’un, ya kayar da shugaba mai ci Yahya Jammeh. Jammeh da farko ya amince da sakamakon, amma daga baya ya sake komawa kan wannan, kuma an tilasta Barrow ya gudu zuwa makwabciyar ƙasar Senegal. An rantsar da shi a ofishin jakadancin Gambiya da ke Senegal a ranar 19 ga watan Janairun 2017, kuma an tilasta Jammeh barin Gambiya ya tafi gudun hijira a ranar 21 ga watan Janairu. Barrow ya koma Gambiya ne a ranar 26 ga watan Janairu. A watan Nuwambar 2021, Adama Barrow ya bayyana aniyarsa ta tsayawa takarar shugaban kasa a shekara ta 2024. Rayuwar farko, ilimi da aiki An haifi Barrow ne a ranar 15 ga watan Fabrairu 1965 a Mankamang Kunda, wani ƙauye kusa da Basse Santa Su, kwana uku kafin Gambiya ta sami yancin kai daga Ƙasar Ingila Shi ɗa ne ga Mamudu Barrow da Kaddijatou Jallow. Ya halarci makarantar firamari ta Koba Kunda da ke yankin, sannan ya halarci makarantar Sakandiren Tsubirin Crab da ke Banjul Sannan ya samu tallafin karatu a makarantar sakandaren musulmai Bayan ya tashi daga makaranta, ya yi aiki da kamfanin makamashi na Gambiya Alhagie Musa Njie Sons, kuma ya tashi cikin mukami ya zama manajan tallace-tallace A farkon 2000s, ya koma London inda ya karanci cancantar harkar ƙasa. A lokaci guda, yayi aiki a matsayin mai tsaro a wani shagon Argos na gida don ɗaukar nauyin karatunsa. Daga baya ya bayyana wadannan gogewar a matsayin tsari, yana mai cewa "Rayuwa tsari ne, kuma Burtaniya ta taimaka min na zama mutumin da nake yau. Yin aiki na awowi 15 a rana yana gina mutum. Barrow ya koma Gambiya kuma a 2006, ya kafa Majum Real Estate, kuma daga 2006 zuwa 2016 shi ne babban jami'in kamfanin (Shugaba) na kamfanin. A ranar 12 ga watanYuni 2019, ya karɓi Babban Kyauta wanda shine The African Road Builders Babacar Ndiaye Trophy. Wannan ya kasance ne saboda shugabancin sa a gina gadar Senegambia. Barrow ya fara aikin siyasa ne tare da jam'iyyar sasantawa ta ƙasa (NRP) ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ministansa na yawon buɗe ido da al'adu, Hamat Bah tare da shugaban Gambia Democratic Congress (GDC) na yanzu, Mamma Kandeh. Koyaya, a 2007, ya raba hanya da NRP kuma ya koma UDP lokacin da Bah ta ba shi shawarar kada ya yi takara da tsohuwar abokiyar aikinta Mamma Kandeh wacce ta tsallaka zuwa ga APRC mai mulki. Barrow ya fadi zaben ga Kandeh kuma ya ci gaba da kasancewa mara martaba har zuwa lokacin da aka zaɓe shi a matsayin Shugaban Gambiya a 2016. Yaƙin neman zaɓen shugaban ƙasa Zaɓen shugaban ƙasar Gambiya na 2016 A ranar 30 ga watan Oktoba 2016, gamayyar jam'iyyun adawa bakwai ne suka zaɓi Barrow a matsayin dan takarar su na zaben shugaban kasar Gambiya na 2016 Kafin ya zama dan takarar shugaban kasa, Barrow bai taɓa riƙe wani mukamin da aka zaɓa ba, amma ya kasance ma'ajin jam'iyyar United Democratic Party (UDP). Ya yi murabus daga UDP a ranar 3 ga watan Nuwamba don ya tsaya takarar a matsayin mai zaman kanta, tare da cikakken goyon baya na Haɗin gwiwar 2016 A lokacin yaƙin neman zaɓen, ya yi alkawarin mayar da Gambiya membobinta na Kungiyar Kasashe da kuma ikon Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta Duniya Ya kuma yi alkawarin yin garambawul ga jami'an tsaro, tare da yin alkawarin kara kwarewa tare da raba su da siyasa. Ya kuma ce zai kafa gwamnatin rikon kwarya ta wucin gadi wacce ta kunshi mambobi daga kawancen adawa kuma zai sauka a cikin shekaru uku. A zaɓen, Barrow ya lashe da kashi 43.34% na kuri’un, inda ya kayar da Yahya Jammeh (wanda ya samu kashi 39.6%) da kuma dan takarar jam’iyya ta uku Mama Kandeh (wacce ta samu kashi 17.1%). Canjin shugaban ƙasa da kuma nadin sarauta Da farko, Jammeh ya nuna cewa miƙa mulki cikin sauƙi za a yi. Koyaya, a ranar Juma'a 9 ga watan Disamba, a cikin gidan talibijin, ya bayyana cewa "ya yi watsi da" sakamakon zaben. Wannan ya sadu da ihu na ƙasa da na duniya. Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya yi kira ga Jammeh da ya "mutunta zabin al'ummar Gambiya" kuma Tarayyar Afirka ta ayyana kalaman Jammeh "aikin banza ne"; Jammeh ya ki sauka daga mulki ya sha suka daga Amurka, makwabciyarta Senegal, ECOWAS, da sauransu. Cikin fargabar tsaron sa, Barrow ya bar Gambiya zuwa Senegal yayin da yake rokon Jammeh ya sauka. Jammeh ya daukaka kara kan rashin sa a zaben zuwa Kotun Koli. Lokacin da Babban Jojin Kotun Koli ya bayyana cewa kotun ba za ta iya nazarin shari’ar ba har tsawon akalla watanni hudu, Jammeh ya ayyana dokar ta baci don kokarin hana Barrow rantsar da shi a matsayin shugaban kasa. Sannan an rantsar da Barrow a matsayin shugaban Gambiya a ofishin jakadancin Gambiya da ke Dakar, Senegal, a ranar 19 ga watan Janairun 2017. A wannan rana, sojojin soja daga Senegal, Najeriya da Ghana sun shiga Gambiya a wani katsalandan na sojan ECOWAS da suka haɗa da na ƙasa, da na ruwa, da na sama domin tilasta Jammeh ya fice. Sojojin Gambiya ba su yi adawa da shiga tsakani ba, wanda kawai suka hadu da kananan rikice-rikice a kebe a kusa da mahaifar Jammeh ta Kanilai ECOWAS ta dakatar da kutsen bayan wasu 'yan sa'o'i kawai kuma ta ba Jammeh damar karshe ta sauka. A ranar 21 ga watan Janairu, Jammeh ya bar Gambiya zuwa gudun hijira da ECOWAS ta shirya, yana share fagen mika mulki. A ranar 26 ga watan Janairu, Barrow ya koma Gambiya, yayin da kusan sojojin ECOWAS 2,500 suka kasance a can don daidaita kasar. Barrow ya nemi sojojin ECOWAS su zauna na tsawon watanni shida. Dandazon mutane a daruruwan suna jiran a Filin jirgin saman Banjul don yi masa maraba da zuwa gida. Barrow ya kuma gaishe da jami’an soja da mambobin gwamnatin hadaka. A ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun 2017 Barrow ya sake rantsar da shi a karo na biyu, a cikin Gambiya, a wani bikin naɗin sarauta da aka gudanar a filin wasa na Independence da ke Bakau a wajen Banjul babban birnin ƙasar. Shugabancin ƙasa Kafa majalisar zartarwa da nade-naden mukamai A ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2017, Barrow ya sanar da cewa zaɓaɓɓun majalisar ministocin nasa dole ne su bayyana kadarorinsu kafin fara aikinsu. An rantsar da ministoci 10 daga cikin 18 a ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairu, a wani biki a Kairaba Beach Hotel, gidan wucin gadi na Barrow. Daga cikin nadin, Ousainou Darboe da Amadou Sanneh ne suka cike mahimman mukaman na Ministan Harkokin Wajen da Ministan Kudi da Harkokin Tattalin Arziki. An nada mace ta farko da ta tsaya takarar shugabancin kasar ta Gambiya Isatou Touray a matsayin Ministan Ciniki, Hadin Kan Yanki da samar da Aiki, sannan tsohon mai gudun hijira Mai Ahmed Fatty an nada shi Ministan cikin gida. Ba Tambadou an nada shi a matsayin Ministan Shari'a kuma Babban Atoni Janar amma bai halarci wurin da za a rantsar da shi ba. <i id="mwrA">The Point ta</i> lura babu wani memba na jam'iyyar hadakar PDOIS, sabanin yarjejeniyar hadin gwiwar, kuma an sanar da cewa karin nade-naden zai kasance masu fasaha, ba 'yan siyasa ba. Hakanan, an nada Amie Bojang Sissoho, wata mai rajin kare hakkin mata, a matsayin Daraktan yada labarai da hulda da jama'a na Ofishin Shugaban. Manufofin gida 'Yancin ɗan adam da sauran gyare-gyare A ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2017, Barrow ya sanar da cewa za a sake dawo da sunan Gambiya daga Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Gambiya zuwa Jamhuriyar Gambiya, yana mai sauya canjin da Jammeh ya yi a 2015. Ya kuma ce zai tabbatar da ‘yancin aikin jarida a kasar. A ranar 14 ga watan Fabrairu, Gambiya ta fara aikin komawa cikin mambobinta na Ƙungiyar Ƙasashe A cikin jawabinsa na farko a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun 2017, Barrow ya sanar da cewa ya ba da umarnin sakin duk mutanen da aka tsare ba tare da yi musu shari'a ba a karkashin mulkin danniya na Yahya Jammeh. Kimanin fursunoni 171 da ake tsare da su a gidan yari na Gile Mile 2 wanda ya yi kaurin suna. Barrow ya yi alwashin ganin Gambiya ta kawo karshen take hakkin dan Adam sannan ya soke janyewar da ake yi daga Gambiya daga Dokar Rome ta Kotun Manyan Laifuka ta Duniya A ranar 23 ga watan Maris, Ministan Shari'a Abubacarr Tambadou ya ba da sanarwar cewa Kwamitin Gaskiya, Sulhu da Kula da Fansa zai bayar da diyya ga waɗanda tsohuwar gwamnatin Yahya Jammeh ta shafa. Barrow ya kori Janar Ousman Badjie, Babban hafsan hafsoshin tsaro, tare da wasu manyan ma’aikata 10 a watan Fabrairun 2017. Badjie ya maye gurbinsa da tsohon shugaban ma’aikatan Masaneh Kinteh Hakanan an kori David Colley, darektan tsarin gidan yarin tare da garkame shi tare da wasu mutane 9 da ake zargi da kasancewa mambobin Jungulars, wani rukunin kisa da ake zargi ƙarƙashin Yahya Jammeh. A ranar 21 ga watan Satumba 2017, 'yan sa'o'i kaɗan bayan jawabin farko da ya gabatar a zauren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Barrow ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar soke hukuncin kisa a matsayin wani bangare na Yarjejeniyar Zabi ta Biyu ga Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan' Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa Ya kuma sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Kare Hakkokin Dukan Ma'aikata Masu Hijira da Membobin Iyalansu, da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa don Kare Dukan Mutane daga Bacewar Tilastawa, da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da Bayyanar da Gaskiya game da Yarjejeniyar da ke Tsakanin masu saka jari. Yarjejeniyar kan Haramtacciyar Makaman Nukiliya Hukumar Leƙen Asiri ta Ƙasa ta yi garambawul A ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2017, Barrow ya sanar da cewa zai sake suna tare da sake fasalta hukumar leken asirin ƙasar, Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Kasa, yana mai nuni da alakarta da azzalumar gwamnatin Yahya Jammeh Ya ce NIA "cibiya ce da za ta ci gaba", amma ya ƙara da cewa "bin doka, wannan zai zama aikin yau da kullum". Ya ce za a kara bayar da horo ga jami'an NIA. A ranar 31 ga watan Janairu, Barrow ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a kira NIA da Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Jiha (SIS). Washegari, ya kori Darakta Janar na NIA, Yankuba Badjie, ya maye gurbinsa da tsohon Mataimakin Daraktan NIA Musa Dibba. Barrow ya kuma cire NIA daga aikinta na tilasta bin doka kuma ya mamaye dukkan cibiyoyin tsare NIA na dan lokaci tare da jami'an 'yan sanda. A wani bangare na garambawul din Barrow, an kama tsohon shugaban NIA Yankuba Badjie da daraktan ayyuka Sheikh Omar Jeng wadanda ake zargi da take hakkin bil adama a ranar 20 ga watan Fabrairu kuma ana bincikensu kan yiwuwar cin zarafinsu. Sauran yanke shawara Haramcin caca da Jammeh ya aiwatar da shi Barrow ne ya soke shi a watan Mayu na 2017, a kokarin jawo hankalin masu saka jari da samar da ayyukan yi. Ya nada Landing Kinteh a matsayin sabon Sufeto Janar na 'Yan sanda (IGP), tare da cire Yankuba Sonko wanda Shugaba Jammeh ya nada a 2010, tare da sake Sonko zuwa wasu ofisoshin kasashen waje da na diflomasiyya. Mataimakin Sufeto Janar na ‘yan sanda Ousman Sowe ya sauka zuwa kwamishina kuma an maye gurbinsa da wani kwamishina Mamud Jobe. Tsohon Darakta Janar na Hukumar Shige da Fice Buba Sangnia wanda aka yanke wa hukunci a lokacin Jammeh kan shugabancin cin zarafin an mayar da shi kan muƙaminsa. Manufofin waje A watan Fabrairun 2017, ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan Barrow na farko game da manufofin ketare shi ne soke hukuncin da Jammeh ya yanke a watan Oktoba na 2016 na barin Kotun Manyan Laifuka ta Duniya An tsara aikin ne ta hanyar wata wasiƙa da Ministan Harkokin Wajen ya aika a ranar 10 ga watan Fabrairu, tare da gwamnatin da ke bayyana kudurinta "don inganta 'yancin dan adam", da kuma "ka'idojin da ke kunshe a cikin Dokar Rome ta Kotun Manyan Laifuka ta Duniya". A ranar 8 ga watan Fabrairun 2018, Barrow ya zama shugaban gwamnatin Commonwealth, yayin da Gambiya ta koma zama jamhuriya ta Commonwealth, wanda hakan ya kasance daga watan Afrilu na 1970 zuwa Oktoba 2013. Zanga-zangar adawa da Barrow a cikin 2019-2020 Lokacin da Barrow ya hau karagar mulki, ya shaida wa kawancen da ke mara masa baya cewa zai kira a gudanar da sabon zabe bayan shekaru uku maimakon yin cikakken wa'adin mulki na shekaru biyar da kundin tsarin mulki ya tanada. Daga baya Barrow ya soke wannan alƙawarin. A ƙarshen 2019 da farkon 2020, an yi zanga-zanga a Gambiya suna kira ga Barrow ya sauka bayan shekaru uku, a wani yunkuri da ake kira "Operation 3-Years Jotna", ko "Shekaru Uku Ya isa". An kame daruruwan masu zanga-zanga, an jikkata mutane da dama, sannan mutane uku sun mutu yayin zanga-zangar, a daidai lokacin da ake zargin jami’an tsaro da wuce gona da iri. Gwamnatin Gambiya ta haramta yunƙurin zanga-zangar, tana mai cewa "tawaye ne, tashin hankali da haramtacciyar hanya". A wani rahoto game da zanga-zangar, Emil Touray na Kamfanin Dillancin Labaran Faransa ya ambato wani mai zanga-zangar yana cewa "Za mu yi zanga-zanga har sai Barrow ya sauka," wani kuma yana cewa "Mu je mu kona duk abin da ke na Adama Barrow da danginsa". Barrow ya mayar da martani ga zanga-zangar da cewa "Babu wanda zai tilasta ni in bar shugabancin ƙasar kafin 2021," kuma wata kungiya da aka sani da suna "Shekaru Biyar Jotagul" na goyon bayan Barrow ya ci gaba da zama na tsawon shekaru biyar. Jason Burke ya ruwaito a cikin The Guardian cewa Barrow yanzu ya ce ya yi imanin cewa kundin tsarin mulki ya bukace shi ya yi aiki na cikakken shekaru biyar. Fahimtar ƙabilanci da ra'ayi kan ƙabilanci An bayar da rahoton cewa Barrow memba ne na ƙabilar Fula, wacce ita ce babbar ƙabila ta biyu a Gambiya (babba ita ce Mandinka An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa shi Mandinka ne, dangane da ƙabilar mahaifinsa, amma an fi sanin shi da Fulas ta fuskar zamantakewa da al'adu. Duk da haka wata hira ta rediyo da Saja Sey tare da 'yar uwarsa a Bansang sun tabbatar da cewa Fula ne. Ta bayyana cewa kakansu ya samo asali ne daga Futa Toro Senegal. Barrow da kansa ya bayyana a cikin taron da aka yi a Niamina West cewa shi Fula ne. Ya girma yana magana da yaren Fula a ƙauye da gundumar da akeyi da Fula, kuma duk matansa Fulane. Lokacin da aka tambaye shi game da batun da kuma ra'ayinsa game da abin da yake hangowa game da Gambiya, sai ya ce ya hada kabilu daban-daban kuma shi ba dan kabilanci ba ne: Rayuwar mutum Barrow ya kasan ce musulmi ne kuma ya ce imaninsa yana jagorantar rayuwarsa da siyasarsa. Yana auren mata fiye da ɗaya kuma yana da mata biyu, Fatoumatta Bah da Sarjo Mballow. Matan biyu duk ‘yan kabilar Fula ne Tare da matansa, yana da yara huɗu masu rai. Habibu Barrow, dan sa mai shekaru takwas, ya mutu bayan da wani kare ya sare shi a ranar 15 ga watan Janairun 2017. Barrow bai iya halartar jana'izar ɗan nasa ba saboda, bayan shawarwarin ECOWAS, yana Senegal inda ya tsere daga rikicin bayan zabe. Shi kuma masoyin ƙungiyar ƙwallon kafa ta Ingila ne ta Arsenal. Tallafinsa ga ƙungiyar ya fara a farkon 2000 lokacin da yake zaune a Ingila. Manazarta "Ex-President Yahya Jammeh leaves The Gambia after losing election". BBC News. 21 January 2016. Retrieved 22 January 2016. Shugabannin Afirka Shugabanni Shugaban Kasa Pages with unreviewed
53560	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaro%20Mai%20Banza	Yaro Mai Banza	Shahid Khan an haife shi 1 Janairun Shekarar 1981), wanda aka fi sani da sunansa Naughty Boy, ɗan Burtaniya DJ ne, mai yin rikodin rikodi, marubuci kuma mawaƙi. A cikin 2012, Khan ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar bugu na shekaru uku tare da Sony ATV, da kuma kwangilar rikodi don sakin kundi guda ɗaya a ƙarƙashin Virgin EMI Records Khan ya kaddamar da kansa a matsayin mai shirya rikodi a karkashin moniker "Naughty Boy" kuma yana gudanar da nasa kamfani mai suna Naughty Boy Recordings. Ya samar da rikodi guda biyu don rappers Chipmunk da Wiley, duka suna nuna Emeli Sandé Naughty Boy da Sandé daga baya sun kafa haɗin gwiwar rubuce-rubuce da samarwa, wanda ya kai ga Sandé ta sauko da yarjejeniyar rikodin ta da Budurwa da EMI. Sandé ya ci gaba da zama mai suna The Critics Choice for 2012 BRIT Awards, kuma ta sake sakin kundi na farko na Mu Version of Events (2012), rikodin haɗin gwiwa da aka yi tare da Naughty Boy. Khan ya shafe 2011 da 2012 yana aiki akan rikodin Leona Lewis, JLS, Cheryl, Jennifer Hudson, Alesha Dixon da Tinie Tempah, da sauransu. A cikin 2013, Naughty Boy ya fito da kundi na farko Hotel Cabana Saitin ya ƙunshi fitaccen mai haɗin gwiwar Sandé, da kuma Ed Sheeran, Gabrielle da sauransu. An gabace shi da sakin manyan-goma guda ɗaya Al'ajabi (wanda ke nuna Sandé), lamba ɗaya ta buga La La La yana nuna Sam Smith da Lifted wani haɗin gwiwa tare da Sandé. Kundin sa na farko ya kai kololuwa a lamba biyu a Burtaniya. A ranar 19 ga Oktoba 2013, an ba wa Naughty Boy's "La La La" kyautar 'Mafi kyawun Waƙa' da 'Mafi kyawun Bidiyo' a Kyautar MOBO 18th Anniversary. Rayuwar farko An haifi Shahid Khan a ranar 1 ga Janairun 1981 a Watford, Hertfordshire. Iyayensa na asali daga Pakistan, da kuma bayyana mahimmancin asalinsa na Pakistan, kasancewar kuma yana makarantar kusa da Rawalpindi tsawon shekaru biyu, ya ce ya girma yana sauraron kiɗan Pakistan da kallon fina-finai na Pakistan fiye da yadda al'adun Yammacin Turai suka rinjayi, yana sha'awar irin su Sultan Rahi da Mustafa Qureshi, a ƙarshe yana furta cewa "Ni kuma ina alfahari da Pakistan". Ilimi a Westfield Academy, Watford, da farko, Khan yana karatun Kasuwanci da Kasuwanci a Jami'ar Guildhall ta London (yanzu Jami'ar Metropolitan London), amma a lokacin karatunsa na farko, ya yanke shawarar barin makaranta kuma ya yi ayyuka daban-daban na lokaci-lokaci a Domino's Pizza da Watford General Hospital Ya ci fam 44,000 akan Deal ko No Deal kuma ya kashe kudin ne a wani dakin motsa jiki a lambun iyayensa, tare da baiwa iyayensa fam 15,000 da kuma sayen motar motsa jiki ta Audi. Ya yanke shawarar bin burinsa na rubutawa da samar da nasa kiɗan, a ƙarƙashin sunan Naughty Boy Recordings. A bayan fage, Khan yana rera waƙoƙi a cikin lambun iyayensa da ke Charlock Way a Watford, Hertfordshire. Kudaden sun ba Khan damar haɓaka samarwa daga rumbun lambun zuwa ɗakin studio a Ealing, Yammacin London A ƙarshe, ya sami kwangilar shekaru uku tare da Sony ATV, da kuma yarjejeniyar rikodin rikodi guda ɗaya tare da Virgin Records EMI Records Khan ya nemi kungiyar The Princes Trust a shekara ta 2005, inda aka ba shi kyautar fan 5,000 don taimakawa fara kasuwancinsa. Da yake magana da Watford Observer a 2009 game da damar, Khan ya ce "Prince's Trust yana da wani tsari inda suke son taimakawa mutanen da suke ganin za su iya kafa nasu kasuwanci. Ina so in yi kiɗa amma ba ni da kayan aiki. Suka ce suna son su taimake ni.” A wannan shekarar, Khan ya fito a tashar wasan kwaikwayo na Channel 4 da aka buga a rana-lokaci gamehow Deal or No Deal, inda ya ci fam 44,000, ya kara ba shi damar siyan kayan aiki kuma ya fara rikodin. Furodusan yanzu ya kafa faifan rikodinsa a ɗakin studio ɗinsa da ke Ealing, Yammacin London Aikin kiɗa 2009-2012: Farko da samarwa Furodusan ya fashe zuwa wurin kiɗan a cikin 2009, ta hanyar rubutawa tare da samar da waƙar Chipmunk Diamond Rings yana nuna Emeli Sandé Khan zai sake yin aiki tare da Sandé, wannan lokacin akan Wiley 's Kada Ka Kasance Matar Ka (2010), murfin White Town 's Your Woman (1997). Daga baya Sandé ta sami yarjejeniyar rikodin rikodi tare da Virgin Records, tare da Khan tare da rubutawa da kuma samar da kundi na farko, Shafinmu na Abubuwan da suka faru An gabatar da Naughty Boy bisa ƙa'ida kuma an ba shi matsayin mai zane a kan waƙar Sandé ta biyu Daddy kodayake a zahiri baya yin waƙar. Khan ya kuma yi aiki tare da Alesha Dixon, JLS, Lily Allen, Alexandra Burke da Jennifer Hudson Ya kuma samar da bayanan Farfesa Green, Cheryl Cole da Tinie Tempah Khan yayi aiki tare da Sandé don samar da haɗin gwiwa tare da rubuta Leona Lewis '2012 dawowar "Matsalar" wanda ke nuna Childish Gambino Khan kuma ya rubuta kuma ya samar da "Lokacin da Ya Yi Watsi" da "Dutse" don album na Lewis Glassheart Duk da haka, Sandé ta sake yin rikodin "Mountains" kuma ta sanya kundi nata na Mu Version of Events Ya kuma yi aiki a kan rikodin don Rihanna ciki har da Rabin Ni (wanda aka haɗa tare da Stargate "Sakamakon Tasirin ku" don Fantasia Barrino da kuma samar da "Craziest Things" tare da will.i.am don Cheryl Cole 2012–2014: Hotel Cabana Har ila yau Khan ya shafe lokaci, a duk ci gaban aikinsa, yana aiki a kan nasa album na farko mai suna Hotel Cabana, wanda aka tsara za a sake shi a ƙarƙashin moniker "Naughty Boy" ta Virgin EMI Records a 2013. Kundin farko na Al'ajabi yana fasalta mai yawan haɗin gwiwa Sandé akan waƙoƙin jagora. An sake shi a ranar 30 ga Satumba 2012 kuma shi ne jagora guda ɗaya daga sake fitar da kundi na farko na Sandé, Sigar Mu na Abubuwan da suka faru, bayan an riga an bayyana a sigar Amurka ta kundin. Ya kai kololuwa a lamba goma akan Chart Singles na Burtaniya Mawaƙin Burtaniya Gabrielle ya kuma yi aiki tare da Naughty Boy don Hotel Cabana akan wata waƙa mai suna "Hollywood", wacce aka fara zayyana ita ce ta biyu ta albam, tare da kundin da ke biye a cikin Fabrairu 2013. Gabrielle ya kuma bayyana cewa ɗan'uwan ɗan wasan Burtaniya-mawaƙiya Ed Sheeran da mawakiyar Burtaniya Tinie Tempah suma za su fito a Hotel Cabana Dukansu Tempah da Sheeran sun yi aiki tare da Naughty Boy akan bayanan da suka gabata. Ita ce waƙar taken kundin, "Hotel Cabana" wanda ke nuna Tempah. An kaddamar da tirela na Hotel Cabana akan asusun Vevo na Naughty Boy a ranar 20 ga Satumba 2012. Ya ce Hotel Cabana "Naughty Boy ne ya jagoranci shi, tare da Emeli Sandé, Tinie Tempah, Farfesa Green, Gabrielle da George the Poet A cikin kundin, ra'ayin Khan game da shi shine "Yana da ra'ayi a kansa, don haka ya fi kama da fim ta wasu bangarori", yana mai cewa "Ni ba furodusa ba ne kawai ni ma darakta ne". Duk da haka, bai faru ba har sai Mayu 2013, cewa an sake saki na biyu La La La wanda ke nuna Sam Smith Ya kai lamba daya a Burtaniya, uku a Ireland da uku a Scotland. An saki kundin a ranar 26 ga Agusta 2013. Ya kai kololuwa a lamba biyu a Burtaniya. Bayan ya kammala aiki a kan nasa kundin, a cikin 2013, Khan ya ci gaba da samarwa ga sauran masu fasaha. Ya yi aiki a kan rikodin pop don mawaƙin Ba'amurke Britney Spears, da kuma shiga cikin zaman Spears tare da furodusa William Orbit Mawakiyar Burtaniya Lily Allen ita ma ta nemi Khan da ta samar da bayanai na kundi nata mai zuwa. Bugu da ƙari, ya haɗu tare da Sandé da Katy Perry a New York don yin aiki akan waƙa don kundi na Perry sannan mai zuwa, Prism (2013). 2015-yanzu: Factor X da kundi na biyu A cikin Maris 2015, an tabbatar da cewa Naughty Boy ya yi aiki tare da memba na One Direction Zayn Malik don ɗayan waƙoƙin kundin sa na biyu. Malik ya fice daga kungiyar jim kadan bayan wannan sanarwar, wanda ya kai ga yawancin magoya bayan One Direction suna zargin Naughty Boy akan tafiyar Malik. A ranar 16 ga Satumba 2015, Naughty Boy ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai fitar da waƙa mai taken Runnin' (Lose It All) mai nuna Beyoncé da Arrow Benjamin. A daidai wannan kwanan wata, ya raba zane-zane don guda ɗaya, waƙoƙin sa, snippet mai sauti na biyu na 15 tare da bidiyo ta asusun Instagram kuma ya fara ƙidayar har sai an sake shi ta kan layi. Washegari, a ranar 17 ga Satumba, 2015, "Runnin' (Lose It All)" ya fara kan layi. An samo shi don saukewa na dijital akan Shagon iTunes akan 18 Satumba 2015. Ya Kamata Na Kasance Ni wanda ke nuna muryoyin Kyla da Popcaan an sake shi a matsayin na biyu a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba 2016. Waƙar ta kai kololuwa a lamba 61 akan Chart Singles na Burtaniya "Daya Dama zuwa Rawa", wanda ke nuna muryoyin daga Joe Jonas an sake shi a matsayin na uku a ranar 20 ga Oktoba 2017. Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1981 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
28952	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makli%20Necropolis	Makli Necropolis	Makli Necropolis (Urdu: Sindhi: na daya daga cikin manyan wuraren jana'izar a duniya, wanda ya bazu a wani yanki mai nisan kilomita 10 kusa da birnin Thatta, a lardin Sindh na kasar Pakistan. Wurin yana dauke da kaburbura kusan 500,000 zuwa miliyan 1 da aka gina a tsawon shekaru 400. Makli Necropolis yana da manyan abubuwan tunawa da jana'izar na sarakuna, waliyyai Sufaye daban-daban, da manyan malamai. An rubuta wurin a matsayin Cibiyar Tarihi ta Duniya ta UNESCO a cikin 1981 a matsayin "fitacciyar shaida" ga wayewar Sindhi tsakanin ƙarni na 14 da 18. Wuri Makli Necropolis yana cikin garin Makli, wanda ke kan tudu mai tazarar kilomita 6 daga birnin Thatta, babban birnin kasar Sindh na kasa har zuwa karni na 17. Tana da kusan kilomita 98 gabas da Karachi, kusa da kololuwar kogin Indus a kudu maso gabashin Sindh. Madaidaicin kudu na wurin yana da nisan mil 5 arewa da rugujewar Kallankot Fort na da. Etymology Wurin, da tsaunukan da ke kusa, an ce sun samo sunan su ne daga wata tatsuniyar da wani alhaji ya tsaya a wurin, ya yi farin ciki da ruhi, inda ya ayyana wurin a matsayin Makkah. Sannan ance Walin Sufaye Sheikh Hamad Jamali ya sanyawa wurin suna “Makli” ko “Little Makkah” bayan ya ji labarin mahajjaci. Tarihi Waliyyin Sufaye, mawaki kuma masani Shaikh Jamali ya kafa wurin taro na khanqah, ko Sufaye, a Makli kuma daga karshe aka binne shi a can. Sarkin Samma na karni na 14, Jam Tamachi, ya girmama waliyyi kuma ya yi fatan a hada shi kusa da waliyyi, inda ya fara al'adar amfani da Makli a matsayin wurin jana'izar. Wurin ya shahara a matsayin babban wurin jana'izar a lokacin mulkin daular Samma, wanda ya yi babban birninsu kusa da Thatta. Mafi mahimmancin kaburburan gine-gine a wurin sun kasance tun daga zamanin Mughal, tsakanin 1570 zuwa 1640 CE. Tsarin aiki Makli Necropolis yana da murabba'in kilomita 10, yana da gidaje akalla 500,000 kaburbura. Ya taso daga Pir Patho a kudancin tsaunin Makli, zuwa arewa cikin siffar lu'u-lu'u. Gefen Gabas ɗinta an kafa shi ne ta ƙoramar tsaunin Makli. Ana samun manyan abubuwan tunawa da yawa a gefen kudu na wurin, kodayake ana samun kaburburan Samma a arewa. Juyin Halitta Gine-ginen jana'izar na manyan abubuwan tarihi sun haɗa tasirin musulmi, Hindu, Farisa, Mughal, da Gujarati, a cikin salon Lower Sindh wanda ya zama sananne da salon Chaukhandi, mai suna bayan kaburburan Chaukhandi kusa da Karachi. Salon Chaukhandi ya zo ne don haɗa shingen dutsen yashi waɗanda maƙeran dutse suka sassaƙa a hankali cikin ƙira mai ƙira. Kaburbura na farko sun nuna faifai uku zuwa shida na dutse da aka jera a saman juna zuwa siffar ƙaramin dala. Haɓaka gine-ginen jana'izar sa'an nan kuma ya haɗa ƙananan tarkace. A karni na 15, an fara shigar da kayan ado na rosettes da alamu masu da'ira a cikin kaburbura. Ƙarin sarƙaƙƙiyar ƙira da ƙira na Larabci tare da bayanan tarihin jikin da aka haɗa sannan suka fito. Manya-manyan abubuwan tarihi na tarihi sun haɗa da ginshiƙai da wasu ƙira da aka yi wahayi daga ilimin sararin samaniya. Tsarin pyramidal daga ƙarni na 16 yana nuna amfani da minarets ɗin da aka yi sama da kayan furanni a cikin wani salo na musamman ga kaburbura waɗanda suka fito daga daular Turkic Trakhan. Gine-gine daga karni na 17 a sashin Leilo Sheikh na makabartar sun ƙunshi manyan kaburbura da suka yi kama da gidajen ibada na Jain daga nesa, tare da babban tasiri daga yankin Gujarat na kusa. Da yawa daga cikin manyan kaburbura sun ƙunshi sassaka na dabbobi, mayaka, da makamai al'adar da ba a saba gani ba ga abubuwan tunawa da jana'izar musulmi. Daga baya kaburbura a wurin wani lokaci ana yin su gaba ɗaya da tubali, tare da shingen yashi kawai. Manyan gine-gine mafi girma a cikin salon Chaukhandi na archetypal sun ƙunshi domed dutsen yashi na rawaya waɗanda aka yi wa fararen farare tare da ƙofofin katako, a cikin salon da ke nuna tasirin Asiya ta Tsakiya da Farisa. Girman kubba yana nuni da shaharar mutumin da aka binne, tare da ƙawata ƙasa da sifofin furen da aka sassaƙa. Ƙarƙashin wasu kanofi yana nuna furannin magarya, alamar da aka fi haɗawa da addinin Hindu. Wasu kaburbura sun zo suna da fale-falen fale-falen fale-falen shuɗi na Sindh. Amfani da rumfunan jana'izar daga ƙarshe ya haɓaka sama da ƙananan Sindh, kuma ya yi tasiri ga gine-ginen jana'izar a Gujarat maƙwabta. Mausolea na Sarauta Mausolea na sarauta mai ban sha'awa ya kasu kashi biyu manyan gungu: waɗanda daga zamanin Samma suka samar da nasu gungu, yayin da waɗanda suka fito daga lokutan Tarkhan, Arghun, da Mughals suna taruwa tare. Samma cluster Kaburburan da suka fito daga Daular Samma sun taru a cikin wani yanki mai girman eka 5 a arewacin ƙarshen necropolis. Samma su ne sarakunan Rajput, waɗanda suka kwace ikon Thatta a cikin 1335. Kaburburan Samma suna da tasiri sosai da salon Gujarati, kuma sun haɗa da kayan ado na musulmi da na Hindu. Kabarin Sarki Jam Nizamuddin II, wanda aka kammala a shekara ta 1510, wani tsari ne mai ban sha'awa na murabba'in mita 11.4 a kowane gefe. An gina shi da dutsen yashi kuma an yi masa ado da fure-fure da kayan ado na geometric. Siffar kuboid na kabarin na iya samun wahayi daga Ka'aba da ke Makkah. Ba a taɓa gina kubbarsa ba, don haka ya bar cikin fallasa ga abubuwa. Gidan tarihin yana da wani katon jharoka ko baranda da aka sassaƙa irin na Gujarati, da ƙaramin kololuwa a samansa, wanda ya sa kabarin ya yi kama da haikali. A waje yana da nau'ikan kayan ado guda 14 waɗanda ke da ayoyin Alqur'ani da alamomin Hindu, kodayake bisa ga al'adar Musulunci, duk kayan ado suna ɗaukar sifar tsarin geometric, ban da frieze da ke nuna agwagwa na gida. Kabarin dan riƙon Jam Nizamuddin, Darya Khan, yayi kama da sansanin Rajasthani, kuma an gina shi bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1521 an haifi Darya Khan a matsayin bawa, amma ya yi fice a matsayin janar bayan ya fatattaki sojojin Arghun a yaƙi. An ba shi lakabin "Jarumi na Sindh," kuma daga karshe aka nada shi Madrul Muham, ko Firayim Minista. Arghun, Trakhan, da tari na Mughal Kabarin Isa Khan Tarkhan I, wanda ya yi mulki daga 1554 zuwa 1565, yana wakiltar tashi daga gine-ginen jana'izar na Sammas. Kabarin yana da wani sabon salo mai salo na cenotaph, kuma an shimfida shi da siffa mai siffar rectangular tare da bangon ciki gaba daya an lullube shi da ayoyin kur'ani. Har ila yau kabarin yana da wurin da aka keɓe don kaburburan matansa na sarauta 5. Mausoleum na Isa Khan Hussain II Tarkhan (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1651) yana da ginin bene mai hawa biyu mai dauke da kofofi da baranda. An ce an gina kabarin a zamanin Isa. Bayan kammalawa, tatsuniya ta bayyana cewa Isa ya ba da umarnin a datse hannayen masu sana’ar don kada su sake yin wani abin tunawa da zai yi hamayya da nasa. Kabarin Jan Beg Tarkhan (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1600), wani tsari ne na bulo wanda aka lulluɓe shi da shuɗi da fale-falen turquoise. Kaburbura ko kaburbura (chattri maqbara ko kabarin laima) wani nau'in fasalin gine-gine ne na Indo-Musulunci, da kuma kaburbura. Lokacin Mughul yana wakiltar kaburbura da yawa a gefen kudu na necropolis, ciki har da mausoleum na Mirza Jani da Mirza Ghazi Baig, na Nawab Shurfa Khan, shingen Mirza Baqi Baig Uzbek da na Mirza Jan Baba da kuma ban sha'awa. kabarin Nawab Isa Khan Tarkhan ƙarami. Kiyayewa Makli Necropolis an ayyana shi a matsayin wurin Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO a cikin 1981. Tsaftar tsarin wurin ya shafi sitaci, mamayewa, rashin kula da wuraren, barna, da sharar gida. Ambaliyar ruwa ta Pakistan a shekarar 2010 ta kara dagula tabarbarewar wurin. Hotuna
60645	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirin%20Inganta%20Makamashi%20na%20CRC	Shirin Inganta Makamashi na CRC	Shirin Inganta Makamashi na CRC (CRC, wanda a da shi ne ƙaddamar da Rage Carbon) wani tsari ne na rage yawan iskar carbon da ke cikin United Kingdom wanda ya shafi manyan kungiyoyi masu karfin makamashi a cikin jama'a da kuma kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. An ƙiyasta cewa shirin zai rage hayaƙin carbon da tan miliyan 1.2 na carbon a kowace shekara nan da shekarar 2020. A yunƙurin guje wa sauyin yanayi mai haɗari, Gwamnatin Biritaniya ta fara ƙaddamar da ƙaddamar da iskar carbon ta Burtaniya da kashi 60% nan da 2050 (idan aka kwatanta da matakan 1990), kuma acikin Oktoba 2008 ya ƙara wannan alƙawarin zuwa 80%. An kuma yi la'akari da tsarin da haɓɓaka buƙatun kayayyaki da ayyuka masu amfani da makamashi. An sanar da CRC acikin 2007 Energy White Paper, wanda aka buga a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2007. Tattaunawar da akayi a shekara ta 2006 ya nuna goyon baya mai ƙarfi don ya zama wajibi, maimakon na son rai. An ƙaddamar da ƙaddamarwa a ƙarƙashin ikon ba da damar a cikin Sashe na 3 na Dokar Canjin Yanayi na 2008. An ƙaddamar da shawarwari kan aiwatar da shirin a watan Yuni 2007. An gabatar da tsarin a ƙarƙashin Tsarin Tsarin Inganta Makamashi na CRC na 2010. Gwamnatin Conservative ta janye shirin a 2019. Teburin gasar wasan kwaikwayo An buga tebur wasan wasan farko a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba 2011. Ya dogara ne akan ma'aunin aikin farkon shirin, wanda shine ma'auni na ingantaccen sarrafa makamashi kafin kafa tushen makamashi. Anan gaba tebur zaiyi amfani da girma da cikakken ma'auni daga wannan tushe. Ana sa ran teburin zai kasance da amfani musamman ga masu saka hannun jari masu ɗa'a da kore. An jera manyan samfuran da yawa a cikin teburin League ciki har da manyan manyan kantuna huɗu, Asda(37),Morrisons(56), Tesco (93),da Sainsbury's (164).Acikin dukkanin kungiyoyi 22 sun raba matsayi na farko, labarun labarai sun mayar da hankali kan gaskiyar cewa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Manchester United tana daya daga cikin wadanda ke saman tebur.An sanar da cewa bayan Yuli 2013, ba za'a sake buga waɗannan wasannin gasar ba, kuma a maimakon haka za'a maye gurbinsu da littafin amfani da makamashi da fitar da mahalarta ke yi. Rufewa Shirin na CRC zai shafi kungiyoyin da ke da wutar lantarki ta rabin sa'a fiye da MWh 6,000 a kowace shekara. Ƙungiyoyin da suka cancanci CRC zasu sami duk amfanin makamashin da tsarin ya rufe, gami da hayaƙi daga amfani da makamashi kai tsaye da kuma siyan wutar lantarki. Irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ciki harda sarƙoƙin otal, manyan kantuna, bankuna, gwamnatin tsakiya da manyan Hukumomin cikin gida galibi suna faɗuwa ƙasa da madaidaicin tsarin ciniki na Emissions na Tarayyar Turai, amma suna da kusan kashi 10% na iskar carbon na Burtaniya. Tushen da tsarin ciniki na Makamashi na EU ya rufe da kuma yarjejeniyar sauyin yanayi ba za'a keɓance shi daga CRC ba, kamar yadda ƙungiyoyin da ke da fiye da kashi 25% na hayaƙin su suka rufe ta yarjejeniyar sauyin yanayi. Mitoci rabin sa'a (HHM) suna rikodin amfani da wutar lantarki na kowane rabin sa'a na kowace rana, kuma gabaɗaya suna bada wannan bayanan ga mai siyarwa ta atomatik ta hanyar haɗin waya. Wasu kungiyoyi masu yawan amfani da makamashi na shekara-shekara ba sa amfani da HHM, saboda kayayyakinsu galibi kan farashi ne mara iyaka ko Tattalin Arziki 7 (rana/dare ko 'mare da kuma karshen mako'). Koyaya, ƙila duk da haka dole ne su samar da 'rahoton sawun ƙafa'. Hanyoyin aiki Ko da yake ya zama dole, CRC za ta ƙunshi tabbatar da kai na fitar da hayaƙi, wanda aka goyi bayan binciken tabo, sabanin tabbatarwa na ɓangare na uku. Za'a yi gwanjon izinin fitar da hayaƙi maimakon kakanni (kamar yadda aka yi a farkon tsarin ciniki na Emissions Trading Scheme). Shawarar ta asali ta yi hasashen tsarin sake amfani da kudaden shiga, duk da haka an cire wannan don tallafawa kudaden jama'a bayan cikakken nazari na kashe kudi. Gwamnati ta sanar a cikin kasafin kudin alawus farashin £12/tCO2 don siyarwa ta farko. Har ila yau, sun ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a yi tallace-tallacen farashi guda biyu acikin shekarar farko ta tsarin. Sauƙaƙe A ranar 30 ga Yuni 2011 Gwamnati ta sanar da shawarwarin ta na farko game da sauƙaƙa tsarin. Wannan ya fito ne daga tsarin tattaunawar da Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Sauyin yanayi ta fara gudanarwa tun daga watan Janairu, wanda ke mayar da martani ga damuwar kungiyoyin dake shiga cikin shirin cewa yana da sarkakiya da yawa kuma hakan ya sanya bin ka'ida cikin wahala da tsada. Za'a buga daftarin shawarwarin majalisa a farkon 2012 don tuntubar jama'a na yau da kullun wanda zai gyara tsarin CRC da ke akwai. Daga cikin waɗannan shawarwarin za su kasance, cigaba da siyar da ƙayyadaddun farashi (maimakon gwanjon alawus-alawus a cikin tsarin da aka kayyade) zuwa kashi na biyu, kamar yadda kwamitin Canjin Yanayi ya ba da shawarar, samar da kasuwanci tareda sassaucin ra'ayi ta hanyar barin ƙungiyoyi su shiga a matsayin rukunin kasuwanci na halitta., rage yawan man fetur da ke ƙarƙashin tsarin daga 30 zuwa 4, cire ƙayyadaddun tsarin 90% da ka'idojin CCA, yayin da ake samun sakamako iri ɗaya) da kuma rage haɗuwa da sauran tsare-tsaren gwamnati kamar EU Emission Trading Scheme Yarjejeniyar Canjin Yanayi. Suka An ba da shawarar cewa tasirin CRC yana iyakance ta hanyar haɗuwa da EU ETS. Masu sukar suna jayayya cewa yayin da kamfanoni ke rage yawan amfani da wutar lantarki, tashoshin wutar lantarki suna samar da ƙarancin wutar lantarki don haka suna buƙatar ƙarancin Alawus na EU; sauran hukumomin da ETS ke rufe su sannan zasu iya amfani da waɗannan alawus ɗin don fitar da kansu. An bada shawarar cewa a cire alawus-alawus daga ETS daidai da rage wutar lantarki da akayi a karkashin CRC. Duba kuma Dokar Canjin Yanayi 2008 The Green Deal Yarjejeniyar Canjin Yanayi Izinin jari Manufar makamashi ta Burtaniya Amfani da makamashi da kiyayewa a cikin Burtaniya Wajibancin Sabuntawa Shirin Sauyin Yanayi na Burtaniya Tariff ɗin ciyarwa a cikin Burtaniya
48263	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burin%20Ci%20Gaba%20Mai%20Dorewa%20da%20Nijeriya	Burin Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa da Nijeriya	Manufofin Ci gaba da Najeriya game da yadda Najeriya ke aiwatar da Manufofin Ci gaba mai dorewa a cikin jihohi talatin da shida da Babban Birnin Tarayya (FCT). Manufofin Ci Gaban Ci gaba mai dorewa (SDGs) sun gunshi manufofi goma sha bakwai na duniya wadanda aka tsara a matsayin "blueprint don cimma kyakkyawar makomar da ta fi dorewa ga kowa". Kowane kayan burin 17 ana sa ran za a cimma shi nan da 2030 a kowace kasa a duniya. Najeriya tana daya daga cikin kasashen da suka gabatar da Binciken Kasa na Voluntary (VNR) a cikin 2017 da 2020 kan aiwatar da SDGs a Babban Taron Siyasa na Ci gaba mai dorewa (HLPF). A cikin 2020, Najeriya ta kasance 160 a cikin SDG Index na duniya na 2020. Gwamnati ta tabbatar da cewa abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci a ci gaban Najeriya a yanzu da manufofi suna mai da hankali kan cimma SDGs. Gungiyar Matasan SDGs ta Legas wani muhimmin shiri ne na SDGs a Najeriya wanda ke da niyyar inganta sa hannun matasa wajen cimma 2030 Agenda da tallafawa dabarun ci gaba mai ɗorewa na jihar Legas. Tarihi Najeriya ta zama memba na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) a ranar 7 ga Oktoba 1960. Najeriya ita ce kasa mafi yawan jama'a a Afirka kuma tana da na bakwai mafi yawan a a duniya. Najeriya ta sami 'yancin kai a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1960. A cikin 2012, Najeriya ta ba da gudummawa ta biyar mafi yawan masu kiyaye zaman lafiya ga ayyukan kiyaye zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. SDGs ko Project 2030 kira ne na duniya don kawo karshen talauci, tabbatar da duniya da kuma tabbatar da cewa kowa yana jin dadin zaman lafiya da wadata nan da 2030. Kasashe 193 ne suka karbe shi tare da Najeriya a matsayin daya daga cikin mambobinta na kasar. SDGs saiti ne na manufofi goma sha bakwai da suka hada kai wadanda ke da manufofi tare da akalla daya ko biyu a kan kowane manufa. An fara aiwatar da "Manufar Duniya" ga kowa a watan Janairun 2015. Manufofinta sune tabbatar da hada-hadar zamantakewa, kare muhalli da inganta ci gaban tattalin arziki. Gwamnatoci, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, bincike, ilimi da kungiyoyin farar hula (CSOs) suna karbar tallafi daga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya yayin da SDGs ke karfafa hadin gwiwa. Yana tabbatar da zabin da ya dace ana karba yanzu don inganta rayuwa ga tsararraki masu zuwa ta hanyar da ta dace. SDGs sune tsare-tsare don duniya ta fuskanci zaman lafiya da wadata a cikakke nan da shekara ta 2030. Dangane da yarjejeniya tsakanin gwamnatin Najeriya da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, tana da niyyar daidaita abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci a ci gabanta tare da hadin gwiwa tare da CSOs da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don cimma SDGs tare. An tsara Agenda 2030 don gina duniya mai dorewa a kusa da P guda biyar, wato; Mutane, Duniyar, Ci gaba, Zaman Lafiya, da Hadin gwiwa, wadanda suka mamaye SDGs 17. A cikin 2017, Najeriya ta kasance daga cikin kasashe 44 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don gabatar da Binciken Kasa na son rai (VNR) kan aiwatar da Agenda na 2030 da SDGs a Babban Taron Siyasa kan Ci Gaban Ci gaba (HLPF). Gwamnati, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da cibiyoyin ilimi suna aiki don cimma wadannan manufofi a Najeriya. Ci gaba a kan zababbun SDGs Manufar 3 Lafiya da Lafiya mai kyau A cewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, akalla mutane miliyan 400 a Najeriya ba su da damar samun kiwon lafiya na asali kuma kashi 40% ba su da kariya ta zamantakewa. Manufofin Ci Gaban Ci gaba na Ci gaba suna da niyyar rage cututtukan da aka yi watsi da su, cutar kanjamau, hepatitis, cututtukun da ke dauke da ruwa da sauran cututtukani masu yaduwa. An ƙaddamar da Shirin Tattalin Arziki da Ci gaban Najeriya don daidaita SDGs tare da burin 2030. Daga cikin burin shine rage yawan mace-mace zuwa 70/100,000 haihuwa masu rai. Manufar 4 Ilimi A cikin 2016, Hukumar Ilimi ta Kasa da Kasa ta Najeriya (UBEC) ta ba da rahoton cewa tana da mafi yawan yara marasa makaranta a duniya, kimanin miliyan 10.5. Saboda haka, aiwatar da tanadin Hukumar Ilimi ta Kasa ta Duniya don Ilimi na Kasa kyauta ga kowane yaro na Najeriya na shekarun zuwa makaranta. Manufar 5 Daidaita Jima'i A shekara ta 2000, Najeriya ta sanya dokar manufofin kasa kan mata wanda ke jagorantar kayan aiki na duniya na Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna bambanci ga mata (CEDAW). A cikin shekara ta 2015, wani rahoto na Ofishin Kididdiga na Kasa ya nuna ci gaba a samun damar 'yan mata zuwa ilimi, tare da yin rajista ga mata a makarantun firamare da sakandare ya karu daga 46.7% da 47.1% a cikin 2010 zuwa 48.3% da 47.9% bi da bi a cikin 2015. Manufar 6 Ruwa Mai Tsabtacewa da Tsabtace Yanayi A cewar UNICEF, karancin samar da ruwa da tsabtace muhalli sun kashe tattalin arzikin Najeriya kusan kashi 1.3% na GDP a kowace shekara. Manufar 7 Rashin Rashin Ruwa da Tsabtace Makamashi Najeriya tana daya daga cikin mafi girman karancin makamashi a duniya, tare da kimanin 'yan Najeriya miliyan 90 (50% na yawan jama'a) ba su da damar samun wutar lantarki. Najeriya ta yi ikirarin samun gudummawar 13% na hydroelectricity ga hadin samar da wutar lantarki ta 2020; gudummawar 1% na makamashi na iska ga hadin samarwar wutar lantarki na kasar ta 2020; da kuma gudummawar 3% da 6% na hasken rana ga hadin samarwa na wutar lantarki na kasa ta 2020 da 2030 bi da bi. Manufar 9 Masana'antu, Innovation da Infrastructure Ci gaban fasaha a Najeriya ya dogara da samun dama ga bayanai, dandamali na dijital da Intanet. Wani rahoto na 2013 na Hukumar Raya Kasuwanci da Matsakaicin Kasuwanci ta Najeriya (SMEDAN) ya nuna cewa akwai sama da miliyan 70 na Micro Small da Matsakaitan Kasuwanci (MSMEs) da ke ba da gudummawa 50% na GDP na kasar, amma an lura cewa kasa da 5% na wadannan kasuwancin suna da isasshen damar samun bashi na kudi. Yankunan da suka fi dacewa da taimakon wadannan MSMEs sune samun damar samun kudi, samar da ababen more rayuwa, da samar da wutar lantarki na yau da kullun. Tsarin bayar da rahoto A cikin 2017, Najeriya ta ba da kanta don kasancewa cikin kasashe don sake duba ci gaban 2030 Agenda. Gabatarwar Binciken Kasa na Voluntary (VNR) sune sake dubawa na shekara-shekara da aka gabatar ga Babban Taron Siyasa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Ci Gaban Ci gaba (HLPF). Najeriya ta kasance daga cikin kasashe 44 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da suka gabatar da Binciken Kasa na son rai game da aiwatar da Agenda na 2030 da SDGs a HLPF. A cikin 2020, Najeriya ta kuma ba da gudummawa tare da wasu kasashe 46 don VNR. Binciken ya mayar da hankali kan; Talauci (SDG 1) Lafiya da jin dadi (SDG 3), Ilimi (SDG 4), Daidaitawar jinsi (SDG 5) Tattalin arzikin hada-hadar (SDG 8), Samar da yanayi na zaman lafiya da tsaro (SDG 16) Hadin gwiwa (SDG 17) Yankunan da aka mayar da hankali sun dogara ne akan abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci da manufofi na ci gaba na yanzu. "An ba da rahoton duk da annobar COVID-19 wacce aka yi imanin ta rage ci gaban 2030 Agenda. Ayyuka Binciken Kasa na son rai na 2020 A watan Yulin 2020, Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ya gabatar da Binciken Kasa na Voluntary a zaman kwamitin na biyu na HLPF, a kan layi a karo na farko saboda annobar COVID-19. Ya ba da ci gaban bakwai daga cikin SDGs wadanda ake kira a matsayin ainihin kasar gaba daya. Tallafin kudi A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2020, Najeriya ta fara aiki a hukumance na tsarawa da aiwatar da Tsarin Tsarin Kudade na Kasa (INFF) don ba da gudummawar abubuwan ci gaban kasa da kuma cimma burin SDGs. Tsarin hada-hadar kudade na kasa (INFF) wani shiri ne na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don tallafawa kasashe wajen aiwatar da yarjejeniyoyin Ajenda Aiki na Addis Ababa (AAAA) don ba da tallafin SDGs. UNDP ta kasance tana tallafawa gwamnati da jama'arta ta hanyar magance kalubalen ci gaba, karfafawa da gina cibiyoyi masu inganta ci gaba mai dorewa da mulkin dimokradiyya. Misali, yayin rikicin COVID-19, UNDP ta ha]a hannu da Japan don tallafa wa harkokin kiwon lafiya da zamantakewar tattalin arzikin Nijeriya. Kalubale Shekarar 2020, wacce ake kira "Shekaru goma na Aiki" an ce tana da jinkirin ci gaba game da ci gaban SDGs kamar yadda Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ya ruwaito a lokacin Binciken Kasa na Kasa na Najeriya na 2020 (VNR). Rahoton ya mayar da hankali kan batutuwan talauci (SDG-1) da tattalin arziki mai hadawa (SDG-8), kiwon lafiya da jin dadi (SDG-3), ilimi (SDG-4), daidaiton jinsi (SDG-5), yanayin da ke ba da damar zaman lafiya da tsaro (SDG-16), da haɗin gwiwa (SDG-15). Al'umma da al'adu Ilimi mafi girma Akwai cibiyoyi daban-daban a duk fadin kasar da suka himmatu ga kirkirar wayar da kan jama'a ta SDGs, daya daga cikin wadannan shine Cibiyar Ci Gaban ta Jami'ar Ibadan (CESDEV). Jami'ar Ibadan ce ta kafa Cibiyar a matsayin nuna jajircewar jami'ar ga ci gaba mai dorewa. Abubuwan da suka faru Makon SDGs na Legas Makon SDS na Legas wani taron mako-mako ne na shekara-shekara wanda ake tunawa da shi ta hanyar hada masu ruwa da tsaki na bangarori don hada kai da Altruism, Advocacy Action tare da hangen nesa don gano mafita, sake nazarin ci gaba, fadada wayar da kan jama'a, hadin gwiwa da sake tabbatar da jajircewa don hanzarta kokarin cimma SDGs na 2030. Makon SDGs yana da shirye-shirye masu zuwa: Gidan Gwamna na Virtual Meet-And-Greet tare da masu ba da damar SDGs na Legas, Open Goal Adoption da Mashahuran Lagosians, Neighborhood Outreach Campaign, Future of Lagos Hackathon, Legas Local Government LCDAs Discourse on SDGs. Wadannan shirye-shiryen suna da alaqa sosai a cikin manufar su don saurin yin kokari don ci gaba don isar da SDGs a Jihar Legas. Gungiyoyi Wannan jerin kungiyoyi ne da ke hanzarta burin ci gaba mai dorewa a Najeriya: UNDP a Najeriya Cibiyar SDGs ta Matasan Najeriya Shirin Ci gaban Canjin Yanayi na Duniya Babban Kwamitin Australiya Najeriya Lagos SDGs Youth Alliance Koyar da SDGs Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayi ta Najeriya (NCIC) Dubi kuma Canjin yanayi a Najeriya Kashe daji a Najeriya Bayani Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
26041	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27aunin%20bada%20tazara%20na%20annobar%20COVID-19	Ma'aunin bada tazara na annobar COVID-19	A yayin barkewar COVID-19, an aiwatar da matakan nisantar da jama'a kusan a duk duniya don rage yaduwar cutar. Wannan labarin yana bayani dalla -dalla tarihin matakan nisantar da jama'a, jerin ƙasashen da ke aiwatar da su, lokacin da aka aiwatar da su, da sauran cikakkun bayanai game da matakan. Bayan Fage Nesantar zamantakewa, ko nesantawar jiki,wani tsari ne na ba da magunguna ko matakan da aka ɗauka don hana yaduwar cutar mai yaduwa ta hanyar kiyaye tazara ta zahiri tsakanin mutane da rage yawan lokutan da mutane ke zuwa cikin kusanci da juna. Ya ƙunshi kiyaye tazarar daga wasu da gujewa taruwa a manyan ƙungiyoyi. A yayin barkewar cutar ta COVID-19 na yanzu, gwamnatoci da yawa sun jaddada nesantawar jama'a da matakan da suka danganci su a matsayin madadin tilasta tilasta keɓe wuraren da abin ya shafa. Dangane da saka idanu na UNESCO, sama da ƙasashe ɗari sun aiwatar da rufe makarantu a cikin ƙasa baki ɗaya don mayar da martani ga COVID-19, wanda ya shafi sama da rabin ɗaliban na duniya. A Burtaniya, gwamnati ta shawarci jama'a da su guji wuraren taruwar jama'a, kuma an rufe gidajen sinima da gidajen sinima da son rai don ƙarfafa saƙon gwamnati. Tare da mutane da yawa suna kafircewa cewa COVID-19 ya fi muni fiye da mura na lokaci, yana da wahala a shawo kan jama'a da son rai suyi amfani da ayyukan nisantar da jama'a. A Belgium, kafofin watsa labarai sun ba da rahoton rave ya samu halartar akalla mutane 300 kafin hukumomin yankin su wargaza shi. A Faransa, an ci tarar matasa masu balaguron har zuwa US$. An rufe rairayin bakin teku a Florida da Alabama don tarwatsa masu shagalin biki yayin hutun bazara. An fasa bukukuwan aure a New Jersey da 8An sanya dokar hana fita na dare a Newark New York, New Jersey, Connecticut da Pennsylvania sune jahohi na farko da suka fara aiwatar da manufofin nisantar da jama'a wanda ya rufe kasuwancin da ba su da mahimmanci tare da takaita manyan tarurruka. An ba da umarnin tsari a cikin California a duk jihar ranar 19 ga Maris. A wannan ranar, Texas ta ayyana bala'in jama'a kuma ta sanya takunkumi a cikin jihar baki daya. Waɗannan matakan rigakafin kamar nisantar da jama'a da ware kai ya sa rufe makarantun firamare, da sakandare a ƙasashe sama da 120. Tun daga 23 ga Maris 2020, sama da 1.2 ɗaliban biliyan ba sa zuwa makaranta saboda rufe makarantu saboda COVID-19. Idan aka ba da ƙarancin alamun COVID-19 tsakanin yara, an yi tambaya game da tasirin rufe makarantu. Ko da lokacin rufe makarantu na ɗan lokaci ne, yana ɗaukar tsadar zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙi. Koyaya, mahimmancin yara a cikin yada COVID-19 ba a sani ba.Duk da yake ba a san cikakken tasirin rufe makarantu yayin barkewar cutar coronavirus ba, UNESCO ta ba da shawarar cewa rufe makarantun yana da mummunan tasiri ga tattalin arzikin cikin gida da kuma sakamakon ilmantarwa ga ɗalibai. A farkon Maris 2020, Florian Reifschneider, injiniyan Jamusanci ne ya ƙirƙira wannan tunanin "Ku zauna Gidan Fuck" kuma mashahuran mashahurai kamar Taylor Swift, Ariana Grande da Busy Philipps cikin bege na ragewa da jinkirta kololuwar barkewar cutar. Facebook, Twitter da Instagram suma sun shiga kamfen ɗin tare da irin waɗannan hashtags, lambobi da matattara ƙarƙashin #staythefhome, #stayhome, #staythefuckhome kuma sun fara canzawa a duk faɗin kafofin watsa labarun. Gidan yanar gizon yayi ikirarin cewa ya kai kusan mutane miliyan biyu akan layi kuma ya ce an fassara rubutun zuwa harsuna 17. An ba da shawarar cewa inganta samun iska da sarrafa tsawon lokacin fallasawa na iya rage watsawa. Afghanistan 28 ga Maris: Kulle Kabul 1 ga Afrilu: Kulle Ghazni 20 Maris: Ƙuntatawa akan abubuwan da ba su da mahimmanci. An hana tarurrukan cikin gida marasa mahimmanci na mutane sama da 100. An hana abubuwan da suka faru a waje tare da masu halarta sama da 500. 22 ga Maris: Taƙaitawa kan taron jama'a da kasuwancin 'marasa mahimmanci'. An ƙuntata kayan aiki daga buɗewa: Pubs, rijista da kulab masu lasisi (ban da shagunan kwalba da ke haɗe da waɗannan wuraren), otal (ban da masauki); gyms da wuraren wasanni na cikin gida; gidajen sinima, wuraren nishaɗi, gidajen caca, da wuraren shakatawa na dare; gidajen cin abinci da gidajen cin abinci an iyakance su don ɗaukar kaya da/ko isar da gida; tarurrukan addini, wuraren ibada ko jana'iza (a cikin wuraren da aka rufe da wanin ƙananan ƙungiyoyi da kuma inda '1 mutum a kowace 4sqm' (40 sq. ft.) doka ta shafi). 29 ga Maris: Ƙuntatawa kan taron jama'a ga mutane biyu. China 23 ga Janairu: An hana yin balaguro daga Wuhan. 29 ga Janairu: An ba da umarnin mutane su zauna a gida sai dai idan ya zama dole. 4 ga watan Fabrairu: duk ilmi mafi girma ya koma kan layi. Denmark 13 ga Maris: An rufe dukkan ayyukan jama'a marasa mahimmanci, gami da makarantu da kula da rana. 17 ga Maris: An hana taron mutane sama da 10. Jamus 16 Maris: An rufe ayyukan jama'a marasa mahimmanci. 22 ga Maris: An hana taron jama'a. Dokokin hana fita (tare da kebe wasu muhimman ayyuka) da aka aiwatar a cikin jihohi 5 na jihohi 16 na tarayya. Haramcin shigarwa ga waɗanda ba mazauna ba (gami da citizensan ƙasar Jamusawa waɗanda ke da zama a wata jiha ta tarayya) an aiwatar da su a cikin ƙarin 2 daga cikin jihohin tarayya 16. Indonesia 15 ga Maris: Shugaba Joko Widodo ya yi kira ga duk 'yan Indonesia da su aiwatar da matakan nisantar da jama'a, tare da wasu shugabannin yankin da tuni suka rufe makarantu da wuraren taruwar jama'a. A cikin wata sanarwa a washegarin ranar, ya bayyana cewa ba zai je don rufewa ba kuma ya soki shugabannin yankin da suka aiwatar da kulle -kullen. 31 ga Maris: Shugaba Joko Widodo ya rattaba hannu kan Dokar Gwamnati mai lamba 21/2020, wacce ta tsara manyan takunkumin zamantakewa (PSBB), wanda ya ba gwamnatocin yanki damar takaita zirga-zirgar mutane da kayayyaki a ciki da wajen yankunansu muddin sun samu. izini daga ma'aikatar da ta dace (a wannan yanayin Ma'aikatar Lafiya, ƙarƙashin Terawan Putranto Dokar ta kuma ayyana ƙuntatawa kaɗan 'kamar haɗe da hutun makaranta da aiki, iyakance kan ibada ta zahiri, da iyakance kan taron jama'a. A lokaci guda kuma, an sanya hannu kan hukuncin Shugaban kasa 11/2020, yana mai bayyana bala'in kasa. Dokokin biyu sun dogara ne a kan Dokar mai lamba 6 ta 2018 kan keɓewar Likitoci, wanda ke da tanadi don PSBB. Netherlands 12 ga Maris: An hana taron mutane sama da 100. 13 ga Maris: Ziyartar gidan yari ya takaita kan harkokin shari'a. 15 ga Maris: Duk kantunan abinci da abin sha, mashaya, gidajen abinci, gidajen abinci, wuraren motsa jiki, saunas, kulaf din jima'i da shagunan kofi da ake buƙatar rufewa, ban da sabis na ɗaukar kaya da sabis. An rufe makarantu. 17 ga Maris: An rufe dukkan ayyukan ilimi. 23 ga Maris: An ƙuntata ziyartar matasa, naƙasassu da kula da masu tabin hankali. 23 ga Maris: Hana ayyukan da ba su da mahimmanci a waje, tarurruka tare da hana mutane sama da 2, gabatar da mita 1.5. New Zealand 21 ga Maris: Iyakance ziyartar wuraren kula da tsofaffi. 22 ga Maris: A cikin hadari an umarci mutane su zauna a gida. 23 ga Maris: An umarci dukkan mutane su zauna a gida sai dai idan suna da muhimman ayyuka. 23 Maris: An rufe duk ayyukan da ba su da mahimmanci. Pakistan 13 ga Maris: An rufe cibiyoyin ilimi kuma an hana taron jama'a. 20 ga Maris: Ma'aikatan gwamnati marasa mahimmanci sun ce su yi aiki daga gida. Matakan taka tsantsan na maki 20 yarjejeniya a Pakistan Rasha 16 ga Maris: manyan cibiyoyin ilimi suna canzawa zuwa koyon nesa. 18 ga Maris: makarantun da aka sanar sun sallame su na makwanni uku, an bukaci ma’aikatan da su ba da damar aiki daga gida. 19 Maris tilas makonni 2 na ware kai don duk matafiya, shiga ƙasar. 22 Maris: kulle -kullen birni a cikin Moscow har tsawon mako guda. 27 ga Maris: an dakatar da dukkan jirage na kasa da kasa. 30 Maris: An tsawaita kulle -kullen har zuwa Afrilu 30. 30 ga Maris: St Petersburg da yankuna da yawa sun shiga cikin kulle -kullen. Singapore Da ke ƙasa akwai taƙaitaccen matakan Hadarin da gwamnati ke sanyawa: Turkiya 12 ga Maris: Makarantu da jami'o'i da aka rufe. 15 ga Maris: Dakunan karatu da aka rufe, rumfuna, disko, sanduna da kulab din dare. 16 ga Maris: Masallatai, cafes, wuraren motsa jiki, wuraren shakatawa na Intanet da gidajen sinima. 19 Maris: An dage wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, ƙwallon ƙafa, kwando da wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa. 21 ga Maris: An sanya dokar hana fita baki daya ga wadanda suka haura shekaru 65 ko kuma masu fama da rashin lafiya. Rufe gidajen abinci, wuraren cin abinci da wuraren cin abinci ga jama'a don cin abinci, kawai ba da izinin isar da gida da ɗaukar kaya. 3 ga Afrilu: An tsawaita dokar hana fita zuwa mutanen da ba su haura shekara 20 ba. Afrilu 10: An ayyana dokar hana fita don karshen mako mai zuwa a cikin larduna 30 tare da matsayin birni da Zonguldak, na tsawon awanni 48. 13 ga Afrilu: An sanar da cewa har sai an sanar da irin wannan dokar hana fita za ta fara aiki a karshen mako. Ƙasar Ingila 18 Maris: Makarantun da aka rufe. 21 ga Maris: An rufe mashaya, gidajen abinci, gidajen abinci da sauran wuraren nishaɗi. 22 ga Maris: Ya shawarci masu rauni su kasance a gida. 23 Maris: Fara Lockdown Phase, An rufe yawancin kasuwancin. Dole gidajen abinci, mashaya, gidajen abinci da makamantansu su rufe, amma suna iya gudanar da isar da abinci da sabis. Dole ne duk kantin sayar da kayayyaki su rufe ban da manyan kantuna, sabis na likita, kantin magani, gidajen mai, shagunan kekuna, shagunan kayan masarufi, shagunan lambu, shagunan kusurwa da kantin labarai, shagunan barasa, kayan wanki, ofisoshin gidan waya, da wasu masu siyar da kayayyaki. Otal -otal da sauran ayyukan masauki dole ne su rufe amma suna iya ba da masauki ga baƙi 'yan kasashen waje da suka makale, manyan ma'aikata da marasa gida da sauran mutane masu rauni. Dole ne a rufe ɗakunan karatu, gidajen tarihi, cibiyoyin al'umma, da wuraren bautar. Dole a rufe wuraren motsa jiki, wuraren shakatawa, wasanni da wuraren nishaɗi. Ya umarci mutane da su kasance a gida ban da siyayya don abubuwan buƙatu, neman kulawar likita ko kula da marassa galihu, da tafiya zuwa da dawowa aiki wanda ba za a iya yi a gida ba. Amurka Alabama (4 Afrilu), Alaska (28 Maris), Arizona (31 Maris), California (19 Maris), Colorado (26 Maris), Connecticut (23 Maris), District of Columbia (1 Afrilu), Florida (3 Afrilu), Georgia (3 Afrilu), Hawaii (25 Maris), Idaho (25 Maris), Illinois (21 Maris), Indiana (24 Maris), Kansas (30 Maris), Louisiana (23 Maris), Maine (2 Afrilu), Maryland (Maryland) 30 Maris), Michigan (24 Maris), Minnesota (27 Maris), Missouri (6 Afrilu), Montana (28 Maris), Nevada (1 Afrilu), New Hampshire (27 Maris), New Jersey (21 Maris), New Mexico (24 Maris), New York (22 Maris), North Carolina (30 Maris), Ohio (23 Maris), Oregon (23 Maris), Pennsylvania (1 Afrilu), Puerto Rico (15 Maris), Rhode Island (28 Maris), South Carolina (7 Afrilu), Tennessee (31 Maris), Texas (2 Afrilu), Vermont (25 Maris), Virginia (30 Maris), Washington (23 Maris), West Virginia (24 Maris), Wisconsin (25 Maris) Umarnin zama a gida Delaware (24 ga Maris), Mississippi (3 ga Afrilu): Umurnin wurin zama. Kentucky, 26 ga Maris: Lafiya cikin umarnin gida. Massachusetts, 24 Maris: Za a ba da shawara a gida. Muhawara Yayin da ake jin daɗin tallafi mai yawa tsakanin masana cutar, matakan nesantawar zamantakewa a wasu lokutan rigima ce ta siyasa. Taimakon hankali ga 'yan adawa yana zuwa daga marubutan wasu fannoni, kodayake akwai wasu' yan ilimin cututtukan heterodox. Matakan wani bangare ne na fadada ikon gwamnati wanda ba a taba ganin irin sa ba. Masu ba da shawara ga ƙaramin gwamnati suna damuwa cewa jihar za ta yi jinkirin ba da wannan ikon da zarar rikicin ya ƙare, kamar yadda aka saba yi a tarihi. Duba kuma COVID-19 kulle-kullen cutar Amsoshi na kasa game da cutar ta COVID-19 Fuskokin fuska yayin bala'in COVID-19 Manazarta
31835	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikon%20Mallakar%20Abinci	Ikon Mallakar Abinci	Mallakar abinci tsarin abinci ne wanda mutanen da ke noma abinci, suke rarrabawa, kuma suke amfani da abinci har wayau suke da alhakin sarrafa wa da samar da tsarin shukawa da rarraba abincin. Wannan tsarin ya sha bambam da tsarin abinci na masana'antu a yau, inda kamfanoni da cibiyoyin kasuwanci ke da alhakin sarrafa tsarukan abinci na duniya. Mallakar abinci tana jaddada muhimmanci akan tattalin arzikin abinci na gargajiya, wadatar abinci mai dorewa, kuma ta daidaita kan tsarin samar da abinci da suka dace da al'du. Canje-canjen yanayi da rushewar hanyoyin samar da abinci sun yi tasiri sosai ga mutanen karkara da kuma damar samun abinci na al'ada yayin da suke ba fuskantar kamuwa da wasu cututtuka; saboda wannan dalilai, ikon mallakar abinci ta'allak ne akan mutanen asalin yanki. Kungiyoyin duniya da dama sun magance wadannan bukatu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ciki har da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, tare da kasashe da dama da ke daukar manufofin ikon mallakar abinci a matsayin doka. Masu sukar fafutukar neman 'yancin abinci sun yi imanin cewa an kafa tsarin ne bisa zato mara inganci; anyi watsi ne da asalin matsalolin da ake fuskanta; kuma tsarin na fama da rashin haɗin kai don shawarwarin mafita. Ma'ana Mambobin kungiyar manoma ta Via Campesina ne suka fara kirkiro kalmar "mallakar abinci" a shekarar 1996, sannan daga bisani kungiyoyin duniya da dama, ciki har da Bankin Duniya da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya suka fara amfani da kalmar. A cikin shekara ta 2007, "Sanarwar Nyéléni ta ba da ma'anar da ƙasashe 80 suka karɓa; a shekara ta 2011 kasashen Turai sun fara amfani da kalmar. Ya zuwa shekarar 2020, aƙalla ƙasashe bakwai sun haɗa tsarin ikon mallakar abinci cikin kundin tsarin mulki da dokokinsu. Tarihi Hakan yazo daidai da ɗan lokaci tare da ƙa'idodin ƙungiyar Slow Food, tarihin ikon mallakar abinci a matsayin kungiya za'a iya cewa bai dade ba. Duk da haka, kungiyar tana samun karbuwa yayin da kasashe da yawa ke daukar matakai masu mahimmanci don aiwatar da tsarin abinci wanda ke magance rashin daidaito na abinci. Tarukan duniya A taron shekara ta 2007 don ikon mallakar abinci a Sélingué, Mali, wakilai 500, ƙasashe sama da 80 sun amince da "Sanarwar Nyéléni wanda ke cewa a wani bangare:Mallakar abinci shine haƙƙin al'umma don samun lafiyayyen abinci mai dacewa da al'ada da ake samarwa ta ingantacciyar hanya da muhalli mai dorewa, da kuma haƙƙinsu na ayyana tsarin abincinsu da yanayin noman su. Tsarin na sanya waɗanda ke samar da abinci, rarrabawa da kuma cin abincin a tsakiyar tsarin abinci da manufofi maimakon buƙatun kasuwanni da kamfanoni. Yana kare muradu da shigar da na gaba. Tsarin yana ba da dabaru don yin tsaye da wargaza tsarin kasuwancin kamfanonin abinci da tsarin abinci na yanzu, da kuma hanyoyin abinci, noma, kiwo da tsarin kiwon kifi wanda manoman gida suka tsara. Mallakar abinci yana ba da fifiko kan tattalin arziki na gida da na ƙasa da kasuwanni kuma yana ba wa kananan manoma da masu noman gandu damar aikin noma, kamun kifi, kiwo da kiwon dabbobi, da samar da abinci, rarraba su da kuma ci ko amfani dasu bisa dorewar muhalli, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. A cikin watan Afrilun 2008 Ƙididdigar Kimiyya da Fasaha Noma da Kiwo ta Duniya (IAASTD), wani kwamiti ne na gwamnatoci da ke ƙarƙashin tallafin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Bankin Duniya, sun samar da ma'anar kamar haka: "An ayyana ikon mallakar abinci a matsayin 'yancin mutane da ƙasashe masu iko domin su tantance manufofinsu na noma da tsare-tsaren abinci ta hanyar yarda da amincewar mutane." Kasancewa daga cikin manufofin gwamnati Batutuwa na samar da abinci, rarraba su da samun damar isa gare su ba abu bane mai sauki na siyasa ko kuma ba tare da an soke tsarin ba. Misali, amincewa da juyin yanayi na samar da abinci wato "Green Revolution" a kasashe da dama na fadin duniya ya kara samar da abinci a duniya amma bai "warware" matsalolin yunwa ba a duniya. Masu fafutuka kan ikon mallakar abinci suna jayayya cewa hakan ya faru ne saboda wannan hanzarin bai magance damar samun fili ko rarraba ikon tattalin arziki ba. Wasu kuma sunyi jayayya da cewa ikon mallakar abinci ya dogara ne akan zato mara kyau game da rawar da noma ke takawa ga manufofin gwamnati. Bangarorin noma na ikon mallakar abinci sun sanya kungiyar a yanayi na rikici da cigaban duniya, haɓaka masana'antu, da sauran tsare-tsare. A cikin watan Satumba 2008, kasar Ecuador ta zama ƙasa ta farko da ta sanya tsarin ikon mallakar abinci a cikin kundin tsarin mulkinta. Ya zuwa karshen shekara ta 2008, an fara tsara wata doka wacce ake sa ran za ta fadada wannan tanadin tsarin mulki ta hanyar hana kwayoyin halittu da aka gyara, da kare yankuna da dama na kasar daga fitar da albarkatun ta da ba za a iya sabunta su ba, da kuma hana shuka abinci iri daya tak a fili. An tsara dokar ne ta yadda zata wanzuwarhalittu a matsayin mallakar fasaha na gaba daya da kuma amincewa da Hakkokin Muhalli. Tun daga nan kasashen Venezuela, Mali, Bolivia, Nepal da Senegal; da kuma na baya-bayan nan Masar (Tsarin Tsarin Mulki na 2014) sun kara tsarin ikon mallakar abinci cikin kundin tsarin mulkinsu ko dokokin ƙasashen su. Mallakar abincin asali Batutuwan Duniya Yanayi Canjin yanayi yana yin tasiri matuka ga damar samar da abinci na al'umma na asali, wanda ya hada da mutanen tsibirin Pacific da waɗanda ke yankin kankara na duniya wato "Circumpolar North", saboda hauhawar matakan teku ko zaizayar ƙasa. Ire-Iren Abinci Masu fafutuka kan tsarin sun yi iƙirari da cewa ikon mallakar abinci na asali na a matsayin ire-iren abinci na yau da kullun saboda abincin mutane na asalin yakan zama ingantaccen abinci a al'adance, waɗanda ke wajen waɗannan al'ummomin ke so. Sinadaran abinci wadanda suka zama ginshiƙan abincin al'adu, waɗanda ke da wahala ga waɗannan al'ummomin su samu, ana asarar su saboda ƙarin buƙatu na samun su daga mutanen asali da ke wajen yankin. Mallakar abinci na mutanen asalin Amurka ’Yan asalin ƙasar Amurka sun sami matsala ta kai tsaye wajen samu da shirya abincinsu na asali kuma hakan ya haifar da matsaloli na lafiya, kamar ciwon siga da cututtukan zuciya. Masu fafutukar neman yancin abinci na asali a Amurka sun yi ikirarin cewa kauracewa abincin asali da mutane sukayi ya haifar da karancin abinci. Ƙungiyoyin masu fafutuka suna ba da shawarar sake farfado da al'adun gargajiya, haɓaka hanyoyin samar da abinci n gargajiya, yancin abinci, da ikon mallakar iri. Tsarin mallakar abinci da wadatar abinci ga mutanen asalin yanki na da alaƙa ta kut da kut da wurin da suke zama. Hanyoyin samar da abinci na gargajiya na Amurka suna da alaƙa da ƙasashen kakanni na al'ummar Amurka, musamman ga waɗanda ke rike da al'adunsu. Alal misali, an koyar da shi a cikin Muckleshoot cewa "ƙasar da ke ba da abinci da magunguna da muke bukata wani bangare ne na mu." An bayyana rushewar hanyoyin samar da abinci na gargajiya da cewa yana da alaƙa da katsewar alaƙar da ke tsakanin ƙasar ƴan asalin ƙasar ta gargajiya da mutanensu, canjin da Rachel V. Vernon ta kwatanta da cewa tana da alaƙa da "wariyar launin fata, mulkin mallaka, da kuma asarar 'yancin kai da mulki." Kasashen da suka riga sun yi mulkin mallaka sun kasance masu fa'ida kuma suna bunƙasa tare da abinci na gargajiya. Saboda cututtuka da yaƙe-yake, ƴan asalin ƙasar a farkon ƙarni na 20 sun samu matsala sosai wajen iya siye da shirya abincinsu. Baya ga wannan, ƙaura daga ƙasashen kakanni na ƙara iyakance hanyoyin abinci na gargajiya. Yawancin ’yan asalin ƙasar Amurka yanzu suna zama a cikin hamadar abinci Saboda rashin isassun abinci ko hana samun abinci, ƴan asalin ƙasar suna fama da rashin daidaituwar abinci idan aka kwatanta da sauran jama'ar Amurka. A abubuwan da aka tanada, "'abin da aka sarrafa sosai, da sukari mai yawa, mai mai yawa, da abincin da aka sarrafa," ya kara ba da gudummawa ga al'amuran kiwon lafiya a cikin 'yan asalin ƙasar, wanda ke haifar da ƴan asalin ƙasar a Amurka suna da mafi girman adadin ciwon sukari da cututtukan zuciya a cikin al'ummar. Baya ga wannan, galibin ƴan asalin ƙasar suma suna rayuwa ne ba tare da an ware su ba, don haka ana ƙara cire su daga hanyoyin abinci na gargajiya. Saboda al'ummar asalin Amurkawa suna da kima a kasar Amurka, sun sami taimako kaɗan don gyara hanyoyin abinci na gargajiya. Kamar yadda Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta Indiyawan Amirka ta ayyana, ikon mallakar kabilanci yana tabbatar da cewa duk wani shawara game da ƙabilun game da dukiyoyinsu da ƴan ƙasa an yi su tare da sa hannu da yardarsu. Gwamnatin tarayya ta Amurka ta amince da ƙabilun Amirkawa a matsayin gwamnatoci daban-daban, masu adawa da "ƙungiyoyin sha'awa na musamman, daidaikun mutane, ko wani nau'in ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu." Tarihi Kafin mulkin mallaka na Amurka, ’yan asalin ƙasar Amirka suna da abinci iri-iri na al’adunsu, suna samun abinci ta hanyoyi dabam-dabam a tsakanin kabilu. Dangane da yankin, ’yan asalin ƙasar suna samun abincinsu ta hanyar farauta, kamun kifi, taro, da noma. Hanyoyin abinci na asali sun ta'allaka ne akan 'yan'uwa mata uku ko masara, wake, da squash, a matsayin madaidaitan abincinsu. Farauta, tarawa, da kamun kifi sune farkon hanyoyin tattara abinci. Turawan mulkin mallaka sun wargaza waɗannan ma'auni masu ma'amala da muhalli bayan "gano Amurka" Christopher Columbus a 1492. Bayan zuwan Turawa, ’yan asalin Amurka sun kwashe kayansu har ma da yunwa a matsayin dabarar mulkin mallaka a kan ƙasashen ’yan asali. Mazaunan Turawa sun shigo da dabbobin gida cikin Amurka, suna kawo sabbin cututtuka tare da su. Turawan mulkin mallaka sun yi niyya kan shagunan abinci musamman kuma sun canza abincin ƴan asalin Amirkawa sosai, ikonsu na samun albarkatu, da samar da abinci. Sabbin tsarukan abinci da sabbin mazauna Amurkawa suka samar, sun tilastawa asalin Amurkawa dogaro da abinci da aka sarrafa da yawa akan wuraren ajiyar Indiya da al'ummomin ƴan asalin gaba ɗaya. An tilasta wa kabilun asali shiga wani yanayi na rashin abinci kuma an sanya su cikin wani wuri a cikin al'umma inda ba za a iya samun damar samun wasu hanyoyin samun lafiya ko abincin da ake nomawa ba. Tare da asarar ikon mallakar abinci, an kuma yi asarar filaye, yayin da Indiyawan suka ƙaura da tilastawa. Bayan majalisar ta zartar da dokar kasa da kasa ta Indiya a shekara ta 1851, an tilasta wa duk 'yan asalin ƙasar shiga wuraren ajiyar Indiya, sun rasa ikon noma ƙasa da dogaro da hanyoyin rayuwa na gargajiya. Ayyuka Asalin mazauna ƙasar Amirka a yau suna fafutukar neman yancin abinci a matsayin hanyar magance matsalolin lafiya, suna komawa ga abincinsu na al’ada don waraka. Komawa cin abinci na gargajiya yana da ƙalubale, idan akayi la'akari da tarihin ƙaura da kashe al'adu Anyi rasa ko kuma asarar yawancin tarihin ƴan asalin ƙasar Amirka na abincin al'adun gargajiya kuma suna da wahala a kara kirkiransu. Masu fafutukar kare hakkin abinci na 'yan asalin kasar Amurka sun yi ikirarin cewa al'ummomin 'yan asalin kasar sun yi gudun hijira daga gidajen abinci na gargajiya, wanda ya haifar da karancin abinci. Ana zargin cewa hanya mafi inganci don samun wadatar abinci ga ’yan asalin yanki ita ce karin tsare-tsare wajen samar da abinci. Wasu masu fafutuka kuma suna jayayya game da ikon mallakar abinci a matsayin hanyar warkar da raunukan tarihi da kuma hanyar mallakar yankunan daga masu mulkin mallaka. A cikin {asar Amirka, Cibiyar Sadarwar Abinci ta 'Yan Asalin da Ƙungiyar Ƙasar Abinci ta Amirka, suna aiki don ilmantarwa da tsara manufofi da suka shafi tsaro na abinci da noma. Wani rukunin da ya mayar da hankali kan buƙatar abinci da ikon mallakar makamashi shine White Earth Anishnaabeg daga Minnesota, waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan abinci iri-iri, dasa shuki da girbin su ta amfani da hanyoyin gargajiya, nau'in lalatawa. Irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna haɗuwa don kafa manufofin ikon mallakar abinci da haɓaka tattalin arziƙin abinci na gida a taron koli kamar Diné Bich'iiya' Summit a Tsaile, Arizona, wanda ya mai da hankali kan abincin gargajiya na Navajo. Masu fafutukar neman yancin abinci na asali suma galibi suna bayar da muhimmanci wajen samun ikon mallakar iri, kuma galibi akan haƙƙin masu kiwo. Adana iri yana da mahimmanci ga al'ummomin ƴan asalin ƙasar Amurka saboda yana samarwa waɗancan al'ummomin ingantaccen tushen abinci kuma yana bada mahimmanci ga al'adu. Bugu da kari, masu fafutuka kan ikon mallakar iri sau da yawa suna jayayya cewa ceton iri wata hanya ce mai mahimmanci wajen samar da tsarin noma wanda zai iya dacewa da sauyin yanayi. Bincike da ayyukan ikon mallakar abinci A cikin shekara ta 2021, cikakken bita na wallafe-wallafe na IFS (Mallakan Abinci na Ƙasa) da ingancin ka'idodin ikon mallakar abinci sun kammala da cewa 'yan asalin ƙasar Amurka da Canada suna da samun karin kiba, rashin abinci, da nau'in ciwon sukari na 2 fiye da yawan jama'a. Ayyukan gwamnati da ke tallafawa tsarin abinci na asali sun kasance sabbin yunƙuri na ɗaga al'ummomin ƴan asalin kuma suna cikin matakan ci gaba masu son ci gaba. Wasu ƙasashe sun ɗauki shirye-shiryen abinci na 'yan asalin shekaru kafin Amurka, gami da Kanada. An ƙirƙiri Jagoran Abinci na Kanada (CFG) a cikin Janairu 2019 a matsayin hanyar haɗa nau'ikan abincin al'adu, maimakon kafa ƙa'idodin abinci a kan al'adu ɗaya ko kaɗan jagorar ya haɗa da abincin 'yan asalin ƙasa da kuma haɗa ƴan asalin ƙasar cikin shawarwari. A cikin shekara ta 2021, Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka ta ƙaddamar da Tsarin Mallakar Abinci ta 'Yan Asalin. An ƙera wannan yunƙurin don "haɓaka hanyoyin abinci na gargajiya" kamar yadda, kama da Kanada, shirye-shiryen USDA ba su ƙunshi hanyoyin abinci da abinci na 'yan asalin a tarihi ba. Usda ta hadu da kungiyoyi sun riga sun yi hidimar zean asalinsu: Majalisar Dabbobi Aregrad Majalisar Noma da Noma ta Tsammani da Noma Ƙaddamarwa Ayyukan da ba na gwamnati ba, irin su aikin tsari na "Good Life" a Ecuador, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da 'yan asalin al'umma ne ke jagorantar su. "Rayuwa Mai Kyau" ta nuna cewa akwai wasu hanyoyin da za a bi ta hanyar ci gaban al'ummar 'yan asalin da ba su haɗa da tallafin gwamnati ko samar da jihohi ba. A Ecuador, 'yan asalin ƙasar sun haɓaka aikin "Rayuwa Mai Kyau" wanda ke nisanta daga fahimtar jari-hujja da yammacin duniya game da abin da al'umma ke buƙata, kuma a maimakon haka suna mai da hankali kan haɓaka nasarar al'umma ta hanyar jituwa da mutane, yanayi, da kare ƙasarsu da gaske suna aiki. kai tsaye a cikin al'ummar ƴan asalin ƙasar don kwato ikon abinci. Ƙungiyoyi a Amurka sun ɗauki irin wannan samfuri zuwa aikin "Good Life" na Ecuador. A California, ƙungiyar UC Berkeley, CARES (Kimanin Al'umma na Sabunta Makamashi da Dorewa) yana aiki tare da PPN (Pinoleville Pomo Nation) a Ukiah, California, don tallafawa ikon mallakar kabilanci. Wannan al'ummar 'yan asalin ta kasance tana aiki tare da CARES tsawon shekaru don tsara gidaje masu ɗorewa da makamashi waɗanda ke nuna al'adunta. Ikon mallakar iri Ana iya bayyana ikon mallakar iri a matsayin haƙƙin “haɓaka da musanya irr daban daban.” Tsarinyana da alaƙa ta kut-da-kut da ikon mallakar abinci, kamar yadda masu fafutukar ikon mallakar iri ke jayayya da aiwatar da aikin ceton iri a wani ɓangare a matsayin hanyar haɓaka wadatar abinci. Wadannan masu fafutuka suna jayayya cewa ceton iri yana ba da damar rufaffiyar tsarin abinci wanda zai iya taimakawa al'ummomi samun 'yancin kai daga manyan kamfanonin noma. Mallakar iri ta bambanta da ikon mallakar abinci a cikin fifikonta kan ceton iri musamman, maimakon tsarin abinci gaba ɗaya. Masu fafutukar ikon mallakar iri sau da yawa suna jayayya don ceto iri bisa la'akari da muhalli, ba kawai adalcin abinci ba. Suna jayayya da cewa ceto iri ya cika muhimmiyar rawa na maido da ɗimbin halittu ga noma, da samar da nau'ikan tsirrai waɗanda suka fi jure canza yanayin yanayi ta fuskar sauyin yanayi. Mullakar abinci tare da amincin abinci An kirkiri ikon mallakar abinci ne a matsayin martani ga masu fafutuka game da samar da abinci ta ko yaya, babban jawabin duniya kan samar da abinci da manufofi. Wannan na ƙarshe ya jaddada samun isassun abinci mai gina jiki ga kowa, wanda zai iya kasancewa ta hanyar abinci daga ƙasarsa ko kuma daga shigo da kayayyaki na duniya. A cikin sunan inganci da haɓaka yawan aiki, don haka ya yi aiki don haɓaka abin da ake kira "tsarin samar da abinci na kamfanoni": manyan ma'auni, masana'antu na masana'antu dangane da samarwa na musamman, tattara ƙasa da sassaucin ra'ayi Masu sukar harkar samar da abinci sun yi iƙirarin cewa rashin kula da tattalin arziƙin siyasa na tsarin abinci na kamfanoni yana rufe mata ido da illolin wannan gwamnatin, musamman yadda ake korar ƙananan masana'antun da kuma lalacewar muhallin duniya. Da yake rubutawa a cikin Bayanan Abinci na Farko, faɗuwar shekara ta 2003, Peter Rosset ya yi jayayya da cewa "Ikon mallakar abinci ya wuce manufar samar da abinci [Tsaron abinci] yana nufin cewa... [kowa] dole ne ya sami tabbacin samun abin da zai ci kowace rana[,] amma bai ce komai ba game da inda abincin ya fito ko yadda ake samar da shi.” Mallakar abinci ya haɗa da tallafi ga masu karamin karfi da gonaki, kamun kifi, da dai sauransu, maimakon samar da masana'antu a cikin tsarin tattalin arzikin duniya kaɗan. A cikin wani littafin, Food First ya bayyana "Mallakar abinci" a matsayin "dandali na farfado da karkara a matakin duniya bisa daidaiton rabon filayen noma da ruwa, sarrafa manoma kan iri, da kananan gonaki masu albarka da ke wadata masu amfani da kiwon lafiya, abincin da ake nomawa na al'ada. Hakanan an kara kwatanta tsarin ikon mallakar abinci da adalcin abinci, wanda ya fi mai da hankali kan kabilanci da rashin adalcin aji da alakar su da abinci, yayin da mallakar abinci yana nufin hukuma kan tsarin samar da abinci. Sukar juyin yanayin tsirrai Juyin tsarin shuke-shuke, wanda ke nufin ci gaban da aka samu a kiwo a tsakanin shekarun 1960 zuwa 1980 wanda ya inganta amfanin gona daga manyan amfanin gona na hatsi, wasu masu goyon bayan samar da abinci ne suka amince da shi a matsayin labarin nasara wajen kara yawan amfanin gona da yaki da yunwa a duniya. Manufar ta fi mayar da hankali ne kan bincike, haɓakawa da canja wurin fasahar noma, irin su nau'in iri da takin zamani, ta hanyar saka hannun jari masu zaman kansu da na jama'a waɗanda suka kawo sauyi a harkar noma a ƙasashe da dama, tun daga Mexico da Indiya. Koyaya, da yawa a cikin ƙungiyar ikon mallakar abinci suna sukar juyin yanayin samar da abinci kuma suna zargin waɗanda ke ba da shawararsa da cewa suna bin tsarin fasaha na al'adun Yammacin Turai da yawa wanda bai dace da bukatun yawancin ƙananan masana'antu da manoma ba. Yayin da juyin yanayin halayyar shuke-shuke na iya samar da abinci mai yawa, yunwar duniya ta ci gaba saboda bai magance matsalolin samun dama ba. Masu fafutuka kan ikon mallakar abinci suna jayayya cewa juyin juya halin koren ya gaza canza babban rabon ikon tattalin arziki, musamman damar samun filaye da ikon siye. Masu sukar sun kuma yi iƙirarin cewa juyin shuke-shuke ya ƙara yin amfani da maganin ciyawa ya haifar da barna a muhalli da kuma rage ɗimbin halittu a wurare da dama. Ra'ayoyin ilimi Ka'idar Tsarin Abinci A matsayinsa na kungiya na zamantakewa, masu nazarin tsarin abinci suna da ra'ayi akan ikon mallakar abinci. Tare da tasirinsa na Marxist, masana ilimin tsarin abinci suna sha'awar yadda lokutan rikici tsakanin wani tsarin abinci ke bayyana tashin hankali na yare wanda ke motsa motsi tsakanin irin waɗannan jeri (watau lokutan canji). A cewar babban masanin ka'idar Philip McMichael, tsarin tsarin abinci koyaushe yana da alaƙa da ƙarfi da sabani. Ƙarfafa tsarin mulki ba ya da ƙwaƙƙwara kamar yadda ya ƙunshi, ko kuma ya dace da waɗannan tashe-tashen hankula. A cewar McMichael, "noman duniya" a karkashin yarjejeniyar WTO akan aikin gona ("abinci daga ko ina") yana wakiltar daya iyaka na "cibanin tsakiya" na mulkin yanzu. Yana da sha'awar yuwuwar tsarin ikon mallakar abinci don ƙara tashin hankali tsakanin wannan da sandar sa ta gaba, tushen agroecology ("abinci daga wani wuri") wanda ƙungiyoyin abinci daban-daban suka ba da shawarar. Bayar da yanke shawara daban-daban, aikin kwanan nan na Harriet Friedmann ya ba da shawarar cewa "abinci daga wani wuri" an riga an haɗa shi ƙarƙashin tsarin juyin tsirrai na gaggawa (cf. Campbell 2009). Suka Zato na asali mara kuskure Wasu masanan sun yi iƙirarin cewa ƙungiyar Bayar da Abinci ta bin diddigin zato ba daidai ba ne, suna masu nuni da cewa ƙananan manoma ba lallai ba ne salon rayuwarsu da aka zaɓa ba kuma manoma a ƙalla ƙasashe masu ci gaba da wanda suka cigaba ba sa fuskantar kalubale iri ɗaya. Waɗannan masu sukar sun yi iƙirarin cewa ƙungiyoyin ikon mallakar abinci na iya yin daidai game da kura-kuran akidar tattalin arziƙin ɗaiɗaiɗai, amma an yi shiru game da gaskiyar cewa yawancin yunwa a zahiri ta faru ƙarƙashin gwamnatocin gurguzu da na gurguzu waɗanda suka bi manufar wadatar abinci (cf. Shekarar 2011). Tsarin siyasa-na shari'a Akwai rashin daidaituwa a cikin ra'ayin ikon mallakar abinci game da siyasa ko al'umman hukunce-hukuncen da ake ba da umarnin kiranta na neman dimokaradiyya da sabunta "dan kasa na noma" A cikin bayanan jama'a, ƙungiyar ikon mallakar abinci ta buƙaci ɗaukar tsauraran matakai daga gwamnatocin ƙasa da na ƙananan hukumomi (a cikin jigon ƙungiyoyin 'yancin ɗan adam, Gudanar da albarkatun ƙasa na Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) A wani wurin kuma ta yi kira ga kungiyoyin farar hula ta duniya da su yi aiki a matsayin abin dubawa ga cin zarafi daga hukumomin kasa da na kasa. Wadanda ke da ra'ayi mai mahimmanci game da ikon mallakar jihohi za su yi jayayya da yiwuwar cewa za a iya daidaita ikon mallakar ƙasashe da na al'ummomin gida (duba kuma muhawara game da al'adu da yawa da 'yancin cin gashin na 'yan asalin a Mexico Rikicin noma? A cikin ƙaƙƙarfan sake tabbatar noma na ƙauye da ƙauye, an karanta motsin ikon mallakar abinci a matsayin ƙalubale ga labaran zamani na ƙasƙantar birni, masana'antu na noma, da kawar da manoma. Duk da haka, a matsayin wani ɓangare na muhawarar da ke gudana game da mahimmancin aikin noma a cikin Marxism na gargajiya, Henry Bernstein yana da mahimmanci ga waɗannan asusun. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa irin waɗannan nazarin sun kasance suna gabatar da yawan masu noman noma a matsayin haɗin kai, nau'in zamantakewa guda ɗaya da tarihin duniya, wanda ya kasa yin lissafin: Manyan bambance-bambancen zamantakewar jama'a (Arewa/Kudu, jinsi da matsayi); dabi'un masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, masu ra'ayin tsiratar da al'adu na motsi wanda ya fito a matsayin wani bangare na koma baya ga masu ra'ayin yin kama da juna na duniya (Boyer yayi magana akan ko ikon mallakar abinci shine labari ko rashin ci gaba Berstein yayi iƙirarin cewa waɗannan asusun. ba zai iya tserewa wani populism (ko agrarianism Don amsa ga Bernstein, duba McMichael (2009) Duba kuma 2007-2008 rikicin farashin abinci a duniya Kame kasa Permaculture Shekaru Goma na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Noman Iyali Sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Hakkokin Makiyaya Bayanan kafa Adabi Annette Desmarais, Nettie Wiebe, da Hannah Wittman (2010). Mallakar Abinci: Sake Haɗin Abinci, Hali da Al'umma. Littattafan Farkon Abinci. ISBN 978-0-935028-37-9 Choplin, Gérard; Strickner, Alexandra; Trouvé, Aurélie [Hg.] (2011). Mallakar abinci zuwa sabuwar manufar noma da abinci a Turai (Ernährungssouveränität Für eine andere Agrar- und Lebensmittelpolitik a Europa). Mandelbaum Verlag. ISBN 978-3-85476-346-8 Kadada biyar da 'Yanci Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Dandalin Turai don Mallakar Abinci Krems, Austria, Agusta 2011 Cibiyar Sadarwar Abinci ta Yan asalin ƙasar Haɗin Kan Mulkin Abinci na Ƙasar Amirka Nyéléni Na farko International Forum for Food Sovereignty (Sélingué, Mali Fabrairu 2007) da kuma kasa da kasa Newsletter muryar motsi ga Abinci. Yaƙi akan shirin Mulkin Abinci na So "MASARAUTAR ABINCI: zuwa ga dimokuradiyya a cikin tsarin abinci" na Michael Windfuhr da Jennie Jonsén, FIAN. ITDG Bugawa takarda aiki. 64pp ku. 2005. Yana ba da bayanai akan Tsarin Manufofin Mulkin Abinci. Haɗi zuwa manyan bayanai da takaddun da aka samar cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. Akwai PDF mai saukewa. "Kwamitin Tsare-tsare na Duniya don Mallakar Abinci" Kwamitin Tsare-tsare na kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu/CSO na kasa da kasa IPC cibiyar sadarwa ce ta duniya ta kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu/CSO da suka damu da batutuwa da shirye-shiryen ikon mallakar abinci. IPC tana aiki azaman hanyar watsa bayanai kan ikon mallakar abinci da batutuwan da suka shafi samar da abinci. Mulkin abinci da matasan karkara (MIJARC) Michel Pimbert, 2010. IIED. Zuwa ga Mallakar Abinci. Maido da tsarin abinci mai cin gashin kansa "Menene mulkin mallaka?" Harkar Ci gaban Duniya Mallaka 'Yancin Abinci Ikon mallakar abinci Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
20928	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundunar%20Sojin%20Sama%20ta%20Chadi	Rundunar Sojin Sama ta Chadi	An kafa rundunar sojan sama ta Chadi, a cikin Faransa Aérienne Tchadienne, a cikin shekarar 1961 a matsayin Escadrille Nationale Tchadienne (Chadian National Flight Squadron), kuma an ba ta sunan ta na yanzu a cikin shekarata 1973. Ya ci gaba da kasancewa wani ɓangare na sojojin Chadi. Rundunar tana da sansani tare da sojojin Faransa a Filin jirgin saman N'Djamena. Tarihi Farawa A cikin 1960s Sojan Sama na Chadi sun ƙunshi maza ɗari, jirgin ɗaukar kaya DC-3 ɗaya, jirgin saman lura uku, da jirage masu saukar ungulu biyu. Ingantawa A cikin 1973, lokacin da ƙarfin ta ya ƙaru zuwa maza 200, sojojin sama sun mallaki jirgin ɗaukar kaya na C-47 guda uku (ya karu zuwa 13 a tsakiyar shekarun 1970), da jiragen saman daukar haske guda uku, da helikopta ɗaya, dukkansu ana aiki a iska ta Faransa. tushe a N'Djamena. Kusan dukkanin matuƙan jirgin a lokacin Faransawa ne. Lambobin wutsiya C-47 sun haɗa da 100509, 10307 da 10409. A cikin 1976, Sojojin Sama sun samu Douglas AD-4N Skyraiders 7 daga Faransa, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su wajen yaƙin adawa da ƴan daba a arewa har zuwa 1987 lokacin da ake ganin ba za su iya aiki ba. (Lambobin wutsiya sun haɗa da Skyraider 126959). Skyraiders sun fara ganin sabis a Chadi tare da <i id="mwHQ">Armée de l'Air</i>, sannan daga baya tare da rundunar sojan saman Chadi mai zaman kanta, wanda sojojin haya na Faransa ke aiki. Yin nasara a cikin gwagwarmaya ta iska (1980 1990) A lokacin rikicin da aka yi da Libya a shekarar 1983, Sojojin Sama na Chadi sun bayar da rahoton lalata Aermacchi Libya guda takwas SF-260s An kama uku kuma sun yi aiki daga 1987. Ɗaya ya faɗi a cikin 1989 kuma wani ya sayar ga Amurka. Chadi kuma ta sami SAM wanda aka ƙaddamar da kafada 24 a ƙarshen 1987. A cewar wasu rahotanni da yawa, Sojojin Sama na Chadi suna da hannu dumu-dumu wajen fatattakar mamayar 'yan tawaye daga makwabciyar sudan a shekarar 2009. Jami'an na Sudan ɗin sun kuma yi ikirarin cewa jiragen na Chadi sun yi ta kai hare-hare da dama zuwa cikin Sudan yayin rikicin. Koyaya, rahotanni daga kafafen yada labarai ba su da cikakken bayani game da ainihin nau'ikan jiragen da Chadi ta yi amfani da su don kare 'yan tawayen da kuma kai hare-haren wuce gona da iri. Zuwa 1987, Laftanar Mornadji Mbaissanabe ne ya ba da umarnin sojojin sama. Abubuwan da suka faru da Kafafen Nishadi Abubuwan Tsaro Kamfanin Sadarwar Jirgin Sama ya lissafa abubuwa huɗu da suka faru tsakanin 1976 da 1987, ɗaya da ya shafi Douglas DC-3, Douglas DC-4 wanda wani makami mai linzami na saman-iska ya harbo shi da sauran biyun da fasinjojin C-130 Hercules, daya fadowa yayin saukar jirgin sama na yau da kullun, ɗayan yayin saukowa. A 2004, yayin jigilar 'yan jarida da jami'an Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya zuwa wani taron tarmako tare da Kofi Annan, ɗaya daga cikin jirage masu saukar ungulu na Chadi ya samu matsala kuma ya yi mummunan sauka a cikin hamada. Ƙasar Chadi ta rasa akalla jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu a lokacin yakin Adre, a ranar 18 ga Disamba, 2005. Zargin take hakkin bil'adama A ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 2000, wani Shugaban Rundunar Sojan Sama na Chadi da ba a san shi ba ya nemi izinin zama 'yan gudun hijira a Kanada, yana mai cewa ya zargi gwamnatin Chadi da take haƙƙin ɗan Adam. Haɗarin 2017 Yawancin jiragen sama da jirage masu saukar ungulu sun lalace a cikin wani hadari a ranar 1 ga watan Yulin 2017 wanda ya afkawa babban sansanin sojojin saman a Filin jirgin saman N'Djamena An tsananta tsananin guguwar ta hanyar yin amfani da sutura. Asara ko kayan aikin da suka lalace sun haɗa da jirage masu saukar ungulu uku, PC-12, MiG-29, da jiragen yaƙi biyu Su-25. Jirgin sama Kayan kaya na yanzu Aikin jirgin sama na ƙarfin na iya zama ƙasa da adadin da hukuma ke wakilta. A cewar wani rahoto a cikin Le Figaro a watan Afrilu, 2006, Sojojin Sama na Chadi sun ƙunshi jigilar Lockheed C-130 Hercules guda biyu, daya mai aiki da jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu na Mil Mi-17 Hip-H da kuma Mil Mi-24 biyu "Hind" da ba sa aiki. jirage masu saukar ungulu. Daga baya C-130 TT-PAF ya ɓace a cikin haɗarin sauka a Abéché, Chadi, a kan 11 Yuni 2006. Manazarta Bayanin bayanan jirgin sama na duniya Bright Star Publishing London Fayil 337 Sheet 4 Cooper, Tom Weinert, Peter (2010). MiGs na Afirka: Volume I: Angola zuwa Ivory Coast. Kamfanin Harpia Publishing LLC. ISBN 978-0-9825539-5-4 Francillon, René J. McDonnell Douglas Jirgin sama tun 1920 London: Putnam, 1979. ISBN 0-370-00050-1 Tarihin Chadi Afirka Sojojin Chadi Sojoji Pages with unreviewed
35369	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisan%20kiyashin%20Asaba	Kisan kiyashin Asaba	Kisan kiyashin Asaba ya faru ne a watan Oktoban 1967 a garin Asaba dake jihar Delta a Najeriya a yayin yakin basasar Najeriya Asali A watan Agustan 1967, watanni uku bayan fara yakin Biafra, sojojin Biafra sun mamaye yankin Tsakiyar Yammacin Najeriya, zuwa yammacin kogin Niger. Sun bazu har zuwa yamma, suka kwace birnin Benin, suka isa har zuwa birnin Ore, inda rundunar sojojin Najeriya ta biyu ta korasu, karkashin jagorancin Col. Murtala Muhammad Dakarun Tarayyar Najeriya sun samu galaba, inda suka tilastawa 'yan gwagwarmayar kafa kasar Biafra komawa Niger, inda suka tsallaka gadar komawa cikin birnin Onitsha na kasar Biafra, wanda ke daidai hanyar Asaba. 'Yan Biafra sun tarwatsa gabacin gadar Onitsha, ta yadda sojojin Tarayyar kasar suka kasa bin su. Kisan kiyashi Dakarun gwamnatin tarayya sun shiga garin Asaba ne a ranar 5 ga watan Oktoba, inda suka fara farfasa gidaje da kashe fararen hula, suna ikirarin cewa masu goyon bayan Biafra ne. Rahotanni sun nuna cewa mai yiwuwa an kashe mazaje da dama da ba su ji ba ba su gani ba a daidaiku da kuma kungiyance a wurare daban-daban a garin. Shugabannin sun kira mutanen garin da su yi taro a safiyar ranar 7 ga watan Oktoba, da fatan za a kawo karshen tashe tashen hankula ta hanyar nuna goyon baya ga "Nigeria Daya". Daruruwan mutane maza da mata da yara da dama sanye da kayan shagulgulan bikin akwa ocha (fararen farare) sun yi fareti a babban titi suna kade-kade da raye-raye da rera taken "Nigeria Daya". A wata mahadar, an raba maza da samari maza da mata da yara kanana, kuma an taru a wani fili da ke kauyen Ogbe-Osowa. Dakarun gwamnatin tarayya sun bayyana mashinan bindigu, kuma an ba da umarni, kamar yadda wani kwamandan na biyu, Maj. Ibrahim Taiwo, ya bude wuta. An kawo karshen yawancin kashe-kashen a ranar 7 ga Oktoba. ‘Yan uwan mamatan sun dauko gawarwakin wasu da aka kashe kuma suka binne su a gidajensu. Amma yawancin an binne su a da yawa a kaburbura, ba tare da al'adun da suka dace ba. Iyalai da yawa sun rasa maza da yara maza da dama. Sojojin gwamnatin tarayya sun mamaye garin Asaba na tsawon watanni da dama, inda aka lalata yawancin garin, aka yi wa mata da ‘yan mata da dama fyade ko aka yi musu “aure,” kuma dimbin ‘yan kasar sun yi gudun hijira, galibi ba su dawo ba, sai da aka kawo karshen yakin a shekarar 1970. Adadin wadanda suka mutu Ba a taba kididdige adadin mutanen da suka mutu a kisan kiyashin ba. A shekarar 1981, majalisar raya kasa ta Asaba ta tattara jerin sunayen matattu 373, amma ta bayyana cewa basu cika ba. Masanin ilimin dan adam S. Elizabeth Bird da masanin tarihi Fraser Ottanelli sun kiyasta cewa an kashe mutane tsakanin 500 zuwa 800. David Scanlon na Quaker Relief Services ya ruwaito cewa an kashe maza da yara maza 759, yayin da dan jarida Colin Legum ya rubuta cewa mutane 700 suka mutu. Alkaluman shaidun gani da ido sun yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 500 zuwa sama da 1,000. Wanda ake zargi A wani lokaci ana ikirarin cewa IBM Haruna ne jami’in da ya bayar da umarnin kisan kiyashin, biyo bayan rahoton shaidar da ya bayar ga hukumar binciken take hakkin bil’adama ta Najeriya da aka fi sani da Oputa Panel. Wannan labarin ya ambato shi yana da'awar alhakin (a matsayinsa na kwamandan rundunar) kuma ba shi da uzuri game da wannan ta'asa. Duk da haka, Haruna bai halarci Asaba a 1967 ba. Ya maye gurbin Murtala Muhammed a matsayin CO na Division Biyu a cikin bazara 1968. A watan Oktoban shekarar 2017, al’ummar Asaba sun gudanar da bikin cika shekaru 50 da kisan kiyashi tare da gudanar da taron tunawa da kwanaki biyu, inda aka kaddamar da sabon littafi mai cikakken bayani kan kisan kiyashin, musabbabinsa, da sakamakonsa, da abin da ya bari: "The Asaba Massacre: Trauma, Memory, and the Nigerian Civil War," na S. Elizabeth Bird da Fraser Ottanelli (Jami'ar Cambridge University Press). Wannan littafi, wanda ya yi tsokaci kan hirar da aka yi da wadanda suka tsira da rayukansu da na sojoji da na gwamnati, da majiyoyin adana kayan tarihi, ya yi bayani kan yadda kisan kiyashin ya faru da dalilin da ya sa aka yi wannan kisan kiyashi, da kuma tasirin wannan mummunan rauni na al’umma, shekaru da dama bayan faruwar lamarin. Duba kuma Murtala Muhammad Benjamin Adekunle Manazarta Littafi Mai Tsarki Bird, SE and F. Ottanelli (2017). The Asaba Massacre: Trauma, Memory, and the Nigerian Civil War. Cambridge University Press. Bird SE and F. Ottanelli (2011). The History and Legacy of the Asaba, Nigeria, Massacres. African Studies Review 54 (3): 1-26. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje www.asabamemorial.org Gidan yanar gizon Aikin Tunawa da Asaba, wanda ya haɗa da cikakkun bayanai, shirye-shiryen bidiyo na shaidu, da sauran albarkatu. https://vimeo.com/71894404, "Mafi yawan 'yan Najeriya masu rauni: Gadon Kisan Asaba." Bidiyo da aka ƙirƙira a matsayin wani ɓangare na Aikin Tunawa da Asaba] Tarihin
22148	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandun%20Daji%20a%20Najeriya	Gandun Daji a Najeriya	Gandun Daji a Nijeriya shekara ta 2005, Najeriya na da adadi mafi yawa na deforestation a duniya bisa ga rahoton Abinci da Aikin Noma Organization ne na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wato (FAO). Tsakanin 2000 da 2005, canje-canjen daji ya karu da 31.2% zuwa 3.12% a kowace shekara. Nijeriya tana yin asarar kashi 14% na babban dajin ta tsakanin shekarar 2002 da 2020. An share gandun daji don sare bishiyoyi, fitarwa katako, noman daji da kuma musamman tattara itacen don mai wanda har yanzu yana da matsala a Afirka ta Yamma. Tarihi Najeriya tana da matukar baiwar albarkatun kasa. Tana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman wurare masu tarin yawa a duniya. Kafin zamanin 'yanci kai, an sami babban tanadi na gandun daji, kimanin kilomita murabba'in 96,518 wanda ke wakiltar 27% na duka gandun daji kuma 10% na duk yankin yanki an kiyaye shi a matsayin yanki mai kariya. 66 bisa dari na gandun daji kariya a cikin savanna yankin kasar, 20% da dama a cikin da gumi na wurare masu zafi gandun daji zones a kudancin Najeriya da kuma 4% ya kasance saboda ruwa swamps da mangoro na jihar bakin teku a kudancin kasar. Lokacin da Najeriya ta sami 'yencin kanta a shekarar (1960) kuma ta zama kasa mai cikakken iko, ta gaji wuraren shakatawa na kasa guda takwas (8), gandun daji guda dari hudu da arba'in da biyar (445), manyan wuraren adana yanayi goma sha biyu (12) da kuma wasanni ashirin da takwas (28) daga masu kula da mulkin mallaka don kariya da kiyaye halittu masu yawa a cikin kasar. Abin takaici, babban yankin gandun dajin da aka tanada a cikin shekaru 50 babu inda za'a samu. Wannan gadon an lalata shi sosai, an lalata wuraren da aka kare, aka kaskantar da su, aka sanya su cikin wasu filaye sakamakon karin matsin lamba na karuwar yawan jama'a A kasar. Gidauniyar Kare Lafiya ta Najeriya (NCF) ta ba da rahoton cewa Najeriya ta yi asarar sama da kashi 96% na gandun dajin kuma yawan sare dazuzzuka ya kai kashi 11.1% a kowace shekara. Wannan matsalar da ake fama da ita na sare dazuzzuka, rarrabuwar kai da sauya filaye don amfanin gona da sauran amfani da shi ya shafi illahirin dabbobin daji a kasar. A shekara ta 2005, 12.2% wanda yake shi ne kwatankwacin hekta aka deforested a Najeriya Tsakanin shekarar 1990 zuwa 2000, Najeriya ta rasa matsakaicin hekta 409,700 na gandun daji duk shekara kwatankwacin matsakaicin gandun daji na shekara 2.38%. Tsakanin shekara ta 1990 da shekara ta 2005, gaba ɗaya Nijeriya ta rasa kashi 35.7% na gandun dajin, ko kuma kusan kadada 6,145,000. Tasiri Gandun daji shine tsari inda ake sare ciyayi da tare da sake dasawa lokaci daya saboda dalilai na tattalin arziki ko na zamantakewa. Lalata dazuzzuka yana da mummunar tasiri a kan mahalli dangane da zaizayar ƙasa, asarar halittu masu yawa, asarar namun daji da ƙarancin kwararowar hamada tsakanin sauran dalilai. Haka kuma sarewar daji na da tasiri a fannonin zamantakewar ƙasar, musamman game da al'amuran tattalin arziki, noma, rikici da kuma mafi mahimmanci, ingancin rayuwa Dangane da bayanan da aka dauka sama da Shekara ta 2000 zuwa Shekara ta 2005 a Najeriya, wanda ke yankin yammacin Afirka, yana da adadi mafi girma na duniya a duniya, kasancewar ya rasa kashi 55.7% na dazuzzuka na farko. Mongabay ya bayyana gandun daji na farko azaman gandun daji ba tare da alamun alamun abubuwan da suka gabata ko ayyukan ɗan adam na yanzu ba. Adadin dazuzzuka na shekara-shekara a Nijeriya shine 3.5%, kusan kadada 350,000-400,000 a kowace shekara. ƙungiyar Abinci da Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta lissafa buƙatun gudanar da gandun daji mai ɗorewa kamar: gwargwadon albarkatun gandun daji, bambancin halittu, kiwon lafiyar gandun daji da ƙwarin gwiwa, ayyuka masu fa'ida na albarkatun gandun daji, ayyukan kariya na albarkatun gandun daji, ayyukan zamantakewar tattalin arziki da doka., manufofi da tsarin hukumomi. Yawancin bangarori na sharar a halin yanzu ba a saduwa da su kuma za su ci gaba da samun lahani idan ba a hanzarta magance su ba. Anyi barna da yawa ga ƙasar Najeriya ta hanyar aikin sare dazuzzuka, musamman bayar da gudummawa ga mummunan yanayin hamada. Hamada ita ce mamaye sahara a doron kasa wanda a da yake da ni'ima. Wani binciken da aka gudanar daga 1901 zuwa 2005 ya tattara cewa akwai karuwar zafin jiki a Najeriya na 1.1 C, yayin da haɓakar ƙarancin yanayin duniya ya kasance 0.74 kawai C. Haka kuma binciken ya gano a cikin lokaci guda cewa adadin ruwan sama a kasar ya ragu da 81mm. An lura cewa dukkanin waɗannan abubuwan a lokaci guda suna da canje-canje masu kaifi a cikin 1970s. Daga shekarar 1990 zuwa 2010 a Najeriya, kusan an rage rabin adadin dajin na su, yana mai tashi daga hekta 17,234 zuwa hekta 9041. Haɗuwa da yawan sare dazuzzuka, ƙarancin yanayin zafi da raguwar ruwan sama duk suna taimakawa wajen kwararar hamada. Har ila yau, an ce hayakin da ke fitarwa daga yankewar daji ya kai kashi 87% na yawan hayakin da kasar ke fitarwa. Bambance-bambancen halittu iri daban-daban na Nijeriya da ke dauke da nau'o'in tsuntsaye Guda 864, masu shayar da dabbobi guda 285, masu rarrafe na 203, 117 na amphibians, kifaye guda 775 da nau'ikan 4,715 na manyan tsirrai suma za su kasance masu tasiri matuka sakamakon mummunar sarewar dawar. Lambobin gorilla na Kuros Riba da ba safai ba sun ragu zuwa kusan mutane Guda 300 saboda farautar 'yan karkara da kuma lalata gidajen mutane Kodayake yawancin abubuwan da ke haifar da sare bishiyoyi sun samo asali ne daga dalilai na tattalin arziki, kamar yadda kuma hakan ya haifar da matsalolin tattalin arziki da yawa a cikin kasar da ba ta da tabbas. Tare da al'amuran tattalin arziki, sare dazuzzuka ya sanya ta yadda kasa ba za ta iya samar da yawan amfanin gona wanda wani bangare ne na rayuwar mutane da yawa. Batutuwa kamar irin wannan da batun muhalli kansa sun taimaka sosai ga rikice-rikice da yawa a cikin ƙasar har ma da zartar da hukuncin kisa ga masu rajin kare muhalli, kamar su Ken Saro-Wiwa, ɗan takarar Nobel na Kyautar Zaman Lafiya. Mafi yawan alawus na sare dazuka a Najeriya na zuwa ne daga bukatar su na itacen mai. Kashi 90% na mutanen Najeriya sun bayyana cewa sun dogara ne da kananzir a matsayin babbar hanyar samar da makamashi don girki amma saboda yana da tsada kuma galibi ba a samunsa, kashi 60% sun ce sun yi amfani da itacen mai maimakon hakan. Amfani da itacen mai don girke-girke ya fi yawa a yankunan karkara na ƙasar inda yawancin mazaunan suka fi yawa. Hakanan akwai abubuwan karfafa gwiwa ga mutanen da ke zaune a yankunan karkara wadanda ke kewaye da aikin sare dazuzzuka saboda hanya ce ta samun kudin shiga ga yawancinsu. Matsakaicinsu na tsananin talauci a kasar suna da matukar alaka da batun sare daji. Kodayake wuraren shakatawa da wuraren ajiyar ƙasa sun karu a cikin ƙasar amma kashi 3.6% na Nijeriya ke da kariya a ƙarƙashin nau'ikan IUCN na IV. Sashin kula da gandun daji na Jiha wanda bai aiwatar da duk wasu manufofin kula da gandun daji ba ya ba da izini ga yanayin mahalli na yanzu wanda ya taimaka a kokarin rage sare dazuzzuka tun daga shekara ta 1970. Ba tare da wani yunƙuri na kiyayewa ko ilimi ba, al'umma ba ta san yadda za a kula da iyakance albarkatun ƙasa ba. Anyi 'yan matakai kaɗan don kokarin rage yawan sare dazuzzuka da dakatar da sare bishiyoyi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba Lalacewar dazuzzuka a duk faɗin duniya na yin barazana ga ɗorewar mahalli amma ya yi mummunan tasiri musamman a Najeriya saboda yawan su. Lalata dazuzzuka na sanya haɗari ga dukkan fannoni na mahalli, tattalin arziki da na 'yan ƙasa na ƙasar. Amsa Duk wata hanyar magance matsalar sare dazuzzuka a Najeriya dole ne ta kasance hanya ce da zata kunshi duk wani abin da ya shafi matsalar. Koyarwa ya kamata ya hada da fannonin hanyoyin samar da makamashi, ingantaccen fasaha, kula da gandun daji, samar da tattalin arziki, noma da tsaro na mazauna karkara wadanda suka dogara da kasa. Sauran hanyoyin makamashi sun hada da wutar lantarki, hasken rana da makamashin iska. Hasken rana babban zaɓi ne ga Najeriya kuma zai sami sakamako na musamman saboda yanayin wurin. Najeriya ta riga ta aiwatar da injinan sarrafa iska a wasu daga cikin jihohin ta amma yayin da aka ɗauki wannan hanyar kan ƙarin ƙarfin da za a samar da shi ta hanyar da ta dace da muhalli. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan shawarwarin an yarda da su a duniya a zaman abubuwa masu kyau zuwa hanyoyin samar da makamashi na yanzu kuma ƙungiyoyin muhalli da yawa sun ƙarfafa su. Inganta fasahar murhunan girki zai yi tasiri musamman ga Najeriya wacce a yanzu take da gidaje da yawa waɗanda ke buƙatar itacen don hanyoyin girkin su. A shekara ta 2005, wasu gungun kasashe, wadanda ake kira Coalition for Rainforest Nations, kirkiro wani shiri na rage kaifin sare dazuzzuka da ke taimakawa ga hayakin CO2. An tsara shirin ne ga dukkan kasashe masu tasowa da dazuzzuka. Kasashe masu tasowa suna karɓar kuɗi bayan kammala nasarar rage fitar da hayaƙin ƙasarsu. REDD ne ya tsara irin wannan ra'ayi, Rage hayaƙi daga Sacewar daji a ciki da kuma ƙasƙantar da dazuzzuka a Countasashe masu tasowa A cikin REDD ƙasashe suna iya karɓar kuɗi da yawa ta hanyar kuɗin ƙira na carbon wanda za'a iya kashe shi akan ƙarin amintaccen muhalli. Duba kuma Batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli a yankin Niger Delta Rikicin zaizayar Najeriya Manazarta Dajuka a Najeriya Ƴancin muhalli Ƴancin ɗan adam Pages with unreviewed
28086	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie%20Tharp	Marie Tharp	Marie Tharp (Yuli 30, 1920 Agusta 23, 2006) wata ƙwararriyar ilimin ƙasa ce Ba'amurke kuma mai daukar hoto ta teku wacce, tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Bruce Heezen, suka ƙirƙiri taswirar kimiyya ta farko na bene na Tekun Atlantika. Ayyukan Tharp sun bayyana cikakken yanayin yanayin ƙasa da yanayin ƙasa mai nau'i-nau'i na ƙasan teku. Har ila yau, aikinta ya bayyana kasancewar wani ci gaba da tsatsauran ragi tare da axis na Rijiyar Tsakiyar Atlantika, wanda ya haifar da sauyi a cikin kimiyyar duniya wanda ya haifar da karɓar ka'idodin tectonics farantin karfe da drift na nahiyar. Rayuwar farko An haife Marie Tharp a ranar 30 ga Yuli, 1920, a Ypsilanti, Michigan, ɗiya tilo ga Bertha Louise Tharp, malamin Jamus da Latin, da William Edgar Tharp, mai binciken ƙasa na Ma'aikatar Aikin Noma ta Amurka. Sau da yawa takan raka mahaifinta aikin filin da yake yi, wanda ya ba ta farkon gabatarwar taswira. Duk da haka, ba ta da sha'awar neman aikin fage domin a lokacin an fahimci wannan aikin na maza ne. Saboda yanayin aikin William Tharp, iyalin sun ci gaba da tafiya har sai da ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 1931. A lokacin Marie ta halarci makarantun gwamnati fiye da goma a Alabama, Iowa, Michigan da Indiana, wanda ya sa ya yi mata wuya ta kulla abota. Mahaifiyarta, wacce ta mutu lokacin da Marie ke da shekaru 15, ita ce mafi kusancin mata da ita. Cikakkiyar shekarar makaranta a Florence, Alabama, ta kasance mai tasiri musamman a gare ta. A nan, ta halarci wani aji mai suna Current Science, inda ta koyi game da masana kimiyya na zamani da kuma ayyukan bincike da suke aiki. Bugu da kari, ta samu damar gudanar da tafiye-tafiyen fili na makaranta a karshen mako don nazarin bishiyoyi da duwatsu. Ilimi Bayan ya yi ritaya, William Tharp da sauran danginsa sun ƙaura zuwa wata gona a Bellefontaine, Ohio, inda, ba da daɗewa ba, Marie ta sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare. Mahaifiyarta, wata malama ce ta rinjayi ta, ta dauki hutun shekara guda kafin ta tafi jami'a; Bayan ta kammala karatu ita ma ta shirya zama malama. Kasancewa a gona don taimakawa bayan mutuwar mahaifiyarta a 1936, Marie daga baya ta kammala karatun digiri. Da mahaifinta ya shawarce ta ta zabar wani fanni na karatun da ba wai kawai ta ke so ba, har ma zai samar mata da sana’o’i da tsaro na kudi, Tharp ta kammala karatun digiri a jami’ar Ohio a shekarar 1943 inda ta yi digiri na farko a fannin Turanci da kade-kade da kuma kananan yara hudu. Bayan harin da Japan ta kai kan Pearl Harbor, samari da dama sun fice daga makarantu da jami'o'i domin shiga aikin soja. A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, an dauki karin mata aikin sana'o'i kamar ilimin kasa na man fetur, wanda aka saba kebance ga maza. Kasa da 4% na duk digirin digiri na kimiyyar duniya a lokacin mata ne suka samu. Bayan ta yi digirin digiri a Ohio, an dauke Tharp zuwa Jami'ar Michigan a shirin Ann Arbor's petroleum geology, inda ta kammala digiri na biyu. Tharp ta ɗauki aiki a kamfanin Stanolind Oil da ke Tulsa, Oklahoma, a matsayin ƙaramar ƙwararren masanin ilimin ƙasa, amma ba da daɗewa ba ta ga bai gamsu ba. Mata a lokacin ba a ba su damar fita yawon bude ido don neman mai da iskar gas. Ta keɓe a ofis, aikinta shi ne tattara taswira da bayanai ga mazajen da ke cikin filin. Duk da yake har yanzu yana aiki a matsayin masanin ilimin ƙasa na kamfanin Stanolind Oil, Tharp ya shiga cikin sashin ilimin lissafi a Jami'ar Tulsa, yana samun BSc ta biyu. Aiki A 1948, Tharp ta yi shekaru hudu a Tulsa kuma tana neman aikinta na gaba. Ta koma birnin New York kuma da farko ta nemi aiki a gidan tarihin tarihi na Amurka, amma bayan ta koyi yadda binciken burbushin halittu yake cin lokaci, ta nemi mukamai a Jami'ar Columbia. A ƙarshe ta sami aikin tsarawa tare da Maurice Ewing, wanda ya kafa Cibiyar Kula da Yanayin Kasa ta Lamont (yanzu Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory). Abin mamaki, lokacin da aka yi hira da shi don aikin, Tharp ba ta ambaci tana da digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin kasa ba. Tharp na ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko da suka fara aiki a Lamont Geological Observatory. A wurin, ta sadu da Bruce Heezen, kuma a farkon aikin tare sun yi amfani da bayanan hoto don gano jirgin saman soja da ya fadi daga yakin duniya na biyu. Daga k'arshe ta yi wa Heezen aiki ta musamman, tana tsara shimfidar tekun. An yi mata aiki kuma ta ci gaba da girma daga 1952 zuwa 1968, lokacin da aka yanke matsayinta kuma aka koma matsayin tallafi saboda siyasar lab da ta shafi Heezen (ta kasance a matsayin tallafi har zuwa mutuwar Heezen a 1977). Saboda yakin cacar baka, gwamnatin Amurka ta hana buga taswirorin da ke saman teku, saboda tsoron kada jiragen ruwa na Soviet na iya amfani da su. A cikin shekaru 18 na farko na haɗin gwiwa, Heezen ta tattara bayanan wanka a cikin jirgin binciken Vema, yayin da Tharp ta zana taswira daga waɗannan bayanan, tunda an hana mata yin aiki a cikin jiragen ruwa a lokacin. Daga baya ta sami damar shiga balaguron tattara bayanai na 1968. Ta yi amfani da kanta ta yi amfani da bayanan da aka tattara daga jirgin bincike na Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution na Atlantis, da bayanan girgizar kasa na karkashin teku. Aikinta tare da Heezen ya wakilci yunƙuri na farko na tsari na taswirar ƙasan teku. Ka'idar drift na nahiyar Kafin farkon shekarun 1950, masana kimiyya sun san kadan game da tsarin benen teku. Ko da yake nazarin ilimin ƙasa a ƙasa ya kasance mai rahusa da sauƙi, ba za a iya fahimtar tsarin duniya gaba ɗaya ba tare da sanin tsari da juyin halittar teku ba. A cikin 1952, bayanan sauti na Tharp sun haɗa kai tsaye daga Atlantis, wanda aka samu a lokacin 1946-1952, kuma bayanin martaba ɗaya daga jirgin ruwa Naval Stewart ya samu a lokacin 1921. Ta ƙirƙiri jimillar bayanan bayanan kusan shida waɗanda ke shimfiɗa yamma zuwa gabas a arewacin Tekun Atlantika. Daga waɗannan bayanan martaba, ta sami damar bincika yanayin wanka na sassan arewa na Ridge Mid-Atlantic. Tharp ya gano wani madaidaicin tsari, mai siffa v da ke gudana ta ci gaba ta cikin kusurwar tudun kuma ya yi imanin cewa yana iya zama kwarin tsagewa. Ta yi imanin cewa kwarin rafuffukan da aka kafa da saman tekun ke janye. Da farko Heezen bai gamsu ba saboda ra'ayin zai goyi bayan drift na Nahiyar, sannan ka'idar cece-kuce. A lokacin masana kimiyya da yawa ciki har da Heezen sun yi imanin cewa ƙetare nahiyoyi ba zai yiwu ba. Maimakon haka, na ɗan lokaci, ya yarda da faɗaɗa hasashen Duniya, (yanzu maras kyau) yana watsi da bayaninta a matsayin "maganar yarinya". Ba da daɗewa ba Heezen ya ɗauki Howard Foster don tsara wurin da girgizar ƙasa ta kasance a cikin tekuna don aikin da ya shafi manyan igiyoyin ruwa da girgizar ƙasa. Ƙirƙirar wannan taswirar tsakiyar girgizar ƙasa ya tabbatar da zama saitin bayanai na sakandare mai fa'ida don nazarin yanayin wanka na Rijiyar Tsakiyar Atlantika. Lokacin da aka lulluɓe taswirar Foster na wuraren girgizar ƙasa tare da bayanin martabar Tharp na Rijiyar Tsakiyar Atlantika ya bayyana a sarari cewa wurin da waɗannan girgizar asa ke daidai da kwarin rift na Tharp. Bayan haɗa waɗannan bayanan guda biyu, Tharp ya gamsu da cewa a haƙiƙa akwai ƙwarin ƙwari a cikin ƙwanƙolin tsakiyar Tekun Atlantika. Sai da ta ga wurin da girgizar ƙasa ta kasance daidai da rafin rift valley na Tharp ne Heezen ta yarda da hasashenta kuma ta juya zuwa ga madadin ka'idojin tectonics na farantin karfe da drift na nahiyar. Tharp da Heezen sun buga taswirar physiographic na farko na Arewacin Atlantika a cikin 1957. Duk da haka, sunan Tharp bai bayyana a cikin manyan takardu akan tectonics na farantin karfe wanda shi da wasu suka buga tsakanin 1959 da 1963. Tharp ya ci gaba da aiki tare da mataimakan dalibai masu digiri don ci gaba taswirar iyakar tsakiyar ragi. Tharp ya gano cewa kwarin da aka yi ya fadada tare da tsakiyar tsakiyar Atlantic Ridge zuwa Kudancin Atlantic, kuma ya sami irin wannan tsari na kwari a cikin Tekun Indiya, Tekun Arabiya, Bahar Maliya, da Gulf of Aden, wanda ke nuna kasancewar yankin tekun teku na duniya. Daga baya, tare da haɗin gwiwar mai zanen shimfidar wuri na Austriya Heinrich Berann, Tharp da Heezen sun gane taswirarsu na dukkan benen teku, wanda National Geographic ya buga a 1977 a ƙarƙashin taken The World Ocean Floor. Ko da yake daga baya an gane kuma an danganta shi da aikinta a yau a kan Rijiyar Mid-Atlantic, Heezen, wacce a lokacin a cikin 1956, ta fitar kuma ta karɓi ƙima don binciken da aka yi. Ritaya da mutuwa Bayan mutuwar Heezen, Tharp ta ci gaba da aiki a tsangayar Jami'ar Columbia har zuwa 1983, bayan haka ta gudanar da kasuwancin rarraba taswira a Kudancin Nyack lokacin ritayarta. Tharp ta ba da gudummawar tarin taswirorinta da bayanin kula ga Map da Geography Division na Library of Congress a 1995. A cikin 1997, Tharp ta sami karramawa sau biyu daga Library of Congress, wanda ya ba ta suna ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu zane-zane huɗu na ƙarni na 20 kuma ya haɗa da ita. aiki a wani nuni a cikin bikin cika shekaru 100 na Geography da Map Division. A cikin 2001, an ba wa Tharp lambar yabo ta Lamont-Doherty Heritage Award na farko na shekara-shekara a cibiyarta ta gida don aikin rayuwarta a matsayin majagaba na ilimin teku. Tharp ya mutu da ciwon daji a Nyack, New York, a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2006, yana da shekaru 86. Rayuwa ta sirri A 1948, ta auri David Flanagan kuma ta koma New York tare da shi. An sake su a shekara ta 1952. Kyaututtuka da karramawa Kamar yawancin mata masana kimiyya na zamaninta, Marie Tharp an san shi musamman daga baya a rayuwa. Kyautar da ta samu sun hada da: 1978 Medal Hubbard ta National Geographic Society 1996 Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Geographers Mace Na Musamman Kyautar Nasara 1999 Woods Holes Oceanographic Institution's Mary Sears Woman Pioneer in Oceanography Award 2001 Lamont-Doherty Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Duniya Gado An gane Tharp a cikin 1997 ta Library of Congress a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masu daukar hoto hudu na karni na 20. An halicci matsayin Farfesa Marie Tharp Lamont don girmama ta. Marie Tharp Fellowship Lamont ne ya ƙirƙira a cikin 2004, Marie Tharp Fellowship gasa ce ta haɗin gwiwar ziyarar ilimi da aka baiwa mata don yin aiki tare da masu bincike a Cibiyar Duniya ta Jami'ar Columbia. Matan da aka karɓa ana ba su damar yin aiki tare da malamai, ma'aikatan bincike, masu bincike na postdoctoral da daliban digiri kuma a cikin tsawon watanni 3, ana ba su har zuwa 30,000 a matsayin taimakon kudi. Ganewar bayan mutuwa Google Earth ya haɗa da Layer na Taswirar Tarihi na Marie Tharp a cikin 2009, yana bawa mutane damar duba taswirar tekun Tharp ta amfani da fasahar Google Earth. Ita ce batun tarihin rayuwar 2013 ta Hali Felt mai suna Soundings: The Story of the Remarkable Woman Who Mapped the Ocean Floor, wanda New York Times ta ambata don tsayawarta a matsayin "babban shaida duka ga mahimmancin Tharp da kuma ikon Felt. na hasashe." Ta kasance mai raye-raye a cikin "The Lost Worlds of Planet Earth", kashi na tara na Neil deGrasse Tyson's Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey, kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Amanda Seyfried ta bayyana. Labarin ya nuna yadda ta gano tsakiyar Atlantic Ridge kuma daga baya a cikin shirin deGrasse Tyson ya gane Tharp ba kawai a matsayin masanin kimiyya mai tasiri wanda ya zama mace ba amma kuma a matsayin wanda ya kamata a gane shi a matsayin masanin kimiyya wanda ya ci nasara akan jima'i don taimakawa filin ta. An ba da labarin rayuwarta a cikin littattafan yara guda uku, Solving the Puzzle Under the Sea" Marth Tharp Maps the Ocean Floor, na Robert Burleigh kuma Raúl Colón ya kwatanta, Ocean Speaks: How Marie Tharp Revealed the Ocean's Biggest Secret na Jess Keatting kuma Katie Hickey ta kwatanta kuma a cikin 2020 MacMillan ya buga Marie's Ocean: Marie Tharp Maps the Mountains under the Sea wanda Josie James ya rubuta kuma ya kwatanta shi. Ilimin zamantakewa 2021 Sanannen Littafin Kasuwancin Nazarin Zamantake don Matasa Masu Karatu. A cikin 2015 Ƙungiyar Taurari ta Duniya ta sanya sunan dutsen Tharp Moon a matsayin girmamawarta. Wallafe-wallafen da aka zaɓa Manazarta Ci gaba da karatu C250 Celebrates 250 Columbians Ahead of Their Time: Entry on Marie Tharp. Woods Hole Oceeanographic Institution. "Marie Tharp Honored at Women Pioneers Seminar." The Earth Institute at Columbia University. "Mapping Methodology Examples (North Atlantic)." The Earth Institute at Columbia University. "Marie Tharp, Pioneering Mapmaker of the Ocean Floor, Dies." Earth Institute News, August 23, 2006. Nelson, Valerie. "Marie Tharp, 86; Pioneering Maps Altered Views on Seafloor Geology." The Los Angeles Times, September 4, 2006. Hall, Stephen S. "The Contrary Map Maker" The New York Times Magazine, December 31, 2006. James, Josie (2020), "Marie's Ocean: Marie Tharp Maps the Mountains Under the Sea". Henry Holt and Co. (BYR), Holt Books for Young Readers. ISBN
51159	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufuri%20a%20Ivory%20Coast	Sufuri a Ivory Coast	Ivory Coast ta zuba jari sosai a tsarin sufuri. Kamfanonin sufuri sun fi sauran kasashen yammacin Afirka bunkasa sosai duk da rikicin da ya hana su ci gaba. Tun bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1960, Ivory Coast ta ba da fifiko kan haɓakawa da sabunta hanyoyin sufuri ga ɗan adam da kuma kayayyaki. An gina manyan abubuwan more rayuwa na yanayi daban-daban da suka haɗa da titin jirgin ƙasa, hanyoyi, hanyoyin ruwa, da filayen jirgin sama. Duk da wannan rikicin, har yanzu kasashe makwabta (Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, da Guinea) sun dogara sosai kan hanyar sufurin Ivory Coast wajen shigo da su, da fitar da bakin haure zuwa Ivory Coast. Sufurin Jirgin kasa Tsarin layin dogo na kasar wani bangare ne na 1 260 dogon titin kilomita wanda ya hada kasar zuwa Burkina Faso da Nijar. 1 156 kilomita na layin dogo ya hada Abidjan zuwa Ouagadougou, babban birnin Burkina Faso. Kamfanin Abidjan-Niger (RAN) ne ya gina shi a lokacin mulkin mallaka, wannan layin dogo ya 'yantar da kasashe da dama da ba su da tudu daga cikinsu akwai tsohon Upper-Volta (Burkina Faso), Nijar da Mali. Wannan layin dogo, wanda Sitarail ke sarrafawa, yana taka muhimmiyar rawa dangane da jigilar kayayyaki (dabbobi) da jigilar mutane tsakanin Ivory Coast da kasashen kan iyaka: ton miliyan 1 na kayayyaki sun wuce a cikin shekarar 2006. A cikin 2005, duk da mummunan tasirin da rikicin ya haifar a fannin, fa'idodin da ake samu ta hanyar jigilar kayayyaki da mutane ta hanyar RAN, ana ƙididdige su a 16 309 et3 837billionCFA. Tun daga shekarar 2004, hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta ƙunshi 660 da gwamnati ke sarrafawa km yanki na 1,146 Titin jirgin kasa mai kunkuntar kilomita wanda ya taso daga Abidjan ta hanyar Bouaké da Ferkéssédougou zuwa Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Hanyar sufuri Hanyar hanyar Ivory Coast ta bazu sama da 85 000 km wanda ya ƙunshi 75 000 maras shinge, 65 000 km, da 224 km manyan hanyoyi. Yana ba da zirga-zirga na ƙasa da ƙasa tare da ƙasashe makwabta. Babban titin bakin teku na Trans-West African yana ba da hanyar haɗin gwiwa zuwa Ghana, Togo, Benin da Najeriya, tare da manyan tituna zuwa Mali da Burkina Faso marasa iyaka da ke shiga cikin babbar hanyar bakin teku. Idan aka kammala gina tituna da gadoji a kasashen Laberiya da Saliyo, hanyar za ta hade da wasu kasashe bakwai na kungiyar raya tattalin arzikin yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) zuwa yamma da arewa maso yamma. A matakin kasa, an kiyasta motoci a 600 000, wanda ya hada da kashi 75% na motocin da aka yi amfani da su (hannu na biyu) saboda ƙarancin ikon siye tun farkon rikicin tattalin arziki. Ana yiwa sabbin motoci 20 000 rajista kowace shekara. Kodayake ana gudanar da ayyukan kulawa da gyare-gyare tun daga tsakiyar 2011, fiye da 80% na cibiyar sadarwar Ivory Coast sun girmi shekaru 20 don haka lalacewa. Bugu da kari, akwai gagarumin zirga-zirga a duk fadin Abidjan, babban birnin kasar. Wannan zirga-zirgar ya ƙunshi tasi, bas da ƙananan bas da ake kira Gbaka. Kasar tana da manyan tituna guda 4 masu hawa biyu, na farko da ke gudana daga Abidjan zuwa Yamoussoukro na tsawon 224 km., na biyu kuma ya hade Abidjan zuwa Grand-Bassam, tare da tsawon 30 km. Dukansu an gina su da fasaha na zamani kuma a ƙarƙashin matakan tsaro na duniya. Sufurin Jirgin ruwa na Maritime Kalli yanayin tashar ruwa ta Abidjan mai cin gashin kanta Cote d'Ivoire ta ba da gudummawa sosai wajen haɓaka zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa ta hanyar gina tashar jiragen ruwa guda biyu a gefen tekun ta wato, tashar jiragen ruwa mai cin gashin kanta ta Abidjan, wani lokacin ana kiranta "huhun tattalin arzikin Ivory Coast", da tashar jiragen ruwa na San-Pedro. Jimlar zirga-zirgar ababen hawa a cikin shekarar 2005, ta ƙara shigo da kayayyaki zuwa fitarwa, ya kasance tan 18 661 784 da tashar jiragen ruwa mai cin gashin kanta ta Abidjan da tan 1 001 991 na San-Pedro. Tashar ruwa mai cin gashin kanta ta Abidjan tana da fadin hekta 770 kuma tana da kashi 60% na masana'antun kasar. Ita ce tashar kamun kifi na farko a Afirka. Ya ƙunshi dakuna 36 na al'ada da aka bazu sama da kilomita shida na kwalaye da ke ba da damar jiragen ruwa sittin na kasuwanci tare da tasoshin jiragen ruwa na musamman da yawa, tashar kwantena da dama na musamman da wuraren masana'antu. Sauran babbar tashar tashar jiragen ruwa, tashar jiragen ruwa ta San-Pedro, tana aiki tun shekarar 1971 kuma tana da kwalaye biyu da ke rufe yanki 18,727 m 2 Baya ga waɗannan manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa guda biyu, akwai kuma ƙananan tashoshin jiragen ruwa a Sassandra, Aboisso, da Dabou. Sufurin Jirgin sama Ivory Coast tana da filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama guda uku a Abidjan, Yamoussoukro, da Bouaké. Ƙananan birane goma sha huɗu kuma sun mallaki filayen jiragen sama na yanki, mafi mahimmancin su ne Daloa, Korhogo, Man, Odiénné da San-pédro. Jiragen sama 27 sun wanzu kuma ana sarrafa su ta hanyar jama'a, Anam (Hukumar Kula da Sufurin Jiragen Sama da Yanayin Sama), sai dai ayyukan da Asecna (Agency for Security of Air Transport a Afirka da Madagascar) ke gudanarwa. Tun bayan barkewar rikicin, biyar daga cikin wadannan filayen jiragen sama ne kawai ake da su. Waɗannan su ne Abidjan, San-Pedro, Yamoussoukro, Daloa, da Touba. Game da filin jirgin sama na kasa da kasa na Abidjan, kididdiga na hukuma daga 2005, ya nuna 14 257 ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci (tashi da masu zuwa); 745 180 fasinjojin kasuwanci (shigo, tashi, da wucewa) da tan 12 552 na kasuwanci. Filin jirgin saman Abidjan ya dauki kashi 90% na zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na Cote d'Ivoire kuma yana samar da kashi 95% na ribar da ake samu a fannin gaba daya. Filin jirgin saman Abidjan yana aiki da wani kamfani mai zaman kansa, Aeria, wanda aka ƙirƙira tare da haɗin gwiwar Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta Marseilles. Yawan zirga-zirgar zirga-zirgar ya ƙunshi kamfanonin jiragen sama na Turai (Air France, Brussels Airlines) da wasu kamfanonin Afirka (Tsarin Jiragen Sama na Afirka ta Kudu, Kenya Airways, Air Sénégal International). Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
53472	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Brodie%20%28Dan%20%C6%99wallo%29	Richard Brodie (Dan ƙwallo)	Richard Jon Brodie (an haife shi a 8 ga Yuli 1987) manajan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Ingila kuma tsohon ɗan wasa ne wanda shine manajan kungiyar Burscough ta Arewa maso Yamman Counties League. Brodie ya taka leda a matsayin dan wasan gaba kuma ya fara aikinsa tare da Whickham kuma, bayan kasancewa babban dan wasansu a kakar 2005–06, ya koma Newcastle Benfield a 2006. Ya rattaba hannu a Birnin York a watan Janairu 2007 kuma ya gama 2006 07 da manufa daya kuma ya taka leda a wasan kusa da na karshe na wasan na kasa Ya fara 2007–08 da kwallaye 3 kacal a 2007, amma ya kare kakar wasa da kwallaye 14. A farkon 2008 09, Brodie ya kasance aro ga Barrow kuma ya zira kwallaye hudu a cikin wata daya. Ya kammala kakar wasa a matsayin babban dan wasan York da kwallaye 19 kuma ya taka leda a wasan karshe na cin kofin FA na 2009 a filin wasa na Wembley Kakar ta 2009–10 ta ga Brodie ya taka leda a rashin nasarar York a gasar Premier wasan karshe na 2010 a filin wasa na Wembley kuma ya sake gamawa a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye, a wannan karon da kwallaye 34. Ya shiga Crawley Town a cikin watan Agusta 2010 akan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba, kuma tare da su ya ci taken Babban Taron a 2010-11 Ya shiga Fleetwood Town akan lamuni na tsawon lokaci don 2011 12, ya lashe taken Babban Taron Babban Taron na biyu a cikin yanayi da yawa. Brodie yana da lamuni tare da Morecambe da Grimsby Town a kan 2012–13, kuma bayan da Crawley ya sake shi ya shiga Gateshead An ba shi rancen zuwa Hereford United da Southport, yana shiga na dindindin a cikin 2014. Bayan ya kasance babban dan wasan Southport da kwallaye 14 a cikin 2014–15, Brodie ya koma Aldershot Town amma ya gama 2015–16 tare da gundumar Stockport Ya koma York a cikin 2016, amma an sake shi a shekara mai zuwa bayan lamuni da Macclesfield Town Wannan ya biyo bayan gajerun lokuta tare da Boston United da Southport. Ya kammala shekaru na ƙarshe na aikinsa na wasa tare da sihiri a Skelmersdale United, Solihull Moors, Rushall Olympic, Warrington Town, Ramsbottom United da Ilkeston Town Ya buga wa tawagar C ta Ingila wasanni biyu daga 2008 zuwa 2009. Aikin kulob Rayuwar farko da aiki An haifi Brodie a Gateshead, Tyne da Wear, kuma ya girma a cikin garin a matsayin mai goyon bayan Sunderland Ya halarci Makarantar Whickham kuma ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ga ƙungiyar gundumar Gateshead yana matashi. Daga baya ya buga wasan kwallon kafa na matasa tare da Whickham Fellside Juniors tun yana dan shekara 10 zuwa 16, Redheugh Boys Club, inda ya zira kwallaye shida a nasarar 14 2 akan Consett Badgers a watan Maris 2004, da kuma kungiyar Durham County karkashin 18, wanda ke nuna a gasar cin kofin matasa na gundumar FA a watan Nuwamba. Brodie ya fara babban aikinsa a shekara ta 2004 bayan ya yi maye gurbinsa da Whickham a cikin Semi-professional Northern League Division Biyu kafin ya buga musu wasa na dindindin yana da shekara 17. Ya ci hat-trick ga Whickham a nasara da ci 5–3 a kan Marske United a watan Nuwamba 2005. Ya zira kwallaye 21 a raga a wasanni 35 don Whickham kuma shine babban dan wasan su a kakar 2005 06. Brodie ya koma kulob din Newcastle Benfield na Division One na Arewa a lokacin bazara na 2006 kuma ya zama sanannen dan wasa a kulob din. Wannan matakin ya biyo bayan burge kociyan Benfield Paul Baker a wasa tsakanin kungiyoyin, inda Brodie ya yaba da yanayinsa. Yayin wasa na ƙwararru, Brodie ya ɗauki horo na ɗan lokaci a cikin haɗin gwiwa kuma daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan shiga na cikakken lokaci. Ya ci wa Benfield kwallo ta farko a wasan sada zumunci da Newcastle United a watan Satumba, wanda aka tashi da ci 4-3. Brodie ya zura kwallo ta biyu a ragar Cammell Laird da ci 2-0 da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida 25. yadi. Ya taimaka wa Benfield samun nasara a wasan FA na Vase da suka yi da Castle Vale a watan Disamba ta hanyar zura kwallo ta biyu a cikin nasara da ci 2–0, wanda ya kafa zagaye na biyar da Truro City Kungiyar Premier ta Bolton Wanderers ce ta gurfanar da shi a gaban shari'a kuma ya buga musu wasa a gasar kananan yara da aka yi a Faransa, wadda ta kare ba a yi nasara ba bayan buga shi a tsakiya Ya zura kwallaye 3 a wasanni 11 da ya buga wa Benfield. Birnin York Bayan da ya taka rawar gani a karawar da kulob din York City na Conference National a wasan zagaye na hudu na gasar cin kofin FA, Brodie ya yi gwaji tare da kulob din kuma ya taka leda a kungiyar tasu, yayin da kuma aka ba shi damar taka leda a Benfield a gasar FA. Ya sanya hannu don York a ranar ƙarshe na canja wuri, 31 Janairu 2007, akan kwangila har zuwa ƙarshen 2006 07 don ƙimar ƙima. Ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan farko na York da kwallo ta uku a cikin nasara da ci 4-0 a wajen Altrincham a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu 2007, bayan ya shiga wasan a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin na mintuna 64. An kore shi yayin wasan North Riding Senior Cup wasa don ajiyar York da Scarborough a cikin Fabrairu 2007, amma dakatarwar ba ta fara aiki ba sai bayan kwanaki 14, ma'ana ya sami damar buga jagororin gasar Dagenham Redbridge York ya kasance na hudu a cikin National Conference National kuma Brodie ya taka leda a duka kafafu biyu na wasan kusa da karshe na rashin nasara a hannun Morecambe, ya rasa 2–1 akan jimillar, kuma ya gama kakar tare da bayyanar 14 da burin 1. A cikin Mayu 2007, York ya yi amfani da zaɓi don tsawaita kwangilarsa don 2007-08 Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan
48232	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsaron%20abinci%20a%20Malawi	Tsaron abinci a Malawi	Malawi na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe mafi ƙarancin ci gaba a duniya kuma tana matsayi na 170 cikin ƙasashe 187 bisa ga ƙididdigar ci gaban bil'adama ta shekarar 2010. Tana da kusan mutane miliyan 16, 53% na waɗanda ke rayuwa ƙarƙashin layin talauci na ƙasa, kuma 90% waɗanda ke rayuwa a ƙasa da dala 2 kowace rana. Asusun kula da yara na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UNICEF) ya ƙiyasta cewa akwai yara 46,000 da ke fama da matsananciyar rashin abinci mai gina jiki A cikin shekarar 2002, an yi yunwa sosai a Malawi tare da ƙiyasin mutuwar daga 300 zuwa 3,000, a cewar ActionAid Kashi 85 na tushen samun kuɗin shiga na Malawi yana fitowa ne daga noma, alkama da dankalin turawa su ne farkon amfanin gona da ake nomawa. Don haka, lokacin da IMF ta bayar da rahoton cewa noman masara na shekarar 2000/2001 ya ragu daga miliyan 2.5 zuwa metric ton miliyan 1.7, abin da ya haifar da gibin ƙasa na metric ton 273,000, yawancin abin ya shafa. A watan Fabrairun 2002, gwamnatin Malawi ta ba da sanarwar cewa an sami matsalar abinci ta gaggawa kuma ƙasar tana cikin wani yanayi na bala’i. Girbin girbi a ƙarshen rabin 2002 ya rage munin yunwar, amma a cikin shekarar 2005, fari ya haifar da matsalar abinci A ranar 15 ga watan Oktoba, 2005, gwamnati, karkashin jagorancin shugaba Bingu wa Mutharika, ta ayyana bala'i na kasa Tun daga lokacin da Malawi ta murmure daga rikicin na shekarar 2005, amma a halin yanzu tana fuskantar sabon karancin abinci yana buƙatar sabuntawa An sami rikice-rikicen abinci da suka biyo baya a cikin shekarar 2012 da 2015, wanda yawancin abubuwan da suka taimaka zuwa shekarar 2002 har yanzu suna nan, duk da haka matsanancin fari da ambaliya ya tsananta. A shekarar 2012, matsalar abinci ta faru ne saboda ƙarancin ruwan sama wanda ya shafi girbin masara na shekarun da suka haɗa da hauhawar farashin kaya saboda faɗuwar darajar kwacha. Bayan yanayi ya fara inganta a cikin shekarar 2014, shekara ta gaba ta ga matsanancin fari da ambaliyar ruwa. Hakan ya haifar da wani matsalar ƙarancin abinci a shekarar 2015 kuma shugaban Ƙasar ya ayyana dokar ta baci. A yau, ana aiwatar da shirye-shirye da yawa a Malawi don magance rashin zaman lafiya, talauci da rarrabuwar kawuna dangane da tattalin arziki da noma. Tarihi 1970-2010 Masanan sun gano matsalar ƙarancin abinci da Malawi ta fuskanta a shekarun 1991 da 1992, lokacin da fari a kudancin Afirka ya yi matukar rage noman masara a Malawi. Farashin masara ya tashi: farashin masara, wanda shi ne kashi 54% na matsakaicin adadin kuzari ga mutanen Malawi, ya kusan ruɓanya tsakanin shekarar 1992 zuwa ta 1993. Duk da cewa an samu rarar masara a shekarar 1993 saboda ingantaccen ruwan sama da kuma tallafin irin nau’in masara da takin zamani da gwamnati ta ba su, amma cin abinci bai ƙaru ba saboda yadda mutane ke cin abinci da yadda suke jurewa lokacin yunwa. Wata hukumar gwamnati AMARC ce ke kula da saye da sayar da amfanin gona da taki na masu ƙaramin ƙarfi kafin shekarar 1998. Cin hanci da rashawa da kuma neman hayar a cikin hukumar ne ya sa ta riƙa cin gajiyar ƙananan manoma tare da gurbata farashin hatsi. Lokacin da farashin taba ya faɗi a shekara ta 1985, AMARC ta kusan faɗuwa. Domin samun lamuni daga bankin duniya, ADMARC ya zama wani kamfani mai zaman kansa kuma ya kawar da tallafin taki a shekarar 1988/1989. Rashin iya samar da taki da iri ga AMARC ga ƙananan manoma shi ma ya taimaka wajen matsalar abinci a shekarar 1992. Tun daga wannan lokacin, fari da ambaliyar ruwa na ci gaba da shafar Malawi. Tsakanin shekarar 1990 da 2006, akwai bala'o'i 33 da suka shafi yanayi, haɓaka daga 7 da suka faru tsakanin 1970 da 1989, bisa ga ActionAid Tattalin arzikin Malawi yana da yawan noma; yawancin mutane suna rayuwa a kan girbin su kuma suna sayar da abin da ya wuce don samun ɗan ƙaramin kuɗi. Yawan adadin da kuma ƙaruwar tsananin fari da ambaliya tun daga shekarar 1990 ya shafi yawancin al'ummar ƙasar manoma ba su da ikon daidaitawa ko murmurewa daga bala'o'i, wanda hakan ya sa su zama masu rauni ga abubuwan da ke faruwa a nan gaba, kuma yanayin talauci da yunwa ya kara tsananta. Daga farkon shekarun 1970 zuwa 1994, gwamnati ta ba da tallafin noman masara. Lokacin da gwamnati ta dakatar da wannan shirin saboda tsadar da za a iya tallafawa, noman masara ya faɗi kuma farashin ya sake karuwa. Abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa Siyasa Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1964, Malawi ta kasance ƙarƙashin shugabancin Hastings Banda Ko da yake jama'a na da 'yancin kaɗa kuri'a, Malawi ƙasa ce mai jam'iyya ɗaya, kuma Banda shi ne shugaban jam'iyyar Malawi Congress Party (MCP), jam'iyya daya tilo da ake da ita a lokacin. Don haka Banda yana da ikon mulkin kama-karya, kuma an yi ta take hakkin ɗan Adam da dama a lokacin mulkinsa kamar kashe-kashen masu adawa da siyasa. Sai a shekarar 1993 lokacin da mutane suka zaɓi jam'iyyu da yawa aka zabi Banda da MCP daga mulki. An kafa sabon kundin tsarin mulki a shekarar 1995, wanda ya samar da gwamnati mai zartarwa, majalisar dokoki, da ɓangaren shari'a. A cikin shekarar 1998, a ƙarƙashin mulkin dimokuraɗiyya na Bakili Muluzi, gwamnati ta kafa Hukumar Kula da Abinci ta Ƙasa (NFRA) don sarrafa dabarun adana hatsi a cikin agajin bala'i. Hukumar ta NFRA, hukuma ce mallakar gwamnati tare da kwamitin amintattu da gwamnatin Malawi ta naɗa, kuma tana gudanar da ba wai kawai ajiyar hatsi ta zahiri ba, har ma da kuɗaɗe da shigo da kayayyaki da fitar da kayayyaki da ke tattare da ajiyar. Duk da haka, cikin sauri NFRA ta ci bashin 1 biliyan 1 na Malawi kwacha (MK) saboda yawan kuɗin ruwa na 56% wanda ta sayi masara metric ton 165,000, a cewar IMF A shekara ta 2001, Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya (IMF) ya ba da shawarar cewa gwamnati ta sayar da ajiyar hatsi saboda girbi ya yi yawa a shekara ta shekarar 2000. Da alama ba a yi amfani da irin wannan babban tanadi ba, kuma hatsin da kansa ya ruɓe. Shawarar ta IMF ta kuma zo ne a sakamakon wani bincike na shekarar 2000 da Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta bukaci a yi wanda ya nuna cewa metric ton 30,000-60,000 na masara ne kawai zai zama wajibi don tallafa wa ƙasar a cikin wani bala'i. Kula da irin wannan nau'in masara mai yawa yana da tsada, kuma binciken ya ba da shawarar samar da ingantattun dabarun shigo da kayayyaki a cikin matsalar ƙarancin abinci da ba zato ba tsammani. NFRA ta bi shawarar IMF kuma ta sayar da mafi yawan ajiyar ta ga Kenya da Mozambik inda ta rage ajiyar ta daga metric ton 165,000 na masara zuwa 60,000. Ɗaya daga cikin ra'ayoyin da suka shahara game da musabbabin matsalar ƙarancin abinci, a cewar rahoton ActionAid na shekara ta 2002, shi ne cewa matsalar abinci ta kasance a wani ɓangare sakamakon shawarar da IMF ta bayar na sayar da ajiyar hatsi. Koyaya, IMF da ActionAid sun gane cewa hatsin ya tsufa kuma yana da tsada don adanawa, kuma a lokacin, yana da ma'ana don ba da shawarar NFRA don siyarwa. A shekara ta 2002, lokacin da yunwa ta fi ƙamari, ajiyar hatsi ya ƙare, kuma gwamnati ba ta da wani ƙarin kayan aiki. Lamarin ya ƙara ta'azzara saboda rashin shiri da gwamnati ta yi na cike ma'adanan ajiyar kamar yadda ake amfani da su. Bugu da ƙari, ƴan kasuwa masu zaman kansu sun sayi yawancin ajiyar hatsi, kuma suna sake sayar da shi akan farashi mai yawa lokacin da abinci ya yi ƙaranci a shekarar 2001. Gwamnati ta fara shigo da masara daga ƙasashe makwabta da ƙasashen waje, amma masara ta yi tafiyar hawainiya. Tun daga cunkoson tituna zuwa manyan motocin da ba su da inganci da cunkoson ababen hawa, akwai matsalolin sufuri iri-iri da ke kawo tsaikon zuwan kayan abinci. Bugu da ƙari, rashin kyakyawar alaka da wasu ƙasashe masu ba da taimako ya sa su yi jinkirin mayar da martani; da yawa sun yi shakkun hannun IMF wajen rage dabarun sarrafa hatsi, wasu kuma sun yi kaffa-kaffa da cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati. Bugu da ƙari kuma, manufofin da ake da su na yanzu don magance matsalar abinci ba su wadatar ba. Manufofin Malawi na kula da bala'i, da ake kira National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA), ba sa la'akari da jinsi da lafiya, kawai noma da muhalli. Yawancin bala'o'i da kula da sauyin yanayi suna faruwa ne a matakin ƙasa, kuma ba duk manufofi da ayyuka ke rugujewa ga al'ummomin gida ba; Shugabannin gundumomi a Nsanje da Salima ba su san cewa NAPA ta wanzu ba lokacin da aka tambaye su a shekarar 2006. Manazarta Shirin Abinci na Duniya (WFP). "Halaye da tasirin farashin abinci na yau da kullun a cikin ƙasashe masu rauni." 2014. The Market Monitor. http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/ena/wfp262781.pdf Kwamitin Kula da Lalacewar Malawi (MVAC). "Sabuwar Oktoba 2012, Bulletin No. 8 Juzu'i na 2." 2012. Lilongwe: Gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Malawi. http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Full%20Report_1125.pdf "Rikicin Abinci na Afirka: Burtaniya ta yi alkawarin E35m ga Malawi da Zimbabwe." Yuli 11, 2013. Labaran BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-23276632 Musa, Madalitso. "Babu masara a ma'ajiyar Admarc ta Malawi." Satumba 30, 2013. Bnl Times. https://web.archive.org/web/20150316233943/http://timesmediamw.com/no-maize-in-malawis-admarc-depots/ "Tashin Kiwon Lafiya a Malawi." HUKUMAR LAFIYA TA DUNIYA. An dawo da 13 Afrilu 2014. www.who.int/disasters/repo/7958.doc "Moving Windmills Project," Moving Windmills Project, isa 13 Fabrairu 2014, http://www.movingwindmills.org/ Kamkwamba, William. "William Kamkwamba: Yaron Da Ya Yi Amfani da Iska Game da." An shiga 30 Maris 2014. http://williamkamkwamba.typepad.com/about.html "Matsalar karancin abinci a Malawi." ActAlliance. 20 Yuli 2012. http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Alert%2025_2012_Looming%20food%20crisis_Malawi.pdf Hanyoyin haɗi na waje UNICEF: Rikicin abinci a Malawi ya haɗa da HIV/AIDS Archived Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
20558	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankin%20Isoko	Yankin Isoko	Isoko yanki ne na jihar Delta da jihar Bayelsa a kudancin Najeriya kuma yana da ƙabilu masu suna iri ɗaya, mutanen Isoko Yankin ya kasu zuwa ƙananan hukumomi biyu, Isoko ta Arewa (mai hedkwata a Ozoro da Isoko ta Kudu (mai hedkwata a Oleh). Tarihi Wannan yankin ya kasance wani ɓangare na rusasshen "Yankin Tsakiyar Yamma". Daga baya kuma ya zama wani ɓangare na jihar Bendel, kafin a raba jihar Bendel ta samar da jihohin Edo da Delta. Tarihi da yanayi Wuri Yankin Isoko yana cikin jihar Delta ta Najeriya ta zamani. Yanayi na yankuna Yankin Isoko yana cikin yankin gandun daji mai zafi na yankin Niger-Delta. Yankin yana fuskantar ruwan sama mai yawa da danshi mai zafi a mafi yawancin shekara. Yanayin yana daidai da yanayin ƙasa kuma anyi masa alama da yanayi biyu daban. lokacin rani da damina. Lokacin rani yana farawa daga kusan Nuwamba zuwa Afrilu kuma yana da alamar alama ta sanyin ƙarancin bargon ƙura mai iska daga iska ta arewa maso gabas. Lokacin damina ya shafi Mayu zuwa Oktoba tare da ɗan gajeren lokacin bushewa a watan Agusta. Garuruwa a Isoko Wasu manyan garuruwa a yankin Isoko sune: Tattalin arziki Babban aikin tattalin arziki shine noman amfanin gona. Kuma kayan abincin farko sun hada da rogo da dawa. Hakanan akwai yaduwar dabino da dabino. Hakanan ana iyakance adadin farauta da kamun kifi. Mata suna samar da kaso mai yawa na yawan manoma. Sun kuma tsunduma cikin kasuwancin amfanin gona don samun kuɗi don biyan sauran buƙatun gida na yau da kullun. A ranakun kasuwa, ya zama ruwan dare ka ga matan Isoko suna tallan kayayyakinsu na kewayawa kusa da ƙauyuka. Rogo shine tushen yawancin abincin da mutanen Isoko suke sha. Garri, abinci na sitaci Ozi Egu sunadaran rogo. Noman amfanin gona yana ta raguwa cikin sauri kwanan nan. An danganta hakan ga lalacewar kasa sakamakon yawan zubewar danyen mai daga bututun wasu manyan kamfanoni masu hakar mai (ciki har da Shell Petroleum Debelopment Company (SPDC), wanda layin bututun sa yake tsallake yankin). Wannan ya haifar da babban rashin takaici tare da Kamfanin Bunkasa Man Fetur na Shell, kuma ya haifar da fadace-fadace da kuma, kwanan nan, satar mutane don neman kudin fansa a wasu al'ummomin makwabta. Yawan jama'a Babu wani cikakken ƙididdigar yawan jama'a a yankin Isoko kuma, hakika, mafi yawan Najeriya. Alkaluman alkaluman mutanen Najeriya daban-daban sun kasance masu sabani kuma ana ganin ba za a iya tallafa musu ba. Addini Mutanen Isoko galibi kiristoci ne. Bautar gargajiya tana ci gaba duk da tsananin yaƙin ƙa'idodin Kirista. "Ghghɛnè" kalma ce don Allah. Kodayake ana iya kiransa gabaɗaya a matsayin addinin gargajiya, amma akwai wasu ayyukan da suka dace da wasu al'ummar Isoko. Misali a garin Emevor, wasu mahimman bukukuwa kamar "Idhu da Owhoru" waɗanda akeyi kowace shekara da kuma bian kowace shekara. Sufuri Sanannen yanayin sufuri shine babur da keke. Tafiya tsakanin gari-gari ta bas ne ko mota. Ilimi Yankin Isoko gida ne ga Jami'ar Jihar Delta, wanda aka fi sani da Oleh Campus jami'a ce ta Gwamnatin Jiha a Nijeriya tare da babban harabar da ke Abraka. An kafa harabar Oleh tare da Dokar Sauya 1995. Jami'ar na da Faculty of law da Faculty of Engineering. Yankin Isoko kuma gida ne ga The Delta State Polytechnic Ozoro, yana daya daga cikin kwalejojin fasaha guda uku a jihar Delta, Nigeria. Kwalejin kere-kere tana ba da diflomasiyyar kasa da babbar diflomasiyya ta kasa a kwasarorin Kimiyya, kimiyyar zamantakewa da fasaha. Hakanan akwai makarantun sakandare da dama da na gaba da sakandare a yankin. Mutanen Isoko sun san darajar ilimi kuma suna ƙarfafa onesa youngansu zuwa makaranta. An san mutanen Isoko suna da matukar sha'awar wuri na samar da ababen more rayuwa a cikin al'ummominsu, suna masu imani da cewa wannan alama ce ta ci gaba. Farkon girmamawa ya kasance ga makarantun horar da malamai kuma wannan ya haifar da wadatar malamai a cikin al'umma. Wannan yana canzawa cikin sauri yayin da damar da wasu sana'o'i ke bayarwa ake ganewa. Manyan cibiyoyin ilimin gaba da firamare a yankin sun hada da Kwalejin Notre Dame, Ozoro; James Welch Grammar School [Mafi kyawun makaranta a cikin ƙasar Isoko], Emevor; Kwalejin Malami na Saint Joseph, Ozoro; Kwalejin Saint Michael ta Oleh; Makarantar Grammar Anglican, Ozoro, Kwalejin Fasaha ta Ofagbe, Ofagbe, da ƙari da yawa. Makarantun gaba da sakandare sun hada da harabar Jami'ar Jihar Delta da ke Oleh da kuma Delta State Polytechnic da ke Ozoro.
24842	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam%20Webster	Adam Webster	Adam Harry Webster (an haife a ranar 4 ga watan Janairu a shekara ta 1995) sana'a kwallon da suka taka a matsayin cibiyar baya ga Premier League kulob Brighton & Hove Albion. Rayuwar farko An haifi Webster a Chichester, West Sussex kuma an haife shi a cikin West Wittering kusa. Aikin kulob Portsmouth Webster ya koma Portsmouth yana dan shekara (12 bayan kin amincewa da Southampton, Chelsea da ma Portsmouth tun yana dan shekara goma. Ya sanya hannu kan tallafin karatu tare da kulob a lokacin bazara na shekarar (2011) Da farko Steve Cotterill ya kira shi don shiga tare da ƙungiyar farko a wasan sada zumunci da FC Rostov. Ya zo a cikin minti na (72 don gwaji Fernando Vega. A karkashin kulawar Michael Appleton, an ba Webster ƙarin damar ƙungiyar farko. Bayan bayyanar da ba a yi amfani da ita ba a wasan da Chelsea a gasar cin kofin FiFA, ya fara wasansa na farko yana da shekaru (17 a karshen mako mai zuwa a wasan Gasar Kwallon Kafa da West Ham United. Ya dawo daga dama a madadin Greg Halford a minti na (75). A cikin kakar da ke biye, Webster ya karɓi rigar (#22) kuma yana da ƙarin dama a cikin ƙungiyar farko yana yin nasararsa a matsayin cikakken baya. Lokacin da aka tuno da shi daga Aldershot Town, an saka shi cikin sahun farko a karawa da Hartlepool United. Webster ya zira ƙwallo ɗaya tilo a wasan, kuma babban burin sa na farko, inda ya baiwa Portsmouth nasara da ci( 1-0). Aldershot Town (aro) A ranar 6 ga watan Agusta shekara ta (2013) Webster ya shiga Aldershot Town akan lamuni, har zuwa watan Janairu a shekara ta (2014) Ya fara buga Shots ɗin sa kwanaki huɗu bayan haka, a wasan da aka tashi (1-1) da Grimsby. Ya koma "Pompey" a ranar( 4 ga watan Janairu, bayan buga wasanni (21) kuma a ranar (21) ya sake komawa "Shots" a matsayin aro har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta bana. Garin Ipswich A ranar( 6) ga watan Yuni a shekara ta (2016) Webster ya koma kulob din Ipswich Town na EFL Championship daga Portsmouth don kudin da ba a bayyana ba, a cikin yarjejeniyar wanda kuma ya ga mai tsaron baya Matt Clarke ya tafi akasin haka. Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa a ranar (6 ga watan Agusta a shekara ta (2016) farawa a nasarar (4 2 a kan Barnsley a Portman Road. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko ga Ipswich da Birmingham City a ranar (13) ga watan Disamba a shekara ta (2016). Webster ya buga wasanni (24 a duk gasa yayin kakar a shekara ta 2016 zuwa 2017 inda ya ci kwallo daya. Webster ya fara fitowa na farko na kakar a shekara ta (2017 zuwa 2018 a ranar bude kakar a wasan da suka ci Birmingham City (1-0). Ya kulla kawancen tsaro tare da kyaftin din kulob din Luke Chambers a tsawon kakar wasa ta bana, inda ya buga wasanni (29 a dukkan gasa a kakar wasa ta biyu a kulob din. A ranar (28 ga watan Yuni a shekara ta (2018) Webster ya canza zuwa kulob din Bristol City na Gasar Kwallon Kafa na farko na fam miliyan( 3.5) wanda ya tashi zuwa fam miliyan (8). Brighton Hove Albion A ranar (2) ga watan Agusta a shekara ta (2019) Brighton & Hove Albion ta amince da farashin 44 wanda ya tashi zuwa 22) m don Webster, dangane da likita. A ranar (3 ga watan Agusta, Brighton ya kammala sa hannun Webster, inda ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru hudu. Ya fara halarta na farko bayan kwanaki( 25) daga baya a ranar (27) ga watan Agusta a cikin nasarar dasuka tashi da ci 2-1) da Bristol Rovers a gasar cin kofin EFL Webster ya fara buga Premier League na farko da kuma na farko na gasar Seagulls a wasan da suka doke Manchester City da ci( 4-0 a ranar (31) ga watan Agusta. A ranar( 5) ga watan Oktoba, Webster ya buga cikakken wasan a gida da Tottenham inda ya taimaka wa Albion zuwa tsallake -tsallake a cikin nasarar( 3-0). Webster ya ci kwallon sa ta farko ga The Seagulls kuma ta farko a saman jirgin ranar( 19) ga Oktoba a doke Aston Villa da ci( 2-1) a Villa Park. A ranar( 26 ga Oktoba, Webster ya zira kwallon da ta sa Everton ta dawo matsayi na (1 1) a cikin nasarar( 3-2) gida na Albion tare da Toffee's Lucas Digne shima ya zira kwallon da ya baiwa Brighton maki (3) a cikin minti na (90+na 4). Ya sake jefa kwallo a raga a ranar (5) ga watan Disamba inda ya bude bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a wasan da suka doke Arsenal da ci (2-1). A duk lokacin farkon Webster na Brighton ya ci gaba da fafatawa a Shane Duffy daga farawa( 11) akai -akai, yana farawa a duk wasannin( 31) da ya buga a cikin zira kwallaye( 3) taimakawa( 1) da yin rikodin zane mai tsabta (5). A ranar (10) ga watan Janairun shekara ta (2021) Webster ya ci ƙwallonsa ta Albion ta biyu wanda ya sa ta zama (1-1 a cikin mintuna( 90+6 bayan mai tsaron ragar Jason Steele ya rasa ƙetare a kan hanyar sa a wasan ƙarshe na cin Kofin FA a kan Newport County inda Webster ya ci bugun fenariti a cikin( 4–3) nasara nasara. Webster ya taka leda a wasan da Brighton ta doke Liverpool da ci (1-0) ranar( 3) ga watan Fabrairu inda suka ci nasara a gasar farko a Anfield tun a shekarar (1982). Ya zira kwallon sa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana, inda ya zira kwallaye wanda ya zo daga ci (2-0 a wasan karshe da ci( 3 2 a gidan Manchester City a ranar (18) ga watan Mayu, tare da magoya bayan su suka koma kwallon kafa. Webster ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwantiragin shekaru biyar tare da Brighton a ranar (2 ga watan Agusta a shekara ta 2021) inda ya tsawaita zamansa a kulob din har zuwa (2026). Aikin duniya A wannan makon da ya fara buga wa Portsmouth, an kira Webster zuwa Ingila 'yan kasa da shekara( 17) don gasar sada zumunci a Portugal. A watan Oktoba a shekarar (2012) an kira Webster zuwa Ingila U (17) amma manajansa Michael Appleton ya toshe buƙatun daga FA saboda ƙarancin ɗan wasa a Portsmouth. Daga baya a cikin watan, an kira shi zuwa Ingila U (18) 's. A ranar( 13) ga watan Nuwamban a shekara ta( 2012) Webster ya fara buga wa Ingila wasa ta 'yan kasa da shekaru (19) a wasan da suka doke Finland (1-0) inda ya zo a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin Jack Stephens A ranar( 24) ga watan Mayu shekara ta (2013) Webster ya yi bayyanar sa ta (3rd) don zuwan U19 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da Georgia. Ƙididdigar sana'a Adam Webster at Soccerbase 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila Pages with unreviewed
50594	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yelena%20Bonner	Yelena Bonner	Yelena Georgiyevna Bonner 15 Fabrairu 1923 18 Yuni 2011) mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam ce a tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet kuma matar masanin kimiyyar lissafi Andrei Sakharov A cikin shekarun da ta yi a matsayin mai adawa, Bonner an santa da halinta na gaskiya da jaruntaka. Tarihin Rayuwa An haifi Bonner Lusik Georgiyevna Alikhanova a Merv, Turkmen SSR, Tarayyar Soviet (yanzu Mary, Turkmenistan Mahaifinta, Georgy Alikhanov (sunan Armen Gevork Alikhanyan), Armeniya ne wanda ya kafa Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Tarayyar Soviet, kuma ya kasance memba mai girma na Comintern mahaifiyarta, Ruf Ruth Bonner yar gwagwarmayar Kwaminisanci Bayahudiya ce. Tana da ƙane, Igor, wanda ya zama jami'in sojan ruwa. Iyalinta suna da dacha lokacin rani a Sestroretsk kuma Bonner suna da abubuwan tunawa a wurin. A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da bakwai, NKVD ta kama mahaifin Bonner kuma aka kashe shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Babban Tsabtace Stalin An kama mahaifiyarta bayan 'yan kwanaki a matsayin matar maƙiyin mutane, kuma ta yi shekaru goma a Gulag kusa da Karaganda, Kazakhstan, bayan shekaru tara na gudun hijira na cikin gida. An kashe kawun Bonner mai shekaru 41, Matvei Bonner, yayin da ake tsarkakewa, kuma matarsa ta yi gudun hijira. An wanke su hudu (gyaran) bayan mutuwar Stalin a shekarar 1953. A shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da daya 1941, ta ba da gudummawa ga Asibitin Red Army lokacin da aka mamaye Tarayyar Soviet, kuma ta zama babban ma'aikaciyar jinya. Yayin da take aiki a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, Bonner ta ji rauni sau biyu, kuma a cikin 1946, an sake shi da mutunci a matsayin nakasassu tsohon soja. A shekarar 1947, Bonner aka yarda da matsayin ɗaliba a Leningrad cibiyar. Bayan yakin ta sami digiri a fannin ilimin yara daga Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta First Leningrad, a halin yanzu Jami'ar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jihar Pavlov ta St. Peterburg Aure da yara A makarantar likita ta sadu da mijinta na farko, Ivan Semyonov. Suna da 'ya mace, Tatiana, a 1950, da ɗa, Alexey, a 1956. 'Ya'yanta sun yi hijira zuwa Amurka a 1977 da 1978, bi da bi. Bonner da Semyonov sun rabu a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da sitin da biyar kuma a ƙarshe sun sake aure. A cikin watan Oktoban shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in 1970 yayin da suke halartar shari'ar 'yan rajin kare hakkin bil'adama Revol't (Ivanovich) Pimenov da Boris Vail a Kaluga, Bonner ya sadu da Andrei Sakharov, masanin kimiyyar nukiliya da mai kare hakkin bil'adama; sun yi aure a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da bitu. A shekara kafin su hadu, a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da sitin da tara 1969, Sakharov aka takaba daga matarsa, Klavdia Alekseyevna Vikhireva, tare da wanda yake da 'ya'ya mata biyu da ɗa. Ayyukan aiki Tun daga farkon shekarun 1940, Bonner ta taimaka wa fursunonin siyasa da danginsu. Ko da yake Bonner ta shiga Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Soviet a 1964 yayin da take aiki a matsayin likita, kawai bayan 'yan shekaru bayan haka ta kasance mai aiki a cikin yunkurin kare hakkin dan Adam na Soviet. A watan Agustan shekarar 1968, an karfafa yunƙurinta na rashin amincewa bayan da sojojin Tarayyar Soviet suka yi birgima zuwa cikin Czechoslovakia don murkushe ƙungiyar Prague Wannan lamarin ya ƙarfafa imaninta cewa ba za a iya gyara tsarin daga ciki ba. A shari'ar Kaluga a 1970, Bonner da Sakharov sun sadu da Natan Sharansky kuma suka fara aiki tare don kare Yahudawa da aka yanke wa hukuncin kisa saboda yunkurin tserewa daga USSR a cikin jirgin da aka sace A karkashin matsin lamba daga Sakharov, gwamnatin Soviet ta ba da izinin Yelena Bonner ta yi tafiya zuwa Yamma a 1975, 1977 da 1979 don magance raunin da ta samu a lokacin yakin. Lokacin da Sakharov, wanda aka ba da kyautar Nobel ta zaman lafiya ta 1975, hukumomin Soviet sun hana shi tafiya, Bonner, a Italiya don jinya, ya wakilce shi a bikin a Oslo Bonner ta zama memba na kungiyar Moscow Helsinki a shekarar 1976. Lokacin da a cikin watan Janairu shekarar 1980, aka kai Sakharov gudun hijira zuwa Gorky, wani birni da aka rufe ga baƙi, Bonner wanda aka azabtar da shi a fili ya zama rayuwarsa, yana tafiya tsakanin Gorky da Moscow don fitar da rubuce-rubucensa. Kame ta a watan Afrilu shekarar 1984, saboda tashin hankali da farfaganda da kuma hukuncin zaman gudun hijira na shekaru biyar a Gorky ya sake rushe rayuwarsu. Yajin yunwa da yawa na Sakharov ya tilasta wa sabuwar shugaban Soviet, Mikhail Gorbachev barin ta tafiya zuwa Amurka a shekarar 1985, don sextuple ta hanyar tiyatar zuciya Kafin wannan, a cikin shekarar 1981, Bonner da Sakharov sun ci gaba da yajin cin abinci mai haɗari amma a ƙarshe sun yi nasara don samun jami'an Soviet don ba da izinin surukarsu, Yelizaveta Konstantinovna ("Lisa") Alexeyeva, takardar izinin fita don shiga mijinta, Bonner's. dan Alexei Semyonov, a Amurka. A watan Disamban shekarar 1986, Gorbachev yarda Sakharov da Bonner su koma Moscow. Bayan mutuwar Sakharov a ranar 14 ga watan Disamba, acikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da tara, ta kafa gidauniyar Andrei Sakharov, da Archives a Moscow. A cikin shekarar 1993, ta ba da gudummawar takaddun Sakharov a Yamma ga Jami'ar Brandeis a Amurka; a shekarar 2004, an mayar da su zuwa Jami'ar Harvard Bonner ya ci gaba da magana kan dimokiradiyya da 'yancin ɗan adam a Rasha da kuma duniya baki ɗaya. Ta shiga cikin masu kare majalisar dokokin Rasha a lokacin juyin mulkin watan Agusta kuma ta goyi bayan Boris Yeltsin a lokacin rikicin tsarin mulki a farkon shekarar 1993. Shekarun baya da mutuwa Daga shekarar 2006, Bonner ta raba lokacinta tsakanin Moscow da Amurka, gida ga 'ya'yanta biyu, jikoki biyar, jikoki daya, da kuma daya. Ta mutu a ranar 18 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2011, na ciwon zuciya a Boston, Massachusetts, tana da shekaru 88, a cewar 'yarta, Tatiana Yankelevich. An kwantar da ita a asibiti tun ranar 21 ga watan Fabrairu. Mutuwan 2011 Haifaffun
22294	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20RINJ%20Foundation	The RINJ Foundation	Gidauniyar RINJ RINJ ta Kanada ce da aka kafa ta kiwon lafiya ba riba ba-kungiyar mata masu zaman kansu wadanda aka lissafa tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a matsayin kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu NGO tare da "manufa yayin tallafawa da kula da lafiya. Waɗanda suka tsira, su kuma tattara cikakkun bayanai kan bangarorin da ke rikici da juna wadanda ake zargi da aikatawa ko kuma suke da alhakin aikata fyade ko wasu nau'ikan cin zarafin mata." Kauracewa Matan Kungiyar RINJ sun yi kamfen mai karfi don karfafa membobinsu da jama'a gaba daya don kaurace wa kungiyoyi RINJ ta ce inganta cinzarafi da tashin hankali na jima'i. Kauracewar sun haɗa a watan Fabrairu na shekarata 2017 ga waƙa 'Babu Fa'ida' akan "Na Yanke Shawara" Kundin Rap na Slim Shady (Marshall Bruce Mathers (aka Eminem da Sean Michael Anderson Big Sean wanda RINJ ya kira "masu fyade" Lokacin da masu fashin baki irin su Eminem da Big Sean suka karfafa aikata manyan laifuka (Rubutu a cikin 'Babu Fa'ida' don fyaden Ann Coulter su da kansu sun aikata laifi wanda ba za a iya zargi a cikin Amurka ba kuma ana iya kama shi. Daga cikin masu kauracewa mugunta fyade da ke tallata "masu laifi" da RINJ ta gano akwai masu tallata Facebook da ake zargi suna gudanar da tallace-tallace a shafukan yanar gizo na Facebook na inganta fyade "shafukan fyade" RINJ ta hada karfi da sauran kungiyoyi kamar "Ra'ayoyin Mata akan Labarai" don shirya kauracewa kamfen na masu tallata Facebook wadanda ke gudanar da tallace-tallace a shafukan Facebook na fyade Matan Gidauniyar RINJ sun bukaci kauracewa masu watsa labarai kamar Kyle Sandilands a Ostiraliya wanda aka ba da rahoton cewa ta auka wa wata 'yar jarida tana yin kalamai marasa daɗi game da ƙirjinta kuma suna barazanar "farautar ta". RINJ kuma ya bi bayan Bill Cosby kuma ta nemi kauracewa wasan kwaikwayonsa a Kanada suna zanga-zanga a waje a cikin Janairun na shekarata 2015 tare da alamun "Fyade Ba No Joke" bayan da yawaitar zarge-zargen fyade da Cosby ya zama sananne a cikin 2014. Tsaron Ma'aikatan Gidan Mata Masu Hijira A watan Afrilun shekarata 2018, Gidauniyar RINJ ta nemi Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ta sanya takunkumi a kan kasar Kuwait saboda abin da ta ce cin zarafin mata ta hanyar lalata da ake yi wa 'yan mata' yan asalin kasar Philippines 'yan cirani a Kuwait. Laifin Fyade a Yankunan da ake Yaki Gidauniyar RINJ tana aiki da asibitocin kula da lafiya dakunan fyade a ciki da kuma kusa da shiyyoyin yaki don amfani da kulawarta, tattara shaidu kan shaidu da kuma ladabi kan rahotannin cin zarafin mata a wuraren da ake fama da rikici inda ake kula da marassa lafiyar cin zarafin mata da an tattara hujjoji game da masu fyaden da nufin gurfanar da su. "Gidauniyar RINJ ta yi bayani kan rashin hukunta masu laifi da kuma gano wadanda suka aikata fyade a cikin rikice-rikicen makamai da yake-yake. kngiyoyin na Gargadi Waɗanda Aka Saki Masu Laifin Jima'i Kungiyar tana taimaka wa al'ummomi wajen gano sabbin masu laifin yin lalata da su. Rahoto game da Bayyana Barazana ga Mata da Yara RINJ ta ba da rahoton masu aikata muggan tashe-tashen hankula zuwa Kotun Laifuka ta Duniya (ICC) kuma a kwanan nan an ambato ta a matsayin "suna kira ga kasashen duniya da su tuhumi Shugaban Philippines Rodrigo Duterte da aikata kisan gillar da ba na shari'a ba wanda ya kunshi laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama". kuma ya ƙalubalanci masu gudanarwar ya ce sun ba da gudummawa ga fataucin yara ta hanyar lalata a yankunan yaƙi. A ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, shekarata 2017, Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a zamanta na yau da kullun na shekarata 2017 ya ba da shawarar Gidauniyar RINJ (Kanada) don Matsayi na Musamman na Tattaunawa ga Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki. Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki (ECOSOC) a taronta na Gudanarwa da gudanarwa a ranar 19 ga Afrilun shekarata2017 sun amince da shawarar da Kwamitin kan Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) ya bayar na ba da shawarwari na musamman ga Gidauniyar RINJ. A ranar 21 ga Yuni na shekarata 2017, RINJ ta ƙaddamar da yaƙin neman zaɓe na shekara-shekara karo na biyar don samar da ƙaruwa ga ci gaba da yaƙin neman kawar da bautar Jima'i da yawon buɗe ido na jima'i na Yara Duba kuma Mosul, Matan Iraki Kotun Laifuka ta Duniya (ICC) Halittar ICC Al'adar fyade Sukar da Facebook Shafukan Fyade Bayan fadan da aka yiwa wadanda aka yiwa fyade Hare-hare kan ma'aikatan jin kai GlobalMedic Studentsaliban Nursing Ba tare da Iyaka ba Jadawalin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin taimakon jin kai da ci gaba Cika Rikicin Jima'i a Yankunan Rikici 2018 Kuwait Rikicin diflomasiyyar Philippines Hanyoyin haɗin waje RINJ Labaran Yanar Gizo RINJ Bayanin Taimakon Gaggawa Manazarta Pages with unreviewed translations Kungiyoyi Fyade
42377	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulrazak%20Hamdallah	Abdulrazak Hamdallah	Abderrazak Hamdallah an haife shine a ranar 17 ga watan Disambar shekarata alif 1990), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Morocco wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Saudi Professional League Al-Ittihad da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Morocco Ana yi masa lakabi da The Executioner saboda iya zura kwallo a raga. Ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru yana wasa a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Olympics de Safi a Maroko, daga baya ya koma Aalesunds a Norway. Bayan kakar wasa guda tare da su, ya shiga kulob ɗin Guangzhou R&F na kasar Sin. A cikin shekarar alif 2015, ya koma El Jaish, inda ya lashe gasar cin kofin Qatar ta shekarar 2016 Ba da da ewa daga baya ya sanya hannu tare da Qatari club Al-Rayyan Ya ji dangane da Al-Rayyan kuma ya shiga Saudi Al Nassr A kakar wasa ta bana,a shekarar alif 2018 zuwa shekarata 2019 Saudi Professional League ya zira tarihin zira kwallaye 34 a kakar wasa daya, kuma shi ne ya fi zura kwallaye a duniya a shekarar kalandar ta shekarar 2019 da kwallaye 57 gaba daya. Ya lashe gasar a shekarar 2018-2019 Saudi Professional League da Super Cup sau biyu. Hamdallah ya wakilci kasarsa a gasar cin kofin Afrika ta shekarar 2013 da kuma gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a 2022 Rayuwar farko An haife shi a Safi, Morocco, Hamdallah shine auta a cikin 'ya'ya bakwai na iyali. Hamadallah ya yi magana game da yarinta, yana mai cewa:Na fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a titi tare da sauran yaran garin da aka haife ni, Safi. Sa’ad da nake matashi, na shiga wani kulob a garin. Ina wasa kusan kowace rana bayan makaranta da kuma duk karshen mako. Yayana koyaushe yana goyon bayana. Ya ƙarfafa ni in yi aiki tuƙuru. Aikin kulob Hamdallah ya samu tsarin wasan kwallon kafa na farko a kulob din Nejm Shabab Safi, kafin ya koma kungiyar ta farko, Olympic Club de Safi, inda ya fara sana'arsa tun daga 2010–2011 Botola, a lokacin da ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar zakarun Morocco. Ya samu nasarar zura kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar da Difa' Hassani El Jadidi Hamdallah ya zira kwallaye biyu a gasar Olympic Club de Safi a farkon bayyanarsa a gasar cin kofin Al'arshi ta Morocco da kungiyar Raja CA, wasan ya kare da ci 3-2. 2011-2012 Botola ya nuna ainihin farkon Hamdallah a matakin zira kwallaye, yayin da ya gama kakar wasa ta hanyar zira kwallaye 15, yana mamaye jere na biyu, kwallaye biyu a gaban sabon dan wasan Chadi Karl Max Barthélémy A cikin kakar 2012-2013, Hamdallah ya zira kwallaye 15 a kashi biyu bisa uku na farko na gasar kafin ya shiga, a watan Maris 2013, don kwarewa tare da kulob din Ålesund na Norway. Ya ci hat-trick dinsa na farko ga kungiyar da Wydad de Fès Darajar kudin da Hamdallah ya yi wa Olesund Club ya kai dalar Amurka miliyan daya. Alesund A ranar 14 ga Fabrairun 2013, an tabbatar da cewa Hamdallah ya shiga Tippeliga club Aalesund Kudin canja wuri ya kasance a cikin yanki na €1 miliyan ko 7.4 miliyan Norwegian Krone da dan wasan sun sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku, kwantiraginsa na farko a Turai. Kudin canja wuri shi ne mafi girman da Aalesund ya biya kan dan wasa. Hamdallah ya yi magana a karon farko da ya isa kasar Norway, inda ya ce: “Abin da ya faru ke da wuya, domin na isa kasar da ke da sanyi sosai, amma ta hanyar son rai na shawo kan duk wani cikas. Ni ne dan wasa na farko daga gasar Morocco da ya zo Norway, kuma sanya hannu na ya ba da hankali sosai a jaridu. A ƙarshe, na iya rufe bakin masu sukana ta hanyar kammala a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fi zira kwallaye a gasar." Hamdallah ya fara buga wasansa ne a ranar 1 ga Afrilun 2013 a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka ci Sandnes Ulf a waje da ci 1-0 sannan ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar, a wasan da suka doke Sarpsborg 08 da ci 2-0 a ranar 14 ga Afrilu 2013. Daga nan kuma a ranar 13 ga Mayun 2013, Hamdallah ya ci hat-trick dinsa na farko ga Aalesund a wasan da suka doke Lillestrøm SK da ci 7–1, wanda ya taimaka wa kulob din zuwa matsayi na biyu bayan wasanni tara. Bayan ya zura kwallaye goma a kakar wasa ta bana, Hamadallah ya ci hat-trick dinsa na biyu a kakar wasa ta bana, a wasan da suka doke Viking da ci 3–1 a ranar 25 ga Oktobar 2013. A kakar wasansa na farko da kungiyar, Hamdallah ya zura kwallaye 15 a wasanni 27 da ya buga kuma an saka shi cikin Gwarzon dan wasan na bana. Har ila yau, ya bar Hamdallah a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a kulob din, kodayake shi ne na biyu a gasar bayan Frode Johnsen Guangzhou R&F A watan Fabrairun 2014, Hamdallah ya koma kungiyar Guangzhou R&F ta kasar Sin Bayan tafiya, Sven-Göran Eriksson zai horar da Hamdallah akan farashin rikodi na €4.5 miliyan ko 33,3 krone Norwegian miliyan. Tashinsa daga Aalesund ya bar kulob din sosai, saboda yadda ya zura kwallo a raga, abin da kulob ɗin ya sha fama da shi bayan da Hamdallah ya bar Norway zuwa China. Bayan ya buga wasanni biyu a farkon kakar wasa, Hamdallah ya zira ƙwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana, a wasan da suka doke Shanghai Shenxin da ci 3–1 a ranar 22 ga watan Maris 2014. A wasa na gaba da Hangzhou Greentown, ya ci wani hat-trick a ci 6–2. Ya sake zira kwallo a wasa na gaba da Henan Jianye, wanda ya ci sau biyu a ci 4-0. Bayan shafe mako guda yana jin rauni a kafa, Hamdallah ya zura kwallon da ta yi nasara, a wasan da suka doke Guangzhou Evergrande 1-0. A kakar wasansa ta farko a Guangzhou R&F, Hamdallah ya buga wasanni ashirin da biyu kuma ya ci sau ashirin da biyu. Duk da fara mai kyau a wasanni hudu na farko da zura kwallaye uku a karawar da suka yi da Hangzhou Greentown, Shanghai SIPG da Guizhou Renhe Hamdallah shi ma ya zura kwallo a ragar Gamba Osaka a wasan rukuni-rukuni na AFC Champions League Sai dai Hamdallah ya samu rauni a kafa sannan ya ci gaba da fama da rauni. Ba wannan kadai ba, halinsa ya haifar da hayaniya daga manaja Cosmin Contra kuma su biyun sun fadi. An sanar a ranar 3 ga Yuli 2015 cewa Hamdallah zai bar kulob din. Kungiyoyin Qatari A ranar 24 ga Yuli 2015, Hamdallah ya shiga El Jaish a cikin Qatar Stars League kan kwangilar shekaru biyu tare da zaɓi na tsawaita shekara ta uku. A wani bangare na yunkurin, Aalesund ya karbi kashi 25 cikin dari na kudin canja wuri da aka biya zuwa Guangzhou. Hamdallah dai bai buga rabin kakar wasa ta 2016 ba saboda rauni a gwiwarsa. Kwallaye da ya ci ya ragu a kakar wasa ta bana saboda rashin rabin wasanni a kakar wasa ta bana. A ranar 25 ga Afrilu 2016, Hamdallah ya zira kwallaye a wasan kusa da na karshe a nasara da ci 3–2 da Al Sadd SC Sun doke Al-Duhail SC a wasan karshe. A ranar 20 ga Janairu 2017, Hamdallah ya rattaba hannu kan kwangilar har zuwa 2019 tare da Al-Rayyan SC .A ranar 23 ga Agusta 2018, Hamdallah ya ƙare kwangilarsa da Al-Rayyan Al Nassar A ranar 23 ga Agusta 2018, Hamdallah ya shiga Al Nassr a cikin Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Saudiyya Ya buga wasansa na farko da Al Qadsiah FC kuma ya taimaka sau biyu. A wasansa na biyu, ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar da kungiyar Al Taawoun FC Ya zuwa Afrilu 2019 ya zira kwallaye 100 na gasar, rikodin tun lokacin da gasar ta zama ƙwararrun a 2007. Duk da mummunan farawar da ya yi sakamakon raunin da ya samu a idon sawun a baya Hamadallah ya iya kawo karshen kakarsa ta farko a gasar kwararru ta Saudiyya a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye bayan ya zura kwallaye 68 a raga. A cikin 2018-19 Season ya lashe gasar lig tare da tawagarsa. Ya zira kwallaye 34 a raga tare da abokin wasansa Nordin Amrabat Ya zira kwallaye a wasan karshe da Al Batin A ranar 3 ga Janairu, 2019, Hamdallah ya ci hat-trick a kan Al Jandal SC a zagaye na 64 a gasar cin kofin Sarki na 2019 Bayan kwanaki 10, ya zura kwallo a ragar Al Ansar FC Ya sake zura kwallo a ragar Al-Fayha FC a zagaye na 16. A ranar 27 ga Afrilu 2019, Hamdallah ya zira kwallaye biyu a cikin rashin nasara da ci 4–2 a wasan kusa da na karshe da Al Ittihad na gasar cin kofin Sarki na 2019 A karshen shekarar 2019, Hamdallah ya samu nasarar doke tauraruwa da dama kamar su Robert Lewandowski da Lionel Messi a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a duniya bayan ya ci kwallaye 57. A ranar 4 ga Janairu, 2020, Hamdallah ya zira kwallo a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Al Taawoun FC don lashe Kofin Super Cup na 2019 A ranar 30 ga Janairu, 2021, Hamdallah ya zira kwallaye a ci 3-0 a kan Al Hilal SFC don lashe Kofin Super Cup na 2020 A 2020 AFC Champions League, Hamdallah ya yi tasiri sosai a tawagarsa. Ya zura kwallo a wasan da suka tashi 2–2 da Al Sadd SC kuma ya zira kwallaye biyu a ci 2-0 da Sepahan SC A zagayen kwata fainal ya zura kwallo daya tilo a cikin nasara da ci 1–0 da Al Taawoun FC Sun yi rashin nasara a wasan dab da na kusa da na karshe bayan bugun fanareti da Persepolis FC A ranar 23 ga Nuwamba, Al Nassr FC ta soke kwangilarta da Hamdallah a hukumance. Hamdallah ya buga wasansa na karshe a kungiyar a ci 1-0 da Ettifaq FC Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Abderrazak Hamdallah on Instagram Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1990 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
32548	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anis%20Ben%20Slimane	Anis Ben Slimane	Anis Ben Slimane an haife shi a ranar 16 ga watan Maris a shekara ta 2001) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan asalin Tunisiya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na ƙungiyar Danish Superliga Brøndby IF da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Tunisia. Slimane ya buga wasa a kungiyoyi daban-daban guda takwas a cikin shekaru goma sha biyu, amma a karshe ya zauna a AB inda ya fara fara wasansa na farko a shekarar 2018. Karo na gaba, ya tafi Brøndby IF kuma an sanya shi a cikin ƙungiyar U19, amma zai mai da hankali sosai a cikin rabin na biyu na kakar shekarar 2019 zuwa 2020 yayin da ya kafa kansa a matsayin ɓangare na ƙungiyar farko. Slimane yana ɗan ƙasa biyu kuma ya buga wa Denmark U19 da Tunisiya U20. Yana wakiltar kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Tunisia. Sana'a/Aiki Farkon aiki An haifi Slimane a Copenhagen kuma ya zauna a unguwar Vesterbro a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa. Ya fara wasa a ƙananan matakan kulob na Vesterbro BK Vestia yana da shekaru 7, wanda shine kulob din da ke kusa da gidansa. Bayan 'yan watanni ya koma KB Academy saboda wani abokin karatunsa yana wasa a can; tawagar mahaifin abokin karatunsa shima ya horar. Daga baya, Slimane da abokin karatunsa sun rattaba hannu tare da makarantar FA 2000, inda wasu hazikan ƴan wasa suka haɗa su. Saboda wasu kungiyoyi sun yi shakkar ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyin farko da ƙungiyoyi na biyu, Slimane ya koma ƙungiyoyi daban-daban a Copenhagen, waɗanda ke da niyyar yin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na matasa a matakin mafi girma. A shekara mai zuwa, shi da abokin karatunsa sun koma Herfølge Boldklub, inda suka kasance na ɗan gajeren lokaci, kafin su fara tafiya zuwa B.93, inda suka sake haɗuwa tare da ƙungiyar ƙwararrun matasa masu fasaha daga FA 2000. A lokacin da yake a B.93, Slimane ya taka leda a gasar cin kofin zakarun kulob na Turai na UEFA, inda ya burge shi kuma ya sanya hannu tare da makarantar Brøndby IF. Slimane yana ɗan shekara goma sha biyu lokacin da ya ƙaura zuwa Brøndby. Ya buga wa qungiyoyin makarantar su wasa tsawon shekara xaya da rabi kafin ya koma buga wa KB a matakin ‘yan qasa da 13 saboda yawan balaguron balaguro zuwa Brøndby bayan da shi da iyalinsa suka koma Høje Gladsaxe. Matsayi na biyu na Slimane a KB, duk da haka, bai yi nasara ba, don haka, ya fara taka leda a Lyngby Boldklub. Ya taka leda a matashin Lyngby na tsawon watanni shida kafin kulob din Akademisk Boldklub (AB) na cikin gida ya sanya hannu a matakin kasa da 14, inda ya sake haduwa da tsoffin abokan karatunsa. Slimane ya zauna a AB na tsawon shekaru hudu, inda ya kawo karshen aikinsa na matashi. A can, ya buga wasa tsawon shekaru hudu, inda ya shiga kungiyar farko a lokacinsa na karshe a kulob din. A cikin wata hira da ya yi da gidan yanar gizon Brøndby IF, Slimane ya bayyana yadda ya kasance cikin manyan matasan Denmark a fagen kwallon kafa a cikin shekarunsa na farko na taka leda, amma waɗancan yanayi daban-daban na nufin dole ne ya yi yaƙi don samun nasara a fagen ƙwallon ƙafa. A wannan lokacin, ya kusa yin ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa amma goyon bayan danginsa da abokansa sun taimaka masa a cikin mawuyacin yanayi. A wani lokacin bazara, inda ya taka leda a makarantar matasa ta AB, ya sami ci gaba mai girma wanda ya kai 15 cm, wanda ya ba shi damar zama mafi rinjaye a jiki kuma ya taimaka masa ya ci gaba a matsayin dan wasa. A cikin watan Janairu a shekara ta 2018, Slimane ya bar gwajin mako guda tare da kulob din Bundesliga na Jamus SC Freiburg. Ya fara halartan rukunin farko na AB a ranar 7 ga Watan Afrilu a shekara ta 2018 a cikin nasarar gida da ci 2 1 a kan IF Lyseng, yana zuwa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Nichlas Rohde na mintuna na 80. Slimane ya buga wasanni 18 a kungiyar AB jimilla inda ya zura kwallaye biyu. Bøndby 2019-20 Slimane ya shiga Brøndby IF a matakin ƙasa a ranar 19 ga watan Yuni a shekara ta 2019, bayan da ya burge ƙungiyar farko ta AB a cikin rukunin Danish na 2nd, matakin na uku na dala ƙwallon ƙwallon Danish. A cikin watan Janairu a shekara ta 2020, an zabe shi don shiga sansanin horo na farko na Brøndby a Portugal, inda ya fara bayyanarsa a babban kungiyar a wasan sada zumunci da kungiyar IFK Norrköping ta Sweden, yana burgewa a gaban 'yan wasa daga Arsenal da Manchester United. A ranar 16 ga watan Fabrairu a shekara ta 2020, Slimane ya fara wasansa na farko na ƙwararre a wasan waje da OB a cikin Danish Superliga a matsayin mai farawa, wanda Brøndby ya ci 2 0. A mako mai zuwa, ya yi taimakonsa na farko, giciye a cikin akwatin wanda Samuel Mráz ya jefa gida a cikin rashin nasara 2–3 ga AaB. A ranar 8 ga watan Maris a shekara ta 2020, ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a Brøndby a wasan da suka tashi 2 2 da FC Nordsjælland; wasan da aka buga a bayan ƙofofi a Dama to Dream Park saboda ƙa'idodin da hukumomin Danish suka aiwatar yayin bala'in COVID-19. Bayan kammala wasan, Slimane ya bayyana nadamarsa na rashin samun damar yin bikin kwallon da ya ci a gaban magoya bayansa. 2020–21: Zakarun Danish Superliga A ranar 3 ga watan Yuli a shekara ta 2020, Slimane ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwangila tare da Brøndby, yana ci gaba da kasancewa a kulob din har zuwa shekara ta 2024. Bayan ya yi gwagwarmayar neman hanyarsa ta fara jeri a farkon rabin kakar shekara ta 2020 zuwa 2021, ya zira kwallon da ya ci nasara a ranar 13 ga watan Disamba a kan SønderjyskE bayan ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Simon Hedlund a cikin minti na 77. A ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairu a shekara ta 2021, an ci tarar Slimane kuma an cire shi na ɗan lokaci daga tawagar Brøndby bayan karya ka'idodin keɓewar coronavirus. A cewar Slimane, ya dauko wata kawarsa ce a wajen wani biki kuma ‘yan sanda sun zo. Daga baya ya gwada rashin lafiya don COVID-19 sau biyu kuma an sake samun shi cikin ƙungiyar farko a ranar 3 ga watan Fabrairu. Ya koma filin wasa ne a ranar 7 ga watan Fabrairu a matsayin dan wasa a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 gida da AaB. A ranar 24 ga watan Mayu, Slimane ya zura kwallo ta biyu a ragar Brøndby a wasansu da Nordsjælland da ci 2-0. Sakamakon ya tabbatar da Brøndby a matsayin zakaran Danish Superliga a karon farko cikin shekaru 16. 2021-22 Slimane ya fara buga wasansa na farko a Turai a ranar 17 ga watan Agusta 2021 a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta UEFA Champions League wasan farko da Red Bull Salzburg, wanda ya ƙare da rashin nasara 1-2. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta yayin da Brøndby ta doke Midtjylland da ci 2–0 nasararsu ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana. Ayyukan kasa Slimane ya wakilci kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Denmark ta 'yan kasa da shekaru 19, da kuma kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Tunisia ta kasa da shekaru 20. A ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba a shekara ta 2020, an kira Slimane ga tawagar Mondher Kebaier ta Tunisiya don buga wasan sada zumunta da Sudan da Najeriya. Ya zura kwallo a wasansa na farko, kwallo ta uku a wasan da suka doke Sudan da ci 3-0. Kididdigar sana'a/Aiki Kulob/Ƙungiya Ƙasashen Duniya Scores and results list Tunisia's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Slimane goal. Girmamawa Brøndby Danish Superliga 2020-21 Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Anis Ben Slimane at the Danish Football Association (in Danish) Anis Ben Slimane at bold.dk 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Tunisiya Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
19609	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad%20Husayn%20Tabatabai	Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai	Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i ko Sayyid Mohammad Hossein Tabataba'i Persian an haife shi a ranar 16 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1903 ya mutu a ranar 15 ga watan Nuwamban shekara ta 1981) wani malamin Iran ne, masanin ilimin falsafa, kuma daya daga cikin fitattun masanan addinin Shia na zamani. Ya aka watakila mafi kyau a san shi da Tafsir al-Mizan, a ashirin da bakwai-girma aiki na da tafsirin Kur'ani tafsirin wanda ya fitar da tsakanin shekara ta 1954 da kuma shekara ta 1972. An fi saninsa da Allameh Tabataba'i kuma ana kiran sunan Allameh Tabataba'i a Tehran da sunansa. Tarihin rayuwa Ya sami karatunsa na farko a garinsa na Tabriz, yana koyar da ilimin larabci da kuma ilimin addini. kuma a kusan shekara ashirin ya tashi zuwa babbar jami'ar 'yan Shi'a ta Najaf don ci gaba da karatu mai zurfi. Ya yi karatu a Najaf, a gaban malamai kamar su Ali Tabatabaei (a cikin gnosis), Mirza Muhammad Husain Na'ini, Sheykh Muhammad Hossein Qaravi Esfahani (a Fiqh da Jurisprudence), Sayyid Abu'l-Qasim Khwansari (a Lissafi da kuma suna nazarin daidaitattun rubutun Avicenna 's Shifa, da Asfar Sadr-Din Shirazi, da Tamhid al-qawa'id na Ibnu Turkah Tare da Sayyid Husayn Badkuba'i, ya kasance dalibin manyan mashahurai biyu na lokacin, Sayyid Abu'l-Hasan Jilwah da Aqa 'Ali Mudarris Zunuzi. A cikin shekaru baya ya zai sau da yawa rike nazari zaman tare Henry Corbin da Seyyed Hossein Nasr, a cikin abin da ba kawai gargajiya ayoyin hikima ya kuma gnosis aka tattauna, amma kuma dukan mai sassa na abin da Nasr kira kamanta gnosis, a cikin abin da a kowane zaman litattafan alfarma na ɗayan manyan addinai, waɗanda ke ɗauke da koyarwar sihiri da ilimin tauhidi, kamar su Upanishads, Tao Te Ching, Injilar Yahaya, an tattauna kuma an kwatanta su da Sufanci da kuma koyarwar gnostic ta Musulunci gaba ɗaya. Tabataba'i ya kasance masanin falsafa, fitaccen marubuci, kuma malami mai kwadaitarwa ga dalibansa wadanda suka sadaukar da rayuwarsu sosai kan karatun addinin Musulunci. Yawancin dalibansa suna daga cikin wadanda suka assasa akidar Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran, wadanda suka hada da Morteza Motahhari, Muhammad Beheshti, da Mohammad Mofatteh Sauran kamar Hossein Nasr da Hassan Hassanzadeh Amoli sun kasance kuma sun ci gaba da karatunsu a fagen ilimin da ba na siyasa ba. Ayyukan da aka buga A Najaf, Tabataba'i ya haɓaka manyan gudummawarsa a fagen Tafsir (fassara), falsafa, da tarihin imanin Shi'a. A falsafa mafi mahimmancin ayyukansa shi ne Usul-i falsafeh va ravesh-e-realism (Ka'idodin Falsafa da Hanyar Realism), wanda aka buga shi a cikin juzu'i biyar tare da bayanan da kuma sharhin Morteza Motahhari Idan har ana daukar Ayatollah Haeri a matsayin mai rayar da hawain Qum a mahangar tsari, gudummawar Tabataba'i a fagen tafsiri, falsafa da sufanci suna wakiltar rayar da ilimin hawza tare da mahimmancin tasiri ga tsarin karatun. Sauran manyan ayyukansa na falsafa shine cikakken sharhin Asfār al-'arba'eh, babban magnus opus na Mulla Sadra wanda shine na ƙarshe daga cikin manyan masanan Musulman Farisa (Iran) na zamanin da. Baya ga wadannan ya kuma yi rubuce-rubuce da yawa kan batutuwan falsafa. Littattafansa guda uku sun ja hankali kan tsarinsa na mutumtaka akan: yanayin mutum kafin duniya, a duniya, da kuma bayan wannan duniyar. Falsafar sa tana mai da hankali kan ilimin zamantakewar al'umma na matsalolin ɗan adam. Sauran ayyukansa guda biyu, Bidāyat al-hikmah da Nihāyat al-hikmah, ana ɗaukarsu daga cikin manyan ayyuka a falsafar Musulunci. Littattafai da yawa akan koyaswa da tarihin Shi'a sun kasance daga gareshi shima. Ofayan waɗannan ya ƙunshi bayaninsa game da imanin Shi'a don amsa tambayoyin da sanannen ɗan Faransa masanin ƙirar gabas Henry Corbin ya gabatar Wani littafinsa a kan wannan batun Shi'a dar Islam ya fassara shi zuwa Turanci wanda Seyyed Hossein Nasr ya fassara shi da taken Shi'a Islam, tare da taimakon William Chittick a matsayin aikin Jami'ar Colgate Wadannan littattafan ana da'awar cewa suna aiki ne a matsayin kyakkyawar hanyar da za a iya kawar da wasu gurbatattun ra'ayoyi game da imanin Shi'a wanda hakan ke kara samar da kyakkyawar hanyar fahimtar juna tsakanin mabiya mazhabobin Musulmi. Littattafan da ya rubuta sunada lakabi arba'in da hudu gaba daya; uku daga ciki tarin labaransa ne kan bangarori daban-daban na Addinin Musulunci da Alkur'ani. Jerin wallafe-wallafe Shi'a Islam Persian A Principles of Falsafa da samun hanyar da labarun almara Persian Usul-i falsafeh va ravesh-i ri'alism a cikin mujalladi biyar, tare da sharhin Murtada Mutahhari Glosses al-kifayah Persian Haskakawa kan sabon bugun Asfar na Sadr al-Din Shirazi Mulla Sadra wanda yake fitowa a ƙarƙashin jagorancin 'Allameh Tabataba'i wanda juzu'i bakwai ya bayyana. Hirar da Farfesa Corbin Persian Mujalladi biyu bisa tattaunawar da aka yi tsakanin 'Allameh Tabataba'i da Henry Corbin wanda aka buga juz'i na farko a matsayin littafin Maktab-i tashayyu', 1339 (AH Solar) Risalah dar hukumat-i islami, (Yarjejeniyar kan Gwamnatin Musulunci). Hashiyah-i kifayah (Glosses on al-Kifayah). Risalah dar quwwah wafi '(Maganar kan mai yuwuwa da akasari). Risalah dar ithbat-i dha t (Takaddun shaida kan Hujja ta ainihin Allah). Risalah dar sifat (Takaddama kan halayen Allah). Risalah dar ata (Takaddama kan Ayyukan Allah). Risalah dar wasa'il (Takaddama kan Hanyar). Risalah dar insan qabl al-dunya (Littafin Magana kan Mutum Kafin Duniya) Risalah dar insan fi al-dunya (Littafin Magana kan Mutum a Duniya). Risalah dar insan ba'd al-duniya (Rubutun kan Mutum bayan Duniya). Risalah dar nubuwwat (Magana kan Annabta). Risalah dar wilayat (Takaddun rubutu kan Qaddamarwa). Risalah dar mushtaqqat (Rubutun kan Kalam). Risalah dar burhan (Takaddama kan Zanga-zanga). Risalah dar mughalatah (Yarjejeniyar kan Sophism). Risalah dar tahlil (Littafin Magana kan Nazari). Risalah dar tarkib (Maganar kan Hadin Gwiwa). Risalah dar i'tibarat (Takaddun shaida game da Maɗaukaki). Risalah dar nubuwwat wa manamat (Littafin Magana kan Annabta da Mafarki) Manza'mah dar rasm-i- khatt-i-nasta'liq (Waka a Hanyar Rubuta Salon Nasta'liq na Calligraphy). Ali wa al-falsafat al-ilahiya (Ali da Metaphysics) Kur'ani dar Musulunci (Alkur'ani a Musulunci). Tabataba'i ya kasance mawaƙi wanda ya kware musamman cikin harshen Farisanci, amma lokaci-lokaci cikin Larabci Ya kuma rubuta articles da makala. Duba kuma Malaman Musulunci Musuluntar da ilimi Falsafar Musulunci Ayatollah al-Shirazi Jerin Marjas Allameh Majlesi Hossein Nasr Tafsirin al-Mizan Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Ashams Al-Sate'ah Rana Mai Haske) a cikin Tunawa da Allameh Tabataba'i na Allameh Tehrani Tarihin tarihin Allameh Tabataba'i na Seyyed Hossein Nasr, gabatarwar Islama ta Shi'a Tarihin tarihin Allameh Tabatabaei An samo daga: "Labarai daga rayuwar Allama Tabataba'i (R) na Ahmad Luqmani, Allameh Tabataba'i, Meezane Ma`refit", wanda SK Yusufali ya fassara, Qum, Iran, 2006. Tarihin rayuwar Allameh Tabataba'i na Mohammad Yazdi Wasu daga ayyukansa Wasu daga cikin littattafan Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai a cikin Bookfinder.com Karatun Musulunci A Takaice Alkur'ani a Musulunci al-Mizan Muhammadu a cikin Madubin Islama Addinin Shi'a Haske Cikin Ni Maganar Shi'a, Wahalar Shi'a GASKIYA (Risalah al-Wilayah) Kernel na Kernel Tsarin Shi'a zuwa Sufism (153 KiB Haifaffun 1903 Mutuwan 1981 'Yan shi'a a
61302	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus%20Kleinfeld%20ne%20adam%20wata	Klaus Kleinfeld ne adam wata	Klaus-Christian Kleinfeld (an haife shi 6 Nuwamba 1957 a Bremen, Jamus) tsohon shugaban ne kuma babban jami'in zartarwa (Shugaba) na Arconic Klaus-Christian Kleinfeld shugaban zartarwa Arconic Kleinfeld tsohon shugaban ne kuma Shugaba na Alcoa Inc., kuma tsohon shugaban kasa da Shugaba na Siemens AG. Shugaban Alcoa Siemens AG Kleinfeld ya sauka a matsayin shugaban da Shugaba na Arconic a ranar 17 ga Afrilu 2017. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2017, an nada shi darektan shirin Neom na Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia Neom An sanar da shi a watan Yulin 2018 cewa za a kara Kleinfeld daga darektan Neom zuwa mai ba da shawara ga Yarima Muhammad bin Salman a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta 2018, kuma cewa Nadhmi Al-Nasr zai gaji shi a matsayin darektan ne na Neom. Yarima Muhammad bin Salman Nadhmi Al-Nasr A watan Agustan 2007, an nada Kleinfeld a matsayin COO na New York, Alcoa Inc. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2008, an nada Kle infeld a matsayin Shugaba na Alcoa, wanda ya gaji Alain Belda. Alcoa Alain Belda A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2010, an nada Kleinfeld a matsayin shugaban Alcoa kuma ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin Shugaba da shugaban kwamitin har sai da ya yi murabus a watan Afrilu 2017. Kleinfeld ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba na Munich, Siemens AG na Jamus daga Janairu 2005 har zuwa Yuli 2007. Kokarin Kleinfeld na sabunta kamfanin ya haifar da rikici tare da masu kare al'adun kasuwancin gargajiya na Siemens. Koyaya, aikin kuɗi na kamfanin ya bunƙasa. A baya, Kleinfeld ya canza Siemens Management Consulting ya zama abokin tarayya mai tasiri ga kasuwancin duniya. Ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga canjin riba na kasuwancin yankin Siemens a Amurka. A shekara ta 2006, wani bincike na gwamnatin Jamus ya gano kudade a cikin asusun banki na sirri wanda Siemens ke kula da shi don samun kwangila. kudade masu lalacewa Masu bincike ba su sami wata hujja game da laifin da Kleinfeld ya yi ba kuma ba a gabatar da wani zargi a kansa ba. A shekara ta 2009, Kleinfeld, tare da wasu tsoffin shugabannin Siemens, sun amince da biyan Siemens kuɗi don warware batun farar hula. A watan Yunin 2007, Kleinfeld ya bar Siemens, yana mai nuna rashin tabbas game da makomar sa tare da kamfanin bayan rarrabuwa tsakanin mambobin kwamitin Siemens game da tsawaita kwangilarsa ya zama sananne. Kleinfeld ya fara aikinsa a 1982 ta hanyar shiga kamfanin ba da shawara kan talla. Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi An haifi Klaus-Christian Kleinfeld a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 1957 a Bremen, Jamus Bremen Jamus Ya sami digiri na kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Georg August da ke Göttingen, Jamus da Ph.D. a cikin gudanarwa daga Jami'an Würzburg da ke Würzburg, Jamus. Jami'ar Georg August Jami'ar Göttingen Jami'ar Würzburg Ayyuka A shekara ta 1982, Kleinfeld ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan talla. A shekara ta 1986, ya shiga Ciba-Geigy, kamfanin samar da magunguna na kasa da kasa wanda ke zaune a Basel, Switzerland, inda ya kasance manajan samfur a sashin magunguna na kamfanin. Ciba-Geigy Basel, Switzerland Siemens AG A shekara ta 1987, Kleinfeld ya shiga Siemens AG mai zaman kansa a Munich, kamfanin injiniya da sabis na fasaha na duniya wanda ke zaune a Amurka da Jamus. Munich Siemens AG Matsayinsa na farko ya kasance a cikin kamfanin tallace-tallace da tallace-tafiye, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan binciken tallace-tsallace. Binciken tallace-tallace A cikin 1990, ya kafa kuma ya jagoranci Siemens Management Consulting, abokin tarayya na duniya na cikin gida don kasuwancin Siemens tare da babban rawar da ya taka wajen sake fasalin yawancin rukunin kasuwancin Siemens a duniya. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2001, an kara Kleinfeld zuwa babban jami'in aiki (COO) na Siemens USA. babban jami'in aiki Rashin tattalin arziki a Amurka ya yi mummunar tasiri ga riba kuma Kleinfeld ya yi la'akari da dabarun gagarumin don inganta aikin kamfanonin Siemens. Ya kuma nemi gyara, siyarwa ko rufe ayyukan kamfanonin da aka samu kwanan nan da ƙirƙirar sabbin damar siyarwa. An rage ayyukan da ba su da riba daga 24 zuwa 8, kuma wasu matakan rage farashin sun adana kimanin dala miliyan 100. Daga Janairu 2005 zuwa Yuni 2007, Kleinfeld ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba na Siemens USA. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2004, an nada Kleinfeld a kwamitin zartarwa na kamfanonin Siemens. Har ila yau, a shekara ta 2004, an nada Kleinfeld mataimakin shugaban Siemens AG. A shekara ta 2004, Kleinfeld ya ba da shawarar al'adun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da masu hannun jari, yana matsawa kungiyoyin kwadago na Jamus su saki dokokin aiki da kuma tsawaita makon aiki na Jamus daga 35 zuwa 40, ba tare da ƙarin albashi ba. Kleinfeld ya ce ma'aikatan Jamus "dole ne su daidaita kuma su fahimci yadda duniya take" don ci gaba da yin gasa. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, tallace-tallace sun karu da kashi 16, ribar ta karu da kashi 35, kuma hannun jari ta karu da shekaru 40. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2005 an nada shi Shugaba, wanda ya gaji Heinrich von Pierer. Heinrich von Pierer Shirin Kleinfeld na sabunta kamfanin ya haifar da rikici tare da masu kare al'adun kasuwancin gargajiya na Siemens. Saboda tsarin mulkin Jamusanci na gargajiya guda biyu, kwamitin kulawa wanda ya hada da wakilan ƙungiyar kwadago da masu hannun jari sun ki amincewa da tsare-tsaren sake fasalin Kleinfeld. Duk da yake dabarunsa suna kallon da kyau ta hanyar 'yan jaridar kudi na duniya, kafofin watsa labarai na Jamus sun soki Kleinfeld, galibi saboda rashin alhakin zamantakewa game da ma'aikatan Siemens. alhakin zamantakewa Kafin matsayinsa na Shugaba, Kleinfeld ya jagoranci Siemens Management Consulting a matsayin abokin tarayya ga kasuwancin duniya, yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga canjin riba na kasuwancin yankin Siemens a Amurka. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2007, duk kungiyoyin Siemens sun kai ko sun wuce iyakokin da aka yi niyya a karon farko. Binciken cin hanci A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2006, binciken zamba da gwamnatin Jamus ta yi ya zama sananne. Binciken daga baya ya gano cewa Siemens yana kula da kudade a cikin asusun banki na sirri a waje da Jamus wanda kamfanin ya yi amfani da shi don samun kwangila. kudade masu lalacewa Da zarar binciken ya zama na jama'a, Kleinfeld ya hayar masana shari'a da masu binciken waje don gudanar da bincike mai zaman kansa da sake fasalin ayyukan lissafi da sarrafawa na cikin gida na kamfanin da kuma kawar da yiwuwar ayyukan da ba su dace ba. Binciken mai zaman kansa daga baya ya gano cewa kamfanin ya biya daruruwan miliyoyin daloli a cikin cin hanci, wanda ya kasance doka a Jamus har zuwa 1999, amma cewa "babu wata alama ta mummunar hali ko kuma cewa Kleinfeld yana da wani ilmi game da abubuwan da suka faru" da suka shafi abin kunya. cin hanci SEC ta gabatar da tuhumar cin hanci da rashawa a kan Siemens. SEC Kleinfeld da sauran tsoffin shugabannin Siemens da membobin kwamitin an zarge su da "rashin hana cin hanci da rashawa". Ba a gabatar da wani zargi a kan Kleinfeld ba kuma Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta ambaci hadin gwiwar Siemens da bincike mai zaman kansa da Kleinfeld ya fara a matsayin dalilai na rage hukuncin kudi na Siemens. A watan Yunin 2007, Kleinfeld ya bar Siemens, yana mai nuna rashin tabbas game da makomar sa tare da kamfanin bayan rarrabuwa tsakanin mambobin kwamitin Siemens game da tsawaita kwangilarsa ya zama sananne. A watan Satumbar 2009, Siemens ta yi barazanar gurfanar da Kleinfeld da sauran tsoffin shugabannin gudanarwa saboda gazawar kulawa kuma ta ba da tayin sasantawa don biyan kamfanin na miliyoyin daloli a cikin tarar da lalacewar "sunansa". Kleinfeld ya amince da warware lamarin na Yuro miliyan 2. Alcoa da Arconic A shekara ta 2003, Kleinfeld ya shiga kwamitin daraktocin Alcoa, inda ya karbi dala miliyan 2.3 a hannun jari a ranar farko. A watan Agustan 2007, Alcoa ta nada Kleinfeld a matsayin shugaban kasa. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2008, an nada shi Shugaba, wanda ya gaji Alain JP Belda. Alain J. P. Belda A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2010, an nada Kleinfeld a matsayin shugaban Alcoa. A cikin shekara ta 2012, Kleinfeld ya fara rufe wasu wuraren narkewa masu tsada. A cikin shekara ta 2013, ya ambaci wani baya a cikin masana'antun sararin samaniya da kuma karuwar bukatar kayayyakin aluminum masu sauƙi a cikin masana-antun motoci da gine-gine saboda "canjin tarihi" zuwa ga man fetur da ingancin makamashi. Ginin motar sararin samaniya Kleinfeld ya jagoranci rarraba kamfanin tare da ƙarin fasahar kayan aiki masu yawa, injiniya da masana'antu, kuma ya ba da umarnin sayen kamfanoni uku don sanya Alcoa cikin kasuwancin sararin samaniya. Ya aiwatar da dabarun don rage dogaro da kamfanin akan kayayyaki, yana kula da tasowa don zama jagora na duniya a cikin ƙarfe mai sauƙi, da haɓaka sunansa don ƙwarewar masana'antu. A ranar 28 ga Satumba 2015, Alcoa ta kammala canjin ta tare da sanarwar cewa za ta rabu zuwa kamfanoni biyu na jama'a a shekara mai zuwa wani mai suna Alcoa Corp., da kuma wani wanda ya ƙunshi mai suna Alcao Inc., Arconic, wanda zai riƙe Alcoa Inc.'s darajar-ƙara tsakiyar- da kuma ƙasa kasuwanci. Alcoa Corp. A ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 2016, Alcoa ta raba aikinta na aluminum daga sassan kasuwanci waɗanda ke ba da kasuwannin sararin samaniya da na motoci. Kamfanin da aka riƙe shi ne sabon kamfani da aka kirkira Alcoa Corp. Kleinfeld ya kasance a matsayin shugaban Arconic da Shugaba bayan rabuwa. Alcoa Corp. Da farko ya ba da shawarar zama shugaban kamfanin a lokacin canji, amma an ƙi tayin; Kleinfeld ba shi da alaƙa da sabon kamfanin. Shirye-shiryen ilimi na STEM A karkashin jagorancin Kleinfeld, Alcoa ta goyi bayan shirye-shiryen ci gaban ma'aikata na STEM (kimiyya, fasaha, injiniya da lissafi) don horar da ilimantar da dalibai da malamai a duniya. STEM Wani yanki na Yuli 2012 wanda Kleinfeld da Richard Haass, shugaban Majalisar kan Harkokin Kasashen Waje, suka rubuta, sun ba da shawarar haɗin gwiwar kasuwanci da gwamnati don rage gibin ƙwarewar STEM tsakanin kasuwar ma'aikata da masana'antun. Majalisar Richard Haass kan Harkokin Kasashen Waje A watan Satumbar 2013, Shugaba Obama ya nada Kleinfeld a cikin Kwamitin Gudanar da Kasuwancin Kasuwanci na Shugaban kasa 2.0 don ci gaba da kokarin Alcoa na kula da jagorancin Amurka a cikin fasahohin da ke tasowa. Yin murabus daga Arconic A ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2017, kamfanin Elliott Management Corporation ya kaddamar da gasar wakilai a kan kamfanin. Kamfanin Gudanar da Elliott Elliott ya yi kira ga korar Kleinfeld a fili, yana mai nuna rashin aikin kamfanin, ya rasa hasashen riba, da rashin inganci. A ranar 17 ga Afrilu 2017, Kleinfeld ya yi murabus a matsayin shugaban da Shugaba ta hanyar yarjejeniya tare da kwamitin Arconic, bayan ya aika da wasika ba tare da izini ba ga Elliott. Klaus Kleinfeld ya kafa tare da Abokan SPAC "Constellation" wanda aka jera a kan NYSE a cikin 2021. Ya kafa kamfaninsa na saka hannun jari "K2 Elevation" wanda ke saka hannun jari da haɓaka kamfanoni na duniya a cikin fasahar fasaha da ɓangaren biotech. A halin yanzu fayil ɗin ya ƙunshi ayyukan a Jamus, Austria, da Amurka. Yana ba da shawara ga kamfanoni da yawa da kuma kungiyoyi daban-daban. Kwamiti Shi memba ne na Kwamitin Gudanar da Ƙungiyar Bilderberg, Kwamitin Amintattun Cibiyar Brookings, Kwamitin Gidauniyar Tattalin Arziki na Duniya, Kwamitin Amurka na Tattalin Ruwa na Duniya, da Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Metropolitan Opera. Kungiyar Bilderberg Brookings Cibiyar Taron Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya Metropolitan Opera A shekara ta 2009, an nada Kleinfeld a matsayin shugaban kwamitin Majalisar Kasuwancin Amurka da Rasha (USRBC), wanda ke inganta kasuwanci da saka hannun jari tsakanin Amurka da Rasha. Majalisar Kasuwancin Amurka da Rasha. A cikin 2013, Kleinfeld ya shiga Kwamitin Daraktocin Majalisar Kasuwancin Amurka da China kuma memba ne na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Shugaba na Duniya na Firayim Minista na kasar Sin. Firayim Ministan kasar Sin. A baya, Kleinfeld ya yi aiki a kwamitin kula da Bayer AG daga 2005 zuwa 2014, ya kasance darektan Citigroup Inc. daga 2005 zuwa 2007, kuma ya yi aiki ne a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Siemens AG daga 2004 zuwa 2007. Bayer AG Citigroup Inc. Siemens AG Mista Kleinfeld ya kuma yi aiki a Kwamitin Daraktoci na Morgan Stanley da Hewlett Packard Enterprise har zuwa Afrilu 2017. Kamfanin Morgan Stanley Hewlett Packard Shi memba ne na allon sa ido na NEOM, Konux da Ferolabs. Kleinfeld shi ne Sanata mai daraja na Lindau Nobel Laureates Taron kuma memba ne na kwamitin Metropolitan Opera, New York Kyaututtuka da karbuwa A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, Kleinfeld ya sami lambar yabo ta Legend in Leadership daga Cibiyar Nazarin Shugabannin Yale. Har ila yau, a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, Kleinfeld ya sami lambar yabo ta Dwight D. Eisenhower Global Leadership Award daga Majalisar Kasuwanci don Fahimtar Kasa da Kasa. Kwamitin Kasuwanci don Fahimtar Kasa da Kasa. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2014, an nada Kleinfeld Shugaba na Shekara a 2014 Platts Global Metals Awards Rayuwa ta mutum Kleinfeld yana zaune a New York tare da matarsa, Birgit, da yara biyu. Abin sha'awa na Kleinfeld shine wasanni (marathon, tseren kankara, wasan tennis). Littattafai Samar da Makomar. 'Yan Kasuwancin Siemens 1847-2018. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Cibiyar Tarihi ta Siemens, Hamburg 2018, ISBN 9-783867-746243. __hauhauhau__ ISBN __hauhauhau__ 9-783867-746243 Kamfanin Kasuwanci da dabarun Tarayyar Kasuwanci, Akademie-Verlag München 1994, ISBN 3-929115-16-6 Kamfanin Kasancewa da dabarun Kasuwanci __hauhauhau__ ISBN __hauhauhau__ 3-929115-16-6 Manazarta Haɗin waje Shugabannin da Babban Jami'an Siemens AG Haihuwan 1957 Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
25396	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bala%20Ade%20Dauke	Bala Ade Dauke	Bala Ade Dauke Gora (1935/6 2006) ya kasance Hakimi na farko ɗan asalin Kudancin Zariya kuma sarkin farko na ƙabilar Katab ko Atyap Chiefdom, masarautar gargajiya ta Najeriya a kudancin jihar Kaduna, Middle Belt (tsakiyar) Najeriya. Sunayen Kauyen Banan Zazzau da Agwatyab I sun san shi. Tarihin Rayuwa da Ilimi Bala ya girma tare da mahaifinsa, Ade, da babban yayan mahaifinsa, Duk, suna zaune tare a babban fili kuma suna noma tare, Kanai (H. Gora), Ƙasar Katafawa. Kawunsa shine Shugaban Iyali da kuma Hakimin Kanai yana yin aiki a matsayin mai gudanarwa a yankin, wanda zai amsawa Hakimin Gundumar a Hedikwatar Gudanarwa a garin Zangon Kataf. Ba a san takamaiman ranar haihuwar Bala ba amma ya yi hasashen shekarar haihuwarsa tsakanin 1935 zuwa 1936 a tarihin rayuwarsa da aka ɗauka a cikin littafin da ya rubuta mai taken, Zangon Kataf: Tafiyar Jama'a Neman ilimi na Bala ya fara ne a 1942, lokacin da kawunsa, Dauke ya yi masa rajista, wanda ya ƙaunace shi sosai zuwa makarantar firamare ta Native Authority (NA), Zonzon, wanda ya halarta tare da ɗan Dauke, Bako, ƙaunataccen kawunsa, kafin na ƙarshe ya fadi bayan ya kai matakin Firamare na uku saboda shekarun sa. Bako a baya ya koyar da Bala ABCD tare da sauran yara maza a cikin gidan, kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban farko na makarantar firamare ta Zonzon NA, na biyu da aka kafa a ƙasar Katafawa a 1939, kuma ya girmi Bala. Tsakanin 1943-1946 ya rike mukamin Daraktan Lafiya na makarantar, A 1946, an shigar da shi Makarantar Midil ta Zariya yanzu Kwalejin Alhudahuda (inda ya zauna har zuwa 1951 kuma a cikin wannan shekarar, ya rasa kawunsa, Dauke. Ziyararsa ta farko a makarantar ita ce a 1944, lokacin da malaminsa, Dawa Jankasa, ya tafi da shi tare da wani abokinsa, Adam Atar, a wani aikin fallasa. Ya zama mai tsere mai nisa a cikin "Gidan Waziri" kuma ya lashe gidan makaranta da kansa lambobin yabo. Ya kuma zama mai kula da Lokaci na makaranta da ƙaramin Shugaban Ƙasa a shekararsa ta biyu a 1947. Aiki da Karin Karatu Bayan barin Makarantar Midil ta Zariya a farkon 1951, Dauke nan take ya nemi shiga aikin ɗan sandan Najeriya. Yayin da yake jiran sakamakon, ya sami aiki a Babban Ofishin Jakadancin Sudan (SIM) Bookshop, Jos Daga baya a waccan shekarar, aikace -aikacensa ya shiga aikin 'yan sanda ya yi nasara kuma ya shiga Kwalejin' yan sanda, Kaduna, kuma bayan wucewarsa ya sami posting na farko zuwa Junction Kaduna a matsayin mai sintiri, post na biyu shi ne kan titin Kaduna a 1952. Yayii rajista don yin kwas ɗin Fresher a Kano don ya kasance tsakanin 1952 zuwa 1953, amma saboda rikicin Kano na 1953, ya kasa kammala karatun na tsawon watanni 6 yayin da aka tura shi zuwa wurin rikicin a Fage, Kano. Daga baya, ya zama marubucin ofishin ƴan sanda sannan aka tura shi sashin binciken manyan laifuka. Aikin Dauke na farko shine ya dawo da wanda ake zargi daga Legas, wanda abin takaici ya tsere a hannun sa a kan hanyar dawowa Kaduna a Offa a watan Agusta na ƙarshen 1955, wanda hakan ya sanya shi cikin rudani. Ya bar rundunar ƴan sandan Najeriya a watan Fabrairun 1956 ya koma gida Gan, Kanai, tare da matarsa, Ladi, wanda nan da nan ta zama babban dinkin a Atyapland. A shekarar 1958, an shigar da Dauke cikin Cibiyar Gudanarwa, Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello, Zariya, don shirin nazarin sakatariya na wata shida, wanda ya kammala a shekarar 1959. A watan Janairun 1960, ya sake samun gurbin karatu na shekara guda a Makarantar Gudanarwa, wanda bayan kammalawa, aka canza shi zuwa fadar Sarkin da ke Zariya (daga Zangon Kataf) a matsayin mataimakiyar Malami. A cikin kwata na ƙarshe na 1961, an mai da shi Babban Jami'in Kula da Jin Dadin Jama'a na Ƙasar, kuma ya ci gaba da zama har zuwa 1963, lokacin da ya halarci kwas ɗin Jami'in Kula da Jin Daɗin Jama'a na Yankin Arewa a Kaduna kuma ya zo na huɗu daga 14 gaba ɗaya. Wannan, don haka, ya ba shi gurbin karatu na atomatik don zuwa Coleg Harlech, North Wales, Birtaniya, don yin nazarin Ilimin halin ɗabi'a da tattalin arziki a matakin ci gaba. Lokacin da ya isa can, an tura shi Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Gabashin London don karatun gyara, inda ya kuma shiga cikin kwasa-kwasan lokaci na walwalar Jama'a A 1965, ya koma Coleg Harlech daga Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London don karanta ilimin halayyar ɗan adam. A 1966, ya dawo gida bayan ƙarewar karatunsa kuma ya sake neman wata malanta don kammala karatunsa, kuma an yarda. Ya kamata ya dawo ranar 29 ga Afrilu 1967, lokacin da aka tilasta masa karbar mukamin Hakimin (ko Hakimi) a ranar 4 ga Afrilu 1967, kuma ya fara aiki a wannan matsayin a ranar 6 ga Afrilu 1967. Aure A shekarar 1948, Dauke ya hadu da Ladi, abokiyar karatunsa da ya san ta a Makarantar Midil ta Zariya ta hannun abokinsa, Adam Atar, a karon farko a Ashong Ashyui a ranar kasuwa. Ta kuma kasance 'yar uwar Tagwai Sambo, wani abokin karatunsa. Ya kai ziyarar farko ga iyayenta a Manchok a 1950 kuma ya aure ta da wakili, wanda dan uwansa, Bawa ya wakilta, a ranar 8 ga Yuli sheakara ta 1952. Aikin siyasa da sarauta Dauke ya fara tafiya siyasa ne bayan ya bar rundunar ƴan sandan Najeriya, a karshen shekarar 1956, saboda tsananin sha'awar ci gaban zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da siyasa na mutanen sa, Atyab da daukacin Kudancin Zariya, kuma ya samu kusanci sosai. Ƴan siyasa irin su Honorabul Dauda Haruna daga Kwoi, a lokacin yana wakiltar Kudancin Zariya a Majalisar [Arewacin Najeriya], Kaduna, kuma sun hadu da wasu kamar Solomon Lar, Reverend David Lot da Tanko Yusufu. A cikin 1957, ya zama magatakarda na Majalisar Rukunin Ƙauyen Atyab, tare da Adam Yabiliyok a matsayin Wakili A shekarar 1959, ya shiga majalisar wakilan jama'ar Arewa (NPC) bayan da aka cika filin United Middle Belt Congress (UMBC), domin shiga zaɓen kujerar ɗan majalisar wakilai na yankin Arewa a Kaduna, na Zangon. Mazabar Katab, amma ya rasa ga wani Atyap (Katab/Kataf), Hon. Shekarau Kaah, wanda ya kasance dan takarar UMBC. A ranar 4 ga Afrilu 1967, aka naɗa Bala Ade Dauke Gora a matsayin Hakimin Zangon Katab na farko da duk Kudancin Zariya bayan kin amincewa da John Sarki Tafida (Dan Galadima Zazzau da Hakimin Kirista na farko na Zangon Katab daga Mayu 1957 to 1961 wanda aka ɗauke ba 'yan asalin da haka, m ga matsayin da kudancin Zaria tsoma bakin saboda ya Hausa-Fulani asalin da kuma tushen a cikin Zaria Native Authority A ranar Laraba 6 ga Afrilu 1967, tare da tawaga daga Zariya aka raka shi cikin motar Iyan Zazzau tare da abokansa Bawa Gambo Sarkin Zanan Zazzau da Shehu Idris sakataren masarautar Zaria a lokacin, yana tuƙi ta hanyar Kaduna, Zonkwa da Zangon. Kataf inda mutane da yawa ke jiran maraba da shi cikin farin ciki da murna. A ranar da ya koma aiki kuma lokacin da muƙaddashin naɗin nasa ya ƙare a ranar 28 ga Satumba, ya zama cikakken Hakimin Gundumar bayan nadin sarautar da aka yi masa a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1967 inda aka sanya shi ya karɓi sarautar Zariya kuma ya zaɓi Kuyan Banan Zazzau Ba wai kawai nadin nasa a matsayin wata hanya ta biyan diyya ba ga neman takarar kujerar ɗan majalisar wakilai na yankin Arewa a Kaduna amma kuma, mafi mahimmanci, don kwantar da hankulan mutanen Atyap na shekaru da yawa don cin gashin kansu. Ya yi mulki mafi tsawo a matsayin Hakimin Zangon Kataf da Kuyan Banan Zazzau na tsawon shekaru 28 (1967-1995) lokacin da mutanen Atyap tare da Bajju, Gwong da Sanga aka cire su daga Majalisar Masarautar Zazzau (Zariya) ta gwamnatin jihar Kaduna. gwamnatin soji ta Lawal Jafaru Isa, a lokacin tana kan mulki kuma an kirkiro Atyap Chiefdom. Daga nan Dauke ya zama Agwatyab ko Agwatyap (Babban Atyap), ɗan asalin farko na su duka. Daga cikin nasarorin da ya samu a matsayin Hakimin Gundumar, Dauke a 1975 ya taimaka wa Chawai (Tsam) don gane gundumar kuma a cikin 1990, Bajju da 1991, sun sami nasarar ƙirƙirar ƙarin gundumomi don Zangon Kataf. A cikin 2001, an haɓaka Dauke a matsayin Agwatyab I na Atyabland zuwa Babban Darakta na Biyu. Tsare jihar Bayan rikice-rikicen Zangon Kataf na 1992 na 6 ga Fabrairu da 15 da 16 ga Mayu aƙalla an kama mutane 21 'yan asalin Atyap kuma aka bar su a tsare ba tare da tuhuma ko shari'a ba a ƙarƙashin Dokar 2 ta 1984 da gwamnatin sojan Najeriya ta kafa. An kama Bala Ade Dauke a ranar 21 ga watan Mayu na shekarar 1992 sannan daga baya aka haɗa shi da wasu mutane biyar wato: Maj. Gen. Zamani Lekwot (rtd. ACP Juri Babang Ayok (rtd. Manjo John Atomic Kude (rtd. Dominic G. Yahaya Atyatyap na yanzu), da Peter Lekwot, a matsayin fursunoni na "Class na Musamman". Ya kasance fursuna tsakanin 21 ga Mayu 1992 zuwa 9 ga Oktoba 1993 lokacin da ya sami 'yanci. Nassoshi Mutanen Najeriya Mutane daga jihar Kaduna Pages with unreviewed
57378	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range%20Rover%20Classic	Range Rover Classic	Range Rover jerin abubuwan hawa ne 4x4, matsakaiciyar girman Kashe-hanya wanda aka samar daga 1969 zuwa 1996 da farko ta ƙungiyar Rover (daga baya Land Rover na British Leyland, kuma daga baya ta ƙungiyar Rover Farkon motocin da aka samar a ƙarƙashin sunan Range Rover, an gina shi azaman ƙirar kofa biyu don shekaru 11 na farko, har sai da kofa huɗu kuma ta kasance a cikin 1981. Range Rover daga nan ya yi nasarar haɓaka kasuwa a cikin 1980s, kuma an yi muhawara sosai a Amurka a matsayin ƙirar ɗan shekara 17 a 1987 Los Angeles Auto Show An hana samun nau'in kofa biyu daga 1984, amma ya kasance yana samarwa ga wasu kasuwanni har zuwa 1994, lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da ƙarni na biyu. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Land Rover ya sake fasalin ainihin samfurin a ƙarƙashin kalmar Range Rover Classic, don bambanta shi da sabon magajinsa na P38A, lokacin da aka gina su biyu tare da ɗan gajeren lokaci, kuma sun yi amfani da sunan a baya ga duk Range Rovers na farko. Kodayake ƙarni na biyu Range Rover ya maye gurbinsa a hukumance, wanda ya fara a cikin 1994 duka magajin da mafi araha na farko da na biyu na Gano Land Rover sun dogara ne akan ainihin asalin Range Rover's chassis, jirgin ƙasa da tsarin jiki, wanda a cikin jigon ya rayu har zuwa ƙarni na uku Discovery ya zo, kuma layin jini na injiniya ya ƙare tare da maye gurbin Mark 2 Gano bayan 2004. A cikifarkon 2020, aikin samar da shekaru 26 na asalin Range Rover an ƙidaya shi azaman motar ƙarni na ashirin da bakwai mafi tsayi a tarihi ta mujallar Autocar Tarihi Rover 's Land Rover Series Na ƙaddamar a cikin 1948 an tsara shi don zama mai arha, mai sauƙin ƙira, kuma ya dace da aiki tuƙuru a cikin yankunan karkara, tare da ɗan rangwame ga kwanciyar hankali. Ba da jimawa ba Rover ya gane cewa kasuwa ta wanzu don abin hawa daga kan hanya tare da ƙarin abubuwan more rayuwa. A cikin 1949 an saki motar Land Rover Estate, tare da koci-ginin katako da Tickford ya gina. Duk da haka, babban farashin ƙara irin waɗannan siffofi na mota kamar kujeru bakwai, kafet na bene, na'ura mai zafi, gilashin gilashi guda ɗaya ya sa an sayar da ƙasa da 700 kafin a bar samfurin a 1951. A shekara ta 1954 Land Rover ya ƙaddamar da mota ta biyu, wannan lokacin yana nufin mai amfani da kasuwanci wanda ke buƙatar abin hawa daga kan hanya don ɗaukar fasinjoji ba tare da jin dadi na mota ba. Dangane da bambance-bambancen nau'in Land Rover na kasuwanci, yana da kujeru masu dacewa da wurin lodi da tagogi da aka yanke a cikin gefuna. Duk da yake akwai tare da fasali kamar fitilar ciki, hita, ƙofa da gyaran bene da ingantattun kujeru, motar kadara ta riƙe ƙaƙƙarfan abin hawa da iya dakatarwa da kuma matsakaicin aikinta. A ƙarshen 1950s Rover ya gamsu cewa kasuwa don samun kwanciyar hankali 4x4 ya wanzu a yankuna kamar Afirka da Ostiraliya, inda masu ababen hawa na yau da kullun suka fuskanci doguwar tafiye-tafiye a kan titunan da ba a yi ba waɗanda ke buƙatar tuƙi mai ƙafa huɗu da tsauri mai tsauri. A shekarar 1958 aka gina na farko na "Road Rover" ci gaban motoci. Haɗa dagewar Land Rover tare da jin daɗin motar Rover saloon, yana da fasalin Land Rover chassis da kayan gudu sanye da kayan aikin mota mai kama da mota. Bai taba sanya shi cikin samarwa ba. A cikin 1960s, Rover ya fara sanin haɓakar tayi na abin hawa mai amfani a Arewacin Amurka. Proto SUVs kamar International Harvester Scout (1961) da Ford Bronco (1966) sun fara skew na 4x4s zuwa sauri da ta'aziyya yayin da suke riƙe fiye da isassun ikon kashe hanya don yawancin masu amfani masu zaman kansu. Jeep Wagoneer ya kara tabbatar da manufar a cikin hanyar da Rover ya yi ƙoƙari sau da yawa, amma tare da ƙarin iko. Don samar da Rover nudge don haɓakawa, shugaban ayyukan kamfanin na Amurka ya aika da Land Rover Series II 88 zuwa Biritaniya wanda aka sanye da ƙaramin injin buick V8 na ci gaba. Rover yarda da kunno kai na wasanni kashe-hanya kasuwar a 1967 karkashin Charles Spencer King, kuma ya fara da "100-inch Station Wagon" shirin don bunkasa m gasa. Rover ya sayi Bronco, wanda ke nuna nau'in dakatarwar ruwa mai tsayin tafiya da ake buƙata don haɗakar da kwanciyar hankali na mota da ake buƙata da kuma tabbatar da ikon Land Rover. An ce Sarki ya gamsu da magudanan ruwa yayin tuki Rover P6 a kan wani yanki na masana'antar Solihull da ake sake ginawa. Ya kuma gamsu cewa ana buƙatar watsa tayoyin kafa huɗu na dindindin duka don samar da isassun kulawa da kuma ɗaukar ƙarfin da ake buƙata don abin hawa ya kasance mai gasa. Farashin haɓaka sabon watsawa gabaɗaya ya bazu tsakanin aikin SW 100-inch da wanda ke aiki akan abin da zai zama Land Rover 101 Forward Control Ƙarfi, haske da ƙarfi, Buick alloy V8 ya sami gyare-gyare a kan hanya irin su carburettors waɗanda ke kula da samar da man fetur a matsanancin kusurwoyi da kuma tanadi don cranking injin tare da farawa a cikin gaggawa. Aikin jiki na ƙarshe ya ƙunshi ƙira da ƙungiyar injiniyoyi suka yi, maimakon sashin salo na David Bache Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
26444	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakin%20Mu%27tah	Yakin Mu'tah	Yakin Mu'tah (Larabci: rakah tah, ko Larabci: Ghazwah tah) yaƙi ne ko faɗa da aka yi a watan Satumba na 629 (1 Jumada al-Awwal 8 AH), kusa da ƙauyen Mu'tah, gabas na Kogin Urdun da Karak a cikin Karak Governorate, tsakanin sojojin Muhammad da sojojin daular Byzantine da mayaƙan Kiristocinsu na Larabawa. A cikin tushen tarihin Islama, galibi ana kwatanta yaƙin a matsayin yunƙurin musulmai na ɗaukar fansa a kan wani sarkin Ghassanid saboda ya kashe ran mai aike. A cewar majiyoyin Byzantine, Musulman sun shirya kaddamar da harin a ranar biki. The Byzantine Vicarius na yankin ya koyi tsare -tsarensu kuma ya tattara garuruwan garuruwa. Ganin adadi mai yawa na sojojin abokan gaba, Musulmai sun ja da baya zuwa kudanci inda aka fara fadan a ƙauyen Mu'tah kuma an fatattake su ko kuma sun yi ritaya ba tare da ɗaukar fansa kan sarkin Ghassanid ba. A cewar majiyoyin Musulmai, bayan an kashe shugabanninsu uku, an ba Khalid ibn al-Walid umurnin kuma ya yi nasarar ceton sauran sojojin. Bayan shekaru uku Musulmai za su dawo don fatattakar sojojin Rumawa a Yaƙin Usama bin Zayd. Bayan Fage Rumawa sun sake mamaye yankuna bayan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tsakanin Sarki Heraclius da Sasanid janar Shahrbaraz a watan Yulin 629. The Byzantine sakellarios Theodore, an sanya shi a matsayin kwamandan runduna, kuma yayin da a yankin Balqa, kabilun Larabawa suma suna aiki. A halin da ake ciki, Muhammad ya aike da wakilinsa ga sarkin Bosra. Yayin da yake kan hanyarsa ta zuwa Bosra, an kashe shi a ƙauyen Mu'utah da umurnin wani jami'in Ghassanid Shurahbil ibn Amr. Tattara sojojin Muhammad ya aika da rundunarsa 3,000 a cikin watan Jumada al-Awwal 7 (AH), 629 (AZ), don gaggawar kai farmaki da azabtar da kabilun saboda kisan Ghassanids na wakilinsa. Zaid bn Harithah ne ya jagoranci rundunar; na biyu shi ne Ja’afar bn Abi Talib na uku kuma shi ne Abd Allah ibn Rawahah. Lokacin da sojojin Musulmai suka isa yankin da ke gabashin Urdun kuma suka sami labarin girman sojojin Rumawa, sun so su jira su aika da kayan taimako daga Madina. Abdullahi bn Rawahah ya tunatar da su sha’awarsu ta shahada tare da tambayar matakin jira lokacin da abin da suke so ke jiransu, don haka suka ci gaba da tafiya zuwa rundunar da ke jira. Yaki Musulmai sun shiga da Rumawa a sansaninsu ta ƙauyen Musharif sannan suka ja da baya zuwa Mu'tah. A nan ne rundunonin biyu suka fafata. Wasu majiyoyin Musulmai sun ba da rahoton cewa an yi yaƙin ne a cikin kwari tsakanin tsaunuka biyu, wanda ya ɓata fifikon adadi na Rumawa. A lokacin yaƙin, dukkan shugabannin musulmai uku sun faɗi ɗaya bayan ɗaya yayin da suke ɗaukar umurnin rundunar: na farko, Zayd, sannan Ja'afar, sannan Abdullah. Bayan rasuwar marigayin, wasu daga cikin sojojin musulmi sun fara cin karensu babu babbaka. Thabit ibn Aqram, ganin halin matsanancin halin da sojojin musulmi suke ciki, ya dauki tutar ya tara abokansa ta haka ya kubutar da sojojin daga halaka gaba daya. Bayan yaƙin, ibn Aqram ya ɗauki tutar, kafin ya nemi Khalid ibn al-Walid ya jagoranci. Asarar Musulmai An rubuta adadin wadanda aka kashe daga bangaren Musulmi a matsayin hudu daga Muhajireen yayin da takwas kuma daga Ansar. Sunayensu sune: Zayd ibn Harithah Ja'far ibn Abi Talib Abd Allah ibn Rawahah Masoud bin Al-Aswad Wahb ibn Sa'd Abbad bin Qais Amr ibn Saad (ba dan Sa’ad bn Abi Waqqas ba) Harith bin Nu'man Saraqah bin Amr Abu Kulaib bin Amr Jabir ibn 'Amr Amer bin Saad Daniel C. Peterson, Farfesa na Nazarin Addinin Musulunci a Jami'ar Brigham Young, ya gano raunin asarar rayuka a tsakanin shuwagabannin da ake tuhuma idan aka kwatanta da asarar da sojoji talakawa ke yi. David Powers, Farfesa na Nazarin Gabas ta Gabas a Cornell, ya kuma ambaci wannan son sani game da raunin da aka samu wanda masana tarihin Musulmi suka rubuta. Bayan An ba da rahoton cewa lokacin da rundunar musulmin ta isa Madina, an yi musu azaba saboda janyewa kuma an zarge su da guduwa. An ruwaito Salamah bn Hisham, dan uwan Amr bn Hishām (Abu Jahl) ya yi sallah a gida maimakon zuwa masallaci don gudun kada yayi bayanin kansa. Muhammad ya umarce su da su daina, yana mai cewa za su dawo su sake yakar Rumawa. Ba zai kasance ba har sai ƙarni na uku bayan Hijira Tarihin Musulman Sunnah zai bayyana cewa Muhammadu ya ba Khalid lakabin 'Saifullah' ma'ana 'Takobin Allah'. A yau, Musulman da suka fadi a yaƙin ana ɗaukar su shahidai Daga baya an gina wani kabari a Mu'tah akan kaburburansu. Tarihi A cewar al-Waqidi da Ibn Ishaq, an sanar da Musulmai cewa sojojin abokan gaba 100,000 ko 200,000 sun yi sansani a Balqa'i. Sakamakon haka, masana tarihi na zamani sun karyata wannan yana mai cewa adadi ya wuce kima. A cewar Walter Emil Kaegi, farfesa na tarihin Byzantine a Jami'ar Chicago, girman dukan sojojin Byzantine a ƙarni na 7 na iya kaiwa 100,000, wataƙila ma rabin wannan adadin. Yayin da sojojin Rumawa a Mu'tah ke da wuya su kai sama da 10,000. Labarun musulmai game da yaƙin sun bambanta kan sakamakon. A cewar David S. Powers, tushen Musulmi na farko kamar al-Waqidi sun rubuta yaƙin a matsayin cin kaskanci mai wulaƙanci (hazīma). Koyaya, Montgomery Watt ya lura cewa al-Waqidi ya kuma rubuta asusun inda sojojin Rumawa suka gudu. Ƙarfi yana ba da shawarar cewa daga baya masana tarihi na musulinci sun sake yin aiki da kayan farko don yin daidai da ra'ayin Islama game da shirin Allah. Majiyoyin da suka biyo baya sun gabatar da yakin a matsayin nasarar Musulmi ganin cewa mafi yawan sojojin musulmi sun dawo lafiya. Manazarta Gallery
59969	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanayin%20ruwan%20sama%20na%20tropical%20cyclone	Yanayin ruwan sama na tropical cyclone	An haɓaka yanayin yanayin ruwan sama na cyclone mai zafi don tantance halayen ruwan sama na guguwar da ta gabata. Ana iya amfani da yanayin yanayin ruwan sama na cyclone don taimakawa hasashen tasirin guguwar na yanzu ko mai zuwa. Matsayin tasirin ruwan sama na cyclone na wurare masu zafi ya dogara ne akan saurin motsi, girman guguwa, da matakin jurar iska a tsaye. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan barazanar da guguwa mai zafi ke haifarwa shine ruwan sama mai yawa. Manya-manyan, jinkirin motsi, da cyclones na wurare masu zafi waɗanda ba sa bushewa suna haifar da ruwan sama mafi girma. Ƙarfin guguwar yanayi ba ta da wani tasiri a kan yuwuwarta ta samun ruwan sama a kan ƙasa, amma aunawar tauraron dan adam a cikin shekaru da dama da suka wuce ya nuna cewa guguwar da ke da zafi na haifar da ruwan sama sosai a kan ruwa. Ambaliyar ruwa daga guguwa mai zafi ya kasance babban sanadin mace-mace, musamman a wuraren da ke kwance. Hasashen aukuwar ambaliyar ruwa Yayin da ambaliyar ruwa ta zama ruwan dare ga guguwa mai zafi, akwai abubuwan da ke haifar da yawan ruwan sama daga guguwa mai zafi. Jinkirin motsi, kamar yadda aka gani a lokacin Hurricane Danny (1997) da Hurricane Wilma, na iya haifar da yawan ruwan sama. Kasancewar tsaunuka tsaunuka kusa da bakin teku, kamar fadin yawancin Mexico, Haiti, Jamhuriyar Dominican, Amurka ta tsakiya, Madagascar, Réunion, China, da Japan suna yin girman girman ruwan sama saboda tilasta hawan hawan dutse. Strong babba matakin tilasta daga wani trough motsi ta hanyar Westerlies da kuma hade sanyi gaban, kamar yadda ya faru a lokacin Hurricane Floyd, na iya haifar da high yawa ko da daga tsarin motsi a wani talakawan gaba motsi. Guguwar iska mafi girma tana sauke ruwan sama yayin da suke hazo a wuri ɗaya na dogon lokaci fiye da matsakaita ko ƙananan cyclones na wurare masu zafi. Haɗin waɗannan abubuwa biyu na iya zama gurgunta musamman, kamar yadda aka gani a lokacin Hurricane Mitch a Amurka ta Tsakiya A cikin lokacin 2005, ambaliya mai alaƙa da jinkirin tafiya guguwar Stan ta haifar da mutuwar 1,662-2,000. Gabaɗaya rarraba tsakanin guguwar yanayi mai zafi Isaac Cline shi ne na farko da ya fara gudanar da bincike kan rarraba ruwan sama a kusa da guguwar yanayi a farkon shekarun 1900. Ya gano cewa ruwan sama ya fi girma a gaban cibiyar (ko ido) fiye da bayan wucewar cibiyar, tare da mafi girman kaso na fadowa a cikin kwata na gaba na dama. Uba Viñes na Cuba ya gano cewa wasu guguwa na wurare masu zafi suna da mafi girman adadin ruwan sama a cikin kwata na baya a cikin rukunin horo (mara motsi). A al'ada, yayin da guguwa mai zafi ke ƙaruwa, yawan ruwan sama ya fi ta'azzara a tsakiyarta. Ana samun ruwan sama ya fi nauyi a cikin tsakiyar cyclone na wurare masu zafi, ko ya kasance bangon ido ko na tsakiya mai yawa, a cikin madaidaicin digiri na cibiyar, tare da ƙarancin kuɗi nesa da cibiyar. Yawancin ruwan sama a cikin cyclones na wurare masu zafi yana maida hankali ne a cikin radius na gale-force (iska. Ruwan sama ya fi zama ruwan dare a kusa da tsakiyar cyclones na wurare masu zafi na dare. A cikin ƙasa, makada na waje sun fi aiki yayin dumama rana, waɗanda za su iya yin aiki don taƙaita shigowa cikin tsakiyar guguwar. Bincike na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa rabin ruwan sama a cikin guguwa mai zafi yana da tsari a yanayi. Riehl ya haɓaka taswirar dama a cikin 1954 ta amfani da ma'auni na yanayi wanda ke ɗaukar radiyo mai nisan guguwa mai ma'ana daidai gwargwado, kuma baya la'akari da tasirin yanayi ko juzu'in iska a tsaye. Adadin gida zai iya wuce wannan ginshiƙi da kashi biyu saboda yanayin ƙasa. Tsayar da iska tana ƙoƙarin rage adadin da ke ƙasa da abin da aka nuna akan tebur. Dangantaka da girman guguwa Manyan guguwa na wurare masu zafi suna da garkuwar ruwan sama mafi girma, wanda zai iya haifar da yawan ruwan sama mai nisa daga tsakiyar guguwar. Wannan yana faruwa gabaɗaya saboda tsayin lokacin da ruwan sama ya faɗi a kowane wuri a cikin babban tsari, idan aka kwatanta da ƙaramin tsari. Wasu daga cikin bambance-bambancen da ake gani game da ruwan sama tsakanin manya da kanana guguwa zai iya zama ƙarar samfurin ruwan sama a cikin babban guguwa mai zafi idan aka kwatanta da na ƙanƙaramar guguwa; a wasu kalmomi, bambancin zai iya zama sakamakon matsalar ƙididdiga. Slow/looping motsi akan girman ruwan sama Guguwa da suka yi tafiya sannu a hankali, ko madauki, a cikin kwanaki masu yawa suna haifar da mafi girman adadin ruwan sama ga ƙasashe da yawa. Riehl ya ƙididdige cewa na ruwan sama a kowace rana ana iya sa ran tsakanin rabin digiri, ko na tsakiyar babban guguwar yanayi mai zafi. Yawancin cyclones masu zafi suna ci gaba a motsi na gaba na 10 kulli, wanda zai iyakance tsawon lokacin wannan ruwan sama mai yawa zuwa kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na yini, wanda zai haifar da kusan na ruwan sama. Wannan zai zama gaskiya akan ruwa, tsakanin na bakin tekun, da siffofi na waje. Yayin da guguwar iska ta yi nisa a cikin kasa kuma ta katse shi daga samar da dumi da danshi (teku), ruwan sama ya yi yawa daga guguwa mai zafi kuma ragowar su na raguwa da sauri. [9] Tsayewar iska mai ƙarfi akan garkuwar ruwan sama Tsayar da iska ta tsaye tana tilasta yanayin ruwan sama a kusa da guguwar yanayi mai zafi ya zama asymmetric, tare da yawancin hazo yana faɗowa zuwa hagu da saukar iskar juzu'i, ko ƙasa ƙasa. Ma'ana, tsatsauran ra'ayi na kudu maso yamma yana tilasta yawancin ruwan sama daga arewa-maso-gabashin cibiyar. Idan iska ya yi ƙarfi sosai, yawancin ruwan sama zai ƙaura daga cibiyar da ke kaiwa ga abin da aka sani da cibiyar zagayawa mai fallasa. Lokacin da wannan ya faru, yuwuwar samun ruwan sama tare da guguwar yanayi mai zafi zai ragu sosai. Tasirin hulɗa tare da iyakoki na gaba babban matakin Yayin da guguwar iska mai zafi ke mu'amala tare da tudun ruwa na matakin sama da na gaba da ke da alaƙa, ana ganin wani yanki na musamman na hazo tare da gaba da axis na babban matakin tudun ruwa. Irin wannan hulɗar na iya haifar da bayyanar da ruwan sama mafi girma yana faɗowa tare da hagu na hanyar guguwar iska mai zafi, tare da hazo mai ɗaukar ɗaruruwan mil ko kilomita ƙasa daga guguwar na wurare masu zafi. Ƙarfin babban titin da ke ɗaukar guguwar na wurare masu zafi, mafi mahimmancin canjin waƙa a cikin rabon ruwan sama ya kasance. Duwatsu Danshi iska ya tilastawa gangaren tsaunukan bakin teku da sarƙoƙin tsaunuka na iya haifar da ruwan sama mai nauyi fiye da na bakin teku. Wannan ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya na iya haifar da zabtarewar kasa, wanda har yanzu yana haifar da hasarar rayuka kamar yadda aka gani a lokacin guguwar Mitch a Amurka ta tsakiya. Rarraba duniya A duniya baki daya, ruwan sama na guguwa mai zafi ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a arewacin kogin sama fiye da na kudanci. Wannan ya samo asali ne saboda yadda aka saba rarraba guguwa na wurare masu zafi na shekara-shekara, kamar yadda tsakanin rabin da kashi biyu bisa uku na duk guguwar yanayi ke tasowa a arewacin yankin equator. Ruwan sama yana mai da hankali kusa da layi na 15 a cikin duka sassan biyu, tare da ƙarancin ɗigon ruwa da aka gani tare da latitude a fadin arewacin kogin, saboda tsananin ruwan dumin da ake gani a wannan duniyar wanda ke ba da damar cyclones na wurare masu zafi su kasance na wurare masu zafi a yanayi a manyan latitudes fiye da kudu. equator. A kudancin kogin, tasirin ruwan sama zai zama ruwan dare tsakanin Janairu da Maris, yayin da arewacin equator, tasirin ruwan sama mai zafi na iska ya fi yawa tsakanin Yuni da Nuwamba. Japan na samun sama da rabin ruwan sama daga guguwa. Kididdigar yawan ruwan sama na guguwar cyclone na Amurka Tsakanin 1970 da 2004, ambaliya ta cikin ƙasa ta haifar da mafi yawan asarar rayuka masu nasaba da guguwar cyclone a Amurka Wannan ƙididdiga ta canza a cikin 2005, lokacin da tasirin Hurricane Katrina shi kaɗai ya canza yanayin mafi muni na cyclones na wurare masu zafi ya koma hawan guguwa, wanda a tarihi ya kasance mafi muni na ƙaƙƙarfan cyclones na wurare masu zafi. A matsakaita, guguwa mai zafi guda biyar na aƙalla ƙarfin damuwa na wurare masu zafi suna haifar da ruwan sama a duk faɗin Amurka a kowace shekara, suna ba da gudummawar kusan kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na ruwan sama na shekara zuwa kudu maso gabashin Amurka. Yayin da yawancin waɗannan guguwa ke tasowa a cikin Tekun Atlantika, wasu tsare-tsare ko ragowarsu suna tafiya ta Mexico daga Tekun Gabashin Pacific. Matsakaicin jimlar yawan ruwan sama don guguwar yanayi mai zafi da ta shafi ƙasan 48 daga Tekun Atlantika kusan tare da kashi 70-75 na guguwar gaba ɗaya ta faɗo cikin sa'o'i 24. An ga mafi girman ma'ana a lokacin Hurricane Harvey a cikin 2017, lokacin da ya fadi a kudu maso gabashin Texas.
20581	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larabcin%20Chadi	Larabcin Chadi	Larabcin Chadi (kuma aka sani da Shuwa Shuwa Suwa Larabci. Bangaran Larabci, kuma, kwanan nan, Larabcin Sudan ta Yamma) yana daya daga cikin nau'ikan larabci wanda ake amfani dashi kuma shine yaren farko na kusan mutane miliyan 1.6, duka mazaunan gari da makiyaya. Duk da kuma cewa Chadi tana iyaka da ƙasashen Larabawa 2 a arewa da kuma gabashin ƙasar, amma yawancin masu magana da ita suna zaune ne a kudancin Chadi. Yankin nasa shine gabas daga yamma zuwa yamma a cikin shadhin kimanin dogon 12 zuwa 20 digiri gabas by arewa zuwa kudu (tsakanin 10 da 14 digiri arewa latitude). Kusan dukkanin wannan yankin yana cikin Chadi ko Sudan Hakanan ana magana da shi a wasu wurare kusa da Tafkin Chadi a ƙasashen Kamaru, Najeriya, Nijar A ƙarshe, ana magana da shi a cikin yankin Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya da Sudan ta Kudu Bugu da kari, wannan harshe hidima a matsayin harshen tarayyar al'umma da yawa daga cikin yankin. A cikin yawancin kewayan sa, yana ɗaya daga cikin yarukan gida da yawa kuma galibi baya cikin manyan. Daidaitaccen Larabci idan aka kwatanta shi da Larabcin Chadi Suna da asali Wannan harshen kuma ba shi da sunan asalin ƙasa wanda duk masu magana da shi suke rabawa, fiye da "Larabci". Ya samo asali ne a matsayin yaren asalin makiyayan shanu baggāra, daidaitaccen Larabci baqqāra na nufin 'marayu', daga baqar Tun lokacin da aka buga wani nahawun wani yare na Nijeriya a cikin shekarar 1920, wannan ya zama sananne a ilimance kamar “Larabcin Shuwa”; duk da haka, ana amfani da kalmar "Shuwa" ne kawai tsakanin mutanen da ba Larabawa ba a cikin jihar Borno A wajajen 2000, wani ƙwararren masanin harshen, Jonathan Owens ne ya gabatar da kalmar "Larabcin yammacin Sudan". Hankalin ƙasa "Sudani" da Owen ya kira ba ƙasar Sudan ta zamani ba, amma Sahel gabaɗaya, yankin da ake yiwa laƙabi da bilad al-sudan, 'ƙasar baƙar fata', ta larabawa tun zamanin da A zamanin Turawan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya a Afirka, masu kula da mulkin mallaka suma sun yi amfani da "Sudan" da ma'anar Sahel baki ɗaya. Ta yaya wannan yaren Larabci ya tashi ba a sani ba. A cikin 1994, Braukämper ya ba da shawarar cewa ya samo asali ne a Chadi wanda ya fara a 1635 ta hanyar haɗuwa da yawan masu magana da Larabci tare da yawan Fulani makiyaya. (Fulani mutane ne, ko gungun mutane, waɗanda suka samo asali daga ko kusa da gaɓar Tekun Atlantika amma sun faɗaɗa zuwa yawancin Sahel cikin ƙarni da yawa. A lokacin mulkin mallaka, an yi amfani da wani nau'in harshen larabci wanda aka fi sani da Turku a matsayin harshen yare. Har yanzu akwai 'yan mata larabawa a cikin Chadi a yau, amma tunda ba a bayyana su ba, ba a san ko sun fito daga Turku ba. Rarrabuwa Mafi yawan masu magana suna zaune ne a kudancin Chadi tsakanin digiri 10 da 14 arewa latit. A Chadi, yare ne na babban birnin ƙasar, N'Djamena, kuma zangonsa ya ƙunshi wasu manyan biranen kamar Abéché, Am Timan, da Mao Yana da asalin ƙasar 12% na mutanen Chadi. Chadi Larabci ke haɗe harshen tarayyar al'umma an yadu magana a cikin Chadi, don haka abin da Chadi Larabci da kuma ta harshen tarayyar al'umma a hade suna magana da wani wuri tsakanin 40% kuma 60% na yawan jama'ar Chadi. A Sudan, ana magana da shi a kudu maso yamma, a kudancin Kurdufan da kudancin Darfur, amma ban da biranen al-Ubayyid da al-Fashir Yanayinsa a cikin wasu ƙasashen Afirka ya haɗa da zamewar Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, rabin arewacin lardin Vakaga, wanda ke kusa da Chadi da Sudan; wani zamewa daga Kudancin Sudan a kan iyakarta da Sudan; da kuma kewayen tafkin Chadi wadanda suka hada da wasu kasashe uku, wadanda suka hada da na Najeriya jihar Borno da yankin Arewa mai nisa na Kamaru, da kuma a cikin sashen Diffa na yankin Diffa na Nijar. An kiyasta yawan masu magana a Nijar mutane 150,000. A Nijeriya, kashi 10 cikin 100 na mutanen Maiduguri, babban birnin Borno, suna yi da shi da kuma a ƙalla mazauna ƙauyuka 100,000 a wani wuri a cikin Borno. Farkon karatun karni na 20 A cikin 1913, wani mai ba da mulkin mallaka na Faransa a Chadi, Henri Carbou, ya rubuta wani lafazin yare na yankin tsaunukan Ouaddaï, yankin gabashin Chadi da ke kan iyaka da Sudan. A cikin 1920, wani mai kula da mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya a Najeriya, Gordon James Lethem, ya rubuta nahawun yarukan Borno, inda ya nuna cewa ana magana da yare ɗaya a Kanem (a yammacin Chadi) da Ouaddaï (a gabashin Chadi). Nahawu An bayyana shi da asarar pharyngeals da maganganun rikice-rikice tsakanin juna da da diphthongs. Amma kuma yana da da azaman karin kalmomin karin magana. Wasu misalai na ƙananan nau'i-nau'i don irin wannan ƙarfafawar sune "ya yi faɗuwa", "ya yi fushi"; "ya yaga", "ya ja"; "kawu", "uwa". Bugu da kari, Larabcin Najeriya yana da yanayin shigar da bayan gutturals (ʔ, h, x, q). Wani sanannen fasalin shi ne sauya daidaitaccen Larabci V daga tafaʕʕal (a) zuwa alfaʕʕal misali, kalmar taʔallam (a) ta zama alʔallam Mutum na farko kalmomin fi'ili ya bambanta da samuwar sa a cikin wasu yarukan na larabci ta yadda bashi da t Don haka, mutum na farko na kalmar aikatau katab shine katáb, tare da damuwa akan salo na biyu na kalmar, yayin da mutum na ukun shine mai katab, tare da damuwa akan sautin farko. Mai zuwa samfurin ƙamus ne na Larabcin Chadi: Ma'anonin īd guda biyu sun fito ne daga kalmomi daban-daban na baya: ʔīd "hannu". A cikin Larabcin gargajiya, kaza (mufuradi) ita ce dajaja, kuma tare dajaj gabaɗaya Duba kuma Carbou, Henri. 1954 [1913]. Méthode pratique zuba l'étude de l'arabe parlé au Ouaday et à l'est du Tchad [Hanyar aiki don karatun larabcin da ake magana a Waddai da gabashin Chadi]. Paris: Librairie orientaliste Geuthner. Wannan shafin yanar gizon yana da hanyar haɗi zuwa cikakken rubutu. Wannan bugawar ta 1954 ta ƙunshi fitowar ta 1913, gami da asalin taken asalin. Kaye, Alan S. 1976. Yaren Chadi Da na Larabci Na Chadi A Haske Na Zamanin Yammacin Larabci Mouton. 978-0-415-77311-9 Owens, Jonathan. 2003. Tarihin yaren larabci da kuma tatsuniyoyin ilimin harshe na tarihi. Jaridar American Oriental Society Owens, Jonathan. 2006. Tarihin Harshen Larabci Jami'ar Oxford ta Latsa. Pommerol, Patrice Jullien de. 1997. L'arabe tchadien: émergence d'une langue véhiculaire Karthala. 174 shafi na. Pommerol, Patrice Jullien de. 1999. Grammaire pratique de l'arabe tchadien Karthala. 280 shafi. Yaren N'Djamena. Watson, JCE. 1996. Binciken Owens 1994 Bulletin na Gabas da Nazarin Afirka, 59: 359-360. Kara karantawa Howard, Charles G. 1921. Shuwa Labaran Larabci tare da Gabatarwa da ocamus na Oxford: Jami'ar Jarida, 1921, 114 pp. Kaye, Alan S. 1982. Kamus Na Larabcin Najeriya Malibu: Undena. Jerin: Bibliotheca Afroasiatica; 1. Wannan juz'i shine Turanci-Larabci. 90 pp. Kaye, Alan S. 1987. Kamus na larabci-Turanci na Najeriya Malibu: Undena. Jerin: Bibliotheca Afroasiatica; 2. 90 pp. Owens, Jonathan. 1993. Nahawun Narabcin Najeriya Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. Owens, Jonathan, ed. 1994. Larabawa da larabci a Yankin Tafkin Chadi Rüdiger Köppe Verlag. Jerin: SUGIA (Sprache und Geschichte a cikin Afrika); 14. Pommerol, Patrice Jullien de. 1999. J'apprends l'arabe tchadien Karthala. 328 shafi na. Yaren N'Djamena. Rumford, James, Rumford, Carol. 2020. Larabcin Chadi, L'Arabe Tchadien Manoa Latsa. 122 shafi na. Woidich, Manfred. 1988. Binciken Kaye 1987 Jaridar American Oriental Society, Oct. Disamba 1988, 108 (4): 663-665 Manazarta Harsunan Nijeriya Larabawa Kabilun Larabawa Harsuna Pages with unreviewed
29263	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abubuwan%20Dake%20Haifar%20da%20Ciwon%20Daji	Abubuwan Dake Haifar da Ciwon Daji	Qiyasi ya sanya haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansa a duniya da kashi 16.1%. Cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta sune abubuwan haɗari ga kansar mahaifa, 80% na cututtukan hanta, da 15-20% na sauran cututtukan daji. Wannan rabo ya bambanta a yankuna daban-daban na duniya daga babban na 32.7% a yankin Saharar Afirka zuwa 3.3% a Australia da New Zealand. Helicobacter pylori yana da alaƙa da ciwon daji na ciki, kuma Mycobacterium, wasu ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta suma suna da tasiri. Kwayar cutar da ke iya haifar da ciwon daji ana kiranta oncovirus ko ƙwayar cuta. Wadannan sun hada da kwayar cutar papilloma na mutum, wanda ke hade da ciwon daji na mahaifa da kuma nasopharyngeal carcinoma Kwayar cutar Epstein-Barr, wanda ke hade da nau'in kwayar cutar Epstein-Barr da ke hade da lymphomas na lymphoproliferative Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus, wanda ke hade da sarcoma na Kaposi da lymphoma na farko ciwon hanta na B da hepatitis C wadanda ke hade da ciwon hanta; mutum T-cell cutar sankarar bargo-1, wanda ke hade da manya T-cell cutar sankarar bargo lymphoma da kuma cutar sankarar bargo, wanda ke hade da ciwon nono (sake nazari a cikin Jarida ta Duniya na Muhalli da Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a, marubuta Buehring GC, Sans HM Title: Ciwon nono ya tafi hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri? Bita na ƙwayar cutar sankarar bargo a cikin haddasawa, da damar da ke da alaƙa don rigakafin kansa. Har ila yau, kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta na iya ƙara haɗarin ciwon daji, kamar yadda aka gani a cikin Helicobacter pylori ciwon daji na ciki. Kwayoyin cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da ciwon daji sun haɗa da Schistosoma haematobium squamous cell carcinoma na mafitsara da kuma hanta flukes, Opisthorchis viverrini da Clonorchis sinensis cholangiocarcinoma Kamuwa da cuta, ciwon daji da mace-mace a kasashen da suka ci gaba Kamuwa da cuta shine abu na hudu mafi mahimmancin haɗari ga mutuwar ciwon daji a cikin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba, yana haifar da kusan 10% na mutuwar ciwon daji (duba rigakafin ciwon daji zuwa bayan taba 30% na ciwon daji), abinci 30%) da kiba 15%). Ciwon daji yana haifar da kashi 22.5% na mace-mace a Amurka, ta yadda kusan kashi 2% na mace-mace a Amurka ya zama sanadin ciwon daji da cututtuka ke haifarwa. Wannan yana kwatankwacin mace-macen da mura da ciwon huhu ke haifarwa, wanda ke haifar da kashi 2.1% na mace-mace a Amurka. Muhimmancin abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwar ciwon daji a duniya A duk duniya a cikin shekarar 2015, mafi yawan abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwar ciwon daji sune ciwon huhu (mutuwar miliyan 1.6), ciwon hanta (mutuwar 745,000), da ciwon ciki (mutuwar 723,000). Ciwon daji na huhu yana da yawa saboda abubuwan da ba sa kamuwa da su, kamar hayakin taba. Duk da haka, ciwon hanta da ciki na farko ne saboda cututtuka masu yaduwa. Ciwon daji na hanta yana faruwa ne ta hanyar kamuwa da cutar hepatitis B (HBV) da kuma cutar hanta ta C (HBC) kuma ciwon daji na ciki yana da yawa daga kwayoyin Helicobacter pylori A duk duniya, kiyasin adadin mutanen da suka kamu da cutar HBV da/ko HCV sun kai miliyan 325. Fiye da rabin al'ummar duniya suna fama da H. pylori kuma an kiyasta cewa marasa lafiya na H. pylori suna da haɗarin 1-2% na kamuwa da ciwon daji na ciki. Rashin kwanciyar hankali na kwayoyin halitta saboda cututtukan oncogenic Rashin kwanciyar hankali na al'ada ta hanyoyi daban-daban kamar lalacewar DNA da gyare-gyare na epigenetic ya bayyana su ne ainihin abubuwan da ke haifar da ciwon daji na lokaci-lokaci (wanda ba na iyali ba). Duk da yake cututtuka suna da tasiri da yawa, kwayoyin cututtuka da ke kara haɗarin ciwon daji akai-akai sune tushen lalacewar DNA ko rashin zaman lafiyar kwayoyin halitta, kamar yadda aka tattauna a kasa don ƙwayoyin cuta na oncogenic da kwayoyin cutar oncogenic. Kwayoyin cuta Kwayoyin cuta na ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da ke haifar da ci gaban kansa a cikin ɗan adam. Kamuwa da wasu ƙwayoyin cutar hanta, musamman hepatitis B da hepatitis C, na iya haifar da kamuwa da cuta na dogon lokaci wanda ke haifar da ciwon hanta a cikin kusan 1 cikin 200 na mutanen da ke kamuwa da cutar hanta ta hepatitis B kowace shekara (ƙananan a Asiya, kaɗan a Arewacin Amurka). kuma a cikin kusan 1 cikin 45 na mutanen da ke kamuwa da cutar hanta a kowace shekara. Mutanen da ke fama da ciwon hanta na kullum sun fi sau 200 suna iya kamuwa da ciwon hanta fiye da mutanen da ba su kamu da cutar ba. Ciwon hanta, ko daga kamuwa da cutar hanta na yau da kullum ko amfani da barasa mai yawa ko wani dalili, yana da alaƙa da kansa tare da ci gaban ciwon hanta, kuma haɗuwa da cirrhosis da ciwon hanta na ƙwayar cuta yana ba da mafi girman hadarin ci gaban ciwon hanta. Domin ciwon hanta na ciwon hanta ya zama ruwan dare gama gari, kuma ciwon hanta yana da kisa, ciwon hanta na daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da mace-mace masu alaka da cutar kansa a duniya, musamman a gabashin Asiya da wasu sassan Afirka kudu da hamadar Sahara. Human papillomaviruses (HPV) kuma suna haifar da ciwon daji da yawa. HPV sananne ne don haifar da warts na al'ada da gaske duk lokuta na ciwon daji na mahaifa, amma kuma yana iya kamuwa da cutar kansa da kuma haifar da ciwon daji a wasu sassa na jiki, ciki har da larynx na esophagus, rufin baki, hanci, da makogwaro, anus, vulva farji, da azzakari smear Papanicolaou ("Pap" smear) gwajin cutar kansa ne da ake amfani da shi sosai don cutar kansar mahaifa. Hakanan ana samun gwajin tushen DNA don gano ƙwayar cuta. Herpesviruses rukuni ne na uku na ƙwayoyin cuta masu haifar da kansa. An danganta nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta guda biyu tare da ciwon daji: cutar Epstein-Barr (EBV) da cutar herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8). EBV ya bayyana yana haifar da dukkanin carcinomas na nasopharyngeal marasa lafiya, Epstein-Barr kwayar cutar-tabbatacce yaduwa manyan lymphomas B-cell, ba a ƙayyade ba, yaduwa da manyan lymphomas na B-cell da ke hade da kumburi na kullum, Epstein-Barr kwayar cutar mucocutaneous. ulcers, Lymphomatoid granulomatoses kuma, a yawancin lokuta, fibrin da ke da alaƙa suna yaɗa manyan ƙwayoyin lymphoma na B-cell da ƙwayoyin lymphomas NK/T na ciki Har ila yau, ya bayyana ya haifar da wasu lokuta na lymphoma, ciki har da lymphoma na Burkitt (wannan haɗin gwiwar yana da karfi musamman a Afirka) da kuma cutar Hodgkin, EBV an samo shi a cikin wasu nau'o'in nau'in ciwon daji, kodayake rawar da ya taka wajen haifar da wadannan. sauran cututtukan daji ba su da kyau. KSHV HHV-8 yana haifar da duk lokuta na sarcoma na Kaposi, kuma an same shi a wasu lokuta na ciwon daji da ake kira cutar Castleman Nazarin da suka shafi wasu nau'ikan ciwon daji, musamman ciwon daji na prostate, sun kasance marasa daidaituwa. Duk waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta na herpes suna yawanci ana samun su a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta na lymphoma na farko Herpesvirus kuma yana haifar da ciwon daji a cikin dabbobi, musamman cutar sankarar bargo da lymphomas. Human T cell lymphotropic virus HTLV-1 shi ne na farko mutum retrovirus gano ta Robert Gallo da abokan aiki a NIH Kwayar cutar tana haifar da cutar sankarar T-cell Adult, cutar da Takatsuki da abokan aiki a Japan suka fara bayyanawa da sauran cututtukan jijiyoyin jini. Yana da alaƙa da ƙwayar cutar sankarar ƙwayar cuta ta T-cell ɗan adam, wata cuta ce ta deltaretrovirus, ƙwayar cutar sankarar bargo (BLV), wacce kwanan nan ta cika ka'idodin da ake tsammani don karɓar yiwuwar kamuwa da cutar sankarar nono, ta amfani da hanyoyin PCR masu mahimmanci don gano BLV, da samun samfuran. daga mata masu fama da ciwon nono idan aka kwatanta da samfurin kulawa na mata ba tare da tarihin ciwon nono ba. Merkel cell polyomavirus ita ce kwayar cutar kansar ɗan adam da aka gano kwanan nan, wacce ta keɓe daga kyallen carcinoma cell cell a cikin 2008, ta ƙungiya ɗaya wacce ta gano KSHV /HHV-8 a 1994, ta amfani da sabuwar fasaha mai suna dijital transcriptome subtraction Kimanin kashi 80 cikin 100 na cutar kansar kwayar cutar Merkel cell polyomavirus ne ke haifar da su; sauran ciwace-ciwacen suna da ilimin etiology da ba a san su ba kuma maiyuwa ne daban-daban histogenesis. Wannan shine kawai memba na wannan rukunin ƙwayoyin cuta da aka sani suna haifar da kansar ɗan adam amma sauran ƙwayoyin cuta na polyoma ana zargin su da kasancewa ƙarin ƙwayoyin cutar kansa. HIV ba ya haifar da ciwon daji kai tsaye, amma yana da alaƙa da wasu cututtuka masu yawa, musamman sarcoma na Kaposi, lymphoma ba Hodgkin, ciwon daji na tsuliya da kuma ciwon mahaifa Kaposi's sarcoma yana haifar da cutar herpesvirus 8 Kwayoyin cutar kanjamau masu alaƙa da ciwon daji na dubura da sankarar mahaifa yawanci cutar papillomavirus ce ke haifar da ita. Bayan HIV ya lalata tsarin rigakafi, jiki ya daina sarrafa waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma cututtuka suna bayyana a matsayin ciwon daji. Wasu jihohi na rashin ƙarfi na rigakafi (misali ƙarancin rigakafi na yau da kullun da rashi IgA suma suna da alaƙa da haɓakar haɗari. Kwayoyin cutar oncogenic na kowa A kasashen da suka ci gaba na Yamma, kwayar cutar papillomavirus (HPV), cutar hanta ta B (HBV) da kuma cutar hanta ta C (HCV) su ne kwayoyin cutar DNA na oncogenic da aka fi ci karo da su. Human papillomavirus A duk duniya, HPV yana haifar da kashi na biyu mafi girma na cututtukan daji masu alaƙa da kamuwa da cuta ko kashi 5.2% na nauyin kansar duniya. A Amurka, HPV yana haifar da mafi yawan ciwon daji na mahaifa, da kuma wasu ciwon daji na farji, vulva, azzakari, dubura, dubura, da oropharynx (ciwon daji na baya na makogwaro, ciki har da tushe na harshe da tonsils). A kowace shekara a Amurka, ana samun sabbin cututtukan daji kusan 39,800 a sassan jiki inda ake samun HPV sau da yawa. HPV yana haifar da kusan 31,500 na waɗannan cututtukan daji. Kamar yadda Münger et al. akwai kusan 200 HPVs. Ana iya rarraba su cikin mucosal da HPVs na fata. A cikin kowane ɗayan waɗannan ƙungiyoyin HPV, ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta guda ɗaya an sanya su babban haɗari ko ƙarancin haɗari gwargwadon kusanci ga mummunan ci gaban raunukan da suke haifarwa. Daga cikin ƙwayoyin cuta masu haɗari na HPV, HPV E6 da E7 oncoproteins suna aiki tare da p53 da retinoblastoma suppressors. Bugu da ƙari, babban haɗari na HPV E6 da E7 oncoproteins na iya haifar da rashin zaman lafiyar kwayoyin halitta a cikin ƙwayoyin sel na al'ada. Suna haifar da lahani na mitotic da aneuploidy ta hanyar shigar da rashin daidaituwa na centrosome. Hepatitis B da Hepatitis C Hepatocarcinogenesis mai alaƙa da ƙwayar cutar hanta yana da matukar damuwa ga lafiya. Ciwon daji na hanta a Amurka yana faruwa ne saboda manyan abubuwa guda uku: cutar hanta (HCV) (22%), cutar hanta B (HBV) (12%) da shan barasa (47%). A cikin 2017 za a sami sabbin cututtukan daji na hanta kusan 40,710 a Amurka. A duk duniya, yawan mace-macen ciwon daji na hanta ya fi yawa saboda cutar hanta (HBV) (33%), ƙasa da ƙasa saboda cutar hanta ta C (HCV) (21%), kuma har yanzu akai-akai saboda amfani da barasa (30%). A duk duniya, cutar kansar hanta ita ce ta 4 mafi yawan sanadin mutuwar cutar kansa, wanda ke haifar da kashi 9% na yawan mace-macen cutar kansa (jimilar mutuwar cutar kansar hanta a shekarar 2015 ya zama 810,500), kuma yana zuwa, a cikin mita, bayan huhu, ciwon daji da ciwon ciki. Kamar yadda Takeda et al., HCV da HBV suka yi nazari suna haifar da lalacewar DNA na carcinogenic da rashin zaman lafiyar kwayoyin halitta ta hanyoyi da yawa. HBV, kuma musamman HCV, yana haifar da kumburi na yau da kullun a cikin hanta, haɓaka nau'in oxygen mai amsawa (ROS). ROS yana hulɗa kai tsaye tare da DNA, yana haifar da lalacewar DNA da yawa (26 ROS da aka haifar da lalacewar DNA an kwatanta Yu et al. Hakanan ya bayyana cewa kumburi na yau da kullun da kamuwa da cutar HCV ya haifar yana haifar da ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodin cytidine deaminase (AID) da ke haifar da kunnawa a cikin hanta AID yana haifar da maye gurbi a cikin DNA ta hanyar deamination (lalacewar DNA) na tushen cytosine, wanda ke canza cytosine zuwa uracil Don haka, yana canza nau'in tushe na C:G zuwa madaidaicin U:G mai mutagenic. A cikin ƙarin dalilin lalacewar DNA, furotin na HCV yana ɗaure da furotin NBS1 kuma yana hana samuwar hadadden Mre11/NBS1/Rad50, ta haka yana hana haɗin DNA na enzymes gyara. Sakamakon raguwar gyaran DNA na lalacewar DNA na mutagenic na iya tarawa. Kwayoyin cuta H. pylori, kwayar cutar oncogenic na kowa Baya ga ƙwayoyin cuta, wasu nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta na iya haifar da wasu cututtukan daji. Mafi shahararren misali shine haɗin gwiwa tsakanin kamuwa da cuta mai tsanani na bangon ciki tare da Helicobacter pylori da ciwon daji na ciki. Kodayake bayanan sun bambanta tsakanin ƙasashe daban-daban, gabaɗaya kusan kashi 1% zuwa 3% na mutanen da ke ɗauke da Helicobacter pylori suna kamuwa da cutar kansar ciki a rayuwarsu idan aka kwatanta da 0.13% na mutanen da ba su da ciwon H. pylori Saboda yawan kamuwa da cutar ta H. pylori a cikin manya masu matsakaicin shekaru (74% a kasashe masu tasowa da kashi 58% a cikin kasashen da suka ci gaba a 2002 da kuma yiwuwar 1% zuwa 3% masu kamuwa da cutar ciwon daji na ciki, H. pylori -induced ciwon daji na ciki shine na uku mafi girma sanadin mutuwar ciwon daji a duniya kamar na 2018. Hanyar da H. pylori ke haifar da ciwon daji na iya haɗawa da kumburi na yau da kullum, ko kuma aikin kai tsaye na wasu abubuwan da ke haifar da cutar, alal misali, CagA ya shiga cikin carcinogenesis. Kamar yadda Chang da Parsonnet suka yi bita, ciwon H. pylori na yau da kullun a cikin cikin ɗan adam yana da alaƙa da kumburi na yau da kullun. Wannan yana tare da sakin kwayar halitta na epithelial na nau'in oxygen mai amsawa (ROS) da nau'in nitrogen mai amsawa (RNOS), sannan taron macrophages da aka kunna a wurin ciki na kamuwa da cuta. Hakanan macrophages suna sakin ROS da RNOS. Matakan 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), daya daga cikin manyan nau'o'in free radical-induced oxidative DNA lalacewa, an ƙara fiye da 8-ninka a cikin DNA bayan kamuwa da cuta ta H. pylori, musamman ma. idan H. pylori yana da cagA tabbatacce. Ƙaruwa a cikin 8-OHDG mai yiwuwa yana ƙara maye gurbi. Bugu da ƙari, damuwa na oxidative, tare da manyan matakan 8-OHdG a cikin DNA, kuma yana rinjayar zaman lafiyar kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar canza yanayin chromatin. Irin waɗannan sauye-sauye na iya haifar da rashin daidaituwa na methylation na masu tallata ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari. Bugu da ƙari, maye gurbi da lalacewa ta kai tsaye ga DNA ta hanyar H. pylori -induced ROS, H. pylori haifar da maye gurbi na carcinogenic da sauye-sauyen maganganun furotin suna sau da yawa sakamakon H. pylori haifar da sauye-sauye na epigenetic Wadannan sauye-sauye na epigenetic sun hada da H. pylori -induced methylation na shafukan CpG a cikin masu tallata kwayoyin halitta da H. pylori da aka canza yanayin bayyanar microRNAs masu yawa. Kamar yadda Santos da Ribeiro H. pylori suka yi nazari akan kamuwa da cuta yana da alaƙa da raguwar haɓakar ingantattun injinan gyaran DNA, wanda ke ba da gudummawar tarin maye gurbi da rashin kwanciyar hankali na ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma ciwon daji na ciki. Musamman, kamar yadda Raza et al., cututtuka na ciki na mutum tare da H. pylori ya haifar da raguwar furotin na epigenetically na sunadarai na gyaran DNA MLH1, MGMT da MRE11 Bugu da kari, Raza et al. ya nuna cewa ƙarin sunadaran gyaran DNA guda biyu, ERCC1 da PMS2 sun rage girman bayyanar furotin da epigenetically da zarar kamuwa da cutar H. pylori ya ci gaba da haifar da dyspepsia (wanda ke faruwa a cikin 20% na masu kamuwa da cuta Mycobacterium Tuberculosis abu ne mai haɗari ga kansar huhu Sauran kwayoyin cuta Ɗaya daga cikin ƙididdiga na bayanan serological kwatanta kafin Chlamydia ciwon huhu kamuwa da cuta a cikin marasa lafiya tare da kuma ba tare da ciwon huhu ba ya samo sakamakon da ke nuna kafin kamuwa da cuta yana da alaƙa da ƙananan haɗari na tasowa ciwon huhu. Kwayoyin cuta Kwayoyin da ke haifar da schistosomiasis (bilharzia), musamman S. haematobium, na iya haifar da ciwon daji na mafitsara da ciwon daji a wasu wuraren. Kumburi da ƙwai tsutsa ke haifarwa ya bayyana shine hanyar da ake haifar da ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta mafitsara. A Asiya, kamuwa da cuta ta S. japonicum yana da alaƙa da ciwon daji na colorectal. Distomiasis, lalacewa ta hanyar ciwon hanta na parasitic, yana hade da cholangiocarcinoma (ciwon daji na bile duct a Gabashin Asiya. Zazzabin cizon sauro yana da alaƙa da lymphoma na Burkitt a Afirka, musamman idan akwai tare da cutar Epstein-Barr, kodayake ba a sani ba ko yana da haɗari. Kwayoyin cuta kuma suna da mahimmancin cutar daji a cikin dabbobi Cysticercus fasciolaris, nau'in tsutsa na nau'in tsutsa na kowa na cat, Taenia taeniaformis, yana haifar da ciwon daji a cikin berayen. Spirocerca lupi yana da alaƙa da ciwon daji na esophageal a cikin karnuka, aƙalla a cikin kudancin Amurka. Wani sabon nau'i na shari'ar, wanda aka ruwaito a cikin 2015, ya ƙunshi wani mutum mai rigakafi wanda tepeworm ya sami mummunan canji, yana haifar da metastasis na tapeworm cell neoplasia a cikin jikinsa. Wannan ba ciwon daji ba ne na ƙwayoyin kansa amma na parasites. Wannan keɓantaccen shari'ar ba shi da wani tasiri mai mahimmanci kan lafiyar jama'a amma yana da ban sha'awa don kasancewa "wani sabon tsarin cuta wanda ke danganta kamuwa da cuta da kansa." Duba kuma Barry Marshall Ciwon daji mai saurin yaduwa Harald zur Hausen Ka'idojin kawar da Helicobacter pylori J. Robin Warren Jerin cututtukan ɗan adam da ke da alaƙa da ƙwayoyin cuta masu kamuwa da cuta Jerin kwayoyin cutar oncogenic Francis Peyton Rous Ci gaba da karatu Cornwall, Claudia M. Kama ciwon daji Neman abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta. Lanham: Rowman Littlefield Publishers, 2013. Manazarta Littafi Mai Tsarki Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Manazarta Cutar daji Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
57507	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith%20Butler	Judith Butler	Articles with hCards Judith Pamela Butler (an haife shi a watan Fabrairu 24,1956)ɗan falsafar Ba'amurke ce kuma marubucin nazarin jinsi wanda aikinsa ya yi tasiri ga falsafar siyasa,ɗabi'a,da fagen mata na uku, ka'idar quer,da kuma adabi.ka'idar.A cikin 1993,Butler ya fara koyarwa a Jami'ar California,Berkeley,inda suka suka yi aiki,tun daga 1998,a matsayin Farfesa Maxine Elliot a cikin Sashen Adabin Kwatancen da Shirin Ka'idar Mahimmanci.Su ne kuma shugabar Hannah Arendt a Makarantar Graduate ta Turai(EGS). Butler an fi saninsa da littattafansu Matsalar Gender:Feminism and the Subversion of Identity(1990)da Bodies That Matter:On the Discursive Limits of Sex (1993),inda suke kalubalantar ra'ayi na al'ada na jinsi da haɓaka ka'idar aikin jinsi .Wannan ka'idar ta sami babban tasiri akan ilimin mata da ƙwararrun malamai. Yawanci ana nazarin aikinsu da muhawara a cikin darussan nazarin fina-finai da ke jaddada nazarin jinsi da kuma taka rawar gani a cikin zance. Butler ya yi magana kan batutuwan siyasa da yawa na zamani,gami da siyasar Isra'ila da kuma tallafawa 'yancin LGBT. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Judith Butler a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu,1956,a Cleveland,Ohio, ga dangin Hungarian-Yahudu da zuriyar Rasha-Yahudu.Yawancin dangin kakarsu ta uwa an kashe su a cikin Holocaust.Iyayen Butler suna yin Yahudawa Reform.Mahaifiyarsu ta girma ta Orthodox,daga baya ta zama Conservative sannan ta sake gyara,yayin da mahaifinsu ya tashi Reform.Yayinda yake yaro da matashi,Butler ya halarci makarantar Ibrananci da kuma azuzuwan na musamman akan ka'idodin Yahudawa, inda suka sami"horo na farko a falsafar". Butler ya bayyana a wata hira da ya yi da Haaretz a shekara ta 2010 cewa sun fara azuzuwan xa'a tun suna shekara 14 kuma malamin makarantar Ibrananci na Butler ya halicce su ne a matsayin wani nau'i na azabtarwa saboda suna"masu yawan magana a cikin aji".Butler ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa ya“ji daɗi”da ra’ayin waɗannan koyarwar,kuma da aka tambaye su abin da suke so su yi nazari a waɗannan zama na musamman, sai suka amsa da tambayoyi uku da suka shafe su a lokacin:“Me ya sa aka kore Spinoza daga majami’a? Za a iya ɗaukar Idealism na Jamus da alhakin Nazism ?Kuma ta yaya mutum zai fahimci tiyoloji na wanzuwa,gami da aikin Martin Buber?" Butler ya halarci Kwalejin Bennington kafin ya koma Jami'ar Yale,inda suka yi karatun falsafa kuma suka sami digiri na farko a fannin fasaha a 1978 da Doctor of Falsafa a 1984.Sun shafe shekara guda na ilimi a Jami'ar Heidelberg a matsayin Masanin Fulbright.Butler ya koyar a Jami'ar Wesleyan,Jami'ar George Washington,da Jami'ar Johns Hopkins kafin ya shiga Jami'ar California,Berkeley, a cikin 1993.A cikin 2002,sun gudanar da Spinoza Chair of Philosophy a Jami'ar Amsterdam.Bugu da ƙari,sun shiga sashen Turanci da Adabin Kwatancen a Jami'ar Columbia a matsayin Farfesa Wun Tsun Tam Mellon mai ziyartar Farfesa na 'yan Adam a cikin semesters na bazara na 2012,2013 da 2014 tare da zaɓi na zama cikakken malami. Butler yana aiki a kan edita ko kwamitin shawarwari na mujallolin ilimi da yawa, ciki har da Janus Unbound:Journal of Critical Studies,JAC: Jaridar Rhetoric, Al'adu,da Siyasa da Alamu:Jaridar Mata a Al'adu da Al'umma. Bayanin manyan ayyuka Rayuwa mai Mahimmanci: Ƙarfin Makoki da Tashin hankali ya buɗe sabon layi a cikin aikin Judith Butler wanda ya yi tasiri sosai a kan tunanin su na gaba, musamman a kan littattafai kamar Frames na War: Yaushe Rayuwa Ta Yi Bakin Ciki? (2009) ko Bayanan kula zuwa Ka'idar Tabbatacciyar Ƙirar Majalisar (2015), da kuma kan sauran masu tunani na zamani. A cikin wannan littafi, Butler yayi magana game da al'amurran da suka shafi tsaro, rauni, baƙin ciki da tashin hankalin siyasa na zamani a fuskar yaƙin ta'addanci da kuma gaskiyar fursunonin a Guantanamo Bay da kuma wuraren tsare makaman. Zana a kan Foucault, sun siffanta nau'in iko a wurin aiki a waɗannan wuraren "tsare mara iyaka" a matsayin haɗin kai na mulki da gwamnati Yanayin bangaranci da aka tura a nan ya fi rikitarwa fiye da wanda Agamben ya yi nuni da shi a cikin Homo Sacer nasa, tunda gwamnati tana da shakku game da doka tana iya aiki da ita ko kuma ta dakatar da ita, gwargwadon bukatunta., kuma wannan shi kansa kayan aikin gwamnati ne don samar da yancin kanta. Butler ya kuma yi nuni ga matsaloli a cikin yarjejeniyar dokokin kasa da kasa kamar Yarjejeniyar Geneva A aikace, waɗannan kawai suna kare mutanen da ke cikin (ko yin aiki da sunan) wata ƙasa da aka sani, sabili da haka ba su da taimako a cikin yanayi na cin zarafi ga mutanen da ba su da ƙasa, mutanen da ba sa jin daɗin zama ɗan ƙasa da aka sani ko kuma mutanen da ake yiwa lakabi da "'yan ta'adda", don haka an fahimci cewa suna aiki da kansu a matsayin "injunan kashe-kashe" marasa hankali waɗanda ke buƙatar a tsare su saboda "haɗarinsu". Gyara Gender yana tattara tunanin Butler akan jinsi, jima'i, jima'i, ilimin halin dan Adam da kuma kula da masu jima'i don ƙarin karatun gaba ɗaya fiye da sauran littattafansu. Butler ya sake duba ya kuma sake sabunta ra'ayinsu na iya aiki kuma ya mai da hankali kan tambayar sakewa "matsakaicin ra'ayi na jima'i da rayuwar jinsi". Littafin surori A collection of essays on the work of Avital Ronell. Details. Bayanan kula Duba kuma Hypatia transracialism jayayya Nassoshi Kara karantawa Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Biography Jami'ar California, Berkeley suna fuskantar ra'ayi na kusanci ta hanyar tattaunawa na "Tsarin Zumunci," Villa Gillet da Makarantar Rubutu a Sabuwar Makaranta don Haɗin Jama'a. Tattaunawar Judith Butler game da sabon littafinsu "Frames of War" akan New Statesman Bita na "Ba da Lissafin Kai. Tashin hankali da Hakki ta Judith Butler, Barcelona Metropolis Autumn 2010. "Kamus na Biography na Adabi akan Judith P. Butler (shafi na 3)" Tattaunawa da Judith Butler game da siyasa, tattalin arziki, al'ummomin sarrafawa, jinsi da ainihi (2011) Rayayyun
37406	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul-Henri%20Sandaogo%20Damiba	Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba	Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba French: [pɔl ʁi daɔɡɔ damiba] An haife shi a watan Janairu shekara ta 1981) wani jami'in soja ne na Burkina Faso wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaba na riƙon ƙwarya na gwamnatin soji ta Burkina Faso daga 31 ga Janairun shekarar 2022 zuwa 30 ga Satumba 2022, lokacin da aka yi masa juyin mulki, ta hannun abokin aikinsa na soja Ibrahim Traore Damiba da kansa ya hau karagar mulki watanni takwas kacal a baya, a ranar 24 ga Janairun shekarata 2022, lokacin da ya tsige Shugaba Roch Marc Christian Kaboré a juyin mulki. Rayuwar farko da ilimi Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba ya sauke karatu daga Ecole militaire a Paris. A lokacin karatunsa ya gana da shugaban ƙasar Guinea Mamady Doumbouya na gaba, wanda shi ma yana atisaye a can. Yana da digiri na biyu a fannin laifuka daga Conservatoire National des Arts et métiers (CNAM) a birnin Paris da kuma ƙwararren ƙwararren tsaro a cikin gudanarwa, umarni da dabaru. Daga shekarar 2010 zuwa 2020, ya gudanar da atisayen horaswa a Amurka. Aikin soja Damiba Laftanar Kanar ne kuma kwamandan yankin soja na uku da ya shafi Ouagadougou, Manga, Koudougou da Fada N'gourma. Shi tsohon memba ne Regiment na Tsaron Shugaban ƙasa, tsohon mai gadin shugaban ƙasa na Blaise Compaore. Damiba ya bar RSP ne a 2011 bayan wani harin da sojoji suka yi. A cikin shekarar 2019, Damiba ya ba da shaida a shari'ar masu kitsa juyin mulkin shekara ta 2015 a Burkina Faso wanda ya hambarar da gwamnatin rikon kwarya na dan lokaci, kamar yadda rahotanni daga lokacin a Burkina Faso suka bayyana. Damiba ya samu karbuwa saboda irin ayyukan da ya yi a lokacin da ƴan ta'addar Jihadi suka yi a Burkina Faso. A baya ya yi kira ga gwamnatin Burkinabe da ta dauki sojojin haya daga kungiyar Wagner ta Rasha da ke yaki da ƴan tawayen Islama. Gwamnatin Roch Marc Kaboré dai ta nuna adawa da wannan shawara, bisa hujjar cewa yin hakan zai mayar da kasar Burkina Faso saniyar ware daga ƙasashen yamma. A ƙarshen shekarar 2021, wata rundunar mayaƙan jihadi ta mamaye sansanonin ‘yan sandan Jandarma a Inata, Soum, inda suka kashe jandarmomi 49 da fararen hula hudu. Wani gagarumin tashin hankali ya taso dangane da harin, bayan da wasu bayanai suka nuna kan rashin mu'amalar jami'an tsaron da gwamnati ke yi kafin kai farmakin, lamarin da ya tilastawa jami'an gwamnati da dama yin murabus ko kuma a yi wa ma'aikatunsu garambawul. A cewar cibiyar bincike ta yanar gizo na Afirka-Amurka BlackPast.org "Daga baya ya zo a fili cewa gendarmes a Inata ba su sami abinci ba har tsawon makonni biyu [sun] an tilasta musu yankan dabbobi a kusa da su don su rayu." Kaboré ya naɗa Damiba, wanda a lokacin ya ji daɗin abubuwan da suka faru a Inata, a matsayin shugaban ma'aikatar yaƙi da ta'addanci" da za ta nemi tsaro a gabashin Burkina Faso da Ouagadougou A cikin shekarata 2021, Damiba ya buga littafi game da yaƙi da masu kishin Islama, Sojojin Afirka ta Yamma da Ta'addanci: Martani mara tabbas? Damiba ta samu horo ta hanyar shirye-shiryen Amurka da dama. A cikin shekarar 2010 da 2020, ya halarci atisayen horaswa na hadin gwiwa na Flintlock wanda ya haɗa da wayar da kan jama'a game da haƙƙin ɗan adam da dokokin rikice-rikice na makamai. A cikin shekarar 2013, Damiba ta shiga cikin kwas na horo da taimako na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta tallafawa Afirka. A cikin 2013 da 2014, Damiba ta halarci kwas na Basic Officer Intelligence Basic Officer Course for Africa. A cikin 2018 da 2019, ya sami horo a Burkina Faso tare da Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka da ke tallafawa sojojin farar hula. Karɓar mulki, mulki, da faɗuwa A ranar 24 ga Janairun shekarata 2022, Damiba ya jagoranci juyin mulkin da aka hamɓarar da Shugaba Roch Marc Christian Kaboré da Firayim Minista Lassina Zerbo A yayin da jama'a ke murnar juyin mulkin a Ouagadougou, wasu magoya bayansa ɗauke da tutocin ƙasar Rasha, a matsayin wata alama ta kiran da suka yi na neman taimako daga Rasha a yakin da suke yi da ta'addancin Islama. Bayan sanarwar, rundunar sojin ta bayyana cewa an rusa Majalisar Dokoki da Gwamnati, yayin da aka dakatar da Kundin Tsarin Mulki A ranar 31 ga watan Janairu, gwamnatin mulkin soja ta mayar da kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar tare da nada Damiba a matsayin shugaban riƙon ƙwarya. Da Damiba a shugabanta, ƙungiyar Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration junta soji ta yi alkawarin inganta tsaro da kuma maido da mulkin farar hula. Sai dai kuma gwamnatin soja ta kasa cin galaba a kan mayakan Jihadi; a maimakon haka, ƴan tawaye da sauran wadanda ba na gwamnati ba har sun fadada ayyukansu tare da sarrafa kashi 40% na kasar nan da Satumban shekarar 2022. Da yawa daga cikin hafsoshin soji sun nuna rashin gamsuwa da Damiba, suna ganin bai mai da hankali kan tawayen ba. Masu tada ƙayar baya sun kaddamar da wasu manyan hare-hare a watan Satumban 2022, lamarin da ya sa shugaban rikon kwarya ya yi wa majalisar ministocinsa garambawul. A ranar 12 ga Satumba, Damiba ya kori ministan tsaronsa, Janar Aimé Barthélemy Simporé, kuma ya karbi mukamin da kansa. Ya kuma naɗa Kanal-Manjo Silas Keita a matsayin wakilin minista mai kula da tsaron ƙasa. Waɗannan sauye-sauyen ba su gamsar da ɓangarorin sojojin da ba su ji daɗi ba. A ranar 30 ga Satumban shekarar 2022, wasu sojojin da ba su gamsu da su ba a ƙarƙashin Captain Ibrahim Traore sun kori Damiba. Hakan ya zo ne watanni takwas bayan ya karɓi mulki. Masanin yankin Sahel kuma masani na jami'ar Calgary Abdul Zanya Salifu ya bayyana cewa rashin samun nasara a kan 'yan jihadin ne ya janyo rugujewar Damiba, saboda alkawarin da ya dauka na inganta tsaro shi ne dalilin da ya sa tun farko ya hau mulki. Har yanzu dai ba a san inda Damiba ke bayan juyin mulkin ba. Daga bisani sabuwar gwamnatin mulkin sojan ƙarƙashin jagorancin Traore ta zargi Damiba da yunkurin tserewa zuwa sansanin sojin Faransa na Camp Kamboinsin domin yin juyin mulki. Sai dai Faransa ta musanta hannu. Hoton jama'a Juyin mulkin Janairun shekarar 2022 ya shahara a Burkina Faso. Damiba ya zama sananne da jajayen ɓerayen da yake sawa yayin jawabai, an yi imanin cewa ya kasance abin koyi ga uban juyin juya hali na Burkina Faso Thomas Sankara, wanda jawabansa kuma suna dauke da irin wannan kalamai ga Damiba. Tuni dai Damiba ya samu yabo kafin juyin mulkin kan ayyukan da ya yi na yakar masu jihadi. Lokacin da Damiba ya ƙasa shawo kan masu tayar da ƙayar baya, goyon bayan da jama’a ke ba shi ya ragu matuka. Lokacin da aka hambarar da shi a watan Satumban shekarar 2022, kungiyoyi a babban birnin kasar sun taru don nuna goyon bayansu ga waɗanda suka sauke shi. Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1981 Mutanen Burkina Faso Sojoji Shugabannin Afirka Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
49253	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yawon%20Bu%C9%97e%20Ido%20a%20Maroko	Yawon Buɗe Ido a Maroko	Yawon Buɗe Ido a Maroko yana haɓaka sosai, yana mai da hankali kan masana'antar yawon buɗe ido da ke mai da hankali kan gabar teku, al'adu, da tarihin ƙasar. Gwamnatin Morocco ta kafa ma'aikatar yawon buɗe ido a shekarar 1985. Ana daukar yawon bude ido daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin musayar kudaden waje a Maroko kuma tun daga shekarar 2013 ta kasance mafi yawan masu shigowa daga kasashen Afirka. A cikin shekarar 2018, an ba da rahoton cewa masu yawon bude ido miliyan 12.3 sun ziyarci Morocco. Tarihin yawon buɗe ido A rabi na biyu na shekarun 1980 da farkon shekarun 1990, Turawa tsakanin miliyan 1 zuwa 1.5 sun ziyarci Morocco. Yawancin waɗannan baƙi sun kasance Faransa ko Sipaniya, tare da kusan 100,000 kowanne daga Biritaniya, Italiya, Jamus, da Netherlands. Masu yawon bude ido galibi sun ziyarci manyan wuraren yawon buɗe ido na bakin teku da ke gabar Tekun Atlantika, musamman Agadir. Kimanin mutane 20,000 ne daga Saudi Arabiya suka ziyarci, wasu daga cikinsu sun sayi gidajen hutu. Karban 'yan yawon buɗe ido ya ragu da kashi 16.5% a cikin shekarar 1990, shekarar da aka fara yakin Gulf. A shekarar 1994, Algeria ta rufe kan iyakarta da Maroko bayan harin da aka kai a Marrakech, wanda ya sa yawan masu ziyarar Aljeriya ya ragu matuka; akwai masu ziyara 70,000 a 1994 da 13,000 a 1995, idan aka kwatanta da miliyan 1.66 a 1992 da miliyan 1.28 a 1993. A cikin shekarar 2017, akwai masu zuwa yawon buɗe ido miliyan 10.3, idan aka kwatanta da kusan miliyan 10.1 a cikin shekarar 2016, haɓaka 1.5% a kowace shekara. Kashi 30% na masu yawon bude ido na daya daga cikin 'yan Morocco miliyan 3.8 da ke zaune a kasashen waje. Marrakech kanta tana da baƙi sama da miliyan 2 a cikin shekarar 2017. A cikin shekarar 2019, fiye da masu yawon bude ido miliyan 13 sun ziyarci Maroko. A cikin shekarar 2020, Maroko ba ta taɓa gani ba tare da masu yawon bude ido sama da miliyan 4, saboda yaduwar COVID-19. A cikin shekarar 2023, an zaɓi Marrakech a matsayin Mafi kyawun wurare 10 don masu yawon buɗe ido na duniya ta Tripadvisor. Masana'antar yawon buɗe ido Masu yawon bude ido a shekarar 2007 ya kai dalar Amurka biliyan 7.55. Yawon bude ido shi ne na biyu mafi yawan samun kudin waje a Maroko, bayan masana'antar phosphate. Gwamnatin Moroko tana zuba jari sosai a fannin raya yawon bude ido. An samar da wata sabuwar dabarar yawon bude ido mai suna Vision 2010 bayan hawan Sarki Mohammed VI a 1999. Gwamnati ta yi niyya cewa Maroko za ta sami baƙi miliyan 10 nan da shekara ta 2010, tare da fatan cewa yawon buɗe ido zai tashi zuwa kashi 20% na GDP. Wata babbar gwamnati ta dauki nauyin tallan tallace-tallace don jawo hankalin masu yawon bude ido ta tallata Maroko a matsayin wuri mai arha kuma mai ban mamaki, amma mai aminci, ga masu yawon bude ido na Turai. Yawan masu yawon bude ido na Maroko ya sami taimako ta wurin wurinta, wuraren yawon bude ido, da kuma karancin farashi. Tasoshin jiragen ruwa suna ziyartar tashar jiragen ruwa na Casablanca da Tangier. Maroko tana kusa da Turai kuma tana jan hankalin baƙi zuwa rairayin bakin teku. Saboda kusancinta da Spain, masu yawon bude ido a yankunan bakin teku na kudancin Spain suna yin balaguron kwana daya zuwa uku zuwa Maroko. Marrakesh da Agadir sune manyan wurare biyu a kasar. An kafa sabis na jiragen sama tsakanin Maroko da Aljeriya, 'yan Algeria da yawa sun je Maroko don siyayya da ziyartar 'yan uwa da abokan arziki. Maroko ba ta da tsada sosai saboda farashin musayar Dirham mai ban sha'awa idan aka kwatanta da manyan agogo da kuma karuwar farashin otal a makwabciyar Spain. Maroko tana da kyakkyawar hanya da hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa waɗanda ke haɗa manyan biranen da wuraren yawon buɗe ido tare da tashoshin jiragen ruwa da biranen da filayen jirgin sama na ƙasa da ƙasa. Kamfanonin jiragen sama masu rahusa suna ba da jirgi mai arha zuwa ƙasar. Plan Azur Shirin "plan Azur", babban aiki ne wanda Sarki Mohammed VI ya fara, ana nufin samar da wuraren shakatawa na bakin teku guda shida don masu gida da masu yawon bude ido (biyar a gabar Tekun Atlantika da daya a Bahar Rum), Daily Telegraph Note. Shirin ya kuma kunshi wasu manya-manyan ayyukan raya kasa kamar inganta filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama na yankin don jawo hankalin kamfanonin jiragen sama na kasafin kudi, da gina sabbin jiragen kasa da hanyoyin mota. Ta hanyar wadannan kokarin kasar ta samu karuwar kashi 11% a fannin yawon bude ido a watanni biyar na farkon shekarar 2008 idan aka kwatanta da na shekarar da ta gabata, ta kara da cewa maziyartan Faransa sun kasance kan gaba a jerin wadanda suka kai 927,000 sai Spaniards (587,000) da Britaniya 141,000). Maroko, wacce ke kusa da Turai, tana da cuɗanya da al’adu da ƙazamin da ke sa ta shahara wajen sayen gidajen hutu na Turawa[15]. Abubuwa masu jan hankali na yawon bude ido Ana iya raba abubuwa masu jan hankali na ƙasar zuwa yankuna bakwai: Biranen Imperial guda huɗu manyan biranen tarihi guda huɗu na Maroko: Fez, Marrakesh, Meknes da Rabat. Casablanca birni mafi girma a Maroko; gidan masallacin Hassan II, wanda ke da minare na biyu mafi tsayi a duniya mai tsawon kafa 656 Tangier da kewaye Ouarzazate-sanannen wurin yin fim; ƙauyen ƙaƙƙarfan (ksar) na Ait Benhaddou yamma da birni wurin Tarihin Duniya ne na UNESCO Agadir da wuraren shakatawa na bakin teku Tarfaya da wuraren shakatawa na bakin teku Fez birni na biyu mafi girma a Maroko kuma shine kimiyya da babban birnin ruhaniya na Maroko. Ya ƙunshi wani tsohon yanki wanda ake ganin shi ne yanki mafi girma a duniya da motoci ba sa iya shiga. Har ila yau, gidan "Al Qarawyien" ne mafi tsufa jami'a a duniya. Merzouga Merzouga ƙaramin ƙauye ne a kudu maso gabashin Maroko, kimanin shekaru 35 km (22 mi) kudu maso gabashin Rissani, kimanin 55 km (34 mi) daga Erfoud kuma kusan 50 km (31 mi) daga. Yayin da Maroko ta kasance Kariyar Faransa (daga 1912 zuwa 1956) yawon buɗe ido yana mayar da hankali kan yankunan birane kamar garuruwan Tangier da Casablanca na Bahar Rum. Tangier ya jawo hankalin marubuta da yawa, irin su Edith Wharton, Jack Kerouac, Paul Bowles, da William S. Burroughs. Akwai lokacin ci gaban wuraren shakatawa na bakin teku a wurare irin su Agadir da ke gabar Tekun Atlantika a cikin shekarun 1970 da 1980. Yawon buɗe ido yana ƙara mai da hankali kan al'adun Maroko, kamar tsoffin garuruwanta. Masana'antar yawon buɗe ido ta zamani tana yin amfani da tsoffin wuraren Roman da na Musulunci na Maroko, da kuma yanayin yanayinta da tarihin al'adunta. Kashi 60% na masu yawon bude ido na Maroko suna ziyartar ne saboda al'adu da al'adunta. Agadir babban wurin shakatawa ne na bakin teku kuma yana da kashi uku na duk daren gado na Moroccan. Tushen ne don yawon shakatawa zuwa tsaunukan Atlas. Sauran wuraren shakatawa a arewacin Maroko kuma suna da farin jini sosai. Casablanca ita ce babbar tashar jiragen ruwa a Maroko, kuma tana da kasuwa mafi ci gaba ga masu yawon bude ido a Maroko. Tun daga 2006, ayyuka da balaguron balaguron balaguro a cikin tsaunukan Atlas da Rif sune yanki mafi saurin girma a cikin yawon bude ido na Morocco. Waɗannan wuraren suna da kyawawan damar tafiya da tafiya daga ƙarshen Maris zuwa tsakiyar Nuwamba. Gwamnati na saka hannun jari a hanyoyin zirga-zirga. Suna kuma bunkasa yawon shakatawa na hamada a gasar da Tunisia.
60901	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate%20Morgan%20Chadwick	Kate Morgan Chadwick	Kate Morgan Chadwick yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka, mawaƙa, mai shirya fim kuma marubuci wanda aikinsa ya haɗa da rawar Hail, Kaisar! (2016), rated (2016), Bed (2016) da Oh, Baby! (2020). Rayuwar farko da ilimi Chadwick ya girma a La Mesa, California, ƙaramin yara biyu, tare da ɗan'uwa Teddy, wanda aka haifa ga iyayensa Michele West Chadwick da marigayi Dr. David Chadwick, kuma ya sauke karatu daga makarantar Francis Parker mai zaman kansa a San Diego a shekara ta 2001.Tun tana yarinya, ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a San Diego Junior Theatre. Ta ci gaba da yin aiki a makarantar sakandare da kwaleji, inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin fasaha a wasan kwaikwayo daga Kwalejin Fordham a Cibiyar Lincoln. Ta kuma horar da a Upright Citizens Brigade, ƙungiyar haɓakawa da ƙungiyar ban dariya. Sana'a Chadwick ya zagaya kasa a Broadway a cikin 2009 a cikin Grease, tare da tauraro a matsayin Frenchy tare da Taylor Hicks Paul Nicholas da David Ian ne suka shirya wasan a yawon shakatawa. A shekara ta gaba, ta yi a cikin wani cappella m comedy Perfect Harmony a Off-Broadway's Acorn Theater a Theater Row a New York City A cikin 2012, Chadwick ya taka rawa na malamin makaranta mai ƙauna Samantha a cikin Ba wanda Ya Ƙaunar ku a San Diego's Old Globe Theater, wanda New York Times ya kira "kyauta mai ban sha'awa." A waccan shekarar ta kuma yi tauraro a matsayin Private Lindsay Skinner a Bad Apples, wani wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa na dutse game da Abu Ghraib a Kamfanin Circle X Theater Company a Los Angeles. A cikin 2013, Chadwick ya yi waƙar "Surrender," tare da mawaki mawaƙa Beth Thornley da Rob Cairns, a 44th Annual Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle Awards nuni. A shekara mai zuwa, ta rubuta tare da samar da gajeren fim din Dryve Ta yi tare da Josh Brolin a cikin fim ɗin ban dariya na 2016 Hail, Kaisar!, wanda hukumar tantancewa ta kasa ta zaba a matsayin daya daga cikin fina-finai 10 na bana. Har ila yau, a cikin 2016, Chadwick ya yi tauraro a cikin Echo Theatre Company na farko na wasan kwaikwayo na Sheila Callaghan na Bed a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Atwater Village. Broadway World ya kira shi "wani mai ban dariya, mai ban sha'awa da soyayya marar al'ada tare da kiɗa." Jennifer Chambers ya jagoranci. Hakanan a cikin 2016, ta sake buga Private Skinner a cikin wasan kwaikwayon Bad Apples, wannan lokacin a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na ACT a Seattle. A cikin 2017, ta yi tauraro a cikin immersive shirin wasan kwaikwayo na Amos: A Play With Music a Bootleg Theater a Los Angeles. Mai bitar wasan kwaikwayon Nuhu J. Nelson tare da Babu Proscenium ya bayyana shi a matsayin "sabon aikin da ƙungiyar rubuce-rubuce ta Eva Anderson da Michael Cassady suka kafa a cikin duniyar Ukraine ta EDM scene." An jefa Chadwick a matsayin jagora a matsayin Rebecca don 2017 na farko na duniya na Sashe na Shirin, wani kida da Kate Atkinson da Karen Harris suka rubuta da kuma nuna littafin waƙar Dan Fogelberg, a James K. Polk Theater a Nashville, Tennessee Chadwick da abokin aikinta Harley Jay sun samfoti wasan kwaikwayon akan nunin "Talk of the Town" na WTVF akan News Channel 5, Fox's affiliate a Nashville. Chadwick, tare da 'yan'uwan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, an kuma yi hira da su a kan tef tare da Out About Nashville. Fitowar talbijin na baƙo sun haɗa da jagorar jagora a cikin Lifetime 's My Crazy Ex, da kuma bayyanuwa a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen Showtime marasa kunya da Manyan Laifukan TNT Chadwick ya kasance babban furodusa, marubuci kuma tauraruwar Oh, Baby! wani ɗan gajeren fim mai haske mai haske ta Seed&Spark kuma a cikin samarwa a watan Agusta 2019. Yana haɗakar da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo TJ Linnard, tare da darekta kuma marubucin marubuci Brooke Trantor, furodusa kuma mataimakin darekta Danielle Argyros, babban mai shiryawa Arden Grier, darektan daukar hoto Kara Johnson, da manajan samarwa Courtney Stewart. Fim ɗin ya nuna a bikin Fina-Finan Duniya na San Diego a watan Oktoba 2021. Kafin haka, ya sami lambar yabo mafi kyau a Block a Bikin Fim na Blackbird da lambar yabo ta masu sauraro don mafi kyawun gajeren fim a bikin Rawar Tare da Fina-finai Hakanan an zaɓi shi don mafi kyawun ba da labari a Bikin Fim na Florida na 2020. liyafa Chadwick ta sami sake dubawa da yawa don aikinta a matsayin Rebecca a cikin samar da Sashe na Shirin (2017). Out About Nashville ya bayyana hotonta a matsayin "kyakkyawan aiki" wanda ya kasance "mai dadi, amma mai karfin gaske." The Williamson Herald ya kira halin Rebecca "wanda Kate Morgan Chadwick ta buga da kyau," yayin da Broadway World Nashville ya bayyana wasan kwaikwayon a matsayin "wanda Kate Morgan Chadwick ya buga shi da alheri mara tausayi." aridar Los Angeles Times, a cikin nazarinta na Bed a Kamfanin Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Echo a Los Angeles, wanda Chadwick ya buga halin Holly, ya kira aikinta "mai zafi" da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo "mai gamsarwa." LA Weekly ya rubuta, "Cikakken bayanin Chadwick da cikakken bayanin halin da ya fito a matsayin wani nau'i na kwarjini, tashin hankali grrrl-ya sake daidaita Courtney Love ta hanyar Kathleen Hanna." A kan Jiha allo ya rubuta, "Musamman Chadwick yana da matakin maganadisu." ArtsBeatLA ta kira hotonta na Holly kamar yadda "Kati Morgan Chadwick ta buga da kyau." Wani mai sukar wasan kwaikwayo Stephen Fife, ya rubuta game da taron Stage Raw Awards a watan Mayu 2017, ya bayyana Chadwick, wanda ya bayyana a kan mataki a cikin tufafi na yau da kullum don karɓar kyautar ta, a matsayin "mai rai ga yiwuwar wasan kwaikwayo na wannan lokacin." A cikin bita na Bad Apples, LA Weekly ya rubuta cewa aikin Chadwick a matsayin Lindsay Skinner ya kasance "fitacciyar." Natalie Pace tare da Huffington Post, a cikin bita na Bad Apples, ya rubuta, Na sami kaina kusa da hawaye a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na uku, lokacin da Kate Morgan Chadwick ta rera waƙa, 'Babu Abin Da Ya Fi Zaƙi'. LAist ya rubuta cewa "lokacin ban dariya na Chadwick yana da kaifi." A cikin 2021, The Music City Drive-In yayi bita Oh, Baby!, yana kwatanta rawar da Chadwick ke takawa a matsayin "aikin fuska da yawa wanda bai dace ba." Reel News Daily ya rubuta cewa "Trantor da Chadwick cikin sauƙin kama abubuwan ban dariya da damuwa waɗanda ke tattare da saduwa, gabaɗaya. Haɓaka wannan tunanin tare da haihuwa mai zuwa yana ba Oh, Baby! na zamani.”
40241	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan%20Obika	Jonathan Obika	Jonathan Chiedozie Obika (an haife shi a ranar ga watan 12 Satumba shekarar 1990) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Ingila wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar League One Morecambe. Aikin kulob Tottenham Obika samfur ne na tsarin matasa na Tottenham Hotspur kuma shine babban wanda ya zira kwallaye a bangaren makarantar kimiyya a kakar shekarar 2007–08 Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar cin kofin UEFA a ranar 27 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2008 da NEC Nijmegen. Ya kuma buga wasa da ƙungiyar FC Shakhtar Donetsk ta ƙasar Ukraine a gasar ɗaya. Ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragi mafi aminci da kulob ɗin a watan Janairun shekarar 2009. A ranar 19 ga watan Maris shekarar 2009 ya sanya hannu tare da ƙungiyar League One Yeovil Town akan lamunin wata guda. An tsawaita lamunin nasa har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa ta shekarar 2008–09 a watan Afrilu. A matsayin aro na watanni biyu ya buga wasanni 10 inda ya zura kwallaye hudu. Obika ya koma Yeovil akan lamuni na wata uku ranar 11 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2009. Ya zura kwallo a wasansa na uku na kakar shekarar 2009–10 da Leyton Orient Ya sake zira kwallo a ranar 1 ga Watan Satumba a kan Bournemouth a gasar cin kofin kwallon kafa ta Kwallon kafa, yana zuwa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a rabin lokaci. Tare da abokan wasan Tottenham Steven Caulker da Ryan Mason, an tsawaita lamunin nasa har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta bana a ranar 5 ga watan Nuwamba. A ranar 11 ga watan Fabrairu, an mayar da Obika zuwa Spurs saboda komawar Yeovil na Arron Davies sannan kuma nan da nan aka aika shi aro zuwa ga Millwall na League One. A ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu, Obika ya zira kwallo a ragar Millwall a karawar da suka yi da Yeovil a lokacin rauni kuma duk da abin da ake nufi da ci gaban Millwall, bai yi bikin a matsayin alamar girmamawa ga tsohon kulob ɗinsa ba. A ranar 20 ga watan Agusta, Obika ya koma kudancin Landan ya koma Crystal Palace kan yarjejeniyar aro na tsawon kakar wasa. Duk da haka an yanke wannan a farkon watan Janairu bayan jerin wasanni masu ban sha'awa, kuma ya tafi aro ga Peterborough United maimakon. Daga nan ya shiga garin Swindon bayan ƴan makonni har zuwa karshen kakar wasa amma an tuna da shi bayan rashin dama a Swindon. Daga baya Obika ya koma Yeovil har zuwa karshen kakar wasa, kulob dinsa na uku a kakar shekarar 2010-11, kuma ya buga wasanni 11 yana zura kwallaye 3. Daga nan Obika ya koma Yeovil aro a farkon kakar 2011-12 har zuwa watan Janairu 2012, daga baya aka tsawaita wannan yarjejeniya har zuwa karshen kakar wasa. A ranar 26 ga watan Disamba shekarar 2011, Obika ya ci kwallo ta farko na sabuwar yarjejeniyar aro da Charlton Athletic tare da bugun daga kai, sannan ya ci gaba da zura kwallo a ragar Carlisle, Sheffield Wednesday da Leyton Orient. A cikin watan Fabrairu shekarar 2013, Obika ya rattaba hannu kan aro tare da Charlton Athletic ta Championship na sauran kakar shekarar 2012-13 sannan kuma ya sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwantiragin shekara guda tare da Spurs har zuwa shekarar 2014. Obika ne ya ci wa Charlton kwallonsa ta farko a ragar Leeds United, a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida inda aka tashi 2-1. Obika ya biyo bayan haka ne a minti na 90 da ci wa Wolves. A ranar 8 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2014, Obika ya shiga ƙungiyar Championship Brighton & Hove Albion akan yarjejeniyar lamuni ta farko ta wata uku. Ya ci wa Brighton kwallonsa ta farko a gasar cin kofin FA a zagaye na hudu da Port Vale a minti na 78, Brighton ta ci 3-1. Rohan Ince da Solomon March ne suka ci wa Albion sauran kwallaye biyun. Bayan yarjejeniyarsa da Brighton ta kare, Obika ya koma Charlton Athletic a matsayin aro, na tsawon kakar wasa ta bana. Garin Swindon Obika ya bar Tottenham ya koma ƙungiyar League One Swindon Town a ranar 1 ga Satumba 2014 kan kudin da ba a bayyana ba. Ya sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya don ci gaba da shi a The County Ground na tsawon shekaru biyu. A ranar 15 ga Yuni 2017, Obika ya tabbatar da cewa zai bar Swindon a kan ƙarshen yarjejeniyarsa ta yanzu bayan shekaru uku a Ground County Oxford United Obika ya zama sabon koci Pep Clotet na farko da ya sa hannu a abokan hamayyar Swindon Oxford United lokacin da aka sanar da yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu akan 5 Yuli 2017. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Oldham Athletic a wasan farko na kakar wasa ta 2017–18, wanda ya kare da ci 2–0 da Oxford, kuma ya fara halarta a gida da fara bayyanarsa, kuma ya zira kwallonsa ta farko. burin, a wasa na gaba, rashin nasara da ci 4–3 a Cheltenham Town a zagayen farko na gasar cin kofin EFL An sake shi bayan kwantiraginsa ya kare bayan kakar 2018-19 St Mirren A watan Agusta 2019, Obika ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu tare da kungiyar St Mirren ta Scotland Ya zira kwallaye 8 a gasar, na karshe ya zo ne a wasan da suka doke Hearts da ci 1-0 wanda ya koma kungiyar Edinburgh. Morecambe A watan Yuni 2021, Obika ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu tare da Morecambe League One Ayyukan ƙasaa daƙasaa An kira Obika ne domin ya wakilci Ingila a gasar cin kofin duniya ta ƴan ƙasa da shekaru 20 da za a karbi bakunci a Masar daga ranar 24 ga watan Satumba Oktoba 16, 2009. Obika ya buga wasanni biyun farko da Ghana da Uruguay Rayuwa ta sirri An haifi Obika a Enfield, London kuma ya girma a Edmonton na asalin Najeriya. Ya halarci Makarantar Bishop Stopford a Enfield. Shi ɗan uwan mawaki ne kuma tsohon dan takarar Kwalejin Fame Lemar Kididdigar sana'a Girmamawa Mutum Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Sky Bet na mako 13/09/14 14/09/14 Nassoshi 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1990 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
14027	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99o%C6%99i	Haƙƙoƙi	Haƙƙoƙi kamar yadda akafi sani shine Haƙƙi wasu dokoki ne, na zamantakewa ko kuma ƙa'idojin dabi'u na 'yanci ko kuma na mallaka; wato haƙƙoƙi wasu dokokin rayuwa ne na yau da kullum akan abubuwan da aka yarjewa mutane ko halayen da kuma ake tsammani daga garesu dangane da tsarin shari'a, tsarin zamantakewa, ko kuma hukunce-hukuncen dabi'a. Haƙƙoƙi na da muhimmanci ga nazarin dokoki ko kuma dabi'u Ana ɗaukar ƴanci da zama mafarin wayewar kai (civilization) ga duk al'umman da suka cigaba, saboda ana ɗaukarsu a zaman ginshiƙan zaman al'umma da al'adu. Tarihin rikice-rikicen zamantakewa na da alaka da yunkurin bayyan hokkoki da kuma jaddada su. A cewar Stanford Encyclopedia ta Falsafa, "tsarin mallakar hakƙoƙi shine mafarin tsarin gwamnatoci, da abubuwan da suka ƙunshi dokoki, da kuma zama magyarin tsarin kyawawan ɗabi'u kamar yadda ake gani a halin yanzu". Cece-kuce akan ma'anan Akwai bambancin ra'ayi game da abin da ake nufi da ma'anar haƙƙi. Kungiyoyi daban-daban da masu tunani sun yi amfani da shi don dalilai daban-daban, tare da kuma ma'anoni daban-daban kuma wasu lokuta masu adawa, kuma madaidaicin ma'anar wannan ka'ida, sama da samun abin da zai yi da ka'idojin al'ada ko kuma wani mai saɓani. Akwai ire-iren wasu hanyoyi da za'a iya kason Haƙƙoƙi, kamar su: Wanda ake zargi da mallakar Haƙƙi: Haƙƙoƙin yara, Haƙƙoƙin dabbobi, Haƙƙoƙin ma'aikata, Haƙƙoƙin ƙasa, Haƙƙoƙin da mutane ke da shi. Menene ayyuka ko yanayi ko abubuwa Haƙƙoƙin da aka ayyana ya danganta gare su: Haƙƙoƙin fadin sakakkiyar zance, don yin hukunci; Haƙƙin kebanci, don kasacewa shiru; Haƙƙoƙin kaya, Haƙƙoƙin jiki. Me yasa the mamallakin Haƙƙi (aka zargi) Haƙƙin: Haƙƙoƙin tarbiya ya tsago ne daga tarbiyatacciyar tunani, Haƙƙoƙin doka yasamu ne daga hukunce-hukuncen kasa, Haƙƙoƙin al'ada na daga cikin tsarin awasu mutane. Yaya Haƙƙoƙin da aka ayyana za'a iya jinsu ta hanyar aikin wanda ya mallake Haƙƙoƙin: Haƙƙin rayuwa da ba za'a iya hanaka ba, Haƙƙin yanci da za'a iya hana ka, da Haƙƙin ƙyalewa da a cika alƙawari. Hakanan akwai hanyoyin da dama daban daban na yadda za'a rarrabe hakkoki, kamar: An yi mahawara mai yawa game da abin da wannan ma'anar ke nufi a cikin ɗaliban ilimi, musamman ma a fagage kamar falsafa, doka, ka'idojin tunani, dabaru, kimiyyar siyasa, da addini.}} Hakƙoƙi na ɗabi'a Hakkokin 'yanci na dabi'a hakki ne wadanda suke "na dabi'a" ta ma'anar "ba na mutum ba", kamar yadda a cikin hakkoki ke samu daga yanayin ɗan Adam ko daga dokar Allah Suna gama-gari ne; watau suna amfani da dukkan mutane, kuma basu da wata fa'ida daga wasu takamaiman al'ummomin. Ya zama dole, a cikin kowane mutum, kuma ba za'a iya kwashe shi ba. Misali, an yi jayayya cewa 'ƴan'adam suna da ƴancin halitta na rayuwa. Waɗannan lokuta ana kiran su da "haƙƙin ɗabi'a ko haƙƙin da ba za'a iya tantancewa ba. Korafi da 'yanci Hakkin da'awa hakki ne wanda ke tattare da cewa wani mutum yana da takalifi a kan mai riƙe shi. Wani kuma dole ne ya aikata ko ya guji yin wani abu ga wanda yake "da'awar" kamar yin wani aiki ko samar da kaya gareshi ko ita; watau yana da wata da'awa ga waccan sabis ɗin ko samfurin (wata kalma abu ce a aikace A hankali, ana iya bayyana wannan ra'ayin kamar haka: "Mutumin A yana da da'awar cewa mutumin B yayi wani abu idan kuma kawai B yana da alƙawarin A yin hakan." Duk haƙƙin na da'awar yana ƙunshe da cewa wasu masu ɗaukar nauyi dole suyi wasu ayyuka don gamsar da da'awar. Wannan aikin na iya zama wani aiki ko nisantar aikatawa. Misali, yankuna da yawa suna sanin hakkokin da'awar abubuwa kamar "rayuwa, 'yanci, da dukiya"; waɗannan haƙƙoƙin sun tilasta wa wasu kada su ci zarafin wani ko riƙe mutum, ko amfani da dukiyarsu, ba tare da izinin mai riƙe ba. Hakanan, a cikin hukunce-hukuncen da ake bayar da sabis na kulawa da jin dadin jama'a, 'yan ƙasa suna da haƙƙin da'a na doka don samarwa da waɗannan ayyukan. Hakki na libeanci ko gata, a akasin haka, shine kawai 'yanci ko izini ga mai riƙe damar yin wani abu, kuma babu wasu wajibai akan wasu ɓangarorin don yin ko basu yin komai. Ana iya bayyanar da wannan ta hanyar hankali kamar: "Mutum A yana da gatan yin wani abu idan kuma ba tare da A yake da aikin ba ya yin abin." Misali, idan mutum yana da damar 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, hakan kawai yana nufin cewa baya halatta musu yin magana da yardar kaina: hakan ba yana nufin kowa ya taimaka ba da damar maganarsu, ko sauraron maganarsu; ko ma, a cikin kowane ɗaya, dena dakatar da su daga yin magana, ko da yake wasu haƙƙoƙin, kamar neman haƙƙin 'yanci daga hari, na iya taƙaita abin da wasu za su iya yi don hana su. Hakkokin 'yanci da haƙƙin neman' yancin su ne kuma suke jujjuya juna: mutum yana da rightancin tingancin tinganci na ba shi damar yin wani abu kawai idan babu wani mutumin da ke da haƙƙin da ke hana shi yin hakan. Hakanan, idan mutum yana da wani hakki game da wani, to wannan 'yancin wasu na iyakantacce ne. Misali, mutum na da 'yanci ya sauka daga kan hanya kuma yana iya yanke hukunci kyauta ko yin hakan, tunda babu takalifi ko yin hakan ko ya ƙi yin hakan. Amma masu tafiya a ƙasa na iya samun sharadin kada su yi tafiya a kan wasu ƙasashe, kamar kayan mallakan wasu na mutane, waɗanda waɗannan mutanen ke da haƙƙinsu na haƙƙinsu. Don haka yancin mutum na tafiya yana tafiya daidai har zuwa lokacin da haƙƙin ɗan Adam yake iyakance' yancinsa. Tabbatacce a kan mara kyau A wata hanyar, hakkin wani izini ne na yin wani abu ko kuma cancanci takamaiman aiki ko magani daga wasu, kuma an kira waɗannan haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙi masu kyau. Ko yaya, a wata ma'anar, haƙƙi na iya bada izini ko buƙatar rashin aiki, kuma waɗannan ana kiransu haƙƙin mara kyau sun ba da izini ko buƙatar yin komai. Misali, a wasu ƙasashe, misali Amurka, yan ƙasa suna da kyakkyawan yancin zaɓe kuma suna da mummunar yancin zaɓin; mutane suna iya zaɓar kada su jefa ƙuri'a a zaɓen da aka ba ba tare da horo ba. A wasu ƙasashe, misali Kodayake, Ostiraliya, 'yan ƙasa suna da cikakkiyar damar yin zaɓe amma ba su da mummunar haƙƙin kada ƙuri'a, tunda jefa ƙuri'a wajibi ne Haka kuma: Hakkoki na ainihi izini ne na aikata abubuwa, ko kuma haƙƙin da za a yi wa. Misali guda na ingantacciyar hakki ita ce fassara da yancin kyautatawa. 'Yancin da ba shi da izini, izini ne ba yin abubuwa, ko kuma damar da za a bari kawai. Yawancin lokaci rarrabuwarwar ana birne shi daga masu sassaucin ra'ayi wadanda suke tunanin wani mummunan abu a matsayin wanda ya dace da rashin kutse kamar 'yancin kada a kaiwa hari. Duk da cewa suna iri ɗaya, yancin tabbatacce da mara kyau bai kamata a rikita su da haƙƙin aiki ba (wanda ya ƙunshi "dama" da "iko") da haƙƙin m (wanda ya ƙunshi "da'awa" da "rigakafi"). Mutum daya da kungiya Babbar manufar 'yanci ita ce cewa mutane sun mallaki su ta ma'anar cewa suna da izini ne kuma suna da damar yin abubuwan da wasu mutane, ko waɗanda gwamnatoci ko hukumomi ba za su iya keta ba. Wannan ita ce fahimtar mutane kamar marubucin Ayn Rand wanda ya ba da hujjar cewa mutane ne kawai ke da hakki, gwargwadon falsafar da aka sani da suna Objectivism. Ko yaya, wasu sun ba da hujjar cewa akwai wasu yanayi waɗanda ake zaton gungun mutane suke da hakki, ko haƙƙin kungiya. Haka kuma: Hakkokin daidaikun mutane hakkoki ne wadanda mutane suka mallaka ba tare da la'akari da kasancewarsu kungiya ko rashin hakan ba. An yi jayayya game da haƙƙin kungiya zama yayin da ake ganin ƙungiyar ba ta zama ba kawai ba taron jama'a ba ne amma wani ɓangaren nasa ne. Ta wata hanyar, zai yuwu a ga kungiya a yadda take da kanta; yana da alaƙa da mutum ɗaya da aka faɗaɗa, ɓangare na kamfanoni, wanda ke da bambancin nufin da ikon aiwatarwa kuma ana iya tunanin shi yana da haƙƙoƙi Misali, za'a iya tunanin dakaru sojoji a fagen fama a matsayin wani rukuni na musamman, tunda membobin kungiya suna shirye don hadarin rayuwarsu don tsira kungiyar, sabili da haka za'a iya tunanin kungiyar a matsayin tana da "daidai" wanda yafi ga kowane memba na kowane; Misali, Soja wanda ya yiwa rashin biyayya wa jami'in za a iya hukunta shi, watakila ma a kashe shi, saboda keta alfarma. Amma akwai wata ma'anar haƙƙin rukunin ƙungiyoyin wanda za'a iya yin tunanin mutanen da suke membobin ƙungiyar suna da takamaiman takamaiman hakkin membobinsu saboda kasancewa ƙungiyar su. A wannan ma'anar, tsarin fa'idodi wanda daidaikun mutane-da-kungiya-ya zama sun fadada saboda kasancewa cikin kungiyar. Misali, ma'aikatan da suke membobin kungiya kamar kungiyar kwadago za a iya tunaninsu kamar haɓaka haƙƙin mutum saboda kasancewa ɗaya cikin ƙungiyar kwadago, kamar haƙƙoƙin zuwa takamaiman yanayin aiki ko albashi. Kamar yadda aka zata, wani lokacin akwai rashin jituwa sosai game da ma'anar ma'anar kalmar "rukuni" da kuma kalmar "haƙƙin rukuni." Ana iya samun tashin hankali tsakanin daidaikun mutane da na kungiya. Babban misali inda kungiyoyi da hakkokin mutane ke rikici shine rikici tsakanin kungiyoyi da membobinsu. Misali, kowane membobin kungiyar kwadagon na iya son karin albashi ya zarce albashin da aka yi yarjejeniya da kungiyar, amma an hana shi yin wasu buƙatu; A cikin shagon da ake kira shagon rufewa wanda ke da yarjejeniyar tsaro ƙungiyar, ƙungiyar kawai tana da 'yancin yanke hukunci al'amura ga membobin ƙungiyar kamar ƙididdigar albashin. Don haka, shin "haƙƙin mutum" na ma'aikata yana da fifiko game da albashin da ya dace? Ko kuwa "haƙƙoƙin rukuni" na ƙungiyar game da albashin da ya dace ya rinjaye? A bayyane yake wannan shine yake kawo tashin hankali. Makarantar Harkokin Tattalin Arziki na Austrian ta riƙe cewa mutane kawai ke tunani, ji, da aiki ko membobin kowane rukunin ƙasa. Al'umma ta haka ne bisa ga masana tattalin arziƙin makarantar za a bincika fara daga mutum. Wannan hanyar ana kiranta hanyar dabara kuma masana tattalin arziki suna amfani da ita don gaskata haƙƙin mutum Sauran hankula Sauran bambance-bambance tsakanin hakkoki suna jawo hankali akan haɗin kan tarihi ko kwatancin dangi fiye da takamaiman rarrabewar falsafa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da banbanci tsakanin haƙƙin ɗan Adam da siyasa da na tattalin arziki, da na rayuwa da al'adu, wanda a tsakanin abin yake rarrabe abubuwa tsakanin Universalan Majalisar Dokokin Duniya game da haƙƙin ɗan Adam Wata hanyar samun 'yancin ta haɗu da su zuwa tsara uku''' Waɗannan bambance-bambancen suna da alaƙa da wannan tsakanin mummunan ra’ayi da ingantacciya, har da tsakanin haƙƙin mutum da haƙƙoƙin rukuni, amma waɗannan rukuni ba su da haɗin kai. Siyasa An haɗu da haƙƙoƙi sau da yawa a cikin tambayoyin tushe waɗanda aka tsara gwamnatoci da siyasa don magance su. Sau da yawa cigaban waɗannan cibiyoyin siyasa da zamantakewa suna kafa dangantakar yare da hakkoki. Hakkoki game da takamaiman al'amura, ko 'yancin wasu kungiyoyi, galibi sune wuraren kulawa na musamman. Yawancin lokaci waɗannan damuwa suna tasowa yayin da haƙƙoƙi suka sami sabani da wasu lamuran doka ko halin kirki, wani lokacin har ma da wasu hakkoki. Batutuwan da suka shafi damuwa sun haɗa da haƙƙin ma'aikata, haƙƙin (LGBT), haƙƙoƙin haihuwa, haƙƙin dan kasa, haƙƙin haƙuri da haƙƙin fursunoni Tare da haɓaka saka idanu da ƙungiyar masu ba da labari, haƙƙoƙin bayanai, kamar haƙƙin sirri yana zama mafi mahimmanci. Wasu misalai na rukuni waɗanda hakkinsu ya fi damuwa musamman sun hada da dabbobi, da tsakanin mutane, ƙungiyoyi kamar hakkin yara, iyaye iyaye mata da ubanni da maza da mata. Dangane da haka, siyasa tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓakawa ko sanin hakkokin da ke sama, kuma tattaunawa game da wane halayya an haɗa da "haƙƙoƙi" batu ne na siyasa mai mahimmanci. Manufar 'yancin ta bambanta da manufar siyasa. Muhimmancin 'yanci kamar yancin kiwon lafiya" ana karfafa su sau da yawa ta hanyar tunanin masu hagu da dama, yayin da masu ra'ayin karkatar da hankali suna ba da fifiko kan haƙƙoƙin da ba su da kyau kamar "'yancin yin shari'ar adalci". Kari akan haka, kalmar daidaito wacce a mafi yawan lokuta aka kera ta da ma'anar "'yanci" galibi ya dogara da yanayin siyasar mutum. Masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da masu sassaucin ra'ayi da masu ba da tallafi na kasuwanni kyauta suna yawanci bayyana daidaituwa tare da daidaiton dama, kuma suna son dokoki daidai da adalci a cikin aiwatar da abubuwa, yayin da suke yarda cewa wani lokacin waɗannan dokoki masu adalci suna haifar da sakamako marar daidaituwa. Sabanin haka, yan gurguzu suna nuna daidaito tare da daidaituwar sakamako kuma suna ganin adalci yayin da mutane suka sami adadin kayan aiki da sabis, don haka suna tunanin cewa mutane suna da 'yancin daidai daidai da abubuwan buƙatu kamar su kiwon lafiya ko taimakon tattalin arziki ko mahalli. Falsafa A falsafa, meta-xa'a ne reshe na xa'a da take kokarin gane yanayin xa'a Properties, kalamai, halaye, da farillai. Meta-da'a shine ɗayan rassa uku na ɗabi'ar ɗabi'a waɗanda masanan falsafa suka amince da su, ɗayan kuma suna da da'a kuma suna aiki da ɗabi'a Duk da yake normative xa'a adiresoshin tambayoyi kamar "Me ya kamata daya aikata?", Haka tana tabbatar da wasu da'a kimantawa da kuma kin wasu, meta-xa'a adiresoshin tambayoyi kamar "Mene ne alheri?" da kuma "Ta yaya zamu iya faɗi abin da ke mai kyau daga abin da ke mara kyau?", muna ƙoƙarin fahimtar yanayin halayen ɗabi'a da kimantawa. Hakkin da'a yana mai da martani ga tambayar mutun-mutun na abin da ya dace da abin da ya shafi al'ada (Meta-ethics kuma ya hada da rukuni na tambayoyi game da yadda aka san kyawawan dabi'un, gaskiya ne, da dai sauransu wanda ba a magana kai tsaye ta hanyar ɗabi'a mai da'a). ƙa'idojin haƙƙoƙi ya kula da ɗabi'a na al'ada. Watau ka'idojin meta-na ka'idojin dabi'a sune ka'idojin da'a da damuwa da ɗayan masu zuwa: Ayyuka (deontology) Daraja (tsinkayar akida) Nagarta (halin kirki) Sakamakon (sakamakon aiki, misali utilitarianism) Ka'idojin haƙƙi ya sami babban tasiri ga tunanin siyasa da zamantakewa. Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam na Duniya ya ba da wasu misalai na zahiri na haƙƙoƙin da aka yarda da su sosai. Suka Wasu masana falsafa sun soki hakkin a matsayin ontologically dubious abokai. Misali, duk da cewa yana goyon bayan fadada yancin mutum na doka, masanin ilmin kimiya mai suna Jeremy Bentham ya yi adawa da ra'ayin dokar dabi'a da' yancin halitta, yana kiransu "maganar banza game da rashin hankali". Bugu da kari, mutum na iya yin shakku da ikon 'yanci na hakika ya samar da adalci ga kowa. Tarihi Kididdigar ƙayyadaddun haƙƙoƙin sun bambanta sosai a cikin lokuta daban-daban na tarihi. A mafi yawan lokuta, tsarin 'yancin kungiya daya ya yadda ya shiga rikici mai tsananin gaske da na sauran kungiyoyi. A fagen siyasa, wurin da haƙƙin tarihi ya kasance muhimmiyar matsala, tanadin kundin tsarin mulki na jihohi daban-daban wasu lokuta kan magance tambaya wanene ke da haƙƙin doka. A tarihi, yawancin masanyan hakkoki sun kasance marubuci da matsayi, tare da mutane daban-daban da aka ba su hakkoki daban-daban, wasu kuma suna da hakkoki fiye da waɗansu. Misali, hakkin uba na da dansa bai nuna dan hakkin dan ya sami wani abu ba saboda hakan; da kuma ikon allahntaka na sarakuna, wanda ya ba da izinin cikakken iko akan batutuwa, bai barin damar da yawa ga haƙƙoƙin kansu ba. Akasin haka, ra'ayoyin zamani game da haƙƙoƙin 'yanci sun jaddada yancin da daidaito kamar yadda ɗaya daga cikin muhimman yancin haƙƙoƙin, kamar yadda ya bayyana a juyin juya halin Amurka da Faransa Muhimman takardu a tarihin siyasa na haƙƙoƙin sun haɗa da: Masarautar Farisa ta tsohuwar Iran ta kafa ka'idojin da ba a taba ganin irinsu ba a cikin karni na 6 kafin haihuwar Karkashin Sarki. Bayan cin nasarar Babila a shekara ta 539 kafin haihuwar, sarki ya ba da silsilar Cyrus, wanda aka gano a shekara ta 1879 kuma wasu sun gan shi a matsayin farkon haƙƙin ɗan adam. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina (622 AD; Arabia) ya kafa wasu hakkoki ga Musulmi, Bayahude, mabiyan sansanin da kuma "masu imani" na Madina. Magna Carta (1215; England ya bukaci Sarkin Ingila ya yi watsi da wasu hakkoki tare da girmama wasu ka'idoji na doka, kuma ya yarda cewa dokar za ta iya zama doka, bayan Sarki John ya yi alkawarin barons dinsa zai bi "dokar kasar Duk da yake asalin Magna Carta'' asali dokoki ne waɗanda sarki ya kamata ya bi, kuma galibi yana kiyaye kadarorin masu mallakar ƙasa, a yau ana ganin shine tushen wasu haƙƙoƙin talakawa, kamar haƙƙin yin adalci. Bayanin Arbroath (1320; Scotland ya kafa 'yancin mutane su zaɓi shugaban ƙasa (duba shaharar mulkin mallaka Labarin Henrician (1573; Poland-Lithuania) ko Labaran Sarki Henry yarjejeniya ce ta dindindin wacce ta bayyana mahimman ka'idodi na shugabanci da kuma kundin tsarin mulki a cikin Tarayyar Polish-Lithuania, ciki har da haƙƙin mai ikon zaɓa sarki, haɗuwa a majalisa wanda an yarda da amincewarsa don biyan haraji da kuma ayyana yaki ko kwanciyar hankali, ga 'yanci na addini da' yancin tawaye idan sarki ya keta dokokin jamhuri ko 'yancin sarauta. Doka ta 'Yanci (1689; Ingila) ta bayyana cewa Ingilishi, kamar yadda majalisa ta kafa shi, suna da wasu hakkoki na siyasa da na siyasa; da'awar dama (1689; Scotland) ya kasance mai kama da juna. Bayanin 'yancin Virginia (1776) na George Mason ya ba da sanarwar ainihin haƙƙin ɗan adam da rabuwa da iko Sanarwar 'Yancin Kai ta Amurka (1776) ta baiyana hakkin ɗan adam kamar yadda ya haɗa, amma ba'a iyakance ga, Life, yanci, da kuma neman farin ciki ba wanda daga baya ya shafi yanci, égalité, fraternité ('yanci, daidaici, rashin adalci) a Faransa. Hakanan ana iya samun kalmar a cikin Fasali na III, Mataki na 13 na kundin tsarin mulki na 1947 na Japan, da kuma sanarwar Shugaba Ho Chi Minh na 1945 na samun 'yancin kai na Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Vietnam Wani madadin magana "rayuwa, 'yanci da dukiya", ana samunsu a cikin Sanarwar ofancin mallaka, aasashen Babban Taro Na Farko Hakanan, Sashi na 3 na Sanarwar Kasashen Duniya na 'Yancin Dan Adam ya karanta, "Kowa na da hakkin rayuwa,' yanci da amincin mutum".<ref></ref Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam da na Al'umma (1789; Faransa), daya daga cikin mahimman takardu na juyin juya halin Faransa, ya ayyana tsarin mutane na mutum da na kowa da kowa. Dokar 'Yan Sandan Amurka ta Yanci na Addinai (1785; Amurka), wanda Thomas Jefferson ya rubuta a cikin 1779, wata takarda ce da ke tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan Adam don kulla alaƙa da Allah ba tare da tsangwama ba. Dokar 'Yancin Amurka (1789-1791; Amurka), sauye-sauye goma na farko na kundin tsarin mulkin Amurka ya ayyana hakkokin mutane wadanda gwamnati ba za ta iya tsoma baki ba, gami da' yancin yin taro, da 'yancin gudanar da addini, da hukunci. da 'yancin kiyayewa da riƙe makamai. Tsarin mulkin Poland-Lithuania (1791; Poland-Lithuania) shine kundin tsarin mulki na farko a Turai, kuma na biyu a duniya. An gina shi a kan takardun Poland na baya kamar su Harshen Henrician, da kuma kundin tsarin mulkin Amurka, kuma shi ma, ya ƙayyade haƙƙoƙi da yawa. Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam na Duniya (1948) wani yanki ne mai girman gaske wanda gwamnatoci, kungiyoyi da mutane zasu auna halin su ga juna. A Preamble ya furta cewa amincewa da muhimmi da mutunci, kuma kowa daidai da na sami yancin na duk 'yan adam da kafuwar yanci, adalci da kuma zaman lafiya a duniya. Yarjejeniyar Turai game da 'Yancin Dan Adam (1950; Turai) an amince da ita a karkashin Majalisar Turai don kare hakkokin dan adam da hakkokin yanci. Yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin dan adam da siyasa (1966), bin diddigin Sanarwar' Yancin Dan Adam na Duniya, ya shafi hakkin jama'a da na siyasa ne Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Hakkokin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da Al'adu (1966), wani bin diddigin Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam na Duniya, ya shafi batun tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu An kirkiro da Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Kanada da Dokokin (1982; Kanada) don kare hakkokin' yan asalin Kanada daga ayyukan da manufofin dukkan matakan gwamnati. Yarjejeniya ta Rightsungiyar Asusun Tarayyar Turai (2000) tana ɗaya daga cikin kayan aikin shari'a da aka gabatar kwanan nan dangane da haƙƙoƙin ɗan Adam. Mazanarta Haɗin waje Stanford Encyclopedia of Falsafa, labarin daga Leif Wenar. WikiEd Hakkin Malami 'Yancin Isar da Magana kan Kasa da Kasa nstitutions-aristotle.com/ Nazarin kwatancen Bil
43694	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani%20Abubakar%20Lugga	Sani Abubakar Lugga	Tarihi Wazirin Katsina, Professor Sani Abubakar lugga an haife shi a ranar 28 ga watan Augusta a shekara ta 1950 a grin katsina, Jahar katsina dake Arewacin Najeriya. Da ne ga Alhaji Abubakar lugga ya rayu a shekarar (1912-1988) shine Sarkin Dawan katsina, wato mai kula da Dazuka da Ma'adanai na Masarautar katsina, Sarkin Dawan Katsina Alhaji Abubakar Lugga shine da na farko ga Wazirin Katsina Sheikh Haruna ya rayu a shekera (1857-1937) Don haka Wazirin katsina Prof. Sani Abubakar Lugga jika ne ga Wazirin Katsina na farko Sheikh Haruna. A tasawowar Prof. Sani Abubakar Lugga an kai Shi yaye wurin 'yar uwar kakarshi wadda takansance mai sani game da ilimin addinin Islama ana kiranta da Malama Aisha Sodai. Prof Sani an dauke shi an maida shi wurin iyayensa yana da shekaru bakwai 7 bayan yayi karatu na wajibi na Al-qur'ani, sai mahaifinsa ya sa shi a makarantar Firamare, amma ya cigaba da karatun Addini hade da karatun boko Mahaifin sa Alhaji Abubakar lugga da ne ga Wazirin Katsina na farko Sheikh Haruna (1857-1937) wanda jika ne ga Sarkin Kanem Bakashe Mallam Haido (1899-1919) da ga Sarki Son Allah (1854-1882) Dan Sarki Iro (1824-1830), Dan Sarki Alu (1819-1822) Dan Sarki Ali (1802-1807) Dan Sarki E-E (1758-1779), Dan Sarki Remi (1744-1758), Dan Sarki Namauli 1706-1718), Dan Sarki Salifu (1661-1679), Dan Sarki Damisa (1634-1661), Dan Sarki Tanni (1579-1605), Wanda shine ya kafa daular Kanuri (Bare-Bari) masu mulki a Kanem Bakashe, Iyalan Sheikh Haruna asalinsu tsatso ne Kanuri wanda suke mulkin kanem Bakashe tun 1579 AD. Suna daga cikin wadanda suka kirkiri Daular Kanuri na Kanem Barno karkashin Mai Idris Alooma. Mai yayi mulki tsakanin 1571 da 1603 sannan yayi kanem-Barno tayi kaimi ta fadada har zuwa Katsina, Zamfara, Kano da wasu bangarori wanda yanzu suna cikin kasar Nijar wanda suka hada da; kanem Bakashe, Tasawa da Damagram. Bakashe Bincike ya nuna shine sunan shugaban na al'ummar farko na yankin, Kanem kuma kalmar kanuri ce wadda take nufin Birni, Kanem Bakashe yana nufin Birnin Bakashe a yaren Kanuri kenan. Yankin yanzu ya kasance a cikin masarautun Maradi dake Jamhuriyyar Nijar. Sarkin Kanem Bakashe, Alhaji Sani, da babmahaifinshi Marigayi Sarki Daouda, sun kasance yan uwa ne na jin i ga Mai girma Wazirin Katsina na farko Sheikh Haruna kuma sun kasance suna zumunci na kwarai tsakanin ahalin waziri Haruna dake Najeriya. Haka kuma suma Ahalin Waziri haruna suna zumunci da su cikin Girmamawa da kaunar juna. Misali Marigayi Sarkin Kanem Bakashe Sarki Daouda ya hallarci Bikin Nadin Sarautar Wazirin Katsina, Prof.Sani Abubakar Lugga, kuma Sarki Sani na yanzu da ga Sarki Daouda yana kawo Ziyarar sada zumunci a kai a kai, Haka zalika Waziri Sani Lugga ya kasance ya hallarci Daurin Auren diyar Sarki Daouda a Kanem Bakashe kuma iyalan Waziri suma suna hallarta duk wani taro a Kanem Bakashe. Sheikh Haruna ya kasance Malamin Addinin Musulunci ne kuma kakkanin sa sun taimakawa Sheikh Usman Dan Fodiyo wajen yin Jihadi a 1804, Waziri ya yanke shawarar da ziyarci Katsina domin neman Ilimi da bincike, kamar yadda ya saba ziyartar sauran sassan Duniya domin neman Ilimi da yada shi kamar Mali, Senegal, da garuruwa na kusa kamar Dosso, Damagaram, da Kance. Katsina a wannnan lokacin ta kasance mafi shaharar Cibiyar Addinin Musulunci a kasar Hausa kuma bugu da kari tana dauke da Malamai kwarai da gaske. Sheikh Haruna ya iso Katsina a shekara ta 1897 kuma ya shaku da Durbin katsina Muhammadu Dikko da Sarki Abubakar, A wannan lokacin anyi gaggawar shaida shi a matsayin Babban Malami kuma shaharare A bangaren Addinin Musulunci a wannan lokacin wanda bai bukatar wani horo na musamman, hakan ya sa aka sakashi cikin jerin Sarakunan Katsina.Akwai manyan Masallatai guda Ukku a katsina a lokacin. Daya shine Babban Masalaci wanda yake a hedikwatar Jama'atul Nasrul Islam kusa da Fadar Sarkin Katsina wanda babban limamin Masarauta yake jagoranta. Na biyu yana kofar kaura wanda Mallam Barmo yake jagoranta, shi kuwa na Ukku yana Kofar Samri inda aka nada Sheikh Haruna a matsayin Liman Haruna. Liman Haruna da Durbi Muhammadu Dikko sun kasance sun shaku sosae da Sarkin Katsina Abubakar wanda lokacin da Turawan Mulkin Mallaka suka zo domin jan ragamar Shugabanci na yankin a 1903 karkashin Jagorancin Lord Lugard. Sarki Abubakar ya nada Durbi Dikko a matsayin mai kula da dukannin al'amurra shi kuma Liman Haruna a matsayin Babban Liman. ya kamata a sani cewa idan aka cire tura wa guda biyu dukkan sauran sojojin turawan sun kasance Musulmai ne yan Najeriya wanda aka dauke aiki karkashin Shedikwatar Sojoji dake karkashin turawa a Lojoja da Zungeru a yanzu jahohin Kogi da Niger. A lokacin Muhammadu Dikko ya zama Sarkin Katsina a 1906, Mutun na farko daya fara nadawa Sarauta shine Aminintaccen Abokinsa Sheikh Haruna a matsayin Wazirin Katsina na Farko, Wannan shi ya haifar da farko Daular Sarki Dikko da Waziri Haruna a katsina. Waziri Haruna ya kasance makusanci kuma mataimaki wajen kawo ci-gaba a mulki Sarki Dikko, haka zalika Sarkin Dawa Abubakar (Dan Waziri Haruna, Mahaifin Waziri Abubakar) shima ya aksance makusanci kuma mataimaki ga Sarki Usman Nagogo (Dan Sarki Dikko), Sarki Muhammadu Kabir (Jikan Sarki Dikko) shima ya kulla alaka mai karfi ta mutuntaka da aminci tsakaninsa da Waziri Sani Lugga (Jikan Waziri Haruna). Mahaifiyar Prof. Sani Lugga itace Hajiya Aisha, diyar Mallam Zubair, wanda da ne ga Kwamandan Baraden Jihadi, Uban dawakin Katsina Muhammadu Sani, wanda yayi aiki karkashin Sarkin Katsina Abubakar. Karatu Bayan karatun Adinin Musulunci na Wajibi a kananan Shekaru, Wazirin katsina Prof. Sani Abubakar Lugga an saka shi makarantar Firamare inda ya cigaba da karatun addinin Musulunci tare da Ilimin boko. Ya samu nasarar samun shaidar jarabawa ta (West African School Certificate), da sakamako mai daraja ta daya a dukkan darussa daga Makarantar (Provincial Secondary School, Katsina a yanzu Government College Katsina) a 1968. Inda yake da zabi domin zuwa Babbar Makaranta inda zai samu kwallin zuwa Jami'a don yin digiri ko Dipiloma, Ya zabi kuma an dauke shi a Kwalejin Harkar Noma a Jami'a daya tilo kuma mai daraja a yankin arewacin Najeriya a wancan lokaci Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello dake Zariya, inda ya kammala karatun dipiloma a bangaren Harkokin Noma a 1970. Saboda sha'awarsa da Ilimi, Prof lugga ya sake shiga Makarantar Polythecnic MAi daraja kuma ita kadai a yankin arewa a wancan lokacin watau Kaduna Polythecnic, in da ya samu shaidar National Diploma a bangaren Kasuwanci da sakamako mai daraja a dukkan Darussa a 1975. Ya cigaba da karatunsa inda ya kara samun Diiloma daga Kabelmetal Electro Training, Hanover dake kasar Jamus, a 1985. Kaunar Ilimi ga Prof. Lugga wannan ya bashi dama samun shiga Jami'ar Illorin domin yin karatun Digiri na Biyu wato Masaters a Bangaren Gudanarwar Kasuwanci (Business Administration Executive Program) a ka kar karatu ta 1998/1999. Sannan ya samu dama ta musamman dayin rijista ta hanyar yin karatu mai dogon zango domin yayi karatu na digiri na biyu dana Ukku a hade a lokaci daya wato (Masters Degree da Doctorate Degree) a Jami'ar St. Clements, a British West Indies. Ya zabi yayi karatukan a hade tare da Jami'ar St. Clement dake Ingila wadda ta kasance tana da rijista da yarjewar da hadin gwiwar Kungiyoyin Turai domin Karatun mai Nisan Zango (British Association of Open Learning) a Landan. da kuma Kungiyar Jami'oi da Kwaleji ta Duniya, dake Washinton DC a Amuruka. Bayan kammala karatun cikin Nasara, Bincike da Byar da takardun nazari, ya samu shaidar kararun Digiri na Biyu a bangaren Gudanarwar Kasuwanci (Master of Business Administration Degree) a 2002 da kuma shaidar Digiri na Ukku a bangare Gudanarwa wato (Doctorate Degree in MAnagement) a 2003 daga Jami'ar St. Clement. Bayan kamar Shekaru Sha biyu (12) a shekara ta 2015, ya samu shaidar Digirin digir gir a bangaren FAlsafar Kwantar da Tarzoma wato Doctor of philosophy Degree in Conflict Management) daga Jami'ar Suan Juan, dake Costa Rica a kasar Amuruka. Ya hallaci tarukam karawa juna sani Aiki Sarauta Litttafai Kyaututtuka da Lambobin Yabo
17262	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan%20Atkinson	Rowan Atkinson	Rowan Sebastian Atkinson CBE (an haife shi 6 ga watan Janairu, shekarar 1955) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Turanci mai barkwanci, kuma marubuci. An fi saninsa da aiki na "sitcomsoms Blackad" wanda yayi tsakanin er (daga shekarar 1983-1989) da sunan Mr. Bean (1990 1995). Atkison ya fara shahara ne a wasan kwaikwayo na BBC Not the Nine O'Clock News (1979-1982), yana karɓar BAFTA na 1981 don Nishaɗi Mafi Kyawu, kuma ta hanyar shiga cikin Ballwallar Polan sanda mai tsaro (1979). Sauran ayyukan nasa sun hada da fim din James Bond Kada Ka sake Cewa (1983), da yin wasa mai cike da rudani a bukukuwan aure hudu da Jana'iza (1994), da bayyana yadda aka fara yin kaho da Zazu a cikin The Lion King (1994), da kuma wasa Rufus mai tallan kayan ado cikin Soyayyar Gaskiya (2003). Atkinson ya kuma fito a cikin sitcom din The The Blue Blue Line (1995-1996). Ayyukansa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo sun haɗa da farfadowar 2009 West End na kiɗa Oliver! An sanya Atkinson a cikin mujallar The Observer''' a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo 50 masu ban dariya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya a shekarar 2007, kuma a cikin manyan masu wasan barkwanci 50 da aka taɓa yi, a cikin zaɓen shekarar 2005 na ƴan uwan masu wasan barkwanci. A tsawon rayuwarsa, ya yi aiki tare da marubucin rubutu Richard Curtis da mawaƙi Howard Goodall, waɗanda duka ya haɗu da su a ƙungiyar Wasannin kwaikwayo ta Jami'ar Oxford a cikin shekarun 1970s. Baya ga BAFTA na shekarar 1981, Atkinson ya sami lambar yabo ta Olivier don wasan kwaikwayon wasan kwaikwayo na shekarar 1981 West End da ya yi a Rowan Atkinson a cikin Revue Ya sami nasarorin silima tare da wasan kwaikwayon da ya nuna a cikin fim ɗin Mista Bean wanda ya haɗu da Bean (1997) da Mista Bean's Holiday (2007), haka kuma a cikin jerin fina-finan Johnny na Turanci (2003-2018). Ya kuma bayyana azaman halin ɗabi'a a cikin Maigret (2016-2017). An naɗa Atkinson a matsayin CBE a cikin Girmamawar Ranar Haihuwa ta shekarar 2013 don aiyuka zuwa wasan kwaikwayo da sadaka. Rayuwar farko An haifi Atkinson a cikin Consett, County Durham, Ingila, a ranar 6 ga watan Janairu, shekarar 1955. Ƙarami daga cikin yara maza huɗu, iyayensa sune Eric Atkinson, manomi kuma darektan kamfanin, da Ella May (née Bainbridge), wacce ta yi aure a ranar 29 ga watan Yuni, shekarar 1945. 'Yan uwansa maza uku sune Paul, wanda ya mutu tun yana jariri; Rodney, masanin tattalin arziki na Eurosceptic wanda ya sha kaye sosai a zaɓen shugabancin Jam’iyyar Indifenda ta Burtaniya a 2000; da Rupert. Atkinson ya girma cikin Angilikan, kuma ya yi karatu a Durham Choristers School, makarantar share fagen shiga, sannan a St Bees School Rodney, Rowan da babban yayansu Rupert sun girma ne a cikin Consett kuma sun tafi makaranta tare da Firayim Minista, Tony Blair, a Durham Choristers. Bayan ya sami maki na farko a karatun A, ya sami gurbin karatu a Jami’ar Newcastle, inda ya samu digiri a Injin Injin lantarki da Lantarki. A shekarar 1975, ya ci gaba da digirin digirin digirgir na MSc a Injin Injiniya a Kwalejin Sarauniya, ta Oxford, kwalejin da mahaifinsa ya yi kwazo a shekarar 1935, wanda hakan ya sanya Atkinson ya zama abokin girmamawa a 2006. Takardun sa na MSc, wanda aka buga a cikin 1978, yayi la'akari da aikace-aikacen sarrafa kai tsaye. Atkinson ya ɗan fara aikin digirgir kafin ya mai da hankalinsa ga yin wasan kwaikwayo. Farkon nasarar da ya samu na kasa a cikin The Oxford Revue a Edinburgh Festival Fringe a watan Agusta 1976, ya riga ya rubuta kuma ya yi zane-zane don nunawa a Oxford ta Etceteras kungiyar farfado da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gwaji (ETC) kuma ga Ƙungiyar Dramatic University ta Oxford (OUDS), marubucin ganawa Richard Curtis, da mawaƙi Howard Goodall, wanda zai ci gaba da aiki tare da shi a lokacin aikinsa. Ayyuka Rediyo Atkinson ya yi fice a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen ban dariya ga Rediyon BBC 3 a 1979 da ake kiraThe Mutanen People. Ya ƙunshi jerin hirarraki na ban dariya tare da fitattun manyan mutane, waɗanda Atkinson da kansa ya buga. Atkinson da Richard Curtis ne suka rubuta jerin, kuma Griff Rhys Jones ne ya shirya su Talabijan Bayan kammala jami'a, Atkinson ya yi tuƙin jirgin sama sau ɗaya a gidan talabijin na ƙarshen mako a Landan a 1979 da ake kira Dariyar Gwangwani Atkinson ya ci gaba da yin Ba Labari na Nine O'Clock na BBC, wanda abokinsa John Lloyd ya samar. Ya kasance cikin wasan kwaikwayon tare da Pamela Stephenson, Griff Rhys Jones da Mel Smith, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubutan zane-zane. Nasarar Ba da Nine O'Clock News ta haifar da jagorantar Edmund Blackadder a Blackadder Jeri na farko The Black Adder (1983), wanda aka saita a zamanin da, Atkinson ya sake yin rubutu tare da Richard Curtis. Bayan ratar shekaru uku, a wani bangare saboda damuwar kasafin kudi, an watsa shirye-shirye na biyu, wanda Curtis da Ben Elton suka rubuta Blackadder II (1986) ya bi sahun ɗayan zuriyar Atkinson na asali, wannan lokacin a zamanin Elizabethan An maimaita irin wannan yanayin a cikin ƙarin jerin abubuwa biyu Blackadder na Uku (1987), wanda aka saita a zamanin Regency, da Blackadder Goes Forth (1989), waɗanda aka saita a Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya. Jerin Blackadder ya zama ɗayan mafi nasara cikin duk halin da BBC ke ciki. comedies, spawning special special television including Blackadder's Christmas Carol (1988), Blackadder: The Cavalier Years (1988), and later Blackadder: Back & Forth (1999), wanda aka saita a ƙarshen Millennium. Yanayin karshe na "Blackadder Goes Forth" (lokacin da Blackadder da mutanensa suka tafi "kan saman" kuma suka caje zuwa No-Man's-Land) an bayyana shi da "mai ƙarfin hali da mai daɗi sosai" Mallaka mai hankali da kuma ɗauke da makamai da yawa (waɗanda galibi ana ɓata su a kan waɗanda ake jagorantarsu), a cikin zaɓen 2001 Channel 4 Edmund Blackadder ya kasance na uku (a bayan Homer Simpson daga The Simpsons da Basil Fawlty daga Fawlty Towers a jerin sunayen manyan Mawallafin TV 100 A lokacin shekara ta 2014 da fara yakin duniya na 1, dan siyasa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya Michael Gove da masanin tarihin yaki Max Hastings sun koka game da abin da ake kira "Blackadder version of history". Sauran halittar Atkinson, Mista Bean maras kyau, ya fara bayyana ne a Ranar Sabuwar Shekara a cikin 1990 a cikin rabin sa'a na musamman don Thames Television Halin Mr. Bean an kwatanta shi da Buster Keaton na wannan zamani, amma Atkinson da kansa ya bayyana cewa halin Jacques Tati Monsieur Hulot shine babban wahayi. Lissafi da yawa ga Mista Bean sun fito a talabijin har zuwa 1995, kuma halayen daga baya ya fito a cikin fim mai fasali. Bean (1997) shi ne wanda Mel Smith, abokin aiki na Atkinson ya ba da umarni a cikin Ba Labari na Nine O'Clock Fim na biyu, Mista Bean's Holiday, an sake shi a cikin 2007. Atkinson ya zana Sufeto Raymond Fowler a cikin The Blue Blue Line (1995-96), sitcom na talabijin wanda Ben Elton ya rubuta, wanda ke faruwa a ofishin 'yan sanda da ke cikin gagararrun Gasforth. Atkinson ya gabatar da kamfen na Kronenbourg, Fujifilm, da Give Blood. Atkinson ya fito ne a matsayin wakilin leken asiri wanda ba shi da kyau kuma mai saurin kuskure ne mai suna Richard Lathum a cikin jerin talla na dogon lokaci na Barclaycard, wanda a kansa aka nuna matsayin sa a Johnny English, Johnny English Reborn da Johnny English Strikes Again A cikin 1999, ya buga Doctor a La'anar Mutuwar Mutuwa, Doctor na musamman wanda aka gabatar da silsilar don sadaka telethon Comic Relief Atkinson ya bayyana a matsayin Tauraruwa a cikin Mota Mai Saukin Kuɗi kan Manyan Labarai na BBC a watan Yulin 2011, yana tuka Kia Cee'd kusa da waƙar a cikin 1: 42.2. Sanya shi a saman allon jagora, lokacin cinyarsa ya fi sauri sauri fiye da wanda ke riƙe da babban rikodin bayanan da ya gabata Tom Cruise, wanda lokacinsa ya kasance 1: 44.2. Atkinson ya bayyana a bikin buɗe wasannin Olympics na bazara a shekarar 2012 a Landan a matsayin Mista Bean a cikin wani zane mai ban dariya a lokacin wasan kwaikwayon Chariots of Fire yana buga maimaita rubutu guda daya a kan mahada Daga nan sai ya faɗi cikin tsarin mafarki inda ya haɗu da masu tsere daga fim ɗin suna iri ɗaya (game da wasannin Olympics na lokacin bazara na 1924 inda ya doke su a wasan su na gwaninta tare da West Sands a St. Andrews, ta hanyar hawa a cikin ƙaramar minista da kuma yin tuntuɓe gaban mai gudu. Atkinson ya yi fice kamar Jules Maigret a cikin Maigret, jerin fina-finan talabijin daga ITV. Ritayar Mista Bean A watan Nuwamba na 2012, ya bayyana cewa Rowan Atkinson yana da niyyar yin ritaya Mista Bean. "Abubuwan da suka kasance mafi nasara a gare ni a kasuwanci asali na zahiri, na yara Na kara jin zan yi kasa da yawa, "Atkinson ya fada wa jaridar Daily Telegraph Review. "Baya ga gaskiyar cewa iyawar ku ta fara raguwa, ina kuma ganin wani a cikin shekarun su na 50 da ya zama kamar yara ya zama dan bakin ciki. Dole ne ku yi hankali. Ya kuma ce cewa gudummawar typecast shi zuwa wani mataki. Duk da waɗannan maganganun, Atkinson ya faɗa a cikin 2016 cewa ba zai taɓa yin ritaya da halayen Mista Bean ba. A watan Oktoba 2014, Atkinson shima ya fito a matsayin Mista Bean a cikin tallan TV na Snickers A cikin 2015, ya yi fice tare da Ben Miller da Rebecca Front a wani hoto na BBC Red Nose Day inda Mista Bean ya halarci jana'iza. A shekarar 2017, ya fito a matsayin Mista Bean a fim din kasar Sin Huan Le Xi Ju Ren A watan Oktoba 2018, Atkinson (a matsayin Mr. Bean) ya karɓi Button Playton na YouTube don tashar sa ta wuce biyan kuɗi miliyan 10 a dandalin bidiyo. Daga cikin tashoshin da aka fi kallo a duniya, a cikin 2018 yana da ra'ayoyi sama da biliyan 6.5. Mista Bean yana daga cikin shafukan Facebook da aka fi bibiya tare da mabiya miliyan 94 a watan Yulin 2020, "fiye da irin su Rihanna, Manchester United ko Harry Potter Hoto mai motsi na Mista Bean A watan Janairun 2014, ITV ta ba da sanarwar sabon fim mai motsi wanda ke nuna Mista Bean tare da Rowan Atkinson da ke komawa matsayin. An yi tsammanin za a sake shi ta yanar gizo azaman jerin Yanar gizo daga baya a cikin 2014, yayin da watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin suka biyo baya jim kaɗan. A ranar 6 ga Fabrairu 2018, Mai sanarwa ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a sami zango na biyar na Mista Bean: The Animated Series a cikin 2019 (wanda Atkinson ya faɗi). Wanda ya kunshi aukuwa 26, bangarori biyu na farko, "Game Over" da "Isar da Musamman", an nuna shi a ranar 29 ga Afrilu 2019 a CITV a cikin Burtaniya da kuma kan hanyoyin Turner a duk duniya. An kuma siyar da dukkanin silsilar biyar (aukuwa 104) ga tashar yara ta China CCTV-14 a watan Fabrairun 2019. Fim Ayyukan fim na Atkinson ya fara ne tare da wani ɓangare na tallafawa a cikin fim ɗin "mara izini" fim ɗin James Bond Kada Ka taɓa Cewa (1983) da kuma jagorantar fim ɗin Dead on Time (shima 1983) tare da Nigel Hawthorne Ya kasance a cikin ɗan gajeren fim na 1988 wanda ya lashe Oscar Alƙawura na Dennis Jennings Ya fito a karon farko na darektan Mel Smith The Tall Guy (1989) kuma ya fito tare da Anjelica Huston da Mai Zetterling a cikin The Witches (1990), fim ɗin ya dace da littafin yara Roald Dahl Ya taka rawar Dexter Hayman a cikin Hot Shots! Sashe na Deux (1993), waƙar Rambo III, tare da Charlie Sheen Atkinson ya zama sannanne kara amincewa a matsayin wani verbally bumbling vicar a Four Wedding and a Funeral(1994, rubuta da kuma mai ba da umarni da dogon lokaci collaborator Richard Curtis kuma featured a Disney ta The Lion King (wato 1994) a matsayin murya na Zazu da ja-billed ƙaho Ya kuma rera wakar Ba Na Iya Jiran Zama Sarki a cikin Zakin Sarki Atkinson ya ci gaba da bayyana a matsayinsa na mai bayar da tallafi a wasannin barkwanci, ciki har da Rat Race (2001), Scooby-Doo (2002), mai saida kayan kwalliya Rufus a wani Richard Curtis wanda aka gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya, Soyayyar Gaskiya (2003), da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na laifi Kiyaye Mama 2005), wacce kuma ta fito tare da Kristin Scott Thomas, Maggie Smith, da kuma Patrick Swayze Baya ga matsayinsa na tallafawa, Atkinson ya kuma sami nasara a matsayin jagora. Halinsa na talabijin Mista Bean ya fara aiki a kan babban allo tare da Bean (1997) zuwa nasarar duniya. Wani abin da ya biyo baya, Mista Bean's Holiday (2007), (wanda Jacques Tati ya sake yin wahayi zuwa ga shi a fim din sa 'Les Vacances de M. Hulot'), shi ma ya zama babban rabo na duniya. Ya kuma yi fice a fim din James Bond parody Johnny na Turanci (2003-2018). Gidan wasan kwaikwayo Rowan Atkinson ya yi wasan kwaikwayo kai tsaye shima yana bayyana tare da mambobin Monty Python a cikin Kwallan 'Yan Sanda na Asiri (1979) a London don Amnesty International Atkinson ya yi rangadin wata huɗu na Burtaniya a cikin 1980. Bayan haka an fitar da rikodin wasan kwaikwayon a matsayin Live a Belfast .A cikin 1984, Atkinson ya fito a cikin Yammacin ƙarshen wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo The Nerd tare da ɗan shekaru 10 Christian Bale Sneeze da Sauran Labaran, takaitaccen wasan kwaikwayon Anton Chekhov guda bakwai, wanda Michael Frayn ya fassara kuma ya daidaita shi, waɗanda Rowan Atkinson, Timothy West da Cheryl Campbell suka yi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Aldwych, London a cikin 1988 da farkon 1989. A cikin 2009, yayin farfadowar West End na kiɗa Oliver! Dangane da littafin Charles Dickens na Oliver Twist, Atkinson ya taka rawar Fagin Bayyanar sa da kuma rera wakokin Fagin a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal Theater, Drury Lane a Landan ya sami kyakkyawar bita kuma an zabe shi don Kyautar Olivier don fitaccen ɗan wasa a cikin kade-kade ko nishaɗi. A ranar 28 ga Nuwamba Nuwamba 2012, Rowan Atkinson ya sake buga rawar Blackadder a bikin "Mu ne Mafi Amused" don bikin Amintaccen Yarima a Royal Royal Hall Hall a London. Tony Robinson ya kasance tare da shi kamar Baldrick. Zane ya shafi sabon abu na farko na Blackadder na tsawon shekaru 10, tare da Blackadder a matsayin Shugaba na Melchett, Melchett da bankin Darling suna fuskantar bincike kan rikicin banki. A watan Fabrairun 2013, Atkinson ya hau kan matsakaicin matsayi a cikin samarwa na mako 12 (wanda Richard Eyre ya jagoranta) na Simon Gray ya buga Sharuɗɗan Quartermaine a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Wyndham a London tare da costars Conleth Hill Game da kursiyai da Felicity Montagu Ina Alan Partridge A watan Disambar 2013, ya sake dawo da zane-zanen makarantarsa don Rocks Hospital Free Rocks tare da Dariya a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Adelphi. 'Yan kwanaki da suka gabata, ya yi zane-zane na zane a cikin ƙaramin wurin shan kofi a gaban mutane 30 kawai. Salon barkwanci Wanda aka fi sani da amfani da wasan kwaikwayo na jiki a cikin Mista Bean mutum, sauran halayen Atkinson sun dogara da yare. Atkinson sau da yawa taka iko Figures (musamman firistoci ko vicars) magana m Lines tare da wata gaba daya deadpan bayarwa. Aya daga cikin sanannun kayan wasan barkwancin nasa shine yawan bayyana sauti na "B", kamar lafazin Bob a cikin fim ɗin Blackadder II Karrarawa Atkinson yana da stammer, kuma yawan bayyana magana wata dabara ce don shawo kan baƙin baƙi. Salon Atkinson na gani, wanda aka kwatanta shi da na Buster Keaton, ya banbanta shi da yawancin talabijin na zamani da masu ban dariya na fim, waɗanda ke dogaro da tattaunawa, da kuma wasan tsayuwa wanda yawanci ya dogara ne da maganganu ɗaya. Wannan baiwa ta wasan kwaikwayo ta gani ta haifar da kiran Atkinson "mutumin da ke da fuskar roba"; An yi nuni da wasan barkwanci ga wannan a cikin wani fim na Blackadder na Uku Ji da hankali inda Baldrick Tony Robinson ke ishara zuwa ga maigidansa, Mr. E. Blackadder, a matsayin "malalaci, babba-hanci, roba- fuskantar dan iska Tasiri Atkinson ta farkon comedy tsoma su ne zane comedy nagartattu Yammacin gẽfe, ya tashi daga Peter Cook, Dudley Moore, Jonathan Miller da Alan Bennett, manyan Figures na 1960s Birtaniya satire albarku, sa'an nan Monty Python Atkinson ya ce, "Ina tuna kallon su da kyau kamar ɗaliban jami'a." Ayyukan John Cleese sun ci gaba da rinjayi shi bayan kwanakin sa na Monty Python, dangane da Cleese a matsayin "babban jagora, babban wahayi", ya kara da cewa, "Ina tsammanin ni da shi mun banbanta sosai a tsarin mu da tsarin mu, amma tabbas ya kasance ban dariya Ina son kallo. Ya kasance mai jiki sosai. Haka ne, na jiki sosai kuma na yi fushi sosai. Hakanan Peter Sellers ya rinjayi shi, wanda halayensa Hrundi Bakshi daga The Party (1968) da Inspekta Clouseau daga fim ɗin The Pink Panther suka rinjayi halayen Atkinson Mr. Bean da Johnny English. A kan Barry Humphries Dame Edna Everage, ya ce, "Ina son wannan halin kuma, shi ne batun girmamawa yana ɓata nuna bambanci a cikin gari. Daga masu wasan barkwanci na gani, Atkinson yana ganin Charlie Chaplin, Buster Keaton da Harold Lloyd a matsayin masu tasiri. Hakanan wani ɗan wasan barkwanci na Faransa Jacques Tati ya yi masa wahayi, yana mai cewa, Hutun Mista Hulot na tuna lokacin da na ke shekara 17 wannan babban abin ƙarfafawa ne. Ya buɗe taga ga duniyar da ban taɓa sa ido a kanta ba a baya, kuma na yi tunani, "Allah, wannan abin ban sha'awa ne," yadda za a iya haɓaka yanayi mai ban dariya kamar na gani kawai amma duk da haka ba a ƙasan kansa ba, ba shi da sauri- up, ya fi hankali; yana daukar lokacinta. Kuma na ji daɗin hakan. Rayuwar mutum A watan Maris na 2001, yayin da Atkinson ke hutu zuwa Kenya, matukin jirgin sama na kashin kansa ya suma Atkinson ya sami nasarar kula da jirgin sama har sai matukin jirgin ya murmure kuma ya sami damar sauka da jirgin a filin jirgin sama na Wilson na Nairobi Aure da yara Rowan Atkinson ya auri Sunetra Sastry a watan Fabrairun 1990. Suna da yara biyu, Ben da Lily. Ma'auratan sun fara haduwa ne a karshen shekarun 1980, lokacin da take aikin kwalliya da BBC Sun rabu a cikin 2014 kuma sun sake su a ranar 10 Nuwamba 2015. Atkinson ya kasance cikin dangantaka da ɗan wasan barkwanci Louise Ford tun daga 2014, wanda ya sadu da shi a cikin 2013 lokacin da suka yi wasa a cikin Yarjejeniyar Westarshe na Endarshe na ararshen Quartermaine Ta haifi ɗa na uku Atkinson a cikin Disamba 2017. Yunkurin siyasa A watan Yunin 2005, Atkinson ya jagoranci gamayyar manyan mashahuran 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da marubuta na Burtaniya, ciki har da Nicholas Hytner, Stephen Fry, da Ian McEwan, zuwa Majalisar Dokokin Burtaniya a wani yunkuri na tilasta tilasta yin bita game da Kudirin Dokar Kabilanci da Kiyayya ta Addini, wacce sun ji zai ba da cikakken iko ga kungiyoyin addinai don sanya takunkumi kan zane-zane. A shekarar 2009, ya soki homophobic magana dokokin, suka ce cewa House Iyayengiji dole zabe kan gwamnatin yunkurin cire wani free jawabin magana a cikin wani anti-gay kiyayya dokar. Atkinson ya yi adawa da Dokar Tsarukan Laifuka da Dokar 'Yan Sanda ta 2005 don hana haifar da kiyayya ta addini, yana mai cewa, yanci na kushe ra'ayoyi duk wani ra'ayin ko da kuwa an yi imani da shi da gaske yana daya daga cikin muhimman 'yanci na al'umma. Kuma dokar da take kokarin cewa za ku iya kushe ko yin izgili da ra'ayoyi muddin ba ra'ayin addini ba ne, hakika doka ce ta musamman. A watan Oktoba na 2012, ya nuna goyon bayansa ga yakin neman sake fasalin Sashe na 5, wanda ke da nufin sake fasalin ko soke Sashi na 5 na Dokar Kula da Jama'a ta 1986, musamman bayanin da ya yi cewa cin mutunci na iya zama dalilin kamewa da hukunci. Hakan martani ne ga kame kame da yawa da aka yi kwanan nan, wanda Atkinson ke gani a matsayin ƙuntatawa ga 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki. A watan Fabrairun 2014, Majalisar ta zartar da sake dokar wacce ta cire kalmar zagi bayan matsin lamba daga 'yan kasa. A cikin 2018, Atkinson ya kare maganganun da Boris Johnson yayi game da saka burka Atkinson ya rubuta wa The Times cewa, "a matsayina na mai cin gajiyar 'yancin yin barkwanci game da addini, ina jin cewa barkwancin Boris Johnson game da masu sanya tufafin da ke kama da akwatinan wasiƙa kyakkyawa ce." A watan Agusta na 2020, Atkinson ya kara sa hannu a wata wasika da kungiyar Humanist Society Scotland ta hada kai tare da wasu mutane ashirin na jama'a da suka hada da marubucin marubuci Val McDermid, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo Alan Bissett da mai fafutuka Peter Tatchell wanda ya nuna damuwa game da gabatar da Kiyayyar Laifi da Tsarin Jama'a na Jam'iyyar Scottish. Lissafi Wasikar ta ce takaddar za ta "tauye 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki." A watan Janairun 2021, Atkinson ya soki hauhawar soke al'adun sokewa a shafukan sada zumunta, yana mai kamanta shi da "mutanen zamanin da." Ya ci gaba da cewa "yana da muhimmanci mu bayyana ra'ayoyi da dama, amma abin da muke da shi yanzu shi ne irin na dijital na mutanen zamanin da, suna yawo a tituna suna neman wanda zai kona," kuma "matsalar da muke da ita a kan layi ita ce cewa algorithm yana yanke shawarar abin da muke son gani, wanda ya ƙare har ya haifar da sauƙaƙa, ra'ayin binary na al'umma. Ya zama batun ko dai kuna tare da mu ko kuma kuna adawa da mu. Kuma idan kuna gaba da mu, kun cancanci sokewa Atkinson ya kuma goyi bayan Speungiyar Yancin Fada da Yanci kuma ya ba da mahimmin jawabi a taron ƙungiyar. Motoci Atkinson yana da rukunin C E (a da "Class 1") lasisin tuki na babbar mota, wanda aka samu a 1981, saboda manyan motoci suna ba shi sha'awa, kuma don tabbatar da aiki a matsayin matashi ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Ya kuma yi amfani da wannan fasaha lokacin yin fim ɗin kayan ban dariya. A cikin 1991, ya yi fice a fim din da aka rubuta mai suna The Driven Man', jerin zane-zane da ke nuna Atkinson yana tuka mota a kewayen Landan yana kokarin shawo kan sha'aninsa na motoci, kuma tattauna shi da direbobin tasi, 'yan sanda, dillalan motocin da masu kwantar da hankali. Mai kauna kuma mai shiga cikin gasar tseren mota, ya bayyana a matsayin direban tseren Henry Birkin a cikin wasan talabijin yana cike Cikakken Kwata a 1995. Atkinson ya yi tsere a cikin wasu motoci, gami da Renault 5 GT Turbo na tsawan yanayi biyu don jerin samfuransa Daga 1997 zuwa 2015, ya mallaki wata McLaren F1 wacce ba kasafai ake samu ba, wacce ta yi hadari a Cabus, kusa da Garstang, Lancashire, tare da Austin Metro a watan Oktoba na 1999. Ya sake lalacewa a wani mummunan hadari a cikin watan Agustan 2011 lokacin da ta kama da wuta bayan da aka ruwaito Atkinson ya rasa iko ya bugi bishiya. Wannan hatsarin ya haifar da babbar illa ga abin hawa, ya kwashe sama da shekara daya ana gyara shi kuma ya haifar da biyan inshora mafi girma a Biritaniya, a 910,000. Ya riga ya mallaki Honda NSX, da Audi A8, da Škoda Superb, da Honda Civic Hybrid Dan siyasan nan na jam'iyyar Conservative Alan Clark, mai bautar manyan motoci na zamani, ya rubuta a cikin littafinsa na Diaries damar ganawa da wani mutum wanda daga baya ya fahimci cewa shi ne Atkinson yayin da yake tukawa ta hanyar Oxfordshire a cikin Mayu 1984: "Bayan barin babbar hanyar a Thame sai na lura da duhu ja DBS V8 Aston Martin a kan zamewar hanya tare da bonnet sama, wani mutum yana farin ciki yana lanƙwasa ta. Na gaya wa Jane ta shiga ciki na koma baya. DV8 a cikin matsala koyaushe yana da kyau don farin ciki. Clark ya rubuta cewa ya ba Atkinson dagawa a cikin motar sa ta Rolls-Royce zuwa akwatin waya mafi kusa, amma ya yi takaicin abinda ya faru a lokacin da aka gane shi, yana mai cewa: "bai yi haske ba, ya kasance abin takaici ne da kuma farin ciki A watan Yulin 2001, Atkinson ya fado da Aston Martin V8 Zagato a wurin taron masu sha'awar, amma ya yi tafiyarsa babu rauni. Wannan ya kasance yayin da yake fafatawa a gasar Aston Martin Owners Club, a Croft Racing Circuit, Darlington Wata motar da Atkinson ya ce ba zai mallaka ba ita ce Porsche "Ina da matsala da Porsches. Motoci ne masu ban mamaki, amma na san ba zan iya rayuwa tare da ɗaya ba. Ko ta yaya, mutanen Porsche na al'ada kuma ban yi musu fatan rashin lafiya ba ba haka bane, ina jin, irin mutane na ne. A watan Yulin 2011, Atkinson ya fito a matsayin Tauraruwa a cikin Mota Mai Saukin Kyau a Top Gear'', yana tuka Kia Cee'd a kusa da waƙar a cikin 1: 42.2, wanda a lokacin ya ba shi matsayi na farko a kan jagorar, tare da Matt LeBlanc kawai bayan saita lokaci mai sauri a cikin Cee'd. Daraja An naɗa Atkinson a matsayin Kwamandan Umurnin Masarautar Burtaniya a cikin Girmamawar Ranar Haihuwa ta 2013 don aiyuka zuwa wasan kwaikwayo da sadaka. Manazarta Yan fina-finai Ƴan fim Pages with unreviewed
11616	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idris%20Alooma	Idris Alooma	Idris Alooma, Idris dan 'Ali (Alooma), ko Idriss Alaoma, (r. 1570-1602 03 ko 1580-1617) shi ne Mai (sarki) na Daular Kanem-Bornu, wacce aka fi sani da Chadi, Kamaru, Nijar da Najeriya. An rubuta sunansa daidai yadda ya dace Idris Alawma ko Idris Alauma Wani fitaccen shugaba ne, a karkashin mulkinsa Kanem-Bornu ta bunkasa har ta taba makuran karfin ikon ta. An tuna da Idris ne saboda kwarewarsa da shi da sojojin sa a wurin yaki, kuma ya sake fasalin gudanarwa na mulkin kasar da kuma tsayar da ibada a mahanga ta Musulunci. An kuma san shi ne a cikin babban yakokin da marubuci na tarihi Ahmad bin Fartuwa ya rubuta a littafinsa. Rayuwa Ya gaji sarauniya Aissa Koli Manyan masu bashi shawara sune Hausawa daga yamma, Tuareg da Toubou a arewa, da Bulala a gabashi. A daya daga cikin almaran wakan da'aka ruwaito, an ruwaito cin nasarar sa mai suna cin nasarar yaki har sau 330 a yaƙe-yaƙen dayayi a fiye da yakoki 1,000 da kuma fadace-fadace. Ya samar da abubuwa dayawa a fannin yaki, wadanda suka hada da samar da zaunan nan sansanonin sojoji da yin aiki da kawar da koma miye, ya kuma samar da dawakai masu linzami da mahayan su, da kuma samar da mayakan rakuma,da sojojin jirgin ruwa Kotoko kai harma da bindigun karfe.kuma dukkan sojojin sa an basu horo daga sojoji masu bada shawara na daular Ottoman. Tsarin mulkin siyasar sa yasa ya samu alaka mai kyau tsakaninshi daTripoli, Misira, da kuma daular Ottoman, wanda ya haka yasa shi tura jakadu 200 zuwa sassan fadin hamada izuwa kotun sa dake Ngazargamu Alooma kuma ya sanya hannu a wata takardar yarjejeniya ko kuma takardar daina yaki a tarihin chadi. Alooma ya gabatar da wasu sauye-sauye na doka, da na aiki wadanda suke da alaka da danganta da addininsa da koyarwar addinin Musulunci Ya dauki nauyin gina masallatai da yawa sannan ya je aikin hajji a Makka, inda ya tsara batun samar da masaukin baki da yan daular sa zasu yi amfani dashi idan suka je aikin hajji. Kamar yadda yake a tsakanin shi da sauran sarakunan wannan lokacin. tsara tsaran sa da abunda yake so ya cin mawa yasa shi ya samu girmamawa da abota daga masu bashi shawara da sauran makwatansa sarakuna. dangane da aikace aikace ya dogara ne akan bayi da suka fito daga manyan gidaje. Alooma kuma yana karban shawara ne daga manya manyan shuwagabannin kabilu, kuma yana bukatar masanin siyasa ya ringa zama a kotun sa, kuma yana samar da makwabtaka ne a tsakaninsa da sauran kabilu ta hanyar yin aure. shi kanshi baban shi wanda haifeshi dan kabilar Kanuri ne mamansa kuma yar kabilar Bulala ce Kanem-Bornu a ƙarƙashin Alooma tana da ƙarfi da arziki. Kudin gwamnati yana samuwa ne ta hanyar karban haraji daga mutanen garin (ko kuma ganima idan akayi nasara akan wasu mutanen) da kuma hakki a cikin kudin kasuwanci Ba kamar Yammacin Afirka ba, yankin tafkin Chadi basu da arzikin zinari Har yanzu daular kanem bornu ta kasance yanki kuma hanyar ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da suka dace don ƙetara hamadar Sahara Tsakanin tafkin Chadi, da Fezzan sa a jerin da-spaced rijiyoyin da oases kuma daga Fezzan akwai sauki sadarwa a arewacin Afirka da kuma Rum An aika samfura da yawa zuwa arewa, ciki har da natron sodium carbonate auduga, ƙwaya kola, hauren giwa, gashin tsuntsu, ƙanshin wuta, kakin zuma, da ɓoye, amma kasuwancin da yafi riba ya kasance cikin bayi Wadanda aka shigo da su sun hada da gishiri, dawakai, siliki, gilashin, muskets, da tagulla Alooma ya dakkwo ra'ayi akan kasuwanci da kuma hanyan da za'abi wajen habaka tattalin arzikin kasa. ya samu lambar yabo akan gyara hanyoyn kasuwanci da tafiye tafiye, kuma ya samar da tsayayyan fara shi akan fara shin hatsi kuma ya samr da hanya mai kyau akan fitan manoma zuwa samun saban wajen noma. har wayau kuma, ya samar da hanya mai tsaro kuma tsayayyar hanya wacce za'a bi wajen ganin cewa mata sunji tsoran Allah. Wallafa A cikin shekarar 2013, Magnus Edet ya samu lambar yabo na karamin fim na daraktotacni Nollywood kuma ya sadaukar da kyautar sa ne ga Idris Alooma inda ya yi imanin cewa hakika shi mutum ne mai karfi a lokacin mulkinsa a duniya a matsayin mayaƙi mai neman 'yanci. Duba nan kuma Ibn Furtu Tarihin Tarihin Sefuwa (Kanem-Bornu) Daular Sayfawa Daular Bornu Tarihin rayuwa Barkindo, Bawuro: "Yankunan farko na Sudan ta Tsakiya", a J. Ajayi da M. Crowder (eds.), Tarihin Yammacin Afirka, vol. Ni, 3rd ed. Harlow 1985, 225-254. Dewière, Rémi, L'esclave, le savant et le sultan. Maimaita martani ga monde et diflomasiyya au sultanat du Borno (XVIe-XVIIe siècles), thèse de doctorat dirigée par le professeur Bertrand Hirsch, Université Paris 1 Panthéon Sorbonne, 2015, 713 f. Hunwick, John: "Songhay, Bornu da Hausaland a karni na sha shida", a: J. Ajayi da M. Crowder (eds.), Tarihin Yammacin Afirka, vol. Ni, 1st ed. London 1971, 202-239. Ibn Furṭū: "Yaƙin Kanem", cikin: Herbert R. Palmer: Memoirs na Sudan, vol. Ni, Legas 1928, p. 15-81. Lange, Dierk: Le Dīwān des sultans du Kanem-Bornu, Wiesbaden 1977. Labari mai cike da tarihi na Sudan: tashoshin Borno na Idrīs Alauma'to Wiesbaden 1987. Diddigin bayanai Diddigin bayanai na waje A country chad .Library of Congress Country Studies. 1990 Sarakunan najeriya Sarakunan chad Sarakunan borno Tarihin chadi Sarakunan chadi Sarakunan Zazzau Sarakunan Kano Sarakunan karni na 15 Sarakunan katsina Yan
12916	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kewaye%20da%20Urushalima%20%28636-637%29	Kewaye da Urushalima (636-637)	Yankin Kudus wani yanki ne na rikicin soja wanda ya faru a shekara ta 637 tsakanin Masarautar Byzantine da kuma Rashidun Caliphate An fara ne lokacin da rundunar Rashidun, karkashin umarnin Abu Ubaidah, suka kewaye Kudus a watan Nuwamba na 636. Bayan wata shida, sarki Sophronius ya yarda ya mika wuya, bisa sharadin cewa ya miƙa wuya ga Halifa. A watan Afrilun shekara ta 637, Halifa Umar yayi tafiya zuwa Jerusalem da kansa don karɓar ƙaddamar da garin. Nan fa sarki ya mika masa. Nasarar da Musulmai suka yiwa garin ta tabbatar da ikon kasashen larabawa a kan Falasdinu, wanda ba za a sake yin barazanar ba har sai Jihadi na farko a karshen karni na 11. Bango Kudus muhimmiyar birni ce a lardin Byzantine na Palaestina Prima. Shekaru 23 kafin mamayar musulmai, a shekara ta 614, ta fada hannun mayakan Sassanid a karkashin Shahrbaraz a lokacin yakin na Byzanantus-Sasaniya na karshe. Farisawa sun washe garin, kuma an ce sun kashe kirista 90,000. A matsayin bangare na satar abubuwa, an lalata Ikilisiyar Holy Sepulcher kuma an kama Ikiliziyar Gaskiya kuma a kai shi Ctesiphon a matsayin tsarkakakken kayan taimako. Daga baya sarki Heraclius ya sake gicciyewa zuwa Urushalima bayan nasarar karshe da ya yi akan Farisa a cikin 628. An yi imanin cewa Yahudawan, wadanda aka tsananta a kasarsu ta Roman-karkashin ikonsu, sun taimaka wa Farisawa. Bayan mutuwar Muhammadu a shekara ta 632, shugabancin musulmai ya yiwa Halifa Abubakar sakamakon wasu kamfen na da aka sani da Yaƙe -yaƙe Ridda. Da zarar an sami ikon mallakar Abu Bakr a kan Arabia, sai ya fara yakin mamaye a gabas ta hanyar mamaye Iraki, sannan Iardin daular Sassanid na Farisa: yayin da yake yamma, sojojinsa sun mamaye daular Byzantine. A shekara ta 634, Abubakar ya mutu kuma Umar ya gaje shi, wanda ya ci gaba da nasa nasarorin yaki. A watan Mayun shekara ta 636, sarki Heraclius ya fara babban balaguro don dawo da yankin da aka rasa, amma sojojinsa sun sha kaye a bainar yaki a yakin Yarmouk a watan Agusta 636. Bayan haka, Abu Ubaidah, babban kwamandan musuluci na rundunar Rashidun a Siriya, ya yi wani taron yaki a farkon Oktoba 636 don tattauna shirin nan gaba. Ra'ayoyi game da manufofin sun bambanta tsakanin birnin Kaisar da ke bakin teku da Urushalima. Abu Ubaidah ya ga mahimmancin wadannan biranen, wadanda suka saba wa duk kokarin musulmai a lokacin da aka kama. Ya kasa yanke hukunci a kan lamarin, ya rubuta wa Halifa Umar umarni. A cikin amsar sa, kalifa ya umurce su da kama mutumin. Don haka, Abu Ubaidah ya bi zuwa Kudus daga Jabiyah, tare da Khalid dan al-Walid da mai tsaron gidan sa suka jagoranci gaba. Musulmai sun isa Kudus a kusa da farkon watan Nuwamba, kuma kurkukun Byzantine ya koma birni mai garu. Kewaye Urushalima da aka da-ƙarfafa bayan Heraclius sake shi daga Farisa. Bayan cin nasarar Byzantine a Yarmouk, Sophronius, Babban sarki na Kudus, ya gyara kariyar sa. Musulmai ya zuwa yanzu ba su yi yunƙurin wani siege na birnin. Koyaya, tun daga 634, sojojin Saracen suna da damar yin barazanar duk hanyoyin shiga birni. Kodayake ba a kewaye da shi ba, ya kasance cikin yanayin kasancewar tun lokacin da musulmai suka kama makabartar makwabtan Pella da Bosra Bayan Yaƙin Yarmouk, garin ya ragu daga sauran ƙasar Siriya, kuma yana yiwuwa ana shirin kai harin da ya zama kamar ba makawa. Lokacin da sojojin musulmai suka isa Yariko, Sophronius ya tattara duk tsarkakakkun kayan tarihi wanda ya hada da Cross na Gaskiya, kuma ya tona asirin zuwa ga gaci, don a kai su Konstantinoful. Sojojin musulmin sun kewaye birni wani lokaci a cikin Nuwamba 636. Maimakon kashe-kashen da aka yi wa garin, sun yanke shawara su ci gaba da kai hare-hare har zuwa lokacin da sojoji suka gaza wadatar kayayyaki kuma ana iya tattaunawa kan batun mika wuya na jini. Kodayake ba a rubuta cikakken bayani game da kewaye ba, ya zama kamar marasa jini. Garkuwa na Byzantine ba zai iya tsammanin wani taimako daga tsarin kaskantar da kai na Heraclius ba. Bayan an kewaye shi watanni hudu, Sophronius ya yi alkawarin mika garin da biyan jizya (haraji), in da alkalin ya zo Urushalima ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kuma ya karbi mika wuya. An ce lokacin da musulmai suka san kalmomin Sophronius, Shurahbil dan Hasana, daya daga cikin kwamandojin musulmai, ya ba da shawarar cewa maimakon jiran kalman zai zo daga Madina, sai a aika da Khalid dan Walid a matsayin kalifa, kamar yadda ya kasance yana kama da kamannin Umar. Mahakar ba ta yi aiki ba. Watakila, Khalid ya shahara sosai a Siriya, ko watakila akwai Larabawa Kirista a cikin garin wadanda suka ziyarci Madinah Kuma sun ga Umar da Khalid, suna tuna bambance-bambancen. Saboda haka, Babban sarki na Kudus ya ki sasantawa. Lokacin da Khalid ya ba da labarin gazawar wannan manufa, Abu Ubaidah ya rubuta wa Khalifa Umar bayanin halin da ake ciki, kuma ya gayyace shi ya zo Kudus don karban mika wuya na garin. Mai mika wuya A farkon Afrilun shekara ta 637, Umar ya isa Falasdinu ya fara zuwa Jabiya, inda Abu Ubaidah, Khalid, da Yazid suka yi maraba da shi, wadanda suka yi tafiya tare da mai rakiya don su tarbe shi. An bar Amr a matsayin kwamandan sojojin da ke kewaye da sojojin Musulmi. Bayan Umar ya isa Kudus, an kirkiro wata yarjejeniya da aka sani da Alkawarin Umariyya. Ya kaddamar da garin tare da ba da tabbaci na civilan kasa da na yancin Addini ga Kiristoci a musayar jizya. Khalifa Umar. Amr, Abd al-Rahman dan 'Awf da Muawiya ne suka sanya hannu a madadin musulmai. A karshen Afrilu 637, Urushalima bisa hukuma aka mika wa kalifa. A karo na farko, bayan kusan shekaru 500 na mulkin zalunci, an sake baiwa Yahudawa izinin zama da bautar Urushalima. Ya zo a cikin littattafan tarihin Muslim, cewa a lokacin addu'o'in Zuhr, Sophronius ya gayyaci Umar don yin addu'a a cikin Ikklisiyar da aka sake gina Holy Sepulcher. Umar ya ki, yana tsoron kar karba gayyatar na iya yin lahani ga matsayin cocin a matsayin wurin bautar Kirista, kuma musulmai na iya karya yarjejeniyar kuma su mai da cocin zuwa masallaci. Bayan ya zauna na kwana goma a Urushalima, kalifa ya dawo Madina. Bayan Bin umarnin Kalifa, Yazid ya tafi Kaisariya, kuma ya sake kwanciyar hankali zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa. Amr da Shurahbil sun yi tafiya don kammala mamayar Falasdinu, aikin da aka kammala a karshen shekara. Ba za a iya daukar Kaisar ba har 640, lokacin da a karshe, sai masu gadi suka mika wuya ga Muawiyah I, sannan wani gwamnan Siriya. Tare da sojoji 17,000. Abu Ubaidah da Khalid sun tashi daga Urushalima don cinye dukkan Arewacin Siriya. Wannan ya kare da cin nasara da Antakiya a karshen 637. A shekara ta 639, musulmai suka mamaye Misira suka kuma ci nasara. Lokacin zamansa a Urushalima, Sophronius ya jagorance shi zuwa wurare masu tsarki daban-daban, gami da Dutsen Haikali. Ganin talaucin inda Masallacin ya taba tsayawa, Umar ya ba da umarnin a tsabtace yankin kashin da tarkace kafin a gina masallaci na katako a wurin. Labarin farko na irin wannan tsari an ba shi ne daga bishop na Gallic Arculf, wanda ya ziyarci Urushalima a tsakanin 679 da 682, kuma ya ba da bayanin gidan addu'ar da zai iya daukar nasu bautar har 3,000, ginin katako da katako a kan rufin barna na gaba. Fiye da rabin karni bayan nasarar Kudus, a cikin 691, Umayyad Khalifa Abd al-Malik ya ba da izinin gina Dome na Dutse a saman babban dakin gadaje a Dutsen. Masanin tarihi na karni na 10 al-Maqdisi ya rubuta cewa Abd al-Malik ya gina wurin ibadar ne don yin gasa tare da manyan cocin Kirista na birnin. Duk abin da niyya, ana ganin kyakkyawar girma da sikelin dakin ibada kamar yadda suka taimaka sosai wajen karfafa hadin kan Urushalima zuwa ga farkon Musulmin nan. A cikin shekaru 400 masu zuwa, martabar garin ta ragu yayin da ikon Saracen a yankin suka hadu don iko. Kudus ta kasance karkashin mulkin musulmai har sai da 'Yan Salibiyya suka kwace ta a shekarar 1099 a lokacin Yakin Ciki na farko. Hadith An yi imani da Sunni a Islama cewa Muhammadu ya annabta cin birnin Kudus a cikin ingantattun ingantattun hadisai a wurare daban-daban na Islama, ciki har da wata ruwayar da aka ambata cikin Sahih al-Bukhari a Kitab Al Jizyah Wa'l Mawaada'ah (Littafin Jizya da Adana). Aka ruwaito daga Auf dan Malik: Na tafi wurin Annabi a lokacin balaguro na Tabuk yayin da yake zaune a bakin alfarwa. Ya ce, "Lissafa alamomi shida da ke nuna kusancin Karshen Zamani: mutuwata, nasara ta Urushalima, annoba ce da za ta same ku (na kashe ku da yawan adadi) kamar annoba da ke damun tumaki..." Abu Ubaidah ya kasance karkashin mamayar Kudus a lokacin farkon musulinci tare da Annoba na Emmaus. Annobar ta shahara a kafofin musulmai saboda mutuwar manyan sahabban Muhammadu. Bayanin Kula a: An ce musulmai sun rasa maza 4,000 a yakin Yarmouk sun yi wata biyu kacal kafin a kewaye. b: Masana tarihin musulinci sun banbanta cikin shekarar da aka kewaye; yayin da Tabari ya ce ya kasance 636, al-Baladhuri ya sanya ranar mika wuya a cikin 638 (Futuh II.XI ko shafi 139; shafi 214 a fassarar Hitti). Agha I. Akram ya yi imanin cewa 636-637 ne ya zama kwanan wata.
30460	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20Wanzuwa	Haƙƙin Wanzuwa	Haƙƙin wanzuwa kamar yadda akace sifa ce ta al'ummomi. A cewar wani makala na wani masanin falsafa na Faransa na ƙarni na 19 Ernest Renan, ƙasa tana da ƴancin wanzuwa lokacin da ɗaiɗaikun mutane ke son sadaukar da buƙatunsu ga al’ummar da take wakilta. Ba haƙƙi ba ne da aka amince da shi a cikin dokokin duniya. Wannan Kalmar ta yi fice a lokacin rikicin Larabawa da Yahudawan Isra'ila tun a shekarun 1950. Haƙƙin wanzuwar ƙasa ta zahiri na iya daidaitawa da yancin wata ƙasa ta yanki Magoya bayan 'yancin wanzuwa sun samo asali ne daga "yancin wanzuwa", wanda aka ce shi ne babban hakki na ƙasashe da marubuta kan dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa suka amince da shi tsawon daruruwan shekaru a baya. Tarihi mai amfani Thomas Paine (1737 1809) ya yi amfani da kalmar “ƴancin wanzuwa” wajen yin nuni ga tsarin gwamnati, yana mai cewa gwamnatin wakilai tana da ƴancin wanzuwa, amma gwamnatin gado ba ta da. A cikin 1823, Sir Walter Scott ya yi jayayya da "ƴancin wanzuwa a cikin mutanen Girka". (A lokacin ne Girkawa suka yi tawaye ga mulkin Turkiyya.) A cewar Renan a littafin sa mai suna "What Is a Nation" a shekarar (1882), "Matuƙar wannan sani na ɗabi'a wanda ake kira al'umma ya ba da tabbacin ƙarfinsa ta hanyar sadaukarwa da ake buƙatar ƙaddamar da wani mutum don amfanin al'umma, ya halatta kuma yana da 'yancin kasancewa. Idan shakku ya kasance. taso game da iyakokinta, a tuntuɓi jama'a a wuraren da ake jayayya."[5] Kasancewa ba haƙƙin tarihi ba ne, amma "haɗin kai na yau da kullum, kamar yadda wanzuwar mutum ta kasance tabbataccen rayuwa," in ji Renan.[5]. Kalmar ta sami babban amfani dangane da wargajewar Daular Usmaniyya a shekara ta 1918. "Idan Turkiyya na da 'yancin zama kuma masu iko sun yi gaggawar tabbatar da cewa tana da tana da 'yancin kare kanta daga duk wani yunƙuri. don lalata rayuwarta ta siyasa,” Eliakim da Robert Littell suka rubuta a cikin 1903.[6] A lokuta da dama, ba a tambayar ‘yancin wanzuwar al’umma, don haka ba a tabbatar da ita. Misalai Armeniya Haƙƙin wanzuwa a ƙasar Armeniya ya zama sananne da tambayar Armeniya a lokacin taron Majalisar Berlin a shekarar 1878, kuma za a sake tambayarsa a lokacin kisan ƙare dangi na Armeniya a Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya kasar Basque A cewar masu kishin ƙasa na Basque, Euzkadi (sunan ƙasarmu a cikin harshenmu) shine ƙasar Basques tare da irin wannan haƙƙin zama mai zaman kanta a matsayin ƙasa kamar Poland ko Ireland .Basques mutane ne na zamani sosai." Isra'ila Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ta ba wa Biritaniya a hukumance kan wajabcin Falasdinu a shekara ta 1922, lokacin da Yahudawa ke da kashi 11% na al'ummar ƙasar. Ƙasar yammacin kogin Jordan tana ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Burtaniya kai tsaye har zuwa 1948, yayin da ƙasar gabas ta Jordan yanki ne mai cin gashin kansa da aka fi sani da Masarautar Trans-Jordan, kuma ya sami ƴancin kai a shekarar 1946.A cikin 1936-39 an yi boren kishin kasa da Larabawan Falasdinawa suka yi na nuna adawa da mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya da kuma hijirar Yahudawa masu yawa zuwa Falasdinu don su mamaye ƙasar Falasɗinu. A shekara ta 1947, wani ƙudiri na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ya tanadi samar da "Ƙasar Larabawa ta Falasdinawa" da "Yahudawa" da za su wanzu a cikin ƙasar Falasɗinu tunda daman chan ƙasar ta su Falasdinu ce a cikin Tsarin Rarraba Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Falasdinu.Joseph Massad a matsayin "shawarwari mara dauri wanda kwamitin sulhun bai taba amincewa da shi ba, sabili da haka bai taba samun matsayin doka ba, kamar yadda dokokin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ke bukata." Hukumar Yahudawa, wadda ke gaban gwamnatin Isra'ila, ta amince da shirin, amma Falasdinawa sun yi watsi da shi, aka gwabza fada.Bayan ayyana ‘yancin kai na bai ɗaya da Isra’ila ta yi a ranar 14 ga Mayu, 1948, goyon bayan ƙasashen Larabawa da ke makwabtaka da ita ya ƙara tsananta yakin basasa na Falasdinu a 1947-48 zuwa Yaƙin Larabawa da Isra’ila a 1948 .Har yanzu ana takun-saka kan batun doka da yanki na Isra'ila da Falasdinu a yankin da kuma tsakanin kasashen duniya. Ambato 1791 Thomas Paine, Rights of Man "Saboda haka gaskiyar ita ce, daidaikun mutane da kansu, kowanne a cikin haƙƙinshi na kansa da kuma ikon mallakarsa, sun kulla yarjejeniya da juna don samar da gwamnati: kuma wannan ita ce hanya ɗaya tilo da gwamnatoci suka yi. Ƴancin tasowa, da ƙa'ida ɗaya tilo da suke da haƙƙin wanzuwa a kanta." 1823 Sir Walter Scott "Yin yarda, duk da haka, wannan ƴancin zama a cikin mutanen Girka wata tambaya ce ta daban ko akwai wani haƙƙin, fiye da kowane kira, ga al'ummomin Turai su tsoma baki a cikin goyon bayansu." 1882 Ernest Renan, "What Is a Nation?": Muddin wannan fahimtar ɗabi'a ya ba da tabbacin ƙarfinsa ta hanyar sadaukarwar da ke buƙatar yin watsi da mutum don amfanin al'umma, yana da halal kuma yana da 'yancin zama Faransanci: le droit d'exister 1916 Cibiyar Dokokin Duniya ta Amirka: tana nuni da "Kowace al'umma na da haƙƙin zama, da kuma kariya da kuma kiyaye wanzuwarta." 1933 Nazis a duk faɗin Jamus suna duba ko mutane sun kaɗa ƙuri'a kan ficewa daga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun ce "Mun yi haka ne saboda ƴancin zama a ƙasar Jamus yanzu tambaya ce ta zama ko a'a."
15985	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulani%20Makiyaya	Fulani Makiyaya	Fulani makiyaya Fulani ne makiyaya ko kuma Fulani makiyaya wadanda sana’arsu ta farko ita ce kiwon dabbobi. Fulani makiyaya sun fi yawa a yankin Sahel da kuma yankunan da ba su da ruwa a Yammacin Afirka, amma saboda sauye-sauyen kwanan nan game da yanayin, makiyaya da yawa sun kuma koma kudu zuwa savannah da na yankin Yammacin Afirka. Ana samun makiyayan a kasashe irin su Najeriya, Nijar, Senegal, Guinea, Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Benin, Cote d'Ivoire, da Kamaru. A Senegal, suna zaune a Arewa Maso Gabashin Ferlo da yankin Kudu Maso Gabashin ƙasar. A yawancin waɗannan ƙasashe Fulani yawanci sune yanki tsiraru. Amma a Najeriya da ke aiki a tsakiyar yankin Najeriya, wanda ke adawa da arewa wacce kungiyar Boko Haram ta fi karfi, kungiyar ta samu mutuwar mutane 847 a bara a cikin jihohi biyar, sannan kuma an san ta da kai hare-hare a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya (CAR), a cewar sabon rahoto daga Yan ta’addan Duniya. Tarihi Iyalan Fulani makiyaya su ne bangaren kiwo na gargajiya. An rarraba ɗawainiya ta hanyar jinsi da shekaru tsakanin membobin gidan. Babban aikin maza shine kula da garken shanu, nemo wuraren kiwo, gina tantuna da sansanoni, da yin kayayyakin tsaro kamar su wukake, kwari da baka da bindiga. Mata a cikin rukunin suna ɗaukar matsayin mata na gargajiya kamar sayar da kayan abinci a kasuwa, shayar da shanu, saƙa da kuma yin tabarma. Wasu matan ma suna harkar noma kamar su noman kayan lambu da kiwon kaji. Shanu shi ne babban garken Fulani a kasashe irin su Najeriya, kuma raƙumi shi ne dabba mafi ƙarancin sha'awa. Dabbobin sun fi yawa mata kuma kusan 60% na shanu mata ne; jinsin maza yawanci ana rage su ta hanyar siyar dasu. Yawon kiwo Fulani makiyaya tafiyar bata yusuwa sai da kungiyoyi bazuwar da kuma shirya taron ƙungiyoyi. Tafiye-tafiye bazuwar galibi fulani makiyaya ne ke ɗauka, yayin da makiyaya masu keɓewa suke ɗaukar motsi. Babban dalilin da yasa makiyayan ke ƙaura shine zuwa yankuna da ciyawa da ruwa mai yawa don shanu. Makiyayan kuma suna motsawa don kauce wa masu karbar haraji, kwari masu cutarwa da yanayi mara kyau da yanayin zaman jama'a. Babbar fa'idar da kungiyar makiyayan ke samu ita ce ta kara wadatar kayan abincin ga shanu da kuma rage kiwo. Kafin matsawa zuwa sabbin yankuna, makiyayan sun aika da wata tawaga ta masu leken asiri domin yin nazarin yankin don samun wadatar abubuwa kamar ciyawa da ruwa. Tushen kudin shiga Sayar da awaki, tumaki da kayan kiwo kamar madara su ne tushen samun kudin shiga da kuma abincin makiyaya. Ana auna arzikinsu da dukiyoyinsu da girman garken shanu. A al’adance, makiyaya galibi suna bayar da aron shanu (habbanaya) ga juna, kuma da zarar saniyar ta haihu kuma ta yaye saniya sai a mayar da ita ga mai ita. Wadannan makiyayan suna garken nau'ikan shanu da yawa, amma dabbobin sun fi kowa a Yammacin Afirka saboda halaye masu jure fari. Yawan garken shanu dama galibi ana kiwo ne a yankunan da ke da danshi sosai na Fouta Djallon da Casamance sakamakon juriyarsu da trypanosomiasis da sauran yanayin da ke tattare da tsananin zafi. Mazauni Fulani makiyaya suna gina gidaje na gida da ake kira "Suudu hudo" ko "Bukka" da aka yi da ciyawa. A lokacin rani, galibi ana tallafashi da ƙaramin ginshiƙan gero, da kuma katifun sandar da ake haɗawa a ɗaura su a sandunan itace, a lokacin damina ko damina. Fa'idar gidan "Bukka" ita ce ta hannu, mai sauƙin kafawa da tarwatsewa a zaman gidan al'ummomin makiyaya. Idan lokacin canza wuri ya yi, sai a wargaza gidajen kuma a ɗora su a kan raƙumi, dawakai, jakai da kuma wani lokacin shanu don jigilar su. A cikin 'yan kwanakin nan makiyaya da yawa yanzu suna zaune a cikin laka ko kuma gidajen bulo. Rikici da manoma Tarihi Fulani makiyaya sun yi kiwo a cikin filayen da ke kewayen yankunan Sahel na Yammacin Afirka, wani bangare saboda yanayin muhalli da ke iyakance yawan filaye don dalilan noma, wanda ke haifar da gasa mai tsanani a fili tsakanin manoma da makiyaya. Koyaya, bayan yawan fari a yankuna masu bushewar Sahel, Fulani makiyaya a hankali sun koma kudu zuwa Guinea savanna da yankunan daji na wurare masu zafi, wanda hakan ya haifar da gasa kan hanyoyin kiwo tare da manoma. Manoma sun koma Arewa tare da karuwar yawan mutane. Najeriya Fulani makiyaya sun fara kaura zuwa Arewacin Najeriya daga yankin Senegambiya a wajajen karni na goma sha uku ko sha hudu. Bayan jihadin Uthman dan Fodio, Fulani sun shiga cikin al'adun Hausawa na Arewacin Najeriya. Bayan haka, a lokacin rani lokacin da aka rage yawan tsuntsaye, Fulani makiyaya sun fara kora shanunsu zuwa yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya wanda kungiyoyin da ba Hausawa ba suka mamaye, suna komawa Arewa a farkon damina. Amma yayin kula da garken shanu da tuka shanu, kiwo a gonaki a wasu lokuta yakan faru, wanda ke haifar da lalata amfanin gona ya zama tushen rikici. Aiwatar da dokar amfani da filaye a Nijeriya na shekarar 1978 ya baiwa gwamnatin jiha ko ta tarayya damar sanyawa da kuma bada filaye sannan kuma ta baiwa ‘yan asalin‘ yancin yin nema kuma a ba su takardar shedar zama don neman mallakar filayen kakanninsu. Wannan ya sanya Fulani makiyaya cikin mawuyacin hali saboda yawancin ba su nemi wuraren mallakar wuraren kiwo ba, kuma yawan jujjuya lamurra ya haifar da cin zarafin wasu. Gwamnatin Najeriya ta tsara wasu yankuna a matsayin hanyoyin kiwo amma wannan bai rage rikici ba. Daga 1996 zuwa 2006 kimanin mutane 121 suka rasa rayukansu a jihohin Bauchi da Gombe sakamakon rikici tsakanin makiyaya da manoma. Dubban mutane ne aka kashe tun shekara ta 2016 a cikin rikici tsakanin manoma da makiyaya makiyaya. Ghana Kungiyoyin Fulani 'yan ci-rani da makiyaya galibi ana daukar su baƙi da baƙi saboda asalinsu na Senegambiya; sakamakon haka, haƙƙoƙinsu na amfani da yankunan da ƙabilun asalin ke kira filayen kakanni sun gamu da ajiyar wasu wurare. Mali A watan Maris na 2019, an kashe Fulani makiyaya 160 a kauyukan Ogossagou da Welingara a yankin Mopti. An yi zargin cewa masu laifin mafarauta ne 'yan kabilar Dogon. Duba kuma Kiwo makiyaya Manazarta Majiya chapter XVI The Fulani in West African History, pp. 130–135; chapter XVII Origins of the Fulani, pp. 136–152. Pages with unreviewed translations yawon kiwo makiyaya rikicin Fulani da manoma Category :Sahel Category :Ghana Category :mazaunin
30576	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%B3ancin%20Addini%20a%20Ukraine	Ƴancin Addini a Ukraine	'Yancin addini a Ukraine na nufin irin yadda mutane a Ukraine suke da 'yancin gudanar da ayyukansu na addini, ta yin la'akari da manufofin gwamnati da halayen al'umma game da kungiyoyin addini. Sakamakon shiga tsakani da sojojin Rasha ke ci gaba da yi a kasar Ukraine, wasu yankuna da suke de jure da kuma kasashen duniya suka amince da su a matsayin sassan Ukraine, ko dai Rasha ne (a cikin yankin Crimea ko kuma ta kungiyoyin 'yan aware (a yankunan Luhansk Oblast da Donetsk Oblast Dokokin Ukraine sun ba da tabbacin 'yancin yin addini, kuma sun ba da tsarin doka don rajistar kungiyoyin addini. Wasu kungiyoyin addinai sun ba da rahoton cewa ana fuskantar matsaloli wajen mallakar dukiya ta bisa doka (ciki har da kadarorin da gwamnatin Tarayyar Soviet ta kwace a baya) saboda nuna wariya da hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi ke yi. Kafin juyin juya halin Rasha, an aiwatar da dokokin kyamar Yahudawa a sassan Ukraine da ke karkashin ikon daular Rasha, kuma tashin hankalin ’yan zanga-zangar adawa da kuma Yahudawa ya kasance abin da ya faru akai-akai. Gwamnatocin juyin juya hali da suka biyo baya sun soke majalisar dokoki masu kyamar Yahudawa, amma kuma sun gudanar da yakin adawa da addini, musamman a shekarun 1920 da 1930. A cikin 1940s, manufofin addini a Ukraine sun canza, suna mai da hankali kan murkushe dabi'un addini da ke da alaƙa da kishin ƙasa na Ukrainian yayin da suke goyon bayan Cocin Orthodox na Rasha, kodayake har yanzu jihar tana inganta rashin yarda da Allah. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, ƙungiyoyin Nazi da na Ukraine masu kishin ƙasa sun yi wa Yahudawa kisan kiyashi, yayin da gwamnatin Soviet ta kori musulmin Tatar na Crimea zuwa ƙasar Uzbekistan. An dakatar da zaluncin addini a Tarayyar Soviet a cikin shekarun 1980, wanda ya haifar da farfaɗo da addini a Ukraine. 'Yantar da manufofin addini da rugujewar Tarayyar Soviet ma ya haifar da karuwar tashe-tashen hankula tsakanin mabiya darikar Kirista a Ukraine, yayin da koke-koke (da kuma korafe-korafen da suka samo asali daga fifikon Soviet ga Cocin Orthodox na Rasha) ya sake zama mai dacewa. Tun daga shekarar 2019, rikice-rikicen da ke gudana tsakanin Cocin Orthodox na Ukrainian Kiev Patriarchate da Cocin Orthodox na Ukrainian Moscow Patriarchate sun rikide zuwa takaddama tsakanin UOC-MP da sabuwar Cocin Orthodox na Ukraine An bai wa al'ummomi damar ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin UOC-MP ko kuma su sake kasancewa tare da OCU, kuma duka UOC-MP da OCU sun zargi juna da rashin da'a a cikin tsarin sake haɗewa. Ƙungiyoyin 'yan kishin ƙasa na Ukraine masu ra'ayin mazan jiya irin su Freedom sun kai hari kan mambobin fadar shugaban kasa ta Moscow da kuma cin zarafinsu. Barnata gine-gine da abubuwan tarihi na addini ya zama ruwan dare gama gari, inda aka shafe ɗarikoki daban-daban. Gine-ginen Yahudawa da na Roman Katolika na daga cikin waɗanda aka fi kaiwa hari. A yankunan da gwamnatin Ukraine ba ta da iko, Shaidun Jehobah sun fuskanci tsanantawa daga hukumomin Rasha da na ‘yan aware. Kafofin watsa labarai na Rasha sun kuma yi tir da Shaidun Jehobah da kuma Kiev Patriarchate a matsayin "mai goyon bayan fascist". Alƙaluma Dangane da binciken ƙasa na Oktoba na shekara ta 2019 wanda Cibiyar Razumkov ta gudanar, cibiyar tunani mai zaman kanta ta jama'a, kashi 64.9 na masu amsa sun bayyana kansu a matsayin Kiristanci na Orthodox, 9.5 bisa dari Katolika Katolika, 1.8 bisa dari Furotesta, 1.6% Roman Katolika, 0.1 bisa ɗari Bayahude, da kuma 0.1 bisa dari Musulmi Wani kashi 8 cikin 100 kuma sun bayyana kansu a matsayin Kirista kawai" kuma kashi 12.8 sun ce ba sa cikin wata ƙungiyar addini. Kananan kaso na mabiya addinin Buddha, mabiya addinin Hindu. Kara rugujewar ƙungiyoyin addini Haka Razumkov Center binciken karya saukar da 64.9 kashi gano a matsayin Kirista Orthodox kamar yadda 13.2 bisa dari na zuwa sabuwar-kafa Orthodox Church of Ukraine, 7.7 kashi Ukrainian Orthodox Church Kiev Patriarchate (UOC-KP); Kashi 10.6 cikin ɗari na Cocin Orthodox na Ukrainian (Moscow Patriarchate) (UOC-MP), kashi 30.3 cikin dari “mai bi ne kawai; kuma kashi 3.1 ba su yanke shawara ba. A cewar Ma'aikatar Al'adu, UOC-KP yana da ikilisiyoyin a duk yankunan kasar; mafi yawan adadin mabiyan UOC-KP suna zaune a yankunan yamma da tsakiyar kasar. UOC-MP tana da ikilisiyoyi a duk faɗin ƙasar. Yawancin ikilisiyoyin UAOC suna yammacin ƙasar. Mabiyan Cocin Katolika na Girka na Yukren, babbar cocin da ba ta Orthodox ba tare da kiyasin membobi miliyan hudu, suna zama da farko a yankunan yammacin Lviv, Lutsk, Ivano-Frankivsk, da Ternopil Cocin Roman Katolika na da mambobi kusan miliyan daya. Yawancin ikilisiyoyinta suna cikin Lviv, Khmelnytsky, Zhytomyr, Vinnytsya, da Zakarpatty Oblast. Ƙungiyar Baptist ta Evangelical na Ukraine ita ce babbar al'ummar Furotesta. Wasu ƙungiyoyin Kirista sun haɗa da Pentecostals, Masu Adventist na kwana bakwai, Lutherans, Anglicans, Calvinists, Methodist, Presbyterians, Shaidun Jehovah, da Cocin Yesu Kristi na Waliyyan Ƙarshe Hukumomin gwamnati da kungiyoyin masu zaman kansu sun kiyasta yawan al'ummar musulmi ya kai 500,000. Wasu shugabannin musulmi sun ce adadin ya kai miliyan biyu. Bisa kididdigar da gwamnati ta yi, yawancin 'yan Tatar na Crimea ne, waɗanda adadinsu ya kai 300,000. Bisa kididdigar da gwamnati ta yi daga shekara ta 2001, Yahudawa 103,600 ne ke zaune a kasar, wanda ya kunshi kusan kashi 0.2 na al'ummar ƙasar. Ƙungiyar Yahudawa (VAAD) ta ce akwai kimanin mutane 300,000 na zuriyar Yahudawa a cikin ƙasar. Yankunan da shigar sojojin Rasha suka shafa A cewar VAAD, kafin shiga tsakani na sojojin Rasha a gabashin Ukraine, kimanin Yahudawa 30,000 ne ke zaune a yankin Donbass Ƙungiyoyin Yahudawa sun yi kiyasin cewa mazauna yankin yahudawa kimanin mutane 10,000 zuwa mutane 15,000 ne suka zauna a Crimea kafin hadewar kasar Rasha. Akwai kuma mabiya addinin Buddah, masu aikin Falun Gong, mabiya addinin Bahá'í da kuma masu bin ƙungiyar International Society for Consciousness Krishna Fage Cocin Kievan Kiristanci, kuma musamman Kiristanci na Byzantine, an karɓi matsayin addinin jihar Kievan Rus a cikin shekara ta 988. Bayan Gabas-Yamma Schism, cocin Kievan ya kasance a cikin yankin Orthodox. A cikin wannan lokacin, Yahudawa da Musulmai ma sun kasance a cikin Kievan Rus', ko da yake ana ganin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi sun bambanta da 'yan kabilar Ukrainian ko Rusyn. Yayin da Kievan Rus ya wargaje a ƙarni na 12 da 13, yankunan da suka yi daidai da Ukraine na zamani sun kasance ƙarƙashin ginshiƙan addini na siyasa daban-daban: Rasha a gabas, Lithuania a arewa, da Poland a yamma. Ikilisiyar Kievan ta koma wurin zama zuwa Moscow, kuma za ta rabu da Ikilisiyar Byzantine a shekara ta 1448, daga ƙarshe ta kammala 'yancin kanta daga Constantinople a matsayin Cocin Orthodox na Rasha a shekara ta 1598. Duk da haka, tsoffin majami'un Kievan a Grand Duchy na Lithuania sun riƙe amincinsu ga Constantinople, kuma sun yi sabani da iƙirarin Ikilisiyar Rasha cewa ita ce zuriyar cocin Kievan na gaske. A cikin 1596, tsoffin majami'un Kievan a Lithuania sun sake haɗuwa da Cocin Katolika a matsayin cocin Katolika na Gabas (wanda aka fi sani da Uniate). Khmelnytsky tashin hankali da kuma Rasha Empire Rikicin Khmelnytsky a ƙarni na 17 akan Commonwealth-Lithuania Commonwealth karkashin jagorancin Cossacks na Ukrainian wani bangare ne na martani ga yunƙurin tursasawa 'yan Ukrain na Orthodox su koma Katolika. Rikicin ya ga yawan tashin hankali da ke da nasaba da addini, inda sojojin 'yan tawaye suka kai wa Yahudawa da Katolika hari. A sakamakon yakin, daular Rasha ta ƙare da mamaye mafi yawan yankuna na Ukrainian. Bayan haka, an ɗaukaka addinin Orthodox na Rasha, kuma an tauye ’yancin addini. A cikin ƙarni na 19 zuwa farkon ƙarni na 20, Yahudawa a Ukraine, da kuma wasu wurare a cikin Daular Rasha, an yi musu hari da pogroms. Addini a farkon Ukrainian kishin ƙasa motsi A cikin ƙarni na 18 da kuma ƙarni na 19, 'yan kishin ƙasa na Yukren da ke tayar da kayar baya ga kasar Ukrainian mai cin gashin kanta, suna kallon rarrabuwar kawuna a matsayin cikas ga hadin kan kasarsu, kuma da sane suka kau da martabar addininsu don nuna goyon bayan zaman lafiya a matsayin tushen asalin Ukrainian. zamanin Soviet Tarayyar Soviet ta farko A lokacin juyin juya halin Rasha da kuma yakin basasa na Rasha, an ci gaba da aikata pogroms a cikin Ukraine ta ƙungiyoyi daban-daban da ke da hannu. Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Ukrainian da gwamnatin wucin gadi ta Rasha sun soke dokokin kyamar Yahudawa, kuma a cikin yanayin tsohon Yiddish an karbe shi a matsayin yaren kasa kuma Yahudawa suna wakilci a mukaman gwamnati. Bayan kawo karshen yakin basasar Rasha, Ukraine ta zama jamhuriyar Tarayyar Soviet. 'Yancin addini na dangi ya ci gaba a farkon shekarun 1920, kodayake gwamnati ta kafa yakin adawa da addini gaba daya. An aiwatar da matsananciyar danniya a ƙarshen 20s da 1930s. An tsananta wa ’yan Katolika na Gabas musamman don tsananin tsanantawa, saboda gwamnatin Soviet ta damu cewa dangantakarsu da Cocin Katolika na iya ƙarfafa goyon bayan ƙin Soviet daga wajen ƙasar. Hukumomin Tarayyar Soviet sun amince da Kiristocin bishara da ’yan Baptist, domin gwamnati ba ta ɗauke su a matsayin barazana ta siyasa. Pentecostals, Seventh Day Adventists, Shaidun Jehovah, da wasu ƙananan ƙungiyoyin Furotesta waɗanda ke adawa da jihar an hana su sarai. Kiristocin Roman Katolika, Yahudawa da Musulmai sun fuskanci zalunci. Ukrainian majami'u a farkon Tarayyar Soviet A cikin mafi yawan shekarun 1920, Cocin Orthodox na Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox ya sami wasu tallafi daga gwamnatin Soviet, saboda ana ganin wannan cocin a matsayin madadin ci gaba ga Cocin Orthodox na Rasha. Yayin da Ikilisiya ta kasance da alaƙa da kishin ƙasa na Ukrainian, duk da haka, gwamnatin Soviet ta koma matsayinta, kuma an kama jagorancinta gaba ɗaya tsakanin 1929 zuwa farkon 1930s, duk sai dai ta kawar da coci. Yahudanci a farkon Soviet Ukraine A cikin 1920s, Yevsektsiya, bangaren Yahudawa na Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ne ya jagoranci kamfen na adawa da addini da ke nufin Yahudanci a cikin Tarayyar Soviet. Wadannan kamfen din sun nemi haifar da wata kabila ta addini ga yahudawan kabilanci a cikin al'ummar Soviet, sabanin addini da na sahyoniyawan da gwamnati ke yi musu ba'a a matsayin martani. A wani bangare na wannan shirin, an kafa hukumomin KOMZET da kuma OZET daga baya don sake tsugunar da Yahudawa a rukunin aikin gona. OZET musamman ta yi yunƙurin sake tsugunar da Yahudawa a yankin Crimea. A cikin 1930, Yevsektsiya ya rushe, babu wata ƙungiyar Yahudawa ta tsakiya a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, na duniya ko na addini. Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu da kuma bayansa A lokacin mamaya na ‘yan Nazi, sojojin Nazi da kuma kungiyoyin ‘yan kishin kasa na Ukraine sun kashe dubban daruruwan Yahudawa. An sake kafa Cocin Yukren a ƙarƙashin mulkin Nazi; Limamanta sun tsere daga kasar sakamakon fatattakar sojojin Jamus da Cocin ya sake bace a cikin kasar Ukraine. A shekara ta 1944, bayan da aka kama Lviv, cibiyar Katolika ta Gabas ta Ukrainian, Stalin ya ba da umarnin kama limaman cocin da ba su koma Orthodoxy na Rasha ba kuma ya tura majami'u dubu da yawa na Katolika na Gabas zuwa Cocin Orthodox na Rasha. A shekarar 1944 ne aka kori Musulman Crimea zuwa kasar waje a lokacin da Joseph Stalin ya zarge su da hada baki da Jamus na Nazi Fiye da 200,000 Crimean Tatars an kora zuwa tsakiyar Asiya, musamman Uzbek SSR An yi kiyasin cewa sama da mutane 100,000 da aka kora sun mutu saboda yunwa ko kuma cututtuka saboda korar da aka yi. Kayayyakin da yankin da 'yan Tatar na Crimea suka yi watsi da su 'yan kabilar Rasha ne wadanda hukumomin Soviet suka sake tsugunar da su, wanda ya haifar da sauye-sauyen al'umma a Crimea. Hukumomin Tarayyar Soviet sun shirya taron cocin Orthodox a Lviv a shekara ta 1946, inda aka sanar da cewa cocin Katolika na Gabashin Yukren ya narke cikin Cocin Orthodox na Rasha. Babu wani limamin Katolika na Gabas da ya isa ya halarci wannan taro kamar yadda aka riga aka kama su, kuma limaman Katolika da na Gabas sun yi Allah wadai da taron a matsayin abin kunya da limaman Katolika da na Gabas suka yi a wajen Tarayyar Soviet. A cewar majiyoyin Katolika na Gabashin, dubban ’yan Katolika na Gabas sun mutu sakamakon tsanantawa, kuma wasu dubbai da dama sun yi zaman kurkuku a sansanonin kwadago. Bayan da aka soke majami'u na kasa na Ukraine, Orthodoxy na Rasha ya sake farfadowa a Ukraine, tare da ƙarin majami'un Orthodox na Rasha da ke cikin Ukraine fiye da na Rasha kanta. Wasu mabiya majami'u na ƙasa sun kiyaye imaninsu a asirce yayin da suke halartar hidimar Roman Katolika ko na Rasha, yayin da wasu ke yin imaninsu a ɓoye. Ukraine mai zaman kanta A cikin shekara ta 1992, cocin Katolika na Gabas ta Ukrainian ya sami karɓuwa a hukumance daga gwamnatin Ukraine. Duk da haka, ta sami iyakataccen tallafi daga fadar Vatican, wanda ya iyakance ikonta ga Yammacin Ukraine da 'yan kabilar Ukrain. Yahudawa sun fuskanci sabunta kyamar Yahudawa a cikin 1990s, kodayake wannan ya ragu a ƙarshen shekaru goma. Shigar da sojojin Rasha a Ukraine a cikin shekarun 2010 ya ba da gudummawa ga ƙaruwar kishin addini a Ukraine da raguwar juriyar addini. A ranar 6 ga Janairu, 2019, Patriarch Bartholomew na I na Constantinople ya ba da autocephaly ga Cocin Orthodox na Ukraine, da saninsa a matsayin keɓe da Cocin Orthodox na Rasha. Masu sa ido na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya sun ba da rahoton cewa tsarin sauya ikilisiyoyin daga UOC-MP zuwa OCU a wasu lokuta yakan haifar da tashin hankali, amma gabaɗaya hakan ya haifar da "hanzari na rage tashin hankali tsakanin al'ummomin addini." Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta kuma nuna damuwarta kan yadda ƙungiyoyin da ba na addini ba suka shiga cikin wannan tsari, ciki har da ƙananan hukumomi da kungiyoyin da aka bayyana a matsayin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi. Kafofin yada labaran Rasha sun yaɗa zarge-zargen kungiyoyin dama na matsawa ikilisiyoyin yin watsi da UOC-MP ga OCU. UOC-MP da OCU sun ci gaba da husuma game da hanyoyin mika mulki ta hanyar da al'ummomi ke yanke shawarar ko za su sake hadewa da OCU, tare da duka majami'u suna zargin rashin da'a daga ɗayan. Tsarin doka Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya tanadi ‘yancin yin addini da ibada. A bisa doka gwamnati na iya tauye wannan hakki ne kawai a cikin "muradi na kare zaman lafiyar jama'a, lafiya da kyawawan dabi'un jama'a, ko kare hakki da 'yancin wasu mutane." Kundin tsarin mulki ya tanadi raba coci da jiha. An bayyana Ukraine a matsayin mai "madaidaicin ma'auni" idan aka zo batun kariyar doka ta 'yancin addini. Bisa doka manufar manufar addini ita ce a maido da cikakkiyar tattaunawa tsakanin wakilan kungiyoyin al’umma, kabilanci, al’adu, da na addinai daban-daban don a samar da al’umma mai hakuri da kuma ba da ’yancin sanin lamiri da bauta.” Hukumomin gwamnati da aka ba su izinin sa ido kan ƙungiyoyin addini sun haɗa da Babban Mai Shari’a, Ma’aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida, da sauran “tsakanin hukumomin gwamnati Rijistar ƙungiyar addini Doka ta bukaci wata cibiyar addini da ke neman samun matsayi a hukumance a matsayin hukuma da ta yi rajista duka a matsayin ƙungiyar addini da kuma a matsayin ƙungiya mai zaman kanta. Don samun matsayin addini a hukumance dole ne ƙungiya ta yi rajista ko dai tare da Ma'aikatar Al'adu, hukumar gwamnati da ke da alhakin al'amuran addini, ko tare da hukumomin gwamnatin yanki, dangane da yanayin ƙungiyar. Cibiyoyin addini, gudanarwa, gidajen ibada, ’yan’uwantaka na addini, mishan, da makarantun addini sun yi rajista da Ma’aikatar Al’adu. Ƙungiyoyin addinai da ikilisiyoyi suna yin rajista tare da hukumomin yankin da suke aiki, ko dai tare da gwamnatin birni a Kiev ko kuma gwamnatin yankin da ke wajen Kiev. Duk da yake waɗannan ƙungiyoyin addinai da ikilisiyoyi za su iya zama ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyin addini na ƙasa baki ɗaya, ƙungiyar a duk faɗin ƙasar ba ta yin rajista bisa tushen ƙasa kuma ba za ta iya samun amincewa a matsayin hukuma ba; maimakon haka, ƙungiyoyin mazaɓar sun yi rajista kuma su sami matsayin mahaɗan doka. Ba tare da matsayin halayya ta doka ba, ƙungiyar addini ba za ta mallaki dukiya ba, gudanar da ayyukan banki, ko buga kayayyaki. Dangane da dokar da ta haramta yi wa kasa rajista, rukunin ƙungiyoyin addini na ƙasa da ƙasa ne kawai za su iya mallakar dukiya ko gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci, ko dai na kansu ko kuma a madadin kungiyar ta kasa baki daya. Dokar ta ba da keɓancewar haraji ga ƙungiyoyin addini kuma ta ɗauke su ƙungiyoyin sa-kai. Ƙungiyoyin addini masu rijista ne kawai za su iya neman maido da dukiyoyin jama'a da gwamnatin Tarayyar Soviet ta kwace a baya Dole ne ƙungiyoyin addini su nemi hukumomin yanki don neman a mayar musu da dukiya. Dokar ta ce yin la'akari da da'awar mai da ya kamata a kammala a cikin wata guda. Dukkanin manyan kungiyoyin addini sun roki gwamnati da ta samar da tsari na gaskiya don magance batun kwato kadarori, kuma sun koka da yadda tsarin ke daukar lokaci fiye da watan da doka ta tanada. Bukatun cancanta Don samun cancantar yin rajista, ƙungiyar addini dole ne ta kasance tana da aƙalla membobin manya guda 10 kuma dole ne ta gabatar da dokokinta ga hukumomin rajista. Don samun matsayi a matsayin ƙungiya mai zaman kanta, dole ne ƙungiyar addini ta yi rajista tare da Ma'aikatar Shari'a, wanda ke da alhakin kiyaye rajistar gwamnati na ƙungiyoyin doka. Wannan rijistar ta lissafta duk ƙungiyoyi masu wannan matsayi, gami da na addini. Doka ba ta fayyace wanne daga cikin hanyoyin rajistar biyu dole ne a fara aiwatar da su ba. Ƙungiyoyin addini da sojoji da gidajen yari Dokar ta bukaci kwamandojin rundunonin soji da su kyale wadanda ke karkashinsu su shiga hidimar addini amma ta haramta kafa kungiyoyin addini a cibiyoyin soji da na sojoji. Ma'aikatar tsaro ta bayyana sharuɗɗan zaɓen limaman da za su zama limamin coci, da matsayin limamai a cikin jerin umarni, da haƙƙoƙinsu da ayyukansu a cikin rundunar soji, Tsaron ƙasa, da Tsaron kan iyakoki na Jiha Dokar ta hana limaman UOC-MP yin hidima a matsayin limamin sansanonin soji ko a yankunan rikici, wanda ya jawo rashin amincewa daga UOC-MP. Doka ta ƙyale wani aikin da ba na soja ba ga waɗanda suka ƙi aikin soja. Dokar ba ta keɓance limaman coci daga aikin soja ba. Sauran dokoki da hane-hane Kamar yadda kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya tanada, dole ne masu shirya taron su sanar da ƙananan hukumomin tun da farko duk wani nau'in taron jama'a da aka shirya, kuma hukumomi na iya kalubalantar halaccin taron da aka shirya. Dangane da hukuncin Kotun Tsarin Mulki na shekara ta 2016, ƙungiyoyin addini suna buƙatar kawai su sanar da hukumomin yankin niyyarsu ta gudanar da taron jama’a, kuma ba sa buƙatar neman izini ko sanar da hukuma cikin takamaiman lokaci kafin taron. Ilimi An haramta koyar da addini a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin koyarwa na makarantun gwamnati da kuma horar da makarantun gwamnati “ba za a kuɓuta daga tsoma baki daga jam’iyyun siyasa, ƙungiyoyin jama’a da na addini ba.” Makarantun jama'a sun haɗa da ɗa'a na bangaskiya ko kwasa-kwasan da suka danganci bangaskiya a matsayin ɓangaren zaɓi na tsarin karatun. Ayyukan gwamnati Gwamnati ta haramtawa limaman cocin da ke da alaƙa da UOC-MP yin hidima a matsayin limamai a cikin National Guard, tana mai da su a matsayin limamai daga ƙungiyoyin addini waɗanda cibiyoyinsu "suna cikin jihar mai cin zali." Halayen al'umma Tun daga shekara ta 2013, an sami lokuta da dama na cin zarafi ta jiki ga Yahudawa a Ukraine, wasu daga cikinsu sun yi kisa. A wani lamari da ya faru a shekara ta 2017, wasu mutane uku sun jefa gurneti a kan gungun Yahudawa da suke gudanar da aikin hajji a Uman Bom din bai tashi ba, amma ya yi sanadin jikkata wani yaro da ya same shi. Kimanin Yahudawa guda 30,000 ke tafiya zuwa Uman kowace shekara don Sabuwar Shekarar Yahudawa A cewar mai magana da yawun gwamnati, mutane ukun suma sun jefi Molotov hadaddiyar giyar a wata majami'a a Lviv (wanda ya haifar da ƙananan barna), tare da yin wani yunkuri na lalata gine-ginen Yahudawa. Gwamnati ta yi iƙirarin cewa waɗannan mutane sun kasance da himma da farko don "ɓata sunan Ukraine". A cikin shekara ta 2019, Ƙungiyar Kula da Haƙƙin tsirarun 'yan tsiraru ta ƙasa mai zaman kanta ta ba da rahoton cewa ba a sami wani laifi na cin zarafi ga Yahudawa ba da kuma shari'o'i 14 na ɓarna na Yahudawa. Hukumar ta NMRMG ta yi la'akari da wannan ci gaban ga ingantuwar martanin 'yan sanda kan abubuwan da suka faru na kyamar Yahudawa. Wasu shugabannin al'ummar yahudawa sun ci gaba da nuna rashin amincewarsu da yadda ake ganin ba za a hukunta su ba kan lamuran nuna kyamar Yahudawa. Shugabannin al'ummar yahudawa sun soki gazawar gwamnati game da kare martabar tarihi mai ma'ana ga al'ummar Yahudawa. Mambobin UOC-MP sun tarwatsa bukukuwan addini da kungiyoyin Furotesta ke gudanarwa a wuraren taruwar jama'a, suna zarginsu da "lalata" yankin. A cikin 2017, an sami rahotanni da yawa na ɓarna a kan abubuwan tarihi na addini na jama'a da gine-gine na ƙungiyoyi daban-daban, amma musamman na Yahudawa da na Roman Katolika. Yankunan da gwamnatin Ukraine ba ta iko da su A yankin Crimea da Rasha ta mamaye kasar, gwamnatin kasar Rasha ta tsare tare da daure wasu 'yan Tatar na Crimea bisa zargin alaka da kungiyar Hizb ut-Tahrir ta Islama. Kafofin yada labaran Rasha na yawan yin tofin Allah tsine ga UOC-KP da kuma Shaidun Jehovah, inda suke bayyana su a matsayin masu goyon bayan farkisanci a matsayin wani babban fage na fakewa da nuna cewa dakarun farkisanci ne da ke goyon bayan Ukraine a rikicin da ke gudana tsakanin Rasha da Ukraine. Dakarun da ke samun goyon bayan Rasha a Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Luhansk da Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk da ba a amince da ita ba sun tsare tare da daure wasu Shaidun Jehobah a kurkuku, tare da kwace wasu gine-gine na kungiyar. Wakilan Luhansk da Donetsk sun sha kiran Shaidun Jehobah a matsayin "masu tsattsauran ra'ayi" da "magoya bayan kungiyoyin Neo-Nazi A cewar majiyoyin yada labarai na Ukraine, a shekara ta 2019 ne mahukuntan jamhuriyar jama'ar Donetsk suka kai samame a wani masallaci a Donetsk tare da kwace kayayyakin addini bisa zargin tsatsauran ra'ayi, wanda kafofin yada labaran Ukraine da al'ummar musulmin Ukraine suka bayyana a matsayin karya. Jami'an tsaron Ukraine sun kuma zargi Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk da biyan masu tayar da kayar baya don lalata kadarorin UOC-MP da swastikas. Rijistar kungiyar addini Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk tana kula da rajistar kungiyoyin addini a cikin yankin da take iko da shi, bisa tsarin da ke da 'yancin kai daga, amma kama da shi, wanda gwamnatin Ukraine ke amfani da shi don rajistar kungiyoyin addini. Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Luhansk ta kafa "majalisar kwararru" don tantancewa da kuma amincewa da kungiyoyin addini. Manazarta Littafi Mai Tsarki Little, David (1991). Ukraine: Gadon Rashin Haƙuri Cibiyar Yada Labarai ta Aminci ta Amurka. ISBN 978-1-878379-12-2 Ci gaba da karatu Victor Yelensky (2008) 'YANCIN ADDINI HUKUNCIN UKRAINE, Binciken Bangaskiya Al'amuran Duniya, 6: 2, 67-71, DOI: 10.1080/15570274.2008.9523341 Dokoki Dokar Najeriya Doka Addinan gargajiya Addinai a Najeriya Addini Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
59959	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana%20Liverman	Diana Liverman	Diana Liverman (an haife ta a watan Mayu 15, 1954, Accra, Ghana)farfesa ce ta Regents Farfesa ta Geography da Cigaba, kuma tsohuwar Darakta ta Jami'ar Arizona School of Geography, Development and Muhalli a Kwalejin Kimiyyar Zamantakewa da Halayyar a Tucson, Arizona. Articles with hCards Liverman tayi nazarin canjin muhalli na duniya da tasirin yanayi akan al'ummar bil'adama, gami da tasirin fari da yunwa akan al'umma, noma, tsarin abinci, da kuma jama'a masu rauni.Ta damu musamman game da matakan dai-daitawa waɗanda ke magance sauyin yanayi, abin da ke sa suyi nasara, da kuma lokacin da suka ƙirƙiri ko ƙarfafa rashin daidaituwa. Liverman tayi nazari akan yuwuwar rage illolin sauyin yanayi da kuma cimma burin cigaba mai dorewa na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. Acikin 2010, Liverman ta karɓi lambar yabo ta Founder's Medal of the Royal Geographical Society, don "ƙarfafawa, haɓakawa da haɓɓaka fahimtar yanayin ɗan adam na canjin yanayi". Liverman ta kasance mawallafiyar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararru(IPCC) Oktoba 8, 2018 Rahoton Musamman game da Dumamar Duniya na 1.5°C. Liverman tana ɗaya daga cikin masana kimiyya 19 a duk duniya da aka zaɓa zuwa Hukumar Duniya a 2019. Acikin 2020, an zaɓi Liverman zuwa Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta ƙasa da zuwa Cibiyar Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka. Ilimi An haifi Diana Liverman ranar 15 ga Mayu, 1954, a Accra, Ghana ga iyayen Burtaniya kuma ta girma a Burtaniya. Liverman ta sami BA a fannin ilimin ƙasa daga Jami'ar College London (1976). Ta sami MA a Jami'ar Toronto, tare da nazarin kan daidaitawar martani ga fari a Lardunan Prairie na Kanada (1979) tare da mai ba da shawara Anne U. Whyte. Liverman ta yi Ph.D. aiki a Jami'ar California Los Angeles (UCLA), tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayin yanayi (NCAR) a Boulder, Colorado. Ta yi aiki tare da Steve Schneider daga 1982 zuwa 1985, ta sami Ph.D. a cikin labarin kasa daga UCLA a cikin 1984. Takardun karatunta shine Amfani da samfurin kwaikwayo wajen tantance tasirin yanayi akan tsarin abinci na duniya, tare da masu ba da shawara Werner Terjung da Stephen Schneider. Sana'a Liverman ta koyar da labarin kasa a Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison inda kuma ta kasance mai alaƙa da Cibiyar Nazarin Muhalli daga 1984 zuwa 1990. Ta koyar a Jami'ar Jihar Penn daga 1990 zuwa 1996 inda ta kasance Mataimakin Darakta na Cibiyar Kimiyyar Tsarin Duniya wanda Eric Barron ya jagoranta. Ta koma Jami'ar Arizona a 1996 don zama Daraktan Nazarin Latin Amurka, tayi ritaya a 2022. Acikin 2003 an naɗata a matsayin shugabar farko a Kimiyyar Muhalli a Jami'ar Oxford kuma ta zama Daraktan Cibiyar Canjin Muhalli, cibiyar bincike, koyarwa da wayar da kan muhalli a Jami'ar Oxford. Acikin 2009, Liverman ta koma Jami'ar Arizona a matsayin babban darekta ta Cibiyar Muhalli tare da Jonathan Overpeck. Ta kasance a wannan matsayi har zuwa 2016. Tun daga watan Yuli 2019, Liverman ta zama darektan Makarantar Geography da Cigaba a Kwalejin Ilimin zamantakewa da halayyar ɗabi'a a Jami'ar Arizona. Liverman ta kasance babban editan mujallar Annual Review of Environment and Resources daga 2009 zuwa 2015. Tayi aiki akan kwamitocin ƙasa da na ƙasa da yawa ciki har da Kwamitin Ilimin Kimiyya na Ƙasa kan Girman Mutum na Canjin Muhalli na Duniya (kujeru, 1995-1999) da Kwamitin NAS akan Zaɓuɓɓukan Yanayi na Amurka. Ta kuma jagoranci kwamitin ba da shawara na kimiyya na Cibiyar Nazarin Canjin Duniya ta Inter-American (1998-2002), Shirin Canjin Muhalli na Duniya da Tsarin Abinci (GECAFS) (2006-) da IHDP Duniya Tsarin Mulki. Aikin. Ta jagoranci tawagar mika mulki don ƙirƙirar sabon shirin bincike na duniya, Future Earth, don Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasashen Duniya waɗanda suka haɗa da ICSU, UNEP, da UNESCO. Kashin Kuni yayi aiki a matsayin memba da membobin kwamitin don rahotanni yawa a kan canjin yanayi a kan dumamar yanayi na 1.5 C. Liverman yana ɗaya daga cikin masana kimiyya waɗanda suka "ba da gudummawa sosai" ga rahoton IPCC wanda ya kai ga bayar da lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel ga IPCC a 2007. Ta kuma bayar da rahoto game da nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi a cikin IPCC. Tana aiki a kwamitin ƙungiyoyi da dama da suka haɗa da ƙwararrun dorewar al'adu da ƙirƙira Julie's Keke. Scholarship Liverman ya ba da gudummawa da yawa don fahimtar girman ɗan adam na canjin muhalli na duniya. Tallafin wallafe-wallafenta da bincikenta suna magance tasirin yanayi, rauni da daidaitawa, canjin yanayi da amincin abinci, da manufofin yanayi, raguwa da adalci musamman a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa. Tana da sha'awa ta musamman game da yanayin siyasa na kula da muhalli a cikin Amurka, musamman a Mexico. Liverman yayi aiki akan tasirin fari na ɗan adam tun farkon shekarun 1980, da kuma tasirin sauyin yanayi akan tsarin abinci ta hanyar amfani da dabarun ƙirar yanayin yanayi na farko da kuma simintin amfanin gona. Bayan gano iyakokin hanyoyin yin samfuri, aikin fage a Mexico ya biyo baya, nazarin raunin haɗari ga haɗarin yanayi a ɓangaren aikin gona, da yuwuwar tasirin sauyin yanayi kan tsarin abinci. Liverman ya kuma yi nazarin illolin neoliberalism ga al'ummar Latin Amurka da tsarin muhalli a kan iyakar Amurka da Mexico. A cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan ta mai da hankali kan batutuwan da suka shafi kasa da kasa na manufofin sauyin yanayi da bunkasuwar sabuwar tattalin arzikin carbon, kuma ta kasance mai yawan magana da sharhi kan al'amuran yanayi na duniya. Ita ce mawallafin rubuce-rubuce masu tasiri a kan iyakokin duniya da tsarin tsarin duniya Ta kuma jagoranci manyan ayyukan bincike na haɗin gwiwa da dama, waɗanda akasari hukumomin Amurka da na Turai ne ke ba da kuɗinsu. A cikin 2011 ta kasance cikin ƙungiyar da ta yi wa Dalai Lama bayani (2011) game da sauyin yanayi. A duniya, Liverman ya tada wayar da kan jama'a game da mahimmancin ilimin zamantakewa don fahimtar tasirin canjin muhalli. Kungiyar Royal Geographical Society ta yabawa Liverman tare da "inganta ra'ayin cewa tasirin yanayi ya dogara da rauni kamar canjin yanayi na zahiri, kuma musamman nuna yadda canjin yanayin zamantakewa da siyasa ya canza yanayin yanayin rashin lafiyar Liverman ya gudanar da wasu nazarce-nazarcen ilimi na farko na daidaitawa da ragewa, ya yi nazari kan alaƙa tsakanin arewaci na duniya da kudancin duniya, kuma ya bincika ƙalubalen ci gaba mai dorewa a cikin duniya mai canzawa. Girmamawa 2020, Memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa 2020, Memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka 2017, Alexander & Ilse Melamid Medal, American Geographical Society 2014, Guggenheim Fellowship 2014, Kyautar Nasarar Shugaban Ƙasa, Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Geographers na Amurka 2011, Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙasar Amirka 2010, Medal ta Founder na Royal Geographical Society 1991, Kyautar Mitchell don Ci gaba mai Dorewa, Cynthia da Gidauniyar George Mitchell Mabuɗin wallafe-wallafe Littattafai (Diana Liverman, contributing author.) (Lead author, D. M. Liverman.) (Multiple editions). (D. M. Liverman and others). Labarai Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan
8473	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebonyi	Ebonyi	Jihar Ebonyi harshen Igbo: Ȯra Ebony),Jiha ce dake a Kudu maso Gabashin, Najeriya, ta haɗa iyaka daga Arewa da Jihar Benue, Cross River daga gabas da kuma kudu maso gabas, sai kuma Jihar Abiya daga kudu maso yamma. An saka mata suna bayan Kogin Abonyi (Aboine) wanda mafi akasarin Kogin na yankin kudancin Jihar an kuma ƙirƙiri Jihar Ebonyi daga sassan jihohin Abiya da Enugu a shekarar 1996 sannan babban birninta yana Abakaliki. Jihar Ebonyi na daga cikin mafi ƙanƙanta a girma daga cikin jihohin Najeriya da fili mai faɗin kilomita murabba’i 5,533. Ebonyi ita ce jiha ta 33 a girman ƙasa kuma ta 29 a yawan mutane a cikin jihohin Najeriya, tare da ƙiyasin a ƙalla mutum miliyan 2.9 a shekara ta 2016. Ta fuskar yanayin ƙasa, jihar ta kasu zuwa gida biyu, dazukan Cross–Niger transition forests daga can ƙuryar kudancin jihar, sai kuma busasshen daji nau'in Guinean forest–savanna mosaic a sauran sassan jihar. Sauran muhimman Wurare sun haɗa da Kogin Cross River da rassan ta. Bayan samun 'yancin kan Najeriya a shekarar 1960, yankin jihar Ebonyi ta yau, na daga cikin Yankin Gabashin Najeriya kafin zuwa shekara ta 1967 lokacin da aka raba yankin kuma jihar ta faɗa ƙarƙashin Jihar Gabas ta Tsakiya, ƙasa da wata ni biyu bayan hakan, Yankin ta Gabas tayi yinkurin balle wa wanda haƙan ya jawo Yakin basasa a Najeriya har na tsawon shekaru uku, tare da Ebonyi a matsayi jiha na Tarayyar Biyafara. Bayan yakin ya kare, an mayar da Ebonyi karkashin Jihar Gabas ta Tsakiya har zuwa shekarar 1976 lokacin da aka raba Jihar ta Tsakiya, arewacinta ta zamo Jihar Anambra a yayinda Kudancin ta ta zamo Jihar Imo. Shekaru goma sha biyar bayan yin haƙan, an sake raba yankunan Jihohin Anambra da Imo, inda yankin gabashin jihohin biyu suka zamo Jihar Enugu da Jihar Abiya. Sai a shekarar 1996 ne aka sake yanke sashin gabashin Enugu da na arewa maso gashin Imo sannan aka hade su suka samar da Jihar Ebonyi. Jihar Ebonyi ta fuskar tattalin arziki ta ta'allaƙa ne a kan noma, musamman na doya, shinkafa, manja, da shukan rogo. Akwai aikin haƙo ma'adanai kaɗan a dalilin samu war ma'adanai kamar Lead, Zinc, Limestone a yankin Abakalilki da kuma kwando da ake haɗa wa na Ntezi. Ebonyi itace ta shirin acikin Jerin Jihohi Najeriya dangane da Ma'aunin Ci gaban Jama'a hadu da makarantu na gaba da sakandare da dama. Yanayin Ƙasa Jihar Ebonyi na ɗaya daga cikin jihohi shida da aka ƙirƙira a cikin shekarar 1996 a lokacin mulkin soja na shugaban ƙasa Gen. Sani Abacha. An ƙirƙiri jihar ne daga yankunan Enugu da Abiya, inda aka raba daidai Abakaliki daga Enugu da kuma Afikpo daga jihar Abiya. Jihar na da mazaɓun sanatoci guda uku, Yankin Abakaliki ta ƙunshi mazaɓun Ebonyi ta Arewa da kuma Enugu ta Tsakiya, yayinda yankunan Afikpo, Ohaozara, Onicha da Ivo suka hada masabar Ebonyi ta Kudu. Jihar Ebonyi na da kananan hukumomi goma sha uku da kuma cibiyoyin haɓaka ƙananan hukumomi da gwamnatin ta samar. Jama'a Akwai yaruka da dama da ake amfani da su a Jihar Ebonyi waɗanda suka haɗa da: gungun yaruka na Edda, Ehugbo (Afikpo), Ezaa, Izzi, Mgbo, da kuma Ikwo, da kuma Oshiri, Unwara, Akpoha, Okposi, Onicha; da haɗaɗɗun yarukan Igbo da harsunan Korring da ake amfani da su a yankunan Amuda-Okpolo, Ntezi-Okpoto da kuma Effium, waɗanda ke kama da harshen Kukele na Cross River; da kuma harshen Utokon na Jihar Benue. Tattalin arziki Jihar Ebonyi ta kasance yanki na noma. Ita ce ja gaba a wajen noman shinkafa, doya, dankali, masara, wake da kuma rogo kuma tana da shahararriyar kasuwar kwando a Najeriya. Anfi noma shinkafa ne a Ikwo, doya a Izzi da wasu yankuna kamar su Amasiri, Edda da Ezillo, yankunan Effium da Ezzamgo sun yi fice a noman rogo, da kuma haɗa kwanduna a garin Ntezi. Jihar Ebonyi tana da arzikin ma'adanai kamar Lead, man fetur da gas, amma kuma manyan ma'aikatun haƙo ma'adanai kaɗan ne a jihar. Duk da haka Gwamnatin jihar ta bada tallafi ga manoma don samar da albarkaci noma mai yawa amma har yanzu ingancin kadan ne. Ana yi wa Ebonyi kirari da "gishirin kasa" (the salt of the nation) saboda albarka dimbin gishiri dake tafkunan gishiri na Okposi da Uburu Salt Lakes. Akwai kuma wuraren ziyara kamar su Abakaliki Green Lake, Uburu Salt Lake, Unwana ada kuma gabar Ikwo Beaches. Gwamnati A shekarar 1999 ne aka zaɓi Sam Ominyi Egwu a matsayin gwamna na farar hula na farko a Jihar Ebonyi a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar PDP. Martin Elechi Ne ya gaje shi bayan ya lashe zaɓen shekara ta 2007 kuma ya sake komawa matsayin sa a shekara ta 2011 duka a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar PDP. Dave Umahi na ya gaji kujerar gwamna Martin Elechi, bayan ya lashe zaɓen a watan Maris na shekarar 2015 kuma ya sake komawa kujerarsa shima bayan ya sake lashe zabe a watan Maris, 2019. Ƙananan Hukumomi Jihar Ebonyi nada adadin Ƙananan hukumomi guda goma sha uku (13). Waɗanda Su ne: Abakaliki Afikpo ta Arewa Afikpo ta Kudu (Edda) Ebonyi Ezza ta Arewa Ezza ta Kudu Ikwo Ishielu Ivo Izzi Ohaozara Ohaukwu Onicha Harsuna Akwai muhimman yaruka goma na daga harsunan Igbo a Jihar Ebonyi. Ilimi Jerin sunayen makarantun gaba da sakandsun had da: Akanu Ibiam Federal Polytechnic Federal College of Agriculture, Ishiagu Ebonyi state University Federal University Ndufu Alike Ikwo Ebonyi State College of Health and Midwifery, Uburu Federal College of Education (Technical), Isu King David College of Medicine, Uburu, Ebonyi State Shahararrun mutane Anyim Pius Anyim Uche Azikiwe Andy Chukwu Onyebuchi Chukwu Martin Elechi Akanu Ibiam Chigozie Ogbu Frank Ogbuewu Ogbonnaya Onu Emmanuel Onwe Nnenna Oti Patoranking Sinach Tekno Dave Umahi Manazarta Jihohin
21343	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwalejin%20Maritime%20ta%20Najeriya	Kwalejin Maritime ta Najeriya	Kwalejin Maritime ta Najeriya cibiya ce ta mallakin gwamnatin tarayya a yankin Oron, jihar Akwa Ibom, Najeriya Manufarta ita ce horar da jirgin ruwa da ma'aikatan ruwa. Ta kuma horas da wasu hafsoshin Sojan Ruwa guda 4,300 na Nijeriya da kuma wasu ma’aikata sama da guda 65,000 a ayyukan ruwa. Koda yake ana Tambayoyi cewa, gameda yadda ake horarwa. Tarihi Makarantar Koyon Maritime ta Najeriya a Oron na ɗaya daga cikin kwalejojin kimiyya na tarayya waɗanda Hukumar Kula da Jami’o’i ta (asa (NUC) ta amince da su. Asalinsu ana kiransa Kwalejin Nautical of Nigeria, an kafa shi ne a shekara ta 1979 don ilmantarwa da horar da jami'an jirgin ruwa, kimantawa da ma'aikatan gudanarwa na gabar teku. Etsungiyar farko ta ɗalibai ta kuma kammala karatu a cikin shekara ta 1983. A cikin shekara ta 1988 an fadada aikin kwalejin don horar da dukkan matakai da rukunin ma'aikata ga dukkan bangarorin masana'antar jirgin ruwan Najeriya. Ya zuwa karshen shekara ta 2008, makarantar ta horar da hafsoshin Sojan Ruwa guda 4,300 na Najeriya da kuma wasu ma’aikatan sama da guda 65,000 kan ayyukan ruwa. Makarantar tana da ƙungiyar tsofaffin ɗalibai masu aiki, tana taimaka wa membobin su ci gaba da tuntuɓar juna da taimakon juna, tare da inganta haɓaka ga ƙa'idodin horar da ɗalibai. Kungiyar gudanarwa ta makarantar koyon teku sune kamar haka: Commodore Duja Emmanuel Effedua (Rtd) Rector. Mista Netson Peter M. Ag. Magatakarda Dokta Kevin O. Okonna Darakta, Kwararren Kwalejin Horar da Jirgin Ruwa. Injiniya. Ekwere Ekwere Williams Ag. Darakta, Makarantar Injiniyan Ruwa Capt. Ramdoss Rajarathinam Ag. Darakta, Makarantar Nazarin Jirgin Sama. Mista Gabriel M. Eto Ag. Darakta, Makarantar Nazarin Sufurin Jirgin Ruwa. Dr. (Mrs) Arit A. Mkpandiok Ag. Darakta, Dabara, Bincike Ci Gaban Dr. John A. Adeyanyu Kodinetan harkokin Ilimi Okon O. Bassey Ag. Bursar Injiniya. Olukayode Olusegun Olaleye Ag. Darakta, Ayyuka da Ayyuka. Wurare Makarantar ta mallaki babban fili a gefen ruwa a Oron, kusa da hanyoyin Kuros Riba na Port of Calabar a Jihar Kuros Riba kuma kusan kilomita 200 daga Fatakwal, Jihar Ribas A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2003, Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo ya ba da umarnin cewa a fara aikin gina jirgin sama na kwalejin. A cikin watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2010 Nigeria Liquefied Natural Gas (NLNG) ta ce ta ba da gudummawar kayan aikin horas da tsaro na Naira miliyan 30 ga makarantar. Kayan aikin sun hada da kwale-kwalen mutum guda 50 da aka killace, jirgin ruwan ceto da aka kaddamar da mutum goma sha biyu. NLNG a baya ta ba da kayan aikin da suka haura sama da Naira miliyan 100, kuma tana amfani da ‘yan Nijeriya daga makarantar don kashi 60% na ma’aikatan ta. Koyaya, waɗanda suka kammala karatu a Makarantar Maritime ba su da damar zuwa jiragen ruwa masu zuwa cikin teku don su sami awowi a cikin tekun, wanda ake buƙata don cancantar ƙwarewar su. Buƙata da ƙarfi Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin Jirgin Ruwa ta Najeriya (NIMASA) ta ce ana bukatar masu safarar jiragen ruwa dubu 50 don harkar jigilar jiragen ruwa a Najeriya don ganin sun cimma cikakkiyar damarta. Najeriya na da kasa da dubu uku na teku. Game da 2,000 tasoshin da aka tsunduma a cabotage, ko na gida kasuwanci tsakanin Najeriya da tashoshin jiragen ruwa, tare da mafi yawa waje crews. Da yake sanar da shirin bude wata sabuwar makarantar kimiyya a Badagry, shugaban hukumar kula da harkokin jiragen ruwa ta Najeriya ya ce a shekara ta 2008 sama da dalibai guda 3,000 ne ke neman kowace shekara don shiga makarantar ta Oron amma kasa da 1,000 aka karba. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2009, shugaban makarantar ya bayyana cewa makarantar ta takurawa daliban da aka shigar saboda karancin ajujuwa da wuraren kwana. Ya musanta nuna son kai wajen karbar, kuma ya ce a hakika makarantar ta samar da sauki ga ‘yan takara daga jihohin da ke fama da matsalar samun damar shiga. Darussan A cikin watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2008 wata tawaga daga kungiyar masu mallakar jiragen ruwan na kasar Norway ta ziyarci makarantar tare da tattaunawa kan shirin bayar da horo na hadin gwiwa da makarantar. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2008 Karamin Ministan Sufuri, Prince John Okechkwu Emeka, ya ce nan ba da jimawa ba za a inganta makarantar domin zama cibiyar bayar da digiri. Ya kuma yi kira da a kara yawan kudade daga gwamnatin tarayya. Makarantun suna ba da kwasa-kwasan daban-daban kamar haka: Marine Meteorology da Oceanography Hydrography. Fasaha Jirgin Ruwa Jirgi Sufurin Jirgin Ruwa da Nazarin Kasuwanci. Injin lantarki Injin lantarki. Injiniyan Ruwa. Kimiyyar Naval. Ingancin horo A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2009 makarantar ta fuskanci kakkausar suka daga darakta mai kula da tashar ta Legas. Ya ce hatta hukumar kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa da kare lafiyar Najeriya ta gano cewa makarantar ba ta cika ka'idojin kasa da kasa ba. Matsalolin sun hada da rashin isassun wuraren koyarwa don daukar adadin dalibai, da kuma rashin wadatar jiragen ruwa wadanda daliban za su iya kammala aikinsu na wa’adin shekara guda na teku. Daliban da ke neman ingantaccen horo dole ne su halarci Jami'ar Yankin Ruwa a Accra, Ghana Kyaftin Thomas Kemewerighe, wanda ya kammala karatu a makarantar, ya ce Najeriya ba ta da mutanen da suka cancanci bayar da horo yadda ya kamata. Ya ce yawancin wadanda suka kammala karatun sun kare ne a matsayin "mahaya okada" (masu tuka motocin tasi). A watan Satumbar shekara ta 2009 gwamnati ta sanar da cewa wani aiki da Ma’aikatar Sufuri ta Tarayya ta gabatar, shirin na bunkasa ci gaban teku, zai tura kashin farko na dalibai 27 zuwa Makarantar Koyon Ilimin Maritime da Hora a Kasar Indiya don yin karatun Digiri a Kimiyya da Digiri a fannin injiniya a cikin batutuwan da suka shafi ruwa. Ba a yi la'akari da makarantar ba don wannan shirin ba. A shekara ta 2020, majalisar dattijan Najeriya ta bakin shugaban kwamitin kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa sun nuna damuwar su game da karfin ma’aikatan jirgin ruwan Najeriya saboda tafiyar jiragen ruwa da ilimi sune muhimman bangarorin ci gaban tattalin arziki ga kasashen da suka dogara da shigowa da fitar da su ta cikin teku. Sauran batutuwa A watan Agusta na shekara ta 2009 kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam uku sun roki Shugaba Umaru Musa Yar'adua da ya binciki zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa da rashin kudi a makarantar. Sun kuma yi iƙirarin cewa ɗalibai guda 43 sun mutu cikin yanayi mai gujewa a cikin shekarar da ta gabata. Duba kuma Jerin ilimin fasaha a Najeriya Manazarta Jami'o'in Najeriya Jihar Akwa Ibom Sojojin Ruwa na Najeriya Makarantun Gwamnati Makarantun Najeriya Ilimi a Najeriya Ilimi Pages with unreviewed
23733	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girgizar%20kasa%20ta%20Sichuan%20ta%202008	Girgizar kasa ta Sichuan ta 2008	Girgizar ƙasa ta Sichuan ta 2008 Chinese wata babbar girgizar ƙasa ce a kasar China ranar data faru a ranar 12 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2008. Girgizar kasar tayi sanadiyyar rasa rayukan dubbanin mutane, dubunnan mutane sun bace kuma dubbanni sun ji rauni. Miliyoyin mutane sun rasa matsugunni bayan da gidajensu suka rushe. An jiyo girgizar kasar daga nisan kilomita 58. Bayanin girgizar ƙasa An auna ma'aunin girgizar a 8.0 M <sub id="mwNg">s</sub> da 8.3 M <sub id="mwOg">w</sub> ta Ofishin Seismological na Sin. Girgizar ta afku a 2: d, a zurfin An ji girgizar ƙasa a birnin Beijing nesa da cikin Shanghai tafi. Gine -ginen ofisoshin dogayen a cikin garuruwan sun girgiza da girgiza. An kuma ji girgizar ƙasa a ƙasashen da ke kusa. An yi imanin cewa mutane 69,227 sun mutu, mutane 374,176 sun ji rauni, kuma mutane 18,222 aka lissafa sun ɓace. (Lambobin Yuli 2008) Girgizar ƙasa ta bar kusan 4.8 mutane miliyan ba su da matsuguni, kodayake adadin zai iya kai 11 miliyan. Kimanin mutane miliyan 15 ne ke zaune a yankin da abin ya shafa. Ita ce girgizar ƙasa mafi muni kuma mafi ƙarfi da ta taɓa faruwa a China tun girgizar ƙasa ta Tangshan ta 1976, wacce ta kashe adadin aƙalla mutane 240,000. An yi girgiza manyan girgizar ƙasa guda 52, masu girman gaske daga 4.4 zuwa 6.0, a cikin 72 sa'o'i na babban rawar jiki. Masana kimiyya sun yi aiki cewa ƙasa ta motsa zuwa tare da Laifin Longmen Shan. Wannan kuskuren kusan tsawo da zurfi. Girgizar ƙasa ta sa ƙasa a saman ta motsa fiye da 3 m Masanin kimiyyar girgizar kasar Japan, Yuji Yagi, ya ce girgizar ta afku a sassa biyu. Laifin ya tsage cikin sassan biyu, na farko yana motsawa kusan A kashi na biyu na girgizar kasa laifin ya sake kai Girgizar ƙasar ta ɗauki kimanin mintuna biyu. Yana da ƙarfi saboda bai faru sosai a ƙarƙashin ƙasa ba. Mutane da yawa sun mutu saboda akwai mutane da yawa da ke zaune ayankin da girgizar ƙasan ya faru. Teruyuki Kato, masanin kimiyyar girgizar kasa a Jami'ar Tokyo, ya ce girgizar tayi girgiza mai nisa. Raƙuman ruwa ba su rasa ƙarfi ba saboda taurin ƙasa a tsakiyar China. Inda aka ji girgizar ƙasar Jerin wuraren da suka ji girgizar ƙasa Tremors were felt everywhere but not Xinjiang, Jilin or Heilongjiang. Hong Kong: Tremors were felt about 3 minutes after the quake, and lasted for 30 seconds. Macau: Tremors were felt about 3 minutes after the quake. Tremors were felt about 5 minutes after the earthquake in the north of Vietnam. In parts of Thailand tremors were felt 6 minutes after the quake. Office buildings in Bangkok shook for several minutes. Taiwan: It took about 8 minutes for the quake to reach Taiwan. The tremors lasted for nearly 2 minutes. Tremors were felt about 8 minutes after the earthquake. Tremors were felt 8 and a half minutes after the quake. Tremors were felt about 8 and a half minutes after the quake. Tremors were felt about 9 minutes after the earthquake in parts of India. In Northern Pakistan tremors were felt 10 minutes after the quake. Tremors were felt in Tuva. Ƙungiyoyin duniya Girgizar ta afku ne saboda wani sashi na doron ƙasa, da ake kira farantin Indiya, a hankali yake tafiya arewa. Yana motsawa kusan kowace shekara. Ya faɗi cikin farantin Eurasian Wannan ya ture ƙasa kuma ya yi tsaunukan Himalaya. Ana tura wasu daga cikin ɓoyayyen ƙasa zuwa Sichuan da kudancin China. Wannan turawa ta haifar da girgizar ƙasa da yawa a China. Girgizar ta afku a tsaunukan da ke gefen gabashin yankin Qing-Tibet. Wannan yana kan iyakar arewa maso yamma na yankin Sichuan. Girgizar ta faru ne sakamakon motsi a kan laifin arewa maso gabas. Wannan shine laifin Longmen Shan, wanda ke gudana a gefen ƙwarin. Halin farko ga girgizar ƙasa An kwashe gine -ginen ofisoshi a Shanghai, da suka haɗa da Jin Mao Tower da Hong Kong New World Tower, (duk an sa mutanen su fice). Ayyukan gaggawa a Chengdu ba su iya amsa duk kiran waya ba. An kwashe ma’aikatan wata masana'anta ta Ford a Sichuan kimanin 10 mintuna. An rufe filin jirgin sama na Chengdu. An aika jirgin SilkAir guda ɗaya don sauka a Kunming kusa. An dakatar da jiragen Cathay Pacific daga Hong Kong zuwa London. An bude filin jirgin sama na Chengdu yayin da ake amfani da filin jirgin don ayyukan agaji. Masu aiko da rahotanni a Chengdu sun ce sun ga fasa a bangon wasu gine -gine. A Beijing gine-ginen ofisoshi da yawa sun rushe. Wannan ya haɗa da ginin tare da ofisoshin watsa labarai don wasannin Olympics na bazara na 2008. Babu wuraren wasannin Olympic da ya lalace. Wani jirgin ƙasa ɗauke da tankokin man fetur 13 ya fito daga hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a gundumar Huixian, lardin Gansu, kuma ya kama da wuta. Girgizar ƙasa ta murƙushe hanyoyin jirgin. Girgizar kasar ta lalata dukkan manyan hanyoyin da suka shiga Wenchuan, da sauransu a duk fadin lardin Sichuan. Wannan ya rage jinkirin zuwan dakarun ceto. A gundumar Beichuan, kashi 80% na gine -ginen sun rushe. A Shifang, masana'antun sinadarai 2 sun lalace kuma sun tono tan 80 na ruwa mai ammoniya Tsarin ruwan ban ruwa na Dujiangyan, cibiyar UNESCO ta Duniya ta lalace. Wannan tsohon tsarin ruwa ne wanda har yanzu ana amfani dashi. Shahararren Bakin Kifi ya tsage. Kasuwancin hannayen jari na Shanghai da Kasuwancin Shenzhen sun daina kasuwanci a kamfanonin da ke kudu maso yammacin China. Farashin tagulla ya tashi saboda samar da ita ya tsaya. Mai farashin ya ragu, saboda mutane suna tsammani kasar Sin ba za buƙatar a matsayin mai yawa da man fetur. An rasa rabin hanyoyin sadarwa mara waya a lardin Sichuan. China Mobile ta yi asarar tashoshi fiye da 2,300 saboda rashin wutar lantarki da yawan kiran waya. An katse sabis ɗin Unicom na China a Wenchuan da yankunan da ke kusa, tare da hasarar hasumiyar waya sama da 700. Panda guda biyu a wani wurin ajiyar Giza Panda sun ji rauni. Wasu biyu kuma sun bace bayan girgizar ƙasar. Tashar wutar lantarki ta Zipingpu, gabas da girgizar ƙasa, ta lalace. Gangar madatsar ta fashe, kuma gine -ginen sun rushe. Madatsar ruwa ta Tulong na cikin hatsarin fashewa. Kimanin sojoji 2,000 aka tura zuwa Zipingpu, don gwadawa da sakin matsin lamba ta hanyar kwararar ruwa Gaba ɗaya, madatsun ruwa 391, sun lalace sakamakon girgizar ƙasar. Ya zuwa ranar 18 ga Mayu, 2008, an kafa sabbin tafkuna 21 a Sichuan. Wannan saboda girgizar ƙasa ta toshe koguna. Dole aka kwashe ƙauyuka saboda ambaliyar ruwa Mutuwar mutane Gwamnatin China ta ce girgizar ƙasar tayi tayi sanadiyyar mutuwar mutane 69,181, ciki har da 68,636 a lardin Sichuan. Akwai mutane 18,498 da aka lissafa sun ɓace; Mutane 374,171 sun ji rauni. Wannan ya haɗa da ma’aikata 158 da suka mutu a zaftarewar ƙasa yayin da suke ƙoƙarin gyara hanyoyi. Wata ƙungiyar agaji ta gano mutane 2,300 da ke raye a Yingxiu Kafin girgizar ƙasar akwai mutane kusan 9,000 a wurin. A gundumar Beichuan, mutane 3,000 zuwa 5,000 sun mutu, 10,000 sun ji rauni kuma 80% na gine -ginen sun lalace. Makarantu takwas sun faɗi a Dujiangyan .Kuma wani dan kasar Taiwan mai shekaru 56 yamutu dan yawon bude ido a Dujiangyan Yana kokarin kubutar da masu yawon bude ido 11 da suka makale a kan Lingyanshan Ropeway. Saboda girgizar ƙasa, sun makale cikin motocin kebul Makarantu Dubban yara 'yan makaranta sun mutu saboda mummunan makarantun da aka gina. akalla mutane 1,700. Akalla gine -ginen makaranta 7,000 ne suka rushe. Gini/bango ya dannenne wasu ɗalibai 700 a wata makaranta a Hanwang. Akalla dalibai da ma’aikata 600 ne suka mutu a makarantar firamare ta Juyuan. Kimanin yara da malamai 1,300 ne suka mutu a Makarantar Tsakiya ta Beichuan. Saboda manufar ƙasar Sin ɗaya tilo, iyalai da yawa sun rasa ɗansu daya tilo da suka mallaka. Jami'ai a lardin Sichuan sun cire iyakar yaro daya ga iyalan da suka rasa ko jikkata dansu daya tilo. Abin da ake kira "yara ba bisa ƙa'ida ba" waɗanda shekarunsu ba su kai 18 ba za a iya sanya su a matsayin maye gurbin ɗan'uwansu ko 'yar uwarsu. Wannan na iya yin latti ga wasu, saboda da yawa daga cikin iyayen sun tsufa ko kuma ba sa iya sake haihuwa. A ranar 29 ga Mayu, 2008, jami'ai sun fara duba kango na dubban makarantu da suka rushe. Suna neman alamu game da dalilin da yasa suka faɗi. Dubban iyaye sun ce gwamnati da magina ba su gina makarantu yadda ya kamata ba. Yawancin gine -ginen da ke kusa ba su lalace ba. Iyayen yaran da yayansu suka mutu a makarantun sun ce har yanzu basu samu wani rahoto ba. Jami'an yankin sun ce kada su yi zanga -zanga amma iyayen sun yi zanga -zanga kuma sun bukaci a gudanar da bincike. A gwamnati dakatar da sun tsaya labaru na mugun gina makarantu daga ana buga a cikin kafofin watsa labarai. An samu lamarin inda 'yan sanda suka kori masu zanga -zangar. An kama Liu Shaokun malamin makarantar Sichuan, ranar 25 ga Yuni, 2008. Ya kasance yana yada "jita -jita da lalata tsarin zamantakewa" game da Girgizar Ƙasa ta Sichuan. Liu ya tafi yankin Shifang ya ɗauki hotunan gine -ginen makaranta da suka rushe, ya sanya su a yanar gizo. Ya kuma ce yana fushi da "gine -ginen tofu" a cikin wata hira da manema labarai. An umarce shi da ya yi aiki na shekara guda na sake karatun ta hanyar aiki (RTL). Saboda koke -koke daga sauran ƙasashe, an saki Liu don ya yi wa RTL hukuncinsa a wajen sansanin kwadago. Za a gudanar da binciken lafiya a makarantu a duk faɗin China. Hukumar raya ƙasa da sake fasalin kasa na yin sabbin dokoki don inganta matsayin gini na makarantun firamare da na tsakiya a yankunan karkara. Lalacewar gini Kamfanonin inshora sun sa su hasarori a Amurka 1 biliyan daga cikin girgizar ƙasar. Jimlar kuɗin lalacewar na iya zama sama da dalar Amurka biliyan 20. Chengdu, birni mai mutane miliyan 4.5, yana da darajar kusan dala biliyan 115. Kaɗan ne kawai aka ba inshora. Lalacewar gine -gine a cikin girgizar ƙasa ya faru ne saboda ƙirar gine -ginen China. Ƙasar Sin ba ta da ka'idojin ginin girgizar kasa har sai bayan babbar girgizar kasa ta Tangshan a 1976. Tsofaffin gine -gine, waɗanda aka gina kafin 1976, ba a ƙera su don su tsaya a cikin girgizar ƙasa ba. Rahotannin labarai sun nuna cewa mafi talauci, ƙauyukan karkara sun fi fama da rauni. Ƙoƙarin ceto Sakataren jam'iyyar kwaminis ta Sin janar Hu Jintao ya bayyana cewa, taimakon da taimako zai zama sauri. Firaminista Wen Jiabao, nan da nan ya tashi zuwa yankin girgizar ƙasa don tsara aikin ceton. Ma'aikatar lafiya ta ƙasar Sin ta tura tawagogin likitoci 10 na gaggawa. Rundunar Yankin Soja ta Chengdu ta tura sojoji da 'yan sanda 50,000 don taimakawa a gundumar Wenchuan. Tawagar agaji ta mutane 184 sun bar Beijing: Mutane 12 daga Ofishin Jakadancin Jihar. 150 daga Kwamitin Yankin Soja na Beijing. Mutane 22 daga Babban Asibitin ‘Yan Sanda. Saboda tsaunuka, sojoji sun gagara wahalar samun taimako zuwa yankunan karkara. Ƙungiyoyin ceto da dama, ciki har da sashen kashe gobara na Taipei daga Taiwan, sun ce a shirye suke su taimaka. Yana da wahala a tura mutane zuwa wuraren da aka fi samun rauni mafi kusa da girgizar ƙasa. Ba zai yiwu a isa yankin ba saboda hanyoyi sun lalace kuma sun toshe sakamakon zaftarewar kasa. Mutane sun buƙaci tantuna, kayayyakin kiwon lafiya, ruwan sha da abinci. Ƙananan ƙauyen Sier ana iya isa ta hanyar tafiya kawai. Zaftarewar ƙasa haɗari ne ga Kungiyar bincike da ceto mutane 80. Kowane mutum ya ɗauki kimanin na kayan agaji. sama da matakin teku Matsanancin yanayin tsaunin yana nufin ba za su iya amfani da jirage masu saukar ungulu ba Fiye da mazauna ƙauyen Tibet 300 sun makale a ƙauyen da ya lalace ba tare da abinci da ruwa ba. Ƙungiyar agaji ta Kwamandan Yang Wenyao ta isa bayan tafiya na kwanaki 5, kuma ta taimaki mutanen da suka ji rauni kuma suka maƙale a kan dutsen Ruwan sama mai ƙarfi da zaftarewar ƙasa sun yi wahalar aikin ceto. An yi amfani da jirage masu saukar ungulu 20 a ranar farko don isar da abinci, ruwa, agajin gaggawa da ɗaukar mutanen da suka ji rauni. Kashegari, sojoji 15,600 daga Yankin Soja ta Chengdu sun shiga aikin ceto. A cikin kwanaki 2 ana gyara wayoyi a babban garin Wenchuan. 100 sojoji, tare da taimako da kayayyaki, parachuted cikin m Maoxian County, arewa maso gabashin Wenchuan. Kwanaki uku bayan afkuwar girgizar, Premiere Wen Jiabao na China ya ba da umarnin wasu jirage masu saukar ungulu 90. An yi amfani da jiragen sama guda 150 wajen aikin agaji. Wannan shi ne aiki mafi girma da ƙasar Sin ta taba ɗauka ba tare da yaƙi ba. Bayan girgizar ƙasa, mutane daga ko'ina cikin ƙasar Sin sun ba da gudummawa. Mutane sun ba da kuɗi a makarantu, bankuna, da gidajen mai Mutane kuma sun ba da gudummawar jini, wanda ya haifar da dogayen layuka a yawancin manyan biranen China. Taimakon duniya China ta ce za ta yi godiya da taimakon ƙasashen duniya don shawo kan girgizar kasar. Gidauniyar Tzu Chi ta zo daga Taiwan a ranar 13 ga Mayu. Wannan ita ce runduna ta farko daga wajen Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin da ta shiga aikin ceto. Tan tan 100 na kayan agaji da Gidauniyar Tzu Chi da Red Cross Society na Taiwan suka isa Chengdu zuwa ranar 15 ga Mayu Francis Marcus na ƙungiyar agaji ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta Red Cross ya yabawa aikin ceton na ƙasar Sin a matsayin "mai sauri kuma mai inganci". Ya ce girman bala'in ya yi yawa da "ba za mu iya tsammanin cewa gwamnati za ta iya yin komai tare da magance kowane bangare na bukatun ba". Economist ya ce China ta mayar da martani ga bala'in "cikin sauri kuma tare da butde baki mara kyau". Wannan ya sha bamban da martanin da Myammar ta bayar a asirce ga guguwar Nargis, wacce ta afkawa kasar kwanaki 10 kafin girgizar Kasar. A ranar 16 ga Mayu, ƙungiyoyin ceto daga Koriya ta Kudu, Japan, Singapore, Rasha da Taiwan sun isa don shiga aikin ceto. Amurka ta raba wasu daga cikin hotunan tauraron dan adam na yankunan da girgizar kasar ta shafa da gwamnatin China. Amurka ta aike da jiragen yaki samfurin Air Force C-17 guda biyu dauke da kayayyaki, wadanda suka haɗa da tantuna da janareto Taimako ta yanar gizo An yi amfani da yanar gizo don isar da bayanai don taimakawa ceto da murmurewa a China. Misali, Xinhua na hukuma ya kafa cibiyar neman ceton kan layi don nemo matsalolin dawo da bala'i. Lokacin da jirage masu saukar ungulu suka sami matsala saukowa kusa da cibiya a Wenchuan, wani dalibi ya ba da shawarar sabon wurin sauka a kan layi. Masu ba da agaji sun kuma kafa wasu gidajen yanar gizo da yawa don taimakawa adana bayanan tuntuɓar waɗanda abin ya shafa. Makokin ƙasa Majalisar Jiha ta ayyana zaman makoki na kwanaki 3 (baƙin ciki) ga wadanda girgizar kasa ta rutsa da su tun daga ranar 19 ga Mayu, 2008. An daga tutar kasar Sin zuwa rabin mast Wannan shi ne karon farko da China ta yi kwanaki na makoki na kasa don wani abu ban da mutuwar wani shugaban kasa. Mutane da yawa sun ce ita ce mafi girman nuna baƙin ciki tun bayan mutuwar Mao A 14:28 CST a ranar 19 ga Mayu, 2008, mako guda bayan girgizar ƙasa, jama'ar China sun yi shiru na ɗan lokaci. Mutane sun yi shiru don 3 mintuna. Karewar iska, 'yan sanda da sautin wuta, da ƙahonin motoci, jiragen ruwa da jiragen ƙasa. Motoci akan hanyoyin Beijing sun tsaya. Bayan yin shuru, a dandalin Tiananmen, jama'a sun fara kiran "Tsawon China". Kwamitin shirya gasar Ningbo na mika wutar tocilan wasannin Olympic ta Beijing ya dakatar da aikin na tsawon kwanaki 3. Shafukan yanar gizo na ƙasar Sin sun canza shafukan farko zuwa baƙi da fari. Sina.com da Sohu, sun canza shafin yanar gizon su zuwa labarai kawai, kuma sun cire duk tallace -tallace Shafukan yanar gizo na raba bidiyo na kasar Sin youku da Tudou, sun kasance baƙar fata kuma sun nuna bidiyo kawai game da girgizar ƙasa. Sauran gidajen yanar gizo na nishaɗi, gami da rukunin wasannin caca, sun yi baƙi. Sauran gidajen yanar gizon suna da alaƙa da gudummawar girgizar ƙasa. Tashoshin talabijin na China sun sanya tambarin su da launin toka. Sun nuna hotunan girgizar ƙasa mara tsayawa daga CCTV-1. Hatta tashoshin talabijin, kamar Channel V China, suma sun nuna hotunan girgizar ƙasa. Wasu gidajen talabijin sun daina nuna tallace -tallace. Ranar 18 ga Mayu, CCTV-1 tana da 4 na musamman shirin talabijin na awa ɗaya da ake kira Bayar da Soyayya Shahararrun mutane da yawa daga China, Hong Kong, Singapore da Taiwan sun kasance a cikin wasan kwaikwayon. Mutanen da ke kallo sun ba da kimanin Yuan biliyan 1.5 na China (dala miliyan 208) ga waɗanda abin ya shafa. Masu nishaɗin sun rera taken "Gobe Zai Yi Kyau", sannan Faye Wong ya bi ta yana rera Fatan Mu Ƙare Har Abada Manazarta Sauran gidajen yanar gizo Bayanan labarai Babban Shafi na Girgizar Kasa na BBC Yawan girgizar kasa a China ya kai 40,000 Hanyar yawon shakatawa na Sichuan a cikin kango Makoki na Gari yayin da ake Ci gaba da Bincike BBC Taswirar Yankin da abin ya shafa Girgizar ƙasa ta mamaye Yanar gizo CNN Portal na Girgizar Kasa ta China An Jinkirta Mutuwar Toshin Wasannin Olympics na China Hadin kai da kishin kasa sun share kasar Sin Filin wasa ya zama birnin alfarwa bayan girgizar kasar Sin Taken New York Times Girgizar Kasa ta Sichuan Ceto Yana Ƙare Wahala Daya Ga Matasan Chinesean Sinawa Global Monitor ba ta gano wani mai watsa rediyo a yankin girgizar ƙasa ba Girgizar Kasa Pandas Takwas Zuwa Beijing An Daure Mutane Biyu Don Yaɗa jita -jitar girgizar ƙasa a China Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Xinhua Girgizar Kasa Mai Karfi Ta Kashe SW China Gwamnati ta ware yuan biliyan 70 don sake ginawa Masu aikin ceto sun taimaka masu aikin sa kai 680,000 Taimakon girgizar ƙasa Har yanzu yana kan Mahimmin Matsayi Taswirar kan layi BBC Taswirar Yankin da abin ya shafa CNN Taswirar Yankin da abin ya shafa New York Times Taswirar Yankin da abin ya shafa Yanar Gizon Agaji Taswirar Yankin da abin ya shafa USGS Map na shafa yankin Archived Midiya Sichuan Girgizar Kasa Pictures Amsoshi Archived Rayuwa da mutuwa, Love kuma Pain: Tilas da Sichuan Girgizar Kasa Archived BBC Tattara Bidiyoyin BBC da suka shafi Girgizar Kasa Bidiyon LABARIN BBC, Girgizar Kasa ta afkawa yammacin China CNN CNN Rikicin Girgizar Kasa na Kasar Sin Gaba Daya Kamfanin dillancin labarai na Xinhua Shugabanni sun duba aikin agaji na girgizar ƙasa Masu Ceto Suna Hadar Yankunan Girgizar Kasa Shafukan kimiyya da ilimi Gano Laifukan Girgizar Kasa A Sichuan Shirin Hadarin Girgizar Kasa na USGS: Shafi ne na bayanai game da girgizar ƙasa ta Sichuan Rahoton MIT: Girgizar Kasa a kusa da Wenchuan, West Sichuan, China Caltech Report: The kimiyya a baya da kasar Sin ta lardin Sichuan Girgizar Kasa Archived Kasar Sin ba ta da Tsarin Gargaɗi da Girgizar Kasa Samar da Tafkin a Ƙarshen Girgizar Ƙasa 7.9 (hotunan da aka haɗa) Archived Annoba
29901	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gargadin%20girgizar%20%C6%99asa	Gargadin girgizar ƙasa	Tsarin gargadin girgizar kasa ko tsarin gargadin girgizar kasa shi ne tsarin na'urorin gaggawa, seismometers, sadarwa, kwamfutoci, da ƙararrawa waɗanda aka ƙirƙira don sanar da yankunan da ke kusa da wani gagarumin girgizar ƙasa yayin da ake ci gaba. Wannan ba daidai yake da hasashen girgizar ƙasa ba, wanda a halin yanzu ba shi da ikon samar da takamaiman gargaɗin aukuwa. Lalacewar lokaci da tsinkayar igiyar ruwa Ana haifar da girgizar ƙasa ta hanyar sakin makamashin da aka adana a lokacin da ake zamewa cikin sauri tare da kuskure Zamewar tana farawa ne a wani wuri kuma tana ci gaba da nisa daga ma'aunin zafi da sanyio a kowace hanya tare da saman kuskure. Gudun ci gaban wannan hawayen kuskure yana da hankali fiye da, kuma ya bambanta da gudun sakamakon matsa lamba da igiyoyin shear, tare da matsa lamba yana tafiya da sauri fiye da igiyoyin shear. Raƙuman ruwa suna haifar da girgiza ba zato ba tsammani. Sannan Kuma Ragewar igiyoyin ruwa suna haifar da motsi lokaci-lokaci (kimanin 1 Hz) wanda shine mafi ɓarna ga gine-gine, musamman gine-ginen da ke da irin wannan lokacin resonant. Yawanci waɗannan gine-ginen suna da tsayin benaye takwas. Waɗannan raƙuman ruwa za su yi ƙarfi a ƙarshen zamewar, kuma suna iya aiwatar da raƙuman ruwa masu lalata da kyau fiye da gazawar kuskure. Ƙarfin irin waɗannan tasirin nesa ya dogara sosai kan yanayin ƙasa na cikin yankin kuma ana la'akari da waɗannan tasirin wajen gina ƙirar yankin wanda ke ƙayyade martanin da suka dace ga takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru. Tsaron wucewa Ana aiwatar da irin waɗannan tsarin a halin yanzu don tantance dai-dai lokacin da ya dace ga wani taron da ma'aikacin jirgin ƙasa ya yi a cikin tsarin dogo na birane kamar BART (Bay Area Rapid Transit). Amsar da ta dace ta dogara da lokacin faɗakarwa, yanayin dama na gida da kuma saurin jirgin na yanzu. turawa Ya zuwa shekarar 2016, Japan da Taiwan suna da nagartattun tsarin gargadin girgizar kasa a duk fadin kasar. Sauran ƙasashe da yankuna suna da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun tsarin faɗakarwar girgizar ƙasa, gami da Mexico Tsarin faɗakarwar girgizar ƙasa ta Mexiko ya ƙunshi yankuna na tsakiya da kudancin Mexico ciki har da Mexico City da Oaxaca iyakokin yankuna na Romania gadar Basarab a Bucharest), da wasu sassan Amurka. An shigar da tsarin gano girgizar ƙasa na farko a cikin 1990s; alal misali, a California, tsarin tashar kashe gobara ta Calistoga wanda ke haifar da sirin kai tsaye a duk faɗin birni don faɗakar da mazauna yankin gaba ɗaya game da girgizar ƙasa. Wasu sassan kashe gobara na California suna amfani da na'urorin gargaɗinsu don buɗe kofofin da ke kan tashoshin kashe gobara kai tsaye kafin girgizar ƙasa ta kashe su. Yayin da yawancin waɗannan yunƙurin na gwamnati ne, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da yawa kuma suna kera na'urorin gargaɗin girgizar ƙasa don kare ababen more rayuwa kamar lif, layukan iskar gas da tashoshin da ake kashe gobara. Kanada A cikin shekarata 2009, an shigar da tsarin faɗakarwa da wuri mai suna ShakeAlarm kuma an ba da izini a Vancouver, British Columbia, Kanada An sanya shi don kare wani muhimmin kayan aikin sufuri mai suna George Massey Tunnel, wanda ya haɗu da arewa da kudancin kogin Fraser. A cikin wannan aikace-aikacen tsarin ta atomatik yana rufe ƙofofin a mashigin ramin idan akwai haɗarin girgizar ƙasa mai haɗari. Nasarar da amincin tsarin ya kasance kamar na shekarata 2015 an sami ƙarin kayan aiki da yawa a gabar tekun yamma na Kanada da Amurka, kuma akwai ƙarin shirye-shiryen. Japan An yi amfani da tsarin gargaɗin farko na girgizar ƙasa a Japan a cikin shekarata 2006. An shigar da tsarin da ke gargadin jama'a a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, shekarar 2007. An ƙirƙira shi wani ɓangare akan Tsarin Gaggawar Girgizar Kasa da Tsarin Ƙararrawa (UrEDAS) na Layukan dogo na Japan, wanda aka ƙera don ba da damar birki ta atomatik na jiragen ƙasa harsashi An yi amfani da bayanan gravimetric daga girgizar ƙasa na shekarar 2011 Tōhoku don ƙirƙirar samfuri don ƙarin lokacin faɗakarwa idan aka kwatanta da ƙirar girgizar ƙasa, yayin da filayen nauyi ke tafiya cikin saurin haske, da sauri fiye da raƙuman ruwa. Mexico The Mexican Seismic Alert System, in ba haka ba da aka sani da SASMEX, ya fara aiki a cikin shekarata 1991 kuma ya fara ba da sanarwar jama'a a shekarata 1993. Gwamnatin Mexico City ce ke ba da kuɗin, tare da gudummawar kuɗi daga jihohi da yawa waɗanda suka karɓi faɗakarwa. Da farko yana hidimar birnin Mexico tare da na'urori masu auna firikwensin guda goma sha biyu, tsarin yanzu yana da na'urori masu auna firikwensin 97 kuma an tsara shi don kare rayuka da dukiyoyi a yawancin jihohin tsakiya da kudancin Mexico. Amurka Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayin Kasa ta Amurka (USGS) ta fara bincike da haɓaka tsarin faɗakarwa na farko ga Tekun Yamma na Amurka a cikin Agusta shekarata 2006, kuma tsarin ya zama abin nunawa a cikin Agusta shekarar 2009. Bayan matakai daban-daban na haɓakawa, sigar 2.0 ta ci gaba da rayuwa yayin faɗuwar a shekarata 2018, yana ba da damar tsarin "isasshen aiki da gwadawa" don fara Mataki na 1 na faɗakar da California, Oregon da Washington Ko da yake ShakeAlert zai iya faɗakar da jama'a tun daga Satumba 28, shekarata 2018, saƙonnin da kansu ba za a iya rarrabawa ba har sai daban-daban masu zaman kansu da na jama'a na rarrabawa sun kammala aikace-aikacen wayar hannu kuma sun yi canje-canje ga tsarin faɗakarwar gaggawa daban-daban. Tsarin faɗakarwa na farko a bainar jama'a shine ShakeAlertLA app, wanda aka saki a Sabuwar Shekara ta Hauwa'u a shekarata 2018 (ko da yake an faɗakar da shi kawai don girgiza a yankin Los Angeles A ranar 17 ga Oktoba, Na shekarar 2019, Cal OES ta ba da sanarwar fitar da tsarin rarraba faɗakarwa a duk faɗin jihar a California, ta amfani da aikace-aikacen hannu da tsarin Faɗakarwar Gaggawa (WEA). California tana nufin tsarin su azaman Tsarin Gargaɗi na Farko na Girgizar Ƙasar California. An kaddamar da tsarin rarraba faɗakarwa a duk faɗin jihar a Oregon a ranar 11 ga Maris, a shekarata 2021 da kuma a cikin Washington a ranar 4 ga Mayu, shekarata 2021, yana kammala tsarin faɗakarwa na Tekun Yamma. Tsarin duniya Cibiyar Sadarwar Girgizar Kasa A cikin Janairu shekarar 2013, Francesco Finazzi na Jami'ar Bergamo ya fara aikin bincike na Cibiyar Girgizar Kasa wanda ke da nufin haɓakawa da kiyaye tsarin faɗakarwar girgizar ƙasa mai cike da jama'a dangane da cibiyoyin sadarwar wayar hannu. Ana amfani da wayoyi masu wayo don gano girgizar kasa da girgizar kasa ta janyo kuma ana yin gargadi da zarar an gano girgizar kasa. Ana iya faɗakar da mutanen da ke zaune a wani wuri mai nisa daga girgizar ƙasa da kuma wurin ganowa kafin a kai su ga mummunar girgizar ƙasar. Mutane za su iya shiga cikin wannan aiki ta hanyar shigar da aikace-aikacen Android "Cibiyar Girgizar Kasa" a kan wayoyinsu na zamani. Ka'idar tana buƙatar wayar don karɓar faɗakarwa. MyShake A cikin Fabrairu shekarata 2016, da Berkeley Seismological Laboratory a Jami'ar California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley) ya saki MyShake mobile app. Ka'idar tana amfani da ma'aunin accelerometer a cikin wayoyi don yin rikodin girgiza da mayar da wannan bayanin zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje. An shirya cewa za a yi amfani da bayanan don ba da gargaɗin farko a nan gaba. UC Berkeley ta fitar da sigar ka'idar ta harshen Jafananci a cikin Mayu shekarata 2016. Ya zuwa Disamba shekarata 2016, app ɗin ya kama kusan girgizar ƙasa 400 a duk duniya. Tsarin Faɗakarwar Girgizar Ƙasar Android A ranar 11 ga Agusta, shekarata 2020, kamfanij Google ya ba da sanarwar cewa tsarin aikin sa na Android zai fara amfani da na'urori masu sauri a cikin na'urori don gano girgizar kasa (da aika bayanan zuwa uwar garken gano girgizar kasa na kamfanin). Kamar yadda miliyoyin wayoyi ke aiki akan Android, wannan na iya haifar da babbar hanyar gano girgizar ƙasa a duniya. Da farko dai tsarin ya tattara bayanan girgizar kasa ne kawai kuma bai bayar da sanarwa ba (sai dai a gabar tekun Yamma na Amurka, inda ya ba da sanarwar da tsarin ShakeAlert na USGS ya bayar ba daga na'urar ganowa ta Google ba). Bayanan da na'urorin Android suka tattara an yi amfani da su ne kawai don samar da bayanai masu sauri game da girgizar kasa ta hanyar Google Search, ko da yake an shirya shi don ba da faɗakarwa ga sauran wurare da yawa bisa iyawar Google na ganowa a nan gaba. A ranar 28 ga Afrilu, shekarata 2021, Google ya sanar da fitar da tsarin faɗakarwa zuwa Girka da New Zealand, ƙasashe na farko da suka karɓi faɗakarwa dangane da iyawar Google na gano kansa. An ƙara faɗakarwar Google zuwa Turkiyya, Philippines, Kazakhstan, Jamhuriyar Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan da Uzbekistan a watan Yuni 2021. BudeEEW A ranar 11 ga Agusta, shekarata 2020, Linux Foundation, IBM da Grillo sun ba da sanarwar tsarin farko na buɗe tushen girgizar ƙasa da wuri, tare da nuna umarnin don seismometer mai rahusa, tsarin gano gajimare, dashboard da aikace-aikacen hannu. Wannan aikin yana samun goyon bayan USAID, Clinton Foundation da Arrow Electronics Tsarin gargaɗin farko na girgizar ƙasa na wayowin komai da ruwan ya dogara ne da ɗimbin hanyar sadarwa na masu amfani da ke kusa da yankin girgizar ƙasa, yayin da OpenEEW ta mai da hankali maimakon samar da na'urori masu araha waɗanda za a iya tura su a yankuna masu nisa kusa da inda girgizar ƙasa za ta iya farawa. Duk abubuwan da ke cikin wannan tsarin buɗaɗɗe ne kuma ana samun su akan ma'ajin GitHub na aikin. Kafofin watsa labarun Shafukan sada zumunta irin su Twitter da Facebook na taka rawar gani a lokacin bala'o'i. Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayin Kasa ta Amurka USGS ta binciki haɗin gwiwa tare da shafin yanar gizon Twitter don ba da damar yin saurin gina ShakeMaps. Duba wasu abubuwan Injiniyan girgizar kasa Shirye-shiryen girgizar ƙasa P-launi Seismic sake fasalin Gargadin Farkon Girgizar Kasa (Japan) Tsarin Faɗakarwar Seismic na Mexica Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Gargaɗi na Farko na Girgizar ƙasa Cibiyar Fasaha ta California Hanyoyin Sadarwar Bayesian don Rarraba Girman Girgizar Kasa a cikin Tsarin Gargaɗi na Farko Cibiyar Girgizar Kasa Gidan Yanar Gizon Ayyukan Girgizar Kasa Gargaɗi na Farko na Girgizar ƙasa don ƙasashe masu tasowa Gidan yanar gizon Grillo Tsarin Gargaɗi na Farko na Girgizar Ƙasar Buɗewa Gidan yanar gizon BuɗeEEW Ruwa Ambaliya Gargadi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
50156	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chawne%20Kimber	Chawne Kimber	Chawne Monique Kimber /ʃ n SHAWN an haife ta a shekara ta dubu ɗaya da dari tara dasaba'in da daya) Ba’amurkiyaƙwararriyar lissafi ce kuma quilter, wacce aka santa da bayyana fafutukar ta na siyasa a cikin ta. Ta kasance farfesa a Kwalejin Lafayette, inda ta shugabanci sashen lissafi Kimber yanzu Ita ne shugaban Kwalejin a Washington da Jami'ar Lee Ilimi da aikin ta Kimber, 'yar ƙasar Frankfort, Kentucky, ta fito ne daga dangin manoman auduga da quilters a Alabama. Ko da yake ta rubuta cewa "koyaushe tana son lissafi", ta fara karatun digiri na farko a Jami'ar Florida ta hanyar karatun injiniyanci kafin ta canza zuwa lissafi saboda ta ga ya fi gamsuwa. Ta sami digiri na biyu a Jami'ar North Carolina a shekara ta dubu ɗaya da dari tara da casa'in da biyar, a matsayin dalibin Idris Assani Ta koma Jami'ar Florida don karatun digiri na uku, ta kammala Ph.D. a shekara ta dubu ɗaya da dari tara da casa'in da tara. Kundin karatunta, Firayim Ideals a cikin zobe na ayyuka masu ci gaba, yana haɗa algebra mara kyau tare da bincike na aiki kuma Jorge Martinez ne ke kula da shi. Bayan wani lokaci a matsayin Van Vleck Mataimakin Farfesa na Mathematics a Kwalejin Wesleyan, ta shiga Kwalejin Lafayette a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa. A cikin ilimin lissafi, an san ta da haɗa ra'ayoyin adalci na zamantakewa a cikin koyarwar aji. Ta kasance Farfesa sannan kuma shugabar Sashen Lissafi. A cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da takwas, ita tare da Farfesa Sharon Jones sun fara Shirin bazara don Ci gaban Jagoranci a STEM a Lafayette. Wannan shirin na mako shida inda ɗalibai masu shigowa suke ɗaukar matakin koleji da adireshin ƙididdiga tare da kayayyaki a cikin STEM. Dalibai su ne waɗanda aka gano a matsayin shugabanni daga ƙungiyoyi waɗanda yawanci ba su da wakilci a cikin filayen STEM. A cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha takwas, Kimber tana kuma ɗaya daga cikin masu karɓa shida na babbar makarantar Clare Booth Luce don halartar HERS (Higher Education Resource Services). Yayin da take shugabantar Sashen Lissafi, sashen "ya yi aiki don inganta al'adun da suka haɗa da fahimtar cewa lissafi wata ƙofa ce ga sauran fannonin kimiyya, fasaha da injiniya". A cikin Mayu a shekara ta dubu biyu da Ashirin da daya Jami'ar Washington da Jami'ar Lee sun ba da sanarwar cewa Kimber zata zama Dean na Kwalejin a ranar d'aya ga Yuli, shekara ta dubu biyu da Ashirin da daya. Ita ce ke da alhakin "sassan Ashirin da daya da shirye-shiryen interdisciplinary sha hudu. Shugaban yana aiki a matsayin shugaban kwamitin kan kwasa-kwasan da darajoji kuma yana cikin kwamitin zartarwa na Faculty. Shugaban ya ba da rahoto ga provost kuma yana aiki a Majalisar Ilimi ta Provost da kuma Majalisar Shugaban kasa." Kwance Kimber ta girma tare da kayan kwalliyar kakar kakarta kuma mahaifinta ya ɗauki waɗannan "kullun kayansa mafi daraja". Kimber ta fara yin kwalliya a shekara ta 2005, jim kadan bayan kammala aikace-aikacenta na zama a Lafayette, kuma sha'awarta na yin kwalliya ta sake sabuntawa a cikin 2007 ta mutuwar mahaifinta. Ayyukan kakar kakarta sun rinjayi kayan kwalliyarta wanda "ya yi amfani da salon faci iri ɗaya kamar waɗanda ke da alaƙa da Gee's Bend Kimber yana kallon aikinta a matsayin "daidaitawar zamani" na wannan salon. A cikin 2008 ta fara ƙirƙira manyan ƴan siyasa da yin rubutun ra'ayin kanka a yanar gizo game da su, ta fara da jerin gwano waɗanda kalmomin datti guda bakwai na George Carlin suka yi da kuma ta rubutun wariyar launin fata da jima'i a harabar kwalejin ta. Aikinta yana da alaƙa da motsi na "Quilting na zamani", dangane da ƙirar sa na geometric da abun ciki na tsokana. Ayyukanta sun haɗa da batutuwa daban-daban waɗanda ke tayar da al'amuran zamantakewa ciki har da kisan Amurkawa na Afirka da cin zarafi. Hakazalika, Kimber ta kuma baje kolin ayyukan origami masu zurfafa tunani. Kimber's quilts suna akai-akai suna haɗawa a nunin faifai da kuma nunin kayan tarihi na quilting. Cibiyar Arts ta Paul Mellon ta gabatar da nunin ayyukanta a cikin 2018. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ta yi wahayi zuwa gare ta ta hanyar mutuwar Eric Garner ta lashe matsayi na farko a QuiltCon West a 2016, kuma an haɗa shi tare da wasu guda. by Kimber a wani nuni a kan "Quilts and Human Rights" a Pick Museum of Anthropology at Northern Illinois University Aikinta, har yanzu ba, Smithsonian American Art Museum ya samo shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Gangamin Cikar Shekaru 50 na Renwick Gallery Wannan baje kolin ya nuna cewa yadudduka an samo su ne daga masaku na tsakiyar ƙarni. Bayanin ya bayyana cewa "Zaɓin Kimber don yin amfani da kayan girki na yau da kullun da ƙirar haɓakawa yana jawo abubuwan tunawa da tarihin danginta. Yawancin kakanninta da aka bautar da su a karkarar Alabama sun noma auduga. Kakar ta, Mamo, da sauran 'yan uwanta sun bayyana kansu ta hanyar yin kwalliya. An ba da labarin Mamo ta cikin kwalliyarta, kuma Kimber ta ci gaba da zaren" Elizabeth Landau, don Jaridar Washington Post a cikin 2020, ta yi tsokaci cewa Kimber "yana ƙoƙarin kiyaye lissafinta da duniyar duniyarta. Wasu daga cikin kayan kwalliyarta sun yi tawaye da gangan ga tsari da tsarin da suka mamaye lissafi. Su ne kamar kiɗan jazz da aka kunna tare da yadudduka da stitches mara kyau. Amma zaren ƙalubale na rashin daidaituwa na tsarin yana gudana ta duk ƙoƙarin Kimber. [1] A kan yanayin rashin adalci na zamantakewar al'umma, Kimber's quilts duka biyun lokaci ne kuma maras lokaci." Manazarta Rayayyun
41230	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labarin%20kasa%20na%20Nijeriya	Labarin kasa na Nijeriya	Najeriya kasa ce a yammacin Afirka,tana da iyaka da Jamhuriyar Benin daga yamma,Chadi da Kamaru daga gabas,da Nijar a arewa.Tekunta yana kan gabar tekun Guinea a kudu kuma tana iyaka da tafkin Chadi zuwa arewa maso gabas. Filayen da suka shahara a Najeriya sun hada da Plateau Adamawa,Plateau Mambilla,Jos Plateau,Plateau Obudu, Kogin Neja,Kogin Benue,da Neja Delta Ana samun Najeriya a cikin wurare masu zafi,inda yanayin yanayi ke da ɗanshi da ɗanshi sosai.Yanayin yanayi guda hudu ya shafa Najeriya;Wadannan nau'ikan yanayi gabaɗaya ana yin su ne daga kudu zuwa arewa. Da fadin kasa kilomita 923,768,manyan kogunan Najeriya su ne Nijar,inda ta samo sunan ta,da kuma Benue, wadda ita ce ta farko a Nijar.Wurin da ya fi daukaka a kasar shi ne Chappal Waddi(ko Gangirwal)mai tsayin mita 2,419(7,936 ft.),wanda ke cikin tsaunukan Adamawa a dajin Gashaka-Gumti,jihar Taraba,kan iyaka da Kamaru. Babban birninta shi ne Abuja, yana cikin tsakiyar kasar,yayin da Legas ita ce babbar tashar ruwa ta kasar,cibiyar hada-hadar kudi kuma birni mafi girma.Ana sadarwa cikin yarukan Ingilishi(na hukuma),Hausa,Igbo,da Yarbanci.An kiyasta cewa Najeriya tana da kusan tarukan kabilanci 250 daban-daban. Yanayi Yanayin damina mai zafi,wanda Köppen rarrabuwar yanayi ya zayyana a matsayin "Am",ana samunsa a kudancin ƙasar. Wannan yanayin yana tasiri da damina mai tasowa daga Kudancin Tekun Atlantika,wanda aka kawo cikin ƙasar ta hanyar iska(masu zafi na teku)MT,iska mai dumin ruwa zuwa ƙasa.Dumi-duminsa da tsananin zafi yana ba shi yanayi mai ƙarfi na hawan sama da kuma samar da ruwan sama mai yawa,wanda sakamakon tururin ruwa a cikin iskar da ke tashi cikin sauri.Yanayin damina mai zafi yana da ƙananan zafin jiki.Sa'an nan kuma yawan zafin jiki ya kusan zama a ko'ina cikin shekara;Misali,Warri da ke kudancin Najeriya yana da adadin na wata mafi zafi yayin da mafi ƙarancin zafinsa shine a cikin watan sa mafi sanyi. Kudancin Najeriya na samun ruwan sama mai yawa da yawa.Wadannan guguwa yawanci suna jujjuyawa a yanayi saboda kusancin yankin da bel equatorial.Ruwan sama na shekara-shekara da ake samu a wannan yanki yana da yawa sosai.Yankin Neja Delta na karbar sama da ruwan sama a kowace shekara.Sauran kudu maso gabas suna karbar tsakanin 2,000 zuwa ruwan sama a kowace shekara.Yankin kudancin Najeriya yana samun yawan ruwan sama mai ninki biyu,wanda ke da kololuwar ruwan sama guda biyu,tare da karancin lokacin rani da kuma lokacin rani mai tsayi tsakanin da bayan kowace kololuwa.Damina ta farko tana farawa ne daga watan Maris zuwa karshen watan Yuli inda ake samun kololuwa a cikin watan Yuni,wannan daminar kuma sai a samu hutun bushewa a cikin watan Agusta da aka fi sani da hutun watan Agusta wanda shi ne gajeren lokacin rani na tsawon makonni biyu zuwa uku.Agusta.Wannan hutun yana karyewa da ɗan gajeren lokacin damina wanda zai fara kusan farkon Satumba kuma yana dawwama zuwa tsakiyar Oktoba tare da lokacin kololuwa a ƙarshen Satumba. Ƙarshen gajeren lokacin damina a watan Oktoba yana biye da dogon lokacin rani. Wannan lokacin yana farawa daga ƙarshen Oktoba kuma yana ɗaukar zuwa farkon Maris tare da yanayin bushewa mafi girma tsakanin farkon Disamba zuwa ƙarshen Fabrairu. Yanayin yanayi mai zafi na savanna(Aw) ko ruwan sanyi da bushewar yanayi yana da yawa a yanki kuma ya mamaye yawancin yamma zuwa tsakiyar Najeriya, inda yake yin tasiri mai yawa a yankin. Wannan yanayi shi ne ke da mafi yawan ƙasar kuma yana da alamun damina da rani daban-daban tare da kololu ɗaya da aka sani da matsakaicin lokacin rani. Zazzabi yana sama da duk shekara. Abuja,babban birnin Najeriya da aka samu a tsakiyar Najeriya,yana da kewayon zafin jiki zuwa da ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na kusan tare da ruwan sama guda ɗaya maxima a cikin Satumba. Lokacin rani yana fitowa daga Disamba zuwa Maris kuma yana da zafi da bushewa tare da iskar Harmattan,iska mai yawan zafin jiki na nahiyoyi(CT) mai cike da ƙura daga Sahara,tana mamaye tsawon wannan lokacin. Tare da yankin Intertropical Convergence Zone da ke karkada arewa zuwa yammacin Afirka daga Kudancin Hemisphere a watan Afrilu,ruwan sama mai yawa yana fitowa daga gajimare masu jujjuyawa kafin damina,galibi a cikin nau'in layin squall wanda aka fi sani da arewa maso gabas ya samo asali ne sakamakon mu'amalar mutanen biyu. rinjayen jiragen sama a Najeriya da aka fi sani da yanayin zafi na ruwa(kudu maso yamma)da na nahiyoyi masu zafi (arewa maso gabas),yana farawa ne a tsakiyar Najeriya yayin da damina ke zuwa a watan Yuli,yana kawo zafi mai zafi,tsananin rufewar girgije da ruwan sama mai yawa har zuwa Satumba.lokacin da damina ta fara ja da baya a hankali zuwa kudancin Najeriya.Adadin ruwan sama a tsakiyar Najeriya ya bambanta daga a cikin ƙananan ƙasa zuwa sama da tare da kudu maso yammacin Jos Plateau Wani yanayi mai zafi(BSh)ya zama ruwan dare a yankin Sahel da ke arewacin Najeriya.Jimlar ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana da ƙasa.Daminar damina a yankin Arewacin Najeriya na tsawon watanni uku zuwa hudu(Yuni-Satumba). Sauran shekara na zafi da bushewa tare da hawan zafi kamar Potiskum,jihar Yobe a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya ya samu mafi karancin zafin jiki a Najeriya da ya kai Sauyin yanayi mai tsayi ko tsaunuka ko yanayin tsaunuka ana samunsu a yankunan tuddai a Najeriya.Tsaunuka masu yanayin tsaunuka a Najeriya,sun haura sama da matakin teku.Saboda yanayin da ke cikin wurare masu zafi,wannan tsayin yana da tsayin da zai kai ga yanayin yanayin yanayi mai zafi a cikin wurare masu zafi ta yadda ya ba tsaunuka,tsaunuka da yankunan tuddai masu tsayin daka sama da wannan tsayin,yanayin sanyin tsauni. Ruwan sama a gabar tekun Neja-Delta ya yi yawa saboda kusancin yankin Delta da ma'adanin.Yawan ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya bambanta daga 2,400 zuwa sama da milimita 4,000. Warri-2,730 mm Forcados(Garin bakin teku a Neja Delta) 4,870 mm Port Harcourt 2,400 mm Calabar(birnin bakin teku)- 3,070 mm(birni mafi ruwan sama da sama da mutane miliyan ɗaya a Najeriya) Bonny(kudancin Port Harcourt)- 4,200 mm Misalai Duba kuma Sauyin yanayi a Najeriya
48533	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramin%20hakar%20ma%27adinai	Ramin hakar ma'adinai	A cikin haƙar ma'adinan, shine kayayyakin da suka rage bayan aiwatar da aikin raba juzu'i mai mahimmanci daga juzu'in rashin tattalin arziki gangue na tama Wutsiyar wutsiya sun bambanta da nauyi mai yawa, wanda shine dutsen sharar gida ko wasu kayan da suka wuce tama ko ma'adinai kuma ana yin gudun hijira a lokacin hakar ma'adinai ba tare da sarrafa su ba. Ana iya yin hakar ma'adanai daga ma'adanin ta hanyoyi biyu: ma'adinin placer, wanda ke amfani da ruwa da nauyi don tattara ma'adanai masu mahimmanci, ko ma'adinan dutse mai wuya, wanda ya rushe dutsen da ke dauke da ma'adinin sannan kuma ya dogara da halayen sunadarai don mayar da hankali ga abin da ake nema. abu. A karshen, hakar ma'adanai daga ma'adinai na bukatar comminution, watau, nika tama cikin lafiya barbashi don sauƙaƙe hakar na manufa (s). Saboda wannan comminution, wutsiya sun ƙunshi slurry na lallausan barbashi, jere daga girman yashi zuwa ƴan micrometers. Yawancin wutsiya na ma'adanan ana samar da su daga injin niƙa a cikin nau'i na slurry, wanda shine cakuda ɓangarorin ma'adinai masu kyau da ruwa. Wutsiya na iya zama tushen haɗari na sinadarai masu guba kamar ƙarfe mai nauyi, sulfides da abun ciki na rediyo Waɗannan sinadarai suna da haɗari musamman idan aka adana su cikin ruwa a cikin tafkunan bayan dam ɗin wutsiya suna da haɗari ga manyan ɓarna ko ɗigogi daga madatsun ruwa, suna haifar da bala'o'in muhalli Saboda waɗannan da sauran abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli kamar zubar ruwa na ƙasa, hayaki mai guba da mutuwar tsuntsaye, tarin wutsiya da tafkuna galibi suna ƙarƙashin bincike na tsari. Akwai hanyoyi da yawa don dawo da kimar tattalin arziki, ƙunshi ko kuma rage tasirin wutsiya. Duk da haka, a duniya, waɗannan ayyukan ba su da kyau, wani lokacin take haƙƙin ɗan adam. Don rage haɗarin cutarwa, an kafa ƙa'idar matakin farko na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don sarrafa wutsiya 2020. Kalmomi Har ila yau ana kiran wutsiya nawa juji, zubar da ruwa, slimes, ƙi, ragowar leach, slickens, ko terra-cone (terrikon) Misalai Sulfide ma'adanai An bayyana kwararar wutsiyoyi daga hakar ma'adinan sulfidic a matsayin "mafi girman alhaki na muhalli na masana'antar hakar ma'adinai". Wadannan wutsiyoyi sun ƙunshi adadi mai yawa na pyrite (FeS 2 da Iron (II) sulfide (FeS), waɗanda aka ƙi daga abubuwan da ake nema na jan karfe da nickel, da kuma kwal. Ko da yake ba su da lahani a ƙarƙashin ƙasa, waɗannan ma'adanai suna amsawa ga iska a gaban ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda idan ba a gudanar da su yadda ya kamata ba suna haifar da magudanar ruwa na acid Phosphate dutse ma'adinai Tsakanin tan miliyan 100 da miliyan 280 na sharar phosphogypsum an kiyasta ana samarwa duk shekara sakamakon sarrafa dutsen phosphate don samar da takin phosphate. Bugu da ƙari, rashin amfani kuma mai yawa, phosphogypsum yana da aikin rediyo saboda kasancewar uranium da thorium da ke faruwa ta halitta, da 'yar su isotopes Ya danganta da farashin da za a iya samu akan kasuwar uranium, hakar abun cikin uranium na iya zama mai fa'ida ta fuskar tattalin arziki ko da babu wasu abubuwan ƙarfafawa, kamar rage cutar da ƙananan ƙarfe na rediyo ke yi ga muhalli. Aluminum Bauxite tailings samfurin sharar gida ne da aka samar a cikin samar da masana'antu na aluminum Yin tanadi don kusan tan miliyan 77 da ake samarwa a kowace shekara yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan matsalolin masana'antar ma'adinai ta aluminum. Ilimin tattalin arziki Ayyukan hakar ma'adinai na farko sau da yawa ba su ɗauki isassun matakai don sanya wuraren wutsiya marasa lafiya bayan rufewa. Ma'adinai na zamani, musamman waɗanda ke cikin hukunce-hukuncen da ke da ingantattun ka'idojin hakar ma'adinai da kuma waɗanda kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai ke sarrafawa, galibi sun haɗa da gyarawa da kuma rufe wuraren da ya dace na wutsiya a cikin farashi da ayyukansu. Alal misali, lardin Quebec, Kanada, yana buƙatar ba kawai ƙaddamar da shirin rufewa kafin fara aikin hakar ma'adinai ba, har ma da ajiya na garantin kuɗi daidai da 100% na ƙimar gyarawa. Matsalolin wutsiya galibi sune mafi girman alhakin muhalli don aikin hakar ma'adinai. Wutsiyoyi na ma'adanan na iya samun darajar tattalin arziki a cikin rarrabuwar carbon saboda babban fili na ma'adinan da aka fallasa. Damuwar muhalli Ragon wutsiya zuwa tama na iya zuwa daga 90 zuwa 98% na wasu ma'adanai na jan karfe zuwa kashi 20-50% na sauran ma'adanai (marasa daraja). Ma'adinan da aka ƙi da kuma duwatsun da aka 'yantar da su ta hanyar hakar ma'adinai da sarrafawa suna da yuwuwar lalata muhalli ta hanyar sakin ƙarfe masu guba (arsenic da mercury sune manyan laifuffuka guda biyu), ta hanyar magudanar ruwa (yawanci ta hanyar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta akan sulfide ores), ko kuma ta hanyar lalata namun daji na ruwa waɗanda dogara da ruwa mai tsabta (vs suspensions). Har ila yau, tafkunan wutsiya na iya zama tushen magudanar ruwa, wanda ke haifar da buƙatar kulawa ta dindindin da kuma kula da ruwan da ke wucewa ta hanyar dam din wutsiya; Kudin tsaftace ma'adinan ya kasance sau 10 fiye da kiyasin masana'antar hakar ma'adinai lokacin da magudanar ruwa ta shiga. Bala'i Babban hatsarin tafkunan wutsiya shine gazawar madatsun ruwa, tare da gazawar da aka fi sani da ita a Amurka shine gazawar dam ɗin kwal da aka yi a Kogin Yamma na Buffalo Creek na 1972, wanda ya kashe mutane 125; Sauran rugujewar sun hada da bala'in muhalli na Ok Tedi a New Guinea, wanda ya lalata kamun kifi na kogin Ok Tedi. A matsakaita, a duk duniya, ana samun babban haɗari guda ɗaya da ya shafi dam ɗin wutsiya kowace shekara. Sauran bala'o'in da suka haifar da gazawar dam din wutsiya sune, zubar Baia Mare cyanide na 2000 da kuma hadarin shukar Ajka alumina Haƙƙin ɗan adam Adadin wutsiya yakan kasance a yankunan karkara ko kusa da al'ummomin da aka ware, kamar al'ummomin ƴan asali Ma'auni na Masana'antu na Duniya akan Gudanar da Wutsiya ya ba da shawarar cewa "ana buƙatar tsarin haƙƙin ɗan adam don ganowa da magance waɗanda suka fi fuskantar haɗari daga wurin wutsiya ko yuwuwar gazawarta." Hanyoyin ajiya A tarihi, ana zubar da wutsiya ta hanyar da ta fi dacewa, kamar a cikin ruwa mai gudana ko ƙasa Saboda damuwa game da waɗannan abubuwan da ke cikin ruwa da sauran batutuwa, tafkunan wutsiya sun fara amfani da su. Kalubalen ɗorewa a cikin sarrafa wutsiya da dutsen sharar gida shine zubar da kayan, kamar wanda ba shi da aiki ko, in ba haka ba, tsayayye kuma yana ƙunshe, don rage abubuwan shigar ruwa da makamashi da sawun sharar gida da kuma matsawa zuwa gano wasu amfani. Tailings madatsun ruwa da tafkuna An ɗaure su da tarkace (wani dam ɗin dam) waɗannan madatsun ruwa yawanci suna amfani da "kayan gida" ciki har da wutsiya da kansu, kuma ana iya ɗaukar madatsun ruwa A al'adance, zaɓin kawai don ajiyar wutsiya shine a magance slurry wutsiya. Wannan slurry rafi ne mai rarrafe na daskararrun wutsiya a cikin ruwa wanda aka aika zuwa wurin ajiyar wutsiya. Mai zanen wutsiya na zamani yana da kewayon samfuran wutsiya da za a zaɓa daga dangane da adadin ruwan da aka cire daga slurry kafin a fitar. Cire ruwa ba wai kawai zai iya haifar da tsarin ajiya mafi kyau a wasu lokuta (misali busassun tari, duba ƙasa) amma kuma yana iya taimakawa wajen dawo da ruwa wanda shine babban batu saboda yawancin ma'adanai suna cikin yankuna mara kyau. A cikin bayanin 1994 na tarkacen wutsiya, duk da haka, US EPA ta bayyana cewa hanyoyin dewatering na iya zama mai tsadar gaske sai dai a yanayi na musamman. Hakanan an yi amfani da ajiyar wutsiya a cikin ruwa. Tafkunan wutsiya wurare ne na wutsiya masu hakar ma'adinai da aka ƙi inda ake zubar da kayan da ke cikin ruwa a cikin tafki don ba da damar lalata (ma'ana rabuwa) na daskararru daga ruwa. Gabaɗaya ana kama tafkin da dam, kuma an san shi da wulakanci impoundments ko wutsiya madatsar ruwa. An kiyasta a cikin 2000 cewa akwai kusan 3,500 wutsiya masu aiki a cikin duniya. Ruwan da ke cikin tafki yana da ɗan fa'ida saboda yana rage wutsiya masu kyau daga jigilar iska zuwa wuraren da jama'a ke da yawa inda sinadarai masu guba za su iya yin haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam; duk da haka, yana da illa ga muhalli. Tafkunan wutsiya sau da yawa suna da ɗan haɗari saboda suna jawo hankalin namun daji kamar tsuntsayen ruwa ko caribou kamar yadda suke zama tafki na halitta, amma suna iya zama mai guba da cutarwa ga lafiyar waɗannan dabbobin. Ana amfani da tafkunan wutsiya don adana sharar da aka yi daga raba ma'adanai da duwatsu, ko slurry da ake samu daga hakar yashin kwalta. Wani lokaci ana haɗe wutsiya tare da wasu kayan kamar bentonite don samar da slurry mai kauri wanda ke jinkirta sakin ruwa mai tasiri ga muhalli. Akwai nau'i-nau'i daban-daban na wannan hanya, ciki har da ɓangarorin kwari, ƙwararrun zobe, ramuka na cikin rami, da kuma ramuka na musamman. Mafi na kowa shine tafki na kwari, wanda ke cin gajiyar yanayin yanayin yanayin yanayi a cikin ƙasa. Ana iya gina manyan madatsun ruwa na ƙasa sannan a cika su da wutsiya. Ana iya cika ma'adinan ramin ramin da suka gaji da wutsiya. A kowane hali, dole ne a yi la'akari da kyau game da gurɓatar teburin ruwan da ke ƙasa, da sauran batutuwa. Dewatering wani muhimmin sashi ne na ajiyar tafki, yayin da ake ƙara wutsiya zuwa wurin ajiyar ruwa ana cire ruwa yawanci ta hanyar magudanar ruwa zuwa ginin hasumiyar da ba ta da kyau. Ana iya sake amfani da ruwan da aka cire a cikin tsarin sarrafawa. Da zarar an cika wurin ajiya kuma an kammala, za a iya rufe saman da ƙasa kuma a fara ci gaba. Duk da haka, sai dai idan ba a yi amfani da hanyar da ba za a iya juyewa ba, ruwan da ke kutsawa cikin wurin ajiyar dole ne a ci gaba da fitar da shi zuwa gaba. Manna wutsiya Manna wutsiya shine gyare-gyare ga hanyoyin da aka saba amfani da su na zubar da wutsiya (ajiya ta tafki). Na al'ada wutsiya slurries sun hada da ƙananan kashi na daskararru da kuma ingantacciyar abun ciki na ruwa (yawanci daga 20% zuwa 60% daskararru don mafi yawan ma'adinan dutse) kuma lokacin da aka ajiye su a cikin tafki na wutsiya daskararrun da ruwaye sun rabu. A cikin liƙa wutsiya kashi dari na daskararru a cikin wutsiya slurry yana ƙaruwa ta hanyar yin amfani da masu kauri don samar da samfur inda mafi ƙarancin rabuwa na ruwa da daskararru ya faru kuma ana adana kayan a cikin wurin ajiya azaman manna (tare da daidaito kamar haka). man goge baki). Manna wutsiya yana da fa'ida cewa ana sake yin amfani da ruwa mai yawa a cikin masana'antar sarrafa sabili da haka tsarin ya fi dacewa da ruwa fiye da wutsiya na al'ada kuma akwai yuwuwar yuwuwar zubar da ruwa. Duk da haka farashin kauri gabaɗaya ya fi na tailings na al'ada kuma farashin famfo don manna kuma yawanci ya fi na tailings na al'ada saboda ana buƙatar famfunan ƙaura masu kyau don ɗaukar wutsiya daga masana'antar sarrafa zuwa wurin ajiya. Ana amfani da liƙa wutsiya a wurare da dama a duniya ciki har da Dam ɗin Rana a Yammacin Ostiraliya da Bulyanhulu Gold Minne a Tanzaniya. Dry tari Ba dole ba ne a adana wutsiya a cikin tafkuna ko a aika da shi azaman slurries cikin tekuna, koguna ko rafuka. Ana ci gaba da yin amfani da al'adar dewatering wutsiya ta amfani da matattara ko matattarar matsa lamba don haka za a iya tara wutsiya. Wannan yana ceton ruwa wanda zai iya rage tasirin muhalli dangane da raguwar yuwuwar ɗimbin ƙima, sararin samaniya da ake amfani da shi, yana barin wutsiyar cikin tsari mai ƙarfi da kwanciyar hankali kuma yana kawar da alhaki na dogon lokaci wanda tafkuna ke barin bayan an gama hakar ma'adinai. Duk da haka ko da yake akwai yuwuwar cancantar bushewar jelar da aka tattara, waɗannan tsarin galibi suna hana tsada saboda ƙarin kuɗin da ake kashewa don siye da shigar da na'urorin tacewa da haɓakar farashin aiki (yawanci haɗaɗɗen wutar lantarki da kayan masarufi kamar zanen tacewa) na irin waɗannan tsarin. Adana a cikin ayyukan karkashin kasa Yayin da zubar da cikin ramukan buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen gabaɗaya aiki ne mai sauƙi, zubar da cikin ɓoye na ƙasa ya fi rikitarwa. Hanyar zamani ta yau da kullun ita ce haɗa wani adadin wutsiya tare da jigon sharar gida da siminti, ƙirƙirar samfurin da za a iya amfani da shi don dawo da ɓoyayyen ƙasa da tsayawa Kalma gama gari don wannan shine HDPF Babban Maƙallin Manna Cika. HDPF hanya ce mafi tsada ta zubar wutsiya fiye da ajiyar tafki, duk da haka yana da wasu fa'idodi da yawa ba kawai muhalli ba amma yana iya haɓaka kwanciyar hankali na tonowar ƙasa ta hanyar samar da hanyar da za a iya watsa damuwa ta ƙasa a cikin ɓoyayyiyi maimakon samun wuce kewaye da su wanda zai iya haifar da hakar ma'adinai haifar da girgizar kasa aukuwa irin wanda sha wahala a baya a Beaconsfield Mine Bala'i Wutsiyar kogin Yawancin lokaci ana kiransa RTD zubar da wutsiya na Riverine. A mafi yawan mahalli, ba aikin ingantaccen yanayi na musamman ba, an ga an yi amfani da shi sosai a baya, wanda ke haifar da irin wannan mummunar lalacewar muhalli kamar yadda Kamfanin Ma'adinan Dutsen Lyell da Railway Company ya yi a Tasmania zuwa Kogin King, ko guba daga ma'adinan Panguna a tsibirin Bougainville, wanda ya haifar da tarzoma mai girma a tsibirin, da kuma rufe ma'adinan na dindindin. Tun daga shekara ta 2005, ma'adanai uku ne kawai da kamfanonin kasa da kasa ke sarrafa su sun ci gaba da amfani da zubar da kogin: Ma'adinan Ok Tedi, ma'adinan Grasberg da ma'adinan Porgera, duk a New Guinea. Ana amfani da wannan hanyar a waɗannan lokuta saboda ayyukan girgizar ƙasa da haɗarin zaizayar ƙasa waɗanda ke sa sauran hanyoyin zubar da su ba su da amfani kuma suna da haɗari. Wutsiyoyi na karkashin ruwa An fi sani da STD (Submarine Tailings Disposal) ko DSTD (Deep Sea Tailings Dispoal). Za'a iya isar da Tailings ta amfani da bututun mai sannan a fitar da shi don a ƙarshe ya sauka cikin zurfin. Kusan, ba hanya ce mai kyau ba, saboda kusanci da zurfin ɗakunan ajiya yana da wuya. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da STD, zurfin fitarwa sau da yawa abin da za a yi la'akari da shi [wanda?] ba shi da zurfi, kuma lalacewar da ke cikin teku na iya haifar da shi saboda rufewa da samfurin tailings. Har ila yau yana da mahimmanci [bisa ga wanene?] don sarrafa yawanci da zafin jiki na samfurin tailings, don hana shi tafiya mai nisa, ko ma iyo zuwa farfajiya. Ana amfani da wannan hanya ta wurin hakar gwal a tsibirin Lihir Masana muhalli sun kalli yadda ake zubar da shara a matsayin mai lalacewa sosai, yayin da masu mallakar ke da'awar cewa ba shi da lahani. Physostabilisation Phytostabilisation wani nau'i ne na phytoremediation wanda ke amfani da tsire-tsire na hyperaccumulator don kwanciyar hankali na dogon lokaci da ƙulla wutsiya, ta hanyar lalata gurɓataccen ƙasa a cikin ƙasa kusa da tushen. Kasancewar shukar na iya rage gurbacewar iska, ko kuma saiwar shukar na iya hana zaizayar ruwa, da hana karafa ta hanyar talla ko tarawa, da samar da wani yanki a kusa da saiwar inda karafa za ta yi hazo da daidaitawa. Abubuwan gurɓatawa sun zama ƙasa da ƙasa kuma dabbobi, namun daji, da bayyanar ɗan adam yana raguwa. Wannan hanya na iya zama da amfani musamman a cikin busassun wurare, waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin iska da tarwatsa ruwa. Hanyoyi daban-daban Ana ci gaba da yin gagarumin ƙoƙari da bincike don ganowa da kuma inganta ingantattun hanyoyin zubar da wutsiya. Bincike a ma'adinan Zinariya na Porgera yana mai da hankali ne kan haɓaka hanyar haɗa samfuran wutsiya tare da dutsen sharar datti da laka don ƙirƙirar samfurin da za'a iya adanawa a saman a cikin juji mai kama da jeri. Wannan zai ba da damar daina zubar da kogi a halin yanzu. Babban aiki ya rage a yi. Koyaya, an sami nasarar aiwatar da zubar da ciki ta hanyar masu ƙira da yawa ciki har da AMEC a, alal misali, Ma'adinan Elkview a British Columbia. Gyara tafki ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta A lokacin da ake hako mai daga yashin mai, ana kuma samar da wutsiyoyi da suka kunshi ruwa, silt, yumbu da sauran abubuwan da suka kaushi. Wannan m zai zama balagagge lafiya wutsiya ta nauyi. Foght et al (1985) an kiyasta cewa akwai 10 3 anaerobic heterotrophs da 10 4 sulfate-rage prokaryotes a kowace millilita a cikin tafkin wutsiya, bisa ga al'ada mafi yuwuwar hanyoyin lamba. Fight ya kafa wani gwaji tare da tafkunan wutsiya guda biyu da kuma nazarin archaea, kwayoyin cuta, da iskar gas da aka fitar daga tafkunan wutsiya ya nuna cewa wadannan su ne methanogens Yayin da zurfin ya karu, moles na CH 4 da aka saki a zahiri sun ragu. Siddique (2006, 2007) ya furta cewa methanogens a cikin tafkin wutsiya suna rayuwa kuma suna haifuwa ta hanyar lalatawar anaerobic, wanda zai rage nauyin kwayoyin halitta daga naphtha zuwa aliphatic, hydrocarbons aromatic, carbon dioxide da methane. Wadannan archaea da kwayoyin cuta na iya lalata naphtha, wanda aka yi la'akari da shi azaman sharar gida yayin aikin tace mai. Duk waɗannan samfuran da aka lalata suna da amfani. Aliphatic, aromatic hydrocarbons da methane za a iya amfani da su azaman mai a rayuwar yau da kullun na ɗan adam. A wasu kalmomi, waɗannan methanogens suna haɓaka ƙimar amfani. Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan methanogens suna canza tsarin tafkunan wutsiya kuma suna taimakawa zubar da ruwa don sake amfani da shi don sarrafa yashin mai. Saboda archaea da kwayoyin cuta suna daidaitawa kuma suna sakin kumfa a cikin wutsiya, ruwan rafi na iya shiga cikin ƙasa cikin sauƙi. Tun da suna haɓaka haɓakar wutsiya masu girma, ana ba da damar tafkunan wutsiya su daidaita daskararrun da sauri ta yadda za a iya dawo da wut ɗin a baya. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya amfani da ruwan da aka saki daga wutsiya a cikin hanyar tace man fetur. Rage bukatar ruwa kuma zai iya kare muhalli daga fari. Sake sarrafawa Yayin da dabarun hakar ma'adinai da farashin ma'adanai ke haɓaka, ba sabon abu ba ne don sake sarrafa wutsiya ta hanyar amfani da sabbin hanyoyin, ko kuma da kyau tare da tsoffin hanyoyin, don dawo da ƙarin ma'adanai. Babban juji na Kalgoorlie Boulder a Yammacin Ostiraliya an sake sarrafa su cikin riba a cikin 1990s ta KalTails Mining. An yi amfani da na'ura mai suna PET4K Processing Plant a kasashe daban-daban tsawon shekaru 20 da suka gabata don gyara gurbacewar wutsiya. Manufar kasa da kasa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da al'ummomin kasuwanci sun haɓaka ƙa'idar kula da wutsiya ta duniya a cikin 2020 bayan mummunar gazawar dam ɗin Brumadinho Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEP), Majalisar Kasa da Kasa kan Ma'adinai da Karfe (ICMM) da Ka'idojin Zuba Jari mai Alhaki ne suka shirya shirin. Duba kuma Ciwon kwal slurry Noman ƙasa Tsarin rufe ma'adana Gyaran nawa Tushen lalacewa Yashi mai yashi wutsiya tafkuna Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
31016	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Connolly%20%28Marubuci%29	John Connolly (Marubuci)	John Connolly (an Haife shi 31 Mayu 1968) marubuci ɗan ƙasar Irish ne wanda aka fi sani da jerin litattafan sa wanda ke nuna Jami'i n tsaro mai zaman kansa Charlie Parker. Tarihin Rayuwa Ilimi da farkon aiki Connolly yayi karatu a Synge Street CBS kuma ya Kammala karatun sa ns BA a Turanci daga Kwalejin Trinity, Dublin, da Masters a aikin jarida daga Jami'ar Dublin City Kafin ya zama cikakken marubuci, ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida, mashawarci, ma'aikacin ƙaramar hukuma, ma'aikaci a kantin sayar da kayayyaki na Harrods da ke Landan. Sana'ar rubutu Bayan shekaru biyar a matsayin ɗan jarida mai zaman kansa na jaridar The Irish Times, ya yi takaici da wannan sana'a, kuma ya fara rubuta littafinsa na farko, wato "every Dead", a cikin lokacin da ya dace (ya ci gaba da ba da gudummawar labarai ga takarda, mafi yawan hira da su. sauran kafaffen marubuta). Every dead ya gabatar da masu karatu ga jarumi Charlie Parker, wani tsohon dan sanda da ke farautar wanda ya kashe matarsa da 'yarsa. An zabi shi don lambar yabo ta Bram Stoker don Mafi kyawun Novel na Farko kuma ya ci gaba da lashe lambar yabo ta Shamus na 2000 don Mafi kyawun Litattafan Ido na Farko, wanda ya sa Connolly ya zama marubuci na farko a wajen Amurka dayake cin nasara. Tun daga lokacin Connolly ya rubuta ƙarin littattafai a cikin jerin Parker, 19 har zuwa na 2019, da kuma wanda ba na Parker ba. Har ila yau, ya ƙaddamar da wani nau'i na laifuka tare da wallafe-wallafen tarihin labarun fatalwa da kuma Littafin Abubuwan da suka ɓace, wani labari game da tafiya mai zuwa na yaro ta hanyar daular fantasy a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu na Ingila. Ayyukan fina-finai da talabijin na ayyukansa suna ci gaba a halin yanzu; farkon wanda ya fara bayyana ga masu sauraro ya dogara da ɗan gajeren labarin The new Daughter and star, Kevin Costner da Ivana Baquero Connolly ya kuma zagaya don tallata kaddamar da littattafansa. A cikin 2007, ya bayyana a kantin sayar da littattafai a Ireland, United Kingdom, United States, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong da Taiwan don inganta rashin kwanciyar hankali Littafi na bakwai a cikin jerin Charlie Parker, The Reapers, an buga shi a cikin 2008. Ya bambanta da littattafan da suka gabata a ciki cewa an ba da labarin ne daga mahangar abokan Parker da abokan yaƙi, Louis da Angel. Louis da Angel wasu ma'aurata ne da ba za a iya yiwuwa ba waɗanda kokarinsu da jin daɗinsu wani lokaci su nema tushen taimako na ban dariya Louis mutum ne mai ban mamaki, baƙar fata ne babba wanda ya kasance mai kashe mutane a biyashi, amma ya yi ritaya; Angel shikuma ƙaramine ɗan ƙasar Latino ne kuma tsohon ɗan fashi. Suna bayyana a fili cikin littattafan Charlie Parker a matsayin abokansa na kusa, suna bayyana kansu lokacin da Parker ke buƙatar taimako da kariya ta ƙwararru daga abokan gabansa. Littafin Parker na tara, mai suna The Whisperers, an buga shi a cikin 2010; na goma, The Burning Soul, a cikin 2011. The wrath of angels, littafi na goma sha ɗaya na Charlie Parker, Hodder Stoughton ne suka buga a Burtaniya a cikin watan Agusta 2012, kuma Atria/Emily Bestler Books ya sake shi a Amurka aranar 1 Janairu 2013. Wolf in Winter, wanda aka buga a cikin 2014, ya wakilci canji daga labarin mutum na farko na al'ada na Charlie Parker zuwa ra'ayi na mutum na uku, motsi da ke ci gaba a cikin A Song of Shadows (2015) da A Time of torment (2016). The book of bones(2019) yana nuna ƙarshen jerin abubuwan da suka fara tare da novella "The Fractured Atlas," wanda aka haɗa a cikin Waƙar Dare: Nocturnes Vol. 2 (2015), kuma shine mabiyi na gaskiya ga Mace a cikin Woods 2009 alama ce ta buga littafin farko na Connolly musamman ga matasa masu karatu, The Gates An buga wani mabiyi a cikin 2011 azaman hell's bell a Burtaniya kuma azaman Infernals a cikin Amurka. Littafi na uku a cikin jerin Samuel Johnson, The Creeps, an buga shi a cikin 2013. Har ila yau, Connolly ya haɗu tare da abokin aikinsa, dan jarida Jennifer Ridyard, a kan Tarihi na Mahara, Fantasy trilogy ga matasa masu karatu: Conquest (2013), Empire (2015), da Dominion (2016) Connolly ya haɗu tare da ɗan'uwa ɗan Irish marubuci Declan Burke don shirya Littattafi "To die" Mafi Girma Marubuta Sirrin Marubuta na Duniya akan Mafi Girman Sirrin Littattafan Duniya, tatsuniyoyi marasa ƙima da aka buga a watan Agusta 2012 ta Hodder Stoughton kuma a cikin Oktoba 2013 ta Atria Emily Bestler Littattafai. Littattafin to die An zaɓeshi amatsayin wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Edgar Award ta Marubutan Sirrin Amurka, ya ci lambar yabo ta Agatha don Mafi kyawun almara, kuma ya ci lambar yabo ta Anthony don Mafi Muhimmancin Aikin Noma. A cikin 2017, Connolly ya juya sha'awar shekaru da yawa tare da ɗan wasan barkwanci Stan Laurel a cikin littafin da ya yi, binciken almara na shekarun ƙarshe na ɗan wasan barkwanci. Horror Express, wani littafi na monograph wanda ya dogara da fim din 1972, an zaba shi don lambar yabo ta Bram Stoker don Babban Nasara a cikin Ƙirarrun Fiction. Jigogi An jawo Connolly zuwa al'adar almara na laifuka na Amurka, saboda ya zama mafi kyawun matsakaici ta hanyar da zai iya bincika al'amurran tausayi, halin kirki, ramuwa da ceto. Ya ba da kyauta ga marubutan tsofaffi Ross Macdonald, James Lee Burke, da kuma Ed McBain a matsayin tasiri, kuma sau da yawa ana yaba wa rubuce-rubucen a cikin wani nau'i mai ban sha'awa da kuma introspective style of prose. Jerin Litattafan Charlie Parker Duk abin da ya mutu (1999) Dark Hollow (2000) Irin Kisa (2001) The White Road (2002) The Reflecting Eye (2004) (littattafan da ke ƙunshe a cikin Nocturnes Black Angel (2005) Rashin kwanciyar hankali (2007) Masu girbi (2008) Masoya (2009) Masu Watsawa (2010) The Burning Soul (2011) Fushin Mala'iku (2012) Wolf a cikin Winter (2014) Wakar Inuwa (2015) Lokacin azaba (2016) Parker A daban-daban (2016) Wasan Fatalwa (2017) Mace a cikin Woods (2018) Littafin Kasusuwa (2019) Dirty South (2020) Samuel Johnson jerin Gates (2009) The Infernals (2011), wanda aka buga a matsayin Karrarawa na Jahannama a cikin Burtaniya Abubuwan da suka faru (2013) Littafin Tarihi na Maharan trilogy Nasara (2013) Daular (2015) Mulki (2016) Sauran litattafai Miyagun mutane (2003) Littafin Abubuwan Batattu (2006) Shi: Novel (2017) Tarin gajerun labarai Nocturnes (2004) tarin litattafai na tatsuniyoyi da littafai biyu suka ƙare, 9 daga cikinsu rubuce-rubuce ne na labarun da aka rubuta don gabatarwa a gidan rediyon BBC Labarun fatalwa guda biyar Daga John Connolly The Erlking, Mista Pettinger's Demon, Mr Gray's Fooly, The Ritual na Kasusuwa, Nocturne. Waƙar Dare: Nuwamba 2 (2015) Gajerun labarai "Biri Inkpot" (2004) a cikin Kamar A Charm: A Novel In Voices tarihin gajerun labarai daga marubutan asiri 15, (wanda kuma ke cikin Nocturnes Karin Slaughter ta gyara "Mr. Gray's Fooly" (2005) a cikin Mata masu haɗari tarihin gajerun labarai daga marubutan laifuka 17. Otto Penzler ne ya gyara shi. "The Cycle" (2005) a karkashin sunan Laura Froom (bayan titular vampire a cikin wani labari daga Nocturnes a cikin Moments: Short Stories by Irish Women Writers a Aid of the Victims of Tsunami Ciara Considine ne ya gyara shi. "A Haunting" (2008) a cikin Tatsuniyoyi na Downturn: Tsayawa-Labaran-Dare-Dare Daga Marubuta Fiyayyen Kuɗi "Li'azaru" (2010) a cikin Sabon Matattu tarihin labarun aljanu wanda Christopher Golden ya shirya. "The Caxton Lending Library Depository Book" (2013) Littafin Bibliomystery da aka buga azaman e-rubutu, takarda da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun bugu ta The Mysterious Bookshop, New York "The Wanderer in Unknown Realms" (2013) wani novella da aka buga ta hanyar lantarki ta Hodder Stoughton da Atria/Emily Bestler Books kuma a cikin ƙayyadadden bugu na mawallafin. Labarin Gaskiya Daidaitawar fim Sabuwar Yarinya (2009) wani bangare Dangane da ɗan gajeren labari na wannan sunan Nocturnes, tare da Kevin Costner da Ivana Baquero, wanda Luiso Berdejo ya jagoranci, tare da wasan kwaikwayo na John Travis. (Mai yiwuwa) The Gates, The Infernals, da The Creeps samu don ci gaba ta DreamWorks Studios a matsayin yiwuwar ikon amfani da sunan kamfani, Nuwamba 2015 Kyaututtuka Wanda aka zaɓa: 1999 Bram Stoker lambar yabo (Littafi na Farko), don kowane abu da ya mutu Wanda aka zaɓa: lambar yabo ta 2000 Barry (Mafi kyawun Littafin Laifukan Biritaniya), don kowane abu da ya mutu Wanda ya ci nasara 2000 Shamus Award (Mafi kyawun PI Novel), don kowane abu da ya mutu Wanda aka zaɓa: lambar yabo ta 2001 Barry (Best British Crime Novel), don Dark Hollow Wanda aka zaɓa: lambar yabo ta 2002 Barry (Best British Crime Novel), don Killing Kind Wanda ya ci nasara: 2003 Barry Award (Best British Crime Novel), don The White Road Wanda aka zaɓa: 2005 CWA Short Story Dagger Award, don "Miss Froom, Vampire" Wanda aka zaɓa: 2007 Hughes Hughes Novel na Shekarar Irish, don Littafin Abubuwan Batattu Wanda ya ci nasara 2012 Agatha Award (Mafi kyawun labari), tare da Declan Burke, don Littattafai don Mutu Don Wanda aka zaɓa: 2013 Edgar Award (Mafi Mahimmanci/Biography), tare da Declan Burke, don Littattafai don Mutu Don Wanda aka zaɓa: Kyautar HRF Keating na 2013, tare da Declan Burke, don Littattafai don Mutuwa Don Wanda ya ci nasara 2013 Anthony Award (Mafi kyawun Aikin Nonfiction), tare da Declan Burke, don Littattafai don Mutu don Nasara 2014 Edgar Award (Mafi kyawun Gajerun Labari), don Laburaren Lamuni Masu Zaman Kansu na Caxton & Depository Book, Littattafai Wanda ya ci nasara: 2014 Anthony Award (Mafi kyawun Gajerun Labari), don Laburaren Ba da Lamuni Masu Zaman Kansu na Caxton Depository Book, Littattafan Littafi Mai Tsarki Wanda aka zaɓa: Kyautar Barry na 2016 (Best Novel), don Waƙar Shadows Wanda aka zaɓa: lambar yabo ta Bram Stoker na 2018 (Nasara mafi girma a cikin Ƙarfafawa), don Horror Express Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje John Connolly at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan
29793	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20Hijira%20Kyauta	Haƙƙin Hijira Kyauta	Hijira kyauta ko buɗaɗɗen shige da fice shine matsayin da ya kamata mutane su iya ƙaura zuwa kowace ƙasar da suka zaɓa ba tare da ƴan takurawa ba. Ta fuskar haƙƙin ɗan adam, ana kuma iya ganin ƙaura kyauta don cika Mataki na 13 na Yarjejeniyar Duniya kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam: Kowane mutum na da hakkin yin tafiya da zama a cikin iyakokin kowace jiha. Kowane mutum na da hakkin ya bar kowace kasa har da nasa, ya koma kasarsa. Misalai na Hijira Kyauta Hijira 'yan gudun hijirar yaƙi/yan siyasa Rikicin da ke da nasaba da yaki na iya haifar da wargajewar iyakoki da ba da damar yin hijira kyauta. Ƙoƙarin yanayi na guje wa jayayya, ko tserewa maƙiyi masu nasara, na iya kai ga miliyoyin 'yan gudun hijira da sauri. Ko a inda ake kula da kan iyakoki za su iya mamaye su da yawan mutane. Da zarar sun zauna a sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira, waɗannan baƙin haure na iya ɗaukar shekarun da suka gabata ko dai a mayar da su gida ko kuma a ba da su zuwa sabuwar ƙasarsu. Wannan shi ne halin da Falasdinawa suke ciki a Jordan A lokacin yakin cacar baka, an sami sabani na ƙaura inda wasu daga cikin jahohin gurguzu suka hana ƙaura, yayin da Duniya mai 'yanci za ta karɓi waɗanda suka sauya sheƙa Wannan manufar ta ci gaba da kasancewa ga Cubans da Hmong, waɗanda dukansu an ba su izinin ƙaura na musamman na ƙaura zuwa Amurka bisa matsayinsu na 'yan gudun hijira ko domin neman mafaka. Yankuna masu ƙaura na ciki kyauta Umarnin Haƙƙin Jama'a (Turai) Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi na Eurasia (EAEU) Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) Yarjejeniyar Abota tsakanin Indiya da Bhutan da tsakanin Indiya da Nepal Shirye-shiryen Tafiya na Trans-Tasman tsakanin New Zealand da Ostiraliya Ƙungiya ta Ƙungiya ta Kyauta tsakanin Amurka da tsibirin Marshall, Micronesia da Palau Kasuwancin CARICOM Single da Tattalin Arziki (CSME a cikin Caribbean) (tare da ƙuntatawa) Dan kasa na Mercosur (Amurka ta Kudu) Yankin Balaguro na gama gari "tsakanin Ƙasar Ingila, Dogaran Crown (Bailiwick na Jersey, Bailiwick na Guernsey da Isle of Man da Ireland Yarjejeniyar Kula da Iyakoki ta Tsakiyar Amurka-4 tsakanin El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, da Nicaragua Yankuna masu ƙaura na waje kyauta Duk mutane, ba tare da la’akari da ɗan ƙasa ba, ana ba su damar zama da aiki a Svalbard ba tare da biza ko izinin zama ba, muddin sun nuna cewa za su iya tallafa wa kansu. Hanyoyi na ruhaniya game da ƙaura Ta yanayi da gamuwa da yawa, ƙaura na iya zama gwajin ƙarfin tunani maimakon ƙarfin jiki. A cikin addinin Buddah, ana ɗaukar bodhisattva a matsayin jagora ga tadawa da zuwa Ƙasar Tsabta. "Buda ya bayyana cewa dukkanmu bodhisattvas ne wanda aka ƙaddara don samun cikakkiyar farkawa. Da alama kowannenmu, to, yana tsunduma cikin 'shige da fice na ruhaniya'. Buddha ya tabbatar da cewa kowa bodhisattva ne, ko kuma 'baƙi na ruhaniya', wanda dole ne ya sami halaye iri-iri wanda a ƙarshe ya kai ga prajnaparamita, ko 'hikima mai wuce gona da iri'. Kasancewar Buddha da Mahasattvas 'manyan halittu' waɗanda suka sami babban matsayi a kan hanyar farkawa sun haifar da rassa daban-daban na imani kamar Buddha Mahayana, wanda shine nau'i na 'shigi na ruhaniya'. "Budanci wani nau'i ne na ƙaura daga duniyar wahala zuwa Nirvana. Dukanmu baƙi ne waɗanda, a zahiri, muna neman zuwa da ƙasar da muka riga muka zauna a cikinta.” Dangane da 'shige da fice na ruhaniya', hanyar bodhisattva shine canjin ƙarfin tunani maimakon wurin sararin samaniya da ake gani. A cewar koyarwar addinin Buddah, manufar 'shige da fice ta ruhaniya' ita ce a taimaka shiryar da mutum kan tafarkinsu na gaba. Kasa Mai Tsarkakkiya ita ce yanayin tunani maras kyau: isa ga wannan kasa mai tsarki na bukatar kokari da aiki dagewa. A cikin tafiya, daidaikun mutane suna koyon tunanin makomarsu a matsayin ƙasar dama. Manufar ƙasa mai tsafta ita ce tabbatar da cewa mutum ya cim ma burinsa na kansa a rayuwa kyautatawa kansa don isa ga nirvana. Tare da waɗannan manufofin, masu yin aiki kuma suna koyo game da dangantakar 'kai' da 'wasu', wanda ke haifar da sabuntar dukkan halittu. Manufar ƙasashe masu tsafta suna tilasta ra'ayin 'shige da fice na ruhaniya' a matsayin nau'i na ƙarfafa tunani. Hijira tafiya ce ta ruhaniya wacce ke kafa wurin sadarwa tsakanin mutum da allahntaka. Ma’abota addini suna ƙaura daga wannan wuri zuwa wani a matsayin baƙi: which was similar to Milton Friedman statement "It's just obvious you can't have free immigration and a welfare state". ref>Borders are the line between 'us' and 'them', Mark Krikorian, BBC News, April 13, 2004.</ref> or ones similar to arguments against free trade, favoring protectionism. “A cikin Kiristanci, Allah ya yi hijira zuwa wannan duniya a cikin siffar Yesu ɗan adam;: which was similar to Milton Friedman statement "It's just obvious you can't have free immigration and a welfare state". ref>Borders are the line between 'us' and 'them', Mark Krikorian, BBC News, April 13, 2004.</ref> or ones similar to arguments against free trade, favoring protectionism. Aqidar Hijira ta nuna cewa ’yancin yin tafiya haqqin xan Adam ne kamar yadda kuma wajibi ne ga Allah. Haɗin kai na duniya yana shafar ra'ayoyin addini game da ƙaura waɗanda ke neman hana "lalacewar rayuwa da mutuncin ɗan adam". Masu addini kamar Buddha da Yesu sun yi “tauhidin ƙaura”.A cewar masu bin doka, su sami haƙƙoƙi iri ɗaya da mazaunan doka saboda addinan duniya sun yi imanin cewa kowa allahntaka ne. Haka nan ya zo a cikin Alkur’ani cewa “baqi suna da hakkin a raba dukiya daidai gwargwado”.Duk da samun dukiya a cikin aya Alkur’ani yana cewa “ku sani kashi daya cikin biyar na ribar yakinku na Allah ne da manzo, na makusanta da marayu ko na mabukata da matafiya. (baqi)." A cewar Wani Masani Collier and Strain, Cocin Roman Katolika na taimaka wa bakin haure shekaru da dama. Bangaskiya ta Kirista ta sami fahimtar adalci ga baƙi daga al'adun bangaskiyar Ibrahim. Katolika suna bin waɗannan jagororin don taimaka wa baƙi: "ga duk mutanen da ke tafiya". An kafa dalilan taimaka wa waɗanda suke ƙaura a shekara ta 1952 sa’ad da shugabannin Cocin Roman Katolika suka wallafa rubuce-rubucen da suka ƙarfafa koyarwar cocin. Ɗaya daga cikin furucin Littafi Mai Tsarki da aka yi amfani da shi don tabbatar da baƙi shi ne “idan baƙo yana zaune tare da ku a ƙasarku, kada ku zalunci baƙo. Baƙon da yake zaune tare da ku zai zama ɗan ƙasa a cikinku. ku ƙaunaci baƙo kamar kanku, gama ku baƙi ne a ƙasar Masar: Ni ne Ubangiji Allahnku.” (Leviticus 19:33) Bako ko masu tafiya a yi daidai da su, ba kasa da kowa ba. Ya kamata al’ummar wannan kasa ta zamani ta bude iyakokinta domin jama’a na iya yin hijira saboda yanayi mara kyau. Cocin Katolika ta yi imanin kowa yana da hakkin yin ƙaura don tallafa wa iyalansa; wannan ra'ayin ƙaura na 'yanci yana ba da damar "mutum [ya riga ya riga] jihar". A wasu yanayi, Ikilisiya tana ba da taimako ga baƙi da 'yan gudun hijira. Wasu ƙungiyoyin Katolika suna ba da ayyukan ilimi kan tsarin doka na ƙaura zuwa Amurka. Sauran nau'ikan taimako sun haɗa da abokantaka na ruhaniya, azuzuwan ESL ga waɗanda suke son koyon magana mafi kyawun Ingilishi, tsaftar asali, da abinci. Cocin Katolika na Roman ya gaskata cewa taimakon mabukata yana sa ruhun ’yan Adam ya girma, Kuma taimakon mabu ƙata ako Ina abu ne mai kyau. Kafin musanyar Columbia, akwai manufar buɗe kan iyaka a cikin Amurkawa waɗanda ke bai wa 'yan asalin ƙasar damar yin tafiye-tafiye cikin 'yanci da samun buɗaɗɗen kasuwanci tare da sauran al'adu. Akwai yaɗuwar ciniki tsakanin ƙasashen farko da yawa waɗanda suka haifar da ƴancin tafiya da tafiye-tafiye ga baƙi da yawa. A lokacin, akwai karancin kula da kan iyakokin da ke baiwa bakin haure damar tafiya wurare daban-daban don zama. Manufar shige da fice ta koma ga iko da kishin ƙasa bayan shekarata 1492. A cikin karni na 20, manufofin shige da fice sun karfafa iyakoki a Amurka, amma yawancin 'yan asalin Amurkawa sun ba da shawarar motsi na kyauta da baƙo ga baƙi. 'Yan asalin ƙasar Amirka a tarihi sun yi maraba da baƙi tare da karimci, wani lokaci suna mai da su dangi ta hanyar tsarin tallafi na yau da kullun. ƙaura a Amurka ta hanyar ra'ayoyin addini da al'adu na ƴan asalin Amirkawa. Doka da xa'a Kasashe da dama sun amince kuma sun samu sabani kan batun bude kan iyakokin kasa da yin hijira, inda wasu kasashen ke barin mutane su yi tafiya cikin walwala daga kasa zuwa kasa da jiha zuwa jiha ba tare da fuskantar kora ko hukunta su ba. Yarjejeniyar da ke cikin muhawarar kan iyakoki ta bude ita ce "kafa ra'ayi na ƙaura wanda ke nuna sadaukar da kai ga daidaiton ɗabi'a na dukan mutane wanda ya shafi ainihin ra'ayi na ƙaura ko hijira." An yi amfani da ra'ayoyi daban-daban ga ra'ayin ƙaura na duniya, kamar ra'ayoyin wasu 'yan jarida kamar Johnathan Wolff da Avnir De-Shalit zuwa ƙaura. Wolff da De-Shalit sun bayyana cewa yin amfani da doka da ɗa'a abu ne mai kyau a cikin muhawarar ƙaura 'yanci. Muhawarar hijirar 'yanci ba ta shafi wata ƙasa ta musamman ba amma ta wuce sama, kuma tana ci gaba zuwa ga faffadan bakan don gabatar da 'yancin motsi tsakanin mutane, ga dukkan ƙasashe. Koyaya, wannan ra'ayi yana da mahimmanci musamman ga wuraren da suka fi fuskantar ƙaura-ciki har da ƙasashe ko jihohi masu karɓa da karɓa. Hijira kyauta ba ta iyakance ga wani ɗan lokaci ba, amma ya fi dacewa kuma yana da rikici a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, musamman a Amurka. A Amurka, ya zama batun da ya fi jawo cece-kuce tun 9/11 Hijira kyauta ra'ayi ne da za a yi la'akari da shi yayin kwatanta ainihin haƙƙin ɗan adam da ƙaura. "Takurawa motsi a mafi yawan lokuta saboda haka, rashin gaskiya ne kuma rashin da'a". Batun ƙaura 'yanci ba batu ne da za a yi muhawara shi kaɗai a tsakanin gwamnatocin ƙasashe na ƙasashe daban-daban ba, amma tattaunawa ce ta duniya ga dukan mutanen dukan al'ummai kan muhawarar buɗe kan iyakoki da ƙaura 'yanci. A wannan yanayin, al'ummomi da mutane daga ko'ina cikin duniya za su iya koyi da juna inda kowa da kowa ya shiga cikin yunƙurin cimma matsaya ta adalci da warware matsalolin da ke tattare da ƙaura da ƙaura Ko hijira na 'yanci iri ɗaya. An taƙaita Hijira 'yanci sannu a hankali cikin tarihin kwanan nan saboda ci gaban da babu makawa na al'umma, yana haifar da ƙarin ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu don ƙirƙirar tsauraran dokoki, manufofi, da ƙa'idoji game da ƙaura. which was similar to Milton Friedman statement "It's just obvious you can't have free immigration and a welfare state". Some arguments are nationalistic or what some critics claim to be "xenophobic", or ones similar to arguments against free trade, favoring protectionism.</ref> Some arguments are nationalistic or what some critics claim to be "xenophobic", or ones similar to arguments against free trade, favoring protectionism. Yayin da al'ummomi ke rufe kansu tare da rufe iyakokinsu daga wadanda ba mazauna ba, yana da wuyar hijirar kyauta ta zama mai tsaro, tare da samun membobin al'umma sun ba da fifiko ga wani batu na hukumomi irin wannan.</ref> which was similar to Milton Friedman statement "It's just obvious you can't have free immigration and a welfare state". Some arguments are nationalistic or what some critics claim to be "xenophobic", or ones similar to arguments against free trade, favoring protectionism. Duk da cewa babu wata ma'anar da ta wajaba a kan wani abu da ake ganin yana da ɗabi'a, ko ɗa'a, ko kuma a yarda da shi a cikin al'umma, kowa yana da alaƙa da daidaikun mutane da abin da za a iya ɗauka yana da kyau ga al'umma da abin da za a iya ɗauka mara kyau ga al'umma. Gwamnatin Amurka ta sanya wasu tsauraran dokoki kan shige da fice wadanda ta ce za su samar da ingantaccen tsarin shige da fice. Sauran ƙasashe, ta hanyar amincewar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, suna ba da izinin tsarin ƙaura na shekaru biyu mafi ƙanƙanta, tare da wasu ƙasashe kamar irin su Kanada da Switzerland suna aiki a cikin tsarin shekaru huɗu. A cewar masanin harkokin siyasa Chandran Kukathas School of Economics, kula da shige da fice barazana ne ga 'yanci da kuma 'yancin kai na kasa. Yana mai cewa, “Kaddamar da shige-da-fice ba wai kawai hana mutanen waje yin tafiya ta kan iyakoki ba ne. Yana da game da sarrafa abin da mutanen waje ke yi sau ɗaya a cikin al'umma: ko suna aiki, zama, karatu, kafa kasuwanci, ko raba rayuwarsu tare da wasu. Amma sarrafa baƙon baƙi-baƙi ko masu son zama baƙi-yana buƙatar tsarawa, saka idanu, da kuma sanya takunkumi ga masu shiga ciki, waɗancan ƴan ƙasa da mazauna waɗanda za su iya yin hayar, kasuwanci da, gida, koyarwa, ko haɗa baki ɗaya tare da na waje." Hujja game da ƙaura kyauta Hujja game da shige da fice na kyauta yawanci suna da alaƙa da tattalin arziki, al'adu ko na tsaro. Hans-Werner Sinn, shugaban Cibiyar Nazarin Tattalin Arziki ta Ifo ya ayyana "Jihohin jin daɗin jama'a ba su dace da 'yancin walwala na mutane ba" wanda yayi kama da bayanin Milton Friedman "A bayyane yake ba za ku iya samun shige da fice na kyauta ba kuma zaman lafiya". Wasu gardama na kishin ƙasa ne ko kuma abin da wasu masu sukar suka yi da'awar su xenophobic ko kuma masu kama da hujjar adawa da ciniki cikin 'yanci, suna fifita kariya Hujja don ƙaura kyauta La'akarin tattalin arziki A cewar John Kennan na shekarata (2012) bayanai na kwaikwayo (wanda aka tattara a cikin ƙasashe da yawa don kwatanta tasirin buɗe iyakokin), za a sami babban ci gaban tattalin arziki tsakanin Mexico da Amurka ta hanyar aiwatar da iyakokin bude. liberals, socialists, and anarchists advocate open immigration, as do Objectivists. Kwaikwayon tattalin arziki sun nuna cewa ƙaura na rage albashi na ainihi ga ƙasashen biyu masu karɓa da aikawa da baƙi; duk da haka, tasirin wannan raguwa ya dogara ne akan kayayyaki da ayyukan da mutum ya cinye.</ref> Whilst not defending fully open borders, political philosopher Adam James Tebble argues that more open borders aid both the economic and institutional development of poorer migrant sending countries, contrary to proponents of "brain-drain" critiques of migration.<ref></ref A cewar Kennan "Wadannan nasarorin suna da alaƙa da raguwar ƙarancin albashi na ainihi a ƙasashen da suka ci gaba, kuma har ma wannan tasirin ya ɓace yayin da rabon babban birnin ya daidaita kan lokaci." Don haka, adadin ma'aikata a cikin kasashen da ke karba da aikawa zai rubanya da yawan ma'aikata na yanzu. Ko da yake su biyun ba batun daya ba ne, hijirar 'yanci yana kama da ruhi da manufar ciniki cikin 'yanci, kuma duka biyun suna ba da shawarar masana tattalin arziki na kasuwa a kan cewa tattalin arziki ba wasa ba ne da kuma cewa kasuwanni masu 'yanci suna, a cikin su. ra'ayi, hanya mafi kyau don samar da ingantaccen tsarin tattalin arziki da daidaito, ta yadda za a kara yawan fa'idar tattalin arziki ga dukkan bangarorin da abin ya shafa. Masanin falsafa Adam James Tebble ya yi jayayya cewa karin taimakon kan iyaka yana ba da taimako ga ci gaban tattalin arziki da ci gaban mafiya talauci da ke aikewa kasashe, sabanin masu ra'ayin "kwakwalwa" na sukar hijira. Duk da bambance-bambancen ban mamaki a tsakanin waɗannan akidun siyasa, yawancin masu sassaucin ra'ayi, masu sassaucin ra'ayi, masu ra'ayin gurguzu, da 'yan gurguzu suna ba da shawarar shige da fice, kamar yadda Objectivists suka yi. Wasu masana tattalin arziki na kasuwa mai 'yanci sun yi imanin cewa gasa ita ce ainihin tsarin ingantaccen tsarin tattalin arziki, kuma duk wani mummunan tasiri na ɗan gajeren lokaci kan abubuwan tattalin arzikin mutum wanda ke haifar da ƙaura cikin 'yanci ya fi dacewa da tsammanin ci gaban dogon lokaci ga tattalin arzikin kamar yadda ya dace. gaba daya. Duk da cewa bai kare cikakkiyar kan iyaka ba, masanin falsafa Adam James Tebble ya bayar da hujjar cewa karin budaddiyar iyakoki na ba da taimako ga tattalin arziki da ci gaban hukumomi na kasashe masu aikewa da matalauta, sabanin masu ra'ayin "kwakwalwa" na sukar ƙaura. Sauran abunuwa Ra'ayin Libertarian kan shige da fice Bude iyakoki Manazarta Ci gaba da karatu Barry, Brian, da Robert E. Goodin, ed. 1992. Motsi 'Yanci: Batutuwan Da'a a cikin Hijira na Ƙasashen Duniya da na Kuɗi. Jami'ar Park, PA: Jami'ar Jihar Pennsylvania. Blake, Michael. 2003. "Shige da fice." A cikin Abokin Ƙawancen Da'a, ed. RG Frey da CH Wellman. Oxford: Blackwell. Bosnia, Linda. 2006. Dan Kasa da Baƙi: Matsalolin Memba na Zamani. Princeton: Jami'ar Princeton Press. Brubaker, W. R, ed. 1989. Shige da fice da siyasar zama dan kasa a Turai da Arewacin Amurka. Lanham, MD: Jami'ar Press ta Amurka. Cole, Phillip. 2000. Falsafa na Warewa: Ka'idar Siyasa ta Liberal da Shige da Fice. Edinburgh: Jami'ar Edinburgh Press. Dauvergne, Catherine 2008. Maida Mutane Ba bisa Ka'ida ba: Abin da Duniyar Duniya ke nufi ga Hijira da Doka. Cambridge: Jami'ar Jami'ar Cambridge. Domin, Michael. 2001. Kan Shige da Fice da 'Yan Gudun Hijira. London: Routledge. Da'a da Tattalin Arziki. 2006. Juzu'i 4.1. Batu na musamman kan shige da fice. Gibney, Mark, ed. 1988. Bude Borders? Ƙungiyoyin Rufe? Batun Da'a da Siyasa. New York: Greenwood Press. Miller, David, da Sohail Hashmi, ed. 2001. Iyakoki da Adalci: Daban-daban Daban Daban. Princeton, NJ: Jami'ar Princeton Press. Miller, David. 2005. "Shige da Fice: Lamarin Iyaka." A cikin Muhawara ta Zamani a cikin da'a mai aiki, ed. AI Cohen da CH Wellman. Oxford: Blackwell. 978-1-59240-349-3 Schwartz, Warren F., ed. 1995. Adalci a Shige da Fice. Cambridge: Jami'ar Jami'ar Cambridge. Swain, Carol M., ed. 2007. Muhawara ta shige da fice. New York: Jami'ar Cambridge Press. Tebble, Adam J. 2019. "Ƙarin Buɗaɗɗen Iyakoki da Canjin Tsarin Tsari, Mahimman Nazari na Falsafar zamantakewa da Siyasa ta Duniya https://doi.org/10.1080/13698230.2019.1565566 Tebble, Adam J. 2020. "Ƙarin Buɗaɗɗen Iyakoki don waɗanda aka Bar", Ƙabilu, 20 (2), 353-379. doi.org/10.1177/1468796819866351 Torpey, John. 2000. Ƙirƙirar Fasfo: Sa ido, zama ɗan ƙasa, da Jiha. Cambridge: Jami'ar Jami'ar Cambridge. Walzer, Michael. 1983. Yankunan Adalci: Kare Jam'i da Daidaituwa. Oxford: Blackwell. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Antoine Pécoud da Paul de Guchteneire: Hijira Ba tare da Borders ba: Bincike a cikin 'Yancin Jama'a Antoine Pécoud da Paul de Guchteneire (Eds): HIJIRA BA TARE DA Borders, Rubuce-rubuce kan 'Yancin Jama'a (Littattafan Berghahn, 2007) Musa, Jonathon (2006) Hijira ta Duniya: Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Duniya (Littattafan Zed) Dubi kuma takaddun kan shafin yanar gizon Jonathon Musa Kevin H. O'Rourke: Zaman Hijira Kyauta: Darussan Yau (pdf) Juan Carlos Velasco: Fronteras abiertas, derechos humanos da justicia duniya (pdf) Harry Binswanger: Tsaron shiga cikin budaddiyar shige da fice zuwa Amurka Hans-Hermann Hoppe: Kan Shige da Fice da Tilasta Haɗin Kai (masu sukar ƙaura na kyauta) Hakki Yanci America Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
22147	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samun%20Ilimi	Samun Ilimi	Universal samun ilimi ne da ikon dukkan mutane zuwa da damar daidaita a ilimi, ko da kuwa su zaman jama'a aji, tseren, jinsi, jima'i, kabilanci bango ko jiki da hankulansu nakasa Ana amfani da kalmar a duka lokacin shigar da kwaleji don azuzuwan aji da ƙananan, da kuma fasahar taimaka wa nakasassu Wasu masu sukar ra'ayi suna ganin cewa wannan aikin a cikin ilimin firamare, akasin tsayayyar cancanta, yana haifar da ƙimar darajar ilimi. Don sauƙaƙa damar ba da ilimi ga kowa, ƙasashe suna da haƙƙin neman ilimi.' Samun damar samun ilimi a duniya yana karfafa hanyoyi da dama na koyar da ilimi don cimma nasarar yada ilimin a fadin bambancin zamantakewar, al'adu, tattalin arziki, kasa da kuma ilimin halittu. Da farko an haɓaka tare da taken samun dama daidai da haɗa ɗalibai masu ilmantarwa ko nakasa jiki da tunani, jigogin da ke jagorantar samun ilimi a duniya yanzu sun faɗaɗa a kan dukkan nau'ikan iko da bambancin ra'ayi Koyaya, kamar yadda ma'anar bambance-bambancen take a cikin kanta hadadden hadadden tsari ne, malamai masu amfani da damar samun damar duniya zasu ci gaba da fuskantar ƙalubale tare da haɗa canje-canje a cikin tsarin karatunsu don haɓaka jigogi na damar dama ta ilimi daidai. Yayin da ake ci gaba da samun damar shiga cikin tsarin ilimin Amurka, ana buƙatar furofesoshi da malamai a matakin kwaleji (a wasu lokuta bisa doka) su sake yin tunani game da hanyoyin sauƙaƙa samun dama a cikin ajujuwansu. Samun dama ga ilimin kwaleji na iya haɗawa da samar da hanyoyi daban-daban na kimantawa na koyo da riƙewa. Misali, domin sanin yawan kayan da aka koya, farfesa na iya neman hanyoyi da yawa na tantancewa. Hanyoyin kimantawa na iya haɗawa da cikakken jarabawa, gwajin naúrar, manyan ayyuka, takardun bincike, nazarin adabi, gwajin baka ko ayyukan gida. Bayar da hanyoyi daban-daban don kimanta girman ilmantarwa da riƙewa ba kawai zai gano gibin da ke akwai ba ne a cikin duniya amma kuma zai iya haɓaka hanyoyin inganta damar duniya. Rashin nuna wariya da daidaito a harkar ilimi 'Yancin ɗan adam haƙƙin duniya ne, saboda haka ana amfani da shi ga kowa daidai ba tare da nuna bambanci ba Koyaya, adadi mai yawa na mutane sun rasa ilimi saboda wariyar da ke hana damar samun ilimi. Nuna wariyar launin fata ya bayyana a bayyane ta fuskar samun ilimi. Misali, 'yan mata na iya fuskantar matsalolin da suka shafi jinsi kamar auren yara, ciki, da cin zarafin jinsi wadanda galibi kan hana su zuwa makaranta ko bayar da tasu gudunmawar barin makarantar. Mutanen da ke da nakasa galibi suna fuskantar batutuwan amfani da zahiri, kamar ƙarancin tuddai ko jigilar makarantu da suka dace, wanda ke sa wuya zuwa makaranta. 'Yan cirani galibi suna fuskantar shingen gudanarwa wanda ke hana su yin rajista, wanda hakan ke hana su tsarin ilimi. Koyaya, nuna wariya ma yana faruwa a tsakanin tsarin ilimin yayin da wasu kungiyoyin da ke karbar darajar ilimi mara kyau idan aka kwatanta da wasu, misali, ingancin ilimi a makarantun birane da alama ya fi wanda ake samu a karkara. Hakanan wariyar launin fata yana faruwa bayan ilimi inda ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na mutane basa iya samun fa'ida ɗaya daga karatun su. Misali, yara maza masu ilimi sukan daina zuwa makaranta da karfin albashi fiye da yara mata masu ilimi. Abubuwan nuna bambanci da daidaito da aka samo a cikin dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa (IHRL) sun wanzu don tabbatar da cewa an yi amfani da ƙa'idar nan ta haƙƙin ɗan adam a duniya. Rashin nuna bambanci da daidaito ba ra'ayoyi ne da ba a fahimtarsu a ƙarƙashin dokar haƙƙin ɗan adam ta duniya (IHRL). An fadada haƙƙin ɗan adam wanda aka haɓaka cikin shekaru da yawa don magance wariyar da mutane ke fuskanta a yau da kullun. Musamman ilimi inda ake amfani da haƙƙin nuna wariya da daidaito ga haƙƙin neman ilimi a cikin yarjejeniyoyi da yawa na haƙƙin ɗan adam, gami da wanda aka keɓe ga batun, wanda aka sani da UNESCO CADE. Duk da karfin rashin nuna wariya da dokar daidaito, kawar da nuna banbanci da banbanci wani kalubale ne da Jihohi da kasashen duniya ke fuskanta. An yarda da wannan a cikin Shekara ta 2015 lokacin da kasashen duniya suka lashi takobin 'ba kowa a baya'. Yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na kasa da kasa da na yanki suna amfani da hakkokin rashin nuna wariya da daidaito ga yancin samun ilimin wasu kebabbun kungiyoyi. Kungiyoyin da aka ware su ne wadanda suka sha wahala na tsawon lokaci da nuna bambanci na tarihi, yawanci, amma ba na musamman ba, bisa asalin asali (jinsi, alal misali), halaye (kabila, launin fata), ko yanayi 'yan gudun hijira, bakin haure,' yan gudun hijira na cikin gida Mai yuwuwa akwai yiwuwar a bijiro da nau'ikan nuna bambanci. Misalan kungiyoyin da aka ware sun hada da: yan mata da mata 'yan tsiraru na kasa, kabila, da yare mutanen da ke da nakasa 'yan asalin ƙasar bakin haure 'yan gudun hijira masu neman mafaka marasa jihar 'yan gudun hijirar (IDPs) mutanen da ke tsare wadanda aka hana wa walwala mutanen da ke rayuwa cikin talauci mutanen da suke zaune a yankunan karkara mutanen da cutar ta HIV ta shafa mutanen da cutar zabiya ta shafa LGBTQI tsofaffi da sauransu Samun ilimi ta hanyar doka A shekara ta 2009 majalisar dokokin Indiya da shugaban kasar Indiya duk sun sanya hannu tare da amincewa da kudurin da zai ba da doka kyauta ta tilasta ilimi ga yara ‘yan shekara shida zuwa goma sha hudu. Ya kasance babban mataki zuwa ga ilimin duniya ga kowa. Muchkund Dubey marubucin labarin "'Yancin' Ya'ya ga Dokar Ilimi da Tilastawa, 2009 Labarin Bacewar Dama "ya tattauna kuma ya nuna batutuwan samun dama, ingancin ilimi, tasirin kudi, da nuna wariya. A Amurka, Brown vs. Hukumar Ilimi ta yanke shawara mai kyau saboda ta gano kuma ta bayyana cewa, "wuraren ilimi daban-daban babu kamarsu". Wannan ya fara aiwatar da yanke hukunci a makarantu da yawa wadanda basu yanke hukunci ba har yanzu. Mahimmancin Brown vs. Kwamitin ya kasance dama ce ga dukkan ɗalibai su halarci cibiyoyin ilimi daidai gwargwadon banbancin launin fatarsu. Jonathan Kozol, marubucin littafin Shame of the Nation, yi magana game da yadda “yanayin jiki a cikin waɗannan sabbin makarantun da aka haɗu sun kasance mafi farin ciki… yanayin hankali tsakanin malamai da yara [sun] kasance masu ɗoki” a cikin abin da ya biyo baya na rarrabuwa. Samun dama ga duniya Samun Ilimi na Duniya yana nufin mutane suna da damar daidai don shiga kowane tsarin ilimi. Koyaya, ba kowane ɗayan mutane, ƙungiyoyi, ko kabilu ake ba dama daidai ba. An yaba wa Amurka da tunanin da ake da shi na samun damar shiga duniya a matsayin damuwa ga nakasassu. Hukumomin kasa da kasa guda biyu (Kungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya da Bankin Duniya) sun kiyasta kimanin mutane biliyan daya a duk fadin duniya nau'ikan nakasa daban-daban. Tsakanin miliyan 93 zuwa 150 daga cikinsu yara ne. Plan International ya bayyana cewa waɗannan yara ba za su iya zuwa makaranta ba kuma idan sun yi rajista za a raba su da ɗalibai na yau da kullun. Partungiyar Kawancen Duniya don Ilimi ta ce kusan kashi 90 na yaran da ke fama da nakasa daga ƙasashe masu ƙasƙanci da masu matsakaici ba sa karatu. A tarihi, waɗannan yara ba a saka su cikin tsarin ilimin talakawa kuma ana magana da su makarantun koyo na musamman. Abin takaici ne cewa ilimi har zuwa yau ba ya samun damar miliyoyin yara 'yan makaranta a duniya. Yara miliyan 72 ko fiye da shekarun karatun firamare ba sa zuwa makaranta. Wasu manya miliyan 759 ba su da ilimi. Basu da ilimin da ake buƙata wajen inganta yanayin rayuwar iyalansu. Talauci na haifar da rashin ilimi. A kusan dukkanin kasashe (masu tasowa da ci gaba), an hana yara ilimi sakamakon rashin daidaito wanda ke fitowa daga lafiya, jinsi, da kuma al'adun gargajiya kamar addini, yare, da asalin kabila. Abubuwan da ke tattare da talauci da suka hada da rashin aikin yi, iyayen da ba su iya karatu ba, da kuma rashin lafiya suna ƙara yiwuwar rashin yin makaranta, da kuma yawan faduwa. Ilimin firamare na duniya ya zama babbar matsala ga ƙasashe da yawa. Mafi yawa daga cikin wadannan kasashe masu tasowa basu mallaki isassun kayan kudi don gina makarantu, samar da litattafai da sauran kayan aiki ba, da daukar ma'aikata, horarwa, da kuma biyan malamai. Yankin Afirka da ke Kudu da Sahara shine yankin da abin ya fi shafa domin har yanzu yaran Afirka miliyan 32 ba su da ilimi. Wannan yana biyo baya ta Tsakiya da Gabas ta Tsakiya da Pacific tare da miliyan 27 ko fiye. Duk da haka, masu lura da al'amura sun lura cewa damar samun ilimi ta bai-daya ta kasance babbar manufa ce nan da shekarar 2030. Bibliography Babban Gwaji tarihin ci gaban ƙarni na ashirin a Amurka na samun damar shiga kwalejoji a duniya. Duba kuma Ilimi na kyauta Ilimi Ga Kowa Ilimi gaba daya Laptop guda ɗaya ga kowane Yaro Hakkin ilimi Majiya
25664	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol%20Academy%2C%20Abuja	Bristol Academy, Abuja	Jami'ar Redeemer jami'a ce mai zaman kanta a Ede, Osun, kusa da hanyar Ibadan-Oshogbo, Jihar Osun, Najeriya. An kafa ta ne a shekara ta 2005, jami'ar mallakar Redeemed Christian Church of God ce. Tarihi da mulki Jami'ar Redeemed Christian Church of God ce ta kafa jami'ar a shekara ta 2005. Jagorancin Babban Jami'in, Fasto Enoch Adeboye, mai riƙe da PhD a cikin ilimin lissafi. Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya ta ba da lasisin aiki ga Jami'ar Mai Fansa a ranar 7 ga Janairun shekara ta 2005. Domin tabbatar da mafarkinta, Cocin Kirista na Redeemed God of Proprietors na jami'ar, da farko ya sami babban fili a Ede, jihar Osun, bayan ya sami Takaddun Shaida na haƙƙin zama ashekara ta 1997. Wurin jami'ar ya ƙunshi yanki kusan Jami'ar ta tashi a wani wuri na wucin gadi a sansanin fansa a ranar 11 ga Oktoba a shekara ta 2005 tare da shigar da ɗalibai 478 zuwa kwalejoji uku. A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu a shekara ta 2006, ɗalibai 473 sun shiga cikin kwalejoji don neman digiri na farko a shirye -shirye daban -daban, kuma jami'ar ta samar da ɗalibai 12 da suka kammala karatu. Mataimakin shugaban jami'a Da ke ƙasa akwai jerin sunayen mataimakan kansiloli, tun daga farko: Ci gaba da nasarori A shekara ta 2013, jami’ar ta lashe kyautar Bankin Duniya don ba da gudummawar kafa Cibiyar Kula da Ingancin Cututtuka ta Afirka (ACEGID). Cibiyar Kyau ta Afirka don Ingancin Cututtukan Cututtuka (ACEGID) A shekara ta 2013, jami’ar ta lashe kyautar Bankin Duniya don ba da gudummawar kafa Cibiyar Kula da Ingancin Cututtuka ta Afirka (ACEGID). To lashe Grant, karbar tuba ta University shiga gasar tare da 15 babbar jami'o'i zaba daga kasashen yammaci da tsakiyar Afirka da kuma bayan wani tsaurara motsa jiki da kuma dogara ne a kan ingancin aikin nuna a ta shawara, da University aka bayar da Grant wanda haifi cibiyar. Cibiyar bincike ce ta hadin gwiwa ta Bankin Duniya. Abokan haɗin gwiwar sune cibiyoyin ilimi da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na Yammacin Afirka (Jami'ar Redeemer, Jami'ar Ibadan, Asibitin Koyarwa na Irrua a Najeriya, Jami'ar Saliyo, Asibitin Gwamnatin Kenema a Saliyo da Cheik Anta-Diop de Dakar na Jami'a). ACEGID yana da wani umarni don ginawa iya aiki a filin na genomics a matasan Afrika masana kimiyya da kuma yin amfani da gano da kuma faye hali pathogens na unknown asalin yin amfani da ake dasu metagenomics Daga ƙarshe, aikin yana da nufin fassara sakamakon binciken zuwa samfuran da za a iya turawa filin don ba da gudummawa ga sarrafawa, sarrafawa da kawar da cututtukan da ke yaduwa a cikin nahiyar Afirka. Wasu nasarorin ACEGID Cikakken bincike kan cutar Ebola ta farko a Saliyo da Najeriya a barkewar EVD na shekara ta 2014 An jera kusan kwayoyin cutar Ebola 250 kuma an same su a cikin bayanan bayanai An ba da kayan aiki da horo don ganewar cutar, jere -jere da bioinformatics Haɓaka iya aiki da samar da wurare don yin nazarin cututtukan cututtukan cuta na BL4 a cikin sahun filayen karkara (Najeriya da Saliyo) Ciwon ƙwayar cutar Ebola mai saurin gwajin gwaji (RDT) don saurin gano cutar cikin mintuna 10 Ci gaba da sabon kwanon rufi Zazzabin Lassa cikin kayan gwaji na gaggawa don gano cutar cikin mintuna 10. An gano littafin labari 2 mai tsananin rhabdovirus Ekpoma, Najeriya An yi amfani da jere na asibiti don bankado asali da juyin halittar cutar Lassa An gano ƙwayoyin rigakafin monoclonal waɗanda ke yin niyya akan epitopes akan ƙwayoyin Lassa glycoproteins waɗanda ke ba da damar rigakafin rigakafi a zazzabin Lassa. Shiga cikin aikin kwayar halitta na 100 don haɓaka bayanin duniya don bambancin halittar ɗan adam Ya sami lambar yabo ta 1 a fannin kimiyyar rayuwa da fannin likitanci a baje kolin Bincike da Ci gaban Jami'o'in Najeriya na 6. Ya koyar da kimanin matasa masana kimiyya na Afirka 500 a fannin ilimin halittar ɗan adam da Bioinformatics tsakanin shekara ta 2014 har zuwa yau. Masu ilimi Jami'ar tana gudanar da shirye -shiryen karatun digiri na biyu da na gaba da digiri. An fara shirye -shiryen karatun digiri tun farkon farawa a shekara ta 2005 tare da kwalejoji uku. Sun kasance Kwalejin Kimiyyar Halittu, Kwalejin Gudanarwa da Kimiyyar zamantakewa, Kwalejin Bil Adama. A cikin ilimin shekara ta 2012–2013, jami’ar ta amince da farkon MA, M.Sc., da PhD. dalibai. Ya zuwa yanzu, jami'ar ta samar da jerin masu digiri na 12 har zuwa Nuwamba, shekara ta 2020. A cikin Zaman Ilimi na shekara ta 2019/2020, jami'ar ta canza daga tsarin Kwalejin zuwa tsarin Faculty. Hakanan a cikin wannan shekarar ilimi, jami'ar ta ƙara sabbin Makarantu guda biyu, wato Faculty of Engineering da Faculty of Environmental Sciences. Tun da farko a cikin shekarar 2017/2018, jami'ar ta fara Faculty of Law da Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences. Ilimin Injiniya Wannan kwalejin ta fara a cikin zaman ilimi na shekara ta 2019–2020 bisa amincewar hukumomin da suka cancanta. Shirye -shiryen sun haɗa da: Injiniyan Jama'a Ininiyan inji Lantarki Injiniyan lantarki Injiniyan Kwamfuta Wannan rukunin ya fara a cikin zaman ilimi na shekara ta 2020/2021 kuma ya haɗa da shirye -shirye kamar: Gine -gine Tsarin Birane Yanki Yawan Bincike Surveying Geo informatics Gudanar da Gidaje Fasahar Gini Faculty of Law Faculty of Law yana ba da digiri na doka na shekaru biyar (LL. B.) da digirin dokar shiga kai tsaye na shekaru huɗu (LL. B. Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences Kimiyyar Nursing Jiyya Physiology Anatomy Kimiyyar Kiwon Lafiyar Jiki da Kimiyyar Nursing sune Shirye -shiryen ƙwararru waɗanda ke ba da lambar yabo ta Bachelor of Physiotherapy (B.PTH) da Kimiyyar Nursing Bachelor of Nursing (B.NS) bi da bi; yayin da sauran shirye -shiryen guda biyu ke haifar da lambar yabo ta Bachelor of Science (B.Sc. Faculty of Natural Kimiyya Makarantar gida ce ga sassa biyar, wato: Kimiyyar Halittu, Kimiyyar Kimiyya, Kimiyyar Kwamfuta, Kimiyyar lissafi da Kimiyyar Jiki. Shirye -shiryen suna kaiwa ga lambar yabo ta Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.). Su ne: Microbiology Aiyuka Biology da Genetics Biochemistry Kimiyyar Masana'antu Kimiyyan na'urar kwamfuta Lissafin Masana'antu Ƙididdiga Physics tare da Lantarki Faculty of Management Kimiyya Ilimin Kimiyyar Gudanarwa yana ɗaya daga cikin kwalejoji uku (kwalejoji) waɗanda suka tashi a farkon jami'ar a lokacin karatun shekara ta 2005-2006. Shirye -shiryen sune: Ƙididdiga Gudanar da Kasuwanci Kudi Inshora Gudanar da Sufuri Talla Ilimin Kimiyyar Zamani yana ba da digiri na shekaru huɗu (BSc) da digiri na shiga kai tsaye na shekaru uku (BSc). Shirye -shiryen sune: Tattalin arziki Sadarwar Mass Kimiyyar Siyasa Gudanar da Jama'a Ilimin halin dan Adam Ilimin zamantakewa Nazarin Yawon shakatawa (wanda ya haɗa da Gudanar da Baƙi) Faculty of Humanities Kafa ashekarar ta 2005. Ya ƙunshi sassa huɗu da aka amince da su: Turanci Tarihi da Nazarin Duniya Arts Theater da Nazarin Fim Nazarin Addini Kwalejin Karatun Digiri Kwalejin Karatun Digiri ta fara a cikin shekarar ilimi ta shekara ta 2012–2013, lokacin da jami’ar ta amince da sahun farko na MA, M.Sc., da PhD. dalibai. Ya zuwa yanzu, kwalejin ta ci gaba da ba da lambar girmamawa ta gaba: PGD MA MSc MBA MMP MPhil PhD Sanannen malami Ahmed Yerima, farfesa Kiddominant, mai shirya kiɗa Manazarta Pages with unreviewed
26917	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sojojin%20Saudi%20Arebiya	Sojojin Saudi Arebiya	Royal Saudi Land Forces Al-Quwwat al-Bariyah al-Malakiyah as-Sa'udiyah reshe ne na sojojin yaƙin ƙasa na Saudiyya. Yana daga cikin Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta (Saudiyya), wanda daya 1 ne daga cikin sassa biyu 2 na soja na gwamnatin Saudiyya, tare da ma'aikatar tsaro na kasar. Tarihi Sojojin Saudiyya na zamani sun samo asali ne daga kasar Saudiyya, wacce ta faro tun a shekarar alif 1744, kuma ana daukarta a matsayin shekarar da aka kafa sojojin Saudiyya. Tun daga shekarar 1901 an sake kafa runduna ta ƙasa a matsayin wani reshe na daban na sojojin ƙasar tare da kafa kasar Saudiyya ta zamani. kuma ana daukarta a matsayin mafi dadewa a bangaren sojojin Saudiyya. Tilasta shiga aikin soja ya wanzu har zuwa lokacin da yakin Kansila ya kare. A tarihance, an kirkiri MoW ne domin hada kan sojojin kasa a karkashin ikon soja daya. Wow ya wanzu har zuwa shekarar 1933, lokacin da aka sake masa suna "Agency of Defence" a karkashin gwamnatin Ministan Kudi a matsayin wakili. A shekara ta 1944, an haɓaka Hukumar (MoD) kuma an shigar da ita cikin Sashin Bincike na Sojojin Saudiyya. Sauran abubuwan da suka haifar da fadada sojojin Saudiyya sun hada da rikicin Larabawa da Isra'ila a shekara ta 1948, faduwar Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi a juyin juya halin Iran a shekara ta 1979 da kuma fargabar yiwuwar ayyukan abokan gaba, da kuma yakin Gulf a cikin shekara ta 1990. A shekara ta 2000, gwamnatin Saudiyya ta kashe biliyoyin daloli don fadada sojojin Saudiyya ciki har da sojoji. A halin yanzu ministan tsaro ne Prince Mohammad bin Salman, wanda aka naɗa a ranar 23 watan Janairun shekara ta 2015. Yaƙe-yaƙe sun haɗa da Yaƙe-yaƙe na Najed (1744-1788) Yaƙin Mamluk (1790-1811) Yakin Ottoman-Saudi (1811-18) Yaƙin basasar Saudiyya (1865-1875) Yakin Ottoman II (1870-1871) Yakin Arwa (1883) Yaƙin Mulayda (1891) Yakin Riyad III Yaƙin Dilam (1903) Yaƙin Saudi–Rashidi (1903–07) Yakin Hadiya (1910) Yakin al-Kut (1913) Yaƙin Jarrab (1915) Yaƙin Kinzaan (1915) Yaƙin Saudi-Hashemite (1918-1919) Yaƙin Kuwait-Saudi (1919–20) Yaƙin Hail (1921) Yaƙin Saudi-Transjordan (1922) Yaƙin Hejaz II (1924-25) Tawayen Ikhwan (1927–30) Yaƙin Mutawakkili (1934) 1948 Yakin Larabawa da Isra'ila fiye da sojojin Saudiyya 3,000 ne suka shiga yaki da Isra'ila 1967 RSLF ta tura sojoji sama da 20,000 a Jordan. 1969 Al-Wadiah War Dakarun Yaman ta Kudu sun mamaye garin Al-Wadiah na Saudiyya, amma daga baya sojojin Saudiyya suka fatattake su. 1973 lokacin yakin Yom Kippur, Saudi Arabia ta kai bataliyar Panhard AML-90s masu sulke da sojoji 3,000 jirgin sama zuwa Syria kwanaki hudu bayan rikicin. Dakarun na Saudiyya sun shiga cikin wasu kananan fadace-fadace da IDF tsakanin ranakun 16-19 ga watan Oktoba, akasari a cikin hadin gwiwa da Brigade 40 na Armored na Jordan. 1979 Kamuwar Masallacin Harami Sojojin Saudiyya da SANG tare da kwamandojin Pakistan da Faransa sun kwato masallacin daga hannun 'yan ta'adda. Yaƙin Gulf (1990-91) Tare da sojojin ƙawance, sojojin Saudiyya da SANG sun taka rawa sosai a yakin Khafji da yantar da Kuwait 2007–10 Rikicin Houthi 'Yan Houthi na Yaman sun kai hari a kudancin Saudiyya inda sojojin Saudiyya suka fatattake su. 2015 Saudiyya karkashin jagorancin Saudiyya a Yemen bisa bukatar shugaban kasar Yemen na fatattakar 'yan tawayen Houthi da ke kawance da hambararren Ali Abdullah Saleh, a matsayin wani bangare na yakin basasar Yemen (2015-present) Tsarin Ƙarfi yaƙin na Sojojin Saudiyya ya ƙunshi Birged 4 Masu sulke, Mechanized 5, Infantry 2 (Rundunar Tsaro 1, Sojoji na Musamman 1). Sojojin kasar Saudiyya sun jibge Brigadi na 12 masu sulke da kuma na 6 Mechanized Brigade a garin Sarki Faisal da ke yankin Tabuka. Ta kai Brigade na 4 Armored Brigade, da kuma na 11 Mechanized Brigade a garin Sarki Abdul Aziz na Soja a yankin Khamis Mushat. Ta tura Brigade na 20 Mechanized Brigade da 8th Mechanized Brigade a garin King Khalid dake kusa da Hafr al Batin. Rundunar Mechanized Brigade ta 10 tana aiki ne a Sharawrah da ke kusa da kan iyaka da Yaman kuma mai tazarar kilomita 150 daga Zamak. Duk da ƙarin raka'a da yawa da haɓaka motsi da aka samu a cikin shekara ta 1970 da shekara ta 1980, haɗin gwiwar ma'aikatan sojojin ya ƙaru kaɗan kawai tun lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da babban gini a ƙarshen shekara ta 1960s. Sojojin sun kasance marasa ƙarfi na tsawon lokaci, a yanayin wasu rukunin da aka kiyasta kashi 30 zuwa 50 cikin ɗari. Waɗannan ƙarancin sun ta'azzara ta hanyar sassaucin manufofin da ke ba da izinin rashin zuwa da kuma babbar matsala ta riƙe ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun jami'ai (NCOs). Ci gaba da kasancewar wani jami'in tsaron kasa na daban ya kuma takaita yawan wadanda za'a dauka aikin soja. 4th (King Khaled) Brigade masu sulke 6th (Sarki Fah'd) Brigade masu sulke 7th (Prince Sultan) Brigade sulke 8th (Sarki Fah'd) Brigade masu sulke 10 (Sarki Faisal) Brigadi masu sulke Na 12 (Khalid bn al-Walid) Brigadi masu sulke Rundunar sojojin Saudiyya da aka saba tana da kamfanin leken asiri masu sulke, da bataliyoyin tanka guda uku da tankokin yaki 35 kowacce, bataliyar sojan kanikanci mai dauke da AIFVs/APC, da kuma bataliyar bindigogi masu sarrafa kanta guda 18. Har ila yau, yana da kamfanin jirgin sama na soja, kamfanin injiniya, bataliyar kayan aiki, filin bita, da kamfanin likitanci. Mechanized 11th Mechanized Brigade 12th Mechanized Brigade 13th Mechanized Brigade 14th Mechanized Brigade 20th Mechanized Brigade Rundunar sojan Saudiyya da aka saba tanada na’urar leken asiri, bataliyar tanka daya mai tankokin yaƙi guda 40, bataliyoyin sojan kanikanci uku tare da AIFVs/APC, da kuma bataliyar bindigu mai sarrafa kanta guda 18. Har ila yau, yana da kamfanin jirgin sama na soja, kamfanin injiniya, bataliyar kayan aiki, filin bita, da kamfanin likitanci. Tana da harba makamai masu linzami guda 24 da kuma sassan turmi guda huɗu tare da jimillar turmi. Sojojin sama 16th (Sarki Saudat) Brigade na Ingantattun Motoci 17th (Abu Bakr Assiddeeq) Brigade na Ingantattun Motoci 18th (Sarki Abdullah) Brigade na Ingantattun Motoci Na 19 (Umar bn Al-Khattab) Brigade na sojojin kasa mai haske Kowace rundunonin sojoji ta ƙunshi bataliyoyin mota guda uku, bataliyar bindigu, da bataliyar tallafi. Bai kamata brigads na soji su rude da brigade na National Guard na Saudiyya ba Sassan Jirgin Sama da Jami'an Tsaro na Musamman Rundunar Sojojin Sama ta 1 Bataliya ta 4 ta Airborne Bataliya ta 5 ta Airborne 64th Special Forces Brigade Bataliya ta musamman ta 85 An tura Brigade na Airborne a kusa da Tabuk. Rundunar Sojan Sama tana da bataliyoyin parachute guda biyu da na Sojoji na musamman guda uku. Saudiyya na ƙara faɗaɗa Dakarunta na Musamman da kuma inganta kayan aiki da horas da su don taimakawa wajen tunkarar barazanar ta'addanci. An mai da rundunonin soji na musamman zuwa runfunan yaki masu zaman kansu don taimakawa wajen tunkarar ‘yan ta’adda, kuma su kai rahoto ga Yarima Sultan. Bataliyoyin Makamai bataliyoyin bindigu biyar FA ta 14 (Towed, 155) Battalion FA ta 15 MLRS bataliya Bataliya ta 18 Makami mai linzami MLRS). Jirgin sama Rukunin Jirgin Sama na 1 Rukunin Jiragen Sama na 2 Rukunin Jiragen Sama na 3 Rukunin Jiragen Sama na 4 Rukunin Tsaron Sarauta daban ya ƙunshi bataliyoyin sojoji masu haske huɗu. Matsayi Ma'aikacin RSLF Kayan aiki Duba kuma Sojojin Saudiyya Royal Saudi Navy Royal Saudi Air Force Manazarta Sojoji Sojojin Iran Sojojin Saudiyya Tsaro Saudiyya Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba
16699	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auren%20Hausawa	Auren Hausawa	Ire Iren auren Hausawa Aure ya rabu kashi-kashi. Akwai auren soyayya, da auren dole/tilas da auren zumunta, da auren sadaka, da auren ɗiban wuta, da auren dangana-sannan, da auren gayya, da auren ɗiban haushi ko ɗiban takaici, da ɗiban tsiwa ko kece raini, da kashin ƙwarnafi, da sauran ire-irensu. duk ana cemasu aure.. Aure Aure na da alaƙa ce ta haliccin zaman tare tsakanin namiji da kuma mace. Ana yinsa ne saboda abinda aka haifa ya samu asali, da mutunci da kiwon iyaye. Kuma shine maganin zina da “ƴaƴa marasa iyaye”. Aure muhimmin abu ne ga al’umma. Sabili da haka akwai hanyoyi ayyanannu na tabbatar dashi.ko kuma ace, Aure alaƙa ce ta halascin zaman tare tsakanin namiji da mace, Ana yin aure domin abubuwa da dama, daga ciki akwai kariya daga zina, samun nutsuwa da kwanciyar hankali, samawa abin haihuwa (abin da aka haifa wato ɗa ko ‘ya) mutunci, da sauransu. Neman Aure Matakan neman aure sune kyautar da yaro ko iyayensa sukan kai gidansu yarinyar da yaro yake so ya nema. Sabili da haka yakan ba diyar wani abun taɓawa. Ko kuma ya kai kyautar wurin iyayenta, ko wasu waɗanda suke da dangantaka da ita, yadda zata gane cewa ana sonta. Ko kuma akai wani abu mai muhimmanci gidansu, kamar kayan na gani ina so bayan waɗannan ake ƙunshewa a ba wata tsohuwa ko wani mutum, ya kai daga nan kuma sai a bashi dama ya riƙa zuwa yana magana da yarinyan a gidansu, ko gidan wani ɗan uwanta makusanci, inda ba a yadda za ayi wata munaƙisha ko wani abu na ashhsa ba. A nan ne yake zuwa shi ko kuma tare da abokansa su zauna su tattauna tare da yarinyar. Auren soyayya shi aure na soyayya aure ne wanda saurayi ke ganin budurwa yace yana sonta da aure, itakuma sai ta amince masa, iyayenta ma su yarda da maganar, kana sai azo ayi niyyar daurin aure. Auren Dole/Tilas A nan saurayi ya kan ga yariya ne yace yana sonta da aure, amma ita bata amince masa ba. Iyayenta kuma su zartar da hukunci, watau ko suna so, ko suna ƙi. Har ma akan bada yarinya ga wanda yake sa’an mahaifinta ne. Ko kuma sa’an kakanta, alhali kuma bata so, tana da wanda take so, kuma akan nemawa saurayi budurwa ba tare da yana so ba, saboda wata alaƙa ko yarjejeniya da yake tsakanin iyayensu. Auren Zumunta Wannan aure ne wanda ake nema wa yaro ko yarinya daga cikin dagin uwa ko dangi na uba ba tare da an shawarci yaron ko yarinyar ba. Irin wannan auren, ana yinsa don ƙara danƙon zumunta tsakanin ƴan uwa. Auren Sadaka Shi auren sadaka aure ne da ake bayar da yarinya ga wani, saboda neman tubarriki, kamar irin sadakar da ake ba malamai, almajiransu, musamman idan yarinya ta girma bata samu mashinshini da wuri ba. Ana yin auren sadaka don gudun kada ta jawo wa iyayenta abin kunya wani lokaci kuma idan mutum bai sami haihuwa da wuri ba, yakanyi alƙawarin cewa, zai bada ita sadaka in ya samu, yakan ba wani, yace in ya sami Ana yin auren sadaka don gudun kada ta jawo wa iyayenta abin kunya wani lokaci kuma idan mutum bai sami haihuwa da wuri ba, yakanyi alƙawarin cewa, zai bada ita sadaka yakan ba wani, yace in ya sami ƴa’ har ta rayu zai sadaka da ita. Aure kisan Wuta Wannan auren yana kasancewa bayan miji ya saki mace saki uku, alhali kuwa matan tana son mijinta, shima yana son ta, dole sai ta auri wani mutum, kafin ta samu damar komawa zuwa ga mijinta na farko. To, auren nan da tayi, da ƙudurin cewa zata dawo wurin mijinta na da, wannan shine auren ɗiban wuta ko kashe wuta. Auren Dangana Sadaka Mutum ya kan auri matar dake zaune a gidan kanta. Sai ya zamana baza ta iya tasowa tazo gidansa ba, saboda waɗansu dalilai. Hakazalika shima ba zai iya zuwa gidanta ya zauna ba. Sai dai ya riƙa zuwa cen gidanta yana kwana. Irin wannan aure, dalilin da yasa ake kiransa dangana-sanda, saboda mai gida yana dangana sandarsa a bakin ƙofar ɗakinta ne, sannan ya shiga ya kwana. Auren Gayya Idan matar mutum ta fita, alhali kuwa yana sonta, ya dai sake ta ne don ta addabe shi, to sai yayi sauri yayi wani aure kafin ya sake ta, ko kafin ta gama idda. Ba don komai zai yi wannan auren ba sai don kawai ya fanshe haushinsa, ko kuma don kada matar ta rigashi yin wani aure.. Auren Diban Haushi ana kuma kiransa auren ɗiban takaici, ko auren tsiwa, ko na kece raini da kashin ƙwarnafi. Idan matar mutum ta dame shi da fitina, yakan takanas ya auri wata mace mai kyau ko dukiya ko asali ko addini, fiye da wacce take gidansa, ko wacce ya saki, ana yin wannan auren do kawai fanshe haushi ko ɗebe takaici ko don a gusar da wulaƙanci da raini da kuma tsiwa na ba gaira ba dalili. Lefe Tufafi ne kayan shafe-shafe, da takalma, da sauran kayayyakin adon mata, su ɗan kunne, da sarƙar wuya, da tsakin lefe, a haɗa a sa a cikin lefe, ko fantimoti. Ko kwalla ko akwati, a ba wasu mata sukai gidansu yarinya. Wani lokacin kuma akan tara lefe da yawa na masu so daban daban a ajiye har sa’ar da aka tabbatar da wanda aka ajiye har sa’ar da aka tabbatar da wanda aka ga ya dace ya aureta sa’annan a mayarwa sauran nasu, a basu hakuri da zarar yaji an tabbatar masa sai ya aika da neman sa ranan biki. Sadaki kuɗi ne wanda mace take ayyanawa a bisa ƙa’idar aure. Kuɗin da ake iya bayarwa a matsayin sadaki, ya tashi tun daga zumbar goma, watau sule da taro ko kwabo goma sha biyar, har zuwa abinda ya ninninka wannan. A wannan kuɗin yau lissafi ya kama daga kwabo goma sha biyu da rabi. Waliyyan Aure waliyyan aure sune dangi na ma’auran nan biyu, akasari iyaye ne ko WALIYYAN AURE: waliyyan aure sune dangi na ma’auran nan biyu, akasari iyaye ne ko ƴa’ƴa ko ƙanne, waɗanda suke wakiltar sashen yaro da sashen yarinya wajen ɗaurin aure. Baza a ɗaura aure ba sai da su. Shaidu Ba a daurin aure a sakaye. Dole sai mutane sun shaida. To, mutanen da suke halartar wajen ɗaurin aure, sune shaidu. Lokacin da za ayi fatiha an faɗa a kunnensu sun saurara ko sunji sun shaida cewa, an bada wance ga wane. Goro da Kudin Daurin Aure Goro da kuɗi, waɗanda ake rabawa a wajen ɗaurin auren ana baiwa dukkan waɗanda suka halarta ɗaurin auren ne. Ana bayar da kuɗin zaure, da kuɗin liman, da kuɗin tauba, sai da kakanni. Kuma ana fitar da kuɗin maroƙa da na ƙattan gari. Ana raba kuɗin ne yayin da aka taru za a shafa fatiha. Akan aikawa ƴan'uwa da masoya, da kuma abokan arziƙi za a ɗaura auren wane da wance a gidan wane. Saboda haka ana gayyatarsu ran kaza a watan kaza da lokaci kaza. Zaman Lalle Amarya takan yi ƴan kwanaki biyu ko fiye da haka tana cikin lalle, ana kaita gida-gida ana yi mata gargaɗi, a ja kunnenta kuma a riƙa koya mata waɗansu abubuwa na addini da yadda ake zamantakewan rayuwa. Kuma ƴan'uwa suna yi mata hidima don ganin damarsu da kuma son ransu, kafin ta koma zuwa gidansu ko gidan wani.. Tarewa Daga nan kuma sai shirya tarewarta a gidan miji. A ranar tarewa, sai ƴan'uwan miji mata su zo gidansu amarya suna neman a basu matarsu, har su bada wani kuɗi na sayen amaryar, sannan a naɗa wata yarinya amaryar boko, bayan tsofaffi mata sun kai amarya ta gaskiya gidan mijinta. Sai a sa wata yarinya ta zama kamar itace amarya. Har a kaita gidan miji ana ta waƙe-waƙe na addini ko na batsa, saboda gudun wata makida ko makirci ko maƙarƙashiya wanda yakan faru daga wasu Sayen Baki Bayan ƴanmata sun watse, sai abokan ango su zo don a sayi bakin amarya, sabida baza ta yi musu magana ba sai an biya. Kuma a nan ne samari sukanyi ta wasa ƙwaƙwalwa da sauran magana kala-kala. Sayen baki yakan kasance da daddare ne, a inda ake sakewa ana darawa da kuma nishaɗi. Budan Kai Wani ɗan bulaguro ne wanda amarya take yi zuwa gidansu, bayan kwana hudu, ko biyu, ko kuma ma mako ɗaya, saboda azo ayi mata jeren ɗaki, takanyi wannan ƴar ƙaura don a sami damar yi mata wasu ƴan gyare-gyare, kamar su kitso, da aski da shirye shiryen zama da mijinta.. Jere Wasu daga cikin makusantan amarya, sune zasu ɗauki ɗawainiyar gyara ɗakin amarya, suyi jere, da kafin gado, da ƙawace ɗaki, da yin wasu al’adu kamar kafi (Tsari) ko kuma addu’o’i na gargajiya, saboda fatan samun zaman lafiya da kuma kare kai. A rannan ne akan ja kunnen amarya da barin wasu munanan ɗabi’u da yin kyawawansu da dai nisantar aikata abinda zai kawo rashin jituwa a tsakaninsu. Bibiliyo Alhassan, Habib. (1980–1982). Zaman hausawa. Rabi'u Muhammad. Lagos: Islamic Publications Bureau. ISBN 978-2470-25-2. OCLC 702639483. Manazarta
35751	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webster%2C%20Burnett%20County%2C%20Wisconsin	Webster, Burnett County, Wisconsin	Webster ƙauye ne a gundumar Burnett a cikin jihar Wisconsin ta Amurka. Yawan jama'a ya kasance 653 a ƙidayar 2010. Yana kan hanyar Wisconsin Highway 35. Tarihi Ana kiran ƙauyen Clam River har zuwa 1896, lokacin da aka kafa sabon ofishin gidan waya kuma mazaunin JD Rice ya roki wakilin Amurka. John J. Jenkins don canza suna zuwa Webster, bayan masanin kamus Noah Webster. Taswira Wurin Webster yana a (45.879066, -92.365163). A cewar Ofishin Kididdiga na Amurka, ƙauyen yana da jimillar yanki na duk ta kasa. Ƙauyen Webster yana cikin garin Meenon, amma wani yanki ne na daban. Webster yana da nisan mil 65 kudu da Superior, mil 94 arewa maso gabas da Minneapolis, da mil 110 arewa maso yamma da Eau Claire Alkaluma ƙidayar 2010 Dangane da ƙidayar na 2010, akwai mutane 653, gidaje 308, da iyalai 172 da ke zaune a ƙauyen. Yawan yawan jama'a ya kasance Akwai rukunin gidaje 355 a matsakaicin yawa na Tsarin launin fata na ƙauyen ya kasance 90.4 Fari, 1.8% Ba'amurke 1.8% ta ta biyu ko fiye Hispanic ko Latino na kowace kabila sun kasance 2.0% na yawan jama'a. Magidanta 308 ne, kashi 27.9% na da ‘ya’ya ‘yan kasa da shekara 18 suna zaune tare da su, kashi 31.8% ma’aurata ne da ke zaune tare, kashi 17.5% na da mace mai gida babu miji, kashi 6.5% na da mai gida ba tare da matar aure ba. kuma 44.2% ba dangi bane. Kashi 39.9% na dukkan gidaje sun kasance mutane ne, kuma kashi 22.4% suna da wanda ke zaune shi kaɗai wanda ya kai shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Matsakaicin girman gidan ya kasance 2.12 kuma matsakaicin girman dangi shine 2.76. Tsakanin shekarun ƙauyen ya kai shekaru 40.3. 24.2% na mazauna kasa da shekaru 18; 6% sun kasance tsakanin shekarun 18 zuwa 24; 24.3% sun kasance daga 25 zuwa 44; 23.9% sun kasance daga 45 zuwa 64; kuma 21.6% sun kasance shekaru 65 ko fiye. Tsarin jinsi na ƙauyen ya kasance 43.6% na maza da 56.4% mata. Ƙididdigar 2000 Dangane da ƙidayar na 2000, akwai mutane 653, gidaje 302, da iyalai 176 da ke zaune a ƙauyen. Yawan yawan jama'a ya kasance mutane 367.8 a kowace murabba'in mil (141.6/km 2 Akwai rukunin gidaje 327 a matsakaicin yawa na 184.2/sq mi (70.9/km 2 Tsarin launin fata na ƙauyen ya kasance 90.51% Fari, 0.46% Ba'amurke, 5.05% Ba'amurke, 0.46% Asiya, da 3.52% daga jinsi biyu ko fiye. Hispanic ko Latino na kowace kabila sun kasance 0.31% na yawan jama'a. Akwai gidaje 302, daga cikinsu kashi 28.1% na da ‘ya’ya ‘yan kasa da shekara 18 da suke zaune tare da su, kashi 40.4% ma’aurata ne da ke zaune tare, kashi 15.6% na da mace mai gida babu miji, kashi 41.4% kuma ba iyali ba ne. Kashi 38.1% na dukkan gidaje sun kasance mutane ne, kuma kashi 27.8% suna da wanda ke zaune shi kaɗai wanda ya kai shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Matsakaicin girman gidan ya kasance 2.16 kuma matsakaicin girman dangi shine 2.88. A cikin ƙauyen, yawan jama'a ya bazu, tare da 25.0% 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 18, 8.0% daga 18 zuwa 24, 22.5% daga 25 zuwa 44, 17.2% daga 45 zuwa 64, da 27.4% waɗanda ke da shekaru 65 ko kuma mazan. Tsakanin shekarun ya kasance shekaru 40. Ga kowane mata 100, akwai maza 76.0. Ga kowane mata 100 masu shekaru 18 zuwa sama, akwai maza 75.0. Matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na gida a ƙauyen shine $29,432, kuma matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na dangi shine $35,288. Maza suna da matsakaicin kudin shiga na $28,214 sabanin $21,500 na mata. Kudin shiga kowane mutum na ƙauyen shine $15,411. Kusan 5.8% na iyalai da 9.9% na yawan jama'a sun kasance ƙasa da layin talauci, gami da 15.4% na waɗanda ke ƙasa da shekaru 18 da 9.4% na waɗanda shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Mulki Shugaban kauyen: Jeff Roberts Amintattun Kauye: Sarah Kasadi Kelsey Gustafson Timothy Maloney ne adam wata Darrell Sears Greg Widiker Kevin "Charlie" Weis Magatakarda/Ma'aji na Kauye: Debra Doriott-Kuhnly Shugaban 'yan sanda: Stephenie Wedin Shugaban kashe gobara: Alan Steiner Alkalin Kotun Municipal: Brian Sears Magatakardar Kotun Municipal: Tessa Anderson Daraktan Ayyukan Jama'a: Jay Heyer Mahimmanci: Steve Nordquist Ilimi Ƙauyen Webster yanki ne na gundumar Makaranta na Webster. Gundumar makarantar ta haɗa da Webster Middle-High School, hidimar maki 5–12, da Makarantar Elementary ta Webster, tana ba da maki K-4. Gundumar ta sanya ɗalibai 655 a cikin 2017-2018. Gundumar Makarantar Webster ta rufe kusan mil mil 550 na ƙasar, galibi a cikin gundumar Burnett, tare da ƙaramin yanki a kudu maso yammacin Douglas County Ita ce gunduma ta biyu mafi girma a cikin Jihar Wisconsin, dangane da yankin yanki. Dalibai sun fito daga ƙauyen Webster, Garin Meenon, Garin Swiss, Community of Danbury, Town of Dairyland, da sauran garuruwa da yawa, da kuma ƙasar Indiyawan St. Croix Chippewa na Wisconsin Fitattun mutane Mary Mack ɗan wasan barkwanci, mawaƙa, kuma yar wasan kwaikwayo Jarrod Washburn tulu don Mala'ikun Los Angeles Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Webster, Wisconsin Cibiyar Kasuwanci Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
51624	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Attias	Richard Attias	Richard Attias (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Nuwamba 1959) ɗan Morocco mai gabatar da abubuwan ne, wanda ya kafa kuma tsohon shugaban PublicisLive kuma a halin yanzu shine shugaban zartarwa na Richard Attias da Associates. Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa The New York Forum kuma wanda ya kafa Global Clinton Initiative da taron masu lashe lambar yabo ta Nobel. Daga shekarun 1995 zuwa 2008, ya kasance babban mai shirya taron Davos Forum. Fage An haifi Attias a cikin dangin Yahudawa na Moroko a birnin Fes na daular. Ya kammala karatu a matsayin injiniyan farar hula daga Institut national des sciences appliquées de Toulouse, kuma ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin Lissafi da Physics daga Jami'ar Paris. Ya fara aikinsa a matsayin babban jami'in tallace-tallace a IBM Faransa kuma a shekarar 1986 ya zama babban manajan Econocom France da Econocom Japan, kamfanin hayar kwamfuta. A cikin shekarun 1990s, Attias ya kafa Kamfanin Gudanar da Abubuwan da suka faru kuma ya samar da abubuwa daban-daban na duniya ciki har da Inshorar Zurich, taron bunkasa tattalin arzikin Masar don Gwamnatin Masar, IBM, tarurruka da kuma ziyarar Boris Yeltsin a Faransa. Attias ya sayar da wani ɓangare na kamfaninsa zuwa Publicis a shekarar 1998 kuma ya kafa kamfani wanda ya samar da abubuwan da suka faru ga abokan ciniki daban-daban ciki har da IBM, l'Oreal, Unilever, BT, Avaya, Lenovo, EDF, Sanofi-Aventis, da gwamnatoci daban-daban. An nada Attias shugaban kwamitin Publicis Dialog wanda ya hada ayyukan Publicis Events da kuma hidimar tallace-tallace iri-iri. A 2004, Attias ya koma New York kuma ya zama shugaban Publicis Events Worldwide. Attias shi ne shugaban Hukumar Ba da Shawarwari na Cibiyar Jari hujja da Jama'a daga shekarun 2009 zuwa 2010. A shekarar, Attias ya kafa Richard Attias da Associates, kamfani mai ba da shawara kan dabarun, inda yake aiki a matsayin shugaban zartarwa. A cikin watan Disamba 2013, WPP, Kamfanin sabis na tallace-tallace na duniya, ya dauki nauyin 30% a RA A. A cikin watan Janairu 2019, WPP ta sayar da hannun jari ga masu hannun jarin RA&A. Tun daga watan Oktoba 2013, Attias memba ne na Majalisar Ba da Shawara ta 4Afrika, kwamitin masu ba da shawara na waje wanda ke da alhakin jagorantar dabarun saka hannun jari ta Microsoft 4Afrika Initiative. Dandalin New York A shekara ta 2010, ya kafa The New York Forum, taron shekara-shekara don inganta jagorancin tattalin arziki da dandalin New York AFRICA a 2012. Taron farko na AFRICA na New York ya gudana a Libreville, Gabon, daga 8 zuwa 10 ga watan Yuni. An gudanar da bugu na huɗu na Dandalin New York a ɗakin karatu na Jama'a na NY a ranar 21 ga watan Satumba 2014. Manyan batutuwa biyu na tattaunawa sune 'Shin fasahar technology na kashe ayyuka?' da 'Mene ne tasirin tattalin arzikin canjin yanayi zai kasance?' A ranar 19 ga watan Mayu, 2020, Cibiyar Zaure ta New York ta shirya zagaye na farko mai taken "World Resilient: Kiran Afirka don Sabon Tsarin Duniya," tare da shugabannin Afirka biyar. Dandalin Doha Goals A shekarar 2012, ya kaddamar da dandalin Doha GOALS, taron shugabannin wasanni, wanda manufarsa ita ce amfani da wasanni a matsayin kayan ci gaba. Sauran shirye-shirye A shekara ta 2008, an nada Attias mai ba da shawara na musamman ga Masarautar Dubai don samar da cikakkiyar dabara don sanya birnin ya zama makoma ga manyan taro, da al'adu da wasanni. Daga ranakun 5 zuwa 7 ga watan Fabrairu, 2014, bugu na farko na Dandalin Gina Afirka ya gudana a Brazzaville (Jamhuriyar Kongo). Kamfanin RA&A ne ya shirya shi a karkashin Babban Jagora na Denis Sassou Nguesso, Shugaban Jamhuriyar Kongo, shi ne babban taron kasuwanci da saka hannun jari na kasa da kasa da aka mayar da hankali kan ababen more rayuwa a Afirka. RA&A sun shirya taron koli na XVth Francophonie, taron biennal na Kungiyar Internationale de la Francophonie (OIF). An gudanar da taron ne a birnin Dakar na kasar Senegal a shekarar 2014, tare da mahalarta kusan 3000. A karon farko, an kammala taron ta hanyar dandalin tattalin arziki tsakanin 1-2 Disamba. A lokacin wannan taron, shugabannin siyasa da yawa, da Shugabannin sun ba da shawarar ƙarfafa alaƙa tsakanin wannan al'umma, kamar Macky Sall, Alain Juppé, ko Thierry Breton. A shekara ta 2015, ya shirya taron bunkasa tattalin arzikin Masar. Rayuwa ta sirri A shekara ta 2008, Attias ya auri tsohuwar uwargidan shugaban Faransa, Cecilia Ciganer-Albeniz. Ya rayu a Faransa, Switzerland, Japan, Dubai da New York. Har ila yau, Attias yana aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban gidauniyar mata ta Cecilia Attias, wanda ke tallafawa ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da aka sadaukar don inganta jin daɗin mata da daidaito a duk duniya. Attias ya kammala karatunsa a fannin injiniyan farar hula a Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta kasa ta appliquées de Toulouse, kuma ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin lissafi da kimiyyar lissafi daga Jami'ar Paris. Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1959 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
40893	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Darwin	Charles Darwin	Charles Robert Darwin FRS FRGS FLS FZS JP rwɪn/ DAR-win; 12 ga watan Fabrairu 1809 -19 Afrilu 1882) ɗan asalin ƙasar Ingila ne, naturalist, kuma masanin ilimin halitta, wanda aka fi sani da gudummawarsa ga ilimin halitta. Shawarwarinsa na cewa dukkan nau'in rayuwa sun fito daga kakanni guda yanzu gabaɗaya an yarda da su kuma ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin babban ra'ayi a kimiyya. A cikin littafin haɗin gwiwa tare da Alfred Russel Wallace, ya gabatar da ka'idarsa ta kimiyya cewa wannan tsarin reshe na juyin halitta ya samo asali ne daga wani tsari da ya kira zaɓin yanayi, wanda gwagwarmayar wanzuwar yana da irin wannan tasiri ga zaɓin wucin gadi da ke cikin zaɓin kiwo. An bayyana Darwin a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan mutane a tarihin dan Adam kuma an karrama shi ta hanyar binne shi a Westminster Abbey. Sha'awar Darwin a farkon yanayi ya sa ya yi watsi da ilimin likitancinsa a Jami'ar Edinburgh; maimakon haka, ya taimaka wajen bincikar invertebrates na teku. Karatunsa a Jami'ar Cambridge's College daga 1828 zuwa 1831 ya ƙarfafa sha'awar ilimin kimiyyar halitta. Tafiyarsa ta shekaru biyar akan HMS Beagle daga 1831 zuwa 1836 ya kafa Darwin a matsayin fitaccen naturalist wanda abin lura da ka'idojinsa suka goyi bayan tunanin Charles Lyell na sauyin yanayin a hankali. Buga littafinsa na tafiya ya sanya Darwin shahara a matsayin mashahurin marubuci. Da yake cike da mamakin yadda ake rarraba namun daji da burbushin halittu da ya tattara a tafiyar, Darwin ya fara bincike dalla-dalla kuma, a cikin shekarar 1838, ya kirkiro ka'idar zabin yanayi. Ko da yake ya tattauna ra'ayoyinsa tare da masana halitta da yawa, yana buƙatar lokaci don bincike mai zurfi kuma aikinsa na ilimin ƙasa yana da fifiko. Yana rubuta ka'idarsa a cikin shekarar 1858 lokacin da Alfred Russel Wallace ya aika masa da maƙala wanda ya bayyana irin wannan ra'ayi, wanda ya haifar da mika kai tsaye ga haɗin gwiwa na duka ka'idodinsu ga Linnean Society of London. Ayyukan Darwin sun kafa zuriyar juyin halitta tare da gyare-gyare a matsayin babban bayanin kimiyya na bambance-bambancen yanayi. A cikin shekarar 1871, ya bincika juyin halittar ɗan adam da zaɓin jima'i a cikin Descent na Mutum, da Zaɓin Game da Jima'i, sannan kuma The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals (1872). An buga bincikensa game da tsire-tsire a cikin jerin littattafai, kuma a cikin littafinsa na ƙarshe, <i id="mwZg">The Formation of Vegetable Mould, ta hanyar Actions of Worms</i> (1881), ya bincika tsutsotsin ƙasa da tasirinsu akan ƙasa. Darwin ya wallafa ka'idarsa ta juyin halitta tare da kwararan hujjoji a cikin littafinsa na 1859 on the origin Species. A cikin shekarar 1870s, al'ummar kimiyya da yawancin jama'a masu ilimi sun yarda da juyin halitta a matsayin gaskiya. Duk da haka, mutane da yawa sun fi son bayanin gasa wanda ya ba da ƙaramin matsayi ga zaɓin yanayi, kuma sai da fitowar fasahar juyin halitta ta zamani daga shekarun 1930 zuwa 1950 aka sami babban yarjejeniya wanda zaɓin yanayi shine tushen tsarin juyin halitta. Binciken kimiyya na Darwin shine ka'idar haɗin kai na ilimomin rayuwa, yana bayyana bambancin rayuwa. Tarihin Rayuwa Ƙuruciya da ilimi An haifi Charles Robert Darwin a Shrewsbury, Shropshire, a ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairu 1809, a gidan danginsa, The Mount. Shi ne na biyar cikin yara shida na likitan al'umma kuma mai kudi Robert Darwin da Susannah Darwin (née Wedgwood). Kakansa Erasmus Darwin da Josiah Wedgwood dukansu fitattun masu abolitionist. Erasmus Darwin ya yaba da babban ra'ayi na juyin halitta da zuriya na gama gari a cikin Zoonomia (1794), shaci-fadi na waka na halitta sannu a hankali gami da ra'ayoyin da ba su ci gaba ba da ke hasashen hasashen jikansa ya faɗaɗa. Duk iyalai biyu sun kasance masu haɗin kai, kodayake Wedgwoods suna ɗaukar Anglicanism. Robert Darwin, da kansa a hankali mai tunani, ya haifi jariri Charles baftisma a watan Nuwamba 1809 a Cocin Anglican St Chad's Church, Shrewsbury, amma Charles da 'yan uwansa sun halarci ɗakin cocin Unitarian tare da mahaifiyarsu. Charles ɗan shekara takwas ya riga ya ɗanɗana tarihin halitta da tattarawa lokacin da ya shiga makarantar ranar da mai wa'azinta ke gudanarwa a 1817. A watan Yuli, mahaifiyarsa ta rasu. Daga Satumba 1818, ya haɗu da ɗan'uwansa Erasmus don halartar Makarantar Anglican Shrewsbury da ke kusa a matsayin ɗan kwana. Darwin ya shafe lokacin rani na 1825 a matsayin likita mai koyo, yana taimaka wa mahaifinsa ya yi wa matalauta Shropshire, kafin ya tafi Jami'ar Edinburgh Medical School mai daraja tare da ɗan'uwansa Erasmus a watan Oktoba 1825. Darwin ya sami lakcoci maras kyau da tiyata da damuwa, don haka ya yi watsi da karatunsa. Ya koyi taxidermy a cikin kusan sa'o'i 40 na yau da kullun daga John Edmonstone, bawan da aka 'yantar da shi wanda ya raka Charles Waterton a cikin dajin Kudancin Amurka. A cikin shekara ta biyu na Darwin a jami'a, ya shiga ƙungiyar Plinian Society, ƙungiyar ɗalibi ta tarihin halitta da ke nuna muhawara mai ɗorewa wanda ɗaliban dimokuradiyya masu tsattsauran ra'ayi masu ra'ayin jari-hujja suka ƙalubalanci ra'ayoyin addini na addini. Ya taimaka binciken Robert Edmond Grant game da yanayin jikin mutum da yanayin rayuwar marine invertebrates a cikin Firth of Forth, kuma a ranar 27 ga Maris 1827 ya gabatar a Plinian binciken kansa cewa baƙar fata da aka samu a cikin bawoyi na kawa sune qwai na skate leech. Wata rana, Grant ya yaba da ra'ayoyin juyin halitta na Lamarck. Darwin ya yi mamakin bajintar Grant, amma kwanan nan ya karanta irin wannan ra'ayi a cikin mujallun kakansa Erasmus. Darwin ya fi gundura da tafarkin tarihin dabi'a na Robert Jameson, wanda ya rufe ilimin geology-gami da muhawara tsakanin Neptunism da Plutonism. Ya koyi rarrabuwa na tsire-tsire, kuma ya taimaka tare da aiki a kan tarin kayan tarihi na Jami'ar, daya daga cikin manyan gidajen tarihi a Turai a lokacin. Sakaci da Darwin na karatun likitanci ya fusata mahaifinsa, wanda cikin hikima ya tura shi Kwalejin Kristi, Cambridge a cikin Janairu 1828, don yin karatun digiri na farko a matsayin matakin farko na zama ɗan ƙasar Anglican. Darwin bai cancanci yin jarrabawar Tripos na Cambridge ba, kuma a maimakon haka an buƙaci ya shiga kwas ɗin digiri na yau da kullun. Ya fi son hawa da harbi fiye da karatu. Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
25115	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masallacin%20Jameh%20na%20Isfahan	Masallacin Jameh na Isfahan	Masallacin Jāmeh na Isfahān ko Masallacin Jāme 'na Isfahān (Farisanci: Masjid-e-Jāmeh Isfahān), wanda kuma aka sani da Masallacin Atiq da Masallacin Juma'a na Isfahān taro ne mai tarihi masallaci (Jāmeh) na Isfahan, Iran. Masallacin ya kasance sakamakon ci gaba da gine -gine, sake ginawa, ƙari da sabuntawa a wurin daga kusan 771 zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 20. Ana iya samun Babbar Bazaar Isfahan zuwa reshen masallacin kudu maso yamma. Ta kasance cibiyar rabon kayan tarihi ta UNESCO tun daga shekarar 2012. Tana daya daga cikin manya -manyan kuma muhimman abubuwan tarihi na gine -ginen Musulunci a Iran.. Tarihi Tarihin farko An gina masallaci na farko a wannan wuri wajen shekara ta 771, a zamanin halifan Abbasiyawa Al-Mansur. Wannan ginin na farko ya kasance ƙarami kaɗan, yana auna kimanin 52 zuwa 90 mita. An gina shi a cikin bulo-bulo kuma yana da kayan ado na stucco a cikin salon Syro-Mesopotamian na gine-ginen Abbasid. Daga nan aka maye gurbin babban masallacin a 840-841 lokacin mulkin Al-Mu'utasim. Wannan sabon ginin ya auna kusan 88 da mita 128 kuma yana da alkibla daban -daban fiye da ta farko. Tana da babban farfajiya ta tsakiya da ke kewaye da gidan arcade da zauren zane -zane na ginshiƙan bulo da aka gasa wanda ke tallafawa ko dai rufin lebur ko rufin bulo. Zauren hypostyle, ya kasance mai zurfi biyu a gefen bangarorin, zurfin bisan huɗu a gefe daura da alƙibla (arewa maso yamma), da zurfin rufa'i shida a gefen alƙibla inda babban ɗakin sallah yake. Titin da ke jagorantar mihrab na masallacin ya dan fi sauran hanyoyin rataya. Babu wata alama da ke nuna cewa sabon masallacin yana da minaret, duk da kasancewar wannan fasali a sauran masallatan wannan lokacin. A ƙarƙashin ikon daular Buyid (ƙarni na 10 zuwa 11) an ƙara wani gidan kayan gargajiya na bulo na polylobed kewaye da farfajiyar, a gaban farfajiyar farfajiyar gidan data kasance. Maimakon kayan adon stucco na baya, an yi wa sabbin abubuwan ƙarin ado tare da ƙirar da aka ƙera da tubalin da aka shimfida a cikin da'irori, sifofin lu'u -lu'u, zigzags, da sauran ƙirar geometric mai kama da aikin tubalin da aka samu a cikin wasu abubuwan tarihi daga lokacin Buyid. Ba a tabbatar da takamaiman ranar da za a yi wannan gyaran ba amma wasu na kimantawa da shi a kusa da 975 ko ƙarshen karni na 10. Lokacin Seljuk Babban gyare -gyare na masallaci na gaba ya faru a ƙarƙashin tallafin Seljuks. Isfahan ya zama babban birni na farko na Daular Seljuk bayan cin nasararsa a 1050. Seljuks sun canza madaidaicin daidaituwa da daidaiton tsarin ginin hypostyle, da farko ta maye gurbin ginshiƙai a gaban mihrab (a gefen kudu na masallacin) tare da babban ɗaki a cikin 1086 87. Anyi hakan ne a ƙarƙashin tallafin Nizam al-Mulk, sanannen vizier na Malik Shah. Sabuwar kumburin ita ce mafi girman rumbu a cikin duniyar Islama a lokacin. Yana da hakarkarinsa guda takwas kuma ana tallafa masa akan manyan katako. Har ila yau, ta gabatar da wani sabon salo, wanda ya kunshi rumfar ganga da aka sanya sama da gidaje biyu na kwata, wanda aka kwafa a wasu masallatai jim kadan bayan haka. Wataƙila an yi niyyar sararin samaniya don yin aiki azaman maksura, yankin da aka keɓe ga sarkin musulmi da mukarrabansa yayin sallah. A shekara ta 1088–89 abokin hamayyar Nizam al-Mulk Taj al-Mulk ne ya gina wani rumbu a arewacin masallacin. Ayyukan wannan ɗaki mai ɗaki ba shi da tabbas. Kodayake yana gefen arewa zuwa kudu, yana waje da iyakokin masallacin. An dauki dome a matsayin fitaccen tsarin gine -ginen Iran na da. Sabanin dome mai sauƙaƙƙiya mai ƙyalli guda takwas na Nizam al-Mulk, dome na arewa yana haɗe haƙarƙarin haƙarƙarin da pentagons da alamu tauraro biyar da ke nuna kumbon, babban ci gaban fasaha da na ado. Ƙananan bangon ɗakin suna da haske da kyan gani, yayin da abubuwa daban-daban na bango da kumburi suma sun fi dacewa a tsaye, suna kai duban mutum sama. Babban matakin canji na gaba ya faru a farkon karni na 12, wataƙila bayan wuta ta lalata masallacin a 1121-22. Don haɓaka kusanci zuwa ɗakin da aka mamaye na mihrab, wanda ke tsaye a keɓe a cikin babban zauren hypostyle, an maye gurbin sararin da ke tsakanin kumburin da farfajiyar da babban iwan (babban zauren da ke buɗe gefe ɗaya). Wannan babban zauren da aka ajiye ganga yana buɗewa zuwa farfajiyar a gefe ɗaya kuma yana kaiwa zuwa madaidaicin zauren ta wata ƙofar a gefe ɗaya. Don yabawa, masu ginin sun ƙirƙira wasu manyan iwan guda uku a tsakiyar junan farfajiyar. Iwan kudancin farfajiyar (wanda ke kaiwa ga mihrab) an rarrabe shi da sauran iwans ta hanyar girma da ƙawata da manyan matakan muqarnas (abun da ke daɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗɗen geometrical na alkuki). Waɗannan sauye-sauyen sun haifar da ba wa masallacin fasali na iwan huɗu na yanzu, nau'in shimfida wanda daga baya ya zama ruwan dare a Iran da sauran sassan duniyar Musulunci. Baya ga iwan huɗu, an gyara ragowar bayin tsoffin dakunan da aka yi amfani da su da kayan kwalliya. Akwai kusan 200 na waɗannan ƙananan ramuka kuma dukkansu suna da zane -zane daban -daban kuma suna nuna nau'ikan kayan adon geometric iri -iri. Wataƙila wasu daga cikin wannan aikin an yi su ne a ƙarshen ƙarni na 11 ko farkon ƙarni na 12, amma tsarin gine -ginen anan ba a sani ba kuma da yawa tasoshin na iya zuwa daga lokuta daban -daban na gyara da gyara. Canje -canje da ƙari daga baya Bayan wannan, canje -canjen da aka yi a baya zuwa masallaci sun fi iyaka. Duk da haka, kusan kowane lokaci ana ganin wasu ayyukan da aka yi akan masallacin, wanda ke nuna canjin buƙatun al'umma da sauye -sauyen sabbin sarakuna. A ƙarƙashin sarkin Ilkhanid Uljaytu (r. 1304–1317), an raba gidan arcade kusa da farfajiyar gidan a tsaye zuwa matakai biyu, kamar yadda ya bayyana a yau. Uljaytu kuma ya ƙirƙiri wani ɗakin sallah mai kusurwa huɗu ko “zauren hunturu” da ke gefen arewa na yammacin masallacin. An rufe wannan zauren da jerin manyan ramuka masu wuce gona da iri, yayin da bangonsa na kudu ke da siffa ta stucco mihrab mai tsawon shekaru 1310. A karkashin Muzaffarids an saka madrasa, wanda aka fi sani da Madrasa Muzaffarid, a gabashin masallacin da wani dakin addu’a a yamma, duka bayan tsohon bangon masallacin na waje. Qutb al-Din Shah Mahmud, gwamnan Isfahan (r. 1358–1375) ne ya yi wannan aikin wanda ya yi jayayya da kursiyin tare da ɗan'uwansa Shah Shuja. A cikin karni na 15 canje -canje sun iyakance ga gyare -gyare daban -daban. An sake gina rufin rufin ɗakin addu'ar Uljaytu kuma da yawa daga cikin ƙananan ramuka da rumfunan zauren na iya farawa daga wannan lokacin. An kara sabon zauren sallah a kusurwar kudu maso gabas. Façade na farfajiyar farfajiyar gidan kuma an ci gaba da yin ado da aikin tile. Musamman, kayan aikin katako mai ɗimbin yawa wanda ke rufe facade na kudancin iwan a yau an ƙara shi a ƙarƙashin tallafin masarautar Aq Qoyunlu Uzun Hasan a 1475-6. Yawancin sarakunan Safawiyya sun yi aiki a kan masallacin, ban da Shah Abbas na I wanda ya shagala da sabbin gine-ginensa a kewayen Dandalin Naqsh-e Jahan. A cikin wannan lokacin an fadada wasu sassan dakunan addu'o'in kuma an kara sabon tukunyar tayal da minarets. An maye gurbin zauren sallar Muzaffarid da ke gefen yamma tare da babban “zauren sallar hunturu” a wannan lokacin, wanda aka bambanta ta da fadi -fadi. An yi ƙarin gyare -gyare da sabuntawa a ƙarƙashin sarakunan Afsharid da Qajar daga baya har zuwa zamani.. Na yanzu Masallaci a yau yana hade da salo daban -daban da lokutan da aka haɗe cikin gini guda ɗaya, wanda ba za a iya yin cikakken bayani a koyaushe ba. Yankinsa yanzu ya cika sosai da abubuwan da ke kewaye da kasuwar bazara da tsohon birni, wanda hakan yana ba da façade na waje kaɗan. Manazarta Kara karantawa A. Gabriel: 'Le Masdjid-i Djum‛a d’Isfahān', A. Islam., ii (1935), pp. 11–44 A. Godard: 'Historique du Masdjid-i Djum‛a d’Isfahan', Āthār-é Īrān, i (1936), pp. 213–82 André Godard, "La mosquée du vendredi." L'Oeil revue d'art. No. 19/20. July/August 1956. p. 45. E. Galdieri: Iṣfahān: Masǧid-i Ǧum‛a, 3 vols (Rome, 1972–84) E. Galdieri: 'The Masǧid-i Ǧum‛a Isfahan: An Architectural Façade of the 3rd Century H.', A. Archaeol. Res. Pap., vi (1974), pp. 24–34 U. Scerrato: 'Notice préliminaire sur les recherches archéologiques dans la Masgid-i Jum‛a d’Isfahan', Farhang-i mi‛mārī-yi Īrān, iv (1976), pp. 15–18 O. Grabar: The Great Mosque of Isfahan (New York,1990) S.S.Blair: The Monumental Inscriptions from Early Islamic Iran and Transoxiana (Leiden, 1992), pp. 160–67 Hanyoyin waje Masjid-i Jami' (Isfahan) at ArchNet (includes a large number of pictures of nearly every part of the