id
stringlengths 4
5
| url
stringlengths 31
140
| title
stringlengths 1
79
| text
stringlengths 4.27k
110k
|
|---|---|---|---|
50056 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asma%20Lamrabet | Asma Lamrabet | Asma Lamrabet Rabat, Maroko, 1961) likita ce'yar Morocco,ƴar mata ta Islama,ƙwararriya kuma marubuciya.
Rayuwa ta sirri An haifi Asma Lamrabet a Rabat.A halin yanzu tana zaune a Rabat, Maroko.Ta ɗauki karatunta a matsayin na bazata. Ta yi aure da da daya.
Sana'a An horar da ta a fannin likitanci, Sana'ta yi aiki a matsayin likita na sa kai a Spain da Latin Amurka Sana.Ta tafi aiki a Chile da Mexico na tsawon shekaru takwas tun daga (1995).Ta haɗu a can tare da Tauhidin Liberation,wanda ya sa ta bincika addininta. Daga shekarar 2004 zuwa shekarar 2007,ta koma kasar Maroko, inda ta tara gungun mata musulmi masu sha'awar yin bincike da tunani kan addinin muslunci da tattaunawa tsakanin al'adu.
A shekara ta 2008,ta zama shugabar kasa kuma memba na kungiyar Nazarin Duniya da Tunanin Mata da Musulunci (GIERFI),wanda ke Barcelona. GIERFI tana da membobi da masana daga akalla kasashe takwas da suka hada da Ingila da Faransa da Amurka da kuma Maroko.Manufar su ita ce su taimaka wajen haifar da sabuwar fahimtar musulmi ta mace. A tsawon wannan lokacin,ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin likita,wanda ya kware akan cututtukan jini a asibitin yara na Rabat. A (2011) ta zama Daraktar Nazarin da Cibiyar Bincike kan Matsalolin Mata a Musulunci ta (Rabita Mohammadia des Ulemas) karkashin jagorancin Sarki Mohammad VIIA matsayin darekta,ta shirya taron karawa juna sani na kasa da kasa ga mata a fadin manyan addinan Ibrahim guda uku. Ita ce marubuciyar littattafai biyar (a cikin Faransanci)..An fi saninta da Musulmane tout simplement Ta buga kasidun Ingilishi da Faransanci da ke binciko batutuwan da ke jawo cece-kuce,kamar auratayya tsakanin addinai da gyara addini,a cikin mahallin musulmi.
'Yar mata ce ta hanya ta uku wacce take bitar nassosin Musulunci masu tsarki.An kwatanta ta da Amina Wadud da Margot Badran saboda akidar da suke da ita cewa fassarar da ke tattare da Shari'ar Musulunci tun karni na 9 sun wuce kima kuma dole ne a sake fassara su. Lamrabet ya kuma ambata Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak a matsayin ilhama ta hankali don tsayayya da hegemony na yammacin mata.
Hanya na uku na mata "Hanyar Uku" kalma ce da Doris H.Gray ya kirkira kuma hanya ce ta 'yan Adam ta addinin musulunci.Yana ƙoƙarin sake haɗa ƙungiyoyin Islama guda biyu waɗanda "suna tsammanin samuwar wani tsari na asali na dabi'un ɗan adam wanda ya kai kan iyakoki da al'adu". A halin yanzu, masu son mata na Moroko ne ke amfani da shi. Lamrabet da takwarorinta na sake fassara litattafai masu tsarki domin su nuna mata a matsayin masu zaman kansu maimakon dangantaka da maza. Ayyukan Lamrabet misali ne na yadda za a yi amfani da tsarin mata na hanya ta uku, domin tana nazarin litattafai masu tsarki a cikin hanyar ilimi,tare da tunawa da yanayin al'ada da aka rubuta su. Har ila yau,Lamrabet ya yi imani da wani nau'i na zaman lafiya wanda ya samo asali a cikin Musulunci,maimakon tunanin Yammacin Turai.Ta yi imanin cewa bai kamata a yi amfani da addini don amfanin kai ko na siyasa ba.
Suka Ayyukanta sun harzuka masu suka da cewa wannan hanyar ba ta magance muhimman batutuwa,kamar cin zarafin mata da auren mata fiye da yadda ya kamata.Wani suka kuma ya yi nuni da cewa ƴan mata na uku ba su da isasshen ilimin tauhidi da asali don fassara daidaitattun nassosi. An kwatanta aikinta a matsayin ra'ayi da rauni na tsari. An ce aikinta ya kasance "iyaka kan irin tsattsauran ra'ayin Islama da aka saba da ita daga 'yar gwagwarmayar siyasar Musulunci ta Moroko,Nadia Yassine kuma aikinta na ainihi "an riga ya kasance a cikin muhawarar zamantakewar zamantakewa".
Kyauta A cikin 2013, Ƙungiyar Mata ta Larabawa ta ba ta lambar yabo ta Social Sciences don littafinta,Femmes et hommes dans le Coran: quelle égalité? Littattafai Lamrabet ya rubuta littattafai guda biyar:
Musulmane tout simplement wanda aka buga a cikin 2002 ta Bugun Tawhid,Aïcha
Epouse du Prophète ou l'Islam au na mata, wanda aka buga a 2004 ta Editions Tawhid
Le Coran da kuma mata une lecture de Liberation published in 2007 by Editions Tawhid
Mata Musulunci. Occident: chemins vers l'universel wanda aka buga a cikin 2011 ta Séguier
'Yan mata da maza da Coran: yaya za a yi? An buga shi a cikin 2012 ta Editions al-Bouraq
Mata A Cikin Kur'ani: Karatun 'Yanci An Buga a 2016 by Square view.
Manazarta Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan |
16482 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazidi | Yazidi | Yazidi (kuma ana rubutawa kamar Yezidis /j ə z na d i z Kurdish) suna cikin haɗari kuma galibi suna magana ne da harshen Kurman ci 'yan tsiraru, yan asalin yankin zuwa Mesopotamia na Upperasar. Mafi yawan Yazidis da suka rage a Gabas ta Tsakiya a yau suna zaune ne a yankunan arewacin Iraki da ake takaddama a kan su, musamman a cikin gwamnonin Nineveh da Dohuk. Akwai sabani a kan ko Yazidis ne a addinin rukuni na Kurdawa ko wani jinsin na haɗaka tsakanin ƙabila da addini kungiyar, tsakanin malamai da kuma Kurdawa da kuma Yazidis kansu. Addinin Yazidi yana da tauhidi kuma ana iya samo shi daga tsoffin addinan Mesopotamia. A cikin watan Agustan shekara ta 2014, Yazidis sun zama wadanda ke fama da kisan kare dangi daga Daular Islama ta Iraki da Levant a yakin da take yi na kawar da tasirin da ba na Musulunci ba.
Asali Sunan Yazidis na kansu Êzîdî ko, a wasu yankuna, Dasinî, kodayake na ƙarshen, tsananin magana, suna ne na ƙabila. Asalin Yazidawa suna cikin duhu. Wasu malaman yamma sun samo sunan ne daga Halifa Umayyawa Yazīd bn āwiya (Yazid I). Koda yake, duk Yazidawa sun yi watsi da duk wata alakar da ke tsakanin sunansu da halifancin. Kalmar "Yazidi" na nufin "bawan mahalicci". Sauran masana sun samo shi ne daga tsohuwar yazata ta Iran, yazad ta Farisa ta tsakiya, allahntakar. Wani asalin kalmar asalin ya danganta da Ez dā ("Halicce ni"). Yazidis kuma suna nufin Xwedê ez dam ("Allah ne ya halicce ni") da kuma Em miletê ezdaîn ("Mu ne al'ummar Ezdayi"). Ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutanen Yazidanci shine 'Adī bn Musafir. Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir ya zauna a kwarin Laliş (kusan arewa maso gabashin Mosul a tsaunukan Yazidi a farkon ƙarni na 12 kuma suka kafa 'Tsarin sufanci na Adawiyya. Ya mutu a cikin shekarar 1162, kuma kabarinsa a Laliş wuri ne na hajjin Yazidi da kuma babban wurin mai tsarki na Yazidi. Yazidism yana da tasiri da yawa: Ana iya ganin tasirin Sufi da hoto a cikin kalmomin addini, musamman ma a cikin maganganun Yazidis na adabin da ke tattare da su, amma yawancin tiyolojin ba na Islama bane. Tsarin sararin samaniya a bayyane yana da maki da yawa iri ɗaya da na tsoffin addinan Iran waɗanda suka haɗu da abubuwa na tsohuwar al'adun addinin Mesopotamia na zamanin Islama. Kamanceceniya tsakanin Yazidawa da Yaresan sun tabbata; wasu za a iya gano su zuwa ga wasu abubuwa na dadaddiyar imanin da wataƙila ta fi rinjaye tsakanin Yammacin Iraniyawa kuma ana kamanta su da ayyukan addinin Mithraic kafin Zoroastra. Marubutan farko sun yi ƙoƙari su bayyana asalin Yazidi, ta fuskar magana gaba ɗaya, dangane da Islama, ko Farisanci, ko kuma wani lokacin ma har da arna addinai; duk da haka, binciken da aka buga tun daga 1990s ya nuna irin wannan hanyar don zama mai sauƙi. Wata ka'idar ta asalin Yazidi ta bayar ne daga malamin Ilimin Farisa Al-Shahrastani. A cewar Al-Shahrastani, Yazidis mabiyan Yezîd bn Unaisa ne, waɗanda suka riƙe abota da Muhakkamah na farko kafin Azariḳa. Na farko Muhakkamah na nuna jin daɗi ne da ake amfani da shi a kan yan uwa musulmai masu suna Al-Ḫawarij. Dangane da haka, yana iya zama alama cewa Yazidawa asalinsu aarijite ne ƙaramin mazhaba. Yezid bn Unaisa haka kuma, an ce ya kasance yana tausaya wa Ibadis, darikar da 'Abd-Allah Ibn Ibaḍ ya kafa. A cewar Ernest Leroux, da wuya a ce Yazidawa ragowar mutanen Babila ne wanda kuma za a iya samun tsafinsu a tsakanin Yazidawa.
Ainihi Ana lura da ayyukan al'adun Yazidi a cikin Kurmanji, wanda kusan dukkanin al'adun addinai na Yazidis da ake watsawa ta baki. Koyaya, Yazidawa a cikin Bashiqa da Bahzani suna magana da Larabci a matsayin yaren mahaifiyarsu. Kodayake Yazidawa suna magana da akasari a cikin Kurmanji, ainihin asalinsu lamari ne na takaddama a tsakanin malamai, hatta a tsakanin al’ummar da kanta da kuma tsakanin Kurdawa, ko Kurdawa na asali ko kuma suna da wata kabila ta daban. Yazidawa sun auri wasu Yazidawa ne kawai; wadanda suka auri wadanda ba Yazidawa ba an kore su daga danginsu kuma ba su da damar kiran kansu Yazidawa. Wasu Yazidawan zamani suna nuna cewa wani rukuni ne na jama'ar Kurdawa yayin da wasu kuma ke bayyanarsu a matsayin kungiyar ta kabilanci da addini daban. A cikin Armenia da Iraki, an yarda da Yazidis a matsayin ƙabilu daban. A cewar masanin halayyar ɗan Adam Armeniya, Levon Abrahamian, Yazidawa gabaɗaya sun yi imanin cewa Kurdawan Musulmi sun ci amanar Yazidanci ta hanyar shiga addinin Islama, yayin da Yazidawa suka kasance masu aminci ga addinin kakanninsu. Evliya Çelebi ya bayyana sojojin Abdal Khan na Bitlis a matsayin "Ƙurdawan Yezidi" kuma a karni na goma sha huɗu, bakwai daga cikin fitattun ƙabilun Ƙurdawa su ne Yazidi, kuma Yazidism addini ne na masarautar Ƙurdawa ta Jazira. Wasu tatsuniyoyin gargajiya na Yazidis suna ba da labarin cewa Yazidis 'ya'yan Adam ne kawai ba na Hauwa ba, don haka suka rabu da sauran' yan Adam. A m Kurdistan yankin na kasar Iraki, Yazidis suna dauke kabilanci Kurdawa da kuma m yankin ya wadãtu da Yazidis ya zama "asali Ƙurdawa". 'Yar majalisar Yazidi daya tilo a majalisar Iraki Vian Dakhil ita ma ta bayyana adawa ga duk wani yunkuri na raba Yazidis da Kurdawa. Aziz Tamoyan shugaban Yezidi National Union ULE da sauran Yazidawa da yawa suna nuna cewa ana amfani da kalmar Yazidi ga wata al'umma kuma ana kiran yarensu da Ezdiki kuma addininsu shine Sharfadin. A cewar mai binciken Victoria Arakelova, Yazidism wani lamari ne na musamman, daya daga cikin manyan zane-zanen nuna bambancin kabila da addini, wanda ya danganci addinin da Yazidawa ke kira Sharfadin. Tarayyar Soviet ta yi wa Yazidis da Kurdawa rajista a matsayin ƙabilu daban-daban guda biyu na kidayar 1926, amma sun caccaka su biyun a matsayin ƙabilu daya a Ƙididdigar daga shekara ta 1931 zuwa shekara ta 1989. Sharaf Khan Bidlisi 's Sheref-nameh na shekarar 1597, wanda ya ambaci bakwai daga cikin kabilun Kurdawa a matsayin akalla Yazidi wani bangare ne, kuma kungiyoyin kabilun Kurdawa suna dauke da bangarorin Yazidi masu yawa. Akasin haka, yayin tafiye-tafiyen bincikensa a cikin shekara ta 1895, masanin halayyar ɗan adam Ernest Chantre ya ziyarci Yazidis a cikin Turkiya ta yau kuma ya ba da rahoton cewa Yazidis sun ce Kurdawa suna magana da yarensu ba akasin haka ba. A tarihance, an samu tsanantawa kan Yazidawa a hannun wasu kabilun Kurdawa. kuma wannan fitinar a lokuta da dama ta yi barazanar kasancewar Yazidis a matsayin rukuni na daban. Wasu kabilun Yazidi sun musulunta kuma sun rungumi asalin Kurdawa.
Addini Yazidism ne tauhidi addini dogara ne a kan imani da Allah daya, wanda ya halicci duniya, ya danƙa shi a cikin kula da wani Heptad na bakwai Mai Tsarki Halittar, sau da yawa da aka sani da Mala'iku ko heft sirr (da Bakwai abubuwan ban mamaki). Manya daga cikin wadannan shine Tawûsê Melek (wanda aka fi sani da "Melek Taus"), Mala'ikan Peacock. A al'adance, ana daukar Yazidawa wadanda suka auri wadanda ba Yazidawa ba sun koma addinin matansu.
Halittar jini Yazidis daga Arewacin Iraki na iya samun ci gaba mai ƙarfi game da asalin mutanen Mesopotamia. Mutanen Yazidi na arewacin Iraki an same su a tsakiyar ci gaba da ci gaba tsakanin Nean Gabas da Kudu maso Gabashin Turai.
Yawan jama'a A tarihi, Yazidis suna rayuwa ne a cikin al'ummomin da ke cikin Iraki, Turkiya, da Siriya ta yanzu kuma suna da adadi mai yawa a Armenia da Georgia. Koyaya, abubuwanda suka faru tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 sun haifar da canjin yanayin alƙaluma a cikin waɗannan yankuna da ƙaura mai yawa. Sakamakon haka, ƙididdigar yawan jama'a ba ta da tabbas a yankuna da yawa, kuma ƙididdigar girman yawan jama'a ya bambanta.
Iraq Mafi yawan jama'ar Yazidi suna zaune a Iraki, inda suke cikin mahimman Ƴan tsiraru. Kimanin girman waɗannan al'ummomin sun bambanta sosai, tsakanin 70,000 zuwa 500,000. Suna da yawa sosai a arewacin Iraq a cikin Nineveh Governorate. Manyan al'ummomin biyu suna cikin Shekhan, arewa maso gabashin Mosul da Sinjar, a iyakar Syria yamma da Mosul. A cikin Shekhan akwai hubbaren Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir a Lalish. A farkon 1900s yawancin mazaunan saharar Siriya sun kasance Yazidi. A cikin karni na 20, al'ummar Shekhan sun yi gwagwarmaya don mamayar tare da al'ummar Sinjar masu ra'ayin mazan jiya. Watakila bayanin martabar jama'a ya canza sosai tun farkon yakin Iraki a 2003 da faduwar gwamnatin Saddam Hussein. A al'adance, Yazidis a Iraki sun kasance cikin keɓe kuma suna da ƙauyukansu. Koyaya, da yawa daga ƙauyukansu gwamnatin Saddam ce ta rusa su. Ba'athists sun kirkiro kauyuka gama gari kuma sun tilastawa Yazidawa matsuguni daga garuruwansu na tarihi da za a rusa. A cewar Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam, Yazidis suna ƙarƙashin tsarin Larabawa na Saddam Hussein tsakanin 1970 da 2003. A shekara ta 2009, wasu Yazidawa waɗanda a da suke rayuwa a ƙarƙashin tsarin Larabawa na Saddam Hussein sun koka game da dabarun siyasa na Yankin Kurdistan da ake son sanya Yazidawa su nuna kansu a matsayin Kurdawa. Wani rahoto daga Human Rights Watch (HRW), a cikin 2009, ya bayyana cewa don haɗa yankuna masu rikici a arewacin Iraki musamman lardin Nineveh a cikin yankin Kurdawa, hukumomin KDP sun yi amfani da kayan siyasa da tattalin arziƙin KRG don sanya Yazidis su nuna kansu a matsayin Kurdawa. Rahoton na HRW kuma ya soki dabaru masu karfi. Siriya Yazidis a Siriya suna rayuwa ne musamman a cikin al'ummomi biyu, ɗaya a yankin Al-Jazira ɗayan kuma a Kurd-Dagh Adadin yawan jama'ar Yazidi na Siriya ba a san su ba. A shekarar 1963, an kiyasta jama'ar kusan 10,000, bisa ga ƙidayar ƙasa, amma ba a samu lambobi na shekarar 1987 ba. Akwai yuwuwar tsakanin Yazidawa kusan 12,000 zuwa 15,000 a Siriya a yau, koda yake fiye da rabin alumman na iya yin ƙaura daga Siriya tun daga 1980s. Kiyasi ya kara rikitarwa saboda isowar 'yan gudun hijirar Yazidi kusan dubu 50 daga Iraki a lokacin yakin Iraki.
Georgia Yawan Yazidi a Georgia yana raguwa tun daga 1990s, galibi saboda ƙaurawar tattalin arziki zuwa Rasha da Yammacin Turai. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a da aka gudanar a 1989, akwai sama da Yazidis 30,000 a Georgia; bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekara ta 2002, amma, kusan Yazidis 18,000 ne suka rage a Georgia. Koyaya, ta wasu ƙididdigar, jama'ar sun faɗi daga kusan mutane 30,000 zuwa ƙasa da 5,000 yayin shekarun 1990s. A yau yawansu bai kai 6,000 ba ta wasu kimantawa, gami da 'yan gudun hijira na kwanan nan daga Sinjar a Iraki, wadanda suka tsere zuwa Georgia sakamakon tsanantawar da kungiyar ISIL ke yi musu. A ranar 16 ga watan Yuni 2015, Yazidis sun yi bikin bude gidan Sarki Ezid da kuma cibiyar al'adu, wanda aka sanya wa sunan Sultan Ezid a Varketili, wani yanki na Tbilisi Wannan ita ce irinta ta uku a cikin duniya bayan waɗanda ke Kurdistan na Iraki da Armenia Armeniya Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2011, akwai Yazidis 35,272 a Armenia, wanda ya sa suka zama mafi yawan tsirarun kabilun Armenia. Shekaru goma da suka gabata, a ƙidayar 2001, an yi wa Yazidis 40,620 rajista a Armeniya. Suna da matsayi mai mahimmanci a cikin lardin Armavir na Armenia. Kafofin watsa labarai sun kiyasta yawan Yazidawa a Armeniya tsakanin 30,000 zuwa 50,000. Mafi yawansu zuriyar 'yan gudun hijirar ne da suka tsere zuwa Armenia domin gujewa fitinar da suka sha a baya a lokacin mulkin Ottoman, gami da guguwar tsangwama da ta faru a lokacin kisan kare dangi na Armenia, lokacin da Armeniya da yawa suka sami mafaka a ƙauyukan Yazidi. Akwai gidan ibada na Yazidi da ake kira Ziarat a ƙauyen Aknalich a yankin Armavir. A watan Satumba na 2019, mafi girman gidan ibada na Yazidi a duniya da ake kira "Quba Mere Diwane", an buɗe shi a Aknalich, 'yan mitoci kaɗan daga haikalin Ziarat. Haikalin yana da kuɗi ta Mirza Sloian, wani ɗan kasuwar Yazidi wanda ke zaune a Moscow wanda asalinsa asalin yankin Armavir ne.
Turkiya A sizeable ɓangare na autochthonous Yazidi yawan Turkey tsere daga kasar domin ba-rana Armenia da Georgia fara daga marigayi 19th karni. Akwai ƙarin al'ummomi a cikin Rasha da Jamus saboda ƙaura kwanan nan. Yaungiyar Yazidi ta Turkiyya ta ƙi sauka a cikin ƙarni na 20. Yawancinsu sun yi ƙaura zuwa Turai, musamman Jamus; waɗanda suka rage suna zaune a ƙauyuka a cikin tsohuwar ƙauyukansu na Tur Abdin.
Yammacin Turai Wannan ƙaura ta ƙaura ta haifar da kafa manyan al'ummomin Yazidi mazauna ƙasashen waje. Mafi mahimmancin waɗannan shine a cikin Jamus, wanda yanzu ke da jama'ar Yazidi fiye da 200,000 ke zaune musamman a Hannover, Bielefeld, Celle, Bremen, Bad Oeynhausen, Pforzheim da Oldenburg. Mafi yawansu daga Turkiya ne kuma, kwanan nan, Iraki kuma suna zaune a jihohin yammacin North Rhine-Westphalia da Lower Saxony. Tun daga shekara ta 2008, Sweden ta ga girman girma a cikin ƙaurarsa ta Yazidi, wanda ya kai kusan 4,000 a shekara ta 2010, kuma akwai ƙaramar al'umma a cikin Netherlands. Sauran kungiyoyin Yazidi da ke zaune a kasashen Belgium, Denmark, Faransa, Switzerland, United Kingdom, Amurka, Canada da Australia; wadannan suna da yawan jama'a mai yiwuwa kasa da 5,000.
Amirka ta Arewa Wani yanki na Yazidis sun zauna a matsayin 'yan gudun hijira a Amurka da Kanada. Yawancin Yazidis yanzu suna zaune a Lincoln, Nebraska da Houston, Texas. Ana tunanin cewa Nebraska yana da mafi yawan mazauna (an kiyasta adadin aƙalla 10,000) na Yazidis a cikin Amurka, tare da tarihin ƙaura zuwa jihar a ƙarƙashin shirye-shiryen sasantawa da aka fara a ƙarshen 1990s. Da yawa daga cikin mutanen sun kasance a matsayin masu fassara ga sojojin Amurka.
Manazarta
|
52933 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad%20Taqi-ud-Din%20al-Hilali | Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din al-Hilali | political_partyMuhammad Taqi-ud-Din al-Hilali
Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din bin Abdil-Qadir Al-Hilali (Arabic: 1893-1987) ya kasance Salafi na Maroko na ƙarni na 20, wanda ya fi shahara da fassarorin Ingilishi na Sahih Bukhari kuma, tare da Muhsin Khan, Alkur'ani, mai taken Alkur'an Mai Girma
Tarihin rayuwa
Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi An haifi Hilali a Rissani, Morocco, kusa da oasis na Tafilalt a cikin kwarin kusa da Sajalmasah a cikin 1893 (1311 AH).
A cikin shekaru ashirin, Hilali ya koma Aljeriya don nazarin Shari'ar Musulmi, ya ci gaba zuwa Masar a 1922. Yayinda yake can, Hilali ya shiga Jami'ar Al-Azhar kawai don ya fita bayan ya yi takaici da tsarin karatun. Maimakon haka, Hilali ya shafe lokaci a ƙarƙashin kulawar Rashid Rida, sannan ya koma Maroko a wannan shekarar don kammala digiri na farko a Jami'ar al-Karaouine Da yake amsa kiran da ya kafa Muslim Brotherhood Hassan al-Banna ya yi wa masu ilimi Musulmi na Maroko su raba ra'ayoyi tare da waɗanda ke wasu wurare, Hilali ya rubuta wasiƙu da yawa ga mujallar kungiyar waɗanda hukumomin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka tsayar da su. An kama shi kuma an tsare shi na kwana uku ba tare da tuhuma ba, an sami sakin Hilali kuma ya tsere daga Morocco. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya tsere daga ƙasar, an yanke masa hukuncin kisa ba tare da izini ba saboda aikin tawaye da Faransa mai kare Morocco.
A Asiya da Turai Bayan yin aikin hajji zuwa Makka, Hilali ya koma Indiya don bin karatun Hadith. Yayinda yake can, ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban nazarin Larabci a Darul-uloom Nadwatul Ulama a Lucknow Bayan kammala karatunsa a Indiya, Hilali ya shafe shekaru uku a Iraki kafin Sarki na farko na Saudi Arabia Ibn Saud ya gayyace shi da kansa don koyarwa a ƙasar musulmi mai tsarki. Hilali ya koyar kuma ya jagoranci addu'a a Madina a Al-Masjid an-Nabawi, wuri na biyu mafi tsarki na Islama, na tsawon shekaru biyu kuma ya koyar a Makka a Masjid al-Haram, wurin da ya fi tsarki na Islami, na tsawon shekara guda.
Bayan kammala karatunsa a Makka, Hilali ya shiga Jami'ar Baghdad; ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin farfesa yayin da yake can. Hilali ya koma Indiya a takaice a karo na biyu, kuma ya shiga Jami'ar Lucknow a matsayin dalibi da malami, wanda ya fi shahara shi ne Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi Shakib Arslan, wanda ya kasance babban aboki na Hilali, ya shiga cikin hulɗa a Ofishin Harkokin Waje na Jamus kuma ya taimaka wa Hilali ya yi rajista (kuma, a matsayin dalibi da malami) a Jami'ar Bonn. Wani almajirin Rashid Rida, masanin Salafi kuma mai fafutukar mulkin mallaka wanda ya fara koyar da Larabci a Jami'ar Bonn a 1936 kuma ya zama shugaban sashen al'adu na Cibiyar Nazarin Musulunci ta Babban Ofishin Harkokin Waje, da kuma mai watsa shirye-shiryen Rediyo Berlin a Larabci. A cikin 1942, Amin al-Husayni ya tura shi zuwa Maroko don shirya ayyukan ɓoye.
Komawa zuwa Maroko, sannan Iraki, sannan Maroko, sa'an nan Saudi Arabia, sannan Marok Kusan ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II, Hilali ya bar Jamus zuwa Morocco ta Faransa, wanda ya girgiza da kira ga 'yancin kai. Ya koma Iraki a shekara ta 1947, ya sake komawa matsayin malami a jami'ar da ke Baghdad. Bayan juyin juya halin 14 ga Yuli, Hilali ya koma masarautar Maroko mai zaman kanta sau ɗaya. An nada shi a matsayin malami a Jami'ar Mohammed V da ke Rabat a 1959 sannan daga baya a reshe a Fes.
A shekara ta 1968, Babban Mufti na Saudi Arabia Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz ya rubuta wa Hilali yana neman ya dauki matsayin koyarwa a Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madina, wanda Bin Baz shine shugaban. Hilali ya yarda, ya zauna a Saudi Arabia na wani lokaci tsakanin 1968 da 1974.
A shekara ta 1974, Hilali ya yi ritaya daga koyarwa har abada, ya koma Meknes da farko kuma daga baya zuwa Casablanca, inda ya mallaki gida. Hilali ya mutu a ranar 22 ga Yuni, 1987 (25th na Shawal a cikin shekara ta 1408 AH). An binne shi a unguwar Sbata Karɓar baƙi Ra'ayoyi game da Hilali a cikin duniyar musulmi kanta musamman a cikin Musulunci na Sunni sun kasance masu kyau.
Jarumin kasar Aljeriya Abdelhamid Ben Badis, musamman, ya dauki Hilali a matsayin daya daga cikin Musulmai masu ilimi na zamaninsu.
Yawancin malaman musulmai da malaman Yammacin Turai sun soki Hilali saboda fassarar Alkur'ani. Dokta Ahmed Farouk Musa, masanin kimiyya a Jami'ar Monash, ya ɗauki fassarar Hilali-Khan a matsayin babban dalilin tsattsauran ra'ayi da aikin farfaganda da hukumomin addinin Saudiyya suka rarraba tare da kuɗi daga gwamnatin mai arzikin mai. Hakazalika, Imad-ad-Dean Ahmad, shugaban Cibiyar Minaret of Freedom ta Bethesda, ya yi iƙirarin ƙarya cewa fassarar Wahabi ce ta Alkur'ani kuma Musulmai a Amurka ba su yarda da ita ba.
Tun da fassarar Hilali ta dogara ne akan tafsir na gargajiya (bayani na Alkur'ani), yawancin waɗanda suka soki fassararsa suna da dalilai na baya.
Bugu da ƙari, Khaled Abou El Fadl da Khaleel Mohammed sun soki fassarar Hilali a matsayin karkatar da ma'anar Alkur'ani
Yawancin malamai sun kuma soki fassarar Hilali-Khan a kan salon da harshe. Dokta William S. Peachy, farfesa na Amurka na Turanci a Kwalejin Magunguna, Jami'ar King Saud a Qasseem ya yi la'akari da fassarar "mai banƙyama" kuma duk wanda ke waje da Saudi Arabia ya ƙi shi. Dokta Abdel-Haleem, Farfesa Larabci a SOAS, Jami'iyyar London, ya lura cewa ya sami fassarar Hilaly-Khan, Saudiyya, da kuma ya nuna rashin jin daɗi.
Ayyuka Hilali ya yi aiki tare da Muhammad Muhsin Khan a cikin fassarar Turanci na ma'anar Alkur'ani da Sahih Al-Bukhari An bayyana fassararsu ta Alkur'ani a matsayin mai girman kai, wanda ya haɗa da sharhi daga Tafsir al-Tabari, Tafsir ibn Kathir, Tafsar al-Qurtubi da Sahih al-Bukhari. An kuma soki shi saboda saka fassarorin makarantar Salafi kai tsaye a cikin fassarar Alkur'ani ta Turanci. An zarge shi da koyar da Musulmai da masu yuwuwa tare da fassarorin Musulunci ta hanyar parenthesis, a matsayin koyarwar Alkur'ani kanta.
Rayuwa ta mutum Hilali ya kasance mai bin makarantar Zahirite ta dokar Islama bisa ga 'ya'yansa da ɗalibansa. Masu gudanarwa na shafin yanar gizon sun gyara tarihin rayuwarsa don cire duk nassoshi game da bin makarantar, wanda Zahirites na zamani suka yi jayayya da shi.
Duba kuma Abd Al-Aziz Fawzan Al-Fawzan
Muhammad Muhsin Khan
Muhammad bin Jamil Zeno
Saleh Al-Fawzan
Manazarta
Haɗin waje Gidan yanar gizon Al-Hilali (Arabic)
Tarihin Al-Hilali
Dokta Muhammand Taqi-Ud-Din Al-Hilali Bibliography a kan LibraryThing
Abdessamad El Amraoui: "Authentic Islam". Bayanan addini na Taqī al-Dīn al-Hilālī (1893-1987) kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin fatwas. Rubuce-rubuce na Jami'ar Leiden, 2015
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
18246 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakhr%20al-Din%20al-Razi | Fakhr al-Din al-Razi | Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, ko Fakhruddin Razi mutumin Farisa ne (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1150 ya mutu a ranar 29 ga watan Maris shekara ta 1210) wanda ya kasance masanin tauhidi ya san shi sau da yawa, ya kasance mutumin farisa ne polymath, malamin addinin Islama kuma jagora ne na dabaru mai jan hankali. Ya yi rubuce-rubuce iri daban-daban a fannonin likitanci, ilmin kimiya, kimiyyar lissafi, ilimin taurari, ilimin sararin samaniya, adabi, tiyoloji, ilimin halayyar dan adam, falsafa, tarihi da fikihu Ya kasance daya daga cikin magabata na farko da masu shakku wadanda suka zo da batun Multivers, kuma suka kwatanta shi da ilimin falaki na Al-Qur'ani Mai musun samfurin duniya da kuma tunanin Aristotelian na wata duniya da ke zagaye da wata duniya, Al-Razi ya yi jayayya game da wanzuwar sararin samaniya sama da duniyar da aka sani. An haifi Al-Razi ne a garin Rey na Iran, kuma ya mutu a Herat, Afghanistan Ya bar tarin wadatar ayyukan falsafa da tiyoloji wadanda ke nuna tasiri daga ayyukan Avicenna, Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī da al-Ghazali Biyu daga cikin ayyukansa mai taken Mabāhith al-mashriqiyya fm 'ilm al-ilāhiyyāt wa-'l-tabi'iyyāt Nazarin Gabas a Metaphysics da Physics da al-Matālib al-'Aliya Batutuwa Mafi Girma galibi ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mafi yawansu muhimman ayyukan falsafa.
Tarihin rayuwa Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Umar ibn al-Husayn a-Taymi al-Bakri a-Tabaristani Fakhr al-Din al-Razi Tabaristani an haife shi (544 AH) zuwa ga wasu baƙi Larabawa daga ƙabilar Kuraishawa waɗanda suka yi ƙaura zuwa Rey a cikin Amol na Tabaristan Lardin Mazandaran na yau, Iran). Ya fara karatu ne tare da mahaifinsa, al-Dīn al-Makkī, shi kansa masanin sanannen martaba ne wanda a kwanan nan aka sake gano babban kwayar sa a kalam sannan daga baya a Merv da Maragheh, inda yake ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban. na Majd al-Din al-Jili, wanda kuma ya kasance almajirin al-Ghazali Ya kasance babban mai goyon bayan makarantar tauhidin Ash'ari.
Tafsirinsa a kan Al-Qur'ani ya kasance mafi banbanci da yawa daga dukkan ayyukan da ke akwai, wanda ya kunshi mafi yawan abubuwan da suka bayyana a baya. Ya dukufa ga karatun da yawa kuma ance ya kashe dukiya mai yawa akan gwaje-gwajen da ake yi a harkar sihiri Ya koyar a Rey (Iran ta Tsakiya) da Ghazni (gabashin Afghanistan kuma ya zama shugaban jami’ar da Mohammed ibn Tukush ya kafa a Herat (yammacin Afghanistan). A shekarun baya, ya kuma nuna sha'awar sufanci, kodayake wannan bai zama wani muhimmin ɓangare na tunaninsa ba.
Babban Sharhi Oneaya daga cikin nasarorin da Imam Razi ya samu shine aikin fassararsa na musamman akan Al-Qur'ani mai suna Mafātiḥ al-Ghayb Maɓallan Gaibu sannan daga baya ake masa laƙabi da Tafsīr al-Kabīr Babban Sharhi dalili ɗaya shine cewa ya kasance mujalladai 32 a tsayi. Wannan aikin ya ƙunshi yawancin sha'awar falsafa. Daya daga cikin "manyan damuwansa shi ne isar da hankali." Amincewarsa da asalin Alkurani ya girma tare da shekarunsa. Babu shakka hankali da tunani irin na Al-Razi "yana da muhimmiyar matsayi a cikin bahasin a cikin al'adun Musulunci game da daidaita tunani da wahayi." Ci gaban Al-Razi na Kalam (ilimin tauhidin karatuttukan musulinci) ya haifar da ci gaba da bunkasa ilimin tauhidi tsakanin musulmai. Razi ya ɗan sami lokuta daban-daban a cikin tunaninsa, wanda ya shafi mazhabar Ash'ari sannan daga baya al-Ghazali. Al-Razi yayi kokarin amfani da abubuwan tazila da Falsafah, kuma duk da cewa yana da wasu suka kan ibn Sina, amma Razi ya shafe shi matuka. Misali mafi mahimmanci wanda ya nuna kirkirar tunanin Razi na iya zama matsalar dawwama ta duniya da kuma alakarta da Allah. Ya yi ƙoƙari ya sake tsara hujjojin masana tauhidi da masana falsafa a kan wannan batun, ya tattara kuma ya yi nazarin dalilan bangarorin biyu sosai. Ya yi la’akari, a mafi yawancin, hujjar masana falsafa na har abada a duniya ya fi ƙarfin matsayin masu ilimin tauhidi na sanya fifikon yanayin duniya. A cewar Tony Street, bai kamata mu ga rayuwar Razi ta fa'ida ba ta tafiya daga ƙuruciya yar yare zuwa yanayin addini. Da alama ya ɗauki ra'ayoyi daban-daban na makarantu daban-daban, irin na Mutazilite da Asharite, a cikin tafsirinsa, Babban Sharhin Ma'anar hangen nesa na duniyoyi da yawa Al-Razi, a cikin ma'amalarsa game da tunaninsa na kimiyyar lissafi da kuma duniyar zahiri a cikin littafinsa na Matalib al-'Aliya, ya soki ra'ayin samfurin ƙasa a cikin sararin samaniya kuma "ya bincika ra'ayin kasancewar mutane da yawa a cikin yanayin sharhinsa. "a kan ayar Alqur'ani Dukkan godiya ta tabbata ga Allah, Ubangijin halittu. Ya kiwata tambayar ko da kalmar halittu a cikin wannan aya tana nufin "mahara halittu a cikin wannan guda sararin samaniya ko halittu, ko don wasu kaunun ko wani multiverse bayan wannan da aka sani talikai." Al-Razi states:Al-Razi ya yi watsi da ra'ayin Aristotelian da Avicennian na wata duniyan da ke zagaye da wata duniya. Ya bayyana manyan hujjarsu game da kasancewar duniyoyi masu yawa ko duniyoyi, yana mai nuna kasawarsu yana karyata su. Wannan kin amincewa ya samo asali ne daga tabbatar da kwayar zarra, kamar yadda mazhabar Ash'ari ta tauhidin Musulunci ta ba da shawara, wanda ya kunshi wanzuwar sarari inda kwayoyin halitta ke motsawa, haduwa da rabuwa. Ya tattauna more a kan batun na wõfintattu da komai a sarari tsakanin taurari da kuma waɗansu masaukai a cikin sararin samaniya, dake dauke da 'yan ko babu taurari a mafi girma, daki-daki, a juz'i na 5 na Matalib. Yayi jayayya cewa akwai sararin samaniya mara iyaka wanda ya wuce duniyar da aka sani, kuma cewa Allah yana da iko ya cika wurin da duniyoyin da basu da iyaka.
Jerin ayyuka Al-Razi ya yi rubuce-rubuce sama da ɗari a kan batutuwa daban-daban. Manyan ayyukansa sun hada da:
<i id="mwug">Tafsir al-Kabir</i> <i id="mwuw">Babban Sharhi</i> (wanda kuma aka fi sani da Mafatih al-Ghayb Asas al-Taqdis Gidauniyar Bayyanar da Rahamar Allah) Hujja ta Ibn Khuzayma, da Karramites, da Anthropomorphists
'Aja'ib al-Kur'ani Sirrin Alƙur'ani Al-Bayan wa al-Burhan fi al-Radd 'ala Ahl al-Zaygh wa al-Tughyan
Al-Mahsul fi 'Ilm al-Usul
Al-Muwakif fi 'Ilm al-Kalam
'Ilm al-Akhlaq Kimiyyar Da'a Kitab al-Firasa Littafin Firasa Kitab al-Mantiq al-Kabir Babban Littafin kan Manhaji Kitab al-nafs wa'l-ruh wa sharh quwa-huma Littafin kan Rai da Ruhu da Iliminsu Mabahith al-mashriqiyya fi 'ilm al-ilahiyyat wa-'l-tabi'iyyat Nazarin Gabas a fannin ilimin Jima'i da Jiki)
Al-Matālib al-'Āliyyah min al- 'ilm al-ilahī Batutuwan Mafi Girma aikinsa na ƙarshe. Al-Razi ya rubuta al-Matālib yayin rubuta al-Tafsir kuma ya mutu kafin ya kammala duka ayyukan biyu.
Muhassal afkar al-mutaqaddimin wa-'l-muta’akhkhirin Girbi Gwanin Tunanin Magabata da na Zamani)
Nihayat al 'Uqul fi Dirayat al-Usul
Risala al-Huduth
Sharh al-Isharat Sharhin al-Isharat wa-al-Tanbihat na Ibnu Sina Sharh Asma 'Allah al-Husna Sharhin Asma' Allah al-Husna Sharh Kulliyyat al-Qanun fi al-Tibb Sharhin Canon Magani Sharh Nisf al-Wajiz li'l-Ghazali Sharhin Nisf al-Wajiz na Al-Ghazali Sharh Uyun al-Hikmah Sharhin Uyun al-Hikmah Duba kuma Jerin Ash'aris da Maturidis
Jerin masana tauhidi na musulmai
Jerin masana kimiyyar Iran
Astronomy a zamanin da na Musulunci
Cosmology a cikin na da Musulunci
Abdol Hamid Khosro Shahi
Nur al-Din al-Sabuni
Bibliography Don rayuwarsa da rubuce-rubucensa, duba:
GC Anawati, Fakhr al-Din al-Razi a cikin The Encyclopedia of Islam, bugu na 2, ed. by HAR Gibbs, B. Lewis, Ch. Pellat, C. Bosworth et al., 11 vols. (Leiden: EJ Brill, 1960-2002) juzu'i. 2, shafi na 751-5.
Don rubuce-rubucen sa na bokanci da sihiri, duba:
Manfred Ullmann, Die Natur- und Geheimwissenschaften im Islam, Handbuch der Orientalistik, Abteilung I, Ergänzungsband VI, Abschnitt 2 (Leiden: EJ Brill, 1972), shafi na. 388–390.
Don rubutunsa akan ilimin motsa jiki, duba:
Yusef Mourad, La physiognomie arabe et le Kitab al-firasa de Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (Paris, 1939).
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Muslimphilosophy.com: Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
Tarihin sa Wani Tarihin GF Haddâd
Manazarta Pages with unreviewed |
34174 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/That%27s%20Not%20My%20Name | That's Not My Name | Articles with hAudio microformats
Wannan Ba Sunana bane shine farkon farkon mawakan duo na Burtaniya mai suna Ting Tings An fara fitar da waƙar a matsayin gefen A-biyu tare da Babban DJ ta lakabin rikodin rikodin mai zaman kansa na Switchflicker, a ranar 28 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2007. Bayan babban girma daga BBC Radio 1 da NME, a sake fitar da guda ɗaya daban-daban a ranar 12 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2008 akan Columbia Records Daga baya an haɗa shi akan kundi na farko na studio, Ba Mu Fara Komai ba a shekarar a ta (2008).
Bayan sake fitowar Columbia, "Wannan ba Sunana ba ne" da aka yi muhawara a kan Chart na Singles na Burtaniya, ganin gasar daga ingantattun ayyuka kamar Rihanna, Madonna, da will.i.am. Waƙar ta kasance mai barci a Arewacin Amirka, tana cikin saman 40 na sigogi a Amurka a cikin watan Agusta shekarar ta 2009. Single ɗin ya sayar da kwafin dijital sama da miliyan ɗaya.
YyAbun ciki "Wannan ba Sunana bane" an rubuta shi a cikin maɓalli na E major tare da ɗan lokaci na bugun 145 a cikin minti daya. Muryoyin da ke cikin waƙar sun bambanta daga G 3 zuwa G 5 Mawaƙa Katie White ta bayyana cewa an rubuta waƙar "tare da ni da ke nuna takaici game da masana'antar rikodin."
Bidiyon kiɗa Waƙar tana da bidiyon kiɗa guda uku. Na farko yana fasalta Ting Tings akan farar bango yana yin waƙar akan saiti, tare da madaidaicin fage na Fari mai launin shuɗi da ruwan hoda. An yi amfani da wannan sigar bidiyon don inganta waƙar da kundi a lokacin da aka fitar da shi a shekara ta 2007. Wannan bidiyon yana kama da na gani na Toni Basil 's Mickey daidai da kamannin sauti. Sophie Muller da Stacey Hartly ne suka jagoranci wannan bidiyon.
Columbia ta samar da bidiyo na 2008 don sakin Amurka, tare da darekta David Allain kuma tare da su suna sake yin wani tsari na daban, tare da ƙarin kayan aiki da fitilu masu walƙiya a bango. An fara fitar da bidiyon a kan mtvU.com a ranar 26 ga Janairu, 2009. An yi wani bidiyo don sigar sauti. Duk bidiyon aiki ne kai tsaye. Bidiyon kiɗa na uku, wanda aka fi sani da madadin bidiyo, AlexandLiane ne ya jagoranta kuma ya ƙunshi Ting Tings a cikin garin fatalwa na hamada. 'Yan wasan dutch biyu, masu fara'a, 'yan wasan bugu na maƙiya da ƴan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa suna fitowa daga cikin dazuzzuka sanye da baƙaƙen tufafi masu kyan gani. Ting Tings ne ke yin waƙar, yayin da a bayansu ƴan wasan dutch biyu suka tsallake igiya, masu fara'a suna murna, masu ganga, da kuma alamar masu jujjuya alamomin da ke nuna sunayen waƙoƙin waƙar a kansu.
liyafar
Mahimmanci Mawakin ya sami kyakkyawan bita daga masu suka bayan sake sakewa, tare da NME yana kwatanta shi a matsayin "no-flab electro-pop nugget", yayin da mujallar Q ta bayyana shi a matsayin "ƙwaƙwalwar Hey Mickey -style handclaps da gobbily staccato. vocal, dinka tare don kera wani tsagi wanda yake nan take kuma sananne". Digital Spy kwatanta guda daya da "gwangwanin cola mai girgiza sosai", kuma ya kara da cewa "[waƙar tana da kyau] mai ɗanɗano, mai ɗanɗano, kyakkyawa mai kauri".
Kasuwanci A cikin United Kingdom, ɗayan ya shiga saman jadawalin Singles UK a ranar 18 ga Mayu 2008 na makon da ya ƙare ranar 24 ga Mayu 2008 ya kawo ƙarshen mulkin Madonna da Justin Timberlake na makonni huɗu a saman tare da minti 4 A mako mai zuwa, duk da haka, ya zame zuwa lamba biyu bayan Rihanna 's Take a Bow ya haura zuwa lamba daya. A Ireland, ya kai kololuwa a lamba biyu tsawon makonni biyar a jere. A Ostiraliya, bayan da sannu a hankali ya tashi ginshiƙi na marasa aure, daga ƙarshe ya kai saman 10, kuma an ba da takardar shaidar Platinum a cikin 2009. A kan Jadawalin Singles Jiki na Australiya, ya kai kololuwa a 20, kuma akan ginshiƙi na Dijital na Australiya a lamba takwas. A Amurka, "Wannan Ba Sunana bane" ya hau lamba 39 a kan <i id="mwWw">Billboard</i> Hot 100, wanda ya ba ƙungiyar 40 na farko a can. An ba wa waƙar shaidar Zinariya a ranar 2 ga Afrilu 2009, tana sayar da fiye da kwafi 500,000.
Rufewa da amfani a cikin kafofin watsa labarai Dizzee Rascal ya yi sigar wannan waƙa a cikin Live Lounge a gidan rediyon BBC 1, inda ya canza waƙar zuwa: "Suna kirana 'jini'/ Suna kirana' yaro mara mutunci '/Suna kirana oi/Suna kirana mate/ Suna amfani da N-word kamar wasa Wannan ba sunana ba ne. A lokacin gasar cin kofin Pittsburgh Penguins Stanley a shekara ta 2009, gidan rediyon Pittsburgh WDVE ya yi waƙar waƙar mai taken "Wannan Shine Sunana" game da ɗan wasan Penguins Evgeni Malkin, wanda wani mutum mai sauti kamar Malkin ya rera game da sunayen laƙabi da yawa. An kuma sanya waƙar a matsayin "He's Get My Name" don gwajin Johnny Network na Cartoon Bugu da ƙari, an yi amfani da waƙar a cikin bidiyon kiɗa na wasan kwaikwayo ta Norwegian comedy duo Ylvis a kan jawabinsu na kveld med YLVIS (Yau tare da YLVIS), mai suna "Jeg Heter Finn" ("Sunana Finn"). An yi amfani da kayan aikin waƙar a cikin tallan silima na Burtaniya don Rediyon BBC 1 a lokacin bazara na 2008. An kuma yi amfani da sigar waƙar da aka sake haɗawa azaman kiɗan don ɓangaren PINK na Nunin Kayayyakin Sirrin Victoria na 2008 (wanda Cho Dongho ya sake haɗawa). Hakanan ana amfani da waƙar a cikin kasuwancin Mobitel na Mobitel na Slovenia don fakitin biyan kuɗin su, Itak Džabest. "Wannan Ba Sunana ba" an yi amfani da shi a cikin trailer na fim ɗin rani na 2009 Post Grad, kuma a kan nunin 90210 akan The CW, Brothers & Sisters akan ABC, Yin Matsayi, da City akan MTV, da kuma a cikin fina-finai. An Kori! (2009) da Horrible Bosses (2011), wanda Charlie Day 's hali Dale ya rera shi a cikin mota yayin da yake kan hodar iblis. An nuna waƙar a cikin CSI: NY a matsayin waƙar farkon jigon Batun Ba Komawa An kuma yi amfani da waƙar akan jerin Skins 3 episode "Katie da Emily". Wannan waƙar tana fitowa sau da yawa a cikin E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners kuma ta fito a cikin Fim ɗin Inbetweeners (waƙar sauti na hukuma). Bugu da ƙari, an nuna waƙar a cikin Suburgatory Avant-garde na Amurka da ƙungiyar gwaji Xiu Xiu ya yi amfani da layin "Wannan ba Sunana ba" a cikin murfin Yarinya Kadai (A Duniya) ta Rihanna An canza layukan don cewa "Kana kirana Jamie, ba sunana ba kenan." An kuma yi amfani da waƙar a cikin tallace-tallace da tallace-tallace don Despicable Me 2, Joe Fresh, The Lego Movie, Coca-Cola, da Amazon Alexa An kuma yi amfani da shi a cikin fina-finan La Famille Bélier, Gnome Alone, da Peter Rabbit 2: The Runaway Shirin talabijin na Isra’ila Ha-Yehudim Ba’im ya yi amfani da waƙar a matsayin madogara ta satire game da dokar Yahudawa da ta hana a furta tetragrammaton, inda Allah ya koka game da kiransa da sunaye dabam-dabam da ba nasa ba.
A ranar 15 ga Janairu 2022, waƙar ta fara fara yaduwa akan TikTok lokacin da ta bayyana akan bidiyo a cikin shahararrun asusun dabbobi. Kwanaki hudu bayan haka, a ranar 19 ga wata, mashahurai irin su Alicia Silverstone da Drew Barrymore sun fara buga bidiyo ta hanyar amfani da waƙar da aka saita zuwa hotunan rawar da suka taka a baya.
Ayyukan Chart
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Nassoshi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
24054 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yannis%20Hamilakis | Yannis Hamilakis | Yannis Hamilakis pronounced Ʝanis lacis] an haife shi a shekara ta 1966) masanin ilimin tarihi na Girka ne kuma marubuci wanda shine Joukowsky Family Professor of Archeology and Professor of Modern Greek Studies a Jami'ar Brown. Ya ƙware a ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi na Aegean prehistoric da kuma tarihin kayan tarihi, gami da kishin ƙasa da ililimi ɗan Adam. Abubuwan bincikensa sun haɗa da kishin ƙasa, postcolonialism, da karatun ƙaura.
Sana'a Hamilakis ya girma a Sitia, wani gari a Karita. Ya karɓi BA a Tarihi da Archaeology daga Jami'ar Crete a shekara ta 1988, sannan MSc da PhD daga Jami'ar Sheffield. Daga shekara ta 2000-2016, ya kasance Farfesa na Archaeology a Jami'ar Southampton. Daga shekara ta 2012–2013, Hamilakis ya kasance memba na Cibiyar Princeton don Nazarin Nazari. Ya kuma kasance Abokin Aiki a Makarantar Nazarin Al'adu ta Amurka, Athens; Jami'ar Princeton; Jami'ar Cincinnati; da Cibiyar Bincike ta Getty, Los Angeles. Hamilakis ya buga takardu kan batutuwa iri -iri a cikin ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi da bayansa. Aikinsa na baya-bayan nan ya haɗa da tono wani wurin faɗa na tsakiyar Neolithic a tsakiyar Girka, inda kuma yake ɗaukar nauyin ayyukan fasaha iri-iri, gami da shirin wasan kwaikwayo na kayan tarihi. Babban mashahurin mai ba da shawara ne na haɗa al'adun gargajiya, fasaha, da haɗin gwiwar al'umma a cikin aikin archaeological, don sha'awar "aikin archaeological siyasa da aikin ilimi, wanda aka sadaukar da shi ga adalci na zamantakewa." Ya kuma yi rubuce-rubuce kan siyasar koyar da tarbiyya da kokarinsa na haifar da “tarbiyyar kan iyaka” a cikin koyarwarsa.
Hamilakis ya shiga cikin ramuka da yawa a Girka, gami da zama darakta a ayyukan filin a Koutroulou Magoula da Kalaureia. Hamilakis yana zaune a kan allon edita na Binciken shekara-shekara na Anthropology, Journal of Contemporary Archeology, the Classical Receptions Journal, Journal of Mediterranean Archeology, the Year of the British School at Athens, the Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Archaeologies: The Journal of the World Archaeological Congress, Research in Archaeological Education, Current Swedish Archeology, Forum Kritische Archäologie, Journal of Modern Greek Studies and the WAC Research Handbooks in Archaeology. Ya kuma ba da gudummawa ga wallafe-wallafen da ba na ilimi ba ciki har da The Nation da Binciken Littattafai na London. Hamilakis shine marubucin labarai sama da guda Dari da talatin 130 kuma ya rubuta, gyara, ko hada littattafai goma sha ɗaya, gami da ƙarar shekara ta 2007 mai taken The Nation da Ruins: Archeology, Antiquity and National imagination in Modern Greece wanda ya ci lambar yabo ta Edmund Keeley shekara ta 2009. wanda Ƙungiyar Nazarin Girkanci ta Zamani ta bayar, kuma an saka shi cikin waɗanda aka zaɓa don lambar yabo ta Runciman shekara ta 2007.
Litattafan da aka zaɓa A matsayin marubuci:
Ƙasa da Rushewarta: Tarihin Tarihi, Tarihi da Tunanin Ƙasa a Girka ta Zamani, Oxford University Press, 2007. Archaeologies da Sense: Kwarewar Dan Adam, Memory, da Tasiri, Jami'ar Jami'ar Cambridge, shekara ta 2013. ISBN 9780521837286.
Hamilakis, Y. da Ifantidis, F.shekara ta 2016. Kamara Kalaureia: Hoton Archaeological-ethnography Oxford: Archaeopress.
2012. (wanda Nektarios Kalantzis ya fassara).
2015. (wanda Nikos Kourkoulos ya fassara).
A matsayin edita:
Rainbird, P. da Hamilakis, Y. (eds) shekara ta 2001 Tambayoyin Tattaunawa: Archeology a Higher Education Oxford: BAR/Archaeopress. Pp.guda Dari SD ashirin 120 Tsoffin Mai Amfani: Metahistories na Girka, Littattafan Lexington, shekara ta 2003. ISBN 0-7391-0384-9 Labyrinth Ya sake Zuwa: Tunanin Minoan Archeology, Oxbow, shekara ta 2002. ISBN 1-84217-061-9.
Tunani ta Jiki: Archaeologies na Corporeality, Kluwer/Plenum, 2002. ISBN 0306466481.
Kotjabopoulou, E., Hamilakis, Halstead, P., Gamble, C., da Elefanti, V. (eds). Shekara ta 2003. Zooarchaeology a Girka: Ci gaban kwanan nan. London: BSA. Hamilakis, Y. da Duke, P. (eds) 2007. Archaeology da Capitalism: Daga Da'a zuwa Siyasa. Walnut Creek, CA: Jaridar Teku ta Hagu.
Hamilakis, Y. da Labanyi, J. (eds) 2008. Tunawa da Mantawa a Yankin Kudancin Turai. Fitowar Jarida, Tarihi da Ƙwaƙwalwa (juzu'i na 20, fitowa ta 2).
Carabott, P., Hamilakis, Y. da E. Papargyriou, E. (eds)shekara ta 2015. Graeca Kamara: Hoto, Labarai, Kayan Aiki. London: Ashgate.
Hamilakis, Y. da Jones A. (eds) 2017 Archaeology and Assemblage (fitowar ta musamman ta Jaridar Cambridge Archaeological Journal vol. Guda Ashirin da bakwai 27 (1).
Hamilakis, Y. (ed.).shekara ta zuwa 2017z uwa shekara ta [2016] Archaeologies na Tilastawa da Ba da izini na Hijira (Musamman, batun jigon Jaridar Tarihin Archaeology, guda 3 (2).
Hamilakis, Y. da Momigliano, N. (eds) shekara ta 2010. Manazarta Haifaffun 1966
Rayayyun |
40423 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz%20Kafka | Franz Kafka | Franz Kafka (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Yulin shekara ta alif 1883,-kuma ya mutu a ranar 3 ga watan Yunin shekara ta alif 1924) marubucin Bohemian ne mai kuma magana da Jamusanci kuma marubucin gajerun labarai, wanda ya shahara a ɗaya daga cikin manyan jigogin adabin ƙarni na 20. Ayyukansa sun haɗa abubuwa na gaskiya da ban mamaki. Yawanci yana fasalta keɓantattun jaruman da ke fuskantar matsaloli masu ban mamaki ko na zahiri da kuma ikon zamantakewar da ba za a iya fahimta ba. An fassara shi azaman binciko jigogi na nisantar, damuwa na wanzuwa, laifi, da rashin hankali. Shahararrun ayyukansa sun haɗa da ɗan gajeren labari "The Metamorphosis" da litattafai The Trial and The Castle. Kalmar Kafkaesque ya shiga Turanci don bayyana yanayi maras kyau, kamar waɗanda aka kwatanta a cikin rubutunsa.
An haifi Kafka a cikin dangin Yahudawan Czech na tsakiyar aji na Jamusanci a Jamhuriyar Czech a Prague, babban birnin Masarautar Bohemia, sa'an nan kuma wani yanki na daular Austro-Hungary, a yau babban birnin Jamhuriyar Czech. Ya sami horo a matsayin lauya kuma bayan ya kammala karatunsa na shari'a sai wani kamfani na inshora ya ɗauke shi aiki na cikakken lokaci, wanda hakan ya tilasta masa ya mayar da rubuce-rubuce zuwa lokacin hutunsa. A tsawon rayuwar Kafka, ya rubuta ɗaruruwan wasiƙu zuwa ga dangi da abokai na kud da kud, ciki har da mahaifinsa, wanda suke da dangantaka ta kud da kud. Ya yi auren mata da yawa amma bai yi aure ba. Ya mutu a cikin duhu a shekarar alif 1924, yana da shekaru 40 daga tarin fuka.
Kafka ya kasance ƙwararren marubuci, yana ciyar da mafi yawan lokutansa na kyauta, yawanci a cikin dare. Ya kona kusan kashi 90% na jimlar aikin sa saboda jajircewar da ya yi na rashin yarda da kai. Kadan daga cikin ayyukan Kafka da aka buga a lokacin rayuwarsa: tarin labaran da aka yi la'akari da Likitan Ƙasa, da kuma labarun mutum (irin su "The Metamorphosis") an buga su a cikin mujallu na wallafe-wallafe amma sun sami kulawar jama'a kadan. A cikin wasiyyarsa, Kafka ya umurci mai zartar da wallafe-wallafen kuma abokinsa Max Brod ya lalata ayyukansa da ba a gama ba, ciki har da littattafansa The Trial, The Castle, da amma Brod ya yi watsi da waɗannan umarnin, kuma yana da yawancin ayyukansa da aka buga.
Franz Kafka yana daya daga cikin mawakan da suka shahara bayan mutuwarsu: bayan shekarar alif 1945, ne ayyukansa suka shahara a cikin ƙasashen Jamusanci, wanda adabinsa ya yi tasiri sosai, kuma a cikin 1960s a wasu wurare na duniya. Ayyukan Kafka sun rinjayi nau'ikan marubuta, masu suka, masu fasaha, da masana falsafa a cikin ƙarni na 20 da 21st.
Rayuwa
Rayuwar farko An haifi Kafka a kusa da filin Old Town Square a Prague, a lokacin daular Austro-Hungarian. Iyalinsa Yahudawan Ashkenazi ne na tsakiyar aji na masu jin Jamus. Mahaifinsa, Hermann Kafka (1854-1931), shi ne ɗa na huɗu na Jakob Kafka, a ko kuma mai yankan al'ada a Osek, ƙauyen Czech mai yawan Yahudawa da ke kusa da Strakonice a kudancin Bohemia. Hermann ya kawo dangin Kafka zuwa Prague. Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin tallace-tallace na balaguro, a ƙarshe ya zama dillalin kayan ado wanda ya ɗauki aiki har zuwa mutane 15 kuma ya yi amfani da hoton jackdaw a cikin Czech, furci kuma an rubuta shi azaman kafka azaman tambarin kasuwancin sa. Mahaifiyar Kafka, Julie (1856-1934), 'yar Jakob Löwy ce, ɗan kasuwa mai wadata a Poděbrady, kuma ta fi mijinta ilimi.
Iyayen Kafka mai yiwuwa sun yi magana da Jamusanci, wanda Yiddish ya rinjayi, wanda wani lokaci ana kiransa Mauscheldeutsch, amma, kamar yadda Jamusanci ke dauke da abin hawa na motsi na zamantakewa, tabbas sun ƙarfafa 'ya'yansu su yi magana da Jamusanci Standard. Hermann da Julie suna da 'ya'ya shida, wanda Franz ce babba. 'Yan'uwan Franz biyu, Georg da Heinrich, sun mutu tun suna jariri kafin Franz ya cika bakwai; 'yan'uwansa mata uku sune Gabriele ("Ellie") (1889-1944), Valerie ("Valli") (1890-1942) da Ottilie ("Ottla") (1892-1943). An kashe dukan ukun a cikin Holocaust na Yaƙin Duniya na II. An tura Valli zuwa Łódź Ghetto da ke Poland da ta mamaye a shekara ta alif 1942, amma wannan ita ce takardar shaidar ta ƙarshe; ana zaton ba ta tsira daga yakin ba. Ottilie ita ce 'yar'uwar Kafka da ta fi so.
Masanin tarihin rayuwar Stanley Corngold ya bayyana Hermann a matsayin "babban ɗan kasuwa, mai son kai, mai girman kai" da kuma ta Franz Kafka a matsayin "Kafka na gaskiya cikin ƙarfi, lafiya, ci, ƙarar murya, balaga, gamsuwar kai, rinjaye na duniya. juriya, kasancewar hankali, [da] sanin yanayin ɗan adam”. A kwanakin kasuwanci, iyayen biyu ba su nan a gida, tare da Julie Kafka tana aiki kamar 12. sa'o'i a kowace rana suna taimakawa wajen gudanar da kasuwancin iyali. Saboda haka, yarinta na Kafka ya kasance ɗan kaɗaici, kuma yaran sun sami reno da yawa daga jerin gwanati da bayi. Dangantakar da ke damun Kafka da mahaifinsa ta bayyana a cikin Wasika zuwa ga Ubansa na sama da 100 shafuka, wanda a cikinsa ya koka game da kasancewar mahaifinsa mai iko da kuma halin da ake bukata; Mahaifiyarsa kuwa, ta kasance mai shiru da kunya. Mafi rinjayen mahaifin Kafka yana da tasiri sosai a rubutun Kafka.
Iyalin Kafka suna da wata kuyanga da ke zaune tare da su a wani ƙunƙun gida. Dakin Franz yana yawan sanyi. A watan Nuwamba shekarar alif 1913, iyalin suka koma wani babban gida, ko da yake Ellie da Valli sun yi aure kuma suka tashi daga ɗakin farko. A farkon watan Agusta, shekara ta alif 1914, bayan Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya ya soma, ’yan’uwa mata ba su san inda mazajensu suke soja ba kuma suka koma tare da iyalin a wannan babban gida. Dukansu Ellie da Valli su ma suna da yara. Franz yana da shekaru 31 ya koma tsohon gidan Valli, shiru da bambanci, kuma ya rayu shi kadai a karon farko.
Ilimi Daga shekarar alif 1889 zuwa 1893, Kafka ya halarci Makarantar firamare ta samarin Jamus a (kasuwar nama), yanzu ana kiranta titin Masná. Iliminsa na Yahudawa ya ƙare da bikin mashaya mitzvah yana ɗan shekara 13. Kafka bai taɓa jin daɗin halartar majami'a ba kuma yana tafiya tare da mahaifinsa a ranakun hutu huɗu kawai a shekara. Bayan barin makarantar firamare a shekara ta alif 1893, an shigar da Kafka a cikin gymnasium mai tsauri na gargajiya, makarantar sakandare ta ilimi a Old Town Square, a cikin fadar Kinský. Jamusanci yaren koyarwa ne, amma Kafka kuma ya yi magana kuma ya rubuta cikin Czech. Ya yi karatu na karshen a dakin motsa jiki na tsawon shekaru takwas, yana samun sakamako mai kyau. Ko da yake Kafka ya sami yabo ga Czech ɗinsa, bai taɓa ɗaukar kansa ƙware a cikin yaren ba, kodayake yana magana da Jamusanci tare da lafazin Czech. Ya kammala jarrabawar Matura a 1901.
An shigar da shi a na Prague a 1901, Kafka ya fara nazarin ilmin sunadarai amma ya koma doka bayan makonni biyu. Ko da yake wannan filin bai faranta masa rai ba, ya ba da damammaki na aiki wanda ya faranta wa mahaifinsa rai. Bugu da kari, doka ta bukaci dogon zangon karatu, inda ta baiwa Kafka lokacin daukar darasi a cikin karatun Jamusanci da tarihin fasaha. Ya kuma shiga ƙungiyar ɗalibai, (Zauren Karatu da Lacca na ɗaliban Jamus), wanda ya shirya tarurrukan adabi, karatu da sauran ayyuka. Daga cikin abokan Kafka akwai ɗan jarida Felix Weltsch, wanda ya yi nazarin falsafanci, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Yitzchak Lowy wanda ya fito daga dangin Hasidic Warsaw na orthodox, da kuma marubuta Ludwig Winder, Oskar Baum da Franz Werfel.
A ƙarshen shekara ta farko na karatunsa, Kafka ya sadu da Max Brod, wani dalibin lauya wanda ya zama aboki na kud da kud don rayuwa. Bayan shekaru, Brod ya kirkiro kalmar ("The Close Prague Circle") don bayyana rukunin marubuta, waɗanda suka haɗa da Kafka, Felix Weltsch da Brod kansa. Kafka ya kasance mai son karatu a duk rayuwarsa; tare da shi da Brod sun karanta Plato's Protagoras a cikin asalin Girkanci, akan yunƙurin Brod, da kuma tunanin Flaubert 's da kuma The Temptation of Saint Anthony a cikin Faransanci, bisa shawararsa. Kafka ya ɗauki Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Gustav Flaubert, Nikolai Gogol, Franz Grillparzer, da Heinrich von Kleist a matsayin" 'yan'uwansa na gaskiya". Bayan waɗannan, ya ɗauki sha'awar wallafe-wallafen Czech kuma yana jin daɗin ayyukan Goethe An ba Kafka lambar digiri na Doka a ranar 18 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta alif 1906 kuma ya yi shekara ta wajibi na hidimar da ba a biya ba a matsayin magatakarda na shari'a da kotunan laifuka.
Aiki A ranar 1 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta alif 1907, an ɗauki Kafka a kamfanin inshora, inda ya yi aiki kusan shekara guda. Wasiƙun da ya yi a wancan lokacin sun nuna cewa bai ji daɗin tsarin aiki ba—daga 08:00 har zuwa 18:00 —wanda ya sa ya zama da wahala matuƙar ya mai da hankali ga rubutu, wanda ke ɗaukar ƙarin mahimmanci a gare shi. A ranar 15 ga Yuli, 1908, ya yi murabus. Makonni biyu bayan haka, ya sami aikin da ya fi dacewa da rubutu lokacin da ya shiga Cibiyar Inshorar Ma'aikata ta Masarautar Bohemia Aikin ya haɗa da bincike da kimanta ramuwa don rauni na mutum ga ma'aikatan masana'antu; hatsarori kamar bacewar yatsu ko gaɓoɓi sun zama ruwan dare gama gari, saboda rashin ƙayyadaddun manufofin tsaro na aiki a lokacin. Ya kasance gaskiya ne musamman ga masana'antun da aka haɗa da lathes na injuna, na'urori, injinan tsarawa da na'urori masu juyawa, waɗanda ba a cika cika su da masu tsaro ba. Farfesan gudanarwa Peter Drucker ya yabawa Kafka tare da haɓaka hular farar hula ta farko yayin da yake aiki a Cibiyar Inshorar Hatsari ta Ma'aikata, amma duk wani takarda daga ma'aikacin sa ba ya goyan bayan wannan. Mahaifinsa sau da yawa yakan ambaci aikin dansa a matsayin jami'in inshora a matsayin a zahiri "aikin burodi", aikin da aka yi kawai don biyan kuɗi; Kafka ya sha da'awar raina shi. An inganta Kafka cikin sauri kuma ayyukansa sun haɗa da sarrafawa da bincikar da'awar biyan diyya, rubuta rahotanni, da kuma kula da roko daga 'yan kasuwa waɗanda ke tunanin an sanya kamfanonin su cikin haɗari mai yawa, wanda ya fi tsadar su a cikin kudaden inshora. Zai tattara kuma ya tsara rahoton shekara-shekara kan cibiyar inshora na shekaru da yawa da ya yi aiki a can. Rahotanni sun samu karbuwa daga manyansa. Kafka ya kan tashi daga aiki da ƙarfe biyu na rana, ta yadda ya samu lokacin ciyar da aikinsa na adabi, wanda ya himmatu. Mahaifin Kafka kuma ya sa ran zai taimaka a wurin kuma ya mallaki kantin sayar da kayayyaki na iyali. A cikin shekarunsa na baya, rashin lafiyar Kafka yakan hana shi aiki a ofishin inshora da kuma rubutunsa.
A ƙarshen shekarar alif 1911, mijin Elli Karl Hermann da Kafka sun zama abokan haɗin gwiwa a masana'antar asbestos ta farko a Prague, wanda aka sani da Prager Asbestwerke Hermann Co., bayan sun yi amfani da kuɗin sadaki daga Hermann Kafka. Kafka ya nuna hali mai kyau da farko, yana sadaukar da yawancin lokacinsa na kyauta ga kasuwanci, amma daga baya ya ji haushin cin zarafin wannan aikin a lokacin rubuce-rubucensa. A wannan lokacin, ya kuma sami sha'awa da nishaɗi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Yiddish Bayan ganin ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Yiddish a watan Oktoba, shekara ta alif 1911, na tsawon watanni shida masu zuwa Kafka "ya nutsar da kansa cikin yaren Yiddish da kuma cikin adabin Yiddish". A daidai wannan lokacin ne Kafka ta zama mai cin ganyayyaki. A kusa da shekarar 1915, Kafka ya karɓi daftarin sanarwar aikin soja a yakin duniyaNi, amma ma'aikatansa a cibiyar inshora sun shirya tsaiko saboda ana ɗaukar aikinsa yana da mahimmancin sabis na gwamnati. Daga baya ya yi yunƙurin shiga aikin soja amma matsalolin kiwon lafiya da ke da alaƙa da tarin fuka sun hana shi yin haka, da aka gano shi a cikin shekarar alif 1917. A cikin shekarar alif 1918, Cibiyar Inshorar Ma'aikata ta sanya Kafka a cikin fensho saboda ya samu. rashin lafiya, wanda ba a samu waraka ba a lokacin, kuma ya shafe mafi yawan rayuwarsa a wuraren kiwon lafiya.
Manazarta Mutuwan |
22779 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashrur%20Arefin | Mashrur Arefin | Mashrur Arefin (an haife shi ne a ranar 9 ga watan Oktoba, 1969), ya kasan ce marubuci ne ɗan ƙasar Bangladesh, marubuci, mai fassara da kuma banki. An san shi da fassarar Bengali na labaran Homer na Iliad da Franz Kafka, da litattafansa, August Abchchaya (The Eclipse of August, 2019) da Althusser (2020).Ya sami lambar yabo ta BRAC Bank-Samakal Literature Award saboda fassarar labaran Franz Kafka a 2013 kuma ya ci Gemcon Shahitya Puroshkar 2020 don littafinsa na farko Agusta Abchhaya (The Eclipse of August).
Arefin yana rubutu ne game da adabi da kuma rubutun adabi akan jarida da kuma karin adabi.
Tarihin rayuwa
Rayuwar farko An haife shi a Barishal Daga baya danginsa suka koma Khulna kuma Arefin sun girma a can.
Ilimi da girma Bayan ya wuce SSC da HSC daga Kwalejin Barishal Cadet ya yi karatun Adabin Turanci a Jami’ar Musulmai ta Aligarh Sannan ya sami MA daga Jami'ar Dhaka A shekarar 1995 Arefin ya fara aiki a ANZ Grindlays Bank Limited a matsayin mai horar da gudanarwa. Ya kammala MBA daga Jami'ar Victoria, Melbourne, Australia. A matsayin banki tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1990, ya yi aiki da bankuna da yawa a wurare daban-daban. Mashrur Arefin shine manajan darakta kuma babban jami'i (Shugaba) na Bankin City Bank Limited.
Rubutawa Ya fara rubutu da fassara a farkon shekarun 90 yayin da yake dalibi. A wancan lokacin an buga ayyukan rubutu da fassara a cikin mujallu daban-daban na adabi da kuma abubuwan adabi na Bangladesh.
Magajin Ishwardi Ya Mule er Golpo (Waka) Magajin garin Ishwardi O Mule er Golpo, an buga littafin doguwar waƙa a 2001 daga 'Da' Prokashoni. Shi ne littafinsa na farko. Magajin garin Ishwardi O Mule er Golpo ya kasance yunƙurin bincika sabon salon magana da hoto tare da yaren Bangla.
August Abchaya (Labari) August Abchaya (The Eclipse of August) shine littafinsa na farko. Labarin kirkirarren labari ne kan kisan shugaban kasar Bangladesh na farko Sheikh Mujibur Rahman An fara buga shi a cikin Bajan Littafin Ekushey, 2019. A cikin hira da Dhaka Tribune bayan lashe Gemcon Literary Prize, 2020, Mashrur Arefin ya lura:Abin da kawai zan iya cewa shi ne, 'Agusta Abchhaya' ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin labari na tarihi. Amma da gaske haka ne? Tabbas ba wanda yake bayar da nasa bayanin na dalilin da yasa abubuwa suka faru yadda abubuwan suka faru. Na yi imanin cewa saboda saukaka sanya littattafai wasu rukuni, muna kiran 'August Abchhaya' tatsuniyoyin tarihi ne kawai saboda kasuwancin kashe tarihi shine ginshikin littafin. Amma ginshiƙi kawai ginshiƙi ne. Yawancin abubuwa da yawa suna faruwa a zahiri, mafi girman kewaye ko kewayen kowace cibiyar.
Althusser (Labari) Littafinsa na biyu shine Althusser. An lakafta shi a kan shahararren masanin falsafar nan na Faransa Louis Althusser An fara buga shi a cikin Baje kolin Littafin Ekushey, 2020.
Prithibi Elomelo Sokalbelay (Waka) Prithib Elomelo Sokalbelay shine littafin waka na biyu. An fara buga shi a cikin Baje kolin Littafin Ekushey, 2020.
Kasa (Novel) A karkashin kasa, an buga littafi na uku na Mashrur Arefin a shekarar 2021 ta baje kolin littattafai na Ekushey daga Katha Prokash. A cikin wannan littafin Mashrur Arefin yayi ma'amala da matakai daban-daban na iko da kuma gefen duhu.
Poristhiti Jehetu Agun Hoye Ache (Waka) Poristhiti Jehetu Agun Hoye Ache, littafin mawaka na uku na Mashrur Arefin an buga shi a 2021 littafin baje koli na Ekushey daga Katha Prokash.
Salo Akwai 'yan bangarorin da masu karatu za su iya tsammani a cikin rubutun Mashrur Arefin, kamar murƙushe tsarin magana da jimla, amma bai tsaya ga kowane salon da aka ƙaddara ba. Yana da niyyar yin gwaji tare da kyawawan halaye kuma ya fito da sabon nau'in ɗanɗano na karin magana.
Jigogi
Powerarfi da siyasa Iko da siyasa shine batun yawancin ayyukan Mashrur Arefin. Yawancin ayyukan da yake yi suna bincika yadda iko da siyasa ke aiki akan mutum da ɗan adam.
Rashin kulawa da rayuwar mutum Wani muhimmin jigo a yawancin ayyukan Mashrur Arefin shi ne halin ko-in-kula game da rayuwar ɗan adam.
Yanayi Yanayi halaye ne na yau da kullun da ayyukansa.
Lokaci Wani taken a cikin ayyukan Mashrur Arefin shine lokaci- ko kuma, wucewar lokaci.
Ayyuka
Littattafai August Abchaya The Eclipse of Agusta, 2019)
Althusser Althusser, 2020)
Karkashin kasa Karkashin kasa, 2021)
Waka Ishwardi, Magajin gari Ya Muler Golpo 2001)
Prithibi Elomelo Sokalbelay 2020)
Poristhiti Jehetu Agun Hoye Ache 2021)
Fassara Franz Kafka Galpa-Samagra Cikakkun Labaran Franz Kafka, 2013)
Iliad Iliad, 2015)
Ganewa
Kyaututtuka ga littattafai 2013: BRAC Bank-Samakal Literature Award don labaran Franz Kafka (Fassara, 2013),
2020: Gemcon Shahitya Puroshkar na watan Agusta Abchaya (Novel, 2019),
Manzarata Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1969
Pages with unreviewed |
27218 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadalla%20Gubara | Gadalla Gubara | Gadalla Gubara 1920–2008) ɗan ƙasar Sudan ne mai ɗaukar hoto, mai shirya fim, darekta kuma mai daukar hoto Fiye da biyar da suka gabata, ya fitar da fiye da 50 na Kundaye da uku alama fina-finan. Ya kasance majagaba na fina-finan Afirka, kasancewar ya kasance wanda ya kafa kungiyar masu shirya fina-finai ta Pan-African FEPACI da kuma bikin Fim na FESPACO (Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso). Diyarsa, Sara Gubara, wadda ta kammala digiri a Cibiyar Cinema da ke birnin Alkahira na kasar Masar, ta taimaka masa da ayyukansa na fina-finai a baya, bayan da ya rasa idonsa. Ana ganin ta a matsayin mace ta farko da ta zama daraktar fim a Sudan.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Gubara a Khartoum, Sudan a 1920. Mahaifinsa manomi ne, kuma daga cikin dangin Muhammad Ahmad A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'i a cikin Royal Corps of Signals a arewacin Afirka. A nan, dakarun aka tare da Mulkin mallaka Film Unit, wanda kariya fina-finai kamar Desert Nasara, Our Afirka Sojoji a Active Service, kuma Tare Our Afirka Sojojin a yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya domin sojojin. Wannan shi ne karon farko da Gubara ya fara haskawa a fim, wanda ya kai shi neman horo bayan yakin, yayin da yake zaune a Landan da Cyprus Bayan horon da ya yi, sashen fina-finai na Burtaniya ya ba shi umarnin komawa ƙasar Sudan da yin fina-finan ilimantarwa game da shirin noman kasar da za a nuna wa mazauna yankin a fadin kasar. Yayin da ake yin haka, Gubara ya kuma nuna fina-finan barkwanci da dama ga mazauna karkara.
Sana'a Gubara kuma yana daya daga cikin masu ɗaukar hoto na farko a Sudan, inda ya dauki misali da daga tutar sabuwar kasar a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1956. A cikin marigayi karramawa, an gabatar da wasu daga cikin hotunansa a cikin 2015 a wurin nunin baya-bayan nan Makarantar Khartoum: yin motsin fasahar zamani a Sudan (1945-present)''' ta Gidauniyar Fasaha ta Sharjah, UAE. A cikin 1955, Gubara ta shirya fim ɗin kala na farko na Afirka, Song of Khartoum, gudummawa ga nau'ikan fina-finai game da biranen avant-garde. Shekaru bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekara ta 1956 sun kasance da yanayi na farkawa ta siyasa da al'adu a Sudan. Gubara ya zama babban mai shirya fina-finai na sabuwar rukunin fina-finan Sudan da aka kafa a ƙarƙashin ma’aikatar al’adu da yada labarai. A cikin wannan lokacin, ya rubuta abubuwan da suka faru da yawa da kuma rayuwar yau da kullun tare da kyamararsa: ganawar gwamnati da shugaban Masar Gamal Abdel Nasser na Masar ko Sarkin Habasha Haile Selassi a ziyarar aiki, rayuwar dare na Khartoum, gina layin dogo, masana'antu da madatsun ruwa. A ƙarshen 1950s, ya sami kyauta don ci gaba da karatun fim a Jami'ar Kudancin California, kuma an nada shi a matsayin darektan sashin fina-finai na Sudan bayan ya dawo a 1962. Da yake son ya shirya nasa fina-finai, kuma mafi yawan fina-finai, ya bar sashen fina-finan Sudan, ya kafa gidan shirya fina-finai na farko na Sudan, Studio Gad, a 1974. Fim ɗinsa na farko na Tajouj labari ne mai ban sha'awa game da rashin jin dadin soyayyar wasu masu neman auren jarumar, wanda aka shirya a ƙauyukan gabashin Sudan, kuma jarumi Salah bn Albadya ya fito. Tajouj ya lashe lambar yabo ta Nefertiti, kyautar fim mafi girma a Masar, a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Alkahira a 1982, kuma ya sami kyaututtuka a bikin fina-finai a Alexandria, Ouagadougou, Tehran, Addis Ababa, Berlin, Moscow, Cannes da Carthage. A cikin 1984, Gubara ya buga wani gajeren fim mai cikakken bayani mai suna 'Viva Sara Ya ba da labarin 'yarsa Sara, wacce duk da nakasar jikinta da ta yi fama da cutar shan inna tun tana ƙarama, ta zama ƴar ƙasar Sudan ta farko a gasar ƙasa da ƙasa ta masu ninkaya tsakanin tsibirin Capri da birnin Naples na Italiya. Gubara yana aiki yana da shekaru tamanin da takwas. Ya rasa idonsa yana da shekaru 80 a duniya, a lokacin da gwamnati ta kwace ɗakinsa, amma ya ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukansa na fim na karshe, inda ‘yarsa Sara Gubara ta taimaka masa. A shekara ta 2006, ya sami lambar yabo ta 'Award for Excellence' saboda aikinsa a Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka Da yake karin haske da watakila zamaninsa da ya fi fice, marubuci dan kasar Sudan Omar Zaki ya rubuta: “Fina-finan Gubara na shekarun 1960 zuwa 70 sun dauki abin da mutane da yawa ke kira da “Zaman Zinare na Sudan” lokacin da “Khartoum ita ce Beirut...ko kuma Paris. Afirka". A lokacin, Khartoum birni ne na al'adu da yawa da ke da majami'u masu yawa na Katolika, Furotesta, 'yan Koftik, da Habasha, da kuma al'ummomi daban-daban Yahudawa, Armeniya, Siriya, Girkanci, Labanan, da Sabiya. Wannan ya zo gaskiya tare da abubuwan tunawa da Gubara na babban birnin: "Khartoum birni ne mai buɗe ido, yana da nau'ikan nishaɗi iri-iri, yana da wuraren shakatawa na dare. Mutane na iya yin wasa kyauta, suna iya rawa. Amma a lokacin da shari’a ta fara da Nimeiry, Khartoum ta zama kamar garin Musulunci.” A cikin 2008, mai shirya fina-finai na Faransa Frédérique Cifuentes ya yi wani fim na gaskiya game da Gubara, wanda ake kira Cinema a Sudan: Tattaunawa da Gadalla Gubara Tsakanin 2014 da 2016, babban ɓangaren fina-finan Gubara ya kasance digitized ta Arsenal Cibiyar Fim da Fasahar Bidiyo a Berlin, Jamus, kuma an sake nunawa ga masu sauraro a Sudan har ma da ƙasashen waje. Fina-finai (fim ɗin fasali) Tajuj (1977)
Barakat Al-Sheikh (1998)
Les misérables'', karɓuwa na labari na Victor Hugo (2006)
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Cinema a Sudan: Tattaunawa da Gadalla Gubara (Takardar Labarai game da rayuwarsa da aikinsa)
TED magana ta Sara Gubara game da rayuwarta da haɗin gwiwa tare da mahaifinta (A cikin Larabci tare da fassarar Turanci)
Studio Gad Bayani da gajerun fina-finan gaskiya na Gubara, daga Khartoum a cikin 1970s
Rahoton bidiyo akan fim din Gubara na karshe na Les miserables, wanda ya fara da karfe 8:00 a kashi na 2 na bidiyon.
Short video, tare da Gubara yana magana akan rayuwarsa da aikinsa
Hotunan Gubara daga rumbun adana bayanai na elnour.org
Sinima a Afrika
Mutanen |
39972 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Za%C9%93en%20Gwamnan%20Jihar%20Legas%202023 | Zaɓen Gwamnan Jihar Legas 2023 | Za a gudanar da zaɓen gwamnan jihar Legas a shekarar 2023 a ranar 11 ga Maris, 2023, domin zaben gwamnan jihar Legas, a daidai lokacin da zaɓen ƴan majalisar dokokin jihar Legas da sauran zabukan gwamnoni ashirin da bakwai da zabukan sauran ‘yan majalisun jihohi. Za a gudanar da zaɓen ne makonni biyu bayan zaben shugaban kasa da na ƴan majalisar dokokin kasar Gwamnan jam’iyyar APC mai ci Babajide Sanwo-Olu na iya sake tsayawa takara kuma jam’iyyarsa ta tsayar da shi takara.
Zaɓen fidda gwani da aka shirya gudanarwa tsakanin 4 ga Afrilu zuwa 9 ga watan Yunin 2022, ya sa jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress ta tsayar da Sanwo-Olu takara ba tare da hamayya ba a ranar 26 ga Mayu yayin da jam’iyyar Peoples Democratic Party ta tsayar da Abdul-Azeez Olajide Adediran a ranar 25 ga Mayu. A ranar 4 ga watan Agusta, Gbadebo Rhodes-Vivour wanda ya fice daga jam'iyyar PDP a watan Mayu ya lashe zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Labour Tsarin zaɓe Ana zaɓen gwamnan jihar Legas ne ta hanyar yin gyaran fuska biyu Idan za a zaɓe shi a zagayen farko, dole ne ɗan takara ya samu yawan kuri’u da sama da kashi 25% na kuri’un a akalla kashi biyu bisa uku na kananan hukumomin jihar Idan babu ɗan takara da ya tsallake rijiya da baya, za a yi zagaye na biyu tsakanin ɗan takara da na gaba da ya samu kuri’u mafi yawa a kananan hukumomi.
Fage Jihar Legas jiha ce mai yawan jama'a, jihar kudu maso yamma daban-daban wacce babbar cibiyar hada-hadar kudi ce tare da kasancewa babbar cibiyar al'adu, ilimi, da sufuri. Ko da yake tana fuskantar cunkoson jama'a da kuma nakasar zirga-zirgar ababen hawa, ta samu ci gaba zuwa daya daga cikin mafi girman tattalin arziki a Afirka A siyasance, zaɓen 2019 ya kasance ci gaba da mulkin jam’iyyar APC a jihar inda shugaba mai ci Muhammadu Buhari ya samu nasarar lashe jihar da kashi 12% kuma jam’iyyar ta rike dukkan kujerun majalisar dattawa uku yayin da ta samu nasara a zaben ‘yan majalisar wakilai A matakin jiha ma, jam’iyyar APC ta ci gaba da rike rinjayen ƴan majalisar dokokin kasar amma zaɓen fidda gwanin takarar gwamna ya sha kaye a zaben fidda gwani na jam’iyyar APC wanda ba a taba ganin irinsa ba a jam’iyyar APC, wanda shi ne karon farko da wani gwamna mai ci a Najeriya ya sha kaye a zyaben fidda gwani na jam’iyyar. Dan takararsa na farko, Sanwo-Olu, ya ci gaba da lashe babban zaben da kaso 54%.
Gabanin wa'adin mulkin Sanwo-Olu, manufofin gwamnatinsa sun hada da inganta harkokin sufuri, lafiya da muhalli, ilimi da fasaha, nishadantarwa da yawon bude ido, zamanantar da tattalin arziki, da tsaro. Dangane da ayyukansa, Sanwo-Olu ya sami yabo game da ƙididdiga na tattalin arziki da na ilimi, gyare-gyaren ababen more rayuwa, sabunta birane, martaninsa na farko na COVID-19, da wasu haɓakar sufurin jama'a. Koyaya, an soki gwamnatinsa da rashin rarraba kayan abinci na COVID-19, rikice-rikicen BRT da Legas NURTW, rashin sarrafa kudi, da kuma zargin cin hanci da rashawa. Sanwo-Olu ya kuma sha suka kan yadda ya tafiyar da zanga-zangar karshen watan Oktoba na shekarar 2020 na kungiyar kawo karshen SARS, musamman kan kisan kiyashin da aka yi a Lekki lokacin da sojoji da Sanwo-Olu suka nemi a kula da jama'a suka kashe masu zanga-zangar da dama tare da harbin da ya biyo bayan harbin Sanwo- Gwamnatin Olu ta yi watsi da rahoton kwamitin bincike na shari’a da ke tabbatar da kisan kiyashin inda a maimakon haka ta rubuta wata farar takarda da ta musanta cewa an rasa rayuka.
Zaɓen firamare Za a gudanar da zabukan fidda gwani, tare da duk wani kalubalen da za a iya samu kan sakamakon farko, tsakanin 4 ga Afrilu da 3 ga Yuni 2022 amma an tsawaita wa'adin zuwa 9 ga Yuni.
Jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress Wasu masu ruwa da tsaki na jam’iyyar APC sun yi kira ga Gwamna Sanwo-Olu da ya sauka daga mulki, domin a kyale ɗan takara Musulmi ya tsaya takara tun da ba Musulmi ya zama Gwamna ba tun 2011 sai dai wasu na cewa a bar Sanwo-Olu ya tsaya takara karo na biyu kafin a tsayar da musulmi dan takara a 2027 ko kuma a ce wa'adin farko na Sanwo-Olu shi ne karin wa'adin tsohon Gwamna Akinwunmi Ambode (musamman). kamar yadda Ambode ya fito daga Legas Gabas yayin da Sanwo-Olu ya fito daga Legas ta tsakiya). Wani abin da zai iya janyo cece-kuce ga Sanwo-Olu, shi ne amincewar da majalisar ba da shawara kan harkokin mulki ta jam’iyyar APC ta Legas da kuma jagoranta, tsohon Gwamna Bola Tinubu suka yi. GAC ita ce jam’iyyar APC ta jiha mafi karfi kuma amincewar Sanwo-Olu ta kai shi ga samun nasara a zaben fidda gwani na 2019 amma ta jinkirta yanke shawarar amincewa da Sanwo-Olu a farkon 2022. Jinkirin ya haifar da tambayoyi na farko game da ko Tinubu da GAC za su goyi bayan takarar Sanwo-Olu na sake tsayawa takara amma duk da jinkirin da aka samu, GAC ta amince da Sanwo-Olu a watan Afrilu 2022. Sai dai kuma amincewar ya jawo ce-ce-ku-ce a kansa yayin da magoya bayan sauran masu neman tsayawa takara suka yi la'akari da hakan a matsayin 'tsakatar da dimokradiyya' da kuma ci gaba da jan ragamar jam'iyyar Tinubu. A ranar farko, cece-kuce ta kunno kai kan kwatsam da bata lokaci da abokan hamayyar Sanwo-Olu wato Abdul-Ahmed Olorunfemi Mustapha da Wale Oluwo suka yi, lamarin da ya sa Sanwo-Olu bai samu nasara ba. Oluwo ya lura cewa kwamitin tantancewar bai taba gabatar da rahotonsa a bainar jama'a ba kuma an hana Mustapha shiga filin firamare a jiki. Da yake Sanwo-Olu shi ne dan takara daya tilo, ya lashe zaben fidda gwani a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu. A jawabinsa na karbar, Sanwo-Olu ya godewa wakilan yayin da ya yi alkawarin ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukan gwamnatinsa. Yayin da Mustapha da Oluwo da farko suka ki amincewa da zaben fidda gwani da kuma shirin kalubalantar sakamakon zaben, daga karshe suka ki daukaka kara.
Wanda aka zaɓa Babajide Sanwo-Olu Governor (2019-present) Abokin takara- Femi Hamzat Mataimakin Gwamna (2019-present)
Kwamitin tantancewa ya soke shi Abdul-Ahmed Olorunfemi Mustapha tsohon ma'aikacin gwamnati Wale Oluwo tsohon kwamishinan makamashi da albarkatun ma'adinai
An ƙi Abdulhakeem Abdullateef tsohon kwamishinan harkokin cikin gida (2015–2019) Tokunbo Abiru Sanata mai wakiltar Legas ta Gabas (2020-yanzu) kuma tsohon kwamishinan kudi (2011-2013) Akinwunmi Ambode tsohon Gwamna (2015-2019) Tayo Ayinde Shugaban Ma'aikata (2019-present) Femi Gbajabiamila Dan Majalisar Wakilai na Surulere I (2003-present) da Kakakin Majalisar Wakilai (2019-present) Femi Hamzat Mataimakin Gwamna (2019-present), 2015 dan takarar gwamna a APC, kuma tsohon kwamishinan kimiyya da fasaha Hakeem Muri-Okunola Shugaban Ma'aikata na Jiha (2018-present) Seyi Tinubu: Shugaban Kamfanin Loatsad Promomedia kuma dan tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Legas, Bola Tinubu
Sakamako
Jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party Gabanin zaben fidda gwani, dan takara Abdul-Azeez Olajide Adediran da kungiyar sa ta Lagos4Lagos sun sauya sheka daga jam’iyyar APC zuwa PDP a wani gangami da ya samu halartar gwamnonin PDP da ke kan karagar mulki da shugaban jam’iyyar na kasa Iyorchia Ayu Manazarta sun bayyana cewa taron ya nuna goyon bayan jam’iyyar ta kasa kan takarar Adediran; sai dai wasu 'yan takara biyar sun shiga takarar fidda gwani a watannin bayan sauya shekar. Wani abin lura ga jam’iyyar shi ne shekarun da aka yi fama da rikice-rikicen cikin gida da suka dabaibaye jam’iyyar PDP ta Legas, amma an sasanta rikicin tun a farkon shekarar 2022. A ranar zaɓen fidda gwanin ‘yan takara hudu ne suka janye yayin da sauran ‘yan takara biyu suka ci gaba da zaben fidda gwani a kaikaice a Ikeja wanda ya kare a Adediran wanda ya fito takarar jam’iyyar bayan sakamako ya nuna ya samu sama da kashi 97% na kuri’un wakilan. Wani dan takara daya tilo da ya je zaben fidda gwani, David Kolawole Vaughan, ya amince da sakamakon kuma ya yi alkawarin marawa Adediran baya yayin da Adediran ya inganta salon sulhu da nufin hada kan jam’iyyar gabanin babban zabe. Makonni bayan zaben fidda gwanin ya mamaye neman abokin takarar Adediran, inda jam’iyyar ta fitar da jerin sunayen mutane biyar: Funke Akindele, Teslim Balogun, Kolawole Vaughan, Gbadebo Rhodes-Vivour, da Yeye Shobajo A ranar 12 ga watan Yuli ne aka bayyana Akindele—yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai shirya fina-finai—a matsayin mataimakiyar gwamnan jihar a wani faifan bidiyo a shafinta na Instagram da aka tabbatar. Masana sun lura da nadin a matsayin wani misali na siyasar shahararru a tsakanin wasu fitattun mutane da ke neman mukami.
Wanda aka zaba Abdul-Azeez Olajide Adediran Jagoran kungiyar Lagos4Lagos Movement kuma dan jarida Abokiyar gudu- Funke Akindele ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kuma furodusa
An cire a firamare David Kolawole Vaughan mai zanen kaya
Janye Adedeji Doherty: tsohon shugaban jam'iyyar PDP na jihar Legas (2019-2020) kuma dan takarar gwamna na jam'iyyar PDP a 2015 da 2019 Shamsideen Ade Dosunmu: 2011 dan takarar gwamna a PDP kuma tsohon Darakta Janar na Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Ruwa ta Najeriya (2007-2009) Wale Gomez dan kasuwa (zai tsaya takarar sanata a Legas ta tsakiya Jim-Kamal Olanrewaju: dan kasuwa Gbadebo Rhodes-Vivour 2019 PDP ta tsaya takarar Sanata a Legas ta Yamma (ya fice bayan zaben fidda gwanin da ya samu nasarar shiga zaben fidda gwani na LP da ya sake tsayawa takara)
An ƙi Jimi Agbaje 2015 da 2019 PDP takarar gwamna da 2007 DPA dan takarar gwamna Babatunde Gbadamosi 2020 PDP Legas ta Gabas dan takarar sanata, 2019 ADP takarar gwamna, kuma 2015 dan takarar gwamnan PDP Abiodun Oyefusi 2019 PDP Dan takarar sanata a Legas ta gabas
Ƙananan jam'iyyun
Gangamin Bayan zabukan fidda gwani na manyan jam’iyyar, masana na kallon Adediran da Sanwo-Olu a matsayin manyan ‘yan takara a fili amma sun lura cewa jam’iyyar Labour wacce ta samu ci gaba cikin sauri sakamakon yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na Peter Obi —na iya kawo kalubale ga manyan jam’iyyun. Sai dai kuma jam’iyyar LP ta jihar ta fada cikin rikici dangane da zaben fidda gwani na gwamna inda dan takara na asali Ifagbemi Awamaridi ya sha ki sauka daga mukaminsa na dan siyasa Gbadebo Rhodes-Vivour, wanda ya lashe zaben fidda gwani na jam’iyyar a watan Agusta. Kodayake Emmanuel Badejo na The Nation ya ɗauka cewa rikicin yana nufin LP "ba ta da damar da yawa [nasara]," ya kuma lura cewa wanda aka zaɓa na LP zai iya zama mai ɓarna ga Adediran saboda goyon bayan da suka samu. tushe. Duk da haka, rikicin LP ya ƙare tare da Rhodes-Vivour ya fito a matsayin wanda aka zaba da kuma haɓakar jam'iyyar da ya ba da damar damar Rhodes-Vivour. A halin da ake ciki, yayin da aka fara yakin neman zabe, Adediran ya kai wa Sanwo-Olu hari a watan Yuli inda ya zargi gwamnatinsa da yin amfani da hukumomin gwamnatin jihar wajen toshe tallan PDP, yana mai cewa hukumomin talla da PDP suka yi kwangilar sun mayar da kudaden jam’iyyar saboda barazanar da jihar Legas ta yi musu. Hukumar Sa hannu da Talla (LASAA). LASAA ta musanta wannan da'awar kuma ta lura cewa alhakinta ba ya haɗa da tallace-tallace a kan allunan tallace-tallace saboda kawai hukumar ta tsara tsarin allon talla da kansu. A nasa bangaren, Sanwo-Olu ya yi ikirarin cewa Adediran ba shi da kwarewa yayin da Adediran ya zargi Sanwo-Olu da gazawa a ofishin sa kafin ya ci gaba da gazawarsa a matsayinsa na gwamna. Hakazalika, wani faifan murya ya fito a watan Agusta inda wani wanda ake zargin jami’in LASAA ne ya ce allunan tallan APC ne kadai ke samun amincewa ga wani mai goyon bayan jam’iyyar LP. A martanin da ta mayar, LASAA ta musanta sahihancin faifan sautin kuma ta sake lura da cewa aikinta bai hada da tallan da ke kan allunan talla ba. A watan Oktoba da Nuwamba, 'yan jarida sun fara nazarin karfi da raunin kowane babban dan takara yayin da Adediran da Rhodes-Vivour suka fara cece-kuce kan wata yarjejeniya da ake zargin Adediran ya yi zargin cewa zai zabi Rhodes-Vivour a matsayin abokin takararsa a watan Mayu. A ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, an fitar da kuri'ar farko na jama'a wanda NOI Polls ta gudanar kuma Gidauniyar Anap ta gabatar an fitar da shi, wanda ke nuna babban jagora ga Sanwo-Olu.
Gudanarwa
Jadawalin zaben
Babban zabe
Sakamako
Ta gundumar sanata Sakamakon zaben da gundumar majalisar dattawa ta gudanar.
Ta mazabar tarayya Sakamakon zaben mazabar tarayya.
2023 Zaɓen Najeriya
2023 Zaɓen gwamnoni a Najeriya
Bayanan kula
Nassosi Zabubbuka
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
33609 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanusi%20Ohiare | Sanusi Ohiare | Sanusi Mohammed Ohiare (An haife shi ne a ranar 6 ga watan Maris 1985), Kwararre ne a fannin bunkasa makamashin Lantarki a karkara na Najeriya, ma’aikacin gwamnati, babban daraktan asusun samar da wutar lantarki a yankunan karkara kuma mamba a hukumar samar da wutar lantarki ta karkara wanda shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ya nada a watan Afrilun 2017. Hukumar samar da wutar lantarki ta Karkara na daya daga cikin hukumomin gwamnatin tarayya da ke karkashin ma’aikatar wutar lantarki, ayyuka da gidaje Shugaban kasa Muhammadu Buhari ya sake nada shi a matsayin babban darakta na asusun samar da wutar lantarki a yankunan karkara a watan Janairun 2022 na tsawon shekaru biyar.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haife shi a ranar 6 ga Maris 1985 a babban birnin tarayyar Najeriya Abuja inda ya shafe mafi yawan shekarunsa na farko sannan kuma ya fito ne daga karamar hukumar Adavi da ke jihar Kogi a arewacin Najeriya. Mahaifinsa, Sanata Mohammed Ohiare tsohon dan majalisar dattawa ne mai wakiltar mazabar Kogi ta tsakiya a majalisar dokokin Najeriya kuma fitaccen dan siyasa a jihar da aka san ya bayar da gudunmawa mai kyau wajen ci gaban al'ummar yankin Kogi ta tsakiya a lokacin da yake kan kujerar sanata sannan kuma daga baya. Sanusi ya yi digirinsa na farko a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Jos, Jihar Filato a tsakanin 2002 zuwa 2006. Tsakanin 2009 da 2011, ya halarci Jami'ar Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom, inda ya sami digiri na biyu a Kimiyya a cikin Nazarin Makamashi, tare da ƙwarewa kan kuɗin makamashi. Bayan haka, ya sami digirinsa na PhD a Ci gaban Makamashi na Karkara daga Jami'ar De Montfort, Leicester, United Kingdom, a 2015.
Aiki Shugaban kasa Muhammadu Buhari ya nada shi a watan Afrilun 2017, a matsayin babban darakta na asusun samar da wutar lantarki a yankunan karkara kuma mamba a hukumar a karkashin hukumar kula da wutar lantarki ta Najeriya. Kafin a nada shi a matsayin babban darektan asusun samar da wutar lantarki a yankunan karkara ya yi aiki da kungiyar hadin kan kasa da kasa ta Jamus Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), a matsayin mai ba da shawara na kasa kan samar da wutar lantarki a yankunan karkara, karkashin shirin tallafawa makamashi na Najeriya (NESP)., wanda Tarayyar Turai da gwamnatin Jamus ke samun tallafi. Tare da gogewar kimanin shekaru 16 a cikin Rural Electrification space ya kawo kwarewarsa akan aiki a hukumar.
Mamba na ƙungiya Shi memba ne na ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban kamar Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Makamashi ta Duniya (IAEE), ƙungiyar ƙwararrun masu ba da riba ta ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda ke da sha'awar tattalin arzikin makamashi tare da babi na ƙasa a sassa daban-daban na duniya ciki har da Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Makamashi ta Najeriya (NAEE), Najeriya, Lagos Oil Club, Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE), Energy Institute United Kingdom. da Fellow of Mandela Washington Fellowship don Shugabannin Matasan Afirka, a Jami'ar California, Davis, California, Amurka Ayyukan jin kai A shekarar 2019, ya kafa gidauniyar Sanusi Ohiare da nufin karfafawa mata da yara a Afirka ta hanyar ilimi, wasanni da inganta wutar lantarki a yankunan karkara wanda yake kaiwa ga marasa galihu. Ya gabatar da jawabai kuma ya kasance babban mai jawabi a wasu tarukan da suka shafi samar da wutar lantarki a yankunan karkara da suka hada da majalisar kula da wutar lantarki ta kasa ta hudu (NACOP) a jihar Edo, tattaunawa kan manufofi a Abuja da sauran abubuwan da suka faru na inganta wutar lantarki a yankunan karkara a Najeriya.
Nasarorin daya samu Ya bayar da gudunmawa wajen ganin an tabbatar da samar da wutar lantarki a yankunan karkara kamar yadda ya bayyana a wata hira da aka yi da shi a shekarar 2019 inda ya bayyana cewa kimanin magidanta 43,000 ne aka samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar naira biliyan biyu da hukumar ta samu. A matsayinsa na babban daraktan asusun samar da wutar lantarki a yankunan karkara na Najeriya ya jagoranci kwazo na ma’aikata da ’yan kungiyar wajen ganin an raba wutar lantarki daidai-wa dai ga al’ummomi daban-daban ta hanyar amfani da tallafin samar da wutar lantarki a yankunan karkara. Al’ummar Akpabom da ke Jihar Akwa Ibom, al’ummar kimanin mutane 2,000 da suka sana’ar noman amfanin gona da kifi na daya daga cikin al’ummar da suka fara cin gajiyar kashi na farko na asusun wanda ya kwanta barci kafin nada shi.
Wallafe-wallafe Shi ne ya rubuta labarin mai taken The Evolution of Rural Household Electricity Demand in Grid-Connected Communities in Developing Countries.
Financing Rural Energy Projects in Developing Countries: A Case Study of Nigeria by Sanusi Mohammed Ohiare
Financing Rural energy Projects in China: Lessons from Nigeria, Vol 3, No 4, 2021, ISSN 1923-4023
The Evolution of Rural Household Electricity Demand in Grid-Connected Communities in Developing Countries.
Financing Rural Energy Projects in Developing Countries: A Case Study of Nigeria by Sanusi Mohammed Ohiare
Financing Rural energy Projects in China: Lessons from Nigeria, Vol 3, No 4, 2021, ISSN 1923-4023
Kyaututtuka Da kambamawa A cikin 2021, an buga shi a cikin Shugabanni 10 na Najeriya yan kasa da 50 a Ma'aikatar Jama'a tare da manajan darakta kuma babban jami'in hukumar samar da wutar lantarki ta Karkara Ahmad Salihijo Ahmad Ƙarshen Duniya- Kyautar Nasarar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun 2021 ta Majalisar Biritaniya. Shugaban Matashi na Kyautar Makamashi, Makamashi da Masana'antar Ruwa na Afirka na 2020 Lakabin gargajiya na Akiliwo Ejeh ma'ana (Karfin Sarki) na Ejeh na Olamaboro, Mai Martaba Sarki, Ujah Simeon Sani.
Manazarta Haifaffun 1985
Ƴan siyasan Najeriya
Rayayyun |
21455 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami%27ar%20California%2C%20Akademiyar%20Riverside | Jami'ar California, Akademiyar Riverside | An kafa Jami'ar Carlifornia daga tsarin Kwalejin Ilimi guda uku, makarantun kwarewa guda biyu da kuma makarantun graduate biyu. Wannan bangaren yyana samrda da majos 81 da minor 52, da kuma digirin mastas 48 da PHD 42.
Sassa Kwalejin Injiniya na Bourns An sanya sunan BCOE don girmama Marlan da Rosemary Bourns, waɗanda suka kafa kamfanin Bourns, Inc., kamfanin lantarki na duniya, don girmamawa da babbar kyauta daga Gidauniyar Bourns a shekarar 1994. Manya manyan mashahurai sune Injiniyan kanikanci (masu karatun digiri na 354), sai kuma Kimiyyar Kwamfuta (217 masu karatun digiri). Ma'aikatar Kimiyyar Kwamfuta da Injiniya ta mallaki komputa mafi girma guda Altix 4700 a cikin tsarin Jami'ar California, wanda ke da ƙarfin 64 Intel Itanium 2 processor core da 128GB na memorin tsarin Dangane da Nazarin Ilimin Ilimin, BCOE malami ya zama na 5 a Injiniyan Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli a 2006.
College of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences CHASS na iya gano tarihinta da ga kafa makarantar digiri a UCR, Kwalejin Wasiku da Kimiyya, wanda aka fara buɗewa a 1954. Manya manyan mashahurai sune ilimin halin dan Adam (1,045 masu karatun digiri na biyu) da Gudanar da Kasuwanci (1,170 masu karatun digiri). Rahoton Gourmet na Falsafa ya nuna cewa darajar UCR a falsafar 38th a cikin ƙasa da 40th a cikin harshen Ingilishi, tare da shirin na 1 a cikin falsafar aiki Kwalejin Kimiyyar Halitta da Noma (College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences): CNAS ta faro ne tun daga 1907 lokacin da aka kafa Tashar Gwajin Citrus a gindin tsaunin Ribas na Mt. Rubidoux. A cikin 1958, an kafa Kwalejin Aikin Gona a matsayin farkon binciken da ya dace, cibiyar ba da digiri a UCR. Manyan manyan mashahurai sune Chemistry na Kimiyyar Halittu (masu karatun digiri na 747), Biology (801.5 masu karatun digiri) da kuma tsarin kimiyyar ilimin kimiyyar haɗin gwiwa (1,206.5 daliban digiri). Dangane da Fihirisar Samun Samun Ilimin Malami da Nazarin Ilimi ya wallafa a 2006, CNAS faculty ta kasance ta 1 a cikin kimiyyar ƙasa, na 8 a Kimiyyar Muhalli, na 10 a Tsarin Shuka, da na 10 a Botany Makarantar Ilimi ta Digiri (Graduate School of Education): Makarantar Ilimin Ilimi ta UCR ta yi rajista sama da ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri na biyu. Muhimman cibiyoyin bincike sun haɗa da Californiaungiyar Nazarin Ilimin Ilimin California, haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Makarantar Ilimi da malamai a tsarin makarantun gwamnati na gari, da kuma Copernicus Project, wanda aka keɓe don haɓaka darajar masu ilimin kimiyya da ilimi. Makarantar Kasuwanci Makarantar Kasuwanci tana ba da digiri na biyu da digiri na farko a cikin ɗimbin yawa kamar lissafi, kuɗi, gudanarwa, da kasuwanci. MBA, MPAc, da kuma Master of Finance shirye-shirye suna ƙarƙashin A. Gary Anderson Makarantar Digiri na Gudanarwa.
A. Gary Anderson Makarantar Digiri na Gudanarwa (Gary Anderson School of Management): Asalin AGSM ana iya gano shi zuwa 1970 lokacin da UC Riverside ta kafa Makarantar Gudanarwa ta Digiri. A cikin 1994, Gidauniyar A. Gary Anderson ta ba makarantar kyauta mai yawa kuma an yi mata suna bayan wanda ya kafa jinginar Darakta. AGSM a yanzu haka tana daukar daliban digiri na 126. Mujallar 'yan kasuwa da kuma Princeton Review kwanan nan sun zaba AGSM 23 a cikin manyan shirye-shirye 25 na kasuwanci Makarantar Magunguna Sashin horarwa na Kimiyyar Halitta wani sashi ne na rarrabuwa a UCR wanda ke gudanar da shirin karatun likita tare da UCLA, shirin Thomas Haider. An ba da shekaru biyu na farko na koyarwar likita a harabar UCR. Ana ba da sabis na karatuttukan shekara ta uku da ta huɗu a UCLA da cibiyoyin kula da lafiya na haɗin gwiwa. Daliban da ke kammala shirin suna karɓar digiri na digiri na kimiyya a kimiyyar kimiyyar halittu daga UCR da kuma digiri na MD daga Makarantar Medicine na David Geffen a UCLA Har zuwa 24 na masu neman kowace shekara an zaɓi su don halartar makarantar likitanci a UCR da UCLA. Bangaren Kimiyyar Clinical yana dauke da sassan likitancin iyali, likitancin ciki, likitan mata likitan mata, ilimin likitan yara, da kuma tabin hankali ilimin halin dan Adam.
Makarantar Manufofin Jama'a Yana ba da shirye-shiryen karatun gaba da digiri na biyu a cikin manufofin jama'a.
UCR Extension UCR Extension yana ba da ci gaba da shirye-shiryen ilimi ga kimanin ɗalibai 30,000 daga San Bernardino, Ribas, Inyo da Losananan Hukumomin Gabashin Los Angeles kowace shekara. Arin ƙarin ɗalibai na duniya 4,000 suna halartar azuzuwan da Shirye-shiryen Ilimi na UCasashen waje na UCR suka gabatar a Gangnam, Seoul, Koriya ta Kudu, da Beijing, China. Cibiyoyin suna gudana tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da ƙananan hukumomi kuma suna ba da shirye-shiryen horon Ingilishi iri ɗaya da babban harabar a Ribas. Dalibai na iya canza canjin zuwa UCR kuma ana ƙarfafa su su ci gaba da karatu a California. UCR Extension yana aiki da "Shirin Binciken Nursing na Duniya" wanda ke taimaka wa ma'aikatan jinya masu lasisi daga wasu ƙasashe don samun ƙwarewa da ƙwarewa tare da ayyukan jinya na Yammacin duniya, falsafar likita da al'ada.
Manazarta Jami'oi da Kwalejojin ilimi a Nahiyar Amurka
Jami'ar Carlifornia, |
28246 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsohon%20Birnin%20Damascus | Tsohon Birnin Damascus | Tsohon Birnin Damascus (Larabci: romanized: Dimašq al-Qadīmah) birni ne mai tarihi na Damascus, Siriya. Tsohon birnin wanda yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin biranen da ake cigaba da zama a duniya, ya kunshi wuraren binciken kayan tarihi da dama da suka hada da wasu majami'u da masallatai na tarihi. Al'adu da yawa sun bar tarihi, musamman na Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine da Musulunci. A cikin 1979, cibiyar tarihi na birnin, wanda ke kewaye da ganuwar zamanin Roman, UNESCO ta ayyana shi a matsayin Gidan Tarihi na Duniya. A cikin watan Yunin 2013, UNESCO ta sanya dukkan wuraren Siriya a cikin jerin abubuwan tarihi na duniya da ke cikin haɗari don yin gargadi game da haɗarin da ke tattare da su saboda yakin basasar Siriya.
Asalin da kafuwar Yana kwance a gefen kudu na kogin Barada, an kafa tsohon birnin a cikin karni na 3 BC. Diamita a kwance na oval yana da kusan kilomita 1.5 (0.9 mi) wanda aka sani da Damascus Straight Street, yayin da diamita na tsaye (Latin: Cardus Maximus) ya kai kusan 1 km (0.6 mi). Tare da kusan kadada 86.12 (kadada 212.8; 0.86 km2), tsohon birnin an rufe shi a cikin wani katangar tarihi mai nisan kilomita 4.5 (2.8 mi) a kewaye wacce Romawa suka gina ta, sannan Ayyubids da Mamluk suka gina shi.
Ambaton Damascus na farko shine "Ta-ms-qu" a cikin karni na biyu BC, yana cikin yankin Amoriyawa a tsakiyar yankin rikici tsakanin Hittiyawa da Masarawa. Garin ya yi amfani da tafsiri har zuwa bullar mutanen Teku a shekara ta 1200 BC waɗanda hare-harensu ya taimaka wajen raunana manyan abokan hamayya. Saboda haka, Semitic Arameans sun sami nasarar kafa ƙasar Aram-Damascus mai cin gashin kanta (ƙarni na 11 733 BC), suna kiran babban birni a matsayin 'Dimashqu' ko 'Darmeseq'.
Tsarin lokaci na tarihi A cikin tarihinta, Damascus na cikin jihohi masu zuwa:
c. 2500-15th karni BC, Kan'aniyawa
Karni na 15 BC-karshen karni na 12 BC, Sabuwar Masarautar Masar
karni na 12 BC-732 KZ, Aram-Damascus
732 BC-609 BC, Assuriya
609 BC-539 BC, Babila
539 BC-332 BC, Daular Achaemenid ta Farisa
332 BC-323 BC, Daular Makidoniya
323 BC-301 BC, Daular Antigonid
301 BC-198 BC, Masarautar Ptolemaic
198 BC-167 BC, Daular Seleucid
167 BC-110 BC, Ituraea (Semi mai cin gashin kansa daga Seleucids)
110 BC-85 BC, Decapolis (Semi mai cin gashin kansa daga Seleucids)
85 BC-64 BC, Nabataea
64 BC-27 BC, Jamhuriyar Rum
27 BC-395 AD, Daular Rum
476–608, Daular Byzantine
608-622, Sassanid Farisa
622–634, Daular Byzantine (an maidowa)
529-634, Ghassanids
634–661, Khalifancin Rashidun
661–750, Khalifancin Umayyad *750-885.
Halifancin Abbasid
885-905, Tulunids
905–935, Halifancin Abbasiyawa (an dawo dasu)
935–969, Daular Ikhshidid
970–973, Halifancin Fatimid
973–983, Qarmatians
983–1076, Halifancin Fatimid (an maidowa)
1076-1104, Daular Seljuq
1104–1154, Daular Burid
1154–1174, daular Zengid
1174-1260, [[Daular Ayyubid
1260 Maris-Satumba, Mongol Empire
1260–1521, Mamluk Sultanate (Alkahira)
1516-1918, Daular Usmaniyya
1918-1920, Gudanar da Yankin Maƙiyi Mamaya
1920 Maris-Yuli, Larabawa Masarautar Syria
1920–1924, Jihar Damascus karkashin ikon Faransa
1924-1946, Wajen Faransawa na Siriya da Labanon
1946-1958, Jamhuriyar Siriya (1946-1963)
1958-1960, United Arab Republic
1960-Yanzu, Jamhuriyar Larabawa ta Siriya
Babban abubuwan gani Damascus tana da ɗimbin wuraren tarihi tun daga lokuta daban-daban na tarihin birnin. Tunda aka gina birnin da duk wani mamaya na wucewa, ya zama kusan ba za a iya tono duk tarkacen Damascus da ke da tsayin mita 2.4 (ft) kasa da matakin zamani. Kagara na Damascus yana arewa maso yammacin tsohon birnin. Damascus Straight Street (wanda ake magana a kai a cikin tubar St. Paul a cikin Ayyukan Manzanni 9:11), kuma aka sani da Via Recta, ita ce decumanus (babban titin gabas-yamma) na Damascus na Roman Dimashƙu, kuma ya yi sama da 1,500 m (4,900) ft). A yau, ya ƙunshi titin Bab Sharqi da Souk Medhat Pasha, kasuwar da aka rufe. Titin Bab Sharqi cike yake da kananun shaguna kuma yana kaiwa tsohuwar kwata ta Bab Tuma (Kofar St. Thomas). Medhat Pasha Souq ita ma babbar kasuwa ce a Damascus kuma an yi mata suna Midhat Pasha, gwamnan Daular Usmaniyya na Syria wanda ya gyara Souk. A karshen titin Bab Sharqi, mutum ya isa gidan Ananias, wani dakin ibada na karkashin kasa wanda shi ne rumbun gidan Ananiyas. Masallacin Umayyawa wanda aka fi sani da babban masallacin birnin Damascus na daya daga cikin manya-manyan masallatai a duniya, kuma daya ne daga cikin tsofaffin wuraren da ake ci gaba da yin addu'a tun bayan hawan Musulunci. An ce wani wurin ibada a cikin masallacin yana dauke da gawar St. Makabartar da aka binne Salahuddin tana cikin lambuna da ke wajen masallacin. Haka nan masallacin Sayyidah Ruqayya haramin ‘yar Husaini bn Ali, ana iya samunsa a kusa da masallacin Umayyawa. Tsohuwar gundumar Amara ita ma tana cikin tazarar tafiya daga waɗannan wuraren. Wani wurin da aka fi ziyarta shi ne masallacin Sayyidah Zainab, inda kabarin Zainab bint Ali yake.
Souqs da Khans Al-Hamidiyah Souq, wanda aka gina (1780-1884) a lokacin mulkin Sultan Abdul Hamid I, mafi girma kuma mafi girma a cikin kasar Siriya, wanda ke cikin tsohon birnin Damascus mai katanga kusa da Kagara. Tsawon Souq ya kai kimanin mita 600 da fadin mita 15, kuma an lullube shi da wani katon karfe mai tsayin mita 10.
Midhat Pasha Souq, mai suna bayan gwamnan Ottoman na Syria (kuma daga baya Grand Vizier) Midhat Pasha.
Al-Buzuriyah Souq, 152 m (499 ft) tsayi.
Khan al-Harir, ya kammala a 1574.
Khan Jaqmaq, ya kammala a 1420.
Khan As'ad Pasha, wanda aka kammala a shekara ta 1752, wanda ya mamaye fili mai girman murabba'in mita 2,500 (sq 27,000). Tana kusa da Al-Buzuriyah Souq, an gina ta kuma an sanya mata suna As'ad Pasha al-Azm.
Khan Sulayman Pasha, wanda aka kammala a shekara ta 1736, mai suna Sulayman Pasha al-Azm.
Gine-ginen tarihi Haikali na Jupiter, wanda Romawa suka gina, ya fara a lokacin mulkin Augustus kuma an kammala shi a lokacin mulkin Constantius II, a baya haikalin da aka keɓe ga Hadad-Ramman, allahn tsawa da ruwan sama.
Damascus Straight Street (Latin: Via Recta), titin Roman (Decumanus Maximus) wanda ke tafiya daga gabas zuwa yamma a cikin tsohon birni, tsawon mita 1,500.
Babban birnin Damascus, wanda aka gina (1076-1078) da (1203-1216) na Turkman warloran Atsiz ibn Uvaq, da Al-Adil I.
Nur al-Din Bimaristan, wani babban bimaristan na tsaka-tsaki ("asibiti"), wanda aka gina kuma aka sanya masa suna bayan Zengid Sultan Nur ad-Din a shekara ta 1154.
Mausoleum na Saladin, wanda aka gina a shekara ta 1196, wurin hutawa da kabari na musulmi na zamanin da Ayyubid Sultan Saladin.
Fadar Azm, wacce aka gina a shekara ta 1750 a matsayin wurin zama na gwamnan Ottoman na Damascus As'ad Pasha al-Azm.
Maktab Anbar, wani katafaren gida mai zaman kansa na ƙarni na 19 na Yahudawa, wanda Ma'aikatar Al'adu ta mayar da shi a cikin 1976 don zama ɗakin karatu, cibiyar baje koli, kayan tarihi da bita na fasaha.
Beit al-Mamlouka, gidan Damascene na ƙarni na 17, wanda ke aiki a matsayin otal ɗin otal na alfarma a cikin tsohon birni tun 2005.
Madrasas Madrasa Al-Adiliyah, Madrasah na ƙarni na 13.
Madrasa Al-Fathiyah, wanda wani jami'in Ottoman mai suna Fethi Al-Defterdar ya gina a shekara ta 1743.
Madrasa Al-Mujahidiyah, wanda gwamnan Burid Mujahid al-Din bin Bazan bin Yammin al-kurdu ya gina a shekara ta 1141.
Madrasa Al-Qilijiyah, wacce aka kafa a shekara ta 1254.
Madrasa Al-Salimiyah, madrasah na ƙarni na 16.
Madrasa Al-Sibaiyah, wacce aka kafa a shekara ta 1515.
Laburaren Al-Zahiriyah, wanda aka kafa a shekara ta 1277, yana karɓar sunansa daga wanda ya kafa shi Sultan Baibars.
Madrasa Nur al-Din, wanda Nūr ad-Dīn Zangi ya gina a shekara ta 1167.
Wuraren ibada
Masallatai Masallacin Sayyidah Ruqayya yana dauke da kabarin Sukayna bint Husayn, wacce aka fi sani da Ruqayyah, karamar ‘yar Al-Husayn bn ‘Ali.
Masallacin Tekkiye, wani katafaren masallaci da Suleiman I ya gina a tsakanin shekara ta 1544 zuwa 1558, wanda Selim II ya fadada shi.
Masallacin Umayyad, masallacin da aka gina a wurin Haikali na Jupiter, da kuma Basilica na Kirista wanda aka keɓe ga Yahaya Maibaftisma (Yahya).
Masallacin Nabi Habeel
Masallacin Sinan Pasha
Masallacin Darwish Pasha
Masallacin Aqsab
Masallacin Yalbugha
Masallacin Hanabila
Masallacin Sayyidah Zainab
Ikklisiya Gidan Saint Ananiyas, wani tsohon ginin ƙasa ne a Damascus, Siriya, wanda ake zargin ya zama gawar gidan Hananiya na Dimashƙu, inda Ananiyas ya yi wa Shawulu baftisma (wanda ya zama Bulus Manzo).
Cathedral na Dormition of Our Lady, wanda kuma ake kira "Greek-Melkite Patriarchal Cathedral na Dormition of Our Lady", cocin Katolika na Melkite Greek Church.
Mariamite Cathedral na Damascus, wurin zama na Cocin Orthodox na Girka na Antakiya. Bayan mamayar da musulmi suka yi a Damascus an rufe cocin har zuwa shekara ta 706 miladiyya lokacin da al-Walid ya bada umarnin mayar da ita ga Kiristoci a matsayin diyya ga Cocin Yahaya Maibaftisma da aka mayar da shi masallacin Umayyawa.
Chapel na Saint Paul
Cathedral na Saint George
Syriac Katolika Cathedral na Saint Paul
Kofofi An kewaye tsohon yankin da katanga mai tsawon kilomita 4.5 (mile 2.8), da kofofin tarihi guda bakwai suka huda, kofa ta takwas kuma musulmi ne suka kara da shi. Waɗannan su ne, ta gefen agogo daga gefen arewa-maso-gabas:
Bab Tuma (Ƙofar Thomas), sadaukarwa ga Venus.
Bab Sharqi (Ƙofar Gabas), sadaukarwa ga Rana.
Bab Kisan (Kofar Kisan), sadaukarwa ga Saturn.
Bab al-Saghir (kuma ana kiransa "Goristan-e-Ghariban"), sadaukarwa ga Jupiter.
Bab al-Jabiyah (Kofar Ruwan Ruwa), sadaukarwa ga Mars.
Bab al-Faradis (Kofar Aljanna), sadaukarwa ga Mercury.
Bab al-Salam (Ƙofar Aminci), sadaukarwa ga wata.
Bab al-Faraj (Ƙofar Ceto), Ƙofar da aka gina ta gaba ɗaya bayan cin nasarar Musulmi.
Hammam Kasancewar baho (Hammam) na jama'a a Damascus ya faro ne a zamanin Banu Umayyawa, yayin da wasu masana tarihi suka ce sun koma zamanin Rum. Wasu masana tarihi na Damascus sun ambace su da wankan wanka na Damascus, irin su Ibn 'Asakir (1106-1175 AD) a cikin shahararren littafinsa "The History of Damascus". A cikin littafinsa Ibn Asakir ya bayyana sunayen wanka guda 77 da suke aiki a wannan lokacin a cikin garin. Masanin tarihi Ibn Shaddad ya kirga baho 114 dake Damascus a shekara ta 1250 miladiyya.
Adadin wadannan wankan ya karu zuwa 365 a lokacin mulkin Ottoman, sannan ya ragu sosai har ya kai ga wanka 60 a karshen karni na sha tara miladiyya. Amma a yau adadin wankan da ke ci gaba da aiki bai kai 20 ba, wanda ya fi shahara a cikinsu shi ne wankan "Nourul-Dinul Shahid" da ke cikin Al-Buzuriyah Souq.
Gundumomi da yankuna Al-Qaymariyya
Al-Amarah Al-Jouwaniyah
Al-Amin
kwata Yahudawa
Bab Tuma
Al-Jourah
Al-Hariqa
Ma'azanat ash-Shahm
Shaghour al-Juwani
Kiyaye tsohon birni
Barazana ga makomar tsohon birnin Saboda saurin raguwar yawan jama'ar tsohon Damascus (tsakanin 1995 zuwa 2009 kimanin mutane 30,000 sun ƙaura daga tsohon birnin don ƙarin masauki na zamani), yawan gine-ginen da ake watsi da su ko kuma suna fadawa cikin lalacewa. A cikin Maris 2007, karamar hukumar ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta ruguza Tsoffin gine-gine tare da shimfidar katanga mai tsayin mita 1,400 (4,600 600) a matsayin wani bangare na tsarin sake ginawa. Wadannan abubuwan sun haifar da Asusun Duniya na Monuments na Duniya ya sanya Tsohon Garin a cikin Jerin Kallon sa na 2008 na wurare 100 da ke cikin haɗari a duniya. Ana fatan shigar da shi cikin jerin zai jawo karin wayar da kan jama'a game da wadannan muhimman barazana ga makomar tsohon birnin Damascus mai dimbin tarihi.
Tsohuwar jihar Damascus na yanzu Duk da shawarwarin Cibiyar Tarihi ta Duniya ta UNESCO:
An lalata yankin Souq al-Atiq a cikin kwanaki uku a watan Nuwamba 2006;
Titin King Faysal, wani yanki na sana'ar hannu na gargajiya a wani yanki mai kariya kusa da bangon Old Damascus tsakanin Citadel da Bab Touma, yana fuskantar barazanar wata babbar hanya.
A shekara ta 2007, Tsohuwar birnin Damascus da kuma gundumar Bab Tuma, Asusun Tunawa na Duniya ya amince da shi a matsayin daya daga cikin wuraren da ke cikin hatsari a duniya.
A cikin Oktoban 2010, Asusun Kayayyakin Kaya na Duniya ya sanyawa Damascus daya daga cikin wuraren tarihi na al'adu 12 da suka fi "daf da" asarar da ba za a iya gyarawa ba.
Tsohon birnin da ke wajen bangon zamanin Romawa, ana kuma la'akari da shi a cikin tsohon Damascus, duk da haka, ba a ba shi fifikon tarihi iri ɗaya ba. A lokacin wa'adin Faransanci, Michel Écochard, masanin Faransanci, ya tsara tsarin birni don birnin, wanda ya ba da shawarar a ajiye sassan tsohon birnin kawai a cikin katangar Romawa. Daga baya gwamnatocin Syria da ke mulkin kasar suka dauki wannan hanya, wadanda suka ba da gudummawa wajen ruguza wasu sassan tsohuwar unguwanninta. An maye gurbin tsoffin gidaje a Sarouja, Al Midan, da Shagour Barrani da sabbin gine-gine don kasuwanci musamman.
Manazarta
Littafi Mai |
50483 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elina%20Gonz%C3%A1lez%20Acha%20de%20Correa%20Morales | Elina González Acha de Correa Morales | Elina González Acha de Correa Morales (20 Janairu 1861 -13 Agusta 1942) malama 'yar Argentine, masaniyar kimiya kuma mai fafutukar yancin mata. A zamaninta na farko, ta kasance cikin waɗanda suka fara digiri na farko a Makarantar Al'ada ta Argentine kuma ta kasance mai zane-zane, ta sami karɓuwa a duniya don duka littattafan karatu da zane-zane. Ita ce ta jagoranci kafa kungiyar kuma ta kasance shugabanta tun daga kafuwarta har zuwa rasuwarta. Ita da mijinta, sanannen sculptor na Argentina na farko, Lucio Correa Morales sun kasance masu kare iƙirarin ƙasa na mutanen Ona.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Elina González Acha a ranar 20 ga watan Janairu shekarar 1861 a Chivilcoy, lardin Buenos Aires, Argentina. Ta halarci Makarantar Sisters na Irish (Spanish) a Chivilcoy kuma ta karanta Faransanci da zane a gida. Mahaifiyarta, Cristina Acha, wadda ta kasance Basque, ta shigar da ita a cikin makaranta farfesoshi na ƙasa ta Shugaba Roque Sáenz Peña Nº 1 (Spanish) a shekara ta 1875. González ya sauke karatu a cikin shekara 1879, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin ɗaliban tsarin makarantar al'ada na Argentine, kuma ya fara koyarwa. Ta ci gaba da karatunta cikin Ingilishi, Faransanci, Jamusanci, Latin da zane. A cikin shekarar 1887, ta ɗauki matsayi don yin aiki a Gidan Tarihi na Jama'a (Spanish) na Buenos Aires kuma ta nemi shiga a shekara ta 1888. A cikin shekarar 1890, ta fara koyarwa a Escuela Normal de Belgrano, amma ta yi murabus don matsayi a matsayin shugabar labarin kasa a Bayan Ernestina A. López ya kafa Liceo Nacional de Señoritas daga baya a wannan shekarar, González ya zama Farfesa na makarantar Geography da Kimiyyar Halitta.
González shima ya auri Lucio Correa Morales a wannan shekarar, wanda zai zama mashahurin ɗan wasan Argentina na farko kuma suna da yara bakwai a jere. Ma'auratan sun mallaki gidan haziƙanci kuma suna da baƙi da yawa daga cikin manyan haziƙai, da kuma karɓar tawagogin ƴan asalin ƙasar da ke neman taimakonsu wajen kwato musu haƙƙin ka kanninsu. Sun kasance daga cikin waɗanda suka ba da shawarar inganta ilimin mata kuma sun yi aiki a kan dabarun kare iƙirarin ƙasa na mutanen Ona. A cikin shekarar 1900, González ya shiga Majalisar Mata ta Ƙasa (Spanish) kuma ya kammala zane irin na mai guda biyu akan canvas, Cabeza da Amalita.
Cigaba da karatun nata yayin koyarwa, González yayi karatu tare da Eduardo Ladislao Holmberg, tattara kwari, koyan ƙwanƙwasa tsuntsaye kuma ya fara buga littattafai. Buga littafin ta na farko, Geografía elemental: Libro 1 (Elementary Geography: First Book) an buga shi a cikin shekarar 1903 kuma littafi ne na koyar da ɗaliban firamare. Wannan ya biyo baya da sauri Ensayo de Geografía Argentina: Parte Física (Essay of Argentine Geography: Physical part) da aka buga a cikin shekarar 1904 da kuma masu karatu guda biyu, Isondú da Isopós. Ta kuma zama ɗaya daga cikin membobin kwamitin zartarwa na Ƙungiyar Laburaren Mata (Spanish), wanda mata suka shirya domin inganta karatu. Littafinta Isondú ya sami lambar azurfa a nunin siyayyar Louisiana a St. Louis, Missouri a cikin shekarar 1904. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, González ya ci gaba da koyarwa kuma ya shiga cikin tarurrukan duniya da yawa, yana gabatar da takardu kan batutuwan yanki. Har ila yau, ta shiga tare da abokanta Elisa Bachofen, mace ta farko a Argentina; Julianne Dilenius, na farko PhD na Anthropology a ƙasar; Cecilia Grierson, likitan mata na Argentina na farko; da Berta Wernicke, mace ta farko farfesa a fannin ilimin motsa jiki kuma mai tallata shigar mata a gasar Olympics, a matsalamba don ba da izinin mata da daidaiton siyasa. Ta yi ritaya daga koyarwa a shekarar 1910.
Daga bayan aiki A wannan shekarar, González ya gabatar da takarda a taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na XVII na Amurka wanda aka raba tsakanin Buenos Aires da Mexico. Batun gabatar da ita shi ne farautar ’yan asalin da ta ce ya samo asali ne ta yadda ya dace da yanayin. Bayan 'yan watanni, ta halarci taron farko na kimiyya na ƙasa da ƙasa na Amurka wanda aka gudanar tare da bikin shekaru ɗari na Argentina. A matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙari na musamman ga jaridar La Nación, González ya buga Historia de los Conocimientos Geográficos (History of Geographic Knowledge), wanda ya ba da tarihin yanayin ƙasa da iyakoki. Daga cikin takaddun ɗari uku da aka gabatar a cikin ƙarin, biyu ne kawai mata suka rubuta, González da Ernestina A. López. A cikin shekarar 1913, aikinta na fasaha ya haɓaka lokacin da Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes ya sayi ɗaya daga cikin zane-zanen mai, Cabeza. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, zanen ya sami lambar azurfa (daya daga cikin sassaken mijinta ya lashe tagulla) a Baje-kolin Kasa da Kasa na Panama–Pacific a San Francisco, California.
A cikin shekarar 1922, González ya zama mai tuƙi a cikin halittar (Spanish) (GÆA), wanda ta yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙasa har zuwa rasuwarta. Ta zama memba na farko mace na Geographical Society of Berlin a shekarar 1924 kuma waccan shekarar ne gwamnati ta naɗa ta don wakiltar Argentina a International Congress of Geography da Ethnology da za a gudanar a shekara mai zuwa a Alkahira, Misira. Bayan shekaru biyu ya shiga Cibiyar Nazarin Tarihi da Geography ta Mexica. A cikin shekarar 1927, ta zama abokiyar tarayya a cikin ƙungiyar Parisian Society of the Americas kuma a cikin shekarar 1932 an gayyace ta don shiga Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Geographers.
A cikin shekarar 1935, González ya buga, tare da 'yarta, Cristina, Amalita: libro de lectura para cuarto grado, 4th grade primer. Littafin ya bayyana yanayin ƙasar, tarihin jama'a, da kuma magana game da al'amuran yanayi kamar iska da kusufi. González ya sadu da da kwamitin gudanarwa na GÆA a cikin shekarar 1937 don tsarawa da gina taswirar agaji na ƙasar da ke nuna dukkan lardunan. A cikin shekarar 1939, Amurka ta karrama littattafan karatun ta. González ta yi ƙoƙari a duk lokacin aikinta don nuna mahimmancin kiyaye tarihin yanki, ƙa'idodi da al'adun Argentina kuma ta ba da shawarar daidaitawa da ƙididdiga. A shekara ta 1941, ta gabatar da ƙudirin dokar da za a gabatar da ita ta hanyar majalisa don kare mutuncin kasa.
González ya mutu a ranar 13 ga Agusta shekarar 1942 a Buenos Aires. Shekaru biyu bayan haka lokacin da GÆA ta kafa sabon hedkwatarsu, an saka hoton González, wanda ’yarta Lía Correa Morales de Yrurtia ta zana a cikin ƙwaƙwalwarta. A cikin shekarar 1962, a ranar cikar shekaru 40 na kafuwar GÆA, an gudanar da wani abin tunawa a makabartar Recoleta don girmama ta. A cikin shekarar 1972, lambar yabo mai ɗauke da sunanta, don karrama mafi kyawun digiri a fannin ilimin ƙasa ta Ma'aikatar Al'adu ta kafa kuma a cikin shekarar 1991 Cibiyar Nazarin Geography ta ƙasa ta kafa kujera mai ɗauke da sunanta. Ita da Ana Palese de Torres su ne kawai mata biyu na Argentina da aka karrama, a cikin kujeru arba'in na makarantar.
|
50799 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy%20Liebes | Dorothy Liebes | Dorothy Wright Liebes (14 Oktoba 1897 20 Satumba 1972) 'yar Amurka ce mai zanen masaka kuma mai sana'anta don sabbin masana'anta na zamani da aka ƙera don masu gine-gine da masu zanen ciki. An san ta da "mahaifiyar saƙar zamani".
Articles with hCards
Kuruciya An haifi Dorothy Wright a ranar 14 ga Oktoba, 1897,a Santa Rosa, California,ita 'yar Frederick L.Wright ce, farfesan ilmin sunadarai,da Bessie Calderwood Wright, malama. Yayin da take nazarin ilimin halin ɗan adam,fasaha, da koyarwa a Kwalejin Malamai na Jiha a San Jose da Jami'ar California, Berkeley,an shawarce ta don yin gwaji tare da zane-zane. Ta siyo yar karamar masara ta koya wa kanta sana’ar saka. A shekarar 1928,ta auri Leon Liebes, wani ɗan kasuwa.Sun sake aure a cikin 1940, kodayake Dorothy Liebes ta riƙe sunanta da fasaha.A 1948 ta auri Pulitzer Prize -lashe ɗan jarida Relman Morin.
Aiki Bayan shekaru da yawa a matsayin malamar makaranta, Liebes ta yanke shawarar zama mai zane-zane, kuma ta yi karatun saƙa a Hull House, Chicago, kuma ta yi tafiye-tafiye zuwa Faransanci, Italiya, Guatemala,da Mexico don koyo game da nau'ikan saƙar gargajiya. Bayan ta yi aiki a ƙasashen waje,Liebes ta koma Amurka kuma ta buɗe babban ɗakinta mai suna a San Francisco. Studio dinta na farko, wanda aka buɗe a 526 Powell Street a San Francisco a cikin 1930, wanda ta ƙware a kayan saƙar hannu na al'ada don gine-gine da masu zanen ciki. A 1935,Liebes ta sadu da Frank Lloyd Wright a Taliesin a Spring Green, Wisconsin. Wright tana da tasiri a cikin falsafar ƙira. An buɗe Dorothy Liebes Design, Inc.a cikin 1937, kodayake mijinta ya ƙi,a San Francisco. A 1938 tana da maza da mata goma sha bakwai suna aiki a ɗakinta. A cikin 1942,Liebes ta motsa ɗakinta a San Francisco zuwa 545 Sutter Street. Bayan bukatar,ta bude studio na biyu a New York. Ta yi ƙaura na cikakken lokaci zuwa Birnin New York a cikin 1948. An san masana'anta don haɗakar launuka masu ƙarfin hali da laushi masu ban sha'awa, kuma galibi suna amfani da kayan da ba a zata ba kamar gashin fuka-fuki, robobi,ƙarfIna, jute,tef ɗin ticker,ratsan fata,da bamboo. An ba su izini ta hanyar gine-gine,ciki har da Frank Lloyd Wright, Edward Durell Stone,Miller da Pflueger da Samuel Marx. Sauran abokan ciniki sun haɗa da Sarki Ibn Saud na Saudi Arabia,da Ahwahnee Hotel a Yosemite,da Paramount Theater a Oakland, California. An kuma yi amfani da kayan saƙar ta a cikin jiragen sama, jiragen ruwa, wuraren wasan kwaikwayo da otal. Ƙarshen WWII ya kasance wani muhimmin lokaci ga Liebes da kamfaninta. Kayayyakin roba da aka ƙirƙira da kuma amfani da su a yaƙin an samar da su don amfanin gida. Aluminum, musamman,ta kasance mai matukar sha'awa ga masana'antun yadi.Liebes ta yi farin ciki da kwarin guiwar waɗannan damar, musamman sabbin hanyoyin da za a iya yin aiki da su.Ta taɓa yin magana a cikin lacca don tsara ɗalibai a Chicago, "Ku yi la'akari da cellophanes masu haskakawa, dull acetates, robobi masu laushi,fata da aka yi da fata, gashin doki na wucin gadi, kayan da ba a lalata da kuma zaren gilashi!" Dorothy Liebes sau da yawa ana lasafta ta a matsayin muhimmin ɓangare na motsi na zamani na California, kuma a cikin 1940s da 50s ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin sanannun masu zanen yadi a Amurka.ta bambanta da palette na tsaka-tsaki na yawancin mutanen zamaninta na zamani, Liebes sananniya ce don amfani da kayan da ba zato ba tsammani, launi mai haske da tsari.Tana da sha'awar haɗa launukan da ba su dace ba cikin haɗin kai,yanayin gani.Liebes da aka fi sani da launi "elixir sihiri" kuma kayan aikinta sun kasance suna da kyawawan launuka masu kyau.Ta kirkiro wannan "California Look",wanda da sauri aka kira "Liebes Look". Dorothy Liebes ta kasance ƙwararriyar masaƙiya, amma ita ma ƴar kasuwa ce mai kaifi wacce ta yi imanin cewa masaku da yawa za su iya kaiwa ga jama'a,ba tare da la'akari da kasafin kuɗin abokin ciniki ba.Duk da yake har yanzu tana riƙe da kamannin saƙar hannu, Liebes ta yi aiki don tsara masana'anta mai ƙarfi a cikin ɗimbin salo da kayayyaki daban-daban. Ba wai kawai an sami damar saka kayanta ba, amma ta yi abokin tarayya mai ƙarfi don masana'antu. Liebes ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga ƙira ga kamfanoni kamar DuPont,Dow, Bigelow-Sanford,da Goodall Fabrics na Sanford, Maine. Mai tallata kayan masaku mai yawa,ta ba da shawara game da haɓaka zaruruwan roba,da kuma taimakawa wajen haɓaka injinan da za su iya kwaikwayi rashin daidaituwa na ado da rashin daidaituwa na yadudduka na hannu. Daga 1955 zuwa 1971 Liebes ta zama mai ba da shawara ga kayan gida na DuPont.A matsayinta na mai magana da yawun kamfanin,ta taimaka wa jama'a su shawo kan masifu ga masana'anta. An san Liebes don gabatar da shirye-shiryen fasaha na warkewa ga tsoffin sojojin Yaƙin Duniya na II a duk faɗin Amurka. A cikin 1942, an nada ta a matsayin Darakta na ƙasa,Sashen Arts Skills, Red Cross ta Amurka. Daga 1961 zuwa 1972, fitacciyar mai fasaha Emma Amos ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zane masaƙa don Dorothy Liebes.
Kyaututuka Liebes tana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fara samun lambar yabo ta Neiman Marcus a lokacin ƙaddamar da su a cikin shekarar 1938. A cikin shekarar 1946, Cibiyar Masu Ado na Amurka ta zaɓi ɗayan ƙirarta mafi kyawun yadi A shekara ta gaba,1947, ta sami Medal na Sana'a daga Cibiyar Gine-gine ta Amurka. Ta kuma sami kyaututtuka daga Lord & Taylor,the Paris Exposition,da Architectural League. A cikin 1948,ta sami digiri na girmamawa daga Kwalejin Mills da lambar yabo ta Elsie de Wolfe.
Mutuwa Saboda yanayin zuciya, Dorothy Liebes ta yi murabus a cikin 1971. Ta mutu a birnin New York a ranar 20 ga watan Satumba, 1972.
Legacy Ana gudanar da aikinta a cikin tarin Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, Gidan Tarihi na Victoria da Albert, Cibiyar Fasaha ta Chicago, Smithsonian Institution's Archives of American Art, da Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology a Jami'ar California, Berkeley.
|
35421 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinki | Dinki | Yin dinki sana'a ce ta daure ko hada abubuwa ta amfani da dinki da aka yi da allurar dinki da zare dinki yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin fasahar yadi, wanda ya taso a zamanin Paleolithic Kafin kirkirar yadudduka na kadi ko saka, masana ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi sun yi imanin mutanen zamanin Dutse a duk fadin Turai da Asiya sun dinka gashin gashi da kayan fata ta amfani da kashi, antler ko na hauren giwa da allura da “zaren” da aka yi da sassa daban-daban na jikin dabba ciki har da sinew, catgut, da veins. Tsawon shekaru dubbai, duk dinki ana yin su da hannu. Kirkirar na'urar dinki a karni na 19 da hadakar na'ura mai kwakwalwa a karni na 20 ya haifar da yawan samarwa da fitar da kayan dinki zuwa waje, amma har yanzu ana yin dinkin hannu a duniya.[1] Kyakkyawar dinkin hannu wata siffa ce ta tela mai inganci, kayan kwalliyar kwalliya, da yin suturar al'ada, kuma masu fasahar masaku da masu sha'awar sha'awa suna bi da su azaman hanyar kirkira. [abubuwan da ake bukata]
Sanin farko da aka yi amfani da kalmar “dinki” shi ne a karni na 14.[1]
Tarihi
Asalin dinki yana da tsohon tarihi da aka kiyasta zai fara a zamanin Paleolithic[1]. An yi amfani da dinki wajen dinke fatun dabbobi wuri guda domin sutura da matsuguni. Inuit, alal misali, sun yi amfani da sinew daga caribou don zaren zaren da allura da aka yi da kashi;[2] ’yan asalin yankin Amurka da Prairies na Kanada sun yi amfani da ingantattun hanyoyin dinki don harhada matsugunan tipi.[3] An hada dinki da sakar ganyen tsiro a Afirka don kirkirar kwanduna, irin wadanda masu saka Zulu suka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da siraran lefen dabino a matsayin “zaren” wajen dinke fidadden ganyen dabino da aka saka a cikin nada. 4] Sakar kyalle daga filaye na halitta ya samo asali ne a Gabas ta Tsakiya a wajajen shekara ta 4000 BC, kuma watakila a farkon zamanin Neolithic, da dinkin zane ya kasance tare da wannan ci gaba.[5]
A lokacin tsakiyar zamanai, Turawa da za su iya ba da ita sun yi aikin dinki da dinki. Muhimmancin mahimmancin dinki an nuna shi ta wurin matsayi mai daraja na "Ubangiji Sewer" a yawancin nadin sarauta na Turai daga tsakiyar zamanai. Misali shi ne Robert Radcliffe, 1st Earl na Sussex wanda aka nada Lord Sewer a nadin sarautar Henry VIII na Ingila a shekara ta 1509. Yin dinki a galibi sana'ar mace ce, kuma yawancin dinki kafin karni na 19 yana da amfani. Tufafi ya kasance jari mai tsada ga yawancin mutane, kuma mata suna da muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsawaita tsawon rayuwar kayan tufafi. An yi amfani da dinki don gyarawa. Tufafin da suka shude za a juye su a ciki don a ci gaba da sawa, wani lokacin kuma sai an ware su a sake hada su don dacewa da wannan manufa. Da zarar tufafin ya lalace ko kuma a yayyage, za a cire shi kuma a dinka zanen da za a sake amfani da shi a cikin sababbin tufafi, a yi shi zuwa kwankwasa, ko kuma a yi amfani da shi. Yawancin matakan da ake amfani da su wajen yin tufafi daga karce (saka, yin kira, yankewa, gyare-gyare, da sauransu) na nufin cewa mata sukan yi musayar kwarewarsu ta wata fasaha da juna.[1] Ayyukan allura na ado irin su kwankwasa fasaha ce mai kima, kuma 'yan mata masu lokaci da hanyoyin za su yi aiki don gina kwarewar su a wannan yanki. Tun daga tsakiyar zamanai zuwa karni na 17, kayan aikin dinki irin su allura, fil, da pincushions sun kasance a cikin wando na yawancin matan turawa.[2] An yi amfani da tsuntsun dinki ko dinkin dinki a matsayin hannu na uku kuma sun kasance mashahurin kyaututtuka ga masu sana'a a karni na 19.[3][4] An daraja kayan ado na ado a al'adu da yawa a duniya. Ko da yake mafi yawan dinkin dinki a cikin wakar Yamma a al'adance na Biritaniya, Irish ko Yammacin Turai asalinsu, ɗinkin da ya samo asali daga al'adu daban-daban an san su a duk faɗin duniya a yau. Wasu misalan su ne madaidaicin Buɗaɗɗen Cikewa na Cretan, Couching Romania ko Couching Oriental, da ɗinkin Jafananci.[1] Dinkin da ke da alaƙa da yin ado ya bazu ta hanyar hanyoyin kasuwanci waɗanda ke aiki a lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya. Hanyar siliki ta kawo fasahohin yin ado na kasar Sin zuwa yammacin Asiya da gabashin Turai, yayin da fasahohin da suka samo asali daga Gabas ta Tsakiya suka yadu zuwa Kudancin da Yammacin Turai ta hanyar Maroko da Spain.[2] Matsugunan daular Turawa kuma sun yada fasahohin sakawa da dinki a duk duniya. Duk da haka, akwai misalan fasahar ɗinki na asali ga al'adu a wurare masu nisa daga juna, inda sadarwar al'adu ta kasance mai wuyar tarihi. Misali, hanyar juyawa appliqué da aka sani ga yankunan Kudancin Amurka kuma an san shi zuwa kudu maso gabashin Asiya.[2]
Juyin juya halin masana'antu ya canza samar da masaku daga gida zuwa masana'anta. A farkon shekarun juyin juya halin masana'antu, injinan sun samar da tufaffi gabaɗaya. Na'urar dinki ta farko a duniya ta kasance a shekarar 1790 ta Thomas Saint.[1] A farkon shekarun 1840, wasu injinan dinki na farko sun fara bayyana. Barthélemy Thimonnier ya gabatar da injin dinki mai sauƙi a cikin 1841 don samar da kayan aikin soja ga sojojin Faransa; Jim kadan bayan haka, gungun masu sana’ar dinki sun kutsa cikin shagon Thimonnier suka jefar da injin din daga tagogin, suna ganin cewa injin din zai sa su daina aiki.[2] A cikin shekarun 1850, Isaac Singer ya ƙera na'urorin ɗinki na farko waɗanda za su iya aiki cikin sauri da kuma daidai kuma sun zarce aikin ɗinki ko tela da hannu.
Yayin da ake samar da riguna da yawa a gida daga ’yan uwa mata, ana kuma samar da tufafin da aka kera don masu matsakaicin matsayi da injin dinki. Shagunan zufa masu cike da ma'aikatan injunan ɗinki marasa biyan kuɗi sun girma zuwa ɗaukacin gundumomin kasuwanci a manyan biranen London da New York City. Don ci gaba da tallafawa masana'antar, an yi aikin guntu don kuɗi kaɗan daga matan da ke zaune a cikin marasa galihu. Aikin allura yana ɗaya daga cikin ƴan sana'o'in da ake ganin karɓuwa ga mata, amma ba ta biya albashin rai ba. Mata masu aikin nesa sukan yi aiki na tsawon awanni 14 don samun abin da za su iya dogaro da kansu, wani lokacin kuma ta hanyar hayar injin dinki da ba za su iya saya |
21454 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashoshin%20Jiragen%20%C6%98asa%20a%20Ghana | Tashoshin Jiragen Ƙasa a Ghana | Tashar jiragen ƙasa a Ghana suna amfani da hanyar sadarwar jirgin ƙasa da ke tattare da kudancin ƙasar.
Taswirori UNHCR Atlas Taswirar Ghana yana nuna kuma Yanayin kasa.
UN Map Ghana yana nuna Larduna
Taswirar GhanaNet
Garuruwan da jirgin ƙasa ke aiki
Na yanzu Garuruwa masu zuwa ko ƙauyuka a halin yanzu suna da sabis na jirgin ƙasa a Ghana; 1,067mm ma'auni sai dai in ba haka ba an lura Gabas Accra (E) tashar jirgin ruwa, babban birni: Babban tashar Accra
Baatsona
Asoprochona tashar ƙauyuka
Koforidua (E)
Pokoasi (E C) mahada
Shai Hills (E)
Tema (E) tashar jirgin ruwa a gabas an bada shawarar ƙarar da kewayen birni shekara ta 2008 Nsawam (E)
Koforidua (E)
Nkawkaw (E)
Ejisu (E)
Nsuta
Juaso (C)
Konongo, Ghana (E)
Boankra (E) tashar jirgin ruwa
Kumasi (E W) mahada Nsuta (E)
Bososo (E)
Anyinam
Yamma Sekondi (W) tsoffin tashar jirgin ruwa da kuma bita
Tarkwa (W) mahada
Takoradi (W) sabon tashar jirgin ruwa
Kwarin Huni (W C) mahada akan layin yamma don layin tsallaka zuwa layin gabas; kankare mai bacci inji
Dunkwa (W) Juyawa ga Awaso
Obuasi (W) 85.5km
Bekwai (W)
Kumasi (W E) mahada 0.0km
Tarkwa (W) mahada
Prestea ƙarshen reshe (W)
Dunkwa (W) Juyawa ga Awaso
Awaso (W) tashar reshe Bauxite mine
Cibiyar Kwarin Huni (W C) mahada
Twifu Praso
Foso (C)
Achissi (C) mahada
Akim Oda (C) Kade (C) ƙarshen reshe (o o u)
Akoroso (C)
Pokoasi
Kotoku (E C) mahada
Iyakar Gabas 1,000 mm
Wanda aka gabatar Wannan jerin sunayen sun hada da tashoshin da aka dawo dasu.
Layin Arewacin Far (Yamma) (layin yamma mai nisa) Takoradi tashar jiragen ruwa fashewar ma'auni 1,067 mm 1,435 mm Manso
Tarkwa mahadar arewa maso yamma
Kwarin Huni
Dunkwa
Awaso
Nyinahim
Sunyani (babban birnin yankin Brong-Ahafo Techiman mahada
Bole
Salwa
Wa (babban yankin yankin Upper West Region Hamile tashar arewa maso yamma 1,435 mm Iyaka Burkina Faso
Ouagadougou mahada
Layin Arewacin Far (Gabas) 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) under construction 2020
Tema Port
Akosombo
Ho (regional capital Volta Region)
Hohoe
Bimbila
Yendi
Tamale (regional capital Northern Region)
Bolgatanga (regional capital Upper East Region)
Paga (0km)
Border (Ghana-Burkina Faso) Dakola
Po
Bagre
Ouagadougou junction national capital (166km) (1000km from Tema)
Nsuta
(Kewayen birni)
Dansoman
La, Ghana
Teshie, Ghana
Layin bakin teku na ECOWAS (gabatar da 2010) Aflao kusa da kan iyaka a gabas da Togo, da babban birnin Lomé Togo-Ghana iyakar
Tema
Accra babban birnin ƙasar
Winneba
Cape Coast (babban yankin yanki Central, Ghana Takoradi (babban yankin yanki Yankin Yammacin, Ghana Omanpe
Iyakokin Ghana-Côte d'Ivoire
Wanda aka amince Kumasi (W E) mahaɗan (2010)
Bolgatanga
Navrongo
Paga kusa da Burkina Faso Takoradi
Manso
Kwarin Huni
Tarkwa
Dunkwa Awaso
Nyinahin
Sunyani
Techiman
Bole
Salwa
Wa
Hamile
(layin gabas mai nisa)
Ejisu
Mampong
Nkoranza
Tamale mahada
Bolgatanga
Paga kusa da Burkina Faso
Tamale
Yendi
Shieni tama
Buipe arewa da tabki
Tafkin Volta
Kewayen birni (Layin bayan gari)
Accra
Sakumono
Asoprochona
Tema babbar tashar jirgin ruwa zuwa gabashin Accra Kasoa
Winneba ɓata garin Accra a bakin teku.
Madina
Yankin Lake Volta zuwa gabas:
Achimota (E) mahada
Tema (E) babbar tashar jirgin ruwa Sugbaniate (E)
Shai Hills (E)
Akosombo (E) tashar jirgin ruwa mai nisa
Rehab 2008 Kumasi zuwa Paga
Yendi reshe.
Takoradi ta hanyar Kumasi
Reshen Awaso
Bosusi
Kibi ajiya bauxite
Baatsonaa da Nungua gada sun kammala
Sauran Kumasi, tashar jirgin ruwa ta Boankra, Kumasi-Paga ta Buipe, don haɗa tafkin Volta, tashar Achimota Tema Tamale Yendi don haɗa ajiyar baƙin ƙarfe na Shieni (227m), Bosusi Kibi don haɗa ajiyar bauxite a Kibi da layin reshe da ke haɗa garuruwan da aka gano wasu wuraren ajiyar ma'adinai.
Takoradi ta hanyar Manso, Tarkwa, kwarin Huni, Dunkwa Awaso, Nyinahin, Sunyani, Techiman, Bole, Sawla, Wa har zuwa Hamile a yankin Upper West na Ghana. Hukumar Raya layin dogo ta Ghana ta gayyaci masu neman sauya 950 hanyar sadarwar kilomita daga 1,067 mm matsataccen ma'auni zuwa ma'auni na yau da kullun, yana ba da izini mai nauyin tan 25 da haɓaka gudu daga 56 zuwa 160 km h. A cikin tsawon lokaci, yiwuwa karatu zai kalle ta gabatar da wani kewayen birni dogo sabis daga Accra zuwa Kasoa, Winneba da Madina, kazalika da miƙawa da jirgin zuwa arewa da kuma a haɗa tare da samarwa ECOWAS dogo layi a faɗin Afirka ta Yamma.
An rufe Kade
Lokaci
2020 83.5km Kumasi-Paja zane Accra-Kumasi
2019 Ghana Burkino Faso Layin yamma
201? Accra
Avenor, Ghana
Nsawam
Kumasi
Ejisu
Tamale
Paga
Yendi
2010 Ghana ta gabatar da wani bangare na layin dogo na gabar tekun ECOWAS da zai haɗa Aflao Tema Accra, Winneba, Cape Coast, Takoradi da Omape Gwamnatin Ghana da kamfanin shigo da fitarwa da mashin na ƙasar Sin (CMC) sun sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniyar kwangilar dala biliyan 6.050 don gina hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa daga Nsawam kusa da Accra ta Kumasi zuwa Paga da ke kan iyakar Burkina Faso, da kuma reshe daga wannan a Tamale zuwa Yendi 2009 Hukumar Raya layin dogo ta Ghana ta gayyaci masu son sauya 950 hanyar sadarwar km zuwa ma'aunin misali Ghana na shirin yin babbar gyaran layin dogo
Matsayi Haɗaɗɗu AAR
Birki Iska
Manazarta Tattalin arziki
|
59901 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutsen%20Wuta%20Tronador | Dutsen Wuta Tronador | Tronador (Spanish) wani ruɓaɓɓen dutsen wuta ne a kudancin Andes, yana kan iyakar Argentina da Chile, kusa da birnin Bariloche na Argentina. Sunan dutsen Tronador (Mutanen Espanya don "Thunderer") ta wurin mazauna yankin dangane da sautin faɗuwar seracs. Tare da tsayin Tronador yana tsaye sama da 1,000 m sama da tsaunukan da ke kusa acikin babban dutsen Andean, wanda ya sa ya zama sanannen wurin hawan dutse. Ana zaune acikin wuraren shakatawa guda biyu, Nahuel Huapi a Argentina da Vicente Pérez Rosales a Chile, Tronador tana dauke da glaciers guda takwas, wanda a halin yanzu ke ja da baya saboda dumamar yanayi.
Geography da Geology Cerro Tronador yana cikin Wet Andes, yankin da ake yawan hazo na dusar ƙanƙara da ruwan sama.Yanayin zafi na kudancin Andes ya bada damar glaciers da yawa su yi girma saboda yawan tarin yawa. Yawancin hazo ana samar da su ta tsarin gabas na yamma daga PacificLocated a tsakiyar Andean massif a wani latitude na 41°S, Tronador wani yanki ne na shimfiɗar wuri mai tsayi na fjords, tafkunan glacial,da ƙwaruruka masu siffar U.Samar da shimfidar wuri ya faru a lokacin glaciations na Quaternary,lokacin da yankin Patagonian Ice Sheet ya rufe duka yankin.Dutsen dutsen ya girma a lokacin glacials da interglacials na Pleistocene amma ya zama kusan bacewa a ƙarshen Pleistocene ta Tsakiya,kusan 300 kada suka wuce, saboda wani canji a gaban gaba na Yankin Volcanic na Kudancin wanda yake.Tun daga wannan lokacin, glaciations da sauran matakai masu banƙyama sun tsara dutsen da yardar kaina ba tareda sabon fitowar lava ko tephra ba. Kamar yadda yake acikin dutsen Lanín na kusa, Tronador ya ƙunshi yawancin basalt, kuma ya ga raguwar ayyuka yayin da dutsen Osorno da Calbuco ke girma zuwa yamma.
Glaciers Tronador sananne ne ga glaciers da yawa da ke rufe sassan gefuna. Har zuwa glaciers takwas an ƙirƙira su:Alerce, Ventisquero Negro, Casa Pangue,Castaño Overa, Río Blanco,Frías,Peulla, da Manso. Acikin shekarun da suka gabata glaciers a kan Tronador, kamar yawancin glaciers na Andean na kudancin, sun kasance suna ja da baya. Gilashin glacier na Casa Pangue da ke arewa maso yammacin Tronador ya sami raguwa tsakanin 1961 da 1998, tare da ƙaruwar yawan koma baya tsakanin 1981 da 1998 a 52 ma-1.Ja da baya da baƙin ciki ana danganta shi da raguwar hazo da ɗumamar yanayi na sama acikin shekaru da dama da suka gabata.
Alerce Glacier, a gefen Argentine, ana iya ziyarta daga Refugio Otto Meiling,wani bukkar dutse da akayi sandwiched tsakaninta da Castaño Overa Glacier. Castaño Overa,kuma a gefen Argentina,yafi ƙanƙanta kuma ana iya samun sa ta hanyar tafiya daga Pampa Linda. Yawon shakatawa na jagora yana ba baƙi damar haye Castaño Overa ko tafiya zuwa kololuwar Tronador.
Ventisquero Negro(baƙar dusar ƙanƙara acikin Mutanen Espanya) wani ƙanƙara ne mai ban mamaki a gindin Tronador a Nahuel Huapi National Park.Launin launin ruwansa da ba a saba gani ba ya fito ne daga datti da tarkace da aka tsinta a yankin tarin glacier,wanda Glacier Río Manso ke ciyar da shi da yawa mita ɗari sama da dutsen.Ƙanƙarar ƙanƙara mai launin ruwan ƙanƙara na tasowa daga dusar ƙanƙara sannan kuma suna iyo a cikin wani ƙaramin tafkin har sai ya narke.
Ƙololuwa Dangane da taswirar Aoneker, waɗannan sune kololuwar suna akan Tronador: Anon ko Internacional (3484m), Argentino (3187), Chileno (3262), da Torre Ilse (2585). Rijiyoyin da aka ambata sun haɗa da Filo Sur (3054), Filo Blanco (3146), Filo La Vieja (2715), da Filo Lamotte (2340).
Hawan dutse da yawon bude ido Hermann Claussen solo ne ya fara hawan Tronador a ranar 29 ga Janairu 1934, bayan ƙoƙari da yawa. Bukkar dutse mai suna Refugio Otto Meiling, ita ce wurin da ake yin tafiye-tafiye na rana a kan dutsen, kuma ana kiranta da sunan wani ɗan dutsen Jamus wanda ya yi hawan hawa da yawa kuma ya kwashe shekaru yana jagorantar mutane a kusa da shi. Bukkar tana kimanin mita 1200 a tsaye a saman Pampa Linda, a gindin dutsen.
Yawancin lokacin rani Internacional ko Anon kololuwa (mafi girman kololuwar Tronador uku) yana hawa. Koyaya, lokacin zafi da ba a saba gani ba ya ƙara faɗuwa zuwa matakan haɗari a cikin Janairu da Fabrairu 2008. Bangaren Argentina na fuskantar kasadar zama ba zato ba tsammani saboda yanayin dumin yanayi a yankin yana lalata glaciers.
Duba kuma Cerro Volcánico
Bariloche
Gallery
|
20596 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Essien | Michael Essien | Michael Kojo Essien (An haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Disamban a shekara ta 1982) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafan ƙasar Ghana ne wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya kuma a yanzu haka memba ne na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Danish Superliga ta FC Nordsjælland. Har ila yau, ya buga wa tawagar kwallon kafa ta ƙasar Ghana wasa sama da sau (50).A lokacin da yake sharafin sa, a na ɗaukar Essien a matsayin ɗaya daga manyan 'yan wasan tsakiya na duniya.
Fara Ƙwallon Ƙafa Essien ya fara wasansa ne da buga wa kungiyar Liberty Professional wasa a Ghana. A shekarar 2000, ya koma Faransa ya shiga Bastia, inda ya cinye kakar wasanni uku a nan kuma adadin wasannin da ya buga a nan sun kai 60, kafin ya koma ƙungiyar dake rike da kambun Ligue 1, wato Lyon a shekara ta 2003. A Lyon, Essien ya ci kofuna bi-da-bi a jere a shekara ta 2003 zuwa 2004 da 2004 zuwa 2005, kuma ya lashe kambun Lig 1, na Gwarzon Ɗan Wasan a Shekara ta 2005. A tsawon shekaru biyar da ya yi a Faransa, ya sami zama ɗan ƙasar Faransa. A cikin a shekara ta 2005, Essien ya sanya hannu tare da kungiyar Premier ta Chelsea A Chelsea, Essien ya taimaka wa kungiyar ta lashe gasar Premier a shekarar 2006 da 2010, da kuma kofunan FA uku da na League daya. Ya lashe gasar zakarun Turai a shekara ta 2012, yayin da yake sanya shi a matsayin wanda ya zo na biyu a gasar zakarun Turai na UEFA na shekarar 2008 Ya lashe kyautar gwarzon Golan Chelsea a kakar sau biyu, a kakar shekarun 2006 zuwa 2007. da 2008 zuwa 2009.
Tarihin Rayuwa An haifi Essien ne a babban birni Ghana Accra, iyayen sa su ne Aba Gyandoh da James Essien, Essien ya halarci Gomoa Nyanyano DC Primary and JSS. Ya fara wasan kwallon kafa ne bayan kammala karatunsa a Kwalejin St. Augustine da ke Cape Coast, yana wasa a wani kulob na gida da ake kira Liberty Professionals Ƙungiyoyin da Yayi Wasa
Bastia
Lyon
Chelsea
Real Madrid (aro)
Milan Essien ya kulla yarjejeniya da kulob din Milan na Italiya kan kwantiragin shekara daya da rabi a ranar( 27) ga watan Janairun a shekara ta (2014) Panathinaikos
Persib Bandung
Sabil A ranar 16 ga watan Maris a shekara ta (2019), Essien ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekara daya da rabi tare da Sabail FK na Premier League na Azerbaijan, wanda kuma zai ga ya horar da kungiyar U(19) din su.
Wasa a Mataki na Duniya Essien ya fara buga wasan farko a Gasar cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka da Morocco a ranar( 21) ga watan Janairun shekarar 2002). amma ya buga wa Ghana wasa a wasan sada zumunci da Masar a ranar( 4) ga watan Janairun shekarar( 2002) Aikin Horar da 'Yan Wasa
FC Nordsjælland
Salon wasa Essien ya kasance ɗan wasan tsakiya mai ƙarfi, wanda sau da yawa yakan taka rawa a tsakiyar tsakiya Sauda yawa ana yi masa magana a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya-zuwa-dambe saboda ikonsa na yin kuzari wajen tallafawa duka wasan zagi da na kare, da kuma karfin fada-a-ji da yake fuskanta, wanda ya sanya masa lakanin "The Bison". Essien zai iya taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida, a dama na kariya da kuma a tsakiya Baya ga yawan aiki, karfin jiki, da kwarewar kariya, Essien ya kuma mallaki fasaha mai kyau, hangen nesa, hazakar dabara, da halaye na jagoranci, kuma ya kasance mai karfin zura kwallaye daga nesa.
Rayuwar Kai A watan Maris na shekarar( 2021), Essien ya nuna goyon bayansa ga 'yan LGBT a Ghana akan Twitter da Instagram Daga baya ya goge rubutun bayan ya fuskanci suka daga wasu masu amfani da shafin na Ghana a dukkan bangarorin biyu.
Ƙididdigar Wasanni
Lambobin Yabo
Kulab Lyon Ligue 1 2003 zuwa 2004 da 2004 zuwa 2005)
Trophée des Champions (2003 zuwa 2004)
Chelsea Firimiya Lig (2005 zuwa 2006 da 2009 zuwa 2010)
Kofin FA (2006 zuwa 2007 da 2008 zuwa 2009 da 2009 zuwa 2010 da 2011 zuwa 2012)
Gasar cin Kofin Kwallon Kafa 2006 zuwa 2007) Garkuwan FA ungiyar FA 2009) Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA (2011 zuwa 2012) ta biyu: (2007 zuwa 2008)
Na duniya Ghana
Kofin Kasashen Afirka tagulla (2008) ,wacce ta zo ta biyu a( 2010) FIFA U-(20) ta gasar cin kofin duniya (2001) Na ɗaiɗai
Ligue 1 Player of the Month a watan Oktoba a shekara 2004) ya zama Gwarzon shekara a ligue 1 :a shekarar 2004 zuwa 2005)
kulob din shekara ta ligue 1 ashekarar (2012 zuwa 2013 da 2004 zuwa 2005)
kungiyar CAF ta Shekara (2005, 2006, 2008, 2009) Gwarzon dan kwallon Afirka na BBC na shekara 2006) Gwarzon Dan Wasan Ghana (2007) Dan wasan Chelsea na shekara (2006 zuwa 2007)
Chelsea Goal of the year 2006 zuwa 2007 vs Arsenal, 2008 2009 da Barcelona)
Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka ta( 2008) kungiyar Wasanni
Bayanan kula
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Bayanin Firimiya Lig Chelsea F.C. Profile (chelseafc.com) Michael Essien Mutanen Afirka
Mutanen Gana
Dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Ghana
Wasannin FIFA
Mutane daga Accra
Haifaffun ƙasar Ghana
Yan wasan kwallan kafa
Haifaffun 1982
Baƙaƙen |
19961 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asma%27u%20bint%20Abi%20Bakr | Asma'u bint Abi Bakr | Asma 'Bint Abi Bakr c.595-692CE), tana ɗaya daga cikin sahabban Annabi Muhammad (S A W) kuma 'yar uwar matarsa ta uku Aisha. Ana kallonta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu kishin Islama, kamar yadda ta taimaki Annabi a lokacin da yake wahala daga hijra daga Makka zuwa Madina.
Iyali
Ita 'yar Abubakar ce. Mahaifiyarta ita ce Qutaylah bint Abd-al-Uzza, kuma ita ce cikakkiyar ‘yar uwar Abdullah bn Abi Bakr. ‘Yan uwanta mata su ne A’isha da Ummu Kulthum bint Abi Bakr, 'yan uwanta kuma su ne Abdul-Rahman bn Abi Bakr da Muhammad bn Abi Bakr Tana kuma da uwa daya daga kabilar Kinana, Umm Ruman bint Amir, kuma dan uwanta, al-Tufayl ibn al-Harith al-Azdi. Malaman tarihi Ibn Kathir da Ibn Asakir sun kawo wata al'ada cewa Asma'u ta girmi Aisha da shekaru 10; amma a cewar Al-Dhahabi, bambancin shekarun ya kasance shekaru goma sha uku zuwa goma sha tara.
Tarihin rayuwa An saki iyayen Asma kafin Annabi Muhammad (S A W) ya fara wa'azin addinin Islama Saboda wannan ta kasance a gidan mahaifinta.
Addinin Musulunci a Makka: 610–622 Asma tana ɗaya daga cikin sahabbai na farkon waɗanda suka karɓi Musulunci ana jera goma sha biyar a kan Ibn Ishaq ya jerin wadanda suka karbi Musulunci a bisa gayyatar da Abu Bakr. Lokacin da Annabi Muhammad (S A W) da Abubakar suka nemi mafaka a cikin kogon Thawr da ke wajen Makka a kan hijirarsu zuwa Madina a shekara ta 622, Asma ta kasance tana kai musu abinci a cikin duhun Dare. Lokacin da mutanen biyu suka bar kogon, Asma ta ɗaura kayan da bel ɗinta na mayafinta, kuma saboda wannan ƙwarewar da ta samu daga Annabi Muhammad (S A W) ya mata taken Dhat an-Nitaqayn, ma'anar "Ita ce ta mai maɗauri biyu".
An aurar da ita ga Al- Zubayr bn al-Awwam jim kadan kafin Hijira Ta kasance tare da shi a Madina bayan 'yan watanni.
Madina: 623 zuwa gaba Asma ta sami sabbin makwabtanta da "mata masu gaskiya". Ta kasance mara ƙarfi wato talaka mai yin burodi, kuma sun kasance suna yi mata abinci. Ita da Al-Zubayr sun isa Madina tare da "ba dukiya ko bawa ko wata mallaka a cikin ƙasa banda dokinsa." Asma ta kasance tana ciyar da dokin, tana fitar da shi waje kiwo tana nika masa dabino. Annabi Muhammad (S A W) ya bai wa Al-Zubayr wasu dabinai a Madina, kuma Asma ta kasance tana daukar ƙwandon Dabino a kanta daga gonar zuwa gidansu, tafiyar da ke da nisan mil biyu. Wata rana ta wuce da Annabi Muhammad, wanda ya so ya rage mata hanya zuwa gida a kan raƙumi, amma saboda tsoron kishin mijinta, sai ta ƙi hawa da kuma tawali'u ta ƙi. Al-Zubayr ya gaya mata, duk da haka, cewa ya kamata ta karɓa maimakon ɗaukar irin wannan nauyi a ƙafa. Lokacin da Abubakar ya kawo musu baiwa daga karshe, Asma ta ce "kamar dai ya sake ni ne." Mahaifiyarta Qutayla bint Abduluzza ta kawo mata ziyara a Madina, tana kawo kyaututtukan dabino, ghee da ganyen mimosa. Asma ba za ta yarda da ita ta kaita gidan ba ko karbar kyaututtukan har sai ta tura ‘yar uwarta Aisha don ta yi shawara da Annabi Muhammad (S A W). Sai Annabi Muhammad (S A W) ya ba da shawarar cewa daidai ne ga Asma ta nuna wa mahaifiyarta karimci Asma da Al-Zubayr suna da yara takwas.
Abdullah
Al-Munzir.
Asim.
Al-Muhajir.
Khadija.
Umm al-Hasan.
A'isha.
Urwa, babban jigon watsa labarai na ahadith Asma ba ta ji dadi ba a rayuwar aurenta, domin Al-Zubayr ya kasance "mafi kishin mutane" kuma yana da "wuya a kanta." Ya auri karin mata uku a Madina, kuma "duk lokacin da Zubayr ya yi fushi da dayanmu, yakan buge ta har sanda ta karye." Ta kai karar mahaifinta, wanda ya shawarce ta: “Yata, ki yi haƙuri. Idan mace ta kasance da miji na gari kuma ya mutu kuma ba ta sake yin aure ba bayansa, za a sake haɗuwa da su a gidan Aljanna. Wata kuma daga cikin matan Al-Zubayr, Ummu Kulthum bint Uqba, ita ma ta koka da "taurin zuciya" kuma "ta zalunce shi" da ya sake ta bayan 'yan watanni kawai. Daga karshe Al-Zubayr ya sake Asma "kuma ya dauki Urwa, wanda yake saurayi a lokacin."
Yakin Yarmouk Yaƙin Yarmouk a shekara ta 636 ana ɗaukarsa ɗayan fitattun yaƙoƙa a tarihin soja. Rumawa sun fi Musulmai yawa amma, tare da taimakon mata da samari daga cikinsu,suka kori Daular Byzantine daga Siriya. Mata kamar Hind bint Utbah da Asma bint Abi Bakr sun taimaka a Yaƙin Yarmouk Tarihin farko ya yaba wa bajintar Asma a can. Al-Waqidi ya rubuta cewa matan Kuraishawa sun fi maza fada sosai.Duk lokacin da maza suka gudu,matan suna fada,suna tsoron cewa idan suka sha kashi,Romawa za su bautar da su.
Adawar Asma ga Yazid Dan Asma, Abdullah, da dan uwansa, Qasim bn Muhammad bn Abu Bakr, duk jikokin Abubakar ne kuma dan uwan Aisha.Lokacin da aka kashe Hussein ibn Ali a Karbala,Abdullah, wanda abokin Hussein ne,ya tattara mutanen Makka ya yi gaba da Yazid Lokacin da ya ji wannan,sai Yazid ya sa aka yi masa sarka ta azurfa aka aika zuwa Makka da nufin a sa Walid bin Utbah ya kamo Abdullahi bn al-Zubayr da shi.A cikin Makka da dangin Madina Hussein suna da tushe na tallafi mai ƙarfi,kuma mutane suna shirye su tashi tsaye don su. Sauran dangin Hussein sun koma Madina. A ƙarshe Abdullah ya ƙarfafa ikonsa ta hanyar tura gwamna zuwa Kufa. Ba da daɗewa ba Abdullah ya kafa ikonsa a Iraki,kudancin Arabiya, mafi yawan ɓangarorin Siriya da wasu sassan Misira.
Yazid ya yi kokarin kawo karshen tawayen Abdullah ta hanyar mamaye Hejaz, kuma ya kwace Madina bayan yakin al-Harrah wanda ya biyo bayan kewaye Makka. Mutuwar bazatarsa ta ƙare kamfen ɗin kuma ta jefa Umayyawa cikin rudu, tare da yaƙin basasa daga ƙarshe ya ɓarke. Bayan yakin basasar Umayyawa ya ƙare, Abdullah ya rasa Masar da duk abin da yake da shi na Siriya ga Marwan I. Wannan, haɗe tare da tawayen Khawarijawa a Iraki, ya rage yankinsa zuwa Hejaz kawai.
Daga karshe Abdullahi bn al-Zubayr ya sha kashi a hannun Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, wanda ya tura Al-Hajjaj bin Yusuf Hajjaj daga Ta'if yake, kamar yadda waɗanda suka kashe Hussein suka kasance Abdullah ya tambayi mahaifiyarsa Asma abin da ya kamata yayi, sannan ya tafi ya dauki Hajjaj. Sojojin Hajjaj sun ci nasara kuma Abdullah ya mutu a fagen fama a cikin 692. Rashin nasarar Abdullahi ibn al-Zubayr ya sake dawo da ikon Umayyawa akan Daular.
Bayan wasu 'yan shekaru a shekara ta 740 sai mutanen Kufa suka kira Zayd bn Ali, jikan Hussein, zuwa Kufa. Zaydis yi imani da cewa a cikin Sa'a ta ƙarshe zaid ya kuma tabbatar da cewa mutanen kufa sun ci amanar shi,. Asma ta rasu kwanaki kadan bayan danta wanda aka kashe a ranar Talata 17 Jumada al-Ula a shekara ta 73 bayan hijira Asma ta rasu tana da shekaru 100 a duniya. Asma tana cikin mutane goma sha bakwai na farko da suka fara karɓa musulunci. Kuma ta girma ƴar'uwa Aisha da shekaru goma, ta kuma rasu bayan kwanaki goma da rasuwar ɗanta bayan tana da shekaru 100 kuma dukkan haƙoranta lafiya su ƙalau acikin shekara ta 73 AH.
Duba kuma Sahaba
Sunni view of the Sahabbai
Manazarta Pages with unreviewed translations
Sahabbai mata
Matan Annabi
Iyayen |
11609 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usman%20Nagogo | Usman Nagogo | Sarki Usman Nagogo Muhammadu Dikko KBE CMG (1905 18 Maris, 1981) shi ne Sarkin Katsina daga ranar 19 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta 1944, har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekara ta 1981. Ya gaji mahaifinsa, Muhammadu Dikko, a matsayin sarki, kuma ɗan sa, Muhammadu Kabir Usman ya gaje shi. Ya kasance dan boko kuma ya karanta ilimin Addini
Farkon Rayuwa Sarki Alhaji Usman Nagogo Shine mahaifin Janar Hasan Usman Katsina, an haifi Sarki Nagogo a garin katsina a shekara ta 1905, kuma shine sarki na goma a tsarin mulkin fulanin Katsina, usman Nagogo mutum ne mai ƙwazo, mai kulawa da addininsa kuma shine shugaban musulunci a garinsa.
Ilimi Nagogo ya fara karantu shi ne a karkashin malamin Islamiyya Attahiru, wanda ya koyar da sarki na gaba. ya karantar dashi ne tare da dan uwan shi a cikin Gambarawa kwatas na Katsina. Usman Nagogo ya fara karatunsa na boko a tsohuwar “Provicial School” a shekarar 1915, wanda ya gama da babban sakamako watau “upper certificate” a shekarar 1923, ya koyi yaren larabci da Shariar Musulunci “Islamic Jurist Prudence”. Ya cigaba da karatu a shekarar 1921 a makarantar sakandire ta Katsina, amma mahaifinsa ya kawo karshen ziyarar da Ingila ta yi, inda su biyun suka hadu da George V na Burtaniya. Ya kammala karatu daga makarantar Lardin a shekarar 1923, bayan haka ya koyar a can tsawon watanni shida.
Aiki Bayan ya kammala karatun sa, yayi aiki da mahaifinsa watau Sarki muhammadu Dikko a matsayin sakataren sa na ɗan lokaci kaɗan, daga nan aka turashi kwas a Kaduna, “Old Police Native Athourity” an zaɓe shi a matsayin shugaban ƴan sanda na katsina na tsawon shekara tara. An zaɓe shi a matsayin Hakimin katsina watau “Magajin Gari” a shekarar 1938 don ya fara koyar harkar mulki.
An naɗa Nagogo a matsayin mukamin Babban Sufeto Janar na ƴan Sanda a shekarar 1929; a lokacin ajalinsa ya fadada sashen ƴan sanda ta hanyar inganta sabbin gine-gine da kuma daukar karin jami'ai. A shekarar 1937, ya zama Shugaban Gundumar Katsina na cikin gari. Arthur Richards, Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya ya naɗa Nagogo a hukumance a ranar 19 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 1944, duk da cewa ya gaje mahaifinsa da ya mutu zuwa mukamin a watan Maris. A wannan shekarar, ya ziyarci Ingila, Masar, Indiya, da Burma a Burma, ya sadu da ‘yan Najeriya a cikin Royal West African Frontier Force (yin gwagwarmayar Burtaniya a matsayin ɓangare na Chindits A ranar 12 ga watan Janairu, shekarar 1946, Sarki George VI na Burtaniya ya nada shi a matsayin ministan tarayya na masarautar. Ya kasance minista mai yanki ba tare da jigilar kaya ba tun daga shekarar 1952 har zuwa juyin mulkin soja na shekarar 1966, wanda daya daga cikin 'ya'yansa, Hassan usman Katsina ya ke ciki Wasanni Sarki Usman Nagogo ne shugaban kungiyar Polo na Najeriya, Nagogo yana daya daga cikin majagaba na Polo na asalin Najeriya. kamar yadda na shekarar 2002, yana cikin qwararrun mabuga wasan kwallon doki da ake kira “handicap na +7” har yakai cikin gwanayen polo na Afirka. Ya kasance a wani lokaci shugaban kungiyar addinin musulinci Jama'atu Nasril Islam (JNI).
Iyali Mahaifiyar Nagogo ita ce Hassatu, daga Katsina. Daya daga cikin 'ya'yan Nagogo, Muhammadu Kabir Usman (an haife shi a watan Janairu shekarar 1928), ya gaji mahaifinsa a matsayin sarki a lokacin rasuwar Nagogo, kuma ya zama sarki har zuwa shekarar v2006; Kabir ya karɓi sunansa daga malamin Arab Sherif Gudid, abokin Nagogo. Kuma yanada wani ɗan mai suna Hassan usman Katsina (an haife shi shekarar 1933), ya shiga Rundunar Sojan Nijeriya, daga ƙarshe ya tashi zuwa matsayin Manjo Janar.
Girmamawa An nada nagogo ya zama kwamandan doka na daular birtaniya wato (CBE) a cikin 1948 Sabuwar Shekara mai Daraja, kuma an zuba jari a matsayin kwamandan yan doka wato (KBE) a cikin 1962 Sabuwar Shekara mai Daraja An nada shi a matsayin abokin aiki na Dokar St Michael da St George (CMG) a cikin bikin mai daraja a 1953 1. C.B.E Wanda aka bashi a 1947
2. C.M.G Wanda aka bashi a 1953
3. K.B.A Wanda aka bashi a 1962
4. C.F.R Wanda aka bashi a 1964.
Abubuwanda Yake Sha'awa Usman Nagoggo yafi sha’awar wasanni da kuma noma a rayuwarsa. Ya kuma yi fice a fannin wasan polo a Najeriya kuma shi ya fara kawo wasan a 1921 bzyzn dawowarsa daga Ingila.
Rasuwarsa Allah yayi wa sarki Usman Nagogo rasuwa a ranar 18 ga watan Maris,shekarar 1981, ya rasu ya bar ƴa’ƴa maza da mata, Allah yayimasa rahama.
Bibiliyo Burji, Badamasi Shu'aibu G., 1968- (1997).Gaskiya nagartar namiji tarihin rayuwar Janar Hassan Usman Katsina. Kano: Burji Publishers.ISBN 978-135-051-2. OCLC 43147940.
The Sokoto Caliphate history and legacies, 1804-2004. Bobboyi, H., Yakubu, Mahmood. (1st ed ed.). Kaduna, Nigeria: Arewa House. 2006. ISBN 978-135-166-7. OCLC 156890366.
Warfare in the Sokoto Caliphate historical and sociological perspectivesISBN0-521-21069-0OCLC2371710
Manazarta Sarakunan Katsina
Sarukuna Musulmai
'Yan |
29231 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamomin%20Ciwon%20Daji | Alamomin Ciwon Daji | Alamomin ciwon daji Ya kasan ce kuma sune asalin damar ilimin halitta guda shida da aka samu a yayin haɓaka ciwace-ciwacen ɗan adam, kuma tun daga lokacin an ƙaru zuwa ƙarfin takwas da damar iya ba da damar guda biyu. Douglas Hanahan da Robert Weinberg ne suka kirkiro ra'ayin a cikin takardar su The Hallmarks of Cancer da aka buga Janairu 2000 a cikin Cell Waɗannan alamomin sun zama ƙa'idar tsari don daidaitawa da rikitarwar cututtukan neoplastic. Sun haɗa da ci gaba da siginar yaɗuwa, guje wa masu hana haɓaka girma, tsayayya da mutuwar tantanin halitta, ba da damar dawwama, haifar da angiogenesis, da kunna mamayewa da metastasis. Ƙarƙashin waɗannan alamomi sune rashin zaman lafiya na kwayoyin halitta, wanda ke haifar da bambancin kwayoyin halitta wanda ke hanzarta samun su, da kumburi, wanda ke haɓaka ayyuka masu yawa. Bugu da ƙari ga ƙwayoyin cutar kansa, ciwace-ciwacen daji suna nuna wani nau'i na rikitarwa: sun haɗa da al'umma na daukar aiki, masu yiwuwa kwayoyin halitta na yau da kullum waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga siyan halaye masu mahimmanci ta hanyar ƙirƙirar ƙananan ƙwayar cuta Amincewa da yawaitar amfani da waɗannan ra'ayoyin zai ƙara yin tasiri ga haɓaka sabbin hanyoyin magance cutar kansar ɗan adam.
A cikin sabuntawar da aka buga a cikin 2011 ("Alamomin ciwon daji: ƙarni na gaba"), Weinberg da Hanahan sun ba da shawarar sabbin alamomi guda biyu: (1) hanyoyin rayuwa mara kyau da (2) guje wa tsarin rigakafi, da halaye biyu masu kunnawa: (1) genome rashin zaman lafiya, da (2) kumburi.
Jerin alamomin Kwayoyin cutar daji suna da lahani a cikin hanyoyin sarrafawa waɗanda ke sarrafa sau nawa suke rarraba, kuma a cikin tsarin amsawa waɗanda ke daidaita waɗannan hanyoyin sarrafawa (watau lahani a cikin homeostasis Kwayoyin al'ada suna girma kuma suna rarraba, amma suna da iko da yawa akan wannan haɓakar. Suna girma ne kawai lokacin da abubuwan haɓaka suka motsa su. Idan sun lalace, birki na kwayoyin zai hana su rarrabawa har sai an gyara su. Idan ba za a iya gyara su ba, suna yin tsarin mutuwar kwayar halitta (apoptosis). Za su iya raba iyakacin adadin lokuta kawai. Sun kasance ɓangare na tsarin nama, kuma suna zama a inda suke. Suna buƙatar samar da jini don girma.
Duk waɗannan hanyoyin dole ne a shawo kan su don haɓakar tantanin halitta ya zama ciwon daji. Kowane tsari yana sarrafa sunadaran sunadaran da yawa. Dole ne furotin mai mahimmanci ya yi rauni a kowane ɗayan waɗannan hanyoyin. Wadannan sunadaran suna zama marasa aiki ko rashin aiki lokacin da jerin DNA na kwayoyin halittarsu ya lalace ta hanyar samu ko maye gurbi (maye gurbin da ba a gada ba amma yana faruwa bayan daukar ciki). Wannan yana faruwa a cikin jerin matakai, waɗanda Hanahan da Weinberg suke magana a matsayin alamomi.
Wadatar kai a cikin alamun girma Kwayoyin ciwon daji ba sa buƙatar ƙarfafawa daga siginar waje (a cikin nau'i na abubuwan girma don ninka.
Yawanci, ƙwayoyin jiki suna buƙatar hormones da sauran kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke aiki azaman sigina don girma da rarraba Kwayoyin ciwon daji, duk da haka, suna da ikon girma ba tare da waɗannan sigina na waje ba. Akwai hanyoyi da yawa waɗanda kwayoyin cutar kansa zasu iya yin haka: ta hanyar samar da waɗannan sigina da kansu, wanda aka sani da alamar autocrine ta hanyar kunna hanyoyin sigina na dindindin waɗanda ke amsa waɗannan sigina; ko ta hanyar lalata 'kashe masu kunnawa' wanda ke hana haɓakar girma daga waɗannan sigina ra'ayi mara kyau Bugu da kari, rarrabuwar tantanin halitta a al'ada, sel marasa ciwon daji ana sarrafa su sosai. A cikin ƙwayoyin cutar kansa, waɗannan hanyoyin suna raguwa saboda sunadaran da ke sarrafa su suna canzawa, suna haifar da haɓaka girma da rarraba tantanin halitta a cikin ƙwayar cuta.
Rashin hankali ga sigina na hana girma Kwayoyin ciwon daji gabaɗaya suna da juriya ga sigina masu hana girma daga maƙwabtansu.
Don sarrafa rarrabuwar tantanin halitta, sel suna da matakai a cikin su waɗanda ke hana haɓakar tantanin halitta da rarrabawa. Ana tsara waɗannan hanyoyin ta hanyar sunadaran da aka sani da ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari Wadannan kwayoyin halitta suna ɗaukar bayanai daga tantanin halitta don tabbatar da cewa ya shirya don rarraba, kuma za su dakatar da rarraba idan ba haka ba (lokacin da DNA ta lalace, misali). A cikin ciwon daji, waɗannan sunadaran sunadaran ƙwayoyin cuta suna canza su don kada su hana rarrabawar kwayar halitta yadda ya kamata, ko da lokacin da tantanin halitta yana da matsala mai tsanani. Wata hanyar da sel ke hana rarrabuwar kawuna ita ce sel na yau da kullun suma za su daina rarrabuwa a lokacin da sel suka cika sararin da suke ciki kuma su taɓa wasu sel; aka sani da hana lamba Kwayoyin cutar daji ba su da hana lamba, don haka za su ci gaba da girma da rarrabuwa, ba tare da la'akari da kewayen su ba.
Kaucewa shirin mutuwa tantanin halitta Apoptosis wani nau'i ne na tsarin mutuwar tantanin halitta (kwayoyin kashe kansa),ya kuma kasan ce tsarin da ake tsara sel su mutu idan sun lalace. Kwayoyin ciwon daji suna iya keɓance wannan tsarin.
Kwayoyin suna da ikon 'hala kansu'; wani tsari da aka sani da apoptosis Ana buƙatar wannan don kwayoyin halitta suyi girma da haɓaka yadda ya kamata, don kiyaye kyallen jikin jiki, kuma ana farawa lokacin da tantanin halitta ya lalace ko ya kamu da cutar. Kwayoyin ciwon daji, duk da haka, sun rasa wannan ikon; ko da yake sel na iya zama na rashin al'ada sosai, ba sa shan apoptosis. Kwayoyin ciwon daji na iya yin haka ta hanyar canza hanyoyin da ke gano lalacewa ko rashin daidaituwa. Wannan yana nufin cewa siginar da ta dace ba zata iya faruwa ba, don haka apoptosis ba zai iya kunnawa ba. Hakanan suna iya samun lahani a cikin siginar ƙasa da kanta, ko sunadaran da ke cikin apoptosis, kowannensu kuma zai hana apoptosis mai kyau.
Yiwuwar kwafi mara iyaka Kwayoyi marasa ciwon daji suna mutuwa bayan wasu adadin rarrabuwa. Kwayoyin ciwon daji sun tsere daga wannan iyaka kuma a fili suna iya girma da rarrabuwa mara iyaka dauwama Amma waɗancan ƙwayoyin da ba su mutu ba sun lalata ƙwayoyin chromosomes, waɗanda za su iya zama cutar kansa.
Kwayoyin jiki ba su da ikon rarraba har abada. Suna da iyakataccen adadin rarrabuwa kafin sel su kasa rarraba senescence ko mutu (rikicin). Dalilin kuma waɗan nan shingen shi ne da farko saboda DNA a ƙarshen chromosomes, wanda aka sani da telomeres Telomeric DNA yana gajarta tare da kowane rabo na tantanin halitta, har sai ya zama gajere yana kunna jin daɗi, don haka tantanin halitta ya daina rarrabawa. Kwayoyin ciwon daji suna ƙetare wannan shinge ta hanyar sarrafa enzymes (telomerase) don ƙara tsawon telomeres. Don haka, za su iya rarraba har abada, ba tare da fara jin daɗi ba.
Kwayoyin dabbobi masu shayarwa suna da wani shiri na zahiri, iyakar Hayflick, wanda ke iyakance haɓakar su zuwa kusan 60-70 ninki biyu, a wannan lokacin suna isa matakin jin daɗi.
Za'a iya shawo kan wannan iyaka ta hanyar kashe su pRB da p53 sunadaran sunadaran ƙwayar cuta, wanda ya ba su damar ci gaba da ninka har sai sun kai ga wani mataki da ake kira rikici, tare da apoptosis, karyotypic disarray, da kuma lokaci-lokaci (10 -7 fitowar tantanin halitta marar mutuwa wanda zai iya. ninki biyu ba tare da iyaka ba. Yawancin ƙwayoyin ciwon daji ba su dawwama.
Na'urar kirgawa ga tantanin halitta ninki biyu shine telomere, wanda ke raguwa a girman (rasa nucleotides a ƙarshen chromosomes) yayin kowace tantanin halitta. Kusan kashi 85 cikin 100 na masu ciwon daji suna daidaita telomerase don tsawaita telomeres kuma sauran 15% suna amfani da hanyar da ake kira Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres.
Angiogenesis mai dorewa Angiogenesis shine tsarin da ake samar da sababbin hanyoyin jini. Kwayoyin cutar daji suna bayyana suna iya fara wannan tsari, suna tabbatar da cewa irin waɗannan ƙwayoyin suna samun isashshen iskar oxygen da sauran abubuwan gina jiki.
Nassoshin jiki na yau da kullun suna da tasoshin jini da ke gudana ta cikin su waɗanda ke isar da iskar oxygen daga huhu. Dole ne sel su kasance kusa da tasoshin jini don samun isassun iskar oxygen domin su tsira. Sabbin hanyoyin jini suna samuwa a lokacin haɓakar embryos, yayin gyaran rauni da kuma lokacin sake zagayowar haihuwa na mace. Ciwon daji mai faɗaɗa yana buƙatar sabbin hanyoyin jini don isar da isassun iskar oxygen zuwa ƙwayoyin cutar kansa, don haka yana amfani da waɗannan tsarin tsarin ilimin halittar jiki na yau da kullun don amfanin sa. Don yin wannan, ƙwayoyin cutar kansa suna samun ikon tsara samar da sabbin vasculature ta hanyar kunna 'canjin angiogenic'. A yin haka, suna sarrafa ƙwayoyin da ba su da ciwon daji waɗanda ke cikin ƙwayar cuta da ke iya haifar da jijiyoyin jini ta hanyar rage samar da abubuwan da ke hana samar da jini, da haɓaka samar da abubuwan da ke haɓaka samuwar jini.
Ciwon nama da metastasis Kwayoyin ciwon daji na iya watsewa daga rukunin yanar gizon su ko sashin asalinsu don mamaye nama da ke kewaye da kuma yada metastasize zuwa sassan jiki mai nisa.
Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun kaddarorin ƙwayoyin cutar kansa shine ikon su na mamaye ƙwayoyin maƙwabta. Shi ne abin da ke nuna ko ƙwayar cuta ba ta da kyau ko mara kyau, kuma ita ce dukiyar da ke ba da damar yada su a jiki. Kwayoyin ciwon daji dole ne su fuskanci sauye-sauye masu yawa domin su sami ikon yin metastasize, a cikin tsari mai yawa wanda ke farawa da mamaye gida na sel cikin kyallen da ke kewaye. Sannan dole ne su mamaye magudanar jini, su tsira a cikin mummunan yanayi na tsarin jini, su fita daga wannan tsarin sannan su fara rarrabuwa cikin sabon nama.
Sabuntawa A cikin jawabin taron NCRI na 2010, Hanahan ya ba da shawarar sabbin alamomi guda biyu masu tasowa da halaye biyu masu kunnawa. An haɗa waɗannan daga baya a cikin sabunta labarin bita mai suna "Hallmarks of Cancer: the next generation."
Alamomi masu tasowa
Deregulated metabolism Yawancin kwayoyin cutar kansa suna amfani da madadin hanyoyin rayuwa don samar da makamashi, gaskiyar da aka yaba tun farkon karni na ashirin tare da ƙaddamar da hasashe na Warburg, amma yanzu kawai samun sabon sha'awar bincike. Kwayoyin ciwon daji da ke nuna tasirin Warburg suna haɓaka glycolysis da fermentation na lactic acid a cikin cytosol kuma suna hana mitochondria kammala numfashi na aerobic na yau da kullun (oxidation na pyruvate, da citric acid sake zagayowar, da sarkar jigilar lantarki Maimakon cikakken oxidizing glucose don samar da yawan ATP mai yiwuwa, ƙwayoyin kansa sun gwammace su canza pyruvate zuwa tubalan ginin don ƙarin sel. A gaskiya ma, ƙananan ATP: ADP rabon da wannan tasiri ya haifar yana iya taimakawa wajen kashe mitochondria. Mitochondrial membrane m yana da hyperpolarized don hana ƙarfin lantarki-m permeability canjin pores (PTP) daga jawo apoptosis Ana bincikar cin abinci na ketogenic a matsayin maganin adjuvant don wasu cututtuka, ciki har da glioma,saboda rashin iyawar ciwon daji a cikin metabolizing jikin ketone Kaucewa tsarin rigakafi Duk da ciwon daji da ke haifar da ƙãra kumburi da angiogenesis, sun kuma bayyana cewa za su iya guje wa hulɗa tare da tsarin garkuwar jiki ta hanyar asarar interleukin-33. (Duba rigakafin cutar kansa Halayen Haɓakawa Takardar da aka sabunta ta kuma gano halaye biyu masu tasowa. Waɗannan ana lakafta su kamar haka tunda samun su yana haifar da haɓakar “alamomi” da aka ɗauka.
Rashin kwanciyar hankali Kwayoyin ciwon daji gabaɗaya suna da matsanancin rashin daidaituwa na chromosomal wanda ke daɗa muni yayin da cutar ke ci gaba. Kwayoyin HeLa, alal misali, suna da haɓaka sosai kuma suna da tetraploidy 12, trisomy 6, 8, da 17, da lambar chromosome na modal na 82 (maimakon adadin diploid na al'ada na 46). Ƙananan maye gurbi shine mafi kusantar abin da zai fara tumorigenesis, amma da zarar sel sun fara sake zagayowar-fusion-gada (BFB), za su iya canzawa a cikin sauri da sauri. (Dubi rashin zaman lafiyar kwayoyin halitta Kumburi Abubuwan da aka gano na baya-bayan nan sun nuna rawar da kumburin gida ke takawa wajen haifar da nau'ikan ciwon daji da yawa. Kumburi yana haifar da angiogenesis da ƙarin amsawar rigakafi. Lalacewar matrix na waje da ake buƙata don samar da sabbin hanyoyin jini yana ƙara rashin daidaituwar metastasis. (Duba kumburi a cikin ciwon daji Suka Wani labarin a cikin Nature Reviews Cancer a shekara ta 2010 ya nuna cewa biyar daga cikin 'alamomin' suma suna da halayyar ciwace-ciwacen daji Alamar mugunyar cuta ɗaya ce ita ce ikonta na mamayewa da daidaitawa Wani labarin a cikin Journal of Biosciences a cikin 2013 ya yi jayayya cewa bayanan asali na yawancin waɗannan alamomin sun rasa. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa ciwon daji cuta ce mai matakin nama kuma waɗannan alamomin matakin salon salula suna yaudara.
Manazarta Cutar daji
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
28882 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosoko | Kosoko | Kosoko (ya rasu a shekara ta 1872) dan gidan sarautar Ologun Kutere dake Legas wanda ya yi mulki a matsayin sarkin Legas watau Oba na Legas daga 1845 zuwa 1851. Mahaifinsa shi ne Oba Osinlokun da ’yan uwansa Idewu Ojulari (wanda ya kasance Oba daga shekarar, 1829 zuwa 1834/35), Olufunmi, Odunsi, Ladega, Ogunbambi, Akinsanya, Ogunjobi, Akimosa, Ibiyemi, Adebajo, Matimoju, Adeniyi, Isiyemi, Igbalu, Oresanya., da Idewu-Ojulari.
Gadon Mulki Kosoko gaji saratar Oba na Legas a shekarar, 1845 ya fuskanci da dama nau'ikan abubuwa masu ban mamaki.
Rikici tsakanin dangin Osinlokun da Adele Lokacin da Oba Ologun Kutere ya rasu (tsakanin shekara ta, 1800 zuwa 1805), an yi gumurzu tsakanin babban dansa (Osinlokun) da karamin dansa kuma sha lelensa (Adele). Duk da yake ba tsarin sarautar ba bisa jerin haihuwa bane amma ta hanyar masu nadin sarauta da tuntubar jawabin Ifa, Osinlokun da mabiyansa sun yi adawa da sarautar Adele. A shekarar, 1819 Osinlokun yayi wa kaninsa kaninsa Adele juyin mulki a wajajen shekara ta,1819, wanda hakan ya tilastawa Adele gudun hijira zuwa Badagry inda wan ya zama shugaban garin.
Sanadin rikicin Kosoko da Eletu Odibo Kosoko ya yi wa firayim minista mai iko Eletu Odibo da mai nadin sarauta laifi ta hanyar auren wata mata da aka sanya wa rana da Cif Eletu Odibo. Eletu Odibo, a matsayinsa na shugaban masu rike da sarautun gargajiya na Akarigbere, shi ne aka ba shi ikon sa ido kan zabo da sanya obas. Matakin girman kai da Kosoko ya dauka zai kawo cikas ga yunkurinsa na neman karagar mulki yayin da Cif Eletu Odibo ya fusata sosai kuma takaddamar da ke tsakanin mutanen biyu ta sauya sarautar Obaship sau da dama tare da kafa hanyar shiga tsakani na Burtaniya a Legas daga baya a shekarar, 1851.
Mutuwar Osinlokun, Idewu Ojulari na gajeren wa'adi, da bayyanar rikicin Eletu da Kosoko. A lokacin da Osinlokun ya mutu a shekara ta,1819, Idewu dan uwan Kosoko ya zama Oba kuma fara mulki daga shekara ta, 1819 har zuwa 1834/5. Amma sai dai mulkin Idewu baiyi kaurin suna ba sanan a gaban Oba na Benin Idewu ya kashe kansa. Tun lokacin da Kosoko ya zama dan adawan Eletu Odibo, masu nadin sarautan suka kira Adele ya dawo gida daga Badagry kuma ya zama Oba na Lagos a karo na biyu. Mulkin sarki na biyu Adele ya kare a yayin da ya rasu a shekara ta, 1837 sannan kuma Eletu Odibo ya kara hana Kosoko daman zama sarki sannan ya kara nada dandan Adele.
Rikici ya karu tsakanin Kosoko da Eletu Odibo Rikicin tsakanin Eletu Odibo da Kosoko ya karu inda Eletu Odibo ya mika wa Opo Olu, ‘yar uwar Kosoko, zarginta da maita. Masu duban sun gano Opo Olu ba shi da laifi duk da haka Oba Oluwole ya kori Opo Olu daga Legas, inda ya jagoranci Kosoko da mabiyansa zuwa wani bore na makami da bai yi nasara ba da aka fi sani da Ogun Ewe Koko ("leaves of the coco-yam war") wanda ya sa Kosoko da mabiyansa suka gudu. ku Epe. Daga nan sai Eletu Odibo ya tayar da kiyayyar da ke tsakanin sansanonin biyu ta hanyar tono gawar mahaifiyar Kosoko tare da jefa gawar a cikin tafkin Legas.
Rasuwar Oba Oluwole da hawan Akitoye An kashe Oba Oluwole a shekara ta, 1841 lokacin da walƙiya ta haifar da fashewar wani abu a wurin Oba. An busa gawar Oluwole da gutsuttsura, ba a iya gane gawar ba sai ’yan kwalliyar sarauta da ke kawata jikinsa. Da an gayyaci Kosoko ya zama Oba amma ba a san inda yake ba. Saboda haka, Akitoye, kawun Kosoko, kanin Osinlokun Adele, kuma dan Ologun Kutere aka nada a matsayin Oba na Legas.
shafewar basirar Akitoye da ramuwar gayya ta Kosoko A yunƙurin sulhu (ya gamu da matsananciyar turjiya daga sarakuna, ba Eletu Odibo ba) tare da ɗan'uwansa, Oba Akitoye ya tuno da Kosoko zuwa Legas. Kosoko ya koma Legas ne a cikin jirgin shahararren dan kasuwar bayi Jose Domingo Martinez. Akitoye ya yi kokarin bai wa Kosoko kyaututtuka kuma ya ba shi mukamin Oloja na Ereko ko kuma mai Ereko. Kosoko yayi sauri ya karfafa matsayinsa kuma ya sami goyon baya a tsakanin shugabannin yaki da yawa da kuma tsakanin al'ummar musulmi. Eletu Odibo ya damu da yadda Kosoko ya kara karfin iko ya tafi Badagry. Shi kuma Akitoye ya tuno da Eletu Odibo daga Badagry, wanda ya sa Kosoko ya bayyana cewa idan Eletu Odibo ya koma Legas, “zai maida kansa sarki”.
Habaici tsatstsama ne ya kaure tsakanin Oba Akitoye da Kosoko yana aikewa da kukansa Legas yana waka yana cewa "Ka fada wa wannan karamin yaro a kotu a can ya yi hankali, domin idan bai yi hankali ba za a hukunta shi". Akitoye ya tura kukan nasa yana rera wakar "Ni kamar filin da aka kora a cikin kasa, wanda ko da yaushe yana da wuya a cire shi amma ya dawwama." Kosoko ya mayar da martani "Ni ne mai tono wanda koyaushe yana fitar da fil". Tashin hankali ya haifar da tashin hankali mai suna Ogun Olomiro (Yaƙin Ruwa na Gishiri) da ƙungiyar Kosoko ta yi a cikin Yuli shekara ta,1845. Bangaren Kosoko sun killace fadar Oba na tsawon makonni uku. Daga karshe Akitoye ya amince da shan kaye, ya tsere daga kogin zuwa arewa, kuma Oshodi Tapa, kyaftin din yakin Kosoko ya ba shi damar wucewa ta kogin Agboyi lafiya. Oshodi Tapa ya bayyana yadda Akitoye ya tsere zuwa Kosoko inda ya ce Akitoye ya sanya makiyansa cikin rudani. Daga baya Akitoye ya isa Abeokuta inda aka ba shi mafaka. Da yake fahimtar tserewar Akitoye a matsayin barazana, Kosoko ya bukaci kan Akitoye daga Egbas wanda ya ki amincewa da bukatar Kosoko. A cikin watan Maris shekara ta, 1845, Egbas ya ba wa Akitoye da aka kora a yanzu tare da rakiya zuwa Badagry, garin mafaka na gargajiya na Legas inda ya tara mabiyansa tare da gina haɗin gwiwa tare da mishan na turawa da kuma Birtaniya ta hannun Consul John Beecroft Mahimmin abu shine, an kama Eletu Odibo a yakin, Kosoko ya rama wa Eletu kashin mahaifiyarsa ta hanyar sanya Eletu Odibo a cikin tanki man fetur, ya rufe shi, ya sanya masa wuta, sannan ya jefar a cikin tafkin Legas.
Kutsawar Birtaniyya a rikicin Legas Gamayyar bukatu a Legas daga Akitoye da aka kora a yanzu wanda ya haɗa kansa da manufar yaƙi da bautar don samun goyon bayan Birtaniyya, da mas kira zuwa addinin kirista na Anglican da ke Badagry waɗanda ke hulɗa da Akitoye, da Egba da ƴan kasuwa na Turai waɗanda ke son zirga-zirgar kayayyaki cikin 'yanci. An yi nasarar shigar da Burtaniya a Legas. Matsayin Akitoye na adawa da bauta ya bayyana an haife shi ne da son rai idan aka yi la’akari da alakarsa da fitaccen dan kasuwar bayi Domingo Martinez wanda ya goyi bayan harin da Akitoye ya kai Legas a cikin shekara ta, 1846 wanda bai yi nasara ba.
A cikin watan Nuwamba shekara ta, 1851 wata jam'iyyar Burtaniya ta sadu da Oba Kosoko don gabatar da shawarar dangantakar abokantaka ta Burtaniya tare da barin cinikin bayi na Trans Atlantic Kosoko ya ki amincewa da wannan shawara "saboda fasaha cewa Legas tana ƙarƙashin Oba na Benin kuma kawai Oba zai iya yin hulɗa da kasashen waje game da matsayin Legas". A ranar 4 ga watan Disamba shekara ta, 1851, bayan nasarar Kosoko da fatattakar sojojin Birtaniya, Consul Beecroft ya rubuta wa Oba na Benin cewa "Kosoko, a dalilin sanya wuta a tutar sulhu, ya kaddamar da yaki a Ingila" don haka dole ne a maye gurbinsa da shi. Akitoye. Ya yi barazanar cewa Kosoko na da damar wata daya kafin ya mika wuya, idan har ba haka ba "za'a yake garin Lagos". A ranar 26 ga watan Disamba shekara ta, 1851, a wani abin da a yanzu ake kira Bombardment na Legas ko Rage Legas, HMS Bloodhound, HMS Teazer, da wasu ayarin jiragen ruwa sun kai hari a fadar Oba. Kosoko ya kafa kariyar tsaro amma a ranar 28 ga watan Disamba shekara ta, 1851 yakin da aka fi sani da Ogun Ahoyaya ko Ogun Agidingbi (bayan tafasasshen igwa) ya kare inda Kosoko da mabiyansa suka gudu zuwa Ijebu. Yanzu an nada Akitoye matsayin Oba na Legas tare da goyon bayan Burtaniya.
A ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta, 1852 Akitoye ya rattaba hannu kan yerjejeniyar da ke tsakanin Burtaniya da Legas ta soke cinikayyar bayi.
gudun hijira Kosoko zuwa Epe Daga karshe Kosoko ya zauna a Epe da izinin Awujale na Ijebu. Epe dai shi ne wurin da kimanin shekaru 15 da suka gabata wasu da dama daga cikin mabiyansa irin su sarakunan sa Dada Antonio da Osho Akanbi suka fake. A shekara ta,1852, Kosoko ya gina wani sansani mai zaman kansa tare da mayaƙa kimanin 400 (ciki har da Oshodi Tapa don tayar da adawarsa ga Akitoye.
A shekarar, 1853 Kosoko ta kai hare-hare biyu a Legas; daya a ranar 5 ga watan Agustan 1853 da ranar 11 ga watan Agustan shekara ta, 1853 wanda ya zo kusa da fadar Oba cikin hadari amma an tsaida harin a daidai lokacin da wata sojojin ruwa na Burtaniya suka bude wuta a karkashin umurnin kwamanda Phillips na HMS Polyphemus.
Daga karshe Kosoko ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Epe a ranar 28 ga watan Satumba shekara ta, 1854 tare da Consul Benjamin Campbell, inda ya amince da kada ya yi wani da'awa ga Legas ko kuma ya kawo barazana ga kasuwanci a Legas. Yarjejeniyar ta kasance nasara ta dabara ga Kosoko wanda ya sa Birtaniya ta amince da jiharsa a Epe. A madubin fasaha, sarautar Legas ta kasance ba ta tabuwa tare da kafuwar zuri'ar Akitoye da Dosunmu a masarautar.
Komawa Lagos A shekara ta, 1860, Kosoko ya jawo Oba na Benin ya aika da saƙo zuwa Dosunmu yana matsa masa ya bar Kosoko ya koma Legas. Dosunmu, wanda a yanzu yake karkashin ikon Birtaniyya, ya ki amincewa da wannan bukata kuma ya lura cewa abubuwa ba su kasance kamar yadda yake a da ba lokacin da Legas ta kasance karkashin Sarkin Benin, wanda duk shekara ake biyan haraji. Bayan Birtaniya ta mamaye Legas ta hanyar yarjejeniyar a shekara ta, 1861, an ba Kosoko damar komawa Legas da lakabin Oloja na Ereko, yana karbar fensho na 400 a kowace shekara. Oshodi Tapa, ya zauna a Epetedo.
Mutuwa da abunda ya bari Kosoko ya rasu a shekarar, 1872 kuma an binne shi a Iga Ereko da ke Legas. Rikicin Kosoko-Akitoye/Dosunmu ya mamaye fagen tattalin arziki. Magoya bayan Oba Dosunmu ba su cika jin dadin kasancewar Birtaniya a Legas ba, yayin da abokan Kosoko suka yi amfani da dangantakar. Sansanin Kosoko ya ƙunshi maza irin su Oshodi Tapa da Taiwo Olowo, waɗanda cikin ƙwazo suka shiga kasuwanci da kamfanonin Turai. Shugaban bangaren tattalin arzikin Dosunmu shi ne Cif Apena Ajasa, wanda ya yi ta karo da Taiwo Olowo akai-akai. Lokacin da Kosoko ya mutu, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta kiyasta cewa bangaren tattalin arzikinsa ne ya fi karfi saboda kasancewar mabiyansa akalla, 20,000. Wasu fitattun zuriyarsa guda biyu su ne Omoba Jide Kosoko, fitaccen jarumin fina-finan Nollywood da Adekunle Gold, mai fasahar Afro-Pop na Najeriya.
Manazarta Dangin Ologun-Kutere
Cinikayyar bayi a Afurka
Sarakunan Yarbawa
Mutanen Lokacin mulkin mallaka a Najeri
Oba na Lagos
Mutuwar 1872
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
51449 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginie%20Bovie | Virginie Bovie | Joséphine-Louise-Virginie Bovie, an haife ta a shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da ashirin da bakwai kuma ta mutu a shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da tamanin da bakwai yar ƙasar Belgium ne mai zane kuma majiɓinci. A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da saba'in0, an kwatanta shi da sananne amma ya fada cikin mantuwa a xx 20th da xxi 21st karni kuma bakwai ne kawai daga cikin ayyukansa sama da aka gano.
Rayuwar ta da aiki An haife ta a Brussels, Bovie ya fara karatun zane a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Frans-Karel Deweirdt (1799-1855) kafin ya shiga ɗakin zanen Antoine Wiertz (1806-1865), wanda megalomaniac kayayyaki Daga shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da hamsin, ta kasance tana baje kolin ayyukanta a kai a kai a cikin wuraren shakatawa na shekara-shekara na Brussels, Antwerp da Ghent Waɗannan fage ne na tarihi da kwatanci, hotuna ko sassa. Ya zuwa shekaru 30, Bovie ya riga ya samar da manyan zane-zane guda biyu don cocin Ikklesiya Ta gudanar da rangadin Italiya a shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da hamsin da biyar tare da 'yar'uwarta, Louise Bovie, marubuci wanda aka buga asusunsa a cikin Daga cikin 300 masu zane-zane, masu zane-zane, masu zane-zane da gine-ginen 300 na Belgium waɗanda suka tafi Italiya don yin karatu a can tsakanin shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da talatin zuwa shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da goma daya, biyar ne kawai ake daukar mata. Bovie yana ɗaya daga cikin uku waɗanda aka tabbatar da kasancewarsu da tabbaci. Ta ziyarci Roma, Florence, Naples da Venice, inda ta sami izinin yin kwafin zane-zane a cikin gidajen tarihi na Florence kamar yadda za ta yi daga baya a Paris a Louvre, inda a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da hamsin da takwas, ta sake buga Le Radeau de La Méduse na Théodore Géricault Bovie ta zana ayyuka da yawa akan zanen zane akan batutuwan Italiyanci ciki har da Matar Neapolitan tare da Yara (1857) kuma ya nuna wasu daga cikinsu a cikin Salon Brussels na 1866 da Salon Antwerp a 1879 Mahaifinta ɗan jari-hujja ne, kuma Bovie ta sami damar zama mai zaman kanta ta fannin kuɗi kuma ba ta yi aure ba a tsawon rayuwarta. Ta na zaune a Saint-Josse-ten-Noode da kuma Ixelles, Brussels yankunan da masu fasaha suka fi so. Ta gina babban gida a 208 rue du Trone a Ixelles. Ta zauna a can shekaru da yawa tare da Louise, wadda ita ma ba ta yi aure ba, kuma ta yi amfani da gidan a matsayin wurin baje kolin. Dan uwansa Félix Bovie, da sculptor Antoine-Félix Bouré suma sun baje kolin ayyukansu a wurin. A cikin littafin jagora na Turanci na 1873 wanda ke kwatanta balaguron tafiya na kwanaki shida na Brussels, an lura da Musée Bovie yana kusa da Musée Wiertz Bovie ta ci gaba da zana tarihi a lokacin da ya fita daga salon zamani, amma batutuwansa sun bambanta sosai. 'Yancin kansa na tattalin arziki da na kansa ya ba shi damar mai da hankali kan kuzarinsa kan aikinsa na mai zane. Masanin tarihin fasaha Anne-Marie ten Bokum ta yi hasashen cewa Bovie 'yar Virginie da Louise suna da 'yar'uwa ta uku, Hortence ko Hortense, wanda ya auri François-Joachim-Alexandre Rouen kuma ya bayyana ya tsira da shi da 'yan uwansa mata biyu A lokacin mutuwar Bovie, jihar ta ki amincewa da wasiyyar gidan kayan tarihi nasa kuma ta ba da izinin yin abubuwan da ke cikinsa. Katalogi don gwanjo, wanda aka gudanar a cikin Fabrairu shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da tamanin da tara Jules de Brauwere ne ya tattara shi.
Aikin ta Kas ɗin gwanjon gidan ya lissafa ayyukan fasaha 170 na Bovie, baya ga da ta tattara. An yi imanin cewa ta samar da ayyuka akalla 204, adadi mai yawa ga mace a lokacin, amma a shekara ta 2005 bakwai daga cikin wadannan za a iya gano su. Baya ga manyan zane-zane na tarihi da na addini, gami da wasu kwamitocin hukuma, ayyukansa daban-daban sun hada da al'amuran rayuwar yau da kullun, shirye-shiryen furanni da hotuna. Ba kamar manyan zane-zane ba, nau'ikan ayyuka suna jan hankalin bourgeois hankali kuma yana ba da damar hangen nesa A cikin shekaru goma na farko xxi 21st karni, Gicciyen Giciye da Saukowa daga Giciye har yanzu ana iya gani a cocin Saints-Jean-et-Nicolas a Schaerbeek a Brussels Wadannan zane-zane na farko sun nuna tasirin Wiertz da Flemish Baroque masters irin su Rubens da de Crayer Bovie ta nuna The Visitation da The Iconoclasts a Antwerp Cathedral a Antwerp Salon a shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da sittin da daya. Wani mai bita ya yi tsokaci mai zuwa Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
34319 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20%C9%97an%20Adam%20a%20%C6%99asar%20Guinea | Haƙƙin ɗan Adam a ƙasar Guinea | Haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam a Guinea, ƙasa mai kusan mutane 10,069,000 a Afirka ta Yamma, batu ne mai cike da cece-kuce. A cikin rahotonta na Freedom in the World a shekara ta 2012, Freedom House ta bayyana kasar Guinea a matsayin ‘yantacciyar ‘yanci a shekara ta biyu a jere, wani ci gaba a kan matsayinta na da a matsayin daya daga cikin kasashe mafi karancin ‘yanci a nahiyar Afirka. Ofishin dimokuradiyya da kare hakkin dan Adam da kwadago na Amurka, wanda ke fitar da rahotannin kare hakkin dan Adam na shekara-shekara kan kasar, ta yi ikirarin cewa batutuwan da suka fi daukar hankali su ne yadda jami'an tsaro ke azabtar da su, da cin zarafin mata da kananan yara ta hanyar irin wadannan abubuwa kamar al'aurar mata lalata Halin tarihi da siyasa Guinea ta sami 'yencin kanta daga Faransa a shekara ta 1958. Alpha Condé ya lashe zaben shugaban kasa a shekara ta 2010 kuma a watan Disambar shekarar 2010 ya zama zababben shugaban kasar na farko ta hanyar dimokradiyya. Jadawalin da ke gaba yana nuna ƙimar Guinea tun shekarar 1972 a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba". 1
Sekou Touré (1954-1984) Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Amnesty International ta yi ikirarin cewa Guinea na dauke da fursunoni a farkon rahotonta na shekarar 1969. A cikin shekarar 1968 an kama mutane sama da ɗari, kuma an yanke wa 13 hukuncin kisa, saboda rawar da suka taka a wani shiri na zargin gwamnati. Cikin wadanda aka kama har da ministocin gwamnati da manyan hafsoshin soji. Bayan da kasar Portugal ta mamaye babban birnin kasar a shekarar 1970, gwamnatin kasar ta kara kaimi wajen yaki da 'yan adawar siyasa, kuma a karshen shekarar an yanke wa akalla mutane 85 hukuncin kisa. An kama dubban mutane, ciki har da Turawa 22, Jamusawa, Faransawa, da Italiyanci. A cikin watan shekarar Disamba shekarar 1970, Archbishop na Conakry, Raymond-Marie Tchidimbo, aka yanke masa hukumcin aiki tukuru saboda ƙin karanta takardun gwamnati daga kan mimbari yana kira ga Kiristoci su goyi bayan gwamnati game da mulkin mallaka na kasashen waje. Shi da wasu fursunonin siyasa akalla dubu sun kasance a tsare a 1977. Wani rahoto da Kungiyar Kare Hakkokin Bil Adama ta Duniya ta buga a watan Yuni 1977 ya kiyasta adadin fursunonin siyasa sama da 3000, yana zargin fursunonin na fuskantar yunwa, azabtarwa, kisa, da kisa ba gaira ba dalili. Babban gidan yari mafi shahara shine Camp Boiro, wanda ya hada da cikin fursunonin Diallo Telli Bayan suka mai tsanani game da halin da take ciki na kare hakkin bil'adama, da kuma hana taimakon da Amurka ta yi a karkashin dokar samar da zaman lafiya, gwamnati ta yi yunkurin kulla alaka da makwabtanta da kasashen Yamma, kuma ta yi ikirarin inganta halin da take ciki. A cikin watan shekarar Agusta da watan Oktoba shekarar 1977, duk da haka, gwamnati ta yi harbi a kan jerin zanga-zangar tattalin arziki tare da kashe mata da ba a san adadinsu ba. Daga nan suka fara tattara masu tunani. A shekara ta 1978 rahotanni sun yi kiyasin adadin fursunonin siyasa sun karu zuwa dubu hadu 4000. A ƙarshen 1978 Shugaba Sékou Touré ya yi shelar wa 'yan jarida cewa duk fursunonin da aka yanke wa hukuncin kisa a Boiro sun mutu. Ya ci gaba da bayanin cewa Amnesty International ta kasance "sharar gida". Ya zuwa shekarar 1979 rahotanni sun yi iƙirarin cewa ƙasa da 20 na ainihin waɗanda aka kama ana ci gaba da tsare a Boiro. Daruruwan da aka kama ba su sake bayyana ba, amma wasu majiyoyi sun ce adadin ya haura 4000. Sai dai an ci gaba da kama mutane. Wani harin gurneti da aka kai kan Palais du Peuple a watan Mayun shekarar 1980 da kuma fashewar bam a cikin watan Fabrairun shekarar 1981 a filin jirgin saman Conakry ya haifar da kame wasu daruruwa da suka shafi siyasa, tare da tsare daruruwan mutane da rahotannin mutuwa. An ci gaba da kashe mutane a Boiro ta hanyar abin da aka sani da "abincin baƙar fata" cikakken rashin abinci da ruwa. Gwamnatin Guinea ta kuma cimma matsaya da gwamnatocin kasashen Laberiya da Cote d'Ivoire domin mayar da 'yan kasashen ketare da ke da hannu a ayyukan 'yan adawa da tilastawa komawa gida Rahotannin da ke nuni da tsare su da duka da aka yi a lokacin da suka iso, ya bazu zuwa kasashen waje. A watan Satumba na shekarar 1982, Touré ya gudanar da taron manema labarai cikin alfahari yana shelar cewa babu sauran fursunonin siyasa da ake tsare da su a ƙasar. Ya kasa bayyana makomar mutane kusan 2900 da aka kama tun shekarar 1969 wadanda ba a san inda suke ba. Rahotannin adadin fursunonin a Boiro sun ci gaba da zuwa daga daruruwa zuwa dubbai. Hanyoyin azabtarwa da aka ce an yi amfani da su a gidan yarin sun hada da bauta, kona sigari ta tilastawa, da wutar lantarki da aka shafa a kai da al'aura. Bayan mutuwar Touré a cikin watan Maris shekarar 1984, an sami manyan canje-canjen siyasa.
Gwamnatin Lansana (1984-2008) A ranar 3 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1984 ne sojoji suka karbe ikon kasar, suka dakatar da kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, suka rusa jam'iyyar Democratique de Guinée mai mulki, sannan suka kaddamar da kwamitin soja na kasa da kasa don gudanar da mulkin kasar a karkashin Lansana Conté A sanarwar farko da sabbin sarakunan suka yi a bainar jama'a sun yi ikirarin cewa za su dauki hakkin bil'adama a matsayin fifiko tare da bayyana wadanda suka "rasa rayukansu kawai saboda suna son bayyana ra'ayoyinsu kan makomar kasar a matsayin shahidai. An rufe Camp Boiro kuma an saki dukkan fursunonin siyasa nan da nan. Bayan mutuwar wani da ake zargi da aikata laifi a hannun 'yan sanda a watan Satumbar 1984, an yi zanga-zanga a Kamsar kuma an kama mutane sari biyu 200. An sanar da juyin mulkin sa'o'i shida bayan mutuwar Conté a ranar 22 ga watan Disamba shekarar 2008. A ranar 27 ga watan Satumba, 2009, ranar da aka shirya zanga-zangar Conakry, gwamnati ta ayyana zanga-zangar a matsayin haramtacce. Dubban masu zanga-zangar ne suka ki amincewa da dokar, inda suka taru a filin wasan kwallon kafa. Mutane 157 ne suka mutu bayan tashin hankalin da jami'an tsaro ke amfani da su ya karu. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama sun bukaci a yi adalci kan kisan da jami'an tsaron Guinea suka yi wa masu zanga-zangar lumana sama da 150 a ranar 28 ga Satumba, 2009 a wani filin wasa. An fara gudanar da binciken cikin gida ne a watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010 kuma an kammala shi a shekarar 2017, inda aka gurfanar da mutane 13 da ake zargi, sannan aka tura 11 domin yi musu shari’a. Duk da haka, wasu daga cikin wadanda ake zargin sun ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayi mai tasiri. An dai shirya yin shari’ar ne a watan Yuli, amma ba a samu ci gaba a shari’ar ba. Ƙungiyar waɗanda aka zalunta, dangi da abokai na Satumba 28, 2009 (AVIPA), Daidaita Haƙƙin Duk (MDT), Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Bil Adama ta Ginin (OGDH), Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta Duniya, Amnesty International, da Human Rights Watch sun sanya kiran adalci.
Abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu (2010-yanzu)
Tsarin doka An yanke wa mutane 16 hukuncin kisa a shekara ta 2011, wanda bisa ga dukkan alamu ya yi hannun riga da furucin da shugaba Condé ya yi na cewa Guinea ce ta kawar da kai.
Kama da azabtarwa ba bisa ka'ida ba Yayin da tsarin mulki ya haramta kamawa da tsare shi ba bisa ka'ida ba, al'adar sa ta zama ruwan dare gama gari. ‘Yan sanda suna dukan fursunonin da yi musu fyade. Matakin da Kiristoci suka dauka na kawar da azabtarwa ya yi zargin cewa ‘yan sanda sun azabtar da wasu matasa hudu da ake zargi da sata a shekarar 2011. An ce cin zarafin da aka yi a gidan yarin soja na tsibirin Kassa a shekarar 2009 ya hada da zubar da jini. Amnesty na da rahotanni guda biyu na yadda aka yi amfani da azabtarwa a shekarar 2011: a watan Fabrairu an kai wani mutum a Mamou ofishin 'yan sanda bayan ya kafa shingayen hanya tare da dukan tsiya yayin da aka daure shi da hannu. A watan Afrilu an kama wani mutum a Dixinn kuma an yi masa duka a wata tashar yankin.
'Yan tsiraru da 'yancin mata Ko da yake an kama mutane 50 da laifin fyade a shekarar 2011, ba a gurfanar da su a gaban kotu ba. Wani bincike na shekarar 2003 ya nuna cewa fiye da kashi 20 cikin 100 na mata a asibitin gida suna can don cin zarafin jima'i. An bayyana cewa lamarin bai canza ba, kuma fiye da rabin wadanda aka yiwa fyaden ‘yan mata ne tsakanin shekaru 11 zuwa 15. Yawan fyade yana faruwa a makaranta. Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta yi ikirarin cewa dubban 'yan mata da ke aiki a matsayin masu gadin gida ne masu aikinsu ke yi musu fyade. Jami'an tsaro sun yi wa mata da dama fyade a fili a lokacin rikicin siyasa na shekarar 2007 da shekarar 2009. Duk da cewa ba bisa ka'ida ba, kaciyar mata yana da yawa a duk kabilu: Binciken Alkaluman Jama'a da Lafiya na 2005 ya nuna cewa kashi 96 na mata sun yi aikin tiyata. Babu wani tuhumar da ake yi wa ma'aikatansa. Kasar ba ta da wata doka da ta haramta nuna wariya ga nakasassu Guinea tana da kabilanci daban-daban, kuma mutane suna da alaƙa da ƙabilarsu sosai. Kalaman kabilanci yayin yakin neman zabe ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar akalla mutane biyu a shekarar ta 2011. Duk da cewa luwadi haramun ne, babu wanda aka tuhume shi a kalla shekaru goma. Ana ɗaukar dangantakar jima'i iri ɗaya a matsayin haramtacciyar haramtacciyar hanya, kuma Firayim Minista ya bayyana a cikin shekarar 2010 cewa baya ɗaukar yanayin jima'i a matsayin halastaccen 'yancin ɗan adam.
'Yancin magana
Kafofin watsa labarai da sa ido Kundin tsarin mulki ya tabbatar da ‘yancin yada labarai. Sai dai rahotanni na cewa jami’an tsaro na cin zarafin ‘yan jarida da ke sukar gwannatin kasar 'Yancin addini Gabaɗaya ana mutunta haƙƙoƙin addini, kodayake ana ikirari ana nuna wa waɗanda ba musulmi ba ne wariya wajen rabon aikin gwamnati. Akwai takurawa adding musulmi 'yancin shiga wasu addinai.
Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya Matsayin Guinea game da yarjejeniyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta kasa da kasa sune kamar haka:
Duba kuma Fataucin mutane a Guinea
Binciken Intanet da sa ido a Guinea
Bayanan kula 1. Lura cewa "Shekarar" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Don haka bayanin shekara ta 2008 ta fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a 2009, da sauransu.
2. Tun daga 1 ga Janairu.
3. Rahoton na 1982 ya shafi shekara ta 1981 da rabin farko na 1982, kuma rahoton na 1984 na gaba ya shafi rabin na biyu na 1982 da kuma gaba ɗaya 1983. Don samun sauƙi, waɗannan rahotannin "shekaru da rabi" guda biyu masu banƙyama an raba su zuwa rahotanni na tsawon shekaru uku ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Guinea a Amnesty International
Guinea a Human Rights Watch
Guinea a FIDH
Guinea a ofishin hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (OHCHR)
Guinea a UNICEF
Djibouti a International Freedom of Expression Exchange (IFEX) (kuma ana samunsa cikin Faransanci Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
18576 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%20Jong-un | Kim Jong-un | Kim Jong-un (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Janairu shekarar 1982, 1983 ko 1984) ɗan siyasan Koriya ta Arewa ne. Ya kasance Babban Jagoran Koriya ta Arewa tun a watan Disambar shekarar 2011, bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa Kim Jong-il.
Rayuwar farko A cewar rahotanni a jaridun Japan, yayi makaranta a Switzerland kusa da Bern Rahotannin farko sun yi iƙirarin Kim ya tafi Makarantar Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Turanci mai zaman kanta a Gümligen da sunan "Chol-pak" ko "Pak-chol" daga shekarar 1993 zuwa shekara ta 1998. Kim ya bayyana a matsayin mai kunya, ɗalibi mai kyau wanda ya dace da abokan karatun sa, kuma ya kasance mai son ƙwallon kwando.
Shugabanci A watan Disambar shekarar 2011, Kim ya zama shugaban Koriya ta Arewa bayan mahaifinsa Kim Jong-il ya mutu a ranar 17 ga watan Disamban shekara ta 2011. Kakansa Kim Il-Sung shi ne shugaban Koriya ta Arewa na farko.
A ranar 9 ga watan Maris shekarar 2014, an zaɓi Kim ba tare da hamayya ba a Majalisar Ƙoli ta Jama'a Kashe iyali A ranar 12 ga watan Disambar shekarar 2013, kafofin yada labaran Koriya ta Arewa sun ruwaito cewa saboda zargin "cin amana", Kim ya ba da umarnin a kashe kawunsa Jang Song-thaek Kim da yawa suna tunanin Kim ya ba da umarnin kisan ɗan uwansa, Kim Jong-nam, a Malaysia a watan Fabrairun shekarar 2017.
Makaman nukiliya Ya zuwa shekarar 2016, Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta kirkiro takunkumi sau biyar a kan Koriya ta Arewa saboda shirinta na nukiliya da gwajin makami mai linzami. Tun daga watan Maris na shekarar 2018, wani jami’in Koriya ta Kudu Chung Eui-Yong ya ba da sanarwa game da Koriya ta Arewa a dakin tattaunawa na Fadar White House cewa shugaban Koriya ta Arewa Kim ya gaya wa Koriya ta Kudu cewa “ya jajirce wajen kawar da makaman nukiliya” kuma “Koriya ta Arewa za ta guji duk wani kara gwajin nukiliya ko makamai masu linzami. kuma a bude yake don ganawa da Donald Trump a Koriya ta Arewa.
Take haƙƙin dan adam Take hakkin bil adama karkashin jagorancin Kim Jong-il ya yi Allah wadai da babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Rahotannin manema labarai sun nuna cewa suna ci gaba a ƙarƙashin Kim.
2018 dangantakar ƙasa da ƙasa A jawabinsa na Sabuwar Shekarar 2018, Kim ya ce a buɗe yake don tattaunawa da Koriya ta Kudu, sannan kuma ya halarci wasannin Olympics na hunturu na shekarar 2018 a Kudu. An sake buɗe layin waya na Seoul Pyongyang bayan kusan shekaru 2. Koriya ta Arewa da Koriya ta Kudu sun yi maci tare a bikin buɗe wasannin Olympics ƙarƙashin tuta mai hade.
A watan Afrilu na shekarar 2018, Kim da Moon Jae-in sun halarci taron kolin Koriya na shekarar 2018 kuma sun amince da kawo karshen yakin Koriya a hukumance kafin shekarar 2019. A watan Afrilu da Mayu na shekarar 2018, Kim ya gana da Xi Jinping, Sakatare Janar na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sin A watan Mayun 2018, Donald Trump ya faɗa a shafinsa na Twitter cewa zai hadu da Kim a ranar 12 ga watan Yuni a Singapore don tattaunawar zaman lafiya.
Rayuwar mutum Kim ya auri Ri Sol-ju. Sun yi aure a cikin shekarar 2009. Sun haifi 'ya mace a cikin shekarar 2010. Ya halarci makarantar gwamnati a Switzerland daga shekarar 1998 zuwa shekara ta 2000 inda ya zama ɗan diflomasiyya Kim ya ruwaito daga baya ya halarci Jami'ar Soja ta Kim Il Sung a Pyongyang daga shekarar 2002 zuwa shekara ta 2007. Mahaifiyarsa ta mutu sakamakon cutar kansa a shekara ta 2004. A cikin shekarar 2009, rahotanni sun nuna cewa Kim na da ciwon sukari ne kuma yana fama da hauhawar jini Sanan shi kuma yana shan taba sigari.
Labarin mutuwar jita jitar mutuwar sa ta 2020 Jita-jita game da mutuwar Kim ta faru ne a ƙarshen watan Afrilu shekarar 2020. Kim ba ya nan a ranar Rana, 15 ga watan Afrilu, don bikin mahaifin da ya kafa kasar, Kim Il Sung, kodayake an ga shi kwana hudu kafin taron gwamnati. Daily NK ta ruwaito cewa Kim ya je asibiti don yin aikin tiyatar zuciya a ranar 12 ga watan Afrilu, amma a cewar CNN a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilu cewa jihar Kim na cikin “hadari mai girma” daga tiyatar. Koriya ta Kudu ta ba da rahoto game da waɗannan labaran cewa "babu alamun da ba a gano ba" game da lafiyar Kim. Jaridar Guardian ta ruwaito cewa China ta tura tawagar likitoci a ranar 25 ga watan Afrilu zuwa Koriya ta Arewa don duba lafiyar Kim.
Sauran yanar gizo Shugaban Matasan Koriya ta Arewa akan Nunin rahoton bidiyo na The New York Times
Taskar NSA Kim Jong-Il: "Babban Magaji"
Takaitaccen tarihin aikin hukuma a Naenara
Ayyukan Kim Jong-un a Bayanai na DPRK
Koriya ta Arewa
Shugaban Kasa
Shugabanni
Mutanen Asiya
Pages with unreviewed translations
|
29871 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruwa%20mai%20da%C9%97i | Ruwa mai daɗi | Ruwa mai dadi duba ƙasa), wanda kuma aka sani da ruwan Australiya, ko Johnstone ko kuma wanda aka fi sani da freshie, nau'in nau'i ne na 'crocodile endemic' zuwa yankunan Arewacin Australia. Ba kamar danginsu da ya fi girma a Ostiraliya ba, kada ruwa mai gishiri, crocodiles na ruwa ba a san su da masu cin abinci ba, kodayake sun ciji don kare kansu, kuma a taƙaice, hare-haren da ba na mutuwa ba sun faru, a fili sakamakon kuskuren ainihi.
Taxonomy da etymology Lokacin da Gerard Krefft ya ba wa nau'in suna a cikin shekarata 1873, ya yi niyya don tunawa da mutumin da ya fara ba shi rahoton shi, ɗan sanda ɗan ƙasar Australiya kuma masanin halitta Robert Arthur Johnstone a shekarun (1843-1905). Duk da haka, Krefft ya yi kuskure wajen rubuta sunan, kuma shekaru da yawa, an san nau'in C. johnsoni Nazarin kwanan nan na takaddun Krefft sun ƙayyade madaidaicin rubutun sunan, kuma yawancin wallafe-wallafen an sabunta su zuwa ga daidaitaccen amfani, amma duka nau'ikan suna wanzu. Bisa ga ka'idodin Ƙididdigar Ƙira ta Duniya, epithet johnstoni (maimakon ainihin johnsoni) daidai ne.
Juyin Halitta Halin Crocodylus mai yiwuwa ya samo asali ne daga Afirka kuma ya haskaka waje zuwa Kudu Maso Gabashin Asiya da Amurka, kodayake an yi la'akari da asalin Ostiraliya Asiya. Shaidar phylogenetic tana goyan bayan Crocodylus da ke karkata daga danginsa na baya-bayan nan, bacewar Voay na Madagascar, kusan shekaru miliyan 25 da suka gabata, kusa da iyakar Oligocene Miocene Phylogeny Below is a cladogram based on a 2018 tip dating study by Lee Yates simultaneously using morphological, molecular (DNA sequencing), and stratigraphic (fossil age) data, as revised by the 2021 Hekkala et al. paleogenomics study using DNA extracted from the extinct Voay.
Bayani Kadan ruwan ruwa ɗan ƙaramin kada ne. Maza na iya girma zuwa kimanin tsayi, yayinda mata suka kai matsakaicin girman Maza yawanci suna auna kusan tare da manyan samfurori har zuwa ko fiye, a kan nauyin mace A cikin yankuna kamar Lake Argyle da Katherine Gorge, kaɗan na tabbatar da akwai mutane. Wannan nau'in jin kunya ne kuma yana da siririn hanci da ƙananan hakora fiye da ɗan kada na ruwan gishiri mai haɗari. Launin jikin yana da launin ruwan kasa mai haske tare da maɗaura masu duhu a jiki da wutsiya-waɗannan sukan karye a kusa da wuya. Wasu mutane suna da sarƙaƙƙiya daban-daban ko ƙwai a kan hanci. Sikelin jiki yana da girman gaske, tare da fadi, saƙa, faranti masu sulke a baya. Zagaye, ma'aunin tsakuwa ya rufe gefen ƙafafu da wajen ƙafafu.
Rarraba da wurin zama Ana samun kadoji na ruwa a Yammacin Ostiraliya, Queensland, da Arewacin ƙasar. Manyan wuraren zama sun haɗa da wuraren dausayin ruwa, billabongs, koguna, da rafuka. Wannan nau'in na iya zama a wuraren da crocodiles na ruwan gishiri ba za su iya ba, kuma an san su da zama a wuraren da ke sama da gandun daji na Kakadu National Park da kuma cikin yanayi mai banƙyama da dutse (kamar Katherine Gorge, inda suke da yawa kuma ba su da lafiya daga crocodiles na gishiri a lokacin rani). lokacin rani). Hakan tasa Duk da haka, ana samun su akai-akai a cikin ƙananan matakan billabong, suna zaune tare da crocodiles na ruwan gishiri a kusa da magudanar ruwa da hanyoyin shi
A cikin watan Mayun shekarata 2013, an ga wani kada mai ruwa mai daɗi a cikin wani kogi kusa da hamadar garin Birdsville, ɗaruruwan kilomita kudu da kewayon su. Wani ma'aikacin gandun daji ya ba da shawarar cewa ambaliyar ruwa na iya wanke dabbar kudu, ko kuma an jefar da ita a matsayin yarinya.
Biology da hali Suna yin gasa mara kyau da kadawar ruwan gishiri, amma suna jure wa ruwan gishiri. Manyan kadoji suna cin kifi, tsuntsaye, jemagu, dabbobi masu rarrafe, da masu rarrafe, to amman kodayake manyan mutane na iya ɗaukar ganima babba kamar bangon waya An yi fim ɗin wani mutumin da zaren zaitun Lias olivaceus ke ci; An ruwaito cewa ya mutu bayan fafatawar ta kusan sa'o'i biyar (5).
Haihuwa Ana sanya ƙwai a cikin ramuka a lokacin rani na Australiya (yawanci a watan Agusta) kuma suna kyankyashe a farkon lokacin damina a watan (Nuwamba/Disamba). Kadan ba sa kare gidajensu a lokacin shiryawa. Daga kwana ɗaya zuwa biyar kafin kyankyasa, matasa suna fara kira daga cikin ƙwai. Wannan yana haifar da aiki tare da ƙyanƙyashe a cikin 'yan'uwa kuma yana motsa manya don buɗe gida. Idan balagaggen da ya buɗe gida da aka ba shi shine macen da ta sanya ƙwai ba a sani ba. Yayin da samari ke fitowa daga cikin gida, babban balagagge ya dauko su daya bayan daya a bakin bakinsa ya kai su ruwa. Manya kuma na iya taimakawa matasa wajen fasa kwai ta hanyar taunawa ko sarrafa qwai a bakinsa.
Abinci Ciyarwa a cikin daji, crocodiles na ruwa suna cin ganima iri-iri daban-daban na invertebrate da kashin baya. Waɗannan ganima na iya haɗawa da crustaceans, kwari, gizo-gizo, kifi, kwaɗi, kunkuru, maciji, tsuntsaye, da dabbobi masu shayarwa iri-iri. Kwari ya zama abincin da aka fi sani, sai kifi. Ana samun ƙananan ganima ta hanyar 'zauna-da-jira', ta yadda kada ya kwanta ba motsi a cikin ruwa mara zurfi kuma yana jira kifi da kwari su zo kusa da nesa, kafin a kama su a wani gefe. Koyaya, babban ganima kamar wallabies da tsuntsayen ruwa ana iya sawa a yi musu kwanton bauna kamar na kada na ruwan gishiri.
Tsarin narkewar abinci Kadan na da hakora wadanda suka dace da kamawa da kuma rike ganima, kuma ana hadiye abinci ba tare da tauna ba. Tsarin narkewar abinci gajere ne, saboda abincinsu yana da sauƙin haɗiye da narkewa. Ciki yana da sassa biyu wato gizzard na tsoka da ke niƙa abinci, sannan kuma da ɗakin narkewa wanda enzymes ke aiki akan abinci. Cikin kada kwatankwacin ya fi na sauran kashin baya acidic kuma yana dauke da jiga-jigan da ke haifar da rushewar abinci. Narkewa yana faruwa a cikin sauri sauri a yanayin zafi.
Tsarin kewayawa An tsara zukatan sauran dabbobi masu rarrafe don ƙunshi sassa guda uku, gami da atria biyu da ventricle ɗaya. Atrium na dama, wanda ke tattara jinin da aka dawo da shi da kuma atrium na hagu, wanda ke tattara jinin oxygen da aka tattara daga arteries na huhu na huhu, yana ɗaukar jinin zuwa ventricle na kowa. Lokacin da ventricle ɗaya kawai ya samu don karɓa kuma a haxa jinin oxygenated da deoxygenated jini a zuga shi zuwa jiki, cakuda jinin da jiki ke karɓa yana da ƙarancin iskar oxygen. Crocodiles suna da tsarin sigina na kashin baya mai rikitarwa, tare da zuciya mai ɗaki huɗu, gami da ventricles biyu. Kamar tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa, crocodiles suna da bututun zuciya waɗanda ke tafiyar da jini ta hanya guda ta cikin ɗakunan zuciya. Lokacin karkashin ruwa, bugun zuciyar kada yana raguwa zuwa bugun daya zuwa biyu a minti daya, kuma tsokoki suna samun raguwar kwararar jini. Lokacin da ya fito daga cikin ruwa ya yi numfashi, bugun zuciyarsa yana sauri a cikin dakika, kuma tsokoki suna samun jini mai arzikin oxygen. Sannan Ba kamar yawancin dabbobi masu shayarwa na ruwa ba, crocodiles suna da ƙaramin adadin myoglobin don adana iskar oxygen a cikin tsokoki.
Matsayin kiyayewa Har zuwa kwanan nan, kadawar ruwa ta zama ruwan dare gama gari a arewacin Ostiraliya, musamman ma inda babur ruwa mai gishiri (kamar yankunan da ke cikin ƙasa da bushewa da tudu mafi girma). Kuma A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, yawan jama'a ya ragu da yawa saboda shan barasa mai lalata Toad yana da guba ga kadawan ruwan gishiri, ko da yake ba ga crocodiles na ruwa mai gishiri ba, kuma kullun yana da yawa a cikin jejin ƙasar Ostiraliya. to Amman kumaHakanan ana kamuwa da crocodiles ta hanyar Griphobilharzia amoena, wani nau'in cutar huhu, a yankuna irin su Darwin Dangantaka da mutane Ko da yake kada ruwa mai dadi ba ya kai hari ga mutane a matsayin abin da zai iya zama ganima, yana iya sadar da mugun cizo. Takaitattun hare-hare da aka yi watsi da su sun faru, kuma wataƙila sakamakon kuskure ne (ɓata wani ɓangaren ɗan adam a matsayin abin ganima). Wasu hare-haren sun faru ne don kare kai lokacin da aka taɓa kada ko kuma kusa da shi sosai. Ba a san mutuwar mutane da wannan nau'in ya haifar ba. to Amman Kuma An ba da rahoton wasu abubuwa da yawa inda aka cije mutane a lokacin da suke ninkaya da kadarorin ruwa, da kuma wasu da suka faru a lokacin binciken kimiyya DA Kuma fasaha. An rubuta wani hari da wani dan kada mai ruwa mai dadi ya kai wa dan Adam a Gorge Barramundi (wanda aka fi sani da Maguk) a dajin Kakadu kuma ya yi sanadin munanan raunuka; wanda aka kashe ya samu yin iyo ya tafi daga harin. Da alama ya wuce kai tsaye kan kada a cikin ruwa. Gabaɗaya, kodayake, Kuma ana ɗaukar yin iyo tare da wannan nau'in har yanzu yana da aminci, muddin ba a tsananta musu ba. Akwai, duk da haka, an kai harin kada ruwa a tafkin Argyle.
Gallery
Manazarta
Ci gaba da karatu Boulenger GA (1889). Catalog na Chelonians, Rhynchocephalians, da Crocodiles a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya (Tarihin Halitta). Sabon Buga. London: Amintattun Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya (Tarihin Halitta). (Taylor da Francis, masu bugawa). x 311 shafi. Faranti I-III. Crocodilus johnstonii, shafi. 279-280).
Cogger H (2014). Dabbobi da Amphibians na Ostiraliya, Bugu na Bakwai Clayton, Victoria, Ostiraliya: CSIRO Publishing. xxx 1,033 pp. ISBN 978-0643100350 Grey JE (1874). "A kan Crocodilus johnstoni, Krefft". Proc. Zool. Soc London 1874 177-178 Farantin karfe XXVII.
Krefft G (1873). "Magana kan Kadarorin Australiya, da Bayanin Sabbin nau'ikan". Proc. Zool. Soc London. 1873 334-335. Crocodilus johnsoni, sabon nau'in, p. 335).
Ruwa
Dadi
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
41726 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikicin%20Jos%2C%202010 | Rikicin Jos, 2010 | Rikicin Jos na shekara ta 2010, rikici ne da ya faru a tsakanin ƙabilar Musulmi da Kirista a ciki da kewayen birnin Jos dake a tsakiyar Najeriya. Jos babban birnin jihar Filato ne, Jos na tsakiyar Najeriya a taswirar ƙasar, hakan ya sa birnin ya raba tsakanin arewacin Najeriya da akasarinsu musulmai ne, da kuma kudancin ƙasar waɗanda galibin su Kiristoci ne. Tun daga shekara ta 2001, yankin yana fama da tashe-tashen hankula da dalilai da yawa suka haddasa. Majiyoyin yaɗa labarai da dama sun bayyana rikicin a matsayin tashin hankali na addini ko da yake wasu sun bayyana bambancin ƙabilanci da na tattalin arziki a matsayin tushen tashin hankalin.
Rikicin farko na shekarar 2010 ya fara ne a ranar 17 ga watan, Janairu a Jos, kuma ya bazu zuwa al'ummomin da ke kewaye. An ƙona gidaje da coci-coci da masallatai da ababen hawa, a ƙalla an kwashe kwanaki huɗu ana fafatawa. Aƙalla mutane 326, da kuma watakila sama da dubu, aka kashe a yayin tarazomar. Ɗaruruwan mutane ne suka mutu a wani sabon rikici da ya ɓarke, a watan Maris na 2010. An kashe Kiristoci da yawa aka jefar da su cikin rijiya. Wannan dai shi ne babban lamari na uku da ya afku a birnin na Jos, cikin shekaru goma. An kashe kimanin mutane dubu ɗaya a tarzoma a shekara ta 2001, kuma aƙalla 700 ne suka mutu a tashin hankalin da ya biyo baya a shekara ta 2008.
Dubawa
Janairu Rahotanni sun bambanta. A cewar kwamishinan ƴan sandan jihar an fara artabu ne bayan da wasu matasa musulmi suka ƙona wata cocin Katolika da ke cike maƙil da masu ibada. Wata jaridar ƙasar ta rawaito cewa maharan sun furta kalmar Allahu Akhbar kafin su ƙona majami'u da gidaje. Wasu jagororin al’ummar yankin sun ce an fara ne da gardama kan sake gina wani gidan musulmi a unguwar da galibin mabiya addinin kirista suka ruguje a tarzomar watan Nuwamba 2008. Ana zargin matasan Musulmi da Kirista da fara kitsa tashin hankalin. An sanya dokar hana fita ta sa'o'i 24 a birnin a ranar 17 ga Janairu, 2010.
A ranar 19 ga watan Janairu, rikicin ya bazu zuwa kananan garuruwa da ƙauyuka da ke kudancin Jos. Wasu gungun mutane ɗauke da makamai waɗanda galibinsu Kiristoci ne ƴan ƙabilar Berom, sun kai wa Musulmi hari da suka haɗa da Hausa-Fulani, inda suka kashe su ko kuma suka kore su tare da ƙona gidajensu da masallatai da dukiyoyinsu. An yi kisan gilla mafi muni a ranar 19 ga watan Janairu a yankin Kuru Karama, inda aka kashe mutane 174 da suka haɗa da mata 36 da ƙananan yara 56. Rahoton hotunan tauraron ɗan adam da ƙungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta fitar ya nuna an lalata gine-gine a Kuru Karama. BBC ta ruwaito cewar faɗan ya bazu zuwa Pankshin, mai nisan kilomita 100, daga Jos. Sojojin sun musanta wadannan rahotanni. A ranar 20 ga watan Janairu, mataimakin shugaban ƙasa Goodluck Jonathan ya umarci sojoji zuwa jihar Filato domin dawo da zaman lafiya. Mataimakin shugaban kasa Jonathan ya riƙe madafun iko a lokacin, yayin da shugaba Umaru 'Yar'aduwa yake jinya a kasar Saudiyya. Rundunar ‘yan sandan jihar ta ce mutane 326 ne suka mutu a rikicin na watan Janairu. Shugabannin al'umma sun ce adaɗin ya kai 1,025 da suka mutu. Sama da mutane 5,000 ne suka rasa matsugunansu.
Maris Kafin wayewar garin ranar 7 ga watan Maris 2010, Makiyaya Hausa-Fulani Musulmi makiyaya sun kashe kiristoci fiye da ɗari a kauyen Dogo-Nahawa kusa da Jos. Galibin mazauna ƙauyen Kiristocin ƙabilar Berom ne. Hara-haren na tsawon sa'o'i huɗu, ya shafi wasu ƙauyukan da ke kusa da garin. Maharan sun yi ta harbin bindiga domin tayar da hankali yayin da mutane suke tsaka da gudu an bi su da adduna ana saran su. Sun kunna wuta da yawa daga cikin wasu gine-gine kuma sun bar gawarwakin jibge a kan tituna. Yawancin waɗanda suka mutu mata ne da yara, ciki har da wani jariri da bai wuce wata uku ba.
Rundunar ƴan sandan jihar ta bayar da rahoton cewa mutane 109 ne suka mutu a harin da suka hada da aƙalla yara 38. Wani jami’in gwamnatin jihar ya shaida wa manema labarai cewa an kashe fiye da mutane 500, a yayin da wani rubutu da aka rubuta a wani kabari a Dogo-Nahawa ya ce mutane 501 ne suka mutu a kisan kiyashin, kuma ya lissafa sunayen mutane 354 da aka kashe. Sauran shugabannin al’umma sun ce adadin waɗanda suka mutu ya kai 164, ciki har da mata 34, da ƙananan yara 98.
Dalilai Rikicin ya kasance sau da yawa ana kwatanta shi da tashin hankali na addini Ƙungiyar Dattawan Kirista ta Jihar Filato, alal misali, ta yi ishara da harin da aka kai a Dogo-Nahawa a watan Maris na 2010 da cewa, “har yanzu wani jihadi ne da tsokana” yayin da al’ummar Musulmi ke kallon rikicin a matsayin wani yunkuri na kawar da musulmi mazauna yankin a wani aiki na addini. Wasu da dama kuma, sun bayyana bambance-bambancen ƙabilanci da batutuwan zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a matsayin tushen tashin hankalin. Babban limamin cocin Anglican na Jos, Benjamin A. Kwashi, alal misali, ya lura cewa, “Abin da ake ganin ya zama jika-jita mai maimaitawa shi ne, a kan lokaci, wadanda suka yi amfani da tashin hankali wajen sasanta batutuwan siyasa, batutuwan tattalin arziki, al’amuran zamantakewa, al’amuran da suka shafi tsakanin kabilu. sabani, ko kuma duk wani lamari na wannan al’amari, yanzu ana ci gaba da amfani da waccan tafarki na tashin hankali da lullube shi da addini". Shi ma Farfesa Kabiru Mato na Jami’ar Abuja ya yi watsi da rawar da addini ya taka wajen tarzomar: “Ban ga wani abu na addini. A inda addini zai iya zama banbance tsakanin ɓangarorin biyu masu gaba da juna, a asali yana nuni ne da nisantar tattalin arziki. Don haka rashin jin dadin jama’a, takaicin siyasa, rashi tattalin arziki da abubuwa da yawa ne ke da alhakin hakan.” To amma wannan ra’ayi ya sha ƙalubalantar yadda a ko da yaushe ake kai hare-hare a wuraren ibada, kamar majami’u da masallatai. Don haka an yi amfani da addini a matsayin wani karfi mai rugujewa a cikin rikicin ko da wane dalili na farko na rikici.
An kuma bayyana adawar ƙabilanci tsakanin al’ummar Hausawa da ‘yan kabilar Berom a matsayin musabbabin tashin hankalin. Babban limamin cocin Katolika da ke Abuja, babban birnin Najeriya, ya yi nuni da tashin hankalin a matsayin "rikicin da ya zama ruwan dare tsakanin makiyaya da manoma, sai dai duk Fulani Musulmi ne, kuma dukkan 'yan kabilar Berom Kiristoci ne." Sai dai wannan ikirari na fuskantar ƙalubale ganin yadda akasarin ƙabilun jihar Filato, wadanda galibinsu mabiya addinin Kirista ne, suna da ra’ayi ɗaya da ƴan ƙabilar Berom, kuma suna ganin barazanar Musulunci a kasashensu.
"An zargi ƴan ƙabilar Berom da rashin jin dadin ci gaban tattalin arzikin wasu ƙungiyoyin mazauna yankin: duk da haka, wannan wata magana ce mai sauki. Yawancin ƴan asalin Filato gaba ɗaya suna jin cewa ba su da haɗin gwiwa ko goyon bayan sauran manyan ƙabilu. Kuma akasarin dukiyar Najeriya kudin man fetur ne ke tafiyar da su. Ƴan ƙabilar Berom da sauran ƴan asalin Jihar Filato galibi manoma ne kuma sun fuskanci kwace filayensu tare da lalata su ta hanyar hako ma’adinai. Yanzu, dole ne su yi gwagwarmaya da ƙungiyoyi yan hijira waɗanda ke amfani da tasirin Tarayya da dukiya don raba su daga ƙasashensu. Katafaren tsarin Gwamnatin Tarayya dai ana yin ta ne da kudin man fetur. Ƴan ƙabilar Berom, da ma sauran ’yan asalin Filato, suna ganin ya kamata su sami ma’aunin ƴancin cin gashin kai a yankunansu na asali kamar yadda ake bi da ƴan asalin Amirkawa a gidajensu a matsayin wata kasa mai cin gashin kanta, ta daukaka zuwa matsayin ƴan tsiraru masu kariya. Kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya ba shi da wurin mutunta ’yan tsiraru, ko Jos ne, ko yankin Neja-Delta.”
Ana kuma ambaton nuna wariya ga “mazauna yankin" musulman Jos, a matsayin wani batu. A yayin da yawancin ƴan asalin yankin Kirista ake kira da ƴan asalin garin, kuma galibinsu Musulmi da suka yi hijira zuwa Jos, yawancinsu Hausa-Fulani ne, a matsayin baƙin haure, ko da kuwa sun shafe shekaru da yawa suna zaune a birnin, kuma suna shan wahala don samun tabbatar da ayyukan gwamnati ko tallafin ilimi, da dai sauransu. Hakan ya ƙara haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin birnin, da ma kewayen birnin. This has further accentuated divisions in and around the city.
Martani Fadar Vatican ta nuna ɓacin rai da baƙin ciki game da tarzomar. Fafaroma Benedict na 16 ya ce hare-haren sun kasance "mummuna" kuma "tashin hankali ba ya magance rikice-rikicen illa ya ƙara rura wutar rikicin."
Mataimakin shugaban ƙasa Jonathan, wanda shi ne muƙaddashin shugaban ƙasa a lokacin, ya buƙaci da a kama waɗanda suka kashe su. Rundunar ƴan sandan ta sanar da cewa an kama mutane 313 dangane da tashin hankalin da ya faru a watan Janairun shekarar 2010, yayin da aka kama mutane 200 bayan tashin hankalin a watan Maris na 2010. Ya zuwa shekarar 2013, masu gabatar da kara na tarayya sun samu hukuncin daurin rai da rai kan akalla mutane 129 da ke da hannu a tashin hankalin na 2010.
Shirin Hakkokin Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki ya rubuta wa Kotun Hukunta Manyan Laifuka ta Duniya, inda ta roƙe su da su binciki batun tarzomar, watakila an aikata laifukan cin zarafin Bil Adama. Mai gabatar da ƙara na ICC ya amsa a watan Nuwamba 2010 yana mai cewa ana nazarin lamarin don ganin ko ya kamata a fara duban koken.
Duba kuma Rikicin Jos, 2001
Rikicin Jos, 2008
Tarihin Najeriya
Rikicin addini
2011 Alexandria bombing
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Higazi, Adam, Rikicin Jos: Takarda Tattaunawar Musibar Najeriya Maimaitawa Takarda Na 2, Janairu 2011, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung
Human Rights Watch (2013), "Bar Komai Ga Allah": Tashin Hankali a Rikicin Tsakanin Al'umma A Jihohin Filato da Kaduna, Najeriya Archived
Jos
2010 Rikici a Najeriya
Rikicin addini a |
19580 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satar%20Ese%20Oruru | Satar Ese Oruru | Satar Ese Rita Oruru, karamin yaro na Charles Oruru da Rose Oruru, ya faru ne a ranar 12 ga watan Agustan shekara ta dubu biyu da sha biyar 2015 a shagon mahaifiyarta da ke karamar hukumar Yenagoa, Jihar Bayelsa Ese, wanda ya shekaru 13 na haihuwa a lokacin, aka sace ta hanyar wani mutum mai suna Yunusa Dahiru (alias Yellow) da kuma dauka don Kano, inda ta yi mani fyade, a kan tilas musuluntar da aure kashe ba tare da iyayenta 'yardarka. Juyawa da auren ya gudana a fadar mai martaba Sarkin Kano, Sanusi Lamido Sanusi Labarin Ese ya fara daukar hankalin kafafen yada labarai lokacin da iyayenta suka roki jama'a da a sake ta. Kokarin dawo da matashiyar ga iyayenta ya ci tura. Koyaya, a ranar 29 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2016, an bayar da rahoton cewa sean sandan Jihar Kano sun ceci Ese kuma sun tsare shi a hannun gwamnatin Nijeriya. Daga baya aka bayyana cewa tana dauke da cikin wata biyar tare da yaron wanda ya sace ta bayan an sake ta.
Shugabanni daban-daban, manyan mutane da kungiyoyin matasa sun yi Allah wadai da ayyukan Dahiru. Lauyan kare hakkin dan adam, Ebun Adegboruwa, ya kira lamarin da cewa "bayyananniyar harka ce ta fataucin yara" da kuma "mummunar hanyar rashawa." Gwamnatin Jihar Kano, ta bakin Kwamishinanta na Labarai, Matasa da Wasanni, Malam Garba, ta musanta cewa tana da hannu kuma ta bukaci a gurfanar da mai laifin tun lokacin da Tsarin Mulki da koyarwar Musulunci suka kyamaci sace mutane da auren dole.
Bayan Fage
Tarihin Oruru An haifi Ese Rita Oruru a ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2002 ga iyayen Charles da Rose Oruru daga Ughelli ta Arewa, Jihar Delta Tana da 'yan uwa uku,' yar'uwa Patricia da 'yan'uwa maza biyu, Onome da Kevin. Iyalinta sun zauna a Opolo, Yenagoa a jihar Bayelsa, Najeriya, inda mahaifiyarta Mrs. Oruru ta gudanar da kasuwancin ta na sayar da abinci.
Yayin da yake girma, Oruru ya zama memba mai aiki a cikin ƙungiyar Krista Yayanta ya bayyana ta a matsayin "ɗayan mahimman membersan ƙungiyar Unionungiyar Nassi Na san ta sosai. Bayan haka, ita ma tana gaya mani in zo in shiga SU. Ta yi aikin bishara a lokacin hutu mafi yawan lokuta. Oruru ya kasance dalibin JSS 3 a makarantar sakandaren Opolo Community. Masoya ilimin lissafi, burinta shine ta zama ma'aikaciyar jinya. Daya daga cikin malaman makarantarta, Mrs. Douye ta ce ta kasance mai hazaka da tawali'u. Ta bayyana cewa sace Oruru ya hana ta shiga Jarrabawar karamar Makarantar Sakandare.
Satar mutane da ceto Yunusa Dahiru, wani tricycle sadarwarka kuma memba na Hausa kabilar sace Ese Oruru a daren ranar 12 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2015. Oruru, wacce ke da shekaru 13 a lokacin, ta kasance a shagon mahaifiyarta yayin da iyayenta suka fita. Bayan haka Dahiru ya yi jigilar Oruru zuwa jihar Kano, zuwa fadar mai martaba Sarki Ya yi ikirarin ga shugabannin gargajiya a Kano cewa matashin ya bi shi da son rai.
An tilasta Oruru ta musulunta da karfi, aka sake mata suna “Aisha” sannan aka aurar da Dahiru ba tare da izinin iyayenta ba. Washegari aka bayyana inda su biyun suke. A ranar 14 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2015, Mrs. Rose Oruru tayi tafiya zuwa kauyen Tufa a karamar hukumar Kura Hakimin garin ne ya tarbe ta ya sanar da ita cewa 'yarta tana hannun Sarki. Lokacin da ta isa wurin, samarin musulmin yankin sun tunkaresu wadanda suka bata izinin shiga fadar. Ta koma ne a ranar 17 ga watan Agusta, tare da rakiyar sufeto da wani jami'in 'yan sanda daga Ofishin' yan sanda na Kwani. 'Yan sanda sun dauke ta zuwa fada inda Sarkin Kano ya zauna a majalisar. Can, sai ta ga an turo diyarta zuwa cikin motar a cikin wata karamar motar amfani da Sport (SUV) tare da rakiyar 'yan sanda biyu da Dahiru.
Daga Kwani ‘yan sanda, an tura shari’ar zuwa sashen binciken manyan laifuka na jihar Kano (CID). Mrs. An ce Rose Oruru ta koma jihar Bayelsa ta kai rahoton lamarin ga CID din Yenagoa. Attemptsoƙarin da aka yi na sake sakin Oruru ya ci tura har zuwa ranar 29 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2016, lokacin da aka ba da rahoton cewa ’yan sanda sun cece ta bayan wani kamfen da jaridar Punch ta yi wanda ya haifar da fushin ƙasa. A ranar 2 ga Maris din 2016, Oruru da mahaifiyarta sun sake haduwa a Abuja Bayan isowarta birni, tana da cikin wata biyar da ɗa na Dahiru.
Sanya abubuwa da abubuwan da suka faru kafin gwaji A ranar 8 ga watan Maris din shekara ta 2016, an gurfanar da Dahiru a gaban wata Babbar Kotun Tarayya da ke Yenagoa a kan tuhume-tuhume biyar da ke tuhumar sa da sata, safarar yara, lalata da mata, lalata da kuma ilimin jiki Bayan sauraron tuhumar, Dahiru ya musanta aikata laifin a gaban kotu yayin da aka dage shari’ar zuwa 14 ga Maris. Alkalin da ke jagoranci, Mai shari’a HA Nganjiwa, ta yanke hukuncin cewa a ci gaba da tsare Dahiru a gidan yari har zuwa ranar da za a dage sauraren karar. A ranar 14 ga watan Maris, lauyan masu shigar da kara, Kenneth Dika ya yi wa Kotun Tarayya aiki tare da bukatar a saurari shaidar Oruru a bayan kulle. Dika ya bayyana cewa hakan ya faru ne saboda wanda aka azabtar karamar yarinya ce kuma ya cancanci kariyar kotu. Ya kuma nuna adawa ga bukatar neman belin da lauyan da ke kare Kayode Olaoshebikan ya gabatar, yana mai cewa 'yan sandan Najeriya sun kwashe sama da watanni shida kafin su kama Dahiru kuma idan har aka ba da belin, wanda ake zargin, wanda ba mazaunin yankin kotun ba ne, to da alama ya gudu Daga nan aka dage sauraron karar har zuwa ranar 21 ga watan Maris, tare da mayar da Dahiru zuwa kurkukun.
Ji belin A makon da ya biyo bayan dage shari’ar, kotun ta fara sauraren bukatar belin wanda ake kara. Mai shari’a HA Nganjiwa ta ce ya kamata a ba dahiru beli miliyan with 3 tare da mutane biyu da za su tsaya masa. Wadanda za su tsaya masa dole ne su kasance suna zaune a karkashin ikon kotun yayin da mutum ya zama ma'aikacin gwamnati wanda ba kasa da matakin 12 ba kuma dayan kuma sanannen mai kamfani ne. Dukansu dole ne su bayar da takaddun izinin share haraji na shekaru 3, yayin da ma'aikacin gwamnati kuma dole ne ya gabatar da wasiƙar ganawa ta farko da wasiƙar haɓakawa ta ƙarshe. Kotun ta ba da umarnin a cigaba da tsare Dahiru a gidan yari har zuwa lokacin da zai cika sharuddan belin da aka bayar. Da take mayar da martani game da hukuncin, mai fafutuka Annkio Briggs ta nuna rashin jin dadinta game da yadda masu gabatar da kara suka gabatar da kara. Ta yi kira ga 'yan sanda da su "yi rayuwa yadda ake tsammani" sannan su kawo karin lauyoyi don karfafa kungiyar lauyoyi don gurfanar da karar. A karshe, a ranar 21 ga Watan Mayun shekara ta 2020, Kotun Tarayya ta Hugh wacce a gabanta aka gurfanar da wanda ake kara Dahiru a karshe ta yanke hukunci a kan karar. An samu Dahiru da laifi kuma an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru ashirin da shida.
Manazarta Pages with unreviewed |
30111 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudanar%20da%20Sharar%20Gida%20a%20Koriya%20ta%20Kudu | Gudanar da Sharar Gida a Koriya ta Kudu | Gudanar da sharar gida a Koriya ta Kudu, ya ƙunshi rage samar da sharar, da tabbatar da iyakar sake yin amfani da sharar. Wannan ya haɗa da dacewa da magani, jigilar kaya, da zubar da sharar da aka tattara. An kafa dokar sarrafa shara ta Koriya ta Kudu a cikin shekara ta 1986, ta maye gurbin Dokar Kare Muhalli (1963) da Dokar Tsabtace da Tsaftacewa (1973). Wannan sabuwar dokar da nufin rage sharar gida gaba ɗaya a ƙarƙashin tsarin sharar gida (ko 'R's uku) a Koriya ta Kudu. Wannan Dokar Gudanar da Sharar ta ɗora tsarin biyan kuɗin sharar girma, mai tasiri ga sharar da ayyukan gida da masana'antu ke samarwa (ko ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gari).
Dokar Kula da Sharar ta fara tsara magudanan shara ta hanyar ka'idoji na asali a cikin ayyukan sarrafa shara, daga raguwa zuwa zubar da shara. Wannan doka ta kuma ƙarfafa sake yin amfani da kayan aiki da kiyaye albarkatu ta hanyar tsarin ajiyar kuɗi da tsarin kula da shara bayan rufewa.
Gudanar da sharar gida
Gudanar da shara mai ƙarfi Gwamnatin Babban Birnin Seoul (SMG) ta daidaita manufar kasa game da sarrafa shara don biyan buƙatun ingantaccen tsarin zubar da shara a cikin shekara ta 1990s. Domin gamsar da jama'a, Seoul ta mayar da hankali kan manufofinta na sarrafa shara kan rage sharar da amfani. Tun asali, ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gida ba damuwa ba ce ta muhalli a Koriya ta Kudu. Babu damuwa game da haɗarin muhalli tare da yawan sharar da ake samarwa kuma ana zubar da su a ƙasaren sharar ƙasa
Gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu kawai ta canza adadin ayyukan sharar gida don zubar da shara duk da yawan adadin da ake samarwa. Wannan yana da mahimmanci a lokacin haɓakar tattalin arziƙin Koriya wanda ya haifar da haɓakar samar da datti na birni. Tsakanin 1970 zuwa shekara ta 1990, adadin dattin dattin birni da ake samarwa ya ƙaru daga ton 12,000 zuwa tan 84,000 a kowace rana. Wannan ya haifar da karuwar batutuwan zubar da shara a Koriya ta Kudu. Ƙarƙashin sake yin amfani da su da ƙara yawan samar da sharar gida sun ba da gudummawa sosai ga gurɓatar muhalli Yayin da aka dogara sosai da wuraren zubar da ƙasa, ƙasa da ruwa sun ƙazantu. An kuma shafi ingancin iska yayin da matsugunan ƙasa ke taimakawa wajen fitar da iskar gas mai haɗari tare da gobarar da ba a tantance ba. l
Gudanar da ruwa
Gurbacewar ruwa Kogin Nakdong yana daya daga cikin manyan koguna a Koriya ta Kudu, babban tushen sha a lardin Gyeongsan. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, haɓakar yawan jama'a da haɓaka masana'antu a gefen kogin Nakdong sun haifar da gurɓatar kogin. Sharar masana'antu da najasa, tare da magudanar ruwa a birane da noma, sun haifar da tabarbarewar kogin. A ranar 1 ga Maris na shekara ta, 2008, fashewar masana'antar sinadarai ta haifar da kwararar phenol a cikin kogin Nakdong. Lamarin ya haifar da kwararar abubuwa masu guba, wanda ke haifar da babbar damuwa ga lafiyar jama'a. Hakazalika gwajin da aka yi ya nuna cewa formaldehyde shi ma ya zubo a cikin kogin, amma an tabbatar da cewa an narke abubuwa masu cutarwa yayin da adadin ruwan da ake fitarwa ya ƙaru. Wannan shi ne karo na biyu da kogin ke kamuwa da phenol.
A cikin shekara ta 1991, ɗigon phenol ya faru ne sakamakon fashewar bututun da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa, wanda ya zubo zallar phenol a cikin kogin. Wannan mummunan yabo ya sa ruwan ba ya sha. A baya dai Koriya ta Kudu ta yi sakaci game da zubar da sharar da ta ke yi a cikin ruwa da iska, kuma jaridar Korea Times ta kuma gano yadda masana'antu guda 343 ke zubar da shara marasa guba a bakin kogin Nakdong. Halin ruwa da sauri ya zama fifiko, kuma ingancin ruwa ya inganta sannu a hankali tare da shigar da tsire-tsire na ruwa.
Maganin ruwa Arisu masana'antar sarrafa ruwa ce da aka samu a Seoul. An sanya shi azaman amintaccen ruwan famfo ga jama'ar Seoul. Arisu yana samo ruwansa daga kogin Han, kuma yana yin gwajin ruwa da yawa don tabbatar da ingancin ruwan sha kamar yadda Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ba da shawarar. Abubuwan da aka gwada sun haɗa da chlorine, ƙarfe, da jan karfe. Arisu kuma yana sarrafa adadin ruwa a tsari, kuma yana sarrafa ingancin ruwa a cibiyoyin tsarkakewa. Baya ga haka, Gwamnatin Babban Birnin Seoul tana sarrafa masana'antar sarrafa ruwa da Cibiyoyin Kula da Najasa don tabbatar da ingancin ruwa.
Tsarin kuɗin sharar ƙima na tushen ƙara Gwamnatin Koriya ta aiwatar da tsarin kuɗin sharar ƙima (VBWF) a cikin shekara t 1995. Anyi hakan ne a ƙoƙarin rage sharar gida da ƙarfafa sake yin amfani da su a tsakanin ƴan ƙasa. Ana tattara sharar gari a cikin jakunkuna na roba, kuma ana raba abubuwan da za a sake amfani da su kuma ana jera su a cikin kwandon sake amfani da su. Duk abubuwan da ake zubarwa, ban da na sake yin amfani da su, manyan abubuwa, da briquettes na kwal, ana zubar dasu bisa ga tsarin VBWF. Ana auna abubuwa da jakunkuna masu girman girma daban-daban, sannan ana cajin 'yan ƙasa bi da bi.
Shekaru goma bayan gabatarwa da aiwatar da tsarin VBWF, an rage yawan samar da sharar gida, kuma adadin sake amfani da su ya inganta sosai. Sanin jama'a game da muhalli ya ƙaru kuma fasahar sake amfani da su ta inganta. An gabatar da jakunkuna masu lalacewa, kuma an rage yawan marufi na kayayyakin. Abubuwan da aka sake cikawa yanzu an fi son su rage haɓakar sharar gida. Tsarin VBWF ya ƙãra sha'awar 'yan ƙasar Koriya ta sake yin amfani da su, wanda ke haifar da raguwar nauyi akan ƙonewa ko zubar da ƙasa.
Sake amfani da su a Koriya ta Kudu Jongnyangje Hangul tsari ne na sarrafa shara don ingantaccen tattarawa da sake amfani da sharar gida da albarkatu a Koriya ta Kudu. Dole ne a raba duk sharar zuwa sharar gabaɗaya, sharar abinci, abubuwan da za a iya sake sarrafa su, ko manyan abubuwa. Kayayyaki masu girma sun ƙunshi sharar da suka yi girma da yawa ba za su iya shiga cikin buhunan da aka fitar ba, kamar kayan daki, kayan lantarki, da kayan ofis. Waɗannan manyan abubuwa suna buƙatar lambobi na musamman waɗanda ake iya samu daga ofisoshin gunduma. Sake yin amfani da shi ya zama dole a Koriya ta Kudu, kuma ana rarraba abubuwan da za a sake amfani da su bisa ga nau'in kayan aiki, daga takarda zuwa robobi. Ana tattara sharar abinci dabam daga sharar gida a cikin jakunkuna na musamman. Waɗannan jakunkuna na zubar da abinci ana kiransu da eumsingmul sseuregi bongtu Hangul kuma farashin waɗannan jakunkunan sun bambanta da girma da gundumomi. Sannan ana cajin kuɗaɗen kowane wata dangane da adadin abincin da aka batar ga kowane gida, ana kunna ta ta katin shaidar Mitar Rediyo RFD Baya ga cajin kudaden almubazzaranci da abinci, Koriya ta Kudu ta kuma rage sharar abinci ta hanyar sake sarrafa abincin da aka tattara zuwa abincin dabbobi. Tun lokacin da gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu ta hana zubar da sharar abinci a wuraren sharar gida a shekara ta 2005 tare da aiwatar da sake amfani da sharar abinci a shekarar 2013, adadin sharar abincin da ake sake sarrafa ya karu sosai. Ana ƙarfafa 'yan ƙasa su haɗa da abin da dabbobi za su iya ci kawai a cikin waɗannan jakunkuna na zubar da abinci; kasusuwa, ramukan 'ya'yan itatuwa, da tsaba, don haka ba za a iya la'akari da sharar abinci ba. Sharar da aka tattara sai a bushe sannan a mayar da ita zuwa abincin da ya dace da cin dabba. Wasu sharar abinci sai a mayar da su taki ko takin abinci a maimakon haka, bayan an gama sarrafa shi kuma an cire duk danshi. Wannan fermented abinci sharar taki zabi ne na muhalli da kuma kwayoyin zabin a cikin noman amfanin gona.
Sharar gida Koriya ta Kudu ita ce ta biyu a matsayi na gaba wajen samar da sharar gida a duniya, inda 'yan Koriya ta Kudu ke amfani da matsakaita na buhunan roba 420 a duk shekara. Domin tinkarar hakan, Koriya ta Kudu ta haramta duk wani buhunan robobi da ake amfani da su guda ɗaya a manyan kantuna. Za a bayar da wasu zaɓuɓɓuka kamar jakunkuna na takarda, buhunan siyayya masu amfani da yawa ko kwantena da za a iya sake yin amfani da su a maimakon haka, kuma za a ba da kuɗin ribar don zubar da shara. An bullo da wannan doka ne da nufin kawo karshen sharar da ba za a iya lalacewa ba a duniya, da kuma sarrafa da adana albarkatun kasa da kuma sharar da za a iya sake sarrafa su. Wannan matakin kuma ya samo asali ne sakamakon wata doka da aka yi wa kwaskwarima kan kiyaye albarkatu, da sake amfani da sharar da za a iya sake sarrafa su.
An aiwatar da dokar ne biyo bayan rikicin kula da sharar leda bayan China ta hana shigo da datti. Wannan rikicin sharar ya sa kamfanonin sake yin amfani da su na Koriya ta Kudu daina tattara datti saboda asarar kudi da suka yi sakamakon raguwar farashin robobi. Wannan ya haifar da sharar robobi da aka bar a kan tituna tsawon makonni. An tilastawa gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu ta fito da wasu hanyoyin da za su ɗorewa don sarrafa sharar robobi maimakon jigilar su zuwa ketare.
e-sharar gida e-sharar gida (ko sharar lantarki) ya haɗa da na'urorin lantarki ko na lantarki ko sharar gida. Sarrafa e-sharar gida ko sharar kayan wuta da lantarki (WEEE) babban abin damuwa ne saboda girman rafin da ke tattare da shi, da kuma sinadarai masu guba a cikin na'urorin. Sinadaran sun hada da barium, cadmium, chromium, gubar, mercury, nickel, da kuma abubuwan da ke hana harshen wuta. Na'urorin da aka jefar kamar tsofaffin kwamfutoci, wayoyin hannu, da na'urorin lantarki, na iya zubar da sinadarai masu guba idan aka barsu a wuraren da ake zubar da ƙasa. Abubuwa kamar batura da wayoyin hannu suna buƙatar ƙarin kulawa a zubar. Don hana yaɗuwa, gwamnatin birnin Seoul ta haɗa gwiwa da Cibiyar SR don tattara e-sharar gida. Birnin Seoul yana watsar da ton 10 na sharar e-sharar gida kowace shekara, tare da kashi biyar na e-sharar da ke ƙarewa a cibiyar sake yin amfani da su ta musamman. Ana ɗaukar na'urori dabam a cibiyar sake yin amfani da su na musamman, inda za'a iya fitar da ƙarfe masu mahimmanci kamar zinariya, jan karfe, ko albarkatun da ba kasafai ba.
Yawancin sassan duniya suna bincike kan hanyoyin da za a iya yiwuwa kuma masu dacewa da muhalli don zubar da sharar lantarki don tsarin gudanarwa na WEEE. An kafa hanyoyin sake yin amfani da su a ƙasashe da yawa, amma ba a ƙaddamar da tsarin sarrafa sharar WEEE ba a yawancin ƙasashe. Dangane da karuwar damuwa na sharar lantarki, an gabatar da 'Dokar Sake Amfani da Albarkatun Kayan Kayan Lantarki na Waste Electric Equipment (WEEE) da Motocin Ƙarshen Rayuwa' a cikin shekara t 2007. Wannan aikin yana da nufin rage adadin e-sharar da ke ƙarewa a wuraren sharar ƙasa da incinerators, da inganta aiki da tsawon rayuwar irin waɗannan na'urorin lantarki.
Doka
Dokar sarrafa shara An fara gabatar da dokar sarrafa shara a cikin shekara ta 1986. Ya ba da tsarin cewa sarrafa sharar ba kawai game da tsarewa ba ne, amma rage sharar kuma. Tun da aka gabatar da shi a cikin shekara ta 1986, akwai ƙarin al'adar sarrafa sharar gida da haɗe-haɗe a Koriya ta Kudu. Gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu ta kuma ba da tallafin kudade don inganta wannan hanyar sarrafa sharar gida. Ya rufe dukkan magudanan ruwa, daga sharar gida zuwa taki, sharar gine-gine da rushewa, da sharar da ke yaduwa. A cikin shekara ta 1991, Dokar Kula da Taki Dabbobi, Ruwan Shara da Najasa don sarrafa sharar taki daban. A cikin shekara ta 1992, an kafa dokar Ajiye Albarkatu da Inganta Sake amfani da su don ɗaukar sharar gida a matsayin hanya. Dangane da wannan doka, an aiwatar da tsarin biyan kuɗin sharar ƙarar tare da biyan kuɗi yayin da kuke jefa ra'ayi wanda ya ba da tallafin doka ga waɗanda ke zaune kusa da wuraren zubar da shara.
Al'ummar da ba ta dace ba Koriya ta Kudu tana aiki don zama al'ummar da ba ta da sharar gida, da nufin cimma kashi 3% na sharar gida da kuma kashi 87% na sake fa'ida nan da 2020. Ana shirin tsawaita wannan amincewa har zuwa shekara ta 2025 saboda rikice-rikice da koma baya tsakanin masu ruwa da tsaki.
Manufar sharar gida-da-makamashi Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Koriya ta Kudu (MOE) ta inganta manufofin sharar gida da makamashi don haɓaka ƙimar dogaro da kai na Koriya ta Kudu. Manufar ita ce rage tsadar sharar da ake kashewa ta hanyar konawa da kuma zubar da shara. Don samar da wutar lantarki, man fetur, da dumama, ana amfani da iskar gas, tarkacen itace, sharar gida, da sauran sharar gida don jujjuya makamashi. Samar da makamashi ta hanyar sharar gida yana da 10% mai rahusa fiye da hasken rana, kuma 66% mai rahusa fiye da wutar lantarki Wannan ya tabbatar da ita ce hanya mafi inganci ta samar da makamashi. A cikin 2012, kawai 3.18% na sabbin makamashi da sabuntawa aka samar, amma gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu na fatan ƙara yawan kashi zuwa 20% nan da 2050.
Ƙalubalen kwanan nan Kasar Sin ta kasance wurin zubar da robobi a duniya tsawon lokaci. A cikin shekara ta 1990, kasar Sin ta ga robobin da aka jefar a matsayin riba, kuma Sinawa sun sake kirkiro robobin zuwa kananan guda, da za a iya fitar da su daga waje. Har ila yau, ya kasance mai rahusa ga ƙasashe su fitar da robobin su zuwa China fiye da jefar da kansu. A watan Nuwamban shekarar 2017, kasar Sin ta daina karbar gurbataccen robobi. Wannan robobin da aka ƙi ya zama maƙwabta kamar Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines, da Koriya ta Kudu. Yanzu, kasashen kudu maso gabashin Asiya sun fara kin wannan sharar su ma. A watan Agustan 2018, Vietnam ta gabatar da tsauraran takunkumi kan shigo da tarkacen filastik. Kasar Thailand ta bi sahun kasar, inda ta sanar da haramta amfani da na'urorin lantarki. A watan Oktoban shekara ta 2018, Malesiya ta kuma ba da sanarwar hana shigo da tarkacen leda. A farkon watan Janairun shekara ta 2019, Philippines ta yi watsi da tan 1,200 na sharar Koriya ta Kudu da ake ganin ba za a sake yin amfani da su ba. An mayar da shi Koriya ta Kudu a cikin kwantena guda 51 cike da shara. Bugu da ƙari, an gano ton 5,100 na sharar Koriya ta Kudu da Philippines ta shigo da su ba bisa ka'ida ba. Wannan sharar ta ƙunshi batura, kwararan fitila, bututun dextrose da aka yi amfani da su, kayan lantarki da nappies. Koriya ta Kudu da Philippines na tattaunawa kan yadda ya kamata a maido da sharar gida.
Manazarta Dokoki
Dokar Najeriya
Doka
Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
Haƙƙoƙi
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
56206 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeot%20RCZ | Peugeot RCZ | Peugeot RCZ wata coupé ce ta wasanni 2+2 wadda PSA Group ya tsara kuma ya tallata shi a ƙarƙashin kamfanin Peugeot kuma Magna Steyr ya haɗu tsakanin 2009 da 2015. An fara halarta a filin Nunin Auto Frankfurt a 2009.
Tarihi An nuna motar a matsayin motar ra'ayi na 308 RCZ a 2007 Frankfurt Auto Show An ƙera RCZ a matsayin motar wasan kwaikwayo amma bayan da ta sami babban yabo, Peugeot ya sanya RCZ cikin samarwa, yana riƙe da yawa daga ra'ayi. RCZ tana da rufin kumfa sau biyu wahayi daga Zagato An ƙaddamar da shi zuwa samarwa a cikin Afrilu 2010 kuma ana samunsa a kusan ƙasashe 80 RCZ an gabatar da shi bisa ka'ida a Nunin Auto Frankfurt a 2009. Injin mai suna dogara ne akan jerin Yarima yayin da dizal wani bangare ne na jerin HDi An ƙirƙira RCZ a ƙarƙashin sunan lamba "T75". An tattara RCZ na 30,000 a watan Yuni 2011. An gina RCZ na 50,000 a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 2013 kuma an yi masa fentin ja. Bayan lokacin samarwa na kusan shekaru shida, Peugeot RCZ na ƙarshe ya haɗu a cikin shuka na Magna Steyr Graz a cikin Satumba 2015.
Ƙayyadaddun bayanai RCZ shine tsawo, fadi da a tsayi da kuma wheelbase na Injin
Kayan aiki RCZ ta ba da zaɓi na zaɓin lantarki mai zafi da daidaitacce wurin zama tare da ƙwaƙwalwar direba, kujerun fata da dashboard da aikin taimakon tudu. Sauran zaɓuɓɓukan sun haɗa da ƙafafun alloy 19-inch da tsarin sauti na JBL. Za a iya zaɓar fakitin zaɓi na Elan ko Sportif don canza launi na rufin, madubin kofa da gasa na gaba.Yayin da RCZ ke da kujerun baya, ba ga manya su zauna cikin kwanciyar hankali.
RCZ Hybrid4 Concept An sanar da ra'ayin RCZ Hybrid4 tare da 2.0 L HDi FAP injin motar lantarki da aka haɗa zuwa akwatin gear mai sarrafawa mai sauri 6. Yawan man da aka yi hasashe shine a cikin gauraye sake zagayowar, fitarwa 95 g/km na CO RCZ R A cikin Nuwamba 2012, Peugeot sun ba da sanarwar aniyarsu ta gina RCZ mai ƙarfi, mai daidaita aiki. A watan Yulin 2013, an fitar da hotunan hukuma na farko na motar. RCZ R yana da injin turbocharged 1.6l wanda zai iya samar da (wanda ya sa ya zama injin mafi ƙarfi na wannan ƙaura a cikin kowane motar samarwa) da na juzu'i, yana ba shi damar 0-62 mph (100 km/h) lokacin 5.9 da babban gudun iyaka zuwa Hakanan yana fasalta haɓakar birki na 380mm Alcon da dakatarwa, raguwar nauyi mai mahimmanci da kuma bambancin gaban Torsen, kamar wanda aka samu akan mk2 Ford Focus RS, don rage madaidaicin madaidaicin tuƙi da motar gaba mai tuƙi tare da wannan matakin. fitarwar wutar lantarki. RCZ R ya ci gaba da siyarwa a cikin Janairu 2014 akan 31,995. 305 RCZ Rs ne kawai aka kawo zuwa Burtaniya daga cikin 3,054 da aka kera.
Bugawa na musamman RCZ Allure bugu ne na musamman na 1.6 THP156 tare da watsa Tiptronic mai sauri 6 da ƙafafu 18-inch. Kwalta yana da iyakanceccen bugu (raka'a 500) na RCZ. Ya haɗa da 19-inch baki da azurfa gami ƙafafun, baƙi kujerun wasanni na fata. RCZ Brownstone ƙayyadaddun bugu ne wanda ake samu shi kaɗai a cikin Jamus a cikin fenti mai launin ruwan ƙarfe mai ƙarfe tare da ratsin tseren azurfa. A ciki, an gama sigar ta musamman da launin ruwan kasa, tare da fata Cohiba da datsa Alcantara. Ana samun Magnetic na RCZ na musamman a cikin Burtaniya, tare da samarwa iyakance ga raka'a 170. Ana samun samfura a cikin baƙar fata mai launin lu'u-lu'u tare da kujerun wasanni na fata na Flame Red ko fari tare da kujerun wasanni na fata na fata, tare da madaidaicin rufin rufin matte da gasa baƙar fata, birki calipers da madubin kofa. Har ila yau, suna da sitiyarin motsa jiki na fata mai laushi mai laushi da ɗan gajeriyar ledar motsi. Ana samun RCZ Raidillon a Belgium da Luxembourg tare da samarwa iyakance ga guda 55. Launin ƙarfe mai salo Guaranja Brown ya keɓanta da wannan sigar. A ciki, fata na Cohiba Nappa da kayan kwalliyar Alcantara suna da ƙarin wasiƙar "Raidillon" a baya.
liyafar da kyaututtuka The Peugeot RCZ ta sami lambar yabo ta Top Gear 2010 Coupe of the Year award', sau uku a jere Auto Express Mafi kyawun Coupé na Shekara', da Auto Express readers Special Kyautar Zane ta 2010' da Kyautar Kyautar Mafi Kyau' Red Dot don ƙira. Daga 2010 zuwa 2014, an ba da kyautar Peugeot RCZ sau biyar a jere Motar Wasanni mafi kyau' ta mujallar Diesel Car A cewar Ian Robertson, editan DieselCar: 'Peugeot RCZ tana ba da ƙwarewar tuƙi mai lada, sarrafa ƙarfi da rarrabuwar kawuna, da ƙarfin dizal mai fa'ida. Haƙiƙa shine ƙanƙara akan kek don salon wasan motsa jiki na jima'i'. Matt Saunders na Autocar idan aka kwatanta da RCZ R da kyau ga abokan hamayyarsa, yana kwatanta Audi TT a matsayin 'maras ban sha'awa don tuki da kuma tsufa a yanzu', da Mini Coupé JCW 1.6 a matsayin 'babu kusa da fineness kamar Peugeot.'
Motorsport Ana amfani da sigar RCZ da aka gyara a gasar tseren tseren Peugeot RCZ Italiya tsere ɗaya Motar da aka yi amfani da ita ana kiranta da RCZ Peugeot Sport, wacce ke nuna ƙarin ƙarfin wutar lantarki daga 200 zuwa 250. bhp, haɓakar birki da daidaitacce mai ɓarna na baya tsakanin daidaitattun shirye-shiryen motsa jiki kamar rage nauyi da kejin juyi. Siffofin tsere na RCZ kuma sun yi nasara cikin nasara a cikin sa'o'i 24 na Nürburgring, suna da'awar nasarar aji tare da bambance-bambancen dizal a cikin 2010 da 2011 kuma tare da RCZ Peugeot Sport a cikin 2012.
Tallace-tallace da samarwa
|
38814 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladys%20Asmah | Gladys Asmah | Gladys Asmah (an haife ta 16 Oktoban shekarar 1939 ya mutu 24 Yuni 2014) 'yar siyasa ce 'yar Ghana kuma 'yar kasuwa. Ta kasance tsohuwar ministar kamun kifi sannan kuma ta kasance ‘yar majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Takoradi. Ta kasance tsohuwar ministar harkokin mata a zamanin tsohuwar gwamnatin Kufuor.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi Mrs. Gladys Asmah (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga Oktoba 1939), a Cape Coast, a yankin Tsakiyar Tsakiya. Ta tafi makarantar sakandare ta 'yan mata ta Wesley don karatun firamare kuma ta ci gaba da zuwa Kwalejin Kasa ta Ghana, duka a Cape Coast.
Ta yi aiki tare da Kamfanin Railway Corporation na Ghana kuma daga baya ta zama mai kulawa a Sashen Kula da Lafiya na Kamfanin Taba Sigari (PTC), na tsawon shekaru shida.
Misis Asmah ta bar Ghana a watan Yuni 1963 don ci gaba da karatu a kasar Ingila. Ta halarci Jami'ar Middlesex, wacce aka fi sani da Kwalejin Fasaha ta Hendon, da Kwalejin Ilimi da Tattalin Arzikin Gida ta Leeds kuma ta cancanci zama Memba na Ƙungiyar Gudanar da Cibiyoyin Kula da Cibiyoyin Ƙasa ta London.
Sana'ar kasuwanci Bayan horar da ita, ta yi aiki tare da British Council a matsayin mataimakiyar manaja a Cibiyar Dalibai ta Ƙasashen waje, Portland Palace, London, Yayin da take dalibi a London, ta yanke shawarar ƙware a fannin yin sutura don haka ta san kanta da ƙungiyoyin kayan ado. Malama Asmah ta tattara wasu injina ta fara yin rigar bacci da rigar bacci a Birmingham.
A karshe ta zo ta zauna a Ghana, kuma ta yi rijistar wata masana'anta a matsayin haɗin gwiwa kuma daga baya a cikin 1975 ta haɗa shi a matsayin kamfani mai iyakancewa A matsayin mai ba da shawara kan 'yantar da mata, Misis Asmah ta tallafa wa ƙungiyar Matan Tarkwa (TWIGA) don samun tallafin kuɗi. yin dabino.
Lokacin da Sashen Jin Dadin Jama’a ya kafa Cibiyar Horar da Mata a Cibiyar Takoradi domin horar da ‘ya’ya mata sana’o’in hannu, ta amince kuma ta ba da wani taron bitar don horar da mata a yankin.
Misis Asmah tana da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci da na jama'a da dama; ita ce shugabar hukumar gudanarwa ta Cibiyar horar da mata ta Takoradi; mamban kwamitin, Ahantaman Rural Bank-, mataimakin shugaban kasa na biyu, kungiyar masana'antun Ghana; da shugaban kwamitin aiwatarwa na yanki, mata masu ci gaba.
Sauran membobin hukumar ne, Makarantar Sakandare ta Fijai; memban hukumar, Kwalejin Kasa ta Ghana; Memba, Majalisar Tuntuba ta Yanki ta Yamma kuma shugaban kwamitin sassan, kwamitin harkokin mata, Sabuwar Jam'iyyar Patriotic (NPP). Dan Majalisar Takoradi ya halarci taruka da dama a kasashen ketare. Waɗannan sun haɗa da taron karawa juna sani kan Sabbin Trends a Masana'antar Yada da Tufafi, Jami'ar Jihar North Carolina a 1994; taron karawa juna sani kan Taimako ga Masu Sana'o'i, Hartford, Connecticut, Amurka da Taro kan Fitar da Kudaden Fitarwa, Babban taron 'yan kasuwa na USAID na 'yan kasuwa mata, New Delhi, Indiya a 1981.
Siyasa Ta kasance mamba a sabuwar jam'iyyar kishin kasa. Ta zama 'yar majalisa Takoradi daga 7 ga Janairu 1997 zuwa 6 ga Janairu 2009, ministar harkokin mata da yara tsakanin 2001 zuwa 2005 kuma ministar kamun kifi daga 2005 zuwa 2009. Asmah ta kasance mamba a majalisar dokoki ta 2, 3, 4th da 5th a jamhuriyar Ghana ta hudu.
A lokacin babban zaben Ghana na 1996, ta samu kuri'u 25,579 daga cikin sahihin kuri'u 38,036 da aka kada wanda ya nuna kashi 56.80 cikin 100 na abokin hamayyarsa Esther Nkansah 'yar jam'iyyar NDC wacce ta samu kuri'u 10,342, Alex Fosu Blankson wanda ya samu kuri'u 1,323 da Timothy Nor kuma ya samu kuri'u 7.
Ta samu kuri'u 26,431 daga cikin 35,949 masu inganci da aka kada wanda ke wakiltar kashi 73.50% akan abokin hamayyarsa Crosby Mochia dan jam'iyyar NDC wanda ya samu kuri'u 6,853 wanda ke wakiltar 19.10%, Eustace Haizel dan jam'iyyar CPP wanda ya samu kuri'u 1,510 mai wakiltar 4.20% na Comfort 7, da Comfort 8. kuri'u mai wakiltar 2.40% da Samuel Ekow Renner dan jam'iyyar PNC wanda ya samu kuri'u 277 wanda ke wakiltar kashi 0.80%.
A lokacin Zaben 2004, ta samu kuri'u 25,714 daga cikin sahihin kuri'u 36,392 da aka kada wanda ke wakiltar 66.80% akan abokin hamayyarta Esthher Lily Nkansah 'yar jam'iyyar NDC wacce ta samu kuri'u 7,894 da ke wakiltar 20.50%, Francis Kobina Eghanst memba 1, Eghan dan jam'iyyar CPP ya samu kuri'u 1,004. Ya samu kuri’u 1,296 mai wakiltar kashi 3.40%, Godwill Abakah dan IND wanda ya samu kuri’u 220 mai wakiltar 0.60%, Ivor Tackie Adams dan jam’iyyar PNC ya samu kuri’u 191 mai wakiltar 0.50% da Johannes Kojo Scheck dan IND wanda ya samu kuri’u 62 mai wakiltar 0.20%.
Mutuwa Gladys Asmah ta rasu ne a ranar 24 ga watan Yunin 2014, a asibitin koyarwa na Korle-Bu da ke birnin Accra inda ta shafe makonni biyu tana jinya. An binne ta a Takoradi bayan jana'izar ta a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 2014.
Manazarta |
28374 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsohon%20garin%20Warsaw | Tsohon garin Warsaw | Tsohon Garin Warsaw (Yaren mutanen Poland: Stare Miasto kuma a zahiri kamar Starówka) shine mafi tsohon yanki na Warsaw, babban birnin Poland. Yana da iyaka da Wybrzeże Gdańskie (Gdańsk Boulevards), tare da bankin kogin Vistula, Grodzka, Mostowa da Titin Podwale. Yana daya daga cikin fitattun wuraren shaƙatawa na Warsaw. Zuciyar wurin ita ce Wurin Kasuwar Gari, mai wadatar gidajen abinci, wuraren shaguna da shaguna. Titunan da ke kewaye sun ƙunshi gine-gine na zamanin da kamar katangar birni, Cathedral na St. John da Barbican waɗanda ke haɗa Tsohuwar Gari da Warsaw Sabon Gari.
Tarihi An kafa Old Town a ƙarni na 13. Da farko an kewaye shi da shingen aikin ƙasa, kafin 1339 an yi masa katanga da bangon birnin bulo. Garin ya fara girma a kusa da ginin Dukes na Mazovia wanda daga baya ya zama Gidan Sarauta. Dandalin Kasuwa (Rynek Starego Miasta) an shimfida shi a wani lokaci a ƙarshen 13th ko farkon ƙarni na 14, tare da babban titin da ke haɗa katangar da Sabon Gari zuwa arewa.
Har zuwa 1817 Babban abin da ya fi shahara a Tsohon Garin shi ne Gidan Gari da aka gina kafin 1429. A cikin 1701 Tylman Gamerski ya sake gina filin, kuma a cikin 1817 an ruguza Majalisar Gari. Tun daga ƙarni na 19, ɓangarorin hudu na Dandalin Kasuwa suna ɗauke da sunayen manyan sanduna hudu waɗanda suka taɓa rayuwa a ɓangarorin: Ignacy Zakrzewski (kudu), Hugo Kołłątaj (yamma), Jan Dekert (arewa) da Franciszek Barss (gabas). A farkon shekarun 1910, Warsaw Old Town shine gidan fitaccen marubucin Yiddish Alter Kacyzne, wanda daga baya ya kwatanta rayuwa a can a cikin littafinsa na 1929 (Shtarke un Shvache, "Ƙarfafa da Rauni"). Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin littafin, Tsohon Garin a wancan lokacin ƙauye ne mai zaman kansa, tare da iyalai matalauta wasu Yahudawa, wasu Kirista suna zaune cike da cunkoson jama'a a cikin guraren da aka rarrabu waɗanda a da suka kasance gidajen sarakuna. Sassan sa na bohemian ne, tare da masu zane-zane da masu zane-zane suna da gidajen kallo, yayin da wasu tituna suka kasance gidajen karuwai na gundumar Red-light.
A cikin 1918 gidan sarauta ya sake zama wurin zama na manyan hukumomin Poland: Shugaban Poland da gwamnatinsa. A ƙarshen 1930s, a lokacin magajin garin Stefan Starzyński, hukumomin birni sun fara gyara Tsohuwar Garin tare da maido da shi zuwa matsayin da yake a da. Barbican da Tsohuwar Kasuwar Gari an maido da wani ɓangare. Duk da haka, an kawo ƙarshen wannan yunƙurin bayan ɓarkewar yakin duniya na biyu.
A lokacin mamayewar Poland (1939), yawancin gundumar ta sami mummunar lalacewa ta hanyar Luftwaffe na Jamus, wanda ya kai hari ga wuraren zama na birni da wuraren tarihi a yakin tashin bam. Bayan Siege na Warsaw, an sake gina wasu sassa na Tsohon Garin, amma nan da nan bayan Tashin Warsaw (Agusta-Oktoba 1944) abin da aka bari a tsaye ya tashi da tsare-tsare da Sojojin Jamus. Wani mutum-mutumi na tunawa da Tashe-tashen hankula, "Ƙananan Tawaye," a yanzu yana tsaye a kan katangar birni na tsohon garin.
Bayan yaƙin duniya na biyu, an sake gina tsohon garin sosai. A cikin ƙoƙari na anastylosis, an sake amfani da yawancin tubalin na asali. Duk da haka, sake ginawa ba koyaushe daidai yake ba kafin Warsaw, wani lokacin ana ba da ladabi ga wani lokaci na baya, yunƙurin ingantawa akan ainihin, ko kuma an yi facade na gaske don rufe wani gini na zamani. An zazzage tarkace don abubuwan ado da za a sake amfani da su, waɗanda aka sake shigar da su cikin wurarensu na asali. An yi amfani da vedute na karni na 18 na Bernardo Bellotto, da kuma zane-zane na ɗaliban gine-ginen kafin yaƙin duniya na biyu, a matsayin mahimman tushe a ƙoƙarin sake ginawa; duk da haka, zane-zanen Bellotto ba su da kariya gaba ɗaya daga lasisin fasaha da ƙawata, kuma a wasu lokuta ana tura wannan zuwa gine-ginen da aka sake ginawa.
Filaye Wurin Kasuwancin Tsohon Gari (Rynek Starego Miasta), wanda ya koma ƙarshen ƙarni na 13, shine ainihin zuciyar tsohon garin, kuma har zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 ya kasance zuciyar duk Warsaw. Anan wakilan ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyi da ƴan kasuwa sun taru a cikin Gidan Gari (wanda aka gina kafin 1429, an rushe a 1817), kuma an gudanar da biki da kisa na lokaci-lokaci. Gidajen da ke kewaye da shi suna wakiltar salon Gothic har zuwa babbar wuta ta 1607, bayan haka an sake gina su a cikin salon ƙarshen-Renaissance.
Dandalin Castle (plac Zamkowy) shine farkon baƙo na kallon tsohon Garin da aka sake ginawa, lokacin da yake gabatowa daga tsakiyar Warsaw na zamani. Abu ne mai ban sha'awa, wanda Zygmunt's Column ya mamaye, wanda ke sama da kyawawan gidajen Old Town. An kewaye tsakanin Tsohon Garin da Gidan Sarauta, Gidan Gidan Gidan yana cikin tarihi. Anan ne ƙofar da ke shiga cikin birnin mai suna Ƙofar Kraków (Brama Krakowska). An haɓaka shi a cikin karni na 14 kuma ya ci gaba da zama yanki na tsaro ga sarakuna. Dandalin yana cikin daukaka a ƙarni na 17 lokacin da Warsaw ya zama babban birnin ƙasar kuma a nan ne a shekara ta 1644 Sarki Władysław IV ya kafa ginshiƙi don ɗaukaka mahaifinsa Sigismund III Vasa, wanda aka fi sani da mayar da babban birnin Poland daga Krakow zuwa Warsaw. Warsaw. Gidan kayan tarihi na Warsaw ma yana can.
Dandalin Canon (plac Kanonia), a bayan cocin St. John's Cathedral, ƙaramin murabba'i uku ne. Sunan ta ya fito ne daga gidajen tenement na ƙarni na 17 waɗanda na cikin canons na babin Warsaw. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan canons sun shahara sosai, kamar Stanisław Staszic wanda shi ne mawallafin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 3 ga Mayu, 1791. A da, makabarta ce ta parochial, wadda ta kasance wani mutum na Baroque na Uwargidanmu daga ƙarni na 18. A tsakiyar filin, akwai ƙararrawa ta tagulla na Warsaw, wanda Babban Ma'aji Jan Mikołaj Daniłowicz, wanda aka kafa a cikin 1646 don Cocin Jesuit a Jarosław. An jefa ƙararrawa a cikin 1646 ta Daniel Tym mai tsara ginshiƙin Zygmunt. Inda dandalin Canon ya hadu da dandalin Royal wani wuri ne da aka rufe don Sarauniya Anna Jagiellon a ƙarshen ƙarni na 16 kuma ya tsawaita a cikin 1620s bayan da Michał Piekarski ya gaza a 1620 yunkurin kashe Sarki Sigismund III Vasa yayin da yake shiga Cathedral. Hakanan gidan mafi ƙanƙanta a Warsaw yana can.
Ganewa A cikin 1980, an sanya tsohon garin Warsaw a cikin jerin wuraren tarihi na duniya na UNESCO a matsayin "fitaccen misali na kusan-jimlar sake gina wani tarihin tarihi wanda ya shafi karni na 13 zuwa 20."
Wurin kuma ɗaya ne daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da tarihi na ƙasar Poland (Pomnik historii), kamar yadda aka keɓe ranar 16 ga Satumba, 1994. Hukumar Tarihi ta ƙasar Poland ce ke kula da jerin sa.
Hotuna
Manazarta
Siffofin
Ikklisiya
Ganuwar tsaro
|
30000 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret%20Busby | Margaret Busby | Articles with hCards
Margaret Yvonne Busby, CBE, Hon. FRSL (an haife ta 1944) kuma mai taken Nana Akua Ackon, ita yar asalin kasar Ghana ce, edita, marubuciya kuma mai watsa shirye-shirye, mazauniyar Birtaniya. Ita ce ƙarama kuma bakar mace ta farko mai buga littafi a cikin shekarun 1960 ta yi aiki tare da Clive Allison (1944-2011) gidan wallafe-wallafen London da ke Allison da Busby (A B). Ta yi rubutun tarihin Daughters of Africa (1992), da kuma New Daughters of Africa na shekarar 2019. Ita ce ta karɓi kyautar Benson daga Royal Society of Literature. A shekarar 2020 an zabe ta daya daga cikin "100 Great Black Britons".
Ilimi da farkon shekarun Margaret Yvonne Busby an haife ta a 1944, a Accra, Gold Coast (Ghana ta yanzu), ga Dr George Busby da Mrs Sarah Busby (née Christian), waɗanda dukkansu suna da alaƙa da dangi zuwa Caribbean, musamman zuwa Trinidad, Barbados da Dominica. Dr Busby (1899-1980) aboki ne na tsawon rai na mai ba da shawara Kwame Nkrumah George Padmore kuma ya halarci makaranta tare da C. L. R. James a Kwalejin Queen's Royal, inda ya lashe Sikolashif na Island, wanda ya ba shi damar zuwa Burtaniya a 1919 don yin karatun likita. Bayan kammala karatun farko a Jami'ar Edinburgh, ya koma Kwalejin Jami'a, Dublin, don kammala karatun digirinsa na likita, sannan ya yi aiki a matsayin likita a Walthamstow, Gabashin London, kafin ya koma ya zauna a Gold Coast a 1929. Ta hanyar mahaifiyarta, ita 'yar uwan wakilin BBC ce Moira Stuart, kuma kakanta shi ne George James Christian (1869-1940), wakili a Taron Farko na Afirka a London a 1900, wanda ya yi ƙaura zuwa Gold Coast a 1902.
Iyayenta sun tura yaransu uku don suyi karatu a Ingila lokacin da Busby take shekara biyar. Ita da 'yar uwarta sun fara zuwa wata makaranta a gundumar Lake tare da Makarantar Charters Towers, makarantar kwana ta 'yan mata ta duniya a Bexhill-on-Sea. Bayan wucewa ta matakan O a can tana da shekaru 14, Busby ta bar makaranta a 15, ta koma Ghana ta ɗauki matakan A a 16, sannan ta yi shekara ɗaya a wata kwaleji a Cambridge don kar ta fara jami'a ma ƙarami. Tun tana dan shekara 17 ta karanci Turanci a Kwalejin Bedford (daga baya aka hade ta da Royal Holloway College), Jami'ar London, inda ta shirya mujallar adabin kwaleji tare da buga wakoki na kanta, sannan ta kammala tare da digiri na BA a cikin shekaru 20. Ta yi aure da mawakin jazz na Burtaniya kuma malami Lionel Grigson (1942-1994).
Bugawa Yayin da take jami'a ta sadu da takwararta ta kasuwanci nan gaba Clive Allison a wani biki a Bayswater Road, kuma sun yanke shawarar fara kamfanin buga littattafai. Bayan kammala karatun, Busby ta yi aiki a takaice a Cresset Press wani ɓangare na Kungiyar Barrie yayin kafa Allison da Busby (A B) wanda aka buga littattafansa na farko a shekarar 1967, ta zama mafi karancin mawallafin sannan kuma mace ta farko da ta wallafa littafin Afirka a Burtaniya nasarar da ta tantance ta ce: "Yana da sauƙin zama na farko, kowannenmu zai iya gwada wani abu kuma ya kasance mace ta farko ko mace ta farko ta Afirka da ta yi X, Y ko Z. Amma, idan abu ne mai mahimmanci ba kwa son zama shi kaɗai. ...Ina fatan zan iya, ta kowace hanya, in sa wani ya yi abin da na yi amma koya daga kurakurai na kuma yi kyau fiye da yadda na yi."
Ta kasance Daraktan Edita na Allison Busby na shekaru 20, wallafa marubuta da yawa sanannu ciki har da Sam Greenlee (marubucin The Spook Who Sat by the Door, labari na farko da A B ya buga, a shekarar 1969), C. L. R. James, Buchi Emecheta, Chester Himes, George Lamming, Roy Heath, Isma'ilu Reed, John Edgar Wideman, Nuruddin Farah, Rosa Guy, Val Wilmer, Colin MacInnes, H. Rap Brown, Julius Lester, Geoffrey Grigson, Edward Blishen, Dermot Healy, Adrian Mitchell, Matta Sweeney, Jill Murphy, Christine Qunta, Michael Horovitz, Alexandra Kollontai, Gordon Williams, Carlos Moore, Michèle Roberts, Molefe Pheto, Arthur Maimane, Maurice Nyagumbo, Giles Gordon, Claire Rayner, Clive Sinclair, Mineke Schipper, Chris Searle, Richard Stark, James Ellroy, Mafarauci S. Thompson, Margaret Thomson Davis, B. Traven, Alexis Lykiard, Tom Mallin, Labarin Jack Trevor, Michael Moorcock, Mervyn Peake, John Clute, Julian Savarin, Ralph de Boissière, Andrew Salkey, Harriet E. Wilson, da Miyamoto Musashi.
Daga baya Busby ta kasance editan edita na Earthscan (watsa lakabi da Han Suyin, Frantz Fanon, Albert Memmi, René Dumont, Carolina Maria de Jesus, da sauransu), kafin su fara aiki mai zaman kansa a matsayin edita, marubuci, kuma mai sukar lamiri.
Rubutu, gyarawa da watsa shirye-shirye A matsayin dan jarida, ta yi rubutu don The Guardian (akasarin littafin bita ko labarin masu fasaha da masu fafutuka ciki har da Jessica Huntley, Buzz Johnson, Jayne Cortez, Jan Carew, Rosa Guy, Gwendolyn Brooks, Yuni Jordan, Toni Cade Bambara, Florynce Kennedy, Barry Reckord, Frank Crichlow, Connie Mark, Glenn Thompson, Agusta Wilson, Pearl Connor-Mogotsi, Geraldine Connor, Binyavanga Wainaina da Bell hooks), The Observer, The Independent, The Sunday Times, The New Statesman, da sauran wurare, duka manyan jaridu da mujallu na musamman.
Daughters of Africa (1992) da New Daughters of Africa (2019) Busby ta tattara 'Ya'yan Daughters of Africa: An International Anthology of Words and Writings by Women of African Descent from the Ancient Egyptian to the Present (London: Cape, 1992), wanda Black Enterprise ya bayyana a matsayin "alamar ƙasa", wanda ya haɗa da gudummawa a cikin kewayon nau'ikan mata sama da 200. An sake yin nazari sosai akan wallafawa, yanzu ana nuna shi da ɗaukar aiki ta "matriarchs of the African literature. Sun fara yin rubutun 'Afirka', wanda ba kawai suna rubuta labarai game da danginsu ba, al'ummominsu da ƙasashe, har ma suna rubuta kansu cikin tarihin adabin Afirka da tarihin Afirka. Sun nemi sarari ga mata masu bayar da labarai a rubuce, kuma a wata ma'ana sun sake daukar matsayin mace a matsayin mahalicci kuma mai daukar labarun al'ummomin Afirka da yawa, idan aka yi la’akari da cewa zaman bayar da labarun gargajiya na yanki ne na mata."
Busby ta shirya wani sabon shiri na 2019 mai taken New Daughters of Africa: An International Anthology of Writing by Women of African Descent (wanda aka buga a Myriad Editions a Burtaniya), wanda ya nuna wasu marubutan 200-da daga ƙasashen waje na Afirka. Wani mai sharhi a cikin The Irish Times yayi sharhi: "Wani lokaci kuna buƙatar anthology don tunatar da ku game da iri-iri, ƙarfi da ƙima na rubuce-rubuce tsakanin wani yanki ko gungun mutane. New Daughters of Africa na da mahimmanci saboda muryoyin Afirka sun katse ko raguwa cikin tarihi, kuma muryoyin mata sun fi haka."
An haɗa shi da anthology na 2019, mai gabatar da sanarwar "Margaret Busby New Daughters of Africa Award", tare da haɗin gwiwar SOAS, Jami'ar London, waɗanda za su amfana da ɗalibin mace mace ta Afirka, ta rufe kuɗin koyarwa da masauki a Studentsan Daliban Internationalasa na Duniya, London. Wanda ya fara karbar kyautar, dalibar Kenya Idza Luhumyo, ta fara karatun ta ne a kaka 2020.
Sauran aikin littafin Busby ta ba da gudummawa ga littattafai ciki har da Colours of a New Day: Writing for South Africa (eds Sarah LeFanu da Stephen Hayward, 1990), Mothers: Reflections by Daughters (ed. Joanna Goldsworthy, 1995), IC3: The Penguin Book of New Black Writing in Britain (eds Kadija Sesay da Courttia Newland, 2000), Why 2K? Anthology for a New Era (2000), The Legacy of Efua Sutherland (2007), Essays in Honour of Ama Ata Aidoo at 70 (2012), 99 words (ed. Liz Gray, 2011), Black British Perspectives: A Series of Conversations on Black Art Forms (ed. Kadija Sesay, 2011), If I Could Tell You Just One Thing...: Encounters with Remarkable People and Their Most Valuable Advice (ta Richard Reed, 2016), Slay in Your Lane: The Black Girl Bible (ta Elizabeth Uviebinené da Yomi Adegoke, 2018), da The Artist in Time na Chris Fite-Wassilak (Yuli 2020).
A cikin 2014, Busby ta yi rubutu tare da Ishmahil Carnival: A Photographic and Testimonial History of the Notting Hill Carnival. Daga cikin wasu littattafan da ta rubuta gabatarwar ko kalmomin gaba sune Penguin Modern Classics bugu na A Question of Power ta Bessie Head, Emerging Perspectives on Buchi Emecheta (ed. Marie Umeh, 1996), Beyond Words: South African Poetics (tare da Keorapetse Kgositsile, Don Mattera, Lebo Mashile da Phillippa Yaa de Villiers, 2009), da To Sweeten Bitter (2017) ta Raymond Antrobus. Tare da Darcus Howe, Busby ta sake shirya C.L.R. James's 80th Birthday Lectures (Race Yau Publications, 1984), kuma ita ce edita tare da Beverley Mason FRSA na No Colour Bar: Black British Art in Action 1960–1990, wani littafin 2018 wanda ya fito daga nunin 2015-16 No Colour Bar da aka gudanar a Guildhall Art Gallery.
Busby ta kasance fitacciyar ɗan takara a babban nunin Get Up, Stand Up Now: Generations of Black Creative Pioneers na 2019 a Somerset House, kuma ta ba da gudummawar gabatarwar muƙalar ga kasida, da kuma shiga cikin abubuwan da suka faru a can.
Watsa shirye-shirye da wasan kwaikwayo Busby ta yi aiki a kai a kai don rediyo da talabijin tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1960, lokacin da ta gabatar da shirin mujallar London Line don Babban Ofishin Bayanai, kazalika da Break For Women akan BBC African Service, daga baya kuma Talking Africa akan Rediyon Spectrum, ban da bayyana a kan shirye-shirye da dama ciki har da Kaleidoscope, Front Row, Open Book, Woman's Hour, da Democracy Now! (Amurka).
Abubuwan da ta kunsa da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na Rediyon BBC sun hada da littattafan C. L. R. James, Jean Rhys, Wole Soyinka, Timothy Mo, Sam Selvon, Walter Mosley, Henry Louis Gates, Lawrence Scott da Simi Bedford. Wasan Busby wanda ya danganta da littafi Minty Alley na C. L. R. James, wanda Pam Fraser Solomon ya kirkira, an fara watsa shi ne a Rediyon BBC 4 a 1998, inda ya lashe Hukumar Racaukaka Racabi'a "Race a cikin Media Award" (RIMA) a 1999. Hakanan ta kasance wani ɓangare na Penumbra Productions, kamfani mai zaman kanta, tare da sauran membobin da suka haɗa da Horace Ové, H. O. Nazarat, Farrukh Dhondy, Mustapha Matura, Michael Abbensetts da Lindsay Barrett, daga cikin ayyukan su jerin fina-finai ne da suka danganci laccoci da C. L. R. James a cikin 1980s.
Rubutun da ta yi don matakin ya hada da Sankofa (1999), Yaa Asantewaa Warrior Queen (UK/Ghana, 2001-02), Geraldine Connor, da kuma An African Cargo (Greenwich Theater, 2007) wanda Felix Cross ya jagoranta. Ta kuma kasance mai son kida.
A cikin 2014, bayan mutuwar Maya Angelou, Busby ta rubuta wata babbar kyauta mai taken Maya Angelou: A Celebration, wanda ya faru a ranar 5 ga Oktoba a zauren Royal Festival yayin bikin Lissafin Lissafi na London; Paulette Randall ta jagorance shi, kuma Jon Snow da Moira Stuart suka shugabanta, bikin ya nuna gudummawa daga masu zane ciki har da Adjoa Andoh, Mala'ika Coulby, Chiwetel Ejiofor, Nicola Hughes, Ella Odedina, NITROvox, Roderick Williams da Ayanna Witter-Johnson.
A cikin Yuni 2021, Busby ta fito a kan Desert Island Discs na BBC Radio 4.
Girmamawa da kyaututtuka 1970: Kyautar Society of Young Publishers. 1977: An nuna a nunin Mayotte Magnus Mata, Hotunan manyan matan Biritaniya, a Gidan Hoto na Kasa na Landan, wanda aka sake bugawa a cikin 2018 a matsayin Illuminating Women.
1993: Kyautar Pandora daga Women in Publishing.
1998: Mai Girma Memba na Alpha Kappa Alpha (AKA) Yankin Duniya.
1999: Race a cikin Kyautar Mai jarida don wasan rediyo Minty Alley.
1999: Girman gargajiya na Ghana kamar Nana Akua Ackon, Cape Coast.
2004: Daraja digiri na Jami'a Open don Sabis ga Fasaha da Kimiyya.
2004: An nuna shi a cikin hoton "Babban Rana a Landan" a ɗakin karatu na Burtaniya tsakanin marubuta 50 baƙi da Asiya waɗanda suka ba da babbar gudummawa ga adabin Burtaniya.
2006 Jami'in Tsarin Mulkin Biritaniya, don hidima ga adabi da bugawa.
2011: Fellowship Honorary, Sarauniya Mary, Jami'ar London. 2015: Kyautar Henry Swanzy don Sabis na Musamman ga Harafin Caribbean, NGC Bocas Lit Fest, Trinidad. 2015: Kyautar karramawar Gadon Afirka ta Burtaniya daga Gidan Amau. 2015: Memba na Daraja na PAWA (Ƙungiyar Marubuta ta Pan African) Kyauta, Ghana. 2017: Zaɓaɓɓen Abokin Daraja na Royal Society of Literature. 2017: An ba da lambar yabo ta Benson ta Royal Society of Literature don nasarar rayuwa. 2017: Taron Jami'ar Goldsmiths na London "Daughter of Africa: Celebrating Margaret Busby's 50 Years in Publishing and Beyond". 2018: An zaɓa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 150 na Jami'ar London "Jagorancin Mata" don bikin shekaru 150 na manyan makarantun mata a Birtaniya.
2019: Naugural Africa ya rubuta lambar yabo ta Rayuwa ta Royal Society of the Royal African Society.
2019: Digiri na girmamawa daga SOAS, Jami'ar London.
2020: Digiri na girmamawa daga Royal Holloway, Jami'ar London. 2020: An zabe daya daga cikin "Bakar Birtaniyya 100".
2021: Kyautar Nasarar Rayuwa ta Littafin London.
2021 :Kwamandan Tsarin Mulkin Burtaniya.
Manazarta Rayayyun |
29896 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambaliyar%20kogin%20nilu | Ambaliyar kogin nilu | Ambaliyar kogin Nilu ya kasance muhimmin zagayowar yanayi a ƙasar Masar tun a zamanin da Masarawa suna bikin ne a matsayin hutu na shekara-shekara na makonni biyu daga kimanin 15 ga Agusta, wanda aka fi sani da Wafaa El-Nil Hakanan ana yin bikin a cikin Cocin 'yan Koftik ta hanyar biki ta jefar da shahidi a cikin kogin, don haka sunan, Shahidai Coptic Masarawa na dā sun gaskata cewa kogin Nilu yana ambaliya kowace shekara domin Isis ya yi hawaye na baƙin ciki ga mijinta da ya mutu, Osiris.
Zagayowar ambaliya Ambaliyar kogin Nilu sakamakon damina ne na shekara tsakanin watan Mayu da Agusta wanda ya haifar da hazo mai yawa a kan tsaunukan Habasha wanda kolinsu ya kai tsayin mita kusan 4550 (14,928). ft). Mafi yawan wannan ruwan sama da kogin Nilu ne da kuma kogin Atbarah ya shiga cikin kogin Nilu, yayin da wani abin da ba shi da muhimmanci ya ratsa ta cikin kogin Sobat da farin Nilu zuwa cikin kogin Nilu. A cikin wannan ɗan gajeren lokaci, waɗannan kogunan suna ba da gudummawar kusan kashi casa'in cikin ɗari na ruwan kogin Nilu da mafi yawan ɗigon ruwa da yake ɗauka, amma bayan damina, suna raguwa zuwa ƙananan koguna.
Waɗannan abubuwan ba su sani ba ga Masarawa na d a waɗanda za su iya lura da tashi da faduwar ruwan Nilu kawai. Ambaliyar ta kasance kamar haka, kodayake ana iya yin hasashen ainihin kwanakinsa da matakansa na ɗan gajeren lokaci ta hanyar watsa karatun ma'auni a Aswan zuwa ƙananan sassan masarautar inda dole ne a canza bayanan zuwa yanayin gida. Abin da ba a iya hangowa ba, ba shakka, shi ne girman ambaliya da fitar da shi gabaɗaya.
An raba shekarar Masar zuwa yanayi uku na Akhet (Inundation), Peret (Growth), da Shemu (Girbi). Akhet ya rufe zagayowar ambaliya ta Masar. Wannan zagayowar ya yi daidai da yadda Masarawa suka fara yin amfani da tashin hankali na Sirius, babban taron da aka yi amfani da shi don a saita kalandarsu Ana iya ganin alamun farko na hawan kogin a farkon cataracts na kogin Nilu (a Aswan) a farkon farkon watan Yuni, kuma ana ci gaba da karuwa har zuwa tsakiyar watan Yuli, lokacin da karuwar ruwa. ya zama mai girma sosai. Kogin Nilu ya ci gaba da hauhawa har zuwa farkon watan Satumba, lokacin da matakin ya tsaya tsayin daka na kusan makonni uku, wani lokacin kadan kadan. A cikin Oktoba sau da yawa ya sake tashi, haka kuma ya kai matsayi mafi girma. Tun daga wannan lokacin ya fara raguwa, kuma yawanci yana nutsewa har zuwa watan Yuni lokacin da ya kai mafi ƙasƙanci, kuma. Ambaliyar ruwa ta isa Aswan kusan mako guda kafin Alkahira, da Luxor kwanaki biyar zuwa shida kafin Alkahira. Matsakaicin tsayin ambaliya shine ƙafa 45 (mita 13.7) a Aswan, ƙafa 38 (mita 11.6) a Luxor (da Thebes) da ƙafa 25 (mita 7.6) a Alkahira.
Noma
Basin ban ruwa Yayin da Masarawa na farko suka yi aiki a yankunan da ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye, kimanin kusan shekaru 7000 da suka wuce, sun fara haɓaka hanyar ban ruwa. An raba ƙasar noma zuwa manyan filayen da aka kewaye da madatsun ruwa da dykes tare da samar da magudanan ruwa da na fita. Ruwan ruwa ya cika kwandunan sannan kuma a rufe na tsawon kwanaki 45 don cike kasa da danshi sannan a bar simintin ya ajiye. Sa'an nan kuma an zubar da ruwan zuwa ƙananan filayen ko kuma a koma cikin Kogin Nilu. Nan da nan, aka fara shuka, kuma girbi ya biyo bayan wasu watanni uku ko huɗu. A lokacin rani bayan haka, noma ba zai yiwu ba. Don haka, duk amfanin gona dole ne ya dace da wannan tsari mai tsauri na ban ruwa da lokaci.
Idan aka yi ruwa kadan, kwanukan sama ba za su cika da ruwa ba wanda hakan na nufin yunwa. Idan ambaliya ta yi yawa, zai lalata wasu ƙauyuka, dykes da magudanar ruwa.
Hanyar ban ruwa basin ba ta cika ƙasƙan ƙasa da yawa ba, kuma ana samun ci gaba da haifuwarsu ta wurin ajiyar zuriyar da ake samu a shekara. Ciwon ruwa bai samu ba, tunda a lokacin rani, ruwan karkashin kasa yana kasa da kasa sosai, kuma duk wani sinadarin da zai iya taru sai ambaliya ta gaba ta wanke ta.
An yi kiyasin cewa ta wannan hanyar, a ƙasar Masar ta dā, za a iya ciyar da kusan mutane miliyan kimanin 2 har zuwa aƙalla miliyan 12. A ƙarshen Late Antiquity, hanyoyin da abubuwan more rayuwa sun lalace sannu a hankali, kuma yawan jama'a ya ragu daidai da haka; zuwa 1800, Masar tana da yawan jama'a kusan miliyan 2.5.
Perennial ban ruwa Muhammad Ali Pasha, Khedive na Masar a shekarun (r. 1805-1848), yayi ƙoƙari ya zamanantar da sassa daban-daban na Masar. Ya yi yunƙurin faɗaɗa ƙasar noma da samun ƙarin kuɗin shiga ta hanyar gabatar da noman auduga, amfanin gona mai tsayin lokacin girma kuma yana buƙatar isasshen ruwa a kowane lokaci. Don haka, an gina magudanar ruwa na Delta da kuma faffadan tsarin sabbin magudanan ruwa, tare da canza tsarin ban ruwa daga noman rani na gargajiya zuwa noman rani na shekara ta yadda za a iya yin ban ruwa a duk shekara. Ta haka, ana iya girbe amfanin gona da yawa sau biyu ko ma sau uku a shekara kuma amfanin noma ya karu sosai. A cikin shekarata 1873, Isma'il Pasha ya ba da umarnin gina magudanar ruwa na Ibrahimiya, wanda hakan ya ba da damar ban ruwa na shekara-shekara.
Ƙarshen ambaliya Ko da yake Birtaniyya, a lokacin farkon lokacin su a Masar, sun inganta da kuma tsawaita wannan tsarin, ba su iya adana ruwa mai yawa ba kuma su ci gaba da kiyaye ambaliyar ruwa na shekara-shekara. Domin kara inganta ban ruwa, Sir William Willcocks, a matsayinsa na babban darekta na reservoirs na Masar, ya tsara da kuma kula da aikin gina madatsar ruwa ta Aswan Low Dam, tafki na gaskiya na farko, da kuma Assiut Barrage, dukansu sun kammala a shekarata 1902. Duk da haka, har yanzu ba su iya riƙe isasshen ruwa don jure wa bushewar bazara ba, duk da cewa an tayar da Aswan Low Dam sau biyu, a cikin shekarun 1907-1912 da 1929-1933.
A cikin shekarun 1920, an gina madatsar ruwa ta Sennar akan kogin Blue Nile a matsayin tafki domin samar da ruwa ga babban tsarin Gezira akai-akai. Ita ce madatsar ruwa ta farko a kan kogin Nilu don riƙe da ruwa mai yawa (da kuma karkatar da adadi mai yawa a cikin magudanan ruwa) kuma duk da buɗe ƙofofin sluice yayin ambaliya don zubar da ruwa, ana ɗaukar tafki. ya yi asarar kusan kashi uku na karfin ajiyarsa. A cikin shekarata 1966, an ƙara Dam ɗin Roseires ban ruwa da Tsarin Gezira. An kammala gina madatsar ruwa ta Jebel Aulia da ke gabar kogin White Nile a kudancin birnin Khartoum a shekara ta 1937 domin a biya diyya ga kananan ruwan kogin Blue Nile a lokacin sanyi, amma har yanzu ba a samu nasarar shawo kan lokacin karancin ruwa a kogin Nilu ba, don haka kauce wa fari lokaci-lokaci., wanda ya addabi Masar tun zamanin da.
Domin shawo kan wadannan matsalolin, Harold Edwin Hurst, wani masanin ruwa dan kasar Birtaniya a Hukumar Ayyukan Jama'a ta Masar daga shekarar 1906 har zuwa shekaru da yawa bayan shekarun ritayarsa, ya yi nazari kan sauyin yanayin ruwa a cikin kogin Nilu, kuma tuni a cikin 1946 ya gabatar da wani cikakken shiri na yadda za a iya samun “ajiya na ƙarni” don jure yanayin rani na musamman da ke faruwa a ƙididdiga sau ɗaya cikin shekaru ɗari. Jihohin da abin ya shafa sun yi adawa da ra'ayinsa na ƙarin tafkunan tafkunan Victoria, tafkin Albert da tafkin Tana da kuma rage ƙawancewar ruwa a cikin Sudd ta hanyar tona magudanar ruwa ta Jonglei A ƙarshe, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Shugaban Masar daga shekarar 1956 zuwa 1970, ya zaɓi ra'ayin Babban Dam na Aswan a Aswan a Masar maimakon yin hulɗa da ƙasashen waje da yawa. An ƙididdige girman da ake buƙata na tafki ta amfani da alkalumman Hurst da hanyoyin lissafi A cikin shekarata 1970, tare da kammala Babban Dam na Aswan wanda ya sami damar adana mafi girman ambaliya, zagayowar ambaliya na shekara-shekara a Masar ya ƙare a tafkin Nasser Al'ummar Masar sun haura miliyan 92.5 (kimanin 2016).
Duba wasu abubuwan Nilometer
Ayyukan Jama'a na Masar
Aswan Dam #Makarantar Ruwa
Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Masar
Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa a Masar ta zamani
Cibiyar Nazarin Ruwa ta Kasa (Misira)
ambato
Littafi Mai Tsarki William Willcocks, James Ireland Craig: Masarawa Ban ruwa. Juzu'i na I Ban ruwa na Masar. Juzu'i na II. Bugu na 3. Spon, London/New York, 1913.
Greg Shapland: Kogin Rikici: Rikicin Ruwa na Duniya a Gabas ta Tsakiya. C. Hurst Co., London 1997, shafi. 57. samfoti akan littattafan Google John V. Sutcliffe, Yvonne P. Parks: Ruwan Ruwa na Nilu. Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya na Kimiyyar Ruwa, Wallingford 1999, shafi. 151. PDF Archived).
Manazarta Kogi
Ambaliya
Ruwa
Nilu
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
29976 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%B3ancin%20yawo | Ƴancin yawo | 'Yancin yawo, ko yancin kowane mutum haƙƙin jama'a ne na jama'a don samun damar wasu filaye na jama'a ko na masu zaman kansu, tabkuna, da kuma rafuka don nishaɗi da motsa jiki Dama wani lokaci ana kiransa haƙƙin damar jama'a zuwa jeji ko haƙƙin yawo A cikin Scotland, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Estonia, Latvia, Austria, Czech Republic da Switzerland,ƴancin yawo na ɗaukar nauyin haƙƙin jama'a gaba ɗaya wanda a wasu lokuta doka ke tsara su. Samun damar dadadden abu ne a sassan Arewacin Turai kuma an ɗauke shi a matsayin mai wadataccen asali wanda ba a sanya shi cikin doka ba har zuwa zamani. Koyaya, haƙƙin galibi baya haɗawa da duk wani amfani na tattalin arziƙi, kamar farauta ko sare-sare, ko ayyukan ɓarna, kamar yin gobara da tuka motocin da ke kan hanya.
A cikin Ingila da Wales haƙƙin samun damar jama'a ya shafi wasu nau'ikan galibi ƙasar da ba a noma ta ba.
Turai
Nasashen Nordic Abubuwan tarihi na dā suna ba da shaidar ƴanci yawo a cikin ƙasashen Turai da yawa, suna nuna cewa irin wannan ƴanci ya kasance al'ada ta gama gari. A yau, haƙƙin yawo ya wanzu ta wataƙila mafi kyawun tsaransa a Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Norway da Sweden. Anan an sami dama ta hanyar aiki a cikin daruruwan shekaru kuma ba a san lokacin da ya canza daga kawai 'al'adar gama gari' ta zama 'yancin da aka sani ba.
A yau waɗannan haƙƙoƙin suna tallafawa damar yin nishaɗin waje a yawancin ƙasashen Nordic, suna ba da damar yin tafiya a ƙetaren ko zango a ƙasar wani (misali a Sweden na dare ɗaya ko biyu), yin kwalekwale a kan ruwan wani, da tsinkar furannin daji, namomin kaza da 'ya'yan itace Koyaya, tare da waɗannan haƙƙoƙin akwai nauyi; ma'ana, wajibi ba cutarwa, ta da hankali, zubar da shara ba, ko lalata dabbobi ko albarkatun gona.
Hakkokin samun dama galibi don tafiya a kafa. Hakkokin kifi, farauta ko ɗaukar kowane samfuri galibi ana tilasta shi ta wasu al'adu ko dokoki. Ginin wuta galibi an hana shi (kodayake a Sweden da Norway ana barin wuta tare da kiyaye kariya ta dace). Yin amo yana da karfin gwiwa. A wasu ƙasashe, an tanadar sanya tanti a cikin daji na dare ɗaya, amma ba amfani da ayari ba Samun damar bai kai ga gina ko bunƙasar ƙasa ba (kamar gidaje, lambuna kuma ba lallai ba ne ya haɗa da cinikin ƙasar da kasuwanci. Misali, masu aikin diban 'ya'yan itacen berry na iya halatta sai da izinin mai gida.
Akwai wasu manyan bambance-bambance a cikin dokokin ƙasashe daban-daban. A Denmark, akwai ƴancin yawo a cikin ƙasar mallakar keɓaɓɓu. Duk dunes da rairayin bakin teku da duk gandun daji mallakar jama'a suna buɗe don yawo. Wuraren da ba a horar da su ba, wuraren da ba a katange su a bude suke don yawo ba tare da la'akari da matsayin mallakar su ba. Keɓaɓɓen mallaki yana da damar ta hanyoyi da waƙoƙi kawai.
Kasar Finland yawo da haƙƙoƙin da suka danganci "jokamiehenoikeus cikin Finnish da allemansrätten a cikin Yaren mutanen Sweden (lit." hakkin kowane mutum kwatankwacin sauran ƙasashen Nordic. Kowane mutum na iya tafiya, ya hau kan kanshi, ya hau doki ko ya hau kansa ba tare da yardar kaina ba a cikin karkara inda wannan ba zai cutar da mahalli ko maigidan ba, sai dai a lambuna ko kusa da gidajen mutane (yadi) Filin gona da gonaki, waɗanda ƙila za a cutar da su, ƙila ba za a ƙetare su ba sai a lokacin hunturu. Zai yiwu kuma a kafa hanyoyin shakatawa ta waje a ƙasa mai zaman kanta, bisa yarjejeniya kan haƙƙin amfani ko ta hanyar aikace-aikacen hukuma bisa ga Dokar Nishaɗin Waje, misali. Mutum na iya tsayawa ko kafa sansani na ɗan lokaci a ƙauye, tazara mai nisa daga gidaje, ɗauki samfuran ma'adinai, 'ya'yan itace na daji, namomin kaza da furanni (muddin ba su da kariya daga jinsunan). Mutum na iya kamun kifi da sanda da layi (kawai ruwa ne kawai), jere, tafiya ko amfani da kwale-kwale a kan hanyoyin ruwa (tare da wasu takurai), da iyo ko wanka a cikin ruwan da ke cikin teku da teku. Mutum na iya tafiya, yawo da kifin kankara a kan daskararren tabkuna, koguna da teku. Kuɗi daga sayar da tsince 'ya'yan itace ko namomin kaza ba shi da haraji. Beaukar girkin girgije na iya zama an taƙaita shi na ɗan lokaci ga mazauna yankin a cikin sassan Lapland A lardin Åland mai cin gashin kansa an yi ta takaddama kan shigar da sansani a cikin haƙƙin yawo, amma tun daga 2013 wannan ba batun bane. Mutum ba zai damu wasu ko lalata dukiya, damun tsuntsaye masu kiwo (ko sheƙarsu ko samari), ko damun mai ba da horo ko dabbobin farauta. Mutum ba zai iya sare ko lalata itacen da ke raye ba, ko tara itace, gansakuka ko lasisin akan dukiyar wasu mutane, kuma ba zai iya kunna wuta ba tare da izinin maigidan ba (sai dai a cikin gaggawa). Abin karɓa ne, kodayake, don amfani da abin ƙona barasa, murhun katako ko irin wannan na'urar da ba ta da 7 zafi da ke taɓa ƙasa. Mutum ba zai iya dagula sirrin gidajen mutane ba ta hanyar yin sansani kusa da su ko yin surutu da yawa, ko yawan shara, ko tuka motocin a kan hanya ba tare da izinin mai gida ba, ko kifi (ban da angling) ko farauta ba tare da izinin da ya dace ba. Idan hawan dawakai ya haifar da ƙananan matsala ko damuwa, dole ne a yi yarjejeniya don amfani da hanya ta dogon lokaci tare da mai ƙasa. Hakanan za'a iya ɗaukar doki don yin iyo a jikin ruwa ba tare da izinin mai yankin ba (ban da rairayin bakin teku na jama'a).
Hakki tabbatacce hakki ne a game da cewa gwamnati ce kawai aka yarda ta takaita shi kamar yadda yake a yanayin tsauraran yanayi Koyaya, ainihin ma'anar ya kasance galibi ba a tantance shi ba kuma ya dogara da ƙa'idar nulla poena sine lege (abin da ba doka ba ba za a hukunta shi ba).
Norway Kowa a ƙasar Norway yana da ƴancin samun, da wucewa ta ƙasar da ba ta noma ba a ƙauyuka. The dama ne da wani tsohon consuetudinary dokar da ake kira allemannsrett (lit. da everyman ta dama), cewa aka codified a shekarar 1957 tare da aiwatar da waje hutu dokar. Ya dogara ne da girmamawa ga ƙauyuka, kuma ana tsammanin duk baƙi za su nuna kulawa ga manoma da masu mallakar ƙasa, sauran masu amfani da muhalli. A kasar Norway sharuddan utmark da innmark raba yankuna inda hakkin yawo yake da inganci utmark, a zahiri wani abu kamar "ƙasa a waje da iyakoki" (Filin Fita) da kuma inda ba shi da inganci ko ƙuntatawa innmark ƙasar a ciki [kan iyakoki] [A cikin filin] Doka ta fayyace alamar alamar sosai, kuma duk wuraren da wannan ma'anar ba ta bayyana su a matsayin masu amfani da su ba, galibi suna magana ne kan wuraren da ba za a zauna da su ba. Asa mai nome kawai za a ƙetare shi lokacin daskarewa da rufe dusar ƙanƙara.
Akwai wasu ka'idoji na yau da kullun waɗanda dole ne a bi yayin yin zango a ƙasar Norway:
An yarda mutane su yi zango a ƙalla mita 150 daga gidan da ke kusa ko kuma gida.
Campfires Ba a yarda a cikin gandun daji yankunan tsakanin 15 Afrilu zuwa 15 Satumba, sai dai shi a fili ba zai iya kai wa ga wata wuta. An ba masu yawon bude ido damar zama a wuri ɗaya don kwana ɗaya kawai. Bayan wannan, ya zama dole musamman don neman izini daga maigidan. Wannan dokar ta keɓe duwatsu da wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa.
A shekarun baya dama ya shiga matsi musamman a kusa da Oslo Fjord da kuma cikin sanannun yankuna na Kudancin Norway. Waɗannan yankuna shahararrun shafuka ne don gidajen hutu kuma yawancin masu mallakar yankin bakin teku suna son hana jama'a damar mallakar kadarorinsu. A matsayinka na ƙa'ida, an hana ginawa da raba dukiya a yanki mai mita 100 mafi kusa da teku, amma ƙananan hukumomi a yankuna da yawa sun yi amfani da libeancinsu don ba da izini daga wannan dokar. Koyaya, koda an ba mai ƙasa izinin yin gini kusa da gabar, ƙila ba zai hana mutane yin tafiya a gefen gabar ba. Ba a ba da izinin shinge da sauran shingayen don hana jama'a damar shiga ba (amma duk da haka wasu lokuta ana kafa su, wanda ke haifar da tara mai yawa).
An yarda da jirgin ruwa, kayak, kwale-kwale da tafiya cikin koguna, tabkuna, da kuma teku. Ana ba da izinin ba da izinin jirgi a cikin ruwan gishiri kawai.
Hakkokin farauta na mai ƙasa ne, don haka ba a haɗa farauta a cikin haƙƙin samun dama ba. A cikin yankuna masu ruwa irin su koguna da tafkuna, haƙƙin kamun kifi na mai mallakar ƙasa. Ba za a iya gudanar da kamun kifin a cikin ruwa ba sai da izinin maigidan da kuma waɗanda ke da lasisin kamun kifi. Dokoki daban-daban sun shafi yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 16. Yaran da ba su kai shekara 16 ba suna da 'yancin yin kamun kifi ba tare da lasisi ba, haƙƙin da aka tsara a 1992. An gwada wannan haƙƙin kuma an tabbatar da shi a cikin hukuncin da Kotun Supremeoli ta ƙasar Norway ta yanke a shekara ta 2004.
A cikin yankunan ruwan gishiri akwai damar samun kifin wasanni ta hanyar amfani da jiragen ruwa ko daga bakin gabar teku. Duk masunta na karkashin doka ne, tare da sauran abubuwa, kare bambancin halittu, kuma wannan dokar ta tanadi dokoki game da amfani da kaya, yanayi, jaka ko girman iyawa da sauransu.
Sweden A Sweden (lit. hakkin kowane mutum shine 'yanci wanda Tsarin Mulkin Sweden ya bashi. Tun 1994 kayan aikin Gwamnati suka ce ba tare da haƙƙin mallakan dukiya ba "kowa zai sami damar mallakar yanayi daidai da £allemansrätten Abin da wannan ke nufi ba a kara bayyanarsa a cikin kundin tsarin mulki ba, kuma ba shi da yawa a wasu dokokin. A aikace, an bayyana allemansrätten a matsayin ayyuka waɗanda ba laifi ba ne, ba zai sa mutum ya biya diyya ba, kuma wata hukuma ba za ta iya hana shi ba. Kamar yadda yake a cikin wasu ƙasashe na Arewacin Turai, Swedishancin Yaren mutanen Sweden na yawo ya zo tare da girmamawa daidai wa daida da aka ɗora wa alhakin kula da ƙauye; mahimmin shine "kar a dame shi, kar a halakar". Yawancin mutanen Sweden suna ɗaukar wannan a matsayin wani nau'i na gado ko haƙƙin ɗan adam.
Allemansrätten ya ba mutum haƙƙin shiga, tafiya, kewaya, hawa, hawa, da kuma yin sansani a kowace ƙasa-ban da lambunan lambuna masu zaman kansu, kusancin gidan zama da filayen da ake nomawa. Ana amfani da ƙuntatawa don ajiyar yanayi da sauran wuraren kariya. Hakanan yana ba da haƙƙin karɓar furannin daji, namomin kaza da 'ya'yan itace (muddin ba su da kariya ta doka), amma ba farauta ta kowace hanya ba. An ba da izinin yin iyo a kowane tafki da ɗora jirgin ruwa a kan kowane ruwa sai dai a bayyane an hana shi. An ba da izinin ziyartar rairayin bakin teku da tafiya ta gabar teku, tare da bayar da shi ba wani yanki na lambu ba ko kuma kusancin wurin zama (wanda doka ta bayyana a matsayin hemfridszon Girman hemfridszon ya dogara da yanayi amma yana iya zama girman mita 70 daga gidan zama na yau da kullun. Don kare kariya ga ruwa da haƙƙin tafiya tare da rairayin bakin teku, tun 1975 ba'a yarda a gina sabon gida kusa (gaba ɗaya mita 100) daga rairayin bakin teku da ko bakin teku ba. Kamun kifi ya kasance mai zaman kansa ne sosai baya ga kan manyan tafkuna biyar da bakin Tekun Baltic, da Sauti, da Kattegat da kuma Skagerrak An ba shi izinin tuki mota a kan keɓaɓɓen hanya sai dai in an fito da bayyane sabanin haka. Kananan gobara an yarda da su gabaɗaya, amma a wasu lokutan ƙananan hukumomi sun hana su saboda haɗarin gobara. An ba da izinin sanya alfarwa a kan duk ƙasar da ba a shuka ba kwana ɗaya ko biyu. An sami wani rikici game da amfani da kasuwanci na haƙƙin karɓar Berry, lokacin da kamfanoni bisa doka suka ba mutane kwangilar karɓar 'ya'yan itace a cikin dazuzzuka. Ginin wuta galibi an yarda dashi banda fuskoki mara dutse inda zai haifar da fatattaka. Ƙananan hukumomi na iya fitar da takunkumin wuta a lokacin bushewa.
Yin amfani da haƙƙoƙin yana ƙarƙashin kulawar Hukumomin Gudanarwa na Gundumar -waɗanda a misali, za su iya tilasta cire shinge idan hakan ya toshe hanyoyin shiga yankunan da ke da mahimmanci ga allemansrätt Iceland Kamar sauran ƙasashen Nordic dokar Icelandic ta ƙunshi nau'ikan 'yanci na yawo, haƙƙin samun damar ƙasar da ba a noma ba, zango a can, tsince' ya'yan itace, kuma a wasu watanni ma a kunna wuta. "Ya halatta a tsallaka keɓaɓɓun abubuwa ba tare da neman izini na musamman ba, amma masu mallakar filaye na iya iyakance hanyoyi da alamomi ko wasu alamomi. Landasar mallakar ƙasa kamar wuraren kiyayewa da yankunan gandun daji a buɗe suke ga kowa tare da 'yan kaɗan. Wadannan ware hada da amma ba su iyakance zuwa damar a lokacin da kiwon waddan yanayi ko a lokacin m girma lokaci Ya kamata masu yawon bude ido, "su guji daukar gajerun hanyoyi a wuraren masu shinge, wuraren kiwo da filaye masu zaman kansu", kuma su bi dokoki a wuraren kiyayewa. Hakanan ya kamata a bi hanyoyin ƙafa, idan sun wanzu, don taimakawa kare yanayin ƙasa. Bugu da ƙari, "masu mallakar ƙasa ba za su iya hana wucewar masu tafiya a gefen koguna, tabkuna da teku, ko kan hanyoyi da hanyoyi ba Ana iya ƙuntata keke akan wasu hanyoyi. Dole ne dawakan dawakai su ci gaba da bin hanyoyin inda suke kuma a wasu wurare suna nuna "la'akari da ƙasar". Kamun kifi na buƙatar lasisi amma tattara "'ya'yan itace, namomin kaza, tsiren ruwan teku da sauran tsire-tsire don amfanin kai tsaye" an ba da izinin a "filayen jama'a da wuraren kiwo mai hawa".
Estonia A Estonia, an ba shi izinin isa ga shimfidar wurare na al'ada da na al'ada a ƙafa, ta keke, kankara, jirgin ruwa, ko a kan dawakai. Ana iya samun damar mallakar dukiyar mutane a kowane lokaci. Idan kadarorin masu zaman kansu sun kasance masu shinge ko sanya su akan wuce gona da iri, ana buƙatar izinin mai shi don ci gaba. Ana kuma buƙatar mai mallakar keɓaɓɓen ya sanya alamun da ke nuna mallakar ƙasar, da lambobin tuntuɓar, don guje wa batutuwan doka. Masu mallakar ƙasa ba za su iya toshe hanyar zuwa ƙasa, hanyoyi ko kuma ruwayen da suke na jama'a ko waɗanda aka keɓe don amfanin jama'a ba, gami da kankara da hanyoyin mota. Dukkanin ruwan da ke cikin jama'a ko kuma aka keɓe don amfanin jama'a suna da hanyoyin gabar teku waɗanda suka kai 4 m. Hanyar gabar teku tare da ruwa mai kewayawa na iya fadada zuwa tazarar 10 m na layin ruwa. Maigidan ba zai iya rufe wannan hanyar ba koda kuwa an sanya alamomi masu zaman kansu ko kuma sanya musu alama ba tare da keta doka ba. Yankunan kiwo da sauran wuraren da aka keɓe tare da hanyoyin gabar teku dole ne su kasance tsaka-tsalle. Ba a amfani da tafkunan da ba shi da wata hanya da ta keɓe gaba ɗaya a ƙasar mai ƙasa guda ɗaya da kuma tabkunan da ba su kai kadada biyar da ke filayen mallakar mai mallakar ƙasa fiye da ɗaya ba. Ana buƙatar izini daga mai ƙasa don samun damar shiga irin waɗannan ruwan. Hakanan jikin ruwa baya karewa azaman hanyoyin samun ruwan sha ko wanda kifin ke amfani dashi ko kuma ke cikin wani amfani na musamman yana da hanyar zuwa gaɓar teku. Dukkan hakkoki da nauyi game da hulɗar ɗan adam da ɗabi'a ana kiranta haƙƙin kowane mutum. Hakkin kowane mutum bai shafi shirya abubuwan wasanni ba ko wasu al'amuran jama'a a cikin bude kasa ba. Don tsara waɗannan, dole ne a nemi izinin masu ƙasa ko wasu masu mallakar ƙasa, kuma idan ya cancanta, na ƙaramar hukuma. An halatta mai zuwa a yanayi:
samun dama ga yankuna da kafa, a kan keke, a skis, jirgin ruwa ko na doki a duk wuraren da ba a hana su bisa dokan doka ba;
kasancewa a kowane yanki inda aka ba da izinin shiga;
tattara 'ya'yan itacen daji, namomin kaza, furanni, shuke-shuke masu magani, ƙanƙara da sauran kayan ƙirar ƙasa ba ƙarƙashin yanayin kariya ba;
Ruwan kamun kifi na jama'a waɗanda aka sanya su don jama'a ta amfani da layin hannu mai sauƙi.
An haramta masu zuwa:
samun damar kusancin farfajiyar mutum, gonakin gona, apiaries, shukar da aka shuka, gonar hatsi da sauran wuraren shuka inda mai shi ya jawo lalacewa;
kunna wuta da yada zango ba tare da izini daga mai filin ba ko mai shi;
farauta da kamun kifi ba tare da lasisi mai dacewa ba, sai dai layin hannu mai sauƙi;
cutar da bishiyoyi da daji;
hargitsa zaman lafiyar mazaunan yankin;
lalata lamuran gida da gidajen dabbobi da tsuntsayen daji, tarawa ko cire ƙwai, ko kuma cutar da su;
lalata abubuwa masu kariya na yanayi da nau'ikan kariya;
amfani da motocin hawa inda aka hana;
gurɓatar yanayi.
Belarus Mataki na 13 na Sashe na 1 na Tsarin Mulki na Belarus ya ba da tabbacin cewa duk gandun daji da gonar mallakar jama'a. Kashi arba'in na yankin ƙasar yana da dazuzzuka, kuma kusan adadin da aka keɓe ga aikin gona. Dangane da Dokar Daji (Mataki na 13)
Austria Haƙƙin yawo a cikin Austriya, musamman a cikin dazuzzuka da yankunan duwatsu, ana kiransa Wegefreiheit Tun daga 1975 haƙƙin yawo a cikin dazuzzuka ya tabbata da dokar Tarayya. Musamman, ana ba da izinin tafiya, gudu, yawo, da hutawa ta atomatik ga jama'a a yawancin yankuna daji. Koyaya, hawa doki, hawa keke, da kuma zango ba haka bane, kuma ana iya aiwatar dashi kawai tare da izinin mai ƙasa. Babban yanki na yankin gandun daji a Austriya mallakar hukumomin gwamnati ne kamar Hukumar Gandun daji ta amma har yanzu ana amfani da takunkumi iri ɗaya. A wasu yanayi ana iya rufe gandun daji ga jama'a saboda dalilan muhalli. Halin da ake ciki a yankunan tsaunuka ba shi da bayyananne, kuma ya bambanta daga jihar zuwa jiha. Wasu jihohi, irin su Carinthia, Styria, da Salzburg sun ba da tabbacin haƙƙin yawo a yankunan tsaunuka (galibi ana bayyana su sama da layin itace), don duk ayyukan nishaɗi. A wasu jihohin, kamar su Tyrol, Lower Austria, da Burgenland, babu bayyanannen haƙƙin yawo kuma masu mallakar ƙasa suna da haƙƙin hana izinin. A aikace, duk da haka, ba a cika aiwatar da waɗannan ƙuntatawa, tunda yawon buɗe ido tsaunuka muhimmin masana'antu ne a Ostiriya.
Jamhuriyar Czech Dokar kiyayewa ta Yanayi da Karkara, ta ba da izinin doka ta yawo a cikin kasa ("veřejná přístupnost krajiny", samun damar jama'a na karkara ko jeji ban da jakunkunan da mutum na halitta ya mallaka). Wasu nau'ikan filaye an keɓance daga damar jama'a ta tilas: zama da filayen gini, farfajiyoyi, lambuna, gonaki, gonakin inabi, lambunan hop, filayen da aka tsara don kiwon dabbobi. Ba a ware filaye da filayen noma a lokutan da ciyayi ko ƙasa za su lalace, ba a ware filayen makiyaya yayin kiwo. A cikin abubuwan kiyayewa na ƙasa, abubuwan tarihi na ƙasa, wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa da kuma a cikin yankuna na farko na yankunan da ke da kariya, sararin samaniya na iya ƙuntata damar jama'a (bisa ƙa'idodi kawai ga hanyoyi ko kuma kawai hanyoyin da aka yi alama). Ayyuka na musamman na iya ware wasu yankuna (misali yankunan soja, hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa da sauransu. Dangane da dokar gandun daji, ana iya samun gandun daji a bainar jama'a ("obecné užívání lesa", yawan amfani da dazuzzuka gami da masu zaman kansu) kuma 'yan ƙasa suna da haƙƙin doka na shiga dazuzzuka. Hakkin tattara dryan busassun sandunan da ke kwance a ƙasa da 'ya'yan itacen berry don wata manufa ta mutum kuma an ba shi tabbaci. Koyaya, ba da izinin hawa keke, hawa, shinge, hawan kankara da doki a kan hanyoyin daji kawai. An hana hawa abin hawa na jama'a (manyan hanyoyin da ke bi ta cikin daji ba a dauke su a matsayin sassan dajin saboda ba a dauke su a matsayin "kasar daji" a cikin ragistar kasa). Mai shi na iyakance amfani da gandun daji na yau da kullun a cikin gandun daji na soja, yankuna masu kariya, gandun daji na gandun daji, gonaki na gandun daji, wuraren shakatawa na dawa, kayan abinci da dai sauransu.
Dokar Hanya ta bayyana obecné užívání pozemních komunikací (amfani da hanyoyi na yau da kullun ana iya cire wasu hanyoyi), Dokar Ruwa ta bayyana "obecné užívání povrchových vod" (amfani da ruwan saman ƙasa).
Switzerland 'Yancin yawo an tabbatar da shi a Switzerland ta Dokar Civilasa ta Switzerland Koyaya, wasu yankuna suna da cikakkun ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodi game da haƙƙin isa ga in ba haka ba ba mutane masu izini ba.
Dokar ƙasar ta Switzerland ta tanadi cewa gandun daji da makiyaya suna da sauƙi don kowa, idan dai ba a yi amfani da shi da yawa ba. Sai dai a cikin lamura na musamman kamar kariyar ƙananan gandun daji ko biotopes ba a ba shi izinin shinge a yankunan daji. Wannan kuma ya shafi kadarori masu zaman kansu. Wasu ayyukan da suka danganci amfani da yawa da kuma yiwuwar haifar da lalacewa, kamar abubuwan da suka faru a cikin dazuzzuka, ko samun dama tare da motoci, na iya dogaro da izini na musamman. Ana amfani da irin waɗannan ƙa'idodin don ƙasar da ba za a iya amfani da ita ba (misali shimfidar ruwa, dutse, dusar ƙanƙara da kankara), ba tare da la'akari da ƙasar da ba ta mallaki ba (watau kasancewa ƙarƙashin ikon yankin kuma ba za a iya yin iƙirarin mallakarsa ba) mallakar sirri. Hakanan yankin na iya zaɓar don taƙaita freedomancin yawo don kare yanayi (misali tara naman kaza, 'ya'yan itace, itace, da dai sauransu a cikin dazuzzuka).
Jamus A cikin Jamus iyakance haƙƙin yawo, wanda ake kira Betretungsrecht, ana tabbatar da dokokin ƙasa da yawa. Dokar Kare Lafiyar Yanayi ta Tarayya, Dokar Gandun Dajin Tarayya da Dokar Gudanar da Ruwa ta Tarayya sun ba wa kowa damar bude shimfidar wuri, filayen da ba a noma su ba, dazuzzuka da sassan ruwa, gami da hawan keke da hawan doki a kan hanyoyi da hanyoyi. Za'a iya ƙara haɓaka haƙƙin ta hanyar dokar ƙasa.
Bavaria Kundin tsarin mulkin Bavaria ya tabbatar wa kowa "jin dadin kyawawan dabi'u da nishadi a waje, musamman damar isa gandun daji da ciyawar tsaunuka, da amfani da magudanan ruwa da tafkuna da kuma ware 'ya'yan itatuwa". Dama ana yi masa laƙabi da Schwammerlparagraph (sashin naman kaza). Har ila yau labarin ya wajabta "kowane mutum ya bi da yanayi da shimfidar wuri da hankali". "Jiha da kananan hukumomi za su kasance suna da haƙƙi da haƙƙin kiyaye damar zuwa tsaunuka, tabkuna, koguna da sauran kyawawan wurare masu kyau da kuma samar da damar kyauta ta hanyar taƙaita haƙƙin mallaka da kuma ƙirƙirar hanyoyin yawo da wuraren shakatawa".
Ƙasar Ingila A cikin Burtaniya, a wajen Scotland, an taƙaita damar yin amfani da filayen da ba a bayyana ba sosai da kuma ba a bayyana su ba kafin kafa dokar ƙauye da haƙƙin Way 2000 Samun damar zuwa ƙasa a Ingila da Wales har yanzu yana da iyakance fiye da yawancin Yammacin Turai, da wasu ƙasashen Turai, yayin da samun dama ke da iyaka a Arewacin Ireland. An riga an kare dukiya a Ingila da Wales galibi don adana maigidan mai farauta ko haƙƙin kamun kifi. Ramungiyar Ramblers, wacce ke aiki don haɓaka haƙƙin masu tafiya a Unitedasar Burtaniya, ita ce tushen motsa wannan doka.
Ingila da Wales A cikin Ingila da Wales, bayan mahawara ta rashin jituwa game da cancanta, haƙƙoƙi da fa'idodin masu mallakar filaye masu zaman kansu da hutu na jama'a, a cikin 2000 Gwamnati ta tsara doka don gabatar da iyakance haƙƙin yawo, ba tare da biyan diyya ga masu ƙasa ba. An aiwatar da dokar karkara da haƙƙin hanya ta 2000 (CROW) a hankali daga shekara ta 2000 zuwa gaba don ba wa jama'a haƙƙin yin tafiya a wasu yankuna na yankin Ingilishi da yankin Welsh: musamman a ƙasan, moorland, heathland da kuma yankin bakin teku. Ba a keɓe dazuzzuka da dazuzzuka, ban da gandun dajin mallakar jama'a, waɗanda ke da irin wannan haƙƙin samun dama ta hanyar sadaukar da kai da Hukumar Kula da Daji ta yi Landasasshen ƙasa, lambuna da wasu yankuna an keɓance su musamman daga damar samun dama. Ana iya samun damar ƙasar noma idan ta faɗi cikin ɗayan rukunin da aka bayyana a sama. Mutanen da ke amfani da damar samun dama suna da wasu ayyuka na girmama haƙƙin sauran mutane na kula da ƙasar, da kuma kiyaye yanayi.
Sabbin 'yancin an gabatar da yanki ta yanki ta hanyar Ingila da Wales, tare da kammalawa a 2005. An samar da taswira da ke nuna yankuna masu yuwuwa. Wannan ya kara wa halattacciyar doka ta amfani da takun sawun jama'a da hanyoyin gadoji, wasu filaye gama gari da samun damar zuwa gabar teku Masu mallakar ƙasa na iya hana samun damar zuwa wasu yankuna (ko ɗora kuɗaɗe don isa).
Angling moriyar nasarar lobbied ga wariya na gudãna a Ingila da kuma Wales daga hankaka, da barin sauran kogin masu amfani kamar swimmers da canoeists tare da samun damar takaitawa kasa da 2% na navigable ruwa. Cungiyar Canoe ta Biritaniya tana gudanar da Kamfen Gangamin Samun Kogin, don nuna irin matakan ƙuntatawa da jama'a ke fuskanta wajen samun damar zuwa hanyoyin ruwa na cikin ruwa a Ingila da Wales.
Mafi yawan Dartmoor National Park an sanya shi a matsayin 'Landasar Samun', duk da cewa ya kasance mallakar masu zaman kansa ne, tun daga Dokar Dartmoor Commons ta 1985, ba tare da taƙaita inda masu tafiya za su yi yawo ba. Saboda Dokar 1985, Dartmoor bai cika shafar Yankin karkara da haƙƙin Way Way 2000 ba, wanda ya kafa irin wannan haƙƙin a wasu yankunan karkarar ƙasar, amma a 2006, wannan Dokar ta buɗe yawancin ragowar filayen da aka rage wa masu tafiya.
Dokar Samun Ruwa ta Yankin Ruwa da Ruwa ta 2009 sun fadada haƙƙin samun damar zuwa ƙasa kusa da gabar Ingila.
Scotland A cikin Scotland dokar sake fasalin ƙasa (Scotland) ta 2003 cikakke cikakke a cikin dokar Scots tsohuwar al'adar 'yancin samun damar mallakar ƙasa a cikin Scotland. Dokar ta tanadi haƙƙin kasancewa a ƙasa don nishaɗi, ilimantarwa da wasu wasu dalilai da haƙƙin ƙetare ƙasa. Hakkokin suna wanzuwa ne kawai idan ana aiki da su yadda ya kamata, kamar yadda aka ayyana a cikin Dokar Shiga doorasashen waje na Scottish Hakkokin samun dama sun shafi duk wasu ayyukan da ba matuka mota ba, gami da yin tafiya, keke, hawa doki da kuma zango na daji. Hakanan suna ba da damar isa ga ruwa mai nisa don jirgin ruwa, kwale-kwale, jirgin ruwa da iyo. Hakkokin da aka tabbatar a cikin dokokin Scottish sun fi taƙaitattun haƙƙoƙin samun damar da aka kirkira a Ingila da Wales ta theasar da Rightsancin Hanyar Way 2000 (CRoW).
Arewacin Ireland An bayyana haƙƙoƙin samun dama a Arewacin Ireland a matsayin "mafi ƙazantar da dokar samun damar shiga a Turai. Yawancin hanyoyin da ake amfani dasu don isa tsaunuka, tsaunuka, bakin teku, koguna da abubuwan tunawa na ƙasa sun ƙetare ƙasar masu zaman kansu. A kusan a kowane yanayi, mai tafiya ba shi da ikon kasancewa a wurin. Samun dama ga Karkara (Arewacin Ireland) Umarni na 1983 ya ba da wasu haƙƙoƙi, amma galibi ana yin samin dama a kan dokar ta Ingilishi Welsh ta 1949 mai ƙuntatawa. Rashin al'adar samun dama, tasirin siyasa na masu mallakar filaye da matsalolin shugabanci an ɗora alhakin rashin 'yanci na yawo.
Jamhuriyar Ireland Kiyaye Ireland Bude kungiya ce ta yakin neman zabe da nufin inganta hanyoyin shigowa karkara. Journalan jaridar Fintan O'Toole ya kira dokar Irish "wataƙila mafi munin ra'ayi da ma'anar masu tafiya a Turai". An bayyana haƙƙoƙin samun dama a cikin Ireland a matsayin "mafi ƙaƙƙarfar doka da dokar samun damar shiga a Turai. Yawancin hanyoyin da ake amfani da su don zuwa tsaunukanmu, tuddai, bakin teku, koguna da abubuwan tunawa na ƙasa sun ƙetare ƙasar masu zaman kansu. A kusan dukkanin lamura, mai tafiya ba shi da damar kasancewa a wurin. Wuraren shakatawa na kasar sun bayyana ta "Open Ireland Open" a matsayin "wurare ne kawai a cikin Ireland inda freedomancin yawo suke ciki", amma kawai suna rufe 0.9% na ƙasar. Comamirle na Tuaithe ya kafa Éamon Ó Cuív, Ministan Al'umma, Karkara da Harkokin Gaeltacht a 2004 don sasantawa tsakanin masu mallakar ƙasa, hukumomin jihohi da masu amfani da wasanni na karkara.
Amirka ta Arewa
Amurka Hakkokin mallaka a cikin Amurka sun haɗa da haƙƙin keɓe wasu. Amma a karkashin wasu yanayi, dogon lokacin da amfani da wata hanya a fadin zaman kansa dukiya iya bin doka kafa prescriptive easement ga jama'a. Game da mallakar mallakar gwamnatin tarayya, sashin mallakar kundin tsarin mulki ya ba Majalisar Tarayyar Amurka ikon tsara kayan tarayya "ba tare da iyakancewa ba". A cikin Amurka hukumomin gwamnati da suka hada da birane, kananan hukumomi, jihohi, da gwamnatin tarayya duk suna kula da filaye wadanda ake kira da filayen jama'a ko yankin jama'a. Yawancin filayen jama'a a cikin Amurka ana riƙe su ne don amintar da jama'ar Amurka ta hannun gwamnatin tarayya kuma sun haɗa da kusan kadada miliyan 640, kusan 28% na jimlar ƙasar da ke da kadada biliyan 2.27. Kowane mutum, gami da waɗanda ba 'yan ƙasa ba, na iya yin izini da sake yin doka a waɗannan ƙasashe bisa doka. Wannan galibi ana kiransa da samfurin Arewacin Amurka na kiyaye ƙasa. Ga wasu takamaiman manufofin jihar:
Dokar Gaɓar California ta California ta ba da irin wannan haƙƙin don rairayin bakin teku, kuma Gidauniyar Surfrider ta yi nasarar kai ƙara ga masu mallakar kadarorin da ke ƙoƙarin yin amfani da dokokin ƙeta doka don ƙuntata hanyoyin jama'a zuwa ga yankunan rairayin bakin teku. Tsarin mulkin jihar Florida ya kafa amincewar jama'a game da "yankuna masu ikon mallaka", gami da rairayin bakin teku masu "kasan ma'ana layukan ruwa ne babba ga dukkan mutane," mutunta 'yanci yawo a wurin, ba tare da la'akari da wata gabar teku da ke makwabtaka da ita ba. Dokokin cikin gida galibi suna iyakance wannan ƴancin sosai don yawo a ƙafa, kuma suna hana tuka motocin hawa ko jiragen ruwa. Dokar bakin teku ta Oregon wani yanki ne na babbar doka a cikin jihar Oregon ta Amurka, wanda aka zartar ta zaman 1967 na majalisar Oregon. Ya kafa mallakar mallakar jama'a ta gaɓar tekun Oregon daga ruwa har zuwa ƙafa goma sha shida a tsaye sama da ƙananan alamar igiyar ruwa. A Pennsylvania, Dokar Amfani da Nishaɗi ta Land da Ruwa ta 1966 (RULWA) ta taƙaita wa masu mallakar ƙasa alhakin rauni na kansu da ɓarnar dukiya idan suka ba da filayensu ga jama'a don shakatawa. Dokar ta ƙarfafa masu mallakar ƙasa su buɗe ƙasar da ba ta ci gaba ba don amfanin wasanni. Tsarin mulkin Vermont ya ba wa jama'a 'yancin farauta, kifi da tarko a cikin keɓaɓɓun sarari. Maigidan da ba ya son ba da izinin wannan damar yana da damar doka ta sanya alamun da ke ƙuntata wannan haƙƙin. Maine yana ba da damar isa ga kowane kayan waje sai dai idan an sanya su. Posting yana buƙatar yin alama a sarari tare da alamun cikawa ko fenti. Dole ne alamu su nuna cewa an hana shiga, an hana izinin ba tare da izinin maigidan ko wakilin mai mallakar ba, ko kuma cewa an hana shiga don wata manufa.
Kanada Mafi yawan Kanada ƙasar Masarauta ce da larduna ke mallaka. Wasu ana yin hayar su don ayyukan kasuwanci, kamar su gandun daji ko hakar ma'adanai, amma a kan yawancin su akwai damar kyauta don ayyukan nishaɗi kamar yin yawo, hawan keke, kwale-kwale, wasan ƙetare ƙasa, hawa doki, da farauta mai lasisi da kamun kifi, da sauransu. A lokaci guda ana iya taƙaitawa ko iyakance saboda dalilai daban-daban (misali, don kare lafiyar jama'a ko albarkatu, gami da kariya ga shuke-shuke da dabbobi). A cikin sashen Kanada mallakar Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Kanada An kirkiro wuraren shakatawa na ƙasar Kanada daga ƙasar Gwamnatin Tarayya tana gudanar dasu. Hakanan akwai wuraren shakatawa na lardi da wuraren ajiyar yanayi waɗanda aka halicce su kamar haka. Orasashen asali na Kanada na iya samun takamaiman haƙƙoƙi a kan Croasar Masarautar da aka kafa a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyoyin da aka sanya wa hannu a lokacin da Kanada ta kasance masarautar Birtaniyya, kuma sun yi iƙirarin mallakar wasu Croasar Masarautar.
Ostiraliya Kodayake a baya mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya, Australiya kawai suna da iyakance damar zuwa ƙasar, a cewar Sydney Morning Herald Koyaya, yawancin yankin Ostiraliya shine wnasar Masarauta, wanda jihohin Australiya ke gudanarwa, kuma yayin da yawancin wannan ya ƙunshi hayar makiyaya, da filaye mallakar mutanen Aboriginal (misali APY ƙasashe ana ba da izinin dama don dalilai na nishaɗi zuwa “alasar da ba a raba” landasar Masarauta ba; kodayake ana buƙatar motocin hawa su bi hanyoyi.
New Zealand Akwai hanyoyin shiga jama'a da yawa a cikin New Zealand, gami da hanyoyin ruwa da bakin teku, amma "galibi ana rarrabashi kuma yana da wahalar ganowa". "Sarkar Sarauniya" ra'ayi ne a cikin dokar mallakar mallakar New Zealand. Yankin fili ne na jama'a, yawanci mita 20 (ko sarkar ɗaya a ma'aunin awo) mai faɗi tare da rafuka, tabkuna da layin bakin teku. An tsara shi don hana ɓarkewar ƙasa ko kuma gefen ƙetaren da ba zai yiwu ga duk masu son siye shi ba. Theididdigar ba su cika ba kuma ainihin matsayinsu na zamani na iya zama mai rikitarwa don ƙayyadewa. Wadannan rarar suna nan ta hanyoyi daban-daban (gami da ajiyar hanya, rarar esplanade, esplanade tube, gefe gefe da kuma wasu nau'ikan tanadi daban daban) amma ba yawa ba kuma kamar yadda ake zato. A shekara ta 2007 gwamnatin New Zealand ta sake duba haƙƙin damar jama'a don nishaɗin waje. Koyaya, ba kamar Kingdomasar Burtaniya ba, "Binciken na New Zealand ya ba da shawarar kada a ƙaru da haƙƙin jama'a don samun damar keɓaɓɓun abubuwa".
Sukar A cikin 'yan shekarun nan haɓaka motsi da wadata ya sa yankunan da ba su da nisa a baya sun fi sauƙi kuma duk da cewa mawuyacin lahani ko lalacewa ba sabon abu ba ne, wasu nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari suna ta da damuwa, kuma wasu masu amfani da nishaɗi suna lalata tarkacensu. Helena Jonsson, Shugabar kungiyar Manoma ta Sweden, ta yi jayayya a cikin 2011 cewa hanyar da aka yi amfani da ƙasa ta canza kuma dokar ba ta daɗe kuma tana bukatar a sake duba ta, ta yadda za a “hana sha’awar kasuwanci yin amfani da dokar kamar uzuri don cin riba yayin da suke kan kadarorin wasu mutane Duba kuma 5
Henry Campbell Black, "Right-of-way", Black's Law Dictionary (West Publishing Co., 1910), p. 1040.
New Oxford American Dictionary
a b The constitution guarantees the "life, person, good name and property rights of every citizen" (Article 40.3)
Lissadell owners' case, reported Jan 2010; and a group opposed to the current laws.
a b Inner London Ramblers
City of London Public Access MapArchived 2014-08-14 at the Wayback Machine
a b Rights of way in ScotlandScottish Natural Heritage
[1] archive copy of SNH document
[2] Scotways: The Scottish Rights of Way Access Society.
a b A Guide to Public Rights of Way and Access to the Countryside: [3].
Right to roam in Norway: [4].
[5]; DNR Crown Land
[6]
Bayanan kula Regeringsformen. 2 kap, Grundläggande fri- och rättigheter 18, Regeringen (in Swedish) "Alla skall ha tillgång till naturen enligt allemansrätten oberoende av vad som föreskrivits ovan."
a b c Ebbesson, Jonas (2003):Miljörätt.ISBN 91-7678-526-2
a b c The Environment Agency of Iceland
a b c d Dartmoor Commons Act 1985 on the OPSI website
a b [permanent dead link]
Lipton, Eric, and Clifford Krauss, Giving Reins to the States Over Drilling, New York Times, August 24, 2012.
Carol Hardy Vincent, Carla N. Argueta, Laura A. Hanson
Manazarta
Hanyoyin waje Bayanin ofishin jakadancin Norway akan daman samun dama
Gyara Tsarin ƙasa (Scotland) yayi bayanin bayanin bayani Samun dama a Turai
Ingila da Wales Hakkin Yankin Rightsasar Hannun Jadawalin bayanan gaskiya
EPA ta Sweden. Hakkin Samun Jama'a. Bayanai cikin Turanci da sauran yarukan. Hakkin Kowa a Finland (Bookan littafin a Turanci, Jamusanci, da Faransanci)
Ƴancin Ɗan Adam
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
43320 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamo%20Wolde | Mamo Wolde | Degaga "Mamo" Wolde (an haife shi 12 ga watan Yunin 1932 26 ga watan Mayun shekarar 2002), ɗan tseren gudu ne na Habasha wanda ya yi gasa a tseren guje-guje da tsalle -tsalle, da wasannin guje-guje na titi Ya kasance wanda ya lashe tseren marathon a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 1968 Rayuwar farko An haifi Degaga a ranar 12 ga watan Yunin 1932 a Ada'a ga dangin Oromo Ƙanensa, Demissie Wolde (b. 8 ga Maris ɗin 1937), shi ma ya zama tauraro mai tsere na duniya.
A shekarar 1951, Degaga ya koma Addis Ababa Aikin wasanni A bayyanarsa ta farko a gasar Olympics a shekarar 1956, Degaga ya yi gasar tseren mita 800 da 1,500 da kuma gudun gudun hijira 4x400
Bai yi takara ba a gasar Olympics ta bazara a shekarar 1960, lokacin da Abebe Bikila ya zama ɗan Habasha na farko da ya ci lambar zinare. Degaga ya yi iƙirarin rashin zuwan nasa ne saboda burin gwamnati na tura shi aikin wanzar da zaman lafiya zuwa Kongo a lokacin rikicin Kongo A cewarsa, a rikicin da gwamnati ta yi da kwamitin Olympics na Habasha, wanda ke son ya shiga gasar, bai kai shi ko wane irin yanayi ba. Sai dai dan wasa Said Moussa Osman, wanda ya wakilci Habasha a tseren mita 800 a gasar Olympics a shekarar 1960, ya bayyana cewa Degaga ya sha kashi a gwaje-gwajen da aka yi, kuma bai samu shiga ƙungiyar ba. Tun daga shekarar 1960, hankalin Degaga ya canza daga tseren nesa zuwa nesa mai nisa. Ya yi wa Habasha alama ta farko a gasar tseren ƙasa da ƙasa lokacin da ya ɗauki gasar ƙasa da ƙasa Juan Muguerza a Elgoibar, Spain, inda ya yi nasara a shekarar 1963 da shekarar 1964, da kuma Cross de San Donostin a San Sebastian, Spain, a cikin shekarun guda. Ya sanya na huɗu a tseren mita 10,000 a gasar Olympics ta bazara a shekarar 1964, wanda Billy Mills na Amurka ya lashe a ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke tayar da hankali a tarihin gasar Olympics. Demissie kuma ya zama dan tseren gudun fanfalaki.
Dukkansu 'yan'uwan sun fafata a Tokyo, a gasar tseren guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle ta Olympics na shekarar 1964 A ranar 3 ga watan Agustan 1964, a gasar Olympics ta Habasha, gasar da aka gudanar a gudun mita 8,000, Degaga ya yi nasara da gudu 2:16:19.2, daƙiƙa 4/10 na dakika kacal bayan Abebe Bikela, inda Demissie ya ƙare da 2:19:30, a matsayi na uku. Ko da yake Degaga ya fice da wuri, Demessie, bayan ya kasance cikin jagororin da suka fi yawa a gasar Olympics ta shekarar 1964, ya kare a matsayi na goma a 2:21:25.2. A ranar 21 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 1965, a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin buɗewa na karo na biyu na shekarun1964-1965 na Baje kolin Duniya na New York, Abebe da Degaga sun halarci wani gagarumin biki na rabin gudun marathon. Sun gudu daga Arsenal a Central Park a 64th Street Fifth Avenue a Manhattan zuwa Singer Bowl a wurin baje kolin. Suna ɗauke da littafin rubutu mai ɗauke da gaisuwa daga Haile Selassie A cikin shekarar 1967, ya maimaita nasararsa a San Sebastian da Elgiobar, kuma ya sake yin nasara a taron na ƙarshe a shekarar 1968. A gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 1968, Degaga ya zama dan Habasha na biyu da ya lashe zinari a tseren gudun fanfalaƙi. Tun da farko a gasar Olympics, ya lashe lambar azurfa a tseren mita 10,000. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, Degaga ya ci lambar yabo ta uku a gasar Olympics inda ya zama na uku a cikin 2:15:08 a gasar gudun fanfalaƙi ta 1972, yayin da Demissie ya zo na 18 a 2:20:44.0. Degaga kuma ya lashe tseren gudun fanfalaƙi a gasar wasannin Afirka ta shekarar 1973 Ya zargi matsayinsa na uku a gasar Olympic da aka nuna a shekarar 1972 kan takalma mara kyau da jami'an Habasha suka tilasta masa. Ya zama mutum na biyu kacal a tarihin Olympics (Bikila shi ne na farko) da ya samu lambar yabo a wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle na Olympics. Duka waɗanda suka lashe lambar yabo a gaban Degaga, Frank Shorter daga Amurka, da kuma dan ƙasar Belgium Karel Lismont za su maimaita abin da Degaga ya yi a shekarar 1976 yayin da suka zo na biyu da na uku a bayan Waldemar Cierpinski na Gabashin Jamus. Cierpinski ya maimaita nasararsa a shekarar 1980. Erick Wainaina shi ne na baya-bayan nan kuma shi ne kawai sauran wanda ya yi gudun hijira don cim ma wannan nasarar, ya kare na uku a Atlanta a shekarar 1996 da na biyu a Sydney a shekarar 2000. Degaga kuma ya lashe tseren gudun fanfalaƙi a gasar wasannin Afirka ta shekarar 1973 Aikin soja A shekarar 1951, Degaga ya shiga cikin Imperial Guard Daga baya ya yi aikin kiyaye zaman lafiya a Koriya daga shekarar 1953 zuwa ta 1955.
Kamawa A shekarar 1993, an kama Degaga bisa zarginsa da hannu a wani kisa na Red Terror a lokacin mulkin kama-karya Mengistu Haile Mariam Ya ƙara da cewa, duk da cewa yana nan a wajen kisan, shi ba shi ne dan takara kai tsaye ba. IOC ta yi kamfen ne ga gwamnatin Habasha domin a sake shi. A farkon shekara ta 2002 an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru shida a gidan yari. Saboda haka, an sake shi ne saboda ya shafe shekaru tara a tsare yana jiran shari'arsa.
Mutuwa A ranar 26 ga watan Mayun 2002, Degaga ya mutu daga ciwon hanta yana da shekaru 69, 'yan watanni bayan sakinsa. Ya yi aure sau biyu kuma yana da ‘ya’ya uku; ɗa, Samuel, tare da matarsa ta farko, da yara biyu, Addis Alem da Tabor, tare da matarsa ta biyu. An kama Degaga a maƙabartar cocin Saint Joseph a Addis Ababa.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Haifaffun 1932
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
38041 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukumar%20Kula%20da%20Mata%20ta%20Kasa | Hukumar Kula da Mata ta Kasa | Hukumar kula da mata ta kasa ko (National Commission for Women NCW) a turance. Ita ce hukuma ta gwamnatin Indiya, gaba ɗaya ta shafi ba da shawara ga gwamnati kan duk wasu al'amurran da suka shafi manufofin mata. An kafa ta a ranar 31 ga Janairun shekarar 1992 a ƙarƙashin tanade-tanaden Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya, kamar yadda aka ayyana a cikin Dokar Hukumar Mata ta ƙasa ta 1990. Shugaban hukumar na farko shine Jayanti Patnaik. Tun daga 30 Nuwamba 2018, Rekha Sharma ita ce shugabar.
Ayyuka
Manufar NCW ita ce wakiltar 'yancin mata a Indiya da kuma ba da murya ga al'amuransu da damuwarsu. Batutuwan yakin neman zaɓensu sun haɗa da sadaki, siyasa, addini, daidaiton wakilci ga mata a ayyukan yi, da kuma cin zarafin mata don neman aiki. Sun kuma tattauna yadda ‘yan sanda ke cin zarafin mata. Hukumar a kai a kai tana buga wasiƙar wata-wata, Rashtra Mahila, a cikin harshen Hindi da Ingilishi.
Rigingimu
Sashe na 497 na kundin hukunta manyan laifuka na Indiya A cikin watan Disamba 2006 da Janairu 2007, NCW ta sami kanta a tsakiyar ƙaramin cece-kuce game da dagewarta cewa ba za a canza Sashe na 497 na Kundin Laifukan Indiya, ba don sanya mata mazinata su gurfanar da su daidai da mazajensu.Amma dalilan da Ms. Vyas ta bijirewa manufar yin wannan laifin laifi musamman ga mata, kamar yadda aka saba ba da shawarar ba su da kwarin gwiwa. Tana ƙin riki mace mazinaciya daidai da laifinta a matsayin mazinaci saboda mata, ta yarda, ba su taɓa yin laifi ba. A koda yaushe su ne waɗanda abin ya shafa.Hukumar NCW ta bukaci kada a hukunta mata saboda yin zina, domin mace ita ce “wanda aka yi wa fyade ba mai laifi ba” a irin wadannan lokuta. Sun kuma ba da shawarar a gyara sashe na 198 na CrPC don ba wa mata damar shigar da kara a kan mazajen da ba su yi amana ba tare da gurfanar da su a gaban kuliya bisa aikata lalata. Hakan dai ya kasance a matsayin mayar da martani ga “hankali” da ke cikin dokar hukunta masu laifi ta Indiya da ta bai wa maza damar shigar da kararrakin zina a kan wasu mazan da suka yi mu’amalar da ba ta dace ba amma ba su ba mata damar shigar da karar mazajensu ba. Hukumar ta kuma yi aiki don tabbatar da tsaro ga mata a cikin mu'amalar da ba ta dace ba.
Rigimar harin mashaya Mangalore NCW ta fuskanci kakkausar suka game da martanin da suka bayar game da harin da wasu maza arba'in na bangaren dama na Hindu Sri Ram Sena suka kai wa mata takwas a wata mashaya a Mangalore a karshen watan Janairun 2009. Bidiyon harin ya nuna yadda aka yi wa matan naushi, ana jan su da gashin kansu, aka jefar da su daga gidan mashaya. An tura mamban kungiyar NCW Nirmala Venkatesh domin ta tantance halin da ake ciki, kuma a wata hira da ta yi da manema labarai ta ce gidan giyan ba shi da isasshen tsaro don haka ya kamata matan su kare kansu. Venkatesh ya ce, "Idan 'yan matan suna jin ba su yin wani abu ba daidai ba, me yasa suke tsoron fitowa su ba da sanarwa?" A ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, NCW ta ce sun yanke shawarar ba za su karɓi rahoton Venkatesh ba amma ba za su tura wata sabuwar ƙungiya zuwa Mangalore ba. A ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, ofishin Firayim Minista ya amince da cire Nirmala Venkatesh bisa dalilan ladabtarwa.
Rigimar lalata ta Guwahati Hukumar ta NCW ta sake fuskantar suka bayan cin zarafin wata yarinya ‘yar shekara 17 da wasu gungun maza suka yi a wajen gidan mashaya a Guwahati a ranar 9 ga watan Yulin 2012. An zargi mamban NCW Alka Lamba da fallasa sunan karamar yarinya ga manema labarai, kuma daga baya aka cire ta daga kwamitin binciken, duk da cewa ta kasance mamba a hukumar. A mako mai zuwa, shugabar NCW Mamta Sharma ta yi tsokaci da ke nuna cewa mata "ku yi hankali da yadda kuke yin sutura", wanda ya gayyato sukar da aka yi mata cewa tana da laifi. Rigimar ta sa masu fafutuka suka yi kira da a sake fasalin hukumar.
Rikicin fyade da kisan kai a Badaun A cikin 2021, an sake sukar NCW saboda yin laifin aikata laifin fyade da kisan gilla da aka yi wa wata mata a Badaun, Uttar Pradesh. An aika da tawaga mai mutane biyu daga NCW zuwa wurin da lamarin ya faru domin ganawa da iyalan mamacin da kuma shirya rahoton gano gaskiyar lamarin. Mamba na NCW Chandramukhi Devi, wacce ke cikin tawagar, ta bayyana wa manema labarai cewa, wani ɓangare na laifin faruwar lamarin yana kan wanda aka azabtar, saboda ta zaɓi ziyartar haikalin da yamma. Devi ya ce, "Kada mace ta fita cikin sa'o'i masu ban sha'awa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar wani. Ina tsammanin da ba ta fita da yamma ba, ko kuma ba ta tare da yaro tare da ita ba, da an hana ta.” Kalaman dai sun janyo suka sosai a shafukan sada zumunta, da ma wasu shahararrun mutane. Bayan sukar jama'a, Devi ta janye kalaman nata.
Shugabanni
Hukumar Mata ta Jiha Ga jerin sunayen kwamitocin mata a matakin jiha
Duba kuma Domestic violence in India
Dowry system in India
Female foeticide in India
Feminism in India
Gender inequality in India
Gender pay gap in India
Men's rights movement in India
Rape in India
Welfare schemes for women in India
Women in India
Women in Indian Armed Forces
Women's Reservation Bill
Women's suffrage in India
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
The National Commission for Women, India, official |
30050 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20Mallakar%20filaye | Haƙƙin Mallakar filaye | Manorialism, wanda kuma aka sani da tsarin manor ko tsarin manorial, shine hanyar mallakar filaye (ko lokaci a sassan Turai, musamman Ingila, a lokacin Tsakiyar birni Siffofinsa sun haɗa da katafaren gida mai da kuma ƙaƙƙarfan katafaren gida a wasu lokutan wanda ubangidan mazauna da waɗanda suka dogara da shi ke zaune tare da gudanar da ƙauye, da yawan ma’aikatan da ke aikin a ƙasar da ke kewaye da su don tallafa wa kansu da iyayen gidan su, Waɗannan ma'aikatan sun cika aikinsu tare da lokacin aiki ko kayan amfanin gona da farko, kuma daga baya ta hanyar biyan kuɗi yayin da ayyukan kasuwanci ke ƙaruwa. Manorialism wani lokaci ana haɗa shi cikin ma'anar feudalism.
Manorialism ya samo asali ne a cikin tsarin ƙauyen Roman na Marigayi Roman Empire, kuma an yi shi sosai a yammacin tsakiyar tsakiyar Turai da sassan tsakiyar Turai. Wani muhimmin abu na al'ummar feudal, an maye gurbinsa a hankali ta hanyar zuwan tattalin arzikin kasuwa mai tushen kuɗi da sabbin hanyoyin kwangilar aikin noma A cikin nazarin asalin ma'auni na sufi, Walter Horn ya gano cewa "a matsayin ma'auni mai mahimmanci, gidan sufi na Carolingian ba su da ɗan bambanci da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan kadarori, sai dai ƙungiyoyin jama’ar maza waɗanda sune wannan ƙungiya ta ci gaba da ciyar da su sun ƙunshi sufaye waɗanda suke bauta wa Allah cikin waƙa kuma suna kashe lokaci mai yawa a karatu da rubutu.” Manorialism ya mutu sannu a hankali kuma a ɗan ɗan gajeren lokaci, tare da mafi kyawun fasalinsa a cikin shimfidar wuri, tsarin filin budewa Kuma Ya wuce zarcewa a ma'anar cewa ya ci gaba da ma'aikata masu zaman kansu. A matsayin tsarin tattalin arziki, ya wuce feudalism, a cewar Andrew Jones, saboda "zai iya rike jarumi, amma kuma yana iya kula da mai mallakar jari-hujja Yana iya zama mai dogaro da kansa, samar da amfanin gona ga kasuwa, ko kuma yana iya samar da hayar kuɗi." Ƙarshen hukunce-hukunce na ƙarshe a Faransa an soke su a juyin juya halin Faransa Yo A wasu sassan gabashin Jamus, gidajen Rittergut na Junkers sun kasance har zuwa yakin duniya na biyu A Quebec, an biya hayar feudal na ƙarshe a cikin shekarar 1970 a ƙarƙashin gyare-gyaren tanadi na Dokar Kawar da Hulɗa ta Seigniorial na shekarata 1935.
Rarraba tarihi da yanki An fi amfani da kalmar tare da la'akari da tsakiyar yammacin Turai. Abubuwan da suka gabata na tsarin za a iya gano su zuwa tattalin arzikin karkara na Daular Rome daga baya Mallaka Tare da raguwar yawan haihuwa da yawan jama'a, aiki shine babban abin da ake samarwa Gwamnonin da suka biyo baya sun yi ƙoƙarin daidaita tattalin arziƙin daular ta hanyar daskarewa tsarin zamantakewa: ’ya’ya maza ne za su gaji ubanninsu a kasuwancinsu, an hana kansiloli yin murabus, kuma ’yan mulkin mallaka, masu noman ƙasa, ba za su ƙaura daga ƙasar da aka haɗa su ba. kuma Ma'aikatan ƙasar suna kan hanyarsu ta zama masu aikin safa. Abubuwa da yawa sun haɗa kai don haɗa matsayin tsoffin bayi da tsoffin manoma masu 'yanci zuwa rukunin dogaro na irin wannan mulkin mallaka yana yiwuwa a kwatanta shi da servus et colonus, "duka bawa da colonus Dokokin Constantine I a kusa da kashi 325 duka sun ƙarfafa matsayin masu zaman kansu na mulkin mallaka kuma sun iyakance haƙƙinsu na yin ƙara a cikin kotuna; Codex Theodosianus da aka yi shelar ƙarƙashin Theodosius II ya tsawaita waɗannan hane-hane. Matsayin doka na adscripti, "daure zuwa ƙasa", ya bambanta da foederati na barbarian, waɗanda aka ba su izinin zama a cikin iyakokin daular, suna ƙarƙashin nasu dokar gargajiya.
Yayin da masarautun Jamus suka gaji ikon mulkin Romawa a yammacin karni na biyar, masu mallakar gidaje na Romawa sau da yawa kawai an maye gurbinsu da na Jamusanci, ba tare da wani canji ba ga yanayin da ke cikin ƙasa ko ƙaura daga jama'a.
Tsarin dogaro da kai ya samu karbuwa ba zato ba tsammani a karni na takwas (8), sa’ad da kasuwancin da aka saba yi a tekun Mediterrenean ya lalace. Rubutun da masanin tarihin Belgian Henri Pirenne ya gabatar yana tsammanin cewa mamayar Larabawa ta tilastawa tattalin arzikin tsakiyar zamanai ya zama mafi girman kauye, kuma ya haifar da yanayin kabilanci na feudal na mabambantan ma'aikata masu zaman kansu da ke a karkashin tsarin cibiyoyin iko.
Bayani Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga sassa na gargajiya da aka gada na karkara, an sake sanya su a matsayin hukunce-hukuncen gida da aka sani da manors ko seigneuries Kuma kowane manor yana ƙarƙashin ubangiji (Faransa seigneur yawanci yana riƙe da matsayinsa don mayar da ayyukan da aka miƙa wa ubangiji mafi girma (duba Feudalism Ubangiji ya gudanar da <b id="mwdw">wani kotun manorial</b>, karkashin dokar jama'a da na gida al'ada. Sannan Ba duk ƴan ƙasa ba ne na duniya; Bishops da abbats kuma suna riƙe da filaye waɗanda suka haɗa da wajibai iri ɗaya.
A tsawo, kalmar manor wani lokaci ana amfani da ita a cikin Ingila don nufin kowane yanki na gida ko yanki da ke da iko a cikinsa, sau da yawa a cikin 'yan sanda ko mahallin laifi. A cikin tsarin jeri-jeri na babban gidan sarauta na tsakiya daga Shepherd's Historical Atlas, sassan ƙasar da aka yi aiki daban-daban a cikin tsarin fili suna bayyana nan da nan. Kuma A cikin wannan shirin, da manor gidan an saita dan kadan baya daga ƙauyen, amma daidai sau da yawa ƙauyen girma a kusa da forecourt na manor, tsohon bango, yayin da manor asashe miƙa waje, kamar yadda har yanzu ana iya gani a Petworth House Kamar yadda damuwa don keɓantawa ya karu a cikin karni na 18, gidaje masu nisa daga ƙauyen. Misali, lokacin da sabon mai gidan Harlaxton Manor, Lincolnshire ya buƙaci sabon gida a cikin shekarata 1830s, an watsar da wurin da gidan da yake da shi a gefen ƙauyensa don wani sabo, keɓe a wurin shakatawa, tare da Kauyen daga gani.
A cikin al'ummar noma, yanayin zaman ƙasa yana ƙarƙashin duk abubuwan zamantakewa ko tattalin arziki. Kuma Akwai tsarin shari'a guda biyu na mallakar filaye kafin a yi mulki. Ɗayan, wanda aka fi sani da shi, shine tsarin riƙe ƙasa a cikin cikakken ikon mallaka. Sauran shine amfani da precaria ko fa'idodin, wanda ƙasar ke riƙe da sharadi (tushen kalmar Ingilishi "precarious").
A cikin waɗannan tsarin guda biyu, sarakunan Carolingian sun ƙara na uku, aprisio, wanda ya danganta manorialism tare da feudalism Aprisio ya fara bayyanarsa a lardin Charlemagne na Septimania a kudancin Faransa, lokacin da Charlemagne ya zaunar da 'yan gudun hijirar Visigothic da suka gudu tare da sojojinsa masu ja da baya bayan gazawar da ya yi a Zaragoza na kimanin 778. Ya magance wannan matsalar ta hanyar raba filayen da ba a yi noma ba na “Hamada” mallakar gwamnatin fisc karkashin jagorancin sarki kai tsaye. Waɗannan abubuwan mallakar aprisio sun ƙunshi takamaiman yanayi. Takaitaccen tallafin aprisio na farko wanda aka gano yana a Fontjoncouse, kusa da Narbonne (duba Lewis, hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa). Kuma A cikin tsoffin ƙauyuka na Romawa, tsarin ƙauyuka, wanda ya samo asali daga Late Antiquity, ya gaji duniya ta tsakiya.
Mai kamawa Wanda ya mallaki wani magidanci yana da lakabin Ubangiji Zai iya zama mutum, a mafi yawan lokuta ɗan ƙasa na manyan mutane ko na Bourgeoisie, amma kuma mutum mai shari'a galibi ma'aikaci ne na majami'a kamar abbey, babban coci ko canonical babi ko tsarin soja. To An yi amfani da ikon Ubangiji ta hanyar tsaka-tsaki daban-daban, mafi mahimmancin abin da shi ne ma'aikacin kotu Mai mulki kuma na iya zama ubangiji; Seigeuries da ya mallaka sun zama yankin sarauta.
Hakanan ana ba da laƙabin Ubangiji, musamman a wannan zamani, ga daidaikun mutane masu riƙe da filaye masu daraja waɗanda ba na duk wani yunƙurin ba. Waɗannan ubangiji wani lokaci ana kiran su sieurs, daidai da kalmomin a zamanin da.
Mulkin ƙasa Ubangiji shi ne kai tsaye ko fitaccen mai mallakar kadarorin kasa na ubangijinsa. Ba za a iya amfani da ra'ayin cikakken ikon mallaka a kan wata maslaha ta gama gari ba, Dan haka saboda akwai kuma wasu fiye da babban mai amfani waɗanda ke da haƙƙi akan waɗannan kayayyaki. Mu rarrabe a cikin mulkin ƙasar saiti biyu saiti wanda shine saitin kayan da ubangijin ke tanadin yin amfani da shi kai tsaye da kuma babban mai haya, dukiyar da aka danka wa mai hayar cin amanar dukiyarsa ba tare da biyan kuɗin sarauta ba, galibi ana kiranta cens da ayyuka kamar Corvée Rarraba tsakanin ajiyar da wa'adin ya bambanta dangane da lokaci da yanki.
Abubuwan gama gari Manors kowanne ya ƙunshi har zuwa nau'ikan filaye guda uku:
Demesne, sashin da Ubangiji ke sarrafa kai tsaye kuma yana amfani da shi don amfanin gidansa da masu dogara;
Dogara serf ko villein hannun jari masu ɗauke da wajibcin cewa magidanta na baƙauye suna ba wa Ubangiji ƙayyadadden sabis na aiki ko wani ɓangare na abin da yake samarwa (ko tsabar kuɗi a madadinsa), dangane da al'adar da aka haɗa; kuma
Ƙasar baƙar fata kyauta, ba tare da irin wannan wajibci ba amma in ba haka ba ƙarƙashin ikon manorial da al'ada, da kuma biyan hayar kuɗi da aka gyara a lokacin haya.
Ƙarin hanyoyin samun kuɗin shiga ga Ubangiji sun haɗa da cajin yin amfani da injinsa, gidan burodi ko matse ruwan inabi, ko hakkin farauta ko barin aladu su ci abinci a cikin gandun daji, da kudaden shiga na kotu da kuma biyan kuɗi guda ɗaya akan kowane canji na dan haya. A cikin wani gefen asusun, gudanar da manorial ya haɗa da kashe kuɗi mai yawa, watakila dalilin da yasa ƙananan manors ke son dogaro da ƙasa akan zaman villein Abubuwan da aka dogara da su ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar tsarin ubangiji da ɗan haya, amma zaman ya zama a aikace kusan na gadon duniya, tare da biyan kuɗi ga ubangiji akan kowane gado na wani ɗan gida. Ba za a iya watsi da ƙasar Villein ba, Kuma aƙalla har sai yanayin alƙaluma da tattalin arziƙi ya sa jirgin ya zama kyakkyawan shawara; kuma ba za a iya ba da su ga wani ɓangare na uku ba tare da izinin Ubangiji ba, da biyan kuɗi na al'ada.
Ko da yake ba 'yanci ba, vilins ba su kasance cikin matsayi ɗaya da bayi ba: suna jin daɗin haƙƙin doka, bisa al'adar gida, kuma suna bin doka da ake tuhumar kotu, duk wanda shine ƙarin tushen samun kudin shiga. Bayar da hannun jarin villein ya zama ruwan dare gama gari, kuma ana iya mayar da aiki a kan kuɗin zuwa ƙarin biyan kuɗi, kamar yadda ya faru tun daga ƙarni na 13.
Ƙasar da ba a bar ta ga masu haya ba ko kuma an kafa wani yanki na ƙasa na demesne da ake kira "sharar gida"; yawanci, wannan ya haɗa da shinge, verges, da dai sauransu. Ƙasar gama gari inda duk membobin al'umma ke da haƙƙin wucewa an san shi da "sharar iyayen gidan su". Kuma Wani ɓangare na ƙasa mai ƙazanta na manor wanda ba a noma shi ana kiransa sharar Ubangiji kuma yana hidima ga hanyoyin jama'a da kiwo na gama gari ga Ubangiji da masu haya. A cikin ƙauyuka da yawa a lokacin farkon zamani, an yi gine-gine ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a cikin sharar gida ta Ubangiji ta hanyar squatters waɗanda za su nemi hujjar su ci gaba da kasancewa tare da tallafin gida. Misali na sharar gida na ubangiji, inda manyan cibiyoyin suka girma ta wannan hanyar, shine ƙauyen Bredfield a Suffolk Alaren Ubangiji yana ci gaba da zama tushen hakkoki da al'amuran hakki a wurare kamar henley-in-arden, Warwickshire Mazauna wani manor Ubangijin manor (wanda zai iya zama ba a nan Serfs
Mugaye
Cottas
Borders
Masu kyauta
Masu yin kwafi
Masu haya Masu haya sun mallaki filaye a kan manor ƙarƙashin ɗaya daga cikin yarjejeniyoyin doka da yawa: ikon mallaka, mallakan mallaka, na al'ada na al'ada da hayar hayar Bambanci tsakanin manors Kamar feudalism wanda, tare da manorialism, sun kafa tsarin shari'a da tsari na al'ummar feudal, Kuma tsarin manorial ba su kasance iri ɗaya ko haɗin kai ba. A cikin Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar baya, yankunan da ba su cika ba ko kuma babu su sun ci gaba yayin da tattalin arzikin manomi ya sami ci gaba mai ma'ana tare da canza yanayin tattalin arziki.
Ba duk gidajen gonaki ne suka ƙunshi dukkan nau'ikan filaye guda uku ba. Yawanci, demesne ya kai kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yankin noma, da kuma mallakar villein fiye da haka; to amma wasu gidajen gonaki sun kunshi na demesne kawai, wasu kuma mallakar manoma kawai. Matsakaicin adadin wa'adin da ba'a kyauta ba zai iya bambanta sosai, sannan tare da dogaro da yawa ko žasa ga aikin albashi don aikin noma akan lalata.
Yawan yankin da aka noma a cikin demesne ya kasance mafi girma a cikin ƙananan gidaje, yayin da rabon ƙasar villein ya fi girma a cikin manyan manors, yana samar da ubangiji na karshen tare da samar da kayan aiki na wajibi don aikin demesne. Matsakaicin adadin abubuwan kyauta gabaɗaya ya kasance ƙasa da canji, to amma yana da ɗan girma a kan ƙananan manors.
Manors sun bambanta a cikin tsarinsu na yanki: yawancin ba su zo daidai da ƙauye ɗaya ba, a'a sun ƙunshi sassan ƙauyuka biyu ko fiye, yawancin na ƙarshe sun ƙunshi sassan aƙalla ɗaya. Wannan yanayin wani lokaci yakan haifar da maye gurbinsu ta hanyar biyan kuɗi ko makamancinsu a cikin nau'ikan wajibcin ƙwaƙƙwaran waɗancan manoma da ke zaune nesa da kadarorin Ubangiji.
Kamar yadda yake tare da filaye na ƙauye, demesne ba yanki ɗaya ba ne, amma ya ƙunshi gidan tsakiya mai maƙwabtaka da gine-ginen gidaje, tare da tarkace da aka tarwatsa ta cikin gidan tare da masu 'yanci da villein: Bugu da ƙari, iyaye gidan su na iya ba da hayar abubuwan mallakar kyauta. zuwa maƙwabtan maƙwabta, da kuma riƙe wasu matsuguni ɗan nesa don samar da mafi yawan kayan amfanin gona.
Haka kuma ba lallai ba ne a gudanar da manors ta hanyar manyan iyayengiji masu yin aikin soja (ko kuma, tsabar kuɗi a madadin) ga mafi girman su: babban kaso (ƙimar da aka kiyasta a 17% a Ingila a shekarata 1086 ya kasance na sarki kai tsaye, kuma mafi girman rabo (maimakon haka). fiye da kwata) an gudanar da bishop da gidajen ibada Mazaunan coci sun kasance sun fi girma, tare da babban yankin villein fiye da maƙwabtan maƙwabta.
Tasirin yanayi a kan tattalin arzikin gida yana da sarkakiya kuma a wasu lokuta ya sabawa: yanayin sama yana son kiyaye yancin manoma (kiwon kiwo musamman kasancewar rashin aikin yi, sabili da haka rashin bukatar sabis na villein); a daya hannun, wasu yankunan tuddai na Turai sun nuna wasu yanayi na zalunci, yayin da yankin Gabashin Ingila ke lamuni da wani babban makiyaya mai 'yanci na musamman, a wani bangare na gadon Scandinavia.
Hakazalika, yaɗuwar tattalin arziƙin kuɗi ya haifar da maye gurbin ayyukan ƙwadago ta hanyar biyan kuɗi, amma bunƙasar samar da kuɗin da sakamakon hauhawar farashin kaya bayan shekarata 1170 da farko ya sa manyan ma'aikata su dawo da kadarorin da aka ba da hayar tare da sake shigar da kudaden ma'aikata a matsayin ƙimar tsayayyen tsabar kudi. an ƙi biyan kuɗi a zahiri.
Duba wasu abubuwan
Gabaɗaya Allodial take
Littafin Ranar Gida
Glebe
Hakkin Banal
Gentry
Irin wannan tsarin mallakar filaye a sauran sassan duniya
Manazarta
Ci gaba da karatu
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Encyclopedia Tarihin Duniya Manorialism
Rajista na Feudal Lords da Barons na Burtaniya na Burtaniya da Arewacin Ireland Archibald R. Lewis, Ci gaban Kudancin Faransanci da Catalan Society, 718-1050
Estoniya Manors Portal Harshen Ingilishi yana ba da bayyani na 438 mafi kyawun gidajen tarihi a Estonia
Manors na tsakiya da bayanansu na Musamman ga Tsibirin Biritaniya.
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
30043 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98washe%20sharar%20gida%20a%20New%20Zealand | Ƙwashe sharar gida a New Zealand | Gudanar da sharar gida a New Zealand, ya zama mafi tsari dan rage abubuwan da ke tattare da muhalli. Dangane da bayanan OECD, New Zealand ita ce ƙasa ta uku mafi ɓarna a cikin OECD.
Tarihi Har zuwa kwanan nan, an kwashe sharar gida a cikin jujjuyawar gida ba tare da sanin inda aka ajiye su ba. Sau da yawa juji suna kusa da hanyoyin ruwa. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan an ƙarfafa wuraren da ake zubar da juji kuma yanzu an gina su a matsayin wuraren tsabtace muhalli don hana zubar da abin cikin cikin ruwa. Tashoshin canja wuri, musamman a cikin birane, suna aiki ne a matsayin wurin da ake tarawa a cikin gida inda ake tattara sharar kafin a kai su zuwa wurin zubar da ƙasa mafi kusa.
A cikin shekarata 2007 Binciken Ayyukan Muhalli na OECD don sharar gida ya ba da shawarwari masu zuwa: haɓaka ƙa'idodin ƙasa don sarrafa datti masu haɗari
fadadawa da haɓaka wuraren sharar gida da zubar da shara
ƙara goyon bayan tsari don farfadowa ko sake amfani da su
fayyace tsare-tsare na alhaki don gyara wuraren da suka gurbata
Mass Ana samar da kimanin tan miliyan 1.6 a kowace shekara daga masana'antar gine-gine da rugujewa wanda ke wakiltar kashi 50% na jimillar sharar gida.
Christchurch Adadin sharar gida daga tarin kerbside ya kusan tan 40,000 amma an ragu bayan bullo da sake amfani da kerbside da raguwar adadin jakunkunan shara kyauta. A cikin shekarata 2009 Majalisar ta gabatar da kwalabe na wheelie mai lita 140 don tarin kerbside bayan haka adadin sharar ya fara tashi.
Nau'ukan
Robobin noma Noma yana daya daga cikin manyan sassan tattalin arziki a ƙasar New Zealand kuma saboda haka ana samar da adadi mai yawa na sharar gida dangane da sauran masana'antu. To Amman Ana gudanar da tattara kwantena masu dauke da sinadarai na noma a wasu yankuna. An haramta kona sharar robobi a shekarun baya bayan nan saboda fitar da gurbatacciyar iska.
Sharar gida
Sharar gida Sharar ta hanyar lantarki wani yanki ne na karuwa a cikin sharar kuma Ma'aikatar Muhalli tana binciken hanyoyin magance shi. EDay na shekara-shekara, wanda ya fara daga gwaji a shekarata 2006, ana amfani da shi azaman hanyar tattara sharar lantarki don sake amfani ko sake amfani da su.
Sharar abinci Ba a san jimillar adadin abincin da aka zubar a New Zealand ba. An gudanar da bincike a cikin shekarar 2014 game da sharar abinci, wanda gidaje ke samarwa, wanda aka zubar da shi ta hanyar tara shara. Binciken ya gano cewa tan 229,022 na abinci ana aika gida ne a duk shekara. Daga cikin wannan kusan kashi 50% ko tan 122,547 sharar abinci ce da za a iya kaucewa. Kudin sharar abinci na gida da za'a iya kaucewa zubar da shi a cikin shekarun 2014/2105 ya kai dala miliyan 872. Cikakken rahoto da ake samu akan gidan yanar gizon WasteMINZ yana ba da ƙarin bayani game da sharar abinci na gida. Babu wani bincike da aka gudanar ya zuwa yau game da sharar abinci na kasuwanci ko sarkar samar da kayayyaki.
Rage sharar gida A shekara ta 1996 biranen New Zealand na Auckland, Waitakere, North Shore da Lower Hutt sun sami akwatunan sake amfani da kerbside A cikin New Plymouth, Wanganui da Upper Hutt an tattara kayan da za a sake yin amfani da su idan an sanya su cikin jakunkuna masu dacewa. A shekara ta 2007 73% na New Zealanders sun sami damar sake amfani da kerbside. Majalisar gundumar Mackenzie da Majalisar gundumar Timaru ne ke gudanar da tarin sharar kwayoyin Kerbside. Majalisar birnin Christchurch ta bullo da tsarin tattara shara a matsayin wani bangare na sake amfani da kerbside. Wasu majalisu suna gudanar da gwaji.
Sharar gida don ƙonewa makamashi Kwanan nan, an sami karuwar sha'awar sharar-zuwa-makamashi, inda sharar ke zama makamashi don amfani da al'umma. Duk da haka, bincike ya gano cewa wannan hanya za ta iya haifar da ƙarin al'amurran da suka shafi muhalli, tare da kimanin ton 1.2 na CO 2 da aka samar ga kowane tonne na sharar gida. Mai binciken gurbataccen robobi Trisia Farrelly ya ba da shawarar cewa wannan wata dabara ce mai ɓatacciya wacce "take lalata albarkatu masu kima da kuma ci gaba da yin sharar gida".
Dokokin sharar gida New Zealand ta kasance mai rattaba hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa don Kariya da Gurbacewar Ruwa Daga Jiragen Ruwa, a shekarata 1973 kamar yadda Yarjejeniyar a shekarar 1978 ta gyara, wanda akafi sani da MARPOL Jam'iyyar Green Party ta gabatar da Dokar Rana Sharar Sharar gida a cikin shekarata 2006. Ya zama doka a cikin shekarar 2008 azaman Dokar Rage Sharar gida Manyan tanade-tanaden dokar sun hada da: haraji kan sharar shara, inganta tsare-tsare na kula da kayayyaki, wasu bayanan sharar da suka wajaba, da fayyace rawar da hukumomin yankin ke takawa dangane da rage sharar, da kafa hukumar ba da shawara ga sharar gida.
Sharar gida (sharar gida) Adadin wuraren zubar da shara a New Zealand yana raguwa. A cikin shekarata 1995 akwai 327 da 115 a cikin shekarar 2002 tare da ƙididdiga na baya-bayan nan da ke sanya adadin a ƙasa da 100. Fitattun wuraren zubar da shara suna nan a:
Redvale, Albany
Whitford, Auckland
Hampton Downs, Yankin Waikato an buɗe 2005, Kate Valley, Canterbury
Green Island, Dunedin
Duba wasu abubuwan Muhalli na New Zealand
Litter a New Zealand
Gudanar da sharar gida
Manazarta
Ci gaba da karatu
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafi na sharar gida a ma'aikatar muhalli
WasteMINZ Cibiyar Kula da Sharar New Zealand
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
34413 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafiza%20Azad | Nafiza Azad | Articles with hCards
Nafiza Azad yar Fijian-Kanada matashiyar mawallafiyar fantasy. Littafinta na farko, The Candle and the Flame, an sake shi a cikin shekarar 2019.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Azad a Lautoka, Fiji. Damar samun damar shiga kayan karatu ba su da iyaka: garinsu ya ƙunshi ɗakin karatu guda ɗaya kawai, kuma masu karatu suna iya aron littattafai biyu kawai a lokaci guda, don haka Azad da ƙawayenta sukan yi labarai don nishaɗi. A shekarar 2001, tana da shekaru goma sha bakwai, ta ƙaura zuwa Kanada tare da danginta. Azad ta shiga Jami'ar British Columbia a shekara ta 2007, inda ta fara karatun ilmin halitta da nufin zama likita. Duk da haka, daga baya ta zaɓe ta zama babbar jami'a a Turanci a maimakon haka, da kuma burin yin aiki a rubuce. Rubutun nata ya kunshi wani novel, wanda ta ce ta rubuta bayan wani farfesa ya ce ba ta yi ba. Mashawarcin karatun ta shine Maggie de Vries Azad a halin yanzu yana zaune a Vancouver Aiki Aikin farko na Azad, The Candle and the Flame, Scholastic ne ya buga shi a cikin shekarar 2019. Ta yaba wa marubucin Ba’amurke G. Willow Wilson wanda, kamar ita, mace ce kuma musulma a matsayin babban tasiri kan shawarar da ta yanke na ci gaba da aikin rubuce-rubuce, inda ta bayyana cewa karanta littafin littafin Wilson na Alif the Unseen ya sa ta ji “kamar na yi a karshe. sami wani tunani Ina da haƙƙi ga abubuwan da suka faru na kaina”, daga baya yana ƙarfafa ta ta rubuta almara na ta. Bugu da ƙari, ta buga littafin SA Chakraborty's New City of Brass da Franny Billingsley's Chime a matsayin tasiri a kan makirci da salon rubutun The Candle da Flame. A matsayinta na marubuciya, Katelyn Detwailer ta wakilce ta a Jill Grinberg Gudanar da adabi. A halin yanzu ita ce mai haɗin gwiwa, kuma marubuci kuma mai gudanarwa a Littafin Wars.
Ayyuka
Candle da harshen wuta (2019) Candle da harshen wuta shine littafin farko na Azad. An fara buga shi a ranar 1 ga watan Maris na shekarar 2019 ta Scholastic Press, tambarin Scholastic Inc. An tsara littafin ne a cikin hanyar siliki na almara na birnin Noor, inda mutane da Djinn ruhohin allahntaka daga tarihin addinin musulunci suke rayuwa tare da juna. Makircinta ya biyo bayan wata matashiya mai suna Fatima, wadda tana daya daga cikin wadanda suka tsira daga kisan kiyashin da ya halaka mutanen garin na asali, kuma ta tsunduma cikin rikici tsakanin mazauna garin na Ifrit (ajin Djinn) da kuma mugayen ruhohi. da aka sani da Shaidan. Birnin yana da wahayi kuma ya ƙunshi abubuwa na al'adun Kudancin Asiya da Gabas ta Tsakiya, tare da littafin da ke ɗauke da kalmomi cikin Larabci, Punjabi, Urdu da Hindi. Azad ta bayyana cewa ta rubuta littafin The Candle and the Flame ne a matsayin martani ga karuwar nuna kishin kasa da kyamar baki, da kuma nunawa masu karatu kimar al’adu da bambancin ra’ayi. Ta yi imanin cewa 'ruhun bambance-bambance da al'adu daban-daban yana da mahimmanci ga adabin yara', domin yana ba yara da matasa daga sassa daban-daban damar ganin kansu a cikin labaran da suke samu, tare da ba su damar koyo game da su. kuma suna da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin da ba sa cikin su. A wata hira da marubuci Hafsah Faizal, Azad ya ce 'Na gaji sosai da ƙiyayyar da ake yi a kan hanyarmu, don haka na yanke shawara a kan wani jarumin musulmi'. Bugu da ƙari, ta yi iƙirarin cewa littafin ya nuna imaninta na mata, inda ta bayyana cewa 'mafi yawa game da mata su kasance mata a cikin mafi kyawun hanyoyin da zai yiwu', kuma ta hanyarsa tana fatan nunawa ga masu karatu' cewa mata na iya zama masu karfi ta hanyoyi daban-daban. ba tare da bukatar daukar takobi ba'. Gabaɗaya liyafar novel ɗin ya yi kyau. Caitlyn Paxson, rubutawa ga NPR, ya yaba da ƙarfin Azad don gina duniya, tare da lura da musamman "hankalin dalla-dalla da sadaukar da harshe". Amna Maque ta Littattafai, a halin da ake ciki, ta bayyana Candle da Harashin a matsayin 'kyakkyawan halarta na farko' tare da 'rubutun zurfafawa' da kuma 'rikitaccen simintin gyaran zuciya'. Dukansu masu sukar, duk da haka, sun lura cewa wasan kwaikwayo na littafin ya kasance ba daidai ba, tare da Paxson ya rubuta cewa 'Musamman, rabi na farko yana ɗaukar lokaci don gano hanyarsa, tare da na biyu yana ɗaukar sauri.' Marubuciya Rena Barron ta lura da littafin 'lush, ingantaccen ginin duniya', yana mai bayyana cewa 'wajibi ne a karanta shi ga mutanen da ke son fantasy brimming tare da kyawawan rubuce-rubuce da tatsuniyoyi'; Har ila yau, ya samu yabo daga wasu mawallafa na Matasa Adult da almara irin da suka hada da Rachel Hartman, Rebecca Lim da Ausma Zehanat Khan Daji (2021) Haƙƙoƙin Littafin Matasa na biyu na Azad, The Wild Ones: A Broken Anthem for a Girl Nation, Margaret K. McElderry Books ya samu, tambarin Sashin Yara na Simon da Schuster, a cikin Maris 2020. Bin gungun matasa 'yan mata masu karfin sihiri a cikin labari mai ra'ayoyi da yawa da jigogi na mata, ana sa ran buga littafin a lokacin rani na 2021.
Yabo Azad ta samu nade-nade don samun lambobin yabo kamar haka:
2020
William C. Morris YA lambar yabo ta halarta ta farko don Candle da Flame (wanda ya zo na karshe). Kyautar Sunburst don Kyau a cikin Littattafan Kanada na Fantastic don Candle da Flame (da aka jera).
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Nafiza Azad at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
Rayayyun |
2681 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankara | Sankara | Ciwon daji rukuni ne na cututtuka da ke tattare da hadakar kwayoyin halitta (cell) mara kyau, tare da yuwuwar mamayewa ko yaduwa zuwa wasu sassan jiki. Wadannan sun bambanta da ciwace-ciwacen daji, wanda ba su yaduwa. Alamun cutar ya hada da dungulewa, zub da jini mara kyau, tari mai tsawo, rama da canji a cikin motsin hanji. Duk da yake wadannan cuwuka suna iya nuna akamun ciwon daji, suna iya wani cutan na daban. Akwai sama da nau'ikan ciwukan daji guda 100 da ke shafar mutane. Shan taba shine sanadin kusan kashi 22% na mace-mace ta hanyar cutar daji. Sauran kashi 10% kuma yana faruwa ne saboda kiba, rashin cin abinci mai kyau, rashin motsa jiki ko yawan shan barasa. Sauran abubuwan sun hada da wasu cututtuka, da fallasa hasken ionizing, da gurbataccen muhalli. A cikin kasashe masu tasowa, kashi 15 cikin 100 na cututtukan daji na faruwa ne saboda cututtuka irin su Helicobacter pylori, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Human papillomavirus infection, Epstein-Barr virus da Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Wadannan abubuwan suna aiki, akalla, ta hanyar canza kwayoyin halittar tantanin halitta. Yawanci, ana bukatar yawan canje-canjen kwayoyin halitta kafin ciwon daji ya taso. Kusan kashi 5-10% na cututtukan daji na faruwa ne saboda illar gado. Ana kuma iya gano cutar sankara ta wasu alamu da alamomi ko gwaje-gwajen tantancewa. Sa'an nan yawanci ana cigaba da bincike ta hanyar hoton asibiti kuma ana tabbatar da shi ta hanyar biopsy. Ana iya rage hadarin habakar wasu cututtukan daji ta hanyar rashin shan taba, kiyaye lafiyar kiba, iyakance yawan shan barasa, yawan cin kayan lambu, 'ya'yan itatuwa, da cin sitaci, da dukan hatsi, rigakafi da wasu cututtuka masu yaduwa, iyakance cin nama da aka sarrafa da jan name, da iyakance yawan shiga hasken rana kai tsaye. Gano cutar da wuri ta hanyar dubawa yana da amfani ga ciwon daji na mahaifa da na launi. Akwai sabani dangane da muhammancin gwajin cutar sankarar nono. Yawancin lokaci ana bi da kansa tare da wasu hadewar maganin radiation, tiyata, chemotherapy da maganin da aka yi niyya Radadi da kulawa da alamu sune muhimmin sashi na kulawa. Kulawa da jin dadi yana da mahimmanci musamman ga mutanen da ke fama da cigaba. Damar tsira ya dogara da nau'in ciwon daji da girman cutar a farkon jiyya. A cikin yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 15 a lokacin ganewar asali, adadin rayuwa na shekaru biyar a cikin duniya da suka cigaba yana kan matsakaicin 80%. Ga ciwon daji a Amurka, matsakaicin adadin rayuwa na shekaru biyar shine 66%. A cikin 2015, kusan mutane miliyan 90.5 sun kamu da cutar kansa. Ya zuwa 2019, kusan sabbin maganganu miliyan 18 na faruwa a shekara. A kowace shekara, ta yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane miliyan 8.8 (15.7% na mace-mace Mafi yawan nau'in ciwon daji a cikin maza sune ciwon huhu, ciwon prostate, ciwon daji, da ciwon ciki A cikin mata, nau'o'in da aka fi sani da shi sune ciwon nono, ciwon daji, ciwon huhu, da ciwon mahaifa. Idan ciwon daji na fata banda melanoma ya kasance cikin sabbin cututtukan daji kowace shekara, zai kai kusan kashi 40% na lokuta. A cikin yara, cutar sankarar bargo ta lymphoblastic da kuma ciwace-ciwacen kwakwalwa sun fi yawa, sai dai a Afirka, inda lymphoma ba Hodgkin ke faruwa sau da yawa. A cikin 2012, kimanin yara 165,000 'yan kasa da shekaru 15 sun kamu da ciwon daji. Haarin cutar kansa yana ƙaruwa sosai da shekaru, kuma yawancin cututtukan daji suna faruwa a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa. Yawan kudi yana karuwa yayin da mutane da yawa ke rayuwa har zuwa tsufa kuma yayin da canje-canjen salon rayuwa ke faruwa a cikin kasashe masu tasowa. A kudi halin kaka na ciwon daji aka kiyasta a 1,16 tiriliyan USD a kowace shekara Asalin kalma da ma'anoni Kalmar ta fito daga tsohuwar Girkanci ma'ana kaguwa da ƙari Likitocin Girka Hippocrates da Galen, da sauransu, sun lura da kamannin kaguwa da wasu ciwace-ciwacen daji masu kumbura. An gabatar da kalmar a Turanci a ma'anar likitancin zamani a kusa da 1600. Ciwon daji ya kunshi babban iyali na cututtuka wadanda suka hada da hadakar kwayar sel mara kyau tare da yuwuwar mamayewa ko yaduwa zuwa wasu sassan jiki. Suna samar da wani yanki na neoplasms Neoplasm ko kari wani rukuni ne na kwayoyin sel wadanda suka sami girma mara tsari kuma galibi za su samar da taro ko dunkule, amma ana iya rarraba su a fili. Duk kwayoyin kari suna nuna alamomi shida na ciwon daji Ana buƙatar waɗannan halaye don samar da kwayar cuta mara kyau. Sun hada da: Girman tantanin halitta da rarrabuwa ba su da sigina masu dacewa
Cigaba da girma da rarrabuwa har ma da aka ba da sigina sabani
Gujewa shirin mutuwar kwayar halitta
Mara iyaka na sassan sel
Haɓaka ginin magudanar jini
Mamaye nama da samuwar metastases Cigaba daga sel na yau da kullun zuwa sel waɗanda zasu iya samar da adadin da za'a iya ganowa zuwa kansa kai tsaye ya ƙunshi matakai da yawa da aka sani da cigaba mara kyau.
Alamomi da alamomi Lokacin da ciwon daji ya fara, ba ya haifar da alamun. Alamomi da alamomi suna bayyana yayin da taro ke girma ko ciwon ciki Sakamakon binciken ya dogara da nau'in ciwon daji da wurin da yake ciki. 'Yan alamun suna da takamaiman Yawancin lokuta suna faruwa a cikin mutane wadanda ke da wasu yanayi. Ciwon daji na iya zama da wahala a gano shi kuma ana iya daukarsa a matsayin babban mai koyi Mutane na iya zama cikin damuwa ko damuwa bayan an gano cutar. Hadarin kashe kansa a cikin mutanen da ke da ciwon daji ya kusan ninki biyu.
Alamomin gida Alamomin gida na iya faruwa saboda yawan kwayar cuta ko gyambonta. Alal misali, sakamako mai yawa daga ciwon huhu na huhu zai iya toshe bronchus wanda ke haifar da tari ko ciwon huhu Ciwon daji na esophageal zai iya haifar da kunkuntar esophagus, yana sa ya zama mai wuya ko mai radadi don hadiye; kuma ciwon daji na launi na iya haifar da raguwa ko toshewa a cikin hanji, yana shafar dabi'un hanji. Talakawa a cikin kirjin ko kwaya na iya haifar da kullu mai gani. Ulceration na iya haifar da zubar jini wanda zai iya haifar da alamomi kamar tari na jini (ciwon daji), anemia ko zubar da jini na dubura (ciwon daji), jini a cikin fitsari (ciwon mafitsara), ko zubar da jini na al'ada (endometrial ko cervical cancer). Kodayake ciwo na gida yana iya faruwa a cikin ciwon daji mai ci gaba, kwayar farko ba ta da zafi. Wasu ciwon daji na iya haifar da tarin ruwa a cikin kirji ko ciki Alamomin tsari Alamun tsarin na iya faruwa saboda amsawar jiki ga ciwon daji. Wannan na iya hadawa da gajiya, asarar nauyi ba da gangan ba, ko canjin fata. Wasu cututtuka na iya haifar da tsarin kumburi na tsarin da ke haifar da asarar tsoka da rauni mai gudana, wanda aka sani da cachexia Wasu nau'in ciwon daji kamar cutar Hodgkin, cutar sankarar bargo da ciwon daji na hanta ko koda na iya haifar da zazzabi mai tsayi Wasu bayyanar cututtuka na ciwon daji suna haifar da hormones ko wasu kwayoyin halitta da kwayar cuta ta haifar, wanda aka sani da paraneoplastic syndromes Ciwon daji na paraneoplastic na yau da kullun sun haɗa da hypercalcemia wanda zai iya haifar da canjin yanayin tunani, makarkashiya da bushewa, ko hyponatremia wanda kuma zai iya haifar da canjin yanayin tunani, amai, ciwon kai ko faduwa.
Metastasis Metastasis shine yaduwar cutar kansa zuwa wasu wurare a cikin jiki. Ciwace-ciwacen da aka tarwatsa ana kiran su da ciwace-ciwacen daji, yayin da na asali shi ake kira da ciwon farko. Kusan duk ciwon daji na iya metastasize. Mafi yawan mutuwar ciwon daji na faruwa ne saboda ciwon daji wanda ya daidaita.
Metastasis na kowa a karshen matakan ciwon daji kuma yana iya faruwa ta hanyar jini ko tsarin lymphatic ko duka biyu. Da hankula matakai a metastasis ne gida mamayewa, intravasation a cikin jini, ko Lymph, wurare dabam dabam a cikin jiki, extravasation cikin sabon nama, yaduwa da kuma angiogenesis Daban-daban nau'ikan cututtukan daji suna yin kaura zuwa ga wasu gabobin, amma gabadaya wuraren da aka fi sani da metastases su ne huhu, hanta, kwakwalwa da kasusuwa Dalilai Babban labarin: Abubuwan da ke haifar da ciwon daji Hoton GHS Hazard don abubuwan cutar kansa Rabon mutuwar ciwon daji da aka danganta da taba a cikin 2016. Yawancin ciwon daji, wasu kashi 90-95% na lokuta, suna faruwa ne saboda sauye-sauyen kwayoyin halitta daga abubuwan muhalli da salon rayuwa. Ragowar kashi 5-10 cikin 100 na gado ne. Muhalli yana nufin duk wani abu da ba a gada ba, kamar salon rayuwa, tattalin arziki, da halaye ba kawai gurbatacce ba[38]. Abubuwan muhalli na gama gari waɗanda ke haifar da mutuwar kansa sun haɗa da shan taba (25-30%), abinci da kiba (30-35%), cututtuka (15-20%), radiation (duka ionizing da rashin ionizing, har zuwa 10%). rashin motsa jiki, da gurbacewa.[3][39] Danniya na ilimin halin dan Adam baya bayyana a matsayin wani abu mai hadari ga farkon ciwon daji, ko da yake yana iya tsananta sakamako a cikin wadanda ke da ciwon daji. Ba a yiwuwa a gabadaya a tabbatar da abin da ya haifar da wani ciwon daji saboda dalilai daban-daban ba su da takamaiman alamun yatsa. Misali, idan mutumin da ke shan taba ya kamu da cutar kansar huhu, to mai yiwuwa ne ta hanyar amfani da taba, amma da yake kowa yana da dan karamin damar kamuwa da cutar kansar huhu sakamakon gurbataccen iska ko radiation, ciwon daji na iya tasowa saboda daya daga cikin wadannan dalilai. Sai dai cututtukan da ba kasafai suke faruwa ba tare da masu juna biyu da masu ba da gudummawar gabobin jiki lokaci-lokaci, ciwon daji gabadaya ba cuta ce mai iya yaɗuwa ba, duk da haka abubuwan da ka iya haifar da ci gaban ciwon daji na iya yaduwa; irin su oncoviruses kamar hepatitis B, cutar Epstein-Barr da HIV.
Sinadarai Sinadaran bkrin bayani: Barasa da ciwon daji da shan taba da ciwon daji Yawan cutar kansar huhu yana da alaqa sosai da shan taba. An danganta bayyanar da wasu abubuwa na musamman da takamaiman nau'in ciwon daji. Wadannan abubuwa ana kiran su carcinogens. Shan taba, alal misali, yana haifar da kashi 90% na cutar kansar huhu. Har ila yau yana haifar da ciwon daji a cikin makogwaro, kai, wuya, ciki, mafitsara, koda, esophagus da pancreas. Hayakin taba ya qunshi fiye da hamsin sanannun ƙwayoyin cuta, gami da nitrosamines da polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Taba yana da alhakin kusan daya cikin biyar na mutuwar cutar kansa a duniya da kusan ɗaya cikin uku a cikin kasashen da suka ci gaba. Yawan mutuwar cutar kansar huhu a Amurka ya yi kama da tsarin shan taba, tare da karuwar shan taba tare da karuwa mai ban mamaki a cikin adadin mutuwar cutar kansar huhu kuma, kwanan nan, raguwar yawan shan taba tun shekarun 1950 ya biyo bayan raguwar mutuwar cutar kansar huhu a cikin maza tun 1990. A Yammacin Turai, kashi 10% na ciwon daji na maza da kashi 3% na ciwon daji na mata ana danganta su da shan barasa, musamman ciwon hanta da na narkewar abinci. Ciwon daji daga bayyanar abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da aiki na iya haifar da tsakanin 2 zuwa 20% na lokuta, yana haifar da aƙalla mutuwar 200,000. Ciwon daji kamar kansar huhu da mesothelioma na iya fitowa daga shakar hayakin taba ko filayen asbestos, ko cutar sankarar bargo daga kamuwa da benzene. Fuskantar perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), wanda galibi ake amfani da shi wajen samar da Teflon, an san yana haifar da ciwon daji iri biyu.
Abinci Da Motsa Jiki Abinci da motsa jiki: Abinci da ciwon daji Abinci, rashin motsa jiki da kiba suna da alaka da kusan kashi 30-35% na mutuwar ciwon daji. A cikin Amurka, yawan nauyin jiki yana da alaqa da habaka nau'ikan ciwon daji da yawa kuma yana da tasiri a cikin 14-20% na mutuwar ciwon daji.Wani bincike na Burtaniya wanda ya hada da bayanai kan mutane sama da miliyan 5 ya nuna mafi girman kididdigar jiki da ke da alaqa da akalla nau'ikan ciwon daji guda 10 kuma ke da alhakin kusan cututtukan 12,000 kowace shekara a cikin ƙasar. An yi imanin rashin aiki na jiki yana ba da gudummawa ga hadarin ciwon daji, ba kawai ta hanyar tasirinsa akan nauyin jiki ba har ma ta hanyar mummunan tasiri akan tsarin rigakafi da tsarin endocrine.[54]. Fiye da rabin abin da ke haifar da abinci yana faruwa ne saboda rashin abinci mai gina jiki (cin abinci da yawa), maimakon cin kayan lambu da yawa ko wasu abinci masu lafiya. Wasu takamaiman abinci suna da alaqa da takamaiman cututtukan daji. Cin abinci mai yawan gishiri yana da alaka da ciwon daji na ciki. Aflatoxin B1, mai yawan gurɓatar abinci, yana haifar da ciwon hanta. Taunar goro na iya haifar da kansar baki. Bambance-bambancen kasa a cikin ayyukan abinci na iya yin bayanin bambance-bambance a cikin abin da ya faru na kansa. Misali, ciwon daji na ciki ya fi zama ruwan dare a Japan saboda yawan abinci mai gishiri yayin da ciwon hanji ya fi yawa a Amurka. Bayanan ciwon daji na bakin haure suna kwatanta na sabuwar kasarsu, sau da yawa a cikin tsara kaya.
Kamuwa Da Cuta Kamuwa da cuta: Abubuwan da ke kamuwa da cutar daji A duk duniya kusan kashi 18% na mutuwar kansa yana da alaqa da cututtuka masu yaduwa.[Wannan rabo ya tashi daga babban kashi 25% a Afirka zuwa kasa da kashi 10% a cikin kasashen da suka ci gaba. Kwayoyin cuta sune cututtuka na yau da kullun waɗanda ke haifar da ciwon daji amma kwayoyin cutar kansa da kwayoyin cuta na iya taka rawa. Oncoviruses (kwayoyin cutar da za su iya haifar da ciwon daji) sun hada da papillomavirus na mutum (ciwon daji na mahaifa), cutar Epstein-Barr (cututtukan lymphoproliferative B-cell da nasopharyngeal carcinoma), Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (Kaposi's sarcoma da primary effusion lymphomas), hepatitis B da hepatitis C ƙwayoyin cuta. hepatocellular carcinoma) da kuma ɗan adam T-cell cutar sankarar bargo-1 (T-cell leukemias). Har ila yau ciwon ƙwayoyin cuta na iya kara hadarin ciwon daji, kamar yadda aka gani a cikin ciwon daji na Helicobacter pylori wanda ke haifar da ciwon ciki.[59][60]. Cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da ciwon daji sun hada da Schistosoma haematobium (squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder) da hanta flukes, Opisthorchis viverrini da Clonorchis sinensis (cholangiocarcinoma).
Radiation Radiation: Ciwon daji da ke haifar da radiation Fitar da hasken wuta kamar hasken ultraviolet da kayan aikin rediyo abu ne mai hadari ga kansa. Yawancin cututtukan daji waɗanda ba melanoma ba suna faruwa ne saboda hasken ultraviolet, galibi daga hasken rana.[63] Tushen ionizing radiation sun haɗa da hoton likita da radon gas.[63] Ionizing radiation ba mutagen mai karfi ba ne musamman.[65] Fuskantar wurin zama ga iskar radon, alal misali, yana da hadarin kansa iri daya kamar shan taba.[65] Radiation shine tushen ciwon daji mafi karfi idan aka haɗa shi da sauran abubuwan da ke haifar da cutar kansa, kamar radon da hayakin taba.[65] Radiation zai iya haifar da ciwon daji a yawancin sassan jiki, a cikin dukan dabbobi da kuma kowane shekaru. Yara suna da yuwuwar kamuwa da cutar sankarar bargo wanda ke haifar da radiation sau biyu kamar manya; Fitar da radiation kafin haihuwa yana da tasirin sau goma. Amfani da likitanci na ionizing radiation karami ne amma girma tushen cututtukan daji da ke haifar da radiation. Ana iya amfani da radiation ionizing don magance wasu cututtuka, amma wannan yana iya, a wasu lokuta, ya haifar da nau'i na ciwon daji na biyu.[65] Hakanan ana amfani da shi a wasu nau'ikan hoton likita.[66] Tsawaita bayyanar da hasken ultraviolet daga rana na iya haifar da cutar sankarau da sauran cututtukan fata.[67] Tabbatacciyar shaida ta tabbatar da hasken ultraviolet, musamman ma matsakaitan igiyar ruwa ta UVB, a matsayin sanadin mafi yawan cututtukan daji na fata wadanda ba melanoma ba, wadanda sune nau'in ciwon daji da aka fi sani a duniya.[67] Rashin ionizing mitar rediyo daga wayar hannu, watsa wutar lantarki da sauran makamantansu an bayyana su a matsayin yiwuwar cutar sankara ta Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya don Bincike kan Ciwon daji[68]. Hujja kuwa, ba ta goyi bayan wata damuwa ba. Wannan ya hada da cewa binciken bai sami daidaito tsakanin radiation wayar hannu da haɗarin ciwon daji ba
Gado Gado: Ciwon daji Mafi yawan ciwon daji ba na gado ba ne (na lokaci-lokaci). Ciwon daji na gado yana haifar da asali ne ta hanyar lahani na gado. Kasa da kashi 0.3 cikin 100 na yawan jama'a sune masu dauke da maye gurbi wanda ke da babban tasiri kan hadarin kansa kuma yana haifar da kasa da kashi 3-10 na cutar kansa. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan cututtuka sun haɗa da: wasu maye gurbi a cikin kwayoyin halitta BRCA1 da BRCA2 tare da fiye da 75% hadarin ciwon nono da ciwon daji na ovarian, [71] da kuma ciwon daji na nonpolyposis colorectal (HNPCC ko Lynch syndrome), wanda ke cikin kusan 3. na mutanen da ke fama da ciwon daji, [72] da sauransu. Bisa kididdigar da ciwon daji ke haifar da mafi yawan mace-mace, hadarin kamuwa da cutar kansar launin fata lokacin da aka gano dangi na farko (iyaye, dan'uwa ko yaro) yana da kusan 2.[73]. Hadarin dangi daidai shine 1.5 don kansar huhu, [74] da 1.9 don kansar prostate.[75]. Ga ciwon nono, haɗarin dangi shine 1.8 tare da dangi na farko wanda ya hadaka shi yana da shekaru 50 ko sama da haka, da 3.3 lokacin da dangin ya hadaka shi lokacin yana kasa da shekaru 50.[76]. Mutane masu tsayi suna da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansa saboda suna da ƙwayoyin sel fiye da gajerun mutane. Tunda tsayin daka ya kayyade ta hanyar gado mai yawa, mutane masu tsayi suna da haɓakar haɗarin cutar kansa.
Wakilan Jiki Wakilan jiki Wasu abubuwa suna haifar da cutar kansa ta hanyar zahiri, maimakon sinadarai.[78] Babban misali na wannan shine tsawaita bayyanar da asbestos, filayen ma'adinai da ke faruwa a zahiri wadanda sune babban dalilin mesothelioma (ciwon daji na serous membrane) yawanci serous membrane kewaye da huhu.[78] Sauran abubuwan da ke cikin wannan nau'in, ciki har da abubuwan da ke faruwa a zahiri da kuma sinadarai masu kama da asbestos na roba, irin su wollastonite, attapulgite, ulun gilashi da ulun dutse, an yi imanin suna da irin wannan tasirin.[78] Abubuwan da ba su da fibrous wanda ke haifar da ciwon daji sun haɗa da cobalt na karfe na karfe da nickel da silica crystalline (quartz, cristobalite da tridymite).[78]. Yawancin lokaci, carcinogens na jiki dole ne su shiga cikin jiki (kamar ta hanyar numfashi) kuma suna buƙatar shekaru masu yawa don haifar da ciwon daji.[78]. Rashin raunin jiki da ke haifar da kansa ba ya da yawa.[79] Da'awar cewa karya kasusuwa yana haifar da ciwon daji, misali, ba a tabbatar da hakan ba.[79] Hakazalika, ba a yarda da raunin jiki a matsayin sanadin cutar kansar mahaifa, ciwon nono ko kansar kwakwalwa.[79] Ɗaya daga cikin tushen da aka yarda shine akai-akai, aikace-aikacen dogon lokaci na abubuwa masu zafi zuwa jiki. Mai yiyuwa ne a ce yawan kone-kone da ake yi a sassan jiki guda, kamar wanda ake samar da na’urorin dumama na kanger da na kairo (masu dumin hannu na garwashi), na iya haifar da cutar kansar fata, musamman idan akwai sinadarai masu dauke da cutar sankara.[79] Yawan shan shayi mai zafi yana iya haifar da ciwon daji na hanji[79]. Gabadaya, an yi imanin cewa ciwon daji yana tasowa, ko kuma ana karfafa ciwon daji da ya riga ya kasance, yayin aikin warkarwa, maimakon raunin da ya faru kai tsaye.[79] Koyaya, maimaita raunin da aka samu ga kyallen takarda iri ɗaya na iya hadakar kwayoyin sel da yawa, wanda hakan na iya ƙara yuwuwar maye gurbi mai cutar kansa. An yi hasashen kumburi na yau da kullun don haifar da maye gurbi kai tsaye.[79][80] Kumburi na iya ba da gudummawa ga yaduwa, rayuwa, angiogenesis da ƙaura na ƙwayoyin cutar kansa ta hanyar tasiri microenvironment na tumor.[81][82]. Oncogenes suna gina microenvironment pro-tumorigenic mai kumburi.
Hormones Hormones Wasu kwayoyin halitta suna taka rawa wajen bunkasa ciwon daji ta hanyar inganta yaduwar kwayar halitta.[84] Abubuwan haɓaka kamar insulin da sunadaran da ke ɗaure su suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaɗuwar ƙwayoyin cutar kansa, bambance-bambance da apoptosis, suna nuna yiwuwar shiga cikin carcinogenesis.[85]. Hormones sune muhimman abubuwa a cikin cututtukan daji masu alaƙa da jima'i, kamar kansar nono, endometrium, prostate, ovary da testis da kuma ciwon daji na thyroid da kansar ƙashi.[84] Misali, 'ya'yan mata masu fama da ciwon nono suna da adadin isrogen da progesterone da yawa fiye da 'yan matan mata masu ciwon nono. Wadannan matakan hormone masu girma na iya yin bayanin haɗarin da ke tattare da cutar kansar nono, ko da idan babu kwayar cutar kansar nono.[84] Hakazalika, mazan kakannin Afirka suna da matakan girma na testosterone fiye da mazan zuriyar Turai kuma suna da mafi girman matakin cutar kansar prostate.[84] Maza daga zuriyar Asiya, tare da mafi karancin matakan testosterone-activating androstanediol glucuronide, suna da mafi ƙarancin matakan ciwon daji na prostate.[84] Sauran abubuwan da suka dace: masu kiba suna da matakan girma na wasu kwayoyin halittar da ke da alaƙa da ciwon daji da kuma mafi girman adadin wadannan cututtukan.[84]. Matan da suke shan maganin maye gurbin hormone suna da babban hadarin kamuwa da cutar kansar da ke da alaqa da wadannan kwayoyin cutar.[84] A gefe guda kuma, mutanen da suke motsa jiki fiye da matsakaici suna da kananan matakan waɗannan kwayoyin halitta kuma suna rage haɗarin ciwon daji.[84]. Osteosarcoma na iya haɓaka ta hanyar hormones girma.[84] Wasu jiyya da hanyoyin rigakafin suna yin amfani da wannan dalili ta hanyar rage matakan hormone ta hanyar wucin gadi da kuma hana cututtukan daji masu saurin kamuwa da hormone.[84]
Cututtukan autoimmune Akwai wata gungiya tsakanin cutar celiac da kara hadarin duk ciwon daji. Mutanen da ke fama da cutar celiac da ba a kula da su ba suna da haɗari mafi girma, amma wannan hadarin yana raguwa tare da lokaci bayan ganewar asali da kuma kulawa mai tsanani, mai yiwuwa saboda ƙaddamar da abinci marar yisti, wanda ke da alama yana da rawar kariya daga ci gaban malignancy a cikin mutanen da ke fama da cutar celiac. Duk da haka, jinkirin ganewar asali da farawa na cin abinci marar yisti yana ƙara haɗarin malignancies.[86] Yawan ciwon daji na gastrointestinal yana karuwa a cikin mutanen da ke fama da cutar Crohn da ulcerative colitis, saboda kumburi na kullum. Har ila yau, immunomodulators da kwayoyin halitta da ake amfani da su don magance wadannan cututtuka na iya inganta hadakar cututtuka na hanji.
Pathophysiology Pathophysiology: Carcinogenesis Ciwon daji na faruwa ne sakamakon jerin maye gurbi. Kowane maye gurbi yana canza halin tantanin halitta kaɗan. Genetics Babban labarin: Oncogenomics Ciwon daji cuta ce ta asali cuta na tsarin girma na nama. Domin tantanin halitta ya canza zuwa kwayar cutar kansa, dole ne a canza kwayoyin halittar da ke daidaita girma da bambance-bambancen kwayar halitta.[88] Kwayoyin halittar da abin ya shafa sun kasu kashi biyu manya-manya. Oncogenes sune kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke haɓaka haɓakar ƙwayoyin sel da haifuwa. Kwayoyin da ke hana Tumor su ne kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke hana rarraba tantanin halitta da rayuwa. Mummunan canji na iya faruwa ta hanyar samuwar novel oncogenes, rashin dacewa kan-bayyanar da kwayoyin oncogenes na yau da kullun, ko ta hanyar bayyanawa ko naƙasa ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana kari. Yawanci, ana buƙatar canje-canje a cikin kwayoyin halitta da yawa don canza tantanin halitta ta al'ada zuwa kwayar cutar kansa.[89] Canje-canjen kwayoyin halitta na iya faruwa a matakai daban-daban kuma ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Riba ko asarar dukkanin chromosome na iya faruwa ta hanyar kurakurai a cikin mitosis. Mafi na kowa maye gurbi, wadanda canje-canje ne a cikin jerin nucleotide na DNA na genomic. Manyan maye gurbi sun hada da gogewa ko samun wani yanki na chromosome. Ƙwararrun kwayoyin halitta yana faruwa lokacin da tantanin halitta ya sami kwafi (sau da yawa 20 ko fiye) na ƙaramin wuri na chromosomal, yawanci yana ƙunshe da ɗaya ko fiye da oncogenes da kayan gado na kusa. Juyawa yana faruwa lokacin da yankuna biyu na chromosomal daban-daban suka zama masu haɗuwa da juna, sau da yawa a wani yanayi na musamman. Wani sanannen misalin wannan shine chromosome na Philadelphia, ko fassarar chromosomes 9 da 22, wanda ke faruwa a cikin cutar sankarar jini na myelogenous na kullum kuma yana haifar da samar da furotin BCR-abl fusion protein, wani oncogenic tyrosine kinase. Kananan maye gurbi sun hada da maye gurbi, gogewa, da sakawa, wanda zai iya faruwa a yankin mai tallata kwayar halitta kuma ya shafi maganganunsa, ko kuma yana iya faruwa a cikin jerin lambobin kwayar halittar da kuma canza aiki ko kwanciyar hankali na furotin. Har ila yau, rushewar kwayar halitta guda ɗaya na iya haifar da haduwa da kwayoyin halitta daga kwayar cutar DNA ko retrovirus, wanda ke haifar da bayyanar cututtuka na kwayar cutar kwayar cutar a cikin kwayar cutar da kuma zuriyarsa. Maimaita bayanan da ke cikin DNA na sel masu rai zai haifar da wasu kurakurai (maye gurbi). An gina hadadden gyaran kurakurai da rigakafi a cikin tsari kuma yana kiyaye tantanin halitta daga cutar kansa. Idan babban kuskure ya faru, tantanin da ya lalace zai iya lalata kansa ta hanyar tsarin mutuwar kwayar halitta, wanda ake kira apoptosis. Idan tsarin sarrafa kuskuren ya gaza, to, maye gurbin zai tsira kuma a wuce tare da sel 'ya'ya. Wasu mahalli suna sa kurakurai su iya tasowa da yaduwa. Irin waɗannan mahalli na iya haɗawa da kasancewar abubuwa masu barna da ake kira carcinogens, maimaita rauni na jiki, zafi, ionizing radiation ko hypoxia.[90] Kurakuran da ke haifar da ciwon daji suna hadaka kai da hadakawa, misali: Maye gurbi a cikin injin gyara kura kurai na tantanin halitta na iya sa wannan tantanin halitta da 'ya'yanta su tara kurakurai cikin sauri. Ƙarin maye gurbi a cikin oncogene na iya haifar da tantanin halitta yin haifuwa da sauri da yawa fiye da takwarorinsa na yau da kullun. Karin maye gurbi na iya haifar da asarar kwayar kuma za ta iya rushe hanyar siginar apoptosis da kuma dawwama tantanin halitta. Ƙarin maye gurbi a cikin injin siginar tantanin halitta na iya aika sigina masu haifar da kuskure zuwa sel na kusa. Juyawa tantanin halitta ta al'ada zuwa ciwon daji yana kama da tsarin sarkar da ke haifar da kurakurai na farko, wanda ke hadawa zuwa manyan kurakurai, kowane ci gaba yana barin tantanin halitta damar tserewa ƙarin sarrafawa waɗanda ke iyakance haɓakar nama na yau da kullun. Wannan labari mai kama da tawaye shine tsira da ba a so na mafi dacewa, inda karfin juyin halitta ke aiki da tsarin jiki da aiwatar da tsari. Da zarar ciwon daji ya fara tasowa, wannan tsari mai gudana, wanda ake kira juyin halitta na clonal, yana haifar da ci gaba zuwa matakai masu yawa.[91]. Juyin Halitta na Clonal yana haifar da intra-tumour heterogeneity (kwayoyin ciwon daji tare da maye gurbi daban-daban) wanda ke dagula ƙira ingantattun dabarun jiyya. Halayen iyawar halayen da cututtukan daji ke haɓaka sun kasu kashi-kashi, musamman ƙauracewa apoptosis, wadatar kai a cikin siginar girma, rashin jin daɗi ga siginar haɓaka girma, ci gaba da angiogenesis, yuwuwar kwafi mara iyaka, metastasis, sake fasalin kuzarin kuzari da gujewa lalatawar rigakafi.
Epigenetics Epigenetics: Ciwon daji epigenetics Matsayin tsakiya na lalacewar DNA da lahani na epigenetic a cikin kwayoyin gyaran DNA a cikin carcinogenesis Ra'ayi na gargajiya game da ciwon daji wani nau'in cututtuka ne waɗanda ke haifar da ci gaba na rashin daidaituwa na kwayoyin halitta waɗanda suka haɗa da maye gurbi a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari da oncogenes da rashin daidaituwa na chromosomal. Daga baya an gano rawar da aka samu na sauye-sauye na epigenetic.[92] Canje-canjen Epigenetic gyare-gyaren da suka dace da aiki zuwa ga kwayoyin halitta wadanda ba sa canza jerin nucleotide. Misalan irin wadannan gyare-gyare sune canje-canje a cikin DNA methylation (hypermethylation da hypomethylation), gyare-gyaren histone[93] da canje-canje a cikin gine-ginen chromosomal (wanda ya haifar da rashin dacewa na sunadaran kamar HMGA2 ko HMGA1).[94]. Kowane bayan waɗannan sauye-sauye yana sarrafa maganganun kwayoyin halitta ba tare da canza jerin DNA na asali ba. Waɗannan canje-canjen na iya wanzuwa ta hanyar rarrabuwar sel, suna dawwama ga tsararraki masu yawa kuma ana iya daukar su azaman epimutation (daidai da maye gurbi). Canje-canje na Epigenetic yana faruwa akai-akai a cikin ciwon daji. Alal misali, binciken daya ya lissafa kwayoyin halittar sunadaran sunadaran da aka saba canzawa akai-akai a cikin methylation tare da ciwon daji na hanji. Wadannan sun hada da 147 hypermethylated da 27 hypomethylated genes. Daga cikin kwayoyin halittar hypermethylated, 10 sun kasance hypermethylated a cikin 100% na ciwon daji na hanji kuma wasu da yawa sun kasance hypermethylated a cikin fiye da 50% na ciwon daji na hanji.[95]. Yayin da ake samun sauye-sauye na epigenetic a cikin ciwon daji, sauye-sauye na epigenetic a cikin kwayoyin gyaran DNA, yana haifar da raguwar maganganun sunadarai na gyaran DNA, na iya zama mahimmanci. Ana tsammanin irin waɗannan sauye-sauyen suna faruwa da wuri kafin su ci gaba zuwa cutar kansa kuma suna iya zama sanadin rashin zaman lafiyar kwayoyin halittar cututtukan daji.[96][97][98] Rage bayanin kwayoyin halittar DNA na gyaran DNA yana rushe gyaran DNA. Ana nuna wannan a cikin adadi a mataki na 4 daga sama. (A cikin adadi, jajayen kalmomi suna nuna tsakiyar rawar lalacewar DNA da lahani a cikin gyaran DNA don ci gaba zuwa ciwon daji.) Lokacin da gyaran DNA ya gaza lalacewar DNA ya kasance a cikin sel a matakin sama fiye da yadda aka saba (mataki na 5) kuma yana haifar da kara yawan mitoci. maye gurbi da/ko epimutation (matakin 6). Adadin maye gurbi yana karuwa sosai a cikin ƙwayoyin da ba su da lahani a cikin gyare-gyaren rashin daidaituwa na DNA[99] [100] ko a cikin gyaran hadin gwiwa (HRR).[101] Sabuntawar chromosomal da aneuploidy suma suna karuwa a cikin sel marasa lahani na HRR.[102] Mafi girman matakan lalacewa na DNA yana haifar da karar maye gurbi (gefen siffa na dama) da kara kazanta. Yayin gyaran DNA ninki biyu karya, ko gyara wasu lalacewar DNA, wuraren gyara da ba su cika cika ba na iya haifar da shiru na kwayoyin halitta.[103][104] Rashin bayyanar sunadaran gyaran DNA saboda maye gurbi na iya kara hadarin kansa. Mutanen da ke da nakasar gada a cikin kowane nau'in halittar DNA na 34 (duba labarin DNA gyara-rashi cuta) sun haɓaka haɗarin kansa, tare da wasu lahani suna tabbatar da damar 100% na ciwon daji (misali p53 maye gurbi).[105]. An lura da maye gurbi na gyaran layin DNA a gefen hagu na adadi. Duk da haka, irin wannan maye gurbi (wanda ke haifar da ciwon daji na ciwon daji) shine kawai ke haifar da kusan kashi 1 cikin dari na ciwon daji.[106] A cikin cututtukan daji na lokaci-lokaci, ƙarancin gyare-gyaren DNA na faruwa lokaci-lokaci ta hanyar maye gurbi a cikin kwayar halittar DNA amma galibi ana haifar da su ta hanyar sauye-sauyen epigenetic wadanda ke rage ko yin shuru na maganganun kwayoyin halittar DNA. An nuna wannan a cikin adadi a matakin 3rd. Yawancin binciken da aka yi na carcinogenesis mai nauyin ƙarfe mai nauyi ya nuna cewa irin waɗannan ƙananan karafa suna haifar da raguwa a cikin maganganun gyaran enzymes na DNA, wasu ta hanyar hanyoyin epigenetic. An ba da shawarar hana gyaran DNA don zama babbar hanyar da ke haifar da cutar sankara mai nauyi. Bugu da kari, akai-akai sauye-sauye na epigenetic na lambar jerin DNA don kananan RNAs da ake kira microRNAs (ko miRNAs). miRNAs ba sa kididdige sunadaran sunadaran, amma suna iya “nufa” ƙwayoyin furotin-coded kuma su rage maganganunsu. Ciwon daji galibi suna tasowa ne daga tarin maye gurbi da kwankwasa waɗanda ke ba da fa'idar zabin da ke haifar da haɓaka clonal (duba lahani na ci gaba zuwa kansa). Maye gurbi, duk da haka, bazai zama akai-akai a cikin cututtukan daji kamar sauye-sauyen epigenetic ba. Matsakaicin ciwon daji na nono ko hanji yana iya samun sauye-sauyen furotin da kusan 60 zuwa 70, wanda kusan uku ko hudu na iya zama maye gurbin “direba” sauran kuma na iya zama maye gurbin “fasinja”
Metastasi Metastasis: Metastasis Metastasis shine yaduwar cutar kansa zuwa wasu wurare a cikin jiki. Ciwace-ciwacen da aka tarwatsa ana kiran su da ciwace-ciwacen daji, yayin da na asali shi ake kira da ciwon farko. Kusan duk ciwon daji na iya daidaitawa.[35] Mafi yawan mutuwar ciwon daji na faruwa ne saboda ciwon daji wanda ya karu.[36] Metastasis na kowa a karshen matakan ciwon daji kuma yana iya faruwa ta hanyar jini ko tsarin lymphatic ko duka biyu. Matakan al'ada a cikin metastasis sune mamayewa na gida, shiga cikin jini ko lymph, wurare dabam dabam ta jiki, haɓaka cikin sabon nama, yaduwa da angiogenesis. Nau'o'in ciwon daji daban-daban suna yin kazamin gabobin jikinsu, amma gabaɗaya wuraren da aka fi samun kazanta su ne huhu, hanta, ƙwaƙwalwa da kasusuwa.[35]
Metabolism Tumor metabolome Kwayoyin al'ada yawanci suna haifar da kusan kashi 30% na makamashi daga glycolysis, [108] yayin da yawancin ciwon daji ke dogara ga glycolysis don samar da makamashi (Tasirin Warburg).[109][110] [111] Amma tsirarun nau'ikan ciwon daji sun dogara da phosphorylation oxidative a matsayin tushen makamashi na farko, gami da lymphoma, cutar sankarar bargo, da kansar endometrial.[112] Ko da a wadannan lokuta, duk da haka, amfani da glycolysis a matsayin tushen makamashi da wuya ya wuce 60%.[108] Wasu 'yan ciwon daji suna amfani da glutamine a matsayin babban tushen makamashi, wani bangare saboda yana samar da nitrogen da ake bukata don hadin nucleotide (DNA, RNA).[113][108]. Kwayoyin ciwon daji sukan yi amfani da oxidative phosphorylation ko glutamine a matsayin tushen makamashi na farko.[114] Yawancin bincike sun nuna cewa enzyme sirtuin 6 an zabi wanda ba a kunna shi ba a lokacin oncogenesis a cikin nau'ikan ƙari iri-iri ta hanyar haifar da glycolysis.[111] Wani sirtuin, sirtuin 3 yana hana ciwon daji wanda ya dogara da glycolysis, amma yana inganta ciwon daji wanda ya dogara da oxidative phosphorylation.[115]. An ba da shawarar rage cin abinci mai karancin carbohydrate (abinci na ketogenic) a wasu lokuta azaman maganin tallafi don maganin ciwon daji.
Bincike Bincike (Satumba 2021) aX-ray na kirji yana nuna kansar huhu a cikin huhu na hagu Yawancin ciwon daji ana gane su da farko ko dai saboda bayyanar alamu ko alamun cutar ko ta hanyar dubawa. Babu bayan wadannan da ke haifar da tabbataccen ganewar asali, wanda ke bugatar bincika samfurin nama ta hanyar likitan ilimin cututtuka. Ana bincikar mutanen da ake zargi da ciwon daji tare da gwaje-gwajen likita. Wadannan yawanci sun hada da gwaje-gwajen jini, X-rays, (contrast) CT scans da endoscopy. Binciken nama daga biopsy yana nuna nau'in tantanin halitta da ke yaduwa, darajar tarihinsa, rashin daidaituwa na kwayoyin halitta da sauran siffofi. Tare, wannan bayanin yana da amfani don kimanta tsinkaye da kuma zabar mafi kyawun magani. Cytogenetics da immunohistochemistry wasu nau'ikan gwaje-gwajen nama ne. Wadannan gwaje-gwajen suna ba da bayanai game da sauye-sauyen kwayoyin halitta (kamar maye gurbi, kwayoyin halittar fusion da sauye-sauye na chromosome na lambobi) kuma yana iya nuna hasashen hasashen da mafi kyawun magani. Ciwon daji na iya haifar da damuwa na tunani da kuma shiga tsakani na zamantakewa, kamar maganin magana, na iya taimakawa mutane da wannan.[118]
Rabewa Karin bayani: Jerin nau'ikan ciwon daji da Jerin sharuddan da suka danganci oncology Ciwon daji ana rarraba su da nau'in tantanin halitta wanda kwayoyin tumor suke kama da shi don haka ana zaton shine asalin kwayar cuta. Waɗannan nau'ikan sun hada da: Carcinoma: Ciwon daji da aka samo daga sel epithelial. Wannan rukunin ya qunshi yawancin cututtukan daji da aka fi sani kuma sun haɗa da kusan duka waɗanda ke cikin nono, prostate, huhu, pancreas da hanji. Sarcoma: Ciwon daji da ke tasowa daga nama mai haɗawa (watau kashi, guringuntsi, mai, jijiya), kowannensu yana tasowa daga kwayoyin halitta da suka samo asali a cikin kwayoyin halitta a waje da kasusuwa. Lymphoma da cutar sankarar bargo: Waɗannan nau'ikan guda biyu suna tasowa ne daga ƙwayoyin hematopoietic (masu samar da jini) waɗanda ke barin bargo kuma sukan yi girma a cikin ƙwayoyin lymph da jini, bi da bi.[119] Ciwon ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta: Ciwon daji da aka samo daga sel masu ƙarfi, galibi suna nunawa a cikin ƙwaya ko kwai (seminoma da dysgerminoma, bi da bi). Blastoma: Ciwon daji da aka samo daga sel "precursor" marasa girma ko nama na amfrayo. Ciwon daji yawanci ana kiransu ta hanyar amfani da -carcinoma, -sarcoma ko -blastoma a matsayin kari, tare da kalmar Latin ko Girkanci ga gabbai ko nama na asali a matsayin tushen. Misali, ciwon daji na parenchyma na hanta da ke tasowa daga sel epithelial masu cutarwa ana kiransa hepatocarcinoma, yayin da mummunan cutar da ke fitowa daga sel precursor na hanta ana kiransa hepatoblastoma kuma ciwon daji da ke fitowa daga kwayoyin kitse ana kiransa liposarcoma. Ga wasu cututtukan daji na yau da kullun, ana amfani da sunan gabobin Ingilishi. Misali, nau'in ciwon daji na nono da aka fi sani shine ake kira ductal carcinoma na nono. Anan, ductal na sifa yana nufin bayyanar cutar daji a ƙarƙashin na'urar hangen nesa, wanda ke nuna cewa ya samo asali ne a cikin magudanar madara. Ciwon daji mara kyau (wadanda ba ciwon daji ba) ana kiran su ta amfani da -oma azaman kari tare da sunan gabobin a matsayin tushen. Alal misali, kwayar tsoka mai santsi ana kiranta leiomyoma (sunan gama gari na wannan kwayar cuta mai saurin faruwa a cikin mahaifa shine fibroid). Abin mamaki, wasu nau'in ciwon daji suna amfani da -noma suffix, misalai ciki har da melanoma da seminoma. Wasu nau'in ciwon daji ana kiran su don girma da siffar sel a karkashin na'urar hangen nesa, kamar giant cell carcinoma, spindle cell carcinoma da kananan-cell carcinoma. Wani ciwon daji na ductal carcinoma na nono (kodadden wuri a tsakiya) kewaye da spikes na farar tabo da nama mai launin rawaya. Ciwon daji mai kaifi mai launi (cibi na sama) a cikin samfurin colectomy Ciwon daji mai squamous-cell (burin farar fata) kusa da bronchi a cikin samfurin huhu. Wani babban ciwon daji na ductal carcinoma a cikin samfurin mastectomy
Rigakafi Rigakafi Babban labarin: rigakafin ciwon daji An bayyana rigakafin cutar kansa azaman matakan aiki don rage hadarin kansa.[120] Mafi yawan lokuta na ciwon daji na faruwa ne saboda hadarin muhalli. Yawancin waɗannan abubuwan muhalli zabin salon rayuwa ne masu iya sarrafawa. Don haka, ciwon daji gabaɗaya ana iya rigakafinsa[121]. Tsakanin kashi 70% zuwa 90% na cututtukan daji na yau da kullun suna faruwa ne saboda abubuwan muhalli don haka ana iya yin rigakafi.[122] Fiye da kashi 30 cikin 100 na mace-macen cutar daji za a iya kiyaye su ta hanyar guje wa abubuwan haɗari da suka haɗa da: taba, kiba mai yawa, rashin abinci mara kyau, rashin motsa jiki, barasa, cututtukan da ake ɗauka ta hanyar jima'i da gurɓataccen iska.[123] Bugu da ari, ana iya la'akari da talauci a matsayin wani abu mai hatsarin gaske a cikin cututtukan daji na ɗan adam.[124] Ba duk abubuwan da ke haifar da muhalli ba ne ake iya sarrafa su ba, kamar abubuwan da ke faruwa ta zahiri da kuma ciwon daji da ke haifar da cututtukan gado na gado don haka ba a iya yin rigakafi ta hanyar halayen mutum.
Abincin abinci Abincin abinci da ciwon daji Yayin da aka ba da shawarwarin abinci da yawa don rage haɗarin ciwon daji, shaidar da za ta goyi bayan su ba ta tabbata ba.[14][125] Abubuwan abinci na farko waɗanda ke habaka hadari sune kiba da shan barasa. Abincin da ke da ƙarancin 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari da jajayen nama suna da alaƙa da alaƙa amma sake dubawa da nazarin meta ba su kai ga daidaito ba.[126][127] Binciken meta-bincike na 2014 bai sami dangantaka tsakanin 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari da ciwon daji ba.[128] Kofi yana da alaƙa da raguwar haɗarin cutar kansar hanta.[129] Bincike ya danganta yawan shan ja ko naman da aka sarrafa da yawan kamuwa da cutar kansar nono, ciwon hanji da kuma ciwon daji na pancreatic, al’amarin da zai iya kasancewa saboda kasancewar carcinogens a cikin naman da ake dafawa a yanayin zafi.[130][131] A cikin 2015 IARC ta ba da rahoton cewa cin nama da aka sarrafa (misali, naman alade, naman alade, karnuka masu zafi, tsiran alade) kuma, zuwa karamin digiri, jan nama yana da alaƙa da wasu cututtukan daji.[132][133]. Shawarwari na abinci don rigakafin ciwon daji yawanci sun haɗa da ba da fifiko ga kayan lambu, 'ya'yan itace, hatsi gabaɗaya da kifi da kuma nisantar sarrafa nama da jan nama (naman sa, naman alade, rago), kitsen dabbobi, abincin da aka ɗora da ingantaccen carbohydrates.
Magani Magani Ana iya amfani da magunguna don hana ciwon daji a wasu yanayi kaɗan[134]. A cikin yawan jama'a, NSAIDs suna rage hadarin ciwon daji na launi; duk da haka, saboda illar cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, suna haifar da illa gaba daya idan aka yi amfani da su don rigakafi.[135] An gano aspirin yana rage hadarin mutuwa daga cutar kansa da kusan kashi 7%.[136] Masu hana COX-2 na iya rage yawan kwayar polyp a cikin mutanen da ke da polyposis adenomatous iyali; duk da haka, yana da alaka da illa iri ɗaya da NSAIDs.[137] Yin amfani da tamoxifen ko raloxifene kullum yana rage hadarin kamuwa da cutar kansar nono a cikin mata masu haɗari.[138] Amfani da cutarwa ga 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor kamar finasteride bai bayyana ba.[139] Karancin bitamin ba ya bayyana yana da tasiri wajen hana ciwon daji[140]. Yayin da ƙananan matakan bitamin D ke da alaƙa da haɓakar ciwon daji, [141] [142] [143] ko wannan dangantakar tana da dalili kuma ƙarin bitamin D yana da kariya ba a ƙayyade ba.[144][145]. Ɗaya daga cikin bita na 2014 ya gano cewa kari ba shi da wani tasiri mai mahimmanci akan hadarin ciwon daji.[145] Wani bita na 2014 ya kammala cewa bitamin D3 na iya rage hadarin mutuwa daga ciwon daji (kananan mutuwa a cikin mutane 150 da aka yi wa magani sama da shekaru 5), amma an lura da damuwa game da ingancin bayanan.[146] Beta-carotene yana kara yawan ciwon daji na huhu a cikin wadanda ke da haɗari.[147] Kariyar folic acid ba ta da tasiri wajen hana ciwon daji na hanji kuma yana iya ƙara yawan polyps.[148] Ba a nuna ƙarin sinadarin selenium don rage haɗarin cutar kansa ba.[149]
Allurar Rigakafi An samar da alluran rigakafin da ke hana kamuwa da wasu kwayoyin cuta na carcinogenic.[150] Alurar rigakafin cutar papilloma na dan adam (Gardasil da Cervarix) suna rage haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar mahaifa.[150] Alurar rigakafin ciwon hanta na B na hana kamuwa da cutar hanta da kuma haka yana rage haɗarin ciwon hanta.[150] Ana ba da shawarar gudanar da rigakafin cutar papillomavirus da rigakafin hanta B a inda albarkatu suka ba da izini.
Nunawa Nunawa Babban labarin: Binciken cutar daji Ba kamar yunƙurin gano cutar da alamu da alamun likita ke haifar da shi ba, gwajin cutar kansa ya haɗa da ƙoƙarin gano kansa bayan ya taso, amma kafin bayyanar cututtuka da ake iya gani.[152] Wannan yana iya haɗawa da gwajin jiki, gwajin jini ko fitsari ko hoton likita.[152] Ba a samun gwajin cutar kansa don nau'ikan ciwon daji da yawa. Ko da gwaje-gwajen suna samuwa, kila ba za a ba su shawarar ga kowa ba. Nunawa ta duniya ko tantanin jama'a ya ƙunshi tantance kowa.[153] Zaɓen tantancewa yana gano mutanen da ke cikin hadari mafi girma, kamar mutanen da ke da tarihin iyali.[153] An yi la'akari da abubuwa da yawa don tantance ko fa'idar tantancewar ta zarce kasada da kuma tsadar aikin tantancewar[152]. Wadannan abubuwan sun haɗa da: Lalacewar da za a iya samu daga gwajin nunawa: alal misali, Hotunan X-ray sun haɗa da fallasa zuwa radiation ionizing mai illa. Yiwuwar gwajin gano cutar kansa daidai Yiwuwar ciwon daji ya kasance: Binciken ba ya da amfani ga ciwon daji da ba kasafai ba. Matsalolin da za a iya samu daga hanyoyin biyo baya Ko akwai maganin da ya dace Ko ganowa da wuri yana inganta sakamakon jiyya Ko ciwon daji zai taɓa buƙatar magani Ko gwajin ya kasance karbuwa ga mutane: Idan gwajin gwajin ya yi nauyi (misali, mai tsananin zafi), to mutane za su ki shiga.[153]
Farashin Shawarwari Rundunar Tsaro ta Amurka gungiyar kwararru ta Amurka (USPSTF) ta ba da shawarwari ga cututtuka daban-daban: Yana ba da shawarar auna cutar kansar mahaifa ga mata masu jima'i kuma suna da mahaifa aqalla har zuwa shekaru 65.[154]. Ya ba da shawarar cewa a yi wa Amirkawa gwajin cutar kansar launin fata ta hanyar gwajin jini na facal, sigmoidoscopy, ko colonoscopy farawa daga shekara 50 har zuwa shekara 75.[155]. Shaidu ba su isa ba don bayar da shawarar don ko hana gwajin cutar kansar fata, [156] ciwon daji na baka, [157] kansar huhu, [158] ko ciwon gurguwar prostate a cikin maza a karkashin 75.[159]. Ba a ba da shawarar yin gwaje-gwaje na yau da kullun don ciwon daji na mafitsara, [160] kansar testicular, [161] cancer ovarian, [162] cancer pancreatic, [163] ko prostate cancer.[164] Yana ba da shawarar mammography don gwajin cutar kansar nono kowane shekara biyu daga shekaru 50-74, amma baya ba da shawarar ko dai a yi gwajin nono ko gwajin nono na asibiti.[165] Wani bita na Cochrane na 2013 ya kammala cewa gwajin cutar kansar nono ta hanyar mammography ba shi da wani tasiri wajen rage mace-mace saboda yawan bincike-bincike da wuce gona da iri.
Gwajin Kwayar Halitta Gwajin kwayoyin halitta Duba kuma: Ciwon daji Nau'in Ciwon Kansa BRCA1, BRCA2 Nono, kwai, pancreatic HNPCC, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS1, PMS2 Colon, uterine, kananan hanji, ciki, urinary fili gungiyoyin da ba na hukuma ba suna ba da shawarar gwajin kwayoyin halitta ga mutane masu hadari na wasu cututtuka. Masu dauke da waɗannan maye gurbi na iya yin ingantacciyar sa ido, maganin rigakafi, ko tiyata don rage hadarinsu na gaba.
Gudanarwa Gudanarwa: Gudanar da ciwon daji da ciwon daji Akwai zabubbukan magani da yawa don ciwon daji. Na farko sun hada da tiyata, chemotherapy, radiation far, hormonal far, niyya far da palliative kula. Wadanne magunguna ne ake amfani da su ya dogara da nau'in, wuri da matakin ciwon daji da kuma lafiyar majiyyaci da abubuwan da ake so. Manufar magani na iya ko ba ta zama magani ba.
Chemotherapy Chemotherapy Chemotherapy shine maganin ciwon daji tare da daya ko fiye cytotoxic anti-neoplastic kwayoyi (chemotherapeutic agents) a matsayin wani bangare na daidaitaccen tsari. Kalmar ta kunshi magunguna iri-iri, waɗanda aka raba su zuwa manyan nau'ikan kamar su alkylating agents da antimetabolites.[168] Magungunan chemotherapeutic na al'ada suna yin aiki ta hanyar kashe ƙwayoyin sel waɗanda ke rarraba cikin sauri, wani abu mai mahimmanci na yawancin kwayoyin kansa. An gano cewa samar da magungunan cytotoxic a hade ya fi magani guda; wani tsari da ake kira haɗin kai; wanda ke da fa'ida a cikin kididdigar rayuwa da martani ga ciwace-ciwacen daji da ci gaban cutar.[169] Wani bita na Cochrane ya kammala cewa hadin gwiwa ya fi tasiri don magance ciwon daji na nono. Koyaya, gabaɗaya ba tabbas ko haɗin chemotherapy yana haifar da ingantacciyar sakamako na lafiya, lokacin da aka yi la'akari da rayuwa da guba.[170] Maganin da aka yi niyya wani nau'i ne na chemotherapy wanda ke kaiwa takamaiman bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta tsakanin ciwon daji da kwayoyin al'ada. Magungunan da aka yi niyya na farko sun toshe kwayar mai karkar isrogen, yana hana ci gaban ciwon nono. Wani misali na yau da kullun shine nau'in inhibitors na Bcr-Abl, wadanda ake amfani da su don magance cutar sankarar bargo ta myelogenous (CML).[4] A halin yanzu, maganin da aka yi niyya ya wanzu ga yawancin nau'ikan ciwon daji na yau da kullun, gami da ciwon daji na mafitsara, kansar nono, kansar colorectal, ciwon koda, cutar sankarar bargo, kansar hanta, kansar huhu, lymphoma, kansar pancreatic, kansar prostate, kansar fata, da kansar thyroid kamar da sauran nau’in ciwon daji[171]. Amfanin chemotherapy ya dogara da nau'in ciwon daji da mataki. A hade tare da tiyata, chemotherapy ya tabbatar da amfani a cikin nau'in ciwon daji da suka hada da kansar nono, ciwon daji, ciwon daji na pancreatic, sarcoma osteogenic, ciwon daji na testicular, ciwon daji na ovarian da wasu cututtuka na huhu.[172]. Chemotherapy yana warkar da wasu cututtukan daji, kamar wasu cutar sankarar bargo, [173] [174] marasa tasiri a wasu ciwace-ciwacen kwakwalwa, [175] da rashin buqata a wasu, kamar yawancin cututtukan fata marasa melanoma.[176]. Amfanin chemotherapy sau da yawa yana iyakance ta hanyar guba zuwa wasu kyallen takarda a cikin jiki. Ko da chemotherapy bai ba da magani na dindindin ba, yana iya zama da amfani don rage alamun cututtuka kamar zafi ko rage girman kwayar kwayar cuta da ba ta iya aiki a cikin bege cewa tiyata zai yiwu a nan gaba.
Radiotion Radiation Jiyya na radiation ya kunshi amfani da ionizing radiation a kokarin ko dai magani ko inganta alamun cututtuka. Yana aiki ta hanyar lalata DNA na nama mai ciwon daji, yana kashe shi. Don adana kyallen takarda na al'ada (kamar fata ko gabobin, wanda radiation dole ne ya wuce ta don magance ciwon daji), nau'ikan radiyo masu siffa suna nufin daga kusurwoyi masu yawa don shiga tsakani a cikin kwayar cuta, suna samar da kashi mafi girma a can fiye da kewaye, nama mai lafiya. Kamar yadda yake tare da chemotherapy, ciwon daji ya bambanta a cikin martanin su ga maganin radiation.[177][178][179] Ana amfani da maganin radiation a kusan rabin lokuta. Radiation na iya zama ko dai daga tushen ciki (brachytherapy) ko waje na waje. Radiyon shine mafi yawan haskoki na X-ray marasa karfi don magance ciwon daji na fata, yayin da ake amfani da hasken X-ray mai karfi don ciwon daji a cikin jiki.[180] Radiation yawanci ana amfani dashi ban da tiyata da ko chemotherapy. Ga wasu nau'ikan ciwon daji, kamar kansar farkon kai da wuyansa, ana iya amfani da shi kadai[181]. Don kashin kashi mai radadi, an gano yana da tasiri a kusan kashi 70% na marasa lafiya.[181]
Tiyata Tiyata ita ce hanyar farko ta jiyya ga mafi yawan kebantacce, kwararrun cututtukan daji kuma maiyuwa suna taka rawa wajen daidaitawa da tsawaita rayuwa. Yawanci wani muhimmin sashi ne na tabbataccen ganewar asali da matakan ciwace-ciwacen daji, kamar yadda ake bukatar biopsies yawanci. A cikin ciwon daji na gida, tiyata yawanci yana kokari ya cire gaba daya taro tare da, a wasu lokuta, kwayoyin lymph a yankin. Ga wasu nau'ikan ciwon daji wannan ya isa ya kawar da cutar kansa[172].
Kulawar Jin Dadi Kulawar jin dadi Kulawa da jin dadi magani ne wanda ke kokarin taimaka wa majiyyaci jin daɗi kuma ana iya hada shi tare da kokarin magance cutar kansa. Kulawa da jin dadi ya hada da aiki don rage damuwa ta jiki, tunani, ruhi da damuwa na zamantakewa. Ba kamar jiyya da ke nufin kashe kwayoyin cutar kansa kai tsaye ba, babban burin kula da jin dadi shine haɓaka ingancin rayuwa. Mutane a kowane mataki na maganin ciwon daji yawanci suna samun wani nau'i na kulawa. A wasu lokuta, gungiyoyin kwararrun likita suna ba da shawarar cewa marasa lafiya da likitoci su amsa cutar kansa kawai tare da kulawar jin dadi.[182] Wannan ya shafi marasa lafiya wadanda: [183] suna nuna karancin aiki, yana nuna iyakacin ikon kula da kansu[182]
1. bai sami fa'ida daga jiyya na tushen shaida ba
2. ba su cancanci shiga kowane gwaji na asibiti da ya dace ba
3. babu wata kwakkwarar hujja da ke nuna cewa magani zai yi tasiri.
Kulawar jin dadi na iya rikicewa tare da asibiti don haka ana nunawa ne kawai lokacin da mutane suka kusanci karshen rayuwa. Kamar kulawar asibiti, kulawar jinya yana ƙoƙarin taimaka wa majiyyaci su jimre da buƙatun su na gaggawa kuma don haɓaka ta'aziyya. Ba kamar kulawar asibiti ba, kulawar kwantar da hankali baya bukatar mutane su daina jiyya da ke nufin cutar kansa. Jagororin kiwon lafiya na ƙasa da yawa sun ba da shawarar kulawa da wuri na gaggawa ga marasa lafiya wadanda ciwon daji ke haifar da alamun damuwa ko waɗanda ke buƙatar taimako don jure rashin lafiyarsu. A cikin marasa lafiya da aka fara gano cutar ta metastatic, ana iya ba da kulawa ta gaggawa nan da nan. Ana nuna kulawar jin daɗi ga marasa lafiya waɗanda ke da tsinkayar ƙasa da watanni 12 na rayuwa har ma an ba su magani mai tsauri.
Immunotherapy Ciwon daji immunotherapy An fara amfani da nau'o'in hanyoyin kwantar da hankali ta hanyar amfani da immunotherapy, karfafawa ko taimakawa tsarin rigakafi don yaki da ciwon daji, tun daga 1997. Hanyoyi sun haɗa da kwayoyin rigakafi, maganin bincike, da kuma canja wurin kwayar halitta.[187].
Maganin Laser Maganin Laser: Laser a cikin maganin kansa Laser farfesa Laser yana amfani da haske mai karfi don magance ciwon daji ta raguwa ko lalata ciwace-ciwacen daji ko ci gaba mai saurin kamuwa. An fi amfani da Laser don magance ciwon daji na sama wanda ke saman jiki ko kuma murfin gabobin ciki. Ana amfani da shi don magance ciwon daji na fata na basal cell da farkon matakan wasu kamar su mahaifa, azzakari, farji, vulvar, da kuma ciwon huhu mara karami. Sau da yawa ana haɗa shi tare da wasu jiyya, kamar tiyata, chemotherapy, ko radiation far. Laser-induced interstitial thermotherapy (LITT), ko interstitial Laser photocoagulation, yana amfani da Laser don magance wasu cututtuka ta hanyar amfani da hyperthermia, wanda ke amfani da zafi don rage ciwace-ciwacen kwayoyi ta hanyar lalacewa ko kashe kwayoyin cutar kansa. Laser sun fi dacewa fiye da tiyata kuma suna haifar da karancin lalacewa, zafi, zubar jini, kumburi, da tabo. Rashin lahani shine dole ne likitocin fida su sami horo na musamman. Yana iya zama mafi tsada fiye da sauran magunguna[188].
Madadin Magunguna Madadin Magungunan karfafawa da madadin maganin cutar kansa rukuni ne daban-daban na jiyya, ayyuka da samfurori waɗanda ba sa cikin magungunan al'ada.[189] “Maganin Ƙarfafawa” yana nufin hanyoyi da abubuwan da ake amfani da su tare da magungunan gargajiya, yayin da “maganin madadin” yana nufin mahadi da ake amfani da su maimakon magungunan gargajiya[190]. Yawancin magungunan da ke da alaqa da ciwon daji ba a yi nazari ko gwada su ta amfani da dabaru na al'ada kamar gwajin asibiti ba. An bincika wasu madadin jiyya kuma an nuna ba su da tasiri amma har yanzu ana ci gaba da tallata su da hadakawa. Wani mai bincike kan cutar daji Andrew J. Vickers ya bayyana cewa, "Lakabin 'wanda ba a tabbatar da shi ba' bai dace da irin waɗannan hanyoyin kwantar da hankali ba; lokaci ya yi da za a tabbatar da cewa yawancin hanyoyin maganin ciwon daji an 'bata'.
Hasashen Dubi Hasashen Dubi kuma: Yawan tsira da cutar daji, Jerin adadin mace-macen cutar kansa a Amurka, da masu tsira da ciwon daji Matakai uku na mace-macen cutar kansa ta duniya daga 1990 zuwa 2017[192] Yawan tsira ya bambanta da nau'in ciwon daji da kuma matakin da aka gano shi, kama daga rayuwa mai yawa zuwa cikar mace-mace shekaru biyar bayan ganewar asali. Da zarar ciwon daji ya sami metastasized, tsinkaya yakan zama mafi muni. Kimanin rabin marasa lafiya da ke samun maganin ciwon daji (ban da carcinoma a wuri da kuma ciwon daji na fata wanda ba melanoma ba) suna mutuwa daga wannan ciwon daji ko maganinsa.[23] Mafi yawan mutuwar ciwon daji na faruwa ne saboda ƙazamin kwayar cuta ta farko.[193] Rayuwa ya fi muni a kasashe masu tasowa, [23] wani bangare saboda nau'in ciwon daji da aka fi sani a can yana da wuyar magani fiye da wadanda ke da alaƙa da ƙasashen da suka ci gaba.[194] Wadanda suka tsira daga cutar kansa suna kamuwa da kansar farko na biyu da kusan ninki biyu na wadanda ba a gano su ba.[195] An yi imanin cewa haɓakar hadarin ya kasance saboda bazuwar damar haɓaka kowane ciwon daji, yuwuwar tsira daga cutar kansa ta farko, abubuwan haɗari iri ɗaya waɗanda suka haifar da cutar kansa ta farko, illolin da ba'a so na magance cutar kansa ta farko (musamman magungunan radiation), da kuma mafi kyawun yarda da nunawa.[195]. Hasashen tsira na ɗan gajeren lokaci ko na dogon lokaci ya dogara da abubuwa da yawa. Mafi mahimmanci sune nau'in ciwon daji da shekarun majiyyaci da lafiyar jiki gaba daya. Wadanda ke da rauni tare da wasu matsalolin kiwon lafiya suna da karancin rayuwa fiye da sauran mutane masu lafiya. Ba zai yi yuwuwa masu shekaru dari ba su rayu har tsawon shekaru biyar ko da an sami nasarar jiyya. Mutanen da suka ba da rahoton ingancin rayuwa suna dade da rayuwa.[196] Mutanen da ke da karancin ingancin rayuwa na iya shafar bakin ciki da sauran rikice-rikice da ko ci gaban cuta waɗanda duka biyun suna lalata inganci da adadin rayuwa. Bugu da ƙari, marasa lafiya da ke da mummunan tsinkaya na iya zama cikin bakin ciki ko kuma ba da rahoton rashin ingancin rayuwa saboda sun fahimci cewa yanayin su na iya zama m. Mutanen da ke fama da ciwon daji suna da haɗarin toshewar jini a cikin jijiyoyinsu wanda zai iya yin barazana ga rayuwa.[197] Yin amfani da magungunan kashe jini irin su heparin yana rage hadarin daskarewar jini amma ba a nuna cewa yana ƙara rayuwa ga masu ciwon daji ba.[197] Mutanen da ke shan magungunan kashe jini su ma suna da hadarin zubar jini.[197] Ko da yake yana da wuyar gaske, wasu nau'ikan ciwon daji, ko da daga matakin ci gaba, na iya warkewa nan da nan. Wannan al’amari ana kiransa da gafara ba tare da bata lokaci ba.[198].
Epidemiology Epidemiology: Ilimin cututtukan daji na cutar kansa Duba kuma: Jerin kasashe ta adadin kansa Duba ko gyara bayanan tushe. Adadin mace-mace masu shekaru daga cutar kansa a cikin mutane 10,000.[199] An kiyasta cewa a cikin 2018, mutane miliyan 18.1 sun kamu da cutar kansa da kuma mutuwar mutane miliyan 9.6 a duniya.[200] Kimanin kashi 20% na maza da 17% na mata za su kamu da cutar kansa a wani lokaci yayin da kashi 13% na maza da kashi 9% na mata za su mutu daga gare ta.[200] A cikin 2008, an gano kimanin mutane miliyan 12.7 na ciwon daji (ban da ciwon daji na fata da ba na melanoma ba da sauran cututtukan da ba sa cutarwa) [23] kuma a cikin 2010 kusan mutane miliyan 7.98 sun mutu.[201]. Ciwon daji na kusan kashi 16% na mace-mace. Mafi yawan kamar na 2018 sune ciwon huhu (mutuwar miliyan 1.76), ciwon daji na launi (860,000) ciwon ciki (780,000), ciwon hanta (780,000), da ciwon nono (620,000).[2]. Wannan ya sanya cutar sankara ta zama babban sanadin mutuwar mutane a kasashen da suka ci gaba kuma na biyu a cikin kasashe masu tasowa.[23] Fiye da rabin lokuta suna faruwa a duniya masu tasowa.[23] Mutuwar cutar kansa ya kai miliyan 5.8 a 1990.[201] Mutuwar tana karuwa da farko saboda tsawon rayuwa da canje-canjen salon rayuwa a cikin kasashe masu tasowa[23]. Babban haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansa shine shekaru.[202] Ko da yake yana yiwuwa ciwon daji ya buge kowane shekaru, yawancin masu fama da ciwon daji sun haura 65.[202] A cewar Robert A. Weinberg, mai binciken ciwon daji, "Idan mun rayu tsawon lokaci, ba dade ko ba dade dukanmu za mu kamu da ciwon daji." tsawon rayuwa[205] da canje-canje masu alaƙa da shekaru a cikin tsarin endocrine.[206] Tasirin tsufa akan kansa yana da rikitarwa ta hanyar abubuwa kamar lalacewar DNA da kumburi da ke inganta shi da abubuwan kamar tsufa na jijiyoyin jini da canje-canjen endocrin da ke hana shi.[207]. Wasu cututtukan daji masu saurin girma suna da yawa musamman, amma galibi ba sa mutuwa. Nazarin autopsy a Turai da Asiya ya nuna cewa kusan kashi 36 cikin 100 na mutane ba a gano su ba kuma a fili ba su da cutar kansar thyroid a lokacin mutuwarsu kuma kashi 80% na maza suna kamuwa da kansar prostate ta hanyar shekaru 80.[208][209]. Kamar yadda wadannan cututtukan daji ba su haifar da mutuwar majiyyaci ba, gano su da zai wakilci cutar fiye da kima maimakon kulawar likita. Ciwon daji guda uku da aka fi sani da yara sune cutar sankarar bargo (34%), ciwan kwakwalwa (23%) da lymphomas (12%).[210]. A Amurka ciwon daji yana shafar kusan 1 cikin yara 285.[211] Adadin ciwon daji na yara ya karu da kashi 0.6% a kowace shekara tsakanin 1975 zuwa 2002 a Amurka[212] da 1.1% a kowace shekara tsakanin 1978 da 1997 a Turai.[210] Mutuwar cutar kansar yara ta ragu da rabi tsakanin 1975 da 2010 a Amurka.[211]
Tarihi Tarihi: Tarihin ciwon daji Yin zane tare da ra'ayoyi guda biyu na wata mace ta Holland wadda aka cire mata ciwon daji daga wuyanta a 1689 Ciwon daji ya wanzu ga dukan tarihin ɗan adam.[213]. Rubuce-rubuce na farko game da cutar kansa daga kusan 1600 BC a cikin littafin Edwin Smith Papyrus na Masar kuma ya bayyana kansar nono.[213] Hippocrates (c. 460 BC c. 370 BC) ya bayyana nau'ikan ciwon daji da yawa, yana nufin su da kalmar Helenanci karkinos (kaguwa ko crayfish).[213]. Wannan suna ya zo ne daga bayyanar da aka yanke na wani kakkauran ciwon daji, tare da “jiyoyin da suka miqe ta kowane bangare kamar yadda dabbar kaguwa ke da kafafunta, daga nan ne aka samo sunanta”[214]. Galen ya bayyana cewa "ana kiran ciwon daji na nono ne saboda kamannin kamanni da kaguwa da aka yi ta hanyar tsawaitawar ciwace-ciwacen daji da jijiyoyin da ke kusa da su".[215]: 738 Celsus (c. 25 BC 50 AD) da aka fassara. karkinos zuwa cikin Latin kansa, kuma yana nufin kaguwa da shawarar tiyata a matsayin magani.[213]. Galen (karni na biyu AD) bai yarda da yin amfani da tiyata ba kuma ya ba da shawarar abin da ake amfani da shi a maimakon haka[213]. Wadannan shawarwarin sun tsaya tsayin daka tsawon shekaru 1000.[213] A karni na 15, 16, da 17, ya zama karbuwa ga likitoci su rarraba gawarwaki don gano musabbabin mutuwar.[216] Farfesan nan dan kasar Jamus Wilhelm Fabry ya yi imanin cewa ciwon nono na faruwa ne sakamakon wani gudanwar madara a cikin bututun mama. Farfesa dan kasar Holland Francois de la Boe Sylvius, mabiyin Descartes, ya yi imanin cewa dukkanin cututtuka sune sakamakon hanyoyin sinadarai kuma ruwan lemun tsami na acidic shine dalilin ciwon daji. Nicolaes Tulp na zamaninsa ya yi imanin cewa ciwon daji guba ne da ke yaduwa a hankali kuma ya kammala cewa yana yaduwa.[217] Likitan John Hill ya bayyana shakar taba a matsayin sanadin cutar kansar hanci a shekarar 1761.[216] Wannan ya biyo bayan rahoton a shekara ta 1775 na wani likitan fida dan kasar Biritaniya Percivall Pott cewa chimney yana shafan cutar sankarau, ciwon daji na kwankwasa, cuta ce da ta zama ruwan dare tsakanin sharar bututun hayaƙi.[218]. Tare da yaduwar amfani da na'urar hangen nesa a cikin karni na 18, an gano cewa 'dafin ciwon daji' ya yadu daga ƙwayar cuta ta farko ta cikin ƙwayoyin lymph zuwa wasu shafuka ("metastasis"). Wani likitan fiɗa na Ingila Campbell De Morgan ne ya fara tsara wannan ra'ayi na cutar tsakanin 1871 da 1874.
Al'umma Da Al'adu Al'umma da al'adu Duk da cewa cututtuka da yawa (kamar gazawar zuciya) na iya samun hasashen mafi muni fiye da mafi yawan lokuta na ciwon daji, ciwon daji shine batun tsoro da fargaba. Har ila yau ana amfani da lafazin “kananan rashin lafiya” na bayyana ciwon daji da ke haifar da mutuwa a cikin tarihin mutuwa, maimakon sanya sunan cutar a sarari, yana nuna wani abin kunya da ya bayyana.[220] Har ila yau, ciwon daji ana kiransa "kalmar C";[221] [222] [223] Macmillan Cancer Support yana amfani da kalmar don kokarin rage tsoro game da cutar.[224]. A Najeriya, wani sunan gida na kansa da ake fassarawa zuwa Turanci zuwa “cutar da ba za a iya warkewa ba”[225]. Wannan imani mai zurfi cewa ciwon daji dole ne mai wuyar gaske kuma yawanci cuta mai kisa yana nunawa a cikin tsarin da al'umma suka zaba don tattara kididdigar ciwon daji: mafi yawan nau'in ciwon daji-wanda ba melanoma ba, yana lissafin kusan kashi daya bisa uku na cututtukan daji a duniya, amma kadan kaɗan ne ke mutuwa[226][227]—ba a kebe su daga kididdigar ciwon daji musamman saboda ana samun saukin bi da su kuma kusan koyaushe ana warkar da su, sau da yawa a cikin hanya ɗaya, gajeriyar hanya.[228]. Tunanin yammacin duniya game da haƙƙin marasa lafiya ga mutanen da ke fama da cutar kansa sun haɗa da alhakin bayyana cikakken yanayin lafiyar mutum, da hakkin shiga cikin yanke shawara tare ta hanyar mutunta kimar mutum. A wasu al'adu, an fi son sauran hakkoki da ƙima. Misali, yawancin al'adun Afirka suna daraja iyalai gaba daya maimakon dabi'a. A wasu sassa na Afirka, an fi sanin cutar da a makara ta yadda ba za a iya samun magani ba, kuma idan ana samun magani, za ta yi saurin ruguza iyali. A sakamakon wadannan dalilai, masu ba da kiwon lafiya na Afirka sukan bar 'yan uwa su yanke shawara ko, lokacin da kuma yadda za a bayyana cutar, kuma suna yin hakan sannu a hankali da da'ira, yayin da mutum ya nuna sha'awa da kuma ikon jure wa mummunan labari. [225] Mutane daga kasashen Asiya da Kudancin Amurka suma sun fi son a hankali, rashin gaskiya wajen bayyanawa fiye da yadda aka tsara a Amurka da Yammacin Turai, kuma sun yi imanin cewa wani lokaci zai fi kyau kada a ba da labarin cutar sankara.[225] Gabadaya, bayyana cutar ta ya fi yawa fiye da yadda ake yi a karni na 20, amma ba a ba da cikakken bayanin hasashen ba ga yawancin marasa lafiya a duniya.[225] A Amurka da wasu al'adu, ana daukar cutar kansa a matsayin cuta da dole ne a "yaki" don kawo karshen "tashe-tashen hankula"; An ayyana Yaƙi akan Ciwon daji a Amurka. Misalai na soja sun zama ruwan dare musamman a cikin kwatancin illolin cutar kansa, kuma suna jaddada yanayin lafiyar majiyyaci da kuma buƙatar ɗaukar matakan gaggawa da kansa maimakon jinkirtawa, yin watsi ko dogara gaba ɗaya ga wasu. Ƙididdigar soja kuma suna taimakawa wajen tantance tsattsauran ra'ayi, magunguna masu lalata.[229][230] A cikin 1970s, wani sanannen madadin maganin ciwon daji a Amurka wani nau'i ne na maganin magana na musamman, bisa ra'ayin cewa mummunan hali ne ke haifar da kansa.[231] Mutanen da ke da "ɗabi'ar ciwon daji"-masu bakin ciki, dannewa, ƙiyayya da kuma tsoron bayyana motsin zuciyar su-an yi imani da cewa sun bayyana kansa ta hanyar sha'awar tunani. Wasu masu ilimin halayyar dan adam sun ce maganin da zai canza tunanin majiyyaci game da rayuwa zai magance cutar kansa[231]. Daga cikin illolin, wannan imani ya baiwa al'umma damar zargin wanda aka azabtar da shi da ya haddasa cutar daji (ta hanyar "son" ta) ko hana maganinta (ta rashin zama cikakkiyar farin ciki, marar tsoro da ƙauna).[232]. Hakanan yana kara damuwa ga marasa lafiya, yayin da suka yi imani da kuskure cewa motsin rai na bakin ciki, fushi ko tsoro yana rage rayuwarsu.[232] Susan Sontag ta yi wa ra’ayin ba’a, wadda ta buga Illness as Metaphor yayin da take murmurewa daga maganin cutar kansar nono a 1978.[231]. Ko da yake ainihin ra'ayin yanzu gabaɗaya ana daukarsa azaman banza, ra'ayin wani kan pe
Tasirin Tattalin Arziki Tasirin Tattalin Arziki Jimillar kashe kuɗin kula da lafiya kan cutar daji a Amurka an kiyasta ya kai dala biliyan 80.2 a shekarar 2015.[234] Ko da yake kashe kudin kula da lafiya da ke da alaqa ya karu da cikakkiyar ma'ana a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, rabon kuɗin kiwon lafiya da aka keɓe don maganin cutar kansa ya kasance kusa da 5% tsakanin 1960s da 2004.[235][236]. An yi irin wannan tsari a Turai inda kusan kashi 6% na duk abin da ake kashewa na kula da lafiya ana kashewa wajen maganin ciwon daji[237][238]. Baya ga kashe kuɗin kula da lafiya da guba na kudi, ciwon daji yana haifar da farashi kai tsaye ta hanyar asarar yawan aiki saboda kwanakin rashin lafiya, rashin karfi na dindindin da nakasa gami da mutuwa da wuri a lokacin aiki. Ciwon daji yana haifar da farashi don kulawa na yau da kullun. Farashin kai tsaye da kuma farashin kulawa na yau da kullun ana kiyasta zai wuce ko daidai da kudin kula da lafiya na kansa.[239][238]
Wurin Aiki an hada ciwon daji a matsayin yanayin kariya ta Hukumar Daidaita Ayyukan Aiki (EEOC), musamman saboda yuwuwar cutar kansa da ke da tasirin wariya ga ma'aikata.[240] Wariya a wurin aiki na iya faruwa idan mai aiki ya yi imanin karya cewa mai ciwon daji ba zai iya yin aiki yadda ya kamata ba, kuma yana iya neman ƙarin izinin rashin lafiya fiye da sauran ma'aikata. Har ila yau, masu ɗaukan ma'aikata na iya yin yanke shawara na haya ko kora bisa rashin fahimta game da nakasa ciwon daji, idan akwai. EEOC yana ba da jagororin tambayoyi ga masu daukar aiki, da kuma jerin abubuwan da za a iya magance su don tantancewa da saukar ma'aikatan da ke fama da cutar kansa.[240]
Bincike Bincike: Jami'ar Binciken Ciwon daji na Asibitin Cancer na Florida Domin ciwon daji rukuni ne na cututtuka, [241][242] da wuya a sami "maganin ciwon daji" fiye da yadda za a sami magani guda daya don dukkan cututtuka masu yaduwa.[243] An tada tunanin masu hana Angiogenesis ba daidai ba suna da yuwuwar a matsayin maganin "harsashi na azurfa" da ke dacewa da nau'ikan ciwon daji da yawa.[244] Ana amfani da masu hana Angiogenesis da sauran magungunan ciwon daji a hade don rage cutar kansa da mace-mace.[245]. Ana nazarin magungunan ciwon daji na gwaji a cikin gwaje-gwajen asibiti don kwatanta maganin da aka tsara zuwa mafi kyawun magani. Ana iya gwada magungunan da suka yi nasara a nau'in ciwon daji guda ɗaya da sauran nau'ikan.[246] Ana gudanar da gwaje-gwajen bincike don inganta ingantattun hanyoyin kwantar da hankali ga majiyyatan da suka dace, dangane da ilimin halittarsu daya[247]. Binciken ciwon daji yana mai da hankali kan batutuwa masu zuwa: Ma'aikata (misali kwayoyin cuta) da abubuwan da suka faru (misali maye gurbi) wadanda ke haifar ko saukake canje-canjen kwayoyin halitta a cikin ƙwayoyin da aka kaddara su zama ciwon daji. Madaidaicin yanayin lalacewar kwayoyin halitta da kwayoyin halittar da ya shafa. Sakamakon wadancan canje-canjen kwayoyin halitta akan ilimin halitta na tantanin halitta, duka a cikin samar da ma'anar kaddarorin kwayar cutar kansa da kuma saukake ƙarin abubuwan da ke haifar da ci gaban cutar kansa. Ingantacciyar fahimtar ilmin kwayoyin halitta da ilmin halitta saboda binciken cutar kansa ya haifar da sabbin hanyoyin magance cutar kansa tun lokacin da shugaban Amurka Richard Nixon ya ayyana "Yakin Ciwon daji" a 1971. Tun daga wannan lokacin, kasar ta kashe sama da dala biliyan 200 kan binciken cutar kansa, ciki har da albarkatu daga sassa na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu[248]. Adadin mutuwar ciwon daji (daidaita girman da shekarun yawan jama'a) ya ragu da kashi biyar tsakanin 1950 zuwa 2005.[249] Gasar don albarkatun kudi da alama ta danne kirkira, hadin gwiwa, hadarin hadari da tunanin asali da ake bukata don yin bincike na asali, ba tare da kin yarda da bincike mai karancin hadari cikin kananan hadaka havakawa sama da hadari, karin ingantaccen bincike. Sauran sakamakon gasa da alama karatu ne da yawa tare da ikirari masu ban mamaki waɗanda ba za a iya maimaita sakamakon su ba da kuma karkatattun abubuwan karfafawa wadanda ke karfafa cibiyoyin bayar da tallafi don hadaka ba tare da yin isassun jari a cikin ikonsu da wuraren aikinsu ba.[250][251][252][253] Virotherapy, wanda ke amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta, ana nazarin. Sakamakon cutar ta COVID-19, an sami damuwa cewa bincike da jiyya na cutar daji suna raguwa.[254][255]
Juna Biyu Ciwon daji na Ciwon daji yana shafar kusan 1 cikin 1,000 mata masu juna biyu. Mafi yawan ciwon daji da ake samu a lokacin daukar ciki iri daya ne da na ciwon daji da ake samu a cikin mata marasa ciki a lokacin haihuwa: kansar nono, kansar mahaifa, cutar sankarar mahaifa, lymphoma, melanoma, kansar kwai da kuma ciwon daji[256]. Gano sabon ciwon daji a cikin mace mai ciki yana da wahala, a wani bangare saboda duk wani alamun da aka saba dauka a matsayin rashin jin daɗi na yau da kullun da ke da alaqa da ciki. A sakamakon haka, ciwon daji yawanci ana gano shi a wani dan lokaci kadan fiye da matsakaici. Wasu hanyoyin hoto, irin su MRIs (hoton maganadisu na maganadisu), CT scans, duban dan tayi da mammograms tare da garkuwar tayin ana daukar lafiya yayin daukar ciki; wasu kamar su PET scans, ba su kasance ba.[256] Magani gabaɗaya iri daya ne da na mata marasa ciki. Duk da haka, ana guje wa radiation da magungunan rediyo yayin daukar ciki, musamman idan adadin tayin zai iya wuce 100 cGy. A wasu lokuta, ana jinkirta wasu ko duka jiyya har sai bayan haihuwa idan an gano ciwon daji a karshen ciki. Ana amfani da bayarwa da wuri don ciyar da farkon jiyya. Tiyata gabadaya ba ta da lafiya, amma tiyatar kashin gugu a farkon watanni uku na iya haifar da zubar da ciki. Wasu jiyya, musamman wasu magungunan chemotherapy da aka bayar yayin datsa na farko
Sauran Dabbobi Likitan dabbobi, wanda ya fi maida hankali kan kuliyoyi da karnuka, kwarewa ce mai girma a cikin kasashe masu arziki kuma ana iya ba da manyan nau'ikan jiyya na dan adam kamar tiyata da rediyo. Mafi yawan nau'ikan ciwon daji sun bambanta, amma nauyin kansar yana da alama aqalla yana da girma a cikin dabbobi kamar na mutane. Dabbobi, yawanci rodents, galibi ana amfani da su wajen bincike kan cutar kansa kuma nazarin cututtukan daji a cikin manyan dabbobi na iya amfanar bincike kan kansar ɗan adam.[257] A cikin wadanda ba mutane ba, an bayyana wasu nau'o'in ciwon daji masu yaduwa, inda ciwon daji ke yaduwa tsakanin dabbobi ta hanyar watsa kwayoyin ciwon daji da kansu. Ana ganin wannan al'amari a cikin karnuka masu ciwon sarcoma na Sticker (wanda kuma aka sani da canine transmissible venereal tumor), da kuma shaidanun Tasmania masu fama da ciwon fuska na shaidan (DFTD).
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
Cigaba da karatu Cutar |
48251 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsaron%20abinci%20a%20Madagascar | Tsaron abinci a Madagascar | Tsibirin ƙasar Madagascar na ci gaba da fama da tashe-tashen hankula na siyasa da tattalin arziƙi da talauci da rashin abinci Yayin da ƙasar ke aiwatar da wani gagarumin shirin sauyi da aka tsara don inganta zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, da kuma alamomin shugabanci tsakanin shekarar 2002 zuwa ta 2008, rikicin siyasa na shekarar 2009 ya jefar da waɗannan ci gaban. Wannan rigimar siyasa, tare da koma bayan tattalin arzikin duniya, ya haifar da raguwar ci gaban tattalin arziki da kashi 4 cikin 100 a shekarar 2009 (Bankin Duniya a shekarar 2012).
Dubawa Bisa ga rahoton ci gaban bil adama na shekarar 2009 na shirin ci gaban Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na al'ummar ƙasar suna rayuwa a ƙasa da kogin talauci, kashi 30 cikin ɗari ba su iya karatu ba, kashi 47 ne kawai ke samun ruwa mai tsafta, tare da tsawon rayuwa a lokacin haihuwar shekaru 61. Madagaskar tana matsayi na 135 a cikin ƙasashe 169 a kididdigar ci gaban bil'adama Kayan abinci ba su da bambance-bambance kuma baya biyan bukatun jama'a. Kashi uku na mutanen ba su da abinci. Tare da raguwar kayan abinci, rashin samun abinci, da bala'o'i, talauci shi ne babban dalilin rashin wadataccen abinci na gidaje Talauci ya zama ruwan dare a yankunan karkara. Kusan kashi 85 cikin 100 na talakawa suna zaune ne a yankunan karkara kuma kashi 60 daga cikinsu ana ɗaukar su a matsayin matalauta. Tare da ƙaruwar yawan jama'a, lamarin ya ƙara tsananta, ta yadda rabin yaran Malagasy suna nuna alamun rashin abinci mai gina jiki. Lardin Toliara da ke Kudu maso Yamma ne ke da mafi yawan talauci, duk da haka, yawancin talakawan karkara sun taru ne a larduna uku mafi yawan jama'a na Antananarivo, Fianarantsoa da Toamasina Talakawa sun fi fuskantar hatsarin yanayi ne kawai saboda talaucinsu. Magidanta matalauta suna da ƴan kadarori da za su sayar kuma amfanin su ya yi ƙasa kaɗan, don haka a lokacin ƙarancin su ba su da wani abin da zai hana su abinci. Ƙungiyoyin da suka fi fama da rauni a yankunan karkara su ne mata (waɗanda ke da kashi 55 cikin 100 na yawan jama'a da kashi 80 cikin 100 na masu fafutukar tattalin arziki) da yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru biyar. Dabarun tsira don samar da isassun wadatar abinci da rage haɗari sun haɗa da bambance-bambancen ayyukan noma, haɓaka ayyukan gonaki, ƙaura na yanayi ko na dindindin da aikin albashi Duk da haka, raunin al'ummar Madagaska ya ƙara taɓarɓarewa tsawon shekaru na bala'o'i, rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa, da ƙarancin saka hannun jari a kayayyakin more rayuwa, tare da gajiyar hanyoyin shawo kan matsalar. Lalacewar muhalli da zaizayar ƙasa sun ƙara cutar da mutanen karkara iya jurewa. Dangane da matsayinta na ƙasa, Madagascar na fuskantar koma baya a kowace shekara sakamakon bala'o'i, waɗanda ke afkawa yankuna daban-daban na ƙasar tare da shafar yanayin abinci na sassa daban-daban na al'ummar ƙasar. A cikin shekaru 39 (daga shekarar 1968 zuwa ta 2007), guguwa na wurare masu zafi, guguwa da ambaliyar ruwa sun haifar da lalacewa da aka ƙiyasta kusan dalar Amurka biliyan 1.6 kuma sun shafi mutane miliyan 8. Mummunan fari dai ya shafi mutane kusan miliyan biyu da dubu ɗari bakwai, baya ga illar fari da ake fama da ita a kudancin ƙasar. Bugu da ƙari, Madagaska tana fama da fari a kai a kai Tsarin Gudanar da Hatsarin Bala'i na Ƙasa (DRM) ya ƙunshi tsarin da ba a san shi ba na kwamitocin DRM (musamman a yankuna, gundumomi da matakan jama'a) a ƙarƙashin inuwar Conseil National de Gestion des Risques et des Catastrophes, a ƙarƙashin Ofishin Firayim Minista. Masu ba da gudummawa suna tallafawa gwamnati sosai wajen tsarawa da aiwatar da wannan tsarin.
Duba kuma Noma na Madagascar
Canjin yanayi a Madagascar
Tsaron abinci a Burkina Faso
Manazarta
Littafi Mai Tsarki Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Gona (FAO). Bayanin ƙasar Gina Jiki don Madagascar. Rubutu akan layi: http://www.fao.org/ag/AGN/nutrition/mdg_en.stm Asusun Ci Gaban Aikin Gona na Duniya (IFAD). Portal Talauci. http://www.ruralpovertyportal.org/web/guest/country/home/tags/madagascar
Shirin Abinci na Duniya (WFP). Shirin Ƙasa Madagascar 2005-2009. Rubutu kan layi: http://www.wfp.org/content/country-programme-madagascar-2005-2009 Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Bayanin ƙasa. Rubutu akan layi: https://web.archive.org/web/20110817144953/http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/MDG.html
Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Plan d'Action du Program Pays/CPAP 2008-2011. Rubutu akan layi: http://www.snu.mg/new/sites/pnud/article.php?article_id=749&lang=fr Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit gidan yanar gizon. http://www.gtz.de/en/weltweit/afrika/587.htm
Portal Tsaron Abinci na IFPRI |
59493 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98ungiyar%20Yanayi | Ƙungiyar Yanayi | Kungiyar Climate kungiya ce mai zaman kanta,wacce ke aiki tare da kamfanoni da shugabannin gwamnati a duk duniya don magance canjin yanayi.Kungiyar tana da shirye-shiryen da ke mai da hankali kan makamashi mai sabuntawa da rage hayaƙin gas.An ƙaddamar dashi a shekara ta 2004,ƙungiyar tana aiki a duniya tare da ofisoshi a Burtaniya (headquarters),Amurka da Indiya.
Tana aiki a matsayin sakateriyar haɗin gwiwar ƙasa da ƙasa biyu,haɗin gwiwoyi na gwamnatoci da yankuna a duk duniya,waɗanda suka himmatu ga rage fitar da iskar gas zuwa matakan zero a shekarar 2050.I zuwa 2022, Ƙungiyar Ƙananan Ƙasa ta haɗu da gwamnatoci sama da 270 waɗanda ke wakiltar mutane biliyan 1.75 da kashi 50% na tattalin arzikin duniya.
Shirin kasuwanci na kungiyar, wani ɓangare na haɗin gwiwar ''We Mean Business'', tana da niyyar haɓɓaka buƙatun kamfanoni don makamashi mai sabuntawa,yawan makamashi da sufuri na lantarki,hanzarta sauyawa zuwa tattalin arzikin fitar da iska, yayin da yake taimakawa wajen jagorantar kasuwancin don rage hayakin carbon, zama mafi ƙarfi da haɓaka riba.
Sauran ayyukan da suka gabata da na yanzu,sun haɗa da gwajin LED "LightSavers"na duniya, wanda ya faru a birane kamar New York City, Hong Kong da Kolkata;aikin ƙa'idodin Yanayi,wanda a ƙarƙashinsa cibiyoyin kuɗi (ciki har da Credit Agricole, HSBC, Standard Chartered, Swiss Re,F C Asset Management da BNP Paribas),sun yarda suyi la'akari da canjin yanayi yayin tsara ayyukansu da samfuran su; Jihohi da Yankin Alliance,waɗanda aka tsara don ƙarfafa manufofin canjin yanayi na lardin,da kuma inganta manufofin canji da ƙarancin carbon.
Sun yi haɗin gwiwa a kan shirye-shirye da rahotanni tareda kungiyoyi,gami da Global e-Sustainability Initiative (GeSi),International Emissions Trading Association (IETA),CDP, Gidauniyar Basel ta Duniya, Kwalejin Kimiyya ta New York,Gidaunin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya,Asusun Marshall na Jamus,Ofishin Tony Blair da Majalisar Kasuwanci ta Duniya kan Ci Gaban Ci gaba.
Ƙungiyar Climate ta ɗauki baƙuncin taron ƙoli na ƙasa da ƙasa, da abubuwan da suka faru, tare da Climate Week NYC a Birnin New York, wani taron mako-mako na duniya, wanda ke inganta aikin yanayi na duniya, da kuma taron India Energy Access Summit a New Delhi.
Tarihi Anfara kungiyar Climate Group a shekara ta 2003,kuma an ƙaddamar da ita a shekara ta 2004,ta tsohon Shugaba da kuma Steve Howard,tareda tsohon Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa Jim Walkerda tsohon Darakta na Sadarwa Alison Lucas.Ya samo asali ne daga bincike da Asusun Rockefeller Brothers ya jagoranta kuma an kafa shi don ƙarfafa manyan kamfanoni da gwamnatocin ƙasa don ɗaukar mataki kan canjin yanayi.Don shiga, kamfani ko gwamnati dole ne su sanya hannu kan ƙa'idojin jagorancin ƙungiyar.Tsohon Firayim Ministan Burtaniya Tony Blair ya goyi bayan kungiyar tun lokacin da'aka ƙaddamar da ita kuma ya bayyana yawancin abubuwan da suka faru na ƙungiyar.
Cibiyar sadarwa ta Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Jihohi da Yankuna ta Climate Group ta haɗa da wasu fitattun shugabannin gwamnatocin dake cikin ƙasa, waɗanda suka kasance, ko suna da hannu a cikin aikin manufofinta na haɓaka makamashi mai sabuntawa da rage hayakin gas.Waɗannan sun haɗa da, Ministan farko na Scotland Alex Salmond; Ministan farko na Welsh Carwyn Jones; Yarima Albert na Monaco; tsohon Gwamnan California, Arnold Schwarzenegger; tsohon Firimiya Minista na Manitoba, Gary Doer; tsohon Firaministan Quebec, Jean Charest; tsohon Firimiya na Kudancin Australia Mike Rann da Shugaban Poitou-Charentes,Ségolène Royal. Acikin shekaru masu zuwa,Schwarzenegger, Charest da Salmond,kowannensu ya sami:Kyautar jagorancin yanayi ta ƙasa da ƙasa daga shugaban Mike Rann. Cibiyar sadarwar ta haɗa da sama da kamfanoni 80 da gwamnatoci mafi girma a duniya (ciki harda, alal misali, Birnin New York, Miami, Los Angeles, Jihar California,yawancin lardunan Kanada da Australiya,da Birnin London).
A shekara ta 2011, Mark Kenber,wanda a baya ya kasan ce mataimakin Shugaba, ya maye gurbin Steve Howard a matsayin Shugaba. Yayi murabus daga mukamin a shekarar 2016.
A cikin 2017, Helen Clarkson ta zama Shugaba.
Kudin Ƙungiyar Yanayi ta bayyana cewa, tana aiki ba tare da wata ƙungiya ta gwamnati ba. Tana tallafawa aikin ta daga hanyoyin kuɗaɗen shiga daban-daban. Ƙungiyar ta 2004 ta sami goyon baya da farko daga ƙungiyoyin agaji, gami da Asusun Rockefeller Brothers,Gidauniyar DOEN,Gidaunin John D da Catherine T. MacArthur, da Gidauniyoyin Esmee Fairbairn. Rahoton shekara-shekara na kungiyar na 2007-2008 ya nuna cewa sama da kashi 75% na kuɗaɗen da ta bayar a lokacin sun fitone daga gudummawar agaji,tushe da sauran kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da kuma daga kungiyar HSBC Climate Partnership da'aka dakatar yanzu.
Har zuwa kwanan nan, 'yan kasuwa da membobin gwamnati sun biya su zama membobin The Climate Group, kuma wannan kudade sun kai kusan 20% na kasafin kuɗin aiki na kungiyar. Yawancin shirye-shiryenta ana gudanar da su ne tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da membobin, waɗanda tallafawa sau da yawa shine tushen tushen kudaden shiga ga waɗannan shirye-shiryen. Kungiyar Climate ta bayyana cewa ma'aikata ne ke jagorantar dabarun gaba ɗaya wani lokacin a cikin shawarwari tare da membobinta kuma kwamitin ta ya amince da ita, kuma babu wata alaƙa tsakanin membobin da shugabancin kungiyar.
HSBC Yanayin Yanayi A cikin 2007, HSBC ta ba da sanarwar cewa The Climate Group, tare da WWF, Earthwatch, da Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, za su zama abokin tarayya a cikin HSBC Climate Partnership, kuma sun ba da gudummawar dala miliyan 100 don tallafawa aikin hadin gwiwa mafi girman gudummawar kamfanoni ga muhalli. Ana iya ganin sakamakon wannan shirin a cikin HSBC's 2010 Partnership Review, da kuma fim din HSBC'n Clean Cities na Disamba 2010. Fim din Clean Cities musamman ya tsara wasu nasarorin da kungiyar Climate Group ta samu ta wannan shirin, gami da matukan jirgi na LED a New York, kudaden fasaha masu tsabta a Mumbai, kamfen din mabukaci a London, da kuma yanke sawun carbon na ma'aikaci a Hong Kong.
Littattafai Kungiyar Climate ta wallafa rahotanni na bincike waɗanda ke neman haskaka damar da makamashi mai tsabta zai iya samarwa dangane da ci gaban tattalin arziki da rage hayaki. Wasu sun hada da:
Bayyanawa ta shekara-shekara kowace shekara, Ƙungiyar Yanayi da CDP suna raba bayanan da aka bayyana a fili daga gwamnatocin jihohi da yankuna game da manufofi da ayyukansu na yanayi, kayan fitarwa da sauran bayanan yanayi. An buga mafi kwanan nan a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2017 a tattaunawar yanayi ta duniya ta UNFCCC COP23.
Going Beyond wannan rahoton na 2017 ya tattara abubuwan da kamfanoni uku suka samu wadanda suke daga cikin shirin The Climate Group RE100 Apple Inc., BT Group da IKEA Group don nuna abin da kamfanoni zasu iya yi don shawo kan kalubale da kuma shigar da masu samar da su cikin sauyawa zuwa 100% mai sabuntawa.
Dandalin sauya makamashi wannan shirin na duniya wanda ke tallafawa gwamnatocin masana'antu, masu amfani da carbon mai yawa da na yankuna wajen bunkasa da aiwatar da sabbin manufofi na makamashi mai tsabta, a kai a kai yana sakin nazarin shari'a daga yankunan abokan hulɗa Alberta, Basque Country, California, Hauts-de-France, Lombardy, Minnesota, North Rhine-Westphalia, Silesia, South Australia, Upper Austria da Wales don haka za su iya koyo daga takwarorinsu na duniya. Misali na baya-bayan nan shine wanda ke kimanta yiwuwar rikice-rikice na yanayi da batutuwan makamashi tsakanin masu ruwa da tsaki daban-daban a cikin jihar North Rhine-Westphalia.
Bijli Tsabtace makamashi ga kowa galibi ana tallafawa ta hanyar Lottery na Postcode na Dutch, wannan rahoton na 2016 ya nuna yadda aikin batun ya taimaka wajen rage hayakin gas da kuma inganta rayuwar mazauna ƙauyuka a Indiya ta hanyar haɗa su zuwa hanyoyin samar da makamashi masu arha, masu tsabta da kuma abin dogaro.
American Clean Revolution wanda aka ƙaddamar a cikin 2012, wannan rahoton yana kallon yadda Amurka za ta iya amfana daga ribar dala tiriliyan 3 don tattalin arzikin su ta hanyar saka hannun jari a cikin makamashi mai tsabta da ayyukan yi.
Smart 2020: Bayar da ƙananan tattalin arzikin carbon a cikin shekarun bayanai wannan rahoton na 2008, wanda aka samar tare da haɗin gwiwar Global e-Sustainability Initiative, ya gabatar da bincike wanda ke nuna cewa IT mai basira zai iya rage hayaki na duniya da 15% kuma adana Yuro biliyan 500 a cikin farashin makamashi na shekara-shekara nan da 2020.
The UK-India Business Leaders Climate Group an ƙaddamar da shi a watan Fabrairun 2010 don ba da shawara ga Burtaniya da Indiya kan "yadda za a hanzarta hadin gwiwa, ci gaban tattalin arziki mai dacewa da yanayi".
Jerin Tsabtace Juyin Juya Halin China zuwa Disamba 2010, an saki rahotanni uku game da manufofin makamashi mai sabuntawa na kasar Sin. An saki rahoton na baya-bayan nan a ranar 6 ga Disamba 2010, don ya dace da COP16 a Cancun, shine Rahoton Tsabtace Juyin Juya Halin China III: Low Carbon Development in Cities.
Shirye-shiryen Kungiyar Yanayi tana jagorantar kuma tana tallafawa ayyukan da yawa, kamfen, da taron koli. Sun hada da:
Ƙungiyar Ƙananan Ƙasa 2
Kungiyar Yanayi tana aiki a matsayin Sakatariyar Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Ƙasashen 2 kuma tana aiki kai tsaye tare da masu sa hannu na gwamnati da abokan hulɗa na Ƙasashen Duniya 2 don fitar da burin da aiki. MOU na kasa da kasa 2 sadaukarwa ce ta gwamnatocin da ke cikin kasa don rage iskar gas (GHG) zuwa ga net-zero nan da shekara ta 2050. Babban abin da ya shafi wannan shi ne sadaukarwar jama'a ta duk masu sanya hannu don rage hayakin GHG da kashi 80-95% a matakan 1990, ko kuma tan 2 na carbon dioxide-daidai da kowane mutum, nan da shekara ta 2050. Ya zuwa 2022, Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Ƙasa ta haɗu da gwamnatoci 270 daga ƙasashe daban-daban waɗanda ke wakiltar mutane biliyan 1.75 da kashi 50% na tattalin arzikin duniya waɗanda suka yi alkawarin rage hayakin GHG zuwa zero a shekara ta 2050.
Scale-Up na LED
Wannan aikin yana da niyyar hanzarta yaduwar amfani da fasahar hasken LED (diode mai fitar da haske). Manufar shirin ita ce hasken LED don wakiltar kashi 25% na kasuwar hasken wuta ta cikin gida da waje ta duniya ta hanyar 2020, rage amfani da wutar lantarki da farashi da kuma hayakin CO2 da ke tattare da shi da 50-70%. Ayyukan zanga-zangar yanzu suna aiki a birane da yawa a duk faɗin duniya ciki har da Hong Kong, Shanghai, Kolkata, London, Birnin New York da Sydney.
RE100
Kungiyar Yanayi ce ta shirya tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da CDP, RE100 wani shiri ne na duniya don shiga, tallafawa da nuna kamfanoni masu tasiri da suka himmatu ga amfani da wutar lantarki mai sabuntawa 100%. Kamfanoni suna samun kyakkyawar fahimta game da fa'idodin kasancewa 100% sabuntawa da amfana daga ilmantarwa na tsara-zuwa-tsara da kuma karɓar jama'a game da burinsu da nasarorin su yayin da suke aiki don cimma burinsu. Ya zuwa 2017, jimlar kamfanoni 100 sun himmatu ga kamfen ɗin.
EP100
EP100 ya nuna kasuwancin duniya da suka himmatu ga ninka yawan amfanin makamashi (EP). EP100, wanda The Climate Group ke aiki a matsayin Sakatariyar, yana ba da wani taro don raba ayyukan mafi kyau da nuna jagorancin kamfanoni da ke ci gaba zuwa ga ƙarfin zuciya, alkawuran jama'a game da samar da makamashi.
EV100
EV100 wani shiri ne na duniya wanda ke tattara kamfanoni da suka himmatu don hanzarta sauyawa zuwa motocin lantarki (EVs) da kuma yin jigilar lantarki "sabon al'ada" nan da 2030. Sashin sufuri shine mai ba da gudummawa mafi sauri ga canjin yanayi, yana da kashi 23% na iskar gas mai guba a duniya. Sufurin lantarki yana ba da mafita wajen yanke miliyoyin ton na hayaki a kowace shekara, da kuma hana iska da gurɓataccen amo.
Yanayi Week NYC
Climate Week NYC, wanda aka kafa a cikin 2009 a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin The Climate Group, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Gidauniyar Majalisar Dinkinobho, Birnin New York, Gwamnatin Denmark, Tck Tck Tc Campaign da CDP, suna faruwa a kowace shekara a Birnin Nework. Taron ya faru ne tare da Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma ya tara shugabannin kasa da kasa daga kasuwanci, gwamnati da jama'a don nuna matakin yanayi na duniya. Climate Week NYC shine sararin hadin gwiwa don abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi don tallafawa aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar Paris da kuma cimma burin ci gaba mai dorewa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. A cikin 2017, akwai abubuwan da suka faru 140 a duk faɗin Birnin New York a matsayin wani ɓangare na Climate Week NYC.
Jihohi da Yankuna Ƙungiyar Yanayi da Yankuna ta Ƙungiyar Yanayin Yanayi ta sami goyon baya ta hanyar fahimtar muhimmiyar rawar da gwamnatocin ƙasashe ke takawa wajen magance canjin yanayi a ƙasa. Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya kiyasta cewa 50-80% na ayyukan da ake buƙata don ɗaukar iyakance yawan zafin jiki na duniya zuwa 2 C zai buƙaci ya taso daga matakan gwamnati na ƙasa. Kungiyar Climate ta yi jayayya cewa yayin da tattaunawar duniya ke ci gaba da zama da wahala, membobinta na Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyar Jiha da Yankuna, da sauran gwamnatocin ƙasa, suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gina yarjejeniyar canjin yanayi ta duniya daga ƙasa zuwa sama.
Ta hanyar shirin su na Jihohi da Yankuna, Ƙungiyar Yanayi ta kawo shugabannin gwamnatocin ƙasashe tare a cikin abubuwan da suka faru kamar Ranar China ta Cancún da Taron Shugabannin Yanayi na 2010. Sanarwar da aka amince da ita daga waɗannan abubuwan, waɗanda membobin kungiyar suka sanya hannu, sun haɗa da Sanarwar Copenhagen ta 2009 da Sanarutar Cancun ta 2010. Shirin Jihohi da Yankuna ya kuma sauƙaƙa haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnatocin ƙasashe masu tasowa da masu tasowa, suna haifar da ayyukan kamar kimantawar rauni na yanki ga tasirin canjin yanayi.
Shirye-shiryen da suka gabata Shirin Kashewa da Adana Carbon, wanda ke da niyyar bunkasa tsire-tsire na nunawa da adana carbon a China, Indiya, Amurka, Turai da Ostiraliya.
Shirin SMART 2020, wanda ke da niyyar amfani da fasahar bayanai da sadarwa, kamar fasahar grid mai wayo da tsarin gudanar da gine-gine, don rage hayaki har zuwa 15% nan da shekarar 2020.
Shirin EV20, wanda ke da niyyar gina ƙarfin kasuwar motocin lantarki ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da masana'antun mota da batir, kayan aikin lantarki, cibiyoyin kuɗi da gwamnatoci.
Tare A cikin 2007, The Climate Group ta ƙaddamar da kamfen ɗin haɗin gwiwar mabukaci a Burtaniya da ake kira Together, wanda Tony Blair, Gordon Brown, Boris Johnson, David James, Claudia Schiffer da Annie Lennox suka goyi bayan. Tare sun yi aiki tare da manyan sunayen alama don kawo masu amfani da hanyoyi masu sauƙi da za su iya taimakawa wajen yaki da canjin yanayi. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2009, Kamfen ɗin Together ya ba da rahoton cewa abokan hulɗarsa sun taimaka wa masu amfani da Burtaniya adana fiye da tan miliyan 1 na carbon dioxide da kusan fam miliyan 200 a kan kuɗin gidajensu. Tare kuma sun gudu a Ostiraliya da Amurka.
An ƙaddamar da ka'idar Carbon (VCS) a watan Nuwamba 2007. Manufar VCS ita ce ta bunkasa amincewa da kasuwar carbon ta son rai ta hanyar samar da sabon tabbacin inganci da ake buƙata don takaddun shaida na amintaccen carbon na son rai.
Kashe Yanayin Yanayi A ƙarshen shekara ta 2009, wakilai sun taru a UNFCCC COP-15 a Copenhagen. Kungiyar Climate ta nemi taimakawa wajen karfafa yarjejeniya mai adalci da tasiri, tare da tsohon Firayim Ministan Burtaniya Tony Blair.
Greenhouse Indicator, mai nuna alamar mako-mako na hayakin gas da aka samar daga ƙarni na makamashi a jihohin Australia ciki har da New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria da Tasmania. Ana bayar da rahoton fitarwa a cikin wallafe-wallafen jarida ciki har da The Age Ka'idodin Yanayi, tsarin bangaren kudi wanda manyan cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi na kasa da kasa kamar su Credit Agricole, HSBC, Standard Chartered, Swiss Re, F&C Asset Management da BNP Paribas suka karɓa. Wadanda suka sanya hannu kan ka'idojin suna aiki don hada la'akari da canjin yanayi a duk samfuran kuɗi da ayyukansu.
Hadin gwiwar HSBC Climate, wanda ya hada da The Climate Group, Cibiyar Kula da Duniya, Cibiyar Nazarin Tropical ta Smithsonian da Asusun Duniya don Yanayi (WWF). Haɗin gwiwar yana da niyyar rage manyan hayakin carbon na birni, saka idanu kan tasirin canjin yanayi a kan gandun daji da hanyoyin ruwa, da kuma karfafa mutane a cikin al'ummominsu da wuraren aiki don ba da gudummawa ga aikin canjin yanayi da bincike.
Kungiyar Airs Global Deal Group wacce ta kunshi British Airways, Cathay Pacific Airways, Air France KLM, Virgin Atlantic Airways, BAA ta nemi magance fitar da iskar gas daga jirgin sama na duniya.
Manazarta
Haɗin waje Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
29599 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamfanin%20Jigilar%20Kaya%20Na%20Martinair | Kamfanin Jigilar Kaya Na Martinair | Martinair (na shari'a Martinair Holland NV jirgin saman jigilar kaya ne na Holland wanda ke da hedikwata kuma yana zaune a Filin jirgin saman Amsterdam Schiphol kuma reshen Air France-KLM An kafa kamfanin jirgin saman a shekara ta 1958 ta Martin Schröder. Tun daga 2011, Martinair yana aiki gaba ɗaya azaman jirgin sama mai ɗaukar kaya tare da shirye-shiryen sabis zuwa wurare 20 a duk duniya da ƙarin jiragen haya. Kafin wannan lokacin, sannan yana jigilar fasinjoji.
Tarihi
Shekarun farko An kafa kamfanin jirgin sama a ranar 24 ga Mayu 1958 a matsayin Martin's Air Charter (MAC), ta Martin Schröder da John Block, tare da jirgin sama daya, de Havilland Dove, da ma'aikata biyar. A cikin shekarata 1963 Mista Schröder ya sayar da kashi 49% na kamfanin zuwa masu hannun jarin kamfanin jigilar kaya guda huɗu (12.25% kowanne, waɗannan ƙarshe sun haɗa kamar Nedlloyd Daga baya KLM zai sayi 50+% wanda Mista Schröder ya mallaka, yana siyan shi.
An canza sunan Kamfanin zuwa Martinair Holland a cikin shekarata 1966. Kyakkyawan haɓaka ya zo a cikin 1967 tare da buɗe kasuwancin zuwa Amurka Martinair ya zama duk mai amfani da jet a cikin shekarata 1971. A cikin shekarata 1991, an gabatar da jirgin farko mai suna Martinair Cargo, kuma an jefar da Holland daga dukkan jiragen. A cikin 1996, Martinair ya sayi hannun jari na 40% na mai ɗaukar kaya ta Colombian TAMPA Cargo, wanda ke cikin Medellín, wanda ya ƙaru zuwa 58% a cikin shekarata 2003. An sayar da rabon TAMPA a watan Fabrairun 2008 zuwa Avianca, wani kamfani na Colombia.
Shugaban Martinair kuma Shugaba Martin Schröder, wanda ya karɓi lambar yabo ta Tony Jannus a 1995 don gudummawar da ya bayar ga zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kasuwanci, ya yi ritaya a cikin shekarar 1998 daga ayyukan yau da kullun. Hakanan a waccan shekarar, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai a Brussels ta ki amincewa da tayin KLM na siyan hannun jarin Nedlloyd, wanda zai sa KLM ya zama mai shi kadai.
An kawo McDonnell Douglas MD-11 na farko a cikin Disamba 1994. A cikin shekaru uku masu zuwa, an kai wasu sabbin MD-11 guda shida zuwa Martinair. A cikin jimlar McDonnell Douglas MD-11CFs guda huɗu (ɗaukakin jigilar kaya) da cikakkun manyan motoci biyu an isar da su. Martinair shine ya ƙaddamar da abokin ciniki na jigilar kaya mai canzawa. A cikin 2004 an ƙara wani MD-11F a cikin jiragen ruwa, wannan a baya mallakar Swissair ne, sannan ya koma cikakken jigilar kaya. Daga 1995 zuwa 2006 an sake tsara wasu daga cikin MD-11 masu iya canzawa don jigilar fasinjoji a cikin kololuwar fasinja a lokacin bazara. An daidaita tsarin fasinja tare da kujeru 390. Bayan 2006 buƙatar ta ragu kuma Martinair baya buƙatar ƙarin kujeru kuma.
Ci gaba tun daga 2000s A cikin 2006 Martinair ya sayi Boeing 747-400s guda huɗu daga Jirgin saman Singapore An mayar da waɗannan jiragen fasinja zuwa masu ɗaukar kaya don maye gurbin tsohon Boeing 747-200Fs A cikin Yuni 2007, Martinair ya sanar da cewa yana son mai hannun jari guda ɗaya, zai fi dacewa KLM, kuma a cikin 2008 an sami izini daga Hukumar Turai. Canja wurin sauran hannun jari ya faru ne a ranar 31 ga Disamba 2008. A cikin Nuwamba 2007, Martinair ya daina ayyukansa na ɗan gajeren lokaci don mai da hankali kan ayyukansa na jigilar kayayyaki da jiragen da ke tsakanin nahiyoyi.
A cikin 2009 uku daga cikin 747s an adana su saboda matsalar tattalin arziki. A cikin Satumba 2010, an ba da sanarwar sake fasalin wanda zai haɗa da barin duk ayyukan fasinja daga Nuwamba 2011, wanda KLM za ta karbe shi a wani ɓangare, da barin sabis na kaya kawai. A watan Nuwambar 2010, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ci tarar Martinair Yuro miliyan 29.5, bayan wani bincike kan kayyade farashin. A ƙarshen 2010, an yi hayar biyu daga cikin 747-400s zuwa Air Cargo Jamus Sauran 747 (PH-MPS) sun dawo aiki a watan Mayu shekarata 2011 tare da tsarin launi mara taken, saboda Martinair bai tabbatar ba tukuna ko jirgin zai ci gaba da aiki a gare su. A cikin Oktoba 2011, Martinair ya daina sabis na fasinja, wanda yake aiki tun lokacin da aka kafa shi a cikin 1958. Martinair yana da sabis na fasinja a ko'ina cikin Turai, Amurka, Asiya, da Afirka daga Amsterdam Jirgin fasinja na karshe ya faru ne a ranar 31 ga Oktoba, shekarar 2011, ya bar shi a matsayin jigilar kaya har zuwa yau. A cikin Maris 2015, Air France-KLM sun ba da sanarwar aniyar rage ayyukansu na jigilar kayayyaki. Saboda haka, duk Martinair's McDonnell Douglas MD-11Fs an cire su ta 2016 ba tare da maye gurbinsu ba. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya yanke ayyuka 330 saboda raguwar.
Harkokin kamfanoni Martinair yana da babban ofishinsa a Ginin TransPort, Schiphol East, a filin jirgin saman Amsterdam Schiphol, Haarlemmermeer, Netherlands Martinair ya koma babban ofishinsa na yanzu a ranar Juma'a 4 ga Yuni 2010. Ginin TransPort, wanda Schiphol Real Estate ya haɓaka, gidaje biyu Martinair da Transavia, waɗanda suka koma cikin TransPort a ranar 3 ga Mayu 2010. Gina ginin, wanda ke da na sararin samaniya, ya fara a ranar 17 ga Maris Na shekarar 2009. Kungiyar Schiphol da kamfanin gine-ginen Paul de Ruiter ne suka tsara ginin, yayin da De Vries da Verburg, wani kamfani na Stolwijk, suka gina ginin. Majalisar Gine-gine ta Yaren mutanen Holland ta ba da takardar shedar farko ta Tsarin Binciken Ƙaddamar da Muhalli (BREEAM-NL) ga Schiphol Real Estate don gina Ginin TransPort. A cikin 2011 Majalisar Gina Green ta Amurka ta ba TransPort takardar shedar Jagoranci a Makamashi da Tsarin Muhalli (LEED). Wurin ajiye motoci yana ƙarƙashin ginin TransPort, tare da filin ajiye motoci ta hanyar biyan kuɗi. Kamfanin jirgin sama a baya ya mamaye Cibiyar Schiphol Dutch a filin jirgin sama na Schiphol. Bayan Martinair ya koma cikin sabon ginin, Martinair ya sayar da tsohon ofishinsa zuwa filin jirgin sama. In addition to its headquarters at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, Martinair operates offices around the globe. The first international office has been opened in Hong Kong in 1975. Martinair USA, later Martinair Americas Originally operated in New York City, but the USA operations office moved to Boca Raton, Florida, in the Miami Metropolitan Area in 1993. This office moved again and is currently located in Doral, Florida, in the Miami area. This office is located in the Doral Corporate Center One.
Kamfanoni Kwalejin Jirgin Martinair makarantar horar da jirgin sama ce wacce ke da tushe a filin jirgin sama na Lelystad don horar da matukan jirgi masu zaman kansu da horar da matukan jirgin sama. An tura shi zuwa Filin jirgin saman Groningen a cikin bazara na shekarata 2020 yayin cutar ta Corona don haɗa shi da KLM Flight Academy A lokacin da suka ƙaura zuwa Groningen, MFA tana sarrafa rundunar Socata TB-10 guda huɗu (PH-MLO, PH-MLQ, PH-MLR da PH-MLS masu rijista), Socata TB-20s biyu (PH-MLK da PH masu rijista). -MLL) da Diamond guda ɗaya DA-42NG Twin Star Platinum (PH-MFA mai rijista), wanda aka ƙara a cikin 2011. An bayar da ƙarin horo ta hanyar na'urar kwaikwayo ta Alsim 200 FNPT-II MCC.
Bugu da ƙari, Martinair yana aiki da Cibiyar Jet na Yanki, cibiyar sabis na fasaha don kula da jirgin sama.
Wuraren Tun daga watan Mayun 2020, Martinair yana gudanar da ayyukan jigilar kayayyaki zuwa wurare 16 da ƙarin haya. Kamfanin ya ƙare ƙarin ayyukan fasinja a cikin Oktoba 2011 bayan shekaru 53 na sabis.
Jirgin ruwa
Jirgin ruwa na yanzu Tun daga Oktoban shekarar 2021, jirgin ruwan Martinair ya ƙunshi jiragen sama masu zuwa: Ana yin aiki tare tare da ƙarin jiragen jigilar kaya a ƙarƙashin alamar Air France-KLM Cargo, wanda Martinair ke shiga.
Tsaffin jiragen ruwa A baya Martinair ya yi amfani da jiragen sama masu hada-hada:
Hatsari da hadura A ranar 4 ga Disamba shekarata 1974, Jirgin Martinair 138, Douglas DC-8, yana aiki a madadin Garuda Indonesia, ya tashi zuwa gefen wani dutse yayin da yake kan hanyarsa ta sauka a Colombo, Sri Lanka Dukkan fasinjoji 191 da ma'aikatan da ke cikin jirgin sun mutu. A ranar 21 ga Disamba, shekarar 1992, jirgin Martinair mai lamba 495, McDonnell Douglas DC-10, ya yi hatsari a lokacin da ya sauka a filin jirgin Faro, Portugal, inda ya kashe mutane 56 (ciki har da ma'aikatan jirgin biyu) daga cikin 340 da ke cikinsa. Dalilin hadarin shine microburst -induced iskar iska a hade tare da kurakuran ma'aikatan da suka hada da ci gaba da tsarin da ba a daidaita ba da kuma zumunta na kyaftin.
A ranar 30 ga Agusta, 2013 wani jirgin Martinair Cargo MD-11 a wani jirgin kasa da kasa daga filin jirgin saman Rafael Hernandez a Aguadilla, Puerto Rico, zuwa Filin jirgin saman Stansted na London a London, Ingila, ya gamu da barna sosai bayan da wata gobara ta tashi a kan injin lamba daya a yayin da yake tashi. Yayin da babu wani rauni a cikin ma'aikatan jirgin, jirgin ya samu lalacewa a kan injin guda daya, naceles da tsarin. An soke tashin jirgin. A ranar 8 ga Yuli, 2019, Martinair PH-CKA, Boeing 747-400, jirgin Boeing 747-400 da ke aiki a matsayin Jirgin sama mai lamba 8372 daga OR Tambo International Airport zuwa Filin jirgin saman Robert Gabriel Mugabe da ke Harare, Zimbabwe ya rasa wani bangare na wani bangare a lokacin da yake kan hanyarsa ta karshe ta sauka a filin jirgin. Jirgin ya sauka lafiya, kuma daga karshe aka gyara shi a kasa. A ranar 14 ga Janairu, 2020, jami'an kwastam sun kai farmaki jirgin Martinair mai lamba 6912 Boeing 747-400 a filin jirgin sama na Ministro Pistarini da ke Ezeiza, Buenos Aires, Argentina, wanda ya gano 84. kilogiram na hodar iblis da aka boye tsakanin pallets na kaya.
Manazarta
ambato
Littafi Mai Tsarki
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
32435 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masanin%20gine-gine%20da%20zane | Masanin gine-gine da zane | Masanin gine-gine shine mutumin da ke tsarawa da kuma kula da gine-gine. Yin aikin gine-gine yana nufin samar da ayyuka dangane da ƙirar gine-gine da sararin da ke cikin rukunin da ke kewaye da gine-ginen da mutane ke zaune ko kuma amfani da su a matsayin babban manufarsu. Etymologically, kalmar Architecture ta samo asali ne daga tsarin gine-ginen Latin, wanda ya samo asali daga Hellenanci arkhi-, chief tekton, magini), watau babban magini.
Buƙatun ƙwararrun masu gine-gine sun bambanta daga wuri zuwa wuri. Hukunce-hukuncen gine-ginen suna shafar lafiyar jama'a, don haka dole ne maginin ya sami horo na musamman wanda ya ƙunshi ilimi mai zurfi da ƙwarewa (ko horarwa) don ƙwarewar aiki don samun lasisin yin gine-gine. Aiki, fasaha, da kuma buƙatun ilimi don zama injiniyan gine-gine sun bambanta ta hanyar hurumi, kodayake nazarin gine-gine na yau da kullun a cibiyoyin ilimi ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka sana'ar gaba ɗaya.
Asali A cikin tarihi na d a da na daɗaɗɗen, galibin ƙirar gine-gine da gine-ginen masu sana'a ne suka yi su—kamar mashin dutse da kafintoci, waɗanda suka kai matsayin ƙwararren magini. Har zuwa zamani, babu wani taƙamaiman bambanci tsakanin gine-gine da injiniya A Turai, laƙabin gine-gine da injiniya sun kasance da farko bambance-bambancen yanki waɗanda ke magana akan mutum ɗaya, galibi ana amfani da su tare. An ba da shawarar cewa ci gaba daban-daban a fasaha da lissafi sun ba da damar haɓakar ƙwararru za ta ba da shawarar. Ba a yi amfani da takarda ba a Turai don zane har zuwa ƙarni na 15 amma ya zama mai girma bayan 1500. An yi amfani da fensir sau da yawa don zana ta 1600. Samuwar duka biyun da aka ba da izinin yin zane-zanen da aka riga aka yi da ƙwararru. A lokaci guda, gabatar da hangen nesa na layi da sabbin abubuwa kamar yin amfani da tsinkaye daban-daban don kwatanta ginin mai girma uku a cikin nau'i biyu, tare da ƙarin fahimtar daidaiton ƙima, ya taimaka wa masu zanen gini sadarwa ra'ayoyinsu. duk da haka, ci gaban ya kasance a hankali. Har zuwa katrni na 18, gine-gine sun ci gaba da tsarawa da tsara su ta hanyar masu sana'a ban da manyan ayyuka.
Gine-gine A yawancin ƙasashe masu tasowa, kawai waɗanda suka cancanta da lasisi masu dacewa, takaddun shaida, ko rajista tare da ƙungiyar da ta dace (sau da yawa na gwamnati) na iya yin aikin gine-gine bisa doka. Irin wannan lasisi yawanci yana buƙatar digiri na jami'a, nasarar kammala, da lokacin horo. Wakilin kansa a matsayin mai zane-zane ta hanyar amfani da sharuɗɗa da lakabi an iyakance shi ga masu lasisi ta doka, kodayake gaba ɗaya, abubuwan da aka samo asali kamar masu zanen gine-gine ba su da kariya ta doka.
Yin aiki da gine-gine yana nuna ikon yin aiki ba tare da kulawa ba. Kalmar (ƙwararriyar ƙira), ta bambanta, lokaci ne mai faɗi da yawa wanda ya haɗa da ƙwararrun waɗanda ke yin aikin kansu a ƙarƙashin wata madaidaicin sana'a, kamar ƙwararrun injiniya, ko waɗanda ke taimakawa a cikin aikin gine-gine a ƙarƙashin kulawar mai lasisi. gine-gine irin su masu aikin gine-gine A wurare da yawa, masu zaman kansu, waɗanda ba su da lasisi na iya yin ayyukan ƙira a waje da hani na ƙwararru, irin waɗannan gidaje masu ƙira da sauran ƙananan sifofi.
Yi aiki A cikin sana'a na gine-gine, ilimin fasaha da muhalli, tsarawa da sarrafa gine-gine, da fahimtar kasuwanci suna da mahimmanci kamar zane. Duk da haka, ƙirar ita ce ƙarfin motsa jiki a cikin aikin da kuma bayan. Masanin gine-gine yana karɓar kwamiti daga abokin ciniki. Kwamitin na iya haɗawa da shirya rahotannin yuwuwar, binciken ginin gini, ƙirar gini ko na gine-gine da yawa, gine-gine, da sarari a tsakaninsu. Mai ginin gine-gine yana shiga cikin haɓaka abubuwan da abokin ciniki ke so a cikin ginin. Duk cikin aikin (shirin zama), mai ginin gine-gine yana daidaita ƙungiyar ƙira. Tsarin, injiniyoyi, da injiniyoyin lantarki da sauran ƙwararrun abokin ciniki ne ko maginin gini ke ɗaukar hayar, waɗanda dole ne su tabbatar da cewa an daidaita aikin don gina ƙirar.
Matsayin ƙira Mai ginin gine-gine, da zarar abokin ciniki ya yi hayar, yana da alhakin ƙirƙirar ra'ayi na ƙira wanda duka biyun suka dace da buƙatun waccan abokin ciniki kuma suna ba da wurin da ya dace da amfanin da ake buƙata. Dole ne mai zane ya sadu da, kuma yayi tambaya, abokin ciniki don tabbatar da duk buƙatun (da nuances) na aikin da aka tsara. Sau da yawa cikakken taƙaitaccen bayani ba a bayyana gaba ɗaya ba a farkon: yana haifar da ƙimar haɗari a cikin aikin ƙira. Mai zane na iya yin shawarwari da wuri ga abokin ciniki, wanda zai iya sake yin aiki da ainihin sharuɗɗan taƙaitaccen bayani. "Shirin" (ko taƙaitaccen) yana da mahimmanci don samar da aikin da ya dace da duk buƙatun mai shi. Wannan to jagora ce ga mai ginin gine-gine a ƙirƙirar tunanin ƙira.
Gaba ɗaya ana sa ran shawarwarin ƙira su zama na hasashe da kuma na zahiri. Ya danganta da wurin, lokaci, kuɗi, al'adu, da kuma samar da sana'o'i da fasahar da za a yi zane a ciki, madaidaicin iyaka da yanayin waɗannan tsammanin za su bambanta.
Haskaka wa wani abu ne da ake buƙata domin zayyana gine-gine wani aiki ne mai sarƙaƙiya da buƙatar aiki.
Duk wani ra'ayi na ƙira dole ne a farkon matakin tsararrakinsa ya yi la'akari da adadi mai yawa na batutuwa da masu canji waɗanda suka haɗa da halayen sarari (s), ƙarshen amfani da tsarin rayuwa na waɗannan wuraren da aka tsara, haɗin gwiwa, alaƙa, da kuma al'amurran da ke tsakanin wurare ciki har da yadda aka haɗa su tare da tasirin shawarwari a kan kusa da wuri mai faɗi. Zaɓin kayan da suka dace da fasaha dole ne a yi la'akari da su, gwadawa da sake dubawa a matakin farko a cikin ƙira don tabbatar da cewa babu koma baya (kamar farashin da aka fi tsammani) wanda zai iya faruwa daga baya. Wurin da kewayensa, da al'adu da tarihin wurin, suma za su yi tasiri wajen zayyana. Zane kuma dole ne ya fuskanci ƙara damuwa tare da ɗorewar muhalli. Mai ginin gine-gine na iya gabatar da gangan ko a'a), zuwa mafi girma ko ƙarami, fannonin ilimin lissafi da gine-gine, sabon ko ƙa'idar gine-gine na yanzu, ko nassoshi ga tarihin gine-gine Wani muhimmin sashi na zane shi ne cewa mai zanen sau da yawa yana yin shawarwari tare da injiniyoyi, masu bincike da sauran ƙwararru a duk lokacin da aka tsara, tabbatar da cewa an haɗa nau'o'i irin su kayan tallafi na tsarin da abubuwan kwantar da hankali a cikin tsarin gaba ɗaya. Sarrafa da tsara farashin gini kuma wani ɓangare ne na waɗannan shawarwari. Haɗin kai na nau'o'in daban-daban ya haɗa da babban matsayi na sadarwa na musamman, ciki har da fasahar kwamfuta mai ci gaba kamar BIM ginin bayanan gini CAD, da fasahar tushen girgije.
A kowane lokaci a cikin ƙira, mai ƙirar yana ba da rahoto ga abokin ciniki wanda zai iya samun ajiyar kuɗi ko shawarwari, yana gabatar da ƙarin canji a cikin ƙira.
Masu ginin gine-gine suna huɗɗa da hukunce-hukuncen gida da na tarayya game da ƙa'idodi da ƙa'idojin gini Mai tsara gine-ginen na iya buƙatar bin dokokin tsare-tsare na gida da na yanki, kamar koma baya da ake buƙata, iyakokin tsayi, buƙatun ajiye motoci, buƙatun bayyana gaskiya (windows), da amfani da ƙasa Wasu kafaffen hukunce-hukuncen suna buƙatar riko da ƙira da ƙa'idodin kiyaye tarihi Haɗarin lafiya da aminci sun zama muhimmin ɓangare na ƙira na yanzu, kuma a yawancin hukunce-hukuncen, ana buƙatar rahotannin ƙira da bayanan da suka haɗa da abubuwan da ke gudana kamar kayan aiki da gurɓatawa, sarrafa sharar gida da sake yin amfani da su, sarrafa zirga-zirga da amincin gobara.
Hanyar ƙira A baya can, masu gine-gine sun yi amfani da zane-zane don nunawa da samar da shawarwarin ƙira. Duk da yake har yanzu ana amfani da zane-zanen ra'ayi ta hanyar gine-gine, fasahar kwamfuta yanzu ta zama ma'aunin masana'antu. Koyaya, ƙira na iya haɗawa da amfani da hotuna, haɗin gwiwa, kwafi, linocuts, fasahar sikanin 3D da sauran kafofin watsa labarai a cikin samar da ƙira. Ƙarawa, software na kwamfuta yana tsara yadda masu gine-gine ke aiki. Fasahar BIM ta ba da damar ƙirƙirar gini mai kama-da-wani wanda ke aiki a zaman bayanan don raba ƙira da bayanan gini a duk tsawon rayuwar ƙirar ginin, gini da kiyaye wa. Abubuwan gabatarwa na gaskiya (VR) suna zama ruwan dare gama gari don ganin ƙirar tsari da sarari na ciki daga hangen nesa.
Matsayin muhalli Kamar yadda gine-gine na yanzu an san su zama masu fitar da carbon zuwa sararin samaniya, ana ƙara sarrafawa akan gine-gine da fasaha masu dangantaka don rage hayaƙi, ƙara ƙarfin makamashi, da kuma yin amfani da makamashi mai sabunta wa. Za'a iya haɓaka hanyoyin makamashi masu sabunta wa a cikin ginin da aka tsara ko ta gida ko na ƙasa masu samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa. Sakamakon haka, ana buƙatar mai ginin gine-ginen ya ci gaba da bin ƙa'idodi na yanzu waɗanda ke ci gaba da tsanantawa. Wasu sabbin ci gaba suna nuna ƙarancin amfani da makamashi ko ƙirar ginin hasken rana Koyaya, ana kuma ƙara buƙatar mai ƙirar don samar da yunƙuri a cikin ma'anar muhalli mai faɗi, kamar samar da sufuri mai ƙarancin kuzari, hasken rana na yanayi maimakon hasken wucin gadi, samun iska na yanayi maimakon kwandishan, gurɓatawa, da sarrafa sharar gida, amfani da sake yin fa'ida. kayan aiki da kayan aikin da za'a iya sake sarrafa su cikin sauƙi a nan gaba.
Matsayin gini Yayin da zane ya zama mafi ci gaba da cikakkun bayanai, ƙayyadaddun bayanai da ƙididdiga an yi su ne daga dukkan abubuwa da sassan ginin. Dabarun samar da gine-gine suna ci gaba da ci gaba wanda ke ba da buƙata ga mai ginin don tabbatar da cewa ya ci gaba da kasancewa tare da waɗannan ci gaban.
Ya danganta da buƙatun abokin ciniki da buƙatun hukunce-hukuncen, bakan hidimomin gine-ginen yayin matakan gini na iya zama mai faɗi (cikakkun shirye-shiryen daftarin aiki da bitar gini) ko ƙasa da hannu (kamar ƙyale ɗan kwangila ya aiwatar da ayyuka na ƙira masu yawa).
Masu ginin gine-gine yawanci suna sanya ayyuka don bayar da tallafi a madadin abokan cinikin su, suna ba da shawara kan bayar da aikin ga babban ɗan kwangila, sauƙaƙe sannan kuma gudanar da kwangilar yarjejeniya wacce galibi ke tsakanin abokin ciniki da ɗan kwangila. Wannan kwangilar tana aiki bisa doka kuma ta ƙunshi nau'o'i daban-daban waɗanda suka haɗa da inshora da Alƙawuran duk masu ruwa da tsaki, matsayin takaddun ƙira, tanade-tanade don samun damar gine-gine, da hanyoyin sarrafa ayyukan yayin da suke ci gaba. Dangane da nau'in kwangilar da aka yi amfani da shi, ana iya buƙatar tanadi don ƙarin ƙaramin kwangila. Mai ginin gine-ginen na iya buƙatar cewa wasu abubuwa sun rufe da garanti wanda ke ƙayyadaddun rayuwar da ake tsammani da sauran ɓangarori na kayan, samfur ko aiki.
A mafi yawan hukunce-hukuncen, dole ne a ba da sanarwar kafin a fara aiki a wurin, don haka ba da sanarwar ƙaramar hukumar don gudanar da bincike mai zaman kansa. Mai zanen zai sake duba tare da duba ci gaban aikin tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙaramar hukuma.
Mai ginin gine-ginen zai yawanci duba zane-zanen ƴan kwangilar da sauran abubuwan ƙaddamarwa, shirya da ba da umarnin rukunin yanar gizon, da kuma ba da Takaddun shaida don Biyan kuɗi ga ɗan kwangila (duba kuma Design-bid-build wanda ya dogara da aikin da aka yi har zuwa yau da kuma kowane kayan sauran kayan da aka saya ko haya. A cikin Burtaniya da sauran ƙasashe, mai binciken adadi galibi yana cikin ƙungiyar don ba da shawarwari kan farashi. Tare da manya-manyan ayyuka masu sarƙaƙƙiya, ana ɗaukar manajan gini mai zaman kansa wani lokaci don taimakawa wajen ƙira da sarrafa gini.
A cikin hukunce-hukuncen da yawa, ana buƙatar takaddun shaida ko tabbacin kammala aikin ko ɓangaren ayyuka. Wannan buƙatar takaddun shaida ya ƙunshi babban haɗari don haka, ana buƙatar duba aikin yau da kullun yayin da yake ci gaba a kan wurin don tabbatar da cewa ya dace da ƙirar kanta da kuma duk ƙa'idodi da izini masu dacewa.
Madadin yin aiki da ƙwarewa Shekarun baya-bayan nan sun ga hauhawar ƙwararru a cikin sana'ar. Yawancin gine-ginen gine-gine da kamfanonin gine-gine suna mayar da hankali kan wasu nau'ikan ayyuka (misali, kiwon lafiya, dillalan, gidajen jama'a, gudanar da taron), ƙwarewar fasaha ko hanyoyin isar da ayyuka. Wasu gine-ginen sun ƙware kamar lambar gini, ambulaf ɗin gini, ƙira mai dorewa, rubutun fasaha, adana tarihi (US) ko kiyaye wa (Birtaniya), samun dama da sauran nau'ikan masu ba da shawara.
Mutane da yawa gine-gine zažužžukan don matsawa zuwa cikin dukiya (dukiya) ci gaban, kamfanoni kayayyakin tsare-tsare, aikin management, gini management, shugaban dorewa jami'an zane na ciki, birnin tsarawa, mai amfani gwaninta zane, zane bincike ko wasu related filayen.
Buƙatun ƙwararru Kodayake akwai bambance-bambance daga wuri zuwa wuri, ana buƙatar yawancin masu gine-ginen duniya su yi rajista tare da ikon da ya dace. Don yin haka, ana buƙatar masu gine-gine yawanci don biyan buƙatu guda uku: ilimi, ƙwarewa, da jarrabawa.
Buƙatun ilimi gaba ɗaya sun ƙunshi digiri na jami'a a fannin gine-gine. Abubuwan da ake buƙata na ƙwarewa don masu neman digiri yawanci suna gamsuwa ta hanyar aiki ko horo (yawanci shekaru biyu zuwa uku, dangane da ikon). A ƙarshe, ana buƙatar Jarabawar Rijista ko jerin jarrabawa kafin a ba da lasisi.
Ƙwararrun da suka tsunduma cikin ƙira da lura da ayyukan gine-gine kafin ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 ba lallai ba ne su sami horo a cikin wani tsarin gine-gine na daban a fagen ilimi. Maimakon haka, sau da yawa suna horarwa a ƙarƙashin kafafan gine-gine. Kafin zamanin nan, babu bambanci tsakanin masu gine-gine da injiniyoyi kuma sunan da ake amfani da shi ya bambanta dangane da wurin da ake ciki. Sau da yawa suna ɗauke da laƙabin babban magini ko na safiyo bayan yin hidima na shekaru masu yawa a matsayin koyo (kamar Sir Christopher Wren Nazarin gine-gine na yau da kullun a cibiyoyin ilimi ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunkasa sana'ar gaba daya, wanda ya zama babban jigon ci gaban fasahar gine-gine da ƙa'idar.
Amfani da "Architect" ko gajarta kamar "Ar." kamar yadda doka ke tsara take da sunan mutum a wasu ƙasashe.
Kuɗaɗe Tsarin kuɗin gine-gine yawanci ya dogara ne akan adadin ƙimar gini, azaman ƙimar kowane yanki na ginin da aka tsara, ƙimar sa'o'i ko ƙayyadadden kuɗin dunƙule. Haɗuwa da waɗannan sifofin su ma na kowa ne. Kafafen kuɗaɗe yawanci ana dogara ne akan kuɗin da aka keɓe na aikin kuma suna iya bambanta tsakanin kashi 4 zuwa 12% na sabon kuɗin gini, don ayyukan kasuwanci da na hukumomi, ya danganta da girman aikin da ƙaƙƙarfan aikin. Ayyukan mazaunin sun bambanta daga 12 zuwa 20%. Ayyukan gyare-gyare yawanci suna ba da umarni mafi girma bisa ɗari, wanda ya kai 15-20%.
Gaba ɗaya lissafin kuɗi na kamfanonin gine-gine sun yi yawa, ya danganta da wuri da yanayin tattalin arziki. Lissafin kuɗi sun dogara ne akan yanayin tattalin arzikin gida a al'ada amma, tare da saurin haɗin gwiwar duniya, wannan yana zama ƙasa da wani abu ga manyan kamfanoni na duniya. Albashi kuma ya bambanta, dangane da gogewa, matsayi a cikin kamfani (ginin ma'aikata, abokin tarayya, ko mai hannun jari, da sauransu), da girman da wurin kamfanin.
Ƙungiyoyin sana'a Ƙungiyoyin ƙwararrun ƙasa sun wanzu don haɓaka aiki da haɓaka kasuwanci a cikin gine-gine.
Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Duniya (UIA)
Cibiyar Nazarin Gine-gine ta Amurka (AIA) Amurka
Cibiyar Sarauta ta Masarautar Biritaniya (RIBA) UK
Hukumar Rajista ta Architects (ARB) UK
Cibiyar Gine-gine ta Australiya (AIA) Australia
Cibiyar Nazarin Gine-gine ta Afirka ta Kudu (SAIA) Afirka ta Kudu
Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun (ACA) Birtaniya Ƙungiyar Masu Gine-gine masu lasisi (ALA) Amurka
The Consejo Profesional de Arquitectura y Urbanismo (CPAU) Argentina
Cibiyar Gine-gine ta Indiya (IIA) Majalisar Gine-gine (COA) Indiya
Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun ta Ƙasa (NOMA) Amurka
Kyaututtuka Ƙungiyoyin ƙwararrun ƙasa da sauran ƙungiyoyi ne ke ba da kyautuka iri-iri, tare da sanin ƙwararrun masu gine-gine, gine-ginensu, tsarinsu, da ayyukan ƙwararru.
Kyautar da ta fi dacewa da mai ginin gine-ginen zai iya samu ita ce lambar yabo ta Pritzker, wani lokaci ana kiranta Kyautar Nobel don gine-gine." Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Pritzker shine Philip Johnson wanda aka ambata "tsawon shekaru 50 na tunani da kuzari wanda ya ƙunshi ɗimbin gidajen tarihi, dakunan karatu na wasan kwaikwayo, gidajen lambuna da tsarin kamfanoni". An ba da lambar yabo ta Pritzker na bugu arba'in da biyu kai tsaye ba tare da katsewa ba, kuma a yanzu akwai ƙasashe 22 da ke da aƙalla na gine-gine guda ɗaya. Sauran lambobin yabo na gine-gine masu daraja sune lambar yabo ta Royal Gold, Medal na AIA (Amurka), Medal na Zinare na AIA (Ostiraliya), da Praemium Imperiale Masanan gine-gine a Burtaniya, wadanda suka ba da gudummawa ga wannan sana'a ta hanyar ƙwararrun ƙira ko ilimin gine-gine, ko kuma ta wata hanya ta ci gaba da sana'ar, har zuwa 1971 za a iya zaɓar su ƴan uwan Royal Institute of British Architects kuma za su iya rubuta FRIBA bayan sunansu idan suna jin karkata. Wadanda aka zaba don zama memba na RIBA bayan 1971 suna iya amfani da baƙaƙen RIBA amma ba za su iya amfani da tsohuwar ARIBA da FRIBA ba. Abokin girmamawa na iya amfani da baƙaƙen, Hon. FRIBA. kuma Fellow na Ƙasashen Duniya na iya amfani da baƙaƙen Int. FRIBA. Masu gine-gine a Amurka, waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa ga sana'ar ta hanyar ƙwararrun ƙira ko ilimin gine-gine, ko kuma ta wata hanya ta ci gaba da sana'ar, an zaɓe su Fellows na Cibiyar Nazarin Gine-gine ta Amurka kuma za su iya rubuta FAIA bayan sunansu. Masu gine-gine a Kanada, waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga sana'a ta hanyar bayar da gudummawa ga bincike, malanta, sabis na jama'a, ko ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun gine-gine a Kanada, ko kuma wani wuri, ana iya gane su a matsayin Fellow of the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada za su iya rubuta FRAIC bayan sunansu. A Hong Kong, wadanda aka zaba don zama memba na HKIA na iya amfani da HKIA ta farko, kuma waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa ta musamman bayan nadi da kuma zaɓen Cibiyar Nazarin Gine-gine ta Hong Kong (HKIA), za a iya zabar su a matsayin ƴan uwan HKIA kuma suna iya amfani da FHKIA. bayan sunansu.
Masu gine-gine a Philippines da Filipino al'ummomin kasashen waje (ko su Filipinos ne ko a'a), musamman ma wadanda kuma suke da'awar wasu ayyuka a lokaci guda, ana magana da su kuma an gabatar da su azaman Architect, maimakon Sir Madam a cikin magana ko Mr./Mrs. /Ms. G./Gng. /Bb. in Filipino) kafin surnames. Ana amfani da wannan kalmar ko dai a cikin kanta ko kafin sunan da aka bayar ko sunan mahaifi.
Duba kuma
Manazarta Masana ilimin zane
Masu zane
Masanan gine-gine
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
34713 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%20Plateau | Jos Plateau | Tsaunin Jos Plateau wani tudu ne dake kusa da tsakiyar Najeriya. A sanadiyyar sunan tsaunin na plateau ya ake kiran yankin Jihar Filato wacce ke cikin garin kuma yiwa babban birnin jihar, Jos lakabi da ita. Tsaunin ya kasance gida ga mutane masu al'adu da harsuna daban-daban. Tsaunin ya kunshi ciyayi na montane grassland, savannas, kuma dazukan gida ne ga nauika daban daban na tsirrai da dabbobi wadanda suka bambamta da na sauran kewaye garin sannan ta kunshi gandun daji na Jos Plateau-savanna mosaic ecoregion Labarin Kasa Ta mamaye kimanin fili 8600 kuma tana da iyaka da mita 300-600 na scarpments kusa da yawancin iyakarta. Tare da matsakaicin bisa na mita 1,280, itace yanki mafi girma da ke da fiye da tsayin mita 1,000 a Najeriya, tare da bisa na mita 1,829m, daga tudun Shere Hills. Rafuka da dama sun samo tushen su daga tsaunin. Kogin Kaduna yana kwarara daga gangaren yamma, ya bi ramukan kudu maso yamma don hadewa da rafin Niger. Kogin Gongola yana gudana zuwa gabas zuwa rafin Benue. Kogin Hadejia da Yobe suna kwarara ta arewa maso gabas zuwa tafkin Chadi.
Duwatsu Tsaunin Jos Plateau ya kunshi nau'ikan duwatsu guda uku. Tsofaffin granites wanda ke da alaka da shekarun Cambrian da Ordovician. Matsakaitan granites suna da alaka da shekarun Jurassic kuma sun zama wani ɓangare na jerin da suka haɗa da Aïr Massif a tsakiyar Sahara. Har ila yau, akwai duwatsun volcano da basalt wanda aka amayar tun lokacin Pliocene. Matsakaitan granites kuma suna dauke da tin da ake hakowa tun farkon karni na 20, lokacin da kuma bayan Turawan mulkin mallaka.
Yanayi Yanayin da ke kan tsaunin na da zafi amma ya fi sauran yankunan kewayen garin sanyi. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi/sanyi na farawa daga 15.5 C zuwa 18.5 °C a cikin watanni mafi sanyi zuwa 27.5 °C zuwa 30.5 °C a cikin watanni mafi zafi. Ruwan sama na farawa daga 2,000 mm a kowace shekara a kudu maso yamma zuwa 1,500 mm ko ƙasa da haka a yanayin kafewa ns arewa maso gabas. Ruwan sama a garin Jos na kai 1,411 mm a kowace shekara. Ruwan sama ya danganta da yanayi sosai, yana faɗowa mafi yawa tsakanin Yuni da Satumba tare da Yuli da Agusta watanni mafi sanyi. Iskar da ke ɗauke da danshi tana fitowa daga kudu da yamma, kuma ruwan sama ya fi girma a kan gangaren kudu- da yamma.
Flora da fauna Ciyayi asali na yankin sun kasance kaman mosaic na savanna,"Forest–savanna mosaic"open woodland, da kuma forest savanna. Ayyukan ɗan adam sun rage yawan bishiyoyin tsaunin, sannan kuma mafi yawancin tudu a yanzu an rufe su da filayen ciyawa. Kananan wurare na gandun daji da daji sun kasance a kan tudu da wuraren da ba za a iya isa ba, ciki har da kudanci da yamma, tare da koguna, da kuma duwatsu. Tsaunin ya kasance gida ne kawai ga mutanen yammacin Afirka na klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus da kuma tsuntsaye masu yawa da dabbobi masu shayarwa, ciki har da mole-bera na Najeriya Cryptomys foxi Fox's shaggy rat Dasymys foxi rock firefinch Lagonosticta sanguinodorsalis da Jos Plateau indigobird Vidua maryae Mutane Plateau na Jos na zaune a Tsakiyar Najeriya, kuma ko a wannan yanki akwai bambancin al'adu da dama, akwai harsuna da mutane iri-iri. Barbour et al. (1982:49) ya nuna fiye da ƙungiyoyin kabilanci guda 60 ke rayuwa a kan tsunin. Yawancin harsunan tsaunin suna cikin dangin Chadic, wanda ke cikin dangin Afro-Asiya. Biyu daga cikin manyan kabilun Filato su ne Berom, a arewacin Filato, da kuma Ngas a kudu maso gabas. Ƙananan ƙungiyoyi sun haɗa da Mwaghavul, Pyem, Ron, Afizere, Anaguta, Aten, Irigwe, Chokfem, Kofyar, Kulere, Miship, Mupun da Montol.
Plateau na Jos gida ne ga tsaffin al'adun Nok, wanda aka sani da kyawawan zane-zane na terracotta. Bayan turawan mulkin mallaka na Najeriya, Jos Plateau ya zama yanki mai ma'adinai kuma daya daga cikin muhimman wuraren yawon bude ido a Najeriya, sai dai a farkon karni na 21 ya kawo cikas ga harkokin yawon bude ido sakamakon wani sabon rikici da ya barke tsakanin kiristoci da musulmi, sakamakon sabanin kabilanci da na siyasa a tsakanin. mazauna Jos Plateau.
Barazana da kiyayewa Tsaunin Jos wani yanki ne mai yawan jama'a wanda ke da hasarar ɓangarorin ciyayi na asali da itacen daji zuwa gonaki da kuma tara itace; sauran dabbobin da suka rage yawanci sun iyakance ga ƙananan yankuna a cikin mafi nisa da kuma bakin kogi. A halin yanzu babu wani shirin kiyayewa don wannan muhallin. Sakamakon aikin hako ma'adinan tin wasu 320 na ƙasar noma ya damu. Tun daga lokacin manoman yankin sun samu bunkasar lamarin saboda amfani da na gargajiya da na zamani da ake amfani da su wajen takin zamani wadanda suka hada da taki, tokar sharar gari da takin zamani. Kimanin 1,199 ko 9%, na ecoregion yana cikin wurare masu kariya. Wuraren da aka kiyaye sun haɗa da tsaunin Jarawa, Jere, Rafin Bawa, Panshanu, Kogin Guram, Assob Bachit, Kurra Jekko, da gandun dajin Abak.
Manazarta Barbour, KM, et al., masu gyara. 1982 Najeriya a Taswirori Hodder da Stoughton, London.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Hiking on the plateau
Tsaunuka a |
32234 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling%20Bank%20%28Nigeria%29 | Sterling Bank (Nigeria) | Bankin Sterling Plc, wani babban bankin kasuwanci ne na ƙasa yana da lasisi daga Babban Bankin Najeriya A kan tashoshin Reuters da Bloomberg, an gano shi da STERLNB. LG da STERLNBA: NL bi da bi. Bankin yana ba da sabis ga ɗaiɗaikun mutane, ƙananan kamfanoni (SMEs) da manyan kamfanoni. Ya zuwa Disamba 2020, cibiyar sadarwa ta reshen bankin ta kai 157, da aka rarraba a duk faɗin Najeriya tare da jimlar ƙadarorin da darajarsu ta haura tiriliyan NGN.
Tarihi An kafa bankin Sterling Plc a shekarar 1960 a matsayin Nigeria Acceptances Limited (NAL). An baiwa bankin lasisin zama bankin kasuwanci na farko a Najeriya a shekarar 1969. Sakamakon dokar ƴan asalin ƙasar ta 1972, Bankin ya zama cikakken mallakar gwamnati kuma an gudanar da shi tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Grindlays Bank Limited, Continental International Finance Company Illinois da American Express Bank Limited tsakanin 1974 zuwa 1992. A cikin 1992, Bankin ya zama wani ɓangare na kamfani kuma an jera shi a matsayin kamfani na jama'a a kan kasuwar hannayen jari ta Najeriya (NSE). Bayan shekaru takwas, a shekara ta 2000, gwamnatin tarayya ta sayar da sauran ribar da ta rage a bankin, inda ta mayar da shi cikakkiyar cibiya. A cikin watan Janairu na shekarar 2006, a wani ɓangare na bunkasa harkar hada-hadar banki ta Najeriya, NAL Bank ya kammala haɗewa da wasu bankunan Najeriya guda huɗu da suka haɗa da, Magnum Trust Bank, NBM Bank, Trust Bank of Africa da Indo-Nigeria Merchant Bank (INMB) sannan suka amince da tsarin bankin. Sunan 'Sterling Bank'. An yi nasarar haɗa ƙungiyoyin da aka haɗe kuma suna aiki azaman ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa tun daga lokacin.
A daidai lokacin da babban bankin Najeriya ya soke tsarin hada-hadar banki na bai-ɗaya, bankin Sterling a yanzu yana aiki a matsayin bankin kasuwanci na ƙasa, inda yake zubar da hannayen jari a wasu rassa da kamfanoni masu alaƙa. A tsakiyar 2011, Sterling Bank Plc ya sami ikon mallakar bankin Equatorial Trust na da.
Ayyuka Ayyukan Bankin da samfuransa an haɗa su zuwa gungu huɗu:
Retail Bankin Mabukaci, Bankin Kasuwanci, Bankin Cibiyoyi da Bankin Kamfanoni.
Sterling ya ƙaddamar da tsare-tsare da yawa a ƙarƙashin Retail Banking Consumer kamar Bankin Agent (wanda aka ƙera don jawo hankalin marasa banki/mara banki), Micro-credit ga matasa da Specta (dandali na ba da lamuni mai sarrafa kansa). Bankin Kasuwancin sa yana huɗɗar da su a sassa da yawa ciki har da Noma wanda bankin ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa yayin da Babban Bankin sa yana ba da sabis na ƙara ƙima da sabis na tarawa ga ƙungiyoyin gwamnati. Bankin Kamfanin Sterling ya ƙunshi sassa da yawa da suka haɗa da Sadarwa, Wutar Lantarki da Karfe, Abinci da Abin sha da sauransu. Bankin yana aiki daga:
Babban Ofishin 20 Marina, Lagos
rassa 157 a fadin kasar
10,667 Tashoshin POS tare da 'yan kasuwa da yawa
689 ATMs a fadin kasar
Sama da masu amfani da USSD miliyan 1.5 a duk faɗin ƙasar
Ayyuka na Musamman Banki Masu zaman kansu da Gudanar da Dukiya
Har ila yau, Bankin yana ba da sabis na High Net Worth mutane ta hanyar Bankin Masu zaman kansu da Gudanar da Arziki suna ba da kayayyaki kamar Trust and Fiduciary Services, Gudanar da Philanthropy, Shawarar Zuba Jari, da sauransu. Sterling Alternative Finance (SAF) (Banki da Ban sha'awa)
A shekarar 2013, Babban Bankin Najeriya ya ba bankin lasisin samar da ayyukan banki marasa riba bayan cika sharuddan da aka gindaya. Madadin samfuran banki sun kasu kashi uku: Kasuwanci, Zuba Jari, da Kuɗi. Bankin ya kafa wannan sashe na kasuwanci ne bisa tsarin da ya dace a duniya ta wannan fanni ta hanyar samun kwamitin kwararru na ba da shawara (ACE) wanda ya amince da duk wani tsari da tsari tare da tabbatar da cikakken bin ka'idojin fikihu na kasuwanci na Musulunci. Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Bankin (ACE) ya haɗa da Sheikh Abdulƙadir Thomas (US/Kuwait); Sheikh Abubakar Musa (Minna); da Imam Abdur-Raheem Ahmad Sayi (Lagos).
Babbar Haskakawa ta 2020 Rahoton kuɗi na baya-bayan nan game da kuɗin shiga na Sterling Bank Limited shine ranar 2020 Babban kuɗin da aka daidaita ta hanyar raguwar 12.4% na ribar riba yayin da yawan amfanin ƙasa ya yi ƙasa.
Kudin riba ya ƙi da 21.3%, wanda ya haifar da raguwar 160 bps a farashin kuɗi; haɓakar yoy 39.5% ne ya motsa wannan a cikin adibas ɗin abokin ciniki mai rahusa.
Dangane da bala'in cutar da asarar kuɗi da ake tsammanin, Sterling ya karu da haɗarin haɗari da 10 bps zuwa 1.0% yayin da yake daidaita rabon NPL ƙasa da 30bps zuwa 1.9%.
Adadin farashi-zuwa-shigo ya ƙi yoy zuwa 77.4%. Bankin ya sami raguwar kudaden aiki da kashi 2.5% duk da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki.
Musamman ma, NIP (NIBBS Instant Payments) yawan ciniki ya karu da kashi 89.4% idan aka kwatanta da shekarar da ta gabata a bayan saka hannun jarin da aka yi a dandalinmu na dijital.
Jimillar kadarorin ta karu da kashi 9.8% zuwa Naira biliyan 1,299.1 daga Naira biliyan 1,182.7 a watan Disambar 2019;
Lamuni da ci gaba sun ragu da kashi 3.5% zuwa Naira biliyan 596.8 (FY 2019: Naira biliyan 618.7);
Adadin abokan ciniki ya karu da kashi 6.5% zuwa Naira biliyan 950.8 (Dec. 2019: Naira biliyan 892.7);
Matsakaicin wadatar babban birnin har zuwa 18%; da kyau sama da matakin tsari.
Bankin ya samu karuwar riba da kashi 6.0% bayan harajin da ya kai Naira biliyan 11.2; a ranar 2020 sun canza zuwa +13.55%.
Sauran abubuwan da ba na Kuɗi ba Sauran abubuwan da ba na kuɗi ba sun haɗa da:
Kamfanonin dijital da aka ƙaddamar a cikin wannan shekara sun haɗa da: OneBank sabon aikace-aikacen banki na lantarki, bayarwa (www.giving.ng); dandalin taron jama'a da Biya tare da Specta dandalin ba da lamuni don SMEs.
An Ba da Kyautar 2020 'Gabaɗaya Mafi kyawun Wurin Aiki a Najeriya' a cikin babban rukunin kamfanoni na Cibiyar Babban Wurin Aiki.
Bankin yana gudanar da ayyukan zamantakewa na kamfanoni a waɗannan fannoni: ilimi, muhalli, lafiya, ƙarfafawa, haɓaka wasanni, haɓaka iyawa, da sauransu.
Ƴan kwamitin gudanarwa Asue Ighodalo Shugaba
Abubakar Suleiman Managing Director/Chief Executive Officer
Yemi Odubiyi Babban Darakta
Raheem Owodeyi Babban Darakta Tunde Adeola- Babban Darakta Ankala Prasad Darakta mara zartarwa
Michael Jituboh Darakta mara zartarwa
Olaitan Kajero Darakta mara zartarwa
Tairat Tijani Darakta mara zartarwa
Folasade Kilaso Babban Darakta
Paritosh Tripathi Darakta mara zartarwa
Olatunji Mayaki Darakta mara zartarwa
Michael Ajukwu Darakta mai zaman kansa
Olusola Oworu Darakta mai zaman kansa
Malam Abubakar Suleiman shi ne Manajan Darakta/Babban Jami’in Gudanarwa na yanzu, inda ya karɓi wannan mukamin a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2018.
Duba kuma Jerin bankunan Najeriya
Babban Bankin Najeriya
Tattalin arzikin Najeriya
Manazarta Bankin Najeriya.
Kamfani.
Ma'ajin kuɗi.
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
15665 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nwando%20Achebe | Nwando Achebe | Nwando Achebe malama ce 'yar asalin Nijeriya da America, mai goyon bayan 'yancin mata (feminism) kuma mai koyarwa, kuma wacce taci kyautuka da dama kan tarihi. Ita ake yiwa lakabi da Jack and Margaret Sweet Endowed Professor of History, kuma Mataimakiyar Dean na Bambanci, Daidaituwa, da Hadawa a Kwalejin Kimiyyar Zamani a Jami'ar Michigan State University. Haka kuma ita ce ta kafa Babban Edita na Jaridar Tarihin Afirka ta Yamma.
Asali An haifi Nwando Achebe ne a Jihar Enugu, da ke gabashin Najeriya ga marubucin Nijeriya, marubucin insha'i, kuma mawaki, Chinua Achebe, da Christie Chinwe Achebe, farfesa a Fannin Ilimantarwa. Ita matar Folu Ogundimu, farfesan aikin jarida ne a Jami'ar "Michigan State University", kuma uwa ga 'yar ta, Chino. Babban wanta, Chidi Chike Achebe babban likita ne.
Ilimi da Aiki Achebe ta karɓi digirin ta na digirgir a fannin ilimin Tarihin Afirka daga Jami'ar California, Los Angeles a shekara ta 2000. Masaniyar tarihin baka ta hanyar horo, bangarorin da ta kwarewa sune Tarihin Yaammacin Afirka, mata, jinsi da tarihin jima'i. A shekarar 1996 da shekarar 1998, ta yi aiki a matsayin Gidauniyar Ford da kuma Fulbright-Hays scholar-in-Residence a Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka da Sashen Tarihi da Nazarin Duniya a Jami'ar Nijeriya, Nsukka. Matsayinta na farko a harkkar ilimantarwa ya kasance a matsayin ta na Mataimakiyar Farfesa na Tarihi a Kwalejin William da Mary. Daga nan ta koma Jami'ar Michigan State University a shekarar 2005 a matsayin Mataimakiyar Furofesa, daga bisani Farfesa a shekara ta 2010, kuma a yanzu ita ce "Jack da Margaret Sweet Professor".
Malanta Ta wallafa littattafai guda shida, na farkon su shi ne, Farmers, Traders, Warriors, and Kings: Female Power and Authority in Northern Igboland, s tsakanin 1900–1960, wanda Heinemann ya wallafa acikin shekara ta 2005. Wannan littafi na Achebe ya taka rawa matuka a wajen nuna bayani akan jinsi da tarihin mata a nahiyar Afurka, da kuma canjin tsarin mulki da addinai a lokacin turawan mulkin mallaka. Littafin ya bada kafar muhawara akan 'yancin mata watau "feminism', wanda Achebe ta yi wa lakabi da “ka'idojin halayyar mata” wanda a yanzu matan inyamurai basu rayuwa akan wannan tsarin. Gabaki daya littafin ya kunshi bayanai da suka shafe ra'ayin cewa mata suna dogara ne da maza ta hanyar tambayoyi da kafa hujjoji daga fuskar tarihi akan kwarjini da kuma kima da mata suke dashi a tarihin kasashen inyamurai.
Littafin ta na biyu shine, The Female King of Colonial Nigeria: Ahebi Ugbabe, wanda Indiana University Press suka wallafa a cikin shekara ta 2011. Cikakken tarihi ne game da mace daya tak da ta rike matsayi da sarauta a lokacin mulkin turawa a Afurka, littafin da ya lashe lambobin yabo guda uku, kyautar Aidoo-Snyder Book Prize, da kyautar The Barbara "Penny" Kanner Book Prize da kuma kyautar Gita Chaudhuri Book Prize.Wani kafar binciken littattafai yayi nuni da cewa wannan ittafin a matsayin jayayya mai karfi akan nazarin karatun academiya na tarihin matan kasashen Inyamurai da Najeriya da kuma Afurka gaba daya. Littafin ya kunshi labarin Ahebi Ugbabe (c. 1885–1948), wacce a lokacinta ta nada kanta matsayin sarki kuma ya bada bayanai akan yadda tsarin mulki ya canza bayan mulkin turawan mulkin mallaka a fakaice. Har wayau binciken da littafin yayi ya nuna bambamci akan tsarin mulki na maza da kuma shuwagabancin maza kawai, zuwa mace mai matsayi, mace mai doka, mace mai sarauta, kuma mace miji. Har ila yau, wannan labari ya iyakance iyakokin matsayin jinsi. A takaice dai, wannan littafi na The Female King of Colonial Nigeria yana wayar da kan al'umma akan fahimtar su na gargajiya da kuma lokacin turawa akan tsarin mulki da siyasa a yankin ta. Littafin da Achebe ta taimaka wajen rubutawa a cikin shekara ta 2018 mai suna History of West Africa E-Course Book (British Arts and Humanities Research Council, 2018), litttafin karatun aji wanda aka rubuta don dalibai masu fuskantar jarabawar karshe a matakin makarantun sakandare na Yammacin Afurka wato (WASSCE). Har ila yau ta tallafa wajen rubuta littafin A Companion to African History (Wiley Blackwell, 2019) ita da William Worger da kuma Charles Ambler sannan kuma sun rubuta littafin Holding the World Together: African Women in Changing Perspective (University of Wisconsin Press, 2019), ita da Claire Robertson. Ohio University Press suka wallafa littafin Achebe na shekara ta 2020 mai suna Female Monarchs and Merchants Queens in Africa.Laura Seay daga gidan jarifdar The Washington Post, ta rubuta game da littafin Female Monarchs and Merchant Queens in Africa a matsayin "cikakken littafin wanda ya kunshi komai kuma mai saukin fahimta".
Tallafi da Kyaututtuka Nwando Achebe ta samu tallafi daga Gidauniyar Wenner Gren, Gidauniyar Rockefeller, Woodrow Wilson, Fulbright-Hays, Gidauniyar Ford, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya da kuma Hukumar bayar da tallafi ta Dan Adam. Ita ce kuma wacce ta samu lambar yabo ta littafi har sau uku.
Littattafai Farmers, Traders, Warriors, and Kings: Female Power and Authority in Northern Igboland, 1900-1960. ISBN 0325070784
The Female King of Nigeria: Ahebi Ugbabe. ISBN 0253222486
History of West Africa E-Course Book. ISBN 978-9983960204
A Companion to African History. ISBN 047065631X
Holding the World Together: African Women in Changing Perspective. ISBN 9780299321109
Female Monarchs and Merchants Queens in Africa. ISBN 0821424076
Manazarta Marubutan Najeriya
Ƴan Najeriya
|
54820 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oviri | Oviri | Oviri (Tahitian don daji ko daji) wani zane-zane ne na yumbu na 1894 wanda ɗan wasan Faransa Paul Gauguin ya yi. A cikin tatsuniyoyin Tahitian, Oviri allahiya ce ta makoki kuma an nuna ta da dogon gashi mai laushi da idanu na daji, tana shanye kyarkeci da ƙafafunta yayin da take riƙe da jariri a hannunta. Masana tarihi na fasaha sun gabatar da fassarori da yawa yawanci cewa Gauguin ya yi niyya da shi a matsayin ma'anar don karfafa siffarsa a matsayin "mai wayewa". Alloli mata na Tahitian na zamaninta sun wuce daga ƙwaƙwalwar jama'a a shekara ta 1894, duk da haka Gauguin ya nuna sha'awar tarihin tsibirin yayin da ya kai ga wasu tsoffin tushe, gami da taimakon Assuriya na nau'in "maigidan dabbobi", da kuma mummies na Majapahit. Sauran tasirin da za a iya samu sun haɗa da kwanyar da aka adana daga tsibirin Marquesas, adadi da aka samu a Borobudur, da kuma haikalin Buddha na Mahayana na ƙarni na 9 a tsakiyar Java.
Gauguin ya yi gyare-gyare uku, kowannensu a cikin wani bangare na dutse, kuma yayin da kwafi da yawa ke cikin gilashi ko tagulla, asalin gyare-garen yana cikin Musée d'Orsay. Tallace-tallace na kayan aikinsa ba su yi nasara ba, kuma a cikin ƙarancin kuɗi da na kansa ya nemi a sanya shi a kan kabarinsa. Akwai wasu maganganu guda uku kawai da suka tsira game da adadi: ya bayyana adadi a matsayin wani abu mai ban mamaki da mugunta a kan wani gabatarwar 1895 na ra'ayoyi biyu na katako na Oviri ga Stéphane Mallarmé; ya kira shi La Tueuse ("The Murderess") a ikin wata wasika ta 1897 ga Ambroise Vollard; kuma ya kara wani rubutun da ke nuni da littafin Honoré de Balzac Séraphîta a cikin zane na c. An nuna Oviri a Salon d'Automne na 1906 (no. 57) inda ya rinjayi Pablo Picasso, wanda ya kafa daya daga cikin adadi a Les Demoiselles d'Avignon a ciki.
Tarihi Gauguin ya kasance mafi mahimmanci mai zane; ya zo ga yumbu a kusa da 1886, lokacin da masanin zane-zane na Faransa da masanin yumbu Ernest Chaplet ya koya masa. Félix Bracquemond ne ya gabatar da su wanda, wanda sabon tukwane na fasahar Faransanci ya yi wahayi zuwa gare su, yana gwaji tare da nau'in. A lokacin wannan hunturu na 1886-87, Gauguin ya ziyarci bitar Chaplet a Vaugirard, inda suka hada kai a kan tukwane na dutse tare da siffofi masu amfani ko raguwa masu ban sha'awa da hannaye da yawa.
Gauguin ya fara ziyartar Tahiti a shekara ta 1891 kuma, ya janyo hankalin kyawawan matan Tahitian, ya yi saiti na hotunan abin rufe fuska a kan takarda. Suna haifar da baƙin ciki da mutuwa, kuma suna haifar da yanayin faaturuma (ƙasa ko baƙin ciki); hotuna da yanayi daga baya aka yi amfani da su a cikin yumbu na Oviri. Gauguin na farko da aka zana a Tahiti ya kasance tare da itacen guava wanda ya rushe da sauri kuma bai tsira ba.
Ya kammala Oviri a cikin hunturu na 1894, yayin dawowarsa daga Tahiti, kuma ya gabatar da shi ga salon Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts 1895 wanda aka buɗe a watan Afrilu na shekara mai zuwa. Akwai nau'o'i biyu na abin da ya biyo baya: [fr] ya yi iƙirarin a cikin 1920 cewa an "kusa" Gauguin daga nune-nunen; a cikin 1937 Ambroise Vollard ya rubuta cewa an shigar da wannan yanki ne kawai lokacin da Chaplet ya yi barazanar janye ayyukansa don nuna rashin amincewa. A cewar Bengt Danielsson, Gauguin yana da sha'awar kara yawan bayyanarsa a fili kuma ya yi amfani da wannan damar ta hanyar rubuta wasika mai fushi ga Le Soir, yana kuka game da yanayin yumbu na zamani.
A farkon shekara ta 1897, Vollard ya rubuta wasika ga Gauguin game da yiwuwar jefa siffofinsa a tagulla. Amsar Gauguin ta mayar da hankali ne akan Oviri:Na yi imanin cewa babban mutum-mutumi na da aka yi da yumbu, Tueuse ("The Murderess"), wani abu ne na musamman kamar yadda babu wani yumbu da ya yi har zuwa yanzu kuma cewa, ban da haka, zai yi kama da kyau a cikin tagulla (ba tare da sakewa ba kuma ba tare da patina ba). Ta wannan hanyar mai siye ba kawai zai sami yumbu da kansa ba, har ma da bugu na tagulla wanda za a yi amfani da shi don samun kuɗi.Masanin tarihin fasaha Christopher Gray ya ambaci nau'ikan gyare-gyare guda uku, inda aka samo su daga zane-zane na katako wanda ba a rubuta shi ba. An ba da ɗaya ga Daniel Monfreid kuma yanzu yana cikin Musée départemental Maurice Denis "The Priory" a Saint-Germain-en-Laye Wani nau'i a cikin gyare-gyare, tare da farfajiyar itace, Gustave Fayet ne ya kiyaye shi, kuma daga baya ya zama wani ɓangare na tarin ɗansa, Léon. Mai zane wanda ya yi gyare-gyare ya adana nau'i na uku. An samar da tagulla da yawa, gami da sigar da aka sanya a kabarin Gauguin a Atuona, wanda Fondation Singer-Polignac [fr] ya jefa kuma ya gina 29 Maris 1973.
Bayyanawa da tushe Oviri tana da dogon gashi mai launin ruwan kasa ko launin toka wanda ya kai ga gwiwoyi. Tushenta da idanunta suna da girma sosai, yayin da budewa a bayan kanta yayi kama da rami na farji. Tana riƙe da jaririn kyarkeci a cinyarta, alama ce ta rashin kulawa da ikonta. Ba a bayyana ko Oviri yana shanye ko rungumar jaririn ba, amma matsayinta yana kiran ra'ayoyin sadaukarwa, kisan jarirai da kuma nau'in mahaifiyar da ke ɗaukar fansa, wanda ya rinjayi zane na Eugène Delacroix na 1838, Medea About to Kill Her Children Wani dabba na biyu, mai yiwuwa wani kyarkeci, yana kusa da ƙafafunta ko dai yana juyawa cikin biyayya ko ya mutu. Masana tarihi na fasaha ciki har da Sue Taylor sun ba da shawarar dabba ta biyu na iya wakiltar Gauguin.
Haɗin tsakanin mace da kyarkeci ya samo asali ne daga wata magana da Edgar Degas ya yi don kare aikin Gauguin a baje kolin Durand-Ruel na 1893 wanda ba a karɓa ba, lokacin da Degas ya nakalto tatsuniyar La Fontaine The Dog and the Wolf, wanda yawanci ana ɗauka a matsayin yana nuna cewa bai kamata a musayar 'yanci ba don ta'aziyya ko riba ta kuɗi: "Ganin, Gauguin shine kyarkefi. A cikin Oviri, babban kyarkeci, Gauguin na Turai, ya hallaka yayin da mai taimakawa, Gauguan na Tahiti, ya tsira.
Labaran Tahitian sun ɓace sosai a lokacin Gauguin (ya kafa nasa asusun a kan wasu tushe ba tare da amincewa ba), kamar yadda yawancin kayan tarihi da ke da alaƙa da wannan al'ada. Wakilin da ya yi na Oviri yafi yawan aiki ne na tunanin, wanda aka sanar da shi ta hanyar tarin abin da ya bayyana a matsayin "ƙaramin duniyar abokai" kuma wanda ya tafi tare da shi zuwa Tahiti a ziyararsa ta farko. Wadannan sun hada da lithograph na Odilon Redon La Mort, hotuna na batutuwa kamar haikalin haikalin a Borobudur, Java, da kuma fresco na Masar daga kabarin daular 18 a Thebes. Sauran kafofin da aka ba da shawarar sun haɗa da taimakon Assuriya na Gilgamesh yana riƙe da jaririn zaki yanzu a cikin Louvre, da kuma adadi na Majapahit daga gidan kayan gargajiya na Djakarta.
Kan Oviri ya yi kama da ya dogara ne akan kwanyar da aka yi wa dattawa a tsibirin Marquesas, wanda idanunsu na al'ada an rufe su da mahaifiyar lu'u-lu'u kuma ana bauta musu a matsayin allahntaka. Abubuwan jikinta na iya samo asali daga hotunan Borobudur na haihuwa. Ta haka ne aka gabatar da rayuwa da mutuwa a cikin wannan hoton. A cikin wata wasika zuwa ga Mallarmé da ke ƙoƙarin tara biyan kuɗi na jama'a don siyan aikin, Morice ya kira hoton Diane Chasseresse ("Diana the Huntress"), wanda ke nuni da allahiyar Girka ta dā Diana na farauta, wata da haihuwa. Ya yi irin wannan magana a cikin waƙoƙinsa game da Oviri Barbara Landy ta fassara taken rayuwa da mutuwa kamar yadda yake nuna bukatar Gauguin ya watsar da son kai na wayewa a cikin komawa ga yanayin halitta na asali. Aikin yana da alaƙa da yumbu na Black Venus na 1889, wanda ke nuna mace tana durƙusa a kan wani kai da aka yanke kamar mai zane.
Nancy Mowll Mathews ta yi imanin cewa halittu a hannunta kuma a ƙafafunta ainihin raƙuman ruwa ne, dabbobi da Gauguin ya yi amfani da su a cikin zane-zanen itace na 1889 Be in Love, You Will Be Happy kuma a cikin zane mai na Pont-Aven na 1891 The Loss of Virginity A cikin wata wasika ta 1889 zuwa ga Émile Bernard, ya bayyana Soyez amoureuses fox a matsayin "alama ce ta Indiya ta lalata". Akwai doguwar al'ada a cikin al'adun Asiya na kyarketai da ke da ikon canzawa zuwa mata (alal misali a cikin al-adun Yōkai ko Kitsune na Japan).
Gauguin ya nuna adadi na Oviri a kalla zane daya, nau'ikan canja wurin ruwa guda biyu da katako guda biyu. Yana yiwuwa cewa an halicci katako a Pont-Aven a lokacin rani na 1894; kafin yumbu. Na ƙarshe da ya bayyana tabbas shine zane a cikin abin da ya zama fitowar farko ta Gauguin's Papeete broadsheet Le Sourire (The Smile: A Serious Newspaper) wanda aka buga tsakanin Agusta 1899 da Afrilu 1900. An haɗa shi da rubutun "Et le monstre, entraînant sa créature, féconde de sa semence des flancs genéreux pour engendrer Séraphitus-Séraphita" (Kuma dodon, yana rungumar halittarsa, ya cika mahaifarta mai karimci da iri kuma ya haifi Séraphite-Sérafita). Séraphitus-Séraphita wani nuni ne ga littafin Honoré de Balzac Séraphîta wanda ke nuna jarumi mai ban sha'awa. A cikin wannan fitowar farko ta Le Sourire, ya sake nazarin wasan kwaikwayon marubucin Maohi na gida wanda ya shafi jima'i (cikin sauran jigogi), kuma ya kira 'Séraphitus-Séraphita'. Binciken ya taya "marubucin" wasan kwaikwayon murna kuma ya ƙare da rokon 'yancin mata ta hanyar kawar da aure. Hoton da ke tare da shi yana da bambanci sosai.
Fassara Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
48778 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkokin%20Dan%20Adam%20a%20Jamhuriyar%20Afrika%20ta%20Tsakiya | Hakkokin Dan Adam a Jamhuriyar Afrika ta Tsakiya | Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, wadda Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya bayyana da cewa tana fuskantar "rikicin da aka yi watsi da shi a duniya", tana da mummunan yanayin hakkin dan adam. Freedom House ta sanya shi 'Ba Kyauta' daga 1972 zuwa 1990, a cikin 2002 da 2003, kuma daga 2014 zuwa yau. An ƙididdige shi 'Babban Kyauta' daga 1991 zuwa 2001 da kuma daga 2004 zuwa 2013. A kididdigar ci gaban bil'adama ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, tana matsayi na 179 cikin kasashe 187. Tsakanin 1988 da 2008, tsawon rayuwa ya ragu daga shekaru 49 zuwa shekaru 47.7. A cewar ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka, ana cin zarafin bil'adama a kasar. Wadannan sun hada da kisan gilla da jami’an tsaro ke yi; azabtarwa, duka da fyade ga wadanda ake zargi da fursunoni; rashin hukunci, musamman a tsakanin sojojin; yanayi mai tsanani da barazanar rai a gidajen yari da wuraren tsare mutane; kamawa da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba, tsawaita tsarewar gaban shari'a da hana shari'a ta gaskiya lokaci-lokaci tsoratarwa da ƙuntatawa a kan manema labarai ƙuntatawa akan 'yancin motsi; cin hanci da rashawa a hukumance da tauye hakkin ma'aikata.
Har ila yau, rahoton na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen ya ba da misali da tashe-tashen hankula masu yaduwa, kuma galibi suna kashe mutane yawaitar kaciyar mata nuna wariya ga mata da Mahani fataucin mutane aikin tilastawa da aikin yara ‘Yancin walwala a yankin arewacin kasar ya takaita ne “saboda ayyukan jami’an tsaro na jihohi, ‘yan fashi da makami, da sauran kungiyoyi masu dauke da makamai da ba na gwamnati ba” kuma albarkacin fada tsakanin dakarun gwamnati da masu adawa da gwamnati, mutane da yawa sun rasa muhallansu Rahotanni na baya-bayan nan kan take hakkin dan Adam A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, watakila babban abin da ke kawo cikas ga 'yancin bil'adama a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya shi ne ci gaba da gwagwarmayar makamai a kasar tsakanin dakarun gwamnati da kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye da kuma a wasu lokutan, tsakanin kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye masu fada da juna. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2008, wani rahoto da sashen kare hakkin bil’adama na ofishin tallafawa zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a kasar, wanda aka fi sani da BONUCA, ya bayyana “mummunan matsalar tsaro a arewacin kasar inda sojojin gwamnati, ‘yan tawaye da kuma ‘yan fashi da makami suka yi garkuwa da su. sun kasance masu fafutuka, wadanda dukkansu sun aikata ta'asa" kuma sun bayyana cewa "[e] kisan gilla, azabtarwa da kama mutane ba bisa ka'ida ba, galibi ana danganta su ga jami'an tsaro da tsaro da kuma karfafa al'adar rashin hukunta su, sun taimaka wajen tabarbarewar haƙƙin ɗan adam".
Rahoton na BONUCA ya kuma kara da cewa sojojin gwamnati “sun keta dokokin yaki da wulakanci. A hare-haren da suke yi da ‘yan tawaye ko ‘yan fashi ba sa banbance tsakanin wadanda suka dauki makamai da fararen hula… A hare-haren ramuwar gayya, sojoji suna kona gidaje, suna kashe mutane da dama ko kuma wadanda ake zargi da hada baki da ‘yan tawaye ko ‘yan fashi”. A cewar BONUCA, sojoji a garin Bouar sun baje kolin ‘yan ta’addan da suka yi ikirarin na ‘yan bindigar manyan tituna ne da suka harbe, ‘yan fashin “suna azabtar da matafiya, suna sace mazauna yankin, tare da yin garkuwa da mata da kananan yara domin neman kudin fansa”, abin da kungiyar ‘yan tawayen ta kira. Armée populaire pour la restauration de la democratie (APRD) "ya hana wasu mazauna zagayawa" da kuma cewa wasu mutane dauke da makamai watakila na kungiyar Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) ne "sun yi garkuwa da mutane 150, ciki har da yara 55 tare da cin zarafinsu". A gefe guda kuma, BONUCA ta ce gwamnati ta ba da hadin kai sosai da kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama.
A watan Fabrairun 2010, babbar jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kare hakkin bil'adama, Navi Pillay, ta ce rashin hukunta laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama na daya daga cikin manyan kalubalen Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya. Da take ambaton takaitaccen hukuncin kisa, tilasta bacewar mutane, kama mutane ba bisa ka'ida ba, da kuma tsarewa", ta yi kira da a yi "kokari mai karfi......don kawo karshen wadannan muggan laifuka na cin zarafi". Rahoton da Amnesty International ta fitar kan abubuwan da suka faru a kasar a shekarar 2011 ya yi tsokaci kan kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye daban-daban da ke wakiltar kalubale ga dakarun gwamnati, inda ya lura cewa yankin arewa maso yammacin kasar "yana karkashin ingantacciyar kulawar Sojoji mai farin jini don maido da mulkin dimokradiyya. (APRD), kungiyar da ke dauke da makamai wacce ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da gwamnati, yayin da "Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) ta kara yawan da kuma tsananin hare-harenta" a kudu maso gabas da gabas. A watan Yulin 2011, Union of Democratic Forces for Unity (UFDR) ta kai hari tare da mamaye garin Sam Ouandja da ke arewa maso gabashin kasar, "da ake zargin a matsayin ramuwar gayya kan hare-haren da kungiyar Patriots for Justice and Peace (CPJP) ta kai kan mukamanta. Tsakanin watan Yuni da Agusta, bangarorin CPJP uku sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin zaman lafiya da gwamnati, duk da cewa mayakan nasu sun ci gaba da rike makamai”. Amnesty International ta yi nuni da cewa, sakamakon wannan tashin hankalin, “kaso mai tsoka na CAR ya fi karfin gwamnati”, inda sama da mutane 200,000 suka rasa matsugunansu, yayin da wasu kusan 200,000 ke zama a matsayin ‘yan gudun hijira a kasashe makwabta.
A ranar 10 ga Disamba, 2012, dakarun kawancen Seleka, wadanda akasarinsu mambobin APRD da UFDR, suka kaddamar da farmaki kan dakarun gwamnati, kuma a ranar 11 ga watan Janairun 2013 aka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya inda jam'iyyun suka amince da gudanar da sabon zaben 'yan majalisar dokoki. A watan Janairun 2013, Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta nuna damuwa game da lamarin, inda ta yi kira ga bangarorin da su mutunta yarjejeniyar tsagaita bude wuta tare da yin Allah wadai da "dukkan yunkurin kwace mulki da karfi". Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta ware amfani da yara kanana wajen yaki da tashe-tashen hankula a matsayin dalilin damuwa na musamman. Kwamitin agaji na kasa da kasa ya wajaba ya rufe ofisoshinsa a kasar sakamakon rikicin da ya faru a watan Disamba, amma ya sake bude su a watan Janairu, yana mai nuni da cewa, duk da haka halin da ake ciki ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin “rikici......a yayin tattaunawar sulhu tsakanin gwamnati, da ‘yan adawa. An fara kawancen 'yan tawaye da jam'iyyun adawa a Gabon". Rahoton na ranar 10 ga watan Janairun 2013 da kungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam ta kasa da kasa FIDH ta fitar, ya yi kira ga dukkan bangarorin kasar da su kawo karshen take hakkin dan Adam, da kare fararen hula, da yin shawarwari da kafa kyakkyawan shugabanci ga Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, musamman ma. domin yaki na gaskiya da rashin hukunta wadanda suka aikata manyan laifuka”. Wani rahoto na 11 ga Janairu 2013 na kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta kasa da kasa ya nuna cewa duk da tattaunawar da ake yi a Libreville, mazauna garuruwan Sibut da Damara, da ke kan gaba a rikicin, sun "gudu daga gidajensu saboda tsoron tashin hankali" kuma "sun kafa. matsuguni na wucin gadi a cikin daji, inda ake samun saukin kamuwa da sauro masu dauke da zazzabin cizon sauro”. A wannan rana, hukumar kula da 'yan gudun hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta fitar da wata sanarwa inda ta ce tana fargabar yiwuwar sake afkuwar rikicin, inda ta ce ta samu rahoton dubban mutane da ke gudun hijira a arewaci da gabashin kasar tun farkon yunkurin na Seleka. kimanin wata daya da ya wuce".
A ranar 18 ga Janairu, 2013, Louisa Lombard ta New York Times ta bayyana CAR a matsayin "ɗakin gwaje-gwaje don ayyukan samar da zaman lafiya na duniya" wanda ya ci gaba da gazawa. An lura da cewa yayin da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi ta "inganta shirye-shiryen 'DDR' akai-akai kwance damara, rugujewa da sake hadewa don taimakawa kungiyoyin da ke dauke da makamai su koma cikin al'ummomin farar hula", tsarin DDR ya "kare wa wadanda ake son amfana da kuma samar da abubuwan karfafa gwiwa ga wadanda ba a son su ba. don ɗaukar makamai", saboda shirye-shiryen "sun ɗauka cewa gwamnatocin da suke taimakawa suna aiki kamar kyakkyawan yanayin Max Weber kiyaye ikon amfani da karfi, samar da ayyuka ga duk 'yan ƙasa". A zahiri, Lombard ya rubuta, gwamnatin CAR "ta yi rayuwa a cikin koma baya yayin da ta bar hukumomin karkara galibi ga nasu na'urorin". Ta yi zargin cewa Kwamitin Gudanarwa na DDR, wanda aka kafa a 2009 a karkashin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da sauran ayyukan kasa da kasa, ya kwashe lokaci mai yawa "magana da karkatar da hankali", amma bai cim ma komai ba, har ma a matsayin "mambobin kwamitin, da ma'aikatan kasashen waje., ya samu albashi mai gamsarwa”. Lombard ya koka kan gaskiyar cewa bayan hayewar kawancen Seleka a watan Disamba na 2012, "har yanzu 'yan wasan duniya suna ganin DDR a matsayin wani muhimmin bangare na kayan aikin samar da zaman lafiya". A ranar 24 ga Yuni 2014, a cikin wani rahoto, Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya (FIDH) ta ce "an ci gaba da aikata laifuffukan yaƙi da laifuffukan cin zarafin bil adama yayin da rikici na rashin hukunci ya ci gaba" a cikin CAR.
Gargadin kisan kare dangi A watan Nuwamban 2013, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi gargadin cewa kasar na cikin hadarin fadawa cikin kisan kare dangi kuma Faransa ta bayyana kasar a matsayin tana gab da yin kisan kare dangi." Tashin hankalin da ke karuwa ya samo asali ne daga hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan fararen hula daga mayakan Seleka galibinsu mayakan Seleka da kuma mayakan sa-kai na Kirista da ake kira anti-balaka ma'ana 'anti-machete' ko 'maganin takobi'. Kirista ya kai rabin yawan al’ummar kasar, sannan musulmi kashi 15 cikin dari, a cewar CIA World Factbook. Kamar yadda yawancin Kiristocin ke da salon zaman kashe wando kuma Musulmai da yawa makiyaya ne, da'awar ƙasar wani bangare ne na tashin hankalin.
Tarihi Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya ta sami 'yencin kai daga Faransa a shekara ta 1960, bayan haka an sami abin da kwamitin ceto na kasa da kasa ya kira "shekaru goma na zalunci da rashin bin doka" da kuma abin da Cibiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Berkeley ta bayyana a matsayin "shekaru goma na rashin zaman lafiya na siyasa. gazawar jiha, rashin gudanar da mulki, da jerin tashe-tashen hankula na makami. Kasashe da yawa a duniya suna kulle-kulle cikin yanayin fatara da rikici da barna. Kadan, duk da haka, sun sami kulawa kaɗan kamar Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya (CAR)." Tarihin zamani na al'ummar kasar ya kasance yana da gwagwarmayar makami tsakanin sojojin gwamnati da kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye daban-daban, sau da yawa fiye da daya a lokaci guda, da juyin mulki da yunkurin juyin mulki da dama. David Dacko, wanda ya kafa jam’iyya daya ba da dadewa ba bayan samun ‘yancin kai, an hambarar da shi a juyin mulki a shekara ta 1965 da Kanar Jean-Bédel Bokassa, wanda ya bayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban kasa na rayuwa a 1972 da Sarkin sarakuna a 1976. Juyin mulki a 1979 da 1981 ya kai ga mulkin soja; An gudanar da zaɓe cikin 'yanci a shekara ta 1993, kuma a shekara ta 2003 Janar Francois Bozize ya karɓi mulki. Bayan shekaru biyu, an zabe shi a matsayin Shugaban kasa a zabukan da aka yi la'akari da su cikin 'yanci da adalci. A cikin shekarun da ya yi yana mulki, gwamnatinsa tana fuskantar barazanar tawaye daga ƙungiyoyin tawaye daban-daban. A ranar 11 ga watan Yunin shekarar 2010 ne ya kamata wa’adinsa ya kare, amma a ranar 10 ga watan Mayu na wannan shekarar ‘yan majalisar dokokin kasar suka amince da gyaran kundin tsarin mulkin kasar wanda ya kara wa’adinsa da nasu. A ranar 30 ga Yuli, 2010, Bozize ya zartar da zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da na 'yan majalisa zagaye na farko a cikin Janairu 2011. An gudanar da zabukan a watan Janairu, kuma an sake zaben Bozize.
Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama na iya yin aiki a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya tare da wasu 'yan takunkumi a hukumance, amma gwamnati ba ta saba yin la'akari da damuwarsu. Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na cikin gida-haƙƙin ɗan adam sun iyakance ayyukansu kusan a babban birni kawai. Wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun nuna shakku kan rashin kasancewar wata kungiya daya tilo da ta amince da ita a hukumance a kasar, wato Inter-NGO Council in CAR (CIONGCA), wacce wani dan uwan shugaban kasa ke tafiyar da shi. Daga cikin ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na gida masu aiki da inganci sune LCDH (Ligue Centrafricaine des Droits de l'Homme), OCDH (Office centrafricain des Droits de l'Homme), ACAT (l'Action des Chrétiens pour l'Abolition de) la azabtarwa), da AWJ (Ƙungiyar Matan Shari'a). Ko da yake an ba wa ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa izinin gudanar da ayyukansu ba tare da tsangwama ba, amma galibi dakarun da ke adawa da gwamnati suna yi musu fashi a kan titunan karkara. Saboda tsananin rashin tsaro da ake fama da shi a wasu sassan Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, wasu kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama na kasa da kasa sun rufe ofisoshinsu a kasar.
Babban Kwamishinan Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam da Kyakkyawan Mulki Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam da kyakkyawan shugabanci ana tuhumarsa da gudanar da bincike kan take hakkin dan Adam da gwamnati ke yi, amma ba shi da ma'aikata da kuma karancin kudade, don haka yana aiki ne kawai a Bangui. Masu suka sun ce ya fi ofishin kare hakkin bil adama na gwamnati Haka kuma akwai hukumar kare hakkin bil adama a majalisar dokokin kasar, amma ba ta da kudaden da za ta iya cin gashin kanta, kuma ana shakkun cin gashin kanta.
Hakkoki na asali A karkashin kundin tsarin mulkin Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, duk ’yan Adam suna daidai ba tare da la’akari da dukiya, launin fata, nakasa, harshe, ko jinsi ba. Amma waɗannan tanade-tanaden ba a aiwatar da su yadda ya kamata, kuma ana nuna wariya sosai.
‘Yan sanda ba su da wani tasiri, ba su da kuɗi, kuma ba a biya su ba bisa ka’ida ba, kuma rashin amincewar jama’a a kan su yakan haifar da cin zarafi ga waɗanda ake zargi. Mai yiyuwa ne a shigar da kara a kan jami’an ‘yan sanda saboda cin zarafi, amma ma’aikatan mai gabatar da kara ba su da kayan aikin da za su iya gudanar da kararrakin. Yayin da kungiyar ta BINUCA ke hada kai da kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama, ana sukar ta da rashin kula da cin zarafi a cikin sahu. Ko da yake binciken gidaje ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, yana faruwa. A yayin farmakin da ake kai wa dakarun da ke adawa da gwamnatin kasar, sojoji sun kona gidaje tare da kashe mutanen kauyukan da ake zargi da taimakawa ‘yan tawaye, haka kuma dakarun da ke adawa da gwamnati sun yi garkuwa da fararen hula tare da karbar kudade daga ‘yan uwansu.
Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar da dokokin kasar sun tabbatar da ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki da kuma ‘yan jarida, amma a aikace ana amfani da barazana da tursasawa wajen takaita sukar gwamnati. Ana tuhumar gwamnati da cin zarafin ‘yan jarida da latsa wayarsu. Jaridu na sukar shugaban kasar, amma ba sa samun ko’ina a wajen babban birnin kasar, sakamakon rashin isassun gidan waya mai aiki. Karancin karatu na ƙasar yana iyakance masu sauraron su ma. Kafofin yada labarai na cikin gida masu zaman kansu kan kaucewa yada labaran da ka iya jawo hankalin gwamnati ba tare da jin dadi ba, duk da cewa gidajen rediyon kasa da kasa irin su Rediyon Faransa, wadanda ba su da irin wannan matsin lamba, su ma masu saurare a kasar za su iya karba.
Gidan Talabijin a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya yanki ne na gwamnati, wanda galibin labaran da ake yadawa ya karkata ga gwamnati. Babbar Majalisar Sadarwa (HCC), wacce ke da alhakin ba da lasisin bugawa da watsa shirye-shirye da kuma kare 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, ana zargin tana da zaman kanta, amma wani bangare na gwamnati ne kuma aka ce tana karkashin ikon gwamnati. Tasirin kafafen yada labarai ya raunana saboda matsalolin kudi, gazawar sana'a, da rashin samun bayanan jihar. Ba a ba da izinin masu ba da rahoto na kafofin watsa labaru na sirri su ba da izinin ɗaukar wasu abubuwan da suka faru a hukumance, kuma galibi dole ne su dogara ga fitar da manema labarai.
A shekarar 2010, an yi wa wata mai daukar hoto duka, yi mata fashi, da kuma yi mata fyade a gaban ‘ya’yanta da mijinta, amma ba a kama kowa ba. Wasu manyan jami’an kasar sun yi barazana ga ‘yan jaridar da ke sukar gwamnati. Yawancin ’yan jarida na yin katsalandan ne saboda tsoron ramuwar gayya na gwamnati. Tun daga shekara ta 2005 babu wani bincike a hukumance kuma ba a daure shi saboda bata suna, ko da yake har yanzu batanci ko batanci yana da tarar CFA miliyan takwas ($16,000). Ba bisa ka'ida ba don yada abubuwan da ake zaton "misogynist." Ba a ƙuntatawa ko kulawa da amfani da Intanet, kodayake ƴan tsirarun mutane ne kawai a ƙasar ke da damar Intanet.
Duk da cewa an tabbatar da ‘yancin yin taro a kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, amma a wasu lokuta ana takurawa, inda ake bukatar masu shirya tarurrukan jama’a su yi rajistar sa’o’i 48 kafin su. Taron siyasa yana buƙatar amincewar gwamnati kuma maiyuwa ba za a gudanar da shi a makarantu ko majami'u ba. Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya kuma ba da tabbacin ‘yancin yin tarayya, duk da cewa dole ne dukkan kungiyoyi su nemi rajista, wadanda galibi ake ba su ba tare da bata lokaci ba. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya ya ba da kariya, kuma gwamnati gabaɗaya tana mutunta ƴancin addini, kuma ta hana nuna son zuciya. Akwai wasu wariya na al'umma, duk da haka, a cikin ƙasar, wanda kashi 51 cikin dari na Furotesta ne, kashi 29 cikin dari na Roman Katolika, kashi 15 cikin 100 Musulmai, tare da adadi mai yawa na mutanen da ke aikata mugunta. Maita, wanda har zuwa kwanan nan ya kasance babban laifi, a yanzu ana daure shi daurin shekaru 10 a gidan yari da tara. Ya rage na alkalai su yanke shawarar ko wanda ake tuhuma ya "yi hali kamar mayya." Kungiyoyin addini wadanda ba na asali ba dole ne su yi rajista da hukumomi, kuma don samun amincewar gwamnati don gudanar da aiki dole ne su sami mambobi sama da 1000 kuma dole ne su sami shugabanni wadanda horarwar tauhidi jihar ta amince da su a matsayin halal. Ƙungiyoyin addini suna da damar yin watsa shirye-shirye kyauta a kowane mako a gidan rediyon hukuma. Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya ba da tabbacin ‘yancin zirga-zirga a cikin kasar, tafiye-tafiye zuwa kasashen waje, hijira da kuma komawa gida, amma biyun farko an takaita su a aikace, inda jami’ai ke neman cin hanci a shingayen bincike. Kwace barace-barace a kan tituna ba bisa ka'ida ba na hana kasuwanci da tafiye-tafiye, don haka ya gurgunta tattalin arzikin kasa. 'Yancin motsi kuma yana da wahala a yankunan da ake rikici. Kasashen waje, ban da jami'an diflomasiyya, dole ne su sami takardar izinin fita don ficewa daga kasar, kuma hakan na iya zama dole a tabbatar da cewa ba su da kudi ga gwamnati.
Dakarun gwamnati sukan yi kisan gilla ba bisa ka'ida ba. Akwai ‘yan fashi da makami da dama da masu adawa da gwamnati wadanda kuma suke kashewa tare da yin garkuwa da fararen hula. Sannan akwai wadanda suke kashe mutane wadanda suke zargin matsafa ne ko matsafa. Kundin tsarin mulki ya haramta azabtarwa amma azabtar da wadanda ake tuhuma, da wadanda ake tsare da su, da fursunoni ya zama ruwan dare. Sojojin da ke adawa da gwamnati su ma suna da alhakin cin zarafi da yawa. Sojoji da sauran dakarun gwamnati na yi wa fararen hula fyade. Cin hanci da rashawa ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, amma ba a aiwatar da dokokin da aka kafa da su yadda ya kamata, kuma bankin duniya ya bayyana cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati a matsayin babbar matsala a kasar. Kudaden jama’a ana karkatar da su akai-akai.
Haƙƙoƙin mata Fyade haramun ne, amma ba fyaden ma'aurata ba. Babu mafi ƙarancin hukunci na fyade, kuma ba a aiwatar da dokar da ta dace da ita yadda ya kamata. A shekara ta 2010, babbar jami'ar MDD mai kula da kare hakkin bil'adama Pillay ta yi kira da a dauki matakin gaggawa don mayar da martani ga cin zarafin mata da ake yi wa fyade, wanda ya zama ruwan dare gama gari. Ɗaya daga cikin mata bakwai da aka yi hira da su don nazarin 2009 ya ruwaito cewa an yi mata fyade a cikin shekarar da ta gabata, kuma masu binciken sun ji cewa suna da dalilin yin imani da cewa gaskiyar lamarin fyade ya fi girma. Kashi 22 cikin 100 na matan da aka yi binciken sun ce wani dan gidansu ya yi musu mugun duka. Cin zarafin jima'i ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, kuma na kowa, amma ba a magance shi yadda ya kamata, kuma babu wani hukunci da aka kayyade. Yayin da mata ke samun daidaiton rabon gado da haƙƙin mallaka a ƙarƙashin dokar farar hula, galibi ana fuskantar dokokin al'ada na wariya musamman a yankunan karkara. Mata suna fuskantar wariya na tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Mata marasa aure ba a daukarsu a matsayin shugabannin gidaje, kuma galibi ana hana su tallafin iyali wanda ake zaton suna da hakki. Haka kuma an hana su damar samun ilimi da ayyukan yi daidai gwargwado. Hakkokin saki suna da daidaito, duk da haka. Mata da yawa, musamman wadanda suka tsufa sosai kuma ba su da iyali, ana zarginsu da zama mayu. A shekara ta 2010, babbar jami’ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da ‘yancin ɗan adam Pillay ta bayyana damuwa game da zargin da ake yi wa mata, da kama su, ko kuma a kai musu hari saboda mayu. Tattaunawar kasa da gwamnati ta shirya a shekara ta 2003, ta gabatar da shawarar cewa mata su rike kashi 35 na mukamai a ma’aikatu da jam’iyyu, amma ba a cimma wannan buri ba.
Haƙƙoƙin yara Yaran da aka haifa a cikin ƙasa ko kuma iyayen da ke cikinta suna da damar zama ɗan ƙasa. Kimanin rabin yara ba su da rajista, wanda zai iya haifar da hana samun ilimi ko wasu ayyuka. Ilimi ya wajaba har zuwa shekara 15. Koyarwa kyauta ce, amma littattafai, kayayyaki, sufuri, da inshora ba. Ana hana ‘ya’ya mata damar zuwa makarantar firamare daidai wa daida, kuma su kan daina zuwa makaranta da wuri saboda matsa musu su yi aure da haihuwa. Kadan daga cikin Ba'aka (Aliyu) suke zuwa makarantar firamare; gwamnati ba ta yi wani yunkuri na canza wannan ba. Cin zarafin yara ba bisa ka'ida ba ne amma ya yadu, kamar yadda FGM ke faruwa. Ko da yake mafi ƙarancin shekarun auren jama'a shine 18, kashi sittin da ɗaya na 'yan mata suna aure kafin 18. Babu wata doka da ta haramta yin fyade ko kallon batsa na yara. Yin aikin yara ya zama ruwan dare, yawancin abin tilastawa. Ana amfani da yara a matsayin sojoji, tare da rahotannin yara kanana 'yan kasa da shekaru 12 da ke aiki a dakarun adawa da gwamnati.
Akwai sama da yara kan titi 6000 tsakanin shekaru 5 zuwa 18. “Masana da yawa sun gaskata cewa cutar HIV/AIDS da kuma imani da sihiri, musamman a yankunan karkara, sun taimaka wajen yawaitar yara kanana a titi,” in ji Ma’aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka a shekara ta 2011. “Kimanin yara 300,000 ne suka rasa iyayensu daya ko kuma duka biyu daga kamuwa da cutar kanjamau, kuma yaran da ake zargi da yin sihiri (sau da yawa ana bayar da rahoton cewa suna da alaka da mace-macen da ke da alaka da cutar kanjamau a unguwanninsu) galibi ana korarsu daga gidajensu, kuma a wasu lokutan ana cin zarafin al’umma. Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya ba ta cikin yarjejeniyar Hague ta 1980 kan al'amuran farar hula na satar yara na duniya. Kungiyoyin da ke adawa da gwamnati da dama na yin garkuwa da yara tare da rike su domin neman kudin fansa. Ana kuma tilasta wa wasu yaran yin aiki a matsayin bayi na jima'i, a matsayin ƴan dako ɗauke da kayan sata na 'yan fashi, ko kuma a matsayin masu aikin gona da ma'adinai (musamman a aikin haƙar lu'u-lu'u A watan Janairun 2013, UNICEF ta yi kira ga Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya da ta daina daukar yara kanana daga kungiyoyin ‘yan tawaye da masu goyon bayan gwamnati, lura da rahotannin baya-bayan nan da ke cewa irin wadannan kungiyoyi na cikin shirin daukar yara. Tun kafin barkewar sabon tashin hankali a watan Disamba, UNICEF ta nuna cewa, "kimanin yara 2,500 mata da maza suna da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyi masu dauke da makamai, ciki har da kungiyoyin kare kai, a cikin CAR." UNICEF ta kara da cewa, sama da yara 300,000 ne rikicin kasar ta CAR ya rigaya ya shafa da kuma sakamakonsa, wadanda suka hada da daukar ma'aikata, raba iyali, cin zarafin mata, tilastawa gudun hijira da karancin damar samun ilimi da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya.
Hakkokin 'yan gudun hijira da masu neman mafaka Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya tana da tsarin taimaka wa 'yan gudun hijira, kuma a aikace tana kare su daga mayar da su kasashen da rayuwarsu ko 'yancinsu za su shiga cikin hadari saboda wasu dalilai. Ana karbar 'yan gudun hijira ba tare da tantancewa ba, kuma gwamnati na hada kai da UNHCR da sauran kungiyoyi, ciki har da Doctors without Borders, Caritas, International Medical Corps, da kuma kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na Cooperazione Internazionale (COOPI), don taimakawa 'yan gudun hijirar.
Haƙƙoƙin tsiraru Rikicin da ake yi wa Mbororo ya zama ruwan dare, kuma a wasu lokuta suna samun matsala wajen tabbatar da ayyukan gwamnati. Ba’Aka (Pygmies), waɗanda ke da kashi 1-2 na al’ummar ƙasar, ba su da wakilci a cikin gwamnati kuma ba su da ikon siyasa. Bambancin al'umma ga Ba'Aka yana da mahimmanci, kuma gwamnati ba ta yi komai ba don hana shi. Ba a ba su katunan shaida, don haka ana hana su wasu haƙƙoƙi da ayyuka. Wasu daga cikin Ba’Aka bayi ne da ya dace, kuma dukkansu ‘yan kasa ne masu daraja ta biyu.
Hakkokin nakasassu Wariya ga nakasassu ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, kuma dole ne a kashe wani kaso na membobin ma'aikatan gwamnati da ma'aikata a manyan kamfanoni. Bambancin al'umma ba matsala ba ne, amma ba a ba da izinin isa ga gine-gine ba. Galibin nakasassu a kasar na faruwa ne sakamakon cutar shan inna.
Haƙƙin LGBT Halin luwadi da madigo a bainar jama'a yana da hukuncin daurin shekaru biyu a gidan yari da tara, amma da alama gwamnati ba ta kai hari ga 'yan luwadi ba.
Hakkin HIV/AIDS Mutanen da ke dauke da cutar kanjamau su ne abubuwan wariya, amma hakan ya ragu saboda kokarin da hukumomin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ke yi na kara wayar da kan jama'a.
Haƙƙoƙin Ɗaurarru Doka ta hana kamawa da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma ta tanadi hukunta masu aikata laifuka cikin gaggawa; amma galibi ana yin watsi da wadannan tanade-tanade, kuma masu lura da al’amura na nuni da cewa kama mutane ba bisa ka’ida ba shi ne “hakin da jami’an tsaro suka saba yi” a shekarar 2010. Akwai wasu wa’adin da aka yi wa fursunonin a cikin su a sanar da wadanda ake tuhuma game da tuhume-tuhumen da kuma gabatar da su a gaban alkali, amma a aikace ba a mutunta wa’adin. Yakamata gwamnati ta samar da lauyoyi ga wadanda ake tuhuma marasa galihu, kuma akwai yuwuwar beli, kuma ana mutunta wadannan tanade-tanade. Mutanen da ake zargi da aikata laifuffukan cin zarafin jami'an tsaron jihar suna bin wasu tsauraran ka'idoji. Ana kama mutane da yawa ana tuhumar su da aikata sihiri, wanda hakan babban laifi ne. A cikin 2010, jami'an gidan yari a Bangui sun ce kusan kashi 18 cikin 100 na matan da ake tsare da su an kama su da laifin maita.
Tsawancin tsarewa gabanin shari'a babbar matsala ce. Fursunonin da ake tsare da su kafin shari’a sun kai kusan kashi 67 na al’ummar gidan yarin Ngaragba a karshen shekarar 2010 da kuma kashi 63 na al’ummar gidan yarin na Bimbo. Ko da yake galibin fursunonin suna nan take sanar da su tuhume-tuhumen da ake yi musu, amma da yawa suna jira na tsawon watanni kafin a gurfanar da su gaban alkali, wasu kuma ana tsare da su tsawon shekaru ba tare da an gurfanar da su a gaban shari’a ba saboda matsalolin da suka shafi aikin gwamnati. Ana yawan azabtar da wadanda ake zargi da aikata laifuka kuma ba a hukunta su. Daga cikin nau'ikan azabtarwa da 'yan sanda ke yi akwai "le cafe," wanda ya hada da bugun tafin kafar mutum da sanda ko sanda sannan kuma a tilasta wa mutumin ya yi tafiya.
Haƙƙoƙin mutanen da ake shari'a Kundin tsarin mulkin Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya ya ba da tabbacin samun tsarin shari'a mai cin gashin kansa, amma kotuna na fuskantar tasirin bangaren zartarwa. Babbar jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da kare hakkin bil'adama Pillay ta bayyana damuwarta game da hakan a shekara ta 2010, ko da yake ta yaba da sake fasalin dokokin da Majalisar Dokokin kasar ta yi da za ta inganta 'yancin shari'a da kuma karfafa kokarin tabbatar da cin zarafin bil'adama.
Rashin iya aiki, rashin iya aiki, jinkirin biyan albashi, da rashin kayan aiki duk manyan matsalolin shari’a ne. Kasancewar kotuna 38 da alkalai 124 kacal a kasar, yawancin ‘yan kasar ba sa samun sauki wajen gudanar da harkokin shari’a, sakamakon haka kotunan iyali da na kauye ke ci gaba da taka rawa sosai. Haka kuma rashin ingancin kotuna ya sa jama’a su dauki doka a hannunsu, suna rike da kotunan cikin gida, da daukaka kara ga sarakunan yankin, da yin shari’a ga ’yan iska, musamman a shari’o’in da suka shafi wadanda ake zargi da maita.
Shari'ar laifuka ta juri ne, kuma wadanda ake tuhuma suna da irin wannan haƙƙoƙin kamar zato na rashin laifi, shari'ar jama'a, 'yancin halarta, gani da gabatar da shaida, samun mai kare jama'a, da ɗaukaka ƙara. Gabaɗaya gwamnati na mutunta waɗannan haƙƙoƙin, kuma tana ba da lauyoyi ga waɗanda ake tuhuma waɗanda ba za su iya ba da lauyoyi da kansu ba, amma ƙarancin albarkatun gwamnati yakan haifar da jinkirin ba da lauyoyi, kuma Ba’aka (Alhazai) galibi suna fuskantar shari’a marasa adalci. ‘Yancin yin shari’a na gaskiya yakan fuskanci cin hanci da rashawa, inda lauyoyi ke biyan alkalan kudaden da suka dace. Ana gwada shari'ar maita akai-akai.
Haƙƙoƙin fursunoni Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta bayyana yanayin kurkuku a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya a matsayin "mai tsananin tsauri kuma, a wasu lokuta, yana yin barazana ga rayuwa," tare da gidajen yari a wajen babban birnin "mafi muni" fiye da na cikinsa. Fursunonin suna fuskantar azabtarwa da sauran nau'ikan zalunci da wulakanci. Tsaftar muhalli, samun iska, hasken wuta, da samar da ruwa ba su da inganci, haka ma kula da lafiya. Cunkoso babbar matsala ce.
Iyalan gidan yarin dai na bukatar samar da abinci don karawa da karancin abinci da gidajen yarin ke bayarwa, sannan wasu gidajen yarin da ke wajen babban birnin kasar ba sa ba da abinci ga fursunoni da kuma neman cin hancin da za su mika wa fursunonin abinci daga iyalan gidan. Ana barin fursunonin baƙi kuma an ba su izinin yin ibada, kodayake baƙi dole ne su ba da cin hanci. Sau da yawa ana tilasta wa fursunonin yin aiki ba tare da albashi ba. A wasu gidajen yari, ana tsare maza da mata tare, haka ma manya da matasa, kuma ana tsare wadanda ake tsare da su kafin a yanke musu hukunci tare da masu laifi.
Cibiyoyin tsare mutane suna fama da matsalolin da suka fi na gidajen yari, kodayake iri ɗaya ne. Fair Trials International ta yi ishara da "mummunan halin da ake ciki na kare hakkin bil'adama a kasar ciki har da yanayi mai tsauri da barazanar rayuwa a wuraren da ake tsare da ita." A cewar ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka, "Cibiyoyin tsare 'yan sandan na Bangui sun kunshi cunkoson dakunan dakunan da ba su da haske da kuma bokitin ban daki." Ba a samun magani, kuma fursunonin da ke fama da cututtuka ba a raba su da wasu. Maimakon gadaje, wadanda ake zargin yawanci suna kwana akan benen siminti ko datti. Masu gadi suna buƙatar cin hanci don ruwa, abinci, shawa, da ziyarta. Wurin da ake tsarewa ɗaya ba ta da tagogi ko bandaki; a wani wurin, fursunonin suna barci a ɗaure tare. Ziyarar gidajen yari na masu sa ido kan kare hakkin dan adam an hana su, an hana su, ko jinkiri na makonni ko watanni, kodayake kwamitin Red Cross na kasa da kasa yana da damar shiga fursunoni mara iyaka. Haƙƙin ma'aikata Duk ma'aikata, ban da manyan ma'aikatan gwamnati da jami'an tsaro, na iya shiga kungiyoyin kwadago, yajin aiki, da yin ciniki tare. Yin aikin tilastawa haramun ne, amma wannan haramcin ba a aiwatar da shi yadda ya kamata. Ana tilasta mata da yara yin aiki a gonaki, a cikin ma'adinai, gidajen abinci, da sauran wurare, kuma suna fuskantar lalata. Ba’aka manya da yara galibi ana tilasta musu yin aiki a gonaki da sauran wurare kuma ana yi da su a matsayin bayi.
Kusan rabin yaran dake tsakanin shekaru 5 zuwa 14 a kasar suna aiki, wasu daga cikinsu suna cikin ma'adinai. Kodayake ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a yi wa yara aiki a ma'adinai, wannan haramcin ba a aiwatar da shi ba. Yawancin yara 3000 ko fiye da haka a kan titi a Bangui suna aiki a matsayin masu sayar da titi. Sojojin da ke adawa da gwamnati na amfani da kananan yara sojoji, kuma yaran da suka rasa muhallansu na aiki na tsawon sa'o'i a filayen cikin yanayi na tsananin zafi.
Akwai mafi ƙarancin albashi daban-daban a cikin fage na yau da kullun, ya danganta da nau'in kalmar da ke ciki. Bangaren da ba na yau da kullun ba ya ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin mafi ƙarancin albashi. A kowane hali, mafi ƙarancin albashi bai isa ba don samar da ingantaccen yanayin rayuwa. Akwai madaidaitan makonnin aiki da ma'auni daban-daban na aiki na hukuma da dokokin lafiya da aminci, amma ba a aiwatar da su ba.
'Yancin magana An yi magana game da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki a cikin kundin tsarin mulki; duk da haka, an sha samun tarzoma na tsoratar da gwamnati da nufin takaita sukar kafafen yada labarai. Rahoton da Hukumar Bincike da Musanya ta kafofin watsa labarai na dorewa ta lura da cewa 'ƙasar ba ta cika cika buƙatu ba, tare da sassan tsarin shari'a da gwamnati da ke adawa da tsarin watsa labarai mai 'yanci."
Halin tarihi Taswirar tana nuna ƙimar CAR tun 1972 a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba".
Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya Matsayin CAR game da yarjejeniyoyin haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa sune kamar haka:
Duba kuma 'Yancin addini a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya
Fataucin mutane a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya
Binciken Intanet da sa ido a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya
Hakkokin LGBT a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya
Siyasar Jamhuriyar Afrika ta Tsakiya
Bayanan kula 1. Lura cewa "Shekarar" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Don haka bayanin shekara ta 2008 ta fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a 2009, da sauransu.
2. Tun daga ranar 1 ga Janairu.
3. Rahoton na 1982 ya shafi shekara ta 1981 da rabi na farko na 1982, kuma rahoton na 1984 mai zuwa ya shafi rabin na biyu na 1982 da kuma gaba ɗaya 1983. Don samun sauƙi, waɗannan rahotannin "shekaru da rabi" guda biyu masu banƙyama an raba su zuwa rahotanni na tsawon shekaru uku ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa.
Nassoshi Hakki
Hakkin tsaro
Yancin dan Adam a Afrika
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
24510 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa%20Literature | Hausa Literature | Adabi (Litreture) na Hausa shi ne duk wani tarin rubuce -rubuce na aiki a cikin harshen Hausa a yalwace, ya haɗa da ƙarin zane -zane kamar kirari, almara, waƙa, kiɗa da wasan kwaikwayo a cikin al'adun Hausawa. Sauran nau'ikan adabin Hausa sun haɗa da: Adabin baka, wanda yawancinsu sun kasance ne a rubuce. Hanyar adabin Hausa ta ƙunshi hanyar yin rikodin da adanawa da yaɗa ilimi da kuma nishaɗi, musamman a cikin rawar zamantakewa, tunani, ruhaniya, ko siyasa.
Ainihin adabin Hausa tushe ne a kan waƙoƙi, karin magana ko wasan kwaikwayo, kuma ana rarrabe irin waɗannan ayyukan gwargwadon lokutan tarihi ko kuma riko da wasu fasalce-fasalce na ado ko salo.
Tarihin asali jihad of Shehu Usman dan Fodio, were Hausa royalist and Emires engaged themselves more in literature, it was in this period time that Hausa people know much about Islamic literature and Arabic literature, royalist like Usman dan Fodio, Muhammed Bello.
Adabin farko An samo asalin adabin Hausa tun daga ƙarni na 14 zuwa ƙarni 15, da Hausawa suka rubuta mafi yawan rubuce -rubucen su a cikin nassosi, a wannan lokacin Hausawa na yin rubutun Larabci da ake kira Ajami" ta ɗan asalin Hausa, amma a lokacin Hausawa ba su yin suna da wata hanya ta adana rubuce-rubucensu na tarihi a cikin rumbun adana bayanai, daya daga cikin mawakan farko ya hada da Ibn Al-Sabbagah da Muhammad Al-Barnawi. Sauran marubutan farko sun haɗa da Abdullahi Sikka da Sheikh Jibril Ibn Umar, waɗanda ayyukansu ba za a iya samun su a cikin waɗannan shekarun ba zuwa tarihi a cikin adabin Hausa, sai dai a ji su a cikin tarihi.
Adabin karni na 19 Akwai rubuce-rubucen addini da yawa da Usman dan Fodio, da kanensa Abdullahi dan Fodio, shima daya daga cikin 'yarsa Nana u ta rubuta wakokin addini da yawa, a cikin harsunan Larabci da Hausa da Fulatanci. amma a rubutun Larabci da ake kira rubutun ajami, ana daukar Nana Asma'u ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mata marubuta a Arewacin Najeriya.
Adabin karni na 20 A lokacin samun 'yancin kai, litattafan farko da aka rubuta cikin harshen Hausa a farkon karni na 20 sakamakon gasar da Rupert East ya kafa a ƙarshen shekara ta 1933 a ƙarƙashin Ofishin Fassara na arewacin Najeriya. Da yawa daga cikin malamai da marubuta da masana suka tsunduma kansu cikin gasa Abubakar Imam ne ya lashe gasar tare da wani sabon labari mai suna: "Ruwan Bagaja" ma'ana Ruwan Magani, daga baya a waccan shekarar Ofishin Fassara ya sake buga wani littafi na Muhammadu Bello Kagara mai suna: Ganɗoki waɗannan littattafan suna ƙarfafa marubuta da masu karatu a duk Ƙasar Hausa, tare da littattafai masu yawa da suka biyo bayansu.
Adabin zamani Adabin zamani ko rubutaccen adabi shi ma ya rabu gida uku kamar haka: Rubutacciyar waƙa da rubutaccen wasan kwaikwayo da kuma rubutun zube.
Marubutan Hausa An kasafta marubutan Musulunci gwargwadon shekarar da suka rayu.
Ƙarni na 14 zuwa na 17 Muhammad al-Maghili ya rubuta a kan wajibi na Sarakuna a Kano ga Muhammadu Rumfa a cikin ƙarni na 15 da ake buƙata. Al-Maghili ɗan gwari ne daga Arewacin Afirka wanda aka haifa a yankin da yanzu Aljeriya ce.
Muhammad ibn al-Sabbagh malami ne kuma marubuci a ƙarni na 17 daga Katsina, Arewacin Najeriya. An yi bikin sa a lokacin kuma bayan lokacin sa ya rubuta waƙar yabo don nasarar Sarkin Borno a kan mutanen Jukun. Ya kuma rubuta waka yana yabon Sarkin Katsina Muhammad Uban Yari.
Muhammad Ɗan Masani ɗalibin Muhammad ibn al Sabbagh kuma shima shahararren malami ne daga Katsina. Ya kuma samar da ayyuka cikin harshen Hausa a karni na 17. Ya rubuta ayyuka da yawa, ɗaya daga cikinsu fim ne a kan Yarbawa, Muhammad Bello ya ambaci wannan aikin wanda ya rayu bayan shekaru 200 a cikin littafinsa Infaq'l-Maysuur. Azhar al-ruba fi akhbar Yuruba yana ɗaya daga cikin rubuce-rubucen farko da aka rubuta kan cinikin bayi na teku ta wani dan asalin Afirka, wanda kuma ya lura cewa an kwaso musulmai masu 'yanci daga dukkan sassan kasar Hausa an sayar da su ga Kiristocin Turai. Ya kuma rubuta wa wani Malamin Fikihu a Yarbanci yana bayanin yadda ake tantance lokacin sallar faɗuwar rana (magariba). Aikinsa cikin harshen Hausa waka ce da ya ji daga wata mata a Katsina, mai suna "Waƙar Yakin Badar". Ya zuwa yanzu an san cewa ya rubuta littattafai goma.
Abdullahi Suka ya kasance masanin Kano na zuriyar Fulbe a ƙarni na 17 wanda aka ce ya rubuta mafi yawan adabi a cikin harshen Hausa tare da aikinsa na Ruwayar Annabi Musa. Ya kuma rubuta Al-Atiya li'l muti (Kyautar mai bayarwa) da wasu da yawa.
Salih ibn Isaq ya rubuta labarin Birnin Garzargamu a shekara ta 1658, inda ya kwatanta babban birnin Borno a zamanin Mai Ali ibn Al Hajj Umar.
Sheikh Jibril ibn Umar malami ne kuma marubuci a karni na 18, a cikin aikinsa Shifa al-Ghalil ya kai hari kan Musulmai wadanda suka cakuɗa akidar asali da Musulunci. Admixture na Dabbobi da Addinin Musulunci yana daga cikin manyan dalilan da aka bayar na jihadin Uthman dan Fodio a ƙarni na 19.
Karni na 19 Abdullahi dan Fodio yana cikin manyan marubutan karni na 19, ya rubuta littattafai da yawa a duniyar Musulunci dangane da harshen Hausa.
Nana u marubuciya ce kuma mawaƙiya, tana ba da gudummawa tare da tasiri mai yawa a cikin ci gaban al'amuran mata da na addini a cikin mulkin Khalifancin Sakkwato, shin an rubuta litattafai da yawa waɗanda ke bayyana kyawawan halaye na mace a Musulunci?
Karni na 20 Abubɗaya Imam yana daya daga cikin marubutan farko-farko a Arewacin Najeriya, galibi yana ba da gudummawa wajen rubuta litattafai.
Muhammadu Bello Kagara
Abubakar Tafawa Balewa
Karni na 21
Labari An fara gabatar da litattafan Hausa ga Hausawa a lokacin mulkin mallaka a Najeriya, lokacin da aka haɗa kan yankin Arewa da Kudancin Najeriya, kusan 1800 zuwa 1930. Duk Littattafan Hausa da rubuce -rubucen suna cikin rubutun Hausa da baƙaƙen Larabci wato (Ajami) saboda rikice -rikicen Islama, har zuwa zuwan Turawan Burtaniya. Turawan mulkin mallaka a shekara ta 1904, lokacin da turawan mulkin mallaka suka tilastawa Hausawa samun ilimin Yammacin Turai, kusan a shekara ta 1930 yawancin Hausawa sun saba da karatu da rubutu ta amfani da rubutun Latin, a cikin shekara ta 1933 Hukumar Fassara ta Ofishin Arewacin Najeriya ta shirya gasar rubutu a ƙarƙashin mulkin Rupert East, da yawa marubutan Hausa da malamai sun halarci gasar da ta fito da buga littafin Hausa na Arewacin Najeriya na farko da aka fi sani da "Ruwan Bagaja" na Abubakar Imam Shekaru bayan haka Ofishin Fassara ya buga wani littafin Hausa na Muhammadu Bello Kagara mai suna Ganɗoki shekaru bayan haka wani Littafin Magana Jari Ce na Abubakar Imam, tare da ƙarin littattafan Hausa da za a buga gaba.
Wasan kwaikwayo
Wasan kwaikwayo na al'adu Wannan nau'in adabin Hausa da aka yi niyyar nuna wasan kwaikwayo yayin wani taro, an haɗa tsari a cikin adabin al'adun Hausa tare da kida da rawa a cikin Dandali da aka sani da opera, sabanin wasan opera na Ingilishi da Girkanci kamar kamannin gini. Dandali wuri ne kawai na buɗe kowa zai sami wurin da ya dace da kansa. Ana yin wasa da baki ta hanyar marubucin wasan kwaikwayo wanda aka yi niyyar aiwatarwa, ya ƙunshi babban tattaunawa tsakanin haruffa da marubucin wasan kwaikwayo.
Wasan kwaikwayo na zamani Wasan kwaikwayo na zamani a cikin adabin Hausa an kafa shi ne a shekara ta 1999 ta gidan sinima na harshen Hausa, tun daga wannan lokacin yawancin Hausawa mazauna ƙauyuka da garuruwa sun watsar da wasan kwaikwayo na al'adu saboda fasahar ƙwarewa a wasan kwaikwayo.
Wakau
Duba kuma Usman dan Fodio
Nana u
Muhammadu Bello Kagara
Abubakar Imam
Magana Jari Ce
Ruwan Bagaja
Manazarta
Littafin tarihin Furniss, Graham (1996). Waka, karin magana da al'adun da suka shahara a kasar Hausa. Cibiyar Afirka ta Duniya. Edinburgh: Jami'ar Edinburgh Press don Cibiyar Afirka ta Duniya. ISBN 978-1-4744-6829-9
Kara karantawa Mora, Abdurrahman (1989). Tarihin Abubakar Imam NNPC. ISBN 978 169 308 8 Adabin |
54026 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akite%20Agnes | Akite Agnes | Akite Agnes (an haife shi 19 Maris 1983) ƴar wasan barkwanci ne, ƴar wasan kwaikwayo, MC, kuma ɗan agaji An san ta da rawar da ta taka a matsayin Arach a cikin jerin The Hostel Ta kuma yi wasan kwaikwayon Pearl Magic's Girl daga Mparo a matsayin Mama Brian, makwabciyar hayaniya. Salon wasan barkwanci nata yana nuni ne akan al'amuran yau da kullun da mutane ke fuskanta yayin da suke tafiyar da rayuwarsu.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Agnes a ranar 19 ga Maris 1983 a Kampala, Uganda, ga Anthony Opio, mai binciken kudi, da Hellen Opio. Ita ce ta biyar a cikin yara tara. Ta girma a Kiintale daga baya kuma a Mutungo, da ke wajen birnin Kampala. Ta tashi ’yar Katolika ta tafi St. Kizito Primary School Bugolobi, inda ta yi Jarrabawar kammala Firamare, daga nan kuma zuwa ga Uwargidanmu ta Good Counsel, Gayaza, inda ta yi karatun sakandare. Ta yi Jarrabawar Certificate dinta na Uganda (UCE) a Naalya SS, Namugongo, sannan ta tafi matakin A a St. Lawrence Creamland Campus, inda ta yi UACE. Ta shiga Jami'ar Makerere a 2003, inda ta kammala digiri na farko a fannin yawon shakatawa.
Sana'a A cikin 2009, Anne Kansiime ta tuntuɓi Agnes don yin fim a cikin wani sabon jerin barkwanci na TV mai suna The Hostel bayan kawarta, Pamela, ta ƙi. An ba ta bangaren Arach ba tare da an duba ta ba. Wannan shine farkon aikinta na wasan kwaikwayo. Gidan kwanan dalibai ya kasance sanannen jerin gwano a Uganda, wanda aka fara nunawa akan NTV kuma daga baya akan DStv Agnes ta zauna a wasan kwaikwayon har tsawon yanayi uku kuma ta bar a cikin 2012, yayin da take shirye-shiryen haihuwar ɗanta na biyu, Brianna.
A shekarar 2014, ta fara wasan barkwanci da wata kungiya mai suna The Punchliners, bayan da Anne Kansiime da Daniel Omara suka shawo kan ta ta gwada wasan barkwanci. Daga baya ta shiga Comedy Files.
A cikin 2015, ta kasance wani ɓangare na Queens of Comedy Uganda vs Sarakunan Barkwanci Rwanda a Kigali.
A cikin 2016, ta fito a cikin Yarinya daga Mparo a matsayin Mama Brian, jerin da aka watsa akan UBC kuma daga baya akan DSTV's Pearl Magic A cikin 2018, lokacin da kwangilarta tare da Fayilolin Comedy ya ƙare, Agnes ta fara yin ayyukan solo akan dandamali daban-daban na ban dariya, gami da Rock Comedy da Comedy Store Ug, wanda Alex Muhangi ya shirya. A watan Yuni, ta fito a bikin ban dariya na Kampala, wanda fitaccen dan wasan barkwanci Okello Okello ya shirya a Uganda. Lokacin da ta dawo gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Comedy Stores UG a watan Agusta, ta burge taron. Hotunan wannan shirin ya shiga cikin WhatsApp, inda ta cika da yabo. Ta danganta shaharar faifan fim din ga Shagon Comedy, wanda ke da asusun sada zumunta da muhawara, da Kakensa Media, wadanda ke da dimbin magoya baya a Facebook. Tsakanin Agusta da Nuwamba, Agnes ta kasance memba na dindindin na UG Pineapple Comedy Tour, wanda ya kai ta sassa daban-daban na kasar, ciki har da Mbale, Gulu, Fort Portal, Jinja, da Mbarara Ta kasance cikin rukunin daga Shagon Comedy Ug da suka je Mbarara don wasan kwaikwayo na farko a wajen Kampala. Agnes ya fito a karo na farko a cikin kashi na hudu na Afirka dariya a kan 8 Oktoba a Kampala Serena Hotel, wanda Patrick Salvador Idringi ya shirya, tare da sauran masu wasan kwaikwayo irin su Basketmouth, Alfred Kainga, Eddie Kadi, Mc Jesse, Farfesa Haimo, da kuma Arthur Nkusi. A watan Disamba, ta ci gaba da yin wasan kwaikwayo, wannan lokacin tare da Fun Factory a cikin jerin talabijin da ake kira Mizigo Express, a matsayin budurwar Sam.
A farkon Maris 2019, Agnes ya ƙirƙira kuma ya karɓi Matar Tashi! Barkwanci Jam a Ranar Mata ta Duniya A cikin bikin biki, wasan kwaikwayon ya ƙunshi ƴan wasan kwaikwayo na mata, wanda ya haɗa da Nancy Kobusheshe, Maggie the Bwaiserian, Rich Mouth, Dora Nakagga, Leila Kachapizo, da kuma matan masana'antar Fun. An ba da wani ɓangare na abin da aka samu na wasan kwaikwayon ga sadaka. A karshen watan Maris, Agnes ta koma Kigali a matsayin wani bangare na bikin Seka, tare da 'yan wasan barkwanci daga Uganda, Kenya, da Najeriya. A watan Afrilu, ta bayyana a kan The Comedian's OutLuke Podcast, wanda ɗan wasan barkwanci Luke Anthony ya gabatar a matsayin wani ɓangare na Uganda Special. A watan Yulin 2019, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƴan wasan barkwanci na Ugandan da suka yi wasan kwaikwayo a bikin Dariya a Nairobi, Kenya, kuma a watan Satumba, ta yi wasa a Babban Taron Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Amurka ta Arewacin Amurka a Chicago. A watan Disamba, ta jagoranci bikin bikin Afirka Daya, a wani yunkuri na yaki da kyamar baki a Port Elizabeth, Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin Oktoba 2022, Agnes ita ce aikin buɗe ido a cikin Patrick Salvado Idringi na Afirka Dariya bugu na shida Salon wasan barkwanci Salon Agnes na tsayawa shine wasan kwaikwayo na kallo, inda ta nuna ban dariya na rayuwar yau da kullun. Har ila yau, wani lokacin takan yi amfani da rashin kunya a cikin raha. Ta nisanci raha na siyasa.
Rayuwa ta sirri Agnes ita ce haifa ta biyar a cikin dangin 'yan'uwa biyu, Richard da Emmanuel, da ƴan'uwa mata shida, Cathy, Grace, Mary, Susan, Harriet, da Doreen. Ita ce mahaifiyar 'ya'ya biyu, Noel da Brianna, kuma tana cikin dangantaka da Brian Makalama. Ita Katolika ce kuma tana halartar Cocin Our Lady of Africa.
Tallafawa Agnes ita ce mai haɗin gwiwa kuma Shugaba na Gidauniyar Arise Woman, wacce ke ba da shawara da ƙarfafa mata da matasa. Riba daga Matan Tashi! An ba da gudummawar Comedy Jam zuwa Home of Hope, Jinja.
Filmography
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1983
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
28060 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng%20Sui | Deng Sui | Deng Sui (Sinanci: AD 81-121), a hukumance Sarauniya Hexi (Sinanci: lit. 'matsakaici da kwantar da hankalin sarki') ta kasance sarauniya a lokacin daular Han na tarihin kasar Sin. Ita ce Sarkin sarakuna He matarsa ta biyu, kuma bayan mutuwarsa "ya mulki daular na gaba shekaru goma da rabi da m iyawa." A matsayinta na sarauniya dowager, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai mulki ga ɗan sarki He Emperor Shang kuma ɗan'uwan Emperor An a cikin 106-121, kuma ana ɗaukarta a matsayin mai iyawa da ƙwazo. Ana kuma ganin ta da alhakin karɓar takarda a hukumance na farko a duniya, kuma ta kasance majiɓincin fasaha. A lokacin mulkinta, ta rage kudaden da ake kashewa a fada, da samar da taimako ga gajiyayyu, ta samu damar fuskantar kalubalen bala'o'i da suka hada da gurgunta ambaliya, fari da kankara a sassa da dama na daular, tare da dakile yakin da aka yi da Xiongnu da Qiang. An yaba mata saboda kulawar da ta yi akan masu aikata laifuka. Ilimi mai kyau, Sarauniya Deng ya kirkiro sabbin mukamai ga malamai, ya karfafa tunanin asali, kuma yana da alhakin daidaita ma'aunin litattafai guda biyar. Ta kira mambobi 70 daga cikin iyalan sarakuna don yin nazarin litattafai kuma ta kula da jarrabawar su da kanta. Ana kallonta a matsayin shugabar daular Han ta ƙarshe mai tasiri, yayin da sarakunan da suka biyo baya da kuma Sarauniya Dowagers suka shiga cikin gwagwarmayar mulki da cin hanci da rashawa, wanda ya kai ga faduwar daular.
Asalin iyali da farkon rayuwa An haife Deng Sui a shekara ta 81 AD a Nanyang. Mahaifinta Deng Xun shi ne ɗa na shida ga firaministan Sarkin sarakuna Guangwu Deng Yu. Mahaifiyarta, Lady Yin, 'yar kani ce ga matar Sarkin Guangwu Sarauniya Yin Lihua. Tana da sha'awar yin karatu sosai, tana iya karanta litattafai na tarihi tun tana shekara shida kuma tana iya karanta shujing da lunyu lokacin tana shekara goma sha biyu.
An zabe ta ta kasance a fadar a shekara ta 95. Ta zama uwargidan Sarkin sarakuna He a shekara ta 96, lokacin tana shekara 15, kuma yana da shekaru 17.
Yarjejeniyar sarki da masarauta Sarkin sarakuna He riga ya halicci Sarauniya Yin masarauta. An siffanta Sarauniya Yin a matsayin kyakkyawa amma gajarta kuma mara hankali, sannan kuma ta shahara da kishi. Consort Deng ta yi ƙoƙari ta haɓaka dangantaka mai kyau da ita ta hanyar zama mai tawali'u, kuma an kwatanta ta da ƙoƙarin rufe kurakuran Sarauniya Yin. Wannan, duk da haka, kawai ya jawo kishin Sarauniya Yin, domin Sarkin sarakuna ya burge ta kuma ya dauke ta a cikin abubuwan da ya fi so. Har ila yauya Yin bai ji daɗin cewa Consort Deng ba, wanda ya damu da cewa Sarkin sarakuna ya kasance yana rasa 'ya'ya maza tun yana yaro, sau da yawa ya ba da shawarar wasu abokan aure don ya yi jima'i da su. Da zarar, lokacin da Sarkin sarakuna Ya yi rashin lafiya, Sarauniya Yin ta yi furuci cewa idan ta zama mai martaba sarki, za a yanka Dengs kuma da jin wannan magana, Consort Deng ta yi tunanin kashe kanta, kuma wata mata da take jira ta cece ta ta hanyar yin ƙarya. ita da sarki ya warke. Duk da haka, ba da daɗewa ba sarkin ya murmure, don haka Consort Deng da danginta sun tsira daga mugun hali.
A cikin 102, Sarauniya Yin da kakarta, Deng Zhu an zarge su da yin amfani da maita don la'antar daular sarakuna (watakila ciki har da Consort Deng). An kore ta kuma ta mutu saboda bakin ciki, watakila a cikin 102 kuma. Sarkin sarakuna He halicci Consort Deng empress don maye gurbinta.
A matsayinta na sarki, an kwatanta Sarauniya Deng a matsayin mai himma da tawali'u, kuma ta ki amincewa da tayin da Sarkin sarakuna ya yi don inganta danginta. Ban Zhao ne ya koyar da ita, wadda ta yi mata-in-jira.
Ta kuma hana hakimai da shugabanni ba da harajinta—wanda aka saba yi wa sarakunan sarki. A matsayinta na masarauta, ta ki yarda da duk wani haraji daga kasashen waje, tana mai dagewa akan karbar kyautar takarda da tawada a maimakon.
Regent ga Sarkin sarakuna Shang A cikin 106, tare da kasar Sin na fuskantar matsalar kudi, Sarkin sarakuna ya mutu, yana haifar da rikici. Sarauniya Deng da dukan sarakunan sarauta sun daɗe ba tare da 'ya'ya maza ba. (An kwatanta Sarkin da cewa yana da ’ya’ya maza da yawa da suka mutu tun suna ƙanana; ba a sani ba ko Sarauniya Yin ko Sarauniya Deng ta taɓa haihuwa, amma da alama ba su yi ba.) A ƙarshen sarautar Sarkin, ya haifi ’ya’ya biyu— wadanda ba a ambaci iyayensu a tarihi ba—Liu Sheng da Liu Long. Karkashin camfi na lokacin, an yi tunanin cewa za su iya rayuwa da kyau idan sun girma a wajen gidan sarauta bisa la’akari da mutuwar sauran ’yan’uwansu da wuri, don haka an ba su duka ga iyayen da suka yi reno.
A lokacin da Sarkin sarakuna He rasu, Liu Sheng, babban ɗa, yana ƙarami (amma ba a rubuta ainihin shekarun a tarihi ba) kuma an yi imanin cewa yana fama da rashin lafiya. Karamin, Liu Long, ya cika kwanaki 100 kacal. Dukansu sun yi maraba da dawowa fadar, kuma Sarauniya Deng ta kirkiro Liu Long yarima mai jiran gado, yana mai imani cewa zai fi koshin lafiya, sa'an nan kuma a wannan dare aka nada shi sarki, a matsayin Sarkin sarakuna Shang. Iko ya kasance a hannun Sarauniya Dowager Deng, a matsayin mai mulki ga jaririyar sarki, kuma ɗan'uwanta Deng Zhi ya zama babban jami'i a kotu da sauri. Ta kuma nemi shawarar Ban Zhao, har zuwa rasuwarta a shekara ta 116. Ta ba da babban yafewa, wanda ya amfanar da mutanen da aka kwace musu hakkinsu saboda cudanya da dangin Sarauniya Dou, wadanda danginsu suka yi karfi a farkon mulkin mallaka. Sarkin sarakuna He amma an yi masa juyin mulki.
A ƙarshen 106, matashin sarki ya mutu, ya haifar da wani rikici na maye gurbin. A wannan lokacin, jami'ai sun fahimci cewa Yarima Sheng (Yariman Pingyuan na lokacin) ba shi da lafiya kamar yadda ake tunani da farko, kuma gaba daya suna son ya zama sarki. Duk da haka, Sarauniya Dowager Deng, wanda ya damu cewa Yarima Sheng zai yi fushi don ba a nada shi sarki da farko ba, yana da wasu ra'ayoyi. Ta dage sai ta mai da dan uwan Sarkin sarakuna Shang, Yarima Hu, wanda wasu ke kallon shi a matsayin wanda ya cancanta ya zama sarki. Ya ɗauki kursiyin a matsayin Sarkin sarakuna An, yana da shekaru 12.
Kamar yadda regent ga Sarkin sarakuna An Lokacin da Sarkin sarakuna An hau kan karagar mulki, mahaifinsa Liu Qing yana raye, haka kuma matarsa Consort Geng wacce ta kasance tare da shi a babban birnin Luoyang har zuwa hawansa. (Mahaifiyar Sarkin sarakuna An Consort Zuo Xiao'e ƙwarƙwarar Liu Qing, ta mutu a wani lokaci da wuri.) Duk da haka, Deng Sui ta iya tabbatar da ikon mallakar sarki na musamman, a matsayinsa na sarauniya dowager, ta hanyar aika Consort Geng zuwa ga mijinta Liu Qing a masarautarsa ta Qinghe.
Deng Sui ta nuna kanta a matsayin mai iya mulki wacce ba ta yarda da cin hanci da rashawa ba, har ma da danginta. Ta kuma aiwatar da gyare-gyaren dokar laifuka. Misali, a shekara ta 107, ta fitar da wata doka da ta tsawaita lokacin daukaka karar hukuncin kisa. Ta rage kudin da ake kashewa a gidan sarki, kamar yin sana'o'in hannu masu tsada, irin su jedi da sassaƙa na hauren giwa, ta aika da ma'aikatan fadar gida da ayyuka na ban mamaki. Ta kuma bukaci a rage haraji daga larduna. Yayin da masarauta, sau biyu ta buɗe granaries na sarki don ciyar da mayunwata; tilas a rage masu kudin shiga da aka samu daga filin da suka hayar; ta gyara magudanan ruwa tare da yanke tsafi da liyafa.
A cikin 107, duk da haka, za a sami manyan matsaloli a kan iyakoki. Da farko, masarautun yankunan Yamma (ko Xiyu, Xinjiang na zamani da Asiya ta tsakiya), wadanda suka mika wuya ga Han suzerainty a zamanin babban janar Ban Chao, sun dade suna adawa da magadan Ban Chao saboda tsauraran ka'idoji, kuma a cikin 107, Sarauniya Dowager Deng a karshe ya ba da umurni cewa a yi watsi da Xiyu. A wannan shekarar, ƙabilar Qiang, waɗanda jami'an Han suka zalunta fiye da shekaru goma, kuma suna tsoron cewa za a ba su umarnin murkushe tawayen Xiyu, sun yi wa kansu tawaye. Wannan wani babban tawaye ne, wanda ya shafi wani yanki mai fadi a kan Shaanxi na zamani, da Gansu, da arewacin Sichuan, har ma sojojin Qiang sun yi kutsawa cikin Shanxi na zamani tare da yin barazana ga babban birnin kasar a wani lokaci. Lamarin ya yi tsanani sosai, har Deng Zhi ya yi la'akari da yin watsi da lardin Liang wato Gansu na zamani), shawarar da Sarauniya Dowager Deng ta yi watsi da ita cikin hikima. Ba za a kawo karshen tawayen ba har sai 118, inda daular yamma ta kasance cikin rugujewa.
Har ila yau, a cikin 107 zuwa 109, an sami bala’o’i da yawa— ambaliyar ruwa, fari, da ƙanƙara, a sassa dabam-dabam na daular. Sarauniya Dowager Deng ta yi tasiri sosai wajen shirya ayyukan agajin gaggawa.
A cikin 109, Kudancin Xiongnu, wanda ya kasance mai aminci har zuwa wannan lokaci, shi ma ya yi tawaye, yana mai imani cewa Han ya raunana ta hanyar tawayen Qiang, wanda zai zama mai sauƙi. Duk da haka, bayan da Han ya yi wani gagarumin baje-kolin karfin tuwo, Kudancin Xiongnu ya sake mika wuya kuma ba zai zama wata matsala ga sauran daular Han ba.
A cikin 110, mahaifiyar Sarauniya Dowager Deng Lady Yin ta rasu. 'Yan uwanta sun yi murabus daga mukaminsu don yin zaman makoki na tsawon shekaru uku, kuma bayan da tun farko ba ta amince da bukatar ba, daga karshe ta yi hakan, bisa shawarar wata masarauta Ban Zhao. Duk da cewa ba su da manyan mukaman gwamnati, duk da haka, sun kasance masu ba da shawara masu ƙarfi. Yayin da shekaru ke tafiya, Asalin tawali'u na Sarauniya Dowager Deng ya bayyana ya gaji gaba ɗaya yayin da ta rataye kan karagar mulki, kuma lokacin da wasu 'yan uwanta da makusanta suka ba da shawarar cewa ta mika mulki ga Sarkin sarakuna An, ta yi fushi da su kuma ba za ta yarda ba. yi haka.
A cikin 121, Sarauniya Dowager Deng ya mutu kuma aka binne shi tare da mijinta Sarkin sarakuna He tare da cikakkiyar girmamawa. A ƙarshe Sarkin sarakuna An ya karɓi mulki yana ɗan shekara 28. Ma’aikaciyar jinya Wang Sheng da amintaccen eunuchs Li Run da Jiang Jing waɗanda suka jira shekaru don samun mulki, sun zargi Sarauniya Dowager Deng da ƙarya. bayan da ya yi la'akari da sauke Sarkin sarakuna An kuma ya maye gurbinsa da dan uwansa, Liu Yi Sarkin Hejian. A cikin fushi, Sarkin sarakuna An cire dukkan dangin Sarauniya Dowager Deng daga gwamnati tare da tilasta yawancin su kashe kansu. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, duk da haka, wani bangare ya juya umarninsa, kuma an bar wasu daga cikin dangin Sarauniya Dowager Deng su dawo, amma an lalata dangin a lokacin.
Manazarta
Sources Monro, Alexander (2017) The Paper Trail: An Unexpected History of a Revolutionary Invention (Vintage Books)
Book of Later Han, vols. 4, 10, part 1.
Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 48, 49, 50.
Mutuwan |
59691 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duniyar%20terrestrial%20stilling | Duniyar terrestrial stilling | Tsayar da ƙasa a duniya shine raguwar saurin iska da aka gani kusa da saman duniya tsayin mita 10) a cikin shekaru talatin da suka gabata (musamman tun shekarun 1980), wanda asalinsa ake kira "tsitsi". Wannan raguwar iskar ƙasa da ke kusa da ƙasa ta fi shafar yankunan tsakiyar latitude na duka sassan duniya, tare da raguwar matsakaicin duniya na -0.140 ms -1 dec -1 (mitoci a sakan daya a kowace shekara goma) ko tsakanin 5 da 15% a cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata. Tare da babban-latitude 75° daga ma'auni) yana nuna haɓaka a cikin duka hemispheres. Sabanin yadda iskoki ke yin rauni a saman nahiyoyin duniya, iskoki sun yi ƙoƙarin yin ƙarfi a kan yankunan teku A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, an gano raguwa a cikin wannan raguwar saurin iska wanda ke nuna farfadowa a ma'aunin duniya tun daga 2013. Haƙiƙanin dalilin (s) na wanzuwar ƙasa a duniya ba shi da tabbas kuma an danganta shi da manyan direbobi guda biyu: (i) canje-canje a cikin yanayin yanayin yanayi mai girma, da (ii) haɓakar yanayin ƙasa saboda girma daji, amfani da ƙasa. canje-canje, da ƙauyuka Bayar da canjin yanayi, canje-canje a cikin saurin iska a halin yanzu yana da yiwuwar damuwa ga jama'a, saboda tasirin da hydrology da hydrologicals, da iska mai ƙarfi, ko ingancin iska, ko ingancin iska da lafiyar dan Adam, da dai sauransu.
Dalilai Asalin wannan rauni na saurin iskar kusa da saman ƙasa ba cikakke ba ne, mai yiwuwa saboda dalilai da yawa waɗanda ke hulɗa a lokaci ɗaya, kuma suna iya canzawa a sararin samaniya cikin lokaci. Masana kimiyya sun yi nuni da manyan dalilai daban-daban da ke tasiri wannan raguwar saurin iska:
(i) Haɓaka rashin ƙarfi na ƙasa (misali girma gandun daji, sauye-sauyen amfani da ƙasa da ƙauyuka) kusa da tashar yanayin yanayi inda kayan aikin anemometer ke kaiwa ga ƙarfin juzu'i wanda ke raunana ƙananan iska. (ii) Bambance-bambancen yanayi mai girma, wanda ke da alaƙa da fadada poleward na tantanin halitta Hadley da kuma sauyawar cibiyoyin ayyuka (watau anticyclones da cyclones suna sarrafa canje-canje a cikin saurin iska na kusa. (iii) Canje-canjen yadda ake auna saurin iskar, gami da tabarbarewar kayan aiki na na'urorin anemometer; inganta fasaha na anemometers; tsayin anemometer; canzawa a wuraren ma'auni; canje-canje a cikin yanayi a kusa da tashar sa ido; al'amurran daidaitawa da kuma auna tazarar lokaci. (iv) The duniya dimming watau, raguwa a cikin adadin hasken rana radiation isa zuwa doron kasa saboda ƙara aerosol da kuma greenhouse gas taro, tilasta a tabbatar da yanayi haifar da rauni iska. (v) Wasu dalilai, kamar haɓaka yanayin damshin ƙasa da ake samu da sauye-sauye na sararin samaniya an gabatar da su gaba.
Duk da haka, har yanzu ba a warware ainihin abubuwan da ke haifar da dawwama a duniya ba saboda yawancin rashin tabbas da ke tattare da wannan lamari a fadin duniya.
Rashin tabbas "Tsarin duniya" ba ya yin tasiri kamar yadda dukan sararin duniya ke fadin ƙasa da saman teku. A sararin samaniya, an ba da rahoton karuwar saurin iska ga wasu yankuna, musamman ga manyan latitudes, bakin teku da kuma saman teku inda marubuta daban-daban suka tabbatar da karuwar yanayin duniya. gudun iska ta amfani da ma'aunin tauraron dan adam a cikin shekaru 30-40 da suka gabata. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna raguwa a cikin mummunan hali na saurin iskar ƙasa, tare da farfadowa da yawa na kwanan nan ƙarfafa saurin iska tun a kusa da 2013. Wannan yana haifar da rashin tabbas a fahimtar lamarin.
Yawancin rashin tabbas da ke bayan muhawarar "ƙaddarar duniya" tana zaune a cikin (i) gajeriyar isar da bayanan saurin iskar, tare da jerin farawa a cikin 1960s, (ii) nazarin saurin iskar da aka fi aiwatar da shi akan yankuna na tsakiya inda yawancin ma'auni na dogon lokaci. akwai; da (iii) ƙarancin ingancin rikodin anemometer kamar yadda rahoton kimantawa na biyar (AR5) ya nuna na Ƙungiyar gwamnatoci kan Canjin Yanayi (IPCC).
Karancin inganci a cikin jerin saurin iska ya samo asali ne saboda abubuwan da ba na yanayi ba (misali lura da sauye-sauyen aiki, ƙaura tasha, canjin tsayin anemometer) yana shafar waɗannan bayanan, wanda ke haifar da zama mara wakilci na ainihin bambance-bambancen saurin iska na tsawon lokaci. An haɓaka ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodin homogenization don jerin saurin iska don ganowa da daidaita yuwuwar inhomogeneities.
Bincike mai gudana Binciken da ake yi a halin yanzu game da tantancewa da kuma danganta wannan lamarin ya mayar da hankali kan rage ƙayyadaddun samuwa da ƙarancin ingancin bayanan saurin iska. Aikin binciken da Turai ta tallafa wa STILLING wani shiri ne na yanzu (2016-2018) wanda ke da nufin rage wannan takurawa ta hanyar ceto, daidaitawa da dawo da mafi tsayi kuma mafi inganci jerin saurin iska a duk faɗin duniya. A halin yanzu aikin yana tattara bayanan saurin iska wanda ya fara a cikin 1880 yana ba masana kimiyya kusan bayanan shekaru 130, kusan shekaru 80 fiye da karatun baya da ake samu a cikin adabin kimiyya. Ingantacciyar masaniyar yanayin saurin iskar da ta gabata yana da mahimmanci don fahimtar abin da ke faruwa a halin yanzu na "zamantakewar duniya", gano idan sauyin yanayi ya biyo bayan wannan guguwar iska ko kuma irin wannan yanayin da ya faru a baya kuma ana iya sa ran nan gaba. Wato tare da dogon rikodin za a iya gano zagayowar decadal.
Abubuwan canjin saurin iska Al'amarin "kwarjinin duniya" yana da babban sha'awar kimiyya, tattalin arziki, da muhalli saboda mahimmin tasirin ko da ƙananan saurin iskar da ke sauye-sauye a yanayin yanayi da yanayin teku da sauran fannonin da ke da alaƙa kamar: (i) makamashin iska mai sabuntawa; (ii) noma da ilimin ruwa saboda ƙawance; (iii) ƙaura na nau'in tsire-tsire masu watsar da iska; (iv) bala'o'in da suka shafi iska; (v) Tasirin ruwa da bakin teku saboda guguwar da iska ke haifarwa da raƙuman ruwa; (vi) watsar da gurɓataccen iska; a tsakanin sauran fannonin tattalin arziki da muhalli da yawa. Duk da haka, don makamashin iska kusa da saman sararin sama ana lura da saurin iska a cikin 10m na filin ƙasa, kuma tare da injin turbin da aka samo wasu 60-80. m sama da ƙasa ana buƙatar ƙarin karatu a nan. Ana kuma buƙatar ƙarin karatu a wurare masu tsayi, waɗanda galibi yankuna ne waɗanda ke samar da yawancin kayan ruwan mu, da ake kira hasumiya na ruwa, kamar yadda saurin iska ya nuna yana raguwa da sauri fiye da canje-canjen da aka rubuta a. ƙananan wuraren tsaunuka, kuma akwai takardun Sinanci da yawa da ke nuna wannan ga Tibet Plateau.
Nassoshi Sauyin yanayi
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
28209 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Oyelowo | David Oyelowo | Articles with hCards
David Oyetokunbo Oyelowo OBE /oʊ j ɛ l oʊ w oʊ oh-YEL -oh-Woh an haifeshi a ranar 1 ga watan Afrilu a shekara ta 1976 ya kasance dan wasan Birtaniya da Amurka kuma furodusa wanda ya ke da shedan zama dan kasa guda biyu a Birtaniya da kuma Amirka dan kasa. Abubuwan yabo nasa sun haɗa da lambar yabo ta Zaɓaɓɓun Masu sukar, Kyautar Kyautar Guild Actors Allon, da kuma nadin na biyu na lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da lambar yabo ta Emmy guda biyu A cikin shekara ta( 2016), an nada shi Jami'in Order of the British Empire (OBE) don ayyukansa na wasan kwaikwayo.
Oyelowo ya yi fice a shirin da ya fito a matsayin Martin Luther King Jr. a cikin fim din wasan kwaikwayo na rayuwa Selma (2014) da Peter Snowdin a cikin fim din HBO Nightingale (2014), dukansu sun ba shi babban yabo. Ya kuma sami yabo ga matsayinsa na Louis Gaines a cikin The Butler (2013), Seretse Khama a Burtaniya (2016) da Robert Katende a cikin Sarauniyar Katwe (2016). Ya kuma taka rawar tallafi a cikin fina-finan Rise of the Planet of the birai (2011), The Help (2011), Lincoln (2012), Red Tails (2012), da Jack Reacher (2012).
A talabijin, Oyelowo ya firo matsayin jami'in MI5 Danny Hunter a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya Spooks (2002 2004) da Javert a cikin miniseries na BBC Les Misérables (2018). Ya kuma ba da muryar ga Agent Alexsandr Kallus a cikin jerin Lucasfilm Animation Star Wars Rebels (2014 2018).
Kuruciya An haifi Oyelowo a Oxford, Oxfordshire, Ingila, ga iyayen 'yan Najeriya. Mahaifinsa dan jihar Oyo ne, a yammacin Najeriya, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta fito daga jihar Edo, a Kudancin Najeriya. An rene shi a matsayin Baftisma. Ya girma a garin Tooting Bec, Kudancin London, har sai da ya kai shekaru shida, lokacin da danginsa suka ƙaura zuwa Legas, Nigeria, inda mahaifinsa Stephen yi aiki da kamfanin jirgin sama na kasa kuma mahaifiyarsa na kamfanin jirgin kasa. David ya halarci makarantar kwana na ''style style'' mai suna Lagos State Model College, Meiran "lokacin da suke girma a Lagos, Nigeria Sun dawo Landan lokacin da Oyelowo na da shekaru sha hudu, zauna a Islington Yayin da yake cikin karatunsa na wasan kwaikwayo a Kwalejin City da Islington, malaminsa ya ba da shawarar cewa ya zama ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Oyelowo ya yi rajista na tsawon shekara guda a cikin kwas na gidauniyar mai aiki, a Kwalejin Kiɗa da Waƙoƙi ta London (LAMDA). Ya kammala horonsa na shekaru uku a 1998. Ya kuma shafe lokaci tare da National Youth Theatre.
Sana'a
Mumbari Ya fara aikinsa na mataki a cikin 1999 lokacin da aka ba shi kakar wasa tare da Kamfanin Royal Shakespeare yana taka rawa a cikin Volpone na Ben Jonson, a matsayin taken taken a Oroonoko (wanda kuma ya yi a cikin daidaitawar rediyon BBC) da Shakespeare's Antony da Cleopatra 1999) tare da Guy Henry, Frances de la Tour da Alan Bates Duk da haka, an fi saninsa da wasan kwaikwayonsa na gaba a matsayin Sarki Henry VI a cikin 2001 na Kamfanin Royal Shakespeare na Shakespeare's trilogy na wasan kwaikwayo game da sarki a matsayin wani ɓangare na kakarsa Wannan Ingila: Tarihi A wani babban abin tarihi na wasan kwaikwayo na makafi mai launi, Oyelowo shi ne ɗan wasa bakar fata na farko da ya fara taka wa sarkin Ingila wasa a wani babban shiri na Shakespeare, kuma duk da cewa an fara sukar wannan zaɓen da wasu kafafen yada labarai suka yi, amma wasan Oyelowo ya samu yabo sosai kuma daga baya ya yi nasara. lambar yabo ta 2001 Ian Charleson don mafi kyawun aikin da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ya yi a ƙasa da 30 a cikin wasan gargajiya.
A cikin shekara ta 2005, ya bayyana a cikin shirin Prometheus Bound, wanda aka sake farfado da shi a cikin birnin New York a cikin 2007. A cikin 2006, ya fara halarta a karon farko a kan samar da The White Iblis, wanda Inservice ya samar, kamfanin wasan kwaikwayo a Brighton wanda ke aiki tare da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Brighton Priyanga Burford, Israel Aduramo, Penelope Cobbuld, da matarsa, Jessica. Ya taka rawar gani a Othello a shekara ta 2016 a New York Theatre Workshop tare da Daniel Craig a matsayin Iago, wanda Sam Gold ya jagoranta.
Talabijin Oyelowo sananne ne a shirin da ya fito na MI5 Danny Hunter akan jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya Spooks (wanda aka sani a Arewacin Amurka kamar MI-5 daga 2002 zuwa 2004. Ya riga ya bayyana a cikin Gobe La Scala (2002), Maisie Raine (1998) da Brothers and Sisters (1998). Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ƙarshen lokacinsa akan Spooks Oyelowo shima ya bayyana a cikin abubuwan Kirsimeti guda biyu na Kamar yadda Lokaci ke tafiya By (2005). A cikin 2006, ya fito a cikin fim ɗin talabijin na Born Equal tare da Nikki Amuka-Bird a matsayin ma'auratan da ke tserewa zalunci a Najeriya su ma sun fito a cikin Shoot the Messenger (2006), da kuma a The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency (2008). miji da mata. Sauran cameos sun haɗa da Mayo (wanda aka yi tauraro a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 2006) da fim ɗin talabijin Sweet Nothing in My Ear (2008, a matsayin lauyan tsaro Leonard Grisham), yayin da ya buga maimaitawa ko manyan haruffa akan Kwanaki biyar (2007) da The Passion. (2008, a matsayin Yusufu na Arimathea A cikin Disamba 2009, ya taka rawar jagoranci Gilbert a cikin karbuwar TV ta BBC na littafin Andrea Levy Small Island. A cikin Maris 2010, ya taka rawar Keme Tobodo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na BBC na jini da mai Jarumin ya fito a tauraro a cikin fim din HBO na asali Nightingale (2014). Kwanan nan ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tare da ViacomCBS.
Ayyukan murya Ya bayyana a matsayin Olaudah Equiano a cikin shirin Grace Unshackled Labarin Olaudah Equiano, wasan kwaikwayo na rediyo wanda ya dace da tarihin tarihin Equiano, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano An fara watsa wannan shiri a BBC 7 a ranar 8 ga Afrilu 2007, tare da matarsa Jessica Oyelowo a matsayin Mrs. Equiano.
A cikin 2007, Oyelowo ya kasance mai karanta littadin The Mission Song na John le Carré Mujallar AudioFile ta bayyana cewa: “Ku yi tunanin David Oyelowo a matsayin mawaƙi ɗaya wanda ke buga dukkan kayan kida a cikin wasan kwaikwayo. Wannan shine ainihin abin da yake gudanarwa a cikin wannan hurarrun wasan kwaikwayo na littafin nan mai tuhuma na John le Carré. Shin da gaske ne mutum ɗaya ne kawai a cikin rumfar rikodi na mai ba da labari? Wannan aikin virtuoso yana sa hakan ya zama kamar ba zai yiwu ba." A cikin shekara ta 2015, an zaɓi shi don nuna James Bond a cikin sigar littafin mai jiwuwa na Trigger Mortis, wanda Anthony Horowitz ya rubuta he provides the voice of Imperial Security Bureau agent Alexsandr Kallus a jerin shirye-shiryen zane na Star Wars Rebels. Oyelowo voices the spirit of Scar, the main antagonist in season 2 of The Lion Guard. Oyelowo voiced the Tiger in a television adaptation of The Tiger Who Came to Tea which aired on Channel 4 for Christmas 2019.
Fim A 2012, Oyelowo ya bayyana a Middle of Nowhere. Marubuci-darektan Ava DuVernay ya kasance mai sha'awar aikinsa kuma ya yi tunanin tambayarsa ya ɗauki aikin, amma kafin ta iya, Oyelowo ya karɓi rubutun kwatsam daga wani abokin abokinsa DuVernay wanda ya kasance yana zaune kusa da shi akan gidan yanar gizon. jirgin sama kuma yana tunanin saka hannun jari a cikin aikin. An fara fim ɗin a bikin Fim na Sundance na 2012 zuwa raves mai mahimmanci. A wannan shekarar Oyelowo ya fito a cikin Lee Daniels The Paperboy, wanda ya fafata a gasar Palme d'Or a bikin Fim na Cannes na 2012 Oyelowo ya sake haduwa da Daniels a shekara mai zuwa a cikin The Butler A cikin shekara ta 2014, Oyelowo ya kafa kamfani mai zaman kansa mai zaman kansa, Yoruba Saxon Productions wanda ya hada fina-finai da suka hada da, Nightingale, Captive, Five Nights a Maine, kuma mafi kwanan nan, Ƙasar Ingila Ya sake yin aiki tare da DuVernay don Selma (2014), yana wasa mai fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a Martin Luther King Jr. Fim ɗin, dangane da 1965 Selma zuwa Montgomery yancin jefa ƙuri'a, Lee Daniels an saita shi da farko, amma aikin ya ragu. by Daniels don haka ya iya mayar da hankali kan The Butler.
Ana shirin fito dashi matsayin tauraro tare da Lupita Nyong'o a cikin wani sabon fim ɗin da aka samar daga littafin Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie novel Americanah Labarin ya biyo bayan wasu matasa ‘yan ci-rani ‘yan Najeriya biyu da suka fuskanci gwagwarmayar rayuwa yayin da dangantakarsu ta dore.
A cikin Fabrairu 2019, an ba da sanarwar cewa Oyelowo ya shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Peter Rabbit tare da James Corden, Rose Byrne da Domhnall Gleeson suna mai da matsayinsu a matsayin taken taken, Bea da kuma Thomas McGregor don abin da ya biyo baya saboda fitowa a cikin Maris 2021. A cikin 2020, Oyelowo ya yi tauraro tare da George Clooney a cikin fim ɗin Netflix The Midnight Sky Kwanan nan, kamfaninsa na Saxon na Yarbawa ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kallon farko tare da Disney. Fim na farko da zai fito daga yarjejeniyar zai kasance Komawar Rocketeer, Disney na musamman na fim din 1991 The Rocketeer, wanda Oyelowo zai samar tare da matarsa, Jessica, da Brigham Taylor. Ana kuma tunanin Oyelowo zai taka rawa a cikin fim din, wanda zai ta'allaka ne akan "wani mai ritaya Tuskegee Airman wanda ya dauki rigar Rocketeer".
Kyaututtuka da karramawa Domin hotonsa na Martin Luther King Jr. a Selma, Oyelowo ya sami lambar yabo ta NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture. Ya sami lambar yabo ta Golden Globe Award na farko don Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Hotunan Motsi Wasan kwaikwayo, yayin da kuma ya karɓi lambar yabo don Kyautar Fim ɗin Zaɓuɓɓuka don Mafi kyawun Actor Har ila yau, a cikin 2014, don wasan kwaikwayonsa a Nightingale, ya lashe lambar yabo ta Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actor in a Movie Miniseries kuma an zabe shi a matsayin Firayim Minista Emmy Award don Fitaccen Jagoran Jagora a cikin Ƙirar Ƙarfafawa ko Fim, Kyautar Golden Globe don Mafi kyawun Kyauta. Mai wasan kwaikwayo Miniseries ko Fim ɗin Talabijin, Kyautar Hoton NAACP don Fitaccen ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Fim ɗin Talabijan, Mini-Series ko Na Musamman na Musamman da Kyautar Tauraron Dan Adam don Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Miniseries ko Fim ɗin Talabijin An nada Oyelowo Jami'in Order of the British Empire (OBE) a cikin Sabuwar Shekarar Sabuwar Shekara ta 2016 don ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo.
Rayuwa ta sirri Ya auri 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Jessica Oyelowo, tare da 'ya'ya hudu. Suna zaune a Los Angeles, California Kirista mai kishin addini, Oyelowo ya bayyana cewa ya yi imani Allah ya kira shi ya buga Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. A yayin da yake yin tsokaci a kan hotonsa na Sarki a cikin fim din Selma, Oyelowo ya bayyana cewa, “A koyaushe na san cewa idan na yi wasa da Dr. King, sai da Allah ya shige min gaba saboda idan ka ga Dr. King yana ba da wadancan. jawabai, ka ga yana motsi a baiwarsa”. ɗan ƙasa biyu, Oyelowo da matarsa sun zama ƴan ƙasar Amurka a ranar 20 ga Yuli 2016. Da yake yin haka ya bayyana cewa, “Na yi wani fim mai suna Selma kuma fim din ya shafi ‘yancin kada kuri’a kuma na zauna a nan kusan shekaru 10 yanzu kuma ina yawo ina yin fim game da ‘yancin kada kuri’a da kuma gaya wa mutane su yi zabe. zabe, kuma ba za ka iya zabe da kanka ba kadan munafunci ne. Na yanke shawarar lokaci ya yi da zan yi shi kuma ba lokaci mafi kyau fiye da yanzu." Oyelowo omoba (yarima ne na masarautar Awe, Nigeria, wani yanki na tsarin mulkin dattawa a Najeriya. Ya yi sharhi, "yana da amfani don samun kwanan wata amma mai yiwuwa ba wani yawa ba".
Fina-finai
Fim
Wasannin Talabijin
Duba kuma Black British elite
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje David Oyelowo at the TCM Movie Database
David Oyelowo at AllMovie
Manazarta Jarumin fim bakake na Burtaniya
Jaruman fim maza yarbawa
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1976
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
25732 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAA | AAA | AAA, Triple A, ko Triple-A shi ne farkon haruffa uku ko taƙaice wanda zai iya nufin to:
Mutane AA Attanasio, marubucin almara na kimiyya
Tashar jiragen sama Filin jirgin sama na Anaa a cikin Faransanci Polynesia (lambar filin jirgin saman IATA AAA)
Filin jirgin saman Logan County (Illinois) (lambar filin jirgin saman FAA AAA)
Arts, nishaɗi, da kafofin watsa labarai
Wasanni AAA (masana'antar wasan bidiyo) rukuni na manyan wasannin bidiyo na kasafin kuɗi
TripleA, tushen wargame mai buɗewa
Kiɗa
Ƙungiyoyi da lakabobi AAA (band), ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Japan
Against All Authority -AAA- ƙungiyar ska-punk ta Amurka
Mala'iku & Airwaves, wani madadin dutsen Amurka, wanda kuma ake kira "AVA"
Sau Uku A (ƙungiyar kiɗa) ƙungiyar trance ta Dutch
Ayyuka "AAA", waƙa ta shida akan <i id="mwLQ">City</i> (Strapping Young Lad album)
<i id="mwMA">AAA</i> (EP) wani ƙaramin wasan kwaikwayo ne da ƙungiyar AAA ta Najeriya ta yi
Samun damar Duk Yankuna, jerin faifan CD na kiɗa ta ƙungiyar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Scotland Runrig
Sau Uku A, wani sunan Adult Alternative Songs, mai rikodin ginshiƙi wallafa Allon tallace-tallace
Sauran amfani a cikin zane -zane, nishaɗi, da kafofin watsa labarai Madadin kundin manya, tsarin rediyo
AAA, lambar samarwa don 1970 Doctor Who serialhead daga Space
<AAA> Aces of ANSI Art ƙungiyar fasahar dijital don ƙirƙirar da rarraba fasahar ANSI (1989-1991)
AAA, manga na Jafananci na Haruka Fukushima
Anbanavan Asaradhavan Adangadhavan, fim ɗin Tamil a cikin 2017
Brands da kamfanoni Advanced Accelerator Aikace -aikace, kamfanin radiopharmaceutical
Ansett Ostiraliya, kamfanin jirgin sama na Australiya (lambar jirgin saman ICAO AAA)
Abokan Artwararrun Mawakan Amurka, gidan kayan gargajiya da kasuwancin tallan fasaha
Abokan Artists na Argentine, ɗakin fina -finan Argentina
Gwamnati da siyasa
Hukumomin gwamnati Gudanar da Daidaita Noma, wata hukuma ce ta gwamnatin Amurka da aka kirkira a cikin shekara ta 1930
Puerto Rico Aqueducts and Sewers Authority (AAA a cikin Mutanen Espanya)
Dokar Daidaita Noma ta 1933, dokokin tarayya na Amurka
Dokar daidaita aikin gona na 1938, dokokin tarayya na Amurka
Kungiyoyin siyasa Alianza Americana Anticomunista ("American Anticommunist Alliance" a cikin Mutanen Espanya) ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta Colombia, 1978-1979
Alianza Apostólica Anticomunista, a Spain
Anti-Austerity Alliance, wata jam'iyyar siyasa a Ireland
Anticommunist Alliance na Argentina, ƙungiyar mutuwa ta Argentina a tsakiyar 1970s
Ƙungiyoyi
Kungiyoyin fasaha Associationungiyar Mawakan Allied, wata ƙungiya mai baje kolin a London da aka kafa a cikin shekara ta 1908
Mawakan Abstract na Amurka, ƙungiya ce ta masu zane-zane da aka kafa a cikin shekara ta 1936 don haɓakawa da haɓaka fahimtar jama'a game da zane-zane.
Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Mawakan Amurka
Taskar Amsoshi ta Amurka, Taskar Smithsonian Institution a Washington, DC
Asiya Art Archive, ƙungiya mai zaman kanta wacce ke yin rikodin tarihin kwanan nan na fasahar zamani a Asiya
Ƙungiyoyin Motoci American Automobile Association, kulob na mota, wanda kuma ake kira "Triple A"
Ƙungiyar Motocin Australiya
Sauran ƙungiyoyi Shirin Karfafawa Matasa-An-Alleyway, San Francisco, California
Ƙungiyar Tabbatar da Adventist
American Academy of Actuaries
Ƙungiyar Ƙididdiga ta Amirka
Ƙungiyar Ambulance ta Amirka
Ƙungiyar Anthropological American
Ƙungiyar sasantawa ta Amurka
Ƙungiyar Tsohuwar Jirgin Sama
Ƙungiyar 'yan saman jannati masu zaman kansu
Ƙungiyar Archaeological Australia
Kimiyya da fasaha
Biology da magani AAA sunadarai (ATPases hade da ayyuka daban -daban na salula)
Ciwon mara aortic aneurysm
Ƙungiyar Anatomists ta Amirka
Anti-actin garkuwar jiki
Cavaticovelia aaa (aaa treader) kwari daga Hawaii
Sau uku-A ciwo
AAA, codon don amino acid Lysine
Kimiyya Amalgam (sunadarai) wanda aka wakilta a cikin rubutun alchemical medieval tare da "aaa"
Amino acid bincike
Aromatic amino acid
Arylalkanolamine
Asymmetric allylic alkylation
Kwamfuta AAA, mafi girma daga cikin matakai uku na isa ga rukunin yanar gizon da aka auna ta jagororin Samun Abubuwan Yanar Gizo
AAA chipset, kayan masarufi don komfutar Amiga komputa
AAA (tsaro na kwamfuta) "Tabbatacce, Izini da Ƙididdiga", ikon samun dama, aiwatar da manufofi da tsarin duba tsarin kwamfuta.
ASCII ta daidaita bayan ƙari, lambar BCD ta Intel
Sauran amfani a kimiyya da fasaha AAA, matsayi a kan sikelin haruffan haruffa (darajoji biyu sama da "sa A")
Batirin AAA, madaidaicin girman busasshen sel
Kyautar Nasarar Amateur na Ƙungiyar Astronomical na Pacific
Analog-analog-analog, ƙira don rikodin analog
Angle-angle-angle, duba Kamani (geometry)
Makamai masu linzami
Wasanni Amateur Athletic Association na Ingila
American Airlines Arena, filin wasanni da nishaɗi a Miami, Florida, da kuma wurin gidan Miami Heat
Arkansas Activities Association, babbar hukumar gudanar da wasannin makarantar sakandare a waccan jihar ta Amurka
Ƙungiyar Wasannin Wasannin Asiya
Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide, gabatarwar kokawar Mexico wacce aka fi sani da "AAA" (daga tsohon sunan Asistencia Asesoría y Administración Montreal AAA, tsohuwar ƙungiyar 'yan wasa ta Kanada
Triple-A (wasan ƙwallon baseball) mafi girman matakin ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon Arewacin Amurka
Sauran amfani "Shiga duk fannoni", wani nau'in wucewar bayan gida
AAA, mafi kyawun ƙimar kuɗi
Ayyukan taimakon dabbobi, nau'in maganin da ya shafi dabbobi a matsayin nau'in magani
Harshen Ghotuo (ISO 639-3 lambar yare aaa)
Lambar Morse don "maharin jirgin sama", wanda aka yi amfani da shi tare da SOS
Duba kuma A (rarrabuwa)
AA (disambiguation)
AAAA |
51611 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadarin%20sauyin | Hadarin sauyin | Hadarin sauyin yanayi yana nufin kimanta haɗari dangane da bincike na yau da kullun na sakamakon, yuwuwar da martani ga tasirin chanji sauyin yanayi da kuma yadda al'umma ke takura a lokacin .karbuwa. An yi amfani da hanyoyin gama gari don kiymanta haɗarin haɗari da dabarun sarrafa haɗari dangane da haɗarin yanayi kan tasirin canjin yanayi ko da yake akwai bambance-bambance daban-daban. Dangane da tsarin yanayin da ba ya tsayawa a cikin kewayon ƙetarewa, ana tsammanin tasirin canjin yanayi zai ƙaru a cikin shekaru masu zuwa duk da ƙoƙarin ragewa. Canje-canjen da ke gudana a cikin tsarin yanayi yana dagula kimanta haɗari. Aiwatar da ilimin halin yanzu don fahimtar haɗarin yanayi yana da rikitarwa saboda bambance-bambance masu yawa a cikin hasashen yanayi na yanki, faɗaɗa adadin sakamakon yanayin yanayi, da buƙatar zaɓar saiti mai fa'ida na yanayin yanayi na gaba a cikin kimantawa. Abu na farko a chikin doka a tsarin mulki a hukumance kan chanjin yanayi(IPCC), Wanda aka kirkira a qarqashin United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) da na World Meteorological Organizatio7n (WMO) a shekarar 1988, sun bayani kan hadarin chanjin Yanayi da bincike da dubaru na rigakafi da aka wallafa kan ilimi a ko wane shekara ajere abun da aka fahimta.[6] kasa da kasa sun bincike sun tattauna an samu manu fofi da dama ansama ma aikata game da hadarin chanjin yanayi ma aikata hade hadarin chanjin yanayi inshora.
Fahimtar Hadarin Hatsarin chajin Yanayi Yana faruwa a gabaki daya na wani yankin duniya musanman in aka lura da adadin yawan Rashin lafiyar da chanjin Yanayi ke jagoranta dayawa wasu hatsiran sunayin zuwan bazata su daya a nan gaba suna yin yawa da la akari da hatsarin. bala on ya dangana ne da Yanayi na sauyin yanayi tsarin na Rashin daukan dogon lokaci tsit iyaka matsanaci.. IPCC assessment framework is based on the understanding that climate risk emerges from the interaction of three risk factors: hazards, vulnerability and exposure.
In this framework, climate risks area also described in 5 sets of major risks:. unique and threatened systems
extreme weather events
distribution of impacts
global aggregate impacts
large-scale singular events
Climate change adaptation and climate change mitigation can reduce climate-related risks. These two types of climate action can be complementary and can result in synergies, and thus more successful results.
Masifu da cututtuka Bisa ga rahoton kima na biyar na IPCC "Tasiri daga matsanancin yanayi na baya-bayan nan, irin su raƙuman zafi, fari, ambaliya, guguwa, da gobarar daji, suna nuna rashin ƙarfi da kuma bayyanar da wasu halittu da kuma yawancin tsarin bil'adama zuwa yanayin canjin yanayi na yanzu". Ana iya sa ran tasiri masu zuwa nan gaba:
Zazzabi yana ƙaruwa
Tsananin yanayi
Shuka amfanin gona da gazawar amfanin gona
Polar hula narkewa
Canje-canje ga tsarin muhalli na Duniya
Annoba Rushewar Tekun Atlantika ta Arewa
Tabarbarewar tattalin arziki Yayin da yake shafar duk sassan tattalin arziki, tasirin na hiyoyin guda ɗaya zai bambanta. Bayan waɗannan haɗarin yanayi na zahiri kai tsaye akwai kuma haɗarin kai tsaye:
Hadarin jiki: Hatsari kai tsaye na canjin yanayi suna yin illa ga aikin noma, kamun kifi, gandun daji, kiwon lafiya, gidaje da yawon shakatawa. Misali, guguwa da ambaliya suna lalata gine-gine da ababen more rayuwa, kuma fari na haifar da gazawar amfanin gona.
Hatsarin ƙa'ida: Ƙoƙarin gwamnati na rage farashin sauyin yanayi yana da tasiri kai tsaye ga tattalin arzikin. Misali, Kyoto-Protocol watsin ana iya cimma su ta hanyar aiwatar da cinikin hayaki, ana buƙatar a ƙididdige farashin hayaƙi cikin kuɗi. bukatar sabuntawa Kamfanoni za su yi amfani da waɗannan kuɗin don kimanta shawarar saka hannun jari. Haɓaka farashin hayaki zai haifar da hauhawar farashin kaya don haka yana tasiri ga buƙatar masu amfani. Rashin tsaro na doka yana haifar da jinkirin ayyuka da saka hannun jari.
Hadarin shari'a: Kama da masana'antar taba, masana'antun da ke samar da iskar gas mai yawa (GHG) suna fuskantar haɗarin ƙara yawan ƙarar idan ana iya danganta lalacewa da hayaƙi. Haɗarin gasa: Idan kamfanoni ba su ɗauki matakan rage haɗarin yanayi ba suna da gasa. Wannan na iya haifar da haɓaka farashin samarwa ta hanyar fasahohin da ba a gama amfani da su ba don haka ga raguwar riba.[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> Hatsarin samarwa: ƙarancin samarwa na iya haifar da haɗarin yanayi kai tsaye ko kai tsaye, watau guguwa da ke lalata wuraren samar da mai na iya haifar da rushewar samar da kayayyaki da ƙarin farashi. Hakanan farashin makamashi zai tashi, yayin da zafin rana ke haifar da ƙarancin ruwa, yana yin tasiri ga samar da ruwan sanyaya wutar lantarki.
Hatsarin ƙima Kamfanoni da ake suka a bainar jama'a saboda manufofinsu na muhalli ko hayaƙi mai yawa na iya rasa abokan ciniki saboda mummunan suna. Hadarin kudi
Rashin lahani c
Inshora sbd chanjin yanayi
Inshora saboda chanjin Yanayi rance rh
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Duk Game da Hatsarin chajin yanayi |
60064 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerin%20masu%20samar%20da%20man%20algal | Jerin masu samar da man algal | Babu masu samar da man algal na kasuwanci.
Asiya
Iran Iran ta fara bincike kan samar da algae daga shekara ta 2000. Bayanai na kimiya sun nuna cewa kudancin Iran shine yanki mafi arziki a duniya wajen noman algae, saboda tsananin zafi, yanayin rana, babban wurin da ba a amfani da shi da kuma ruwan gishiri. Sigar farko na tushen algae biofuel zai zama samuwa don dalilai na masana'antu a cikin 2015.
Teamungiyar Bincike ta Biofuel (BRTeam) Ƙungiyar bincike ta ƙasa da yawa ta mai da hankali kan fannoni daban-daban na binciken biofuel sun ƙaddamar da bincike mai zurfi kan injiniyoyin algal don haɓɓaka samar da biodiesel a cikin 2010. Suna fatan cimma nasarar ƙirar microalgae ta farko tare da haɓaka fasalin samar da lipid acikin 2015.
Isra'ila A cikin Yuni 2008, Tel Aviv na tushen Seambiotic da Seattle-based Inventure Chemical sun sanar da haɗin gwiwa don amfani da CO da aka ciyar da algae don yin ethanol da biodiesel a wani tsire-tsire na biofuel a Ashkelon, Isra'ila. tushen buga kansa?
Japan Euglena Co., Ltd. girma[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> Turai
Bulgaria Greon
Faransa Alpha Biotech
Girka Algae-Farms
Italiya Teregroup a Modena: Ƙarfin lita miliyan 3 yana samar da 7g na algae kowace lita. Baya ga biodiesel, samfuran ƙarshe sun haɗa da ciyarwar dabba da taki
Netherlands AlgaeLink NV mai samar da algae na duniya, samfuran tushen algae da tsarin girma algae[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> LGem BV samar da tsarin algae[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> SeatechEnergy tushen a Netherlands (Hilversum) amma samar da algae a Denpasar (Bali, Indonesia); wani bangare na Inrada Oil Gas[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> Tomalgae (Belgium/Netherlands) samar da babban darajar algae mayar da hankali don amfani da matsayin sinadirai a farkon matakin tsutsa shrimp da kifi hatcheries.[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> Portugal AlgaFuel, SA[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> Buggypower daya daga cikin mafi girma microalgae biomass samar da raka'a tare da nasa fasahar dangane da amfani da rufaffiyar photobioreactores.[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> Spain AlgaeLink, a cikin Cadiz
Ƙasar Ingila British Algoil Ltd
Varicon Aqua Solutions Ltd mai ba da kayayyaki na ƙasa da ƙasa na sabbin algae da na ruwa, gami da samar da samfuran tushen ruwa da tsarin noman algae.[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> Amurka
Argentina Oil Fox, Chubut, 10 T/rana {{Tsarin tushen inline|kwana Satumba 2023}
Kanada Algabloom International, Vancouver, BC[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> Centurion Biofuels, Hamilton, Ontario[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> Pond Biofuels Inc., Toronto, Ontario
Mexico Recursos Renovables Alternativos
Amurka Akwai kamfanoni daban-daban masu haɓaka biofuels daga algae:
Algae Floating Systems, Inc. Algae Fuel System, Ukiah, California madogaran da ba na farko da ake buƙata ba Algae Systems AlgaeFuel tushen a Concord, California ba tushen tushen da ake buƙata ba Algaewheel tushen a Indianapolis, Indiana ba buƙatun tushen da ake buƙata babu tushen tushen da ake buƙata AlgalOilDiesel, LLP tushen a Corvallis, Oregon babu tushen tushen da ake buƙata Algenol
Algoil Energy Algoil Industries, Inc.[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> Applied Research Associates, Inc. tushen a Albuquerque, New Mexico Binciken biofuel na algae a cikin Panama City, ofishin Florida Makamashin Ruwa Aurora Algae (rufe; tsohon Aurora Biofuels) Bio Fuel Systems Blue Marble Energy Cellana Shell da HR BioPetroleum Kamfanin Chevron (tare da haɗin gwiwar US-DOE NREL Al'adu Fuels
Dao Energy, LLC, wani kamfani mai rijista na Texas tare da ofishi a Chengdu, Sichuan, China Diversified Energy Corporation Global Green Solutions GreenerBioEnergy Imperium Renewables tsohon Seattle Biodiesel, LLC
Chemical Inventure Kai BioEnergy Corp. Kent BioEnergy Live Fuels, Inc. girma
Manta Biofuel, ɗanyen mai da za a iya sabuntawa
Magungunan Ƙasa, San Pedro PetroSun da Algae BioFuels Inc., na gaba ɗaya mallakar reshen, a cikin Scottsdale, Arizona Photon8 Jiki LLC Sapphire Energy, wanda tsohon shugaban Microsoft Bill Gates ya samu Solazyme, Inc., yana ba da man algae zuwa Imperium Renewables ya shiga cikin haɓakar haɓakar abinci na biodiesel da yarjejeniyar gwaji tare da Chevron Technology Ventures
Solix BioSystems a cikin Fort Collins, Colorado Sinthetic Genomics ExxonMobil Vertigro, Kamfanin Valcent Products tare da Global Green Solutions, a El Paso, Texas yana amfani da Bioreactor mai girma a tsaye Virgin Green Fund
Oceania
Ostiraliya Algae. Tec wani ci-gaba na biofuels kamfanin mayar da hankali a kan sayar da fasahar da ke samar da algae don kera mai dorewa kamar biodiesel da kore jet man fetur.
Bio Fuels Pty Ltd kamfanin Victor Smorgon Group; haɓaka fasahar biofuels na algae a Victoria; mai daga algae zai shiga cikin BioMax biodiesel wanda Smorgon Fuels ya samar
New Zealand Kamfanin Aquaflow Bionomic Corporation (ABC) Boeing da Air New Zealand sun sanar da wani aikin haɗin gwiwa tare da Aquaflow Bionomic don haɓaka algae. Air New Zealand daga ƙarshe ya yi amfani da jatropha biofuel yayin da Aquaflow ya kasa samar da kowane mai. Aquaflow bai samar da ingantacciyar hanyar samar da man jet daga algae ba.
Duba kuma Jerin kamfanonin biofuel da masu bincike
|
16682 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jima | Jima | Jima Hanya ce da ake sarrafa fata a gyara ta don a yi wani amfani na daban da ita, ko kuma jima sana'a ce ta gyara fatar dabba ta hanyar ciccire gashin jikin fatar da sauran abubuwan da ba'a so. Jima a kasar Hausa ta kasu kashi biyu, akwai na gargajiya sannan kuma akwai ta zamani.
Aiki Masu jiman zamani kuma sukan yi aikin fatu ta hanyoyin zamani don yin jakunkuna da takalma da rigar kujerun zama da kuma ita kanta fatar a kan gyarata don sayarwa ga sauran ƙasashe.
Ana iya amfani da fatar kowacce dabba wajen jima a nan kasar Hausa, a nan kasar Hausa an fi amfani da fatun kada da jimina da macizai da fatun awaki da tumakai da sauransu.
Jimar gargajiya ta kumshi mutanen da suke sarrafa fata su juya ta zuwa nau’i daban–daban wanda suke dunka layu da bante da rigar wuka (kube) da jakunkunan fata da linzami da takalmi da sirdin doki da sulke na fata.
Yadda ake Jima Jima sana’a ce ta gyaran fata, wadda ake ciccire gashi da sauran abubuwan da ba a bukata daga jikin fata, a mayar da ita fes, domin yin wani abin amfani da ita. Masu yin wannan sana’a su ake kira Majema. Haka nan, gurin da ake yin wannan sana’ar ma a kan kira shi da sunan Majema.
Asalin sana'ar Jima
Sana’ar jima sana’a ce da aka same ta a wurin Larabawa, an samu wannan sana’a a kasar Hausa can lokutan baya da Larabawa ke zuwa fatauci. Daga cikin irin wadannan masu zuwa fataucin akwai malamai masu karatun Alqur’ani, cikinsu kuwa akwai wadanda ke sarrafa fata domin yin shimfida wadda ake kira buzu, da kuma yin jaka wadda ake kira gafaka domin adana Alqur’ani da sauran takardun karatu. Zuwan su kasar Hausa sai ya zama suna koyawa almajiransu irin wadannan sana’o’i bayan karatu da suke koya musu. Wannan shi ne asalin samuwar wannan sana’a ta jima a kasar Hausa.
Kayan Aiki Kayan aikin Jima sun hada da:
Majema: Shi ne asalin gurin da ake gudanar da sana’ar jima. A nan ake yi mata komai.
Kwatarniya: Mazubi ce da masu sana’ar ginin tukunya suke yi. A cikinta ake wanke fata da kuma jikata domin cire gashi da sauran abubuwa.
Bagaruwa: Sinadari ce da ake cire gashin fata da ita.
Toka da Kanwa: Su ne sidaran farko da ke rukar da gashin fata domin a cire shi daga jikin fata cikin sauki.
Kashin Kaji/Tattabaru: Shi ne sinadari na biyu da yake rudar da sauran ƙananan gashi a jikin fata domin a cire shi cikin sauƙi.
Kartaji: Shi ne abin da ake tuje gashi da kuma nama daga jikin fata.
Gwafa: Ana kafa ta domin daura igiyar shanya a jikinta.
Igiya: Ita ake daura wa a jikin gwafa a shanya fata a kanta.
Turmi: Kala biyu ne, akwai rabi wanda ake dora fata a jikinsa a tuje gashinta da kartaji. Sai kuma ainihin turmi wanda ake zuba fata a kirɓa ta a ciki idan za a tura (idan za a yi mata launi) ta.
Taɓarya: Da ita ake kirɓa fata a cikin turmi.
Kartaji
Turmin da ake yin Gurza, Katsi da kuma Karni
Turmi da Taɓaryar Kirɓi
Kayayyakin da Ake yi da Fata
Abu ne mai wahala a ƙididdige abubuwan da ake yi da fata bayan an jeme ta. Kaɗan daga ciki akwai:
1. Sutura: Tun da can asali kuma har zuwa yau ɗin nan ana amfani da fata wajen yin sutura. Suturar da ake yi da fata akwai riga, takalmi, hula, da majanyi (Belt), da sauransu. Kayan Kwalliya: Akan yi abubuwa da suka shafi kwalliya kamar irin su abin maƙalla makulli (key holder).
2. Jakakkuna: Ana yin jakakkuna manya da ƙanana, irin na da da kuma na zamanin yanzu da muke ciki. Jakakkuna irin na da akwai gafaka (jaka ce da ake saka Alƙur’ani a ciki da sauran takardun karatu. Wannan na daga cikin tushen kawo wannan sana’a cikin Ƙasar Hausa), akwai burgami (jakar mafarauta), akwai zabira (jakar wanzamai), taiki (jaka ce mai kamar buhu da mutanen da ke amfani da ita wajen zuba kayayyaki kamar irin su hatsi da sauransu), sannan kuma akwai salka (ita ma jaka ce ta fata da ake zuba ruwa a ciki), da sauransu.
3. Kayan Yaƙi da Farauta: Haka nan ana amfani da fata wajen yin kayayyakin yaƙi da kuma farauta. Daga cikin irin waɗannan kayayyaki akwai: Warki (fata ce ake jeme ta iya tsawon dabbar, wacce mafarauta ke ratayawa a jiki domin samun kariya daga sara ko harbi. A wasu lokutan kuma akan bar ta da gashin nata sai dai a ɗame ta kawai. Sannan wasu sukan kira ta da buzu), sannan kuma akwai garkuwa (fata ce ta giwa da ake busar da ita sannan a ƙamar da ita ta yi tauri, mayaƙa sukan kare harbin kibiya ko mashi da ita), akwai kube (kusan wata irin nau’in jaka ce da ake saka takobi, adda, ko wuƙa a ciki. Wato gidan takobi, adda ko wuƙa), akwai kuma safi, da ake sakawa a ƙotar wuƙa, takobi ko adda domin basu kariya daga tsagewa. Kayan ƙira: Ana yin kayan ƙira kamar zuga-zugi da fata. Kayan Kiɗa: Da fata ake yin marufin mafiya yawan kayan kiɗan gargajiyar Hausa, kamar irin su ganga, dundufa, kotso, kalangu, da sauransu.
4. Guga: Wata aba ce da ake ɗebo ruwa da ita daga cikin rijiya. Kayan fatake: Kilago, fata ce gyararriya da fatake ko mayaƙa ke amfani da ita wajen yin tanti a sahara ko daji.
5. Kayan Shimfiɗa: Akwai buzu (fata ce akasari ta rago da malamai ke amfani da ita wajen yin shimfiɗa idan za su yi karatu ko salla), akwai kuma tabarma ta zamani (Carpet), akwai kuma rigar fulo, da sauransu. Ƙafar Guragu.
Shanyar Fata
Kamalalliyar Fata
Amfanin Jima
Amfanin jima yana da yawa. Daga ciki akwai:
Samar da ayyukan yi. Haɓɓaka tattalin arziƙi. Samar da sutura. Yadda Ake Jima
Ana yin sana’ar jima a mataki-mataki kamar haka:
Jiƙon Gashi: Matakin jiƙo shi ne matakin farko da idan an kawo fata ake karkaɗe ta a wanke ta da ruwa domin cire abubuwan da ba a so da suka haɗa da ƙasa ko gishiri.
Sanwa: A wannan mataki ana samun ruwa ne a zuba a kwatarniya sannan a zuba toka, da kanwa da kuma katsi (turɓayar gaurayen masu rini) a cikin ruwan sannan a zuba fatar a ciki. Wannan shi ne sanwa. Fata takan ɗauki tsawon kwanaki biyu a kan sanwa. A wannan mataki gashi yake laushi wanda ko da hannu ma ana iya cisge shi.
Gurza: Gurza ita ce cire gashi daga jikin fata. A nan ana ɗora fata a kan turmi sai kuma a kawo kartaji a kankare gashin da ke jikinta. Kwaloko: Mataki ne da ake zuba ruwa haɗe da kashin kaji ko na tattabaru a cikin kwatarniya sannan a kawo fatar a zuba a ciki. Amfanin wannan shi ne cire ɗan sauran gashin da ya rage. Katsi: Shi ne cire ƙananan gashin da ya rage a jikin fata. Ana yin katsi ne ta hanyar ɗora fata a kan turmi sannan a kankare ta da kartaji. Tsomi/Cuɗa: Mataki ne da ake zuba ruwa a cikin kwatarniya sannan sai a samu bagaruwa a zuba a ciki, sai kuma a zuba fatar a ciki. Fata tana kwana ɗaya a wannan mataki. Karni: Shi ne cire naman da ke jikin fata. Bayan an cuɗe fata kuma sai a sake ɗora ta a kan turmi, a wannan karon kuma cikinta ake kankarewa domin fitar da sauran naman da masu fiɗa suka rage. Yadda Ake Karni
Cuɗa/Daɗi: Cuɗa ita ce zuba ruwa da bagaruwa a cikin kwatarniya bayan an yi mata karni. Fata takan ɗauki kwana guda a cikin wannan ruwa.
Wanki: Ana zuba fata a cikin zallan ruwa a wanke ta. Shanya: Mataki ne da ake ɗora fata a kan igiya domin ta bushe. Launi: A wannan mataki ne ake yi wa fata launin da ake so, wanda ka iya zama ja, shuɗi ko ruwan ɗorawa. A wannan mataki ana yi wa fata abubuwa kamar haka: Shafa mangyaɗa. Jiƙa fata da ruwa ta hanyar yayyafa ruwan a kan fatar. Kirɓi: Mataki ne na launi da ake saka fata a turmi bayan an jiƙa ta da ruwa a kirɓa ta. Sai kuma a zuba kayan turi a launa fatar a cikin kwatarniya. Sai kuma a matse fatar daga ruwan turi. Sai a sake shanya ta a kan igiya. Ja: Mataki ne da ake ɗame fata da sauran danshinta na turi. Ana take gefen fata da ƙafa sannan a ja ta a ɗame ta. Naɗi: Mataki ne da ake naɗe fatar a kifa biyu bayan an ɗame ta.
Diddigin bayanan waje Alhassan A., Musa U.I., da Zarruƙ R.M. (1982). Zaman Hausawa Don Makarantun Gaba da Firmare.
Durumin Iya M.A. (2006). Tasirin Kimiyya da Ƙere-Ƙeren Zamani a kan Sana'o'in Hausawa na Gargajiya. KABS Printing Services (NIG), Durumin Iya, Kano-Nigeria.
Ƙwalli K.M. (1996). Kano Jalla Babbar Hausa (Babu sunan maɗaba'a).
Yakasai K. I. (Babu shekarar bugu). A San Mutum A Kan Cinikinsa (Babu sunan maɗaba'a).
Bibiliyo
Madauci, Ibrahim. (1968). Hausa customs. Isa, Yahaya., Daura, Bello. [Zaria]: Northern Nigerian Pub. Co. ISBN 978-169-097-6.OCLC 489903061.
|
20270 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%20Affleck | Ben Affleck | Benjamin Géza Affleck-Boldt (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta shekararta alif 1972),Ba'amurke ne kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, darektan fim, furodusa, marubucin rubutu, da kuma taimakon jama'a. Kyaututtukan da ya samu sun hada da kyaututtuka biyu na Kwalejin da kuma lambar yabo ta Golden Globe sau uku. Ya fara aikinsa tun yana yaro lokacin da ya haska a cikin jerin ilimantarwa na PBS The Voyage of the Mimi (a shekarata alif 1984, 1988). Daga baya ya fito a fim na ban dariya mai zaman kansa mai zuwa da zamani mai suna Dazed and Confused (a shekarata alif 1993) da fina-finai daban-daban na Kevin Smith, ciki har da Mallrats (a shekarata alif 1995), Chasing Amy (a shekarata alif 1997) da Dogma (a shekarata alif 1999). Affleck ya sami karbuwa sosai lokacin da shi da abokinsa na yaronta Matt Damon suka sami lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da Kwalejin Karatu don Mafi Kyawun Allon fim don rubuta Kyakkyawan Farauta (1997), wanda su ma suka yi fice a ciki. Daga nan ya kafa kansa a matsayin babban mutum a fina-finai na studio, ciki har da fim na bala'i Armageddon (a shekarata alif 1998), wasan kwaikwayo na yaƙi Pearl Harbor (a shekarata 2001), da masu ban sha'awa The Sum of All Fears da Changing Lanes (duka 2002).
Bayan koma baya na aiki, a lokacin da ya bayyana a cikin Daredevil da Gigli (duka a shekarar 2003), Affleck ya sami lambar yabo ta Golden Globe don nuna George Reeves a cikin noir biopic Hollywoodland a shekarar 2006). Farkon daraktansa, Gone Baby Gone (a shekarar 2007), wanda shi ma ya rubuta tare, ya samu karbuwa sosai. Sannan ya bada umarni, tare da rubutawa tare da taka rawa a wasan kwaikwayo na aikata laifi (The Town a shekarar 2010)) sannan ya bada umarni kuma ya haskaka a cikin shirin wasan kwaikwayo na Argo (a shekarar 2012); dukansu sun kasance masu mahimmanci da nasarorin kasuwanci. Ga na biyun, Affleck ya sami lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da BAFTA don Babban Darakta, da kuma Golden Globe, BAFTA, da kuma Academy Award don Kyakkyawar Hoto. Ya yi fice a cikin fitaccen fim mai ban sha'awa Gone Girl (a shekarar 2014), a cikin fitattun fina-finai Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (a shekarar 2016), Justice League (a shekarar 2017), Zack Snyder's Justice League (a shekarar 2021) da The Flash (a shekarar 2022) kuma a cikin aikin masu ban sha'awa Akawun (a shekarar 2016) da Triple Frontier (a shekarar 2019). Ya sami yabo don aikinsa a matsayin mai horar da kwando a wasan kwaikwayo na Way Way Back a shekarar 2020).
Affleck shine wanda ya kirkiro da shirin na Gabashin Kwango, bayar da tallafi da kuma bayar da tallafi ga kungiyar ba da agaji. Shi ma babban mai goyon bayan Jam’iyyar Democrat ne. Affleck da Damon sune mamallakan kamfanin samar da fina-finai na Pearl Street Films.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Benjamin Géza Affleck-Boldt a ranar 15 ga Agusta, 1972 a Berkeley, California. Iyalinsa sun koma Massachusetts lokacin da yake shekara uku, suna zaune a Falmouth, inda aka haife ɗan'uwansa Casey, kafin su zauna a Cambridge. Mahaifiyarsa, Christopher Anne "Chris" Boldt, ta kasance malamin makarantar firamare ne da ya yi karatu a Harvard. Mahaifinsa, Timothy Byers Affleck, ya kasance ɗan wasan kwaikwayo mai son wasan kwaikwayo wanda "galibi ba shi da aikin yi." Ya yi aiki lokaci-lokaci a matsayin masassaƙi, injiniyan motoci, littattafai, masanin lantarki, mashayi, da mai kula da aikin Harvard. A tsakiyar shekarun 1960, ya kasance ɗan wasan kwaikwayo da manajan tsere tare da Kamfanin Theater na Boston. A lokacin yarinta na Affleck, mahaifinsa ya bayyana kansa "mai tsanani, matsala mai wahala game da shaye-shaye", kuma Affleck ya tunatar da shi yana shan "duk rana kowace rana". Mahaifinsa ya kasance "mai matukar wahalar gaske" zama tare kuma yana jin wata annashuwa yana da shekara 11 lokacin da iyayensa suka sake shi, kuma mahaifinsa ya bar gidan danginsa. Mahaifinsa ya ci gaba da shan giya mai yawa kuma daga ƙarshe ya zama ba shi da gida, ya kwashe shekara biyu yana zaune a titunan Cambridge. Lokacin da Affleck ya kasance ɗan shekara 16, mahaifinsa ya shiga wurin gyara a Indio, California. Ya zauna a wurin har tsawon shekaru goma sha biyu don kula da larurar sa, kuma yayi aiki a can a matsayin mai ba da shawara game da jaraba.
Affleck ya girma ne a cikin masu siyasa, masu sassaucin ra'ayi. Shi da ɗan'uwansa, Casey, sun kasance kewaye da mutane waɗanda ke aiki a cikin zane-zane, suna halartar wasan kwaikwayo a kai a kai tare da mahaifiyarsu, kuma ana ƙarfafa su su yi nasu fim na gida. David Wheeler, wani aboki na dangi, daga baya ya tuna da Affleck a matsayin "yaro mai tsananin haske da son sha'awa". 'Yan uwan sun nemi matsayi a cikin tallace-tallace na gida da kuma shirya fina-finai saboda ƙawancen mahaifiyarsu tare da daraktan fim ɗin yankin Cambridge, kuma Affleck ya fara aiki da ƙwarewa yana ɗan shekara bakwai. Mahaifiyarsa ta adana ladansa a cikin asusun amintar da kwaleji, kuma tana fatan ɗanta daga ƙarshe zai zama malami, yana damuwa da cewa wasan kwaikwayo ba shi da tsaro kuma "aikin banza". Lokacin da Affleck yakai shekaru 13, yayi fim a shirin talabijin na yara a Meziko. Ya koyi yin magana da Sifaniyanci a cikin shekara ɗaya da ya yi tafiya a cikin ƙasar tare da mahaifiyarsa da ɗan'uwansa.
A matsayin Cambridge Rindge da ɗalibin makarantar sakandaren Latin, Affleck ya yi aiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayon wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya sami ilhamar malamin wasan kwaikwayo Gerry Speca. Ya zama abokai na kusa da ɗan’uwa dalibi Matt Damon, wanda ya san shi tun yana ɗan shekara takwas. Kodayake Damon ya girmi shekaru biyu, su biyun suna da "sha'awa iri ɗaya" kuma dukansu suna so su bi aiki. Sun yi tafiya zuwa New York tare don yin wasan kwaikwayo da kuma adana kuɗi don tikitin jirgin ƙasa da na jirgin sama a cikin asusun banki na haɗin gwiwa. Duk da yake Affleck yana da babban maki na SAT, ya kasance ɗalibin da ba a mai da hankali ba tare da rashin halartan taro. Ya shafe 'yan watanni yana karatun Sifaniyanci a Jami'ar Vermont, wanda aka zaba saboda kusancinsa da budurwarsa ta lokacin, amma ya tafi bayan ya karye kwanyarsa yayin wasan kwallon kwando. A lokacin 18, Affleck ya koma Los Angeles, yana nazarin al'amuran Gabas ta Tsakiya a Kwalejin Occidental na shekara guda da rabi.
Ayyuka
1981–1997: Wasan yara da Farauta Mai Kyau Affleck ya yi aiki a matsayin sana'a a lokacin yarinta amma, a cikin nasa kalmomin, "ba wai a ma'ana ina da mahaifiya da ke son ɗauke ni zuwa Hollywood ko dangin da ke son samun kuɗi daga wurina ba Na yi wani irin abu. "Ya fara fitowa, yana dan shekara bakwai, a wani fim mai zaman kansa da ake kira The Dark End of the Street (1981), wanda Jan Egleson, wani aboki dangi ya ba da umarni. Babbar nasarar da ya samu a matsayinsa na ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin tauraro na jerin yara na PBS The Voyage of the Mimi (1984) da The Second Voyage of the Mimi (1988), wanda aka samar don karatun aji shida na kimiyya. Affleck ya yi aiki a kan Mimi daga shekara takwas zuwa goma sha biyar a duka Massachusetts da Mexico. Tun yana saurayi, ya fito a cikin ABC bayan makaranta Musamman da ake So: Cikakken Mutum (1986), fim din talabijin na Hannu na Baƙo (1987), da kuma tallan Burger King na 1989.
Bayan ya kammala makarantar sakandare, Affleck ya koma New York a takaice don neman aiki. Daga baya, yayin karatu a Kwalejin Occidental da ke Los Angeles, Affleck ya ba da umarnin fim ɗin ɗalibai. A matsayin dan wasan kwaikwayo, yana da jerin "bangarorin buga-buga, daya zuwa na gaba". Ya buga dan Patrick Duffy a cikin fim din talabijin na Daddy (1991), ba a bayyana shi ba a matsayin dan wasan kwallon kwando a fim din Buffy the Vampire Slayer (1992), kuma yana da rawar tallafi a matsayin dalibin makarantar firamare a Makarantar Makaranta (1992). Ya taka leda a makarantar sakandare a cikin gidan talabijin na NBC Against the Grain (1993), da kuma dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na makarantar sakandare a cikin Jiki don Mutu don: Labarin Aaron Henry (1994). Fitaccen rawar da Affleck ya taka a wannan lokacin shine fitinannen makarantar sakandare a cikin al'adun gargajiya na Richard Linklater Dazed and Confused (1993). Linklater ya so wani dan wasa mai son gaske don mummunan aiki kuma, yayin da Affleck ya kasance "babba kuma mai son zartarwa," ya kasance "mai wayo ne kuma cike da rayuwa na dai so shi." Daga baya Affleck ya ce Linklater ya taimaka a cikin lalata tsarin shirya fim a gare shi.
Rawar da fim din Affleck ya fara takawa a matsayin dalibi mara fasaha a kwalejin wasan kwaleji Glory Daze (1995), tare da Stephen Holden na The New York Times yana mai cewa "aikinsa mai kyau ya samu daidaitattun daidaito tsakanin mugunta da bakin ciki buhu". Sannan ya taka rawa a fim din fim din Kevin Smith mai suna Mallrats (1995), kuma ya zama abokai da Smith yayin daukar fim din. Affleck ya fara fargabar cewa za a mayar da shi wani aiki na "jefa mutane a cikin akwatunan su", amma Smith ya rubuta masa jagora a cikin wasan barkwanci mai suna Chasing Amy (1997). Fim din ya kasance nasarar Affleck. Janet Maslin ta jaridar New York Times ta yaba da kyakyawan sauƙin da Affleck ta taka, inda ta haɗu da “kyawun sua tare da sanadin wasan barkwanci”. Owen Gleiberman na Nishadi na mako-mako ya bayyana shi a matsayin "mai kyau da sauri-wayo" wasan kwaikwayo. A lokacin da Affleck ya zama tauraron dan wasan Koriya na baya-bayan nan da ya dawo cikin wasan kwaikwayo na zamani mai zuwa Go All Way (1997), Todd McCarthy na Iri-iri ya same shi "mai kyau", yayin da Janet Maslin na The New York Times ta lura cewa nasa "flair don comic kai-shakku sanya karfin ra'ayi."
Nasarar 1997 na Kyakkyawan Farauta, wanda Affleck ya rubuta tare da aiki da shi, ya nuna alama mai sauyawa a cikin aikin sa. Nunin allo ya samo asali ne a shekarar 1992 lokacin da Damon ya rubuta rubutu mai shafi 40 don ajin koyar da wasan kwaikwayo a jami'ar Harvard. Ya nemi Affleck ya yi wasan kwaikwayon tare da shi a gaban aji kuma, lokacin da Damon daga baya ya koma gidan da ke Los Angeles na Affleck, sai suka fara aiki da rubutun sosai. Fim ɗin, wanda suka rubuta galibi a lokacin da ba a inganta shi, an saita shi ne a garinsu na Cambridge, kuma an ɗauko shi ne daga abubuwan da suka samu. Sun sayar da fim din ga Castle Rock a 1994 lokacin da Affleck ke da shekaru 22. A yayin aiwatar da ayyukan ci gaba, sun karbi bayanai daga mutanen masana'antar da suka hada da Rob Reiner da William Goldman. Bayan doguwar takaddama da Castle Rock game da daraktan da ya dace, Affleck da Damon sun lallashi Miramax da ta sayi fim din. Abokan biyu sun koma Boston na tsawon shekara guda kafin daga karshe fim din ya fara aiki, wanda Gus Van Sant ya bada umarni, kuma suka hada da Damon, Affleck, Minnie Driver, da Robin Williams. Bayan fitowar ta, Janet Maslin ta jaridar The New York Times ta yaba da "fim mai kaifin hankali da tabawa", yayin da Emanuel Levy na Iri-iri ya same shi "mai ban dariya, mara son jiki, mai motsi da fushi". Jay Carr na The Boston Globe ya rubuta cewa Affleck ya kawo “kyakkyawar tausasawa” zuwa ga matsayinsa na babban aboki mai aiki da halayen Damon na halayen lissafi. Affleck da Damon a ƙarshe sun sami lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da kuma lambar yabo ta Kwalejin don Mafi Kyawun Hoton Allo. Affleck ya bayyana wannan lokacin na rayuwarsa a matsayin "mai kamar mafarki": "Ya kasance kamar ɗayan waɗannan al'amuran a cikin tsohuwar fim lokacin da wata jarida ta zo tana jujjuya baki daga allon zuwa allon. Ka sani, 100 Million Box Office! Awards! "Shi ne saurayi mafi karancin shekaru (yana da shekara 25) da ya taba cin lambar Oscar don rubutun allo.
1998–2002: Matsayin mutum mai jagoranci Armageddon, wanda aka fito dashi a 1998, ya kafa Affleck a matsayin jagora mai haƙiƙa don fina-finan studio na Hollywood. Har yanzu ba a saki Good Will Hunting ba yayin aikin jefa simintin kuma, bayan gwajin allon na Affleck, darekta Michael Bay ya kore shi a matsayin "gwanin birgewa". Wanda ya shirya shi Jerry Bruckheimer ya gamsu da cewa Affleck zai zama tauraruwa, amma ana bukatar mai wasan ya rage kiba, ya zama mai rauni, kuma ya toshe haƙora kafin a fara fim. Fim din, inda ya haskaka a gaban Bruce Willis a matsayin mai zane-zane mai zane-zane wanda NASA ta ɗora masa tare da dakatar da maganin tauraron sama daga yin karo da Duniya, nasarar nasarar ofishin ce. Daphne Merkin ta The New Yorker ta ce: "Affleck ya nuna kyakkyawar ƙawa ta Paul Newmanish kuma a bayyane yake ga tauraro." tauraruwarsa ta lokacin-budurwarsa Gwyneth Paltrow. Lael Loewenstein na Iri-iri ya faɗi cewa Affleck "yana yin wasu kyawawan ayyukansa, yana nuna cewa wasan kwaikwayo na iya zama ainihin kiransa," yayin da Janet Maslin na The New York Times ta same shi "mai ban dariya". Shakespeare a cikin Love ya lashe kyaututtuka bakwai na Kwalejin, gami da Mafi kyawun hoto, yayin da thean wasan suka sami lambar yabo ta Aan wasan kwaikwayo na Awararrun forwararru don standingwarewar Ayyuka ta aan wasa. Bayan haka Affleck ya fito a matsayin karamin sheriff a cikin fim mai ban tsoro na Phantoms. Stephen Holden na jaridar The New York Times ya yi mamakin dalilin da ya sa 'yan wasa kamar Affleck da Peter O'Toole suka yarda suka fito a fim din "junky": "Damben da Affleck ya nuna ya nuna yana karanta hirar tasa a karon farko, kai tsaye daga katin da aka nuna."
Affleck da Damon sun sake haduwa ta fuskar allo a fim din Kevin Smith wanda yake Dogma (bayan sun fito a fina-finan Smith da suka gabata, Mallrats da Chasing Amy), wanda aka fara a 1999 Cannes Film Festival. Janet Maslin ta jaridar New York Times ta yi nuni da cewa su biyun, suna wasa da mala'iku da suka faɗi, "sun kawo babbar fahimta mai ma'ana ga wayayyun maganganun Mista Smith da tunanin dabbobin daji". Affleck ya kasance tare da Sandra Bullock a cikin wasan kwaikwayo mai suna Force of Nature (1999), yana wasa da ango wanda ƙoƙarin sa zuwa bikin auren sa ya kasance mai rikitarwa ta hanyar abokin tafiya mai kyauta. Owen Gleiberman na Nishadi Mako-mako ya faɗi cewa Affleck "yana da saurin lalacewa da kuke so a cikin gwarzo mai wasan ƙwallon ƙafa," yayin da Joe Leydon na Iri-iri ya yaba da "nasarar da ya samu na taka rawa a kan kyawawan halayensa a cikin wasan motsa jiki mai ban dariya" Bayan haka sai Affleck ya bayyana a gaban Courtney Love a cikin wasan kwaikwayo da ba a gani ba a cikin wasan Cigarettes 200 (1999).
Yana da sha'awar aikin shugabanci, Affleck ya yi inuwar John Frankenheimer a duk lokacin da aka gabatar da wasannin Reindeer Games (2000). Frankenheimer, wanda yake jagorantar fim dinsa na karshe, ya bayyana Affleck da cewa "yana da matukar nasara, kyakkyawar dabi'a game da shi. Na dade ina yin hakan kuma da gaske yana daya daga cikin masu kyau." Ya fito a gaban Charlize Theron kamar Laifi mai taurin kai, tare da Elvis Mitchell na The New York Times da ke jin daɗin zaɓin jefa ƙuri'a wanda ba zato ba tsammani: "Affleck yakan ba da shawarar ɗaya daga cikin Kennedys da ke wasa Clark Kent Yana kama da bai taɓa rasa wata liyafa ba ko barcin dare. Yana wasa, Kodayake, kuma ɗan sauƙaƙinsa ya yi amfani da Wasannin Reindeer. A.O. Scott na The New York Times ya ji cewa Affleck ya "gano" wasan kwaikwayon Alec Baldwin a Glengarry Glen Ross, yayin da Peter Rainer na mujallar New York ya ce "yana yin jerin gwano a kan Baldwin na aria, kuma kowannensu yana da dariya da zalunci fiye da na gaba Sannan ya gabatar da muryar Yusufu a cikin rai mai rai: Sarkin Mafarki. A fim dinsa na karshe na 2000, Affleck ya fito a gaba da budurwarsa Paltrow a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Bounce. Stephen Holden na jaridar The New York Times ya yaba da “tsananin bayanin da kuma cikakken bayani” game da aikin nasa: “Hotonsa na wani saurayi, wanda ya bayyana kansa da izgili da‘ mutum mutumin ’wanda ba shi da rabi kamar yadda yake so ya bayyana ya kusa to tabbatacce. Affleck ya sake haɗuwa tare da darekta Michael Bay saboda wasan kwaikwayon yaƙi da ake yiwa Pearl Harbor (2001). A.O. Scott na The New York Times ya ji Affleck da Kate Beckinsale "sun yi abin da za su iya da layinsu, kuma su haskaka tare da haskakawar taurarin fina-finai na gaskiya". Koyaya, Todd McCarthy na Iri-iri ya rubuta "kyakkyawa kyakkyawa Affleck ba zai iya gamsar da shi cewa zai taɓa yin abin da aka ƙi ba na kwanan wata, da yawa ya rasa ƙaunar rayuwarsa ga babban amininsa". Bayan haka Affleck ya sanya kyakkyawar farauta tare da Damon da Van Sant a cikin Kevin Smith's Jay da Silent Bob Strike Back (2001), sun yi wasan kwaikwayo a wasan barkwanci na Daddy da Them (2001), kuma suna da rawar tallafi a cikin ba a gani ba Dabba Na Uku (2002). Ya nuna mai nazarin CIA Jack Ryan a cikin wasan kwaikwayon Babban Taron Duk Fargaba (2002). Stephen Holden na jaridar The New York Times ya ji an bata masa suna a rawar da Harrison Ford da Alec Baldwin suka taka a baya: "Duk da cewa Mista Affleck na iya yin kira a lokacin da yake taka rawa ga samari masu kwazo zuwa ga balaga, kawai bai rasa gravitas na rawar ba. "Affleck ya sami" gogewa mai ban mamaki "wanda ya zama mai ban sha'awa Canza Lanes (2002), sannan daga baya ya ambaci Roger Michell a matsayin wanda ya koya daga matsayin darakta. Robert Koehler na Iri-iri ya bayyana shi a matsayin ɗayan wasan kwaikwayon da “aka yi sosai”: “Tafiya cikin hazo na ɗabi’a ya tilasta masa yin wasa cikin ciki da tunani fiye da yadda ya taɓa yi.”
Affleck ya kara shiga harkar telebijin da fim a farkon 2000s. Shi da Damon sun kafa finafinan Pearl Street a 1998, suna bayan titin da ya gudana tsakanin gidajen yarintarsu. Kamfaninsu na gaba na samarwa mai suna LivePlanet, wanda aka kafa a 2000 tare da Sean Bailey da Chris Moore, sun nemi shigar da Intanet a cikin gidan talabijin na yau da kullun da kuma samar da fina-finai. Babbar nasarar LivePlanet ita ce jerin shirye-shiryen shirin Project Greenlight, wanda aka watsa akan HBO sannan daga baya Bravo, wanda ya mai da hankali kan ba masu yin fim a karon farko damar ba da damar shirya fim. Project Greenlight an zaba shi ne don Kyautar Emmy Primetime na Gaskiya na Gaskiya a 2002, 2004 da 2005. Push, Nevada (2002), wanda Affleck da Bailey suka kirkira, suka rubuta kuma suka samar dashi, wani jerin wasan kwaikwayo ne na ABC mai ban al'ajabi wanda ya sanya wasan-mai-kallo cikin wasan kwaikwayon. Caryn James na The New York Times ya yaba da wasan kwaikwayon "jijiya, tunani da wayo na rubutu", amma Robert Bianco na USA Today ya bayyana shi a matsayin "buga-kashe" na Twin Peaks. ABC ta dakatar da wasan kwaikwayon bayan lokuta bakwai saboda ƙimanta ƙima. Bayan lokaci, sai aka mayar da hankali kan LivePlanet daga ayyukan masarufi zuwa samar da fim na gargajiya. Affleck da abokan aikin sa sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar samar da fim tare da Disney a 2002; ya ƙare a cikin 2007.Affleck ya ƙara shiga cikin harkar talabijin da shirya fim a farkon 2000s. Shi da Damon sun kafa finafinan Pearl Street a 1998, suna bayan titin da ya gudana tsakanin gidajen yarintarsu. Kamfaninsu na gaba na samarwa mai suna LivePlanet, wanda aka kafa a 2000 tare da Sean Bailey da Chris Moore, sun nemi shigar da Intanet a cikin gidan talabijin na yau da kullun da kuma samar da fina-finai. Babbar nasarar LivePlanet ita ce jerin shirye-shiryen shirin Project Greenlight, wanda aka watsa akan HBO sannan daga baya Bravo, wanda ya mai da hankali kan ba masu yin fim a karon farko damar ba da damar shirya fim. Project Greenlight an zaba shi ne don Kyautar Emmy Primetime na Gaskiya na Gaskiya a 2002, 2004 da 2005. Push, Nevada (2002), wanda Affleck da Bailey suka kirkira, suka rubuta kuma suka samar dashi, wani jerin wasan kwaikwayo ne na ABC mai ban al'ajabi wanda ya sanya wasan-mai-kallo cikin wasan kwaikwayon. Caryn James na The New York Times ya yaba da wasan kwaikwayon "jijiya, tunani da wayo na rubutu", amma Robert Bianco na USA Today ya bayyana shi a matsayin "buga-kashe" na Twin Peaks. ABC ta dakatar da wasan kwaikwayon bayan lokuta bakwai saboda ƙimanta ƙima. Bayan lokaci, sai aka mayar da hankali kan LivePlanet daga ayyukan masarufi zuwa samar da fim na gargajiya. Affleck da abokan aikin sa sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar samar da fim tare da Disney a 2002; ya ƙare a 2007.
2003–2005: Faduwar aiki da sanannen tabloid Duk da yake Affleck ya kasance tabloid adadi mai yawa na aikinsa, ya kasance batun karuwar kula da kafofin watsa labarai a 2003 saboda dangantakarsa da Jennifer Lopez. A ƙarshen shekara, Affleck ya zama, a cikin maganganun GQ, "ɗan wasan da ya fi kowa fallasa duniya". Sanannen sanannen tabloid dinsa yayi daidai da jerin finafinan da basu samu karbuwa ba.
Na farko daga cikin wadannan shine Daredevil (2003), wanda Affleck ya zama tauraron jarumi makaho. Affleck ya kasance mai son yin littafin barkwanci, kuma, a cikin 1999, ya rubuta wani jigo na kare Shaidan Kevin Smith game da soyayyarsa da halayen Daredevil. Fim ɗin ya kasance cikin nasara ta kasuwanci, amma ya sami gauraye martani daga masu sukar. Elvis Mitchell na The New York Times ya ce Affleck "ya ɓace" a cikin rawar: "Babban mutum, Mista Affleck ya firgita da rawar da yake da shi ta fuska ɗaya Mista Affleck don nuna karimcinsa a matsayin dan wasan kwaikwayo. A shekarar 2014, Affleck ya bayyana Daredevil a matsayin fim daya tilo da ya yi nadamar yinsa. Nan gaba ya zama ɗan ƙaramin rukuni a cikin wasan barkwanci Gigli (2003), tare da Lopez. Fim din ya kusan nuna tsoro, tare da Manohla Dargis na jaridar Los Angeles Times yana mai cewa "Affleck ba shi da sara ko laya da zai iya jujjuya abubuwan da suka gabata (ko abin da ya gabata)." darekta Marty Brest tun bayan fitowar fim din, yana mai bayyana shi a matsayin "ɗayan manyan daraktoci na gaske". A fim dinsa na karshe na 2003, Affleck ya yi fice a matsayin injiniyan da ya juya baya a fim din Paycheck (2003). Peter Bradshaw na jaridar The Guardian ya yi tsokaci game da "layin lalata da kai" na Affleck kuma yana mamakin dalilin da yasa ya kasa samun ingantattun rubutun. Manohla Dargis na jaridar Los Angeles Times ya ga cewa "ba daidai ba ne" don a soki Affleck, ganin cewa "yana da irin wannan shekarar mai wahala".
Bayanin sanarwa mara kyau na Affleck ya ci gaba a cikin 2004 lokacin da ya yi fice a matsayin mijinta wanda aka yi masa rasuwa a cikin wasan barkwanci mai suna Jersey Girl, wanda mai haɗin gwiwa na dogon lokaci Smith ya jagoranta. Stephen Holden na jaridar The New York Times ya bayyana Affleck a matsayin dan wasan kwaikwayo "wanda hazakarsa ta dusashe yayin da sanannen labarinsa ya yadu," yayin da Joe Leydon na Iri-iri ya sami matsayinsa na asali a matsayin uba "yana shafar". Daga baya a waccan shekarar, ya fara fitowa a gaban James Gandolfini a cikin wasan barkwanci mai tsira da Kirsimeti. Holden ya lura a cikin jaridar The New York Times cewa fim din "ya samo wata dabara ta amfani da halayen rashin yarda na Ben Affleck. Murmushi irin na mai wasan kwaikwayo, farin ciki mai kyau da kuma zagin frat-boy swagger ya dace da halayensa." A wannan lokacin, da ingancin rubutun da aka baiwa Affleck "yana ta kara tabarbarewa" kuma ya yanke shawarar yin hutun aiki. Jaridar Los Angeles Times ta wallafa wani yanki a kan faduwar aikin kamfanin na Affleck a karshen shekarar 2004. Labarin ya lura da cewa, ba kamar masu sukar fina-finai da 'yan jaridu na tabloid ba, "kwararrun masana masana'antu kadan ne ke yin murna saboda wahalar da Affleck ya sha".
2006–2015: Fitowa a matsayin darakta Bayan ya auri ’yar fim Jennifer Garner a 2005, kuma ya yi wa ɗansu na farko maraba, Affleck ya fara dawowa cikin aiki a shekara ta 2006. Bayan rawar da ya taka a cikin mutumin da ba a gani sosai game da Town da kuma ƙaramin rawa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na laifi Smokin 'Aces, Affleck ya sami yabo saboda aikin sa kamar George Reeves a cikin noir biopic Hollywoodland. Peter Travers na Rolling Stone ya yaba da "aikin gwargwadon gudummawa Wannan ana jinsa ne, aikin nishaɗi daga wani ɗan wasan kwaikwayo wasunmu sun yi saurin rubutawa." Geoffrey Macnab na The Guardian ya ce "da kyau" an kama mutumin cakuda mai ni'ima, laulayi da kuma kaddara An ba shi Kofin Volpi a bikin Fina Finai na Venice kuma an zabe shi don Gwanin Zinare don Mafi Kyawun Jarumi. Hakanan a cikin 2006, ya yi fice a cikin Smith's Clerks II.
A cikin 2007, Affleck ya fara gabatar da fim dinsa na farko tare da Gone Baby Gone, wasan kwaikwayo na aikata laifi a cikin wata unguwar masu aiki a cikin garin Boston, tare da dan uwansa Casey a matsayin mai binciken sirri na neman wani matashi da aka sace. Affleck co ya rubuta labarin fim din, wanda ya danganta da littafin Dennis Lehane, tare da abokinsa na yarinta Aaron Stockard, tun da farko ya ambaci aniyarsa ta daidaita labarin a 2003. Ya buɗe don sake dubawa mai ban sha'awa. Manohla Dargis na The New York Times ya yaba da fim ɗin "ƙwarewa ga gwagwarmayar gaske", yayin da Stephen Farber na The Hollywood Reporter ya bayyana shi a matsayin "mai tunani, mai daɗaɗa rai, [kuma] an kashe shi da kyau".
Duk da yake Affleck ya yi niyyar "ci gaba da ba da fifiko kan bayar da umarni" ci gaba a cikin aikinsa, ya yi fim a cikin fina-finai uku a cikin 2009. A cikin wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya mai suna He Just Not That Into You, sunadarai tsakanin Affleck da Jennifer Aniston an yaba Affleck ya taka rawar gani a majalisa a wasan kwaikwayo na siyasa. Wesley Morris na The Boston Globe ya same shi "yana da kyau a cikin rawar rawar fim ɗin," amma David Edelstein na New York Magazine ya yi tsokaci game da Affleck: "Yana iya zama mai hankali da tunani a rayuwa [amma] a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ƙafafunsa suna juyawa a hankali kuma. "Yana da rawar tallatawa a matsayin mashaya a fim din ban dariya mai ban mamaki wanda aka cire. Peter Travers na Rolling Stone ya bayyana aikinsa da cewa "abin farin ciki ne", yayin da Manohla Dargis na The New York Times ya bayyana shi "aikin gaske". A cikin 2010, Affleck ya fito a cikin Kamfanin Kamfanin Maza a matsayin babban daraktan tallace-tallace wanda aka ba shi aiki ba a lokacin rikicin kuɗi na 2007-2008. David Denby na The New Yorker ya bayyana cewa Affleck "ya ba da mafi kyaun aikinsa tukuna", yayin da Richard Corliss na Time ya gano cewa "ya fare faifan Bobby daga hubris zuwa wulakanci"
Bayan nasarar nasarar kasuwanci ta Gone Baby Gone, Warner Bros. ya kulla kyakkyawar alakar aiki da Affleck kuma ya bashi zabin rubutun Studio. Ya yanke shawarar jagorantar wasan kwaikwayo na aikata laifi Garin (2010), wanda ya dace da littafin Chuck Hogan na Yariman ɓarayi. Ya kuma sake rubuta fim din kuma ya fito a fim din a matsayin dan fashin banki. Fim ɗin ya zama abin ban mamaki a ofisoshin ofishi, kuma ya sami babban yabo ga Affleck. A.O. Scott na jaridar The New York Times ya yaba da "kwarewarsa da yarda da kai a matsayinsa na babban darakta," yayin da Roger Ebert na Chicago Sun-Times ya ce: "Affleck yana da kayan babban darakta. Komai yana nan. mai birgewa, yana aiki kafada da kafada da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, yana da natsuwa. "Har ila yau a 2010, Affleck da kamfanin samar da Damon, Pearl Street Films, sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar samar da kayan farko a Warner Bros.
Ba da daɗewa ba Affleck ya fara aiki a kan aikinsa na darektansa na gaba, Argo (2012), don Warner Bros. Wanda Chris Terrio ya rubuta kuma ya fito da Affleck a matsayin jami'in CIA, fim ɗin ya ba da labarin shirin CIA don ceton jami'an diflomasiyyar Amurka shida a lokacin da Iran ta yi garkuwa da 1979. rikici ta hanyar ƙirƙirar samarwa don babban fim ɗin almara na kimiyya. Anthony Lane na The New Yorker ya ce fim din ya ba da "karin hujja cewa ba mu yi kuskure game da Ben Affleck ba". Peter Travers na Rolling Stone ya ce: "Affleck yana ɗaukar mataki na gaba a cikin abin da ya zama kamar babban aikin jagorantar Yana jagorantar jahannama daga gare ta, yana ƙusoshin saurin hanzari, dariyar ɓatacciyar hanya, rashin jin daɗin jijiya." Babban nasarar da aka samu mai matukar muhimmanci da kasuwanci, Argo ya sami lambar yabo ta Kwalejin, da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe, da kuma lambar yabo ta BAFTA don mafi kyawun hoto. Castan wasan sun sami lambar yabo ta Aan wasan kwaikwayo na allo don rawar gani da Outan wasa. Affleck da kansa ya sami lambar yabo ta Golden Globe Award, Directors Guild of America Award, da BAFTA Award for Best Director, ya zama darakta na farko da ya lashe wadannan kyaututtukan ba tare da gabatar da lambar yabo ga Kwalejin Karatu ba don Darakta Mafi Kyawu.
Shekarar da ta gabata Affleck ya taka rawar gani a wasan kwaikwayon gwaji na Terrence Malick Zuwa Abin mamaki. Malick, babban aminin mahaifin Affleck ne, ya fara haduwa da jarumin a shekarun 1990 domin bashi shawara game da makircin Good Will Hunting. Peter Bradshaw na jaridar The Guardian ya ji daɗin "aikin nuna mutunci da sanin ya kamata," yayin da The New Yorker's Richard Brody ya bayyana Affleck a matsayin "mai kwazo kuma mai kwazon aiki" wanda "ke gabatar da ma'anar tunani da son rai". Ayyukan da Affleck ya yi a matsayin mai gidan karta an dauke shi a matsayin babban abin haskakawa game da yadda aka kayatar da Runner Runner (2013). Betsy Sharkey na jaridar Los Angeles Times ta nuna cewa "an kashe mutum daya ne kawai, kuma Affleck ya taka shi kamar Bach kontrato duk bayanin da aka buga da kyau." Daga nan sai ya mayar da aikinsa a shirinsa na darekta don zama tauraro mijin da ake zargi da kisan kai a cikin tarihin David Fincher mai ban sha'awa Gone Girl (2014). Fincher ya jefa shi wani bangare saboda ya fahimci yadda yake ji idan aka yada shi ta hanyar kafofin yada labarai na tabloid: "Abin da mutane da yawa ba su sani ba shi ne mahaukaci ne, amma tunda ba ya son hakan ya zama mara dadi, sai ya yi kasa-kasa da shi. Ina tsammanin ya koyi yadda ake yin wasan tsere a kan laya. "David Edelstein na Mujallar New York ya lura cewa salon jagorancin Fincher yana da" tasiri "ga aikin Affleck:" Ban taba tunanin zan rubuta wadannan kalmomin ba, amma yana dauke da fim. Yana da ban tsoro. "Justin Chang na Iri-iri ya sami Affleck" wanda aka tsara shi da kyau Wannan juzu'i ne na juyawa, yana buƙatar gwargwadon taka tsantsan da nuna jin daɗi, kuma ya ƙusance shi gaba ɗaya. "A cikin 2015, Affleck kuma Damon's Project Greenlight ya farfado da HBO na tsawon lokaci ɗaya.
2016 present: Rawar da ya taka a Batman da cigaba da jagorancin Ganin yadda sunan Affleck ya karu a matsayin mai shirya fina-finai, sai ya yanke hukuncin zama Batman a fim din jarumai na 2016 Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Dave Itzkoff na The New York Times ya dauke shi a matsayin "wani abu ne mai rikitarwa". [154] Kodayake zaɓen 'yan wasan ya gamu da fushin magoya baya sosai, Ayyukan Affleck a ƙarshe ya sami kyakkyawan liyafar Andrew Barker na Iri-iri sun same shi "mai cike da nasara, mai kwarjini," yayin da Brian Truitt na Amurka A yau ya ji daɗin "ƙarfinsa" da "abin mamakin motsin rai" game da halin. Affleck ya sake maimaita matsayinsa na Batman sau biyu, yana yin fito-na-fito a cikin Kungiyoyin Kashe Kan Su (2016) da tauraro a cikin Justice League (2017). Justiceungiyar Adalci ta jawo ra'ayoyi mabanbanta daga masu sukar; Todd McCarthy na Hollywood Reporter ya rubuta cewa Affleck "ya yi kama da ya fi son zama kusan ko ina amma a nan.
Baya ga alkawurran Batman da dama, Affleck ya fito a wasu fina-finai guda biyu a shekarar 2016. Ya fito a matsayin akanta mai taka-tsantsan a cikin shirin mai kayatarwa The Accountant (2016), wanda ya kasance nasarar kasuwancin da ba a zata ba. Peter Debruge na Iri-iri ya ji halin "yaro-na gaba-gaba" halin "don haka ya zama al'ada kuma ba mai wasan kwaikwayo ba cewa yawancin wasan kwaikwayon nasa suna jin kallon ɗaya daga cikin ƙawayen ku ne a kan allo" ya kasance "mai matukar dacewa" ga rawar. Stephen Holden na jaridar New York Times ya yi mamakin dalilin da ya sa Affleck, "yana mai gani matacce kuma mai bakin ciki," ya sadaukar da kansa ga fim din. Live by Night, wanda Affleck ya rubuta, ya ba da umarni, ya shirya, kuma ya yi tauraro a ciki, an sake shi a ƙarshen 2016. An samo asali ne daga littafin Dennis Lehane mai suna iri daya, wasan kwaikwayon zamanin haramtacciyar kungiya ya samu karbuwa sosai ba tare da an dawo da dala miliyan 65 ba. David Sims na The Atlantic ya bayyana shi a matsayin "rikici mai ban sha'awa na fim" kuma ya soki wasan kwaikwayon "tsayayye, mara dadi" na Affleck. Ya lura cewa ɗayan wasan kwaikwayon na ƙarshe "an shirya shi da ban mamaki, aikinsa mai sauƙi kuma mai sauƙi a bi, wanda ke tunatar da ku irin ƙwarewar da Affleck ke da kyamara". A watan Oktoba 2016, Affleck da Damon sun yi fito-na-fito sau daya don karatun raye-raye na Kyakkyawan farauta a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Skirball da ke New York.
A yayin sake buguwa da shaye-shaye, Affleck bai yi aiki a shekarar 2017. Ya sauka daga matsayin darakta kuma marubucin jaridar The Batman, yana mai cewa "ba zai iya fasawa ba." Shekaru daga baya, ya ce shi yanzu ba shi da "sha'awar" labarin kuma aboki ne sun shawarce shi da ya sauka domin lafiyar sa. Wasaukar fim ɗin mai fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi mai suna Triple Frontier an dage shi da watanni shida don karɓar jinyar sa game da "al'amuran kiwon lafiya". Bayan da aka saki Triple Frontier a cikin 2019, Rodrigo Perez na Lissafin waƙa ya nuna cewa darekta JC Chandor "yana samun nisan miloli da yawa daga labarin Sad Affleck kuma wataƙila daraktan da ɗan wasan sun jingina da ra'ayin." Daga baya a cikin 2019, Affleck ya yi wani kamannin kamanni a cikin Jay da Silent Bob Reboot, kasancewar ba su da dangantaka da Kevin Smith tun lokacin da aka yi Clerks II a 2006. Affleck ya taka rawar tallafi a matsayin jami'in diflomasiyya a cikin Dee Rees mai ban sha'awa na siyasa Abubuwan Lastarshe da yake So (2020). Fim din Netflix, wanda aka yi fim a tsakiyar shekarar 2018, ya samu korafe-korafe marasa kyau daga masu suka, with Tomris Laffly of Variety yana bayanin ayyukan Affleck a matsayin "an cire mara kyau"
Fitaccen rawar da Affleck ya taka a matsayin mai shan giya a cikin wasannin motsa jiki mai suna The Way Back (2020) ya sami yabo sosai. Jigogin fim ɗin sun kasance "kusa da gida" don Affleck. Ya sake koma baya yayin gabatarwa a cikin shekarar 2018 kuma an dauki fim din a kwanakin bayan da ya baro lafiyarsa; Affleck ya yarda ya sanya albashin sa a rakiya kuma ya kasance tare da mai horarwa mai hankali. Richard Lawson na Vanity Fair ya ce yana da wuya a guji fim din "meta angle": "Affleck yana gudanar da aikinsa na san kai tare da tawali'u na karimci yana ba da aikin da aka gina ba daga tarihi ba ko kuma lokacin babban mai wasan kwaikwayo, amma maimakon daga rikitattun bayanai na wani mutum a cikin wani plateaued wahala David Sims na The Atlantic ya yaba da "dabara", "yanayin rauni" da "katako na zahiri" na aikinsa, yana mai bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi ƙarancin kuma mafi yanayin" aikinsa. Saboda cutar ta COVID-19, an rufe gidajen sinima a sati na biyu na fitowar fim ɗin kuma Warner Bros. Ya karɓi kyautar nominan wasa mafi kyau a iceabi'ar ritabi'ar Masu Canta
A watan Oktoba 2021, Affleck zai sami rawar tallafi a fim ɗin leyarshen Duel wanda Ridley Scott ya jagoranta; ya kuma rubuta zane-zane na fim din tare da Matt Damon da Nicole Holofcener. Affleck ya yi fim don nuna goyon baya a cikin wani abin da ya dace da littafin The Tender Bar, wanda George Clooney ya jagoranta. A shekarar 2022, Affleck zai kasance tauraruwa a gaban Ana de Armas a cikin shirin mai ban sha'awa na Adrian Lyne mai suna Deep Water, wanda ya dace da littafin Patricia Highsmith. Bugu da kari, duka Affleck da Michael Keaton sun yarda su rama matsayinsu kamar Batman a cikin Flash (2022).
Affleck yana da ayyuka da dama na bada umarnin jagorantar ci gaba, gami da karbuwa na "The Big Goodbye: Chinatown and the last Years of Hollywood", karbuwa daga "King Leopold's Ghost", fim na Yaƙin Duniya na II wanda yake mai da hankali a kan Sojan Fatalwowi, da wasan kwaikwayo na aikata laifi game da shari'ar ta mallakar zamba da akayi wa McDonald.
Ayyukan jin kai
Gabatarwar Kwango Bayan tafiye-tafiye a yankin tsakanin 2007 da farkon 2010, Affleck da Whitney Williams sun haɗu da organizationungiyar ba da agaji ta Gabashin Kongo Initiative a 2010. ECI tana matsayin mai bayar da tallafi ga kasar Congo, da kungiyoyin bada agaji. Tana bayar da horo da kayan aiki ga hadin gwiwar manoma na Kwango yayin bayar da hadin gwiwa da kamfanoni wadanda suka hada da Theo Chocolate da Starbucks. ECI kuma tana da niyyar wayar da kan jama'a da kuma kawo canjin manufofi a Amurka.
Affleck ya rubuta rubuce-rubuce game da matsalolin da ke fuskantar gabashin Congo don jaridar Washington Post, Politico, the Huffington Post, Time, The New York Times and the Los Angeles Lokaci. Ya bayyana a matsayin mai tattaunawar tattaunawa a lokuta da dama, gami da Cibiyar Nazari da Nazarin Kasa da Kasa, the Global Philanthropy Forum, and the Clinton Global Initiative. Yayin ziyarar Washington DC, Affleck ya ba da shaida a gaban Kwamitin Majalisar kan Afirka, Kiwon Lafiyar Duniya da 'Yancin Dan Adam, Kwamitin Kula da Ayyukan Makamai, Kwamitin Hulda da Kasashen Waje na Majalisar Dattawa, da kuma Kwamitin Kasa na Kudaden Majalisar Dattawa kan Jiha. Ayyuka na Foreignasashen Waje, da kuma Ayyuka Masu Alaƙa.
Sauran Dalilan Sadaka Affleck mai tallafawa ne ga A-T Yara na Yara. Yayin daukar fim din Force of Nature a 1998, Affleck ya yi abota da dan shekaru goma Joe Kindregan (1988–2015), wanda ke da cutar da ba kasafai ake samu ba ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T), da danginsa. Ya tsunduma cikin neman kudi don AT, kuma shi da Kindregan sun ba da shaida a gaban Kwamitin Daidaitawa kan Ayyuka na Majalisar, kan Kiwon Lafiya Ayyukan Dan Adam, da Ilimi a 2001, suna neman sanatoci su goyi bayan binciken kwayar halitta da kuma ninka ta kasafin kudin na Cibiyoyin Kiwan Lafiya na Kasa. A 2007, Affleck shine babban mai jawabi a bikin kammala karatun sakandare na Kindregan a Fairfax, Virginia. Kindregan ya fito a matsayin kari a cikin Argo (2012). A cikin 2013, don bikin ranar haihuwar Kindregan na 25 da "shekaru 15 na abota tare da Joe da danginsa," Affleck da Garner sun dace da gudummawar da aka bayar don A-T Yara Project. Affleck ya fito a cikin CinemAbility (2013), fim din fim wanda ke binciko hotunan Hollywood na nakasassu.
A wani bangare na rangadin da USO ta dauki nauyi, Affleck ya ziyarci jiragen ruwan da aka girka a Tekun Fasha a shekarar 2003, da sojoji a sansanin Ramstein na Jamus a shekarar 2017. Shi mai goyon bayan gurguntattun Sojojin Amurka ne. Ya dauki fim din sanarwa ta sanarwa ga kungiyar a cikin shekarar 2009 da 2014. Ya kuma ba da kansa a madadin Operation godiya.
Affleck memba ne na Ciyar da Majalisar Nishaɗin Amurka. Ya bayyana a Babban Bankin Abincin Boston a 2007, da kuma a bankin abinci na Denver a 2008. Affleck ya yi magana a taron ciyar da Amurka a Washington D.C. a shekara ta 2009, kuma ya yi fim ɗin sanarwar sanarwar jama'a game da sadaka a 2010. Affleck da Ellen DeGeneres sun ƙaddamar da Ciyar da Smallananan Changean Yakin Amurka Kamfen a 2011. Har ila yau, a waccan shekarar, shi da Howard Graham Buffett sun sake rubuta wani labari a jaridar The Huffington Post, inda suka nuna "karuwar karuwar yawan mutanen da ke fama da matsalar abinci wadanda ba su cancanci shirin abinci mai gina jiki na tarayya ba". A lokacin annobar COVID-19, Affleck ya shirya gasa ta shahararre ta yanar gizo don cin gajiyar sadaka, ya ba da gudummawar kai tsaye kuma ya bukaci wasu su tallafa wa "mawuyacin halinmu yara sun rasa damar cin abincin da suka dogara da shi, abokai da danginsu fuskantar matsaloli na aiki, tsofaffi, da iyalai masu karamin karfi. Affleck babban mai tallafi ne ga kungiyar bada agaji ta rashin gida marassa matsakaiciya na Midnight Mission, yana mai bayyana shi a matsayin sadaka da ke "taimaka wa wadanda ke cikin bukata da gidaje, horo, ci gaba da kuma murmurewa". Ya ba da kansa a ciki kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga sadaka. Ya kuma ba da kansa a Manufar Atlanta.
Siyasa
Ra'ayin Siyasa Affleck ya bayyana kansa a matsayin "mai sassaucin ra'ayi." Ya girma ne a cikin "dangin ƙungiyoyi masu ƙarfi". A cikin 2000, ya yi magana a wani taron gangami a Jami'ar Harvard don tallafawa karin albashin rayuwa ga dukkan ma'aikata a harabar; mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da jami'a. Daga baya ya ba da labarin wani shirin fim, mai suna (2002), game da zama-da aka shirya ta Harvard Campaign Living Wage Campaign. Affleck da Sanata Ted Kennedy sun yi taron manema labarai a kan Capitol Hill a 2004, suna matsawa kan ƙarin mafi ƙarancin albashi. Ya yi magana ne a wani taron manema labarai na 2007 a Fadar Shugaban Kasa ta Boston don nuna goyon baya ga kokarin hadewar SEIU ga ma’aikatan asibiti masu karamin albashi. Yayin Yajin Marubuta a 2008, Affleck ya nuna goyon baya ga masu zaba.
Affleck zaɓi ne na zaɓi. A wata hira da aka yi da shi a shekara ta 2000, ya bayyana cewa ya yi imanin "yana da matukar karfi a cikin yancin mace na zabi". A shekarar 2012, ya goyi bayan yakin Zane-Layi, yana mai bayyana hakkokin haihuwa kamar "na asali". Affleck ya daɗe yana goyon bayan halatta auren 'yan luwadi, yana mai cewa a 2004 cewa yana fatan yin waiwaye game da batun auren "tare da wani abin kunya game da yadda abin ya kasance a da." Har ila yau a waccan shekarar, ya nuna cewa "abin takaici ne da ban haushi" a nuna cewa mambobin al'umman da ba su da 'yanci daidai. Ya bayyana tare da dan uwansa na gay a cikin yakin Iyaye da Abokan 'Yan Madigo da' Yan Luwadi na 2005.
Affleck ya bayyana a wani taron manema labarai tare da Sanata mai wakiltar New York Chuck Schumer a shekarar 2002, don nuna goyon baya ga wani kudurin dokar hana yaduwar ta’addancin Nukiliya. A cikin 2003, ya soki yadda ake amfani da Dokar 'Yan kishin Kasa "abin tambaya da karfi" da kuma sakamakon hakan "cin zarafi kan' yancin jama'a". Wani mai rahoto a jaridar Washington Post ya ji Affleck yana Allah wadai da mamayar da Isra’ila ta yi wa Gaza a wajen taron Washington a shekarar 2009. Steven Clemons, wanda ya halarci tattaunawar, ya ce Affleck ya saurara "ga wani abin da aka dauka Abin da Affleck ya yi magana game da wannan daren yana da hankali, mai sarkakiya kuma yana da ma'ana sosai." Daga baya a wannan shekarar, a wata hira da New York Times Affleck ya nuna cewa ra'ayoyinsa sun fi kusanci da na jam'iyyar Labour ta Isra'ila fiye da Likud.
Affleck ya soki rage harajin Bush a lokuta da dama. A shekarar 2007, ya dauki fim din sanarwar baje kolin jama'a don Rarraba Mun Kasa, wani kamfen na AARP maras bangaranci da ke neman araha, ingantaccen kiwon lafiya ga dukkan Amurkawa.
A lokacin yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na shekara ta 2008, Affleck ya nuna damuwarsa game da tunanin makircin da ke nuna cewa Barack Obama Balarabe ne ko kuma Musulmi: matsala. "A shekarar 2012, ya yaba wa shugabancin Sanata John McCain kan kare Huma Abedin daga hare-haren kin jinin Musulmi. Affleck ya shiga tattaunawa game da alakar ka'idoji masu sassaucin ra'ayi da Musulunci yayin bayyanar 2014 a Real Time tare da Bill Maher. A cikin hirar da jaridar Guardian ta yi da shi a shekarar 2017, ya ce: "Na yi imani sosai da cewa babu wanda ya kamata a nuna wa wariyar launin fata ko addininsa. Yana daya daga cikin muhimman ka'idoji masu sassaucin ra'ayi."
Affleck na goyon bayan Kwaskwarimar ta Biyu, kuma ya ce a cikin 2012 cewa ya mallaki bindigogi da yawa, duka don harbi da kwarangwal da kuma danginsa. A shekarar 2020, ya ce tafiye-tafiye zuwa jeren bindigogi tun yana saurayi ya sanya shi "ba shi da dadi idan ya tuna abubuwan da suka faru, idan aka yi la’akari da masifun da ke tafe da matasa da bindigogi.”
Affleck ya bayyana tare da Sanata Barack Obama a wani taron gangami a 2006 don nuna goyon baya ga Shawara ta 87, wacce ke kokarin rage amfani da mai a madadin makamashi. Ya bayyana a wani bidiyon fadakarwa kan dumamar yanayi wanda Cibiyar Kula da Ci gaban Amurka ta Asusun ta samar a 2007. Har ila yau a waccan shekarar, Affleck ya yarda cewa shi "ba ya da kyau sosai game da zama kore" alhali, a shekarar 2014, ya sanya sunan "Chevelle na shekarar 1966" a matsayin yardarsa ta laifi. A cikin 2016, Affleck yayi fim don amincewa don Rezpect Our Water, takardar koke akan layi don dakatar da aikin Dakota Access Pipeline.
Ayyukan da yayi tare da jam'iyyar Democratic Affleck ya yi rijista don yin zabe a matsayin dan Democrat a shekarar 1992, kuma ya yi yakin neman zabe a madadin wasu ‘yan takarar shugabancin Democrat da dama. Ya goyi bayan Al Gore a makonnin ƙarshe na kamfen ɗin shugabancin 2000, yana halartar taruka a California, Pennsylvania, da Florida. Koyaya, Affleck bai sami damar kada kuri'a ba saboda batun rajista a New York, inda yake zaune a lokacin, sannan daga baya ya yi barkwanci, "Zan kada kuri'a sau biyu a gaba, cikin yanayin gaskiya na Boston."
Affleck ya yi wa Shugaba Barack Obama yakin neman zabe. Ya bayyana tare da Sanatan na wancan lokacin a wani taron gangami a shekara ta 2006, inda ya gabatar da shi a matsayin "shugaban da ya fi dacewa ya fito daga kowane bangare, a ganina, a kalla shekaru goma". Ya ba da gudummawa ga yakin neman zaben Obama a 2007, kuma ya dauki nauyin tara kudi ga dan takarar a lokacin zaben share fage na 2008. Affleck ya bukaci masu jefa kuri'a da su "taimaka wajen kafa tarihi" a cikin yakin MoveOn.org, kuma ya bayyana sau da yawa yayin Babban Taron Demokuradiyya na 2008. A cikin makon zaben shugaban kasa, ya fito ne a daren Asabar din don nuna goyon baya ga Sanata John McCain cikin raha. Affleck bai yi yakin neman sake zaben Obama a 2012 ba, duk da cewa har yanzu yana goyon bayan sa.
Affleck ya goyi bayan yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na Hillary Clinton a 2016. Ya fara haduwa da Clinton a Camp David a 1998 kuma, a lokacin da take ‘yar takarar majalisar dattijai a 2000, ya gabatar da ita a wani taron gangami na jami’ar Cornell kuma ya taimaka wajen tara kudi don kamfen dinta. Affleck ya nuna aikin da Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa take yi tare da yara, mata da “iyalai masu aiki”. Ya goyi bayan Obama a lokacin zaben share fage na 2008, yana mai lura da cewa, Clinton ta "matsa zuwa tsakiyar" a yayin yakin neman zaben. Affleck ya ba da gudummawa ga asusun kamfen na Clinton a lokacin zaben fidda gwani na 2016. A lokacin zaben shugaban kasa na shekara ta 2016, Affleck ya yi rikodin sanarwar ba da sanarwa ga masu kada kuri'a a New Hampshire, kuma kamfen din Clinton ya kira shi a matsayin "Hillblazer" daya daga cikin mutane 1,100 da suka ba da gudummawa ko suka tara akalla dala 100,000. Cibiyar Siyasa mai da martani ta ba da rahoton cewa ya tara dala 149,028.
A lokacin karshen matakan zaben fidda gwani na dan takarar shugaban kasa na shekarar 2020, Affleck ya ce yayin wata hira da aka yi da Sifen: “Ina son Bernie, ina son Biden, ina son Warren amma abin da ya fi yawa; Ba na son Trump.” A lokacin da Biden ya zama dan takarar Democrat, ya ba da gudummawa ga asusun yakin neman zabensa.
A 2002, Affleck ya ba da gudummawa ga yakin neman zaben Dick Gephardt, kuma ya bayyana a cikin litattafan kamfen din tsohuwar abokiyar karawarta Marjorie Decker, tana takara a matsayin kansila na gari a Massachusetts. Ya ba da gudummawa ga yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na duka Dennis Kucinich da Wesley Clark a 2003. A cikin 2005, ya ba da gudummawa ga asusun kamfen na Deval Patrick, dan takarar Gwamnan Massachusetts. A 2006, Affleck ya ba da gudummawa ga kamfen din magajin garin Cark Booker na Newark, kuma ya gabatar da dan majalisa Joe Courtney da Chris Murphy a taruka a Connecticut. Ya ba da gudummawa ga kamfen na 2008 na Patrick Murphy na Pennsylvania, da kuma kamfen na Sanatocin 2010 na Kirsten Gillibrand. Affleck ta dauki nauyin karbar kudi a 2012 ga dan takarar majalisar dattijai Elizabeth Warren, ta amince da ita a wani bidiyo na Kamfen Kamfen din Kamfen Canjin, kuma sun bayar da gudummawar kamfen. A shekarar 2013, ya dauki nauyin karbar kudi ga Cory Booker, kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga kamfen din Majalisar Dattawa na duka Booker da Alison Lundergan Grimes. Ya bayar da gudummawa ga yakin neman zaben dan takarar majalisar dattijai Kamala Harris a 2015 da kamfen din majalisa na Melissa Gilbert a shekarar 2016. A shekarar 2017, ya ba da gudummawa ga kamfen din sake zaben sanata na Elizabeth Warren da Chris Coons, da kuma yakin neman zaben Adam Schiff. A cikin 2018, ya ba da gudummawa ga kamfen na majalisa na Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, Sharice Davids da Leann Jacobsen, da kuma ga dan takarar gwamna na Michigan Abdul El-Sayed. A shekarar 2019, Affleck ya ba da gudummawar kudaden yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na Cory Booker da Kamala Harris, kuma ya dauki nauyin tara kudi ga Booker. Haka kuma a cikin 2019, ya ba da gudummawa ga kuɗaɗen yakin neman zaɓe na Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez da Ilhan Omar. A cikin 2020, ya yi magana a wani taron nuna goyon baya ga Whitney Williams, 'yar takara a zaben gwamnan Montana na 2020.
A farkon shekarun 2000, sau da yawa Affleck ya nuna sha'awar tsayawa takarar siyasa, wata rana, amma tun 2007, ya musanta duk wani buri na siyasa kuma ya yi ta maimaita magana game da bukatar sake fasalin kudin kamfen. A shekarar 2005, jaridar Washington Post ta ruwaito cewa Virginia Democrats na kokarin shawo kan Affleck ya tsaya takarar dan majalisar dattijai. Mai yada labaransa ya yi watsi da jita-jitar. A shekarar 2012, masana siyasa da masana dabarun Democrat da suka hada da Bob Shrum da Tad Devine sun yi hasashen cewa Affleck na tunanin tsayawa takarar kujerar sanata a Massachusetts. Affleck ya musanta jita-jitar, kuma ya yi barkwanci cewa "shi ma ba zai jefa hular ta a cikin zobe don gudanar da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba."
Rayuwar mutum
Aure da yara Affleck ya auri yar fim Jennifer Garner daga 2005 zuwa 2018, kuma suna da yara uku tare. Sun fara soyayya ne a tsakiyar 2004, bayan sun kulla abota a tashar Pearl Harbor (2001) da Daredevil (2003). Sun yi aure a ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2005, a wani bikin Turkawa da Caicos masu zaman kansu. Victor Garber, wanda ya jagoranci bikin, da abokin aikinsa, Rainer Andreesen, su ne kadai baƙi. Sun sanar da rabuwarsu a watan Yunin 2015, tare da Affleck wanda ke ci gaba da zama a masaukin baki a gidan har zuwa tsakiyar shekarar 2017. Sun hada kai sun raba aure a watan Afrilu na shekarar 2017 kuma an kammala shi a watan Oktoba 2018. A shekarar 2020, Affleck ya bayyana kisan a matsayin "babban nadamar rayuwata" da kuma "wani abin da ya faru mai zafi, koda kuwa kana kan mafi kyawun sharadi kuma ka yarda shine mafi kyawun zabi."
Affleck da Garner suna da 'ya'ya uku tare:' ya'ya mata Violet Anne (an haife ta a watan Disambar 2005) da Seraphina Rose Elizabeth (an haife shi a Janairu 2009), da ɗa Samuel Garner (an haife shi a Fabrairu 2012). A cikin takaddun saki, Affleck da Garner sun nemi haɗin kan 'ya'yansu na zahiri da na doka.
Duk da yake Affleck ya yi imanin cewa hankalin paparazzi "wani bangare ne na yarjejeniyar" na taurari, ya yi magana game da hotunan da aka dauka a gidansa na musamman da kuma sha'awar paparazzi ga yaransa musamman, wanda ya ce ya zama "babban kudi" don masu daukar hoto suna jira a wajen gidansa. A shekarar 2013, Affleck da Garner sun shirya wa ‘yan majalisa wani biki a gidansu don nuna goyon baya ga kudirin dokar da za ta kare‘ ya’yan shahararrun daga masu daukar hoto; diyar su mai shekaru shida tayi wani jawabi game da abubuwan da suka faru da ita. Garner ya kuma ba da shaida a gaban Kwamitin Shari’ar Majalisar California don goyon bayan kudirin, wanda daga baya ya zama doka. Duk da cewa har yanzu ana iya daukar hotunan yara, halayyar da ke "firgitawa, damuwa, azaba, ko firgita" yara haramun ne, kamar yadda kwanto ke kwanto a wajen ayyukansu daban-daban. Duk da dokar, masu daukar hoto suna jira koyaushe a wajen makarantar 'ya'yansu kuma ana bukatar taimakon' yan sanda wani lokacin idan sun matso sosai. A cikin 2014, Affleck yayi jayayya don nuna goyon baya ga tsarin salon mulkin Burtaniya wanda ke buƙatar kafofin watsa labarai su ɓata fuskokin yara a cikin hotunan da aka buga.
Affleck, Garner da 'yarsu Violet sun sami umarnin hana su a shekarar 2008 a kan Steven Burky, Garner wanda ya dade yana bin sahun. An kama Burky a cikin Disamba 2009 a gaban makarantar sakandaren 'yarsu. An tuhume shi da aikata laifuka biyu na sa-in-sa, wanda ya ki amsa laifinsa saboda hauka. A watan Maris na 2010, aka yanke masa hukunci cewa mahaukaci ne, an tura shi zuwa asibitin mahaukata na jihar California, kuma an umurce shi da ya kaurace wa dangin Affleck na tsawon shekaru 10 idan an sake shi.
Dangantaka da Jennifer Lopez Affleck yana da dangantaka ta watanni 18 tare da Jennifer Lopez daga 2002 zuwa 2004. Bayan haduwa a kan saitin Gigli a ƙarshen 2001, sun fara farawa ne a watan Yulin 2002 lokacin da Lopez ya nemi saki daga mijinta na biyu Cris Judd. Daga baya suka yi aiki tare kan bidiyon kide-kide "Jenny daga Block" da fim din Jersey Girl (2004). Dangantakar su ta sami yaduwar yada labarai sosai. Tabloids suna kiran ma'auratan da "Bennifer", wani hoto mai kyau wanda Vanity Fair ya bayyana a matsayin "farkon irin wannan alamar tabloid". Sun shiga shaƙatawa a watan Nuwamba na 2002 amma an daga ɗaurin aurensu a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2003 tare da sanarwar kwana huɗu saboda "kulawar kafofin watsa labarai da yawa". Sun ƙare yarjejeniyar su a cikin Janairu 2004.
Watanni daga baya, Affleck ya nuna wasu maganganun kafofin watsa labaru suna da tushe a cikin wariyar launin fata, aji da wariyar launin fata: "Ana tunaninmu da mutane iri biyu ne." A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, ya tura baya ga "ra'ayin ban sha'awa" cewa shi ya kamata a kalli dangantakar a matsayin kuskure, kuma ta waiwaya kan al'adun tabloid a lokacin "inda ya shafi mutum daya kuma kowa ya mai da hankali a kansu Me Britney Spears ta yi? Ban da samun mutane da damewa. Amma ina tsammani haka ne muna yin shi a al'adance. Yana da tsauri. "Affleck ya yarda cewa" akwai hanyoyin da na bayar da gudummawa a kai yana ambaton bidiyon kide-kide da hirar neman talla tare da Gigli. Ya ce ɗayansu "ba da tsammanin" irin kulawar da za a ba su ba: "Ina tsammanin ni da Jen mun yi kuskure a cikin cewa mun ƙaunaci juna, muna cikin farin ciki kuma wataƙila ma za a iya samunsa."
A cikin 2010, Lopez ya ce rashin jin daɗin Affleck tare da bincikar kafofin watsa labaru shine dalili ɗaya da ya raba kuma, a cikin 2020, ya tuna "wasu manyan alaƙar gaske waɗanda ke da ma'ana da yawa a gare ni waɗanda da gaske ba za su iya rayuwa a ƙarƙashin hasken ba. A shekarar 2016, ta bayyana shi a matsayin "farkon zuciyarta ta farko": "Ina ganin lokaci daban, daban, wa ya san abin da ka iya faruwa." Affleck da Lopez sun ci gaba da hulɗa a cikin shekarun bayan sun rabu sun yi magana mai kyau game da juna a cikin manema labarai. A watan Afrilu na 2021, an ba da rahoton cewa ma'auratan sun sake saduwa.
Sauran dangantaka Affleck ya fara haduwa da 'yar fim Gwyneth Paltrow a watan Oktoba 1997 bayan haduwa da su a wani abincin dare na Miramax, kuma daga baya sun yi aiki tare a kan Shakespeare a cikin Love (1998). Kodayake sun fara watsewa ne a watan Janairun 1999, watanni bayan haka, Paltrow ya shawo kan Affleck ya hada gwiwa da ita a Bounce (2000) kuma ba da daɗewa ba suka ci gaba da dangantaka. Sun sake rabuwa a cikin Oktoba 2000. A wata hira da aka yi da ita a shekarar 2015, Paltrow ta ce ita da Affleck sun kasance abokai.
Affleck yana da dangantaka mai nisa tare da mai samar da talabijin a New York Lindsay Shookus daga tsakiyar 2017 zuwa tsakiyar 2018; sun sake yin kwanan wata a farkon 2019. Shookus shi ne shugaban sashen ba da tallafi na daren Asabar, wasan kwaikwayo wanda Affleck ya dauki bakunci sau biyar tun 2000. Affleck wacce take kwanan wata 'yar Cuban Ana de Armas, wacce ta sadu da ita a cikin ruwan zurfin a farkon shekarar 2019, daga farkon 2020 zuwa farkon 2021.
Lafiya Akwai tarihin jaraba da tabin hankali a cikin dangin Affleck. Kakanninsa biyu ‘yan giya ne. Kakarsa ta wajen uba, wacce ke yawan shaye-shaye da mashaya, ta kashe kanta tana da shekara 46. Kawun mahaifinsa ya kasance mashayi ne wanda ya mutu sakamakon raunin harbin kansa. Goggonsa ta kasance mashawariyar jarumar mata. Affleck ya halarci tarurrukan tallafawa Al-Anon tun yana yaro saboda lamuran jarabawar mahaifinsa. Hisan uwansa mai maye ne.
Abin shan kansa na Affleck ya zama damuwa lokacin da yake ɗan shekara goma sha biyar. Mahaifiyarsa ta tura shi zuwa wani sansanin jeji na waje don matasa masu hatsarin gaske, tun da farko sun yi la’akari da shirin dawo da zama. Affleck ya zama mai hankali a cikin shekarunsa na ashirin, yana bayyana a cikin hira ta 1998 cewa giya ta kasance "mai hadari" a gare shi. Ya karɓi maganin zama don jaraba a 2001 kuma ya kula da laulayin sa na shekaru daga baya. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, ya ƙi tattauna giyar sa dalla-dalla [7] sannan daga baya ya bayyana shi a matsayin lokacin da yake "shan giya daidai gwargwado". "Na yi tunani, 'Ina so ne kawai in sha kamar mutum na al'ada. Ina so in sha giya a abincin dare.' Kuma na sami damar yin kusan shekara takwas. ”Affleck a hankali ya fara shan“ ƙari kuma mafi yawa ”kuma, a ƙarshe, yana shan har sai da ya“ mutu ”a kan dare. Garner ya goyi bayan gwagwarmayar Affleck game da shaye-shaye a lokacin da bayan aurensu sannan ya ce a shekarar 2020 cewa halartar tarurrukan Al-Anon ya ba ta ikon canza "rawa" na dangantakar su. Affleck ya dawo cikin jinyar zama a shekarar 2017 and, following a public document relaback and intervention, again in 2018. A ƙarshen 2019, TMZ ta yi fim da shi yana tuntube kan titin Los Angeles; ya yarda washegari cewa yana da "taqaitaccen bayani" bayan sama da shekara daya da nutsuwa. Daga baya ya bayyana lamarin a matsayin abin kunya: "Ina ma dai hakan ba ta faru ba. Ina matukar fatan da ba a yanar gizo ba ne yarana za su gani."
Affleck yana fama da damuwa da kunchin rayuwa, kuma ya sha magungunan rage damuwa tun yana shekara 26. Ya ce ya yi amfani da barasa don sauƙaƙa jin daɗin "rashin jin daɗi" a koyaushe kuma ya faɗi cewa "ya ɗauki lokaci mai tsawo don asali, ba tare da wata alamar shakka ba, na yarda da kaina cewa ni mashayi ne." Ya bi shiri mai matakai goma sha biyu. A lokacin da ake buga jaridu don Hanyar Baya a 2020, Affleck ya bude baki game da jarabar sa amma ya ci gaba da cewa yana jin "mai rauni ne" kuma ba ya nufin "ci gaba da magana game da wannan batun har abada", yana cewa, "Ina ganin darajar idan akwai daraja a wurina magana game da kasancewa mai shan giya, shine wannan bai kamata ya zama kai waye ba. Wannan ba lallai ne ya zama tambarin a kanka ba.
Gwarewan Caca Affleck ya lashe Gasar Poker ta Jihar California ta 2004, inda ya dauki kyautar farko ta 356,400 kuma ya cancanci shiga gasar karshe ta World Poker Tour 2004. Ya kasance daya daga cikin shahararrun mutane, tare da Leonardo DiCaprio da Tobey Maguire, wadanda suka halarci wasannin caca na Molly Bloom a tsakiyar shekarun 2000. A shekara ta 2014, an nemi Affleck da ya guji yin blackjack a Hard Rock Hotel a Las Vegas, bayan jerin nasarori da aka samu ya haifar da shakku kan cewa yana kirga katuna, wanda wannan wata doka ce ta caca da cacar baki ta cinye. Affleck ya sha musanta rahotannin tabloid na jarabar caca.
Addini Affleck ya fito ne daga mabiyan Furotesta, amma dangin sa ba su da addini. Yayinda yake jarirai, kowanne daga cikin 'ya'yansa uku sunyi baftisma a matsayin membobin Cocin Hadaddiyar Methodist. A shekara ta 2008, ya lissafa Linjilar Matta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin littattafan da suka kawo sauyi a rayuwarsa kuma, a shekarar 2012, ya bayyana kansa a matsayin wanda ba shi da imani. A shekarar 2015, Affleck ya fara halartar hidiman cocin Methodist mako-mako a Los Angeles tare da danginsa. Lokacin da aka tambaye shi game da imaninsa a cikin 2020, Affleck ya ce "ya kasance mini gwagwarmaya": "Ba ni da wata ma'anar wani mutum mai hazo daga can yana tura maballin, wannan yana da wuya a gare ni, amma shirin mai matakai goma sha biyu shine tushen bangaskiya Bangaskiya tayi min kyakkyawan aiki a murmurewa
Tarihin Magabata Yawancin kakannin Affleck Ingilishi ne, Irish, Scottish da Jamusanci. Babban kakan mahaifin Affleck, Heinrich Boldt, wanda, yana da shekaru 12, ba da gangan ya gano Curmsun Disc ba, wanda ya yi ƙaura daga Prussia a ƙarshen 1840s. Affleck ya fito ne a cikin jerin tarihin asalin PBS na Neman Tushen ku a shekarar 2014. Lokacin da aka gaya ma sa cewa wani magabaci ya kasance mai mallakar bayi a Georgia, Affleck ya amsa: "Allah. Yana ba ni wani irin yanayi mai ban tsoro don ganin alaƙar halittu da hakan. Amma, ka sani, akwai shi, wani bangare ne na tarihinmu Mun fi son ware kanmu daga wadannan abubuwan ta hanyar tafiya kamar, 'Tarihin bushewa ne kawai, kuma yanzu an gama shi'. ”Wasikun imel da aka bankado daga imel din Sony na 2015 badakalar satar bayanai ta nuna cewa, bayan daukar fim din, wakilin kamfanin na Affleck ya yi wa imel wasika a fim din inda ya ce jarumin ya ji "ba shi da dadi" game da bangaren, wanda ba a saka shi cikin watsa labarai na karshe ba. PBS ta ƙaryata game da ƙididdigar wasan kwaikwayon da umarnin Affleck, kuma mai gabatar da shirin, farfesa Henry Louis Gates Jr., ya ce: "Mun mai da hankali kan abin da muke jin cewa su ne abubuwan da suka fi ban sha'awa a cikin kakanninsa".
Zargin Nima Haka Yayin motsin Me Too a cikin 2017, mata biyu sun zargi Affleck da halayen da bai dace ba. Jaruma Hilarie Burton ta bayyana cewa, a lokacin da aka nuna a iska a TRL Uncensored a 2003, Affleck "ya nade hannunsa a kusa da ni, kuma ya zo ya gyara tsalle na hagu". Affleck ya ba da amsa a kan Twitter: "Na yi wa Ms. Burton rashin dacewa kuma ina neman afuwa da gaske." kamar dai cikin ladabi ne yake kore ni daga hanya. Dangane da badakalar Harvey Weinstein, Affleck ya yi alƙawarin ba da gudummawar duk wata fa'ida ta gaba daga fim dinsa na farko na Miramax ga ƙungiyoyin agaji da ke tallafa wa waɗanda aka ci zarafinsu ta hanyar lalata kuma ya ce ya sani kawai cewa Weinstein "mara hankali ne kuma mai yawan zalunci." A cikin wani sakon Tweeter, 'yar fim Rose McGowan ta amsa: "Ka yi karya." Ta ce ta hadu da Affleck ne bayan Weinstein ya ci zarafinta ta hanyar lalata lokacin bikin Fim din Sundance a 1997 kuma ta gaya masa, yayin da take kuka, cewa ta "ta fito ne daga Harvey's kuma ya ce, 'Goddamnit, na ce masa ya daina yin hakan.' "A cikin imel ɗin da ya fallasa game da shari'ar McGowan, Affleck ya ce:" Ban taɓa ganin Rose a kowane otal a Sundance ba. Ba ta taɓa gaya mini ba kuma ban taɓa taɓa ba ya nuna cewa wani ne ya kai mata hari. "A cikin hirar 2019, Affleck ya ce:" Ba na son shiga cikin labarin wasu mutane saboda ina jin kamar wadannan labaransu ne kuma suna da damar fada kamar yadda dayawa ko kadan daga wadanda suke so na yarda da Rose na goyi bayanta ina matukar son an d na yaba da jajircewarta kuma ina yi mata fatan alheri. "A shekarar 2020, McGowan ya yi karin haske game da kalaman nata:" Ba kamar na yi ruri a Ben Affleck bane. Ban taba ce masa, 'Fyade kawai aka yi min ba.' Wannan kawai ya fi dacewa a nuna ma'anar wannan ci gaba na kowa ya sani kuma kowa yana cikin ta, ba da sani ba ko kuma ba da himma. Filmography da kyaututtuka Affleck ya fito a fina-finai sama da 50, kuma ya sami yabo da yawa a duk tsawon rayuwarsa a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, marubuci, kuma darakta. Ya fara samun yabo ne a matsayin marubuci a lokacin da ya ci lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da kuma lambar yabo ta Kwalejin Kwalejin da aka fi sani da fim mai kyau don farauta mai kyau (1997), wanda ya rubuta tare da Matt Damon. A matsayin dan wasan kwaikwayo, ya sami kyautar zinare ta duniya don wasan kwaikwayon da ya yi a Hollywoodland (2006). Fim din Argo (2012), wanda ya shirya, ya shirya tare, ya kuma haska shi, ya ci lambar yabo ta Golden Globe Award, BAFTA, da Directors Guild Award don Gwarzon Darakta, da kuma Golden Globe Award, BAFTA, da Masu Shirya Kungiyoyi. da kuma Kyautar Karatu domin Kyakkyawan Hoto.
Bayani
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Ben Affleck on Facebook
Ben Affleck at |
35432 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/TT%20%28wa%C6%99a%29 | TT (waƙa) | Articles with hAudio microformats
"TT" waƙa ce ta ƙungiyar 'yan matan Koriya ta Kudu sau biyu. JYP Entertainment ne ya fitar da waƙar a ranar 24 ga Oktoban shekarar 2016, a matsayin jagora ɗaya daga wasansu na uku na Twicecoaster: Lane 1. Sam Lewis da Black Eyed Pilseung ne suka rubuta kuma suka haɗa ta. Taken "TT" yana nufin alamar motsin rai da ake amfani da ita don bayyana kuka ko bakin ciki.
An fitar da sigar Jafananci ta "TT" a matsayin jagora guda ɗaya daga kundi na farko na ƙungiyar Jafananci, #Sau biyu. An fitar da bidiyon kiɗan da ke tare da shi a ranar 21 ga Yuni, 2017.
Fage da saki A ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 2016, JYP Entertainment ta sanar da dawowar sau biyu tare da taken taken "TT" daga EP na uku na Twicecoaster: Lane 1. An gabatar da teaser na farko na bidiyon kiɗan a ranar 20 ga Oktoba, wanda ke nuna wani yaro da yarinya sanye da kayan ado na Halloween. sai kuma teaser na biyu a ranar 21st. An sake shi a ranar 24 ga Oktoba a matsayin zazzagewar dijital akan rukunin kiɗa daban-daban. An fitar da sigar remix mai taken "TT (TAK Remix)" a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2017, azaman waƙar kari daga kundi na musamman sau biyu. Twicecoaster: Lane 2 Abun ciki Articles with hAudio microformats
"TT" ya hada da Black Eyed Pilseung, wanda kuma shine mawallafin waƙoƙin da aka buga sau biyu Kamar Ooh-Ahh da Cheer Up kuma Rado ya shirya. Yana da waqoqin da Sam Lewis ya rubuta, wanda ke bayyana yadda wata yarinya ke bugun zuciyarta yayin da take soyayya a karon farko. Waƙar K-pop ce tare da tasirin lantarki mai nauyi da tsayayyen bugun tarko mai zurfi na gida. Daga cikin waƙar, memba sau biyu Jihyo ya ce "Muna da waƙar da ta fi nuna kuzarin sau biyu, mai haske wanda muka nuna tun 'Kamar Ooh-Ahh' da 'Cheer Up'".
Bidiyon kiɗa Bidiyon kiɗan don waƙar take "TT" Naive ne ya jagoranta, ƙungiyar samarwa iri ɗaya bayan bidiyon kiɗan don waƙoƙin Sau biyu "Kamar Ooh-Ahh" da "Cheer Up". Ya sami fiye da ra'ayoyi miliyan 5 akan YouTube a cikin ƙasa da sa'o'i 24 tun lokacin da aka saki shi. Kamar yadda na 2016, bidiyon ya kafa sabon rikodin a cikin sa'o'i 40 kawai, wanda ya sa ya zama bidiyon kiɗan ƙungiyar K-pop mafi sauri don kai ra'ayi miliyan 10 sannan kuma ya karya rikodin mafi sauri don isa ra'ayoyi miliyan 20 a cikin sa'o'i 114 (kwana 4 18 hours). Bidiyon kiɗan kuma ya kasance matsayi na uku akan Bidiyon Kiɗa Mafi Shahararrun Bidiyo na YouTube na 2016 a Koriya ta Kudu, yayin da "Cheer Up" ke kan gaba a jerin. A farkon 2017, bidiyon kiɗa na "TT" ya buga ra'ayoyi miliyan 100 kuma ya zama mafi kyawun bidiyo na ƙungiyar K-pop yarinya na kowane lokaci. Hakanan ya rubuta aikin K-pop na farko na mace da ƙungiyar tsafi mafi sauri don cimma ra'ayoyin YouTube miliyan 200 da miliyan 300. A cikin Satumba 2018, bidiyon kiɗan ya zama na farko ta hanyar K-pop mace don buga ra'ayoyi miliyan 400 akan YouTube. A cikin faifan bidiyo na kiɗa, membobin sun nuna mutane daban-daban da shahararrun haruffa ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayo na Halloween-themed cosplays: Jeongyeon da Momo suna nuna Pinocchio da Tinker Bell bi da bi; Dahyun shine Farin Zomo daga Kasadar Alice a Wonderland yayin da Sana ita ce Hit-Girl of Kick-Ass jerin ban dariya. Chaeyoung shine Karamin Mermaid kuma Nayeon kyakkyawan shaidan ne. Mina 'yar fashin teku ce mace mai kama da Pirates of Caribbean Tzuyu da Jihyo suna da sabanin ra'ayi; Tzuyu wani baƙon abu ne mai ban mamaki a cikin baƙar fata mai gani yayin da Jihyo ke hade da Elsa daga Frozen da Farin Sarauniya daga Alice Ta Gilashin Kallon sanye da doguwar farar riga. Bidiyon ya ƙare da saƙon "Za a ci gaba", mai nuni ga tsarin kundin kundin Sautin da bidiyon kiɗan ya ƙare da shi shine farkon waƙar take na dawowar su mai zuwa, Knock Knock wanda ke ci gaba da shirin da aka nuna a cikin "TT" ta hanyar warware asirin wanda ya buga ƙofar.
Mahimman liyafar Billboard sun haɗa da "TT" a cikin mafi kyawun waƙoƙin K-pop na jerin 2010s, suna rubuta cewa "ƙungiyar 'yan matan da suka bayyana shekaru goma sun ƙarfafa gadon su tare da wannan waƙa ta goey synth-pop wacce ta haifar da sabuwar magana ga masu sha'awar K-pop a duk duniya. Waƙar tana alfahari da tsutsar kunne ga kowa da ɗanɗanon kowa.”
Ayyukan kasuwanci "TT" ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun waƙoƙi a cikin 2016, kamar yadda ya yi iƙirarin babban matsayi na <i id="mwqQ">Gaon</i> 's Digital Chart na makonni huɗu a jere. Ya kuma yi kololuwa a lamba biyu da uku akan ginshiƙi na <i id="mwrA">Billboard</i> Sales Digital Song Sales da <i id="mwrw">Billboard Japan</i> Hot 100, bi da bi. "TT" ya zarce rafi miliyan 100 a cikin Afrilu 2017 da zazzagewar 2,500,000 a cikin Yuli 2018 akan Chart Music na Gaon. An sanya shi a lamba 6 akan jerin gwanon Billboard Japan Hot 100 na Ƙarshen Shekara na 2017, waƙar Koriya kaɗai a kan matsayi. Hakanan ita ce mafi kyawun siyarwa sau biyu a Amurka tare da sayar da kwafi 33,000.
Sigar Jafananci Bayan 'yan makonni bayan da aka saki, "TT Pose", wanda shine ɓangare na choreography na "TT", ya zama wani yanayi a Japan. Shahararrun Jafananci da yawa sun kwaikwayi shi akan SNS kuma ya zama sananne a tsakanin matasa. A ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 2017, sau biyu a hukumance sun ba da sanarwar cewa an saita farkon su a Japan don 28 ga Yuni. Sun fitar da wani kundi mai suna Sau biyu wanda ya kunshi wakoki goma da suka hada da nau'ikan "TT" na Koriya da Jafananci. Yana da wakokin Jafananci wanda Shoko Fujibayashi ya rubuta. An fitar da cikakken bidiyon kiɗan na "TT" na Japan a ranar 21 ga Yuni. Jimmy na BS Pictures ne ya ba da umarni, ƙungiyar ɗaya ce wacce ta samar da wasu faifan kiɗan na mawakan JYP Entertainment ciki har da na 2PM na Lokacin da Muka Yi Tare Got7's Hey Yah da My Swagger da ƙari. Ya yi matsayi a lamba 4 na YouTube Japan Top Trend Music Video a cikin 2017. A cikin Fabrairu 2018, "TT (Jafananci ver.)" ya sami takardar shedar dijital ta Zinariya sama da abubuwan zazzagewa sama da 100,000 akan Oricon Digital Singles Chart, wanda ke nuna alamar shedar farko ta ƙungiyar daga Ƙungiyar Masana'antar Rikodi ta Japan (RIAJ). A cikin Afrilu 2020, ɗayan kuma ya sami sabuwar takaddun shaida ta kwararar Azurfa don sama da sanannun rafukan 30,000,000.
Yabo
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Takaddun shaida </ref>
Duba kuma Jerin lambobin Gaon Digital Chart na 2016
Bayanan kula
Nassoshi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
28867 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar | Alcázar | Alcázar wani nau'i ne na gidan sarauta ko fada a Spain da Portugal da aka gina a lokacin mulkin musulmi ko da yake ana amfani da kalmar don yawancin katangar zamanin da kiristoci suka gina a farkon katangar Roman, Visigothic ko Moorish. Yawancin alcázars an gina su ne tsakanin ƙarni na 8 zuwa na 15. Ana amfani da kalmar akai-akai azaman ma'ana ga castillo ko castle; Fadojin da sarakunan Kirista suka gina kuma galibi ana kiransu alcázars.
Kalmomi Kalmar Mutanen Espanya alcázar aɾ]) ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Larabci wato al-qaṣr "kagara, kagara, ko fada", wanda kuma ya samo asali daga kalmar Latin Castrum ("sansanin soja", "sansanin soja").
Irin waɗannan kalmomi suna wanzu a cikin Galician (alcázar, lafazin ɐɾ]), Portuguese (alcácer, lafazin kasɛɾ]), da Catalan (alcàsser, lafazin kasəɾ]).
Spain kuma tana da kagaran Moorish da aka sani da alcazabas al-qasbah). Duk da haka, ba duk ƙauyuka a Spain ake kira alcázar ba: yawancin ana kiran su castillo a cikin Mutanen Espanya ko castell a Catalan. Haka kuma ba kowane alcázar ko alcazaba da ke Iberia Moors ya gina su ba: yawancin gidaje da waɗannan sunaye an gina su bayan an kori Moors daga Tekun Iberian.
Alamar alcázar An fara ambaton Alcázar na Segovia a ƙarni na 12, kodayake tushensa ya samo asali ne tun zamanin Romawa. Wani katafaren gini ne da sarakunan kiristoci suka gina a wurin katangar Moorish. A lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya lokacin da yake cikin Mulkin Castile, alcázar na Segovia shine wurin da sarakunan Castilian suka fi so, kuma kusan kowane sarki ya ƙara sabbin sassa zuwa ginin, yana mai da asalin kagara ya zama wurin zama na fili da tsawaita ginin katangar. har zuwa karni na 16, lokacin da sarki Philip na biyu ya kara da sikelin conical da rufin slate. Wata gobara a shekara ta 1862 ta lalata wani ɓangare na rufin, amma an maido da su a irin salon da aka gina su shekaru 300 da suka shige. A cikin wannan katafaren akwai shelar Isabella I a matsayin sarauniyar Castile a cikin 1474 ta fara yakin nasarar Castilian.
An yi amfani da Alcázar na Toledo a matsayin makarantar soja a zamanin yau. Siege na Alcázar a cikin yakin basasar Sipaniya ya yi nuni da wannan katafaren gidan, wanda dan kishin kasa José Moscardó Ituarte ya rike a kan sojojin Republican. Sojojin Republican sun kama Moscardó dan shekaru 24 Luis, kuma a ranar 23 ga Yuli 1936 sun sanar da Moscardó cewa idan bai juya alcazar cikin mintuna goma ba dansa zai mutu. Lokacin da Moscardó bai mika wuya ba, an kashe Luis, ba nan da nan ba amma bayan wata daya, a ranar 23 ga Agusta.
Alcázar na Seville, a wurin fadar Almohad Caliphate da ake kira al-Muwarak, an gina shi a cikin 1360s ta masu fasahar Kirista Castilian a cikin salon Mudéjar, kuma akai-akai ana gyara su. Bitrus na Castile ne ya fara amfani da shi tare da farwarsa María de Padilla. Tsarin gine-gine da lambuna sune wurin Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO.
Alcázar de los Reyes Cristianos, wanda kuma ake kira "Alcázar na Cordoba", a cikin Córdoba, Andalusia, wani gidan sarauta ne na Moorish bayan karni na 13 na Reconquista na Cordoba. Moors sun faɗaɗa sansanin Visigoth zuwa wani babban fili mai lambuna da babban ɗakin karatu. Wannan alcázar shi ne gidan bazara na Sarki Ferdinand da Sarauniya Isabella, kuma wurin da suka hadu da Christopher Columbus kafin shahararren balaguron sa zuwa Amurka.
Alcazar na Jerez de la Frontera.
Sansani na Burgos, rugujewar abin da ya kasance alcázar da gidan sarauta.
Alhambra a Granada.
Alamar alcázars da ba a bayyana ba Alcazar na Khalifofin Cordoba shi ne wurin zama na gwamnatin Al-Andalus, kuma mazaunin sarakuna da halifofin Cordoba tun zuwan musulmi a karni na 8 har zuwa lokacin da kiristoci suka mamaye birnin, a shekara ta 1236. yana da jimlar yanki na murabba'in mita 39,000 (420,000 sq ft). Wani ɓangare na tsarinsa ya tsira.
Masarautar Alcazar na Madrid wani gidan sarauta ne wanda Sarkin sarakuna Charles V, Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki ya gina, (wanda ɗansa, Philip II ya sake gina shi) kuma shine babban gidan sarauta a Madrid har fadar Buen Retiro ta wani bangare ya maye gurbinsa a karni na 17. An lalata ta da wuta a shekara ta 1734, kuma an gina gidan sarauta na Madrid na yanzu akan wurin. Ana kiran wannan Palacio Nuevo kuma ba a taɓa kiran shi alcázar ba.
Gidan Alcázar na Segorbe, lardin Castellon, al'ummar Valencia mai cin gashin kansa, wani babban katafaren gini ne wanda sama da shekaru dubu yake zama na sarakuna, sarakuna da sarakuna.
Wajen Spain A wajen Spain, a Palermo, Sicily, Cassaro yayi daidai da matsugunan Punic na Zis, a kan babban filin da Larabawa suka gyara kuma aka sani da al-qaṣr kuma an ƙara fadada shi a matsayin wurin fadar Norman daga baya.
Tsohon fadar mulkin mallaka a Santo Domingo, wanda aka gina don ɗan Christopher Columbus Diego a 1509, an fi sani da Alcázar de Colón ("Columbus's alcázar") kuma an gina shi cikin salon Andalusian.
|
22410 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkin%20shiga%20cikin%20jama%27a | Hakkin shiga cikin jama'a | Shiga cikin jama'a, wanda kuma aka sani da sa hannun ɗan ƙasa, shine shigar da jama'a cikin ayyukan kowace ƙungiya ko aikin sa Kai. Kasancewar jama'a nayi kama, to amma yafi hada-hada tsakanin masu ruwa da tsaki.
Gaba ɗaya sa hannun jama'a yana nema da kuma sauƙaƙe sa hannun waɗanda ke iya shafar ko sha'awar yanke shawara. Wannan na iya kasancewa dangane da mutane, gwamnatoci, cibiyoyi, kamfanoni ko duk wasu abubuwan da suka shafi bukatun jama'a. Ka'idar shigar jama'a ya nuna cewa wannan shawarar ta shafi suna da 'yancin kasancewa cikin tsarin yanke hukunci. Kasancewar jama'a yana nuna cewa gudummawar jama'a zai rinjayi shawarar. Shiga cikin jama'a ana iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin nau'i na ƙarfafawa kuma a matsayin muhimmin ɓangare na gudanar da mulkin farar hula na demokraɗiyya. Dangane da yanayin kula da ilimin ne wasu ke ganin kafa tsarin tafiyar da aiki tare a mai gudanarwa ta hanyar hada kai da kuma hada harin kai, wanda aka tsara ta hanyar sha'awar kasancewar dukkan al'umma ko al'ummomi. Kasancewar jama'a wani bangare ne na ka'idojin "mutane masu cibiya" ko kuma "tsaka-tsakin mutane", waɗanda suka samo asali a cikin al'adun Yammacin shekaru talatin da suka gabata, kuma suna da ɗan fa'idar ilimi, kasuwanci, manufofin jama'a da shirye-shiryen taimakon ƙasa da ƙasa. Jama'a na hallara aka cigaba da humanist ƙungiyoyi. Na halartar jama'a na cigaba a matsayin wani ɓangare na canjin yanayin mutane na farko. Dangane da haka halartar jama'a na iya ƙalubalantar batun cewa "babba ya fi kyau" da kuma ma'anar tsarin sarauta, ciyar da wasu dabaru na "ƙarin kawuna sun fi ɗaya" kuma suna jayayya cewa sa hannun jama'a na iya ɗorewa mai amfani kuma mai ɗorewa. An sanya rawar da jama'a za su taka a ci gaban tattalin arziki da ci gaban dan Adam a Yarjejeniyar Afirka ta shekarar 1990 don Kasancewar Jama'a a Cigaba da Sauyi. A cikin shekarata 1990 masu aikin sun kafa kungiyar horaswa ta Duniya don a samu Masu Amincewa da Jama'a don mayar da martani ga ƙaruwar sha'awar aikin, sannan kuma suka kafa kungiyar horaswa ta Duniya don Kasancewar Jama'a (IAP2). An kafa aikinta sosai a duniya kuma kungiyar kasashen Duniya ta Haɗin Jama'a yanzu tana da ƙungiyoyi masu alaƙa a duk faɗin duniya.
Ta filin wasa
Zane Zane
Kasafin Kudi Kasafin kudi sa hannu tsari ne na shawarwarin demokwaradiyya da yanke shawara, inda talakawan birni ke yanke shawarar yadda za su ware wani bangare na kasafin kudin birni ko na jama'a. Kasancewar kasafin kudi na ba da gudummawa yawanci ana yin sa ne da fasali daban-daban na muhimmanci: ana gano abubuwan fifikon ciyarwa ta hanyar membobin al'umma, zaben wakilan kasafin kudi don wakiltar al'ummomi daban-daban, gudanarwa da taimakon fasaha ta ma'aikatan gwamnati, majalisun kananan hukumomi da na manyan jami'ai don yin shawara da jefa kuri'a kan bayar da fifikon kudi, da aiwatar da ayyukan cikin gida mai tsarin kai tsaye. Birane dake a duk duniya su na iya amfani da kasafin kuɗaɗen shiga, kuma an yada shi sosai a Porto Alegre, Brazil, sune farkon tsarin tsara kasafin kuɗi na farko wanda aka fara daga shekarata 1989.
Cigaba A cikin ka'idar ci gaban tattalin arziki, akwai makarantar cigaba da hadin kai. Bukatar ƙara sa hannu a cikin jama'a a cikin taimakon agaji da cigaba ya haifar da kafa wata yar-takamaiman mahallin, takamaiman hanyoyin, matrices, koyarwa da kuma hanyoyin wucin gadi. Waɗannan sun haɗa da ƙwarewa da aiki; Binciken aiki tare (PAR), kimanta karkara cikin sauri (RRA) da ƙididdigar ƙauyuka (PRA); nazarin tasirin sarrafa tasiri (AIC); hanyoyin "bude sarari"; Manufofin Shirye-shiryen Shirye-shiryen Buga (ZOPP); nazarin yanayin rauni da iya aiki bincike Gado Kusan masana duniya sunyi aiki tare da al'ummomin yankin su. Al'ummomin gida sune muhimman masu ruwa da tsaki don al'adun gargajiya. An yarda da shawarwari tare da al'ummomin gida bisa tsari a cikin tsarin tafiyar da al'adu. Su na da muhimmanci don bayyana muhimmancin wuri rukunin al'adu, in ba haka ba suna fuskantar haɗarin kula da ƙimomin da yawa, suna mai da hankali kan ra'ayoyin “masana”. Wannan haka lamarin yake a cikin kula da al'adun gargajiya har zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na ashirin 20. Canjin yanayi ya fara ne tare da Yarjejeniyar Burra ta (ICOMOS) Ostiraliya a 1979 sannan daga baya aikin (GCI) ya inganta shi a kusa da 2000. A yau, wanda ake kira “adana-mai kiyayewa” yana a tushe na kula da kayan gado don shafukan WH:an kafa masu ruwa da tsaki da ƙimomin ƙa'idojin babban mataki ne na ƙirƙirar Tsarin Gudanarwa don waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon.
Tunanin masu ruwa da tsaki ya fadada ya hada da al'ummomin yankin.
Matsayi daban-daban na ƙananan hukumomi, cibiyoyin bincike, masana'antu, ƙungiyoyin agaji, da al'ummomi dukkansu muhimman ƙungiyoyi ne. Ayyuka su kamar musayar ilimi, shawarwari, nune-nunen, al'amuran ilimi, yaƙin neman zaɓe, da sauransu duk hanyoyi ne masu tasiri don shiga cikin gari.
Misali, kungiyoyin bada agaji na gari a Homs, Syria suna gudanar da ayyuka da dama tare da al'ummomin yankin don kare al'adunsu. Wani shiri na kiyayewa a garin Dangeil na kasar Sudan, ya yi amfani da alakar zamantakewar al'umma da tattalin arziki tare da al'umma don ganin aikin ya ci gaba cikin dogon lokaci. A Ostiraliya, al'ummomin yan asalin kungiyoyi su na da matakan kula da tsare-tsare da gudanar da shirye-shirye don kulawa, a saka idanu da kula da wuraren al'adun gargajiya da shimfida wurare, musamman waɗanda ke ƙunshe da fasahar dutsen.
Jaridu
Manufofin jama'a A wasu ƙasashen sa hannun jama'a ya zama babbar ƙa'idar aiwatar da manufofin jama'a A Burtaniya da Kanada an lura cewa duk matakan gwamnati sun fara da gina dan ƙasa da masu ruwa da tsaki cikin tsarin aiwatar da manufofin su. Wannan na iya haɗawa da manyan shawarwari, binciken ƙungiyar mai da hankali, tattaunawar ta kan layi, ko jarabawar 'yan ƙasa masu ba da shawara. Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban na halartar jama'a, ko da yake waɗanda sukan raba fasali ɗaya (don jerin sama da 100, da rubutun hanyoyin, duba Rowe da Frewer, 2005). Ana kallon halartar jama'a a matsayin kayan aiki, wanda aka yi niyya don sanar da tsarawa, tsarawa ko ba da kuɗi na ayyuka. Hakanan ana iya amfani da halartar jama'a don auna manyan manufofin, kimanta tasiri, da kuma gano darussa don aikin koda yaushe. Duk kundin tsarin mulki na yau da kullun da mahimman ka'idoji sun ƙunshi kuma sun bayyana ra'ayi da ƙa'idar ƙaƙƙarfan ikon mallakar, wanda ke da muhimmanci cewa mutane sune tushen asalin ikon jama'a ko ikon gwamnati. Manufar shahararren masarauta ita ce kawai a cikin al'umar da aka tsara don aiwatar da siyasa, ra'ayin mutane gaba daya shine kawai madaidaicin matakin siyasa. Ana iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani muhimmin abu a cikin tsarin ƙididdigewa, da kuma wakilcin dimokiradiyya. Sabili da haka, mutane suna da haƙƙin mallaka kai tsaye koda su shiga kai tsaye cikin aiwatar da manufofin jama'a da kuma yin doka. A cikin Amurka shiga cikin jama'a a cikin tsarin mulki yana nufin tsarin da dokokin da aka gabatar suke batun yin bayani game da jama'a na wani takamaiman lokaci. Halartar jama'a galibi ne abin tilastawa ne ga ƙa'idodin da hukumomin zartarwa na gwamnatin Amurka dake gabatarwa. Ka'idoji ko manufofin hukumar na iya ba da umarnin sauraren jama'a a wannan lokacin.
Kimiyya
Sauran
Amincewar jama'a A cikin 'yan shekarun nan rashin amincewa da jama'a ga hukumomi da' yan siyasa ya zama abin damuwa a cikin yawancin al'ummomin dimokiradiyya. Kasancewa cikin jama'a ana daukar shi a matsayin babbar hanyar magance rikice-rikicen amincewa da shugabanci na jama'a, musamman a Burtaniya, Turai, da sauran ƙasashe masu mulkin demokaraɗiyya. Manufar ita ce cewa ya kamata jama'a su shiga cikin cikakkiyar manufa ta yadda hukumomi za su nemi ra'ayoyin jama'a da kuma shiga, maimakon daukar jama'a kamar kawai masu karbar shawarar siyasa.
Babban tunanin da masu ra'ayin siyasa, masu sharhi kan zamantakewa, har ma da 'yan siyasa ke yi shine, kasancewar jama'a na kara yarda da jama'a ga hukumomi, da inganta tasirin dan kasa, inganta manufofin dimokiradiyya har ma da inganta ingancin yanke shawara kan manufofi. Koyaya, har yanzu ba a tabbatar da fa'idar da aka sanya ba na kasancewar jama'a cikin dawo da amanar jama'a.
Amincewa da nuna gaskiya Hakanan ana iya kallon halartar jama'a a matsayin haɓaka lissafin kuɗi. Hujjar ita ce kasancewar shigar jama'a na iya zama wata hanya ga al'ummomin da ke halartar su tuhumi hukumomin gwamnati da aiwatar da su. A cikin Burtaniya ana amfani da 'yan ƙasa don tabbatar da adalci da mutuntar da fursunoni. Masu ba da agaji sun hada da Hukumar Kula da Masu Zaman Kansu mai zaman kanta da ke bayar da rahoto game da adalci da tsare mutuncin fursunoni.
Muhalli da cigaba mai dorewa A cikin shekarun nan kasancewar sa hannun jama'a ya zama wani muhimmin ɓangare na magance matsalolin muhalli da kawo ci gaba mai ɗorewa. A wannan yanayin iyakokin dogaro ne kawai ga tsarin mulki na yanke shawara, kuma ana jayayya cewa sa hannun jama'a yana ba gwamnatoci damar aiwatar da manufofi da kafa dokoki da suka dace da al'ummomi da la'akari da bukatunsu. An yarda da kasancewar jama'a a matsayin ƙa'idar muhalli, duba da Ka'idoji da Manufofin Muhalli, kuma an sanya shi cikin sanarwar Rio.
Fassara mai muhimmanci An soki ra'ayi da aikin shigar da jama'a, galibi ana amfani da tsarin nazarin Foucauldian. Irin waɗannan asusun suna ba da cikakken bayani game da yadda sa hannu zai iya zama hanyar ɗaukar ayyukan al'umma a cikin tsarin mulki da ikon duk da cewa an kuma lura cewa kamawa da ƙarfafawa na iya kasancewa tare.
Kasancewar jama'a cikin tafiyar da muhalli Tare da kara rikitarwa game da lamuran muhalli, sa hannun jama'a ya zama kan gaba cikin nazarin ilimi game da muhawara ta zamani game da tsarin muhalli Akwai maganganu da yawa da ke nuna fifikon tsarin ba da gudummawa, wanda ke jaddada cewa shigar jama'a muhimmin abu ne a cikin harkokin kula da muhalli wanda ke bayar da gudummawa wajen yanke shawara mai kyau. An san cewa matsalolin muhalli ba za a iya magance su ta hanyar gwamnati ita kadai ba. Kasancewa cikin yanke shawara game da muhalli ya danganta jama'a da tsarin kula da muhalli. Ta hanyar shigar da jama'a, wadanda su ne asalin dalilan biyu da kuma magance matsalolin muhalli, a tattaunawar muhalli, za a iya cimma nasara a bayyane da rikon amana, don haka ya tabbatar da halaccin dimokiradiyya na yanke shawara cewa kyakkyawan shugabancin muhalli ya dogara ne. Za a iya yarda da shi, kasancewa mai ƙarfi daga cikin jama'a game da kula da muhalli na iya ƙara himma tsakanin masu hannun jari, wanda ke ƙarfafa bin doka da kiyaye dokokin muhalli. (GIS) na iya samar da kayan aiki mai mahimmanci don irin wannan aikin duba (GIS) da shugabancin muhalli. Bugu da kari, wasu masu adawa suna jayayya cewa 'yancin shiga a yanke shawara kan muhalli hakki ne na tsari wanda za a iya gani a matsayin wani bangare na babban hakki na kare muhalli. Daga wannan mahangar, ana sa ran gudanar da muhalli zai yi aiki cikin tsarin da ya dace da "ka'idar tsarin mulki na adalci (hada daidaito)", wanda babu makawa yana bukatar cikar "'yancin muhalli" kuma a karshe yana kira ga shiga jama'a. Bugu da kari, a cikin yanayin rashin tabbas na kimiyya game da al'amuran muhalli, halartar jama'a na taimakawa wajen magance irin wannan rashin tabbas da kuma cike gibin da ke tsakanin matsalolin muhalli da aka ayyana a kimiyance da gogewa da kimar masu ruwa da tsaki. Ta hanyar kokarin hadin gwiwa na gwamnati da masana kimiyya tare da hadin gwiwar jama'a, ana fatan samun kyakkyawan shugabanci na muhalli ta hanyar yanke shawara mafi dacewa.
Kodai ace akwai yarjejeniyoyi da dama, amma batun shigar da jama'a cikin yanke shawara game da muhalli ya kasance mai dorewa game da hakikanin sakamakon tasirin mahalarta muhalli. Masu sukar suna jayayya cewa sa hannu ga jama'a ya kan mai da hankali ne kan cimma matsaya tsakanin 'yan wasan da suke da dabi'u daya kuma suke neman sakamako iri daya. Ko yaya, rashin tabbas na yawancin batutuwan muhalli zai lalata ingancin shiga cikin jama'a, kasancewar a lokuta da dama masu wasan kwaikwayo sunzo kan teburin tattaunawa suna da ra'ayi mabanbanta game da matsala da kuma mafita wanda da wuya a haɗa shi cikin yarjejeniya saboda rashin dacewar mukamai daban-daban. Wannan na iya haifar da haɗarin fifikon ƙwararru, wanda ke haifar da ƙarin wariya kamar yadda waɗanda ke adawa da yarjejeniya za su kasance sanannu a cikin shawarar yanke shawara game da muhalli, wanda ya keta ƙimar amfani da tsarin mahalarta don samar da shawarwarin muhalli na dimokiradiyya. Wannan ya haifar da ƙarin tambaya game da shin yarda ya kamata ya zama ma'aunin nasarar nasarar halartar. Kamar yadda Davies ya bayar da shawara, dimokiradiyya mai ba da gudummawa ba za ta iya ba da tabbaci ga fa'idodin muhalli ba 'idan akwai ra'ayoyi masu gasa game da yanayin da ya kamata ya kasance da kuma abin da ke da muhimmanci'. Sakamakon haka, wanene ya kamata ya shiga cikin waɗanne matakai a yayin yanke shawara game da muhalli kuma mecece maƙasudin irin wannan sahun ya zama jigon mahawara kan shigar jama'a a matsayin babban batun tafiyar da muhalli.
Kimiyyar ɗan kasa Kimiyyar ɗan ƙasa kalma ce da aka kirkira da aka saba amfani da ita don bayyana kasancewar waɗanda ba masana kimiyya ba a cikin binciken kimiyya.
Ikirarin shigar da masana ƙwararrun masana kimiyya cikin binciken siyasa yana da muhimmanci. Ilimi ne da ya rataya a wuyan saukake "demokradiyya ta hanyar binciken manufofin". Wannan yana da fa'idodi da yawa: sanya 'yan ƙasa cikin ba kawai gudummawar bayanai ba, har ma da ƙira da haɓaka bincike kanta.
Mabuɗin cin nasara wajen amfani da kimiyyar ɗan ƙasa ga cigaban manufofi shi ne bayanan da suka "dace, masu ƙarfi, kuma sanannen ƙwarewa don ƙirar tushen shaidu". Matsalolin amfani da kimiyyar dan kasa ga cigaban siyasa sun hada da rashin dacewa tsakanin bayanan da aka tattara da kuma manufar da ake magana akai da kuma shakku dangane da bayanan da wadanda ba masana suka tattara ba.
'Yancin shiga jama'a Mataki na 21 na Sanarwar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Duniya ya nuna 'yancin kowane mutum ya shiga cikin al'amuran kasarsa, kai tsaye ko kuma ta hanyar zabar wakilai. Hakanan, 'yancin shiga siyasa na nufin' yancin da hukuma mai mulki ke jajircewa wajen samar da 'yanci ga yan kasa, gami da 'yancin zabar da zabar wakilai, rike mukaman gwamnati bisa ka'idar daidaiton dama, shiga cikin sirri da tarurrukan jama'a, da 'yancin kafa da shiga jam'iyyun siyasa. Shafuka na 20 da 27 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Hakkokin dan Adam da Siyasa sun yi irin wannan sanarwa game da haƙƙin shiga cikin harkokin al'amuran jama'a. A wasu yankuna doka ta tanadi haƙƙin shigar jama'a. Hakanan ana iya ɗaukar haƙƙin shiga cikin jama'a a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam, ko kuma bayyanuwar haƙƙin toancin haɗuwa da yancin taro. Kamar yadda Netherlands, Jamus, Denmark da Sweden, suna da damar shiga cikin jama'a da 'yancin samun bayanai a cikin tsarin shari'arsu tun kafin Tsararru. Dimokiradiyya da sa hannun jama'a suna da alaƙa da al'ummomin dimokiraɗiyya waɗanda suka haɗa haƙƙoƙin shiga jama'a cikin dokokinsu ƙarnuka da yawa. Misali, a Amurka 'yancin koke ya kasance wani bangare na Kwaskwarimar kundin tsarin mulkin Amurka na farko tun shekara ta 1791. A kwanan nan, tun daga shekarun 1970 a cikin New Zealand dokoki da yawa (misali: kiwon lafiya, ƙaramar hukuma, kula da muhalli) suna buƙatar jami'an gwamnati su "tuntuɓi" waɗanda abin ya shafa kuma su yi la'akari da ra'ayinsu yayin yanke shawara.
Ingantaccen halartar jama'a ya dogara da jama'a da samun dama ingantacce kuma mai gamsarwa. Saboda haka dokoki game da sa hannun jama'a galibi suna magana ne a kan batun haƙƙin sani, samun bayanai da 'yanci na bayanai. Hakanan ana iya haɓaka haƙƙin shiga cikin yanayin daidaito da haƙƙin ƙungiya, wanda ake nufi don tabbatar da daidaito da kuma cikakken halartar ƙungiyar da aka ayyana a cikin al'umma. Misali, a yanayin nakasassu.
Bayanin Rio kan Muhalli da Cigaba Sanarwar ta Rio ta 1992 ta ƙunshi shigar jama'a cikin ƙa'idodinta 27. Ka'ida ta 10 ta ce "an fi dacewa da magance matsalolin muhalli tare da sa hannun dukkan 'yan ƙasa da abin ya shafa, a matakin da ya dace". Bayanin na Rio ya cigaba, yana jawo kusanci tsakanin samun dama ga bayanai da kuma halartar jama'a:A matakin kasa, kowane mutum yana da damar da ta dace game da yanayin da hukumomin gwamnati ke rike da shi, gami da bayanai kan abubuwa masu hadari da ayyukan cikin al'ummominsu, da kuma damar shiga cikin tsarin yanke shawara. Jihohi za su taimaka da karfafa wayar da kan jama'a da kuma halartar su ta hanyar samar da bayanai a ko'ina. Za a samar da ingantacciyar hanyar yin shari'a da gudanarwa, gami da gyara da magance su.
Yarjejeniyar kan Hakkokin Nakasassu Yarjejeniyar 2006 kan Hakkokin Nakasassu ta amince da cewa "nakasa ta samo asali ne daga cudanya tsakanin mutane da nakasa da halaye na gari da na muhalli wadanda ke hana su cikakkiyar damar aiwatar da tasiri a cikin al'umma daidai da na wasu" kuma "masu nakasa suna cigaba don fuskantar shinge a shigarsu a matsayinsu na daidaikun alumma." Yarjejeniyar ta sanya halartar nakasassu daya daga cikin ka'idojinta, yana mai cewa "Ka'idodin Babban Taron na yanzu zai kasance Cikakken kuma ingantacce shiga tare da hada kan cikin al'umma" wanda daga baya ya sanya 'yancin nakasassu su shiga a dama da su daidai a cikin al'umma, ilimi, kowane bangare na rayuwa (a mahallin zaman lafiya da gyaranta), siyasa da rayuwar jama'a, rayuwar al'adu, hutu da wasanni.
Duba kuma
Manazarta Pages with unreviewed |
26374 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimeji%20Bankole | Dimeji Bankole | Sabur Oladimeji "{asa, Dimeji" Bankole (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1969), shi dan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda aka zaɓa a matsayin Mai Magana da Yawun Majalisa na tara (9th) a Majalisar Wakilan Najeriya An zabe shi ne lokacin yana da shekaru 37, Bankole ya kasance shine mai ƙaramin shekaru a tarihin majalisar kuma dan ɗan takarar gwamnan jihar Ogun ne a shekarar 2019 a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar Action Democratic Party Rayuwar Farko, Ilimi da Sana'a Shi Bayarabe ne Mai cikakken asali sosai a tarihi, shi ya kasance dan kasuwa ne kafin aka zaɓe shi zuwa majalisa. Shi Musulmi ne kuma dan kabilar Egba, An haifi Bankole a Abeokuta wanda ake kira yanzu da Jihar Ogun a ranar 14 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1969. Iyayenshi sune Alani Bankole, dan kasuwa, tsohon mataimakin shugaba kuma shugaba na rikon kwarya na jam'iyyar All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP) ta kasa baki daya kuma mariƙin Sarauta mai take Oluwa of Iporo Ake kuma the Seriki Jagunmolu of Egbaland, sai kuma daya daga cikin matansa mai suna Atinuke Bankole, wacce ta kasance ita ce Ekerin Iyalode na Egbaland da kanta. Jaridar Thisday ta bayyana ilimin Bankole kamar haka: Baptist Boys' High School, Abeokuta daga shekarar 1979; Albany College, London, England, daga shekarar 1985; Jami'ar Reading, Karatu, England, daga shekarar 1989; gajeren kwas a Jami'ar Oxford's Kolejin Koyarda Ofisoshi, Oxford, England, a cikin shekarar 1991; kuma Jami'ar Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, US, a shekarar 2005. Bankole ya sami Digiri na Babbar Jagorancin Jama'a daga Makarantar Gwamnati na John F. Kennedy, Jami'ar Harvard, Amurka a shekarar 2005. A cikin shekarar 2014, ya zama Mason Fellow a cikin Manufofin Jama'a da Gudanarwa a Makarantar Gwamnati ta John F. Kennedy, Jami'ar Harvard, Amurka.
A cikin shekarar 1991, Bankole ya ƙaddamar da zaɓin DAB zuwa Royal Military Academy Sandhurst yayin da yake yin kwasa-kwasa ga hafsoshin soji a Jami'ar Oxford inda ya kasance a cikin Rundunar Sojoji. Bankole dan wasan polo ne, kuma memba ne na Kungiyar Polo Club ta Legas da Guards Polo Club, Abuja tare da tsaro a matsayin matsayin da ya fi so. Yana kuma jin daɗin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa Bangaren masu zaman kansu Masanin tattalin arziki, Bankole shine Shugaban, Aspire Integrated Consultants Nigeria (tun 2012) kuma Mataimakin Shugaban, Africa House London (tun 2016). A baya, Bankole ya kasance Darakta na Kamfanin Sufurin Jiragen Sama na Najeriya Limited daga shekarar 1995 zuwa 1998, Babban Daraktan Ayyuka na Yammacin Afirka Aluminium Products Limited daga shekarar 1998 zuwa 2004, kuma Daraktan ASAP Limited daga shekarar 2000 zuwa 2003.
Bangaren Jama'a Majalisar Wakilan Najeriya A shekarar 2002, an zabi Bankole a majalisar wakilai akan tikitin jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) don wakiltar mazabar Abeokuta ta kudu ta jihar Ogun. Ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Kudi na Majalisar yayin da Aminu Bello Masari ke zaman Kakakin Majalisa, Farouk Lawan shi ne Shugaban Kwamitin) sannan kuma a baya shi ne Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar kan Sufurin Kasa. Sauran kwamitocin da ya zauna a kansu su ne bangarori na tsaro, Harkokin Cikin Gida da Banki, da Currency. An sake zaɓar Bankole a watan Afrilu shekarar 2007. Yana la'akari da muradun sa na doka a matsayin waɗanda ke da alaƙa da tsaro da kuɗi.
Kakakin Majalisar A watan Satumbar shekarar 2007, wani kwamiti ya yiwa kakakin majalisar Patricia Etteh tambayoyi game da kashe 628 miliyan 4.8m) kan gyaran gida da motoci. Ta musanta aikata ba daidai ba, amma wakilai da yawa ba su ji daɗin yunƙurin da ta yi na kare kanta ba, an yi cinikin busa a farfajiyar Gidan, kuma dole ne a fitar da Etteh daga zauren. Tsohon shugaban kasa Olusegun Obasanjo da manyan jiga -jigan PDP da yawa sun ci gaba da mara mata baya, amma wani bangare mai yawa na jam’iyyar, wanda Lawan ke jagoranta har da Bankole, sun bukaci ta yi murabus. An ba da rahoton cewa Bankole, a tsakanin sauran masu fafatawa, yana fatan zai gaje ta a farkon 5 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2007. Bayan murabus din Etteh daga mukamin a ranar 30 ga watan Oktoba (tare da mataimakiyarta, wacce ita ma ta shiga cikin badakalar), memba na Integrity Group (anti-Etteh) Terngu Tsegba ya zama mai magana na wucin gadi.
Zabe A ranar 1 ga watan Nuwamba, an zabe shi don ya gaji Etteh. An fara zaben da karfe 10:30 na safe. Majalisar ta gaza ga membobi 360 saboda uku (Moses Segun Oladimeji, Joe Anota da Aminu Shuaibu Safana) sun mutu. Mazabu biyu har yanzu ba su zabi wakilansu ba. 328 daga cikin mambobi 355 sun kada kuri'a. Samson Osagie na jihar Edo ya zabi Bankole a matsayin shugaban majalisar, kuma Lynda Ikpeazu na jihar Anambra ya goyi bayan shawarar. Wanda ya fafata da shi shine wakilin jihar Osun George Jolaoye, wanda ya doke shi da kuri'u 304 yayin da 20 (da 4 suka kaurace). Etteh na cikin wadanda suka kada kuri'ar kin amincewa da Bankole. Sabon mataimakin kakakin majalisar shine Usman Bayero Nafada An bayyana Bankole a matsayin kakakin majalisar da karfe 1:30 na rana. A cikin jawabinsa na karba, mai taken "Mun tsaya a bakin kofa na Tarihi", Bankole ya ce "Ina karbar ragamar shugabanci a wani mawuyacin lokaci. Amma waɗannan lokutan wahala ne, muna buƙatar sake gina kwarin gwiwa da tabbatar wa jama'a cewa har yanzu mu ne wakilansu. Ina son gida mai zaman kansa da ‘yan Najeriya za su yi alfahari da shi, wannan shi ne aikina na farko.”
Lokaci Daya mako bayan zabensa, da siyasa, da abokan adawar da'awar cewa Bankole ya ba kammala wa} asa hidima (wa kasa hidima) sabis, wanda wajibi ne duk Nijeriya jami'a a karkashin shekara talatin da shekaru a lokacin da suka kammala karatu, da kuma kira ga ya yi murabus a kan batun. Bankole ya bayar da takardar sallamarsa ta NYSC, inda ya kawo karshen jita -jitar. A ranar 22 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2010, Bankole ya dakatar da 'yan majalisar 11 har abada saboda rashin tsari da fada a cikin gidan.
Ma’aikatan Gwamnati sun dawo da kudaden da ba a kashe su ba A lokacin mulkinsa, majalisar wakilai sakamakon gudanar da aikin sa ido ta tabbatar da cewa Ma’aikatun Gwamnatin Tarayya, Ma’aikatu da Hukumomi (MDA) sun mayar da kudaden da ba a kashe ba wadanda suka kai kimanin naira biliyan 450 zuwa baitulmalin gwamnati a shekarar 2007 yayin da kimanin naira biliyan 350 aka sake farfadowa a shekarar 2008. Gabaɗaya, Majalisar Wakilai ta tabbatar da dawowar kusan Tiriliyan 1 da ba a kashe ba ta MDA a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin kasafin kuɗi na shekara -shekara a ƙarƙashin mai magana da yawun Bankole. Wadannan ba a taba ganin irin su ba a tarihin sa ido a majalisar dokokin Najeriya. Har zuwa lokacin, MDA's bai dawo da kudaden da ba a kashe ba. Hakanan, Majalisar Wakilai ta gano cewa kusan Tiriliyan 5 na kudaden shiga da MDA ba ta sake tura su ba tsawon shekaru 5 da suka gabata kafin bincike.
Karshen kwangilar Titin Jirgin Abuja A karkashin Bankole, an yi kwangilar kwangilar naira biliyan 64 na titin jirgi na biyu na tashar Nnamdi Azikwe da ke Abuja an gano cewa ya yi yawa. Don haka gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta kawo karshen kwangilar.
Takardun kuɗi A karkashin sa, majalisar wakilai ta amince da kudiri 328, ta amince da kudurori 282 sannan ta zartar da wasu dokoki 136. Wadannan takardar kudi sun hada da Dokar 'Yancin Bayanai (FOI) da Dokar Kula da Fiscal wanda ya tabbatar da cewa dukkan hukumomin samar da kudaden shiga na gwamnati suna gabatar da kasafin kudin su don dubawa kowace shekara. Hukumomin, wadanda suka hada da CBN, NNPC da Kwastam na kashe tiriliyan na naira duk shekara ba tare da majalisar kasa ta ware musu ba.
Gwaji A shekarar 2011, hukumar yaki da cin hanci da rashawa ta Najeriya ta yi wa Bankole shari'a kuma an wanke shi daga dukkan tuhume-tuhume.
Alkalin yayin da yake wanke Bankole ya bayyana cewa majalisar wakilai ta ciyo bashi daga banki don gudanar da ayyukanta, an biya bashin gaba daya ga bankin kuma Bankole bai kasance mai cin moriyar bashin ba ta kowane fanni, saboda haka, babu wani laifi da aka aikata. Dan takarar Gwamnan ADP Tsohon kakakin majalisar, Dimeji Bankole a ranar Asabar 6 ga Maris 2018, ya zama dan takarar gwamna na (ADP) Action Democratic Party a jihar Ogun kafin babban zaben Najeriya a 2019.
Rayuwar mutum Dimeji Bankole ya saki matarsa ta farko, Olaitan Bankole a shekarar 2017. Wannan ya sa ya zama babban mai neman digiri na farko a cikin da'irar ƙwararrun 'yan wasa a ciki da wajen Najeriya na ɗan lokaci. Ya sake yin aure a ranar 15 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2021, ga Miss Aisha Shinkafi Saidu, bisa hakkokin Musulunci. An daura auren ne a filin Harrow, Ahmadu Bello Way, Abuja kuma ya samu halartar manyan fitattun mutane ciki har da Aminu Tambuwal gwamnan jihar Sokoto na yanzu. Mawakan Najeriya Laycon da Timi Dakolo suma sun kasance a wurin taron kuma sun burge baƙi tare da kida mai daɗi. Amaryarsa Miss Aisha Shinkafi Saidu itace diyar gwamnan jihar Kebbi na yanzu, Abubakar Atiku Bagudu Lauya ce kuma mai karatun digiri a jami’ar Hull da ke Burtaniya. Jika ce ga marigayi mai nauyi na siyasa kuma tsohon shugaban kungiyar tsaro ta Najeriya Alhaji Umaru Shinkafi, Marafan Sokoto kuma mahaifiyarta 'yar Shinkafi ce kuma' yar uwar tsohon Gwamnan jihar Zamfara, Mahmud Shinkafi Nassoshi Pages with unreviewed |
40772 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroaster | Zoroaster | Zoroaster, kuma aka sani da Zarathustra, ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mai kafa ruhaniya na Zoroastrianism. An ce shi prophet din Iran ne wanda ya assasa wata kungiya ta addini wacce ta kalubalanci al'adun addinin Iran na zamanin da, kuma ya kaddamar da wani yunkuri wanda a karshe ya zama addini na farko a kasar Iran. Shi ɗan asalin tsohon Avestan ne kuma ya rayu a gabashin yankin ƙasar Iran, amma ainihin wurin da aka haife shi ba shi da tabbas. Babu ijma'in malamai akan lokacin da ya rayu. Wasu malaman, ta yin amfani da shaidar harshe da zamantakewa, suna ba da shawarar saduwa da wani wuri a cikin karni na biyu BC. Wasu malaman sun ƙididdige shi a ƙarni na 7 da 6 BC a matsayin wanda ke kusa da Cyrus Mai Girma da Darius Mai Girma. Zoroastrianism a ƙarshe ya zama addini na hukuma na tsohuwar Iran-musamman lokacin zamanin daular Achaemenid-da rarrabuwar ta daga kusan ƙarni na 6 BC har zuwa ƙarni na 7 AD, lokacin da addinin da kansa ya fara raguwa bayan mamayar Larabawa-Musulmi. Iran. Zoroaster yana da alaƙa da marubucin <i id="mwOA">Gathas</i> da kuma Yasna Haptanghaiti, jerin waƙoƙin waƙoƙin da aka tsara a cikin yaren Avestan na asali waɗanda suka ƙunshi ainihin tunanin Zoroastrian. An san kadan game da Zoroaster; Yawancin rayuwarsa an san shi ne kawai daga waɗannan ƙananan rubutun. Ta kowane ma'auni na tarihin zamani, babu wata shaida da za ta iya sanya shi cikin ƙayyadadden lokaci kuma tarihin da ke kewaye da shi na iya zama wani ɓangare na yanayin da ya faru tun kafin ƙarni na 10 AD wanda ke ba da tarihin tatsuniyoyi da tatsuniyoyi.
Suna da ilimin asalin Sunan Zoroaster a cikin yarensa na asali, Avestan, tabbas shine uštra. Sunansa na Ingilishi, "Zoroaster", ya samo asali daga baya (ƙarni na 5 BC) fassarar Girkanci, Zōroastrēs kamar yadda aka yi amfani da shi a Xanthus 's Lydiaca (Fragment 32) da kuma a cikin Alcibiades na Farko na Plato (122a1). Wannan fom yana fitowa daga baya a cikin Latin kuma, a cikin rubutun kalmomin Helenanci daga baya, kamar yadda Zōroastris. Sigar Helenanci na sunan ya bayyana yana dogara ne akan fassarar sauti ko musanya ta Avestan -tare da Greek zōros (a zahiri "undiluted") da maɓallin BMAC -uštra tare da astron ("tauraro").
A Avestan, uštra an yarda da shi gabaɗaya don samowa daga Tsohon Iran *Zaratuštra-; An yi tunanin rabin sunan (-uštra-) shine tushen Indo-Iran don "raƙumi", tare da dukan sunan yana nufin "wanda zai iya sarrafa raƙuma". Sake ginawa daga harsunan Iran na baya-musamman daga Farisa ta Tsakiya (300 BC) Zardusht, wanda shine nau'in da sunan ya ɗauka a cikin rubutun Zoroastrian na ƙarni na 9 zuwa 12-yana ba da shawara cewa *Zaratuštra-na iya zama nau'in sifili na Zarantuštra-. Dangane da ko uštra ya samo daga *Zaratuštra-ko daga *Zaratuštra-,an gabatar da fassarori da yawa. Idan Zarantuštra shine sigar asali, yana iya nufin "tare da tsofaffin raƙuma", .</ref> mai alaƙa da Avestic zarant- (cf. Pashto zōṛ da Ossetian zœrond, "tsohuwa"; Tsakiyar Persian zāl, "tsohuwar"): Fassarar a Avestan uštra ya kasance na ɗan lokaci da kansa ya fuskanci zazzafar muhawara saboda ci gaba ne mara daidaituwa: A ka'ida, zarat- (wani abu na farko wanda ya ƙare a cikin hakori. ya kamata a sami Avestan zarat-ko zarat-a matsayin ci gaba daga gare ta. Me yasa hakan ba haka yake ba don uštra har yanzu ba a tantance ba. Duk da rashin bin ka'ida, cewa Avestan uštra tare da ya kasance a cikin harshe ainihin nau'i yana nunawa ta hanyar shaida na baya da ke nuna wannan tushe. Duk a yau, bambance-bambancen harshen Iran na sunansa sun samo asali ne daga bambance-bambancen Iran ta Tsakiya na ošt, wanda, bi da bi, duk suna nuna fricative A cikin Farisa ta Tsakiya, sunan shine Zardu(x)št, in Parthian Zarhušt, a cikin Manichaean Middle Persian Zrdrwšt, a Farkon Sabon Farisa Zardušt, (New Persian a Zardušt), sunan shine Zartosht.
An tabbatar da sunan a cikin tushen Armenian na gargajiya azaman Zradašt (sau da yawa tare da bambance-bambancen Zradešt). Marubutan Armenia Eznik na Kolb, Elishe, da Movses Khorenatsi ne suka bayar da mafi mahimmancin waɗannan shaidar. An yi rubutun Zradašt ta hanyar tsohuwar sigar da ta fara da *zur-,hujjar da masanin Iran ɗan ƙasar Jamus Friedrich Carl Andreas (1846-1930) ya yi amfani da shi azaman shaida ga kalmar Farisa ta Tsakiya *Zur(a) dušt. Bugu da ƙari, Schmitt ya ƙara da cewa: "Ba za a iya cire shi ba, cewa (Parthian ko) Farisa ta Tsakiya, wanda Armeniyawa suka ɗauka (Zaradušt ko makamancin haka), an daidaita su ne kawai zuwa gabanArm. *Zurara."
Date Babu wata yarjejeniya akan soyayyar Zoroaster; Avesta ba ta ba da bayanin kai tsaye game da shi ba, yayin da tushen tarihi ke cin karo da juna. Wasu malaman sun kafa tarihin sake gina su a kan harshen Proto-Indo-Iranian da kuma addinin Proto-Indo-Iran, don haka ana ganin asalinsa ya kasance a wani wuri a arewa maso gabashin Iran kuma wani lokaci tsakanin 1500 zuwa 500 BC.
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
24571 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Patrick%20Baffour | Robert Patrick Baffour | Robert Patrick Baffour, OBE, OV (14 ga Mayu 1912 6 ga Yuni 1993), injiniyan ƙasar Ghana ne, ɗan siyasa kuma mai kula da jami'a wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah (KNUST). Ya kuma kasance jagora a ilimin injiniya a Ghana.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Robert Patrick Baffour (aka Papa Andoh) a ranar 14 ga Mayu 1912 a Elmina. Mahaifinsa yana hidimar Ma'aikatan Burtaniya a Najeriya a matsayin Jagoran Makarantu. Shi ne ɗan fari na Robert Patrick Baffour Andoh da Maria Frederica Adwoa Kane (Okai).
Kakan mahaifinsa shine Cif Kweku Andoh na Elmina wanda yayi aiki a yakin Sir Garnet Wolseley akan Prempeh I, Sarkin Ashanti. An nada shi sarautar jihar Edina bayan korar Cif Kobina Gyan da Turawan Ingila suka yi. Kakar mahaifin Baffour ita ce babbar 'yar Yaa Na Yakubu I na kabilar Dagomba mai suna Napari. Chief Andoh ya kubutar da ita daga Ashanti yayin kamfen din Prempeh kuma an sanya mata suna Efua Yendi. An kuma san ta da Nana Awuyea.
Kakan mahaifiyarsa shine Cif Nii Kofi Okai na yankin Gbese, Accra, wanda aka fi sani da Joseph H. Kane. Yana da aiki a matsayin malami kuma dan kasuwa. Baffour shi ma jikan George Emil Eminsang ne, wanda shi ne lauya na farko da ya fara karatu a Yammacin Turai a Gold Coast.
Tsakanin 1917 da 1926, Baffour ya halarci makarantu daban -daban a Ghana da Najeriya: Makarantar Katolika a Elmina, Makarantar Gwamnatin Okar a Najeriya da Kwalejin Richmond.
Baffour ya halarci Makarantar Mfantsipim kuma ya sami Takaddar Sakandare ta Cambridge tare da kebe daga Matriculation na London. Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, ya sami babbar daraja ta musamman da ta zo na farko a jarrabawar farar hula ta zamaninsa. Amma duk da haka maimakon shiga aikin farar hula na Burtaniya, ya zaɓi ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Kwalejin Achimota don yin karatun injiniya, inda Charles Deakin, malamin injiniyan kafa a makarantar ya koyar da shi. Ya zama ɗan ƙasar Ghana na farko da ya sami digiri na Jami'ar London a injiniyan injiniya a ƙasar Ghana.
Aiki
Injiniya da hidimar jama'a Baffour ya fara aikinsa tare da layin dogo na Gold Coast sannan daga baya ya zama malamin injiniya a Makarantar Achimota. Daga cikin abubuwan da ya ƙirƙira da sababbin abubuwa akwai 'Descender gear', na'urar hana zamewa don zirga-zirgar ababen hawa, 250 classes locomotive' da na'urar kewaya ta jirgin sama.
Ya kuma rike mukaman gudanarwa da dama a cikin aikin farar hula, daga ciki akwai na Babban Sakataren Ma’aikatar Sufuri da Sadarwa. Ya taka rawar gani wajen zabar wuraren da za a gina madatsar ruwan Akosombo, da tsarawa da fadada birnin Tema da Harbour, da aikin tashar jiragen ruwa na kamun kifi na Elmina baya ga kafuwar Kwalejin Nautical da Black Star Line. Lokacin da Baffour yayi aiki a majalisar birnin Accra, ya shiga cikin kera motoci, musamman motocin 'Ewurakua da 'King Kong'. Ya kuma kasance cikin shirin tsara Kaneshie Estates ta amfani da fasahar gini da aka riga aka ƙera.
A lokacin aikinsa, Baffour ya rike manyan mukamai da dama, ciki har da a matsayin shugaban hukumar hadakar karfe da karafa da kuma shugaban farko na hukumar makamashin nukiliya ta Ghana. Ya kasance mai motsawa a cikin tara kuɗi don Opon Manse Karfe Ayyuka.
Shi ne ya zuga aikin Tashar Nukiliya ta Kwabenya da aka dakatar, watanni shida da kammalawa, sakamakon juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi wa Kwame Nkrumah. A cikin 1962, an zaɓi Baffour shugaban zaman taro na 6 na babban taron Hukumar Makamashin Atomic ta Duniya (IAEA).
Mataimakin shugaban jami'a Daga ƙarshe a lokacin mulkin Nkrumah, ya kasance babban ɗan wasan kwaikwayo don canza Kwalejin Fasaha ta Kumasi zuwa Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah a 1960, ya zama mataimakiyar shugabanta na farko a 1961. Baffour yayi aiki a matsayin mataimakin kansila na KNUST daga 1961 zuwa 1967. Wannan ya biyo bayan yayi aiki a matsayin shugaban magabacin jami'ar daga 1960 zuwa 1961.
Siyasa Nkrumah ya shafe shi ya zama magajinsa. Sai dai abin takaici, bayan rashin jituwa da sauran membobin jam’iyyar, an kori Baffour daga jam’iyyar. A 1979, ya yi takara a matsayin ɗan takara mai zaman kansa a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa.
Fasaha da al'ada Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu tallafawa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1952, wanda aka shirya a Helsinki. Mai son fasaha, ya kasance mai yin fina-finai, musamman, “A Day in the life of an African” wanda Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Burtaniya ya samar da kuma “Progress in Kojokrom” (fim wanda aka baje shi a ko'ina cikin Kogin Zinariya. Waɗannan sun sa mutane su san sabon canjin da aka samu a ƙaramar hukuma) da “The Boy Kumasenu”. A garinsu, Elmina, ya shirya bukukuwa, Edina Korye Kuw da Edina Mpuntu Fekuw. Ya jagoranci kamfani na Number Seven Asafo Company, Nyampafo. Daga baya a rayuwarsa, ya yi aikin likitanci na gidaopathic a matsayin mai son.
Kyaututtuka da karramawa An ba shi lambar yabo ta OBE a karramawar Sarauniya a shekarar 1953. A shekarar 1979, gwamnatin Ghana ta saka masa jari da Order of Volta. KNUST ta yi masa ado da digirin girmamawa a kimiyya.
Rayuwar mutum Dansa, Fritz Baffour, ɗan jarida kuma mai ba da shawara kan sadarwa ya yi aiki da ɗan Majalisar Tarayya daga 2009 zuwa 2016 da Ministan Watsa Labarai a 2012 a ƙarƙashin National Democratic Congress.
Mutuwa R.P Baffour ya mutu a Elmina saboda dalilai na halitta a ranar 6 ga Yuni 1993, yana da shekaru 81. An binne shi a makabartar Holland ta Elmina.
|
29950 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayesha%20Harruna%20Attah | Ayesha Harruna Attah | Ayesha Harruna Attah (an haife ta a watan Disamban shekarar 1983) marubuciya ce haifaffiyar kasar Ghana. Amma Tana zaune a Senegal.
Shekaru na farko da ilimi An haifi Ayesha Harruna Attah a babban birnin kasar Ghana (Accra), a cikin shekarun 1980, karkashin gwamnatin soja, ga wata uwa wacce ta kasance 'yar jarida kuma uba wanda ya kasance mai zanen hoto. Attah ta ce: "Iyayena sun kasance babban tasiri na na farko. Sun gudanar da wata mujallar adabi mai suna Imagine, wadda ke da labaru game da Accra; labarai kan fasaha, kimiyya, fina-finai, littattafai, zane-zane-wanda na fi so. Sun kasance (kuma har yanzu suna nan) jarumai na. Na gano Toni Morrison a lokacin ina da shekaru goma sha uku, kuma na shanye, na cinye duk abin da ta rubuta, na tuna karatun Paradise, kuma yayin da ma'anarta ta guje ni gaba daya a lokacin, an bar ni kamar littafi mafi ban mamaki da aka rubuta kuma wata rana na so in rubuta duniyar da ke cike da jarumai mata, kamar yadda Ms. Morrison ta yi."
Bayan ta girma a Accra, ta koma Massachusetts kuma ta yi karatun kimiyyar halittu a Kwalejin Mount Holyoke, sannan Jami'ar Columbia, kuma ta sami MFA a Rubutun Halitta a Jami'ar New York.
Rubutu Ta wallafa litattafai guda biyar. Littafinta na farko Harmattan Rain (2009) an rubuta shi ne sakamakon haɗin gwiwa daga Per Ankh Publishers a ƙarƙashin jagorancin mawallafin marubucin Ghana Ayi Kwei Armah da TrustAfrica, kuma an ba shi cikin jerin sunayen Kyautar Mawallafan marubutan na 2010 (Yankin Afirka). Littafin tarihinta na biyu na Saturday's Shadows, wanda aka buga a World Editions a cikin 2015, an zabi shi ga Kwani? Manuscript Project, kuma an buga shi a cikin Yaren mutanen Holland (De Geus). Littafin tarihinta na uku shine The Hundred Wells of Salaga (2019), suna ma'amala da "dangantaka, buri da gwagwarmaya a rayuwar mata a Ghana a ƙarshen karni na 19 a lokacin ɓarkewar Afirka". Ta rubuta The Deep Blue Between, labari ne ga matasa manya. Kuma sabon littafinta na biyar, Zainab Take New York za'a fito dashi a watan Afrilun 2022.
A matsayinta na lambar yabo ta AIR ta 2014, Attah ta kasance marubuciya a Instituto Sacatar a Bahia, Brazil. Ta kuma sami lambar yabo ta Miles Morland Foundation Writing Scholarship a shekara ta 2016 don littafin da ba na almara ba game da tarihin kola nut.
Harmattan Rain (2008) An rubuta Harmattan Rain a cikin 2009, bin labarin dangin Ghana na ƙarni uku, ciki har da Lizzie-Achiaa, Akua Afriyie da Sugri.
Lizzie-Achiaa ita ce jaruma ta danginsu, wacce ta gudu tana neman mai sonta kuma a lokaci guda tana neman aikin jinya. 'Yarta tawaye, mai zane Akua Afriye, ta buge da kanta a matsayin mahaifi ɗaya a cikin ƙasar da aka yi ta fama da rikice-rikice, kuma 'yar Akua Afriye Sugri kyakkyawa ce, yarinya mai wayo wacce ta girma sosai sannan ta bar gida zuwa jami'a a New York, inda ta koya cewa wani lokacin mutum na iya samun 'yanci da yawa.
Saturday's Shadows (2015) An kafa shi a cikin shekarun 1990s Yammacin Afirka, Saturday's Shadows yana game da "dangi da ke fafitikar ci gaba da haɗin kai a tsakiyar yanayin siyasa", wanda aka ce: "Attah ta sake tabbatar da ƙwarewar ta a matsayin marubuciya. Ta nuna rashin cancantarta a matsayinta na marubuciya tare da daidaito da wadatar ci gaban halayenta."
The Hundred Wells of Salaga (2019) Aminah tana rayuwa mai kyau har sai da ta rabu da gidanta da mummunan rauni a kan tafiya wacce ta canza ta daga mai mafarkin rana zuwa mace mai juriya. Wurche, 'yar babban sarki, tana matukar bukatar taka muhimmiyar rawa a kotun mahaifinta. Wadannan rayuwar mata biyu suna haduwa kamar yadda rikici tsakanin mutanen Wurche ke barazana ga yankin, a lokacin girman cinikin bayi a karshen karni na sha tara.
Ta hanyar abubuwan da Aminah da Wurche suka samu, Hundred Wells of Salaga suna ba da ra'ayi na ban mamaki game da bauta da yadda yaƙin Afirka ya shafi rayuwar mutanen yau da kullun.
The Deep Blue Between (2020) Gidan yan'uwa tagwaye Hassana da Husseina sun lalace bayan mummunan hari. Amma wannan ba ƙarshen ba ne amma farkon labarinsu, wanda zai kai su biranen da ba a san su ba, inda za su ƙirƙira sabbin iyalai, su kawar da haɗari kuma da gaske za su fara sanin kansu. Yayinda tagwayen ke bin hanyoyi daban-daban a Brazil da Gold Coast na Yammacin Afirka, suna da alaƙa ta hanyar mafarkin ruwa. Amma fa'idodin su zai taɓa jawo su tare? Wani babban kasada mai cike da tarihi mai cike da tarihi, The Deep Blue Between labari ne mai motsawa game da shaidu waɗanda zasu iya jurewa har ma da canji mafi ban mamaki.
Ayyuka Littattafai
Harmattan Rain. Popenguine, Senegal, West Africa: Per Ankh, 2008. Saturday's Shadows. London: World Editions, 2015. ISBN 9789462380431, The Hundred Wells of Salaga. New York: Other Press, 2019. ISBN 9781590519950, The Deep Blue Between. London: Pushkin Press, 2020. ISBN 9781782692669
Kasidu
"Skinny Mini", Ugly Duckling Diaries, Yuli 2015
"The Intruder", The New York Times Magazine, Satumba 2015
"Cheikh Anta Diop An Awakening", Chimurenga, 9 Afrilu, 2018
"Opinion: Slow-Cooking History", The New York Times, 10 Nuwamba 2018
"Inside Ghana: A Tale of Love, Loss and Slavery", Newsweek, 21 Fabrairu, 2019
Sauran rubuce-rubuce
"Second Home, Plus Yacht", Yachting Magazine, Oktoba 2007
"Incident on the way to the Bakoy Market", Asymptote Magazine, 2013
"Unborn Children", a cikin Margaret Busby, New Daughters of Africa, 2019.
Manazarta Haifaffun 1983
Rayayyun |
53966 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsitsi%20Dangarembga | Tsitsi Dangarembga | Tsitsi Dangaremb fbunga (an Haife ta 4 ga Fabrairu 1959) marubuciya ce ta Zimbabwe, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai shirya fina-finai. Littafin littafinta na farko mai suna Nervous Conditions (1988), wanda ita ce ta farko da wata bakar fata daga kasar Zimbabwe ta buga a cikin Turanci, wanda BBC ta bayyana a shekarar 2018 a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan littattafai 100 da suka tsara duniya. Ta ci wasu lambobin yabo na adabi, gami da Kyautar Marubuta ta Commonwealth da lambar yabo ta PEN Pinter A cikin 2020, littafinta Wannan Jikin Makoki ya kasance cikin jerin sunayen da aka zaba don Kyautar Booker A shekarar 2022, an yanke wa Dangarembga hukunci a wata kotu a Zimbabwe da laifin tayar da hankalin jama'a, ta hanyar nuna, a kan titin jama'a, allunan neman gyara.. M
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Tsitsi Dangarembga a ranar 4 ga Fabrairun 1959 a Mutoko, Kudancin Rhodesia yanzu Zimbabwe ƙaramin gari inda iyayenta ke koyarwa a makarantar mishan da ke kusa. Mahaifiyarta, Susan Dangarembga, ita ce mace baƙar fata ta farko a Kudancin Rhodesia don samun digiri na farko, kuma mahaifinta, Amon, daga baya zai zama shugaban makaranta. Daga shekaru biyu zuwa shida, Dangarembga ta zauna a Ingila, yayin da iyayenta ke neman ilimi mai zurfi. A can, kamar yadda ta tuna, ita da ɗan'uwanta sun fara jin Turanci "hakika kuma sun manta da yawancin Shona da muka koya." Ta komba Rhodesia tare da danginta a shekara ta 1965, shekarar shelar 'yancin kai na bai ɗaya na mulkin mallaka. A Rhodesia, ta sake samun Shona, amma ta ɗauki Turanci, yaren karatunta, harshenta na farko A cikin 1965, ta ƙaura tare da danginta zuwa Old Mutare, manufa ta Methodist kusa da Umtali (yanzu Mutare) inda mahaifinta da mahaifiyarta suka ɗauki mukamai daban-daban a matsayin shugaban makaranta da malami a Makarantar Sakandare ta Hartzell. Dangarembga, wacce ta fara karatunta a Ingila, ta shiga makarantar firamare ta Hartzell, kafin ta tafi makaranta a makarantar zuhudu ta Marymount Mission. Ta kammala karatunta na A-Levels a Makarantar Arundel, makarantar ƴan mata ƙwararru, galibi fararen fata a babban birnin kasar, Salisbury (yau Harare), kuma a cikin 1977 ta tafi Jami'ar Cambridge don karatun likitanci a Kwalejin Sidney Sussex A can, ta fuskanci wariyar launin fata da keɓewa kuma ta bar bayan shekaru uku, ta dawo a 1980 zuwa Zimbabwe watanni da yawa kafin samun 'yancin kai. Dangarembga ya yi aiki a takaice a matsayin malami, kafin ya fara karatu a fannin likitanci da ilimin halin dan Adam a Jami'ar Zimbabwe yayin da ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru biyu a matsayin marubuci a wata hukumar kasuwanci. Ta shiga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta jami'a, kuma ta rubuta tare da ba da umarni da yawa daga cikin wasan kwaikwayo da ƙungiyar ta yi. Ta kuma shiga cikin rukunin wasan kwaikwayo na Zambuko, inda ta shiga cikin shirya wasan kwaikwayo guda biyu, Katshaa! da Mavambo Daga baya ta tuna, “Babu wani wasan kwaikwayo da aka yi da mata baƙar fata, ko aƙalla ba mu sami damar yin su ba a lokacin. Marubuta a Zimbabwe maza ne a lokacin. Don haka a gaskiya ban ga cewa za a gyara lamarin ba sai dai in wasu mata sun zauna sun rubuta wani abu, don haka na yi!” Ta rubuta wasanni uku a cikin wannan lokacin: Lost of the Soil (1983), Ba Ta Kara Kuka ba, da Na Uku A cikin waɗannan shekarun, ta kuma fara karanta ayyukan marubutan mata Ba-Amurke da wallafe-wallafen Afirka na zamani, sauyi daga ƙa'idodin Ingilishi da ta girma.
Sana'a
1980s da 1990s A cikin 1985, ɗangarembga ta ɗan gajeren labari "Wasiƙa" ya lashe matsayi na biyu a gasar rubuce-rubucen da Hukumar Haɗin gwiwar Ci Gaban Ƙasashen Duniya ta Sweden ta shirya, kuma an buga shi a Sweden a cikin littafin tarihin Whispering Land A cikin 1987, an buga wasanta mai suna She No Longer Weeps, wanda ta rubuta a lokacin jami'a, a Harare. Littafinta na farko, Yanayin Jijiya, an buga shi a cikin 1988 a Burtaniya, kuma bayan shekara guda a Amurka Ta rubuta shi a cikin 1985, amma ta sha wahala wajen buga shi; Wasu mawallafa 'yan Zimbabwe huɗu suka ƙi, daga ƙarshe ta sami mawallafi mai son rai a cikin Gidan Jarida na Mata na London Yanayi na Jijiya, littafi na farko da wata baƙar fata daga Zimbabwe ta rubuta a cikin Ingilishi, ya sami yabo na gida da na duniya, kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta Commonwealth Writers' Prize (yankin Afirka) a 1989. Aikinta yana cikin littafin tarihin 1992 ya'ya mata na Afirka, wanda Margaret Busby ta shirya. Ana ɗaukar Yanayin Jijiya ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun litattafan Afirka da aka taɓa rubuta, kuma an haɗa su cikin jerin manyan littattafai 100 na BBC na 2018 waɗanda suka tsara duniya. A cikin 1989, Dangarembga ya tafi Jamus don nazarin jagorar fina-finai a Cibiyar Nazarin Fina-Finai da Talabijin ta Jamus Berlin Ta shirya fina-finai da dama yayin da take Berlin, ciki har da wani shirin gaskiya da aka watsa a gidan talabijin na Jamus. A cikin 1992, ta kafa Nyerai Films, kamfanin shirya fina-finai da ke Harare. Ta rubuta labarin ne don fim ɗin Neria, wanda aka yi a 1991, wanda ya zama fim mafi girma a tarihin Zimbabwe. Fim ɗinta na 1996 Child's Child, fim ɗin farko da wata baƙar fata 'yar Zimbabwe ta shirya, an nuna shi a duniya, ciki har da bikin fina-finai na Dublin Fim din, wanda aka yi a Harare da Domboshava, ya biyo bayan labarai masu ban tausayi na 'yan'uwa hudu bayan iyayensu sun mutu da cutar kanjamau 2000 gaba A cikin 2000, Dangarembga ta koma Zimbabwe tare da danginta, kuma ta ci gaba da aikinta tare da Nyerai Films. A shekara ta 2002, ta kafa bikin fina-finai na Hotuna na Duniya. Fim dinta na 2005 Kare Kare Zvako ta lashe kyautar Short Film Award da Golden Dhow a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Zanzibar, da lambar yabo ta gajerun fina-finan Afirka a bikin fina-finai na Milan Fim dinta Peretera Maneta a shekara ta 2006 ta sami lambar yabo ta UNESCO ta yara da kare hakkin dan Adam kuma ta lashe bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Zanzibar. Ita ce babbar darektar kungiyar mata masu shirya fina-finai ta Zimbabwe, kuma ita ce shugabar da ta kafa bikin fina-finan mata na Harare. Tun daga shekarar 2010, ta kuma yi aiki a hukumar kula da kade-kade ta Zimbabwe na tsawon shekaru biyar, ciki har da shekaru biyu a matsayin kujera. Ita mamba ce ta kafa Cibiyar Ƙirƙirar Ƙirƙirar Ƙirƙira don Ci gaba don Ƙirƙirar Ƙirƙira a Afirka (ICAPA). Da aka tambaye ta game da rashin rubuce-rubucenta tun lokacin da yanayin Jijiya, Dangarembga ya bayyana a cikin 2004: "Da farko, an buga littafin ne kawai bayan da na juya zuwa fim a matsayin matsakaici; na biyu, Virginia Woolf ta wayo abin lura cewa mace tana buƙatar 500 da ɗakin kanta don rubuta shi cikakke ne. Ba zato ba tsammani, Ina motsi da fatan cewa, a karon farko tun lokacin da yanayin Jijiya, Zan sami ɗaki na kaina. Zan yi ƙoƙarin yin watsi da bit game da 500." Lalle ne, bayan shekaru biyu a cikin 2006, ta buga littafinta na biyu, Littafin Ba, wani mabiyi ga Yanayin Jijiya Ta kuma shiga harkokin siyasa, kuma a shekarar 2010 aka nada ta sakatariyar ilimi na jam'iyyar siyasa ta Movement for Democratic Change karkashin jagorancin Arthur Mutambara Ta ba da misali da tarihinta da ta fito daga dangin malamai, da ɗan gajeren zamanta na malami, da kuma “aiki, in ba bisa ƙa’ida ba,” a fannin ilimi, a matsayin ta na shirya mata rawar. Ta kammala karatun digiri na uku a fannin nazarin Afirka a Jami'ar Humboldt ta Berlin, kuma ta rubuta karatun digirinta na uku kan karbar fina-finan Afirka. Ta kasance alkali ga lambar yabo ta Etisalat na Adabi na 2014. A cikin 2016, Cibiyar Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio ta zaɓi ta don masu fasahar su a cikin shirin zama. Littafinta na uku, Wannan Jikin Makoki, Mabiyi na Littafin Ba da Yanayin Jijiya, an buga shi a cikin 2018 ta Graywolf Press a cikin Amurka, kuma a cikin Burtaniya ta Faber da Faber a cikin 2020, wanda Alexandra Fuller ya bayyana a cikin New York Times a matsayin "wani gwaninta" da kuma ta Novurion Rosa T. ya kasance daya daga cikin litattafai shida da aka zaba don Kyautar Booker na 2020, wanda aka zaba daga gabatarwa 162. A cikin wata hira da Bhakti Shringarpure na mujallar Bomb, Dangaremgba ta tattauna dalilin da ya sa littattafanta: "Mawallafina na farko, marigayi Ros de Lanerolle, ya umarce ni da in rubuta wani labari game da Yanayin Jijiya Lokacin rubuta ci gaba, na gane littafi na biyu zai yi magana ne kawai da tsakiyar ɓangaren rayuwar jarumin. [kuma] ba su ba da amsa ga tambayoyin da aka taso a cikin Yanayin Jijiya ba game da yadda rayuwa tare da kowane mataki na hukuma zai yiwu ga irin waɗannan mutane. Ra'ayin rubuta trilogy ya burge ni game da wani talaka wanda ya fara a matsayin ƴar ƙauye mai talauci a ƙasar Rhodesia ta mulkin mallaka kuma dole ta yi ƙoƙarin gina rayuwa mai ma'ana ga kanta. Har ila yau, fam ɗin ya ba ni damar yin hulɗa da wasu al'amura na ci gaban ƙasar Zimbabwe ta hanyar kai tsaye maimakon siyasa." A cikin 2019, an sanar da Dangarembga a matsayin ɗan wasan ƙarshe na lambar yabo ta Adabin Kwalejin St. Francis, lambar yabo ta shekara-shekara don gane fitaccen almara na marubuta a tsakiyar matakan ayyukansu, wanda a ƙarshe Samantha Hunt ya ci nasara a wannan shekarar. m
A ranar 31 ga Yuli, 2020 an kama Dangarembga a Harare, Zimbabwe, gabanin zanga-zangar adawa da cin hanci da rashawa. Daga baya waccan shekarar tana cikin jerin mata 100 na BBC da aka sanar a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba 2020. A cikin Satumba 2020, an sanar da Dangarembga a matsayin Jami'ar Gabashin Anglia na farko na Shugaban Rubutun Ƙirƙirar Rubutun Duniya, daga 2021 zuwa 2022. Dangarembga ya lashe lambar yabo ta 2021 PEN International Award for Freedom Expression, wanda aka ba kowace shekara tun 2005 don karrama marubutan da ke ci gaba da aiki duk da tsanantawa saboda rubuce-rubucensu. A cikin Yuni 2021, an sanar da cewa Dangarembga zai zama mai karɓar babbar lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta 2021 da ƙungiyar masu buga littattafan Jamus da masu sayar da littattafai suka ba ta, ta zama baƙar fata ta farko da aka karrama da lambar yabo tun lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da shi a 1950. A cikin Yuli 2021, an zabe ta zuwa Fellowship na girmamawa na Kwalejin Sidney Sussex, Cambridge PEN ta Ingilishi ce ta zaɓi Dangarembga a matsayin wanda ya lashe kyautar PEN Pinter na 2021, wanda ake ba shi kowace shekara ga marubuci wanda, a cikin kalmomin da Harold Pinter ya faɗa game da karɓar kyautar Nobel ta adabi, ya jefa kallon "marasa hankali, rashin karkata" a duniya kuma yana nuna "ƙaddamar azamar tunani don ayyana gaskiyar rayuwarmu". A jawabinta na karbuwa a dakin karatu na Burtaniya a ranar 11 ga Oktoba 2021, Dangarembga ta nada marubuciyar marubuciya 'yar kasar Uganda Kakwenza Rukirabashaija a matsayin lambar yabo ta Marubuci ta Kasa da Kasa A cikin 2022, an zaɓi Dangarembga don karɓar lambar yabo ta Windham-Campbell Literature Prize don almara. A watan Yuni 2022, an bayar da sammacin kama Tsitsi Dangarembga. An tuhume ta da laifin tunzura jama'a da cin zarafin jama'a da keta dokokin yaki da cutar Covid bayan zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati da aka shirya a karshen Yuli 2020. A ranar 28 ga Satumba 2022, an yanke wa Dangarembga hukunci bisa hukuma da laifin yada tashin hankalin jama'a bayan ita da kawarta, Julie Barnes, sun zagaya a Harare cikin zanga-zangar lumana yayin da suke rike da allunan da ke dauke da "Muna Son Mafi Kyau. Gyara Cibiyoyinmu”. Dangarembga an ci tarar dala 110 da kuma daurin watanni shida a gidan yari. Ta sanar da cewa ta shirya daukaka kara kan hukuncin nata ne a daidai lokacin da kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama ke ikirarin cewa ana tuhumarta ne sakamakon yunkurin Shugaba Emmerson Mnangagwa na "shuru da 'yan adawa a kasar da ta dade a kudancin Afirka." A ranar 8 ga Mayu 2023, an sanar da cewa an soke hukuncin Dangarembga bayan da ta daukaka kara a kan hukuncin farko a 2022.
Zaɓaɓɓen kyaututtuka da karramawa 1989: Kyautar Marubuta ta Commonwealth (yankin Afirka) don Yanayin Jijiya
2005: Kare Kare Zvako ya lashe kyautar Short Film da Golden Dhow a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Zanzibar, da lambar yabo ta gajerun fina-finan Afirka a bikin fina-finai na Milan.
2018: Yanayin Jijiya da BBC ta ambata a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan littattafai 100 da suka tsara duniya 2020: Wannan Jikin Makoki da aka zaba don Kyautar Booker 2021: Kyautar PEN ta Duniya don 'Yancin Magana
2021: Kyautar zaman lafiya ta 2021 daga ƙungiyar masu buga littattafan Jamus da masu sayar da littattafai 2021: Fellowship na girmamawa na Kwalejin Sidney Sussex, Cambridge
2021: Kyautar PEN Pinter daga Turanci PEN
2022: Kyautar Adabin Windham-Campbell (almara)
Jerin ayyuka Na Uku (wasa)
Rashin Ƙasa (wasa), 1983
"Wasiƙar" (gajeren labari), 1985, wanda aka buga a cikin Ƙasar Wasiƙa
Ba Ta Kara Kuka ba (wasa), 1987
Yanayin Jijiya, 1988, Littafin Ba, 2006, Wannan Jikin Makoki 2018, Baƙar fata da Na mata (marubuta), 2022,
Filmography
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rikodin karatun Dangarembga na "Zaben Zimbabwe"
Petri Liukkonen. "Sanarwar goyon baya ga Tsitsi Dangarembga", Sabon Rubutu, Jami'ar Gabashin Anglis, Oktoba 2020.
Leo Robson, "Me yasa Tsitsi Dangarembga yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubutan da kyautar Booker ta taɓa yin bikin", New Stateman, 13 Nuwamba 2020.
Mia Swart, "Tsitsi Dangarembga: Rayuwa a cikin 'Zimbabwe mai takurawa'", AlJazeera, 16 Nuwamba 2020.
Catherine Taylor, "Tsitsi Dangarembga kan kama ta, kyautar Booker da kuma dalilin da ya sa ba za ta bar Zimbabwe ba: 'Yana ci gaba da rauni'" 16 Nuwamba 2020.
Troy Fielder, "UEA Live: Wani fanko mai cutarwa, A cikin Tattaunawa Tare da Tsitsi Dangarembga", Kankare, 27 Fabrairu 2021.
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1959
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
17906 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad%20Ali%20Jinnah | Muhammad Ali Jinnah | Muhammad Ali Jinnah, (Urdu; Gujarati;ranar 25 ga watan Disamba shekarata alif dari takwas da saba'in da shida 1876)_ranan 11 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 1948 a Karachi ɗan siyasar kasan Pakistan ne da ake duba a matsayin wanda ya kafa ƙasar Pakistan. Bayan raba ƙasar da India, ya zama Gwamnan-Jahar na Pakistan. Don girmamawa, al'ummar Pakistan suna kiransa da suna Quaid-e-Azam bra wadda a yaren Urdu, yake nufin "babban shugaba". Kazalika, 'yan ƙasar kuma suna kiransa da wani sunan a cikin yaren Urdu wanda ke nufin "mahaifin al'umma". Ranar haifuwarsa ranar hutu ce a duk fadin kasar Pakistan da ake kira da ranar Pakistan
Tarihin Rayuwar MA Jinnah An haifi Muhammad Ali Jinnah a ranar 25 ga watan Disamban shekarar 1876 a Karachi a cikin gidan Isma'ilism na Poonja Jinnah. Aljanna. An haife shi a Karachi, birnin Sindh. Sunan mahaifinsa Jinnah Poonja (1857- 1901) kuma sunan mahaifiyarsa Mithibai. Jinnah shi ne babba a cikin 'ya'ya bakwai na Jinnah Poonja da Mithibai. Iyalinsa sun yi ƙaura zuwa Sindh daga yankin Kathiawar na Gujarat, Indiya.
Sunan Jinnah na haihuwa shi ne Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Daga baya ya canza shi zuwa mafi sauki 'Muhammad Ali Jinnah' ko MA A gida, danginsa suna magana da yaren Gujarati, kuma yaran ma sun zo suna magana da Kutchi da Ingilishi. Ban da Fatima, ba a san komai game da 'yan uwansa ba Farkon shekarun aiki A shekarar 1891 (lokacin yana da shekaru goma sha biyar), Jinnah ya tafi Landan ya yi aiki na wasu shekaru a wani kamfani. A kusan wannan lokacin, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu.
A shekarar 1894, Jinnah ya bar aikinsa don karatun aikin lauya Ya shiga karatun a Lincoln's Inn kuma ya kammala karatu a 1896. Yayin da yake Landan, shi ma ya fara shiga harkokin siyasa. Ya matuƙar yaba da shugabannin siyasa na Indiya Dadabhai Naoroji da Sir Pherozeshah Mehta A hankali Jinnah yana bunkasa ra'ayin sa na siyasa. Yana tunani a kan layin cewa Indiya ta sami mulkin kai na tsarin mulki.
A wannan lokacin, mahaifinsa ya rasa kasuwancinsa. Wannan ya kuma sanya Aljannah cikin mawuyacin hali. A halin yanzu, ya fara aikin lauya a Mumbai Ya kuma gina gida a Unguwar Malabar ta Mumbai. Gidan yanzu ana kiransa Gidan Jinnah.
Ya zama babban lauya. A shekarar 1908 ya wakilci Bal Gangadhar Tilak, sanannen shugaban Majalisar Dokokin Indiya. Tilak yana fuskantar tuhuma ta tayar da hankali ga Dokar Burtaniya. Jinnah ta ɗaukaka ƙara sosai, amma an tura Tilak gidan yari. Bayan haka ya fidda rai
Shekarun farko a matsayin ɗan siyasa Jinnah ya riga ya shiga Majalisar Dokokin Indiya a shekarar 1906 lokacin da ya fara siyasa. Majalisar ta kasance babbar ƙungiyar siyasa a Indiya. Yawancin membobi da shugabannin Nationalan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Indiya sun fi son ƙarancin mulkin kai ga Indiya. Jinnah ma sunyi irin wannan ra'ayin. A waccan lokacin, abin koyi shi ne Gopal Krishna Gokhale A ranar 25 ga Janairu 1910, Jinnah ya zama memba a cikin Saba'in da mambobi biyu na majalisar dokoki. Ya kasance memba mai aiki a cikin Majalisar. Kamar sauran shugabannin Indiya, Jinnah shima ya goyi bayan Biritaniya a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya.Shugabannin sun goyi bayan Burtaniya suna tunanin cewa bayan yaƙin, Burtaniya zata ba Indiya Greatancin siyasa.
A farkon Jinnah ya nisanci shiga jam'iyyar All India Muslim League, wata kungiyar siyasa ta Indiya. Musulmai sun kafa kungiyar a 1906. A cikin shekarata 1913, Jinnah ya zama memba na Leagueungiyar Musulmi. A shekarar 1934, ya zama shugaban hadaddiyar kungiyar Musulmi. Ya taimaka wajen yin yarjejeniya tsakanin Majalisa da ƙungiyar Musulmai (Lucknow Pact a 1916). Yarjejeniyar ta yi kokarin gabatar da hadin kai ga Burtaniya don ba wa Indiya mulkin mallaka a cikin Masarautar Burtaniya. Wannan yayi kama da matsayin mulkin mallaka wanda Kanada, New Zealand da Ostiraliya suke dashi a lokacin.
A shekarar 1918, Jinnah ta sake yin aure. Matarsa ta biyu itace Rattanbai Petit. Tana da shekaru ashirin da huɗu fiye da shi. Ta kasance diyar abokiyar Jinnah Sir Dinshaw Petit 'yar Parsi ce amma rattanbai ta musulunta kafin ta auri Jinnah ta canza sunanta zuwa Maryam. Ma'auratan suna zaune a Bombay (yanzu Mumbai) kuma suna yawan zuwa Turai. A shekarar 1919, matar sa ta haifi ‘ya mace mai suna Dina.
Zuwa shekarar 1918, Mohandas Gandhi ya zama ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin Jam'iyyar Congress. Gandhi ya yi jerin gwanon zanga-zanga ba tashin hankali don samun mulkin kai ga Indiya. Jinnah ta dauki wani layi daban. Ya so gwagwarmayar tsarin mulki don samun mulkin kai ga Indiya. Jinnah ya kuma nuna adawa ga goyon bayan Gandhi ga kungiyar Khilafat A hankali, bambance-bambance da yawa a tsakanin su sun taso. A 1920, Jinnah ya bar jam'iyyar Congress. Ya zama shugaban hadaddiyar kungiyar musulmai. A wannan lokacin, Jinnah ta fito da wani shiri na rage banbance banbancen dake tsakanin Jam’iyyar Congress da kuma Kungiyar Musulmi. Shirin yana da matakai na aiki goma sha huɗu. Sabili da haka, sanannen sanannen littafin Jinnah ne na Maki goma sha huɗu. Amma jam'iyyar Congress ba ta yarda da wadannan ba.
A tsawon wadannan shekarun rayuwar Jinnah ta wahala. Ya mai da hankali kan siyasa ya haifar da rikici a cikin auren Jinnah. Ma'auratan sun rabu a 1927 kuma bayan mummunan rashin lafiya Rattanbai ya mutu.
A wannan lokacin, akwai taron shugabannin Indiya tare da gwamnatin Burtaniya. An gudanar da shi a London kuma an san shi da Taron Taron Zagaye. Jinnah ya soki manufofin Gandhi. Taron ya gaza. Jinnah shima baiyi farin ciki da Kungiyar Musulmai ba. Ya yanke shawarar barin siyasa. Ya sake fara aiki a matsayin lauya a Ingila. Duk tsawon wadannan shekarun, 'yar uwarsa Fatima Jinnah ta kasance mai kula da lamuran Aljannah, a gida da waje. Ta kuma zama mai ba shi shawara na kusa. Ta taimaka masa wajen renon ‘yar Jinnah, Dina Wadia. 'Yar ta auri Neville Wadia, dan Parasi wanda ya musulunta. Jinnah ba ta son wannan auren.
Shugaban kungiyar musulmin Shugabannin Musulmai da yawa na Indiya kamar Aga Khan III, Coudhary Rahmat Ali da Sir Muhammad Iqbal sun nemi Jinnah da ta dawo Indiya.
Shugabannin ƙungiyar musulmin sun so shi ya jagoranci kungiyar musulmin. Jinnah ta yarda ta dawo Indiya. A shekarar 1934, ya bar Landan ya koma Indiya don sake shirya gasar Musulmai. Amma ba zai iya farfado da martabar jam'iyyar ba har sai bayan zaben 1937 kasancewar Jam’iyyar Musulmi ta lashe kujeru kadan kacal. Koyaya, a wannan lokacin, Firayim Minista na Punjab, Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan, ya taimaka Leagueungiyar. A watan Oktoba 1937, ya yarda da kungiyar Musulmai ta Jinnah ta shiga cikin gwamnatin sa mai karfi. Wannan ana kiransa Yarjejeniyar Jinnah-Sikandar Bambance-bambancensa da Jam'iyyar Congress ya ci gaba da zama babba. A shekara ta 1930, wasu shugabannin musulmai kamar Allama Iqbal sun yi ta jayayya game da raba kasar Musulman Indiya. A ƙarshe ya zo ga ƙarshe cewa Hindu da Musulmai ba za su iya zama a cikin ƙasa ɗaya ba. Jinnah kuma ya fara da ra'ayin raba ƙasa da Musulman Indiya. Jinnah da Kungiyar Musulmi sun fara aiki don samun irin wannan kasar ta daban. Sun yi wani shiri game da wannan a cikin 1940 mai suna Resolution na Pakistan Ana kiran wannan sabuwar ƙasar Pakistan.
A cikin 1941, Jinnah ya kafa wata jarida, mai suna Dawn Wannan jaridar ta buga ra'ayoyi da tunanin siyasa na Kungiyar Musulmi. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II, Jinnah ya goyi bayan Birtaniyya, kuma ya yi adawa da Quit India motsi na jam'iyyar Congress. A 1944, Gandhi ya yi tattaunawa har sau 14 da Jinnah, amma ba su iya cimma matsaya ba. A wannan lokacin, Kungiyar Musulmi ta kafa gwamnatoci a wasu larduna, kuma sun shiga cikin gwamnatin tsakiya.
Zama Wanda ya kafa Pakistan Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Burtaniya ta fara matakai don ba wa Indiya 'yanci. A ranar 16 ga Mayu 1946, Birtaniyya ta sanar da shirin dunkulewar Indiya. Wata daya bayan haka, a ranar 16 ga Yuni 1946 Turawan ingila suka sanar da wani shiri na raba Raj Raj na Burtaniya zuwa ƙasashe biyu, daya na Hindu da daya na Musulmi.
Jam'iyyar Congress ta yarda da shirin 16 ga Mayu shekarata 1946. Muslimungiyar Musulmi a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Jinnah ta yarda da duka tsare-tsaren. Amma, a ranar 16 ga Agusta 1946, Jinnah ya kuma sanar da Direct Action don samun 'yanci ga Pakistan, wata kasa ta Musulmai ta tsohon British Raj. Bayan zagaye na tattaunawa da yawa, an raba Raj na Birtaniyya (a watan Agusta 1947) zuwa ƙasashe biyu, Indiya da Pakistan. A shekarar 1971, Bangladesh ta sami 'yencin kai daga hannun Pakistan.
Janar-Janar An raba Birtaniyar Raj na Indiya zuwa ƙasashe biyu, waɗanda suka haɗa da, India da Pakistan. Jinnah ta zama Gwamna-Janar na farko a Pakistan, 'yar uwarsa Fatimah Jinnah ta zama "Uwar Kasa". Ya kuma zama shugaban majalisar dokokin Pakistan. A cikin wani jawabi ga majalisar da aka kafa a ranar 11 ga watan Agustan shekarata 1947, Jinnah ya ba da labarin makomar Pakistan a matsayin ƙasa mara addini. Ya faɗi wannan a cikin kalmomi masu zuwa:
Kuna iya kasancewa cikin kowane addini ko akida wannan ba shi da nasaba da kasuwancin jihar. Idan lokaci ya yi, Hindu za ta daina zama Hindatu kuma Musulmai za su daina zama Musulmai, ba ta fuskar addini ba, domin wannan imanin mutum ne na kowane mutum, amma a siyasance a matsayinsa na ɗan ƙasa. Jinnah kuma ya ɗauki nauyin gwamnati kai tsaye. Bayan rabuwa, mummunan rikici tsakanin Musulmai da Hindu ya faru. Irin wannan tashin hankali ya kasance mai tsanani a cikin Punjab da Bengal. Jinnah ta zagaya yankunan tare da shugabannin Hindu daga Indiya don kwantar da hankalin jama'a. Mutane da yawa sun mutu a tashin hankalin. Alkaluman wadanda suka mutu sun banbanta daga mutane dubu dari biyu zuwa sama da miliyan daya. Jinnah tayi bakin ciki kwarai da gaske a duk wadannan abubuwan da suka faru.
Jim kaɗan bayan samun 'yancin kan Indiya da Pakistan, rikici ya ɓarke a Kashmir. Sarkin Kashmir ya yarda ya zama wani yanki na Indiya. amma galibi Musulman Kashmir ba su son wannan. Sun fara fada a Kashmir. Dole ne Indiya ta tura sojojinsa zuwa Kashmir, wanda ya zama wani yanki na Indiya. Indiya ta gabatar da batun ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ba da umarnin a kawo karshen rikicin kuma an yi farin ciki. Wannan matsalar har yanzu tana ci gaba da yin mummunan tasiri a alaƙar Indiya da Pakistan.
Matsayin Jinnah wajen samar da ƙasar Pakistan a matsayin sabuwar kasa yana da matukar muhimmanci. Wannan ya sanya shi shahara sosai a tsakanin mutanen Pakistan. A Gabashin Pakistan (yanzu Bangladesh mutane sun yi adawa da ra'ayin Jinnah cewa yaren Urdu ya zama yaren harshe na ƙasa kaɗai.
Mutuwa Muhammad Ali ya sha fama da cutar tarin fuka tun farkon shekarun 1940. Hisar uwarsa kawai da wasu fewan kaɗan na kusa da dangin sun san wannan. Bayan raba kasar Indiya da kirkirar kasar Pakistan, ya zama gwamnan janar na Pakistan. Aikinsa ya karu, amma lafiyarsa ta tabarbare. Don samun lafiyarsa, ya kwashe watanni da yawa a gidansa na hutawa na hukuma. Gidan sauran ya kasance a wani wuri mai suna a Ziarat Jinnah bai iya samun lafiyarsa ba. Ya mutu a ranar 11 Satumba 1948 daga tarin fuka Archived Ra'ayoyi Game da Jinnah A 'yan shekarun nan, wasu malamai sun ba da wasu sabbin ra'ayoyi game da ayyukan Aljannah. Jinnah ya nuna sha'awar cewa wasu daga cikin mafi rinjayen sarakunan Hindu su shiga Pakistan. Waɗannan malamai suna jayayya cewa wannan ra'ayin ya saba wa ra'ayin Jinnah cewa Hindu da Musulmi ba za su iya zama tare ba.
Wasu masana tarihi kamar HM Seervai da Ayesha Jalal sunce Jinnah na son duniyan Kudancin Asiya. Ya buƙaci a ware wa Musulmai kasa ta daban kasancewar shugabannin Majalisar ba sa son raba madafan iko da ƙungiyar Musulman.
Kwanan nan, shugabannin Indiya waɗanda ke cikin Bhartiya Janta Party, kamar Lal Krishna Advani da Jaswant Singh sun yaba wa Jinnah. An kori Jaswant Singh daga jam'iyyar ne saboda ya yabi Jinnah a littafinsa mai suna 'Jinnah- India, Partition and Independence'.
Tunawa Al'umma da mutane sunyi abubuwa da yawa don tunawa da Aljannah. A Pakistan ana kiransa Quaid-e-Azam. Hotunan sa sun bayyana a takardun kuɗi da yawa na Pakistan. An sanya sunan filin jirgin saman Karachi ne a bayansa. A shekarar 1998 wata sabuwar jami’a a Karachi aka sanya mata suna Jami’ar Mohammad Ali Jinnah Wata jami'a a cikin Islamabad an sanya mata sunan jami'ar Quad-e-Azam Sauran wurare da cibiyoyi da yawa suna ɗauke da sunansa a Pakistan da sauran wurare. Misali, a kasar Turkiya, ana kiran sunan titi mai girma sosai da sunan sa. A Iran, daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin babban birninta Tehran yana dauke da sunansa kuma a zauren Mumbai an sanya masa zauren jama'a a bayansa.
Littattafai da yawa, fina-finai da shirye-shiryen TV suna ba da labari game da rayuwa da aikin Aljannah, gami da fim din da ya shafi rayuwar mutum, Jinnah Shahararrun maganganu "Tare da imani, horo da sadaukar da kai ga aiki, babu wani abu mai amfani da ba za ku iya cimma ba."
"Kuyi tunani sau 100 kafin ku yanke shawara, Amma da zarar an yanke wannan shawarar, ku tsaya a matsayin mutum daya."
"Rashin nasara kalma ce wacce ban sani ba."
"Babu wata al'umma da za ta hau zuwa daukaka har sai matanku suna gefe da kai."
"Tsammani mafi kyau, Ka shirya ma mafi munin."
"Babu wata gwagwarmaya da za ta taba yin nasara ba tare da mata sun shiga kafada da kafada da maza ba."
"Dole ne ku tsaya tsayin daka kan ci gaban da kuma kula da dimokradiyya ta Musulunci, adalci na zamantakewar Musulunci da daidaito na maza a kasar ku."
"Addinin Islama yana fatan kowane Musulmi ya yi wannan aikin, kuma idan muka fahimci nauyin da ke kanmu lokaci zai zo nan ba da daɗewa ba da za mu tabbatar da kanmu cewa ya cancanci abin da ya gabata.
"Wannan 'yanci ba zai taɓa samun wata al'umma ba tare da wahala da sadaukarwa ba sakamakon kyakkyawan abin da ya faru a wannan yankin na baya-bayan nan."
"Mun kasance masu cutar da munanan al'adu. Laifi ne ga bil'adama cewa an rufe matanmu a cikin bango hudu na gidajen a matsayin fursunoni. Babu takunkumi a ko'ina don mummunan halin da matanmu suke ciki. "Pakistan ba wai kawai tana nufin 'yanci da' yanci ba ne amma Akidar Musulmai wanda ya kamata a kiyaye, wanda dole ne ya zo mana a matsayin kyauta mai daraja da taska wanda kuma, muna fatan sauran za su raba tare da mu."
Manazarta Pakistan
Asiya
Mutanen Asiya
Pages with unreviewed |
34173 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booty%20Luv | Booty Luv | Articles with hCards
Pages using infobox musical artist with associated acts
Booty Luv ƙungiyar rawa ce ta Biritaniya wacce aka kafa a watan Yuni shekarar 2006 ta lakabin rikodin su, Hed Kandi Ƙungiyar ta ƙunshi mawallafin R & B guda biyu, Cherise Roberts da Nadia Shepherd, dukansu sun kasance a cikin asali na asali na hip hop da R B kungiyar Big Brovaz Ya zuwa yau, sun fitar da kundi guda ɗaya na BPI Silver-certified studio solo album a matsayin mai ban sha'awa, kuma sun sami nasara biyar mafi girma ashirin a cikin Burtaniya. Har ila yau, sun samu nasara a duniya, inda suka samu nasara a Ireland, Poland, Netherlands da Jamus.
Duo ɗin sun yanke shawarar ɗaukar hutu a cikin shekarar 2009 don mai da hankali kan ayyukan solo bayan fitowar waƙar su Say It wanda ake nufin ɗauka a matsayin jagora guda ɗaya daga kundi na biyu na studio. A ƙarshen shekara ta 2011, bayan hutu na shekaru biyu duo ya ba da sanarwar cewa sun canza suna zuwa "Cherise Nadia" kuma sun tafi ƙaramin yawon shakatawa a Ostiraliya don haɓaka kayan daga kundi na farko. A cikin Nuwamba 2012, duo sun canza suna zuwa Booty Luv kuma sun sake dawowa da waƙar "Baƙar fata" a ranar 3 ga watan Fabrairu Shekara ta 2013. Kodayake kundin nasu na biyu ya kasance ba a fitar da su ba kuma ba su fitar da wani sabon abu ba tun shekarar 2013 duo har yanzu suna ci gaba da yin aiki har na shekarara 2022.
Tarihi
2002-2005: Big Brovaz da samuwar Roberts da Shepherd duka sun fara aikin su ne a matsayin membobin R&B da ƙungiyar hip hop Big Brovaz, wanda ya sami manyan 40 na UK guda bakwai tsakanin 2002 da 2004. Roberts ya riga ya zama mawaƙin da aka kafa kafin ya shiga Big Brovaz, yana yin rikodin kundi na solo Look Inside da kuma "Mafi kyawun Na Biyu". Kundin ya samu lambar yabo ta MOBO Unsung a 2000. An ƙirƙiri Booty Luv a farkon rikodin kundi na biyu na Big Brovaz, Sake Shigarwa, lokacin da Roberts da Shepherd suka kusanci don yin rikodi da haɓaka sabon sigar R&B mawaƙin rai Tweet 's club buga Boogie 2nite Bayan rashin tallace-tallacen da aka yi na farko daga Sake Shigarwa a tsakiyar 2006, Duo sun yarda da tayin kuma sun fara yin rikodin sabon sigar waƙar, da farko kawai a matsayin waƙar talla don lakabin rikodin Hed Kandi Bayan watanni shida a watan Disamba, duk da haka, an yanke shawarar sigar Booty Luv na "Boogie 2nite" a matsayin ainihin guda ɗaya a cikin Burtaniya da babban yankin Turai biyo bayan sake dubawa mai kyau daga kulob DJs a wurin rawa.
2006-2009: Boogie 2nite da hiatus A ƙarshen 2006, an aika bidiyon "Boogie 2nite" zuwa tashoshin kiɗa kuma an inganta waƙar sosai. An zaɓi remix na raye-raye na asali na Seamus Haji don zazzagewar waƙar da sakin jiki, yayin da aka zaɓi bidiyon don nuna remix ta ƙungiyar DB Boulevard Waƙar ta zama lamba ɗaya ta farko a cikin Chart Rawar Burtaniya. Ana kashe makonni 23 a cikin Burtaniya Top 75, "Boogie 2nite" ya haifar da Booty Luv ya tsawaita kwantiragin su tare da Hed Kandi zuwa guda huɗu masu biyo baya da kundi.
A cikin Mayu 2007, bayan ɗaukar watanni da yawa don yin rikodin kundi na farko, Booty Luv ya fitar da waƙar Shine murfin waƙar Luther Vandross Rediyo ya karbe shi da kyau kuma ya zama na biyu mafi kyawun rukunin guda goma, wanda a ƙarshe ya kwashe makonni bakwai a cikin Burtaniya Top 40 Hakanan ya kai matsayi na farko akan Chart Rawar Burtaniya.
Kundin nasu na farko, Boogie 2nite, an sake shi a watan Satumba na 2007, mako guda bayan guda na uku Kada ku yi rikici da mutum na (rufin waƙar Lucy Pearl ya kai lamba 11 akan Chart Singles na Burtaniya kuma ya zama lamba ta uku. rawa daya buga. Kundin ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi na asali guda biyar waɗanda Booty Luv suka rubuta, gami da guda huɗu, Wasu Kinda Rush (lamba 19 da aka buga a cikin Disamba 2007). Boogie 2nite ya shiga Chart Albums na UK a lamba 11 kuma BPI ta ba da ƙwararriyar Azurfa a ƙarshen 2008, yana nuna kwafin 60,000 da aka sayar. A ƙarshen 2007, UK iTunes Store ya ba da waƙar "Wani Abin da za a Yi Magana Game da shi" azaman 'Kyauta Single na Makon'. Na biyar guda daga cikin kundi, "Dance Dance", an ba da iyakataccen fitarwa a duk faɗin Turai a cikin 2008, kuma ya kai saman biyar akan ginshiƙi na rawa na Netherlands (kololuwa a lamba 27 akan babban ginshiƙi).
Roberts da Shepherd sun tabbatar a cikin wata hira da Digital Spy a cikin 2007 cewa sun shirya fara aiki a kan kundi na biyu a 2008. Sun kuma ambata cewa suna magana ne game da tsare-tsare na gaba tare da Hed Kandi kuma suna son kundin ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi na asali kawai. A cikin wata hira ta Digital Spy a watan Yuli 2009, Shepherd ya bayyana cewa ƙungiyar ta kasance tana aiki tare da masu samarwa da yawa kuma kundin yana da "salon mara kyau". Ta kuma yi tsokaci cewa "wasu waƙoƙin suna da ainihin R&B vibe a gare su, wasu waƙoƙin raye-rayen da suka dace kuma wasu waƙoƙin poppier ne na yau da kullun. Yana da matukar ban sha'awa cakuda sauti. Roberts ya bayyana cewa suna aiki tare da Fraser T Smith Duo ɗin sun fito da waƙar su ta farko a cikin sama da shekaru biyu Say It wanda aka fara ranar Juma'a 10 ga Afrilu 2009. Aikin farko na waƙar ya kasance a bikin Dance Nation na Sony Ericsson inda duo suka yi saiti. Kiɗa na waƙar ya ɗan bambanta da kayan da suka gabata da ƙungiyar ta fitar, suna da ƙarin jin daɗin wutar lantarki. An saki guda ɗaya a kan 31 Agusta 2009, kuma an fara shi a kan gidan yanar gizon Hed Kandi na hukuma da kuma shafin raba bidiyo na YouTube Waƙar ita ce 'Single of the Day' na Popjustice a ranar 10 ga Afrilu 2009. Mawaƙin ya ci gaba da gudanar da ƙungiyar ta Burtaniya Top 20 hits, yana yin muhawara a lamba 16 a ranar Lahadi 6 ga Satumba 2009, sabuwar shigarwa ta huɗu mafi girma na mako.
2011-yanzu: "Bakar bazawara" da Yin Booty Luv ya dawo daga hutun shekaru biyu lokacin da suka yi a 2011 a Nottingham Pride da Cardiff's Pulse Street Party. An rattaba hannu kan lakabin rikodin nishadi na Pierce kuma sun fitar da wani talla mai taken Wannan Dare wanda aka saki bisa hukuma na wani ɗan lokaci don ya zo daidai da yawon shakatawa na Australiya a watan Mayu 2012 ta hanyar iTunes. Duo sun fitar da bidiyon kiɗan su na hukuma don "Baƙar fata gwauruwa" a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba 2012, sun fito da guda ɗaya a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu 2013, wanda ya zama saman 5 a cikin Charts na Rawar Urban Club. A lokacin bazara mai zuwa, duo ya jagoranci bikin Oxford Pride a ranar 8 ga Yuni 2013.
Kodayake kundin na Booty Luv na biyu an tsara shi don ƙarshen fitowar 2013, a ƙarshe ba a sake fitar da kundin ba, kuma Roberts da Shepherd daga baya sun sake gyara tare da Big Brovaz don yawan nunin raye-raye. Haka kuma a lokaci guda sun ci gaba da yin aikin Booty Luv.
Hotuna Albums na Studio
Boogie 2nite (2007)
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
40616 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaben%202023%20na%20majalisar%20dattawan%20Najeriya%20a%20jihar%20Bayelsa | Zaben 2023 na majalisar dattawan Najeriya a jihar Bayelsa | Za a gudanar da zaɓen Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya na shekarar 2023 a Jihar Bayelsa a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu, na shekarar 2023, don zaɓen Sanatocin tarayya 3 daga jihar Bayelsa, ɗaya daga kowane gundumomi uku na jihar. Zaɓen zai zo dai-dai da zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shhekar ta 2023, da kuma sauran zaɓukan ƴan majalisar dattawa da na ƴan majalisar wakilai tare da gudanar da zaɓen jihohi makonni biyu bayan haka. An gudanar da zaɓen firamare tsakanin 4 ga watan Afrilu da 9 ga watan Yuni 2022.
Fage Dangane da zaɓen majalisar dattijai da ya gabata, babu ɗaya daga cikin Sanatoci uku masu ci da aka dawo da su yayin da Emmanuel Paulker (PDP- Central da Ben Murray-Bruce (PDP- Gabas suka yi ritaya daga majalisar dattawa yayin da Foster Ogola (PDP- Yamma ya sha kaye. A gundumar ta tsakiya, Douye Diri ya ci gaba da zama ɗan jam’iyyar PDP da kashi 54% na ƙuri’un da aka kaɗa yayin da Lawrence Ewhrudjakpo ya riƙe jam’iyyar PDP ta yamma da kashi 71%; A bangare guda kuma Biobarakuma Degi (APC) ya samu yankin Gabas daga jam’iyyar PDP da kashi 46% na ƙuri’un da aka kaɗa. Wannan sakamakon zaɓen Sanatan ya kasance misali ne na nasarorin da jam’iyyar APC ta samu a jihar domin ita ma jam’iyyar ta samu kujeru biyu na ƴan majalisar wakilai sannan Bayelsa ta fi ƙarfin Buhari a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na kowacce jiha. Daga baya a 2019, yunƙurin komawa jam'iyyar APC ya ƙaru sosai yayin da ɗan takararta na gwamna David Lyon ya yi nasara da gagarumin rinjaye amma Diri ya lashe zaɓen bayan da Lyon ta yi watsi da shi kafin kaddamar da shi. Zaɓen fidda gwani na ƴan majalisar dattawa da ya biyo baya a shekarar 2020 daga nan ne jam’iyyar PDP ta samu nasara cikin sauki, lamarin da ya tabbatar da cewa jihar na iya yin magudin zaɓe.
Jim kaɗan bayan fara wa’adinsu, sabbin zaɓaɓɓun Sanatoci uku sun samu karbuwa yayin da dukkanin ukun suka halarci zaɓen gwamnan jihar Bayelsa na 2019 Diri shi ne ɗan takarar jam’iyyar PDP tare da Ewhrudjakpo a matsayin mataimakinsa yayin da Degi ya kasance mataimakin dan takarar APC David Lyon Ko da yake Lyon ta lashe zabe6n, duk da cewa akwai saɓani a cikin takardun Degi, ya sa kotun ƙoli ta soke tikitin takara tare da ba Diri da Ewhrudjakpo nasara. Lokacin da suka hau kan karagar mulki a watan Fabrairun 2020, kujerunsu na majalisar dattijai an bar su da ya kai ga gudanar da zaɓen fidda gwani na watan Disamba na 2020. Jam’iyyar PDP ce ta rike muƙamai biyu inda Moses Cleopas ya samu kashi 86% a yankin Gabas yayin da Henry Seriake Dickson ya samu nasara a yankin Yamma kuma da kashi 86%.
Dubawa
Taƙaitawa
Bayelsa ta tsakiya Gundumar Sanatan Bayelsa ta tsakiya ta kunshi kananan hukumomin Kolokuma/Opokuma, Kudancin Ijaw, da Yenagoa A shekarar 2019, an zabi Douye Diri PDP a kan kujerar da kashi 53.9% na kuri'un; duk da haka, an zabi Diri a matsayin gwamnan jihar Bayelsa a wannan shekarar kuma ya bar majalisar dattawa a watan Fabrairun 2020. Don haka wanda ke kan karagar mulki shine Moses Cleopas PDP wanda aka zabe shi da kashi 85.8% na kuri’un da aka kada a zaben watan Disamba na 2020. Cleopas ya nemi zabe zuwa cikakken wa’adi amma ya sha kaye a zaben fidda gwani na PDP.
Zaɓen firamare
Jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress A ranar 28 ga watan Mayu ne ƴan takara biyu suka fafata a zaɓen fidda gwani na fidda gwani da ya ƙare inda tsohon shugaban ƙaramar hukumar Ijaw ta kudu Timipa Tiwei Orunimighe ya fito a matsayin wanda aka zaɓa bayan sakamakon ya nuna ya doke lauya Julie Okah-Donli da tazara mai yawa.
Jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party Rigima ce ta kunno kai a matakin firamare na kai tsaye loƙacin da aka maye gurbin sunan Cleopas a katin zaɓe da wani suna daban; ko da yake masu shirya na farko sun buga sabbin ƙuri'u, tuni Cleopas ya yi watsi da tsarin kuma ya fice daga wurin taron. Bayan tattara sakamakon, sakamakon ya nuna gagarumar nasara ga Konbowei Benson tsohon sakataren gwamnatin jihar kuma tsohon kakakin majalisar dokokin jihar Bayelsa. Cleopas ya ƙalubalanci cancantar Benson a babbar kotun tarayya amma an amince da takarar Benson a wani hukunci da aka yanke a ƙarshen watan Nuwamba.
Babban zaɓe
Sakamako
Bayelsa ta Gabas
Zaɓen firamare
Jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress A ranar 16 maris 2022 jam'iyyar PDP ta sanar da loƙacin da zata gudanar da zaɓen ta na fidda gwani, ta shirya bayyana farashin kuɗin fam na ₦1 miliyan tare da farashin kuɗin fam da aka tantance na ₦20 miliyan tare da 50% na ƴan takarkarin da aka yi ma rangwame tsakanin 25 da 30. Yayin da za'a cigaba da siyar da fama-faman har zuwa ranar 1 ga Afrilu, amma jam'iyya ta miƙa takarda ƙayyade loƙaci har sau huɗu kafin a cimma matsaya a ranar 22 Afrilu. Bayan miƙa takardun fama-famai ranar 25 Afirilu, inda ƴan komiti na jam'iyya suka tantance ƴan takarkari a ranar 27 AfiriluA watannin da suka gabata kafin zaben fidda gwanin, an samu cece-kuce kan yakin neman zaben Dickson na sake tsayawa takara; A cewar kungiyoyin al'umma da ke adawa da juna, ana son a canza ofishin ne a tsakanin kananan hukumomin biyu na gundumar kuma sake nadin Dickson zai saba wa yarjejeniyar shiyya ta yau da kullun. Sabanin haka, ƙungiyoyin masu goyon bayan Dickson sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba a taɓa bin yerjejeniyar yanki ko kuma a gane ta ba don haka Dickson zai iya sake tsayawa takara. Duk da cece-kucen da aka yi, Dickson ya sake tsayawa takara a kan Donald Daunemeghan a wani gagarumin rinjaye.
Jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party A ranar zab ‘yan takara uku ne suka fafata a zaben fidda gwanin kai tsaye wanda ya kare inda tsohon shugaban ma’aikatan fadar gwamnatin jihar Benson Agadaga ya lashe zaben bayan da sakamakon ya nuna cewa ya doke Jude Amidtor Rex-Ogbuku tsohon sakataren zartarwa na hukumar da’ar dabi’a ta tarayya da ci 24. gefe.
Bayelsa ta yamma Gundumar Bayelsa ta Yamma ta ƙunshi kananan hukumomin Ekeremor da Sagbama A shekarar 2019, an zaɓi Lawrence Ewhrudjakpo PDP a kujerar da kashi 70.9% na ƙuri'un; duk da haka, an zaɓi Ewhrudjakpo mataimakin gwamnan jihar Bayelsa a wannan shekarar kuma ya bar majalisar dattawa a watan Fabrairun 2020. Don haka wanda ke kan karagar mulki shine Henry Seriake Dickson PDP wanda aka zaɓe shi da kashi 86.3% na kuri’un da aka kada a zaɓen da aka yi a watan Disambar 2020. Dickson na neman tsayawa takara zuwa cikakken wa'adi.
Zaɓen firamare
Jam'iyyar Zaɓen rogressives Congress A ranar 28 ga watan Mayu, ‘yan takara biyu sun fafata a zaɓen fidda gwani kai tsaye wanda ya ƙare da Wilson Ayakpo Dauyegha —MHA na Ekeremor II—ya doke Robinson Etolor a gagarumin zaɓen.
Jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party A ranar 16 maris 2022 jam'iyyar PDP ta sanar da loƙacin da zata gudanar da zaɓen ta na fidda gwani,sannan ta shirya bayyana farashin kuɗin fam na ₦1 miliyan tare da farashin kuɗin fam da aka tantance na ₦20 miliyan tare da 50% na ƴan takarkarin da aka yi ma rangwame tsakanin 25 da 30. Yayin da za'a cigaba da siyar da fama-faman har zuwa na 1 ga Afrilu, amma jam'iyya ta miƙa takarda ƙayyade loƙaci har sau huɗu kafin a cimma matsaya a ranar 22 Afril. Bayan miƙa takardun fama-famai na a 25 Afirilu, inda ƴan komati na jam'iyya suka tantance ƴan takarkari a ranar 27 AfiriluA watannin da suka gabata kafin zaben fidda gwanin, an samu cece-kuce kan yakin neman zaben Dickson na sake tsayawa takara; A cewar kungiyoyin al'umma da ke adawa da juna, ana son a canza ofishin ne a tsakanin kananan hukumomin biyu na gundumar kuma sake nadin Dickson zai saba wa yarjejeniyar shiyya ta yau da kullun. Sabanin haka, ƙungiyoyin masu goyon bayan Dickson sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba a taɓa bin yerjejeniyar yanki ko kuma a gane ta ba don haka Dickson zai iya sake tsayawa takara. Duk da cece-kucen da aka yi, Dickson ya sake tsayawa takara a kan Donald Daunemeghan a wani gagarumin rinjaye.
Babban zaɓe
Sakamako
Duba kuma Zaɓen majalisar dattawan Najeriya 2023
Zaɓen Najeriya 2023
Nassoshi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
59658 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanayin%20Alpine | Yanayin Alpine | Sauyin yanayi mai tsayi shine yanayi na yau da kullum don hawa sama da layin bishiyar,inda bishiyoyi suka kasa girma saboda sanyi. Ana kuma kiran wannan yanayi da yanayin tsaunuka ko yanayin tsaunuka.
Ma'anarsa Akwai ma'anoni da yawa na yanayi mai tsayi.
Acikin rarrabuwar yanayi na Köppen,yanayin tsaunuka da tsaunuka suna cikin rukuni na E,tare da yanayin polar,inda babu wata yana da ma'anar zafin jiki sama da Dangane da tsarin yankin rayuwa na Holdridge,akwai yanayin tsaunuka guda biyu waɗanda ke hana haɓɓakar bishiyoyi a) yanayi mai tsayi,wanda ke faruwa a lokacin da ma'anar yanayin yanayin yanayi ya kasance tsakanin Yanayin tsayin daka acikin tsarin Holdridge yayi kusan dai-dai da yanayin tundra mafi zafi (ET) acikin tsarin Köppen.
b) yanayin alvar, yanayin tsaunuka mafi sanyi tun lokacin da yanayin zafin jiki ke tsakanin 0 °C da 1.5 °C (biotemperature bazai taɓa zama ƙasa da 0 ba °C). Yayi dai-dai fiye ko žasa da yanayin tundra mafi sanyi da kuma yanayin ƙanƙara(EF) kuma.
Holdrige yayi tunanin cewa shuke-shuken kayan aikin farko sun daina aiki tare da tsire-tsire suna barci a yanayin zafi ƙasa da sama da Saboda haka, ya ayyana biotemperature a matsayin ma'anar duk yanayin zafi amma tare da duk yanayin da ke ƙasa da daskarewa kuma sama da 30. °C ya dai-daita zuwa 0 °C; wato jimlar yanayin zafi da ba a daidaita ba an raba ta da adadin duk yanayin zafi(ciki har da waɗanda aka dai-daita da waɗanda ba a dai-daita su ba).
Bambance-bambancen yanayi mai tsayi a duk shekara ya dogara da latitude na wurin.Don wurare masu zafi na teku, irin su koli na Mauna Loa, zafin jiki yana da tsayi a cikin shekara.Don wuraren tsakiyar latitude, irin su Dutsen Washington a New Hampshire, zafin jiki yana bambanta lokaci-lokaci, amma baya samun ɗumi sosai.
Dalili Bayanin yanayi shine sakamakon hulɗa tsakanin radiation da convection. Hasken rana acikin bakan da ake iya gani yana bugi ƙasa yana ɗumama shi. Sannan ƙasa tana ɗumama iska a saman. Idan radiation ita ce hanya daya tilo don canja wurin zafi daga ƙasa zulwa sararin samaniya, tasirin iskar gas a cikin yanayi zai kiyaye ƙasa a kusan kuma zafin jiki zai lalace sosai tare da tsayi.
Duk da haka, lokacin da iska ya yi zafi,yakan yi girma, wanda ya rage yawan nauyinsa.Don haka,iska mai zafi tana ƙoƙarin tashi da canja zafi zuwa sama. Wannan shine tsarin convection. Convection yana zuwa ga dai-daito lokacin da gunkin iska a wani tsayin da aka ba shi yana da yawa iri ɗaya da kewayensa.Iskar zafi ce mara kyau,don haka gunkin iska zai tashi ya faɗi ba tare da musayar zafi ba. Ansan wannan a matsayin tsarin adiabatic,wanda ke da yanayin yanayin matsa lamba-zazzabi.Yayin da matsa lamba ya ragu,zafin jiki yana raguwa.Adadin raguwar zafin jiki tare da haɓɓaka ana san shi da ƙimar lapse adiabatic,wanda shine kusan 9.8 °C a kowace kilomita (ko 5.4 °F akan 1000 ƙafa) na tsayi.
Kasancewar ruwa a cikin yanayi yana rikitar da tsarin convection. Turin ruwa yana ƙunshe da latent zafi na vaporization Yayin da iska ke tashi da sanyi, a ƙarshe ya zama cikakke kuma ba zai iya ɗaukar yawan tururin ruwa ba. Turin ruwa yana takushe (farar gajimare kuma yana fitar da zafi, wanda ke canza adadin lapse daga busasshen adadin adiabatic busasshen zuwa madaidaicin ƙarancin adiabatic (5.5). °C a kowace kilomita ko 3 °F akan 1000 ƙafa). Matsakaicin raguwa na ainihi, wanda ake kira ƙimar ƙarancin muhalli, ba koyaushe ba ne (zai iya canzawa cikin yini ko yanayi da kuma yanki), amma ƙimar al'ada ita ce 5.5. °C da 1,000 m (3.57 °F akan 1,000 ft). Don haka, motsi sama da akan dutse yayi daidai da motsi 80 kilomita (50 mil ko 0.75 na latitude zuwa sandar sanda. Wannan dangantakar kusan kusan ce kawai, duk da haka, tunda abubuwan gida, kamar kusancin tekuna, na iya canza yanayin sosai. Yayin da tsayin daka ya karu, babban nau'i na hazo ya zama dusar ƙanƙara kuma iskoki suna karuwa. Zazzabi yana ci gaba da faɗuwa har zuwa lokacin da aka rufe, a inda ba ya kara raguwa. Wannan ya fi koli mafi girma Rarrabawa Ko da yake wannan rarrabuwar yanayi ya ƙunshi ɗan ƙaramin yanki na saman duniya, yanayin tsaunukan tsaunuka suna yaduwa sosai. Sun kasance a cikin Himalayas, Tibet Plateau, Gansu, Qinghai, Alps, Pyrenees, Cantabrian tsaunin da Saliyo Nevada a cikin Eurasia, Andes a Kudancin Amirka, Saliyo Nevada, Cascade Mountains, Dutsen Rocky, da arewacin Appalachian Mountains (Adirondacks da White Mountains), da kuma Trans-Mexican volcanic bel a Arewacin Amirka, Kudancin Alps a New Zealand, dusar ƙanƙara a Ostiraliya, manyan tuddai a cikin tsaunukan Atlas da Gabashin tsaunukan Afirka, da tsakiyar tsakiyar Afirka. sassa na Borneo da New Guinea da koli na Dutsen Pico a cikin Tekun Atlantika da Mauna Loa a cikin Pacific Mafi ƙanƙancin tsayin yanayin tsaunuka ya bambanta sosai ta wurin latitude. Idan an ayyana yanayin yanayi mai tsayi ta layin bishiyar, to yana faruwa a ƙasan a 68°N a Sweden, yayin da yake kan Dutsen Kilimanjaro a Tanzaniya, layin bishiyar yana kan Duba kuma Alpine shuka
Yanayi na Alps
Jerin wuraren yanayi mai tsayi
|
40868 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n%20Bol%C3%ADvar | Simón Bolívar | Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar y Palacios (24 Yuli 1783 17 Disamba 1830) shi ne shugaban soja da siyasa na Venezuela wanda ya jagoranci kasashen Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Panama da kuma Bolivia don samun 'yancin kai daga Daular Spain. An san shi da sunan El Libertador, ko kuma Mai Yanci na Amurka.
An haifi Simón Bolívar a Caracas a cikin Babban Kyaftin na Venezuela a cikin dangin criollo masu arziki. Kafin ya cika shekaru goma, ya rasa iyayensa biyu kuma ya zauna a gidaje da yawa. Bolívar ya yi karatu a ƙasashen waje kuma ya zauna a ƙasar Sipaniya, kamar yadda aka saba ga maza na manyan iyalai a zamaninsa. Yayin da yake zaune a Madrid daga 1800 zuwa 1802, an gabatar da shi zuwa falsafar Fassara kuma ya haɗu da matarsa María Teresa Rodríguez del Toro y Alaysa. Bayan ya koma Venezuela, a cikin shekarar 1803 del Toro ya kamu da zazzaɓi kuma ya mutu. Daga 1803 zuwa 1805, Bolívar ya fara wani babban balaguron da ya ƙare a Roma, inda ya yi rantsuwar kawo ƙarshen mulkin Mutanen Espanya a Amurka. A cikin karni na 1807, Bolívar ya koma Venezuela kuma ya ba da shawarar samun 'yancin kai na Venezuela ga sauran masu arziki. Lokacin da ikon Mutanen Espanya a cikin Amurka ya raunana saboda Yaƙin Peninsular Napoleon, Bolívar ya zama ɗan gwagwarmaya mai himma kuma ɗan siyasa a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe na Amurka na 'yancin kai.
Bolívar ya fara aikinsa na soja a shekara ta 1810 a matsayin jami'in 'yan bindiga a yakin 'yancin kai na Venezuela, yana yakar Mutanen Espanya da karin sojojin 'yan asalin kasar a jamhuriyar Venezuela ta farko da ta biyu da kuma hadaddiyar lardunan New Granada Bayan sojojin Spain sun mamaye New Granada a cikin 1815, Bolívar ya tilasta wa yin gudun hijira a Jamhuriyar Haiti, wanda ɗan juyin juya halin Haiti Alexandre Pétion ya jagoranta. Bolívar ya yi abota da Pétion kuma, bayan ya yi alkawarin kawar da bauta a Kudancin Amirka, ya sami tallafin soja daga Haiti. Komawa zuwa Venezuela, ya kafa jamhuriya ta uku a cikin 1817 sannan ya haye Andes a 1819 don 'yantar da New Granada. Bolívar da abokansa sun ci Mutanen Espanya a New Granada a 1819, Venezuela da Panama a 1821, Ecuador a 1822, Peru a 1824, da Bolivia a 1825. Venezuela, New Granada, Ecuador, da Panama sun hade cikin Jamhuriyar Colombia (Gran Colombia), tare da Bolívar a matsayin shugaban kasa a can kuma a Peru da Bolivia.
A cikin shekarunsa na ƙarshe, Bolívar ya ƙara jin kunya game da jamhuriyar Kudancin Amirka, kuma ya nisanta su saboda akidarsa ta centralist ideology. An cire shi daga ofisoshinsa a jere har sai bayan yunkurin kisa da bai yi nasara ba, ya yi murabus daga shugabancin Colombia kuma ya mutu sakamakon cutar tarin fuka a shekara ta 1830. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin alamar ƙasa da al'adu a cikin Latin Amurka; kasashen Bolivia da Venezuela (a matsayin jamhuriyar Bolivia ta Venezuela) da kudaden su ana kiran sunan sa. Gadonsa ya bambanta kuma yana da nisa a cikin Latin Amurka da bayansa; An yi ta tunawa da shi a duk faɗin duniya ta hanyar fasahar jama'a ko sunayen tituna da kuma al'adun gargajiya.
Ƙuruciya da iyali An haifi Simón Bolívar a ranar 24 ga watan Yuli 1783 a Caracas, babban birnin Babban Kyaftin Janar na Venezuela, ɗa na huɗu kuma ƙarami na da An yi masa baftisma a matsayin Simón José Antonio de la Santísma Trinidad Bolívar y Palacios a ranar 30 ga watan Yuli. An haifi Simón a cikin dangin Bolívar, ɗaya daga cikin mafi arziki kuma mafi girman iyalai criollo a cikin Amurkan Sifen. Bolívar na farko da ya yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka shine Simón de Bolívar, ɗan Basque kuma jami'in notary wanda ya isa Santo Domingo a tsakiyar karni na 16. A cikin 1588-89, ya shiga cikin ma'aikatan Diego Osorio Villegas, Gwamnan Santo Domingo, lokacin da aka naɗa shi Gwamnan lardin Venezuela kuma ya koma Caracas. A can, zuriyar Simón de Bolívar suma za su yi aiki a cikin tsarin mulkin mallaka kuma su yi aure cikin dangin Caracas masu arziki. A lokacin da aka haifi Simón Bolívar, Bolivars sun mallaki dukiya a duk faɗin Venezuela.
Masanin tarihi na Biritaniya John Lynch ya kwatanta lokacin ƙuruciyar Simón Bolívar a matsayin "a lokaci guda yana da gata kuma an hana shi." Juan Vicente ya mutu da tarin fuka a ranar 19 ga watan Janairu 1786, kuma ya bar María de la Concepción Palacios da mahaifinta, a matsayin masu kula da gadon yara na Bolívar. Waɗannan yaran (an haife shi a shekara ta 1777), (an haife shi a shekara ta 1779), (an haife shi 1781), da Simón an tashe su daban da juna da mahaifiyarsu, kuma, bin al'adar mulkin mallaka, ta bayin gidan Afirka; Wani bawa mai suna wanda yake kallonsa a matsayin uwa da uba. A ranar 6 ga watan Yuli 1792, María de la Concepción ita ma ta mutu da tarin fuka. Yin imani cewa danginsa za su gaji dukiyar Bolívars, Feliciano Palacios ya shirya aure da María Antonia da Juana da, kafin ya mutu a ranar 5 ga watan Disamba 1793, ya ba da kulawar Juan Vicente da Simón ga nasa. 'ya'yan, Juan Félix Palacios da bi da bi. [23]
Ilimi da tafiya ta farko zuwa Turai: 1793–1802 Tun yana yaro, Bolívar ya shahara da rashin da'a. Ya zo ya kyamaci Carlos, wanda ba shi da sha'awar Bolívar in ban da gadonsa, kuma ya yi watsi da karatunsa. Tun kafin mahaifiyar Bolívar ta mutu, ya yi shekaru biyu a ƙarƙashin kulawar lauyan Venezuelan Miguel José Sanz a jagorancin Kotun daukaka kara ta Spain a Caracas. A cikin shekarar 1793, Carlos Palacios ya shiga Bolívar a wanda Simón Rodríguez ke gudanarwa. A cikin watan Yuni 1795, Bolívar ya gudu daga hannun kawun nasa don gidan Maria Antonia da mijinta. Ma'auratan sun nemi amincewa da canjin wurin zama, amma Real Audiencia ta yanke shawarar batun don goyon bayan Palacios, wanda ya aika Simón ya zauna tare da Rodríguez. Bayan watanni biyu a can, Bolívar ya koma kan jagorancin Real Audiencia zuwa gidan iyali na Palacios. Bolívar ya yi wa Real Audiencia alkawari cewa zai mai da hankali kan iliminsa, kuma daga baya Rodríguez da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun Venezuelan Andrés Bello da suka koyar da shi cikakken lokaci. A cikin shekarar 1797, haɗin gwiwar Rodríguez da wani makirci na neman 'yancin kai ya tilasta masa ya tafi gudun hijira, kuma Bolívar ya shiga cikin rundunar sojan girmamawa. Lokacin da aka ba shi mukamin jami'i bayan shekara guda, kawunsa Carlos da ya yanke shawarar aika Bolívar don shiga na ƙarshe a Madrid. A can, Esteban ya kasance abokai tare da wanda Sarauniya Maria Luisa ta fi so, Manuel Mallo. A ranar 19 ga watan Janairun 1799, Bolívar ya shiga jirgin ruwan yaƙi na Sipaniya <i id="mwwg">San Ildefonso</i> a tashar jiragen ruwa na La Guaira, [38] ya nufi Cádiz. Jirgin ya fara tafiya zuwa Veracruz don lodin azurfar Mexica don wucewa zuwa Spain. Jirgin ya isa a ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairu, amma an hana shi fita har tsawon makonni bakwai saboda katangar da Birtaniyya ta yi wa Havana. San Ildefonso ya tsaya a Santoña, a arewacin bakin tekun Spain, a watan Mayu 1799. Bayan mako guda, Bolívar ya isa Madrid kuma ya shiga Esteban, wanda ya sami Bolívar ya kasance. jahilci sosai". Esteban ya tambayi Gerónimo Enrique de Uztáriz y Tovar, ɗan ƙasar Caracas kuma jami'in gwamnati, don ilmantar da Bolívar. Uztáriz ya yarda kuma Bolívar, wanda ya koma gidansa a cikin Fabrairu 1800, ya sami ilimi sosai.
Manazarta Articles with hAudio microformats
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
37833 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muktar%20Aliyu%20Betara | Muktar Aliyu Betara | Muktar Aliyu Betara Akanta ne kuma dan majalisar dokokin Najeriya, wanda aka fara zaba a matsayin dan majalisar wakilan tarayyar Najeriya a shekara ta dubu biyu da bakwai 2007 domin wakiltar mazabar tarayya ta Biu/Bayo/Shani dake jihar Borno a yankin arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. A halin yanzu shi ne shugaban kwamitin kasafin kudi na majalisar a majalissar ta tara wadda ta yi zamanta na farko a ranar 11 ga watan Yuni, 2019. Wannan dai shi ne zamansa na hudu a matsayin dan majalisar wakilai.
Farkon rayuwa Betara wanda dan asalin garin Wuyo ne a garin Biu, jihar Borno, an haife shi a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba 1966 a cikin yayan babnsa shine 12.
karatu Betara ya fara karatunsa ne a makarantar firamare ta Biu a shekarar 1973 kuma ya sami shaidar kammala karatunsa na farko a shekarar 1978. Ya wuce makarantar karamar sakandare ta Biu Central Junior, sannan ya wuce makarantar Government Technical Secondary School Benishek, Jihar Borno, inda kwarewarsa ta shugabanci ta sa ya zama shugaban kasa, kuma a karshe zai samu takardar shedar karatu ta Afirka ta Yamma a shekarar 1983. Ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Ramat Polytechnic Maiduguri inda ya samu Diploma na kasa (OND) a fannin kasuwanci a shekarar 1986.
Aiki Ya kaddamar da aikinsa a matsayin kwararre, yana aiki a matsayin Akanta a fadar shugaban kasa, kan shirin Hukumar Abinci, Hanyoyi da Kayayyakin Karkara (DFFRI) daga 1986 zuwa 1990. Ya koma Ramat Polytechnic don yin Difloma mai girma na kasa a 1990 sannan ya sami HND a fannin Accounting and Business Administration a 1992.
Betara ya gabatar da bautar kasa (NYSC) a gidan gwamnatin jihar Delta, Asaba. Bayan ya kammala shekarar hidimarsa, ya shiga rusasshiyar kamfanin sadarwa ta Nigerian Telecommunication Limited (NITEL) a shekarar 1993 inda ya kai matsayin Manaja kafin ya yi ritaya bisa radin kansa a shekarar 2006 don shiga harkokin siyasa.
Siyasa Rahotanni sun nuna cewa tun farko Betara ba ya da niyyar siyasa, ya shiga takarar majalisar wakilai ne a karkashin jam’iyyar ANPP ta All Nigerian Peoples Party (ANPP) inda aka zabe shi a matsayin mamba mai wakiltar muradun Biu, Kwaya Kusar, Bayo da Shani. Mazabar tarayya a majalisar wakilai a 2007.
Tun daga wannan lokacin ne aka sake zabar shi har sau uku, inda ya zama daya daga cikin ‘yan majalisar da suka yi aiki a majalisu ta shida da ta bakwai da ta takwas da ta tara a Nijeriya, inda a halin yanzu da kuma na nan take aka tabbatar da shi a kan karkashin jam’iyyar All Progressives. Congress (APC).
mukaman daya gudanar a majalisar wakilai Tsakanin 2007 zuwa 2011, Betara ya zama shugaban kwamitin NDIC, Banki da Kudi. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mamba na kwamitin majalisar kan harkokin cikin gida, sannan aka nada shi a matsayin shugaban karamar hukumar kwastam da shige da fice da kuma ofishin fansho na gidan yari (CIPPO). A majalissar ta bakwai (2011 zuwa 2015), an nada shi a matsayin shugaban kwamitin majalisar kan harkokin soji, inda kai tsaye ya ba da shawarwarin karfafawa da kuma ci gaba da ayyukan sojojin da ke yaki da tada kayar baya a yankin Arewacin Najeriya. Daga 2015 zuwa 2019, Betara ya zama Shugaban Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar. Shi ne shugaban kwamitin kasafin kudi na majalisar a halin yanzu, wanda ke jagorantar duk sauran kwamitocin da suka shafi tsarin rabon kudaden a majalisar wakilai. A karkashin jagorancinsa, kwamitin ya yi nasarar sauya tsarin kasafin kudin daga Yuni zuwa Yuni zuwa na Janairu zuwa Disamba mai kyau don aiwatar da kasafin kudi mai inganci. A sakamakon haka, an zartar da Dokar Kasafin Kudi, 2022 da Dokar Kudi, 2021 tare da aiwatar da su a cikin shekara ta uku a jere ba tare da gazawa ba, wanda ya baiwa masu ruwa da tsaki damar shirya yadda ya kamata don kowane sauye-sauye na kasafin kudi. An yaba wa Betara don yanke shawara mai mahimmanci da dabarun magance rikici a cikin majalisar. Bukatunsa na doka sun hada da ƙarfafa gwuiwar matasa da mata, ci gaban shugabanci, kiwon lafiya, ilimi, zamantakewa da tsaro na kasa, da kuma samar da dama daidai. Ana kyautata zaton shi ne ke da alhakin gina cibiyoyin kula da lafiya guda 20 da motocin daukar marasa lafiya 10 da karamin filin wasa da kuma sanya fitulun titi mai amfani da hasken rana sama da 600 a mazabarsa.<refhttps://businessday.ng/politics/article/emir-lawmakers-back-aliyu-betaras-re-election-bid-canvass-his-emergence-as-reps-speaker/></ref>
Tallafawa An yi imanin Betara ya yi amfani da kayan sa na kashin kansa don bayar da tallafi da baiwa mutane damar kasuwanci da tallafawa iyalai a mazabarsa.
Kyaututtuka da karramawa Betara ya samu kyaututtuka kamar haka;
Kyautar Jarumin Dimokuradiyya don Mafi Kyawun Wakilci na shekara, 2020. Kyautar Kyautar da Kungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Najeriya (NUJ), shiyyar Arewa maso Gabas, 2013.
Rayuwa ta sirri Betara musulmi ne mai kishin addini kuma ya auri matarsa mai suna Hauwa Betara wadda ta haifa masa ‘ya’ya 4.
manazarta Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1966
Ƴan siyasan Najeriya
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
15417 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinyere%20Stella%20Okunna | Chinyere Stella Okunna | Chinyere Stella Okunna ita ce mace ta farko a farfesa a fannin sadarwa a Najeriya.. Ta yi aiki a wurare daban-daban a matsayin mai gudanarwa da malama a fagen ilimi da kuma fagen jama'a siyasa.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi Mahaifan ta sune Joshua da dangin Christiana Adimora, Uga a ƙaramar hukumar Aguata na jihar Anambara, Najeriya, mahaifinta (Joshua Obinani Adimora) ma'aikacin gwamnati ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'in Gundumar asalin fata fata na farko (DO) a yankin Gudanarwar Aguata. a cikin shekarun 1950 da Mataimakin Magatakarda na Garin-Port Harcourt Municipal Council a cikin 1960s. Stella Chinyere Okunna ta fara karatun ta na farko a makarantar firamare ta St John da ke Ekwulobia inda mahaifinta ya yi aiki a matsayin jami’in gwamnati kuma ya kare a Township School Port-Harcourt daga inda ta ci gaba da sakandare daga Firamare 5. Karatunta na sakandire ta kasance ne a makarantar Anglican Girls Grammar School (wacce daga baya ta zama makarantar sakandaren mata) Awkunanaw, Enugu, daga nan ne ta sami WASC tare da rarrabuwa ta 1 a matsayin mafi kyawun ɗalibi a cikin makarantar.
Ayyuka
Ilimi Chinyere Stella Okunna ta fara aiki a matsayin malama a Cibiyar Gudanarwa da Fasaha a Enugu (1981–1994) kafin ta shiga Sashen Sadarwa da Sadarwa, Jami’ar Nnamdi Azikiwe a 1994. Ta zama mace ta farko da ta fara zama farfesa a fannin sadarwa a Najeriya a shekarar 2001 kuma ta kasance ita kaɗai ce 'yar Najeriya da ke magana da jama'a da ta kai wannan matsayi tsawon shekaru goma sha biyu (12) kafin malama ta biyu, daga wannan sashen ma ta zama farfesa. Ita ce mace ta farko Dean, Faculty of Social Sciences a Jami'ar Nnamdi Azikiwe (2016-2019). Kafin wannan lokacin ta kasance Faculty Sub-Dean 1996-1998 da kuma Head, Department of Mass Communication 1998–2006. Ta sami damar wannan lokacin don fara karatun digiri na biyu (PGD, MSc da PhD) da kuma ƙwararriyar difloma a aikin jarida a wannan sashen.
Hakanan, Stella Chinyere Okunna tayi aiki kamar haka;
Memba a Hukumar Jami'o'in ƙasa na Kasa (NUC) bangarorin amincewa don Sadarwar Sadarwa.
Mai Binciken waje na masu fatan Furofesa.
Mai Binciken Na waje.
Ta mayar da hankali a cikin ilimin ilimi shine Ci gaban Sadarwa Canjin Halayyar Jima'i da Sadarwa.
Ayyukan jama'a A shekarar 2006 –2014, Chinyere Stella Okunna ta tafi hutu daga jami’ar Nnamdi Azikiwe kuma ta fara aikin gwamnati a matsayin kwamishina a ma’aikatar yada labarai da al’adu (2006 2009). Daga nan aka naɗa ta a matsayin kwamishina mai kula da tsare-tsaren tattalin arziki da kasafin kuɗi da kuma Kwamishina mai kula da haɗin gwiwar ci gaban tarayya hukumomin bayar da tallafi (2009 2014). Yayin da take aiki a matsayin Kwamishina, an kuma yi mata alƙawarin kasancewa Shugabar Ma’aikata (2012–2014) Ta kuma kasance a kujerar,
Kwamitin Aiwatar da Bunƙasar Millennium (MDGs) (2009-2014) Kwamitin Jihar Anambra na Kyakkyawan Shugabanci (2007– 2014).
Hangen nesa na jihar Anambra 2020 (2009–2014)
Stella Chinyere Okunna kuma ta yi aiki a matsayinta na mai wadatar zuci kuma mai ba da shawara ga kungiyoyi da yawa da suka hada da;
UNICEF
UNFPA
UNESCO
DFID
FHI 360
SFH (Societyungiyar don Kiwan Lafiya ta Iyali)
NUJ
NAWOJ
Erich Brost Institute for International Journalism a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Dortmund a Jamus
NGE (Kungiyar Editocin Najeriya)
CIRDDOC (Cibiyar Tattalin Arziki da Cibiyar Ba da Bayani),
Ayyukan al'umma Karatunta kuma daga baya aikin farar hula ya fallasa ta ga buƙatun cikin al'umma da kuma yadda ɗaiɗaikun mutane, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu za su iya taimakawa da karfafa matasa don cimma burin ilimi. Ta hanyar wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ta kafa (Adimora-Okunna Scholarship Foundation, 2003), ta sami damar samo kuɗaɗe da samarwa;
Kuɗin makaranta ga waɗanda suka ɗauki matsayi na farko a makarantun sakandare biyu a Ukpo
Kuɗin makaranta don talakawa ɗaliban Ukpo a jami'ar Nnamdi Azikiwe, Awka Gina mai hawa ɗaya (ajujuwa da zauren jarabawa) a makarantar sakandaren Walter Eze Memorial, Ukpo. An gina wannan a cikin 2013 don tunawa da shekaru 10yrs na Adimora-Okunna Foundation Kyautar Farfesa Chinyere Stella Okunna na shekara-shekara don ɗalibin ɗalibin da ya fi karatu a fannin Sadarwa a Jami'ar Nnamdi Azikiwe Naira Dubu Hamsin (N50,000), Kyautar Farfesa Chinyere Stella Okunna na shekara-shekara don ɗalibin da ya fi ɗalibi mai karatun digiri na kwalejin Kimiyyar Zamani Naira Dubu Hamsin (N50,000) Kyautar Kyauta ta Annabi'ar 'Yan Jarida ta ƙungiyar' Yan Jaridu ta Najeriya (NUJ) a Jihar Anambra Naira Dubu Hamsin (N50,000) A yanzu (2020), Chinyere Stella Okunna ita ce Shugabar, reshen jihar Anambra na NIPR, Darakta a tashar UNIZIK 94.1FM Campus Community Radio Station da kuma Farfesa a fannin Sadarwa a Jami’ar Nnamdi Azikiwe (UNIZIK), Awka. Har ila yau, ita ce Shugabar, Sensitization da kuma Yada labarai na rundunar da ke COVID-19 a Jami'ar Nnamdi Azikiwe.
Kyauta da yabo Stella Chinyere Okunna ta samu amincewar kungiyoyi daban-daban da kuma masu neman zama babbar hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar sadarwa. Ita ce;
Abokina,, ungiyar Editocin Najeriya (NGE). Dan uwa, Cibiyar Kula da Hulda da Jama'a ta Nijeriya (NIPR) Memba, Associationungiyar International for Media and Communication Research (IAMCR) Memba, Worldungiyar Duniya don Sadarwar Kirista (WACC) Memba, Majalisar Ilimin Afirka ta Ilimin Sadarwa (ACCE) Memba na Kwamitin Amintattu, Kungiyar Malaman Sadarwa da Kwararrun Najeriya (ACSPN). Memba na Hukumar Gudanarwa, Jami'ar Tansian
Kpakpando Ukpo (2003) Memba, Echi Oma Africa Foundation
Iyali Chinyere Stella Okunna ta auri Eric Nwabuisi Okunna, ƙwararriyar likitar mata da haihuwa. Suna da yara shida (6) manya a fannoni daban daban da jikoki da yawa.
Wallafa Stella Chinyere Okunna tana da tarin masana ilimi da aka buga a cikin shekaru da yawa a cikin gida da kuma na ƙasashen duniya azaman labarai, littattafai, surori a cikin litattafai, rubutattun labarai wallafe-wallafe lokaci-lokaci da kuma taron taro da suka haɗa da;
2018 Sadarwar Ci Gaban a Gudanar da Mulki a Najeriya: Jama'a a Cibiyar Sadarwa? Lakca na gabatarwa na 43 na Jami'ar Nnamdi Azikiwe, Awka Nigeria. 2017: Inganta Hulɗa da Kafafen Yada Labarai ta Practwararrun Publican hulɗa da Jama'a a cikin Shugabanci: Darasi daga Gwamnatin Peter Obi a Jihar Anambra, 2006-2014. Jaridar Hulda da Jama'a, Vol. 13, Lamba 1 2, 2017.
2017 Matsayin Media don Gina Al'adun Salama (CS Okunna M. Popoola). A cikin Pate, U. Oso, L. (ed. Al’adu daban-daban, Banbanci da Rikicin rahoto a Najeriya Ibadan: Evans Brothers Nigeria Limited 2017.
2017: "Ƙwarewar Sadarwa don Kasuwanci". A cikin Alex Ikeme (ed), Kasuwanci da Ci gaban Kasuwanci Enugu: Sadarwar Sadarwa ta Duniya na Duniya, 2017.
2016: "Tattaunawa kan Social Media, Matasa da Kasuwanci a Najeriya" (CS Okunna NM Emmanuel). A cikin JO Ezeokana et al (ed. Sabon Kafafen Yada Labarai da Gina Iko a Tattalin Arziki Awka: Fab Anieh Nig. Ltd 2016.
2015 Tsaron 'Yan Jarida a Najeriya. Abuja: UNESCO NUJ, 2015 (CS Okunna M. Popoola).
2012: Gabatarwa zuwa Sadarwa Enugu: Littattafan Sabon Zamani, 2012 (An fara bugawa a 1994 daga ABIC Books, Enugu marubuci guda; Bugu na biyu da aka buga a 1999 ta New Generation Books mawallafi guda; Bugu na 3 da aka buga a 2012 da New Generation wanda aka rubuta tare da KA Omenugha) 2008: Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai, Akida da Kasa: Labaran 'Yan Jarida a Najeriyar game da Rikicin Katun na Danmark (CS Okunna KA Omenugha). Jaridar Media da Sadarwa, Vol. 1 (1), 2008.
2007 Addini Ya rauntata Rahoton Cutar Kanjamau a Nijeriya (CS Okunna IV Dunu). Ci gaban Media (Toronto, Ontario, Kanada: Worldungiyar Duniya don Sadarwar Kirista).
2005 Sake ƙirƙirar Mediaunshin Media: ingirƙirar Daidaitawa tsakanin Matsayin Jama'a da Damuwa da Kasuwanci Jaridar Sadarwa ta Duniya 2005 Okunna, Stella Chinyere, Nwanguma, Edith Kevin Ejiofor Sanar da sake fasalin manufofin: tsakanin gwamnati, 'yan jaridu da mutane.
2005 Mata: ba za a iya ganinsu ba kamar yadda yake a kafafen yada labarai na Najeriya
2004 Sadarwa da rikici: sharhi ne game da rawar da kafafen yada labarai ke takawa
2002 (ed.) Koyar da Sadarwar Sadarwa: Hanyar Hanyoyi Masu Yawa 1996 Nuna mata a fina-finan bidiyo na gida Najeriya: karfafawa ko mika wuya
1995 technologyaramar fasahar watsa labaru mai zaman kanta a matsayin wakiliyar canjin zamantakewa a Najeriya: zaɓi ne da babu shi?
1995 Halayyar Sadarwa
1994 Chinyere Stella Okunna, Itsejuwa Esanjumi Sagay, Mallam Lawan Danbazau. Horar da Sadarwa da Aiwatarwa a Najeriya: Batutuwa da Dabi'u, Batutuwa 1-4
1993 CSOkunna, C. Amafili, da N. Okunna (Eds. Ka'idar aiki da sanarwar sanarwa. ABIC. Enugu
1993: Ka'idar da Ayyukan Sadarwa. Enugu: Littattafan ABIC, 1993 (Edita daga CS Okunna, C. Amafili SN Okenwa).
1993 Onuora, Emmanuel Okunna, Chinyere Ayo, Johnson. Amfani da Kafafen Yada Labarai, Ilimin Al'amuran Duniya da Hoton Al'umma Tsakanin Matasan Najeriya 1992 Makarantar Mata a Ilimin Aikin Jarida a Najeriya: Tasirin matsayin mata a cikin al'umma
1992: Kwalejin Mata a Ilimin Aikin Jarida a Najeriya: Tasirin Matsayin Mata a Kungiyar Binciken Media na Afirka (Nairobi: ACCE), Vol. 6, A'a. 1, 1992.
1992: Sadarwa don dogaro da kai tsakanin Matan karkara a Najeriya. Ci gaban Media (London: Worldungiyar Duniya don Sadarwar Kirista). Vol. 1, 1992.
1991: Canje-canjen Ƙa'idodin Ilimin Aikin Jarida da Recaukar Ma'aikata a Nijeriya CAEJAC Journal (Ontario: Journal of Commonwealth Association for Education in Journalism and Communication CAEJAC), Vol. 3, 1990/1991.
1990 'Yancin' Yan Jarida a Duniya Ta Uku: 'Yanci Ga Wanene Jaridar 'Nigerian Mass of Mass Communication' Vol. 1, A'a. 1, 1990.
Manazartai
Hanyoyin haɗin waje http://docplayer.net/31086135-Curriculum-vitae-institutional-affiliation-nnamdi-azikiwe-university-awka-anambra-state-nigeria.html
Rayayyun mutane
Pages with unreviewed |
15006 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah%20Ladipo%20Manyika | Sarah Ladipo Manyika | Sarah Ladipo Manyika (an haife ta 7 Maris 1968) marubuciya ce 'yar asalin Burtaniya- 'yar asalin Najeriya wacce take rubuce-rubucen litattafai, gajerun labarai da kuma makaloli. Ita ce marubuciya guda biyu da aka karɓa sosai, In Dependence (2009) da Like A Mule Bringing Ice Cream To The Sun (2016), kuma yana da aikin bugawa a cikin wallafe-wallafe ciki har da Granta, Transition, Guernica, da OZY, a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Editan Littattafai na OZY. Ayyukan Manyika kuma yana cikin fasalin 2019 New Daughters of Africa.
Farkon rayuwa Sarah Manyika an haife ta kuma ta girma a Nijeriya. Ta kuma zauna a Kenya, Faransa, Zimbabwe, da Burtaniya. Mahaifinta dan Najeriya ne kuma mahaifiyarsa ‘yar Birtaniya ce. Manyika ta gaji sunan haihuwarta (Ladipo) daga mahaifinta, wanda aka haifa a garin Ibadan (Kudu Maso Yammacin Najeriya) a ƙarshen 1930s. Mahaifinta ya sadu kuma ya auri mahaifiyarta a cikin Burtaniya a cikin shekarun 1960s. Sarah ta kwashe mafi yawan yarinta a Legas da kuma garin Jos a Jihar Filato. Yayinda take matashiya, ta zauna tsawon shekaru biyu a Nairobi, Kenya, kafin dangin ta su koma Burtaniya.
Ayyuka Manyika ta yi karatu a Jami'o'in Birmingham (UK), Bordeaux (Faransa), da California (Berkeley), inda ta sami Ph.D daga na biyun. Ta yi aure a Harare, Zimbabwe, a 1994, kuma yanzu tana raba lokacinta tsakanin San Francisco (inda ta koyar da adabi a Jami'ar Jihar San Francisco), London da Harare.
Rubuce-rubucen nata sun hada da kasidu da aka wallafa, takardun ilimi, bitar littattafai da gajerun labarai. Gajeren labarinta mai suna "Mr Wonder" ya bayyana a cikin littafin 2008 Women Writing Zimbabwe. Littafinta na farko, In Dependence, asali an buga shi a farko Jaridar Legend, London ce ta buga shi a shekarar 2008, kuma babbar shagon sayar da litattafai ta Burtaniya ta zabi shi a matsayin littafin da ya fito da shi na watan Black History Month. A 2009, In Dependence, Cassava Republic ce ta buga shi, wata jaridar wallafe-wallafen da ke zaune a Abuja, Nijeriya (da kuma na baya-bayan nan, a Burtaniya), tare da wadatattun marubuta waɗanda suka haɗa da Teju Cole da Helon Habila. Da take magana game da shawarar da ta yanke na sa hannu tare da wani mawallafin Afirka, Manyika ta ce: "Na fahimci cewa ta hanyar bayar da haƙƙin duniya ga wani mawallafin Afirka zan iya, a wata ƙaramar hanya, tooƙarin magance rashin daidaiton iko a cikin duniyar da masu tsaron ƙofofin adabi, har ma da abin da ake kira labaran Afirka, suna da tushe a yamma." A shekarar 2014, kamfanin Weaver Press ya buga In Dependence a kasar Zimbabwe, in da yake wani littafi ne tsayayyen wanda ya dace da shi domin ci gaban Adabin Ingilishi. Hakanan an gabatar da In Dependence ta hanyar JAMB a Nijeriya don candidatesan takarar da ke zaune a 2017 UTME.
Littafin na biyu na Manyika, Like A Mule Bringing Ice Cream to the Sun, a kan buga shi a cikin bazarar 2016 wasu marubuta da yawa sun amince da shi, gami da Bernardine Evaristo ("Labarin Manyika game da wata tsohuwa 'yar Najeriya ba shi da nutsuwa, yana da wayewa kuma yana faɗaɗa kundin adabin zamani na Afirka zuwa maraba da sabon yanki"),
Aminatta Forna ("kyakkyawa kuma kyakkyawa ce aka kirkira Labarin Sarah Manyika yana nuna mutane na gari cikin mafi kyawun su. lifaukakawa!"), NoViolet Bulawayo ("Mai hankali, mai son sha'awa, mai ban dariya, da motsi"), Jamal Mahjoub ("Manyika tana rubutu da babbar murya da nutsuwa, tana haskaka halayenta da wayewar kai"), Peter Orner ("Kyakkyawan, muhimmin sabon labari, kuma wanda zai ci gaba da yin kuwwa a cikin tunanin mai karatu na dogon lokaci bayan"), E. C. Osondu ("wanda ba za a iya mantawa da shi ba tunani mai ƙarfi kan rashi, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, ƙaura da kadaici. Abubuwan haruffa a cikin wannan littafin zasu kasance tare da ku kuma Brian Chikwava ("Wani ƙagaggen labari ne, koyaushe abin mamaki ne"). An fassara shi zuwa harsuna da yawa.
Like A Mule Bringing Ice Cream to the Sun an jera shi a cikin Satumba 2016 don Goldsmiths Prize (tare da littattafai ta Rachel Cusk, Deborah Levy, Eimear McBride, Mike McCormack and Anakana Schofield), "labari na farko na Afirka da aka fara tunanin samun wannan kyautar", wanda aka kirkireshi don bayar da lada ga almara wanda ya karya tsarin ko ya faɗaɗa damar sabonn littafin. Hakanan an zaba littafin don kyautar California Book Award a cikin labaran almara (tare da ayyukan irin waɗannan marubutan Andrew Sean Greer, Percival Everett, and Viet Thanh Nguyen). Na farawa don Like a Mule Bringing Ice Cream to the Sun Manyika ta ce: "Na sadu da tsofaffi mata da yawa waɗanda suka yi rayuwa mai launuka iri-iri, amma duk da haka idan ya zo ga almara, ban sami labarai da yawa da ke nuna wannan ba, musamman idan ya zo ga rayuwar baƙar fata mata. Lokacin da ba zan iya samun labaran da zan so karantawa ba, sai in gwada rubuta su da kaina." Sunan labarin sabon layi ne da aka yarda dashi daga wata waka da Mary Ruefle ta kira "Donkey On".
Manyika ita ce mai ba da gudummawa ga tarihin 2019 New Daughters of Africa: An International Anthology of Writing by Women of African Descent, edita daga Margaret Busby, shiga cikin abubuwan haɗi.
Rubuce-rubuce marasa almara na Manyika sun haɗa da kasidu na sirri da kuma bayanan zurfin bayanan mutanen da ta haɗu da su, gami da Evan Mawarire, Toni Morrison and Michelle Obama.
Manyika tana aiki a kan allunan Hedgebrook da Museum of the African Diaspora(MOAD) a San Francisco. Ta kuma dauki bakuncin jerin bidiyo na OZY, Rubuta, kuma a yanzu haka ita ce Editan na mujallar.[1] Ta kuma taba zama alkali a gasar adabi, da Etisalat Prize for Literature a 2014 da kuma Goldsmiths Prize a 2020. Manyika ta gabatar da jerin hirarraki na fim kowane wata don MOAD, wanda ake kira "Conversations Across the Diaspora", kuma baƙunta daga ko'ina cikin duniya sun haɗa Ibrahim Mahama, Jess Cole, Strive Masiyiwa, Tatyana Ali, and Anna Deavere Smith.
Rayuwar Aure Ta auri :en:James Manyika a Harare, Zimbabwe a shekara ta 1994.
Ayyuka
Litattafai In Dependence (Legend Press, 2008; Cassava Republic Press, 2009)
Like A Mule Bringing Ice Cream To The Sun (Cassava Republic Press, 2016,
Gajerun labarai "Mr Wonder" in Women Writing Zimbabwe (Weaver Press, 2008)
"Modupe" in African Love Stories (Ayebia Clarke Publishing Ltd, 2006)
"Girlfriend" in Fathers Daughters (Ayebia Clarke Publishing Ltd, 2008)
"The Ambassador's Wife" a cikin Margaret Busby (edita), New Daughters of Africa (Myriad Editions, 2019)
Littafin surori "Oyinbo" in Prolematizing Blackness (Routledge, 2003)
Zaɓaɓɓun rubutun "Coming of Age in the Time of the Hoodie", Guernica, 23 Yuni 2015.
"Betting on Africa", Brittle Paper, 28 Maris 2016.
"For the Love of Older Characters in Good Books", OZY, 29 Oktoba 2017.
"Game of Tomes: The Struggle for Literary Prizes", OZY, 2 Nuwamba 2017.
"On Meeting Toni Morrison", Transition, No. 124, Writing Black Canadas (2017), pp. 138–147. Indiana University Press/Hutchins Center for African and African American Research a Jami'ar Harvard.
"What James Baldwin Means To Me", Brittle Paper, 4 Maris 2019.
"On Meeting Mrs Obama", Granta 146: The Politics of Feeling, 22 Maris 2019.
Rahoton bincike Ph.D. Programs in African Universities: Current Status and Future Prospects. Report to the Rockefeller Foundation. Haɗin gwiwa tare da David Szanton (Jami'ar Berkeley, California, 2002).
|
40765 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel%20Kant | Immanuel Kant | Immanuel Kant (UK: /kænt/, US: nt/, German: l kant] a ranar 22 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1724 zuwa 12 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1804) masanin falsafar Jamus ne kuma ɗaya daga cikin masu tunani na wayewa na tsakiya. (Central enlightenment thinkers) An kuma haife shi a Königsberg, ayyukan Kant na gama-gari da nagartaccen ayyuka a fannin ilimin zamani, metaphysics, ɗabi'a, da ƙayatarwa sun sanya shi zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mutane a falsafar Yammacin zamani. A cikin rukunansa na ra'ayin transcendental, Kant yayi jayayya cewa sararin samaniya da lokaci ne kawai "nau'i na hankali" wanda ke tsara duk kwarewa, sabili da haka, yayin da "abubuwa-cikin kansu" sun wanzu kuma suna taimakawa wajen kwarewa, duk da haka sun bambanta da ababubua na kwarewa. Daga wannan ya biyo baya cewa abubuwan da aka sani sune kawai "bayyanar", ku ma cewa yanayin abubuwa kamar yadda suke a cikin kansu ba shi da masaniya a gare mu. A yunƙurin yaƙi da shakkun da ya samu a cikin rubuce-rubucen masanin falsafa David Hume, ya rubuta Critique of Pure Reason a shekara ta (1781 zuwa 1787), ɗaya daga cikin sanannun ayyukansa. A ciki, ya haɓaka ka'idarsa ta gwaninta don amsa tambayar ko ilimin halitta na farko zai yiwu, wanda hakan zai iya ba da damar tantance iyakokin binciken metaphysical. Kant ya zana daidaici da juyin juya halin Copernican a cikin shawararsa dan yin tunanin abubuwan da suka dace da abubuwan da suka dace da yanayin sararin samaniya da na zahiri na zahirinmu, dan mu sami fifikon sanin waɗannan abubuwan. Kant ya yi imani da cewa hankali kuma shine tushen ɗabi'a, kuma kyawawan dabi'u sun fito ne daga ikon yanke hukunci. Ra'ayoyin Kant na ci gaba da yin tasiri sosai kan falsafar zamani, musamman ma fannonin ilimin zamani, ɗabi'a, ka'idar siyasa, da ƙayatarwa na zamani. Ya yi ƙoƙari ya bayyana dangantakar da ke tsakanin hankali da ƙwarewar ɗan adam da kuma wuce abin da ya yi imani da shi na gazawar falsafar gargajiya da metaphysics. Ya so ya kawo ƙarshen abin da ya gani a matsayin zamanin banza da hasashe na tunanin ɗan adam, tare da tsayayya da shakku na masu tunani irin su Hume. Ya ɗauki kansa a matsayin yana nuna hanyar da ta wuce rashin jituwa tsakanin masu ra'ayin tunani da empiriricists, kuma ana ɗauka a ko'ina dan haɗa labarai biyu a cikin tunaninsa. Kant ya kasance mafarin ra'ayin cewa za a iya tabbatar da zaman lafiya ta hanyar dimokuradiyya ta duniya da hadin gwiwar ƙasa da ƙasa, kuma watakila wannan zai iya zama matakin karshe na tarihin duniya. Halin ra'ayoyin addini na Kant ya ci gaba da zama batun muhawarar masana, tare da ra'ayoyin da suka fito daga ra'ayi cewa ya canza daga farkon kare hujja na mahallin Allah zuwa agnosticism mai ka'ida, zuwa ƙarin jiyya mai mahimmanci wanda Schopenhauer ya kwatanta wanda ya soki tsarin da'a na Kantian mai mahimmanci a matsayin "ɗabi'un tauhidi" da "Decalogue na Musa a ɓarna", da Nietzsche, waɗanda suka yi iƙirarin cewa Kant yana da "jinin tauhidi" kuma ya kasance kawai sophisticated uzuri ga addinin Kirista na gargajiya. Bayan ra'ayinsa na addini, Kant kuma ya sha suka game da wariyar launin fata da aka gabatar a wasu ƙananan takardunsa, kamar "Akan Amfani da Ka'idodin Watsa Labarai a Falsafa" da "Akan Daban-daban Races na Mutum". Kodayake ya kasance mai goyon bayan wariyar launin fata na kimiyya don yawancin aikinsa, ra'ayin Kant game da launin fata ya canza sosai a cikin shekaru goma na rayuwarsa, kuma ya ƙi amincewa da tsarin launin fata da mulkin mallaka na Turai a cikin Aminci na dindindin: A Falsafa Sketch (1795). Kant ya wallafa wasu muhimman ayyuka akan ɗa'a, addini, shari'a, da'a, ilmin taurari, da tarihi a lokacin rayuwarsa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da Tarihin Halitta na Duniya (1755), Ƙididdigar Dalili mai Aiki (1788), Ƙididdigar Shari'a (1790), Addini a cikin Iyakokin Bare Dalili (1793), da Metaphysics of Morals (1797).
Tarihin Rayuwa An haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta (1724) a cikin dangin Prussian Jamus na bangaskiyar Lutheran Protestant a Königsberg, Gabashin Prussia tun a shekara ta (1946) birnin Kaliningrad, Kaliningrad Oblast, Rasha). Mahaifiyarsa, Anna Regina Reuter (1697 zuwa 1737), an haife shi a Königsberg ubansa a Nuremberg yake. Sunanta wani lokacin kuskure ana ba shi azaman Porter. Mahaifin Kant, Johann Georg Kant (1682 zuwa 1746), ɗan Jamus ne mai kera kayan aiki daga Memel, a lokacin birni mafi arewa maso gabashin Prussia (yanzu Klaipėda, Lithuania). Kant ya yi imanin cewa kakan mahaifinsa Hans Kant dan asalin Scotland ne. Yayin da masana rayuwar Kant suka daɗe suna yarda da wannan iƙirari, ƙwarewar zamani ta ƙalubalanci shi. Yana yiwuwa Kants sun sami suna daga ƙauyen Kantvainiai (Jamus: Kantwaggen-a yau wani ɓangare na Priekulė) kuma sun fito ne daga asalin Kursenieki. Kant shi ne na hudu a cikin yara tara (shida daga cikinsu sun girma). Ya yi Baftisma Emanuel, daga baya ya canza harafin sunansa zuwa Immanuel bayan ya koyi Ibrananci. An rene shi a gidan yan Bidi’a da suka nanata ibada, tawali’u, da fassarar Littafi Mai Tsarki na zahiri. mai tsauri, hukunci da ladabtarwa, kuma ya mai da hankali kan koyarwar Latin da addini akan lissafi da kimiyya. A cikin Groundwork na Metaphysic of Morals, ya bayyana imani ga rashin mutuwa a matsayin yanayin da ya dace na tsarin ɗan adam zuwa mafi girman halin kirki mai yiwuwa. Duk da haka, kamar yadda Kant ya kasance mai shakka game da wasu hujjojin da aka yi amfani da su a gabaninsa don kare ilimin tauhidi kuma ya ci gaba da cewa fahimtar mutum yana da iyaka kuma ba zai iya samun ilimi game da Allah ko rai ba, masu sharhi daban-daban sun lakafta shi a matsayin agnostic na falsafa, ko da yake an kuma ba da shawarar cewa Kant yana nufin wasu mutane su yi la'akari da shi a matsayin "mai tunani mai tsabta", wanda Kant da kansa ya bayyana a matsayin wanda ya gane wahayi amma ya tabbatar. cewa saninsa da kuma yarda da shi a matsayin gaske ba wajibi ne ga addini ba. Ga alama Kant ya yi rayuwa mai tsauri da tarbiyya; an ce makwabci za su saita agogon su ta hanyar tafiya ta yau da kullun. Bai taɓa yin aure ba, amma da alama yana da rayuwar zamantakewa mai lada— shi mashahurin malami ne, haka kuma marubuci mai cike da kunya tun ma kafin ya fara kan manyan ayyukansa na falsafa. Yana da da'irar abokai waɗanda yake yawan saduwa da su—daga cikinsu akwai Joseph Green, ɗan kasuwa ɗan Ingila a Königsberg, wanda aka ruwaito ya fara magana da shi a cikin jayayya a cikin 1763 ko kafin. Kamar yadda labarin ya nuna, Kant yana yawo a cikin Dänhofscher Garten, sai ya ga daya daga cikin abokansa yana magana da wasu mutanen da bai sani ba. Ya shiga tattaunawar, wanda ba da daɗewa ba ya juya zuwa abubuwan da ba a saba gani ba a duniya. Batun rashin jituwar da ke tsakanin Birtaniya da Amurka ya taso. Kant ya ɗauki gefen Amirkawa, kuma wannan ya tayar da Green. Ya kalubalanci Kant da fada. An ruwaito Kant ya bayyana cewa kishin kasa bai shiga cikin ra'ayinsa ba, kuma duk wani dan kasa na duniya zai iya daukar matsayinsa idan ya rike ka'idojin siyasar Kant, wanda Kant ya bayyana wa Green. Green ya yi mamakin yadda Kant ya iya bayyana ra'ayinsa, har Green ya ba da damar yin abota da Kant, kuma ya gayyace shi zuwa gidansa da yamma. Tsakanin shekarar (1750 da kuma 1754) Kant ya yi aiki a matsayin malami (Hauslehrer) a ƙauyen Lithuania na Jučiai (Jamus: Judtschen; kusan 20 km gabas da Königsberg, kuma a cikin Groß-Arnsdorf (yanzu Jarnołtowo kusa da Morąg (Jamus: Mohrungen), Poland), kusan 145 km gabas da Königsberg.
Tatsuniyoyi da yawa sun taso game da halin Kant na sirri; an jera waɗannan, an bayyana, kuma an karyata su a cikin gabatarwar Goldthwait zuwa fassararsa na Abubuwan Lura akan Jin Kyawun Kyakkyawa da ɗaukaka.
Manazarta 'Yan falsafan Jamus
Webarchive template wayback links
CS1 maint: archived copy as title
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
54815 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray%20Gablich | Ray Gablich | Raymond Thomas Gabelich (3 ga Yulin 1933 18 ga Yulin 2000) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Australiya wanda ya yi wasa tare da Collingwood a cikin Victoria Football League (VFL).
Iyali An haifi ɗan John (1902-1988) da Elizabeth Nina "Bessie" Gabelich, née Rerecich (1910-2006), Raymond Thomas Gabelich a Perth a ranar 3 ga Yuli 1933.
Ya auri Glenda Beverley Huxtable a ranar 5 ga Satumba 1960; suna da 'ya'ya uku: Lisa, Raymond da Matthew Kwallon ƙafa mai son Gabashin Perth ya hana shi buga wa West Perth wasa a wuraren zama, Gabelich bai iya buga wasan kwallon kafa na farko a Perth ba.
Dutsen Hawthorn (MJFA) Da takaici, ya ci gaba da taka leda a matakin farko, a karkashin shekaru 20, kwallon kafa na Mt Hawthorn Amateur Football Club a gasar Metropolitan Junior Football Association ta Perth. Ya kasance kyaftin din tawagar a 1953, kuma an zaba shi a cikin tawagar wakilan Yammacin Australia don yin wasa a Melbourne. Ya gabatar da roko da yawa da ba su yi nasara ba game da haramcinsa daga buga wa West Perth.
Gidan shakatawa (VAFA) Gabelich, wanda ke da shekaru 18, ya fara zuwa ga Collingwood lokacin da yake daya daga cikin 'yan wasa mafi kyau a waje na ƙungiyar Mt. Hawthorn da ta doke ƙungiyar South Fremantle Ex-Scholars (kowane ɗayan sun kasance firaminista a cikin wasanninsu na masu son a wannan shekarar) a ranar 20 ga Oktoba 1951, a cikin ɗaga labule don wasan da ƙungiyar Collingwood mai ziyara ta rasa 22.9 (141) ga South Fremantle 15.12 (102).
Ya zo Collingwood daga Yammacin Ostiraliya a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya a shekara ta 1954 ya makara don a lissafa shi; kuma, don haka, ya ci gaba da buga kwallon kafa tare da Parkside Amateurs, ƙungiyar da tsohon mai horar da Preston (VFA) Les Ross ya horar, a cikin Victorian Amateur Football Association, don sauran 1954: kakar da Parksides suka kasance firaministan C-Grade, ba a duk lokacin ba. Gabelich ya taka leda a tsakiya a Grand Final inda Parkside 15.19 (109) ya ci Old Xaverians 8.12 (60).
Har ila yau, tawagar ta lashe gasar VAFA Lightning Premiership da aka gudanar a karshen mako na ranar haihuwar Sarauniya a matsayin gabatarwa ga wasan Interstate tsakanin kungiyoyin wakilan Victoria da Kudancin Australia.
Rashin da tawagar ta samu a shekara ta 1954 a zahiri, tawagar ta lashe wasanni 29 a jere a cikin yanayi biyu (1953/1954) shine lokacin da aka ci ta, 10.6 (66) zuwa 4.11 (35), ta hanyar 1954 Canberra Australian National Football League firaministan, Queanbeyan-Acton, a wasan karshe na karshe a Canberra a ranar 19 ga Satumba 1954. Gabelich, a tsakiya rabin baya, yana daya daga cikin 'yan wasan Parkside mafi kyau.
Ya kuma buga wa tawagar Collingwood wasa, a kan South Fremantle, a watan Yulin shekara ta 1954.
Raunin da ya faru Lokacin da yake aiki a matsayin mai gyarawa da mai juyawa a Melbourne, ya rasa saman yatsansa na tsakiya a hatsarin masana'antu a 1955 kafin ya buga wasan sa na farko ga Collingwood.
Farko ga Collingwood An ba shi izinin yin wasa tare da Collingwood a watan Maris na shekara ta 1955, Gabelich ya fara buga wa Collingwood wasa a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 1955 (zagaye na uku) da St Kilda ra'ayi na mai sharhi game da aikinsa: "Gabelich: Nice mark and kick. Alkawari, ban da wasan ƙasa" ya maye gurbin Murray Weideman da ya ji rauni a tsakiya rabin gaba a cikin ƙungiyar da aka zaɓa; ya zira kwallaye 1.4 (10) (yana wasa da Neil Roberts). Gabelich ya kuma buga (a cikin ruck) ga Collingwood a wasan da ya yi a ƙarshen kakar wasa da Perth Football Club, wanda ya lashe gasar Firimiya ta Yammacin Australia ta 1955 a ranar Asabar da ta gabata, a Perth, a ranar 15 ga Oktoba 1955. An bayyana shi a matsayin "mai tsere mai kyau mai saurin yaudara da kuma mai tsere ga mutumin da ya fi girma".
Gabelich ya buga wasanni bakwai kawai a shekara ta 1957. A cikin kwata na uku na wasan (zagaye na 6) da aka yi da Arewacin Melbourne a ranar 25 ga Mayu 1957, an kori Gabelich a kafa na ƙasa kuma ya ci gaba da karyewar fibula. Da yake ƙin tayin mai shimfiɗa, Gabelich "ya yi tafiya ba tare da taimako ba fiye da rabin tsawon ƙasa" zuwa ɗakin gyare-gyare, inda "[an] tambaye shi a cikin ɗakin gyare'are-gyaren yadda ya san kafa ta karye Gabelich ya girgiza likitan kulob din ta hanyar gayyatarsa ya saurari rassan ƙasusuwa".
Gabelich ya fara fitowa bayan rauni shine na Collingwood na biyu na XVIII, yana wasa da Arewacin Melbourne a ranar 17 ga watan Agusta 1957, inda "har sai yanayin sa ya fadi, [ya] yi kyau kuma bai damu da kafafunsa ba". An zaba shi a cikin XVIII na farko don muhimmin (zagaye na 18) wasan karshe na kakar da St Kilda a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta 1957, kuma yana daya daga cikin 'yan wasan Collingwood mafi kyau a cikin tawagar da ta rasa.
A cikin kakar wasa goma sha ɗaya, wasan 160 tare da Collingwood, ya buga wasanni 17 na karshe, gami da Grand Finals 5. A shekara ta 1958, lokacin da Collingwood ya lashe Grand Final, inda ya doke Melbourne 12.10 (82) zuwa 9.10 (64) kuma, a cikin tsari, ya hana Melbourne daidaita rikodin Collingwood na lashe firaministan hudu a jere (viz., 1927, 1928, 1920, da 1930) Gabelich ya buga wasa mai karfi a matsayin dan wasan baya-alji; kuma, "tare da ƙarfinsa mai ban mamaki [da] iko da fakiti", Gabelich yana da kayan aiki a Collingwood yana juyawa da maki 17 a kashi uku na kwata-lokaci uku a cikin kashi uku na rabi-lokaci.
Ya kasance na biyu a 1959 Brownlow zuwa Verdun Howell na St Kilda da Bob Skilton na Kudancin Melbourne (wanda ya daura na farko), kuma ya lashe Copeland Trophy a matsayin mafi kyawun Collingwood a shekarar 1960.
Wasannin Olympics Ya taka leda a matsayin dan wasan motsa jiki na baya don ƙungiyar VFL da VFA da suka haɗu da VAFA a wasan nunawa na ƙwallon ƙafa na Australiya, a lokacin wasannin Olympics na Melbourne, a ranar 7 ga Disamba 1956.
Darwin A ƙarshen kakar 1959, Gabelich, wanda ba shi da aikin yi, kuma ya tsira ne kawai a kan biyan kuɗin kwallon kafa daga Collingwood, ya nemi izini zuwa West Perth inda, ban da biyan kuɗin kwallon ƙafa, an yi masa alkawarin "cikakken darektan hukumar mallakar da za ta tabbatar masa mafi ƙarancin kuɗin shiga na 4,000 a shekara" (A 124,016 a cikin 2020) kuma Collingwood ya gaya masa, cewa ba za a iya yanke shawara ba har sai an zabi sabon kwamitin, 1960. Wani Gabelich mai takaici ya tashi zuwa Darwin a ranar Jumma'a, 8 ga Janairun 1960, ya buga wasa tare da kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Waratah a ranar Asabar, kuma a ranar Litinin mai zuwa ya fara aiki a matsayin mai ajiya a cikin kantin kayan aiki ga rikicewar jami'an West Perth.
A ranar Asabar mai zuwa (16 ga Janairu) da safe, Gabelich ya tuntubi sakataren Collingwood (Gordon Carlyon) kuma, bayan ya sami tabbacin daga Carlyon cewa Collingwood zai goyi bayan bukatarsa ga VFL don a ba shi izinin buga wa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Waratah a lokacin Victorian, ya amince kada ya yi wasa a wannan Asabar, da fatan cewa ba zai kara nuna bambanci bukatarsa ba. Bayan tattaunawar da ta kammala cewa "mai bin Ray Gabelich bai karya wani ka'idar A.N.F.C ba, ko kuma ya sami rashin cancanta ta atomatik ta hanyar wasa a Darwin", Collingwood ya yanke shawarar tura batun zuwa VFL don jagora, kafin ya yanke shawara ta ƙarshe.
Duk da gardamar Collingwood cewa ayyukan Gabelich ba su ba da izinin hana su ta atomatik ba, saboda (a) "Darwin ba Jiha ba ne", kuma (b) "Gabelich ya taka leda daga kakar [Victorian], VFL yana ganin cewa shawarar Gabelich na yin wasa a Darwin "abin kunya" ne ya yanke shawarar neman shawara daga Majalisar Kwallon Kafa ta Australiya kafin ya yanke shawara.
A watan Maris na shekara ta 1960, Bayan ya buga wasanni da yawa a Darwin, Gabelich ya yanke shawarar barin shirye-shiryensa na yin wasa tare da West Perth, kuma ya zaɓi ya sake buga wani kakar tare da Collingwood.
Komawa zuwa Yammacin Australia A shekara ta 1961 ya koma Yammacin Ostiraliya inda ya kwashe dukkan kakar wasa tare da West Perth, a wannan lokacin ya kuma wakilci Yammacin Australia a 1961 Brisbane Australian National Football Council Carnival, yana wasa a tsakiya-rabi a baya (kuma, a cikin tsari, ya soke gaba ɗaya zakarun tsakiya na Kudancin Melbourne Jim Taylor) a cikin ƙungiyar Yammacin Australiya wanda ba kawai (ba zato ba tsammani) ya ci tawagar wakilin Victoria 15.14 (104) zuwa 14.11 (95) a "wani mummunan yaƙi", har ma, ta hanyar wannan nasarar, ANFC.
Kyakkyawan aikinsa na Yammacin Ostiraliya ya haifar da zabinsa, a tsakiya rabin baya a cikin tawagar All-Australian ta wannan shekarar, amma kuma lambar yabo ta Simpson Medal a matsayin mafi kyawun dan wasan Yammacin Australia a Brisbane Carnival Komawa zuwa Collingwood Yanzu yana da shekaru 28, Gabelich ya koma Collingwood a 1962, kuma ya zama kyaftin din kulob din a duk kakar 1964 da kuma wani ɓangare na 1965.
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
19171 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khadijah%20Sidek | Khadijah Sidek | Khatijah Sidek (an haife ta a shekara ta1918-ta muty a shekara ta 1982) Khadijah Mohd Sidik 'yar Malay ce, 'year ƙasa kuma 'yar siyasa a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Malaya kuma zaɓaɓɓen shugaban Kaum Ibu (a zahiri yana nufin "ƙungiyar uwa"; daga baya aka canza sunan ɓangaren zuwa Wanita UMNO a shekara ta 1954. Ta kuma kasance jigo a tarihin farko na Hadaddiyar kungiyar Malay ta Kasa (UMNO) kuma mai rajin kare hakkin mata da ilimantar da yara mata.
Rayuwar farko Khatijah an haife ta a cikin Pariaman, West Sumatra, kasar Indonesia zuwa Minangkabau iyali, san su da matrilineal al'adunmu tsarin. Ta sami karatunta a wata makarantar Dutch da ke Sumatra kafin ta koma Singapore a shekara ta 1946 kuma jim kaɗan bayan ta auri wani ɗan ƙasar Malayan. Kafin ya zo Malaya, Khatijah tana aiki a cikin Puteri Kesatria, kungiyar mata masu adawa da mulkin mallaka da ke Bukit Tinggi, Sumatra. A cikin shekara ta 1953, ta shiga reshen UMNO a Johor Bahru bayan gayyatar da aka yi mata don yin nazarin halin matan Malay a ƙarƙashin mulkin Burtaniya.
Siyasa Hawan Khatijah a cikin siyasa yana nuni ne da sauye-sauyen zamantakewar da mata suka fuskanta a cikin shekaru bayan yakin ƙarƙashin mamayar Japan. Mafi yawan matan da suka yi rawar gani a siyasa na wannan lokacin sun ci gajiyar ci gaban ilimin mata da na 'ya mace, da aikin mata da ake biya a wajen gida, da kaura zuwa birane da birane Matan da suka rike mukaman shugabancin jam'iyyar a kasa, jiha, da matakin rarrabuwa ya kasance galibi mazauna birni ne ko na kewayen birni, kuma sun kasance mataye ne ko kuma dangi na kusa na masu gwagwarmayar siyasa ko membobin masarauta Mai rajin kare hakkin mata Lokacin da Khatijah ta isa Malaya a cikin shekara ta 1940, ta damu da abin da ake gani zalunci ne na mata. A ziyararta ta biyu zuwa Singapore a shekara ta 1947, ta rubuta a cikin tarihinta cewa ta ƙuduri aniyar taimaka wa matan da ba su da ilimi ta hanyar koya musu dabarun kula da gida da kuma ɗaga iliminsu na siyasa. Ta shiga ƙungiyar jin daɗin mata, ta kasar Indonesiya da Majalisar Matan Malay (HIMWIM), don tayar da hankalin 'yantar da matan Malay-Indonesiyan da ke zaune a Singapore. Koyaya, aikin Khatijah tare da HIMWIM ya ci karo da mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya, kuma an tsare ta a ƙarƙashin Dokar Gaggawa tsakanin shekara ta 1948 da shekara ta 1950; yayin da take cikin kurkuku, ta haifi diya mace. Bayan an sake ta daga kurkuku, an kori Khatijah daga Singapore, amma tana karkashin umarnin tsarewa don ya ci gaba da zama a Johor na shekaru goma. Tare da goyon bayan Tunku Abdul Rahman, mai kamfen din Ibu Zain ya gayyace ta zuwa UMNO matsayinta na matar dan asalin Malayan ya sanya ta cancanci shiga. A watan Afrilun shekara ta 1953, ta zama memba na babban taron UMNO a Melaka A taron majalisar, shawarar da ta gabatar na kara yawan mata a majalisar ya gamu da fushin da kyamar wakilan maza.
Shugabancin Kaum Ibu UMNO A watan Oktoban shekara ta 1954, Khatijah ya yi nasara tare da Ibu Zain da kuma Selangor Kaum Ibu UMNO (KI UMNO) na wancan lokacin Halimahton Abdul Majid da aka zaba a matsayin shugaban KI UMNO. A lokacin da take jagora, ta zagaya ko'ina cikin kasar, inda ta shawo kan mata da yawa zuwa sashin ta hanyar shawo kansu cewa ta yi kama da su Lenore Manderson ta yi ikirarin cewa Khatijah har ma da gadon matan kauye da ta ziyarta. Yawan bukatar Khatijah na karin wakilci ga mata da kuma imanin ta cewa akwai wasu shingaye na yau da kullun ga shigar mata cikin siyasa da sauri ya gan ta a matsayin wani abu a matsayin mai tayar da hankali. Makonni biyu bayan zaɓenta a matsayin shugabar KI UMNO, an kori Khatijah daga reshen UMNO Johor Bahru bisa hujjar cewa ta ba da cikakken bayanin yadda Majalisar Koli ta gudanar; Khatijah ta taba tuhumar cewa da gangan ake cire mata daga jerin sunayen zabubbukan jihohi. Tunku daga baya ya yanke shawarar cewa babu wadatar shaidun da za su kore ta, kuma UMNO Executive daga baya ta soke korar ta, amma ba tare da yi wa Khatijah kashedi ba game da halin ta a gaba. Bayan shugabantar kungiyar KI UMNO a matakin kasa na tsawon shekaru biyu, an sake korar ta saboda kalubalantar siyasar lalata ta jam'iyyar. Korar tata da aka yi bisa doka ta nuna cewa ta saba wa ka'idoji da ka'idojin jam'iyyar Khatijah ya gaji Raja Perempuan Perlis Tengku Badiah (daga baya kuma 'Sarauniyar Malaya') wacce ta dauki nauyin shugabanci bayan rashin lafiyar na karshen magabata, Hajjah Zain Suleiman ko Ibu Zain Rikicin Majalisar Dokoki ta Tarayya A cikin shekara ta 1955, membobin KI UMNO suka bukaci Tunku da ya nada Khatijah a daya daga cikin kujerun ajiye biyar na Majalisar Dokokin Tarayya; mace daya ce, Halimahton, aka zaba daga cikin kujeru 52 da aka zaba. Tunku sun ki nada Khatijah; ya bayar da hujjar cewa zaben na Halimahton ya biya bukatar mace ‘yar Malay a Majalisar Dokokin Tarayya, sannan kuma takarar Khatijah bai dace ba tunda ta ci gaba da kasancewa a karkashin umarnin tsarewa. Membobin KI UMNO sun yi korafin cewa an yi watsi da gudummawar da suka bayar a lokacin zaben Tarayyar na shekara ta 1955, kuma a martanin da aka mayar, an bukaci mata da su tsaya a zabukan cikin gari da na birni su yi aiki tukuru. Shugabancin maza zai kuma yi iƙirarin cewa ba su sami ƙwararrun mata da za su iya tsayawa takara ba.
Sallamar daga UMNO Khatijah ta nemi kuri'ar mata a cikin Majalisar Dokokin UMNO a shekara ta 1953 da wakilcin siyasa dai-dai a cikin jam'iyyar. Haka kuma, ta yi gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin cin gashin kai daga bangaren mata na UMNO, wani bangaren mata na mata na daban don tallafawa bangaren Matasan UMNO da ke akwai, da kuma karuwar zabar mata don shiga babban zabe ta hanyar zabar mata' yan takara. Amma ba da daɗewa ba aka kore ta daga jam'iyyar a watan Nuwamba 1956, kuma a wannan karon UMNO Executive ta goyi bayan fitar ta. Kodayake an kori Khatijah daga UMNO saboda dalilai na ladabtarwa, amma hakan na iya faruwa ne saboda tana kalubalantar al'adar magabata da fifikon gado a tsakanin iyayen jam'iyyar; hakika, daya daga cikin dalilan da aka ambata na korar ta shi ne cewa halinta a matsayinta na shugabar KI UMNO ya 'cutar da UMNO.' Daga nan UMNO Executive ya nada Fatimah binte Haji Hashim a matsayin sabuwar shugabar KI UMNO, matsayin da ta rike har zuwa shekara ta 1972.
Khatijah Sidek a cikin PAS Bayan korar ta daga UMNO don kalubalantar mulkin mallaka na namiji, Khatijah ta sauya sheka zuwa Jam'iyar Islama ta Pan-Malaysia ko PAS, ta zama shugabar sashin mata, Dewan Muslimat Ta sake komawa UMNO a cikin shekara ta 1972, amma ba ta ci gaba da taka rawa a cikin jam’iyyar ba.
Duba kuma Aishah Ghani
Shamsiah Fakeh
Kishin Malay na Farko
Siyasar Malaysia
Manazarta
Kara karantawa Memoir Khatijah Sidek: Puteri Kesatria Bangsa (1995), Penerbit UKM: Bangi Susan Blackburn da Helen Ting (editocin) Mata a Yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya na Asiya (2013) NUS Press: Singapore
Haifaffun 1918
Rayayyun mutane
Musulman Maleshiya
Mutane
Pages with unreviewed |
21557 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukumar%20Raya%20Neja%20Delta | Hukumar Raya Neja Delta | Hukumar Raya Neja Delta hukumar da gwamnati ta kafa a Nijeriya wanda shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo a shekarar 2000 ya assasa tare da tallafin kafa umarni na tasowa ga jihohi masu arzikin man fetur Neja Delta yankin da Najeriya A watan Satumban 2008, Shugaba Umaru 'Yar'Adua ya ba da sanarwar kafa Ma'aikatar Neja Delta, tare da Hukumar Raya Yankin Neja Delta ta zama babba a karkashin ma'aikatar. Daya daga cikin mahimman ayyukan Hukumar ita ce horarwa da ilimantar da matasa na yankuna masu arzikin mai na Neja Delta don magance tashin hankali da faɗa, tare da samar da muhimman ababen more rayuwa don haɓaka faɗuwa da haɓaka.
Bayan Fage An kirkiro NDDC ne gaba daya a matsayin martani ga bukatun jama'ar yankin Niger Delta, yankin da ke da yawan 'yan kabilu marasa rinjaye. A shekara ta 1990s wadannan kabilun, musamman Ijaw da Ogoni sun kafa kungiyoyi don tunkarar gwamnatin Najeriya da kamfanonin mai na duniya kamar Shell 'Yan tsirarun yankin Neja Delta sun ci gaba da tayar da kayar baya tare da bayyana bukatunsu na samun' yancin cin gashin kai da kula da albarkatun man fetur a yankin. Suna ba da hujjar korafin nasu ta hanyar nuni ga lalacewar muhalli da gurbatar muhalli daga ayyukan mai da ya faru a yankin tun a karshen shekara ta 1950s. Koyaya, ƙananan yankuna na yankunan da ake haƙo mai ba su sami kuɗi kaɗan ba ko ɗaya daga masana'antar mai kuma matakan gyara muhalli suna da iyaka kuma ba ruwansu. Yankin ba shi da ci gaba sosai kuma ya talauce hatta da kimar rayuwar Najeriya.
Wani lokaci rikici mai karfi da jihar da kamfanonin mai, tare da wasu al'ummomin na hana samar da mai kamar yadda matasa ko kungiyoyi da ba su ji ba ba su fasa ayyukan man da gangan a kokarin kawo canji. Wadannan rikice-rikicen sun kasance masu matukar tsada ga masana'antar mai ta Najeriya, sannan kuma manyan kasashen biyu da gwamnatin tarayya suna da wata bukata ta barin ayyukan hakar ba tare da yankewa ba; Hukumar NDDC sakamakon wadannan damuwar ce kuma yunkuri ne na biyan bukatun jama'ar yankin.
A ranar 31 ga Agusta, shekara ta 2020, NDDC ta Biya 197 Kasashen Kudin Karatun Kasar Burtaniya.
Aiki da ayyuka Umarnin NDDC: Kirkirar manufofi da jagororin ci gaban yankin Neja Delta.
Tsinkaye, tsarawa da aiwatarwa, daidai da yadda aka tsara dokoki da ka'idoji, na ayyuka da shirye-shirye na ci gaba mai dorewa na yankin Neja Delta a fannin sufuri da suka hada da hanyoyi, jiragen ruwa da hanyoyin ruwa, kiwon lafiya, aikin yi, masana'antu, noma da kamun kifi, gidaje da ci gaban birane, samar da ruwa, wutar lantarki da sadarwa.
Binciko Yankin Neja Delta don gano matakan da suka dace don inganta ci gabanta na zahiri da tattalin arziki.
Shirya manyan tsare-tsare da tsare-tsaren da aka tsara domin bunkasa ci gaban yankin Neja Delta da kimar kasashe mambobi na Hukumar.
Aiwatar da dukkan matakan da Gwamnatin Tarayya da jihohin Hukumar suka amince da ci gaban yankin Neja Delta.
Gano abubuwan da ke hana ci gaban yankin Neja Delta da taimakawa kasashe mambobi wajen tsarawa da aiwatar da manufofi don tabbatar da ingantacciyar hanyar sarrafa albarkatun yankin Neja Delta.
Tantancewa da kuma bayar da rahoto kan duk wani aiki da kamfanonin mai da gas suka samar ko kuma aiwatar da shi a yankin tare da duk wani kamfani, gami da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, tare da tabbatar da cewa an yi amfani da kudaden da aka saki don irin wadannan ayyukan yadda ya kamata.
Magance matsalolin muhalli da na muhalli wadanda suka samo asali daga binciken ma'adanan mai a yankin Neja Delta tare da baiwa Gwamnatin Tarayya da kasashe mambobi shawarwari kan hanawa da kuma kula da malalar mai, matsalar iskar gas da gurbatar muhalli.
Yin hulɗa tare da ma'adinan mai da gas da kuma samar da kamfanoni akan duk al'amuran gurɓatarwa, rigakafi da sarrafawa.
Aiwatar da irin wadannan ayyuka da aiwatar da irin wadannan ayyukan, wadanda a zabin Hukumar ake bukata don cigaban yankin Neja Delta da jama'arsa.
Watsi da Ayyuka da Shirye-shiryenen Fiber Optics Telecoms da kuma malalar mai A shekara ta 2015, NDDC ta fara shirin tagwaye na watanni uku (3) a watan Disambar shekara ta 2015, wanda ya shiga cikin biliyoyin nairorin da aka watsar da watanni biyu cikin horon The Fiber Optics Telecoms (Owerri) da Horar da malalar mai (Fatakwal) ga matasa na yankin Neja Delta. NDDC da 'yan kwangilarsa Mr. Alex Duke (Shugaba na GreenData Limited) sun yi watsi da shirye-shiryen biyu. GreenData ya watsar da masu horarwar 200 a wasu otal-otal a Owerri. Wannan lokaci na shekara ta 2019 ne, kuma har yanzu ba a kammala shirye-shiryen ba. Fadar Shugaban kasa, NDDC ko kuma dan kwangilarta Mista Alex Duke sun ce lokacin da za a ci gaba da horon. Wannan da wasu batutuwan sun sa hukumar ta yanzu ta soke wasu kwangiloli. Wannan ba shine karo na farko ba da ake watsi da kwangiloli na biliyoyin nairori da kuma kudaden shiga aljihunan kashin kansu, wanda hakan ya kawo hukumar NDDC cikin sa ido a Fadar Shugaban Kasa. Oneaya daga cikin mahimman ayyukan hukumar ita ce horarwa da ilimantar da matasa na yankuna masu arzikin mai na Neja Delta don magance tashin hankali da kuma rage talauci.
Shugaban zartarwa Matsayin Shugaban zartarwa na NDDC ya kasance abin tattaunawa sosai. An sasanta tsakanin inda za a juya matsayin, a tsakanin jihohi tara masu hako mai bisa tsarin harafi Abia, Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross River, Delta, Edo, Imo, Ondo da Ribas.
Duba kuma 2000 a Najeriya
Manazarta NDDC: Lokacin da buri ya gudana kamar koguna
Alaibe, Sabon Shugaban NDDC, Ya Buga Manufa
Sanata Ararume Ya Yabawa NDDC
NDDC tana sake fasalin lalata shekaru 50
Ingantawa ga Delta Delta
Tattalin Arzikin Najeriya
Tattalin arziki
Siyasan Najeriya
Gwamnatin Najeriya
Siyasa
Pages with unreviewed |
22484 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa-ido%20akan%20Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20%C6%8Aan%20Adam | Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam | Human Rights Watch (HRW) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta duniya, wacce ke da hedikwata a cikin birnin New York, wacce ke gudanar da bincike da bayar da shawarwari kan hakkin dan adam. Kungiyar tana matsawa gwamnatoci, masu tsara manufofi, kamfanoni, da daidaikun masu cin zarafin bil adama kan yin tir da cin zarafi da mutunta 'yancin dan adam, kuma kungiyar galibi tana aiki ne a madadin' yan gudun hijira, yara, bakin haure, da kuma fursunonin siyasa.
Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam a cikin shekarar 1997 ta raba a cikin Nobel Peace Prize a matsayin memba na kafa Kamfen na Kasa da Kasa na Haramta Nakiyoyi kuma ya taka rawa a cikin yarjejeniyar ta 2008 ta hana tashin bindiga. Kudaden da kungiyar ke kashewa duk shekara sun kai dala miliyan 50.6 a shekarar 2011, dala miliyan 69.2 a shekarar 2014, da dala miliyan 75.5 a shekarar 2017.
Tarihi Robert L. Bernstein da Aryeh Neier ne suka kafa kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Human Rights Watch tare da hadin gwiwar kungiyar Ba-Amurke mai zaman kanta a shekarar 1978, karkashin sunan Helsinki Watch, don sa ido kan yarjejeniyar da Tarayyar Soviet ta yi da Helsinki. Helsinki Watch ta bi diddigin al'adar sanya suna da tozarta a bainar jama'a ta hanyar watsa labarai ta hanyar musayar labarai kai tsaye da masu tsara manufofin siyasa. Ta hanyar haskaka hasken duniya game da take hakkin bil adama a Tarayyar Soviet da kawayenta na Turai, Helsinki Watch ta ce ta ba da gudummawa ga sauye-sauyen dimokiradiyya na yankin a karshen shekarata 1980s. An kafa Amurkan Watch a shekarata 1981 yayin da yakin basasa da aka zub da jini ya mamaye Amurka ta tsakiya Dogaro da bincike mai zurfi a kasa, Amurkan Watch ba wai kawai ya magance cin zarafin da sojojin gwamnati ke yi ba ne amma kuma ya yi amfani da dokar jin kai ta kasa da kasa don bincika da fallasa laifukan yaki na kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye. Baya ga nuna damuwarta a kasashen da abin ya shafa, Amurkan Watch ta kuma binciki rawar da gwamnatocin kasashen waje, musamman gwamnatin Amurka suka taka, wajen ba da tallafi na soja da siyasa ga gwamnatocin cin zarafi.
Asia Watch a shekarata (1985), Africa Watch a shekarata (1988) da Middle East Watch a shekarata (1989) an kira su akan abin da aka sani da Kwamitocin Kulawa A cikin shekarar 1988, duk waɗannan kwamitocin sun haɗu a ƙarƙashin laima ɗaya don kafa Human Rights Watch.
Bayani Dangane da Sanarwar Duniya game da 'Yancin Dan Adam (UDHR), Human Rights Watch (HRW) tana adawa da take hakki na abin da ake ɗauka na haƙƙin ɗan adam na asali a ƙarƙashin UDHR. Wannan ya hada da hukuncin kisa da nuna wariya dangane da yanayin jima'i HRW tana ba da shawara ga 'yanci dangane da haƙƙin ɗan adam na asali, kamar yancin addini da 'yancin aikin jarida HRW na neman samun canji ta hanyar matsin lamba ga gwamnatoci da masu tsara manufofinsu don dakile take hakkin bil adama, da kuma shawo kan gwamnatoci masu karfi da su yi amfani da tasirinsu a kan gwamnatocin da ke take hakkin dan adam. Kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Human Rights Watch tana wallafa rahotannin bincike kan take hakkin dan adam na kasa da kasa kamar yadda kudurin kare hakkin dan adam ya tanada da kuma abin da take ganin wasu karbuwa ne na duniya, ka'idojin hakkin dan adam. Ana amfani da waɗannan rahotannin azaman tushe don jawo hankalin duniya ga cin zarafi da matsawa gwamnatoci da ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa yin garambawul. Masu binciken suna gudanar da bincike-bincike na gaskiya don bincika yanayin wadanda ake zargi kuma ta amfani da diflomasiyya, kasancewa tare da wadanda abin ya shafa, yin fa'idojin game da jama'a da daidaikun mutane, da samar da tsaro da ake bukata a gare su a cikin mawuyacin hali kuma a cikin lokaci mai kyau samar da labarai a kafofin watsa labarai na cikin gida da na duniya. Batutuwan da kungiyar ta Human Rights Watch ta tabo a cikin rahotonninta sun hada da nuna wariya ta fuskar jinsi da jinsi, azabtarwa, amfani da kananan yara ta hanyar soji, cin hanci da rashawa na siyasa, cin zarafi a tsarin shari'ar masu aikata laifuka, da halatta zubar da ciki HRW ta yi rubuce-rubuce da kuma bayar da rahoto game da take haƙƙin dokokin yaƙi da kuma dokokin ɗan adam na duniya Har ila yau Human Rights Watch na tallafa wa marubuta a duk duniya, waɗanda ake tsananta wa saboda ayyukansu kuma suna buƙatar taimakon kuɗi Tallafin na Hellman Hammett ana daukar nauyin ta ne daga mallakar marubucin wasan kwaikwayo Lillian Hellman a cikin kuɗin da aka kafa da sunanta da na abokiyar aikinta na dogon lokaci, marubucin littattafai Dashiell Hammett Baya ga bayar da taimakon kudi, taimakon na Hellman Hammett na taimaka wajan wayar da kan kasashen duniya game da masu fafutuka wadanda ake yiwa shiru saboda yin magana don kare hakkin dan adam. Kowace shekara, Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Human Rights Watch tana gabatar da lambar yabo ta masu kare hakkin dan adam ga masu fafutuka a duniya wadanda ke nuna jagoranci da jajircewa wajen kare hakkin dan adam. Wadanda suka lashe kyautar suna aiki tare da HRW wajen bincike da kuma tona asirin cin zarafin dan adam. Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta kasance daya daga cikin kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu shida na kasa da kasa wadanda suka kafa kungiyar Kawancen Dakatar da Amfani da Sojoji Yara a shekarata 1998. Har ila yau, ita ce mataimakiyar shugaban Kamfen din Kasa da Kasa na Haramta Nakiyoyi, kawancen kungiyoyin farar hula na duniya da suka yi nasarar shiga cikin gabatar da yarjejeniyar Ottawa, wata yarjejeniya da ke hana amfani da nakiyoyi.
Kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Human Rights Watch memba ce ta kafa kungiyar musayar ra'ayi ta 'Yancin Kasa da Kasa, wata cibiya ta duniya ta kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu wadanda ke sa ido kan takunkumi a duniya. Har ila yau, ta kafa} ungiyar Hadin Kan Cluster, wacce ta kawo wani taron kasa da kasa na haramta makaman. HRW tana aiki da ma’aikata sama da 275 masana na ƙasa, lauyoyi, ‘yan jarida, da masana kuma tana aiki a cikin sama da ƙasashe 90 a duniya. Wanda yake da hedikwata a Birnin New York, yana da ofis a Amsterdam, Beirut, Berlin, Brussels, Chicago, Geneva, Johannesburg, London, Los Angeles, Moscow, Nairobi, Seoul, Paris, San Francisco, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto, Washington, DC, da Zürich HRW tana kula da samun damar kai tsaye ga yawancin kasashen da take rahoto akai. Cuba, Koriya ta Arewa, Sudan, Iran, Isra’ila, Masar, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, Uzbekistan da Venezuela na daga cikin tsirarun kasashen da suka toshe hanyoyin samun ma’aikatan HRW. Babban daraktan HRW a yanzu shi ne Kenneth Roth, wanda ya rike wannan mukamin tun shekarar 1993. Roth ya gudanar da bincike kan cin zarafi a Poland bayan da aka ayyana dokar soja a shekarar 1981. Daga baya ya mai da hankali kan Haiti, wanda ya fito daga mulkin kama-karya na Duvalier amma ya ci gaba da fama da matsaloli. Tunanin Roth game da mahimmancin haƙƙin ɗan adam ya fara ne da labaran da mahaifinsa ya ba da game da tserewa Nazi Jamus a shekarata 1938. Roth ya kammala karatu daga Makarantar Yale Law da Jami'ar Brown Kwatantawa da Amnesty International Human Rights Watch da Amnesty International su ne kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama guda biyu na kasashen yamma da ke aiki a mafi yawan yanayi na tsananin zalunci ko cin zarafi a duniya. Babban bambance-bambance sun ta'allaka ne da tsarin kungiyar da hanyoyin inganta canji.
Amnesty International kungiya ce ta mambobi da yawa. Tattaunawar waɗancan membobin shine babban kayan tallata ƙungiyar. Manyan kayayyakin kungiyar ta Human Rights Watch su ne binciken da ta gabatar game da rikicin da kuma dogayen rahotanni, yayin da Amnesty International ta nemi izini da rubuta rahotanni dalla-dalla, amma kuma ta fi mayar da hankali kan kamfen din rubuto wasika, daukar mutane a matsayin fursunonin lamiri da kuma neman a sake su. Kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Human Rights Watch za ta fito fili don neman takamaiman matakin da wasu gwamnatoci za su dauka a kan masu take hakkin bil adama, gami da sanya takamaiman mutane don kamewa, ko kuma sanya takunkumi kan wasu kasashe, kwanan nan yana kiran da a hukunta manyan shugabannin a Sudan wadanda suka kula. yakin kashe kashe a Darfur Kungiyar ta kuma yi kira da a saki masu rajin kare hakkin dan adam da aka tsare a Sudan. Rubuce-rubucensa game da keta hakkin ɗan adam galibi sun haɗa da cikakken nazarin tarihin siyasa da tarihin rikice-rikicen da aka damu, waɗanda aka buga wasu daga cikin littattafan ilimi. Rahotannin AI, a gefe guda, suna ɗauke da ƙananan bincike, kuma a maimakon haka suna mai da hankali kan takamaiman haƙƙƙen haƙƙoƙin. A cikin shekarata 2010, The Times na London ya rubuta cewa HRW "ta rufe duhu" Amnesty International. A cewar The Times, maimakon samun goyan baya ta yawan membobi, kamar yadda AI ke, HRW ya dogara ne da masu hannu da shuni wadanda ke son ganin rahoton kungiyar ya zama kanun labarai. A saboda wannan dalili, a cewar The Times, HRW na yawan mai da hankali kan wuraren da kafafen yada labarai suka riga suka damu da su, musamman ma wajen yada labaran Isra'ila ba daidai ba.
Kudi da ayyuka Don shekarar kuɗi da ta ƙare a watan Yunin na shekarata 2008, HRW ta ba da rahoton karɓar kusan dala miliyan 44 a ba da gudummawar jama'a. A cikin shekarar 2009, Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta bayyana cewa suna karbar kusan kashi 75% na tallafin kudi daga Arewacin Amurka, kashi 25% daga Yammacin Turai da kasa da 1% daga sauran kasashen duniya. Dangane da binciken kudi na shekara ta 2008, HRW ta bayar da rahoton cewa ba ta karɓar duk wani tallafi kai tsaye daga gwamnatoci kuma ana samun kuɗaɗen ta hanyar gudummawa daga mutane masu zaman kansu da tushe. Mai bayar da tallafi kuma mai taimakon jama'a George Soros na kungiyar Open Society Foundations ya sanar a shekarar 2010 niyyarsa ta ba da dala miliyan 100 ga HRW na tsawon shekaru goma don taimaka mata fadada kokarinta a duniya: "don zama mafi inganci," in ji shi, "Ina tsammanin dole ne a ga kungiya a matsayin kasa da kasa, kasa da kungiyar Amurka. Ya ce, "Kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Human Rights Watch na daga cikin kungiyoyi mafiya inganci da nake goyon baya. 'Yancin ɗan adam suna tallafawa mafi girman burinmu: suna cikin zuciyar al'ummu masu buɗewa. Gudummawar ta ƙara yawan ma'aikatan Human Rights Watch na 300 da mutane 120. Gudummawar ita ce mafi girma a tarihin kungiyar. Charity Navigator ya ba Human Rights Watch ƙimar tauraruwa uku gaba ɗaya don a shekarata 2018. Darajar kuɗaɗen ta ya karu daga taurari uku a cikin shekarar 2015 zuwa matsakaici huɗu kamar na Yuni na shekarar 2016. Ofishin Kasuwanci mafi Kyawu ya ce Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta cika ka'idojinta na ba da lissafin sadaka. Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta wallafa wannan shirin mai zuwa da kuma tallafawa ayyukan bayar da cikakkun bayanai game da shekarar kudi wacce za ta kare a watan Yunin shekarata 2011.
Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta wallafa wannan shirin mai zuwa da kuma tallafawa ayyukan bayar da cikakkun bayanai game da shekarar kudi wacce za ta kare a watan Yunin shekarata 2008.
Sanannun ma'aikata Wasu sanannun ma’aikata na yanzu da tsoffin ma’aikatan kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam: Robert L. Bernstein, Shugaban Kafa Emeritus
Neil Rimer, mataimakin shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa na ofasashen Duniya Kenneth Roth, Babban Darakta
Jan Egeland, Mataimakin Darakta kuma Darakta na Human Rights Watch Turai
John Studzinski, Mataimakin Shugaban; ci gaban hannun Turai; tsohon Darakta; memba na Kwamitin Zartarwa; Shugaban Kwamitin Zuba Jari Minky Worden, Daraktan Media
Jamie Fellner, Babban Mashawarci na Shirin Amincewa da Humanan Adam na Amurka
Brad Adams, Daraktan Asiya
Scott Long, 'yan madigo, Gay, Bisexual, da kuma Daraktan' Yancin Transgender
Sarah Leah Whitson, tsohuwar Daraktar Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka
Joe Stork, Mataimakin Daraktan Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka
Marc Garlasco, tsohon ma'aikaci ne, ya yi murabus ne saboda wata badakala da ta shafi tarin kayan Sharon Hom, mamba ce a kwamitin ba da shawara na kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Human Rights Watch Asia
Tae-Ung Baik, tsohon mai ba da shawara kan harkokin bincike
Nabeel Rajab, memba na Kwamitin Shawara na Sashin Gabas ta Tsakiya na Human Rights Watch
Tejshree Thapa, tsohon Babban mai binciken Kudancin Asiya Ben Rawlence, Dan Jarida kuma tsohon Mai bincike
Littattafai Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Human Rights Watch tana wallafa rahotanni kan batutuwa daban-daban kuma tana tattara rahoton Duniya na shekara-shekara wanda ke gabatar da bayyani game da yanayin 'yancin ɗan adam na duniya. Jaridu Bakwai Bakwai ne suka buga shi tun shekarar 2006; Buga na yanzu, Rahoton Duniya na shekarar 2020, an sake shi a cikin Janairu shekarata 2020, kuma yana ɗaukar abubuwan da suka faru na 2019. Rahoton Duniya na shekarar 2020, HRW na 30 na shekara-shekara game da ayyukan kare hakkin bil'adama a duk duniya, ya hada da sake duba ayyukan al'adu da halaye a kusan kasashe 100, da kuma gabatarwar gabatarwa ta Babban Daraktan HRW Kenneth Roth "Barazanar Duniya ta China ga 'Yancin Dan Adam". Kungiyar kare haƙƙin bil adama ta Human Rights Watch ta ba da rahoto mai yawa a kan batutuwa kamar su kisan kare dangin na Ruwanda na shekarar 1994, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da rajistar masu yin lalata da Amurka saboda yawan su da kuma aikace-aikacen da suke yi wa yara. A lokacin bazara na shekarata 2004, Rare Book and Manuscript Library a Jami'ar Columbia a New York ya zama cibiyar adana kayan tarihi na Human Rights Watch Archive, tarin aiki wanda ke tattara bayanan binciken haƙƙin ɗan adam shekaru da yawa a duniya. An sauya tarihin daga inda yake a baya a Norlin Library a Jami'ar Colorado, Boulder Rukunin tarihin ya hada da fayilolin gudanarwa, takaddun hulda da jama'a, da kuma harka da fayilolin kasa. Tare da wasu keɓaɓɓu don la'akari da tsaro, al'umman Jami'ar Columbia da jama'a suna da damar yin amfani da bayanan filin, ɗauka da kuma yin hira da wadanda ake zargi da keta hakkin ɗan adam, bidiyo da kaset, da sauran kayan aikin da ke rubuta ayyukan ƙungiyar tun kafuwarta a shekarata kamar yadda Helsinki Kalli. Koyaya, manyan sassa na tarihin HRW ba a buɗe su ga masu bincike ko ga jama'a ba, gami da bayanan tarurrukan kwamitin gudanarwa, kwamitin zartarwa, da ƙananan kwamitoci daban-daban, yana iyakance ikon masana tarihi don fahimtar shawarar cikin ƙungiyar- yin.
Suka An zargi HRW saboda ganin son zuciya daga gwamnatocin ƙasashe waɗanda ta bincika game da take haƙƙin bil adama, ta NGO Monitor, da kuma wanda ya kafa HRW, kuma tsohon Shugaban, Robert L. Bernstein Zargin nuna wariya sun hada da tasirin da bai dace ba da manufofin gwamnatin Amurka, da ikirarin cewa HRW na nuna son kai ga Isra'ila (kuma yana mai da hankali sosai kan rikicin Larabawa da Isra'ila Har ila yau, an soki HRW saboda rashin kyakkyawar hanyar bincike da sassaucin binciken gaskiya, da kuma yin biris da cin zarafin 'yancin ɗan adam na ƙananan gwamnatocin buɗe ido. HRW ya saba magana a bayyane, kuma galibi yana musantawa, sukan rahotonsa da bincikensa. A cewar Democracy Now, an kuma soki HRW saboda samun 'kofa mai juyawa' tare da gwamnatin Amurka, tuhumar da HRW ke rikici. A shekarar 2020, kwamitin Daraktocin HRW ya gano cewa kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Human Rights Watch ta karbi gudummawar dala 470,000 daga attajirin masarautar Saudiyya Mohamed Bin Issa Al Jaber, mamallakin wani kamfanin HRW "wanda a baya aka gano yana da hannu dumu-dumu a cin zarafin ma'aikata", a karkashin sharadin cewa ba za a yi amfani da gudummawa don tallafawa ba da shawara game da LGBT a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka ba. An dawo da kyautar kuma kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Human Rights Watch ta ba da wata sanarwa da ke cewa karban tallafin wani "yanke shawara ne mai matukar nadama" dangane da rahoton bincike daga The Intercept game da gudummawar. A watan Agusta na shekarar 2020, babban daraktan HRW Kenneth Roth ya sanya takunkumi tare da shugabannin wasu dimokuradiyya hudu da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da Amurka da ‘yan majalisun Jamhuriyyar Amurka shida da gwamnatin kasar Sin ta yi don tallafa wa kungiyar kare demokradiyya ta Hongkong a cikin shekarar 2019– 20 Hong Kong zanga-zangar Shugabannin kungiyoyin biyar sun ga sanya takunkumin, wanda ba a fayyace bayanansa ba, a matsayin matakin t-da-tat a matsayin martani ga takunkumin da Amurka ta ba da na farko na jami'an Hong Kong 11. Matakin na ƙarshe ya kasance martani ne ga aiwatar da Dokar Tsaro ta Kongasar Hong Kong a ƙarshen Yuni.
Duba kuma 'Yancin ilimi a Gabas ta Tsakiya
Gangamin 'Yancin Amurka
Avocats Sans Frontières
Gidan Yanci
Helsinki Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam
'Yancin Dan Adam Na Farko
Yarjejeniyar 'Yanci ta Bayyanar da Kasa da Kasa
Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Shi'a
Haɗin Haɗin Dan Adam na Amurka
Hadin kan Duniya da Hukunci kan Mutuwar
Rikicin 'yan banga a Indiya
Manazarta Tarihi
Bayani
Kudi da Ayyuka
Sannanun Mutane
Majiya Pages with unreviewed |
21657 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isma%C3%ABl%20Bangoura | Ismaël Bangoura | Ismaël Bangoura (an haife shi ranar 2 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 1985). ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Guinea da ke bugawa kungiyar Al-Taraji wasa. Koda yake matsayinsa na farko shi ne dan wasan gaba, Bangoura shi ma ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gefe da kuma ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hare-haren neman zira kwallo a raga.
Kulub
Fara Kwallo Bangoura ya fara aikin sa ne a Athlético Coléah na cikin gida, kafin yan wasan faransa Gazélec Ajaccio suka hango shi. Ya shiga cikin Harshen Kosikan gefe, ya jefa kwallaye 15 a wasanni 44 ga sabon kulob din, kafin ya koma Faransa Ligue 1 gefen Le Mans a shekara ta 2005. Ya fara taka leda ne a ranar 5 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 2005 a karawar da suka yi da Marseille ta Faransa, inda ya fara wasansa na farko da kwallaye a ragar abokan karawarsa da ci 3-0. Ya kammala kakarsa ta farko bayan ya buga wasanni 23, inda ya ci kwallaye shida. Shine ya fi kowa zira kwallaye a Le Mans a kakar shekarun 2006 2007, inda ya ci kwallaye 12 cikin wasanni 33 sannan kuma shi ne dan wasan da ya fi kowa zira kwallaye a gasar Lig 1.
Dynamo Kyiv A ranar 5 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2007, Bangoura ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyar tare da Dynamo Kyiv An kiyasta kudin canja wurin kusan 5 miliyan. Bangoura da sauri ya zama mai son masoya, kuma ya kafa kansa a matsayin mai burin zira kwallaye. An san shi da yin biki tare da takwaransa kuma mai tsaron baya na kasar Senegal Pape Diakhaté, kama da rawar Afirka.
Yin wasa a Kyiv ya ba Bangoura damar nuna kwarewarsa a gasar Turai, tare da ƙungiyar da ke wasa a kakar shekarar 2007 da shekara ta 2008 Dan wasan gaban ya yi amfani da damar sosai, inda ya ci kwallaye uku a wasanni uku ga Yukren, ciki har da bugun yadi 25 a kan Manchester United a karawar da suka sha kashi 4-2 a ranar 23 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2007. Bangoura ya kuma zira kwallaye biyu a ragar Shakhtar Donetsk a ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2007, wanda ya kare da ci 2-1.
Bangoura ya ci kwallo a karawa ta biyu a gasar cin kofin UEFA a karawar da suka doke Paris Saint-Germain da ci 3 da nema, inda ya aika Dynamo Kyiv zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe, inda Shakhtar Donetsk ta buge ta bayan ta sha kashi ci 2-3 a jumulla.
Stade Rennais A ranar 2 ga watan yulin shekarar 2009, Bangoura ya sanya hannu tare da Rennes kan yarjejeniyar shekaru hudu daga Dynamo Kyiv akan Yuro miliyan 11. Bangoura ya fara taka leda ne a ranar 8 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2009, inda ya zira kwallaye a raga a wasan da suka doke Boulogne da ci 3 da 0.
Al Nasr SC A ranar 2 watan Satumba shekarar 2010, Bangoura ya sanya hannu kan Al Nasr SC Dubai akan kwangilar shekaru huɗu akan ƙididdigar kuɗin da aka yi imanin be 8 miliyan. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a ranar 16 ga Satumbar 2010 a wasan da suka doke Al-Ahli Dubai da ci 3-1. A lokacin kakar 2010–11, ya zura kwallaye 10 daga wasanni 17 a gasar laliga kuma Al Nasr da sauran kulaflikan Emirati sun yaba masa.
A farkon kakar wasanni ta shekarar 2011 zuwa shekara ta 12, ya yanke shawarar barin kungiyar na wani dan lokaci domin buga gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka a watan Janairun shekara ta 2012, wanda hakan zai sa bai samu kusan watanni biyu ba. Al Nasr ya yarda da shawarar sa, amma bai jira shi ba. Bangoura ya maye gurbinsa da wasu yan wasan Brazil Careca da dan Ivory Coast Amara Diané. Manajan kungiyar Khalid Obaid ya bayyana cewa an yanke shawarar zai dade ba ya nan kuma wannan ba zai amfani kungiyar ba.
Nantes Bangoura ya koma FC Nantes a gasar Lig 2 ta Faransa a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2012 kan yarjejeniyar shekara biyu da rabi. Al Nasr SC daga baya ya tuhumi Bangoura saboda keta yarjejeniyar kwangila. Kwamitin sasanta rikicin FIFA ya tabbatar da ikirarin daga kungiyar ta UAE tare da umartar Bangoura da Nantes da su hada baki su biya fan miliyan 4.5 a matsayin diyya. An kuma dakatar da Bangoura na tsawon watanni huɗu kuma an hana Nantes yin canjin a cikin tagogin sau biyu a jere (bazara da hunturu ko kuma kaka ɗaya). Duk bangarorin biyu sun daukaka kara zuwa Kotun sasanta rikicin wasanni. Kafin FIFA DRC ta kammala, a ranar 10 ga watan Satumbar shekarar 2012, Bangoura ta bi Ummu Salal a kungiyar Qatar Stars League kan yarjejeniyar lamuni na wani lokaci. Yayi aiki da hanin tare da Qatar na kimanin watanni 2.
Ayyukan duniya
Rayuwar mutum A watan Oktoban shekara ta 2018 kotun Faransa ta same shi da laifin zamba tare da cin tarar sa 130,000; an kuma kwace gidansa. A karshen watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2020 Ismaël ya yi hira ta musamman da kamfanin dillacin labarai na kwallon kafa na Ukraine "FootballHub" tare da yabo na yabo ga 'yan wasan Yukren da dama da kuma Dynamo Kyiv gaba daya.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Pages with unreviewed |
35389 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiragen%20saman%20Amurka | Jiragen saman Amurka | Jiragen saman Amurka, Inc. girma AA ko AAL babban jirgin sama ne na Amurka wanda ke da hedikwata a Fort Worth, Texas, a cikin metroplex Dallas–Fort Worth Shi ne jirgin sama mafi girma a duniya idan aka auna ta da girman jiragen ruwa, fasinjojin da aka tsara ɗauka, da mil fasinja na kudaden shiga. Ba'amurke, tare da abokan haɗin gwiwarsa na yanki da masu haɗin gwiwa, suna aiki da babbar hanyar sadarwa ta ƙasa da ƙasa tare da kusan jirage 6,800 a kowace rana zuwa kusan wurare 350 a cikin ƙasashe sama da 50. Jiragen saman amurka memba ne wanda ya kafa kungiyar Oneworld, kawancen jiragen sama na uku mafi girma a duniya. Ana gudanar da sabis na yankin ta masu zaman kansu da masu zaman kansu a ƙarƙashin alamar sunan Amurka Eagle. Jiragen saman amurka da American Eagle suna aiki ne daga cibiyoyi 10, tare da Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW) shine mafi girma. Kamfanin jirgin na ɗaukar fasinjoji sama da miliyan 200 a duk shekara tare da matsakaita sama da fasinjoji 500,000 a kullum. Tun daga 2019, kamfanin yana ɗaukar mutane kusan 130,000.
Tarihi
An Kafa kamfanin jiragen sama na Amurka a shekarar 1930 ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar ƙananan kamfanonin jiragen sama sama da tamanin. Ƙungiyoyin biyu da aka samo asali daga kamfanin jiragen sama na Amurka sune Robertson Aircraft Corporation da Colonial Air Transport An fara ƙirƙirar tsohon a Missouri a cikin 1921, tare da haɗa su duka a cikin 1929 zuwa kamfani mai riƙe da Kamfanin Jirgin Sama Wannan, bi da bi, an yi shi a cikin 1930 ya zama kamfani mai aiki kuma an sake masa suna a matsayin "American Airways". A cikin 1934, lokacin da sababbin dokoki da ƙaddamar da kwangilar wasiku suka tilasta yawancin kamfanonin jiragen sama su sake tsarawa, kamfanin ya sake yin hanyoyinsa zuwa tsarin da aka haɗa kuma aka sake masa suna "American Airlines". Tsakanin 1970 da 2000, kamfanin ya girma ya zama mai jigilar kayayyaki na duniya, yana siyan jirgin saman Trans World Airlines a 2001. Ba'amurke yana da rawar kai tsaye a cikin haɓaka DC-3, wanda ya samo asali daga kiran wayar marathon daga shugaban kamfanin jirgin saman Amurka CR Smith zuwa Douglas Aircraft Company wanda ya kafa Donald Wills Douglas Sr. a kan DC-2 don maye gurbin jirgin saman Curtiss Condor II na Amurka. (Gidan DC-2 na yanzu shine fadi, kunkuntar don wuraren kwana na gefe-da-gefe. Douglas ya yarda ya ci gaba da ci gaba ne kawai bayan Smith ya sanar da shi niyyar Amurkawa na siyan jiragen sama 20. Samfurin DST Douglas Sleeper Transport ya fara tashi ne a ranar 17 ga Disamba, 1935, (bikin cika shekaru 32 na jirgin Wright Brothers a Kitty Hawk). Gidansa ya kasance inci fadi, kuma sigar da ke da kujeru 21 maimakon wuraren kwana 14-16 na DST an ba da suna DC-3. Babu samfurin DC-3; na farko da aka gina DC-3 ya biyo bayan DST guda bakwai daga layin samarwa kuma an kai shi ga Jirgin Saman Amurka. Jirgin saman amurka ya ƙaddamar da sabis na fasinja a ranar 26 ga Yuni, 1936, tare da jirage guda ɗaya daga Newark, New Jersey, da Chicago, Illinois. Har ila yau, Amurka tana da rawar kai tsaye a cikin ci gaban DC-10, wanda ya samo asali daga ƙayyadaddun bayanai daga Jiragen saman amurka zuwa masana'antun a 1966 don bayar da wani jirgin sama mai fadi wanda ya kasance karami fiye da Boeing 747, amma yana iya tashi irin wannan hanyoyi masu tsawo daga filayen jiragen sama masu guntun titin jirgin sama. McDonnell Douglas ya amsa da DC-10 trijet jim kadan bayan hadewar kamfanonin biyu. A ranar 19 ga Fabrairu, 1968, shugaban kamfanin jiragen sama na Amurka, George A. Spater, da James S. McDonnell na McDonnell Douglas sun sanar da aniyar Amirkawa na sayen DC-10. jiragen saman amurka ya ba da umarnin 25 DC-10s a cikin tsari na farko. DC-10 ya yi tashinsa na farko a ranar 29 ga Agusta, 1970, kuma ya karɓi irin takardar shaidarsa daga FAA a ranar 29 ga Yuli, 1971. Ranar 5 ga Agusta, 1971, DC-10 ya shiga sabis na kasuwanci tare da jiragen saman amurka a kan tafiya mai tafiya tsakanin Los Angeles da Chicago. A cikin 2011, saboda koma baya a masana'antar jirgin sama, iyayen kamfanin jiragen sama na American Airlines AMR Corporation sun shigar da karar kariya ta fatarar kudi. A cikin 2013, Jiragen saman akurka ya haɗu da US Airways amma ya kiyaye sunan "American Airlines", saboda shi ne mafi kyawun sananne a duniya; Haɗin gwiwar kamfanonin jiragen sama guda biyu ya haifar da samar da jirgin sama mafi girma a Amurka, kuma a ƙarshe na duniya.
Wuraren da wuraren zama
Wuraren Tun daga watan Yulin 2022, Jirgin saman Amurka ya tashi zuwa wurare 269 na cikin gida da kuma wurare 81 na duniya a cikin kasashe 48 (tun daga Janairu 2022) a cikin nahiyoyi biyar. A halin yanzu Amurka tana aiki da cibiyoyi goma. Charlotte Cibiyar Ba'amurke ta kudu maso gabashin Amurka da kuma babbar hanyar Caribbean. Ayyukansa a cikin Concourse E sune mafi girman aikin jirgin yanki a duniya. Ba'amurke yana da kusan kashi 91% na hannun jari a CLT, wanda ya sa ya zama mai jigilar kaya mafi girma a filin jirgin sama. Tsohuwar tashar jirgin saman US Airways Chicago-O'Hare Cibiyar Amurka don Midwest. Ba'amurke yana da kusan kashi 35% na kason kasuwa a O'Hare, wanda ya sa ya zama jirgin sama na biyu mafi girma a filin jirgin sama bayan United. Dallas/Fort Worth Cibiyar Amurka ta Kudancin Amurka kuma babbar cibiya gabaɗaya. A halin yanzu Ba'amurke yana da kusan kashi 87% na kason kasuwa a DFW, wanda ya sa ya zama mai jigilar kaya mafi girma a filin jirgin sama. Hedikwatar kamfanonin Amurka kuma tana cikin Fort daraja kusa da filin jirgin sama. DFW tana aiki azaman ƙofa ta farko ta Amurka zuwa Mexico, da kuma ƙofar sakandare zuwa Latin Amurka. Los Angeles Cibiyar Amurka don Yammacin Tekun Yamma da ƙofa mai buɗe ido. Ba'amurke yana da kusan kashi 19% na hannun jari a LAX, wanda ya sa ya zama mai jigilar kaya mafi girma a filin jirgin sama, kodayake Amurkawa, Delta da United kowannensu yana da zirga-zirgar fasinja iri ɗaya. Miami cibiyar farko ta Latin Amurka da Caribbean. Ba'amurke yana da kusan kashi 68% na kasuwa a "Miami International", wanda ya sa ya zama babban jirgin sama a filin jirgin sama. New York–JFK Cibiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Amurka ta Tsakiya da Kudancin Amurka. Galibi yana hidimar wuraren zuwa tare da yawan zirga-zirgar kasuwanci. Ba'amurke yana da kusan kashi 12% na hannun jari a JFK, wanda ya sa ya zama mai jigilar kaya na uku mafi girma a filin jirgin sama bayan Delta da JetBlue. New York–LaGuardia Cibiyar New York ta biyu ta Amurka. Filin jirgin saman amurka kuma yana aiki a matsayin tushe na Jirgin. Jirgin Sama na Amurka. Ba'amurke yana da kusan kashi 27% na kason kasuwa a LGA, kuma shine na biyu mafi girma a bayan Delta. Philadelphia Cibiyar gida ta farko ta Arewa maso Gabas ta Amurka da cibiyar transatlantic ta farko, da farko don wuraren shakatawa. Ba'amurke yana da kusan kashi 70% na kason kasuwa a PHL, wanda ya sa ya zama babban jirgin sama na filin jirgin sama. Phoenix-Sky Harbor Dutsen Rocky na Amurka. A halin yanzu Amurka tana da kusan kashi 33% na kason kasuwa a PHX, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama jirgin sama na biyu mafi girma a filin jirgin. Washington–Reagan Cibiyar amurkawa ta babban birnin Amurka. Filin jirgin saman kuma yana aiki a matsayin tushe na Jirgin. Jirgin Sama na Amurka. Ba'amurke yana da kusan kashi 49% na kasuwar kasuwa a DCA, wanda ya sa ya zama mai jigilar kaya mafi girma a filin jirgin sama.
Yarjejeniyar kungiya da codeshare Jiragen saman amurka memba ne na kawancen Oneworld kuma yana da codeshares tare da kamfanonin jiragen sama masu zuwa:
Harkokin haɗin gwiwa Bugu da kari ga codeshares na sama, Jiragen saman amurka ya shiga cikin kamfanonin haɗin gwiwa tare da kamfanonin jiragen sama masu zuwa:
Jirgin ruwa Tun daga Afrilu 2022, Jiragen saman amurka yana aiki da manyan jiragen kasuwanci mafi girma a duniya, wanda ya ƙunshi jirage 911 daga duka Boeing da Airbus, tare da ƙarin 161 da aka tsara ko kan tsari. Sama da kashi 80% na jiragen Amurka kunkuntar jiki ne, galibi jerin Airbus A320 da Boeing 737-800 Shi ne mafi girma A320 mai gudanar da jirgin sama a duniya, da kuma mafi girma aiki na bambance-bambancen A319 da A321. Shine mai aiki na huɗu mafi girma na jirgin sama na iyali 737 kuma mafi girma na biyu mafi girma na bambance-bambancen 737-800.
Jiragen saman Amurkan duk jiragen Boeing ne. Shi ne na uku mafi girma na ma'aikata na jerin Boeing 787 kuma mafi girma na shida na jerin Boeing 777.
Ba'amurke ke ba da odar jirgin Boeing na musamman a cikin 2000s. Wannan dabarar ta canza ne a ranar 20 ga Yuli, 2011, lokacin da Amurka ta ba da sanarwar haɗe-haɗen odar jiragen sama mafi girma a tarihi don jiragen kunkuntar jiki 460 ciki har da jiragen sama 260 daga jerin Airbus A320. Ƙarin jirgin sama na Airbus ya shiga cikin rundunar a cikin 2013 yayin haɗin gwiwar jiragen saman US Airways, wanda ke gudanar da kusan dukkanin jiragen Airbus. VA ranar 16 ga Agusta, 2022, Ba'amurke ya ba da sanarwar cewa an tabbatar da yarjejeniya tare da "Boom Supersonic" don siyan aƙalla 20 daga cikin manyan jiragen sama na su na "Overture" mai yuwuwa har zuwa 60 gabaɗaya. Kamfanin jiragen sama na Amurka yana gudanar da gyaran jiragen sama da sansanonin gyarawa a Charlotte, Dallas–Fort daraja, Pittsburgh (inda ake kula da dukkan jiragen saman kunkuntar Airbus), da filayen jirgin saman Tulsa.
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
20518 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria%20Airways%20Flight%202120 | Nigeria Airways Flight 2120 | Jirgin saman Nigeria Airways Flight 2120 jirgin fasinja ne daga Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, zuwa Sokoto, Najeriya a ranar 11 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1991, wanda ya kama da wuta jim kadan bayan tashinsa daga Filin jirgin saman King Abdulaziz ya fadi a yayin da yake kokarin dawowa don saukar gaggawa, ya kashe fasinjoji mutum 247 duka. da ma’aikatan jirgin guda 14. Jirgin na Douglas DC-8 ne wanda kamfanin Nationair Canada ke aiki da shi na Nigeria Airways Jirgin shekara ta 2120 shine hadari mafi muni da ya shafi DC-8 kuma har yanzu shine mafi munin bala'in jirgin sama da ya shafi kamfanin jirgin saman Kanada.
Jirgin sama da ma'aikata Jirgin da ya yi hatsarin shi ne Douglas DC-8-61, na shekara ta 1968, C-GMXQ, mallakar kamfanin Kanada na Nolisair, wanda yawanci kamfanin Nationair Canada ke aiki. A lokacin da hatsarin ya faru, ana kuma ba da haya ne ga kamfanin jirgin na Nigeria Airways, wanda shi kuma ya bayar da hayar ta ga kamfanin Holdtrade Services don jigilar alhazan Nijeriya zuwa Makka da dawowa DC-8, shine nau'in jirgin sama na farko da kamfanin jirgin ke amfani dashi. William Allan, kyaftin din mai shekaru 47, tsohon matukin jirgin saman Sojan Sama na Kanada, ya yi tafiyar awanni guda 10,700 na jirgin sama da kuma awanni 1,000. Kent Davidge, jami'in na farko mai shekaru 36, ya yi tafiyar awanni 8,000 na zirga-zirga, wanda awanni 550, ke ciki, kuma shi ne matukin jirgin da ke tashi a cikin hatsarin. Victor Fehr, Injiniyan jirgin mai shekaru 46, ya yi tafiyar awanni 7,500 na zirga-zirga, wanda a ciki sa’o’i 1,000 ke ciki.
Hadari Jirgin ya tashi daga filin jirgin saman King Abdulaziz zuwa filin jirgin sama na kasa da kasa na Sadiq Abubakar III da ke Sokoto, amma an bayar da rahoton matsaloli ba da jimawa ba bayan tashinsa Ba a sani ba game da jirgin, jirgin ya tashi da wuta a lokacin tashinsa, kuma ko da yake wutar kanta ba a bayyane take ba tun lokacin da ta fara a wani yanki ba tare da tsarin gargadi na gobara ba, illolin suna da yawa. Matsa lamba ba ta yi nasara ba da sauri, kuma ma'aikatan sun kasance cikin damuwa da gargaɗi marasa ma'ana sakamakon gazawar kewayen wuta. Dangane da gazawar matsin lamba, Allan ya yanke shawarar kasancewa a amma an tsayar da jirgin zuwa a sakamakon mai kula da yin kuskuren Flight a shekara ta 2120 na jirgin Saudia wanda shi ma yake bayar da rahoton matsalolin matsin lamba saboda Kyaftin Allan ya yi kuskuren bayyana shi da "Nationair Canada a shekara ta 2120" maimakon "Nigerian a shekara ta 2120," cakuda da aka kwashe mintuna uku, amma daga ƙarshe an gano ba shi da wani tasiri a kan sakamakon. A tsakanin wannan, Jami'in Farko Davidge, wanda ya tashi C-GMXQ daga waje, ya ba da rahoton cewa ya rasa lantarki. Sai kawai ma'aikatan jirgin suka fahimci gobarar lokacin da wani ma'aikacin jirgin ya garzaya cikin matattarar jirgin yana ba da rahoton "hayaki a baya haƙiƙanin gaske." Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, Davidge ya ba da rahoton cewa ya rasa lamuran wahala, ya tilasta Allan ya karɓi ragamar mulki; yayin da Allan ya karɓi ragamar, rikodin muryar jirgin ya faɗi. A wannan lokacin, mai kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama ya fahimci cewa Flight a shekara ta 2120, ba jirgin Saudiya bane kuma yana cikin matsala, kuma ya jagorance su zuwa filin jirgin. Daga baya Allan ya tuntubi kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama sau da yawa, daga cikin hanyoyin sadarwar sa gabannin mutuwa shi ne neman motocin gaggawa. Lokacin da jirgin yayi kusan daga tashar jirgin sama da zuwa hawa wurin da za'a iya saukar da kayan saukar jirgin, ta fara hango fashewar wasu fadoji kuma gawarwaki da dama sun fado daga gareta, wanda ke nuni da cewa wutar a wancan lokacin ta cinye, a kalla a wani bangare, gidan dakin. Kawai takaice daga titin saukar jirgin, jirgin da ke narkewa daga karshe ya zama ba a iya shawo kansa ya fadi, kashe duk wani bangare na mutane 261, da ke cikin jirgin gami da fasinjoji 247 wadanda ba su riga sun shanye ko sun fado daga cikin jirgin ba. An gano tara daga cikin ma'aikata goma sha hudu, amma "ba a yi kokarin tantance fasinjojin ba". the accident remains the deadliest crash involving a Douglas DC-8, as well as the second-deadliest accident taking place on Saudi Arabian soil, after Saudia Flight 163. after Saudia Flight 163.
Dalilin Kafin tashi, babban makanike ya lura cewa 2 da 4, tayoyin taya sun kasance kasa da mafi karancin aika jirgin," kuma sun yi yunƙurin kumbura su, amma ba a sami iskar gas mai sauƙi ba. Manajan aikin, ba da son karɓar jinkiri ba, ya yi watsi da matsalar kuma ya karanta jirgin don aikawa. Yayin da jirgin yake tasi, canja wurin kaya daga taya mai lamba 2, ta taya zuwa na 1, a kan layin tashar jiragen ruwa daya ya haifar da "cikin wuce gona da iri, dumama dumama da kuma rage karfin fasali na lamba 1." "Taya ta 1 ta gaza sosai da wuri lokacin da za a tashi," kusan nan da nan ya bi ta lamba 2. Latterarshen ya daina juyawa “saboda dalilan da ba a kafa su ba,” kuma rikice-rikicen da aka yi a gaban motar motar tare da titin sauka da tashin jiragen sama ya samar da isasshen zafin wuta don kunna wuta mai cin gashin kanta. Ma'aikatan jirgin sun fahimci cewa akwai matsala, amma ba yanayi ko mahimmancin ta ba. Ba a tanadar da jirgin sama da na'urori masu auna wuta ko na zafi a cikin motar ba. An yi rikodin jami'in na farko yana mai faɗi yana cewa, "Za mu iya yin taya, ya kai?" Dangane da Kwamitin Tsaro na Sufuri na mambobin Kanada da aka yi hira da su a wani labarin ranar Mayday game da hatsarin, hanyoyin da suka dace game da gazawar taya yayin tashin jirgin a kan jirgin DC-8 ba su hada da kin amincewa da tashi don tayar ko tayar da keken ba, don haka kyaftin din ya ci gaba tare da takeoff.
Dangane da ƙirar jirgin sama na gama-gari, haɗarin ya zama ba makawa a daidai lokacin da aka janye kayan saukar jirgin, 'yan daƙiƙa bayan tashin jirgin da daɗewa kafin gaggawa ta bayyana. Lokacin da wannan ya faru, "an kawo roba mai ƙonewa kusa da kayan haɗin lantarki da kayan haɗin lantarki," wanda ya haifar da gazawar tsarin hydraulic da na matsi wanda ya haifar da lalacewar tsarin da asarar sarrafa jirgin. Daga baya Hukumar Kula da Sufuri ta kammala, "da ma'aikatan sun bar kayan saukar jirgin, da an kau da hatsarin." Fuel, "mai yiwuwa an gabatar da shi ne sakamakon 'ƙonewa ta cikin' tankin tankin mai," ƙara wutar, wanda a ƙarshe ya cinye bene na gidan. Mutane sun fara fadowa daga jirgin lokacin da kayan aikin mazaunin su suka kone. "Duk da irin barnar da jirgin ya yi, jirgin ya bayyana da cewa ana iya sarrafa shi har zuwa gab da faduwarsa." An gano yayin binciken cewa masu kanikanci sun san game da tayoyin da ba su da kumburi tun daga ranar 7, ga watan Yuli amma manajan aikin, da rashin horon da ya dace don yanke shawara, ya hana gyaran tayoyin saboda jirgin ya kasance a kan kari, yana bukatar su rikodin karatun matsa lamba na ƙarya a cikin katako don sanya jirgin sama ya zama mai iska. Wannan yana nufin cewa shuwagabannin Nationair Canada sun matsawa takwarorinsu ma'aikatan matukin jirgin don su hana bayanan da suke da tasirin gaske.
Bayan haka Ba da daɗewa ba bayan hatsarin, ƙungiyar ma'aikatan jirgin saman Nationair Canada da ke Toronto suka tattara kuɗi don ƙirƙirar abin tunawa, wanda aka rubuta da sunayen waɗanda abin ya shafa. Tunawa, wanda aka kammala shi da bishiyar cherry da aka dasa don tunawa da abokan aikinsu da suka mutu a Jeddah, an ba shi gida na dindindin a babban ofishin Babban Ofishin Jiragen Sama na Toronto Jirgin saman, haɗe tare da mummunan suna na Nationair Kanada don sabis akan lokaci da matsalolin injina, ya haifar da manyan matsaloli tare da martabar jama'a da amincin tsakanin masu yawon buɗe ido. Wadannan matsalolin sun tabarbare lokacin da Nationair Canada ta kulle ma'aikatanta na jirgin sama masu hadaka kuma suka ci gaba da maye gurbinsu da masu buga doka a ranar 19, ga Nuwamba shekara ta 1991. Kulle-kullen ya ɗauki tsawon watanni 15, kuma a lokacin da ya ƙare a farkon shekara ta 1993, Nationair Kanada ta sami kanta cikin mawuyacin halin rashin kuɗi. A lokacin, Nationair Canada na bin gwamnatin Kanada bashin miliyoyin daloli na saukar jirgi. Masu ba da bashi sun fara kwace jirgin sama kuma suna neman tsabar kudi a gaba don ayyuka. An bayyana kamfanin fatarar ne a cikin watan Mayun shekara ta 1993, saboda CDN 75 miliyan. A shekara ta 1997, Robert Obadia, mamallakin Nationair Canada da mahaifinta Nolisair, sun amsa laifuka takwas na zamba dangane da ayyukan kamfanin.
A cikin sanannun al'adu Wani labari na Mayday a cikin shekara ta 2012, mai taken "Underarfafa Matsala" ya rufe wannan hatsarin.
Duba kuma Jirgin Sama na Air France 4590Wani hatsarin jirgin sama a shekara ta 2000, wanda ya faru sanadiyyar gobara da ta tashi sakamakon fashewar taya
Tsaro na jirgin sama
Jerin hadurra da lamuran da suka shafi jiragen sama ta wuri
Jerin hadurra da abubuwan da suka faru da suka shafi jirgin kasuwanci
Jirgin Mexicana 940Wani hadari da ya faru a shekara ta 1986, wanda ya shafi gobarar saukowa
Jirgin Swissair Flight 306Wani hadari a shekara ta 1963, da ya faru sanadiyyar gobara da ta tashi sakamakon gazawar kayan sauka a jirgin
Jirgin Jirgin Sama na ValuJet 592Wani hadari a shekara ta 1996, wanda ya faru sanadiyyar gobarar wuta a cikin kayan masarufi
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Rukunin Rikodi na Rikodi na Coppit
Shafin tarihin Nationair
Accident history for King Abdulaziz International Airport Filayen jirgin sama
Filayen jirgin sama a Afirka ta Tsakiya
Hadaddiyar Daular Larabwa
Sararin sama
Pages with unreviewed |
22407 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafar%20Azaba | Kafar Azaba | kafar azãba ko wani jiki azãba ne azãba wadda aka nufi da sa jiki zafi ga mutum. Lokacin da aka yi wa yara ƙanana, musamman a cikin gida da hukuncin makaranta, hanyoyinta na iya haɗawa da dirka ko fallaji. Lokacin da aka sa wa manya, ana iya yi wa fursunoni da bayi.
Hukuncin jiki na laifi ko rauni, gami da bulala, alama, har ma da yanke jiki, ana yin su a yawancin wayewa tun zamanin da. Tare da haɓakar ƙa'idodin agaji tun bayan Haskakawa, ana ɗaukar irin waɗannan hukunce-hukuncen azaman rashin mutuntaka a cikin al'ummomin da ke Hatsari. A ƙarshen karni na 20, an kawar da hukuncin cutar jiki daga tsarin doka na yawancin ƙasashe masu tasowa. A karni na ashirin da daya, halatta hukuncin kamuwa a lokacin baya karuwan cututtuka a wurare daban-daban ta banbanta da iko Bangaren kasa da kasa, a karshen karni na ashirin da farkon karni na ashirin da daya ya ga yadda ake amfani da dokar kare hakkin dan adam game da batun azabtar da kai a wasu fannoni:
Hukuncin cikin gida, hukuncin yara ta hanyar iyaye ko wasu masu kula da su, ya halatta a yawancin duniya, amma, ya zuwa shekarar 2018, ƙasashe hamsin da tawas 58, galibi a cikin Turai da Latin Amurka, sun hana yin hakan. An dakatar da azabtar da daliban makaranta, ta hanyar malamai da masu kula da makarantar, a cikin ƙasashe da yawa, ciki har da Kanada, Kenya, Afirka ta Kudu, New Zealand da duk Turai. Ya kasance ya zama doka, idan ya zama ba sananne ba, a wasu jihohin Amurka da Ostiraliya.
Hukuncin kotuna, kamar su Pillory Stocks, a zaman wani ɓangare na hukuncin laifi da kotu ta ba da umarni, ya daɗe yana ɓacewa daga yawancin ƙasashen Turai. Koyaya, har zuwa watan Nuwamban shekarar 2017, ya kasance yana da halaye a sassan Afirka, Asiya, Caribbean da Anglophone da kuma indan asalin Ecuador da Colombia. Hukuncin kota gidan yari ko horo na ladabtarwa, wanda hukumomin gidan yari suka ba da umarni ko aiwatar da shi kai tsaye ta ma'aikata, kamar yadda ake yi a yankunan mulkin mallaka na Australiya.
An yarda ko azabtar da kai a cikin wasu saitunan soja a cikin 'yan ƙananan hukumomi.
A da, ana koyar da masu koyon aikin ne daga iyayen gidansu.
A yawancin kasashen Yammacin duniya, kungiyoyin likitoci da na kare hakkin dan'adam suna adawa da horon yara kanana. Kamfen da kofur azãba sun nufin kawo karshen abun game da shari'a da sake fasalin domin ba da amfani da kofur azãba da mutane a cikin gidajensu da kuma makarantu.
Tarihi
Tarihi Marubuci Jared Diamond ya rubuta cewa al'ummomin mafarauta suna son yin amfani da ƙananan hukunci yayin da al'ummomin masu noma da masana'antu ke amfani da shi a gaba. Diamond yana ba da shawarar wannan na iya zama saboda masu karɓar mafarauta ba su da wadatattun abubuwan mallaka na zahiri, kuma rashin mutuncin yaro ba zai haifar da cutarwa ga dukiyar wasu ba. Masu binciken da suka rayu tsakanin mutanen Parakanã da Ju 'hoansi, da wasu 'yan asalin Australiya, sun rubuta game da rashin azabtar da yara na zahiri a cikin waɗannan al'adun. Wilson ya rubuta:
Tarihi A cikin Yammacin duniya, a al'adance manya ke amfani da horon yara ga yara kananq. Bugun ɗa a matsayin nau'i na horo har ma an ba da shawarar a littafin Misalai:
Robert McCole Wilson ya yi jayayya da cewa, "Mai yiwuwa wannan halayyar ta zo ne, aƙalla a wani ɓangare, daga sha'awar da ake da ita a cikin al'adun magabata don wasu dattijan na ci gaba da ikonsa, inda wannan ikon shi ne babban wakili na zaman lafiyar jama'a. Amma waɗannan kalmomin ne waɗanda ba kawai suka ba da hujjar amfani da azabar jiki a kan yara sama da shekaru dubu a cikin al'ummomin Kirista ba, amma sun ba da umarnin a yi amfani da shi. An karɓi kalmomin tare da wasu kaɗan; kawai a cikin shekaru ɗari biyu da suka gabata an sami ƙaruwar mahangar ra'ayi da suka bambanta. Abin mamakin, sau da yawa ba a kula da sassaucij Kiristi ga yara (Mark, X)". [10]
An yi amfani da azabtar da kai a cikin Misira, China, Girka, da Rome don kiyaye ƙa'idodin shari'a da ilimi. [11] tasa keyar masu laifi na Masar da suka lalace zuwa Tjaru da Rhinocorura a kan iyakar Sinai, yankin da sunansa ke nufin yanke hanci." An ba da umarnin azabtar da kai a Isra'ila ta d, a, amma an iyakance shi da bulala 40. A cikin China, wasu masu laifi suma sun lalace amma wasu masu laifi sun yi zaune. Wasu jihohin sunyi suna saboda zalunci da amfani da irin wannan hukuncin; Sparta, musamman, tayi amfani dasu azaman ɓangare na tsarin ladabtarwa wanda aka tsara don haɓaka ƙarfi da ƙarfin jiki. [13] Duk da cewa misalin Spartan ya wuce gona da iri, hukuncin mai yiwuwa ya fi kowane irin hukunci. A cikin Daular Roma, iyakar hukuncin da dan Roma zai iya samu a karkashin doka shi ne "bulala" 40 ko "bulala" 40 tare da bulala wanda aka shafe a baya da kafaɗu, ko bulala 40 ko bulala tare da azumin kwatankwacin sandar birch, amma ya kunshi tsawon 8-10 na Willow maimakon birch) wanda aka yi amfani da shi ga gindi. Irin waɗannan hukunce-hukuncen na iya jawo jini, kuma ana yin su akai-akai a gaban jama'a.
Quintilian (c. 35 c. 100) ya nuna adawa ga yin amfani da hukuncin azaba. A cewar Wilson, "mai yiwuwa ba a sami karin bayani game da shi ba a cikin shekaru dubu biyu masu zuwa". [13]
Plutarch, shima a cikin ƙarni na farko, ya rubuta:
Tsakiyar Zamani A Tsakiyar Turai, Daular Byzantine ta makantar kuma ta ƙaryata wasu masu laifi da sarakunan da ke hamayya da ita. Imaninsu cewa sarki ya zama mai cikakkiyar fata yana nufin cewa irin wannan ɓatancin ba da ra'ayin shi ya hana mai karɓar daga ofis ba. (Mulki na biyu na Justinian the Slit-nosed shine sananne sananne. A wani wurin kuma, halayen cocin Katolika sun karfafa gwiwar mutum saboda azaba ta jiki, nuna flagel wata hanya ce ta horar da kai. Wannan yana da tasiri akan amfani da azabar jiki a cikin makarantu, saboda cibiyoyin ilimi suna da alaƙa da cocin sosai a wannan lokacin. Koyaya, ba a yi amfani da azabtarwa ta jiki ba; tun farkon karni na goma sha ɗaya Saint Anselm, Archbishop na Canterbury yana magana game da abin da yake gani a matsayin wuce gona da iri na azabtar da jiki a kula da yara.
Zamani Daga ƙarni na 16 zuwa gaba, ana ganin sabbin abubuwa a cikin azabar al'aura. Hukuncin shari'a ya ƙara zama jujjuyawar jama'a, tare da d beatkan jama'a da masu laifi da nufin hana wasu masu laifi. A halin da ake ciki, marubutan farko a kan ilimi, irin su Roger Ascham, sun koka da yadda ake azabtar da yara ba da son rai ba. Peter Newell ya rubuta cewa wataƙila marubuci mafi tasiri a kan batun shi ne ɗan falsafar Ingilishi John Locke, wanda Wasu Tunani Game da Ilimi ya fito fili ya soki matsayin muhimmin aikin azabtarwa a cikin ilimi. Aikin Locke ya yi tasiri sosai, kuma mai yiwuwa ya taimaka ya rinjayi 'yan majalisar Poland don hana azabtar da kai daga makarantun Poland a 1783, ƙasa ta farko a duniya da ta yi hakan. Sakamakon wannan yanayin tunanin shine ragin amfani da azabar jiki a cikin karni na 19 a Turai da Arewacin Amurka. A cikin wasu ƙasashe wannan ya sami ƙarfin gwiwa ta hanyar abin kunya da ya shafi mutane waɗanda suka ji rauni sosai a yayin aiwatar da hukuncin ɗanɗano. Misali, a Birtaniyya, fitattun masu adawa da hukunci sun sami kwarin gwiwa ta manyan lamura guda biyu, mutuwar Private Frederick John White, wanda ya mutu bayan bulalar sojoji a 1846, da mutuwar Reginald Cancellor, wanda malamin makarantarsa ya kashe a 1860 Abubuwan da suka faru kamar waɗannan sun haɗu da ra'ayoyin jama'a kuma, a ƙarshen karni na sha tara, yawan amfani da azabtarwa a makarantun jihar ba shi da farin jini ga iyaye da yawa a Ingila. Hukumomi a Biritaniya da wasu ƙasashe sun gabatar da cikakkun ƙa'idodi game da azabtar da jiki a cikin cibiyoyin gwamnati kamar makarantu, gidajen yari da wuraren kawo sauyi. A yakin duniya na farko, korafin da iyaye suka yi game da wuce gona da iri a Ingila ya mutu, kuma aka kafa hukuncin azaba a matsayin wani nau'i na ladabtarwar makaranta. A shekarun 1870, kotuna a Amurka sun yi biris da ka’idar gama gari wacce ke cewa miji na da ‘yancin“ azabtar da matar da ta yi kuskure A Burtaniya, hakkin gargajiya na miji ya sanya wa matarsa horo na matsakaici don ya kiyaye ta "cikin iyakokin aiki" an cire irin wannan a cikin 1891. Duba Rikicin cikin gida don ƙarin bayani.
A kasar Burtaniya, amfani da hukuncin alkalanci ya ragu yayin rabin farko na karni na ashirin kuma an soke shi gaba daya a cikin Dokar Shari'ar Masu Laifi, 1948 (zi & z2 GEo. 6. CH. 58.), inda aka haramta bulala da bulala sai dai a yi amfani da su a cikin manyan lamuran ladabtarwa na gidan yari, yayin da galibin sauran kasashen Turai suka soke shi a baya. A halin yanzu, a cikin makarantu da yawa, amfani da sanda, paddle ko tawse ya kasance gama gari a cikin Burtaniya da Amurka har zuwa 1980s. A cikin yankunan karkara na Kudancin Amurka, da kuma a wasu ƙasashe da yawa, har yanzu shine: duba Hukuncin ɗabi'a ta Makaranta Yarjejeniyar duniya
'Yancin ɗan adam Abubuwan ci gaba masu alaƙa da azabar al'aura sun auku a ƙarshen karni na 20. An jaddada shekaru tare da muhimmiyar mahimmanci ga haramcin azabtar da jiki.
1950: Yarjejeniyar Turai na 'Yancin Dan Adam, Majalisar Turai Mataki na uku ya hana azabtarwa ko ladabi 1978 Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan Adam, da ke lura da aiwatar da ita, ta zartar da hukuncin da ya shafi keta haddin kananan yara Mataki na 3. 1985: Ka'idodin imumananan Ka'idoji don Gudanar da Addinin Matasa, ko Dokokin Beijing, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya UN Dokar 17.3: "Yaran yara ba za su iya fuskantar hukunci na jiki ba."
Suparin 1990 Dokoki don Kariyar Juan shekaru da aka hana Libancinsu Doka ta 67: duk matakan ladabtarwa da ke haifar da zalunci, rashin mutuntaka ko ƙasƙantar da mutum za a haramta shi, gami da azabtar da kai. 1990 Sharuɗɗa don Rigakafin Laifin Matasa, Ka'idodin Riyadh, UN. Sakin layi na 21 (h): tsarin ilimi ya kamata ya guji "tsauraran matakan ladabtarwa, musamman hukunci na jiki."
1966: Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, tare da jam’iyyu 167 a yanzu, masu sanya hannu 74. Mataki na bakwai: "Ba wanda za a azabtar da shi azaba ko azaba, azabtarwa, rashin mutuntaka ko cin mutunci ko horo. 1992 Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam, da ke lura da aiwatar da shi, ya yi tsokaci: "haramcin dole ne ya kai ga azabtar da jiki Game da wannan labarin 7 yana kare, musamman yara,. 1984: Yarjejeniyar kan Azabtarwa da Sauran Zalunci, Rashin Jin Dadin Mutunci ko Hukunci, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, tare da jam’iyyu 150 da masu sanya hannu 78 a halin yanzu. 1996 Kwamitin yaki da azabtarwa, mai lura da aiwatar da shi, ya la'anci hukuncin na jiki. 1966: Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, tare da jam'iyyun 160 a halin yanzu, da masu sanya hannu 70. Mataki na 13 (1): "Ilimi zai zama jagora zuwa cikakken ci gaban mutumtaka da sanin kimar sa. 1999 Kwamiti kan Hakkoki na Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu, wanda ke lura da aiwatar da shi, ya yi tsokaci: "Hukuncin jiki ya saba da ka'idar jagora ta dokokin kare hakkin dan adam na duniya Mutuncin mutum." 1961: Yarjejeniyar Tattalin Arziki ta Turai, Majalisar Turai.
2001 Kwamitin 'Yancin Dan Adam na Turai, mai lura da aiwatar da shi, ya kammala: ba "abin yarda ba ne cewa al'ummar da ke haramta duk wani nau'in tashin hankali na zahiri tsakanin manya za ta yarda da cewa manya na fuskantar yara da tashin hankali."
Hakkin yara Tunani game da haƙƙin yara a Yammacin duniya ya ɓullo a ƙarni na 20, amma ba a magance batun azabtar da kai gaba ɗaya ba kafin tsakiyar ƙarnin. An jaddada shekaru tare da muhimmiyar mahimmanci ga hana azabtar da yara ga yara.
1923: Sanarwa game da haƙƙin yara daga founderan kungiyar Save the Children (Labari 5).
1924 Soma matsayin World Child Welfare Yarjejeniya, League of Nations (ba enforceable).
1959: Sanarwa game da Hakkokin Yaro, UN (abubuwan 10; ba masu ɗaurewa ba).
1989: Yarjejeniyar kan Hakkokin Yaro, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (abubuwa 54; yarjejeniya mai ɗaurewa), tare da a halin yanzu ƙungiyoyi 193 da sanya hannu 140. Mataki na 19.1: "Statesungiyoyin Jihohi za su ɗauki duk matakan da suka dace na doka, gudanarwa, zamantakewa da ilimi don kare yaron daga duk nau'ikan tashin hankali na jiki ko na hankali, rauni ko cin zarafi, sakaci ko kula da sakaci, tozartawa ko amfani da su. 2006 Kwamitin Hakkin Yaro, mai lura da aiwatar da shi, ya yi tsokaci: akwai "wajibcin dukkan Partyungiyoyin Jiha da su hanzarta hanawa da kuma kawar da duk wani hukunci na jiki." 2011: Zabi na Yarjejeniyar a kan Hanyar Sadarwa wanda ke ba yara damar gabatar da korafi game da takamaiman take hakkinsu. 2006: Nazari kan Rikicin Yara da Kwararren Masani na Sakatare-Janar ya gabatar ga Babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. 2007: Matsayi na Wakilin Sakatare-Janar na Musamman kan cin zarafin yara da aka kafa.
Amfani da zamani
Matsayin doka Countriesasashe 59, galibinsu a cikin Turai da Latin Amurka, sun hana kowane irin horo na yara.
Attemptoƙarin farko da aka yi rikodin don hana azabtar da yara ta hanyar wata ƙasa ya koma Poland ne a cikin shekarar 1783. Koyaya, haramtawarsa a kowane fanni na rayuwa a cikin gidaje, makarantu, tsarin hukunce-hukunce da sauran tsare-tsaren kulawa sun fara faruwa a shekarar 1966 a Sweden. Lambar Iyayen Sweden ta shekarar 1979, ta karanta: "Yara suna da hakkin kulawa, tsaro da kyakkyawar tarbiyya. Ya kamata a kula da yara ta hanyar mutunta mutumtakarsu kuma ba za a yi musu horo na jiki ko wani wulakanci ba. corporal punishment of children by parents (or other adults) is outlawed in all settings in 58 nations (including the partially recognized Republic of Kosovo) and 3 constituent nations.
Don ƙarin bayyani game da faɗin duniya da hana azabtar da yara da yara, duba jadawalin da ke gaba.
Horon ciki a cikin gida Domestic kofur azãba (watau azãbar yara da iyayensu) ne sau da yawa ake magana a kai colloquially matsayin spanking "smacking", ko "slapping".
An haramta shi a cikin ƙarin yawan ƙasashe, farawa da Sweden a 1979. A wasu wasu ƙasashe, azabar jiki ta halatta, amma an ƙuntata (misali bugawa kai kai doka ce, ba za a iya amfani da kayan aiki ba, yara kawai a cikin wasu shekarun da za a iya lulluɓewa).
A duk jihohin Amurka da mafi yawan ƙasashen Afirka da Asiya, hukuncin mahaifa daga iyaye ya zama doka a halin yanzu. Hakanan doka ce don amfani da wasu kayan aiki (misali bel ko paddle).
A Kanada, duka da iyaye ko masu kula da doka suka yi (amma ba wani ba) ya halatta, matuƙar yaro yana tsakanin shekarun 2–12, kuma ba a aiwatar da shi sai buɗe hannu, ana amfani da hannu a hannu (bel, paddles, da dai sauransu.) an haramta su sosai). Kuma haramun ne a bugi shugaban a lokacin da za a yi wa yaro horo. A cikin Burtaniya (ban da Scotland), duka ko buguwa doka ce, amma ba dole ba ne ya haifar da raunin da ya kai ga Barfin Bodily Harm (duk wani rauni kamar ɓarkewar gani, karyewar dukkan fatar, da sauransu. Bugu da kari, a cikin Scotland, tun a watan Oktoba na 2003, ya saba wa doka amfani da duk wani kayan aiki ko bugun kai a lokacin da za a yi wa yaro horo, kuma an hana yin amfani da horon da ake yi wa yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 3. A cikin 2019, Scotland ta kafa dokar hana azabtar da kai, wanda ya fara aiki a cikin 2020. Ita ma Wales ta kafa dokar hana shiga a shekarar 2020, wacce za ta fara aiki a 2022.
A cikin Pakistan, Sashi na 89 na Penal Code na Pakistan ya ba da damar azabtar da kai.
Hukuncin ɗabi'a a cikin makarantu An haramta azabtar da kai a cikin makarantu a cikin ƙasashe da yawa. Hakan yakan haɗa da bugun ɗalibi a kan gindi ko tafin hannu tare da aiwatarwa (misali sandar ɓoyayyiyar ruwa ko taɓar ruwa A cikin ƙasashe inda har yanzu aka ba da izinin azabtar da kai a cikin makarantu, ana iya samun ƙuntatawa; alal misali, gwanintar makaranta a cikin Singapore da Malaysia, a ka'ida, an ba da izini ga yara maza kawai.
A Indiya, Koriya ta Kudu, da sauran ƙasashe da yawa, a zahiri doka ta soke horon jiki. Koyaya, azaba ta jiki ana ci gaba da aikatawa akan yara maza da mata a makarantu da yawa a duniya. Hasali ma ba a yi nazari da bincike kan al'adu game da azabar al'aura ba. Studyaya daga cikin binciken da aka gudanar ya tattauna kan yadda ake fahimtar azaba ta jiki tsakanin iyaye da ɗalibai a Indiya. Kwararrun likitocin sun bukaci kawo karshen wannan dabi'a, lura da hatsarin rauni ga hannayen yara musamman.
Hukuncin shari'a ko kuma na shari'a Kusan kasashe talatin da uku a duniya har yanzu suna riƙe da hukuncin shari'a, gami da wasu tsoffin yankunan Burtaniya kamar Botswana, Malaysia, Singapore da Tanzania. A cikin Singapore, saboda wasu laifuffuka da aka ambata, ana yankewa maza hukuncin ƙawance baya ga ɗaurin kurkuku. Aikin Singapore na can ya zama abin tattaunawa sosai a duniya a cikin shekara ta 1994 lokacin da saurayi Ba'amurke Michael P. Fay ya karɓi bulala huɗu don ɓarna. Hakanan ana amfani da gwangwani da bulala a lardin Aceh a Indonesia. Wasu kasashen da ke da tsarin shari'ar Musulunci, irin su Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, Iran, Brunei, Sudan, da wasu jihohin arewacin Najeriya, suna amfani da bulalar shari'a saboda laifuka da dama. A watan Afrilu na shekarr 2020, Kotun Koli ta Saudiyya ta kawo karshen hukuncin bulalar daga tsarin kotun, kuma ta maye gurbinsa da gidan yari ko tarar da akayi. yankuna na Pakistan suna fuskantar rashin lafiya na dokar da gwamnati ta sanya, abu zuwa reintroduction na kofur azãba ta wucin gadi kotun musulunci. Hakanan azabar jiki, wasu ƙasashen musulinci irin su Saudi Arabiya da Iran suna amfani da wasu nau'ikan azabtar da jiki kamar yanke jiki ko yanke jiki Koyaya, kalmar "azabtar da jiki" tun daga ƙarni na 19 yawanci ana nufin caning, flagellation ko bastinado maimakon waɗancan nau'ikan hukuncin na zahiri. A wasu ƙasashe, har yanzu ana yin bulalar bastinado a kan fursunoni.
Ibada A wasu sassan Ingila, an taba buge yara maza a karkashin tsohuwar al'adar nan ta Doating the Bound inda aka gabatar da yaro a gefen gari ko Ikklesiya kuma aka yi masa duka tare da sauyawa ko sanda don alamar iyaka. Wani shahararren "Bugun kan Iyakoki" ya faru a kan iyakar St Giles da yankin da titin Kotun Tottenham yake a yanzu a tsakiyar London. Ainihin dutsen da yayi alama akan iyaka yanzu yana ƙarƙashin hasumiyar ofishin Center Point. A cikin Jamhuriyar Czech, Slovakia, da wasu yankuna na Hungary, ana aiwatar da al'adar kiwon lafiya da haihuwa a ranar Litinin ta Easter Samari da samari za su yi wa 'yan mata bulala ko bulala a ƙasan tare da rassan willow masu ɗaure. Bayan da mutumin ya rera wakar, sai budurwar ta juyo sai mutumin ya dauki whacks a bayanta da bulala.
A cikin sanannun al'adu Zane
A Flagellation, (c.1455-70), da Piero della Francesca An yi wa Kristi bulala yayin da Bilatus Babunti yake kallo.
Yin bulala, (1941), na Horace Pippin Wani adadi da aka ɗaura a bulala an yi masa bulala. Fim da Talabijin
Duba: Jerin fina-finai da Talabijin dauke da al'amuran azabtarwa Duba wasu abubuwan
Manazarta
Kara karantawa Barathan, Gopal; Caning na Michael Fay, (1995). Wani asusun ajiyar wani saurayi Ba'amurke Michael P. Fay na zamani don lalata abubuwa a Singapore.
Gates, Jay Paul da Marafioti, Nicole; (eds.) Hukunci da Hukunci a Anglo-Saxon Ingila, (2014). Woodbridge: Boydell Brewer.
Moskos, Bitrus; A Tsaron Bulala, (2011). Hujja cewa bulala na iya zama mafi kyau fiye da lokacin kurkuku.
Scott, George; Tarihin Hukunci na Hukunci, (1996).
Wasu manazarta "Yunkuri" (Mashawarcin Ontario kan Haƙurin Addini)
Cibiyar Ingantaccen Horarwa (Amurka)
Binciken Hukunci na Hukunci na Duniya
Manufar Duniya don Endare Duk Horon |
50890 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigrid%20Hjert%C3%A9n | Sigrid Hjertén | Sigrid Hjertén (27 Oktoba 1885 24 Maris 1948)'yar wasan zamani ne na Sweden.Ana ɗaukar Hjertén a matsayin babban jigo a tsarin zamani na Sweden. Lokaci-lokaci ta kasance mai hazaka sosai kuma ta halarci nune-nune 106.Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zane na tsawon shekaru 30 kafin ta mutu sakamakon rikice-rikice daga lobotomy don schizophrenia Tarihin Rayuwa An haifi Sigrid Hjertén a Sundsvall a shekara ta 1885.Ta yi karatu a Jami'ar College of Arts,Crafts da Design a Stockholm kuma ta kammala karatun digiri a matsayin malamar zane.A wani ɗakin studio a 1909, Hjertén ta sadu da mijinta na gaba,Isaac Grünewald mai shekaru ashirin,wanda ta riga ta yi karatu tare da Henri Matisse a shekara guda a Paris. Grünewald ya gamsar da ita cewa za ta ƙara yin adalci a matsayin mai zane. Daga bisani kuma ta tafi makarantar fasaha ta Matisse.An ce "ta kasance almajiran da Matisse ya fi so saboda kyawun launi."
1910s Yayin da Hjertén ke karatu a ƙarƙashin Henri Matisse a Paris,yadda shi da Paul Cézanne suka yi mu'amala da launi ya burge ta.Ta ɓullo da salo na filaye masu launi masu bambanta da sauƙaƙan kwane-kwane. Babban manufarta na ado yana da alaƙa da launi, kuma a cikin ayyukanta na baya daga 1930s ta yi magana game da launuka cikin sharuddan kamar ruwan rawaya mai sanyi.Hjertén ta yi ƙoƙari don nemo siffofi da launuka waɗanda za su iya bayyana motsin zuciyarta.A cikin wannan girmamawa aikinta tana da alaƙa da masu magana da Jamusanci, irin su Ernst Ludwig Kirchner,fiye da masu zane-zane na Faransa,tare da wasan kwaikwayo mai kyau na layi.
Bayan shekara daya da rabi ta koma Sweden.A 1912 Hjertén ta shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayo na rukuni a Stockholm. Shi ne baje kolin ta na farko a matsayin mai zane.A cikin shekaru goma da suka biyo baya ta halarci nune-nunen da yawa a Sweden da kuma kasashen waje,da dai sauransu a Berlin a shekarar 1915,inda ta samu karbuwa sosai.Hjertén kuma an wakilta shi a baje kolin Exhibitionist a konsthall Liljevalch a Stockholm a 1918,tare da wasu masu fasaha guda biyu.Duk da haka,masu sukar zamani ba su da sha'awar fasaharta.
A cikin fasahar Hjertén,inda ta nuna kanta sosai,mutum tana lura da matakai daban-daban na ci gaba. Tasirin Matisse wataƙila ana iya gane shi a cikin 1910s. A cikin wannan shekaru goma,Hjertén ta ƙirƙira zane-zane da yawa tare da hotuna na cikin gida da ra'ayoyi daga gidanta,na farko a dandalin Kornhamnstorg sannan daga baya a titin Katarinavägen, a Stockholm. Mijinta Isaac Grünewald da ɗanta Ivàn,da kuma Sigrid kanta,ana nuna su sau da yawa a cikin fage da ke ɗauke da rikice-rikice iri-iri.A wannan lokacin Hjertén ta san kuma ta yi wahayi daga fasahar da Ernst Josephson ta yi a lokacin rashin lafiya.
Ateljé na ciki Ateljéinteriör (Studio ciki) daga 1916 ya nuna yadda Hjertén ta kasance mai tsaurin ra'ayi don lokacinta. Zanen ya bayyana irin rawar da ta taka a matsayin mai fasaha,mace, da uwa: daban-daban a cikin duniya daban-daban. Hjertén tana zaune akan kujera tsakanin masu fasaha biyu mijinta, Isaac Grünewald, kuma, watakila, Einar Jolin masu magana da juna a kan ta. Manyan idanuwanta shudin na kallon nesa.A gaba wata mata sanye da bakaken kaya wani sophisticated alter ego jingina da wani mutum siffa wanda zai iya zama mai zane Nils Dardel .Ɗanta Ivàn yana rarrafe daga kusurwar hannun dama. A bango mun hango daya daga cikin zanen da Hjertén ta yi na lokacin, Zigenarkvinna (matar Gypsy).
Ateljéinterior da Den röda rullgardinen (The Red Blind),daga 1916, zane-zane ne masu ban tsoro da suka haifar a cikin 'yan shekarun nan zuwa sababbin fassarori dangane da nazarin jinsi na zamani da kuma bayyana bayanai game da rayuwar sirri na mai zane.
1920s Tsakanin 1920 zuwa 1932, Hjertén da danginta sun zauna a Paris,kuma sun yi balaguro da yawa zuwa ƙauyen Faransa da Riviera na Italiya don yin zane.Wannan lokaci ne mai jituwa a cikin fasahar Hjertén, amma abubuwan nuninta sun iyakance sosai a wannan lokacin. Mijinta sau da yawa ziyarci Stockholm inda ya yi m aiki. A ƙarshen 1920s Hjertén tana ƙara samun cututtuka na psychosomatic iri-iri,kuma ta koka game da kaɗaici.
Yayin da lokaci ya wuce,ana iya ganin tashin hankali a cikin fasaharta.A ƙarshen 1920s,yayin da ta keɓe sosai a Faransa, launuka masu sanyi da duhu sun fara bayyana a cikin zane-zanenta. Yawan bugun jini mai maimaitawa ya taimaka wajen ba da zane-zane mai ban sha'awa.
1930s A 1932, Hjertén ta yanke shawarar komawa Stockholm. Amma a lokacin shiryawa ta faɗi.Ta isa Sweden kuma an kai ta na ɗan lokaci zuwa asibitin masu tabin hankali na Beckomberga tare da alamun schizophrenia Ta murmure lokaci-lokaci, kuma a cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa (1932-1934) fasahar Hjertén ta ƙare a cikin crescendo, inda,kamar wanda yake da ita, ta yi hotuna waɗanda ke nuna tsananin jin daɗi.Ta sadaukar da kanta ga zane-zane mai zurfi, ƙirƙirar hoto ɗaya a rana, littafin hoto na rayuwarta, bisa ga wata hira a cikin mujallar fasaha ta Sweden Paletten Hotunan Hjertén na wannan lokacin galibi suna da alaƙa da sautuna masu ban tsoro,haɓakar gajimare,da jin watsi da su.Wasu zane-zane suna haskaka tsoro yayin da wasu ke ba da ra'ayi mai daɗi da jituwa.
A lokacin 1934,ta yi tafiya tare da danginta a kudancin Turai,inda ta yi fenti.A ƙarshe Hjertén ta sanya sunanta a matsayin mai fasaha a cikin masu sukar a 1935,lokacin da ta nuna tare da Ishaku a Gothenburg Duk da haka, yawancin masu sukar zamani suna da mummunan hali har ma da raini game da ayyukan fasaha na Hjertén,kuma da yawa daga cikinsu sun rubuta sharhi mai ban tsoro. Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, zane-zanenta da ake kira wawa, humbug, tsoro da samfuran nakasa.
Ta sami karbuwa ga jama'a ne kawai a cikin 1936,lokacin da ta sami babban baje kolin solo a Royal Academy of Arts a Stockholm. "Bayan kallon kusan ayyukan 500 a cikin 1936 na baya,masu sukar sun kasance gaba ɗaya:an yaba da nunin a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi ban mamaki a kakar kuma an girmama Hjerten a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masu fasaha na zamani na Sweden.Don haka,ta sami karɓuwa-amma ta yi latti." Isaac,wanda yake da mata da yawa a cikin shekaru, ya sake Hjertén kuma ta sake yin aure.Dukansu Isaac da sabuwar matarsa daga baya sun mutu a wani hatsarin jirgin sama a 1946.
A ƙarshen 1930s, Hjertén ta kamu da schizophrenia, kuma an kwantar da ita a asibiti na dindindin a Asibitin Hauka na Beckomberga da ke Stockholm, inda ta kasance har tsawon rayuwarta. Bayan 1938 aikinta na fasaha ya ragu.Bayan botted lobotomy,ta mutu a Stockholm a cikin 1948.
Legacy Jimlar samar da Hjertén ya kai fiye da zane-zane 500,tare da zane-zane, launukan ruwa da zane-zane. Hjertén ta yi yaƙi da son zuciya a lokacinta a duk lokacin da take aiki. Hotunan nata sun yi kama da na musamman ga zamanin da aka yi su, lokacin da batutuwan launi da sifofi suka fi girma a zukatan masu fasaha. Sha'awarta ga bil'adama sau da yawa ana bayyana ta cikin ban mamaki,har ma da wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo, yayin da tsarinta na launi yana da motsin rai da tunani.
Bayanan kula
Nassoshi Sigrid Hjertén, by Annika Gunnarsson, in Moderna museet boken, ed. Cecilia Widenheim et al., Stockholm: Moderna museet, 2004 Katarina Borgh Bertorp, Sigrid Hjertén: l'hértière de Matisse du Grand Nord: heir of Matisse from the Far North, Paris: Centre Culturel Suédois, 1997
Anita Goldman, I själen alltid ren: Om Sigrid Hjertén, Stockholm: Natur Kultur, 1995,
Kara karantawa Sigrid Hjertén at Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Sigrid Hjertén at DigitaltMuseum Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
22736 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27akacin%20Kiwon%20Lafiya%20da%20Muhalli | Ma'akacin Kiwon Lafiya da Muhalli | Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli (wanda aka fi sani da Masu Kula da Kiwan Lafiyar Jama'a ko Ma'aikatan Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli) wato "Environmental Health Officers" suna da alhakin aiwatar da matakai don kare lafiyar jama'a, gami da gudanarwa da zartar da doka da ta shafi lafiyar muhalli da ba da tallafi don rage haɗarin lafiya da haɗari. Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli suna kiyaye ruwan mu, abinci, iska, ƙasarmu, kayan aiki da sauran abubuwan muhalli (abubuwan da suka shafi mutum) da lafiyar haɗarin lafiya, walau na halitta, na sinadarai ko na zahiri. Hakanan suna magance abubuwan da ke da alaƙa waɗanda ke tasiri halaye. Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli suna tantancewa da kuma kula da abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli waɗanda ka iya shafar lafiyar, don hana cuta da ƙirƙirar yanayin tallafawa na kiwon lafiya. Masu ƙayyade mahalli na kiwon lafiya suna taka muhimmiyar rawa ga lafiyar al'umma da ƙoshin lafiya, don haka Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli suna da mahimmanci wajen inganta sakamakon kiwon lafiyar jama'a da rage nauyin cuta.
Masu Koyon Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli suna da ƙwarewa a fannoni da yawa tare da mutanen da ake horarwa sosai, yawanci zuwa matakin digiri, kuma galibi suna buƙatar ƙarin horo don ƙwarewa, ƙwarewar ƙwarewa don ci gaba da aiwatarwa a fagen. Suna cikin ayyuka daban-daban, gami da, amma ba'a iyakance ga: gudanar da binciken lafiyar jama'a ba (misali, wuraren abinci, wuraren wanka, wuraren ba da sabis na sirri, isar da sako, tsarin tsabtace ruwa, rijiyoyi, tsarin kula da ruwa, da sauransu), bincike illolin kiwon lafiyar jama'a, manufofi masu tasowa da jagororin, amsawa game da larurar lafiyar jama'a, bincika barkewar cututtuka, aiwatar da matakan shawo kan cututtuka, aiwatar da ci gaban kiwon lafiya da ayyukan ilimantarwa na kiwon lafiya, gudanar da kimanta lafiyar wurin aiki da binciken hadari. Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli suna mai da hankali kan rigakafi, shawara, bincike, da ilimantar da al'umma game da haɗarin lafiya da kiyaye yanayi mai aminci.
Masu Kiwon Lafiya sun kawo matsayin fahimtar ilimin kimiyyar halittu, cututtukan cututtukan dabbobi, ilimin likitanci, ilmin sunadarai, toxicology, kimanta haɗari, doka, kimiyyar muhalli da fasaha, maganin kwari, kimiyyar abinci, yanayin da aka gina, da sauran fannoni masu dacewa. Hakanan suna da ilimi da dabaru don bin diddigi da sarrafa cututtukan da ake yadawa, binciken abubuwan da suka shafi lafiyar muhalli da kuma binciken aikata laifi. Don haka dole ne su sami ƙwarewar bincike da cikakkiyar fahimta game da aiwatar da doka da ta shafi lafiyar jama'a, yanayin da aka gina, kula da gurɓataccen yanayi da amincin wurin aiki. Yin aiki tare da haɗin gwiwar Ma'aikatun Gwamnati (kamar Lafiya, Aikin Noma da Muhalli), ƙananan hukumomi, 'yan kasuwa, ƙungiyoyin jama'a, sauran hukumomi da ɗaiɗaikun membobin al'umma, Masu Kiwon Lafiya tana taka rawa wajen kare lafiyar jama'a.
Sauran taken da ke wanzu a halin yanzu sun haɗa da ƙwararren masanin kiwon lafiya likita ƙwararre, jami'in kiwon lafiyar jama'a, jami'in kiwon lafiya, mai duba lafiyar jama'a, mai kula da lafiya, da jami'in kiwon lafiya. Lakabin doka da aka yi amfani da shi zai dogara ne da ma'anar da aka samo a cikin dokokin gida iko. Wasu lakabin da suka gabata na tarihi sun haɗa da mai kula da abubuwan da ba su dace ba, mai kula da lafiya, da kuma mai kula da tsafta
Kwararru a fannin kiwon lafiya sukan yiaiki da na gida, ko jiha ko tarayya lafiya sassan zuwa shawara a kan da kuma tilasta jama'a kiwon lafiya nagartacce. Koyaya, da yawa suna aiki a cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, sojada sauran hukumomin ɓangarori na uku kamar su agaji da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu.
Ayyuka Daga cikin wadannan suna wakiltar ayyukan da za'a iya samu a cikin jama'a ko kuma masu zaman kansu:
Ayyukan dubawa da aiwatar da su
Neman shawara kan harkar muhalli da ilimi
Binciken cututtukan da ake yaduwa da yaduwar cutar
Tuntuɓi binciko da harka tuntuɓar gudanarwa
Koyarwar lafiyar abinci
Tsarin al'umma
Tsarin tsabtace ruwa (septic) tsarin tsarawa
Binciken ƙasa da yarda
Matsayin gidaje ingancin dubawa da sarrafawa
Rigakafin Kamuwa da Cututtuka (IPAC)
Sabunta birane
Kula da kwaro
Shirye-shiryen gaggawa da aiwatarwa
Sautin amo
Kulawa da ingancin iska
Lafiya da aminci a aikin dubawa da sarrafawa
Kariyar ruwa da gwaji (ruwan sha da ruwa na shakatawa)
Riskimar haɗarin Radon a cikin gine-gine
Samfurin muhalli, bincike da fassarar sakamako
Taba sigari da tururin kayayyakin sarrafawa raguwa
Lasisin kula da cibiyoyin kulawa da jama'a
Inganta inganci
Babban abin da ake gani game ma'aikatan kiwon lafiyar muhalli shi ne cewa su ke da alhakin bincik, kimantawa da kuma kula da haɗarin da ke tattare da lafiyar ɗan adam daga abubuwan da ke cikin muhalli, walau a madadin hukumomin gwamnati ko na kasuwanci da na masana'antu.
Matsayi Wani Jami'in Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli (wanda aka fi sani da mai kula da Lafiyar Jama'a) yana bincika haɗarin lafiya a wurare daban-daban, kuma zai ɗauki mataki don rage ko kawar da haɗarin. Yawancin lokaci fahimtar jama'a game da mai duba lafiyar mutum ne wanda ke bincika gidajen abinci kuma ya tabbatar da cewa suna kiyaye ƙa'idodin tsafta don amincin abinci da hukumar ta tsara. Koyaya, Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli suna da ayyukansu masu fa'ida da yawa, gami da duba wuraren waha, wuraren da ba su da kyau, mahalli, makarantun gwamnati, kulawa da rana, gidajen kulawa, isar da sako (misali jiragen ruwa, jiragen ruwa, jiragen sama, jiragen ƙasa) da kuma samar da sabis na sirri (misali zane-zane ɗakuna, dakunan tanning, ɗakunan gyaran kyau, wuraren cire gashin laser, masu aski). Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli suna ba da izini da bincika rijiyoyi, tsarin ruwa mai zaman kansa, da tsarin zubar da shara na mutum ɗaya. Sauran ayyukan sun haɗa da: binciken sansanin, binciken abubuwan da suka faru na musamman, binciken kula da sharar gida, binciken gidan zoo, binciken makaman gyara, binciken gidan shakatawar gidan tafi da gidanka da binciken sansanin marasa gida. Wanda aka horas dasu game da yaduwar cututtuka da rigakafin yaduwa, yayin barkewar cuta suna yin bincike tare da bayar da shawarar amfani da hanyoyin kawo karshen yaduwar cutar. Har ila yau, an horar da su a cikin rigakafin cutar da ba ta yaduwa ba (NCD), suna aiki don hana NCDs da kuma kula da abubuwan haɗari. Mai Kula da Kiwan Lafiyar Jama'a (Jami'in Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli) yana kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ayyukan al'umma kamar waɗanda suka shafi inganta kiwon lafiya, daidaiton kiwon lafiya, rage sigari, gina ingantattun muhalli al'ummomin lafiya, wadatar abinci, da lamari na gaggawa.
Hakanan suna iya amsawa ga korafe-korafe irin su cizon dabba (kulawar ƙuruciya), gunaguni na shara, gunaguni na amo, gunaguni na wari, ko ambaliyar ruwa. Dangane da iliminsu na ilimi da horo zasu iya ba da bayanai da turawa game da: gubar, radon, mold, da cututtukan da ke kunno kai (misali. Yammacin Kogin Virus, Mura na Avian, COVID-19). Filin kuma ya haɗu da abubuwa masu haɗari (Hazmat) kuma yawancin masu ba da amsa Hazmat masu lasisi ne na Koyon Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli ko kuma warare na musamman Likitocin Muhalli masu Rijista.
A lokacin gaggawa ta lafiyar jama'a kamar annoba, suna ɗaukar mahimmancin matakan gaggawa, bayar da ilimin jama'a shawara, aiwatar da umarnin kiwon lafiyar jama'a, da ɗaukar matakan da suka dace don kare lafiyar jama'a. Hakanan, suna ba da amsa ga wasu abubuwan larura irin su bala'o'i, tare da matsayin da aka zayyana a cikin shirye-shiryen martani na gaggaw
Yanayin aiki Jami'an kiwon lafiyar Muhalli suna aiki tare da mutane daban-daban a cikin yanayi daban-daban. Ayyukansu sau da yawa sun haɗa da manyan ayyukan filin, kuma wasu suna yawan tafiye-tafiye. Yawancin jami'an kula da lafiyar muhalli suna aiki na dogon lokaci kuma galibi ba sa aiki. Suna bincika wuraren waha, cibiyoyin kula da yara, gidajen cin abinci, tsarin kwalliya, da sauran nau'ikan kamfanoni da suka shafi lafiya da aminci.
Ana iya fuskantar jami'an kiwon lafiyar muhalli da yawa daga cikin mawuyacin yanayi da haɗari kamar na ma'aikatan masana'antu, kuma ana iya yin aikin cikin yanayi mara kyau, da damuwa, da kuma yanayin aiki mai haɗari. Suna iya samun kansu cikin rawar adawa idan shugabannin ƙungiyar basu yarda da shawarwarin don tabbatar da yanayin aiki mai aminci ba.
Tarihi Ana iya gani fannin kiwon lafiyar muhalli zuwa shekarun 1840 a Ingila. Edwin Chadwick, wani Kwamishinan Shari'a mara kyau, ya gudanar da bincike kan musabbabin talauci wanda ya kammala da cewa mutane galibi sun zama talaka saboda rashin lafiya saboda mummunan yanayi. Ya yi imanin cewa inganta tsabtar muhalli ita ce babbar hanyar warware wannan mummunan halin.
Chadwick ya jagoranci kamfen mai karfi don kawo canji wanda daga karshe yayi nasara a kan kafa, wanda ya haifar da Dokar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta 1848 Dokar ta tanadi nadin Sufetocin Nuisances magabatan masu kula da lafiyar mahalli na yau a wuraren da ake buƙata.
Kungiyar Masu Kula da Tsafta ta Jama'a ƙungiyar da za ta zama Chaungiyar theungiyar Kula da Kiwon Lafiyar Unitedasa ta Unitedasar Burtaniya an kafa ta a cikin 1883. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, matsayin masu aikin kiwon lafiyar muhalli ya canza kuma ya girma, tare da matsayin cancantar haɓaka har zuwa, a cikin 1960s, ya zama sana'ar kammala karatun digiri. Tallafin Yarjejeniyar Sarauta a cikin 1984 ya sanya hatimin kan wannan ingantaccen matsayi da matsayi. Sakamakon sauya matsayi, taken sun canza a cikin shekaru da yawa daga mai duba nuisances mai kula da tsafta mai kula da lafiyar jama'a jami'in kula da lafiyar muhalli (duba Sufeto na Nuisances da ke ƙasa). Wannan ma gaskiya ne a duk duniya, kamar yadda taken suka canza don nuna ci gaban ilimi da matsayin jami'an lafiyar muhalli a yau.
Sifeto na Hayaniya Sufeto na Nuisances shine taken ofishi a cikin yawancin ikon mallakar Ingilishi. A cikin yankuna da yawa wannan lokacin yanzu yana da kyau, matsayi da ko ajalin an maye gurbinsu da wasu. A cikin Burtaniya daga tsakiyar karni na 19 wannan ofishin gabaɗaya yana da alaƙa da lafiyar jama'a da kuma tsabtace muhalli.
Sufeto na Nuisances na farko wanda Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Burtaniya ta nada shi ne Thomas Fresh a Liverpool a cikin 1844. Dukansu Dokar Cire Nuisances da Rigakafin Cututtuka 1855 da Dokar Gudanar da Metropolis 1855 sun bayyana irin wannan ofis amma tare da taken 'Inspekta Sanitary'. A cikin ƙananan hukumomi waɗanda suka kafa Hukumar Lafiya, taken 'Inspector of Nuisances'. Daga ƙarshe an daidaita taken a duk cikin ƙananan hukumomin Burtaniya azaman 'Sanitary Inspector'. Dokar Majalisar a cikin 1956 daga baya ta canza taken zuwa 'Inspekta na Kiwan Lafiyar Jama'a'. An kafa irin wannan ofisoshin a duk fadin Masarautar Burtaniya da Commonwealth. Mafi kusancin zamani na wannan matsayi a cikin Burtaniya shine 'Jami'in Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli'. Wannan taken da hukumomin yankin ke karba bisa shawarar gwamnatin tsakiya bayan dokar karamar hukumar ta 1972.
A Amurka, misalin zamani na jami'i mai taken 'Inspector of Nuisances' amma ba matsayin lafiyar jama'a ba ana samunsa a cikin Sashe na 3767 [7] na Dokar da aka Bita ta Ohio wacce ke bayyana irin wannan matsayin don bincika damuwa, inda wannan kalmar take yana baje kolin kamfanoni inda ake samun lalata da giya. Ganin cewa matsayin jami'in kula da lafiyar muhalli a cikin ƙananan hukumomin Amurka jami'ai ne ke ɗaukar taken 'Takaddun Kwararren Kiwon Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli' ko 'Rijista Mai Kula da Lafiya' dangane da ikon. Rawar da ke cikin Hukumar Kula da Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Amurka Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli masu sanya uniform Cancanta Kiwon Lafiyar muhalli aiki ne na kammala karatu a mafi yawan ƙasashe. Mafi ƙarancin buƙatu a yawancin ƙasashe sun haɗa da shirin digiri na jami'a wanda aka yarda dashi, horon filin da takaddun sana'a da rijista.
Janar na Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli Ostiraliya ta amince da Digirin Kiwon Lafiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Australiya da shirye-shiryen difloma na difloma bisa tsarin Manufar Yarjejeniyar Kiwon Lafiyar muhalli ta Australia don tabbatar da abin da ke cikin kwasa ya cika ƙa'idodin ƙasa don aiwatarwa azaman EHO a ko'ina cikin Austiraliya. Kamar yadda yake a ranar 1 ga Yulin 2009 akwai Cibiyoyin da aka yarda da EHA a cikin kowace Jiha da Yankin Arewa.
Victoria, Australiya Sakataren Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam ya ayyana abin da ake buƙata na yanzu don zama jami'in izini a ƙarƙashin Dokar Abinci ta 1984 a Victoria. Ana samun karɓaɓɓun karatun digiri na farko da na digiri na biyu daga Victoria, babbar ƙasa da ƙasashen ƙetare.
Yammacin Australiya Dokar Kiwon Lafiya ta 1911 (wacce aka yiwa kwaskwarima) ta bayyana matsayin 'jami'in kula da lafiyar muhalli', kuma tana ba Babban Darakta, Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a damar nada EHOs ga hukumomin lafiya na kananan hukumomin kuma a matsayin jami'an kiwon lafiyar jama'a da Gwamnatin Jiha ke aiki. Babban Daraktan, Lafiyar Jama'a ya shawarci Kwamitin Kula da Kula da Kiwon Lafiyar Yammacin Ostiraliya game da Kwalejin Ilimin Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli da na Digiri na biyu wanda ake ganin ya dace don ba da izinin yin aiki a Yammacin Australia, kuma ana buga cancantar daga lokaci zuwa lokaci a cikin Gazette ta Gwamnati.
A halin yanzu Jami'ar Fasaha ta Curtin da Jami'ar Edith Cowan suna ba da digiri na Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli a Yammacin Ostiraliya wanda kuma Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiyar muhalli ta Australia ta amince da su.
New Zealand Masu shiga cikin sana'a dole ne su sami ko dai Kariyar Kiwon Lafiya ta BAppSc ko BHSc Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli. A madadin haka, masu ƙwarewar cancantar ilimin kimiyya na iya samun difloma na difloma a cikin lafiyar muhalli.
Jamhuriyar Ireland Don zama Jami'in Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli ya zama dole a riƙe digiri na kiwon lafiyar muhalli wanda Sashin Lafiya da Yara ya amince da shi. Nazarin Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli a cikin Ireland ma yana buƙatar ɗalibai su gudanar da aikin ƙwarewa tare da Babban Jami'in Kula da Kiwan Lafiya. Bayan lokacin aikin ƙwarewa, dole ne a nuna ƙwarewa ta hanyar kundin rubuce-rubuce na ilmantarwa da gwajin baka.
Kingdomasar Ingila ta Biritaniya da Arewacin Ireland EHOs galibi suna riƙe da cancantar karatun digiri na farko (ko na gaba da digiri) wanda (a Ingila, Wales da Ireland ta Arewa) da Hukumar Rajistar Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli Irin waɗannan tanadi sun wanzu a Scotland, inda Cibiyar Kula da Lafiyar Muhalli ta Scotland ke tsara aikin
Biye da buƙatun ilimi da lokacin horo na aikace-aikace, dole ne a nuna ƙwarewa ta hanyar kundin rubutu na ilmantarwa da jarrabawar baka kafin a ba da rajist
Canada Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli Masu Kula da Kiwan Lafiyar Jama'a suna da digiri na farko a cikin lafiyar muhalli da kuma takardar shaidar ƙwararrun ƙasa Takaddun shaida a cikin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a (Kanada), CPHI (C).
Takaddun shaida da rajista an tsara ta Cibiyar Nazarin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Kanada (CIPHI). Don zama ƙwararriyar ƙasa, masu kula da lafiyar jama'a dole ne su kammala shirin digiri na yarda, kammala aikin horo na filin, kuma su ƙetare Hukumar Kula da Takaddun Shaida (wanda ya ƙunshi rubutattun rahotanni da gwajin baka). Don kula da takardun shaidarka na CPHI (C), dole a yi wa masu yin rajista tare da CIPHI kuma su gabatar da sa'o'in haɓaka ƙwararru a kowace shekara.
Makarantu shida ne kawai a cikin Kanada ke ba da shirye-shiryen digiri wanda CIPHI ta amince da su don biyan abin da ake buƙata na ilimi don takaddama: Cibiyar Fasaha ta British Columbia, Jami'ar Cape Breton, Jami'ar Concordia na Edmonton, Kwalejin Kwalejin Fasaha da Ilimin Ci gaba ta Conestoga, Jami'ar Farko ta Kanada, da Jami'ar Ryerson. Waɗannan shirye-shiryen galibi suna da tsayin shekaru huɗu,duk da haka ana samun shirye-shiryen saurin gudu a wasu makarantu don waɗanda ke da digiri na farko na kimiyya.
Sri Lanka Masu Kula da Kiwan Lafiyar Jama'a dole ne su fara cin jarrabawar masu Kula da Kiwan Lafiyar Jama'a wanda Sashin Kiwon Lafiya ke gudanarwa. Wadanda Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta nada sun shiga aikin ne a matsayin Sufeto mai kula da Kiwan Lafiyar Jama'a na III, daga nan kuma suka samu horo zuwa matakin difloma.
Duba kuma Babban Jami'in Green (CGE)
Bokan inshorar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a (Kanada) CPHI (C)
Kiwan lafiyar jama'a
Kiwan muhalli
Tsaro na Aiki da Lafiya
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Cibiyar Nazarin Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli ta New Zealand
Chartered Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli (Ingila da Wales)
Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Muhalli ta Scotland
Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiyar Jama'a ta Kanada
Associationungiyar Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Yankin Irish (Jamhuriyar Ireland)
Federationungiyar ofasashen Duniya na Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli
Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli Ostiraliya
Yammacin Ostiraliya Jami'in Kula da Kiwon Lafiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Masana
Kula da muhalli
Ayyukan Kiwon Lafiya
Pages with unreviewed |
24557 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawia%20Modibo%20Ocran | Tawia Modibo Ocran | Farfesa Justice Tawia Modibo Ocran (Satumba 12, 1942 27 ga Oktoba, 2008) ya kasance mai ilimi kuma Alƙalin Kotun Ƙoli a Ghana.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Farfesa Tawia Modibo Ocran a ranar 12 ga Satumba, 1942, a Tarkwa-Nsuaem a Yankin Yammacin Ghana. Christened John Tawia Ocran, shi ne ɗa na ƙarshe na marigayi Mista Joseph Samuel Ocran, shugaban makarantar firamare, da Madam Ama Amireku Ocran, uwar gida. Mai shari’a Ocran ya yi karatunsa na firamare a Makarantar Tarkwa-Nsuaem Methodist da Makarantar Katolika ta Tarkwa daga 1949 zuwa 1956. Ya shiga Kwalejin St. Augustine, Cape Coast, a 1957, inda ya kammala duka jarabawa ta Talakawa da Babba. na ajinsa a 1961 da 1963 bi da bi. Ya kuma zama Shugaban Makarantar Makaranta a 1962 da kuma Shugaban Gidan St. Luke a 1962/63. An shigar da shi Faculty of Law na Jami'ar Ghana, Legon, a 1963, kuma ya kammala da LLB. (Hon) a 1966 da Barrister a Law (BL.) Diploma a 1967. Nan da nan ya zarce zuwa Jami'ar Wisconsin, Madison, Amurka, daga inda ya sami digiri na biyu a Makarantun Shari'a (M.L.I.) daga Makarantar Shari'a a 1968 da kuma digiri na biyu Ph.D. a cikin doka da Nazarin Ci gaba a 1971. Ya kuma yi zumuncin bincike na digiri na biyu a Jami'ar California Los Angeles (UCLA) Law School a 1968/69. An kira shi zuwa Barikin Ghana a 1967.
Aiki
Ilimi Daga Wisconsin, Ocran ya fara aikin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru wanda ya ƙunshi gogewa iri -iri a matsayin mai ilimi, babban jami'in gwamnatin ƙasa, ma'aikacin farar hula na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kuma masanin shari'a. A matsayinsa na mai ilimi, ya koyar tsawon shekaru 20 a matsayin Farfesa na Shari'a a Jami'ar Akron Makarantar Shari'a a Ohio, Amurka, ya yi ritaya daga can, a matsayin mai riƙe da ƙwararren masanin bincike na doka da Farfesa Emeritus, bayan nadinsa ga Babban Kotun Ghana a 2004. Tun da farko, ya kasance malami a fannin Shari'a a Jami'ar Zambia (1970 73) kuma Mataimakin Farfesa na Dokar Kasuwanci da Kudi a Jami'ar Jihar Jackson, Mississippi (1982 84). Ya kuma kasance Malamin Adjunct a Law a Jami'ar Ghana (1976 78); wani Malami Bako a Cibiyar Shari'a ta Duniya da ke Washington, D.C, a tsakiyar shekarun 1980, da kuma a Cibiyar Nazarin Shari'a ta Ƙasa (IDLI) a Rome, Italiya, a shekarun 1980 da 1990.
Tun lokacin da ya shiga Kotun Koli a 2004, ya kasance Babban Jami'in Shari'a a Jami'ar Ghana; da kuma masanin shari’a da ke ziyara a cibiyoyin kasashen waje da suka haɗa da Jami'ar Akron School of Law a Ohio, Makarantar Shari’a ta Jami'ar Loyola a Chicago, Makarantar Shari’a ta Jami’ar Arewacin Illinois a DeKalb, Illinois, Makarantar Shari’a ta Jami'ar Washburn a Topeka, Kansas, da Cibiyar Nelson don Kasashen Duniya Harkokin Waje, Jami'ar James Madison, Virginia, Amurka. A shekarar 2008, an zabi Farfesa Ocran a matsayin Abokin Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Ghana.
A wajen ilimi, ya rike mukamai da dama a Ghana da sauran wurare, ciki har da Babban Daraktan Cibiyar Zuba Jari ta Ghana (1981 82); Babban Jami'in Shari'a na Hukumar Zuba Jari ta Kasar Ghana (1975 78); Jami'in Harkokin Shari'a/Tattalin Arziki na Hukumar Tattalin Arziki na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Afirka da Ofishin Yanki na Cibiyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasashen Duniya a Addis Ababa, Habasha (1978 81). A cikin Janairu 1977, an nada shi a Kwamitin "Unigov" wanda ya tsara shirin don aiwatar da "Gwamnatin ƙasa maimakon Unigov", wanda gwamnatin Supreme Military Council ta kafa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Jami'in Harkokin Siyasa na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na tsohuwar Yugoslavia (UNPROFOR) a Croatia a 1994 95. Ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Tsarin Mulki na 1978 wanda ya yi aiki akan Tsarin Mulkin Ghana na 1979.
Baya ga wallafa labarai da yawa kan saka hannun jari na kasa da kasa da dokar kasa da kasa a cikin mujallu na kwararru a Amurka da Afirka, Mai Shari'a Farfesa Ocran ya rubuta littattafai uku: Law in Aid of Development: Issues in Legal Theory, Economic Development and Institution-Building in Africa (Kamfanin Bugawa na Ghana, 1978); The Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah in Contemporary Ghana (1992); da The Crisis of Peacekeeping in Former Yugoslavia (2002), wanda ke dauke da Gabatarwa ta tsohon Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Kofi Annan.
Kungiyoyin duniya Ocran ya kasance ƙwararren jagoran ɗalibi kuma mai shirya matasa a shekarun 1960. Ya shiga cikin tunanin Pan-Africanist sosai kuma ya karɓi, a matsayin sunansa na tsakiya, sunan farko na Shugaban Mali na farko, Modibo Keita, ƙwararren PanAfricanist. A 1965, yayin da yake Jami'ar Ghana, an zaɓi Modibo (kamar yadda abokan karatunsa na kwaleji suka kira shi) a matsayin Shugaban Ƙungiyoyin Daliban Socialist na Ghana (GHANASSO), ƙungiyar ɗaliban pro-Nkrumah ta rungumi dukkan manyan makarantun ilimi a Ghana. A wannan matsayin, an tsare shi na ɗan lokaci bayan juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi wa Kwame Nkrumah a 1966.
Tun da farko, ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakatare/Mai Taron Ƙungiyar Legon na Convention People's Party (1964/65); memba na Ofishin Matasa na Sakatariyar Ƙasa a Hedkwatar CPP (1964/66); da Shugaban Ƙungiyar Dalibai na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNSA), reshen Jami'ar Ghana (1964), da Ƙungiyar Makarantun Sakandare na Yankin Tsakiya (1962/63). A shekarun 1970, bayan dawowarsa daga lacca a Jami'ar Zambiya, ya ci gaba da sha'awar matasa da al'amuran ƙasar Ghana, inda ya zama Babban Sakataren Ƙungiyar Matasan Yankin Yammacin Turai (WERYA) (1976 78).
Mutuwa Tawia Ocran ta mutu a ranar 27 ga Oktoba, 2008, a Akron, Ohio, Amurka. Ya rasu ya bar matarsa Adelaide, lauya kuma mai kula da ɗakin karatu na doka ta hanyar horo da yaransu biyar: Araba, Yoofi, Ato, Kojo, da Ama.
Manazarta Haifaffun 1942
Mutuwan |
31338 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuce%20gona%20da%20Iri | Wuce gona da Iri | Wuce gona da iri, wanda kuma ake kira overharvesting yana nufin girbi albarkatun da za'a iya sabuntawa. Cigaba da yin amfani da shi zai iya haifar da lalata albarkatun. Kalmar ta shafi albarkatun kasa kamar: tsire-tsire na magani na daji, wuraren kiwo, dabbobin nama, kifin kifi, dazuzzuka, da magudanan ruwa. A cikin ilimin halittu, wuce gona da iri yana kwatanta ɗayan manyan ayyuka biyar da ke barazana ga bambancin halittun duniya. Masanan ilimin halittu suna amfani da kalmar don bayyana yawan al'ummar da aka girbe bisa ƙima, idan aka yi la'akari da adadin mace-macen su na halitta da kuma damar haifuwa. Wannan na iya haifar da ɓacewa a matakin yawan jama'a har ma da bacewar dukkanin nau'ikan. A cikin ilimin halitta na kiyayewa, yawanci ana amfani da kalmar a cikin mahallin ayyukan tattalin arzikin ɗan adam wanda ya haɗa da ɗaukar albarkatun halittu, ko kwayoyin halitta, cikin adadi mai yawa fiye da yadda al'ummarsu za su iya jurewa. Hakanan ana amfani da kalmar da ma'anar ta ɗan bambanta a cikin kamun kifi, ilimin ruwa da sarrafa albarkatun ƙasa Yin amfani da wuce gona da iri na iya haifar da lalata albarkatun ƙasa, gami da ɓarna Duk da haka, yana yiwuwa kuma yin amfani da wuce gona da iri ya kasance mai dorewa, kamar yadda aka tattauna a kasa a sashin kifaye. A cikin mahallin kamun kifi, ana iya amfani da kalmar kifin fiye da kifaye maimakon amfani da yawa, kamar yadda za a iya wuce gona da iri a cikin sarrafa hannun jari, wuce gona da iri a kula da gandun daji, wuce gona da iri a kula da ruwa, da kuma haɗarin nau'ikan sa ido kan nau'ikan. Yin amfani da wuce gona da iri ba aiki ne da aka keɓe ga ɗan adam ba. Gabatar da mafarauta da namun daji, alal misali, na iya wuce gona da iri ga flora da fauna na asali.
Tarihi Damuwa game da wuce gona da iri na baya-bayan nan, kodayake yawan amfani da kansa ba sabon abu bane. An lura da shi tsawon shekaru dubu. Misali, rigar biki da sarakunan Hawai suka sanya daga tsuntsun mamo; alkyabba daya ya yi amfani da gashin fuka-fukan tsuntsaye 70,000 na wannan nau'in da ya mutu a yanzu. Dodo, tsuntsu mai tashi daga Mauritius, wani sanannen misali ne na wuce gona da iri. Kamar yadda yake da nau'ikan tsibirai da yawa, ya kasance butulci ne game da wasu mafarauta, suna barin mutane su kusanci su kashe shi cikin sauƙi. Tun daga farko-farko, farauta ya kasance muhimmin aikin ɗan adam a matsayin hanyar tsira. Akwai cikakken tarihin wuce gona da iri ta hanyar wuce gona da iri. Hasashen da ya wuce kima (abubuwan da suka faru na Quaternary extinction) sun bayyana dalilin da yasa bacewar megafaunal ya faru a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. Ana iya samun wannan zuwa ƙauran ɗan adam. Shaidar da ta fi dacewa da wannan ƙa'idar ita ce, kashi 80 cikin 100 na manyan nau'in dabbobi masu shayarwa a Arewacin Amurka sun bace a cikin shekaru 1000 na zuwan mutane a nahiyoyin yammacin duniya. Bacewa mafi sauri da aka taɓa yi na megafauna ya faru ne a New Zealand, inda a shekara ta 1500 AD, shekaru 200 kacal bayan daidaita tsibiran, Māori suka fara farautar nau'ikan manyan tsuntsayen moa guda goma don ɓacewa. Guguwar rugujewa ta biyu ta faru daga baya tare da zama na Turai.
A cikin ƴan lokutan baya-bayan nan, wuce gona da iri ya haifar da fitowar hankali na ra'ayoyin dorewa da ci gaba mai dorewa, wanda ya gina kan wasu ra'ayoyi, irin su ci gaba mai ɗorewa, haɓakar yanayi, da kuma zurfin ilimin halittu.
Bayanin Yin amfani da yawa ba dole ba ne ya kai ga lalata albarkatun, kuma ba lallai ba ne ya zama rashin dorewa. Koyaya, rage lambobi ko adadin albarkatun na iya canza ingancin sa. Misali, dabino na ƙafar ƙafa itace dabinon daji da ake samu a kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Ana amfani da ganyen sa don tsutsawa da nade abinci, kuma girbi fiye da kima ya sa girman ganyen ya zama ƙarami.
Bala'in gama gari A cikin 1968, Mujallar Kimiyya ta buga labarin Garrett Hardin mai suna "Masifu na Jama'a". Ya dogara ne akan misalin da William Forster Lloyd ya buga a shekara ta 1833 don bayyana yadda mutane da ba su da laifi suna yin abin da suke so ba tare da wani laifi ba za su iya wuce gona da iri da lalata, albarkatun da duk suke rabawa. Lloyd ya bayyana sauƙaƙan yanayin hasashe dangane da zaman ƙasa na tsakiyar zamanai a Turai. Makiyaya suna raba kasa daya wanda kowannensu ke da haƙƙin yin kiwo a kai. A kasidar Hardin dai, yana daga cikin maslahar kowane makiyayi ya yi kiwo kowace sabuwar saniya da makiyayan ya samu a kasa ta gari, ko da kuwa an wuce gona da iri, wanda hakan ke lalata na kowa da kowa. Makiyayi mai son kansa yana samun duk fa'idodin samun ƙarin saniya, yayin da duk makiyayan ke raba lahani ga kowa. Duk da haka, duk makiyayan sun yanke shawara iri ɗaya na sayen ƙarin shanu da kuma kiwon su a kan na kowa, wanda a ƙarshe ya lalata na kowa. Hardin ya kammala:A cikinta akwai musiba. Kowane mutum yana kulle a cikin tsarin da zai tilasta masa ya kara yawan garke ba tare da iyaka ba a cikin duniyar da ke da iyaka. Lalacewa ita ce alkiblar da dukkan mazaje ke garzayawa zuwa gare su, kowa ya bi son ransa ga al'ummar da ta yi imani da ƴancin al'umma. Ƴanci a cikin gama gari yana kawo lalacewa ga kowa. A cikin muqalarsa, Hardin ya haɓaka jigon, yana zana misalai da yawa na gama gari na ƙarshe, kamar wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa, yanayi, tekuna, koguna da kifin kifi Misalin kifin ya sa wasu suka kira wannan "mummunan masunta". Babban jigon da ke gudana a cikin maƙala shi ne haɓakar al'ummar ɗan adam, tare da ƙarancin albarkatu na duniya gabaɗaya.
Bala'i na gama-gari yana da tushen hankali tun daga Aristotle, wanda ya lura cewa "abin da ya fi dacewa da mafi girma yana da ƙarancin kulawa da aka ba shi", da kuma Hobbes da Leviathan Sabanin yanayi zuwa bala'i na gama gari wani lokaci ana kiransa bala'i na anticommons yanayin da mutane masu hankali, suna aiki daban, tare tare da bata albarkatu da aka bayar ta hanyar rashin amfani da shi.
Kiwon Kifi Ana iya guje wa bala'in gama gari idan an daidaita shi yadda ya kamata. An yi kuskuren fahimtar amfani da Hardin na "commons" akai-akai, wanda hakan ya sa Hardin ya yi magana daga baya cewa ya kamata ya ba da taken aikinsa "Masifu na gama-gari marasa tsari". A cikin kifin daji, yin amfani da kifin da yawa ko kifin na faruwa ne lokacin da aka kifaye kifin "a ƙasa da girman da, a matsakaita, zai goyi bayan dogon lokaci mai ɗorewa da yawan amfanin kifin". Koyaya, wuce gona da iri na iya zama mai ɗorewa. Lokacin da kamun kifi ya fara girbin kifi daga wani abin da ba a yi amfani da shi a baya ba, yanayin kifin zai ragu, tunda girbi yana nufin ana cire kifi. Domin dorewar, adadin da kifin ya cika biomass ta hanyar haifuwa dole ne ya daidaita adadin da ake girbe kifin. Idan yawan girbi ya karu, to, hajojin da aka samu zai kara raguwa. A wani lokaci, za a kai ga yawan amfanin gonar da za a iya dawwama, kuma yunƙurin ƙara yawan girbin zai haifar da rushewar kamun kifi. Ana kiran wannan batu matsakaicin yawan amfanin ƙasa mai ɗorewa, kuma a aikace, yawanci yana faruwa ne lokacin da aka kamun kifi zuwa kusan kashi 30 cikin ɗari na halittun da ake samu kafin girbi. Zai yiwu a kifaye haja zuwa gaba, a ce, kashi 15% na abubuwan da aka girbe kafin girbi, sannan a daidaita yawan girbi don haka ƙwayoyin halitta ya kasance a wannan matakin. A wannan yanayin, kamun kifi yana dawwama, amma yanzu an yi amfani da shi sosai, saboda an yi amfani da haja zuwa matakin da yawan amfanin gona mai ɗorewa ya yi ƙasa da yadda zai iya zama. An ce hannun jarin kifin yana “rushewa” idan kwayoyin halittarsu ya ragu da fiye da kashi 95 cikin 100 na mafi girman tarihin halittarsu. An yi amfani da hannun jarin kwafin Atlantika sosai a cikin shekarun 1970 da 1980, wanda ya kai ga rugujewarsu ba zato ba tsammani a 1992. Duk da cewa an daina kamun kifi, kwad din ya kasa farfadowa. Rashin kodin a matsayin babban mafarauci a yankuna da yawa ya haifar da rugujewar yanayi Kimanin kashi 25 cikin 100 na kamun kifi a duniya yanzu ana amfani da su fiye da kima har ta kai matsayin da suke da shi a halin yanzu bai kai matakin da ke haɓaka yawan amfanin da suke samu ba. Waɗannan ƙarancin kamun kifi na iya murmurewa sau da yawa idan an rage matsin kamun kifi har sai hajojin hajoji ya dawo ga mafi kyawun halitta. A wannan gaba, ana iya ci gaba da girbi kusa da matsakaicin yawan amfanin gona mai dorewa.
Za a iya guje wa bala'in gama-gari a cikin mahallin kamun kifi idan an daidaita yunƙurin kamun kifi da ayyuka yadda ya kamata ta hanyar sarrafa kamun kifi Hanya ɗaya mai tasiri mai yiwuwa ita ce sanya wasu ma'auni na mallaka a cikin nau'in ƙididdiga na mutum ɗaya (ITQs) ga masunta. A cikin 2008, babban binciken kifin da ke amfani da ITQ, da waɗanda ba su yi amfani da su ba, sun ba da ƙwaƙƙwaran shaida cewa ITQs na taimakawa hana rushewa da dawo da kamun kifin da ya bayyana yana raguwa.A Rising Tide: Scientists find proof that privatising fishing stocks can avert a disaster The Economist, 18th Sept, 2008.</ref>
Albarkatun ruwa Albarkatun ruwa, kamar tafkuna da magudanan ruwa, galibi albarkatu ne da za a iya sabunta su waɗanda a zahiri suke yin caji (kalmar burbushin ruwa wani lokaci ana amfani da shi don kwatanta magudanan ruwa waɗanda ba sa caji). Yin amfani da yawa yana faruwa idan an hako albarkatun ruwa, irin su Ogallala Aquifer, ko kuma an fitar da su a wani adadin da ya wuce adadin caji, wato, a wani adadin da ya zarce yawan amfanin da ake da shi. Yin caji yawanci yana zuwa daga rafukan yanki, koguna da tafkuna. Ruwan ruwa wanda aka yi amfani da shi da yawa ana cewa an yi shi fiye da kima ko kuma ya ƙare. Dazuzzukan suna haɓaka aikin ruwa na ruwa a wasu yankuna, kodayake gabaɗaya dazuzzuka sune tushen raguwar raƙuman ruwa. Ragewar magudanan ruwa na iya zama gurɓata da gurɓatattun abubuwa kamar su nitrates, ko kuma lalacewa ta dindindin ta hanyar tsira ko ta kutsawar saline daga teku.
Wannan yana juya yawancin ruwan karkashin kasa da tafkuna na duniya zuwa ga iyakataccen albarkatu tare da muhawarar amfani da kololuwa irin na mai. Waɗannan muhawara galibi suna ta'allaka ne kan noma da amfani da ruwa na kewayen birni amma samar da wutar lantarki daga makamashin nukiliya ko ma'adinin kwal da kwalta shima yana da matukar tasiri akan albarkatun ruwa. Gyaran lanƙwan Hubbert ya shafi kowane albarkatun da za a iya girbe da sauri fiye da yadda za a iya maye gurbinsa. Ko da yake ainihin binciken Hubbert bai shafi albarkatun da ake sabunta su ba, yawan amfani da su na iya haifar da kololuwar Hubbert. Wannan ya haifar da tunanin kololuwar ruwa.
Albarkatun gandun daji An yi amfani da gandun daji fiye da kima idan aka yi amfani da su cikin sauri fiye da yadda ake sake dazuzzuka Gyaran gandun daji yana gogayya da sauran amfanin ƙasa kamar samar da abinci, kiwo, da wuraren zama don ƙarin haɓakar tattalin arziki. Yin amfani da dazuzzuka a tarihi, da suka hada da katako da itacen mai, sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin al'ummomin bil'adama, kwatankwacin matsayin ruwa da filayen noma. A yau, ƙasashen da suka ci gaba suna ci gaba da yin amfani da katako don gina gidaje, da kuma katako na takarda. A ƙasashe masu tasowa kusan mutane biliyan uku sun dogara da itace don dumama da dafa abinci. Ribar tattalin arziki na ɗan gajeren lokaci da aka samu ta hanyar sauya gandun daji zuwa aikin noma, ko yawan amfani da kayan itace, yawanci yana haifar da asarar kuɗin shiga na dogon lokaci da haɓakar ilimin halitta na dogon lokaci. Yammacin Afirka, Madagascar, Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya da sauran yankuna da dama sun sami raguwar kudaden shiga saboda yawan amfani da kuma raguwar girbin katako.
Halittu wuce gona da iri na ɗaya daga cikin manyan barazana ga bambancin halittu a duniya. Sauran barazanar sun hada da gurbatar yanayi, gabatarwa da nau'in cin zarafi, rarrabuwar kawuna, lalata muhalli, haɓakar yanayi ba tare da kulawa ba, canjin yanayi, acidification na teku da direban bayan yawancin waɗannan, yawan mutane.
Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman batutuwan kiwon lafiya da ke da alaƙa da bambancin halittu shine gano magunguna da wadatar albarkatun magani. Matsakaicin adadin magunguna samfuran halitta ne waɗanda aka samo, kai tsaye ko a kaikaice, daga tushen ilimin halitta. Tsarin muhalli na ruwa yana da sha'awa ta musamman akan wannan. Koyaya, rashin tsari da rashin dacewa bioprospecting na iya haifar da wuce gona da iri, lalata yanayin muhalli da asarar bambancin halittu.
Dabbobin da ke cikin haɗari da batattu Nau'in nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan fauna da flora suna fama da wuce gona da iri. Duk rayayyun halittu suna buƙatar albarkatu don tsira. Yin amfani da waɗannan albarkatu fiye da kima na dogon lokaci na iya lalata haja na halitta har ta kai ga ba za su iya murmurewa cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci ba. Ƴan Adam koyaushe suna girbe abinci da sauran albarkatun da suke buƙata don tsira. Yawan jama'a, a tarihi, ƙanana ne, kuma hanyoyin tattarawa sun iyakance ga ƙananan adadi. Tare da karuwa mai ma'ana a cikin yawan ɗan adam, faɗaɗa kasuwanni da haɓaka buƙatu, haɗe tare da ingantattun hanyoyin shiga da dabaru don kamawa, suna haifar da cin gajiyar nau'ikan nau'ikan da yawa fiye da matakan dorewa. A cikin sharuɗɗan aiki, idan aka ci gaba, yana rage albarkatu masu mahimmanci zuwa irin waɗannan ƙananan matakan cewa amfani da su ba ya dawwama kuma zai iya haifar da lalacewa na nau'in nau'in, ban da samun sakamako mai ban mamaki, wanda ba a yi tsammani ba, a kan yanayin muhalli. Yawan amfani da yawa yana faruwa da sauri yayin da kasuwanni ke buɗewa, suna amfani da albarkatun da ba a taɓa amfani da su a baya ba, ko nau'in da ake amfani da su a cikin gida.
A yau, wuce gona da iri da yin amfani da albarkatun ƙasa wata barazana ce da ta zama barazana ga wadatar nau'ikan. Wannan ya fi yaduwa idan aka kalli ilimin halittu na tsibirin da nau'in da ke zaune a cikin su, kamar yadda tsibiran za a iya kallon su a matsayin duniya a cikin ƙanƙanta. Yawan jama'ar tsibiri sun fi fuskantar halaka daga wuce gona da iri, saboda galibi suna wanzuwa a ƙananan yawa tare da rage yawan haihuwa. Kyakkyawan misali na wannan shine katantanwa na tsibirin, irin su Hawaiian Achatinella da Faransanci Polynesia Partula. Katantanwa na Achatineline suna da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan 15 da aka jera a matsayin batattu da 24 da ke cikin haɗari yayin da nau'ikan partulidae 60 ana ɗaukar su bace tare da 14 da aka jera a matsayin masu haɗari. WCMC sun dangana tara sama da fadi da ƙarancin rayuwa don tsananin rauni da aka nuna a tsakanin waɗannan nau'ikan.
A matsayin wani misali, lokacin da aka gabatar da bushiya mai ƙasƙantar da kai zuwa tsibirin Uist na Scotland, yawan jama'a ya faɗaɗa sosai kuma suka ɗauki cinyewa da yin amfani da ƙwai na bakin teku, tare da sakamako mai tsanani ga nasarar kiwo. An shafe nau'ikan avifauna goma sha biyu, yayin da wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan an rage su da kashi 39%.
Inda akwai ƙaura na ɗan adam, tashin hankalin jama'a, ko yaƙi, ƙila ba za a iya samun iko ba. Tare da tashe-tashen hankula, alal misali a Kongo da Ruwanda, bindigogi sun zama ruwan dare gama gari kuma rugujewar hanyoyin rarraba abinci a irin waɗannan ƙasashe suna barin albarkatun muhalli cikin haɗari. Har ma ana kashe dabbobi a matsayin abin da aka yi niyya, ko kuma kawai don nuna adawa da gwamnati. Yawan jama'a na manyan primates, irin su gorillas da chimpanzees, ungulates da sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa, ana iya rage su da kashi 80 ko fiye ta hanyar farauta, kuma ana iya kawar da wasu nau'ikan gaba ɗaya. Ana kiran wannan raguwar rikicin nama.
Masu Ƙashin baya Yin amfani da wuce gona da iri yana barazana da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na kashin baya da ke cikin haɗari, da kuma sauran ƙungiyoyi. Ban da kifin da ake ci, cinikin namun daji ba bisa ƙa'ida ba yana da darajar dala biliyan 10 a kowace shekara. Masana'antun da ke da alhakin hakan sun haɗa da cinikin naman daji, da cinikin magunguna na kasar Sin, da kuma cinikin gashin gashi. An kafa Yarjejeniyar Ciniki ta ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin nau'ikan dabbobin daji da ke cikin haɗari, ko CITES don sarrafawa da daidaita cinikin dabbobin da ke cikin haɗari. A halin yanzu tana ba da kariya, zuwa mataki daban-daban, wasu nau'ikan dabbobi da tsirrai 33,000. An yi kiyasin cewa ƙashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na kashin baya a cikin Amurka da rabin dabbobi masu shayarwa ana danganta su da wuce gona da iri.
Tsuntsaye Gabaɗaya, nau'ikan tsuntsaye 50 waɗanda suka bace tun daga 1500 (kimanin 40% na jimillar) an yi amfani da su fiye da ƙima, gami da:
Great Auk tsuntsu mai kama da penguin na arewa, ana farautar gashinsa, nama, mai da mai.
Carolina parakeet nau'in aku daya tilo daga gabashin Amurka, an farauto don kare amfanin gona da gashinsa.
Dabbobi masu shayarwa Ciniki na ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin Jawo: chinchilla, vicuña, giant otter da nau'in maguna masu yawa
Kifi Masu sha'awar aquarium kifin wurare masu zafi
Daban-daban Dabbobin gida na zamani: maciji, aku, primates da manyan kuliyoyi Magungunan kasar Sin: bears, damisa, karkanda, dawakan teku, baƙar fata na Asiya da tururuwa saiga
Dabbobi marasa ƙashin baya Masu tara ƙwari malam buɗe ido
Shell Collectors Marine molluscs
Tsire-tsire Masu horticulturists New Zealand mistletoe Trilepidea adamsii orchids, cacti da sauran nau'ikan tsirirrika masu yawa.
Tasirin Cascade Yin amfani da nau'in fiye da kima na iya haifar da ƙwanƙwasa ko ɓarna. Wannan na iya aiki musamman idan, ta hanyar amfani da wuce gona da iri, wurin zama ya yi hasarar mafarauci koli Saboda hasarar babban mafarauci, karuwa mai ban mamaki a cikin nau'in ganima na iya faruwa. Hakazalika, abin da ba a kula da shi ba zai iya yin amfani da albarkatun abincin nasu fiye da kima har sai yawan jama'a ya ragu, mai yiyuwa zuwa ga halaka.
Misali na yau da kullun na tasirin cascade ya faru tare da otters na teku An fara kafin ƙarni na 17 kuma ba a daina ba har sai 1911, an fara farautar ƴan fashin teku don tsananin zafi da kima mai mahimmanci, wanda zai iya kaiwa $2500 US. Wannan ya haifar da tasiri ta hanyar yanayin yanayin dajin kelp tare da Tekun Pacific na Arewacin Amurka.
Ɗaya daga cikin tushen kalar abinci na otters na teku shine urchins na teku Lokacin da mafarauta suka haifar da raguwar yawan otter na teku, an sami sakin al'amuran muhalli na yawan urchins na teku. Sa'an nan kuma urchins na teku sun yi amfani da babban tushen abincin su, kelp, suna haifar da bakararre, wuraren da ke bakin teku da kelp, amma an yi su da urchin. Bayan samun abincin da za a ci, uban tekun ya zama bace a cikin gida ma. Hakanan, tun da yake Kelp na Kelp na Kelp sune gidaje zuwa wasu nau'in da yawa, asarar Kelp ta haifar da wasu tasirin cascade na lalata.
A shekara ta 1911, sa’ad da ƙaramin rukuni guda 32 ne kawai suka tsira a wani wuri mai nisa, an rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya ta ƙasa da ƙasa don hana ci gaba da yin amfani da tsaunukan teku. Ƙarƙashin kariya mai nauyi, otters sun ninka kuma sun sake mamaye wuraren da suka lalace, waɗanda sannu a hankali suka dawo. Kwanan nan, tare da raguwar kifin kifaye, kuma saboda yawan amfani da kifaye, kifayen kifaye sun fuskanci ƙarancin abinci kuma an lura da su suna ciyar da dodanni na teku, suna sake rage yawansu.
Manazarta
Ci gaba da karatu FAO (2005) Cin galaba akan abubuwan rashin dorewa da wuce gona da iri a cikin kamun kifi Rahoton 782, Rome. ISBN 978-92-5-105449-9
Muhalli
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
31355 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zartarwar%20Majalisar%20dinkin%20duniya%20akan%20hakkin%20kananan%20manoma | Zartarwar Majalisar dinkin duniya akan hakkin kananan manoma | Zartarwa akan Haƙƙin manoma (UNDROP a hukumance sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ce game da haƙƙin ƙananan manoma da sauran mutanen da ke aiki a yankunan karkara, wani ƙuduri ne na UNGA kan haƙƙin ɗan adam tare da "fahimtar duniya", Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta sanya shi cikin tsarin ta a shekara ta 2018.
Tarihi
Asali A cikin shekara ta 2008, La Via Campesina ne ya ƙaddamar da sanarwar 'yancin manoma Mata da maza wanda, tare da goyon baya daga sauran ƙungiyoyin jama'a, ya gabatar da shi ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sashin Yancin Dan Adam.
Daga nan ne aka yi amfani da wannan rubutaccen tsarin a matsayin tushe tsakanin shekara ta 2009 zuwa 2019 don tattaunawa da rubutun sanarwar UNDROP ta ƙarshe. Tattaunawar ta sami goyon bayan kungiyoyin al'ummomi irin su La Via Campesina, FIAN International, ko kuma Europe–Third World Centre (CETIM), har ma da kungiyoyin masana kimiyya irin su Ƙungiyar kananan manoma na Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights, da Wakilan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Musamman da dama.
Hakkokin manoma Manufar haƙƙin ƙauye ya ginu akan haƙƙin ƙananan manoma da aka amince da su, da dai sauransu, a cikin Yarjejeniyar kuma Shuka ta FAO da kuma Yarjejeniyar Bambancin Halittu.
Tattaunawar rubutu
Kafin a fara tattaunawar
Kaddamar Tattaunawar, wadda Bolivia ta jagoranta da farko, Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ne na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ne ya kaddamar da shi kuma a karshe Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shi.
Majalisar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam A ranar 28 ga Satumba 2018, an gabatar da daftarin kuduri A/HRC/39/L.16 ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke kare hakkin dan adama, wanda Algeria, Bolivia, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Masar, Haiti, Kenya, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Philippines suka goyi bayan, Afirka ta Kudu, Togo, Venezuela da kuma kasar Falasdinu.
Daga baya an amince da shi tare da kuri'u 33 na amincewa, kasashe 11 kuma suka ki amincewa Belgium, Brazil, Croatia, Jamus, Iceland, Japan, Jamhuriyar Koriya, Slovakia, Slovenia da Spain) da 3 da (Australia, Hungary da Ingila) a matsayin kudurin HRC. 39/12.
Kwamitin Na Uku Majalisar A ranar 24 ga watan Oktoba, kwamitin na uku na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta gudanar da wani taron hadin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnatocin kasashen waje, don tattauna daftarin UNDROP, inda wakilan Bolivia, Indonesia, Tarayyar Turai, Cuba da Afirka ta Kudu suka yi tsokaci. An gabatar da daftarin kuduri (A/C.3/73/L.30) ga kwamitin na uku na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a ranar 8 ga watan Nuwamba ta hanyar wakilin Bolivia tare da mai ba da gudummawa daga Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Mongolia, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Portugal, Afirka ta Kudu da kuma Venezuela A ranar 19 ga watan Nuwamba, daftarin ya sami goyon baya daga Benin, Jamhuriyar Tsakiyar Afirka, Chadi, Jamhuriyar Dominican, Masar, Eritrea, Guinea, Indonesia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Laberiya, Mali, Nijar, Najeriya, Pakistan, Saint Kitts da Nevis Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saliyo, Somalia, Sudan ta Kudu, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia da Zimbabwe Daga baya aka gabatar da shi don kada kuri'a, wanda sakamakon ya kasance mai inganci: tare da kuri'u 119 da suka amince, kuri'u 7 suka nuna adawa (Australia, Hungary, Isra'ila, New Zealand, Sweden, United Kingdom, United States of America) da 49 suka ki.
Babban majalisi Na tsarin na 73 A babban taronta karo na 55 a ranar 17 ga watan Disamba 2018, zama na saba'in da uku na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya zartas da kuduri mai lamba 73/165, mai kunshe da UNDROP a matsayin kari, wanda gabatarwa ke karantawa:Majalisar Dinkin Duniya,
Da yake maraba da amincewar da Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta yi, a cikin kudurinta mai lamba 39/12 na 28 ga Satumba 2018,1 na sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan hakkin manoma da sauran mutanen da ke aiki a yankunan karkara.
Ya amince da sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da Hakkokin Makiyaya da sauran mutanen da ke aiki a yankunan karkara, kamar yadda yake kunshe a cikin makala ga wannan kuduri;
Yana gayyatar gwamnatoci, hukumomi da kungiyoyi na tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da na gwamnati don yada sanarwar da kuma inganta girmamawa da fahimtar duniya;
Ya bukaci Sakatare-Janar ya hada da rubutun sanarwar a cikin bugu na gaba na Hakkokin Dan Adam: Tarin Kayayyakin Duniya.Kafin amincewa da hakan, wakilin Switzerland (daya daga cikin ƴan ƙasashen da ba su ci gaba ba) ya bayyana game da UNDROP cewa "yana neman taƙaita haƙƙin manoma a cikin takarda guda don ƙara wayar da kan jama'a game da halin da suke ciki. Alamar siyasa ce mai matukar muhimmanci.” Kasashen da suka kada kuri'ar amincewa sun hada da Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Antigua da Barbuda, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brunei Darussalam, Burundi, Cabo Verde, Cambodia, Central Central Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Chad, Chile, Comoros, Kongo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Koriya ta Arewa, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Djibouti, Dominika, Jamhuriyar Dominican, Ecuador, Masar, El Salvador, Eritrea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Qatar, Moldova, Rwanda, Saint Kitts da Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent da Gre nadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Seychelles, Saliyo, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Afirka ta Kudu, Sudan ta Kudu, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Tanzania, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Yemen, Zambia da Zimbabwe Musamman, kasar Austiraliya, Guatemala, Hungary, Isra'ila, New Zealand, Sweden, Burtaniya da Amurka sun kada kuri'ar kin amincewa da sanarwar Kasashen da suka nuna rashin amincewa a zaben su ne Albania, Andorra, Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Canada, Colombia, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, Faransa, Jojiya, Jamus, Girka, Honduras, Iceland, Ireland, Italiya, Japan, Kiribati, Latvia, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Malta, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Palau, Poland, Koriya ta Kudu, Romania, Rasha, Samoa, San Marino, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Arewacin Macedonia, Turkiyya, Tuvalu, Ukraine, da Vanuatu.
Abubuwan da ke ciki
Tsokaci Gabatarwar tana tunawa da jerin kayan aikin haƙƙin ɗan adam, musamman:
Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Yarjejeniyar Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Duniya Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na wariyar launin fata Alkawari akan Hakkokin Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da Al'adu Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Bil Adama da Siyasa Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Yara Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkokin Baƙi abubuwan da suka dace na Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya Sanarwa kan Haƙƙin Ci Gaba Sanarwa kan Haqqoqin ‘Yan Qasa Har ila yau, gabatarwar ta ambaci ajanda na 2030 don ci gaba mai dorewa, da kuma dokokin duniya masu dacewa, kamar:
Yarjejeniyar Shuka (ITPGRFA),
Yarjejeniyar Bambancin Halittu
da Yarjejeniyar "Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Use" da suka taso daga Amfani da su Sharuɗɗan Sa-kai na FAO game da Alhaki na Gudanar da Mulkin Filaye, Kamun Kifi da Dazuzzuka a cikin Tsarin Tsarin Abinci na Ƙasa,
Sharuɗɗan Sa-kai na FAO don Samar da Dorewa Kananan Kamun Kifi a cikin Tsarin Abinci da Kawar da Talauci.
Sharuɗɗan Sa-kai na FAO don Tallafawa Ci gaban Ci gaban Haƙƙin Samun Isasshen Abinci a cikin Tsarin Tsarin Abinci na Ƙasa Mukalai na 1, 2, 27 da 28: tanadi na gaba ɗaya Mukalai na 1 ya bayyana mahimman ra'ayoyi, Labari na 2 da 28 sun mayar da hankali kan babban wajibcin ƙasashe, sashe na 27 kuma ya lissafa nauyin da ke kan tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da sauran ƙungiyoyin gwamnatoci Mukala na 3: daidaito Mukala na 3 ya gabatar da manufar daidaito da rashin nuna bambanci tsakanin manoma da sauran mutanen da ke aiki a yankunan karkara.
Mukala na 4: mata Mataki na 4 na tunawa da babbar rawar da mata ke takawa a yankunan karkara, kuma ya yi kira da a daina nuna wariya ga mata, daidaita daidaiton jinsi, da shigar mata da shigar da su a kowane mataki.
Mukala na 5 da 18: hakkin yanayi Mataki na 5 ya mayar da hankali ne kan 'yancin manoma na samun albarkatun kasa, ciki har da albarkatun halittu, da kuma jin dadin hanyoyin ci gaba, musamman ma ci gaba mai dorewa Mataki na 18 ya cika ta ta hanyar ba da takamaiman haƙƙoƙin zuwa tsaftataccen muhalli, aminci da lafiya ga duk mutanen da ke aiki da rayuwa a yankunan karkara.
Mukala na 6, 7, 8 da 9: 'yanci da 'yancin ɗan adam da na siyasa Wannan bangare na sanarwar yana magana ne akan yancin rayuwa, tsaron mutane da kuma 'yancin walwala, 'yancin tunani, ra'ayi da bayyana ra'ayi, da kuma 'yancin ƙungiyoyi
Mukala na 10, 11 da 12: Adalci Mataki na 10, 11 da 12 sun mayar da hankali ne kan 'yancin shiga, 'yancin samun bayanai, da 'yancin yin shari'a, ciki har da samun adalci, cudanya cikin aminci, da kuma hakkin yin magani da ramuwa idan aka keta haƙƙin manoma. Mukala na 13, 14 da 16: hakkokin aiki Waɗannan matakai biyu suna magana game da haƙƙin yin aiki da haƙƙin yin aiki a cikin yanayi mai aminci da lafiya, tare da yanayin aiki da ya dace. Mataki na 16 ya kasance mai dacewa, kuma yana mai da hankali kan 'yancin samun kudin shiga mai kyau, 'yancin zabar da kula da rayuwar mutum, da hanyoyin samar da abin da aka zaba.
Mukala na 15: ikon mallakar abinci Mataki na 15 ya binciko ɗaya daga cikin manyan buƙatun ƙungiyoyin manoma a cikin shekaru: yancin abinci, amincin abinci da ikon mallakar abinci Mukala na 17: hakkin sauka
Mukala na 19: hakkin iri/shuka
Mukala na ashirin da 20: haƙƙin rayayyun halittu
Mukala na ashirin da daya: hakkin ruwa da tsaftataccen tsarin ruwa
Mukala na 22 da 23: 'yancin samun lafiya da tsaro Wannan sashin yana ginawa akan haƙƙin kowa don jin daɗin mafi girman ma'auni na lafiyar jiki da ta hankali haƙƙin lafiya kuma ya haɗa da takamaiman abubuwa kamar batun maganin gargajiya Mataki na ashirin da hudu: hakkin gidaje
Mukala na ashirin da biyar: haƙƙin ilimi
Mukala na ashirin da shida: 'yancin al'adu, ilimin gargajiya da maganganun gargajiya Wannan sashin yana mai da hankali kan al'amuran zamantakewa da al'adu, musamman ilimin gargajiya da al'adun gargajiya Duba kuma
Hanyoyin haɗin ciki Haƙƙin ɗan adam
Majalisar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
Hakkin ƴan asalin ƙasar
Haƙƙin abinci
Yarjejeniyar Shuka ta FAO (ITPGRFA)
Motsin manoma
Ta hanyar Campesina
Shekaru Goma na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Noman Iyali
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Hakkokin Makiyaya da sauran mutanen da ke aiki a yankunan karkara kamar yadda babban taron ya amince da shi, 17 Disamba 2019 a cikin kuduri mai lamba 73/165.
Sigar da aka kwatanta ta Via Campesina ta buga
Bayyana Haƙƙin Ƙauye Mata da Maza. Mazaunan Duniya suna buƙatar Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Makiyaya ta Duniya shawara ta farko ta Via Campesina
Bayanan kula da manazarta Amintattun halaye na duniya
Kundin shekara ta 2018
Harkokin 'yancin dan adam
Tarihin 'yancin dan adam
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
50895 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella%20Sophonisba%20Hergesheimer | Ella Sophonisba Hergesheimer | Articles with hCards
Ella Sophonisba Hergesheimer (Janairu 7, 1873 Yuni 24, 1943) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Ba'amurkiya ce,mai zane, kuma mai bugawa wanda ta zana da kwatanta al'ummar Tennessee, gami da mata da yara na jihar. A matsayinta na mai buga littattafai,ta yi majagaba wajen yanke katako.
Kuruciya An haifi Hergesheimer a Allentown, Pennsylvania a ranar 7 ga Janairu,1873. Iyayenta sune Charles P. Hergesheimer da Elamanda Ritter Hergesheimer. An ƙarfafa ta don ƙirƙirar fasaha a lokacin ƙuruciyarta. Hergesheimer ita ce babbar jikanyar 'yar wasan Philadelphia Charles Willson Peale, wanda ta sanya wa ɗayan 'ya'yansa mata suna Sophonisba bayan 'yar wasan Italiya, Sofonisba Anguissola Hergesheimer ta zaɓi yin amfani da Sophonisba azaman sunanta na farko.
Ilimi Ta yi karatu a Makarantar Zane na Mata ta Philadelphia na tsawon shekaru biyu, sannan ta ci gaba da karatu a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Pennsylvania na tsawon shekaru hudu. A Kwalejin Fine Arts ta Pennsylvania, ta yi karatu tare da Cecilia Beaux,Hugh Breckenridge, da William Merritt Chase Chase ya ɗauke ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun ɗalibanta, kuma ta shafe lokacin bazara na 1900 tana karatu a Makarantar Koyon bazara ta Chase's Shinnecock Hills a Long Island. A matsayinta na babbar jami'a a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Pennsylvania, an yanke mata hukunci mafi kyawun almajira a ajin ta kuma an ba ta lambar yabo ta Cresson Traveling Scholarship. Wannan ya ba ta damar yin karatu a ƙasashen waje a Turai na tsawon shekaru uku, inda ta sami horo a Académie Colarossi kuma ta baje kolin a Salon Paris. An jera ta a cikin ɗaliban Blanche Lazzell, wanda aka sani da katako mai launi na fari.
Aiki Sakamakon samun aikinta wanda ya hada da nunin tafiye-tafiye na 1905 wanda kungiyar Nashville Art Association ya shirya,ta sami kwamiti a 1907 don zana hoton Holland Nimmons McTyeire, bishop na Methodist wanda ta gamsar da Cornelius Vanderbilt don baiwa Jami'ar Vanderbilt Don yin aiki a kan hukumar, ta ƙaura zuwa Nashville, Tennessee, inda ta ci gaba da zama sauran rayuwarta ta fara zama a ɗakin studio a kan titin Church,daga baya kuma ɗaya a Avenue Eighth da Broadway. Ta yi magana cikin jin daɗi game da yankin da mazaunanta, tana mai cewa: “Ƙasar da ke kusa da Nashville ita ce,wasu daga cikinsu,mafi kyaun da na taɓa gani babban fili mai albarka ga mai zanen wuri.Akwai rundunonin kyawawan mata da yara da ƙaƙƙarfan mazaje masu kyau don zaburar da manyan hotuna.” Ta kuma gudanar da azuzuwan zane-zane a Bowling Green, Kentucky, inda abokanta suka hada da abokan aikinta Frances Fowler,Sarah Peyton,da Wickliffe Covington. Ta kuma ci gaba da abota ta rayuwa tare da mai zanen shimfidar wuri Orlando Gray Wales, wanda ita ma ta girma a Allentown kuma ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Pennsylvania Hotunan da aka fi sani da Hergesheimer su ne na Kakakin Majalisar Joseph W. Byrns,Sr., wanda ke rataye a ginin Capitol na Amurka,da na Commodore Matthew Fontaine Maury,wanda ke rataye a Maury Hall a Kwalejin Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka a Annapolis, Maryland Ko da yake hoton shine tushen samun kudin shiga na farko, Hergesheimer tayi gwaji a wasu nau'ikan zane-zane da fasaha,gami da bugawa, wanda ta bi tare da mai zane Blanche Lazzell.
Mutuwa Hergesheimer ta mutu a ranar 24 ga Yuni, 1943 a Davidson County, Tennessee Kyauta Lambar zinare, Nunin Appalachian (1910) Lambar Zinariya, Bayyanar Jihar Tennessee (1926)
Manyan nune-nune Kwararrun zane zane
Ƙwun Mawakan Amurka
Cibiyar Art na Chicago
Corcoran Gallery na Art
National Academy of Design
New Orleans Art Association
Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts
Salon Amurka
Nunin Sesquicentennial, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1926) Ƙungiyar Mawakan Masu Zaman Kansu
Abokan aiki da alaƙa Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Mawakan Amurka
Ƙungiyar Fasaha ta Amurka
Ƙungiyar Fasaha ta Ƙasa
New Orleans Art Association
Salon Amurka
Ƙungiyar Mawakan Masu Zaman Kansu
Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙasa ta Kudu
Washington, DC Watercolor Club
Tari Wasu daga cikin manyan masu tara ayyukan Hergesheimer sune: Heckscher Museum of Art, Huntington, New York
Morris Museum of Art, Augusta, Georgia
Karatun Jama'a Museum, Karatu, Pennsylvania
Gidan Tarihi na Jihar Tennessee, Nashville, Tennessee
Amurka Capitol, Washington, DC
Jami'ar Vanderbilt, Nashville, Tennessee
Gidauniyar Red Roses guda biyu, Palm Harbor, Florida
Nassoshi
Kara karantawa Burton, Vincent. "Wasu Hotuna na Ella S. Hergesheimer." Studio na kasa da kasa 37 (Maris 1909): 32-33.
Kelly, James C. "Ella Sophonisba Hergesheimer 1873-1943." Tennessee Historical Quarterly 44 (Summer 1985): 112-13.
Knowles, Susan. "Ella Sophonisba Hergesheimer (1873-1943)." Matan Musamman na Nashville Nashville: Ƙungiyar Tarihi ta Tennessee, 1985.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Matattun 1943
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
35236 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blairmore%20SDA%2C%20Saskatoon | Blairmore SDA, Saskatoon | Blairmore Suburban Development Area SDA yanki ne a cikin Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Kanada Wani yanki ne na al'ummar gefen yamma na Saskatoon. Ya ta'allaka ne (gaba daya) arewa da bayan birnin da kuma gundumar karkara na Corman Park No. 344, yamma da cikin gari Saskatoon, da Core Neighborhoods SDA, kudu da Arewacin Yammacin Masana'antar SDA, da yamma na Confederation SDA Yawancin Blairmore SDA sun ƙunshi ƙasar da ba ta bunƙasa ba wacce birni ya haɗe a tsakiyar shekarata 2000s. Ƙirar ƙauyuka tara, na farko na zama a cikin yanayi, an shirya su don SDA. Ya zuwa ƙarshen shekarar 2019, biyu suna kan aiwatar da haɓakawa: kasuwanci/mazauni Blairmore Suburban Center da mazaunin mazaunin Kensington Wurin zama na uku, Elk Point, shima yana cikin matakin farko.
Unguwannin Blairmore Suburban Center
Kensington, al'ummar zama nan da nan a arewacin Cibiyar Suburban, an amince da ita a cikin shekarar 2011, tare da gina ginin a cikin shekarar 2013. Elk Point, mazaunin yankin arewa maso gabas na Kensington, an tsara shi a cikin 2013, kodayake tsarawa ga al'umma yana kan matakin farko. Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, aƙalla ƙarin ƙauyuka shida an tsara su don SDA. Ya zuwa karshen shekarar 2019, har yanzu ba a gama tantance sunayensu da tsarin su ba.
Kayayyakin Nishaɗi Cibiyar Jama'a ta Blairmore wacce aka keɓance azaman waƙar Cibiyar Shaw ta buɗe a cikin Faɗuwar 2008. An buɗe wuraren ninkaya a faɗuwar 2009. Suna karbar bakuncin wurin ninkaya mai girman Olympics, wurin shakatawa na iyali tare da zabtarewar ruwa, wuraren zafi guda biyu da dandamalin ruwa.
Siyayya Kimanin na dillali da za a gina a Blairmore SDA Babban Cibiyar Wal-Mart ta buɗe Janairu 2010 akan titin Betts kuma tun daga wannan lokacin an buɗe lamba "babban akwati" da masu siyar da kantin sayar da kayayyaki a ɓangarorin Betts Avenue. Wani yanki na kasuwanci, gami da kantin sayar da kayan abinci na farko na Ajiye-On, ana kan ci gaba a gefen arewa na titin 22nd tare da Kensington Boulevard.
Ilimi Cibiyar Blairmore ta ƙunshi wata makarantar sakandare ta Bethlehem da Tommy Douglas Collegiate na jama'a da cibiyar jama'a da ake kira Cibiyar Shaw. Blairmore SDA gida ce ga makarantu masu zuwa:
Sabuwar Tommy Douglas Collegiate, ilimin sakandare na jama'a ya buɗe a cikin faɗuwar 2008 Sabuwar Makarantar Katolika ta Baitalami, Katolika ko ilimin sakandare daban, an buɗe a cikin faɗuwar 2008 Tun daga 2017 babu makarantun firamare da ke kusa da Kensington ko Elk Point, kodayake an keɓe ƙasa a cikin al'ummomin biyu don makarantun jama'a da na Katolika na gaba.
Bugu da kari, SDA da farko sun hada da gonar Matasa ta Yarrow, wurin gyara lardi na matasa masu hadarin gaske. Ko da yake da farko ana sa ran ci gaba da aiki duk da haɗawa da ci gaban mazaunan Kensington a ɓangarori uku, gwamnatin Saskatchewan daga baya ta rufe ginin mai girman eka 40 a kan titin Neault, arewa da tsohon jeri na 33rd Street, tana tura shirye-shiryenta zuwa wani wurin. Saskatoon, kuma ya sanya ƙasar sayarwa a cikin 2015.
Sauran ayyuka An shirya "Cibiyar Gundumomi" a Unguwana 6 da 7 SDA ta ƙunshi makabartar Smithville, wacce ta fara zuwa 1901 kuma birni ya mamaye shi tare da sauran yankin SDA. Tana kan titin 22nd (Highway 14), yamma da Range Road 3063.
Sufuri Titin 22nd Hanya 14 babbar hanya ce ta hanyar Saskatoon Highway 14 tana haɗuwa da Asquith, Biggar Wilkie, Unity, da Macklin akan hanyar Alberta Hakanan ana samun yankin ta hanyar Highway 7, wanda ke haɗa Saskatoon zuwa Calgary, Alberta da bakin tekun yamma, da Babbar Hanya 684, wacce kuma aka sani da Titin Dalmeny amma a hukumance aka sake masa suna Neault Road a cikin 2012, wanda birni ya hade kuma yana ba da alaƙa Hanyar Yellowhead 16 da garin Dalmeny Babban titin 7 an daidaita shi don haɗawa da Babbar Hanya 14/22nd Street/Highway 684 a tsakar darasi wanda a ƙarshe za'a maye gurbinsu da musanyawa. Tsawon shekaru da yawa Babbar Hanya 7 ta shiga yankin ta hanyar Betts Avenue a cikin yankin Blairmore Suburban Center, amma yanzu an cire wannan hanyar; Daidaiton ainihin hanyar inda ya shiga titin 22nd kafin tsakiyar 2000 an maye gurbinsa da ci gaban mazaunin da cibiyar shakatawa da manyan makarantu.
Wata babbar hanya daya tilo da ke ba da sabis na SDA a halin yanzu ita ce ƙafar yamma na Titin 33rd West, wanda bisa ga Taswirar Ci gaban Birni na Oktoba 2008 da aka tsara za a maye gurbinsu ta ƙarshe ta hanyar tsawaita titin Claypool Drive; asalin titin gabas-yamma, tun daga 2012 an daidaita hanyar don ba da damar haɓakar Kensington. Iyakar yammacin SDA tana da alamar hanyar sufuri/mai amfani da ke kusa da iyakar birnin yamma na yanzu, wanda aka keɓe don gina babbar hanya ta gaba.
Tafiya ta gari Cibiyar Blairmore Suburban tana aiki ta Hanyar Hanya 23 akan mafi yawan lokutan mako da rana. Za a yi tsammanin za a faɗaɗa sabis yayin da aka haɓaka SDA.
Wuri
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Birnin Saskatoon Sassan Sabis na kayan more rayuwa. Majalissar Mai Rahoto Mai Haɓaka Gagarawa A KAN DOKAR MANYAN BOX SUN DAMU MASU KASUWANCI. SHIN DUNIYA ZAI ZAMA RAMI A CIKIN DONUT KARNI NA SASKATOON? da Jeremy Warren
SASKATCHEWAN YA JINBATAR DA $30 MILYAN A MAKARANTAR SASKATOON City ta ci gaba a kan Blairmore Site
Koyo #06-415 SASKATCHEWAN YA JININ $30 MILYAN A CIKIN SABABBIN <span title="Dead link tagged July 2017">matacciyar hanyar haɗin gwiwa ta dindindin</span> Birnin Saskatoon Birnin Saskatoon Sassan Ayyukan Al'umma Tsare-tsaren Gari Taswirorin ZAM
Yawan Jama'a |
21723 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogin%20Birim | Kogin Birim | Kogin Birim yana daya daga cikin manyan kogunan Kogin Pra a Ghana kuma mafi muhimmancin yankin da ake samar da lu'u-lu'u, yana ratsa mafi yawan fadin yankin Gabas. Kogin yana hawa a gabashin Dutsen Atewa, yana gudana arewa ta tsakanin ratar tsakanin wannan zangon da yankin Kwahu Plateau, sa'annan yayi tafiya kusan kudu maso yamma har sai ya haɗu da Pra. Ya kuma ba da sunansa ga dutsen Birimian, wanda ke samar da mafi yawan zinare a yankin. Ghana ce ta biyu mafi girma a duniya wajen samar da gwal a Afirka.
Ilimin kasa Kogin Birim yana cikin yankin Garkuwan Manya na yankin Afirka ta Yamma, wanda wasu kyawawan duwatsun Birimian na farkon Proterozoic suka mamaye shi. Wadannan duwatsun sun bayyana sun samo asali ne daga tsakiyar tsaunukan tsaunuka, wanda ya samar da wani kwari wanda ya yi karo da shi kuma ya hau kan garkuwar Man garken Craton na Afirka ta Yamma kuma an matse shi don samar da jerin ninki gaba daya da ke tafiya a arewa maso gabas. Duwatsun Birimiyan sun hada da tsarin Akwatian, wanda aka sanyawa sunan garin Akwatia a cikin kwarin Birim, wanda ya samar da sama da carat 100,000,000 (Kilogiram 20,000) na lu'ulu'u. Mafi yawan lu'u-lu'u ana samun su a cikin duwatsu na Harzburgitic kuma ga alama sun yi lu'ulu'u a yanayin zafin yanayi wanda ba a saba gani ba da matsi a zurfin lithosphere.
Muhalli Kogin ya hau a cikin gundumar Kibi ko Akim na yankin gabashin Ghana, a Yankin Atewa, wanda ya tashi zuwa 780m. wananan yankunan da ke kewaye da su sun kai kusan 180-200m sama da matakin teku. Mafi yawan zangon Atewa yana dajin gandun daji, tare da manyan yankuna na gandun daji na farko dauke da tsire-tsire masu yawa, dabbobi da kwari duk da ci gaba da farautar katako. Akwai shafuka da yawa da ba a bincika su ba. Yankin Kibi yana da ruwan sama 1500-2000mm kowace shekara.
Kogin Birim yana cikin yankin ruwa na kusa da kusurwa na Ghana. Akwai lokutan ruwa guda biyu, daya daga Mayu zuwa Yuni da na biyu daga Satumba zuwa Oktoba. A lokacin bushewar, yanayin zafi ya kusa 26°C a watan Agusta da 30°C a cikin Maris. Yanayin dangi shine 70% 80% cikin shekara. A wani lokacin da akwai gandun daji mai zafi mai yawa, an share manyan yankuna don noma. Yankin gandun dajin na Ghana ya sauka daga hekta miliyan 8.2 a kusan hekta 1900 zuwa 1.6 a shekara ta 2000, kuma yana ci gaba da raguwa saboda bukatar fitar da kayayyaki da kayayyakin gini da karuwar mutane ke yi. Ana gabatar da gonakin da aka sarrafa kuma yana iya taimakawa wajen juya raguwar.
Ruwan kogin yana dauke da matakan kayan daki da na streptococci, galibi na asalin mutane amma a wasu lokuta saboda gurbatarwar da ake yi daga dabbobin, wanda ke sanya rashin hadari a sha ba tare da magani ba. A ƙasa Akwatia kogin yana riƙe da babban matakin sikari daga ayyukan hakar ma'adinai.
Galamsey Kogin Birim ya lalace sakamakon ayyukan hakar ma'adanai ba bisa ka'ida ba. 'Yan kungiyar Galamsey da wasu kungiyoyi sun nemi gwamnati da ta dauki mataki a kan masu hakar ma'adanai ba bisa ka'ida ba da kare kogin. An kafa rukuni wanda ya kunshi mutane 62 don taimakawa wajen kare kogin.
Arzikin ma'adanai Kogin Birim yana da wadataccen ma'adinai kuma ya kasance tushen zinariya tun ƙarni da yawa, asalin sunan Ghana: Gold Coast. Hakanan babban tushe ne na lu'ulu'u.
Zinare Ruwan tsakuwa na kogin Birim na rike da zinare wanda aka dade ana ciro shi ta hanyar kwanon rufi ko hakar ma'adinai, wanda ake amfani da shi wajen yin kwalliya da kuma cinikin Sahara tun kafin Turawa su gano Gold Coast. Farawa a ƙarshen karni na 19, kamfanonin hakar zinare na Biritaniya suka fara aiwatar da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai da na yau da kullun, suna haɓaka ma'adanai masu zurfin ɓoyo a ƙasar Ashanti. Bayan samun 'yanci a 1957 gwamnati ta mayar da masana'antar hakar zinare. Tare da rashin wadataccen saka hannun jari, ma'adanai sun lalace kuma riba ya faɗi. Koyaya, bayan sanya hannun jari a cikin 1992 sabbin masu mallakar sunyi allurar jari, galibi cikin ma'adinan bel na Ashanti, gano sabbin ajiya na duniya. Belt Ashanti yanzu tana da tarin kyautar zinare sama da ogin 125,000,000 na zinare.
Lu'ulu'u Ghana ta samar da lu'u-lu'u daga tsakuwa tun daga shekarun 1920, galibi ƙirar masana'antu. A farkon shekarun 1990 gwamnati ta ba da sanarwar shirye-shiryen mayar da ayyukanta na haƙar lu'u-lu'u amma ba ta sami masu siya ba. Gwamnati har yanzu tana da Ghana Consolidated Diamonds, tun daga 2005 zuwa yanzu ita ce kaɗai mai kera kayan cinikin lu'u-lu'u. Ghana Consolidated Diamonds suna amfani da tsiri da hanyar ma'adinai a ma'adinan su na Akwatia, ta amfani da layukan Manitowoc. Shuka tsohuwa ce kuma tsohuwa ce, ana samun ta kashi 38% kawai na lokaci kuma ana samarwa a ƙarƙashin ƙarfin. Gwamnati na neman mai saka hannun jari don ya mallaki ma'adanan.
A cikin 1989 gwamnatin Ghana ta kafa Kamfanin Tallace-tallace na Kamfanin Ma'adanai masu daraja (PMMC) don inganta kananan ma'adanan zinare da lu'u-lu'u da siye da siyar da kayan. Kimanin kashi 70% na lu'u-lu'u an fitar da su daga ƙasar kafin ƙirƙirar PMMC. A cikin watanni goma sha shida na fara aiki, PMMC ta sayi karat 382,423 (kilogiram 76.4846) da lu'ulu'u 20,365 na zinare kuma ta sayar da karat 230,000 (kilogiram 46) na lu'u lu'u na dalar Amurka miliyan 8. Koyaya, saboda korafin da aka yi game da sayar da ɗanɗano mai daraja, gwamnati a cikin Maris Maris 1992 ta ba da umarnin gudanar da bincike kan ayyukan hukumar jihar kuma ta dakatar da manajan darakta.
A cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960 yankin Akwatia na kwarin Birim ya samar da sama da carat 2,000,000 (kilogram 400) kowace shekara. Koyaya, duka kundin da ingancin suna raguwa. Kasar Ghana ta samar da kusan lu'ulu'u karat 800,000 (kilogiram 160) a 1995, kusan rabin sa daga Akwatia. Abubuwan da ke akwai sun rufe yanki mai nisan kilomita 240 tare da Kogin Birim kuma an kiyasta ya ƙunshi carats 14,000,000 (Kilogiram 2,800) na tabbaci. Kodayake adadin Akwatia ya kusan ƙarewa, an gano ƙarin ƙarin albarkatu a cikin keɓaɓɓun Kogin Birim na kusa, gami da sauya meta-lamproite wanda na iya wakiltar tushen lu'ulu'u na farko.
Mafi yawan kayan lu'u-lu'u a cikin kwarin Birim yanzu masu hakar ma'adinai ne daga alluvial kuma a cikin wuraren adana lu'u-lu'u kusa da Akwatia. Akwai wasu shaidu cewa matakan samarwa daga waɗannan ƙananan ayyukan suna ƙaruwa.
Bauxite Jigon Atewa da ke saman ruwan kogin ya ƙunshi ɗakunan ajiya na bauxite tare da ƙananan abubuwan kaolin, waɗanda ƙungiyoyi kamar BHP Billiton ke kimantawa. Ko yaya, yawan kuɗaɗen bauxite gabaɗaya ba shi da inganci idan aka kwatanta da manyan ɗakunan ajiya na bauxite mafi girma a cikin Guinea kusa da su kuma suna cikin yankin da ke da lamuran muhalli, don haka da wuya a ci gaba.
Noma Kasa mai ni'ima da yanayi mai dumi na kwarin Birim na tallafawa kayan abinci masu ƙima irin su rogo, doya, koko, masara, shinkafa da kayan lambu, da kuma amfanin gona mai tamani kamar citrus, abarba, pawpaw da cola. Yankin ya kuma samar da albarkatun gona na musamman irin su baki da barkono mai zaki, ginger, giyar cashew, roba da mangoro, wadanda ke samun matukar muhimmanci a matsayin kayayyakin da ake fitarwa zuwa kasashen waje. Noman koko yana daya daga cikin mahimman hanyoyin samun kudin shiga, tare da busassun kayan da ake fitarwa zuwa kasashen waje don cigaba da sarrafa shi. Hakanan noman man dabino yana ƙaruwa, tare da amfani da abubuwan amfani da ake amfani da su don yin sabulu a gida. Bamboo wani muhimmin amfanin gona ne. Tsire-tsire mai sauri yana samar da abubuwa marasa tsada don gini da kuma yin kayan daki.
Yawon shakatawa Gwamnati na ƙoƙari na haɓaka ƙimar yawon buɗe ido na yankin. Gidauniyar Atewa Range tana karkashin kulawar Gidauniyar Okyeman, wacce ta takura wa mutane yin noma a yankin kuma a maimakon haka tana kokarin karfafa yawon bude ido. Gundumar Birim ta Kudu tana da shimfidar wurare masu ban sha'awa, magudanan ruwa, wuraren tarihi da kuma gandun daji tara. Hukumar Bunkasa Yawon Bude Ido ta Ghana, tare da hadin gwiwar Majalisar Gundumar da Mahukuntan gargajiya sun kirkiro da Tsarin Kasuwanci don bunkasa "Babban Bishiyar" a cikin dajin Esen Epan da ke kusa da Akim Oda a matsayin wurin yawon bude ido, tare da hadin gwiwar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Wannan rukunin yanar gizon yana da babbar bishiya a Afirka ta Yamma mai mita 12 a kewayo kuma tsayinsa yakai mita 66.5. Aiki tare da Jami'ar Georgia, ana shirin inganta hanyoyin shiga, wuraren cin abinci da wuraren shakatawa, abubuwan tunawa da shaguna.
A cikin garin Akyem (Akim) Oda, babban birni na Gundumar Birim ta Kudu, abubuwan jan hankali sun haɗa da yawon buɗe ido don kallon ayyukan hakar ma'adanai, shagulgulan gargajiya waɗanda galibi sun haɗa da wasan kwaikwayo na ban mamaki da kasuwar waje mai cike da kayatarwa. Hakanan abinci mai daɗi da ɗanɗano na gida yana iya zama muhimmin abun jan hankali.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin |
40429 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Galaxy | World Galaxy | World Galaxy (Duniya Galaxy albam ne na wakokin Alice Coltrane. An rubuta shi a cikin Nuwamba 1971 a Birnin New York, kuma an sake shi a cikin shekarar 1972 wacce Impulse! Record ta saki. A wannan kundi, Coltrane ta bayyana akan piano, organ, garaya, tamboura, da kaɗe-kaɗe, sannan fitaccen mawakin saxofon Frank Lowe ya bayyan, Reggie Workman, makadi Ben Riley, ɗan timpanist Elayne Jones, da 'yan amshi wanda David Sackson ke jagoranta. makadin violin Leroy Jenkins shima ya bayyana a wannan waka ta solo, sanann kuma Swami Satchidananda ne ya rera wakar. Kundin waka ta World Galaxy na dauke da wakokin guda uku "My Favorite Things" da "A Love Supreme", guda biyu waɗanda aka san mijinta John Coltrane da su. Shine na biyu a cikin jerin kundi guda uku (bayan Universal Consciousness da kuma Lord of Lords) wanda Coltrane ta bayyana tare da jerin 'yan amshi. Studio albums by Alice Coltrane Gane. Mayu 1972.
An yi rikodin. 15 da 16 ga Nuwamba 1971.
Studio. The Record Plant New York City.
Salon. Jazz na Ruhaniya Tsawon 40:52.
Lakabi Tashin hankali! Rubuce-rubuce Mai.
gabatarwa. Alice Coltrane da Ed Michel.
Alice Coltrane discography Sanin Duniya (1971)
Duniya Galaxy (1972)
Ubangiji Allah'' (1972)
Duniya Galaxy
A cikin 2011, Impulse! sake fitar da kundin, tare da Huntington Ashram Monastery, a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarin mai suna Huntington Ashram Monastery/Galaxy ta Duniya.
liyafa Binciken AllMusic na Thom Jurek ya ba da kundin taurari yana mai cewa "Wannan saitin na iya ɗaukar wasu amfani da wasu, amma yana da sauƙi ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙarfi rikodin Alice Coltrane da aka taɓa fitarwa, kuma ɗayan mafi kyawun lokuta a jazz daga farkon 70s. A cikin wata kasida ga The Guardian, Jennifer Lucy Allan ta rubuta: "akwai ƙarfi da motsin rai a cikin waɗannan nau'ikan 'A Love Supreme' da 'Abubuwan da Na Fi So'…' Abubuwan da Na Fi So' suna farawa da daɗi amma sun gangara cikin rudani. rushewa yayin da sashinta ya fashe cikin tashin hankali... 'A Love Supreme'... Swami Satchidananda ce ta ruwaito shi cikin nutsuwa kafin ta saki rashin kunya a kan ma'auni na sa hannu." Chris May na Duk Game da Jazz ya kira kundi "cikakken gogewar astral," kuma yayi sharhi: "Galaxy ta Duniya tana jigilar kaya da guda huɗu waɗanda suka gabace "A Love Supreme" suna sa waƙar da aka lalata ta yi daidai da ma'ana. Chris M. Slawecki na AAJ na Duniya ya kwatanta Duniyar Galaxy a matsayin "girgije mai sauti mai tunani," kuma ya bayyana cewa, a kan "Galaxy" guda uku, "zauren lush" sun kewaye "Gaba na Coltrane, tamboura da garaya, wanda ke yawo a ciki da kuma kewaye da sautin. kamar mala'ika mai fukafi." Ya kira "A Love Supreme" a matsayin "ƙwarewar kida na gaske-ƙwarewar kiɗan addini da ke tattare da tsarkin kalmar 'ƙauna' da yanayi da sunan Allah.". Rubutu don The Quietus, Stewart Smith ya bayyana cewa, a kan "Galaxy" trilogy, "Coltrane yana ɗaukaka kiɗanta zuwa jirgin sama." Ya bayyana "Galaxy Around Olodumare" a matsayin "jazz kyauta ta hanyar Stravinsky da Stockhausen, tare da raw saxophone na Frank Lowe yana kona rami ta hanyar zaren gas," yayin da "Galaxy In Turiya" ke nuna" garaya mai zazzagewa akan kirtani masu ban sha'awa," sannan "Galaxy In Satchidananda," wanda "yana kama da haihuwar sabuwar duniya.". A cikin wata kasida na The Attic, Dragos Rusu ya rubuta: “Wataƙila garaya ɗaya ce daga cikin kayan kida kaɗan da za ku iya kaiwa ga sautin allahntaka da na ruhaniya da su; kuma akwai yalwar garaya, a cikin kowace waƙa... The trilogy of the Galaxies... suna tafiya cikin lokaci da addini, a ƙarshe suna ƙazantar da mai sauraro tare da waƙarsa mai ban dariya, jituwa da ƙauna. Wannan albam ɗin ƙauna ne mai tsafta."
Waƙa da jeri' Duk abubuwan da Alice Coltrane suka yi sai dai inda aka lura. "Abubuwan da Na fi So" (Richard Rodgers, Oscar Hammerstein II) 6:22 "Galaxy Around Olodumare" 4:15 "Galaxy In Turiya" 9:55 "Galaxy In Satchidananda" 10:25 "Ƙauna Mafi Girma" (John Coltrane) 9:58
Ma'aikata Alice Coltrane piano, organ, harp, tanpura, percussion
Frank Lowe saxophone, percussion
Leroy Jenkins solo violin
Reggie Workman bass
Ben Riley drums
Elayne Jones timpani
Swami Satchidananda voice
The String Orchestra David Sackson concertmaster (all other members, strings)
Arthur Aaron
Henry Aaron
Julien Barber
Avron Coleman
Harry Glickman
Edward Green
Janet Hill
LeRoy Jenkins
Joan Kalisch
Ronald Lipscomb
Seymour Miroff
Thomas Nickerson
Alan Shulman
Irving Spice
William Stone
|
20561 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukumar%20Lafiya%20ta%20Duniya | Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya | Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya W.H.O hukuma ce ta musamman ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wacce ke da alhakin kula da lafiyar jama'a na duniya. Cibiyar ta na a birnin Geneva, Switzerland sannan tana da tana da ofisoshin yanki guda shida da sauran ofisoshi guda 150 a sauran kasashe.
An kafa W.H.O mulki a ranar 7 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1948, kuma gudanar da taron ta na farko a ranar 24 ga watan July na wannan shekarar wanda ake tunawa da shi a matsayin Ranar Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya. Ta kunshi kadarori, ma'aikata, da kuma aikinsu na Kungiyar Lafiya ta League of Nations da kuma da ke Paris, ciki har da Kididdigar Cututtuka na Duniya (ICD). Aikinta ya fara da gaske a cikin 1951 biyo bayan sanya kuɗaɗa da albarkatun fasaha da dama.
Babban kudirin WHO shine bunkasa kiwon lafiya da kuma kariya daga cututtuka tare da taimakawa masu rauni a duk fadin duniya. Tana bayar da tallafi na fasaha ga kasashe, tsara daidaicin kiwon lafiya a duk fadin duniya, tattara bayanai akan harkokin kiwon lafiya na duk duniya, kuma suna taka rawa a matsayin dandalin tattaunawa akan akan abubuwan da suka shafi kiwon lafiya. Mujallarta ta musamman, World Health Report tana bayar da bayanai akan abubuwan da suka shafi kiwon lafiya na duniya baki daya.
Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta taka rawa na musamman akan nasarorin kiwon lafiyar jama'a, wanda sukayi fice sun hada da kawo karshen cutar Agana (smallpox),
bayar da shawarwari kan kiwon lafiyar ta duniya, sannan Kuma da sa ido kan matsalolin lafiyar jama'a, dai-daita martanin gaggawa, da inganta lafiyar dan adam. Yana bayar da taimakon fasaha ga ƙasashe, ya kafa ƙa'idodin kiwon lafiya na duniya da jagororin, kuma yana tattara bayanai kan al'amuran kiwon lafiyar duniya ta hanyar binciken Lafiya ta Duniya. Babban littafinsa, Rahoton Kiwon Lafiya na Duniya, yana kuma ba da ƙididdigar ƙwararrun batutuwan kiwon lafiya na duniya da ƙididdigar kiwon lafiya akan dukkan ƙasashe. Har ila yau, Hukumar ta (W.H.O) ta zama dandalin taro da tattaunawa kan al'amuran kiwon lafiya.
Hukumar ta (W.H.O) ta taka rawar gani a nasarorin da aka samu game da kiwon lafiyar jama'a, ta duniya, musamman kawar da cutar sankarau, da cutar shan inna, da samar da allurar rigakafin cutar ta Ebola Abubuwan da ta sa a gaba yanzu sun hada da cututtuka masu yaduwa, musamman HIV AIDS, Ebola, COVID-19, zazzabin cizon sauro da tarin fuka, cututtuka marasa yaduwa irin su cututtukan zuciya da kansar; lafiyayyen abinci, abinci mai gina jiki, da wadatar abinci lafiyar aiki da shan kayan maye A zaman wani ɓangare na kungiyar Ci gaba mai Dorewa, a WHA, wacce ta ƙunshi wakilai daga dukkan ƙasashe mambobi 194, tana matsayin babbar hukumar yanke shawara ta hukumar. Hakanan yana zaɓa da kuma ba da shawara ga kwamitin zartarwa wanda ya ƙunshi ƙwararrun likitoci 34. Kungiyar ta WHA tana yin taro a kowace shekara kuma tana da alhakin zabar babban darakta, da sanya manufofi da kuma fifiko, da kuma amincewa da kasafin kudin hukumar ta WHO da ayyukan ta. Babban darakta janar na yanzu Tedros Adhanom, tsohon ministan lafiya kuma ministan harkokin wajen Habasha, wanda ya fara wa’adinsa na shekaru biyar a ranar 1 ga watan Yulin 2017. WHO na dogaro da gudummawa daga kasashe membobin kungiyar (wadanda aka tantance su da na son rai) da kuma masu bayar da tallafi na masu zaman kansu. Jimlar kasafin kudin da aka amince dashi na 2020-2021 ya haura 7.2 biliyan, wanda yawancinsu ke fitowa daga gudummawar son rai daga mambobin ƙasashe. Ana tantance gudummawar ta hanyar tsari wanda ya hada da GDP na kowane mutum. Daga cikin manyan masu ba da gudummawa akwai Jamus (wacce ta ba da gudummawar 12.18% na kasafin kuɗi), Gidauniyar Bill Melinda Gates (11.65%), da kuma Amurka (7.85%).
Tarihi
Asali Taron Tsaftace wuri don kiwon lafiya na Duniya, wanda aka fara shi a ranar 23 ga Yuni na 1851, sune farkon magabata na (W.H.O). Jerin taruka 14 da suka gudana daga 1851 zuwa 1938, Taron Tsaftace wuri don kiwon lafiya na Duniya yayi aiki don yaƙar cututtuka da yawa, babban cikinsu akwai kwalara, zazzaɓi, da annoba ta bubonic Tarukan ba su da tasiri sosai har zuwa na bakwai, a cikin 1892; lokacin da aka zartar da Yarjejeniyar Tsafta ta Duniya wacce ta magance cutar kwalara.
Shekaru biyar bayan haka, an sanya hannu kan babban taro game da annobar. A wani ɓangare sakamakon nasarorin taron, Ofishin Tsaftace wuri don kiwon lafiya na Bankin Amurka (1902), da (1907) ba da daɗewa ba aka kafa. Lokacin da aka kafa League of Nations a 1920, sun kafa Hukumar Lafiya ta League of Nations. Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, Majalisar dinkin Duniya ta tattara dukkan sauran ƙungiyoyin kiwon lafiya, don kafa (W.H.O).
Kafawa A yayin taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kungiyar kasa da kasa ta 1945, Szeming Sze, wata wakiliya daga Jamhuriyar Sin, ta tattauna da wakilan Norway da na Brazil kan kirkirar kungiyar kiwon lafiya ta kasa da kasa karkashin kulawar sabuwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Bayan kasa samun kudurin da aka zartar kan batun, Alger Hiss, babban sakataren taron, ya ba da shawarar amfani da sanarwa don kafa irin wannan kungiyar. Sze da sauran wakilai sun yi lobbi kuma an gabatar da sanarwa don kiran taron ƙasa da ƙasa kan kiwon lafiya. Amfani da kalmar "duniya", maimakon "na duniya", ya jaddada ainihin yanayin duniya na abin da ƙungiyar ke neman cimmawa. Tsarin mulki na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta rattaba hannu ga dukkan kasashe 51 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, da wasu kasashe 10, a ranar 22 ga Yulin 1946. Ta haka ne ta zama hukuma ta musamman ta musamman ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wacce kowane memba ya yi rajista da ita. Tsarin mulkinta ya fara aiki bisa ƙa'ida a ranar farko ta Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya a ranar 7 ga Afrilu 1948, lokacin da ƙasa memba na 26 ta amince da shi.
Taron farko na Majalisar Lafiya ta Duniya ya gama a ranar 24 ga Yuli 1948, bayan da ya sami kasafin (sannan GB£1,250,000 na shekara 1949. Andrija Štampar shi ne shugaban Majalisar na farko, kuma G. Brock Chisholm an nada shi darekta-janar na WHO, bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin babban sakatare a lokacin shirin. Abubuwan da ta sa a gaba sun hada da kula da yaduwar zazzabin cizon sauro, tarin fuka da cututtukan da ake yadawa ta hanyar jima'i, da inganta kiwon lafiyar mata da kananan yara, abinci mai gina jiki da tsaftar muhalli.Dokar ta ta farko da ta shafi doka ita ce game da tattara ƙididdigar ƙididdiga kan yaduwa da cutar cuta. Alamar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta nuna sandar Asclepius a matsayin alama ta warkarwa.
Ayyuka
IAEA Yarjejeniyar WHA 12-40 A cikin 1959, WHO ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar WHA 12-40 tare da Hukumar Makamashin Nukiliya ta Duniya (IAEA), wacce ke cewa:
Yanayin wannan bayanin ya sa wasu kungiyoyi da masu fafutuka ciki har da Mata a Turai don Makoma daya sun yi ikirarin cewa WHO ta takaita ne a cikin ikon ta na binciken illolin da ke tattare da lafiyar bil'adama na radiation da amfani da karfin nukiliya da ci gaba da bala'in nukiliya a Chernobyl da Fukushima Sun yi imani cewa dole ne WHO ta sake dawo da abin da suke gani a matsayin 'yanci.WHO mai zaman kanta ta gudanar da taron mako mako daga 2007 zuwa 2017 a gaban hedkwatar WHO. Koyaya, kamar yadda Foreman ya nuna a cikin sakin layi na 2 ya ce:
An nuna rubutu mai mahimmanci a sarari, yarjejeniyar a sakin layi na 2 ta bayyana cewa WHO na da 'yanci yin kowane aiki da ya shafi kiwon lafiya.
Tarihin aiki na WHO 1948: WHO ta kafa sabis na bayani game da annoba ta hanyar telex, kuma a shekara ta 1950 an fara aikin rigakafin tarin fuka da yawa ta amfani da allurar rigakafin BCG 1955: An ƙaddamar da shirin kawar da zazzabin cizon sauro, kodayake daga baya an canza shi cikin haƙiƙa. 1955 ya ga rahoto na farko game da cutar siga da kirkirar Hukumar Kula da Ciwon Kansa ta Duniya 1958: Viktor Zhdanov, Mataimakin Ministan Lafiya na USSR, ya yi kira ga Majalisar Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya da ta gudanar da wani shiri na duniya don kawar da cutar shan inna, wanda ya haifar da Kuduri WHA11.54.
1966: WHO ta dauke hedkwatarta daga reshen Ariana a Fadar Kasashen Duniya zuwa wani sabon HQ da aka gina a wani wuri a Geneva.
1967: WHO ta ƙarfafa kamfen kawar da cutar shan inna ta duniya ta hanyar ba da gudummawar 2.4 miliyan a kowace shekara don ƙoƙari da kuma amfani da sabuwar hanyar sa ido game da cututtuka,a daidai lokacin da mutane miliyan 2 ke mutuwa daga cutar shan inna a shekara. Matsalar farko da ƙungiyar WHO ta fuskanta ita ce rashin isasshen rahoto game da ƙananan cututtukan. WHO ta kafa cibiyar sadarwa na masu ba da shawara wadanda suka taimaka wa kasashe wajen kafa ayyukan sa ido da tsare abubuwa. WHO din kuma ta taimaka wajen dakile barkewar cutar Turai ta karshe a cikin Yugoslavia a shekarar 1972 Bayan sama da shekaru 20 na yaki da cutar shan inna, WHO ta bayyana a 1979 cewa an kawar da cutar cuta ta farko a tarihi da kokarin dan adam ya kawar da ita.
1967: WHO ta ƙaddamar da Shirin na Musamman don Bincike da Horarwa a cikin Cututtukan Tropical kuma Majalisar Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya ta jefa ƙuri'a don zartar da ƙuduri kan Rigakafin Rashin Lafiya da Sake Gyarawa, tare da mai da hankali kan kulawar da ke cikin al'umma.
1974: An fara fadada shirin kan rigakafi da kuma kula da cutar kanjamau, muhimmiyar kawance tsakanin Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Gona (FAO), Shirin Raya Kasa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP), da Bankin Duniya 1977: An tsara jerin farko na magunguna masu mahimmanci, kuma shekara guda bayan haka aka ayyana babban burin "Lafiya Ga Kowa".
1986: WHO ta fara shirinta na duniya game da cutar kanjamau Shekaru biyu bayan haka aka hana nuna banbanci ga masu fama kuma a 1996 aka kafa UNAIDS.
1988: An kafa shirin Kawar da Cutar Polio a Duniya 1998: Darakta-Janar na WHO ya bayyana nasarorin da aka samu a rayuwar yara, rage mace-macen jarirai, karuwar rai da raguwar "annoba" kamar kananan yara da cutar shan inna a bikin cika shekaru hamsin da kafuwar WHO. Ya, duk da haka, ya yarda da cewa lallai ne a yi wasu abubuwa don taimakawa lafiyar uwaye kuma ci gaban da ake samu a wannan yanki ya yi tafiyar hawainiya.
2000: An kirkiro Kawancen Dakatar da cutar tarin fuka tare da shirin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Bunkasar Millennium 2001: An kirkiro shirin kyanda, kuma an yaba shi da rage mace-macen duniya daga cutar da kashi 68% cikin 2007.
2002: An kirkiro Asusun Duniya don Yaki da cutar kanjamau, tarin fuka da zazzabin cizon sauro don inganta albarkatun da ke akwai.
2006: Theungiyar ta amince da kayan aikin HIV AIDS na farko na duniya don Zimbabwe, wanda ya kafa tushe don rigakafin duniya, magani, da tallafawa shirin yaƙi da cutar AIDS |
60054 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafarnuwa%20miya | Tafarnuwa miya | Tafarnuwa miya miya ce da aka shirya ta amfani da tafarnuwa a matsayin sinadari na farko. Yawanci miya ce mai ɗanɗano, tare da zurfin ɗanɗanon tafarnuwa da aka ƙayyade ta adadin tafarnuwar da aka yi amfani da ita. Galibi ana niƙasa ko kuma a yanka tafarnuwa. Sauƙaƙan miya na tafarnuwa yana kunshe da tafarnuwa da wani sashi don dakatar da kwan fitila ta hanyar emulsion, irin su mai, man shanu ko mayonnaise. Za a iya amfani da ƙarin abubuwa daban-daban don shirya miya.
Ana iya amfani da miya na tafarnuwa don ƙara ɗanɗano ga abinci da jita-jita da yawa, kamar nama, kifi, abincin teku, naman naman naman naman, sara, kaza, qwai da kayan lambu. Ana kuma amfani dashi azaman kayan yaji Nau'ukan
Agliata Agliata wani miya ne mai ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano da ƙwanƙwasa tafarnuwa da kayan abinci a cikin abincin Italiyanci da ake amfani da shi don ɗanɗano da kuma raka gasasshen nama ko dafaffen nama, kifi da kayan lambu. An fara shaida shi a tsohuwar Roma, kuma ya kasance wani ɓangare na abinci na Liguria Porrata irin wannan miya ce da aka shirya da leks a maimakon tafarnuwa.
Aioli Aioli shine miya na Rum wanda aka yi da tafarnuwa da man zaitun a wasu yankuna ana amfani da wasu emulsifiers kamar kwai. Sunayen suna nufin "tafarnuwa da mai" a cikin Catalan da Provencal. Yana da alaƙa da abinci na bakin tekun Bahar Rum na Spain (Valencia, Catalonia, tsibirin Balearic, Murcia da gabashin Andalusia), Faransa (Provence) da Italiya (Liguria).
Filfil chuma Filfil chuma shine girke-girke na Arewacin Afirka daga Yahudawan Libya wanda aka yi da barkono mai dadi da zafi, tulin tafarnuwa, caraway, da cumin. Ana amfani da shi azaman tsoma miya kamar a cikin abincin Habasha, azaman marinade don nama, ko azaman kayan yaji don abubuwa kamar stew da miya.
Honey tafarnuwa miya Tushen tafarnuwa na zuma miya ce mai daɗi da tsami mai ɗanɗano kamar gauraya tsakanin zuma da tafarnuwa, sananne a ƙasar Kanada. Tafarnuwa zuma na ɗaya daga cikin miya da yawa da ake sakawa a kan fukafukan kaza, hakarkarin hakarkari da sauran abinci kamar nama.
Mojo A cikin abincin Cuban, mojo ya shafi kowane miya da aka yi da tafarnuwa, man zaitun ko man alade, da ruwan 'ya'yan itace citrus, ruwan lemu mai ɗaci a al'ada. Ana amfani da ita don ɗanɗano tuber rogo kuma ana amfani da ita don sarrafa gasasshen naman alade. Ba tare da oregano ba, yawanci ana kiran miya 'mojito' kuma ana amfani da ita don tsoma guntun plantain da soyayyen rogo (yuca). Don ƙirƙirar marinade don naman alade, sinadaran sune ruwan 'ya'yan itace orange, tafarnuwa, oregano, cumin, da gishiri. Ana kuma amfani da tafarnuwa a matsayin sinadari a sauran shirye-shiryen mojo a cikin abinci daban-daban.
Mujdei Mujdei miya ce mai yaji a cikin abincin Romanian da aka yi da tafarnuwa da aka niƙa a niƙa kuma a niƙa a cikin manna, gishiri da gauraye da ruwa da man kayan lambu. Ana amfani da man sunflower kusan koyaushe. Ana iya ƙara kirim mai tsami kuma.
Skordalia Skordalia ne mai kauri puree (ko miya, tsoma, yada, da dai sauransu) a cikin abincin Girkanci da aka yi ta hanyar hada tafarnuwa da aka daka da shi tare da babban tushe-wanda zai iya zama purée na dankali, walnuts, almonds, ko gurasar da aka yi da ruwa-sa'an nan kuma. bugun man zaitun don yin emulsion mai santsi. Ana yawan ƙara vinegar.
Taleya Ta'leya ita ce miya ta tafarnuwa a cikin abincin Masar wanda ake soya tafarnuwa da Ghee sannan a zuba coriander da chilli. Ana amfani dashi azaman sinadari don ƙara dandano ga bamia da koshary Taurari Tarator, wanda aka yi da tahini, ruwan 'ya'yan lemun tsami da tafarnuwa, shine miya mai tsami mai tsami a cikin abincin Larabawa na Tekun Farisa da abincin Faransanci wanda ya riga ya rigaya zuwa aioli. Da farko manoma ne suka shirya shi a babban yankin Siriya Daga baya Phoeniciyawa ne suka kawo shi tsibirin Iberian, sannan kuma Larabawa suka kawo shi yankin Iberian Daga can, an kawo miya zuwa Kudancin Faransa. An bayyana Taratoor a matsayin "wani muhimmin bangare na abinci na kasashen Gulf na Larabawa".
Tumatir Tafarnuwa miya Ana shirya miya Tumatir da Tafarnuwa ta hanyar amfani da tumatur a matsayin babban sinadari, kuma ana amfani da shi a cikin abinci da jita-jita daban-daban. A cikin abincin Italiyanci, alla pizzaiola yana nufin tumatir da tafarnuwa miya, wanda ake amfani dashi akan pizza, taliya da nama.
Toum Toum shine miya mai kauri mai kauri ga Levant Ya ƙunshi dakakken tafarnuwa, gishiri, man zaitun ko man kayan lambu, da ruwan lemun tsami, a al'adance tare ta hanyar amfani da turmi na katako.
Abincin Tafarnuwa Chili Mai Dadi Anyi a ko'ina a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, wannan yana amfani da ja barkono, tafarnuwa, vinegar, sugar syrup a matsayin babban sinadaran, yawanci hade da kauri kamar masara.
Tzatsiki miya ta samo asali ne daga kasar Girka wanda aka yi da tafarnuwa nikakken, dakakken cucumbers da yoghurt. Popular musamman a cikin Balkans. A Bulgaria ana kiranta ma'ana busasshen tarator, wanda ba komai bane kamar taratar larabci.
Yogurt Za a iya yin miya mai sauƙi na tafarnuwa mai sauƙi ta ƙara dakakken tafarnuwa ko nikakken tafarnuwa zuwa yoghurt mai laushi, mayonnaise ko kirim mai tsami Ana iya amfani da ruwan lemun tsami, gishiri, barkono da ganye irin su dill don ba da ƙarin dandano.
Gallery
Duba kuma Man tafarnuwa
Jerin kayan abinci
Jerin miya
Bayanan kula
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
18422 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenjin | Fenjin | Fenjin tsuntsayen teku ne a cikin dangin tsuntsaye rukunin Spheniscidae Suna amfani da fikafikan su don yin tafiya a ƙarƙashin ruwa, amma ba za su iya tafiya cikin iska ba wato tashi sama. Suna cin kifi da sauran abincin teku Penguins suna yin ƙwai kuma suna kiwon 'ya'yansu a ƙasa.
Fenjin suna zaune ne kawai a Kudancin Kasan duniya: Antarctica, New Zealand, Australia, Afirka ta Kudu da Kudancin Amurka Yankin arewa mafi nisa da suka samu shine tsibirin Galapagos, inda sanyin Humboldt Current ke gudana a da.
Bayanin jiki Duk Fenjin suna da farin ciki da duhu, galibi baƙi, baya. Wannan nau'ikan sake kamanni ne don kiyaye su lokacin da suke iyo, saboda hakan yana sa su haɗu da asalin su. Launi fari da baƙi suna yin tasirin da ake kira countershading Lokacin da mai farauta yana kallon ƙasa ya ga farin ciki da fikafikan penguin na ninkaya, ba za su iya ganin penguin din da kyau ba saboda hasken yana zuwa daga sama. Koyaya, idan aka gani daga sama, baƙar fatar penguin yana haɗuwa da ruwan duhu a ƙasa, saboda haka suna da wahalar gani.
Manyan penguins na iya tsayawa kusan kafa 4 (110 cm) kuma yana iya ɗaukar kusan fam 100 (40 kg). Mafi ƙarancin nau'in ƙafa ɗaya ne kawai (32 cm) tsayi.
Penguins da farin ciki Layer na leɓe mai kumbura cewa yana taimaka musu wajen ci gaba da dumi, da kuma su gashinsa suna sosai tam cushe yin wani murfin. Har ila yau, suna da fuka-fukai na gashin ulu, a karkashin gashin gashin da ke waje wanda aka sanya shi da wani irin mai wanda yake sa su hana ruwa.
Penguins suna da ƙafafu masu faɗin taki waɗanda sukan yii
i amfani da su a cikin ruwa. Ba za su iya tafiya da kyau ba, saboda haka suna ci gaba. Penguins ba za su iya tashi ba, amma suna iya iyo sosai. Fukafukan su sun zama masu kauri da ƙananan flippers na ninkaya. Suna da kyau ji kuma suna iya gani a karkashin ruwa Rayuwa Yawancin fenjin suna yin ƙwai biyu a kowace shekara amma fenjin na sarki suna sa ɗaya ne kawai. Bayan Fenjin ɗin sun haɗu, uwar za ta sa ƙwai ko ƙwai kuma ba da daɗewa ba ta shiga cikin teku don cin abinci. Uba da uwa suna juyawa suna kula da ƙwan, kuma kajin suna da dumi bayan ƙyanƙyashe. Iyayen da ke kan aikin jariri ba su da abin da za su ci. Iyayen penguins suna kira don neman juna tsakanin dubban tsuntsaye lokacin da suka dawo daga filin ciyarwar. Lokacin da mahaifi daya ke kadai tare da qwai ko kajin da yunwa na iya kasancewa makonni ko watanni ya danganta da irin nau'in penguin da suke. Idan mahaifi daya bai dawo ba, dayan dole ne ya watsar da kwan ya je ya ci.
Fenjin suna cin kifi, da sauran ƙananan dabbobi daga cikin teku, wanda suke kamawa. Suna gida a cikin teku. Suna zuwa kan ƙasa ko kankara don yin ƙwai kuma su kiwon kaji. Ba sa cin abinci a wurin saboda suna zaune a wuraren da ƙasar ba ta da abinci. A yawancin jinsunan tsuntsayen duk suna gida tare a cikin wani babban rukuni, wanda ake kira rookery Galibi suna yin gida gida da duwatsu ko laka.
Fenjin ba za su iya dandana kifi ba. An gano wannan lokacin da ƙungiyar bincike ta lura cewa sun ɓace wasu mahimman ƙwayoyin halitta don ɗanɗano. Bincike mafi kyau akan DNA na penguins ya nuna cewa duk nau'ikan basu da kwayoyin halitta masu aiki ga masu karban na zaki, umami, da dandano mai daci. Ba ruwan su, saboda sun haɗiye kifin baki ɗaya.
Ire Iren Su Akwai 15-20 nau'in jinsin (nau'in) na penguins. Frenguin da aka zana fari-fata a yau ana ɗaukar saɓo na ƙananan penguin. Har yanzu ba a fayyace ba idan penguin na masarauta wani yanki ne na macaroni penguin Masana kimiyya suma basu da tabbas kan ko penguins din dabbare daya ne, biyu, ko uku.
Jerin rarrabuwar Fenjin Abun ciki
King penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus Sarkin penguuin Aptenodytes forsteri Pygoscoscelis
Adélie penguuin Pygoscelis adeliae Chinstrap penguin Pygoscelis Antarctica Gentoo penguin Pygoscelis papua Eudyptes guguwar penguins Rockhopper penguin Yarinyan chrysocome Fiordland penguin Eudyptes pachyrhynchus Tarkon penguin Eudyptes robustus Royal penguin Eudyptes schlegeli Kwancen penguin da ya dace da tsaka-tsakin Eudyptes sclateri Macaroni penguin Eudyptes chrysolophus Megadyptes
Penguin mai ruwan ido mai launin rawaya Magadyptes antipodes Cikakken
Little penguin Eudyptula karami Frenguin mai farin haske Eudyptula qananan albosignata Penguin na Afirka Spheniscus demersus Penguin Magellanic Spheniscus magellanicus Humboldt penguin Spheniscus humboldti Galápagos penguin Spheniscus mendiculus Hotuna
Manazarta
Sauran yanar gizo Penguin a Citizendium
Tsuntsu
Halitta
Pages with unreviewed translations
Dabbobin |
60985 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/GJ%20Afolabi%20Ojo | GJ Afolabi Ojo | Farfesa Gabriel Jimoh Afolabi Ojo (1929-2020) malamin Najeriya ne kuma jagora a Cocin Katolika An haife shi a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 1929, a Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria, kuma ya yi tafiya mai ban sha'awa a fannin ilimi da hidima ga al'ummarsa da mai imani.
Farkon Rayuwa da Ilimi Ya fara karatunsa ne a makarantar Katolika ta St. George da ke Ado-Ekiti, inda ya yi makarantar firamare daga 1936 zuwa 1942. Daga baya, ya halarci Kwalejin Horas da Jama’a ta St. John Bosco da ke Ubiaja (1944-1945) kuma ya samu shaidar kammala karatunsa na Senior Cambridge a watan Disamba 1948. Da yake nuna himmarsa ga koyo, ya sami takardar shedar firamare ta Malamai a shekarar 1950 da kuma Matriculation na Landan a watan Yuni 1951.
A shekarar 1953, Prof. Ojo ya tafi Jami'ar Kasa ta Ireland don ƙarin karatu. A can, ya sami wani abu mai ban mamaki ta hanyar kammala karatunsa da manyan maki (First Class Honours) a 1956, ya zama dan Afirka na farko da ya yi haka a fannin Geography da Economics daga makarantarsa. Tafiya ta ilimi ta ci gaba, kuma ya sami digiri na Master of Arts tare da mafi girma a cikin 1957. Daga baya, ya sami Ph.D. daga wannan makaranta a 1963.
Sana'a Prof. Ojo ya fara aikin koyarwa a shekarar 1946 a Ado-Ekiti. Daga nan ya zama malami a kwalejin St. Joseph da ke jihar Ondo sannan ya zama mataimakin shugaban makarantar. A watan Oktoba na shekarar 1959, ya zama malami a Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Najeriya da ke Enugu, kuma ya zama Shugaban Sashen da sauri a 1960-1961. Ya kuma kasance daya daga cikin membobin farko na Jami'ar Ife, inda ya zama Shugaban riko na Sashen Geography a 1962. Ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 1970, ya zama Farfesa na Geography. Prof. Ojo ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban tsangayar ilimin zamantakewa a 1972 sannan kuma ya zama shugaban tsangayar gudanarwa daga 1976 zuwa 1977. Bayan aikin da ya yi a fannin ilimi, Farfesa Ojo ya taka rawar gani wajen samar da damar koyo daga nesa a Najeriya. Ya jagoranci kwamitin tsare-tsare na Budaddiyar Jami’ar Nijeriya a shekarar 1980-1981, sannan ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban Jami’ar Budaddiyar Jami’ar Nijeriya na farko daga 1981 zuwa 1984. Baya ga rayuwarsa ta ilimi, Prof. Ojo ya kasance memba na cocin Katolika, inda ya rike mukamai daban-daban. Ya kasance sakataren kungiyar Katolika ta kasa (CLCN) na kasa daga 1973 zuwa 1981 sannan ya zama shugaban majalisar Laity na kasa daga 1986 zuwa 1994. An gane sadaukarwarsa ga Cocin Katolika lokacin da ya karɓi Papal Knighthood na Knight na St. Gregory Mai Girma a 1975.
Littattafai Ga jerin littattafan da Farfesa Gabriel Jimoh Afolabi Ojo ya rubuta:
Yoruba Palaces: Ilimi kan ƙasar Yarbawa Jami'ar London Press, 1966.
Yoruba Culture: Binciken Kasa University of London Press, 1966.
Wallafar haɗin gwiwa "Geography for Us" Littafi na ɗaya da na biyu, 1967.
Objective Questions and Answers in School Certificate and General Certificate of Education; Ordinary Level Geography" Parts I and II, 1968, 1969.
Our Home Land 1969."Abubuwan Geography na Jiki da na Dan Adam" Littafi na Uku, Huɗu, da na Biyar, 1971.
North America and Monsoon Asia 1973.
Europe and Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 1974.
West Africa A cikin jerin Littattafan Bayanan kula taswira W.M. Collins Sons and Company Ltd, Glasgow, Ed., 1972.
Ed., The Church And The State in Education, 1981.
Co-editor, The History of The Catholic Church in Nigeria, 1982.
Co-ed., Ten Years of The National Laity Council of Nigeria: The Role of The Layperson in the Church In Nigeria," 1986.
Co-ed., Activities of the Laity at the Parish Level, 1986.
Co-editor, The Soul of The Nation," 1986.
Co-editor, The Laity And The New Era of Evangelisation, 1987.
Co-ed., The Spirituality Of Laypersons, 1990.
Kyauta da karramawa Prof. An kuma san Ojo a fannin ilimi da ƙwararru. An nada shi ɗan ƙungiyar Geographical Association of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) kuma ya sami lambar girmamawa a matsayin mai hawan dutse a Jihar West Virginia, Amurka. A shekara ta 2004, an karrama shi da mukamin kwamandan rundunar ‘yan sandan Nijar (CON) saboda hazakar da ya yi wa Nijeriya da bil’adama.
Rayuwa ta sirri A cikin rayuwarsa, Farfesa Gabriel Jimoh Afolabi Ojo ya auri Florence Bukunola Ojo (nee Adeyanju), kuma sun haifi 'ya'ya maza uku da mata uku. Gudunmawarsa ga ilimi, Cocin Katolika, da al'ummarsa sun bar tasiri mai dorewa. Rasuwar sa a ranar 30 ga Agusta, 2020, ta nuna ƙarshen rayuwa mai ban mamaki da tasiri.
Nassoshi Yarbawa
Marubutan |
25592 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakunan%20Gargajiya%20na%20Najeriya | Sarakunan Gargajiya na Najeriya | Sarakunan gargajiya na Najeriya galibi sun samo asalin muƙamansu ne tun daga masarautu masu zaman kansu ko kuma al'ummomi da suka wanzu kafin samar da Najeriya kasaramu ta yau. Duk da cewa waɗannan sarakunan basu da cikakke iko a yanzu, amma duk da haka mutanensu na girmama su kuma suna da tasiri sosai acikin al'umma. Duk da cewa masu waɗannan matsayi suna gudanar da harkokin su na sarauta acikin salo irin na iyayen su da kakannisu, ɗaukakin hulɗoɗinsu da dangantakarsu da gwamnatocin yankunan su da na yankunan Najeriya baki ɗaya na da alaƙa da irin matsayin manyan Mutanen Nahiyar Turai fiye da kuma irin na sarakunan asali.
Tarihi
Kafin zuwan Turawa Najeriya ta yau ta ƙunshi ƙasashe waɗanda kabilu da al'adu daban-daban na gargajiya suka mamaye tare da harsunan su da kuma al'adunsu. A taƙaice dai, Inyamurai (Igbo) ne suka mamaye yankunan kudu maso gabashin ƙasar, yankin Neja Delta kuwa ta Ƙabilar Edo ce da sauran masu alaƙa da Inyamuranci, kudu maso yamma kuwa ta Yarabawa (Yoruna) ce da mutanen da ke da alaka sannan yankunan arewa mallakin Hausa da Fulani ne, tare da ƙungiyoyin kabilu daban-daban a cakuɗe a Tsakiyar ƙasar a tsakanin arewa da kudancin ƙasar. Gaba ɗaya akwai ƙabilu fiye da guda 200 a Najeriya. Kafin zuwan Turawan Ingila a ƙarshen karni na 19, tarihin yankin ya kasance mai cike da rudani, tare da lokutan da masarautu irin su Oyo, Benin, Kanem-Bornu da kuma Sokoto suka sami iko akan manyan yankuna, da sauran lokutan da jihohin suka kasance mafi rarrabuwa. Duk da cewa tsarin mulki ya sha bamban a tsakanin ƙabilu daban -daban, ya zama abu na gama gari ga kowane gari ko tarin garuruwa da su tsayar da shugaba guda ɗaya don ya jagorance su, wanda shima ta iya yiwuwa yana mulki ne a ƙarƙashin wani babban sarki. Don haka aka raba khalifancin Sakkwato zuwa masarautu, inda sarakuna ke zama masu biyayya ga Sarkin Musulmi, duk da cewa a wasu lokutan suna yin sarauta da ikonsu.
Zamanin mulkin mallaka Turawa sun dade suna kasuwanci da jihohin da ke gabar teku, musamman suna musayar auduga da sauran kayayyakin da aka sarrafa don bayi da kayayyakin dabino a cibiyoyi irin su Calabar, Bonny da Lagos An kafa Tsaron Tekun Neja a shekara 1891 sannan akwai wani ƙaramin yanki a bakin tekun. A tsakanin shekarun 1879–1900 Kamfanin Royal Niger ya yi wani yunƙuri na ƙwace ikon cikin gida, ta amfani da horo na sojoji masu ɗauke da bindigar Maxim, da yin yarjejeniyoyin “kariya” tare da sarakunan yankin. An sayar da yankin kamfanin ga gwamnatin Burtaniya a shekarar 1900, inda yankin kudancin ya hade da yankin Niger Coast Protectorate don zama Kudancin Najeriya Mai Tsaro da Tsaron Arewacin Najeriya da ya rage. A shekara ta 1914 an hade biyun zuwa cikin Turawan Mulkin Mallaka da Najeriya, tare da iyakokinsu daidai da na Najeriya ta zamani. Babban Kwamishinan Burtaniya na Arewacin Najeriya, Lord Frederick Lugard, ya yi ƙoƙarin yin sarauta ta hannun sarakunan gargajiya, kuma daga baya aka fadada wannan hanyar zuwa kudu. Wanda ya maye gurbin Lugard Hugh Clifford ya bar wannan tsarin a arewa, inda tsarin masarautar yake da al'adun gargajiya, amma ya gabatar da majalisar dokoki tare da wasu zababbun membobi a kudanci, yana mai da sarakunan gargajiya zuwa manyan ayyuka na alama. Bayan lokaci, dangantaka tsakanin gwamnatin mulkin mallaka da sarakunan gargajiya ta bunƙasa. Misali, 'yan kabilar Tiv, a lokacin ƙabila ta huɗu mafi girma a ƙasar, koyaushe sun kasance masu rarrabuwar kawuna saboda haka ba su da babban mai mulki. Najeriya mai zaman kanta Tare da samun 'yancin kai a shekara ta alif 1960, sai kuma sauye -sauyen gwamnatocin dimokuradiyya da na soji, matsayin sarakunan gargajiya ya ci gaba. A arewa, daga baya sarakunan sun rasa madafun iko ga gwamnatin gwamnati, duk da cewa ana yawan gudanar da ayyukan ta manyan mutane. Inda a baya masu mulki suka sami mukami sosai ta hanyar gado ko ta hanyar nadin majalisar dattawa, yanzu gwamnati na ƙara shiga cikin maye. Don haka, a watan Mayun 1994, mulkin soja Janar Sani Abacha ya sauke Awwal Ibrahim, Sarkin Suleja, duk da cewa daga baya aka dawo da shi aiki a watan Janairun 2000.
A wasu lokuta, gwamnati ta haɗu ko ta raba yankunan gargajiya. Misali, akwai sarakuna biyu na mutanen Efik a yankin da ke kusa da Calabar, amma a watan Disambar shekara ta alif 1970 an amince a haɗa ofishin zuwa guda ɗaya wanda wani mai sarauta da ake kira Obong zai riƙe. Lokacin da aka kirkiri jihar Yobe masarautu guda hudu ne kacal, amma a watan Janairun shekara ta 2000 gwamnan jihar Bukar Abba Ibrahim ya sake fasalin jihar zuwa 13. Gwamnati ta ci gaba da rabe -raben mulkin mallaka. Kamar wancan lokacin Jihar Kwara gwamnan Bukola Saraki nada uku sabon wadanada a watan Agustan shekara ta 2010, sabon Sarkin Kaiama aka kaddamarda wani farko aji basaraken yayin da Onigosun na Igosun da Alaran na Aran-Orin aka kaddamarda uku aji wadanada. Sarakunan gargajiya a yau har yanzu ana girmama su sosai a cikin al'ummomi da yawa, kuma suna da tasirin siyasa da tattalin arziƙi.
Kodayake ba su da wani matsayi a cikin tsarin dimokiraɗiyya, akwai gasa mai ƙarfi don kujerun sarauta a tsakanin madaidaitan sarakunan da suka cancanta. Sarakuna kuma za su iya ba da laƙabin gargajiya ko na girmamawa a cikin tsarin sarautun Najeriya Wadannan lakabi zo da ex officio matsayi a cikin "gwamnatocin", kuma ma yan kasuwa da 'yan siyasa sau da yawa sun sanya girma darajar a nemowa irin wannan lakabi. Masu mulki suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yin sulhu tsakanin mutane da jihar, haɓaka asalin ƙasa, warware ƙananan rikice-rikice da samar da isasshen tsaro na ma'aikata don galibi rashin isassun ofisoshin gwamnati. Dalili ɗaya na tasirin su na iya kasancewa mutanen ƙabilu da yawa ba su da iyawar sadarwa a cikin harshen Ingilishi na hukuma, don haka basaraken gargajiya ya zama mai fassara da mai magana da yawun. Ya zuwa watan Yuni na shekara ta alif 2010, jihar Akwa Ibom tana da sarakunan gargajiya guda 116 tare da takaddun shaida daga jihar. Sun karɓi sabbin motoci akan nadin nasu, da sauran fa'idodi. Shugaban Akwa Ibom majalisa na mashãwarta ce cewa a cikin sama, da gargajiya ubanninsu sun kasance alhakin hana sace-sacen mutane a cikin yankuna.
Laƙabi Kasancewar akwai yaruka guda 521 daban -daban na asalin Najeriya, akwai laƙabi da yawa na sarakunan gargajiya.
A arewacin Musulmi jihohi, Emir ne fiye da amfani a cikin harshen Turanci, amma sunayen a cikin gida harsuna hada da Sarki, Shehu, Mai, Etsu da Lamido.
A yankin tsakiyar Najeriya, ana rike mukamai daban -daban. Misali shine Aku Uka na masarautar Kwararafa, sarkin gargajiya na Jukun, wanda kujerar sa ke Wukari, jihar Taraba Ana amfani da Agwam a tsakanin mutanen Atyap, Kpop tsakanin Ham Agwom tsakanin Adara, Afizere, Bakulu da Gbong Gwom ta Berom a kudancin jihar Kaduna da jihar Filato Tiv da Oche na Idoma na jihar Benue suna amfani da Tor. Long da kuma Ngolong ana amfani da Goemai da Ngas, bi da bi, da kuma Ponzhi aka yi amfani da Tarok, duk a Jihar Filato.
Ohinoyi da Ohimegye aka yi amfani da Ebira a Kogi da kuma Nasarawa Amirka. Koro Wachi ne ke amfani da ere; Aren Shin ta Eggon, Etum da Tum ana amfani da su ta Numana, Ninzam, Nikyob-Nindem; Chun da Chu ta Mada da Kuma yaren Buh Wamba da na duk kudancin Kaduna da jihohin Nasarawa da Oriye Rindre inji mawallafi Tarihi Danladi Makpa Jibrin.Attah ko Onu ana amfani da Igala na jihar Kogi kuma Nupe na Kogi, Niger, Kwara da Abuja da Dibo, Kakanda, BassaNge da Gbagyi ke amfani da Etsu a tsakiyar bel na ƙasar.
Oba shine babban masarautar Benin a jihar Edo Enogie (jam'in enigie) da Okao (jam'i ikao) an danganta su ga sarakunansa da mataimakansa a masarautar Benin, yayin da Odionwere ya danganta ga gwamnoninsa ko manyan dattawa. A aikace, ba a shigar da enigie a cikin al'ummomi tare da ikao, saboda duka sarakunan gargajiya ne da wakilan Oba, waɗanda ake tuhuma da gudanar da ayyukan al'ummomin su.
Onojie aka yi amfani da Esan al'umma da su koma zuwa ga daban-daban shugabanni a Jihar Edo, yayin da Afamai mutane amfani da Otaru da Okwokpellagbe. Ana kuma amfani da wasu laƙabi.
Daga cikin Urhobos da Isokos na jihar Delta, babban taken da ake amfani da shi shine Ovie. Wasu dangi suna amfani da laƙabi masu alaƙa duk da haka, kamar Orodje, Orosuen, Ohworode, Odion-Ologbo, da Odio r'Ode.
Hakanan mutanen Efik, Ibibio da Annang na Jihohin Cross River da Akwa Ibom suna amfani da Obong.
Haka kuma Yarbawa suna amfani da Oba wajen ambaton sarakunansu daban -daban, duk da cewa wasu laƙabi irin su Ooni, Alake, Alaafin, Awujale, Olomu, Akarigbo, Orangun, Olu'wo, Eleko, Olumushin da Eburu su ma ana amfani da su, musamman ga mutane da/ko wurin sarauta.
Gallery
Duba kuma Tarihin Najeriya
Jerin jihohin gargajiya na Najeriya
Masarautar Najeriya
Jaridar Najeriya
Royal regalia a Najeriya
Manazarta Siyasar Najeriya
Ƙabilun Nijar
Mutanan Najeriya
Pages with unreviewed |