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31924 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamu%20Bello | Adamu Bello | Adamu Bello (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta alif ɗari tara da hamsin da daya 1951A.c) dan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda ya kasance ministan noma da raya Karkara na gwamnatin tarayya daga shekarar 2001 zuwa 2007. Ya kuma jagoranci hadaddiyar ma'aikatar noma da albarkatun ruwa a shekara ta 2007.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Bello a shekarar 1951 a garin Numan dake jihar Adamawa a Arewacin Najeriya, da ne ga mai shari'a Mohammed Bello. Ya kasance dan gata a kuruciya tare da cikakken ilimi. Mai shari’a Bello ya rasu a shekarar 1956 ya bar Adamu a hannun babban yayansa mai shari’a Aminu Bello.
Bello ya kammala digirinsa na farko a fannin tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello da ke jihar Kaduna a karamar hukumar Zaria a shekarar 1975. kuma ya kammala digirinsa na Kasuwanci (MBA) a Jami'ar Pittsburgh a shekarar 1982.Ya halarci Makarantar Kasuwancin Harvard na mako shida na Advanced Management Programme a cikin shekarar 1990.
Aikin bankinsa da yayi Bello ya fara aikin banki ne a shekarar 1976 a matsayin babban mai kula da harkokin zuba jari a kamfanin New Nigerian Development Company (NNDC). Tsakanin shekarar 1976 zuwa 1981, ya tashi ya zama Janar Manaja na "New-Devco Finance", reshen (NNDC). A shekara ta alif 1983 Bello ya koma Habib Bank a matsayin mataimakin Manajan Darakta, daga nan kuma ya kuma zama manajan Darakta, sannan ya zama babban darakta a shekarar 1988, ya ci gaba da rike mukamin har zuwa shekara ta alif 1994. Bayan ya bar bankin ya zama mai ba da shawara kan harkokin kudi, mai gina gidaje, kuma mai hannun jari a fannoni da dama har zuwa lokacin da aka zabe shi a matsayin shugaban hukumar gudanarwar "bankin Intercity" a shekarar 1998, sannan ya zama shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa. na "Habib Nigeria Bank" a shekarar 1999, inda a baya ya taba zama babban jami’in gudanarwa.
Ministan Noma da Raya Karkara A watan Janairun shekarar 2001, Shugaba, Olusegun Obasanjo, ya zabi Bello a matsayin Ministan Noma da Raya Karkara na Nijeriya, kuma ya fara aiki a watan Fabrairun Shekarar 2001. Shugaba Obasanjo ya sake nada Bello ne bayan an sake zabensa a shekara ta 2003.
Bello a matsayin Minista, Ma’aikatar Noma da Raya Karkara ta inganta hanyoyin sadarwa tun daga yankunan karkara zuwa kasuwannin birane da samar da ruwan sha domin taimakawa noman rani, wani lokacin tare da hadin gwiwar Ma’aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Bello shi ne Ministan Noma na Najeriya da ya fi kowane minista dadewa a mukamin.
Ministan noma da albarkatun ruwa A cikin Janairu shekara ta 2007, an rage adadin ma'aikatun daga 34 zuwa 19. An kuma haɗe ma’aikatar noma da raya karkara ta tarayya da ma’aikatar albarkatun ruwa in da ta koma babbar ma’aikatar a gwamnatin tarayya, inda Bello ya zama ministan noma da albarkatun ruwa tare da kananan ministocinsa kwara biyu.
Rigimar da ta faru yana Minista Watanni hudu bayan da Bello ya hau sabon mukaminsa na minista, ya amince da shigo miliyoyi tan na wake zuwa Najeriya daga Burkina Faso, matakin da ya sha suka sosai a kafafen yada labarai na cikin Nijeriya.
Bello ya sha zargi daga tsohon shugaban kwamitin noma na majalisar dattawan Nijeriya, wato Sanata Bode Olowoporoku in da ya zarge shi da hada baki da wasu kamfanoni na kasashen waje, wajen damfarar kasar nan kudi naira biliyan 3.4 don shigo da takin zamani na noma. Daga zarge-zargen, akwai cewar ya sayo buhun takin Naira 1500 a kasar Ukraine, wadda ita ce kasar da tafi shigowa da taki Nijeriya, amma ana zargin ministan da sayar da takin kan Naira 2800 tare da cewar duk kudin da aka dora na ministan ne. Amma Bello ya shaidawa majalisar ministocin tarayya cewa an samu banbancin rabe-raben ne saboda sufuri da kudaden haraji da aka yi a lokacin jigilar takin daga kasar Ukraine zuwa Najeriya, wanda majalisar ta amince da hujjojinshi. Hukumar yaki da masu yi wa tattalin arzikin kasa zagon kasa ta (EFCC) da kuma hukumar yaki da cin hanci da rashawa (ICPC) ne suka yi watsi da karar ta sanatan akan ministan.
Olowoporoku dai bai hakura ba ya ci gaba da shari’ar da ya ke yi da Bello, har ma ya raka karamin ministan noma, wato Bamidele Dada daga zauren majalisar dattawa a lokacin da ya zo tattaunawa akan lamarin. Bello ya ce, Olowoporoku yana yi ma sa bi ta da kulli ne saboda rashin ba shi kwangilar shigowa da takin da ake magana a kai, wanda kwangilar zai iya ba shi Naira miliyan 200. Sanatan ya musanta cewa ya taba neman kwangila daga ma’aikatar, amma bincike ya tabbatar da cewa Bello ya yi gaskiya anan, kuma majalisar ta sauke Olowoporoku daga mukaminsa na shugaban kwamitin noma tare da cire shi daga dukkan kwamitoci na majalisar dattawa. Daga karshe ma dai an kore shi daga jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party mai mulki. An yi ta yada al’amarin a kafafen yada labarai a Nijeriya.
Lakabi da nade-nade da akayi masa Bello ya samu sarautar “Dan Iyan Adamawa” a shekarar 1989 daga masarautar mahaifarsa ta tsohuwar jihar Gongola wato adamawa a yanzu. A shekarar 2003 kuma, ya sake samun wani mukami na sarauta; wato "Otun Babalakin" a jihar Ekiti.
Bello ya zama fellow Chartered Institute of Nigeria (FCIB) a shekarar 1991. Jami'ar Fasaha ta Ladoke Akintola ta ba shi lambar girmamawa ta Doctorate (Honoris Causa).
An nada Bello a matsayin Commander of the Order of the Federal Republic CFR, a watan Disambar shekarar 2006, wanda shi ne mamba na farko a majalisar ministocin tarayya da aka yi wa ado ta wannan hanya. Ya kuma samu lambobin yabo na shugabanci da dama, kuma kungiyoyin yada labarai da dama a Najeriya sun zabe shi a matsayin gwarzon minista a lokacinsa.
Rayuwarsa Bello ya auri pharmacist Lubabatu Bello, kuma suna da ‘ya’ya shida.
Manazarta Babatunde, Jimoh.
Rayayyun |
31921 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukumar%20Kare%20Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20%C6%8Aan%20Adam%20da%20Jama%27a%20ta%20Afirka | Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam da Jama'a ta Afirka | Hukumar kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam da jama'a ta Afirka ACHPR ƙungiya ce ta shari'a da aka ɗorawa alhakin ingantawa da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da na gamayya (mutane) a duk faɗin nahiyar Afirka tare da fassara Yarjejeniya ta Afirka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a. la'akari da korafe-korafen ɗaiɗaikun mutane na keta dokokin Yarjejeniya. Wannan ya haɗa da binciken take haƙƙin ɗan adam, ƙirƙira da amincewa da shirye-shiryen aiki don ƙarfafa haƙƙin ɗan adam, da kafa hanyar sadarwa mai tasiri a tsakanin su da jihohi don samun bayanan farko kan take haƙƙin ɗan adam. Ko da yake hukumar ACHPR tana ƙarƙashin cibiyar gwamnatin yanki.
Hukumar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da al'ummar Afirka (ACHPR) ta dogara ne kan Yarjejeniya ta Banjul wadda ita ce yankin kare haƙƙin bil'adama na Afirka. Yarjejeniya ta ƙunshi labarai ashirin da tara waɗanda ke yin cikakken bayani kan haƙƙoƙi da ƴancin da ke bin ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idar rashin nuna bambanci. Taimako da jin daɗin tsarin haƙƙin Turawa na yanzu, juyin halitta na ba wa kowa hakkin ɗan adam, shine ya taimaka wajen daidaita tsarin samar da wannan hukumar da sauran kotuna a Afirka. Hukumar ta fara aiki ne a ranar 21 ga Oktoban shekara ta, 1986, na Yarjejeniya Ta Afirka (OAU ta karbe ranar 27 ga Yuni na shekara ta 1981). Ko da yake kuma ikonta ya dogara ne akan yarjejeniyar ta ta, Yarjejeniya ta Afirka, Hukumar ta ba da rahoto ga Majalisar shugabannin ƙasashe da gwamnatocin Tarayyar Afirka (tsohuwar Kungiyar Hadin Kan Afirka Majalisar shugabannin OAU ta 23 ta zabi mambobinta na farko a watan Yunin shekara ta 1987 kuma an kafa hukumar a karon farko a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba na wannan shekarar. A cikin shekaru biyu na farko da aka kafa hukumar ta kasance a sakatariyar OAU da ke birnin Addis Ababa na kasar Habasha, amma a watan Nuwambar shekara ta 1989 ta koma Banjul na kasar Gambia (ACHPR ba ita ce Hukumar Tarayyar Afirka ba, wacce a da ake kiranta da Sakatariyar OAU).
Hukumar na haɗuwa sau biyu a shekara, yawanci a watan Maris ko Afrilu da Oktoba ko Nuwamba. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan tarurrukan na faruwa ne a Banjul, inda sakatariyar Hukumar take; ɗayan yana iya kasancewa a kowace ƙasa ta Afirka.
Abun ciki Hukumar ta buɗe kofofinta a shekara ta 1987 tare da alkawuran kariya da juyin halitta na ƴancin ɗan Adam na Afirka. Majalisar shugabannin ƙasashe da gwamnatoci, sun yanke shawararsu ne da kuri’ar kashi biyu bisa uku na mafi rinjayen wakilan kowace ƙasa. ACHPR ta kuma ƙunshi mambobi goma sha ɗaya, waɗanda aka zaɓa ta hanyar jefa ƙuri'a a asirce a Majalisar Shugabannin Jihohi da gwamnatocin OAU (daga baya, Majalisar AU). Waɗannan membobin, waɗanda ke hidimar wa'adin shekaru shida da za a sabunta su, an zaɓe su ne daga cikin ƴan Afirka masu daraja mafi girma, waɗanda aka san su da ɗabi'a, mutunci, rashin son kai da cancantar al'amuran ƴancin ɗan adam da na jama'a" (Charter, Mataki na 31) da, wajen zaɓar waɗannan mutane, ana ba da la'akari musamman "ga mutanen da ke da ƙwarewar shari'a".
Membobin za su more cikakken ƴancin kai wajen gudanar da ayyukansu kuma su yi hidima bisa ga kashin kai (watau, ba wakiltar jihohinsu ba); duk da haka, babu wata ƙasa memba da za ta iya samun fiye da ɗaya daga cikin ƴan ƙasa a cikin Hukumar a kowane lokaci. Membobin za su zaɓa, daga cikin lambar su, shugaba da mataimakin shugaba, waɗanda kowannensu zai cika wa'adin shekaru biyu.
Umarni Hukumar tana da faffaɗan alhaki guda uku su ne kamar haka:
Haɓaka haƙƙin ɗan adam da al'umma
Kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam da na al'umma
Fassarar Yarjejeniya Ta Afirka Kan Haƙƙoƙin Ɗan Adam da Jama'a Maƙasudin da ke sama wataƙila an dakatar da su yayin da aka sanya Hukumar cikin nauyi mai nauyi, musamman batutuwan kuɗi a ƙarshen 80s, yayin da suke ƙoƙarin kammala ayyukan ƙasashen. Ƙasashen Afirka, ban da Habasha da Laberiya, suna da tasiri sosai daga mulkin mallaka, gaba daya suna da raunin gwamnati, da raguwar tattalin arziki. Don cimma wannan buri, an wajabta wa Hukumar ta “tattara takardu, gudanar da nazari da bincike kan matsalolin Afirka a fagen ‘yan Adam da jama’a, da haƙƙi, da shirya tarurrukan karawa juna sani, taron karawa juna sani da tarurruka, yada bayanai, karfafa cibiyoyi na ƙasa da na gida da suka shafi dan Adam. da haƙƙin mutane kuma, idan lamarin ya taso, ya ba da ra'ayoyinsa ko ba da shawarwari ga gwamnatoci" (Charter, Art. 45).
Tare da kafa kotunan Afirka kan yancin ɗan adam da jama'a (a ƙarƙashin ƙa'idar Yarjejeniya ta shekara ta 1998 kuma ta fara aiki a cikin Janairun shekara ta 2004), Hukumar za ta sami ƙarin aikin shirya ƙararraki don gabatar da hurumin Kotun. A wata shawara da ta yanke a watan Yulin shekara ta 2004, Majalisar AU ta yanke shawarar cewa za a haɗa Kotunan ƴancin Bil Adama da Jama'a a nan gaba tare da Kotun Shari'a ta Afirka.
Ayyuka A shekara ta 2011, hukumar ta gabatar da ƙara a gaban kotun kare haƙƙin bil adama da al'umma ta Afirka a kan ƙasar Libya.
A cikin shekara ta 2021, hukumar ta kafa kwamitin bincike kan halin da ake ciki a yankin Tigray don gudanar da bincike kan take hakkin dan Adam a yakin Tigray a karkashin kudurin ACHPR 482 a ranar 12 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 2021.
Hanyoyi na musamman Hukumar tana da wasu tsare-tsare na musamman na wakilai na musamman, kungiyoyin aiki da kwamitoci masu bincike da bayar da rahoto kan wasu batutuwan da suka shafi haƙƙin ɗan adam, kamar ƴancin faɗin albarkacin baki, ƴancin mata, ƴan asalin ƙasar da azabtarwa. Kowace hanya tana shirya da gabatar da rahoton ayyukanta ga Hukumar a kowane zama na yau da kullun.
Cibiyar sadarwa Ƙungiyar ta ACHPR ta dogara ne da wata hanyar sadarwa ta ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) waɗanda ake buƙata su mika rahoton ga hukumar duk bayan shekara biyu. Hukumar ta baiwa ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu guda 514 matsayin masu sa ido.
Littafi Mai Tsarki Ankumah, Evelyn A., Hukumar Haƙƙin Bil Adama da Jama'ar Afirka, Kluwer, 1996
Bösl, A Diescho, J., Human Rights in Africa. Ra'ayoyin shari'a kan kariyar su da haɓakawa, tare da kalmar gaba ta Desmond Tutu, Macmillan 2009.
Murray, RH. Hakkokin Dan Adam a Afirka: Daga OAU zuwa Tarayyar Afirka, Jami'ar Cambridge Press, 2004.
Evans, MD Murray, RH (Eds. Yarjejeniya Ta Afirka kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam da Jama'a: Tsarin Aiki, Jami'ar Cambridge, 2002.
Evans, MD Murray, RH (Eds. Yarjejeniya Ta Afirka Kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam da Jama'a (Bugu na Biyu): Tsarin Aiki 1986–2006, Jami'ar Cambridge, 2008.
Murray, RH Evans, MD (Eds. Takardun Hukumar Haƙƙin Bil Adama da Jama'ar Afirka, Hart Publishing, 2001.
Kasidu da dama na ilimi kan hukunce-hukuncen hukumar Afirka da aka buga a cikin mujallar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Afirka
Rahotanni da bayanai game da ACHPR daga Sabis na Ƙasashen Duniya don Haƙƙin Dan Adam Rahoton shari'ar ACHPR da aka buga a cikin Rahoton Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Afirka
Sabunta labarai akai-akai akan ACHPR da Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights ta buga
Duba kuma Yarjejeniya Ta Afirka Kan Hakkokin Dan Adam da Jama'a
Kotun Afirka akan Hakkokin Dan Adam da Jama'a
Kotun Afrika
Rahoton Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Afirka
Wakili na musamman kan ‘yancin mata a Afirka
Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Inter-Amurka
Jerin Haƙƙin Harshe a Tsarin Mulki (Afrika)
Hakkokin harshe
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Hukumar Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Afirka
Rubutun Yarjejeniya Ta Afirka Kan Hakkokin Dan Adam da Jama'a Hukunce-hukuncen hukumar kare hakkin dan adam da al'ummar Afirka
Tarayyar Afirka
Cibiyar kare hakkin dan Adam da ci gaban Afirka
Ƙungiyoyi
Ƙungiyar Lauyoyi
Haƙƙoƙi
Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
Haƙƙoƙin Mata
Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki
Ƴancin muhalli
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
26859 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annobar%20COVID-19%20a%20Benin | Annobar COVID-19 a Benin | Cutar sankarau ta COVID-19 a kasar Benin wani bangare ne na annobar cutar Coronavirus da ke ci gaba da yaduwa a duniya a shekarar 2019 COVID-19 wanda ke haifar da mummunar cutar numfashi ta coronavirus 2 SARS-CoV-2 An tabbatar da cewa cutar ta bulla a kasar Benin a watan Maris din shekarar 2020.
Fage A ranar 12 ga Janairu, 2020, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta tabbatar da cewa sabon coronavirus ne ya haifar da cutar numfashi a cikin tarin mutane a birnin Wuhan na lardin Hubei na kasar Sin, wanda aka ba da rahoto ga WHO a ranar 31 ga Disamba 2019.
The hali fatality rabo ga COVID-19 ya kasance yawa ƙananan fiye da SARS na 2003, amma baza ta kasance da muhimmanci mafi girma, tare da wani gagarumin adadin wadanda suka mutu. Simulations na tushen samfurin don Benin sun ba da shawarar cewa tazarar amincewar kashi 95% na adadin haifuwa mai canzawar lokaci R t ya wuce 1.0 kuma yana haɓaka tun Nuwamba 2020.
Maris 2020 A ranar 16 ga Maris, an tabbatar da shari'ar COVID-19 ta farko a cikin kasar a Porto-Novo, babban birnin Benin. Bayan kwanaki uku, an ba da rahoton shari'ar ta biyu da aka tabbatar. Garin ya dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kasa da kasa daban-daban kuma ana kiyaye mutanen da ke shigowa kasar ta jirgin sama a karkashin wajaba na kwanaki 14. Haka kuma, an shawarci mutanen Benin da su sanya abin rufe fuska kuma su fita waje kawai idan an buƙata.
An tabbatar da kararraki guda 9 da murmurewa guda daya a cikin Maris, wanda ya bar lokuta 8 masu aiki a karshen wata.
Afrilu 2020 A watan Afrilu an sami sabbin kararraki 55, wanda ya kawo adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 64. Mutuwar farko daga COVID-19 ta faru ne a ranar 5 ga Afrilu. Adadin marasa lafiya da aka dawo dasu ya karu zuwa 33, yana barin lokuta 30 masu aiki a ƙarshen wata.
Mayu 2020 An sami sabbin kararraki 168 a cikin watan Mayu, wanda ya kawo adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 232. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya karu zuwa 3. An samu murmurewa guda 110 a cikin watan, wanda ya kara adadin wadanda suka warke zuwa 143, wanda ya bar lokuta 86 masu aiki a karshen watan.
Yuni 2020 A cikin watan Yuni an samu sabbin kararraki guda 967, wanda ya kawo adadin wadanda aka tabbatar sun kamu zuwa 1199. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 21. An samu murmurewa guda 190 a cikin watan, wanda ya kawo adadin wadanda suka warke zuwa 333, wanda ya bar 845 masu aiki a karshen watan.
Yuli 2020 An samu sabbin kararraki 606 a watan Yuli, wanda ya kawo adadin wadanda aka tabbatar sun kai 1805. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya karu da 15 zuwa 36. Adadin wadanda aka dawo dasu ya karu da 703 zuwa 1036, yana barin lokuta 733 masu aiki a karshen wata (raguwa da 13% daga karshen watan Yuni).
Agusta 2020 An samu sabbin kararraki 340 a cikin watan Agusta, wanda ya kawo adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 2145. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya karu da hudu zuwa 40. Ya zuwa karshen wata adadin masu aiki sun ragu da rabi dangane da karshen watan Yuli, zuwa 367.
Satumba 2020 An samu sabbin kararraki 212 a cikin watan Satumba, wanda ya kawo adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 2357. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 41. Adadin marasa lafiya da aka dawo dasu ya karu zuwa 1973, yana barin lokuta 343 masu aiki a ƙarshen wata.
Oktoba 2020 An samu sabbin kararraki 286 a watan Oktoba, wanda ya kawo adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 2643. Adadin wadanda suka mutu bai canza ba. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 2418, wanda ya bar lokuta 184 masu aiki a karshen wata.
Nuwamba 2020 An samu sabbin kararraki 372 a watan Nuwamba, wanda ya kawo adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 3015. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 43. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 2839, wanda ya bar lokuta 133 masu aiki a karshen wata.
Disamba 2020 An samu sabbin kararraki 236 a watan Disamba, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 3251. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 44. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 3061, inda ya bar lokuta 146 masu aiki a karshen wata.
Janairu 2021 An samu sabbin kararraki 642 a watan Janairu, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 3893. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 52. Adadin marasa lafiya da aka murmure ya karu zuwa 3421, yana barin lokuta 420 masu aiki a ƙarshen wata.
Fabrairu 2021 An sami sabbin kararraki 1541 a cikin Fabrairu, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 5434. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 70. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 4248, inda ya bar lokuta 1116 masu aiki a karshen wata.
Maris 2021 Yaƙin neman zaɓe na ƙasa ya fara ne a ranar 29 ga Maris, da farko tare da allurai 144,000 na rigakafin Covichield. An sami sabbin kararraki 1666 a cikin Maris, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 7100. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 90. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 6452, inda ya bar lokuta 558 masu aiki a karshen wata.
Afrilu 2021 An sami sabbin kararraki 721 a cikin Afrilu, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 7821. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 99. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 7580, wanda ya bar lokuta 142 masu aiki a karshen wata.
Mayu 2021 An sami sabbin kararraki 237 a watan Mayu, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 8058. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 101. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 7893, wanda ya bar lokuta 64 masu aiki a karshen wata.
Yuni 2021 An samu sabbin kararraki 141 a watan Yuni, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar sun kai 8199. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 104. Adadin marasa lafiyar da aka dawo dasu ya karu zuwa 8000, yana barin lokuta 95 masu aiki a ƙarshen wata.
Yuli 2021 An samu sabbin kararraki 195 a watan Yuli, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar sun kai 8394. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 108. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 8136, inda ya bar lokuta 150 masu aiki a karshen watan.
Agusta 2021 An samu sabbin kararraki 4972 a cikin watan Agusta, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar sun kamu zuwa 13366. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 128. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 8854, wanda ya bar lokuta 4384 masu aiki a karshen wata.
Satumba 2021 An samu sabbin kararraki 10524 a watan Satumba, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar sun kamu zuwa 23890. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 159. Adadin wadanda aka dawo da su ya karu zuwa 21993, ya bar lokuta 1738 masu aiki a karshen wata.
Oktoba 2021 An samu sabbin kararraki 859 a watan Oktoba, wanda ya kawo adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 24749. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 161. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 24346, inda ya bar lokuta 242 masu aiki a karshen wata.
Alurar riga kafi Alurar riga kafi na COVID-19 a Benin wani shiri ne na rigakafi da ke ci gaba da yakar cutar sankarau mai tsanani na numfashi coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), kwayar cutar da ke haifar da cutar coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), don mayar da martani ga annobar da ke ci gaba a cikin kasar. Ya zuwa ranar 28 ga Yuni 2021, Benin ta ba da allurai 36,188, mutane 26,268 masu allurai guda 9,920 kuma an yi wa mutane 9,920 cikakkiyar allurar.
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Maris 2021 A ranar 11 ga Maris 2021, Benin ta karɓi SII-AstraZeneca tare da allurai 144,000. A ranar 22 ga Maris, 2021, Benin ta karɓi Sinovac tare da allurai 203,000.
A ranar 29 ga Maris, 2021, Benin ta ƙaddamar da kamfen ɗin rigakafin cutar coronavirus.
Afrilu 2021 A karshen watan an yi alluran rigakafi 10,051.
Mayu 2021 A karshen watan an yi alluran rigakafi 12,934.
Yuni 2021 A karshen watan an yi alluran rigakafi 46,108.
Yuli 2021 Benin ta sami allurai 302,400 na rigakafin Janssen COVID-19 a ranar 27 ga Yuli. A karshen watan an yi alluran rigakafi 61,858.
Agusta 2021 A karshen watan an yi alluran rigakafi 120,333.
Satumba 2021 A karshen watan an yi alluran rigakafi 214,396. 3% na yawan mutanen da aka yi niyya an yi musu cikakkiyar allurar rigakafi.
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Manazarta |
11606 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98war%C6%99waranci | Ƙwarƙwaranci | Kwarkwaranci na nufin saduwa da kuma dangantaka na jima'i a tsakanin na miji da mace, su biyu wadanda baza su iya aure ba. dan kasan cewar macen baiwa ko kuma mara nasa ba ko asali. Rashin yin aure na iya zama saboda dalilai da yawa kamar su bambance-bambance a matsayin zamantakewar aure, aure mai gudana, haramcin addini ko ƙwararru (alal misali sojojin Rome), ko kuma rashin martaba ta hanyar hukumomin da suka dace. macen ko namijin ne, a irin wannan dangantaka ake cewa ƙwarƙwara A cikin addinin Yahudanci, ƙwarƙwara a matsayin aminiyar miji ne mai ƙima ga matar aure. a wasu mutanen kuma masu auren mata dayawa ,Kwarkwara tana zuwa ne a mata na biyu mara kima. Yanci Kwarkwara a yaruka daban daban ya banbanta, haka ma yaran da suka haifa ,amman ko ma miye zai je ya dawo matar asali da aka aura ita da yaran sun fi Kwarkwara da yaransu dara ja, kuma u=ita da yaranta basu da hakki gado. a tarihance yawance Kwarkwara matan mutum ne ke daukan kwarkwara ta bama mijinta, saboda idan ta kasance baiwa bada ita ga na mijin gidan zai hana ta yin zina a wajen gidan. wani lokacin kwarkwara suna aikata jima'i da sauran bayi yan uwansu.
Yayinda siffofin dangantakar jima'i da jimawa tare da yin aure ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a Yammacin Duniya, waɗannan ba a bayyana su azaman concarfin namiji bane. Ana amfani da kalmar nan ƙwarkwaranci ne ga mata da kwatancen mata yau idan ana nufin ma'amala da rashin aure ta rayuwar da ta gabata. A cikin amfani na zamani, alaƙar ba ta da aure ana kiranta zaman tare (ko kuma maganganun makamancinsu), kuma macen da ke cikin irin wannan dangantakar ana gaba ɗaya ana kiranta budurwa, farka, amarya, mai ƙauna ko kuma abokiyar rayuwa A gabashin Asiya Kwarkwarori sun shahara sosai kafin farkon karni na 20 a duk gabashin Asiya Babban aikin gwanaye ya kasance yana samar da ƙarin magada, har ma da kawo nishaɗi gamaza. yaran Kwarkwarori nada karancin gado dangane da dokar da Dishu ya tsara shi Sin A China, mazaje mau nasara s da yawa yana da ƙwaraƙwarai har da yi aka haramta a lokacin da Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sin ya zo da iko a 1949. A misali Sin kalma da aka fassara a matsayin "ƙwarƙwarar" ya qiè kalmar da aka yi amfani da ita tun zamanin da, wanda ke nufin "ƙwara; Alƙawura sun yi kama da aure a wannan ƙwaraƙwaran sun kasance masu gane zurfin jima'i na mutum kuma ana tsammanin sun haihu da shi. Gwanaye marasa kan gado Chinese masu ƙarancin daraja ne, kuma ana ɗaukar yaransu da cewa doka ce. Hakanan kuma ana amfani da kalmar nan ta Turanci na mace ta China don abin da Sinanci ke magana da shi kamar yadda yakefasu Chinese ko "consorts of emperors", wani matsayi na gwamnati yawanci yana ɗauke da babban matsayi. A kasar Sin ba a bin doka ba haramun ne kuma ba a yarda a rabu da mutum ga mace sama da daya ba a lokaci guda, amma ya samu karbuwa. A farkon rubuce rubucen mutum na iya samun ƙwaraƙwaran da yawa gwargwadon iko. Daga zamanin Han Han (AD 25 zuwa 2020) gaba, yawan ƙwaraƙwaran da mutum zai iya kasancewa yana iyakance ta hanyar doka. Matsayi mafi girma da kuma kyakkyawan daraja mutum ya mallaki, da mafi ƙwaraƙwarai ya halatta ya yi. Kulawar da ƙwaraƙwarar mace da halin da yake ciki ya kasance mai tasirin gaske da yanayin zamantakewar ɗan'uwan wanda aka haɗa ta da ita, gami da halayen matarsa. A cikin littafin ma'abuta al'adu a kan "Tsarin Iyali" Chinese yana cewa, “Idan da akwai ayyukanda suka dace, to ta zama matar aure; idan kuwa ta koma ba tare da waɗannan, ƙwararru ba. Matan sun kawo sadaka ga dangantaka, amma ƙwaraƙwaran ba su yi ba. Ba za a iya shiga dangantakar mace ba tare da bukukuwan aure a cikin aure ba, haka nan ba za a sake yin aure ko kuma a koma gidan haihuwarta a cikin gwauraye ba. Matsayin ƙwarƙwarai ya kasance ƙasa da na matar. Kodayake ƙwarƙwarar mace na iya haifar da magada, amma 'ya'yanta za su kasance masu ƙ karanci a cikin zamantakewa da yaran matar, duk da cewa sun fi su girma fiye da yaran ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. Ofan wata ƙwarƙwarar dole ne ya nuna wa mata biyu aikinsu, mahaifiyarsu ta asali da mahaifiyarsu ta doka matar mahaifinsu. Bayan rasuwar wani ƙwarƙwararsa, ta 'ya'yansa maza za ku yi hadaya da ita, amma wadannan ƙonawa da aka ba su ci gaba da ƙwarƙwararsa, da jikoki, wanda kawai ya yi hadaya to, kakan matar. Akwai bayanan jita-jita na wasu ƙwaraƙwaran da aka ce an binne su da rai tare da masu gidansu don su jibinci lamarin su a lahira". Har zuwa lokacin daular Song (960-11276), ana ganin hakan babbar cin zarafin ɗabi'un zamantakewa ne don haɓaka Kwarkwara ga mace. A zamanin daular Qing (1644 zuwa 1911), darajar Kwarkwarori ta habaka. Ya halatta a gabatar da ƙwarƙwarawa ga mata, idan matar asali ta mutu to Kwarkwara ce maman sauran yaran. Bugu da kari, haramcin tilasta wa bazawara ta sake yin wani aure ya kasance ga wasu matan da mazansu suka mutu. A wannan lokacin allunan matan-mata suna da alama an fi sanya su cikin bagadan magabata na iyali, da kuma sassalar wasu jerin layin mata-mata. Mallaka ƙwaraƙwarai, kiyaye da sarakuna a haramta City, yana da daban-daban da darajõji, kuma aka gargajiyance kiyãye ta babani domin tabbatar da cewa su ba za a iya impregnated da kowa amma sarki. A cikin Ming China (1368–1644) akwai wani tsari na hukuma wanda zai zawara mata masu sarauta ga sarki. Shekarun 'yan takarar sun kunshi ne daga 14 zuwa 16. Hali, dabi'a, hali, bayyanar da yanayin jikin mutum sune abubuwan zaba. Duk da iyakokin da aka gindaya ga wasu ƙwaraƙwaran Sinawa, akwai misalai da yawa a cikin tarihi da kuma littattafai na ƙwararori waɗanda suka sami babban iko da tasiri. Uwargidan Yehenara, wacce ake kira da suna Dowress Dowager Cixi, wata yar gardamar ce da ta iya cin nasara a tarihin kasar Sin. Cixi ya fara shiga kotu a matsayin wata mata don Sarki Xianfeng ya kuma haifi dansa daya da ya tsira, wanda daga baya ya zama Sarkin Tongzhi Bayan haka, ta zama shugabar kungiyar Qing China a shekaru 47 bayan mutuwar mijinta. Binciken fasalin kwararru a ɗayan manyan litattafan tarihi guda huɗu, Mafarki na Red Chamber (wanda aka yi imanin ya zama asusun tarihin rayuwar marubuci Cao Xueqin dangin dangi). Three ƙarnõni na Jia iyali suna da goyan bayan daya sananne ƙwarƙwarar da sarki, Jia Yuanchun, da cikakken m 'yar'uwar namiji protagonist Jia Baoyu Sabanin haka, youngeran uwansu rabinsu ta hanyar ƙwaraƙwaran Zhao, Jia Tanchun da Jia Huan, sun haɓaka halayen mutane saboda su 'ya'yan ƙwarzo ne. Emphasizedwararrun matan sarki da tumbinsu sun shahara a cikin littattafan soyayya na ƙarni na 21 da aka rubuta wa masu karatu mata kuma aka saita su a zamanin da. A matsayin kayan makirci, 'ya'yan ƙwaraƙwalu ana misalta su da matsayi da ƙasa kamar yadda yake a cikin ainihin tarihin. taken Zhai dou Chinese gida) da gong dou Chinese harem intrigue) nau'ikan almara suna nuna ƙwaraƙwarai da matansu, haka kuma yaransu, suna yin makirci a asirce don samun iko. Sarakunan da ke cikin fadar, wani gwanayen tarihin gong dou da wasan kwaikwayon talabijin, sun sami babban nasara a kasar Sin a karni na 21.
Indiya A cikin Kerala, iran matan Nair sun kasance a cikin samari tare da Nambudiri maza. Al'adar Brahmin da al'adar sun ba da izinin ɗayan babba maza don yin aure; zai iya aure har zuwa mata Nambuthiri har guda hudu. Kawai zai iya mallakar kayan gidan. Wannan ya basu damar kula da mallakar gidansu da sauran dukiyoyinsu tare da nisantarsu. Wannan ya taimaka musu wajen tabbatar da matsayinsu na tattalin arziki da na tattalin arziki suma a cikin alumma. Braaramin maza Brahmin sun tafi don yin jima'i tare da matan makarantar Nair Waɗannan matan Nair ɗin ba za su bar gidansu ba don shiga gidan iyayensu, haka kuma matan Brahmin ba su da wani hakki ko sha'awa game da dukiyarta. 'Ya'yan da aka Haifa ana kiransu thean ko ofar waccan matar. Potti Brahmins da ake kira Embramthiri suma suna yin wannan al'ada. Wannan aiki na ƙaramin Brahmins yin aure to Nair azuzuwan da aka sani a matsayin "Sambandham." Ko da yake Brahmins dauke Sambandham matsayin daya daga cikin 64 Anacharams (miyagun halaye), irin wannan alliance wanzu for ƙarni. A hankali Sambandham ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a cikin jama'ar Nair Robin Jeffri a cikin littafinsa, Ragewar Nair Dominance, Sambandham yana nufin bikin auren Nair wanda ya haɗa da gabatar da wani zane da namiji ya ba wa mace. A Kerala ta zamanin da ya bayyana cewa duka maza da mata suna iya Sambhandam tare da fiye da mutum ɗaya a lokaci guda. Yin aure ya ƙulla da ƙare da sauƙi mai sauƙi. Wannan aka kira Sambandham kuma mace zai yi Sambandham da yawan maza a lokaci guda. Ko dai namiji ko mace na iya kawo ƙarshen Sambandham da ƙaramin tsari. ”Koyaya, haɗuwar mace mace ba ta da tsauri. Wadanda suka haɗu tare da Brahmins suna kiyaye kyawawan dabi'un su kuma suna kiyaye ka'idodi. Wadanda Nair mace wanda a yarda ƙaramin Brahmin 'yan'uwa da su shiga jima'i dangantaka tare da su, zai aure a Nair kamar kyau, to, suna da biyu mazansu (a Nair da kuma wani Nambuthiri) da kuma a ainihi, a tsarin na polyandry zo a cikin kasancewa. Koyaya, sakamakon wannan ɗabi'a, yawan Nambuthiris ya ragu kuma adadin ma'aurata sun ƙaru saboda yaran da aka Haifa a cikin auren Nambuthiri-Nair zasu kasance na dangin matar Nair Hong Kong, Macau A shekarar 1971, Hong Kong ya soke babban tsarin doka na Qing a shekarar 1971, don haka ya sanya ba da izinin yin aure ba bisa doka ba. Stanley Ho na Macau na gidan caca ya ɗauki 'matarsa ta biyu' a matsayin ƙwarƙwaransa na halas a 1957, yayin da "matansa na uku da na huɗu" ba su da matsayi a hukuman ce.
Japan Tun kafin a daura auren mata daya bisa doka a zamanin Meiji, yin kwarzane ya zama ruwan dare tsakanin manyan mutane. Manufarta ita ce tabbatar da magadan maza. Misali, dan wani kwararre na sarki sau da yawa yana da damar zama sarki. Yanagihara Naruko, a high-ranking ƙwarƙwarar Sarkin sarakuna Meiji, ta haifi Sarkin sarakuna Taishō, wanda aka daga baya bin doka soma da Empress Haruko, Sarkin sarakuna Meiji ta m matarsa. Ko da a tsakanin iyalai masu ciniki, a wasu lokuta ana amfani da ƙwarran don tabbatar da magada. Asako Hirooka, 'yar kasuwa ce kuma' yar baiwa ce, ta yi aiki tukuru don taimakawa dangin mijinta su rayu bayan maidowar Meiji Ta rasa haihuwarta ta haifi 'yarta guda daya, Kameko; don haka mijinta wanda ya sami nutsuwa tare da shi ya ɗauki baiwa Asako ta zama ƙwarƙwarawa, ta kuma haifi 'ya'ya mata uku da ɗa. Kameko, a matsayin 'ya mace ta gari, ya auri mutum mai mutunci kuma a zahiri yana aiwatar da sunan dangi.
Koriya Sarakunan Joseon suna da ƙararru waɗanda ke ɗauke da ƙwaraƙwarai na sahu daban daban. Sarauniyar Myeongseong ta sami damar samun 'ya'ya maza, ta hana' ya'ya mata na samun iko. Ofayan kwarkwara galibi suna da ƙima game da aure. Daughteryawar ƙwarƙwara baza ta iya zama matar ɗan da ta haifa ba. Misali, Jang Nok-su yar 'yar gari ce wacce ta haihu daga magajin gari, wanda da farko ya auri bawa ne, daga baya ya zama babbar baiwa ta Yeonsangun Tsohuwar girka da roma
Tsohuwar Girka A cikin tsohuwar Girka, ayyukan kiyaye mace Ancient Greek pallakís an ɗan yi rubutu kaɗan amma ya bayyana cikin tarihin Atheniya. Doka ta ba da umarnin cewa wani mutum zai iya kashe wani mutum da aka kama yana ƙoƙarin yin alaƙa da ƙwarƙwararsa don ƙirƙirar 'ya' yantacce, wanda ke ba da izinin 'yayan ƙwarƙwarar ba su zama ɗan ƙasa. Yayin da nassoshi game da amfani da zina maza suka bayyana a cikin wallafe-wallafe, ana ganin abin kunya ne ga namiji ya kiyaye irin wadannan matan a gida guda daya da matar sa. Wasu fassarorin hetaera sun riƙe su ƙwaraƙwarai lokacinda suke da dangantaka ta yau da kullun da mutum ɗaya. Ubwararruwar wata ma'aikaciya wata hukuma ce da ake yin ta a cikin tsohuwar Roma wacce ke ba da izinin namiji ya shiga cikin wata al'ada amma an san dangantakarta da mace ƙwaraƙanci, ƙwaraƙwarar jam’i) wacce ba matar sa ba ce, galibi macen da ƙaramar zamanta ke zama cikas ga aure. An "yarda da girman kai har ya kai ga hakan bai kawo barazanar addini da mutuncin iyali ba". Ba a dauki wulakanci ba da za a kira shi ƙwarƙwara, kamar yadda akan yi rubutu mafi yawa a kan dutse. A concubinus wani matashi namiji bawa jima'i maida su ba kome da ubangijinsa a matsayin jima'i abokin (ga luwadi a zamanin d Roma Wadannan dangantakar, duk da haka, an sa ran yi wasa da sakandare rawar da aure, a cikin abin da ma'aikata ya fara tasawa namiji nuna masa namiji dalĩli a matsayin shugaban gidan pater familias A cikin ɗayan silsilolinsa, Catullus tsakanin karni na 1 karni na 1 BC) ya ɗauka cewa ango ango yana da ƙwaraƙwaran mace wacce take ɗaukar kanta sama da sauran bayi, amma wa zai zama kamar maigidansa ya mai da hankalinsa ga aure da rayuwar iyali. A cikin ala'du na Ibrahim
A cikin Yahudanci A cikin Isra’ilawa, maza sun yarda da ƙwaraƙwaran su, kuma irin waɗannan mata suna jin daɗi iri ɗaya a gidan kamar matan aure. Kalmar alƙalai ba ta kasance tana nufin mata ba bayan matar farko. Wani mutum yana iya samun mata da ƙwararori masu yawa. A bisa doka, duk yaran da aka haifa da ƙwaraƙwalwa ana ɗaukar su a matsayin 'yar matar da ta kasance a ƙarƙashinta. Saratu dole ne ta fitar da Isma’il daga gidanta domin bisa la’akari da Isma’il koyaushe zai kasance ɗan fari da haihuwa duk da Ishaku ɗanta ne na asali. Wataƙila ƙwarƙwarar ba ta ba da umarnin daidai matsayin matar ba. A cikin ka'idodin Lawiyawa game da sadarwar jima'i, kalmar Ibrananci da aka fi sani da "matar" ta sha bamban da kalmar Ibrananci wanda ke nufin "ƙwararar mace". Koyaya, a wani lokaci guda ana amfani da kalmar don nuna mace macen da ba mata ba musamman, baiwar matar Yakubu. A cikin lambar Levitical, an haramta yin jima'i tsakanin mace da miji na wani mutum dabam da hukuncin kisa ga duk mutanen da abin ya shafa. Tunda ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin babbar albarka don samun yara da yawa, mata da yawa suna ba da matansu ga mazansu idan sun kasance bakarare, kamar yadda a al'amuran Saratu da Hagar, da Rahila da Bilha 'Ya'yan ƙwarƙwara suna da damar daidai da na matar; misali, Sarki Abimelek kuwa ɗan Gidiyon, da ƙwarƙwararsa. Daga baya mazannin littafi kamar Gidiyon, da Sulaiman suna da ƙwaraƙwarai ban da mata da yawa masu haihuwar. Misali, Littattafan Sarakuna sun ce Sulemanu yana da mata 700 da ƙwaraƙwarai 300. Labarin Bala Lau wanda ba a ambaci sunansa ba a cikin Littafin Mahukunta 19-20 nuna cewa ɗaukar ƙwaraƙun matan ba shi ne keɓance na sarakuna ko magabata a cikin Isra'ila a lokacin alƙalai, kuma cewa suturar ƙwarƙwara ba ta yarda da abin da Kasar Isra’ila kuma ta haifar da yakin basasa A cikin labarin, Balawi kamar wani mutum ne dan asalin kabila, wanda ƙwarƙwararsa budurwa ce daga Baitalami ta Yahuda. Wannan matar ba ta da aminci, kuma a ƙarshe ta watsar da shi ta koma gidan iyayenta. Koyaya, bayan watanni huɗu, Balawe, wanda ake wa laƙabi da shi a matsayin mijinta, ya yanke shawarar yin tafiya zuwa gidan mahaifinta don shawo kan ƙwarƙwararsa ta dawo. Tana da halin dawowa tare da shi, kuma surukin yana maraba da zuwa. Surucin mahaifin ya tabbatar wa Balawen ya ci gaba da ƙarin wasu kwanaki, har sai wakilai sun bar jadawalin da yamma. Theungiyar ta haura wani birni wanda ba Ba'isra'ile kusa da shi, har zuwa ƙarshen Gibeya, a ƙasar Biliyaminu. Rukunin suna zaune kusa da harabar gari, suna jiran wani gari ya gayyace su da maraice, kamar yadda al'adar matafiya suke. Wani dattijo daga yankin ya gayyace su su zauna a gidansa, ya yi musu baƙo daidai ta wanke ƙafafunsu da ba su abinci. Ofungiyar mugayen mazaunan birni ta kawo hari cikin gidan kuma suka bukaci rundunar ta kori Balawen don suyi jima'i da shi. Mai masaukin ya bayar da kyautar 'yarsa budurwa da ƙwarƙwarar Balawe don yi musu fyaɗe, don guje wa baƙo dama ga Balawe. Daga baya, don ya tabbatar da amincinsa da na rundunar shi, Balawi ya ba wa ƙwarƙwararsa, wadda aka yi wa fyaɗe da daddare, har sai da aka barta ta rushe a ƙofar ƙofar. Da safe, Balawe ya same ta sa’ad da ya yi niyyar fita. Lokacin da ta kasa yin biyayya ga umarnin mijinta don ta tashi, wataƙila saboda ta mutu, Balawe ya ajiye ta a kan jakinsa ya ci gaba da gida. Da zarar ya dawo gida, sai ya manta jikinta ya rarraba sassa 12 a duk ƙasar Isra'ila. Isra’ilawa sun taru don sanin abin da ya sa aka ba su irin waɗannan kyaututtukan masu ban tsoro, kuma Balawen ya gaya musu game da baƙin ciki da ƙwarƙwararsa. Laifin Isra'ilawan suna ɗaukar wannan laifi abin ƙyamar, wanda sa’an nan ya jawo wa mazaunan Gibeya azaba, da kuma kabilar Biliyaminu da ke kewaye da su idan suka goyi bayan Gibeyonawa, tare da kashe su ba tare da jinƙai ba kuma suka ƙona garuruwansu. An kashe mazaunan (garin) Yabesh Gileyad a matsayin horo saboda rashin haɗuwa da ƙabilar goma sha ɗaya a cikin yaƙinsu da mutanen Biliyaminu, da kuma an kashe ɗiyansu mata ɗari huɗu waɗanda ba an tilasta musu ba A ƙarshe, mutanen ɗari biyu na waɗanda suka tsira daga Biliyaminu waɗanda har yanzu ba su da mata, an ba su izinin auratayya ta sauran kabilu.
A cikin yahudanci na zamani A Yahudanci, ƙwaraƙwarai an kira su da kalma Hebrew pilegesh Hebrew Kalmar ita ce kalmar aro daga tsohuwar Girkawa ma'ana "farka kasance a gida". Dangane da Talmud na Babila, bambanci tsakanin ƙwarƙwarawa da matar halal ita ce, ƙarshen ya sami ketubah kuma aurenta nissu'in ya kasance gabanin erusin amintaccen cin amana wanda ba haka bane. don alƙalai. Wani ra'ayi daya a cikin Talmud na Kudus ya bayar da hujjar cewa ƙwarayar ta kamata kuma su sami kwangilar aure, amma ba tare da magana ba wanda ya ƙayyade sassaucin sakin aure. A cewar Rashi, "matan da suka yi amfani da Kiddushin da ketubbah, ƙwaraƙwaran tare da yarandushin amma ba tare da ketubbah"; wannan karatun daga Talmud na Kudus ne, Wasu masana daga cikin yahudawa, kamar Maimonides, sun yi imanin cewa an kebe wasu ƙwaraƙwarai don shugabancin Sarauta, sarakuna da sarakuna, kuma don haka ba za a sami gama gari ba. Haƙiƙa, irin waɗannan masu ra'ayin sun yi jayayya cewa ba za a saka masu bautar wani nau'in jima'i a wajen aure. Maimonides ba shine farkon Bayahude da ya fara yin Allah-wadai da ƙwararar mata ba. Misali, Bala'iba Rabbah ya la'anci al'adar. Sauran masana Yahudawa, kamar su Nahmanides, Samuel ben Uri Shraga Phoebus, da Yakubu Emden, sun yi hamayya sosai da ra'ayin cewa yakamata a haramta abubuwan ƙwaraƙwarai. A Ibrananci na zamani jihar Isra'ila, pilegesh ne sau da yawa amfani da kwatankwacin na Turanci kalma farka -ie, da mace da abokin tarayya a cikin extramarital dangantakar-ko da kuwa shari'a fitarwa. Kokarin da aka qaddamar a yada pilegesh matsayin wani nau'i na kafin aure, ba aure, ko extramarital dangantaka (wanda, a cewar ta fuskar enacting mutum (s), da aka jiyar da dokar Yahudawa A Musulunci An ba da damar saduwa da Kwarkwara a cikin ilimin jima'i na Musulunci a cikin Islama wanda ba a dauke shi karuwanci ba, kuma ya kasance ruwan dare gama gar lokacin cinikin bayi na Larabawa a duk lokacin Tsakiyar da farkon zamani, lokacin da aka kama mata da 'yan mata daga Caucasus, Afirka, Tsakiyar Asiya da Turai ya kasance kwarkwara a cikin Yammacin Duniya Ibn Battuta ya gaya mana sau da yawa cewa an ba shi ko ya sayi bayi mata. An ba da izinin yin shiryawa da kuma tsara ta a cikin Islama. Al-Muminun 6 da Al-Maarij 30 duka biyu, a cikin kalmomin daidaita, suna jawo rarrabewa tsakanin ma'aurata da “waɗanda hannayen hannun dama suka mallaka” (ƙwararori) suna cewa (a zahiri, matan aurensu ko abin da hannun dama ya mallaka yayin da yake bayyana cewa yin jima’i da ɗayan ya halatta. Sayyid Abul Ala Abubakar Mahmoud Gumi ya bayyana cewa "biyu Categories na mata da aka cire daga janar umurnin mãsu tsarẽwa ga farjõjinsu: (a) matansa, (b) mata suke da bin doka a daya ta mallaka". Kwantar da hankali surriyya tana nufin bawa mace jāriya ko musulma ce ko kuma wacce ba musulma ba, wanda ubangijinta ya yi jima'i da ita. Ba a ambaci kalmar surriyya a cikin Kur'ani ba. Koyaya, kalmar Ma malakat aymanukum (abin da hannunku na dama suka mallaka), wanda ya faru sau goma sha biyar a cikin littafin mai tsarki, yana nufin bayi ne sabili da haka, kodayake ba lallai ba ne, ga ƙwaraƙwarai. Ubwararraki wata al'ada ce ta kasance ta addinin Islama wacce aka yarda da ita a ƙarƙashin addinin Islama tare da yahudawa da ma waɗanda ba musulma ba su aurar da ƙwarya bayan sun koya mata kuma suka koyar da ita sosai sannan kuma suka basu 'yanci. Hikimar da aka bayar don amincewa da baiwa a cikin Islama ita ce "ta gamsu da sha'awar jima'i na bayi don haka ya hana yaduwar alfasha a cikin al'ummar Musulmi Yawancin makarantu suna hana mace-mace ga wata dangantaka inda ake buƙatar bawa mace ta auri ɗaya ga maigidanta (kodayake ba a buƙatar auren mace ta miji ga mata), amma a cewar Sikainga, "a zahiri, duk da haka, bayi mata ne a cikin al'ummomin musulmai da yawa sun kasance abin farauta ga [maza] membobin gidan maigida, da makwabta na [maigidan] su, da baƙi na [maigidan] baƙi. Al'adun sun kasance na gama gari a cikin Arabiya ta larabawa kafin musulinci kuma idan Musulunci ya zo, tana da wata al'umma da masu ba da shawara. Islama ya gabatar da ƙayyadaddun doka na ƙwarafin kuma ya ƙarfafa ɗan adam. A cikin aya ta 23: 6, a cikin Alƙur'ãni shi an yarda su yi jima'i tare da ƙwaraƙwarai bayan aure su, kamar yadda Musulunci hana jima'i a wajen aure. ofa ofan tsoffin ƙwaraƙan gwadansu an bayyana su da halal kamar yadda aka haife su ta hanyar ɗaurin aure, kuma an ɗauki mahaifiyar freea freean 'yantacce lokacin mutuwar abokin tarayya. A cewar musulmin Shia, Muhammad ya haramta Nikah mut'ah (wani aure da aka shirya, wanda ake kira muta'a a Iraki da sigheh a Iran wanda a maimakon haka ana amfani da shi azaman kariya ta haramtacciyar hanya ga masu yin jima'i, a al'adar da ba a hana karuwanci ba. Wasu marubutan Yammacin duniya sun kafa hujja da cewa mut'ah yana kusan karuwanci. Julie Parshall ya rubuta cewa mut'ah an halatta karuwanci ne wanda hukumomin Shia goma sha biyu suka aminta da su. Ta nakalto littafin tarihin Oxford na duniyar musulmai na zamani don banbance tsakanin aure (nikah) da Mut'ah, sannan ta ce yayin da nikah take domin haihuwa, mut'ah adalci ne don saduwa da jima'i. A cewar Zeyno Baran, wannan irin aure na dan wani lokaci yana samarwa da yan Shi'anan takunkumi na addini wanda yayi daidai da karuwanci. Dangane da lurawar Elena Andreeva da aka buga a 2007, matafiya na Rasha zuwa Iran suna ɗaukar mut'ah a matsayin "ƙimar ƙwararren doka" wacce ba ta da bambanci daga karuwanci. Masu goyon bayan addini na mutah suna jayayya cewa aure na dan lokaci ya banbanta da karuwanci saboda wasu dalilai, gami da wajibcin iddah in dai ma'auratan sun yi jima'i. Ma'ana idan mace ta auri namiji ta wannan hanyar kuma tayi zina, dole ne ta jira watanni kafin ta sake yin wani aure don haka, mace ba zata iya yin aure sama da sau 3 ko 4 a cikin shekara.
Zamanin zamani A zamanin da, an ba da izini ga wurare biyu don gwanaye karkashin tsarin Islama. A farko dai, matan da ba musulmai wadanda aka dauka a matsayin fursunonin yaki an sanya su cikin matan ne kamar yadda ya faru bayan Yaƙin na Tirin, ko kuma a wasu lokuta da yawa. An karfafa gwiwar sanya mutum mata bayi wadanda suka qaryata imaninsu na farko suka musulunta, ko kuma shigar dasu cikin aure A cikin dokokin Fiqh na Musulunci, abin da Allah ya halal (alah) a cikin Alqurani ba zai iya canza shi da wani iko ko wani mutum ba. Don haka, duk da cewa manufar 'yar ta mace halal ce, amma ba a samun wasu matan a wannan zamanin ba kuma ba a yarda a sayar dasu ko a sayar dasu daidai da sabbin ka'idojin' yancin ɗan adam ba. An ƙara tabbatar da cewa duk ma'aikatan gida da na ƙungiyoyi ba ƙwararrun mata bane a wannan zamanin don haka an haramta jima'i da su sai Nikah, Nikah mut'ah ko Nikah Misyar ana yin ta ta hanyoyin da suka dace.
A Amurka Lokacin da bautar ta zama tsari a cikin masarautan Arewacin Amurka, mazan, ko sun aura ko aura, wani lokacin sukan ɗauki bautar mata da maza a matsayin mata. An haramta aure tsakanin launin fata tsakanin dokar da mazaunan yankuna da kuma Amurka ta gaba. Yawancin larduna da jihohi ma suna da dokoki game da ɓataccen tsari, ko wata dangantakar wata kabila. Daga 1662 da mulkin mallaka na Virginia, wasu suka biyo baya, sun haɗa cikin doka ƙa'idodi cewa yara sun ɗauki matsayin mahaifiyarsu, watau, ƙa'idar tsarin aiki Duk yaran da aka haifa don uwayen bayi sun haihu cikin bautar, ba tare da la'akari da matsayin mahaifinsu ko zuriyarsu ba. Wannan ya haifar da tsararrakan bayi masu launin fata, waɗanda wasunsu ake ɗaukarsu farar fata a matsayin doka (ɗaya bisa takwas ko lessasa da Afirka, daidai da kaka-tsoho) kafin Yaƙin basasa na Amurka A wasu halaye, maza suna da "dangantaka" ta dogon lokaci tare da bautar mata, ba su da 'yayansu da ke haɗuwa da' yanci da ba da yaransu sana'o'in horarwa, ilimi da canja wurin babban birnin. Dangantaka mai dangantaka tsakanin Thomas Jefferson da Sally Hemings misali ne na wannan. Irin waɗannan shirye-shirye sun fi yawaita a jihohin Kudancin a cikin shekarun tsufa. A Louisiana da tsoffin yankuna na Faransa, an samar da ingantaccen tsarin karuwanci da ake kira plaçage Mazajen Turai sun ɗauki matan bayi masu yanci ko masu yanci kamar fyaɗe bayan sun yi shirin ba su kuɗin gida, gida ko wasu mallaka, kuma wani lokacin, idan sun kasance bautar, suna ba da 'yanci da ilimi ga childrena childrenansu. Darasi na uku na masu kyauta masu launi masu tasowa, musamman a cikin New Orleans Da yawa sun zama masu ilimi, masu fasaha da masu mallakar ƙasa. Faransanci na magana da aiki da Katolika, waɗannan mata sun haɗa al'adun Faransanci da Ba-Amurkan kuma sun haifar da zaɓi tsakanin waɗanda ke zuriyar Turai da bayi. A yau, zuriyar 'yanci na masu launi ana kiransu mutanen Louisiana Creole Duba kuma Kwarkwara a canada
A cicisibeyo
Sanannun dokokin aure
Sakakkiyar tarayya
Aure a kiristanci
Bauta a amurka
Concubinage in Canada
Cicisbeo
Cohabitation
Common-law marriage
Courtesan
Cullagium
Cuckquean
Free union
Harem
Monogamy in Christianity
Morganatic marriage
Paramour
Polygamy
Polyamory
Polygyny
Slavery in the United States
Diddigin bayana
Diddigin bayanai na waje Hadin gwiwar Bauta Pages with unreviewed |
18100 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalwal | Yalwal | HuYalwal shine asalin tsohuwar garin da ake hakar gwal mai suna iri ɗaya yammacin Nowra a mahaɗar tsakãninsu da Danjera da Yarramunmun Creeks wanda sa'an nan suranta Yalwal Creek da gudana a cikin Shoalhaven River Yanzu filin yanar gizo ne na garin Shoalhaven yankin da ake gudanar da fikinik da kuma Damarin Dam. Yalwal shima sunan wani yanki ne na zamani, wanda ya hada da tsohon garin da ake hakar ma'adinai amma ya fadada a wani yanki mai yawan dazuzzuka zuwa kudu, wanda galibi ya zama wasu sassan Morton National Park Hakanan sunan wani cocin ne, wanda yake arewacin arewacin tsohon garin hakar ma'adinai kuma gabaɗaya arewacin yankin Yalwal, gaba ɗaya a yankin yankin Ettrema na zamani. Kafin zuwan Turai wannan yankin Wandandian ne na Aboriginal.
Mining Rev WB Clarke ya fara gano zinariya a yankin a cikin 1852. Ayyukan ɓoye cikin nasara ya fara a cikin shekara shekara shekara ta 1870 ta J. Sivewright da ƙungiya amma babban ambaliyar ta shekara ta 1871 ta katse shi. A cikin shekara ta 1872 an fara ayyukan hakar ma'adanai a Pinnacle lokacin da aka gano babban dutsen. An fara amfani da sandunan farko a cikin ma'adanan na 'Homeward Bound mine' a shekara ta 1872 tare da zinare wanda za'a samu a shekara ta 1874. A shekara ta 1875, an kafa batirin hatimi na farko (kai 5). A cikin shekara ta 1880 an buɗe tashar karɓar wasiƙa kuma a cikin shekara ta 1884 an buɗe makarantar gwamnati, an rufe ta a 1918, sake buɗewa a shekara ta 1924 kuma a ƙarshe aka rufe a shekara ta 1928.
Yalwal Post Office ya buɗe a ranar 1 Janairu shekara ta 1883. A cikin shekara ta 1895 an gano ma'adinan Grassy Gully na kusa. A cikin 1890 dillalan da suka rage daga garin Nowra ne suka siye duk wani ƙarfen da ake amfani da shi a garin. Arin lalata garin ya faru a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na whenaya lokacin da aka yi amfani da kayayyakin gini don yaƙin.
A shekara ta 1934 shine binciken ƙarshe tare da Fountainhead.
A cikin shekara ta 1939 mummunar gobarar daji ta lalata mafi yawan abin da ya rage na garin tare da mazauni guda ɗaya, shago ɗaya da Ofishin Wasiku ya tsira. Akwai wata mutuwa. Aikin hakar ma'adanai bayan gobarar ta ragu har zuwa shekara ta 1971 lokacin da majalisar Shoalhaven ta gama gina Dam din Danjera wanda ya mamaye mafi yawan wuraren tsohon garin da ƙananan ma'adinai.
Har yanzu ana iya ganin wasu ramin hakar ma'adinai da sauran abubuwa, kabarin (mafi tsufa kabarin da aka rubuta a shekara ta 1854) da batirin hatimi (kai biyar). Daga cikin 35 ko kuma irin ayyukan da nake yi da ƙafa (ko kwalekwale) wasu suna da aminci sosai don ƙaramin yaro ya yi tafiya kuma ya haye yayin da wasu ke da haɗari sosai. Idan kuna cikin shakka, kada ku shiga. Babban aikin ma'adinai yana da nisan tafiyar mintuna 15 daga tashar mota kuma yana iya nishaɗin duk ranar. Akwai taswira guda biyu na ma'adinan da aka sani cewa sun wanzu tare da na karshen daga tsakiyar shekarun 1990, wanda mai binciken yanki mai tsara gari ya shirya ana ɗaukar shi mafi daidai.
Yankin yanzu wurin da aka gina Dam din Danjera wani bangare ne na samar da ruwa a Shoalhaven da kuma wurin hutu. An ba da izinin ruwa da iyo a kan Dam amma an hana jiragen ruwan wuta. Dam din ya fadada 7 km zuwa kudu tare da kyawawan kamun kifi. An rasa kyawawan kogunan da ke gefen ruwa na baya saboda ƙarancin kiwon shanu, waɗannan yankuna yanzu sun cika da baƙar fata.
Yankuna na yankin sun yanke cikin quartzite na Devonian da phyllites yayin da tudun ƙasa ya ƙunshi dutsen sandar Permian Rhyolite da granite suma suna cikin yankin. Girman Carboniferous da aka kutsa cikin dutsen na Devonian na sama kuma gwal ɗin gwal sakamakon sakamako ne da maye gurbinsa ta hanyar maganganun siliceous masu ɗaukar zinare da sulphides Hakanan an gano azurfa, tagulla, kwano, leda, arsenic da zinc ores a yankin.
Bayanan kula
Majiya Andrews, EC; Rahoton kan filin zinare na Yalwal, Fitar Gwamnati, Sydney, 1901
David, TW Edgeworth; Geology na Commonwealth of Australia Vol II, Edward Arnold Co, London, (kwanan wata ba a sani ba)
Glasson, Dauda; Zinariyar Yalwal, Fitar Da Gudu, Ballina, 1987
Packham, GH (ed.) Geology na New South Wales, logicalungiyar logicalasa ta Ostiraliya, Sydney, 1969
Pittman, EF; Albarkatun Ma'adanai na New South Wales, Madaba'ar Gwamnati, Sydney, 1901
Sussmilch, CA; Gabatarwa zuwa Geology na New South Wales, Angus & Robertson, Sydney, 1914
Shoalhaven City Council, Tsarin gudanarwa na Yalwal takaddar gaskiya
Evans, WR, "Zinare Da Barron Na Grassy Gully", Nowra
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Media a Wikimedia Commons ƙarƙashin oryangare: Yalwal
Birni a Shoahaven
Australian gold rushes
Pages with unreviewed |
21629 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamad%20Ghaddar | Mohamad Ghaddar | Mohamad Mahmoud Ghaddar an haifeshi ranar 1 ga watan Janairun 1984) ya kasance ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na kasar Lebanon wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba na Lebanese Premier League ta Nejmeh.
Klub din
Nejmeh Ghaddar ya fara aikin samartaka ne a Nejmeh a ranar 26 ga watan Fabrairun 1998. Bayan kammala karatunsa daga makarantar matasa ya fara zama na farko a kungiyar, shekaru biyu bayan haka kuma ya kasance memba na kungiyar da ta yi ikirarin taken kakar 1999 zuwa, wanda shi ne kambun Lig na farko na kungiyar na tsawon shekaru 20. A tsawon shekaru goma, Ghaddar ya ci gaba da neman wasu lakabi hudu kuma ya karbi kyaututtuka daban-daban a gasar laliga tare da karfafa sunansa a matsayin daya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasa a Lebanon.
Al Shabab A watan Disamban 2009, Ghaddar ya rattaba hannu kan kungiyar Al-Shabab ta gasar Premier ta Bahrain a kakar wasa ta shekara ta 2009 zuwa 2010. A ranar 18 ga watan Maris na shekarar 2010, Ghaddar ya ci wa Al-Shabab kwallonsa ta farko a wasan da suka doke Muharraq da ci (3-1). Makonni biyu bayan haka ya zira kwallaye biyu a kan Busaiteen a wasan da suka doke (1-1) a ranar 2 ga Afrilu. A ranar 15 ga watan Mayu, Ghaddar ya zira kwallaye biyu a raga a wasan da suka doke Malkiya da ci (2-1). Kwallaye biyar da ya ci a wasanni shida a karshen kakar wasanni ta 2009 zuwa 2010 ya taimaka wa kulob din tsallakewa faduwa daga rukuni na biyu.
Al Ahly Ghaddar signed a four-year-contract with Egypt's Al Ahly for the( 2010zuwa2011) Egyptian Premier League season, become the first Lebanese player to sign for the Egyptian team. Ghaddar debuted for Al Ahly on (6) August (2010) in a( 0–0) draw with Ittihad El-Shorta where he was substituted onto the field for Mohamed Talaat on( 76) minutes. He made one appearance for Al Ahly during the (2010) CAF Champions League group stage on (12) September( 2010) in a (2–1) win against Nigerian side Heartland F.C. where he was substituted onto the field for Mohamed Fadl on (76) minutes. Ghaddar was released by the club after just six months of his handful of appearances.
Ghaddar ya koma kungiyar Siriya, Tishreen SC a kakar shekarar( 2010zuwa2011) amma daga karshe ya koma kungiyar Al-Jaish SC Damascus Kelantan Ghaddar a hukumance ya hade da zakaran Super League na 2011 da kuma 2011 FA Cup Runners-Up, Kelantan FA a ranar 8 ga watan Nuwamban 2011, inda ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru 2 tare da kungiyar. Kulob din yana Gabas ta Gabas ta Malaysia kuma yana wasa a gasar cin kofin AFC na shekarar 2012. After his duty with the national team, he officially joined Kelantan on 29, December 2011, and made his first appearance with the club and also scored his first goal at the same time in a 3–1, win against Perak FA during a pre season friendly match, scoring through a penalty in the 90th minute.
Ya fara kakar wasan da zura kwallaye a wasanni 6, duka biyu da fanareti. Koyaya, an sake rajistarsa cikin tawagar Super League ta Kelantan a watan Fabrairu, wanda aka maye gurbinsa da Onyekachi Nwoha. Bayan rawar da ya taka a gasar cin kofin AFC na shekarar 2012, inda ya ci kwallaye 6 a wasanni 4, an sake yi masa rijista a kungiyar Kelantan Super League a watan Afrilu, a madadin Nwoha. Ya ci kwallo lokacin da ya dawo Super League a kan PBDKT T-Team FC, sannan kuma ya ci fanareti a wasan da suka tashi( 2-1) a ranar (17) ga watan Afrilu shekarar (2012) Ghaddar wins his first title with Kelantan, when he helps Kelantan to win the Malaysia FA Cup for the first time, by beating Sime Darby F.C.( 1–0) in the final on( 19) May (2012) He scored the only goal in the final, converting a penalty in the 58th minute.
Ghaddar ya zama sanadin intanet a cikin watan Mayun 2012 bayan da aka yi izgili da wani aikin ƙafa.
FELDA United Kelantan
Kelantan
Lokacin 2014 Ghaddar ya sake komawa kungiyar Super League ta Malaysia bayan ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu tare da tsohuwar kungiyarsa, Kelantan FA. A baya, ya yi wasa tare da Felda United amma an sake shi saboda raunin da ya ji. Ya ci kwallaye biyu a dawowarsa a kan PKNS Selangor a lokacin budewar kakar shekarar 2014 wanda Kelantan ya ci (2-1). A ranar 23 ga watan Afrilu, Kelantan FA ya dakatar da kwantiraginsa.
Lokacin 2017 Ghaddar re-sign for the third time with Kelantan FA after he was unveiled as one of their new import player on 15 January 2017. He scored 18 goals in 11 matches for kelantan before decide to move to JDT. He scored 2 goals during his 2017 season debut against PKNS.
Johor Darul Ta'zim Bayan jita-jita da yawa game da makomar sa, a ranar( 16) ga watan Mayu shekarar (2017) Johor Darul Ta'zim ya sanar da cewa sun cimma yarjejeniya game da canza Ghaddar kan kudin da ba a bayyana ba. Koyaya an bayar da rahoton cewa Ghaddar ya kashe kusan RM( 1,000,000 zuwa RM 5,000,000) kuma an bayar da rahoton cewa za a biya shi daga RM( 170,000 zuwa RM 200,000) kowane wata wanda hakan zai sa ya zama mai karɓar albashi mafi girma a tarihin kwallon kafa na Malaysia. Ghaddar ya fara buga wa Johor Darul Ta'zim wasa ne a wasan da suka doke PKNS da ci (1 da 0) kuma ya ba da taimakon cin nasarar wasan a ranar (24) ga watan Mayu shekarar (2017). Ghaddar ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a Johor Darul Ta'zim a wasan da suka doke Penang gida da ci 2 da 0 a ranar 1 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2017. A ranar 15 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2017, Ghaddar ya ci kwallaye biyu a wasanni biyar yayin da kulob dinsa ya ci Sarawak 3-1. Sannan ya sake zura kwallaye biyu a ranan 22 ga Yuli 2017 akan T-Team da 26 July 2017 akan Perak Ghaddar ya kammala wasansa da kwallaye 5 a wasanni 10 daya bugawa Johor Darul Ta'zim.
On November 2017, Melaka United has showed their interest in getting Ghaddar for a season-long move. On 22 November 2017, Ghaddar has rejected Melaka United offered. He has been released from the club after the 2017 season ends.
Komawa zuwa Kelantan A ranar (12) ga watan Fabrairun shekarar (2018) Ghaddar ya sake komawa Kelantan a karo na hudu kafin a rufe kasuwar musayar 'yan wasa a ranar (11) ga Fabrairu yayin da ya maye gurbin Morgaro Gomis wanda rahotanni ke cewa ya ji rauni. Ghaddar ya fara wasan farko ne a Kelantan a wasan da suka doke Perak da ci( 3-2) a ranar (24) ga watan Fabrairu shekarar (2018) a filin wasa na Sultan Muhammad IV Bayan fama da raunin ACL da asarar sifa, kwantiraginsa ya ƙare da yardar juna a watan Mayu na shekarar.
Johor Darul Ta'zim II Ghaddar ya fara buga wa kungiyar Johor Darul Ta'zim II ta Premier League ne, kungiyar da ke kula da Johor Darul Ta'zim, a wasan da suka tashi (2-1) a kan Sabah a ranar( 2) ga watan Fabrairun shekarar (2019), inda ya ci kan da kai don daidaita wasan. Ghaddar ya ci kwallaye bakwai a wasannin lig (15) Komawa Nejmeh A ranar( 7) ga watan Satumba shekarar (2020) Ghaddar ya koma Nejmeh.
Ayyukan duniya Ghaddar ya buga wa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Labanon ta 'yan kasa da shekaru (20) tare da takwaransa na kasar Ali El Atat da Ramez Dayoub A lokacin cancantar shiga gasar wasannin Olympics ta lokacin bazara ta shekara ta (2004) Ghaddar ya kasance daga kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekaru (23) ta Lebanon wacce ta tsallake zuwa zagayen karshe na wasannin neman cancantar Asiya. Ghaddar ya fara buga wa kungiyar kasar sa wasa a shekarar 22006) Shima babban kocin Lebanon, Theo Bucker ya gayyace shi domin cin Kofin Kasashen Larabawa na (22012). Ya nuna kyakkyawan aiki a cikin cancantar gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar 2(2014)F IFA tare da taimakon Lebanon kyakkyawar dawowa.
A ranar( 8) ga watan Satumbar shekarar (2014) ya zira kwallaye na tarihi a kan tawagar Olympic ta Brazil a wasan da suka tashi( 2-2) A ranar (12) ga watan Yuni shekarar( 2017) Ghaddar ya ƙi kiranye zuwa ga ƙungiyar ƙasa don wasa da Malaysia, inda yake buga ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙungiyar sa. Tun daga lokacin bai sake zuwa kungiyar ba.
Statisticsididdigar aiki
Kulab
Na duniya Scores and results list Lebanon's goal tally first.
Rigima
Rikicin wasan League A ranar( 12) ga watan Yuni a shekara ta (2012) Mohd Amri Yahyah da Mohd Bunyamin Omar suka kaiwa Ghaddar hari a wasan Super League na Malaysia (MSL) a filin wasa na Sultan Muhammad IV da ke Kota Bharu. Yayin wasan, an bar Ghaddar cikin zafin rai bayan Mohd Amri Yahyah ya buga al'aurarsa mara daɗi. Ghaddar ya ɗauki minutesan mintuna kaɗan don murmurewa yayin da yake kwance a ƙasa. Dangane da abin da ya faru, Selangor's Amri Yahyah da Bunyamin Omar an ba su dakatarwar na wasa uku da tarar RM (1,500) kowanne yayin da aka bai wa Ghaddar dakatar da wasa daya kuma ya ci shi RM(2,000) daga Kwamitin da'a na Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Malaysia (FAM).
Kelantan FA rigima An kawo Ghaddar zuwa kwamitin ladabtarwa na Kelantan FA (KAFA) bayan da ya gaza gabatar da rahoto ga kungiyar a ranar( 5) ga watan Agusta, a shekara ta 2012) don kamfen din Kofin Malaysia na( 2012) wanda zai fara a ranar( 22) ga watan Agusta shekarar( 2012) Ya dawo ne a ranar (16) ga watan Agusta shekarar( 2012) lokacin da ya koma kasarsa don yin aure bayan an gama gasar Super League ta Malaysia a ranar( 14) ga watan Yulin a shekara ta (2012) Daraja Bangaren fasaha na kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Labanon ya karrama dan wasan gaba na kungiyar Nejmeh Ghaddar, saboda kasancewarsa wanda yafi kowa zira kwallaye a gasar cin kofin AFC na shekarar 2007. Kocin kungiyar kasa Emile Rustom ya gabatar wa Ghaddar takalmin zinare yayin bikin a otel din Meridien Commodore da ke Beirut A ranar( 28) ga watan Maris a shekara ta( 2021) AFC ta zabi Ghaddar daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan gaba na cin Kofin AFC Nejmeh
Gasar Premier ta Labanon :a shekara ta 2003 zuwa2004, 2004 zuwa2005) Kofin Elite na Lebanon :a shekara ta 2002, zuwa2003, 2004zuwa2005) Kofin Labanan na Lebanon :a shekara ta (2002zuwa 2004) Dan wasan Labanon wanda ya zo na biyu a gasar cin kofin FA :a shekara ta (2020zuwa2021) Al Ahly
Gasar Firimiya ta Masar a shekarar(2010zuwa2011) Super League ta Malaysia a shekarar (2012) Kofin Malaysia :a shekarar 2012) Kofin Malesiya na FA :na shekarar 2012 zuwa 2013) Johor Darul Ta'zim
Malaysia Super League:a shekara( 2017) Malaysia Cup: a shekara ta (2017) Johor Darul Ta'zim II
Kofin Kalubale na Malaysia :a shekara ta (2019) Kowane mutum
Gasar AFC Cup mafi cin kwallaye:a shekara ta 2007) Dan wasan da yafi zira kwallaye a gasar Firimiya Labanan :a shekara ta( 2006 zuwa 2007, 2007 zuwa 2008) Malesiya Super League da ta fi zira kwallaye a raga:a shekara ta 2017)
Duba kuma Jerin 'yan wasan kwallon kafa na kasar Lebanon
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Mohamad Ghaddar Mohamad Ghaddar a RSSSF
Rayayyun Mutane
Haifaffun 1984 Pages with unreviewed |
20473 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukumar%20Kula%20da%20Tattalin%20Arzikin%20Najeriya | Hukumar Kula da Tattalin Arzikin Najeriya | Hukumar Kula da Tattalin Arzikin Najeriyar (N.I.M.A.S.A), tsohuwar Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Kasa (N.M.A) ce ke da alhakin dokokin da suka shafi jigilar jiragen ruwa na Najeriya, da aikin bakin ruwa da ruwan gabar teku. Har ila yau, hukumar na gudanar da bincike da kuma samar da ayyukan bincike da ceto. Kwamitin gudanarwa ya hada da wakilan Ma'aikatar kwadago, da Ma'aikatar Sufuri da kuma sojojin ruwa.
Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Kasa Hukumar Tattalin Arzikin Kasa (NMA), wacce ta gabace ta NIMASA, an kafa ta ne ta Dokar Manufofin Sufuri na 11 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 1987, kuma Ma’aikatar Sufuri ta Tarayya ce ke kula da ita. Aikinta shine tabbatar da ingantaccen tsari, kariya da horon ma'aikata a masana'antar jigilar kayayyaki ta ruwa. NMA kuma an ba ta alhakin sa ido kan gurɓatar ruwan teku da zubar da ruwa a cikin ruwan Najeriya. Matatun man fetur da ke yankin Neja Delta suna da rauni, sannan kuma dokar ta amince da rawar dakon kaya a cikin teku wajen kariya.
Rabon kaya Dokar da ta kafa NMA ta yi amfani da shugaban 40-40-20 wanda taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Ciniki da Ci Gaban (UNCTAD) ya bayyana. Wannan yana nufin cewa za a rarraba 40 na kaya zuwa jirgi daga mai shigowa, 40% zuwa jirgi daga mai fitar da 20% batun batun buɗe gasa, wanda zai iya haɗawa da jiragen ruwa daga wasu ƙasashe. Ga wadanda ba na taro ba da kuma manyan kaya ya ci gaba, ana rabawa bisa 50-50, tare da NMA da ke da ikon rarraba duk kayan da ake fitarwa. Duk da wannan hukuncin, a zahiri kamfanonin hakar mai sun samar da jiragen ruwa na kansu don kai yawancin danyen zuwa matatun man su zuwa kasashen waje. Koyaya, mambobin taron Jirgin Ruwa na Amurka da Afirka ta Yamma sun ce an hana su jigilar kaya daga NMA, batun da gwamnatin Amurka ta gabatar sau da dama. A cikin shekara ta 1988 NMA ta sanar da cewa za ta kafa ofisoshin ajiyar kaya a Liverpool, London, Hamburg, Paris, Tokyo, New York da Brazil. Dokta Bassey U. Ekong, Darakta Janar na NMA, ya ce cibiyoyin za su yi rikodin duk abubuwan da ke shigowa Najeriya kuma za su tabbatar da "cikakken aiwatar da ka'idar 40-40-20 ta UNCTAD". A ƙarshe, babu ɗayan ofisoshin da aka buɗe. A cikin shekara ta 1988 NMA ta ba da layukan jigilar jiragen ruwa guda shida a matsayin "mai jigilar jiragen kasa", ciki har da Layin Jirgin Ruwa na kasa mallakar Najeriya. NMA na da niyyar faɗaɗa wannan matsayin ga ƙarin kamfanonin cikin gida don rage ikon kasuwanci ta layukan mallakar ƙasashen waje. Saboda dalilai na alfahari na kasa, NMA ba ta karfafa layukan jigilar kayayyaki na cikin gida don shiga ayyukan ciyarwa ba, kawo kayayyaki zuwa wurin rabarwa don jigilar kaya kai tsaye, da fifita ayyukan kai tsaye. Wani jami'in NMA ya ce a shekara ta 1989 "ci gaban aiyukan samar da abinci ba daidai ba ne da ci gaban maratata na yankin". A cewar UNCTAD, layukan sun fi dacewa da sabis na abincin, kuma yin watsi da wannan hanyar na iya haifar da ajalinsu. Dependence on foreign shippers, who were carrying over 80% of cargo by 1992, made the country vulnerable. When the NMA attempted to impose a dock charge of $0.25 per metric tonne of crude oil loaded in Nigerian ports and oil terminals, the shipping companies threatened to go elsewhere, saying the charge would make Nigerian oil uncompetitive. The NMA had no choice but to suspend the fee.
The NMA charges on shipping lines that called into Nigerian ports were increased in 2003, with a surcharge being added to taxes on all Nigerian freights. In December shekara ta 2004, based on recommendations from the World Bank, the government announced that all NMA charges would be scrapped as of January shekara ta 2005. There were delays in implementing the change.
A tsakanin lokacin tsakanin shekara ta 1987 zuwa shekara ta 1992 ma'aikatan NMA sun hada da wasu kwararru, galibi masanan tattalin arziki. Koyaya, yawancin ma'aikata basu da ƙwarewa a cikin masana'antar jigilar kaya amma an ɗauke su aiki saboda haɗin su. A sakamakon haka, NMA ba ta da tasiri shekara ta sosai. A wani taron karawa juna sani na shekara ta 1991 NMA an ce ba shi da inganci da rashawa. Aya daga cikin mawuyacin hali shine NMA "mataccen kare ne, amma mai haɗari, saboda yana tsotse jini ta hanyar karɓar kuɗi a cikin tsabar kuɗi don ayyukan da ba a yi ba". A cikin shekara ta 1980s da shekara ta 1990s Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Kasa ta gudanar da Gidauniyar Samun Jirgin Ruwa da Kudin Gina Jirgin Ruwa, inda ta ba da rancen kudi da aka shirya don karfafa ikon mallakar jiragen ruwa daga 'yan Najeriya. An yi amfani da wasu rancen don wannan dalilin, yayin da aka karkatar da yawancin kudaden zuwa wasu amfani da 'yan siyasa, abokai na mulkin soja da "masu jiragen jakar kaya". An dakatar da asusun a ƙarshen shekarun 1990, amma yawancin kuɗin ba a sake dawo dasu ba. A shekara ta 2003, Najeriya ta bayar da dala miliyan 25 kacal don bunkasa harkar jigilar kayayyaki, kadan kadan idan aka yi la’akari da girman kasar. Da yake rubutu a shekara ta 2004, Ayodeji Olukoju ya ce "A zahiri, duka 'yan kasuwa na asali da kuma Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Kasa suna taka rawar rawar masu karbar haya. kawai sun mayar da ita tukunyar zuma ce da gwamnatocin da suka gabata da wakilansu suka wawashe A shekarar 2020, Hukumar Yaki da Yiwa Tattalin Arziki Tu'annati (EFCC) gurfanar da Amosu, tare da Air Vice Marshall Jacobs Adigun, wani tsohon shugaban asusun ajiyar kudi da kasafin kudi, da Air Commodore Owodunni Olugbenga, tsohon Daraktan Kudi da Kasafin Kudi na NAF. rawar da ake zargin su da shi wajen karkatar da akalar amfani da kusan N21billion mallakar NAF. Suna fuskantar gyara tuhume-tuhume 13 wanda suka amsa "ba laifi ba".
Ayyukan NIMASA An kirkiro NIMASA ne a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2006 lokacin da aka haɗu da Hukumar Kula da Tashar Ruwa ta withasa da theungiyar Hadin Gwiwar Masana'antu ta Maritime. Dukansu tsofaffin ma’aikata ne na Ma’aikatar Sufuri ta Tarayya. A karkashin dokar da ta kafa NIMASA, kashi 5% na kudin shiga shekara-shekara zai tallafawa Makarantar Maritime Academy of Nigeria (MAN) kuma kashi 35% na kudin shiga za a yi amfani da shi ne wajen bunkasa kayayyakin masarufin teku. Hukumar ta samar da kudade ga MAN don aikin jirgi da jirgin ruwa. A watan Disambar shekara ta 2009 hukumar ta ce tana kafa wani asusu wanda zai dauki kashi 40% na kudin karatun jirgi, inda dalibin ke da alhakin ragowar. A watan Yunin shekara ta 2010 an tabbatar da cewa NIMASA na karfafawa ‘yan Nijeriya gwiwa don su shigo cikin harkar sufurin jiragen ruwa. Hukumar tana aiwatar da umarnin cewa duk masu safarar jiragen ruwa da ke sana'ar kwalliya, walau 'yan Najeriya ko na kasashen waje, dole ne su kasance masu horar da' yan Najeriyar a cikin jirgin don su samu gogewar lokaci. Koyaya, har yanzu akwai ƙarancin ƙarancin horarrun matuƙan jirgin ruwa. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2011 hukumar ta ci gaba da kashe makudan kudade wajen horar da 'yan Najeriya a Indiya, Glasgow da Misira saboda MAN ba shi da ikon bayar da cikakken horo. Wani shiri da gwamnati tayi na bude sabbin cibiyoyin horaswa yana shan suka, tunda da alama ba zasu iya aiki kamar na MAN ba. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2011 NIMASA ta shiga tsakani tsakanin Kungiyar Masu Kula da Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Najeriya da Kungiyar Ma’aikatan Jirgin Ruwa na Najeriya, wadanda ke neman a kara albashi da tsarin aiki. NIMASA ta shiga cikin muhawarar kan shawarar samar da Hukumar Kula da Tsaro ta Ruwa (MASECA) a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Kwamitin Aiwatar da Shugaban Kasa kan Tsaro da Tsaron Ruwa (PICOMSS). Manufar ita ce ta samar da babbar kariya ga jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci daga hauhawar matakan satar fasaha. Koyaya, NIMASA da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun damu da cewa MASECA na iya yin rikici da Yarjejeniyar Duniya ta Tsaron Rayuwa a Tekun, wadda ba ta ba da izinin jiragen ruwan kasuwanci su kasance da makamai. Wannan aikin na MASECA ya kasance kamar yana cikin rikici da aikin kafa NIMASA. A watan Yunin shekarar 2011 hukumar ta daukaka sama da kashi 60% na ma’aikatanta, gami da kananan ma’aikata 135 wadanda aka ciyar da su zuwa matakan aji na gaba, da kuma manyan ma’aikata 536. Hakanan a cikin Yunin shekara ta 2011, an sanar da cewa NIMASA za ta yi aiki a matsayin hukuma ta amincewa da kuma garanti ga masu cin gajiyar wani sabon Asusun Kudin Jirgin Ruwa na Kaya, wanda a wannan karon bankuna ke gudanar da shi, inda zai maye gurbin tsohon Jirgin Ruwa da Kudin Jirgin Ruwa. A ranar 28 ga Nuwamba Nuwamba shekara ta 2020, NIMASA ta ba da izinin ɗabinta na e-library na farko-farko don cike Gibin Ilimi a cikin masana'antar.
Shugabanci Dokta Bassey U. Ekong shi ne Babban Darakta a shekara ta 1988. Darakta Janar Alhaji Munir Jafar 'an maye gurbinsa da Buba Galadima, wanda shi ne Darakta Janar na NMA daga shekara ta 1996 zuwa shekara ta 1998. An ce Galadima ya karkatar da kudade daga NMA zuwa yakin neman zaben Janar Sani Abacha John Egesi, masanin tattalin arzikin ruwa ya gaje shi. Egesi, wanda aka ciyar da shi daga cikin kungiyar, an kore shi bayan watanni uku kawai saboda rikice-rikice na ciki. An nada Dokta George Mbanefo Eneh a matsayin Darakta-Janar na Hukumar Kula da Zirga-Zirgar Ruwa ta Eneh, masanin harkokin sufuri na Bankin Duniya, an bi shi bayan shekara guda daga Architect Ferdinand Agu. Agu ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru hudu, an sake nada shi a wa’adi na biyu a lokacin Abiye Sekibo a matsayin Ministan Sufuri. An kore shi a cikin Disamba 2005. An maye gurbin Agu da Injiniya Festus Ugwu, wanda Misis Mfon Usoro, Lauyan Lauya a kan Ruwa. Dokta Shamsideen Adegboyega Dosunmu ne ya gaje shi, wanda ya yi PhD a cikin Gudanar da Harkokin Jama'a, kuma an nada shi a watan Mayu 2007. Dosunmu ya samu karin girma daga aikin Babban Darakta, Kudi da Gudanarwa na NIMASA. ya bi shi Temisan Omatseye, Lauyan Lauyan Ruwa. A shekara ta 2009, Shugaba Umaru Musa Yaradua ya nada Sanata Baba Tela a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar NIMASA. A ƙarshen shekara ta 2010 Ministan Sufuri, Yusuf Sulaiman, ya gudanar da bincike a cikin hukumar. An gabatar da tuhumar almubazzaranci da rashawa a kan Darakta Janar na hukumar, Temisanren Omatseye. A ranar 24 ga Nuwamban shekara ta 2010 Hukumar da ke Yaki da Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki ta damke Omatseye. Mohammed Kabiru Shehu, Daraktan Sayen kaya da Jarma Bulama, Daraktan Kudi an dakatar da su daga ofis, amma an sake tuna su a watan Yunin 2011. Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2011 Shugaban Hukumar ya kasance Alhaji Adamu Mu'Azu, kuma Babban Darakta kuma Babban Darakta shi ne Zaikede Patrick Akpobolokemi. Akpobolokemi Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan ya nada shi a ranar 22 ga Disambar 2010. Ya kasance malami a Jami’ar Neja Delta kafin a nada shi ya gaji Omatseye. An kori Akpobolokemi a ranar 16 ga Yulin 2015 sannan daga baya Hukumar Yaki da Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki (EFCC) ta kama shi.
Dr. Dakuku Adolphus Peterside ya fara aiki a matsayin Darakta Janar Darakta na Hukumar Kula da Tattalin Arzikin Najeriyar (NIMASA) a ranar Talata 15 ga Maris, 2016. Nadin ya fara aiki ne daga 10 ga Maris din shekara ta 2016.
A ranar 26 ga Agusta, shekara ta 2016, Shugaban Najeriya Janar Muhammadu Buhari ya nada Janar Jonathan India Garba a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar na NIMASA. A ranar 4 ga Maris, shekara ta 2020, Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ya amince da nadin Bashir Jamoh a matsayin Darakta-Janar na Hukumar Kula da Tattalin Arzikin Najeriya (NIMASA). Jamoh a yanzu shine Babban Daraktan Kudi da Gudanarwa kuma zai maye gurbin Dakuku Peterside wanda aikinsa a matsayin NIMASA DG zai kare a ranar 10 ga Maris, shekara ta 2020.
Manazarta
Majiya title The Guardian https://m.guardian.ng/news/buhari-appoints-jamoh-to-replace-peterside-as-nimasa-dg/
Duba kuma Hukumar Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa ta Najeriya
Hukumomi
Gwamnatin Najeriya
Kungiyoyin taimako a Najeriya
Tattalin arziki
Pages with unreviewed |
40682 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle | Vehicle | Vehicle (from Latin vehiculum inji ce da ke jigilar mutane ko kaya. Motoci sun haɗa da kekuna, ababen hawa (babura, motoci, manyan motoci, motocin bas, babur mai motsi ga nakasassu), motocin dogo (jiragen ƙasa, trams), (jiragen ruwa, motocin karkashin ruwa), motocin amphibious (motocin dunƙule, hovercraft), jiragen sama (jirage, helikofta, aerostats) da kuma jiragen sama. Ana rarraba motocin ƙasa gabaɗaya ta hanyar abin da ake amfani da su don amfani da tuƙi a kan ƙasa: masu wheeled, tracked, da jirgin ƙasa ko masu skied. TS EN ISO 3833-1977 daidaitaccen ma'auni ne, kuma ana amfani da shi na duniya a cikin doka, don nau'ikan motocin titi, sharuɗɗa da ma'anoni.
Tarihi Tsofaffin jiragen ruwa da aka gano ta hanyar tono kayan tarihi sune logboats, tare da mafi tsufan logboat, kwale-kwalen Pesse da aka samu a cikin bog a cikin Netherlands, kasancewar carbon da aka yi kwanan watan 8040-7510 BC, yana mai da shi 9,500-10,000 shekaru, An gano wani kwale-kwale mai shekaru 7,000 da aka kera daga ciyayi da kwalta a Kuwait. An yi amfani da jiragen ruwa tsakanin 4000-3000 BC a cikin Sumer, tsohuwar Masar da kuma cikin Tekun Indiya. Akwai shaidar motocin rakumi da aka ja a kusan 4000-3000 BC. Shaida ta farko na titin wagon, magajin layin dogo, wanda aka samu zuwa yanzu shine doguwar titin Diolkos, wanda ke jigilar kwale-kwale ƙetaren Isthmus na Koranti a Girka tun kusan 600 BC. Motoci masu tayar da hankali da mutane da dabbobi suka ja suna gudu a cikin tsagi a cikin dutsen farar ƙasa, wanda ke ba da sinadarin waƙar, wanda ke hana kekunan barin hanyar da aka nufa. A cikin 200 AZ, Ma Jun ya gina karusa mai nuna kudu, abin hawa tare da tsarin jagoranci na farko. Layukan dogo sun fara bayyana a Turai bayan Duhuwar Zamani. Babban sanannen rikodin layin dogo a Turai daga wannan lokacin shine taga mai tabo a cikin Ministan Freiburg im Breisgau wanda ya fara kusan 1350. A cikin ƙarni na 1515, Cardinal Matthäus Lang ya rubuta bayanin Reisszug, hanyar jirgin kasa mai ban sha'awa a sansanin Hohensalzburg a Austria. Tun da farko layin yana amfani da dogo na katako da igiya mai ɗaukar hemp kuma ikon ɗan adam ko na dabba ne ke sarrafa shi, ta hanyar tuƙi. 1769 Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot sau da yawa ana alakan ta shi da kera abin hawa na farko mai sarrafa kansa ko mota a 1769. A cikin Rasha, a cikin a karni na 1780s, Ivan Kulibin ya ƙera mota mai three-wheeled uku tare da sifofi na zamani irin su tashi, birki, akwatin kaya da bearings; duk da haka, ba a kara inganta shi ba. 1783 'Yan'uwan Montgolfier na farko abin hawa balloon
1801 Richard Trevithick ya gina kuma ya nuna motarsa ta hanyar Puffing Devil, wanda mutane da yawa suka yi imani itace farkon motar da ke da amfani da wutar lantarki, ko da yake ba zai iya kula da isasshen tururi na dogon lokaci ba kuma ba shi da amfani sosai.
1817 push bikes, draisines ko dawakai na sha'awa sune hanyoyin farko na ɗan adam don yin amfani da ƙa'idodin masu kafa biyu, draisienne (ko Laufmaschine, "na'ura mai gudana"), wanda Baron Karl von Drais na Jamus ya ƙirƙira, ana ɗaukarsa azaman farkon keken zamani (da babur). Drais ne ya gabatar da shi ga jama'a a Mannheim a lokacin rani 1817. 1885 Karl Benz ya gina (kuma daga baya ya ba da haƙƙin mallaka) motar farko, wanda injin ɗinsa ya yi amfani da shi a Mannheim, Jamus.
1885 Otto Lilienthal ya fara hawan gwaji na gwaji kuma ya sami ci gaba na farko, sarrafawa, jiragen da za a iya sake yin su.
1903 'Yan'uwan Wright sun tashi na farko da sarrafawa, jirgin sama mai ƙarfi
1907 Na farko helikofta Gyroplane no.1 (tethered) da Cornu helikofta (jirgin kyauta) 1928 Opel RAK.1 roka mota
1929 Opel RAK.1 roka glider
1961 Motar Vostok ta ɗauki ɗan adam na farko, Yuri Gagarin, zuwa sararin samaniya
1969 Shirin Apollo ya fara saukar da abin hawa a kan wata
2010 Yawan motocin da ke aiki a duk duniya ya zarce adadin biliyan 1-kusan ɗaya ga kowane mutum bakwai.
Nau'inkan ababen hawa Ana amfani da kekuna sama da biliyan 1 a duk duniya. A shekara ta 2002 akwai kimanin motoci miliyan 590 da babura miliyan 205 da ke hidima a duniya. Akalla flying pigeon da ke tashi sama da miliyan 500 na kasar Sin da aka kera, fiye da kowane nau'in abin hawa guda daya. Motar da aka fi samarwa ita ce babur Honda Super Cub, wanda ya wuce miliyan 60 a 2008. Motar da aka fi samarwa ita ce Toyota Corolla, tare da aƙalla miliyan 35 da aka yi ta 2010. Jirgin da aka fi sani da tsayayyen jirgin sama shine Cessna 172, tare da kusan 44,000 da aka yi tun 2017. The Soviet Mil Mi-8, a 17,000, shi ne mafi yawan samar da helikwafta. Babban jirgin sama na kasuwanci shine Boeing 737, a kusan 10,000 a cikin shekarar 2018. A kusa da 14,000 na duka biyun, manyan motocin da aka samar sune KTM-5 da Tatra T3. Mafi yawan trolleybus shine ZiU-9.
Manazarta Sufuri
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
20223 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heineken%20Lokpobiri | Heineken Lokpobiri | Heineken Lokpobiri (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga Maris 1967) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda aka zabe shi a matsayin Sanata a watan Afrilun 2007 a jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party (PDP) a jihar Bayelsa, a mazabar Bayelsa ta Yamma A halin yanzu shi ne karamin ministan noma da raya karkara na Najeriya.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi Heineken Lokpobiri ya samu zama LL. B (Hons) a shekarar 1994 daga Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Rivers, Port Harcourt, BL Fabrairun shekarar 1995. Kwararre ne a kan Hakkokin Muhalli da Dokar Muhalli, yayi digirin digirgir na Ph.D a Jami'ar Leeds Beckett, Burtaniya a shekarar 2015
Sana'ar siyasa Lokpobiri ya kasance dan majalisar dokokin jihar Bayelsa daga 1999-2003, kuma kakakin majalisar daga Yuni 1999 Mayu 2001.
Wa'adin majalisar dattawa na farko An zabe shi dan majalisar dattawan Najeriya mai wakiltar mazabar Bayelsa ta yamma a shekarar 2007 kuma an nada shi kwamitocin wasanni, asusun jama'a, harkokin 'yan sanda, Niger Delta da muradun karni Bayan da Najeriya ta taka rawar gani a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka da aka yi a Ghana a shekarar 2008, kwamitin wasanni na majalisar dattawa wanda Lokpobiri ya kasance shugabanta ya fitar da wani rahoto da ya dora laifin rashin gudanar da mulki da rashin samun hadin kai daga babban daraktan hukumar wasanni ta kasa Dr. Amos Adamu Lokpobiri ya kasance shugaban Kwamitin Ad-hoc na Majalisar Dattawa kan harkar Sufuri. A watan Yunin 2009, bayan da wasu tsagerun Neja Delta suka sake yin zagon kasa a gidajen mai, ya yaba da afuwar da gwamnatin tarayya ta yi, yana mai cewa "A cikin yarjejeniyar afuwa da aka yi a halin yanzu, na yi imanin cewa bangarorin biyu za su koma gida mai gamsarwa kuma 'yan kwangilar za su yi aiki cikin kwanciyar hankali. kuma hakan zai kara saurin aikin gina tituna a yankin." A watan Yulin shekara ta 2009, majalisar dattijai ta zartar da dokar hukumar kula da tsofaffi ta kasa, wanda Lokpobiri ya dauki nauyinsa, wanda zai ba da tallafi na shari'a, jin dadi da wuraren shakatawa ga tsofaffi a kasar. A watan Satumban 2009, hukumomin Hukumar Raya Babban Birnin Tarayya (FCDA) da Majalisar Zartarwa ta Tarayya (FEC) sun sanar da amincewa da sabon cajin filaye a Abuja, Babban Birnin Tarayya. Sanata Lokpobiri ya fara wata muhawara mai zafi lokacin da ya zargi hukumomi da aikata ba bisa ka’ida ba ta hanyar kin fara amincewar Majalisar Jihohin kasar.
Wa'adin majalisar dattawa na biyu Lokpobiri ya sake tsayawa takarar Sanatan Bayelsa ta Yamma a zaɓen watan Afrilun 2011, a jam’iyyar PDP, kuma da farko an bayyana shi a matsayin wanda ya lashe zaben. Sai dai Hukumar Zabe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Kasa (INEC) ta janye shawarar da ta yanke, inda ta bayyana cewa zaben yana cike da matsaloli. Bayan ‘yan mintoci da sanarwar, jami’an tsaron jihar sun kama Lokpobiri. Lokpobiri ya kalubalanci hukuncin INEC Hukumar ta INEC ta shirya sake gudanar da zaben a kananan hukumomin Sagbama da Ekeremor a ranar 28 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 2011, amma wata babbar kotu a Yenagoa ta bayar da umarnin hana INEC gudanar da zaben har sai an shawo kan kalubalen. Lokpobiri ya hau kujerar sa a majalisar dattawa a ranar 29 ga watan Mayun shekarar 2011 kuma an nada shi shugaban kwamitin kula da albarkatun ruwa kuma mamba a kwamitin kula da ma’adanai masu karfi. A watan Agustan shekarar 2011, an ruwaito cewa ‘yan sanda ba sa gurfanar da Lokpobiri da sauran wadanda ake zargi da laifukan zabe tun da hukumar INEC ta amince da duk wani mataki da aka dauka. Hukumar ta INEC ta ce ba ta da hurumin gurfanar da masu laifi gaban kuliya. A watan Maris na shekarar 2012, Lokpobiri ya gabatar da dokar da za ta yi wahala ga kungiyoyin kwadago su janye yajin aikin. Za a buƙaci katin jefa ƙuri'a kafin a fara aikin masana'antu. Lokpobiri ya ce, “Wannan yana taimakawa wajen cimma matsaya ta tabbata ga mambobin kungiyar ta hanyar amfani da kayan zaɓe. Hakanan ana ba da gaskiya da bayyana gaskiya da rikon amana a matsayin abin alfahari a cikin makircin abubuwa.” Sauran Sanatocin dai ba su yarda ba. Sanata Joshua Dariye ya ce, “Ma’aikatun da aka fi samun dimokuradiyya a duniya, ita ce kungiyoyin kwadago, su ne kawai fatan al’umma, idan muka yi musu kaca-kaca, ina tsoron za a yi ta kiraye-kirayen a kawo zaman lafiya.
A shekarar 2015, ya sauya sheka daga jam'iyyar PDP mai mulki zuwa jam'iyyar APC. Daga baya jam’iyyar APC ta Buhari ta nada shi karamin minista a ma’aikatar noma da raya karkara”
Kebantacciyar Rayuwa Lokpobiri ta yi aure cikin farin ciki kuma tana da ‘ya’ya hudu.
Manazarta Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1967
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
23487 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikin%20Manchu%E2%80%93Han | Bikin Manchu–Han | Bikin Manchu-Han (sassauƙan sinanci, kuma Cikakken Manchu) yana nufin salon dafa abinci da nau'in babban liyafa wanda ya haɗa abubuwan Manchu da Han na ƙasar Sin waɗanda aka haɓaka a daular Qing ta China (1636–1912). Ana Kuma jayayya da asalin, amma ta ƙarni na goma sha tara salon ya shahara kuma an yi koyi da shi a gidajen cin abinci na ƙarni na ashirin da ashirin da ɗaya.
Tarihi
Daular Qing Lokacin da Manchus ya karɓi ikon China a ƙarni na goma sha bakwai, sun maye gurbin masu dafa abinci a cikin gidan sarauta, waɗanda galibi daga Shandong ne, tare da masu dafa abinci na Manchu. Abincin Manchu shine babban abincin da ake bayarwa a cikin fadar har sai da sarkin Qianlong ya gayyaci mashahuran masu dafa abinci daga kudu su shiga ɗakin dafa abinci na fadar. Sabuwar salon dafa abinci ya haɗa da waɗannan abubuwan Shandong, kudanci, da Manchu, kuma ya haifar da abin da ake kira "Manchu-Chinese liyafa" Man Han quanxi Ba a nuna irin wannan salon liyafa ba a cikin manyan liyafa na gidan sarauta, amma ba da daɗewa ba ya zama abin sawa kuma na sha tara ya bazu zuwa birane kamar Canton da Tianjin. Wani labari kuma shi ne, Sarkin Kangxi ya so ya warware saɓani tsakanin Manchu da kabilar Han, don haka ya yi liyafa a lokacin bikin cikarsa shekaru 66 da haihuwa. Bikin ya ƙunshi abincin Manchu da na Han, tare da jami'ai daga kabilun biyu da suka halarci walimar tare.
Shiri Abincin ya ƙunshi liyafa shida sama da kwana uku tare da abinci sama da 300. Gabaɗaya an ce manyan abinci 196 ne da kayan ciye -ciye 124, jimillar faranti 320 da aka zana cikin kwanaki uku. Dangane da yadda ake ƙidaya jita -jita tare da samfuran, a mafi ƙanƙanta akwai jita -jita 108. An raba bukin cikin manyan liyafa na cikin gida da na waje; dangin sarakuna da manyan jami'ai kawai, ciki har da jami'an Han sama da matsayi na biyu, an gayyace su cikin liyafar gidan. Littafin daga zamanin Sarkin Qianlong (1735 1796) yana ba da cikakken bayanin biki da jita -jita da kayan abinci.
Abincin An ce cewa akwai “Abinci na Talatin da Biyu,” yana nufin ƙarin abubuwan da ake amfani da su don yin liyafa. “Abincin Abinci na Dutsen Takwas” ya haɗa da jita -jita kamar kumburin raƙumi, tafin beyar, ƙwaƙwalwar biri, leɓen biri, damisar damisa, wutsiyar karkanda, da jijiyoyin barewa. "Ƙasar Ƙasashe Takwas" ta haɗa da tsuntsaye masu daraja da namomin kaza da yawa, kuma "Abincin Teku Takwas" ya haɗa da busasshen kokwamba na teku, fin shark, gidan tsuntsaye da sauran su.
Wasu daga cikin sunayen mutum guda na jita -jita a cikin:
Dusar ƙanƙara mai dusar ƙanƙara ragargazar beya da sturgeon Idanun Zinariya da Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙonawa ƙyanƙyashe wake da aka ƙera cikin kaji, duck da ƙwaƙwalwar cuckoo
Monkey King da Shark ƙwaƙwalwar akuya
Biri kwakwalwa
Kwai tart
Wurin Tofu
Dezhou braised chicken
Peck duck
Shark fin soup
Gidan tsuntsu mai cin abinci
Dried Cucumbers
Iya wei
Kayan aiki Kayan abinci, kamar na abinci, sun yi ɗimbin yawa; yawancin kayayyakin da aka finely aikata bronzeware, kuma porcelainware a cikin siffar da yawa dabbobi da aka tsara tare da sunadaran don kiyaye jita-jita dumi a ko'ina cikin gari. Gabaɗaya an fara yin samfuran Manchu, sannan kuma abincin Han ya biyo baya.
A cikin al'adun gargajiya An sake dawo da abincin masarautar a cikin fim ɗin The Chinese Feast, wanda ya ƙunshi biki na abinci 108 da aka yi a cikin abinci shida a cikin kwanaki uku. Wuraren da kansu sun haɗa da sinadarai masu ban mamaki da dabarun dafa abinci iri -iri daga kowane sashi na Masarautar China Wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin Mai Farin Ciki Bayan, a cikin anime Cooking Master Boy da jerin talabijin My Fair Princess, da kuma a cikin babi na 106 da 142 na manga Medaka Box A zamanin zamani, ana iya amfani da kalmar 'Manhan Quanxi' ta ƙasar Sin a matsayin salon magana don wakiltar kowane biki mai girman gaske. Misali, kafofin watsa labaru daban -daban na iya kiran bikin cin abincin dare a matsayin "Manhan Quanxi", yayin da a China kuma akwai gasa dafa abinci da yawa waɗanda ke yin amfani da sunan da aka ambata, yayin da ba musamman suna nufin ainihin ma'anar masarautar ba. biki. Hakanan ana amfani da sunan sosai a cikin samfuran samfuran a masana'antar abinci, irin wannan amfani a bayyane yake azaman samfuran miya da noodles nan take ta kamfanoni daban -daban.
An nuna wani ɗan gajeren sigar sigar Cantonese na abincin sarauta a cikin Mister Ajikko, inda kayan zaki: Ana amfani da kayan zaki na Almond Tofu a matsayin gasa da gwani a cikin tasa: Lafiyayyen sufi a Haikalin Abinci. An sake yin wahayi zuwa ga abincin masarautar a Kung Fu Panda Holiday An nuna wani nau'in Japan na almara na abincin sarauta a cikin Abinci
na Ƙarshe A cikin anime Kore wa Zombi Desu ka? (Turanci: Shin Wannan Zombie ce? Halayen bebe Eucliwood Hellscythe, wanda ke sadarwa ta hanyar rubuta saƙonni, yana buƙatar babban ɗan wasan ya sanya ta cin abincin dare; sannan ya bi wannan buƙatun ta hanyar neman "Bukin Masarautar Manchu."
Kwafi Tun 1720 aka yi ta ƙoƙarin yin kwaikwayon Manhan Quanxi na asali. A ƙarshen 1980 wani abincin abinci an kiyasta ya kashe sama da miliyan ɗaya na yen Japan Yawancin dabbobin da ake amfani da su a cikin abincin nau'in haɗari ne a yau.
Man -Han Banquet Labarin China (2019).
Manazarta Sin
Al'ada
Al'ummomi
Pages with unreviewed |
22049 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%B3ancin%20Lafiya | Ƴancin Lafiya | Ƴancin lafiya shi ne haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewar al'umma, da al'adu don mafi ƙarancin ƙimar kiwon lafiya wanda kowa ke da haƙƙi. An tsara ma'anar haƙƙin lafiya a cikin yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda suka haɗa da Sanarwar Duniya game da ƴancin Ɗan Adam, Yarjejeniyar tattalin arziƙi, tattalin arziki da al'adu, da yarjejeniyar kan Haƙƙoƙin Nakasassu. Akwai muhawara kan fassara da aiki da haƙƙin kiwon lafiya saboda la'akari kamar yadda aka ayyana lafiya, waɗanne ƙananan haƙƙoƙi ke ƙunshe cikin haƙƙin lafiya, da kuma waɗanne cibiyoyi ke da alhakin tabbatar da haƙƙin kiwon lafiya.
Ma'anona
Tsarin Mulki na Ƙungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya (1946) Gabatarwar tsarin mulki na hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta shekarar ta a lif ďari tara da Arabian da shida (1946) (WHO) ta ayyana kiwon lafiya a matsayin "yanayi na cikakkiyar lafiyar jiki, ta tunani da zamantakewarmu ba kawai rashin cuta ko rashin lafiya ba." Kundin tsarin mulki ya ayyana ƴancin kiwon lafiya a matsayin "jin daɗin mafi girman matsayin kiwon lafiya," kuma ya fitar da wasu ƙa'idoji na wannan ƴancin a matsayin ci gaban yaro mai lafiya; daidaita yaddar ilimin likitanci da fa'idodin sa; da matakan zamantakewar da gwamnati ta bayar don tabbatar da isasshen lafiya.
Frank P. Grad ya yaba wa Kundin tsarin mulki na (WHO) a matsayin "mai da'awar cikakken yankin na lafiyar jama'a na duniya a wannan zamani," kafa hakkin lafiya a matsayin "muhimmiyar, ƴancin ɗan Adam da ba za'a iya sokewa ba" wanda gwamnatoci ba za su iya zubar da ciki ba, kuma ya zama wajibi su kiyaye da goyon bayan. Tsarin Mulki na (WHO), musamman, ya nuna farkon ƙaddamar da haƙƙin lafiya a cikin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa.
Sanarwar Duniya game da Ƴancin Ɗan Adam (1948) Mataki na 25 na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya Yarjejeniyar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam ta 1948 ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta ce "Kowa na da ƴancin yin rayuwa irin ta rayuwa da ta dace da lafiyar sa da ta dangin sa, da suka haɗa da abinci, suttura, gidaje da kula da lafiya da ayyukan zamantakewar da ake buƙata. "Sanarwar ta Duniya tana yin ƙarin masauki don tsaro idan larura ta jiki ko tawaya, kuma ta ambaci kulawa ta musamman ga waɗanda suke cikin mahaifiya ko yara. An bayyana Sanarwar Duniya game da Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a matsayin sanarwa ta farko ta ƙasa da ƙasa game da ƴancin ɗan Adam, duka ƴanci da haƙƙoƙin ɗaya. Babban Kwamishinan majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UN) na Kare Haƙƙin Dan-Adam Navanethem Pillay ya rubuta cewa Sanarwar Kare Haƙƙin Dan-Adam ta Duniya "ta gabatar da hangen nesa da ke buƙatar daukar dukkan hakkokin bil'adama na farar hula, siyasa, tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, ko al'adu a matsayin wanda ba za a iya raba shi ba kuma kwayoyin halitta gaba ɗaya, ba za a iya rabuwa da juna ba." Hakanan, Gruskin yayi: jayayya cewa yanayin haƙƙin da aka bayyana a cikin sanarwar ta Duniya ya kafa" alhaki wanda ya wuce samar da muhimman ayyukan kiwon lafiya don magance masu ƙayyade lafiyar kamar, samar da isasshen ilimi, gidaje, abinci, da yanayin aiki mai kyau, "yana cigaba da bayyana cewa waɗannan tanade-tanaden" haƙƙin ɗan Adam ne da kansu kuma suna da muhimmanci ga lafiyar jiki."
Yarjejeniyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa kan Kawar da Duk nau'ikan Nuna Bambancin launin fata (1965) Kiwon lafiya ya yi magana a takaice a Yarjejeniyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UN) kan Kawar da Duk nau'ikan nuna wariyar launin fata ko jinsi, wanda aka amince da shi a shekarar 1965 kuma ya fara aiki a shekarar 1969. Yarjejeniyar ta yi kira ga kasashe da "Haramtawa da kuma kawar da wariyar launin fata ta kowane fanni da kuma tabbatar da 'yancin kowa, ba tare da nuna bambancin launin fata, launin fata, ko asalin ƙasa ko kabila ba, zuwa daidaito a gaban doka," da kuma nassoshi a ƙarƙashin wannan tanadi "Ƴancin lafiyar jama'a, kiwon lafiya, tsaro da zamantakewar jama'a".
Yarjejeniyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa kan Ƴancin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu (1966) Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) ta kara bayyana hakkin lafiya a cikin labari na 12 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'yancin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, wacce ta ce:
Janar Magana A'a 14 (2000) A cikin shekarar 2000, kwamitin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UN) kan Ƴancin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da Al'adu ya ba da babban Sharhi mai lamba 14, wanda ke magana kan "batutuwan da suka taso game da aiwatar da yarjejeniyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa kan tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu" game da mataki na 12 da 'yancin samun mafi girman matsayin kiwon lafiya." Janar Sharhi yana ba da ƙarin bayyane, yaren aiki kan 'yanci da haƙƙoƙin da aka haɗa ƙarƙashin haƙƙin lafiyar.
Janar ya yi sharhin bayani kai tsaye cewa "ƴancin lafiyar ba za a fahimta a matsayin yancin samun lafiya." Madadin haka, an bayyana haƙƙin kiwon lafiya a matsayin saƙo na duka 'yanci da haƙƙoƙin da suka dace da yanayin rayuwar mutum da zamantakewar sa da kuma wadatattun abubuwan Jiha, duka biyun na iya hana haƙƙin zama lafiya saboda dalilai fiye da tasiri ko kulawar Jihar. Mataki na 12 na aiki ga Jiha tare da fahimtar cewa kowane mutum yana da haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin lafiya mafi kyau, kuma ya ba da (aƙalla wani ɓangare) yanci daga 'da' haƙƙoƙin zuwa 'waɗanda ke tare da wannan haƙƙin; duk da haka, baya cajin Jiha da tabbatar da cewa dukkan mutane, a zahiri, suna da cikakkiyar ƙoshin lafiya, kuma ba dukkan mutane sun sami cikakken amincewa da haƙƙoƙi da damar da aka lissafa a cikin haƙƙin lafiyar ba.
Alaka da Sauran Hakkoki Kamar Sanarwar ta Duniya game da 'Yancin Dan Adam, Babban Magana yana bayyana yanayin dangantakar yancin ɗan Adam, yana mai cewa, "haƙƙin lafiya yana da alaƙa ta kut-da-kut da dogaro da fahimtar wasu haƙƙoƙin ɗan Adam," don haka ya nuna mahimmancin cigaba a cikin sauran hakkoki kamar na haƙƙin abinci, aiki, gidaje, rayuwa, rashin nuna wariya, mutuncin ɗan Adam, da samun muhimmancin, tsakanin waɗansu, don amincewa da haƙƙin kiwon lafiya. Hakazalika, Janar Sharhi ya yarda cewa "haƙƙin kiwon lafiya ya ƙunshi abubuwa da yawa na zamantakewar tattalin arziki waɗanda ke inganta yanayin da mutane za su iya rayuwa cikin ƙoshin lafiya, kuma ya faɗaɗa wajan masu ƙayyade lafiyar." Dangane da wannan, Babban Bayanin ya nuna cewa takamaiman matakai don fahimtar haƙƙin lafiyar da aka lissafa a cikin Mataki na 12 ba cikakke ba ne kuma cikakkun misalai ne a cikin yanayi.
Haɗin haɗin da ba za a iya rabuwa tsakanin lafiya da 'yancin ɗan adam ba
Jonathan Mann ya kasance Francois-Xavier Bagnoud Farfesa ne na Kiwon Lafiya da 'Yancin Dan Adam kuma Farfesa na Epidemiology da Lafiya ta Duniya a Harvard TH Chan Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a An san shi da kasancewa babban majagaba kuma mai ba da shawara don inganta kiwon lafiya, da'a, da 'yancin ɗan adam, yana mai ƙarfafa ra'ayin cewa lafiyar da haƙƙin ɗan Adam sun haɗu sosai a cikin dangantaka mai ƙarfi.
A cewar Mann, kiwon lafiya da ƴancin ɗan Adam hanyoyi ne na hadin gwiwa don bayyana da inganta rayuwar dan Adam. A shekarar 1994, Jonathan Mann da abokan aikinsa suka fara Lafiya da kuma 'Yancin Dan Adam na Jarida "don nuna muhimmancin wannan mahada da ba za a iya rarrabuwa tsakanin lafiya da' yancin ɗan Adam.
A cikin kundin farko na "Lafiya da 'Yancin Dan Adam na Jarida", Jonathan Mann da abokan aikinsa sun wallafa labarin canji don bincika yuwuwar haɗin gwiwa a cikin kiwon lafiya da' yancin ɗan Adam. A cikin wannan labarin, Mann, bayyana tsarin don haɗa yankuna biyu da suke da alaƙa. Wannan tsarin ya kasu kashi uku.
Alaka ta farko tsakanin kiwon lafiya da ‘yancin dan adam wata alaka ce ta siyasa. Mann da abokan aiki sun bayyana cewa manufofin kiwon lafiya, shirye-shirye, da ayyuka suna da tasiri a kan haƙƙin ɗan Adam, musamman idan aka yi la’akari da ikon ƙasa a fannin kiwon lafiyar jama’a.
Na gaba, labarin yana nuna alaƙar juya baya: cewa take haƙƙin ɗan adam na da tasirin kiwon lafiya. Hakanan yana yin kira ga ƙwarewar kiwon lafiya don taimakawa fahimtar yadda za a iya shafar lafiya da ƙoshin lafiya ta hanyar keta haƙƙin ɗan adam ta hanyar aunawa da kimantawa.
Kashi na uku na tsarin da ke danganta kiwon lafiya da 'yancin ɗan Adam yana gabatar da maƙasudin cewa kariya da haɓaka haƙƙoƙin ɗan Adam da kiwon lafiya suna da alaƙa ta asali a cikin dangantaka mai ƙarfi. Duk da yake wallafe-wallafe sun tallafawa alaƙar farko ta farko, ba a bincika wannan tunanin na uku kamar yadda yakamata ba.
Labarin ya goyi bayan wannan ra'ayin ta hanyar faɗin cewa wannan haɗin yanar gizon yana nuna cewa akwai sakamako mai fa'ida a cikin ayyukan masu zaman kansu na, amma kuma a cikin hulɗar cikin ayyukan, al'adar lafiyar jama'a da aiwatar da haƙƙin ɗan Adam. Akwai abin da ake zaton dogaro ne da ba za a iya watsi da shi ba. Mann da abokan aikinsa sun kara nuna cewa bincike, ilimi, gogewa, da bayar da shawarwari duk ana bukatar fahimtar wannan mahadar, don fahimta da cigaban rayuwar dan adam a duniya.
Daga qarshe, manufar Mann da takwararsa ita ce isar da cewa, yayin da kiwon lafiyar mutum ya fi mayar da hankali ga likitanci da sauran ayyukan samar da lafiya, musamman game da cututtukan jiki da nakasa, kiwon lafiyar jama'a ya fi inganta ne kan yadda mutane za su kasance lafiya. Dangane da wannan ma'anar mai sauƙin mamaki, manufar kiwon lafiyar jama'a ita ce haɓaka ingantacciyar lafiya da rigakafin matsalolin kiwon lafiya cuta, nakasa, mutuwa da wuri. Wato, yanayin al'adar lafiyar mutum kamar yadda aka fahimta kuma aka sarrafa ta daga ayyukan kiwon lafiya shine "wata mahimmin sharadi ne na kiwon lafiya", amma ba shine cancanta daya tilo ba ko kuma musayar magana ce da "lafiya" ba. Watau, aiyukan kiwon lafiya basu wadatar ga lafiya ba, kamar yadda masu kula da lafiyar jama'a suka fahimce shi akwai wasu dalilai na waje wadanda duk sun yi lahani kamar yadda ya bayyana da kyau da kuma mummunan tasiri ga lafiyar da lafiyar rayuwar ɗan adam na duniya baki daya.
Adalcin Lafiya Har ila yau, babban bayanin ya ba da ƙarin bayani game da batun daidaiton kiwon lafiya, ra'ayin da ba a magance shi ba a yarjejeniyar kasashen Duniya na farko. Takardar ta lura, "Yarjejeniyar ta ayyana duk wani wariyar da ake nunawa ta hanyar samun lafiya da kuma abubuwan da ke tabbatar da lafiya, gami da hanyoyin da suka dace da abubuwan da suka sawo." Bugu da ƙari, an ba da alhakin kula da inganta wariyar launin fata da tasirinsa game da kiwon lafiya ga Jiha: "Jihohi suna da aiki na musamman na wadata waɗanda ba su da wadatattun hanyoyin inshorar kiwon lafiya da wuraren kiwon lafiya, da kuma hana duk wani bambanci a kan filayen da aka haramta a duniya wajen samar da kiwon lafiya da ayyukan kiwon lafiya. "Karin girmamawa ana sanyawa kan rashin nuna banbanci dangane da jinsi, shekaru, nakasa, ko kasancewa memba a cikin al'ummomin asali."
Nauyin Jihohi da Kungiyoyin Duniya Bangarorin da ke tafe na Babban Sharhin suna bayani dalla-dalla game da wajibcin kasashe da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa kan hakkin lafiya. An sanya wajibai al'ummomi zuwa gida uku: wajibai na girmamawa, wajibai na kiyayewa, da wajibai don cika haƙƙin kiwon lafiya. Misalan waɗannan (ta hanyar da ba ta ƙarewa ba) sun haɗa da hana nuna bambanci a cikin isa ko isar da kulawa; kauracewa iyakancewar zuwa hanyoyin hana daukar ciki ko tsarin iyali; taƙaita hana samun bayanai na lafiya; rage gurbatar yanayi; taƙaita tilastawa da ko lalatattun al'adun gargajiya; tabbatar da samun daidaito ga masu tantance lafiyar jama'a; da samar da jagororin da suka dace don amincewa da wuraren kiwon lafiya, ma'aikata, da kayan aiki. Wajibai na duniya sun haɗa da ba da izinin jindaɗin kiwon lafiya a wasu ƙasashe; hana keta haddin kiwon lafiya a wasu kasashe; hada kai wajen samar da kayan agaji na bala'i da na gaggawa; da kuma guje wa amfani da takunkumi kan kayan kiwon lafiya ko ma'aikata a matsayin aiki na tasirin siyasa ko tattalin arziki.
Yarjejeniyar kan Kawar da Duk Wani Nau'i na Nuna Wariya ga Mata Mataki na 12 na Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) kan Kawar da Duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga Mata ya bayyana kariyar mata daga nuna wariyar jinsi yayin karbar sabis na kiwon lafiya da kuma hakkin mata ga takamaiman tanadi na kiwon lafiya da ya shafi jinsi. Cikakken rubutun Mataki na 12 ya ce:
Yarjejeniyar kan Hakkokin Yaro An ambaci lafiya a lokuta da yawa a cikin Yarjejeniyar kan Hakkokin Yaro (1989). Mataki na uku ya yi kira ga bangarorin da su tabbatar da cewa cibiyoyi da wuraren kula da yara suna bin ka'idojin kiwon lafiya. Mataki na 17 ya amince da haƙƙin yara don samun damar bayanai wanda ya dace da lafiyar jikinsa da ta tunaninsa da kuma ƙoshin lafiyarsa. Mataki na 23 yayi takamaiman bayani game da haƙƙin yara nakasassu, wanda a ciki ya haɗa da ayyukan kiwon lafiya, gyara, kulawa na rigakafi. Mataki na 24 ya zayyana lafiyar yara dalla-dalla, kuma ya ce, "Bangarorin sun amince da 'yancin da yaron yake da shi na more rayuwar da za a samu ta fuskar kiwon lafiya da kuma wuraren kulawa da rashin lafiya da kuma kula da lafiya. Jihohi za su yi iya kokarinsu don tabbatar da cewa babu wani yaro da aka tauye masa damar samun irin wadannan ayyukan kiwon lafiya. Zuwa aiwatar da wannan tanadi, Yarjejeniyar ta kirkiri matakai masu zuwa:
Hakkin dan Adam na kula da Lafiya Wata hanyar da za'a bi don fahimtar wani bangare na haƙƙin lafiyar shine "'yancin ɗan Adam na kula da lafiya." Hakanan, wannan ya ƙunshi haƙƙoƙin haƙuri da haƙƙin badawa a cikin isar da sabis na kiwon lafiya, ɗayan yana kama da buɗewa don cin zarafin jihohi. Hakkokin masu haƙuri a cikin isarwar kiwon lafiya sun haɗa da: haƙƙin sirri, bayanai, rayuwa, da kulawa mai inganci, da kuma 'yanci daga wariya, azabtarwa, da muguwar cuta, rashin mutuntaka, ko wulakanta mutum. Kungiyoyin da aka ware, kamar bakin haure da mutanen da suka rasa muhallansu, kabilanci da kabilu marasa rinjaye, mata, 'yan tsiraru masu jima'i, da wadanda ke dauke da kwayar cutar kanjamau, sun fi fuskantar matsalar take hakkin dan Adam a wuraren kiwon lafiya. Misali, ana iya ware kananan kabilu da kananan kabilu zuwa kananan hukumomi masu inganci, masu nakasa na iya kunshe da shan magani da karfi, ana iya hana masu amfani da kwayoyi magani na jaraba, ana iya tilasta mata shiga cikin gwaji na farji kuma a hana su zubar da rai, ana zargin 'yan luwadi da madigo ana iya tilasta maza shiga cikin gwajin dubura, kuma ana iya tilasta wa mata na wasu rukunin da ke gefe da kuma wadanda suka sauya mata haihuwa ta hanyar haihuwa. Hakkokin mai bayarwa sun haɗa da: haƙƙin ƙa'idodin inganci na yanayin aiki, 'yancin yin tarayya cikin' yanci, da haƙƙin ƙin aiwatar da aikin bisa ɗabi'unsu. Ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya galibi suna fuskantar take hakkinsu. Misali, musamman a kasashen da rashin karfin doka, masu kiwon lafiya galibi ana tilasta su aiwatar da hanyoyin da ke karya dabi'un su, suna musanta kungiyoyin da aka ware daga mafi kyaun matakan kulawa, karya sirrin marasa lafiya, da boye laifuka kan bil Adama da azabtarwa. Bugu da ƙari, ana azabtar da masu ba da lamuran wannan matsin lamba. A halin yanzu, musamman a Amurka, muhawara da yawa suna kewaye da batun "sanawar mai bayarwa", wanda ke da haƙƙin masu samarwa su ƙaurace wa aiwatar da hanyoyin da ba su dace da ƙa'idodin ɗabi'unsu ba, kamar zubar da ciki. Sake fasalin doka a matsayin hanyar magancewa da hana keta haƙƙin haƙuri da haƙƙin mai ba da kyauta yana ba da kyakkyawar hanya. Koyaya, a cikin ƙasashe na rikon kwarya (sabbin ƙasashen da aka yiwa garambawul), da sauran saituna tare da raunin doka, na iya iyakance. Kayan aiki da kayan aiki don lauyoyi, masu samarwa, da marasa lafiya masu sha'awar inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin kulawa da haƙuri an tsara su.
Tsarin Mulki na Kula da Lafiya Yawancin kundin tsarin mulki yanzu sun amince da haƙƙin kiwon lafiya. Wani lokaci, waɗannan haƙƙoƙin suna da adalci, ma'ana ana iya bin su a kotu. Haƙiƙa, yanayin sauye-sauye na tsarin mulki a duk duniya ya kasance yana haifar da haƙƙin lafiya da sanya shi adalci. Amurka waje ne na waɗannan abubuwan, aƙalla a matakin tarayya. Duk da haka, akwai yaƙin neman zaɓe a Amurka don neman goyan bayan amincewa da tsarin mulki na haƙƙin lafiya. Inda tsarin mulki ya amince da 'yancin da ake da shi na lafiya, martanin kotuna sun cakuɗe. Philip Barlow ya rubuta cewa bai kamata a dauki kula da lafiya a matsayin 'yancin dan adam ba saboda wahalar bayyana abin da ya kunsa da kuma inda ya kamata a kafa' mafi karancin mizanin 'hakki a karkashin' yancin. Bugu da kari, Barlow ya yi ikirarin cewa hakkokin sun sanya wa wasu hakkin su don kare su ko kuma tabbatar da su, kuma ba a san wanda ke da hakkin kula da lafiyar al'umma ba. John Berkeley, a cikin yarjejeniya da Barlow, ya sake yin suka game da cewa haƙƙin lafiyar ba ya la’akari da nauyin da mutum ya hau kansa na kula da lafiyarsa. Richard D Lamm yayi jayayya da ƙarfi game da sanya lafiyar dama. Yana ayyana dama a matsayin wacce za a kare ta kowane hali, da kuma wata manufa wacce tsarin shari'a ya bayyana tare da fassara ta. Ba wa hakkin kiwon lafiya dama zai bukaci gwamnatoci su kashe kaso mai tsoka na arzikinta don wadata ‘yan kasar da ita. Ya tabbatar da cewa tsarin kiwon lafiyar ya dogara ne akan kuskuren zaton marasa albarkatu. Yancin albarkatu na hana gwamnatoci wadata kowa da ƙoshin lafiya, musamman cikin dogon lokaci. To ƙarin samar da kiwon lafiya mai fa'ida ga duk mutanen da ke amfani da ƙananan albarkatu na iya haifar da durkushewar tattalin arziki. Lamm ya tabbatar da cewa samun dama ga kiwon lafiya amma wani ɗan ƙaramin ɓangare wajen samar da al'umma mai ƙoshin lafiya, da ƙirƙirar al'umma mai ƙoshin lafiya, yakamata a kashe albarkatu akan albarkatun jama'a. Wani sukar da ake yi wa haƙƙin kiwon lafiya shi ne cewa ba zai yiwu ba. Imre JP Loefler, tsohon edita na Ciwon Asibitin Nairobi kuma mai ba da gudummawa ga Jaridar Likita ta Burtaniya, ya bayar da hujjar cewa, rashin kudi da kayan aiki na tabbatar da kula da lafiyar kowa ba za'a iya samunsa ba, kuma wannan matsi na kayan aiki ya sa ba gaskiya ba ne a tabbatar da wani hakki na tsawaita rayuwa har abada. Madadin haka, Loefler ya ba da shawarar cewa manufar inganta lafiyar jama'a ta fi dacewa ta hanyar manufofin tattalin arziki fiye da haƙƙin kiwon lafiya na yau da kullum.
Duba kuma Lafiya da 'yancin ɗan Adam mujallar
Kula da lafiya a matakin farko
Kula da lafiyar duniya
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Takaddun Shafin Hadin gwiwa WHO OHCHR 323
'Yancin Lafiya mai ban dariya
Hakkin lafiya a Tashar hakkin Dan
Janar Bayani A'a. 14. Hakki zuwa mafi girman matsayin samun lafiya CESCR, 2000
Hakkin lafiya da kuma Sakatariyar Yarjejeniya Ta Zamani ta Turai na ESC, 2009
Hakkin Lafiya: Takardar Gaske Na 31 WHO da UN HCHR
Tambayoyi da Amsoshi 25 kan Lafiya da 'Yancin Dan Adam, WHO
Bibliography Andrew Clapham, Mary Robinson (eds), Gano Hakkin Lafiya, Zurich: r :ffer rub, 2009.
Bogumil Terminski, Zaɓaɓɓun Bibliography akan 'Yancin Dan Adam na Lafiya, Geneva: Jami'ar Geneva, 2013.
Judith Paula Asher, Hakkin Lafiya: Littafin kayan aiki don Ngos, Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Madaba'oi, 2010. Ni
Muhalli
Ƴancin muhalli
Ƴancin ɗan adam
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51095 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Baffoe | Frank Baffoe | Frank Baffoe masanin tattalin arzikin Ghana ne, jami'in diflomasiyya kuma dan kasuwa. Ya kasance karamin jakadan Ghana a Lesotho har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekarar 2016.
Ƙuruciya da ilimi An haifi Baffoe a ranar 3 ga watan Fabrairun,shekara ta alif ɗari tara da talatin da Uku1935 a Nkoranza a cikin Gold Coast (yanzu Ghana). Ya fara karatun sa na boko a makarantar Government Senior Boys' School, Accra, inda ya kammala firamare a shekara ta alif ɗari tara1950. Ya shiga makarantar Accra a wannan shekarar don karatun sakandare, inda ya kammala a shekarar 1952. Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare, ya sami Koyarwar Sadarwa tare da Kwalejin Wolsey Hall, Ingila daga shekarun 1958 zuwa 1960. A 1964, ya sami admission don yin karatu a Jami'ar Hamburg, Jamus (Yammacin Jamus Ya yi karatu a can na tsawon shekaru biyu kuma ya koma Jami'ar Munich, Jamus (Jamus ta Yamma), inda ya kammala a 1970 tare da digiri na biyu a fannin tattalin arziki. Ya sami digirinsa na uku PhD a fannin kasuwanci daga jami'ar Knightsbridge da ke Landan.
Sana'a Baffoe ya fara ne a matsayin mai koyan printing da zanen hoto a Gidan Jarida na Gwamnati, Accra, daga 1953 zuwa 1956. Daga shekarun 1956 zuwa 1958, an yi masa technician na kamfani ɗaya. A shekarar 1958, ya sami aiki a Guinea Press, Accra, inda aka nada shi mataimakin shugaban zane-zane. Ya yi aiki a Guinea Press tsawon shekaru biyu. Bayan kammala karatunsa na jami'a, ya zama karamin jami'in binciken tattalin arziki a Cibiyar Nazarin Tattalin Arziki ta IFO a Munich. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, ya zama abokin bincike a Jami'ar Makerere, Kampala kuma malami mai nazarin ka'idar tattalin arziki a 1973. An nada shi babban malami a fannin tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Kasa ta Lesotho a 1975. Tsakanin 1975 zuwa 1985, ya kasance Babban Malami a Jami'ar Botswana, Lesotho da Swaziland (UBLS), Jami'ar Swaziland, da Jami'ar Kasa ta Lesotho. Baffoe ya kasance memba na Cibiyar Nazarin zamantakewa ta Makerere, memba na kwamitin zartarwa na Kwamitin Bincike da Kwamitin Lantarki, memba na Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Aikin Noma ta Gabashin Afirka, mai jarrabawar Cibiyar Nazarin Gabashin Afirka ta Gabas don Tattalin Arziki A-Level, Wakilin matasa na Ƙungiyar Cigaban Ƙasashen Duniya daga shekarun 1971 zuwa 1972, memba na Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Aikin Gona ta Gabashin Afirka a shekarar 1974, kuma memba na Ƙungiyar Gudanarwa da Gudanarwa na Afirka a shekarar 1975.
Kasuwanci da sauran ayyukan A shekarar 1985, Baffoe ya bar makarantar kimiyya don yin kasuwanci. Ya kafa five family da suka haɗa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu bisa doka kuma ya zama shugaba da Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na dukkan kamfanoni. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaba da mai hannun jari na BR Mining Africa, wanda aka haɗa a Ghana a shekarar 2012. Karkashin Tsarin Haɗin gwiwar Jama'a masu zaman kansu, ya kasance mai gudanarwa na kuɗi da fasaha na gwamnatocin Afirka. Ya kasance memba na Hukumar Daraktoci na Babban Bankin Lesotho, Maluti Mountain Brewery, Lesotho Tourism Development Corporation da kuma Kamfanin Raya Filaye da Gidaje na Lesotho. A cikin gwamnati, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga ma'aikatun gwamnatoci daban-daban na Lesotho a fannonin kudi, kasuwanci da masana'antu, noma da raya karkara. Daga shekarun 1998 zuwa 2005, ya kasance memba kuma Shugaban Hukumar Tattaunawar Ma'adinai ta Lesotho. Ya kasance memba kuma memba na Yarjejeniya ta Rotary Club na Maloti, Maseru, da kuma Hakimin Rotary International daga shekarun 2010 zuwa 2011. Shi ne kuma Coordinator Area Coordinator na Rotary District 9370 har mutuwarsa a shekarar 2016. Baffoe ya yi aiki a matsayin karamin jakadan Ghana har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekarar 2016. Dokta Yaw Nyameche Gyasi-Agei ne ya gaje shi.
Labarai Baffoe ya wallafa takardun bincike da yawa, wasu daga cikinsu sun haɗa da;
Abubuwan da suka shafi kasuwancin waje na ci gaban tattalin arziki a Afirka (Mujallar ci gaban Afirka, 1973);
Abubuwan da aka yi na Taron Bita kan Doka da Yawan Jama'a (Nairobi, 1975);
Dokta Kwame Nkrumah akan Hadin kan Afirka (Mai barin Makaranta Juzu'i na 1, No 12, Kampala, 1975);
Ma'aikata, da Aiki a Kudancin Afirka tare da Magana na Musamman ga Botswana, Lesotho da Swaziland (Cibiyar Nazarin Kwadago ta Duniya, Geneva, 1977);
Harkokin Tattalin Arziki na Ƙaurawar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru a Afirka ta Kudu: Abubuwan da ke faruwa ga Baƙi Ƙasashen Masu Ba da kayayyaki (Cibiyar Nazarin Kwadago ta Duniya, Geneva, 1981);
Against Apartheid: Taimakon Ci Gaban SIDA zuwa Lesotho, 1966-93 (wanda aka rubuta tare da Tyrell Duncan da Karin Metell, Hukumar Hadin gwiwar Ci gaban Ƙasashen Duniya ta Sweden, Stockholm, 1994).
Rayuwa ta sirri Baffoe ya yi aure a Ghana kuma yana da diya Grace. Bayan kashe auren, ya auri Elfi Dahlmann, wanda yake da ɗa ɗaya, marubuci Kojo Baffoe. Bayan rasuwar Elfi Baffoe, ya auri Mokone Tlale. Tare sun haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu da mace daya kafin su sake aure a tsakiyar 1980s. Daga baya ya auri Mrs. Emelia Baffoe. Baffoe ya mutu a ranar 13 ga watan Disamba 2016 kuma ya bar matarsa Emelia a lokacin da 'ya'yansa biyar, ciki har da marubuci kuma mawaki Kojo Baffoe (wanda aka fi sani da Frank Kojo Baffoe Jr). Baffoe ya rubuta kuma ya iya magana da Jamusanci sosai. Ya kuma sami ilimin aiki a cikin harshen Faransanci. Ayyukansa sun haɗa da tafiya, sauraron kiɗa, tattaunawa, rawa, da rubutu.
Manazarta Haihuwan |
21209 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangantakar%20Chad%E2%80%93Libya | Dangantakar Chad–Libya | Dangantakar Chadi–Libya ta samo asali ne daga ƙarnonin da suka gabata na ƙabilanci, addini, da kasuwanci.
Tarihi
Shekarun 1960 A ƙarƙashin mulkin mallakar Turawan Faransa da na Italia, bi da bi, Chadi da Libya sun karkata kan manufa da ci gaba. Amma ko da bayan 'yancin Chadi a shekarar 1960, yawancin' yan arewa har ila yau sun fi kusanci da mutanen Libya fiye da gwamnatin kudanci da ke mamaye a N'Djamena. Bayan kwace mulki a shekarata 1969, shugaban kasar Libya Muammar Gaddafi ya sake jaddada ikirarin Libya ga Yankin Aozou, yanki mai murabba'in kilomita 100,000 na arewacin Chadi wanda ya haɗa da ƙaramin garin Aozou. Libya ta kafa hujja ne da daya daga cikin yarjeniyoyi masu yawa da suka shafi iyakokin mulkin mallaka, kuma ta karfafa waɗannan ikirarin ta hanyar sanya dakaru a Zirin Aozou tun daga shekarar 1972 Gaddafi ta sha'awar ƙarin gini da Aozou Gaza girma daga wani tsararru na damuwa, ciki har da yankin ta ruwaito ma'adinai dũkiya, ciki har da uranium Ya kuma fatan kafa wani m gwamnati a Chadi da kuma mika Musulunci tasiri a cikin yankin Sahel ta hanyar Chadi da kuma Sudan. Shugaban Chadi Hissène Habré ya kasance mai karfin gwiwa daga tsohuwar ikon mulkin mallaka, Faransa, wacce ke son takaita ayyukan fadada Libya a yankin da ke da kusanci da Paris. Tallafin Faransawa ya haɗa da tura sojoji don yaƙar 'yan Libiya a yankin na Chadi. A yin hakan, Faransa ta sami goyon bayan Amurka a siyasance, tare da damuwa da ƙaruwar faɗaɗa Gaddafi.
Hadadden tsari na buƙatun masarufi kuma ya lalata bin Libya na neman yanki da tasiri a cikin Sahel. Kalaman adawa da mulkin mallaka da na adawa da mulkin mallaka na Gaddafi waɗanda suka lalata tsakanin hare-haren da aka kaiwa Amurka da yakin neman zaɓe da ya mayar da hankali kan kasancewar Turawan mulkin mallaka a Afirka. Yana kuma fatan raunana alakar Chadi da Yammacin duniya ta hakan zai rage shigar da Afirka cikin tsarin mulkin kasashe masu mulkin Yamma. Tilasta sake sabunta daya daga cikin iyakokin mulkin mallaka da ƙungiyar ta OAU ta tabbatar a shekarar 1963 wani mataki ne a wannan hanyar wacce ta zama mai yuwuwa a cikin yanayin ƙasar Chadi da ke fama da rikici, wanda mambobin ƙungiyar ta OAU suka kira ta "mahada mafi rauni".
Shekarun 1970 Gaddafi ya yi kokarin kawance da wasu shugabannin ‘yan tawaye masu adawa da gwamnati a Chadi a cikin shekarun 1970, ciki har da Goukouni, Siddick, Acyl Ahmat (dan asalin Chadi dan asalin Larabawa), da Kamougué, dan kudu. Goukouni da Acyl sun fi nuna juyayi ga burin Gaddafi na yankin, amma waɗannan mutane biyu sun yi arangama a 1979, wanda ya sa Acyl ya kafa CDR. Bayan mutuwar Acyl a cikin 1982, tallafin Libya ya koma GUNT mai ƙarfi na Goukouni. Libya ta tsoma baki a aikin soji a Chadi a 1978 da 1979, inda ta fara rikicin Chadi-Libya Shekarun 1980 A shekarar 1980, Libya ta sake shiga tsakani a yaƙin basasar Chadi, inda ta mamaye mafi yawan kasar ciki har da babban birnin N'Djamena a watan Disamba. A ranar 6 ga Janairun 1981, shugaban 'yan uwa na Libya Ghaddafi da shugaban' yan tawayen Chadi Goukouni suka fitar da sanarwar sanarwa ta haɗin gwiwa a Libya cewa Libya da Chadi sun yanke shawarar "yin aiki don samun cikakken hadin kai tsakanin kasashen biyu". Da yake fuskantar duka kakkausar suka daga ƙasashen duniya da kuma adawa ta ciki daga 'yan tawayen Chadi, Gaddafi da Goukouni sun mara baya, kuma ba da daɗewa ba alaƙar su ta ɓarke lokacin da Goukouni ya yi ƙoƙari ya karɓi matsin lamba na ƙasa da ƙasa don kawo ƙarshen kasancewar sojojin na Libya. Daga karshe, a ranar 29 ga Oktoba Goukouni ya bukaci a dawo da sojojin Libya a ƙarshen shekara, kuma abin mamaki da sauri Gaddafi ya yi biyayya kuma ya janye dukkan sojojin Libya zuwa Zirin Aouzou kafin 16 ga Nuwamba. Bangaren ‘yan tawayen FAN karkashin jagorancin Hissène Habré sun hau kan karagar mulki kuma a 1982 sun kori Goukouni daga N’Djamena, lamarin da ya tilasta wa kungiyarsa ta GUNT komawa arewa.
GUNT ya sake tunkuɗe Habré a watan Disamba da Janairun 1983, duk da haka, kuma daga ƙarshe Gaddafi ya yanke shawarar tallafawa GUNT din Goukouni kuma. Wani sabon shiga tsakani na Libya ya biyo baya a watan Yuni, kodayake yawanci ya kasance ta hanyar tallafi na kayan GUNT. Faransa (a karkashin Operation Manta Amurka da Zaire sun sa baki a madadin Habré kuma sun fatattaki GUNT da Libya ke marawa baya a ƙarshen Yuli.
A tsakiyar shekarata 1988 Gaddafi ya fi son ya zo ya sasanta da Habré fiye da ci gaba da marawa kawayen Gaddafi baya, waɗanda suka yi asara a hannun Habré. Ministocin harkokin wajen Chadi da na Libya sun haɗu a watan Agustan 1988, kuma gwamnatocin biyu sun amince a ci gaba da tattaunawa. A lokaci guda, sojojin Libya sun ci gaba da kasancewa a Zirin Aozou. A hankali, dangantaka a tsakanin ƙasashen biyu ta inganta, inda Ghaddafi ya ba da alamun cewa yana son daidaita alaƙar da gwamnatin Chadi, har ta kai ga cewa yaƙin ya kasance kuskure. A cikin Mayun shekara ta 1988 shugaban Libya ya ayyana zai amince da Habré a matsayin halattaccen shugaban Chadi "a matsayin kyauta ga Afirka"; wannan ya haifar a ranar 3 ga Oktoba don sake dawo da cikakkiyar dangantakar diflomasiyya tsakanin ƙasashen biyu. A shekara mai zuwa, a ranar 31 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1989, wakilan Chadi da na Libya sun hadu a Algiers don sasantawa kan Tsarin Tsarin Yarjejeniyar sasanta rikicin Yankin, wanda Gaddafi ya amince ya tattauna da Habré na Yankin Aouzou tare da gabatar da batun zuwa Kotun Duniya na Shari'a (ICJ) don yanke hukunci mai daurewa idan tattaunawar ɓangarorin biyu ta gaza. Sabili da haka, bayan shekara guda na tattaunawar da ba ta dace ba, ɓangarorin sun gabatar a cikin Satumbar 1990 takaddamar zuwa Kotun ICJ. Dangantakar Chadi da Libya ta kara inganta yayin da Idriss Déby mai samun goyon bayan Libya ya cire sunan Habré a ranar 2 ga Disamba. Gaddafi shi ne shugaban ƙasa na farko da ya amince da sabon mulkin, sannan kuma ya sanya hannu kan yarjeniyoyin abota da hadin kai a matakai daban-daban; amma game da Zirin Aouzou Déby ya bi wanda ya gabace shi, yana mai bayyana cewa idan ya zama dole zai yi yaki don ganin an cire zirin daga hannun Libya.
Shekarun 1990 An kammala rikicin na Aouzou da kyau a ranar 3 ga Fabrairun shekarar 1994, lokacin da alƙalai na ICJ da rinjayen 16 zuwa 1 suka yanke hukuncin cewa Yankin Aouzou na ƙasar Chadi ne. An zartar da hukuncin kotun ba tare da bata lokaci ba, bangarorin biyu suka sanya hannu tun a ranar 4 ga Afrilu kan yarjejeniya game da hanyoyin aiwatar da hukuncin. Masu sa ido na ƙasa da ƙasa sun sa ido, ficewar sojojin Libya daga Zirin ya fara ne a ranar 15 ga Afrilu kuma an kammala shi da 10 ga Mayu. Canja wuri zuwa ƙarshe zuwa Hutu daga Libya zuwa Chadi ya faru ne a ranar 30 ga Mayu, lokacin da ɓangarorin suka sanya hannu kan sanarwar haɗin gwiwa da ke nuna cewa ficewar Libya ta samu aiki.
Shekarun 2000 A watan Oktoban shekarar 2007, ƙungiyoyin ‘yan tawaye huɗu a Chadi suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tare da gwamnatin ƙasar su, inda shugaban Libya Kanar Muammar Gaddafi ya ɗauki nauyin tattaunawar. Shugabannin Chadi da na Sudan sun halarci wannan taron su ma. A ranar 9 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2009, tawagogin ministocin daga Chadi da Libya suka amince da yarjejeniyoyi bakwai da nufin ƙara matakan da suka shafi tsaro da kasuwanci gami da inganta haɗin gwiwar siyasa tsakanin kasashen. Firayim Ministan Chadi Youssouf Saleh Abbas da Firayim Ministan Libya Baghdadi Mahmudi ne suka jagoranci tattaunawar ministocin. Da sauran wurare da kuma Chadi Shugaban kasar Idriss Deby da kuma Libya shugaban Muammar Gaddafi zo tare a kan al'amurran da suka shafi kamar yadda ceton da hanzari ƙunci tafkin Chadi da kuma aiki yadda da ƙungiyar tarayyar Afirka zai iya zama mafi shiga a cikin sulhu rikice-rikice na Afirka muhimmanci. A wani ci gaban kuma, Saif al-Islam Gaddafi ya jagoranci Gidauniyar kasa da kasa ta Gaddafi don ƙungiyoyin agaji da ci gaba, a rubuce a jaridar Oya, ta yi karin bayani kan aniyarta ta tsugunar da 'yan gudun hijira daga Chadi a Libya tare da bayar da godiya ga waɗanda suka taimaka.
Shekarun 2010 Tun daga yakin basasar Libya a shekarar 2011, alaƙar ƙasashen biyu ta kara tabarbarewa. A shekara ta 2013 shugaban Chadi Idriss Déby ya zargi sabbin hukumomin Libya da barin sojojin haya na Chadi su kafa sansanoni a Libya daga inda suka shirya kai hare-hare zuwa arewacin Chadi. Tun lokacin da yakin basasar Libya na biyu ya fara tsakanin bangarori daban-daban a Libya, sojojin haya daga Chadi da sauran kasashen yankin suna shiga cikin rikicin. A watan Agustan 2016, hukumomin Libya sun rufe ofishin jakadancinsu a N'Djamena tare da kiran jakadanta, Mohammed Khalifa, bisa shawarar da Chadi ta yanke. Hakan ya faru ne bayan ma’aikatar harkokin wajen Chadi ta kori jami’an diflomasiyyar Libya 13 daga Chadi. A cewar wata sanarwa daga ma'aikatar, "Mun lura cewa akwai dimbin jami'an diflomasiyya na mulki da sojoji da ke aiki a ofishin jakadancin. Zaman su a Chadi bai dace ba. Gwamnatin Yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniyar ta kasa da kasa da aka amince da ita a Libya ta lura da damuwar da ake da ita game da yawan ma'aikata na ofisoshin jakadancin Libya a ƙasashen waje. A cikin watan Janairun 2017, Chadi ta rufe iyakarta ta arewa tare da Libya saboda rashin amincewar ƙasar cikin ruɗani zai tilasta wa wasu mayaka tserewa zuwa cikin ita kanta Chadi. A sakamakon haka, Chadi ta ba da umarnin tura dakaru a kan iyaka don yin kokarin dakatar da duk wani dan bindiga da ke tserewa cikin kasar.
Manazarta Tarihin Afrika
Tarihin Chadi
Tarihin Cadi
Libya
Pages with unreviewed |
30364 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binciken%20muhalli | Binciken muhalli | Binciken muhalli lakabi ne na sana'a a cikin fa'idar binciken, wanda aka fi sani da masu yin aikin a matsayin masu binciken muhalli. Masu binciken muhalli suna amfani da dabarun binciken don fahimtar tasirin abubuwan da ke tattare da muhalli kan gidaje da cigaban gine-gine, da kuma tasirin da cigaban gidaje da gine-gine da za su yi a kan muhalli.
Ayyukan sana'a Haƙiƙanin ayyukan da suka haɗa aikin yau da kullun na mai binciken muhalli ya bambanta daga mai binciken zuwa mai binciken da kuma daga aiki zuwa aiki. Kuma Masu binciken muhalli guda biyu na iya samun sana'o'i waɗanda suka ƙunshi ayyuka na ƙwararru daban-daban dangane da yankinsu da ayyukansu na ƙwarewa.
A cikin ma'ana mafi mahimmanci, fannin binciken muhalli ya bambanta da na shawarwarin muhalli Sannan Kuma Masu ba da shawara kan muhalli na iya samun ɗan ci gaba tare da aikin masu binciken muhalli, amma ƙila su zama memba na ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru daban-daban kuma suna iya aiwatar da ayyukan da ba su shafi muhallin da aka gina ba. Suna iya alal misali suna da hannu tare da arboriculture ƙayyadaddun abin da ke faɗuwa daga aikin masu binciken muhalli. Ko da yake ana amfani da sharuɗɗan a wasu lokuta musanya, kuma ayyuka sukan yi amfani da kalmar masu ba da shawara idan aikin yana neman babban tushe na abokin ciniki fiye da yadda za a jawo hankalin zuwa tsantsar aikin Sayen Muhalli.
Babban wuraren aiki Manyan wuraren aiki na masu binciken muhalli a Burtaniya sun haɗa da:
Kimar haɗarin ambaliya Wannan shine don tantance yadda yuwuwar gini ko ginin da aka tsara zai yi ambaliya. Kuma Idan ana tunanin ginin yana cikin haɗari zai sami sunan ko dai Band 1 (200: 1 damar ambaliya a cikin shekara) Band 2 (tsakanin 200: 1 da 75: 1 damar ambaliya kowace shekara) ko Band 3 (mafi girma) fiye da damar 75:1 na ambaliya a kowace shekara, a halin yanzu ana tunanin zai kai kusan kashi 4% na kadarorin haɗarin ambaliya a Burtaniya).
Ƙimar gurɓataccen ƙasa Ana gudanar da binciken gurɓataccen ƙasa don tantance matakin barazanar da ke tattare da gine-ginen da ake da su. Ana iya gurɓatar ƙasa idan tana kan ko kusa da wurin da ake amfani da shi a halin yanzu ko a baya don dalilai na masana'antu ko zubar da shara. Irin waɗannan binciken sun kasance wani ɓangare na ƙwazo wanda dole ne a yi kafin a fara gini ko gyara wani kadara ta ƙasa. Sannan Kuma Duka lokacin da kuma bayan gini, binciken gurɓataccen ƙasa zai iya zama muhimmiyar mahimmanci wajen sanar da dabarun sarrafa haɗari.
Binciken muhalli Bayar da taƙaitaccen bayani game da haɗarin muhalli da aka gabatar ga ci gaban ƙasa na yanzu ko da aka tsara. Kuma Binciken na iya taimakawa samun hoto na: ko dukiyar da ake magana a kai ta lalace ta hanyar lalata ko a'a, ko kayan na iya zama mai saurin kamuwa da iskar gas, kusancin wuraren zubar da sharar lasisin gwamnati da kuma tantance raunin albarkatun ruwa na kadarorin. zuwa gurbacewa.
Kima hadarin gobara Duk wuraren aiki a Burtaniya dole ne su sami kimar haɗarin gobara. Kuma An tsara tantancewar ne domin sanin abin da zai iya tayar da gobara, da yadda za a iya tunkarar gobarar da kuma tabbatar da cewa ma’aikatan za su samu isassun gargadi game da gobara, da fita daga ginin da kuma wurin da za a taru daga baya.
Binciken Asbestos- Saboda asbestos abu ne mai hatsarin gaske ga lafiyar ɗan adam, ana sarrafa amfani da shi sosai. Kasashe 52 a duniya yanzu sun haramta wannan abu. Abun da Tarayyar Turai ta haramta, ban da amfani da shi a cikin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun aikace-aikacen masana'antu. Saboda yawan amfani da shi a cikin masana'antar gine-gine kafin a hana, yawancin gine-ginen da ake da su sun ƙunshi asbestos da wuraren da gine-ginen ya kasance a baya sun kasance sun gurɓata da shi. Kuma A saboda wannan dalili gine-gine na iya buƙatar binciken asbestos don sanin matakin amfani da abun da kuma matakin gurɓata wurin da wannan ya haifar.
Dabaru Masu Binciken Muhalli suna amfani da dabaru iri-iri don tantance yanayin muhallin yanki da tattara rahotanninsu.
Ana zana bayanan tarihi daga taswirori da tsofaffin bayanan binciken don tabbatar da ainihin iyakokin dukiya, kuma ana amfani da su don ganin ko an sami wani gurɓatawar tarihi ko zubar da shara a wurin.
Samfuran Ruwa yana ba masu Binciken Muhalli damar samun hoto na ingancin da matakan gurɓata ruwa a wuraren ruwa na gida.
Hakazalika da Samfuran Ruwa, ana iya amfani da Samfuran Duniya don tantance matakin gurɓataccen ƙasa a cikin ƙasa.
Ana iya amfani da bayanan geometric don kafa wuraren da mai yuwuwa za su iya ambaliya ko lura da yaduwar gurɓataccen abu.
Tsarin bayanan ƙasa (GISs) na iya ketare bayanan taswira tare da bayanan ƙididdiga. Sannan kuma Idan mai Binciken Muhalli yana tattara rahoton ambaliyar ruwa don gini kuma yana so ya kafa rashin daidaiton ambaliyar kadarorin a kowace shekara to za su iya ketare wurin wurin da dukiya tare da bayanan kididdiga na tarihi da aka samu kan ambaliya a yankin.
Ana iya amfani da Duban Kayayyakin gani idan misali mai binciken yana so ya tabbatar da matakin gurɓacewar asbestos ga wani kadara. Kuma Ana iya haɓaka wannan ta ko gabatar da ita dangane da tarin
Ma'aikatan da aka tsara A cikin ƙasar Burtaniya da ma a cikin sauran ƙasashe da yawa a duniya, ana kallon karramawar da Cibiyar Kula da Masu Sa ido ta Sarauta (RICS) ta yi a matsayin bayar da babban ma'auni na ƙwararru, da kuma ba da garantin inganci a cikin ayyukan masu binciken membobinta. Masu Binciken Muhalli sun kafa ƙungiyar ƙwararru guda ɗaya a cikin RICS kuma an jera su a cikin Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙasarsu. Kuma Don cimma matsayin mai binciken muhalli mai hayar, dole ne dan takarar ya wuce tantance cancantar kwararru (APC). Wannan ya ƙunshi kammala aikin aikin da aka tsara da kuma samar da rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce a matsayin shaida na ayyukan da aka yi a lokacin wannan aikin aikin. Sannan A karshe dole ne dan takarar ya ci jarrabawar baka na tsawon awa daya. Ana buƙatar duk masu binciken ba tare da la'akari da filin su ba don nuna ƙwarewar RICS ƙwararrun ƙwarewa, sannan su ci gaba don nuna ilimin ƙwarewa a cikin takamaiman filayen su. Ƙwarewar musamman ga binciken muhalli sun haɗa da:
dorewa gurɓataccen ƙasa kimanta muhalli nazarin muhalli hanyoyin dakin gwaje-gwaje sarrafa yanayin yanayi da shimfidar wuri
A wajen Burtaniya, wasu ƙungiyoyin ƙwararrun na iya bayar da daidaitattun ƙididdiga don nuna ƙwararrun masu binciken muhalli.
Manazarta http://www.environmental-surveyors.com/
http://www.dunsinsurveyors.co.uk/
http://www.kernon.co.uk/
http://www.rics.org/
https://web.archive.org/web/20100415133429/http://www.geomatics-group.co.uk/GeoCMS/Homepage.aspx
http://www.envirosurvey.co.uk/
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje http://www.rics.org/uk
http://www.rics.org/environment
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
53618 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahat%20Fateh%20Ali%20Khan | Rahat Fateh Ali Khan | Articles with hCards
Rahat Fateh Ali Khan Punjabi and furta fətɛ(ɦ) n] an haife shi 9 Disamba 1974) mawaƙi ɗan Pakistan ne, da farko na qawwali, nau'in kiɗan ibada na Sufi Khan yana daya daga cikin manyan mawaka mafi girma da albashi a Pakistan Kane ne ga Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, dan Farrukh Fateh Ali Khan kuma jikan mawakin Qawwali Fateh Ali Khan Baya ga Qawwali, yana kuma yin kade-kade da wake-wake masu haske. Ya kuma shahara a matsayin mawakin sake kunnawa a fina-finan Hindi da kuma masana'antar fina-finan Pakistan Rayuwar farko An haifi Rahat a cikin dangin Punjabi na Qawwals kuma mawaƙa na gargajiya a Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan Shi ɗan Farrukh Fateh Ali Khan ne, jikan Fateh Ali Khan kuma ƙane ga fitacciyar mawakiyar Qawwali Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan Rahat ya nuna sha'awar kiɗan tun yana ƙarami kuma an same shi yana waƙa tare da kawunsa da mahaifinsa, yana ɗan shekara uku. Tun yana dan shekara bakwai, kawunsa Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan ya riga ya horar da shi fasahar rera Qawwali Sana'a Rahat ya yi a bainar jama'a a karon farko, lokacin yana da shekaru tara, a bikin cikar kakansa. Tun yana dan shekara sha biyar, ya kasance jigon kungiyar qawwali ta Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan kuma ya zagaya kasar Ingila tare da kawunsa a shekarar 1985. Ya kuma yi wakokin solo a wuraren kide-kide daban-daban, ban da cika matsayinsa a cikin kungiyar Quawalli Ya fara fitowa a matsayin mawaƙin sake kunnawa a Bollywood tare da fim ɗin Paap (2003), a cikin waƙar "Mann Ki Lagan".A cikin Afrilu 2012 Rahat ya yi yawon shakatawa a Birtaniya, yana yin wasa a Wembley Arena da Manchester Arena, yana wasa da masu sauraron da aka haɗu da fiye da mutane 20,000 da ƙirƙirar rikodin iyakar tikitin tallace-tallace. A cikin Afrilu 2012 Rahat ya yi yawon shakatawa a Birtaniya, yana yin wasa a Wembley Arena da Manchester Arena, yana wasa da masu sauraron da aka haɗu da fiye da mutane 20,000 da ƙirƙirar rikodin iyakar tikitin tallace-tallace. Waƙar "Zaroori Tha" daga kundi na Back 2 Love (2014) ya zama farkon ainihin bidiyon kiɗan da ba na fim ba daga yankin Indiya don haye ra'ayoyi miliyan 100 akan YouTube bayan shekaru biyu, da 200 miliyan views a cikin shekaru uku da fitowar ta. A ƙarshe ya kai ga kallon Biliyan 1. Hakanan yana yawon shakatawa tare da Leo Twins daga Nescafé Basement akai-akai.
Sauti da haɗin gwiwa A cikin rawar da ke ƙarƙashinsa tare da kawunsa Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, yana aiki tare da haɗin gwiwar Eddie Vedder, na ƙungiyar rock na Amurka, Pearl Jam, Rahat ya ba da gudummawa ga sauti na fim din Hollywood na 1995, Dead Man Walking A cikin 2002, ya yi aiki a kan sautin sauti na The Four Feathers tare da haɗin gwiwar mawaƙin Amurka na mawaƙa da kiɗan fim, James Horner A cikin 2002, Rahat ta yi baƙo tare da The Derek Trucks Band a kan waƙar "Maki Madni" don kundin motocin motoci, Muryar Haɓaka A cikin 2006, an nuna muryoyinsa akan sautin sauti na Mel Gibson 's Apocalypto Talabijin Ya yanke hukunci a wasan, Chhote Ustaad tare da Sonu Nigam Ya kuma kasance daya daga cikin alƙalai a wasan kwaikwayo na gaskiya na Junoon, wanda aka fara a NDTV Imagine a 2008.
Concert Nobel Peace Prize Rahat ya zama dan Pakistan na farko da ya yi waka a duk wani wasan wake-wake na Nobel, lokacin da aka gayyace shi zuwa wurin shagalin a bikin lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel na 2014 Ya yi qawwali na Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan wanda ba a mantawa da shi ba "Tumhe Dillagi" da "Mast Qalandar", sannan kuma ya rera "Aao Parhao" a can.
Nunin kiɗan
Coke Studio Rahat ta fito a cikin bugu biyar na nunin kida na Pakistan Coke Studio Ya fara fitowa ne a kakar wasa ta 1, inda ya hada kai da mawaki Ali Azmat don wakar Garaj Baras Daga nan ya yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Abida Parveen a kakar wasa ta 7 don Chhaap Tilak Sab Chheeni A kakar wasa ta 9, ya rera Afreen Afreen tare da Momina Mustehsan wanda ya sami ra'ayi sama da miliyan 300 akan YouTube, wanda ya zama waƙar Pakistan ta farko da ta haye wannan alamar. Ya yi aiki tare da Amjad Sabri don Aaj Rang Hai wanda shine wasan karshe na karshen, kafin kashe shi a ranar 22 ga Yuni 2016. Ya fito a Coke Studio Pakistan (lokaci na 10) inda ya yi Sayonee tare da Ali Noor da lambar solo mai suna Rangreza. Sabon fitowar Rahat a Coke Studio yana cikin Coke Studio 2020 inda ya yi "Dil Tarpe" tare da Zara Madani.
An cire MTV Rahat ta fito a cikin <i id="mwvg">MTV Unplugged</i> (Indiya) a cikin 2016.
Hotuna
Kyaututtuka da zaɓe
Rigima A shekarar 2018, diyar Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan ta ce ta yi niyyar daukar matakin shari'a kan cin zarafin mawakan da ke rera wakokin mahaifinta. Ga wannan Rahat ya amsa yana mai cewa shi ne magajin Nusrat kuma baya bukatar izinin kowa ya rera wakokinsa. A watan Janairun 2019, an zargi Khan da yin fasa-kwaurin kudaden kasashen waje kuma Hukumar tilastawa (ED) ta Gwamnatin Indiya ta gayyaci shi.
Duba kuma Dildar Hussain
Jerin mawakan Pakistan
Nassoshi Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1974
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
35040 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alban%20Bagbin | Alban Bagbin | Alban Sumana Kingsford Bagbin (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga watan Satumba Shekara ta alif ɗari tara da hamsin da bakwai 1957) ɗan siyasan Ghana ne wanda yake shugaban majalisar dokokin Ghana na yanzu. Ya kasance Ministan Lafiya a gwamnatin kasar Ghana daga watan Janairu, shekarar 2012 har zuwa watan Fabrairu, shekarar 2013 lokacin da Hanny-Sherry Ayittey ta karbi mukamin. Ya taba zama dan majalisar wakilai mai wakiltar mazabar Nadowli ta Yamma a yankin Upper West Ghana a majalissar dokoki ta 1,2,3,4,5,6 da 7 a jamhuriya ta 4 ta Ghana. Ya tsaya takarar neman takarar shugaban kasa a jam’iyyar National Democratic Congress a shekarar 2019 amma daga baya ya sha kashi a hannun tsohon shugaban kasa John Dramani Mahama. A ranar 7 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 2021, aka zaɓi Bagbin Kakakin Majalisa ta 8 na Jamhuriyya ta Hudu.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Alban Sumana Kingsford Bagbin a ranar 24 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta, 1957 ga Sansunni Bagbin da Margaret B. Bagbin Wadan da duk kaninsu manoma ne. Shi ne ɗa na huɗu a cikin yara tara. Shi dan kabilar Dagaaba ne. Ya fito ne daga Sombo, yankin Upper West na Ghana. Alban Bagbin ya yi karatu a Sakandaren Wa da Tamale. Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin shari'a da Ingilishi a Jami'ar Ghana a shekara ta, 1980.
Ya wuce Makarantar Shari'a ta Ghana da ke Makola a Accra bayan an kira shi mashaya a shekara ta, 1982. Bagbin ya kuma sami digiri na uku a fannin mulki da jagoranci daga Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration (GIMPA).
Aiki Bagbin ya yi aiki a matsayin sakataren riko na hukumar kididdiga a ofishin ƙididdiga daga shekara ta alif dari tara da tamanin 1980 zuwa shekara ta alif dari tara da tamanin da biyu 1982. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Manajan Ma'aikata na Kamfanin Otal na Jiha wanda ya ƙunshi Ambasada da Otal ɗin Continental tsakanin shekara ta, 1982 zuwa 1983, kafin ya koma Libya don koyar da Turanci a Tripoli a Makarantar Sakandare ta Suk Juma.
Bayan komawar Bagbin Ghana a shekara ta, 1986, ya shiga Akyem Chambers, wani kamfanin lauyoyi na kwararrun shari'a, masu ba da shawara da notaries. A matsayin lauya, ƙarshe ya tashi ya zama abokin tarayya. Yayin da yake aiki a Okyeman Chambers, tsakanin shekarar, 1989 zuwa 1992, an nada shi a matsayin lauyan waje na gidan sarautar Nii Ngleshie na James Town, Kungiyar Kredit na Ghana (CUA) da wasu kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a Accra.
Bayan ya yi aiki a Okyeman Chambers na tsawon shekaru 7, ya koma daga can a cikin shekarar, 1993 kuma har yau abokin tarayya ne na kamfanin Law Trust, kamfanin lauyoyi na kwararrun lauyoyi, masu ba da shawara da kuma notaries.
Rayuwar siyasa Bagbin memba na National Democratic Congress (NDC) ne. An fara zabe shi a matsayin dan majalisa a lokacin babban zaben Ghana na shekarar, 1992. Ya wakilci mazabar Nadowli ta Yamma a yankin Upper West. A shekarar, 2006, Bagbin ya bayyana aniyarsa ta tsayawa takarar shugaban kasa a shekarar, 2008 a kan tikitin NDC, amma bai taba tsayawa takara ba. Ya zama shugaban masu rinjaye a majalisar dokokin Ghana a shekara ta, 2009.
Bayan garambawul da aka yi a majalisar ministoci a watan Janairun shekara ta, 2010, Shugaba Mills ya nada shi Ministan Albarkatun Ruwa, Ayyuka da Gidaje. Ya kuma kasance shugaban masu rinjaye na majalisar dokoki a zamanin mulkin shugaba Mahama, ya gaji Benjamin Kunbuor, wanda aka nada a matsayin ministan tsaro. Ya kuma rike mukamin mataimakin kakakin majalisa na biyu daga watan Janairun shekara ta, 2017 zuwa Janairu 2021.
Dan majalisa Zaben 1996
A cikin shekarar, 1996, Babbin ya lashe kujerar Nadowli North tare da kuri'u 12,605 daga cikin kuri'un 16,485 da aka jefa, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 76.46% akan Lawrence Banyen na NPP wanda ya jefa kuri'u 2,213 wanda ke wakiltar 13.42%, Yuoni Musa Vaalandzeri na PNC ya jefa kuri'u 1,490 wadanda ke wakiltar kashi 9.04% kuma Baslide Kpemaal na NCP ya jefa kuri'u 177 wadanda ke wakiltar 1.07%.
Zaben 2000
A zaben Ghana na shekara ta 2000, Bagbin ya ci gaba da zama dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Nadwoli ta Arewa. Ya lashe zaben ne da kuri'u 9,004 daga cikin kuri'un da aka kada, kwatankwacin kashi 58.60 cikin 100 akan Dr. Anleu-Mwine D.B, dan takara mai zaman kansa, Clement Kanfuri Senchi na Peoples National Congress, Ningkpeng Pauline na New Patriotic Party, John Bayon Boniface Wetol, Domayele Marcel Aston na National Reform Party of the United Ghana Movement Party wacce ta samu, kuri'u 2,089, kuri'u 718, kuri'u 145 da kuri'u 0 bi da bi.
Zaben 2004
A shekarar, 2004, gabanin zaben, an raba Nadwoli ta Arewa zuwa mazabu biyu, Nadwoli Yamma da Nadwoli Gabas. An zabi Bagbin a matsayin dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Nadowli ta Yamma a zaben shekarar, 2004. An zabe shi da kuri'u 11,296 daga cikin 22,349 jimillar kuri'u masu inganci da aka jefa kwatankwacin kashi 50.5%. An zabe shi a kan Clement K. Senchi na People's National Convention, Daniel Anleu-Mwine Baga na New Patriotic Party, Sasuu Bernard Kabawunu na Convention People's Party, Bisung Edward na Jam'iyyar Democratic People’s Party da Dapilaa Ishak dan takarar ne mai zaman kansa, wanda ya samu kuri'u 625, kuri'u 5,297, kuri'u 152, kuri'u 188, kuri'u 4,791 bi da bi.
Shugaban Majalisar Bagbin shi ne shugaban majalisar dokoki ta 8 a jamhuriyar Ghana ta hudu. An rantsar da shi ne a ranar 7 ga watan Janairun 2021, bayan fafatawar da ta yi da juna, bayan da 'yan majalisar dokokin Ghana suka tsayar da shi takarar neman tikitin takarar jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress. Bagbin ya doke mai ci Mike Oquaye wanda New Patriotic Party ta tsayar domin neman mukamin.
Rayuwa ta sirri Bagbin ya auri Alice Adjua Yornas Bagbin, wacce jami’ar tsare-tsare ce ta ofishin UNICEF a Ghana. Shi Kirista ne kuma yana bauta a matsayin Roman Katolika.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje GhanaDistricts.com
Ghana Parliament website
Manazarta Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun |
20978 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sojan%20Canada | Sojan Canada | Umurnin Kanada CANCOM, ya kasan ce yana ɗaya daga cikin umarnin aiki huɗu na Canadianan Kanada daga shekara ta 2006 zuwa shekara ta 2012, waɗanda ke da alhakin ayyukan gida da na nahiyoyi na yau da kullun, kamar bincike da ceto, sintiri na ikon mallaka, daidaitawar tsaro na ƙasa da tsara shirin. A matsayin tsari na aiki, Umurnin Kanada yayi amfani da albarkatun da aka samo daga umarnin muhalli guda uku na Sojojin Kanada: Royal Canadian Navy, da Canadian Army da Royal Canadian Air Force Umurnin ya kasance cikin Commandungiyar Hadin Kan Kanada a cikin Oktoban shekara ta 2012.
Matsayi da tsari Babban aikin Kwamandan Kanada shine "hanawa, hanawa, gabatarwa, da kayar da barazanar da ƙeta akan Kanada". A karshen wannan, rundunar tana da alhakin tantancewa da haɓaka shirye-shiryen mayar da martani na ƙasa don amsawa cikin sauri bisa buƙatar Gwamnatin Kanada. Ya raba albarkatu tare da Supportungiyar Taimako na Aiki na Kanada (wanda aka haɗe yanzu), Canadianungiyar Specialarfafawar Specialarfafawa ta Musamman ta Kanada kuma zuwa eran ƙarami tare da Forcearfin Forcearfin pedarfafawa na Kanad (kuma haɗe), ya ba da lamba guda ɗaya don tuntuɓar hukumomin farar hula, hukumomin tilasta doka da abokan tsaro, kuma sun kulla kyakkyawar dangantaka da Kwamitin Arewacin Amurka da Kwamitin Tsaron Aerospace na Arewacin Amurka. An kasa umurnin zuwa kungiyoyi goma da ke karkashinta: rundunar hadin gwiwa guda shida (JTFs), yankuna bincike da ceto guda uku (SRRs), da kuma kwamandan bangaren iska guda (CFACC) da ke da alhakin raba kadarorin iska ga JTF. A matakin kasa da yanki, Kwamandan Kanada ya tsara don abubuwan da ke faruwa, ya ba da albarkatu don ayyukan gida da na nahiyoyi na yau da kullun, da kuma kiyaye karfin tura kaddarorin soja don taimakawa ga hukumomin farar hula. Kwamandan Kanada ya ba da rahoto kai tsaye ga Babban Jami'in Tsaro kuma yana ƙarƙashin jagorancin Laftanar-Janar Walter Semianiw, CMM MSC CD da babban memba da ba kwamishina a cikin su shi ne Chief Warrant Officer Michel JY Ouellet, MMM CD Ayyukan gida Bala'i ko bala'in tsaro a Kanada gabaɗaya alhakin ƙananan hukumomi ne da na larduna, waɗanda ke iya zuwa don neman taimakon gwamnatin tarayya. A irin waɗannan halaye, da kuma a bayyane ga bukatar Ministan Tsaron Jama'a, Kwamandan Kanada zai iya ba da kayan aikin soja don taimaka wa hukumomin farar hula a cikin ikon agaji, kuma idan Dokar Gaggawa ta fara aiki, a cikin ikon aiwatar da zaman lafiya. Hakanan za'a iya kiran kwamandan don daidaita kayan sojoji don tallafawa jami'an tsaro da hukumomin tarayya a zaman wani bangare na Hadakar Tsaro a yayin manyan taruka. Wannan haka lamarin ya kasance yayin gasar Olympics ta Vancouver a shekara ta 2010, taron kolin G-8 Huntsville na 2010 da kuma taron kolin G-20 na Toronto a shekara ta 2010 Ayyuka na yau da kullun da Kwamitin Kanada ya gudanar sun haɗa da tura abubuwan tallafi ga ayyukan Royal Canadian Mounted Police da yawa, Masunta da ceasashen Kanada masu tsaron Kanada a cikin teku da sintiri na bakin teku da yaƙi da ƙwayoyi a cikin Caribbean, da Parks Kanada a cikin aiwatar da tsaro da zubar dusar kankara. Umurnin shi ne kuma babban mai gudanarwa na atisayen hadin gwiwa, kamar su Operation Nanook na shekara-shekara, da kuma yawan atisaye da motsa jiki. Kulawa da daidaituwa da kayan aikin soja da aka sanya ƙarƙashin Dokar Kanada an ɗauka ne a matakin ƙasa kuma ta hanyar ƙungiyoyi masu aiki shida na yanki:
Hadin gwiwar Task Force (Arewa), wanda ke zaune a Yellowknife, Yankunan Arewa maso Yamma, ya hada da dukkan yankuna Kanada a arewa na 60th layi daya: Yukon, Yankin Arewa maso Yamma, da Nunavut Hadin gwiwar Task Force (Pacific), wanda ke CFB Esquimalt naval na sojan ruwa a British Columbia kuma kwamanda na Maritime Forces Pacific ya ba da umarnin, ya hada da British Columbia, da gabar tekun ta da kuma hanyoyin ruwan Pacific;
Hadin gwiwar Task Force (Yamma), wanda yake a sansanin sojoji na CFB Edmonton a Alberta kuma kwamandan Land Force Western Area ya ba da umarni, ya hada da lardunan Alberta, Saskatchewan da Manitoba Hadin gwiwar Task Force (Tsakiya), wanda ke zaune a Toronto, Ontario kuma kwamandan Land Force Central Area ya ba da umarni, ke da alhakin lardin Ontario;
Hadin gwiwar Task Force (Gabas), wanda ke zaune a Montreal, Quebec kuma kwamanda na Land Force Quebec ya ba da umarni, yana da alhakin lardin na Quebec;
Hadin gwiwar Task Force (Atlantic), wanda ke CFB Halifax na sojan ruwa a Nova Scotia kuma kwamandan rundunar Maritime Forces Atlantic ya ba da umarnin, ya hada da lardunan New Brunswick, tsibirin Prince Edward, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland da Labrador, da yankin da ke kusa da yankin Kwamandan Kwamandan Jirgin Sama (CFACC), wanda ke tushen CFB Winnipeg air base a Manitoba, shine ke da alhakin abubuwan tallafi na iska da aka sanya su a karkashin umarni ta hanyar Abubuwan Hannun Jagororin Yanki (RACE) da kuma sanya kadarori ga Canadian NORAD Yankin (CANR) ta cikin Canadianungiyar Sojan Sama ta Kanada ta 1 Kanad Air Division Bincika da ceto Bincike da ceto na tarayya (SAR) a Kanada ana gudanar da shi ne ta Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta'asa mai cikakken iko da Sakatariyar Sakatariya tare da haɗin gwiwar wasu hukumomi, daga cikinsu Forcesan Kanada. Amfani da kadarorin da Royal Canadian Air Force da farar hula na Canadian Coast Guard suka kula da su, Kwamandan Kanada ya ɗauki ikon sarrafa manyan masu ba da amsa ta SAR ta Yankuna uku na Yankin Bincike da Ceto (SRRs) da cibiyoyin haɗin gwiwar da ke haɗarsu:
JRCC Victoria, wanda yake a CFB Esquimalt naval base in British Columbia, shine ke da alhakin yankin Victoria Search and Rescue Region, wanda ya kunshi British Columbia, Yukon da sama da murabba'in kilomita 560,000 a Tekun Pacific.
JRCC Trenton, wanda ke zaune a tashar jirgin sama ta CFB Trenton a Ontario, yana da alhakin Trenton Search and Rescue Region, wanda ya mamaye murabba'in kilomita 10,000,000 daga garin Quebec zuwa Dutsen Rocky da kuma daga iyakar Kanada da Amurka zuwa Pole ta Arewa JRCC Trenton, wanda ke aiki tare da Cibiyar Kula da Ofishin Jakadancin na Kanada, shi ma ke da alhakin gudanar da aikin ƙasar Kanada na tsarin gano faɗakarwar damuwa game da tauraron dan adam mai suna Cospas-Sarsat.
JRCC Halifax, wanda ke tushen sansanin sojan ruwa na CFB Halifax a cikin Nova Scotia, shine ke da alhakin Yankin Bincike da Ceto na Halifax, wanda ya rufe fiye da murabba'in kilomita 4,700,000 daga Birnin Quebec zuwa Gabashin Arctic, gami da dukkan lardunan Atlantic huɗu.
Tarihi An ƙirƙiri Umurnin Kanada a ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2006 a matsayin wani ɓangare na sake fasalin Canadianan Kanada. Kafin kafa wannan kwamandan, aiyukan kasa da ayyukan yau da kullun sun kasance kai tsaye ne daga masu kula da muhalli guda uku (Navy, Army, Air Force). Guguwar kankara ta Arewacin Amurka ta shekara ta 1998 da hare-haren 11 ga watan Satumba sun nuna bukatar a samu ingantacciyar kungiya mai saukakakke don daidaita albarkatun soja da hukumomin farar hula da Amurka. Tun lokacin da aka kirkireshi, Kwamandan Kanada ya gudanar da ayyukan jin kai a Newfoundland, Quebec, Ontario da Manitoba, wajen yakar ambaliyar ruwa, gyara muhimman kayan more rayuwa, dawo da direbobin da suka makale a cikin guguwar hunturu mai tsanani, da kuma gudanar da kwashe mutanen da ke cikin barazanar.
A watan Mayu shekara ta 2012, a cikin babban sake fasalin Canadianan Kanada, Canadaungiyar Kanada ta haɗu da Canadianarfin pedarfin Canadianan Kanada da kuma Commandarfin Taimakon Canadianan Kanada don samar da Commandungiyar Hadin Kan Kanada |
51445 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel%20Elior | Rachel Elior | Rachel Elior(an haife ta 28 Disamba 1949) farfesa ce ta Isra'ila a falsafar Yahudawa a Jami'ar Ibrananci ta Urushalima a Urushalima,Isra'ila.Manyan batutuwan bincikenta sune Hasidism da tarihin sufancin Yahudawa na farko.
Aikin ilimi Elior ita ce John da Golda Cohen Farfesa na Falsafar Yahudawa da Tunanin Sufanci na Yahudawa a Jami'ar Ibrananci,inda ta koyar tun 1978.A halin yanzu ita ce shugabar Sashen Tunanin Yahudawa.Ta sami PhD Summa cum laude a 1976. Kwarewarta sune Sufancin Yahudawa na farko,Littattafan Tekun Matattu, Littattafan Hekhalot,Almasihu, Sabbatianism,Hasidism,Chabad, Frankism da kuma rawar mata a al'adun Yahudawa.
Ta kasance malami mai ziyara a Jami'ar Princeton,UCL,Jami'ar Yeshiva,Jami'ar Tokyo,Jami'ar Doshisha a Kyoto,Case Western Reserve University.a Cleveland,a Jami'ar Chicago da Jami'ar Michigan-Ann Arbor Ita mamba ce a kwamitin majalisar kasa da kasa na Asusun Sabon Isra'ila Kyaututtuka da karramawa A cikin 2006,Elior ya sami lambar yabo ta Gershom Scholem don Bincike a Kabbalah daga Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya da Bil'adama ta Isra'ila.
Suka da jayayya A fannin ƙwarenta na farko,Hasidism, Yohanan Petrovsky-Shtern,Farfesa a Arewa maso Yamma,ya ce"Elior yana amfani da wani tsohon ra'ayi na motsi [hasidic]don tabbatar da labarinta.Ta bar ra'ayi,ra'ayoyi,fahimta
da bayanan da masana suka tattara waɗanda suka daɗe sun rabu da tsarin tunanin Dinur ko Scholem."Kuma cewa Elior,da sauransu,"ya kamata ya sake duba tsarin ra'ayi na[marubuta na farko na labarun hasidic'],wanda kafofin suka kasance tare a cikin yanayin da ba na zamani ba kuma suna magana da juna cikin yardar kaina,a matsayin ra'ayoyi a cikin duniyar Platonic."
Rubutun Tekun Matattu Ka'idarta ta tushen sufanci a cikin ajin firist ta fuskanci kalubale daga Prof. Yehuda Liebes na Jami'ar Ibrananci, kuma fahimtarta game da tsohuwar kalandar Sacha Stern ta ƙi.Eibert Tigchelaar ta lura cewa misalan nata suna da"rashin ƙayyadaddun tarihi waɗanda ke da damuwa da takaici."Yusuf Dan ya kare ta.Farfesan Princeton Peter Schaefer ya ce ta ɓata bambance-bambance tsakanin rubutu da lokuta,kuma ba ta kula da mahimman abubuwan da ke faruwa.Ya kuma lura cewa ra’ayinta game da mala’iku a Qumran da kalandar ba daidai ba ne.Farfesa Martha Himmelfarb ta ga aikin Elior"ba zai yuwu ba".Himmelfarb ya ce Elior ya ƙirƙira hanyoyin haɗin kai, alaƙar tarihi ba tare da tushe ba,kuma yana ganin abubuwan da kawai"ba a can." Elior yayi iƙirarin cewa Essenes, waɗanda ake zaton marubutan Littafin Tekun Matattu ba su taɓa wanzuwa ba.Ta yi jayayya(kamar yadda Lawrence Schiffman,Moshe Goshen-Gottstein,Chaim Menachem Rabin,da sauransu suka yi) cewa Essene da gaske ’ya’yan Zadok ne masu tawaye,wani rukunin firist da sarakunan Girka suka kore daga Haikali na Urushalima a ƙarni na biyu BC.Ta yi zato cewa an ɗauke littattafan da aka kore su."A Qumran,an sami ragowar babban ɗakin karatu,"in ji Elior,tare da wasu nassosin Ibrananci na farko tun daga ƙarni na 2 BC.Har sai an gano Littafin naɗaɗɗen Tekun Matattu,farkon sanannen sigar Tsohon Alkawari tun daga ƙarni na 9 AD.“Littattafai sun tabbatar da gadon firistoci na Littafi Mai Tsarki,”in ji Elior,wanda ya yi hasashen cewa an ɓoye littattafan a Qumran don adanawa.
James Charlesworth,darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Tauhidin Tekun Matattu kuma farfesa a Makarantar tauhidin tauhidin Princeton,ya ce akwai"babban shaida game da wanzuwar Essenes"kuma"Ba shi yiwuwa Josephus ya kirkiro ƙungiyar da Philo ya riga ya ambata,wanda ya ziyarci Urushalima."Farfesa Martha Himmelfarb, farfesa a addinin Princeton,ta ce ba ta tunanin aikin Elior ya kasance kamar "sanarwa ta tarihi"kamar yadda sauran bincike kan Littattafai,tana mai cewa,"[Elior] ba ya son yin amfani da tarihin tarihi wanda aikin sauran malamai ke yi." Duba kuma Moshe Idel
Ada Rapoport-Albert
Nassoshi
Littafi Mai Tsarki Isra'ila Ba'al Shem Tov da mutanen zamaninsa,Kabbalists,Sabbatians, Hasidim da Mithnagdim, Urushalima Karmel Publication House 2014
Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwa da Mantuwa:Sirrin Rubuce-rubucen Tekun Matattu,Cibiyar Van Leer da Hakibutz haMeuchad,2009
Dybbuk da matan Yahudawa, Urushalima da New York,Urim Publications,2008
Littattafan Heikhalot da Al'adar Merkavah Tsohuwar Sufancin Yahudawa da Tushensa,Tel Aviv: Yediot Ahronot;Sifrei Hemed:2004 (Ibrananci) Herut al Haluhot-Nazari a cikin Tushen Sufi na Hasidism,Tel Aviv: Jami'ar Cast mai Yadawa: Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Press 1999.
Paneiah ha-Shonot shel ha-Herut -Iyunim be-Mistika Yehudit(Alpayim 15,Am Oved 1998)
Torat HaElohut BaDor haSheni shel Hasidut Habad,Jerusalem:Jami'ar Hebrew:Magnes Press 1982 (Ibrananci)
Heikhalot Zutarti:Rubutun Sufi na Farko na Lokacin Talmudic Mishnaic, Urushalima:Jami'ar Ibrananci: Magnes Press 1982(Ibrananci)
Galia Raza:Rubutun Kabbalistic na Karni na 16,Urushalima:Jami'ar Ibrananci 1981(Ibrananci)
Judah Liebes,"Yaran Rana vs.Yaran wata"Haaretz 4/6/2003
Sacha Stern,"Rachel Elior akan Kalandar Yahudawa na Tsohuwa: Ƙwarai"Aleph:Nazarin Tarihi a Kimiyya da Yahudanci-Volume 5, 2005,shafi. 287-292
Peter Schaffer,Critical edition na Heikhalot Zutarti,Tarbiz 54 (1985)Ibrananci,nazari mai mahimmanci na aikinta
David Tamar,Mahimman bita na bugunta na Galia Razia Nazarin Jerusalem a Tunanin Yahudawa 2 Ibrananci(1983)
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafin Facebook
Prof. Shafin gidan Elior a Jami'ar Hebrew
Asalin Rubutun Tekun Matattu ya haifar da muhawara Bayahuden Isra'ila
Rayayyun |
34433 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hintalo%20Wajirat | Hintalo Wajirat | Hintalo Wajirat (Tigrinya yana daya daga cikin Gundumomin Habasha ko gundumomi a yankin Tigray na Habasha Ana kiranta da sunan garin mafi girma, Hintalo, da tsaunin Wajirat a yankin kudancin gundumar. Wurin da yake a shiyyar Debub Misraqawi (Kudu maso Gabas) a gefen gabas na tsaunukan Habasha Hintalo Wajirat yana iyaka da kudu da yankin Debubawi (Kudanci), a yamma da Samre, a arewa ta Enderta, kuma a gabas ta iyaka. Yankin Afar Sauran garuruwan Hintalo Wajirat sun hada da Adi Gudem, da Debub Tarihi Hintalo (Hintalo) ya kasance babban birni na Gabat-Milash woreda (gabat martani) haka kuma babban birnin lardin Enderta, tare da Wajirat (wajirat) kanta yanki ne na tarihi na lardin Enderta, babban birnin tarihi na Wajirat shine Debub. (duba). A halin yanzu gundumar Hintalo Wajirat ita ce haɗewar Gabat Milash da Wajirat, kuma Gabatmilash da Wajirat sun kasance wani yanki mai mahimmanci na lardin Enderta lokacin Enderta ya kasance yanki mai cin gashin kansa da kuma awraja a ƙarshen 1990s,
Karni na 21
Sake tsara gundumar 2020 Tun daga farkon 2020, gundumar Hintalo-Wajirat ta zama mara aiki kuma yankinta na cikin sabbin gundumomi masu zuwa:
Hintalo (sabo, karami, gundumar)
Wajirat woreda
garin Adi Gudom
Yakin Tigray A ranar 21 ga Disamba 2020, rahoton EEPA ya ambaci tankuna 21 da aka lalata, motoci masu sulke, da harba roka na BM-21. An dauki hoton ne a kan hanyar da ke tsakanin May Keyih da Hiwane a gundumar Hintalo- Wajirat Dakarun tsaron yankin Tigray ne suka lalata motocin, yayin da suke dawowa daga Mohoni zuwa Mekelle, suna kokarin tserewa daga fadan kudancin kasar.
Dubawa Manyan wurare a wannan gundumar sun hada da Amba Aradam, amba ko dutsen arewacin Hintalo. Koguna sun hada da Samre, wanda ke tasowa a cikin Hintalo Wajirat. Abubuwan sha'awa na cikin gida sun haɗa da cocin Mariam Nazara, wanda aka gina akan kango wanda al'adar yankin ta ce fadar ce ta ɗakuna 44 da Emperor Amda Seyon ya gina. Ragowar ginshiƙan dutse guda goma da ɗakuna huɗu masu rufin da aka yi da bulo mai kamanni sun tabbatar da kyakkyawan yanayin ginin a zamaninsa. A ranar 7 ga Mayu, 2009, Kamfanin Lantarki na Habasha da Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Faransa (Française de Développement), sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar bayar da kuɗaɗen kuɗi na Euro miliyan 210 don gina aikin samar da wutar lantarki ta Ashegoda, dake da tazarar kilomita 20 kudu maso yammacin Mekelle Wannan shuka zai sami ƙarfin shigarwa na 120MW, tare da samar da makamashi na shekara-shekara na 400 zuwa 450 GwH. Jadawalin lokacin aikin ya bayyana cewa kashi na farko zai dauki watanni 16 kafin a kammala kuma samar da megawatts 30, yayin da za a kammala aikin gaba daya wanda zai kasance a matakai uku nan da watanni 36. An kammala aikin a karshen Oktoba, 2013. Gidan gonar iska yana da injin turbines 84 masu karfin megawatt 120 wanda hakan ya sa ta zama babbar tashar iska ta Habasha.
Alkaluma Bisa kidayar jama'a a shekarar 2007 da hukumar kididdiga ta kasar Habasha (CSA) ta gudanar, wannan gundumar tana da jimillar jama'a 153,505, adadin da ya karu da kashi 38.39 bisa dari bisa kidayar shekarar 1994, wadanda 75,890 maza ne da mata 77,615; 11,936 ko 7.78% mazauna birane ne. Tana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 2,864.79, Hintalo Wajirat tana da yawan jama'a 53.58, wanda ya zarce matsakaicin yankin na mutane 53.91 a kowace murabba'in kilomita. An ƙidaya gidaje 34,360 a wannan gundumar, wanda ya haifar da matsakaicin mutum 4.47 ga gida ɗaya, da gidaje 33,130. 98.84% na yawan jama'a sun ce su Kiristocin Orthodox ne, kuma 1.14% Musulmai ne Ƙididdigar ƙasa ta 1994 ta ba da rahoton jimillar yawan jama'a na wannan yanki na 110,926, waɗanda 54,601 maza ne kuma 56,325 mata; 9,903 ko 8.93% na yawan jama'arta mazauna birni ne. Ƙabilar mafi girma da aka ruwaito a Hintalo Wajirat ita ce Tigrai (99.79%); duk sauran kabilun sun kasance kashi 0.21% na yawan jama'a. An yi magana da Tigrinya a matsayin yaren farko da kashi 99.8%; sauran kashi 0.2% sun yi magana duk sauran yarukan farko da aka ruwaito. Kashi 98.58% na al'ummar kasar Habasha mabiya addinin kirista Orthodox ne, kuma kashi 1.39% musulmi ne Dangane da ilimi, kashi 9.12% na al'ummar kasar an yi la'akari da su masu karatu, wanda bai kai matsakaicin yanki na 15.71% ba; 10.59% na yara masu shekaru 7-12 suna makarantar firamare; 0.63% na yara masu shekaru 13-14 sun kasance a ƙananan sakandare; kuma 0.19% na mazauna shekaru 15-18 sun kasance a babbar makarantar sakandare. Dangane da yanayin tsafta, kusan kashi 69% na gidajen birane da kashi 14% na dukkan gidaje sun sami tsaftataccen ruwan sha a lokacin ƙidayar; kusan kashi 7% na birane kuma kusan kashi 3% na duka suna da kayan bayan gida.
Tafkunan ruwa A wannan gunduma da ake da ruwan sama wanda ke wuce watanni biyu kacal a shekara, tafkunan ruwa daban-daban suna ba da damar girbin ruwan damina daga lokacin damina don ci gaba da amfani da shi a lokacin rani. Tafkunan gundumar sun hada da:
Adi Qenafiz
Betqua
Adi Gela
Dur Anbesa
Gereb Mihiz
Filiglig
Gereb Segen (Hintalo)
Gabaɗaya, waɗannan tafkunan suna fama da siltation mai sauri. Wani ɓangare na ruwan da za a iya amfani da shi don ban ruwa yana ɓacewa ta hanyar tsagewa Kyakkyawan sakamako mai kyau shine cewa wannan yana taimakawa wajen sake cajin ruwan ƙasa Gundumomi kewaye
Nassoshi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
39432 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segun%20Adebutu | Segun Adebutu | Articles with hCards
Segun Adebutu hamshakin dan kasuwa ne dan Najeriya, masanin tattalin arziki kuma mai bayar da agaji. Yana da sha'awar kasuwanci a fannin mai da iskar gas, jigilar kaya, hakar ma'adinai, gine-gine, gidaje, noma da nishaɗi. Shi ne shugaba kuma shugaban kamfanin mai na Petrolex Oil and Gas, wanda a halin yanzu yake gina matatar mai ta biyu mafi girma a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara.
Adebutu kuma shine Shugaban Kamfanin Bluebridge Marine Ltd, Bluebridge Minerals, Oladiran Agro-Allied Company da Oladiran Engineering Trade Ltd. Segun Adebutu shine wanda ya kafa Baseline Records Label, wanda ya sanya hannu kan mawakan kiɗa kamar Skales da Saeon. Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa kamfanin Trade Nigeria Limited, kuma memba ne a hukumar Premier Lotto, kamfanin caca da ke Najeriya. Segun Adebutu kuma shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma mai kudi na gidauniyar Oladiran Olusegun Adebutu (OOA), wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ta mai da hankali kan karfafa tattalin arziki, kiwon lafiya, saka hannun jarin al’umma, agaji, sana’o’in hannu ga mata da kananan yara masu rauni a cikin mawuyacin hali.
Fage An haifi Segun Adebutu ga dangin Kesington Adebukunola Adebutu, wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban Premier Lotto Nigeria Limited, wanda ya fito daga Iperu Remo, karamar hukumar Ikenne, da Caroline Oladunni, daga Odogbolu, dukkansu a jihar Ogun, Kudu maso Yammacin Najeriya Segun Adebutu, ya kammala karatunsa a fannin tattalin arziki a jami'ar Ibadan, kuma ya fara kasuwancin man fetur da iskar gas a shekarar 2004.
Kasuwar Petrolex Oil and Gas Limited Bayan farawa da cinikin mai da iskar gas a shekara ta 2004, ayyukan Segun Adebutu sun girma daga ƙananan kasuwanci zuwa kamfani mai daraja ta duniya tare da sha'awar sufuri, ma'adinai, gine-gine, kayayyakin more rayuwa, gidaje, sadarwa, da nishaɗi. A cikin 2007, Segun Adebutu ya kafa Petrolex Oil Gas Limited, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Kamfanin Petrolex. Tsawon shekaru goma, Adebutu a nutse kuma a zahiri ya raya kamfaninsa na makamashi, Petrolex Oil Gas Limited, ya zama babban jigo a cikin sashe mai saurin canzawa. A cewar Segun Adebutu, ya fara cinikin kananan nau’ukan albarkatun man fetur, wadanda ke amfani da injinan wutar lantarki a gidaje da masana’antu a fadin Najeriya. Bayan fuskantar matsalar cunkoso da rabon kayayyaki a matakin farko, ya kammala da cewa akwai bukatar samar da kamfani don warware matsalolin da ake fuskanta. A wancan lokacin, Adana da Rarraba (S&D) ya zama kamar shine mafi kyawun yanki don haɓakawa, kuma mafi sauƙi ta fuskar babban jari. A lokacin, Segun Adebutu ya sami wurin da ya dace ya kafa cibiyar S&D a Ibafo, wanda ke kan iyaka tsakanin Ogun da Legas Bayan kafa gidauniyar, ya fara mallakar gidaje ne a shekarar 2010, ya kuma fara gina gine-gine a shekarar 2013, har zuwa watan Disambar 2017, inda Segun Adebutu ya fito fili a lokacin da ya ja hankalin jama’a, ciki har da mataimakin shugaban Najeriya, Farfesa Yemi Osibanjo, biyo bayan sanarwar da ya bayar. gina katafaren gidan man fetur mafi girma a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara a wani bangare na aikin sa na Mega Oil City a Najeriya. Gidan gonar tankin wurin ajiyar lita miliyan 300 ne tare da tankunan ajiya 20.
A wancan lokacin, tana da ikon jujjuya lita miliyan 600 na albarkatun mai a kowane wata, wanda ke ba da damar adana kayayyaki da rarraba su yadda ya kamata kuma cikin inganci, don ingantattun ayyuka da kuma samun riba mai yawa. A lokacin kaddamar da aikin, an yi hasashen cewa, aikin gonakin tankunan zai zama gonakin ajiyar kayayyakin amfanin gona mafi girma a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara kuma zai samar da ayyukan yi sama da 10,000. Kamfanin ya karɓi kayan sa na farko a cikin Q2 na 2018.
Mega Oil City Bayan kammala kashi na farko na birnin Mega Oil, sakamakon haka ya kasance wani kayayyakin more rayuwa da ya kai murabba'in kilomita 101, wanda ya zama cibiyar samar da man fetur mafi girma a Afirka, kusan kashi 10% na girman jihar Legas. Kashi na farko na aikin shine gonar tanka ta Ibefun a shekarar 2018, dalar Amurka $426 wurin ajiyar kayayyakin man fetur miliyan da karfin lita miliyan 300, wanda ya zama mafi girma kuma irinsa na farko a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara. Har ila yau, Birnin yana da manyan gantiyoyi 30 da kuma wurin shakatawar tirela mai iya ɗaukar manyan motoci 4000. Hakanan ya rage gridlock a tashar jiragen ruwa na Apapa da kashi 60%. Rukunin masana'antu ya fara kashi na biyu na aikin, wanda aka yi niyya ya zama jarin dalar Amurka 5 biliyan biliyan a cikin tattalin arzikin jihar Ogun, kuma zai samar da matatar mai mai karfin bpd 250,000, tashar wutar lantarki mai karfin MW 100, kamfanin man petrochemical, masana'antar mai da kuma masana'antar sarrafa iskar gas. Adebutu ya ce, "Bisa ga burinmu na jajircewa, muna da shirin fadadawa wanda zai kara karfin ajiyar tankin zuwa lita biliyan 1.2 nan da 'yan shekaru." Najeriya ita ce kasa mafi girma a Afirka wajen samar da man fetur, amma ba ta da isasshen karfin tacewa da shigo da akalla kashi 70 na bukatunta. Wani alƙawarin da gwamnati ta yi na kawo ƙarshen sayayya a cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa ta hanyar gina ƙwararrun gida, ya jawo hankalin masu zuba jari ciki har da hamshakin attajirin Afrika, Aliko Dangote, wanda ke gina matatar mai mai ganga 650,000 a rana. Adebutu ya koma Dangote a matsayin ‘yan Najeriya biyu kacal da ke gina matatun mai a halin yanzu.
Kamfanoni da sauran ayyuka Segun Adebutu kuma shi ne Shugaban wasu kamfanoni na Petrolex, daga cikinsu akwai, Bluebridge Marine Services da Bluebridge Minerals. Akwai mai da hankali kan ma'adanai da bitumen bisa ga dokokin Najeriya na yanzu.
Tallafawa A cikin 2014, Adebutu ya kafa gidauniyar Oladiran Olusegun Adebutu (OOA), kungiya mai zaman kanta da ba ta siyasa, wacce ta kafa kuma ta yi rajista da CAC a cikin 2014 kuma mai tushe a Kudu maso Yamma, Najeriya. Tun daga 2014, Gidauniyar OOA ta shiga cikin shirye-shiryen agaji wanda ya kama daga tallafin ilimi, tallafin kiwon lafiya, tallafin abinci mai gina jiki, tallafin jin daɗin rayuwa, tallafin nishaɗi, tsari da samar da ruwa mai tsafta. An kaddamar da shi a ranar Asabar, 22 ga Oktoba, 2016 a Abeokuta, Jihar Ogun, Kudu maso Yammacin Najeriya. Magoya bayan Gidauniyar da da yawa daga cikinsu sun halarci bikin kuma suka yi alkawarin tallafa wa gidauniyar sun hada da: Cif Olusegun Obasanjo (Tsohon Shugaban Najeriya);
Dr. Sen. Grace Folashade Bent tsohon Alkalin Alkalan Najeriya, Hon Justice Salihu Modibo Alfa Balgore; F
tsohon ministan matasa da al'adu, Alabo Tonye Graham Douglas; The OOA Foundation has implemented the Orphans and Vulnerable Children (OVC) Care and Support Programme as an umbrella programme that responds to the needs of orphans and vulnerable children through improved access to essential services and needs. One such initiative of the OVC Project is the Leave No Child Behind, a programme that operates in 53 primary schools with the goal of reducing educational disparities and barriers to access on basic education among school-age children of ages 3–15. As an additional element to this project, psychosocial care and support programmes prioritise psychosocial interventions that build on existing resources to place and maintain children in stable and affectionate environments through resources like mentorship programmes and community caregiver support.
The immense impact of the OOA Foundation continues to families and helps individuals begin strong, independent and autonomous lives. Additional programmes include food and nutrition intervention to strengthen the capacity of families to protect and care for children through Household Economic Strengthening (HES); youth empowerment through addressing unemployment and offering work/study programmes through Social Mobility Enterprise; women's empowerment by addressing poverty amongst vulnerable women through HES; and raising awareness about sexual abuse prevention.
To simply state that Petrolex and the OOA Foundation have helped the local community would be a grave understatement. To date, the programme has reached over 400 orphans and vulnerable children with improved access to education, healthcare, nutrition, psychosocial support and sanitation. Adebutu says, “Our vision is to reduce poverty among vulnerable children, youth and women in our host communities and our mission is to support orphans, vulnerable children, youth and women with increased access to quality education, primary health care, nutrition, social and economic strengthening through sustainable development activities.”Kungiyar tana aiki da farko kan karfafa tattalin arziki, kiwon lafiya, jarin al'umma, mata da yara da ke cikin mawuyacin hali a Najeriya. Ta hanyar ayyukan jin kai na gidauniyar, Adebutu da tawagarsa sun dauki yara marasa galihu sama da 400. Har ila yau, ita ce ke da alhakin ƙaddamar da ƙananan masana'antu sama da 500 da matasa ke jagoranta tare da kafa shirye-shiryen samar da kasuwanci na farko a jihohin Legas da Osun
Bayanan tushe Adebutu ya kafa wani kamfani mai suna Baseline Records, inda ya sanya hannu kan mawakan Najeriya Skales da Saeon. A shekarar 2020, gidan rediyon sa, Baseline FM, ya fara aikin gwaji a Legas.
Rigima Jaridar Premium Times ta Najeriya ta ruwaito cewa, karar da mai kamfanin Western Lotto, Buruji Kashamu ya shigar, ya janyo bincike kan abokin hamayyarsa Premier Lotto, mallakin mahaifin Segun, Kesington Adebutu, Buruji Kashamu tsohon dan siyasa ne, dan majalisar dattawan Najeriya, kuma dan gudun hijira a Amurka. An yi iƙirarin cewa Kashamu shine ainihin asalin "Alhaji", sarkin miyagun ƙwayoyi a cikin littafin Piper Kerman, Orange Is the New Black: Shekarata a gidan yarin mata, wanda aka daidaita a cikin jerin buga wasan Netflix Orange shine Sabuwar Baƙar fata. Jami’ai da dama a hukumar ta cacar baki sun zargi Mista Kashamu da haddasa binciken saboda yana so ya mamaye wani bangare na harkar caca a Najeriya Biyo bayan karar da Hukumar Yaki da yi wa Tattalin Arzikin Kasa Ta’annati (EFCC) ta shigar ta fara binciken Firimiya Lotto mahaifin Segun bisa laifin zamba. Segun Adebutu ya halarci tambayoyin a madadin kamfanin mahaifinsa a ranar 28 ga Janairu 2020. Tony Orilade, babban mai magana da yawun hukumar ta EFCC, bai yi gaggawar mayar da wata bukata ta neman karin bayani kan cikakkun bayanai na binciken ba. A takaice dai an yi watsi da binciken bayan wani karin haske daga kamfanin, kuma hukumar EFCC ta gano cewa ba ta da wani laifi a cikin harkokin Firimiya Lotto da Segun Adebutu. Har yanzu dai ba a san hakikanin gaskiyar zargin Mista Kashamu ba saboda har yanzu hukumar EFCC ba ta bayyana sakamakon nata ba. Haihuwan 1974
Rayayyun mutane
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13282 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminatou%20Haidar | Aminatou Haidar | Aminatou Haidar Ali Ahmed (Larabci; an haife ta 24 ga watan Yulin 1966), wani lokacin akan kira ta da Aminetou, Aminatu ko Aminetu, mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil adama ce kuma mai neman ganin samun 'yancin Yammacin Sahara. Mafi yawanci a na kiranta ne da lakabin "Sahrawi Gandhi" ko "Sahrawi Pariaaria saboda zanga-zangar nuna kyama da take yi. Ita ce shugabar kungiyar Hadin gwiwar kare hakkin Dan Adam ta CODESA. An taba daure ta a shekarar ta 1987 zuwa 1991 sannan daga shekarar 2005 zuwa 2006 kan tuhumar ta da zaune tsaye. A shekara ta 2009, ta ja hankalin kasashen duniya lokacin da ta yi zanga zangar gama-gari a filin jirgin sama na Lanzarote bayan da aka hana ta shiga yankin yammacin Sahara. Haidar ta lambobin yabo a fannin kare hakkin dan Adam da dama a matakan kasa da kasa saboda ayyukanta, wadanda suka hada da Kyautar Robert F. Kennedy na 'yancin dan adam na shekara ta 2009, Kyautar bada kariya ga Jama'a na shekara ta 2009 da sauransu Abincin Rayuwa na Gaskiya ta 2019 Tarihin rayuwa Yayin da iyayenta ke zaune a Laayoune, wani karamin gari ne a Yammacin Sahara dake da yawan Sahrawi (kuma tsohuwar kasar Sipaniya ce Juby inda ta girma a yarinyar ta, an haifi Aminatou a shekara ta 1966 a Laayoune, Sahara ta yamma, garin kakarta, saboda al'adar gado. Ita ba memba bace a cikin yan Polisario Front, kodayake ta dauki wannan gwagwarmayar neman a zaman wakiliyar jama'ar Sahrawi kawai. An sake ta tare da ‘ya’ya biyu, Hayat da Mohammed.
1987-1991 tilasta bacewar A shekara ta 1987, Haidar ta shiga wata zanga-zangar nuna kyama ga cin amanar kasar Moroko ta yankin yammacin Sahara. Tare da sauran mahalarta taron, hukumomin Morocco sun tilasta ta bacewar ta kuma ba ta tsare ta ba sai a 1991, lokacin da aka sake ta. A cewar Kerry Kennedy na Robert F. Kennedy Cibiyar Adalci da 'Yancin Bil-Adama, Haidar ta shiga cikin da damuwa, matsananciyar bacci, an hana ta bacci, an girgiza ta da matsanancin wutar lantarki, an doke ta sosai kuma ta munana" yayin da ake tsare da shi. Hukumomin Morocco ba su ba da wani bayani game da tsare ta ba. Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Amnesty International (AI) ta bayyana cewa da alama ta kasance an riƙe ta ne don bayar da shawarwarin zaman lafiya na neman yancin kai na yammacin Sahara.
2005-2006 ɗaurin kurkuku A ranar 17 ga watan Yuni 2005, 'yan sanda sun yi awon gaba da Haidar a kan hanyarta ta zuwa zanga-zanga a El Aaiún don yancin kai na Yammacin Sahara Intifada Bayan shigar da ita a asibitin Belmehdi Hasan da karbar lambobi goma sha biyu don cutar kai, an kama ta bisa tuhumar "halartar zanga-zangar tashin hankali da tayar da hankali" da "kasancewar kungiyar ba tare da izini ba". Daga nan aka riƙe ta a Kurkukun Black A El Aaiún. An ba da rahoton cewa ta shiga yajin aikin daga 8 ga watan Agusta zuwa 29 a watan Satumba don neman bincike game da zargin azabtar da 'yan uwan Saharawi da ke tsare Houssein Lidri da Brahim Noumria da kuma ingantattun yanayin tsarewa. Ranar 14 ga watan Disamba, Kotun Appeaukakawar El Aaiún ta yanke mata hukuncin ɗaurin watanni bakwai a kurkuku. AI, wanda ya aiko da mai sa ido don rufe shari'ar, ya ba da sanarwar cewa "shari'ar watakila ba ta da gaskiya ba. A saboda haka ne kungiyar ta karfafa da imanin ta cewa masu kare 'yancin bil adama guda bakwai na iya zama fursunoni masu lamuni Majalisar Turai ta kuma yi kira da a sake ta kai tsaye tare da na Ali Salem Tamek da wasu “fursunonin siyasa” guda 37 a cikin kudurin 27 a watan Oktoba 2005. A ranar 17 ga watan Janairun 2006, Aminatou Haidar ta sake shi a ƙarshen yanke hukuncin. Ta bayyana cewa "farin ciki bai cika ba tare da sakin dukkan fursunonin siyasa na Saharawi, kuma ba tare da kwato dukkan yankuna na kasar da har yanzu suke karkashin azzalumi ba".
2009 Filin Jirgin Sama Lanzarote yajin kincin abinci A ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamba, 2009, hukumomin Maroko sun tsare Haidar a tashar jirgin sama a El-Aaiún lokacin da ta yi ƙoƙarin dawowa daga tafiya zuwa Lanzarote a cikin tsibirin Canary, Spain, don tara kyaututtukan. A karkashin zama dan kasa, ta ƙi ta bayyana asalin ƙasarta a matsayin "Moroccan". Hukumomin sun hana ta sake shiga, suka kwace fasfon nata, suka mayar da ita zuwa tsibirin na Canary ba tare da shi ba. An kuma tsare wasu ‘yan jaridar kasar Spain biyu da suka raka ta tare na tsawon awanni. Wani jami’in Moroccan ya kira kin amincewa da ta yi a kira kansa Morocco a matsayin "cin amana" kuma ya bayyana cewa ba za a yarda Haidar ta koma El-Aaiún ba har sai ta nemi afuwa. Daga baya jaridar Spain ta Pa Pa ta wallafa wasu takardu da ke nuna cewa gwamnatin Marokko ta yi wa Haidar filaye daban-daban har zuwa dawowar ta, wanda ke nuna cewa sun shirya fitar da ita a gaba. Lokacin da ta isa tashar jirgin sama ta Lanzarote, Haidar ya fara yajin aikin yunwa. Ta zargi jami'an gwamnatin Spain da rike ta ba tare da barin ta ba ta koma Yammacin Sahara ba tare da fasfo ba. A ranar 17 ga watan Nuwamba, kamfanin da ke kula da filin jirgin saman Aena ya shigar da kara a gabanta saboda ta keta umarnin jama'a. An bukaci ta halarci kotu a Arrecife kuma ta ci tarar Euro 180.
Taimakon kasa da kasa Babban kwamishina na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Navi Pillay ya yi kira a ranar 9 ga Disamba ga Maroko don bai wa Haidar damar dawowa. Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta ce dole ne kasar Maroko ta "dakatar da korart a daga kungiyar gwagwarmayar kare hakkin bil adama Aminatou Haidar tare da ba ta damar shiga kasarta ta asali". yayin da Amnesty International ta yi Allah wadai da korar ta a wani bangare na tsarin "nuna rashin yarda" da gwamnatin Morocco. Da yawa daga cikin masu fafutuka da kuma masu yin bikin sun nuna goyon bayansu ga Haidar yayin yajin aikin. Marubucin Nobel na kyauta marubuci José Saramago, wanda ya mallaki gida a Lanzarote, ya aika mata da wasiƙa a watan Nuwamba yana mai cewa "Idan ina Lanzarote, zan kasance tare da ke". A ranar 1 ga Disamba, ya sadu da ita a tashar jirgin sama, yana mai cewa, "Lokaci ya yi da kasashen duniya za su matsawa kasar Morocco ta cika sharuddan game da Sahara". Wanda ta lashe kyautar Nobel ta Argentine Adolfo Pérez Esquivel ya nemi "ficewar dan adam da siyasa" ga Haidar, ya kuma yi kira ga gwamnatocin Spain da Moroko da su fara tattaunawa don ganin "ta wace hanya ce Tarayyar Turai, Majalisar Turai ko ma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya shiga tsakani don guje wa sakamako na masifa da ƙoƙarin ceton rayuwarta, amma ba ta kowane tsada ba. 'Yan fim din Ingila Ken Loach da Paul La tala sun kwatanta Haidar da mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam na Amurka Rosa Parks, suna masu cewa, "Wane irin bala'i zai kasance ga tsaurin tashin hankali, da kuma yiwuwar samun mafita, mu kyale ta ta mutu." Hakanan an ba da sanarwar goyon baya daga dan jaridar kasar Uruguay Eduardo Galeano, dan wasan Spain Javier Bardem, Amurka Jim Jim Inhofe, Guatemalan Peace Prize wanda ya baiwa Rigoberta Menchú, mawakiyar Burtaniya Brian Eno, da Mawallafin marubuci dan ƙasar Spain Alberto Vázquez-Figueroa A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, gungun mawaƙa da mawaƙa na ƙasar Sipaniya sun ba da waka ta kyauta don nuna goyon baya ga Haidar a Rivas-Vaciamadrid, a wajen ƙetaren Madrid. Masu gabatar da kara sun hada da Bebe, Kiko Veneno, Macaco, Amaral, Pedro Guerra, Mariem Hassan, Conchita, Miguel Ríos, da Ismael Serrano A ranar 10 ga Disamba, da dama masu fasaha da masu fafutuka sun aika da wasika ga Juan Carlos Na I dan Spain, suna masu rokon ya roko ga Haidar da Maroko. Masu rattaba hannu sun hada da lambobin yabo uku na Nobel Günter Grass, Dario Fo, da Saramago da Pedro Almodóvar, Mario Vargas Llosa, Penélope Cruz, Antonio Gala, Almudena Grandes, Carlos Fuentes, da Ignacio Ramonet da sauransu daga Indiya, Puerto Rico, Portugal, Kolombiya, Brazil da Angola.
Tsarin diflomasiyya Ministan Harkokin Waje na Spain Miguel ratngel Moratinos ya yi alkawarin shirya Fasfo din Spanish ga Haidar, amma ta ƙi tayin sa, tare da neman dawo da fasfon nata na asali. Wakilan Moroccan karkashin jagorancin shugaban majalisar dattijai na kasar, Mohamed Cheikh Biadillah, sun ziyarci Spain a farkon Disamba 2009. Biadillah ya bayyana cewa mutanen Sahrawi suna da cikakken haɗin kai ga al'ummar Marokko kuma suna mamaye wasu manyan ofisoshin a cikin cibiyoyin Marokko, kuma babu wata ƙasa da za ta amince da dawowar mutumin da ya “jefa fasfo ɗinsu" kuma "ya bar ƙasarsu". A ranar 7 ga Disamba, makonni uku da ta shiga yajin aikin, Haidar ya kasa rauni har ya iya tsinkewa cikin nutsuwa. Wata Likita Asibitin Lanzarote ta bayar da rahoton cewa watakila tana da awowi ne kawai su rayu. Spain ta sake yin ƙoƙarin sake neman takardar izinin shiga ƙasar, amma ta goyi bayan lokacin da Maroko ta yi barazanar kawo ƙarshen haɗin kai game da shige da fice, fataucin muggan kwayoyi, da sauran batutuwa. A ranar 11 ga Disamba, Sakatariyar Harkokin Wajen Amurka Hillary Clinton ita ma ta tuntubi Ministan Harkokin Wajen Morocco Taieb Fassi Fihri don neman sake shigar da Haidar. A ranar 17 ga Disamba, bayan ta kasa hadiye ruwan sha na kwana biyu, an shigar da Haidar asibiti. Ta ci gaba da kin amincewa ta karya azumin ta. A daren ranar, hukumomin Moroko sun nuna juyayin su, sannan aka kyale Haidar a cikin jirgin sama ya koma El-Aaiún. Ma’aikatar harkokin wajen Spain ta danganta kudurin ne a “kokarin hadin gwiwa tsakanin Spain, Faransa da Amurka” don shawo kan gwamnatin Marokko cewa kin yarda ta sake amincewa da Haidar ya yi tasiri. Da yake bayyana a gaban taron jama'a a filin jirgin sama na El-Aaiún, Haidar ta ce, "Wannan wata nasara ce, nasara ce ga 'yancin ɗan adam, don adalci na ƙasa da kuma dalilin Sahara ta yamma. Kuma dukkan abin godiya ne saboda irin matsin lambar ku. Jami'an na Marokko sun bayyana cewa gwamnatin "ta lashi takobin mutunta 'yancin dan adam a Yammacin Sahara da sauran wurare a kasar" amma ta ki yin tsokaci game da shari'ar Haidar. Bayan dawowar ta, 'yan sanda a Morocco sun sa Haidar a gidan, kuma an hana' yan jaridu damar yin magana da ita.
Bayan yajin aiki-kin cin abinci A ranar 19 ga Janairu 2010, Haidar ya dawo Spain don yin gwaje-gwaje na likita a asibitin La Paz a Madrid. Haidar tana da katin zama dan asalin kasar Sipaniya tun bayan fitowar ta 2006. Haidar dai ba shi da koshin lafiya, saboda tana fama da cutar amai da gudawa, sakamakon ɗaurin kurkuku da yajin aikin abinci na shekarar 2009. Kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Amnesty International ta bayar da rahoton cewa jami'an tsaro na Marokko na sa ido sosai kan Haidar da iyalinta sannan kuma ta same su da tsoratarwa. A ranar 7 ga Maris, Haidar ya yi jawabi a wani taro a Jami’ar Granada yayin taron Kungiyar Tarayyar Turai-Morocco a cikin wannan birni. Haidar ya bayyana cewa taron kolin "ya musanta wahalar Sahrawis" kuma EU ta gabatar da karar "tsarin mulkin mallaka" na Morocco, yana sadaukar da 'yancin bil adama don goyon bayan tattalin arziki. A ranar 24 ga Maris, Haidar ya fara ne yayin wata ziyarar aiki a Washington, DC cewa "kafin a cimma matsaya ta karshe, hanyar siyasa, tilas ne mu matsa lamba kan Marokko don mutunta 'yancin ɗan adam". A ganawarta da jami'an ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka da wakilan Amurka, ta rokesu su matsawa kasar Morocco saboda 'yancin Sahrawi. Ranar 15 ga Oktoba, Haidar ta gurfana a gaban kotun Casablanca tare da da dama daga cikin shugabannin kungiyar masu fafutuka Sahrawi da masu sa ido 20 na kasashen waje, a yayin shari'ar masu fafutukar 'yan gwagwarmayar Sahrawi bakwai (da aka fi sani da "The Casablanca 7"). An tsare "Casablanca 7" watanni kafin daga bisani ya tafi sansanonin 'yan gudun hijirar Sahrawi, kuma gwamnatin Morocco ta tuhume ta da yin barazanar tsaron jihar. dayansu shi ne Ali Salem Tamek, mataimakin shugaban ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin bil Adama CODESA. Ta ce zargin da gwamnatin Morocco ta yi ba ta da tushe balle makama, suna masu la'antar 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da kuma tafiye-tafiyen wadanda aka kame. Ta kuma soki gwamnatin Spain, wacce ta zarge ta da aikata laifi a cikin halin mutanen Sahrawi: "Gwamnatin Spain ta karya dokar kasa da kasa ta hanyar hana mutanen Saharawi 'yancinsu na yanke hukunci'. A ranar 29 Oktoba 2011, ɗan Haidar ya yi barazanar cin zarafin jima'i da duka wanda hakan zai haifar masa da rauni na dindindin ta hanyar wasu couplean sandan Morocco a El Aaiun, in ji CODESA. A ranar 8 ga Yuli 2012, majiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam Sahrawi sun bayyana cewa wasu Haidar 'yan wasan Hajara sun samu rauni a zahiri yayin da wasu fasinjoji na Morocco suka yi ta tafiya yayin da suke tafiya da bas daga Agadir zuwa El Aaiun. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam a matsayin Sahrawi ASVDH da Cibiyar nan ta Amurka Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human rights sun yi Allah wadai da wannan aika-aika, tare da yin kira da a gudanar da bincike. A ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 2012, a ranar da ta sadu da Kwamishinan Musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Yammacin Sahara Christopher Ross a El Aaiun MINURSO HQ, Haidar ya ce daga baya ‘yan sanda suka yi awon gaba da ita yayin zanga-zangar rashin tarzoma. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam kamar RFK Center, Defender Line Line da kuma jam’iyyun siyasa na Spain, Union, Progress da Demokiradiya sun yi Allah wadai da tsokanar.
Kyautuka da bayyanawa Haidar ta samu lambobin yabo da dama na kasa da kasa saboda amincewa da aikinta na take hakkin Dan-Adam. A watan Disamba 2005, ta sami lambar yabo ta V Juan María Bandrés na Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Spain (CEAR). Saboda ɗaurin kurkuku, ta kasa karɓar kyautar har sai Mayu 2006. A shekara ta 2007, an ba ta kyautar Solidar Silver Rose Award, wata cibiyar sadarwar Turai ta kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Kyautar shekara-shekara ta amince da "manyan nasarorin mutane da ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ke aiki a cikin adalci don tabbatar da adalci na zamantakewa." A shekarar 2008, Haidar ya lashe kyautar kare hakkin dan adam Robert F. Kennedy na Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiya ta Robert F. Kennedy ta Amurka da ke hakkin bil'adama Baya ga kyautar (wanda ya haɗa da ɓangaren kuɗi), Cibiyar Tunawa da RFK tana ba da abokin tarayya tare da masu karɓa a cikin aikinsu. Wakilin Muryar Amurka Edward Kennedy ya bayyana cewa "duk wanda ya damu da dimokiradiyya, kare hakkin dan Adam, da kuma bin doka da oda ga kasashen Yammacin Sahara, an yi musu kwarin gwiwa ne ta karfin gwiwa, sadaukarwa da kuma kwarewar aiki a madadin su." Haidar aka kuma bayar da 2009 Civil Jaruntakan Prize na Train Foundation Wanda ta kafa lambar yabo John Train ya ce, "ingantacciyar al'umma ta dogara da kwarjinin jama'a, kuma muna fatan cewa ta hanyar sanin ta a cikin mutane kamar Aminatou Haidar, za mu iya karfafa wasu su bi sawun ta kuma kare hakkokinsu na zaman lafiya cikin lumana." A shekara ta 2010, mambobi 40 na majalisar Turai sun zabi Haidar don lambar yabo ta Sakharov don ƙungiyar 'yancin tunani Wani memba na EP Willy Meyer Pleite ya yi tir da kamfen da Maroko ta yi na nuna rashin amincewar ta ga Haidar. Daga baya ne aka baiwa kyautar dan kasar Cuba Guillermo Fariñas kyautar Haidar an kuma sanya ta sunan yar ƙasa na girmamawa ko kuma in ba haka ba waɗanda cibiyoyin Spain da Italiyawa suka yi wa ado. A cikin Oktoba 2006, majalisar garin Naples ta kira ta da "Honorary Citizen" saboda ayyukanta na kare haƙƙin ɗan adam. A watan Mayun 2008, majalisar garin Castelldefels ta Spain ta ba ta lambar yabo ta musamman. A cikin watan Janairun 2010, gundumar Sesto Fiorentino ta Italiya ta nada Haidar a matsayin "Mutumin gari" na ƙauyen, saboda "gwagwarmayar da ba ta tashin hankali ba ga 'yanci da haƙƙin ɗan adam ga mutanenta". Kwanakin baya, wata karamar hukumar Italiya mai suna Campi Bisenzio, ta yanke hukunci da masu rinjaye suka yanke mata na "'Yan Kasa na Girmamawa". A watan Fabrairu, garin Tuscan na Signa ne ya yanke shawarar ba wa Haidar yar ƙasa. A watan Maris, garin Leganés, Spain, ya yi mata kyautar Dolores Ibárruri. A 13 Afrilu, da comune na Pontedera ya ba ta girmamawa dan kasa. A ranar 30 ga Yuli, wasu garuruwa goma daga lardin Lucca na Italiya sun ba Haidar lambar girmamawa. dayansu, Stazzema, ya ba ta ""wallon Zama na Resistance". Sauran biranen Italiya 20 daga baya sun sanar da Aminatou Haidar a matsayin "Citizabilar onoabi'a ta". A ranar 27 ga Yulin 2011, Haidar ta kasance yar kasa na girmamawa daga masarautar Montespertoli a matsayin "tabbacin nuna damuwa kan wannan tashin hankalin da hukumomin Morocco suka yi". Majalisar birni San San de de Henares ta Spain ta ba ta kyautar Jesús Andrés López Gallardo. Ranar 10 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 2011, aka ba ta lambar yabo ta 'yancin dan Adam ta René Cassin, wacce ma'aikatar shari'a ta gwamnatin Basque Country ta ba ta; kyautar ta zo tare da kyautar Euro 16,550. A ranar 4 Maris 2013, garin Italiya na Florence ya ba Haidar lambar girmamawa ta garin. Hakanan a cikin Maris, Haidar ya lashe lambar yabo ta Bremen Solidarity 13th, kyautar da aka ba wa mutane wanda aka bambanta ta hanyar sasantawa da 'yanci, dimokiradiyya da' yancin ɗan adam, da kuma mulkin mallaka da wariyar launin fata a duniya. Kyautar, wacce gwamnatin lardin Free Hanseatic ta Bremen ta bayar tare da bayar da kyautar kudi Euro 10,000, an ba Haidar ne saboda rawar da ta taka a gwagwarmayar lumana don warware rikicin Sahrawi, da kuma kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam na mutanen Sahrawi a yankunan da aka mallaka. A watan Mayun 2013, Haidar ta yi tafiya zuwa Addis Ababa, kamar yadda aka gayyace ta a matsayin baƙon girmamawa ga Kungiyar Goldenungiyar Goldenungiyar Goldenungiyar Afirka ta Zina Aminatou Haidar ta ci lambar yabo ta Hakkin zama a 2019 "saboda matsayinta akan kin yin rikici, duk da ɗaurin kurkuku da azabtarwa da ta sha, don neman adalci da yanke hukunci na kai ga jama'ar Yammacin Sahara."
Duba kuma Shekarun jagora Mohamed Elmoutaoikil Mohammed Daddach Brahim Dahane Tarihin Yammacin Sahara
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Aminatou Haidar, “Gandhi ta Yammacin Sahara,” ya sami lambar yabo ta Hanyar zama dama daga bakin Amy Goodman a ranar 25 ga Satumbar 2019 Rayayyun Mutane
Haifaffun 1966
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26413 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayanai%20na%20Covid-19 | Bayanai na Covid-19 | Bayanai na COVID-19 yana nufin kowane nau'in magana game da cutar ta COVID-19 wacce ta haifar da rashin fahimta da dabaru na makirci game da girman cutar da asalin, rigakafin, ganewar asali, da maganin cutar. Ƙaryar bayanai, ciki har da kari ya kasance ta hanyar kafofin watsa labaru, rubutu, saƙon, kuma taro kafofin watsa labarai. Shahararrun mutane, 'yan siyasa, da wasu fitattun mutane sun yada labaran karya. Kasashe da yawa sun zartar da dokoki kan "labaran karya", kuma an kama dubunnan mutane don yada labaran COVID-19. Yaduwar bayanan karya na COVID-19 daga gwamnatoci shima yana da muhimmanci.
asuwakda zambn kariya ga tayin a-gida wajen daukan kariya ntives, magani ta da kuma "m" cures. Kungiyoyin addini da yawa sunyi iƙirarin cewa imaninsu zai kare su daga kamuwa da cutar. Ba tare da wata shaida ba, wasu mutane sun yi iƙirarin cewa kwayar cutar ta bioweapon ce bisa kuskure ko kuma da gangan ta fado daga dakin gwaje -gwaje, tsarin kula da yawan jama'a, sakamakon aikin leken asiri, ko kuma sakamako na haɓaka 5G zuwa hanyoyin sadarwar salula.
Hukumar Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ayyana wani “infodemic” na bayanan da ba daidai ba game da kwayar cutar da ke haifar da hadari ga lafiyar duniya. Duk da cewa imani da ka'idodin makirci ba sabon abu bane, a cikin mahallin cutar ta COVID-19, wannan na iya haifar da illa ga lafiya. Rashin son sani, kamar tsallewa zuwa ƙarshe da nuna wariya, na iya kasancewa yana da alaƙa da faruwar ƙimar imani. Baya ga illolin kiwon lafiya, illolin da ke haifar da yaɗuwar ba da labari da amincewa da kaidin makirci sun haɗa da rashin yarda da ƙungiyoyin labarai da hukumomin lafiya gami da rarrabuwa da rarrabuwa na siyasa.
Bayani A ranar 30 ga Janairun 2020, BBC ta ba da rahoto game da ci gaban batutuwan dabaru da shawarwarin kiwon lafiya mara kyau game da COVID-19. Misalai a lokacin sun haɗa da shawarwarin kiwon lafiya na ƙarya da aka raba akan kafofin sada zumunta da taɗi masu zaman kansu, da kuma dabaru na makirci kamar barkewar da ake shirin yi tare da halartar Cibiyar Pirbright A ranar 31 ga Janairu, The Guardian ya lissafa misalai guda bakwai na rashin fahimta, yana ƙara ka'idodin makirci game da makaman nukiliya da haɗin kai zuwa fasahar 5G, gami da bambance -bambancen shawarwarin kiwon lafiya na ƙarya.
A wani yunkurin bugun up bincike sharing, da yawa masu bincike sun jũya zuwa preprint sabobin kamar arXiv, bioRxiv, medRxiv, kuma SSRN Ana ɗora takardu zuwa waɗannan sabobin ba tare da bita -da -ƙulla ko wani aikin edita wanda ke tabbatar da ingancin bincike ba. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan takaddun sun ba da gudummawa ga yaduwar ra'ayoyin makirci. Babban abin da ya fi shahara shi ne takardar buga takardu wanda ba a duba shi ba wanda aka ɗora akan bioRxiv wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa kwayar cutar tana ɗauke da "shigar" HIV. Bayan rashin amincewa, an janye takardar. An raba faifai game da COVID-19 a kan layi kuma wasu bayanai suna ba da shawarar cewa kafofin watsa labarai sun yi amfani da su kusan sau 10 fiye da shirye-shiryen kan wasu batutuwa.
Dangane da binciken da Cibiyar Nazarin Jarida ta Reuters ta buga, yawancin bayanan da ba su da alaƙa da COVID-19 sun haɗa da "nau'ikan salo iri-iri, inda ake samun sahihan bayanai kuma na yau da kullun, ana murɗa su, ana sake fasalin su, ko an sake yin su"; ƙarancin bayanan da ba daidai ba "an ƙirƙira shi gaba ɗaya". Binciken ya kuma gano cewa "labarai marasa tushe daga 'yan siyasa, mashahuran mutane, da sauran fitattun mutane", yayin da suke yin lissafin wasu tsirarun samfuran, sun kama galibin ayyukan sada zumunta. Dangane da rarrabuwarsu, mafi girman nau'in ɓarna (kashi 39%) shine "ƙarya ko iƙirarin ƙarya game da ayyuka ko manufofin hukumomin gwamnati, gami da hukumomin gwamnati da na ƙasa da ƙasa kamar WHO ko Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.
Baya ga kafafen sada zumunta, talabijin da rediyo an hango su a matsayin tushen bayanan karya. A farkon matakan cutar ta COVID-19 a cikin Amurka, Fox News ta karɓi layin edita cewa martanin gaggawa ga cutar ya kasance siyasa ce ko kuma ba ta dace ba, kuma mai gabatarwa Sean Hannity ya yi ikirarin a kan iska cewa barkewar cutar ta kasance "yaudara" (daga baya ya bayar da inkarin). Lokacin da manazarta kafofin watsa labarai suka tantance su, an gano tasirin watsa labarai na watsa labarai don yin tasiri ga sakamakon kiwon lafiya a cikin jama'a. A cikin gwaji na halitta (gwajin da ke faruwa kwatsam, ba tare da ƙirar ɗan adam ko sa baki ba), an kwatanta abubuwa biyu na labarai na talabijin waɗanda aka nuna akan gidan yanar gizo na Fox News wata ɗaya baya da 2019. Abu ɗaya ya ba da rahoton tasirin cutar coronavirus da gaske, yayin da abu na biyu ya rage barazanar COVID-19. Binciken ya gano cewa masu sauraron da aka fallasa su da labaran da ke rage barazanar sun kasance masu saurin kamuwa da cutar COVID-19 da mutuwa. A watan Agusta 2021, an soki mai watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin Sky News Australia saboda sanya bidiyo a YouTube wanda ke ɗauke da bayanan likita na yaudara game da COVID-19. An kuma fahimci rediyon magana mai ra'ayin mazan jiya a Amurka a matsayin tushen rashin gaskiya ko ɓatar da sharhi akan COVID-19. A watan Agusta da Satumba 2021, rundunonin rediyo da yawa waɗanda suka hana rigakafin COVID-19, ko suka nuna shakku kan allurar COVID-19, daga baya sun mutu daga rikice-rikicen COVID-19, daga cikinsu Dick Farrel, Phil Valentine da Bob Enyart.
'Yan siyasa, ƙungiyoyin sha'awa, da yan wasan jihohi a cikin ƙasashe da yawa sun yi amfani da bayanan da ba su dace ba kan batun COVID-19 don gujewa ɗaukar nauyi, sakaci da wasu ƙasashe, da gujewa sukar yanke shawara da suka yi a baya. Wani lokaci kuma akwai wani dalili na kuɗi.An zargi ƙasashe da yawa da yada jita-jita tare da ayyukan da gwamnati ke tallafawa a kafafen sada zumunta a wasu ƙasashe don haifar da fargaba, shuka rashin yarda, da lalata muhawarar dimokuraɗiyya a wasu ƙasashe, ko don inganta salon mulkinsu.
Binciken Jami'ar Cornell na kasidu miliyan 38 a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na yaren Ingilishi a duniya ya gano cewa Shugaban Amurka Donald Trump shi ne babban direban da ba shi da gaskiya.
Hasashen asalin cutar Yawancin masana ilimin viro sunyi la'akari da yuwuwar asalin ƙwayar cutar ta SARS-CoV-2 ta zama ƙetarewar halitta daga dabbobi, bayan da ta zube cikin yawan mutane daga jemagu, wataƙila ta hanyar mai watsa shirye-shiryen dabbobi, kodayake ba a kayyade ainihin hanyar watsawa ba. Yawancin sabbin cututtukan da ke kamuwa da cuta suna farawa ta wannan hanyar kuma shaidar kwayoyin halittar ta nuna cewa kwayar cutar SARS-CoV-2 ta samo asali ne daga jemagu.
Wata madaidaiciyar hasashen da ake yi a cikin bincike, wanda galibin masanan ilimin halittu ke ganin ba zai iya yiwuwa ba, shine cewa mai yiwuwa cutar ta tsere daga Cibiyar Nazarin Kwayar cuta ta Wuhan a cikin daidaitaccen bincike. Wani kuri'un da aka yi a watan Yuli 2021 ya gano cewa kashi 52% na manya na Amurka sun yi imanin COVID-19 ya tsere daga dakin bincike.
Hasashe da ba a tabbatar da su ba da kuma dabaru na makirci da suka shafi wannan batun sun sami karɓuwa yayin bala'in. Ka'idodin makirci na gama gari sun bayyana cewa da gangan aka ƙera cutar, ko dai a matsayin makami ko don cin riba daga siyar da alluran rigakafi. A cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, an hana yin amfani da kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar nazarin kwayoyin halitta. An kuma ba da wasu labarai na asali da yawa, tun daga da'awar makircin abokan hamayyar siyasa zuwa ka'idar makirci game da wayoyin hannu. Cibiyar Binciken Pew ta gano, alal misali, ɗaya daga cikin Amurkawa uku sun yi imanin cewa an ƙirƙiri sabon coronavirus a cikin dakin gwaje -gwaje; daya cikin hudu ya yi tunanin an yi shi da gangan. An haɓaka yaduwar waɗannan ka’idojin makirci ta hanyar rashin yarda da juna da ƙiyayya, da kishin ƙasa da amfani da kamfen na farfaganda don dalilai na siyasa.
Kungiyoyin na dama na Amurka irin su QAnon, ta hanyar amfani da dama kamar Fox News, tsohon Shugaban Amurka Donald Trump da ma wasu fitattun 'yan Republican sun yi amfani da yada labaran karya don nuna adawa da China, kuma ya haifar da haɓaka ayyukan anti-Asiya akan kafofin watsa labarun da a cikin ainihin duniya. Wannan kuma ya haifar da cin zarafin masana kimiyya da jami'an kiwon lafiyar jama'a, duka akan layi da a cikin mutum, ta hanyar yin muhawara mai guba ta siyasa da sau da yawa akan muhawara mai guba batutuwa. Irin wannan yada labaran da ba daidai ba da kuma tunanin makirci yana da yuwuwar yin illa ga lafiyar jama'a da rage amincewa da gwamnatoci da kwararrun likitocin.
An sake farfado da ɓarkewar lab da sauran dabaru a wani sashi ta hanyar bugawa, a cikin Mayu 2021, na imel na farko tsakanin Cibiyar Allergy da Cututtuka (NIAID) darektan Anthony Fauci da masana kimiyya suna tattauna batun. Dangane da imel ɗin da ake tambaya, Kristian Andersen (marubucin wani binciken da ya ɓarke ka’idojin magudanar kwayoyin halitta) ya yi la’akari da yuwuwar yiwuwar, kuma ya aika da imel Fauci yana ba da shawarar hanyoyin da za a iya aiwatar da su, kafin yanke hukuncin yin magudi da gangan tare da zurfafa bincike na fasaha. Waɗannan imel ɗin daga baya ba a fahimce su ba kuma masu amfani sun yi amfani da su don yin iƙirarin cewa makirci yana faruwa. Koyaya, duk da ikirarin sabanin haka a wasu jaridun Amurka, babu wata sabuwar shaida da ta fito don tallafawa kowane ka'idar haɗarin dakin gwaje-gwaje, kuma galibin abubuwan da aka yi nazari akai sun nuna asalin halitta. Wannan yana da kwatankwacin barkewar sabbin cututtukan cututtukan da suka gabata, kamar HIV, SARS da H1N1, waɗanda su ma ake zargi da asalin asalin dakin gwaje -gwaje.
Asalin Wuhan Lab
Bio-makami Wata tushe ta farko da ta samo asali daga ƙirar ƙirar halittu shine tsohon jami'in leƙen asirin Isra'ila Dany Shoham, wanda ya yi hira da The Washington Times game da dakin binciken biosafety matakin 4 (BSL-4) a Cibiyar Nazarin Kwayoyin cuta ta Wuhan Wani masanin kimiyya daga Hong Kong, Li-Meng Yan, ya tsere daga China kuma ya fitar da wani fa'ida wanda ke nuna an canza kwayar cutar a cikin dakin bincike maimakon samun juyin halitta. A cikin bita-da-tsaki na ɗan lokaci (kamar yadda ba a gabatar da takarda don yin nazarin takwarorina na gargajiya a matsayin wani ɓangare na daidaitaccen tsarin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya ba), an yiwa ikirarin nata tamkar ɓatarwa, rashin ilimin kimiyya, da haɓaka rashin ɗabi'a na "ainihin ka'idodin makirci waɗanda ba a kafa su ba. a zahiri Rule of Society Society and the Rule of Law Foundation ne suka tallafa wa takardar Yan, ba riba guda biyu da ke da alaƙa da Steve Bannon, wani tsohon mai tsara dabarun Trump, da Guo Wengui, attajirin ɗan China da ya fito daga ƙasashen waje. Wani na hannun daman Amurka, wanda aka sani yana inganta rashin yarda da China A zahiri, wannan ya haifar da ɗakin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin girma don ba da labari". Tunanin SARS-CoV-2 a matsayin makamin da aka ƙera lab shine wani ɓangare na ka'idar makircin Plandemic, wanda ke ba da shawarar cewa da gangan China ta sake shi.
Jaridar Epoch Times, wata jaridar anti- Communist Party ta China mai alaƙa da Falun Gong, ta ba da labaran da ke da alaƙa da cutar ta COVID-19 a cikin bugawa da ta kafofin sada zumunta ciki har da Facebook da YouTube. Ta inganta maganganun anti-China da dabaru na makirci game da barkewar cutar coronavirus, misali ta hanyar bugun shafi na 8 mai suna "Yadda Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta China ta Hallaka Duniya", wanda aka rarraba ba tare da izini ba a cikin Afrilu 2020 don aikawa abokan ciniki a yankunan. Amurka, Kanada, da Ostiraliya. A cikin jaridar, kwayar cutar SARS-CoV-2 da aka sani da <abbr about="#mwt392" data-cx="[{"adapted":true,"partial":false,"targetExists":true}]" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Abbr","href":"./Template:Abbr"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"CCP"},"2":{"wt":"Chinese Communist Party"}},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwARU" title="Chinese Communist Party" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:ExpandedAttrs">CCP</abbr> kuma wani sharhi a cikin jaridar ya yi tambaya, "shine sabon barkewar cutar coronavirus a Wuhan hatsarin da ya faru ta hanyar amfani da makamin a wancan [Wuhan P4. virology] Lab? Kwamitin editan jaridar ya ba da shawarar cewa marasa lafiyar COVID-19 suna warkar da kansu ta hanyar "la'antar da "wataƙila mu'ujiza za ta faru".
Dangane da yada jita -jita a cikin Amurka na asalin dakin binciken Wuhan, gwamnatin China ta gabatar da ka'idar makirci cewa sojojin Amurka ne suka kirkiro cutar a Fort Detrick.
Binciken samun aiki Ideaaya daga cikin ra'ayin da aka yi amfani da shi don tallafawa asalin dakin gwaje-gwaje yana kiran binciken ribar aiki na baya akan coronaviruses. Masanin ilimin dabbobi Angela Rasmussen ta rubuta cewa wannan abu ne da ba zai yiwu ba, saboda tsananin bincike da bincike na samun ribar aiki na gwamnati, kuma ba zai yuwu ba cewa bincike kan wahalar samun coronaviruses na iya faruwa a ƙarƙashin radar. Ana jayayyar ainihin ma'anar "ribar aiki" tsakanin masana. A watan Mayu 2020, mai masaukin baki Fox News Tucker Carlson ya zargi Anthony Fauci da cewa ya “ba da tallafin halittar COVID” ta hanyar binciken aiki a Cibiyar Nazarin Kwayar cuta ta Wuhan (WIV). Da yake ambaton rubutun marubucin kimiyya Nicholas Wade, Carlson ya yi zargin cewa Fauci ya ba da umarnin bincike don sanya ƙwayoyin jemagu su fi kamuwa da mutane. A cikin sauraron washegari, dan majalisar dattijan Amurka Rand Paul ya yi zargin cewa Cibiyoyin Kula da Lafiya na Amurka (NIH) sun ba da tallafin bincike na aiki a Wuhan, yana zargin masu bincike ciki har da masanin cututtukan dabbobi Ralph Baric da ƙirƙirar “manyan ƙwayoyin cuta”. Dukan Fauci da Daraktan NIH Francis Collins sun musanta cewa gwamnatin Amurka ta goyi bayan irin wannan binciken. Baric shima ya yi watsi da zargin Bulus, yana mai cewa binciken dakin binciken sa game da yada kwayar cutar coronavirus na jemagu bai cancanci zama ribar aiki ba. Nazarin 2017 na chimeric bat coronaviruses a WIV ya lissafa NIH a matsayin mai tallafawa; duk da haka, tallafin NIH ya danganci tarin samfur ne kawai. Dangane da wannan da sauran shaidu, Jaridar Washington Post ta ƙididdige iƙirarin haɗin gwiwar NIH don samun aikin aiki akan coronaviruses a matsayin "pinocchios biyu", wanda ke wakiltar "manyan rashi da/ko ƙari".
Saki kwatsam samfurin da aka tattara
Zamba Hukumar ta WHO ta yi gargadin badakalar aikata laifuka da ta shafi masu aikata laifuka wadanda ke nuna kansu a matsayin wakilan hukumar ta WHO suna neman bayanan sirri daga wadanda abin ya shafa ta hanyar imel ko ta waya. Hakanan, Hukumar Sadarwa ta Tarayya ta shawarci masu amfani da kada su danna hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizo a cikin imel ɗin da ake zargi kuma kada su bayar da bayanan sirri a cikin imel, saƙon rubutu ko kiran waya. Hukumar Ciniki ta Tarayya ta kuma yi gargadi kan badakalar sadaka da ta shafi cutar, kuma ta shawarci masu amfani da kada su bayar da gudummawa cikin tsabar kudi, katunan kyaututtuka, ko canja wurin waya.
Kamfanin Cybersecurity na Check Point ya bayyana cewa an sami karuwar hare -hare na leken asiri don jawo hankalin wadanda abin ya shafa su shigar da kwayar cutar kwamfuta ba da sani ba a karkashin sakon imel da ke da alaƙa da cutar coronavirus ta 2019 mai ɗauke da haɗe -haɗe. Masu aikata laifuka ta yanar gizo suna amfani da yankuna na yaudara kamar "cdc-gov.org" a maimakon madaidaicin "cdc.gov", ko ma ɓata yankin asali don haka yayi kama da takamaiman gidajen yanar gizo. Fiye da yankuna 4,000 da ke da alaƙa da cutar coronavirus 2019 an yi musu rajista.
'Yan sanda a New Jersey, Amurka, sun ba da rahoton abubuwan da suka faru na masu laifi suna ƙwanƙwasa ƙofar mutane kuma suna da'awa daga CDC. Sannan suna ƙoƙarin siyar da samfura akan farashi mai hauhawa ko kuma waɗanda aka yiwa zamba a ƙarƙashin fa'idar ilimantarwa da kare jama'a daga cutar coronavirus 2019.
Links cewa purportedly kaitsaye zuwa Johns Hopkins University coronavirus cuta 2019 map, amma a maimakon haka kaitsaye zuwa da ƙarya site cewa shimfidawa malware, sun yadu a kan Internet.
Tun lokacin wucewa a cikin Maris 2020 na Dokar CARES, masu laifi sun yi amfani da lissafin ƙarfafawa ta hanyar neman mutane su biya kafin a karɓi biyan kuzarin su. Saboda wannan, IRS ta shawarci masu amfani da su yi amfani da adireshin gidan yanar gizon cutar coronavirus na IRS na 2019 kawai don ƙaddamar da bayanai ga IRS (kuma ba don amsa rubutu ba, imel, ko kiran waya). Dangane da waɗannan tsare -tsaren, yawancin kamfanonin kuɗi, kamar Wells Fargo da LoanDepot, da masu inshorar lafiya, kamar Humana, misali, sun sanya irin wannan nasihohi akan gidajen yanar gizon su.
Duba kuma Buck wucewa
Karyata HIV/AIDS
Judy Mikovits
Jerin ka'idodin makirci
Xenophobia da wariyar launin fata da ke da alaƙa da cutar ta COVID-19
Jerin hanyoyin da ba a tabbatar da su ba kan COVID-19
Bayanan COVID-19 daga gwamnatoci
Labaran COVID-19 na China
Labaran COVID-19 na Amurka
Wariyar wariyar launin fata: Sabuwar wariyar launin fata
Tsarin duniya
Ka'idar makircin SARS
ScienceUpFirst, kamfen ɗin sadarwa na kimiyya na Kanada wanda ke mai da hankali kan cutar
Kara karantawa
Hanyoyin waje
Manazarta Covid-19
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59652 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duniya%20sanyaya | Duniya sanyaya | Zubar da hankali a duniya wani zato ne, musamman a cikin shekarun 1970s, na sanyaya mai zuwa na Duniya wanda ya ƙare a cikin wani lokaci mai zurfi, saboda tasirin sanyaya na aerosols ko tilastawar orbital. Wasu rahotanni na manema labarai a cikin shekarun 1970 sun yi hasashe game da ci gaba da sanyaya; waɗannan ba su nuna ainihin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya na lokacin ba, wanda gabaɗaya ya fi damuwa da dumama daga ingantaccen tasirin greenhouse.
A tsakiyar shekarun 1970s, iyakantaccen jerin zafin jiki da ake samu ya nuna cewa zafin jiki ya ragu na shekaru da yawa har zuwa lokacin. Yayin da jerin lokaci masu tsawo na inganci mafi girma suka kasance, ya zama bayyananne cewa zafin jiki na duniya ya nuna karuwa mai yawa gaba ɗaya.
Gabatarwa: wayar da kan jama'a da damuwa A cikin shekarun 1970s, masana kimiyya sun kara fahimtar cewa kimantawa na yanayin zafi na duniya ya nuna sanyaya tun 1945, da kuma yiwuwar babban dumama saboda fitar da iskar gas. A cikin takardun kimiyya waɗanda suka yi la'akari da yanayin yanayi na karni na 21, ƙasa da kashi 10% sun karkata zuwa sanyaya na gaba, yayin da yawancin takardun suka yi hasashen dumama na gaba. Jama'a ba su da masaniya game da tasirin carbon dioxide akan yanayi, amma Labaran Kimiyya a watan Mayu 1959 sun yi hasashen karuwar kashi 25% a cikin carbon dioxide na yanayi a cikin shekaru 150 daga 1850 zuwa 2000, tare da yanayin dumama. Ainihin karuwa a wannan lokacin ya kasance 29%. Paul R. Ehrlich ya ambaci dumamar duniya daga iskar gas a matsayin mai hanawa ga tasirin sanyaya na aerosols a shekarar 1968. A lokacin da ra'ayin sanyaya duniya ya kai ga manema labarai a tsakiyar shekarun 1970 yanayin zafi ya daina faduwa, kuma akwai damuwa a cikin al'ummar yanayin yanayi game da tasirin zafi na carbon dioxide. A mayar da martani ga irin waɗannan rahotanni, Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya ta ba da gargadi a watan Yunin 1976 cewa "wani gagarumin zafi na yanayi na duniya" mai yiwuwa ne.
A halin yanzu, akwai wasu damuwa game da yiwuwar tasirin sanyaya na yanki na raguwa ko rufewar yaduwar thermohaline, wanda zai iya haifar da karuwar ruwa mai kyau da ke haɗuwa a cikin Arewacin Atlantic saboda narkewar glacial. Ana ganin yiwuwar wannan ya faru a matsayin ƙasa sosai, kuma IPCC ta lura, "ko da a cikin samfuran inda THC ke raunana, har yanzu akwai dumi a Turai. Misali, a cikin duk haɗin AOGCM inda tilasta radiative ke ƙaruwa, alamar canjin zafin jiki a arewa maso yammacin Turai tana da kyau.
Hanyoyin jiki Lokacin sanyaya yana sakewa ta hanyar tsarin yanayi na duniya na yanzu (1999 a kan) wanda ya haɗa da tasirin jiki na sulfate aerosols, kuma yanzu akwai yarjejeniya ta gaba ɗaya cewa tasirin aerosol shine babban dalilin sanyaya na tsakiyar karni na 20. A lokacin akwai hanyoyin jiki guda biyu waɗanda aka fi ci gaba da su akai-akai don haifar da sanyaya: aerosols da tilasta orbital.
Aerosols Ayyukan ɗan adam galibi a matsayin samfur na ƙonewar man fetur, wani ɓangare ta hanyar canje-canje na amfani da ƙasa yana ƙara yawan ƙananan barbashi (aerosols) a cikin yanayi. Wadannan suna da tasiri kai tsaye: suna kara yawan albedo na duniya, don haka suna sanyaya duniya ta hanyar rage hasken rana da ya kai saman; da kuma sakamako na kai tsaye: sun shafi kaddarorin girgije ta hanyar aiki a matsayin ƙwayoyin girgije. A farkon shekarun 1970 wasu sun yi hasashen cewa wannan tasirin sanyaya na iya mamaye tasirin dumama na sakin CO2: duba tattaunawar Rasool da Schneider (1971), a ƙasa. A sakamakon lura da sauyawa zuwa ƙone mai tsabta, wannan ba zai yiwu ba; aikin kimiyya na yanzu yana nuna cewa dumamar duniya ya fi dacewa. Kodayake raguwar zafin jiki da wannan tsarin ya hango yanzu an watsar da shi saboda mafi kyawun ka'idar da kuma yanayin zafi da aka lura, ana zaton aerosols sun ba da gudummawa ga yanayin sanyaya (wanda ya fi ƙarfin karuwar iskar gas) kuma sun ba da damar dimming na duniya.
Matsi na Orbital Orbital tilasta yana nufin jinkirin, canje-canje na cyclical a cikin karkatawar axis na Duniya da kuma siffar ta. Wadannan sake zagayowar suna canza jimlar hasken rana da ke isa Duniya da karamin adadi kuma suna shafar lokaci da tsananin yanayi. Wannan hanyar ana zaton tana da alhakin lokacin sake zagayowar zamanin kankara, kuma fahimtar hanyar tana ƙaruwa cikin sauri a tsakiyar shekarun 1970.
Takardar Hays, Imbrie, da Shackleton "Variations in the Earth's Orbit: Pacemaker of the Ice Ages" sun cancanci tsinkayinsu tare da cewa "dole ne a cancanta hasashen ta hanyoyi biyu. Na farko, suna amfani ne kawai ga bangaren halitta na yanayin yanayi na gaba kuma ba ga tasirin ɗan adam ba kamar waɗanda ke haifar da ƙone burbushin burbushin halittu. Na biyu, suna bayyana yanayin dogon lokaci ne kawai, saboda suna da alaƙa da bambance-bambance na orbital tare da lokutan shekaru 20,000 da tsayi. Ba a yi hasashen sauye-sauyen yanayi a mafi girma ba sakamakon ya nuna cewa yanayin dogon lokaci a cikin shekaru 20,000 masu zuwa yana zuwa ga babban glaciation na Arewacin Hemisphere da yanayin sanyi. Ra'ayin cewa za'a iya hango yanayin shekarun kankara da ra'ayin cewa wani ya kasance saboda "ba da daɗewa ba" watakila saboda yawancin wannan binciken ya faru ne daga masana kimiyyar ƙasa, waɗanda suka saba da ma'amala da ma'auni na dogon lokaci kuma suna amfani da "ba da sauri" don komawa ga lokutan dubban shekaru. Aikace-aikacen ƙa'idar Milankovitch ba ya ba da damar tsinkaya na farkon shekarun kankara "da sauri" (watau, ƙasa da ƙarni ɗaya ko biyu) tunda lokacin da ya fi sauri ya kai kimanin shekaru 20,000. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] An sami wasu hanyoyin kirkirar wannan, musamman wanda Nigel Calder ya goyi bayan shi a ƙarƙashin sunan "snowblitz", amma waɗannan ra'ayoyin ba su sami karɓa sosai ba.
Ya zama ruwan dare a ga ya tabbatar da cewa tsawon yawan zafin jiki na yanzu yana kama da tsawon saman interglacial da ya gabata (Sangamon Eem), kuma daga wannan kammalawa cewa muna iya kusantar ƙarshen wannan lokacin dumi. Wannan kammalawa ba daidai ba ne. Da farko, saboda tsawon interglacials na baya ba na yau da kullun ba ne; duba adadi. Petit et al. sun lura cewa "interglacials 5.5 da 9.3 sun bambanta da Holocene, amma suna kama da juna a tsawon lokaci, siffar da faɗin. A lokacin kowane ɗayan waɗannan abubuwan biyu, akwai lokacin dumi na 4 kyr wanda ya biyo bayan sanyaya mai sauri. Abu na biyu, bambance-bambance na gaba ba za su yi kama da na baya ba.
Damuwa kafin shekarun 1970 A cikin 1923, akwai damuwa game da sabon zamanin kankara kuma Kyaftin Donald Baxter MacMillan ya tashi zuwa Arctic wanda National Geographical Society ta tallafawa don neman shaidar ci gaba da kankara.
A cikin 1926, wani masanin taurari na Berlin yana hasashen sanyaya duniya amma cewa "tsufa" ne.
Damuwa cewa sabon zamanin kankara yana gabatowa an farfado da shi a cikin shekarun 1950. A lokacin Yakin Cold, Harry Wexler ya damu da cewa kashe bama-bamai na atom na iya hanzarta sabon zamanin kankara daga yanayin hunturu na nukiliya.
J. Murray Mitchell ya nuna tun farkon 1963 sanyaya da yawa tun daga 1940. A wani taro kan canjin yanayi da aka gudanar a Boulder, Colorado a shekarar 1965, shaidar da ke tallafawa sake zagayowar Milankovitch ta haifar da hasashe kan yadda aka lissafa ƙananan canje-canje a hasken rana na iya haifar da shekarun kankara. A cikin 1966, Cesare Emiliani ya yi hasashen cewa "sabon ƙanƙara zai fara cikin 'yan dubban shekaru". A cikin littafinsa na 1968 The Population Bomb, Paul R. Ehrlich ya rubuta "An inganta tasirin greenhouse yanzu ta hanyar karuwar matakin carbon dioxide [wannan] ana magance shi da girgije mai ƙarancin matakin da aka samar da ƙura, ƙura, da sauran gurɓataccen abu. A halin yanzu ba za mu iya hango abin da sakamakon yanayi zai kasance na amfani da yanayi a matsayin zubar da shara ba.
Damuwa a cikin shekarun 1970
Sanarwar shekarun 1970 Damuwa ta kai kololuwa a farkon shekarun 1970s, kodayake yiwuwar dumama ta mutum ta mamaye wallafe-wallafen da aka sake dubawa har ma a lokacin" (lokacin sanyaya ya fara a 1945, kuma shekaru ashirin na yanayin sanyaya ya nuna cewa an kai ga rami bayan shekaru da yawa na dumama). Wannan damuwa mai yawa ya kasance a wani bangare saboda gaskiyar cewa ba a san shi sosai ba game da yanayin duniya da abubuwan da ke haifar da shekarun kankara. Masana kimiyya na yanayi sun san cewa tsinkaya bisa ga wannan yanayin ba zai yiwu ba saboda ba a yi nazarin yanayin sosai ba kuma ba a fahimta ba (alal misali duba bayanin). Duk da haka, a cikin shahararrun manema labarai an bayar da rahoton yiwuwar sanyaya gabaɗaya ba tare da gargadi da ke cikin rahotanni na kimiyya ba, kuma "ƙananan hunturu a Asiya da sassa na Arewacin Amurka a cikin 1972 da 1973 sun tura batun cikin sanin jama'a".
A cikin shekarun 1970s, tattara bayanan don samar da bayanan hemispheric, ko na duniya, sun fara.
Tarihin Spencer R. Weart na The Discovery of Global Warming ya ce: "Yayin da ba masana kimiyya ko jama'a ba za su iya tabbatarwa a cikin shekarun 1970s ko duniya tana da zafi ko sanyaya, mutane sun kara karkata suyi imani cewa yanayin duniya yana kan tafiya, kuma a kowace hanya ba" [an kara da hankali].
A ranar 11 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1970, The Washington Post ta ruwaito cewa "Colder Winters Held Dawn of New Ice Age".
A shekara ta 1972, Emiliani ya yi gargadi cewa "Ayyukan Mutum na iya haifar da wannan sabon zamanin kankara ko kuma haifar da narkewar kankara".
Har ila yau, a cikin 1972, wani rukuni na masana na lokacin glacial a wani taro sun amince da cewa "ƙarshen yanayi na zamaninmu mai dumi tabbas yana kusa"; amma ƙarar Quaternary Research da ke bayar da rahoto game da taron ya ce "mahimmanci da za a samu daga tattaunawar a wannan sashe shi ne cewa ilimin da ake buƙata don fahimtar tsarin canjin yanayi har yanzu bai isa ba". George Kukla da Robert Matthews, a cikin rubuce-rubucen Kimiyya na wani taro, sun tambayi lokacin da kuma yadda interglacial na yanzu zai ƙare; sun kammala cewa, sai dai idan akwai tasiri daga ayyukan ɗan adam na gaba, "Zamara ta duniya da canje-canje masu sauri na muhalli, wanda ya wuce sauye-sauyen da mutum ya samu a lokutan tarihi, dole ne a sa ran su kasance a cikin 'yan dubban shekaru ko ma ƙarni masu zuwa", amma wasu masana kimiyya da yawa sun yi shakkar waɗannan ƙaddamarwa.
Rahoton SCEP na 1970 Nazarin Matsalar Muhalli na 1970 ya ba da rahoton yiwuwar dumama daga karuwar carbon dioxide, amma babu damuwa game da sanyaya, yana saita ƙananan iyaka a farkon sha'awa a cikin "sanyi na duniya".
1971 zuwa 1975: takardu kan abubuwan dumi da sanyaya A shekara ta 1971, binciken ya nuna cewa gurɓataccen iska da mutum ya haifar yana yaduwa, amma akwai rashin tabbas game da ko aerosols zai haifar da dumi ko sanyaya, da kuma ko sun fi girma fiye da hauhawar matakan CO2. J. Murray Mitchell har yanzu yana kallon mutane a matsayin "masu kallo marasa laifi" a cikin sanyaya daga shekarun 1940 zuwa 1970, amma a cikin 1971 lissafinsa ya ba da shawarar cewa karuwar hayaki na iya haifar da sanyaya mai mahimmanci bayan 2000, kodayake ya kuma yi jayayya cewa hayaki na zai iya haifar da dumama dangane da yanayi. Ƙididdigar ta kasance mai mahimmanci a wannan lokacin don a amince da ita don ba da sakamako mai aminci.
An buga lissafin lambobi na farko na tasirin yanayi a cikin mujallar Science a watan Yulin 1971 a matsayin takarda ta S. Ichtiaque Rasool da Stephen H. Schneider, mai taken "Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Aerosols: Effects of Large Increases on Global Climate".
Takardar ta yi amfani da bayanai da daidaitattun bayanai don lissafin yiwuwar tasirin gaba na karuwa mai yawa a cikin yanayin nau'ikan hayakin muhalli guda biyu:
iskar gas kamar carbon dioxide;
gurɓataccen ƙwayoyin kamar su smog, wasu daga cikinsu sun kasance an dakatar da su a cikin yanayi a cikin nau'in aerosol na shekaru.
Rahoton hukumar na 1974, Kimiyya da kalubalen da ke gaba, ya ci gaba da wannan jigon. "A cikin shekaru 20-30 da suka gabata, yanayin zafin duniya ya ragu, ba bisa ka'ida ba a farko amma ya fi girma a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata." Tattaunawar lokutan dusar ƙanƙara ba ta bayyana a cikin wannan rahoton ba. A maimakon haka, rawar da mutane ke takawa ce ke kan gaba wajen nazarin rahoton. "Ba a san dalilin da yasa yanayin sanyaya ya kasance da tabbas ba. Amma ana ƙara nuna damuwa cewa mutum da kansa yana da hannu a ciki, ba wai kawai a yanayin sanyi na baya-bayan nan ba, har ma da yanayin zafi a ƙarnin da ya gabata.” Rahoton bai kammala ba ko carbon dioxide a cikin dumamar yanayi, ko gurɓataccen aikin gona da masana'antu a cikin sanyaya, sune abubuwan da ke cikin sauye-sauyen yanayi na baya-bayan nan, lura da cewa; "Kafin a iya warware irin waɗannan tambayoyi kamar waɗannan, dole ne a sami babban ci gaba a cikin fahimtar sinadarai da kimiyyar lissafi na yanayi da teku, da kuma aunawa da gano abubuwan da ke cikin tsarin."
1972 da 1974 Hukumar Kimiyya ta Kasa Rahoton Hukumar Kimiyya ta Kasa da Perspectives a cikin Kimiyya ta Muhalli na 1972 sun tattauna game da halayyar yanayi, da kuma fahimtar lokacin da duniyar ke shiga wani lokaci na sanyaya bayan lokacin dumi. "A yin hukunci daga rikodin shekarun interglacial da suka gabata, lokacin yanzu na yanayin zafi ya kamata ya ƙare, don a bi shi da dogon lokaci na yanayin sanyi wanda ke haifar da zamanin glacial na gaba kimanin shekaru 20,000 daga yanzu. Amma kuma ya ci gaba; "Duk da haka, yana yiwuwa, ko ma mai yiwuwa, cewa tsangwama ta mutum ta riga ta canza yanayin da ke kusa da nan gaba zai bi wata hanya daban. Rahoton hukumar na 1974, Kimiyya da kalubalen da ke gaba, ya ci gaba da wannan jigon. "A cikin shekaru 20-30 da suka gabata, yanayin zafin duniya ya ragu, ba bisa ka'ida ba a farko amma ya fi girma a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata." Tattaunawar lokutan dusar ƙanƙara ba ta bayyana a cikin wannan rahoton ba. A maimakon haka, rawar da mutane ke takawa ce ke kan gaba wajen nazarin rahoton. "Ba a san dalilin da yasa yanayin sanyaya ya kasance da tabbas ba. Amma ana ƙara nuna damuwa cewa mutum da kansa yana da hannu a ciki, ba wai kawai a yanayin sanyi na baya-bayan nan ba, har ma da yanayin zafi a ƙarnin da ya gabata.” Rahoton bai kammala ba ko carbon dioxide a cikin dumamar yanayi, ko gurɓataccen aikin gona da masana'antu a cikin sanyaya, sune abubuwan da ke cikin sauye-sauyen yanayi na baya-bayan nan, lura da cewa; "Kafin a iya warware irin waɗannan tambayoyi kamar waɗannan, dole ne a sami babban ci gaba a cikin fahimtar sinadarai da kimiyyar lissafi na yanayi da teku, da kuma aunawa da gano abubuwan da ke cikin tsarin."
Rahoton Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kasa ta 1975 There also was a Report by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences (NAS) entitled, "Understanding Climate Change: A Program for Action".
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
13115 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kewaye%20da%20Uthman | Kewaye da Uthman | An kashe Uthman dan Affan, na uku Rashidun caliph, a ƙarshen harin da aka kaiwa gidan sa. Tun da farko zanga-zangar, an kewaye ta ta karu ne sakamakon wata barazanar da aka ce ba ta dace ba har da mutuwar mai zanga-zangar. Masu zanga-zangar sun juya ‘yan tawaye sun bukaci sabon khalifa, Uthman ya ki kuma a ranar 17 ga Yuni, 656 (35 AH), yayin da aka killace gidansa, wasu (kusan 3) masu zanga-zangar sun sami damar tsalle zuwa bayan gidansa, a inda suke ya same shi yana karatun Alqur’ani. Suka yi masa d himka a kansa kuma suka d himka shi. Mutuwar Uthman tana da tasirin gaske a duniyar Musulmi a lokacin. Ba a gabatar da tambayoyi ba game da halinsa da manufofinsa kawai ba, har ma da alaƙar da ke tsakanin Musulmi da jihar, da abubuwan da suka shafi addini game da tawaye da shugabanci, da kuma cancantar yin mulki a cikin Islama.
Bango Masu adawa da Uthman sun kewaye shi da dalilai da yawa, manyan wadannan sune nadin danginsa Banu Umayya, a matsayin gwamnonin manyan lardunan musulinci. Rashin gamsuwa da tsarin mulkinsa da gwamnatocin da ya nada ba su takaita ga lardunan da ke wajen Arabiya ba. Lokacin da dan uwan Uthman, musamman Marwan, ya sami galaba a kansa, Uthman ya rasa ikonsa na khalifanci da sahabbai da dama, ciki har da mafi yawan membobin majalisar zaba, sun janye goyon bayansu gare shi.
Tawaye Rashin yarda a karshe ya haifar da tawaye a Misira, Kufa da Basra. Lokacin da yan tawayen Masar suka taru kusa da Madina, Uthman ya nemi Ali ya yi magana da su. Wakilan hijirar da Ali ya jagotanta tare da wakilan Ansar karkashin jagorancin Muhammad dan Maslamah sun gamu da gamsassu da komawarsu ta hanyar yi musu alkawarin da sunan bada tallafi ga duk damuwar su da amincewa dasu a matsayin masu bada garantin. Saboda sasantawa da Uthman ya yi, 'yan tawayen sun koma baya. Yayin da yan tawayen suka koma Masar, wani jami'in leda ya same su daga Madina, wanda suka iske wata wasikar wacce ake zargin tana dauke da tambarin wakilcin Halifa Uthman. Wasikar ta umarci gwamnan na Masar ya kashe bangaren 'yan tawayen da zarar ta dawo gida. Masana tarihi yanzu suna ganin wasikar ba Uthman ne ya kawo ta ba, amma sakatarenta, Marwan dan Al-Hakam. Koyaya, da gano abin da wasikar ta kunsa, nan da nan sai partyyan tawayen suka fara kewaye sojojin.
Farkon Kewaye Lokacin da 'yan tawayen Masar suka koma Madina, abin haushi da wasikar hukuma da ke ba da umarnin hukunta shugabanninsu, babban alkalin alkawaran Uthman ya nemi ya yi magana da' yan tawayen kai tsaye. Uthman ya karyata duk wani ilimi game da wasikar kuma Ali da Muhammad dan Maslamah sun tabbatar da hakan. Amma a wannan lokacin zabin da 'yan tawayen suka gabatar sun nuna murabus ne ko kuma watsi da Uthman da kuma zabi wani halifa. Yayin da rikici ya barke Ali ya bar su. Ali da alama ya fashe da Uthman cikin bacin rai saboda gazawarsa ta karya tasirin Marwan akan kalifa. Ali ya shiga tsakani ne kawai bayan an sanar da shi cewa ‘yan tawayen suna hana isar da ruwa ga kalifa. Yayi kokarin rage tsananin karfin siegin daga nacewa cewa a bar Uthman ya sami ruwa. Ali ya je har ma da tura 'ya'yan nasa don kare gidan Uthman lokacin da yake cikin hatsarin za a kai masa hari. 'Yan tawayen sun yi zanga-zangar adawa da hakan kuma sun keta alfarma sakamakon hakan.
Adireshin Uthman a Masallacin Annabi A ranar juma'ar farko bayan da aka kewaye shi, Uthman yayi jawabi ga ikilisiya a masallacin. Bayan yabon Allah da albarka da fatan aminci ga Muhammad, Uthman ya gayyato hankalin mutane zuwa ga umarni a cikin Alqur’ani da ke bukatar mutane su yi biyayya ga Allah da ManzonSa, da wadanda ke da iko a cikinsu. Ya lura cewa an umarci musulmai da su sasanta dukkan al'amura ta hanyar yin shawarwari da juna. Ya ce ya bude kofofin yin shawarwari a bude. Dukkanin zarge-zargen da aka yi a kansa an yi bayanin shi sosai kuma ya nuna ba shi da gaskiya. Ya bayyana a shirye yake don magance korafin mutane na gaskiya, in da akwai. Ya lura cewa a karkashin yanayin da wasu mutane ba su sassaka ba don su haifar da hargitsi a cikin Makka. Ya ce baya tsoron mutuwa, amma baya son musulmai da laifin zubar da jini. A gareshi hadin kan al'ummar musulmin yayi matukar kauna kuma domin a sami sabani tsakanin musulmai ya umarci magoya bayan sa da su guji tashin hankali. Ya so mutane su ji tsoron Allah kuma kada su sanya hannu cikin ayyukan tauyin addinin Islama. Ya yi nuni da cewa kasashen ketare da suke yin fatali da su a karkashin nasarar da suka samu daga hannun musulmai sun tallafawa wasu makirci don murkushe addinin Musulunci. Ya gargadi mutane da kar su yi wasa a hannun makiya Musulunci. Ya yi kira ga ‘yan tawayen da su yi ritaya daga Madina. Ya so mutanen Madina su goyi bayan gaskiya da adalci da kuma hana goyon bayansu ga rebelsyan tawayen da suka lafazin barna. Da tafiyar mahajjata daga Madina zuwa Makka, an kara karfafa hannun 'yan tawayen kuma a sakamakon hakan rikicin ya kara ta'azzara. 'Yan tawayen sun san cewa bayan aikin hajji, musulmai suka taru a Makka, daga kowane bangare na duniyar musulmi, za su yi tafiya zuwa Madina don tallafawa Halifa. Don haka suka yanke shawarar daukar mataki a kan Uthman kafin aikin hajjin ya kare. Yana da alaƙa da cewa yayin juyin juya halin Mugheera bin Shu'ba ya tafi Uthman kuma ya sanya darussan matakai guda uku a gabansa, da farko, don fita don yaƙi da 'yan tawayen, na biyu, hawa raƙumi kuma zuwa Makka da na uku don zuwa Siriya Uthman ya ƙi duk shawarwarin ukun. Ya yi watsi da shawara ta farko yana cewa ba ya son ya zama halifa na farko a lokacin wanda aka zubar da jininsa lokaci. Ya ki gabatar da shawara ta biyu don tserewa zuwa Makka a doron da ya ji daga Muhammad cewa za a binne wani mutumin Quraishawa a Makka wanda zai kasance rabin azabar duniya, kuma baya son ya zama mutumin. Ya ƙi amincewa da shawara ta uku a ƙasa cewa ba zai iya barin Madina ba. Abdullah dan Salam, abokin Muhammad ya ziyarci gidan Uthman kuma an ruwaito cewa ya yi magana da maharan kamar haka: "Kada ku kashe shi. Na rantse da Allah, ba wani mutum daga cikinku zai kashe shi, amma zai sadu da Ubangiji da rauni ba tare da hannu ba, kuma lalle takobin Allah ya ci gaba da nasara, kuma lalle ne da Allah idan kuka kashe shi, to, lalle ne, Allah Ya sami abin da yake, kuma ba za ta taba fitar da ita daga gare ku. Ba a taba kashe wani Annabi ba, amma an kashe mutane sabili da shi mutum dubu 70, kuma ba a taba kashe Halifa ba, amma an kashe mutum dubu 35 a asusunsa.” Wani abokin Nayyar dan Ayyad Aslami wanda ya shiga cikin 'yan tawayen ya gargade su da shiga cikin gidan tare da kashe Uthman. Lokacin da 'yan tawayen karkashin jagorancin Nayyar dan Ayyad suka yi gaba zuwa cikin gidan, Kathir dan Salat Kundi, mai goyon bayan Uthman, ya harba kibiya wacce ta kashe Nayyar. Wannan ya fusata 'yan tawayen. Sun bukaci Kathir dan Salat Kundi a hannunsu. Uthman ya ce ba zai iya cin amanar mutumin da ya harba kibiya a cikin tsaron sa ba. Wannan ya haifar da batutuwan. Uthman ya rufe ƙofofin gidan. Hasan, Hussein, Abdullah dan Az-Zubair, Abdullah dan Umar, Muhammad ibn Talha, Marwan da kuma wasu mutane kalilan an tsare shi. Yanzu haka an fara fada a tsakanin ‘yan tawayen da magoya bayan Uthman. An samu wasu asarar rayuka a tsakanin ‘yan tawayen. Daga cikin magoya bayan Hasan, Marwan da wasu mutane da suka ji rauni.
Kashe Uthman 'Yan tawayen sun kara matsa lamba har suka isa kofar gidan Uthman suka kunna wuta. Wasu 'yan tawayen sun hau gidan maƙwabta sannan suka tsallaka zuwa gidan Uthman. A ranar 17 ga Yuli ne, 656 AZ kuma Uthman yana azumin wannan ranar. A daren jiya da ya gabata ya ga Muhammadu a cikin mafarki. Muhammad ya ce, "Idan kana so taimako za a iya aiko zuwa gare ku, kuma idan kana so za ka iya karya azuminku tare da mu a wannan maraice. Muna maraba da ku".. Uthman ya zaɓi na biyu. Wannan ya sa Uthman yasan cewa rana ce ta ƙarshe ta rayuwa. An kashe shi yayin karatun Alqurani, Aya ta Surat Baqarah "137. To, idan sun yi imani da abin da kuka yi imani da shi, to, waɗannan shiryayyu ne, kuma idan sun j ,ya, to, wadannan kawai suke a kan sabanin sihiri. Allah Ya ishe ka a kansu. Kuma Shi ne Mai ji, Masani." A cewar wasu hadisai, Alqur'anin da ya ke karantawa yana ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin kayan tarihi a Tashkent a yau. Sauran nau'ikan Alqurani, wadanda aka kiyaye su a wasu garuruwa, su ma an yi iƙirarin su ne "Al-Kur'an Uthman". A shekara ta 656, an kashe Uthman dan al-Affan. An ce wadannan mutanen suna cikin wadanda suka kashe Uthman: Muhammd dan Hazif, Dan Hazm, Kanane dan boshr Tajibi, Ummar dan Hamq Khazai, Abdul Rahman dan Udais al-Balawi da Sudan dan Hamran.
Labarin Wasanni
Manazarta
Mukaloli marasa |
16404 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha | Buddha | Buddha addini ne wanda ya samo asali daga Indiya, bisa koyarwar Siddhartha Gautama, wanda daga baya ake kira Gautama Buddha. Buddha shi ne wanda aka ce ya farka zuwa gaskiyar rayuwa.
A cikin karnoninsa koyarwarsa ta bazu daga Nepal zuwa Asiya ta Tsakiya, Tibet, Sri Lanka, kudu maso gabashin Asiya, Sin, Mongolia, Koriya, Japan, da yanzu Turai da Arewa da Kudancin Amurka. Addinin Buddha mabiya ɗariƙar Theravada yafi yawa a Kudancin Asiya; Mahayana ya kara arewa. Addinin Buddha ya wanzu a cikin ɓangarori daban-daban a yau, to amma duk makarantu da ƙungiyoyi suna da ra'ayoyi na yau da kuma kullum. Kimanin kashi bakwai cikin ɗari na mutanen duniya mabiya addinin Buddha ne.
Duk da yake mutane da yawa suna ganin addinin Buddha a matsayin addini, wasu suna ganinsa a matsayin falsafa, wasu kuma a matsayin hanyar gano gaskiya Bayani da kuma tunanin Buddha Siddhartha Gautama (563 483 BC ya fara rayuwa a matsayin jaririn yarima na wata ƙaramar masarauta a yankin da ke kudancin Nepal a yanzu Tun yana saurayi ya bar dukiya da matsayi a baya don neman gaskiya. Da aka haskaka yana ɗan shekara 35, Buddha ya yi shekaru 45 masu zuwa na rayuwarsa yana tafiya yana koyarwa a arewacin Indiya. Ya mutu yana da shekaru 80.
Buddha ya mai da hankali sosai ga koyarwarsa kan yadda za a shawo kan wahala. Ya ga cewa dukkan abubuwa masu rai suna wahala a haifuwarsu, cikin rashin lafiya, tsufa, da kuma fuskantar mutuwa. Ta hanyar shawo kan wahala, ya koyar, mutum zai yi farin ciki da gaske.
Farkon Koyarwa sa. Darasinsa na farko bayan wayewarsa shine ga sauran masu neman waɗanda suma sun yi watsi da duniya. Wannan rukuni ne na tsarkaka maza ko sufaye waɗanda Buddha ta yi karatu tare da su tsawon shekaru biyar ko fiye. A gare su ya fara gabatar da abin da ya gani a matsayin Gaskiya ta Gaskiya ta Hudu da Hanyar Hanya Mai Girma Takwas (duba ƙasa). Waɗannan koyarwar suna gano musabbabin wahala da maganin su.
Alamu uku na wanzuwa. Buddha ta koyar da cewa an fi fahimtar rayuwa da zama ba ta dawwama (komai yana canzawa), mara gamsarwa (hagu a kanmu ba mu da farin ciki da gaske), da jituwa (duk abubuwa suna da alaƙa, har ma da cewa an fi fahimtar da kanmu a matsayin ruɗi) Hanyar tsakiya. Addinin Buddha yana koyar da rashin cutarwa da daidaituwa ko daidaitawa, ba zuwa nesa da hanya ɗaya ko wata. Ana kiran wannan Hanyar Tsakiya, kuma yana ƙarfafa mutane su zauna cikin daidaito.
Tunani. Buddha ya ba da shawarar yin zuzzurfan tunani a matsayin wata hanya ta ladabtar da hankali da ganin duniya yadda take. Buddhist na iya yin zuzzurfan tunani yayin da suke zaune a wata hanya ta musamman ko takamaiman. Tsayawa da yin zuzzurfan tunani wasu salon ne.
Guba uku. Yayin tattauna wahalar, Buddha ya gano guba uku na sha'awa, fushi da wauta, kuma ya nuna cewa za mu iya kawo ƙarshen wahalarmu ta hanyar barin son zuciya da shawo kan fushi da wauta.
Nirvana. Ana barin cikakken barin mummunan tasiri Nirvana, ma'ana "a bice," kamar kashe wutar kyandir. Wannan ƙarshen wahalar ana kiranta Haskakawa A addinin Buddha, Haskakawa da Nirvana galibi ma'anarsu ɗaya.
Shin mabiya Buddha suna imani da allah ko alloli? Buddha bai faɗi cewa alloli suna wanzu ba ko babu, duk da cewa alloli suna taka rawa a cikin wasu labaran Buddha. Idan wani ya tambayi Buddha, "Shin akwai gumakan?" ya yi shiru mai martaba Wato, ba zai tabbatar ko musantawa ba. Buddhist ba su yi imani da cewa mutane su nemi taimakon alloli don su cece su ko kawo musu wayewa ba. Maimakon haka ya kamata mutane suyi aiki da tafarkinsu mafi kyawon abin da zasu iya.
Sauran koyarwa. Yawancin ra'ayoyin Buddha ana samun su a cikin wasu addinan Indiya, musamman Hindu Karma. Karma yana nufin ayyuka, kuma Buddha ya koyar da cewa ayyuka suna da sakamako na alheri ko rashin lafiya. Idan mutane suka yanke shawara mai kyau zasu kasance cikin farin ciki da kwanciyar hankali.
"Don gujewa dukkan sharri
Don kyautatawa.
Don tsarkake tunanin mutum: Wannan koyarwar dukkan Buddha ne. Dhammapāda, XIV, 5
Sabuwar rayuwa. Buddha ya koyar game da sake sabuwar rayuwa, ra'ayin cewa bayan mun mutu zamu iya sake haifuwa a wannan duniyar kuma mu fuskanci irin wahalar kamar rayuwar da ta gabata. Babban burin mai addinin Buddha shine neman wayewa (Nirvana) wanda ya sanya mu sama da sake-sakuwa da wahala. Wasu Buddha suna fahimtar ra'ayin ta hanyar waƙa, kuma ba ma'ana ta zahiri ba.
Wanene Buddha? Buddha kalma ce ta Pali wacce ke nufin Farkakke Wani wanda ya farka daga gaskiyar hankali da wahala kuma ya koyar da gaskiya ga wasu ana kiransa Buddha. Kalmar "Buddha" galibi tana nufin Buddha na tarihi mai suna Buddha Shakyamuni Siddhartha Gautama Buddhist ba su yarda cewa Buddha allah ne ba, amma shi mutum ne wanda ya farka kuma zai iya ganin hanyar da hankali ke aiki. Sunyi imanin cewa wannan ilimin gabaɗaya yakan canza mutum. Wannan mutumin na iya taimakawa wasu su zama masu wayewa shima. Mutane masu wayewa sun wuce haihuwa, mutuwa, da sake haihuwa.
Wanene Buddha na farko? Dangane da Buddha, akwai Buddha da yawa a gaban Buddha Gautama kuma za a sami Buddha da yawa a bayansa.
A cikin rubutun Pali, Buddha na farko a Buddhavamsa sutta shine Buddha Taṇhaṅkara. Mahapadana sutta ya ce Buddha na farko na buddha bakwai da suka gabata shine Vipassi Buddha Amma sutta baya cewa Vipassi shine Buddha na farko Idaya daga kalpa na yanzu (farkon duniyarmu ta yanzu (Duniya)) Buddha Gautama ana ɗaukar Buddha na huɗu. A cikin wannan bayanin, na farko shi ne Buddha na Kakibanho, na biyu na Konakamano Buddha, da na uku Buddha na Kassapo. Buddha na ƙarshe na wannan kalpa zai kasance Maitreya Buddha. Sannan duniya (Duniya) zata sabunta kanta kuma daga nan ne zata fara sabon kalpa Imani na Buddha
Lu'ulu'u guda uku Buddha suna girmamawa da daraja Jauhari Uku, waɗanda su ne Buddha, da Dharma, da Sangha Buddha na nufin wanda aka farka, Dharma ga koyarwar Buddha, kuma Sangha ga mutanen da ke bin Buddha da koyarwarsa.
Buddhist sun ce "Na nemi mafaka a Buddha, da Dharma, da Sangha." Suna samun ta'aziyya a cikin waɗannan kayan adon ko dukiyar.
Gaskiya huɗu masu daraja Buddha ta farko kuma mafi mahimmancin gaske wanda ta koyar koyarwar ita ce Gaskiya guda Hudu Rayuwa tana wahala.
Dalilin wannan wahala shine muna son abubuwa su zama wata hanya.
Hanyar warkar da wahala shine tashi sama da wannan sha'awar.
Hanyar da zata tashi sama da sha'awa shine bin Hanya Mai Sau Uku, ayyukan da ke taimaka mana canza tunaninmu da fahimta.
Hanyoyi masu Girma Takwas Buddha ta gaya wa mutane su bi hanya ta musamman ta rayuwa da ake kira Hanya Mai Girma Takwas idan suna son fahimtar Gaskiya Masu Daraja Hudu Wadannan su ne:
Ra'ayoyi masu dacewa. San sani da fahimtar Gaskiya ta Huɗu
Tunani mai dacewa. Kawo hankalinka daga duniya ka nufi Dharma
Jawabin da ya dace. Faɗi gaskiya, kada ku yi tsegumi, kuma kada ku yi mummunan magana game da wasu
Halin da ya dace. Kada ku aikata mugunta, kamar kisa, sata, ko yin rayuwar ƙazanta
Abincin da ya dace. Samun kuɗin ku ta hanyar da ba za ta cutar da kowa ba
Daidaitaccen ƙoƙari. Yi aiki don sanya zuciyarka ta zama mafi kyau kuma ta rage sharri
Daidaita hankali. Ka tuna da Dharma kuma yi amfani da shi koyaushe
Nuna tunani mai kyau. Yi zuzzurfan tunani a matsayin hanyar fahimtar gaskiya
Dokoki guda biyar Ana ƙarfafa mabiya addinin Buddha su bi ƙa'idodi biyar, ko kuma jagorori. Buddha ta koyar da cewa kisa, sata, yin jima'i ta mummunar hanya, da yin ƙarya ba alamun fasaha ba ne. Ba zan cutar da mutum ko dabba da ke raye ba.
Ba zan dauki wani abu ba idan ba a ba ni ba.
Ba zan shiga cikin lalata ba.
Ba zan yi karya ko fadin abin da zai cutar da mutane ba.
Ba zan sha kayan maye ba, kamar barasa ko kwayoyi, masu haifar da rashin kulawa.
Idan mutum yana son zama mai zuhudu ko tsoron abin bauta, shi ko ita ma za su bi wasu ƙa'idodin Manazarta
Wasu shafukan yanar gizo Cibiyar Taron Buddhist ta Duniya Mahimman Bayanan: Buddha Buddha
Tashar Buddhist
Tsarin Addini Buddha
Nazarin Buddha a Bambanci da Kiristanci (Daga hangen nesa kirista na yamma)
Abin da addinin Buddha ya koyar
Buddhism na zamani eBook kyauta game da Buddha
Encyclopedia na Buddha na kasar Sin Addini
Pages with unreviewed |
38753 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua%20Alabi | Joshua Alabi | Joshua Alabi (an haife shi 1 Maris 1958) ɗan ilimi ne kuma ɗan siyasa ɗan ƙasar Ghana, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Nazarin Ƙwararrun, Accra (UPSA) daga 2012 zuwa 2016. Ya taba yin aiki a matsayin Rector na wannan cibiyar daga 2009 zuwa 2012 da Pro-Rector daga 2005 zuwa 2008. A siyasar Ghana, Alabi ya kasance dan majalisar wakilai mai wakiltar mazabar Krowor a cikin Greater Accra daga 1997 zuwa 2001 kuma dan majalisar wakilai na jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress (NDC) daga shekarar 1997 zuwa 2001 kuma ya kasance karamin ministan babban birnin Accra da yankin Arewa daga 1997 zuwa 2001.
Alabi dan jam’iyyar National Democratic Congress ne kuma ya jagoranci sake fasalin jam’iyyar a yankin Greater Accra a shekarar 2001 bayan da jam’iyyar ta sha kaye a zaben 2000 a hannun ‘yan adawa. Bayan da aka sake fasalin, ya zama tsohon Ministan jam’iyyar na farko da ya tsaya takara kuma ya yi nasara a matsayin shugaban jam’iyyar NDC a yankin Greater Accra daga 2001 zuwa 2005.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi Dan kabilar Ga daga Nungua, an haifi Alabi a ranar 1 ga Maris 1958 a Accra. Mahaifinsa ma'aikacin mota ne kuma manomi, mahaifiyarsa kuwa 'yar kasuwa ce. Ya yi karatunsa na firamare da sakandare a makarantar share fage ta St. John (yanzu St. John's Grammar School) da ke Achimota, a unguwar Accra, daga 1965 zuwa 1971. Daga nan ya wuce makarantar sakandare ta Tamale inda ya yi karatun sakandire inda ya yi karatu. Ya sami Takaddun Takaddun Karatu na Talakawa da Na gaba daga 1971 zuwa 1976. Alabi ya kammala karatunsa na ƙwararru a fannin Accountancy da Marketing a Cibiyar Nazarin Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru (IPS) a lokacin daga 1976 zuwa 1980. Daga baya ya tafi Turai don yin digiri na biyu; daya cikin Masana'antu Tattalin Arziki (MSc) daga Cibiyar Tattalin Arzikin Kasa ta Moscow, Plekhanov (Jami'ar Tattalin Arziki na Rasha a yanzu) a cikin 1986 da MSc a Kasuwancin Kasa da Kasa daga Jami'ar Strathclyde a Glasgow Scotland inda ya ba da lambar yabo ta Mushod Abiola don Nagartar Kasuwanci a cikin 1992.
Shi Mataimakin Farfesa ne na Kasuwanci a UPSA, memba na Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta Chartered (CIM), Ghana, Fellow of Ghana Institute of Taxation da Fellow of Chartered Institute of Bankers, Ghana.
Aikin ilimi Bayan ya kammala horon sana'a a IPS, Alabi ya fara aikin koyarwa a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Arewa da ke garin Tamale daga 1980 zuwa 1981 kafin ya tafi Tarayyar Soviet don yin digiri na ilimi. Kafin nadinsa a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa, Alabi ya shafe sama da shekaru ashirin a rayuwarsa yana koyarwa daga 1987 zuwa 2005. A lokacin ya zama shugaban sashen tallace-tallace a 1989, ya zama shugaban sashen gudanarwa daga 2003 zuwa 2005. .A shekarar 2001 ne jami’ar ta kara masa girma zuwa babban malami, sannan kuma a shekara ta 2008 kwamitin gudanarwa na jami’ar ya ba shi mukamin babban malami, bayan ya cika sharuddan karin girma da hukumar kula da nadi da kara girma ta jami’ar ta gindaya. Ya samu mukamin Pro-Rector daga 2005 zuwa 2008, da kuma Rector daga 2008 zuwa 2012.
A matakin hukuma, Alabi ya yi aiki a kwamitoci da dama da suka hada da: Majalisar Mulki ta UPSA, Kwamitin Dokoki, Kwamitin Kudi, Kwamitin Ilimi, Kwamitin Zartarwa, Kwamitin Tsare-tsare da Albarkatu, da Kwamitin Kasafi. Ya jagoranci wasu kwamitoci da suka hada da, kwamitin ci gaba, kwamitin wallafe-wallafe, kwamitin bincike da taro da kwamitin laburare.
Rayuwar Siyasa
A Matsayin Dan Majalisa Al’ummar mazabar Krowor da ke yankin Greater Accra ne suka zabe Alabi a kan tikitin jam’iyyar NDC a matsayin dan majalisa daga 1997 zuwa 2001Yayin da yake majalisar, Alabi kuma ya taba zama memba na kwamitin kasuwanci na majalisar (1997 zuwa 2001); kuma memba na Kwamitin Zaɓaɓɓen Majalisar Dokoki akan Abinci da Noma (1997 zuwa 2001).
A matsayinsa na karamin minista Shugaban kasar Ghana na lokacin mai girma Flt. Laftanar Jerry John Rawlings a matsayin Babban Ministan Yanki na Accra, daga baya an koma shi zuwa yankin Arewa don yin aiki a matsayin Ministan Yanki sannan kuma ya sake komawa Yankin Halittar Accra, wannan ya faru tsakanin 1997 da 2001. Ya shugabanci Majalisar Tsaron Yanki na Babban Accra da Arewacin Arewa a matsayin shugaba daga 1997 zuwa 2001.
Lokacin da NDC ta sha kaye a zaben 2000, an nada Alabi a matsayin shugaban kwamitin sake fasalin yankin Greater Accra. Ba da dadewa ba, ya samu zabe a matsayin shugaban yankin Greater Accra na NDC daga 2001 zuwa 2005. Ya kuma zama kodinetan yakin neman zaben Farfesa John Atta Mills a shekarar 2004.
A lokacin yana dalibi a Turai, Alabi ya kasance jakadan daliban Ghana, ya rike mukaman shugaban NUGS na Turai daga 1985 zuwa 1986, NUGS shugaban USSR na wa'adi biyu, daga 1983 zuwa 1985, da NUGS Moscow mataimakin shugaban kasa daga 1982 zuwa 1983. Kamar yadda NUGS, Shugaba, Alabi ya jagoranci "The Medicines for Health Project" kuma a cikin 1984 ya tattara kuma ya kai adadin magunguna ga shugaban kasa, Flt. Laftanar Jerry John Rawlings ga mutanen Ghana a lokacin da ake fama da koma bayan tattalin arziki a farkon shekarun 1980.
Gudanar da wasanni A fagen wasanni kuwa Alabi ya kasance babban sakataren kungiyar kulab din Ghana (GHALCA) daga 1994 zuwa 1997. Ya kuma kasance memba a hukumar gudanarwar hukumar kwallon kafa ta Ghana (GFA) kuma kodinetan kwamitin gudanarwa na kungiyar Black Stars na Ghana daga 1994 zuwa 1997.
Rayuwa ta sirri Alabi Kirista ne. Ya auri Goski B. Alabi, wanda kuma malami ne kuma farfesa a fannin Gudanarwa da Jagoranci. Suna da 'ya'ya biyu.
Sauran ayyukan sana'a Alabi ya kuma yi aiki a shuwagabannin kamfanoni da dama a lokacin aikinsa. Ya kasance shugaban kwamitin amintattu na Social Security da National Insurance Trust na kusan shekaru hudu (2013 zuwa 2016), yana ba da jagorar dabaru ga Trust da sauran jarin ta. Ya kuma kasance shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa na bankin HFC na tsawon kimanin shekaru biyu (2014 zuwa 2016). Ya kasance shugaban majalisar gudanarwa na kwalejin kimiyya da fasaha ta Accra na tsawon shekaru biyar daga 2009 zuwa 2014. Ya kasance shugaban majalisar bunkasa litattafai ta Ghana daga shekarar 2009 zuwa 2017. Alabi ya kuma kasance mamba a hukumar UNESCO ta Ghana kamar yadda ya saba. a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Kimiyyar zamantakewa na Hukumar UNESCO ta Ghana, daga 2009 zuwa 2014.
Alabi ya kasance memba na rukunin kwararru na hukumar zartarwa ta UNESCO (Paris) a 2011, memba na kwamitin zartarwa kuma ya jagoranci yankin yammacin Afirka na kungiyar shugabannin jami'o'i na duniya daga 2011 zuwa 2016.
Ya gudanar da ayyuka da dama na kasa da kasa da na kasa. Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban hukumar kula da Cibiyar Bayar da Shawarwari ta masu amfani (CAC) Ghana, memba mai haɗin gwiwa na Consumers International, (CI) kuma memba na Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Kasuwanci a cikin ƙasashe 115.
Girmamawa da kyaututtuka A ranar 29 ga Oktoba 2016, Shugaban kasar Ghana, Mai girma John Dramani Mahama ya ba Alabi lambar yabo ta "Officer of the Order of Volta".
A cikin watan Yulin 2015, Alabi ya samu lambar yabo daga Cibiyar Ma'aikatan Banki ta Chartered (CIB) don karramawa da jagorancinsa da sauya shekar IPS zuwa jami'a mai cikakken iko, da kuma yadda ya yi aiki a fannin banki da hada-hadar kudi.
Har ila yau, an nada shi a matsayin mataimakin shugaban Afirka na shekarar 2013 ta kungiyar daliban Afirka ta All-Africa. Bugu da kari, kungiyar daliban Ghana ta kasa (NUGS) ta ba Alabi lambar yabo saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga ilimi a Ghana.
Alabi ya samu kyautar gwarzon dan kasuwar Ghana na shekarar 2012, ta Cibiyar Kasuwancin Ghana (CIMG) ta Chartered.
An kuma naɗa shi a matsayin shugaban mafi tasiri a fannin jama'a a Ghana na shekara ta 2012, ta Cibiyar Siyasa da Ilimi ta IMANI Ghana, wata manufa ta Think Tank, saboda natsuwa, tsayayye da jagoranci, wanda ya haifar da sauyi na IPS.
Manazarta
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun |
30163 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raba%20magudanan%20ruwa | Raba magudanan ruwa | A cikin hotuna, magudanar ruwa, raba ruwa, raba, tsaunuka, magudanar ruwa, rabuwar ruwa ko tsayin ƙasa wani yanki mai tsayi wanda ke raba magudanan magudanan magudanan ruwa A kan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙasa, rabe-raben ya ta'allaka ne tare da ƙwanƙolin yanayi, kuma yana iya kasancewa cikin nau'in tsaunuka ko tsaunuka guda ɗaya, wanda aka sani da kewayon rarraba Kuma A kan ƙasa mai faɗi, musamman inda ƙasa ke da marsshiri, rarrabuwar na iya zama da wahala a gane.
Rarraba sau uku aya ce, sau da yawa taron koli, inda magudanan ruwa guda uku suka hadu. Rarraba benen kwarin ƙananan magudanar ruwa ne wanda ke ratsa rafin, wani lokaci ana ƙirƙira shi ta hanyar ajiyewa ko kama rafi Sannan wasu Kuma Manyan rabe-raben raba rafukan da ke zubewa zuwa tekuna ko tekuna daban-daban ana kiransu continental division.
Ana amfani da kalmar tsayin ƙasa a Kanada da Amurka don komawa zuwa rarraba magudanar ruwa. Ana kuma amfani dashi akai-akai a cikin kwatancen kan iyaka, waɗanda aka saita bisa ga koyaswar iyakokin halitta A cikin wuraren da ke da glacied sau da yawa yana nufin ƙananan wuri akan rarrabuwa inda za'a iya jigilar kwale -kwale daga tsarin kogin zuwa wancan.
Nau'ukan Ana iya raba magudanar ruwa zuwa iri uku:
Rarraba nahiyoyi inda ruwaye na kowane bangare ke kwarara zuwa tekuna daban-daban, kamar Rarraban Kwango da Nilu Kowace nahiya ban da Antarctica tana da ɗaya ko fiye na nahiya.
Babban magudanar ruwa ya raba inda ruwa a kowane gefen rabe-raben bai taba haduwa ba sai dai yana kwarara cikin teku guda, kamar rabe tsakanin rafin kogin Yellow da Yangtze Wani, mafi dabara, misali shine raba Schuylkill-Lehigh a Dutsen Pisgah a Pennsylvania wanda ƙananan raƙuman ruwa guda biyu suka raba don gudana kuma suna girma gabas da yamma bi da bi suna shiga Kogin Lehigh da Kogin Delaware ko kogin Susquehanna da Kogin Potomac,sannan Kuma tare da kowace hadaddun tributary. suna da kantuna daban a cikin Tekun Atlantika.
Ƙananan magudanun ruwa ya raba inda ruwa ya rabu amma a ƙarshe ya sake haɗuwa a madaidaicin kogin, kamar Kogin Mississippi da magudanar ruwan Missouri Rarraba bene-kwari Rabe-raben benen kwari yana faruwa a kasan kwarin kuma ya taso ne sakamakon abubuwan da suka biyo baya, kamar su, a cikin wani kwari wanda asalin kogin ke gudana a kai a kai. Misalai sun haɗa da Kartitsch Saddle a cikin kwarin Gail a Gabashin Tyrol, wanda ke samar da ruwa tsakanin Drau da Gail, da rarrabuwa a cikin Toblacher Feld tsakanin Innichen da Toblach a Italiya, inda Drau ya shiga cikin Bahar Black da Rienz zuwa cikin da Adriatic Sau da yawa ana gina matsugunai akan rabe-raben bene a cikin tsaunukan Alps. Misalai sune Eben im Pongau, Kirchberg a cikin Tirol da Waidring (A cikin waɗannan duka, sunan ƙauyen yana nuna hanyar wucewa kuma an nuna magudanar ruwa a fili a cikin rigar makamai). Matsakaicin rabe-rabe da tsayin da bai kai mita biyu ba ana samun su a Filin Arewacin Jamus a cikin Urstromtäler, alal misali, tsakanin Havel da Finow a cikin Eberswalde Urstromtal Kuma A cikin marsh deltas irin su Okavango, mafi girman magudanar ruwa a duniya, ko a cikin manyan tafkuna, irin su Finnish Lakeland, yana da wuya a sami ma'anar ma'anar magudanar ruwa.
Bifurcation shine inda magudanar ruwa ke da inganci a cikin gadon kogi, a cikin ƙasa mai dausayi, ko ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Mafi girman magudanar ruwa na wannan nau'in shine bifurcation na Orinoco a arewacin ƙasar Amurka ta Kudu, wanda babban koginsa ya shiga cikin Caribbean, amma kuma yana magudawa zuwa Kudancin Atlantic ta hanyar Casiquiare canal da Amazon River Iyakokin siyasa Tun da ridgelines wasu lokuta suna da sauƙin gani da yarda game da su, rarrabuwar magudanar ruwa na iya haifar da iyakoki na halitta waɗanda ke bayyana iyakokin siyasa, kamar yadda sanarwar Sarautar ta shekarata 1763 a Arewacin Amurka ta Burtaniya wacce ta zo daidai da ridgeline na tsaunin Appalachian wanda ke samar da Rarraba Nahiyar Gabas wanda ya raba mulkin mallaka. Kasashe a gabas daga yankin Indiya zuwa yamma. Wani misali na iyakar da ta yi daidai da magudanar ruwa a wannan zamani ta ƙunshi iyakar yamma tsakanin Labrador da Quebec, kamar yadda majalisar sirri ta yanke hukunci a shekarata 1927.
Portages da canals Magudanar ruwa yana raba hana kewaya hanyar ruwa. A zamanin da kafin masana'antu, an ketare rarrabuwar ruwa a tashar jiragen ruwa sannan Daga baya, magudanan ruwa sun haɗu da magudanan ruwan magudanan ruwa; babbar matsala a irin wadannan magudanan ruwa ita ce tabbatar da isasshen ruwa. Misalai masu mahimmanci sune Portage na Chicago, haɗa Babban Tafkuna da Mississippi ta Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, da Canal des Deux Mers a Faransa, haɗa Atlantic da Rum. Sunan an sanya shi a Dutsen Land Portage wanda ya haɗu da Manyan Tekuna zuwa kogunan yammacin Kanada.
Duba wasu abubuwan List of watershed topics Wikipedia list article
River source Starting point of a river
Manazarta DeBarry, Paul A. (2004). Ruwan Ruwa: Tsari, Ƙimar da Gudanarwa John Wiley |
15999 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony%20Enahoro | Anthony Enahoro | Cif Anthony Eromosele Enahoro (22 ga watan Yuli shekara ta alif 1923 A.c- ya mutu 15 ga watan Disamba 2010) yana daya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan rajin kare mulkin mallaka da masu rajin kare dimokiradiyya a Najeriya. An haife shi ɗan fari a cikin yara goma a Uromi a cikin Jihar Edo ta yanzu ta Nijeriya. Iyayensa Esan sune Anastasius Okotako Enahoro (1900-1968) da Fidelia Victoria Inibokun née Ogbidi Okojie (1906-1969). Enahoro ya daɗe yana da fice a fagen aikin jarida, siyasa, da ma'aikatan gwamnati da kuma gwagwarmayar dimokiradiyya. Enahoro ya yi karatu a Makarantar Gwamnati ta Uromi, da Makarantar Gwamnati Owo da Kwalejin King, da ke Legas, Enahoro ya zama editan jaridar Nnamdi Azikiwe, mai kare Kudancin Najeriya, Ibadan, a 1944 yana da shekara 21, don haka ya zama edita mafi karancin shekaru a Najeriya. Daga baya ya zama editan gidan wakafi na Zik, Kano, 1945–49, mataimakin edita na West African Pilot, Lagos, kuma babban editan jaridar Morning Star daga shekarar 1950 zuwa 1953.
Tarihin Rayuwa A cikin 1953, Enahoro ya zama na farko da ya gabatar da kudirin neman ‘yancin Nijeriya wanda a karshe aka ba shi a cikin 1960 bayan koma bayan siyasa da yawa da shan kaye a majalisar. Enahoro ya sami ɗaukaka daga masana da yawancin Nigeriansan Najeriya a matsayin "Uban Kasar Najeriya". Koyaya, kudirinsa na neman ‘Yancin kan Najeriyar ya gamu da koma baya a majalisar a lokuta da dama tare da‘ yan majalisun arewacin kasar da suka shirya wani yajin aiki sakamakon abin da aka gabatar. Ba tare da shan kaye a majalisa ba, an fara wani yunkuri na musamman saboda wannan kudirin kuma yanzu an matsa lamba kan adawa da mulkin mallaka kuma akwai masu neman 'yanci ga Najeriya, ko kuma akalla mulkin kai. SL Akintola ya yi yunkurin sake duba kudirin neman ‘yancin Najeriya a shekarar 1957 kuma duk da cewa majalisar ta zartar da kudirin nasa amma hukumomin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya ba su amince da shi ba saboda haka ya gaza. A watan Agusta 1958, Remi Fani-Kayode ya sake duba kudirin Enahoro kuma majalisar ta sake zartar da kudirin amma Burtaniya ba ta amince da ranar ba. Kudirin Fani-Kayode ya bukaci a baiwa Najeriya 'yanci a ranar 2 ga Afrilun 1960. An ba Nijeriya ‘yancin kai a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 1960. A cigaba da gabatar da kudirin na Enahoro, Sir Tafawa Balewa ya gabatar da kara gaban majalisar a 1959 kuma aka zartar. Sakamakon matsin lambar, gwamnan mulkin mallaka ya sanar da shawarar da gwamnatin Birtaniyya ta yanke na ba da 'yanci a 1960.
Rayuwar farko An haife shi ɗan fari a cikin yara goma a ƙauyen Onewa, Uromi, a cikin jihar Edo ta Nijeriya a yanzu. Wasu daga cikin ‘yan’uwansa sun hada da Ambasada Edward, shahararren dan Jarida Peter (Peter Pan), Farfesa Henry, fitaccen mai yada labarai na Mike Enahoro Ace na gidan talabijin na NTA, Ben, Dan, Bess, Chris, da Emmanuel. Iyayensa Esan sune Anastasius Asuelinmen "Okotako" Enahoro (d. 1968) da Fidelia Inibokun née Ogbidi Okojie (d. 1969). Enahoro ya daɗe yana da fice a fagen aikin jarida, siyasa, da ma'aikatan gwamnati da kuma gwagwarmayar dimokiradiyya. Enahoro ya yi karatu a Makarantar Gwamnati ta Uromi, da Makarantar Gwamnati Owo da Kwalejin King, da ke Legas, ya zama editan jaridar Nnamdi Azikiwe, mai kare Kudancin Najeriya, Ibadan, a 1944 yana da shekara 21. A matsayinsa na dalibi a Kwalejin Sarakuna, Enahoro ya shiga cikin gwagwarmayar neman 'yanci na Najeriya da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka a farkon shekarun 1940, wanda ya haifar da tayar da dalibai a kwalejin a Legas inda ya kasance shugaban daliban. Ya shahara a fagen siyasa a lokacin canji mai saurin gaske. An yi masa daurin talala har sau biyu daga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka, saboda wani labarin da ya yi izgili da wani tsohon gwamna, sannan ga wani jawabi da ya ce ya tunzura sojojin Najeriya da ke aiki a cikin sojojin Ingila. Turawan Ingila sun nuna shi a matsayin gobarar wuta, amma duk da cewa an daure shi a karo na uku, ya fara sake duba matsayinsa.
Siyasa A cikin 1950 shi da Arthur Perst suka kafa Midungiyar Mid-West Enahoro ya riga ya fara Mid-West Press kuma ya buga jaridar Najeriya daga 1950 zuwa 1953. Midungiyar Mid-West ta zama ɓangare na Groupungiyar Action a cikin 1951. A lokacin rikicin Najeriya da ya biyo bayan juyin mulkin 1966, Enahoro shi ne shugaban tawagar Mid-West na wancan lokacin zuwa Taron Tsarin Mulki na Ad Hoc a Legas. Daga baya ya zama Kwamishinan Tarayya (Ministan) na Watsa Labarai da Kwadago a karkashin Gwamnatin Soja ta Janar Yakubu Gowon, 1967-77; Kwamishinan Tarayya na Ayyuka na Musamman, 1975. Daga baya ya zama memba na National Party of Nigeria, NPN, 1978–83. Ya kasance shugaban kasa, Bikin Duniya na Fasaha da Al'adu na Duniya, 1972-75.
Enahoro ya kasance shugaban National Democratic hadin gwiwa (NADECO), a pro-dimokuradiyya kungiyar cewa ya yi yaƙi fir'auna Sani Abacha har Abacha ta mutuwa. Enahoro an ba shi lambar girmamawa ta kasa ta Kwamanda, Order of the Federal Republic, CFR, a 1982, kuma shi ne shugaban kungiyar Movement for Reformation National, MNR; kazalika da Pro-National Conference Organisation, PRONACO Jami'ar Benin ta bashi lambar girmamawa ta DSC a shekarar 1972. Littattafan nasa sun hada da rubutun Fugitive Offender Enahoro ya yi wasan golf kuma ya bi kiriket da wasa. Enahoro wakili ne ga yawancin tarurrukan tsarin mulki da suka jagoranci samun 'yancin kan Najeriya a shekarar 1960.
Rikici a Yammacin Najeriya A lokacin rikicin 1962 a tsohuwar yankin Yamma, an tsare shi tare da sauran mambobin kungiyar Action An zargi Enahoro da cin amanar kasa yayin shari’ar juyin mulki da ake zargin Awolowo da aikatawa, Enahoro ya tsere ta kasar Ghana zuwa Ingila a shekarar 1963, Najeriya ta bukaci a mika Enahoro a karkashin Dokar Gudanar da Laifukan Masu Laifi na 1881, ta hana shi neman mafakar siyasa. A farkon 1963, sabon shugaban jam'iyyar Labour, Harold Wilson, ya gano abin kunyar da kama Enahoro da ɗaurin kurkukun ya haifar. Ma'aikata sun ci gaba da kai hari a cikin House of Commons, tare da tallafi daga wasu Tories, tare da goyan bayan kafofin watsa labarai. Ya kasance ɗayan sanannun Nigeriansan Najeriya a Biritaniya. Shi "mai laifi ne mai tsere" wanda ya haifar da muhawara ta kwanaki a cikin majalisar ta Commons a cikin 1963 yayin da yake gwagwarmaya da mika shi.
"Al'amarin na Enahoro" ya zama batun 'yancin ɗan adam tare da babban burin gwamnati na kada ta fusata Najeriya, kuma ya sanya firayim minista Tory, Harold Macmillan, da sakataren gidansa, Henry Brooke, cikin tsaka mai wuya.
An dawo da shi daga Burtaniya kuma an daure shi saboda cin amanar ƙasa. A 1966, Gwamnatin Soja ta sake shi.
Wasanni Enahoro ya fito ne daga asalin wasanni. Ya yi fice a wasanni a Kwalejin King kuma an yaba masa da kasancewa dan Najeriya na farko da ya samu shiga kungiyar wasan golf a Najeriya. Ya sami nasarar kawo nakasasshensa zuwa mutum-mutumi guda daya yayin da yake aikin golf. Hakanan shi ne ya jagoranci kawo FESTAC zuwa Nijeriya a cikin shekarun 1970s, a lokacin ne kuma Muhammad Ali da Pele suka ziyarci ƙasar don yabawa sosai. Duk 'ya'yansa sun yi fice a wasanni yayin karatunsu da shekarun Jami'a, suna wasa Kwallan kafa, Rugby, Golf da Tennis. Kenneth (1953-2017) da Eugene gwanaye ne masu son wasan golf kuma sun kafa membobin kungiyar Asabar a Benin Golf Club. Annabella tana yin aikin Pilates kuma Gabriel mai son keke ne.
Legacy A shekarar 1953, Anthony Enahoro ya gabatar da kudirin neman mulkin kai a Majalisar Dokoki ta Yamma, wanda a karshe ya haifar da samun ‘yancin kan Najeriya a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 1960.
Iyali Enahoro ya bar matarsa Helen [née Ediae] (1933-2012), yaransu biyar, jikoki da jikoki da dama.
Littattafai Mai laifi mai gudu: labarin fursunonin siyasa
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Anthony Enahoro: Tabbacin Cutar
Anthony Enahoro: Gwajin Siyasa a Tarihi: Daga Tsoho zuwa Yau
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27106 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunde%20Kelani | Tunde Kelani | Articles with hCards
Tunde Kelani (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta alif dari tara da arba'in da takwas 1948), wanda aka fi sani da TK, mai shirya fim ne dan Najeriya, mai ba da labari, darakta, mai daukar hoto da bidiyo kuma furodusa. A cikin sana'ar da ta shafe fiye da shekaru arba'in, TK ya kware wajen shirya fina-finai masu inganta al'adun gargajiyar ta Najeriya da ke da tushe a cikin rubuce-rubuce da aka tattara aka kuma adana bayanai, ilimi, nishaɗi da inganta al'adu.
Ya kuma shahara da son Tanya kayan adabi actin fina-finansa domin galibin ayyukansa sun bi irin wannan salon shirya fina-finai da suka hada da Ko se Gbe, Oleku, Thunder Bolt, The Narrow Path, White Handkerchief, Maami da Dazzling Mirage.
Tun yana karami, aka tura shi Abeokuta, domin ya zauna da kakanninsa. Al’adu da al’adun Yarabawa da ya samu a shekarunsa na farko, tare da gogewar da ya samu a Makarantar Fina-Finai ta Landan inda ya karanta fasahar shirya fina-finai, sun shirya shi akan abin da yake yi a yau.
Kuruciya Tunde Kelani, watau TK an haife shi ne a Bihar Legas amma lokacin da ya kai shekaru biyar, an aika shi ya zauna tare da kakansa a Abeokuta a jihar Ogun. Ya yi makarantar firamare ta Oke-Ona da ke Ikija, Abeokuta, sannan ya yi makarantar sakandare a Abeokuta grammar school. A wannan lokaci, kakansa ya kasance Chif ne (sarautar Balogun na Ijaiye Kukudi), kuma ya alfahari cewa ya halarci asalin shirin al'adun Yoruba da yanayın rayuwarsu ta gargajiya, da addini Yarbawa, adabin Yarbawa, falsafan Yarbawa, muhallin yarbawa da kuma yadda Yarbawa ke kallan duniya a fuskar zane.
An fara gabatar masa da adabin Yarbanci tun farkon rayuwarsa, haka nan kuma yayı tesiri akan harkan wasan kwaikwayo sossar saboda Yarabawa suna da al'adar wasan tafiye-tafiye mai karfi a lokacin. Lokacin da yake makarantar sakandare, ya sami damar ganin yawancin manyan wasannin kwaikwayo na Yarbawa da suka hada da Palmwine Drinkard, Oba Koso, Kurunmi, Ogunde da sauransu.
Yana da sha'awar daukar hoto tun daga firamare. A tsawon karatunsa na sakandare, yana ba da kuɗi sosai kuma yana ɗaukar lokaci don koyon hoto. Don haka babu makawa sai ya zama mai daukar hoto bayan ya kammala karatun sakandare. Daga baya, ya samu horo a gidan Talabijin na Western Nigeria (WNTV) na lokacin sannan ya kara zuwa makarantar Fina-Finai ta Landan.
Farkon aiki A cikin shekarun 1970, Kelani ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin BBC TV da Reuters, kuma a gidan talabijin na Najeriya. Kamfanin dillancin labaran reuters ya yi tattaki zuwa kasar Habasha domin yakar matsalar fari da kuma zuwa kasar Zimbabwe har sau uku domin samun ‘yancin kai a can. Bayan ya kammala makarantar Fina-Finai ta Landan, ya dawo Najeriya ya shirya fim ɗinsa na farko tare da Adebayo Faleti mai suna The Dilema of Rev. Baba Michael. (Idaamu Paadi Minkailu). Sauran furodusoshi sun haɗa da Alhaji Lasisi Oriekun, Wale Fanubi abokin aikin sa daga Cinekraft, Yemi Farounbi da kuma wasan allo na Lola Fani-Kayode. Tunde Kelani ya kuma yi aiki a kan mafi yawan fina-finan da ake shiryawa a Najeriya a matsayinsa na mai daukar hoto Wasu daga cikin fina-finan 16mm da ya yi aiki a kansu sun hada da: Anikura; Ogun Ajaye Iya Ni Wura Direban Tasi Iwa and Fopomoyo. A cikin shekarar, 1990, Kelani ya kasance mataimakin darekta kuma ɗan wasa a cikin fim ɗin shekarar, 1990 Mister Johnson, fim ɗin Amurka na farko da aka yi a Najeriya. Tauraruwar Pierce Brosnan da Maynard Eziashi, fim ɗin ya dogara ne akan wani littafi na shekarar, A1939 na Joyce Cary.
Daidaitawar adabi TK ya aware wajen karatu tun yana ƙarami kuma sannan daga baya ya ci gaba zuwa rayuwar da yagi so. Farawa da ayyuka biyar na DO Fagunwa, waɗanda suka haɗa da Igbo Olodumare, Ogboju Ode Ninu Igbo Irunmale, Aditu Olodumare, Irinkerindo Ninu Igbo Elegbeje da Ireke Onibudo, ya nutsar da kansa a duk wani aiki na zahiri da zai iya samun hannunsa a cikin harsunan Yoruba da Ingilishi. Da zarar ya gano alakar adabi da wasan kwaikwayo, sai ya dauki tsarin adabi a matsayin abin koyi ga yin fim dinsa. Ba wai kawai yana son littattafan ba, yana son marubutan kamar yadda koyaushe yake samun rataye a cikin su. Marubutan da ya fi so sun hada da Kola Akinlade, Pa Amos Tutuola, Cyprian Ekwensi, Akinwunmi Ishola, Adebayo Faleti, Wale Ogunyemi da Wole Soyinka Wasu daga cikin fina-finansa da suka yi nasara sun hada da: Koseegbe, Oleku, Thunderbolt (Magun), The White Handkerchief, The Narrow Path, Maami da kuma kwanan nan Dazzling Mirage Ya yanke shawarar kula da wannan samfurin don fina-finai na gaba.
Kamfanin samarwa A cikin shekara ta, 1991, Tunde Kelani ya kafa kamfaninsa na samar da fina-finai, Mainframe Films and Television Productions Opomulero, don haka zai iya shirya fina-finai ba kawai ba da tallafin fasaha ba. Bayan ya fito daga duniyar wasan kwaikwayo da adabi, gyare-gyaren littattafai da wasan kwaikwayo na fina-finai su ne ginshiƙan aikin shirya fina-finai na Kelani kuma ta hanyar su ne yake ɗaukaka marubuta da ayyukansu zuwa ga abin da yake gani a matsayin jama'a da ke ƙasa da ƙasa. A Mainframe, ya shirya fina-finai irin su Ti Oluwa Nile, Ayo Ni Mo Fe, Koseegbe, Oleku, Thunderbolt (Magun), Saworoide, Agogo Eewo, The Campus Queen, Abeni, Narrow Path, Arugba da Maami. Sabon aikinsa, Dazzling Mirage, an tsara shi daga wani littafi na Olayinka Egbokhare, labari ne na soyayya na yadda mai ciwon sikila ke shawo kan kyamar jama'a, son zuciya da rashin kima, don samun nasara, aure da zama uwa. Ta hanyar fim ɗin, yana fatan kawo wayar da kan jama'a da kulawa da ake buƙata ga yanayin sikila da kuma taimaka wa mutane su yanke shawara mai kyau.
Filmography
Duba kuma Jerin masu shirya fina-finan Najeriya
Manazarta Mutanen da sukayi karatu a makarantan Abeokuta Grammar School
Kyautar Lifetime achievement Award na fine final Afurka
Wanda such Samar da Gidan Telebijin a Najeriya
Yan Kasuwa na Najeriya a Karni na 21
Yan Kasuwa na Najeriya a karni na 20
Yarbawa 'yan kasuwa
Masu bada umurnin finan finai a harshen yarbanci
Tsaffin dalibai daga makaranta fina-finai ta Landan
'yan kasha daga Lagos
Yarbawa masu hada shiri
Masu daukan nauyin fina-finan yarbanci
Yarbawa masi bada umurnin shiri
Rayuwan mutane
Haihuwan 1948
Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba |
28258 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss%20Nigeria | Miss Nigeria | Miss Nigeria wani shiri ne na shekara-shekara wanda ke nuna kyawawan halaye na matan Najeriya da bayar da tallafin karatu na jami'a. Wanda ya ci nasara ya nuna kyawawan halaye kuma ya zama abin koyi ga mata matasa a ƙasar. Jaridar Daily Times ce ta shirya gasar a halin yanzu. A halin yanzu titleholder ne 18-shekara hijabi model Shatu Garko, wanda ya wakilci arewa-maso-gabas. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta fara shiga gasar hijabi tare da likitan magunguna Halima Abubakar a tarihin gasar shekara 64, kuma musulma ta farko da ta lashe gasar.
Tarihi Jaridar Daily Times ta kasa ta kafa lambar yabo ta Miss Nigeria wacce ta fara a matsayin gasar daukar hoto a shekara ta 1957. Masu gasar sun aika da hotuna zuwa ofishin jaridar da ke Legas inda aka tantance wadanda suka kammala gasar; wadanda suka yi nasara an gayyace su ne domin fafatawa a wasan ƙarshe kai tsaye wanda kuma a lokacin ba a haɗa da gasar wasan ninkaya a kulob ɗin Legas Island Club. Ma'aikaciyar UAC Grace Oyelude ta lashe kyautar Miss Nigeria, kuma daga baya za ta yi amfani da wani bangare na kyautar fam 200 don tafiya Ingila inda ta karanta aikin jinya Saɓanin abin da aka sani, Julie Coker ba ita ce Miss Nigeria ta farko ba a zahiri ta ci Miss Western Nigeria. Duk da haka, ta yi takara a shekarar bayan mulkin Oyelude, amma ta sha kashi a hannun magatakardar ofishin Helen Anyamaeluna. Tsohuwar mai sana’ar dinki Nene Etule ta kasance ‘yar Najeriya daya tilo da ta lashe gasar; ta cancanci kamar yadda Kudancin Kamaru ke ƙarƙashin tsarin mulkin Najeriya a shekara ta 1959. A shekara mai zuwa an sake wa gasar suna a takaice 'Miss Independence' don tunawa da 'yancin kai daga kasar Burtaniya, kuma mai sanar da ci gaba da WNTV Rosemary Anieze ta samu kambi a wani biki wanda ya hada da Coker a matsayin daya daga cikin alkalan. Shekaru sittin sun ga Miss Nigeria tana fafatawa a matakin kasa da kasa. Yemi Idowu, wanda ya yi nasara a shekara ta 1962, ya kai wasan dab da na kusa da karshe a Miss United Nations 1963, a wannan shekarar ne aka gabatar da zagayen wasan ninkaya a cikin Miss Nigeria. Miss Nigeria 1964, mai sayar da Edna Park, ta zama 'yar Najeriya ta farko a Miss Universe a shekarar 1964, amma an fi tunawa da ita da bata lokaci da yamma lokacin da ta fadi a kan mataki bayan da ta kasa zuwa mataki na goma sha biyar. 'Yan sanda da jami'an takara ne suka tafi da ita, kuma ta kwana a wani asibitin Miami inda aka kwantar da ita inda Nneka Onyegbula, matar jakadan Najeriya ta jajanta mata, wanda aka ruwaito ta ce "Dukan alkalan farare ne, kuma ba su da tushe. "Ban iya yin hukunci da kyawawan 'yan mata masu duhu ba". Tun Park, babu wata Miss Nigeria da ta yi takara a Miss Universe. Rosaline Balogun ta zama mace ta farko ta Miss Nigeria a Miss World a 1967. Ko da yake babu pageant da aka gudanar a 1969, a birnin London na tushen sakataren Morenike Faribido (nee Coker) aka Handpicked yi amfani da "Miss Najeriya" take da wakilci kasar a Miss Duniya. Bayan sabuwar karni, Miss Nigeria ta zama inuwar tsohuwarta, kuma an dage gasar a shekara ta 2004. Tare da mutuwar sannu a hankali na Daily Times da kuma hamayya da Sliverbird's Mafi Kyawun Yarinya a Najeriya, Daily Times ta rasa lasisin aika wakilai zuwa Miss World da Miss Universe, kuma babu wanda ya lashe kambi bayan nasarar Clara Ojo daga shekara ta 1994 zuwa shekara ta 1998 saboda gazawar mai shirya gasar ta gudanar da gasar a wannan lokaci. Zuwa yau, Ojo ya kasance mafi dadewa a hidimar Miss Nigeria; ko da yake ba a gudanar da gasar daga shekara ta 2004 zuwa shekara ta 2010 ba, Ene Lawani ya riga ya daina ayyukan biki tun kafin a sayi sunan kamfani daga Daily Times A shekara ta 2010, bayan shekaru shida ƙoƙari, AOE Events da kuma Entertainment, karkashin jagorancin tsohon MBGN Nike Oshinowo da aka kawo a cikin Miss Najeriya kamfani da Daily Times. A karo na farko a cikin tarihinsa, shigarwa ya bude wa mata a kasashen waje, kuma Miss America ta yi wahayi, Oshinowo ya sake kaddamar da Miss Nigeria a matsayin shirin tallafin karatu wanda ya ba da kyauta ga mai nasara da na biyu da na uku masu nasara, tare da mai taken Miss Nigeria tana samun tallafin karatu a kowace Jami'ar da ta zaba a duniya. Sabuwar Miss Nigeria yanzu ta hada da wasan kwaikwayo na gaskiya mai suna The Making of a Queen wanda ya ga ’yan takara suna fafatawa a ayyuka daban-daban da suka dace da matan Najeriya da suka hada da dafa abinci a murhu na itace a waje, karbar baki, da yin cuwa-cuwa da ‘yan kasuwar kasuwa, inda ‘yan takara da dama ke fuskantar korarsu a kowane mako. Yamma gowns aka sanya daga gargajiya Afirka yadudduka da kuma, galibi, da rigan iyo gasar da aka katse. An gudanar da bikin ne tsawon shekaru biyu kafin gudanar da gasar ta Beth Model Management CEO da tsohuwar Miss Nigeria UK Elizabeth Aisien a shekara ta 2012. A cikin shekara ta 2016 Miss Nigeria ta kafa Green Girl Project, wani shiri na ci gaban al'umma da nufin karfafawa mata matasa su zama masu gudanar da ayyuka masu dorewa don tabbatar da tsabta da kwanciyar hankali. Har ila yau, yana da niyyar ba wa mata matasa dandamali don zama wakilan canji ga muhalli.
Gasa Ana buƙatar waɗanda suka shiga gasar su kasance marasa aure, marasa haihuwa, kuma ba su da ciki, tare da Ingilishi mai kyau, kuma masu zama ɗan Najeriya. Ya kamata su kasance masu shekaru tsakanin 18 zuwa 25, masu lafiya, kuma masu hali ba tare da tattoo ko huda ba sai kunnuwa.
Gasar tana farawa da kira zuwa shiga inda mahalarta masu sha'awar su sami fom rajista kafin a fara atisayen nunawa. Alƙalai suna zaɓar adadin ƴan takara don zangon daidaitawa wanda zai ɗauki tsawon makonni 2-3 inda ake baiwa ƴan takara ayyuka don gwada ƙwarewarsu a wurare daban-daban. Ana kuma ba su horo kan ayyuka daban-daban don karfafa musu gwiwa, bunkasa sana’o’insu, da baje kolin sana’o’i daban-daban da zai ba su damar fahimtar da fara koyon aikin jakada. Tun da farko dai ana ba masu takara lambobi ne a lokacin wasan kwaikwayon kai tsaye, amma an sauya hakan a shekarar 2010 inda kowannensu ya wakilci jihohin Najeriya. Don bugu na 2013, sun wakilci kowane ɗayansu kowane ɗan takara an buga sunansa a kan sash ɗin su, kuma ashirin da ɗaya ne kawai daga cikin ƴan wasan kusa da na karshe talatin da shida suka fafata a wasan karshe. A cikin shekara ta 2015, ’yan takarar sun sake wakilci jihohi.
Kyaututtuka ga wanda ya ci nasara ya bambanta kowace shekara; Ya zuwa 2013 wannan ya haɗa da ₦3,000,000, motar alfarma, kambin lu'u-lu'u na Miss Nigeria, da wani gida na tsawon lokacin mulkin wanda ya yi nasara, da kuma kwangilar samfurin samfurin Beth Model Management. Cikakken tallafin karatu yanzu ya wuce zuwa manyan cibiyoyi a cikin ƙasar kawai. Tsawon shekarar, manyan kungiyoyi da dama ne ke daukar nauyin wanda ya yi nasara, kuma yana iya samun damar kulla yarjejeniya.
Suka Masu sukar sun bayyana farkon fatin a matsayin fareti na kyau da babu kwakwalwa. Tsohon manajan shafin Yomi Onanuga ya gaya wa wani mai hira a shekara ta 2006: "Mun gaji da ganin 'yan mata a kan mataki bayan makonni biyu a sansanin, kuma muna jin dadi, abin da muke gani shine sun tambaye su [tambayoyi] kuma sun yi nasara. Bayan wata biyu, wani ya yi mata irin wannan tambayar, ta kasa amsawa, sai mutane suka fara tambayar, daga ina ta samu rawani? Dalibar Adabin Turanci Ibinabo Fiberesima ta kasa bayyana sunan mataimakiyar shugabar jami’ar Ibadan da ta halarta. Fiberesima ta yi iƙirarin a cikin hirarraki da dama da kuma a tsohon gidan yanar gizonta cewa ta yi takara a 1997, amma wannan magana tana da shakku saboda ba a gudanar da gasar daga 1994 zuwa 1998; Haƙiƙa ta kasance ƴan takara a 1991, ta ƙare ta biyu a bayan Bibiana Ohio.
A cikin shekara ta 1988, mai ba da horo mai duhu Stella Okoye ta naɗa wa magajinta Wunmi Adebowale wanda shi ma duhu ne, haka ya karya dogon layi na nasara masu launin fata, duk da haka mulkin Okoye bai kasance ba tare da cece-kuce ba. Yar takarar Omasan Buwa ta shaida wa jaridar The Punch a shekarar 2011 cewa, “A zauren taron, a ranar, an yi hayaniya sosai, sai suka fito da ita tare da ’yan sanda. Masu sauraro sun ji cewa ta yi duhu sosai." Matsakaicin kyaututtuka, tare da rashin yarda da haɗin gwiwa sun kasance abin damuwa kafin sabon ƙarni Miss Nigeria 1963 Alice Ad'epe ta gaya wa muryar Idoma "Bayan sarautata, labarin ya ƙare. Babu wani bibiya, babu wanda ya damu ya san halin da nake ciki. Abubuwa sun daina ja. An watsar da ni, don haka na yanke shawarar komawa gida." Mai nasara a 1993 Janet Fateye ta ce "Mutane suna tunanin cewa ina yin tara a cikin duk kuɗin da ke wurin, amma ba haka lamarin yake ba. Kuɗin kyauta a lokacin Naira 12,000 ne kawai, ana ba ni N1,000 duk wata. Eh, na sami kyautar motar da Daily Times ke bayarwa, amma sai na sayi fetur!” An bayar da rahoton cewa, Sarauniyar Millennium Vien Tetsola ta zauna a wani gida da bai yi daidai da matsayinta na sarautar Miss Nigeria ba. Mahaifiyar Toyin Monney, wadda ita ma ta boye bayanai game da ainihin shekarunta, an dakatar da ita daga shiga gasar Miss World 1977, ba tare da bata lokaci ba don aiwatar da biza ga Miss Nigeria a matsayi na biyu. Miss Nigeria 1981 Tokunboh Onanuga ta yi jabun takardar shaidar WAEC da ta yi amfani da ita don samun gurbin shiga Jami'ar Legas, kuma makarantar ta kore ta. A shekara ta 2011, WAEC ta tabbatar a shafin su na Tuwita Onanuga ya tafka magudin jarabawa. An tambayi Binta Sukai cancantar shiga gasar a 1990 lokacin da aka yi ta yayata cewa ba ‘yar Najeriya ba ce. Daga baya an tabbatar da cewa mai son zanen kayan kwalliya ya kasance kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu kawai na Scotland A shekara ta 2001, City People ta bayyana cewa Miss Nigeria mai mulki, Valerie Peterside, mai shekaru talatin, ta yi karya game da ainihin shekarunta (Ta gaya wa masu shirya gasar cewa tana da shekaru ashirin da biyar) kuma ta yi bogi a jami'a (An ce an kore ta daga Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello. kafin kammala karatu saboda rashin aikin jarrabawa). Bayan wani bincike da wasu fitattun ‘yan Najeriya da suka hada da tsohon editan Daily Times Tony Momoh da tsohuwar ‘yar takarar Miss Nigeria Julie Coker suka yanke shawarar tsige ta. Peterside, wanda ya yi takara a shekarar da ta gabata (Again yana dan shekara 25), ya yi yaki don ya ci gaba da rike kambin, amma sai aka tilasta masa yin murabus, abin da ya baiwa Amina Ekpo wacce ta zo ta biyu a matsayin wacce ta zo ta biyu a fannin Chemistry. Duk da shahararta da ta yi a matsayin Miss Nigeria 2002, Sylvia Edem da ta kammala karatun harkokin kasa da kasa ta ja hankalin kafafen yada labarai a lokacin da aka yi rade-radin cewa ta yi jabun ranar haihuwarta don yin takara, kamar Peterside a gabanta. An yi imanin cewa Edem tana da shekaru talatin, har sai da bincike ya tabbatar da cewa tana da shekaru ashirin da uku.
Masu riƙe da madafun iko Yana Nuna yanki/jihar asasarauta.n lokacin sarauta
Fitattun ƴan takara Mbong Amata (2004) Jaruma
Isabella Ayuk (2004) MBGN 2011
Omasan Buwa (1987) MBGN 1987
Sarauniya Celestine (2013) Chef da MBGN Universe 2014
Cynthia Umezulike (2004) Model, lauya, da Miss Commonwealth Nigeria 2010 Julie Coker (1958) Mai karanta labarai kuma mai gabatar da TV Ufuoma Ejenobor (2004) Jaruma
Maryam Elisha (2003) Mai tsara kayan kwalliya
Joan Elumelu (1981) Wanda ya kafa, Supermodel na gaba na Najeriya Linda Ikeji (2003)- Model kuma mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo
Sylvia Nduka (2010) MBGN 2011 Chikaodili Nna-Udosen (2019) TNQ 2020
Nowe Isibor (2011) Babban Daraktan Wanda ya kafa Mosé Shagon Mosé
Patricia Onumonu- Mai Zane Kayayyaki kuma Wanda ya kafa Trish O Couture
Masu riƙe take ba na hukuma ba Ana yawan bayyana tsohuwar Miss Western Nigeria Julie Coker a matsayin mace ta farko da ta yi nasara, amma a zahiri ta lashe Miss Western Nigeria. A shekarar 1963, duk da cewa Miss Nigeria ta riga ta lashe kyautar Alice Ad'epe na farko da ta taba lashe gasar Idoma, amma an shirya gasar ta daban, Miss Nigeria World, don zabar Miss World delegate. Martha Bassey, mai shekaru 16 ta zama zakara a matsayin wanda ta lashe gasar, duk da cewa alkalan sun yi watsi da karar da suka bayyana wadanda suka fafata a matsayin "mummuna", amma masu shirya gasar Miss World sun hana ta takara saboda shekarunta. Eric Morley ya tabbatar da cewa ba a zabo wakilin Najeriya da ya dace ba, Miss World Nigeria ta farko da ta zo ta biyu, amma Gina Onyejiaka, ta zama wakiliyar Miss World ta Najeriya ta farko bayan da ta tashi zuwa Landan da kudinta (Masu shirya gasar Miss World Mecca Dancing ta ki biyan kudinta). gudunta don gujewa zargin son zuciya). Duk da cewa Miss World ta karbe ta a matsayin ‘yar takara, babbar hukumar Najeriya ta ki amincewa da Onyejiaka. A shekarar 1966, bayan da Miss Nigeria ta kasa aiko da wakili zuwa Miss World (Ba a gudanar da gasar a Legas a waccan shekarar), Uzor Okafor mazaunin Landan ba ta shiga takara ba bayan mataimakin babban kwamishinan Najeriya, Latif Dosumu, ya ki sanya hannu a fom din rajista kamar yadda ake bukata. ta Miss World Organisation, da'awar Babban Hukumar ba ta amince da gasar ba don haka ba ta iya ba da tallafi a hukumance. Okafor ta bayyana shigar ta a matsayin nuna son rai, kuma ta ce babbar hukumar ta ba ta tabbacin cewa za ta iya yin rajista a matsayin dan takara a hukumance, amma Dosumu ya musanta hakan. Okafor, wacce ta haifi daya daga cikin ‘ya’yanta mata guda biyu watanni bakwai kafin (An bar matan aure su shiga gasar Miss World kafin 1970), ta bar gasar nan take. Daga baya Okafor ta ce ta yi nadamar shiga gasar, kuma mijin ta dan kasar Birtaniya Bruce Newman ne ya bukaci ta shiga gasar. Ba a gudanar da gasar ba a 1969 saboda yakin basasar Najeriya, amma an zabi Morenike Faridibo a matsayin Miss Nigeria mara izini a wani biki da aka gudanar a Landan.
Jim kadan bayan nasarar Agbani Darego a Miss World, Miss Nigeria 2001 Amina Ekpo ta kai karar takwararta ta MBGN da aka zarge ta da bata suna, inda ta bayyana cewa Darego ta yi damfara a matsayin Miss Nigeria a gasar cin kofin duniya, kuma ba a ba ta izinin yin amfani da taken ba. (A matakin duniya, ana kiran wakilan MBGN da suna "Miss Nigeria"). Tsohon manajan darakta na Daily Times Onukaba Adinoyi Ojo, wanda ya bayyana wadanda suka samu nasarar MBGN a matsayin "sarauniya marasa kima" ya goyi bayan karar da aka kai $10,000,000, yana mai da'awar "Za mu yi duk mai yiwuwa don ganin mun hana mutane yin kutse a cikin wata fage mai suna Miss Nigeria." [kuma] ba zai ƙyale kowa ya ɓad da mu ba." The Guardian ya fuskanci suka saboda bata sunan Miss Nigeria alama a cikin 2011 lokacin da 'yar'uwarsu ta buga Allure ta bayyana dalibar Theater Arts kuma tsohuwar 'yar takarar MBGN Sandra Otohwo a matsayin Miss Nigeria 2009. Otohwo, wanda ya wakilci Najeriya a Miss Universe 2009, ya dauki hotuna a cikin bikini, inda ya fusata masu shirya gasar Miss Nigeria da suka tallata gasarsu ta kyauta ba tare da wata cibiya mai kyau ba, kuma ya nuna cewa gasar ta kwanta daga 2004 zuwa 2010, saboda haka. wanda hakan ya sa masu shirya gasar ba za su iya nadin sarauniya a shekara ta 2009 ba. Daga baya The Guardian ya ba da hakuri tare da buga wasiƙar da masu shirya taron a cikin fitowar ta gaba.
Bambanci tsakanin Miss Nigeria da MBGN Kungiyar Silverbird Group ce ta shirya gasar mafi kyawun yarinya a Najeriya (MBGN) yayin da Miss Nigeria ke gudanar da gasar a halin yanzu a Daily Times (Folio). An soke gasar wasan ninkaya ta Miss Nigeria a cikin shekara ta 2011, amma wannan yanayin ya kasance sananne a MBGN. Wani sanannen bambanci shine kawai masu fafatawa na MBGN su zama wakilai kai tsaye a gasar cin kofin duniya.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Kyaututtuka
Kyakkyawa
Gasar kyauta ta Afirka ta kudu
Gasa
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
30288 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazka | Kazka | Kazka (mai salo a duk iyakoki; Ukraine, transl. Tatsuniyar gizo ƙungiya ce ta Ukrainian wacce ke yin pop tare da abubuwan jama'a na lantarki Tun lokacin da aka kirkiro shi a shekarar 2017, mawaƙin Oleksandra Zaritska, dan wasan sopilka Dmytro Mazuriak da Multi-instrumentalist Mykyta Budash sun zama "nasara na shekara". Mai gabatarwa kum manajan kungiyar shine Yuriy Nikitin da kamfanin Mamamusic.
Tarihi Kazka ya fito a ranar 1 ga Maris, din shekarar 2017, tare da fitowarsu na farko da aka saki "Sviata" transl. Mai Tsarki wanda nan da nan ya zama abin bugawa a Ukraine. Da farko, band kunshi vocalist Oleksandra Zaritska da Multi-instrumentalist Nikita Budash (guitar, keyboard), wanda kuma aiki a kan tsari da kuma sauti injiniya "Sviata" kuma shine bidiyon farko na ƙungiyar. Serhii Tkachenko ya jagoranci bidiyon, wanda shine aikin ɗan ƙaramin aiki a cikin inuwa ja, wanda ke nuna membobin ƙungiyar da adadin tsoffin alamomin Slavic Dazhbog, Star of the Virgin Lada, Zervan, Koliada, Star of Hereest, Bilobog da sauransu).
Shiga cikin X-Factor A cikin shekara ta 2017, ƙungiyar ta shiga cikin shirye-shiryen Ukraine na X-Factor 8 tare da waƙar su "Sviata". Andrii Danylko shi ne jagoran ƙungiyar. Bayan sakamakon zaben mai kallo, kungiyar ta bar shirin a kashi na 5. Dama bayan barin wasan kwaikwayon, Kazka ya saki na biyu "Dyva" transl. Mu'ujiza wanda a ranar da aka fara shi ya mamaye ginshiƙi na iTunes A ƙarshen shekara, an kuma sanya wa ƙungiyar lakabi "Best Debut of the Year" ta mujallar kan layi ta Karabas Live. A farkon shekarar 2018, Dmytro Mazuryak, wanda ke buga sama da 30, ya shiga ƙungiyar. A ranar 6 ga Janairu, an san cewa ƙungiyar za ta shiga cikin zaɓi na ƙasa don Gasar Waƙar Eurovision A ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, Kazka ya yi a farkon wasan kusa da na karshe na zaɓi tare da waƙar "Dyva". Sakamakon zaben da masu kallo da alkalan kotun suka fitar, Kazka ya zo na shida kuma ya kasa kai wa wasan karshe.
Karma A ranar 27 ga Afrilun shekarar 2018, albam ɗin ƙungiyar ya fara fitowa Karma an fitar da su akan layi. Kundin yana da waƙoƙi goma, uku daga cikinsu an fitar da su a baya: "Sviata", "Dyva", "Sama" transl. Shi kaɗai "Movchaty" transl. Don Ci gaba da Natsuwa (rufin waƙar Skryabin da Iryna Bilyk da sabbin waƙoƙi guda shida. Ƙungiyar ta gabatar da kundin waƙar kai tsaye a wasan kwaikwayo na farko na solo a Kyiv 's Atlas Club a ranar 1 ga Yuni. Waƙar "Sviata" guda ɗaya an yi mata suna "Best Pop Band Song" kuma an gane ƙungiyar a matsayin "Mafi kyawun halarta" ta gidan rediyon ƙasa Kraina FM A karon farko har abada, ƙungiyar masu magana da Ukrain ta shiga Global Shazam Top 10. Kazka ya sami cikakken rikodin tsakanin masu fasaha na Ukrainian dangane da adadin ra'ayoyi kuma ya sanya shi zuwa Top 100 mafi kyawun bidiyo akan YouTube An ba wa mawaƙan lambar yabo akai-akai tare da taken "Nasara na Shekara" da kuma, don waƙar "Plakala" transl. Ta yi kuka sun sami lambar yabo ta "Hit of the Year" kuma suna nunawa a cikin ƙimar mafi kyawun waƙoƙin Ukraine bisa ga Apple Music Ƙungiyar ta mamaye jadawalin a ƙasashe da yawa, ciki har da Ukraine, Latvia, Bulgaria, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Belarus, Rasha, Colombia, da sauransu.A lokacin rani shiga cikin bukukuwan Ukrainian daban-daban kamar BeLive a Kyiv, Impulse a Kharkiv, da MRPL City a Mariupol A cikin kaka, ƙungiyar ta ƙaddamar da yawon shakatawa na Karma na ƙasa don tallafawa kundin. Drummer Ievhen Kostyts da wasu mawakan mawaƙa guda uku (Vasylyna Tkachuk, Daryna Salii da Yaryna Sizyk) sun haɗu da su a wannan rangadin. A cikin hunturu 2018 ƙungiyar ta sanar da balaguron zuwa Amurka da Turai a cikin shekarar 2019.
"Plakala" Ƙungiyar ta sami nasara da "Plakala", wanda ya buga rikodin biyu tsakanin waƙoƙi a cikin CIS Kazka ya zama rukuni na farko daga CIS don zama matsayi na 8th a cikin dukkan nau'o'i kuma na 3rd a cikin nau'in pop na duniya na ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan duniya Top 10 Global Shazam Kazka ya zama cikakken mai rikodin rikodi a cikin masu fasahar Ukrainian a cikin adadin ra'ayoyi kuma yana cikin Top 100 mafi kyawun bidiyo na kiɗa akan YouTube Bidiyon kiɗan "Plakala" ya zama bidiyon yaren Yukren na farko don samun ra'ayoyi sama da miliyan 200 akan YouTube. Ya zuwa yanzu an duba shi sama da sau miliyan 204 don haka ya zama mafi kyan gani a Ukraine a cikin shekarar 2018. Kazka ya sami lambar yabo ta "Hit of the Year" bisa ga M1 Music Awards kuma an ambace shi a cikin ƙimar kiɗan Apple na mafi mashahuri waƙoƙi a Ukraine.
Boris Barabanov, ya taƙaita sakamakon shekara ta 2018, ya kira waƙar "Plakala" ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun waƙoƙin 16 na shekarar da ta gabata. Ya yi nuni da cewa wakar ta zama waka mafi shahara a gidajen rediyon kasar Rasha, kuma wannan ita ce wakar harshen Ukraine ta farko a cikin shekaru masu yawa, wadda ta kai kololuwar tsarin kasar Rasha.
Nirvana A cikin Afrilun shekarar 2019, ƙungiyar ta sanar a shafin ta na Facebook cewa tana aiki akan kundi na biyu. Kundin yana mai taken Nirvana An fitar da kundin a watan Disamban shekarar 2019.
"Apart" da Vidbir 2019 A cikin shekarar 2019, ƙungiyar ta yi gasa a cikin Vidbir 2019 don gwadawa a matsayin wakilan Ukraine a gasar Eurovision Song Contest 2019 A zagaye na biyu na wasan kusa da na karshe da aka gudanar a ranar 16 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2019, sun kare a matsayi na 2 kuma sun cancanci zuwa wasan karshe. Wasan karshe ya gudana ne a ranar 23 ga Fabrairun shekarar 2019. Sun kare a matsayi na 3. Bayan wanda ya yi nasara da wanda ya zo na biyu ya ki amincewa da tayin da gidan rediyon ya yi na wakiltar Ukraine a gasar Eurovision, Kazka ma ya ki amincewa da tayin nasu.
Svit A ranar 5 ga Nuwamban shekarata 2021, ƙungiyar ta fitar da kundi na uku na studiyo Svit Yan kungiyar Oleksandra Zaritska jagora vocals
Mykyta Budash keyboards, guitar
Dmytro Mazuriak kayan aikin iska (2018-present)
Wakoki
Albam na Studiyo
Singles
Haɗin kai 2019 Tua feat. KAZKA "Bedingungslos"
2019 KAZKA Plakala [R3HAB Remix]
2019 KAZKA CRY [tare da R3HAB]
Duba kuma Pop music a Ukraine
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Biography a Kazka official site Oleksandra Zaritska a IMDb
Kungiyoyin mawaka a Ukraine
K
Kungiyoyin waka na Ukraine
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
21795 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sansanin%20Boiro | Sansanin Boiro | Sansanin Boiro ko Sansanin Mamadou Boiro (1960 1984), Wani sansanin fursunoni ne na Guinea da ke cikin garin Conakry. A lokacin mulkin Shugaba Ahmed Sékou Touré, an daure dubban abokan hamayyar siyasa a sansanin. An yi kiyasin cewa kusan mutane 5,000 aka kashe ko suka mutu daga azaba ko yunwa a sansanin. A cewar wasu ƙididdigar, adadin waɗanda abin ya shafa ya ninka har sau goma: 50,000.
Shekarun farko Sékou Touré ya zama shugaban Guinea lokacin da ƙasar ta sami independenceancin kai daga Faransa a 1958. Tsawon shekarun da suka biyo baya, mulkinsa ya zama mai matukar danniya, yana tsananta wa shugabannin adawa da masu adawa da shi daga cikin Jam’iyyar Guinean Democratic Party (PDG) mai mulki. Sansanin, wanda ke tsakiyar Conakry, asalin sa ana kiransa Sansanin Camyenne. Hakan ya mamaye Garkuwar Republican a karkashin mulkin mallakar Faransa. An gina shingen kurkukun siyasa a cikin sansanin tare da taimako daga gwamnatin Czechoslovak. A cikin shekarar 1961 kwamandan ya sa an rage windows a girmansu, tunda sun yi girma da yawa ga mazajen da aka yanke musu hukunci. An sauya wa sansanin suna Sansanin Mamadou Boiro a shekarar 1969 domin girmamawa ga wani kwamishinan ‘yan sanda da aka jefo daga helikofta da yake jigilar fursunoni daga Labé zuwa Conakry.
An yi amfani da sansanin don zubar da abokan adawar Touré. Achkar Marof, dan wasan kwaikwayo kuma tsohon jakadan Guinea a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, an sake tuna shi zuwa Guinea a 1968, an kama shi kuma an daure shi a Sansanin Boiro. Ya ɗan sami 'yanci a yunƙurin juyin mulkin 1970. Iyalinsa sun koya a cikin 1985 cewa an harbe shi a 26 Janairu 1971. Makircin da ake kira Labé, wanda ke da alaƙa da mulkin mallaka na Faransa, an gano shi a cikin Fabrairu 1969. Touré yayi amfani da wannan makircin don tsarkake sojoji kuma ya kashe aƙalla mutane 13. An kama mutane 87 kuma aka tsare a sansanin, ciki har da Ministan Tattalin Arziki Kudi, Diawadou Barry. Biyu, Mouctar Diallo da Namory Keïta, sun mutu ne saboda yunwa da rashin ruwa kwanaki bayan kame su. An kuma kama Fodéba Keïta, tsohon Ministan Tsaro saboda zargin hada baki a shirin na Labé. An harbe shi bayan an tilasta masa yunwa a ranar 27 ga Mayu 1969.
Bayan yunkurin juyin mulki na 1970 A ranar 21 ga Nuwamba Nuwamba 1970, Sojojin Fotigal da ke zaune a makwabciyar kasar Portugal Guinea, tare da taimakon ‘yan adawar Guinea, suka aiwatar da Operation Green Sea, wani gagarumin hari kan Conakry da nufin cimma wasu manufofin soja da siyasa, gami da‘ yantar da POWs na Portugal da yunkurin don kifar da gwamnatin Touré. Sun kame Sansanin Boiro kuma sun 'yantar da fursunonin. Babban kwamandan sansanin Siaka Touré ya yi nasarar buya, amma an kama Janar Lansana Diané, Ministan Tsaro. Daga baya ya tsere kuma ya nemi mafaka tare da jakadan Algeria. Yunkurin juyin mulkin bai yi nasara ba, kuma a bayan haka an tara masu adawa da gwamnatin da yawa kuma aka saka su a kurkuku a Sansanin Boiro. A ranar 23 ga Disamba 1970, aka kama Bishop na Conakry, Raymond-Marie Tchidimbo, kuma daga baya ya yi “furci”. Tchidimbo daga baya ya rubuta littafi game da shekaru 8, watanni 8 da ya yi a sansanin. Alassane Diop, wanda asalinsa dan kasar Senegal ne, tsohon Ministan Yada Labarai a Guinea an kama shi kuma an tsare shi a Sansanin Boiro na tsawon shekaru goma, yana komawa Senegal bayan sake shi.
An bai wa fursunonin abinci kadan ban da guntun burodi kwatankwacin kwalin ashana da safe, da kuma lada na shinkafa a fili wacce aka dafa a cikin ruwa mai datti da yamma. Babu wani nama sai ranakun da Touré ke yin wasu sadaukarwa. Daga watan Janairun 1971 kwamitin juyin juya hali karkashin jagorancin Ismaël Touré, kani ga Sékou Touré kuma ministan Tattalin Arziki. An sanya wasu fursunoni a kan "abincin baki", ma'ana ba abinci ko ruwa har sai sun mutu. Fursunoni za su iya nuna jaruntaka kawai ta hanyar kin yin ikirari yayin zaman azabtarwa, da kuma kin rokon abinci lokacin da aka sanya su a kan bakar abincin. An rataye Loffo Camara, tsohon Sakataren Harkokin Jiha na Harkokin Tattalin Arziki, a 25 ga Janairun 1971, mace daya tilo da aka kashe a lokacin. A cewar El Hadj Ibrahima Diane, fursuna na tsawon shekaru, daga watan Yunin 1972 har zuwa watan Agusta 1973 aƙalla an ɗauki gawawwaki huɗu daga ɗakunan kowace rana kuma aka jefa su cikin manyan kaburbura a bayan gidan yarin.
A shekarar 1975, Faransa ta amince ta maido da huldar jakadanci bayan an saki fursunonin Faransa daga sansanin. Wannan ya rage matsin lamba akan Touré. Littafin Prison D'Afrique na Jean-Paul Alata, wanda ya tsira daga sansanin, an hana shi bugawa a Faransa kuma dole ne a buga shi a Belgium. Arin tsare-tsare ya biyo bayan shekaru masu zuwa. Diallo Telli sanannen ɗan siyasa ne, mai biyayya ga tsarin mulki, kuma tsohon Sakatare Janar na Kungiyar Hadin Kan Afirka (OAU). Ya koma Guinea a 1972 kuma aka nada shi Ministan Shari'a. A ranar 18 ga Yulin 1976, Diallo Telli aka kama shi a gidansa kuma aka tsare shi a Sassanin Boiro. A watan Fabrairun 1977 aka kawar da fitattun fursunoni biyar ta hanyar cin abincin baƙar fata: Diallo Telli, tsoffin ministoci Barry Alpha Oumar da Dramé Alioune, da hafsoshin soja Diallo Alhassana da Kouyate Laminé. A wata mai zuwa wasu mutane biyar suka mutu saboda yunwa.
Kamawa da mutuwa suka ci gaba. A watan Agusta 1979 Bah Mamadou, ɗan asalin ƙasar Labé da ya ƙaura zuwa Faransa, ya dawo don ziyarci iyalinsa. Da ya shigo ƙasar daga Senegal, an kama duk waɗanda ke cikin motarsa kuma aka ɗaure su a Sassanin Boiro. Takwas daga cikin matafiyan duk banda Bah Mahmud da kansa sun mutu daga baƙar fata a cikin wata ɗaya. A watan Satumba na shekarar 1983 gwamnati ta sanar da cewa sun gano wata makarkashiya ta zagon kasa ga taron OAU da aka shirya gudanarwa a Conakry shekara mai zuwa. An tsare mutane tamanin da ɗaya a Sassanin Boiro.
Legacy Bayan mutuwar Sékou Touré a shekara ta 1984, sojoji sun karɓi mulki a juyin mulki kuma suka saki yawancin fursunonin siyasa a Sassanin Boiro. Da yawa daga cikin shugabannin tsohuwar gwamnatin an tsare su, sannan daga baya aka kashe su. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, ƙungiyar waɗanda aka Ci zarafinsu na Sassanin Boiro sun yi gwagwarmaya tsawon shekaru don kula da abin da ya faru. Majalisar ministocin ta fitar da sanarwa a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta 1991 don gyaran sansanin da gina abin tunawa ga duk wadanda abin ya shafa, amma ba wani mataki da ya biyo baya. An hana ƙungiyar ta kafa gidan kayan gargajiya a cikin tsohon sansanin. A wata hira da aka yi da shi a shekarar 2007, Bobo Dieng, wani tsohon babban jami'i a gwamnatin ta Touré, ya bayyana cewa mutane 117 ne kawai suka mutu a sansanin. Sai a shekarar 2009 ne shugaban rikon kwarya Moussa Dadis Camara ya gana da mambobin kungiyar.A waccan shekarar, aka fara rusa gine-ginen sansanin, amma ba a san ko za a kafa wani abin tunawa ba. Ya zuwa shekarar 2010, babu wani kwamitin bincike, kuma duk wasu takardu game da sansanin ba za a iya shiga ba ko kuma an lalata su.
Manazarta
Littattafan da aka ambata
Kara karantawa
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Camp Boiro Memorial
Fina-finai La danse avec l'aveugle. 1978
Allah Tantou (God's Will) |
40109 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiership%20NIFL | Premiership NIFL | NIFL Premiership, wanda aka fi sani da Danske Bank Premiership don dalilai na tallafi, kuma a hade a matsayin Irish League ko Irish Premiership, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙwararrun ƙungiyar wacce ke aiki a matsayi mafi girman rukuni na ƙwallon ƙafa a Arewacin Ireland lig na ƙasa a cikin Ireland ta Arewa. An kafa gasar Premier a matsayin Premier ta IFA a cikin 2008 a ƙarƙashin kulawar Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Irish, kafin a ƙirƙiri Gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Arewacin Ireland don farkon kakar 2013-14. A karshen kakar wasa ta bana, an gabatar da zakaran kulob din tare da gasar cin kofin Gibson.
Linfield sune zakarun na yanzu, bayan da suka lashe kambunsu na hudu a jere da kuma gasar zakarun Irish League na 56 gaba daya, bayan nasara da ci 2-0 akan Coleraine a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 2022. Wannan yana nufin Linfield ya kafa sabon tarihi a duniya don mafi girman kambun gasar rukuni-rukuni da kowace kungiya ta lashe, daya a gaban kungiyar Rangers ta Scotland a kan lakabi 55.
Asalin An gabatar da tsarin gasar firimiya na Irish na yanzu don kakar 2008–09 bayan an sake tsara tsarin League na Ireland ta Arewa. An rage girman jirgin sama daga 16 zuwa 12 clubs, wanda aka haɗa a kan tushen ba kawai na wasan kwaikwayon da suka yi a cikin kakar 2007-08 ba, amma a cikin yanayi biyu da suka gabata, da sauran ka'idoji na waje. Kwamitin mai zaman kansa ya tantance kowane ƙungiyar masu nema kuma an basu maki bisa waɗannan sharuɗɗa:
Wasa (mafi girman maki 450) dangane da wuraren buga gasar, Kofin Irish, Kofin League da wasannin Turai a 2005–06, 2006–07 da 2007–08; tare da bayar da maki don gudanar da kungiyoyin matasa, kungiyoyin mata da shirye-shiryen ci gaban al'umma
Kudi (mafi girman maki 200) bisa ga rashin ƙarfi, sarrafa bashi da tsinkayar tsabar kuɗi
Kayan aiki (mafi girman maki 150) dangane da ƙarfin filin wasa, canza tanadi, wuraren tsafta, filin wasa, hasken ruwa, wanzuwa da daidaitattun ɗakin kulawa, ɗakin taimakon farko, ɗakin gwajin magunguna da wuraren watsa labarai
Ma'aikata (mafi girman maki 100) bisa cancanta da ƙwarewar ma'aikata
Shirye-shiryen kasuwanci (mafi girman maki 50)
Masu halarta (mafi girman maki 50)
Portadown sune mafi girman asarar da aka yi wa sabon tsarin, suna fama da koma baya ga sabon gasar IFA sakamakon gabatar da aikace-aikacen su na shiga gasar Premier mintuna 29 da suka wuce wa'adin don tantancewa. Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Arewacin Ireland ta dauki alhakin manyan rukunoni uku na gasar kwallon kafa ta kasar Ireland daga IFA a cikin 2014, tare da gabatar da shirye-shiryen inganta fagen kwallon kafa a Arewacin Ireland. Shirye-shiryen sun hada da inganta filayen wasanni, matsayi a gasar Turai, tsarin gasar, yanayin kasuwanci na gasar, da kuma yada lokutan fara wasa don samun sauyi da kuma dawo da wasannin da aka yi watsi da su a baya don kungiyoyin da za su fafata a gasar, kamar Garkuwan Charity Kofin Ambaliyar ruwa, Kofin Ulster da Kofin Zinare Tsarin gasar
Kayan aiki Kowace kungiya tana buga jimillar wasanni 38 a lokacin kakar wasa. Kowace kungiya da farko tana buga kowace kungiya sau uku (ko dai sau biyu a gida da sau daya, ko sau daya a gida da sau biyu) a jimillar wasanni 33 a kowacce kungiya. Daga nan sai gasar ta rabu zuwa Sashe na A da Sashe na B, kungiyoyi shida na farko a sashe na A suna wasa da juna a karo na hudu dana karshe don warware matsalolin gasar zakarun Turai da na cancantar shiga Turai, sannan kungiyoyi shida na kasa a Sashe na B suna wasa da juna don warware matsalolin koma baya. Yawancin wasannin bayan an raba su ana shirya sune ta yadda za a sa qungiyoyin a kowane rabi suna wasa da juna sau biyu a gida da kuma sau biyu a waje. Bayan an yi rarrabuwar kawuna, kungiyoyin da ke saman shida ba za su iya kammala kasa da matsayi na 6 ba, kuma kungiyoyin da ke mataki na shida ba za su iya kare sama da matsayi na 7 ba, ba tare da la’akari da sakamakon wasannin 5 na karshe ba. Yaƙin neman zaɓe yana farawa a watan Agusta kuma yana ci gaba har zuwa ƙarshen Afrilu ko farkon Mayu. Galibin wasannin dai ana yin su ne a ranar Asabar da rana, inda ake yin wasannin lokaci-lokaci a yammacin Juma'a, da kuma wasu wasannin tsakiyar mako, galibi a ranar Talata ko Laraba. A al'adance, akwai wasannin ranar Hutu na Banki akan Ranar Dambe, Ranar Sabuwar Shekara, da Talata Talata Ana bayar da maki uku don nasara, da maki daya don yin kunnen doki. Ba a bayar da maki don asara. Za a iya cire maki don karya doka misali sanya dan wasan da bai cancanta ba. Ƙungiyoyin suna da matsayi na farko da adadin maki. Kungiyar da ke da mafi yawan maki a karshen kakar wasa ta lashe gasar. Idan ƙungiyoyi biyu ko fiye sun gama matakin a kan maki, ana amfani da tiebreakers guda huɗu don raba su: babban bambancin burin burin gaba ɗaya, mafi yawan burin da aka zira, mafi yawan maki da aka samu a cikin tarurrukan kai-da-kai, kuma a ƙarshe, babban bambancin burin a cikin kai-zuwa. shugaban tarurruka. A cikin abin da ba zai yuwu ba har yanzu kungiyoyi suna daure a matsayi mai mahimmanci bayan wadannan wasannin da aka buga misali tantance zakarun gasar, cancantar Turai, faduwa, ko ma kasafi matakin rukuni na biyu, kwamitin gudanarwa zai zana kuri'a.
Ci gaba da raguwa Babu wani ci gaba daga Premiership, saboda shine babban rabo a tsarin League na Irish. A karshen kakar wasa ta bana, kungiyar da ke matsayi na 12 za ta koma gasar cin kofin NIFL kuma mai matsayi na 11 dole ne ta shiga cikin jimillar wasan da za a yi da wadanda suka yi nasara a wasan share fage na gasar da za a yi tsakanin ‘yan gudun hijira. sama dana uku kungiyoyin Championship. Ana amfani da ka'idar kwallaye a waje bayan mintuna 90 na wasan na biyu, tare da karin lokaci da bugun fanareti don tantance wanda ya yi nasara a wasa na biyu idan ya cancanta. Kulob din Premiership ya samu nasara a gida a karawa ta biyu, kuma za ta koma gasar Championship idan ta yi rashin nasara. Idan masu cin gasar Championship ba su mallaki lasisin haɓakawa da ake buƙata don cancantar shiga babban jirgin ba, babu faɗuwa ta atomatik. A maimakon haka, wasan share fage ya koma kungiyar da ke matsayi na 12 a gasar Premier kuma kulob na 11 ba shida lafiya daga faduwa. Idan har babu kungiyoyin gasar zakarun Turai da suka cancanci shiga, ba za a sake komawa gasar ba.
cancantar Turai Ireland ta Arewa a halin yanzu tana matsayi na 42 a cikin 55 a cikin 2021 UEFA coefficient rankings, wanda za a yi amfani da shi don tantance wuraren cancantar shiga gasar UEFA ta 2022-23. Karancin matsayi na gasar Irish League a cikin shekaru yana nufin kungiyoyin sun shiga zagaye na farko ko farkon wasannin share fage na gasar UEFA. Babu wata kungiya ta Premier da ta taba kaiwa matakin rukuni na gasar ta UEFA kamar yadda take a halin yanzu. A haƙiƙa, babu wanda ya zarce zagaye na biyu na neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai. Mafi kusancin kowane kulob da ya kai matakin rukuni shine a lokacin 2019-20 UEFA Europa League, lokacin da Linfield ya zama kulob na farko daga Ireland ta Arewa da ya kai wasan zagaye na biyu, da kyar ya rasa wani wuri a matakin rukuni bayan 4-4 sun yi kunnen doki a kan Qarabağ FK daga Azerbaijan ya haifar da kawar da dokar ragar raga Domin kakar 2021-22, Gasar Irish za ta sami gurbi huɗu a cikin gasa na 2022-23 na UEFA uku don gasar Premier, tare da na huɗu an keɓe don masu cin Kofin Irish. Zakarun na Irish League za su shiga zagayen share fage na gasar zakarun Turai na kakar wasa mai zuwa, tare da wadanda suka yi nasara a gasar zakarun Turai da na Turai (tare da wadanda suka lashe gasar cin kofin Irish suna shiga gasar UEFA Europa League Idan, duk da haka, waɗanda suka yi nasara a gasar cin kofin Irish sun riga sun cancanci zuwa Turai a matsayin zakarun lig ko na biyu, za a sake rarraba gasar cin kofin gasar cin kofin Europa zuwa ƙungiyar da ke matsayi na uku. Domin shiga gasar UEFA, dole ne kungiyoyi su mallaki lasisin UEFA. A yayin da ƙungiyar ta cancanci ba tare da irin wannan lasisi ba, ƙungiyoyin da ke ƙasa za su iya maye gurbinsu. Ba kamar Gasar Cin Kofin Turanci ba, Ba a ba wa waɗanda suka yi nasara a gasar cin Kofin Kwallon Kafa ta Arewacin Ireland damar zama ta Turai ba.
An gabatar da tsarin wasan wasa don neman cancantar Turai na ƙarshe don kakar 2015–16 Idan masu cin gasar cin kofin Irish sun gama na bakwai ko mafi girma a gasar, wanda tarihi ya kasance lamarin a mafi yawan lokutan yanayi, ƙungiyoyi huɗu da suka rage daga manyan bakwai waɗanda ba su riga sun cancanci shiga gasar UEFA ba (ƙungiyoyin a cikin 3rd 7th, ban da ko dai 'yan wasan da suka yi nasara a gasar cin kofin Irish, ko kuma kungiyar da ta zo ta uku idan an ba su damar zama kamar yadda aka yi bayani a sama) suna fafatawa a cikin jerin wasannin neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Turai. Idan, duk da haka, wadanda suka lashe gasar cin kofin Irish sun ƙare a waje da na bakwai na farko a gasar Premier ko kuma suna taka leda a ƙananan rukuni, kuma idan kuma suna da lasisin UEFA, duk ƙungiyoyi biyar da suka gama na 3rd-7th sun cancanci shiga wasan. Hakan na bukatar karin wasan daf da na kusa da karshe da kungiyoyin da ke matsayi na shida da na bakwai za su buga, inda wanda ya yi nasara zai hadu da sauran kungiyoyi uku a wasan kusa da na karshe. Ba a yi wasannin share fage ba a kakar wasa ta 2019-20, saboda darajar gasar ta UEFA ta fadi zuwa na 52. Hakan na nufin ta yi rashin nasara a gasar Turai da aka saba bayarwa ga wadanda suka yi nasara a wasan. Wasan wasan ya dawo a kakar wasa ta 2020-21, bayan da darajar gasar ta inganta zuwa matsayi na 48 wanda ya sake samun matsayi na hudu a Turai.
The play-offs are single knockout matches and are played at the home of the higher-ranked team, with extra time used to determine the winner if the match ends level after 900 minutes, and a penalty shootout to follow if the two teams are still level after 120 minutes. Seeding is used during all rounds to reward the higher-placed qualifiers, with the sixth-placed team given home advantage against the seventh-placed team in the quarter-final match if it is required. The two higher-ranked semi-finalists are then given home advantage when facing the two lower-ranked semi-finalists, and the higher-ranked finalist is again given home advantage against the lower-ranked finalist.
Tun daga kakar wasa ta 2016–17, an gayyaci zakarun lig da na biyu zuwa gasar cin kofin kalubale na Scotland. Tun daga shekarar 2019, masu rike da kambun sun kuma fuskanci zakarun League of Ireland a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na wannan shekarar gasar ta farko a duk kasar Ireland tun bayan da aka dakatar da gasar cin kofin wasanni ta Setanta bayan bugu na 2014.
Labaran watsa labarai Ana samun fitattun matches na gasar Premier ta yanar gizo ta gidan yanar gizon wasanni na BBC BBC NI kuma tana samar da Nunin League na Irish, nunin nunin mako-mako don kallo ta BBC iPlayer Bwin kuma yana watsa rafukan kan layi kai tsaye na matches.Tun daga Fabrairu 2017 Sky Sports ke Premiership kai tsaye.
Kididdiga Wadannan kididdigar sun shafi gasar Premier daga 2008 zuwa gaba. Don ƙarin cikakkun ƙididdiga da ke rufe ƙungiyar Irish tun 1890, duba Ƙwallon ƙafa na Arewacin Ireland
Zakarun Turai
Nasara ta kulob
Rubuce-rubuce Most titles: 8, Linfield
Most consecutive titles: 4, Linfield (2018–19 to 2021–22)
Most points in a season: 91, joint record:
Crusaders (twice; 2015–16 2017–18)
Cliftonville (2012–13)
Fewest points in a season: 13, Portadown (2016–17)
Highest non-title-winning points total: 89, Coleraine (2017–18)
Lowest title-winning points total: 74, Linfield (2009–10)
Most wins in a season: 29, Cliftonville (2012–13)
Fewest wins in a season: 4, joint record:
Lisburn Distillery (2012–13)
Institute (2014–15)
Dungannon Swifts (2020–21)
Most draws in a season: 14, joint record:
Cliftonville (2008–09)
Crusaders (2008–09)
Coleraine (2012–13)
Fewest draws in a season: 2, Dungannon Swifts (2021–22)
Most losses in a season: 29, joint record:
Dungannon Swifts (2020–21)
Warrenpoint Town (2021–22)
Fewest losses in a season: 1, Coleraine (2017–18)
Most goals scored in a season: 106, Crusaders (2017–18)
Fewest goals scored in a season: 22, Dungannon Swifts (2020–21)
Most goals conceded in a season: 92, Carrick Rangers (2020–21)
Fewest goals conceded in a season: 24, Linfield (twice; 2016–17 2021–22)
Highest goal difference in a season: +68, Crusaders (2017–18)
Lowest goal difference in a season: –61, joint record:
Lisburn Distillery (2012–13)
Dungannon Swifts (2020–21)
Biggest away winning margin: 8 goals, Ballymena United 0–8 Cliftonville (17 November 2012)
Most goals scored in a game: 11 goals, Portadown 11–0 Ballinamallard United (7 September 2013)
Highest scoring draw: 10 goals, Portadown 5–5 Ballymena United (17 January 2015)
2021-22 Kungiyoyin Premiership
Duba kuma Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Arewacin Ireland
Kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na Arewacin Ireland a gasar Turai
Tsarin gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Arewacin Ireland
Irish League XI
Jerin gasa na ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙungiyoyi
Bayanan kula
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Yanar Gizon Kwallon Kafa na Arewacin Ireland
Yanar Gizon FA na Irish
Wasannin BBC Hausa
Arewacin Ireland Zakarun RSSSF.com
Nassoshi it:Campionato nordirlandese di calcio
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13476 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena%20Bonham%20Carter | Helena Bonham Carter | Helena Bonham Carter CBE (an haife ta 26 gawa tan Mayun shekararta alif 1966) yar wasan'kwaikwayon Ingila ce. An san ta da rawar da ta taka a cikin fina-finan surarar kudade masu karamin karfi da kuma manyan abubuwan fasahar kere kere. An ba ta lambar yabo ta Academy Award don Mafi kyawun Actress saboda rawar da ta yi a matsayin Kate Croy a The Wings of the Dove (1997) da kuma Mafi Kyawun Actarfafa Tallafin foraukakarta domin kasancewarta Sarauniya Elizabeth a cikin Jawabin King (2010); Ta ci lambar yabo ta BAFTA don Kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a rawar da take tallafawa Ta kuma lashe lambar yabo ta 2010 ta Emmy Award don Mafi kyawun Actarfafa saboda rawar da ta yi a matsayin marubuci Enid Blyton a cikin fim ɗin gidan talabijin Enid (2009). Bonham Carter ta fara aikin fim dinta ne tana wasa da Lucy Honeychurch a cikin wani Room tare da Ra'ayi (1985) da kuma halin muƙamin a cikin Jane Jane (1986). Sauran fina-finanta sun hada da Hamlet (1990), Howards End (1992), Mary Shelley ta Frankenstein (1994), Woody Allen 's Mighty Aphrodite (1995), The Wings of the Dove (1997), Fight Club (1999), Bellatrix Lestrange in jerin Harry Potter (2007-111), Miss Havisham a cikin Babban tsammanin (2012), Madame Thénardier a Les Misérables (2012), Fairy God mama a Cinderella (2015), da kuma Rose Weil a cikin Ocean's 8 (2018). Haɗin gwiwar ta akai-akai tare da darekta Tim Burton sun haɗa da Planet of the Apes (2001), Big Fish (2003), Corpse Bride (2005), Charlie da Chocolate Factory (2005), Sweeney Todd: Demon Barber na Fleet Street (2007), Alice a Wonderland (2010) da Dark Shadows (2012). Fim din talabijin din ta sun hada da A Pattern of Roses (1983), Fatal Yaudara: Mrs. Lee Harvey Oswald (1993), Live daga Baghdad (2002), Toast (2010), da Burton & Taylor (2013). A cikin 2018, an tabbatar da ita ta buga gimbiya Margaret a lokutan yanayi uku da hudu na The Crown An nada Bonham Carter a matsayin Kwamandan Umarni na Masarautar Burtaniya (CBE) a cikin jerin sunayen masu bayar da lambar yabo ta shekarar 2012 na shekarar 2012 kuma Firayim Minista David Cameron ya ba da sanarwar cewa, an nada ta a sabuwar Hukumar Kashegari ta Burtaniya a watan Janairu. 2014.
Farkon rayuwa An haife Bonham Carter a Islington, London Mahaifinta, Raymond Bonham Carter, wanda ya fito daga shahararren dangin dan siyasa na Burtaniya, ya kasance ma'aikacin banki ne kuma ya kasance madadin darektan Birtaniyya wanda ya wakilci Bankin Ingila a Asusun bada lamuni na duniya a Washington, DC, a cikin shekarun 1960. Mahaifiyarta, Elena (ean Propper de Callejón), likitan ilimin halayyar dan adam ne wanda ke asalin asalin Mutanen Espanya da Bayahude, wanda kuma iyayen sa baƙi ne [Eduardo Propper de Callejón] daga Spain da kuma mai zane Baroness Hélène Fould-Springer Mahaifiyar mahaifiyar Bonham Carter ɗan siyasa ce kuma abokiyar ƙwarƙwasa macece Violet Bonham Carter, 'yar HH Asquith, Firayim Minista na Burtaniya a lokacin farkon yakin duniya na farko Bonham Carter ita ce ƙarama a cikin yara uku, tare da 'yan'uwa biyu, Edward da Thomas. An haife su ne a Golders Green kuma ta sami ilimi a makarantar sakandare ta South Hampstead, sannan ta kammala karatun A-matakin a Westminster School An hana Bonham Carter shiga Kwalejin King, Cambridge, saboda jami'an kwalejin suna fargabar cewa za ta tafi yayin karatun don yin karatun ta. Lokacin da Bonham Carter ta kasance tana shekara biyar, mahaifiyarta ta sami mummunan rauni, wanda ya dauki shekaru uku don murmurewa. Nan ba da daɗewa ba, ƙwarewar mahaifiyarta a cikin aikin likita ya sa ta zama mai ilimin tauhidi da kanta Bonham Carter tun daga lokacin ta biya shi don karanta rubutunsa kuma ya ba da ra'ayoyi game da tunanin halayyar halayyar. Shekaru biyar bayan mahaifiyarta ta warke, mahaifinta ya kamu da cutar acoustic neuroma Ya sha wahalar rikice-rikice yayin aikin don cire kumburin da ya haifar da bugun jini wanda ya ba shi rabin rauni da kuma amfani da keken hannu. Tare da 'yan uwanta a kwaleji, an bar Bonham Carter don taimakawa mahaifiyarta jimrewa. Daga baya ta yi nazarin motsin mahaifinta da halayenta saboda rawar da ta taka a Theory of Flight Ya mutu a cikin Janairu 2004.
Aiki
Farkon aiki Bonham Carter, wanda ba ta da horo na aiki a ilimance, Ta shiga fagen da nasara a gasar rubutu ta kasa (1979) kuma ta yi amfani da kuɗin don biyan kudin shiga ta cikin jerin masu shirya finafinai na masu wasan kwaikwayo. Ta yi fice ta zama kwararriyar 'yar kwalliya tun tana shekara 16 a cikin kasuwancin talabijin. Hakanan tana da bangare a cikin ƙaramin fim ɗin TV, A Pattern of Roses Matsayinta na farko na jagorar fim shine Lady Jane Grey a cikin Lady Jane (1986), wanda masu sukar suka ba da dama gauraya. Matsayinta na nasara shine Lucy Honeychurch a cikin A Room tare da Ra'ayi (1985), wanda aka yi fim bayan Lady Jane amma aka sake shi watanni biyu da suka gabata. Bonham Carter ta kuma bayyana a cikin shahararrun Miami Mataimakin kamar yadda ƙaunar Don Johnson ta kasance a cikin kakar 1986 zuwa 87 sannan kuma, a 1987 tare da Dirk Bogarde a cikin Vision, Stewart Granger a cikin Azzage na Zuciya da John Gielgud a Samun Dama Roham Ebeer an kirkiro Bonham Carter ne a cikin rawar da Bess McNeill ya kekantar da waves, amma ya sami goyon baya a yayin samarwa sakamakon "halayyar halayyar mawakiyar da bayyanar ta jiki", a cewar Roger Ebert Matsayinta ya tafi ga Emily Watson, wanda aka zaɓa don lambar yabo ta Academy don rawar da ta yi. A cikin 1994, Bonham Carter ta bayyana a cikin jerin fina-finan mafarki a jerin fina-finai na biyu na Burtaniya cikakke Fabulous, kamar yadda 'yar Edina Monsoon Saffron, wanda Julia Sawalha ke wasa da ita A cikin duka jerin, an yi magana game da kama da Saffron zuwa Bonham Carter. Fina-finan ta na farko ya kaita ga daukan ta amatsayin "corset queen" da "English rose", Ta fito amatsayin Olivia a Trevor Nunn's a wani fim na Twelfth Night a 1996. One of the high points of her early career was her performance as the scheming Kate Croy in the 1997 film adaption of The Wings of the Dove which was highly acclaimed internationally and netted her first Golden Globe and Academy Award nominations. She has since expanded her range, with her more recent films being Fight Club, Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit, and her then-partner Tim Burton's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, Corpse Bride, Big Fish, Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street, and Alice in Wonderland.
Daga baya aiki Bonham Carter tana magana da Faransanci da kyau, kuma ta fito ne a cikin fim din Faransanci na Portraits chinois na 1996. A watan Agusta 2001, an nuna ta a Maxim Ta yi wasa da Sarauniya ta biyu a Ingila lokacin da aka jefa ta kamar Anne Boleyn a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na ITV1 Henry <span id="mw5A" typeof="mw:Entity"> </span> VIII duk da haka, an ƙayyadadantar da aikinta, saboda tana da ciki tare da ɗanta na farko a lokacin yin fim. Bonham Carter ya kasance memba na kotun Fasaha ta Cannes na 2006 wanda ya hada baki daya suka zabi Wind That Shakes the Barley a matsayin mafi kyawun fim. A watan Mayun 2006, Bonham Carter ta ƙera layin nata na zamani, "The Pantaloonies", tare da mai zanen kayan kwalliya Samantha Sage. Su na farko tarin, da ake kira Bloomin 'Akamaru, shi ne a Victoria style selection na camisoles, yan zanga-zanga iyakoki, da kuma Akamaru Duo din ya yi aiki a kan Pantaloonies da aka sanya shi na jeans, wanda Bonham Carter ta bayyana a matsayin "wani littafi mai nuna rubutu a jikin ginin". Bonham Carter ta taka leda a Bellatrix Lestrange a finafinai hudu na <i id="mw9g">Harry Potter</i> na karshe (2007-2011). Yayin yin fim din Harry Potter da Order of Phoenix, ba zato ba tsammani ta lalata eardrum na Matthew Lewis (yana wasa Neville Longbottom lokacin da ta makale wandonta a kunnenta. Bonham Carter ta sami bita mai kyau kamar Bellatrix, wanda aka bayyana shi a matsayin "mai haskakawa amma ba da kwarewa ba". Ta yi wasa da Mrs. Lovett, Sweeney Todd 's Johnny Depp babban mai taimakawa a cikin fim din karban Stephen Sondheim na Broadway music, Sweeney Todd: Demon Barber na Fleet Street, wanda Tim Burton ta jagoranta. Bonham Carter ta sami zaɓi na Glowallon forwallon forari don Actawarin ressawara saboda rawar da ta yi. Ta sami lambar yabo mafi kyawun mata a bikin Maraice na Bidiyon 2007 wanda aka gabatar a Sweeney Todd da Tattaunawa Tare da Sauran Mata, tare da wata lambar yabo mafi kyau a bikin bayar da kyaututtukan sarauta na shekarar 2009. Bonham Carter shi ma ya fito a fim na Terminator na hudu mai taken Terminator Ceto, yana wasa da karamar rawa amma ya taka rawa. Bonham Carter ta shiga cikin fim din Tim Burton na 2010, Alice a Wonderland a matsayin The Red Sarauniya Ta fito tare da Johnny Depp, Anne Hathaway, Mia Wasikowska, Crispin Glover da kuma Harry Potter- Alan Rickman Matsayinta na zama aminiyar Sarauniyar Zuciya da Red Sarauniya. A farkon shekarar 2009, Bonham Carter ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan mata na mujallar Ingila 10 ta Duniya Ta fito a jerin tare da sauran 'yan wasan Julie Andrews, Helen Mirren, Maggie Smith, Judi Dench, da Audrey Hepburn A cikin 2010, Bonham Carter ta yi wasa da Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon Sarauniya Elizabeth a cikin fim ɗin Jawabin King ta samu kyaututtukan talla da yawa da yabo saboda rawar da ta yi, gami da nadin da aka yi wa lambar yabo ta BAFTA don Mafi kyawun Actarfafa a Aikin Tallafawa da Kyautar Academywararren Masarauta don Supportwararrun Tallafawa Ta ci lambar yabo ta BAFTA ta farko, amma ta bata lambar yabo ta Academy zuwa Melissa Leo don The Fighter Bonham Carter tasa hannu ta fito amatsayin marubuciya Enid Blyton a cikin BBC four talabijin biopic, Enid Wannan hoton farko ne na rayuwar Blyton akan allon, kuma Bonham Carter ta buga hoto tare da Matthew Macfadyen da Denis Lawson Ta sami Nan Fim ɗin nata na BAFTA na Farko don Mafi Kyawun ressariyar, don Enid A shekara ta 2010, ta yi fim tare da Freddie Highmore a cikin Nigel Slater biopic Toast, wanda aka yi fim a cikin West Midlands kuma ta karɓi galaba a bikin Fim na Duniya na 2011 na Berlin Ta sami lambar yabo ta Britannia Award don Artist of the Year daga BAFTA LA a 2011. A cikin 2012, Bonham Carter ta bayyana a matsayin Miss Havisham a cikin Mike Newell wanda aka daidaita da littafin Charles Dickens, Babban Tsammani A watan Afrilun 2012, ta fito a cikin bidiyon kiɗan Rufus Wainwright don fim ɗin Na Kayan Wasan wanda aka nuna a kundin suna Bonham Carter ta yi aiki tare cikin wani shirin daidaita fina-finai na Les Misérables, wanda aka saki a cikin 2012. Ta taka rawar Madame Thénardier A ranar 17 ga Mayu 2012, an ba da sanarwar cewa Bonham Carter zai bayyana a cikin karɓar littafin Reif Larsen na littafin The Selected Services of TS Spivet, mai taken The Young and Prodigious TS Spivet An ba da sanarwar jefa ta tare da Kathy Bates, Kyle Catlett da Callum Keith Rennie, tare da jagorar Jean-Pierre Jeunet Ta kuma fito a cikin ɗan gajeren fim wanda Roman Polanski ya shirya don alamar alamar Prada A takaice aka kowa na da hakkin A Far da ta bayyana a matsayin wani far haƙuri ga Ben Kingsley 's ilimin. A shekara ta 2013, ta yi rawar gani tare da Red Harrington, wani ƙwallo mai ƙyalli, wanda ke taimaka wa Reid da Tonto wajen gano Cavendish, a cikin fim ɗin Lone Ranger Har ila yau, a wannan shekara, Bonham Carter ruwaito shayari for The Love Littafi App, wani m anthology na soyayya adabi ci gaba da Allie Byrne Esiri Hakanan a cikin 2013, Bonham Carter ya bayyana a matsayin Elizabeth Taylor, tare da Dominic West a matsayin Richard Burton, a cikin Burton & Taylor na BBC4 wanda ya fara a bikin Bayanai na Kasa da Kasa na 2013 Ta buga wasan Fairy God uwargida a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na rayuwa na 2015 wanda ya sake yin tunanin Cinderella na Walt Disney A cikin 2016, Bonham Carter ya ba da izinin matsayinta na Sarauniyar Red a cikin Alice Ta hanyar Gilashi Mai Neman A cikin watan Yuni na 2018, Bonham Carter ya buga hoto a cikin yanki na Ocean's Eleven Trilogy, wanda ake wa lakabi da Ocean's 8, tare da Sandra Bullock, Cate Blanchett, Anne Hathaway, da Sarah Paulson Tana wasa da tsohuwar gimbiya Margaret don jerin Netflix The Crown, inda ta maye gurbin Vanessa Kirby wacce ta taka karairayi a farkon biyun farko. A yayin wata tattaunawa da aka yi da jaridar Late Show tare da Stephen Colbert, ta ce ta hadu da Margaret kuma kawun nata ya haifi Margaret.
Rayuwar mutum A watan Agustar 2008, an kashe dangi hudu a cikin hatsarin jirgin saman safari a Afirka ta Kudu, kuma an ba ta izinin barin fim din Terminator Salvation, daga baya ta dawo yin fim. A farkon Oktoba 2008, an ba da rahoton cewa Bonham Carter ya zama mai ba da agaji ga masu ba da agaji na Action Duchenne, ƙungiyar ba da agaji ta ƙasa da aka kafa don tallafawa iyaye da masu fama da cutar tsoka ta Duchenne A watan Agusta na 2014, Bonham Carter ya kasance daya daga cikin mutane 200 da suka sanya hannu kan wasika ga jaridar The Guardian wadanda ke adawa da ‘yancin Scottish a zaben raba gardama na zaben watan Satumba a kan batun A shekara ta 2016, Bonham Carter ta ce tana matukar sha'awar Birtaniya ta kasance cikin Kungiyar Tarayyar Turai dangane da batun raba gardama kan batun.
Dangantaka A shekarar 1994, Bonham Carter da Kenneth Branagh sun hadu yayin yin fim din Mary Shelley na Frankenstein Sun fara rikici ne yayin da Branagh har yanzu ta auri Emma Thompson, wanda ya sadu da shi a 1987 yayin yin fim ɗin Series Series of War kuma ya yi aure a 1989. A wannan lokacin, aikin Thompson ya yi matukar tashi, yayin da Branagh ke fafutukar ganin ya cimma nasarar babban fim dinta na farko Mary Shelley's Frankenstein Bayan lamuranta da Bonham Carter, Branagh da Thompson sun sake su a 1995. Koyaya, a cikin 1999, bayan shekaru biyar tare, Bonham Carter da Branagh su ma sun rabu. Thompson ya ci gaba da "ba mai taurin kai" ga Bonham Carter, yana kiran abin da ya gabata "jini karkashin gada." Ta ce, "Ba za ku iya riƙe abin da irin haka ba. Ba shi da ma'ana. Ban sami makamashi ba. Ni da Helena mun yi zaman lafiyarmu shekaru da shekaru da suka gabata. Ita mace ce mai ban mamaki. Thompson, Branagh, da Bonham Carter duk daga baya sunci gaba da tauraruwa tare a jerin Harry Potter, dukda cewa a cikin fina-finai daban daban. A cikin 2001, Bonham Carter ya fara dangantaka da darektan Amurka Tim Burton, wanda ta sadu da shi yayin yin fim ɗin Planet na Apes Daga baya Burton ya dauki nauyin jefa ta a cikin fina-finansa, ciki har da Big Fish, Corpse Bride, Charlie da Chocolate Factory, Sweeney Todd: Demon Barber na Fleet Street, Alice a Wonderland da Dark Shadows Bayan rabuwarsu, Bonham Carter ya ambata, "Zai iya zama da sauƙi yin aiki tare ba tare da kasancewa tare ba. Yana jifa da ni da kunya mai girma. Bonham Carter da Burton sun zauna a cikin gidajen kusa da juna a cikin Belsize Park, London. Bonham Carter ya mallaki ɗayan gidajen; Daga baya Burton ya sayi ɗayan kuma sun haɗa haɗin biyu. A cikin 2006, sun sayi Gidan Gidan Mill a Sutton Courtenay A baya an ba da ranta ne saboda kakarta, Violet Bonham Carter, kuma mallakar kakanta HH Asquith Bonham Carter da Burton suna da yara biyu tare: ɗa Billy Raymond Burton da 'yar Nell Burton. Bonham Carter ya bayyana cewa sunan 'yarsa Nell bayan duk "Helens" a cikin danginsa. Bonham Carter ya fada wa Jaridar Daily Telegraph game da gwagwarmayar da ta yi da rashin haihuwa da kuma wahalar da ta samu yayin haihuwarta. Ta lura cewa kafin ɗaukar ciki na 'yarta, ita da Burton sun yi shekaru biyu suna jariri kuma duk da cewa sun sami juna biyu ta halitta, suna yin la'akari da takin zamani A ranar 23 ga Disamba 2014, Bonham Carter da Burton sun ba da sanarwar cewa sun “rabu cikin nishaɗi” a farkon waccan shekarar. Game da rabuwa, Bonham Carter ya gaya wa Harper's Bazaar "Kowa koyaushe ya ce dole ne ku kasance da ƙarfi kuma ku kasance da madaidaicin lebe, amma yana da kyau ku zama mai rauni. Dole ne ku ɗauki matakai ƙanana, kuma wani lokacin ba za ku san inda za ku je ba saboda kun rasa kanku. Ta kara da cewa: "Tare da kisan aure, kun shiga cikin matsananciyar bakin ciki mutuwa ce ta dangantaka, don haka ya zama abin matukar tayar da hankali. Asalin ku, komai, canje-canje. An ba da rahoton cewa Bonham Carter da marubucin Norwegian Rye Dag Holmboe sun fara haɗuwa a wani bikin aure a lokacin rani na 2018 kuma sun fara dangantaka a watan Oktoba. Ma'auratan sun kiyaye dangantakar tasu ta sirri sosai kuma sun sanya jan zanen farko na farko tare tare a watan Oktoba na shekarar 2019. An san Bonham Carter saboda yanayin salon da ba a saba dashi ba da kuma yanayin salon da ya dace da shi. Vanity Fair ta rada mata suna a cikin Mafi Kyawun Gwanayen 2010 kuma Marc Jacobs ya zaɓi ta zama fuskar kamfen ɗin kaka hunturu 2011. Ta ambaci Vivienne Westwood da Marie Antoinette a matsayin babban salon tasiri.
Zuriya
Paternal Kakannin mahaifin Bonham Carter sune yan siyasan Liberal na Siriya Sir Maurice Bonham-Carter da Uwargida Violet Bonham Carter Helena ta fito daga bangaren mahaifinta daga John Bonham Carter, Member a majalisar dokoki ta Portsmouth. Babban kakanin Helena shine H. H. Asquith, Ear Earl na 1 na Oxford da Asquith da Firayim Minista na Biritaniya 1908-1916. Ita ce jikanyar Asquith, Anthony Asquith, darektan Ingilishi na fina-finai kamar Carrington VC da Muhimmancin Samun kuɗi, da kuma ɗan uwan farko na masanin tattalin arziki Adam Ridley da ɗan siyasa Jane Bonham Carter Bonham Carter babban dan uwan dan fim ne Crispin Bonham-Carter Sauran sanannen dangi sun hada da Lothian Bonham Carter, wanda ya buga wasan wasan cricket ta farko ga Hampshire, dansa, Mataimakin Admiral Sir Stuart Bonham Carter, wanda ya yi aiki a Royal Navy a yakin duniya guda biyu, da kuma madugun Ingilishi Florence Nightingale Maternal Kakanta na mahaifiya, diflomasiyyar Spain Eduardo Propper de Callejón, ta ceci dubban Yahudawa daga kisan da aka yi a yakin duniya na biyu, wanda aka amince da shi a matsayin Adali cikin Amongasashe, kuma daga baya ya karɓi ƙarfin gwiwa don Kula da lambar yabo daga Anti-Anti Kungiyar Kare Hakuri Mahaifinsa Bayahude mutumin Bohemian ne, kuma matarsa, tsohuwar Helena, Bayahude ce. Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin mai bawa mai ba da shawara a ofishin jakadancin Spain a Washington, DC Kakarta, Baroness Hélène Fould-Springer, daga zuriyar yahudawa ce Ita 'yar Baron Eugène Fould-Springer (wani dan banki dan Faransa ne daga zuriyar Efrussi da daular Fould da Marie-Cécile von Springer (wanda mahaifinsa dan asalin masana'antar masana'antar Austrian ne Baron Gustav von Springer, wanda mahaifiyarsa kuma daga Iyalin Koenigswarter Hélène Fould-Springer ya musulunta zuwa addinin Katolika bayan yakin duniya na biyu. 'Yar'uwar Hélène ita ce yar Faransawa mai ba da gudummawa Liliane de Rothschild (1916-2003), matar Baron Élie de Rothschild, na manyan dangin Rothschild (wanda ya yi aure a cikin dangin von Springer a cikin karni na 19); sar uwar Liliane, Therese Fould-Springer, mahaifiyar marubucin Burtaniya David Pryce-Jones Fina-finai
Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa Bonham Carter ya kasance mai karɓar lambar yabo ta BAFTA, kyautar Critics 'Choice Movie Award, International Emmy Award da biyu na Actan Wasan kwaikwayo na Guild Awards, har ma da karɓar ƙarin nadin lambobin yabo biyu na Academy, takwas Golden Globe Awards da uku Primimes Emmy Awards Ta ya samu wasu babbar awards kamar wani Los Angeles Film Masu Association Award da biyu National Board of Review awards.
Manazarta
Haɗin waje Helena Bonham Carter Helena Bonham Carter Helena Bonham Carter Helena Bonham Carter Helena Bonham Carter a Emmys.com Pages with unreviewed |
29818 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gidauniyar%20Adalci%20ta%20Muhalli | Gidauniyar Adalci ta Muhalli | Gidauniyar Adalci ta Muhalli (EJF), ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta (NGO) wacce Steve Trent da Juliette Williams suka kafa a cikin shekara ta 2000 wadda ke aiki dan tabbatar da duniya inda wuraren zama da mahalli na iya dorewa, kuma al'ummomin da suka dogara da su don bukatunsu na yau da kullun da kuma rayuwarsu. Yana haɓaka adalcin muhalli na duniya, wanda ya bayyana a matsayin "daidaitaccen damar samun ingantaccen yanayi mai lafiya ga kowa, a cikin duniyar da namun daji za su iya bunƙasa tare da ɗan adam." EJF tana fallasa laifukan muhalli da lalata da kuma barazanar da ke da alaƙa ga haƙƙin ɗan adam, tana ba da labarun waɗanda ke kan gaba, kuma tana ɗaukar faɗan cikin gida zuwa zuciyar gwamnatoci da kasuwanci a duk faɗin duniya don tabbatar da ɗorewar canji na duniya.
Ƙungiyar tana gudanar da bincike mai tsanani wanda ke faruwa a ƙasa da kuma a cikin teku yana kuma ba da shaida mara tabbas, cikakkun bayanai, da kuma shaidar shaidar farko waɗannan an haɗa su da dabarun dabarun da suka kai matsayi mafi girma a cikin gwamnati don tabbatar da dorewa, canji na tsari. Yawancin ayyukan EJF sun haɗa da horarwa da ba da kayan aiki ga al'ummomin da rashin adalcin muhalli ya shafa don yin bincike, yin rikodin da fallasa cin zarafi sannan kamfen yadda ya kamata don daidaito kan batutuwan. An ba da mahimmanci ga ikon fim, duka don rikodin shaidar da ba za a iya warwarewa ba na rashin adalci na muhalli da kuma haifar da saƙon yaƙin neman zaɓe mai ƙarfi wanda zai iya canza duniya.
Ayyukan EJF sun shafi manyan wuraren yaƙin neman zaɓe guda biyar: teku, yanayi, gandun daji, namun daji da nau'in halittu, da auduga.
Tarihi An kafa Gidauniyar Adalci ta Muhalli a London, UK a cikin shekara ta 2000 kuma ta zama Sadaka mai rijista a cikin Agustan shekara ta 2001 ta Steve Trent da Juliette Williams. Ƙirƙirar EJF martani ne ga wahalar ɗan adam da lalata muhalli waɗanda suka kafa ta suka shaida a cikin aikinsu na masu fafutukar kare muhalli.
Wannan gogewa ta sa duka waɗanda suka kafa biyu suka yanke shawarar cewa ainihin haƙƙin ɗan adam na mutane a cikin ƙasashe mafi talauci a duniya galibi ya dogara ne akan samun mutanen da suke samun ingantaccen muhalli don abinci, matsuguni da hanyar rayuwa.
EJF ta fara kamfen ɗinta na farko a cikin 2001: kare haƙƙin kamun kifi na al'umma a Cambodia. Sakamakon shirye-shiryen horarwa da rubuce-rubuce, an kafa cibiyar sadarwa ta ƙasa Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Kamun Kifi Tawagar Haɗin gwiwar Ayyukan Kifi, haɗin gwiwar kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ne da suka ƙunshi kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu 12, na gida da na waje, wanda aka samo asali daga Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin. An gabatar da wani rahoton yakin neman zabe mai suna Idi ko Yunwa kuma aka gabatar da shi ga masu tsara manufofi a wani taro da jakadan Birtaniya a Cambodia ya shirya, wanda ya tabbatar da cewa shi ne ya kawo wannan batu a ƙasar tare da samun goyon bayan ƙasa da ƙasa. EJF ya ci gaba da faɗaɗa aikinsa don haɗa magungunan kashe qwari, namun daji da nau'ikan halittu, fatalwar shrimp da noman shrimp, kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba, ba a ba da rahoto ba kuma ba a daidaita shi ba, samar da auduga, sauyin yanayi (tare da mai da hankali kan 'yan gudun hijirar yanayi) da dazuzzuka.
Yankunan aiki da tsarin EJF Gidauniyar Adalci ta Muhalli tana bin manufofinta ta hanyar bincike da kamfen don kare mutane, namun daji, da wuraren daji a fadin duniya, suna kawo fasahohi da sabbin abubuwa don kiyaye tekun duniya, dazuzzuka da yanayi. Yana haɗa yunƙurin tushen tushe, yin fim, da bayar da shawarwari mai inganci don samun canji. Tana aika da nata ƴan jaridu domin su bincika, rubutawa da kuma tattara rahotanni na take hakkin muhalli da na ɗan adam. Har ila yau, yana aiki a ƙasa don taimakawa wajen horar da ƙungiyoyin gida a cikin ingantattun dabarun bincike don tallata cin zarafi a yankinsu, tare da ba da gudummawar babban matakin siyasa kan waɗannan batutuwa na ƙasa da na duniya. EJF sau da yawa yana aiki tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, gwamnatocin ƙasa da ƙungiyoyi na duniya, kasuwanci da kamfanoni. Har ila yau, yana aiki tare da jakadun mashahuran don tallata kamfen ɗinsa, ciki har da majiɓintansa muhalli da mai fafutuka Tony Juniper, mai zane-zane Rachel Whiteread CBE, actress Emilia Fox, mai bincike Benedict Allen, mai yin fim din namun daji Gordon Buchanan, artist Antony Gormley, OBE, fashion designer Katherine Hamnett CBE, da kuma samfurin, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai fafutuka Lily Cole Wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel Harold Pinter, CH, CBE ya kasance Mataimaki na EJF daga 2003 zuwa 2008.
Yakin teku Fiye da kifaye da kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba na barin tekun mu a kan ƙarshen rugujewar gaba ɗaya, kuma yayin da masu aiki ke neman ƙara wawure tekun da suka gajiyar da mu, da yawa suna yin aikin bayi wanda tashin hankali ya tilastawa don rage tsada.
EJF tana aiki don kare teku, kawo karshen kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma kawar da take hakkin bil'adama da wannan haramtaccen aiki ke haddasawa. Ta yin haka EJF na nufin kare miliyoyin mutanen da suka dogara da teku da kyawawan namun daji iri-iri da ke kiranta gida.
An fara da manyan bincike kan kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba a Afirka ta Yamma, tare da rahoton da 'yan fashin teku da masu cin riba suka kaddamar a shekara ta 2005, aikin EJF a cikin teku a yanzu yana mai da hankali kan muhimman wurare bakwai.
Kawo ƙarshen annobar kamun kifi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a duniya
Binciken EJF ya haifar da matakin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba don magance kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba. Binciken da suka yi kan jiragen ruwa daga Panama, Thailand, Ghana da Koriya ta Kudu, da sauransu, sun shiga cikin tsarin 'carding' na EU don yin aiki tare da gwamnatoci don kawar da kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin jiragen ruwa sanya musu takunkumi idan ba a dauki mataki ba.
Rahotanni da bincike na EJF na baya-bayan nan sun ba da haske kan kashe-kashen dolphin a cikin jiragen ruwan kamun kifi na Taiwan, cin zarafin dan Adam a kan jiragen ruwa mallakar kasar Sin a Ghana, alakar kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba a yammacin Afirka da cin abincin teku a Turai, kuma ya haifar da sanya baki a jerin jiragen ruwa masu kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba a duniya. Yayin da kifayen ke dab da karyewa da kuma buƙatun duniya a kowane lokaci, yanzu jiragen ruwa suna ci gaba da tafiya nesa ba kusa ba galibi suna kamun kifi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a wasu yankuna na sauran ƙasashe da kuma tsayawa tsayin daka a cikin teku, don dawo da kama masu raguwa. Wannan ya haifar da ɗumbin ma’aikatan da ake fataucinsu da aka tilastawa yin aikin bauta zuwa ma’aikatan jirgin ruwa, rage farashin kamfanoni, da wadata kasuwar abincin teku a duniya da kayayyaki masu arha.
Rahoton EJF, fina-finai da bincike sun kori gwamnatoci don yin aiki da gabatar da dokoki na gaske don magance bautar zamani a teku.
Kare bambancin halittun ruwa
Yawancin halittun ruwa da na bakin teku suna gab da rugujewa: 90% na manyan kifin teku na duniya sun yi hasarar tun a shekarun 1950. EJF tana aiki don rubutawa da fallasa dabarun kamun kifin da ke lalata muhalli waɗanda ke jefa lafiyar tekunmu cikin haɗari da haramtacciyar fatauci da farautar nau'in ruwa da suka haɗa da sharks, haskoki da kunkuru waɗanda ke yin barazana ga makomar waɗannan halittu.
A Yammacin Afirka, masu sintiri na kunkuru na EJF suna tafiya a bakin rairayin bakin teku don tabbatar da cewa kunkuru na iya dawowa cikin teku lafiya. A Laberiya, EJF ta gina wata al'umma ta masu kare namun daji, kuma ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Tsarin Ayyukan Ƙasa na Laberiya don kare sharks da haskoki. A Tailandia, EJF's Net Free Seas aikin yana ɗaukar ragamar kamun kifi da aka watsar, masu halakar da namun daji, daga cikin teku da cikin tattalin arzikin madauwari, yana samar da sabbin samfura masu ɗorewa gami da kayan kariya don yaƙi da COVID-19. Tabbatar da kamun kifi mai dorewa
Tun daga shekara ta 2017, EJF ta yi aiki tare da abokin tarayya na gida Hen Mpoano don inganta rayuwar masunta da inganta wadatar abinci a fadin Ghana. Ta yi aiki tare da kusan al'ummomi 60 a fadin gundumomi 10 na Ghana ta Tsakiya da kuma a cikin Volta Estuary a wani yunƙuri na kiyaye albarkatun ruwa don na yanzu da na gaba na masunta na gida. A Yammacin Afirka, EJF yana ba wa al'ummomin gida damar su tashi tsaye kan ayyukan kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba, yana ba da shaidar da ake buƙata don gwamnati ta ɗauki mataki kan waɗannan haramtattun ayyuka. Yana tallafawa masunta na gida don fahimta da kare haƙƙinsu a cikin sarrafa kamun kifi. Yana inganta yadda ake rarraba haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka don kare wuraren saukar masunta daga cin zarafi na yawon buɗe ido da sauran ayyukan masana'antu. Tana gudanar da bincike da shawarwarin siyasa wanda ke nuna tasirin kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba da wuce gona da iri kan haƙƙin ɗan adam na asali. A ƙarshe, tana ganowa da haɓaka wasu hanyoyin rayuwa don taimakawa faɗaɗa tushen tattalin arzikin al'ummomin masunta da tallafawa dorewar kifin na Ghana na dogon lokaci.
Inganta gaskiya a cikin kamun kifi na duniya
Kamun kifi ba bisa ka’ida ba da bautar zamani suna bunƙasa a cikin inuwa, tare da guje wa binciken gwamnati, masana’antu da masu amfani da su. Don dakatar da shi, dole ne kamun kifin duniya ya zama mai haske sosai. Ka'idoji Goma na EJF don Faɗin Duniya dalla-dalla kai tsaye, matakai masu amfani waɗanda jihohi za su iya ɗauka don kawo kamun kifi cikin haske. EJF ta ba da shawarar yin amfani da waɗannan ƙa'idodin tare da gwamnatoci ɗaya da kuma cibiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa kamar Hukumar Turai.
EJF's Charter for Transparency yaƙin neman zaɓe na wayar da kan jama'a ya sami goyon bayan manyan dillalai a Burtaniya, waɗanda suka himmatu wajen samar da abinci mai ɗorewa, na gaskiya, da rahotannin sa sun wayar da kan dabarun da ma'aikatan da ba su da hankali ke amfani da su don guje wa takunkumi. don kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba.
Yakin yanayi EJF na kallon sauyin yanayi a matsayin barazana mai wanzuwa ga bil'adama. Kamar yadda yanayin zafi a duniya ya kai matakin da ba a gani ba tun lokacin da aka fara rikodin, matsanancin yanayi na ci gaba da haifar da babbar matsala kuma hauhawar farashin aiki yana barin mafi talauci da mafi rauni a duniyarmu ta fi shafa. EJF ta yi imanin cewa matsalar sauyin yanayi lamari ne da ya shafi muhalli da kuma kare hakkin dan Adam, kuma wadanda suka fara fuskantar matsalar rugujewar yanayi ya kamata a ji muryoyinsu. A cikin shekara ta 2021's COP26 a Glasgow, sun shirya abubuwan da suka faru, nune-nunen zane-zane kuma sun sadu da shugabannin siyasa don matsawa daukar matakin yanke hukunci kan rikicin yanayi. Sun goyi bayan matasa shida masu fafutukar sauyin yanayi tare da bursaries don halartar COP, suna ba su damar raba saƙonsu, kuma sun yi hira da ƙarin masu fafutukar sauyin yanayi a duniya a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin "Muryoyin da suka ɓace daga COP". Kamfen nasu na yanayi na nufin tabbatar da kariya ta ƙasa da ƙasa ga karuwar yawan 'yan gudun hijirar yanayi a duniya, da kawo ƙarshen rikice-rikicen da ke da alaƙa da sauyin yanayi, da haɓaka tattalin arziƙin duniya da ba za a iya amfani da shi ba. "Manifesto na yanayi" a cikin 2021 ya bayyana matakan da shugabannin duniya dole ne su ɗauka a yanzu don kyakkyawar makoma mai kyau, lafiya.
Gangamin gandun daji Dazuzzuka su ne mafi bambance-bambancen halittu a cikin ƙasa, gida mai kusan kashi 80% na namun daji na duniya. Kusan mutane biliyan 1.6 sun dogara kai tsaye kan dazuzzuka don rayuwarsu, abinci, matsuguni, da mai. EJF na yin kamfen don dakatar da lalatar da waɗannan mahimman wuraren zama. Mangroves suna ɗaya daga cikin mahimman wuraren zama a duniyarmu amma ana saurin shafe su. EJF ya dade yana aiki don kare mangroves. Haɗa ƙwararrun abincin teku da na gandun daji a cikin bincike mai tsanani game da barnar mangroves don noman shrimp, EJF ta kasance muryar canji tun shekara ta 2003. Da yake tattara bayanan mutanen da sare dazuzzuka ya shafa kai tsaye a Bangladesh, EJF ta gina duka shari'ar muhalli game da noman shrimp da na 'yancin ɗan adam wanda wannan masana'antar ta sanar. A cikin shekara ta 2007, EJF ya yi aiki tare da haɗin gwiwar Brazil SOS Abrolhos don samun nasarar kare yankunan bakin teku daga tsare-tsaren gonar shrimp mai girman Heathrow. A baya can, horon da suka yi don Dandalin Tsaro na Ceara Coast ya haifar da nuna fim a gidan talabijin na Brazil da kuma a taron jama'a game da bunkasa gonar shrimp.
Har ila yau, yana aiki don kare dazuzzuka na ƙasa, EJF wani ɓangare ne na ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu masu zaman kansu masu neman sauyi da kuma sa ido kan manufofi a Turai, kamar yadda 'yan majalisa suka fahimci cewa babu wani abu 'kore' game da dabino na dabino. Manufar EU na biofuels ta fara yin la'akari da hayaki da ke haifarwa sakamakon sare dazuzzuka da magudanar ruwa na halittu masu arzikin carbon. Umarnin sabunta makamashin da aka sabunta wanda Hukumar ta gabatar wa Majalisar Tarayyar Turai a cikin Maris na shekara ta 2019 ta kori dabino daga maƙasudin makamashi na EU, tare da raguwa daga shekara ta 2023 da ƙarewar ƙarshe ta 2030.
Gangamin namun daji da halittu EJF ta fara haɗin gwiwa tare da NGO Education for Nature Vietnam (ENV) a cikin shekara ta 2003 wanda aka kafa a cikin shekara ta 2000 a matsayin ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta Vietnam ta farko da ta mai da hankali kan kiyaye yanayi da namun daji, don yaƙar noma ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. EJF ya ba da rahoton cewa an yi kiyasin 4000 baƙar fata na Asiya da beyar rana ana ajiye su ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin gonakin bear na Vietnam. An fitar da berayen manya masu damfara akai-akai don amfani da su a magungunan gargajiya da tonics.
Tsakanin shekara ta 2003 da shekara ta2009, EJF ya ba ENV tare da bidiyo, kafofin watsa labaru, sadarwa da horar da shawarwari da kayan aiki. Ya taimaka wajen gudanar da bincike a asirce da jagorantar kamfen na jama'a a gidan talabijin na Vietnam, kuma ya ba da masu sarrafa kyamara da masu gyara da ƙarin horo. A cikin shekara ta 2003, EJF ta buga rahoton Cututtuka masu saurin kamuwa da cuta daga namun daji a China: Shin SARS za ta iya sake faruwa?, wanda ya gano kasuwannin namun daji na China a matsayin tushen yuwuwar kamuwa da cututtukan fata a nan gaba. Lokacin da cutar ta COVID-19 ta tabbatar da hakan a cikin shekara ta 2020, EJF ta ƙaddamar da kamfen don hana kasuwannin namun daji na kasuwanci a duk duniya, tare da sanya hannu kan takardar koke a nahiyoyi shida da sabon rahoto, Me yasa Ban Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Namun daji? Ƙuntatawa kan kasuwannin namun daji na kasuwanci yana ƙara tsananta a faɗin duniya, kuma ra'ayin jama'a ya fara juya musu baya, hatta a ƙasashen da ke da manyan kasuwannin namun daji na kasuwanci. EJF kuma yana aiki tare da masanan halittu na gida da ƴan asalin ƙasar a cikin yankin Pantanal na Brazil, gida mai mahimmanci na duniya ga manyan mayaƙa, jaguars da ƙari, suna buga rahoton Paradise Lost? dalla-dalla yadda ake kare wannan yanayin a cikin 2020.
yakin auduga EJF ya yi kamfen don rage tsadar ɗan adam da muhalli na samar da auduga, fallasa cin zarafin ɗan adam, rashin amfani da magungunan kashe qwari, karancin ruwa da yin kira ga nuna gaskiya ga sarkar. Ya yi bincike tare da fallasa ayyukan tilasta wa yara aiki da gwamnati ke yi a Uzbekistan wanda ya haifar da ci gaba nan take ga sarƙoƙin samar da kayayyaki na ƙasa da ƙasa da manufofin dillalai. Fim ɗin lambar yabo ta EJF da rahoton White Gold, wanda ke rufe haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin masana'antar auduga ta Uzbek, an sake shi a cikin shekara ta 2005, tare da yaƙin neman zaɓe na duniya kan "Gaskiya Kudin Cotton" a cikin haka shekara. An rufe wannan a BBC Newsnight, kuma manyan dillalai Marks da Spencer da Tesco nan da nan suka jefar da audugar Uzbek sakamakon haka. Hakanan a cikin shekara ta 2006, EJF ya ƙaddamar da Just For, yana siyar da kayan auduga da aka ƙera cikin ɗabi'a tare da haɗin gwiwar manyan masu zanen kaya. Gwamnatin Uzbekistan ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin aiki da yara a cikin shekara ta 2008 sakamakon kai tsaye sakamakon matsin lamba na EJF, da EJF na yaƙin auduga na duniya ya ci gaba da yin rahotanni kan rawar da masana'antar sutura ke takawa wajen haifar da canjin yanayi, kamar 2020's Moral Fibre.
Kamfen na maganin kashe kwari Ɗaya daga cikin shirye-shiryen farko na EJF shine yaƙin neman zaɓe na ƙasa kuma a ƙarshe hana duniya akan ƙira da amfani da endosulfan maganin kashe qwari. Wanda Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka ta keɓe a matsayin abu mai 'matuƙar haɗari', endosulfan an kwatanta shi da DDT a cikin yuwuwar cutar da muhalli, kuma yana da haɗari sosai ga ɗan adam. EJF ta fara tattara bayanan amfani da endosulfan a cikin Cambodia a cikin shekara ta 2002 kuma ta buga rahoton da ake kira Mutuwa a cikin ƙananan allurai a wannan shekarar. Yin aiki tare da CEDAC (Centre d'Etude et de Développement Agricole Cambodgien), wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta Cambodia, EJF ta rubuta yawan amfani da endosulfan ta manoman Cambodia kuma an rubuta matsalolin tsaro da yawa, gami da rashin kayan kariya da fallasa yara, gidaje, dabbobi da dangi. amfanin gona na abinci.
An yi amfani da ɗan taƙaitaccen taƙaitaccen bayani mai taken Ƙarshen Hanya don Endosulfan don shawo kan Ministan Muhalli na Kambodiya don hana endosulfan a cikin ƙasar. Daga baya an kawo wannan taƙaitaccen bayani a cikin shawarar Tarayyar Turai ta 2008 don haɗa endosulfan a cikin Maƙallan Yarjejeniyar Stockholm.
A cikin shekara ta 2011, EJF ya sanar a kan shafin yanar gizon su cewa yana "muna farin cikin sanar da cewa, bayan nazari da muhawara mai zurfi, mun kai ƙarshen hanya don maganin ƙwayoyin cuta na endosulfan" biyo bayan labarai cewa ranar Juma'a 29 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta, 2011, Wakilan kasa a taron jam'iyyu karo na biyar (COP5) sun amince da a jera endosulfan karkashin Annex A na yarjejeniyar Stockholm kan gurbatar gurbatar yanayi (POPs).
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Muhalli
Gine-gine
Daji
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
50941 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe%20Pele | Abe Pele | b eɪdi ə j ə-BAY -dee ə- YOO an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1964), wanda aka fi sani da suna Abedi Pele, tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Ghana wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari kuma wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin kyaftin din tawagar Ghana Ana yi masa kallon daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan kwallon kafa na Afirka a kowane lokaci. Ya kuma taka leda a kungiyoyi da dama na Turai kuma ya sami sunansa a Ligue 1 na Faransa tare da Lille da Marseille, na karshen inda ya lashe gasar zakarun Turai na UEFA a 1993, a tsakanin sauran sunayen sarauta. Ana yi masa kallon daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan zamaninsa.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Abedi Ayew a cikin iyali a garin Kibi kuma ya girma a garin Dome da ke wajen arewacin birnin Accra Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Ghana a Tamale. An ba shi lakabin "Pelé" saboda ikonsa a kwallon kafa, wanda ya haifar da kwatancen da dan wasan Brazil Pelé Aikin kulob Ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasan Afirka na farko da suka taka rawar gani a wasan kwallon kafa na Turai. Aikin makiyaya na Abedi Pelé ya fara da Real Tamale United a Ghana a 1978. Ya bar Ghana ne bayan kammala gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka a shekarar 1982 inda ya koma kungiyar Al Sadd da ke Qatar kan kudi dala 1,000. Bayan ɗan lokaci tare da FC Zürich, ya koma Ghana amma, bayan da Kotoko da Hearts of Oak suka kasa sanya hannu a kansa, ya koma AS Dragons FC de l'Ouémé a Benin. Daga baya zai koma Ghana ya bugawa Real Tamale United kakar wasa daya. Ya fara aikinsa a Turai tare da Chamois Niort na Faransa, daga baya ya koma Marseille kafin ya koma Lille a matsayin aro.
A matakin kulob din, ya kasance jigo a yadda Marseille ta mamaye gasar Faransa, wanda ya haifar da gasar zakarun lig hudu da na gasar cin kofin Turai biyu. A Marseille, ya kasance memba na "Magical Trio" na tawagar tare da Jean-Pierre Papin da Chris Waddle, wanda ke jagorantar watakila mafi karfi na Turai a farkon 1990s, ciki har da cin kofin Turai na karshe a 1991 Abedi shi ne kawai sauran memba na uku har yanzu tare da gefen lokacin da Marseille ci Milan a 1993 Champions League karshe a Munich Daga baya ya koma Lyon bayan aronsa a Lille. Ya kuma taka leda a Torino na Italiya kuma ya kammala aikinsa na Turai tare da Munich 1860 Abedi Pele ya ci gaba da rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da kungiyar Al Ain a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa kuma an zabi shi daya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan kasashen waje da ke taka leda a gasar UAE.
Ayyukan kasa da kasa Abedi Pele ya bugawa Ghana wasa sau 73. Har zuwa 7 Yuni 2013, lokacin da Asamoah Gyan ya zarce shi, ya kasance babban dan wasan Black Stars da kwallaye 33. Ya kasance dan wasa a gasar cin kofin Afrika na shekarun 1980 da 1990 tare da tawagar kasarsa, kuma memba a tawagar Ghana da ta yi nasara a gasar cin kofin Afrika a 1982, amma bai taba samun damar buga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ba, kamar yadda Black Stars ya kasa samun tikitin shiga gasar a lokacin rayuwarsa. Duk da haka, za a iya cewa shi ne ya fi kowa rinjaye a fagen kwallon kafa na Afirka kusan shekaru goma. Yawan wasan da ya yi a gasar cin kofin Afrika na 1992 ana yawan ambatonsa a matsayin daya daga cikin fitattun wasannin kwallon kafa da kowane dan wasa ya nuna a gasar guda daya. Kasarsa ta Ghana ta kai wasan karshe a gasar cin kofin a waccan shekarar, sai dai ta sha kashi a bugun fenariti a wasan karshe a hannun Ivory Coast bayan an dakatar da Abedi saboda katin gargadi da ya samu a wasan kusa da na karshe da Najeriya Kafin hakan, kwallaye ukun da ya zura a ragar Zambia da Congo da Najeriya sun taka rawar gani wajen ganin Ghana ta kai wasan karshe na CAN a karo na bakwai kuma wasan karshe na farko cikin shekaru goma. Wasan ya ba shi ƙarin laƙabi na Maradona na Afirka". Ana yawan kwatanta kwallon da ya zura a ragar Congo a wasan daf da na kusa da karshe zuwa raga na biyu Maradona a kan Ingila a gasar cin kofin duniya 1986 Ya kasance kyaftin kuma ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasan kwallon kafa na Afirka na farko da suka sami matsayi na farko a FIFA World Player of the Year a zaben 1991 da 1992. Ya lashe kyautar gwarzon dan wasan kwallon kafar Faransa sau uku, shi ne wanda ya lashe kyautar gwarzon dan wasan Afrika na BBC a shekarar 1992, da kuma kyautar da hukumar kwallon kafar Afirka ta ba ta sau biyu. An kuma ba shi lambar yabo ta kwallon zinare saboda kasancewarsa mafi kyawun dan wasa a gasar cin kofin Afirka ta 1992, kuma shi ne "mutumin da ya taka rawar gani" a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai da Marseille ta doke Milan a 1993.
Abedi ne ke rike da tarihin mafi yawan fitowa a Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Duniya. Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar cin kofin kasashen Afrika karo na 13 da aka yi a Libya a shekarar 1982 da kuma shekaru 16 masu zuwa (wanda ya kare a wasan karshe na 21 a Burkina Faso) ya ci gaba da bayyana a gasar kwallon kafa, inda ya fara zama memba a tawagar Ghana da ya tashi ya zama kyaftin. a shekarar 1991. Baya ga cin zarafi da ya yi a gasar ta 1992, Abedi ya kuma samu yabo sosai saboda kwallaye uku da ya ci a gasar a shekarar 1996, inda ya jagoranci Ghana zuwa wasan dab da na kusa da karshe a gasar duk da masu suka suna kyautata zaton zai kasance cikin magriba.
Bayan ritaya Ayew ya halarci wasannin sadaka da FIFA ta shirya fiye da kowane dan wasan Afirka. Abedi Pele memba ne a kwamitin kwallon kafa na FIFA, kuma na kwamitin matsayin 'yan wasa na FIFA da CAF. Hakan ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa hukumar kwallon kafa ta Afrika ta Kudu ta sanya shi a matsayin kakakin gasar cin kofin duniya na 2006.
Domin nuna godiya ga ayyukan ibada da Abedi ke yi wa kasar, gwamnatin Ghana ta ba shi lambar yabo mafi girma a kasar, Order of Volta (civil division). Ta haka ne ya zama dan wasan Ghana na farko da aka karrama shi.
CAF-UEFA All Star Daga cikin lambobin yabo na kasa da kasa, an sanya shi sau da yawa a cikin zabukan FIFA "All-Star" kuma ya zama kyaftin din 'yan wasan Afirka a nasarar da suka samu kan takwarorinsu na Turai a gasar cin kofin Meridian na 1997 A ranar 29 ga Janairun 1997, an buga wasan farko na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai da CAF na gasar cin kofin Meridian tsakanin Turai da Afirka a Benfica 's Estádio da Luz a Lisbon kuma an watsa shi a cikin kasashe 100 na duniya, ciki har da 30 a Afirka, don masu sauraro miliyan 60. masu kallo. Abedi Pele ne ya zura kwallo a farkon wasan, bayan da Vincent Guérin ya rama wa Turai daf da za a tafi hutun rabin lokaci, shi ne Gwarzon dan wasan Afirka na shekarar 1998, Mustapha Hadji, wanda ya ci wa Afirka tamaula a minti na 78 da ci 2-1. nasara A cikin 2001, an canza tsarin gasar cin Kofin All-Star Cup na UEFA–CAF a karo na biyu don haɗa 'yan wasa masu shekaru tsakanin 35 zuwa 45 waɗanda a yanzu suna farin ciki da matsayinsu na 'tsohuwar' kuma suna buga wasan don jin daɗi kawai. Tawagar ta haifar da tunanin manyan lokutan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a matakin kulob da na duniya
Jakadan kwallon kafa A watan Yunin 2001 ne gwamnatin Ghana mai ci ta tsayar da shi don ya zama shugaban hukumar ta FA, wata dama da daga baya ya yi watsi da wani gogaggen tsohon kocin Ghana wanda a nasa kalaman ya ce wannan wata dama ce. don koyi da manyansa.
A halin yanzu yana da kulob na rukuni na farko, wanda ake kira Nania, tare da fatan nan gaba na horar da matasa masu basira don haɓaka ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar. Ya kuma kasance yana gudanar da ayyukan agaji daban-daban a fadin nahiyar Afirka.
Rigima A kwanakin baya dai Abedi Pele ya shiga cikin wata mummunar badakalar badakalar cin hancin shiga gasar Premier League ta biyu wadda hukumar kwallon kafar Ghana ta same shi da wasu da laifi. Hukuncin da aka yanke ya jawo tara da dakatar da Abedi da sauran su, amma kwamitin daukaka kara na hukumar kwallon kafar ya soke su bayan da ya tabbatar da cewa an samu kura-kurai a hukuncin farko na hukumar kwallon Ghana. Zargin ya samo asali ne daga nasara mai ban mamaki 31–0 da kulob dinsa, Nania FC ya yi a kan kungiyar Okwawu United da ake girmamawa sosai. Hakazalika sakamakon 28–0 an yi rikodin shi a wani wasan rukuni na biyu da aka buga tsakanin Great Mariners da Tudu Mighty Jets a karshen mako. An kuma bincika kungiyoyin da ke da hannu a waccan wasan Promotion Play-off Zone III kuma an yi musu hukunci mai tsauri da kuma ragi. Duk da cewa ya yi kakkausar suka, Abedi ya fuskanci tsangwama daga wasu yan jaridun Ghana, wadanda ke neman a dauki tsauraran matakai a kansa, daga hukumar kwallon kafar Ghana da kuma tsarin shari'a. Matarsa Maha Ayew ta kasance a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba 2008 an dakatar da shi daga wasan kwallon kafa a kan wannan Scandal na Manipulations. Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun |
22401 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gidauniyar%20Kare%20Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20%C6%8Aan%20Adam | Gidauniyar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam | Gidauniyar Kare Haƙƙiin Dan'Adam (HRF) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke bayyana kanta a matsayin haɓaka da kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam a duniya, tare da mai da hankali kan al'ummomin da ke rufe. HRF ta shirya taron Oslo Freedom Forum Gidauniyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam an kafa ta a shekara ta 2005 daga Thor Halvorssen Mendoza, furodusa a Venezuela kuma mai rajin kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam. Shugaban da ke shugaban a yanzu shine tsoffin daraktan dara na Rasha Garry Kasparov, kuma Javier El-Hage shine babban jami'in shari'a na yanzu. Babban ofishin kafuwar yana cikin Birnin New York.
Ƙungiya Manufar HRF ita ce "haɗa kan mutane a cikin abu ɗaya na kare haƙƙin bil'adama da inganta dimokiradiyya mai sassauci, don tabbatar da cewa 'yanci an kiyaye tare da inganta shi". Shafin yanar gizo na HRF ya bayyana cewa yana aiki da ma'anar 'yancin dan adam kamar yadda yake a cikin Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa ta' Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa a shekarar (1976), tana mai imanin cewa dukkan mutane suna da 'yancin yin magana da yardar kaina yancin yin ibada kamar yadda suke zabi, da dama da yardar kaina shirki, game da wadanda na kama da hankali, da dama don saya da kuma zubar da dukiya, da hakkin ya fita da shiga kasar su, da hakkin su sami kimar magani da kuma saboda aiwatar a karkashin dokar, na da hakkin ya sami damar shiga a gwamnatin kasar su, 'yanci daga sabani detainment ko gudun hijira yanci daga bauta ya kuma azabtarwa, da kuma 'yanci daga tsangwama da kuma kama-karya a cikin al'amura na sanin yakamata A cewar New York Times, HRF "ta taimaka wa masu fafutukar fasa kwauri daga ƙasashen da ake danniya, ta samar wa da dama hanyoyin da suka dace da kuma hada wasu da manyan masu kudi da masu fasaha". Majalisar a yanzu haka tana karkashin jagorancin darakta Grandmaster Garry Kasparov Kudade A cewar bayanan kudi a shafinta na yanar gizo, masu ba da gudummawar na HRF sun hada da DNC Treasurer Andrew Tobias, dan wasan kwaikwayo Kelsey Grammer, mai rajin kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam Bill Browder, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Anne Archer, Harvard Farfesa Steven Pinker, wanda ya kirkiro Blockhain Brock Pierce, dan wasan kwaikwayo Gary Sinise, Craigslist wanda ya kirkiro Craig Newmark, fasaha mai saka jari Peter Thiel, da mai tsara zane Zang Toi HRF ta kuma sami kudade daga tushe da yawa wadanda suka hada da Arcus Foundation, da Greater New Orleans Foundation, da Lynde da Harry Bradley Foundation, da Community Foundation of Wyoming, da Combined Federal Campaign, da Sarah Scaife Foundation, Foundation for Democracy in Russia, da John Templeton Foundation, da Roger Firestone Foundation, da kuma Vanguard Charitable Endowment. Maras farko tushen da ake bukata HRF kuma goyan bayan da Brin Wojcicki Foundation, wanda aka halitta da Google co-kafa Sergey Brin da kuma fasahar binciken halittu Analyst Anne Wojcicki.
Dandalin 'Yanci na Oslo Taron Oslo Freedom Forum taron shekara-shekara ne na HRF a Oslo, Norway, wanda ke tallafawa da cibiyoyin bayar da tallafi da yawa a Scandinavia da Amurka ta hanyar HRF. Masu ba da gudummawar sun hada da Fritt Ord, da garin Oslo, da Gidauniyar Thiel, da kwamitin Helsinki na kasar Norway, da Ma’aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Royal Norwegian, da Amnesty International Norway, da Plan Norway, da Brin Wojcicki Foundation, da Human Rights House Foundation, da Ny Tid. Isungiyar ta bayar da kuɗaɗen kuɗi daga ɓangaren karamar hukumar Oslo, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Norway, da Gidauniyar Fritt ord.
Zaɓen Memba na Majalisar Ƴan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2012 da Shekara ta 2013, HRF sun dauki nauyin wani biki a hedkwatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke New York tare da kungiyar da ke Geneva mai suna UN Watch. Abubuwan da suka faru sun mai da hankali ne kan wayar da kan jama'a game da zaben gwanayen kama-karya da gwamnatocin kama-karya a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 'Yancin Dan Adam. HRF ta kawo masu rajin kare hakkin dan adam daga kasashe daban-daban don bayar da shaida game da cin zarafin da gwamnatocin ƙasashensu suka yi.
Ra'ayoyin jama'a da suka HRF ta soki lamirin daidai da tsarin mulkin kama karya na Chile na Pinochet da na kama-karya na Cuba na Fidel Castro, duk da cewa na farkon ya ba wa 'yan ƙasa' yanci na tattalin arziki fiye da na ƙarshen. HRF ta soki lamirin daidai da mulkin kama karya na kasar Sin na Deng Xiaoping (da magadanta na yanzu) da mulkin kama-karya na Mao Tse Dong, duk da cewa na farkon ya ba da 'yan kasarsa' yanci na tattalin arziki kuma ya ba wa Sinawa miliyan 140 damar tserewa talauci cikin kasa da ashirin shekaru, yayin da 'yan shekaru kafin wannan miliyoyin suka mutu saboda yunwa sakamakon Mao's Great Leap Forward HRF ya soki kamar yadda ya nuna adawa da ikon mulkin mallaka a cikin Malaysia da Singapore, da kuma ikon takara a Burma da Venezuela, duk da cewa na farko biyu sun sami nasara wajen inganta saka hannun jari na ƙasa da ƙasa, haɓaka tattalin arziki, kuma hakan, ya ba da damar yin aiki kyauta na tsarin farashin, sabanin na baya.
Conferences and events A cikin shekarar 2014, HRF ta karbi bakuncin Hack Koriya ta Arewa, taron masana fasaha na Bay Area, masu zuba jari, injiniyoyi, masu zanen kaya, masu fafutuka da masu sauya sheka na Koriya ta Arewa wanda ke da nufin haifar da sabbin dabaru don samun bayanai cikin Koriya ta Arewa.
Dandalin 'Yancin Kwalejin Dandalin 'Yancin Kwaleji (CFF) jerin abubuwa ne na kwana ɗaya da aka tsara don ilmantar da fadakar gda ɗalibai game da haƙƙin ɗaiɗai da dimokuradiyya a duniya. Kowane CFF yana fasalta gabatarwa da dama ga ɗalibai da membobinn masu sauraro don yin hulɗa tare da masu mmagana ɗaya-ɗayan kuma yayin zaman tambaya da amsa.
Zaben Membobin Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniyaa A cikin watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2012 da shekarar ta 2013, HRF ta shirya wani taron a hedkwatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a New York tare da kungiyar UN Watch mai tushe a Geneva. Abubuwan da suka faru sun mayar da hankali ne kan wayar da kan jama'a game da zaɓen gwamnatocin masu fafutuka da masu cikakken iko ga kwamitin kare hakkin ɗan adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. HRF ta kawo masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama daga kasashe daban-dabann don ba da shaida kan cin zarafin da gwamnatocin su ke yi. A cikin watan Mayu na shekarar 2009, tare da goyon baya daga birnin Oslo da John Templeton Foundation, HRF ta shirya taron 'Yanci na Oslo A yayin taron, dimokuradiyyaa da masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama suna ba da labaransu tare da bayyanaa ra'ayoyinsu game da 'yancin ɗan adam a duniya. A cikin watan Oktoba na shekarar 2012 Gidauniyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta karbi bakuncin taron 'Yanci na San Francisco na farko, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "haɗin kai na musamman na muryoyin 'yanci." Aung San Suu Kyi wadda ta lashe lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel, a balaguron farko da ta yi zuwa Amurka tun shekarar 1971, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Václav Havel don ƙin ƙirƙira A cikin watan Nuwamba shekarar 2014, Oslo Freedom Forum ya tsara wani zama a taron Sime MIA a Miami. Taron ya samu halartar shugaban HRF Thor Halvorssen, da nɗan wasan kwaikwayo ɗan ƙasar Jordan Suleiman Bakhit, da Yeonmi Park ɗan gudun hijira na Koriya ta Arewa.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Yanar gizo na ƙungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam
Ƴancin muhalli
Ƴancin ɗan adam
Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki
Pages with unreviewed |
30808 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerin%20%C6%98ungiyoyin%20da%20ke%20Ya%C6%99i%20da%20Safarar%20mutane | Jerin Ƙungiyoyin da ke Yaƙi da Safarar mutane | Wannan jerin ƙungiyoyi ne masu mahimmanci, ko mahimmanci, sadaukarwa don kawo ƙarshen fataucin mutane Su ne kamar haka:
Jerin 8th Day Center for Justice, a Roman Catholic organization based in Chicago, Illinois
A21 Campaign, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit, non-governmental organization that works to fight human trafficking
ACT Alberta, a Canadian coalition of Government of Alberta representatives, non-governmental organizations, community organisations, and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police
After Exploitation, a nonprofit organisation tracking hidden evidence on the mistreatment of slavery survivors based in the UK
Agape International Missions, a nonprofit organization in Cambodia
Anti-Slavery International, works at local, national and international levels to eliminate all forms of slavery around the world
Arizona League to End Regional Trafficking, a coalition representing partnerships with law enforcement, faith-based communities, nonprofit organizations, social service agencies, attorneys and concerned citizens
Awareness Against Human Trafficking (HAART), a non-governmental organization fighting against human trafficking in Kenya
A Better World, based in Lacombe, Alberta, Canada
British Red Cross, the United Kingdom body of the worldwide neutral and impartial humanitarian network
California Against Slavery, a human rights organization directed at strengthening California state laws to protect victims of sex trafficking
Chab Dai, a coalition founded by Helen Sworn that connects Christian organizations committed to ending sexual abuse and trafficking
Challenging Heights, a grassroots, survivor-led NGO dedicated to ending child trafficking, reducing child slavery, and promoting children's rights in Ghana]
Coalition Against Trafficking in Women, an international non-governmental organization opposing human trafficking, prostitution, and other forms of commercial sex
Coalition to Abolish Slavery and Trafficking, a nonprofit Los Angeles-based anti-human trafficking organization
DeliverFund, a nonprofit intelligence organization that leverages cutting-edge technology in the fight against human trafficking in the US.
Devatop Centre for Africa Development, a nonprofit organization in Nigeria with focus on combating human trafficking, gender-based violence, and child abuse; and providing educational support to vulnerable children
Development and Education Programme for Daughters and Communities Centre in the Greater Mekong Subregion (DEPDC/GMS), a non-profit NGO based in Chiang Rai Province, Northern Thailand, that works to prevent and protect children and youth from being trafficked into exploitative labor conditions
Durbar Mahila Samanwaya Committee, a collective of 65,000 sex workers in West Bengal
ECPAT, an international non-governmental organisation and network headquartered in Thailand which is designed to end the commercial sexual exploitation of children
EVE, an advocacy group based in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
The Exodus Road, a non-profit coalition of organizations specialized in the intervention component of human trafficking, training and funding partnerships with local authorities to actively rescue people trapped in human trafficking in India, southeast Asia, and the United States
Face to Face Bulgaria, an organization whose primary mission is to prevent cases of forced prostitution and human trafficking in Bulgaria
Free the Slaves, dedicated to ending slavery worldwide
Freeset, whose primary mission is to provide sustainable employment and economic empowerment to victims of sex trafficking in South Asia
GABRIELA, a leftist Filipino organization that advocates for women's issues
Girls Educational and Mentoring Services, a nonprofit organization that provides services to commercially sexually exploited and domestically trafficked girls and young women, based in Harlem, New York
Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women, a network of more than 100 non-governmental organisations from all regions of the world, who share a deep concern for the women, children and men whose human rights have been violated by the criminal practice of trafficking in persons
Global Centurion, an anti-trafficking organization fighting human trafficking by focusing on demand, based in Washington, D.C., United States
Hope for Justice, which identifies and rescues victims, advocates on their behalf, provides restorative care which rebuilds lives and trains frontline professionals to tackle slavery
Ing Makababaying Aksyon, a feminist service institution that seeks to empower women and work for a society that genuinely recognises and upholds women's rights
International Justice Mission, a U.S.-based non-profit human rights organization that operates in countries all over the world to rescue victims of individual human rights abuse
Love Justice International, a Christian nonprofit organization dedicated to helping orphaned and abandoned children and fighting sex trafficking in South Asia
Love146, works to end child trafficking and exploitation through prevention education and survivor care.
Maiti Nepal, a nonprofit organization in Nepal dedicated to helping victims of sex trafficking
Mongolian Gender Equality Center, a non-governmental organization based in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
NASHI, a Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada-based organisation that opposes human trafficking by raising awareness through education
Office to Combat Trafficking in Persons, a government agency responsible for coordinating efforts to address human trafficking in British Columbia, Canada
Operation Underground Railroad
Physicians for Human Rights
Polaris, a nonprofit, non-governmental organization that works to combat and prevent modern day slavery and human trafficking
PREDA Foundation, a charitable organization that was founded in Olongapo City, Philippines, in 1974
Prerana, a non-governmental organization (NGO) that works in the red-light districts of Mumbai, India, to protect children vulnerable to commercial sexual exploitation and trafficking. The organization runs three night care centers for children at risk, as well as shelter homes and a residential training center for girls rescued from the trafficking trade.
Ratanak International, an organisation that rescues children from sexual slavery and then provides them with education, rehabilitation, and safety
Reaching Out Romania, a non-governmental charitable organization in Romania that helps girls ages 13 to 22 exit the sex industry
Redlight Children Campaign, a nonprofit organization created by New York lawyer and president of Priority Films Guy Jacobson and Israeli actress Adi Ezroni in 2002 to combat worldwide child sexual exploitation and human trafficking
Renew Foundation, a Christian nonprofit non-government organization in the Philippines dedicated to empowering female survivors of human trafficking and prostitution in the Philippines
Ricky Martin Foundation, an organization with the mission to advocate for the well-being of children around the world
Ride for Refuge, a cycling event that raises awareness and funds for displaced persons, including human trafficking victims
Run for Courage, a nonprofit organization that combats human trafficking
Shared Hope International, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization which exists to rescue and restore women and children in crisis
Slavery Footprint, a nonprofit organization based in Oakland, California, that works to end human trafficking and modern-day slavery
Stop Child Trafficking Now, an organization founded by Lynette Lewis, an author and public speaker
Stop the Traffik, a campaign coalition which aims to bring an end to human trafficking worldwide
Third World Movement Against the Exploitation of Women, an organization directed towards the liberation of women from all kinds of oppression and exploitation based on sex, race or class
Thorn, aka Digital Defenders of Children; Ashton Kutcher's organization driving tech innovation to fight child trafficking and the sexual exploitation of children
Truckers Against Trafficking, a nonprofit organization that trains truck drivers to recognize and report instances of human trafficking
Unlikely Heroes, a nonprofit that rescues and restores child victims of slavery worldwide and places them in their seven safe homes in the Philippines, Thailand, Mexico, and the United States
Vital Voices, an international, nonprofit, non-governmental organization that works with women leaders in the areas of economic empowerment, women's political participation, and human rights
Voice of the Free, a nonprofit, non-stock and tax-exempt non-government organization in the Philippines established in 1991
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Jerin ƙungiyoyin Kanada ta hanyar gwamnatin British Columbia
Ƙungiyoyi
Ƙungiyoyin kare hakki
Ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin |
16496 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majalisar%20don%20Nazarin%20Kimiyya%20da%20Masana%27antu%20-%20Ghana | Majalisar don Nazarin Kimiyya da Masana'antu - Ghana | Majalisar don Nazarin Kimiyya da Masana'antu (CSIR) an kafa ta ne ta hanyar NLC Decree 293 na 10 ga Oktoba 10, 1968 wanda NLCD 329 ta 1969 ta gyara, kuma aka sake kafa ta a cikin ta ta yanzu ta Dokar CSIR 521 a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, 1996. Tunanin farko na Majalisar, ya samo asali ne daga tsohuwar Majalisar Bincike ta Kasa (NRC), wacce gwamnati ta kafa a watan Agusta 1958 don tsarawa da daidaita binciken kimiyya a Ghana. A cikin 1963, NRC ta haɗu da tsohuwar Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ghana, ƙungiyar ilmantarwa ta doka. Bayan wani bita da aka yi a cikin 1966, aka sake kirkiro da kwalejin a cikin, a zahiri, gaɓaɓɓun ɓangarorinta na asali, wato ƙungiyar bincike ta ƙasa ta sake fasalin CSIR da learnedungiyar Ilimin da aka ƙaddara, aka ƙaddamar da Makarantar Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Ghana.
Abubuwan da ke cikin Dokar 1996 ita ce girmamawar da aka ba kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, da kuma gabatar da ka'idojin kasuwa cikin ayyukan Majalisar ta hanyar kasuwancin bincike. Dangane da wannan, ana sa ran Majalisar za ta samar da wani bangare na kudin shigar ta ta hanyar sayar da kayayyaki da aiyukanta, da kuma kafa tsarin binciken kwangila.
Nauyi An ba CSIR izinin aiwatar da waɗannan ayyuka tsakanin wasu:
Don bin aiwatar da manufofin gwamnati kan binciken kimiyya da ci gaba;
Don ba da shawara ga Ministan bangaren kan ci gaban kimiyya da kere-kere da ke iya zama masu mahimmanci ga ci gaban kasa;
Don ƙarfafa aikin haɗin gwiwar bincike na kimiyya don gudanarwa, amfani da kiyaye albarkatun ƙasa na Ghana don sha'awar ci gaba;
Don ƙarfafa sha'awar ƙasa da binciken kimiyya da masana'antu game da mahimmancin ci gaban noma, kiwon lafiya, magani, muhalli, fasaha da sauran bangarorin sabis kuma don wannan don karfafa alaƙar kut da kut da sassan tattalin arziki masu fa'ida;
Don daidaita dukkan bangarorin binciken kimiyya a cikin kasar da kuma tabbatar da cewa Majalisar, cibiyoyin bincike na Majalisar da sauran kungiyoyin da ke gudanar da bincike a Ghana, hada kai da hadin kai a kokarin binciken su;
Don gudanar da iko akan cibiyoyin bincike da ayyukan majalisar kuma samun iko bayan tuntuɓar Ministan don ƙirƙira, sake ginawa, haɗewa ko soke kowace cibiyar, cibiya, yanki ko aikin majalisar;
Don yin bita, sa ido da kuma kimanta ayyukan cibiyoyin da Majalisar ke gudanarwa lokaci zuwa lokaci domin tabbatar da cewa binciken da cibiyar ke gudanarwa kai tsaye zai amfani bangarorin da aka gano na tattalin arziki kuma yana cikin manyan abubuwan da suka shafi kasa;
Instirƙirar tsarin bincike na kwangila don tabbatar da cewa binciken da ake gudanarwa a cikin Majalisar ya dace kuma yana da tasiri;
Don ƙarfafawa da haɓaka kasuwancin sakamakon bincike;
Don aiwatarwa ko haɗin gwiwa a cikin tattarawa, bugawa da watsa sakamakon bincike da sauran bayanan fasaha masu amfani;
Don tsarawa da sarrafa ayyuka da kayan aiki da Majalisar ke samu da kuma gaba ɗaya don kula da kaddarorin Majalisar;
Don daidaita ci gaban ma'aikata a cibiyoyin Majalisar tare da karfafa horar da ma'aikatan kimiyya da ma'aikatan bincike ta hanyar bayar da tallafi da kawance;
Don yin aiki tare da yin hulɗa tare da ƙungiyoyi da ƙungiyoyi na ƙasa da ƙasa, musamman, Jami'o'in da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu kan al'amuran bincike; kuma
Don aiwatar da wasu ayyukan kamar yadda Ministan zai iya yanke hukunci.
Gani Amfani da ikon canza S T don ƙirƙirar arziki.
Ofishin Jakadancin CSIR ita ce za ta zama karfi don bunkasa ci gaban zamantakewar al'umma da cigaban tattalin arzikin Ghana ta hanyar nazari, bincike da kirkirar hanyoyin Kimiyya da Fasaha don kirkirar arzikin jama'a da masu zaman kansu.
Yankunan Jigogi na Bincike Majalisar don Nazarin Kimiyya da Masana'antu (CSIR) tana da bangarori guda bakwai masu taken; wato Kimiyya da Mutane, Kayan lantarki da ICT, Biomedical da Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a, Makamashi da Man Fetur, Kirkirar Kayan Kimiyyar Kimiyya, Canjin Yanayi Kare muhalli Fasaha da Tsaron Abinci da Rage Talauci.
Tsarin da Kungiya Majalisar
Majalisar Dokokin da aka kafa ta shugabanci da mambobi 20. Su/waɗannan sun haɗa da wakilan zaɓaɓɓun ma'aikatun (Abinci da Noma), Kiwon lafiya, Kasuwanci da Masana'antu, Muhalli, Ilimi, Kimiyya da Fasaha, Ma'aikatar Muhalli, Kimiyya, Fasaha da Bid'a Jami'o'in, nau'ikan samarwa da kungiyoyin kasuwanci (Ma'adinai, Masana'antu, Kasuwanci, Injiniyoyi), Kwalejin Arts da Kimiyya ta Ghana, Hukumar Shirye-shiryen Ci Gaban Kasa, Daraktocin CSIR, Manyan Ma’aikatan CSIR, da sauransu. Dokar CSIR ta bukaci kashi 40 cikin 100 na membobin Majalisar su fito daga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.
Majalisar ta ba da amsa ga Ministan Muhalli, Kimiyya da Fasaha (MEST).
Director-General
Darakta-Janar shi ne Babban Jami'in CSIR. Ayyukan Babban Darakta sun haɗa da: batutuwan siyasa; aiki tare; saka idanu kimantawa; dangantakar waje tare da makircin taimakon fasaha da yarjejeniyar fasaha; neman 'yanci da bayar da shawarwari da kuma alakar CSIR.
Mataimakin Darakta-Janar
Mataimakin Darakta-Janar yana da alhakin Darakta-Janar don kula da ci gaba da aiwatar da ayyukan bincike da ci gaba na cibiyoyi goma sha uku (13) na CSIR da kuma shirye-shirye da ayyukan Majalisar; yana taimaka wa Darakta-Janar wajen tsara abubuwan fifiko na Majalisar dangane da manufofin Gwamnati da ayyukan Darakta Janar a lokacin da ba ya nan.
Daraktan Gudanarwa
Daraktan Gudanarwa yana da alhakin Darakta-Janar don kulawa gudanarwa na yau da kullun na Babban Ofishin gami da ba da izinin kashe kuɗaɗen gudanarwa gudanar da biyan kuɗi; Al'amuran majalisar sun hada da sakatariyar karamar hukuma; kula da albarkatun mutane na CSIR; Sadar da manufofi zuwa Cibiyoyi; da kuma lura da aiwatar da manufofin.
Daraktan Kudi
Daraktan Kudi shi ne zai ba Darakta Janar shawara a kan dukkan al’amuran da suka shafi Kudi da Lissafi; don ba da shawara ga Daraktocin Makarantun Majalisar kan lamuran kuɗi da lissafi; ba da shawara game da shirye-shiryen gabatarwa na shekara-shekara, Takardar Amincewa da Ma'aikata, Sabis na Gudanarwa da Kididdigar Ci gaba na Cibiyoyin Majalisar; da Shirye-shiryen Lissafe-lissafe na Shekarar Shekara da Takardar Balance na Majalisar bayan duk Asusun Makarantun an bincikesu daga Odita na waje.
Daraktan Kasuwanci
Daraktan Kasuwancin shine ya ba Darakta-Janar shawara kan dukkan batutuwan da suka shafi kasuwanci; don kula da duk ayyukan Kasuwanci da Raba Bayanai na cibiyoyin (CIDs) dangane da dabarun haɓakawa da aiwatarwa; kula da tsarin kasuwancin da shirye-shiryen horo; sa ido kan ayyukan Jami'an Talla Jami'an Hulda da Jama'a; samar da farashi da bayanai masu tsada; talla da tallatawa; binciken kasuwanci da bayanai; ginin hoto na kamfanoni da kuma fadada S&T.
Daraktan Odita
Daraktan Audit shine kafa manufofi don ayyukan dubawa da kai tsaye fasaha da ayyukan gudanarwa. Ci gaba da aiwatar da cikakken shirye-shiryen dubawa don kimanta sarrafawar ciki akan duk ayyukan Cibiyar; Gudanar da tsarin binciken kudi da sauran ayyukan binciken cikin gida, kuma yayi hulda da masu binciken majalisar na waje.
Jami'in shari'a
Jami'in Shari'a yana da alhakin Darakta-Janar na duk abubuwan da suka shafi doka da na doka wadanda suka shafi hakkoki da wajibai na Majalisar; nasiha ga Daraktocin Majalisar kan duk wasu lamuran doka da na doka game da hakkoki, wajibai da kuma lamuran da suka shafi rikice-rikice na aiki da horo; Gyara dokoki da ka'idoji da ake dasu; tsara kwangila; rubuce-rubucen ra'ayin shari'a ga Darakta-Janar da Daraktocin Cibiyoyi daban-daban; bayar da shawara kan dokokin lambobin mallaka; kula da kararrakin kotu a madadin Majalisar a gaban Kwamitin Kula da Hakkin Dan Adam da Adalcin Gudanarwa; da kuma Sadarwa tare da Lauyoyin waje na Majalisar.
Cibiyoyin Majalisar A halin yanzu, Majalisar tana gudanar da iko a kan cibiyoyi goma sha uku (13), wato *Majalisar don Nazarin Kimiyya da Masana'antu(CSIR) Babban ofishi
CSIR Cibiyar Nazarin Dabba (ARI).
CSIR Cibiyar Nazarin Gine-gine da Hanyoyi (BRRI)
CSIR Cibiyar Nazarin Shuka (CRI)
CSIR Cibiyar Nazarin Gandun daji ta Ghana (FORIG)
CSIR Cibiyar Nazarin Abinci (FRI)
CSIR Cibiyar Nazarin Masana'antu (IIR)
CSIR Cibiyar Kimiyya da Bayanai Fasaha (INSTI)
CSIR Cibiyar Nazarin Mai Dabinohttps://www.csir.org.gh/index.php/research-institutes/oil-palm-research (OPRI)
CSIR Cibiyar Nazarin Albarkatun Halitta (PGRRI)
CSIR Cibiyar Nazarin Noma ta Savanna (SARI)
CSIR Cibiyar Nazarin Kasa (SRI)
CSIR Cibiyar Nazarin Manufofin Kimiyya da Fasaha (STEPRI)
CSIR Cibiyar Nazarin Ruwa (WRI).
Lauyan waje Wontumi, Quist and Co.
Haɗin kai Ta hanyar hadin gwiwa da kungiyoyin kimiyya na duniya, CSIR ta zama cibiyar bincike da ke dauke da kungiyoyi masu binciken kimiyya daban-daban da suka hada da;
Ofishin Ghana Cibiyar Kula da Ruwa ta Duniya (IWMI)
Ofishin Yankin Afirka- Kamfanin Binciken Aikin Noma na Brazil (EMBRAPA)
Cibiyar Nazarin Manufofin Abinci ta Duniya (IFPRI), da kuma
Kungiyar Hadin Kan Green Revolution a Afirka (AGRA)
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Majalisar don Nazarin Kimiyya da Masana'antu CSIR Cibiyar Nazarin Shuka, Ghana.
MOEST
Ma'aikatar Muhalli, Kimiyya, Fasaha da Bid'a (Ghana)
GHANA ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION
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50832 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margo%20Humphrey%20ne%20adam%20wata | Margo Humphrey ne adam wata | Margo Humphrey (an haife ta a watan Yuni 25,1942) 'yar Amurka ce mai buga littattafai,mai zane kuma malamar fasaha. Ta sami Digiri na Master of Fine Arts daga Stanford bayan ta sami digirin digirgir na Fine Arts a Kwalejin Fasaha da Sana'a ta California a fannin bugawa.Ta yi tafiya a Afirka, Brazil, Caribbean,da Turai kuma ta koyar a Fiji, Nigeria, Uganda,da Jami'ar Maryland. A matsayinta na mawallafiya Kai bugawa, an san ta da "ƙarfin hali,yin amfani da launi da 'yancin yin tsari",ƙirƙirar ayyukan da ke "shigarwa, farin ciki da rai." Ana ɗaukar aikinta a matsayin "a cikin sahun gaba na bugawa na zamani."
Aiki An haife ta a Oakland, California ranar 25 ga Yuni,1942. Ta halarci Makarantun Jama'a na Oakland kuma ta kammala karatun digiri a cikin 1960 daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Oakland a matsayin babbar fasahar fasaha.Bayan ta sami BFA a cikin zane da bugawa daga Kwalejin Fasaha ta California,ta halarci Makarantar Graduate na Jami'ar Stanford tana samun digiri na Masters na Fine Arts tare da Daraja a Buga a 1974. Humphrey ita ce Bakar fata ta farko da ta kammala digiri daga sashen zane-zane na Makarantar Graduate na Jami'ar Stanford. Ta fara koyarwa a 1973 a Jami'ar California Santa Cruz kuma tun tana koyarwa a Jami'ar Texas a San Antonio, San Francisco Art Institute, da Makarantar Cibiyar Fasaha ta Chicago.Ta kuma koyar a Jami'ar Kudancin Pacific a Suva,Fiji Cibiyar Fasaha ta Yaba na Fasaha mai Kyau,Tsibirin Ekoi,Najeriya Jami'ar Benin a Benin City,Nigeria Margaret Trowell School of Fine Art a Kampala, Uganda,da kuma Fine Art School of the National Gallery of Art, Harare, Zimbabwe. A halin yanzu ita ce Shugabar Sashen Bugawa na Jami'ar Maryland a Kwalejin shakatawa Humphrey ta yi aiki tare da manyan masana'antun bugawa ciki har da Rutgers Center for Innovative Print and Paper,da Bob Blackburn Printmaking Workshop da Cibiyar Tamarind a New Mexico. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƴan wasan fasaha na farko Ba-Amurkiya da aka gane don ayyukan lithographic kuma ta farko da Tamarind ta buga kwafinta,a cikin 1974. Ta kuma buga littafin yara, The River wanda ta ba da kyauta (1987).
Salon fasaha da jigogi Humphrey ta yi aiki a fannonin fasaha daban-daban,ana girmama ta musamman saboda aikinta a lithography. Dabarunta na shimfida launuka ba sabon abu bane a cikin lithography. Ana sha'awar ta da ruwa na lithography. Ayyukanta na furuci ne dangane da launuka masu haske da alamomin da take amfani da su don ƙirƙirar al'amuran tarihin rayuwa daga rayuwarta, haɗe da hotuna masu ban mamaki. Yin amfani da abubuwan yau da kullun a cikin aikinta azaman hoto, alamomin Humphrey suna ishara da al'adun Baƙar fata, kuma suna haskaka kwarewarta a matsayinta na mace Ba'amurkiya. Jigogi na addini,launin fata,da jinsi suna nan a cikin aikinta. Robert Colescott ta rinjayi hangen nesanta na ban dariya game da abubuwan da suka faru na yau da kullun. Amfani da Humphrey na launuka masu haske da gumaka a cikin ayyukanta na ba da labari na nufin tada ƙwaƙwalwa da motsin rai daga mai kallo. Ta ci gaba da aikinta na Bar-B-Que na Ƙarshe,sauye-sauye masu launi na Ƙarshe,bayan shekaru uku a lokacin da ta yi nazarin hotuna daga masu fasaha daga Pietro Lorenzetti zuwa Emil Nolde Bar-B-Que na Ƙarshe ana ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin hotunan al'adun gani na Amurka.
nune-nunen Nunin solo na farko na Humphrey ya faru a cikin 1965. Tun daga wannan lokacin,an baje kolin ayyukan Humphrey a duniya,kuma ana gudanar da su a manyan cibiyoyi da suka haɗa da Museum of Modern Art a New York,The Smithsonian American Art Museum a Washington, DC, Philadelphia Museum of Art, Hampton University Museum, Victoria da kuma Gidan kayan tarihi na Albert a London, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani,Rio de Janeiro,da Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani, Legas. A cikin 1996,an gayyace ta don zama wani ɓangare na Binciken Bugawa na Duniya a Gidan Tarihi na Art Modern,New York City,NY. Labarinta: Margo Humphrey Lithographs and Works on Paper (2011) a Hampton University Museum, tana da shekaru 45 na baya-bayan nan na aikinta, wanda Robert E. Steele da Adrienne L. Childs suka yi.
Kyaututtuka da karramawa Humphrey ta samu kyaututtuka da karramawa da dama da suka hada da:
Kyautar James D. Pheland daga Majalisar Buga ta Duniya Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Ƙasa, 1988 Ford Foundation Fellowship, 1981 Tiffany Fellowships, 1988 Ƙungiyoyin Koyarwa daga Shirin Cibiyar Harkokin Kasuwancin Amirka
Kara karantawa Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1942
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
36543 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laburari%20na%20kasa%2C%20Najeriya | Laburari na kasa, Najeriya | Laburari ta ƙasa Najeriya ta fara aiki ne a tsakiyar shekara ta 1960s tare da kafa dokar kula da laburare a shekara ta 1964 wanda daga baya aka maye gurbinsa da doka mai lamba 29 a shekara ta 1970. Kafin zartar da dokar ta National Library, jerin tarurrukan ilimi da aka gudanar a Ibadan sun kasance ginshiki na basirar samar da hanyar sadarwa na dakunan karatu da gwamnati ta dauki nauyin samar da kayayyakin ilimi ga ‘yan Najeriya Daga baya an kafa kwamitin ba da shawara na gwamnati dangane da wajibcin samar da ma'ajiyar ilimi na gida. An ɗora wa kwamitin alhakin nemo hanyar da za ta taimaka wa gwamnati wajen fito da ginshiƙan basirar manufofinta, da samar da cibiyar rubuta littattafai ta ƙasa da kuma samar da fage na inganta ilimi. Kwamitin dai shi ne babban kwamiti na farko da ya yi kira da a samar da dakin karatu na kasa a matsayin wani bangare na shawarwarinsa. Gwamnati ta amince da bukatun kwamitin bada shawarwari tare da daukar matakan da suka dace na gina dakin karatu na kasa.
Tarihi da tsari An fara ginin laburarin a shekara ta 1962 kuma daga ƙarshe an buɗe shi don amfanin jama'a a ranar 6 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1964. An canza da hedikwatarta daga Legas zuwa Abuja a shekara ta 1995. Dokar Laburare da Majalisar Wakilan Najeriya ta kafa ta ba da tabbacin tallafin kudi ga aikin, dokar ta kuma tanadi kayan horar da ma’aikata da kuma kafa kwamitin gudanarwa da ya kunshi kwararru. Dangane da bukatun jamhuriyar Najeriya da majalissar dokokin kasar, an dauki wasu kwararrun dakunan karatu guda 15 da za su ba da gudummawa mai kyau wajen bunkasa da kula da dakin karatu. Wata sabuwar gwamnatin soja ta kaddamar da hukumar a watan Afrilun shekara ta 1966. Hukumar dai ta kunshi jami’an gwamnati ne maimakon kwararru kamar yadda aka rubuta a kan ainihin dokar. Duk da haka, hukumar ta yi ƙoƙarin inganta ainihin manufar ɗakin karatu amma yakin basasar Najeriya ya kawo cikas ga kudade kuma gwamnati bata dauki matakai ba sai shekara ta 1970. A cikin shekara ta 1970, an kafa sabon tsarin doka tare da ƙirƙirar dokar Labura ta Ƙasa. An zartar da wani bangare na dokar ne bisa shawarar hukumar da ke son fadada dakin karatu zuwa wasu manyan jihohin kasar domin samar da hanyar sadarwa ta ma’ajiyar kayayyaki.
Manufa Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya ce ta dauki nauyin wannan dakin karatu. Asali, Gidauniyar Ford ta shiga cikin shirin. Gidauniyar ta kawo kwararru, ta ba da gudummawar litattafai tare da bayar da tallafin fadada dakin karatun. Laburaren na wasu shekaru ya ginu akan ainihin manufarsa. A yau, gaɓa ce mai mahimmanci da ke aiki a matsayin ƙwaƙwalwar tunani na al'umma. Laburaren yana ba da harsashin hankali don taimakawa jami'an gwamnati wajen aiwatar da manufofi. Duk da haka, gabaɗayan alkiblar rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa saboda kutsen da sojoji suka yi kan mulki wani lokaci ya haifar da rashin daidaituwa tsakanin ƙwaƙwalwar tunani na manufofin da suka gabata da kuma tushen tunani na sabuwar gwamnati. Har ila yau, ɗakin karatu yana tsayawa a hankali ta hanyar karɓar kwafin littattafan da gwamnati da hukumomi masu zaman kansu suka buga a cikin ƙasar ta hanyar tanadin ajiya na doka a cikin Dokar Laburare. Wannan ya sa ɗakin karatu ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan ɗakunan ajiya na ilimi a ƙasar. Hakanan yana tattara wallafe-wallafe akan zamani ko sabbin dabaru daga ƙungiyoyin duniya.
Har ila yau, nauyi da ke kan cibiyar ya hada da bayar da ISBN (International Standard Book Number) da ISSN (International Standard Serials Number) ga ƙungiyoyin wallafe-wallafe, tsarin da a da ya kasance mai wahala idan babu fasahar da ta dace a ofisoshin yankin amma an samu sauƙi ta hanyar shi tare da karin wayar da kan jama'a da jiko da fasahar wayar hannu. Bugu da ƙari kuma, daga cikin wani ɓangare na ƙudurorinta, laburarin na gudanar da gangamin haɓaka Karatun littattafai na shekara-shekara a duk faɗin ƙasar don wayar da kan jama'a game da mahimmancin karatu da kuma samun karatun ɗan ƙasa.
Kalubale Laburari na ƙasa na fuskantar ƙalubalen da daƙile ta daga cike manufofinta. Rushewar kayan aiki da albarkatu waɗanda ke sakamakon rashin isassun kuɗi. Hedkwatar ɗakin karatu tana aiki daga gidajen haya a matsayin hadaddun wanda ake nufi da shi ya kasance ba a kammala shi ba tun lokacin da aka fara shi a cikin 2006. Laburaren yana da rassa 33 kuma yana ƙoƙarin faɗaɗa yadda ya kamata zuwa manyan jihohin tarayya 36 kamar yadda dokar ɗakin karatu ta 1970 ta tsara Karancin al'adar karatu a Najeriya ma kalubale ne saboda hakan yana haifar da halin da bai dace ba ga bunkasar dakin karatu tare da hana amfani da kayan aiki da ayyukansa. Rashin isasshiyar horar da ma'aikata da ba ci gaba ba don kiyaye ƙwararrun mafi kyawun ayyuka na yau da kullun a cikin ɓangaren bayanai masu tasowa musamman dangane da amfani da fasaha don tsara albarkatu da bayar da ayyuka. Ana samun abubuwan da suka wuce a cikin ɗakin karatu, da wuya ba za ku sami sababbin kayan ba.
Rassa Wurare:
Shugabanci An nada Prof Chinwe Veronica Anunobi ne a matsayin babban jami'in gudanarwa na laburarin a ranar 8 ga Satumba 2021. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Ma'aikaciyar Laburaren Jami'ar Tarayya ta Fasaha ta Tarayya, Owerri, Jihar Imo. Ita mamba ce a Majalisar Gudanar da Laburare ta Afirka da Ƙungiyoyin Watsa Labarai da Cibiyoyi (AfLIA) inda ta yi wa'adi na biyu kuma tana wakiltar yankin yammacin Afirka baki ɗaya. Ta karbi ragamar mulki daga hannun Prof. Lenrie Olatokunbo Aina wanda ya kasance babban jami'in gudanarwa na Laburari ta Ƙasa a Najeriya daga 2016 zuwa 2021.
Duba kuma National Library
Jerin Dakunan karatu a Najeriya
Taskar Tarihi ta Najeriya
Jerin dakunan karatu na kasa
Manazarta
Kara karantawa http://www.unn.edu.ng/publications/files/images/thomas%20T..pdf
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000088675
Gine-gine da wurare a Jihar |
48202 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisan%20Giwayen%20Zakouma%20na%202006 | Kisan Giwayen Zakouma na 2006 | Kisan giwayen Zakouma na shekara ta 2006, yana nuni ne da jerin kisan gilla da aka yi wa giwayen Afirka a kusa da gandun dajin Zakouma da ke kudu maso gabashin ƙasar Chadi An rubuta waɗannan kashe-kashen a binciken sararin samaniya da aka gudanar daga watan Mayu zuwa watan Agustan 2006 kuma a ƙalla dabbobi 100 ne. Wannan yanki yana da tarihin kashe wannan nau'in ba bisa ƙa'ida ba tsawon shekaru goma Hasali ma, al'ummar Chadi sun haura sama da dabbobi 300,000 a baya-bayan nan kamar a shekarar 1970 kuma an rage su zuwa kusan 10,000 kamar na shekarar 2006. Giwayen Afirka da sunan kariyar gwamnatin Chadi, amma tsarin aiwatar da gwamnati (wanda ke goyon bayan wasu taimakon EU) bai wadatar ba wajen daƙile kisan da mafarauta ke yi. Giwayen Bush na Afirka Loxodonta africana na faruwa a ƙasashe da dama na Gabashi da Tsakiyar Afirka.
An gudanar da binciken sararin sama na baya-bayan nan daga watan Agustan 3-11, 2006, wanda J. Michael Fay, mai kula da harkokin kare namun daji da kuma mai bincike na kasa da kasa. Sun gano wuraren kisan gilla daban-daban guda biyar. Ana ɗaukar Zakouma "ɗaya daga cikin namun daji na ƙarshe a duk tsakiyar Afirka". Gwamnatin Chadi da Project CRUSSE (Conservation and Rational Utilization of Sudan-Sahelian Ecosystems), Fay ya gudanar da bincike a cikin shekarar 2005 da 2006 game da giwaye a cikin Zakouma, kuma ya gano cewa yawan jama'a ya ragu daga 3885 zuwa 3020 dabbobi, wanda ya haifar da ƙaruwa mai yawa. watanni shida da suka gabata, kodayake ba a iya tantance kuskuren ƙirgawa gabaɗaya ba.
Cikakkun bayanai Fay ya ruwaito cewa ya ga mutane biyar a wani sansanin waɗanda suka gudu a lokacin da jirginsa ya nufo. A wani lokaci kuma ya ga wani mutum a kan doki da makami mai sarrafa kansa, wanda ya harba jirginsa. Ana kashe giwayen Zakouma a gaban idanunmu." Fay ya yi magana da manema labarai. "Ba mu wuce sa'o'i biyu a cikin iska ba lokacin da muka ga gawarmu ta farko Sabo ne, watakila makwanni kaɗan kaɗan, ba da nisa da hedkwatar wurin shaƙatawa, kuma an datse fuskar dabbar, an cire hanunsa Fay da National Geographic mai ɗaukar hoto Michael Nichols sun rubuta abin da suka samu a Ivory Wars, Ƙarshe a Zakouma Tarihin Dajin Zakouma Zakouma National Park yana tsakanin Sarh da Am Timan a kudu maso gabashin ƙasar Chadi An ƙirƙiro shi a shekarar 1963, shi ne wurin shakatawa na farko na ƙasar Chadi, kuma yana da faɗin ƙasa kusan kilomita murabba'i 3000. Gaba ɗaya yana kewaye da Bahr Salamat Faunal Reserve An yi watsi da Zakouma a lokacin rikice-rikicen cikin gida, amma shirin maidowa, wanda Tarayyar Turai ta goyi bayan, ya fara a shekarar 1989 kuma yana ci gaba a cikin shekarar 2006.
Giwayen da ke cikin wurin shaƙatawa suna da kariya daga gwamnatin Chadi, amma giwayen da ke yin hijira a wajen Zakouma don yin kiwo a lokacin damina, ba sa fuskantar kariyar sintiri kamar na cikin dajin. A cewar Stephen Sautner na ƙungiyar kare namun daji "Dukkan farautar giwaye a ƙasar Chadi haramun ne, kuma an hana sayar da hauren giwaye tun shekara ta 1989, ko da yake cinikin baƙar fata yana karuwa."
Dabarun cinikin hauren giwa Kashe giwaye saboda hauren giwa shi ne babban dalilin da ya haifar da raguwar giwayen Afirka tun a kalla shekarun 1970. Yawancin giwayen da aka kawar ana shigo da su ne zuwa kasashen China da Thailand Misali, tsakanin shekarun 1996 zuwa shekarar 2002 ton arba'in da biyar na hauren giwaye da ke safara zuwa kasar Sin hukumomi sun kama. Ƙasar Sin ta amince da rage shigo da hauren giwa; Ko da yake jami'in ƙasar Sin Chen Jianwei ya nuna cewa, Sinawa da dama sun shiga rudani game da halaccin shigar da hauren giwaye.
Dangantaka da rikicin yanki Zakouma yana da tazarar kilomita 260 yamma da yankin da ake fama da rikici a Darfur, kuma yana kan hanyar yakin baya-bayan nan a ƙasar Chadi, don haka tsaron gaba daya ya yi ƙaranci, kuma iyakar ƙasar ta yi “lalata a wannan yanki mai kebe.
Ayyukan kiyayewa Dangane da wannan mummunan abin da ya faru, Gidauniyar WILD ta haɗa hannu da The Wildlife Conservation Society da sauran su don hanawa da tsare mafarauta ta amfani da sa ido na jirgin sama. Jirgin dai zai maida hankali ne kan iyakokin wuraren shaƙatawa, inda giwaye ba su da kariya.
Duba kuma Shirin Ayyukan Halittu
Kashewa
Ivory Coast
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Yakin Ivory Coast, wanda Mediastorm ya |
40839 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt%20G%C3%B6del | Kurt Gödel | Kurt Friedrich Gödel rdəl/ GUR-dəl, German: [kʊʁt (Afrilu 28, 1906 -Janairu 14, 1978) masanin dabaru, mathematician, kuma masanin falsafa. An yi la'akari da shi tare da Aristotle da Gottlob Frege a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masana a tarihi, Gödel yana da tasiri mai yawa akan tunanin kimiyya da falsafa a karni na 20, lokacin da wasu irin su Bertrand Russell, Alfred North Whitehead, da David Hilbert suna amfani da dabaru da kafa ka'idar don bincika tushen ilimin lissafi, ginawa a kan aikin farko ta irin su Richard Dedekind, Georg Cantor da Frege.
Gödel ya buga first incompleteness theorem a cikin 1931 lokacin yana ɗan shekara 25, shekara ɗaya bayan kammala karatun digirinsa a Jami'ar Vienna. Ka'idar rashin cikawa ta farko ta bayyana cewa ga kowane tsarin -daidaitacce recursive axiomatic tsarin iko wanda ya isa ya bayyana lissafin lissafin lambobi na halitta (misali Peano ilmin lissafi akwai shawarwari na gaskiya game da lambobi na halitta waɗanda ba za a iya tabbatar da su ba kuma ba za a iya warware su daga axioms ba. Don tabbatar da hakan, Gödel ya ɓullo da wata dabara a yanzu da aka fi sani da lambar Gödel, wadda ke ƙididdige kalmomi na yau da kullun azaman lambobi. Ka'idar rashin cikawa ta biyu, wacce ta biyo baya daga farko, ta bayyana cewa tsarin ba zai iya tabbatar da daidaitonsa ba. Gödel ya kuma nuna cewa ba za a iya karyata ra'ayin axiom na zabi ko hasashen ci gaba ba daga ka'idar saiti na Zermelo-Fraenkel da aka yarda, yana zaton cewa axioms din sun daidaita. Sakamakon da ya gabata ya buɗe kofa ga masu ilimin lissafi su ɗauka axiom ɗin zaɓi a cikin hujjojinsu. Ya kuma ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga ka'idar hujja ta hanyar fayyace alaƙa tsakanin dabaru na gargajiya, dabaru na fahimta, da dabaru na modal.
Ƙuruciya da ilimi
Yarantaka An haifi Gödel a ranar 28 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta, 1906, a Brünn, Austria-Hungary (now Brno, Jamhuriyar Czech) a cikin dangin Jamusanci na Rudolf Gödel a shekara ta (1974 zuwa 1929), darektan gudanarwa kuma mai mallakar babban kamfanin masaku, da Marianne. Gödel a shekara ta (née Handschuh, 1879 zuwa1966). A lokacin da aka haife shi birnin yana da rinjaye na Jamusanci wanda ya hada da iyayensa. Mahaifinsa ɗan Katolika ne kuma mahaifiyarsa 'yar Furotesta ce kuma yaran Furotesta ne. Kakannin Kurt Gödel sun kasance da yawa a cikin rayuwar al'adun Brünn. Alal misali, kakansa Joseph Gödel ya kasance sanannen mawaƙi a lokacinsa kuma na wasu shekaru yana memba na (Men's Choral Union of Brünn). Gödel ya zama ɗan ƙasar Czechoslovakia kai tsaye yana ɗan shekara 12 lokacin da daular Austro-Hungary ta ruguje bayan shan kaye a yakin duniya na farko. A cewar abokin karatunsa kamar yawancin mazauna yankin na Jamus, "Gödel ya ɗauki kansa ko da yaushe dan Austriya kuma ɗan gudun hijira a Czechoslovakia". A watan Fabrairun shekara ta (1929) an sake shi daga zama ɗan ƙasar Czechoslovakia sannan kuma, a cikin Afrilu, ya ba da izinin zama ɗan ƙasar Austriya. Lokacin da Jamus ta mamaye Ostiriya a cikin shekara ta (1938) Gödel ya zama ɗan ƙasar Jamus kai tsaye yana ɗan shekara 32. A shekara ta (1948) bayan yakin duniya na biyu, yana da shekaru 42, ya zama dan kasar Amurka. A cikin iyalinsa, an yi wa matashin Gödel lakabi ("Mr. Me ya sa") saboda rashin koshi. A cewar ɗan'uwansa Rudolf, yana da shekaru shida ko bakwai, Kurt ya sha wahala daga zazzabin rheumatic; ya murmure gaba daya, amma har tsawon rayuwarsa ya kasance yana da yakinin cewa zuciyarsa ta yi rauni na dindindin. Tun yana da shekaru huɗu, Gödel ya sha fama da "sau da yawa na rashin lafiya", wanda zai ci gaba har tsawon rayuwarsa. Gödel ya halarci makarantar Lutheran a Brünn daga shekara ta (1912 zuwa 1916) kuma an yi rajista a daga shekarar (1916 zuwa 1924) ya yi fice tare da karramawa a dukkan batutuwansa, musamman a fannin lissafi, harsuna da addini. Ko da yake Gödel ya yi fice a cikin harsuna da farko, amma daga baya ya fi sha'awar tarihi da lissafi. Sha'awar ilimin lissafi ya karu lokacin da a cikin shekara ta (1920) ɗan'uwansa Rudolf (an haife shi a shekara ta 1902) ya tafi Vienna, inda ya halarci makarantar likitanci a Jami'ar Vienna. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, Gödel ya yi nazarin Gabelsberger shorthand, Goethe's Theory of Colors da kuma sukar Isaac Newton, da rubuce-rubucen Immanuel Kant Karatu a Vienna Lokacin da yake da shekaru 18, Gödel ya shiga da ɗan'uwansa a Jami'ar Vienna. A lokacin, ya riga ya kware a fannin lissafi a matakin jami'a. Ko da yake da farko yana da niyyar karanta ilimin kimiyyar lissafi, ya kuma halarci kwasa-kwasan ilimin lissafi da falsafa. A wannan lokacin, ya ɗauki ra'ayoyin gaskiyar ilimin lissafi. Ya karanta Kant, kuma ya shiga cikin da'irar Vienna tare da Moritz Schlick, Hans Hahn, da Rudolf Carnap. Daga nan Gödel ya karanci ka'idar lamba, amma lokacin da ya shiga wani taron karawa juna sani da Moritz Schlick ya gudanar wanda ya nazarci littafin Bertrand Russell na Gabatarwa ga Falsafar Lissafi, ya fara sha'awar ilimin lissafi. A cewar Gödel, ilimin lissafi shine "kimiyya kafin sauran duka, wanda ya ƙunshi ra'ayoyi da ka'idodin da ke ƙarƙashin dukan kimiyya."
Manazarta Articles with hAudio microformats
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
22780 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mason%20Greenwood | Mason Greenwood | Mason Will John Greenwood (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2001) ne English sana'a kwallon da suka taka a matsayin gaba na Premier League kulob din Manchester United da Ingila tawagar kasar Ya zo ne ta hanyar tsarin matasa, Greenwood ya fara wasansa na farko a Manchester United a wasan UEFA Europa League da Astana a watan Satumba na shekarar, 2019, inda ya zira kwallaye ya zama mafi karancin shekaru da ya ci wa kungiyar kwallaye a gasar Turai yana da shekara 17 shekara, 353 kwanaki. Babban wasansa na farko a Ingila ya zo ne a watan Satumbar shekarar, 2020, a wasan UEFA Nations League da Iceland.
Klub din
Manchester United
Farkon aiki Greenwood ya koma Manchester United yana da shekara shida, yana wasa a makarantar ci gaban kulob din a Halifax Bayan ya ci gaba ta hanyar karatun jami'a, ya hade da kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekaru 18 a kakar shekarar, 2017 zuwa 2018, duk da cewa ya cancanci shiga' yan kasa da shekaru 16, kuma ya kammala a matsayin dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar Premier ta U18 ta Arewa da kwallaye 17 a wasanni 21. A watan Mayu shekarar, 2018, Greenwood ya zama Gwarzon Wasannin yayin da bangaren matasa suka ci Kofin ICGT a Netherlands. A watan Yulin shekarar, 2018, Greenwood ya yi tafiya tare da ƙungiyar farko a yawon shakatawa na farkon Amurka. A ranar 20 ga watan yuli, ya buga wasan farko na rashin gasa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin minti na 76 don Luke Shaw a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Club America Ya kuma bayyana a wasan 0-0 tare da San Jose Earthquakes bayan kwana uku. A ranar 2 ga watan Oktoba, Greenwood ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiraginsa na kwararru na farko da kulob din. A watan Disamba, José Mourinho ya zaɓe shi don ya yi horo tare da ƙungiyar farko kafin wasan su na UEFA Champions League da Valencia. A ranar 6 ga watan Maris shekarar, 2019, a karkashin jagorancin Ole Gunnar Solskjær, Greenwood ya fara buga gasa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin minti na 87 don Ashley Young a wasan da suka doke Paris Saint Germain da ci 3-1 a gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 17 da kwanaki 156, ya zama ɗan wasa na biyu mafi ƙarancin shekaru da ya wakilci kulob ɗin a gasar Turai (a bayan Norman Whiteside kawai) kuma ƙarami a kowane lokaci a Gasar Zakarun Turai. Kwana hudu bayan haka, ya fara buga wasan farko na Premier daga benci a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Arsenal daci 2 da 0 don zama daya daga cikin matasan yan wasan kungiyar da suka fara buga wasa. A ranar 7 ga watan Mayu, Greenwood ya zama Gwarzon Premier na 2 na Watan Afrilu. A ƙarshen kakar wasa, Greenwood ya karɓi kyautar Jimmy Murphy Young Player of the Year, wanda ake bayarwa kowace shekara ga mafi kyawun ɗan wasa a cikin ƙungiyar matasa ta ƙungiyar. A ranar 12 ga watan Mayu shekara ta, 2029 Greenwood ya fara buga wasan farko a kungiyar a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Cardiff City da ci 2 da 0.
Lokacin 2019–20: Farkon nasarar kungiyar A ranar 17 ga watan Yulin shekarar, 2019, Greenwood ya zira kwallon farko ta farko a Manchester United a wasan da suka tashi 4-0 a wasan farko da Leeds United, kuma ya bi shi da na biyu a wasan sada zumunci da United ta buga da Inter Milan. Ya fara kakar wasannin ne lokacin da yake buga wasa a kowane wasa na farko na farko a United, kafin su fara bude gasar Europa League da kungiyar Astana ta Kazakhstani a ranar 19 ga watan Satumba; ya zira kwallon daya tilo a wasan don zama dan wasa mafi karancin shekaru da yaci kwallaye a gasar Turai yana da shekaru 17 shekara, 353 kwanaki. Sannan ya ci kwallo mako guda daga baya a karawar da United ta yi da Rochdale a League Cup. A ranar 29 ga watan Oktoba, Greenwood ya zira kwallaye a ragar Manchester United a karkashin 21 a wasan EFL Trophy da Doncaster Rovers. A ranar 7 ga watan Nuwamba, Greenwood ya zira kwallaye kuma ya taimaka wa Martial, a wasan da United ta doke Partizan Belgrade da ci 3-0, wanda ya ba su damar tsallakewa zuwa gasar. A ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, Greenwood ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a wasan da suka tashi 3-3 da Sheffield United. A ranar 12 ga watan Disamba, Greenwood ya zira kwallaye biyu ya kuma ci fanareti a wasan karshe na rukuni na gasar Europa League da AZ Alkmaar. Manchester United ta lashe wasan da ci 4 da nema kuma ta kare a saman rukuninta. Ya zira kwallon da ta zura a ragar Everton ranar 15 ga watan Disamba. A ranar 11 ga watan Janairun shekara ta, 2020, bayan kasa cin kwallaye a wasanni 3 a jere, Greenwood ya zira kwallaye daya a cikin rushewar Norwich City da ci 4-0. Bayan kwana goma sha biyar, ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a Kofin FA yayin da United ta tafi da Tranmere Rovers da ci 6-0. Greenwood ya sake zira kwallaye makonni huɗu bayan haka, a wasan da suka doke Watford da ci 3-0. A ranar 12 ga watan Maris, ya ci kwallonsa ta biyar a Turai yayin fafatawar 5-0 a kan LASK ta Austria; ya zama saurayi na farko da ya ci ƙalla kwallaye 5 a kakar wasa ɗaya ta Turai dan United. Bayan dakatarwar da aka yi na tsawon watanni uku na kwallon kafa sanadiyyar cutar ta COVID-19, Greenwood ya buga dukkan wasannin shida na United har zuwa 9 ga watan Yulin shekarar, 2020. Ya kasa zira kwallaye a farkon ukun farko, amma ya gabatar da jimillar kwallaye hudu a cikin ukun na gaba, gami da zira kwallo a wasan da ci 5-2 a kan Bournemouth a ranar 4 ga watan Yuli. Bayan haka, ya ci kwallo a ragar Aston Villa; sanya shi dan wasa na hudu kawai tsakanin shekaru 19 ya zira kwallaye a wasanni uku a jere a gasar Premier kuma na farko tun bayan da Francis Jeffers ya yi wa Everton haka a shekarar, 1999.
Lokacin 2020-21 A ranar 28 ga watan Oktoba shekarar, 2020, Greenwood ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar zakarun Turai a wasan da suka doke RB Leipzig da ci 5-0; burin ya fito ne daga karo na farko da ya taba bugawa a gasar. A ranar 5 ga watan Disambar shekarar, 2020, ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana a wasan da suka doke West Ham United da ci 3-1. A ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta, 2021, Greenwood ya buga cikakken minti 90 a wasan Manchester United na Premier-wanda ya yi daidai da ci 9-0 a gidan Southampton A ranar 11 ga watan Mayu shekara ta, 2021, Greenwood ya ci kwallo a wasan Premier da suka fafata da Leicester City, wanda Amad Diallo ya taimaka, a wasan da aka tashi 2-1; burin shi ne karo na farko a cikin shekaru 15 matashi ya taimaka wani don burin Premier.
Ayyukan duniya Greenwood ya wakilci ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 ta Ingila da ta buga wasanni shida a cikin shekarar, 2017 zuwa 2018 kuma ya kasance cikin ƙungiyar a Gasar Algarve a Fotigal. A ranar 30 ga watan Agusta shekarar, 2019, Greenwood ya kasance cikin tawagar Ingila ta ‘yan kasa da shekaru 21 a karo na farko kuma ya fara zama na farko a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin minti na 59th yayin wasan da suka doke Turkey da ci 3-2 a ranar 6 ga watan Satumbar 2019 don cancantar shiga Turai ta 2021 Gasar matasa 'yan kasa da shekaru 21 A ranar 19 Nuwamba Nuwamba shekarar 2019, Greenwood ya ci kwallon farko ta U21s; Daidaita wasan da Netherlands a wasan wanda daga karshe Ingila tayi rashin nasara daci 2-1. A ranar 25 ga watan Agusta 2020, an saka Greenwood a cikin manyan 'yan wasan Ingila a karon farko. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko ne a ranar 5 ga Satumba a wasan da suka doke Iceland a waje a wasan da suka buga a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na UEFA da suka buga a shekarar 2020–21, suna zuwa ne a madadin minti na 78. A ranar 7 ga watan Satumba Satumba 2020, Greenwood, tare da takwaransa na Ingila Phil Foden, an cire su daga tawagar Ingila bayan karya ka'idojin keɓewar maganin coronavirus a Iceland.
Salon wasa Greenwood ya fara aikinsa a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya amma sannu a hankali ya zama na ci gaba Sau da yawa yana wasa a gefen dama na Manchester United, tare da matsawa gaba don zama a matsayin dan wasan gaba na biyu lokacin da aka ciyar da kwallon cikin yankin bugun fanareti. Yayin aikinsa na farko, da yawa daga cikin kwallayen sa sun gan shi yana faduwa kafada ko saran kwallon don sanya shi a ƙafarsa ta hagu kafin ya zira kwallaye. Hakanan galibi yakan juyar da harbinsa ta hanyar neman ƙananan matsayi kusa daga hannun daman akwatin. A watan Mayu na shekarar, 2018, tsohon dan wasan Manchester United Clayton Blackmore ya ce: "Yana da kyau a kan kwallon kuma yana da kyau sosai da kafa biyu. Shine mutum na farko da na gani wanda yake ɗaukar fanareti da bugun-kai-tsaye da ƙafarsa mara kyau. Ban taba cin karo da irin wannan ba! A watan Maris na shekarar, 2019, tsohon kocin makarantar Mark Senior ya ce: "Mutane na cewa shi kamar sabon Robin van Persie ne amma ban sani ba. Ina ji shi nasa mutum ne. Ban ga wani dan wasa kamarsa ba. Salon sa yana nufin saurin sa yaudara ne saboda ya kasance mai saurin gudu. A watan Yulin shekarar, 2019, manajan Manchester United Ole Gunnar Solskjær ya yaba wa Greenwood a lokacin rangadinsu na fara kakar bana, yana mai cewa: "Zai iya buga dukkan mukaman gaba-da-gaba, ko kuma gaba da hudu, saboda yana iya buga lamba 10, lamba bakwai, lamba 11 kuma lamba tara. Aan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ɗabi'a tare da ƙafarsa ta hagu, yana shigowa, amma yana da ƙafa biyu kuma yana iya yin wasa ko'ina a gaba. Yana kawai na halitta. Lokacin da ya dauki fanareti da damansa, sai ya dauki fanti da hagunsa, free-kicks da hagunsa, free-kicks da damansa. Shi kusan abin da za ku kira 50:50, wataƙila 51:49 mai ƙafafun hagu. Rayuwar mutum An haifi Greenwood a Bradford, West Yorkshire kuma ya girma a yankin Wibsey na garin. Shi dan asalin Jamaica ne Iyalinsa suna da asali a wasanni; 'yar uwarsa, Ashton,' yar tsere ce.
Kididdigar aiki
Kulab
Na duniya
Daraja Manchester United
UEFA Europa League wacce ta zo ta biyu: Kowane mutum
Firimiya Lig na 2 na Watan: Afrilu 2019 Jimmy Murphy Young Player of the Year 2018–19
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Bayani a gidan yanar gizon Manchester United FC
Bayani a shafin yanar gizon Hukumar Kwallon kafa
'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 2001
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
58718 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20Ajayi%20Crowther | Samuel Ajayi Crowther | Samuel Crowther 31 Disamba 1891),masanin harsunan Yarbawa ne,limami,kuma bishop na Anglican na farko na Afirka ta Yamma.An haife shi a Osogun(a yanzu Ado-Awaye,Jihar Oyo,Najeriya),shi da iyalinsa barayin bauta sun kama shi yana dan shekara goma sha biyu.Wannan ya faru ne a lokacin yakin basasar Yarabawa,musamman yakin Owu na 1821-1829,inda aka yi wa kauyensa Osogun hari.Daga baya aka sake siyar da Ajayi ga dillalan bayi na Portugal,inda aka saka shi a cikin jirgin don a kai shi Sabuwar Duniya ta Tekun Atlantika.
Rundunar Sojin Ruwa ta Yammacin Afirka ta Squadron ta kubutar da Crowther daga bauta a wata tashar ruwa da ke bakin teku,wanda ke tilasta wa Burtaniya takunkumi kan cinikin bayi na Atlantic.An sake tsugunar da mutanen da aka 'yantar a Saliyo.A Saliyo,Ajayi ya karɓi sunan Ingilishi na Samuel Crowther,kuma ya fara karatunsa da Ingilishi.Ya karɓi addinin Kiristanci kuma ya danganta shi da ƙabilar Krio da ke hawan Saliyo a lokacin.Ya karanci harsuna kuma an nada shi minista a Ingila,inda daga baya ya sami digiri na uku a jami'ar Oxford.Ya shirya nahawun Yarbanci da fassarar Littafin Anglican na Addu'a gama gari zuwa Yarabanci,kuma yana aiki a kan fassarar Littafi Mai Tsarki na Yarbanci,da kuma sauran ayyukan harshe.
Tarihin Rayuwa Wani jikan Sarki Abiodun, ta hannun mahaifiyarsa,Afala,Ajayi yana da kimanin shekara 12 a duniya lokacin da Fulani masu kai hari suka kama shi da iyalinsa,tare da daukacin kauyensa,a hannun wasu bayin Allah a watan Maris 1821 kuma suka sayar wa 'yan kasuwar bayi na kasar Portugal .Mahaifiyarsa Afala,wadda daga baya ta yi baftisma da sunan Hannatu,da ƙanensa,da sauran danginsa suna cikin waɗanda aka kama.Wataƙila an kashe mahaifinsa Ayemi a harin da aka kai ƙauyensa ko kuma jim kaɗan bayan haka.
Birtaniya ta haramta cinikin bayin Atlantika a shekara ta 1807 kuma sun yi amfani da sojojin ruwansu wajen sintiri a gabar tekun Afirka.A wannan lokacin, Spain da Portugal har yanzu sun yarda da cinikin bayi na Atlantic a yankunansu na Amurka.Kafin jirgin bawa ya bar tashar jiragen ruwa zuwa Amurka, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Royal Navy na Burtaniya ne suka hau shi karkashin jagorancin Kyaftin Henry Leeke.Sun 'yantar da mutanen da aka kama kuma suka tafi da Ajayi da iyalinsa zuwa Freetown,Saliyo,inda hukumomin yankin suka sake tsugunar da su.
Sa’ad da yake Saliyo,Crowther ya sami kulawa daga Ƙungiyar Mishan na Cocin Anglican (CMS) kuma an koyar da shi Turanci.Saboda kyawawan halayensa na ilimi, Ajayi ya kai shi makaranta,kuma cikin ɗan lokaci kaɗan,ya sami damar karanta Littafi Mai Tsarki cikin sauƙi.Ya koma Kiristanci.A ranar 11 ga Disamba 1825 John Raban ya yi masa baftisma,yana mai suna Samuel Crowther,mataimakin Cocin Christ,Newgate,London,kuma ɗaya daga cikin majagaba na CMS.
Yayin da yake Freetown,Crowther ya zama mai sha'awar harsuna. A cikin 1826 an kai shi Ingila don halartar makarantar St Mary's Church a Islington,wacce ta kafa alaƙa da 'yan Afirka masu 'yanci a ƙarni na 18.Ya koma Freetown a 1827.Shi ne ɗalibi na farko da aka shigar da shi a sabuwar Kwalejin Fourah Bay da aka buɗe,makarantar mishan na Anglican.Saboda sha'awar harshe,ya yi karatun Latin da Girkanci na tsarin karatun gargajiya,amma kuma Temne na Afirka ta Yamma.Bayan ya kammala karatunsa,Crowther ya fara koyarwa a makarantar.
Tafiya ta mishan ta Crowther zuwa ƙasar Yarbawa Najeriya ta yau)ta fara a 1841.Ya wakilci sashin mishan na Balaguron Neja,tare da Rev.JF Schon .An nada Crowther a matsayin firist kuma an zaɓi shi don aikin CMS a cikin aikin Yarbawa a ziyararsa ta biyu zuwa Ingila a 1843,bayan ƙwaƙƙwaran bayanin balaguron da kuma halayen da ba safai ya nuna ba.A cikin 1846,Crowther da Rev.Townsend ya bude aikin CMS a Abeokuta.A lokacin balaguron Neja a shekarar 1854,Crowther ya taka rawa wajen kafa mishan a Nijar.
Aure da iyali Crowther ya auri wata yar makaranta,Asano (watau Hassana; ta kasance musulma),ta yi wa Susan baftisma.An kuma 'yantar da ita daga jirgin bawa na Portugal kamar yadda aka ambata a cikin wasiƙar Crowther ta 1837.Ya rubuta cewa: Jirgin Mai Martaba Mai Martaba Bann,Kyaftin Charles Phillips,ya kama ta a ranar 31 ga Oktoba 1822." Saboda haka Asano yana cikin wadanda aka sake tsugunar da su a Saliyo.Ta kuma koma Kiristanci.'Ya'yansu da yawa sun hada da Dandeson Coates Crowther,wanda daga baya ya shiga hidima kuma a cikin 1891 ya zama babban diyakon Neja Delta. 'Yar su ta biyu, Abigail,ta auri Thomas Babington Macaulay,ƙaramin abokin tarayya. Dan su kuma jikan Crowther,Herbert Macaulay,ya zama daya daga cikin masu kishin kasa na Najeriya na farko.
Manufar An zaɓi Crowther don ya raka James Schön ɗan mishan a balaguron Nijar na 1841 .Tare da Schön,ana sa ran zai koyi Hausa don amfani da shi wajen balaguro.Manufarta ita ce ta ƙarfafa kasuwanci,koyar da dabarun noma,ƙarfafa Kiristanci,da kuma taimakawa wajen kawo ƙarshen cinikin bayi.Bayan balaguron,an sake kiran Crowther zuwa Ingila,inda aka horar da shi a matsayin minista kuma Bishop na London ya nada shi.Schön ya rubuta wa Ƙungiyar Mishan ta Ikilisiya yana lura da amfani da ikon Crowther akan balaguron,yana ba da shawarar cewa ya kasance cikin shiri don naɗa Crowther ya koma Afirka a cikin 1843 kuma,tare da Henry Townsend,ya buɗe wata manufa a Abeokuta,a jihar Ogun ta Najeriya a yau.
Crowther ya fara fassara Littafi Mai Tsarki zuwa Yarabanci kuma ya haɗa ƙamus na Yarbanci. A cikin 1843,an buga littafinsa na nahawu,wanda ya fara aiki a kansa lokacin balaguron Nijar.Harshen Yarbanci na Littafin Anglican na Addu'a gama gari ya biyo baya.Crowther kuma ya tattara ƙamus na harshen Yarbanci,gami da adadin karin magana na cikin gida,wanda aka buga a London a cikin 1852.
Ya kuma fara tsara wasu harsuna.Bayan balaguron Neja na Biritaniya na 1854 da 1857, Crowther,wanda wani matashin ɗan Igbo mai fassara mai suna Simon Jonas ya taimaka,ya samar da jigon harshen Igbo a 1857.Ya buga ɗaya don harshen Nupe a 1860,da cikakken nahawu da ƙamus na Nupe a 1864.
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18458 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsibirin%20Tanimbar | Tsibirin Tanimbar | Tsibiran Tanimbar, a na kuma kiran su Timur Laut, gungun tsibirai ne kusan 65 a cikin lardin Maluku na kasar Indonesia. Yamdena shi ne tsauni mafi girma wanda kuma yake daidai tsakiyar tsibiran; wasu sun hada da Selaru a kudu maso yamma na Yamdena, Larat da Fordata a arewa maso gabas, Maru da Molu a arewa, da Seira, Wuliaru, Selu, Wotap da Makasar zuwa yamma. Jumlar Indonesiya timur laut na nufin "gabashin teku" ko "arewa maso gabas".
A na gudanar da Tsibirin Tanimbar a matsayin Tsibirin Tsibirin Tanimbar a kasar Indonesian tsarin mulki na Maluku. Yankin Regency ya mamaye yanki mai fadin 4,465.79 sq.km, kuma tana da yawan mutane 105,341 a kidayar shekara ta 2010; sabon kiyasi na hukuma (daga watan Janairu shekara ta 2014) ya kasance 117,341. Babban gari da cibiyar gudanarwa suna Saumlaki Labarin kasa Yanayi, tsibirin arewa maso gabas har yanzu suna cikin partananan Tsibirin Sunda Tsibirin Aru da Tsibirin Kai suna kwance a arewa maso gabas, kuma tsibirin Babar da kuma Timor suna yamma da yamma. Tsibiran sun raba Tekun Banda da na Arafura Jimlar tsibirin tsibirin 5440 ne (2100 sq mi).
Mafi girman ƙungiyar ita ce Yamdena Tsibirin Yamdena yana da tsaunuka da ke dazuzzuka tare da gabar gabashinta, yayin da gabar yamma ta yi ƙasa. Saumlaki shine babban gari, wanda yake a ƙarshen kudu na Yamdena. Sauran tsibiran sun hada da Larat, Selaru, da kuma Wuliaru Yawan mutanen ya kasance 105, 341 a ƙidayar shekara ta 2010, wanda kusan kashi 94% kirista ne, da saura musulmin ko wanin su. Islanda nanan a cikin tsibirin na Tanimbarkei ba na Tanimbar ba ne, amma na Tsibirin Kai ne kuma mazaunan da ba su wuce 1000 ba na gargajiya sosai.
Tsibirin Tanimbar wani bangare ne na Tsubirin Tekun Banda wanda ke da danshi wanda ba shi da kyau Tarihi a cikin tarihin zamani, an ambaci tsibirin Tanimbar (kamar Tsibirin Aru a cikin karni na 16 na tsibirin Lázaro Luís a shekara ta(1563), Bartolomeu Velho (c. 1560), Sebastião Lopes a shekara ta (1565), a cikin taswirar shekara ta 1594 na Gabas Indies mai suna Insulce Molucoe na ɗan Dutch mai zane-zanen Petrus Plancius, kuma a cikin taswirar Nova Guinea ta shekara ta 1600 (bisa tushe na Portuguese). Tsibirin Tanimbar ya hango kuma mai yiwuwa masu binciken jirgi na Fotigal kamar su Martim Afonso de Melo Jusarte a wajajen shekara ta 1522 zuwa shekara ta 1525, wadanda suka zagaya tsibiran Aru (tare da bayanin "A nan ne Martin Afonso de Melo ya yi sanyi") da Tanimbar, kuma mai yiwuwa Gomes de Sequeira a 1526. Tsibirin Tanimbar ya kasance wani ɓangare na Dutch East Indies A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu turawan Holan suna aika da wasu sojoji 13 karkashin jagorancin sajan KNIL Julius Tahija zuwa garin Saumlaki a Tsibirin Tanimbar a watan Yulin shekara ta 1942. Jiragen ruwan Japan sun shiga bakin ruwa a Saumlaki a ranar 30 ga watan Yuli kuma an yi amfani da ƙananan jiragen ruwa don zuwa jirgin. Jafananci sun gabatar da matsayi a cikin jirgin kuma suna son yin tafiya a cikin tsari cikin Saumlaki. Risonungiyar ta buɗe wuta a kusa da kusa da bindigogi masu haske. Jafananci sun koma jirginsu sun bar matattu da yawa a cikin jirgin. Samun saukar abokan gaba daga baya, duk da haka, an yi su a wani wuri yayin da jiragen ruwan Japan suka buɗe wuta a kan matsayin masu tsaron. An kashe shida daga cikin sojojin Holan kuma an kori waɗanda suka tsira cikin daji. A ranar 31 ga watan yuli, wani jirgin ruwa dauke da ayarin sojojin Ostiraliya ya isa jirgi a Saumlaki, ba tare da sanin cewa garin ya fada hannun Jafanawa ba. An harba jirgin daga bakin tekun, kuma an kashe kwamandan kungiyar da ke sauka. 'Yan Australia sun koma Darwin Bayan haka, mambobin rundunar Holan sun shiga cikin ruwan bindiga daga Jafanawa; wannan ya haifar da wasu asara, kuma maharan da sojojin ƙafa na Jafananci suka biyo baya a kan gaba. Bakwai daga cikin mambobin rundunar suka shiga jirgin ruwa suka tsere zuwa kasar Ostiraliya.
Tattalin arziki Muhimman kayayyaki sune copra, tortoiseshell, da trepang (kokwamba mai cin abinci). Kwanan nan, kamfanin man fetur da iskar gas na Japan, Inpex ya yi niyya don haɓaka aikin toshe Masela tare da biliyoyin tan na gas ɗin da aka samar. Kasashen waje zasu kasance a tsibirin Tanimbar. Fauna Morelia nauta
Tanimbar corella
Tanimbar daji-warbler
Tanimbar megapode
Tanimbar tauraruwa
Mujiya da aka rufe ta Moluccan
Fawn-breasted tashin hankali
Blue-streaked lory
Bastilla mishanarii
Troides riedeli
Etiella chrysoporella
Duba kuma Tsibirin Indonesiya
Kei-Tanimbar harsuna
Bayanan kula
Bayani
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Harsunan Indonesiya (Maluku)
Pages with unreviewed |
39465 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunus%20Musa | Yunus Musa | Yunus Dimoara Musah (an haife shi a watan Nuwamba 29, shekaratar alif dubu biyu da biyu(2002) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na kasar Amurka wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Valencia da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka An haife shine a Amurka, iyayensa yan asalin Ghana, ya girma galibi a Italiya da Ingila. Ya kasance matashin ɗan wasan kasa da kasa na Ingila kafia ya koma Amurka a shekarata 2021.
Aikin kulob
Farkon aiki An haifi Musah ne a birnin New York yayin da mahaifiyarsa 'yar kasar Ghana ce wanda ke hutu a Amurka. Mahaifinsa kuma ɗan kasar Ghana ne.Ya koma Italiya bayan haihuwarsa, yana zaune a Castelfranco Veneto kuma daga baya ya fara aikinsa a Giorgione Calcio 2000 .A shekarar 2012, yana da shekaru tara, ya koma London kuma ya shiga Kwalejin Arsenal Kocin Arsenal ƴan kasa da shekara 16 Trevor Bumstead ya bayyana cewa Musah ya yi rawar gani nan take; "A matsayinsa na ɗan wasa, ya kasance 'abin mamaki'. Yana da kyawawan halaye na zahiri da tuƙi da ƙudurin tafiya tare da hakan. Zai buga ko'ina don shiga cikin kungiyar amma abin da ya fi so shi ne a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari."
Valencia A lokacin rani a shekarar 2019, Musah ya shiga Valencia, yana da shekaru 16, kuma an sanya shi a cikin ajiyar Segunda División B. Ya fara halarta na farko tare da ƙungiyar B yana da shekaru 16 a kan Satumba 15,shekarar 2019, yana farawa a wasan 0-0 na gida da CF La Nucía Ya aura kwallonsa ta farko a ranar 1 ga Maris, shekarar 2020, inda ya jefa kwallo daya tilo da kungiyarsa ta samu a cikin rashin nasara da ci 2–1 a Gimnàstic de Tarragona Bayan zuwan sabon koci Javi Gracia a cikin tawagar farko ta Valencia, Musah ya shafe kafin kakar wasa ta shekarar 2020 tare da manyan 'yan wasan. Lokacin da yake da shekaru 17 da watanni takwas, ya sanya tawagarsa ta farko-da La Liga halarta a karon a ranar 13 ga Satumba na waccan shekarar, yana farawa a cikin nasarar gida da 4-2 da Levante UD A yin haka, ya zama Ba’amurke na farko da ya fara taka leda a kulob din. A ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, shekarar 2020, yana da shekaru 17 da kwanaki 338, Musah ya zira kwallo a raga a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Getafe CF, ya zama matashin dan wasan da ba dan Spain ba da ya zura kwallo a Valencia, ya karya tarihin da Lee Kang-in ya yi a baya. shekaru 18 da kwanaki 219. A wata mai zuwa, ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa da Valencia har zuwa 2026. A ranar 16 ga Disamba, a zagaye na farko na gasar Copa del Rey, ya zo ne da mintuna hudu saura wurin zuwa kulob din Tercera División Terrassa FC kuma ya zira kwallo a ragar da ya yi daidai da inda tawagarsa ta ci 4-2 bayan karin lokaci A 2021–22 Copa del Rey, Musah ya ci nasara a CD Utrillas da CD Arenteiro a farkon zagayen. A wasan karshe a ranar 23 ga Afrilu, ya maye gurbin Dimitri Foulquier bayan mintuna 100 na wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Real Betis kuma shi ne dan wasan da ya rasa a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida.
Ayyukan kasa da kasa Tun yana matashi Musah ya cancanci buga wa Amurka da Ghana da Italiya da Ingila wasa.
Kungiyoyin matasan Ingila Musah ya fara buga wasan sa na farko a duniya tare da ƴan wasan Ingila na ƴan kasa da shekara 15 a shekarar 2016, sannan ya wakilci Ingila zuwa matakin ƴan kasa da shekara 18 An kuma kira shi zuwa tawagar ƴan ƙasa da shekaru 19 a watan Oktoba shekarar 2020. Fenaretin da Musah ya ci ya baiwa 'yan wasan Ingila 'yan kasa da shekara 18 kunnen doki da 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 na Brazil a ranar 8 ga Satumba, shekarar 2019, kuma ya ci gaba da zura wata muhimmiyar kwallo a ragar ƴan kasa da shekaru 18 na Austria a ranar 16 ga Oktoba,shekarar 2019, inda Ingila ta ci 3-2. A dunkule Musah ya buga wa Ingila wasa fiye da 30 a matakin matasa.
Tawagar maza ta Amurka Musah ya amince da kiran da aka yi wa manyan ‘yan wasan Amurka a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, shekarar 2020, don buga wasan sada zumunci da Wales da Panama a karshen wannan watan. Ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙwararrun Turai waɗanda suka haɗa da zaɓin farko na 10 kuma yana da matsakaicin shekaru 22. Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Amurka ta tuntubi Musah ta hanyar Nico Estévez, mataimakiyar manajan Amurka wanda ke da alaƙa da Valencia CF wanda a baya ya jagoranci matasan su da ƙungiyoyin ajiya na tsawon shekaru takwas. Musah ya fara buga wasansa na farko a duniya a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, inda ya fara wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Wales a filin wasa na Liberty da ke Swansea Daga nan ya fara nasara da ci 6–2 akan Panama a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba. Duk da Musah ya buga wa kasar Amurka wasa a matakin manya, babban kocin Ingila Gareth Southgate ya yi yunkurin shawo kan Musah ya buga wa Ingila wasa, yana mai cewa: “Muna sa ido a kansa. Ya kasance tare da mu a cikin watanni biyun da suka gabata kuma muna matukar son makomarsa ta kasance tare da mu." Kociyan Ingila 'yan kasa da shekara 21 Aidy Boothroyd shi ma ya ce: "Ina fatan za mu gan shi a U21 a wani lokaci. Ban sani ba [idan ya yanke shawararsa]. Ina fatan bai samu ba domin ina ganin idan ya zo nan ya ga abin da muke ciki zai ji daɗinsa sosai.” A halin da ake ciki, hukumomin Amurka sun ci gaba da yin hulɗa da Musah bayan sansanin USMNT na Nuwamba, tare da mataimakin manajan Nico Estévez a tuntuɓar yau da kullun da kuma manajan Gregg Berhalter suna tattaunawa da Musah da danginsa. A karshen shekarar 2020, yayin da yake gab da cika shekaru 18 a duniya, Musah ya kasa tantance kan batun wace kasa ce zai wakilta ta dindindin. A ranar 15 ga Maris, shekarar 2021, duk da haka, a hukumance ya dage don wakiltar Amurka a duniya. Musah ya buga wa Amurka wasa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar 2022 a Qatar.
Kididdigar sana'a
Kulob
Ƙasashen Duniya
Girmamawa Amurka
Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta CONCACAF 2019-20
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Yunus Musah at BDFutbol
'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila
Rayayyun mutane
Yan wasan kwallon kafa
Yan wasan kwallon kafa na Ghana
Haifaffun |
31361 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanjin%20Yanayi%20a%20Uganda | Chanjin Yanayi a Uganda | Sauyin yanayi a Uganda na ƙara shafar rayuwar al'ummar Uganda da muhalli baki ɗaya. Yanayi a Uganda ya haifar da matsanancin yanayi kamar tsawan lokaci fari da ruwan sama wanda ba a saba gani ba, ba na yau da kullun ba, wanda ba a saba da shi ba kuma ba a iya hasashensa. Uganda galibi tana da yanayi mai zafi tare da ruwan sama na yau da kullun da yanayin hasken rana. Sai dai saboda sauyin yanayi yanayi ya canza, inda kasar ta fuskanci karancin ruwan sama ko tsayi da kuma tsananin fari musamman a gabashi da arewa maso gabashin Uganda. Yuganda kasa ce da ba ta da ruwa, aikin noma shi ne babban bangaren tattalin arziki wanda ya kai sama da kashi 25% na babban abin da take samu a cikin gida (GDP). Bangaren yana daukar kusan kashi 70% na ma'aikatan kasar na yau da kullun da na yau da kullun. Duk da haka, wannan yana zuwa tare da gazawar ci gaba da dama wasu daga cikinsu sune: Girman yawan jama'a wanda ya kai kimanin kashi 3.3, cututtuka kamar HIV/Aids da cututtuka (kamar Malaria zaizayar ƙasa da lalacewa. Haɓaka yanayin zafi da haɓakar sauye-sauyen ruwan sama ya kuma kawo ƙarin matsin lamba kan ci gaba tunda ƙasar ta dogara ne akan noman ruwan sama. Haɓakar yanayin zafi da yanayin damina ba za a iya faɗi ba yana rage adadin ƙasar noma, raguwar lokutan noma, lalata albarkatun ruwa (ƙasa) da canza abubuwan da suka faru da rarraba ƙwari.
Tushen gas na Greenhouse Fitar da iskan da ake fitarwa a Uganda kaɗan ne, inda carbon dioxide bai taba wuce kilogiram 150 ga kowane mutum a shekara ba, kuma ya kai kusan tan miliyan 5 a kowace shekara. Ya zuwa 2022, sama da kashi 90% na wutar lantarki wutar lantarki ce ta ruwa, amma yawancin yankunan karkara ba su da wutar lantarki kuma suna ƙone itace don dafa abinci. Ana sukar gwamnati da yadda ake kara sare itatuwa.
Tasiri kan yanayin yanayi
Zazzaɓi da canjin yanayi Matsakaicin zafin jiki a Uganda ya karu da 1.3°C tun a shekarun 1960 kuma mafi ƙarancin yanayin zafi ya ƙaru da 0.5-1.2°C na wannan lokacin tare da matsakaicin yanayin zafi yana ƙara da 0.6-0.9°C. An sami ƙarin matsakaicin yanayin zafi a 0.28 C a kowace shekara goma tun daga 1960 kuma yanayin yanayin zafi na yau da kullun tun 1960 yana nuna haɓakar haɓakar yawan lokutan zafi, da haɓaka haɓaka mafi girma a cikin mitar zafi dare. Sauye-sauyen yanayi da canjin yanayin zafi kuma suna shafar tsaunin Rwenzori ta hanyar haifar da narkewar glacier wanda ke ƙara yawan ruwa a kogin Nyamwamba, Mubuku, da Ruimi. Wannan ya haifar da ambaliya akai-akai a fadin yankin Rwenzori. Daga 1906, filayen ƙanƙara sun ragu daga 6.5 sq/km zuwa kasa da 1 sq/km ta 2003 kuma yana iya ɓacewa gaba ɗaya cikin ƴan shekaru. A cikin 2012, gobarar daji ta faru a yankin Rwenzori wanda ya sa filin ƙanƙara glaciers ya narke wanda ya haifar da ambaliya na kogin da ke kewaye da dutsen. Sakamakon ruwan sama kamar da bakin ƙwarya a kusa da tsaunin Muhavura, a ranar 24 ga Janairu, 2022 ambaliya, laka, duwatsu da tarkace sun yi hadari a sassan gundumar Kisoro, tare da lalata gidaje, hanyoyi da ababen more rayuwa. Yankunan da lamarin ya fi shafa sun hada da Nyarusiza, Muramba da Bunagana. An bayar da rahoton cewa mutane tara ne suka rasa rayukansu sannan dubban mutane suka rasa matsugunansu da wannan bala'in ya shafa.
A gundumar Kasese, kusan duk shekara ana samun ambaliyar ruwa wanda ke haifar da mummunar tasiri ga rayuwa da rayuwar jama'a a wannan wuri. Sakamakon haka, makarantu da gidajen jama'a da dama sun kone tare da lalata su tare da yin barna da yawa,
Tasiri kan albarkatun ruwa Ɓangaren samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na Uganda ya sami ci gaba sosai a cikin birane tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1990 har zuwa aƙalla 2006, tare da ƙaruwa mai yawa a cikin ɗaukar hoto da kuma ayyukan aiki da kasuwanci. gyare-gyare da gyare-gyare a fannin daga shekarar 1998 zuwa 2003 sun hada da kasuwanci da zamanantar da kamfanin samar da ruwa da magudanar ruwa ta kasa (NWSC) da ke gudanar da ayyuka a birane da manyan garuruwa, da kuma karkatar da gwamnati da kuma shiga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a ƙananan garuruwa. Uganda tana da albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa na kusan 2085 m3 yr wanda ya ke sama da iyakar da aka sani a duniya na 100 m3 yr na ƙarancin ruwa. Duk da haka, an haɓaka fannin ruwa kuma kusan kashi 0.5% na yawan ruwan da ake da shi ne ake amfani da shi a kowace shekara.
Uganda ta samu dan ci gaba da inganta samar da ruwan sha ta hanyar inganta kayan aiki wanda ya kai kashi 39% a shekarar 1990 zuwa kashi 48 cikin 100 a shekarar 2008 kuma wannan ya takaita ne a yankuna masu nisa da karkara da kashi 40% a shekarar 1990 da kashi 49% zuwa 2008. Ba haka lamarin yake ba a yankunan birane da ke da kashi 35 a shekarar 1995 da kashi 38 cikin 100 a shekarar 2008.
Tsarin halittu Uganda, a matsayinta na ƙasa, ta dogara ne da albarkatun ƙasa da kuma ingantaccen yanayin muhalli noman ruwan sama, yawon bude ido, kamun kifi, da gandun daji, misali, gudummawar GDP: yawon shakatawa 9% da gandun daji (5.2%). Al'ummar Uganda na fuskantar barazanar karuwar yawan jama'a, karuwar birane da ayyukan tattalin arziki, fadada filayen noma zuwa dazuzzuka, dausayi da ciyayi inda kashi 75% na filayen dausayi ake ganin sun lalace sosai, kashi 90% na makamashin makamashin halittu ne: gawayi da man itace yana haifar da asara. na murfin gandun daji yana gudana a 1.7% a kowace shekara, masana'antun gine-gine: buƙatun katako yana da yawa, ayyukan hakar ma'adinai yashi da yumbura, quarrying, haƙar gwal, yawon shakatawa na yanayi: fadada ayyukan yawon shakatawa da wurare. Bangaren mai da iskar gas mai tasowa: binciken da aka yi a cikin mahalli mai wadatar muhalli amma yanki mai hankali a cikin Albertine graben, asarar wurin zama, mamaye noma da faɗaɗawa, gurɓatawa. A cikin 2010, Uganda tana da 6.93Mha na murfin itace, wanda ya kai sama da 29% na yankin ƙasarta. A cikin 2020, ta yi asarar 73.6kha na murfin itace, daidai da 36.0Mt na hayaƙin Daga 2001 zuwa 2020, an yi asarar 918kha na murfin bishiyar, daidai da raguwar 12% na murfin bishiyar tun 2000, da 413Mt na hayaƙin Daga 2001 zuwa 2019, kashi 3.8% na asarar murfin bishiyar sun faru a wuraren da manyan masu yin asara suka haifar da sare dazuzzuka. Wannan ya rage duka ayyukan yanayin halittu da gandun daji ke bayarwa, gami da rage yawan amfanin itace da inganci, da nau'in halittun da suke tallafawa. 1.4Mha na kasa ya kone har zuwa 2021. Wannan jimillar al'ada ce idan aka kwatanta da jimillar shekarun baya da suka koma 2001. Gobara mafi girma da aka samu a cikin shekara ita ce 2005, tare da 7.3Mha.
Tasiri kan mutane
Tasirin tattalin arziki Tattalin arzikin Uganda ya kasu zuwa manyan sassa uku: noma, masana'antu da bangaren ayyuka kuma duk wadannan suna da matukar hadari ga illar sauyin yanayi. Wasu daga cikin hanyoyin da suka bi ta babban fannin wanda shi ne bangaren noma abin ya shafa sun hada da: rage yankin da ya dace da noma saboda ƙaruwar yawan jama’a, da canza tsawon lokacin noman noma, rage yawan amfanin gona, da kara yaduwa da kuma tsananin abubuwan da suka faru musamman fari da ambaliya) da kuma kara yawaitar cututtuka na shuka (Bankin Duniya, 2013). Ƙididdigar lalacewar canjin yanayi a fannin noma, ruwa, ababen more rayuwa da sassan makamashi gaba ɗaya sun kai kashi 2-4% na GDP tsakanin 2010 da 2050. Tare da ƙiyasin yawan jama'a 48,432,863, Uganda ita ce kan gaba wajen noman kwayoyin halitta tare da kiyasin kadada 231,157 na filayen noma. Ana hasashen sauyin yanayi zai yi tasiri sosai ga Uganda a ma sassan.
Noma da kiwo Canjin yanayi ya riga ya yi tasiri sosai a fannin aikin gona wanda ya kasance ƙa
ashin bayan tattalin arzikin Uganda tsawon shekaru da yawa wanda ya ba da gudummawar kusan kashi 37% na Babban Haɓaka Cikin Gida (GDP). A bisa ka'ida lokacin farko shine dasa shuki a watan Maris kuma ana girbi a Yuli-Agusta, yayin da kakar ta biyu ta kasance daga Agusta zuwa Janairu. Manoma ko da yaushe suna guje wa shuka a makare tunda yana haifar da karuwar kwari da hare-haren cututtuka don haka rage yawan amfanin gona kuma yawancin noman dagaƙkananan manoma ne. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi yana tsakanin digiri 18 zuwa 30 ma'aunin celcius amma yana iya yin girma zuwa kusan ma'aunin celcius 37 a wasu wurare. Wani bincike da Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Muhalli ta gudanar tare da tallafi daga Cibiyar Ilimi ta Climate and Development Knowledge Network (CDKN) ta yi hasashen raguwar ruwan sama da zai iya rage yuwuwar makamashin ruwa na Uganda da kusan kashi 26% nan da shekarar 2050. Ɓangaren masana'anta Ɓangaren masana'antu na Uganda ya mamaye aikin noma, abinci da abin sha, kayayyakin gida, kayan gini da kayan masarufi masu saurin tafiya. Yawancin kamfanoni ƙanana ne da matsakaitan masana'antu waɗanda ke da alaƙa a Kampala da yankin Tsakiya. Yawancin kayayyakin da ake samarwa a Uganda ana amfani da su ne don amfanin cikin gida, kuma ana fitar da su zuwa kasuwannin yankin Gabashin Afirka da suka haɗa da Rwanda, Burundi, Sudan ta Kudu, Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango (DRC) da yankunan Kenya da Tanzaniya da ke maƙwabtaka da Uganda Masana'antu, ƙarin ƙimar na GDP) a Uganda an ba da rahoton da kashi 15.8% a cikin 2020, bisa ga tarin alamun ci gaban Bankin Duniya, wanda aka tattara daga tushe da aka sani a hukumance. Uganda, Bangaren Masana'antu, ƙarin ƙima na GDP) ainihin ƙima, bayanan tarihi, hasashe da tsinkaya an samo su daga Bankin Duniya a watan Afrilu na 2022, wanda ke ɗaukar kusan kashi 6.622% na sashin Labour na yau da kullun.
Tasirin lafiya Sauyin yanayi yana fusata faruwar cututtuka da ke haifar da ruwa kamar su dysentery, kwalara, hepatitis E, cututtukan da ke haifar da vector musamman zazzabin cizon sauro, cututtukan numfashi da cututtuka masu alaƙa da rashin abinci mai gina jiki. Shirin bunƙasa sashen kiwon lafiya na Uganda na hudu ya nuna muhimmancin bunkasa "tsarin gargadi na farko da yada hasashen yanayi don taimakawa masu kula da lafiya wajen inganta shiri da mayar da martani".
Ragewa da daidaitawa Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Kasa (NEMA),, National Forestry Authority Ma’aikatar Ruwa da Muhalli Hukumar Kula da Gandun Daji ta Kasa, Ma’aikatar Filaye, Gidaje da Rarraba Birane da Ma’aikatar Ayyuka da Sufuri, Uganda Namun daji Hukuma su ne manyan ƴan wasa da gwamnati ta kafa don gudanarwa da gina juriyar yanayi.
Manazarta Uganda
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
24034 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin%20Chinese | Mandarin Chinese | Mandarin Sin ko kawai Mandarin shine yaren gwamnati da ilimi na babban yankin China da Taiwan, tare da sanannun banbance na Hong Kong da Macau inda ake yawan amfani da yaren Sinawa da ake kira Cantonese.
Mandarin yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan harsunan yanki biyar na kasar Sin. Yana yaduwa fiye da kowane nau'in yanki, daga duk yankin arewacin ƙasar Sin zuwa lardin Yunnan da ke kudu maso yammacin kasar Sin. A cikin wannan babban yanki akwai bambance -bambancen yanki da yawa a cikin ƙamus, don haka wani wanda ya tashi daga Beijing zuwa Yunnan bai iya fahimtar mutanen da ke magana da yarensu na Yunnanhua ba. Matsalar ta fi girma ga mutum a Burtaniya ko Amurka don zuwa Australia. Saboda haka, tun daga shekarun 1920, gwamnatin ƙasar Sin ta kafa harshe na ƙasa bisa tushen yaren Beijing da kuma a kan kalmomin da aka fi fahimta da karin magana.
Mandarin shine daidaitaccen yare Ba yaren kowa bane, amma matsakaici mai kyau tsakanin nau'ikan harsuna daban -daban da yare ɗaya kowa zai iya fahimta da sadarwa da shi. Duk da cewa ya dogara ne da yaren Beijing, amma bai yi daidai da yaren Beijing ba.
Makarantu suna amfani da yare da ake kira tsayayyen Mandarin, Putonghua ma'ana "na kowa (magana)" ko Hanyu ma'ana "harshen Han A wurare kamar Malaysia, an san shi da Huayu A Taiwan, an san shi da Guoyu ma'ana "harshen ƙasa." Akwai ƙananan bambance -bambance a cikin waɗannan ƙa'idodin.
Sama da mutane miliyan 800 ke magana da yaren Mandarin a duk duniya, fiye da kowane yare. Yawancin mutanen da ke ƙaura daga yankin Greater China yanzu suna magana da Mandarin, yayin da a cikin ƙarni da suka gabata galibin yaren Cantonese ko Taishanese, wani yare na Sinawa na gida.
Standard Mandarin yana ɗaya daga cikin harsunan hukuma guda shida a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Sauran Ingilishi ne, Faransanci, Spanish, Rashanci da Larabci Rubutu An rubuta Mandarin tare da haruffan Sinanci da ake kira Hànzì ko wanda a zahiri yana nufin "haruffan Han". Kowane Hànzì yana da lafazi da ma'anarsa. Ƙamus na talakawa zai ƙunshi haruffa kusan 10,000. Mandarin da ake Magana yana amfani da kalmomin hadewa da yawa, kalmomin da ke haɗa ma'anoni kamar yadda Ingilishi ke yi a cikin kalmomin kamar "gun bindiga," "motar kashe gobara," "filin wasa," da dai sauransu.
Hanzi sune tsarin akida: hali ɗaya yana nufin ra'ayi ɗaya. Dabbobi daban -daban an samo su ne daga masu akidar ta hanyar haɗa su. Hakanan ana iya rubuta Mandarin da sauti (wato: an rubuta kamar yadda ake magana) tare da haruffan Latin kamar yadda da gaske ba za ku iya ganin haruffan daga haruffan Hanzi ba. Wannan shi ake kira fassara. Mafi mashahuri tsarin fassarar harshe ana kiransa Pinyin Wasu haruffan Sinawa ainihin hotuna ne na ainihin abubuwan da suke wakilta. Yayin da lokaci ya ci gaba, mutane sun zaɓi rubuta juzu'i mafi sauƙi waɗanda suka fi sauƙi a rubuta amma ba su yi kama da ainihin abin ba, kamar yadda mutane a wasu lokuta sukan zana sandar maza maimakon zana mutane da jikinsu na zahiri, makamai, ƙafafu, da sauransu. Ga wasu misalai:
Yawancin haruffa, duk da haka, ana yin su ta hanyar haɗa hotuna, ta amfani da ɗaya don ba da ma'ana gaba ɗaya, ɗayan kuma don wakiltar sauti. Misali, mā" (inna) ana yin ta ta ƙara (nǚ, mace mutum) zuwa (mǎ, doki). Ɓangaren "ma" yana nan don wakiltar sauti.
A yawancin yarukan Sinawa na dā, haruffa ɗaya gaba ɗaya sun isa kalma ɗaya, amma Mandarin da ake magana da shi na zamani yana amfani da yawancin mahadi kamar māma," wanda shine kawai "mama,"
Wasu misalai suna nuna hanyoyi daban -daban na haɗa abubuwan haɗin gwiwa:
huǒ chē (lit. motar wuta) locomotive, jirgin ƙasa
dà rén (lit. babban mutum) babba
dǎ kāi (lit. yajin aiki a buɗe) buɗe (ƙofa, taga, ambulaf, da sauransu. Kamar dai yadda Ingilishi da ake amfani da shi a Burtaniya yana son "man fetur" amma Ingilishi da ake amfani da shi a Amurka kusan koyaushe yana amfani da "mai," harsunan yanki daban -daban a China na iya amfani da kalmomin haɗewa daban -daban don kiran abu ɗaya.
A cikin Mandarin da ake Magana, yawancin kalmomi mahadi ne na hali saboda tsawon lokaci Mandarin ya ɓace sautuka da yawa waɗanda suka wanzu a farkon nau'ikan Sinanci. Saboda asarar sauti, kalmomin Sinanci da yawa sun ƙare sun zama masu yin homophones, don haka an ƙara ƙarin haruffa zuwa kalmomi don rarrabe su. Misali, taken Sinanci na waƙar zaki mai cin zaki a cikin Den ana kiransa Shī Shì Shí Shī Shǐ kuma kowane hali a cikin waƙar ana furtawa da harafi iri ɗaya, amma tare da sautuka daban-daban. A cikin tsoffin nau'ikan Sinawa, da ana iya rarrabe haruffa daban -daban waɗanda ke yin taken, saboda suna iya yin sauti daban da juna.
Don haka, kalmomin haruffa ɗaya a cikin Sinanci na gargajiya kamar
ya zama kalmomin haɗin Mandarin
don rarrabe irin waɗannan kalmomin daga homophones ɗin su, in ba haka ba za a iya kuskure haruffan da aka ambata don irin haruffa masu sauti kamar
don haka ya sa harshen magana yake da wahalar fahimta ba tare da kalmomin haɗe -haɗe ba.
Bambanci tsakanin Mandarin (Lafazin Beijing) da Yaren Beijing An bayyana Mandarin kuma an tsara shi bisa lafazin Beijing. A ƙasar Sin, akwai yaruka sama da 600,000 da karin lafazi duk da cewa dukkansu suna amfani da yaren Sinanci da haruffa, amma yadda suke furtawa da wasu maganganu sun bambanta. Dole ne kasar Sin ta sami daidaitaccen lafazi don ba wa dukkan mutane damar fahimtar juna da sadarwa. Beijing ta kasance babban birnin China sama da shekaru 1,000, don haka China ta ayyana Beijing Accent a matsayin daidaitaccen Mandarin.
Har ila yau, Beijing tana da wasu yarukan gida waɗanda Mandarin ko daidaitaccen yaren Sinanci bai haɗa da su ba tukuna. Amma kasancewar Beijing ita ce babban birni har ma da cibiyar siyasa, tattalin arziki, al'adu da ilimi na China, ana samun ƙarin sabbin yarukan Beijing ko za a karɓa a matsayin Mandarin ko daidaitaccen yaren Sinanci. Sauran yarukan, kamar su Shangajin, Cantonese, Hakka da sauransu, suna da ƙarancin damar da za a haɗa su cikin Mandarin ko daidaitaccen yaren Sinanci ko kuma duk China ta yarda da su.
Samfuran masu zuwa wasu yarukan Beijing ne waɗanda har yanzu ba a karɓe su a matsayin daidaitaccen Mandarin bèi'ér na nufin bànsuàn na nufin bùlìn yana nufin 'kada ku damu'; Ò: cuò na nufin chūliū na nufin dàlǎoyérmenr na nufin 'maza, maza';
Samfuran masu zuwa wasu yarukan Beijing ne waɗanda tuni an karɓi su a matsayin Mandarin a cikin 'yan shekarun èrbǎdāo yana nufin 'ba ƙwararre ba'; Ē gēmenr na nufin 'kyawawan abokai kōuménr na nufin dǎxiǎo'ér na nufin 'tun ƙuruciya'
Misalai Nayi farin ciki
Ǐ nǐ ba ma? Ya kake?
wǒ ni, ni
Ba ku
nín －you (Ana amfani dashi kawai lokacin girmamawa)
Nassoshi
Sauran gidajen yanar gizo Gabatarwar Harshen Mandarin
Archived Tona Asusun Mai Bayanai na Pinyin Yana ƙara alamun sauti (pinyin) ta atomatik a saman haruffan Sinawa.
Ina Son Mujallar Koyan Sinanci
Archived Software Mai Shigar da Software na shigar da Pinyin na Google
Koyi Mandarin 11 Kyaututtukan koyan Mandarin kyauta
Mandarin Pinyin Domin koyon daidaitattun Sinanci, dole ne mutum ya fara koyon tsarin sautinsa.
Yellow Bridge Wata hanya ta yanar gizo don ɗaliban yaren Sinanci
Zhongwen Red Kyautattun darussan tsari don Mandarin Sinawa.
Harshen Mandarin -Citizendium
Sin
Harsuna
Pages with unreviewed |
29980 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide%20Casely-Hayford | Adelaide Casely-Hayford | Articles with hCards
Adelaide Casely-Hayford, MBE (née Smith;an haife tane 2 ga watanYuni 1868 24 Janairu 1960), ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga Saliyo Creole, mai fafutukar kishin ƙasa, malami kuma marubuci almara kuma mace. An ba da ita ga aikin gwamnati, ta yi aiki don inganta yanayin baƙar fata maza da mata. A matsayinta na shugabar ilimin mata a Saliyo, ta taka rawa wajen yada siyasa da siyasa a cikin Pan-Africanist da mata a farkon 1900s. Ta kafa Makarantar Koyon Aiki da Koyarwa ta 'Yan Mata a Freetown a 1923 don koyar da al'adun gargajiya da nuna wariyar launin fata ga Saliyo a karkashin mulkin mallaka. Don bin asalin ƙasar Saliyo da al'adun gargajiya, ta ƙirƙiri abin mamaki ta hanyar sanya suturar gargajiya ta Afirka a cikin shekarar 1925 don halartar liyafar don girmama Yariman Wales.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi Adelaide Smith an haife tane a ranar 2 ga watan Yuni 1868 ga dangin fitattu a Freetown, Saliyo, ga mahaifin gauraye (William Smith Jr, na Turanci da sarauta Fanti parentage) daga Gold Coast da mahaifiyar Creole, Anne Spilsbury, na Turanci, Jamaican Maroon, da Saliyo sun 'yantar da asalin Afirka. Adelaide ita ce ta biyu a cikin 'ya'yanta bakwai na iyayenta. Ita da 'yan uwanta mata sun girma a Ingila, inda mahaifinta ya yi ritaya a 1872 tare da danginsa a kan fansho na fam 666. Ta halarci Kwalejin Ladies na Jersey (yanzu Jersey College for Girls). Kamar sauran matan Saliyo da aka haife su a cikin fitattun jama'a, ta sami tasiri sosai game da dabi'un Victoria da ra'ayoyin dangi da matsayin mata.
Har ila yau, Casely-Hayford ta yi tafiya, kuma yayin yin hakan ya sami sha'awar siyasar Afirka ta Pan. A shekara ta 1872, ta yi ƙaura zuwa London kuma ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Ladies a tsibirin Jersey. Lokacin da yake da shekaru 17, Smith ya tafi Stuttgart, Jamus, dan yin nazarin kiɗa a Stuttgart Conservatory. Ta koma Ingila, inda ita da 'yar uwarta suka buɗe gidan kwana don baƙon Afirka da ke zaune a ƙasar a matsayin ɗalibai ko ma'aikata. A yayin wani jawabi a shekarar 1905, ta jaddada mahimmancin matan Afirka za su iya samu a cikin ci gaban zamantakewa da siyasa. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, ta koma Gold Coast (yanzu Ghana).
Aure da iyali Yayin da yake Ingila, Adelaide Smith ta auri J. E. Casely Hayford (kuma ana kiranta Ekra-Agiman). Auren nasu na iya ba ta zurfin fahimta game da al'adun Afirka kuma ta rinjayi canjin ta zuwa ɗan kishin ƙasa. Yarinyarsu Gladys Casely-Hayford ta zama sanannen mawaƙin Creole. A shekara ta 1914, auren Adelaide da J.E. sun gaza. Bayan haka, ta koma Saliyo.
Komawa zuwa Freetown Bayan shekaru 25 a ƙasashen waje, Adelaide Casely-Hayford da 'yan uwanta mata sun koma Saliyo. An yi wahayi zuwa ga ra'ayoyin girman kai na launin fata da haɗin gwiwar ci gaba ta Marcus Garvey ta Universal Negro Development Association (UNIA), ta shiga cikin Sashin Ladies na Freetown Branch. Ta zama jagorar mace ta Afirka, ta yin amfani da jawabinta da rubuce-rubuce don kalubalantar fifikon maza a Afirka da tallafawa 'yancin mata na Afirka. A shekarar 1915, ta gabatar da jawabi kan "Hakkokin mata da Auren Kirista" wanda ke bayyana hangen nesan ta na kara hakkokin mata. Ta tashi ta zama shugabar UNIA. A watan Yuni na 1920, ta yi murabus daga kungiyar saboda wani rikici na ban sha'awa tsakanin ta da Makarantar Koyon sana'o'in 'yan mata. Ta kai ziyara Amurka, tana ba da laccoci na jama'a don gyara ra'ayoyin jama'ar Amurka game da Afirka.
Komawa cikin Freetown, Casely-Hayford ta fara kafa wata cibiyar koyar da sana'a don taimakawa 'yan mata su koyi asalin al'adunsu da kuma haifar da alfahari na ƙasa. A watan Oktoba na 1923, aka buɗe Makarantar Koyon sana'a ta 'yan mata a cikin gidan Smith tare da ɗalibai 14. A matsayina na babba, Casely-Hayford za ta gwammace ɗalibai su sanya suturar asali zuwa makaranta, amma iyayensu sun ƙi wannan ra'ayin. Makarantar Koyon Budurwa ta kasance ta musamman saboda babu damar samun ilimi da yawa ga girlsan mata a Saliyo a lokacin. Makarantar ta kasance ta musamman saboda ba kawai ta koyar da youngan matan Afirka tarihin Afirka ba, har ma ta koya musu yadda za su zama masu tunani da 'yanci. Ta so ta koyar da 'yan mata kwarin gwiwa da kwarewa don zama shugabannin gaba a Afirka da Saliyo. A cikin edita na 1922, ta ce "Nan take, idanuna suka buɗe don gaskiyar cewa ilimin ya dace da [Mutanen Afirka] ya koya mana mu raina kanmu... Bukatarmu ta gaggawa ita ce ilimi wanda zai koya mana ƙaunar ƙasa, alfahari da launin fata, da sha'awar ikon baƙar fata, da kyakkyawar sha'awar aikin fasaha na Afirka," kuma tana "sa ido zuwa... sabuwar rana, wacce za a ba wa Afirka damar faɗaɗa da ci gaba, tare da ra'ayoyinta da manufofinta."
Ta kwashe shekaru masu zuwa tana rubuta abubuwan tunawa da gajerun labarai. Takaitaccen tarihinta "Mista Courifer" an nuna shi a cikin African Treasury: Articles, Essays, Stories, Poems (1960) na Langston Hughes, tarin gajerun ayyuka da marubutan Afirka suka buga, a Amurka. Ta mutu a Freetown ranar 24 ga Janairu 1960, tana da shekara 91.
Muhimmanci a cikin al'ummar yau Adelaide Smith Casely Hayford ta ba da hanya ga youngan mata inan mata a ƙasarta don su iya zuwa makaranta don koyan ƙwarewar da wataƙila ba za su iya koya da kansu ba. Adelaide ya ba wa mata 'yancin yin karatu da magana dan kansu amma kuma su shawo kan iyaye mata suyi renon yaransu a ƙasarsu ta yadda za su iya shiga cikin al'adun da aka haife su.
Gado da girmamawa Casey-Hayford ta sami lambobin yabo da yawa daga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka saboda amincewa da gudummawar da ta bayar ga mutanen Saliyo.
1935: An ba ta lambar yabo ta Jubilee ta Sarki.
1949: ta karbi MBE
Asteroid 6848 Casely-Hayford, masanan kimiyyar taurari na Amurka Eleanor Helin da Schelte Bus a Palomar Observatory a shekarar 1978, an sanya mata suna a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ta. Cibiyar Kula da Kayan Karatu ta buga wannan hukuma a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta 2019 (M.P.C. 115893).
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19622 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C6%99in%20Basasar%20Afghanistan%20%281996%E2%80%932001%29 | Yaƙin Basasar Afghanistan (1996–2001) | Wannan labarin ya kunshi Tarihin Afghanistan tsakanin Bama da Taliban tayi wa Kabul, kuma sun kafa Masarautar Musulunci ta Afghanistan a ranar 27 ga watan Satumban shekara ta 1996, da mamayewar Amurka da birtaniya yayi wa Afghanistan a ranar 7 ga watan Oktoban Shekara ta 2001: a lokacin da wani bangare ne na yakin basasar Afganistan da ya fara a cikin shekara ta 1989, sannan kuma wani bangare ne na yakin (a fadi mafi girma) a Afghanistan wanda ya fara a cikin shekara 1978 Jahar musulunci ta Afghanistan gwamnatin na zaune a matsayin gwamnatin Afghanistan na mafi yawan} ƙasashen duniya, da Masarautar musulunci ta taliban a Afghanistan duk da haka tana karbuwa daga Saudi Arabia, Pakistan da kuma Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa Ministan tsaron kasar na jahar musulunci Afghanistan, Ahmad Shah Massoud, ya kirkiri Kunigiyar hada kai(Arewacin hadaka) a cikin 'yan adawa ga Taliban. Kungiyar hada kai ta hada dukkan kabilun Afghanistan: Tajiks, Uzbeks, Hazaras, Turkmens, wasu Pashtuns da sauransu. A yayin rikicin, kungiyar Taliban ta samu tallafin soja daga Pakistan da kuma taimakon kudi daga Saudiyya. Pakistan ta tsoma baki a Afghanistan, tana tura dakaru da sojoji na kungiyar Frontier Corps da Soja akan kungiyar hadaka Al-Qaeda tallafawa Taliban da dubunnan mayaka da aka shigo da su daga Pakistan, kasashen Larabawa, da Asiya ta Tsakiya.
Manyan mahalarta Ahmad Shah Massoud (na kungiyar hadaka da jahar musulunci ta Afghanistan Mullah Mohammad Omar (na Taliban da Osama Bin Laden tare da Ayman al-Zawahiri (don Al-Qaeda da bukatun wasu Larabawa su ne manyan shugabannin kungiyar. yakin da ke zaune a Afghanistan Akwai wasu shugabannin, galibi daga Pakistan (kamar Pervez Musharraf da kuma daga baya Janar Mahmud a gefe guda kuma daga Kungiyar hadaka (watau Haji Abdul Qadeer, Abdul Rashid Dostum a wancan gefen, wanda, amma, ba koyaushe yake cikin Afghanistan kanta ba. Ingancin rayuwar jama'ar Afghanistan ya dogara sosai da takamaiman shugaban da ke kula da yankin da suke zaune kai tsaye. Cikin wuri ya bambanta game da rayuwa da tsari a yankuna daban-daban.
Gungiyar hada (Kawancen Arewa) A cikin dukkanin tarihin ayyukanta, Hadaddiyar kungiyar Musulunci ta Ceto ta Afghanistan (Northern Alliance) ta kasance karkashin jagorancin Ahmad Shah Massoud, wani dalibin injiniya na Jami'ar Kabul ya zama shugaban soja wanda ya taka rawa wajen fitar da sojojin Soviet daga Afghanistan, yana samun kudi masa sunan barkwanci Lion na Panjshir Mabiyansa kuma suna kiransa Smer Sāheb-e Shahīd Commanderaunataccen Kwamandanmu na Shahada Jaridar Wall Street Journal a wancan lokacin ta sadaukar da kayan murfin nata ga Massoud yana kiransa "Afganistan da ya ci Yakin Cacar Baki". Bayan ficewar sojojin Soviet daga Afghanistan da kuma rugujewar gwamnatin Mohammad Najibullah mai samun goyon bayan Soviet, Massoud ya zama Ministan Tsaro a 1992 karkashin gwamnatin Burhanuddin Rabbani Bayan hauhawar kungiyar Taliban a shekarar 1996, Massoud ya koma matsayin madugun adawar da ke dauke da makamai, yana aiki a matsayin kwamandan soja na Hadaddiyar Daular Musulunci.
Massoud mutum ne mai zurfin addini da ruhaniya, wanda ke tsananin adawa da fassarar addinin Islama da Taliban ko Al-Qaeda suke bi Musulmin Sunni shi ma yana dauke da littafin Sufi-mystic al-Ghazali koyaushe. 'Yan Taliban sun sha ba Massoud mukamin iko don sanya shi dakatar da juriyarsa. Massoud ya ki saboda bai yi yaki don kare karfi ba. Ya bayyana a wata hira:
Taliban suka ce; "kazo ka amshi mukamin pirayim minista ka kasance tare da mu", wai zasu aje babban ofishi a kasar, shugaban kasan ce. Amma a wani farashi Bambamci tskanin mu shine duk hanyoyin mu da dokokin jama'ar mu da jahar mu.baza mu yarda da dokokin yar jejeniya,ko kuma sare ma dokokin dimokaraddiyar zamani ba. Mu muna kalubalantar salon mulkin ake kira Masarautar Afghanistan"
Massoud ya hakikance cewa tsarin dimokiradiyya ne kawai zai iya tabbatar da dorewar zaman lafiya a Afghanistan. Ya so ya shawo kan Taliban su shiga tsarin siyasa wanda zai kai ga zaben dimokiradiyya a nan gaba. A ranar 9 ga Satumba, 2001, kwana biyu kafin harin na 11 ga Satumba a Amurka, wasu da ake zargin wakilai ne na kungiyar Al-Qaeda suka kashe Massoud a lardin Takhar na Afghanistan. Jana'izar, kodayake ana yin ta a karkara, dubun dubatar mutane ne suka yi ta makoki. Shekarar da ta biyo baya, shugaban Afghanistan Hamid Karzai ya ba shi suna "Jarumi Kasa". Ranar mutuwarsa, 9 ga Satumba, ana kiyaye ta a matsayin ranar hutu a ƙasar Afghanistan, wanda aka fi sani da "Ranar Massoud". Shekarar da ta biyo bayan kisan nasa, a shekarar 2002, an zabi Massoud don kyautar Nobel ta Zaman Lafiya (wanda, ba zato ba tsammani, ba a taba bayar da shi ba bayan mutuwa).
Wani dan gudun hijirar, wanda ya takurawa danginsa 27 cikin wata tsohuwar motar jeep don tserewa daga Taliban zuwa yankin Massoud, ya bayyana yankin Massoud a matsayin "kusurwa ta karshe ta Afghanistan". Game da rayuwarsa a yankin Massoud ya ce: "Ina jin 'yanci a nan. babu wanda ke damu na.Ina yin aiki na. Ina kula da iyalina. Ina zama yadda nake so a wannan yankin. Massoud ba shi da wani tasiri a rayuwar mutanen da ke zaune a yankunan Abdul Rashid Dostum wanda ya shiga kungiyar Hadin Kan don yakar kungiyar Taliban.
A yankin Massoud, ba dole ba ne mata da 'yan mata su sanya burqar Afghanistan. An ba su izinin yin aiki da zuwa makaranta. Aqalla sau biyu da aka sani, Massoud da kansa ya shiga tsakani game da shari'ar auren dole. Duk da cewa gamsuwa da Massoud ya yi cewa maza da mata sun daidaita kuma ya kamata su sami 'yanci iri daya, dole ne kuma ya yi aiki da al'adun Afganistan, wadanda ya ce zai bukaci tsararraki ko sama da haka don cin nasara. A ra'ayinsa, ana iya cimma hakan ne ta hanyar ilimi. Massoud ya kirkiro cibiyoyin dimokiradiyya wadanda aka tsara su cikin kwamitoci da yawa: siyasa, kiwon lafiya, ilimi da tattalin arziki. Duk da haka, mutane da yawa sun zo wurinsa da kansu lokacin da suke wata jayayya ko matsala kuma suka roke shi ya magance matsalolinsu. Daruruwan dubunnan 'yan gudun hijira ne suka tsere daga Taliban zuwa yankunan Massoud. A shekarar 2001, Massoud da shahararren mai daukar hoto kuma tsohon jakadan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Reza Deghati ya bayyana halin kunci da ‘yan gudun hijirar Afghanistan suka shiga tare da neman taimakon jin kai.
Abdul Rashid Dostum Bayan karuwar kungiyar Taliban da kwace Kabul, Abdul Rashid Dostum ya hada kai da kungiyar kawancen Arewa (United Front) da kungiyar Taliban. Stungiyar Arewa ta haɗu a karshen 1996 ta Dostum, Ahmad Shah Massoud da Karim Khalili a kan Taliban. A wannan lokacin an ce yana da kusan dakarun mazaje 50,000 da ke da goyon bayan jiragen sama da tankuna.
Yawa kamar sauran shugabannin kawancen Arewa, Dostum shima ya fuskanci rikici tsakanin kungiyarsa kuma daga baya aka tilasta shi ya mika ikonsa ga Janar Abdul Malik Pahlawan Malik ya shiga tattaunawa a asirce da Taliban, wadanda suka yi alkawarin girmama ikonsa a galibin arewacin Afghanistan, don jin tsoron Ismail Khan, daya daga cikin makiyan su. A kan haka, a ranar 25 ga Mayu 1997, Malik ya kama Khan, ya ba da shi kuma ya bar Taliban suka shiga Mazar-e-Sharif, yana ba su iko da yawancin arewacin Afghanistan. Saboda wannan, aka tilasta Dostum ya gudu zuwa Turkiyya ba da dadewa ba Malik ba da dadewa ba ya fahimci cewa Taliban bata da gaskiya a alkawarinsu yayin da yake ganin an kwance damarar mutanensa. Sannan ya sake hadewa da kawancen Arewa, ya kuma bijire wa tsoffin abokansa, yana kore su daga Mazar-e-Sharif. A watan Oktoba 1997, Dostum ya dawo daga gudun hijira kuma ya sake daukar caji. Bayan Dostum ya sake karbar ikon Mazar-e-Sharif na dan lokaci, Taliban ta dawo a 1998 kuma ya sake tserewa zuwa Turkiyya.
Haji Abdul Qadeer Haji Abdul Qadeer (c. 1951 a Jalalabad, Afghanistan 6 ga Yuli, 2002 a Kabul, Afghanistan) (Larabci: fitaccen shugaban anti-Taliban ne na Pashtun a cikin United Front. Ya kasance dan uwan Abdul Haq, sanannen shugaban gwagwarmaya kan mamayar Soviet a Afghanistan Iyalan Qadeer sun kasance dangi ne masu karfi a al'adance, suna da alaqa da tsohon sarkin Afghanistan Mohammed Zahir Shah Haji Abdul Qadeer yana da tushe a gabashin Afghanistan kuma shi ne gwamnan lardinsa Nangarhar kafin 'yan Taliban su karbi mulki.
Qadeer ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban Afghanistan a bayan gwamnatin Taliban bayan Hamid Karzai A ranar 6 ga Yulin 2002, wasu ‘yan bindiga suka kashe Qadeer da surukinsa. An kuma kashe wani dan sa, Haji Mohammed Zaher a Kabul shi ma a 2002.
Masarautar Musulunci ta Afghanistan
Taliban Mullah Mohammed Omar ne ya shugabanci sojojin Taliban a lokacin yakin basasar Afghanistan. Mullah Omar ya bayyana kansa Amir-ul-Momineen (Amirul Muminina). Ba a daukar masa hoto da kyar kuma ya yi magana da 'yan jarida kai tsaye. Da yawa sun ga Mullah Omar a matsayin mutumin da aka zaɓa daga hukumar leken asirin Pakistan, ISI. Mabiyan kungiyar Taliban sun ce an haifi Mullah Omar ne a lardin tsakiyar Uruzgan, a shekarar 1962. Sauran kafofin sun sanya haihuwarsa a Kandahar, kamar 1959. Sun kuma ce ya yi karatu a makarantun Islamiyya da yawa a wajen Afghanistan, musamman a Quetta, Pakistan. A 1980s ya shiga cikin juriya game da mamayar Soviet. An yi imanin cewa ya rasa idanunsa ne yayin yakar Soviet a matsayin mataimakin Babban Kwamanda a jam'iyyar Harakat-i Islami ta Mohammad Nabi Mohammadi. A cikin 1994, Mullah Omar ya kwace mulki a Kandahar ta hanyar tumbuke gungun 'yan daba da sojoji a bayyanar farko ta kungiyar Taliban. Mullah Omar yana da kyakkyawar alaqa da wani sanannen dan siyasa a duniya: Osama bin Laden. Ya auri daya daga cikin 'ya'yan bin Laden. Ya ki amincewa da bukatun Amurka da yawa don ya ba da Osama bin Laden, wanda aka kashe a watan Mayu na 2011 a cikin boye boye da mambobin United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group da kungiyar Leken Asiri ta SAD SOG suka yi bisa umarnin Shugaban Amurka Barack Obama Wani nazari daga likitocin kare hakkin dan adam (PHR) ya ce: "Kungiyar Taliban ita ce bangare na farko da ke ikirarin iko a Afghanistan da ta auna mata don tsananin zalunci da kuma azabtar da su da keta haddi. A iya sanin PHR, babu wani tsarin mulki a duniya da ya tilasta rabin yawan jama'arta cikin kama-kama a gida, ya hana su azabar azaba ta zahiri. Bayan karbe iko da babban birnin Kabul a ranar 26 ga Satumbar, 1996, kungiyar Taliban ta ba da umarni na hana mata yin aiki a wajen gida, zuwa makaranta, ko barin gidajensu sai dai idan wani dan uwansu ya raka su. A cikin jama'a, dole ne a lullube mata daga kai har zuwa kafarta cikin burki suturar tsawon jiki tare da bude raga kawai don gani. Ba a ba wa mata damar sanya fararen (kalar tutar Taliban) safa ko takalmi ba, ko takalmin da zai iya yin kara yayin da ake shigarsu. Hakanan, gidaje da gine-gine dole ne a zana musu tagogin tagoginsu ta yadda ba za a iya ganin mata a ciki ba. Kusan an hana mata shiga rayuwar jama'a, an hana su damar kula da lafiya, ilimi, da aiki kuma ba a ba su damar yin dariya ta yadda wasu za su ji su ba. 'Yan Taliban, ba tare da wata kotu ta ainihi ba ko saurare, sun yanke hannayen mutane ko hannayensu a lokacin da ake zarginsu da sata. 'Yan kungiyar Taliban da suka yi kaurin suna daga mashahurin "Ma'aikatar Inganta nagarta da Rigakafin Mataimakin" sun kalli tituna suna gudanar da mugunta, bugun mutane a bainar jama'a lokacin da suka ga abin da suke dauka a matsayin dabi'ar da ba ta dace da Musulunci ba.
Pakistan Janar Pervez Musharraf, mai ritaya mai tauraruwa hudu wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Hadin Gwiwar Kwamitin Sojoji daga 1998 zuwa 2001 da kuma Babban hafsan hafsoshin Sojojin Pakistan daga 1998 zuwa 2007, sun taka rawar gani wajen tsara rawar Pakistan a farar hula na Afghanistan yaki. A cikin 2001, zai ci gaba da zama shugaban mulkin sojan Pakistan da kuma Shugaban Kasa. Janar Pervez Musharraf ne ke da alhakin tura dubun-dubatar ‘yan kasar Pakistan don yin yaki tare da Taliban da Bin Laden a kan Ahmad Shah Massoud A jimilce an yi imanin akwai 'yan Pakistan dubu 28,000 da ke yaki a cikin Afghanistan tare da sojojin Massoud. 20,000 sojoji ne na yau da kullun na Pakistan ko dai daga Frontier Corps, na 50th Airborne Division ko kuma sojoji na 12 na yau da kullun, kuma an kiyasta kimanin 8,000 mayakan da aka dauka a cikin madarasas masu cika matakan Taliban na yau da kullun. Kimanin Talibanan Taliban 25,000 na yau da kullun don haka ya kunshi fiye da Pakan ƙasar Pakistan 8,000. Wani daftarin aiki da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta yi a 1998 ya tabbatar da cewa "kashi 20 zuwa 40 na sojojin Taliban na yau da kullum 'yan Pakistan ne." Takardar ta ci gaba da cewa iyayen wadannan 'yan Pakistan din "ba su san komai ba game da shigar dansu da kungiyar Taliban har sai an dawo da gawarwakinsu zuwa Pakistan." Wani karin mayaka 3,000 na sojojin Taliban na yau da kullun sun kasance mayaƙan Larabawa da Asiya ta Tsakiya. Daga kusan 45,000 na Pakistan, Taliban da sojojin Al Qaeda da ke yaki da sojojin Massoud 14,000 ne kawai Afghanistan (Taliban). Laftana-Janar Mahmud Ahmed, tsohon darekta-janar na hukumar leken asirin ta Pakistan (ISI), shi ne ke da alhakin tallafawa kungiyar ta Taliban. Yawancin jami'an ISI, kamar Laftana-Janar Hamid Gul, Laftanar-Janar Naseem Rana, Laftanar-Janar Ziauddin Butt da Kanar Sultan Amir Tarar mai ritaya, sun taka rawa a yakin. Jami'an sun ba da taimakon kudi, tattalin arziki, dabaru, da kuma na soji ga Taliban. An jagoranci sojojin Pakistan masu fada a karkashin jagorancin soja na Janar Naseem Rana, tunda shi ne babban kwamandan soja na dukkan sojojin Pakistan din. Kanar (wanda ya yi ritaya) Tarar ne ya ba da horon Taliban kuma, Janar (mai ritaya) Hamid Gul ke kula da taimakon kuɗi. Manjo-Janar Ziauddin Butt ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da ayyukan leken asiri a karkashin Janar Naseem Rana. A duk wannan yakin, dukkan manyan hafsoshin sojan kasar sun kai rahoto ga Janar Naseem Rana wanda, ba shakka, ya gabatar da kimantawarsa sannan daga baya ya yiwa Janar Musharraf bayani game da kokarin da ya jagoranta a Afghanistan. Janar Musharraf ya kuma tura samari sojoji da sojoji wadanda ke karkashin Janar Naseem don yakar kawancen Arewa, kuma babu daya daga cikinsu da Janar Musharraf ko Janar Naseem Rana suka fada kan dalilin da ya sa aka tura su zuwa yakin, a madadin Taliban, kan makiyin da bai bayyana yakin Pakistan ba, Kawancen Arewa. Sojojin Pakistan sun yi yakin tare da Khaki Shalwar Qameez, maimakon sanya kayan yaki na hukuma, kamar yadda Janar Naseem Rana ya umarce su Janar Naseem Rana ne ya yi hakan a kokarin boye asalin sojoji 'yan Pakistan ne, da kuma kaucewa matsin lambar kasa daga gwamnatin Navaz Sharif da matsin lambar kasashen duniya daga Yammacin duniya. Ahmad Shah Massoud a asirce ya aika da manzo wanda ya tuntubi Navaz Sharif, Firayim Minista a wancan lokacin. Details na Pakistan Army da ISI 's hannu da aka bayar ga Prime Ministan Sharif. Lokacin da Sharif ya yi kokarin shiga tsakani, Janar Musharraf ya dakatar da Sharif, kuma ya kira Taliban a matsayin "kadara masu kima" da "Masu kare Pakistan gaba-da-gaba", saboda haka ya yi watsi da duk wani umarni daga Sharif na dakatar da goyon bayan Pakistan ga Taliban. Duk da haka, a shekarar 2008, tsohon mataimakin sakataren harkokin John Negroponte ya kare Janar Musharraf, ya kuma san dukan tarihin ISI. John Negroponte ya fayyace cewa an canza lokaci kuma ISI na kokarin yaki da ta'addanci.
Masu lura da al'amurra hira da Human Rights Watch, a Afghanistan da Pakistan da rahoton cewa Pakistan Army sufurin jiragen sama Corps 4th Army tsokana rundujar soja masu dawaki 's kula da jirgin sama taimaka Taliban sojojin a lokacin fama da gudanar da marigayi 2000, da kuma cewa manyan jami'an Pakistan ta m dillancin kuma sojojin da hannu a cikin shirin babbar Taliban ayyukan soja. Kamar yadda yaki cigaban, Pakistan Army tura ta 50th Airborne Division da Frontier Corps don samar da logistic support zuwa Taliban kamfen a kan Massoud ta sojojin. Pakistan da Saudi Arabia sun kirkiro kawance mai zurfin dabaru kan batutuwa da dama daya daga cikin mahimmancin shine Afghanistan. Bayan juyin mulkin da Musharraf ya yi a watan Oktoba na shekarar 1999, babban birnin Saudiyya Riyadh shi ne babban birnin kasar waje na farko da Pervez Musharraf ya fara ziyarta, don nuna muhimmancin da ya ba dangantakar PAK da Saudiyya. Shugaba Musharraf ya karrama Sarki Abdullah ne ta hanyar ba shi lambar yabo mafi girma a Pakistan, Nishan-e-Pakistan, a wani bikin saka jari a fadar shugaban kasa. A ranar 21 ga Janairun 2007, Wakilin Masallatai Biyu Masu Alfarma Sarki Abdullah ya ba da lambar girmamawa ta Sarki Abdul Aziz, ga Shugaban Pakistan Gen. Pervez Musharraf yayin wani biki a fadarsa da ke Riyadh. Shugaban Pakistan na farko da ya taba karɓar wannan babbar daraja ta Saudiyya.
Al-Qaeda Osama bin Laden daya daga cikin fitattun dangin Saudi bin Laden kuma shi ne shugaban da ya kafa kungiyar Al Qaeda Bayan hare-haren 11 ga Satumba, 2001 (inda mutane 3 000 suka mutu a kasar Amurka), Osama bin Laden da ƙungiyarsa sun kasance manyan wuraren Yakin Amurka na Ta'addanci An kashe Osama bin Laden a Pakistan a ranar 2 ga Mayu, 2011, jim kaɗan bayan karfe 1 na dare agogon ƙasar da wata rundunar soja ta musamman ta Amurka.
Ayman al-Zawahiri shine "sarki na biyu kuma na karshe na Jihadin Islama na Masar. A 1998 al-Zawahiri bisa tsari ya hade Jihadin Islama na Masar zuwa kungiyar bin Laden. Sau da yawa ana bayyana shi a matsayin "mai jiran gado" ga Osama bin Laden, duk da cewa zababben tarihin bin Laden ya ambace shi da "ainihin kwakwalwar" ta al-Qaeda. Ayman al-Zawahiri ya yi amannar cewa yana boye a Yankunan Kabilanci na Tarayya da ke karkashin jagorancin wasu masu sharhi yayin da wasu masu lura da al'amura ke ganin yana iya boyewa a manyan biranen Pakistan ko kuma wani wuri.
Daga 1996 zuwa 2001 Osama Bin Laden da Ayman al-Zawahiri sun zama kasa ta gari cikin kasar Taliban. Bin Laden ya tura mayaka Larabawa don su shiga yaki da United Front, musamman abin da ake kira 055 Brigade Mayakan Larabawa a karkashin Bin Laden ne suka yi sanadiyyar mummunan kisan kiyashi a yakin, inda suka kashe daruruwan fararen hula a yankunan da United Front ke iko da su. Wani rahoto da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta fitar ya ambato shaidun gani da ido a kauyuka da dama suna kwatanta mayakan Larabawa dauke da dogayen wukake da ake amfani da su wajen yanka makogwaro da fatar mutane. A halin da ake ciki, an san mayaka na Brigade ta 055 ta Brigade da aikata kisan kai a dunkule kafin fuskantar barazanar karbe su da sojojin abokan gaba kansu.
Hadin kai tare da Harkar Musulunci na Uzbekistan (IMU) Harkar Musulunci ta Uzbekistan (IMU) gungiya ce ta mayaƙa da aka kafa a 1991 tare da ƙawancen ƙawance da Al Qaeda. An kiyasta cewa IMU a ƙarshen 1990s kusan maza 2000 ne masu ƙarfi, kuma sun ba da gudummawar kusan mayaka 600 don yaƙin Taliban a kan Massoud, suna cikin shiga Taloqan, inda suka yi yaƙi tare da Brigade na 055 na Bin Laden. Ba a sani ba idan IMU ta yi aiki kai tsaye tare da Taliban ko kuma tana da wata dangantaka da su, ganin cewa ‘yan Taliban din‘ yan kabilar Pashtun ne wadanda suka yi fada da kabilun da ba na Pashtun na Afghanistan ba. A cikin 2001 IMU ta lalace sosai yayin yaƙi tare da Taliban akan sojojin ƙawancen da Amurka ke jagoranta a Afghanistan. Wasu mayaƙansu da ba a san su ba sun tsere tare da ragowar 'yan Taliban zuwa Waziristan a Pakistan inda suka kirkiro wata ƙungiya mai bin sahun gaba. An kashe shugaban IMU na tsawon lokaci Tahir Yuldashev a sakamakon wani harin wuce gona da iri da Amurkawa suka kai a Kudancin Waziristan Abu Usman ya gaje shi a matsayin sabon shugaban IMU. A yau akwai kimanin mayaƙan IMU 2,500 zuwa 4,000 da ke zaune a yankunan kabilu na Pakistan da Afghanistan.
Fage da tarihi
Taliban ta hau karagar mulki Bayan faduwar Najibullah mai ra'ayin gurguzu a shekarar 1992, bangarorin siyasar Afghanistan suka amince kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da raba madafun iko (yarjejeniyar Peshawar). Yarjejeniyar Peshawar ce ta kirkiro daular Islama ta Afghanistan Tun ranar farko da aka kafa ta har zuwa karshen 1994, sabuwar kungiyar Daular Islama ta Afghanistan (ISA) ta gamu da farmaki daga kungiyar Gulbuddin Hekmatyar ta Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin da ke dauke da makamai, da kudi da kuma bayar da umarni daga makwabtan Pakistan. Masanin Afghanistan Amin Saikal ya kammala a cikin Afghanistan ta zamani: Tarihin Gwagwarmaya da Tsira Abdul Rashid Dostum da 'yan sa kai na Junbish-i Milli sun shiga kawance da Gulbuddin Hekmatyar a farkon 1994. Bugu da kari, Saudi Arabiya da Iran a matsayin wadanda ke fafatawa a fagen mulkin mallaka sun goyi bayan sojojin Afghanistan da ke gaba da juna. A cewar kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Human Rights Watch, Iran na taimakawa sojojin Shi'a Hazara Hezb-i Wahdat na Abdul Ali Mazari, yayin da Iran din ke kokarin kara karfi da tasirin Wahdat. Saudi Arabiya ta goyi bayan Wahabiyanci Abdul Rasul Sayyaf da bangarensa na Ittihad-i Islami Ba da dadewa ba rikici tsakanin mayakan biyu ya rikide zuwa yakin gama gari. Babban birnin Kabul ya ga mummunan fada a wannan lokacin. An rarraba iko sosai.
A halin da ake ciki, kudancin Afghanistan ba ya karkashin ikon mayakan sa-kai da ke samun goyon bayan kasashen waje ko kuma gwamnati a Kabul, amma shugabannin yankin kamar Gul Agha Sherzai da mayakansu ke mulki. A cikin 1994, kungiyar Taliban (kungiyar da ta samo asali daga Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam makarantun addini na ‘yan gudun hijirar Afghanistan a Pakistan) sun kuma ci gaba a Afghanistan a matsayin kungiyar siyasa da addini, wanda aka ruwaito yana adawa da zaluncin gwamnan yankin. [39] A shekara ta 1994, kungiyar Taliban ta karbi iko a larduna da dama a kudanci da tsakiyar Afghanistan.
Manazarta Pages with unreviewed |
24283 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taufik%20Hidayat | Taufik Hidayat | Taufik Hidayat (an haife shi ranar 10 ga watan Agustan shekarata 1981) ɗan wasan badminton ne mai ritaya daga [[Indonesia. Tsohon zakara ne na Duniya da na Olympics a cikin maza. Hidayat ya lashe gasar Indonesia Open sau ships shekara ta (1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004 zuwa shekara ta 2006).
Takaitaccen aiki Lokacin yana ƙarami, ya shiga ƙungiyar SGS, ƙungiyar badminton a Bandung, inda ya yi horo a ƙarƙashin Iie Sumirat Lokacin da yake da shekaru goma sha bakwai 17 ya ci Brunei Open kuma ya kai wasan kusa da na karshe na Gasar Asiya a shekara ta 1998 da kuma Open Indonesia A shekara ta 1999, Hidayat ya lashe kambunsa na farko na Indonesiya Open A cikin shekarar kuma ya kai wasan karshe na All England da Singapore Open amma ya sha kashi a hannun babban abokin hamayyarsa Peter Gade da babbansa a kungiyar Heryanto Arbi bi da bi. Hidayat ya samu matsayi na daya a duniya tun yana dan shekara ta 19 zuwa shekara ta 2000 bayan ya lashe gasar Malaysia Open, Asia Championship, Indonesia Open kuma ya sake zama na biyu a Gasar All England inda dan wasan China Xia Xuanze ya kayar da shi 2000 Olympics na Sydney Hidayat ya halarci gasar wasannin maza na maza guda ɗaya a Gasar Olympics ta bazara a shekara ta 2000 a Sydney. A wasannin Olympics na farko, Ji Xinpeng ne ya fitar da shi a wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe.
2004 Wasannin Olympics na Athens Hidayat ta lashe lambar zinare ta maza a gasar wasannin bazara ta shekara ta 2004 inda ta doke Hidetaka Yamada na Japan da Wong Choong Hann na Malaysia a zagaye biyu na farko. Hidayat ta doke Peter Gade na Denmark 15–12, 15–12 a wasan kwata fainal da Boonsak Ponsana na Thailand 15–9, 15–2 a wasan kusa da na karshe. Yin wasa a wasan lambar zinare. Ya ci Koriya Shon Seung-mo 15–8, 15–7 a wasan karshe don lashe lambar zinare.
A cikin wannan shekarar, Hidayat yayi nasarar riƙe takensa na Indonesia Open ta hanyar doke Chen Hong 15 9, 15 3 a wasan karshe kuma ya lashe kambun gasar zakarun Asiya na biyu.
Shekara ta 2005: Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya A watan Agustan shekara ta 2005, ya lashe lambar zinare ta maza a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya inda ya doke Lin Dan China na daya a duniya 15 3, 15 7 a wasan karshe. Tare da wannan taken, ya zama ɗan wasa na farko da ya fara lashe gasar Olympic da Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a cikin shekaru a jere.
Shekara ta 2006 2007: Wasannin Asiya na biyu da na Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya zinariya Hidayat ta lashe lambar zinare ta maza a wasannin Asiya a 2002 Busan da Doha 2006 Ya kuma lashe Gasar Asiya ta 2007, da lambobin zinare na maza guda biyu a Wasannin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya a shekara ta 1999 Bandar Seri Begawan da Nakhon Ratchasima na 2007 shekara ta Wasannin Olympics na Beijing a shekara ta 2008 Hidayat ta yi gasar badminton a gasar wasannin bazara ta shekara ta 2008 mawaƙan maza amma an cire shi a zagaye na biyu.
Wasannin Olympics na London a shekara ta 2012 A karo na hudu, Hidayat ta halarci wasannin Olympics na bazara. Hidayat ta yi gasar badminton a gasar wasannin bazara ta 2012 mawaƙan maza amma Lin Dan ya cire shi a zagaye na 16.
Shahararrun kafofin watsa labarai a wasu lokutan sun mai da hankali kan hasashe da ake gani tsakanin Hidayat da dan wasan China Lin Dan, suna kiran su biyun "manyan abokan hamayya".
Rayuwar mutum Ya auri 'yar Agum Gumelar, Ami Gumelar, a ranar 4 gawatan Fabrairu shekara ta 2006. Sun haifi 'ya mace a farkon watan Agusta shekara ta 2008, mai suna Natarina Alika Hidayat. An haife ta jim kaɗan kafin ya tafi Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2012, Hidayat a hukumance ta buɗe cibiyar horon badminton mai suna Taufik Hidayat Arena (THA), wanda ke Ciracas, Gabashin Jakarta. Wannan "gidan badminton" duk sunansa ne kuma mallakar Taufik ne.
Halayen mai kunnawa Ƙarfin yin harbi na Hidayat ya kasance hannunsa na baya (kamar yadda wataƙila ya shahara saboda ragargazar baya, wanda ake girmama saboda ƙaruwar ƙarfinta na ƙarfi), tsalle tsalle gaba, harbi (juye juye musamman), ƙafafun santsi da yaudarar wasan raga. Tsallake tsallaken gaban Hidayat a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya na shekara ta 2006 ya kasance sau ɗaya mafi sauri da aka yi rikodin a gasar mara aure: ya yi rikodin a cikin wasa da Ng Wei Wannan ikon a gabansa da na baya, haɗe da ƙarfinsa a cikin raga da iyakancewa don harbi na yaudara, ya ba shi makamai iri -iri a kotu, yana mai sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mawuyacin 'yan wasan da za su fuskanta a buɗe. An soki lamirin rashin dacewarsa lokaci -lokaci, rashin haƙuri tare da ɗimbin jama'a, da kuma ƙarfin sa na dawo da ƙarar da aka harba tare da wani harbin net ko da abokin hamayyarsa yana kusa da gidan.
Kasancewa a cikin ƙungiyar Indonesiya Sau 5 a Kofin Sudirman a shekara ta (1999, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007)
Sau 7 a gasar cin kofin Thomas (2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012)
Sau 4 a wasannin Olympics na bazara a taron mutum (2000, 2004, zuwa shekara ta 2008, 2012)
Nasarori
Wasannin Olympics
Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya
Kofin Duniya
Wasannin Asiya
Wasannin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya
BWF Superseries (taken 1, masu tsere 9) BWF Superseries, wanda aka ƙaddamar a ranar 14 gawatan Disamba shekara ta 2006 kuma an aiwatar da shi a shekara ta 2007, jerin manyan wasannin badminton ne, wanda Badminton World Federation (BWF) ta ba da izini. BWF Superseries yana da matakai biyu kamar Superseries da Superseries Premier Wani kakar Superseries ya ƙunshi gasa goma sha biyu a duniya, wanda aka gabatar tun daga shekara ta 2011, tare da yan wasan da suka yi nasara da aka gayyata zuwa Gasar Cin Kofin BWF da aka gudanar a ƙarshen shekara.
Superseries Finals tournament
Superseries Premier tournament
Superseries tournament
BWF Grand Prix (lakabi 17, masu tsere 7) BWF Grand Prix yana da matakai biyu, BWF Grand Prix da Grand Prix Gold Jerin wasannin badminton ne wanda Hukumar Badminton ta Duniya (BWF) ta amince da shi tun shekara ta 2007. Kungiyar Badminton ta Duniya (IBF) ta amince da Babbar Badminton ta Duniya tun shekara ta 1983.
BWF Grand Prix Gold tournament
BWF/IBF Grand Prix tournament
Ƙungiya ta ƙasa Matsayin ƙarami
Babban matakin
Gasa daban -daban Babban matakin
Babban matakin
Yi rikodi akan abokan adawar da aka zaɓa Yi rikodi akan masu ƙalubalantar Superseries, semifinalists na duniya da kuma na wasan kusa da na ƙarshe na Olympics.
Manazarta
Rayayyun Mutane
Haifaffun 1981
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13755 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaora%20Udoji | Adaora Udoji | Adaora Udoji (an haife tane a ranar 30 ga watan Disamban shekara ta 1967) ta kasance mai shirye-shirye a kafofin watsa labarai, kuma furodusa kuma mai saka jari wanda wacce ta kawo fasaha na zamani wato Vitual Reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), da kuma artificial intelligence AI). Ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga VR-AR Association-NYC Chapter,kuma farfesa mai haɗin kai a cikin Shirin Ba da Harkokin Sadarwa na NYU a Makarantar Tisch na Arts, kuma wani mai saka jari na lokaci-lokaci. A da, ta kasance Babban Labari a kamfanin Rothenberg Ventures kuma shugabar rikon kwarya na farawar News Media, wanda mujallar Time Magazine ta kira, "makomar labarai". Har ila yau, ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin Fim na Montclair da kuma kwamitin ba da shawara kan mata a NBC Universal. Ita ma 'yar uwan Woodrow Wilson ce kuma daga baya ta kafa Kungiyar Boshia, cibiyar sadarwar abubuwan ciki da masu fasaha, masu kera da masu bayar da labarai. Tana cikin smallan ƙaramin ofan jaridar da suka yi aiki a hanyoyin sadarwa da labarai na kebul, da rediyo na jama'a. Hakanan tana cikin jerin 20 Mala'ikun Bishiyar da Cancanta Don Knowingaramar orarama.
Rayuwarta Udoji asalin ta yar Najeriya ce Amurka-Irish ce. An haife shi ga mahaifin Godfrey Udoji, tsohon babban injiniya n a garin Dearborn, Michigan, da mahaifiyarta Maryamu, tsohuwar darektar Makarantar Washtenaw County a Ann Arbor, Michigan, ta rayu ne a nahiyoyi uku da suka hada da Afirka, Turai da Arewacin Amurka, kuma tana da biyu. Americanan ƙasar Amurka da Irish.
Ilimi Udoji ya sami digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar siyasa daga Jami'ar Michigan Bayan ƙima a ofishin sadarwa a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Michigan da WUOM, gidan rediyo na jama'a, ta ci gaba da karatun digiri na doka a UCLA School of Law A waccan lokacin ta yi bankwana don Mai Girma Consuelo B. Marshall, Alkalin Tarayya na Amurka, Yankin Tsakiya na California, Los Angeles, kuma marubuci don IRS
Kulawa Udoji ta fara aikin jarida ne a ABC News ne a shekara ta 1995 a matsayin wakilin waje wanda ke aiki ga Cynthia McFadden wanda ke rufe shari'ar OJ Simpson da sauran labaran shari'a. Ta zama mataimakiyar kamfanin samar da labarai ta ABC News wanda ke magana game da zaben shugaban kasa a matsayin memba na kungiyar 'yan jaridu ta Dole Kemp, hadarin TWA 800, da kuma yin aiki a kan kundin labarai game da kisa. Cibiyar sadarwar ta sanya mata suna wakilin waje a shekara ta 2000 lokacin da take a Landan tana ba da labaran duniya wanda ya shafi Afirka, Gabas ta Tsakiya da Turai. Udoji ya hada da yaƙe-yaƙe a Iraki da Afghanistan, rikicin Isra’ila da Falasɗinu, Vatican, tattalin arzikin duniya da kuma wasannin motsa jiki kamar British Open da Tour De France. Ta kuma ba da gudummawa ga Good Morning America, Labaran Duniya da Labaran Duniya da Rediyon ABC. A shekara ta 1996 ta zama mataimakiyar mai gabatar da shirin ABC News wanda ke magana game da zaben shugaban kasa, hadarin TWA 800, da kuma yin aiki a kan kundin tsarin mulki game da kisa. Cibiyar sadarwar ta sanya mata suna wakilin waje a 2000 inda ta ke a Landan na ba da labaran duniya wanda ya shafi Afirka, Gabas ta Tsakiya da Turai. A CNN ta yi aiki a matsayin wakili a New York wanda ke ba da labaru ciki har da zaben shugaban kasa na shekara ta 2004, Hurricane Katrina, da bala'in ma'adinai na West Virginia Sago don tashar talabijin da rediyo. A Afrilu 25, 2006, ta sanya hannu tare da Court TV News a matsayin mai kara. Udoji kumbura cikin jama'a rediyo a matsayin co-rundunar The Takeaway tare da John Hockenberry da Adaora Udoji a 2008, wani Ta rufe yakin neman zaben Barack Obama, tare da ba da rahoto kan yakin neman zabensa karo na hudu da kuma zabensa. Ta kuma ba da gudummawa ga Good Morning America, Labaran Duniya da Labaran Duniya da ABC Radio Daga shekara ta 2013 zuwa shekara ta 2014 ta kasance shugabar rikon kwarya ne.na News Deeply. Tayi rubuce-rubuce da dama kan batutuwan kasancewar mace 'yar Najeriya, bugun kansa, da Hurricane Katrina Shine mai saka jari na mala'ika wanda ya kammala karatun aikin Pipeline Fellowship program.
Kyauta da fitarwa Udoji ta kasance memba ne na kungiyar labarai ta CNN wanda ke rufe Hurricane Katrina a ciki da wajen New Orleans, Louisiana wanda cibiyar sadarwar ta sami lambar yabo ta Peabody. Tana cikin membobin ABC News da aka bayar da kyautar Cine Golden Eagle ga wani shirin fim na ABC game da kisa. Cibiyar Koyar da Tashoshi na Telebijin da Sciences ta kasar b Udoji ta gano shi saboda gudunmuwar da ya bayar wajen bayar da gudummawar ABC game da yakin Afghanistan a 2002. A 2009, Udoji ta zama ɗaya daga cikin Americansan Afirka 25 Mafi Shahararrun Baƙin Afirka ta hanyar Magajin Jarida A shekara ta 2007 ta kasance abin girmamawa ga taron Shugabancin iversityancin Duniya a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. A cikin 2013, ta kasance Pipeline Fellow. An santa da shi saboda irin gudummawar da ta bayar ga CNN na 2005 na Alfred I. Dupont-Columbia University da Peabody Awards, da Kwalejin Horar da Ma'adanai ta Kasa da Sciences don bayar da rahoto a ABC News. An gayyace ta don shiga cikin Ofishin Jones na Littafin New York Little Book. Udoji mai karɓa ne na Underar Aar Aar Asalin Aarshe Na rtyarshe ta Journalungiyar Jarida. Bayan da ta yi aiki a bangarorin kirkira da talabijin na rediyo, rediyo, intanet, babban kamfani da kamfani, Udoji ana yawan ambata a cikin jaridun. A cikin labarin 2017 don mujallar Immerse mai taken "Wanene VR don?", Babban mashawarci a Cibiyar Fim ta Tribeca, Ingrid Kopp, ya bayyana Adaora Udoji a matsayin "mai ba da shawara, malami da kuma duk-zagaye-badass". A wani labarin Buzzfeed daga 2017, ta yi magana game da "Abin da yake a zahiri kasancewa mace a cikin VR". Har ila yau, ta kasance mai gabatar da shirye-shirye don MIT Solvve Producers Guild of America -East, Games for Change Bikin, NYC Media Lab, Microsoft, Panasonic, BinderCon, Ayoyin, ARInAction, Girls Who Code da suka yi fice, Cibiyar StartUp NYC, 'Yan kasuwar Mata na New York, ACLU, Matan New York a Fim da Talabijin, Feminist Press, majalisar kwararru ta Urban, Internet Week NYC, SXSW da New York Women in Communications Foundation. Versions, ARInAction, Girls Who Code, the StartUp Institute NYC,
Manazarta
Haɗin waje Pipelinefellowship.com Womenatnbcu.com Pages with unreviewed |
49021 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzo%20Fernandez | Enzo Fernandez | Enzo Jeremías Fernández (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2001) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Argentina wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Chelsea da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Argentina A matsayin wanda ya kammala karatun digiri na jami'a na River Plate, Fernández ya fara buga wasa na farko a kulob din a shekarar 2019, kafin ya kashe yanayi biyu a kan aro tare da Defensa y Justicia A can, ya ji daɗin nasarar yaƙin neman zaɓe wanda ya kai shi ga lashe Copa Sudamericana da Recopa Sudamericana, kafin ya koma River Plate a shekara ta 2021. Bayan dawowarsa, Fernández ya kafa kansa a matsayin dan wasa mai mahimmanci ga kulob din, kuma ya lashe 2hekarar 021 Argentine Primera División Ya koma kungiyar Benfica ta kasar Portugal a lokacin bazara na 2022. Bayan ya buga wa Benfica wasa watanni shida kacal, kulob din Premier na Chelsea ya siye shi a watan Janairun 2023 kan kudin canja wurin rikodin Burtaniya Dan wasan kasar Argentina, Fernández a baya ya wakilci kasarsa a matakin kasa da shekaru 18 kafin ya fara buga wasansa na farko a duniya. Ya wakilci Argentina a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2022, yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen taimaka wa kasarsa ta lashe kambunta na uku, yayin da kuma ya lashe kyautar matasa 'yan wasa na gasar.
Aikin kulob
Kogin Plate
Farkon aiki An haife shi a San Martín, Buenos Aires, zuwa Raúl da Marta; Fernández yana da ’yan’uwa huɗu, Seba, Rodri, Maxi da Gonza. An gabatar da shi zuwa kwallon kafa tun yana matashi, yana wasa a wani yanki na gida da ake kira Club La Recova, kafin ya shiga River Plate Ba a san takamaiman lokacin da Fernández ya koma Kogin Plate ba; a cikin watan Nuwamba shekarar2019, a cikin wata hira da gidan yanar gizon River Plate, ya yi iƙirarin shiga makarantar a cikin 2005, a cikin Satumba shekarar 2020, jaridar Argentine Clarín ta ruwaito cewa ya shiga River a 2006, yayin da a cikin Fabrairu 2023, ya da'awar cewa yana da shekaru shida lokacin da ya shiga cikin wata hira da gidan yanar gizon Chelsea, wanda zai iya kasancewa a cikin shekar2007. Ya ci gaba ta hanyar matasa, kuma manajan Marcelo Gallardo ya ci gaba da zama kungiyar ta farko a ranar 27 ga Janairu 2019, a cikin rashin gida da ci 3–1 a Patronato a Primera División, duk da kasancewarsa a benci. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a ranar 4 ga Maris 2020, inda ya maye gurbin Santiago Sosa a cikin minti na 75 na rashin nasara da ci 3-0 a hannun LDU Quito a gasar Copa Libertadores A cikin makonnin da suka gabata, ya zira kwallaye sau daya, a cikin 6-1 da aka yi wa Libertad, a cikin wasanni hudu a 2020 U-20 Copa Libertadores a Paraguay.
2020–21: Lamuni ga Defensa y Justicia Duk da an yi amfani da shi akai-akai kocin Fernández ya shawarce shi da ya bar kungiyar a matsayin aro, domin ya ci gaba da ci gabansa. A watan Agusta, an ba Fernández aro zuwa babban kulob din Defensa y Justicia Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a Halcón a ranar 18 ga Satumba ta hannun manaja Hernán Crespo a wasan da suka doke Delfín da ci 3–0 a gasar Copa Libertadores. Duk da cewa da farko bai zama dan wasa ba, ayyukansa sun burge kocinsa kuma daga karshe ya samu gurbi a kungiyar, inda ya taimaka wa kungiyar ta lashe kofin Copa Sudamericana na 2020, wanda ya fara a wasan da suka doke Lanús na kasar Argentina da ci 3-0 a wasan karshe, inda ya lashe wasansa na farko. lakabin aiki.
2021–22: Nasarar ƙungiyar farko Bayan ya taka leda a matsayin aro, Fernández ya koma River Plate, a lokacin kakar wasa bisa bukatar kocin Marcelo Gallardo, inda ya dawo ranar 15 ga Yuli 2021, a wasan farko na Copa Libertadores zagaye na 16, wanda ke nuna a cikin gida 1-1. zana zuwa ga 'yan uwan Argentina Argentinos Juniors Nan da nan ya zama dan wasa kuma a ranar 14 ga Agusta, ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar kuma ya ba da taimako a wasan da suka doke Vélez Sarsfield da ci 2-0 a Primera División. A ranar 20 ga Disamba, ya amince da tsawaita kwangilar zuwa 2025. Bayan farawa mai ban sha'awa a kakar wasa ta 2022, wanda ya zira kwallaye takwas kuma ya ba da taimako shida a wasanni 19, an nada Fernández a matsayin dan wasan kwallon kafa mafi kyawun aiki a Argentina, wanda kungiyoyi da dama na Turai suka zana su daga baya.
Benfica A ranar 23 ga Yuni 2022, River Plate ta cimma yarjejeniya tare da ƙungiyar Primeira Liga Benfica don canja wurin Fernández akan Yuro 10. Kuɗin miliyan na 75% na haƙƙin tattalin arzikinsa da 8 miliyan a add-ons, amma tare da dan wasan ya ci gaba da zama a River Plate har zuwa karshen gasar Copa Libertadores na kulob din. Bayan zagaye na 16 na River Plate na fita daga Copa Libertadores, a ranar 14 ga Yuli, Benfica ta tabbatar da yarjejeniyar, an ba shi lambar 13, wanda tsohon dan wasan kulob din Eusébio ya sawa. Ya buga wasansa na farko a kungiyar a ranar 2 ga watan Agusta, inda ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar, rabin-volley daga wajen bugun fanareti, a wasan da suka doke Midtjylland da ci 4-1 a gida a wasan farko na gasar zakarun Turai ta 2022–23. zagaye na uku na cancanta Daga nan ya zira kwallaye a wasanni na gaba na Benfica: nasara da ci 4-0 a kan Arouca a gasar Premier, da kuma 3-1 a waje da Midtjylland a wasa na biyu na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na Uefa zagaye na uku. Ayyukansa masu ban sha'awa sun ci gaba a cikin watan kuma bayan nasarar nasara biyar a jere da wasanni uku masu tsabta, an nada shi a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya na watan, wasan da aka maimaita na watannin Oktoba da Nuwamba. An alakanta shi da komawa Chelsea a watan Janairun 2023, kuma kungiyar ta dage cewa ba za a sayar da shi kasa da Yuro miliyan 121 ba.
Chelsea Chelsea ta sayi Fernández kan kudi fam miliyan 106.8 bayan da aka cimma yarjejeniya ta karshe a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun 2023, tsakanin kungiyoyin biyu. Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru takwas da rabi, yana aiki har zuwa 2031. An dai shafe sama da sa'o'i goma ana tattaunawa a karkashin jagorancin Behdad Eghbali mai kungiyar Chelsea. Kudin da Chelsea ta biya yanzu yarjejeniyar canja wuri ce ta rikodin rikodin Birtaniyya, kuma Benfica ta karɓi kashi-kashi na farko na fam miliyan 30 wanda zai biyo bayan ƙarin biyan biyar. Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar Premier ranar 3 ga watan Fabrairu a gida da Fulham kuma ya buga minti 90. A ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, Enzo ya yi rajista don taimakon ƙungiyar kawai burin a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 a West Ham United Ayyukan kasa da kasa A ranar 24 ga Yuli 2019, Manajan U18 na Argentina Esteban Solari ya zaɓi Fernández don wakiltar ƙasarsa a Gasar COTIF na 2019 a Spain. A ranar 3 ga Nuwamba 2021, kocin tawagar 'yan wasan Argentina Lionel Scaloni ya kira shi a wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2022 da Brazil da Uruguay Ya fara buga babbar kungiyarsa a ranar 24 ga Satumba 2022, ta hanyar zuwa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Leandro Paredes na mintuna 64 a wasan da suka doke Honduras da ci 3-0. A ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, an nada shi cikin 'yan wasa 26 na Argentina don gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2022 Bayan da ya zura kwallo a ragar Guido Rodríguez a minti na 57, a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, Fernández ya ci kwallonsa ta farko ta kasa da kasa, inda ya rufe wasan da Argentina ta doke Mexico da ci 2-0. A yin haka, ya zama dan wasa na biyu mafi karancin shekaru (kawai a bayan Lionel Messi da ya zira kwallo a gasar cin kofin duniya a Argentina a shekaru 21, watanni goma da kwanaki goma sha uku. A ranar 3 ga Disamba, ya samu wani tarihin da ba a san shi ba, inda ya zama matashin dan wasan da ya zura kwallo a raga a tarihin Argentina a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA, a zagaye na goma sha shida da Australia, lokacin da yunkurinsa na hana harbin Craig Goodwin ya ci tura. A wasan da Argentina ta doke Australia da ci 2-1. Bayan doke Croatia da ci 3-0 a wasan kusa da na karshe, Fernández ya buga wasan karshe da Faransa, inda Argentina ta lashe kofin duniya da ci 4-2 a bugun fenareti. An nada shi gwarzon matashin dan wasa mafi kyau a gasar Salon wasa Fernández yakan taka leda a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya mai zurfi mai zurfi, mai alhakin wargajewa wasa, dictating the tempo, da sake amfani da mallaka, yayin da shi ma dan wasan tsakiya ne mai iya kai hari Ko da yake ya fi son yin aiki a tsakiya, ana iya ganin shi yana mamaye rabin rabi na hagu yana taimaka wa abokin tarayya na tsakiya na tsaro, kamar tsohon abokin wasansa na Benfica, Florentino Luís Fernández yana buga gajerun fastoci masu sauri, ingantattun dogayen wucewa, da ƙwallaye. Yana da gwagwarmaya a cikin duels na tsakiya, yana kare sarari da layin bayansa da kyau, yana da kyakkyawan kewayon wucewa da hangen nesa. Yana iya ɗimuwa cikin ƙasa mai haɗari ko kuma daga ciki. Yana bunƙasa wajen karɓar ƙwallon a wurare masu matsi kuma yana da juriya. Ya kware wajen karya layukan tsaron gida da fasfo dinsa, da wasa ta hanyar kwallo, da kuma sake amfani da kwallo a tsakiya. Ba tare da mallaka ba, Fernández yana neman tarwatsa harin da 'yan adawa ke yi, da tsinkaya da kuma tsai da wuce gona da iri.
Rayuwa ta sirri An ambaci sunan Fernández bayan wanda ya lashe Copa América sau uku kuma tsohon dan wasan River Plate Enzo Francescoli, saboda sha'awar mahaifinsa Raúl da dan wasan kwallon kafa na Uruguay. Fernández ya auri 'yar'uwarta 'yar Argentina Valentina Cervantes, wacce ke da 'ya mace tare da ita, an haife ta a 2020.
Kididdigar sana'a
Kulob
Ƙasashen Duniya Scores and results list Argentina's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Fernández goal
Girmamawa Defensa da Justicia
Copa Sudamericana 2020 Recopa Sudamericana 2021 Kogin Plate
Argentine Primera División 2021 Argentina
FIFA World Cup 2022 Mutum
CONMEBOL Copa Sudamericana Squad na Season: 2020 Primeira Liga na Watan: Agusta 2022, Oktoba/Nuwamba 2022 Kyautar Matasan ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta FIFA 2022
Bayanan kula
Nassoshi Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun |
52944 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf | Yusuf | Yusuf sunan namiji ne ma'ana Allah yana karuwa" (a cikin takawa, iko da tasiri). Yana da Larabci daidai da sunan Ibrananci Yosef da Turanci sunan Yusufu Ana amfani dashi sosai a sassa da dama na duniya Larabawa na dukan addinai na Ibrahim, ciki har da Yahudawa na Gabas ta Tsakiya, Larabawa Kirista, da Musulmai Hakanan ana fassara shi ta hanyoyi da yawa, ciki har da Yousef, Yousif, Youssef, Youssif, Yousuf da Yusef Sunan da aka ba wa
Yusuf Yousaf Ali Khan, darektan fina-finan Burtaniya
Yousaf Aziz Magsi (1908-1935), shugaban Baloch daga lardin Balochistan na Pakistan a yau.
Yousaf Borahil Al-Msmare (wato daga 1866-1931), jagoran gwagwarmayar musulmin Libya da ke yaki da mulkin mallaka na Italiya.
Yusuf Yossef Karami (an haife shi a shekara ta 1983), dan wasan Takwondo dan kasar Iran
Yossef Romano (1940-1972), dan kasar Libiya dan kasar Isra'ila mai daukar nauyi (wanda kuma aka sani da Joseph Romano ko Yossi Romano), an kashe shi a kisan kiyashin 1972 na Munich.
Youcef Youcef Abdi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1977), dan wasan Ostiraliya
Youcef Belaili, dan wasan mwallon kafa na Aljeriya
Youcef Ghazali, dan wasan kwallon kafa na Aljeriya
Youcef Nadarkhani, dan kasar Iran ne da aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa saboda yayi imani da addinin Kiristanci
Youcef Touati, dan wasan kwallon mafa ta Aljeriya
Yusuf Yousef El Nasri (an haife shi a shekara ta 1979), dan tseren nesa na Spain
Yousef Beidas (1912-1968), ma'aikacin banki na Lebanon Bafalasdine
Yousef Erakat, Halin YouTube Bafalasdine-Amurka
Yousef Saanei (an haife shi a shekara ta 1937), limamin Iran kuma dan siyasa
Yousef Sheikh Al-Eshra, dan wasan kwallon kafa na kasar Syria
Yusuf Yousif Ghafari, dan kasuwan Amurka
Yousif Hassan, dan wasan kwallon kafa na kasar Emirate
Yusuf Youssef Abdelke, mawakin Syria
Youssef Aftimus (1866-1952), injiniyan farar hula na Lebanon da kuma gine-gine
Youssef Bey Karam (1823–1889), jagoran kishin kasa na Lebanon
Youssef Chahine (1926-2008), darektan fina-finan Masar
Youssef Hossam (an haife shi a shekara ta 1998) shi ne dan wasan tennis na kasar Masar
Youssef Hussein (an haife shi a shekara ta 1988), dan wasan barkwanci na Masar
Youssef Ibrahim (an haife shi a shekara ta 1999), dan wasan kwallon kafa ta Masar
Youssef Ibrahim (an haife shi a shekara ta 1994), ana yi masa lakabi da Youssef Obama, dan wasan kwallon ƙafa ta Masar
Youssef Jobs (an haifi 2015), jikan Steve Jobs
Yusuf Youssif (wanda aka kone), wanda aka azabtar Iraqi
Yusuf Youssof Kohzad, Ba'amurke marubuci kuma mai fasaha
Yusuf Youssouf Bakayoko, Ministan Harkokin Wajen Ivory Coast
Youssouf Hadji (an haife shi a shekara ta 1980) shi ne dan wasan kwallon kafa ta kasar Morocco
Youssouf Hersi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1982), dan wasan kwallon kafa ta kasar Holand
Youssouf Mulumbu (an haife shi a shekara ta 1987) shi ne dan wasan kwallon kafa ta Kwango
Yusuf Yusef na Maroko Yusef ben Hassan, 1882–1927), mai mulkin Maroko (1912–27)
Yusuf Ahmed (an haife shi a shekara ta 1988) shi ne dan wasan kwallon kafa ta kasar Qatar
Yusef al-Ayeri (1973-2003), dan ta'addar Saudiyya, shugaban Al-Qaeda na farko a yankin Larabawa.
Yusef Ali Khan (1816-1865), Nawab (1855-1865) a cikin masarautar Rampur (yanzu a Uttar Pradesyh, Indiya)
Yusef Greiss (1899-1961), mawakin Masar
Yusef Hawkins (kuma Yusuf Hawkins, 1973–1989), wanda aka kashe Ba'amurke a Brooklyn, New York City, wanda wasu ’yan wariyar launin fata suka kai wa hari.
Yusef Khan, halin almara a cikin opera ta sabulun talabijin ta Burtaniya ta EastEnders
Yusef Khan-e Gorji (ya rasu a shekara ta 1824), shugaban sojojin Iran
Yusef Komunyakaa (an haife shi a shekara ta 1941), mawakin Amurka
Yusef Lateef (1920–2013), mawakin jazz na Amurka
Yusef Majidzadeh (an haife shi a shekara ta 1938), masanin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi na Iran
Yusef Mishleb (wanda kuma aka sani da Yosef Mislev, an haife shi a shekara ta 1952), Druze Janar a Rundunar Tsaro ta Isra'ila.
Yusef Sozi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1981), dan wasan kwallon kafa ta Rugby na kasar Uganda
Yusef Urabi (ya mutu a shekara ta 1966), jami'in Falasdinu a cikin sojojin Siriya a cikin rundunar 'yantar da Falasdinu kuma memba na Fatah.
Yusuf Yusof Ishak (1910-1970), Shugaban farko na Singapore
Yusuf Yussef al-Shihri (1985-2009), wanda ake tsare da shi a gidan yari na Guantanamo Bay.
Yusuf Yussuf Poulsen (an haife shi a shekara ta 1994) shi ne dan wasan kwallon kafa ta kasar Denmark
Yusuf Yusuf ibn Muhammad, wanda aka fi sani da Al-Mustanjid, khalifan Baghdad 1160-1170.
Yusuf Emre Fırat (an haife shi a shekara ta 2000), dan wasan kwallon kafa ta kasar Turkiyya
Yusuf I, Sultan na Granada (1318-54), Nasrid na bakwai mai mulkin Masarautar Granada a Al-Andalus a kan Iberian Peninsula.
Yusuf II, Almohad sarki (c. 1203-1224), sarkin Morocco
Yusuf Abdullahi, dan wasan cricket na Afirka ta Kudu
Abu al-Mahasin Yusuf al-Mustanjid, khalifa na Mamluk Sultanate (1455-1479).
Yusuf al-Azma (1883-1920), Ministan Yakin Siriya, jami'in soja a Daular Usmaniyya.
Yusuf Ali (rashin fahimta), mutane da yawa
Yusuf Balasaguni, Uyghur scribe
Yusuf Başer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1980), ƙarateka na Turkiyya
Yusuf Bey (1935 2003), shugaban musulmin Amurka kuma bakar fata dan kishin kasa kuma dan gwagwarmaya
Yusuf bin Ahmad al-Kawneyn, Somali Muslim school
Yusuf bin Alawi bin Abdullah (an haife shi a shekara ta 1945), dan siyasan kasar Omani
Yusuf Corker (an haife shi a shekara ta 1998) shi ne dan wasan kwallon kafa ta kasar Amirka
Yusuf Dadoo, dan gwagwarmayar gurguzu na Afirka ta Kudu
Yusuf Dikeç (an haife shi a shekara ta 1983), dan wasan kwallon kafa ta Turkiyya
Yusuf Ekinci, lauyan Turkiyya
Yusuf Garaad Omar, dan jaridan Somaliya
Yusuf Halaçoğlu (an haife shi a shekara ta 1949), masanin tarihi kuma dan siyasa dan kasar Turkiyya
Yusuf Hamied, hamshakin attajirin Indiya
Yusuf Hamadani (1062–1141), malamin Sufi na Farisa mai aiki a tsakiyar Asiya
Yusuf Islam, mawakin Birtaniya, wanda aka fi sani da Cat Stevens
Yusuf ibn Tashfin (c.1061-1106), Sarkin Berber Almoravid daular.
Yusuf Ismail (1857-1898), dan kokawa na kasar Turkiyya
Yusuf Karamanli (1766-1838), pasha na daular Karamanli a Tripolitania (lardin Libya na yau)
Yusuf Khatri, kwararren dan Indiya
Yusuf Kurtuluş, dan wasan kwallon kafa na Turkiyya
Yusuf Ma Dexin, masani musulmin kasar Sin
Yusuf Mersin, dan wasan kwallon kafar Turkiyya
Yusuf Nabi, marubucin Turkiyya
Yusuf Öztürk (mai wasan lwallon kafa), dan wasan kwallon kafa ta Turkiyya
Yusuf Öztürk (dan dambe), dan damben Turkiyya
Yusuf al-Qaradawi (1926-2022), malamin addinin Islama na Masar, (tsohon) jagoran 'yan uwa musulmi.
Yusuf Salim (1929–2008), mawakin jazz na Amurka kuma mawaki
Yusuf Salman Yusuf, dan gwagwarmayar gurguzu na Iraqi
Yusuf Siddiq (an haife shi a shekara ta 1957).
Yusuf Şimşek, dan kwallon Turkiyya
Yusuf Taktak (an haife shi a shekara ta 1951), dan wasan fasaha na Turkiyya
Yusuf Uçar (an haife shi a shekara ta 1987), dan wasan kwallon kafa na kasar Turkiyya
Yusuf Yasin (1888-1962), dan siyasan Saudiyya dan asalin Siriya
Yusuf Yazicı, dan wasan kwallon kafa na Turkiyya
Yusuf Yilmaz, dan wasan kwallon kafar Turkiyya
Abu Yusuf Al-Turki (wanda aka fi sani da, Ümit Yaşar Toprak, c. 1967–2014), maharbi na Turkiyya mai fafutuka a cikin kungiyar al-Nusra Front.
Yusuf Jusuf Nurkić, dan wasan kwando na Bosnia
Sunan mahaifi
Giousouf Cemile Giousouf (an haife ta a shekara ta 1978), 'yar siyasar Jamus ce ta kabilar Turkiyya
Yusuf Bilal Yousaf (an haife shi a shekara ta 1928), marubucin Farisa
Humza Yousaf (an haife shi a shekara ta 1985), Ministan Farko na Scotland na yanzu
Jam Mohammad Yousaf (1954-2013), Jam na 12 na birnin Lasbela, tsohon babban ministan lardin Balochistan na Pakistan.
Kyle Yousaf (an haife shi a shekara ta 1993) shi ne dan dambe dan kasar Burtaniya
The Yousaf Sisters, American music duo wanda ya hada da Krewella:
Jahan Yousaf
Yasmine Yusuf
Yusuf Abd-El-Aziz Yousef (an haife shi a shekara ta 1999) shi ne dan wasan kwallon kafa ta kasar Somaliya
Farrah Yousef (an haife shi a shekara ta 1989), mawakin Siriya
Hediya Yousef, 'yar siyasar Siriya-Kurdawa
Mosab Hassan Yousef, dan leken asirin Falasdinu da ke aiki da Isra'ila
Ramzi Yousef (an haife shi a shekara ta 1968), dan ta'adda dan Pakistan ne wanda ya shirya harin bam a Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya a 1993.
Rasmea Yousef, babban darektan kungiyar Arab American Action Network na Jordan
Yusuf Bassem Youssef (an haife shi a shekara ta 1974), marubuci dan kasar Masar ne kuma dan wasan barkwanci
Dhafer Youssef (an haife shi a shekara ta 1967), mawakin Tunisiya kuma dan wasan oud
Maimouna Youssef (sunan mataki: Mumu Fresh), mawakin Amurka kuma mawaka
Maya Youssef, mawakiyar Syria
Mohamed Youssef (an haife shi a shekara ta 1986) shi ne dan wasan kwallon kwando na Libya
Muhammad Youssef al-Najjar (wanda aka fi sani da Abu Youssef, 1930-1973), dan gwagwarmayar Falasdinu.
Ramy Youssef (an haife shi a shekara ta 1980), dan wasan kwallon hannu na Masar
Ramy Youssef (an haife shi a shekara ta 1991) shi ne dan wasan Ba’amurke dan asalin kasar Masar
Michael Youssef (an haife shi a shekara ta 1948) shi ne limamin Larabawa Ba-Amurke
Yusuf Mohammad Yousuf an haife shi a shekara ta 1974) shi ne dan wasan kurket na Pakistan
Yusuf Anatol Yusef (an haife shi a shekara ta 1978) shi ne dan wasan kwaikwayo na Birtaniya
Malik Yusef (an haife shi a shekara ta 1971), dan kasar Amurka mawaki ne kuma mawaki
Mohammad Yusef Mai Zane, Mawakin Farisa Safavid
Molla Yusef (rashin fahimta), mutane da yawa
Yusuf Khairuddin Mohamed Yusof (an haife shi a shekara ta 1939), Farfesan Malaysia Emeritus a Jami'ar Malaya.
Meor Aziddin Yusof (an haife shi a shekara ta 1967), mawakin Malesiya ne kuma marubuci
Mohammad Said Yusof, dan majalisar dokokin Malaysia
Yusuf Abdullahi Yusuf Ali, malamin addinin Islama na kudancin Asiya
Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, tsohon shugaban kasar Somaliya
Abu Yaqub Yusuf (1135-1184), Almohad khalifa na biyu, yayi sarauta a Marrakesh.
Ali Yusuf Kenadid, Sarkin Somaliya na Sultanate na Hobyo
Haji Bashir Ismail Yusuf, dan siyasan Somaliya
Hamza Yusuf (an haife shi a shekara ta 1958), malamin addinin musulunci na Amurka
Hanna Yusuf (1992 2019), yar jarida kuma yar jarida ’yar Somaliya-British
Isa Yusuf Alptekin, dan siyasar Uygur
Mohammad Yusuf (dan siyasa) (1917-1998), Firayim Minista na Afghanistan
Mohammed Yusuf (Boko Haram) (wanda kuma aka fi sani da Ustaz Mohammed Yusuf, 1970-2009), wanda ya kafa kungiyar Musulmi ta Najeriya kuma jagora.
Osman Yusuf Kenadid, masani dan kasar Somaliya
Sami Yusuf (an haife shi a shekara ta 1980), mawakin Burtaniya kuma marubuci
Yusuf
Yusuff
Yusufu
Duba kuma Yusuf (sunan ba)
Yusuf a Musulunci
Yusif Muhammad (Muhammad)
Hajj Yusef (rashin fahimta) wurare
Hajji Yusef (rashin fahimta) wurare
Sunan Larabci
Sunan Turkiyya
All pages with titles beginning with Jusuf
All pages with titles beginning with Yusufu
All pages with titles beginning with Yossef
All pages with titles beginning with Youcef
All pages with titles beginning with ku
All pages with titles beginning with Yusaf
All pages with titles beginning with Yusef
All pages with titles beginning with Yusif
All pages with titles beginning with Yusof
All pages with titles beginning with Yuss
All pages with titles beginning with Yusuf
Nassoshi |
34213 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makeen | Makeen | Makeen Pashto ko Makin birni ne a Kudancin Waziristan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, kan iyaka da Arewacin Waziristan. Iyakar da gundumar Barmal ta Afghanistan, Pakistan tana da zuwa yamma. Makeen yana cikin tsakiyar yankin Mahsud na Pashtuns.
Makin Subdivision yana da makarantun tsakiya guda bakwai (ciki har da biyu na 'yan mata), da manyan makarantu biyu (babu na 'yan mata).
Tarihi
Birtaniya Raj A ƙarshen karni na 19, Makeen ya kasance cibiyar ƙungiyoyin tawaye da yakin basasa wanda Mulla Powinda, shugaban kabilar Pashtun ya jagoranta, a kan sojojin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya Raj.
A cikin 1919-1920, Yaƙin Anglo-Afghanistan na Uku ya haifar da tawayen Waziristan. Lieutenant William Kenny ne ya jagoranci farmakin da sojoji suka kai wa Mahsuds, wanda aka kashe a lokacin wani farmaki a Kotkai, wanda ke kudu maso gabashin Makeen. Ya sami Victoria Cross na bayan mutuwa don gallantry, lambar yabo mafi girma na tsarin girmamawa na Burtaniya. Wani bangare na wannan kamfen shine yadda Sojojin Indiya na Birtaniyya suka yi amfani da wutar lantarki mai inganci a Waziristan. Mahukuntan Mahsud sun yi asarar rayuka da dama yayin fadan da aka yi a Ahnai Tangi kuma wadannan ne suka jikkata, da kuma lalata kauyukan nasu bayan wata guda da sojojin sama na Royal suka yi, wadanda suka fatattaki Mahsud na wani dan lokaci. A cikin 1921-1924, Indiyawan Burtaniya sun gudanar da aikin gina hanya a yankin wanda ya haifar da ƙarin rikici yayin yakin 1921-1924. A cikin 1925, Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Biritaniya ta gudanar da yakin ruwan bama-bamai na Yakin Pink a karkashin umarnin Wing Commander Richard Pink a kan Mahsuds. Bayan sama da kwanaki 50 na tashin bama-bamai, shugabannin kabilun sun nemi zaman lafiya don kawo karshen tashin bam, wanda ya kawo karshen yakin. Yakin Pink shine aikin farko na iska na Royal Air Force wanda aka gudanar mai zaman kansa daga Sojojin Burtaniya ko Navy na Royal Rikici ya sake barkewa a shekara ta 1936 yayin da Mahsud da sauran kabilu suka shiga yunkurin da Faqir Ipi (Mirzali Khan) ya jagoranta na adawa da Birtaniya, wanda ya haifar da wani yakin da ya ci gaba har zuwa 1939.
Yaki da ta'addanci A shekara ta 2007, Makeen ya zama cibiyar ayyukan ta'addanci daga Baitullah Mehsud, shugaban kungiyar 'yan gwagwarmaya Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan. A cewar jami'an Pakistan da mataimakansa, yana da ɗaruruwan ƙwararrun fedayen da ke shirye su kashe kansu a matsayin 'yan kunar bakin wake bisa umarninsa. A cewar wani rahoton Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da aka fitar a watan Satumban 2007, shi ne ke da alhakin kusan kashi 80% na hare-haren kunar bakin wake a Afghanistan. A ranar 28 ga Disamba, 2007, Baitullahi yana garin Makeen lokacin da ake zarginsa da alhakin kashe Benazir Bhutto a Rawalpindi yayin wata waya da jami'an leken asirin Pakistan suka kama. Wani rahoton Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Benazir, ya bayyana cewa gwamnati ta yi gaggawar zarge shi kuma ta yi yuwuwar fuskantar barazana "daga wasu sassa na Pakistan" kanta. A cikin watan Fabrairun 2009, wani harin da jiragen yakin Amurka mara matuki suka kai kan wasu wurare uku da ake zargin Baitullahi ya yi amfani da su ya kashe sama da mutane 30, yayin da aka lalata motoci biyu a wani harin da aka kai a watan Maris na 2009. Mai ba da rahoto David Rohde na jaridar New York Times, da mai fassarasa Tahir Ludin, da direbansu Asadullah Mangal, wadanda Taliban suka yi garkuwa da su a wajen Kabul a watan Nuwamba 2008, ana tsare da su a Makeen a lokacin harin da jiragen yaki na watan Maris na 2009. Rohde ya ba da rahoton cewa yankin "ya cika da mayakan Uzbek, Larabawa, Afghanistan da Pakistan." Bayan harin da jiragen yakin Taliban suka kai, sun kama wani dan kasar da ake zargi da yin leken asiri tare da kashe shi, wanda aka rataye gawarsa da aka yanke a kasuwar Makeen. Baitullahi ya kuma tsallake rijiya da baya a wani harin da Amurka ta kai a watan Yunin 2009 wanda ya kashe mutane sama da 60 a Makeen, amma a watan Agustan 2009, wani harin da jiragen Amurka mara matuki ya yi nasarar kashe shi da matarsa. Makeen ya kasance hari na Operation Rah-e-Nijat a cikin 2009, wani babban hari ta sama da sojojin Pakistan suka yi a kan Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan, wanda saboda haka dubban iyalai suka tsere zuwa sansanonin IDP a Tank da Dera Ismail Khan A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 2009, sojojin Pakistan sun shiga tare da share wani babban yanki na Makeen.
Tarihin zamani Makeen shine mahaifar Naqeebullah Mehsud, wanda aka kashe a ranar 13 ga watan Janairun 2018 yayin wata arangama da ‘yan sanda na karya da dan sanda Rao Anwar ya shirya a Karachi Kungiyar Pashtun Tahafuz Movement (PTM), karkashin jagorancin Manzoor Pashteen, ta kaddamar da yakin neman adalci ga Naqeebullah Mehsud bayan kashe shi.
Yanayi Tare da yanayi mai dumi da matsananciyar yanayi, Makeen yana fasalta yanayin yanayin tsaunuka masu zafi tare da ruwan sama iri ɗaya Cfb ƙarƙashin rarrabuwar yanayi na Köppen Matsakaicin zafin jiki a Makeen shine 12.3 °C, yayin da yawan hazo na shekara ya kai 1,079 mm. Akwai hazo mai yawa ko da a cikin watanni masu bushewa. Disamba shine watan mafi bushewa tare da 21 mm na hazo, yayin da Yuli, watan da ya fi ruwa, yana da matsakaicin ruwan sama na 201 mm.
Yuni shine watan mafi zafi na shekara tare da matsakaicin zafin jiki na 20.9 °C. Mafi sanyi watan Janairu yana da matsakaicin zafin jiki na 0.9 °C.
Fitattun mutane Mulla Powinda
Naqeebullah Mehsud
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
50879 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/NITEL | NITEL | Nigerian Telecommunications Limited (NITEL), ya kasance mai ba da sabis na tarho a Najeriya har zuwa 1992 lokacin da gwamnatin Najeriya ta kafa dokar Hukumar Sadarwa ta Najeriya da ke ba wa sabbin masu shiga cikin sashin sadarwa. A lokacin da kuma bayan shekaru na mallakar, aikin kamfanin ya kasance mai sauƙi, hali mai kama da sauran kamfanonin mallakarsa na jihar kamar NEPA da kamfanoni na ruwa mallakas gwamnati. An kafa kamfanin ne a shekarar 1985 a matsayin haɗin gwiwar hukumomin gwamnati guda biyu, sashin sadarwa na sashen Post da Telecommunications (P&T) a karkashin Ma'aikatar Sadarwa da Sashen Saduwa na waje na Najeriya (NET)
A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2008 wani rahoto daga BBC News ya ce gwamnatin Najeriya ta ɗauka cewa kamfanin kasa da kasa bai inganta aikin NITEL ba sabili da haka ya dakatar da keɓancewa don goyon bayan Transcorp. A shekara da 2015, gwamnati ta kammala ma'amala da ta ga kadarorin N ITEL da Mtel ga NATCOM. Yarjejeniyar ta kai dala miliyan 252.
An ƙaddamar da wani Kamfanin Telecom na Najeriya (Ntel) A watan Afrilu wanda ya maye gurbin Nitel, Ntel shine sabon sake reincarnation na kamfanin sadarwa na yanzu, NITEL. Gwamnatin Najeriya ta mika kadarorin NITEL Mtel ga NATCOM (kamfanin iyaye na Ntel) a cikin yarjejeniyar da ta kai dala miliyan 252 a shekarar da suka gabata. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2017, Nitel ya nada Nate James a matsayin mataimakin shugaban gudanar da asusun.
Ma'aikatar Sadarwa da Sashen Sakatarwa (P&T) A lokacin mulkin mallaka har zuwa 1985, sashen Post da Telecommunications ya ba da sabis na aika saƙo da sadarwa na ciki tsakanin biranen Najeriya yayin da NET ta ba le sabis ɗin sadarwa tsakanin zaɓaɓɓun birane na Najeriya da ƙasashen waje. Saboda ƙuntatawa na albarkatun, an tsara samar da ayyuka a matakai tare da fadadawa tsakanin shekarun 1950 zuwa 1970.
Ayyukan Telegraph sun fara ne a cikin 1880s kuma Ma'aikatar Ayyuka ta Jama'ata ce ta fara gudanar da su har zuwa 1907 lokacin da aka sauya waɗannan ayyukan zuwa P T. A cikin 1908, an gabatar da musayar tarho ta hannu tare da allon sauyawa na layi 100 a Legas kuma a shekara ta 1920 kimantawar layin taruwa a kasar ya kai 920, a 920. Bayan shekara guda, an gabatar da allon sauyawa mai yawa tare da damar yin layi 800 kuma a cikin 1941 an ga haɗin kai tare le teleprinter. A cikin shekarun 1950, an ƙaddamar da saka hannun jari da aka tsara wanda ya haɗa da fadada musayar tarho ta atomatik da da'irori na akwati, ƙaddara hanyar watsa rediyo ta Legas zuwa Port Harcourt da kuma gabatar da watsa shirye-shiryen rediyon V.H.F. da yawa zuwa wasu birane da garuruwa. A shekara ta 1961, sun kasance fiye da 32,000 tarho line da 120 tarfon musayar. Zuba jari a cikin sadarwa ya motsa tushen masu biyan kuɗi zuwa sama da 100,000 a 1973 kuma har zuwa 400,000 a 1990.
Sadarwar waje ta Najeriya Tarihin NET za a iya gano shi zuwa mulkin mallaka zuwa ƙarshen karni na sha tara. A cikin 1886, Kamfanin African Direct Telegraph Company ne ya samar da sabis na telegraph tsakanin Legas da London, wannan kamfani daga baya ya zama Imperial da International Communications bayan haɗuwa sannan Cable da Wireless. Bayan samun 'yancin kai, gwamnatin Najeriya ta yanke shawarar shiga cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da Cable da Wireless, samun sha'awa ga hannun Najeriya na Cible da wireless. Sabuwar kamfanin ta samar da sabis na tarho na kasa da kasa, telex da telegraph, watsa bayanai mai sauri da watsawa da karɓar talabijin na ainihi amma waɗannan ayyukan sun fi ƙuntata zuwa Legas da manyan biranen Najeriya kamar Ibadan, Enugu, Kaduna, da Port-Harcourt. Babban saka hannun jari na kamfanin shine gina tashar watsawa da karɓar HF.
Kamfanin ya fara samar da sabis na telex na atomatik a cikin 1971 kuma a mu 1980, NET ta gabatar da kai tsaye na kasa da kasa kuma saurin sabis tsakanin Najeriya da zaɓaɓɓun ƙasashen Yamma. NET kuma ta ba da sabis na telegraph mai zaman kansa tare da biyan kuɗi na shekara-shekara ga kamfanoni da kuma gudanar da abubuwan talabijin da aka watsa ko karɓa ta hanyar tauraron dan adam kamar FESTAC 77 da ayyukan wasanni. Ga yawancin wanzuwarsa, kayan aikin NET ba su isa ba idan aka kwatanta da bukatun kasuwanci da yawan jama'a, lokacin mutum ya cika layin kamar yadda laƙoƙin da ke kan akwatunan tarho ba za su iya ci gaba da zirga-zirga ba.
NITEL An kafa Nigerian Telecommunications Limited a cikin 1985 a matsayin haɗuwa da sashen sadarwa na Post da Telecomunicaciones da NET. An kafa sabon kamfanin ne don inganta daidaita ayyukan sadarwa a cikin ƙasar, don yin sadarwa ta ciki da kasuwanci a manufa da kuma rage ninka yawan rabon kasafin kuɗi da saka hannun jari. NITEL ta gaji mafi yawan kayan aikin analog daga wadanda suka riga ta kuma dole ne ta ba da kuɗin sabon saka hannun jari a cikin kayan aiki na dijital. Ya gabatar da wayar hannu a cikin 1992, ta hanyar MTS, haɗin gwiwa tare da Digital Communications Limited, kamfanin Atlanta. Koyaya, a cikin aiki, har yanzu ba shi da inganci, layin sun cika, tsarin biyan kuɗi bai yi ingani ba kuma ƙimar kammala kira don kiran nesa ya kasance ƙasa da 50%. Lokacin da sabbin ayyukan tarho masu zaman kansu suka fito a Legas a cikin shekarun 1990, da yawa daga cikinsu sun dogara da NITEL mara aminci don ayyukan haɗin kai. Bugu da kari, bukatar ayyuka a wasu birane sun fi karfin NITEL yayin da yawancin layin N ITEL ba su aiki ba saboda rashin kulawa da ababen more rayuwa ko rashin isasshen kayan aikin sadarwar kebul. A shekara ta 2002, MTEL wanda ya sami kadarorin MTS, ya samu lasisin GSM.
Da farko a shekara ta 2001, kamfanin ya shiga cikin wani lokaci na tallace-tallace da fitarwa, na farko shine sayar da kashi 51% ga ƙungiyar masu saka hannun jari a ƙarƙashin sunan kasuwanci na Investors International London iyakance, an soke sayarwa bayan masu sa hannun kuɗi sun kasa yin farashin ƙarshe. Daga baya, gwamnati ta dakatar da saka hannun jari a cikin kamfanin kuma ta amince da kwangilar sauyawar gudanarwa tare da kamfanin da ake kira Pentascope a shekara ta 2003. An soke kwangilar a shekara ta 2005 bayan ya bayyana cewa Pentascope ba shi da isasshen albarkatu don gudanar da NITEL. Wani rashin nasarar sayarwa ga Orascom a shekara ta 2005 ya biyo baya kafin a sayar da kamfanin ga wani reshe na Transcorp a cikin shekara, amma an soke wannan sayar a shekarar 2009. A cikin 2014, an sayar da kamfanin ga NATCOM, ƙungiyar masu saka hannun jari karkashin jagorancin Tunde Ayeni.
Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su Kasuwanci a Afrika
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24481 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario%20Gotze | Mario Gotze | Mario Gotze (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan yuni, shekara ta alif dubu daya da Dari Tara da casa'in da biyu 1992), a garin Memmegen na kasar jamus. ɗan ƙasar Jamus ɗin kwararen ɗan wasan ƙwallon kafa ne. Yana ɗaya daga cikin kwararrun yan wasa a shekarar, 2010 wanda shine yayi sanadiyyar lashe kofin Duniya a shekarar.
Farkon rayuwa
Mario Gotze (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan yuni shekara ta 1992), a garin Memmegen na kasar jamus.
Manazarta 1. "2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil: List of Players: Germany" (PDF). FIFA. 14 July 2014. p. 16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 February 2020.
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25965 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillippa%20Yaa%20de%20Villiers | Phillippa Yaa de Villiers | Phillippa Yaa de Villiers (an haife ta 17 ga Fabrairu 1966) marubuciya kuma ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ƴar ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu wanda ke yin aikin ta a ƙasa da ƙasa. An san ta da waƙoƙin ta, wanda aka buga a cikin tarin abubuwa da yawa a cikin mujallu da abubuwan tarihi, da kuma wasan kwaikwayon mace guda ɗaya, Asalin Fata, wanda ke kan rudani game da asalin sa tun yana ƙarami, a matsayin bi -yan asalin mahaifiyar Ostireliya kuma mahaifin Ghana wanda farar fata ya karbe shi kuma ya tashe shi a mulkin wariyar launin fata na Afirka ta Kudu. Ta rubuta: "Na zama Phillippa Yaa lokacin da na sami mahaifin mahaifina, wanda ya gaya min cewa da a ce yana can lokacin da aka haife ni, sunan farko da za a ba ni zai zama sunan rana kamar duk jariran Ghana, kuma duk 'yan matan Alhamis sune Yaa, Yawo, ko Yaya. Don haka ta hanyar canza sunana na yi nufin rubuta wani abu na kasancewa da kuma abin alfahari a ɓangaren Afirka na. Bayan na girma baƙar fata a cikin farar fata ta Afirka ta Kudu, na sanya yawancin gaskiyar abin da baƙar fata take, ina buƙatar dawo da ɗan adam na da kaina daga rawa mai guba na haƙiƙa. Ta kuma ce: "Saboda ba a gaya mini cewa an ɗauke ni ba har sai da na kai shekara ashirin, ban rasa ƙamus ba don bayyana ko ni wane ne kuma daga ina na fito, don haka yin aiki da rubutu ya zama hanyoyin gyara kaina." Kamar yadda Tishani Doshi ta lura a cikin New Indian Express "Yawancin ayyukanta sun shafi jinsi, jima'i, aji da jinsi a cikin mahalli na Afirka ta Kudu."
Rayuwa
Sheda da shekarun ƙuruciya An haifi De Villiers a Hillbrow a Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu, inda ta yi watanni na farko na rayuwarta a cikin Gidan Gimbiya Alice, wurin ba da rainon jarirai. Half-Ostireliya da rabin Ghana, ta yi riƙo da ita a lokacin da ta kai wata tara, duk da cewa ba ta sanar da ita ba har sai da ta cika shekara 20. Ta rubuta game da tasirin waɗannan abubuwan:"Na fara rubuta waƙa tun ina ƙarama, waƙar da na fara bugawa ita ce lokacin ina ƴar shekara 11. An haife ni a gida mai son waƙa da adabi, musamman harshen Ingilishi. Amma sai da na tsufa ne na fahimci cewa rubutu ya fi kalmomin da ke wasa a shafi. Rubutu ya ƙunshi marubuci, damuwar su, yanayin zamantakewar su da tarihin su. Tarihin kaina ya zama toshe ga kerawa ta yayin da na fara bincika asalina a matsayina na baƙar mace da farar fata ta ɗauka a mulkin wariyar launin fata na Afirka ta Kudu. Na ji kamar wanda aka yi wa mulkin mallaka da mai mulkin mallaka suna fada da juna a cikin kwakwalwata. Rubutu ya ci gaba da zama mai mahimmanci a gare ni amma na tabbata cewa kawai tsarin warkewa ne, ba shi da ƙima ga kowa.
Kodayake alaƙar su ta kasance mai ƙarfi kuma alama ce ta rabuwa mai tsawo, de Villiers ya yaba wa mahaifiyarta mai suna Hertha Lilly Amalia nee Graf, fitacciyar masaniyar ɗan adam, tare da ƙaunar waƙoƙi gami da gaskanta gwaninta a matsayin mai wasan kwaikwayo. Labarin alakar su, da kuma fa'ida mai yawa na sirrin launin fata na Yaa, ya bayyana a cikin Darwin's Hunch, Christa Kuljian ta zurfafa bincike na tsere da kimiyya.
A matsayina na ɗan Afirka mai haɗe-haɗe da riƙo Ina jin, a saɓani, an zalunce shi kuma yana da 'yanci gaba ɗaya. Rayuwata ta balaga ta sadaukar da kai sosai don warkar da wannan rarrabuwa. 'Yancin matsayina na saɓani, a zahiri ba ni da takunkumin rawar gargajiya kuma ina da damar shiga duniya. Ƙarin ilimi da aiki na farko Ta yi karatun digiri na aikin jarida a Jami'ar Rhodes, Grahamstown, kuma ta sami digirin girmamawa a Dramatic Art da Rubutun Rubutu daga Jami'ar Witwatersrand Ta yi karatun digiri na biyu a Makarantar wasan kwaikwayo ta Lecoq International da ke Paris, Faransa, inda ta yi karatun mime da wasan kwaikwayo. Daga nan ta ɗan daɗe tana zaune a Los Angeles kafin ta dawo Afirka ta Kudu a 1998 don ta zauna a birnin Johannesburg Ta yi aiki a matsayin ƴar wasan kwaikwayo na tsawon shekaru biyu, tana yin wasan kwaikwayo a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo don abubuwan da suka lashe lambar yabo na Kwamanzi, Horn of Sorrow and Elephant of Africa, ”sannan gurguwar cutar ta Bell ta aike ta zuwa rubuce-rubuce a matsayin madadin aiki. Ta ci gaba da shiga gidan wasan kwaikwayo na titi, tana yin wasan kwaikwayo akai -akai tare da Theatresports a ɗakin wasan kwaikwayo na Kasuwa har tsawon shekaru goma kuma ta tafi makaranta don koyan rubutun A cikin shekaru takwas masu zuwa ta rubuta rubutun talabijin, don nunin da suka hada da Backstage, Tsha Tsha, Thetha Msawawa, Takalani Sesame da Soul City da sauransu, kuma ta haɗa gwiwa tare da Pule Hlatshwayo da marubucin Sweden Charlotte Lesche zuwa ƙirƙira Score, miniseries na sa'o'i uku don Watsawa da Yaren mutanen Sweden da SABC A cikin 2005, de Villiers ya sami jagoranci tare da mawaƙin Ingilishi John Lindley ta hanyar tsarin koyon nisan nesa na Majalisar British Lancaster University "Crossing Borders". Ta rubuta wasan hannu biyu mai suna Inda Yara ke Rayuwa, wanda ya kasance na biyu don mafi kyawun lambar yabo ta marubuci kuma ya sami lambar yabo ta godiya ga masu sauraro a Babban Taron Karatun Gidan Wasan kwaikwayo na Pansa na ƙasa a 2005.
Bugawa A cikin 2006, Cibiyar Littafin ta buga kundin waƙoƙin ta na farko, Taller Than Gine -gine, wanda aka bayyana shi a matsayin "tarin waƙoƙi na musamman na farko, wanda ke tsokana da asali, yana nuna canjin kai da ƙasa." Tarin nata na biyu, The Everyday Wife, an ƙaddamar da shi ne a Harare International Arts of Arts a watan Afrilu 2010. Dangane da sake dubawar Tolu Ogunlesi na mujallar Wasafiri, "waƙoƙin murƙushewar murya na Yaa de Villiers (ta wannan hanyar da ta tuna da matar Ann Ann Duffy ta Duniya) suna da hankali, ba sa tsoron yin lalata, wani lokacin masifa, kuma a koda yaushe ba ruwansu" Tarin nata na uku, ciwon ƙanƙara a cikin kashina, ya bayyana a watan Satumba na 2017, kuma a cikin bita Kelwyn Sole ya ce: "Tarin yana cike da duwatsu masu tamani da waƙoƙin farin ciki a duniya, kamar yadda ba ta taɓa mantawa da Hakikanin bayan masana’antu na lalacewar zamani da muke rayuwa a ciki. An buga waƙoƙin ta da alƙawarin ta a cikin mujallu na gida da na duniya da kuma abubuwan tarihi, gami da The Edinburgh Review, Poui, A Hudson View, Crossing Borders 3, We are (ed. Natalia Molebatsi Penguin, 2008), Just Keep Breathing (eds Rosamund Haden da Sandra Dodson; Jacana, 2008), Sabon Rubutu daga Afirka (ed. JM Coetzee Johnson King James, 2009), Gida Away (ed. Louis Paul Greenberg; Zebra Press, 2010), Waƙoƙi don Haiti (ed. Amitabh Mitra Mawallafin Mawaƙa 2010), Harafi zuwa Afirka ta Kudu (Umuzi, 2011), Bari in Ba ku Labari (2016), da Sababbin 'Ya'yan Afirka (wanda Margaret Busby ya shirya, 2019) Ayyuka Ta zagaya wasan kwaikwayon rayuwar mace guda ɗaya, Asalin Fata, a Afirka ta Kudu-gami da a Gidan Wasannin Kasuwa (Johannesburg) da Grahamstown Festival )-da ƙasashen waje, kuma ta yi aikinta daga Cuba zuwa Cape Town., Berlin zuwa Harare, haka kuma a cikin garinsu, Johannesburg. Ta bayyana a bikin Jozi Spoken Word Festival a shekara ta 2006, kuma Mawaƙin Mawaƙa na Afirka ta Kudu Keorapetse Kgositsile ya gayyace ta don shiga cikin James Matthews, Lebo Mashile da Khanyi Magubane mai wakiltar Afirka ta Kudu a bikin Mawaƙa na Duniya na 12 a Havana, Cuba. A cikin 2007, de Villiers ya bayyana a bikin Power Power International Festival of Black Literature a London, England, da Poetry Africa, kuma a watan Afrilu 2008 a taron "Tare don Hadin Kai" a Sweden A cikin 2009 ta kasance marubuciya a gidan Passa Porta na Villa Vollezele a Belgium Hakanan a cikin 2009 ta kasance wani ɓangare na Beyond Words UK yawon shakatawa wanda kuma ya ƙunshi mawaƙan Afirka ta Kudu Keorapetse Kgositsile, Don Mattera, Lesego Rampolokeng da Lebo Mashile (wanda Apples and Snakes suka gabatar tare da haɗin gwiwar gidan wasan kwaikwayo mai ɗorewa, wanda Majalisar Burtaniya ta Kudu ta tallafawa Afirka, Majalisar Fasaha ta Ingila da gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu). A matsayinta na mawaƙiyar Commonwealth na 2014, ta yi a Kwalejin Homerton, Jami'ar Cambridge, a ranar 8 ga Maris 2014, tare da ɗan uwan mawaƙin Afirka ta Kudu Isobel Dixon, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Pedagogy, Harshe, Arts Al'adu a Ilimi (PLACE), tare da hadin gwiwar Cibiyar Ilimi ta Commonwealth kuma Gidauniyar Ilimi ta Commonwealth A ranar 8 ga Disamba 2014, ta ba da wasan kwaikwayo a Leiden, Netherlands, a ASC (Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka) Taron Jama'a na shekara. A watan Afrilu na 2015, ta karanta aikin ta a Accra, Ghana, a matsayin baƙuwa ga Shirin Marubutan Ghana da Cibiyar Goethe ta gida. A cikin 2017 an gayyace ta zuwa Namibia, inda ta karanta waƙoƙi kuma ta ba da bita na rubuce -rubuce a Cibiyar Goethe. A Cibiyar Goethe ta Johannesburg, ta sauƙaƙa tattaunawa kuma ta shiga cikin ɓangarori tare da Tania Haberland da Xabiso Vili.
Sauran ayyuka A watan Satumbar 2016, ta shiga cikin kwamitin editoci na Asusun Littafin Mawakan Afirka (APBF), ƙungiyar da ke haɓaka da haɓaka ci gaba da buga fasahar waƙoƙin Afirka, tare da Kwame Dawes, Chris Abani, Gabeba Baderoon, Bernardine Evaristo, Aracelis Girmay, John Keene da Matthew Shenoda A cikin 2017 an ba ta izini don yin baƙo don gyara bugun musamman na mujallar shayari mai daraja, The Atlanta Review, ta mai da hankali kan mawaƙa mata na Afirka ta Kudu.
Kyaututtuka da karramawa Daga cikin kyaututtukan ta da yawa akwai Fasahar Ƙasa /de Buren Rubuta Bayan Kyautar Fringe 2009, kuma a cikin 2011 Kyautar Adabin Afirka ta Kudu. Ita ce ta karɓi Kwalejin Ƙasashen waje na 2012 don karatu a cikin Rubutun Halittu a Jami'ar Lancaster. A cikin 2014 an zaɓe ta a matsayin mawaƙiyar Commonwealth, kuma Ƙungiyar Ilimi ta Ƙungiyar ƙasashe masu tasowa ta Commonwealth ta ba ta izini don rubuta waƙa don bikin Ranar Commonwealth Ta yi waƙarta, mai taken "Ƙarfin zuciya yana ɗaukar ƙarin", a Westminster Abbey a ranar 10 ga Maris a matsayin wani ɓangare na bukukuwan Commonwealth, a gaban Sarauniya Elizabeth ta II da sauran membobin gidan sarauta, da manyan 'yan siyasa, manyan kwamishinoni. da manyan baki na Commonwealth. Tana koyarwa a sashen Rubutun Halitta a Jami'ar Witwatersrand a Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu.
Littafin tarihin da aka zaɓa Gine -gine masu tsayi (Cape Town: Cibiyar Littafin, 2006, tare da Keorapetse Kgositsile, Don Mattera da Lebo Mashile, Bayan Kalmomi: Mawaƙan Afirka ta Kudu (aikin Apples & Maciza flipped eye, 2009, Matar Kullum Gabatarwa ta Margaret Busby (Cape Town: Littattafan Modjaji, 2010, Edita (tare da Kaiyu Xiao da Isabelle Ferrin-Aguirre), Babu Zaman Lafiya Anan-anthology of African Poetry (Beijing: New World Publishers, 2010, ciwon kankara a cikin kashina (Cape Town: Littattafan Modjaji, 2017,
A matsayin mai ba da gudummawa "Stay safe", Mujallar Konch, Batu na Musamman, Cutar: Ƙara ta II, 2020. Marike Beyers (ed. Sihiri Kaɗai Muka Sani: Zaɓaɓɓun Waƙoƙin Modjaji 2004 zuwa 2019, 2020. "Bincike Wannan Gaskiya ne kuma Utopian: Ilimin 'Yan Asali a Matsayin Maɗaukaki don Raya Waƙar Makarantar Sakandare" (tare da Louis Botha da Robert Maungedzo), Ilimi Kamar Canji, 23 ga Disamba 2020.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin waje Phillippa Yaa De Villiers akan Facebook.
"Bayanin Watan Mata: Phillippa Yaa de Villiers" Alberton Record, 10 Agusta 2016.
Matthew Mokoena, "Zubar da Fata ta Asalin Al'umma" (hira da Phillippa Yaa de Villiers), Mujallar Sanin hankali, 19 ga Mayu 2010.
"Bayan kalmomi Tattaunawa 2 Phillippa Yaa De Villiers" Vimeo.
Phillippa Yaa de Villiers yana yin wasan kwaikwayo a The Drum, Birmingham, 31 ga Oktoba 2009. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo mai dorewa.
"Phillippa Yaa De Villiers a Word 'n Sound, Johannesburg", 2011. YouTube.
"Tattaunawar Shuru Phillippa Yaa De Villiers (Mawaƙi). Fred Wisdom (Jazz guitar) 2008.
Shafin Phillippa Yaa de Villiers a Passa Porta Gidan Adabi na Duniya a Brussels, 2009.
Phillippa Yaa de Villiers (gami da kwasfan fayiloli) a Badilisha Poetry X-canji.
"Mawaƙi Phillippa Yaa de Villiers yayi magana game da sabon tarin ta, The Everyday Wife, with Janet van Eeden", Litnet, 3 June 2010.
Phillippa Yaa De Villiers tana yin waƙar ranar Commonwealth a Westminster Abbey, 10 Maris 2014 The Royal Commonwealth Society, YouTube.
Phillippa Yaa de Villiers yana karatu a Rumbun Waƙoƙi.
Phillippa Yaa de Villiers a Lyrikline.
MarLa Sink Druzgal, "Kewaye Duniya tare da Waƙar Phillippa Yaa de Villiers", Tafiya Marla Crystal Wilton, "Tattaunawa da Phillippa Yaa de Villiers" Jaridar Odd, Oktoba 2017.
"Samun damar muryar ku Phillippa Yaa de Villiers", Podcast David Krut, 11 Yuni 2021.
Haifaffun 1966
Mata mawaka
Mata
Pages with unreviewed |
50637 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eruani%20Azibapu%20Godbless | Eruani Azibapu Godbless | Dr.Eruani Azibapu Godbless (CFR) (an haife shi a watan Disamba 25 1973) ɗan kasuwan hamshakin attajirin Najeriya ne kuma mamallakin rukunin Azikel. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mamba na Hukumar Ba da Shawarwari ta Jami'ar Fatakwal Foundation.
Ƙuruciya da ilimi An haifi Azibapu a ranar 25 ga watan Disamba, 1973, a Epebu, wani yanki na karamar hukumar Ogbia ta jihar Bayelsa, ga dangin sarki Allwell Eruani, Obanema na Emadike, Aguda the IX) da Mrs Rachael Eruani. Ya kammala karatu a matsayin Likitan Likita daga Jami'ar Fatakwal, tare da karatun digiri na biyu a fannin tiyata da kuma likitancin iyali. Dr Eruani memba ne na Cibiyar Likitocin Iyali ta Amurka. A cikin neman ilimin kasuwanci, Dr Eruani ya sami takaddun shaida a cikin Shirin Gudanar da Mallaka (OMP) a Makarantar Kasuwancin Legas, Babban Gudanarwa (SEP) a Makarantar Kasuwancin London da Shirin Gudanar da Ci gaba (AMP) a Makarantar Kasuwancin Wharton, Jami'ar Pennsylvania. Dr. Eruani ya halarci kwasa-kwasai da dama don ci gaban iliminsa a fannin Makamashi da Man Fetur. Waɗannan sun haɗa da "Tsarin, Ayyukan Farawa na Shuka da Matatar Mai da Petrochemical" ta PTS Inc USA, "Ingantacciyar Gudanar da Ayyuka don Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta GE a CrotonVille Amurka, da "Fahimta da Tsarin Yarjejeniyar Siyan Wuta" ta INFOCUS Dubai.
Aiki Likitan likita (medical doctor) ta hanyar horo, Azibapu ya fara aikin likitancin farko tare da asibitin Westend da Asibitin Ashford Patrick. Daga baya ya shiga aikin gwamnati tare da ma'aikatan gwamnati na jihar Bayelsa a matsayin jami'in kiwon lafiya a ma'aikatar lafiya sannan kuma ya yi sana'ar aikin likitancin masana'antu a Kamfanin Mai na Agip Oil. Bayan ya yi aiki a masana'antar man fetur da iskar gas, Godbless ya zama babban Likita ga Cif Melford Okilo, Gwamnan farar hula na farko na Jihar Old Rivers. Daga baya aka nada shi a matsayin mai ba shi shawara na musamman kan cutar kanjamau da lafiyar al’umma a gwamnatin Dr. Goodluck Ebele Jonathan, a lokacin yana gwamnan jihar Bayelsa. An ba wa Azibapu ƙarin matsayi don kulawa a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Ayyuka na Jiha akan AIDS (SACA). Daga baya ya rike mukamin kwamishinan lafiya a jihar Bayelsa. Azibapu ya ce ta kafa rukunin Azikel, ƙungiyar da ta ƙunshi kamfanoni a cikin kasuwancin hakowa, tace man fetur, samar da wutar lantarki, jirgin sama, gini da injiniyanci.
Ƙwarewa na musamman Dr Eruani Likita ne na likitanci wanda ya haɓaka ƙwarewa na musamman a fannin likitanci, kasuwanci da sufurin jiragen sama.
Dr Eruani ya samu lasisin tukin jirgi mai zaman kansa a cikin jirgin sama a Amurka. Ya mallaki aƙalla jirage masu zaman kansu/jirgi guda uku, tun daga jirgi mai saukar ungulu zuwa kafaffen fukafukai. Ya mallaki jet ɗin sa na farko na sirri yana da shekaru 36, Hawker 800XP, sannan ya sami helikwafta, Augusta Westland 109S Grand a shekarar 2012. A cikin watan Yuli 2015 Dr Eruani ya samu kuma ya karɓi wani sabon jirgin sama tare da tsawaita kewayon Gulfstream 450, don haɓaka kasuwancin ketare.
Kasuwanci Neman samar da ayyukan yi, arziki, 'yancin kuɗi da dorewar tattalin arziƙi ya zaburar da Dr Eruani cikin kasuwanci daban-daban, wanda ya bambanta daga yashi/tara ma'adinai da ma'adinai, dabaru/sabis na chatter air, samar da wutar lantarki da mai. Dokta Eruani ya mallaki rukunin Azikel, wanda ya kunshi rassa kamar haka; Azikel Dredging, Azikel Air, Azikel Power da kuma Azikel Petroleum. Azikel Petroleum Ltd shine jigon matatar Azikel, matatar mai ta farko mai zaman kanta a Najeriya.
Kyauta da girmamawa An zabi Dr Eruani Azibapu don Kyautar Kyauta ta Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka a shekarar 2018. A ranar 20 ga watan Agusta, 2018, Dr Eruani ya sami karramawa da lambar yabo ta Ƙwararrun Kasuwanci, Ƙirƙira da Ƙwararru ta Duniya a Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka da ke Legas. Babban jami’in hulda da jama’a na Amurka, F. John Bray ne ya bayar da kyautar tare da rakiyar shugaban harkokin kasuwanci na Amurka, Brent Omadhl.
Babban Ofishin Jakadancin Bray ya ce wannan lambar yabo da karramawa, da aka baiwa Eruani na cikin ci gaban al'umma da ci gaban al'umma ta hanyar sanya ƙafafun masana'antu a cikin motsi. Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka ya jinjinawa Dr Eruani kan nasara da ci gaban da aka samu a matatar mai ta Azikel, matatar mai ta farko mai zaman kanta a Najeriya, wacce za ta samar da sarkakkiya na kasuwanci ga Najeriya, arziki mai dorewa, wanda shi ne babban jigo na ingantaccen tattalin arzikin masana'antu. Dr Eruani ya samu babban nasara a aikin hako da jiragen sama. Salon sabon salo da haɗin gwiwarsa da ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa shine mabuɗin ci gaban kasuwanci mai dorewa.
A watan Oktoban 2022, shugaban kasa Muhammadu Buhari ya ba shi lambar yabo ta kasa ta Najeriya mai suna Kwamandan Tarayyar Tarayya (CFR).
Manazarta Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1973
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
6231 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin%20City%20%28Birnin%20Benin%29 | Benin City (Birnin Benin) | Benin City birni ne, da ke a jihar Edo, a ƙasar Nijeriya. Birnin itace babban birnin jihar Edo dake kudancin Najeriya. Itace birni na hudu a girma bayan Birnin Lagos Kano da Ibadan da kimanin jimillar jama'a akalla mutum 1,782,000 a shekara ta 2021. Birnin tana nan daga kilomita 40 kilometres (25 mi) daga rafin Benin River, da kuma nisan tsakanin kilomita 320 kilometres (200 mi) daga gabacin Lagos. An gina birnin Ibadan kafin karni na sha huɗu. Benin itace cibiyar sarrafa roba da kuma samar da a Najeriya. Itace birni mafi muhimmanci a duk masarautar Benin wacce ta wanzu a tsakanin karni na 13th zuwa karni na 19th. Suna da kyakyawar fahimta ta hanyar kasuwanci da kasar Portugal a 'yan shekaru wanda daga bisani turawan Ingila suka amsa mulkin kasar a 1897. Turawa sun kwashe ababan tarihi da dama da suka hada da gumaka na tagulla da makamantansu a yankin bayan cin galabarsu da yaki. Asalin mutanen gari sune mutanen Edo, kuma suna magane ne da harsunan Edo da makamantansu. Muatnen gari suna da shiga na kaya irin na alfarma kuma ansansu da amfani da duwatsun bids, zane a jiki,sarkoki da awarwaro da kuma noma na doya, plantain da rogo.
Tarihi
Mutanen Edo A tarihance, asalin mutanen Edo kuma wanda suka samar da Daular Edo na karkashin mulkin Ogiso (Kings of the Sky) wanda ke kiran kasarsu da suna Igodomigodo. Igodo, watau Ogiso na farko yayi tsananin karfin mulkin kuma yayi fice a matsayin sarki adali na lokacin. Ya mace bayan mulki mai tsawon sannan Ere baban danshi ya gajeshi. Rikici ya kaure tsakanin matar tsohon sarkin (Ogiso) da kuma babban dansa wato "Ekaladerhan". Matar baban nasa ta kulla masa sharri da ya jawo aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa. Wadanda aka aika su kashe shi kuma daga bisani suka sake shi a Ughoton. Yarima mai gudun hijira ya kama hanya zuwa Ife inda ya canza sunansa zuwa Izoduwa, ma'ana "na samu natsuwa". A wannan yanayi na rudani ne mutanen Benin karkashin jagorancin Chief Oliha suka bazama neman yarima Ekaladerhan wanda a yanzu mutane Ife ke kiransa Oduduwa.
Yarima Ekaladerhan yaki yadda ya dawo Benin saboda da yadda aka wulakanta shi, bayan su gano cewa ba'a kashe shi ba. Daga bisani ya yi dabarar tura dansa Oramiyan don ya zama sarki a matsayinsa. Oramiyan ya zauna a cikin fada wacce dattijan Uzama suka gina masa, yanzu ya zama wurin bauta na shekara-shekara. Nan da nan ya auri kyakyawar budurwa diyar Osa-nego; Enogie of Egor na tara. Shi da ita sun sama rabon da namiji. Bayan 'yan shekaru daga bisani, ya kira taro inda ya sanar da murabus da kujerarsa, a cewarsa garin na'yan jin zafi ne "Ile-Ibinu" sannan kuma dan asalin haihuwar kasan wanda yayi ilimi kuma ya kware da hatsabibancin mutanen garin ne kadai zai iya mulkan su. Garin ta samo asalin sunanta daga sunan. Ya saka an nada dandansa a matsayin sarki a maimakonsa, sannan kuma ya koma cikin birnin Benin da zama. Ya tafi ya bar dansa "Ajaka" a garin wanda ya zamo sarkin Benin na farko na wannan zamanin (Oba of Benin, shi kuma Oramiyan na sarauta matsayin "Ọọni of Ifẹ". Haka zalika Ọranmiyan na Ife, mahaifin Ẹwẹka I, shi kumasarkin Benin (Ọba of Benin) shine mahaifin Ajaka; sarkin Oyo (wato "Alaafin of Ọyọ"). Sarkin Ife Ọọni of Ife watau Ọba Ẹwẹka ya canzawa Ile-Binu (babban birnin daular Benin) suna zuwa "Ubinu". A wajen mutanen Portugal wannan kalman na iya zama "Benin" da yarensu. A tsakanin 1470, Ẹwuare ya canza sunan garin zuwa Edo. Wannan yazo daidai da lokacin da mutanen Ọkpẹkpẹ sukai kaura zuwa birnin Benin. A wata fuskar kuma Yabawa suna da nasu labarin akan Oduduwa.A cewan Yarbawa wai saboda tsananin karfin ikonnsa da mulkinsa ne yasa ya yaki mutanen da ke kai wa Benin hare-hare hakan yasa mutanen Benin suka zabe shi matsayin sarki wato 'Ọba of Benin". Duk da haka duka yarukan biyu watao Yarbawa da mutanen Edo sun amince da cewa Oduduwa ya tura dansa Oranmiyan na Ife ya zama sarkin Benin kuma ya samar da daular Oba a birnin Benin.
Tsarin mulkin Benin ya fara ne a karni na 13 lokacin mulkin Oba Ewedo.
Zuwan Turawa da kwace garin Turawan Portugal sun zuiyarci Birnin Benin a 1485. Tattalin arzikin Benin ya habaka a tsakanin karni na 6th da na 17th a dalilin kasuwanci a Kudancin Najeriya, da kuma kasuwanci da turawa musamman kasuwancin yaji da kasusuwan dabbobi. A farkon karni na 16, Sarkin garin ya tura wakili zuwa kasar Portugal, shi kuma sarkin Portugal ya turo malaman kiristoci zuwa Benin. Har izuwa karni na 19, wasu daga cikin 'yan asalin garin Benin na iya magana da harshen Portugal. Har wayau, akan iya samun kalmomin aro na yaren Portugal a harsunan yankin. Wani kaptin na Portugal yayi bayanin garin da; "Benin mai girma, inda sarakuna ke zaune, tafi girman Lisbon, duka tituna sun tafi santal kuma iya ganin idanu. Gidajensu na da girma, musamman gidan sarkin garin, wanda aka kawata ta matuka kuma tana da dauyi masu kyawu. Birnin tana da arziki da kuma ikon kere-kere. Ana mulkanta da adalci wanda a sanadiyyar hakan ba'a sata a garin ba kuma mutanen garin na zaune cikin aminci da kariya wanda ko kofofi babu a gidajen garin". Wannan yazo daidai da lokacin da kisan kai da sata sukai tsanani a birnin Lisbon, Portugal.
A ranar 17 ga watan Febrerun 1897 ne birnin Benin ya fada hannun Turawan Ingila. A wani gangami da ake kira "Punitive Expedition", ayarin rundunar sojojin turawa masu yawan mutum 1,200 a karkashin jagorancin Admiral Sir Harry Rawson, bayan sun keta garin baki daya amma sojojin turawa biyu kadai aka kashe wanda Consul na wucin gadi General Philips ya jagoranta.Alan Boisragon, ya rubutu akan sadaukarwa da kisan gilla da akaiwa mutanen garin a 1898 (shekara daya bayan faruwar al'amarin). James D. Graham ya rubuta cewa, duk da cewa "sadaukarwa na daya daga cikin mafi mahimmancin al'amarin al'umman Benin a farkon lokaci," shedu na zahiri sun bambamta matuka, wanda wasu sunyi bayanai akansu, wasu kuma basu ce komai ba.
Turawa sun kwashe gumakan da akai da tagulla, zane masu asali da makamantasu na tarihin garin, wanda a yanzu ake nuna su a wuraren tarihi dabn-daban na duniya.
Anyi gwanjon wasu daga cikin tagullolin don maimaye barnan da akai a lokutan baya. An tura sakonnin barar maido irin wadannan kaya na tarihi acikin 'yan shekarun nan. Daya daga cikin ire-iren wadannan kayan tarihi masu daraja sun hada da kokon fuskan Sarauniya Idia "Queen Idia mask" wanda akayi amfani dashi matsayin kokon rufe fuska a wajen taron Second Festival of Arts Culture (FESTAC '77) wanda aka gudanar a shekara ta 1977, wanda akafi sani a yanzu da "Festac Mask".
Kame Birnin Benin ya zamo sharan fage ga ayyukan sojojin turai da kuma hade yankunan mulkin mallakan turawa na Afurka zuwa yankunan kulawa na turaw watau Niger Coast Protectorate, sai kuma Protectorate of Southern Nigeria sannan daga karshe yankin kulwa da gudanarwan turawa na Najeriya. Turawan sun bada umurnin mayar da sarautar Benin a 1914, amma duk da haka ainihin iko yana wajen turawan mulkin mallakan Najeriya.
Samun 'yancin Najeriya Gabanin samun 'yanci Najeriya a 1960, Benin ta zamo cibiyar tsakiyar yammacin yankunan Najeriya wato Mid-Western Region bayan an raba yankin daga yankin yammacin kasar a June 1963. A lokacin da aka mayar da sunan yankin Jihar Bendel watau Yankin Yamma ta Tsakiya, Najeriya a 1976, Benin ta cigaba da kasancewa babban birnin yankin sannan daga bisani ta kasance babban birnin Edo bayan rarraba jihar Bendel zuwa jihohin Delta da Edo.
Labarin Kasa Yanayin climate na nufin yanayin sararin samaniya ta kasa dangane da wani wuri kayajajje, yanayi weather kuma na nufin canjin yanayi na yau da kullum, na dan kankanin lokaci a wannan kayajjajen wurin. Abubuwan da ake la'akari dasu wajen lissafa yanayin wuri sun hada da yanayin zafi/sanyi, abubuwan da ke zubowa daga gajimare (kamar ruwan sama, raba, kankara da sauransu) damshi da matsi, iska/guguwa, hasken rana da giza-gizai.
Benin tana da yanayi na "tropical savanna climate (Köppen Aw)" kuma tana iyaka da yanayi na tropical monsoon climate (Am). Yanayin garin bai da dadi akwai zafi da kuma dumi kusan har karshen shekara musamman tsakanin watannin Juli da Satumba.
Ilimi Benin gida ce ga manyan jami'oin Najeriya kamar Jami'ar Benin, wacce ke Ugbowo da Ekenwan, Jami'ar Ambrose Alli University wacce ke Ekpoma, da Kwalejin Ilimi na Ekiadolor, Jami'ar Igbinedion, Jami'ar Benson Idahosa da kuma Jami'ar Wellspring.
Akwai Makarantun sekandare da suka hada da; Edo College, Edo Boys High School (Adolo College), Western Boys High School, Oba Ewuare Grammar School, Greater Tomorrow Secondary School, Garrick Memorial Secondary School, Winrose Secondary School, Asoro Grammar School, Eghosa Anglican Grammar School, Edokpolor Grammar School, Covenant Christian Academy, Niger College, Presentation National High School, Immaculate Conception College, Uselu secondary school, Idia College, University of Benin Demonstration Secondary School, University Preparatory Secondary School, Auntie Maria School, Benin Technical College, Headquarters of Word of Faith Group of Schools, Lydia Group of Schools, Nosakhare Model Education Centre and Igbinedion Educational Center, Federal Government Girls College, Benin City, Paragon Comprehensive College, da kuma Itohan Girls Grammar School. Wasu daga cikin makarantun Micro International Training Center, Computer Technology da kuma Training Center, kungiyoyin makarantun Okunbor (Okunbor Group of Schools).
Matsalolin Muhalli
Sauyin Yanayi Birnin tana fuskantar sauyin yanayi musamman ta hanyar karuwar zafi, karancin damshi damshi da ruwan sama na tsakanin 1981 da kuma 2015.
Kula da ambaliya Birnin Benin na fuskantar ambaliya akai-akai. Bincike iri-iri sun nuna bayanai akan haka tun akalla shekara ta 1993. Masana sunyi yunkurin kawo hanyoyin shawo kan matsalar ambaliya a yankin ta hanyoyi daban daban kamar; kula da tsarukan amfani da filaye da kuma gine-gine da ci-gaba, kirkiro shiye-shirye akan wayar wa mutane da hankali kan kula da muhalli da illolin rashin hakan da makamantansu.
Mutane da yawa sun rasa muhallinsu a dalilin ambaliya da akayi a watan June 2020. A lokacinda talakawa sukayi kukan cewa rashin samar da hanyoyin ruwa masu kyau da kuma kin cigaba da tsare-tsaren kawo karshen ambaliya suka jawo hakan.
Dumaman Birane Birnin tana da zafin digiri .5 fiye da kauyukan garin, kuma zafin yafi karuwa acikin mako lokutan da ma'aikata suke gudanar da harkokinsu na ayyukan yau da kullum da samar da kazanta iri-iri.
Kula da Shara Bincike da mujallar Nature tayi, ya nuna cewa birnin bata da isassun kayan kula da muhalli wanda gwamnatin Jihar Edo ta samar. Bayan bincike da aka gudanar ga mazauna birnin mutum 2720, ya nuna cewa mutane da yawa basu san aihin yadda kula da muhallansu ba. Bugu da kari, mutanen basu san yadda gurbacewa ke da alaka da sakin Greenhouse Gasses ba. Wani binciken ya nuna cewa wasu da yawa basu san illolin rashin kula da muhalli akan lafiyarsu ba.
Al'adu Wurare masu kayatarwa sun hada da gidan sarki, unguwar Igun Street (inda ake sarrafa karafuna da tagulla). Wasu wureren sun hada da ababen gargajiya da koramu da ke zagaye da gidaje, King's square (wanda akafi sani da Ring Road) da kuma kasuwannin gargajiya.
An san mutanen Benin da sarrafa tagulla da yi mata sifofi iri-iri na kwarewa. Benin birni ce ta tsaffin sarakunan duniya. Akwai bukukuwar gargajiya da dama da ake gudanarwa a Benin don murna da tunawa da wasu lokuta na tarihi a Birnin. Bikin Igue festival shi yafi fice inda sarki ke fitowa ayi murnan al'adun mutanensa sannan ya albarkaci mutanensa da kasarsa.
Bukukuwan Gargajiya Benin tana da bukukuwa iri-iri dan murnan al'adun gargajiya kamar Igue Festival da ake gudanarwa duk shekara. Bikin na da muhimmanci sosai ga birnin musamman na tunawa da daular ta na zamunan da da kuma al'adunsu.
Banda wadancan bukuwar, Benin tana daukan nauyin bikin "Benin City Film Festival". Bikin na bada dama don bunkasa ayyukan da gidajen shirye-shirye na gida sukayi. Har wayau tana bunkasa shirye-shiryen Najeriya da kasashen wajen.
Ranakun Kasuwannin Benin Mutanen Benin na da ranakun cin kasuwanni uku; Ekioba, Ekenaka, Agbado, da kuma Eken.
Sufuri Benin na da filayen jiragen sama guda uku da ke sufurin mutane zuwa yankuna daban daban wanda suka hada Arik Air, Air Peace da kuma Azman
Sanannun Mutane Godwin Abbe, tsohon ministan tsaro na Najeriya.
Ambrose Folorunsho Alli, tsohon gwamnan tsohuwar jihar Bendel. shi ya samar da jami'ar Bendel kuma ya sanya mata sunan shi "Ambrose Alli University"
Eghosa Asemota Agbonifo, dan siyasa
Anthony Anenih, chairman, the board of trustees (PDP) kuma tsohon ministan ayyuka na Najeriya
Suleiman Braimoh (born 1989), Nigerian-American basketball player in the Israel Basketball Premier League
Archbishop John Edokpolo, Minister of Trade and Founder of Edokpolor Grammar School
Francis Edo-Osagie, dan kasuwa
Jacob U. Egharevba, Mai ilimin tarihin Bini kuma shugaban gargajiya Anthony Enahoro, anti-colonial and pro-democracy activist and politician
Festus Ezeli, basketball player
Abel Guobadia, former Chairman of Nigeria's Independent National Electoral Commission
Benson Idahosa,wanda ya kirkiri cocin Church of God Mission International Incorporated da kuma Idahosa World Outreach (IWO)
Felix Idubor, mawaki
Felix Liberty, mawaki
Gabriel Igbinedion, dan kasuwa kuma Esama na Masarautar Benin
Divine Ikubor, Mawakin da akafi sanida Rema.
Festus Iyayi, novelist and first African to win the Commonwealth Writers Prize
Suleman Johnson, senior pastor and general overseer of Omega Fire Ministries International
Godwin Obaseki, the current governor of Edo State
Samuel Ogbemudia, former governor of the Midwest region of Nigeria and later Bendel state
Sonny Okosun, mawaki
Suyi Davies Okungbowa, African fantasy and speculative fiction author
Osasere Orumwense, former Vice-Chancellor of University of Benin
Osayuki Godwin Oshodin, former Vice-Chancellor of University of Benin
Demi Isaac Oviawe, Ireland-based actress
Chris Oyakhilome, founder and president of Believers LoveWorld Incorporated, also known as Christ Embassy
Modupe Ozolua, cosmetic surgeon
Lilian Salami, Vice-Chancellor of university of Benin
Victor Uwaifo, musician
Hotuna
Manazarta Biranen |
51677 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Yancin%20Addini%20a%20Albaniya | 'Yancin Addini a Albaniya | Kundin tsarin mulkin Albaniya ya ba da ’yancin yin addini, kuma gwamnati gabaɗaya tana mutunta wannan haƙƙin a aikace. Ba a sami rahoton cin zarafi ko wariya na al'umma ba dangane da imani ko aiki. A cikin bayanan da masana ilimin zamantakewa Brian Grim da Roger Finke Albania suka tattara sun yi ƙasa a kan Dokokin Gwamnati na Addini, Dokokin Zamantake Addini, Ƙaunar Gwamnati na Addini da Zaluntar Addini.
Tsarin doka da tsarin siyasa Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba da ’yancin yin addini, kuma gwamnati ta bayyana cewa gabaɗaya tana mutunta wannan haƙƙin. Gwamnati ta bayyana rashin zaman lafiya. Babu addini a hukumance kuma dukkan addinai daidai suke; duk da haka, manyan al'ummomin addini (Musulmi Sunni, Bektashi, Orthodox, da Katolika) suna jin daɗin matsayin hukuma (misali, bukukuwan ƙasa) da matsayin zamantakewa dangane da kasancewarsu na tarihi a ƙasar. Hutu na hukuma sun haɗa da ranaku masu tsarki daga dukkan manyan addinai huɗu.
Duk kungiyoyin addini da suka yi rajista suna da hakkin su rike asusun banki da kuma mallakar kadarori da gine-gine. Ba a sanya takunkumi ga iyalai game da yadda suke renon yaransu dangane da ayyukan addini. Dangantaka ta aminci tsakanin addinai a cikin al'umma ta ba da gudummawa ga 'yancin addini.
Yin lasisi OfGwamnati ba ta buƙatar rajista ko lasisi na ƙungiyoyin addini; duk da haka, Kwamitin Ƙungiyoyi na Jiha yana kiyaye bayanai da ƙididdiga kan ƙungiyoyin addini na ƙasashen waje waɗanda ke tuntuɓar ta don taimako. Babu wata kungiya da ta bayar da rahoton matsalolin yin rajista a tsawon lokacin da wannan rahoto ya kunshi. Duk kungiyoyin addini masu rijista suna da hakkin su mallaki asusun banki da kuma mallakar kadarori. Ƙungiyoyin addini na iya samun matsayin hukuma ta mai shari'a ta hanyar yin rajista tare da Kotun Lardi na Tirana a ƙarƙashin Dokar Ƙungiyoyin Sa-kai, wadda ta amince da matsayin ƙungiyoyin sa-kai ba tare da la'akari da ko ƙungiyar tana da al'adu, nishaɗi, addini, ko halin jin kai ba. Dukkanin al’ummomin addini sun soki Gwamnati kan rashin amincewar ta na ba su matsayin da ba a biyan haraji. Tun shekara ta 2003 an keɓe masu wa'azi na addini na ƙasashen waje daga harajin izinin zama.
Kwamitin kula da al’adu na Jiha a karkashin ma’aikatar yawon bude ido, al’adu, matasa, da wasanni, tana da alhakin tsara dangantaka tsakanin gwamnati da dukkanin mabiya addinai tare da kare ‘yancin yin addini da inganta hadin kai da fahimtar juna a tsakanin addinai. Kwamitin ya yi iƙirarin cewa bayanansa na ƙungiyoyin addini suna taimaka wa 'yan sanda ba da izinin zama ga ma'aikatan ƙasashen waje na ƙungiyoyin addini daban-daban. Babu wata kungiya da ta yi ikirarin samun matsala wajen samun izinin zama a tsawon lokacin da wannan rahoto ya kunsa. Koyaya, a matsayin gama gari, an ba wa masu wa’azi na addini na ƙasashen waje izinin zama na shekara 1 kacal maimakon shekaru 5 da doka ta ba mazauna ƙasar fiye da shekaru 2. A tsawon lokacin da wannan rahoto ya kunsa, kwamitin ya fara aiki da gwamnati kan sharudda da za su ba da izinin zama na tsawon shekaru har zuwa shekaru 5 ga ingantattun kungiyoyin addini masu alaka da kasar.
Babu wata doka ko ƙa’ida da ta tilasta wa ƙungiyoyin addini su sanar da Kwamitin ayyukansu; duk da haka, sashi na 10 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya yi kira da a samar da yerjejeniya daban-daban don daidaita dangantaka tsakanin gwamnati da al'ummomin addinai. Cocin Katolika ta ci gaba da zama al’ummar addini tilo da suka kammala irin wannan yarjejeniya da Gwamnati. Kwamitin ya ba da umarnin yin shawarwari tare da sauran rukunoni uku da suka rage kuma sun kafa ƙungiyar aiki a watan Mayu 2006 don wannan dalili. An bayar da rahoton cewa kwamitin ya cimma yarjejeniya da kungiyoyi uku-Musulmi, Orthodox, da Muslim Bektashi al'ummomin. VUSH, wata ƙungiyar Furotesta, ta tuntuɓi Kwamitin dan tattaunawa kan yarjejeniyar tsakanin ƙasashen biyu amma ba ta sami amsa ba a ƙarshen lokacin rahoton.
Makarantun Addini Ma’aikatar ilimi ta kasar ta bayyana cewa makarantun gwamnati na kasar nan na boko ne, kuma dokar ta haramta koyar da akida da addini. Bisa kididdigar da hukuma ta bayar, kungiyoyin addinai, kungiyoyi, da gidauniyoyi sun gudanar da cibiyoyin ilimi 101, wadanda 15 daga cikinsu makarantu ne masu alaka da addini, tare da dalibai sama da 2,600. A bisa doka dole ne ma’aikatar ilimi ta ba wa irin wadannan makarantu lasisi, kuma manhajoji dole ne su bi ka’idojin ilimi na kasa. Kungiyoyin Katolika da na Musulmai sun gudanar da makarantu da dama da ke da lasisin gwamnati kuma sun ba da rahoton cewa ba su da wata matsala wajen samun sabbin lasisin sabbin makarantu. Cocin Orthodox da Bektashis suna gudanar da cibiyoyin koyarwa na addini don horar da malamai.
Da'awar dukiya ta addini Manufar gwamnati da aiki sun ba da gudummawa ga gudanar da addini gabaɗaya kyauta; duk da haka, maido da kadarorin da tsohuwar gwamnatin gurguzu ta kwace ya ci gaba da zama matsala. A bisa dokar da ta shafi maidowa da kuma biyan diyya irin wadannan kadarori, al’ummomin addini suna da hakki iri daya da na mutane masu zaman kansu dangane da abin da ya shafi mayar da kadarori ko diyya, amma kungiyoyin addini sun nuna shakku kan kayyade kadarori zuwa A lokacin rahoton, Gwamnati ba ta kafa wani asusu na musamman don biyan diyya ba, amma Ofishin Firayim Minista ya yi ƙoƙarin warware matsalolin kadarorin addini. Gwamnatin ta kuma sanar da shirin kawar da cikas da aka samu a hukumance da na doka wadanda suka kawo cikas wajen dawo da kadarorin da aka kwace ta hanyar kawar da bukatar kungiyoyin addini su samar da mukamai da takardu don tabbatar da mallakar asali. A lokacin mulkin gurguzu, ana yin rikodin kadarorin da gwamnati ta kwace gabaɗaya, kuma Gwamnati na ƙoƙarin ganin ta amince da waɗannan takaddun bayanan a matsayin daidai da sunayen kadarori, don haka ta fayyace mallakar filaye a wasu lokuta.
Dukkanin manyan al'ummomin gargajiya guda huɗu suna da ƙaƙƙarfan da'awar kadarorin da ba a warware su ba. A al’amuran da suka shafi komawar gine-ginen addini, gwamnati ta kasa mayar da filayen da ke kewaye da gine-ginen, wani lokaci saboda da’awar sake fasalin da wasu masu zaman kansu suka yi da suka fara nomansa ko amfani da shi dan wasu dalilai. Cocin Orthodox ya ci gaba da gina wani sabon babban coci a Tirana a kan wani yanki na fili da ta samu a matsayin diyya ga sauran filaye da gwamnatin gurguzu ta kwace, amma ta yi ikirarin rashin daukar mataki kan wasu ikirari na kadarorin kasar a duk fadin kasar, da kuma wahala, dawo da gumaka na addini da rubuce-rubuce masu tamani. Cocin Orthodox da Cocin Katolika suna ƙoƙari su dawo da wuraren ajiyar da gwamnatin kwaminisanci ta kama kuma aka ajiye a cikin tarihin ƙasar.
Ko da yake Cocin Katolika na da ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙayyadaddun ikirari, ta nuna cewa ba ta aiwatar da waɗannan abubuwan kuma ta yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan ƙoƙarinta a wasu wurare. Duk da haka, idan a ƙarshe za a biya diyya ga sauran ƙungiyoyin addini, za a sa ran samun diyya ma. Kungiyar Islama ta Albaniya da kuma Musulman Bektashis sun kuma bukaci gwamnati ta mayar da wasu kadarori. Kungiyar Islama ta yi nasarar samun lakabin wani babban fili a Tirana inda wani masallaci ya taba tsayawa. Sai dai ba ta samu takardar izinin gina sabon masallaci ba. A karkashin sabon tsarin kula da birane na Tirana, an kebe wani fili a Tirana, wanda kuma mallakin al'ummar musulmi ne saboda haka. Jama'ar Musulunci sun ki amincewa da wannan wurin da cewa ya yi kadan kuma sun ci gaba da fifita wurin na asali. Ba a warware matsalar ba a ƙarshen lokacin da wannan rahoto ya kunsa. Har ila yau al’ummar Bektashi na neman gwamnati ta biya diyya ga wadanda aka zalunta da addini a lokacin mulkin gurguzu.
Batun zama dan kasa Dokar Cocin Orthodox ta shekarar 1954 ta ce dole ne babban Bishop ɗinta ya kasance ɗan ƙasar Albaniya; duk da haka, babban Bishop ɗan ƙasar Girka ne wanda ke neman zama ɗan ƙasar Albaniya. A tsawon lokacin da wannan rahoto ya yi bayani, Gwamnati ba ta dauki mataki kan bukatarsa ta zama dan kasa ba, wanda aka gabatar a shekarar 2003.
Cin zarafin al'umma da nuna wariya Gabaɗaya, Albaniya tana da rigima na addini kaɗan. Duk da haka, an sami wasu abubuwan da suka faru na musgunawa sakamakon imani na addini.
Tun a shekara ta 2001 an ci zarafin musulmin Albaniya da dama, ana nuna musu wariya da kuma tsanantawa saboda akidarsu. Jami’an Tsaron Albaniya sun tsare wani limamin Albaniya mai suna Artan Kristo, ba tare da wani tabbaci ba. Dangane da bayanan Artan Kristo da kuma bayanin wasu limaman Albaniya da kuma Dandalin Musulmi na Albaniya, an tsare Kristi ba bisa ka’ida ba, tun da bai yarda ya zama dan leken asiri na Hukumar Tsaro ta Albaniya ba.
Duk da cewa babu wata doka da ta hana nuna alaƙar addini a makarantun gwamnati, akwai lokutan da aka hana ɗalibai yin hakan a aikace. A watan Disambar 2003, an hana wani dalibi musulmi daukar hoton difloma saboda yana da gemu. A ƙarshe an ba ɗalibin izinin kammala karatun ta hanyar sa hannun ofishin Ombudsman (cibiyar gwamnati da ke da alhakin bincikar tuhume-tuhumen ƴan ƙasa na take haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma kare yancinsu na asali).
A shekara ta 2002, wasu al'ummomin Bektashi da ke wajen Tirana sun fuskanci tsoratarwa, barna, da barazanar tashin hankali. Daga baya, hukumomin Albaniya sun gano wadanda ke da alhakin (wadanda ba Albaniya ba) kuma sun kore su saboda keta dokokin shige da fice. Babu wani sabon rahoton barna a tsawon lokacin da wannan rahoto ya kawo. Shugabannin Bektashi sun yi imanin cewa tasirin addini na kasashen waje da ke neman kawo cikas ga kokarin kasar na wanzar da juriya da 'yancin addini su ne tushen wadannan abubuwa. Sauran shugabannin addinai sun bayyana irin wannan damuwar game da rawar da masu tsattsauran ra'ayin addini na kasashen waje ke takawa. An harbe babban sakataren kungiyar Islama ta Albaniya Sali Tivari a hedikwatar kungiyar a watan Janairun 2003. Babban mai gabatar da kara ya mayar da karar zuwa ga hukuma don ci gaba da bincike kuma har zuwa karshen wa'adin da wannan rahoto ya kunsa bai warware ba. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2003, 'yan sanda sun kama Kastriot Myftari, marubucin littafin "Albaniya National Islamism" bisa zargin ingiza kiyayyar addini ga Musulunci. Littafin ya ƙunshi ra'ayoyin marubucin game da Musulunci da kuma yadda addinin ya yi tasiri ga rayuwar Albaniya. A cewar ofishin mai gabatar da kara, bayanai da dama a cikin littafin sun wulakanta Musulunci. Mai gabatar da kara ya bukaci kotun daurin watanni 6 ga marubucin. A watan Yuni ne dai kotun ta wanke Myftari daga zargin da ake masa. A shekara ta 2004, wakilan Cocin Orthodox na Gabas sun nuna damuwarsu cewa coci-coci, giciye, da wasu gine-gine an lalata su. A cikin watan Nuwamba 2005 wani jawabi daga shugaban Albania a London, ya tada zanga-zangar jama'a daga dandalin Muslim Forum na Albania wanda ya zargi shugaban da cin zarafin Musulunci. A cikin watan Afrilu 2008, wani labari daga dan majalisar gurguzu, Ben Blushi da yawa daga cikin ƙungiyoyin sa-kai na musulmi sun yi Allah wadai da shi a matsayin wariyar launin fata da kyamar Islama. A cewar marubucin NGO, marubucin ya nuna alamun wariyar launin fata ga Turkawa, Romawa da Musulman Albaniya a cikin littafin.
Babu wani rahoto na fursunonin addini ko kuma wadanda ake tsare da su a kasar. Babu rahotannin tilastawa addini.
Duba kuma Addini a Albaniya
Hakkin Dan Adam a Albaniya
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
26696 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19%20timeline%20by%20country%20in%20Africa | COVID-19 timeline by country in Africa | Annobar cutar covid-19 An tabbatar da ya bazu zuwa Afirka a ranar 14 ga watan Fabrairu 2020, tare da sanar da bullar cutar ta farko a Masar. An sanar da bullar cutar ta farko a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara a Najeriya a karshen watan Fabrairu. A cikin watanni uku, kwayar cutar ta bazu ko'ina cikin Nahiyar, yayin da Lesotho, kasa ta karshe mai cin gashin kanta ta Afirka da ta kasance ba tare da kwayar cutar ba, ta ba da rahoton bullar cutar a ranar 13 ga watan Mayu. Ya zuwa ranar 26 ga watan Mayu, ya bayyana cewa galibin kasashen Afirka suna fuskantar yaduwar al'umma, kodayake karfin gwaji ya takaita. Yawancin wadanda aka gano da aka shigo da su sun fito ne daga Turai da Amurka maimakon China inda cutar ta samo asali. An yi imanin cewa ana samun raguwar rahotanni a yawancin ƙasashen Afirka waɗanda ke da ƙarancin ci gaban tsarin kiwon lafiya.
An gano sabbin nau'ikan kwayar cutar a cikin watan Disamba, 2020 a Afirka ta Kudu da Najeriya, baya ga bambancin Lineage B.1.1.7 da aka ruwaito a Burtaniya a watan Satumba.
Tarayyar Afirka ta sami kusan alluran rigakafin COVID-19 kusan miliyan 300 a cikin irin wannan yarjejeniya mafi girma har yanzu ga Afirka; An sanar da shi a ranar 13 ga watan Janairu, 2021. Wannan ya kasance mai zaman kansa daga ƙoƙarin samun damar samun damar yin amfani da kayan aikin COVID-19 na duniya COVAX da nufin rarraba allurar COVID-19 zuwa ƙasashe masu tasowa. Musamman ma, ana tuhumar kasashen Afirka fiye da ninki biyu abin da kasashen Turai za su biya na wasu alluran rigakafin. Ƙungiyar Bakwai (G-7) ta yi alƙawarin rarraba daidaitattun alluran rigakafin a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu 2021, kodayake an bayar da cikakkun bayanai. Tarayyar Afirka ta sami kusan alluran rigakafin COVID-19 kusan miliyan 300 a cikin irin wannan yarjejeniya mafi girma har yanzu ga Afirka; An sanar da shi a ranar 13 ga watan Janairu, 2021. Wannan ya kasance mai zaman kansa daga ƙoƙarin samun damar samun damar yin amfani da kayan aikin COVID-19 na duniya COVAX da nufin rarraba allurar COVID-19 zuwa ƙasashe masu tasowa. Musamman ma, ana tuhumar kasashen Afirka fiye da ninki biyu abin da kasashen Turai za su biya na wasu alluran rigakafin. Ƙungiyar Bakwai (G-7) ta yi alƙawarin rarraba daidaitattun alluran rigakafin a ranar 19 ga watan Fabrairu, 2021, kodayake an bayar da cikakkun bayanai.
Tsawon lokaci ta ƙasa
Aljeriya An tabbatar da shari'ar farko a kasar a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu. A safiyar ranar 2 ga watan Maris, Aljeriya ta tabbatar da sabbin cututtukan coronavirus guda biyu, mace da 'yarta. A ranar 3 ga watan Maris, Algeria ta ba da rahoton wasu sabbin maganganu biyu na coronavirus. Sabbin kararrakin guda biyu sun fito ne daga dangi daya, uba da diya, kuma suna zaune a Faransa. A ranar 4 ga watan Maris, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta sami sabbin mutane hudu da aka tabbatar sun kamu da cutar ta coronavirus, dukkansu daga dangi daya ne, wanda ya kawo adadin zuwa 12 da aka tabbatar.
Dangane da hasashen hasashen WHO Aljeriya na fuskantar babban haɗari na yaduwar COVID-19 idan ba a ba da fifikon matakan ɗaukar hoto kamar gano lamba ba.
Angola A ranar 21 ga watan Maris, an tabbatar da kararraki biyu na farko a kasar. Daga ranar 20 ga watan Maris, an rufe dukkan iyakokin Angola na tsawon kwanaki 15.
there were a total of 19 confirmed cases, two deaths and six recovered cases.
Ya zuwa watan Disamba, 2020 adadin wadanda aka tabbatar sun kai 17,433, tare da murmurewa 10,859 da mutuwar 405. Akwai lokuta 6,169 masu aiki a ƙarshen wata.
Benin A ranar 16 ga Maris, 2020, an tabbatar da shari'ar farko a kasar. Ya zuwa ranar 18 ga Afrilu, an sami jimillar mutane 35 da aka tabbatar sun kamu da cutar, mutum daya ya mutu sannan 18 sun warke.
Adadin wadanda aka tabbatar sun kamu da cutar sun kai 3,251 a watan Disamba. Akwai marasa lafiya 3,061 da aka murmure, 44 sun mutu, da kuma lokuta 146 masu aiki a ƙarshen shekara.
Botswana A ranar 30 ga Maris, an tabbatar da kararraki uku na farko a Botswana.
Don hana ci gaba da yaduwar cutar, gwamnati ta hana taron mutane sama da 50 da shigowar mutanen kasashen da ake ganin suna da hadari. za a rufe iyakokin kuma an ba da izinin Jama'ar Botswana su dawo amma dole ne a keɓe su na tsawon kwanaki 14. An kuma rufe dukkan makarantu daga ranar 20 ga Maris.
Burkina Faso A ranar 9 ga Maris, 2020, an samu rahoton bullar cutar guda biyu a kasar a Burkina Faso. A ranar 13 ga Maris, an kuma tabbatar da shari'ar ta uku, mutumin da ya yi hulɗa kai tsaye da shari'o'i biyu na farko. Ya zuwa ranar 14 ga Maris, an tabbatar da adadin mutane bakwai a cikin kasar. Biyar daga cikin sabbin kararrakin da aka tabbatar sun yi hulda kai tsaye da kararrakin biyun na farko. Ɗaya daga cikin ɗan ƙasar Ingila ne da ke aiki a wurin hakar zinare a ƙasar wanda ya yi hutu a Liverpool kuma ya dawo a ranar 10 ga Maris, yana wucewa ta Vancouver da Paris.
there were a total of 557 confirmed cases, 35 deaths and 294 recovered cases.
Ya zuwa karshen Disamba 2020, an sami adadin mutane 6,631, 4,978 sun warke, 1,569 lokuta masu aiki, da mutuwar 84.
Burundi A ranar 31 ga Maris, an tabbatar da kararraki biyu na farko a kasar. Shugaban kasar Burundi, Pierre Nkurunziza, ya mutu a lokacin barkewar cutar; a hukumance ya mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya, amma ana hasashen cewa watakila ya mutu daga COVID-19 tare da wasu danginsa kuma an ba da rahoton sun kamu da cutar.
Kamaru A ranar 6 ga Maris an tabbatar da shari'ar farko a Kamaru. A cewar kididdigar kididdigar da WHO ta yi kiyasin Kamaru na fuskantar babban hadarin yaduwar COVID-19 idan ba a ba da fifiko kan matakan dakile cutar ba.
Kamaru ta ba da rahoton adadin mutane 27,336, 1,993 lokuta masu aiki, da jimillar mutuwar 451 a ranar 13 ga Janairu 2021. Wannan shi ne mace-mace 17 a cikin mutane miliyan daya.
Cape Verde A ranar 20 ga Maris, an tabbatar da shari'ar farko a cikin kasar, mai shekaru 62 daga Burtaniya.
Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya An ba da sanarwar shari'ar farko ta kasar a ranar 14 ga Maris, tare da bayyana mara lafiyar a matsayin dan Italiya mai shekaru 74 da ya dawo Jamhuriyar Tsakiyar Afirka daga Milan, Italiya.
Chadi A ranar 19 ga Maris, an tabbatar da shari'ar farko a kasar. Sama da mutane 4,000 ya zuwa yanzu sun gwada inganci A matsayin matakin kariya, gwamnati ta soke dukkan zirga-zirgar jiragen da ke shigowa cikin kasar, sai dai jiragen dakon kaya.
Comoros A matsayin matakan kariya, matafiya masu zuwa za a keɓe su na tsawon kwanaki 14 idan sun isa. Don hana yaduwar cutar, gwamnati ta soke dukkan jiragen da ke shigowa tare da hana manyan taro. A ranar 15 ga Afrilu, 2020, mutumin da ya isa Mayotte daga Comoros ya gwada inganci don COVID-19.
A ranar 30 ga Afrilu, an tabbatar da shari'ar farko a cikin Comoros. A ranar 4 ga Mayu, an sanar da mutuwar farko. An gwada mutane 54, kuma an gano abokan hulɗa 53.
Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo A ranar 10 ga Maris, an ba da rahoton bullar COVID-19 ta farko a cikin kasar. Ya zuwa Maris 2021, sama da mutane 25,000 sun gwada inganci
Matakan rigakafin A ranar 19 ga Maris, Shugaba Félix Tshisekedi ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a dakatar da dukkan jiragen. Shugaban ya kafa dokar ta baci tare da rufe iyakokin kasar. An kuma rufe makarantu, mashaya, gidajen abinci, da wuraren ibada.
Jamhuriyar Kongo An ba da sanarwar shari'ar farko ta kasar a ranar 14 ga Maris, wani mutum mai shekaru 50 da ya dawo Jamhuriyar Congo daga Paris, Faransa.
Djibouti A ranar 18 ga Maris, an tabbatar da shari'ar farko a Djibouti.
Masar Ma'aikatar lafiya ta Masar ta sanar da bullar cutar ta farko a kasar a filin jirgin sama na Alkahira da ta shafi wani dan kasar China a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu. A ranar 6 ga Maris, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Masar da WHO sun tabbatar da sabbin maganganu 12 na kamuwa da cutar coronavirus. Mutanen da suka kamu da cutar na daga cikin ma'aikatan Masarawa da ke cikin jirgin ruwan Nilu mai suna MS River Anuket, wanda ya taso daga Aswan zuwa Luxor A ranar 7 ga Maris, 2020, hukumomin lafiya sun ba da sanarwar cewa mutane 45 da ke cikin jirgin sun gwada inganci, kuma an sanya jirgin a keɓe a tashar jirgin ruwa a Luxor Masar ta ba da rahoton adadin mutane 152,719, 24,045 lokuta masu aiki, da kuma 8,362 sun mutu a ranar 13 ga Janairu 2021. Wannan shi ne mutuwar mutane 81 a cikin mutane miliyan daya.
A cikin Janairu 2021, dangin wani majinyacin COVID-19 mai shekaru 62 wanda ya mutu a Babban Asibitin El Husseineya na Masar saboda karancin iskar oxygen ya sanya bidiyon asibitin a Facebook. Bidiyon da ya nuna ma’aikatan jinya cikin kunci, suna farfado da wani mutum tare da taimakon na’urar hura iska da hannu ya shiga yanar gizo, inda ya jawo hankalin duniya game da gazawar gwamnati wajen magance cutar. Marasa lafiya hudu ne suka mutu a wannan rana kuma sanarwar da asibitin ta fitar ta bayyana cewa majinyatan sun sami “rikici”, suna musun “duk wata alaka” da mutuwarsu da karancin iskar oxygen. Wani bincike da jaridar New York Times ta jagoranta ya gano in ba haka ba a cikin bayanan da aka bayar yayin hirar da suka yi da dangin marasa lafiya, da ma’aikatan lafiya, sun tabbatar da dalilin mutuwar a matsayin rashin iskar oxygen. Masar ta fara yiwa ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya allurar rigakafin a ranar 24 ga Janairu. Sama da likitoci 300 ne suka mutu.
Equatorial Guinea A ranar 14 ga Maris, an tabbatar da shari'ar farko a kasar.
Eritrea A ranar 20 ga Maris, an tabbatar da shari'ar farko a Eritrea.
Eswatini A ranar 14 ga Maris, an tabbatar da shari'ar farko a kasar.
Habasha An sanar da shari'ar farko ta kasar a ranar 13 ga Maris, wanda wani dan kasar Japan ne wanda ya isa kasar a ranar 4 ga Maris daga Burkina Faso. An ba da rahoton ƙarin kararraki uku na kwayar cutar a ranar 15 ga Maris. Mutanen uku sun yi mu'amala ta kut-da-kut da mutumin da aka ruwaito yana dauke da kwayar cutar a ranar 13 ga Maris. Tun daga wannan lokacin, ma'aikatar lafiya ta sanar da kararraki takwas da aka tabbatar ga jama'a, wanda ya kawo adadin zuwa goma sha biyu. Daga cikin wadanda suka kamu da cutar wata tsohuwa 'yar kasar Habasha 'yar shekara tamanin an ce tana da wasu alamomin da ke kara ta'azzara yayin da wasu takwas kuma ke kan hanyar murmurewa kuma suna nuna karancin alamun cutar. A ranar 27 ga Maris, wata sanarwa da ministan lafiya ya fitar yana mai cewa an gano karin wasu kararraki guda hudu yayin da daya ke a birnin Adama na jihar Oromia yayin da sauran ukun ke birnin Addis Ababa Haka kuma, Ministan Lafiya ya tabbatar da karin kararraki uku a ranar 31 ga Maris 2020. Hakazalika, washegari kuma an kara wasu kararraki uku. A sanarwar da aka fitar a baya hukumomin gwamnati sun lura cewa an sake gwada shari'ar guda daya kuma an tabbatar da cewa ba ta dace ba kuma biyu daga cikin wadanda aka tabbatar an aika zuwa kasarsu (Japan). A dunkule, an tabbatar da kararraki ashirin da tara A ranar 3 ga Afrilu 2020 saboda ƙarin gwaje-gwajen da aka yi, an sake gano ƙarin shari'o'i shida waɗanda ke haɓaka adadin zuwa talatin da biyar. Gwamnati da sauran al'umma suna daukar matakan dakile yaduwar wannan cuta mai saurin kisa. A cikin mutane shida da aka gano akwai mutanen da ba su da tarihin balaguro kwanan nan, abin da ya sa jama'a suka firgita. A ranar 4 ga Afrilu, an sami ƙarin buƙatun cutar guda uku. Dukkan lamuran sun fito ne daga Addis Ababa. Biyu daga cikin majinyatan, dan shekara 29 da wani dan kasar Habasha dan shekara 34, suna da tarihin balaguro zuwa Dubai a lokuta daban-daban. Shari’a ta uku ita ce mace ‘yar Habasha ‘yar shekara 35 da ta zo daga Sweden a ranar 3 ga Afrilu.[31] A wannan rana, an ba da rahoton ƙarin farfadowa guda ɗaya, wanda ya ƙara yawan adadin da aka samu zuwa 4.
A ranar 5 ga Afrilu, an ba da rahoton ƙarin ƙarin tabbataccen lokuta biyar na kwayar cutar. Uku daga cikinsu 'yan kasar Habasha ne. Sauran biyun kuma ‘yan kasar Libya ne da Eritriya.[33]. Akwai jimlar shari'o'i 43 A ranar 7 ga Afrilu, an gano ƙarin mutane kuma adadin ya kasance 54. Daga cikin gwaje-gwaje 200+ da aka gudanar a ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 2020, an ƙara ƙarin shari'ar guda ɗaya wanda ya zama 55. Tare da halin da ake ciki a yanzu yana nuna yaduwar cutar Habasha ta ayyana dokar ta baci Tilahun Woldemichael, wani malamin Orthodox dan kasar Habasha wanda aka ce yana da shekaru 114, an sallame shi daga asibiti a ranar 25 ga watan Yuni bayan da aka yi masa magani da iskar oxygen da dexamethasone na coronavirus. Habasha na da mutane 5,200 da aka tabbatar. Habasha ta ba da rahoton jimillar mutane 129,455, 12,882 masu aiki, da jimillar mutuwar 2,006 a ranar 13 ga Janairu 2021. Wannan ya yi daidai da mutuwar mutane 17 a kowace al'umma miliyan ɗaya.
Yankunan Faransa
Mayotte An ba da rahoton shari'ar farko ta cutar ta COVID-19 a cikin sashen Faransa na ketare da yankin Mayotte a ranar 13 ga Maris 2020. A ranar 31 ga Maris mutum na farko ya mutu daga COVID-19.
Asibiti daya a cikin Mayotte ya cika da marasa lafiya na COVID-19 a cikin Fabrairu 2021. Sojojin Faransa sun aika da ma'aikatan lafiya da wasu gadaje na ICU, amma bai isa ba.
Réunion An tabbatar da cewa cutar ta COVID-19 ta isa sashen Faransanci na ketare da yankin Réunion a ranar 11 ga Maris 2020.
Gabon An sanar da shari'ar farko ta kasar a ranar 12 ga Maris, wani dan kasar Gabon mai shekaru 27 wanda ya dawo Gabon daga Faransa kwanaki 4 kafin tabbatar da cutar ta coronavirus.
Gambiya Gambiya ta ba da rahoton bullar cutar coronavirus ta farko daga wata mata mai shekaru 20 da ta dawo daga Burtaniya a ranar 17 ga Maris.
Ghana Ghana ta ba da rahoton bullar ta biyu na farko a ranar 12 ga Maris. Laifukan biyun mutane ne da suka dawo kasar daga Norway da Turkiyya, tare da fara aikin gano bakin zaren.
A ranar 11 ga Maris, Ministan Kudi, Ken Ofori-Atta, ya yi cedi daidai da dala 100. akwai miliyan don haɓaka shirye-shiryen coronavirus na Ghana da shirin mayar da martani.
Hukumar lafiya ta Ghana ta bayar da rahoto a ranar 6 ga watan Agusta cewa sama da ma’aikatan lafiya 2,000 ne suka kamu da cutar sannan shida sun mutu.
Ghana ta ba da rahoton adadin mutane 56,981, 1,404 masu aiki, da kuma 341 sun mutu a ranar 13 ga Janairu 2021. Wannan shi ne mutuwar mutane 11 a cikin mutane miliyan daya.
Gini A ranar 13 ga Maris, Guinea ta tabbatar da shari'arta ta farko, ma'aikacin tawagar Tarayyar Turai a Guinea.
Muminai sun bude masallaci da karfi a Dubréka a watan Mayu.
Guinea-Bissau A ranar 25 ga Maris, Guinea-Bissau ta tabbatar da shari'o'in farko na COVID-19 guda biyu, ma'aikacin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya dan Congo da wani dan Indiya.
Ivory Coast A ranar 11 ga Maris, an tabbatar da shari'ar farko a kasar.
Ivory Coast ta ba da rahoton adadin mutane 24,369, 1,373 lokuta masu aiki, da jimillar mutuwar 140 a ranar 13 ga Janairu 2021. Wannan shi ne mace-mace biyar a cikin mutane miliyan daya.
Kenya A ranar 12 ga Maris, 2020, Shugaba Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta ya tabbatar da shari'ar farko a Kenya.
A ranar 13 ga Maris, an tabbatar da shari'ar farko a Kenya, wata mata da ta zo daga Amurka ta Landan.
Kenya ta ba da rahoton adadin mutane 98,555, 15,168 lokuta masu aiki, da jimillar mutuwar 1,720 a ranar 13 ga Janairu 2021. Wannan shine mutuwar mutane 32 a kowace al'umma miliyan daya.
Lesotho A ranar 13 ga Mayu, an tabbatar da shari'ar farko a Lesotho.
Kasar ta sami mutuwar farko a ranar 9 ga Yuli.
Laberiya A ranar 16 ga Maris, an tabbatar da shari'ar farko a Laberiya.
An ba da izinin sake buɗe majami'u da masallatai har zuwa ranar 17 ga Mayu.
Libya A ranar 17 ga Maris, don hana yaduwar cutar, gwamnatin yarjejeniyar kasa da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da ita, ta rufe iyakokin kasar, ta dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na tsawon makwanni uku tare da haramtawa 'yan kasashen waje shiga kasar; An kuma rufe makarantu, wuraren shaye-shaye, masallatai da tarukan jama'a.
A ranar 24 ga Maris, an tabbatar da shari'ar farko a Libya.
Libya ta ba da rahoton adadin mutane 106,670, 21,730 masu aiki, da kuma 1,629 sun mutu a ranar 13 ga Janairu 2021. Wannan shi ne mace-mace 235 a cikin mutane miliyan daya.
Madagascar A ranar 20 ga Maris, an tabbatar da bullar cutar guda uku a Madagascar. Duk mata ne. Kasar Madagascar ta sami adadin mutane 225 da aka tabbatar sun kamu da coronavirus, 98 sun warke, kuma babu wanda ya mutu ya Ana tura "maganin" tsire-tsire na Madagascar mai suna COVID-19 Organics duk da gargadin da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta yi cewa ba a tabbatar da ingancinsa ba. Tanzania, Equatorial Guinea, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Jamhuriyar Congo, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Laberiya, da Guinea Bissau duk sun riga sun karbi dubban allurai na COVID-19 Organics kyauta.
Malawi A ranar 2 ga Afrilu, an tabbatar da kararraki uku na farko a Malawi.
A watan Afrilun 2020 babbar kotun Malawi ta ba da umarnin dakatar da matakan kulle-kullen da gwamnatin Malawi ta sanya na wani dan lokaci. A watan Agusta 2020 gwamnatin Malawi ta ƙaddamar da ƙarin matakan da suka haɗa da sanya abin rufe fuska na dole a wuraren jama'a don dakile yaduwar cutar
Mali A ranar 25 ga Maris, an tabbatar da kararraki biyu na farko a Mali.
Mauritania A ranar 13 ga watan Maris, an tabbatar da shari'ar farko a kasar.
Ya zuwa ranar 18 ga watan Afrilu, 2020, an tabbatar da bullar cutar guda 7 a cikin kasar, 6 daga cikinsu sun murmure, kuma daya ya mutu wanda ya sa Mauritania ta zama kasa daya tilo da cutar ta bulla a Afirka da kuma a duniya da ta samu kubuta daga COVID-19.
An sake tabbatar da wani kara a ranar 29 ga watan Afrilu.
Mauritius Tun lokacin da aka tabbatar da shari'o'in farko na uku na COVID-19 a ranar 18 ga Maris, 2020, hukumomin Mauritius suna gudanar da tuntuɓar tuntuɓar mutanen da suka yi hulɗa da masu cutar an sanya su cikin keɓe, gami da likitoci, ma'aikatan jinya da jami'an 'yan sanda. Ba a sami rahoton bullar cutar ba a Rodrigues, Agaléga da St. Brandon A ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2020, Firayim Minista ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a tsawaita dokar hana fita ta COVID-19 zuwa 1 ga Yuni 2020 kuma makarantu za su kasance a rufe har zuwa 1 ga Agusta 2020. an ba da izinin gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci da yawa, wato gidajen burodi, shagunan kayan masarufi da kasuwannin kifi da kuma lokacin buɗe manyan kantunan zuwa 20 00 hours. Bankunan sun ci gaba da aiki a karkashin tsauraran ka'idojin tsabta. A ranar 13 ga Mayu, 2020, gwamnati ta ba da cikakken ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodi da ƙa'idodi waɗanda duka masu ababen hawa da masu jigilar jama'a za su bi. Waɗannan ka'idoji da ƙa'idoji sun yi daidai da dabarun Gwamnati don tabbatar da cewa babu haɗarin yaɗuwar COVID-19 yayin da ƙasar sannu a hankali ke shirya kanta don ba da damar wasu ayyukan tattalin arziki su ci gaba tun daga ranar 15 ga Mayu 2020. A ranar 15 ga Mayu, 2020, Mauritius ta shiga mataki na farko na sauƙaƙe ƙa'idar kullewa.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Timeline na martanin WHO game da COVID-19
Manazarta Covid-19
Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba |
21577 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Langer | William Langer | William "Wild Bill" Langer (30 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 18868 ga watan Nuwamban 1959) shahararren lauya ne kuma ɗan siyasa ne na ƙasar Amurka daga Dakota ta Arewa Langer na ɗaya daga cikin haruffa masu ban sha'awa a tarihin Dakota ta Arewa, wanda ya fi shahara da dawowa daga wata badakalar da ta tilasta shi fita daga ofishin gwamna da kuma fuskantar gwaji da yawa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Gwamna na 17 da 21 na Arewacin Dakota daga shekarar 1932 zuwa shekara ta 1934 da kuma daga shekarar 1937 zuwa shekara ta 1939. Langer yayi aiki a majalisar dattijan Amurka daga 1941 har zuwa rasuwarsa a ofishi a shekarar 1959. A matsayinsa na dan majalisar dattijai an fi saninsa da adawa sosai da duk wani shigar sojan Amurka a cikin lamuran duniya, yayin da masu adawa da shi suka kira shi mai nuna wariya.
Rayuwa ta farko, ilimi da kuma saurin aiki Langer an haife shi ne a ranar 30 ga Satan Satumba, shekarar 1886 kusa da Casselton, Dakota Territory, ga Ba’amurke-Ba’amurke Frank da Mary (Weber) Langer. Mahaifinsa Katolika, Frank Langer, ya kasance memba na majalisar dokoki ta farko ta jihar Dakota ta Arewa. William, wanda yayi magana da Jamusanci sosai, kasance babban malami na babban sakandaren Casselton bayan kammala karatu a shekarar 1904. Ya sami digiri na farko na dokoki daga Jami'ar North Dakota a Grand Forks, amma ya yi ƙuruciya bayan kammala karatunsa don yin aikin lauya. Don haka ya ci gaba da karatun digirinsa na farko a Columbia, inda ya kammala a saman darasinsa a shekarar 1910. Kodayake an ba shi mukami a wani sanannen kamfanin lauya na New York, amma ya zabi ya koma North Dakota, inda ya yi aikin lauya a garin Mandan kafin fara aikinsa a siyasa.
Rayuwar mutum Langer ya auri Lydia Cady, diyar mai tsara gine-ginen New York J. Cleaveland Cady, a shekarar 1918, kuma tana da ‘ya’ya mata hudu, Emma, Lydia, Mary, da Cornelia (wacce ta zama matar fentin mai zane Kenneth Noland Ayyuka A cikin shekarar 1914, an nada Langer a matsayin lauyan jihar Morton County kuma yana daya daga cikin tsirarun manoma a tikitin jihar na Nonpartisan League Republican 1916. An zabe shi a matsayin babban lauyan gwamnati kamar yadda sabuwar jam'iyyar NPL ta kafu har ta kai ga nasara a zaben shekarar 1916, amma ba da daɗewa ba ta yi arangama da wanda ya kafa jam'iyyar kuma jagoran cinikayyar Arthur C. Townley Zuwa shekarar 1920, Langer yana zargin Townley da Bolshevism a bainar jama'a, kuma ya gaza a kamfen na farko don maye gurbin gwamna NPL mai ci Lynn Frazier a matsayin dan takarar gwamna na jam'iyyar. Hutun da Langer ya yi tare da shugabancin NPL ya kasance abin nuni ne game da rikice-rikicen da ya iyakance tasirin tasirin jam'iyyar a ƙarshen siyasar Dakota ta Arewa.
Gwamna Langer eventually mended his rift with the NPL and was elected governor of North Dakota in 1932. As governor, Langer in 1933 required all state employees to donate part of their annual salaries to the NPL and to the Leader, a weekly newspaper owned by high-ranking officials in his administration. Collecting this money was not prohibited by state law and was a common, traditional practice. But when donations were made by highway department employees, who were paid through federal relief programs, the U.S. Attorney for North Dakota, P. W. Lanier, charged that the donations constituted a conspiracy to defraud the federal government. Brought to trial in 1934, Langer and five co-conspirators were convicted. The trial was presided over by Judge Andrew Miller and prosecuted by Lanier, two of Langer's strongest political opponents in the state.
Shari'ar farko ta kasance cike da kurakurai na tsari waɗanda suka sa ba ta da amfani a kan ɗaukaka ƙara, gami da zaɓi mara kyau da magudi (ana zargin masu yanke hukunci suna da son zuciya na Langer kuma Lanier ne ya zaɓe su hannu) da kuma nuna son kai da kuma umarnin juri. Saboda wannan babban laifi, Kotun Koli ta Arewacin Dakota ta ba da umarnin a cire Langer daga mukaminsa, kuma a ranar 17 ga watan Yuni, shekarar 1934, Kotun ta ayyana Laftanar Gwamna Ole H. Olson a matsayin halattaccen gwamna. Langer ya hallara tare da abokai kusan goma, ya bayyana Arewacin Dakota mai cin gashin kansa, ya ayyana dokar yaƙi, kuma ya toshe kansa a cikin gidan gwamnan har sai Kotun Supremeoli za ta sadu da shi. Daga ƙarshe ya tuba, kuma Olson ya yi sauran ragowar lokacin Langer a matsayin gwamna.
A cikin shekarar 1935 an sake yanke hukunci game da roko. An sake yin shari'a a kan Langer sau biyu a cikin 1935. Miller, biyo bayan karar kin amincewa da Langer, ya ki sauka daga mukaminsa na alkali a shari'ar farko, wanda ya haifar da juriya rataye. Tsakanin gwaji na biyu da na uku, Lanier ya gabatar da tuhuma a kan Langer don yin shaidar zur a cikin motsin nemansa game da Miller. Wannan fitinar, wacce ba a taɓa yin irinta ba a cikin halinta na shaidar zur a cikin takardar rantsuwa da ke neman a ƙi, ta haifar da hukunci kai tsaye don wanke Langer. Sake yin shari'ar karo na biyu na ainihin tuhumar, wanda wani mai shari'a banda Miller ya jagoranta, ya haifar da wanke Langer. Duk cikin gwajin, Langer ya ci gaba da cewa shi mara laifi ne kuma wanda Miller da Lanier suka azabtar da siyasa. Ya sake zama gwamna a shekarar 1936. Masanin tarihi Lawrence Larsen ya kira Langer "masanin wasan kwaikwayo na siyasa". Langer's wife, Lydia, ran for governor in 1934 but lost.
Daga baya rayuwar siyasa A shekarar 1938 Langer ya tsaya takarar sanata a matsayin mai cin gashin kansa, kuma ya samu kashi 42% na kuri’un, inda ya sha kaye a hannun Republican Gerald Nye Zaɓen Majalisar Dattijai na shekarar 1940 ya kasance wani abu mai ban mamaki. Langer ya doke shugaba mai ci Lynn Frazier a zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Republican, sannan ya fafata da dan takarar Democrat, Charles Joseph Vogel, da dan majalisar Republican NPL dan majalisar wakilai William Lemke, wadanda suka ki sake tsayawa takara a majalisar domin sake tsayawa takarar majalisar dattijai a matsayin mai zaman kanta. Langer ya lashe zaben da kashi 38% na kuri'un.
Saboda gwajin da aka ambata a sama, an yi tambaya game da cancantar Langer a karkashin Mataki na 1, Sashe na 5 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, wanda ya bayyana Majalisar Dattijan Amurka a matsayin babban alkalin zabukan mambobinta, cancantar su, da dawowarsu. Majalisar Dattawa ta zaunar da Langer bisa sharaɗi kuma suka fara bincike game da gwajin da aka yi masa. Kwamitin Gata da Zabe ya sami Langer da laifin gurɓataccen ɗabi'a kuma bai cancanci zama sanatan Amurka ba. Cikakken majalisar dattijai ta sauya kwamitin sannan suka zabi kujerar Langer. Biographer Glenn H. Smith calls Langer's Senate career "A Study in Isolationism, 1940–1959" and emphasizes his close ties with German American and Scandinavian American voters who bitterly remembered the First World War in the Dakotas and deeply distrusted Britain and the United Nations. Like Senator Henrik Shipstead of Minnesota, Langer championed non-interventionism and supported minimizing America's involvement in World War II. At home, he concentrated on making life easier for North Dakotan farmers by raising wheat prices and granting government relief. He was also adamant about implementing affordable healthcare for everyone. As a senator, he served on the Post Office, Civil Service and Indian Affairs committees. He and Shipstead were the only senators to vote against the United Nations Charter in 1945. He was also one of seven senators to oppose full U.S. entry into the United Nations.
Langer ya gabatar da kudiri ne ga gwamnatin tarayya domin ta biya kudin da za a mayar da Amurkawa ‘yan asalin Afirka zuwa nahiyar Afirka, bayan da kungiyoyin Afirka da Amurka suka nemi su yi hakan. Kudirin, S. 1800, ya kasa wucewa. A watan Satumba na shekarar 1950, Langer ya yi aiki don hana ƙetaren shugaban ƙasa Harry S. Truman na veto na Dokar Tsaro Cikin Cikin McCarran na awanni biyar kafin ya faɗi. A cikin shekarar 1951, Langer ya yi kira ga John J. McCloy, Babban Kwamishinan Amurka na Jamus, don ba da jinkiri ga Martin Sandberger, wani babban jami'in SS wanda aka yanke masa hukunci game da laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama da laifukan yaƙi saboda rawar da ya taka a kisan Yahudawa da yawa. da sauransu a cikin Estonia a lokacin Holocaust Koda yake kotun yanke hukunci ta Einsatzgruppen ta yanke masa hukuncin kisa, ba karamin bangare ba ne saboda kokarin da Langer ke yi, An yanke hukuncin Sandberger kuma ya yi shekaru shida a kurkuku. After the Nonpartisan League merged with the state Democratic party, Langer remained on the Republican ticket in the 1958 Senate elections, and won without making a single campaign appearance in the state. He voted for the Civil Rights Act of 1957. Langer died in Washington, D.C. on November 8, 1959. He was the last U.S. Senator to lie in state in the Senate Chamber until Robert Byrd of West Virginia in 2010.
Ofisoshin siyasa 1914–1916: Lauyan Gwamnati na Yankin Morton
1916–1920: Babban Lauyan Arewa Dakota
1933–1934: Gwamnan North Dakota (an cire shi daga mukaminsa)
1937–1939: Gwamnan North Dakota
1941–1959: Majalisar Dattijan Amurka
Ayyuka Yunwa a Jamus. Washington, DC: Ofishin Bugun Gwamnatin Amurka, shekarar 1946.
Duba kuma 1952 Majalisar Dattijan Amurka a Arewacin Dakota
1958 zaben majalisar dattijan Amurka a Dakota ta Arewa
Jerin sanatocin Amurka da aka kora ko la'anta
Jerin membobin Majalisar Wakilan Amurka da suka mutu a ofis (1950 --99)
Bayanin kafa
Kara karantawa Holzworth, John M. Gwamna mai fada: Labarin William Langer da Jihar Dakota ta Arewa. Chicago: Jaridar Pointer, 1938.
Smith, Glenn H. Langer na Arewacin Dakota: Nazari kan Kadaici, 1940-1959 New York: Masu wallafa Garland, 1979.
Smith, Glenn H. "William Langer," a cikin Thomas W. Howard, ed. Al'adar Siyasar Arewa Dakota. Ames, IA: Jami'ar Jami'ar Jihar Iowa, 1981.
Tweton, D. Jerome. "Siyasar Hargitsi: Dakota ta Arewa a cikin shekarun 1930," Journal of the West, Fall 2002, vol. 41, babu. 4, shafi na 30-35.
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Takardun William Langer a Jami'ar North Dakota
Gwamnonin Dakota ta Arewa William Langer
Shiga kan ballewar Dakota ta Arewa
Várdy, Steven Béla da Tooly, T. Hunt: Tsabtace Kabilanci a Tsarin Turai na Karni na Ashirin Akwai shi a matsayin MS Word don fayil ɗin Windows (3.4 MB) (sakamakon taron kan tsarkake ƙabilanci a ƙarni na ashirin Turai da aka gudanar a Jami'ar Duquesne a watan Nuwamba 2000. Wani karamin sashi na CHARLES M. BARBER, Mai Kadaici a Matsayin Mai shiga tsakani: Sanata William Langer kan Maganar Tsabtace Kabilanci, Maris 29, 1946 pp. 244–262
Manazarta
Pages with unreviewed |
23900 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omali%20Yeshitela | Omali Yeshitela | Omali Yeshitela (haifaffen Joseph Waller, 9 ga watan Oktoba, shekara ta 1941) shine ya kafa kungiyar Uhuru Movement, wata kungiya ta kasa da kasa ta Afirka da ke St. Petersburg, Florida tare da membobi a wasu sassan duniya.
Tarihin farko An haife shi a St. Petersburg, Florida, Yeshitela ya shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin 'Yancin Bil'adama a cikin ƙuruciyarsa a shekara ta 1950s zuwa shekara ta 1960s a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Gudanar da vioalibi. A mafi girman ƙungiyoyin 'Yancin Bil Adama a St. Petersburg, an daure Waller a cikin shhekara ta 1966, lokacin da ya yage wani bangon da aka nuna a zauren birni wanda ya nuna mawaƙan baƙaƙen da ke tsegumin fararen' yan biki, wani yanayi Waller ya kira wani ƙasƙanci caricature na Baƙin Amurkawa. Duk da haka, Herman Goldner, magajin garin St. Petersburg a lokacin kuma mai fafutukar kare hakin jama'a da kansa, ya yi watsi da iƙirarin Waller. "Ba na ganin wani abu mai ban haushi a cikin hoto na yawo da damuwa da masu yawon shakatawa a bakin Tekun Pass-a-Grille. Ina tsammanin kun san cewa ni, da kaina, ba ɗan wariyar launin fata ba ne. Ina tsammanin cewa dukkan ƙungiyoyinmu marasa rinjaye dole ne su balaga har zuwa inda sanin kai ba abin motsawa bane ga korafi. Waller ya shafe shekaru biyu da rabi a kurkuku da kurkuku. Bayan sakin Waller, an kwace masa 'yancin yin zaɓe na shekaru da dama har sai da Gwamna Jeb Bush da membobi uku na majalisar Florida suka maido wa Waller haƙƙin jefa ƙuri'a a shekara ta 2000.
Ƙungiyoyin jama'a A cikin fafutukar da yake yi na farar hula a mahaifarsa ta St. Petersburg, Yeshitela ya kuma jaddada ra'ayinsa cewa ci gaban siyasa da tattalin arziki zai kawo ƙarshen zaluncin da ake yi wa al'ummomin Afirka a duk duniya. Ya koma Oakland, California a shekara ta 1981, yana zaune yana aiki a can. Yeshitela ya yi aiki a Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Magajin Garin St. Petersburg David Fischer shekara ta 2001 da kuma Kwamitin Shawarwari na Fatan VI na Hukumar St. Ya kuma jagoranci kwamitin ayyukan siyasa na Coalition of African American Leadership, wanda ya kunshi wasu majami'u bakaken fata da kungiyoyin kare hakkin jama'a a yankin, kuma yayi aiki a hukumar gidan rediyon WMNF. Tare da wasu 'yan takara takwas, Yeshitela ya yi takarar kujerar magajin gari a watan Fabrairun 2001 Kodayake bai kai ga zagaye na biyu ba, ya ci nasarar kowane Ba'amurke ɗan Afirka da yanki mai hadewa amma ɗaya a cikin birni duka.
Yeshitela kuma shine ya kafa Citizens United don Ci gaban Raba.
Motsa Uhuru Yunkurin Uhuru yana nufin gungun ƙungiyoyi a ƙarƙashin ƙa'idar kishin ƙasa ta Afirka ko 'yantar da' yan Afirka a cikin nahiyoyin Afirka da na Afirka 'Uhuru' kalma ce ta Swahili don 'yanci Kungiyar ta Yeshitela ne ke jagorantar Jam'iyyar Socialist Socialist Party (APSP).
APSP ta kafa ƙungiyoyi da yawa, kowannensu yana da takamaiman ayyuka da manufa. Kungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa sun haɗa da The International People's Democratic Movement Movement, African Socialist International, Kwamitin Kawancen Jama'ar Afirka, da Burning Spear Media, asusun Ilimi da Tsaro na Jama'ar Afirka da Shirin Ci gaban Al'umma da Karfafawa Al'ummar Afirka.
A watan Mayun shekara ta 1972, bayan da aka sake shi daga kurkuku, Yeshitela ya kafa jam'iyyar African People’s Socialist Party (APSP), jam'iyyar siyasa da aka kafa a kan akidar da ta hada bakar kishin kasa da gurguzu da ake kira African internationalism Yeshitela daga baya ya kafa wata kungiya don fararen fata don shiga cikin hadin gwiwa da manufofin APSP, Kwamitin Kawancen Jama'ar Afirka.
Daga baya, APSP ta kafa Ƙungiyar Jama'ar Demokraɗiyya ta Duniya (INPDUM) don yin aiki a ƙarƙashin ƙa'idar jagora cewa hanyar da kawai 'yan Afirka za su iya samun' yanci da cin gashin kansu ita ce fafutukar neman gwamnatin gurguzu ta Afirka baki ɗaya a ƙarƙashin jagorancin ma'aikatan Afirka da talakawa talakawa.
Yeshitela ya kuma kafa Asusun Ilimi da Tsaro na Jama'ar Afirka, wanda ke neman magance banbance -banbance a fannin ilimi da kiwon lafiya da 'yan Afirka ke fuskanta, da kuma Burning Spear Productions, ƙungiyar wallafawa ta APSP.
APSP tana da alaƙa da African Socialist International, wata ƙungiya Yeshitela ta taimaka ta kafa wacce ke neman haɗa kan masu gurguzu na Afirka da ƙungiyoyin 'yanci na ƙasa a ƙarƙashin inuwar juyin juya hali guda ɗaya na adawa da mulkin mallaka da neocolonialism.
Yana kira da a biya diyya ga bakar fata. Yeshitela ta kafa wata ƙungiya mai haɓaka ramuwar gayya don bautar, yana mai cewa mutanen Afirka a duk duniya sun cancanci biyan diyya fiye da bautar, amma kuma fiye da shekaru 500 na mulkin mallaka da mulkin mallaka.
A cikin al'adun gargajiya An buga wasu maganganun Yeshitela a cikin waƙoƙi da yawa na kundin Bari Mu Samu Kyauta ta hip-hop duo Dead Prez Hakanan an buga wasu maganganun Yeshitela a cikin fim ɗin fasalin Chris Fuller Loren Cass An kuma buga wasu daga cikin maganganun Yeshitela a (A Single Spark) ta mawaƙin Amurka da mawaƙin Zhong Xiangyu An sake yin karin bayani na jawabin Yeshitela a cikin fim ɗin Loren Cass, wanda aka mai da hankali kan tasirin harbin TyRon Lewis na 1996 a St. Petersburg.
Benny the Butcher yayi amfani da wani ɗan magana na Yeshitela azaman hanyar buɗewa akan 2019 EP The Plugs I Met
Littattafai An buga kai da kai tare da Burning Spear Uhuru Publications African Socialist Party:
A kan Ƙasashen Duniya na Afirka (1978)
Dabara da Dabarun Fitar da Baƙi a Amurka, 1978
Yaƙin Gurasa, Aminci da Ƙarfin Ƙarfi, shekara 1981
An sace Black Labour, shekara 1982
Reparations Yanzu!, 1983
Sabuwar Farko kuma Ba Mataki Guda Ba, shekaras 1984
Hanya zuwa Gurguzanci an Fentin Baƙi, shekara 1987
Izwe Lethu a Afirka! (Afirka Shine Kasar Mu)shekara (1991)
Adalcin Zamantakewa da Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki ga Al'ummar Afirka: Dalilin da ya sa na zama Mai Juyi shekara (1997)
Harsunan Harshen Juyin Juya Hali: Gwagwarmayar Kayar da Tawaye a Amurka (1997)
Kashe Al'adun Rikici, na Penny Hess da Omali Yeshitela, 2000 Afirka ɗaya! Al'umma Daya! (2006), Omali Yeshitela yayi Magana: Ƙasashen Duniya na Afirka, Ka'idar Siyasa don Zamaninmu (2005) Mutum Daya! Jam'iyya Daya! Kaddara Daya! 2010 Daidaitaccen rashin daidaituwa: Juyin Juya Halin Afirka da Tsarin Jari -hujja,shekara 2014 Vanguard: Babban Rikicin Juyin Juya Halin Afirka, 2018}})
Duba kuma Gurguzanci na Afirka
Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama
Motsa Uhuru
Ƙarfin Ƙarfi
Ƙasashen Duniya na Afirka
Jaridar Labarai Mai Konewa
Manazarta
Littafin tarihin Inganta Mutuncin Policean sanda, ta Carl B. Klockars, Sanja Kutnjak Ivković, Maria R. Haberfeld, shekara 2006 "Uhuru ka ba? Haɗu da ƙaramin sananniyar ƙungiyar baƙar fata a bayan sanannun ma'aikata ta Tom Dreisbach, Philadelphia Citypaper, Agusta 12,ga watan 2009.
"Jami'ai a St. Petersburg Sun Kira Rikicin Ra'ayin 'Lissafi'", na Mireya Navarro, New York Times, Nuwamba 15,ga wata 1996.
"Ƙoƙarin Warkar da Tsoffin Raunin Raunin Raɗaɗi yana Kawo Sabon Rikici", na Rick Bragg, New York Times, 3 ga wata Yuli, 1999.
Hanyoyin waje Shafin Yanar Gizon African Socialist International
Yanar Gizo APSP
Dead Prez Lets Get Free album Prez album wanda ke nuna rikodin Omali Yeshitela.
Harkar Uhuru Kenyatta ta Jama'ar Duniya
Kungiyar Afirka ta Uhuru
Motsa Uhuru
Kona Mashi Uhuru Publications
Haifaffun 1941
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21597 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario%20Mand%C5%BEuki%C4%87 | Mario Mandžukić | Mario Mandžukić Croatian pronunciation: rio mǎndʒukitɕ] an haife shi Ne a ranar (21)ga watan Mayu shekara ta 1986), dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne dan asalin Kuroshiya wanda ya buga wasan ƙarshe a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba na ƙungiyakwallon kafa ta Ac Milan ta Serie A. Baya ga kasancewa mai zira kwallaye a raga, an san shi da gudummawar kariya da ikon iska. Ya fara aiki a wannan kulob din ya koma garinsu Marsonia daga inda ya koma biyu Croatian babban birnin kwallon kafa kulake, da farko shiga NK Zagreb sa'an nan shiga tare da kungiyar Dinamo Zagreb a shekara ta 2007), inda kuma ya kasance Prva HNL sannan goalscorer a cikin shekara ta( 2008zuwa 2009 kakar. Gwargwadon nasarar sa ya sa aka canza shi zuwa VfL Wolfsburg a cikin shekara ta( 2010), Bayan wasu wasanni masu ban sha'awa a UEFA Euro (2012), inda ya kasance dan wasan gaba, ya sanya hannu a kan Bayern Munich A farkon kakar tare da kulob din ya lashe kofuna da dama da uku. da Bundesliga, DFB-Pokal, da Champions League, yayin da kuma suka zama dan kasar Croatia na farko da ya ci kwallaye a wasan karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai Bayan ya ci kwallaye biyu a cikin kaka mai zuwa, ya bar Bayern zuwa Atlético Madrid a shekara ta (2014), kuma a kakar daga baya Juventus ta sanya hannu kan for (19 miliyan, inda ya ci nasarar gida biyu a cikin kaka ukun farko, sannan kuma wani lakabi na gaba mai zuwa. shekara. A wasan karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai na shekara ta (2017), ya ci kwallonsa ta biyu a wasan karshe na cin Kofin Zakarun Turai, bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida wanda ya ba shi kyautar Gwarzon UEFA a kakar wasa. Mandžukić ya bar Juventus a watan Disambar shekara ta (2019), zuwa kungiyar Al-Duhail ta Qatar duk da haka, bayan ya yi gwagwarmaya don daidaitawa, ya dakatar da kwantiraginsa ya koma Italiya a watan Janairun shekara ta (2021), tare da sanya hannu tare da Milan.
At international level, Mandžukić was given his debut for Croatia in November 2007 under manager Slaven Bilić. He participated in four major tournaments with his national side, Euro 2012, the 2014 World Cup, Euro 2016, and the 2018 World Cup, reaching the final of the latter tournament, after which he retired from international football. In total, he made 89 international appearances, and with 33 goals, he is the Croatia national team's second most prolific scorer of all time, behind Davor Šuker. He was named Croatian Footballer of the Year in 2012 and 2013.
Klub din
Matasa da farkon aiki Mandžukić started playing football in Germany, where he and his parents relocated to due to the Croatian War of Independence. In (1992), he joined German club TSF Ditzingen, near Stuttgart. Upon returning to his home country, the newly independent Croatia, he spent the period between( 1996 and 2003 at NK Marsonia before spending a season at the city minnows NK Željezničar. The next season, he returned to Marsonia and in the summer of (2005 he made a move to NK Zagreb.
Dinamo Zagreb A lokacin bazara na shekara ta( 2007), Kamfanin Masarautar Croatia da ke Dinamo Zagreb ya sayi Mandžukić kan Yuro miliyan( 1.3 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin dan wasan gaba na Arsenal mai suna Eduardo da Silva Bayan isowarsa, ya sami nasarar tabbatar da matsayin sa a fara goma sha ɗaya, yana wasa mafi yawa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba na biyu. A ranar( 4), ga watan Oktoba shekara ta( 2007), ya taka rawar gani a karawar da suka yi da AFC Ajax a Amsterdam lokacin da ya zira kwallaye biyu a cikin karin lokaci don tabbatar da nasarar Dinamo da( 2-3 a waje, yayin da Dinamo ya tsallake zuwa matakin rukuni na gasar cin kofin UEFA (2007zuwa 2008), UEFA Ya gama kakarsa ta farko a Dinamo da kwallaye( 12), kuma ya taimaka aka zura kwallaye( 11 a wasanni (29), amma kuma ba shi da kyakkyawan horo, yana tattara katinan rawaya takwas.
Ya fara kakar wasanni ta shekara ta( 2008zuwa200), da kwallaye biyu akan Linfield a wasan share fage na cin Kofin UEFA. A cikin shekara ta (2008zuwa2009), Prva HNL, Mandžukić shine wanda yafi kowa zira kwallaye a gasar, inda yaci kwallaye (16), cikin wasanni( 28). daya buga. Ya kuma zira kwallaye uku a raga a gasar cin kofin UEFA a kakar wasan. Wannan shi ne lokacin da ya tashi a kungiyar ta Croatian kuma, yayin da ya tattara iyakoki takwas a wasannin neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekara (2010), Bayan kammala kakar wasanni ta shekara (2008zuwa 2009), an danganta shi da kungiyar Werder Bremen ta Jamus, amma tayin million (12 miliyan ya yi watsi da kwamitin Dinamo, wadanda ke da ra'ayin cewa darajar Mandžukić ta kai akalla fam miliyan (15), Ya fara kakar shekarar (2009 zuwa200 10) ne ta hanyar zura kwallo a raga a wasan fitar da gwani na cin Kofin Zakarun Turai da Red Bull Salzburg Mandžukić ya karbi jan kati a mintina na karshe na wasan. Bayan ya fada wa alkalin wasan cewa kwalbar da wani ya jefa ta daga wurin kallo, ya ba shi katinsa na biyu kuma ya hana shi daga wasan. A ranar (17 ga watan Satumba shekara ta (2009), bayan Dinamo ta yi rashin nasara a gidansu a hannun Anderlecht da ci (2-0), a gasar Europa, Mandžukić ya ci tarar sa ta fan( 100,000 bayan an zarge shi da rashin kokari. Wannan shine karo ga Satan Satumba, Mandžukić ya jagoranci karen Dinamo zuwa nasarar( 6-0) akan HNK Rijeka a Prva HNL A wata hira da aka yi da shi bayan wasa, Mandćukić ya ki amincewa da duk wani jita-jita game da barinsa kulob din bayan an ci tarar, yana mai bayyana cewa tun yana yarinta ya zama kyaftin din Dinamo kuma yana bayar da mafi kyawu a duk wani wasa da zai buga wa kulob din. A wannan lokacin, ya bayyana a wasannin laliga( 24), inda ya ci kwallaye( 14), Ya bayyana a wasannin Europa League biyar kuma.
Wolfsburg A ranar( 14) ga watan Yunin shekara ta( 2010), Mandžukić ya sanya hannu kan VfL Wolfsburg don kuɗin da aka yi kimanin kusan 7 miliyan. Bayan isowarsa, a farkon rabin kakar (2010zuwa2011), ya buga wasa akai-akai amma galibi yana zuwa ne a madadin. A lokacin, galibi ana amfani da shi a matsayin ɗan wasan hagu a ƙarƙashin kocin Steve McClaren, wanda ya yi wasa tare da ɗan wasan gaba ɗaya kawai, Edin Džeko Abubuwa sun canza wa Mandžukić, duk da haka, bayan tashi daga Džeko zuwa Manchester City a cikin watan Janairu a shekara ta( 2011), Mandžukić ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar Bundesliga a Wolfsburg ranar( 26) ga wasan ranar 1 da 1. FC Nürnberg a karkashin manajan rikon kwarya Pierre Littbarski Bayan isar manajan Felix Magath, Mandžukić ya taka leda a matsayinsa na ɗan wasan gaba. A wasanni bakwai da suka gabata na kakar wasannin cikin gida, ya ci kwallaye takwas, biyu daga cikinsu sun zo ne a wasan karshe da suka buga da TSG( 1899 Hoffenheim, kuma suna da mahimmanci ga kungiyar yayin da take kaucewa faduwa daga gasar. A kakarsa ta biyu a Wolfsburg, ya zama dan wasa na yau da kullun a Bundesliga kuma shi ne dan wasan da ya fi kowa zira kwallaye a raga da kwallaye( 12), A cikin shekaru biyu a Wolfsburg, ya ci kwallaye( 20 a wasanni( 56), inda ya kafa kansa a matsayin daya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasa na Wolfsburg a lokacin zaman sa kuma da sauri ya zama mai son masoya saboda iya cin kwallaye da halayen sa.
Bayern Munich A ranar (26 ga Satan yun Mandžukić yasa hannu ma kungiyan Bundesliga klub dinBayern Munich a kudi €13 million, pending a medical test, subsequent to his strong performance at UEFA Euro( 2012) in Ukraine and Poland, and because of his terrific form for Wolfsburg in the Bundesliga. On( 27 June, the transfer was officially announced by Bayern Munich.
Lokacin 2012–13 A ranar( 24) ga watan Yuni shekara ta (2012), Mandžukić ya fara buga wa Bayern wasa a wasan da suka doke Beijing Guoan da ke gasar Super League ta China da ci( 6) da nema, inda ya ci kwallo ta biyar a wasan sada zumunci a minti na (79, A ranar (12), ga watan Agusta, ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a wasan hukuma da Borussia Dortmund mai rike da kambun gasar a minti na shida, inda ya taimakawa tawagarsa lashe Jamusanci DFL Supercup. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a raga a kan Bayern a kan Greuther Fürth a ranar daya kuma ya kara daya a wasansu na gaba a wasan da suka tashi (6-1) da VfB Stuttgart Ya ci gaba da zura kwallaye biyu a ragar tsohuwar kungiyarsa ta Wolfsburg.
Bayan haka Mandžukić ya kara zura kwallaye hudu( 4) a wasanni biyar na gasar Bundesliga, wanda hakan ya sa ya zira kwallaye tara a raga a wasanni (11 da ya buga a gasar ta Jamus. Bayan hutun hunturu na Bundesliga, Mandžukić ya ci gaba da burin zira kwallaye a raga, inda ya zira kwallaye( 3)a wasanni( 2) na farko, da Greuther Fürth da Stuttgart. Ya sake zira kwallaye daya akan 1. FSV Mainz 05 Ya gama kakarsa ta farko a gasar Bundesliga tare da Bayern a matsayin dan wasan da yafi zira kwallaye a raga, inda ya samu nasarar zura kwallaye (15) a wasanni( 24 kuma yana da babban tasiri wajen lashe taken na Bundesliga. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar zakarun Turai a kakar wasan zagaye na (16) da Arsenal Ya zira kwallo daya a wasan dab da na karshe da Juventus a Turin, wanda ya baiwa Bayern tazarar( 0-1 a waje. A ranar( 25 ga watan Mayu, Bayern Munich ta kara da Borussia Dortmund a Gasar cin Kofin Zakarun Turai ta UEFA a shekara ta 2013) kuma Mandžukić ne ya ci kwallon farko a wasan, wanda hakan ya bai wa Bayern damar ci (1-0) a minti na( 60) Bayern ta ci gaba da lashe wasan ne da ci (2-1 bayan an dawo daga hutun rabin lokaci daga Arjen Robben. Tare da wannan burin, Mandžukić ya zama dan Croati na farko da ya ci kwallaye a wasan karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai kuma hakan ya ba shi damar cin nasarar farko a Munich, yayin da kulob din ya kammala kaka uku cin nasara, yana ikirarin Bundesliga, Champions League, da DFB- Pokal, kazalika da Supercup na Jamusanci a farkon kamfen.
Lokacin 2013-14 Mandžukić ya fara kakar a hankali, yana da ƙananan batutuwa da suka dace da tsarin sabon kocin Bayern Pep Guardiola Guardiola ya canza tsarin Bayern daga (4-2–3–1), da suka saba amfani dashi a baya karkashin Jupp Heynckes zuwa wani sabon salon (4-1–4–1), Duk da yake ɗan lokaci kaɗan don daidaitawa, Mandžukić ya sake dawowa kamanninsa duk da haka a lokacin wasan laliga. Ya bude sabon kakar wasa a cikin Bundesliga ta hanyar zura kwallaye biyu a wasanni biyu da ya buga. Mandžukić ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar zakarun Turai a kakar bana lokacin da Bayern Munich ta fara kare kambinta na cin Kofin Zakarun Turai da CSKA Moscow da ci (3 da 0 a Allianz Arena. Shi ne ya ci kwallo daya yayin da Bayern ta doke FC Viktoria Plze v a watan Nuwamba don ta tsallake zuwa zagaye na gaba tare da yin kwatankwacin na tara a jere a gasar UEFA Champions League. Mandžukić ya ci kwallonsa ta goma a sabuwar kakar wasannin Bundesliga a karawar da suka yi da Hamburger SV a watan Disamba.
A wasan farko na kusa dana karshe na shekara ta (2013) FIFA Club World Cup, Mandžukić kurciya yayi kasa da kai ya zira kwallon da Thiago Alcantara ya zira a ragar Guangzhou Evergrande da ci (2 da 0) A ƙarshe ya lashe gasar tare da Bayern bayan wasan ƙarshe tare da Raja Casablanca, ya ƙare da nasarar (2-0), Bayan hutun hunturu na Bundesliga, an bar Mandžukić daga cikin jerin 'yan wasa (18), na Bayern Munich a karawar da suka yi da Borussia Mönchengladbach, tare da rahotanni cewa Guardiola bai nuna rawar gani ba a aikin horo. Ya dawo cikin kungiyar don wasa na gaba da VfB Stuttgart Mako guda bayan haka, a kan Eintracht Frankfurt, Mandžukić ya ba da amsa tare da ba da umarni a wasan da Bayern ta ci( 5-0), inda ya ci ƙwallo ta ƙarshe a wasan da kuma ba da ƙwallon ƙafa ga Mario Götze wanda ya buɗe ƙwallo. A ranar( 12), ga watan Fabrairu, Mandžukić ya ci kwallaye uku a karawar da ya yi a bana, yayin da Bayern Munich ta sauƙaƙe hanyar zuwa DFB-Pokal wasan kusa da na karshe tare da ci( 5-0), na Hamburger SV A wasan da aka yi da Hannover 96, Mandžukić ya yi bikin bayyanar sa ta (100), ta Bundesliga ta hanyar haduwa da rafin Rafinha don kammala burin. Duk da kasancewa dan wasan da yafi kowa zira kwallaye a raga da kwallaye (26), Guardiola ya kori Mandžukić daga kungiyar gabanin wasan karshe na shekara ta (2014), DFB-Pokal Mandžukić ya bayyana cewa yana son barin Bayern saboda "salon wasan koci Pep Guardiola kawai bai dace da shi ba".
Atlético Madrid A ranar (10) ga watan Yunin shekara ta (2014) Mandžukić ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru hudu tare da kulob din Spain na Atlético Madrid kan kudin da ba a bayyana ba. A ranar (24 ga watan yuni, aka gabatar da Mandžukić ga magoya bayan Atlético Madrid a Vicente Calderón, sanye da rigar lamba (9), Ya fara buga wasan farko a gasar farko ta shekara( 2014), Supercopa de España a ranar( 19 ga watan Agusta, inda suka tashi kunnen doki (1-1 da Real Madrid, inda ya buga minti (78), kafin a maye gurbinsa da wani dan wasa na farko Raúl Jiménez A karawa ta biyu a Vicente Calderón, Mandžukić ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar, inda ya ci wa kungiyar nasara bayan mintuna biyu kacal. Ita ce manufa mafi sauri a gasar. Mandžukić ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kan SD Eibar, a ranar( 30), ga watan Agusta, kamar yadda Atlético ta samu nasarar farko a sabuwar kakar Primera División. A wasan bude sabuwar gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, a kan Olympiacos, Mandžukić ya tattara giciyen Cristian Ansaldi kuma ya aika da kai kai tsaye zuwa kusurwar da ke ƙasa don yin (1-2), a ƙarshe a gasar ya ci (2-3), Mandžukić ya taimakawa Atlético matsawa tsakanin maki biyu na shugabannin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Barcelona da Sevilla a ranar (26), ga watan Oktoba lokacin da ya buga ƙetaren Arda Turan don ya zira ƙwallo ɗaya a cikin galaba akan Getafe Bayan komawarsa fagen daga wasa a fuska, sai ya tashi daga karfi zuwa karfi, ya ci kwallaye 14 a dukkan gasa kafin hutun hunturu gami da dabarar ban mamaki da aka yi wa Olympiacos a wasan dawo da rukuni a Calderon a ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamba, wanda ya tabbatar da wuri a matakin wasan Kofin Zakarun Turai. Mandžukić ya ci kwallonsa ta 11 a La liga a bana a wasansa na 19, a cikin Los Colchoneros ya ba da kwallaye 4-0 a kan abokan hamayyarsu Real Madrid a wasan rukuni na biyu na kakar, lokacin da masu sharhi kan wasanni suka lura cewa Mandžukić ya sanya daya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin. nunin gaba da aka gani a La liga a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, yana ba da gudummawa ga duk abin da ke da kyau game da gefensa kafin sanya gwangwani a kan wainar tare da ɗauke na huɗu da kyau. A cikin duka, Mandžukić ya zira kwallaye 20 a cikin wasanni 43 a cikin kaka ɗaya a Madrid, yana rayuwa daidai da hotonsa na mai aiki tuƙuru da kuma tabbatar da ƙwallaye a raga.
Juventus A ranar 22 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2015, zakarun Serie A Juventus sun sanar da cewa Mandžukić ya koma kulob din daga Atlético Madrid kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu kan farashin Yuro miliyan 19 da za a biya sau uku, gami da yiwuwar karin in 2 miliyan a cikin abubuwan da suka shafi wasan kwaikwayo Lokacin 2015-16 A ranar 8 ga watan Agusta ya zira kwallon farko a minti na 69 don Juventus tare da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a kan Lazio a 2015 Supercoppa Italiana, nasarar da aka tashi 2-0 a Shanghai A ranar 23 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2015, ya fara buga wa Juventus wasa a hukumance, ya fara kuma ya buga cikakkun mintuna 90 a wasan da Udinese ta yi rashin nasara 1-0, a wasan farko na gasar Serie A na 2015-16. A ranar 21 ga watan Satumbar shekarar 2015, an tabbatar da cewa Mandžukić zai shafe makwanni uku yana jinya sakamakon raunin da ya samu a cinya washegari a wasan da suka ci 2-0 a kan Genoa Koyaya, ya dawo da wuri, ya ciwa Juventus kwallo ta farko, da kuma daidaitawa na ɗan lokaci, yayin da ƙungiyar ta zo daga baya ta yi nasara a kan Manchester City 2-1 a lokacin wasan farko na matakin rukuni na gasar zakarun Turai, a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba 2015. A ranar 25 ga Oktoba 2015, Mandžukić ne ya ci kwallon karshe a wasan da Juventus ta doke Atalanta a gida a minti na 49th; wannan shi ne burin sa na farko a gasar Seria A a wasan sa na 6 da kungiyar ta buga. Ya sake zira kwallaye a wasanni biyu daga baya, inda ya taimakawa Juventus ta lallasa Empoli da ci 3-1. A ranar 25 ga Satan Nuwamba 2015, Mandžukić ne ya ci kwallon a wasan da suka doke Manchester City da ci 1-0 a karawa ta biyu a matakin rukuni na rukuni na gasar zakarun Turai, don ba wa kulob din damar shiga zagaye na 16. Saboda wadannan mahimman kwallayen, har ma da wata manufa ta cin 3-0 a waje da Palermo a ranar 29 ga watan Nuwamba, an zabe shi dan wasan Juventus na watan Nuwamba shekarar shekarar 2015. A ranar 27 ga watan Janairu 2016, Mandžukić ya sami rauni na tsoka yayin wasan farko na kusa da na karshe na Coppa Italia da Inter Milan, yana sanya shi a gefen makonni huɗu. Da farko ana fargabar cewa ba zai buga wasan zagaye na farko na kungiyoyi 16 na gasar zakarun Turai ba da tsohuwar kungiyarsa, Bayern Munich. Koyaya, ya dawo aiki ba kamar yadda ake tsammani ba, ya fara wasan da Bayern a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu, kuma ya kafa burin Paulo Dybala a wasan gidan da aka tashi 2-2.
2016-17 kakar Lokaci na biyu na Mandžukić tare da Juventus ya kasance sananne musamman, saboda sau da yawa manajan kulob din Massimiliano Allegri bai buga shi ba a duk tsawon lokacin 2016-17, da farko ya yi aiki a matsayin dan wasan gefe na hagu, maimakon a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba da waje, matsayin da ya saba kasancewa a baya. Kodayake yawan zira kwallayensa ya ragu, amma ya sami yabo a kafofin watsa labarai saboda yawan aikinsa, yawan iyawa, daidaito, da kuma cikakken ingancin ayyukansa a wannan sabon rawar. A ranar 25 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2017, Mandžukić ya sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwantiragin da zai ci gaba da zama a kungiyar har zuwa shekarar 2020. A ranar 3 ga watan Yuni, Mandžukić ya fara wasan karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai Ya zira kwallon da aka buga a minti na 27, 'yan mintuna bakwai kacal bayan kwallon da Cristiano Ronaldo ya ci ya bai wa Real Madrid nasara. Mandžukić ya buga ƙwallo daga Gonzalo Higuaín kuma ya ɗora ƙwallon a kafaɗarsa daga wanda ya hau kan Keylor Navas a raga. An bayyana burin a matsayin daya daga cikin kwallaye mafiya kyau da aka ci a wasan karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai, kuma an kwatanta shi da burin Zinedine Zidane a wasan karshe na 2002 na Real Madrid; amma daga karshe an lallasa Juventus da ci 4-1. Kwallan Mandžuki kick na kwallon kafa akan Real Madrid yaci nasarar lashe kyautar gwarzon shekarar 2016-17 UEFA.
Lokacin 2017-18 A ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2017, Mandžukić ya buga wasansa na 100 ga Juventus a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Sporting a UEFA Champions League A ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2018, ya ci kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Real Madrid da ci 3-1 a zagayen kusa da na karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai. Kwallon farko da aka ci bayan dakika 76 ta zama kwallon da ta fi saurin hanzartawa Real Madrid a wasan gida a gasar zakarun Turai kuma ita ce dan wasan adawa na farko da ya ci kwallaye biyu da rabi a wasan Zakarun Turai a Bernabeu.
2018–19 A ranar 25 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2018, Mandćukić ya ci kwallon sa ta farko a kakar 2018-19 a wasan da suka tashi 2-0 akan Lazio. A ranar 6 ga watan Oktoba, ya buga wasansa na 100 a gasar Serie A tare da kulob din a wasan da suka doke Udinese da ci 2-0, wanda hakan ya sanya kwallo ta biyu ta wasan da Cristiano Ronaldo ya ci. A ranar 24 ga Satan Nuwamba, Mandžukić ya jagoranci kungiyar ta farko a gidan da suka doke SPAL da ci 2-0, ya ci kwallonsa ta shida a kakar. Bayan kwana uku, a ranar 27 ga watan Nuwamba, ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar zakarun Turai a wasan da suka doke Valencia da ci 1-0, wanda Cristiano Ronaldo ya taimaka. Jaridun Italiya La Gazzetta dello Sport da La Stampa sun lura da alamomin da ke kunno kai tsakanin Mandžukić da Ronaldo, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin tandar iko da fasaha. A ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2019, Mandžukić ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa da Juventus har zuwa 2021.
Al-Duhail With the arrival of new Juventus manager Maurizio Sarri in the summer of 2019, Mandžukić was sidelined after being excluded from the manager's plans. As a result, he was also omitted from Juventus's Champions League squad, alongside teammate Emre Can. After failing to make a single appearance for the club during the 2019–20 season, he agreed to join Qatari side Al-Duhail on 24 December. On 29 December, the transfer was made official.
He made his league debut on 4 January 2020 in a goalless draw with Qatar SC. He scored his first goal for the club on 10 January in a 2–0 win over Al-Sailiya in Qatar Cup. On 11 February 2020, he made his debut and scored his debut goal in the AFC Champions League, scoring the opener in a group stage 2–0 home victory over Persepolis. On 5 July 2020, after ten appearances and two goals overall, Mandžukić terminated his contract with the Qatari side by mutual consent.
Milan Bayan kawo karshen kwantiragin, kungiyoyi da dama sun nuna sha'awar siyan Mandžukić, ciki harda Fenerbahçe, Beşiktaş, Lokomotiv Moscow, Milan, Benevento, Hellas Verona, Fiorentina, Aston Villa, Wolverhampton Wanderers, Marseille, Wolfsburg, Hertha Berlin da kuma Schalke 04 A ranar 19 ga watan Janairun shekara 2021, Mandžukić ya koma kulob din Serie A na Milan kan kwantiragin har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta bana, tare da zabin karin shekara. Ya fara wasan farko a gasar a ranar 23 ga watan Janairu a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Atalanta daci 3-0. Sakamakon raunin da ya samu wanda hakan ya nakasa yanayin jikin sa da kuma yanayin rashin kyau, Mandžukić ya buga wasanni 11 ne kacal a Milan, galibi a madadin, ba tare da cin kwallaye ba. A ranar 24 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2021, Mandžukić ya sanar da barin Milan saboda shugabannin kungiyar ba su tsawaita kwantiraginsa ba.
Ayyukan duniya After putting together a string of solid performances in the 2007–08 Prva HNL, as well as in Dinamo's UEFA Champions League and UEFA Cup matches, he earned a call–up to the Croatian national team, for which he debuted in a game against Macedonia on 17 November 2007. On 10 September 2008, he scored his first ever goal for Croatia in a 4–1 home loss against England in a 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifying match.
Yuro 2012 Tasirin sa a cikin kungiyar kasa ya karu yayin cancantar UEFA Euro 2012 Burinsa na farko na kamfen ya zo ne a watan watan Yunin shekarar 2011, lokacin da ya zira kwallaye a ragar Georgia a Stadion Poljud Ya kara wani buga kwallo da Latvia a wasan karshe na wasannin share fagen. Da Kuroshiya ta kare a matsayi na biyu a rukuninta, dole ne ta kara da Turkiya a wasan neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin kasashen Turai ta shekarar 2012. A wasan farko da aka buga a Istanbul, Kuroshiya ta baiwa magoya bayan gida mamaki ta hanyar ci 0-3, tare da Mandžukić ya ci kwallo ta biyu daga bugun daga kai a cikin minti 32 na wasan.
Mandžukić ya kasance ɗayan biyu daga cikin manajan zaɓe na farko na manajan Slaven Bili at a gasar cin kofin ƙwallon ƙafa ta Euro shekar2012, tare da ɗan wasan gaba na Everton Nikica Jelavić. Ya ci kwallaye biyu a wasan farko da Croatia ta doke Jamhuriyar Ireland da ci 3-1, sannan kuma ya zira kwallaye a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Italiya a wasan da ke tafe. Duk da ficewar Croatia daga rukuni-rukuni, ya kasance dan wasan da ya fi kowa zira kwallaye a gasar tare da kwallaye uku tare da Mario Balotelli, Fernando Torres, Cristiano Ronaldo, Alan Dzagoev, da abokin wasan Bayern na gaba Mario Gómez 2014 FIFA World Cup Ya bude cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar 2014 FIFA ta hanyar samar da taimako biyu a wasanni biyu na farko, da Macedonia a Zagreb da kuma Belgium a Brussels Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a fafatawar da suka yi da Wales a Osijek Mandžukić ya kara wani kwallon a ragar sa a wasansu na neman cancantar buga wasa da Serbia, wanda ya baiwa Kuroshiya ci 1 da 0, a Zagreb Ya kuma ci kwallo a wasa na biyu tsakanin bangarorin biyu a Belgrade A karawa ta biyu da Croatia ta buga kunnen doki tsakaninta da Iceland a Zagreb, Mandžuki Croatia ya bai wa Croatia jagoranci a wasan da ci 2 da 0. Koyaya, daga baya ya karɓi jan kati bayan babban abin takaici akan Jóhann Berg Guðmundsson wanda aka haɗa da gwiwa na hagu na ɗan wasan na Icelandic. An saka sunan Mandćuki a cikin tawagar Croatia don gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta shekarar 2014 a Kasar Brazil, amma an dakatar da shi a wasan farko da kungiyar za ta buga da kasar da za ta karbi bakuncin a São Paulo a ranar 12 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2014. Ya dawo cikin kungiyar ne a wasansu na biyu da Kamaru a ranar 18 ga Yuni, kuma ya nuna fitowar sa ta farko a Gasar cin Kofin Duniya inda ya ci kwallaye biyu a wasan da aka doke 4-0, ana ba shi lambar "Mutum mafi dacewa"
Yuro 2016 Mandžukić ya zira kwallaye daya a fafatawar neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Turai Euro 2016 ta Croatia, inda ya bude kunnen doki 1-1 da Italiya a Split a ranar 12 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2015. Wadannan 4 Yuni, shi da Nikola Kalinić zira hat-dabaru a wani 10-0 dumi-up nasara a kan San Marino a Rijeka gaba na gasar sakamakon ya kasance nasara ce ta tarihi ga Croatia.
2018 FIFA World Cup On 4 June 2018, Mandžukić was named to Croatia's final 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup. In the opening game against Nigeria, he caused Oghenekaro Etebo's own goal and won a penalty, that was successfully converted by Luka Modrić, as the game ended as a 2–0 win for Croatia. During the side's round-of-16 match against Denmark on 1 July, he scored the equalising goal in the 4th minute of play; following a 1–1 draw after extra-time, Croatia prevailed 3–2 in the resulting penalty shoot-out. In the quarter-finals against hosts Russia on 7 July, Mandžukić provided an assist in the first half of regulation time for Andrej Kramarić's equaliser. A 1–1 draw after 90 minutes saw the match go into extra-time, and following a 2–2 draw after 120 minutes of play, Croatia once again progressed to the next round in the ensuing shoot-out, winning 4–3 on penalties. During Croatia's semi-final match against England on 11 July, with the score tied at 1–1 after regulation time, Mandžukić scored the match-winning goal in 109th minute to give Croatia a 2–1 victory, sending the team to the World Cup final for the first time in their history. In the final against France on 15 July, he became the first player ever to score an own goal in a World Cup final, when he headed Antoine Griezmann's free-kick into his own net to give France a 1–0 lead; he later scored Croatia's second goal by chasing down and capitalizing on an error from French goalkeeper Hugo Lloris, as the match eventually ended in a 4–2 defeat. With that goal, Mario Mandžukić became the second player in World Cup history to score for both teams in a single match (the first being Ernie Brandts of the Netherlands in a 1978 World Cup match against Italy) and the first to do so in a final.
Ritaya A ranar 14 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2018, Mandžukić ya sanar da yin ritaya daga kwallon kafa na duniya. A lokacin da ya yi ritaya, shi ne na biyu mafi yawan ci kwallaye a tarihin kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Croatia da kwallaye 33.
A cikin bayaninsa, Mandžukić ya yi rubutu game da lambar azurfa ta Kofin Duniya na shekarar 2018:
Salon wasa Baya ga zura kwallayen sa, masana sun lura da Mand strengthukić saboda karfin jikin sa, karfin sa, motsawa da motsa jiki, gami da iyawarsa a cikin iska. Har ma an ba shi laƙabin Đilkoš lkoʃ] na Miroslav Blažević, wanda ke nufin birki da rashin wayewa, yana nufin ƙarfin ɗan wasan, ƙarfin jiki da alama ƙarfinsa ba shi da iyaka, maimakon ƙwarewar fasaharsa; sauran sunayen laƙabin sun hada da Mandžo da Super Mario An san shi da yawan aiki da bayar da kariya, tsohon manajan Mandžukić a Wolfsburg, Felix Magath, ya lura da juriyarsa, yana mai cewa dan wasan ya "dace sosai da ina ganin zai iya buga wasanni biyu-da-biyu ba tare da tsayawa ko da na minti daya ne. Bayan komawarsa zuwa Atlético Madrid, mai sharhi kan wasanni na Sky Adam Bate ya rubuta cewa shi ya dace da tsarin Diego Simeone kamar yadda Mandžukić yake "sau da yawa mai zuga dan jarida ne tare da kwazonsa, Mandzukic yakar kariya, yana mai da su baya don kirkirar sarari ga abokan wasa da kuma hana abokan hamayya su yi hakuri ba tare da matsi kan kwallon ba. Bate ya kara da cewa dan kasar ta Croatian din dan wasan gaba ne na zahiri da na tafi-da-gidanka wanda ke yin mafi kyawun aikinsa ba tare da kwallon ba, da alama yana yin aikin 'yan wasa biyu kuma don haka ya kyale wani karin mutum a tsakiya." Mai ba da gudummawa ta ESPN FC Michael Cox ya kuma yaba wa Mandžukić saboda kyakkyawan aikin da yake yi, yana nuna cewa yayin da yake matsa wa abokan hamayyarsa gwiwa lokacin da suke kokarin buga kwallon daga baya, shi ma yana da matukar kwazo da horo a yadda ya fadi. koma cikin nasa rabin don kare bayan kwallon idan abokan hamayyarsa suka sami damar tsallake matsawa tawagarsa lamba. A cikin shekarar 2014, Aleksandar Holiga yayi tsokaci game da wasan na Mandžukić, yana mai cewa "[h] e ya shimfida kariya tare da motsawa a kai a kai da alama juriya ba ta da iyaka, bude sarari ga wasu da za su zo daga baya ko su yanke ciki daga reshe; danne kwallon da ya yi ya tabbatar yanke hukunci a lokuta da dama da suka gabata kuma, tabbas, yana daya daga cikin kwararrun yan wasa a duniya idan yazo da karfin iska. Don haka ko da bai ci kansa ba, kasancewar sa na iya zama mabuɗi ga damar ƙungiyar. Duk da yake ya fara aiki ne a matsayin dan gaba ko kuma mutum-mutum a fagen azabtarwa, a cikin ladabi da tsayi, karfin iska, da karfin jiki, [nb 1] Matsayin aikin Mandžukić, karimci, dabarun dabara, da iya aiki sun nuna ta shirye-shiryensa na taka rawa a wurare daban-daban a fadin ko bayan layin gaba a duk tsawon rayuwarsa, an kuma tura shi a matsayin dan wasan gefe, a matsayin dan wasan gaba na biyu, a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya mai kai hare hare, ko ma a matsayin dan bayan-baya, mukaman da ke ba shi 'yancin kai hari daga wurare masu zurfi ko fadi tare da gudu, goyon baya da haɗi tare da takwarorinsa da suka fi tsanantawa, zana abokan hamayya daga matsayinsu tare da motsinsa, kuma rufe kariya don masu ba da baya da ke yin saurin kai hari Tabbas, musamman a lokacinsa a Juventus karkashin manajan Massimiliano Allegri, gasa daga sauran 'yan wasan gaba galibi tana ganin ana amfani da Mandžukić a cikin wadannan zurfin ko fadi, ayyukan kirkira, musamman a bangaren hagu, inda ya yi fice, inda ya samu yabo daga 'yan jarida saboda yadda yake taka leda a koda yaushe, saboda karfin da yake da shi na rike kwallon tare da bayansa don zura kwallo da kuma buga wasa da takwarorinsa, ko kuma fadawa tsakiyar fili don taimakawa wajen cin kwallon a lokacin da kungiyar tasa ba ta mallake ta ba. An kuma bukaci ya yi aiki a matsayin "mutum mai fadi da fadi" a gefen hagu na filin wasan, saboda motsinsa da yanayin aikinsa, da kuma ikon amfani da tsayinsa don cin nasarar kalubalen iska, ko amfani da karfinsa da fasaha mai ƙarfi don riƙe ƙwallo don abokan wasa da ƙirƙirar sarari ko dama a gare su; a cikin wannan matsayin, ya taka rawa sosai a matsayin rawar mutum, mai son hagu, da hagu Baya ga iyawarsa ta kwallon kafa, Mandžukić an san shi da kwazo, jagoranci, da karfin kwakwalwa, kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "babban dan wasa" a kafofin watsa labarai, saboda ga yanayin da yake da shi na zira kwallaye a raga a muhimman wasanni ga duka kulob da kuma kasar. Kamar wannan, a lokacinsa a Italiya, ya sami laƙabi "guerriero" ("jarumi," a cikin Italiyanci) daga magoya bayan Juventus. An kwatanta salon wasan sa da na dan kasar Alen Bokšić, wanda shi ma ya taka rawar gansosii a a Juventus.
Rayuwar mutum An haifi Mandžukić a cikin Slavonski Brod, a halin yanzu Croatia, a ranar 21 ga watan Mayu 1986. Mahaifinsa Mato dan asalin Bosniya ne daga Prud kusa da Odžak Mato ya kasance ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, wanda ya koma Slavonski Brod lokacin da aka canja shi daga Kozara Bosanska Gradiška zuwa BSK Mandžukić has been in a relationship with Ivana Mikulić from Strizivojna since 2007.
Kididdigar aiki
Kulab
Na duniya Source:
Manufofin duniya Scores and results list Croatia's goal tally first.
Daraja Dinamo Zagreb Bundesliga 2012–13, 2013-14
DFB-Pokal 2012-13, 2013-14
DFL-Supercup 2012
UEFA Champions League 2012–13
Kofin UEFA Super Cup 2013
FIFA Club World Cup 2013
Supercopa de España 2014
Serie A 2015-16, 2016-17, 2017-18, 2018–19
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18548 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinin%20Haida | Jinin Haida | Jinin to muna farawa Da sunan Allah Mai
rahma mai jinkai, tsira da amincin
Allah su kara tabbata ga fiyayyan halittar Allah
Annabin tsira Annabi Muhammad, da Iyalan
shi da Sahabban shi baki ɗaya. Bayan
haka ga wasu daga
abinda ya shafi hukunce-hukuncen
jinin al'ada wanda ake kira Jinin haida, yana da matukar muhimmanci
sanin hukunce-hukuncen jinin al'ada,
muhimmancin ba wai ya tsaya ga mata bane
kadai a'a har da maza, domin abubuwa da
yawa na ibada da na zamantakewa suna
da alaka da jinin al'ada, misali mai jinin
al'ada bata sallah ko azumi ko dawafi,
wannan bangaran ibada kenan amma ta
bangaren zamantakewa mai jinin al'ada ba'a
sakinta idan Kuma aka yi sakin to ya tabbatar, ba kuma a saduwa da ita, sannan
ga yadda Allah ya sanya idda da jinin
al'ada, ta yadda idan aka saki mace sai ta
ga tsarki uku (al'ada uku) kafin aka ce ta
kammala iddah sannan ai maganar sabon
aure, to idan tana al'ada bayan kowadanne
watanni shida kenan sai bayan shekara
ɗaya da rabi za'a fara maganar aure, shi
ya sa muka ce sanin hukunce-hukuncen
wannan jinin ba wai ya rataya ga mata
bane kadai har da maza..
Menene Jinin Al'ada
Jinin al'ada jini ne da
yake fita da karan kansa daga gaban
macan da a al'adance zata iya daukar ciki
ba tare da ya wuce kwanaki goma sha-
biyarba.
Wannan shi ake nufi da jinin al'ada, da
aka ce 'jinine da yake fita da kansa' kenan
idan ya zamana ba da kansa ya fita ba
kamar ace cinnaka ya cije ta a gaba ko
kunama sai jinin ya balle mata to wannan
bai zama jinin al'adaba.
Da aka ce 'Ta gaba' kenan idan ya fita
ta dubura ko ta hanci wannan bai zama
jinin al'adaba. Da aka ce wacce a
al'adance zata iya daukar ciki kenan idan
ya fita daga wacce a al'adance ba zata iya
ɗaukar ciki ba sabo da yarinta ko girma to
wannan shi ma bai zama jinin al'ada ba.
Amma da aka ce 'Ba tare da ya wuce
kwanaki goma sha biyar ba, kenan idan ya
wuce kwanaki sha biyar (15) to bai zamo kuma
jinin al'adaba.
Waɗannan nau'uka da akace basu zama
jinin al'ada ba kenan hukuncin jinin al'ada bai
hau kansu ba za su yi sallah domin jinin
ciwo ne sai a nemi magani, Allah ya
sawwake.
Mafi Karancin sa
Malamai sun ƙarawa juna
sani kan mafi karancin jinin al'ada, mafi
karancinsa shi ne ɗugo guda ɗaya kenan idan
ya ɗiga sannan ya ɗauke, shi kenan ta yi
al'ada kuma ta dauke.
Mafi Yawansa
Mafi yawan kwanakin jinin
al'ada shi ne kwanaki goma sha-biyar kenan
idan ya wuce haka to bai zama jinin
al'ada ba muddin ba ciki take da shiba. Mata Dangane da Al'ada: anan mun sani
mata suna da halaye biyar musamman idan
muka yi la'akari da shekarunsu domin auna
jinin da ya zo na al'adane ko bana al'ada
ba ne, kamar haka:
Kasa da shekara tara Idan jinin ya
zo wa yarinyar da take kasa da shekara
tara to malamai sun tabbatar da wannan
ba jinin al'ada ba ne, jinin ciwo ne sai a nemi
magani.
Tara Zuwa Sama Idan ya zamana jinin ya
zo ne ga wacce ta cika shekara tara
zuwa zamanta budurwa, to a irin wannan
lokaci sai a tambayi kwararrun mata da
likita domin a fayyace jinin na al'adane ko
na ciwo. Kada mu sha'afa yanayin abinci da
kuma yanayin zafi da sanyi da hutu da
wahala suna tasiri.
Budurci Zuwa Sheka 50 Idan jinin ya
zo daga lokacin da ta zama budurwa zuwa
shekaru hamsin (50) kai tsaye malamai sun
tabbatar da cewa wannan jinin na al'adane.
Daga 50 69 Idan jini ya zo wa mace
a tsakanin wadannan shekaru wato daga
shekara hamsin zuwa sittin da tara
(50-69) to malamai suka ce za'a tambayi
kwararrun mata da likitoci domin sanin
wannan jinin na ciwone ko na al'ada.
Daga 70 Idan jini ya zo bayan mace ta
cika shekara saba'in (70) zuwa sama to
malamai suka ce wannan kai tsaye ba jinin
al'ada bane.
Ashe tantance shekarun haihuwa ba
karamin abu bane domin tuni musulunci ya
gina hukunce-hukunce a kansu, kuma ana
gini ne a kan tsarin kalandar musulunci,
wadannan bayanai na karkasuwar mata har
zuwa gida biyar kamar yadda ya gabata
haka malam Adawi ya kawo a cikin
littafinsa 'Hashiyatul Adawi', Allah ya ji
kansa da gafara.
Ina daɗa jaddada cewa yanayin abinci da
da abin sha da sanyi ko yanayin zafi suna
tasiri matuka, dukkan abinda ba'a fahimta ba dangane da yana yin zuwan
jinin ko daukewarsa yarinyace ko babba to
kamata ya yi ayi tambaya cikin gaggawa
lura da yadda muka yi bayai da cewa
yana da alaka da hukunce-hukunce, kina yin
jinkiri sai salloli su kubuce miki, kuma
wannan yana nuna cewa mace da aka saka
zata iya kammala idda akasa da watanni
uku.
Idan yarinya ta ga jinin kuma jinin ya
zama shi ne zuwansa na farko sannan ya
tabbata cewa jinin al'adane to ta sani ta
balaga, dukkanin hukunce-hukuncen
musulunci sun hau kanta, idan ta yi salatin
Annabi za'a rubuta mata lada idan kuma ta
bari samari suna jagwalgwalata ita za'a
rubutawa zunubi, ba wanda yace wai sai ta
yi aure sannan za'a fara yi mata rubutu,
kenan har azumi sai ta ranka wanda ta
sha.
Tabbatuwar Jinin Al'ada
Shifa abin da ya
shafi jinin al'ada al'amari ne da Allah
maɗaukakin sarki ya yi bayaninsa a cikin
Alkur'ani mai girma, Allah yana cewa:
Kuma suna tambayarka dangane da
al'ada, Kace: Shiɗinnan cutane, ku nisanci
(saduwa da) mata a lokacin al'ada, kada
ku kusance su har sai sun yi tsarki (Jinin
ya dauke) idan suka tsarkaka (suka yi
wanka) to ku je musu ta inda Allah ya
umarceku, Lalle Allah yana son masu
yawan tuba kuma yana son masu
tsarkaka. Bakara, ayata: 222.
Haka kuma ma'aikin Allah –Tsira da
amincin Allah su kara tabbata a gareshi- yace;
(Wannan) Wani abu ne da Allah ya dorawa
mata 'ya'yan Adam. Ashe ba shaci-fadin
da ake cewa ba ne ai sanadiyyar da yasa
mata suke al'ada shi ne wannan ganyan
bishiyar da Nana Hawwa'u ta ci a gidan
aljanna, amma Annabi Adam mala'ikane ya
rike masa makoshi (makogaro) sai ya
amayar da abin shi ya sa maza basa yi.
Wannan labarin bashi da kanshin gaskiya
domin ayoyin Alkur'ani sun tabbatar da
Annabi Adam ya ci itaciyar.
Shi fa jinin al'ada kada amanta jini ne da
yake fitowa daga can cikin mahaifa a
lokuta sanannu, Allah madaukakin Sarki ya
haliccishi domin ya zama abinci ga yaro a
lokacin da yake cikin mahaifiyarsa domin
inda zai yi tarayya da mahaifiiyar ta shi a
abincin da take ci to da karfinta ya ragu
sosai,sa Allah ya sanya shi ya zama abinci
gareshi,shi ya sa da kyar ka ga mace
tana da juna biyu (ciki) kuma tana al'ada.
Idan kuma ta haihu sai Allah ya zamar da
shi nono jaririn yana sha amatsayin abinci,shi yasa kadan ake samun matan da
suke shayarwa kuma suna al'ada. Idan ya
zamana mace bata da juna biyu (ciki) kuma
bata shayarwa sai ya kasance ba inda zai
je to shi ne sai ya taru a mahaifarta,shi ne
mafi yawancin lokuta yake fita a kowanne
wata cikin kwanuka shida ko bakwai, ya kan
karu ko ya ragu akan hakan kamar yadda
bayanai za su zo da izinin Allah-
gwargadon yadda Allah ya tsara halittarsa.
Karkasuwar Mata
Mawallafin littafin
Akhadari ya kasa mata zuwa kashi uku
dangane da jinin al'ada, kashi na farko;
ita ce wacce ta fara, kashi na biyu kuma;
wacce ta saba, sannan sai kashi na uku;
mai juna-biyu (wato mai ciki), ga bayanansu
kamar haka: Wacce Ta Fara Ita wacce ta fara
al'ada ya zama yinta na yanzu shi ne ganin
al'adarta na farko a rayuwarta, to abin da yake kanta zata zuba ido ne ta ga kwanaki
nawa zai dauka kafin ya yanke, ta yadda ba
zai wuce kwanaki sha-biyar ba, idan ko ya
wuce sha-biyar to abinda ya doru akan
kwanaki sha-biyar bai zama al'ada ba, kenan
mafi yawan kwanakin da zata saurara sune
kwanaki sha-biyar, amma zai iya daukewa
kafin hakan, abin nufi in ya wuce to ya
zama (Istihadha) cuta sai a nemi magani,
anan nake cewa iyaye su kara sa ido a kan
'ya'yayansu mata su dungu tuntubarsu suna
fahimtar da su tun kafin lokacin ya yi
domin kada lokaci ya yi yarinya ta ga jini
ta fashe da kuka, ko makamantan haka,
wata babbar mace ce amma bata san
menene jinin al'ada ba ita dai kawai ta ce
tana ganin jini a wani lokaci bayan wasu
kwanaki kuma sai ta daina ganinshi. Wacce Ta Saba' Abinda ake nufi da
wacce ta saba ita ce wacce ta gabatar da
al'ada sau uku a adadin kwanaki guda,
misali wacce ta yi al'adar farko a kwanaki
biyar, da ta sake yi sai ya yi mata kwanaki
biyar da ta yi na uku shi ma kwanaki biyar,
to wannan sai muce sunanta wacce ta
saba domin ta saba akan kwanaki sanannu. Amma idan ta yi al'adar karo na farko
kwanaki uku karo na biyu kuma kwanaki
biyar karo na uku kwanaki shida to ba za'a
kira wannan wacce ta saba ba, domin ba
ta da tsayayyun kwanaki.
Ita wacce ta saba wato wacce take da
sanannun kwanakin al'ada to wadannan
kwanakin su ne kwanakin al'adarta, idan
kwanakin suka cika al'adar kuma ta dauke
sai ta yi wanka ta ci gaba da gudanar da
ibada da kuma sauran mu'amaloli na zamantakewar ma'aurata, amma idan kwanakin suka cika
al'adar kuma bata daukeba sai ta kara
kwanaki uku, haka zata dinga kara kwanaki
uku har kwanaki shabiyar su cika, misali
idan al'adarta kwanaki biyarne sai kuma
jinin bai daukeba a kwanaki biyar din ba sai ta
kara kwanaki uku na sauraron daukewar
sun zama takwas kenan, idan ya dauke
shi kenan sai wanka, idan kuma bai dauke
ba sai ta kara uku akan wadancan
takwasdin sun zama sha-daya idan bai
daukeba sai ta kara uku sun zama sha hudu idan bai daukeba sai ta kara kwana
daya, ya zama goma sha-biyar kenan, sai
ta yi wankan kammala al'ada ko ya dauke
ko bai daukeba domin kwanakin al'ada
makurarsu shi ne kwana goma sha-biyar
kuma sun cika, abin da ya ci gaba da zuwa
ba sunan shi jinin al'ada ba sunanshi jinin cuta
(Istihadha) sai a nemi magani, dukkanin waɗancan ƙare-ƙaren kwanaki
da aka yi inda ace bayan ta ƙara kwana
uku na saurare sai ya ɗauke a kwana na
ɗaya cinkin ukun shi kenan sai ta yi
wankan tsarki.
Mu sani kamar yadda bayani ya gabata
shi jinin al'ada bai wuce kwanaki goma sha-
biyar ga wacce ta fara da wacce ta saba.
Mai Juna-biyu (Mai ciki) Galibin mata
masu juna biyu basa al'ada, sabo da haka
da zarar mace tana da juna biyu (ciki) sai
kuma ta ga al'ada to kada ta yi sakaci
wurin tuntubar likita Idan al'ada ta zowa mace mai junabiyu to
idan cikin ya kai watanni uku zuwa biyar zata
iya yin al'ada ta kwanaki sha-biyar zuwa
ashirin, idan kuma cikin ya kai watanni
shida to al'adar zata iya daukar kwanaki
ashirin zuwa ashirin da biyar, kada a
sha'afa wurin tuntubar likita idan ana da
juna biyu kuma aka ga jini.
Tanbihi Na Daya: Idan mace jini yana
mata wasa wato ya zo yau gobe sai kuma
ya dauke bayan kwanaki uku sai kuma ya
dawo to abinda zata yi anan shi ne, ta
tsaya ta yi karatun ta natsu, sai ta lissafa
kwanakin da jinin ya zo sune kwanakin
al'ada sai kuma ta ware kwanakin da jinin
bai zoba sune kwanakin tsarki domin da
hakane zata cika kwanakinta na al'ada,
misali kwanaki tara; sai ya zo a rana ta
farko da ta biyu sai bai zoba a rana ta uku
da ta hudu sai ya zo rana ta biyar amma
bai zo ba a ta shida da ta bakwai sai ya
zo a ta takwas da ta tara. To anan sai
muce ta yi al'adar kwana biyar a cikin
kwanaki goma, wannan matar ita ake kira
(Al-Mulaffiqa) alarabcin mata masu al'ada.
Idan ya zama an sami tazarar kwanaki
takwas ko sha-biyar tsakanin daukewarsa
da dawowarsa to na biyun zai zama sabon
jini ne kenan, ba na da ne ya dawo ba.
Alamar Daukewar Jinin Al'ada: idan jinin
al'ada ya dauke akwai alama da shara'a ta
sanya domin ya zama shi ne manuniya akan
cewar al'adarki ta dauke, wadannan alamu
sun kasu gida biyu kuma kowacce tana cin
gashin kantane, sune kamar haka:
Bushewar Gaba: Abinda ake nufi anan
shine mace ta shigar da kyalle ko auduga
cikin gabanta ta fito da shi busasshe ba
wani jini a tare da shi, to da zarar ta ga
haka to ta tabbata al'adarta ta dauke.
Farar Kumfa: wannan wani ruwane fari
mai laushi da yake zuwa karshan al'ada,
idan mace ta ga irin haka a karshan
al'adarta to ta sani ta kammala.
Wadannan alamomi su suke nuna
daukewar al'adar mace, idan mace bata
taba ganin al'adaba sai a wannan karon sai
ta fara ganin bushewar gaba to kai-tsaye
ta samu tsarki ba sai ta jira farar kumfa ba,
amma idan wacce ta saba gani ce sai ta ga
bushewar gaba to malamai sukace zata
zata dan saurara kadan domin jirar faran
kumfa, amma jinkirin ba zai kai ga fitar
zababban lokacin sallah ba.
A dunkule dai kowanne daya daga cikin
wadannan abubuwa guda biyu yana nuna
samuwar tsarki ba lalle sai sun hadu
alokaci guda ba, da zarar alamar ganin
tsarki ta tabbata sai ta yi wankan tsarki
domin ta ci gaba da ibada, domin idan
bata yi wankaba ko da jinin ya dauke
mijinta ba zai sadu da ita ba kuma ba zata
yi sallah ba, da dai sauransu.
Idan mace ta ga ruwa fatsi-fatsi ko
diddiga-diddiga bayan daukewar jinin
al'ada to kada ta damu ta ci gaba da
harkokinta na ibada, dama matsalar idan ta
ganshi a farkon jini ne, amma idan a
karshen jini ne to wannan ba komai, Ummu
Atiyyah medakin ma'aikin Allah (Tsira da
amincin Allah su kara tabbata a gareshi) tace:
((Mun kasance bama lissafa (Ruwa) fatsi-
fatsi da diddiga-diddiga bayan tsarki da
cewa wani abu ne)). Abu Daud Hadisi Na:
307, Nasa'i, Hadisi Na: 368, Ibnu Majah
Hadisi Na: 647, Darimi Hadisi Na: 865.
Mace ta dinga duba samun tsarkinta a
lokacin da zata kwanta bacci da kuma
lokacin sallar asuba, amma ba a ce ta tashi
cikin dareba domin ta duba.
Idan mai al'ada ko mai biki (jinin haihuwa)
ta ga tsarki kafin rana ta fadi to sallar
azahar da la'asar sun hau kanta, hakanan
kuma idan ta ga tsarki kafin hudowar alfiji
to tabbas za ta yi sallar magariba da lisha.
Abubuwan Da Basu Halatta Ga Mai-
al'adaba:
Anan za'a lissafa abubuwan da basu
halatta mai al'ada ta yi su ba ko ayi mata
ba, wadannan abubuwane guda goma:
1. Sallah: Bai halatta mai al'ada ta yi
sallaba farilla ko nafila, idan kuma tayi ta yi
ba'akarba ba sannan kuma ta yi laifi,
sannan bayan ta kammala al'adar ba zata
rama sallolinba.
2. Saki: Baya halatta matar da take
al'ada a saketa, wannan ya sabawa
karantarwar musulunci, saboda haka koda
yana son ya saketa to ya bari sai ta
kammala al'ada kafin ya sadu da ita sai ya
saketa, kuma dai idan ya saketa tana jinin
al'adar to sakin ya yi amma za'a tilasta shi
ya mayar da ita idan sakin bai kai ukuba.
3. Dawafi: Bai halatta mai al'ada ta yi
dawafin Ka'abah, amma zata yi sauran
dukkan abinda maniyyaci yake yi, kamar
tsaiwar Arafah da kwanan mina dana
muzdalifa da jifa da Labbaika, da daidai
sauransu.
4. Zama A Masallaci: mai al'adah ba zata
zauna a cikin masallaciba, domin sauraron
karatu ko karantarwa ko taro da dai
sauransu.
5. Azumi: Bai halatta mai al'ada ta yi
azumi na farilla ko na nafila, idan ta yi kuma
bai yiba, saboda haka zata lissafa azumin
da ta sha bayan watan ya wuce sai ta
ramasu. Ba'a ajiye azumi domin tsammanin
gobe al'ada zata zo, amma dazaran ta zo
to dazaran ba azumi, dazaran bata zoba to
dazaran akwai azumi, ko da kin ji tafiyar
jinin ajiki amma bai fitoba to biki fara
al'adaba, sai ya fitane za'a fara lissafi.
6. Daukaa Alkur'ani: mai al'ada bata dauka Alqur'ani
kasantuwarsa littafi mai tsarki sannan kuma
ita bata da tsarki, amma wannan baya
hana idan ta ganshi zai fadi ta daukeshi ta
gyara masa wuri.
7. Karatun Alkur'ani: mai al'ada bata
karanta Alkur'ani, dudda cewa wadansu
malamai suna ganin ya halatta ta
karantashi da ka domin kada ta manta
sabanin dauka.
8. Saduwa: Bai halattaba saduwa da
mace tana al'ada, idan ta ki yadda da
mijinta ya sadu da ita domin tana al'ada
ba za'ace ta sabawa Allah ba asalima ta yi
biyayyane ga reshi, bai halatta a sadu da
mace tana al'adaba har sai al'adar ta
dauke kuma ta yi wankan tsarki, kenan
koda al'adar ta dauke amma batayi
wankaba to bai halatta a sadu da itaba. Ya
halatta miji ya taba duk inda yake so a
jikin matarsa alokacin da take al'ada bayan
ta yi kunzugu inbanda daga cikbiyarta
zugwiwarta wannan kan bai halattaba har
sai jinin ya dauke kuma tayi wanka,
hakanan itama ya halatta ta taba ko ina a
jikinsa duk da tana al'ada.
9. Tabbatar Da Rashin Tsarki: Al'ada
tana tabbatar da wacce take da ita bata
da tsarki.
10. Wajabta Wanka: Al'ada tana wajabta
wanka, wato dukkan matar da ta yi al'ada
kuma al'adar ta dauke to wankan tsarki ya
wajaba akanta. Daga wadannan bayanan da
suka gabata ya bayyana a fili cewa lalle
jinin al'ada bakaramin hukunce-hukunce
yake da shi ba, kuma lalle idan aka kyalleshi
yadda ake sakaci tsakanin maza da mata
akan abinda ya shafi wannan al'amari to
lalle abin yanada ban tsoro. Allah ya datar damu yasa mu dace. Allah shine mafi sanin masu sani.
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20415 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Ekoi | Mutanen Ekoi | Mutanen Ekoi, wanda aka fi sani da Ejagham, ƙabilu ne na Bantoid a ƙarshen kudancin Najeriya kuma suna faɗawa gabas zuwa yankin kudu maso yamma na Kamaru Suna magana da yaren Ekoi, babban harshen Ekoid Sauran harsunan Ekoid ana magana da su ta ƙungiyoyi masu alaƙa, ciki har da Etung, wasu ƙungiyoyin a Ikom (kamar na Ofutop, Akparabong da Nde wasu ƙungiyoyin a Ogoja (Ishibori da Bansarra), Ufia da Yakö Ekoi sun zauna kusa da Efik, Annang, Ibibio da Igbo yan kudu maso gabashin Najeriya. A Ekoi aka fi sani ga su Ekpe da Nsibidi rubutu. A al'adance suna amfani da akidun Nsibidi, kuma su ne kungiyar da ta asali ta ƙirƙiresu.
Mutanen Ekoi a gargajiyance an tsara su ne cikin dangogi 7, kamar na Akan a Ghana Labarin kasa Ana samun Ekoi a cikin Najeriya a cikin jihar Kuros Riba Ana magana da kuma harsunan Ekoid a wannan yankin, kodayake ana magana da Ingilishi (harshen ƙasa). Ana kuma samun Ekoi a Kamaru a yankin kudu maso yammacin ƙasar.
Tarihi Ekoi sunyi imanin cewa magadan farkon mazauna yanzun nan sune suka mallaki filin; yayin da ba a ba wa sabbin masu izinin izinin mallakar ƙasa ba, suna da ikon siyan haƙƙin zama. Mazajen Ekoi suna da farauta a gargajiyance, yayin da mata suka tsunduma cikin aikin noma, kiwon doya, ayaba, masara (masara). Mata ma suna yin kifi, kuma maza da mata suna shiga saƙa. Mutanen Ekoi, yayin da suke magana da yare ɗaya, ba su kula da rayuwa cikin haɗin kai ba. Da yake zaune a yankin da ke Kudu maso Gabashin Nijeriya a yanzu da kuma Kudu maso Yammacin Kamaru, mutane sun rarrabu ta hanyar mallakar Turawan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya da na Afirka a Afirka. Lokacin da aka kashe wani kyaftin din Jamusanci mai suna Von Weiss, ikon Turai ya ɗauki matakan yaƙi da mutanen Ekoi na asali (1899-1904 Yakin Jamusanci-Ekoi). Koyaya, amsar ba iri ɗaya ba ce; ba kawai babu yakin basasa ba, amma wasu kauyuka sun gudu maimakon fadya da baya. Bugu da ƙari, mutanen Ekoi a cikin mulkin mallakar Ingila da ba su taimaka wa 'yan uwansu ba. Mutanen Ekoi da aka bautar cikin hayin Tekun Atlantika sun kasance sanannu a Cuba, inda fasaharsu, da ake gani a cikin nau'ikan ganga da adon mata, ya wanzu har zuwa yau.
Al'adu
Zane-zane An san al'adun Ekoi don ƙwarewar ƙirar sassakawa. Ƙwarewar fasaharta ishara ce ga rikitarwa na ƙungiyar mutanen Ekoi. Masks ɗin su na musamman ne saboda, ba kamar yawancin abin rufe fuska na gargajiya na Afirka ba, maƙallan Ekoi suna da gaskiya. A cikin hanyar Ekoi don yin abin rufe fuska masu gefe 2, gefen da ya fi duhu yana wakiltar ƙarfin namiji, kuma mafi fari ya fi ƙarfin mace. Abin rufe fuskar ɗin katako galibi ana rufe su da zane na fatar dabbobi (kwatankwacin yadda Leopard Society ya yi amfani da fatar ɗan adam a kan masks), kuma ana sa shi a lokacin ibada ko kuma a ɗora shi a saman tammy. Abubuwan zane-zane, kamar zane-zane da waƙoƙi, suna da mahimmanci ga maza, kamar yadda ake ganin su a lokaci ɗaya a matsayin mayaƙa da masu fasaha, kodayake yaƙi ya zama baƙon abu a tarihin Ekoi, ban da Yakin Jamusanci da Ekoi tsakanin 1899-1904.
Harshe Harshen Ekoi yana ɗaya daga cikin yarukan Ekoid, yare ne na Bantoid a cikin rukunin yaren Nijar-Congo. Su ne masu kirkirar rubutun, rubutun da za a iya gani a cikin kayan tarihi da yawa waɗanda aka samo a wuraren da mutanen Ekoi Ejagham ke zaune, kuma wanda aka fassara shi da “baƙaƙen haruffa.” Rubutu ne na Afirka gaba ɗaya, tare da kusan babu tasirin Yammacin Turai. Dangane da almara na Ekoi, 'yan kasuwa ne suka koya musu rubutun.
Ngbe da Nnimm Nungiyoyin Ngbe da Nnimm sun kasance na maza da mata, bi da bi, a cikin yankin Ekoi. Ƙungiyar Ngbe (Damisa) ta yi imani da labarin wani tsohon sarki mai suna Tanze. Lokacin da ya mutu, ya zama kifin da mace ta kama. Wani mutum ne ya kashe matar, ya ƙirƙiri ƙungiyar Damisa, kuma Tanze ya zama jikin duriyar mata. Wannan tatsuniyar ta daga alamomin kifayen ruri da damisa a matsayin alamu daga Allah kuma don haka za a koma ga su a kowace kotun Ekoi. Farawa na Nnimm zai zama 'yan mata matasa marasa aure. Zasu sanya zane-zanen rubutu na zagi da riguna na kayan alawa da bawo, da kuma abin wuya na fata. Kasusuwa na birai sun yi daidai da gashin gashin kai (gashin tsuntsu guda a bayan kai ya kasance mafi mahimmanci, saboda shi ne gashin Nnimm) kuma an gama shi da wani abin rufewa na cowrie. Ruwan Nnimm zai zama da matukar mahimmanci ga 'yan Afirka a Cuba Tarihi Ekoi suna da adadi da yawa na labaran da ake magana. Wata tatsuniyar halitta ta faɗi game da Allah wanda ya halicci mace da namiji na farko kuma ya ba su damar zama a cikin bukka. Allah ya ce wa namiji ya yi wa mace ciki kuma ya bar kafin a haifi yaron. Lokacin da aka haifi yaron, Allah ya umurci mace da namiji su kula da sabon yaronsu. A karshen tatsuniyar an bayyana cewa duk mutane daga zuriyar wannan mace da namiji. Wani tatsuniya da ke bayanin rayuwar duniya tana ba da labarin Eagle da Ox suna wasan buya da buya. Mikiya tana samun Abun nan da nan sannan ta ɓoye kan ƙahonin Ox inda Ox ɗin baya iya ganinsa. Ox yana zuwa kowace dabba yana tambaya ko sun ga Mikiya, amma Mikiya tana gaya musu duka kada su ce komai. A ƙarshe, Mujiysa ya gaya wa Ox cewa Mikiya tana kan bakansa. A fusace, Mikiya ta kame Fowl kuma ta rantse cewa zai dauki yaransa saboda wannan laifin. An ce saboda wannan, mikiya ke cin kazar tsuntsaye.
Damisa Damisa musamman za'a iya ganin ta da mahimmanci a cikin al'ummar Ekoi. A lokutan (sarakuna), zai bar gidansa ya yi sadaukarwa iri-iri, ciki har da na hulunan kwanya da hakoran damisa, sanda ɗaure da fatar damisa, da abin wuya na haƙorin damisa. Hakanan, lokacin wani ya mutu, mutanensa za su shiga cikin daji don dawo da kamar 's ruhu ya koma ga Allah. Idan ba su yi hankali ba, ana jin cewa damisa ta gaske za ta kawo musu hari.
Manazarta Kabila
Al'ummomin Nijeriya
Al'ummomi
Al'umma
Al'adun ƙasashen
Harsunan Nijeriya
Pages with unreviewed |
15650 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olufunmilayo%20Olopade | Olufunmilayo Olopade | Olufunmilayo I. Olopade (an haife tane a shekarar 1957 a Najeriya ta kasan ce taba da ilimin Hematology oncologist, Mataimakin Dean for Global Health da Walter L. Palmer bambanta Service Farfesa a Medicine da kuma Human Genetics a Jami'ar Chicago Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin darekta na Asibitin Jami'ar Chicago Asibitin Hadarin Ciwon Kansa.
Rayuwa An haifi Olufunmilayo Olopade a Najeriya a cikin shekara1957 kuma ita ce ta biyar cikin yara shida da wani mawaƙin Anglican ya haifa. Olopade ya fara nuna sha'awar zama likita tun yana karami saboda kauyukan Najeriya sun yi karanci ga likitoci da kayan aikin likitanci, wadanda dukkansu suna matukar bukatar hakan. Ta kammala karatun ta ne a Jami’ar Ibadan, Nijeriya, da MBBS, a 1980. Tana aiki kafada da kafada da Cibiyar Nazarin Ciwon Kanji kuma ta yi aikin asibiti mai yawa game da tasirin kwayar halittar BRCA1 da BRCA2 a cikin cutar sankarar mama a cikin matan asalin Afirka. Ita memba ce a Cibiyar Nazarin Ciwon Kankara ta Amurka, Kwalejin Likitocin Amurka, da Kungiyar Likitocin Najeriya, da Cibiyar Magunguna Farkon aiki 1980-1981: Ta kasance jami'ar lafiya a asibitin sojan ruwan Najeriya
1983-1984: Kwararren Magungunan Cikin Gida a asibitin Cook County a Chicago
1984-1986: Ya zama Mazaunin Magungunan Ciki a Asibitin Cook County
1986-1987: Ya Zama Babban Mazaunin
1991: Ya shiga malami a Jami'ar Chicago a matsayin mataimakin farfesa a ilimin kimiyyar jinya da ilimin halittar jiki
1991-Yanzu: Makarantar Medicine ta Pritzker
1992-A halin yanzu: Daraktan Cibiyar Nazarin Ciwon Kankara ta Hoto (Jami'ar Chicago)
Lamban girma 1975: Kyautar Gwanin Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya
1978: Kyautar Associationungiyar Likitocin Nijeriya don Ingantuwa a fannin Ilimin Yara
1980: Kyautar Associationungiyar Likitocin Nijeriya don Inganci a Fannin Magunguna
1990: Ellen Ruth Lebow Fellowship
1991: Americanungiyar (asar Amirka don Kyautar Ciwon Maganin Matasan Ciwon Magunguna
1992: James S. McDonnell Foundation Masanin Ilimin
2000: Doris Duke Bambancin Kyautar Masanin Kimiyya
2003: Kyautar Mace Mai Ba da Aiki don aiki a tsakanin -ungiyar Ba-Amurken Afirka
2005: Jaruman Cibiyar Sadarwar Jama'a a cikin Kyautar Kula da Lafiya
2005 MacArthur Fellows Program
2015: Kyautar Yanci Hudu
2017: Jami'ar Mendel ta Jami'ar Villanova
A ranar Asabar, 18 ga Mayu, 2019, Kwalejin Lincoln ta Illinois ta ba Olopade Dokar Lincoln lambar yabo, mafi girma girmamawa da Jihar Illinois ta bayar Olufunmilayo Olopade na ɗaya daga cikin Ba’amurke-Ba’amurke su uku da suka karɓi kyautar 500,000. John D. da Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation ne suka nada wannan kyautar. Wannan "babu wani abin da aka haɗa" an ba da tallafin ne a matsayin tallafi har zuwa shekaru biyar kuma an kira shi "kyautar baiwa." Wannan kyautar ta ba Olopade damar ci gaba da bincike game da abubuwan da ta gano kan cututtuka da matsalolin kiwon lafiya.
Iyali Ta auri Christopher Sola Olopade, shi ma likita ne a Jami’ar Chicago, a 1983; suna da ‘ya’ya mata biyu, ciki har da dan jarida Dayo Olopade, da kuma ɗa daya.
Bincike Mafi yawan binciken nata ya kasance kan saukin kamuwa da cutar kansa, wanda daga nan ne za a yi amfani da shi don amfani da ingantacciyar hanyar kula da cutar sankarar mama a tsakanin daidaikun Afirka da Afirka-Amurkawa da yawan jama'a. A shekarar 1987 a Jami'ar Chicago, ta sami kwayar halitta wacce ta taimaka wajen dakile ci gaban tumo.
A cikin 1992, Olopade ya taimaka ya kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Cibiyar Nazarin Ciwon cerwayar Ciwon Kanikanci ta Jami'ar Chicago. Anan ta gano cewa matan Ba-Amurkan sukan kamu da cutar sankarar mama a lokacin da suke kanana mata. A shekarar 2003, ta fara wani sabon nazari wanda ke duba kansar nono da halittar jini daga matan Afirka daga Najeriya zuwa Senegal da ma matan Ba-Amurke a Chicago. A shekara ta 2005 ta gano cewa kashi 80% na ciwan ciki a cikin matan Afirka ba sa buƙatar estrogen don ya girma idan aka kwatanta da kashi 20% na ƙari a cikin matan Caucasian. Ta kuma gano cewa wannan ya samo asali ne daga wani salo na nuna jinsi tsakanin matan Afirka da matan Caucasian.
Manazarta
Diddigin bayanai na waje "Olufunmilayo Olopade, MD, Likitan Likita" UChicago Medicine
"Hirar SciCom din: Olufunmilayo Olopade" "Dr. Olufunmilayo Olopade" Tavis Smiley, 10 ga Yuli, 2009
"Shin Amsar a cikin Jinin ku take?" Port Harlem, Feb Apr 2008
"Ciwon Nono a cikin Matan Baƙi Na Iya Haɗuwa da Yanayin Unguwa, Nazarin Ya Bada Shawara", ScienceDaily, Mar. 20, 2008
"Olopade, Olufunmilayo." Masu buga labarai 2006 Tattarawa. An dawo a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, 2020 daga Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/books/culture-magazines/olopade-olufunmilayo Mata
Mutane
Ƴan Najeriya
Rayayyun mutane
Pages with unreviewed |
30051 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokar%20Ruwa%20a%20Amurka | Dokar Ruwa a Amurka | Dokar ruwa a Amurka tana nufin dokokin albarkatun ruwa da ke tsara ruwa a matsayin albarkatun ƙasa a Amurka Bayan batutuwan gama-gari ga duk hukunce-hukuncen da ke ƙoƙarin daidaita amfani da ruwa, dole ne dokar ruwa a Amurka ta ci karo da abubuwa kamar haka:
Dokokin jama'a na ruwa, gami da kula da ambaliyar ruwa, ka'idojin muhalli jaha da tarayya, tsarin kula da lafiyar jama'a da tsarin kamun kifi
Haɗin kai na haƙƙin jama'a da masu zaman kansu a cikin ruwa, wanda ke zana abubuwan fitattun dokokin yanki da ikon sashe na kasuwanci na tarayya Dokar aikin ruwa: dokar da aka haɓaka sosai game da samuwar, aiki, da kuɗin kuɗin jama'a da ƙungiyoyin jama'a waɗanda ke gudanar da ayyukan jama'a na gida na kula da ambaliya, sarrafa kewayawa, ban ruwa, da kuma guje wa lalata muhalli kuma
Haƙƙoƙin Yarjejeniyar Baƙin Amurkawa Dokar da ke gudanar da waɗannan batutuwa ta samo asali ne daga dukkan matakan dokokin Amurka. Wasu sun samo asali ne daga ka'idodin doka na gama-gari waɗanda suka bunƙasa tsawon shekaru aru-aru, kuma waɗanda ke tasowa yayin da yanayin jayayyar da ake gabatarwa kotuna ke canzawa. Misali, tsarin shari'a game da haƙƙin masu mallakar ƙasa don karkatar da ruwan saman ya canza sosai a ƙarnin da ya gabata yayin da halayen jama'a game da ƙasa da ruwa suka samo asali. Wasu sun samo asali ne daga dokar doka ta jiha. Wasu suna samun ne daga asalin tallafin filaye da jama'a ke bayarwa ga jihohi da kuma takardun asalinsu.
Doka gama gari tushen dokar ruwa {Ƙasar Amirka ta gaji tsarin dokokin bai-daya na Birtaniyya wanda ke samar da ka'idojin shari'a ta hanyar yanke hukunci na shari'a game da takaddama tsakanin bangarori. Dokokin doka da tsarin mulki sun tsara tsarin da ake warware waɗannan rikice-rikice a cikinsa, har zuwa wani lokaci, amma dokar yanke shawara da aka samo ta hanyar warware takaddama ta musamman ita ce babbar injin dokar ruwa.
A dokar gama gari dole ne a nemi duk wani haƙƙin ruwa bisa la’akari da ƙasar da ruwa ke gudana ko ya kwanta. Mai mallakar ƙasa na ƙasa zai iya kawo wani mataki a kan mai shi na sama saboda ragewa da yawa da ingancin ruwan da ke isowa a ƙasa.
Rigingimun ruwa sun taso a cikin abubuwa da dama. Lokacin da gwamnati, ƙaramar hukuma, ko tarayya ta ɗauki kadarorin masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke da haƙƙin ruwa da ke da alaƙa da mallakar sirri, ƙimar wannan kadarar tana da matukar tasiri ga haƙƙin ruwanta. Kuma, kadarorin da ke gefen ruwan jama'a sun zama ruwan dare gama gari, saboda mahimmancin ruwan jama'a ga kasuwanci, muhalli, da nishaɗi Waɗannan shari'o'in suna wakiltar babban tushen dokar da ke bayyana iyakokin haƙƙin masu zaman kansu a cikin ruwa da haƙƙin jama'a.
Wani yanayi na biyu na samar da dokar ruwa ya taso ne daga takaddamar da ke tsakanin bangarori masu zaman kansu dangane da girman hakkokinsu na ruwa; misali, mai mallakar ƙasa a sama yana neman yanke magudanar ruwa a ƙasa kuma ya dace da waɗannan ruwan saman don amfani da shi na musamman. Mai mallakar ƙasa ya yi iƙirarin cewa mai gidan na sama ya ware ruwan da ke mallakarsa. Mai gida na neman dakatar da kwararar ruwa da ya wuce gona da iri wanda idan ba haka ba zai mamaye kasarsa ta yadda zai kara barnar ambaliya a kan mai ita. Kowanne bangare ya yi iƙirarin cewa halin ɗayan yana yin katsalandan ga haƙƙoƙin da ke tattare da mallakarsu na kadarorin.
Halin na uku na dokar ruwa ya taso ne daga jayayya game da ambaliya ko wasu mamaye dukiya ta hanyar ruwa. A cikin waɗannan lokuta, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna iƙirarin cewa ayyukan sirri ko na jama'a sun lalata dukiyarta na sirri, kuma dole ne kotu ta yanke hukunci game da yanayin haƙƙin jama'a da masu zaman kansu da suka taso daga canjin yanayin ruwa na ruwa Yana da mahimmanci a gane cewa akwai haƙƙoƙin sirri da na jama'a da ke da alaƙa da ruwa, amma ikon mallakar ruwa a ƙarƙashin dokar gama gari ana kamanta da iƙirarin "mallaka" hasken rana. Dole ne a ba da izinin samar da ruwa bisa ka'ida kafin a 'mallake shi', kuma hukumomin gwamnati da dokokin shari'a galibi ke sarrafa ka'idoji kan rabon. Wanene ke da rinjaye akan ruwa yawanci ya dogara ne akan wanda ya mallaki ƙasan ƙasa, amma dokokin gida, Jihohi da na Tarayya galibi suna iyakance adadin da nau'in amfani da ruwan da za'a iya amfani dashi don kare haƙƙin masu amfani da ƙasa. A wani lokaci, kafin ruwa ya isa teku sai ya tara isashen girma ta yadda filayen da ke karkashin kasa suka zama mallakin kasa ko jihar da suke cikinta. A wannan lokaci (wanda aka bayyana a matsayin babban iyakar kewayawa) haƙƙoƙin mutum ɗaya yana ba da hanya ga mafi girman haƙƙoƙin jama'a.
Haƙƙoƙin ‘yan qasar Jihohin Gabas (duk waɗanda ke gabashin Texas, ban da Mississippi suna bin koyarwar kogi, wanda ke ba wa duk wanda ƙasarsa ke da gaban gaba a jikin ruwa don amfani da ruwa daga gare ta. Waɗannan jihohin su ne na farko da Turawa suka fara zama (saboda haka dokar Ingilishi ta fi rinjaye) kuma suna da mafi yawan ruwa. Kotun Koli ta yi bayanin juyin halitta na ka'idodin rafi a cikin Amurka v. Gerlach Dabbobin (1950)A tsakiyar karni na goma sha takwas, dokokin gama gari na Ingilishi sun haɗa da rukunin rukunan ruwa da aka sani da haƙƙin kogi. Tun da dadewa kamar yadda Cibiyoyin Justinian, ruwa mai gudana, kamar iska da teku, sun kasance res communes abubuwa na kowa ga kowa da dukiyoyin kowa. Irin wannan koyaswar ce ta masu sharhi kan dokokin farar hula da ke kunshe a cikin ka'idar Napoleon da kuma a cikin dokar Spain. Wannan ra'ayi ya shiga cikin dokar gama gari. Daga waɗannan kafofin, amma galibi daga tushen dokokin farar hula, masu bincike da ƙarfi na Chancellor Kent da Mista Justice Story sun zana don samar da ainihin koyaswar dokar ruwa ta Amurka.Ma'anar magudanar ruwa ta samo asali sosai a waɗancan sassan Amurka inda aka shayar da ƙasa da ruwan sama Amurka v. Gerlach, supra. Hukuncin Kotun ya ci gaba da cewa kamar haka:Babban kadari na halitta shi ne ƙasa, kuma gudun hijira a cikin rafuka ko koguna ya kasance mai haɗari. Tunda samun damar samun ruwa mai gudana yana yiwuwa ta kan filaye masu zaman kansu kawai, samun dama ya zama haƙƙi da aka haɗe zuwa gaci. Dokar ta bi ka’idar daidaito wadda ta bukaci da cewa gawar ruwan da ke gudana ta zama mallakin kowa, kuma baya ga iyakacin amfani da su na cikin gida da noma da wadanda ke sama, kowane mai kogin yana da hakkin ya gangaro masa ruwa. a cikin ƙararrakinta na halitta da tashoshi marasa lahani cikin inganci.
Gabatarwa Yawancin jihohin yammacin, bushewa ta halitta, gaba ɗaya suna bin rukunan appropriation na gaba, wanda ke ba da damar ruwa ga duk wanda ya fara sanya ruwa zuwa amfani mai amfani Colorado, inda koyaswar da ta gabata ta fara tasowa, gaba ɗaya ana kallonta azaman abin ƙira ta sauran jihohin Yammacin Turai waɗanda suka karɓi koyaswar rabon da suka gabata.
A wasu jihohin Ruwan da ke saman kasa, tafkuna, koguna, da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, ana bi da su daban da ruwan ƙasa da ruwan da ake hakowa ta hanyar haƙa rijiyoyi duk da haka, a wasu jihohi ana sarrafa ruwan saman da ƙasa tare. Misali, a New Mexico, ana sarrafa ruwan sama da na kasa tare tun shekarun 1950. Wannan yanayin ya fito ne daga haɓakar fahimtar kimiyya game da tsoffin halayen tsarin ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Misali, an yi bayanin gurbacewar ruwa da gishiri sannu a hankali tare da sanin cewa ɗibar ruwa daga rijiyar yana haifar da ɓarna a hankali a cikin yankin rijiyar, wanda zai iya gurɓata ta da yankunan da ke kewaye da ruwan teku daga gabar tekun da ke kusa. Irin wannan ilimin yana da amfani don fahimtar tasirin ayyukan ɗan adam akan samar da ruwa amma kuma yana iya haifar da sababbin hanyoyin rikici.
Dokokin tarayya, jihohi, da na gida iri-iri ne ke tafiyar da haƙƙin ruwa. Wani batu na musamman ga Amurka shine dokar ruwa dangane da Indiyawan Amurka Hakkokin ruwa na kabilanci lamari ne na musamman saboda ba su faɗo ƙarƙashin tsarin kogi ko tsarin rabo amma an bayyana su a cikin Winters v. Shawarar Amurka Haƙƙoƙin ruwa na Indiya ba su shafi ƙabilun da ba na tarayya ba.
Kabilun Indiya da aka amince da tarayya da dokar ruwa Haƙƙoƙin ruwa na ƴan asalin ƙasar Amirka da aka keɓance ana fi sani da Haƙƙin Winters, waɗanda Winters da Arizona v. California lokuta. Dokar tarayya ta bayyana haƙƙoƙi
Ƙirƙirar ajiyar ta hanyar yarjejeniya, ƙa'ida ko odar zartarwa ta haɗa da ma'anar tanadin haƙƙin ruwa a cikin maɓuɓɓugar ciki ko iyakar ajiyar.
Dangane da kwanan wata, masu amfani waɗanda ke da kwanakin rabon da suka gabata a ƙarƙashin dokar jiha suna fifiko akan haƙƙoƙin ƴan asalin ƙasar Amurka, amma waɗanda ke da kwanakin baya suna ƙarƙashin ƙasa.
Yawan ruwan da aka tanada shine adadin da ya ishe don ban ruwa duk ƙasar da za a iya ban ruwa akan ajiyar
Ba a rasa haƙƙoƙia rashin amfani
Ƙabilun Indiyawa suna da haƙƙin ruwa kawai bayan sun ƙaddamar da aikin gona mai ban sha'awa (PIA). A cewar masanin shari'a Bruce Duthu, dole ne ƙabilu su tabbatar da cewa ana buƙatar adadin ruwan da ake bukata don filinsu da kuma gina wuraren da za a ceto shi.
Misali: Winters v. Amurka Winters v. Amurka (1908) ya haɗa da Tsarin Tsarin Indiya na Fort Belknap, wanda aka ƙirƙira ta yarjejeniyar shekara ta 1888 tare da gwamnatin tarayya. Wannan yarjejeniya ta sanya iyaka ɗaya na ajiyar wani yanki na Kogin Milk, amma bai ambaci haƙƙin ruwa ga wannan kogin ba. Bayan haka, mazauna yankin da ba Indiyawa ba, sun gina madatsun ruwa a cikin kogin da suka kawo cikas ga amfanin noma na kabilar. Mazaunan sun yi ikirarin haƙƙin da suka dace bayan an kafa ajiyar, amma kafin ƙabilar ta fara amfani da ruwan. Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa an tanadi haƙƙin ruwa ta atomatik ta yarjejeniyar shekara ta 1888 wacce ta haifar da ajiyar. Kotun ta yi zaton Indiyawan ba za su tanadi filayen noma ba tare da tanadin ruwan da zai sa irin wannan noman ya yiwu ba.
Misali: Arizona v. California A cikin Arizona v. California (1963), dole ne Kotun ta ƙayyade haƙƙin ruwa na ƙabilun da ke kusa da Kogin Colorado waɗanda ƙa'idoji da umarnin zartarwa suka kafa. Kotun ta yi imanin cewa doka ko umarnin zartarwa ba zai iya nufin kafa tanadi ba tare da tanadin amfani da ruwa don amfanin ƙabilun ba. Don haka,
Haƙƙoƙi masu siye ba Ba-Amurke ba
1. Ba'amurke ɗan asalin ƙasar yana da haƙƙin rabon ruwan ajiyar da ake buƙata don ban ruwa ƙasarsu.
2. Lokacin da Ba'amurke ya sayar da kason su ga wanda ba Ba'amurke ba, mai siye yana samun haƙƙin ruwa da aka keɓe na rabon.
3. Ranar fifiko na waɗannan haƙƙoƙin ya kasance ranar da aka ƙirƙiri ajiyar.
Winters haƙƙoƙi a matsayin dukiya
Haƙƙoƙin lokacin sanyi da ke fitowa daga yarjejeniya ko ƙa'ida ta ƙirƙira ajiyar dukiya mallaki ce wacce aka san take. Lokacin da odar zartaswa ta ƙirƙiri ajiyar wuri, "ba a san sunan ƙabila don dalilai na Gyara na Biyar ba."
Ƙabilu Ba a cikin tanadi
Hakkokin ruwa na Cherokee Wannan shari'ar ta kotu ta ayyana matsayin ƙabilun Amirkawa a kotun zamani. Ya shafi haƙƙin ruwa a cikin al'amarin al'ummar Cherokee. Haƙƙin Winters ba sa aiki ga ƙasar Cherokee saboda babu ainihin ajiyar Cherokee. A cikin wannan ci gaba na Yuli na shekara ta 2009, jihar Oklahoma ta nemi diyya ta kuɗi da agajin gaggawa kan Kamfanin Abinci na Tyson, saboda raunin da ruwan kogin Illinois ya yi daga sharar kaji. Wanda ake tuhuma, Tyson Foods, Inc., ya yi watsi da karar saboda Cherokee Nation ba ta da hannu a ciki, kodayake jam'iyyar da ake bukata ce. Hukuncin wannan ƙuduri ya taimaka wajen sanin matsayin kasar Cherokee dangane da haƙƙin ruwa a yankinsu.
Kotun, domin tantance ko za a iya ci gaba da shari’ar ba tare da sa hannun ‘yan kabilar Cherokee ba, ta yi amfani da doka ta 19. Mataki na farko a cikin wannan tsari ya ƙayyade idan ƙasar Cherokee wata ƙungiya ce da ake bukata, ma'ana cewa ba za a iya ba da cikakken taimako ba, rashin su zai hana mutum damar kare sha'awar, ko kuma ƙarin wajibai na iya faruwa saboda sha'awar. A cikin wannan hukuncin na kotu, an ƙaddara cewa ƙasar Cherokee tana da buƙatu masu mahimmanci, kamar yadda aka gani a cikin Lambobin Ingancin Muhalli wanda ke nuna sha'awar kare kogin Illinois da kuɓutar da duk wani gurbataccen yanayi Ƙasar Cherokee kuma tana da sha'awar dawo da magunguna ga duk wani rauni, a cikin tsari da harajin abubuwa da suka shafi muhallin Cherokee Nation. Bugu da ƙari, Ƙasar Cherokee ta yi iƙirarin haƙƙoƙin ruwa da aka samo daga dokar tarayya kuma yarjejeniyoyin ba su shafe su ba. A cikin shiga yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa tare da kabilu, wanda zai zama dole don warware matsalar haƙƙin ruwa (musamman a cikin yanayin Cherokee Nation da Tyson Foods) dole ne jihar Oklahoma ta cika buƙatun bayyane.
Dokar aikin ruwa Dokar aikin ruwa wani reshe ne na dokar jiha da tarayya wanda ke magana akan gine-gine, gudanarwa, kudade, da kuma gyara manyan ayyukan ruwa, ciki har da magudanar ruwa, ban ruwa, shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa, kewayawa da sauran ayyuka. Wasu daga cikin wadannan ayyuka gwamnatocin jihohi da na kananan hukumomi ne ke gudanar da su. Amma da yawa ana gina su da kuma sarrafa su ta hanyar gundumomi na musamman na inganta rayuwar jama'a, waɗanda ƙungiyoyin siyasa ne na musamman na gwamnatin jaha.
Dokar aikin ruwa ta na da, kuma tana ci gaba da samun muhimmiyar rawa wajen kula da muhimman albarkatun ruwa. Misali, magudanar ruwan noma, wanda mafi yawansu a yanzu ke da alhakin kula da muhimman ababen more rayuwa, ya samo asali ne daga wadannan gundumomi ko wasu hukumomi. Magudanar ruwa a Amurka ya faru ne a cikin lokuttan haɓakawa na farko guda biyu, a tsakanin 1870-1920 da kuma lokacin 1945-1960. Ya zuwa shekara ta 1920, fiye da daga cikin jimlar na ƙasar noma ta Amurka ta sami wani nau'i na magudanar ruwa. Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka (USDA), 1982 Inventory Resources Inventory (NRI) ta gano kusan na rigar ƙasa kamar yadda yake mafi kyau ko kuma magudanar ruwa mai kyau, wanda kashi 72 cikin 100 na gonaki ne. (Sabis na Binciken Tattalin Arziki, 1987. Sau da yawa, ana gina ayyukan jihohi a ƙarƙashin rigar hukumomin aikin ruwa na gida, ta hanyar amfani da kudade na musamman na tarayya da aka ware don waɗannan dalilai. Sau da yawa yankin dole ne ya amince a mayar da ainihin asusun tarayya don ci gaba da aikin har abada tare da kudaden gida, wanda aka samo ko dai daga haraji ko ƙima na musamman.
Ko da yake akwai musamman fasali na dokar jiha ga kayan aikin aikin ruwa, akwai abubuwa da yawa a gamayya. Yawancin wadannan gundumomi ne na ingantawa na musamman da dokar jihar ta ba su damar tattara kuɗaɗen shiga daga filayen da aka ci gajiyar ci gaban. Sau da yawa waɗannan ƙididdigar suna cikin nau'i na ƙima na musamman wanda yayi daidai da karuwar ƙimar da aka ba da filin da aka amfana ta hanyar aikin.
Wasu gundumomi ana gudanar da su ne a ƙarƙashin kwamitin da aka zaɓa. Haƙƙin jefa ƙuri'a na iya dogara ne akan yawan jama'a a gundumar ko a wasu lokuta bisa mallakar filayen da aka amfana. A wasu jahohi, wasu gundumomi ana gudanar da su ne ta wasu ƙananan hukumomin da ake da su, kamar gwamnatin gundumomi, amma ƙarƙashin ikon doka na musamman. Dokokin da ke gudanar da waɗannan gundumomi suna gudanar da ikon tattara kima, caji, ko haraji. Sun ƙayyade wajibcin hukuma don kiyayewa. A wasu lokuta, kafa aikin, ko gunduma, yana ba wa masu mallakar ƙasa dama haƙƙin doka don nacewa a ci gaba da kiyaye aikin idan an cika ka'idojin doka. Misali, ana iya buƙatar wasu adadin masu mallakar ƙasa don yin koke, kuma su nuna cewa an cika sharuɗɗan kulawa.
Manyan shari'o'in shari'a a cikin dokar ruwa ta Amurka Arizona v. California Kogin Colorado Dist Kiyaye Ruwa na Kogin Colorado. v. Amurka
Muhimman lokuta a Jihar Washington
Abubuwan da aka bayar na Sun Belt Water Inc. Kanada NAFTA Arbitration Winters vs. Amurka
Wyoming v. Colorado Laramie River Rikicin ruwa na jihohi uku (Georgia, Alabama, Florida)
Tushen Dokar Ruwa Binciken Dokar Ruwa na Jami'ar Denver
Dokar Ruwa
Jaridar Dokar Ruwa
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Kiyasin amfani da ruwa a Amurka a cikin 1995 Da'ira Daga: Wayne B. Solley, Robert R. Pierce, da Howard A. Perlman
Ruwa
Dokoki
Doka
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
50796 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Yancin%20Addini%20a%20Chadi | 'Yancin Addini a Chadi | Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Chadi ya tanadar 'yancin yin addini; duk da haka, a wasu lokuta, Gwamnati ta iyakance wannan haƙƙin ga wasu ƙungiyoyi. Ba safai ake samun rahotannin cin zarafi ko nuna wariya na al'umma dangane da imani ko aiki. Al'ummomin addinai daban-daban sun kasance tare ba tare da matsala ba, ko da yake an ba da rahoton wasu tashe-tashen hankula tsakanin ƙungiyoyin musulmi daban-daban da kuma tsakanin musulmi da Kirista.
Alkaluman addini Ƙasar tana da fili mai faɗin da yawan jama'a 18,278,568 bisa ga kididdigar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na shekarar 2023. Fiye da rabin al'ummar musulmi ne, kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku kirista ne, saura kuma suna gudanar da akidar addinin gargajiya na asali ko kuma babu addini kwata-kwata. Yawancin ’yan Arewa suna gudanar da Musulunci, kuma yawancin ’yan Kudu suna bin addinin Kiristanci ko na gargajiya na addini; duk da haka, yanayin yawan jama'a yana ƙara sarƙaƙƙiya, musamman a cikin birane, kuma bayanan tarihi sun nuna cewa masu musulunta na karuwa a yankunan da a baya Kiristoci ne ko masu ra'ayin kyama. Yawancin 'yan ƙasa ne, duk da cewa suna da alaƙa da addini, ba sa yin addininsu akai-akai.
Galibin Musulmai mabiya wani reshe ne na Islama na sufanci wanda aka fi sani da Tijjaniyah, wanda ya kunshi wasu addinai na Afirka. ’Yan tsirarun Musulmi (kashi 5 zuwa 10 cikin 100) sun fi riko da aqidu na tsatsauran ra’ayi, wanda a wasu lokuta ana iya danganta su da tsarin aqida na Saudiyya kamar Wahhabism ko Salafism.
Roman Katolika na wakiltar babbar ɗarikar Kirista a ƙasar. Yawancin Furotesta, ciki har da "Winners Chapel" da ke Najeriya, suna da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin Kirista na bishara daban-daban. Membobin addinin Baha’i da na Shaidun Jehobah ma suna halarta. An bullo da kungiyoyin addinai biyu ne bayan samun ‘yancin kai a 1960 don haka ana daukarsu “sababbin” kungiyoyin addini.
Masu wa’azi na ƙasashen waje waɗanda ke wakiltar ƙungiyoyin addinai da yawa suna ci gaba da yin ridda a ƙasar.
Matsayin 'yancin addini
Tsarin doka da tsarin siyasa Sashe na 1 na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Chadi ya bayyana cewa kasar ba ta da addini kuma ta “tabbatar da rabuwar addinai da kasa”. Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya tanadar da ‘yancin yin addini; duk da haka, Gwamnati ta haramta kungiyar addini ta Al Faid al-Djaria tare da sanya ido a kaikaice ta hanyar babbar majalisar Musulunci mai goyon bayan gwamnati. Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya kuma tanadi cewa kasar za ta zama kasa mai zaman kanta; duk da haka, wasu manufofin suna goyon bayan Musulunci a aikace. Misali, kwamitin da ya kunshi mambobin majalisar koli ta harkokin addinin musulunci da kuma hukumar kula da harkokin addini a ma'aikatar harkokin cikin gida ta shirya aikin Hajji da Umra. A baya kungiyar Ikklisiya ta Ikklisiya ta soki tafiye-tafiyen aikin Hajji da gwamnati ke daukar nauyinta da cewa ya zubar da martabar al’adar kasar.
Ofishin daraktan kula da harkokin addini da na gargajiya a karkashin ma’aikatar harkokin cikin gida da tsaron jama’a ne ke kula da harkokin addini. Ofishin ne ke da alhakin sasanta rikicin tsakanin al’umma, bayar da rahoto kan ayyukan addini, da tabbatar da ‘yancin addini. Yayin da a bisa doka ya wajaba gwamnati ta yi mu'amala da dukkan kungiyoyin addini ko darika daidai wa daida, wadanda ba musulmi ba suna zargin cewa musulmi suna samun fifiko. A baya rahotanni sun ce Gwamnati ta bai wa shugabannin Musulmi filayen jama'a domin gina masallatai amma ta bukaci wakilan sauran kungiyoyin addini su sayi fili a farashin kasuwa domin gina wuraren ibada.
Daraktan kula da harkokin addini da na gargajiya shi ke kula da harkokin addini. Aiki a karkashin Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida, Daraktan Harkokin Addini da na Gargajiya ne ke da alhakin sasanta rikice-rikice tsakanin al'umma da tabbatar da 'yancin addini. Daraktan ya kuma sanya ido kan ayyukan addini a cikin jihar da ba ruwanmu da addini. Wata kungiyar addini mai zaman kanta, babbar majalisar kula da harkokin addinin Musulunci, tana kula da dukkan ayyukan addinin Musulunci, da suka hada da kula da makarantun larabci da manyan cibiyoyi da kuma wakilcin kasar a tarurrukan addinin Musulunci na kasa da kasa.
Majalisar koli ta harkokin addinin musulunci tare da hadin gwiwar shugaban kasa, ita ma tana da alhakin nada babban limami —shugaban ruhi ga dukkan musulmin kasar da ke kula da babban limamin kowane yanki da kuma zama shugaban majalisar. A bisa ka’ida, babban limamin yana da hurumin takura wa wasu kungiyoyin addinin musulunci a duk fadin kasar nan, da tsara abubuwan da ke cikin wa’azin masallatai, da kuma kula da ayyukan kungiyoyin agaji na Musulunci da suke gudanar da ayyukansu a kasar. A halin yanzu babban limami, Sheikh Hissein Hassan Abakar, wakilin sufi (Tijjaniya) reshen Musulunci gabaɗaya, ana kallonsa a matsayin mutum mai matsakaicin addini. Mabiya sun kalubalanci ikonsa na sauran mazhabobin Musulunci wadanda suke bin koyarwar tsattsauran ra'ayi da suka samo asali daga gabashi da arewacin Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya.
Su ma malaman addini suna da hannu wajen sarrafa dukiyar kasar. Wakilin al’ummar addini ya zauna a kwalejin kula da kudaden shiga, hukumar da ke sa ido kan yadda ake raba kudaden shigar man fetur. Kujerar tana gudana ne tsakanin shugabannin Musulmi da Kirista duk bayan shekaru 4. A shekara ta 2004 wakilin musulmi ya mika ragamar aiki ga wani limamin darikar Katolika da al'ummar Kirista suka nada. Wa'adin wakilin Kirista a Kwalejin ya ƙare a watan Yuni 2007.
Gwamnati na bukatar kungiyoyin addini, da suka hada da kungiyoyin mishan na kasashen waje da kungiyoyin addini na cikin gida, su yi rajista da Sashen Harkokin Addini na Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida. Sashen ya ƙirƙira ayyuka daban-daban guda biyu ga Musulmai da Kirista. Rijista yana faruwa ba tare da nuna bambanci ba kuma ana fassara shi azaman fitarwa na hukuma. Duk da sanannen ra'ayi akasin haka, rajista ba a nufin ba da fifikon haraji ko wasu fa'idodi ga ƙungiyoyin addini.
Gwamnati ta hana ayyukan da "baya haifar da yanayin zaman tare a tsakanin al'umma". An fahimci wannan haramcin yana nufin daidaita ƙungiyoyin da ke fayyace rigingimun addini a ƙasar. Gwamnati ta dakatar da kungiyar Al Mountada al Islami da Kungiyar Matasan Musulmi ta Duniya saboda bayyana tashin hankali a matsayin halaltacciyar ka'idar Musulunci.
Gabaɗaya, masu wa’azi na ƙasashen waje ba sa fuskantar hani; duk da haka, dole ne su yi rajista tare da samun izini daga ma'aikatar harkokin cikin gida don yaduwa a cikin kasar, kamar yadda sauran 'yan kasashen waje da ke tafiya da kuma aiki a cikin kasar. Yana da wuya a sami rahoton cewa Gwamnati ta hana izini daga kowace ƙungiya.
Makarantun gwamnati suna gudanar da koyarwa cikin Faransanci, kuma makarantun jama'a na harsuna biyu suna gudanar da azuzuwa cikin Faransanci da Larabci. Gwamnati ta haramta koyarwar addini a makarantun gwamnati amma tana ba wa duk kungiyoyin addini damar gudanar da makarantu masu zaman kansu ba tare da takura ba. Rashin kyawun tsarin ilimi a kasar Chadi ya sa iyalai musulmi da dama na kallon makarantun islamiyya a matsayin wata dama ta ilmantar da yaran da ba za su samu damar zuwa makaranta ba. Yawancin manyan garuruwa suna da aƙalla makarantun addini masu zaman kansu ɗaya ko biyu. Ko da yake Gwamnati ba ta buga bayanan hukuma game da kuɗin makaranta, yawancin makarantun Islama an fahimci cewa masu ba da tallafi na Larabawa (gwamnati, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu) da daidaikun jama'a ne ke bayarwa, musamman daga Saudi Arabia, Masar, da Libya.
A baya dai kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil’adama da dama sun bayar da rahoton matsalar ‘ya’yan Mahadjirin, da daliban wasu makarantun islamiyya da malamansu ke tilasta musu yin bara. Babu wani kiyasi mai inganci dangane da adadin yaran mahadjirin. Majalisar koli ta harkokin addinin musulunci ta yi kira da a gaggauta kawo karshen irin wadannan abubuwa, sannan gwamnati ta bukaci a rufe irin wadannan makarantu. Duk da yunƙurin yin gyare-gyare, makarantun sun kasance a buɗe.
Daga cikin gidajen rediyo masu zaman kansu da yawa, kungiyoyin addini sun mallaki tashoshi da yawa da ke watsa shirye-shirye a duk fadin kasar (Kiristoci shida da na Musulunci biyu). Jami'ai sun sa ido sosai a gidajen rediyon da ƙungiyoyin sa-kai da na kasuwanci ke gudanarwa.
Gwamnati na gudanar da bukukuwan ranaku masu tsarki na Kirista da na Musulunci a matsayin ranakun hutu na kasa. Ranakun bukukuwan kasa da kasa sun hada da Eid al-Adha, da Haihuwar Annabi Muhammad, (S) da kuma Eid al-Fitr. Bukukuwan Kirista sun haɗa da Ista Litinin, Ranar Dukan Waliya, da Ranar Kirsimeti. Ba kasafai musulmi da kiristoci ke halartar bukuwan juna ba a lokutan bukukuwan.
Yayin da akasarin tattaunawar tsakanin addinai na faruwa ne bisa son rai ba ta hanyar sa hannun gwamnati ba, gwamnati ta kasance tana goyon bayan wadannan tsare-tsare. A ranar 8 ga watan Maris, 2007, gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da yaƙin neman zaman lafiya, kuma ƙungiyoyin Kirista sun shirya zanga-zangar lumana don tallafawa shirin. Haka nan kuma cibiyar addinin musulmi ta halarci, musamman limamin babban masallacin a madadin majalisar koli ta harkokin addinin musulunci.
Takurawa 'yancin addini Al Faid al-Djaria (wanda kuma aka rubuta Al Faydal Djaria ƙungiyar Sufi da ke bin tsarin sufanci na Musulunci kuma ana samunta a yankunan Kanem, tafkin Chadi, da Chari-Baguirimi, gwamnati ta haramta. Darektan kula da harkokin addini da na gargajiya, da babbar majalisar kula da harkokin addinin musulunci, da wasu malamai (hukumomin addini na musulmi) sun yi adawa da wasu al'adun Al Faid al-Djaria, kamar shigar da wake-wake, raye-raye, da cudanya tsakanin jinsi a lokacin addini. bukukuwan da suke ganin sun saba wa Musulunci. A lokacin rahoton, haramcin da ministan harkokin cikin gida ya yi wa Al Faid al-Djaria a shekara ta 2001 ya ci gaba da kasancewa a gaban kotu; sai dai har yanzu kungiyar na ci gaba da gudanar da ayyuka a yankin Chari Baguirmi na kasar.
An yi imanin cewa Gwamnati na sa ido kan wasu kungiyoyin Musulunci, irin su kungiyar Salafi/Wahabiyawa Ansar al Sunna, wadanda kasashen Larabawa masu ba da tallafi suka ba da kudade sosai kuma suna iya amfani da kudi da sauran abubuwan karfafa gwiwa don karfafa riko da fassarar da suke da shi na Musulunci.
Babu wani rahoto na fursunonin addini ko fursunoni a kasar.
Tilastawa addini Babu wani rahoto na tilasta musuluntar addini da Gwamnati ta yi; duk da haka, an samu rahotannin musuluntar da fursunoni da wasu fursunoni suka yi. Ana cece-kuce kan rahotannin irin wadannan lokuta kuma masu sa ido da dama, ciki har da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan Adam, na ganin yana da matukar wahala a tantance ko an yi amfani da tilas. A cewar gwamnatin, irin wadannan shari’o’in na faruwa ne saboda ta’addancin da wasu kungiyoyi ke yi a gidan yarin, inda suke cin zarafin wasu fursunoni da kuma kokarin karbar kudi.
Babu wani rahoto na tilasta musuluntar kananan ’yan Amurka da aka sace ko kuma aka kwashe su ba bisa ka’ida ba daga Amurka, ko kuma na kin yarda a mayar da irin wadannan ‘yan kasar zuwa Amurka.
Cin zarafin al'umma da nuna wariya Ba kasafai ake samun rahotannin cin zarafi ko wariya a cikin al'umma ba bisa imani ko aiki da addini, ko da yake ana samun tashin hankali lokaci-lokaci tsakanin Kirista da Musulmi da kuma tsakanin Musulmai masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da masu matsakaicin ra'ayi. Ana gudanar da taruka akai-akai tsakanin manyan malaman addini domin tattauna hadin kai cikin lumana a tsakanin kungiyoyinsu.
A cikin watan Afrilun 2007 kungiyar Ikklisiya ta bishara ta roki gwamnati da ta kara ba gwamnati taimako wajen kawo karshen rikicin makiyaya da ke tsakanin makiyaya (wadanda galibi Musulmi ne) da manoma na gida (wadanda galibi Kiristoci ne) a kudancin kasar; sai dai gwamnatin ba ta mayar da martani ga wannan roko ba.
A cikin watan Janairun 2007 Cocin Katolika da Ƙungiyar Ikklisiya ta Ikklisiya ta aika zanga-zangar hukuma ta biyu ga Gwamnati saboda gazawarta na mayar da martani ga zanga-zangar watan Fabrairu 2006 don nuna adawa da zane-zanen Danish wanda ya haifar da lalacewa ga kaddarorin Kirista da yawa da rauni ga wani ɗan mishan na bishara. Gwamnati ba ta mayar da martani a hukumance kan korafin ba.
Rikicin kasuwa tsakanin Kirista da Musulmi a garin Bebedja da ke kudancin kasar wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutane 12 da raunata 21 a shekara ta 2004 ya ci gaba da haifar da tashin hankali tsakanin al'ummar yankin. Wasu da abin ya shafa dai sun zargi Gwamnati da gazawa wajen bin diddigin lamarin da kuma gudanar da shari’ar da ta dace.
An samu rahotannin tashin hankali tsakanin al'ummar musulmi. Irin wannan tashe-tashen hankula sun samo asali ne daga bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin yan Tijjaniyya da ke jagorantar majalisar koli ta harkokin Musulunci da kuma wasu kungiyoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi dangane da tafsirin ayyuka, da wa'azi, da jagorancin salla.
Galibin tattaunawa tsakanin addinai da suka yi yunkurin magance rikicin Kirista da Musulmi da Musulmi da Musulmi, kungiyoyin ne da kansu suka taimaka ba ta hanyar shiga tsakani na gwamnati ba. Ƙungiyoyin addini suna yin taro akai-akai don ƙoƙarin warware tushen tashin hankali da haɓaka babban haɗin gwiwa. A yayin ganawar, shugabannin sun tattauna matsalolin zaman lafiya da juna, da juriya, da mutunta 'yancin addini. Hukumar Zaman Lafiya da Adalci (CDPJ), wata kungiyar Katolika ce ta fara wannan tattaunawa, kuma kungiyoyin Kirista da na Kirista ne suka shiga. CDPJ ta kuma gudanar da taron da ya tattaro 'yan uwa musulmi da kiristoci domin tattauna batutuwan da suka shafi yara a gida da kuma makiyaya.
Ba kasafai ake samun rahotannin tashe-tashen hankula tsakanin Kirista da Musulmai ba dangane da karkatar da masu bi na gargajiya da Kiristocin bishara suka yi.
Duba kuma Hakkin dan Adam a kasar Chadi
Addini a kasar Chadi
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
22284 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace%20Brigades%20International | Peace Brigades International | Peace Brigades International (PBI) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce aka kafa a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da tamanin da daya 1981 wacce "ke kare 'yancin dan adam da kuma inganta rikice-rikicen da ba na tashin hankali ba". Da farko tana yin hakan ne ta hanyar tura masu sa kai na ƙasa da ƙasa zuwa yankunan da ake rikici, wadanda suka samar da kariya, ba tashin hankali ga mambobin kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam, kungiyoyin kwadago, kungiyoyin manoma da sauransu wadanda ke fuskantar barazanar siyasa. PBI kuma yana ba da damar wasu manufofi na samar da zaman lafiya tsakanin ƙasashe masu rikici. Kungiya ce ta "mara bangaranci" da ba ta tsoma baki cikin harkokin wadanda suke tare da su. A halin yanzu, a cikin Shekara ta 2020, PBI yana da ayyukan filin a Ƙasar Colombia, Guatemala, Honduras, Indonesia, Kenya, Mexico da Nepal Tarihi Byarfafawa da aikin Shanti Sena a kasar Indiya, Peace Brigades International an kafa shi a cikin Shekara ta 1981 ta ƙungiyar masu gwagwarmayar tashin hankali, ciki har da Narayan Desai, George Willoughby, Charles Walker, Raymond Magee, Jamie Diaz da Murray Thomson A cikin shekarar 1983, yayin yakin Contra, PBI ya aika da tawagar zaman lafiya na gajeren lokaci zuwa Jalapa, Nicaragua suna sanya kansu tsakanin ɓangarorin da ke yaƙi. Wannan aikin ya ci gaba da faɗaɗa shi ta hanyar Shaida don Zaman Lafiya An fara aikin PBI na farko mai tsawo a waccan shekarar a Guatemala (1983-1999, an sake farawa a 2003), sai El Salvador (1987-1992), Sri Lanka (1989-1998), Amurka ta Arewa (1992-1999, a Kanada da Amurka), Colombia (tun 1994), Balkans (1994-2001, haɗin gwiwa tare da wasu ƙungiyoyi), Haiti (1995-2000), Mexico (tun 1998), Indonesia (1999–11, da kuma tun 2015), Nepal (2005 2014), Kenya (tun daga 2013) da Honduras (tun shekara ta 2013). A cikin shekara ta 1989, masu aikin sa kai na PBI sun yi wa rakiyar lambar yabo ta Nobel ta Rigoberta Menchú ziyararta ta farko zuwa Guatemala daga gudun hijira. Sauran mutanen da PBI ta kare sun hada da Amílcar Méndez, Nineth Montenegro da Frank LaRue a Guatemala; da Mario Calixto da Claudia Julieta Duque a Colombia.
Ayyukan haɗin gwiwa na kariya na ƙasa da PBI suka haɓaka kuma suka fara, ya faɗakar da irin wannan aikin ta wasu ƙungiyoyi da yawa, ciki har da Shuɗi don Aminci, ƙungiyoyin Aminci na Kirista, ƙungiyoyin Salama na Musamman, ƙungiyoyin Aminci na vioasa ƙasa ta Kariya, ƙungiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Duniya da Meta Peace ƙungiyar Ƙungiya PBI ƙungiya ce ta ƙungiya wacce take amfani da yanke shawara Ba tsari bane a tsari. Akwai bangarori daban-daban guda uku ga tsarin PBI gabaɗaya, waɗanda sune ƙungiyoyin ƙasa, Ayyuka na ,ƙasa, da Matakin ƙasa (wanda ya ƙunshi Babban Taron PBI, Majalisar Internationalasa ta Duniya (IC), da ƙungiyar Ayyuka ta Duniya (IOC)) Ana gudanar da taron kasa da kasa duk bayan shekaru uku, wanda mambobi daga ko'ina cikin kungiyar ke halarta, don nazari da kuma gyara alkiblar shirin kowace kasa.
Yan agaji PBI na jan hankalin masu sa kai daga bangarori daban-daban don aikinta a cikin ayyukan filin. Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Holland, Ireland, Italy, Mexico, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, da Amurka a tsakanin sauran kasashe da yawa duk sun samu wakilci a tsakanin kungiyar bada agaji ta PBI. Dole ne masu aikin sa kai su dage sosai don ba da tashin hankali ba, kuma duk masu neman izini dole ne su halarci horo mai zurfi inda suke koyon falsafar rashin tashin hankali, dabarun rashin tashin hankali, da ƙarfin ƙungiya. Duk masu aikin sa kai dole ne su kasance masu iya magana da Sifanisanci don ayyukan Mexico, Guatemalan da Colombia, kuma duk masu aikin sa kai don shirin Nepalese dole ne su iya Turanci sosai kuma su sami fahimtar Nepali. Mai nema bazai zama ɗan ƙasa ba na ƙasar da suke son aiki a ciki, kuma dole ne ya iya yin ƙaramar ƙaddamarwa na shekara guda.
Baya ga shiga cikin ayyukan filin, akwai kuma damar mutane su sami damar yin aikin sa kai a cikin kungiyoyin ƙasar PBI.
Lambobin yabo Peace Brigades International ta sami lambobin yabo da yawa saboda aikinta, ciki har da Memorial Per la Pau "Josep Vidal I Llecha" (1989), da Friedrich Siegmund-Schultze Förderpreis (1995, PBI-Germany), Memorial de la Paz y la Solidaridad Entre los Pueblos (1995), Kyautar Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya (1996) da Aachener International Peace Prize (1999), Medalla Comemorativa de la Paz (1999), lambar yabo ta Martin Ennals na Masu Kare Hakkin Dan Adam (2001, aikin Colombia), da Kyautar Jaime Brunet (2011).
Ayyuka da ƙungiyoyi
Ayyukan filin
Ƙungiyoyin ƙasa
Duba kuma Jerin kungiyoyin yaki da yaki
Ambato
Manazarta
Kara karantawa
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Muhalli
Ƴancin Ɗan Adam
Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki
Ƴancin muhalli
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13336 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama%20Teresa | Mama Teresa | Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu (an haifi Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu, Albanian: a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, Shekara ta alif 1910, zuwa 5 ga watan Satumba, Shekara ta alif 1997), wacce akafi sani a matsayin Mother Teresa da kuma girmama a cikin cocin Katolika a matsayin Saint Teresa na Calcutta, an Albanian Indian Roman Katolika Nun, da mishan An haife ta ne a Skopje (yanzu itace babban birnin Arewacin Makedonia sannan wani ɓangare na Kosovo Vilayet na Daular Ottoman. Bayan ta zauna a Skopje shekaru goma sha takwas, sai tai ƙaura zuwa Ireland sannan kuma ta tafi Indiya, inda ta zauna mafi yawan rayuwarta.
A shekarar alif 1950, Teresa ta kafa Mishanarai na Tallafawa, a wani taron addini na Roman Katolika wanda ya kai 4,500 na nunsshekarana aukuwa a kasashe 133 a shekarata 2012. Ikilisiya tana kula da gidaje don mutanen da ke mutuwa ta HIV AIDS, kuturta da tarin fuka Hakanan yana gudanar da dafa abinci na dafa abinci, kayan dafa abinci, asibitocin tafi-da-gidanka, shirye-shiryen ba da shawara ga yara da na iyali, harma da marayu da makarantu. Wakilai suna yin alwashi na tsabta, talauci, da biyayya, sannan kuma suna yin alƙawarin hudun don ba da "yardar rai kyauta ga matalautan matalauta." Teresa ta samu karramawa da dama, ciki har da 1962 Ramon Magsaysay Peace Prize da kuma 1979 Nobel Peace Prize Ta kasance sananne a ranar 4 ga watan Satumbar, shekarata 2016, kuma ranar tunawa da mutuwarta (5 ga watan Satumba) ita ce ranar bikinta Wani mutum mai rikitarwa a rayuwarsa da kuma bayan mutuwarta, mutane da yawa suna alfahari da Teresa saboda aikinta na kyautatawa. An yaba mata da yin Allah wadai kan lamurra daban-daban, irin su ra'ayoyinta game da zubar da ciki da hana haihuwa, kuma ana sukar ta da mummunan yanayi a cikin gidajen ta na masu mutuwa. Navin Chawla ne ya rubuta tarihinta wanda aka ba da izini kuma aka buga shi a Shekara ta alif 1992, kuma ta kasance 'yan fim da sauran littattafai.A 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, Teresa da St-Francis Xavier an ba su sunayen abokan tarayya na Archdiocese na Roman Katolika na Calcutta.
Tarihin Rayuwa
Farkon rayuwa An haifi Teresa Anjezë Gonxhe (ko Gonxha) Bojaxhiu Albanian: Anjezë ne cognate na "Agnes". Gonxhe yana nufin "furebud" ko "karamar fure" a cikin Albanian a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, Shekara ta alif 1910 a cikin dangin Kosovar Albanian a Skopje (yanzu babban birnin Arewacin Makedoniya Daular Ottoman An yi mata baftisma a Skopje, kwana bayan haifuwarta. Daga baya ta yi la’akari da ranar 27 ga watan Agusta, ranar da aka yi mata baftisma, ‘bikinta na gaskiya’. Ta kasance ƙaramar yarinyar Nikollë da Dranafile Bojaxhiu (Bernai). Mahaifinta, wanda ke da hannu a cikin siyasar Albaniya a cikin Ottoman Macedonia, ya mutu a shekara ta alif 1919, lokacin yana dan shekara takwas. Wataƙila ya fito ne daga Prizren, Kosovo, kuma wataƙila mahaifiyarta ta fito ne daga ƙauyen kusa da Gjakova Dangane da tarihin daga Joan Graff Clucas, Teresa ta kasance a cikin shekarunta lokacin da labaru game da rayuwar mishaneri da hidimarsu a Bengal ya burge ta har ta kai shekara 12, ta hakikance cewa yakamata ta sadaukar da rayuwarta ga addini. Shirin ta ya ƙarfafa a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta, Shekara ta alif 1928, yayin da tayi addu'a a farfajiyar Madonna na Madina na Vitina-Letnice, inda ta saba yin aikin haji Teresa ta bar gida a shekarar alif 1928, yayin da take da Shekara 18, don shiga Sisters of Loreto a Loreto Abbey a Rathfarnham, Ireland, don koyan Turanci tare da ra'ayin zama mishan; Ingilishi shine harshen koyar da Yan'uwa mata na Loreto a Indiya. Ba ta taɓa ganin mahaifiyarta ko ƙanwarta ba. Iyalinta sun zauna a Skopje har zuwa shekarar alif 1934, lokacin da suka ƙaura zuwa Tirana Ta isa Indiya a Shekara ta alif 1929 kuma ta fara ta novitiate a Darjeeling, a cikin ƙananan Himalayas, inda ta koya Bengali da kuma koyarwa a St. Teresa ta School dake kusa da Conven dinta. Teresa ta dauki alwashin farko na addini a ranar 24 ga watan Mayu, Shekara ta alif 1931. Ta zaɓi zama mai suna bayan Thérèse de Lisieux, mai tsaro na mishan na mishan; saboda wata macen zawara a cikin gidan masarautar ta riga ta za bi wannan suna, Agnes ya zaɓi yaren rubutun Mutanen Espanya (Teresa). Teresa ta yi alƙawura a ranar 14 ga watan Mayu, Shekara ta alif 1937, yayin da take malama a makarantar koyar da adami ta Loreto a gabashin Calcutta. Ta yi aiki a wurin kusan kusan shekaru ashirin kuma an nada ta a matsayin shugabar mata a shekarar alif 1944. Duk da cewa Teresa ta ji daɗin koyarwa a makarantar, amma ta damu sosai da talaucin da ke kewaye da ita a Calcutta Yunwar Bengal na shekarar alif 1943, ya kawo tashin hankali da mutuwa a cikin birni, kuma Ranar Yakin 1946 kai tsaye ya fara lokacin tashin hankalin Musulmi da Hindu.
Mishan cikin Sadaka A ranar 10 ga watan Satumba, shekarar alif 1946, Teresa ta sami abin da ta bayyana daga baya a matsayin "kira a cikin kira" lokacin da ta yi tafiya ta jirgin ƙasa zuwa wurin ajiyar kayayyaki na Loreto a Darjeeling daga Calcutta don komawar ta shekara-shekara. "Ya kamata in fita daga cikin tashoshin don taimakon talakawa yayin da nake zaune a cikinsu. Umarni ne. Rashin faɗuwa dã ya kasance yana rushe imani. Daga baya Joseph Langford ya rubuta, "Ko da yake ba wanda ya san shi a lokacin, 'yar'uwar Teresa ta zama Uwar Teresa". Ta fara aikin mishan tare da matalauta a cikin shekarar alif 1948, sauya al'ada ta Loreto ta al'ada tare da sari, farin auduga sari tare da shudin iyaka. Teresa ta amince da zama ɗan baƙon Indiya, ta yi watanni da yawa a Patna don karɓar horo na asali a Asibitin Holy Family kuma ta shiga cikin tutocin. Ta kafa makaranta a Motijhil, Kolkata, kafin ta fara kula da matalauta da masu fama da yunwa. A farkon shekarar alif 1949, wasu gungun matasa mata sun hadar da Teresa a cikin kokarin ta, sannan ta aza harsashin kafa sabuwar kungiyar addini da ke taimaka wa "mafi talauci a cikin matalauta". Kokarin ta ya ja hankalin jami’an Indiya cikin hanzari, gami da Firayim Minista. Teresa ta rubuta a cikin rubutunta cewa shekarar ta farko tana fama da wahala. Ba tare da samun kuɗin shiga ba, ta roƙi abinci da kayan abinci da ƙwarewar shakku, kadaici da jaraba don dawowa cikin ta'aziyyar rayuwar duniya yayin waɗannan farkon watanni: Ubangijinmu nason in zama yantattar mai bauta wacce aka lullube cikin talaucin yesu, A yau, na ilimantu da darussa masu kyau. Talaucin talaka dole yayi masu tsanani, sanda nake neman gida nayi tafiya har saida kafafuna sukayi ciwo, nayi tunanin cewa tyaushe ne zasu bar wannan ciwo ga rayuwata, ina neman gida, abinci da lafiya. Sai jindadin loreto yashafe ni, yace kawai ki fadi Kalmar duk wani abu zai zama naki, haka dai mai shafar yacigaba da cewa..., cikin budaddiyar zabi, Dan Allah na kuma dan sona agare ki, na zaba inyi komi danke bazan bar wani hawaye ya sauka daga ida nunki ba.
A ranar 7 ga watan Oktoba, Shekara ta alif 1950, Teresa ta sami izini daga Vatican don ikilisiyar diocesan, wanda zai zama mishaneri na Sadaka. A cikin maganganun ta, zai kula da "masu fama da yunwa, tsirara, marasa gida, guragu, makafi, kutare, duk waɗannan mutanen da suke jin ƙin sonsu, marasa ƙauna, waɗanda ba su kula da su ba a duk faɗin jama'a, mutanen da suka zama nauyi ga jama'a kuma kowa ya nisanta dashi A shekarar alif 1952, Teresa ta buɗe hospice dinta na farko da taimako jami'ai daga Calcutta. Ta sauya hanikalin Hindu da aka yi watsi da ita zuwa Gidan Kalighat na Mutuwa, kyauta ne ga matalauta, ta kuma sanya mata suna Kalighat, Gidan Zuciyar Mai Tsabta (Nirmal Hriday). Wadanda kawo wa gida samu likita da hankali da kuma damar da za su mutu tare da mutunci a cikin daidai da ban-gaskiyarsu: Musulmi suna karanta Kur'ani, 'yan Hindu samu ruwa daga ganges, kuma Katolika samu matsananci unction "Kyakkyawan mutuwa", in ji Teresa, "don mutane waɗanda suka rayu kamar dabbobi su mutu kamar mala'iku suna ƙauna da so." Ta buɗe ofishi ga waɗanda ke da kuturta, suna kiranta Shanti Nagar (Birnin Zaman Lafiya). Kungiyoyin mishan na Agaji sun kafa cibiyoyin cutar kuturta, a ko'ina cikin Calcutta, suna ba da magunguna, riguna da abinci. Mishan din na Agaji sun karu da yawaitar yara marasa gida; a shekarar alif 1955, Teresa ta bude Nirmala Shishu Bhavan, Gidan Yaran Yara na Zuciya, a zaman mafaka ga marayu da matasa marasa gida. Ikilisiyar ta yafara jawo hankalin ma'aikata da gudummawowi, kuma har ya zuwa shekarar 1960, sun bude ofisoshin marayu, gidajen marayu da gidajen kuturu a cikin ko'ina na kasar Indiya. Daga nan Teresa ta faɗaɗa ikilisiya a ƙasar waje, ta buɗe gida a Venezuela a shekara ta alif 1965, tare da ’yan’uwa mata biyar. An bi gidaje a Italiya (Rome), Tanzania da Austria a cikin shekarar 1968, kuma a cikin shekarun 1970 ikilisiya ta buɗe gidaje da tushe a Amurka da dama ƙasashe a Asiya, Afirka da Turai. An kafa mishan na Missionaries of Charity Brothers a shekarar alif 1963, kuma reshe ne mai dauke da tunani na San’uwa ya biyo baya a shekarar 1976. Lay Katolika da waɗanda ba Katolika ba sun sami rajista a cikin -kungiyar Ma'aikata na Uwar Teresa, Masu aikin Marasa lafiya da wahala, da kuma mishan na Ma'aikatan Sadaka. Da yake amsa buƙatu daga firistoci da yawa, a cikin Shekara ta alif 1981, Mama Teresa ta kafa kungiyar Corpus Christi Movement na Firistoci tare da Joseph Langford mishaneri na Ubanni a cikin Shekara ta alif 1984, don haɗu da manufofin sana'a na mishan na ba da agaji tare da kayan aikin rayuwar firistoci. Ya zuwa shekarar alif 1997, majami'ar Calcutta mai mambobi 13 sun girma zuwa fiye da 'yan'uwa mata 4,000 waɗanda ke kula da marayu, gidajen kula da cutar kanjamau da cibiyoyin bayar da agaji a duk duniya, suna kula da' yan gudun hijirar, makafi, nakasassu, tsofaffi, mashaya giya, gajiyayyu da marasa gida da waɗanda ambaliyar ta shafa, annoba da kuma yunwa. A shekara ta 2007, mishan mishan na Charity ya ƙididdige kimanin 'yan’uwa 450 da ’yan’uwa mata 5,000 a duk duniya, waɗanda ke aiki mishan 600, makarantu da mafaka a cikin ƙasashe 120.
Sadaka ta kasa da kasa Teresa ta ce, "Da jini, Ni dan Albaniya ne. Ta zama ɗan ƙasa, Ba'indiye ne. Ta wurin bangaskiya, ni wata mazhabar Katolika ce. Game da kirana, ni na duniya ce. "Game da zuciyata, gaba daya na daga cikin zuciyar Yesu ne." Luwararru cikin harsuna biyar-Bengali, Albanian, Serbian, Turanci da Hindi ta yi tafiye-tafiye na lokaci-lokaci a wajen India saboda dalilai na bil-adama. A tsaunin Siege na Beirut a shekarar 1982, Teresa ta ceci yara 37 da aka makale a wani asibiti kafin ta hanyar tsagaita wuta na wucin gadi tsakanin sojojin Isra’ila da masu gwagwarmayar Falasdinawa.Tare da ma'aikatan kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross, ta bi ta yankin yaki zuwa asibiti don kwashe matasa marasa lafiya. Lokacin da gabashin Turai ta sami karuwa a ƙarshen 1980s, Teresa ta faɗaɗa ƙoƙarinta ga ƙasashen Kwaminisanci waɗanda suka ƙi Mishan Mishan na Sadaka. Ta fara shirye-shirye da dama, ba tare da wata damuwa ba game da matsayinta na hana zubar da ciki da kisan aure: "Babu wanda ya ce menene, ya kamata ka karba shi da murmushi ka yi aikinka." Ta ziyarci Armenia bayan girgizar kasa na 1988 kuma ta sadu da Nikolai Ryzhkov, Shugaban Majalisar Ministocin Teresa ta yi tafiya don taimakawa masu fama da yunwa a Habasha, wadanda suka kamu da radadin cutar a Chernobyl da kuma wadanda girgizar ta shafa a Armenia. A 1991, ta koma Albania a karon farko, inda ta buɗe Ofishin mishan na Charity Brothers gida a Tirana A shekarar 1996, Teresa ta fara aiki da misalai 517 a cikin kasashe sama da 100. Mishanninta na Rahamar sun karu daga goma sha biyu zuwa dubbai, suna masu hidimar "matalautan matalauta" a cibiyoyi 450 na duniya. An kafa Ofishin mishan na farko na Charity a cikin Amurka a yankin South Bronx na New York City, kuma har ya zuwa shekarar 1984 ikilisiya tana gudanar da rukunoni 19 a cikin ƙasar.
Karayar lafiya da mutuwa Teresa ta sami bugun zuciya a Rome a 1983 yayin da ta ke ziyartar Paparoma John Paul II Bayan harin na biyu a 1989, ta sami na'urar bugun zuciya A 1991, bayan cutar huhu a Mexico,tana da karin matsalolin zuciya. Kodayake Teresa ta ba da shawarar yin murabus a matsayin shugabar mishan na Sadaka, a cikin wata takaddar sirri da 'yar'uwar ikilisiyar suka zabe ta ta ci gaba kuma ta yarda ta ci gaba. A watan Afrilun 1996,ta fadi,ta karya kashinta na wuya, kuma bayan wata hudu ta kamu da zazzabin cizon sauro da ciwon zuciya Kodayake Teresa ta yi aikin tiyata, amma lafiyar ta tana raguwa. A cewar Akbishop na Calcutta Henry Sebastian D’Souza, ya umarci wani firist da ya yi aikin fitarwa (tare da izininsa) lokacin da aka garzaya da ita asibiti da matsalolin bugun zuciya saboda yana tunanin watakila shaidan ne ya same shi. A ranar 13 Maris 1997 Teresa ta yi murabus a matsayin shugabar Mishan of Charity, kuma ta mutu ne a ranar 5 ga Satumba. Lokacin da ta mutu, mishaneri na Sadaka yana da 'yan'uwa mata sama da 4,000 da kuma ɗan uwan mambobi 300 waɗanda ke aiki a ofisoshi 610 a cikin ƙasashe 123. Waɗannan sun haɗa da baƙi da gidaje ga mutanen da ke ɗauke da kwayar cutar HIV, AIDS, kuturta da tarin fuka, dafaffen dafa abinci, shirye-shiryen kula da yara da na yara, marayu da makarantu. Missionungiyar mishan ta Charan agaji ta taimaka da abokan aikinta waɗanda suka ƙidaya sama da miliyan ɗaya a shekarun 1990. Teresa ta ajiye a cikin wani akwati da aka bude a St Thomas, Calcutta, tsawon mako guda kafin jana'izarta. Ta samu jana'izar hukuma daga gwamnatin Indiya bisa godiya saboda hidimta wa talakawan dukkan addinai a kasar. Taimakawa ta hanyar firistoci guda biyar, Sakatariyar Kudi ta Kasa Angelo Sodano, wakilin Paparoma, ya yi bikin ƙarshe. Mutuwar Teresa ta kasance makoki a cikin mutane da kuma al'ummomin addini. Firayim Minista na Pakistan Nawaz Sharif ya kira ta "mutum ne da baƙonsa ba kuma wanda ya daɗe yana da babban buri. Tsawon rayuwarta tsawon rai ga kulawa da talakawa, marassa lafiya, da nakasassu na daga cikin mafi girman misalai na bautarmu ga bil'adama. A cewar tsohon Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, "Ita ce Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Tana da zaman lafiya a duniya".
Martabawa da karɓuwa
Indiya Gwamnatin Indiya ta fara amincewa da Teresa da farko ne a fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na farkon ƙarni, ta karɓi Padma Shri a shekarar alif 1962, da lambar yabo ta Jawaharlal Nehru don Fahimtar ƙasa da ƙasa a shekarar alif 1969. Daga baya ta sami wasu lambobin yabo na Indiya, wadanda suka hada da Bharat Ratna (lambar yabo mafi girma a Indiya) a shekarar alif 1980. Littafin tarihin Teresa wanda Navin Chawla ya wallafa, a cikin Shekara ta alif 1992. A cikin Kolkata, wasu 'Hindu bauta mata a matsayin abin bauta. Don tunawa da bikin cikarta shekara 100 da haihuwar ta, gwamnatin Indiya ta bayar da tsabar kudi 5 na musamman (yawan kudin da Teresa ta samu lokacin da ta je Indiya) a ranar 28 ga watan Agusta, shekarar 2010. Shugaba Pratibha Patil ta ce, "Clad cikin fararen sari mai launin shudi, ita da 'yan uwan Mishan na Charity sun zama alamar ta bege ga mutane da yawa tsofaffi, gajiyayyu, marasa aikin yi, marasa lafiya, marasa lafiya, marasa lafiya. da akayi watsi dasu daga iyalansu. Ra'ayoyin Indiya akan Teresa ba masu dacewa ba kamar yadda kowane dan kasan ke ganinta. Aroup Chatterjee, likita ne da aka haife shi a Calcutta wanda ya kasance mai fafutuka a cikin tatsuniyar biranen shekaru kusan 1980 kafin ya koma Burtaniya, ya ce "bai ma taɓa ganin wata tsawa ba a cikin waɗannan rukunin gidajen". Binciken nasa, wanda ya hada da tambayoyi sama da 100 tare da masu sa kai, da sanatoci da kuma wasu da suka saba da mishan Mishanai, an bayyana su a cikin littafin 2003. da ke da masaniyar Teresa. Chatterjee ta soki ta game da gabatar da "al'adar wahala" da mummunan gurbata ta Calcutta, yin karin gishiri game da aikin da aka yi mata ta hanyar amfani da kudi da kuma gata a wajen ta. A cewarsa, wasu matsalolin tsabtace tsabta da ya soki (na sake amfani da allura, alal misali) bayan mutuwar Teresa a Shekara ta alif 1997. Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya, mayor na Kolkata daga shekarar 2005 zuwa 2010, ya ce "ba ta da wani tasiri a kan talakawa na wannan birni", ta sami lafiya a maimakon ta yi maganin ta kuma ta ba da labarin gari: "Babu shakka akwai talauci a Calcutta, amma ba ta taɓa kasance wani gari na kutare da masu bara ba, kamar yadda UwaTeresa ta gabatar da shi. A gefen Hindu, Jam'iyyar Bharatiya Janata ta yi karo da Teresa a kan Christian Dalits amma ta yaba mata a cikin mutuwa kuma ta aiko da wakili don yi mata jana'izarta. Ita dai Vishwa Hindu Parishad, ta yi adawa da matakin da gwamnati ta dauka na yi mata jana’iza. Sakatare Giriraj Kishore ta ce "aikinta na farko shine Cocin da hidimar zamantakewa ba ta faru ba", inda ta zarge ta da fifita Kiristoci da kuma yin “baftisma a ɓoye” na masu mutuwa. A wani gaban-shafin, fortnightly frontline ta sallami zargin a matsayin "patently na ƙarya" kuma ya bayyana cewa suna da "yi wani tasiri a kan jama'a ji na ta aikin, musamman a Calcutta". Wanda ya yaba da "kulawa ta rashin son kai", karfin jiki da jarumkntaka, marubucin lambar yabo ya soki kamfen din da Teresa takeyi inkari game da zubar da ciki da kuma ikirarin ta na siyasa. A watan Fabrairu na shekarar 2015, Mohan Bhagwat, shugaban kungiyar kare hakkin reshen Hindu, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, ya ce manufar Teresa ita ce "maida mutumin, wanda ake yi masa hidima, ya zama Kirista". Tsohon kakakin kungiyar ta RSS MG Vaidhya ya goyi bayan kimantawar Bhagwat, kuma kungiyar ta zargi kafofin watsa labarai da "gurbata gaskiya game da kalaman Bhagwat". Dan majalisar wakilai na Trinamool Derek O'Brien, shugaban CPI Atul Anjan da kuma babban ministan Delhi Arvind Kejriwal sun nuna rashin amincewarsu da zancen da Bhagwat yayi.
Wani wurin Teresa ta karbi kyautar Ramon Magsaysay Award dan zaman lafiya da fahimtar duniya, an bata ne dan aikinta a South or East Asia, a shekarar alif 1962. Acewar wallafin, "Kungiyar amintattu sun martaba ta dan tausayawan ta akan talaucin wasu kasashe, wanda akan wannan aikin ne ta fara sabon taron addini".A farkon 1970s, ta zama wata gwarzuwa a duniya. shaharar za'a iya dangana shi da Malcolm Muggeridge's 1969 documentary, Something Beautiful for God, da Kuma littafinsa na 1971 mai wannan sunan. Wanda Muggeridge ke kokarin tafiyar da rayuwarsa tsaftatacciya. Lokacin daukar fim, wani dauka da akayi a yanayin haske mara tasiri. anyi tunanin zai zama anfani ne ga masu aikin.
A kusan wannan lokacin, duniyar Katolika ta fara girmama Teresa a bainar jama'a. Fafaroma Paul VI ya ba ta lambar yabo ta Paparoma John XXIII P kyautar zaman lafiya a shekara ta alif 1971, inda ta yaba da aikinta tare da talakawa, nuna irin gudummawar kirista da kokarin tabbatar da zaman lafiya, kuma ta sami kyautar ta Pacem a Terris Award a shekarar alif 1976. Bayan mutuwarta, Teresa ta sami ci gaba cikin sauri a kan hanyar zuwa saint Gwamnatoci da kungiyoyin farar hula sun karrama ta, sannan ta nada wani wakilin girmamawa na Umarni na Australiya a Shekara ta alif 1982. "don hidimtawa al'ummar Australiya da dan adam baki daya". Kasar Burtaniya da Amurka sun ba wasu lambobin yabo masu yawa, wadanda suka kammala a cikin Lamarin Ingantawa a shekarar alif 1983. da zama dan kasa na Amurka mai girmamawa a ranar 16 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar alif 1996. Kasar Teresa ta kasar Albania ta ba ta lambar Zinare ta Jama'a a Shekara ta alif 1994, amma karbarta da wannan lamarin da Haitian Legion of Honor ta kasance mai rikitarwa. An soki Teresa da cikakken goyon baya ga Duvaliers da rashawa na 'yan kasuwa irin su Charles Keating da Robert Maxwell Ta rubuta wa alkalin shari'ar Keating, inda ta nemi a bashi damar. Jami'o'i a Indiya da yamma sun ba ta digirin girmamawa. Sauran lambobin yabo na farar hula sun hada da lambar yabo ta Balzan don inganta bil'adama, zaman lafiya da 'yan uwantaka tsakanin al'umma (1978) da Albert Schweitzer International Prize (1975). A watan Afrilun, Shekara ta alif 1976, Teresa ta ziyarci Jami'ar Scranton da ke arewa maso gabashin Pennsylvania, inda ta karbi lambar yabo ta La Storta don Bautar da 'Yan Adam daga shugaban jami'a William J. Byron Ta kalubalanci masu sauraronta da suka kai 4,500 don suje gidajensu "kusan talakawa a cikin gidanku da makwabta na gida", ciyar da wasu ko kuma kawai yada farin ciki da ƙauna, kuma ya ci gaba da cewa: “Matalauta zasu taimaka mana mu girma cikin tsarkakakku, domin sune Kristi a cikin dabara ce ta wahala A watan Agusta, shekarar alif 1987, Teresa ta sami likita mai daraja ta digiri na ilimin zamantakewa, don karɓar hidimarta da ma'aikatanta don taimakawa gajiyayyu da marasa lafiya, daga jami'a. Ta yi magana da ɗalibai sama da 4,000 da memba na Diocese of Scranton game da hidimarta ga "matalauta", tare da gaya masu su "yi ƙananan abubuwa da ƙauna mai girma". A Shekara ta alif 1979, Teresa ta sami kyautar Nobel Peace Prize "akan aikinta da ta gudanar dan kaudar da talauci da damuwa wanda suma ke kawo matsala ga zaman lafiya". Ta ki ta amince da taron tace kudin ta $192,000 a baiwa talakawa dake kasar Indiya tare da cewa lada a duniya suna da amfani ne kawai idan anyi aiki dasu wurin taimakon masu karamin karfi. rewards were important only if they helped her to help the world's ne. When Teresa received the prize she was asked, "What can we do to promote world peace?" She answered, "Go home and love your family." Building on this theme in her Nobel lecture, she said: "Around the world, not only in the poor countries, but I found the poverty of the West so much more difficult to remove. When I pick up a person from the street, hungry, I give him a plate of rice, a piece of bread, I have satisfied. I have removed that hunger. But a person that is shut out, that feels unwanted, unloved, terrified, the person that has been thrown out from society that poverty is so hurtable and so much, and I find that very difficult." Teresa singled out abortion as "the greatest destroyer of peace today. Because if a mother can kill her own child what is left for me to kill you and you kill me there is nothing between."
Barbara Smoker of the secular humanist magazine The Freethinker criticised Teresa after the Peace Prize award, saying that her promotion of Catholic moral teachings on abortion and contraception diverted funds from effective methods to solve India's problems. At the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing, Teresa said: "Yet we can destroy this gift of motherhood, especially by the evil of abortion, but also by thinking that other things like jobs or positions are more important than loving."
A lokacin rayuwarta, Teresa tana daga cikin manyan mata 10 da suka fi fice a duk shekara Gallup wanda ya fi cancanta ga maza da mata su jefa kuri'u 18, sun kammala da yawa a shekarar alif 1980 da 1990. A cikin Shekara ta alif 1999. ta jagoranci jerin mutanen da aka fi so a cikin karni na 20 na Gallup, jefa duk wasu amsoshi da aka ba su ta hanyar iyakokin da yawa, kuma ya kasance na farko a cikin manyan rukunan jama'a banda na matasa.
Suuka A cewar wata takarda daga masana ilimin Kanada Serge Larivée, Geneviève Chénard da Carole Sénéchal, asibitocin Teresa sun karbi miliyoyin daloli a cikin abubuwan gudummawa amma ba su da magani, tsarin bincike, ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki da isasshen nazari ga waɗanda ke jin ciwo; a cikin ra'ayin masana ilimi guda uku, "Mama Teresa ta yarda cewa mara lafiya dole ne ya sha wahala kamar Kristi a kan gicciye". An ce karin kudin zai iya canza lafiyar marasa galihu na garin ta hanyar samar da cibiyoyin kula da lafiya. Daya daga cikin wadanda suka fi sukar Teresa ita ce yar jaridar Ingilishi, mai sukar litattafan rubuyoci kuma mai adawa da Christopher Hitchens, mai gabatar da ra’ayin Jaridar Hell's Angel (1994) kuma marubucin labarin Fim The Missionary Position: Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice (1995) wanda ya rubuta a labarin 2003 "Wannan ya dawo da mu zuwa ga cin hanci da rashawa na majami'a, wanda ke sayar da attajirai ga ma'abuta yayin da suke wa'azin wutar jahannama da tsinkaye ga talaka. [Uwar Teresa] ba abokin talakawa ba ne. Ta kasance aminin talauci Ta ce wahala wahala ce daga Allah. Ta yi amfani da rayuwarta wajen yin adawa da kawai hanyar magance cutar talauci, wanda shine karfafawa mata da ficewar su daga tsarin dabbobin da aka tilasta mata. Ya zargi ta da munafinci saboda zabar magani na gaba don yanayin zuciyarta. Hitchens ya ce "niyyarsa ba ta taimaka wa mutane ba", kuma ta yi karya ga masu ba da gudummawa game da yadda ake amfani da gudummawar da suke bayarwa. "Ta hanyar magana da ita ne na gano, kuma ta ba ni tabbacin, ba ta bakin kokarin rage talauci", in ji shi, "tana kokarin fadada yawan mabiya darikar Katolika. Ta ce, 'Ni ba ma'aikacin zamantakewa ba ne. Ba na yi ne saboda wannan dalili. Ina yi domin Kiristi. Ina yi wa cocin. Kodayake Hitchens yana tunanin shi ne kawai shaida da Vatican ta kira, an kuma kira Aroup Chatterjee (marubucin Uwar Teresa: Labarin Untold don gabatar da hujjoji masu adawa da bugun Teresa da canonization; Vatican ta cire al'ada ta mai ba da shawarar shaidan wanda ya yi aiki da irin wannan manufa. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin zubar da ciki sun kuma soki matakin Teresa game da zubar da ciki da kuma hana haihuwa.
Rayuwar ruhaniya Analysing her deeds and achievements, Pope John Paul II said: "Where did Mother Teresa find the strength and perseverance to place herself completely at the service of others? She found it in prayer and in the silent contemplation of Jesus Christ, his Holy Face, his Sacred Heart." Privately, Teresa experienced doubts and struggle in her religious beliefs which lasted nearly 50 years (until the end of her life); according to her postulator, Brian Kolodiejchuk, "She felt no presence of God whatsoever, in her heart or in the eucharist". Teresa expressed grave doubts about God's existence and pain over her lack of faith: Kolodiejchuk (jami'in da ke da alhakin tattara hujjoji na canonization) ya yi tunanin cewa rashin jin daɗin da wasu ke yi zai iya cewa sunyi akasin fassara tai, amma imanin da ya yi cewa Allah yana aiki da ita bai cika damuwa ba; duk da cewa ta yi niyyar kusanci da Allah, amma ba ta tuhumi kasancewar sa ba. Teresa na iya fuskantar wani abu mai kama da Yesu, wanda ya ce lokacin da aka gicciye shi: Eli Eli lama sabachthani? ("Ya Allah, Allahna, don me ka yashe ni?" Kolodiejchuk ya zana kwatancen John na 16 na ƙarni na Yahaya na Giciye, wanda ya ambaci kalmar Duhun Duhun Jiya Sauran tsarkaka (ciki har da Teresa mai suna Thérèse na Lisieux, waɗanda suka kira shi "daren rashin kome") sun sami irin wannan goguwar bushewar ruhaniya A cewar James Langford, wadannan shakku ba su da wata ma'ana kuma ba zai kawo cikas ga canonization ba. Bayan shekaru goma cikin shakku, Teresa ta bayyana ɗan taƙaitaccen lokacin da sabuwar bangaskiya. Bayan mutuwar Paparoma Pius XII a shekarar alif 1958, tana yi masa addu'ar bukukuwan a lokacin da aka sami sauki daga "dogon duhu: wannan baƙon wahalar." Koyaya, mako biyar baya bushewar ruhaniyarta ta dawo. Teresa ta rubuta wasiƙu da yawa ga waɗanda ke ba da tabbaci da kuma manyanta a cikin shekaru 66, musamman ga Calcutta Archbishop Ferdinand Perier da Jesuit firist Celeste van Exem (mashawarcinta na ruhaniya tun samuwar mishan Mishan). Ta nemi a lalata wasiƙun ta, kasancewar ta damu da cewa "mutane za su ƙara yin la'akari da ni ƙasa da Yesu." Koyaya, an tattara rubutun a cikin Mama Teresa: Kuzo Ku kasance Haske na Teresa ta rubuta wa Mika'ilu amintacce na ruhaniya Michael van der Peet, “Yesu yana da ƙauna ta musamman a gare ku. Amma ni, shuru da wofi suna da yawa, da na duba ban gani ba saurara kuma ban ji ba harshe yana motsawa [cikin addu'a] amma ba ya magana. Ina so ku yi mini addu'a cewa na bar Shi ya yi kyauta. A Deus Caritas Est (farkon encyclical Paparoma Benedict XVI da aka ambata Teresa sau uku da kuma amfani da ita rayuwa don bayyana daya daga cikin encyclical ta babban maki: "A cikin misali na Albarka Teresa na Calcutta da muke da wata hujja hoto da cewa lokaci ya sadaukar Allah cikin addu'o'i bawai kawai baya yanke hukunci daga aiki mai kyau da soyayya ga makwabcinmu amma a zahiri shine tushen wannan aikin. Ta rubuta, "Ta hanyar addu'o'in tunani ne da karatun ruhi ne kawai zamu iya samar da kyautar addu'a." Kodayake ba a haɗa da odarta ba tare da umarnin Franciscan, Teresa tana sha'awar Francis na Assisi kuma ta kasance mai tasiri ga ruhaniyar Franciscan.'Yan uwan Mata da Sadaka suna karanta addu'o'in Saint Francis kowace safiya a Mass a lokacin godiya bayan tarayya, kuma girmamansu ga ma'aikatar da alkawarin da yawa yayi daidai da nata. Francis ya jaddada talauci, tsabta, biyayya da biyayya ga Kristi. Ya sadaukar da mafi yawan rayuwarsa wajen bautar da talakawa, musamman kutare.
Canonization
Mu'ujiza da beatifaication Bayan Teresa ta mutu a shekara ta alif 1997, sai Holy See ya fara aiwatar da beatification (na biyu daga uku matakai wajen canonization da kuma Kolodiejchuk aka nada postulator da Diocese na Calcutta Ko da yake ya ce, "Ba mu tabbatar da cewa ta kasance cikakke ko kuma ba ta taɓa yin kuskure ba dole ne ya tabbatar da cewa kyawun Teresa jarumi ne. Kolodiejchuk ya gabatar da takardu 76, jimilla shafi 35,000, wadanda suka danganci hirar da shaidu 113 wadanda aka nemi su amsa tambayoyi 263. A tsari na canonization bukatar takardun na wani mu'ujiza sakamakon daga cẽto na yiwuwa saint. A shekara ta 2002 ne aka gano cewa Vatican ta zama wata mu'ujiza ta warkar da cutar kumburin ciki a cikin mahaifar Monica Besra, wata mace ‘yar Indiya, bayan da aka yi amfani da wani loka dauke da hoton Teresa. A cewar Besra, gwanayen haske da aka samo daga hoton kuma an warkar da cutar kumburin ta; duk da haka, mijinta da wasu ma'aikatanta na kiwon lafiya sun ce magani na yau da kullun ya kawar da cutar. Dr. Ranjan Mustafi, wanda ya fada wa jaridar New York Times cewa ya yi maganin Besra, ya ce cutar ta haifar da cutar tarin fuka: "Wannan ba wani abin al'ajabi bane Ta dauki magunguna tsawon watanni tara zuwa shekara guda. A cewar mijin Besra, “Likitoci sun warkar da matata ba kuma ta wata mu’ujiza ba Wannan mu'ujiza wannan magana ce. Besra ta ce bayanan likitocin da suka hada da sonogram, magunguna da bayanan likitocin, Sister Betta ta Mishan Matan Sadau ta kwace. A cewar Lokaci, kiran da aka yi wa Sister Betta da ofishin Sister Nirmala (wanda zai gaji Teresa a matsayin shugaban oda) bai amsa wani bayani ba. Jami'ai a Asibitin Balurghat, inda Besra ta nemi magani, sun ce an tilasta masu ne ta hanyar da ta kira magani da ta warke. A cikin watan Fabrairu, na shekarar 2000, tsohon ministan kiwon lafiya na West Bengal Partho De ya ba da umarnin sake duba bayanan likita na Besra a Sashen Lafiya na Kolkata. A cewar De, babu wani sabon abu game da rashin lafiyarta da magani bisa doguwar jinyarta. Ya ce ya ƙi ba da sunan Vatican na likita wanda zai tabbatar da cewa warkewar Monica Besra ta mu’ujiza ce. A lokacin beatification na Teresa da canonization, Roman Curia (ta Vatican) tayi nazari kuma ba a wallafa sukar rayuwarta da aikinta ba. Hitchens da Chatterjee (marubucin The Final Verdict, wani littafi mai mahimmanci na Teresa) ta yi magana da kotun; a cewar jami'an Vatican, binciken da aka gabatar an bincike ne daga Kungiyar da ke Sanadin Sanadin Waliyyan Waliyyan Kungiyar ba ta sami wani cikas ba game da canjin magana na Teresa, kuma ta ba da kewar ta a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun, na shekarar alif 1999. Saboda harin da aka kai mata, wasu marubutan Katolika sun kira ta da alamar sabani Wani kwamiti na daban na likita ya yanke hukuncin cewa mu'ujiza Monica Besra, daya daga cikin ukun da Kolodiejchuk ya dauke, alama ce ta roko na Allah. An kori Teresa a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, shekarar 2003, kuma Katolika sun san shi da "Masu Albarka".
Canonization
A 17 Disamba 2015, offishin yada labarai na Vatican Pope Francis ya gano mu'ujiza na biyu da aka danganta ga Teresa: warkar da mutumin Brazil dauke da brain tumours a 2008.mu'ujizar ta zo cikin gari ne sanda wasu jami'ai dake kula da aiki lokacin shagualan World Youth Day 2013sanda fafaroma ke kasar Brazil awatan Yuli. anyi ta bincike a Brazil daga 19–26 June 2015 wanda daga bisani aka maida zuwa masu aiki na Saints wanda suka bada dokatr cewa cabinciken ya kammalu.
Francis yayi mata canonization, hakan yafaru ne a wani biki a ranar 4 ga Satumbar 2016 a Dandalin St Peter da ke garin Vatican. Dubun-dubatan mutane ne suka halarci bikin, gami da wakilai 15 na gwamnati da kuma mutane 1,500 da ba su da matsuguni daga duk fadin Italiya. An watsa kai tsaye ta hanyar tashar Vatican kuma aka watsa ta yanar gizo; Skopje, garin mahaifar Teresa, ya ba da sanarwar bikin biki na tsawon sati daya. A Indiya, Mishan ɗin Sadarwa ta biki ta Kolkata.
Co-Patron na Calcutta Archdiocese A ranar 4 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, yayin bikin girmama canonization dinta wata shekara ta 1 da ta cancanta, Sister Mary Prema Pierick, Babban shugaba ta na mishan Ofishin Sadaka, ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a sanya Teresa a matsayin malamar cocin Calcutta Archdiocese yayin bikin Mass a cikin Cathedral na Mafi Girma Rosary a 5.30 pm a ranar 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017. A ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, Archbishop Thomas D’Souza, wanda ke zama shugaban Archdiocese na Katolika na Calcutta, ya tabbatar da cewa za a nada Teresa a matsayin mai rikon mukamin Caliota Diocese, tare da Francis Xavier. A ranar 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, kusan mutane 500 suka halarci Mass a wani babban coci inda Dominique Gomes, Babban Vicar na gida, karanta dokar da ta kafa ta a matsayin mataimaki na biyu na mai kare tarihi na archdiocese. D’Souza da jakadan Vatican a Indiya, Giambattista Diquattro, sune suka jagoranci wannan bikin kuma suka gabatar da mutum-mutumi na tagulla a cocin Uwa Teresa dauke da yaro. Cocin Katolika na Roman Katolika ya ba da sanarwar St. Francis Xavier yazama saint na farko na Calcutta a shekarar alif 1986.
Legacy da fitowa a cikin al'adun sanannu
Abun Tunawa Kayay-yakin tarihi da ake tunawa da Teresa kuma sunanta sunan cocin da yawa. Tana da gine-gine, hanyoyi da kuma gidaje masu suna bayanta, gami da filin jirgin saman Albania na duniya Ranar Iya Teresa (Dita e Nënë Terezës), 19 ga Oktoba, hutu ne na jama'a a Albania A shekara ta 2009, an buɗe gidan tunawa da mahaifiyar Teresa a garinsu Skopje, Arewacin Makidoniya An ba da sunan babban cocin Katolika da ke Pristina, Kosovo don girmamawa. Ginin sa, wanda aka fara a shekarar 2011, ya haifar da muhawara a cikin da'irorin musulmai wadanda suka gan shi a matsayin wanda ya karfafa yawan mabiya darikar Katolika a yankin. Musulmin Kosovo sun yi adawa da wani kudurin kafa wata hanyar tunawa da Teresa a garin Peć (a cewar masu fafutuka, kashi 98 cikin dari) Musulmai sun yi adawa da kafa ta a Kosovo. Jami'ar Mata ta Uwa Teresa, a Kodaikanal, an kafa ta a shekarar alif 1984. a matsayin jami'ar jama'a ta gwamnatin Tamil Nadu Mahaifiya Theresa Postgraduate da Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Kiwon Lafiya, a Pondicherry, an kafa ta ne a cikin shekarar alif 1999. ta hannun Gwamnatin Puducherry Kungiyar ba da agaji Sevalaya ce ke tafiyar da Gidan Iyayen Mata na Teresa, tare da samar da 'yan matan marayu da marayu a kusa da kauyen Kasuva da ke Tamil Nadu da abinci, kayan sawa, tsari da ilimi. Yawancin yabo da marubucin tarihin Teresa, Navin Chawla, suka bayyana a jaridu da mujallu na Indiya. Jirgin Ruwa na Indiya sun gabatar da "Mother Express", sabon jirgin kasa mai suna bayan mahaifiyar Mama Teresa, a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, shekarar 2010. don tunawa da karni na haihuwar ta. Gwamnatin Tamil Nadu ta shirya bukukuwan karni na karrama Teresa a ranar 4 ga watan Disamba, shekarar 2010 a Chennai wanda babban minista M Karunanidhi ya jagoranta. Farko a kan 5 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2013, ranar tunawa da ta mutuwa da aka sanya cikin kasa da kasa Rãnar Charity ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya A cikin shekarar 2012, Teresa ta kasance lamba ta 5 a cikin Babban binciken Indiya na Manyan Yan Indiya A ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, Katolika na St Teresa, cocin Katolika na farko da aka sanya wa sunan girmamawa ga Teresa, an keɓe shi a Kosovo. Cathedral ɗin shima babban cocin Katolika ne na farko na Kosovo.
Tarihai da littattafai Teresa batun fim din 1969 ne da littafin 1972, Abin Kyau ga Allah, wanda Malcolm Muggeridge ya wallafa An yi fim ɗin fim ɗin tare da jawo hankalin yammacin duniya ga Mama Teresa. Littattafan Christopher Hitchens na 1994, Mala'ikan Jahannama, ya bayar da hujjar cewa Teresa ta bukaci talakawa da su yarda da makomarsu; Allah yana bayyana masu arziki kamar yadda Allah ya yi musu falala. Wannan ita ce farkon rubutun Hitchens, Matsayin mishan: Uwar Teresa a ka'idodi da Aiki Shirye-shiryen talabijin Geraldine Chaplin ya buga wasan Teresa a cikin Iya Teresa: Da Sunan Rashin Allah, wanda ya karɓi kyautar Fim na Fim a shekarar alif 1997.
Olivia Hussey ce ta buga wasan a cikin ministocin gidan talabijin na Italiya na shekarar 2003, Mama Teresa na Calcutta An sake sakewa a cikin shekarar 2007, ta sami kyautar CAMIE Juliet Stevenson ta taka leda a cikin fim din The Letters na shekarar 2014, wanda ya danganta da wasiƙun sa zuwa ga firist ɗin Vatican Celeste van Exem Uwar Teresa, wacce Cara Francis the FantasyGrandma ke bugawa, ta yi tsegumi kan Sigmund Freud a cikin Epic Rap Battles of Tarihi, jerin wakokin fim din YouTube da Nice Peter da Epic Lloyd suka kirkira. An saki Rap din a YouTube a ranar 22 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2019.
Duba kuma Abdul Sattar Edhi Albanians Jerin mutanen Albanians Jerin sunayen mata masu lambar yabo ta Nobel Babban Ba’indiye Addinin Katolika na Albania Addinin Katolika na Kosovo Addinin Katolika na Romaniya a Arewacin Makidoniya
Manazarta Pages with unreviewed |
39786 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinkafa%20da%20wake | Shinkafa da wake | Shinkafa da wake, ko wake da shinkafa, wani nau'in abinci ne daga al'adu da yawa a faɗin duniya, inda ake haɗa abinci mai mahimmanci na shinkafa da wake ta wata hanya. Haɗin hatsi da kuma legumes suna ba da abinci mai mahimmanci da yawa da kuzari, kuma duka abinci sun wadata ko'ina. Ana iya caƙuɗa su tare, ko a dafa daban-daban, haka ma lokacin da za'a ci.
Bayani Abincin ya ƙunshi farar shinkafa ko wani launin tare da dafaffen launin ruwan kasa, ja ko busassun wake (yawanci Phaseolus vulgaris ko Vigna unguiculata kuma an dafa shi ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Hakanan wurin dahuwar akan yi amfani da wannan abinci tare da ɓangarorin kajin da aka daka, naman alade, naman sa, salatin dankalin turawa, dafaffen dankali, da sauran ɓangarori da yawa daga al'adu daban-daban (nama ko wani nau'i abinda aka aka haɗa wurin dahuwar shinkafar yana iya zama kowane kalar nama, amman daidai da yadda al'ada ko addini ya tsara akan kowanne kaɓilu). A wurare da yawa, wake da shinkafa ana cakuɗasu tare wurin dahuwar maimakon a haɗa su Ana sanya nama ko wasu kayan abinci a wasu lokuta a saman wake da shinkafar ko, idan an cakuɗasu wato dafa duka.
Yankuna daban-daban suna da fifiko daban-daban. A Brazil, alal misali, baƙar fata sun fi shahara a Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul da Santa Catarina, yayin da a yawancin sauran sassan ƙasar ana amfani da su ne kawai a cikin feijoadas Kwarewar New Orleans da aka fi sani da jajayen wake da shinkafa galibi ana ci da tsiran naman alade mai kyafaffen ko soyayyen naman alade Tarihi
Amurka Binciken kwayoyin halitta na wake na Phaseolus ya nuna cewa ya samo asali ne a Mesoamerica, kuma daga baya ya yaɗu zuwa kudu, tare da masara da kabewa, amfanin gona na gargajiya. An gabatar da shinkafar Asiya ga Mexico da Brazil a lokacin mulkin mallaka da Mutanen Espanya da Fotigal suka yi. Duk da haka, an gano kwanan nan cewa ’yan asalin yankin Amazon sun riga sun noma dangin shinkafa na Asiya mai suna Oryza kimanin shekaru 4,000 da suka wuce, kuma suna noman ta tare da masara da kabewa, amfanin gona na gargajiya na wake., waɗanda kuma a wancan lokacin suke a Kudancin Amurka. Wasu guraben karatu na baya-bayan nan sun nuna cewa ’yan Afirka da aka bautar su ma sun taka rawar gani wajen kafa shinkafa a Sabuwar Duniya. Hakanan tana ɗaya daga cikin abinci na yau da kullun a wasu ƙasashe masu magana da harshen Espanya.
Muhimmancin abinci mai gina jiki Wake da shinkafa suna gina jiki sosai. Shinkafa tana da wadatar (albarkatun) starch, tushen kuzari mafi inganci. Shinkafa kuma tana da sinadaran iron da furotin. Wake kuma ya ƙunshi adadi mai kyau na iron da adadin furotin fiye da na shinkafa. Tare suna bada cikakken furotin, wanda ke fitar da dukkan amino acid Wanda jiki ba zai iya fitarwa da kansa wannan sinadarin ba.
Al'adu A wasu jahohi da ƙasashen Latin Amurka, ana yawan cin wake da shinkafa a matsayin abincin rana, tare da nama da kayan lambu iri-iri. Har ila yau, ya zama ruwan dare don shirya abincin dare ta amfani da ragowar abincin rana. Wake da shinkafa sun shahara musamman a Brazil, wacce ita ce ƙasa ta uku a duniya wajen noman busasshen wake kuma mafi yawan masu amfani da shinkafa a Amurka.
Rabe-raben Abincin a duniya A duk duniya, akwai jita-jita da yawa game da tushen wake da shinkafa, waɗanda suka bambanta a dafa abinci da ƙarin kayan abinci. Bambance-bambancen suna wanzu a yanki, yayin da al'adu suka tsara zuwa abubuwan da suke so. A cikin ƙasashe masu maƙoftaka ko a Caribbean, waɗannan abinci ana kiran su kawai shinkafa da wake, wanda aka dafa. bambancin abincin:
Brazil feijoada
Chile arroz con porotos.
Caribbean shinkafa da wake
Colombia calento
Archipelago na San Andrés, Providencia da Santa Catalina shinkafa da wake
Bandeja paisa, abincin gargajiya da ake yi da wake kodin da shinkafa
Costa Rica gallo pinto kuma a cikin Caribbean Puerto Limón da Puerto Viejo akwai shinkafa da wake wanda ake dafa shinkafa da wake tare da madarar kwakwa da habanero chili (wanda aka sani da Panamanian chile).
Cuba Akwai manyan bambance-bambancen guda biyu:
Moros y cristianos kuma aka sani da kawai moros, an yi shi da baki wake. Idan an yi shi da jan wake, za a yi la'akari da congris Congris: an yi shi da jan wake, ana fara dafa waken da albasa, kore chili, tafarnuwa, tumatir, leaf bay, taɓa cumin da oregano, gishiri, da busassun giya; kafin su yi laushi gaba daya, sai a zuba danyar shinkafar, a bar su su dahu tare, har sai sun sha romon, shinkafar ta bushe ta yi laushi. Ana kuma shirya wake a cikin broth ɗinsu tare da shinkafa daban.
Jamhuriyar Dominican Moro de guandules, shinkafa da pigeon Peas, kama da Panama da Puerto Rico.
El Salvador Casamiento duk da cewa ba shi da bakin tekun Caribbean, wannan tasa tana da kyau sosai a El Salvador
Ghana Waakye, waken Ghana da tasa shinkafa
Guatemala casado wanda ake kira gallo pinto da shinkafa da wake
A gabar tekun Caribbean da sassan gabas ko gabashin Guatemala Izabal ana kiranta shinkafa da wake kuma ta hada da madarar kwakwa.
Honduras Casamiento a gabar tekun Caribbean an san shi da shinkafa da wake kuma ya hada da madarar kwakwa da flakes na chilli
Indiya Rajma, Abincin wake na Indiya da aka saba yi da shinkafa
Isra'ila Orez shu'it, wake na gargajiya na Isra'ila da tasa shinkafa
Caribbean Coast: shinkafa da wake
Japan: Okowa, musamman sekihan, azuki wake da kuma glutinous shinkafa. A cikin jan wake mochi, ana sarrafa shinkafar a cikin nau'in bunƙasa.
Jamaica shinkafa da wake
Koriya, Kongbap (shinkafar wake), patbap (shinkafar jan wake)
Mexico pispiote, shinkafa da wake
Nicaragua gallo pinto, kuma a cikin Nicaraguan Caribbean Coast, kamar yadda a wasu ƙasashe, ana kiranta "shinkafa da wake" kuma an yi shi da madarar kwakwa.
Panama gallopinto
Caribbean Coast Colón, Bocas del Toro da aka sani da shinkafa da wake, kuma an shirya shi da madarar kwakwa, kamar a Jamhuriyar Dominican.
Peru Akwai manyan bambance-bambancen guda biyu:
calentado
taku-tacu
Puerto Rico arroz junto a yi shi da jajayen wake ko wake na tattabara, sannan a yi shi da nama duk a tukunya daya.
arroz con gandules wani ɓangare na abinci na ƙasar Puerto Rico wanda shine shinkafa tare da peas pigeon.
Spain Paella
Suriname bruine bonen met rijst, tukunyar tukunya daya tare da gaurayawar nama da wake na koda, tare da shinkafa.
Trinidad da Tobago shinkafa da wake
Amurka Hoppin 'John, wani baƙar fata mai ido daga kudancin Amurka
Jan wake da shinkafa, waken da aka fi sani da shinkafa a cikin abincin Louisiana Creole
Venezuela Waɗannan jita-jita na iya haɗawa da soyayyen plantain da ake kira "tajadas" kamar yadda aka saba samu a yawancin jita-jita na Venezuelan:
Pabellón criollo An yi shi da shinkafa, wake ko soyayyen wake da naman sa da aka yanka sosai. Sai a zagaye shi da yankan soyayyen plantain. Plantain ya ba da sunan "Pabellon con barandas".
Arroz con caraotas Lokacin da Pabellón Criollo ya bar soyayyen ciyayi, yana da suna daban. An san shi da sunan “abincin abincin matalauci” tunda ya fi zama ruwan dare a iyalai masu karamin karfi. Duk da haka, ana iya yin shi da jin dadin kowa. Soyayyen qwai kuma za a iya haɗa su.
Palo A pique llanero Anyi shi da shinkafa, wake mai launin ruwan kasa da shredded naman sa mai kyau, kaza da naman alade. An kewaye ta da yankan faffadan plantain da guntun dankali. Wasu wurare kamar Barinas, Apure ko Bolivar suna ƙara koren plantains.
Laberiya A galibin yankunan yammacin Afirka, ana dafa wake dabam da shinkafa. Za a iya cin waken koda mai ɗanɗano a matsayin miya a saman shinkafa a lokuta na musamman.
Ire-iren sunan Abincin Ire-iren sunayen abincin a mabanbantan yarurruka sun haɗa da;
Ana kiran shinkafa da wake arroz y habas, arroz con habichuelas, arroz con frijoles, gallo pinto, recalentao ko makamancin haka a cikin Mutanen Espanya, arroz e feijão, arroz com feijão ko feijão com arroz a cikin Portuguese, risi e bisi a cikin harshen Venetian ak pwa in Haitian Creole, avas kon arroz ko avikas kon arroz a cikin Yahudanci-Spanish Duba kuma Haitian cuisine Culinary traditions of Haiti
List of legume dishes
List of rice dishes
Manazarta
Bibliography Embrapa, Origem da História do Arroz da Origem e História do Feijão Arroz e Feijão: Uma dupla infalível, Camaquã Alimentos
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Embrapa Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária Sanannun |
54930 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Mackay%20%28mai%20wasan%20%C6%99wallon%20%C6%99afa%29 | David Mackay (mai wasan ƙwallon ƙafa) | David Mackay (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1988) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne mai ritaya na Australiya wanda ya buga wa kungiyar ƙwallon ƙwallon kafa ta Adelaide a cikin Kungiyar ƙwallon Kafa ta Australiya (AFL). Kungiyar ta tsara shi a karɓar 48 a cikin Draft na Kasa na 2006 kuma ya kasance tare da tawagar har sai da ya yi ritaya a ƙarshen kakar 2021. Ya buga wasanni 248 ga Adelaide kuma ya kasance daga cikin tawagar su a wasan karshe na AFL na 2017.
Ayyukan kafin AFL Mackay ya fito ne daga bangaren Melbourne, Oakleigh Chargers kuma ya bayyana a cikin 2006 Victorian U/18 Metro inda ya kasance mai ban sha'awa a babban karshe. Ya halarci makarantar Trinity Grammar School, wanda aka sani da samar da 'yan wasan kwallon kafa ciki har da Wayne Schwass da Luke Power, kuma ya kasance Kyaftin House na Hindley House na makarantar. Fellow 2006 draft pick Todd Goldstein ya kasance mataimakin kyaftin na wannan gidan.
Ayyukan AFL Bayan da aka lalata shi a shekara ta 2007 ta hanyar raunin da ya faru a baya, Mackay ya fara bugawa Adelaide wasa a zagaye na 1 na kakar AFL ta 2008, a cikin asarar da aka yi wa Western Bulldogs. Ya buga wasanni 19 a kakar, ya rasa hudu kawai, kuma ya zira kwallaye na farko na AFL a zagaye na 17 a kan Sydney. Ya sake kasancewa na yau da kullun a cikin 2009, yana buga wasanni 20, kuma a wannan farkon matakin aikinsa an kiyasta shi wani muhimmin bangare na matasan tsakiya na Crows. Ya buga wasanni 16 a shekara ta 2010.
A zagaye na farko na shekara ta 2011, Mackay ya ji rauni a kafada kuma an yi masa tiyata wanda ya hana shi fita na watanni uku. Ya dawo a ƙarshen kakar kuma ya nuna kyakkyawan tsari, yana burgewa da tserensa da matsin tsaronsa. Mackay ya amfana daga ingantaccen ƙarfi da juriya a kakar wasa mai zuwa, yana buga wasanni 23 kuma yana da matsakaicin kayan 17 da hudu a kowane wasa, yayin da yake wasa a tsakiyar filin wasa da kuma fadin rabin baya. A ƙarshen shekara ya sanya hannu kan karin kwangilar shekaru uku.
Kamar yadda tawagar gaba ɗaya, Mackay ya yi gwagwarmaya don daidaito a cikin 2013. Ya sake dawo da mafi kyawun yanayinsa a shekarar 2014, yana buga wasanni 19, yana da matsakaicin 18 kuma yana buga kwallaye 11 mafi kyau a shekarar. Ya sanya hannu kan karin kwangilar shekaru hudu a tsakiyar kakar.
Mackay ya fara 2015 a cikin kyakkyawan tsari, ya shimfiɗa mafi kyawun aiki 13 tare da zubar da 23 a kan Melbourne a cikin yanayin rigar a zagaye na 3. Koyaya, tsohuwar rashin daidaituwa ta sake bayyana wanda ya haifar da sauke shi a ƙarshen shekara. Ya koma gefe don yin wasa a wasan karshe biyu na Adelaide. A ƙarshen shekara ta 2016 an sanya shi memba na rayuwar kulob din kwallon kafa na Adelaide A matsayin wani ɓangare na shirye-shiryensa don kakar 2017, Mackay ya shafe lokaci mai yawa a cikin baya a kan farkon kakar kamar yadda ya yi a tsakiyar filin saboda jaddadawar kocin Don Pyke akan sassauci.
A kan Hawthorn a zagaye na 2, Mackay ya kalubalanci Paul Puopolo zuwa ƙasa a kwata na uku. Kodayake takalmin ya bayyana daidai, 'yan wasan biyu sun ci gaba da juyawa, sun ƙare tare da Mackay yana kwance a bayan Puopolo kuma an biya kyauta a kan Mackay don turawa a baya. An ga kullun kyauta a matsayin abin tambaya kuma ya haifar da rabuwa a kafofin sada zumunta. A cikin Showdown a mako mai zuwa, ya kori daya daga cikin burin aikinsa, ya tsallake daga layin iyaka, ya dawo da Crows a cikin burin Port Adelaide a wani lokaci mai mahimmanci na wasan.
An sauke Mackay daga wasanni da yawa a duk lokacin kakar kuma ya buga wa masu ajiya a cikin SANFL, inda aka gaya masa ya yi aiki a kan ƙarfinsa a gasar. Lokacin da ya dawo gefen AFL, sakamakon shi ne ya kara yawan tackles da ya yi a kowane wasa daga uku zuwa biyar. Lokacin da abokin aikinsa Brodie Smith ya ji rauni a jikinsa na baya, Mackay ya sauya daga matsayinsa na yau da kullun a kan reshe zuwa rabin baya don maye gurbin tsohon All-Australian a wasan karshe. Mackay ya ƙare yana wasa a wasan karshe na farko na Adelaide tun 1998, wanda suka rasa Richmond da maki 48.
A watan Yunin 2021, an tura Mackay zuwa Kotun AFL saboda haɗari da dan wasan St Kilda Hunter Clark Mackay da Clark sun yi karo yayin da suke fafatawa don kwallon a ƙasa. Clark ya sha wahala a kan karyewar jaw sakamakon haɗari kuma an yi masa tiyata a kan karayewar jaw da yawa a cikin mako mai zuwa. Raunin ya nuna cewa ba a sa ran Clark zai iya yin wasa aƙalla makonni shida ba. Mackay ba a bayar da rahoton lamarin ba daga masu yanke hukunci, amma jami'in bita na AFL, Michael Christian, ya tura lamarin kai tsaye ga kotun. Wannan ya saba wa abin da aka kafa a baya a kakar inda irin waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru, wanda ya haifar da raunin kai, ba a tura su kotun ba saboda 'yan wasan da ke da hannu suna fafatawa da kwallon. Kirista bai sanya darajar lamarin a kan teburin laifuka ba, ma'ana lamarin ya zama shari'ar gwaji ga abubuwan da suka faru a nan gaba. AFL ta yi jayayya cewa Mackay ya kasance mara hankali kuma mara hankali a cikin halinsa, wanda ya haifar da raunin Clark, yayin da lauyan Mackay ya yi jayayya da cewa haɗari ne kuma Mackay ya aikata abin da yake bukata don kare kansa. Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa Mackay ba shi da laifi.
Mackay ya yi ritaya daga kwallon kafa a ƙarshen kakar 2021, bayan ya buga wasanni 248 na AFL. A lokacin, wannan shine wasanni na tara mafi yawa na kowane dan wasa na Adelaide Crows.
Kididdiga Kididdigar daidai ne har zuwa ƙarshen kakar 2021 ta AFL.
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan |
38692 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osei%20Kyei-Mensah-Bonsu | Osei Kyei-Mensah-Bonsu | Osei Kyei Mensah Bonsu (wanda aka fi sani da Lawrence Addae kuma an haife shi a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu 1957) ɗan Ghana ne mai tsara birane kuma ɗan siyasa. A halin yanzu shi ne shugaban masu rinjaye a majalisar dokokin Ghana sannan kuma shi ne minista mai nadin harkokin majalisar a Ghana.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Osei a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu 1957. Ya fito ne daga Bremang-Afrancho, wani gari a Kumasi, yankin Ashanti. A shekarar 1982, ya sauke karatu a Jami’ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah inda ya yi digirin farko na Kimiyya a Tsare-tsaren Birane.
Aikin siyasa Osei memba ne na New Patriotic Party. Ya fara zama dan majalisa ne a watan Janairun 1997. Ya ci gaba da rike kujerarsa tun daga lokacin, inda ya wakilci mazabarsa a majalisar wakilai ta 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 da 7 na jamhuriya ta hudu ta Ghana. Shi ne shugaban kwamitin kasafin kudi na musamman, House, da kwamitocin kasuwanci. Shi ma memba ne a Ma'aikatar Kudi, Ma'adinai da Makamashi, Dokokin Tsaya, da Kwamitocin Zabe.
Zabe
Zaben 'Yan Majalisu 1996 An fara zaben Osei a matsayin dan majalisa a lokacin babban zaben Ghana na 1996 kan tikitin sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party mai wakiltar mazabar Suame a yankin Ashanti na Ghana. Ya samu kuri'u 47,455 daga cikin 64,394 masu inganci da aka kada wanda ke wakiltar kashi 57.40% inda Paul Yeboah dan jam'iyyar NDC ya samu kuri'u 10,828, Azong Alhassan dan jam'iyyar PNC ya samu kuri'u 3,219 da Habiba Atta 'yar CPP wacce ta samu kuri'u 2,892.
Zaben 'Yan Majalisu 2004 An zabi Osei a matsayin dan majalisa na mazabar Suame na yankin Ashanti na Ghana a babban zaben Ghana na 2004. Ya yi nasara akan tikitin sabuwar jam'iyyar kishin kasa. Mazabarsa wani bangare ne na kujeru 36 na 'yan majalisa daga cikin kujeru 39 da sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party ta lashe a wancan zaben na yankin Ashanti. Sabuwar jam'iyyar kishin kasa ta samu rinjayen kujeru 128 na 'yan majalisa daga cikin kujeru 230. An zabe shi da kuri'u 48,500 daga cikin 59,039 da aka jefa. Wannan yayi daidai da kashi 82.1% na jimlar ingantattun ƙuri'un da aka jefa. An zabe shi a kan Agonno Sampson Young na Babban Taron Jama'a, Paul Richard Kofi Yeboah na National Democratic Congress da Frederick Antwi na Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Convention. Wadannan sun samu kuri'u 934, 8,448 da 1,157 bi da bi na yawan kuri'un da aka kada. Waɗannan sun yi daidai da 1.6%, 14.3% da 2% bi da bi na jimlar ingantattun ƙuri'un da aka jefa.
Zaben 'Yan Majalisu 2008 A shekara ta 2008, ya ci zaben gama gari a kan tikitin sabuwar jam’iyyar Patriotic Party na wannan mazaba. Mazabarsa tana cikin kujeru 34 na 'yan majalisa daga cikin kujeru 39 da sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party ta lashe a wancan zaben na yankin Ashanti. Sabuwar jam'iyyar kishin kasa ta samu 'yan tsiraru na kujeru 109 na 'yan majalisa daga cikin kujeru 230. An zabe shi da kuri'u 45,235 daga cikin 57,765 da aka kada. Wannan yayi daidai da kashi 78.31% na jimlar ingantattun ƙuri'un da aka jefa. An zabe shi a kan David Osei Manu na National Democratic Congress, Ameyaw Aboagye Peter na Democratic People's Party da Frederick Antwi-Nsiah na Jam'iyyar Convention People's Party. Wadannan sun samu kuri'u 9,742, 2,409 da 379 bi da bi na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada. Waɗannan sun yi daidai da 37.59%, 5.43% da 1.28% bi da bi na jimlar ƙuri'un da aka jefa.
Zaben 'Yan Majalisu 2012 A shekarar 2012, ya ci zaben gama-gari a kan tikitin sabuwar jam’iyyar Patriotic Party na wannan mazaba. An zabe shi da kuri'u 60,829 daga cikin 76,852 da aka kada. Wannan yayi daidai da kashi 79.15% na jimlar ingantattun ƙuri'un da aka jefa. An zabe shi a kan Alidu Baba Dambasea na National Democratic Congress, Solomon Nkrumah Appia Kubi na jam'iyyar Progressive People's Party, Adam Mohammed na People's National Convention, Frederick Antwi-Nsiah na Convention People's Party, Mavis Afriyie na Democratic People's Party, Abena. Nyarko na National Democratic Party, Osei-Bempah Hayford da Paul Richard Kofi Yeboah duk 'yan takara masu zaman kansu. Wadannan sun samu kuri'u 10,589, 434, 376, 220, 71, 194, 3,752 da 387 bi da bi na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada. Wadannan sun yi daidai da 13.78%, 0.56%, 0.49%, 0.29%, 0.09%, 0.25%, 4.88% and 0.50% bi da bi na yawan kuri'un da aka kada. Yayin da jam'iyyarsa ke adawa ya rike mukamin shugaban marasa rinjaye a majalisar dokokin Ghana daga 2013 zuwa 2017.
Zaben 'Yan Majalisu 2020 Ya sake tsayawa takara a babban zaben Ghana na 2020 a matsayin dan takarar majalisar dokoki na Sabuwar Jam'iyyar Patriotic Party. Hon. Osei Kyei Mensah Bonsu ya fafata da wasu hudu da suka hada da Dodoovi Francis na jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress, jam'iyyar Convention People's Party Sulemana Mohammed, All People Congress, Mohammed Mubarak da kuma dan takara mai zaman kansa. A karshen zaben, dan majalisar wakilai mai wakiltar Suame Hon. Osei Kyei Mensah Bonsu ya sake lashe kujerar New Patriotic Party NPP da kuri'u 67,095 da ke wakiltar kashi 76.1%, dan takarar jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress NDC Dodoovi Francis ya samu kuri'u 9,312 da ke wakiltar kashi 10.6% na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada. Yayin da jam'iyyar Convention People's Party Sulemana Mohammed ke gudanar da zaben da kuri'u 299 wanda ke nufin ya samu kashi 0.3% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada. All People Congress kuma na da kuri'u 213 wanda ya zama kashi 0.2% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada. A karshe dan takara mai zaman kansa George Prempeh shi ma ya zo na biyu da kuri'u 11,217 wanda ya samu kashi 12.7% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada.
Zaɓen Ƙungiyoyin Majalisun Ƙasa na Commonwealth (CPA). Osei Kyei-Mensah-Bonsu, kwamitin zartarwa na kungiyar majalissar dokokin Commonwealth (CPA) ne ya zabe shi a matsayin sabon mataimakin shugaban riko. Osei Kyei-Mensah-Bonsu ya samu babban mukami ne bayan da ya samu nasara a zaben da ya sa ya doke Garry Brownlee na New Zealand, dan takararsa daya tilo.
Haƙƙin sanya suna Kafin kammala ginin Ayuba 600 na majalisar, Mensah Bonsu ya ba da shawarar canza sunan babban ginin Ayuba 600. Ya ba da shawarar a sanya wa ginin sunan mai shari’a D. F. Annan na farko a majalisar dokokin Ghana ta hudu domin girmama irin gudunmawar da ya bayar wajen ci gaban harkokin majalisar dokoki da dimokradiyya a Ghana. Ya kuma ba da shawarar cewa daya daga cikin sabbin tubalan guda biyu da aka gina a bayan babban Ayuba 600 a sawa sunan Peter Ala Adjetey, wanda ya gaji Justice Annan. Mambobin jam'iyyar Convention People's Party ne suka jagoranci adawa da waɗannan batutuwan suna, waɗanda suka yi imanin canza sunan Ayuba 600 zai shafe gudunmawar Kwame Nkrumah daga tarihin Ghana.
Rayuwa ta sirri Osei yayi aure da ‘ya’ya takwas. Shi Kirista ne da ke yin ibada a Assemblies of God Church.
Manazarta Haihuwan 1957
Rayayyun |
25279 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn%20Kathir | Ibn Kathir | Abu al-Fiḍā 'Imād Ad-Din Ismā'īl ibn' Umar ibn Kathīr al-Qurashī Al-Damishqī c. 1300- 1373), da aka sani da Ibn Kathir, ya kasance fitaccen masanin tarihin larabawa, masani kuma masani a zamanin Mamluk a Siriya. Masanin Tafsiri (Tafsirin Alkur'ani) da Fiqhu (fikihu), ya rubuta litattafai da dama, ciki har da tarihin duniya mai girma goma sha huɗu mai taken Al-Bidaya wa l-Nihaya.
Tarihin Rayuwa Cikakken sunansa shine Abul īl ibn marmar ibn Kaṯīr kuma yana da laqabin (epithet) na Imad ad-Dīn "ginshiƙin imani"). Iyalinsa sun samo asali daga asalin kabilar Quraishawa. An haife shi a Mijdal, wani ƙauye da ke wajen birnin Busra, a gabashin Damascus, Siriya, wajen kimanin AH 701 (AD 1300/1). Ibn Taymiyyah da Al-Dhahabi ne suka karantar da shi.
Bayan kammala karatunsa ya sami naɗinsa na farko a hukumance a cikin 1341, lokacin da ya shiga kwamitin bincike da aka kafa don tantance wasu tambayoyi na bidi'a.
Ya auri 'yar Al-Mizzi, ɗaya daga cikin fitattun malaman Siriya na wannan lokacin, wanda ya ba shi damar shiga cikin fitattun malamai. A cikin shekarar 1345 an mai da shi mai wa'azi (khatib) a sabon masallacin da aka gina a Mizza, garin mahaifin surukinsa. A shekara ta 1366, ya hau matsayin masaniyar a Babban Masallacin Damascus.
A rayuwa ta gaba, ya zama makaho. Ya danganta makanta da yin aiki da daddare akan Musnad na Ahmad Ibn Hanbal a yunƙurin sake fasalin ta ta asali maimakon ta mai ba da labari. Ya rasu a watan Fabrairu 1373 (AH 774) a Damascus. An binne shi kusa da malaminsa Ibn Taimiyya.
Akida Akidarsa a wannan zamani ta zama sabani tsakanin Ash'aris da Salafiyya.
Matsayin Ash'ari Ash'aris suna da'awar cewa shi kansa ya ambata:
Ya kasance a makarantar Shafi'i na fikihu na Musulunci kuma farfesa ne na Hadisi a Gidan Hadisi da aka fi sani da "Dar al-Hadith al-Ashrafiyya" wanda aka kafa shi na musamman ga waɗanda suka yi daidai da mazhabar Ash'ariyya, kamar yadda Taj al-Din al-Subki (d. 771/1370) ya ambata a cikin Tabaqat al-Shafi`iyya al-Kubra (Ƙamus na Ƙamushin Tarihin Shafi'iyya) cewa sharadin koyarwa a al-Ashrafiyya shine Ash 'ari in' aqida.
Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (d. 852/1449) ya ruwaito a cikin al-Durar al-Kaminah (Lu'u-lu'u Boye: akan Manyan Karni na takwas na Musulunci), cewa takaddama tsakanin Ibn Kathir da dan Ibn al- Qayyim al-Jawziyya ya barke saboda matsayin koyarwa. Da alama Ibn Kathir ya yi nuni da cewa rashin son sa ya samo asali ne daga tushen Ash'ari, kuma da zarar ɗan Ibn Qayyim ya tunkare shi game da wannan kuma ya ce ko da Ibn Kathir ya yi rantsuwa ga manyan sammai cewa baya kan aqidar. Ibn Taimiyya, mutane ba za su yarda da shi ba, domin shehinsa (malaminsa) Ibn Taimiyya ne.
David L. Johnston ya bayyana shi a matsayin "mai ilimin al'ada kuma Ash'arite Ibn Kathir".
Matsayin Salafi Ibn Kathir ya yi kamanceceniya da malaminsa Ibn Taimiyya, kamar bayar da shawarar jihadin gwagwarmaya da riko da sabunta al -ummar Musulunci guda daya. Bugu da ƙari, kamar Ibn Taimiyya, yana ƙididdigewa a matsayin masani mai son tunani, gargajiya da hadisi. Dangane da tafsirin, yana amfani da hanyoyin da suka saba da tsoffin malaman Sunnah, kuma ya bi mafi yawan hanyoyin bin Taimiyya. 'Yan Salafiyya sun yi ikirarin cewa Ibn Kathir bai fassara ayoyin mutashabihat da hadisai ba, a'a ya yarda da ma'anonin ayoyin, amma ya dena tambayar "Yaya?" kuma bai kamanta shi da halitta ba kuma bai yi ta'wil akan ayoyin ba.
Yana cewa:
Mutane sun faɗi babban magana game da wannan batun kuma wannan ba shine wurin da za a yi bayanin abin da suka faɗa ba. A kan wannan, muna bin Musulman farko (salaf): Malik, Awza'i, Thawri, Layth ibn Sa'd, Shafi'i, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Ishaq Ibn Rahwayh, da sauransu daga cikin Imaman Musulmai, dukkansu tsoffi. kuma na zamani wato barin (ayar da ake tambaya) ta wuce kamar yadda ta zo, ba tare da faɗin yadda ake nufi (min ghayr takyif), ba tare da kamanta ta da abubuwan da aka halitta (wa la tashbih), kuma ba tare da rushe ta ba (wa la ta'til): Ma'ana ta zahiri (zahir) da ke faruwa a zukatan masu ilimin halayyar ɗan adam (al-mushabbihin) Allah ya ɓata ta, domin babu wani abu daga halittarsa da ya yi kama da shi: "Babu wani abu da yake kama da Shi, kuma Shi ne Duk -Mai ji, Mai gani "(Alkur'ani 42:11).
Ayyuka
Tafsiri Ibn Kathir ya rubuta shahararren tafsirin Alkur'ani mai suna Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim wanda ya danganta wasu Hadisai, ko maganganun Muhammad, da maganganun sahaba zuwa ayoyin Alkur'ani, a cikin bayani da kaucewa amfani da Isra'i'iliyat. Yawancin Musulman Sunni suna ɗaukar sharhinsa a matsayin mafi kyau bayan Tafsirin al-Tabari da Tafsirin al-Kurtubi kuma ana girmama shi musamman tsakanin mazhabar Salafiyya. Kodayake Ibn Kathir ya yi ikirarin dogaro da At-Tabari, ya gabatar da sabbin hanyoyi kuma ya bambanta da abun ciki, a ƙoƙarin share addinin Musulunci daga abin da ya kimanta a matsayin Isra’iliyyat. Tuhumar sa kan Isra’iliyyat mai yiwuwa ta samo asali ne daga tasirin Ibn Taimiyya, wanda ya rage ragin yawancin tafsirin tun daga lokacin.
Tafsirinsa ya sami karbuwa sosai a wannan zamani, musamman a tsakanin Musulman Yammacin Turai, wataƙila saboda hanyar da ya bi, amma kuma saboda rashin fassarar tafsirin gargajiya.
A cikin tattaunawar ilimi Tafsir al-Qur’an al-'Aẓīm yana da sabani a yankunan ilimi na yamma. Henri Laoust yana ɗauke da shi na farko azaman aikin ɗan adam da "na farko". Norman Calder ya bayyana shi a matsayin mai kunkuntar tunani, mai kaifin ra'ayi, da kuma shakku kan nasarorin ilimi na tsoffin masu tafsiri. Damuwarsa ta iyakance ne kawai don ƙididdige Alƙur'ani da gawar Hadisi kuma shi ne na farko, wanda ke ƙididdige asalin yahudawa daidai gwargwado, yayin da yake amfani da su lokaci guda, kamar hadisin annabci, zaɓi don tallafawa ra'ayin sa na farko. In ba haka ba, Jane Dammen McAuliffe tana ganin wannan tafsiri a matsayin, da gangan kuma aka zaɓa, wanda fassarar sa ta keɓe ga hukuncin kansa don kiyayewa, wanda yake ɗauka mafi kyau a cikin al'adun sa.
Hadisi babban tarin matanin Hadisi ne wanda aka yi niyya don amfani da kundin sani. Jerin jerin haruffan Sahabban Annabi ne da zantukan da kowannensu ke watsawa, ta haka ne ke sake gina sarkar ikon kowane hadisi.
Duba kuma Ibn Taymiyyah
Al-Tabari
Al-Qurtubi
Asad Mayhani
Manazarta Norman Calder, 'Tafsir from Tabari to Ibn Kathir, Problems in the description of a genre, illustrated with reference to the story of Abraham', in: G. R. Hawting Abdul-Kader A. Shareef (eds.): Approaches to the Qur'an, London 1993, pp. 101–140.
Jane Dammen-McAuliffe, 'Quranic Hermeneutics, The views of al-Tabari and Ibn Kathir', in: Andrew Rippin (ed.): Approaches to the history of the interpretation of the Qur'an, Oxford 1988, pp.& nbs al hafid ibn kathir is not |
48725 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iswandy%20Ahmad | Iswandy Ahmad | Iswandy bin Ahmad, wanda kuma ake kira da YB Iswandy Ahmad, mai ba da shawara ne kuma ɗan siyasa ɗan ƙasar Brunei wanda a da yake riƙe da mukamin Memba na Majalisar Dokoki ta Brunei, a ƙarƙashin rukunin mutanen da suka sami bambanci. Ya kan gudanar da shirye-shiryen ci gaban jagoranci ga matasan kasar nan kuma ya kasance mai goyon bayan kungiyoyin farar hula. Ayyukan jin kai nasa sun haɗa da aiki akan wayar da kan HIV/AIDS da bayar da shawarwari, horar da matasa, da samar da aikin yi. Bugu da ƙari, yana aiki a matsayin Jagoran Mai Koyarwa a Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Insan Academy (PI).
Tarihin Rayuwa
Rayuwar farko da ilimi Iswandy ya samu 5 Kamar yadda a lokacin da na yi Shahada ta Ilimin Firamare (PCE), yanzu Assessment Primary School (PSR), jarrabawa. Domin karatunsa na farko, ya tafi makarantar sakandare ta Berakas Zai ci gaba da samun digiri na biyu a fannin gudanarwa, digiri na farko a fannin kasuwanci, difloma kan aiki da matasa, da takardar shaidar koyar da ilimin sakandare. An bukaci ya yi aiki a makarantar gwamnati da zarar ya sami shaidar karatunsa, ya nemi a ajiye shi a gundumar Temburong a wata makaranta a matsayin ƙalubale. A maimakon haka, an ba shi damar shiga makarantar gwamnati da ke tsakanin mintuna 5 da zama. A ƙarshe zai ƙi tayin kuma ya karɓi ɗaya daga makarantar masu zaman kansu Shawara Tare da tabbatar da shari'o'i 28, Brunei tana da mafi girman adadin sabbin masu kamuwa da cutar kanjamau a cikin 2015, kafofin watsa labarai na cikin gida sun ruwaito a ranar 11 ga Afrilu 2016. Bisa ga binciken da majalisar ta yi, Iswandy ya ce mutane da yawa da ke shiga cikin "halaye masu haɗari" da kuma kara yawan sanin jama'a game da kwayar cutar HIV ne ke da alhakin karuwar cutar HIV Yunkurin ma'aikatar lafiya na warware matsalar ya kamata ya sami karin taimako daga hadin gwiwa da sauran hukumomin gwamnati, in ji shi, yayin da majalisar ta damu matuka game da hauhawar adadin masu kamuwa da cutar. Kara ilimi da wayar da kan jama'a game da rigakafin cutar kanjamau ya kamata a ba da fifiko, musamman a tsakanin al'ummomi masu rauni, kamar matasa da maza masu jima'i da wasu maza An kammala taron shugabannin matasa na Brunei karo na biyu a ranar 8 ga Agusta, 2019, tare da yin kira ga matasa da su inganta ayyukansu na jama'a don samar da ingantaccen tsarin kananan hukumomi. Iswandy Ahmad, ya yarda cewa tallafin matasa ya samu ci gaba, amma ya nuna rashin sa hannu a cikin kananan hukumomi kamar hukumomin tuntuɓar ƙauye da mukim A wata hira da aka yi da shi, Ahmad ya jaddada bukatar kara shiga cikin wadannan cibiyoyi. Ya bayyana cewa manajoji na yanzu na majalisar tuntuba na kauye da mukim galibi tsofaffi ne, kuma yana da matukar muhimmanci a samu wadanda za su gaje su. Kwarewar da aka samu ta hannun jama'a daga tushe na da matukar kima domin ya shafi ba wai kawai bangaren gudanarwa ba har ma da bangaren tattalin arziki na gwamnati. Karamar hukuma tana da matuƙar mahimmanci yayin da take haɓaka fahimtar al'umma da damuwa ga maƙwabtansu. Yayin da suka yi la'akari da sa ido kan ayyukan da matasa ke jagoranta, suna nufin tsofaffin daliban shirin su kasance masu kuzari kuma ba sa son takura ayyukansu da matsin lamba. Babban makasudin kafa kungiyar ta BYLC a kodayaushe shi ne yin aiki a matsayin mai taimaka wa matasa wajen bayar da gudummawar ci gaban kasa. Taron karo na biyu na taron babban taron ɗan adam na farko na Brunei, INITIATE, zai gudana ne a ranar 19 ga Mayu 2022, tare da mai da hankali kan ƙirƙirar al'adun wurin aiki mai juriya a cikin sabon al'ada. A cewar Iswandy, wanda ya kafa Perspective Insan, batun taron zai mayar da hankali kan yadda al'adun aiki suka canza, da bukatar juriya, da kuma menene makomar aiki za ta kasance yayin da al'ummar kasar ke murmurewa daga annobar COVID-19 Shirin wayar da kan jama'a kan cutar HIV ga Takwarorina da Matasa Ayyukansa na jami'in kula da tsofaffin ɗalibai a ofishin jakadancin Amurka da ke Bandar Seri Begawan sun haɗa da ƙarfafa ƙarin sadarwa da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin waɗanda suka kammala shirin, da kuma tsarawa da sarrafa ƙungiyoyin matasa da tsofaffin ɗalibai. Har ila yau yana daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa shirin wayar da kan jama’a kan cutar kanjamau (HAPPY), wanda ya horar da matasa sama da 5000 tun lokacin da Majalisar Darussalam ta kasar Brunei ta kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007. Aikin HAPPY kuma ya sami karramawa da suka hada da lambar yabo ta aikin samari, lambar azurfa ta B-@aktif, da lambar yabo ta Commonwealth Youth Azurfa.
Brunei Darussalam Majalisar Kanjamau A ranar 6 ga Disamba, 2015, Ranar AIDS ta Duniya (WAD) 2015 taron, RED (Sake Koyarwa, Ƙarfafawa da Ƙira): Wani taron Gangamin Red Ribbon yana faruwa. Shugaban majalisar kanjamau yana magana ne a gefen taron. Iswandy ya ce majalisar ta lura da karuwar sabbin masu kamuwa da cutar kanjamau ta bangarori biyu. Majalisar ba ta keɓance wata ƙungiya ta musamman da shirye-shiryenta ba, ban da haka. Ya ci gaba da cewa dabarun su a kodayaushe ya kasance a kasa, tun daga shugabannin kananan hukumomi da sauran al’umma. Iswandy Ahmad, shugaban kungiyar kanjamau ta Brunei Darussalam (BDAIDSC), ya bayyana cewa baiwa masu aikin sa kai damar tafiyar da al’amura da shirye-shirye na daya daga cikin hanyoyin da majalisar ke bi wajen inganta rayuwar al’ummar mazabar ta. BDAC za ta goyi baya da jagorantar membobin da masu sa kai don aiwatar da wani taron nasara, amma suna da yanci don tsarawa da sarrafa nasu shirye-shirye da ayyukansu. Ya fayyace cewa BDAC na baiwa masu aikin sa kai damar bayyana ra’ayoyinsu da bukatunsu, kuma BDAC za ta tallafa musu wajen cimma burinsu a ranar 11 ga Fabrairu 2016. An sake zabar Iswandy a matsayin shugaban BDAIDSC a yayin babban taron shekara-shekara na kwanan nan a Cibiyar Inganta Lafiya (HPC) a 2023, kuma yana ci gaba da jagorantar kungiyar.
Rayuwa ta sirri Iswandy ta yi aure kuma tare suna da ɗa. Ya sami mahaifinsa shine mafi tasiri a rayuwarsa saboda koyarwarsa da jagorarsa. Yana kuma aiki a Kamfanin Brunei Methanol (BMC) a matsayin Jami’in Hulda da Masu Ruwa da tsaki.
Kyaututtuka Ganewa da kyaututtukan Iswandy sun haɗa da: Oda na Setia Negara Brunei Class Hudu (PSB)
Sabis ga Medal Jiha (PIKB) (2016)
Kyautar Matasan ASEAN (2009)
Kyautar Sabis na Matasa (2013)
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Iswandy Ahmad on LinkedIn
Iswandy Ahmad on Instagram
Iswandy Ahmad on Facebook
Iswandy Ahmad on Twitter
One Young World 2011 Plenary Global Health Iswandy Ahmad
Meet My Country: Brunei, With Hon. Iswandy Ahmad and Dr. Vanessa Teo
Rayayyun mutane
Mutanen |
19597 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%27adun%20Mumbai | Al'adun Mumbai | Ana kiran mazaunin Mumbai Mumbaikar Mutane sun fi son kasancewa kusa da tashar jirgin ƙasa don samun sauƙin shiga birni. Yawancin mazauna birni suna rayuwa cikin hanzari tare da ɗan lokaci kaɗan don wasu ayyuka saboda yawan lokacin da ake kashewa a kan zirga-zirgar yau da kullum.
Harshe Marathi shine ainihin harshen da ake magana da shi a Birnin Mumbai. Lingo na kudu na Bombay lingo sun haɗa da kalmomi kamar "aye" da "sanar da ni", wanda yawanci ana bi ta hanyar "Zan sanar da ku" (wanda aka fi yawan gajarta shi "lmk" da "ilyk").
Kayan abinci Babban birni yana da abinci mai sauri a gefen titi wanda ya ƙunshi Maharashtrian Pav Bhaji, Vada pavs, Dabeli, Panipuri, Bhelpuri, da dai sauransu. Abincin Indiyawan Kudu da na China suma sun shahara a cikin birni. Labanon, Koriya, Thai, Italiyanci, Meziko, Mughalai, Punjabi, Mālvani da abinci na Nahiyar duk suna shahara a Mumbai.
Mumbai tana da wasu tsoffin gidajen abinci a Ƙasar Indiya Delhi Darbar, Sindhudurg, Highway Gomantak, Samrat, Vitthal Bhelwala, Mahesh Lunch Home, Kailas Parbat, da Adarsh wasu tsofaffin gidajen cin abinci ne a cikin garin. Mumbai sananniya ce ga shagunan abinci a gefen titi, amma kuma tana da gidajen cin abinci da yawa masu ƙyama da mashaya kamar Wasabi, Indigo, The Zodiac Grill, Aer, da sauransu.
Bambancin kayan abinci na Mumbai ya jawo mutane da yawa don gogewa. Abu ne na yau da kullun mutum ya san Mumbai a matsayin matattarar abinci a titi saboda yana ba da nau'ikan dandano. Baya ga yawan abinci iri-iri daga tasirin al'adu daban-daban, Mumbai tana da Khau Galli da Chowpatty don abinci da abinci iri ɗaya. Mumbai, ta kasancewar ita ce cibiyar kuɗaɗe, tana da yawan baƙin haure. Membobin dangin da ke yin ƙaura suna aiki ba tare da wani tallafi na iyali ba, saboda haka yin odar abinci daga kusa da gidajen abinci ko yin kira ga abincin da aka riga aka shirya (dabba kamar yadda ake kira a gida) abu ne karɓaɓɓe. Wadannan 'Dabbas' galibi ana bayar dasu ne ta hanyar kungiyar bayarda agaji ta musamman wacce aka fi sani da Dabbawalas Dangane da waɗannan abubuwan kwanan nan, akwai wasu sabis na odar abinci na kan layi waɗanda suka yi tsayi.
Shayi shine mashahurin abin sha wanda kofi ke biyowa bayansa. Akwai shagunan shayi a kusan dukkanin hanyoyi da kusurwa. Sauran abubuwan shan sun hada da ruwan 'ya'yan itace da ruwan kwakwa. Kafet din Irani wani bangare ne na kayan tarihin Mumbai.
Waƙa Wakokin Marathi koli, wanda shine asalin kiɗan birni, har yanzu ana jinsa a yawancin yankuna na bakin teku a cikin asalin sa kuma har ma a cikin fom din remix pop party. Yawancin baƙin haure kuma sun kawo nasu dandano a cikin abinci, kiɗa, fina-finai, da wallafe-wallafe, na Indiya da na duniya. Kiɗan Bollywood shine mafi mashahuri nau'in da aka ji a cikin birni wanda shagunan birni, taksi, da kamfanoni ke kunnawa. Indi-pop, Marathi, kiɗan Hindi, kiɗan gargajiya na Indiya, dutsen, da kiɗan pop na duniya suna da magoya baya a cikin garin. Hakanan kiɗan gargajiya na Yamma yana da mabiya a Mumbai. Kungiyar Bombay Chamber Orchestra (BCO) an kafa ta a cikin shekara ta 1962. Itungiyar kade-kade ta Indiya ce kaɗai ke aiki kuma take aiwatarwa akai-akai tare da nuna kide kide da wake-wake. Orchestra ta Symphony Orchestra ta Indiya ta samo asali ne daga shekara ta 2006 kuma tana zaune a Mumbai. Sau da yawa yakan yi shi a Cibiyar Nazarin Wasannin Kasa Mumbai ta kuma samar da mashahuran mawaƙa na gargajiya, kamar Zubin Mehta, wanda ya ɗauki Mumbai garin mahaifarsa.
Kiɗan Ingilishi yana da masu bi kuma tushen dutsen Ingilishi na cikin gida yana da girma sosai yana da ƙungiyoyi. Kiɗan duniya daga Beyonce Knowles, Bryan Adams, Iron Maiden, Eminem, da Enrique Iglesias suna da mashahuri a nan kuma wani lokacin suna siyar da fayafayen Bollywood. Masana'antar dutsen karfe suna aiki kuma suna cikin garin Mumbai da Pune Rock Independence, wanda aka fi sani da I-Rock a Mumbai da Pune Woodstock na Pune sune manyan manyan bukukuwan dutse na da'irar dutsen Mumbai-Poona.
Bukukuwa da Bukukuwa
Na addini Mazauna Mumbai suna yin bukukuwa da bukukuwa na Yamma da Kasar Indiya Mazauna dukkanin al'ummomi da addinai suna kiyaye bukukuwa da bukukuwa. Holi, Good Friday, Dussera [Ganesh Chaturthi] da Maha Shivratri wasu daga cikin bukukuwan ne a garin.
Ganesh Chaturthi na ɗaya daga cikin manyan bukukuwa, ana yin ta a cikin gari da ɗoki. Wannan bikin ya hada da sanya gunkin Ubangiji Ganesha a cikin gidan na tsawon kwana 3,5,7 ko 11 bayan an nutsar da shi a cikin teku, bayan fareti mai launuka iri-iri da hayaniya. Bal Gangadhar Tilak ne ya fara wannan bikin a matsayin wata hanya ta hada kan dukkan mutane da kuma jaddada bukatar samun ‘yancin Indiya daga Turawan Ingila. Maharashtrians ne ke bikin wannan da farko, amma kusan duk Mumbaikars suna shiga ta wata hanyar. Anan, ana yin dukkan bukukuwan cikin farin ciki da annashuwa.
Mara Addini Bukukuwan da ba na addini ba sun hada da Queer Azaadi Mumbai bikin faretin Mumbai na shekara-shekara. Hakanan ana gudanar da bukukuwan kishin kasa gami da ranar samun ‘yancin kai.
Gine-gine A shekara ta 2004, Mumbai ta sami kyaututtuka biyu na kiyaye kayan tarihi daga UNESCO Marine Drive gida ne ga wasu kyawawan gine-ginen kayan ado (wanda kuma ake kira Indo Deco ko Bombay Deco, wanda ya bunkasa a cikin shekara ta 1920 da kuma shekara ta 1930. A zamanin Turawan ingila, gine-ginen Indo-Saracenic su ne gine-ginen birni na hukuma. Yawancin abubuwan tarihi na Indo-Gothic suma suna layi na Kudu Mumbai Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus Ginin BMC, wayofar Indiya wasu daga cikin wannan salon.
Mumbai tana da tsarin gidaje da aka sani da Chawl ('chaali' a Marathi Waɗannan sune ragowar masana'antun auduga da suka bunƙasa sau ɗaya waɗanda suka ba da damar aiki da kuma haifar da ƙaurawar mutane zuwa Mumbai. Chawls har yanzu suna da babban yanki na mazaunin Mumbai.
Turawan mulkin mallaka Gine-gine na zamani da manyan dogayen sararin samaniya sun mamaye sararin samaniya.
Cinema Mumbai ita ce mahaifar gidan sinima na Indiya tare da fim mafi tsufa da aka ɗauka a ƙasar a cikin shekara ta 1896 a yankin Kala Ghoda. Gidajen silima da yawa, gami da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na IMAX, wanda ke ba da babbar marathi, fina-finai na Bollywood da Hollywood sun mamaye gari. Garin yana dauke da wasu tsoffin siliman fina-finai kamar Plaza, Cinema ta New Empire (Mumbai) da New Excelsior. Saboda manufofin haraji na Gwamnatin Jiha, ya zama mafi riba don aiki da Multiplexes kuma yawancin siliman suna ba da hanya don sauran ci gaba ko gyara cikin gida. Misalin wannan shine gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Sterling a Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus A zahiri, Mumbai ta karɓi Inox Leisure Ltd babbar kyauta a Indiya gidan wasan kwaikwayo na allo na Megaplex 11 a Inorbit Mall Wannan kuma shine mafi girma da yawa na Mumbai.* Garin kuma yana dauke da wuraren daukar fina-finai. Wadannan sun hada da Film City a Goregaon, da Raj Kapoor 's RK Studios a Chembur, Filmistan, Shashadhar Mukherjee na Filmalaya da V Shantaram Rajkamal Studio Cibiyoyin al'adu Mumbai tana daukar nauyin wasannin kwaikwayo da wasannin gargajiya. Wasu gidajen wasan kwaikwayon sune gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Prithvi a Juhu, Dinanath Natyagruha a Vile Parle, Shanmukhananda Hall a Matunga, Prabhodankar Thackeray Theater a Rang Sharda a Bandra da kuma silima a National Center for Performing Arts (NCPA), Nariman Point Gidajen Tarihi da Guraren Fasaha Akwai tashoshin fasaha guda biyu na jama'a, The Jehangir Art Gallery da National Gallery of Modern Art da gidan kayan gargajiya a Kudancin Mumbai. Siungiyar Asiya ta Bombay ita ce mafi tsufa ɗakin karatu na jama'a a cikin birni, wanda aka gina a shekara ta 1833.
Akwai gidajen tarihi da yawa a cikin garin, gami da gidan tarihin Dr. Bhau Daji Lad, Cowasji Jehangir Hall da Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya Gallan kayan fasahar kasuwanci galibi suna cikin Colaba da yankin Fort na cikin gari Mumbai. Sun hada da Chemould Prescott Road, Pundole, Guild, Sakshi, Mirchandani Steinrucke, Chatterjee Lal, da Project guda 88.
Wasanni Mumbai ta karbi bakuncin wasannin duniya da yawa, ciki har da Kofin Duniya na Hockey na Duniya, a shekara ta 2004 Kabaddi Kofin Duniya, da wasanni don Kofin Duniya na Cricket na shekara ta 1987, 1996, da shekara ta 2011 Wasan Marathon na Mumbai da ake gudanarwa a kowace shekara shine ɗayan manyan abubuwan wasannin motsa jiki a Asiya.
Manazarta Al'ada
Al'adun ƙasashen
Al'adar Musulunci
Pages with unreviewed |
21528 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami%27ar%20Kwalejin%20Roosevelt | Jami'ar Kwalejin Roosevelt | Jami'ar Kwalejin Roosevelt (UCR), wacce a da ake kira Roosevelt Academy RA ƙarama ce, ta girmama kwalejin ilimin kere-kere na kwaleji da kimiyya da ke Middelburg a Netherlands da kuma babbar jami'a a Zeeland Yana ba da saitin zama, kuma kwalejin girmamawa ce ta duniya na Jami'ar Utrecht. An kuna kira shi ne don girmama dangin Roosevelt, wanda ya samo asalinsa zuwa lardin Zeeland.
Tarihi Akadeiyar Roosevelt, kamar yadda ake kiranta a wancan lokacin, an kafa ta ne a shekara ta 2004 saboda ƙoƙarin da Hans Adriaansens ya jagoranta, Shugabanta na Foundaddamarwa. Farfesa Adriaansens ya fara samun gogewa ne game da ka'idodin ilimin zane-zane a lokacin ɗan gajeren lokacinsa a matsayin farfesa mai ziyara a Kwalejin Smith, Amurka, a cikin shekarar karatu ta shekarun 1980-1981. Ya fara inganta tunanin karamin kwaleji da kwalejin karatun digiri a cikin Netherlands, wanda ya jagoranci Adriaansens zuwa kafuwar Kwalejin Jami'ar Utrecht a shekara ta alif 1998, kwaleji ta farko ta zane-zane a kasar. Bayan nasarar kirkiror Kwalejin Jami'a ta farko a Utrecht, Adriaansens ta fara shirye-shiryen kwalejin 'yar'uwa a garinsu, Middelburg Middelburg da gaba ki daya Zeeland ba su da jami'ar bincike har yanzu, kodayake William na Orange ya ɗauki Middelburg a matsayin wuri mai yiyuwa lokacin da ya kafa jami'ar farko a Netherlands a 1575, kafin daga bisani ya daidaita zuwa Leiden An kafa shi ne a cikin Middelburg tsohon Gothic City Hall, wannan kwaleji ta farko a Zeeland ta kasance tana bin ƙa'idodi iri ɗaya na ilimin zane-zane kamar takwaran Utrecht. An sanya masa suna ne bayan dangin Roosevelt, musamman Franklin, Eleanor da Theodore, saboda asalinsu wanda ya samo asali daga lardin Zeeland na Dutch.
An kafa Kwalejin Roosevelt a hukumance a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun 2004 kuma ɗaliban farko da suka yi rajista a watan Agusta na wannan shekarar, bayan Sarauniya Beatrix ta yi buɗewar jami'a a hukumance. Ita ce Kwalejin Jami'a ta uku da aka kafa a cikin Netherlands, bayan Kwalejin Jami'ar Utrecht da Kwalejin Jami'ar Maastricht A cikin fewan shekarun ta na farko, Roosevelt Academy ya kasance yana da matsayi mafi girma a tsakanin Kwalejojin Jami'a: mujallar <i id="mwNA">Elsevier ta</i> kasance RA a matsayin babbar kwalejin zane-zane a cikin Netherlands har sau uku a farkon shekaru huɗu na farko, kuma a cikin 2011 kuma Keuzengids Onderwijs suma sun kasance masu daraja. shi a matsayin lamba ɗaya ta Jami'ar Kwaleji a cikin Netherlands. Hans Adriaansens ya yi ritaya a matsayin shugaban makaranta a watan Nuwamba na 2011, kuma an maye gurbinsa da Prof. Barbara Oomen a watan Afrilu 2012. A ranar 5 ga Fabrairu 2013, Roosevelt Academy ta canza sunanta zuwa Kwalejin Jami'ar Roosevelt, don guje wa shubuha game da yanayin ma'aikata da gabatar da kanta a bayyane a matsayin kwalejin jami'a. UCR ya ci gaba da haɓaka yayin da ya shiga shekaru goma na biyu. Babban mahimmin ci gaba shi ne buɗe gidan na Common Elliott, ajujuwan gina gidaje, ɗakin cin abinci na ɗalibai da kuma gidan ƙasa. Bayan abubuwa masu yawa, gami da juriya daga mazauna wurin, Elliott ya buɗe ƙofofinsa ga ƙungiyar farko a ranar 28 Nuwamba 2013 kuma an ƙaddamar da shi bisa ƙa'ida a cikin Afrilu 2014. A cikin wannan shekarar, an kafa Cibiyar Koyarwa da Koyo don ƙwarewa a ilimi kuma Sarauniya Máxima ta buɗe a hukumance. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2016, Prof. Bert van der Brink ya zama sabon shugaban UCR. A karkashin Farfesa van der Brink, UCR ta fadada tsarin karatun ta ta hanyar kafa sabon Sashen Injiniya, wanda aka gwada shi daga 2019 kuma aka fara shi a hukumance a shekarar 2020. Wannan ya haifar da sabbin fadada harabar: an sami sabon gini don zama sabon sashin, kuma Cibiyar Nazarin Hadin Gwiwa (JRI) ta haɓaka tare da haɗin gwiwar HZ University of Applied Sciences and Scalda. An tsara shi don buɗewa a 2021, JRI za ta samar da dakunan gwaje-gwajen da za a yi amfani da su a fagen aikin injiniya, kimiyyar bayanai, ilmin sunadarai da ilimin halittu.
Masu matsayin Dean Hans Adriaansens (2004–2011)
Willem Hendrik Gispen (Shugaban rikon kwarya, 2011-2012)
Barbara Oomen (2012-2016)
Bert van der Brink (2016-gabatarwa)
Ilimi UCR tana ba da karatu me zurfi kan shirye-shiryen Liberal Arts & Sciences tare da tushe a cikin ƙwarewar ilimi. Aliban suna da 'yanci su tsara tsarin karatun su a cikin wasu buƙatu; ana ƙarfafa su kuma har zuwa abin da ake buƙata su bi ɗalibai a fannoni daban-daban. Darussan suna da diban dalibai kasa da dalibai 25, don haka azuzuwan ƙanana ne kuma ana ƙarfafa hulɗa. Bayan shekara ta farko, ana buƙatar ɗalibai su bayyana babban sakamako a ɗayan daga daya dagan cikin sassa huɗu: Arts & Humanities, Kimiyyar Zamani, Kimiyya ko (tun daga 2019) Injiniya Babban mahimmin yanki, haɗuwa da ƙarin ɓangarori biyu na mai yiwuwa kuma yana yiwuwa. A cikin wannan tsarin karatun, UCR kuma yana ba da shirye-shirye na musamman guda biyu: Ayyuka na Kiɗa, wanda ɗalibai za su iya haɗuwa da karatun ilimi tare da kwasa-kwasan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin kiɗa, da shirin Pre-Medical, wanda ɗalibai za su iya haɗuwa da kwasa-kwasan ilimin kimiyyar lissafi da na rayuwa, yana ba su damar. don ci gaba da karatunsu a karatun Jagora na likita a Netherlands. Bayan shekaru uku na ci gaba da karatu cikin nasara a UCR, ana ba ɗalibai lambar yabo ta Jami'ar Utrecht ta Digiri na farko na Kwalejin Fasaha ko Digiri na Kimiyya, dangane da mahimman zaɓaɓɓen su.
Shiga Jami'ar Jami'ar na karɓar ɗalibai guda 170 kowace shekara ta ilimi daga aikace-aikace kusan 350 da aka karɓa. Kimanin rabin ɗaliban sun fito ne daga Netherlands yayin da sauran suka fito daga ko'ina cikin duniya. An saita kuɗin koyarwa kaɗan fiye da na jami'o'in jama'a na yau da kullun a cikin Netherlands.
Martaba da Matakai NVAO (Dutch-Flemish Accreditation Organisation) tana girmama UCR tun kafuwarta. A shekara ta 2004, an bashi matsayin "sakamako mafi kyawo", an tabbatar dashi tare da sake duba bayanan a shekarar 2008 da 2013. A cikin 2019, a maimakon haka, an ba shi cikakken bayani game da "kyakkyawa". Baya ga cancanta ta yau da kullun, NVAO ya ba UCR lambar lakabin ta "ƙarami da ƙarfi"
A cikin 2011, Keuzegids Onderwijs sun zaɓi jamiar UCR a matsayin lamba ɗaya a Kwalejin Jami'a a Netherlands tare da 84. A cikin 2012 duk da haka, ya faɗi a matsayi na biyu, tare da 78, tare da Kwalejin Jami'ar Maastricht a farkon tare da 86. Kamar yadda aka sami karin Kwalejojin Jami'a a kasar, sai UCR ya nitse a cikin jadawalin, ya kai karshe a tsakanin Kwalejojin Jami'oi 10 a shekarar 2017. Koyaya, shekara mai zuwa ya sake tashi, yana matsayi na 7 cikin 10 a cikin 2018 tare da 74.
Shirye-shiryen musayar Dalibai na iya yin karatu a ƙasashen waje yayin smestan karatun su na huɗu ko na biyar. Studentsalibai na iya samun kuɗi zuwa ga digiri na UCR yayin da suke a jami'o'i iri-iri a duniya. Zaɓuɓɓuka sun haɗa da wurare ta hanyar hanyar musayar Jami'ar Utrecht, amma UCR kuma tana da yarjejeniyar musayar kai tsaye tare da Shirin girmamawa a Jami'ar Nebraska a Kearney, Amurka, Kwalejin Bard a New York, Amurka, da kuma Kwalejin Glendon a Toronto, Kanada.
Mujallar ilimi Kwalejin Jami'a Roosevelt tana wallafa mujallar ilimi ta shekara-shekara, Ad Astra, wacce ke wallafa shahararrun ɗalibai da takardu.
.Kungiya Jami'ar Kwalejin Roosevelt kwaleji ce ta girmamawa ta duniya na Jami'ar Utrecht UCR cibiyar ilimi ce mai zaman kanta ta hanyar kudi tare da gudanarwarta da kuma kwamitin amintattu, yayin da Jami'ar Utrecht ta tabbatar da kula da inganci, tana ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban tsarin karatun, da bayar da lambobin digiri. Ana daukar ɗaliban UCR ɗaliban Jami'ar Utrecht kuma suna karɓar digiri na UU a ƙarshen karatunsu. Shugaban UCR da cikakken furofesoshi duk furofesoshi ne a Jami'ar Utrecht kuma.
Harabar jami'a
Gine-ginen wurin karatu Kwalejin Jami'ar ta Roosevelt tana kusa da dandalin kasuwa a Middelburg a bayan faɗin garin na da, wanda aka gina a cikin 1452 kuma galibi kwalejin ke amfani da shi don dalilai na bukukuwa. Birnin, wanda ya mallaki ginin, ya fara yin hayar ofisoshin da aka hade zuwa kwalejin jami'a a shekarar 2004 bayan an sauya dukkan ofisoshin birni zuwa sabon zauren birni a Kanaalweg.
An sanya sunayen gine-ginen jamiar ne bayan shahararrun membobin gidan Roosevelt Sabon, ɓangaren da ba gothic na zauren birni an san shi da Franklin, yayin da ake kira sauran gine-ginen Theodore da Eleanor Wadannan gine-ginen guda uku duk suna fuskantar wani fili da ake kira Helm da gidajen ajujuwa da dakunan gwaje-gwaje na kwamfuta, da kuma malamai da ofisoshin gudanarwa.
Wani sabon gini mai suna Anne kwanan nan UCR ta saya kuma zai sanya sashin injiniyanta. Ana kiran annan ginin bayan Anna Eleanor Roosevelt, shugaban Cibiyar Roosevelt kuma jikan Franklin D. Roosevelt da Eleanor Roosevelt. Kusa da waɗannan, Elliott, wanda ke cikin tsohon gidan waya na Middelburg, gini ne wanda ya ƙunshi ajujuwa, yankin karatu, mashaya tare da wurin hutawa da kuma ginshiki na ƙasa don bukukuwa ko taroa. Elliott ɗalibai ne ke sarrafa shi gaba ɗaya, waɗanda aka tsara a cikin Gidauniyar Common House Elliott.
Wani ɗakin ajiyar waje, wanda aka sani da Metamorfose Lokaal, yana kan Helm. Tare da Hadin gwiwar UCR da karamar hukumar Middelburg, an buɗe ta a cikin 2017 a yayin bikin cika shekara 400 da haihuwar a Middelburg na Jan Goedart, shahararren masanin ilimin ƙirar ƙabilar Holland kuma mai zane. Azuzuwan UCR a kai a kai ana yin su ne a cikin wannan aji, kazalika da sauran laccoci da aka bude wa jama'a.
Gidajen zama Kusan duka daliban suna zaune a daya daga cikin wuraren zama na makrantan. Wato Bagijinhof da Roggeveenhoor, Koesttrast koBachtensteene. Almost all students live in one of the residential halls, Bagijnhof, Roggeveenhof, Koestraat or Bachtensteene, all within Middelburg. These halls house between 100 and 200 students each and are spread throughout the city. Others live on small campus locations housing between 1 and 16 students at Zusterstraat, Hof van Sint Pieter or Zuidsingel.
Laburare Dalibai suna da cikakkiyar dama ga ɗakin karatu na Zeeland, babban ɗakin karatu a cikin lardin, kuma suna iya amfani da laburaren zamani na Jami'ar Utrecht Rayuwar dalibi
Kungiyoyin dalibai Ksungiyar Dalibai ta Roosevelt (RASA) ƙungiya ce ta ɗalibai da aka buɗe wa ɗalibai duka a UCR. Matsayin RASA shine sanya "UCR al'umma mai motsawa da isar da saƙo, ta hanyar haɓaka alaƙar tsakanin mambobi, wakiltar bukatunsu, kiyaye mahimman al'adu da samar da tsarin da manufofin membobinta da bambancinsu zasu iya bunƙasa". RASA ita ce ƙungiya ta ƙungiyoyi da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban, duk ɗalibai ne suka tsara su duka, yana ba su damar biyan buƙatu iri-iri da tsara abubuwa daban-daban. Hukumar RASA ta ƙunshi mambobi shida waɗanda ƙungiyar ɗalibai ke zaɓa kowace shekara.
Majalisar Kula da Harkokin Ilimin (AAC) ita ce ke da alhakin kula da korafe-korafen dalibai, sa ido kan ka'idojin ilimi, wakiltar ɗalibai a matsayin ɓangare mai rikitarwa na UCR, da taimaka wa ɗalibai zuwa cikakken iliminsu na ilimi. Yana aiki a cikin wasu manyan hukumomin yanke shawara na jami'a, don tabbatar da shigar da ɗalibai akan matakan daban. Hakanan AAC ita ce ke da alhakin wakiltar UCR a matakin ƙasa, a UCSRN (Wakilan Makarantar Kwalejin Jami'ar Netherlands) da ISO (Interstedelijk Studenten Overleg). Wannan kwamiti ya ƙunshi kujera, mataimakin kujera, mai ba da shawara ga ɗalibai, jami'in cikin gida da jami'in waje.
Majalisar Harkokin Gidaje (HAC) tana da ayyuka da yawa: HAC tana wakiltar bukatun gidaje da ɗalibai kuma tana aiki don tabbatar da mafi kyawun yanayin rayuwa a harabar don farashi mai sauƙi. Hukumar ta kunshi kujera, sakatare, ma'aji da dattawan harabar guda hudu.
Wasannin motsa jiki Kwamitin Wasannin RASA, wanda ake kira SportsCo, yana shirya wasanni iri-iri don ɗaliban jamiari. Ana karɓar horo na yau da kullun da abubuwan da suka faru a wurare daban-daban na wasanni a Middelburg. Ana gudanar da gasa tsakanin kungiyoyi tare da sauran Makarantun Jami'oi a cikin Netherlands.
MSRA Odin, owungiyar kungiyar Ruwa Daliban Middelburg, ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta mai haɗuwa da UCR kuma buɗe wa ɗaliban Hogeschool Zeeland. Masu tseren Roosevelt (RR) sune kulob din ɗalibin UCR da ke gudana. A cikin shekarar masu gudun, Roosevelt una shiga cikin gasa ta duniya kamar Batavierenrace, jinsi na ƙasa kamar CPC Loop Den Haag da jinsi na larduna a kewayen Zeeland. Hakanan suna shiga cikin gudummawar sadaka ta gida.
Mawaka Mawakan Roosevelt College sun hada da hukumar wake-waken makaranta wanda ke dauka akalla mutum 29. Wanda kowane memba akalla yakai sjhekara daya a jamiar. Akwai kwas kuma na karatun waka wanda zasu riqa rera wake. Cis UCR's official choir, consisting of about 20 students. All members are in the choir at least one academic year, during which they follow the Choir Course. The Choir Course is required for those students following the music performing programme. The ensemble enhances academic events and performs during church services and independent concerts throughout the year.
Al'adu Yayin bikin karatuttukan ilimi na hukuma, jerin gwanon mashahurai da furofesoshi cikin tufafin ilimi suna tafiya daga Hall na gari zuwa Sabon Cocin Middelburg (Dutch: Nieuwe Kerk wani ɓangare na hadadden Middelburg Abbey, inda ake gudanar da shagulgulan. A taro faruwa a New Church a farkon kowane ilimi shekara, yayin da bikin, a lokacin da yanayin izni, da aka gudanar a cikin m Abbey Square. Bikin kafuwar kwalejin, wanda aka fi sani da Dies Natalis, ana yin sa ne duk bayan shekaru biyar.
A farkon kowane zangon karatu, ana shirya taron IntRoweek don tarbar sababbin ɗalibai.
Gasar tseren kwale-kwale na shekara-shekara da aka sani da "King of Channel na ganin ɗaliban UCR a cikin gasa tare da ɗaliban Jami'ar HZ na Kimiyyar Aiyuka da sauran cibiyoyin ilimi mafi girma a yankin. Gasar tana gudana akan Canal ta hanyar Walcheren, shimfidar ruwa tsakanin Middelburg da Vlissingen, inda HZ take.
Kungiyar tsofaffin ɗalibai Gidauniyar Aurora Alumni ita ce ƙungiyar tsofaffin ɗaliban UCR. Tare da UCR da 'Abokan UCR', sun kafa Hukumar Kula da Tsoffin Daliban Roosevelt, wanda ke tabbatar da cewa ana kiyaye dangantakar tsofaffin ɗalibai ta hanyar ba da dama don hulɗar zamantakewa, sadarwar da ayyuka daban-daban. Akwai tsofaffin ɗalibai 1900.
Duba kuma Jami'ar Utrecht
Jami'ar Jami'ar Utrecht
Makarantun Jami'a a cikin Netherlands
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Tashar yanar gizon Jami'ar Roosevelt
Bayani kan Kuɗi da Makaranta
Bayani kan Tsarin Ilimi
Kungiyoyin daliban Roosevelt
Tashar Yanar Gizo ta Roosevelt's All Student Association
Middleburg, Zeeland
Ilimi a Zeeland
Gine-Ginen shekarata 2004 a Netherlands
Gine-gine wuraren karatu a Netherlands
Liberal arts a kwalejin jamiar dake Netherlands
Manazarta Jami'ar Utrecht
Tsumomi a Wikidata
Pages with unreviewed |
51373 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%20Sorokin | Anna Sorokin | Articles with hCards
Anna Sorokin (;An haife shi a Janairu 23,1991),kuma aka sani da Anna Delvey,ƴaƴa ce kuma ɗan damfara wanda ya fito a matsayin magajiya mai arziƙi don samun damar manyan al'amuran zamantakewa da fasaha na New York daga 2013 zuwa 2017.
Haihuwar iyaye masu aiki a cikin Tarayyar Soviet(yanzu Rasha ),Sorokin ya yi hijira daga Rasha zuwa Jamus tare da danginta yana da shekaru goma sha shida a 2007.A cikin 2011,ta bar Jamus don zama a London da Paris kafin ta koma New York City a 2013,inda ta shiga cikin mujallar Faransanci ta PurpleSorokin ta yi tunanin wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta na membobi da gidauniyar fasaha,j6j6
wanda ya haɗa da ba da hayar wani babban gini don nuna shagunan talla da nune-nune ta fitattun mawakan da ta hadu da su yayin da suke aiki.Daga baya ta ƙirƙiri takaddun kuɗi na bogi don tabbatar da ikirarinta na samun asusun amintattu na miliyoyin Yuro,kuma ta ƙirƙira wasu tabbaci na musayar waya.Sorokin ya yi amfani da waɗannan takardu,da kuma cak na zamba,don yaudarar bankuna,abokan aiki,da ƴan kasuwa wajen biyan kuɗi da bayar da lamuni masu yawa ba tare da lamuni ba.Ta yi amfani da wannan don samun kuɗaɗen salon rayuwarta, gami da zama a cikin manyan otal-otal masu yawa.Tsakanin 2013 zuwa 2017, Sorokin ya zamba tare da yaudarar manyan cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi,bankuna,otal-otal,da daidaikun mutane kan jimillar $275,000.
A cikin 2017,NYPD ta kama Sorokin a wani aiki mai tsanani tare da taimakon tsohuwar kawarta,Rachel DeLoache Williams,wanda ya zargi Sorokin da zamba ta 62,000.A cikin 2019,an gurfanar da Sorokin da laifi a wata kotun jihar New York da laifin yunƙurin aikata manyan laifuka,lalata a mataki na biyu,da satar ayyuka,kuma an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru 4 zuwa 12 a gidan yari.Bayan ta yi shekara biyu,an tsare ta a hannun Hukumar Kula da Shige da Fice ta Amurka don a tasa keyar ta zuwa Jamus.A ranar 5 ga Oktoba 2022,an ba Sorokin belin $10,000 kuma an sake shi daga kurkuku.Tun daga Oktoba 2022,ana buƙatar Sorokin ya kasance a cikin sa'o'i 24 na tsare gida tare da saka idanu na lantarki kuma babu damar shiga kafofin watsa labarun.
HiLabarin Sorokin ya sami karbuwa lokacin da Williams ta rubuta dogon labari a cikin <i id="mwMg">Vanity Fair</i> game da abubuwan da ta samu tare da Sorokin a cikin 2018.Ta faɗaɗa labarin a cikin littafinta na 2019 Abokina Anna.A wannan shekarar,'yar jarida Jessica Pressler ta rubuta wata kasida ga New York game da rayuwar Sorokin a matsayin zamantakewa;Netflix ya biya Sorokin 320,000 don haƙƙin labarinta kuma ya haɓaka shi a cikin 2022 miniseries Inventing Annai.Labarin rayuwar Sorokin ya kasance batun wasu shirye-shiryen talabijin da yawa, tambayoyi,kwasfan fayiloli,da shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Sorokin a ranar 23 ga Janairu, 1991,a Domodedovo,wani gari mai aiki da tauraron dan adam a kudu da Moscow, Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Rasha a cikin Tarayyar Soviet.Mahaifinta,Vadim,ya yi aiki a matsayin direban babbar mota yayin da mahaifiyarta ke da wani ƙaramin kantin sayar da kayayyaki.A cikin 2007,lokacin da Sorokin ke 16,danginta sun ƙaura zuwa North Rhine-Westphalia,Jamus.A can, mahaifinta ya zama babban jami'in gudanarwa a kamfanin sufuri har sai da kamfanin ya yi rashin ƙarfi a cikin 2013.Daga nan ya buɗe kasuwancin HVAC wanda ya kware akan ingantaccen amfani da makamashi.Mahaifiyar Sorokin matar gida ce. Sorokin ya halarci Bischöfliche Liebfrauenschule Eschweiler(Episcopal School of Our Lady of Eschweiler),makarantar nahawu ta Katolika a Eschweiler.Takwarorinsu sun ce ta yi shiru tana kokawa da yaren Jamusanci.Yayin da yake matashi,Sorokin ya bi Vogue da sha'awar sha'awa,shafukan yanar gizo,da kuma asusun hoto akan LiveJournal da Flickr.
Bayan kammala karatunsa daga makarantar a watan Yuni 2011,Sorokin ya koma London don halartar Central Saint Martins,makarantar fasaha,amma ba da daɗewa ba ya fita ya koma Jamus.A cikin 2012,ta ɗan ɗan yi aiki a wani kamfanin hulɗar jama'a a Berlin.Daga nan Sorokin ya ƙaura zuwa Paris,inda ta sami kusan 400 a kowane wata ta hanyar horarwa don Purple,mujallar fashion ta Faransa.Duk da cewa Sorokin ba ta yawan tuntuɓar iyayenta,sun ba ta kuɗin haya. A wannan lokacin,Sorokin ya fara amfani da sunan"Anna Delvey",wanda ta ce ya dogara ne akan sunan budurwar mahaifiyarta.Iyayen Sorokin,duk da haka,sun "ba su gane sunan sunan ba".Sorokin daga baya ya yarda cewa"kawai ya zo da shi."
A tsakiyar 2013,Sorokin ya yi tafiya zuwa Birnin New York don halartar Makon Kasuwanci na New York.Samun samun sauƙin yin abokai a New York fiye da Paris,ta zaɓi zama,ta koma ofishin Purple New York na ɗan gajeren lokaci.Bayan barin Purple,Sorokin ya zo da ra'ayin"Anna Delvey Foundation"-ƙungiyar mambobi masu zaman kansu da kuma gidauniyar fasaha-kuma bai yi nasara ba ya nemi kudade daga masu arziki na zamantakewar birni.Shawararta ta haɗa da ba da hayar dukan Gidan Ofishin Jakadancin Church,wanda ya ƙunshi benaye shida da 45,000 sq ft (4,200 m kuma mallakin Aby Rosen 's RFR Holdings,a matsayin wurin abubuwan da suka shafi abubuwa da yawa da kuma ɗakin studio,inda ta tsara cibiyar fasahar gani tare da shagunan tallan da mai zane Daniel Arsham ya keɓe,ɗaya daga cikin abokanta daga horon ta.da nunin nunin Urs Fischer,Damien Hirst,Jeff Koons,da Tracey Emin.Ta sami taimakon shirin daga ɗan ginin Santiago Calatrava.Ta kuma tattauna batun siyar da abubuwan sha a wurin da Roo Rogers.
DJ Elle Dee ya bayyana wani baƙon gamuwa da Sorokin a wani biki a watan Mayu 2014 a Montauk,New York,inda Sorokin ya yi kama da cewa ita ce mai arziƙi kuma ta yi alfahari game da nau'ikan tufafin da take sanye da su,amma kuma ta nemi masu zuwa wurin kwana.Da suka ki,sai ta kwana a mota tana barci.Dee ya kuma bayyana sauran mahalarta taron da ta halarta wanda Sorokin ya shirya a Standard,High Line "Da kyar ta san su-kamar dai watakila shi ne karo na biyu da suka taba haduwa, irin mu.Kowa ya zauna,shiru yana kallon wayarsa.Dee ya bayyana Sorokin a matsayin"mai hakki da ma'ana", musamman ga mutanen da ke cikin masana'antar sabis.Ta caccaki mutanen da ba su da mabiya da yawa a Instagram kuma ta yi alfaharin yadda za ta yi hayar dala 12,000 a kowane wata a saman rufin gida mai dakuna shida.Dee ya kuma ce Sorokin ta dogara da ita da sauran abokan aikinta ne suka biya mata kudadenta, inda ta ce ta manta da jakarta ko kuma a ce an yi gaggawar ceredit card dinta ba ta yi aiki ba,tana zubar da hawayen kada wadanda suka bushe da sauri lokacin da ta fahimci shirin.ba zai yi aiki ba.
A cikin 2015,Sorokin ya sadu da mai tattara zane-zane kuma dalibin Jami'ar Pennsylvania Michael Xufu Huang a wani liyafar cin abinci.Sanin cewa Huang ya shirya ya halarci Venice Biennale, Sorokin ya tambaye shi ko za ta iya raka shi. Huang ya amince kuma ya yi ajiyar jirgin sama da dakin otal don Sorokin bisa fahimtar cewa za a mayar masa da kuɗin dalar Amurka 2,000- $3,000.Lokacin da suka dawo New York,Sorokin ya bayyana don"manta"tsarin kuma ya kasa biya. Da farko Huang ya ɗauka cewa Sorokin ba shi da tunani kawai.Hakanan a cikin 2015,Sorokin ya halarci Art Basel a Miami Beach.Sorokin ta dauki hayar kamfanin hulda da jama'a don yin wa kanta liyafar bikin ranar haihuwa a gidan cin abinci na Sadelle a cikin Janairu 2016;bayan da aka ki karbar katin kiredit nata kuma aka buga hotunan Huang a wurin taron a shafukan sada zumunta, ma'aikatan gidan abincin sun tambayi Huang ko yana da bayanan tuntubar Sorokin.A wannan lokacin Huang ta fara shakkun Sorokin,kuma ta lura cewa, baƙon abu koyaushe tana biyan kuɗi da kuɗi kuma tana zama a otal,ba ɗaki ba.A ƙarshe an biya shi amma daga asusun Venmo da sunan da ba a sani ba.Daga nan ya toshe hanyar sadarwar Sorokin zuwa gare shi a shafukan sada zumunta,inda ya kawo karshen abokantakar su. A cikin Fabrairu 2016,yayin da Sorokin ke zaune a dakin hotel a cikin Standard,High Line,ta sadu da Rachel DeLoache Williams,sannan editan hoto a Vanity Fair,a wani gidan rawa.Williams ta bayyana Sorokin a matsayin"mai nema da rashin kunya ga masu jiran aiki"kuma ta ce"idan an bude lif,ba za ta jira wasu mutane su sauka ba".Duk da haka, Williams ta zama abokai na kud da kud da Sorokin kuma daga baya ta taimaka wajen kama ta.
Sorokin ya yi amfani da Microsoft Word don ƙirƙirar bayanan banki na bogi da wasu takaddun kuɗi waɗanda ke nuna cewa tana da Yuro miliyan 60 a asusun ajiyar banki na Switzerland amma ba za ta iya shiga ba tunda sun amince kuma tana Amurka Daya daga cikin abokan Sorokin ya sa ta tuntuɓar lauya Andrew Lance a Gibson Dunn,wanda kuma ya sa ta tuntuɓar manyan cibiyoyin hada-hadar kuɗi da yawa, ciki har da Babban Bankin Ƙasa da Ƙungiyar Zuba Jari .A cikin Nuwamba 2016,Sorokin ya gabatar da takaddun karya a matsayin wani ɓangare na neman lamuni na dala miliyan 22 ga City National. City National ta ki ba da bashi lokacin da Sorokin ya kasa samar da tushen kadarorin Swiss,sannan ta nemi lamuni daga sansanin soja. Fortress ya amince yayi la'akari da aikace-aikacen idan Sorokin ya biya 100,000 don biyan kuɗin shari'a dangane da aikace-aikacen.A cikin Disamba 2016,tare da Sorokin ya kasa biyan haya, Gidan Ofishin Jakadancin Ikilisiya a maimakon haka an yi hayar zuwa Fotografiska New York.
A ranar 12 ga Janairu,2017,Sorokin ya shawo kan City National da ya ba ta wurin yin sama da fadi na wucin gadi kan dala 100,000,bisa alkawarin cewa za a biya cikin gaggawa.Sorokin ya ba da adiresoshin imel na AOL na karya na"Peter Hennecke",manajan kasuwancin da ba ya wanzu; lokacin da zato ya taso,Sorokin ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya mutu,sannan ya ƙirƙiro sabon mutum mai suna "Bettina Wagner". Masu gabatar da kara a shari'ar ta daga baya sun nuna cewa ta yi amfani da Google don neman"ƙirƙirar imel ɗin karya da ba za a iya ganowa ba".Sorokin ya aika da dala 100,000 zuwa sansanin sansanin don neman rancen amma wani manajan darakta a sansanin sojan ya fara shakku game da bukatar Sorokin saboda rashin daidaito a cikin takardunta alal misali,ta yi ikirarin cewa ta kasance al'adun Jamus,amma fasfo dinta ya bayyana cewa an haife ta a Rasha.Lokacin da daraktan ya shirya tantance kadarorin Sorokin ta hanyar ganawa da ma’aikatan bankinta a Switzerland,ta janye takardar neman rancen don hana ci gaba da bincike.A watan Fabrairun 2017,an mayar da kashi $55,000 na juzu'in da ba a kashe da Fortress ba a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin da ya dace ya koma Sorokin. Sorokin ya kashe dalla-dalla kan kayan alatu,na'urorin lantarki,da mai horar da mutum,da kuma $800 na haskaka gashi da kari na gashin ido $400.
A cikin Disamba 2019,labarin Sorokin shine batun Magajiya Karya, faifan wasan kwaikwayo-takardun bayanai ta 'yar jarida Vicky Baker da marubucin wasan kwaikwayo Chloe Moss da BBC Radio 4 suka fitar, tare da Bella Dayne a matsayin Sorokin. A cikin jerin talabijin na Amurka na 2020 Katy Keene,halin Pepper Smith,wanda Julia Chan ta buga, ya dogara da Sorokin. A ƙarshen Yuli da farkon Agusta 2021,Anna X, wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa ta labarin Sorokin ta Joseph Charlton tare da Emma Corrin da Nabhaan Rizwan,ya gudu a Harold Pinter Theater a London da The Lowry a Salford.
Shonda Rhimes ne ya ƙirƙira jerin abubuwa tara na Netflix Inventing Anna.A cikinta,Julia Garner ta buga Sorokin.An fitar da jerin shirye-shiryen a watan Fabrairu 2022 kuma shine babban shirin da ake kallo akan Netflix a cikin makon da aka fitar. A cikin 2022,Sorokin ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tare da Bunim/Murray Productions don tauraro a cikin jerin talabijin na gaskiya game da rayuwarta bayan kurkuku.Hakanan tana aiki akan wani littafi game da lokacinta a gidan yari da kuma podcast.A ƙarshen Mayu 2022,Sorokin ya haɗu da ƴan'uwan Paris Hilton da Nicky Rothschild akan wani shiri na faifan podcast na Hilton Wannan shine Paris.
Nunin fasaha da tallace-tallace Tun daga Disamba 2022,Sorokin ya sayar da fasaha na darajar $340,000.An yi amfani da abin da aka samu wajen bayar da beli da biyan hayar watanni uku na gidan Sorokin na $4,250/wata-wata mai daki ɗaya a ƙauyen Gabas, Manhattan.
Sorokin ya ba da autographed,iyakanceccen bugu na"Run It Again"yana nuna Sorokin yana ba wa ma'aikacin tallace-tallace umarnin sake gwada katin kiredit/metro ga Chloe Fineman,ɗan wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya nuna Sorokin.
Nunawa Wani nunin rukuni mai suna"Free Anna Delvey"ya gudana a titin 176 Delancey a Yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya daga Maris 17 zuwa Maris 24, 2022,yayin da Sorokin ke ci gaba da tsare. Nunin ya ƙunshi fasaha daga masu fasaha 33 da Sorokin ya yi wahayi, gami da Nuhu Becker,mawallafin mujallar Whitehot.An jera kowane yanki don siyarwa akan $10,000. Alfredo Martinez, wanda a baya ya kasance gidan yari saboda yin zane-zane na Jean-Michel Basquiat, da Julia Morrison,wacce ta ba da dala 8,000 na kudinta don daukar nauyin wasan kwaikwayon amma ba a biya ta ba duk da alkawuran da Sorokin ya yi. Ɗaya daga cikin guda,mai suna Send Bitcoin,yana nuna Sorokin zaune yana sanye da rigar ja yayin aiki akan kwamfuta kuma yana fuskantar nesa daga mai kallo.Sauran sassan sun haɗa da Anna akan ICE,da ICE,duka suna magana ne akan Shige da Fice na Amurka da Tilasta Kwastam.UltraNYC ta kira guntuwar"doodles" da"ɓangare na sabuwar dabararta don samun riba daga sabon shahararta.."Grunge ya bayyana nunin"gaba daya an nuna shi [Sorokin]cikin tausayawa,idan ba a bayyane yake ba,haske."
A ranar 19 ga Mayu, 2022, yayin da Sorokin ke ci gaba da tsare shi,"Wanda ake zargin"ya buɗe a wani gidan rawa a bene na biyu na Otal ɗin Jama'a a Manhattan.An buɗe wasan kwaikwayon da waƙar"Hasken Haske"na mawakiya Kanye West,sai kuma Sarauniya Yuhua Hamasaki ta ja hankalin jama'a.Samfuran sun bi ta cikin ɗakin suna riƙe da zanen Sorokin a cikin firam ɗin zinariya yayin da suke sanye da fararen safar hannu,tabarau na Versace,da safa baƙar fata suna rufe kawunansu da fuskokinsu. Sorokin ya yi jawabi ga taron ta hanyar faifan rikodin da aka riga aka yi,yana mai cewa wasan kwaikwayon"labari na ne daga hangen nawa". An sake saka farashin zanen akan US$ kowanne, tare da Sorokin ya bayyana kashi 15% na kudaden da aka samu za a kai ga kungiyoyin agaji na yara. Taron dai ya samu halartar 'yan jarida da masu yada labarai da dama.
Alamomin da ba su da ƙarfi A cikin Yuni 2022,Sorokin ta ba da sanarwar cewa tana ƙaddamar da tarin abubuwan da ba su da ƙarfi Ta ƙirƙiri irin waɗannan alamu guda 10 waɗanda ta yi iƙirarin ba masu riƙe da“hanyoyi na musamman”zuwa gare ta.
Rayuwa ta sirri Sorokin yana kula da asusun kafofin watsa labarun,wanda ta bayyana a matsayin satire,akan Twitter da Instagram.Ta hanyar Instagram,ta haɗa tare da Julia Fox,wanda yake shirin haɗin gwiwa.A cikin Janairu 2021, Sorokin ta rubuta wasiƙar baƙar magana ga Donald Trump a cikinta tana tsammanin zama fursuna a tsibirin Rikers.
Sorokin yana da saurayi a New York na tsawon shekaru biyu har ya koma Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa.Duk da kiyaye sirrin sirrinsa,Sorokin ya bayyana cewa saurayinta ya ba da tattaunawar TED kuma an bayyana shi a cikin New Yorker.Ta ba da shawarar cewa za ta bayyana sunan sa a kan kudi,inda za a fara sayan a kan $10,000;duk da haka,Rachel DeLoache Williams ta bayyana ainihin saurayin shine Hunter Lee Soik. A cikin 2019,Sorokin ya sanya hannun jari a fasaha da cryptocurrency.A lokacin,burinta ya haɗa da gudanar da asusun zuba jari.
Duba kuma Jerin masu fasaha
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan |
20589 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamza%20al-Mustapha | Hamza al-Mustapha | Hamza al-Mustapha (an haife shi a ranar 27 ga watan Yulin, shekarata alif 1960), babban hafsan sojan Najeriya ne kuma jami’in leƙen asiri wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin babban jami’in tsaro ga mai mulkin soja Janar Sani Abacha daga shekarar alif 1993 zuwa shekarar alif 1998.
Rayuwar farko Hamza al-Mustapha an haife shi kuma yayi karatu a garin Nguru. Ya yi rajista a asirce a matsayin jami'in jami'a, a Makarantar Koyon Tsaro ta Najeriya kuma an ba shi izini a cikin Sojojin Najeriya a matsayin Laftana ta biyu Aikin soja Daga watan Agustan shekarar alif 1985, zuwa watan Agusta shekara alif 1990, Al-Mustapha ya kasance Mataimakin-de-Camp (ADC) din Shugaban hafsan soji, Janar Sani Abacha. Duk shugaban sa da kuma shugaban kasa, Janar Ibrahim Babangida yana da cikakkiyar dogaro da iyawarsa, kuma sun damka masa wasu iko na daban, wadanda suka fi sauran jami'an da suka fi shi girma. Wannan ya kara nuna shi a matsayin mai karfin fada aji na soja.
Jami'in leken asirin soja An horar da Al-Mustapha a matsayin jami’in leken asiri na soja. Ya rike mukamai daban-daban na kwamandoji a Ma’aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida, Kungiyar Tsaro ta Daraktan Leken Asirin Sojoji (SG-DMI), Runduna ta 82 da Hedikwatar Soja Ma'aikatar Tsaro da Fadar Shugaban Kasa Hakanan ya kasance cikin ayyukan ɓoye-bayanan sirri da aƙalla bincike biyu na yunƙurin juyin mulki; yadda yake gudanar da tambayoyi ya kawo shi ga Janar Sani Abacha. ya kuma gudanar da ayyuka a kasashen Chadi, Laberiya, Bakassi, Gambiya da Saliyo Zamanin Abacha
Gabobin ta'addanci An nada Al-Mustapha a matsayin Babban Jami'in Tsaro na Shugaban kasa (CSOHoS) tare da Rikicin Soja na Musamman a lokacin mulkin soja na Abacha (a ranar 17 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta alif 1993 zuwa ranar 8 ga watan Yuni shekara ta alif 1998). Sauran kayan tsaro a lokacin su ne Ofishin mai ba da shawara kan harkokin tsaro a karkashin Ismaila Gwarzo Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Kasa Daraktan Leken Asiri na Soja da kuma Hukumar Tsaron Jiha duk a karkashin al-Mustapha. Duk waɗannan rukunoni suna aikata kisan gilla ga mutanen da ake gani suna barazana ga tsarin mulki. Bayan an nada shi shugaban tsaro, Al-Mustapha ya kafa wasu kananan kayan tsaro wadanda aka debo daga sojoji da sauran kungiyoyin tsaro kuma aka horar da su a Isra’ila da Koriya ta Arewa Mai bai wa shugaban kasa shawara kan harkokin tsaro Ismaila Gwarzo da al-Mustapha ne aka ce su ke da alhakin yawancin “azabtarwa, kisa da satar dukiya” a lokacin mulkin Abacha. Al-Mustapha ya sanya irin wannan tsoron har ana cewa shi mala'ika ne na mashin din ta'addanci, tare da janar-janar na soja da 'yan siyasa ke tsoron sa baki daya.
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Al-Mustapha ya lura da sake tsarin yankin baki daya na Najeriya zuwa shiyyoyi shida na siyasa, a cikin wannan ya samar da tarin 'yan leken asiri da masu ba da labarai a fadin tarayyar;
Arewa ta Tsakiya Jihar Benuwai, da Kogi, da Kwara, da Nasarawa, da Neja, da Filato da Babban Birnin Tarayya, Nijeriya Arewa Maso Gabas Jihar Adamawa, da Bauchi, da Borno, da Gombe, da Taraba da Yobe Arewa maso Yamma Jihar Jigawa, da Jihar Kaduna, da Kano, da Katsina, da Kebbi, da Sokoto da Zamfara Kudu maso Gabas Jihar Abia, da Anambra, da Ebonyi, da Enugu, da Imo Kudu Ta Kudu Jihar Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross River, Delta, Edo da Ribas Kudu maso Yamma Jihar Ekiti, da Lagos, da Ogun, da Ondo, da Osun da kuma Oyo Al-Mustapha ya kuma taka rawa wajen tsara farfaganda ta gwamnati da kuma ba da tallafi na Jiha ga Kungiyar Matasa ta Neman Abacha, wanda ya shirya Rikicin Mutum Miliyan 2 don nuna goyon baya ga Abacha. Ya kuma samu nasarar tsoratar da dukkan bangarorin siyasa wajen amincewa da Abacha a matsayin dan takarar shugaban kasa tilo.
Canja mulki A watan Yunin shekarar alif 1998, bayan mutuwar Abacha, ba tare da bata lokaci ba aka cire al-Mustapha daga mukaminsa ta hanyar gwamnatin rikon kwarya karkashin jagorancin Janar Abdulsalam Abubakar Kamawa da shiga ciki
Kama Bayan kamun nasa, da farko an tsare al-Mustapha kuma an yi masa tambayoyi a lokacin taron Oputa, sannan aka zarge shi da shirya akalla juyin mulki sau hudu daga gidan yari, kafin a koma da shi zuwa Kurkukun Kirikiri na Mafi Girma, inda aka azabtar da shi sama da shekara guda. Ya kasance cikin sarƙoƙi da tsare kansa shi kaɗai har tsawon shekara guda, an yarda da ƙoƙon ruwa kawai a kowace rana kuma yana fuskantar azabtar da hankali. Ma’aikatan gwamnati sun wawure masa gidaje na zaman kansa da ke Abuja, Kano da Yobe, an kona kayan wasan yaransa a gabansa don sanya tsoro, danginsa suna fuskantar barazana mai yawa, kuma a duk lokacin da yake aikin an bar shi ya ga iyayensa sau biyu kawai wanda daga baya ya mutu. A watan Mayu na 2011, akwai jita-jita cewa an kashe al-Mustapha a Kurkukun Babban Gida na Tsaro inda ake tsare da shi, amma wadannan ba su da gaskiya.
Kashewa A shekara ta 2007, an yi roko don a saki al Mustapha ciki har da daga tsohon shugaban kasa na mulkin soja, Ibrahim Babangida A ranar 21 ga watan Disambar shekara ta pp 2010, an wanke al-Mustapha da sauran wadanda ake tuhuma da mafi yawan laifuka. Koyaya, har yanzu ba a wanke al-Mustapha daga zargin kisan Kudirat Abiola ba. A watan Yulin shekara ta 2011, an sake shigar da karar. Hamza Al-Mustapha da abokin kararsa Lateef Sofolahan sun ba da shaidar rashin laifinsu game da tuhumar kisan kai. A ranar 30 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2012, daga baya Babbar Kotun Legas ta samu al-Mustapha da aikata kisan kuma an yanke masa hukuncin kisa ta hanyar rataya A ranar 12 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2013, Kotun daukaka kara a Legas ta soke hukuncin babbar kotun tare da wanke al-Mustapha daga dukkan tuhumar kisan Kudirat Abiola. A yayin shari’ar ta shekara goma sha biyar, al-Mustapha ya bayyana a gaban alkalai daban-daban goma sha uku da magistoti biyu.
Saki daga horo Bayan sakinsa, al-Mustapha ya koma Kano A watan Janairun shekara ta 2017, Gwamnatin Jihar Legas ta shigar da kara zuwa Kotun Koli ta Najeriya, don kotun koli ta tabbatar da hukuncin da ya gabata ta hanyar rataya hukuncin da Babbar Kotun ta yanke. A shekara ta 2017, ya shiga siyasar bangaranci tare da karfin gwiwar matasa da talakawa da ya kafa Green Party of Nigeria (GPN), daga baya ya zama dan takarar shugaban kasa na jam’iyyar Peoples Party of Nigeria (PPN) yayin zaben shugaban kasa na 2019 Tuhuma
Niyyar kisa A watan Oktoba shekara ta alif 1998, an tuhume shi da kisan Kudirat Abiola na watan Yunin shekara ta alif 1996, matar dan takarar shugaban kasa MKO Abiola (wanda ya mutu a kurkuku a watan Yulin shekara ta alif 1998). A wajen shari’ar wanda ya yi kisan, Sajan Barnabas Jabila, ya ce yana biyayya ga umarni daga babban sa, al-Mustapha. An kuma tuhumi Al Mustapha da wasu mutum hudu da yunkurin kisan kai a shekara ta alif 1996, Alex Ibru, mawallafin jaridar The Guardian da kuma Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Abacha. An sake tuhumar al-Mustapha da yunkurin kisan tsohon Shugaban Sojojin Ruwa Isaac Porbeni Yunkurin kashe Obasanjo A ranar 1 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2004, an tuhume shi da hannu a wani yunkuri na kifar da gwamnati. Wai ya hada baki da wasu ne suka harbo helikofta dauke da Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo ta amfani da makami mai linzami daga sama zuwa sama wanda aka shigo da shi kasar daga Benin Azabtar ta mata A bisa umarnin Uwargidan shugaban kasa Maryam Abacha, an kuma tuhumi al-Mustapha da tsarewa da azabtar da wasu mata da ake zargi budurwar Abacha ce.
Safarar miyagun kwayoyi A matsayinsa na shugaban hukumar tsaro ta farin kaya (SSS), an kuma tuhumi al-Mustapha da hannu a fataucin muggan kwayoyi, ta hanyar amfani da jaka ta diflomasiyya wajen safarar magungunan.
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Yajin aiki Force Vs Maj. Mustapha Hamza Oputa Panel
Manjo Mustapha cikin fushi yayi Magana game da Mutuwar Cif MKO Abiola Oputa Panel
Manazarta Sojojin Najeriya
Mutanen jihar Yobe
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1960
Pages with unreviewed |
15289 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty%20Okogua-Apiafi | Betty Okogua-Apiafi | Betty Jocelyne Okagua Apiafi (an haife ta a 19 ga Fabrairu 1962) 'yar Siyasar Najeriya ce, masaniyar tattalin arziki, ma'aikaciyar banki mai ritaya kuma masaniyar ilimi. An zabe Apiafi a Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya mai wakiltar gundumar Sanata ta Yamma a 2019. Ta kuma taba zama dan majalisar wakilai a mazabar Abua/Odual-Ahoada ta Tarayya ta Gabas ta Jihar Ribas tun 2007. Ita 'yar jam'iyyar PDP ce.
Farkon rayuwa da Ilimi Betty Jocelyne Okagua Apiafi an haife ta ne a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu 1962. Ta yi digiri na farko a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami’ar Fatakwal sannan ta yi digiri na biyu a Jami’ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Ribas.
Majalisar Wakilai A lokacin da take aiki a Majalisar Wakilai (2007-2019), Apiafi ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga harkokin mata, ilimi da sake fasalin bangaren banki. Sauran matan da aka zaba sun hada da Folake Olunloyo, Maimunat Adaji, Martha Bodunrin, Suleiman Oba Nimota, Mulikat Adeola Akande, Uche Lilian Ekunife, Beni Lar, Linda Chuba-Ikpeazu, Mercy Almona-Isei, Doris Uboh, Olubimi Etteh. Ta dauki nauyin Kuɗi da yawa kuma ta gudanar da ayyuka da yawa wasu waɗanda aka ambata wasu a ƙasa;
Membobin kwamitin Apiafi ta shugabanci kwamitoci da yawa a lokacin da take aiki a Majalisar Wakilai tsakanin shekarun 2007 zuwa 2019. Sun hada da:
1. Shugaban kwamitin majalisar kan kiwon lafiya
2. Mataimakin shugaban kwamitin majalisar kan harkokin kasashen waje
3. Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai kan Noma
4. Kwamitin majalisar wakilai kan kwamitin raya yankin Neja Delta
5. Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai kan Banki da Kudin
6. Kwamitin majalisar wakilai kan lamuran zabe
7. Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai kan Tsaron Kasa
8. Kwamitin majalisar wakilai kan harkokin mata
9. Kwamitin majalisar wakilai kan mata a majalisa
10. Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai kan Jirgin Sama
Kudaden da aka dauki nauyi 1. HB 837: Hukumar Kula da Bincike da Gudanar da Mutane masu Bukatu Na Musamman (Kafa da dai sauransu) Bill, 2018
2. HB 1496: Dokar Majalisar Dokokin Laboratory Science Science (Kwaskwarimar) Bill, 2018
3. HB 982: Dokar Horar da Zama na Likita, 2017
4. HB 1095: Bankuna da Sauran Dokokin Cibiyoyin Kudi (Soke da Sake Dokar) Bill, 2017
5. HB 1157: Dokar Dokar Gudanar da Asibitocin Orthopedic (Kwaskwarimar) Bill, 2017
6. HB 534: Dokar Dokar Inshorar Lafiya ta Kasa (Kwaskwarimar) Bill, 2017
7. HB National Drug Formulary da Essential Drugs List Act (Kwaskwarimar) Bill, 2016
HB 646: Kwamitin Kula da Magunguna na Nijeriya (Kafa, Etc.) Bill, 2016
9. HB 868: Dokar Asusun Bayar da Ilimin Manyan Ilimi (Kwaskwarimar), 2016
10. HB 172: Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 (Canji) Bill, 2015
11. HB 191: Dokar likitocin da likitan hakori (Kwaskwarimar) Bill, 2015
12. HB 192: Dokar Hukumar Kula da Asibitocin tabin hankali (Kwaskwarimar) Bill, 2015
13. HB 194: Tallace-tallace (Canza Madarar Mace) Dokar (Kwaskwarimar) Bill, 2015
14. HB 195: Dokar Cibiyar Nazarin Lissafi ta Kasa (Kwaskwarimar) Bill, 2015
15. HB 196: Dokar Cibiyar Kula da Ido ta Kasa (Kwaskwarimar) Bill, 2015
16. HB 197: Dokar Kifi a Kundin Tsarin Mulki (Kwaskwarimar) Bill, 2015
17. HB 198: Dokar Hukumar Kula da Kawance Masu zaman kansu ta Jama'a, 2015
18: HB 199: Magungunan Abinci da Kayayyaki masu Alaka (Rajista, Da Sauransu) Dokar (Kwaskwarimar) Bill, 2015
19: HB 200: Lamuni (Ci gaban Jiha) Dokar (Maimaitawa) Bill, 2015
20. HB 201: Likitocin Kula da Lafiya na Kula da Lafiya (Rajista, Da Sauransu) Bill, 2015
21. HB 203: Binciken Jirgin Kaya na Dokar Fitarwa (Kwaskwarimar) Bill, 2015
22. HB 204: Dokar Magunguna ta Dokar Dokar Dokar Nijeriya (Kwaskwarimar) Bill, 2015
23. HB 205: Dokar Haraji ta Dokar (Kwaskwarima) Bill, 2015
24. HB 75: Yarjejeniyar Cibiyar Kudi da Kual ta Najeriya (Kafa) Bill, 2015
25. HB 34: Tsarin Mulki na Tarayyar Najeriya 1999 (Canji) Bill, 2011 Dokar Bautar Kasa ta Matasa ta Kasa Dokar 1993)
26. HB 35: Bankuna da Sauran Dokokin Cibiyoyin Kudi (Soke da Sake Sanarwa) Bill, 2011
27. HB 231: Tsarin Mulki na Tarayyar Najeriya 1999 (Canji) Bill, 2009 (National Youth Service Corps Decree 1993)
28. HB 232: Bankuna da Sauran Dokokin Cibiyoyin Kudi (Soke da Sake Dokar) Bill, 2009
Daga cikin yawan iyawarta a siyasance, ta kuma dauki nauyin Dokar Horar da Harkokin Kiwon Lafiya, 2017; Kwalejin Kimiyyar Kimiyyar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kasa Jos Bill, 2017 wanda daga karshe Shugaban Tarayyar Najeriya ya sanya hannu a kan Dokar.
Ayyukan gida A shekarar 2011, Hon. Betty Apiafi tana daga cikin zababbun 'yan majalisun Najeriya da suka yi nasarar gyara kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya na 1999 wanda shugaban kasar na wancan lokacin ya amince da shi wanda shugaban kasar na wancan lokacin, Dokta Goodluck Ebele Jonathan ya amince da shi.
Ta kuma kasance mamba a majalisar Afirka ta PAN 2007-2015, shugabar majalisar wakilai ta PAN Afirka ta 2011- 2015
Majalisar Dattawa An zabe Betty Apiafi a Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya ta Majalisar 9 a 2019 a karkashin Jam’iyyar PDP. A yanzu haka tana wakiltar gundumar Sanata ta Yamma ta Yamma. Ita ce mace ta farko a majalisar wakilai ta Najeriya kuma 'yar majalisar dattijai daga jihar Ribas.
Membobin kwamitin 1. Shugaban kwamitin kan harkokin mata
2. Kwamitin Memba a kan Kiwon Lafiya 3. Kwamitin Memba a kan Ka’idojin Dokoki
3. Memba na kwamitin dokoki da kasuwanci
4. Memba na kwamitin man fetur (Na gaba)
5. Memba kwamitin kan harkokin cikin gida
6. Memba a kwamitin muhalli
7. Memba a kwamitin SDG
8. Kwamitin Memba a Banki da Sauran Cibiyoyin Kudi
9. Memba na kwamitin Ferma
Bills da aka dauki nauyi A halin yanzu, a matsayinta na fitacciyar 'yar majalisar dattijan Najeriya ta 9, ta gabatar da wadannan kudade a gaban majalisar dattawan kuma sun hada da:
1. SB 94: Cibiyoyin Likitocin Tarayya (Kafa. Etc.) Bill, 2019 2. SB 90: Dokar Dokar Asusun Ilimin Manyan Ilimi (Kwaskwarima), 2019
3. SB 126: Dokar Tsaron Aiki da Kiwan Lafiya, 2019 (HADIN GWIWA SEN. BENJAMIN UWAJUMOGU)
4. SB 91: Dokar Dokar 'Yan Sanda (Gyara) Bill, 2019
5. SB: Hukumar Bincike da Gudanar da Mutane masu Bukatu Na Musamman (Kafa) Bill, 2019 (Jiran Karanta Na 1)
6. SB 92: Dokar Dokar Laifuka (Gyara) Bill, 2019
7. SB 175: Dokar Talla (Canjin Madara-Madara) Dokar (Gyara) Bill, 2019
8. SB: Dokar Banki da Sauran Dokokin Cibiyoyin Kudi (Sake Maimaitawa da Sake Dokar) Bill, 2019 (HADIN GWIWA SEN. UBA SANI https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uba_Sani)
9. SB: Tsarin Mulki na Tarayyar Najeriya 1999 (Canji) Bill, (Halin Tarayya da Abubuwan da suka Shafi 2020)
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Bayanin Betty Apiafi
|
6236 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akwa%20Ibom | Akwa Ibom | Akwa Ibom jiha ce a kudu masa kudancin Najeriya. Ta hada iyaka da jihar Cross River daga gabas, daga yamma da Jihar Rivers da Abiya, Sannan daga kudu da Tekun Atalanta. Jihar ta samo asalin sunanta ne daga rafin Qua Iboe River wanda ya raba jihar biyu kafin ya fada cikin kududdufin Bonny. An cire Jihar Akwa Ibom ne daga Jihar Cross River a shekara ta 1987, tare da babban birninta a Uyo da kananan hukumomi 31. A cikin jihohi guda 36 na Najeriya, Jihar Akwa Ibom ita ce ta 30 a girma kuma ta biyar a yawan jama'a tana mutum miliyan 5.5 million a bisa kiyasin shekara ta 2016. Ta fuskar yanayin kasa, jihar ta rabu tsakanin Central African mangroves daga gabar ruwa ta kudu, da kuma dazukan Cross–Niger transition forests a sauran yankunan jihar. Wasu daga cikin muhimman yanayin kasar sun hada da rafukan Imo da Cross River wanda suke kwarara ta gabashin da yammacin iyakar Akwa Ibom, a yayain da rafin Kwa Ibo River ya raba jihar biyu kuma ya fada rafin Bayelsa wato Bonny. yawan fili kimani na kilomita arabba’i 7,081 da yawan jama’a milyan biyar da dubu dari huɗu da hamsin da dari bakwai da hamsin da takwas (ƙidayar yawan jama'a shekara 2016). Babban birnin tarayyar jahar ita ce Uyo. Udom Gabriel Emmanuel shi ne gwamnan jihar tun zaben shekara ta 2015 har zuwa yau. Mataimakin gwamnan shi ne Moses Ekpo. Dattiban jihar su ne: Bassey Akpan, Godswill Akpabio da Nelson Effiong. Daga can saqon kudancin jihar, akwai ganduna daji da ake kira Stubb Creek Forest Reserve, inda kuma akwai dabbodi masu karewa kamar kadoji, birai da 'yan kwaroran damusu na Nahiyyar Afurka da kuma birai nau'in Najeriya da Afurka. A fannin ruwa kuwa, akwai nau'ikan rayukan ruwa iri-iri kamar kifaye da ire-irensu da dama, da kuma jinsunan namun ruwa na cetacean species kamarsu dabbobin dolphins da whale. Jihar Akwa Ibom ta yau ta hada harsuna daban-daban tun shekaru daruruwa da suka shude, wadanda suke da alaka da mutanen Ibibio, Anaang, da Oron na arewa maso gabas, arewa maso yamma da kuma kudancin Jihar. A lokacin mulkin turawa, inda ake kira da Akwa Ibom ta kasu zuwa birane kaman Masarutar Ibom da Akwa Akpa kafin ta zamo yankin mallakar turawa a shekara ta 1884 karkashin yankin Yankin Oil Rivers Protectorate. Turawa sun mamaye yankin a farkon karni na 1900, kafin su hade yankin (da ake kira a yau Yankin Niger Coast Protectorate) acikin Yankin Southern Nigeria Protectorate inda daga bisani ta zamo Yankin Najeriya ta Burtaniya; bayan hade su, mafi akasarin yankin Akwa Ibom ta yau ta fada cikin yankin tawaye ga mulkin mallakar turai wanda ya jawo ballewar Rikicin Mata ta hanyar Kungiyar Gwagwarmaya ta Ibibiyo.
Bayan samun 'yanci a shekarata 1960, yankin Jihar Akwa Ibom na yanzu ta fada cikin Yankin Gabashin Najeriya, har zuwa shekarar alif ta 1967 lokacin da aka raba yankin ta zamo Jihar Kudu maso Gabashin Najeriya. Kasa da watanni biyu bayan hakan, yankin Inyamurai na tsohuwar Yankin Gabashin Najeriya tayi yinkurin ballewa don kafa Jamhoriyar Biyafara; wanda hakan ya jawo Yakin basasar Najeriya na tsawon shekaru uku. Anyi gumurzu sosai a yankin Akwa Ibom na yanzu wajen mamaye yankin Fatakwal, a yayin da 'yan Biyafara suka rinka cutar da mutanen Akwa Ibom wadanda ba Inyamurai ba. Bayan yaki ta kare kuma an sake hade kasar cikin Najeriya, an mayar da Jihar Kudu maso Gabas har zuwa shekarar alif ta 1976 lokacin da aka canza mata suna zuwa Jihar Cross River. Shekaru goma sha daya bayan haka, an raba Jihar Cross River daga yammacin ta don samar da sabuwar Jihar Akwa Ibom.
Ta fuskar tattalin arziki kuwa, Jihar Akwa Ibom ta ta'allaka ne akan man-fetur da gas, a matsayin jihar da tafi kowacce jiha samar da man fetur a Najeriya. Wani muhimmin fanni shine noma don Jihar na da albarkatun kayan noma kamar cocoyam, doya da plantain, dangane da kamun kifi da kiwon dodon kodi. Duk da albarkacin man fetur da Jihar ke dashi, Akwa Ibom ta kasance ta 17 a jadawalin jerin cigaban dan Adam a sanadiyyar shekaru da dama na cin hanci da rashawa.
Tarihi Gwamnatin Mulkin soja a karkashin Gen. Ibrahim Badamosi Babangida ne ta kirkiri yankin Jihar Akwa Ibom daga Jihar Cross River a ranar 23 ga watan Satumban, shekara ta 1987. Yankin da ake kira Jihar Akwa Ibom kafin zuwan turawan mulkin mallaka a shekara 1904 ta kasance bata da wani tsarin mulkin a lokacin. Hasali ma harsunan Annang, Oron, Efik, Ibonos da Ibibio sun kasance kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a wancan lokacin. Duk da cewa mishanari da dama na kasar Scotland sun sauka a yankin Calabar a shekarata 1848, da kuma Ibono a shekara ta 1887, Turawa basu kafa mulkinsu da kyau ba a yankin sai a shekarar alif 1904. A lokacin ne aka kafa Yankin Enyong wacce ta hada har da yankin Akwa Ibom, tare da helikwata a Ikot Ekpene, wata birnin Annang, wacce aka rubutu a Nazarin Afurka na Kaanan Nair, matsayin babban birnin siyasa da al'adu na mutanen Annang da Ibibio. Kirkirar Yankin Enyong ya janyo zuwan yaruka daban-daban a karo na farko a yankin. Hakan ya janyo sanadiyyar kafa Kungiyar Jindadin Ibibiyo (Ibibio Welfare Union) wacce daga baya ta koma Kungiyar Jihar Ibibiyo (Ibibio State Union). An kafa wannan kungiya da zamantakewa a masayin majalisar cigaba na gargajiya ga mutane masu ilimi da kuma kungoyoyi da aka ware tun lokacin mulkin mallakan turawa a shekara ta 1926. Duk da haka, masu tarihi basu ayyano yadda kungiyar ta janyo hadin kai a. tsakanin mutanen kungiyar ba. Kungoyar "Obolo Union" wacce ta hada da mutanen Ibono da Andoni, ya kasance kungiyar hulda da zamantakewa mai karfi wacce tayi kaurin suna a yankin. Mutane Ibono sunyi yake-yake da dama don kare mutuncinsu da kuma yankinsu fiye da kowacce kungiya. A lokacin da aka kafa Jihar Akwai Ibom a shekara ta 1987, an zabi Uyo a matsayin babban birnin jihar don isar da cigaba ga daukakin yankunan jihar.
Gwamnati Kabilu guda uku suka mamaye harkokin siyasa a Jihar Akwa Ibom: Ibibio, Annang da Oron. Daga cikin wadannan harsuna uku, yaren Ibibiyo ya kasance mafi rinjaye a yankin kuma ta rike muhimman mukamai tun lokacin da aka kirkira yankin. Tun My shekaru takwai da suka shude, tsakanin watan Mayu 29, ga wata shekara ta 2007 zuwa Mayu 28, ga wata shekara ta 2015, Anaang ke rike da madakun iko tunda gwamna na lokacin ya fito ne daga yankin mazabar Ikot Ekpene.
Ma'aikatu, Sassa da Wuraren Gwamnati A kasa an lissafo jerin ma'akatu na Jihar Akwa Ibom;
Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Justice
Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Agriculture and Food Sufficiency
Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Account and Finance
Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Works
Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Education
Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Environment
Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Transport and Petroleum
Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Local Government and Chieftaincy Affairs
Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Lands, Town Planning Survey
Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Information and Strategy
Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Health
Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Science Technology
Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Women Development and Social Development
Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Youth Sports
Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Administration Supplies
Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Economic Development Labour and Manpower Planning
Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Investment, Commerce and Industries
Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Culture and Tourism
Akwa Ibom State Bureau of Political/Legislative Affairs and Water Resources
Akwa Ibom State Bureau of Rural Development Cooperatives
Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Power and Petroleum Resources
Kananan Hukumomi Jihar Akwa Ibom nada Kananan Hukumomi (31). Sune:
Abak
Gabashin Obolo
Eket
Esit-Eket
Essien Udim
Etim-Ekpo
Etinan
Ibeno
Ibesikpo-Asutan
Ibiono-Ibom
Ika
Ikono
Ikot Abasi
Ikot Ekpene
Ini
Itu
Mbo
Mkpat-Enin
Nsit-Atai
Nsit-Ibom
Nsit-Ubium
Obot-Akara
Okobo
Onna
Oron
Oruk Anam
Ukanafun
Udung-Uko
Uruan
Urue-Offong/Oruko
Uyo
Mutane
Kabilu Muhimman kabilun yakin sune Ibibio, Anaang, Oron, Ekid, da Obolo.
Addini Mafi akasarin mutanen Akwa Ibom kiristoci ne.
Harsuna Kamar dai mutanen Efik makwabtan Akwa Ibom wato Cross River, mutaanen Akwa Ibom na amfani da harsuna da dama na Harsunan Ibibio-Efik wanda suka samo asali daga dangin yarukan Benue–Congo wanda suka hadu suka samar da yarukan Niger–Congo.
Tebur na kasa ya zayyano jerin yarukan Jihar Akwa Ibom da kananan hukumomin da aka fi amfani dasu.
Ilimi Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Jihar Akwa Ibom ke da alhakin kula da harkokin Ilima a Jihar. Sashin Akwa Ibom na yankin tsohuwar Calabar itace yanki na farko da aka fara karatun boko a Najeriya, tare da kafa makarantar Hope Waddell Training Institute a Calabar a cikin shekara ta 1895, da kuma makarantar Methodist Boys' High School, Oron a shekara ta1905, da sauran makarantu kamar Holy Family College a Abak da Regina Coeli College a Essene.
Wasu manyan makarantun yankin sun hada da:
Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic Ikot Osurua
Akwa Ibom State University (Oruk Anam LGA and Mkpat Enin LGA)
Federal Polytechnic, Ukana
Foundation College of Technology Ikot Ekpene[26]
Heritage Polytechnic, Eket
Maritime Academy of Nigeria, Oron
Obong University, Obong Ntak
Ritman University
University of Uyo, Uyo
School of Basic Studies, Abak[27]
School of Nursing, Uyo, Eket, Oron, Ikot Ekpene, Etinan[28]
Sure Polytechnic, Ukanafun[29]
Topfaith University, Mkpatak[30]
Trinity Polytechnic, Uyo[31]
Uyo City Polytechnic Nduetong Oku[32]
Sanannun mutane Sanannun mutane a yankin sun hada da:
Obong Victor Attah, former governor of Akwa Ibom State
Senator Godswill Akpabio, former governor of Akwa Ibom State, former Senate Minority Leader
Effiong Dickson Bob
Ini Edo, Nollywood Actress
Obong Ufot Ekaette, secretary to the Government of the Federal Republic of Nigeria from 1999 to 2007 under President Olusegun Obasanjo
Dominic Ekandem first cardinal in English-speaking West Africa. First Nigerian Cardinal to qualify as a candidate to the papacy.
Senator (Engr.) Chris Ekpenyong Former deputy governor of Akwa Ibom State in the Victor Attah administration and current Nigerian Senator representing Akwa Ibom North-West Senatorial District in the 9th Assembly.
Engr. Patrick Ekpotu, former Deputy Governor of Akwa Ibom State
Udom Gabriel Emmanuel, Governor of Akwa Ibom State from May 2015 to date
Senator Ita Enang, Senior Special Assistant (Niger-Delta) to President Muhammadu Buhari
Vincent Enyeama, professional footballer (Goalie) and former Super Eagle captain
Mark Essien, entrepreneur and founder of Hotels.ng
Chief Donald Etiebet, former Minister of Petroleum
Nse Ikpe-Etim, Nollywood actress
Eve Esin, Nollywood actress
Etim Inyang, former Inspector General of the Nigerian Police Force (I.G.P) 1985 to 1986
Obong Akpan Isemin, elected governor of Akwa Ibom State in Nigeria from January 1992 to November 1993 during the Nigerian Third Republic[citation needed]
Clement Isong, second governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria; first civilian governor of the former Cross River State
Emem Isong, multi-award winning filmmaker and CEO of Royal Arts Academy
Rt. Hon. Onofiok Luke, the 11th Speaker of the Akwa Ibom State House of Assembly and the Pioneer Speaker of the Nigeria Youth Parliament
Group Capt. Idongesit Nkanga, former military governor of Akwa Ibom State
Samuel Peter, world heavyweight boxing champion
Egbert Udo Udoma, from Ikot Abasi, former chief justice of Uganda
Ime Bishop Umoh, Nollywood actor
Professor Okon Uya was briefly chairman of the National Electoral Commission of Nigeria (NECON), appointed by President Ibrahim Babangida after the presidential elections of 12 June 1993 had been annulled and his predecessor Humphrey Nwosu dismissed.
Duba Kuma Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Education
List Of Government Ministries Of Akwa Ibom State
Manazarta
Jihohin |
57466 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda%20Clarity | Honda Clarity | [[File:2019 Honda Clarity Fuel Cell (SIAM 2019).jpg|2019_Honda_Clarity_Fuel_Cell_(SIAM_2019)|right|300px[]
Honda Clarity wani farantin suna ne da Honda ke amfani da shi akan madadin motocin mai An fara amfani da shi ne kawai a kan motocin lantarki na man fetur na hydrogen kamar 2008 Honda FCX Clarity, amma a cikin 2017 an fadada sunan sunan don haɗawa da baturi-lantarki Honda Clarity Electric da plug-in matasan lantarki Honda Clarity Plug-in Hybrid, ban da na gaba tsara Honda Clarity Fuel Cell Samar da tsabta ya ƙare a watan Agusta 2021 tare da hayar Amurka don bambance-bambancen tantanin mai ya ci gaba har zuwa 2022.
Honda FCX Clarity (2008-2014)
Tarihi The Honda FCX Clarity dogara ne a kan 2006 Honda FCX Concept kuma samuwa kawai a matsayin hydrogen man fetur abin hawa lantarki Clarity na FCX yana da halayen motar lantarki kamar hayakin sifiri yayin da yake ba da lokutan mai na minti biyar da dogon zango a cikin babban aikin sedan. Ita ce farkon abin hawa hydrogen man fetur samuwa ga abokan ciniki. An fara samarwa a watan Yuni 2008 tare da yin haya a Amurka wanda aka fara a watan Yuli 2008. An gabatar da shi a Japan a watan Nuwamba 2008. FCX Clarity yana samuwa don haya a cikin Amurka, Japan da Turai A Amurka, yana samuwa ne kawai ga abokan cinikin da ke zaune a Kudancin California inda akwai tashoshin mai da hydrogen da yawa. An yi hayar FCX Clarity akan a wata a cikin 2010, gami da ɗaukar haɗari, kulawa, taimakon gefen hanya da man hydrogen. Akwai kusan wasu 10 akan haya a Japan da kuma wasu 10 a Turai a cikin 2009. Ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da ke haifar da ƙarancin adadin motoci a cikin Amurka shine rashin tashoshi na hydrogen. A cikin 2014 Honda ya sanar da fitar da FCX Clarity. Daga 2008 zuwa 2015, Honda ya yi hayar jimlar raka'a 48 FCX a Amurka.
Ƙayyadaddun bayanai Wutar lantarki ta FCX Clarity ta fito ne daga 100kW Honda Vertical Flow (V Flow) tarin kwayar man fetur ta hydrogen inda ake samar da wutar lantarki akan buƙata. Dangane da yawancin motocin lantarki, motar tana da birki mai sabuntawa kuma tana amfani da baturi daban don adana makamashin da aka samu yayin birki.
Motar lantarki ta dogara ne akan motar da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin EV Plus, wanda aka ƙididdige shi a da 189 lb⋅ft (256 N⋅m) karfin juyi a 0 3056rpm. Kewayo akan cikakken tankin hydrogen (4.1kg 5000psi) an tabbatar da EPA a An kiyasta motar zata yi kusan kowace kilogiram na hydrogen a cikin birni, kowace babbar hanya ta kilogram da kowace kilogiram a hade tuki.
Zane Bayanin FCX yana da kusan ya gajarta fiye da yarjejeniyar Honda ta 2008. Nunin da ke cikin dashboard ɗin ya haɗa da ɗigon da ke canza launi da girma yayin da amfani da hydrogen ke girma, don sauƙaƙe wa direban don lura da ingancin tuƙi. Nuni daban yana nuna matakin ƙarfin baturi kuma wani yana nuna fitowar mota. Ana sanya ma'aunin saurin gudu sama da nunin jirgin don sauƙaƙa wa direba ya sa ido akan hanya. A ciki, kayan ado a kan kujeru da rufin ƙofa ana yin su da Bio-Fabric na shuka na Honda.
Production An samar da FCX Clarity a Japan a wani keɓaɓɓen layin haɗin man fetur-cell-motoci a cikin Cibiyar Sabbin Mota ta Honda Automobile Takanezawa-machi, Shioya-gun, Tochigi Prefecture An samar da tarin man fetur da kansa a Honda Engineering Co., Ltd. Haga-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi Prefecture).
An ba da rahoton cewa Honda na shirin bayar da motar jigilar mai ta hydrogen a farashi mai gasa tare da manyan motoci masu girman man fetur nan da shekarar 2020 duk da cewa wanda ya riga ya yi da hannu a shekarar 2005 zuwa Clarity ya kai kusan dala miliyan 1. A cikin Yuli 2014 Honda ya sanar da FCX Clarity za a daina kuma maye gurbinsu da wani sabon kuma mafi girma-girma hydrogen man-cell abin hawa da za a gabatar.
Kudin gudu An bayar da rahoton a shekara ta 2009 cewa hydrogen da aka yi daga iskar gas ya kai kimanin dala 5 zuwa dala 10 a kowace kilogiram a California, kuma bayan matsawa farashin da kudin sufuri, ana sayar da shi kan dala 12 zuwa dala 14 a kowace kilogiram. Ko da yake ya ninka daidai da adadin man fetur a lokacin bazara na shekara ta 2009, motocin da ke amfani da man fetur sun ninka ingancin irin wannan samfurin tare da injin mai. Matsakaicin FCX Clarity ya kai 60 mi (100 km) da kilogiram na hydrogen.
Siffofin Fasalolin FCX Clarity sun haɗa da rediyon motar AM-FM tare da na'urar CD, haɗin kai don iPod da iPhone, tashar USB, shigarwar taimako, tsarin kewayawa GPS mai kunna murya, rediyon tauraron dan adam XM, wuraren zama na zane, Bluetooth, da kayan aikin dijital.
liyafar Tun lokacin da aka bayyana motar a 2007 Los Angeles Auto Show, an ruwaito a watan Mayu 2008 akwai mutane 50,000 da ke tambaya game da motar ta hanyar yanar gizon |
30456 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99o%C6%99in%20%C6%8Aan%20Adam%20a%20Dubai | Haƙƙoƙin Ɗan Adam a Dubai | Haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam a Dubai sun dogara ne akan Kundin Tsarin Mulki kuma an kafa doka, wacce ta yi alƙawarin yin adalci ga duk mutane, ba tare da la’akari da launin fata, ƙasa ko matsayin zamantakewa ba, bisa ga Mataki na 25 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa Duk da haka, Freedom House ta bayyana cewa: “Ana aiwatar da manyan ayyuka na nuna son kai, musamman game da batutuwan da suka shafi siyasar gida, al’adu, addini, ko kuma duk wani batu da gwamnati ta dauka na siyasa ko al’ada Yankin Free Media na Dubai (DMFZ), yanki ne da kafafen yada labarai na kasashen waje ke samar da kuma bugu da watsa shirye-shiryen da aka yi niyya ga masu sauraron kasashen waje, shi ne kaɗai fagen da ‘yan jarida ke gudanar da ayyukansu tare da ‘yanci.” Ƙungiyoyin kare Haƙƙin bil adama sun koka kan yadda ake take Haƙƙin dan Adam a Dubai. Musamman ma, an zargi wasu daga cikin ma'aikatan ƙasashen waje guda 250,000 da ke cikin birnin da zama cikin yanayi da kungiyar kare Haƙƙin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta bayyana a matsayin "ƙasa da mutuntaka". Zaluntar ma'aikatan ƙasashen waje wani batu ne na shirin na shekara ta 2009, Bayi na Dubai.
Ma'aikatan ƙasashen waje da haƙƙoƙin aiki Mataki na 25 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ya tanadi adalci ga mutane dangane da launin fata, ƙasa, imanin addini ko matsayin zamantakewa Ma'aikata 'yan ƙasashen waje a Dubai sau da yawa suna rayuwa a cikin yanayin da Human Rights Watch ta bayyana a matsayin "kasa da mutuntaka", kuma shine batun shirin shirin, Bayi na Dubai Rahoton NPR na shekara ta 2006 ya ambato Baya Sayid Mubarak, karamin jakadan Indiya mai kula da ƙwadago da walwala a Dubai yana cewa: "Mu'ujizar tattalin arziƙin birnin ba za ta yiwu ba idan ba tare da dakaru na ma'aikatan gine-gine da ba su da albashi daga yankin Indiya". Rahoton na NPR ya bayyana cewa ma'aikatan gine-gine na kasashen waje suna rayuwa "takwas da goma zuwa daki a sansanonin kwadago" kuma "da yawa suna cikin tarko na talauci da basussuka, wanda bai wuce bautar da aka yi ba." BBC News Hausa ta ruwaito cewa: “Jaridun kasar sukan kawo labaran ma’aikatan gine-gine da ake zargin ba a biyansu albashi na tsawon watanni. Ba a ba su izinin ƙaura daga aiki kuma idan sun bar ƙasar su koma gida kusan za su yi asarar kuɗin da suka ce ana bin su.” Bugu da kari, an yi zargin an tilastawa wasu daga cikin ma’aikatan bayar da fasfo dinsu yayin shiga Dubai, lamarin da ya sa komawa gida ke da wuya. A watan Satumban shekara ta 2005, Ministan Kwadago ya umarci wani kamfani ya biya albashin da ba a biya ba a cikin sa’o’i 24 bayan da ma’aikata suka yi zanga-zanga tare da buga sunan kamfanin da ya aikata laifin. A cikin watan Disamba na shekara ta 2005, karamin ofishin jakadancin Indiya a Dubai ya gabatar da rahoto ga gwamnatin Indiya da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da matsalolin aiki da Indiyawan ketare ke fuskanta a masarautar. Rahoton ya bayyana jinkirin biyan albashi, sauya kwangilolin aiki, dakatar da ayyukan da ba a kai ba da kuma yawan lokutan aiki a matsayin wasu kalubalen da ma’aikatan Indiya ke fuskanta a birnin.
A ranar 21 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 2006, ma'aikata a wurin ginin Burj Khalifa, sun fusata kan lokutan bas da yanayin aiki, tarzoma, lalata motoci, ofisoshi, kwamfutoci, da kayan aikin gini. Matsalar hada-hadar kudi ta duniya ta sa ma'aikata a Dubai ya yi kamari musamman inda ma'aikata da dama ba sa biyan albashi amma kuma sun kasa barin ƙasar. An fito da tsarin shari’a na nuna wariya a birnin da rashin daidaito ga ‘yan kasashen waje ta hanyar kokarin da take yi na boye bayanai kan fyaden da aka yi wa Alexandre Robert, dan kasar Faransa mai shekaru 15 a shekara ta 2007, da wasu ‘yan kasar uku, daya daga cikinsu na HIV hukumomi sun boye matsayi mai kyau na wasu watanni; da kuma daurin da aka yi wa ma’aikatan ƙaura na baya-bayan nan, waɗanda akasarinsu sun fito ne daga Asiya, saboda zanga-zangar da suke yi na rashin ƙarancin albashi da yanayin rayuwa. Duk da zanga-zangar da kungiyar Human Rights Watch da gwamnatoci da dama suka yi, ana zargin kamfanoni na ci gaba da karbar fasfo din ma’aikata tare da kin biyan albashin da aka yi musu alkawari. Wasu kungiyoyi sun lakafta wadannan ayyukan a matsayin "bautar zamani". A cikin 2013, an kama wani ɗan ƙasar Turai mai suna Marte Dalelv kuma an daure shi a kan tuhume-tuhume.
A cikin 2012, wani sansanin ma'aikata a Sonapur ya yanke musu ruwa na kwanaki 20 da wutar lantarki na kwanaki 10, haka kuma ba a biya su albashi na watanni uku. An gaya musu cewa an riga an yi musu gargaɗi cewa yarjejeniyar ta kusa ƙarewa, kuma zaɓinsu shi ne su je sansanin Sharjah, wanda ma’aikatan ba sa so su yi saboda “yana da datti sosai kuma yana da wari Kafin tsakiyar shekara ta 2000s, masu raƙuma sun yi amfani da wasan ƙwallo na yara, waɗanda akasarinsu yara ne da aka sace daga wasu sassan duniya. Bayan da kasashen duniya suka koka, kasar ta yanke shawarar kawo karshen wannan dabi'a sannu a hankali. Har yanzu, duk da haka, wasu cin zarafi na wannan haramcin. Akwai misalan daban-daban na mutanen gida na cin zarafi, bisa ga ƙabila ko ƙabila. A wani misali, wani fasinjan tasi na gida ya yi mummunan rauni ga wani direban dan kasar waje. Fasinjojin ba zai bi umarnin direban da ya ba shi ba ya sanya bel ɗinsa kuma kada ya ci abinci a cikin motar haya, kuma ya ba da dalilin cewa shi ɗan Masarautar ne (Daular Masarawa ce ƴan ƙasa kuma ɗan ƙasar Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa). Matsalar marasa galihu (wanda aka fi sani da Bidoon ta kasance shekaru da yawa. Da yawa sun mutu ba tare da kulawar da ta dace ba, kodayake yawancinsu ƴan ƙasar ne. Wadannan mutane ba su iya kammala karatunsu ba, sun sami aikin yi kuma sun yi aure da wuya. Kadan daga cikinsu sun sami damar samun ɗan ƙasan UAE ko na Tsibirin Comoros. The global financial crisis has caused the working class of Dubai to be affected especially badly, with many workers not being paid but also being unable to leave the country..
dokokin Dubai Luwadi haramun ne. Hukuncin kisa na daya daga cikin hukumcin yin luwadi. Sumbanta a wasu wuraren taruwar jama'a haramun ne kuma yana iya haifar da kora An kori ’yan gudun hijira a Dubai saboda sumbata a bainar jama’a. Dubai tana da tsarin suturar sutura. Ka'idojin tufafin wani bangare ne na dokar aikata laifuka ta Dubai. Ba a yarda da manyan riguna marasa hannu da gajerun riguna a manyan kantunan Dubai. Dole ne tufafi su kasance cikin tsayin da suka dace. Ba a yarda masu yawon bude ido da masu yawon bude ido su sha barasa a wajen wuraren da ke da lasisi.
Ridda laifi ne da aka yanke hukuncin kisa a UAE; a aikace ba a taɓa yin amfani da wannan ba. Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta shigar da laifukan hudud na shari'ar Shari'a a cikin kundin laifukanta ridda yana daya daga cikinsu. Mataki na 1 da Mataki na 66 na Kundin Laifukan Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa na bukatar a hukunta laifukan hudud tare da hukuncin kisa, saboda haka ridda tana da hukuncin kisa a cikin UAE.
Wanda ba musulmi ba zai iya fuskantar hukunce-hukuncen Sharia a kan aure da saki da kuma rikon yara. Dole ne matan Masarautar su sami izini daga waliyyi namiji don su yi aure su sake yin aure. An samo abin da ake bukata daga Sharia, kuma dokar tarayya ce tun 2005. A duk masarautu, haramun ne mata musulmi su auri wadanda ba musulmi ba. A UAE, an hukunta auren mace Musulma da wanda ba Musulmi ba ne ta hanyar doka, tun da ana daukarta a matsayin nau'i na fasikanci A cikin watan Ramadan, haramun ne a ci abinci, ko sha, ko shan taba tsakanin fitowar alfijir da faduwar rana. An keɓance wa mata masu juna biyu da yara. Dokar ta shafi musulmi da wadanda ba musulmi ba, kuma rashin bin wannan doka na iya sa a kama shi. A shekara ta 2008 an gurfanar da wata mata 'yar kasar Rasha a gaban kotu bisa laifin shan ruwan 'ya'yan itace a bainar jama'a a cikin watan Ramadan. Rarraba dakin otal tare da maza da mata ya haramta a karkashin dokar Dubai sai dai idan an yi aure ko dangi. Ba za a nuna son jama'a ba. Hakanan an haramta daukar hotunan mata ba tare da izininsu ba.
'Yancin addini Musulunci shine addini na hukuma a Dubai. Manufar yarda da addini ta bai wa wadanda ba musulmi ba damar gudanar da addininsu a wani wurin zama na musamman ko wurin ibada, ko kuma za su iya neman gwamnati ta ba gwamnati tallafin filaye da izinin gina wata cibiyar addini don gudanar da ayyukan addini, wanda zai iya zama sannu a hankali. tsari. Akwai Cocin Kirista goma sha uku, tare da kayan aiki na Hindu, Sikhs, da Bahá'ís. An ba da dama ga ƙungiyoyin da ba musulmi ba su yi taro da kuma tallata abubuwan da suka faru, amma doka ta haramta kuma ta hukunta masu tuba. Babu wuraren bautar Yahudawa da aka sani a cikin UAE, amma ana shirin kammala majami'ar a shekara ta 2022.
'Yancin fadin albarkacin baki Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil’adama sun bayyana damuwarsu game da ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki a Dubai, wanda galibin dokokin da aka kafa ko na Ministoci suka takaita da sunan kare mutuncin addinin Musulunci na gargajiya ko kuma kima da kima na Dubai da shugabanninta.
A cikin 2007, gwamnatin Dubai ta rufe tashoshin talabijin na Pakistan guda biyu, Geo News da ARY One Nishaɗinsu, amma ba labarai da shirye-shiryen siyasa ba, daga ƙarshe an ba da izinin watsa shirye-shiryensu a Dubai. Ma'aikatar al'adu da yada labarai ta Dubai ta haramta baje kolin wasan kwaikwayo mai suna "Kholkhal" sa'o'i kadan kafin a shirya gudanar da shi a bikin wasan kwaikwayo na Gulf karo na 8 na shekara. Yayin da ba za a iya daure ’yan jarida saboda yin aikinsu ba, ana iya daukar wasu matakan shari’a a kansu. Da yawa daga cikin 'yan jaridun na Dubai sun kasance cikin jerin sunayen gwamnati kamar yadda aka hana buga su a cikin Masarautar. Har ila yau, an bayar da rahoton cewa, akwai wani mataki na nuna bacin rai da ke faruwa, saboda tsoron takunkumin gwamnati, na wasu batutuwan da ke sukar manufofin gwamnati, da dangin sarauta, ko kuma na iya bata tarbiyar addinin Musulunci na gargajiya. A cikin Yuli 2013, an saka wani bidiyo a kan YouTube, wanda ke nuna wani direba na gida yana bugun wani ma'aikacin da ke waje, bayan wani lamari mai alaka da hanya. Direban unguwar ya yi amfani da wani bangare na kayan aikin sa na gida, ya yi wa dan gudun hijira bulala sannan kuma ya tura shi, kafin sauran masu wucewa su shiga tsakani. Bayan 'yan kwanaki, 'yan sandan Dubai sun sanar da cewa an kama direban motar da kuma wanda ya dauki hoton bidiyon. An kuma bayyana cewa direban motar babban jami'in gwamnatin UAE ne. Bidiyon ya sake kawo ayar tambaya kan yadda ake kula da masu karamin karfi na ma'aikatan kasashen waje. ‘Yan sanda a watan Nuwamban 2013 sun kuma kama wani Ba’amurke da wasu ‘yan kasar Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, dangane da wani faifan bidiyo na YouTube wanda ake zargin ya nuna Dubai da matasanta da mummunan yanayi. An dauki hoton bidiyon a yankunan Satwa, Dubai kuma an nuna wasu gungun kungiyoyin da ke koyon fada da juna ta hanyar amfani da makamai masu sauki, wadanda suka hada da takalmi, agal, da dai sauransu. A ƙarshe, an saki ɗan ƙasar Amurka; A wata hira da BBC ta yi da Shehin Malamin na Dubai, Sheikh Mohammad ya bayyana cewa rashin adalci da aka yi masa. An ambaci Expo 2020 Dubai a matsayin gwamnati na amfani da shi a matsayin wani bangare na tsaftace kimar kasar a dandalin duniya a watan Oktoban 2021. Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta yi kira ga tsarin take hakkin dan Adam da Masarautar ta yi. A cewar rahoton na HRW, masu sukar gwamnati da masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil adama na ci gaba da fuskantar gwamnati inda ake kamawa da azabtarwa a gidajen yari, musamman tun daga shekarar 2015. An dage Expo 2020 zuwa 2021 bayan barkewar cutar ta Covid-19 da za a gudanar daga Oktoba 1, 2021 zuwa Maris 31, 2022, tare da taken "Haɗin Hankali, Samar da Gaba." A watan Satumba na 2021, Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta yin Allah wadai da cin zarafin bil adama da gwamnatin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta yi akai-akai, ya tura kasashe masu halartar bikin baje kolin. Wani rahoton Citizen Lab bayan binciken binciken kwakwaf na wayoyin hannu na matar Jamal Khashoggi, Hanan Elat, a cikin Disamba 2021 ya nuna cewa na'urorinta sun kamu da kayan leken asiri a cikin Afrilun shekara ta 2018. An tsare Hanan da zarar ta sauka a filin jirgin saman Dubai kuma hukumomi sun yi ta tambayoyi na sa’o’i. Wayoyinta na Android da aka kwace a lokacin da ake yi mata tambayoyi na daga cikin wasu abubuwa kamar su kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka da kalmomin shiga, wadanda suka kamu da wata manhaja ta NSO Group na Isra’ila, Pegasus, da hukumomi suka yi don kara leken asiri a cikin watannin da suka biyo baya. An yi zargin cewa an yi mata kutse ne 'yan watanni kafin a kashe Khashoggi a karamin ofishin jakadancin Saudiyya da ke Istanbul na kasar Turkiyya. Khashoggi, fitaccen dan jarida ne a jaridar The Washington Post wanda ya rubuta labarai masu mahimmanci game da gwamnatin Saudiyya da shugabancinta, an kashe shi ne a watan Oktoban shekara ta 2018, 'yan watanni bayan rahoton kutse da leken asiri na matarsa.
2007 tantace na tashoshin tauraron dan adam guda biyu na Pakistan A ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 2007 Tecom ya dakatar da watsa shirye-shiryen manyan tashoshin labarai na tauraron dan adam guda biyu na Pakistan, wanda aka haɓaka daga Dubai Media City, wanda Tecom ya fara sayar da shi a ƙarƙashin taken "'Yancin Ƙirƙiri." Gwamnatin Dubai ta umurci kamfanin Tecom da ya rufe fitattun gidajen labarai na Pakistan Geo News da ARY One World bisa bukatar gwamnatin sojin Pakistan karkashin jagorancin Janar Pervez Musharraf Du Samacom ne ya aiwatar da hakan yana kashe rafukan SDI ASI Daga baya, masu tsara manufofi a Dubai sun ba wa waɗannan tashoshi damar watsa shirye-shiryensu na nishaɗi, amma an hana labarai, al'amuran yau da kullun da kuma nazarin siyasa. Kodayake daga baya an cire sharuɗɗan, tun daga lokacin an ga bambance-bambance masu ma'ana a cikin ɗaukar hoto. Wannan lamarin ya yi tasiri sosai ga duk kungiyoyi a cikin kafofin watsa labaru tare da Geo TV da ARY OneWorld suna la'akari da ƙaura.
Manufar miyagun ƙwayoyi mara haƙuri Magungunan da aka samu a cikin fitsari ko gwajin jini suna ƙidaya a matsayin "mallaka" ƙarƙashin dokar UAE. Raymond Bingham, DJ Grooverider na BBC, an yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru hudu a gidan yari bayan an same shi da wani jeans a cikin kayansa dauke da sama da 2. grams na marijuana. Hukumomin kasar Dubai dai sun yi kaurin suna wajen dakatar da masu yawon bude ido a filin jirgin sama, kuma a yanzu haka suna amfani da na’urori masu muhimmanci na lantarki da suka hada da tantance fitsari da jini, domin gano wasu haramtattun abubuwa. An kama Keith Brown, dan kasar Burtaniya ne a ranar 17 ga Satumba, 2007 bayan da hukumomi suka yi ikirarin gano wani dan tabar wiwi a kasan takalminsa. An kuma yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru hudu a gidan yari. An yanke wa sauran masu yawon bude ido da mazauna wurin hukuncin kisa saboda sayar da tabar wiwi. Sai dai babu wani rahoto da ke nuna cewa an kashe wani mutum a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa bisa laifin safarar miyagun kwayoyi kawai, sabanin makwabciyar kasar Saudiyya. An kama wata 'yar kasar Birtaniya, Tracy Wilkinson, kuma an zarge ta da kasancewa "bakar fata" a 2005 bayan da hukumomi suka gano codeine a cikin jininta. Wilkinson ya samu rashin lafiya kuma an yi masa allurar codeine a wani asibitin Dubai. Ta karasa wata biyu a cikin dakin da ta kamu da cutar zazzabin cizon sauro, gyambon kai da kuma kamuwa da ƙuma kafin daga bisani a sake ta bisa beli. An kama mai gabatar da gidan talabijin na Jamus Cat Le-Huy a watan Janairun shekara ta 2008 saboda mallakar kwalbar maganin barcin da ba a iya siyar da shi ba Melatonin Hukumomi sun yi iƙirarin cewa wasu datti a cikin kayan Mista Le-Huy na hashish ne. An kama wani mazaunin Vancouver mai suna Bert Tatham a filin jirgin sama na Dubai yana dawowa gida daga Afghanistan (inda yake aiki tare da manoma don ƙoƙarin shawo kan su kada su yi noman poppy). An gano jami’in da ke yaki da safarar miyagun kwayoyi da matattun kwalabe guda biyu da kuma wani dan kankanin adadin hashish da ya narke a cikin aljihun daya daga cikin aljihun wandonsa. Bayan shafe sama da watanni 10 a gidan yari, daga karshe shugaban ƙasar Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan ya yi masa afuwa.
Hakkokin mata A shekara ta 2006, ƙasa da kashi 20% na matan Masarautar sun kasance bangaren ma'aikata na kasa. UAE tana da kashi na biyu mafi ƙanƙanci na matan gida da ke aiki a GCC. A cikin shekara ta 2008-2009, kashi 21% na matan Masarautar ne kawai ke cikin ma'aikata. Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa tana da mafi girman kaso na jimlar shiga aikin mata a cikin GCC (ciki har da mata 'yan kasashen waje Duk da haka, Kuwait ce ke da mafi yawan kaso mafi yawa na shiga aikin mata na cikin gida a GCC saboda fiye da kashi 45% na matan Kuwaiti suna cikin ma'aikata na ƙasa. Kashi 80% na mata a UAE ana rarraba su azaman ma'aikatan gida (kuyangi). Tsarin shari'a na UAE ya samo asali ne daga tsarin shari'ar jama'a da shari'a Tsarin kotuna ya kunshi kotunan farar hula da kotunan sharia. A cewar Human Rights Watch, kotunan farar hula da na laifuka ta UAE suna amfani da wasu abubuwan da suka shafi shari'ar Shari'a, wadanda aka sanya su cikin kundin laifuka da kuma dokar iyali, ta hanyar nuna wariya ga mata. A watan Yunin 2019, Gimbiya Haya bint Hussein, matar Sarkin Dubai, Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, mai shekaru 45, ta gudu daga gidan sarautar zuwa Jamus don neman mafakar siyasa, saboda wani dalili da ba a bayyana ba. A watan Yulin 2019, Jaridar The Telegraph ta ruwaito Sheikh Rashid Al Maktoum yana fada da batun saki a Landan Wannan dai shi ne lamari na uku a ‘yan shekarun nan da wani dan uwansa Sheikh Mohammed ya tsere daga gidan sarauta. Biyu daga cikin 'ya'yan Sheikh Mohammed na wata matar, Sheikha Latifa bint Mohammed Al Maktoum da Shamsa Al Maktoum, sun yi yunkurin tserewa, tare da tserewa daga baya saboda zargin cin zarafi da kuma tsare gida a gidan sarauta. Bayan an gan ta na karshe a wani faifan bidiyo da aka fitar a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu, 2021 inda Gimbiya Latifa ta yi ikirarin cewa mahaifinta da sarkin Dubai Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum ya yi garkuwa da ita, wani hotonta ya hau kan layi a watan Mayun shekara ta 2021 daga wani kanti tare da mata biyu. Daga baya majiyoyi sun yi iƙirarin cewa matan da suka yi post game da dare tare da gimbiya an biya su don yin hakan. Hotuna guda uku ne suka fito a shafukan sada zumunta da ke nuna Latifa a wani gidan cin abinci mai suna Bice Mare, kamar yadda wurin da aka sanyawa a shafukan sada zumunta. Ofishin kare Haƙƙin dan Adam na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ya kasance yana neman shaidar rayuwarta daga sarakunan UAE tun lokacin da ta bace da kuma fallasa bidiyon Fabrairun 2021. A dokar kasar Dubai ma an halatta miji ya doke ‘ya’yansa da matarsa.
Wadanda aka yiwa fyaɗe Waɗanda aka yi wa fyaɗen suna cikin hadarin ladabtar da wasu “laifi” a Dubai. A kadan daga cikin kararraki, kotunan Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa sun daure mata bayan da suka bayar da rahoton cewa an yi musu fyade kuma an tabbatar da cewa zargin karya ne. Wata mata ‘yar Burtaniya, bayan da ta bayar da rahoton cewa wasu maza uku sun yi mata fyade, an ci tarar AED 1000 bayan ta yi ikirarin cewa ta sha barasa ba tare da lasisi ba; A halin yanzu maharan nata suna zaman gidan yari na shekaru goma. An tuhumi wata ‘yar Burtaniya da laifin sa maye a bainar jama’a da kuma yin jima’i ba tare da aure ba (tare da saurayinta, ba wanda ake tuhuma ba) bayan ta bayar da rahoton cewa an yi mata fyade; A wani shari'a ta ƙarshe, wata 'yar Masarautar 'yar shekara 18 ta janye kokenta na fyade ga ƙungiyoyi a cikin mota da wasu mutane 6 suka yi a lokacin da ta fuskanci bulala da ɗaurin kurkuku. Bloomberg 7 ga Yuni 2010. Matar dai ta yi zaman gidan yari na tsawon shekara guda saboda yin jima’i da juna a wajen aure da daya daga cikin mutanen a wani lokaci na daban. A cikin Yulin shekara ta 2013, wata mace 'yar Norway, Marte Dalelv, ta ba da rahoton fyade ga 'yan sanda kuma ta sami hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku saboda "lalata da shan barasa" daga baya an gafarta mata. Cibiyar Kare Haƙƙoƙin Bil Adama ta Emirates ta bayyana damuwarta kan yadda Dubai ke bi da waɗanda aka yi wa fyade.
Haƙƙin LGBT Dukansu dokokin tarayya da na Masarautar sun haramta yin liwadi da gicciye tare da hukunce-hukuncen da suka kama daga mutuwa, rayuwa a kurkuku, bulala, tara, kora, simintin sinadarai,
tilastawa jiyya na tunani, kisan gilla, 4] Kisa na vigilante, duka, tilastawa gwajin tsuliya, tilasta allurar hormone, da azabtarwa.
Karuwanci Karuwanci a Dubai haramun ne amma har yanzu akwai. Ana ɗaukar Dubai a matsayin mafi shaharar masana'antar jima'i daga UAE. Karuwanci yana farawa ne da ƴan iskanci da ke lalata mata daga sassa daban-daban na duniya, kamar Gabashin Turai, Tsakiyar Asiya, Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, Gabashin Afirka, Iraki, Iran, da Maroko. Masu fashin baki suna gaya musu cewa za su zama kuyangi sannan su tilasta musu yin karuwanci. Ana ba wa kowane iyali izinin wasu adadin biza don hayar ma'aikata na kasashen waje kuma 'karin' ma'aikatan kasashen waje da dangin ba su bukata ana sayar da su ga wani matsakaici.
An kwace fasfo din mata bayan sun isa Dubai. An bayyana cewa akwai karuwai daga kasashen waje sama da 25,000 a kasar. Mata ba za su iya kai rahoton tilasta musu yin karuwanci ga 'yan sanda ba saboda za a kama su da yin lalata da su ba bisa ka'ida ba. A wasu lokuta, akan sami kananan yara a cikin zoben karuwanci. A cikin shekara ta 2007, wani rahoton labarai ya ba da rahoton cewa an kama masu karuwanci 170, tare da masu satar mutane 12 da abokan ciniki 65 waɗanda yawancinsu 'yan China ne.
Bacewar tilas da azabtarwa Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa ta tsallake rijiya da baya; amma an daure masu fafutuka na Masarautar sama da 100 tare da azabtar da su saboda neman gyara. Tun daga 2011, gwamnatin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta kara aiwatar da bacewar tilas Yawancin ‘yan kasashen waje da ‘yan ƙasar Masar da gwamnatin kasar ta kama tare da sace su, gwamnatin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta musanta cewa ana tsare da wadannan mutane (don boye inda suke), inda ta sanya wadannan mutane a waje da dokar. A cewar kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta Human Rights Watch, rahotannin bacewar tilas da azabtarwa a Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa na da matukar damuwa. Ƙungiyar Kare Haƙƙoƙin Bil Adama ta Larabawa ta samu shaidu daga waɗanda ake tuhuma da dama, kan rahotonta na "Bacewar Tilas da azabtarwa a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa", waɗanda suka ba da rahoton cewa an yi garkuwa da su, da azabtarwa da kuma cin zarafi a wuraren da ake tsare da su. Rahoton ya hada da hanyoyi daban-daban na azabtarwa guda 16 da suka hada da duka, barazana da wutar lantarki da kuma hana samun kulawar likitoci. The report included 16 different methods of torture including severe beatings, threats with electrocution and denying access to medical care.
A shekara ta 2013, an tsare wasu masu fafutuka na Masarautar su 94 a wuraren da ake tsare da su a asirce tare da gurfanar da su gaban kuliya bisa zargin yunkurin kifar da gwamnati. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama sun tofa albarkacin bakinsu dangane da sirrin shari'ar. An kama wani dan Masarautar, wanda mahaifinsa na cikin wadanda ake tuhumar, an kama shi ne saboda ya wallafa a shafinsa na Twitter game da shari’ar. A watan Afrilun 2013, an yanke masa hukuncin daurin watanni 10 a gidan yari. An kuma yi amfani da matakan danniya a kan mutane domin tabbatar da ikirarin gwamnatin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa na cewa akwai "makirci na kasa da kasa" wanda 'yan kasar UAE da 'yan kasashen waje ke aiki tare don tada zaune tsaye a kasar. An kuma yi kamfen na korar 'yan kasashen waje. Akwai da dama da aka rubuta na Masarawa da wasu 'yan kasashen waje da suka kwashe shekaru suna aiki a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sannan kuma aka ba su 'yan kwanaki su bar ƙasar. 'Yan ƙasashen waje da aka yi wa bacewar tilas sun hada da yan Libya biyu da 'yan Qatar biyu. Amnesty ta ruwaito cewa gwamnatin Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa ce ta yi garkuwa da mutanen Qatar kuma gwamnatin UAE ta boye bayanan halin mutanen ga iyalansu. Daga cikin 'yan kasashen waje da aka tsare, dauri da kuma korarsu akwai Iyad El-Baghdadi, shahararren marubuci kuma mai shafin Twitter. Hukumomin Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa ne suka kama shi, aka tsare shi, aka daure shi sannan aka kore shi daga ƙasar. Duk da zamansa na rayuwa a Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa, a matsayinsa na dan Falasdinu, El-Baghdadi ba shi da wata hanyar da zai bijirewa wannan umarni. Ba za a iya mayar da shi zuwa yankunan Falasdinawa ba, don haka aka tura shi Malaysia. A shekara ta 2012, 'yan sandan Dubai sun yi wa wasu 'yan Burtaniya uku bulala da kuma girgizar wutar lantarki bayan kama su da laifin shan kwayoyi. Firayim Ministan Burtaniya, David Cameron, ya bayyana "damuwa" game da lamarin tare da gabatar da ita ga shugaban Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, yayin ziyarar aiki ta 2013 a Burtaniya. An yi wa mutanen uku afuwa kuma aka sake su a watan Yuli 2013. A watan Afrilun shekara ta 2009, wani faifan bidiyo na azabtarwa da aka fitar da shi daga Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, ya nuna Sheikh Issa bin Zayed Al Nahyan yana azabtar da wani mutum da bulala, da kayayyakin kiwon shanu na lantarki, da allunan katako tare da fitattun kusoshi tare da bi da shi akai-akai da mota. A cikin Disamba 2009 Issa ya bayyana a gaban kotu kuma ya bayyana cewa ba shi da laifi. An kawo karshen shari'ar a ranar 10 ga Janairu, 2010, lokacin da aka wanke Issa daga azabtar da Mohammed Shah Poor. Human Rights Watch ta soki shari'ar tare da yin kira ga gwamnati da ta kafa wata hukuma mai zaman kanta da za ta binciki zargin cin zarafi da jami'an tsaron UAE da sauran masu rike da madafun iko ke yi. Ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka ta bayyana damuwarta kan hukuncin, ta kuma ce dole ne dukkan al'ummar Masarawa su tsaya daidai a gaban doka, tare da yin kira da a yi nazari a tsanake kan matakin, domin tabbatar da biyan bukatun shari'a a kan wannan lamari. and two Qataris.
Duba kuma Hakkokin LGBT a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa
Hakkin Dan Adam
Hakkin aiki
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje A cikin sansanonin ƙwadago na Dubai Hoton hoto daga The Guardian na bakin haure na Kudancin Asiya a Dubai
Nisa Daga Gida-- Labarin Kasa kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam da Ma'aikata a cikin UAE
Bayin Dubai-- Mujallar Shaida
The Independent-- The Dark Side of Dubai
Dokokin Fyade a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa da Ra'ayin Fyade da Cin Duri da Ilimin Jima'i Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
Haƙƙoƙi
Haƙƙoƙin Mata
Dokar Najeriya
Dokoki
Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki
Ƴancin Mata a Najeriya
Ƴancin muhalli
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48452 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasirin%20muhalli%20na%20Yaki | Tasirin muhalli na Yaki | Nazarin tasirin muhalli na yaƙi yana mai da hankali kan zamanantar da yaki da ƙaruwar tasirinsa ga muhalli An kuma yi amfani da hanyoyin da ba a taɓa gani ba don yawancin tarihin tarihi. Duk da haka kuma, hanyoyin yaƙin zamani na haifar da barna sosai a kan muhalli Ci gaban yaƙi daga makamai masu guba zuwa makaman nukiliya ya ƙara haifar da damuwa a kan yanayin muhalli da muhalli Misalai na musamman na tasirin muhallin yaƙi sun haɗa da Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Yaƙin Vietnam, Yaƙin Bassa na Ruwanda, Yaƙin Kosovo da Yaƙin Gulf Abubuwan da suka faru na tarihi
Vietnam Yaƙin Vietnam yana da tasirin muhalli mai mahimmanci saboda abubuwan sinadarai waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don lalata ciyayi masu mahimmanci na soja. Abokan gaba sun sami fa'ida wajen zama marasa ganuwa ta hanyar cuɗanya cikin farar hula ko fakewa cikin ciyayi masu yawa da runduna masu adawa da juna waɗanda suka yi niyya ga yanayin halittu. Sojojin Amurka sun yi amfani da "fiye da galan miliyan 20 na maganin ciyawa don lalata dazuzzuka, bayyana girma a kan iyakokin wuraren soja da kuma kawar da amfanin gonakin abokan gaba." Jami'an sinadarai sun baiwa Amurka dama a yunƙurin lokacin yaƙi. Duk da haka, ciyayi ba ta iya sake farfadowa ba kuma ta bar tarkacen laka wanda har yanzu yana da shekaru bayan fesa. Ba wai kawai ciyayi ya shafa ba, har ma da namun daji: "Binciken tsakiyar shekarun 1980 da masana ilimin kimiya na Vietnamese suka yi ya rubuta nau'ikan tsuntsaye 24 kawai da nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa 5 da ke cikin gandun daji da aka fesa da wuraren da aka canza, idan aka kwatanta da nau'in tsuntsaye 145-170 da 30- iri 55 na dabbobi masu shayarwa a cikin dazuzzukan da ba su da kyau Ba a kuma gano sakamakon waɗannan tasirin waɗannan herbicicides ta hanyar kallon nau'ikan rarraba nau'in rarraba abubuwa ta hanyar lalata, wanda ya mamaye tserewa daga ɓangaren ƙasa.
Afirka A duk faɗin Afirka, yaƙi ya kasance babban abin da ke haifar da raguwar yawan namun daji a cikin wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa da sauran wuraren kariya.
Ko da yake, ɗimbin ɗimbin tsare -tsaren gyare-gyaren muhalli, da suka haɗa da gandun dajin Akagera na Ruwanda da dajin Gorongosa na Mozambik, sun nuna cewa ana iya samun nasarar gyara yawan namun dajin da sauran halittun daji ko da bayan munanan tashe-tashen hankula. Masana sun jaddada cewa warware matsalolin zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da siyasa yana da mahimmanci don samun nasarar irin wannan ƙoƙarin.
Rwanda Kisan gillar da aka yi a Rwanda ya kai ga kashe kusan 'yan Tutsi 800,000 da 'yan Hutu masu sassaucin ra'ayi. Yakin ya haifar da gudun hijirar kusan 'yan Hutu miliyan biyu da suka tsere daga Rwanda cikin 'yan makonni kadan zuwa sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira a Tanzaniya da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo a yau Wannan babban gudun hijira na mutane a sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira yana sanya matsin lamba kan yanayin da ke kewaye. An share dazuzzukan don samar da itace don gina matsuguni da haifar da gobarar dafa abinci: "Waɗannan mutane sun sha wahala daga yanayi mai tsanani kuma sun zama muhimmiyar tasiri ga albarkatun ƙasa." Sakamakon rikice-rikicen ya kuma haɗa da lalacewar gandun daji da wuraren ajiya na ƙasa. Wata babbar matsala kuma ita ce, hadarin da yawan jama'a ya yi a kasar Ruwanda ya karkata akalar ma'aikata da babban birnin kasar zuwa wasu sassan kasar, wanda hakan ya sa ake da wuyar kare namun daji.
Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu Yaƙin Duniya na II (WWII) ya haifar da ƙaruwa mai yawa a cikin samarwa, ya haɓaka samarwa da jigilar kayayyaki, kuma ya gabatar da sabbin sakamakon muhalli da yawa, waɗanda har yanzu ana iya gani a yau. Yaƙin Duniya na II ya yi yawa a cikin halakar mutane, dabbobi, da kayayyaki. Sakamakon yakin duniya na biyu bayan yakin duniya na biyu, na muhalli da zamantakewa, har yanzu ana iya gani shekaru da dama bayan kawo karshen rikicin.
A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, an yi amfani da sabbin fasahohi wajen kera jiragen sama, wadanda kuma aka yi amfani da su wajen kai hare-hare ta sama. A lokacin yakin, an yi amfani da jiragen sama wajen jigilar kayayyaki zuwa ko daga sansanonin soji daban-daban da jefa bama-bamai kan abokan gaba, tsaka-tsaki, da abokantaka. Waɗannan ayyukan sun lalata wuraren zama.
Hakazalika da namun daji, muhallin halittu kuma suna fama da gurbacewar amo wanda jiragen soja ke samarwa. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II, jirgin sama yayi aiki a matsayin vortor don jigilar Ecosystems wanda aka yi amfani da su a matsayin matattarar tsibirin da aka yi amfani da su a matsayin matattara a cikin wasan kwaikwayon na Pacific. Kafin yakin, tsibiran da ke kewayen Turai sun kasance da yawan nau'ikan nau'ikan halittu masu yawa. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, yaƙin iska ya yi tasiri mai yawa akan jujjuyawar yawan jama'a. A watan Agustan shekarar 1945, bayan yaƙin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu na kusan shekaru huɗu, Amurka ta jefa bam ɗin nukiliya a birnin Hiroshima na Japan. Kimanin mutane 70,000 ne suka mutu a cikin dakika tara na farko bayan tashin bam na Hiroshima, wanda yayi kwatankwacin adadin wadanda suka mutu sakamakon mummunan harin da jirgin Operation Meetinghouse ya kai a Tokyo. Kwanaki uku bayan harin bam na Hiroshima, Amurka ta sake jefa bam din nukiliya na biyu a birnin Nagasaki na masana'antu, inda nan take ya kashe mutane 35,000. Makaman nukiliyar sun fitar da muggan matakan makamashi da barbashi na rediyoaktif. Da zarar an tashi bama-baman, yanayin zafi ya kai kimanin 3980 °C/7200 °F. Tare da yanayin zafi mai girma, duk flora da fauna sun lalace tare da ababen more rayuwa da rayuwar ɗan adam a yankunan da abin ya shafa. Barbashi na rediyoaktif waɗanda aka saki sun haifar da yaɗuwar ƙasa da gurɓataccen ruwa. Fashewar farko ta kara yawan zafin jiki kuma ta haifar da murkushe iska da ke lalata bishiyoyi da gine-ginen da ke hanyarsu.
Dazuzzuka na Turai sun fuskanci mummunan tasiri wanda ya haifar da fada a lokacin yakin. Bayan yankunan da ake gwabzawa, an cire katakon da aka sare daga bishiya don share hanyoyin fada. Dazuzzukan da suka ruguje a yankunan da ake gwabzawa sun fuskanci cin zarafi. An fara fara amfani da sinadarai masu hatsarin gaske a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Sakamakon dogon lokaci na sinadarai ya samo asali ne daga yuwuwar juriyarsu da kuma rashin tsarin zubar da al'ummomi da tarin makamai. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya (WW I), ƙwararrun masu sinadarai na Jamus sun samar da iskar chlorine da gas ɗin mustard. Samuwar wadannan iskar gas ya janyo hasarar rayuka da dama, kuma an kashe filaye da guba a fagen fama da kuma kusa da su. Daga baya a yakin duniya na biyu, masana ilmin sinadarai sun ƙera bama-bamai masu illa masu illa, waɗanda aka tattara a cikin ganga kuma kai tsaye a cikin teku. Zubar da sinadarai a cikin teku yana haifar da haɗarin kwantena masu tushe na ƙarfe suna lalata da kuma jefa abubuwan da ke cikin sinadarai a cikin tekun. Ta hanyar zubar da sinadarai a cikin teku, ana iya bazuwar gurɓatattun abubuwa a cikin sassa daban-daban na abubuwan da ke lalata halittun ruwa da na ƙasa. Yanayin muhallin ruwa a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu ya lalace ba kawai daga gurbacewar sinadarai ba, har ma da tarkacen jiragen ruwa na ruwa, wanda ya zubo mai a cikin ruwa. An kiyasta gurɓacewar mai a Tekun Atlantika sakamakon faɗuwar jiragen ruwa a yakin duniya na biyu da sama da tan miliyan 15. Zubewar mai yana da wahalar tsaftacewa kuma ana ɗaukar shekaru masu yawa don tsaftacewa. Har wala yau, ana iya samun burbushin mai a Tekun Atlantika daga hatsarin jirgin ruwan da ya faru a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu.
Yin amfani da sinadarai a lokacin yaƙi ya taimaka wajen haɓaka ma'auni na masana'antun sinadarai kuma ya taimaka wajen nunawa gwamnati darajar binciken kimiyya. Haɓaka binciken sinadarai a lokacin yaƙin kuma yana haifar da haɓakar magungunan kashe qwari na noma bayan yaƙi. Ƙirƙirar magungunan kashe qwari ya kasance ci gaba tsawon shekaru bayan yaƙin.
Tasirin muhalli na yakin duniya na biyu ya yi muni sosai, wanda kuma ya ba su damar ganin su a yakin cacar baki da kuma gani a yau. Tasirin rikice-rikice, gurɓataccen sinadari, da yaƙin iska duk suna ba da gudummawa wajen rage yawan flora da fauna na duniya, da kuma raguwar bambancin nau'in.
A shekara ta 1946, a yankin Amurka na Jamus, sojojin Amurka sun shawarci gwamnati da ta tanadi masauki da kuma aikin yi ga mutanen da aka jefa bama-bamai daga garuruwansu. Amsar ita ce wani shiri na musamman na lambu wanda zai ba da sabon filaye don mutane su zauna a ciki. Wannan ya hada da filaye don samar da abincin da ake bukata ga mutanen kuma. Daga nan sai aka duba dazuzzukan domin samun kasa mai kyau wadda ta dace da noman amfanin gona. Hakan na nufin za a sare dajin ne domin a yi filayen gonaki da gidaje. Za a yi amfani da shirin dazuzzuka don amfani da dazuzzukan Jamus don albarkatu a nan gaba da kuma sarrafa yuwuwar yaƙi na Jamus. A cikin wannan shirin an samar da kusan mita 23,500,000 na katako daga cikin dazuzzuka. Aluminum na ɗaya daga cikin manyan albarkatun da yakin duniya na biyu ya shafa. Bauxite, aluminum tama da kuma ma'adinan cryolite sun kasance masu mahimmanci, da kuma buƙatar yawan wutar lantarki.
Yakin Gulf da yakin Iraki A lokacin yakin Gulf na shekarar 1991, gobarar mai ta Kuwaiti ta samo asali ne sakamakon mummunar siyasar da sojojin Iraqi suka yi na ja da baya daga Kuwait Rikicin mai a yakin Gulf, wanda ake daukarsa a matsayin malalar mai mafi muni a tarihi, ya faru ne lokacin da sojojin Iraqi suka bude bawul a tashar mai na Tekun Island tare da zubar da mai daga wasu tankokin yaki zuwa Tekun Fasha An kuma zubar da mai a tsakiyar sahara.
Kafin yakin Iraqi na shekara ta 2003, ita ma kasar Iraqi ta cinna wuta a wasu rijiyoyin mai. Wasu jami'an sojan Amurka sun koka da ciwon Gulf War, wanda aka kwatanta da alamun cututtuka ciki har da tsarin rigakafi da lahani na haihuwa a cikin 'ya'yansu. Ko saboda lokacin da aka kashe a hidimar ƙwazo a lokacin yaƙin ko kuma don wasu dalilai ya kasance da cece-kuce.
Wasu misalai 1938 Ambaliyar kogin Yellow, wanda gwamnatin 'yan kishin kasa a tsakiyar kasar Sin ta haifar a lokacin farkon yakin Sino da Japan na biyu a kokarin dakile saurin ci gaban sojojin Japan. An kira shi "aiki mafi girma na yakin muhalli a tarihi".
Beaufort's Dyke, ana amfani da shi azaman wurin zubar da bama-bamai
Zubewar man da tashar wutar lantarki ta Jiyeh, da sojojin saman Isra'ila suka yi a lokacin rikicin Isra'ila da Lebanon a shekarar 2006 Shafukan Tsaro da Aka Yi Amfani da su, shirin sojan Amurka wanda ke da alhakin maido da muhalli
K5 Plan, yunƙurin gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Kampuchea na rufe hanyoyin kutse daga Khmer Rouge zuwa cikin Cambodia tsakanin 1985 zuwa 1989, wanda ya haifar da lalacewar muhalli.
Shiga karkashin jagorancin Saudiyya a Yemen, shiga yakin basasa a Gabas ta Tsakiya, ya kawo cikas ga alakar tsaro da makamashin ruwa da abinci a kasar da ta riga ta kasance mai fama da talauci. Yakin da rikicin ya haifar da gurbacewar ruwa da filayen noma.
Hadarin muhalli Albarkatu wata babbar hanyar rikici ce tsakanin al'ummomi "bayan kawo karshen yakin cacar baka musamman, mutane da yawa sun yi nuni da cewa gurbacewar muhalli zai kara ta'azzara karanci kuma ya zama karin tushen rikicin makami." Rayuwar al'umma ya dogara ne da albarkatun da ake samu daga muhalli. Albarkatun da ke zama tushen rigingimun makamai sun haɗa da ƙasa, albarkatun albarkatun ƙasa, tushen makamashi, ruwa, da abinci. Don tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali na albarkatun ƙasa, ƙasashe sun yi amfani da yaƙin sinadarai da makaman nukiliya don karewa ko fitar da albarkatu, da lokacin rikici. An yi amfani da waɗannan wakilan yaƙi akai-akai: “kusan tan 125,000 na sinadarai an yi amfani da su a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, kuma kusan tan 96,000 a lokacin rikicin Vietnam da Nam.” Gas mai jijiya, wanda aka fi sani da organophosphorous anticholinesterases, an yi amfani da shi a matakan mutuwa akan mutane kuma ya lalata adadi mai yawa na mutanen kashin baya da invertebrate Koyaya, gurɓataccen ciyayi galibi ba za a kiyaye shi ba, kuma zai haifar da barazana kawai ga ciyawa. Sakamakon sabbin abubuwa a yakin sinadarai ya haifar da nau'ikan sinadarai daban-daban don yaki da amfani da cikin gida, amma kuma ya haifar da lalacewar muhalli da ba a zata ba.
Ci gaban yakin da tasirinsa ga muhalli ya ci gaba da kera makaman kare dangi Yayin da a yau, makaman na lalata jama'a suna aiki a matsayin hanawa da kuma amfani da makaman da aka yi amfani da su a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu ya haifar da lalata muhalli mai yawa. A kan babban hasarar da ake yi a rayuwar ɗan adam, “albarkatun halitta galibi su ne suka fara shan wahala: daji da namun daji ana shafe su.” Yakin nukiliya yana haifar da tasiri kai tsaye da kuma kaikaice akan muhalli. Lalacewa ta jiki saboda fashewar ko ta hanyar lalacewa ta biospheric saboda ionizing radiation ko radiotoxicity kai tsaye yana shafar yanayin halittu a cikin radius mai fashewa. Hakanan, rikicewar yanayi ko yanayin ƙasa da makaman ke haifarwa na iya haifar da yanayi da sauyin yanayi Bam da ba a fashe ba Yaƙin neman zaɓe na soja yana buƙatar manyan makamai masu fashewa, ɗan ƙaramin abin da ba zai tashi da kyau ba kuma ya bar makaman da ba a fashe ba. Hakan na haifar da mummunar illa ta zahiri da sinadarai ga al'ummar farar hula da ke zaune a yankunan da a da suka kasance yankunan yaki, saboda yiwuwar fashewa bayan rikicin, da kuma zubar da sinadarai a cikin kasa da ruwan karkashin kasa.
Agent Orange Agent Orange ya kasance daya daga cikin maganin ciyawa da lalata da sojojin Burtaniya suka yi amfani da su a lokacin Gaggawa na Malayan da sojojin Amurka a cikin shirinta na yakin herbicidal, Operation Ranch Hand, a lokacin yakin Vietnam An kiyasta 21,136,000 gal. (80 000 na Agent Orange an fesa a duk Kudancin Vietnam. A cewar gwamnatin Vietnam, mutane miliyan 4.8 na Vietnam zuwa Agent Orange, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar 400,000 da nakasa, da yara 500,000 da aka haifa tare da lahani. Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta Vietnam ta yi kiyasin cewa mutane kusan miliyan daya ne suka nakasa ko kuma suna da matsalolin lafiya sakamakon Agent Orange. Gwamnatin Amurka ta kira wadannan alkaluman marasa abin dogaro. Yawancin ma'aikatan Commonwealth waɗanda suka kula da/ko suka yi amfani da Agent Orange a cikin shekaru da yawa bayan rikicin Malayan na shekarar 1948-1960 sun sha wahala daga mummunan bayyanar dioxin. Agent Orange kuma ya haifar da zaizayar ƙasa zuwa yankuna a Malaya. Kimanin fararen hula 10,000 da masu tayar da kayar baya a Malaya suma sun sha fama da illar lalata, kodayake masana tarihi da yawa sun yarda cewa mai yiwuwa sama da 10,000 an yi amfani da Agent Orange a cikin gaggawar Malayan kuma ba kamar Amurka ba, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta yi amfani da shi. lambobi da kuma kiyaye tura ta a asirce a cikin fargabar mummunan koma baya daga kasashen waje.
Gwajin makaman nukiliya An gudanar da gwajin makaman nukiliya a wurare daban-daban da suka hada da Bikini Atoll, da tsibirin Marshall Islands Pacific Proving Grounds, New Mexico a Amurka, Mururoa Atoll, Maralinga a Australia, da Novaya Zemlya a tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet, da sauransu.
Downwinders mutane ne da al'ummomin da ke fuskantar gurɓataccen radiyo da ko ɓarnawar nukiliya daga yanayin yanayi da ko gwajin makaman nukiliya na ƙasa, da haɗarin nukiliya Strontium-90 Gwamnatin Amurka ta yi nazari kan illolin Strontium-90, wani isotope na rediyoaktif wanda aka samu a lalata makaman nukiliya bayan yakin. Hukumar makamashi ta Atomic ta gano cewa "Sr-90, wanda ke da kama da sinadarai kamar calcium, na iya tarawa a cikin kasusuwa kuma yana iya haifar da ciwon daji Sr-90 ya sami hanyar shiga cikin ɗan adam ta hanyar sarkar abinci ta muhalli kamar yadda ɓarna a cikin ƙasa, tsire-tsire ne suka karbe su, sun ƙara maida hankali a cikin dabbobin ciyawa, kuma a ƙarshe mutane suka cinye su.
Ƙarshe makaman uranium Amfani da ƙarancin uranium a cikin munitions yana da cece-kuce saboda tambayoyi da yawa game da yuwuwar tasirin lafiya na dogon lokaci. Yin aiki na yau da kullun na koda, kwakwalwa, hanta, zuciya, da sauran tsarin abubuwa da yawa na iya shafar tasirin uranium, saboda ban da kasancewa mai rauni na rediyo, uranium ƙarfe ne mai guba Ya kasance mai rauni mai rauni saboda tsawon rabin rayuwarsa Aerosol da aka samar a lokacin tasiri da konewar gurbacewar makaman uranium na iya gurɓata wurare masu faɗi da ke kusa da wuraren da abin ya shafa ko farar hula da sojoji za su iya shakarsu. A cikin tsawon makonni uku na rikici a Iraki a shekara ta 2003, an kiyasta sama da tan 1000 na makaman Uranium da aka yi amfani da su akasari a birane. Ma'aikatar tsaron Amurka ta yi iƙirarin cewa babu wani nau'in kansar ɗan adam da aka gani sakamakon kamuwa da sinadarin uranium na halitta ko na ƙarshe. Duk da haka, nazarin DoD na Amurka ta yin amfani da ƙwayoyin al'ada da kuma rodents na dakin gwaje-gwaje na ci gaba da ba da shawarar yiwuwar leukemogenic, kwayoyin halitta, haifuwa, da kuma ciwon daji daga bayyanar cututtuka na kullum. Bugu da kari, Sabis na Kotun Daukaka Kara na Burtaniya a farkon shekara ta 2004 ya danganta da'awar lahani na haihuwa daga wani tsohon soja na yakin Gulf na Fabrairu 1991 zuwa rage gubar uranium. Gangamin yaƙi da Uranium da aka Rasa (Spring, 2004) Har ila yau, wani bita na 2005 game da annoba ya ƙare: "A cikin jimlar shaidar cutar ta ɗan adam ta yi daidai da haɗarin lahani na haihuwa a cikin zuriyar mutanen da aka fallasa ga DU." A cewar wani bincike na shekarar 2011 da Alaani et al., raguwar bayyanar uranium ko dai shine dalili na farko ko kuma yana da alaka da abin da ke haifar da lahani da ciwon daji. Bisa ga labarin mujallar shekara ta 2012 ta Al-Hadithi et al., binciken da ake ciki da kuma shaidar bincike ba ya nuna "ƙananan karuwa a cikin lahani na haihuwa" ko "bayani mai yiwuwa na yiwuwar bayyanar muhalli ciki har da uranium mai lalacewa". Labarin ya ci gaba da cewa "a zahiri babu wata kwakkwarar shaida da ke nuna cewa lahani na kwayoyin halitta na iya tasowa daga bayyanar da iyaye ga DU a kowane yanayi."
Amfanin mai Tare da babban digiri na injiniyoyi na soja ana amfani da yawan man fetur mai yawa. Kasusuwan burbushin halittu sune babban mai ba da gudummawa ga dumamar yanayi da sauyin yanayi, batutuwan da ke ƙara damuwa. Samun albarkatun man fetur kuma shi ne dalilin haddasa yaki.
Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka (DoD) hukuma ce ta gwamnati wacce ta fi amfani da burbushin mai a duniya. A cewar shekarar 2005 CIA World Factbook, idan aka kwatanta da amfani da kowace ƙasa DoD zai matsayi na 34th a duniya a matsakaicin amfani da man fetur na yau da kullum, yana zuwa a bayan Iraki da kuma gaba da Sweden.
Kona sharar gida A sansanonin Amurka a lokacin yakin ƙarni na 21 a Iraki da Afghanistan, an kona sharar ɗan adam a cikin buɗaɗɗen ramuka tare da alburusai, robobi, na'urorin lantarki, fenti, da sauran sinadarai. Ana zargin hayakin da ke da cutar sankarau ya raunata wasu sojojin da aka fallasa gare shi.
ambaliya da gangan Ana iya amfani da ambaliya azaman manufofin ƙasa mai ƙonewa ta hanyar amfani da ruwa don mayar da ƙasa mara amfani. Hakanan ana iya amfani da shi don hana motsin mayakan makiya. A lokacin yakin Sino-Japan na biyu, an keta rijiyoyin da ke kan kogin Yellow da na Yangtze don dakatar da ci gaban sojojin Japan A lokacin Siege na Leiden a cikin 1573, an keta dykes don dakatar da ci gaban sojojin Spain. A lokacin Operation Chastise a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, sojojin sama na Royal sun yi ruwan bama-bamai a madatsun ruwa na Eder da Sorpe a Jamus, lamarin da ya mamaye wani babban yanki tare da dakatar da masana'antu da Jamusawa ke amfani da su wajen yakin.
Soja da muhalli Tsaron ɗan adam a al'ada yana da alaƙa da ayyukan soji da tsaro. Masana da cibiyoyi irin su Hukumar Kula da Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya a yanzu suna ƙara yin kira da a samar da cikakken tsarin tsaro, musamman ma mai da hankali kan alaƙa da haɗin kai da ke tsakanin ɗan adam da muhalli. Ayyukan soja yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan yanayi. Ba wai kawai yaki zai iya zama barna ga al'umma ba, amma ayyukan soja suna samar da iskar gas mai yawa (wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga sauyin yanayi na anthropogenic gurbatawa, da haifar da raguwar albarkatu, a tsakanin sauran tasirin muhalli.
Fitar da iskar gas da gurbatar yanayi Yawancin bincike sun sami kyakkyawar alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin kashe kuɗin soja da haɓaka hayakin iskar gas, tare da tasirin kashe kuɗin soji akan hayaƙin carbon da aka fi bayyanawa ga ƙasashen Arewacin Duniya (watau ƙasashen da suka ci gaba OECD). Saboda haka, an kiyasta cewa sojojin Amurka su ne na farko a duniya masu amfani da man fetur. Bugu da ƙari, ayyukan soja sun haɗa da fitar da hayaki mai yawa. Daraktan muhalli, aminci da lafiyar sana'a na Pentagon, Maureen Sullivan, ya bayyana cewa suna aiki tare da gurɓatattun wurare kusan 39,000. Tabbas, ana kuma daukar sojojin Amurka a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masu samar da gurbatar yanayi a duniya. A haɗe, manyan kamfanoni biyar na Amurka suna samar da kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na gubar da Pentagon ke samarwa. A Kanada, Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Kasa ta yarda da ita cewa ita ce mafi girman masu amfani da makamashi na Gwamnatin Kanada, kuma mabukaci na "mafi yawa na kayan haɗari". Gurbacewar soji ta zama ruwan dare gama duniya. Sojoji daga ko'ina cikin duniya ne ke da alhakin fitar da kashi biyu cikin uku na chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) waɗanda aka haramta a cikin Yarjejeniyar Montreal ta 1987 don yin lahani ga sararin samaniyar ozone Bugu da kari, hadurran jiragen ruwa a lokacin yakin cacar baka sun ragu a kalla manyan makaman nukiliya 50 da na'urorin sarrafa makamashin nukiliya 11 a cikin tekun, suna nan a kan tekun. Amfani da ƙasa da albarkatu Bukatun amfani da filin soji (kamar sansanonin, horo, ajiya da sauransu) galibi suna korar mutane daga filaye da gidajensu. Ayyukan soji suna amfani da abubuwan kaushi, mai da sauran sinadarai masu guba waɗanda za su iya fitar da gubobi zuwa cikin yanayin da ya kasance a can shekaru da yawa har ma da ƙarni. Bugu da ƙari, manyan motocin sojoji na iya yin lahani ga ƙasa da ababen more rayuwa. Gurbacewar hayaniyar da sojoji ke haifarwa na iya rage ingancin rayuwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa da kuma iyawarsu ta kiwon ko farautar dabbobi don tallafawa kansu. Masu ba da shawara suna tayar da damuwa game da wariyar launin fata da/ko rashin adalci na muhalli saboda yawancin al'ummomin da aka raba su da muhallansu da/ko abin ya shafa. Sojoji kuma suna da karfin kayan aiki. Makamai da kayan aikin soja su ne na biyu mafi girma a fannin kasuwanci na kasa da kasa. Hukumar kula da zaman lafiya ta kasa da kasa ta ce sama da kashi hamsin cikin dari na jirage masu saukar ungulu a duniya na amfani da sojoji ne, kuma kusan kashi ashirin da biyar cikin dari na man jiragen da ake amfani da su na motocin sojoji ne. Waɗannan motocin kuma ba su da inganci, masu ɗaukar carbon, da fitar da hayaki mai guba fiye da na sauran motocin.
Martanin masu fafutuka Tallafin soja, a halin yanzu, ya fi kowane lokaci, kuma masu fafutuka sun damu da abin da ke haifar da hayaki mai gurbata yanayi da sauyin yanayi. Suna bayar da shawarar kawar da sojoji, suna yin la'akari da yawan hayaƙin iskar gas da kuma tallafawa sake karkatar da waɗannan kudade zuwa ayyukan sauyin yanayi. A halin yanzu duniya tana kashe kusan kashi 2.2% na GDP na duniya kan tallafin soja a cewar Bankin Duniya. An kiyasta cewa zai kashe kusan kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari na GDP na duniya a kowace shekara har zuwa 2030 don kawar da rikicin yanayi. Haka kuma, masu fafutuka sun jaddada bukatar yin rigakafi da kuma nisantar tsaftar tsadar kayayyaki. A halin yanzu, kuɗin da ake kashewa don tsaftace gurɓataccen wurin soji ya kai aƙalla dala biliyan 500. A ƙarshe, masu fafutuka suna yin nuni ga al'amuran zamantakewa kamar matsanancin talauci da bayar da shawarwari don ƙarin kudade don a karkatar da su daga kuɗin soja zuwa waɗannan dalilai. Ƙungiyoyin da ke aiki don lalata da zaman lafiya sun haɗa da Ofishin Aminci na Duniya, Muryar Kanada na Mata don Aminci, Cibiyar Rideau, Ceasefire.ca, Project Plowshares, da Codepink Duba Jerin ƙungiyoyin yaƙi don ƙarin ƙungiyoyi.
Kyakkyawan tasirin sojoji akan muhalli Akwai misalai daga ko'ina cikin duniya na sojojin ƙasa da ke taimakawa wajen sarrafa filaye da kiyayewa. Alal misali, a Bhuj, Indiya, sojojin da aka jibge a wurin sun taimaka wajen sake farfado da yankin; a Pakistan, Sojojin sun shiga cikin tsunami Biliyan, suna aiki tare da fararen hula don sake dazuzzuka a cikin KPK da Punjab a Venezuela, yana daga cikin nauyin da ke da alhakin kare albarkatun kasa Bugu da ƙari, amincewar soja na fasahar da ta dace da muhalli kamar makamashi mai sabuntawa na iya samun damar samar da goyon bayan jama'a ga waɗannan fasahohin. A ƙarshe, wasu fasahohin soja kamar GPS da jirage marasa matuƙa suna taimaka wa masana kimiyyar muhalli, masu kiyayewa, masu ilimin halittu da masu ilimin halitta don gudanar da ingantaccen bincike, sa ido, da gyarawa.
Yaƙi da dokar muhalli Ta fuskar shari'a, kare muhalli a lokutan yaƙi da ayyukan soja ana magana da su a wani bangare ta dokar muhalli ta ƙasa da ƙasa. Ana kuma samun ƙarin tushe a fannonin doka kamar dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa gabaɗaya, dokokin yaƙi, dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam da dokokin gida na kowace ƙasa da abin ya shafa. Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da dama, ciki har da Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta hudu, Yarjejeniyar Tarihi ta Duniya ta 1972 da Yarjejeniyar Gyara Muhalli ta 1977 suna da tanadi don iyakance tasirin muhalli na yaƙi.
Yarjejeniyar Gyaran Muhalli yarjejeniya ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa da ke hana sojoji ko wasu amfani da dabarun gyara muhalli da ke da tartsatsi, mai dorewa ko mai tsanani. Yarjejeniyar ta haramta yakin yanayi, wanda shine amfani da dabarun gyaran yanayi don dalilai na haifar da lalacewa ko lalacewa. Wannan yarjejeniya tana aiki kuma an amince da ita (karɓar da ita a matsayin ɗaure) ta hanyar jagorancin ikon soja.
Nassoshi Muhalli
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
48685 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurbataccen%20abinci%20mai%20gina%20jiki | Gurbataccen abinci mai gina jiki | Gurɓatar abinci mai gina jiki, wani nau'i na gurɓataccen ruwa, yana nufin gurɓatawar abubuwan gina jiki da yawa. Yana da babban dalilin eutrophication na ruwa mai zurfi (tafkuna, koguna da ruwa na bakin teku wanda yawancin abubuwan gina jiki, yawanci nitrogen ko phosphorus, suna ƙarfafa ci gaban algal. Tushen gurɓacewar kayan abinci sun haɗa da kwararar ƙasa daga filayen gonaki da wuraren kiwo, fitar da tankunan ruwa da wuraren abinci, da hayaƙi daga konewa. Danyen najasa shine babban mai ba da gudummawa ga eutrophication na al'ada tunda najasa yana da yawa a cikin sinadirai. Sakin najasa a cikin babban ruwa ana kiransa zubar da ruwa, kuma har yanzu yana faruwa a duk faɗin duniya. Matsalolin nitrogen mai wuce gona da iri a cikin muhalli suna da alaƙa da yawancin abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli masu girma. Waɗannan sun haɗa da eutrophication na ruwa mai cutarwa, furen algal mai cutarwa, hypoxia, ruwan sama na acid, ƙarancin nitrogen a cikin gandun daji, da canjin yanayi.
Tun bayan bunkasuwar noma a shekarun 1910 da kuma a cikin shekarun 1940 don dacewa da karuwar bukatar abinci, noman noma ya dogara sosai kan amfani da taki. Taki abu ne na halitta ko sinadarai da aka gyara wanda ke taimaka wa ƙasa ta zama ƙasa mai albarka. Wadannan takin sun ƙunshi babban adadin phosphorus da nitrogen, wanda ke haifar da yawan abubuwan gina jiki da ke shiga cikin ƙasa. Nitrogen, phosphorus da potassium sune sinadarai na farko na "Big 3" a cikin takin kasuwanci, kowane ɗayan waɗannan mahimman abubuwan gina jiki suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin abinci mai gina jiki. Lokacin da nitrogen da phosphorus ba su cika amfani da tsire-tsire masu girma ba, ana iya rasa su daga filayen gona kuma suna yin mummunan tasiri ga iska da ingancin ruwa. Waɗannan sinadirai na iya ƙarewa a cikin yanayin yanayin ruwa kuma suna ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka eutrophiation. Lokacin da manoma suka baje takinsu, ko na halitta ne ko na roba, wasu za su bar shi a matsayin malala kuma za su iya tattara abubuwan da ke haifar da eutrophic na al'adu.
Hanyoyi masu ragewa don rage fitar da gurɓataccen abinci mai gina jiki sun haɗa da gyaran abinci, ciniki na gina jiki da rabon tushen abinci.
Sources Babban tushen (s) na gurɓataccen abinci a cikin magudanar ruwa ya dogara da yawan amfanin ƙasa Madogaran na iya zama tushen batu, maɓuɓɓugar da ba na batu ba, ko duka biyu:
Noma noman dabbobi ko amfanin gona
Birni/Babban birni: guguwar ruwa daga tituna da wuraren ajiye motoci; yawan amfani da taki akan lawn; cibiyoyin kula da najasa na birni; hayakin abin hawa
Masana'antu: gurɓataccen iska (misali masana'antar wutar lantarki fitar da ruwan sha daga masana'antu daban-daban.
Gurɓatar abinci mai gina jiki daga wasu hanyoyin gurɓataccen iska na iya faruwa ba tare da amfanin ƙasar gida ba, saboda jigilar gurɓataccen iska daga nesa mai nisa. Don auna yadda mafi kyawun hana eutrophication faruwa, dole ne a gano takamaiman hanyoyin da ke ba da gudummawar lodin kayan abinci. Akwai maɓuɓɓuka guda biyu na abinci na gina jiki da kwayoyin halitta: maƙasudi da tushe marasa ma'ana.
Nitrogen Amfani da takin zamani, kona man fetur, da samar da dabbobi, musamman ayyukan ciyar da dabbobi (CAFO), sun kara yawan iskar nitrogen zuwa biosphere. A duk duniya, ana rarraba ma'auni na nitrogen ba tare da inganci ba tare da wasu ƙasashe masu ragi da wasu ragi, suna haifar da kewayon batutuwan muhalli na farko. Ga mafi yawan ƙasashe a duniya, cinikin tsakanin rufe gibin amfanin gona da rage gurɓacewar iskar iskar gas ba shi da yawa ko babu.
Phosphorus Ana samun gurbacewar sinadarin phosphorus ne ta hanyar yawan amfani da takin zamani da taki, musamman idan aka haxa shi da zaizayar qasa. A cikin Tarayyar Turai, an kiyasta cewa za mu iya rasa fiye da ton 100,000 na Phosphorus ga ruwa da tafkuna saboda zaizayar ruwa. Hakanan ana fitar da sinadarin Phosphorus ta kamfanonin sarrafa najasa na birni da wasu masana'antu.
Tushen tushe Maɓuɓɓugan batu kai tsaye suna da alaƙa da tasiri ɗaya. A cikin maɓuɓɓugar maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, sharar abinci tana tafiya kai tsaye daga tushe zuwa ruwa. Tushen maki suna da sauƙin daidaitawa.
Madogaran marasa ma'ana It has been shown that nitrogen transport is correlated with various indices of human activity in watersheds,<m
Ploughing in agriculture and development are among activities that contribute most to nutrient loading.
Riƙe ƙasa Abubuwan gina jiki daga ayyukan ɗan adam suna taruwa a cikin ƙasa kuma su kasance a wurin har tsawon shekaru. An nuna cewa adadin phosphorus da aka rasa a cikin ruwan saman yana ƙaruwa daidai da adadin phosphorus a cikin ƙasa. Don haka yawancin abubuwan da ke lodawa a cikin ƙasa a ƙarshe suna yin hanyar zuwa ruwa. Nitrogen, haka ma, yana da lokacin juyawa na shekarun da suka gabata.
Gudun ruwa zuwa saman ruwa Abubuwan gina jiki daga ayyukan ɗan adam kan yi tafiya daga ƙasa zuwa ko dai ƙasa ko ruwan ƙasa. Ana cire Nitrogen musamman ta hanyar magudanar ruwa, bututun najasa, da sauran nau'ikan zubar da ruwa Asarar abinci mai gina jiki a cikin zubar da ruwa da leach sau da yawa ana danganta su da aikin noma Noma na zamani yakan haɗa da amfani da kayan abinci mai gina jiki akan gonaki don haɓaka samarwa. Duk da haka, manoma akai-akai suna amfani da abinci mai gina jiki fiye da yadda amfanin gona ke buƙata, wanda ke haifar da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwa da ke gudana a cikin ruwa ko ƙasa. ko makiyaya. Dokokin da ke da nufin rage fitar da sinadarai daga aikin noma yawanci ba su da ƙarfi fiye da waɗanda aka sanya a kan masana'antar kula da najasa da sauran masu gurɓata ma'ana. Ya kamata kuma a lura cewa tafkunan da ke cikin dazuzzukan dazuzzuka suma suna ƙarƙashin tasirin kwararar ruwa. Guduwar ruwa na iya wanke ma'adinan nitrogen da phosphorus daga detritus kuma a sakamakon haka samar da jikunan ruwa zuwa jinkirin, eutrophication na halitta.
Jigilar yanayi Ana fitar da Nitrogen a cikin iska saboda ammoniya volatilization da kuma samar da nitrous oxide. Konewar burbushin mai babban mai ba da gudummawa ne ta hanyar ɗan adam ga gurbatar yanayi na nitrogen. Nitrogen na yanayi yana isa ƙasa ta hanyoyi biyu daban-daban, na farko shine jika kamar ruwan sama ko dusar ƙanƙara, na biyu kuma bushewar bushewa wanda shine barbashi da iskar gas da ake samu a cikin iska. Zubar da yanayi (misali, a cikin nau'in ruwan sama na acid kuma na iya yin tasiri a cikin abubuwan gina jiki a cikin ruwa, musamman a yankuna masu yawan masana'antu.
Tasiri
Tasirin muhalli da tattalin arziki An taƙaita yawan abubuwan gina jiki kamar yadda mai yuwuwar haifar da:
Yawan girma na algae cutarwa algal blooms da asarar halittu;
Canje-canjen gidan yanar gizon abinci, ƙarancin haske;
wuce haddi kwayoyin carbon (eutrophication); narkar da iskar oxygen hypoxia muhalli samar da guba;
Gurɓatar abinci mai gina jiki na iya samun tasirin tattalin arziƙi saboda karuwar farashin maganin ruwa, asarar kamun kifi na kasuwanci da asarar kifi, asarar kamun kifi na nishaɗi, da rage samun kuɗin shiga yawon buɗe ido.
Tasirin lafiya Tasirin lafiyar ɗan adam sun haɗa da wuce haddi na nitrate a cikin ruwan sha blue baby syndrome da kuma kayyakin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ruwan sha. Yin iyo a cikin ruwa wanda bala'i mai cutarwa ya shafa na iya haifar da raƙuman fata da matsalolin numfashi.
Rage fitar da gurbataccen abinci mai gina jiki
Ciniki na gina jiki Ciniki na gina jiki nau'in ciniki ne na ingancin ruwa, kayan aiki na tushen kasuwa da ake amfani dashi don inganta ko kula da ingancin ruwa. Manufar kasuwancin ingancin ruwa ya dogara ne akan gaskiyar cewa maɓuɓɓugar gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin magudanar ruwa na iya fuskantar farashi daban-daban don sarrafa gurɓataccen abu ɗaya. Kasuwancin ingancin ruwa ya haɗa da musayar rangwamen ƙima na ragi na gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwa daga tushe masu ƙarancin kuɗi na kula da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwa ga waɗanda ke da tsadar sarrafa gurbatar yanayi, kuma ƙa'idodin iri ɗaya sun shafi cinikin ingancin ruwa na gina jiki. Ƙa'idar da ke ƙunshe da ita ita ce mai biyan kuɗi mai gurbata muhalli yawanci ana danganta shi da ƙa'idodin tsari don shiga cikin shirin ciniki.
Rahoton Forest Trends na 2013 ya taƙaita shirye-shiryen ciniki na ingancin ruwa kuma ya samo manyan nau'ikan masu ba da tallafi guda uku: masu cin gajiyar kariyar ruwa, masu gurɓata ruwa suna biyan tasirin su da "masu biyan kuɗi na jama'a" waɗanda ba za su amfana kai tsaye ba, amma suna ba da kuɗin rage gurɓataccen ƙima a madadin gwamnati ko NGO. Tun daga 2013, masu biyan kuɗi na jama'a kamar gwamnatoci da ƙungiyoyin sa-kai ne suka fara biyan kuɗi da yawa.
Rarraba tushen gina jiki Ana amfani da rabon tushen abubuwan gina jiki don ƙididdige nauyin kayan abinci daga sassa daban-daban da ke shiga cikin ruwa, bayan raguwa ko jiyya. Noma yawanci shine tushen tushen nitrogen a cikin ruwa a Turai, yayin da a yawancin gidaje gidaje da masana'antu sukan kasance masu ba da gudummawar phosphorus. Inda ingancin ruwa ya yi tasiri ta hanyar abubuwan gina jiki masu yawa, samfuran rarraba tushen kaya na iya tallafawa daidaitaccen tsarin sarrafa albarkatun ruwa ta hanyar gano hanyoyin gurɓataccen ruwa. Akwai hanyoyi guda biyu masu fa'ida don ɗaukar kayan ƙira, (i) hanyoyin da suka dace da ɗaukar nauyi waɗanda asalin rabon bisa ga bayanan sa ido a cikin rafi da (ii) hanyoyin da suka dace da tushen inda adadin yaɗuwa, ko gurɓataccen tushen tushe ana ƙididdige fitar da hayaki ta hanyar amfani da ƙira yawanci bisa ƙididdige ƙididdiga na fitarwa daga magudanar ruwa masu irin wannan halaye. Misali, Model Load Load (SLAM) yana ɗaukar hanyar ta ƙarshe, yana ƙididdige gudummawar dangi na tushen nitrogen da phosphorus zuwa saman ruwa a cikin magudanan ruwa na Irish ba tare da bayanan sa ido a cikin rafi ba ta hanyar haɗa bayanai kan fitarwar batu (ruwa na birni, masana'antu da sauransu). Tsarin tanki na septic), hanyoyin watsawa (kiwo, ciyayi, gandun daji, da sauransu), da bayanan kama, gami da halayen hydrogeological.
Misalai na ƙasa
Amurka Gurbacewar tushen noma (NPS) ita ce mafi girman tushen rashin ingancin ruwa a duk faɗin Amurka, bisa binciken hukumomin muhalli na jihohi.Gurbacewar NPS baya ƙarƙashin izinin fitarwa a ƙarƙashin Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa ta Tarayya (CWA). EPA da jihohi sun yi amfani da tallafi, haɗin gwiwa da ayyukan zanga-zanga don ƙirƙirar abubuwan ƙarfafawa ga manoma don daidaita ayyukansu da rage kwararar ruwa.
Ci gaban manufofin gina jiki Abubuwan buƙatu na asali don jihohi don haɓaka ƙa'idodin abinci mai gina jiki da ma'auni an wajabta su a cikin Dokar Ruwa mai Tsafta ta 1972. Aiwatar da wannan shirin ingancin ruwa ya kasance babban ƙalubale na kimiyya, fasaha da albarkatun ƙasa ga EPA da jahohi, kuma ana ci gaba da bunƙasa har cikin ƙarni na 21st.
EPA ta buga ka'idar kula da ruwan sha a cikin 1978 don fara magance matsalar gurɓacewar nitrogen ta ƙasa, wacce ta ƙaru shekaru da yawa. A cikin 1998, hukumar ta buga Dabarun Gina Jiki na ƙasa tare da mai da hankali kan haɓaka ka'idodin abinci mai gina jiki. Tsakanin 2000 da 2010 EPA ta buga ma'auni na sinadarai na matakin tarayya don koguna/rafuka, tafkuna/tafkunan ruwa, guraben ruwa da wuraren dausayi; da jagora mai alaƙa. "Ecoregional" ma'auni na gina jiki don 14 ecoregions a duk faɗin Amurka an haɗa su a cikin waɗannan wallafe-wallafe. Yayin da jihohi za su iya yin amfani da ka'idojin EPA da aka buga kai tsaye, a yawancin lokuta jihohi suna buƙatar gyara ma'auni don yin la'akari da takamaiman yanayi. A cikin 2004, EPA ta bayyana tsammaninta na ma'auni na ƙididdigewa (saɓanin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙididdiga) don jimlar nitrogen (TN), jimillar phosphorus (TP), chlorophyll a (chl-a), da tsabta, kuma ta kafa "an yarda da juna. bisa tsare-tsare" don ci gaban ka'idojin jiha. A shekara ta 2007, hukumar ta bayyana cewa ci gaban da aka samu a jihohin kan bunkasa ka'idojin gina jiki bai yi daidai ba. EPA ta sake nanata tsammaninta na ma'auni kuma ta yi alƙawarin goyon bayanta ga ƙoƙarin jiha na haɓaka ƙa'idodinsu. Bayan EPA ta gabatar da NPDES na tushen ruwa wanda ke ba da izini a cikin 2007, sha'awar kawar da abinci mai gina jiki da cimma iyakokin yanki na Matsakaicin Matsakaicin Load (TMDL) na yanki ya haifar da haɓaka dabarun ciniki na abinci.
A cikin 2008 EPA ta buga rahoton ci gaba kan ƙoƙarin jihar don haɓaka ƙa'idodin abinci mai gina jiki. Yawancin jihohi ba su samar da ma'auni na gina jiki na lambobi don koguna da koguna ba; tafkuna da tafkuna; dausayi da estuaries (ga waɗancan jihohin da ke da estuaries). A cikin wannan shekarar, EPA ta kuma kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Jiha da EPA, don sa ido da kimanta ci gaban rage gurɓataccen abinci. A cikin 2009 NTIG ta ba da rahoto, "Kira na gaggawa don Aiki," yana nuna damuwa cewa ingancin ruwa ya ci gaba da tabarbarewa a duk faɗin ƙasar saboda karuwar gurɓataccen abinci mai gina jiki, tare da ba da shawarar haɓaka ƙa'idodin abinci mai gina jiki ta jihohi. A cikin 2011 EPA ta sake nanata bukatar jihohi su ci gaba da inganta ka'idojin abinci mai gina jiki, lura da cewa cin zarafin ruwan sha na nitrates ya ninka cikin shekaru takwas, cewa rabin dukkan kogunan kasar suna da matsakaici zuwa matsakaicin matakan nitrogen da phosphorus, kuma furannin algal masu cutarwa suna karuwa. Hukumar ta fitar da wani tsari ga jihohi don bunkasa abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da kuma matakin magudanar ruwa don rage abubuwan gina jiki.
Izinin fitarwa Yawancin masu fitar da tushen tushe a cikin Amurka, kodayake ba lallai ba ne mafi girman tushen abubuwan gina jiki a cikin magudanan ruwa nasu, ana buƙatar su bi ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun abubuwan gina jiki a cikin izininsu, waɗanda ake bayarwa ta Tsarin Kawar da Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyaki (NPDES), bisa ga CWA. Wasu manyan tsire-tsire masu kula da najasa na birni, irin su Blue Plains Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant a Washington, DC sun shigar da tsarin kawar da sinadirai (BNR) don biyan buƙatun tsari. Sauran gundumomi sun yi gyare-gyare ga ayyukan aiki na tsarin jiyya na biyu na yanzu don sarrafa abubuwan gina jiki.
Izinin NPDES kuma ana sarrafa fitar da kaya daga manyan wuraren kiwon dabbobi (CAFO). Ruwan ruwa daga filayen gonaki, babban tushen sinadirai a cikin magudanan ruwa da yawa, an keɓe shi da gurɓatarwar NPS kuma ba a tsara shi ta izinin NPDES.
Farashin TMDL Jimlar Matsakaicin Load na yau da kullun (TMDL) shiri ne na tsari wanda ke tsara iyakar adadin gurɓataccen abu (ciki har da abubuwan gina jiki) wanda jikin ruwa zai iya karɓa yayin da yake cika ka'idojin ingancin ruwa na CWA. Musamman, Sashe na 303 na Dokar yana buƙatar kowace jiha ta samar da rahoton TMDL ga kowane jikin ruwa wanda gurɓatacce ya lalace. Rahoton TMDL ya gano matakan gurɓata yanayi da dabaru don cimma burin rage gurɓataccen gurɓatawa. EPA ta siffanta TMDLs a matsayin kafa "kasafin kuɗi mai ƙazanta" tare da kasafi ga kowane tushen gurɓataccen abu. Ga yawancin ruwayen bakin teku, babban al'amarin gurɓataccen abu shine wuce gona da iri na gina jiki, wanda kuma ake kira haɓakar abinci mai gina jiki.
A TMDL na iya rubuta ƙaramin matakin narkar da iskar oxygen (DO) da ake samu a jikin ruwa, wanda ke da alaƙa kai tsaye da matakan gina jiki. Duba Hypoxia na Ruwa TMDLs da ke magance gurɓatar abinci mai gina jiki babban sashi ne na Dabarun Gina Jiki na Ƙasar Amurka. TMDLs suna gano duk tushen ma'ana da gurɓataccen tushen tushen da ba a kai ba a cikin magudanar ruwa. Don aiwatar da TMDLs tare da maɓuɓɓugan ma'ana, an haɗa rabon kayan sharar gida a cikin izinin NPDES ɗin su. Fitowar NPS gabaɗaya suna cikin yanayin yarda da son rai.
EPA ta buga wani TMDL don Chesapeake Bay a cikin 2010, yana magana da nitrogen, phosphorus da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwa ga duk magudanar ruwa, wanda ya rufe yanki mai Wannan tsari na tsari ya ƙunshi duka ƙauyen da ƙauyukan sa-mafi girma, mafi hadaddun takaddun TMDL da EPA ta bayar har zuwa yau. A cikin Long Island Sound, tsarin ci gaba na TMDL ya ba Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Kariyar Muhalli ta Connecticut da Ma'aikatar Kula da Muhalli ta Jihar New York damar shigar da 58.5 bisa dari na rage yawan nitrogen a cikin tsarin tsari da doka.
Nassoshi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
49052 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bincike | Bincike | Bincike,A kan kira shi da suna Nazari "wani aiki ne da ya shafi bin ciko ababe da zasu yada ilimi acikin sauki ga manazarta ko akan haɓaka tarin ilimi Bincike Ya ƙunshi tattarawa, tsari da kuma nazarin shaida don ƙara fahimtar wani batu, wanda, ke nuna kulawa ta musamman ga sarrafa tushen son zuciya da kuskure. Waɗannan ayyukan suna da alaƙa da lissafin kuɗi da sarrafawa don son zuciya. Ayyukan bincike na iya zama faɗaɗa akan aikin da ya gabata a fagen. Don gwada ingancin kayan aiki, matakai, ko gwaje-gwaje, bincike na iya maimaita abubuwan ayyukan da suka gabata ko aikin gaba ɗaya.
Manufofin farko na, bincike na asali (kamar yadda ya Kuma saba da binciken da aka yi amfani da shi sune takardun shaida, ganowa, fassarar, da bincike da ci gaba (R&D) hanyoyin da tsarin, don ci gaban ilimin ɗan adam. Hanyoyi zuwa bincike sun dogara ne akan ilimin zamani, waɗanda suka bambanta da yawa a ciki da tsakanin ɗan adam da kimiyya. Akwai nau'ikan bincike da yawa: kimiyya, ɗan adam, fasaha, tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, kasuwanci, tallace-tallace, bincike mai aiki, rayuwa, fasaha, da dai sauransu. Nazarin kimiyya na ayyukan bincike an san shi da bincike-meta Mai bincike shine mutumin da ke gudanar da bincike, maiyuwa an gane shi a matsayin sana'a ta wurin aikin aiki na yau da kullun. Masu bincike ko dai Masanin Kimiyyar Jama'a ne ko Masanin Kimiyyar Halitta. Domin ya zama mai binciken zamantakewa ko masanin zamantakewa, yakamata mutum ya sami ilimi mai yawa akan batutuwan da suka shafi ilimin zamantakewa waɗanda suka kware a ciki. Haka nan, domin ya zama mai binciken kimiyyar dabi’a, mutum ya kamata ya samu ilimi a fagen da ya shafi kimiyyar halitta (Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Astronomy, Zoology da sauransu).
Etymology Kalmar bincike ta samo asali ne daga, Tsakiyar Faransanci recherche wanda ke nufin "ci gaba da neman", kalmar da kanta ta samo asali ne daga tsohuwar kalmar Faransanci recerchier kalma mai mahimmanci daga "re-" "cerchier", ko Sercher", ma'ana 'bincike'. Farkon amfani da kalmar ta kasance a cikin 1577.
Ma'anoni An bayyana bincike ta hanyoyi daban-daban, kuma yayin da akwai kamanceceniya, ba a cikin su bayyana ma'anar guda ɗaya, mai tattare da komai ba, wanda duk wanda ya shiga cikinsa ya runguma.
Bincike, a cikin mafi sauƙi shine neman ilimi da neman gaskiya. A bisa tsari, nazari ne mai tsauri kan matsalar da wani dabarar da aka zaba da gangan ya kai hari wanda ya fara da zabar hanyar shirya wani tsari (tsari) da aiki da shi ta fuskar zayyana hasashen bincike, zabar hanyoyi da dabaru, zabi ko haɓaka kayan aikin tattara bayanai, sarrafa bayanai, fassara da ƙare tare da gabatar da mafita/matsalolin. Wani ma'anar bincike ya ba da John W. Creswell, wanda ya bayyana cewa "bincike wani tsari ne na matakan da ake amfani da su don tattarawa da kuma nazarin bayanai don ƙara fahimtar wani batu ko batu". Ya ƙunshi matakai uku: gabatar da tambaya, tattara bayanai don amsa tambayar, da gabatar da amsar tambayar. Kamus, na kan layi na Merriam-Webster ya bayyana bincike dalla-dalla a matsayin "bincike ko jarrabawa; musamman bincike ko gwaji da nufin ganowa da fassarar bayanai, bita kan ka'idoji ko dokoki da aka yarda da su ta fuskar sabbin bayanai, ko aikace-aikacen aikace-aikacen irin wannan. Sabbin ka'idoji ko dokoki da aka sabunta"
Siffofin bincike
asalin bincike Binciken asali, wanda ake kira bincike na farko, bincike ne wanda ba a dogara kawai akan taƙaitawa, bita, ko haɗin wallafe-wallafen da suka gabata a kan batun bincike ba. Wannan abu na asali ne na asali Manufar bincike na asali shine don samar da sabon ilimi, maimakon gabatar da ilimin da yake akwai a cikin sabon nau'i (misali, taƙaitawa ko rarrabawa). Binciken asali na iya kasancewa ta nau'i daban-daban, ya danganta da horon da ya shafi. A cikin aikin gwaji, yawanci ya ƙunshi kallon kai tsaye ko kai tsaye na abin da aka bincika, misali, a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje ko a fagen, rubuta hanyoyin, sakamako, da ƙarshen gwaji ko saitin gwaje-gwaje, ko bayar da fassarar sabon labari. sakamakon baya. A cikin aikin tantancewa, yawanci ana samun wasu sabbin (misali) sakamakon lissafin da aka samar, ko sabuwar hanyar tunkarar matsalar data kasance. A cikin wasu batutuwa waɗanda galibi ba su aiwatar da gwaji ko bincike irin wannan ba, asalinsu shine ta musamman hanyar canza fahimtar data kasance ko sake fassara bisa ga sakamakon aikin mai binciken Matsayin, asalin binciken yana daga cikin manyan ma'auni don labaran da za a buga a cikin mujallu na ilimi kuma yawanci ana kafa su ta hanyar bitar takwarorinsu Daliban da suka kammala karatun ana buƙatar yawanci don yin bincike na asali a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙamus Binciken kimiyya Binciken, kimiyya hanya ce mai tsauri ta tattara bayanai da amfani da son sani Wannan bincike yana ba da bayanan kimiyya da ra'ayoyin don bayanin yanayi da kaddarorin duniya. Yana sa aikace-aikacen aikace-aikace mai yiwuwa. Hukumomin jama'a ne, ƙungiyoyin agaji da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, waɗanda suka haɗa da kamfanoni da yawa ke ba da kuɗin bincike na kimiyya. Za a iya raba binciken kimiyya zuwa nau'o'i daban-daban bisa ga nau'o'in ilimi da aikace-aikace. Binciken kimiyya wani ma'auni ne da aka fi amfani da shi wajen tantance matsayin jami'ar ilimi, amma wasu na ganin cewa irin wannan tantancewar ba daidai ba ce da aka yi wa cibiyar, saboda ingancin bincike ba ya nuna ingancin koyarwa (wadannan ba lallai ba ne su yi kama da juna). Gabaɗaya, ana fahimtar bincike don bin wani tsari na tsari Kodayake tsari na mataki na iya bambanta dangane da batun da mai bincike, matakan da ke biyowa galibi suna cikin mafi yawan bincike na yau da kullun, duka na asali da kuma amfani da su:
Dubawa da samuwar maudu'in Ya ƙunshi yanki na abin da mutum ke sha'awar da kuma bin wannan yanki don gudanar da bincike mai alaka. Bai kamata a zaɓi yanki ba da gangan tunda yana buƙatar karanta ɗimbin adabi a kan maudu'in don tantance tazarar da ke cikin wallafe-wallafen da mai binciken ya yi niyyar taƙaitawa. Yana da kyau a sha'awar yankin batun da aka zaɓa. Binciken zai zama barata ta hanyar danganta mahimmancinsa zuwa ilimin da aka rigaya ya kasance game da batun.
Hasashe Hasashen da za a iya gwadawa wanda ke nuna alakar da ke tsakanin masu canji biyu ko fiye.
Ma'anar ra'ayi Bayanin ra'ayi ta hanyar danganta shi da wasu ra'ayoyi.
Ma'anar aiki Cikakkun bayanai game da ayyana ma'auni da kuma yadda za a auna su a cikin binciken.
Tara bayanai Ya ƙunshi gano yawan jama'a da zabar samfurori, tattara bayanai daga ko game da waɗannan samfuran ta amfani da takamaiman kayan bincike. Dole ne kayan aikin da ake amfani da su don tattara bayanai su kasance masu inganci kuma abin dogaro.
Analysis of data Ya ƙunshi ruguza guda ɗaya na bayanan don yanke hukunci game da shi.
Fassarar Bayanai Ana iya wakilta wannan ta cikin teburi, adadi, da hotuna, sannan aka bayyana su cikin kalmomi.
Gwaji, sake fasalin hasashe
Ƙarshe, maimaitawa idan ya cancanta
Kuskure na gama gari shine za a tabbatar da hasashe (duba, a maimakon haka, hasashe mara kyau Gabaɗaya, ana amfani da hasashe don yin hasashen da za a iya gwadawa ta hanyar lura da sakamakon gwaji. Idan sakamakon bai dace da hasashe ba, to, an ƙi hasashe (duba lalata Duk da haka, idan sakamakon ya kasance daidai da hasashe, an ce gwajin don tallafawa hasashe. Ana amfani da wannan harshe mai hankali saboda masu bincike sun gane cewa madadin hasashe na iya yin daidai da abubuwan lura. Ta wannan ma'ana, ba za a taɓa iya tabbatar da hasashe ba, sai dai kawai ana goyan bayan ta hanyar tsira daga gwajin kimiyya kuma, a ƙarshe, ana tunanin ko'ina a matsayin gaskiya.
Hasashen mai amfani yana ba da damar tsinkaya kuma a cikin daidaiton lura da lokacin, za a tabbatar da hasashen. Yayin da daidaiton abin lura ke inganta tare da lokaci, hasashe na iya daina ba da ingantaccen hasashen. A wannan yanayin, wani sabon hasashe zai taso don ƙalubalantar tsohon, kuma gwargwadon yadda sabon hasashe ya yi hasashen hasashen da ya fi na tsohon, sabon zai maye gurbinsa. Masu bincike kuma za su iya amfani da hasashe maras tushe, wanda bai faɗi wata alaƙa ko bambanci tsakanin masu canji masu zaman kansu ko masu dogaro ba.
Binciken a cikin ɗan adam Bincike a cikin ilimin ɗan adam ya ƙunshi hanyoyi daban-daban kamar misali hermeneutics da semiotics Masana ilimin ɗan adam yawanci ba sa nemo madaidaicin amsar tambaya, a maimakon haka, suna bincika batutuwa da cikakkun bayanai da ke kewaye da ita. Magana koyaushe yana da mahimmanci, kuma mahallin na iya zama zamantakewa, tarihi, siyasa, al'adu, ko kabilanci. Misali na bincike a cikin ɗan adam shine bincike na tarihi, wanda ke cikin hanyar tarihi Masana tarihi suna amfani da tushe na farko da wasu shaidu don bincikar wani batu cikin tsari, sannan su rubuta tarihi ta hanyar lissafin abubuwan da suka gabata. Sauran nazarin na nufin kawai bincika abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin al'ummomi da al'ummomi, ba tare da neman dalilai ko dalilai na yin bayanin waɗannan ba. Waɗannan karatun na iya zama masu inganci ko ƙididdigewa, kuma suna iya amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban, kamar ka'idar ƙwaƙƙwaran ko ka'idar mata. Rikicin rigima na koyarwar fasaha ya zama mai dogaro da ilimi yana haifar da karbuwar binciken fasaha a matsayin tsarin bincike na farko a cikin fasaha kamar na sauran fannoni. Ɗaya daga cikin halayen bincike na fasaha shine cewa dole ne ya yarda da abin da ya dace sabanin hanyoyin kimiyya na gargajiya. Don haka, yana kama da ilimin zamantakewar al'umma a cikin yin amfani da bincike mai inganci da ma'amala a matsayin kayan aiki don amfani da ma'auni da bincike mai mahimmanci. Makarantar rawa da yawace yawace (Dans och Cirkushögskolan, DOCH), Stockholm ta bayyana binciken fasaha kamar haka "Bincike na fasaha shine bincika da gwadawa tare da manufar samun ilimi a ciki da kuma ilimin fasahar mu. Ya dogara ne akan ayyukan fasaha, hanyoyi,da mahimmanci. Ta hanyar takardun da aka gabatar, abubuwan da aka samu za a sanya su a cikin mahallin." Binciken fasaha yana nufin haɓaka ilimi da fahimta tare da gabatar da fasaha. Fahimtar mafi sauƙi ta Julian Klein ta bayyana bincike na fasaha a matsayin kowane irin bincike da ke amfani da yanayin fasaha na fahimta. Don bincike na matsalolin tsakiya na binciken fasaha na yau, duba Giaco Schiesser A cewar wani mai zane Hakan Topal, a cikin bincike na fasaha, "watakila fiye da sauran nau'o'in, ana amfani da hankali a matsayin hanyar da za a gano nau'i-nau'i iri-iri na sababbin sababbin hanyoyin da ba zato ba tsammani". Yawancin marubuta, walau na littafan almara ko na almara, suma dole su yi bincike don tallafawa ayyukansu na kirkire-kirkire. Wannan na iya zama na gaskiya, tarihi, ko bincike na baya. Binciken bayan fage na iya haɗawa, alal misali, bincike na yanki ko tsari. da yanki na zane bincike (SAR) ta buga jaridar koya zaneda bincike JAR na kasa da kasa, kan layi, bude damar shiga, da mujallar da aka bita don ganowa, bugawa, da yada bincike na fasaha da fasaha. hanyoyinsa, daga dukkan fannonin fasaha kuma yana gudanar da Kasuwar Bincike (RC), mai bincike, bayanan tarihi na binciken fasaha, wanda kowa zai iya ba da gudummawarsa.
ayyakace yayi magana akan nau'ikan bincike na tushen fasaha guda takwas (ABR): binciken labari, bincike-bincike na almara, shayari, kiɗa, rawa, wasan kwaikwayo, fim, da fasahar gani. A cikin 2016 Ƙa'idodin Florence 'a kan Doctorate a cikin Arts Ka'idodin Florence da suka shafi Ka'idodin Salzburg da Shawarwar Salzburg na Ƙungiyar Jami'ar Turai suna ba da maki bakwai na hankali don tantance Doctorate PhD a cikin Arts idan aka kwatanta da digiri na kimiyya PhD. An amince da ƙa'idodin Florence kuma ana goyan bayan AEC, CILECT, CUMULUS da SAR Binciken tarihi Hanyar tarihi ta ƙunshi dabaru da jagororin da masana tarihi ke amfani da tushen tarihi da wasu shaidu don bincike sannan kuma su rubuta tarihi. Akwai jagororin tarihi daban-daban waɗanda masana tarihi suka saba amfani da su a cikin aikinsu, ƙarƙashin taken suka na waje, suka na cikin gida, da haɗawa. Wannan ya haɗa da ƙananan zargi da suka na sha'awa. Kodayake abubuwa na iya bambanta dangane da batun da mai bincike, waɗannan ra'ayoyin suna cikin mafi yawan binciken tarihi na yau da kullun: Gano asalin kwanan watan
Shaida na wuri
Gane marubuci
sarafa bayanai
Gane mutunci
Halin abin dogaro
Binciken daftarin aiki
Matakan gudanar da bincike Yawancin lokaci ana gudanar da bincike ta amfani da tsarin samfurin hourglass na bincike. Samfurin agogon sa'a yana farawa tare da faffadan bakan don bincike, yana mai da hankali kan bayanan da ake buƙata ta hanyar hanyar aikin (kamar wuyan hourglass), sannan fadada bincike a cikin hanyar tattaunawa da sakamako. Manyan matakai wajen gudanar da bincike su ne: Gano matsalar bincike
Nazarin adabi
Ƙayyadaddun manufar bincike
Ƙayyade takamaiman tambayoyin bincike
Ƙayyadaddun tsarin ra'ayi, wani lokaci har da saitin hasashe Zaɓin hanya (don tattara bayanai)
Tarin bayanai
Tabbatar da bayanai
Yin nazari da fassara bayanan
Ba da rahoto da kimanta bincike
Sadar da sakamakon binciken da, maiyuwa, shawarwari
Matakan gabaɗaya suna wakiltar tsarin gaba ɗaya; duk da haka, ya kamata a yi la'akari da su azaman tsari mai canzawa koyaushe maimakon ƙayyadaddun matakan matakai. Yawancin bincike suna farawa da cikakken bayani na matsalar, ko kuma wajen, dalilin shiga cikin binciken. Binciken wallafe-wallafen yana gano kurakurai ko ramuka a cikin binciken da ya gabata wanda ke ba da hujja ga binciken. Sau da yawa, ana yin bitar wallafe-wallafe a wani yanki da aka bayar kafin a gano tambayar bincike Wani gibi a cikin adabi na yanzu, kamar yadda mai bincike ya gano, sannan ya haifar da tambayar bincike. Tambayar bincike na iya zama daidai da hasashe Hasashen shine tunanin da za a gwada. Masu binciken (s) suna tattara bayanai don gwada hasashe. Masu binciken (s) sun yi nazari da fassara bayanai ta hanyoyi daban-daban na ƙididdiga, suna shiga cikin abin da aka sani da bincike mai zurfi Sakamakon binciken bayanai na ƙin yarda ko rashin ƙin yarda da hasashe maras tushe ana bayar da rahoto da kimantawa. A ƙarshe, mai binciken zai iya tattauna hanyoyin da za a bi don ƙarin bincike Duk da haka, wasu masu bincike suna ba da shawarar hanyar komawa baya: farawa tare da bayyana binciken da tattaunawa akan su, motsawa "sama" don gano matsalar bincike da ke fitowa a cikin binciken da nazarin wallafe-wallafe. Hanyar da aka bi ta baya ta tabbata ta hanyar ma'amala ta hanyar bincike inda binciken bincike, tambayoyin bincike, hanyar bincike, wallafe-wallafen binciken da suka dace, da sauransu ba su da cikakkiyar masaniya har sai binciken ya fito cikakke kuma an fassara shi.
Rudolph Rummel ya ce, “...babu wani mai bincike da ya isa ya yarda da kowane gwaji daya ko biyu a matsayin tabbatacce. Sai kawai lokacin da kewayon gwaje-gwajen suka yi daidai da nau'ikan bayanai da yawa, masu bincike, da hanyoyin za su iya samun kwarin gwiwa ga sakamakon." Plato a cikin Meno yayi magana game da wata matsala ta asali, idan ba ma'ana ba, na yin bincike da za a iya fassara ta ta hanyar da ke gaba, "Idan kun san abin da kuke nema me yasa kuke nema?! [watau, kuna da. An riga an same shi] Idan ba ku san abin da kuke nema ba, me kuke nema? Hanyoyin bincike Manufar tsarin bincike shine samar da sabon ilimi ko zurfafa fahimtar wani batu ko batu. Wannan tsari yana ɗaukar manyan siffofi guda uku (ko da yake, kamar yadda aka tattauna a baya, iyakokin da ke tsakanin su na iya zama m):
Binciken bincike, wanda ke taimakawa wajen ganowa da ayyana matsala ko tambaya.
Bincike mai mahimmanci, wanda ke gwada ra'ayoyin kuma yana ba da shawarar mafita ga matsala ko tambaya.
Binciken ƙwaƙƙwaran, wanda ke gwada yuwuwar mafita ta amfani da hujjoji na zahiri Akwai manyan nau'ikan ƙira na bincike mai ƙarfi guda biyu: bincike mai inganci da bincike mai ƙididdigewa. Masu bincike suna zaɓar hanyoyin ƙididdigewa ko ƙididdiga bisa ga yanayin batun binciken da suke son bincikawa da tambayoyin binciken da suke son amsawa:
Bincike mai inganci
Ƙwararren bincike yana nufin ƙarin abubuwan da ba na ƙididdigewa ba, amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban na tattara bayanai, nazarin bayanai, fassarar bayanai don ma'anoni, ma'anoni, halaye, alamomin misalan abubuwa. Ƙwararren bincike ya ci gaba da rarraba zuwa nau'ikan nau'ikan wannan binciken an rarraba su: Wannan binciken ya fi mayar da hankali kan al'adun rukunin mutane waɗanda suka haɗa da halaye, harshe, ayyuka, tsari, ƙima, ƙa'idodi da abubuwan duniya, kimanta salon rayuwar ɗan adam. Kabila: mutane, Grapho: don rubutawa, wannan almajirin na iya haɗawa da ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu, ƙabila, ƙabila, sake tsugunar da jama'a da halayen jin daɗin jama'a. Phenomenology Dabaru ce mai ƙarfi sosai don nuna hanya zuwa ilimin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun kiwon lafiya kuma mafi dacewa don bincika matsalolin ƙalubale a cikin ilimin sana'o'in kiwon lafiya. Binciken ƙididdiga
Wannan ya ƙunshi bincike na ƙididdiga na ƙididdiga na kaddarorin ƙididdiga da abubuwan al'ajabi da alaƙarsu, ta hanyar yin ƙungiyar tambaya da tattara bayanan ƙididdiga don tantance ta ta amfani da hanyoyin ƙididdiga Ƙirar binciken ƙididdiga na gwaji ne, daidaitawa, da bincike (ko siffantawa). Ana iya amfani da kididdigar da aka samo daga bincike mai ƙididdigewa don tabbatar da wanzuwar haɗin kai ko alaƙa tsakanin masu canji. Binciken ƙididdigewa yana da alaƙa da matsayin falsafa da ka'idar positivism Hanyoyin tattara bayanai masu ƙididdigewa sun dogara da samfurin bazuwar da tsararrun kayan tattara bayanai waɗanda suka dace da gogewa daban-daban cikin ƙayyadaddun martani. haifar da sakamako waɗanda za a iya taƙaitawa, kwatantawa, da kuma haɗa su zuwa ga yawan jama'a idan an tattara bayanan ta amfani da ingantaccen samfuri da dabarun tattara bayanai. Binciken ƙididdigewa ya shafi gwajin hasashe da aka samo daga ka'idar ko iya ƙididdige girman abin ban sha'awa. Idan tambayar binciken ta kasance game da mutane, ana iya sanya mahalarta bazuwar zuwa jiyya daban-daban (wannan ita ce kawai hanyar da za a iya ɗaukar binciken ƙididdiga a matsayin gwaji na gaskiya).Idan wannan ba mai binciken zai iya tattara bayanai game da mahalarta da halayen yanayi don sarrafa ƙididdiga don tasirin su akan dogara, ko sakamako, mai canzawa. Idan manufar ita ce ta zama gama gari daga mahalarta bincike zuwa yawan jama'a, mai binciken zai yi amfani da samfurin yuwuwar don zaɓar mahalarta. A cikin bincike na ƙididdiga ko ƙididdigewa, masu binciken (masu) na iya tattara bayanan farko ko na sakandare. Bayanan farko sune bayanan da aka tattara musamman don bincike, kamar ta hanyar tambayoyi ko tambayoyin tambayoyi. Bayanan na biyu bayanai ne da suka wanzu, kamar bayanan ƙidayar, waɗanda za a iya sake amfani da su don bincike. Yana da kyau aikin bincike na ɗabi'a don amfani da bayanan sakandare a duk inda zai yiwu. Binciken hada-hadar hanya, watau binciken da ya hada da abubuwa masu inganci da kididdiga, ta yin amfani da bayanan farko da na sakandare, ya zama ruwan dare gama gari. Wannan hanya tana da fa'idodi waɗanda amfani da hanya ɗaya kaɗai ba zai iya bayarwa ba. Misali, mai bincike zai iya zaɓar ya gudanar da bincike mai inganci kuma ya bi shi da ƙididdiga na ƙididdiga don samun ƙarin fahimta. Manyan bayanai sun kawo babban tasiri kan hanyoyin bincike ta yadda a yanzu masu bincike da yawa ba sa yin kokari sosai wajen tattara bayanai; Bugu da ƙari, an ƙirƙiri hanyoyin yin nazari cikin sauƙi samuwan adadi mai yawa na bayanai. Nau'in Hanyar Bincike 1. Hanyar Bincike ta Observatory 2. Hanyar Bincike Daidaita Binciken da ba na zahiri ba
Binciken da ba a iya amfani da shi ba ka'idar wata hanya ce da ta shafi ci gaban ka'idar sabanin amfani da kallo da gwaji. Don haka, binciken da ba na zahiri ba yana neman mafita ga matsalolin ta amfani da ilimin da ake da shi a matsayin tushensa. Wannan, duk da haka, ba ya nufin cewa ba za a iya samun sababbin ra'ayoyi da sababbin abubuwa a cikin tafkin da aka kafa da kuma ingantaccen ilimin ba. Binciken da ba na zahiri ba ba cikakkiyar madadin bincike ba ne saboda ana iya amfani da su tare don ƙarfafa hanyar bincike. Babu ɗayan da ba shi da tasiri fiye da ɗayan tunda suna da takamaiman manufarsu a kimiyya. Yawanci bincike mai zurfi yana samar da abubuwan lura waɗanda ke buƙatar yin bayani; sannan bincike na ka'idar yayi kokarin bayyana su, kuma a yin haka ya haifar da hasashe da za a iya gwadawa; Sannan ana gwada waɗannan hasashe ta zahiri, suna ba da ƙarin abubuwan lura waɗanda za su buƙaci ƙarin bayani; da sauransu. Duba Hanyar Kimiyya Misali mai sauƙi na ɗawainiyar da ba ta da ƙarfi ita ce ƙirar sabon magani ta amfani da aikace-aikacen da aka bambanta na ilimin da ke akwai; wani kuma shine ci gaban tsarin kasuwanci a cikin nau'i na ginshiƙi mai gudana da rubutu inda duk abubuwan da suka dace sun fito ne daga ingantaccen ilimi. Yawancin bincike na cosmological shine ka'idar a yanayi. Binciken ilimin lissafi baya dogara ga bayanan da ake samu a waje; maimakon haka, yana neman tabbatar da ka'idoji game da abubuwan lissafi Da'a na bincike Ka'idodin bincike sun shafi batutuwan ɗabi'a da ke tasowa a lokacin ko sakamakon ayyukan bincike, da kuma halayen masu bincike guda ɗaya, da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi al'ummomin bincike. A tarihi, badakala irin su gwajin ɗan adam na Nazi da gwajin syphilis na Tuskegee ya haifar da fahimtar cewa ana buƙatar kwararan matakai don gudanar da bincike na ɗabi'a don tabbatar da cewa ba a cutar da mutane, dabbobi da muhalli ba ta hanyar binciken kimiyya. Gudanar da ka'idojin bincike bai dace ba a cikin ƙasashe kuma babu wata hanyar da ta dace a duk duniya game da yadda ya kamata a magance shi. Kwamitocin da'a na bincike Hukumar bita a cikin Amurka) sun fito a matsayin tsarin mulki ɗaya don tabbatar da gudanar da bincike cikin gaskiya.
Sa’ad da muke yanke hukunci na ɗabi’a, ƙila za a yi mana ja-gora da ɗabi’u dabam-dabam Masana falsafa sun bambanta tsakanin hanyoyin kamar deontology, consequentialism, Confucianism, virtue ethics, da Ubuntu ethics, don lissafta kaɗan. Ko da kuwa hanyar da za a bi, aikace-aikacen ka'idar ɗabi'a zuwa takamaiman mahallin an san shi azaman ɗa'a mai amfani, kuma ana iya kallon ɗabi'ar bincike a matsayin wani yanki na ɗabi'a da aka yi amfani da shi saboda ana amfani da ka'idar ɗa'a a cikin yanayin bincike na zahiri.
Ethical issues may arise in the design and implementation of research involving human experimentation or animal experimentation. There may also be consequences for the environment, for society or for future generations that need to be considered. Research ethics is most developed as a concept in medical research, with typically cited codes being the 1947 Nuremberg Code, the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki, and the 1978 Belmont Report. Informed consent is a key concept in research ethics thanks to these codes. Research in other fields such as social sciences, information technology, biotechnology, or engineering may generate different types of ethical concerns to those in medical research.
A cikin ƙasashe irin su Kanada, ana buƙatar horar da ɗabi'un bincike na wajibi ga ɗalibai, furofesoshi da sauran waɗanda ke aiki a cikin bincike, yayin da Amurka ta kafa doka kan yadda kwamitocin bita na cibiyoyi ke aiki tun daga Dokar Bincike ta ƙasa ta 1974.
An bambanta da'a na bincike da haɓaka ingantaccen ilimi ko bincike, wanda ya haɗa da batutuwa irin su rashin da'a na kimiyya (misali zamba, ƙirƙira bayanai ko saɓo Saboda kusancin kusanci da mutunci, ana ƙara haɓaka ɗabi'un bincike a matsayin wani ɓangare na faffadan fage na gudanar da bincike (RCR a Arewacin Amurka) ko Bincike da Ƙirƙirar Alƙawari a Turai, kuma tare da hukumomin gwamnati kamar Ofishin Bincike na Amurka. Mutunci ko Kwamitin Ba da Shawarar Sadarwar Sadarwar Kanada kan Haƙƙin Haƙƙin Bincike na haɓaka ko buƙatar horon tsaka-tsakin ga masu bincike.
Matsaloli a cikin bincike
-bibangareike Meta-research shine nazarin bincike ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin bincike. Har ila yau, an san shi da "bincike kan bincike", yana da nufin rage sharar gida da haɓaka ingancin bincike a kowane fanni. Meta-bincike ya damu da kansa tare da gano son zuciya, kurakuran hanya, da sauran kurakurai da rashin aiki. Daga cikin binciken meta-bincike akwai ƙarancin ƙima na haɓakawa a cikin fagage da yawa. Ana kiran wannan wahalar sake haifar da bincike rikicin maimaitawa Hanyoyin bincike A cikin fannoni da yawa, hanyoyin Yammacin Turai na gudanar da bincike sun fi yawa. Ana koyar da masu binciken hanyoyin tattara bayanai da nazari da yawa na Yammacin Turai. Haɓaka haɓakar ƴan asalin ƙasar a matsayin masu bincike ya kawo ƙarin hankali ga lacuna na kimiyya a cikin hanyoyin tattara bayanai masu mahimmancin al'adu Hanyoyin tattara bayanai na yammacin duniya bazai zama mafi inganci ko dacewa ga bincike kan al'ummomin da ba na yamma ba. Misali, Hua Oranga an halicce shi ne a matsayin ma'auni don kimanta tunanin mutum a cikin al'ummar Māori, kuma ya dogara ne akan ma'auni na lafiyar hankali mai mahimmanci ga mutanen Māori "taha wairua (girman ruhaniya), taha hinengaro (girman tunani), taha tinana (girman jiki), da taha whanau (girman iyali)".
son zuciya Research is often biased in the languages that are preferred (linguicism) and the geographic locations where research occurs.
Periphery scholars face the challenges of exclusion and linguicism in research and academic publication. As the great majority of mainstream academic journals are written in English, multilingual periphery scholars often must translate their work to be accepted to elite Western-dominated journals. Multilingual scholars' influences from their native communicative styles can be assumed to be incompetence instead of difference.
Domin kwatankwacin siyasa, ƙasashen Yamma sun fi yawa a cikin karatun ƙasa ɗaya, tare da mai da hankali kan Yammacin Turai, Kanada, Ostiraliya, da New Zealand. Tun daga shekara ta 2000, ƙasashen Latin Amurka sun fi shahara a karatun ƙasa ɗaya. Sabanin haka, ƙasashe a cikin Oceania da Caribbean sune mafi ƙanƙanta na bincike kaɗan. Alamun son zuciya kuma suna nuna alaƙa da ilimin harshe: ƙasashen da harsunansu na hukuma na Faransanci ko Larabci ba su da yuwuwar zama abin da ake mayar da hankali kan karatun ƙasa ɗaya fiye da ƙasashen da ke da harsunan hukuma daban-daban. A cikin Afirka, ƙasashen da ke magana da Ingilishi sun fi sauran ƙasashe wakilci.
Gabaɗaya Gabaɗaya shine tsarin aiwatar da ingantaccen sakamakon binciken guda ɗaya. Nazarin tare da ƙunƙun yanki na iya haifar da rashin daidaituwa, ma'ana cewa sakamakon ƙila ba zai iya amfani da wasu al'ummomi ko yankuna ba. A cikin siyasa kwatankwacin, wannan na iya haifar da yin amfani da nazarin ƙasa ɗaya, maimakon ƙirar nazarin da ke amfani da bayanai daga ƙasashe da yawa. Duk da batun gama-gari, karatun ƙasa ɗaya ya ƙaru sosai tun daga ƙarshen 2000s.
Bitar takwarorinsu na bugawa Bita na tsara wani nau'i ne na kayyade kai ta ƙwararrun mambobi na sana'a a cikin filin da ya dace. Ana amfani da hanyoyin bita na tsara don kiyaye ƙa'idodin inganci, haɓaka aiki, da samar da gaskiya. A cikin ilimin kimiyya, ana amfani da bitar takwarorinsu sau da yawa don tantance dacewar takardar ilimi don bugawa. Yawanci, tsarin bitar takwarorinsu ya ƙunshi ƙwararru a wannan fanni waɗanda editoci suke tuntuɓar su don yin bitar ayyukan ilimi da abokin aikinsu ya samar ta hanyar rashin son zuciya da rashin son kai, kuma ana yin hakan kyauta. Al'adar sake dubawa ta abokan gaba kyauta duk da haka ta kawo matsaloli da yawa waɗanda kuma ke nuni da dalilin da ya sa yawancin masu bitar takwarorinsu ke ƙi gayyata da yawa don dubawa. An lura da cewa wallafe-wallafen daga ƙasashen waje ba safai suke tashi zuwa matsayi ɗaya da na Arewacin Amurka da Turai ba, saboda ƙayyadaddun wadatar albarkatu da suka haɗa da takarda mai inganci da nagartaccen software na nuna hoto da kayan aikin bugu ya sa waɗannan wallafe-wallafen ba su da ƙarfi. gamsar da ƙa'idodi a halin yanzu ɗauke da iko na yau da kullun ko na yau da kullun a cikin masana'antar bugawa. Wadannan iyakoki kuma suna haifar da rashin wakilci na masana daga ƙasashen da ke kewaye a cikin jerin wallafe-wallafen da ke da matsayi mai daraja dangane da yawa da ingancin ƙoƙarin binciken waɗannan malamai, kuma wannan rashin wakilcin ya haifar da raguwar yarda da rashin daidaituwa. sakamakon kokarin da suke yi a matsayin gudummawar da ke tattare da ilimin da ake samu a duniya.
Tasirin motsin buɗe ido, Motsin shiga buɗe yana ɗauka cewa duk bayanan da ake ganin suna da amfani yakamata su kasance masu 'yanci kuma suna cikin "yankin jama'a", na "yan Adam". Wannan ra'ayin ya sami yaɗuwa a sakamakon tarihin mulkin mallaka na Yamma kuma ya yi watsi da wasu ra'ayi na rarraba ilimi. Misali, yawancin al'ummomin ƴan asalin suna ganin cewa samun wasu bayanai da suka dace da ƙungiyar yakamata su kasance ta hanyar alaƙa. Ana zargin cewa akwai ma'auni biyu a tsarin ilimin Yammacin Turai. A gefe guda, "Gudanar da Haƙƙin dijital" da ake amfani da shi don hana samun damar yin amfani da bayanan sirri a dandalin sada zumunta ana yin bikin ne a matsayin kariya ta sirri, yayin da a lokaci guda lokacin da ƙungiyoyin al'adu ke amfani da irin wannan ayyuka (watau al'ummomin 'yan asalin) ana yin Allah wadai da hakan a matsayin "shigarwa". sarrafawa" kuma an tsawatar a matsayin tacewa.
Hanyoyi na gaba Duk da cewa rinjayen Yammacin Turai ya zama sananne a cikin bincike, wasu masana, irin su Simon Marginson, suna jayayya da "bukatar [ga] duniyar jami'a". Marginson yayi jayayya cewa tsarin Confucian na Gabashin Asiya zai iya daukar nauyin tsarin Yammacin Turai.
Wannan na iya kasancewa saboda sauye-sauye na kudade don bincike duka a Gabas da Yamma. An mai da hankali kan jaddada nasarar ilimi, al'adun gabashin Asiya, musamman a Sin da Koriya ta Kudu, sun karfafa karuwar kudade don fadada bincike. Sabanin haka, a duniyar ilimi ta Yamma, musamman a Burtaniya da kuma wasu gwamnatocin jihohi a Amurka, an samu raguwar kudade don gudanar da bincike a jami’o’i, wanda wasu suka yi. ya ce na iya haifar da koma baya ga rinjayen Yammacin Turai a cikin bincike.
Hanyoyi na mulkin mallaka
Ƙwarewa A cikin tsarin ilimi na ƙasa da na masu zaman kansu da yawa, ƙwarewar bincike ya haifar da lakabin aiki na yau da kullun.
A Rasha A cikin Rasha ta yau, da wasu ƙasashe na tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet, kalmar mai bincike nauchny sotrudnik An yi amfani da shi duka a matsayin jumla ga mutumin da ke gudanar da bincike na kimiyya, kuma a matsayin matsayi na aiki a cikin tsarin Kwalejin Kimiyya, Jami'o'i, da sauran cibiyoyin bincike.
An san masu daraja masu zuwa:
Ƙwararrun Mai Bincike (Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Bincike)
Mai Bincike (Abokin Bincike)
Babban Mai Bincike (Babban Abokin Bincike)
Jagoran Mai Bincike (Jagoran Ƙwararrun Bincike) Babban Mai Bincike (Babban Mataimakin Bincike)
wallafawa Buga ilimi tsari ne da ya wajaba ga malaman ilimi su yi nazari kan aikin da kuma samar da shi ga masu sauraro. Tsarin ya bambanta da yawa ta filin kuma koyaushe yana canzawa, idan sau da yawa a hankali. Yawancin aikin ilimi ana buga su a cikin labarin jarida ko sigar littafi. Hakanan akwai babban rukunin bincike da ke wanzuwa a cikin ko dai tass ko sigar dissertation. Ana iya samun waɗannan nau'ikan bincike a cikin ma'ajin bayanai a sarari don kasidu da rubuce-rubuce. A cikin bugawa, bugu na STM taƙaitaccen wallafe-wallafen ilimi ne a cikin kimiyya, fasaha, da magani. Yawancin filayen ilimi da aka kafa suna da nasu mujallu na kimiyya da sauran kantuna don bugawa, kodayake yawancin mujallu na ilimi sun ɗan bambanta, kuma suna buga ayyuka daga fagage daban-daban ko fagage daban-daban. Ire-iren wallafe-wallafen da aka karɓa azaman gudummawar ilimi ko bincike sun bambanta sosai tsakanin fage, daga bugawa zuwa tsarin lantarki. Wani bincike ya nuna cewa bai kamata masu bincike su yi la'akari sosai ga binciken da ba a maimaita su akai-akai. An kuma ba da shawarar cewa duk wani binciken da aka buga ya kamata a yi shi da wani ma'auni don tantance inganci ko amincin hanyoyinsa don hana buga sakamakon binciken da ba a tabbatar ba. Samfuran kasuwanci sun bambanta a cikin yanayin lantarki. Tun daga farkon shekarun 1990, ba da lasisin albarkatun lantarki, musamman mujallu, ya zama ruwan dare. A halin yanzu, babban yanayin, musamman game da mujallu na ilimi, shine damar buɗe ido Akwai manyan nau'o'i guda biyu na buɗaɗɗen damar shiga: buɗaɗɗen damar buɗaɗɗen shiga, wanda a ciki ana samun labaran ko dukan mujallu kyauta daga lokacin bugawa, da kuma adana bayanan kai, inda marubucin ya ba da kwafin aikin nasu kyauta akan yanar gizo. Tallafin bincike Yawancin kudade don binciken kimiyya sun fito ne daga manyan tushe guda uku: bincike na kamfanoni da sassan ci gaba tushe masu zaman kansu da majalissar bincike na gwamnati irin su Cibiyoyin Kiwon Lafiya na Ƙasa a Amurka da Majalisar Binciken Likita a Burtaniya. Ana gudanar da waɗannan da farko ta hanyar jami'o'i kuma a wasu lokuta ta hanyar ƴan kwangilar soja. Yawancin manyan masu bincike (kamar shugabannin rukuni) suna ciyar da lokaci mai yawa na neman tallafi don kudaden bincike. Waɗannan tallafin ba dole ba ne kawai ga masu bincike don gudanar da binciken su har ma a matsayin tushen cancanta. Cibiyar Sadarwar Ƙwararrun Gwamnatin Ammasu zaman kansu.
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40562 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedor%20Dostoevsky | Fedor Dostoevsky | Fyodor Mikhailovich UK ƙananan-alpha 1 Birtaniya dɒ s US ɛfsk i, [1] US: dɒstə jɛfsk d ʌ s Russian Fyódor Mikháylovich Dostoyévskiy IPA: fʲɵdər xajləvʲɪdʑ jefskʲɪj] 11 ga Nuwamba, 18219 Fabrairu 1881 wani lokacin ana fassara shi azaman Dostoyevsky, marubuci ne na Rasha, marubucin gajerun labarai, kuma ɗan jarida. Ayyukan adabi na Dostoevsky sun bincika yanayin ɗan adam a cikin rikice-rikice na siyasa, zamantakewa, da ruhi na Rasha na ƙarni na 19, kuma suna aiki tare da jigogi iri-iri na falsafa da na addini. Littattafansa da ya fi yabo sun haɗa da Laifuka da Hukunci (1866), The Idiot (1869), <i id="mwKg">Demons</i> (1872), da Brothers Karamazov (1880). Littafin littafinsa na 1864, Bayanan kula daga ƙarƙashin ƙasa, ana ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan farko na wallafe-wallafen wanzuwa. Masu sukar adabi da yawa suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubutan marubuta a duk adabin duniya, saboda yawancin ayyukansa ana ɗaukarsa ƙwararru masu tasiri sosai.
An haife shi a Moscow a 1821, Dostoevsky an gabatar da shi ga wallafe-wallafe tun yana ƙarami ta hanyar tatsuniyoyi da tatsuniyoyi, kuma ta hanyar littattafai daga marubutan Rasha da na waje. Mahaifiyarsa ta mutu a 1837 lokacin da yake da shekaru 15, kuma a lokaci guda, ya bar makaranta don shiga Cibiyar Injiniya ta Nikolayev Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya yi aiki a matsayin injiniya kuma ya ɗan more rayuwa mai daɗi, yana fassara littattafai don samun ƙarin kuɗi. A tsakiyar 1840s ya rubuta littafinsa na farko, Poor Folk, wanda ya ba shi damar shiga da'irar adabin Saint Petersburg. Duk da haka, an kama shi a cikin 1849 don kasancewa cikin ƙungiyar wallafe-wallafen, Petrashevsky Circle, wanda ya tattauna littattafan da aka haramta wa Tsarist Rasha An yanke wa Dostoevsky hukuncin kisa amma an sassauta hukuncin a karshe Ya yi shekaru huɗu a sansanin fursuna na Siberiya, sannan ya yi aikin soja na dole na shekara shida a gudun hijira. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, Dostoevsky ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida, bugawa da kuma gyara wasu mujallu na kansa kuma daga baya A Writer's Diary, tarin rubuce-rubucensa. Ya fara yawo a yammacin Turai kuma ya haɓaka jarabar caca, wanda ya haifar da wahalar kuɗi. Na ɗan lokaci, ya kasance yana roƙon kuɗi, amma a ƙarshe ya zama ɗaya daga cikin marubutan Rasha da aka fi karantawa kuma ana ɗaukansu sosai.
Articles containing Russian-language text
Aikin Dostoevsky ya ƙunshi litattafai goma sha uku, litattafai uku, gajerun labarai goma sha bakwai, da sauran ayyuka masu yawa. An karanta rubuce-rubucensa a ko'ina a ciki da bayan ƙasarsa ta Rasha kuma sun yi tasiri daidai da adadi mai yawa na marubuta daga baya ciki har da Rashawa irin su Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn da Anton Chekhov, masana falsafa Friedrich Nietzsche da Jean-Paul Sartre, da bayyanar Existentialism da Freudianism. An fassara littattafansa zuwa fiye da harsuna 170, kuma sun zama abin ƙarfafawa ga fina-finai da yawa.
Zuri'a Kakannin kakannin Dostoevsky sun kasance ɓangare na dangi mai daraja na Kiristocin Orthodox na Rasha. Iyalin sun samo asalinsu zuwa Danilo Irtishch, wanda aka ba da filaye a cikin yankin Pinsk (tsawon ƙarni na wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania, yanzu a Belarus na zamani) a cikin 1509 don ayyukansa a ƙarƙashin wani yarima na gida, zuriyarsa sa'an nan kuma ya dauki. Sunan "Dostoevsky" bisa wani ƙauye da ake kira Dostoïevo (wanda aka samo daga Tsohon Yaren mutanen Poland dostojnik mai daraja).
Kakannin Dostoevsky na nan da nan a gefen mahaifiyarsa sun kasance 'yan kasuwa; Namijin na wajen mahaifinsa firistoci ne. A 1809, Mikhail Dostoevsky dan shekaru 20 da haihuwa shiga a Moscow ta Imperial Medical-Surgical Academy. Daga nan aka sanya shi zuwa asibitin Moscow, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin likita na soja, kuma a 1818 ya nada babban likita. A 1819 ya auri Maria Nechayeva. A shekara ta gaba, ya ɗauki matsayi a asibitin Mariinsky don matalauta. A shekara ta 1828, sa’ad da ’ya’yansa biyu, Mikhail da Fyodor, suka kasance takwas da bakwai, sai aka ƙara masa girma zuwa ma’aikacin tantance koleji, matsayin da ya ɗaga matsayinsa na shari’a zuwa na manyan mutane kuma ya ba shi damar mallakar ƙaramin gida a Darovoye, wani gari. kusan 150 kilomita (mil 100) daga Moscow, inda iyali sukan yi lokacin bazara. Iyayen Dostoevsky daga baya sun sami ƙarin 'ya'ya shida: Varvara (1822-1892), Andrei (1825-1897), Lyubov (an haife shi kuma ya mutu 1829), Vera (1829-1896), Nikolai (1831-1883) da Aleksandra (1835). -1889).
Yarinta (1821-1836) Fyodor Dostoevsky, an haife shi a ranar 11 Nuwamba a Moscow, shi ne ɗa na biyu na Dr. Mikhail Dostoevsky da Maria Dostoevskaya (haife Nechayeva). Ya girma a cikin gidan iyali a cikin filin Mariinsky Hospital for Poor, wanda yake a cikin ƙananan yanki a gefen Moscow. Dostoevsky ya sadu da marasa lafiya, waɗanda suke a ƙarshen ma'auni na zamantakewa na Rasha, lokacin da suke wasa a cikin lambunan asibiti. Dostoevsky an gabatar da shi ga wallafe-wallafe tun yana ƙarami. Tun yana da shekaru uku, an karanta shi labarin jarumtaka, tatsuniyoyi da tatsuniyoyi daga mahaifiyarsa, Alena Frolovna, wani mutum mai tasiri musamman a cikin tarbiyyarsa da kuma son labarun almara. Sa’ad da yake ɗan shekara huɗu mahaifiyarsa ta yi amfani da Littafi Mai Tsarki wajen koya masa karatu da rubutu. Iyayensa sun gabatar da shi ga wallafe-wallafe masu yawa, ciki har da marubutan Rasha Karamzin, Pushkin da Derzhavin; Almarar Gothic irin su ayyukan daga marubuci Ann Radcliffe ayyukan soyayya na Schiller da Goethe labarun jaruntaka na Miguel de Cervantes da Walter Scott da almara na Homer. Dostoevsky ya sami tasiri sosai da aikin Nikolai Gogol Ko da yake an bayyana tsarin mahaifinsa a matsayin mai tsauri da tsauri, Dostoevsky da kansa ya ruwaito cewa iyayensa sun kawo tunaninsa ta hanyar karatun dare. Wasu abubuwan da ya faru a yarinta sun sami hanyar shiga cikin rubuce-rubucensa. Sa’ad da wani mashayi ya yi wa wata yarinya ‘yar shekara tara fyade, aka ce ya kawo mahaifinsa ya yi mata hidima. Abin da ya faru ya damu da shi, kuma jigon sha'awar wani balagagge ga yarinya ya bayyana a cikin Shaidanun, Brothers Karamazov, Laifuka da azabtarwa, da sauran rubuce-rubuce. Wani abin da ya faru da wani bawa na iyali, ko serf, a cikin ƙasa a Darovoye, an kwatanta shi a cikin The Peasant Marey lokacin da matashin Dostoevsky ya yi tunanin jin kullun a cikin daji, Marey, wanda ke aiki a kusa, yana ƙarfafa shi. Ko da yake Dostoevsky yana da tsarin tsarin jiki mai laushi, iyayensa sun bayyana shi a matsayin mai zafi, taurin kai, da kuma kunci. A cikin 1833, mahaifin Dostoevsky, wanda yake da zurfin addini, ya tura shi makarantar kwana ta Faransa sannan zuwa makarantar kwana ta Chermak. An bayyana shi a matsayin kodadde, mai mafarkin shiga ciki kuma mai yawan jin daɗin soyayya. Don biyan kuɗin makaranta, mahaifinsa ya ranci kuɗi kuma ya tsawaita aikin likita na sirri. Dostoevsky ya ji ba shi da wuri a cikin 'yan makarantarsa masu daraja a makarantar Moscow, kuma an nuna kwarewa a cikin wasu ayyukansa, musamman The Adolescent Samarta (1836-1843) An ranar 27 Satumba 1837 Mahaifiyar Dostoevsky ta mutu da tarin fuka. A watan Mayun da ya gabata, iyayensa sun aika Dostoevsky da ɗan'uwansa Mikhail zuwa Saint Petersburg don halartar Cibiyar Injiniya ta Soja ta Nikolayev kyauta, ta tilasta 'yan'uwa su watsar da karatunsu na ilimi don aikin soja. Dostoevsky shiga makarantar kimiyya a Janairu 1838, amma kawai tare da taimakon 'yan uwa. An ki yarda da Mikhail saboda dalilai na kiwon lafiya kuma an aika shi zuwa makarantar kimiyya a Reval (yanzu Tallinn, Estonia). Dostoevsky ba ya son makarantar, musamman saboda rashin sha'awar kimiyya, lissafi, da injiniyanci na soja da kuma fifikon zane da gine-gine. Kamar yadda abokinsa Konstantin Trutovsky ya taɓa cewa, “Babu wani ɗalibi a cikin duka jami’ar da ke da ƙarancin aikin soja kamar FM Dostoevsky. Ya motsa a dunkule da firgita; Unifom ɗin sa ya rataye shi da kyar; da jakarsa, da da bindigar duk sun yi kama da wani nau'i na sarƙoƙi da aka tilasta masa sa na ɗan lokaci, kuma waɗanda suka yi masa yawa." da kuma tsananin adalci, kare sabbin shiga, ya hada kansa da malamai, ya soki cin hanci da rashawa a tsakanin jami’an, da taimakawa manoma marasa galihu. Ko da yake shi kaɗai ne kuma yana zaune a duniyarsa ta adabi, abokan karatunsa suna girmama shi. Kasancewarsa da sha'awar addini ya sa ake masa lakabi da "Monk Photius Alamun farfadiya Dostoevsky na iya fara bayyana ne a lokacin da ake sanin mutuwar mahaifinsa a ranar 16 ga Yuni 1839, ko da yake rahotannin kamawa sun samo asali ne daga asusun da 'yarsa ta rubuta (daga baya Sigmund Freud ya fadada shi wanda yanzu ya kasance. dauke da rashin dogara. Dalilin mutuwar mahaifinsa a hukumance shine bugun jini, amma wani makwabcinsa Pavel Khotiaintsev ya zargi barayin mahaifin da kisan kai. Da a ce an sami masu laifin da aka aika su Siberiya, Khotiaintsev zai kasance a cikin matsayi don siyan ƙasar da aka bari. An wanke masu laifin a cikin shari'a a Tula, amma ɗan'uwan Dostoevsky Andrei ya ci gaba da labarin. Bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa, Dostoevsky ya ci gaba da karatunsa, ya ci jarrabawarsa kuma ya sami digiri na injiniya, ya ba shi damar zama daga makarantar. Ya ziyarci Mikhail a cikin Reval (Tallinn) kuma yakan halarci kide-kide, wasan kwaikwayo, wasan kwaikwayo da ballets. A wannan lokacin, abokansa biyu sun gabatar da shi game da caca. A ranar 12 ga Agusta 1843 Dostoevsky ya ɗauki aiki a matsayin Laftanar Injiniya kuma ya zauna tare da Adolph Totleben a wani gida mallakar Dr. Rizenkampf, abokin Mikhail. Rizenkampf ya siffanta shi da cewa "ba shi da halin kirki kuma ba shi da ladabi fiye da ɗan'uwansa, amma idan ba a cikin yanayi mai kyau ba yakan kalli komai ta gilashin duhu, ya zama mai ban sha'awa, ya manta da kyawawan dabi'u, wani lokacin kuma ana kai shi zuwa ga ma'ana. zagi da rashin sanin kai”. Dostoevsky na farko kammala aikin adabi, fassarar littafin Honoré de Balzac na Eugénie Grandet, an buga shi a watan Yuni da Yuli 1843 a cikin 6th da 7th kundin mujallolin Repertoire da Pantheon, ya biyo baya da yawa. sauran fassarorin. Babu wanda ya yi nasara, kuma matsalar kuɗinsa ta sa shi ya rubuta labari.
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30120 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanayi%20muhalli%20a%20Virginia | Yanayi muhalli a Virginia | Yanayin muhalli a Virginia ya ƙunshi yanayin muhallin ƙasa da ilimin halitta na jihar Virginia ta Amurka. Virginia tana da jimlar yanki na gami na ruwa, yana mai da shi jiha ta 35 mafi girma ta yanki. Dazuzzuka sun mamaye kashi 65% na jihar, dausayi da ruwa sun mamaye kashi 6% na filaye a jihar, yayin da kashi 5% na jihar hadakar kasuwanci ce, wurin zama da kuma rikon kwarya. ỊVirginia tana iyaka da Maryland da Washington, DC zuwa arewa da gabas; ta Tekun Atlantika zuwa gabas; ta Arewacin Carolina da Tennessee zuwa kudu; ta Kentucky zuwa yamma; kuma ta West Virginia zuwa arewa da yamma. Saboda ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idar ta asali ta Virginia, iyakarta da Maryland da Washington, DC ba ta wuce alamar ƙarancin ruwa na gabar kudu na Kogin Potomac (saɓanin iyakoki da yawa waɗanda suka raba kogi zuwa tsakiya). An ayyana iyakar kudu a matsayin 36°<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwHQ"> </span>30′ a layi daya arewa, duk da cewa kuskuren mai binciken ya haifar da karkatacciyar hanya na kusan mintuna uku. Hukumomin jihohi waɗanda babban abin da ke da mahimmanci a kan yanayin muhalli na Virginia sune Ma'aikatar Kare da Nishaɗi (DCR), da Sashen Inganta Muhalli (DEQ).
Yankunan Physiogeographic da geology A fannin ilimin kasa, Virginia ta kasu kashi biyar, yayin da EPA ta lissafta ma'auni bakwai tare da ƙarin daidaito. Daga gabas zuwa yamma, yankunan sune kamar haka.
Kogin Tidewater fili ne na bakin teku tsakanin Tekun Atlantika da Layin Fallasa Ya haɗa da Tekun Gabas da manyan wuraren da ke shiga Chesapeake Bay. Wannan yanki yayi daidai da EPA ta Tsakiyar Tekun Tekun Tekun Atlantika (#63) da yankunan Kudu maso Gabas (#65).
Kogin Chesapeake ya raba yankin Commonwealth daga yankin yanki biyu na Gabashin Gabashin Virginia. An kuma kafa baykin ne biyo bayan wani ramin tasirin meteoroid a lokacin Eocene Yawancin kogunan Virginia suna kwarara zuwa cikin Chesapeake Bay, gami da Potomac, Rappahannock, James, da York, waɗanda ke haifar da tsibiran tsibiri guda uku a cikin bay. Piedmont jerin tsaunukan tsaunuka ne da ke kan dutsen gabas na tsaunuka waɗanda aka kafa a cikin Mesozoic Yankin, wanda aka sani da ƙasa mai nauyi, ya haɗa da tsaunukan Kudu maso Yamma Wannan yanki yayi daidai da yankunan Piedmont na EPA (#45) da Arewacin Piedmont (#64).
Tsaunukan Blue Ridge yanki ne na ilimin lissafi na jerin tsaunukan Appalachian tare da mafi girman maki a cikin jihar, mafi tsayi shine Dutsen Rogers a Wannan yayi daidai da yankin EPA's Blue Ridge (#66).
Yankin Ridge da Valley yana yamma da tsaunuka, kuma ya haɗa da Babban Kwarin Appalachian, wanda ya haɗa da kwarin Shenandoah. Wannan yanki yayi daidai da yankin EPA's Ridge and Valley (#67). Yankin yana tushen dutsen carbonate (musamman dutsen farar ƙasa), kuma ya haɗa da Dutsen Massanutten Saboda wuraren dutsen carbonate da sakamakon karst, akwai kogo sama da 4,000 a Virginia, tare da buɗe ido goma don yawon shakatawa. Hakazalika, wani fasalin da Kuma ya samo asali daga zaizayar ƙasa a yankin kwari shine gadar Halitta Plateau Cumberland (wanda ake kira Plateau Appalachian da kuma Dutsen Cumberland suna cikin kusurwar kudu maso yammacin Virginia, a ƙarƙashin Allegheny Plateau .Kuma A cikin wannan yanki koguna suna gudana arewa maso yamma, tare da tsarin magudanar ruwa, zuwa cikin kogin Ohio Wannan yanki yayi daidai da yankin EPA ta Tsakiya Appalachians (#69).
Ana hakar ma'adinan kwal a yankuna uku masu tsaunuka a gadaje 40 daban-daban na kwal kusa da kwalayen Mesozoic. Baya ga kwal, sannan Kuma ana hako albarkatun kamar slate, kyanite, yashi, da tsakuwa, tare da ƙimar shekara sama da $2. biliyan Virginia tana da ƙananan haɗari akan girgizar ƙasa, musamman a yankin arewacin jihar. Yankin girgizar kasa na Virginia ba shi da tarihin ayyukan girgizar kasa na yau da kullun. Ba kasafai ake samun girgizar kasa sama da 4.5 ba a girma saboda Virginia tana tsakiyar tsakiyar farantin Arewacin Amurka, nesa da iyakokin faranti. Wurare da ke kusa da faranti na tectonic suna fama da girgizar ƙasa akai-akai. Girgizar kasa mafi girma da aka yi rikodin, a kiyasin 5.9 Girma, ya kasance a cikin shekarar 1897 kusa da Blacksburg Mafi girma tun daga wancan lokacin shine a watan Agustan shekarata 2011, lokacin da girgizar kasa mai karfin awo 5.8 ta afku a kusa da ma'adinai, Virginia kuma an ji matsakaicin matsakaiciyar karfi a duk fadin jihar.
Yanayi Yanayin Virginia ya bambanta bisa ga wuri, kuma yana ƙara dumi da ɗanɗano a nesa da gabas. Yawancin jihar tana da yanayi mai ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano, daga cikin tsaunukan Blue Ridge da kudancin Shenandoah Valley zuwa gabar tekun Atlantika A cikin tsaunin Blue Ridge, yanayin ya zama babban tsibiri mai zafi Ilimin halittu Asusun namun daji na Duniya ya ayyana yankuna hudu a cikin Virginia: gandun daji na gabar tekun Atlantika ta Tsakiya kusa da Tekun Atlantika a kudu maso gabas na jihar, gandun daji na kudu maso gabas akan Piedmont, gandun daji na Appalachian-Blue Ridge akan tsaunin Appalachian, da Appalachian gauraye dazuzzukan mesophytic a cikin nisa yamma. A cewar Sashen Inganta Muhalli na Virginia, dajin itacen oak-hickory shine mafi yawan al'ummar gandun daji a Virginia. Yawancin nau'ikan sun hada da farin itacen oak, itacen oak ja, itacen oak mai launin ja, itacen oak mai ja, itacen oak chestnut, mockernut hickory, pignut hickory, tulip poplar, maple, beech, dogwood, black cherry, black locust, da black gyada Dajin itacen oak-pine shine nau'in gandun daji na biyu mafi girma tare da itacen oak da aka ambata a baya da ƙari na loblolly pine, shortleaf pine, Pine Virginia, black danko, sweetgum, hickories, sycamore, jan cedar, da tulip poplar Kuma Irin wannan gandun daji ana samunsa da farko a bakin teku da kuma Piedmont. Ƙananan katako sun haɗa da itacen oak, itacen oak na ruwa, blackgum, sweetgum, cottonwood, willow, ash, elm, hackberry, da maple ja Ƙananan tsaunukan suna iya samun ƙanƙanta amma masu yawa na ƙwanƙwasa masu son danshi da mosses a yalwace, tare da hickory da itacen oak a cikin Blue Ridge. Koyaya, tun farkon shekarun 1990, cutar asu ta Gypsy ta lalata dazuzzukan itacen oak. Sauran bishiyoyi da tsire-tsire na yau da kullum sun hada da chestnut, maple, tulip poplar, dutsen laurel, milkweed, daisies, da yawancin nau'in ferns. Sannan Mafi girman yankunan jeji suna kusa da gabar tekun Atlantika da kuma tsaunukan yamma, wadanda watakila ke da mafi yawan yawan furannin daji na trillium a Arewacin Amurka. Dabbobi masu shayarwa sun haɗa da barewa mai farar wutsiya, baƙar fata, beaver, bobcat, coyote, raccoon, groundhog, Virginia opossum, fox gray fox, ja fox, kogin otter, dusar ƙanƙara, kudancin bogin lemming, kowa na gabas chipmunk, gama gari, muskrat gama gari, auduga na kowa, auduga linzamin kwamfuta, gabas hange skunk, ratsan skunk, fox squirrel, launin toka squirrel, arewa tashi squirrel, marsh zomo, da kuma gabas auduga zomo Tsuntsaye sun haɗa da cardinals, barred owls, Carolina chickadees, American Crow, American goldfinch, American pipit, American robin, Baird's sandpiper, Baltimore oriole, sito owl, babban blue jakin, babban kaho mujiya, dusar ƙanƙara Goose, herring gull, mallard, blue jay, Kyanwa mai hadiye wutsiya, sparrow bishiyar Amurka, farar pelican na ƙasar Amurka, pelican mai launin ruwan kasa, mikiya mai santsi, bishiyar shanu, loon gama-gari, bluebird na gabas, osprey, falcon arctic peregrine, shaho mai jajayen wutsiya, da turkeys daji. An sake dawo da falcon falcon a cikin Shenandoah National Park a tsakiyar shekarata 1990s. Walleye, rook trout, Roanoke bass, da kuma shudin kifi suna cikin sanannun nau'ikan kifin ruwa guda 210. Gudun rafuka tare da gindin dutse sau da yawa ana yawan zama da yawan kifin crayfish da salamanders. Chesapeake Bay ita ce mafi girma a cikin ƙasa kuma mafi bambancin ilimin halitta kuma tana gida ga nau'ikan ma'adinai ne da suka hada da kaguwa da kaguwa, clams, oysters, scallops, Chesapeake ray, eel, bay anchovies, shad na Amurka, croaker Atlantic, sturgeon Atlantika, gangunan kuma baƙar fata. seabass, blue kifi, hickory shad, longnose gar, jan drum, spot, and rockfish (wanda aka fi sani da bass bass).
Kasashe masu kariya Virginia tana da raka'a 30 na sabis na shakatawa na ƙasa, kamar Great Falls Park da Trail Appalachian, da wurin shakatawa ɗaya na ƙasa, Shenandoah National Park An kafa Shenandoah a cikin Shekarata 1935. Kusan kashi 40% na wurin shakatawa (79,579 kadada/322 km 2 an sanya shi a matsayin jeji a ƙarƙashin Tsarin Kiyaye Daji na Ƙasa Parkways, irin su George Washington Memorial Parkway da Blue Ridge Parkway, wanda ya ƙunshi filin wasan Skyline Drive, suna cikin wuraren sabis na wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa da aka fi ziyarta a duk faɗin ƙasar. Bugu da ƙari, akwai wuraren shakatawa na jihar Virginia guda 34 da dazuzzukan jaha 17, waɗanda Ma'aikatar Kare da Nishaɗi da Sashen Gandun daji ke gudanarwa. Chesapeake Bay, yayin da ba wurin shakatawa na kasa ba, yana da kariya daga dokokin jihohi da na tarayya, da kuma shirin Chesapeake Bay na hadin gwiwa a tsakanin wanda ke gudanar da gyare-gyare a bakin teku da magudanar ruwa. Babban Gudun Hijira na Namun daji na Ƙasa ya ƙaru zuwa Arewacin Carolina. Gidajen kayan tarihi da yawa da wuraren yaƙi suna cikin jihar, kamar Colonial Williamsburg, Filin Yaƙin Kasa na Richmond, da Fredericksburg da Spotsylvania National Military Park Tun daga ranar 26 ga Maris, Na shekarar 2010, akwai wuraren Superfund guda 31 a cikin Virginia a cikin jerin abubuwan da suka fi fifiko na ƙasa, kamar yadda aka zayyana a ƙarƙashin cikakkiyar Amsar Muhalli, Rarraba, da Dokokin Lamuni (CERCLA). A halin yanzu babu ƙarin rukunin yanar gizo da aka gabatar don shigarwa cikin jerin. An share shafuka hudu kuma an cire su daga jerin.
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Manazarta Ma'aikatar Kare da Nishaɗi ta Virginia
Ma'aikatar ingancin muhalli ta Virginia Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
33726 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Kwallon%20Kafa%20ta%20Mata%20ta%20Tanzaniya | Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Tanzaniya | Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Tanzaniya, ita ce kungiyar kwallon kasar Tanzaniya kuma hukumar kula da wasan kwallon kafa ta Tanzaniya ce ke kula da ita Ana yi musu lakabi da Tauraron Twiga Twiga Stars sun samu gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin mata ta CAF na farko a ranar 5 ga watan Yuni na shekarar 2010, bayan da ta doke Eritrea da ci 11 4 a jimillar.
Tarihi
2010 Twiga Stars ta doke Habasha a wasan share fage na gasar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Afirka ta shekarar 2010 da jimilla 4-2. An buga wasan farko a Addis Ababa ranar 8 ga watan Maris. Tanzaniya ta samu nasara a wasan da ci 3-1, da Ester Chabruma da Mwanahamis Omary da Asha Rashid suka ci Wasan da aka buga a filin wasa na Uhuru da ke Dar es Salaam a ranar 29 ga watan Maris ya tashi kunnen doki 1-1. A zagayen farko na gasar cin kofin Afrika, Tanzania ta doke Eritrea da jimilla 11-4. Twiga Stars ta yi nasara da ci 8-1 a Dar es Salaam a ranar 23 ga watan Mayu, sannan ta tashi 3-3 a Asmara ranar 5 ga watan Yuni.
Bayan nasarar da Twiga Stars ta samu na samun tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika a Afirka ta Kudu, wata 'yar kasuwa 'yar kasar Tanzaniya, Rahma Al-Kharoosi, ta dauki nauyin horar da su na tsawon makonni biyu a Amurka a watan Agustan na shekarar 2010. Shugaban Tanzaniya Jakaya Kikwete ya ba da gudummawar Shilling Tanzaniya miliyan 53 (kimanin dalar Amurka 30,000) a ranar 9 ga watan Yuni don biyan kudaden horo da alawus-alawus kafin gasar zakarun Turai. Tanzaniya ta sha kashi a dukkanin wasannin ukun da ta buga a rukunin A na gasar cin kofin Afrika, inda ta karbi bakuncin Afirka ta Kudu da ci 2–1 a ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba, Mali da ci 3–2 a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, da Najeriya da ci 3-0 a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba.
Su ne batun 2010 shirin fim Twiga Stars: Tanzaniya's Soccer Sisters na Nisha Ligon.
2011 Tanzaniya ta samu tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika ta 2011 a Maputo lokacin da abokan karawarta a zagayen share fage, Kenya, Uganda, da Sudan suka ki shiga. Twiga Stars ta kare a matsayi na uku a rukunin B mai kungiyoyi hudu a wasannin. Sun yi rashin nasara a hannun Ghana da ci 2–1 a ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, sun yi kunnen doki da Afirka ta Kudu da ci 2–2 a ranar 8 ga watan Satumba, sannan suka yi canjaras da Zimbabwe 2–2 a ranar 11 ga watan Satumba.
2012 A zagayen farko na gasar cin kofin mata ta Afirka ta 2012, Tanzaniya ta doke Namibiya da ci 2–0 a Windhoek a ranar 14 ga Janairu da kuma 5–2 a Dar es Salaam a ranar 29 ga Janairu. A zagayen farko, Tanzania ta sha kashi a hannun Habasha da ci 2–1 a Addis Ababa ranar 27 ga Mayu da kuma 1–0 a Dar es Salaam ranar 16 ga watan Yuni. Don haka Tanzania ta kasa tsallakewa zuwa wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin Afrika da ake yi a Equatorial Guinea. Babban kocin, Charles Boniface Mkwasa, ya yi murabus kwanaki biyu bayan wasan karshe da Habasha, kuma washegari, Nasra Mohammed, mataimakin kocin, ya zargi rashin isasshen tallafin kudi daga Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Tanzaniya, da rashin samun ci gaba. A ranar 21 ga watan Yuni, Mkwasa ya amince cewa ya kori ‘yan wasa da dama daga kungiyar bayan ya gano cewa sun aikata luwadi.Gaskiya ne wasu daga cikin ‘yan wasan sun tsunduma kansu cikin luwadi, amma mun cire su daga kungiyar da zarar mun sami labarin halinsu. Mun dauki matakin ba tare da la’akari da iyawa da gudunmawar dan wasan a kungiyar ba. Akwai wannan matsalar da wadannan ’yan wasan ke son su kasance kamar takwarorinsu maza, domin suna buga kwallo, suna son su zama kamar maza. Amma a koyaushe na kasance mai tauri a kan wannan. Na yi magana da su, ina ƙoƙarin yi musu nasiha a kan yadda ya kamata su kasance kuma ina ganin akwai gagarumin sauyi a wannan fanni kuma ba shakka horon su yana da kyau. A wani taron manema labarai na gaba, Mkwasa ya yi ikirarin cewa an yi masa kuskure. Shugabar hukumar kwallon kafa ta Tanzaniya Lina Mhando, ta bayyana hakan a matsayin "abin kunya da babu shi" kuma ta ce babu wata kwakkwarar hujja kan zargin. Manajan tawagar Furaha Francis, ya ce ko da akwai wannan badakalar, an yi ta kururuwa kuma babu wata hujja da za ta tabbatar da zargin.
2014 Zambia ta doke Tanzaniya a zagayen farko na neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin kwallon kafa na mata na Afirka ta 2014 da jimilla 3-2.
2015 Tanzania ta samu tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka na shekarar 2015 a birnin Brazzaville na Jamhuriyar Congo bayan da ta doke Zambia a zagaye na biyu na gasar da maki 6-5.
Duba kuma Wasanni a Tanzaniya
Kwallon kafa a Tanzaniya
Kwallon kafa na mata a Tanzaniya
Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Tanzaniya ta kasa da shekaru 20
Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Tanzaniya ta kasa da shekaru 17
Tawagar kwallon kafa ta maza ta Tanzania
Bayanan kula da manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Gidan yanar gizon hukuma
Bayanan martaba na FIFA
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
30076 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20%C6%8Aan%20Adam%20a%20Norway | Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam a Norway | Haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam a Norway suna kare ainihin haƙƙoƙin kowane mutum a cikin Mulkin Norway Ana kiyaye waɗannan haƙƙoƙin ta Babi na E na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Norway ko Kongeriket Norges Grunnlov, da kuma amincewa da wasu yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta sauƙaƙe Ƙasar tana da sadaukar da kai ga haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma ita ce ƙasa ta biyu da ta amince da yarjejeniyar Turai kan haƙƙin ɗan adam IKo da yake ana kallon Norway a matsayin mai taka-tsan-tsan a harkokin haƙƙin ɗan adam, inda take matsayi na farko a cikin kididdigar ci gaban ɗan adam ta shirin raya ƙasa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekaru 12 cikin shekaru 15 da suka wuce, har yanzu batutuwan haƙƙin ɗan adam suna tasowa. Batun da ya fi yaduwa a cikin tarihin baya-bayan nan shi ne gwagwarmayar neman yancin kasa ta yan asalin Sami, a karkashin barazanar gwamnatin Norway da ke amfani da yankin Sápmi don albarkatun kasa.
Tushen kare haƙƙin ɗan adam
Tsarin Mulki na Norway Sashi na E. na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Yaren mutanen Norway ya shafi musamman kula da haƙƙin ɗan adam na dukan mutanen da ke cikin jihar Norway. Ana ba da haƙƙoƙin ɗaya daga cikin labarai daban-daban, musamman:
Mataki na 92 ya tabbatar wa hukumomi mutuntawa da tabbatar da hakkin dan Adam da suka dace da tsarin mulkin kasa
Mataki na ashirin da 93 ya ba da garantin yancin rayuwa, da 'yanci daga hukuncin kisa da azabtarwa
Mataki na 95 ya bayyana yancin yin shari'a na gaskiya, kuma yana sanya alkalai da kotuna masu zaman kansu
Mataki na 98 ya bayyana duk mutane a matsayin daidai
Mataki na 108 ya ba da garantin kiyaye harshen Sami, al'adu, da salon rayuwa
Mataki na 109 ya tabbatar da hakkin samun ilimi
Sanarwar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya (1948) Bayan barna na Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, an gina sanarwar ƙasa da ƙasa don tabbatar da haƙƙin ƴan adam a duniya. Sabuwar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da ta yi shela, a babban taron da aka yi a birnin Paris a ranar 10 ga Disambar shekara ta, 1948, sanarwar ta sanya hannu kan muhimman haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam guda 30 waɗanda ya kamata a bai wa kowane ɗan adam gabaɗaya. Kodayake sanarwar ba ta dawwama a cikin kanta, yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da suka biyo baya, gyare-gyare ga kundin tsarin mulki, da yarjejeniyar tattalin arziki sun tabbatar da sanarwar.
Ana ganin Yarjejeniya ta Duniya ta Hakkokin Dan Adam (UDHR) a matsayin mafari ga Dokar Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta Duniya, wadda ta ƙunshi UDHR, da kuma Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Bil Adama da Siyasa (ICCPR, 1966) da Yarjejeniyar Tattalin Arziƙi ta Duniya., Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR, 1996). Wannan tsawaita UDHR ya ba da dalili na shari'a ga jihohi don tabbatar da kiyaye haƙƙin ɗan adam,
Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya Kazalika UDHR, da Bill of Human Rights, Norway ta amince da wasu yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da dama da suka mayar da hankali kan kiyaye haƙƙin ɗan adam: waɗanda suka haɗa da: Yarjejeniya ta Rigakafi da Hukuncin Laifukan Kisan Kisan kiyashi (1948)
Yarjejeniyar da ta shafi Matsayin 'Yan Gudun Hijira (1951)
Yarjejeniya kan 'Yancin Siyasa na Mata (1952)
Yarjejeniyar da ta shafi Matsayin Mutanen da ba su da Jiha (1954)
Ƙarin Yarjejeniya kan Kawar da Bauta (1956)
Yarjejeniya kan Ƙasar Matan Aure (1957)
Yarjejeniyar Rage Rashin Jiha (1961)
Yarjejeniya kan Yarda da Aure, Mafi ƙarancin shekarun Aure da Rajista (1962)
Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa Kan Kawar da Duk Wani nau'i na Wariyar launin fata (1965)
Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya Kan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu (1966)
Yarjejeniya ta Duniya akan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa (1966)
Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta Farko zuwa Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya Kan Haƙƙin Bil Adama da Siyasa (1967)
Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata (1979)
Haƙƙoƙin jama'a da na siyasa Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Norway ya ba da waɗannan 'yanci kamar haka;
Haƙƙoƙin shari'a Ana tabbatar da haƙƙin shari'a iri-iri a ƙarƙashin sashe na D da E na kundin tsarin mulkin Norway. Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya haramta kama mutane ba bisa ka'ida ba, kuma yana goyon bayan wanda ake tsare da shi idan ya so ya kalubalanci halalcin kamawa Duk mutanen da ke cikin jihar Norway sun cancanci yin shari'a na gaskiya da na jama'a, inda aka tabbatar da samun tallafin jama'a ga lauyan lauyan da suka zaɓa. Ana buƙatar shari'a mai zaman kanta da mara son kai a ƙarƙashin dokar Norway.
Hukuncin kisa Tun daga shekara ta 1948, ba a taɓa samun hukuncin kisa ba a Norway. An soke duk wani nau'i na hukuncin kisa a tsarin mulki a shekara ta 2014. Hukuncin kisa ya ƙare a lokacin zaman lafiya a cikin shekara ta 1905, tare da aiwatar da kisa na ƙarshe a cikin 1876. Hukuncin kisa na baya-bayan nan shi ne na wani abokin aikin Nazi a cikin 1948. Ba wai kawai tsarin mulkin Norway ya kiyaye matsayin Norway game da hukuncin kisa ba, amma kuma an amince da shi ta hanyar yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin jama'a da siyasa (1972) da yarjejeniya ta zabi ta biyu (1991).
Yanayin gidan yari An yaba da tsarin gidan yarin na Norway a matsayin na musamman samfuri tare da ƙananan ƙimar sake-sake laifi A Yaren mutanen Norway model aka mayar da hankali a kan gyarawa, maimakon fansa, inda da fursunoni jami'an 'babban rawa ne ga jagoranci, ba azabtar. A cikin gidan yarin Norwegian, ana ba da tabbacin haƙƙin ɗan adam ga fursunoni, tare da garantin abinci mai kyau, motsa jiki, da daidaitaccen yanayin rayuwa. Masu gadi da fursunoni suna mamaye wurare iri ɗaya, suna cin abinci iri ɗaya, kuma suna shiga cikin ayyuka tare, suna ba da damar haɗin kai don haɓaka haɓakar fursunonin. Ana kiran wannan dabara da 'tsaro mai ƙarfi'. Are Hodiel, Gwamnan gidan yarin Halden, gidan yari mafi girma na biyu a Norway, ya bayyana cewa "A Norway, hukuncin shine a kwace 'yancin wani. Sauran haƙƙoƙin sun tsaya.” Wani wuri a kurkukun Halden yana kashe kusan 98,000 ga kowane fursuna a shekara. Wannan yana da tsada idan aka kwatanta da Ƙasar Ingila, inda wurare ke tsada tsakanin £40,000 da £59,000.
'Yancin addini Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Yaren mutanen Norway ya ce "Dabi'unmu za su kasance gatanmu na Kirista da ɗan adam", kuma "Sarki zai kasance yana da'awar addinin Ikklesiya-Lutheran a kowane lokaci". Duk da haka Norway tana da cikakken 'yancin yin addini ga duk mazauna. Har ila yau, wannan hakki yana cikin kundin tsarin mulkin Norway, wanda ya ce "Duk mazaunan daular za su sami 'yancin yin amfani da addininsu na 'yanci."
Jihar tana da, kuma tana ci gaba da goyan bayan Cocin Norway, wanda Ikklisiya ce ta Ikklisiya-Lutheran da ke bin addinin da Sarkin Norway ya furta. Al'ummar addini na Norway da farko na cikin Cocin Norway ne, amma duk da haka akwai sauran ƙananan musulmai da Katolika Ƙungiyar addini ta biyu mafi girma a Norway ba ta da alaƙa Kazalika tallafin da Coci na Norway, gwamnatin Yaren mutanen Norway tana ba da tallafi ga ƙungiyoyin addinai sama da 800, a ƙoƙarin kiyaye bambancin addini da rage wariyar addini. Ana hukunta zaluncin addini bisa doka, ta hanyar tara tara mai yawa da kuma hukuncin dauri na tsawon watanni 6. A cikin Norway, Ombudsman Equality and Anti-discrimination Ombudsman (LDO) ne ke kula da korafe-korafen nuna bambanci na addini, wanda gwamnati ta zaɓa don yin wa'adin shekaru shida. Ko da yake gwamnatin Norway ce ke ba da kuɗin ofishin, amma yana kula da yancin kansa da 'yancin kai.
Kare 'yan gudun hijira Dokar Norway ta sauƙaƙe izinin mafaka da mafaka ga mutanen da aka kora daga ƙasashensu na asali. Yayin da ake duba matsayinsu na neman gudun hijira, ana ba masu neman mafaka damar nema da samun aiki, idan sun cika manyan sharudda uku. Waɗannan sharuɗɗan sune cewa masu neman mafaka dole ne su sami shaidar asalinsu; suna da takarda da ke nuna cewa za su iya samun mafaka; kuma ku kasance cikin shirin "haɗin kai". Norway ta amince da dokar Dublin III ta EU, wacce ta ba da izinin mika masu neman mafaka zuwa wasu kasashen Turai wadanda ke da alhakin yanke hukunci Haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu
Haƙƙoƙin mata Doka ta kiyaye haramcin nuna wariya ga mata. Hukunce-hukuncen na iya tsawaita har zuwa shekaru 21 a gidan yari saboda laifuka kamar fyade Batutuwa da suka hada da tashin hankalin gida da cin zarafi na jima'i na ci gaba da zama matsala a cikin al'ummar Norway. 27% na mata suna fuskantar tashin hankali ta jiki da/ko ta jima'i daga abokin tarayya a cikin rayuwarsu, kuma 6% a cikin watanni 12 na ƙarshe. Adadin hukuncin da aka yanke na tashin hankalin cikin gida yana zaune a kashi 10%, yana haifar da suka daga cibiyoyi irin su Cibiyar Rikicin Oslo cewa gwamnati ba ta yin abin da ya dace don rage yawan cin zarafin mata An qaddamar da Sashen Haɗin kai na waɗanda aka yi wa fataucin Bil Adama (KOM) don rage yawan matan da ke fuskantar fataucin jima'i a cikin ƙasar Norway, a wani yunƙuri da gwamnatin Norway ta yi na magance karuwar yawan masu safarar jima'i. Duk da yunƙurin maraba da Norway da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta yi, adadin waɗanda ke fama da fataucin jima'i a Norway na ci gaba da karuwa, wanda ya karu daga 203 zuwa 292 da abin ya shafa daga 2007 zuwa 2009.
Gwamnatin Norway ta ƙaddamar da wani shiri a cikin shekara ta 2016 don rage cin zarafin mata, wanda ake kira Shirin Ayyuka don 'Yancin Mata da Daidaita Jinsi a Harkokin Waje da Ci Gaban 2016-2020. Shirin yana da manyan manufofi guda biyar wadanda Norway ke da burin ingantawa don rage wariya da cin zarafin mata. Manufofin guda biyar sune kamar haka:
Ingantaccen ingantaccen ilimi mai inganci ga dukkan 'yan mata da maza
Daidaiton shigar mata cikin harkokin siyasa
Cikakkun haƙƙin tattalin arziki ga mata da daidaitattun damammaki ga mata don shiga cikin kasuwar aiki
Kawar da cin zarafi da munanan ayyuka ga 'yan mata da mata
Lafiyar jima'i da haihuwa da haƙƙin 'yan mata da mata Bugu da kari, an aiwatar da shirye-shiryen gwamnati don rage yawan tashe-tashen hankula a cikin gida, gami da nada mai kula da rikicin cikin gida mai kwazo a dukkan gundumomin ‘yan sanda. Hakanan akwai sama da matsuguni guda 47 da jama'a ke bayarwa, da layukan waya na sa'o'i 5, 24 da gwamnatin Norway ke gudanarwa.
Haƙƙoƙin yara Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙoƙin Yara tana ba da kariya ga yaran Norway. Ombudsman na Yara a Norway ne ke binciken batutuwan cin zarafin yara da cin zarafi. Ana ba da izinin zama ɗan ƙasa a cikin Norway ta hanyar iyaye; Yaran da aka haifa a Norway ba sa zama ɗan ƙasa kai tsaye. Rahoton na Amnesty International na baya-bayan nan ya nuna damuwa kan yadda yara kanana da suka isa kasar Norway ana kai su kananan cibiyoyin da ba su tare da su ba wadanda ke da yanayin rayuwa da bai yi daidai da ka'idojin kare hakkin dan Adam ba. Cin zarafi akan yara cikin hukunci a karkashin dokar Norway, duk da haka a shekara ta 2017 ya ƙare tare da fiye da 48,000 lokuta na cin zarafin yara. Wani binciken Norwegian ya yi rajista cewa tsakanin 5 10% na yara a Norway sun fuskanci wani nau'i na tashin hankali na jiki da ko jima'i a rayuwarsu".
Haƙƙoƙin ‘yan qasar Al'ummar Sami mazauna yankunan arewacin Norway, da Finland, da Sweden, da yankin Kola na Rasha. Duk da iyakokin da ke tsakanin jihohin hudu, mutanen Sami na ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukansu a matsayin kungiya daya, ta hanyar alakar al'adu da harshe. Duk da cewa akwai sama da mutane 50,000 da ke zaune kuma suna bayyana a matsayin Sami, babu wata hukuma a hukumance da ta bayyana Sami a matsayin 'yan asalin ƙasar Norway.
An samar da wasu dokoki daban-daban don kare al'adu da harshe na al'ummar Sami. Dokar Sami ta Norwegian (1987) ta ba da ma'anar doka da tabbatacciyar ma'anar Sami, a matsayin wanda ke da Sami a matsayin yaren farko, ko mahaifinsa ko mahaifiyarsa ko ɗaya daga cikin kakanninsa yana da ko Sami a matsayin harshen farko, kuma wanda yayi la'akari. su kansu Sami ne". a shekara ta 1980 aka kafa hukumar Sami, wadda aka kafa ta don magance matsalolin tattalin arziki da siyasa na mutanen Sami. Wannan ne ya haifar da ƙirƙirar Sameting, wanda kuma aka sani da Majalisar Sami ta Norwegian. Wannan hukumar galibi tana aiki ne don tabbatar da haƙƙin mutanen Sami, Hakkin LGBT+ Akwai dokar da aka ƙera don hana wariya dangane da yanayin jima'i da asalin jinsi, a cikin faffadan gidaje, aikin yi, zama ɗan ƙasa, da samun damar ayyukan da gwamnati ke bayarwa. Duk da wannan, tashin hankalin da aka yi niyya ga mutanen transgender har yanzu ba a la'akari da laifin ƙiyayya a cikin dokokin Norway. Ƙungiyoyin jinsi na Norwegian ta ba da rahoton damuwa game da rashin bayyana yanayin jima'i a matsayin dalilin laifukan ƙiyayya. Gwamnati na ƙoƙarin magance waɗannan matsalolin ta hanyar ingantaccen horo da horo da ilimi ga 'yan sanda kan wariyar LGBT+.
Haƙƙin nakasa Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta ba da rahoton cewa akwai ingantaccen aiwatar da dokokin da suka hana nuna bambanci ga nakasassu a cikin ƙasar Norway.
Anti-Semitism Akwai ƙananan Yahudawa kaɗan a cikin Norway, kusan guda 1400, rabinsu na ikilisiyoyin Yahudawa ne. A kokarin rage kyamar kyamar baki, gwamnatin kasar Norway ta kaddamar da wani shiri mai suna 'Action Plan against Antisemitism 2016 2020 wanda manyan batutuwa huɗu su ne kamar haka:
Yaƙi da ƙiyayya yana riƙe da nau'in laifuka daban-daban na ƙiyayya a cikin kididdigar 'yan sanda
Ilimi game da anti-Semitism an haɗa shi cikin duk makarantu
Ƙarin kuɗi don gidajen tarihi na Yahudawa da cibiyoyin al'adu
Ana kuma ba da kuɗin bincike kan kyamar Yahudawa da rayuwar Yahudawa
Cin zarafin ɗan adam
Sukar na yanzu Binciken lokaci-lokaci na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ya bayyana matsayin al'amuran haƙƙin ɗan adam a Norway. A cikin shekara ta 2015, Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam na Majalisar Turai ya ba da shawarar don ƙarin manufofin inganta ƙarfin mutanen da ke da nakasa da cikakken haɗar Roma Majalisar dokokin Norway ta ki sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kare hakkin nakasassu ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, kuma akwai rahotanni da dama na kare haƙƙin bil adama na ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na nakasassu. An soki Norway saboda rashin ayyana fyaɗe a shari'a bisa rashin yarda. yana buƙatar sabuntawa Haƙƙoƙin ƙasa na mutanen Sami Ƙaruwar buƙatun albarkatun ƙasa a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan ya haifar da rikici tsakanin al'ummar Sami da al'ummomin yankunan Norway. Gine-ginen ababen more rayuwa kamar gine-gine, tituna, ma'adanai, da madatsun ruwa, duk suna gudanar da aikin ne a yankunan da mutanen Sami suke zaune. Wannan ya haifar da cece-kuce tsakanin ‘yancin mallakar kasa na mutanen Sami, da samar da ayyukan yi da ci gaban da za a samu daga wadannan ayyuka ga al’ummomin yankin. Haƙƙoƙin mallakar ƙasa na gargajiya da aka bai wa mutanen Sami a ƙarƙashin dokokin Norway sun ba da izinin ƙin amincewa da shawarwarin ci gaba idan ya hana su ikon yin rayuwarsu ta gargajiya. Kazalika da kundin tsarin mulkin Norway, wannan haƙƙin yana da tabbacin ta hanyar yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa daban-daban, gami da Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa kan kawar da duk wani nau'i na wariyar launin fata, yarjejeniya ta ƙasa da ƙasa kan 'yancin ɗan adam da siyasa, da sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da haƙƙin 'yan asalin ƙasar. Dangane da rikicin haƙƙin ƙasa a Arewacin Norway, gwamnatin Norway ta buga Dokar Finnmark ta 2005, wacce ta ba da kariya ta wani yanki na Sami a ƙasar Finnmark Dokar ta bayyana cewa za a canza mallakar filaye da albarkatun ƙasa daga mallakar jiha zuwa mallakar gida, ma'ana Finnmark Estate ta mallaki nata filaye. Wakilin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na musamman ya bayar da rahoto inda ya yaba da yadda Norway ke mayar da martani game da matsalar haƙƙin mallakar filaye.
Manazarta Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
Haƙƙoƙi
Haƙƙoƙin Mata
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
30224 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra%20%22Alexandrina%22%20Don-Arthur | Sandra "Alexandrina" Don-Arthur | Sandra Don-Arthur (an haife ta 22 Afrilu 1980) wacce kuma aka sani da Alexandrina a masana'antar showbiz ƙwararriyar mai fasahar kayan shafa ce kuma Vlogger daga Ghana. Ita ce ta kafa kuma CEO na Alexiglam Studio, kamfanin kayan shafa da kayan kwalliya na Ghana wanda ke ba da sabis na kyau ga mata a Ghana.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haife ta ga mahaifin gine-ginen dan Ghana, Dokta Eric George Alexander Don-Arthur da mahaifiyar Rasha, Misis Natalia Don-Arthur wacce masanin kimiyyar halittu ne. Ta girma a kasashen Ghana da Rasha tare da ’yan uwanta guda 4 kuma kanwar Eric Don-Arthur ce, dan takarar majalisar wakilai na jam’iyyar Democratic Congress na 2016 na mazabar Effutu.
Don-Arthur ta halarci Makarantar Morning Star a Cantonments kuma ta koma St. Roses Senior High School a Akwatia. Daga baya, ta tafi United Kingdom don yin karatu a West London College kuma a shekara ta 2011 ta wuce Kwalejin Mink inda ta kammala karatun digiri tare da takardar shaidar kayan shafa, gyaran gashi da kuma tasiri na musamman. Ita kuma tsohuwar daliba ce a jami'ar Ashesi da ke Ghana.
Aiki A cikin 2011, Alexandrina ta fara kayan shafa da fasaha bayan ta kammala kwasa-kwasan a Burtaniya. Aikinta na mai zanen kayan shafa ya fito fili lokacin da jagorar mai kayan shafa ya bukace ta da ta yi kayan shafa ga Manajan Darakta na MNET Africa, Biola Alabi a matsayin bako na Home With...' TV Show a Landan.
Don-Arthur ta yi aiki a kan manyan mashahuran mutane a masana'antar nishaɗi ta Ghana da Najeriya kamar su Omotola Jalade Ekeinde, Efya, Joselyn Dumas, Juliet Ibrahim, Nadia Buari, Jackie Appiah, Jim Iyke, Yvonne Okoro da DJ Cuppy.
Maybelline New York, Ghana ce ta zaba ta a matsayin wani ɓangare na kwamitin masu tasiri don taimakawa wajen tasiri ayyukan Maybelline a Ghana. Maybelline New York ta kuma ba ta damar karbar bakuncin shirin talabijin na farko da aka sadaukar da kayan shafa, "Makeup Diaries," wanda aka nuna a gidan talabijin na DSTV a kasashe 46.
Ta kasance bakuwa na yau da kullun kuma jagorar kayan kwalliya a kakar farko na "Keeping It Real" wani shiri da 'yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai masaukin baki 'yar Ghana, Joselyn Dumas ya shirya inda matan Ghana na zamani suka bayyana ra'ayoyinsu kan batutuwa daban-daban da suka shafe su a cikin 2017. Ta kirkiro. editocin kayan shafa don Glitz Africa Magazine, Debonair Afrik Magazine, Dream Wedding Magazine da Haute Canoe Magazine.
Wasu jiga-jigan siyasar Ghana kuma sun taba tabo hannun kwararrun Alexandrina da suka hada da Uwargidan tsohon shugaban kasar Ghana, Nana Konadu Agyeman-Rawlings, Ursula Owusu, Nana Oye Lithur, shugabar ma'aikatan Ghana ta farko, Frema Osei Opare da ministar harkokin waje, Shirley. Ayokor Botchway.
A cikin 2015, ta ba da lambar yabo ga marigayi Kofi Ansah tare da haɗin gwiwar Maybelline New York ta hanyar tarin Haute Avant Garde wanda ke nuna tufafi daga fitaccen mai zanen Ghana da kayan shafa don nuna nau'ikan samfuran Maybelline New York.
An zaɓe ta a matsayin mai zane-zanen kayan shafa na Ghana kawai kuma wakilin Afirka ta Yamma don shiga cikin Makon Kaya na New York kuma ya yi aiki tare da samfurin Victoria Secret, Mayowa Nicholas, Sabah Koj a lokacin nunin Fall/Winter. A cikin 2019, ta ƙaddamar da alamar kyawunta da makarantar kimiyya, Alexiglam Studios don taimakawa haɓaka labarin kyawun Afirka da horar da masu fasahar kayan shafa matasa.
Ta danganta girmanta a matsayin mai zanen kayan shafa ga yanayinta na neman bincike tun tana yarinya da kuma sonta na binciken sabbin abubuwa. Pat McGrath da Bimpe Onakoya kaɗan ne daga cikin mashawarta a masana'antar kyau.
Sanannen ayyuka A yayin ziyarar sarauta na Charles, Yariman Wales da matarsa, Camilla, Duchess na Cornwall zuwa Ghana a watan Nuwamba 2018, an gudanar da liyafa na jiha tare da nuna wasan kwaikwayo na ƙaramin ɗabi'a don girmama su kuma an nada Alexandrina a matsayin jagorar mai yin kayan shafa. nunin. Aikinta na edita a fuskar samfurin Ghana-Nigeria na kasa da kasa, Victoria Michaels an nuna shi a cikin Mujallar Tushen da ke birnin Paris.
Tallafawa Ita ce kuma wacce ta kafa gidauniyar Sickle Strong Warriors Foundation, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta wacce ke neman wayar da kan jama'a game da cutar sikila da samar da hadin kai a tsakanin masu fama da sikila a Ghana.
A matsayin wani ɓangare na ayyukanta na CSR da taimakon jama'a, ta kuma koyi ƙwarewarta ga aikin Ƙaddamar da Adalci, 'Remember Me'. Wani aiki ne na hadin gwiwa tsakanin mai daukar hoto dan kasar Ghana, Francis Kokoroko, Rania Odaymat, da The Fair Justice Initiative, wanda ya mayar da hankali kan wasu mata goma sha biyu da aka yankewa hukuncin daurin rai da rai a gidan yari na Nsawam. An maye gurbin tufafin gidan yarin na mata da kayan gargajiya da kuma hotunansu da aka nuna a wurin baje kolin 'Make Be' a La Maison a watan Oktobar 2018. Tun daga nan aka samar da shi littafin kofi don inganta shawarwari.
Rayuwa ta sirri Tana zaune a Accra, Ghana tare da 'ya'yanta guda biyu.
Manazarta Rayayyun |
26843 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuga%20%28kashi%20na%204%29 | Shuga (kashi na 4) | Shuga Naija wasan kwaikwayo ne na MTV wacce aka fara haska ta a shekara ta 2009 a zaman wani bangaren jigon MTV wato "MTV Staying Alive Ignite!". Karo na uku na shirin ya fito a kusa da 2013 zuwa Janairu 2014. An saki sashin shirin na hudu a ranar 23 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 2019. Sannan kamfanin Sunbow Production ne suka dauki nauyin shirin yayin Tope Oshin ya jagorance shi, daya daga cikin fitattun daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya. Shirin Shuga Naija ya ƙunshi gangamj don jaddada mahimman batutuwan zamantakewa kamar tsarin iyali, rigakafin hana haihuwa, HIV/AIDS, cin zarafin jinsi, jima'i mafi aminci, jima'i na mu'amala da gabaɗaya, alaƙa.
'Yan wasa Jerin jigogin yan wasan da ke cikin kashi na 4 na MTV Shuga sune kamar haka:
Yasmin Itace kyakykyawar malaman dake bautan kasa wato NYSC wacce kowa ke sha'awarta. Yasmin tana da bada kwarin gwiwa da taimakawa dalibanta har ma a almurran da ya shafi rayuwarsu. Ita kuma uwar gida ce mai kauna da biyayya ga mijinta wanda suka amince akan tsaida haihuwa domin yasmin ta cimma burinta na duniya. Rahama Sadau ta masana'antar shirya fina- finan Kannywood ce ta taka rawar Yamin. Jarumar dai ‘yar asalin jihar Kaduna ce kuma ta yi fice a harkar fim din Hausa.
Tobi Temini Egbuson ya ɗauki matsayin Tobi a cikin Shuga Naija Season 4. Tun lokacin da ya shiga jerin MTV, Temini ya haɓaka basirarsa a masana'antar fina-finai ta Nollywood. A wannan karo na hudu na Shuga Najia, Tobi ya canza daga matsayin saurayi na soyayya, jima'i da kudi, zuwa wani dan kasuwa tare da kirkiro Playboy Tobi Music Industry wanda yayi saurin habaka tare da sabon app ɗin sa na shirin shiga masana'antar kiɗa.
Cynthia Uzoamaka Unianoh ta taka rawar Cynthia a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen MTV a matsayin matashiya, zaki, yar makarantar sakandare butulci, aboki ga Diana da ma'aikatanta wanda ta ji tana cikin kungiyar amma a zahiri ba ta. Uzoamaka Unianoh marubuciya ce wacce ta shafe tsawon rayuwarta tana rubuce-rubuce amma ta fara fitowa a shekarar 2017 kuma ga dukkan alamu ta fara kwarewa a a harkar fim.
Ebinsende A cikin wannan silsilar, Abayomi Alvin ya fito a matsayin Ebisinde wanda zuciyarsa ta kasance ga Diana kadai mace mai girman kai da ke ganinsa a matsayin ƙaramin yaro.
Diana Diana ita ce yarinyar makaranta mai cin zarafi wanda duk da cewa kowa yana sonta kuma yana sonta wanda ya kasance akasin haka. Tana da gungun abokai kuma tana saduwa da babban saurayi a makarantar. Sunanta ya shiga cikin tambaya yayin da wata sabuwar yarinya ke barazana ga sana'arta tare da jarrabawar da za ta ci. Aikin Diana Helena Nelson ce ta taka rawa a masana'antar MTV tare da wasu fina-finan da ta fito da suka hada da Clinic Matters', 'Until You're 16' da kuma 'Jenifa's Diary'.
Faa Adebukola Oladipupa ce ta taka rawar Faa mai sarkakiyar rayuwa, wacce uwa ce ga dan uwanta Ebisinde kuma a shirye take ta yi kusan komai don cimma babbar nasara a harkar waka.
Hadiza Amal Umar daga Kannywood ta fito a matsayin Hadiza mai ladabi, tawali'u da hazaka a cikin shirin MTV Shuga. Tun a shekarar 2015 ne Amal ta fara fitowa a kan allo, amma ta riga ta yi suna duk da cewa tana magana da yarenta (Hausa) a yawancin fina-finanta, ta tabbatar da cewa tana da mahimmanci lokacin da ta fito a wani fim. Fim ɗin Nollyeood, "Hankalin Hankali".
Frances Ruby Akubueze wanda aka fi sani da Chinaza/Ruby ya dauki rawar Frances a cikin jerin MTV. Yarinyar ce wacce itama ke kallon Diana a matsayin kawarta kuma ta tafka muguwar kuskure har ta tsaya tare da kawayenta da malaminta yasmin domin ta fuskanci halin da take ciki. Duk da cewa Ruby matashiya ce amma tana da gogewar wasan kwaikwayo da yawa tun 2013 kuma ta yi tauraro a shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo, gajerun fina-finai da jerin gidajen yanar gizo da suka hada da 'Look Beyond' da 'Brother LIEnus' (tare da AY Makun). Ta kuma sami gogewar bayan fage a matsayin mai haɓaka abun ciki don 'Gabatarwa,' nunin magana ta kan layi ta matasa.
Mahmud Mahmud mijin Yasmin ne a cikin shirin MTV. Ya goyi bayan sana’arta kuma ya yarda da tunaninta na tsarin iyali wanda ya saba wa ka’idojin al’adun kabilar Hausa. Shahararren jarumin Kannywood Yakubu Mohammed ne ya taka rawa a matsayin Yakubu a wannan silsila.
Khalil Mosses Akerele shine wanda ke taka rawa a matsayin Khalil a cikin wannan shirin na Telebijin. Kamar Faa, Khalil wani mafarki ne mai son samun matsayinsa a harkar waka. Yana hidima ga ubangidansa wanda da alama bai ba shi harbin gaske ba. Daga k'arshe lokacin da abokinsa ke cikin buqatar Khalil ya yanke shawarar wanda zai bi.
Shina Chimezie Imo shi ne wanda ke a matsayin Shina a cikin shirin. Shina yana daya daga cikin 'yan wasa uku da ke da matsala a makarantar. Mai daukar fim din Chimezie ya fara ne a shekara ta 2014 kuma an nada shi a matsayin wanda ya zo na biyu a cikin wani baje kolin basirar Najeriya.
Simi Sharon Jatto ta fito a matsayin Simi a cikin wannan silsilar. Kamar Cynthia da Frances, Simi kuma tana kallon Diana kuma tana girmama kowace kalma daga bakinta. Ita ma a makance ta bi ta wajen wani biki abin ya yi tsami. Sharon mace ce mai hazaka, baya ga kasancewarta ƙwararren mai magana da faransa ita ma ƴar gudun hijira ce kuma samfurin mujallu. Fitowar ta na farko a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Wole Oguntokun mai suna 'The Wait'.
Wasiu Wasiu shi ne Sarki a gungun dalibai tsagera (Ebisinde da Shina) a kullum yana kawo sabbin dabaru na yadda ake samun kudi da sauri da alfahari. Tomiwa Tegbe yana taka rawar Wasiu a cikin MTV Shuga Naija.
Layin Labari
Manazarta Shirin MTV
Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba |
32053 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachid%20Ghezzal | Rachid Ghezzal | No local image but image on Wikidata
Rachid Ghezzal an haife shi a ranar 9 ga watan Mayu shekara ta alif 1992) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin winger na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Süper Lig Beşiktaş da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Aljeriya. Ya fara aikinsa a Lyon, inda ya fara halarta a watan Oktoba shekarar 2012. Ya buga wasanni 119 kuma ya zura musu kwallaye 13 a dukkanin gasa. A watan Agusta shekara ta 2017, ya Kuma koma Monaco a canja wuri kyauta.
An haife shi a Faransa, Ghezzal ya wakilci Faransa a matakin 'yan ƙasa da 20. Ya fara buga wa Algeria wasa a shekara ta 2015 kuma yana cikin tawagarsu a gasar cin kofin Afrika ta shekarar 2017.
Aikin kulob/ƙungiya
Lyon An haife shi a Décines-Charpieu, Metropolitan Lyon, a cikin watan Yuli shekarar 2010 Ghezzal ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyar tare da Lyon. Bayan ya nuna tare da ƙungiyar ajiyar kulob din a cikin Championnat de France Amateur na tsawon kaka biyu a jere, gabanin kakar wasa ta shekarar 2012 zuwa 2013, Manajan Rémi Garde ya ci gaba da zama babban a ƙungiyar kuma ya sanya lambar 31. Ghezzal ya fara buga babbar tawagarsa a ranar 4 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2012 a wasan rukuni na UEFA Europa League a waje da kulob din Isra'ila Ironi Kiryat Shmona; Ya fara wasan ne yayin da Lyon ta lashe gasar da ci 4-3. A cikin kakar 2013 zuwa 2014, Ghezzal ya ji rauni a baya na watanni shida na farkon kamfen na Lyon, wanda ya gan shi ba zai buga wasa ba har zuwa 10 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2014, ya rasa 32 na wasannin Lyon a cikin wannan tsari. Daga nan sai ya koma kungiyar amma bai buga wa Lyon wasa ba a sauran kakar wasa ta bana; ko dai ba a sanya sunayensu a cikin 'yan wasan ranar wasa ko kuma a sanya suna a kan benci. Tun daga watan Janairu shekarar 2016, ya kasance yana wasa akai-akai. wasa ta 2015 zuwa 2016 da kwallaye 8 da taimakawa 8 a wasanni 29 na Ligue 1. A watan Yuni shekarar 2017, Lyon ta sanar da cewa ba za a sabunta kwangilar Ghezzal ba.
Monaco A ranar 7 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2017, Ghezzal ya shiga ƙungiyar Ligue 1 Monaco ta hanyar sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru huɗu wanda zai gudana har zuwa Yuni shekara ta 2021. An bayyana cewa Monaco za ta biya shi alawus din kudin da ya kai Yuro miliyan 3 da kuma albashin kusan Yuro 180,000 duk wata. Kamar yadda kwantiraginsa na Lyon ya ƙare a ranar 30 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2017, ya isa kan canja wuri kyauta.
Leicester City A ranar 5 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2018, Ghezzal ya rattaba hannu a kulob din Premier League na Ingila Leicester City a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa kai tsaye ga dan kasar Riyad Mahrez mai barin gado, sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru hudu. A farkonsa na farko a kulob din, ya zira kwallonsa na farko na Leicester, yajin dogon zango daga wajen akwatin, a wasan da suka doke Fleetwood Town da ci 4-0.
Fiorentina (rance/lamuni) A ranar 2 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2019, Ghezzal an ba da shi rance ga kungiyar ACF Fiorentina ta Italiya a kan yarjejeniyar tsawon kakar da ta hada da zabin siye.
Beşiktaş (lamuni) A ranar 5 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2020, Ghezzal ya koma kulob din Beşiktaş na Süper Lig na Turkiyya a kan aro na tsawon kakar wasa. A ranar 15 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2021, ya ci fanareti a wasan da suka doke Göztepe da ci 2–1 a waje, don tabbatar da kambin 2020-21 Süper Lig na Beşiktaş.
Beşiktaş A ranar 12 ga watan Agusta, shekarar 2021, Beşiktaş ta sanar da sanya hannu kan Ghezzal daga Leicester City kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku.
Ayyukan kasa A babban matakin kasa da kasa, Ghezzal ya cancanci ya wakilci Faransa da Aljeriya kuma ya bayyana fifikon sa shine ya wakilci al'ummar ta biyu. A cikin shekarar 2013, ya sami kira daga Faransa U20 a yin gasa a gasar Toulon. Sai dai daga baya Ghezzal ya zabi buga wa Algeria kwallo, inda ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a watan Maris din shekarar 2016, a wasa da Habasha.
Tallafawa A ranar 9 ga watan Disamba, shekarar 2018, Ghezzal ya yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Phil Ropy kuma ya bayyana akan katin tallafin dijital na Sport dans la Ville. Katin taimakon jin kai na dijital ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin sa-kai na Faransa, waɗanda ke hidima ga yara marasa galihu ta hanyar wasanni da horar da ayyuka. Wannan haɗin gwiwa shine girmamawarsa ga ƙungiyar da ya kasance a cikinta har ya kai shekaru 12. A lokacin ganawarsa a ranar 31 ga watan Disamba shekarar 2013. tare da matasa 'yan kungiyar Sport dans la Ville, Rachid ya bayyana lokacin da ya yi tare da Sport dans la Ville ya ba shi damar isa matsayin ƙwararren ɗan wasa. An saki katin a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 2019. Ana raba kuɗin daga farashin siyan katin Ropy tare da Sport dans la Ville.
Rayuwa ta sirri Yana da kani mai suna Abdelkader Ghezzal dan kasar Algeria ne shima.
Kididdigar sana'a
Kulob
Ƙasashen Duniya Maki da sakamako jera kwallayen Aljeriya na farko, ginshikin maki yana nuna maki bayan kowace kwallon Ghezzal Girmamawa Lyon Reserves
Championnat de France Amateur 2010–11, 2011–12
Beşiktaş
Lahadi 2020-21
Gasar Cin Kofin Turkiyya 2020-21
Gasar Cin Kofin Turkiyya 2021
Mutum
Babban Mai Ba da Taimako na Süper Lig 2020-21 (taimako 17)
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rachid Ghezzal at the French Football Federation (in French)
Rachid Ghezzal at the French Football Federation (archived) (in French)
Rachid Ghezzal French league stats at LFP also available in French Rachid Ghezzal at L'Équipe Football (in French) 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Aljeriya
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
31635 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20Eson%20Johnson%20Ecoma | Samuel Eson Johnson Ecoma | Samuel Eson Johnson Ecoma (yayi rayuwa tsakanin 29 Nuwamba 1930 30 Agusta 1999) masanin shari'a ne na Najeriya kuma babban alkalin jihar Cross River da aka nada a watan Maris na alif 1990. An kira shi zuwa kungiyar Lauyoyin Turai a watan Yuni, 1961 da kuma Lauyan Najeriya a watan Agusta 1963.
Tarihin Rayuwa da ilimi Mai shari'a, Hon. Justice Samuel Eson Johnson Ecoma (wanda akafi sanai da Hon. Justice SEJ Ecoma), haifaffen Itigidi, karamar hukumar Abi ta jihar Cross River, Nigeria, shine lauyan farko daga Itigidi. Ya yi baftisma kuma an tabbatar da shi a Cocin Presbyterian na Najeriya, kuma ya halarci makarantu da yawa saboda yawan canjin da mahaifinsa Mista Eson Johnson Ecoma wanda ya kasance jami'in 'yan sanda wanda ya yi aiki a jihar Calabar da sauran tashoshi na Old Calabar da kuma sauran wurare a wajen Lardin Calabar wato: Makarantar Firamare ta Garin Duke, Calabar; Makarantar Firamare ta Gwamnati, Eket Umuda Isingwu Methodist School, Umuahia Aggrey Memorial College, Arochukwu Makarantar Sakandare ta Garin Duke, Calabar; da Makarantar Maraice ta Excelsior, Calabar.
Mai shari'a Ecoma ya kuma halarci makarantar "North Western Polytechnic", Birnin Kentish, Landan inda yayi karatun General Certificate of Education a mataki na gaba kafin ya sami shiga Jami'ar College London a matsayin dalibi na ciki don karanta Law. A lokacin wannan lokacin da ya dace, ya kuma shiga cikin Honourable Society of Grey's Inn. An kira Mai shari'a Ecoma zuwa Baran Ingilishi a watan Yuni, 1961.
Ayyuka Mai shari'a ya dawo Najeriya a watan Agusta, 1963 kuma ya kafa wata kotu mai zaman kanta a Enugu, wanda aikin ya mamaye duk yankin Gabashin Najeriya na lokacin. Daga baya ya koma Abakaliki har zuwa lokacin da yakin basasa ya barke, aka tilasta masa ya gudu daga Abakaliki zuwa Afikpo, zuwa Okigwe da Mbano inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu, 1970 lokacin yakin basasa ya kare.
Bayan yakin basasar Najeriya a shekarar 1970, ya koma jiharsa ta asali, a lokacin da ake kiranta da Kudu maso Gabas aka nada shi kwamishinan farar hula (Kwamishanan kula da harkokin raya kasa) a majalisar zartarwa ta jihar Kudu maso Gabas a lokacin a watan Maris, 1970. Birgediya UJ Esuene, Mai Girma Gwamna. A cikin Maris, 1972, an nada shi Kwamishinan Ma'aikatar Shari'a kuma aka tura shi zuwa Ma'aikatar Shari'a. Ya rike wannan mukamin na tsawon shekara guda kadai daga watan Maris, 1973, aka nada shi Alkalin Babbar Kotun Jihar Kudu maso Gabas. A ranar 11 ga Maris 1990, aka nada shi Babban Alkalin Jihar Kuros Riba, ya rike har ya yi ritaya a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 1995.
A tsawon lokacin da ya rike mukamin Alkali, ya kuma yi aiki a kotuna da dama, wato: Memba ne a Hukumar Bincike Kan Ma’aikatar Tashoshin Ruwa ta Najeriya (NPA) Bala’in Catwalk- Nuwamba/Disamba 1972; 9 ga Yuni 1977 sunan da aka sanya a cikin jerin masu sasantawa na Cibiyar sasanta rikicin Zuba Jari ta Duniya da ke Washington, DC, Amurka; Kotun zabe mai lamba 3 na jihar Kaduna a lokacin zaben 1979; Kwamishina guda ɗaya na binciken Njua Bano/Odajie Mbube da Kachuan Irruan/Idum Mbube 1984; Shugaban Hukumar Bincike Kan Raya Aikin Noma ta Jihar Kuros Riba (ADC) 1985; Yuni 1987- Sake nada shi a matsayin Mai sasantawa na Cibiyar sasanta rigingimun Zuba Jari ta Duniya da ke birnin Washington, DC, Amurka, tare da haɗa su da duk sauran nauyin da ke kan Alƙalin Babban Kotun, ta hanyar buɗe Ƙimar Laifuka da kuma magance al'amuran jama'a.
Alkalai
A lokacin da yake Alkali, Mai shari'a Ecoma ya yi aiki a Ogoja daga 1978 zuwa 1979, Uyo daga 1979 zuwa 1983, da Ikom daga 1983 zuwa 1985 inda aka mayar da shi Calabar. Daga 1985, ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Alkali sau uku (Agusta 1987 zuwa Oktoba 1987, 14 Satumba zuwa 14 Nuwamba 1988, da kuma daga 10 Janairu zuwa 10 Maris 1990), kuma ya tsaya sau uku (Yuli 1984 zuwa Agusta 1984, Agusta 1985). zuwa Satumba 1985, da Agusta zuwa Satumba 1986).
Nasarorin da ya samu, Mai shari'a Ecoma ya halarci taruka masu zuwa a gida da waje, wato: Taron Alƙalan Nijeriya a Legas, 1974; Taron Alkalan Najeriya duka a Legas, 1978; Taron Alkalan Najeriya duka a Ilorin, 1982; Taron Alkalan Najeriya duka a Abuja, 1988; Karatun Shari'a a 1989; Taron Commonwealth don Halayen Shari'a a Auckland, New Zealand, Afrilu 1990; Taron Shari'a a Calabar, Mayu 1990; Taron Shari'a a Fatakwal, 1991; Karatun Shari'a a Enugu, Oktoba Nuwamba 1991; Taron Ƙungiyar Shari'a ta Duniya a Barcelona, Spain, Oktoba 1991; Bita na Shari'a a Uyo, Mayu/Yuni 1992; (A matsayin Wakili) Taron Kasa na ‘Yan Majalisun Jihohi a Abuja, 29 ga Yuni zuwa 1 ga Yuli 1992; Taron Commonwealth na 10 a Nicosia, Cyprus, 3 ga Mayu zuwa 7 ga Mayu 1993; da Ƙungiyar Shari'a ta Duniya 16th Biennial Conference a Manila, Philippines, 25 Oktoba zuwa 30 Oktoba 1993.
Mai shari'a Ecoma yana daya daga cikin Alkalai daga Jihar Cross River da aka nada don rangadin garuruwan Amurka tsakanin Yuni zuwa Yuli, na shekarar 1981. A lokacin da yake rike da mukamin Babban Alkalin Jihar Kuros Riba, ya kuma yi ayyuka kamar haka: A matsayinsa na Bencher a Majalisar Ilimin Shari’a; a matsayin Daraktan Cibiyar Shari’a ta Najeriya; A matsayin Memba na Kwamitin Shari'a na Ba da Shawara; a matsayin memba na kwamitin tantance ‘yan takara da za a kira zuwa ga Lauyoyin Najeriya; kuma a matsayin memba na kwamitin bayar da shawarwarin manyan lauyoyi na Najeriya A lokacin da yake rike da mukamin babban alkali, an kara samar da wasu sassan shari’a da ya kai adadin bakwai. Haka kuma an kara gundumomin Majisterial sannan aka kirkiro kotunan gargajiya domin kawo adadin daga 56 zuwa 74. A lokacin nasa kuma an nada Alkalai hudu da wasu alkalai kadan.
Abubuwan nishadi Mai shari'a Ecoma ya kasance mai himma da ƙwazo a wasan Tennis na Lawn, kuma ya kasance memba mai hazaka a wuraren nishaɗi kamar haka: Ogoja Recreation Club; Uyo Recreation Club; da Ikom Recreation Club. Ya kuma taka rawar Organ sosai kuma ya kasance mai son karanta litattafai.
Kyaututtukan bayan mutuwa Lambar yabo ta Gwamnatin Jihar Cross River- Oktoba shekara ta 2005
lambar yabo na Ikom Recreation Club 2008
Manazarta
Bayanan kula Grey's Inn. (1960). Graya: Mujallar Membobin Gidan Gida na Grey, Juzu'i na 11. London: Gidan Gida na Grey, shafi na 131.
Jihar Cross River (Nigeria). (1986). Karshen rahoton gwamnatin jihar Kuros Riba ta Najeriya kan rahoton kwamitin bincike kan hukumar bunkasa noma ta jihar Cross River (ADC). Calabar: Printer na Gwamnati, shafi na 2.
Afrika Wanene. (1981). London: Africa Journal Limited, shafi na 360.
Fawehinmi, G. (1988). Bench da Bar a Najeriya. Lagos: Nigerian Law Publications Ltd., shafi na 11, 93 (Lamba 338) da 700 (Lamba 3827).
Fawehinmi, G. (1992). Tsarin Kotuna a Najeriya Jagora [1992]. Legas: Nigerian Law Publications Ltd., shafi na 311, 312 da 314.
Mutane daga jihar Cross River
Membobin Gray's Inn
Alkalan Najeriya
Tsaffin daliban kwalejin London
Mutuwar 1999
Haihuwan 1930
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
41776 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihar%20Bono | Jihar Bono | TBono state
Jihar Bono (ko Bonoman jiha ce ta kasuwanci wanda al'ummar Bono suka kafa, tana nan a kudancin Ghana na yanzu. Bonoman ta kasance daulace ta Akan na tsakiyar zamani a yanzu Bono, Bono ta Gabas da yankin Ahafo bi da bi da sunan Bono da Ahafo da Gabashin Ivory Coast. An yarda cewa itace asalin ƙungiyoyin mutanen Akan da suka yi hijira daga jihar a lokuta daban-daban don ƙirƙirar sababbin jihohin Akan don neman zinariya. Kasuwancin zinare, wanda ya fara bunƙasa a Bonoman a farkon karni na 12, itace mafarin karfin mulkin Akan da dukiya a yankin, tun daga tsakiyar zamanai.
Asali Asalin mutanen Akan na Bonoman an ce sun kasance can daga arewacin yankin da a yanzu ake kira Sahel ko kuma daular Ghana a lokacin da 'yan asalin Bono suka so su ci gaba da kasancewa da tsarin gargajiya na Bono na kakanninsu da ruhi, wadanda mutanen Akan suka bijire kuma suka yi yaƙi da Musulunci, sun yi hijira zuwa kudancin Sahara, a Ghana ta yau.
Cibiyoyin ciniki da jiha ke amfani da su
Bono Mansa Bono Mansa (ma'ana "A jihar Bono")) wani lokaci ana kiransa Bono Manso ko Mansu ya kasance yanki ne na kasuwanci a cikin tsakiyar Bonoman, kuma babban cibiyar kasuwanci a yankin da ke yankin Bono Gabas na yanzu. Wanda ke kudu da kogin Black Volta a tsakanin yankin savanna da gandun daji, garin na karbar ayari daga Djenné da Timbuktu a matsayin wani ɓangare na kasuwancin Trans-Saharan Kayayyakin da aka yi ciniki sun hada da goro, gishiri, fata, da zinariya Zinariya ita ce mafi mahimmancin kasuwanci na yankin, wanda ya fara a tsakiyar karni na 14.
Begho Begho (kuma Bighu ko Bitu ana kiransa Bew da Nsokɔ ta Akan) wani gari ne na kasuwanci na tsakiya da ke kudu da Black Volta a tsakanin yankin daji da savanna arewa-maso-yammacin Brong-Ahafo. Garin, kamar dai Bono-Manso, yana da matuƙar mahimmanci a matsayin wani cibiya da ayarin arewa daga Masarautar Mali ke yawan zuwa tun kimanin shekara ta 1100 miladiyya. Kayayyakin da ake cinikayya sun hada da hauren giwa, gishiri, fata, gwal, kwaya kola, yadi, da kuma gami da tagulla Tone-tonen kasa sun janyo shimfiɗar gine-gine da aka yi tun daga tsakanin alif 1350 zuwa 1750 AD, da kuma tukwane iri-iri, bututun shan taba, da kuma shaidar narkewar ƙarfe. Tare da yuwuwar yawan jama'a sama da 10 000, Begho na ɗaya daga cikin manyan biranen kudancin Afirka ta yamma a lokacin zuwan Turawan Fotugal a shekara ta 1471.
Sarkin Mali ya mamaye Bighu a tsakiyar karni na goma sha shida a matsayin "gazawar Bighu Juula na cigaba da samar da gwala-gwalai," a cewar Bakewell. "Sakamakon mamayar Bighu da alama cewa sarkin Mali ya samu damar zuwa wani bangare na cinikin zinari na Akan wanda Wangara ya iya sarrafa shi." Bakewell ya kuma lura, "wurin da aka yi watsi da garin Bighu, ko Bitu, a Ghana ta yau yana kusa da ƙauyen Hani na yanzu.": 18,30-31
Bonduku Bonduku ta kasance wata cibiyar kasuwanci ce a daular Bonoman. Ta janyo kafuwar jihar Gyaman wanda kuma ake rubuta ta da Masarautar Jamang wacce ta shahara musamman wajen samar da auduga. Jihar ta wanzu tsakanin shekarun 1450 zuwa 1895 kuma tana cikin ƙasar Ghana da Cote d'Ivoire a yanzu.
Tsarin garuruwan Bonoman Dangane da tone-tonen ƙasa, labaran baka na gargajiya, Effah-Gyamfi (1985) ya ƙaddamar da matakan birane daban-daban guda uku. A cewarsa, a farkon zangon (karni na goma sha uku zuwa na sha biyar) tsakiyar biranen ba su da yawa, kuma garuruwan na da dubban jama’a, ba duka a cikin birane suke ba. An yi gine-gine da wattle da aka yi da dauri An samo tukunyar fenti na wannan lokacin an rarraba a cikin radius na 3.3 km.
A kashi na biyu, karni na 16 zuwa na 17, manyan biranen sun fi girma, wadanda suka hada da gidaje da aka rarraba a ko'ina da cibiyar kasuwar gama-gari. Akwai alamu da dama dake nuna kasuwanci tsakanin wurare masu nisa,, irin su ƙwanƙolin gilashin da aka shigo da su da tukwane masu murfi da akayi da mica, sun samo asali daga wannan lokacin.
Rushewar Bonoman Rushewar jihar Bono ya faru ne a lokacin da wasu al’ummar Akan suka taso, musamman yadda wasu ’yan kabilar Akan suka fice daga jihar Bono. A nan ne yawancin yarukan Akan na Ivory Coast suka yi ƙaura zuwa yammacin Ghana. Abubuwa da yawa sun raunana wannan jihar, ciki har da rikice-rikice tsakanin shugabanni, rikice-rikice saboda haraji, da kuma samun damar kai tsaye zuwa gabar tekun Gold Coast kai tsaye, inda kasuwanci ke taimakawa yawancin jihohin Akan wajen samun iko.
Tasiri kan Al'adun Akan Al'adun Akan daban-daban sun samo asali ne daga jihar Bono, ciki har da laima da ake amfani da su wa sarakuna, takuba na al'umma, kujerun zama, masu sarrafa zinari, maƙera, saƙan tufafi na Kente, alamun adinkra masu ban sha'awa da awon zinari.
Manazarta
Kara karantawa Effah-Gyamfi, Kwaku (1979), Traditional history of the Bono State Legon: Institute of African Studies, University of Ghana.
Meyerowitz, Eva L.R. (1949), "Bono-Mansu, the earliest centre of civilisation in the Gold Coast", Proceedings of the III International West African Conference, 118–120.
Mutanen Akan
Akanda national |
48941 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintirin%20Kasuwancin%20Bayi%20na%20Afirka | Sintirin Kasuwancin Bayi na Afirka | sintiri na cinikin bayi na Afirka wani bangare ne na Toshewar Afirka da ke dakile cinikin bayin Atlantika tsakanin 1819 da farkon yakin basasar Amurka a 1861. Saboda yunkurin kawar da kai a Amurka, an tura tawagar jiragen ruwan yaki na sojojin ruwan Amurka da masu yankan rago don kama masu fataucin bayi a Afirka da kewaye A cikin shekaru 42 an kama kimanin jiragen ruwa 100 da ake zargin bayi Ayyuka
Asalin An aika da tawagar Amurka ta farko zuwa Afirka a 1819, amma bayan da aka juya jiragen babu wani ci gaba da kasancewar sojojin ruwa na Amurka a Afirka har zuwa 1840s. A cikin shekaru 20 da suka wuce, an kama jiragen bayi kaɗan saboda babu isassun jiragen ruwa na sojojin ruwa na Amurka don yin sintiri sama da mil 3,000 na gabar tekun Afirka, da kuma manyan bakin tekun Amurka da tekun da ke tsakanin. Har ila yau, masu bautar sun san cewa idan sun ɗaga tutar Spain ko Portuguese za su iya tserewa daga bi. Majalisa ta yi wahala ga sojojin ruwa su ci gaba da zama a Afirka har zuwa 1842 lokacin da aka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Webster-Ashburton tare da Birtaniya An aika Commodore Matthew C. Perry ya sake ba da umarni ga Squadron na Afirka bayan ya zama kwamandan a 1821 a cikin jirgin USS Shark Zuwan nasa ya nuna mafarin samun bunkasuwa a Amurka wajen dakile duk da cewa nasarar da aka samu ba ta da wani tasiri idan aka kwatanta da rundunar sojojin ruwa ta yammacin Afirka a daidai wannan lokacin. Turawan ingila sun kame daruruwan jiragen ruwa na bayi kuma sun yi yakin ruwa da dama; Nasarar da suka samu ya samo asali ne saboda girman girman sojojin ruwansu da sansanonin samar da kayayyaki da ke Afirka kanta. Ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwa na Birtaniya da Amurka sun yi nasarar 'yantar da dubban bayi amma cinikin ya ci gaba da fadada aikin zuwa yammacin Indiya, Brazil da Tekun Indiya Squadron na Brazil, West Indies Squadron, Gabashin Indiya Squadron da Squadron na gida daga baya duk suna da alhakin kama akalla 'yan bayin kowane.
Ma'aikatan Sabis na Cutter A ranar 1 ga Janairun 1808, wata doka da ta haramta cinikin bayi daga Afirka ta fara aiki. An tuhumi masu yanke kudaden shiga da aiwatar da wannan doka. A ranar 29 ga watan Yunin 1820, Dallas sun kama Brig Janar Ramirez mai dauke da bindigogi 10 dauke da bayi 280 daga Afirka a St. Augustine, Florida. A ranar 25 ga Maris, Alabama sun kama jiragen bayi uku. A shekara ta 1865, masu yanke kudaden shiga sun kama bayi da yawa kuma sun 'yantar da bayi kusan 500.
Kama Spitfire Ranar 13 ga Yuni 1844, Brig USS An mayar da USS a cikin kwamandan tare da Kwamandan Henry Bruce Makonni biyu bayan haka, ta gangara cikin kogin Delaware kuma ta wuce tsakanin kogin zuwa cikin Tekun Atlantika. Bayan ziyartar Funchal, Madeira, jirgin ya shiga tashar Afirka kusa da Tenerife a cikin Canary Islands A cikin watanni goma sha shida masu zuwa, Truxtun ta yi sintiri a yammacin Afirka, ta ziyarci Monrovia, Laberiya da Saliyo, inda aka 'yantar da bayi. Truxtun kuma ya yi tafiya zuwa tsibiran Maio na Santiago, da Sao Vicente Amurkawa sun kama bawa guda ɗaya kawai a kan jirgin ruwa a cikin 1845, masanin New Orleans mai suna Spitfire An kama jirgin ne a tekun Rio Pongo na kasar Guinea kuma an dauke shi ba tare da wata matsala ba. Ko da yake tana da kusan tan 100 kawai, ta ɗauki bayi 346. Har ila yau, Amurkawa sun gano cewa ta yi kasa da bayi 339 a kusa da Matanzas, a Cuba, shekara ta gaba. Kwamanda Bruce ta ruwaito cewa, "A tsakanin kwanukanta, inda bayin suka cika, babu wurin da mutum zai zauna, sai dai idan ya karkata kansa gaba; abincinsu ya kai rabin fam na shinkafa a kowace rana, tare da ruwa fam guda. Babu wanda zai iya tunanin irin wahalhalun da bayi suke ciki a kan wucewarsu, sai an duba isar da aka kai su. Kyakkyawan negroe mai kyau yana tsada amma dala ashirin, ko kuma game da shi, kuma yana kawo daga dala ɗari uku zuwa ɗari huɗu a Cuba. Kama Spitfire ya bai wa sojojin ruwan Amurka kwarin gwiwa don kara karfin Squadron na Afirka. An kuma kera jirgin kuma an yi amfani da shi wajen ayyukan yaki da bauta. A ranar 30 ga Oktoba, 1845, Truxtun ta auna anka a Monrovia, kuma ta nufi yamma zuwa Gosport Navy Yard, wanda ta kai ranar 23 ga Nuwamba. Daga nan aka sallame ta a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba
Kama Ann D. Richardson da Independence Farashin USS Perry yayi aiki a Kudancin Atlantic tare da Squadron Brazil wanda ya fara a 1847. Perry ya fara tafiya daga Philadelphia ranar 16 ga Mayu, 1847, tare da takamaiman umarni don yin sintiri tsakanin Rio de Janeiro, Brazil da Buenos Aires, Argentina An sanar da Laftanar John A. Davis cewa wadanda ake zargin bayi ne a Barque Ann D. Richardson na Amurka an daure su zuwa gabar tekun Afirka a karkashin takardun karya. Daga nan Perry ya kama jirgin a kusa da Rio de Janeiro a ranar 16 ga Disamba. Bayan kwana biyu, ta kuma kwace 'yancin kai na Amurka brig Independence Bincike ya tabbatar da cewa dukkan jiragen biyu sun yi cinikin bayi, kuma an aika da su zuwa birnin New York a matsayin kyaututtuka. Kyaftin na Independence ya fusata game da kama shi har ma ya kai karar Commodore George W. Storer, amma bai yi nasara ba. USS Perry ya koma Norfolk a ranar 10 ga Yuli, 1849, kuma an kore shi a can bayan kwanaki hudu. Daga baya ta sake yin hidima a Afirka, amma na ɗan lokaci kaɗan, bayan haka ta koma New York.
Kama Marta Ɗaya daga cikin manyan nasarorin da Amirkawa suka samu a wannan aiki shine kama jirgin bawa Martha A ranar 6 ga Yuni na 1850, Perry, ƙarƙashin Laftanar Davis, ya gano babban jirgin ruwa Martha a kusa da Ambriz yayin da take tsaye zuwa gaci. Ba da daɗewa ba, da Perry ya zo cikin kewayon bindiga, Laftanar Davis da mutanensa sun shaida wasu ma'aikatan Martha suna jefa tebur a gefe yayin da suke ɗaga tutar Amurka. Da alama barayin ba su fahimci cewa jirgin jirgin ruwan sojojin ruwa ne na Amurka ba har sai da aka aika wani jami’i da wasu ’yan maza da suka shiga, inda suka sauke tutar Amurka suka daga tutar Brazil Sa’ad da jami’in ya isa Martha, kyaftin ɗin ya musanta cewa ba shi da wata takarda, don haka aka aika da jirgin ruwa a bayan teburin, wanda har yanzu yana iyo, kuma an gano duk wata shaida. Bayan haka, mai cinikin bayi ya yarda da Davis cewa shi ɗan ƙasar Amurka ne kuma jirgin nasa na da kayan sawa don yin baƙar fata An gano wani bene mai ɓoye da farina mai yawa da wake, sama da cokali 400 na katako, da na'urorin ƙarfe da ake amfani da su don hana bayi. An kuma gano cewa kyaftin din Martha na jiran jigilar 'yan Afirka 1,800 lokacin da Perry ya bayyana. An aika Martha tare da ma'aikatan kyauta zuwa birnin New York inda aka yanke mata hukunci. Kyaftin ɗin bayin ya biya dala 3,000 don tserewa daga kurkuku.
Kama Nightingale na Boston Jirgin ruwan yankan ton 1,066 USS Nightingale ya fara tafiya a cikin jirgin ruwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na jirgin ruwan 'yan kasuwa na Amurka kamar Nightengale na BostonA kasar Sin, kafin kasuwanci a wannan yanki riba a cikin shekarun 1850. Daga nan ta zama sanannen jirgin bayi har sai an kama ta a St. Thomas a ranar 14 ga Janairu, 1861, ta hanyar sloop-of-war USS Saratoga Kyaftin Saratoga daga baya ya kwatanta bawan;"Tun wani lokaci ana kallon jirgin ruwa na Amurka Nightingale na Boston, Francis Bowen, master, a wannan gabar teku a karkashin zargin yana yin cinikin bayi. Sau da yawa mun shiga tare da ita kuma ko da yake an tabbatar da cewa ta kusa shiga wannan haramtacciyar fataucin ta sha shakku. Kwanaki kadan da na lura da ita a Kabenda, na shigo na shiga da ita sai aka sa na yarda cewa tana shirin karbar bayi. A karkashin wannan tunanin jirgin ya tashi ya yi nisa da nisa amma da niyyar komawa cikin dare; wanda aka yi kuma karfe 10 na dare muka dakata muka aika da jiragen ruwa guda biyu karkashin Lieut. Guthrie ya ba ta mamaki kuma an gano cewa tana da bayi 961 a cikin jirgin kuma tana tsammanin ƙari. Laftanar Guthrie ya mallake ta a matsayin kyauta kuma na umarce shi ya kai ta New York. Ita ce mai yankan ton 1,000 kuma tana da Nightingale na Boston a bayanta kuma tana tashi da launukan Amurka."An 'yantar da bayin kuma sun sauka a Monrovia a Laberiya amma kafin 160 daga cikinsu sun mutu sakamakon zazzabin Afirka a cikin Saratoga Cutar kuma ta bazu ga ma'aikatan jirgin. Kyaftin, wanda ake kira "Prince of Slavers", da abokin aikin sa na biyu na Mutanen Espanya sun tsere Nightingale yayin da aka kafa ta St. Thomas. Laftanar John J. Guthrie, wanda ya fito daga North Carolina, sa'an nan a matsayin bawa, ana zargin ya 'yantar da biyun kuma ya bar su tserewa daga shari'a. Clipper daga ƙarshe ya yi aiki a cikin Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka a matsayin kantin sayar da kayayyaki na USS Nightingale a cikin Squadron Blockading na Gulf Daga ƙarshe, an watsar da ita a cikin teku a cikin 1893, yayin da take ƙarƙashin tutar Norway Ƙarshen ayyuka Ayyukan Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka akan cinikin bayi sun ƙare a cikin 1861 tare da barkewar yakin basasa na Amurka An sake kiran jiragen ruwa na ruwa daga ko'ina cikin duniya kuma an sake tura su zuwa gamayyar Tarayyar Turai ta tashar jiragen ruwa na kudanci.
A karshen yakin basasa, cinikin bayi na Afirka a Tekun Atlantika ya kara raguwa, duk da cewa cinikin bayi ya ci gaba har zuwa shekarun 1900, musamman a Arewacin Afirka da Afirka ta Tsakiya Jami'an sojin ruwan Amurka da suka yi aiki a Afirka tsakanin 1820 zuwa 1861 sun karbi yakin neman zabe na "African Slave Patrol".
An kama jiragen ruwa
Afrika Squadron
Brazil Squadron
Gidan Squadron
Nassoshi Cinikayyar bayi a Afurka
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
33353 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Kwallon%20Kafa%20ta%20Mata%20ta%20Cape%20Verde | Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Cape Verde | Kungiyar kwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Cape Verde, wannan kungiya tana wakiltar Cape Verde a wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasa da ƙasa kuma hukumar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Cape Verde ce ke tafiyar da ita Tarihi
Gabatarwa A cikin shekarar 1985, kusan babu wata ƙasa a duniya da ke da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata, ciki har da Cape Verde waɗanda har yanzu ba su buga wasan da FIFA ta amince da su ba. Tawagar kasa daga Cape Verde ba ta wakilci kasar a manyan gasanni na yanki da na kasa da kasa ba. Wannan ya hada da Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Mata, Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta Afirka na shekarar 2010 a lokacin zagayen farko., da shekarar 2011 All Africa Games. A watan Maris na shekarar 2012, FIFA ba ta da matsayi a duniya.
Fage da ci gaba Kwallon kafa na mata a Afirka gabaɗaya na fuskantar ƙalubale da dama, waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙarancin damar samun ilimi, talauci a tsakanin mata a cikin al'umma, da kuma rashin daidaito da ake samu a cikin al'umma wanda lokaci-lokaci ke ba da damar cin zarafin mata na musamman. Haka kuma, idan aka bunkasa ’yan wasa mata masu nagarta a Afirka, da yawa suna barin kasashensu don neman karin damar buga kwallo a wurare kamar Arewacin Turai ko Amurka. Ba da tallafi ga ƙwallon ƙafar mata a Afirka shi ma batu ne: Mafi yawan kuɗin da ake bayarwa na ƙwallon ƙafa na mata da na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata na zuwa ne daga FIFA, ba ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ba. Ci gaban wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a matakin ƙasa a Cape Verde yana da cikas da abubuwa da yawa, waɗanda suka haɗa da ma'anar mace a cikin gida waɗanda ke hana shiga cikin wasanni, rashin isasshen horo, ƙarancin ruhi a wasanni da lokacin horo. Hakanan akwai rashin samun ƴan wasa, tare da kuma ƙimar shiga ya haura kusan 350 a cikin ƴan shekarun baya zuwa kusan 200 na yanzu. Rashin damar ci gaba da wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin ƙasar kuma yana hana ci gaba da shiga cikin wasanni. Cape Verde's FIFA trigramme shi ne CPV. Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Cape Verdean an kafa ta ne a cikin 1982 kuma ta kasance mai alaƙa da FIFA a 1986. Tsakanin 1990 zuwa 2010, babu wani jami'in kula da kwallon kafa daga kasar da ya halarci kwasa-kwasan gudu na FIFA da suka shafi kwallon kafa kawai na mata ko da yake wasu sun halarci kwasa-kwasan wasan kwallon kafa na maza da mata. An gina gine-gine don tallafawa ƙwallon ƙafa ga kowa da kowa a cikin 2001 lokacin da aka sami karuwar sha'awar wasanni daga 'yan wasan mata da matasa. A shekara ta 2004, an gudanar da horar da alkalan wasan kwallon kafa na kasa, inda shida daga cikin ashirin da shida da suka yi rajista mata ne, inda ake sa ran matan za su yi alkalanci tsakanin maza da mata. Hakanan a waccan shekarar, an yi ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar gasa ta futsal ta mata a Sao Vicente. lha do Fogo tana da gasar futsal ta mata a 2005 wanda ya hada da kungiyoyi shida. A watan Yulin 2011 a tsibirin St. Nicholas, an gudanar da gasar cin kofin kwallon kafa ta mata ta farko a kasar inda aka bai wa EPIF da Praia kambin gasar yayin da Ajax de São Nicolau ta zo ta biyu. Gasar ta ƙasa tana da ƙungiyoyi shida a farkon lokacinta da suka haɗa da EPIF de São Vicente, Ajax de São Nicolau, EPIF da Praia, Académica do Sal, Académica da Boa Vista e Lém. Kungiyar ta kasa ce ta dauki nauyin kudin gasar. An yi ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar gasar ta 2008. A cikin 2011, FIFA da Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Cape Verde sun dauki nauyin kula da asibitin horar da mata a kasar. James Doyen Faransa daga Portugal da Francisco Baptista Asselan Khan na Mozambique ne suka gudanar da horon. An gudanar da horaswar ne don taimakawa wajen nuna kwazon hukumar kwallon kafar mata. A shekara ta 2011, an gudanar da gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata a San Vicente. Ƙungiyar Watsa Labarai ta Afirka ce ta saye haƙƙoƙin watsa gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata na 2011 a ƙasar. Wasu 'yan wasan kwallon kafa mata na Cape Verdan sun ci gaba da buga wasa a kungiyoyin kasa da kasa a wurare irin su Canary Islands tare da wasu daga cikin 'yan wasan farko da suka shiga kungiyoyi a shekara ta 2001. Sauran 'yan wasan kwallon kafa sun taka leda a kasashen waje tun daga shekara ta 2004 a Netherlands, Spain da Luxembourg.
Hoton kungiya
Laƙabi An san kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Cape Verde ko kuma aka yi mata lakabi da Filin wasa na gida Tawagar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Cape Verde na buga wasanninta na gida. Sakamako da gyare-gyare Mai zuwa shine jerin sakamakon wasa a cikin watanni 12 da suka gabata, da kuma duk wasu wasannin gaba da aka tsara.
Ana nuna sashe na sakamako a cikin baka.
labari
Rikodin kowane lokaci Key
Ma'aikatan koyarwa
Ma'aikatan horarwa na yanzu
Tarihin gudanarwa Luana Siqueira (20??-yanzu)
'Yan wasa
Kiran baya-bayan nan An gayyaci 'yan wasa masu zuwa zuwa tawagar Cape Verde a cikin watanni 12 da suka gabata.
Rubuce-rubuce 'Yan wasa masu aiki a cikin ƙarfin hali, ƙididdiga daidai kamar na 8 Satumba 2021.
Most appearances
Top goalscorers
Rikodin gasa
Gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA
Wasannin Olympics
Gasar Cin Kofin Mata na Afirka *Jana'izar sun hada da wasan knockout da aka yanke akan bugun fanareti Wasannin Afirka
Rikodin gasar cin kofin mata na WAFU
Girmamawa
Nahiyar
Yanki
Duba kuma Tawagar ƙwallon ƙafa ta maza ta Cape Verde
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |