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52683 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakol | Pakol | Pakol (Khowar: Shina: Pashto: mai laushi ne, mai laushi, mai launi, mai lauri, wanda aka saba sawa a Afghanistan da Pakistan. Yawanci ana yin sa ne da ulu kuma ana samun sa a cikin launuka daban-daban, kamar launin ruwan kasa, baƙar fata, launin toka, hauren giwa, ko ja ta amfani da walnut. An yi imanin cewa Pakol ya samo asali ne a Chitral, ko Gilgit-Baltistan a Pakistan.
Bayyanawa Ana sanya pakol kamar beret: mai sa zai iya daidaitawa da daidaita girman don dacewa da yanayi, yanayi da girma kuma ana iya amfani dashi don ayyuka da yawa idan an buƙata. Pakol kanta tana da amfani sosai kuma tana da dadi. Yana da kyau musamman ga yanayin sanyi. Maza suna sa pakol duk shekara a yanayin sanyi, saboda hat ɗin yana aiki da kyau don kariya daga sanyi, iska, da rana. Saboda kyawawan ulu na halitta da aka yi amfani da shi don yin pakol, kai ba ya gumi, ko daskarewa, komai abin da yanayin yake. Abubuwan suna da hygroscopic, duk da haka hular ba ta jin rigar a yanayin ruwan sama, kuma ba ta bushe. Wannan ya sa ya zama tufafi masu kyau ga Pakistan da Afghanistan.
Yana da murfin ulu na hannu, wanda aka kafa tare da shimfiɗa, mai zagaye, wanda aka kewaye shi da ƙananan ƙuƙwalwa. Yawancin lokaci fari ne, launin toka, ko launuka daban-daban na launin ruwan kasa. Tsarin ƙirar ƙwallo yana ba da damar ja shi ƙasa don rufe kunnuwa da wuyansa a yanayin sanyi da mirgina shi don yanayin zafi. Akwai hanyoyi da yawa na yin ado da tufafi, wani lokacin yawanci sanya furanni ko gashin tsuntsaye a cikin hular, musamman don lokutan biki. Kayan da aka haɗa a kusa da tushe yana ba da daidaitawa da sassauci na amfani. Ta hanyar karfafawa ko sassauta igiyar, mai sa shi yana iya riƙe hular kamar yadda ake buƙata.
Asalin da tarihi Pakol ya samo asali ne a Chitral, ko kuma daidai a Gilgit, Astore da yankunan da ke kewaye da Gilgit-Baltistan a Pakistan. Gidan ulu ya kasance babban kayan ado na mutanen Shina da mutanen Kho (wanda aka fi sani da Chitralis), na ƙarni da yawa. Har ila yau, al'ummomin Afghanistan da yawa kamar su Pashtuns, Tajiks da Nuristanis sun karbe shi kwanan nan. An karbe shi da farko a tsakanin Pashtuns na Pakistan a matsayin maye gurbin babban turban, musamman a cikin manyan biranen, kamar misali a Peshawar, saboda 'yan kasuwa na ƙauye, waɗanda kuma ke da alhakin yada shahararren Chitrali ko pakol, da farko suna fadada kasuwancin su, daga ƙarshe sun mamaye babban yanki na tsohon birnin Peshawar. Sai kawai a cikin kabilun da ke kan iyakar Afghanistan turban na gargajiya na Pashtun har yanzu yana da mashahuri. Koyaya, hotuna daga Peshawar daga ba da daɗewa ba, har yanzu suna nuna birni da turbans suka mamaye maimakon maza da ke rufe kawunansu da pakol.
Kwanan nan, an kuma gabatar da shi a cikin kwarin Kashmir ta hanyar baƙi na yanayi na kabilun Shins da suka fito daga yankunan Gurez da Tuleil a arewacin gundumar Bandipore ta Kashmir. A yau pakol da mutane na kowane matsayi na zamantakewa da asali daga Pakistan da Afghanistan ke sawa, da kuma a wasu sassan Indiya, kamar a Jammu da Kashmir da Delhi.
Kausia da ƙin haɗin Makidoniya Wasu marubutan sun kwatanta wannan kayan ado na musamman da kausia da mutanen Makidoniya na dā suka sa. Daga nan sai ya zama mai jaraba ga wasu marubuta su haɗa pakol da kamfen ɗin Indiya na Alexander the Great a ƙarshen ƙarni na huɗu BC. An kuma haɗa pakol da masarautun Girka-Bactrian da Indo-Girkanci na ƙarni masu zuwa. Koyaya, pakol ba shi da alaƙa ta tarihi tare da kausia. Dangane da wani kuskuren imani game da wurin asalinsa kai tsaye, pakol yana da tarihin kwanan nan a Lardin Nuristan, inda ake sawa a ko'ina a yau, yana dawowa ba da tsufa fiye da ƙarshen karni na sha tara, amma wannan kayan kwalliya ma ƙarami ne a cikin Gundumar Chitral da ke makwabtaka.
Asalin kai tsaye na pakol an sanya shi a cikin iyakar arewacin Pakistan ta zamani, a cikin Gilgit-Baltistan na yanzu, kuma yana cikin sararin samaniya mai zurfi na irin wannan siffar da aka sa a kan iyakar kasar Sin Turkestani Indiya. An sa murfin mai sauƙi tare da rolled-rim a duk yankin, daga inda ya bazu zuwa yamma, zuwa yankin Chitral inda aka sa shi sosai a ƙarshen 1920s. A bayyane yake a wani lokaci mutanen Chitral da yankunan da ke kusa da su sun fara haɗawa da ƙarin kayan zagaye don samar da kambi mai laushi. Wannan karkatarwa ta zamani ba fasalin da sojojin Alexander zasu iya ɗauka a ƙarshen ƙarni na huɗu KZ ba.
Asalin, ganowa da takardu a Gilgit da Chitral Bambancin zamani na pakol ya samo asali ne daga Chitral. Har ila yau, an san hat din da khapol, wanda aka samo daga kalmar kapaal wanda ke nufin kai a cikin harshen Khowar. Babban tushen samarwa shine Chitral a Pakistan. An ambaci Pakol a cikin littafin Donatus O'Briens na 1895 a kan harshen Chitral, inda yake kwatanta tufafin kabilanci na mutanen Kho ya ce:
"Kayan da yawancin maza ke sawa ya kunshi baƙar fata, launin ruwan kasa ko launin toka da aka yi a cikin siffar jaka kuma an mirgine shi har sai ya dace da kwanyar. Daga baya a cikin 1896 George Scott Robertson ya bayyana "Chitrali Cap".
John Biddulph a cikin kabilun Hindoo Koosh (1880), ya yi magana game da "kashin gashi mai laushi" kuma ya danganta shi ga mutanen Shina na Gilgit, Astore da yankunan da ke kewaye da shi a arewacin Pakistan na yanzu. Biddulph ya kuma ce a wasu sassan yammacin arewacin Pakistan na zamani, kamar Wakhan, Chitral da Sarikol, mutane sun kasance suna sa ƙananan turbans.
"A Chitral, Wakhan da Sirikol maza suna sanye da ƙananan turbans. A cikin Gilgit, Astor, da kuma mafi yawan Yaghestan ana amfani da murfin ulu da Mista Drew ya ambata. A cikin rukunin Shin mata marasa aure ana rarrabe su da fararen murfi, wanda matan Shin masu aure ba sa sawa.
Magana ta farko game da pakol don haka yana nufin iyakar arewacin Pakistan ta zamani, yayin da a lokaci guda a yankunan da suka fi kusa da yamma da kudu, gami da Chitral, mutane har yanzu sun fi son sa turban. Wannan zai nuna cewa a cikin ƙasashe har ma da yamma, har yanzu ba a san pakol ba.
Shahararren pakol ya koma yamma a ƙarshen shekarun 1920, lokacin da Georg Morgenstierne ya ziyarci gundumar Chitral kuma ya ɗauki hotunan mazauna garin suna sanye da pakol, kodayake hotunan suna nuna cewa pakol ba shi da kambi mai laushi na zamani na Chitrali kuma ya fi kama da nau'in pakol har yanzu ana sawa a Hunza, wanda zai iya wakiltar "asalin" nau'in Pakol.
Yakin Kafiristan da tallafin da Nuristanis suka yi Pakol wani sabon abu ne na baya-bayan nan a lardin Nuristan, ana gabatar da shi daga makwabciyar Chitral a wani lokaci a ƙarshen karni na sha tara. Dangane da rubuce-rubuce na farko, mazaunan Kafiristan, Nuristanis, sun tafi ba tare da wani kayan kwalliya ba. Har ila yau, suna amfani da aske kawunansu, suna barin ƙaramin yanki a kan kambi inda aka bar gashi ya girma, yana rataye sau da yawa har zuwa kugu.
A farkon tushen pakol a Nuristan ta George Scott Robertson, yana nufin pakol a matsayin hular Chitrali kuma ya bayyana cewa an sanya ta ne kawai a cikin kwarin Bashgul, kwarin gabas na Kafiristan mai iyaka da Chitral, kuma an samu hular daga Chitral. a gabas ta hanyar ciniki. Sabili da haka, an nuna a ɗan gajeren gabatarwar zuwa Afghanistan, musamman ga Nuristan na pakol. Wannan batu dai ya tabbata ne da gyalen da mutanen da aka zana a cikin manya-manyan sassaken katako da aka fi sani da gandauw s, wanda Kafirai suka shahara da shi, wanda duk ya samo asali ne tun kafin Afganistan ta mamaye Kafiristan a karshen shekarun 1890, inda aka nuna mutanen sanye da su. rawani. Bugu da ƙari, tsofaffi da matasa sun fara a cikin Kalash, yanzu suna zaune a kan iyaka a Pakistan, kuma a al'adance suna sanye da rawani, yayin da duk sauran ke sanye da pakol.
Pakols dole ne ya bazu cikin sauri tsakanin mazauna yankin, yanzu an sake masa suna Nuristanis, bayan kuma a wani bangare sakamakon nasarar da Abdul Rahman Khan na Afghanistan ya yi wa Kafiristan. Bude kwarin don kara hulɗa da kasuwanci, da kuma juyowa ga jama'a zuwa Islama, ya sa mazauna su watsar da salon gashin kansu na baya kuma su rufe kawunansu da hat. Amincewa da takamaiman kayan tufafi don nuna sabon ainihi, musamman na addini, an kafa shi sosai a tarihi.
Shahararren farko a Afghanistan A cikin shekarun 1980s, pakol ya sami karbuwa a manyan sassan Afghanistan a matsayin wanda aka fi so a sanya kayan ado na Mujahideen, wanda ya yi yaƙi da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Afghanistan da magoya bayansu na Soviet. Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da ke sanye da pakol shine shugaban soja na kwarin Panjshir Ahmad Shah Massoud A cikin waɗannan shekarun, mutane daga ko'ina cikin Afghanistan, amma musamman daga cikin mutanen Tajik na Panjshir, waɗanda ke zaune a yankin da ke kan iyaka da Nuristan, sun sa pakol don nuna adawarsu ga gwamnati.
A shekara ta 1992 Mujahideen sun mallaki babban birnin Kabul, kuma tun lokacin da Tajiks daga arewa maso gabashin kasar suka taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa sabuwar gwamnatin Jihar Musulunci ta Afghanistan, pakol din su ya zama babban abin hawa na babban birnin Afghanistan. Koyaya, yakin basasa tsakanin jam'iyyun Mujahideen daban-daban ya ci gaba tare da sabon bayyanar Taliban, waɗanda galibi Pashtuns ne daga kudancin ƙasar kuma suna adawa da pakol da ke sanye da Mujahideens daga arewa maso gabas. Taliban sun kasance suna sa turbans, kayan gargajiya na Pashtun, wanda ya fi dacewa da nau'ikan duhu na Kandahar, yayin da abokan adawar su suka ci gaba da sanya pakol.Lokacin da Taliban suka mallaki Kabul a watan Satumbar 1996, pakol ya ɓace daga tituna, sai kawai ya dawo lokacin da a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2001, Northern Alliance tare da taimakon sojojin Amurka suka sami nasarar kawar da Taliban. A wannan lokacin pakol ya sake samun shahara, yayin da Pashtuns daga kudu da kudu maso gabashin kasar, wadanda suka kasance tushen kungiyar Taliban, har yanzu sun fi son sanya turban.
Shahararren farko a Indiya Mutanen Shina na arewacin Jammu da kwarin Gurez na Kashmir (ciki har da Tulail) sun sa pakol a al'ada a Indiya. An kuma sa Pakol a cikin kwarin Kashmir a wasu lokuta na tsawon shekaru, inda 'yan gudun hijira na Shins Dards, daga Gurez suka gabatar da shi. Wani marubuci tare da jaridar da ke cikin kwarin, ya ce game da murfin cewa ya zama sananne a cikin shekarun 1950 bayan Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad, Babban Ministan Jammu da Kashmir ya yi wasa. Pakol ya zama sananne a wasu sassan Indiya, kamar a Delhi, 'yan Afghanistan da ke zaune a Indiya suna sayar da shi. Har ila yau, ya sami karbuwa a yankunan da Musulmai suka fi yawa a arewacin Indiya, musamman yankunan da ke kusa da wuraren ibada inda bambancin da aka karkatar ya fi shahara.
Nau'o'in pakol daban-daban A cikin Pakistan da Afghanistan, akwai nau'ikan pakol daban-daban da kabilun da yankuna daban-daban ke sawa. Wadannan bambance-bambance sun kasance a cikin siffofi da salo, kuma wani lokacin na musamman ne ga wani yanki ko kabilanci.
Pakol na gargajiya Hat din pakol na gargajiya yana da taushi, hat din ulu wanda yake kwance, kuma ana mirgine rims a cikin tufafin kai don a sa. An yi shi da ulu kuma ya zo da launuka daban-daban, yawanci launuka na ƙasa na halitta sune mafi yawanci ake sawa. An fi sawa a lardin Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Gilgit-Baltistan, Afghanistan kuma kwanan nan a kwarin Kashmir.
Chitrali pakol Chitrali pakol ne ke sa da Chitral Scouts na Arewacin Pakistan. Yana da fari, yana da alamar alama, kuma yana da gashin tsuntsu. An dauke shi alamar mutunci da girmamawa tsakanin al'ummar Chitrali kuma yawanci suna gabatar da shi ga sanannun baƙi. Wannan salon pakol na musamman ne ga yankin. Gimbiya Diana, Kate Middleton da Yarima William sun sa shi yayin ziyarar da suka kai Pakistan.
Pakol mai laushi Twisted pakol wani bambanci ne na pakol; yana da yadudduka biyu kuma rims suna karkatarwa. An yi shi da ulu mai tsabta kuma ya zo da launuka da girma daban-daban. Twisted pakol ya zama ruwan dare a Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Afghanistan da Kashmir. Yana da nauyi kuma ana iya daidaita shi da sauƙi fiye da na gargajiya.
Waziristan Pakistan An sa shi a Waziristan, yankunan kabilanci na Pakistan, irin wannan pakol yawanci kuma kusan na musamman ne Pashtuns na Waziristan kamar Mahsud, Dawar, da Wazir. Babban bambanci tsakanin Waziristan pakol, da pakol na yau da kullun, shine cewa ya fi girma a girmansa, kuma gefuna suna da tuddai masu lankwasawa. Yana da banbanci ga yankunan Waziristan kuma an yi shi da ulu mai tsabta, yana samuwa a launuka daban-daban, kamar pakol na gargajiya. Har ila yau, kabilun Kin Pashtun ne ke sawa a fadin iyaka a Afghanistan a lardunan Paktia da Khost; yawanci ana yin musu ado da furanni, Ba kamar Chitralis waɗanda ke yin ado da gashin tsuntsaye ba. An dauke shi tufafin maza na yau da kullun.
Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
6633 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses%20Simon | Moses Simon | Moses Daddy-Ajala Simon (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Yuli, shekara ta alif ɗari tara da casa'in da biyar 1995A.c) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar Nantes ta Ligue 1 da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya.
Aikin kulob
Farkon aiki An haife shi a Jos, mahaifinsa yayi aikin sojan Najeriya kafin ya yi ritaya. Simon ya fito ne daga fitacciyar makarantar GBS Academy, makarantar horar da kwallon kafa a Najeriya wacce ta samar da irin su Ahmed Musa. An danganta shi da kulob din Premier League na Najeriya Kaduna United, saboda kwararrun ƙungiyoyi da yawa a duniya suma sun yi sha'awar siyan shi. A ranar 10 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2013, an sanar da cewa Simon ya rattaba hannu a kan wata yarjejeniya ta riga-kafi tare da kulob din AFC Ajax na Holland don shiga cikin horo na pre-season, wanda a baya an danganta shi da Liverpool FC da Tottenham Hotspur. Ya fara bayyanarsa na farko a Ajax a ranar 13 ga watan Yuli shekarar 2013 a wasan sada zumunta na pre-season da De Graafschap, ya zo a matsayin dan wasa mai maye gurbin wani kuma ya zira kwallaye na uku da na karshe a cikin minti na 64th na wasan, a cikin nasara 3-0. Ya kara bayyanar/fitowa a ranar 17 ga watan Yuli, inda ya buga wa kungiyar ajiya ta Jong Ajax a wasan sada zumunta na share fage da Voorschoten '97, inda ya ci kwallo ta biyu a wasan da suka ci 5-0 a gida. A ranar 25 ga watan Yuli, shekara ta 2013, an sanar da cewa Ajax ba za ta sanya hannu kan matashin dan Najeriya ba, daga karshe ta yi watsi da shi daga jerin sunayen 'yan wasan na pre-season. Bayan sanarwar an fara tattaunawa tare da AS Trenčín; Ajax kulob din abokin tarayya a Slovakia, wanda tsohon dan wasan Ajax Tschen La Ling ya mallaka.
AS Trenčín A ranar 13 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2014, Simon ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku a kungiyar Slovak AS Trenčín. Zai haɗu da ɗan ƙasarsa Kingsley Madu. Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar liga a kunnen doki 1-1 da MFK Košice wanda ya fara daga hannun dama tare da Gino van Kessel wanda ya kasance aro daga Ajax. Ya buga wasansa na farko a duniya a lokacin kamfen na Trenčín's 2014–15 UEFA Europa League, lokacin da aka gabatar da shi a zagaye na biyu na farko na gasar, a wasan gida da Vojvodina Novi Sad daga Serbia (wanda aka buga a filin wasa a Dubnica, Slovakia). Simon ya zura kwallaye uku a wasansa na farko a wasan da suka ci 4-0 a gida. AS Trenčín daga karshe za ta yi waje da ita a zagaye na gaba, inda ta yi canjaras a gida, kuma ta doke Hull City da ci 2-1. A cikin watan Oktoba shekarar 2014 wasanni na ESPN sun shirya rahoton bincike kan Moses Simon kuma rahoton ya danganta winger tare da komawa Liverpool, Tottenham Hotspur, Hull City tare da yiwuwar komawa Ajax. Lamarin ya samo asali ne zuwa yakin neman zabe tsakanin kulob din Dutch SC Heerenveen da KAA Gent, tare da kwangilar tabbatar da winger na tsawon shekaru uku.
Gent A ranar 6 ga watan Janairu, shekarar 2015, an sanar da cewa KAA Gent ta rattaba hannu kan Moses Simon kan kwantiragin shekaru uku. Ya buga wasansa na farko a Gent a ranar 17 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2015 a cikin nasara da ci 3–1 da Royal Mouscron-Péruwelz a wasan gasar. bayyanarsa ta biyu ta faru bayan kwanaki hudu a cikin gida 1-0 da Sporting Lokeren a gasar cin kofin Belgium, inda aka kori Simon a dakika 30 bayan ya shiga filin. A wasansa na uku na gasar, kuma da Sporting Lokeren, Simon ya zura kwallo a raga bayan da aka ba shi kyautar dan wasan mako na Belgium. Nan da nan ya zama babban dan wasa a tsarin kocin Hein Vanhaezebrouck kuma ya taimaka wa Gent lashe gasar cin kofin kasa ta farko a watan Mayu shekarar 2015. Watanni biyu bayan haka, Simon ya taimaka wa Laurent Depoitre ya ci nasara a raga a gasar cin kofin Belgium na shekarar 2015 da kungiyar ta lashe kofin Club Brugge.
Levante A ranar 6 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2018, Simon ya koma kungiyar Levante ta La Liga a kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar. A watan Maris na shekarar dubu 2019 ya ce ya yi farin ciki da taka leda a kungiyar.
Nantes A ranar 15 ga watan Agusta shekarar dubu 2019, an ba da Simon aron zuwa kulob din Ligue 1 FC Nantes. A karshen kakar wasa ta bana, Nantes ya jawo zabin siye a lamunin Simon. Ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu da kungiyar. Simon ya kasance muhimmin bangare na kungiyar Nantes tsawon lokacin da ya ke can, inda ya ci wa PSG nasara a karshen kakar wasa ta shekarar 2020 zuwa 2021 yayin da Nantes ta tsallake rijiya da baya. A kakar wasa ta shekarar 2021 zuwa 2022 duk da haka, Nantes ta kasance mafi kyawu, kuma Simon a kololuwar sa, ya zura kwallo a minti na 90 da ci RC Lens da ci 3-2, kuma ya taimaka a wasan Nantes da suka firgita da ci 3-1 a kan PSG.
Ayyukan kasa da kasa Simon ya samu kiran farko da kociyan Najeriya Daniel Amokachi ya yi a watan Maris din shekarar 2015 kuma ya fara buga wasan ne a ranar 25 ga watan a wasan sada zumunta da Uganda, inda ya maye gurbin Anthony Ujah bayan mintuna 59 a wasan. Simon ne ya ci wa Najeriya kwallonsa ta farko a wasan sada zumunta da suka yi da Nijar a ranar 8 ga watan Satumban shekarar 2015, ta biyu kuma da ci 2-0. Najeriya ce ta zabe shi a cikin 'yan wasa 35 na wucin gadi a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 2016. A watan Mayun shekarar 2018, an saka shi cikin jerin 'yan wasa 30 na farko da Najeriya za ta buga a gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar 2018 a Rasha Duk da haka, bai shiga 23 na karshe ba saboda rauni. An saka shi cikin tawagar 'yan wasa 23 da kasar za ta wakilci kasar a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka ta shekarar 2019 Kididdigar sana'a
Kulob
Ƙasashen Duniya
Manufar kasa da kasa Kamar yadda wasan ya buga 15 Janairu 2022. Ciki Najeriya ta farko, ginshiƙin maki ya nuna maki bayan kowace ƙwallon Simon.
Girmamawa Gent
Belgian Pro League 2014–15
Belgium Super Cup 2015
Nantes
Kofin Faransa 2021-22
Manazarta 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijeriya
Rayayyun |
33475 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Kwallon%20Kafa%20ta%20Mata%20ta%20Madagaska | Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Madagaska | Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Madagascar, ita ce wadda hukumar FIFA ta amince da ita, wato babbar kungiyar mata ta Madagascar. Kungiyar ta buga wasanninta na farko na FIFA a shekarar 2015. Ci gaban tawagar 'yan wasan kasar yana da matsala saboda batutuwan da aka samu a nahiyar da kuma tsibirin, musamman rashin farin jinin mata a matsayin wasanni a Madagascar.
Tarihi A cikin shekarar 1985, kusan babu wata ƙasa a duniya da ke da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata, ciki har da Madagascar, waɗanda ba su buga wasa ko ɗaya da FIFA ta hukunta ba tsakanin shekarar 1950 da watan Yunin shekarar 2012. A shekara ta 2005, Zambiya ta kamata ta karbi bakuncin gasar COSAFA ta mata na yanki, tare da kungiyoyi goma sun amince da aika tawagogi ciki har da Afirka ta Kudu, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Malawi, Seychelles, Mauritius, Madagascar, Zambia, Botswana, Namibia, Lesotho da Swaziland Madagaskar ba ta samu sakamako ba daga wannan gasar. A cikin shekarar 2006, akwai wata babbar ƙungiyar FIFA da aka sani da ta sami horo biyu a mako ko da yake ba su buga wasa ko ɗaya ba tsakanin shekarar 2000 da shekarar 2006. Hukumar FIFA ta amince da babbar kungiyar ta kasance a cikin shekarar 2009. A shekarar 2010, kasar ba ta da wata kungiya da za ta fafata a gasar cin kofin kwallon kafar mata ta Afirka a lokacin wasannin share fage. Kasar dai ba ta da tawagar da za ta fafata a gasar ta Afirka ta shekarar 2011. A watan Yunin shekarar 2012, FIFA ba ta sanya ƙungiyar a matsayi na duniya ba.
Fage da ci gaba Farkon cigaban wasan mata a lokacin da turawan mulkin mallaka suka kawo wasan kwallon kafa a nahiyar ya takaita ne yayin da masu mulkin mallaka a yankin suka himmatu wajen daukar ra'ayi na ubangida da shigar mata cikin wasanni tare da su zuwa ga al'adun gida wadanda suke da irin wannan tunani da aka riga aka sanya a cikinsu. Rashin ci gaban tawagar 'yan wasan kasar daga baya a matakin kasa da kasa na alamomin dukkan kungiyoyin Afirka ya samo asali ne sakamakon dalilai da dama, ciki har da karancin damar samun ilimi, talauci tsakanin mata a cikin al'umma, da rashin daidaito a tsakanin al'umma da ke ba da damar lokaci-lokaci. ga takamaiman mata na take hakkin ɗan adam. Lokacin da aka haɓaka ƙwararrun ƴan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa mata, sun kan tafi don samun damammaki a ƙasashen waje. Nahiyar gabaɗaya, ba da kuɗi kuma batu ne, tare da mafi yawan kuɗin ci gaban da ke zuwa daga FIFA, ba ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ba. Nan gaba, nasarar wasan kwallon kafa na mata a Afirka ya dogara ne da ingantattun kayan aiki da samun damar mata zuwa wadannan wuraren. Kokarin tallata wasan da kuma sanya shi yin kasuwanci ba shine mafita ba, kamar yadda ake nunawa a halin yanzu da damammakin kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na matasa da na mata da ake gudanarwa a fadin nahiyar. An kafa Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Malagasy a cikin shekarar 1961 kuma ta zama alaƙar FIFA a cikin shekarar 1964. Ana buƙatar ƙwallon ƙafa na mata a kan hukumar ta babban umarni duk da cewa ƙungiyar ba ta yin aiki na cikakken lokaci don kula da ƙwallon ƙafa na mata. Wasan kwallon kafa ya kasance matsayi na takwas a fagen wasanni na mata a kasar, bayan wasan kwallon kwando, wanda ya fi shahara. Shahararriyar kungiyar rugby a matsayin wasannin shiga mace kuma yana kalubalantar kwallon kafa. A babban birnin kasar, akwai kungiyoyin kulab din kungiyar rugby na mata guda goma. Wannan yana kawar da ƙwararrun ƴan wasa daga ƙwallon ƙafa. An shirya shirin wasan kwallon kafa na mata a kasar a shekarar 2000. A shekara ta shekarar 2006, akwai ’yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa mata 1,065 da suka yi rajista, manyan ’yan wasa 340 da ’yan wasa matasa 725. Wannan karuwa ne daga shekara ta shekarar 2000 lokacin da akwai 'yan wasa mata 800 da suka yi rajista, kuma jimillar 'yan wasa 210 da suka yi rajista a shekarar 2002. A shekarar 2006, akwai kungiyoyin kwallon kafa mata 91 a kasar. Kwallon kafa na mata yana samun farin jini a ƙarshen 2000s. A shekarar 2009, jimillar kungiyoyin mata sun kasance manyan kungiyoyi 22 da kungiyoyin matasa 38. Mata ne ke buga Futsal a ƙasar, tare da ’yan wasan futsal mata 80 da ba su yi rajista ba a 2006. A cikin shekarar 2015 da 2016 kungiyar ta buga wasanni da dama, inda hudu daga cikinsu FIFA ta amince da su. Biyu daga cikin wadanda aka doke Comoros da ci 4-0. Sauran wasannin sun kasance a cikin wasannin tekun Indiya.
Ƙungiyoyin matasa na ƙasa
U20 tawagar Tawagar mata ta Madagascar ta kasa da kasa da shekaru 20 ya kamata ta halarci gasar cin kofin mata ta Afirka ta mata 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 a shekarar 2006, inda aka bude gasar da Senegal amma kungiyar ta fice daga gasar. Duk da haka, kungiyar ta buga wasanni uku a shekarar 2005. A cikin shekarar 2006, ƙungiyar ta sami horo biyu a mako. A cikin shekarar 2009, ƙungiyar har yanzu tana da ƙimar FIFA. Sun fafata ne a gasar cin kofin duniya na mata 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 a shekarar 2010. A wasan farko dai sun sha kashi a hannun Reunion da ci 1-3. A karawa ta biyu kuma an yi rashin nasara da ci 1-4.
Ma'aikatan koyarwa
Ma'aikatan horarwa na yanzu
Tarihin gudanarwa
'Yan wasa
Tawagar ta yanzu An sanya sunayen 'yan wasa masu zuwa akan xx xx 2022 don gasar xxx.
Maƙasudi da makasudi daidai har zuwa 1 ga Janairu 2022.
Kiran baya-bayan nan An gayyaci 'yan wasan da ke zuwa cikin tawagar a cikin watanni 12 da suka gabata.
Rubutun mutum ɗaya 'Yan wasa masu aiki a cikin m, ƙididdiga daidai kamar na 1 ga watan Janairu Na shekarar 2022.
Most capped players
Top goalscorers
Rikodin gasa
Gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA
Wasannin Olympics *Jana'izar sun hada da wasan knockout da aka yanke akan bugun fanareti Gasar Cin Kofin Mata na Afirka
Wasannin Afirka
Yanki
Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta COSAFA *Jana'izar sun hada da wasan knockout da aka yanke akan bugun fanareti Girmamawa Kwallon kafa a Wasannin Tsibirin Tekun Indiya Wanda ya yi nasara a shekarar 2015
Duba kuma Wasanni a Madagascar
Kwallon kafa a Madagascar
Wasan kwallon kafa na mata a Madagascar
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Malagasy Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
49033 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFA%20franc%20Yammacin%20Afirka | CFA franc Yammacin Afirka | CFA franc na yammacin Afirka Faransanci franc CFA ko kuma kawai franc, ISO 4217 code: XOF gajarta: F.CFA ita ce kudin da kasashe takwas masu zaman kansu ke amfani da shi a yammacin Afirka wadanda suka hada da Tarayyar Tattalin Arziki da Kudi na Yammacin Afirka (UEMOA; Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Nijar, Senegal da Togo Waɗannan ƙasashe takwas suna da jimillar yawan jama'a 105.7 mutane miliyan a cikin 2014, da kuma jimlar GDP na dalar Amurka 128.6 biliyan (kamar na 2018).
Farkon CFA yana nufin ("Ƙungiyar Kuɗi na Afirka"). Babban bankin kasashen yammacin Afirka ne ke fitar da kudin (BCEAO; wanda yake a Dakar, Senegal, don membobin UEMOA. Ana rarraba franc ɗin zuwa santimita 100 amma ba a taɓa fitar da tsabar kuɗi ko takardun banki da aka ƙididdige su ba. An gudanar da samar da bayanan kuɗi na CFA franc da tsabar kudi a Chamalières ta Bankin Faransa tun lokacin da aka ƙirƙira shi a cikin 1945.
Kudin CFA na Afirka ta Tsakiya yana daidai da darajar CFA ta Afirka ta Yamma, kuma yana yawo a wasu jihohin tsakiyar Afirka. Dukansu ana kiransu da sunan CFA franc A watan Disambar 2019 ne aka sanar da cewa, za a sake fasalin kudin CFA na yammacin Afirka, wanda zai hada da canza masa suna da eco da rage rawar da Faransa ke takawa a cikin kudin. Kungiyar bunkasa tattalin arzikin kasashen yammacin Afrika (ECOWAS) wacce mambobin kungiyar UEMOA suma mambobi ne, na shirin bullo da nata kudin bai daya ga kasashe mambobinta nan da shekarar 2027, wanda kuma suka amince da sunan eco a hukumance.
Tarihi An gabatar da kudin CFA ga ƙasashen da Faransa ta yi wa mulkin mallaka a Afirka ta Yamma a shekara ta 1945, wanda ya maye gurbin faransa na yammacin Afirka Kasashen yammacin Afirka da suke amfani da kudin CFA sun hada da Ivory Coast, Dahomey, Sudan ta Faransa, Mauritania, Nijar, Sénegal, Togo da Upper Volta An ci gaba da amfani da kudin ne a lokacin da wadannan kasashen da suka yi wa mulkin mallaka suka sami ‘yancin kai, sai dai a kasar Mali (tsohon Sudan ta Faransa), wadda ta maye gurbinsu a daidai da kudin CFA da franc din ta a shekarar 1961.
A cikin 1973, Mauritania ta maye gurbin CFA franc tare da ouguiya a farashin 1 ouguiya 5 francs. Mali ta karbo kudin CFA a shekarar 1984, a kan kudi 1 CFA franc 2 francs Malian. Tsohon mulkin mallaka na Portuguese na Guinea-Bissau ya karɓi CFA franc a cikin 1997, ya maye gurbin peso Guinea-Bissau akan ƙimar 1 CFA franc 65 pesos.
An danganta kudin zuwa Faransa Franc a F.CFA 1 F 2. daga 1948, ya zama 1 F.CFA NF 0.02 bayan gabatarwar sabon franc a 1 sabon franc 100 tsohon francs. A cikin 1994 an rage darajar kudin da rabi zuwa F.CFA 1 F 0.01. Daga 1999 tun daga lokacin an haɗa shi zuwa Yuro akan €1 F 6.55957 F.CFA 655.957
Tsabar kudi Don tsabar kuɗi da aka buga kafin faran CFA, duba Franc na yammacin Afirka
A cikin 1948, an ƙaddamar da tsabar kudi na aluminum 1 da 2 franc. An bi waɗannan a cikin 1956 ta aluminum-bronze 5, 10, da 25 francs. Duk suna ɗauke da sunan "Afrique Occidentale Française" A shekara ta 1957, an fitar da tsabar franc 10 da 25 da sunan "Togo" don amfani da su a wannan ƙasar, an fitar da waɗannan ne kawai a wannan shekarar. Daga 1959, BCEAO ta fitar da duk tsabar kudi.
Daga 1959 gaba, girman girman da abun da ke ciki na tsabar kudi ya canza kadan, duk da haka "Faransa Faransanci" kuma an cire kullun Marianne mai salo daga duk tsabar kudi, wanda aka maye gurbinsa da taken "Banque Centrale des États de l'Afrique de l'Ouest" tare da zane a kan 1, 5, 10, da 25 francs wanda ke nuna bayanan gazelle, wanda aka ɗauka daga al'amuran mulkin mallaka, da kuma abin rufe fuska na kabilanci tsakanin ɗarikar, wanda ya zama alamar ƙungiyar kuɗi ta Afirka ta Yamma. Nickel-Steel 100 franc tsabar kudi da aka gabatar a 1967, sai kuma cupro-nickel 50 franc tsabar kudi a 1972. Waɗannan kuma sun ƙunshi abin rufe fuska na kabilanci. Ƙananan, tsabar bakin karfe 1 franc an gabatar da su a cikin 1976, tare da maye gurbin manyan tsabar kudi na aluminum 1 franc, kuma an buga su har zuwa 1995. Tsabar kudi na franc 10 da 25 sun ga wani sabon salo a shekarar 1980, wanda ke nuna iyali suna amfani da famfon ruwa da wata budurwa mai kayan aikin sinadarai, bi da bi. An ƙaddamar da tsabar bimetallic 250 franc a cikin 1992 don rage yawan canji. Wadannan tsabar kudi, duk da haka, sun kasance marasa farin ciki a yankuna da yawa kuma an dakatar da su bayan 1996. Duk da haka, har yanzu suna da doka. A cikin 2003, an gabatar da tsabar bimetallic 200 da 500 franc, tare da maye gurbin ƙananan bayanan ƙididdiga. Kamar duk sauran tsabar kudin CFA na yamma, waɗannan sun nuna alamar abin rufe fuska.
Ba kamar wasu tsabar kuɗi na CFA na Afirka ta Tsakiya ba, ba a fitar da tsabar kuɗi na zamani da ke nuna sunayen ƙasashe membobin ɗaya ɗaya, ko wasu haruffa ko alamun alama.
Duk tsabar kudi na CFA suna nuna alamar mint guda biyu, tare da alamar keɓantacce Alamar mint tana kan baya a gefen hagu na ƙungiyar ko kwanan wata yayin da tambarin zanen yana kan dama.
Takardun kuɗi Lokacin da aka gabatar da CFA franc, bayanin kula da Banque Centrale des États de l'Afrique Occidentale ya fitar a cikin ƙungiyoyin 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, da kuma 1,000 francs suna cikin yaduwa. An ƙara 500 franc a cikin 1946, sannan na 5,000 na francs a 1948. A shekara ta 1955, Institut d'Emission de l'AOF et du Togo ta ɗauki nauyin samar da kuɗin takarda, inda ta ba da bayanin kula akan 50, 100, 500, da 1,000 francs.
A shekara ta 1959, BCEAO ta ɗauki nauyin bayar da kuɗin takarda kuma ta sake dawo da takardar kuɗin franc 5,000. Ban da wasu batutuwa na farko, bayanan BCEAO suna ɗauke da wasiƙa don nuna ƙasar da aka fitar. Lambobin haruffan ƙasa sune kamar haka:
A B C D H K S T Ana amfani da lambobin ƙasar don ganowa da kuma rarraba tsabar kuɗi tsakanin ƙasashen CFA franc, da kuma mayar da takardun banki zuwa ƙasarsu ta asali. An ba da takardun kuɗi na franc 50 a ƙarshe a cikin 1959, tare da franc 100 ba a ba da su ba tun 1965. An ƙaddamar da bayanan franc 10,000 a cikin 1977, sannan 2,500 na franc a 1992.
A cikin 2004, an gabatar da sabon jerin bayanan kula a cikin ƙungiyoyin 1,000, 2,000, 5,000, da kuma 10,000 francs, tare da takardar kuɗin franc 500 da aka maye gurbinsu da tsabar kuɗi a shekarar da ta gabata. Sabbin bayanan kula sun ƙunshi sabbin abubuwan tsaro kuma sun fi na zamani ƙira. An yi marhabin da canjin saboda tunanin cewa tsofaffin bayanan sun kasance datti kuma suna da cututtuka. An canza launi na bayanin kula na 5,000 daga shuɗi zuwa kore. A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2012, Banque Centrale des États de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (Babban Bankin Afirka ta Yamma) ya ba da takardar kuɗi na franc 500.
Rigima An dai tafka mahawara kan ko kudin CFA na Afirka ta Yamma ya zama wata hanya da Faransa za ta ci gaba da yin tasiri a yankin, wanda galibi ke yin illa ga wadannan kasashe. Misali, daya daga cikin “dokokin” kudin shine cewa manyan bankunan kasashen da abin ya shafa dole ne su ajiye akalla kashi 50% na kadarorinsu na kasashen waje a cikin Baitul malin Faransa. Wasu na ganin hakan wata hanya ce ta tabbatar da daidaiton darajar kudin yayin da wasu ke ganin ya takaita ‘yancin cin gashin kan tattalin arzikin kasashen yammacin Afirka da ke da hannu a ciki. Ko da yake a farkon shekarun 1950 zuwa tsakiyar 1980s, kasashen CFA sun sami babban ci gaban GDP na hakika da kuma raguwar hauhawar farashin kayayyaki fiye da sauran kasashen da ba na CFA ba na Saharar Sahara, girgizar tattalin arzikin da aka samu a shekarun 1986 da 1993 ya sa kudin CFA ya kara yin kima da kima. gudanar da ƙarin gibi a cikin Baitul malin Faransa. Wasu masu tsara manufofin sun yi jayayya cewa CFA franc za a ɗaure shi da kwandon kuɗi maimakon kuɗi ɗaya kamar yadda yake a halin yanzu. Har ila yau, sun bayyana cewa ya kamata a sake fasalin abin da ake bukata domin baiwa kasashen CFA 'yancin tattalin arziki.
Farashin musayar
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Union Economique et Monétaire Ouest Africaine (UEMOA) (Official Site of the West African Economic and Monetary Union)
West African CFA franc Banknotes
West African CFA franc Coins
"The Many Varieties of West African States Banknotes" by Weldon D. Burson
"The exchange rate of the CFA Franc BCEAO" (XOF)
Kudi
Afrika
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
30241 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir%20Horowitz | Vladimir Horowitz | Vladimir Samoylovich Horowitz (October 1 Nuwamba 5, 1989) ɗan Ukrainian Ba'amurke ne na gargajiya na pianist kuma mawaki. Yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƴan wasan piano na kowane lokaci, an san shi da fasaha na virtuoso, launin sautin, da kuma jin daɗin da ya haifar da wasansa.
Rayuwa da farkon aiki An haifi Vladimir Horowitz a Kyiv, a lokacin tana karkashin wani yanki na daular Russia. Akwai da'awar cewa Horowitz an haife shi ne a Berdychiv (wani birni kusa da Zhytomyr a Ukraine), amma takardar shaidar haihuwarsa ta nuna babu shakka cewa Kyiv ita ce mahaifarsa. Horowitz shi ne auta a cikin yara hudu na Samuil Horowitz da Sophia Bodik, waɗanda ake tsammani Yahudawa ne. Samuil ya kasance ƙwararren injiniyan lantarki kuma ya bada gudunmawa ga masana'antun Jamus. Kakan Horowitz Joachim ɗan kasuwa ne (kuma mai goyon bayan fasaha), na ƙungiyar 1st Guild, wanda ya keɓe shi daga zama a Pale of Settlement An haifi Horowitz ne a shekara ta 1903, amma domin ya nuna cewa bai cika matashin yin aikin soja ba don kada ya yi kasadar lahani a hannunsa, mahaifinsa ya cire shekarun dansa na shekara guda da ikirarin cewa an haife shi a shekara ta 1904. Kwanan watan 1904 ya bayyana a cikin ayyukan tunani da yawa a lokacin rayuwar pianist.
Kawun Horowitz Alexander almajiri ne kuma aminin Alexander Scriabin Lokacin da Horowitz ya kasance 10, an shirya shi don buga wa Scriabin, wanda ya gaya wa iyayensa cewa yana da hazaka da fasaha sosai. Horowitz ya sami matsayin koyar da piano tun yana ƙarami, da farko daga mahaifiyarsa, wadda ita kanta ƴan wasan piano ce. A 1912 ya shiga Kyiv Conservatory, inda Vladimir Puchalsky, Sergei Tarnowsky, da Felix Blumenfeld suka koyar da shi. Karatun solo na farko shine a Kharkiv a cikin 1920.
Ba da dadewa ba Horowitz ya fara rangadin kasar Russia, inda ake biya shi da burodi, man shanu da cakulan maimakon kudi, saboda matsalar tattalin arziki da yakin basasa ya haifar. A lokacin lokacin 1922–23, ya yi kide-kide 23 na shirye-shirye daban-daban goma sha daya a cikin Petrograd kadai. Duk da nasarar da ya samu a farko a matsayin dan wasan pian, Horowitz ya ci gaba da cewa yana so ya zama mawaki kuma ya gudanar da aikinsa a matsayin dan wasan pian kawai don taimaka wa danginsa, wadanda suka yi asarar dukiyoyinsu a juyin juya halin Rasha A cikin Disamba 1925, Horowitz ya yi hijira zuwa Yamma, da alama don yin karatu tare da Artur Schnabel a Berlin amma a asirce ya yi niyyar ba zai dawo ba. Dan wasan piano mai shekaru 22 ya cusa dalar Amurka da fam na Burtaniya a cikin takalminsa don samun kudin gudanar da kide kide da wake-wakar sa na farko.
Sana'a a Yammacin dunniya A ranar 18 ga Disamba, 1925, Horowitz ya fara bayyanar a wajen ƙasarsa, a Berlin. Daga baya ya taka leda a Paris, London da New York City Hukumomin Soviet sun zaɓi Horowitz don wakiltar Ukraine a gasar Chopin Piano ta kasa da kasa ta 1927 a Poland, amma ya yanke shawarar zama a Yammacin Turai don haka bai shiga ba. Horowitz ya fara halarta a Amurka a ranar 12 ga Janairu, 1928, a Hall Hall Carnegie. Ya buga wasan kwaikwayo na Tchaikovsky 's Piano Concerto No. 1 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Sir Thomas Beecham, wanda shi ma ya fara halarta a Amurka. Horowitz daga baya ya ce shi da Beecham suna da ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da lokaci kuma Beecham yana gudanar da maki "daga ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya kuma bai sani ba" yanki. Kwatankwacin Horowitz da masu sauraronsa abu ne mai ban mamaki. Olin Downes, rubuce-rubuce ga The New York Times, ya kasance mai mahimmanci game da yakin da ake yi tsakanin jagoran da soloist, amma ya ba da Horowitz tare da kyakkyawan sautin waƙa a cikin motsi na biyu da kuma fasaha mai mahimmanci a cikin wasan karshe, yana kiran wasansa "guguwar iska da aka saki. daga steppes". A cikin wannan wasan kwaikwayo na farko, Horowitz ya nuna alamar iyawa don faranta wa masu sauraron sa rai, ikon da ya kiyaye don dukan aikinsa. Downes ya rubuta cewa: "An kwashe shekaru da yawa tun lokacin da mai wasan pian ya haifar da irin wannan fushi tare da masu sauraro a wannan birni." A cikin bita na karatun solo na Horowitz, Downes ya kwatanta wasan pianist yana nuna "mafi yawan idan ba duka halayen babban mai fassara bane." A cikin 1933, ya taka leda a karon farko tare da shugaba Arturo Toscanini a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Beethoven's Piano Concerto No. 5 Horowitz da Toscanini sun ci gaba da yin wasa tare sau da yawa, a kan mataki da kuma rikodin. Horowitz ya zauna a Amurka a cikin 1939 kuma ya zama ɗan Amurka a 1944. Ya fara fitowar sa ta talabijin a cikin wani kade-kade da aka kade a Hall din Carnegie a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1968, kuma CBS ya watsa a duk fadin kasar a ranar 22 ga Satumba na waccan shekarar.
Duk da liyafar da aka hada masa, Horowitz ya ƙara samun rashin tabbas game da iyawarsa matsayin ɗan wasan pian. A lokuta da dama, dole ne a tura mai wasan piano zuwa mataki. Ya janye daga wasan kwaikwayon jama'a daga 1936 zuwa 1938, 1953 zuwa 1965, 1969 zuwa 1974, da 1983 zuwa 1985.
Rikodi A cikin 1926, Horowitz ya yi wasan piano da yawa a ɗakin studio na Welte-Mignon a Freiburg, Jamus. An yi rikodinsa na farko a Amurka don Kamfanin Injin Magana na Victor a 1928. Rikodin farko na Horowitz na Turai, wanda aka yi a cikin 1930 ta Muryar Jagoransa, RCA Victor na London wanda ke da alaƙa, ya kasance na Rachmaninoff 's Piano Concerto No. 3 tare da Albert Coates da Orchestra na Symphony na London, rikodin farko na duniya na wannan yanki. Ta hanyar 1936, Horowitz ya ci gaba da yin rikodi a Burtaniya don HMV na repertoire na solo piano, gami da asusunsa na 1932 na Liszt's Sonata a cikin ƙaramin B. Tun daga 1940, aikin rikodin Horowitz ya sake mayar da hankali ga RCA Victor a Amurka. A wannan shekarar, ya rubuta Brahms Piano Concerto No. 2, kuma a cikin 1941, Tchaikovsky Piano Concerto No. 1, duka tare da NBC Symphony Orchestra karkashin Toscanini. A 1959, RCA Victor bayar da live 1943 wasan kwaikwayo na Tchaikovsky concerto tare da Horowitz da Toscanini; gabaɗaya ana ɗauka cewa ya fi rikodin rikodi na 1941, kuma an zaɓi shi don Grammy Hall of Fame. A lokacin da yayi ritaya na biyu na Horowitz, wanda ya fara a cikin 1953, ya yi jerin rikodi a cikin gidansa na birnin New York, gami da LPs na Scriabin da Clementi Rikodin sitiriyo na farko na Horowitz, wanda aka yi a cikin 1959, an sadaukar da shi ga Beethoven piano sonatas.
A cikin shekara ta 1962, Horowitz ya fara yin rikodin rikodin rikodin Columbia Shahararrun sanannun su ne wasan kwaikwayo na dawowar sa na 1965 a Hall Hall Carnegie da kuma rikodin 1968 daga na musamman na talabijin, Vladimir Horowitz: Concert a Hall Carnegie, wanda CBS ya yi ta talabijin. Horowitz ya ci gaba da yin rikodin studio, gami da rikodin 1969 na Schumann's Kreisleriana, wanda aka ba shi Prix Mondial du Disk.
A cikin shekara ta 1975, Horowitz ya koma RCA kuma ya yi rikodin rikodi har zuwa 1983. Ya sanya hannu tare da Deutsche Grammophon a cikin 1985, kuma ya yi ɗakin studio da rikodin raye-raye har zuwa 1989, gami da rikodinsa kawai na Mozart's Piano Concerto No. 23 An yi fina-finai na gaskiya guda huɗu waɗanda ke nuna Horowitz a wannan lokacin, gami da watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin na karatunsa na Afrilu 20, 1986 na Moscow. Rikodinsa na ƙarshe, na Sony Classical (tsohuwar Columbia), an kammala shi kwanaki huɗu kafin mutuwarsa kuma ya ƙunshi rubutun da bai taɓa yin rikodin a baya ba. An fitar da duk wakokin Horowitz akan ƙaramin faifain CD, wasu lokuta da yawa. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan mutuwar Horowitz, an fitar da CD ɗin da ke ɗauke da wasannin da ba a fitar da su a baya. Waɗannan sun haɗa da zaɓuka daga littattafan Carnegie Hall da aka rubuta a asirce don Horowitz daga 1945 zuwa 1951.
Dalibai Horowitz ya koyar da dalibai bakwai tsakanin 1937 da 1962: Nico Kaufmann (1937), Byron Janis (1944-1948), Gary Graffman (1953-1955), Coleman Blumfield (1956-1958), Ronald Turini (1957-1963), Alexander Fiorillo (1960-1962) da Ivan Davis (1961-1962). Janis ya bayyana dangantakarsa da Horowitz a lokacin a matsayin ɗan maye, kuma yakan yi tafiya tare da Horowitz da matarsa a lokacin yawon shakatawa. An gayyaci Davis don zama ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban Horowitz bayan ya sami kira daga gare shi kwana ɗaya bayan ya ci gasar Franz Liszt. A lokacin, Davis yana da kwangila tare da Columbia Records da yawon shakatawa na kasa da aka shirya. Horowitz yayi ikirarin cewa ya koyar da dalibai uku ne kawai a wannan lokacin. “Yawancin matasa sun ce su almajiran Horowitz ne, amma uku ne kawai: Janis, Turini, waɗanda na kawo su fagen wasan, da kuma Graffman. Idan wani ya yi iƙirarin, ba gaskiya ba ne. Ina da wadanda suka yi min wasa tsawon wata hudu. Sau ɗaya a mako. Na daina aiki da su saboda ba su ci gaba ba.” A cewar masanin tarihin Glenn Plaskin: "Gaskiyar cewa Horowitz ya yi watsi da yawancin ɗalibansa kuma ya ɓata gaskiyar game da lokutan nazarin su yana faɗi wani abu game da yanayin halinsa na kuskure a lokacin". Horowitz ya koma horarwa a cikin 1980s, yayi aiki tare da Murray Perahia, wanda ya riga ya sami ingantaccen aiki, da Eduardus Halim Rayuwa ta sirri A cikin 1933, a bikin farar hula, Horowitz ya auri Wanda Toscanini, 'yar Arturo Toscanini Ko da yake Horowitz Bayahude ne kuma Wanda ya kasance Roman Katolika, wannan ba batu ba ne, domin babu ɗayansu da ya kasance masu lura da addini. Domin Wanda bai san Rashanci ba kuma Horowitz ya san ɗan Italiyanci kaɗan, harshensu na farko shine Faransanci Horowitz ya kasance kusa da matarsa, wanda yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan kaɗan daga wanda Horowitz zai yarda da zargi game da wasansa, kuma ta zauna tare da Horowitz lokacin da ya ki barin gidan a lokacin da yake ciki Suna da ɗa ɗaya, Sonia Toscanini Horowitz (1934-1975). Ta samu mummunan rauni a wani hatsarin babur a shekarar 1957 amma ta tsira. Ta rasu a shekara ta 1975. Ba a tantance ko mutuwarta a Geneva ba, sakamakon yawan shan kwayoyi, ya kasance bisa kuskure ko kuma ta kashe kanta Duk da aurensa, an sami jita-jita na cewa yana liwadi. Arthur Rubinstein ya ce game da Horowitz cewa "[e] kowa ya san shi kuma ya yarda da shi a matsayin ɗan luwadi." David Dubal ya rubuta cewa a cikin shekarun da ya yi tare da Horowitz, babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa likitan octogenarian yana yin jima'i, amma "babu shakka yana da sha'awar jikin namiji kuma yana da wuya a yi jima'i a tsawon rayuwarsa." Dubal yana jin cewa Horowitz ya ƙaddamar da ƙaƙƙarfan sha'awar jima'i a cikin wani yanayi mai ƙarfi na batsa da aka yi magana a cikin wasansa. Horowitz, wanda ya musanta cewa shi ɗan luwadi ne, ya taɓa yin barkwanci, “[t] a nan akwai ƴan wasan pian iri uku: ƴan pian na Yahudawa, ƴan pian ɗin ɗan luwadi, da miyagu pianists. A cikin wata kasida ta mujallar The New York Times a watan Satumba na 2013, Kenneth Leedom, mataimaki na Horowitz na tsawon shekaru biyar kafin 1955, ya yi iƙirarin kasancewa masoyin Horowitz a asirce: "Mun sami rayuwa mai ban mamaki tare. Mutum ne mai wahala, ko kadan. Yana da fushi a cikinsa wanda ba shi da imani. Yawan abincin da na jefa a kasa ko a cinyata. Ya d'auko mayafin ya ciro daga teburin, duk abincin ya tashi. Ya yi fushi, da yawa. Amma sai ya nutsu da dadi. Mai dadi sosai, abin so. Kuma hakika ya ƙaunace ni.” A cikin 1940s, Horowitz ya fara ganin likitan kwakwalwa don ƙoƙarin canza yanayin jima'i. A cikin 1960s da kuma a cikin 1970s, mai wasan pianist ya sami magani na electroshock don damuwa A cikin 1982, Horowitz ya fara amfani da magungunan da aka ba da izinin sha; akwai rahotannin cewa shima yana shan barasa. Wasan nasa ya sami raguwar fahimta a wannan lokacin, tare da wasan kwaikwayonsa na 1983 a Amurka da Japan wanda ya lalace ta hanyar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da asarar sarrafa jiki. Wani mai sukar Jafananci ya kwatanta Horowitz da "tabbatacciyar gilashin fure mai fashe." Ya daina wasa a bainar jama'a tsawon shekaru biyu.
Shekarun baya A cikin 1985, Horowitz, baya shan magani ko shan barasa, ya koma yin aiki da wakokin. bayyanarsa na farko bayan ritaya ba a kan mataki ba, amma a cikin fim din fim Vladimir Horowitz: Ƙarshen Romantic A yawancin wasan kwaikwayonsa na baya, ɗan wasan pian octogenarian ya maye gurbin finesse da launi don bravura, kodayake har yanzu yana da ikon yin fa'idar fasaha.Yawancin masu sukar, ciki har da Harold C. Schonberg sun ji cewa wasan kwaikwayon na 1985 da rikodi sun kasance mafi kyawun shekarunsa na baya.
A 1986, Horowitz ya sanar da cewa zai koma Tarayyar Soviet a karo na farko tun 1925 don ba da recitals a Moscow da kuma Leningrad A cikin sabon yanayi na sadarwa da fahimtar juna tsakanin USSR da Amurka, ana ganin waɗannan kide-kide a matsayin al'amuran siyasa, da kuma kida, mahimmanci. Yawancin tikitin wasan kwaikwayo na Moscow an kebe su ne don manyan Soviet kuma kaɗan ne aka sayar wa jama'a. Wannan ya haifar da da yawa daga cikin ɗaliban Conservatory na Moscow sun yi karo da wasan kide-kide, wanda ke saurare ga masu kallon karatun talabijin na duniya. An fitar da wasan kwaikwayo na Moscow akan ƙaramin faifai mai suna Horowitz a Moscow, wanda ya yi sarauta a saman ginshiƙi na kiɗan gargajiya na Billboard sama da shekara guda. Hakanan an sake shi akan VHS kuma, a ƙarshe, DVD. Har ila yau, an ga taron kide-kide a kan Buga na Musamman na Labaran CBS Sunday Morning tare da rahoton Charles Kuralt daga Moscow.
Bayan wasannin kide-kide na Russia, Horowitz ya zagaya biranen Turai da dama, ciki har da Berlin, Amsterdam, da kuma London. A watan Yuni, Horowitz ya fanshi kansa ga Jafananci tare da wasan kwaikwayo guda uku da suka samu karbuwa a Tokyo. Daga baya a waccan shekarar an ba shi lambar yabo ta Shugaban Kasa na 'Yanci, babbar girmamawa ta farar hula da Amurka ta ba Shugaba Ronald Reagan Yawon shakatawa na karshe na Horowitz ya faru a Turai a cikin bazaran shekarar 1987. An sake yin rikodin bidiyo na karatun jama'a, Horowitz a Vienna, a cikin 1991. Karatunsa na ƙarshe, a Musikhalle Hamburg, Jamus, ya faru a ranar 21 ga Yuni, 1987. An yi rikodin wasan kwaikwayo, amma ba a sake shi ba sai 2008. Ya ci gaba da yin rikodi har tsawon rayuwarsa.
Vladimir Horowitz ya mutu a ranar 5 ga watan Nuwamba, 1989, a birnin New York na ciwon zuciya, yana da shekaru 86. An binne shi a cikin kabarin dangin Toscanini a Cimitero Monumentale, Milan, Italiya.
Repertoire, fasaha da salon wasan kwaikwayon Horowitz sananne ne don wasan kwaikwayonsa na Romantic piano repertoire. Mutane da yawa sunyi la'akari da rikodin farko na Horowitz na Liszt Sonata a cikin ƙananan B a cikin 1932 don zama madaidaicin karatun wannan yanki, ko da bayan fiye da shekaru 75 da fiye da 100 wasanni da wasu pianists suka yi. Sauran guda tare da abin da yake da alaƙa da su shine Scriabin's Étude a cikin ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan, Chopin's Ballade No. 1, da kuma yawancin Rachmaninoff miniatures, ciki har da Polka de WR An yaba wa Horowitz saboda rikodin da ya yi na Rachmaninoff Piano Concerto No. 3, da kuma wasan da ya yi kafin Rachmaninoff ya ba wa mawaƙa, wanda ya ce "ya haɗiye shi gaba ɗaya. Yana da ƙarfin hali, ƙarfi, jajircewa”. Horowitz kuma an san shi da wasan kwaikwayonsa na natsuwa, ayyuka masu kusanci, ciki har da Schumann's Kinderszenen, Scarlatti's keyboard sonatas, keyboard sonatas ta Clementi da Mozart da Haydn sonatas da yawa. Rikodin nasa na Scarlatti da Clementi suna da daraja musamman, kuma ana yaba masa da cewa ya taimaka wajen farfado da sha'awar mawaƙan biyu, waɗanda ba a cika yin rubuce-rubucen ayyukansu ba a farkon rabin farkon ƙarni na 20. A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, Horowitz ya lashe kade-kaden wakokin Rasha na zamani, inda ya baiwa wakokin Amurkan na farko a Prokofiev's Piano Sonatas No. 6, 7 da 8 (wanda ake kira "War Sonatas") da Kabalevsky 's Piano Sonatas No. 2 da 3. Horowitz kuma ya ƙaddamar da Piano Sonata da na Samuel Barber An san shi da nau'ikan wakokin sa na yawancin Liszt's Hungarian Rhapsodies. An yi rikodin Rhapsody na biyu a cikin 1953, a lokacin bikin cika shekaru 25 na Horowitz a Carnegie Hall, kuma ya ce shi ne mafi wahala a cikin shirye-shiryensa. Rubuce-rubucen bayanin kula na Horowitz sun haɗa da bambancin abubuwan da ya rubuta akan jigo daga Carmen da The Stars and Stripes Forever by John Philip Sousa Ƙarshen ya zama abin da aka fi so tare da masu sauraro, waɗanda za su yi tsammanin aikin sa a matsayin ƙaddamarwa. Rubuce-rubucen a gefe, Horowitz baya adawa da canza rubutun abubuwan da aka tsara don inganta abin da ya ɗauka "rubutun da ba a so" ko kuma rashin tsari ba. A cikin 1940, tare da yardar mawaƙa, Horowitz ya ƙirƙiri bugun wasan nasa na Rachmaninoff's Piano Sonata na biyu daga sigar 1913 na asali da 1931 da aka bita, waɗanda 'yan wasan pian ciki har da Ruth Laredo da Hélène Grimaud suka yi amfani da su. Ya sake rubuta Hotunan Mussorgsky sosai a wani nunin don sa aikin ya fi tasiri a kan cewa Mussorgsky ba ɗan pian ba ne kuma bai fahimci yuwuwar kayan aikin ba. Horowitz kuma ya canza gajerun wurare a wasu ayyuka, kamar maye gurbin octaves masu haɗaka don ma'aunin chromatic a Chopin's Scherzo a cikin ƙananan B. Wannan ya bambanta da yawancin ƴan wasan pian na zamanin bayan–ƙarni na 19, waɗanda suka ɗauki sacrosanct rubutun mawaƙa. Mawaƙa masu rai waɗanda ayyukansu Horowitz ya buga (a tsakanin su Rachmaninoff, Prokofiev, da Poulenc koyaushe suna yaba ayyukan Horowitz na aikinsu ko da lokacin da ya ɗauki 'yanci tare da maki.
Tafsirin Horowitz ya samu karbuwa daga masu sauraron kade-kade, amma ba wasu masu suka ba. Virgil Thomson ya ci gaba da sukar Horowitz a matsayin "masanin murdiya da ƙari" a cikin sharhinsa da ke bayyana a cikin New York Herald Tribune Horowitz ya yi iƙirarin ɗaukar kalaman Thomson a matsayin abin yabawa, yana mai cewa Michelangelo da El Greco su ma “masu iya karkacewa ne”. A cikin bugu na 1980 na Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Michael Steinberg ya rubuta cewa Horowitz "ya kwatanta cewa kyautar kayan aiki mai ban mamaki ba ta da garanti game da fahimtar kiɗa." Harold C. Schonberg, mai sukar kiɗa na New York Times, ya ce masu sharhi irin su Thomson da Steinberg ba su da masaniya game da ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo na ƙarni na 19 waɗanda ke sanar da tsarin kiɗan Horowitz. Yawancin ’yan pian (irin su Martha Argerich da Maurizio Pollini suna riƙe Horowitz da daraja sosai, da kuma ɗan wasan pian Friedrich Gulda suna kiran Horowitz a matsayin “over-Allah na piano”.
Salon Horowitz yakan ƙunshi bambance-bambance na masu ɗorewa, tare da ɗumbin nau'ikan fortissimos guda biyu suna biye da pianissimos kwatsam. Ya sami damar samar da ƙarar sauti mai ban mamaki daga piano ba tare da samar da sauti mai tsauri ba. Ya fitar da kewayon launi na tonal na musamman, kuma taut, madaidaicin harin ya kasance sananne har ma a cikin fassararsa na ɓangarorin da ba sa buƙatar fasaha kamar Chopin Mazurkas An san shi da fasahar octave zai iya kunna madaidaicin sashe a cikin octaves da sauri da sauri. Lokacin da dan wasan pian Tedd Joselson ya tambaye shi yadda ya yi octaves, Horowitz ya ba da zanga-zanga kuma Joselson ya ruwaito, "Ya aikata su kamar yadda aka koya mana duka." Harvey Sachs mai sukar kiɗa da tarihin rayuwa ya ƙaddamar da cewa Horowitz na iya kasancewa "mai cin gajiyar kuma watakila ma wanda aka azabtar na tsarin kulawa na tsakiya mai ban mamaki da kuma madaidaicin hankali ga launin sauti." Oscar Levant, a cikin littafinsa The Memoirs of an Amnesiac, ya rubuta cewa octaves na Horowitz sun kasance "masu haske, daidai kuma sun kasance kamar harsashi." Ya tambayi Horowitz "ko ya tura su gaba ko ya dauke su tare da shi a yawon shakatawa."
Matsayin Horowitz ya kasance sabon abu domin dabino sau da yawa yana ƙasa da matakin saman maɓalli. Yana yawan buga kida da yatsu madaidaici, kuma dan yatsan hannun dama yakan dunkule har sai an buga rubutu; ga Harold C. Schonberg, "kamar yajin kurma ne." Don duk jin daɗin wasansa, Horowitz da kyar ya ɗaga hannuwansa sama sama da allo na piano Byron Janis, daya daga cikin daliban Horowitz, ya ce Horowitz ya yi kokarin koya masa wannan dabarar amma hakan bai yi masa aiki ba. Jikin Horowitz ba ya motsi, kuma ba kasafai fuskarsa ke nuna wani abu ba face tsananin maida hankali.
Horowitz ya fi son yin wasannin sa a ranakun Lahadi, saboda yana jin masu sauraro sun fi hutawa kuma sun fi mai da hankali fiye da maraice na ranar mako.
Kyaututtuka da karramawa Kyautar Grammy don Mafi Kyawun Ayyukan Al'ada Soloist Instrumental ko Soloists (tare da ko ba tare da ƙungiyar makaɗa ba)
1968 Horowitz in Concert: Haydn, Schumann, Scriabin, Debussy, Mozart, Chopin (Columbia 45572)
1969 Horowitz akan Talabijin: Chopin, Scriabin, Scarlatti, Horowitz (Columbia 7106)
1987 Horowitz: Rikodin Studio, New York 1985 (Deutsche Grammophon 419217)
Kyautar Grammy don Mafi kyawun Ayyukan Soloist(s) Instrumental (tare da ƙungiyar makaɗa)
1979 Ƙwallon Jubilee na Zinariya, Rachmaninoff: Piano Concerto No. 3 (RCA CLR1 2633)
1989 Horowitz Yana Kunna Mozart: Piano Concerto No. 23 (Deutsche Grammophon 423287)
Kyautar Grammy don Mafi kyawun Ayyukan Soloist Instrumental (ba tare da ƙungiyar makaɗa ba)
1963 Rikodin Columbia ya gabatar da Vladimir Horowitz
1964 Sautin Horowitz
1965 Vladimir Horowitz ya buga Beethoven, Debussy, Chopin
1966 Horowitz a zauren Carnegie Komawar Tarihi
1972 Horowitz yana wasa Rachmaninoff (Etudes-Tableaux Piano Music; Sonatas) (Columbia M-30464)
1973 Horowitz Plays Chopin (Columbia M-30643)
1974 Horowitz Plays Scriabin (Columbia M-31620)
1977 The Horowitz Concerts 1975/76 (RCA ARL1-1766)
1979 The Horowitz Concerts 1977/78 (RCA ARL1-2548)
1980 The Horowitz Concerts 1978/79 (RCA ARL1-3433)
1982 The Horowitz Concerts 1979/80 (RCA ARL1-3775)
1988 Horowitz a Moscow (Deutsche Grammophon 419499)
1991 Rikodi na Ƙarshe (Sony SK 45818)
1993 Horowitz Abubuwan Da Aka Gano: Chopin, Liszt, Scarlatti, Scriabin, Clementi (Sony 48093)
Kyautar Grammy don Kyautattun Album Na Gargajiya 1963 Rikodin Columbia ya gabatar da Vladimir Horowitz
1966 Horowitz a Hall Carnegie: Komawar Tarihi
1972 Horowitz Yana kunna Rachmaninoff (Etudes-Tableaux Piano Music; Sonatas)
1978 Concert na Ƙarni tare da Leonard Bernstein (mai gudanarwa), New York Philharmonic, Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, Vladimir Horowitz, Yehudi Menuhin, Mstislav Rostropovich, Isaac Stern, Lyndon Woodside
1987 Horowitz: Rikodin Studio, New York 1985 (Deutsche Grammophon 419217)
1988 Horowitz a Moscow (Deutsche Grammophon 419499)
Kyautar Nasarar Rayuwar Grammy, 1990
Prix Mondial du Disque
1970 Kreisleriana
Kyaututtuka daban-daban
1972 Memba mai girma na Royal Academy of Music (London) 1982 Kyautar Gidauniyar Wolf don Kiɗa
1985 Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur daga Gwamnatin Faransa
1985 Order of Merit na Jamhuriyar Italiya
1986 Lambar Yanci na Shugabancin Amurka
1988 Jerin Ƙungiyoyin Bow Tie na Ƙasa na 10 Mafi Kyawun Bow Tie Wearers na 1988 2012 Gidan Fame na Gramophone
Bayanan kula
Manazarta
Littattafai
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Takardun Horowitz a Irving S. Gilmore Music Library, Jami'ar Yale
Vladimir Horowitz a Deutsche Grammophon
Vladimir Horowitz a Encyclopædia Britannica
Vladimir Horowitz Shiga a 45worlds.com
Yahudawan Ukraine
Yahudawan Daular Russia
Haihuwan 1903
Mutuwar 1989
Mawakan gargajiyan Amurka
Mawakan Amurka na karni na 20
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
22258 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thekla%20Resvoll | Thekla Resvoll | Thekla Susanne Ragnhild Resvoll (An haife ta a shekara ta 22 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 1871 ta mutu a ranar 14 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1948) ta kasance 'yar asalin ƙasar Norway kuma mai ilmantarwa. Ta kasance majagaba a cikin ilimin tarihin na kasar Norway da kiyaye dabi'a tare da yar'uwarta, Hanna Resvoll-Holmsen.
Tarihin rayuwa An haifi Resvoll a Vågå a cikin Oppland, Norway. Ta kasance 'yar Hans Resvoll (1823-1908) da Julie Martine Deichman (1831-1902). Ta yi kuma aiki a matsayin mai aikin jinya a wani babban asibiti a cikin Stockholm kafin ta fara karatun tarihin halitta a Jami'ar Royal Frederick (yanzu Oslo ta Oslo) a Kristiania a shekara ta 1894. Ta zama ƙwararriyar farfesa a fannin ilimin tsirrai, Axel Blytt. Bayan ta kammala karatunta a shekara ta 1899, sai ta tafi Copenhagen inda ta yi aiki a dakin binciken ilimin tsirrai na Jami'ar Copenhagen karkashin Farfesa Eugen Warming. A 1900, ta koma Jami'ar Oslo. Ta zama mataimakiyar farfesa a Jami’ar Botanical Garden a shekara ta 1902. Ta samu digirin digirgir a cikin shekara ta 1918 bisa wani takaddar mai taken On Tsirrai wadanda suka dace da sanyi da gajeren lokacin rani, inda a ciki ta gabatar da karatu kan yadda ake sauya tsirrai masu tsaunuka zuwa mummunan yanayi. Wadannan nazarin sun Warmingian yanayi, da cewa shi ne suka dogara ne a kan meticulous lura da shuka mutane su clonal da kuma jima'i yaduwa, da dai sauransu perennation Don haka, ilimin tsire-tsire ne na tsire-tsire kafin a fara ɗaukar horo. Thekla Resvoll ya ziyarci Java da lambun tsirrai a Buitenzorg a cikin shekara ta 1923-24. Ta yi karatun bishiyun Fagaceous a cikin tsiron Javan. Ta gano cewa suna da rashin himma buds da kuma fassara shi a matsayin dole ba hali a rudiment daga temperate asalin. Ta kasance a Laboratory Botanical har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a shekara ta 1936. Karatunta na ilimin tsirrai sun yi tasiri matuka ga zuriya ɗaliban Yaren mutanen Norway. Ta kuma rubuta wani littafi game da ilimin tsirrai game da daliban makarantar sakandare.
Hakkokin mata Tare da aikinta na ilimi, Thekla Resvoll ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar daidaita tsakanin mata a Norway. Ta kasance memba a kungiyar Yaren mutanen Norway don 'Yancin Mata daga shekara ta 1901, kasance shugabar kungiyar mata' yan mata ta kasar Norway kuma ta yi aiki a kwamitin kula da zaben mata (Kvinnestemmeretsforeningen).
Rayuwar mutum Ta auri injiniyan hakar ma'adanai Andreas Holmsen (daga shekara ta 1869 zuwa shekara ta 1955) wanda dan uwansa Gunnar Holmsen (1880-1976) ya auri 'yar uwarta Hanna. Ita ce mace ta uku da ta zama memba a Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya da Haruffa ta Kasar Norway. Ta mutu a shekara ta 1948 a Oslo.
Ayyukan da aka zaɓa na kimiyya Sake juyayi, TR, 1900. Nogle arktiske ranunklers morfologi og anatomi. Nyt Magazin na Naturvidenskaberne, 38: 343-367.
Tabbacin ajiyar makamashi a cikin rhizome na Ranunculus glacialis.
Sake juyayi, TR, 1903. Den nye Kayan lambu paa Lerfaldet i Værdalen. Nyt Magazin na Naturvidenskaberne, 41.
Yayi bayanin maye gurbin farko.
Sake juyayi, TR, 1906. Pflanzenbiologische Beobachtungen aus dem Flugsandgebiet bei Röros im inneren Norway. Nyt Magazin na Naturvidenskaberne, 44.
Sake juyayi, TR, 1917. Om mai shukawa mai wucewa har zuwa kort og kold sommer. Takardar karatun digiri, Oslo.
Sake juyayi, TR, 1925. Rubus chamaemorus L. Nazarin ilimin halittu nazarin halittu. Nytt Magasin na Naturvidenskapene, 67: 55-129.
Sake juyayi, TR, 1925. Rubus chamaemorus L. Die geographische Verbreitung der Pflanze und ihre Verbreitungsmittel. Veröffentlichungen des Geobotanischen Makarantun Rübel a Zürich, 3: 224-241.
Sake juyayi, TR, 1925. Beschuppte Laubknospen a cikin kogin Tropenwäldern Javas Jena.
Ernwayar ernanƙara a cikin itacen Tropical.
Manazarta
Sauran kafofin Dokar rasuwa ta Høeg, OA a cikin Blyttia 6: 57-61 (1948).
Eckblad, F.-E. (1991) Thekla Resvoll og Hanna Resvoll-Holmsen, zuwa glemte? Majagin i norsk botanikk. Blyttia 49: 3-10.
Tarihin rayuwa daga Inger Nordal Bredo Berntsen a cikin Norsk biografisk leksikon, Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget (1999-2005)
Tarihin rayuwar kasar Norway tare da hotuna
Abinda ya shafi karatu Lønnå, Elisabeth (1996) Stolthet og kvinnekamp Norsk kvinnesaksforenings historie fra 1913 (Oslo: Gyldendal) Mutuwan 1948
Haifaffun 1871
Ƴancin Ɗan Adam
Rajin Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
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21111 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ademola%20Lookman | Ademola Lookman | Ademola Lookman Olajade Alade Aylola Lookman (An haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 1997) baƙin fatar Najeriya ne ɗan ƙasar Ingila da ke sana'ar kwallon inda ya buga wasannin gasar firimiya a kulob din Fulham, a matsayin ɗan wasan aro daga kungiyar RB Leipzig na Bundesliga.
Lookman ya fara buga wasansa na farko ne a shekara ta 2015, yana taka leda a matsayin dan wasan gaba na kungiyar Charlton Athletic a kaka'ar wasannin cin kofin nahiyar Turai, kuma a cikin watan Janairu shekarar 2017 ya sanya hannu da kungiyar Everton, wanda ke amfani da shi galibi a matsayin dan wasan gefe. Ya kuma wakilci ƙasar Ingila a wasan matakin ‘yan kasa da shekaru 19 zuwa kasa da shekaru 21, amma tun daga nan ya nemi hukumar FIFA da ta sauya matakin ƙasarsa zuwa buga wasanni a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Lookman a Wandsworth, Kudu maso Yammacin London. Ya kuma halarci St Thomas the College College a Peckham inda ya sami uku A da biyar As a GCSE.
Aiki Klub
Charlton 'Yan wasa Lookman ya shiga makarantar Charlton Athletic ne a shekarar 2014 bayan ya sanya hannu daga Waterloo, wani kulob din kwallon kafa na matasa da ke Landan Borough na Lambeth Tarihin zura kwallayen sa a ragar kungiyar Charlton ta U18 da U21 ya sa shi yin hawan gaggawa ta hanyar karatun Charlton kuma ya fara zama na farko a kungiyar ga Addicks a ranar 3 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2015. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kulob din a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Brighton & Hove Albion da ci 3-2 a ranar 5 ga watan Disambar shekarar 2015, sannan ya ci gaba da bin kwallayen biyu na Charlton a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Bolton Wanderers kwanaki goma bayan haka.
Everton Lookman ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekara hudu da rabi tare da Everton a ranar 5 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2017 kan kudin da ba a bayyana ba, wanda aka ruwaito a matsayin fan miliyan 7.5 na farko da zai iya tashi zuwa 11m tare da add-ons. Ya fara buga wa kungiyar wasa ne bayan kwana goma bayan sun doke Manchester City da ci 4-0, inda ya maye gurbin Ross Barkley a minti na 90 kuma ya ci wa kungiyar kwallo ta hudu. Lookman ya buga wasansa na farko a Turai ga Everton a wasan da suka doke MFK Ružomberok a wasan farko na neman cancantar buga gasar Europa League zagaye na uku. Kodayake manajan Sam Allardyce ya bayyana cewa Lookman ba zai tafi a matsayin aro ba a kasuwar musayar ‘yan wasa ta Janairun shekarar 2018, amma ya sauya shawara, kuma kungiyar ta shirya komawa kulob din Championship Derby County, inda suke fatan zai buga wasan kwallon kafa na farko. Koyaya, dan wasan ya dage kan canza wata hanya, kuma ya koma kungiyar Bundesliga ta RB Leipzig har zuwa karshen kakar wasan ta shekarar 2017 da 2018. A wasansa na farko tare da Leipzig, Lookman ne ya ci kwallon a wasan da suka buga da Borussia Mönchengladbach bayan ya dawo daga baya.
RB Leipzig A ranar 25 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2019, Lookman ya koma RB Leipzig kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyar, shekara daya da rabi bayan cin nasarar lamuni a kungiyar ta Jamus inda ya ci kwallaye 5 a wasanni 11.
Fulham A ranar 30 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2020, Lookman shiga Premier League gefen Fulham a kan wani aro. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a Fulham a kan Sheffield United a ranar 18 ga ga watan Oktoba.
Ayyukan duniya He received his first call-up for the England under-21s for European Championship qualifiers against the Netherlands under-21s and Latvia under-21s in September 2017. He made his debut in the first match, and set up Everton teammate Dominic Calvert-Lewin for England's goal in a 1–1 draw.
Lookman ya sake kin amincewa da Najeriya a farkon shekarar 2018 bayan ganawa da shugaban kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya Daga baya ya yi watsi da hanyoyin Najeriya a karo na uku a watan Satumbar shekarar 2018, bayan babban manajan Ingila Gareth Southgate ya gamsar da shi cewa yana daga cikin tsare-tsarensa. Duk da irin rawar da ya taka da kuma nasarar da ya samu a Ingila a matakin matasa, kuma a baya ya yi watsi da hanyoyin Najeriya, a watan Janairun shekarar 2020 Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Najeriya ta ba da sanarwar cewa Lookman zai sauya sheka zuwa Najeriya. Koyaya, Lookman ya kuma ce: "Ban canza ra'ayi na kan son wakiltar Ingila ba". Ya zuwa watan Afrilu 2021, Lookman har yanzu yana jiran izinin FIFA a hukumance kafin ya iya bugawa Najeriya wasa.
Kididdigar aiki
Nasarori
Ingila U20
FIFA U-20 Kofin Duniya 2017
Nasarar Kai-da-kai
LFE gwarzon dan wasan shekara (Championship) 2015-16
Manazarta Bayani a shafin yanar gizon Fulham FC
Ademola Lookman 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila
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15898 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olusegun%20Mimiko | Olusegun Mimiko | Olusegun Mimiko Yoruba;) an haife shi ranar 3 ga watan Oktoba na shekarar 1954, shi ne dan takarar sanata na Zenith Labour Party a Ondo ta Tsakiya a zaben shekarar 2019.Shi ɗan siyasan Nijeriya ne wanda ya yi aiki na 16, kuma na biyar a farar hula, Gwamnan Jihar Ondo, Nijeriya, daga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2009, zuwa Fabrairu shekarar 2017. Gwamna na farko a zango biyu na jihar Ondo kuma gwamna na farkon Jam’iyyar Labour a Najeriya. Mimiko ya taba zama ministan tarayya na gidaje da, sakataren gwamnatin jihar Ondo, sannan ya taba zama kwamishinan lafiya na jihar Ondo sau biyu. Ya ci gaba da sha'awar siyasa tun yana ƙaramin. dan siyasa ya fara ne a makarantar likitanci a Jami'ar Ife (yanzu Obafemi Awolowo University), inda ya kasance memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta (Majalisar) kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'in hulda da jama'a na kungiyar International Students’ Association of the institution daga shekarar 1977 zuwa shekara ta 1978.
Bayan kammala karatunsa a jami'a a shekarar 1980 kuma ya kammala National Youth Service Corp, Mimiko ya fara aikin likita. A cikin 1985, ya kafa MONA MEDICLINIC a cikin garin Ondo wanda yayi aiki a matsayin cibiyar taimakon al'umma. Nadin Mimiko na siyasa na farko shi ne kwamishina na kiwon lafiya da walwala da jin dadin jama'a a jihar Ondo daga shekarar 1992 zuwa shekara ta 1993 lokacin da wani juyin mulkin soja ya kawo karshen mulkin dimokiradiyya ta Uku Bayan dawowar mulkin dimokiradiyya a Najeriya, Mimiko ya sake zama kwamishinan lafiya a jihar Ondo daga shekarar 1999 zuwa shekara ta 2002.
A shekarar 2003, aka nada shi sakataren Gwamnatin Jihar Ondo (SSG). Ya rike wannan mukamin har zuwa watan Yulin shekarar 2005, lokacin da aka nada shi a matsayin ministan gidaje da ci gaban birane na tarayya. Mimiko ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa na ministan tarayya don ya yi takarar gwamnan Ondo da mai ci, Olusegun Agagu a zaben shekarar 2007 Mimiko ya lashe zaben. Amma, tasirin tsohon Shugaban kasa Olusegun Obasanjo, Hukumar Zabe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Kasa ta sanar da Agagu a matsayin wanda ya yi nasara. Mimiko ya kalubalanci sakamakon zaben a kotuna kan abin da ya kasance rikicin shekaru biyu na shari’a wanda ya kawo karshen bayyana shi a matsayin wanda ya yi nasara a zaben na gwamna ta hanyar hukuncin daya yanke na Kotun, da kuma Kotun daukaka kara a shekarar 2009. Ya ci gaba da sake lashe zaben a shekarar 2012, inda ya doke babban abokin karawarsa, Olusola Oke na Jam’iyyar Democratic Party.
A lokacin mulkin Mimiko a matsayin gwamna, sauye-sauyen da ya yi a bangaren kiwon lafiya, ilimi, ci gaban al'umma, sabunta birane da kuma amfani da fasaha a harkokin mulki sun samu karbuwa a kasashe na duniya. Bayan ya bar ofis, Mimiko ya kwashe shekara guda yana gabatar da laccocin jama'a tare da yin kira kan kiwon lafiyar duniya da kyakkyawan shugabanci a Najeriya, London, da Washington DC. A watan Satumba na shekarar 2018, ya bayyana aniyarsa ta tsayawa takarar shugaban kasar Najeriya a zaben shekarar 2019.Ya amshi takara a matsayin dan takarar shugaban kasa na Labour Zenith Party a watan Oktoba, shekarar 2018.A ranar 14 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 2018, Mimiko ya sanar da cewa ya dakatar da yakin neman zabensa na shugaban kasa, 'yan kwanaki kafin a bude kakar yakin neman zabe a hukumance. Ya dauki tikitin takarar sanata na Zenith Labour Party na mazabar tarayya ta Ondo ta Tsakiya. Mimiko a halin yanzu yana zaune a Ondo City,a mahaifar sa.
Rayuwar mutum An haifi Rahman Olusegun Mimiko, wanda aka fi sani da Iroko, a ranar 3 ga watan Oktoba, na shekarar 1954, a garin Ondo da ke Jihar Ondo, Najeriya Mahaifinsa, Atiku Bamidele Mimiko, ɗa ne ga Pa Famimikomi, ɗa ne ga Cif Ruwase Akinmeji kuma jika ne ga Babban Cif Adaja Gbegbaje na Masarautar Ondo Mahaifin Mimiko ya kasance manajan dillalai kuma manomi ne na shuka koko. Ya kuma kasance mai sharhi kan zamantakewar al'umma da ci gaban kasa da kuma taimakon jama'a. Mahaifiyarsa, Muinat Mimiko (née Ogunsulie) 'yar kasuwa ce har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya.A shekarar 1990, Mimiko ya auri Olukemi Adeniyi wacce ta karanci harshen Faransanci a Jami’ar Obafemi Awolowo, Ile Ife Suna da yara hudu.
Ilimi Mimiko ya fara makaranta a St. Joseph's Primary School Aponmu kusa da Akure, St. Patrick Primary School, Yaba a Ondo a farkon shekarar 1960s. Ya halarci kwalejin St. Joseph's, Ondo daga shekarar 1966 da shekara ta 1971. Ya kasance dalibin makarantar sakandare (HSC) a makarantar Gboluji Grammar, Ile-Oluji tsakanin shekarar 1971 da shekara ta 1972. Mimiko ya fara karatun likitanci a Jami'ar Ife a shekarar 1972. Ya kasance wakilin Dalibai (majalisa) daga shekarar 1975 da shekara ta 1976 kuma shugaban kwamitin girmamawa na musamman (1976-1977), memba na Kwamitin Zabe na Kungiyar Daliban 1976-1977 kuma jami'in hulda da jama'a na kungiyar Dalibai ta Duniya a shekarar 1977 da shekara ta 1978. Ya sami B.Sc. Digiri na Kimiyyar Kiwan Lafiya a shekarar 1976, da kuma Kimiyyar Likita, yayi aikin likita a shekarar 1980. Mimiko yayi rijista da kungiyar likitocin Najeriya da likitan hakori a matsayin likita.
Manazarta Pages with unreviewed translations
Rayayyun Mutane
Haifaffun |
29908 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabtarewar%20%C6%99asa | Zabtarewar ƙasa | A fannin ilmin kasa da kuma nazarin injiniyoyin ƙasa, zabtarewar ƙasa babbar haɗarin ƙasa ce a wurare da yawa a duniya. Ana la'akari da su wani tsari na almubazzaranci, wanda aka fi sani da su shine tarkace kwarara, faifan tuddai, da faɗuwar dutse Waɗannan abubuwan na iya faruwa a cikin shekaru masu yawa na motsi mai raɗaɗi amma mai ƙarfi, ko kuma a cikin wasu ƴan lokuta masu ɓarna. Akwai abubuwa da yawa da suka shafi tsarin ilimin ƙasa waɗanda ke da alaƙa kai tsaye da abubuwan da suka faru na zaizayar ƙasa. Babban abin da ya shafi zabtarewar ƙasa shine ƙarfin dutse. Ƙarfin dutse ana bayyana shi ta hanyar danniya/matsala dangantaka, matsa lamba mai ƙarfi, da matsa lamba Ƙarfafa, manyan duwatsu masu yawa ba su da yuwuwar shiga cikin zamewar dutse ko zabtarewar ƙasa fiye da raƙuman duwatsu masu ƙarancin yawa waɗanda za a iya cika su da ruwa cikin sauƙi. A Utah matakin ruwan karkashin kasa yana ci gaba da jujjuyawa, yana mai da yankin ya zama mai saukin kamuwa da zaftarewar kasa. Yayin da ruwa ya cika ƙasa, yana sa ta yi laushi kuma ta yi nauyi, damuwa/dangin dangantakar da duwatsu ke fuskanta suna ƙaruwa sosai. Ƙarfin dutsen ana iya bayyana shi ta hanyar Mohr Circle, da ambulaf ɗin gazawarsa Da zarar an sami yanayin da zai sanya dutse akan ambulan da ya gaza, zai iya fuskantar nakasu.
Akwai manyan nau'ikan nakasawa guda biyu waɗanda duwatsu suke yi kuma duka suna da alaƙa da zabtarewar ƙasa. Idan dutsen yana da ƙarfi kuma ya sami raunin raunin da ke tattare da ƙananan motsi a cikin dutsen, ƙarfin haɗin gwiwa yana ɗan ɗan kiyayewa, kuma ana iya hana zamewar ɗan lokaci. Koyaya, idan dutsen ya sami gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu kuma ya karye, zabtarewar ƙasa na iya faruwa da yawa. Damuwa da yanayin damuwa da ke da alaƙa da duwatsu da ambulaf ɗin gazawarsu sun bambanta tsakanin nau'ikan dutsen, amma an yi nazari sosai a cikin dakunan gwaje-gwaje saboda abubuwan da waɗannan bayanan ke da alaƙa suna da mahimmanci a kowane fanni na ilimin ƙasa da ake da Shi.
Abubuwan zaɓen ƙasa a Utah Wani bugu na baya-bayan nan da Cibiyar Nazarin Geologic ta Utah ta yi ta ba da rahoton faruwar ayyukan zaizayar ƙasa sama da kimanin 22,000 a duk faɗin jihar a kan yanayin ƙasa na baya-bayan nan. An sami aukuwar zaftarewar ƙasa da yawa a cikin gundumar Utah a cikin shekaru 25 da suka gabata waɗanda suka haifar da asarar ɗaruruwan miliyoyin daloli na diyya da asarar dukiya. A ƙasa akwai bayanin da ya shafi ƙasuwar Thistle, Utah da zaftarwar ƙasar Cedar, Utah (aiki).
The Thistle Landslide Zaftarewar kasa a Thistle, Utah, a shekarata (1983) ta haifar da asarar sama da dala miliyan 200 da asarar dukiya. Dusar ƙanƙarar ƙanƙara mai ƙarfi, haɗe da dumi, ruwan marmaro ya haifar da zabtarewar ƙasa wanda a ƙarshe ya kai gudu zuwa ƙafa 3.5 a cikin sa'a. Kaurin ya wuce ƙafa 200, faɗinsa ƙafa 1000, kuma tsayin sama da mil ɗaya. Zamewar ta tsaya a ƙarshe lokacin da ta yi karo da wani babban dutse mai yashi a gindin dutsen. Adadin kayan da aka motsa a cikin faifan ya isa ya haifar da dam mai tsayin ƙafa kimanin 200 wanda ya toshe bakin kogin Fork na Sipaniya, kuma ya samar da wani babban tafki inda garin Thistle ya kasance. Hakanan ya hana zirga-zirgar layin dogo tare da rufe manyan manyan hanyoyi guda biyu (US6 da US89). Daga karshe tafkin ya zarce ya bar ragowar garin, wanda har yanzu ana iya gani a cikin kwaruruka.
An tattara samfuran duwatsu da ƙasa waɗanda ke cikin zabtarewar ƙasa Thistle kuma an yi nazari. Babban nau'ikan dutsen su ne dutsen yashi da dutsen farar ƙasa, kuma ƙasar ta ƙunshi kusan hatsin yashi quartz kaɗai da ma'adinan yumbu (illite). Karatuttukan ƙarfin da aka yi a baya akan dutsen yashi mai ƙyalli ya sa a sami sauƙin ganin dalilin da yasa aka jawo zaɓen ƙasa. Gwajin matsawa na Triaxial da aka yi don busassun dutsen yashi na silty yana nuna daidaiton ƙarfin haɗin kai zuwa 18.7 MPa, ma'ana cewa dutsen ba zai karye ba har sai an kai waɗannan yanayin damuwa. Don samfurin rigar, kama da yanayin da ke cikin Thistle, ƙarfin haɗin kai yana raguwa zuwa 15.9 MPa. Wadannan bayanai sun nuna cewa idan dutsen yashi maras nauyi ya cika, duwatsun sun fi saurin karyewa, wanda hakan ne wata hanya da za ta iya haddasa zabtarewar kasa. Tare da kyawawan kaddarorin dutsen yashi maras nauyi, da kuma ikon ƙasa mai arzikin yumbu don sha ruwa mai yawa, ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa Kogin Fork na Sipaniya ya fuskanci zabtarewar ƙasa da yawa cikin tarihin yanayin ƙasa. Zaben sarkar ya sake kunnawa sau da yawa tun babban aikinsa a shekarata 1983, kuma zai ci gaba da yin hakan har sai ingantacciyar yanayin zaizayar ƙasa da yanayin yanayi ya haifar.
Zaftarewar Kasa ta Cedar Hills A cikin Afrilun shekarar 2005, zaftarewar ƙasa ta faru a Cedar Hills, Utah. Yankin zaizayar ƙasa ta ƙarshe ta motsa a cikin shwky 1983, tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da lokacin sanyi iri ɗaya da dumi, yanayin bazara wanda ya haifar da zamewar Thistle. Zaftarewar kasa wani bangare ne na babban, hadadden zaizayar kasa mai hade da Manning Canyon Shale. Zaizayar kasa mai aiki tana da kusan ƙafa 375 tsayi da faɗin ƙafa 150. Nau'in dutsen da ƙasa da ke da alaƙa da wannan taron sune yumbu da laka mai wadataccen shale Ƙarfafa Properties hade da rigar vs. bushe shale sun yi kama da na rigar vs. bushe sandstone. Lokacin da shale yana kusa da saman ƙasa inda abun cikin ruwa ke jujjuyawa, yakan shiga cikin ƙasa mai arziƙin yumbu inda ƙarin danshi yana rage ƙarfin dutsen kuma yana ƙara yuwuwar faruwar zaɓen ƙasa. Ana yin gwajin matsawa na Triaxial akan busassun shale ya nuna gazawar danniya mai tasiri sama da 15MPa. Zaftarwar kasa ta Cedar Hills ba ta yi tsanani kamar zamewar Thistle ba saboda gangaren tudun ba ta kai tsayin daka ba, wanda ke haifar da karancin damuwa. Hakanan, shale yana ƙoƙarin samun ƙarfin matsawa fiye da dutsen yashi, don haka nauyin nauyi bai yi tasiri sosai akan shale ba. An yi sa'a ga mazauna Cedar Hills, nunin ya tsaya a yanzu, kuma da fatan za a ci gaba da kasancewa a tsaye, ko da yake shaidar ilimin ƙasa ta nuna cewa hakan ba zai yiwu ba.
An dauki matakan kiyayewa bayan zamewar shekarata 2005 don rage damuwa a kan tudu, ciki har da gina bango mai riƙewa don rage tasirin damuwa na tsaye (sigma 1), da magudanar tsakuwa don taimakawa wajen cire ruwa daga tudu don taimakawa duwatsu su kula da haɗin kai. ƙarfi. Waɗannan matakan ba su da tasiri, saboda faifan ya motsa sau uku tun a Shekarar 2005, wanda a ƙarshe ya lalata gidajen da ke kusa da hoton.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje http://geology.utah.gov/survenotes/geosights/thistle.htm
https://web.archive.org/web/20101103144603/http://geology.utah.gov/utahgeo/hazards/landslide/cedarhills0405/index.htm
http://www.imwa.info/docs/imwa_2005/IMWA2005_072_Li.pdf
Girgizar ƙasa
Ƙasa
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3286 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaghawa | Zaghawa | Mutanen Zaghawa, ana kuma kiran su Beri ko Zakhawa, ƙabilun Musulmin Sahelian ne waɗanda ke zaune a Kudancin Libya, gabashin Chadi, da yammacin Sudan, ciki har da Darfur Zaghawa suna magana da yaren Zaghawa, wanda shine yankin Saharar gabas. Makiyaya ne, kuma irin garken tumakin da suke kiwata larabawa ke kira Zaghawa. Su makiyaya ne kuma suna samun yawancin abincinsu ta hanyar kiwon shanu, raƙuma da tumaki da kuma girbin hatsin daji. An kiyasta cewa akwai tsakanin 4,000,000 zuwa 4,512,000 Zaghawa.
Sunaye Tarihin masarautar Kanemite, Girgam, yana nufin mutanen Zaghawa a matsayin Duguwa A yau, Zaghawa suna kiran kansu Beri, yayin da larabawa da adabi ke kiransu da "Zaghawa". A cikin wallafe-wallafen da ke da alaƙa da ƙabilun Afirka, kalmar Beri (wani lokacin Kegi) ta haɗa da mutanen Zaghawa, Bideyat da Bertis, kowannensu ya haɗu a sassa daban-daban na Chadi, Sudan da Libya.
Tarihi An ambaci Zaghawa a cikin rubutun harshen larabci na gargajiya. Balaraben karni na 9 al-Ya'qubi, ya rubuta game da su a matsayin "Zaghawa waɗanda ke zaune a wani wuri da ake kira Kanem," kuma ya ci gaba da jera jerin wasu masarautu a ƙarƙashin mulkin Zaghawa. A tarihance, mutanen Zaghawa suna da kyautuka a kan mafi yawan ƙananan al'ummomin da suka faɗaɗa yankin Sahel tsakanin Tafkin Chadi zuwa masarautar kwarin Nil na Nubia, Makuria da Alwa Mutanen Zaghawa suna kasuwanci tare da yankin Nilu da yankin Maghreb a cikin karni na 1 miladiyya. Abubuwan da aka ambata tun farko a cikin rubutun na karni na 8 an yi su ne tare da mutanen Toubou na arewacin Chadi da kudancin Libya, kuma masana sun yi imanin cewa biyun sun kasance ƙabilun da ke da alaƙa. Rubutun ƙarni na 11 sun ambaci cewa sarakunan masarautar Zaghawa sun karɓi Musulunci, kuma aƙalla suna a matsayin waɗanda ba Musulmi ba. Binciken farko na larabci ya bayyana Zaghawa a matsayin "baƙauran makiyaya". Masanin binciken kasa na karni na 12 Al-Idrisi da Yaqut na karni na 13 sun bayyana tasirin Zaghawa a kusa da wani yanki mai nisa, kuma sun ambaci garuruwan Kanem, Manan da Anjimi. Ibnu Sa'id, duk da haka, a rubuce a 1270 ya bayyana cewa Manan babban birni ne na masarautar Kanem har zuwa lokacin da sarakunan daular Sayfawa suka musulunta, suka ci yankin, sannan babban birnin ya koma Njimi Zaghawa sun ci gaba da rayuwa a cikin Manan, in ji Ibn Said. Koyaya, bayanan Kanem basu ambaci Zaghawa ba, kuma wataƙila sun ƙaura ne sannan suka ƙaura zuwa yankin da suke yanzu. Ana kiran wannan yankin Dar Zaghawa, ko "ƙasar Zaghawa". Kodayake karyewar garin Zaghawa ya karye ne sakamakon hauhawar Kanem a yankin Tafkin Chadi, amma Zaghawa ya ci gaba da iko da wasu yankuna na gabashin Kanem, kuma a karshen karni na 14 ne kawai aka ambaci yankin Darfur a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta Masar tarihi da kuma masanin ilimi na ƙasa Maqrizi Bayan tashin Darfur da Kanem, da alama Zaghawa sun mallaki yankunan hamada kawai kuma sun daina zama babbar ikon yanki.
Jama'a da al'adu Al’adun gargajiyar Zaghawa sun gudanar da rayuwa mafi yawanci ta makiyaya, wadanda suka hada da dangin makiyaya da doki, jakuna, awaki da garken tumaki da ke mai da hankali. A lokacin da suke da karfi sosai kafin sarakunan daular Sayfawa suka fatattakarsu suka wargaza su, an san su da fatake da 'yan kasuwa masu rakuma da dawakai, suna sarrafa wasu hanyoyin safarar Saharar Sahara. Suna bin mazhabar Malikiyya ta Sunni ta Musulunci, amma sun ci gaba da wasu ibadunsu na jahiliyya irin su karama hadaya ta dabbobi don kawar da miyagun ruhohi. Thearnin da suka musulunta ya kasance batun muhawara da ƙaramin yarda, tare da kimantawa daga 13 zuwa farkon karni na 17. A zamanin yau, suna rayuwa mara kyau, suna girma da kayan masarufi kamar gero da dawa, da sauran abinci kamar suƙo, kankana, kabewa, gyaɗa da okra. An yi imanin cewa al'ummar Zaghawa na cikin babbar kabilar Berber da ake samu a Arewacin Afirka. Berbers suna da dogon tarihi da wadata a yankin kuma ana ɗaukar su ɗaya daga cikin ƴan asali na farko na Arewacin Afirka. Ana tunanin Zaghawa sun fito ne daga al'ummomin masu magana da harshen Berber kuma suna da kamanceceniya da al'adu da harshe da sauran ƙungiyoyin Berber Duk da haka, Zaghawa sun ɓullo da nasu asali da al'adu na tsawon lokaci, kuma ana ɗaukar su a matsayin yanki na musamman na yankin Sahara zuwa yankunansu na yanzu a Libya, Chadi da Sudan Tarihin farko da aka rubuta na Zaghawa ya samo asali ne tun ƙarni da yawa kuma sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin siyasa da tattalin arzikin Chadi da Sudan. Zaghawa suna da al'adun gargajiya masu tarin yawa kuma sun kiyaye yarensu, al'adu da al'adunsu na musamman, duk da kalubalen da suka fuskanta a tsawon lokaci, ciki har da rikice-rikice na makamai da rashin zaman lafiya na siyasa.
Tsarin zaman jama'a Zungiyar Zaghawa ta kasance tsintsiya maɗaurinki ɗaya kuma ta haɗa da kyan gani. Sashin babba ya kasance na sarakuna da mayaƙa, ƙasa da su akwai 'yan kasuwa da' yan kasuwa, waɗanda a ƙasan akwai ƙwararrun masu fasaha waɗanda ake kira Hadaheed (ko Hadahid Waɗannan castan wasan sun yi rawar gani, kuma sana'o'in da suka gada sun haɗa da aikin baƙin ƙarfe, mafarauta, tukwane, aikin fata da kuma mawaƙa kamar su ganga. A al'adance ana kallon aikin kere-kere a cikin al'ummar Zaghawa a matsayin datti da kuma matsayin mara kima, kasancewar mutane daga asalin arna da yahudawa wadanda suka shigo cikin musulinci sannu a hankali. Wasu daga cikin rubutun Larabawa na farko suna magana ne da tsarin Zaghawa da "sarakunan maƙeri mai girman kai da ba za a iya tsammani ba". Kalmar "maƙeri" ya kasance kalma ce ta wulakanci a al'adun Zaghawa, in ji Anne Haour farfesa a Nazarin Afirka da Masana Tarihi na Zamani, kuma "idan aka haife maƙeri ɗaya zai kasance maƙeri". -Ungiyoyin maƙasudin maƙarƙashiya na Zaghawa ba ci ko haɗuwa da maƙerin maƙeri. Thean ƙasa mafi ƙasƙanci ya kasance bayi. Matsayi na zamantakewar al'umma da kuma manyan mutane kamar na masu sana'ar fata a cikin mutanen Zaghawa yayi kama da waɗanda ake samu a cikin jama'ar Fur Tasirin zamani Duk da yake basu da ƙarfi sosai a Sudan, amma sun mamaye Chadi a siyasance. Tsohon shugaban ƙasar, Idriss Déby da tsaffin firaministocin Chadi da dama su ne Zaghawa, da sauran mambobin gwamnati da yawa. Don haka Chadian Zaghawa sun kasance mutane masu tasiri a cikin siyasar yankin. A cikin yaƙe-yaƙe na zamani a Chadi, Libya da Sudan, ƙabilar Zaghawa ta tsunduma ciki sosai, musamman ta hanyar ƙawancen dabarun yaƙi da wasu ƙabilu kamar su Fur Koyaya, a Sudan, 'yan Zaghawa sun tsunduma cikin rikicin Darfur, kuma sun yi asara mai yawa daga matsalolin can. Zaghawa na Sudan na daga cikin al'ummomin da ke zaune a sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira a Darfur da gabashin Chadi inda ɗaukar yara sojoji cikin kungiyoyin' yan tawaye matsala ce da ke ci gaba. 'Yan ƙabilar Zaghawa suna daga cikin kabilun da ke Darfur wadanda ake kira "Afirka" kamar yadda ake kiran wasu kabilun da suka yi fada da su "Balarabe". Sakamakon mishan mishan na Tijani Musulmai daga Afirka ta Yamma waɗanda suke tafiya a cikin yankinsu don yin aikin hajji a Makka, shugabanin ya musulunta A cikin 1940s, da Zaghawa fara kunna zuwa ga Musulunci daga Animism en sun mayar. A Darfur, 'yan Zaghawa sanannu ne saboda tsoron Allah. Sakamakon faɗan da ake yi a Darfur, inda 'yan tawayen larabawa na cikin gida ke kai hare-hare saboda asalinsu na kabilanci, 100,000 sun zama' yan gudun hijira a kan iyakar Chadi. Wani ɗan ƙabilar Zaghawa mai suna Daoud Hari ya rubuta wani abin tarihi game da Darfur da ake kira The Translator sannan wata mata ‘yar kabilar Zaghawa mai suna Dr. Halima Bashir ta hada hannu tare da Damien Lewis mai suna‘ Hawaye na Hamada waɗanda dukkansu suka yada ilimi game da ta’asar da aka yi a Darfur.
Manazarta Jama'ar Afirka
Bidiyon Aljazeera Turanci a kan mutanen Zaghawa na Chadi
Ethnogenesis daga tare da Kasar Chadi, Dierk Lange (1993)
Bidiyon kiɗa "Zaghawa Yarinya" na Majid Kurbiya, tare da fassarar Turanci da bayanan kula
Bidiyon kiɗa "Bari mu tafi, Matasa" na Haydar wad Fa, tare da Fassarar Ingilishi da rubutu
Mutanen Cadi
Mutanen Chadi
Mutanen Afirka
Al'umma
Al'ummomi
Kabila
Kabilun |
32023 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nampalys%20Mendy | Nampalys Mendy | Nampalys Mendy (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Yuni shekara ta alif 1992) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na tsaro don ƙungiyar Premier League ta Leicester City. An haife shi kuma ya girma a kasar Faransa, yana wakiltar Senegal a matakin kasa da kasa.
Saboda ƙananan girmansa, rarraba sauƙi, da kuma tsarin wasan dogara, Mendy an kwatanta shi da tsohon dan wasan Faransa Claude Makélélé. Dan wasan Monaco Didier Christophe, alal misali, ana magana da Mendy a matsayin kwafin carbon na Makelelé. Mendy ya fito a wasan karshe na AFCON na shekarar 2021 da Masar.
Aikin kulob/ƙungiya
Farkon aiki Bayan barin Sporting Toulon a watan Yuni 2007, Mendy ya ci gaba da yin gwaji tare da sashin ƙwallon ƙafa na RC Toulon. A cewar Monaco Scout Didier Christophe, masu horar da Toulon sun bayyana cewa Mendy ya kasance a can don "ƙira lambobi." Duk da haka, yayin da yake lura da Mendy a horo, Christophe ya lura da basirar dan wasan da fahimtar wasan kuma ya ba shi shawarar Dominique Bijotat, wanda ke aiki a matsayin shugaban makarantar matasa na Monaco.
Monaco A ranar 27 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2010, Mendy ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar sana'a ta farko, ya amince da yarjejeniyar shekaru uku tare da Monaco har zuwa watan Yuni shekarar 2013. A cikin watan Yuli shekara ta 2010, Manajan Guy Lacombe ya kira shi zuwa tawagar farko a horarwa kafin kakar wasa, kuma ya sake yin lambobi tare da Lacombe ya rasa 'yan wasa da dama kamar Diego Pérez, Nicolas Nkoulou, Park Chu-Young, da Lukman Haruna, wanda duk ya halarci gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA shekarar 2010. A ranar 7 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2010, Mendy ya fara buga wasansa na farko a ƙwararre a wasan farko na ƙungiyar da Lyon. Ya buga dukkanin mintuna 90, inda ya karbi katin gargadi a karo na biyu. Mendy ya karbi jan kati na farko a ranar 19 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2011 da Amiens SC, an kore shi a wasa na 70th a wasan da suka tashi 1-1. A lokacin kakar 2012 zuwa 2013, Mendy ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a ci gaban Monaco zuwa Ligue 1. Duk da nasarar da aka samu, Mendy ya yanke shawarar barin Monaco a karshen kakar wasa bayan kwantiraginsa ya kare.
Nice Mendy da aka nasaba da teams irin su Manchester United da Arsenal. Duk da kiran Manchester United da ya kira "kulob din mafarki", Mendy ya ki amincewa da komawa kungiyar ta Ingila saboda yana son ci gaba da zama a Faransa. Bayan wasu maganganu masu kyau tare da Manajan Nice, Claude Puel, Mendy ya yanke shawarar shiga OGC Nice akan canja wuri kyauta. Mendy ya fara halarta a ranar 17 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2013, a cikin nasara 2–1 da Stade Rennais. Bayan da kyaftin din kulob din Didier Digard ya bar Real Betis a kyauta a karshen kakar wasa ta 2014 zuwa 2015, kuma sabon kyaftin Mathieu Bodmer ya ji rauni, an nada Mendy kyaftin. Mendy ya buga wasanni 110 a cikin wasanni uku a Nice kuma ya taimaka musu zuwa matsayi na hudu a Ligue 1 a shekarar 2015 zuwa 2016. Yana da mafi girman adadin wucewa na biyu a bayan Thiago Motta (2950), mafi yawan wucewa a kowane wasa (78), da wucewar daidaito (92%), mafi kyawun kowane ɗan wasa ba memba na Paris Saint-Germain ba.
Leicester City A ranar 3 ga watan Yuli shekarar 2016, Mendy ya koma zakarun gasar Premier ta Ingila Leicester City, wanda tsohon kocinsa a Monaco, Claudio Ranieri ya jagoranta, sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru hudu akan 13. miliyan, rikodin kulob a lokacin. An sake karya tarihin musayar 'yan wasa lokacin da Ahmed Musa ya koma Leicester a kan fan 16 miliyan biyar bayan kwana biyar, kuma duk da haka bai wuce watanni biyu ba lokacin da Islam Slimani ya koma Leicester a kan £29 miliyan. Mendy ya buga wasansa na farko na gasa ga Leicester a ci 2-1 a hannun Manchester United a gasar FA Community Shield na shekarar 2016 a ranar 7 ga watan Agusta, ya zo a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin Andy King na mintuna na 63. Ya samu rauni a idon sawun sa a wasansa na farko a gida da Arsenal a ranar 20 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2016 kuma an sauya shi a minti na 53. Mendy ya yi jinyar fiye da watanni uku, kuma bai dawo ba har sai a ranar 7 ga watan Disamba shekarar 2016 a gasar zakarun Turai wasan matakin rukuni zuwa Porto, yana buga wasan gaba daya a cikin shan kashi 5-0. A karshe ya buga wasanni hudu kacal a kakar wasa ta bana. A ranar 31 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 2017, Mendy ya koma Nice a kan aro. A ranar 24 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2020, Mendy ya sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwantiragin shekaru biyu tare da kulob din. A ranar 10 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2021, an bar Mendy daga cikin 'yan wasa 25 na Premier na ƙarshe na Leicester don kakar 2021 zuwa 2022. Koyaya, an sake haɗa shi lokacin da aka sabunta ƙungiyar bayan taga canja wurin a watan Janairu shekarar 2022.
Ayyukan kasa An haifi Mendy a Faransa, kuma dan asalin Senegal ne. Mendy tsohon matashin dan kasar Faransa ne na kasa da kasa wanda ya samu kofuna a matakin kasa da shekaru 17, kasa da 18, da kasa da 19. Tare da tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 17, kocin Philippe Bergeroo bai lura da shi ba har zuwa 2009 UEFA European Under-17 Championship lokacin da aka kira shi zuwa tawagar. Mendy dai ya fito a dukkan wasannin rukuni uku da aka yi a kasar Faransa ba tare da samun nasara ba. Tare da tawagar karkashin 18, ya fara halarta a karon a kan 29 Oktoba 2009 a wasan sada zumunci da Denmark. Tun farko an kira Mendy zuwa tawagar 'yan kasa da shekara 19 a watan Agustan 2010 kawai don buga gasar cin kofin Sendai da ke Japan, amma saboda yawan kwazonsa a cikin gida, kocin Monaco Guy Lacombe ya shawo kan Bergeroo ya sanya shi zama na dindindin a cikin tawagar. An kira shi a hukumance zuwa tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 19 don samun cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin nahiyar Turai ta 2011 UEFA European Under-19 Championship. Mendy ya fara buga wasansa na farko tare da tawagar a nasarar da suka samu a kan San Marino da ci 3-0 kuma ya bayyana a matsayin dan wasa a wasannin share fage biyu na gaba da Montenegro da Ostiriya, yayin da Faransa ta yi nasara a wasanni biyun da ta kammala ba tare da an doke ta ba. A ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 2010, yayin da har yanzu ya cancanci wakiltar 'yan wasan kasa da shekaru 19 da 20, an kira Mendy zuwa tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 21 don wasan sada zumunci da Rasha. A cikin shekarar Maris 2021, Mendy ya samu kiran farko zuwa tawagar kasar Senegal, inda ya fara buga wasansa na farko a wasan da suka tashi babu ci da Congo.
Rayuwa ta sirri Mendy kani ne ga 'yan wasan kwallon kafa Bafétimbi Gomis da Alexandre Mendy.
Salon wasa Mendy dan wasan tsakiya ne mai tsaron gida wanda aka sani da juriya, hankali, da kuma rarraba kwallon. Duk da shekarunsa da girmansa, Mendy ya sami yabo saboda balagagge kuma mai ƙarfi wasansa, yana gayyatar kwatancen tsohon dan wasan Faransa Claude Makélélé.
Kididdigar sana'a
Kulob
Ƙasashen Duniya
Girmamawa Monaco
Ligue 2 2012-13 Leicester City
Kofin FA 2020-21 Senegal
Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka 2021 Mutum
Tawagar Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka: 2021
Manazarta Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
24899 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackichand%20Singh | Jackichand Singh | Telem Jackichand Singh (An haife shi ranar 17 ga watan Maris, 1992) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Indiya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya. A cikin gida yana buga wasa a matsayin dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kulob ɗin Indian Super League, na East Bengal, a matsayin aro daga Mumbai City, da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙasar Indiya Sana'a
Royal Wahingdoh Jackichand ya fara zama ƙwararren ɗan wasa don Royal Wahingdoh, sannan a cikin I-League 2nd Division, a ranar 19 ga watan Satumba, shekara ta 2011 a Gasar Cin Kofin Federation da Churchill Brothers Wahingdoh ya ci wasan da ci 2-1 inda Jacki ya zura kwallo ta biyu a minti na 53 don kammala tashin hankali a kofin. Jackichand zai sake yin wasa sau biyu a matakin rukuni na gasar cin kofin tarayya, ya sake zira kwallaye, amma ba zai iya taimakawa kungiyarsa fice daga rukunin ba. Ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Royal Wahingdoh a lokacin kamfen ɗin su na 2011 I-League 2nd Division kuma zai zira kwallaye uku a lokacin rukunin, yana taimaka wa ƙungiyarsa ta cancanci zuwa Gasar Cin Kofin Ƙasa ta 2 na shekarar 2011 a matsayin masu nasara a rukuni, amma Wahingdoh ya gama na 6. kuma ya kasa samun ci gaba. Jackichand ya sake kasancewa cikin tawagar a lokacin gasar I-League ta shekarar 2012, inda Wahingdoh ya sake samun cancantar shiga rukuninsu a matsayin wadanda suka lashe gasar a zagayen karshe, inda Jacki ya zira kwallaye biyu. A lokacin zagaye na ƙarshe, za mu iya lissafin wasanni 10 da ya yi, ya zira kwallaye 8 amma ba zai iya taimaka wa ƙungiyarsa ta sami ci gaba zuwa I-League ba. Jackichand ya ci gaba da kasancewa tare da Royal Wahingdoh na rukunin I-League na shekarar 2013 amma a wannan karon, Wahingdoh ya kasa tsallakewa zuwa zagaye na ƙarshe daga rukuninsu yayin da suka gama na uku. A ƙarshe, yana cikin rukunin I-League na shekarar 2014 lokacin da Wahingdoh ya lashe gasar don haka ya sami ci gaba, bayan samun cancantar zama masu nasara a rukunin zuwa zagaye na ƙarshe na I-League 2nd Division shekara ta 2014, lokacin da Jackichand ya zira kwallaye biyu a zagayen ƙarshe.
2014 zuwa 2015 Jackichand ya fara wasan farko na sabuwar kakar don Royal Wahingdoh bayan samun ci gaba, a kan Mumbai a gasar cin kofin Federation na shekarun 2014 da 15 a cikin nasarar 2-1 inda ya zira duka ƙwallon ƙungiyarsa a kowane ɓangaren rabin lokaci. Ya zira kwallon sa ta uku a Gasar Cin Kofin Tarayya da Sporting Goa ranar 4 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2015 a raunin 2-1. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a gasar I-league a ranar 18 ga watan Janairu da Shillong Lajong a farkon Shillong Derby a cikin I-league kuma ya taimaki abokin wasansa Satiyasen Singh don Kwallo na Biyu a cikin nasara 2-1. Jackichand ya zira kwallon sa ta farko I-League a kan Salgaocar Ya ci kwallo ta biyu a kakar wasa ta bana a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Bharat FC a ranar 21 ga watan Maris shekarar 2015. Jacki ya zira kwallaye biyu a ragar Pune a wasan da suka ci 2-0 a gida a ranar 29 ga watan Maris shekara ta 2015. Ya taimaki Godwin Franco a wasan da suka ci 1-0 a gida da Gabashin Bengal a ranar 31 ga watan Maris, shekarar 2015. Jackichand ya taimaki abokin wasansa Satiyasen Singh sau uku don hat-trick da ya yi da Salgaocar a ranar 3 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2015 a nasarar 4-2 ga tawagarsa. A ƙarshen kakar shekarar 2014 zuwa 2015 Jackichand an ba shi mafi kyawun ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa.
Super League na Indiya
Pune City A ranar 10 ga Yuli 2015, an yi gwanjon Jackichand don yin wasa da FC Pune City akan 45 lakhs 58.2k) a cikin Super Indian na 2015 Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa a lokacin Delhi Dynamos na ISL a ranar 14 ga Oktoba 2015. Ya ɗauki wasanni biyu kacal ya ci wa ƙungiyar kwallaye a kan ATK a ranar 17 ga Oktoba 2015. Ya ci kwallon a cikin minti 1 da dakika 15. Ita ce ƙwallo mafi sauri da aka ci a bugun ISL na biyu. Ya buga wasansa na karshe a kulob din da NorthEast United a ranar 2 ga Disamba 2015. Ya kammala kakar wasa tare da wasanni 9, inda ya zira kwallaye guda daya a cikin tsari.
I-League
Salgaocar (aro) A ranar 1 ga watan Janairu 2016, Jackichand ya rattaba hannu kan Salgaocar yayin da Royal Wahingdoh ya yanke shawarar ficewa daga I-League, a matsayin aro daga Pune City don I-League na 2015-16. Ya fara buga wa ƙungiyar wasa a cikin 2015–16 I-League da Bengaluru FC 9 Janairu 2016. Jackichand ya ci kwallonsa ta farko ga Salgaocar a kan Mumbai a I-League a cikin rashin nasara 2-1. Ya buga wasan karshe na kulob din da Sporting Goa a ranar 23 ga Afrilu 2016.
Komawa zuwa ISL
Mumbai City A ranar 21 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 2016, Mumbai City ta ba da sanarwar sanya hannu kan Jackichand a karo na uku na ISL. Ya fara wasansa na farko ranar 3 ga Oktoba a kan tsohon kulob dinsa Pune City, inda ya maye gurbin Léo Costa a minti na 90 a wasan da suka ci 1-0. A ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 2016, ya ci wa kungiyarsa kwallon farko da nasara, a minti na 45 a kan NorthEast United bayan mai tsaron ragar NorthEast Lima Gomes ya yi kuskure. Ya buga wasansa na karshe na kulob din da ATK a ranar 13 ga Disamba 2016, a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 (raunin 3-2) a wasan zagaye na biyu na wasan kusa da na karshe.
Komawa I-League
Gabashin Bengal (aro) A ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara 2017, Singh ya rattaba hannu don kulob din I-League na gabas Bengal don kakar I-League ta 2016-17. Ya fara wasan farko da zakarun zakarun Aizawl a ranar 7 ga Janairun 2017 a wasan da suka tashi 1-1. Amma bayyanar da wahalar zuwa Singh kamar yadda babban kocin Gabashin Bengal Trevor Morgan baya buƙatar masu yawo a cikin tsarin sa. Ya buga wasanni 7 ne kawai a kulob din wanda daga ciki wasanni 4 suka fito daga benci. Wasansa na karshe na kulob din ya zo ne da Punjab a ranar 23 ga Afrilu 2017.
Komawa zuwa ISL (x2)
Kerala Blasters A ranar 23 ga watan Yuli, shekara 2017, an zaɓi Singh a zagaye na 8th na 2017-18 'Yan wasan ISL na Kerala Blasters don kakar 2017 18 na Indian Super League Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba 2017 da ATK Ya zo a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin Courage Pekuson na minti na 81 yayin da Kerala Blasters ya yi canjaras 0-0. Daga nan Singh ya ci wa kungiyarsa kwallon farko a ranar 9 ga Disamba 2017 a kan Goa Ya zira kwallaye daidai wa Kerala Blasters a minti na 30 don yin 2-2 amma abin takaici kulob din zai ci gaba da yin rashin nasara 5-2. Daga nan ya ci wa kungiyarsa kwallo ta biyu a ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairu shekara 2018 a kan Pune City Kwallon da ya zura a minti na 58 shine farkon fara wasan a nasarar 2-1 ga Blasters. Ya kammala kakar wasa ta bana da kwallaye 2 cikin wasanni 17 da ya bugawa kungiyar yayin da Kerala Blasters ya kare a matsayi na 6 a jadawalin gasar FC Goa A ranar 1 ga watan Yuli shekara 2018, ya sanya hannu kan Goa daga Kerala Blasters A ranar 14 ga watan Fabrairu ya ci kwallo daga yadi 22 wanda ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙwallo mafi sauri a cikin 18-19 ISL kakar wanda ya haifar da nasarar 3-0 ga FC Goa a kan masu nasara ISL sau biyu ATK Ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasan da suka fi burge Gaurs a kakar wasa ta farko tare da su, inda ya zira kwallaye 4 sannan ya zira kwallaye 4 a wasanni 21 yayin da ya taimaki Goa ya kai wasan karshe na ISL. Ya ci gaba da wannan tsari ta hanyar zira kwallaye 5 a wasanni 19 a kakar wasa ta biyu tare da kulob din yayin da Goa ya kare a matsayi na 1 a jadawalin gasar, kuma ta haka ne ya zama kulob din Indiya na farko da ya cancanci shiga rukunin rukunin Champions League na AFC.
Jamshedpur A ranar 18 ga watan Agusta 2020, Singh ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru 3 tare da Jamshedpur don kakar ISL mai zuwa. An sanya masa riga mai lamba 12. Ya taimaka a wasansa na farko da Chennaiyin a cikin rashin nasara 2-1 a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba.
Mumbai City FC Mumbai City FC ta tabbatar da sa hannun Jackichand Singh daga Jamshedpur FC a ranar 23 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2021 don ragowar kakar ISL a shekarar 2020-2021. Dan wasan gefe na Manipur ya ba da taimako uku a wasanni 12 da ya yi wa Jamshedpur FC a gasar Super League ta Indiya 2020-2021.
Kasashen duniya Jackichand ya fara bugawa babbar kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa wasa da Nepal a ranar 12 ga watan Maris, shekarar 2015, inda ya maye gurbin Lalrindika Ralte A ranar 7 ga watan Yuni, a wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Asiya ta shekarar 2019 da Laos, ya taimaka sau uku bayan ya maye gurbinsa a farkon rabin nasarar da Indiya ta ci 6-1. A ranar 7 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 2016, Jacki ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Udanta Kumam a minti na 44 a wasan gida da Laos a filin wasa na Indira Gandhi Athletic, Guwahati inda ya ba da taimako uku kuma ya taimaka wa Indiya ta cancanci zuwa zagaye na uku na wasannin cancantar gasar cin kofin Asiya ta AFC. A ranar 3 ga watan Satumbar shekarar 2016, Jackichand ya ci ƙwallon sa ta farko ga Indiya a nasarar 4 1 akan Puerto Rico a Andheri Sports Complex, Mumbai.
Ƙididdigar sana'a
Kulob
Kasashen duniya Indiya da aka jera da farko, shafi na nuna maki bayan kowane burin Jackichand.
Gasar Super League ta Indiya 2018–19 Super Cup na Indiya 2019
Na ɗaya I-League 2014-15 Mafi kyawun ɗan wasa na kakar
Rayuwar mutum Babban wahayi na Singh shine ɗan wasan Manipuri Renedy Singh, da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Jackie Chan, wanda aka sanya masa suna. Ya fito ne daga ƙasƙantar da kai kuma abokan wasan sa da abokan sa sun san shi da Jacki. Ya auri Beauty kuma yana da ɗa mai shekaru uku mai suna Civic. An saka sunayen matarsa da dansa a hannunsa na dama.
Manazarta
Rayayyun Mutane
Haifaffun 1992
Pages with unreviewed |
32862 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy%20Tau | Percy Tau | Percy Muzi Tau (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 1994) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ke taka leda a ƙungiyar Premier League ta Masar Al Ahly SC a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Afirka ta Kudu.
Tau ya fara wasan kwallon kafa ne da kungiyar Mamelodi Sundowns ta Premier inda ya buga wasanni 100 a kowanne bangare na aro ga Witbank Spurs. A lokacin da yake tare da Sundowns, ya lashe gasar lig sau biyu da kuma CAF Champions League sau daya kuma an ba shi kyautar Gwarzon Kwallon Kafa na Shekara da kuma wanda ya zura kwallaye a kakar wasansa ta karshe da kulob din.
Ya koma Brighton a cikin shekarar 2018 amma, saboda rikice-rikicen izinin aiki, an ba shi rance ga ƙungiyar SG ta Belgium wanda tare da shi ya ci kyautar Proximus League Player of the Season. Tsarinsa ya ba shi damar tafiya na ɗan lokaci zuwa Club Brugge, inda ya ci lambar yabo ta masu cin nasara a kakar wasa ta gaba, kafin a ba shi rancen a karo na uku a jere lokacin da ya rattaba hannu a kan abokan hamayyar Anderlecht a shekarar 2020.
Tau ya rattaba hannu a kungiyar Al Ahly SC ta kasar Masar a shekara ta 2021 kan kwantiragin shekara biyu.
Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya
Mamelodi Sundowns An haife shi a eMalahleni, Tau ya fara aikinsa tare da Mamelodi Sundowns a gasar Premier League. Ya buga wasansa na farko na kwararru a kulob din a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2014 a gasar da Orlando Pirates. Ya zo ne a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Domingues na mintuna 85 yayin da Sundowns ta sha kashi 1-0. Tau sa'an nan ya zira kwallaye na farko na sana'a burin ga kulob din a lokacin Nedbank Cup wasa a ranar 22 ga watan Maris shekarar 2014 da Golden Arrows. Kwallon da ya ci a minti na 90 ita ce ta hudu kuma ta karshe ga Sundowns yayin da suka ci 4-1 a kan Arrows. Sannan ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar cin kofin duniya a ranar 5 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2015 a gasar cin kofin zakarun nahiyar Afirka ta CAF da TP Mazembe. Ya zura kwallo daya tilo da Sundown ta ci a wasan a minti na 84 da fara wasan inda Mamelodi Sundowns suka tashi 3-1. Bayan yanayi biyu kuma da wuya ya fito Mamelodi Sundowns, an sanya Tau cikin jerin fitattun kulob na kakar 2014 zuwa 2015.
Bisa shawarar kocin matasa na lokacin Rhulani Mokwena, an ba da shi aro ga kungiyar Witbank Spurs ta National First Division a maimakon haka. Ya buga wasansa na farko a kungiyar a ranar 6 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2016 a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 3-1 a kan African Warriors kuma ya ci kwallaye 3 a wasanni 11 da ya buga a lokacin aro. Bayan kakar wasa tare da Witbank Spurs, Tau ya koma Mamelodi Sundowns kuma an saka shi a cikin 'yan wasan da za su buga gasar cin kofin zakarun kulob na CAF. Ya taka leda a ko'ina kuma yana taka leda a kowane minti na duka ƙafafu biyu na jimlar 3-1 a kan Zamalek na Masar a gasar cin kofin CAF Champions League. Nasarar ita ce nasara ta farko da Sundowns ta samu a gasar ta nahiyar. Sannan ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar lig a kulob din a ranar 2 ga watan Nuwamba Shekarar 2016 da Polokwane City. Ya zura kwallo ta farko a ragar kungiyar yayin da suka ci 2-0. Tau ya fara buga wa gefe a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA Club World Cup a ranar 11 ga watan Disamba shekarar 2016 da Kashima Antlers. An fitar da Sundowns daga gasar bayan ta sha kashi a hannun Japan da ci 2-0. A wasan matsayi na biyar, Tau ya zura kwallo daya tilo a ragar Sundowns yayin da suka tashi 4-1 a hannun Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors ta Koriya ta Kudu. A lokacin kakar 2017 zuwa 2018, Tau ya zira kwallaye 11 don taimakawa Mamelodi Sundowns zuwa taken gasar. Tsarinsa a duk tsawon kakar ya gan shi ya raba kyautar takalmin zinare na Lesley Manyathela tare da Rodney Ramagalela kuma ya ba shi kyautar Kwallon Kwallon Kaya da na Playeran Wasan Wasanni. Sakamakon nasarorin da ya samu, wasu kungiyoyin Turai sun yi zawarcin Tau a lokacin bazara. Yayin da ake ta cece-kuce a kan makomarsa, ya ki shiga Sundowns a shirye-shiryen tunkarar kakar wasa ta bana a kokarinsa na daukar matakin.
Brighton Hove Albion A ranar 20 ga watan Yuli 2018, Tau ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru hudu tare da kulob din Premier League na Ingila Brighton & Hove Albion, don kudin canja wuri da ba a bayyana ba, ya ruwaito yana cikin yankin R 50 miliyan (UK 2.7 miliyan), wani tarihin cinikin dan wasan cikin gida a Afirka ta Kudu. Manajan Brighton, Chris Hughton, ya tabbatar da cewa Tau za a ba da lamuni ba da daɗewa ba bayan canja wurinsa, bayan da ya kasa samun izinin aiki na Burtaniya, da kuma son ɗan wasan Afirka ta Kudu don samun ƙwarewar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Turai. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 2021, ya koma Brighton & Hove Albion, bayan an tuna da shi daga lamunin aronsa a Anderlecht Lamuni zuwa Union SG A ranar 15 ga watan Agusta, Tau ya shiga ƙungiyar rukuni na biyu na Belgium Union SG, mallakin shugaban Brighton Tony Bloom, a kan lamuni na tsawon lokaci. Nan da nan aka shigar da shi cikin tawagar farko kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a gasar cin kofin Belgium a farkon rabin kakar wasa, inda ya zira kwallaye hudu a wasanni shida don taimaka wa kulob din zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe bayan ya rubuta nasarorin tarihi a kan Anderlecht da Genk. A cikin watan Afrilu 2019, bayan ya zira kwallaye shida a raga da taimakawa akaci bakwai don taimakawa kungiyar ta kammala kakar wasa a matsayi na biyu, Tau yana daya daga cikin 'yan wasa uku da aka zaba don kyautar Player of the Season, tare da abokin wasan Faïz Selemani. A karshe ya lashe kyautar kuma an sanya shi a cikin tawagar da ta fi fice a gasar.
Lamuni zuwa Club Brugge A ranar 29 ga watan Yuli 2019, Tau ya rattaba hannu kan kungiyar Club Brugge ta Belgium a matsayin aro na kakar 2019-20. Ya buga wasansa na farko a kungiyar a ranar 2 ga Agusta 2019 da Sint-Truiden inda ya zura kwallo a wasan da kungiyar ta samu nasara a gida da ci 6-0. A ranar 13 ga Agusta, an kore shi da laifin yin laifi na biyu yayin wasan da suka tashi 3 3 a waje da Dynamo Kiev a wasansa na biyu na gasar zakarun Turai. Brugge ta samu nasara ne da ci 4-3. Tau ya bayyana a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 a waje da Real Madrid a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, inda ya taimaka wa kwallon ɗin a farko. An kawo karshen gasar a watan Mayu tare da sauran wasa daya da za a buga saboda Covid-19. Tau ya buga wasannin lig 18 inda ya zira kwallaye 3 yayin da aka sanar da Club Bruges a matsayin zakara, maki 15 tsakaninta da matsayi na 2.
Lamuni zuwa Anderlecht A ranar 4 ga Agusta 2020, Tau ya rattaba hannu kan kulob din Anderlecht na Belgium, kan lamunin shekara guda. Ya buga wasansa na farko a kulob din a ranar 16 ga Agusta 2020, ya zo ne a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a minti na 64 da Sint-Truiden, kuma ya ci kwallonsa ta farko yayin da Anderlecht ta ci wasan 3-1.
Komawa Brighton A ranar 7 ga Janairu 2021, ƙungiyar Brighton ta sake kiran Tau, bayan watanni huɗu kacal a Anderlecht, bayan ƙungiyar ta sami amincewar Hukumar Mulki, sabon tsarin tushen maki don 'yan wasan da ba na Ingilishi ba wanda ya fara aiki lokacin da lokacin canji ya biyo baya. Ficewar Birtaniya daga Tarayyar Turai ya kare, daga FA ga Tau. A ranar 10 ga watan Janairu, 2021, kwanaki 905 bayan sanya hannu kan The Seagulls Tau ya fara buga wasansa na farko a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a gasar cin kofin FA a Newport County inda a karshe Brighton ta yi nasara a bugun fenareti. Bayan kwana uku ya fara buga gasar lig na Brighton wanda ya fara a gasar Premier da suka tashi 1-0 a Manchester City. A ranar 15 ga Mayu, yayin da yake bayyanar da bayyanarsa ta uku a gasar Premier Tau ya aika ta hanyar kwallo zuwa Danny Welbeck wanda ya zura kwallon a kan mai tsaron gida Łukasz Fabiański ya sa The Seagulls gaba a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 gida da West Ham.
Al Ahly Tau ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniya ta dindindin a gasar Premier ta Masar Al Ahly a ranar 26 ga Agusta 2021. Tau ya taka leda a gasar cin kofin CAF na shekarar 2021 a ranar 22 ga Disamba, inda ya taimaka wa Al Ahly kwallon a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida, inda ya ci.
Ayyukan kasa Tau ya fara buga wasansa na farko a Afirka ta Kudu a ranar 17 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 2015 a ci 0-2 da Angola ta yi a wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Afirka na shekarar 2016. A ranar 25 ga watan Maris shekarar 2017, ya ci kwallonsa ta farko ta kasa da kasa a minti na 69 a karawar da suka yi da Guinea-Bissau bayan da ya karbi katin gargadi minti biyu da suka wuce.
A ranar 13 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2018, Tau yana daya daga cikin 'yan wasan Afirka ta Kudu da suka zira kwallaye yayin da al'ummar kasar suka sami nasara mafi girma da aka taba samu tare da doke Seychelles da ci 6-0 a wasan neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika. A ranar 24 ga watan Maris, shekarar 2019, ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Libya da ci 2-1 don tabbatar da cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika ta shekarar 2019. Kwallon da ya yi ya kai shi kwallaye hudu a gasar neman tikitin shiga gasar, inda ya sanya shi cikin wadanda suka fi zura kwallaye a gasar. An saka sunan Tau a cikin 'yan wasan Afirka ta Kudu don buga gasar cin kofin Afirka na shekarar 2019. Ya fara ne a dukkanin wasanni biyar da ya bugawa kasarsa inda suka yi wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe, inda Najeriya ta sha kashi a hannun Najeriya har ta hana su zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe.
Kididdigar sana'a/Aiki
Kulob/Ƙungiya
Ƙasashen Duniya
Kwallayensa na kasa Maki da sakamako ne suka jera yawan kwallayen da Afirka ta Kudu ta ci a farko.
Girmamawa
Kulob Mamelodi Sundowns
Premier League 2013–14, 2017–18
Kofin Nedbank 2014-15 Telkom Knockout 2015 CAF Champions League 2016
CAF Super Cup 2017
Club Brugge
Belgian Pro League 2019-20 Al Ahly
CAF Super Cup 2021
Ƙasashen Duniya Afirka ta Kudu
Gasar Kasashe Hudu na 2018
Mutum Lesley Manyathela Golden Boot 2017–18 PSL Kwallon Kafa na Shekara 2017–18 PSL Players' Player of the Season 2017–18 Belgian First Division B Player of the Season: 2018–19 Ƙungiyoyin Farko na B na Belgium na Lokacin: 2018-19
Manazarta Rayayyun mutane
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38883 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis%20Allotey | Francis Allotey | Articles with hCards
Francis Kofi Ampenyin Allotey FGA OV (9 Agustan shekarar 1932 2 Nuwamba 2017 masanin lissafin lissafin, na kasar Ghana Tare da Daniel Afedzi Akyeampong, ya zama dan Ghana na farko da ya sami digiri na uku a kimiyyar lissafi, wanda ya samu a sheakara ta 1966.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Allotey, a ranar 9 ga watan Agusta 1932 a garin Fante na Saltpond a tsakiyar Ghana ga Joseph Kofi Allotey, babban mai sayar dy, mai sana'ar sutura daga dangin Royal Dehyena kayayyaki da Alice Esi Nyena Allotea na Enyan Owomase da Ekumfi Edumafa, a cikin Yankin Tsakiyar Ghana. Mahaifinsa ya mallaki kantin sayar da littattafai A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, Allotey ya ciyar da lokacinsa na kyauta a kantin sayar da littattafai na mahaifinsa yana karanta tarihin rayuwar shahararrun masana kimiyya wanda ya sa ya sha'awar kimiyya. Ya girma a Roman Katolika Ya yi karatun firamare a Makarantar Katolika ta St. Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare, ya halarci Kwalejin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Ghana da kuma Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Borough na London Ya yi digiri na biyu da na uku daga Jami'ar Princeton, wanda aka ba shi a 1966 kuma a baya Diploma, na Kwalejin Imperial, wanda ya samu a shekara ta 1960. Masanin kimiyyar lissafi dan Pakistan Abdus Salam, wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel ya koyar da shi a matsayin dalibi a Kwalejin Imperial. A lokacinsa a Princeton, masana kimiyya da yawa irin su Robert Dicke, Val Fitch, Robert Oppenheimer, Paul AM Dirac da CN Yang sun ba shi jagoranci.
Sana'a An san shi da Allotey Formalism wanda ya taso daga aikinsa na kallon kallon X-ray mai laushi Shi ne wanda ya karɓi kyautar yarima Philip Golden Award na Burtaniya a shekarar 1973 saboda aikinsa a wannan yanki. Mutumin da ya kafa Cibiyar Kimiyyar Kimiyya ta Afirka, a cikin 1974, ya zama cikakken farfesa na farko na Ghana a fannin lissafi kuma shugaban Sashen Lissafi sannan kuma shugaban tsangayar Kimiyya a Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah Ya kuma kasance shugaban cibiyar kula da kwamfutoci ta KNUST kafin ya hau mukaminsa na mataimakin shugaban jami’ar. Daga cikin abokan aikin Allotey akan tsangayar lissafi a KNUST akwai Atu Mensa Taylor (ya rasu a shekarar 1977), dan Ghana na uku da ya samu digirin digirgir a fannin lissafi. Taylor ya karbi DPhil nasa (1967) daga Oxford a karkashin masanin lissafi na Welsh, John Trevor Lewis, wanda kuma ya sami MA a can shekaru da yawa a baya. Allotey shi ne shugaban Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Ghana kuma memba na kun,giyoyin kimiya na kasa da kasa da suka hada da Abdus Salam International Center for Theoretical Physics Scientific Council tun 1996. Ya kuma kasance shugaban cibiyar nazarin Physics ta Ghana kuma shi ne ya kafa kungiyar Physical Society ta Afrika. Ya taka rawar gani wajen ganin Ghana ta shiga kungiyar ta kasa da kasa ta kungiyar tsafta da aiyuka a fannin kimiyyar lissafi, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama daya daga cikin kasashen Afirka na farko da suka shiga kungiyar. Ya yi aiki tare da IUPAP da ICTP don karfafa ilimin kimiyyar lissafi a kasashe masu tasowa ta hanyar bita da taro don wayar da kan jama'a a nahiyar. Allotey shi ne Shugaban Kwamitin Amintattu na Cibiyar Fasaha ta Accra, Shugaban Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyyar Lissafi ta Afirka, Ghana Ya kasance ɗan'uwa mai daraja na Cibiyar Physics Ya kasance mai girmamawa Fellow na Nigerian Mathematical Society da sauransu. Ya tuntubi cibiyoyi da yawa na duniya kamar UNESCO, IAEA da UNIDO Ya kuma kasance mataimakin shugaban kasa, babban taro na 7 na Intergovernmental Bureau of Informatics (IBI). Ya kuma kasance mai ba da gudummawa wajen ci gaban ilimin na'ura mai kwakwalwa a Afirka tare da yin aiki kafada da kafada da kungiyoyi irin su IBM International da kuma International Federation for Information Processing. A shekara ta 2004, shi ne ɗan Afirka tilo a cikin fitattun masana kimiyyar lissafi da lissafi 100 a duniya da aka ambata a cikin wani littafi mai suna, Dalibai ɗari na zama masanin kimiyya An kafa Makarantar Graduate na Farfesa Francis Allotey a cikin 2009 a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Accra Cibiyar tana ba da digiri na biyu a cikin Gudanar da Kasuwanci da Injiniyan Software da shirye-shiryen digiri a Fasahar Sadarwa da Falsafa. Gwamnatin Ghana ta ba shi lambar yabo ta Millennium Excellence Award a shekara ta 2005, kuma ta sadaukar da tambarin aikawa da sakon karramawa. A cikin 2009 ya sami Order of Volta kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta Osagyefo Kwame Nkrumah African Genius Award a 2017. Ya taimaka wajen kafa Cibiyar Kimiyyar Lissafi ta Afirka a Ghana a 2012.
Rayuwa ta sirri Allotey ya fara auren Edoris Enid Chandler daga Barbados, wanda ya hadu da shi a lokacin da suke karatu a Landan Suna da yara biyu Francis Kojo Enu Allotey da Joseph Kobina Nyansa Allotey. Chandler ya mutu a watan Nuwamban shekarar 1981. Sannan ya sake yin aure da Ruby Asie Mirekuwa Akuamoah. Tare suka yi renon ’ya’yanta biyu, Cilinnie da Kay. Akuamoah ya mutu a watan Oktoba, 2011. Gabaɗaya, Allotey yana da ’ya’ya huɗu da jikoki 20.
Mutuwa da jana'izar jiha Francis Allotey ya mutu saboda dalilai na halitta a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba 2017. Gwamnatin Ghana ta yi masa jana'izar jana'izar ne saboda irin gudunmawar da ya bayar wajen ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha a Ghana. An kama gawarsa a garinsu, Saltpond, yankin Tsakiyar Tsakiya.
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje AIMS Ghana
Allotey profile
Haifaffun |
30876 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanjira%20Mathai | Wanjira Mathai | Wanjira Mathai (an haife ta a watan Disamba shekarata alif 1971).'yar ƙasar Kenya ce mai fafutukar kare muhalli kuma mai fafutuka. Ita ce mataimakiyar shugaban kasa kuma darektan yanki na Afirka a Cibiyar Albarkatun Duniya, da ke Nairobi, Kenya. A cikin wannan rawar, ta ɗauki batutuwan duniya da suka haɗa da sare itatuwa da samar da makamashi. An zaɓe ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƴan Afirka 100 mafi tasiri da New African Magazine ta yi a shekarar, 2018 saboda rawar da ta taka a matsayin babbar mai ba da shawara a Cibiyar Albarkatun Duniya da kuma yaƙin neman zaɓen da ta yi na dasa bishiyoyi sama da miliyan 30 ta hanyar aikinta a Motsin Green Belt.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Mathai kuma ta girma a Kenya. Mahaifiyarta, Wangari Maathai, 'yar gwagwarmaya ce ta zamantakewa, muhalli da siyasa kuma mace ta farko ta Afirka da ta lashe kyautar Nobel ta zaman lafiya, a shekara ta, 2004.
Mathai dalibi ce a makarantar sakandaren mata ta gidan gwamnati da ke Nairobi. Bayan ta kammala makarantar sakandare ta koma birnin New York don halartar kolejojin Hobart da William Smith inda ta karanci ilmin halitta kuma ta kammala a shekara ta, 1994. Ta samu digirin a fannin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a da kuma fannin harkokin kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Emory. Bayan kammala karatun Mathai ta shiga Cibiyar Carter inda ta yi aiki akan magance cututtuka. Anan ta koyi game da cututtuka da suka shafi al'ummomin Afirka kamar su dracunculiasis, onchocerciasis da lymphatic filariasis.
Bincike da aiki
Green Belt Movement Matthai tana aiki a Majalisar Gaba ta Duniya da kuma a kan hukumar Green Belt Movement. Mahaifiyar Wanjira Wangari ce ta kafa Green Belt Movement a shekarar, 1977. Tun asali, Matthai ta yi aiki a matsayin Daraktan Harkokin Ƙasashen Duniya na Ƙungiyar Green Belt Movement daga shekarar, 2002 kuma daga baya ya zama Babban Darakta na kungiyar. A wannan kungiya ta jagoranci shirye-shiryen tara kudade da sa ido kan yadda ake tattara albarkatu, tare da saukaka wayar da kan kasa da kasa. Ta gane cewa mata sun fi maida hankali lokacin da Green Belt Movement ta yi kira ga mutane su taimaka dasa bishiyoyi. Ta ce aikinta na dashen itatuwa, wanda kuma ake kira agroforestry, ya samu kwarin gwiwa daga aikin muhalli na mahaifiyarta. Bayan mahaifiyarta ta sami lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel, Matthai ta raka ta a wani balaguron duniya. Lokacin da mahaifiyarta ta mutu a shekara ta, 2011, ta taimaka wajen jagorantar kulab din a lokacin canji.
Sauran Kungiyoyi da Tushen Matthai tana aiki a matsayin babban mai ba da shawara na Ƙungiyoyin Mata masu Kasuwanci a Sabuntawa wanda ke haɓaka mata a cikin jagorancin makamashi mai sabuntawa a ƙoƙarin kawo sabbin abubuwa ga kusan mata miliyan huɗu a Gabashin Afirka. Ga Mathai, haɗin gwiwar mata da makamashi mai sabuntawa ɗaya ne na ƙarfafa tattalin arziƙi, da cika da dama daga cikin Manufofin Ci gaba Mai Dorewa. Duk da zamanantar da ake yi a Kenya, har yanzu mata na shafe sa'o'i da yawa a rana suna tattara itace, kuma rabin adadin mace-macen yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 5 na faruwa ne sakamakon gurbacewar iska a gida. Mathai tana aiki a hukumar ba da shawara ta Ƙungiyar Abinci mai Tsabta, kuma shi ma memba ne na Majalisar Ƙasa ta Duniya Babi. Ta kuma yi aiki a Kwamitin Amintattu na Cibiyar Nazarin Gandun daji ta Duniya (CIFOR). Hakanan tana ɗaya daga cikin ƴan masu aikin EQ guda shida. Waɗannan masu yin aikin suna neman haɓaka hankali na tunani da tallafawa wasu don ƙirƙirar al'adar kyawu.
Tun daga shekara ta, 2016, Matthai ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Gidauniyar Wangari Maathai. Gidauniyar tana neman ci gaban gadon Wangari Maathai ta hanyar haɓaka al'adar manufa tare da matasa waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin shugabanni. Da aka tambaye ta aikinta da gidauniyar, Matthai ta amsa cewa, “Ba ina zaune a inuwar mahaifiyata ba, ina cikin haskenta..." Gidauniyar tana da abubuwan da suka fi dacewa guda uku: kula da gidan Wangari Muta Maathai, dasa dabarun jagoranci a cikin matasa don haɓaka ƙirƙira da ƙarfin gwiwa a lokacin ƙuruciya (Wanakesho), da haɗin kai ga matasa. A matsayin misalin bangaskiyarta game da mahimmancin ilimantar da matasa, ita ce shugabar ayyuka na Cibiyar Zaman Lafiya da Muhalli ta Wangari Maathai a Jami'ar Nairobi (WMI). Wannan cibiya tana mai da hankali kan haɓaka kyawawan ɗabi'u da ci gaba mai dorewa. Ilimantar da matasa ta kasance daya daga cikin manufofin Maathai, kuma ta ce, “Ba a haifi ’yan Adam cikin lalaci ba. A wani lokaci waɗannan halaye suna haɓaka ta hanyar al'adun da ke haɓaka riba ga mutum kan ci gaban gama gari." Ta yi imanin cewa ilmantar da matasa zai ba da damar samar da zaman lafiya da rage cin hanci da rashawa a Kenya, yayin da matasa za su girma su zama shugabanni na gaba. Sau da yawa takan yi magana da waɗannan batutuwa, saboda ita ce mai magana mai ƙarfafawa akan batutuwan jagoranci matasa, muhalli, da sauyin yanayi.
Bugu da kari, Matthai tana zaune a kan hukumar Cibiyar Noma ta Duniya (ICRAF) a Kenya. A cikin shekara ta, 2018 an zaɓi Matthai a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 100 Mafi Tasirin 'Yan Afirka ta New African Magazine, da kuma Manyan Matan Afirka masu Tasirin Jami'ar Shugabancin Afirka.
Tun daga watan Disamba na shekarar, 2019 Matthai ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa kuma darektan yanki na Afirka a Cibiyar Albarkatun Duniya. A cikin wannan matsayi, Mathai ta shawo kan ministar muhalli ta Kenya Judi Wakhungu da ta himmatu wajen maido da kadada miliyan 12.6 na sare dazuka a Kenya nan da shekarar 2030, bisa ga gadon fafutukar kare muhalli na mahaifiyarta. Wannan wani bangare ne na shirin farfado da shimfidar dazuzzuka na Afirka (AFR100), wanda Mathai ke kula da shi, wani shiri na maido da sama da hekta miliyan 100 na sare itatuwa a Afirka nan da shekarar 2030.
Manazarta Rayayyun Mutane
Haifaffun |
48519 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Machen | Arthur Machen | Arthur Machen mækən ko mæxən 3 Maris 1863 15 Disamba 1947) shine sunan alkalami na Arthur Llewellyn Jones, marubucin Welsh kuma masanin sufi na 1890s da farkon. Karni na 20. An fi saninsa da tasiri na allahntaka, fantasy, da almara mai ban tsoro Littafin littafinsa The Great God Pan (1890; 1894) ya sami suna a matsayin abin ban tsoro, tare da Stephen King yana kwatanta shi da "Wataƙila mafi kyawun [labari mai ban tsoro] a cikin harshen Ingilishi." Har ila yau, an san shi da "The Bowmen", wani ɗan gajeren labari wanda aka karanta a matsayin gaskiya, ƙirƙirar almara na Mala'iku na Mons
Tarihin Rayuwa
Shekarun farko An haifi Machen Arthur Llewelyn Jones a Caerleon, Monmouthshire Gidan da aka haife shi, wanda ke gaban Olde Bull Inn a cikin Dandalin a Caerleon, yana kusa da Priory Hotel kuma a yau an yi masa alama da alamar shuɗi na tunawa. Kyakkyawar shimfidar wuri na Monmouthshire (wanda yawanci yakan kira shi da sunan masarautar Welsh na da, Gwent tare da ƙungiyoyin Celtic, Roman, da tarihin na da, sun yi tasiri sosai a kansa, kuma ƙaunarsa ta kasance a cikin zuciyar da yawa daga cikin ayyukansa.
Machen ya fito ne daga dogon layin limamai, dangin sun samo asali ne a Carmarthenshire A cikin 1864, lokacin da Machen ke da shekaru biyu, mahaifinsa John Edward Jones, ya zama magajin Ikklesiya na Llanddewi Fach tare da Llandegveth, kusan mil biyar arewa da Caerleon, kuma Machen ya girma a wurin rectory. Jones ya karɓi sunan budurwar matarsa, Machen, don ya gaji gado, a bisa doka ya zama "Jones-Machen"; ɗansa ya yi baftisma a ƙarƙashin wannan sunan kuma daga baya ya yi amfani da gajeriyar fassarar cikakken sunansa, Arthur Machen, a matsayin sunan alƙalami.
Masanin tarihi na yankin Fred Hando ya bibiyi sha'awar Machen game da sihiri zuwa adadin Kalmomin Gida a cikin ɗakin karatu na mahaifinsa, wanda a ciki ya karanta, yana ɗan shekara takwas, labari mai jan hankali kan alchemy Hando ya ba da labarin sauran karatun Machen na farko:
Lokacin da yake da shekaru goma sha ɗaya, Machen ya shiga Makarantar Cathedral na Hereford, inda ya sami kyakkyawan ilimin gargajiya. Talauci na iyali ya hana zuwa jami'a, kuma an tura Machen zuwa Landan, inda ya yi jarrabawar shiga makarantar likita amma ya kasa shiga. Machen, duk da haka, ya nuna alƙawarin wallafe-wallafen, a cikin 1881 ya buga wani dogon waka "Eleusinia" a kan batun Eleusinian Mysteries Ya koma Landan, ya rayu cikin talauci, yana ƙoƙarin yin aikin jarida, a matsayin magatakardar wallafe-wallafe, kuma a matsayin mai koyar da yara yayin da yake rubutu da yamma kuma yana tafiya cikin dogon zango a London. A cikin 1884 ya buga aikinsa na biyu, pastiche The Anatomy of Tobacco, kuma ya sami aiki tare da mawallafi da mai sayar da littattafai George Redway a matsayin mai ba da labari da editan mujallu. Wannan ya haifar da ƙarin aiki a matsayin mai fassara daga Faransanci, fassara Heptameron na Marguerite de Navarre, Le Moyen de Parvenir Fantastic Tales na Béroalde de Verville, da Memoirs na Casanova A cikin 1887, shekarar da mahaifinsa ya mutu, Machen ya auri Amelia (Amy) Hogg, malamin kiɗan da ba na al'ada ba tare da sha'awar wasan kwaikwayo, wanda ke da abokai na adabi a cikin da'irar bohemian na London. Hogg ya gabatar da Machen ga marubuci kuma mai sihiri AE Waite, wanda zai zama ɗaya daga cikin abokan Machen na kusa. Machen kuma ya sanya sanin wasu ƴan adabi, irin su MP Shiel da Edgar Jepson Ba da daɗewa ba bayan aurensa, Machen ya fara samun jerin abubuwan gado daga dangin Scotland wanda ya ba shi damar ba da lokaci mai yawa don rubutu.
Lalacewar adabi a cikin 1890s Around 1890 Machen ya fara bugawa a cikin mujallu na wallafe-wallafe, rubuta labarun da suka shafi ayyukan Robert Louis Stevenson, wasu daga cikinsu sunyi amfani da gothic ko jigogi masu ban mamaki Wannan ya haifar da babbar nasararsa ta farko, The Great God Pan John Lane ne ya buga shi a cikin 1894 a cikin Fitattun Mahimman Bayanai, wanda wani bangare ne na haɓakar motsin ɗabi'a na lokacin. An yi Allah wadai da labarin Machen don jima'i da abubuwan ban tsoro kuma saboda haka an sayar da shi sosai, ya shiga bugu na biyu.
Machen na gaba ya samar da The Three Impostors, wani labari wanda ya ƙunshi tatsuniyoyi masu yawa da aka saka, a cikin 1895. Littafin labari da labaran da ke cikinsa daga ƙarshe za a ɗauke su a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun ayyukan Machen. Duk da haka, bayan abin kunya da ya shafi Oscar Wilde daga baya a wannan shekarar, haɗin gwiwar Machen tare da ayyukan ban tsoro ya sa ya yi masa wuya ya sami mai wallafa don sababbin ayyuka. Don haka, ko da yake zai rubuta wasu manyan ayyukansa a cikin ƴan shekaru masu zuwa, wasu an buga su da yawa daga baya. Waɗannan sun haɗa da Tudun Mafarki, Hieroglyphics, Rushewar Rayuwa, labarin Farin Mutane da labarun da suka haɗa da Kayan Ado a Jade.
Bakin ciki da aiki: 1899-1910 A shekara ta 1899, matar Machen Amy ta mutu sakamakon ciwon daji bayan doguwar jinya. Wannan ya yi mummunan tasiri a kan Machen. Sai kawai a hankali ya murmure daga asararsa a cikin shekara mai zuwa, wani bangare ta hanyar abokantakarsa da AE Waite Ta hanyar tasirin Waite ne Machen ya shiga a wannan lokacin Dokar Hermetic na Golden Dawn, kodayake sha'awar Machen ga kungiyar ba ta dawwama ko zurfi sosai. Machen dai ya kara samun murmurewa ne sakamakon canjin sana'a da ya yi ba zato ba tsammani, inda ya zama dan wasa a shekarar 1901 kuma memba a kamfanin Frank Benson na 'yan wasa masu balaguro, sana'ar da ta zagaya kasar.
Wannan ya jagoranci a cikin 1903 zuwa aure na biyu, zuwa Dorothie Purefoy Hudleston, wanda ya kawo farin ciki da Machen. Machen ya sami nasarar samun mawallafi a cikin 1902 don aikin da ya rubuta a baya Hieroglyphics, nazarin yanayin wallafe-wallafen, wanda ya kammala cewa wallafe-wallafen gaskiya dole ne su nuna "cstasy". A cikin 1906 aikin adabin Machen ya fara bunƙasa sau ɗaya yayin da littafin The House of Souls ya tattara manyan ayyukansa na 90ties kuma ya kawo su ga sababbin masu sauraro. Ya kuma buga wani aikin satirical, Dr Stiggins: Ra'ayinsa da Ka'idodinsa, gabaɗaya ya ɗauki ɗayan ayyukansa mafi rauni. Machen kuma a wannan lokacin yana binciken Kiristanci na Celtic, Grail mai tsarki da kuma Sarki Arthur Buga ra'ayinsa a cikin The Academy of Lord Alfred Douglas, wanda ya rubuta akai-akai, Machen ya kammala da cewa tatsuniyoyi na Grail a zahiri sun dogara ne akan abubuwan tunawa da abubuwan da suka faru na Cocin Celtic. Wadannan ra'ayoyin kuma sun fito da karfi a cikin littafin The Secret Glory wanda ya rubuta a wannan lokacin, yana nuna alamar amfani da farko a cikin almara na ra'ayin da Grail ya tsira zuwa zamanin yau a wasu nau'i, ra'ayin da aka yi amfani da shi sosai tun daga lokacin, kamar yadda Charles Williams ya yi. Yaƙi a Sama Dan Brown The Da Vinci Code da George Lucas Indiana Jones da Ƙarshe na Ƙarshe A cikin 1907, The Hill of Dreams, wanda aka yi la'akari da shi a matsayin mashahuriyar Machen, an buga shi a ƙarshe, kodayake ba a san shi da yawa ba a lokacin.
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32930 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian%20Jeanvier | Julian Jeanvier | Julian Marc Jeanvier (an haife shi a ranar 31 ga watan Maris shekara ta alif 1992) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Brentford Premier League da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Guinea. Ya tashi zuwa matsayi tare da Reims, kafin ya shiga Brentford a cikin shekarar 2018.
Aikin kulob
Shekaru na farko da Nancy Dan wasan tsakiya, Jeanvier ya fara aikinsa a shekara ta 2000 tare da kulob din US Clichy-sur-Seine. Ya koma L'Entente SSG a cikin shekarar 2006 kuma ya horar da lokaci guda a Clairefontaine, kafin ya shiga makarantar kimiyya a Nancy a shekarar 2008. Jeanvier ya ci gaba a cikin tawagar ajiyar kuma ya buga wasanni 54 kuma ya zira kwallaye biyu a cikin Championnat de France Amateur tsakanin shekarar 2009 da 2013. Nadin tsohon shugaban matasa Patrick Gabriel a matsayin manajan kungiyar farko a tsakiyar shekarar 2012 zuwa 2013 Ligue 1 kakar ya ga Jeanvier ya ci gaba a cikin tawagar farko kuma ya buga wasanni 10 tsakanin Janairu da Afrilu shekara ta 2013. Ya ki amincewa da tayin sabon kwantiragin shekaru biyu kuma ya bar Stade Marcel Picot a ƙarshen kakar 2012 zuwa 2013.
Lille Jeanvier ya koma Ligue 1 kulob din Lille kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu a kakar wasa ta 2013. Bayan Simon Kjær, Marko Baša, David Rozehnal da Adama Soumaoro a cikin tsarin tsaron tsakiya na tsakiya, ya kasance gaba daya daga cikin kocin René Girard, wanda ya maye gurbin Rudi Garcia jim kadan bayan zuwan Jeanvier a Stade Pierre- Mauroy. A maimakon haka ya taka leda a kungiyar ajiyar kuma ya ciyar da lokutan 2014–15 da 2015–16 akan aro a Mouscron-Péruwelz da Red Star bi da bi. Ya kasa buga wasan farko na kungiyar kuma ya bar kungiyar a watan Agusta 2016.
Reims A watan Agusta 2016, Jeanvier ya koma Ligue 2 don shiga Reims. Ya kafa kansa a cikin jerin farawa kuma an zabe shi a cikin UNFP Ligue 2 Team of the Year a ƙarshen lokutan 2016–17 da 2017–18. Jeanvier ya samu nasara a kakar wasa ta 2017-18, mataimakin kyaftin din kungiyar kuma ya taimaka wa kungiyar zuwa gasar Ligue 2 da ci gaba zuwa Ligue 1. Ya bar Stade Auguste-Delaune a watan Yulin 2018, bayan ya buga wasanni 67 kuma ya ci wa kulob din kwallaye biyar.
Brentford A ranar 30 ga watan Yulin 2018, Jeanvier ya koma Ingila don shiga kulob din Championship Brentford kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu, tare da zabin karin shekara, kan kudin da ba a bayyana ba, ana hasashen zai zama fam miliyan 1.8. Ya zura kwallo a raga a kowane wasa biyu na farko a kulob din, wanda ya zo a farkon zagaye na gasar cin kofin EFL, amma raunin kafar da ya ji a watan Oktoba 2018 ya sa ba zai yi jinyar watanni biyu ba. Rashin kasancewar Chris Mepham da sabon kocin Thomas Frank na 'yan wasan baya uku ya ga Jeanvier ya ci nasara a farkon dawowar sa a watan Disamba 2018 kuma ya kasance mai farawa na kusa har zuwa karshen kakar 2018-19. Duk da kasancewarsa a bayan Pontus Jansson da Ethan Pinnock a cikin tsari lokacin da ko wanne ya kasance, Jeanvier ya buga wasanni 27 kuma ya zira kwallo daya a kakar 2019–20, amma bai fito ba yayin yakin neman zaben Bees da bai yi nasara ba. Bayan sanya hannu kan Charlie Goode a lokacin bazara na 2020 ya ga Jeanvier ya ci gaba da raguwa a kan tsari, ya bar filin wasa na Community a kan lamuni na tsawon lokaci a ranar 3 ga watan Satumba 2020. Ya sha fama da raunin ligament na gaba a cikin Oktoba 2020 kuma kodayake ba zai cancanci yin wasa ba idan ya dace, Brentford ya ci gaba da zuwa gasar Premier bayan nasara a gasar cin kofin zakarun gasar ta 2021. An haɗa Jeanvier a cikin 'yan wasan 25 na Brentford na Premier League na kakar 2021-22 kuma zuwa tsakiyar Nuwamba 2021, ya dawo horon da ba a tuntube shi ba. Ya dawo wasansa na rashin gasa tare da Brentford B a ƙarshen watan Maris 2022. A ranar 10 ga watan Afrilu 2022, rashin lafiya da Pontus Jansson ya yi fama da shi ya ga Jeanvier mai suna a cikin tawagar ranar wasa a karon farko tun 2020 na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai kuma ya kasance mai maye gurbin da ba a yi amfani da shi ba yayin nasarar Premier 2-0 a kan West Ham United. Ya kasance mai maye gurbin da ba a yi amfani da shi ba yayin kara wasa biyar kafin karshen kakar wasannin Premier kuma an sake shi lokacin da kwantiraginsa ya kare. A tsawon shekaru hudu tare da Brentford, Jeanvier ya buga wasanni 58 kuma ya zura kwallaye shida.
Kasımpaşa (Lamuni) A ranar 3 ga watan Satumba 2020, Jeanvier ya koma kungiyar Kasımpaşa ta Süper Lig ta Turkiyya a matsayin aro na tsawon kakar 2020-21 A ƙarshen Oktoba 2020, bayan ya yi bayyanuwa huɗu, ya sami raunin raunin jijiya na gaba mai ƙarewa.
Ayyukan kasa Jeanvier ya kasance memba a tawagar Faransa U18 wadda ta zo ta biyu a gasar Copa del Atlántico ta 2010, amma ya kasa samun nasara. Ya buga wasansa na farko a Guinea a wasan sada zumunci da Gambia ta doke su da ci 1-0 a ranar 7 ga watan Yuni 2019 kuma ya buga wasa daya a gasar cin kofin Afrika na 2019. Masu bi shekaru daga gasar kasa da kasa, Jeanvier an sake kiransa cikin tawagar don shiga gasar cin kofin Afirka na 2023 a watan Yunin 2022.
Rayuwa ta sirri An haifi Jeanvier a Faransa kuma dan asalin Guinea ne da kuma Guadeloupean. Mahaifinsa kuma dan kwallon kafa ne kuma ya buga wa Red Star wasa. Yana auren wata ‘yar kasar Guinea kuma yana da fasfo din kasar Guinea.
Kididdigar sana'a/Aiki
Kulob/Ƙungiya
Ƙasashen Duniya
Girmamawa Reims
Ligue 2 2017-18 Mutum
Kungiyar UNFP ta Ligue 2 ta bana 2016–17, 2017–18
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Julian Jeanvier a brentfordfc.com
Julian Jeanvier Julian Jeanvier Julian Jeanvier Julian Jeanvier Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
13557 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%20Omar | Don Omar | William Omar Landrón Rivera anfi saninsa da sunan Don Omar (an haife shi 10 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 1978). mawaƙi ne kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Puerto Rican. Wani lokaci ana kiransa sunayensu El Rey, da kuma Sarkin Sarakunan Reggaeton Music. A ranar 1 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai yi ritaya bayan wasu jerin wasannin kide kide da wake-wake a José Miguel Agrelot Coliseum a Puerto Rico, wanda aka shirya a ranar 15, 16 da 17 watan Disamba. Ya dawo waƙa a ranar 20 ga watan Afrilu tare da waƙarsa Ramayama tare da Farruko Farkon rayuwa Don Omar an haife shi ne a Santurce, dan asalin garin San Juan, Puerto Rico, inda aka haife shi, ɗan farin William Landrón da Luz Antonia Rivera. Daga farkon shekarunsa, ya nuna sha'awar kiɗan Vico C da Brewley MC. Lokacin da yake saurayi, ya zama memba mai aiki a majami'ar Furotesta, Iglesia Evangélica Returnuración en Cristo a Bayamón inda a wasu lokutan yake gabatar da wa'azin. Koyaya, bayan shekaru huɗu, ya bar cocin don keɓe kansa ga waƙoƙi.
Aiki Wasansa na farko a cikin jama'a a cikin kulob din dare ya kasance tare da diski dan wasan baya Eliel Lind Osorio Bayan haka ya fito a kai a kai kan kundin tattara bayanai daga shahararrun DJs da masu kera da suka hada da Luny Tunes, Noriega, da DJ Eric. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mawaki na Héctor & Tito. Daya daga cikin membobin, Héctor Delgado, ya taimaka masa wajen samar da kundin wakoki na farko. Ayyukan Omar ya tashi don yin sakaci tare da sakin album ɗinsa na farko, The Last Don tare da Frankie Needles. Duk thean wasan kwaikwayon da fasalin rayuwarsu sun sami ingantaccen Platinum ta theungiyar Ma'aikatar Rikodi ta Amurka A duk faɗin duniya, The Last Don: Live [CD DVD] ya sayar da kofi sama da miliyan ɗaya, bisa ga shafin yanar gizon sa. Ya sami lambobin yabo a Latin Pop Album of the Year da kuma New Artist Latin Rap Hip-Hop Album of the Year ta Billboard Latin Music Awards a shekarar 2003. Abin da ya gabata Don: Live [CD DVD] an kuma zaɓa shi don kundin wajan kiɗa na Urban Music a lambar yabo ta Latin ta Grammy ta shekarar 2005 Albam din Omar na watan Mayu shekara ta 2006 King of Kings, ya zama mafi daukaka a tarihin reggaeton LP a cikin manyan daloli 10 na Amurka, tare da halarta na farko a lambar 1 akan taswirar tallace-tallace na Latin da kuma lambar 1 1 akan Babbar Tashoshin Latin Rhythm Radio tare da Angelito daya. Omar ya sami damar doke rikodin tallace-tallace na cikin-shagon a shagon kiɗa na Disney World's Virgin wanda a baya wanda tauraron pop ɗin Britney Spears ya kafa Tare da mafi girman zanewa ta mawallafin reggaeton, Sarkin Sarakuna Omar ya shiga cikin jerin lamba na 7 tare da 74,000, yana bugun lambar Yan Yankee 24 na 24 tare da "Barrio Fino En Directo" na 2005. A watan Afrilun 2007, Don Omar ya karɓi Kyautar Takaitacciyar Waƙoƙin Lissafi ta Latin don ggaarfin Reggaeton na shekarar don Sarkin Sarakuna Billboard ya gane cewa Sarkin Sarakuna shine mafi kyawun album na shekaru goma a Latin Amurka, banda kasancewa mafi nasara a tarihin nau'in reggaeton. Billboard ya kiyasta cewa kundin ya sayar da kwafi sama da miliyan 4.1 a ƙarshen 2009. Omar ya halarci gabatarwar Gilberto Santa Rosa a cikin wani taron da aka yi wa lakabi da "Concierto del Amor", wanda aka gabatar a Lambun Madison Square ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2008. Ya rufe taron kuma ya gabatar da jigogin reggaeton tare da Frankie Needles. An ba da album na uku na Omar, iDon, a ranar 28 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2009. An sadaukar da wannan kundi ga dan uwansa Cordell Brown. "Virtual Diva" ya zama waƙar da aka fi nema a gidajen rediyo na Latin. Na biyu jami'in wanda ake wa lakabi da Sexy Robotica an sake shi a ranar 6 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. The album Don Omar gabatarwa: Sadu da marayu da aka saki a 16 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2010. Kundin ya ƙunshi masu fasaha a ƙarƙashin alamar Don Omar ta Orfanato Music Group alama da sauran masu fasahar reggaeton. A album hada da promotional guda Hasta Abajo da kuma album ta gubar guda Danza Kuduro featuring Portuguese-Faransa singer Lucenzo, kazalika da haɗin gwiwar da daga Orfanato Music Group artists ciki har da Kendo Kaponi, Lucenzo, Shirin B, Sihiyona & Lennox, Yaga & Mackie da Danny Fornaris. Don Omar ya bayyana a waƙar sauti na Fast Five kuma shi ne waƙar da aka yi a ƙarshen fim. An sanya hannu a shi zuwa VI Music da Machete Music ta hanyar Universal Music Latino Kundi Don Omar Ya gabatar da MTO2: Sabuwar zuriya aka saki a 1 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2012. Hoton yana dauke da sabbin shiga kungiyar Orfanato Music Group Natti Natasha da kuma wasu masu zane da suka sanya hannu da kuma wasu masu fasahar reggaeton kamar Zion Y Lennox Kundin ya hada da waƙoƙin "Hasta Que Salga El Sol", wanda ya lashe kyautar don mafi kyawun Urban Song a gasar Latin Grammy A 2012 ta 2012, da "Dutty Love" wanda ke nuna Natti Natasha, wanda kuma aka zaba. Hakanan kundin ya ƙunshi haɗin gwiwa tare da Juan Magan, Mims, Syko, Vinny el Vendito, da Yunel Cruz. An karɓi kundin don yana lashe kyautar don Mafi kyawun Musicaukakar banaukakar Gida a Gasar Latin Grammy A 2012 Bayan doguwar takaddama tsakanin shekaru goma tare da abokiyar kawanta Daddy Yankee don taken "King of Reggaeton", a farkon shekarar v2016 Daddy Yankee da Don Omar sun sanar a wani taron 'yan jaridu na Billboard cewa za su yi tare a mataki a cikin jerin kide-kide da ake kira The World World Tour Sanarwar yawon shakatawa ta bar magoya baya da yawa cikin kafirci, yayin sayarwa a cikin minti a cikin birane kamar Las Vegas, Orlando, Los Angeles, New York. Da yake magana game da yawon shakatawa da kishiyar da ya yi da Daddy Yankee, Don Omar ya ce "Bari in fayyace: Ni ba babban abokina ba ne, kuma ba shi ne babban abokina ba, amma muna girmama juna. Wannan muradin da ya fi zama mafi kyau shi ne abin da ya tura mu zama mafi kyau. Rayuwar mutum A shekarar 2003, Omar yana da ɗan farinsa, Nicolas Valle Gomez. Omar ya auri yar jaridar nan Jackie Guerrido a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 2008. A watan Maris din shekarar 2011, an bayyana cewa sun rabu.
Korafin sharia A ranar 18 ga watan Satumba na shekarar 2007, an tsare Omar a takaice a Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia saboda takaddama na shari'a. Wani dan wasan Bolivia mai gabatar da kara ya tuhume shi da wasu aikinsu bayan da ya soke yin wani wasa da aka shirya zaiyi a farkon shekara a La Paz a wani bangare na ziyarar kasa da kasa. Kungiyar ta yi ikirarin cewa ya ci kudi dalar Amurka kimanin dubu 70 na dala sakamakon sokewar. Omar ya amsa cewa ya soke kidan ne saboda kamfanin bai bayar da tikiti a cikin lokaci ba. Bayan gabatar da karar a gaban wani alkalin kotun, dukkan bangarorin sun cimma yarjejeniya. An ba Omar izinin barin kasar ne saboda ya bi ka'idodin da aka shirya a baya a Buenos Aires ta gidan talabijin na Argentina sannan ya dawo gobe don gudanar da kide kide a filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Tatanichi Aguilera na Santa Cruz.
Wkokin sa
Albums na Studio Don The Don (2003) Sarkin Sarakuna (2006) iDon (2009) Sadu da marayu (2010) Duniyar Don 2 (2015) Album Na Karshe (2019)
Albums na Live da Musamman Don Don Live Live (2004) Last Don: Jerin Gwal (2006) Sarkin Sarakuna: Shafin Armageddon (2006) Sarkin Sarakuna Live (2007)
Kundin albums Los Bandoleros (2005) Da Hitman ya gabatar da sunan Reggaetón Latino (2005) Los Bandoleros Reloaded (2006)
El Pentágono (2007) Haɗu da marayu 2: Sabon ƙarni (2012)
Mafifitun albums An sake buga wa Los Bandoleros (2006)
Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa
Fina-finai
Duba kuma
Haɗin waje Yanar gizon hukuma Yanar gizon hukuma don kundin iDon Shafin hukuma a MySpace Shafin hukuma a Facebook Don Omar
Manazarta Pages with unreviewed |
20739 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarauniya%20Mangou | Sarauniya Mangou | Sarauniya Mangu ita ce sarauniyar da ta yi sarauta a kan Aznawa da ke yankin Dogon Doutchi a Nijar. Ta yi mulki ne a ƙarshen karni na 19 a Kudu Maso Yammacin kasar Nijar ta yanzu a cikin Afirka ta Yamma. Sarauniya ba Shi ne taken da ake mata ba domin zamanta jagorar siyasa da addini a garin Lugu, wanda yake tsawon kilomita ashirin daga garin Matankari. A cewar bayanai da aka tattara dangane da Sarauniya, asalin sunanta Mangu (ko Mangou da turancin Faransa).
Ana tuna ta ne saboda jarumtar da ta gwada ita da al'ummarta wajen yakar 'Voulet-Chanoine'. a lokacin da daulolin Afirka ta Yamma da yawa suka mika wuya ga mamayar Faransa ba tare da yin wani yaƙi ba. Al'ummar Sarauniyan sun yaƙi sojojin mulkin mallaka waɗanda Kyaftin 'Voulet da Chanoine' suka jagoranta a cikin watan Afrilun shekarar 1899.
Tarihin Rayuwarta Bayanan tarihin da suka shafi Sarauniyan ba su da yawa, kuma galibi suna da alaƙa da gwagwarmaya da 'Voulet-Chanoine'. an kuma haɗa su da abubuwan almara daga al'adun gatan Afirka. An rawaito abinda ya faru tsakanin fitattun mayaƙan Aznas da ginshiƙin da Kyaftin 'Voulet da Chanoine' suka jagoranta a cikin littafin da aka buga a cikin adanannun rubuce-rubuce da ɗaya daga cikin membobin wadannan sojojin Faransar wato Janar Joalland (Laftana a lokacin). Wannan sojan ya suffanta Sarauniya Mangu a matsayin wata tsohuwar matsafiya wadda ta yi musu barazanar tare wa Faransa hanya domin ganin Faransawa sun iso kusan garin nata, inda kuma ta tura musu da sakon cin mutunci da cewar ta yi alkawarin ba za ta bari su wuce ba; tare da nuna kasaitar mayakanta. A ranar 16 ga watan Afrilu, sojojin Faransa sun kusa isa shigar garin Lugu, inda mayaƙan Sarauniya suka fuskance su. A cewar acancen rubutun Joalland, Faransawa sun tarwatsa abokan hamayyarsu ba tare da wahala da wasu yan bindigogi kadan. Duk da haka, an tilasta wa sojojin Faransa yin yaƙi daga baya don su fatattaki 'mahalba da ke cikin daji inda suka samu mafaka, saboda sojojin Faransa sun yi zango a kusa. Sakamakon turjewar mayaƙan garin Lugu, al'amarin ya zama babbar asara ga Faransawan, wanda hakan ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar mutum huɗu, da raunuka shida da kuma asarar kusan harsashe dubu bakwai (7 000) Aznas sun nemi mafaka a cikin daji, 'yan makonnin baya haka, bayan tafiyar Faransawa, sun sake mallakar garin Lugu wanda sojojin mulkin mallaka suka ƙone kurmus. A cewar bayanan da aka samo, mayakan Sarauniya sun tafi da ita da karfi a lokacin yakin. A cewar labaran da ke yawo, Mangu ta yi yunƙurin kashe kanta ta hanyar jefa kanta cikin wuta, domin tsananin bakin-cikin rashin samun nasarar kare ƙabilarta, to sai dai an hanata yin hakan. Rahotanni sun nuna cewar bayan mutuwarta, wata itaciyar magarya ta tsiro saman kabarinta abinda a cewar wasu ke nuna rashin mutuwarta Sabanin Labarai Taskar labarai na Ma'aikatar Yaki ta Faransa ta nuna cewar mazauna garin Lugu sun nuna turjiya ga sojojin Faransa amma ba a ambaci rawar ganin da Sarauniya Mangu ta taka ba. Galibi al'adun gargajiyar ne suka sanya Sarauniyar shahara a wasu yankuna na ƙasar ta Nijar, suna martabar da ita saboda adawa da Faransa da kuma sihiri da ta iya. An sake ambaton Yaƙin Lugu a wani nassi daga littafin Le Grand capitaine (1976), labarin almara wanda 'Jacques-Francis Rolland' ya ba da shi kan ayyukan 'Voulet-Chanoine; marubucin ya gabatar da Sarauniya a matsayin wata "Sarauniyar-tsafi" wadda ke anfani da tsafi wajen jagorantar mayakanta da kuma sanya tsoro a cikin zuciyar sojojin Faransa. To sai dai Sarauniya Mangu tayi suna ne musamman daga shekarar 1980 sanadiyyar wani marubucin Nijar mai suna Mamani Abdoulaye wanda ya rubuta littafi sukutum(Sarraounia: Le drame de la reine magicienne) kan Sarauniya wadda tarinta yakasance wata almara da batada tabbas Mamami wanda ya ce ya yanke shawarar rubuta littafin nasa a matsayin martani ga 'Rolland', wanda ya kasance kamar raini a gare shi alamomi da gangan labari, An yi niyyar ba da tarihin Afirka na tarihin mulkin mallaka. Yayinda Joalland, mai shaida akan taron, yayi magana akan Sarauniya a matsayin tsohuwar mayya, Mamani ya bayyana ta a matsayin budurwa kuma kyakkyawar mace, kwatankwacin babban jarumin Amazon. ya sanya ma ta wata alama ta siyasa, yana ba ta jawabi tare da lafazin nuna wariyar launin fata. Adadin Sarauniya, wanda yake daɗaɗawa ta wannan labarin da aka kirkira, ya zama na baya-baya alama ce ta yaƙi da mulkin mallaka Ba a santa da yawa ba kafin shekarar 1980, ta zama, bisa ga sake shigar da adabi, wata alama ce ta alfarmar Afirka da juriya ta ƙasa, kuma daga baya ta shiga cikin littattafan makaranta a cikin Faransanci mai magana da Afirka Daga cikin wasu abubuwan, ita ce jarumar fim din da ta dace daga littafin Mamani, wanda (Med Hondo) ya jagoranta, kuma ta fito a cikin ayyukan kirkirarrun labarai.
Nassoshi da Aka Buga
Shaidu Paul Joalland (général), Le Drame de Dankori mission Voulet-Chanoine mission Joalland-Meynier, Paris, Nouvelles Éditions Argo (NEA), 1930, 256 p.
Bibiliyo
Gajerun Rubuce-Rubuce Elara Bertho, Sarraounia, une reine africaine entre histoire et mythe littéraire (Niger, 1899-2010) Genre Histoire [En ligne], 8 Printemps 2011, mis en ligne le consulté le URL http://genrehistoire.revues.org/1218
Aissata Sidikou, De l'oralité au roman Sarraounia ou la reine contre l'empire The Romanic Review, vol. 93, n° 4, Antoinette Tidjani Alou, Sarraounia et ses intertextes Identité, intertextualité et émergence littéraire Sud Langues, revue électronique internationale des sciences du langage, n° 5, http://www.sudlangues.sn/spip.php?article91 Ousamane Tandina, Sarraounia an epic Research in African Literature, vol. 24, n° 2, 1993, p. 13-23.
Denise Brahimi et Anne Trevarthen, préf. de Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch, Les femmes dans la littérature africaine portraits, Paris Abidjan Paris, Karthala Centre d'édition et de diffusion africaines (CEDA) Agence de la Francophonie-ACCT, 1998, 238 p., (Karthala) (CEDA)
Nicole Moulin, Boubé Namaïwa, Marie-Françoise Roy, Bori Zamo, Lougou et Saraouniya, Paris, L'Harmattan Tarbiyya Tatali, 2017, 232 p., Adabi Abdoulaye Mamani, Sarraounia Le drame de la reine magicienne, L'Harmattan, coll. Encres Noires 1989, 160 p., (première édition 1980).
Halima Hamdane (scénario), Isabelle Calin (dessin), Sarraounia la reine magicienne du Niger, Paris, Cauris, collection Lucy 2004, 24 p., (livre pour enfants)
Hoton Bidiyo na zane Christophe Dabitch (scénario) et Nicolas Dumontheuil (dessins et couleurs), La Colonne, t. 1 Un esprit blanc, Paris, Futuropolis, 2013, 77 p. (ISBN 978-2-7548-0712-8, présentation en ligne).
Christophe Dabitch (scénario) et Nicolas Dumontheuil (dessins et couleurs), La Colonne, t. 2 Exterminez-moi toutes ces brutes, Paris, Futuropolis, 2014, 87 p. (ISBN 978-2-7548-0887-3, présentation en ligne).
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25891 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCCP%20Fedeli%20alla%20linea | CCCP Fedeli alla linea | CCCP Fedeli alla Linea Italian pronunciation: i deli a linea] sun kasance ƙungiyar Italiyanci da aka kafa a cikin shekara ta 1982 a Berlin ta mawaƙi Giovanni Lindo Ferretti da mawaƙa Massimo Zamboni. Membobin da kansu sun ayyana salon ƙungiyar a matsayin "Musica Melodica Emiliana- Punk Filosovietico" Emilian Melodic Music- pro-Soviet punk Sunan su, CCCP, ya samo asali ne daga rubutun cyrillic na SSSR, acronym na Rasha ga Tarayyar Soviet Socialist Republics, kodayake an furta bin sautin Italiyanci.
CCCP ya bar abubuwan da aka saba da su na dutsen punk, kuma ya kai ga saɓanin saɓani na dutsen mayaƙa, kiɗan masana'antu, jama'a, electropop, kiɗan Gabas ta Tsakiya, har ma da kiɗan ɗakin yayin da suke isar da waƙoƙin su hangen nesa na ɗan adam, har ila yau suna gabatar da abubuwa. na gidan wasan kwaikwayo da falsafar rayuwa a cikin nunin su.
Ayyukan CCCP sun shafi dozin masu fasaha kamar Marlene Kuntz, Massimo Volume, da Offlaga Disco Pax Tarihi
1981–1983: Kafa An kafa CCCP a cikin 1981 lokacin da Ferretti ya sadu da Zamboni (dukkansu sun fito ne daga Reggio Emilia a cikin diski a Kreuzberg Berlin Da zarar sun dawo gida sun kafa sabuwar ƙungiyar da ake kira MitropaNK. A lokacin bazara mai zuwa Ferretti, Zamboni da bassist Umberto Negri sun koma Berlin: a lokacin wannan tafiya ce aka haifi CCCP Fedeli alla Linea. Membobin ƙungiyar sun yanke shawarar yin amfani da injin ƙwanƙolin maimakon ainihin ganga.
Sunan ƙungiyar suna bikin shaharar ƙaramar al'adar Emilia yayin da kuma suke yaba Tarayyar Soviet, ƙirƙirar hanyar haɗi tsakanin Rasha da lardin Emilia-Romagna.
A wannan lokacin ƙungiyar ta yi sau da yawa a cikin Jamus, suna wasa wasu kulab na ƙarƙashin ƙasa a Berlin kamar Kob ko Spectrumin. Dindindin su a Berlin ya rinjayi sautin ƙungiyar ta hanyar masana'antar gida. Al'adar Berlin ta Gabas da al'ummar musulmin yankin yammacin garin suma sun yi tasiri ga kalmomin Ferretti.
Wasannin kide-kide na farko a Italiya sun gamu da martani mara kyau daga taron, yana jagorantar ƙungiyar don ƙara sabbin membobi biyu a cikin layi: Annarella Giudici "Benemerita soubrette da mai wasan kwaikwayo mai suna Danilo Fatur Annarella, Fatur, da ɗan ƙaramin lokaci Silvia Bonvicini (na biyu "Benemerita soubrette sun ba da gudummawa don nuna halayen kide-kide ta hanyar buga zane-zane mai ban dariya yayin wasan su.
1984–1985: EPs na farko A cikin shekara ta 1984 ƙungiyar ta saki Ortodossia EP ɗin su na farko akan lakabin mai zaman kansa Attack Punk Records. A cikin wannan shekarar an saki Ortodossia II EP, wanda ya haɗa da waƙoƙi guda uku waɗanda aka riga aka haɗa su a cikin EP na farko ("Live in Pankow", "Spara Jurij", da "Punk Islam") da ƙarin waƙa ta huɗu ("Mi ami 1985 sun ga sakin EP na uku, Compagni, Cittadini, Fratelli, Partigiani.
EP ɗin guda uku an ƙera su kuma sun yi rikodin su tare da kuɗi kaɗan da ƙananan kayan kida a cikin ɗaki ɗaya da aka saita azaman ɗakin rikodi, kusa da layin tram na birni koyaushe yana damun rikodin.
1986: Fitar da kundi Kundin studio ɗin su na farko, 1964/1985 Affinità -Divergenze fra il Compagno Togliatti e Noi Del Conseguimento della Maggiore Età, an yi rikodin sa a cikin shekara ta 1985 kuma Attack Punk Records ya buga a cikin shekara ta 1986. Yana rage visceral tasiri na hardcore yayin da mayar da hankali a kan eerie bambanci tsakanin mai kauri amma kayayyakin instrumental bango da Ferretti 's delirious yanke-up lyrics kuma Brecht -ian bayarwa. Yanayin salo mai ƙyalƙyali (daga wanzuwar psychodrama zuwa ramin raye -raye, daga cabaret na batsa zuwa ballad na jama'a ya taimaka ƙirƙirar yanayi na zalunci na rashin jin daɗi da rashin nishaɗi, musamman a cikin tsakiyar, Emilia Paranoica Yawancin masu sukar kiɗa suna ɗaukar wannan kundi ɗaya daga cikin fitattun waƙoƙin Italiyanci na zamani, kuma babban ci gaba ga duk ƙungiyoyin punk na Turai. Tallace -tallacen kundin ya jawo Virgin Dischi, reshen Budurwar Italiya don shiga ƙungiyar. Wasu daga cikin magoya bayan kungiyar sun ga wannan matakin a matsayin cin amana kuma sun yi wa lakabi da kungiyar CCCP fedeli alla lira tare da lira (tsohuwar kudin Italiya kafin gabatar da Yuro maimakon linea ('layi' a ma'anar 'layin jam'iyyar', a layi tare da taken Soviet).
1987 1988: An sanya hannu don Budurwa A cikin 1987 ƙungiyar ta yi rikodin kuma ta saki na farko guda ɗaya Oh! Battagliero da kundi na biyu, Socialismo e Barbarie, wanda aka yi shi da babban kasafin kuɗi idan aka kwatanta da na farko. Aiki ne mai ƙarancin haɗin kai, wanda ya gudana daga kiɗan Gabas ta Tsakiya zuwa sigar dutsen waƙar Soviet, daga waƙoƙin Katolika zuwa wasan motsa jiki.
A cikin shekara ta 1988 Budurwa ta sake sakin Socialismo e Barbarie akan CD, da EPs na farko akan tattara Compagni, cittadini, fratelli, partigiani Ortodossia II.
A cikin wannan shekarar, CCCP ta saki guda Gobe (Voulez vous un rendez vous), sigar murfin mawaƙa da mai zane Amanda Lear.
1989: Kundin na uku Kundin na uku, Canzoni, Preghiere, Danze del II Millennio Sezione Europa (1989), ya rattaba hannu kan sauya musikarsu zuwa electropop. Keyboard, maimakon guitar, ya zama kayan aiki mafi mahimmanci. Yanzu kiɗan Gabas ta Tsakiya yana tasiri sautin su kuma yana da taushi fiye da na bayanan da suka gabata. Yana maye gurbin asalin zamantakewar siyasa tare da rikice -rikicen sihiri, da maƙasudin masana'antar su tare da synthpop mai ƙarancin juyi.
1989–1990: Litfiba da rasuwa A shekara ta 1989 CCCP, Litfiba, da Beraye sun yi rangadi a Tarayyar Soviet Moscow da Leningrad A Moscow sun taka rawa a cikin gidan sarauta cike da sojoji sanye da kayan sojoji. Sojojin sun miƙe lokacin da ƙungiyar ta taka a ƙarshen kide kide da waƙar Soviet "A Ja Ljublju SSSR".
A cikin wannan shekarar guitarist Giorgio Canali, bassist Gianni Maroccolo, masanin keyboard, Francesco Magnelli, da mawaƙa Ringo De Palma (ukun na ƙarshe sun bar Litfiba saboda wasu bambance -bambancen zane -zane tare da manajan ƙungiyar Alberto Pirelli) sun shiga kuma sun canza ƙungiyar.
Kungiyar, wanda membobi takwas suka hada yanzu, sun yi rikodin kundi na huɗu Epica Etica Etnica Pathos a cikin ƙauyen 700 da aka watsar. Wannan faifan yana nuna wani juyin halitta na kiɗa don ƙungiyar. CCCP ya kai ga zenith ɗin su tare da wannan kundi, Frank Zappa -wasan kwaikwayo na salo mai salo wanda shima yana tsaye azaman kundin kundin kide -kide na sirri, tare da ɗakunan hadaddun abubuwa kamar "MACISTE contro TUTTI", waƙar swan su, da sauyawa zuwa sabbin abubuwan son rai na Consorzio Suonatori Indipendenti (CSI), sabuwar ƙungiyar da aka haifa daga tokar CCCP.
Acronym da aka yi amfani da shi don sabon sunan ƙungiyar, CSI, yana tunatar da sabon halin da ake ciki a Tarayyar Soviet, tare da Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Italian (CSI)). Tare da ƙirƙirar CIS, Tarayyar Soviet kuma a lokaci guda ƙungiyar ta daina wanzuwa.
CCCP ya wargaje yadda ya dace ranar 3 ga Oktoban 1990, a daidai wannan ranar haɗuwar ta Jamus, kuma membobin suka ci gaba da wasu ayyukan.
Post-CCCP Lokacin da Tarayyar Soviet ta durkushe, Ferretti da Zamboni sun yanke shawarar yin layi tare da ɗaukar matakin siyasa kaɗan. An sake sunan Consorzio Suonatori Indipendenti (CSI) tare da jerin waƙoƙi daga Ko del Mondo Polygram, 1993). Suna hanzarta haɓakawa zuwa wani nau'in kiɗan dutsen dutsen (mafi yawan raunin-rashi) tare da Linea Gotica Polygram, 1996).
Lokacin da CSI ta wargaje a 1999, Ferretti ya yi muhawarar solo tare da Co-dex (2000), sannan ya kafa Per Grazia Ricevuta (PGR) kuma ya saki PGR (2002) wanda ya jagoranci zuwa kiɗan duniya.
Membobi Giovanni Lindo Ferretti (Cerreto Alpi, 9 Satumba a cikin shekara ta 1953): marubuci, mawaƙa (a cikin shekara ta 1982 zuwa ta 1990)
Massimo Zamboni (Reggio Emilia, 1957): guitar, songwriter (1982-1990)
Umberto Negri: bass, marubucin waƙa (1982–1985)
Zeo Giudici: ganguna (1982-1983)
Mirka Morselli ganguna (1983)
Annarella Giudici (an haifi Antonella Giudici): "Benemerita soubrette muryoyin (1984-1990)
Danilo Fatur: "Artista del popolo", muryoyin (1984-1990)
Silvia Bonvicini: muryoyi (1984-1985)
Carlo Chiapparini: guitar (1986–1989)
Ignazio Orlando: bass, madannai, ganguna (1986–1989)
Gianni Maroccolo (Manciano, 9 ga Mayu 1960): bass (1989-1990)
Francesco Magnelli: keyboards (1989-1990)
Ringo De Palma (an haife shi Luca De Benedictis, Turin, 28 ga Disamba 1963- Florence, 1 Yuni 1990): ganguna (1989-1990)
Giorgio Canali (1958): guitar, shirye-shirye (1989-1990)
Tsarin lokaci na Membobi
Binciken hoto
Albums ɗin Studio 1964/1985 Affinità-Divergenze fra il Compagno Togliatti e Noi-Del Conseguimento della Maggiore Età, Attack Punk Records, red vinyl 1986, Virgin ta sake fitar da shi a cikin shekara ta 1988
Socialismo e Barbarie, Virgin Records 1987, sake sakewa a cikin shekara ta 1988 akan CD tare da ƙarin waƙoƙi guda biyu.
Canzoni, Preghiere, Danze del II Millennio Sezione Europa, Budurwa, 1989
Epica Etica Etnica Pathos, Budurwa, 1990
Albums masu rai Rayuwa a Punkow, Budurwa, 1996
Albums na tattarawa Compagni, cittadini, fratelli, partigiani Ortodossia II, Budurwa, 1988
Ecco i miei gioielli, Budurwa, 1992
Ji daɗin CCCP, Budurwa, 1994
Muhimmin (CCCP), EMI, 2012
Marasa aure Haba! Battagliero, Budurwa, 1987
Gobe (Voulez vous un rendez vous) (feat. Amanda Lear Budurwa, 7 "da 12" vinyl, 1988
EP Ortodossia, Attack Punk Records, jan vinyl, 1984
Ortodossia II, Attack Punk Records, jan vinyl, sake sakewa a cikin 1985 ta Virgin a cikin baƙar vinyl
Compagni, Cittadini, Fratelli, Partigiani, Attack Punk Records, hoton hoto wanda Virgin ya sake fitarwa a 1985 a cikin baƙar vinyl
Ragazza Emancipata, Stampa Alternativa, 1990
VHS Tsarin zamani, 1989
Gidan wasan kwaikwayo Allerghia, 1987-1988
Duba kuma Consorzio Suonatori Indipendenti (CSI Per Grazia Ricevuta (PGR)
Hanyoyin waje Annarella Benemerita Soubrette CCCP feedeli alla linea RudePravda Fedeli alla Linea Tattaunawa da Umberto Negri akan gomma.tv (cikin Italiyanci)
Manazarta
Pages with unreviewed |
21501 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Tarok | Mutanen Tarok | Tarok al'umma ce ta noma a cikin tsaunuka da filayen kudu maso gabashin jihar Filato, Tsakiyar, Najeriya Mutanen Tarok Mutanen Tarok suna kiran kansu oTárók, yarensu na iTárók da ƙasarsu ìTàrók. Ana samun su musamman a Langtang-North, Langtang-South, Wase, Mikang da Kanke Kananan hukumomin (LGAs) na jihar Plateau a Tsakiyar Nigeria Babban garin su na Langtang yana da tazarar kusan kilomita 186 kudu maso gabashin Jos, babban birnin jihar. Ana kuma samun su da yawa a cikin Shendam, Qua'an-Pan, Kanam, Lkss da kuma wani yanki na Tafawa Balewa LGA na jihar Bauchi Sur (Tapshin). Yankunan da ke warwatse a cikin jihohin Nasarawa da Taraba al’umman Tarok ne. Fitzpatrick (1910), Roger Blench, Lamle (1995), Famwang da kuma Longtau (1997) ne suka bayyana mutanen har zuwa wani ɗan lokaci a cikin ayyukan ɗan adam da na ɗabi'a. OTárók haɗuwa ce ta mutane daban-daban waɗanda yanzu suka kafa ƙungiya 'mai kama da juna'. Mazaɓun sun kasance daga Pe, Ngas, Jukun, Boghom, Tel Montol kuma wataƙila asalin Tal ne, yayin da wasu kuma har yanzu basu da tabbas ko ba'a sani ba. Al'adar a ƙaramar matakin tana nuna wannan haɗakar mutanen Tarok. Maida hankali anan shine bayanin yaren su.
Sunan Yaren A cikin adabin, an yi amfani da wasu sunaye don Tarok azaman Appa, Yergam da ire-irensu na Yergum da Yergem. Sunan Tarok da kansa wasu sun rubuta shi da kuskure kamar yadda Taroh. Sunan Appa a wani bangaren Jukun na amfani da shi don komawa oTarok a matsayin kalmar abota. Waɗannan sabbin fahimtar suna nuni zuwa ga ƙarshe cewa Tarok wani laƙabi ne da aka ba baƙin haure Tal Ngas. Sunan rukunin asali ya ɓace kuma an maye gurbinsa da laƙabi. Kalmar Pe-Tarok tana nufin mutanen da suka fara magana da ainihin asalin harshen da ake kira Tarok a yau rashin daidaito duk da haka. Asalin mutane na iya zama batun magana, amma a bayyane yake cewa Proto-Tarok shine mahaifin yare wanda aka sani da Tarok a yau (duk abinda ya kasance asalin sunan su).
Tarok a cikin teku na yarukan Chadi Longtau ya bayyana Tarok a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin yarukan Benuwe Kongo wanda kusan yake nitse cikin ruwan tekun Chadi. Waɗannan yarukan sun hada da Ngas, Tel, Boghom, Hausa Fulfulde da Yiwom. Makwabtanta wadanda ba ‘yan Chadi ba su ne Pe, Jukun-Wase da Yangkam. Tarok ya yadu sosai a karni na ashirin kuma yanzu yana iyaka da garin Wapan a kudu maso gabas. Harsunan Chadic suna cikin dangin harshe daban da ake kira Afroasiatic Longtau ya bayyana cewa Tarok ya zauna a gidan su na yanzu tun kafin motsi na gabas da kudu na Boghom da Ngas bi da bi.
Tarihin Tarok Nankap Elias Lamle (2001) wani masanin halayyar ɗan adam wanda yake koyarwa a Jami'ar Jos a Nijeriya ya bayyana cewa a farkon ƙarni na ashirin mutane daga wasu ƙabilu kamar Tal, Ngas, Jukun, Tel (Montol Dwal) da Yiwom (Gerkawa) suka yi ƙaura suka zauna tare da dangin Timwat da Funyallang na farko. Mutane daga waɗannan ƙabilun sun zo ne a matsayin baƙi masu aiki. Mutanen Timwat da Funyallang sun basu filaye don zama a Tarokland bayan sun yiwa tsohuwar aiki. Mulkin mallaka da Kiristanci sun shigo Tarokland ta shekarar 1904 (Lamle 1995). Mazaunan farko ba za su iya amincewa da mishaneri da masu mulkin mallaka ba saboda irin wannan ba ya ƙarfafa mutanensu su haɗu da su. tare da shigar da zamani zamani masu hijira daga baya zuwa Tarokland sun yi amfani da alaƙar su da mishaneri da ‘yan mulkin mallaka don samun ilimin yamma da shiga soja. A yau waɗannan 'yan ciranin na baya suna kan jagorancin al'amuran Najeriya saboda irin wannan kokarin amfani da tasirinsu don canza tarihi (cf. Lamle 2005). Bugu da ƙari, Lamle ya tabbatar da cewa tsarin ƙaura na Tarok yana goyan bayan maganganun a sama kuma ya dogara ne da cewa harshen Tarok ɓangare ne na dangin yare na Benuwe Congo. Koyaya, sauran mutanen gidan masu yaren Cadi, kamar su Ngas, Boghom, Tel (Montol) da Yiwom, sun koma gidan Benuwe Kongo kuma an basu cikakken matsayin Tarok (Lamle 1998). Hakanan Jukun, wanda ke magana da yarukan gidan harsunan Benuwe Congo, ya shiga cikin Tarok. Abin da ake kira mutanen Tarok hakika haɗuwa ce da yawa daga ƙungiyoyin yare da yare (Lamle a shekarae
shekarar 2008).
Al'adu Mutanen Tarok suna da tsafin kakanninsu wanda ke riƙe da babbar daraja da mahimmancin gaske, duk da yawan shigar Kiristanci yankin. Magabatan, orìm, suna da wakiltar maza da mata masu maza bayan haihuwa. Ayyuka na ƙungiya suna faruwa a cikin tsaffin kurmi a gefen kusan duk ƙauyukan Tarok. Yawanci ana jin Orím, amma ana fitowa a matsayin adadi a cikin wasu yanayi, musamman don horon mata 'masu taurin kai' da yin annabce-annabce. Ƙididdigar Orìm suna magana ta hanyar muryar murya a cikin harshe mai ɗigo da kalmomin lambobi duk da cewa an tsara su a cikin daidaitaccen Tarok kuma ana fassara maganganun su ta hanyar adon da ba a rufe su ba.
Kowane yanki na Tarok kowane irin girma yana da tsattsarkan alfarma a wajan sa, wanda aka kiyaye shi azaman wurin theauren ko kakanni. Kalmar mufuradi, rìrìm, ana amfani da ita ne ga mutumin da ya mutu ko kakanni, yayin da orìm ke nufin magabata da kuma al'adun kansu. Maza sama da wasu shekarun suna da izinin shiga cikin kurmi kuma suyi hulɗa tare da kakanni. Waɗannan suna zaune a cikin ƙasar da suka mutu kuma don haka suna cikin haɗuwa da duk waɗanda suka mutu, gami da matasa da yara waɗanda ba a ba su izinin wannan ba. A wasu ranaku lokacin da 'orím suka fita', dole ne mata da yara su zauna a gidajensu. Hakanan ana iya ganin Orim 'sanye da tufafi', watau ya zama kamar mastarori, lokacin da suke hulɗa da mata ta hanyar mai fassara. Abin mamaki, yawancin Tarok Krista ne kuma Langtang yana karɓar baƙuncin wasu manyan majami'u, amma haɗuwa da ƙaura tare da iko yana tabbatar da cewa waɗannan tsarin biyu suna ci gaba da rayuwa tare. Tabbas, an ce orím na kula da ziyartar gidajen janar-janar da suka yi ritaya da sauran manyan mutane masu fada a ji da daddare don karfafa dankon da ke tsakanin nau’ikan iko biyu daban. Ìungiyar Orím tana da daraja, a ma'anar cewa akwai mambobin da ba a fara su ba don haka ba za a bari su shiga cikin sirrin cikin jama'a ba. Wasu kalmomin ma'anar sune don ɓoyewa na ciki, ma'ana, akwai kalmomin kalmomi tsakanin membobin dattawa don ɓoye ma'anar abin da ake faɗi daga ƙananan membobi.
Babban aikin ƙa'idoji daga mahangar waje shine kiyaye tsari, na ruhaniya da na zahiri, a tsakanin al'umma amma kuma don shirin yaƙi da sauran ayyukan gama kai. A aikace, kiyaye oda alama ce ta ladabtar da mata, waɗanda aka tilasta su dafa abinci azaman horo na kasala ko 'taurin kai'. Ana kiran wannan rukuni na orìm orìm aga., A zahiri 'masquerade wanda ke ba da matsala' kuma ƙwarewarta ita ce tarar mata. Akwai lokacin musamman, aga. 'lokacin wahala', don biyan tara ga masu laifi. Hakanan ma'anar suna cikin ma'amala da matattu kuma an yi imanin cewa ruhohin yara da suka mutu suna buƙatar ciyarwa; saboda haka za su nemi abinci na musamman daga uwar irin waɗannan yara. Orìm kuma suna da aiyukan kashe aure; misali, ƴan mata suna gaya wa orim sunan saurayin da za su so su aura, kuma suna neman hanyoyin isar da saƙo.
Yanar gizo Tarok An ƙirƙira rukunin gidan yanar gizon mutanen Tarok kwanan nan kuma an ƙaddamar da shi a cikin Disamba, 27th 2013. An ƙirƙireshi ne da nufin bunƙasa al'adunsu da al'adunsu, wanda zai zama babbar hanya ga tsara mai zuwa. Hakanan yana matsayin hanya don hulɗa tsakanin membobinta kuma azaman murya don fitar da ra'ayoyinsu. Ana nufin inganta haɗin kai ta hanyoyi daban-daban tsakanin Taroks. An dakatar da shi a ƙarshen 2014.
Fitattun mutanen Tarok Domkat Bali, soja
Joseph Nanven Garba, soja
Dindam D. Killi, Esq, lauya kuma mai fafutuka
Beni Lar, ɗan siyasa (majalisar wakilai)
Solomon D. Lar, shugaba
Daniel Lamda Bongtur, (HRH Madakin Langtang), Masarauta
Victor Lar, ɗan siyasa (Majalisar Dattawa)
John Nanzip Shagaya, soja
Jeremiah Useni, soja
[]Jonah Domfa Wuyep]], soja
Esther Bali, marubuciya
Sim Shagaya, Dan Kasuwa
Makale Ya Bongtur, Mawaki, Mai wasan kwaikwayo
Solomon Selcap Dalung, Dan siyasa (minista)
Manyil Dashe, Mai bincike
Manazarta Mutanen Afirka
Mutanen Najeriya
Al'ada
Al'umma
Al'ummomi
Al'ummomin Nijeriya
Al'adun Najeriya
Harsunan |
30091 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokar%20Komawa | Dokar Komawa | Dokar Komawa ḥok ha-shvūt wata doka ce ta ƙasar Isra'ila, wacce aka zartar a ranar 5 ga Yulin shekara ta 1950, wacce ta bai wa Yahudawa 'yancin ƙaura zuwa Isra'ila da samun ɗan ƙasa na Isra'ila Sashe na 1 na Dokar Komawa ya bayyana cewa "kowane Bayahude yana da 'yancin zuwa wannan ƙasar a matsayin oleh [baƙi]". A cikin dokar komowa, kasar Isra'ila ta ba da tasiri ga yunkurin 'yan sahayoniya na "credo" wanda ya yi kira ga kafa Isra'ila a matsayin kasar Yahudawa A cikin 1970, an ba da haƙƙin shiga da sasantawa ga mutanen da ke da kakanin Bayahude guda ɗaya da mutumin da ya auri Bayahude, ko an ɗauke su Bayahude a ƙarƙashin fassarar Orthodox na dokar Yahudawa.
A ranar zuwa Isra'ila, ko kuma wani lokaci a wani lokaci, mutumin da ya shiga Isra'ila a ƙarƙashin Dokar Komawa a matsayin oleh zai sami takardar shaidar da ke tabbatar da matsayinsa na oleh Sannan mutumin yana da watanni uku don yanke shawara ko yana son zama ɗan ƙasa kuma zai iya barin zama ɗan ƙasa a wannan lokacin. Za a iya hana haƙƙin takardar shedar oleh idan mutumin yana yin aikin gaba da Yahudawa, yana da haɗari ga lafiyar jama'a ko tsaron jihar, ko kuma yana da wani laifi da ya wuce wanda zai iya yin illa ga jin daɗin jama'a.
Tarihi Majalisar Knesset, Majalisar Isra'ila ta zartar da Dokar Komawa gaba ɗaya a ranar 5 ga Yulin shekara ta 1950. Ranar da aka zaɓa domin ta zo dai-dai da ranar tunawa da mutuwar ɗan hangen nesa na sahyoniya Theodore Herzl Ya bayyana cewa:
"Kowane Bayahude yana da 'yancin zuwa kasar nan a matsayin oleh A cikin sanarwar da ya yi ga Knesset, Firayim Ministan Isra'ila na lokacin David Ben-Gurion ya tabbatar da cewa dokar ba ta ba da wani hakki ba sai dai ta sake tabbatar da hakki na yahudawa da aka rigaya ke da su: “Wannan doka ba ta tanadi ‘yancin yin sulhu a kan Bayahuden da ke zaune a kasar waje ba, ta tabbatar da cewa wannan hakkin ya rataya a kansa daga kasancewarsa Bayahude; Yahudu na kasashen waje. Wannan hakkin Jihar; wannan dama Jihar; tushensa ana samunsa ne a cikin alakar tarihi da ba ta taɓa karya ba tsakanin Yahudawa da ƙasarsu."
Dokokin bin diddigin al'amuran shige da fice suna kunshe ne a cikin dokar kasa ta 1952 Asali, ƙarƙashin Dokar Komawa ya shafi Yahudawa ne kawai. Duk da haka, saboda rashin iyawar 'yan majalisar su amince da ma'anar wanene Bayahude, Dokar ba ta ayyana kalmar ba, ta dogara a maimakon batun don warware kanta cikin lokaci. Sakamakon haka, Dokar ta dogara da ma'anar halak na gargajiya. Amma, rashin ma'anar wanene Bayahude, don manufar Shari'a, ya haifar da ra'ayoyi daban-daban na rafukan Yahudanci daban-daban da ke fafatawa don amincewa.
Waɗanda suka yi ƙaura zuwa Isra'ila a ƙarƙashin Dokar Komawa suna da haƙƙin zama ɗan ƙasa a Isra'ila nan da nan. Sai dai an samu sabanin ra'ayi kan ko mutumin da ya yi ikirarin zama dan kasa a karkashin Dokar Komawa ya kamata a yi masa rajista kai tsaye a matsayin "Yahudu" don dalilai na ƙidayar jama'a. A bisa ma’anar halak, mutum Bayahude ne idan mahaifiyarsa Bayahudiya ce, ko kuma idan ya koma Yahudanci. Yahudawan Orthodox ba su yarda da jujjuyawar da Reform ko Yahudanci masu ra'ayin mazan jiya suka yi ba. Duk da haka, Dokar ta tanadi cewa duk Bayahude ko da kuwa yana da alaƙa zai iya ƙaura zuwa Isra'ila kuma ya yi iƙirarin zama ɗan ƙasa.
Gyaran zuriyar Yahudawa An yi wa Dokar Komawa gyara a shekara ta 1970 don ƙara ’yancin komawa ga wasu waɗanda ba Yahudawa ba. Gyara lamba 2, 4a, ya ce:
Dokar tun 1970 ta shafi ƙungiyoyi masu zuwa kamar haka:
Wadanda aka haifa Yahudawa bisa ga fassarar Orthodox; samun uwa Bayahudiya ko kakar uwa.
Wadanda ke da zuriyar Yahudawa suna da uba ko kakan Bayahude.
Juyawa zuwa addinin Yahudanci Ortodoks, Reform, ko Conservative denominations ba na duniya ba ko da yake Reform da Conservative tuba dole ne faruwa a waje da jihar, kama da farar hula aure Amma Yahudawan da suka koma wani addini ba su cancanci yin hijira a ƙarƙashin Dokar Komawa ba, duk da cewa su Yahudawa ne a cewar halakha.
An haifar da gyara na 1970 ta muhawara akan Wane ne Bayahude? Har sai lokacin dokar ba ta yi nuni da tambayar ba. Akwai bayanai da yawa don shawarar ta kasance mai haɗa kai. Ɗaya shine kamar yadda Dokokin Nuremberg ba su yi amfani da ma'anar halak a cikin ma'anarta na "Wanene Bayahude ba", Dokar Komawa ma'anar cancantar zama ɗan ƙasa ita ma ba halak ce ba. Wani bayani kuma shi ne guguwar ƙaura daga Poland a shekara ta 1968, bayan wani yaƙin neman zaɓe da gwamnati ta yi Waɗannan baƙin sun kasance masu ƙanƙanta sosai kuma suna da ’yan uwa da yawa waɗanda ba Yahudawa ba. Wani bayani na biyu shi ne cewa domin a kara yawan shige da fice ta yadda za a daidaita barazanar al'umma da karuwar al'ummar Larabawa ke haifarwa, dokar ta fadada rukunin tushe na wadanda suka cancanci yin hijira zuwa Isra'ila. Wani bayani na uku da Yahudawa masu addini suka ɗauka shi ne cewa shugabancin da bai dace ba a Isra’ila ya nemi ya lalata tasirin mabiya addinai a siyasa da zamantakewar Isra’ila ta wajen ƙyale Yahudawa da yawa da ma’auratan da ba Yahudawa ba su yi hijira. Rabbinate na Isra'ila wata ƙungiya ce ta Orthodox zalla wacce ta fi tsauri wajen ayyana 'wane Bayahude'. Wannan yana haifar da yanayin da dubban baƙi waɗanda suka cancanci zama ɗan ƙasa a ƙarƙashin ka'idodin Dokar Koma, ba su cancanci auren Yahudawa daga Rabin Isra'ila ba. Ya zuwa shekarar 2021, Yahudawa guda 3,340,000 ne suka yi hijira zuwa Isra'ila tun bayan samun 'yancin kai a 1948. Dubban daruruwan mutanen da ba su da matsayin Bayahude a karkashin fassarar Yahudawan Orthodox na Halacha sun sami zama dan kasar Isra'ila, kamar yadda dokar ta ba da zama ɗan ƙasa ga duk zuriyar Bayahude (ciki har da jikoki) da matansu.
Kin zama ɗan ƙasa Sashi na 2 (b) na Dokar Komawa yana baiwa Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida ikon hana zama ɗan ƙasar Isra'ila a ƙarƙashin Dokar Komawa bisa wasu dalilai. Misali, ana iya hana mai neman zama dan kasa idan ana ganin shi ko ita a matsayin barazana ga tsaron kasar Isra’ila (misali cin amanar kasar Yahudu), ko kuma wanda ya taba aikata laifin da ya shafi babban laifi, kamar kisa. kuma yana haifar da haɗari ga jin daɗin ƙasar Isra'ila; ko, alal misali, yana iya zama mai gudun hijira a wata ƙasa don kowane laifi (sai dai idan an tsananta musu); ko kuma irin waɗannan mutanen waɗanda, ta dalilin rashin lafiyarsu, na iya haifar da mummunar haɗari ga lafiyar jama'a ga mutanen Isra'ila; kamar yadda kuma duk mutumin da ke da himma a duk wani kamfen da ke yin furuci da yahudawa tare da lalata manufarsu (kamar lalata). Anyi amfani da wannan tanadin don ware masu neman sau kaɗan tun kafa Isra'ila. Abubuwan da suka shahara sun hada da Robert Soblen, Ba’amurke ɗan gurguzu wanda ya yi wa Tarayyar Soviet leken asiri kuma ya gudu zuwa Isra’ila a ƙoƙarin tserewa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai; Meyer Lansky, wani ɗan boren Ba'amurke ne wanda aka fara ba shi izinin shiga Isra'ila amma bayan shekaru biyu an kore shi; da kuma Victor Vancier, dan gwagwarmayar Kahanist dan ƙasar Amurka da aka samu da hannu a jerin hare-haren bama-bamai.
A shekara ta 1962 shari’ar Oswald Rufeisen, wanda aka haife shi Bayahude dan kasar Poland ne kuma daga baya ya koma Katolika, ya zo gaban Kotun Kolin Isra’ila. Kotun kolin ta yanke hukuncin cewa "babu wanda zai iya daukar ridda a matsayin na Yahudawa". Ba da izinin zama ɗan ƙasa a ƙarƙashin Dokar Komawa baya hana a mayar da mutum zuwa wata ƙasa a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar mika mulki da waccan ƙasar.
Mabiya addinin Yahudanci na Almasihu Kotun Koli ta Isra’ila ta yanke hukunci a cikin shekara ta 1989 cewa addinin Yahudanci na Almasihu ya ƙunshi wani addini, kuma mutanen da suka zama Yahudawan Almasihu ba su cancanci Aliyah ba a ƙarƙashin doka. A ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 2008, Kotun Koli ta yanke hukunci a shari’ar da wasu mutane da kakanni da kakanni Yahudawa suka kai da aka ƙi amincewa da neman zama ’yan ƙasa domin su Yahudawa ne na Almasihu. Masu neman sun yi gardamar cewa ba su taɓa zama Yahudawa ba bisa ga halakha, don haka ba a cire su da maganar musulunta ba. An tabbatar da wannan hujja a cikin hukuncin, kuma gwamnati ta amince da sake sake aikace-aikacen su. Duk da wannan, ana ɗaukar Yahudawan Almasihu a matsayin waɗanda suka cancanci doka idan za su iya da'awar zuriyar Yahudawa (suna da uba ko kakan Bayahude).
Da'awar nuna wariya dangane da 'yan gudun hijirar Falasdinu Masu suka sun yi iƙirarin cewa Dokar Komawa ta ci karo da iƙirarin ƙasar dimokuradiyya. Falasdinawa da masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin 'yan gudun hijirar Falasdinu sun soki Dokar Komawa, wadda suke kwatanta da'awar Falasdinawa na 'yancin komawar Falasdinu Waɗannan masu sukar sun yi la'akari da Dokar, kamar yadda aka bambanta da ƙin 'yancin dawowa, zalunci da nuna bambancin kabilanci Wani rahoto da Hukumar Tattalin Arziki da Zamantakewa ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na Yammacin Asiya (ESCWA) ta fitar ya yi kakkausar suka ga Dokar Komawa, “tana ba Yahudawa a duk duniya ’yancin shiga Isra’ila da samun ƴan ƙasar Isra’ila ba tare da la’akari da ƙasashensu na asali ba da kuma ko za su iya nuna alaƙa ko a’a. Isra'ila-Falasdinu, yayin da take hana duk wani haƙƙin mai kama da Falasdinawa, ciki har da wadanda ke da bayanan gidajen kakanni a cikin kasar," a matsayin manufar "injin injiniyan al'umma" na nufin daukaka matsayin Isra'ila a matsayin Yahudawa Daga baya an janye rahoton sakamakon takaddama.
Dangantakar jinsi daya A ranar 10 ga Yuni, 2011, an gwada Dokar Komawa sa’ad da ma’aurata maza masu luwaɗi, Bayahude ɗaya da Katolika ɗaya suka yi Aliyah zuwa Isra’ila. Wannan ma'auratan sun kasance farkon jinsi ɗaya, ma'auratan addini daban-daban don neman matsayin Aliyah na haɗin gwiwa, kodayake ma'auratan ma'aurata na addinai daban-daban suna samun haɗin gwiwa a matsayin Aliyah. Bayahuden nan da nan ya samu takardar zama dan kasa amma ma’aikatar harkokin cikin gida ta jinkirta yanke shawarar zama dan kasa ga mijin nasa duk kuwa da furucin da ke cikin dokar cewa dole ne a bai wa matar da Bayahude da ya koma zama dan kasa. A ranar 10 ga Agusta, 2011, Ma’aikatar Cikin Gida ta ba wa mijin da ba Bayahude ba zama ɗan ƙasa kamar yadda Dokar Komawa ta tanadar. A shekara ta 2014, Ministan cikin gida Gideon Sa’ar ya sanar da cewa Yahudawan da ke da alaƙa da jinsi ɗaya da suka yi aure a ƙasashen waje amma suna son yin hijira zuwa Isra’ila an ba su izinin yin hakan a ƙarƙashin Dokar Komawa, har ma da ma’auratan da ba Bayahude ba. zai sami ɗan ƙasar Isra'ila.
Taimakawa ga Dokar Komawa Magoya bayan dokar sun ce ta yi kama da na yawancin jihohin Turai, wadanda kuma ke amfani da bangaren kabilanci. Magoya bayansa suna jayayya cewa:
Ba Dokar Komawa ba ce kaɗai hanyar samun ɗan ƙasa ba. Alal misali, waɗanda ba Yahudawa ba za su iya zama ƴan ƙasa ta hanyar zama ɗan ƙasa, zama, ko auren ɗan ƙasar Isra'ila. Misali, ana samun zama ɗan ƙasa a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi ga iyayen da ba Bayahude ba na ɗan ƙasa da ya gama aikin soja. Haƙƙin da aka bai wa Yahudawa tare da ’yan’uwansu a ƙarƙashin Doka ba dole ba ne ko kuma suna nuna wariya ga waɗanda ba Yahudawa ba, amma wani nau’i ne na wariya na “tabbatacce”. Isra'ila tana da dokokin zama da zama ɗan ƙasa ga waɗanda ba Yahudawa ba waɗanda suke daidai da waɗanda ke cikin wasu ƙasashe masu sassaucin ra'ayi. Kwamitin Daidaita Rahoton Gabas ta Tsakiya a Amurka (CAMERA) ya bayar da hujjar cewa Dokar Komawa ta yi daidai da Yarjejeniya kan Kawar da Duk Wani nau'i na Wariyar launin fata Mataki na I(3), wanda CAMERA ta ce tana ba da damar fifikon shige da fice na wasu kungiyoyi ba tare da nuna bambanci ba. a kan wata ƙungiya ta musamman. Don haka, CAMERA da sauransu suna jayayya cewa wasu ƙasashe, ciki har da Jamus, suna ba da gata na ƙaura ga mutanen da ke da alaƙar kabilanci zuwa waɗannan ƙasashe (Duba Haƙƙin Komawa da Dokokin Komawa).
Yayin da manufar Dokar Komawa watakila ita ce kiyaye Isra'ila mafi rinjaye Yahudawa, wata gardama ta bayyana cewa duniya da aka tsananta wa Yahudawa, manufar kiyaye ƙasar Yahudawa ya zama dole don rayuwar Yahudawa gaba ɗaya kuma don samar da tsaro. mafaka ga Yahudawa 'yan gudun hijira a musamman lokuta. CAMERA ta yi jayayya cewa Dokar Komawa ta dace a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniya kan Kawar da Duk nau'ikan Wariyar launin fata Mataki na I(4), wanda CAMERA ta yi jayayya ta ba da damar yin aiki mai inganci, saboda wariyar da Yahudawa suka fuskanta a lokacin Holocaust Benjamin Pogrund, darektan Cibiyar Yakar ta Yakar damuwa a Urushalima kuma memba na tawagar Isra'ila a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da wariyar launin fata, ya kira dokar "rashin adalci" daga ra'ayin 'yan gudun hijirar Falasdinu, amma yana ganin rashin adalci kamar yadda ya faru a cikin sauran wurare kuma. Pogrund ya kwatanta jirgin korar Falasdinawa (dukansu a cikin 1948 da 1967) zuwa Jamus, Poland, Jamhuriyar Czech, Indiya da Pakistan.
Muhawara a Isra'ila A cikin Yahudawan Isra'ila, ci gaba da ƙauran Yahudawan na samun goyon baya mai ƙarfi. A cewar wani kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a na shekarar 2016 da Pew Forum ya gudanar, kashi 98% na dukkan Yahudawa Isra'ilawa sun bukaci doka ta ci gaba da ba da izinin shige da ficen Yahudawa. Duk da haka, wasu suna jayayya cewa dokar ta ba da izinin shigowar waɗanda ba Yahudawa ba da yawa, kuma hakan yana lalata manufarta. Goyon bayan doka tsakanin Larabawa Isra'ila ya ragu sosai. A cewar wani kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a na jami'ar Haifa Sammy Smooha tsakanin Yahudawa 700 da Larabawa 700 da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2017 kashi 25.2% ne kawai suka "karbi" dokar komowa, ƙasa daga 39% a shekara ta 2015. A cikin Satumba na shekara ta 2007, gano wani tashin hankali cell Neo-Nazi Isra'ila Patrol 35 a cikin Petah Tikva, kunshi matasa baƙi daga tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet, ya haifar da sabunta kira tsakanin 'yan siyasa don gyara Dokar Komawa. Effi Eitam na Jam'iyyar Addini ta Kasa da Ƙungiyar Ƙasa, waɗanda ke wakiltar ƙungiyoyin Yahudawa na addini kuma a baya sun yi ƙoƙari su gabatar da kudirin yin kwaskwarima ga Dokar Komawa, ya bayyana cewa Isra'ila ta zama "mafari ga mutanen da suke ƙin Isra'ila, masu ƙin Yahudawa, da kuma Yahudawa. ku yi amfani da Dokar Komawa don yin aiki da wannan ƙiyayya." A ɗaya ɓangaren kuma, MK Ahmed Tibi na United Arab List da Ta’al sun soki tsarin da tsarin ya bi sau biyu, yana mai cewa, “mutane sun yi hijira zuwa Isra’ila kuma sun samu takardar zama ‘yan kasa ta atomatik a karkashin dokar komowa, yayin da ‘yan Nazarat da Tayibe ke zama ‘yan kasar. ba a yarda su ziyarci 'yan'uwansu kawai saboda kasancewarsu Larabawa Kashi 37 cikin 100 na 'yan Isra'ila da aka yi musu ra'ayi sun ce zurfafa bincike kan sabbin baƙin haure zai kai ga nuna wariyar launin fata ga Yahudawan da suka fito daga kasashen Rasha.
Aiwatar da doka Daga cikin wadanda ke goyon bayan ci gaba da rike Doka, akwai sabani game da yadda ta bayyana. Ma'anar Dokar ta "Yahudawa" da "Yahudawa" tana cikin muhawara. Yahudawan Isra'ila da na Ƙasashen waje sun bambanta da juna a matsayin ƙungiya kuma a tsakanin juna game da abin da wannan ma'anar ya kamata ya kasance don dalilan Dokar Komawa. Bugu da ƙari, akwai muhawara mai zafi a kan ma'anar kalmomin "Ƙasar Yahudawa" da "Jihar Yahudawa".
Ba wai kawai Knesset ba, duk da haka, an wajabta ta akai-akai don magance waɗannan batutuwa kai tsaye ko a kaikaice. A cikin shekaru da yawa, ministocin cikin gida da yawa na Isra’ila sun bincika batun Dokar Komawa kuma sun yi watsi da yadda za su yi amfani da ita. An kuma yi kira ga bangaren shari’a da su bayyana ra’ayi kan al’amuran da suka shafi Doka. Wannan tambaya mai zafi da maimaita ta a tattaunawar siyasar kasar ba kawai ta bayyana ba, har ma da kara bambance-bambancen ra'ayi tsakanin Isra'ilawa.
Batu ɗaya ta tsakiya ita ce wacce ke da ikon tantance ingancin tuba zuwa addinin Yahudanci don dalilai na shige da fice da zama ɗan ƙasa. Don dalilai na tarihi, Babban Malamin Isra’ila, a ƙarƙashin Ma’aikatar Al’amuran Addini ta Isra’ila, ya yanke wannan shawarar, amma wannan tsari yana cikin tambaya. Wannan al'ada ta fuskanci adawa a tsakanin shugabannin addini da ba na Orthodox ba a cikin Isra'ila da kuma na kasashen waje. An yi ƙoƙari da yawa don warware matsalar, na baya-bayan nan shi ne Hukumar Ne'eman, amma har yanzu ana ci gaba da samun cikas.
A ranar 31 ga Maris, 2005, Kotun Koli ta Isra'ila ta yanke hukunci 7–4 cewa duk juzu'an da aka yi a wajen Isra'ila za su gane da hukuma a ƙarƙashin Dokar Komawa, duk da ra'ayin Hukumar Ne'eman cewa ƙungiya ɗaya ta kamata ta ƙayyade cancantar shige da fice. Kotun ta riga ta yanke hukunci a shekara ta 1989 cewa jujjuyawar da aka yi a wajen Isra’ila tana da amfani ga Dokar Komawa (ko da kuwa sun kasance Orthodox, Conservative, ko Reform). Hukumcin shekara ta 2005 ya tsawaita wannan, yana gano cewa tuba a ƙasashen waje har yanzu yana da inganci ko da mutane sun yi aikin shirye-shiryen tuba yayin da suke zaune a Isra'ila.
Duba kuma Basic Dokokin Isra'ila
Rigakafin Dokar Kutse
Dan kasa da Shiga cikin Dokar Isra'ila
Katin shaida na Isra'ila
Fasfo na Isra'ila
Siyasar Isra'ila
Oswald Rufeisen (Brother Daniel)
Magana
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Dokar Komawa Rubutun doka da gyare-gyare daban-daban
Norms na Dimokuradiyya, Ƙwararru, da Dokar Komawa ta Isra'ila ta Alexander Yakobson da Amnon Rubinstein
The problem is how to become an Israeli by Amnon Rubenstein, Ha'aretz
Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
Haƙƙoƙi
Haƙƙoƙin Mata
Ƴancin Ɗan Adam
Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
40870 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir%20Lenin | Vladimir Lenin | Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (22 April 1870 21 Janairu 1924), wanda aka fi sani da Vladimir Lenin, ɗan juyin juya halin Rasha ne, ɗan siyasa, kuma masanin siyasa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban farko kuma ya kafa gwamnatin Soviet Rasha daga 1917 zuwa 1924 da na Tarayyar Soviet daga 1922 zuwa 1924. A karkashin gwamnatinsa, Rasha, daga baya kuma Tarayyar Soviet, ta zama kasa mai ra'ayin gurguzu mai jam'iyya daya da ke karkashin jam'iyyar gurguzu. A akidar Markisanci, ci gabansa ga akidar ana kiransa Leninism.
An haife shi ga dangin upper-middle-class a Simbirsk, Lenin ya rungumi siyasar gurguzu na juyin juya hali bayan kisan dan uwansa a shekarar 1887. An kore shi daga Jami'ar Imperial ta Kazan saboda halartar zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnatin Tsarist na Daular Rasha, ya sadaukar da shekaru masu zuwa zuwa digiri na shari'a. Ya koma Saint Petersburg a shekara ta 1893 kuma ya zama babban dan gwagwarmayar Markisanci. A 1897, an kama shi don tayar da hankali kuma an kai shi gudun hijira zuwa Shushenskoye a Siberiya na tsawon shekaru uku, inda ya auri Nadezhda Krupskaya. Bayan gudun hijira, ya ƙaura zuwa Yammacin Turai, inda ya zama fitaccen masanin ka'ida a Jam'iyyar Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP). A cikin shekarar 1903, ya ɗauki muhimmiyar rawa a cikin rarrabuwar ra'ayi na RSDLP, wanda ya jagoranci ƙungiyar Bolshevik don adawa da Julius Martov 's Mensheviks. Bayan juyin juya halin Rasha na 1905 da bai yi nasara ba, ya yi yakin neman rikidewar yakin duniya na farko zuwa juyin juya hali a Turai baki daya, wanda a matsayinsa na Markisanci ya yi imani zai haifar da rushe tsarin jari-hujja da maye gurbinsa da gurguzu. Bayan juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu na 1917 ya kori Tsar tare da kafa gwamnatin wucin gadi, ya koma Rasha don taka rawa a juyin juya halin Oktoba inda Bolshevik suka hambarar da sabon tsarin mulki.
Tun farko gwamnatin Lenin Bolshevik ta raba madafun iko tare da 'yan gurguzu zaɓaɓɓun Soviets, da Majalisar Majalisun jam'iyyu da yawa, ko da yake a shekara ta 1918 ta sami madafan iko a sabuwar Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci. Gwamnatin Lenin ta sake rarraba filaye a tsakanin manoma da bankuna da kuma manyan masana'antu. Ta fice daga yakin duniya na farko ta hanyar rattaba hannu kan wata yerjejeniya da ta ba da ikon mallakar yankin tsakiya, da kuma inganta juyin juya halin duniya ta hanyar gurguzu ta kasa da kasa. An murkushe abokan adawar a cikin Red Terror, yakin neman zabe da jami'an tsaro na jihar ke gudanarwa; an kashe dubun-dubatar ko kuma aka saka su a sansanonin fursuna. Gwamnatinsa ta ci nasara da sojojin anti-Bolshevik na dama da hagu a yakin basasar Rasha daga 1917 zuwa 1922 kuma ya jagoranci yakin Poland-Soviet na 1919-1921. Da yake mayar da martani ga barnar lokacin yaƙi, yunwa, da tashe-tashen hankula, a cikin shekarar 1921 Lenin ya ƙarfafa haɓakar tattalin arziki ta hanyar Sabuwar Manufofin Tattalin Arziƙi. Kasashe da dama wadanda ba na Rasha ba sun sami 'yancin kai daga Daular Rasha bayan 1917, amma uku sun sake hadewa cikin sabuwar Tarayyar Soviet a 1922. Rashin lafiyarsa, Lenin ya mutu a Gorki, tare da Joseph Stalin ya gaje shi a matsayin babban mutum a gwamnatin Soviet.
An yi la'akari da daya daga cikin manyan mutane masu tasiri da kuma tasiri na karni na 20, Lenin ya kasance batun da ya shafi al'adun gargajiya a cikin Tarayyar Soviet har zuwa rushewa a cikin shekarar 1991. Ya zama jigo a akida a bayan Marxism-Leninism kuma babban tasiri kan yunkurin gurguzu na kasa da kasa. Mutumin da ke da cece-kuce kuma mai cike da rarrabuwar kawuna, magoya bayansa suna kallon Lenin a matsayin gwarzon gurguzu da kuma masu aiki. A halin da ake ciki, masu sukar Lenin suna zarginsa da kafa mulkin kama-karya wanda ke kula da kashe-kashen jama'a da kuma danniya na siyasa.
Ƙuruciya
Yarinta: 1870-1887 Komawa ga kakanninsa, Rashanci, Jamusanci, Yaren mutanen Sweden, Bayahude, da yiwuwar tasirin Kalmyk ana iya gano su. Mahaifinsa Ilya Nikolayevich Ulyanov ya fito ne daga dangin tsohon serfs; Kabilar mahaifin Ilya har yanzu ba a sani ba, yayin da mahaifiyar Ilya, Anna Alexeyevna Smirnova, ta kasance rabin Kalmyk kuma rabin Rasha. Duk da ƙananan matsayi, Ilya ya tashi zuwa matsayi na tsakiya, yana nazarin ilimin kimiyyar lissafi da lissafi a Jami'ar Kazan kafin koyarwa a Cibiyar Penza Nobility. Ilya ya auri Maria Alexandrovna Blank a tsakiyar 1863. Tana da ilimi sosai, 'yar Bajamushe ce mai arziki-mahaifiyar Lutheran Sweden, kuma mahaifin Bayahude na Rasha wanda ya koma Kiristanci kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin likita. A cewar masanin tarihi Petrovsky-Shtern, mai yiwuwa Lenin bai san zuriyar mahaifiyarsa rabin-Yahudawa ba, wanda 'yar uwarsa Anna kawai ta gano bayan mutuwarsa. A cewar wani sigar, mahaifin Maria ya fito ne daga dangin Jamus masu mulkin mallaka da Catherine Babbar ta gayyace su zuwa Rasha. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan bikin aurensu, Ilya ya sami aiki a Nizhny Novgorod, ya tashi ya zama Daraktan Makarantun Firamare a gundumar Simbirsk bayan shekaru shida. Bayan shekaru biyar, sai aka kara masa girma zuwa Darakta na Makarantun Gwamnati na lardin, inda yake kula da kafa sama da makarantu 450 a wani bangare na tsare-tsaren gwamnati na zamani. A cikin Janairu 1882, sadaukar da kai ga ilimi ya ba shi Order of Saint Vladimir, wanda ya ba shi matsayi na gadon sarauta. An haifi Lenin a Streletskaya Ulitsa, Simbirsk, yanzu Ulyanovsk, ranar 22 ga watan Afrilu 1870, kuma ya yi masa baftisma bayan kwanaki shida; tun yana yaro, an san shi da Volodya, ɗan ƙaramin Vladimir. Shi ne na uku na yara takwas, yana da ƴan'uwa maza biyu, Anna (an haife shi 1864) da Alexander (an haife shi 1866). Su kuma wasu yara uku, Olga (an haife shi a shekara ta 1871), Dmitry (an haife shi a shekara ta 1874), da kuma Maria (an haifi 1878). ’Yan’uwa biyu daga baya sun mutu suna ƙanana. Ilya ya kasance memba na Cocin Orthodox na Rasha kuma ya yi wa 'ya'yansa baftisma a cikinta, kodayake Maria, ɗan Lutheran ta hanyar renon yara, ba ta da halin ko-in-kula ga Kiristanci, ra'ayin da ya rinjayi 'ya'yanta. Dukansu iyayensa sun kasance masu mulkin mallaka da masu ra'ayin sassaucin ra'ayi, suna jajircewa wajen sake fasalin 'yanci na 1861 wanda mai neman sauyi Tsar Alexander II ya gabatar; sun guje wa masu ra'ayin siyasa kuma babu wata shaida da ta nuna cewa 'yan sanda sun sanya su a cikin sa ido don tunanin zagi. A duk lokacin rani suna hutu a wani gidan kauye a Kokushkino. A cikin 'yan uwansa, Lenin ya kasance mafi kusa da 'yar uwarsa Olga, wanda yakan yi wa jagoranci; yana da yanayin gasa sosai kuma yana iya zama ɓarna, amma yawanci yakan yarda da rashin halayensa. Mai sha'awar wasan motsa jiki, ya shafe yawancin lokacinsa na kyauta a waje ko wasa dara, kuma ya yi fice a makaranta, ladabtarwa da ra'ayin mazan jiya Simbirsk Classical Gymnasium. A cikin watan Janairu 1886, lokacin da Lenin yana da shekaru 15, mahaifinsa ya mutu sakamakon zubar jini na kwakwalwa. Bayan haka, halinsa ya zama marar kuskure da rigima kuma ya yi watsi da imaninsa da Allah. A lokacin, ɗan'uwan Lenin Alexander, wanda ya san shi da ƙauna kamar Sasha, yana karatu a Jami'ar Saint Petersburg. Ya shiga cikin tashin hankali na siyasa a kan cikakkiyar mulkin mallaka na Tsar Alexander III, Alexander yayi nazarin rubuce-rubucen da aka haramta wa masu hagu da kuma shirya zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati. Ya shiga cikin rukunin juyin juya hali da ke da niyyar kashe Tsar kuma aka zabe shi ya gina bam. Kafin a kai harin, an kama wadanda suka hada baki aka yi musu shari’a, kuma an kashe Alexander ta hanyar rataya a watan Mayu. Duk da ɓacin rai na mutuwar mahaifinsa da ɗan'uwansa, Lenin ya ci gaba da karatu, ya kammala karatunsa a makaranta a saman ajinsa tare da lambar zinare don kyakkyawan aiki, kuma ya yanke shawarar yin karatun doka a Jami'ar Kazan.
Manazarta Mutuwan 1924
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
29668 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano%20%28fim%20din%202018%20%29 | Volcano (fim din 2018 ) | Volcano (taken Ukrainian taken Jamusanci Vulcan fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Ukrainian Jamus -Monaco na 2018, kuma fasalin halarta na farko na Ta wurin hali Lukas, wani mai fassarar da ke makale a yankin da zai taimaka wajen sa ido kan wata kungiyar tsaro, fim din ya yi nazari kan rayuwar mutanen da ke kudancin Yukren steppe da ke rayuwa cikin 'yanci na rashin kwanciyar hankali, da alama duniyar waje ta manta da su.
An fara fim ɗin a Karlovy Vary International Film Festival (KVIFF) akan 1 Yuli 2018 a cikin sashin Gabashin shirye-shiryen turawan Yamma. Ta lashe kyautuka da dama a bukukuwan fina-finai na kasa da kasa, ciki har da babbar kyauta a bukukuwan da aka yi a Armenia, Croatia da Morocco. An lura da fim ɗin don abubuwan gani masu ban sha'awa da kuma jin daɗin shirin da aka samu ta hanyar dabarun wasan kwaikwayo na cinema da kuma fitar da waɗanda ba 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ba. Bondarchuk ya sami lambar yabo ta Shevchenko National Prize don jagorantar fim ɗin.
Labari Lukas, mai fassara na OSCE Kungiyar Tsaro da Haɗin kai a Turai ya tuka abokan aikinsa su uku zuwa cikin ƙauyen da ba kowa na kudancin Yukren don ziyarar gani da ido na wuraren binciken sojoji kusa da kan iyakar Crimea.
Motarsu ta lalace kuma ba tare da liyafar wayar salula ba, sun sami kansu a Beryslaw gundumar Ukraine a yankin Kherson. Anan Lukas ya tafi don neman taimako amma ya kasa samun ko ɗaya. Da ya dawo, ya tarar da babu motar da abokan aikinsa duk sun bace, amma kuma mukullin motar na hannunsa yana da makullin.
An barshi shi kaɗai an dauki Lukas a cikin tanki ta Vova, kuma ya kawo shi wani ƙauye da ke kallon Tafkin Kakhovka Da isar su ƙauyen Vova tare da 'yarsa Marushka sun yanke shawarar karbar bakuncin Lukas, wanda a lokacin da yake zaune yana cikin damuwa da abubuwan da ba su da kyau amma duk lokacin da Lukas ya sami ceto ta hanyar Vova.
Rayuwar Lukas ta canza yayin da yake zaune tare da Vova, yayin da ya fahimci jin daɗin farin ciki da ya yi tunanin ya rasa. Yayin da ya ci gaba da zama tare da Vova yana ƙara fahimtar rayuwar ƙauyen, kamar yadda kowane tsari na gama gari ya keɓe. Ko da yake Lukas yana ƙin ƙazamar Vova, yana buƙatar goyon bayansa a ƙauyen da gungun mashaya suna ɗauke da bindigogi, 'yan sanda suna kwace kayan fursunoni, aikin bayi, kuma ba wanda ke da aikin yau da kullun.
Ko da yake Lukas ya fara fahimtar mutanen ƙauyen ta ta fuskar tarihinsu. Har ila yau, ya girma sha'awar siffofin Vova kuma ya ƙaunaci 'yarsa Marushka. A ƙarshe Lukas ya haɗu da Vova a cikin ɗaya daga cikin dabarunsa na arziƙi, yana nutsewa zuwa ɗaya daga cikin ƙauyukan da aka nutsar a cikin tafki.
'Yan wasa ƙwararrun ƴan wasan kwaikwayo guda biyu ne kawai ke cikin wasan kwaikwayo: Viktor Zhdanov da Khrystyna Deilyk. Volcano shine farkon fim din Deilyk. Serhiy Stepansky ya kasance sananne ga masu yin fim daga aikinsa a matsayin darektan sauti. Tatiana Simon ta gano sauran ƴan wasan daga ƙauyuka da ke kusa da wurin da aka yi harbin. Victor Zhdanov a matsayin Vova
Serhiy Stepansky a matsayin Lukas
Khrystyna Deilyk as Marushka
Samarwa
Rubutu da ci gaba Rubutun ya fara ci gaba a farkon 2010s, da farko ya biyo bayan wani baƙo da ya makale a filin jirgin sama na Odessa saboda fashewar volcanic a Iceland, wanda kuma ya fara tafiya zuwa cikin karkarar Ukraine. Marubuta Daria Averchenko, Roman Bondarchuk da Alla Tyutyunnyk sun sabunta makirci sosai bayan motsi na Euromaidan, juyin juya halin Ukrainian 2014, hadewar Rasha da Crimea da Yakin Donbass, amma sun kiyaye taken "Volcano". Averchenko ya lura cewa lakabin yana nuna alamar bala'i na kwatsam da zai iya faruwa a rayuwar mutum. Bondarchuk da Averchenko suna da asali a cikin shirya shirye-shiryen, kuma sun fara tunanin aikin a matsayin shirin. Halin Vova ya dogara ne akan kawun Averchenko. Marubutan sun kafa wasu haruffa da yawa akan ’yan uwa a Kherson. Fim ɗin sadaukarwa ne don tunawa da waɗanda ƙauyukansu suka cika ambaliya ta hanyar ƙirƙirar Tafki na Kakhovka. A cikin shekara ta2014, samarwa ya sami kashi 10,000,000 na kasafin kudin na Ukrainian daga Hukumar Fina-Finai ta Jihar Ukrainian. Olena Yershova na Tato Film (Ukraine) ne ya samar da shi tare da masu haɗin gwiwar Averchenko na Kudu (Ukraine), Tanja Georgieva-Waldhauer na Elemag Pictures (Jamus) da Michel Merkt na KNM (Monaco).
Yin fim An dauka fim din a Beryslav, Kherson Oblast, Ukraine, a kan kogin Dnieper, sa'a daya a arewacin Crimea. Babban kyamarar ita ce Red Epic tare da ruwan tabarau na Ultra Prime; An yi fim ɗin waje na dare tare da Sony Alpha 7 Duk harbin ya kasance daga kan mazaunin mai kafa uku (tripod). An sake yin rubutun sosai yayin yin fim. An kammala aikin bayan fage a Arri Media a Jamus. A cewar Bondarchuk, harbe-harben da suka fi rikitarwa sune wuraren da ke karkashin ruwa. Bondarchuk kuma ya ba da umarnin faifan bidiyo na kiɗa don DakhaBrakha waƙar da ake amfani da ita don ƙimar rufewar fim ɗin.
Saki
Fara fitowa da kuma fitowa a bikin fina-finai An nuna dutsen mai aman wuta a bukukuwan fina-finai fiye da 40. An nuna farkon sigar fim ɗin a cikin Yuli 2017 a Karlovy Vary International Film Festival (KVIFF) da Odesa International Film Festival a cikin sassan Ayyukan Ci gaba. Fim ɗin ya sami farkonsa na duniya akan 1 Yuli 2018 a KVIFF, a cikin shirin gasar Gabas na Yamma. Hakanan an haɗa shi a cikin shirye-shiryen gasar 2018 na Filmfest München da Odesa International Film Festival.
Wurare kallo An fitar da fim ɗin a cikin Ukraine ta mararrabar Arthouse Traffic a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu 2019. Koyaya, an canza mai rarraba zuwa Rarraba Fina-Finan Ukrainian kuma an sake fitar da shi baya zuwa 4 Afrilu 2019. Bangaren kasa da kasa, Cibiyar Rarraba Fina-Finai ta Pluto da ke Berlin ce ta rarraba fim ɗin.
Kallo a yanar gizo da kuma talabijin An fitar da fim ɗin don kallon yanar gizo a Gabashin Turai akan HBO Go a farkon 2019. A cikin Maris 2020, an fitar da fim ɗin akan sabis ɗin yawo na Takflix. Fim ɗin talabijin na fim ɗin yana kan tashar talabijin ta jama'a ta Ukrainian UA:Kultura a ranar 27 ga Yuni 2019. An watsa shi biyo bayan yankin Kherson akan Dutsen Volcano (Ukrainian: wani shirin shirin da Bondarchuk da ma'aikatan Volcano suka harba a cikin kwanaki bakwai.
liyafar Fim
Suka mai mahimmanci Fim ɗin ya sami kyakyawan sharhi gabaɗaya a kafofin watsa labarai na gida da na waje. A kan shafin yanar gizon aggregator na bita Rotten Tumatir, fim din yana da kashi 83% sabo bisa ga sake dubawa six. Dmitry Desyaterik na The Day (Odessa-Kyiv) yanaji cewa duk wani rashin screenplay aka biya diyya da Bondarchuk ikon tsara kyawawan Shots, da kuma saba da kakanni mahaifarsa, a cikin abin da ya sau da yawa fina-finai. Masu bita biyu na Vertigo.com.ua sun kasance cikin rashin kwanciyar hankali saboda taken cewa wayewa a ko'ina na iya karyawa da jefa mutane cikin rudani. Sasha Rink ta sauya daga kallon fim ɗin a matsayin mai gaskiya tare da "hakikanin fa'ida" zuwa ainihin gaskiya wanda aka jaddada ta hanyar ɗaukar hoto da gyara wanda ya ɗauki ainihin ɗan adam. Jura Povorznyk ya ji cewa fim din ba shi da fasaha duk da babban ra'ayi da cinematography, kuma ya sami takardun shaida ya bar wani mummunan sakamako a gaskiyar duniya da yanayin ɗan adam. Lukyan Galkin na Moviegram da ake kira Volcano "fim ne mafi kyawu a kasar Ukraine a cikin 'yan shekarun nan". Ya kwatanta fim din zuwa filin daji, amma tare da "Ukrainianness" gaba daya ya tsara shi, tare da gaskiyar sihiri, rashin tausayi na zamantakewa da kuma hadarin da ba a iya gani a kowane lokaci. Wani bita na Pryamiy kanal ya yaba wa fim ɗin tare da mai da hankalinsa dalla-dalla bayan dalla-dalla, ƙaddamar da jagorori, da gudummawar fim ɗin ga sinimar waqoqin Ukrainian. Marina Moinikhan ta bayyana fim ɗin a matsayin Acid Western tare da "rushewar mahaukata" na ainihin jarumin a cikin rikicin tsakiyar rayuwa. Igor Grabovich ya rubuta wa Mai ganowa Media cewa fim ɗin ya haɗu da nau'ikan nau'ikan ban tsoro zuwa yamma, da kuma baƙar fata zuwa fim ɗin hanya, kuma ya yaba mai ƙirar ƙira Kirill Shuvalov da mai daukar hoto Vadym Ilkov. Ya gano cewa fim ɗin ya kasance mai bege na tatsuniya na zamani kamar yadda Lukas ke alamta sake haifuwa a cikin karkara. Grabovich ya kira shi "fim game da madawwami" wanda ya tsira daga faɗuwar wayewa Demetrios Matheou na Screen Daily ya lura cewa fim ɗin "ya kamata ya zama tatsuniya amma ya zo da gaskiya", yana mai jujjuya munanan yanayi tare da hotuna masu ban sha'awa, yayin da ake samun gaskiya ta hanyar dabarun cinema Ya lura da sanya wadanda ba ƙwararrun ’yan wasan kwaikwayo, tare da zane-zanen da Stepansky ya jawo hankalin masu kallo matuka. Vassilis Economou na Cineuropa ya rubuta cewa fim ɗin an kafa shi ne ta hanyar "ji na rubuce-rubuce" ko da lokacin da labarin ya kusanci rashin hankali, yana barin fantasy da gaskiyar su kasance cikin daidaito. Ya ji cewa Bondarchuk yana ba da labarin kansa a matsayin ɗan ƙasar Kherson a cikin shekaru talatin da ya girma a Kyiv. Stephen Dalton na The Hollywood Reporter ya kira fim din "wasikar soyayya ta gaskiya" zuwa yankin Kherson, wanda ya haifar da duniyar "kyakkyawan baki". Alissa Simon na kamfanin Variety ta yaba da abubuwan gani da maki na Anton Baibakov, kuma ya jera Bondarchuk a cikin manyan masu shirya fina-finai na Ukrainian uku. Meredith Taylor na Filmuforia ya rubuta cewa Volcano yana da ɗayan mafi kyawun jerin abubuwan buɗewa a cikin fim ɗin 2018. Ta ji cewa fim ɗin ya ɗauki nau'in yanayin Ukraine na zamani, "suna ƙin Rashawa don satar ƙasarsu" amma abin ƙyama ga ikon mulkin Soviet da tsaro.
Kyaututtuka da naɗi Bondarchuck ya sami lambar yabo ta Shevchenko National Prize, lambar yabo mafi girma na Ukraine don ayyukan al'adu, don bada umurnin shirin Volcano. Fim din ya lashe kyautar babbar kyauta a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa da aka gudanar a kasashen Armeniya da Croatia da kuma Morocco.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje (Ukrainian)
daga Bikin Fina-Finai na Duniya na Toronto (subtitles na Turanci)
Volcano a mai rabawa Pluto Films
Manazarta Fina-finai da aka tsara a Ukraine
Wasannin kwaikwayo na 2018
Fina-finan 2018
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
61682 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatah | Fatah | Fatah tsohuwar Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Falasɗinawa ta Falasdinu, jam'iyyar siyasa ce ta Falasɗinawa mai kishin ƙasa da zamantakewa Wannan dai shi ne bangare mafi girma na jam'iyyu masu fafutukar 'yantar da 'yancin Falasdinu (PLO) kuma jam'iyya ta biyu mafi girma a Majalisar Dokokin Falasdinu (PLC). Mahmoud Abbas, shugaban hukumar Falasdinu, shi ne shugaban kungiyar Fatah.
An yi la'akari da cewa kungiyar Fatah ta kasance da hannu a cikin gwagwarmayar juyin juya hali a baya kuma ta ci gaba da rike kungiyoyin 'yan ta'adda da dama Fatah dai an san shi da shugabancin wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban kungiyar Yasser Arafat, har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekara ta 2004, lokacin da Farouk Kaddoumi bisa tsarin mulki ya gaje shi zuwa mukamin shugaban Fatah, ya kuma ci gaba da rike mukamin har zuwa shekara ta 2009, lokacin da aka zabi Abbas a matsayin shugaba. Tun bayan rasuwar Arafat, qungiyoyin bangaranci a cikin harkar aqida sun fara bayyana.
A zaben 2006 na PLC, jam'iyyar ta rasa rinjaye a PLC a hannun Hamas Nasarar majalisar dokokin Hamas ta haifar da rikici tsakanin Fatah da Hamas, tare da Fatah ta ci gaba da rike ikon Hukumar Falasdinawa a Yammacin Kogin Jordan ta hannun shugabanta. Har ila yau, Fatah na taka rawa wajen kula da sansanonin 'yan gudun hijirar Falasdinu Asalin suna Cikakken sunan wannan yunkuri shi ne ḥa rakat al- ta ḥrīr al-waṭanī al- F ilasṭīnī, ma'ana "Falasdinawa National Liberation Movement". Daga wannan aka ƙirƙira juzu'i da juzu'i Fatḥ (wanda aka fassara shi da Ingilishi a matsayin "Fatah") ma'ana "buɗe", "ci", ko "nasara". Ana amfani da kalmar “fatḥ” ko “fatah” a cikin jawaban addini don ma’anar fadada Musulunci a ƙarni na farko na tarihin Musulunci. kamar yadda yake a cikin Fatḥ al-Sham, “Masarautar yan Shi’a “Fatah” kuma yana da ma’ana ta addini domin ita ce sunan <i id="mwWQ">sura</i> ta 48 (babi) na Alqur’ani wanda a cewar manyan malaman tafsirin musulmi ya yi cikakken bayani kan labarin yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah A cikin shekaru biyu na zaman lafiya bayan yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya, da dama sun musulunta, wanda hakan ya kara wa bangaren musulmi karfi. Sabanin wannan yarjejeniya da kuraishawa suka yi ne ya jawo mamaye Makka Yasser Arafat ya ba da misali da wannan kafa ta Musulunci a matsayin hujjar sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Oslo da Isra'ila.
Tarihi
Kafuwa An kafa kungiyar Fatah a shekara ta 1959 daga wasu 'yan uwa na Palasdinawa, musamman kwararrun da ke aiki a kasashen Tekun Fasha wadanda suka yi karatu a Alkahira ko Beirut kuma suka kasance 'yan gudun hijira a Gaza Wadanda suka kafa sun hada da Yasser Arafat, sannan shugaban kungiyar daliban Falasdinawa (GUPS) a jami'ar Alkahira Salah Khalaf Khalil al-Wazirir da Khaled Yashruti, sannan GUPS shugaban a Beirut. Fatah ta amince da akidar kishin kasa ta Falasdinu wadda larabawan Falasdinawan za su sami 'yanci ta hanyar ayyukansu.
1967-93 Fatah ta zama mai karfi a siyasar Falasdinu bayan yakin kwanaki shida a shekarar 1967.
Fatah ya shiga kungiyar 'yantar da Falasdinu (PLO) a cikin 1967, kuma an kasafta kujeru 33 cikin 105 a cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na PLO Yasser Arafat na Fatah ya zama Shugaban PLO a 1969, bayan Yahya Hammuda ya ba shi mukamin. A cewar BBC, "Mr Arafat ya karbi ragamar shugabancin kwamitin zartarwa na PLO a shekara ta 1969, a shekarar da aka ce Fatah ta kai hare- hare 2,432 a kan Isra'ila."
Yaƙin Karameh A cikin 1968, Fatah da sauran kungiyoyin Falasdinawa masu dauke da makamai sun kasance wani babban hari da dakarun tsaron Isra'ila (IDF) suka kai a kauyen Karameh na Jordan, inda hedkwatar Fatah.da kuma sansanin 'yan gudun hijirar Falasdinu masu matsakaicin girmasun kasance. Sunan garin shi ne kalmar larabci da ake kira "daraja" wanda ya daga darajarsa ga al'ummar Larabawa, musamman bayan shan kayen da Larabawa suka yi a shekarar 1967. An kai harin ne a matsayin martani ga hare-haren da ake kai wa Isra'ila, ciki har da makaman roka da kungiyar Fatah da wasu mayakan Falasdinawa suka harba a yankin yammacin gabar kogin Jordan da ta mamaye. An samu ilimin aikin tun kafin lokaci, kuma gwamnatin Jordan (da kuma wasu kwamandojin Fatah) sun sanar da Arafat game da manyan shirye-shiryen soji na Isra'ila. Da jin wannan labari, kungiyoyin 'yan daba da dama a yankin da suka hada da sabuwar kungiyar George Habash da aka kafa ta Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) da kungiyar Nayef Hawatmeh ta ballewar kungiyar Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP), sun janye dakarunsu daga garin. Wani kwamandan sashin da ke goyon bayan Fatah na Jordan ya shawarci shugabannin Fatah da su janye mutanensu da hedkwatarsu zuwa tsaunuka da ke kusa, amma bisa umarnin Arafat, Fatah ta ci gaba da zama, kuma Sojojin Jordan sun amince su mara musu baya idan aka yi kazamin fada. A daren ranar 21 ga Maris, IDF ta kai hari Karameh da manyan makamai, motoci masu sulke da jiragen yaki. Fatah dai ta rike madafun iko, tana ba sojojin Isra'ila mamaki. Yayin da sojojin Isra'ila ke kara kaimi, sojojin Jordan sun shiga hannu, lamarin da ya sa Isra'ilawa suka ja da baya domin gudun kada a gwabza yaki. A karshen yakin, an kashe mayakan Fatah kusan 150, da kuma sojojin Jordan 28 da sojojin Isra'ila ashirin da takwas. Duk da yawan mutuwar Larabawa, Fatah sun dauki kansu a matsayin masu nasara saboda saurin janyewar sojojin Isra'ila.
Baƙar Satumba A karshen shekarun 1960, rikici tsakanin Palasdinawa da gwamnatin Jordan ya karu matuka; Ƙungiyoyin juriya na Larabawa masu ɗauke da makamai sun haifar da "kasa a cikin ƙasa" a cikin Jordan, wanda a ƙarshe ya mallaki wurare masu mahimmanci a wannan ƙasa. Bayan nasarar da suka samu a yakin Karameh, Fatah da sauran mayakan Falasdinawa sun fara mamaye harkokin rayuwar jama'a a Jordan. Sun kafa shingayen hanya, sun wulakanta jami'an 'yan sandan Jordan a bainar jama'a, suna lalata da mata da kuma karbar harajin da ba bisa ka'ida ba wanda Arafat ya amince ko ya yi watsi da su. A cikin 1970, gwamnatin Jordan ta koma don dawo da ikon yankinta, kuma washegari. Sarki Hussein ya ayyana dokar ta-baci A ranar 25 ga watan Satumba, sojojin Jordan sun sami galaba a yakin, kuma bayan kwana biyu Arafat da Hussein sun amince da tsagaita wuta. Sojojin Jordan sun yi mummunar barna kan Falasdinawa ciki har da fararen hula wadanda suka yi asarar kusan 3,500. Mayakan Fatah dubu biyu ne suka yi nasarar shiga Syria Sun tsallaka kan iyakar kasar ta Labanon ne domin hada kai da dakarun Fatah a kasar, inda suka kafa sabuwar hedikwatarsu. Wani babban gungun mayakan sa-kai karkashin jagorancin kwamandan yankin Fatah Abu Ali Iyad ne suka kaddamar da farmakin da sojojin Jordan suka kai a garin Ajlun da ke arewacin kasar har zuwa lokacin da aka fatattake su a watan Yulin shekarar 1971. An kashe Abu Ali Iyad tare da wasu daga cikin dakarunsa da suka tsira sun kafa kungiyar ta Fatah ta Black September A watan Nuwamban 1971, kungiyar ta kashe firaministan kasar Jordan Wasfi al-Tal a matsayin ramuwar gayya ga hukuncin kisa na Abu Ali Iyad. A shekarun 1960 da 1970, Fatah ta ba da horo ga kungiyoyin 'yan tada kayar baya na Turai, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Asiya, da Afirka da dama, tare da kai hare-hare da dama kan wuraren da Isra'ila ta harba a yammacin Turai da Gabas ta Tsakiya a cikin shekarun 1970s. Wasu kungiyoyin 'yan ta'addan da ke da alaka da Fatah, da wasu daga cikin yan ta'addan da ke cikin Fatah ita kanta, sun kai hare-haren ta'addanci na farar hula da hare-haren ta'addanci, tare da alakanta su da Black September, Majalisar Fatah-Revolutionary Council Abu Nidal, kungiyar Abu Musa, PFLP, da PFLP-GC. Fatah ta samu makamai da bama-bamai da horo daga Tarayyar Soviet da wasu daga cikin jahohin gurguzu na Gabashin Turai. Kasashen Sin da Aljeriya su ma sun ba da kayan yaki. Fatah ta taimaka wa Uganda a lokacin Yaƙin Uganda-Tanzaniy. Mambobin kungiyar sun yi yaki tare da sojojin Uganda da na Libya da sojojin kasar Tanzaniya a lokacin yakin Lukaya da faduwar Kampala, amma daga karshe aka tilasta musu ja da baya daga kasar.
Lebanon Tun bayan mutuwar Eljamal a shekara ta 1968, lamarin Falasdinu yana da babban sansanin magoya baya a Lebanon.
Ko da yake da farko sun yi jinkirin shiga cikin rikicin, Arafat da Fatah sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a yakin basasar Lebanon Da yake mika wuya ga matsin lamba daga kungiyoyin PLO irin su PFLP, DFLP da Palestine Liberation Front (PLF), Fatah ta hada kai da 'yan gurguzu da Nasserist Lebanon National Movement (LNM). Ko da yake tun asali yana da alaka da Fatah, shugaban Syria Hafez al-Assad na fargabar a rasa wani tasiri a Lebanon tare da sauya sheka. Ya aike da sojojinsa tare da kungiyoyin Falasdinawa na As-Sa’iqa da ke samun goyon bayan Siriya da kuma Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine General Command (PFLP-GC) karkashin jagorancin Ahmad Jibril don su yi yaki tare da dakarun Kirista da ke yakar PLO da Farashin LNM. Babban bangaren mayakan kiristoci shine Maronite Phalangists Sojojin Phalangist sun kashe masu horar da Fatah ashirin da shida a cikin wata motar safa a cikin watan Afrilun 1975, wanda ke nuna a hukumance fara yakin basasar Lebanon na tsawon shekaru 15. A cikin wannan shekarar, kawancen mayakan sa-kai na Kirista sun mamaye sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Falasdinawa na Karantina inda suka kashe fararen hula sama da 1,000. PLO da LNM sun yi ramuwar gayya ta hanyar kai hari a garin Damour, wani yanki na Phalangist da Tigers (Ahrar), inda suka kashe fararen hula 684. Yayin da yakin basasar ya ci gaba sama da shekaru 2 na yakin birane, bangarorin biyu sun yi amfani da manyan bindigogi da kuma yin amfani da sandunan sari-ka-noke, yayin da bangarorin biyu suka aikata ta'asa da laifukan yaki.
A cikin 1976, tare da taimakon dabarun tsare-tsare daga Sojojin Labanon, kawancen mayakan sa kai na Kirista, karkashin jagorancin Jam'iyyar Liberal Party ta National Liberal Party na tsohon shugaban kasa Cammille Chamoun reshen tsageru, noumour el ahrar (NLP Tigers), ya dauki wani muhimmin sansanin 'yan gudun hijira a yankin Gabas. na Beirut, sansanin Tel al-Zaatar, bayan da aka shafe watanni shida ana yi masa kawanya, wanda aka fi sani da Tel al-Zaatar, inda daruruwan mutane suka halaka. Arafat da Abu Jihad sun zargi kansu da rashin nasarar shirya wani aikin ceto. Hare-haren wuce gona da iri na PLO kan Isra'ila ya dan yi girma a karshen shekarun 1970. mafi tsananiwanda aka fi sani da kisan kiyashin titin Coastal Roadya faru a ranar 11 ga Maris, 1978. Dakarun mayakan na Fatah kusan goma ne suka sauka da kwale-kwalen su a kusa da wata babbar hanyar gabar teku da ta hada birnin Haifa da Tel Aviv-Yafo A can ne suka yi awon gaba da wata motar safa tare da yin harbe-harbe a ciki da kuma kan motocin da ke wucewa, inda suka kashe fararen hula talatin da bakwai. Dangane da mayar da martani, dakarun na IDF sun kaddamar da Operation Litani bayan kwanaki uku, da nufin karbe ikon Kudancin Lebanon har zuwa kogin Litani IDF ta cimma wannan buri, kuma Fatah ta koma arewa zuwa Beirut Isra'ila ta sake mamaye Lebanon a 1982. Ba da daɗewa ba IDF ta yi wa Beirut kawanya tare da jefa bama-bamai; don kawo karshen kewayen, gwamnatocin Amurka da na Turai sun kulla yarjejeniya da ke ba da tabbacin wucewa ga Arafat da Fatah.dakarun kasa da kasa ke gadinsudon gudun hijira a Tunis Duk da gudun hijirar, kwamandoji da mayakan Fatah da dama sun kasance a Labanon, kuma sun fuskanci yakin sansanonin a shekarun 1980 a yakin da suka yi da kungiyar Shi'a Amal da ma alaka da rikicin cikin gida a tsakanin bangarorin Palasdinawa.
Bayan 1993
Zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da na 'yan majalisa Har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 2004, Arafat ya jagoranci hukumar Falasdinawa ta Palasdinawa, wanda ya kasance na wucin gadi da aka kirkira a sakamakon yarjejeniyar Oslo. Jim kadan bayan rasuwar Arafat ne aka zabi Farouk Kaddoumi a matsayin wanda yake ci gaba da rikewa.
Fatah ta zabi Mahmoud Abbas a zaben shugaban kasar Falasdinu a shekara ta 2005 A cikin 2005, Hamas ta yi nasara a kusan dukkanin gundumomin da ta yi takara Wani mai sharhi kan harkokin siyasa Salah Abdel-Shafi ya shaida wa BBC irin wahalhalun da shugabancin Fatah ke fuskanta: "Ina ganin abu ne mai matukar tsanani.a fili yake cewa ba za su iya cimma matsaya kan komai ba.” Ana ganin Fatah “yana matukar bukatar gyara,” kamar yadda “Ayyukan PA din ya kasance labarin cin hanci da rashawa da gazawa.kuma Fatah ta lalace.”
Bangarorin da ke dauke da makamai Fatah dai na rike da kungiyoyi da dama tun kafuwarta. Babban reshensa na soja shine al-'Asifah An yi la'akari da cewa Fatah yana da hannu sosai a cikin ayyukan ta'addanci a baya, ko da yake ba kamar kungiyar Hamas mai kishin Islama ba, Fatah ba ta kasance a matsayin kungiyar ta'addanci ba a kowace gwamnati. Fatah ya kasance a matsayin dan ta'adda a karkashin dokokin Isra'ila kuma Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka da Majalisar Dokokin Amurka sun dauke ta a matsayin ta'addanci har sai da ta yi watsi da ta'addanci a 1988. Fatah dai tun kafuwarta, ta kirkiri, jagoranci ko daukar nauyin kungiyoyi masu dauke da makamai, wasu daga cikinsu suna da wani jami'i a matsayin reshen kungiyar, wasu kuma ba a san su a bainar jama'a ko a cikin gida ba. Kungiyar ta kuma mamaye dakaru daban-daban na PLO da dakarun gwamnatin Falasdinawa da jami'an tsaro wadanda ba su da alaka da Fatah a hukumance, amma a aikace sun kasance runfunan da ke goyon bayan Fatah gaba daya, kuma mambobin kungiyar ne ke da ma'aikata. Asalin sunan reshen Fatah da ke dauke da makamai shi ne al-'Asifah ("Guguwar Guguwa"), kuma wannan shi ne sunan da Fatah ta fara amfani da shi a cikin bayananta na wani lokaci na kokarin boye sunan ta. Tun daga wannan lokacin ana amfani da wannan sunan gabaɗaya ga dakarun Fatah, kuma bai dace da rukunin guda ɗaya a yau ba. Sauran kungiyoyin da ke da alaka da Fatah sun hada da:
Karfi 17 Yana taka rawa mai kama da Rundunar Tsaron Shugaban kasa ga manyan shugabannin Fatah.
Kungiyar Black September Kungiyar da aka kafa ta manyan mambobin Fatah a cikin 1971, biyo bayan abubuwan da suka faru na Bakar Satumba a Jordan, don shirya hare-haren sirri da Fatah ba ta so a bayyana su a fili. Wadannan sun hada da yajin aikin da aka yi kan manyan ‘yan siyasar kasar Jordan a matsayin hanyar daukar fansa da kuma kara farashin kai wa yunkurin Palastinu hari; da kuma, mafi yawan cece-kuce, don "ayyukan kasa da kasa" (misali kisan gillar Olympics na Munich da nufin sanya matsin lamba kan Amurka, Turai da Isra'ila, don tada hangen nesa na Palasdinawa da kuma tayar da abokan hamayya kamar PFLP Fatah dai ta fito fili ta ware kanta daga kungiyar, amma ana kyautata zaton tana jin dadin goyon bayan Arafat kai tsaye ko kuma ta hanyar da ta dace. An dakatar da shi a cikin 1973-1974, yayin da tsarin siyasar Fatah ya sake komawa baya, kuma ana ganin ayyukan Black September da dabarun da ke bayan su sun zama abin alhaki na siyasa, maimakon wata kadara.
Fatah Hawks Mayakan da ke dauke da makamai suna aiki ne har zuwa tsakiyar 1990s.
Tanzim Wani reshe na Fatah a karkashin jagorancin Marwan Barghouti, mai tushe a cikin gwagwarmayar Intifada ta farko, wadda ta kai hare-hare da makamai a farkon Intifada na biyu. Daga baya sojojin shahidai na al-Aqsa suka mamaye ko kuma suka koma gefe.
Brigades Shahidai Al-Aqsa An ƙirƙira a lokacin Intifada na biyu don ƙarfafa ƙungiyar masu fafutuka da ke tsaye ga ƙungiyar Hamas mai adawa, wacce ta jagoranci kai hare-hare a Isra'ila bayan 1993, kuma tana samun karbuwa cikin sauri tare da bayyanar Intifada. Birged din dai na cikin gida ne kuma an ce suna fama da rashin hadin kai da tarbiyyar cikin gida, a wasu lokutan kuma suna yin watsi da tsagaita bude wuta da sauran tsare-tsare da kungiyar ta Fatah ta tsakiya ta sanar. Gabaɗaya ana ganin sun ɗaure su da “matasan masu gadi” na siyasar Fatah, suna shirya matasa a matakin titi, amma ba a bayyana cewa suna kafa ƙungiya a cikin su cikin siyasar Fatah ba; a maimakon haka, ƙungiyoyin Brigades daban-daban na iya ɗaure su da shugabannin ƙungiyoyin Fatah daban-daban.
Tsarin Mulki A watan Agustan 2009, a babban taron Fatah na shida a Baitalami, wakilan Fatah sun tsara sabuwar "yarjejeniya ta cikin gida".
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
17795 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine%20na%20Hippo | Augustine na Hippo | Augustine na Hippo (354 430) ya kasance masanin addinin kirista kuma masanin ilimin tauhidi.
Littattafai Akan Koyarwar Kirista 397-426
Ikirari 397-398
The City of Allah fara ca. 413, gama 426
Akan Triniti, 400-416
Enchiridion
Retraction: A ƙarshen rayuwarsa (kusan 426-428) Augustine ya sake duba ayyukan da ya gabata a tsarin tsari kuma ya ba da shawarar abin da zai faɗa daban a cikin wani aikin da aka yi wa lakabi da Retractions, yana ba mai karatu wani hoto mai ban mamaki na ci gaban marubuci da kuma tunaninsa na karshe.
Ma'anar Farawa ta zahiri
Akan Zaɓin Kyauta Na Son
Wasuƙu
Bayanan kula
Manazarta Labarin tunani, DK Publishing, Bryan Magee, London, 1998, aka Labarin Falsafa, Dorling Kindersley Publishing, 2001, (wanda aka fassara a kan murfin: Babban Jagora ga Tarihin Falsafar Yammacin Turai g Saint Augustine, shafuffuka 30, 144; Garin Allah 51, 52, 53 da Ikirarin 50, 51, 52
ƙarin a Dictionary na Tarihin Ideas for Saint Augustine da Neo-Platonism Archived
A cikin zane-zane Eungiyar Indie rock Band na Dawakai suna da waƙa da ake kira "St. Augustine". Da alama waƙar tana magana ne game da sha'awar wani don shahara da sananne, maimakon sha'awar su ta gaskiya.
Rockungiyar mawaka ta Kirista Petra ta sadaukar da waƙa ga St. Augustine mai suna "St. Augustine's Pears". Ya dogara ne akan daya daga rubuce-rubucen Augustine a cikin littafinsa "Confessions" inda yake ba da labarin yadda ya saci pears ɗin wasu maƙwabta ba tare da yunwa ba, kuma yadda ƙaramar satar ta addabe shi a rayuwarsa. Archived Jon Foreman, jagoran mawaƙi kuma marubucin waƙoƙi na madadin dutsen band Switchfoot ya rubuta waƙa mai suna "Wani abu Moreari (furcin Augustine)", wanda aka tsara bayan rayuwa da littafi, "Confessions", na Augustine.
Saboda kundin wakokinsa na 1993 mai taken "Tatsuniyoyin Mai kira na Goma Sting ya rubuta wata waƙa mai taken "Saint Augustine a cikin Jahannama", tare da kalmomin 'Ka sanya ni tsarkakakke, amma ba wai kawai tana ishara ga sanannen addu'ar Augustine ba,' Ka ba ni ladabi da kamewa, amma har yanzu Bob Dylan, don kundin waƙarsa ta 1967 John Wesley Harding ya rubuta waƙa mai taken "Na yi Mafarkin Na Ga St Augustine" (wanda Thea Gilmore ta rufe a cikin kundin wakokinta na 2002 daga Gutter. Layin buɗe waƙar ("Na yi mafarkin na ga Saint Augustine Rayayye kamar ku ko ni") wataƙila sun dogara ne da layukan buɗe "Na Yi Mafarkin Na Ga Joe Hill Daren Jiya", waƙar da aka tsara a cikin 1936 ta Earl Robinson wanda ke ba da labarin mutuwar. na shahararren ɗan gwagwarmayar nan na Ba-Amurke wanda, shi kansa, ya kasance mai rubutun waƙa.
Roberto Rossellini ne ya ba da fim din "Agostino d'Ippona" (Augustine na Hippo) don RAI-TV ta Italiya a 1972.
Kundin madadin dutsen band din Sherwood "Ku rera, Amma Ku ci gaba" nassoshi sanannen zance ne wanda aka danganta ga St. Augustine akan murfin ciki.
Bayan da Ned Flanders ya yi masa baftisma ba da gangan ba a cikin '3F01' "Gida Mai Dadi Diddily-Dum-Doodily", Homer Simpson ya ce, "Oh, Bartholomew, Ina jin kamar St. Augustine na Hippo bayan da Ambrose na Milan ya musulunta. Bibiyar Tarihi Brown, Bitrus Augustine na Hippo Berkeley: Jami'ar California Press, 1967. ISBN 0-520-00186-9
Gareth B. Matthews. Augustine Blackwell, 2005. ISBN 0-631-23348-2
O'Donnell, James J. Augustine: Wani Sabon Tarihi New York: HarperCollins, 2005. ISBN 0-06-053537-7
Ruickbie, Leo Maita Daga Cikin Inuwar London: Robert Hale, 2004. ISBN 0-7090-7567-7, shafi na. 57–8.
Tanquerey, Adolphe Rayuwar Ruhaniya: Yarjejeniyar kan Tauhidin Ascetical da Mystical Sake bugawa Ed. (asali na 1930). Rockford, IL: Littattafan Tan, 2000. ISBN 0-89555-659-6, shafi. 37.
von Heyking, John Augustine da Siyasa a Matsayin Dadewa a Duniya Columbia: Jami'ar Missouri Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8262-1349-9
Orbis Augustinianus sive conventuum O. Erem. SA chorographica da kuma topographica descriptio Archived Augustino Lubin, Paris, 1659, 1671, 1672.
Regle de St. Augustin zu da addini! et Tsarin mulki de la Congregation des Religieuses du Verbe-Incarne et du Saint-Sacrament (Lyon: Chez Pierre Guillimin, 1662), pp. 28–29. Cf. wanda aka buga a gaba a Lyon (Chez Briday, Laburare, 1962), shafi na. 22–24. Bugun Turanci, Dokar Saint Augustine da Tsarin Mulki na Dokar Kalmar Mutum da Sacrament Mai Albarka (New York: Schwartz, Kirwin, da Fauss, 1893), shafi na. 33–35.
René Pottier. Saint Augustin le Berbère Fernand Lanore, 2006. ISBN 2-85157-282-2
Gabatarwa daga Google
Sauran yanar gizo Janar:
A UPenn: Rubutu, fassara, gabatarwa, sharhi. Archived EarlyChurch.org.uk Littattafai masu faɗi da kuma labarai kan layi.
Rayuwar St. Augustine na Hippo, daga Katolika Encyclopedia
Augstine na Hippo ya Archived a Centropian
Rubutun ta Augustine:
Works by Augustine of Hippo A cikin Latin, a Latin Library littattafai da wasiƙu daga Augustine
A "Kundin Tarihi na Kirista Ethereal Library" Fassarorin ayyuka da yawa da Augustine, incl. gabatarwa
Enchiridion ta Augustine
Cikakken rubutun Latin da Italiyanci
A "IntraText Digital Library": Yana aiki ne da Augustine a cikin harsuna da yawa, tare da jituwa da jerin mitar
St. Augustine's Multilingual Opera Omnia
Rubutu akan Augustine:
St. Augustine: Tsakanin Duniya biyu
Augustine da 'sauran Katolika' Archived Stanford Encyclopedia na Falsafa shigarwa
"Augustine ta Concept of Freedom: The Dynamic Zunubi da Grace" daga Grace Jiki (1989) Archived Augustine's Heaven City da Western Mind Pgs 22-24
Akan Kiɗa
Augustine a kan waka Archived Akan Zunubin Asali ka tambayi Dan Santos
Augustine da Pelagius
Augustine da kuma Thomas Aquinas a kan Asalin Zunubi Archived Asali na asali: jayayya
Abokin Cambridge ɗin zuwa Augustine; 3 Augustine akan sharri da asalin zunubi Archived Hanyoyin haɗi zuwa Tsarin Augustiniya
Rubuce-rubucen Augustine sun Archived Littattafan kaset
Birnin Allah, Ikirari, Enchiridion, Rukunan Augustine da Orthodoxy
Albarkacin Augustine na Hippo: Matsayinsa a Cocin Orthodox
St. Augustine a cikin Hadisin Girkanci na Girka St Augustine Bishop na Hippo Orthodox icon da synaxarion
'Yan falsafa
Kiristoci
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21875 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oluwole%20Babafemi%20Familoni | Oluwole Babafemi Familoni | Oluwole Babafemi Familoni ya kasan ce farfesa ne a fannin kimiyyar sinadarai a jami'ar ta Lagos kuma memba ne a majalisar zartarwa ta cibiyar kwararrun masana kimiya a Najeriya. Tsakanin shekarar 2000 da 2002, ya kasan ce Sub-Dean na Faculty of Science na Jami'ar Legas. An kuma nada shi Shugaban Sashen Chemistry a tsakanin shekarar 2002 da 2005. Daga baya ya zama Shugaban Kimiyyar Kimiyya tsakanin shekarar 2008 da 2012. Shi ma] alibi ne na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Nijeriya, an za e shi a cikin} ungiyar makarantar a Babban Taronta na Shekara-shekara da aka gudanar a watan Janairun shekarar 2015. Yanzu haka shi ne Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban Kwalejin (Ilimi da Bincike) na Jami'ar Legas. Farfesa Familoni shine Wakilin Duniya na Royal Society of Chemistry, London na Kudancin Najeriya.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Familoni a ranar 24 ga watan Nuwamba Nuwamba 1957 ga Mista Gabriel Familoni da Mrs. Alice Familoni na titin Isape, Ido Ekiti a karamar hukumar Ido-Osi ta jihar Ekiti. Ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta St. John Anglican a shekarar 1963 kuma ya ƙare a makarantar firamare ta St Peters Anglican da ke Ikere Ekiti a shekarar 1969. Daga baya ya halarci Makarantar zamani, Muwoje, Ido Ekiti a shekarar 1970. Makarantar sa ta sakandare ta kasance a Ikeigbo Ifetedo Anglican Grammar School tsakanin shekarun 1971 da 1975, inda ya kammala a aji daya a Jarrabawar Makarantar Afirka ta Yamma (WASCE). Ya ci gaba zuwa Kwalejin Gwamnati, Ibadan a shekarar 1976, inda ya sami takardar shaidar makarantar sakandare a 1978.
Kwarewar sana'a Ya sami B. Sc. Daraja a cikin ilmin sunadarai a cikin aji na biyu na sama a cikin 1981, M.Phil. a ilmin sunadarai, 1986 da Ph.D. a kimiyyar ilimin kimiya a jami'ar Lagos a 1990. An nada shi malami na II a shekarar 1990 da cikakken farfesa a shekarar 2004. Ya kasance masanin kimiyyar hada magunguna kuma dan kungiyar Royal Society of Chemistry, London, dan kungiyar Chemical Society of Nigeria, abokin aikin Kwalejin Chemist na Najeriya, memba na Cibiyar Nazarin Jama'a ta Najeriya Kwarewar bincike Yankin Familoni na keɓancewa shine haɗakar mahaɗan heterocyclic tare da ayyukan ilimin kimiyyar lissafi da ilmin sunadarai. Ya kasance yana buga wadannan bangarorin bincike tun shekarar 1987. Haɗuwarsa yawanci sulfur ne mai ɗauke da heterocycles. Wannan ya haɗa da: Pyrido [1,2-a] quinoxalinone, thiazolo [4,3-b] quinoxa-linone, Isothaizoles, Benzothiazines da aka sauya, Pyridobenzothiadiazines, deoxyjacareubin, Xanthones, Dibenzo [b, f] oxapinone da sauransu A fannin ilimin sunadarai, ya kasance mai keɓance sinadarai masu aiki da mahaɗan aikin motsa jiki. Tsirrai da ya yi aiki a kansu sun haɗa da: Buchholzia Coriacea, Ficus vallis-chouldae Delile-holl (Moraraceae) da Datarium microcarpum Gill-perr. (Caesapinaceae), Lecaniodiscus cupanodes, Hymencardia acadia; Hymenocardia acida Tul. (Hymenocardiaceae) Abrus precatorius Cissus populnea Flabellaria paniculata Cav., Morinda lucida, Parkia biglobosa (Jacq) Benth da Sesamum radiatum; da sauransu. Ya yi amfani da waɗannan kayan don neman magani ga abubuwa masu zuwa: ayyukan antioxidant da antibacterial, maganin ganye don rashin haihuwa na maza, anti-inflammatory da antinociceptive, matsalolin gyambon ciki da za a ambata amma kaɗan. Ya gabatar da laccar gabatarwa karo na 8 na Sashen Chemistry na Jami'ar Legas a watan Yunin 2008, mai taken "Synthetic Organic Chemists: Kirkirar kwayoyin don amfanin Ɗan Adam Ayyukan sun haifar da kammala karatun ɗalibai da yawa a matakin farko da mafi girma. Wannan ya haɗa da kimanin masu rike da digiri na 40 da kuma 4 Ph.Ds A yanzu yana da kimanin 10 Ph.Ds a ƙarƙashin kulawarsa. Yana da wallafe-wallafe kimanin 50 a cikin nazarin takwarorina na koyo da aka koya.
Matsayin gudanarwa Familoni shine Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar (Masana Ilimi da Bincike) na Jami'ar Legas. A cikin jami’ar, Familoni ya kasance a matsayin shugaban tsangayar Kimiyyar Kimiyya 2000-2002, shugaban Sashen Chemistry, 2002-2005, shugaban tsangayar Kimiyya ta 2008 2012. Shugaban, Kwamitin Gidaje na Jami'ar An zabe shi memba na majalisar dattijai na wa'adin shekaru uku na shekaru biyu kowannensu daga shekarun 1997 zuwa 2003, a lokacin da yake shugaban kwamitin. Ya koma majalisar dattijan jami'a tun daga shekarar 2005 har zuwa yau. Ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Raya kasa, kwamitin mallakar gida, kwamiti na Nada mukamai da kuma Hukumar Ci Gaban da za a ambata amma kadan. Ya kasance memba na kwamitin amintattu na Adeboye Shugaban Lissafi da Ogunye Shugaban Kimiyyar Injiniya, memba ne na kwamitin edita na Jaridar Nazarin Kimiyya da Ci Gaban, kuma tun daga shekarar 2012 ya zama babban edita a jaridar. Na kasa baki daya, ya kasance memba na Hukumar Gudanarwa ta Cibiyar Kula da Ingantawa da Kariya ta 2009 2012 da kuma mamba a Cibiyar Gudanarwar Cibiyar Nazarin Chemist ta Nijeriya (ICCON) 2014 har zuwa yau. Bangaren kasa da kasa, shi ne shugaba, Royal Society of Chemistry, London (Sashin Najeriya) kuma memba ne na kwamitin ba da shawara na Kimiyyar Chemistry Network (PACN) na 2014-2017.
Kyauta da yabo Ya samu lambobin yabo da yawa da yabo.
Ya samu lambar yabo ta fitattun tsofaffin daliban a shekara ta 2012 a bikin tunawa da jami’ar ta Lagos A shekara hamsin daga kungiyar tsofaffin daliban jami’ar ta Legas. Wannan bibiyar wacce ta gabata ce a shekarar 2005 daga kungiyar Tsoffin Daliban.
Ya kasance mai nasara sau biyu na JWT Jones Traveling Fellowship na Royal Society of Chemistry, London a 2007 da 1997 ya kashe a Kanada da Burtaniya bi da bi.
Gidauniyar Afirka ta Kudu don Bincike Ci Gaban (FRD) ce ta ba shi damar Ziyartar Ziyara a cikin 1997 da 2006 da ya yi a Jami'ar Rhodes, Grahamstown a Afirka ta Kudu.
Masanin ilimin kimiya ne har zuwa fannin hada hadar kwayoyin halitta, ya kasance mai ba da kyauta sau biyar a 1993,1996, 2004, 2006 da 2014 ta Royal Society of Chemistry, London Familoni ya kasance mai karɓar Alfred Bader Research Fellowship daga Alfred Bader Chair a Jami'ar Sarauniya, Kingston, Ontario, Kanada a 1999, 2003 da 2007.
A cikin 1993/1994, ya kasance CIDA NSERC Research Fellow wanda Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya da Injiniya ta Kanada ta ba shi.
Gwamnatin Faransa ta ba shi tallafin karatu don aiwatar da wani bangare na karatun digirin digirgir. aikin bincike a cikin 1988/89 a Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Cibiyar Nazarin Kasa (INSA), Rouen, Faransa.
Rayuwar mutum Familoni ya auri Bosede Familoni (née Akinyelu) kuma yana da yara 4: Babajide Familoni, Olumuyiwa Familoni, Omolabake Familoni (yanzu Famuyide), Olubukola Familoni.
Manazarta Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1957
Yarbawa
Mutane daga Jihar Ekiti
Ƴan |
50356 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arisa%20%28manga%29 | Arisa (manga) | <onlyinclude>Arisa an haife ta a kasar jafanis ƙwararriyar wasan shojo ce kokari ta na cinma manufar manga fim ta bayyana Natsumi Ando ta bayyana shi ah mujallarna wata na kayoshi lokacin shekara febrari 2009,har zuwa lokacin satamba 2012.kodansha ta fitar da labari Sha biyu bound volume daga shekarar aprilu na 2009 zuwa satamba 2012.sun shirya fittar da Japan,tsubasa uehara amatsayin Mai bincike kenan ilmi fasaha lokacin ta mallaka wa Yar uwar ta gwayenta
Del Rey ya ba da lasisin jerin don fassarar yaren Ingilishi a Arewacin Amurka. Ya buga kundi na farko a cikin Oktoba 2010, kuma jim kaɗan bayan haka, Kodansha USA ta ɗauki nauyin bugawa, tare da ƙarar ƙarshe da aka buga a cikin Janairu 2014. Masu karanta harshen Ingilishi sun karɓi jerin gwano mai inganci, tare da ɗimbin kundila guda uku da aka sanya a cikin Jerin Mafi kyawun Masu siyarwa na New York Times na manga. Arisa gabaɗaya ta sami tabbataccen bita daga masu bitar harshen Ingilishi, kuma ƙarar farko da aka sanya a cikin jerin “Great Graphic Novels for Teens” a cikin 2011.
Makirci An saita a cikin Japan na zamani, makircin ya shafi Tsubasa Uehara da Arisa Sonoda kyawawan 'yan'uwa mata tagwaye da rabuwa da iyayensu suka rabu da su ta hanyar wasika. Daga karshe kuma ta sake zuwa a matsayin matashiya bayan shekaru uku, tomboyish Tsubasa tana da kishi, amma tana alfahari da fitacciyar ‘yar uwarta, idan aka kwatanta da rayuwarta ta makaranta inda ake kiranta da “Gimbiya Aljana”. Sa’ad da Arisa ta karɓi wasiƙa daga makarantarta da ke zarginta da cewa maciya amana ce, sai ta yi ƙoƙarin kashe kanta kuma ta koma. A gigice da bakin ciki, Tsubasa ta fito a matsayinta, tana zuwa makarantarta don jin dalilin da ya sa ta yi yunkurin kashe kanta. Ta sami labarin cewa ajin Arisa na aika sakon fatan alheri a wayoyinsu ga wanda ake kira King kowace Juma'a. Sarki yana ba da fata guda ɗaya kawai a mako, wanda ke haifar da tashin hankali. Tsubasa ya yanke shawarar dakatar da Sarki ya gano sunan mutumin don ceto Arisa, da fatan ya tashe ta daga suman da tayi.
Taimakawa a cikin binciken ta Akira Manabe Abokin karatun Arisa wanda ya koyi ainihin Tsubasa, ta ci karo da Mariko Takagi Abokin Arisa wanda Sarki ya yi amfani da shi; Midori Yamashita Abokin Arisa; Rei Kudō dalibin canja wuri wanda Arisa ta yi abokantaka a kan layi kuma wanda ke aiki a matsayin manzon Sarki; da Shizuka Mochizuki Abokin ƙuruciyar Manabe wanda ya rasa amfani da kafafunsa bayan wani yunkurin kashe kansa da Sarki ya yi. Arisa ta farka daga suman da take yi, amma ta yi kamar tana da amnesia ta koma bangaren Midori. Ta bayyana cewa ita ce Sarki na asali: ko da yake ta yi buri marar lahani tun da farko, ta saci amsoshin jarrabawar da Mariko ke so, saboda tsoron rashin jin daɗi idan ta ƙi. Midori ya kama ta a cikin wannan aikin, kuma ta raba aikin biyan bukatun ajin tare da shi, har sai da ya raunata mahaifiyarta, a kokarin cimma burinsa. Daga nan Midori ya maye gurbinta a matsayin Sarki, yana amfani da tashin hankali da cin zarafi don biyan bukatansa. A tsorace ta zaluntarsa da ganin kamanceceniya da ke tsakaninsu, sai ta kai ga tagwayenta, tana fatan Tsubasa ta iya tona gaskiya. Tsubasa ya sami labarin cewa Midori ya sami rauni a hankali tun yana ƙuruciyarsa bayan mahaifiyarsa ta watsar da shi kuma ya shaida tagwayensa, Akari, ya mutu saboda sakaci Daga baya ta dakile yunkurinsa na kashe mahaifiyarta, saboda ya tsani mahaifiyarsa kuma ya yi imani da cewa Arisa ma yana son nata. Arisa ta furta cewa tana sonsa don ya lura da kaɗaicinta, kuma ya gane cewa shima yana sonta. A ƙarshe, mahaifiyar Arisa ta ba da ƙarin lokaci tare da ita, kuma Arisa ta sulhunta da Tsubasa.
Ci gaba Manga artist Natsumi Ando 's Concept art of Arisa tana da nau'ikan Tsubasa guda biyu na baya tare da tsayi mai tsayi da tsayin kafada, bi da bi. Ando da farko ya ji damuwa game da rashin yiwuwar abokiyar soyayya ga Tsubasa, saboda masu sauraron Arisa yan mata ne; duk da haka, yayin da manga ya ci gaba, ta yi la'akari da shi a matsayin "maganin siyarwa." A sakamakon haka, ta sami damar mai da hankali kan tunanin Tsubasa game da tagwayen ta. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan fara jerin abubuwan manga, Ando ya ƙirƙiri "Tsubasa", wani babin kari da ke mai da hankali kan yadda Arisa ta yi kamar ta zama ƙanwarta; ta ci gaba da jinkirta fitowar ta, saboda da alama bai dace ba a sami labarin bonus tare da Arisa ta bayyana lokacin da ta nutse a cikin babban labarin ta. A cewar Ando, ya sanya babi mai kyau da za a kammala jerin.
Fitarwa Natsumi Ando ne ya rubuta kuma ya kwatanta sauraro na Arisa, sun bayyana a jere a cikin mujallar manga na wata-wata Nakayoshi daga fitowar Fabrairu 2009 zuwa fitowar Satumba 2012. Kodansha ya tattara saurari zuwa littafi goma sha biyu, kuma ya buga su daga Afrilu 28, 2009, zuwa Satumba 6, 2012. A cikin 2009, Del Rey ya ba da sanarwar cewa ya ba da lasisin jeri don fassarar yaren Ingilishi a Arewacin Amurka. Del Rey ya fitar da ƙarar farko a ranar 26 ga Oktoba, 2010; Kodansha USA ya ci gaba da buga jerin, tare da ƙarar ƙarshe da aka buga a Janairu 21, 2014. Kodansha a Burtaniya ma ya buga bugu na dijital na jerin. Carlsen Comics kuma an fassara Arisa zuwa Jamusanci.
liyafa Arisa ta sami kyakkyawar kulawa daga masu karatun na Turanci. Juzu'i na biyu, na biyar, da na shida kowanne an sanya su a cikin Jerin Mafi kyawun Masu siyarwa na New York Times na manga.
Ƙungiyar Sabis na Laburaren Matasa ta sanya ƙarar farko na Arisa a cikin jerin "Babban Zane-zane don Matasa" na 2011. Deb Aoki na About.com ya sake nazarin ƙarar farko na Arisa da kyau, yana yaba shi a matsayin "mai tursasawa" da "labari mai duhu" fiye da aikin Ando na baya Gimbiya Gimbiya daga baya ta sanya Arisa a cikin jerin 2010 na "Mafi kyawun Sabon Manga" don nau'in shojo A cewar Matthew Warner na Mania Entertainment, farkon clichéd-da alama haruffa da bayyanan jigo sun taimaka wajen samar da "bambanci mai ƙarfi" ga babban labarin da "lalata da karkatacciyar yanayin ɗabi'ar Arisa". Yayin da yake lura da kasancewar clichés da "ramukan makirci", Carlo Santos na Cibiyar Watsa Labarai ta Anime ya ji daɗin ƙarar farko, yana kwatanta shi a matsayin Naoki Urasawa mai salo na shoujo, wanda aka gina akan yadudduka na sirrin jaraba"; yana da ra'ayi iri ɗaya game da zane-zane nata, inda ya rubuta cewa ya ba da labarin da kyau, amma ba shi da wani salo na fasaha na musamman. A cikin bitarta na juzu'i na uku, Rebecca Silverman, wata mai bita don Cibiyar Watsa Labarai ta Anime, ta rubuta cewa yayin da tsarin tsakiyar makarantar ya ji abin yarda da shi kuma asirin ya kasance mai ban sha'awa, wasu bangarori na makircin suna ƙoƙarin dakatar da karatu na rashin imani, da kuma zane-zane, kodayake yawanci yana da daɗi, ya kasa zama mai ban tsoro mai gamsarwa yayin al'amuran ban tsoro. A cikin bita na bita na littattafai na goma sha ɗaya da na goma sha biyu, Silverman ya fassara Arisa a matsayin gwagwarmaya tare da na Stockholm kuma ya rubuta cewa ba shi da damuwa, kamar yadda ta ƙarshe, halin har yanzu ya kasance a cikin "dangantakar da ba ta da." Ta ji daɗin wannan tuhuma kuma ta rubuta cewa labarin baya na Midori ya isa ya bayyana ayyukansa, ta ƙarasa da cewa "Arisa ta kasance mai hawan daji, abin |
17657 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon%20Lar | Solomon Lar | Chief (Dr.) Solomon Daushep Lar (a Watan Aprailu aka haife na shekara ta alif dari tara 1933 9 October 2013) (Walin Langtang) ɗan siyasan Nijeriya ne wanda ya riƙe ofisoshi daban-daban a matakin ƙasa sama da shekaru( 50). Ya kasance memba na majalisar ƙasa ta farko lokacin da Najeriya ta sami 'yancin kai a shekara ta( 1960 An zabe shi gwamnan jihar Filato a kan tsarin Jam’iyyar Jama’ar Nijeriya (NPP) a lokacin Jamhuriya ta Biyu ta Nijeriya, yana rike da mukamin daga watan Oktoba a shekara ta( 1979) har zuwa juyin mulkin Sojoji na (31 )ga watan Disamba a shekara ta( 1983 wanda ya kawo Janar Muhammadu Buhari kan mulki. Daga baya, ya zama shugaban jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party (PDP).
Haihuwa da farkon aiki An haifi Lar a garin Pangna, Langtang, jihar Filato a watan Afrilun (1933 Mahaifinsa manomi ne kuma mahaifiyarsa mai yin tukwane. Yayi karatu a Sudan United Mission Primary School a Langtang, sannan ya yi kwalejin malamai ta Gindiri inda ya cancanci koyarwa a Primary School, Langtang. Bayan shekara biyu ya koma Gindiri don Shirin Horar da Babban Malami, ya sami Babbar Sakandari kuma ya fara koyarwa a matakin Firamari. Ya shirya zama malamin addini. An zaɓi Lar a matsayin kansila a hukumar 'yan asalin Langtang a watan Janairun a shekara ta (1959 ).Ranar (12 )ga watan Disamba( 1959 aka zaɓe shi ya zama Majalisar Tarayya a karkashin kungiyar United Middle Belt Congress (UMBC). An sake zaben shi a shekara ta( 1964 )kuma daga nan har zuwa (15 ga watan Janairun a shekara ta (1966 lokacin da Janar Yakubu Gowon ya karbi mulki a wani juyin mulki, Lar ya kasance sakataren majalisar ne ga Fira Minista Abubakar Tafawa Balewa Ya kuma kasance Karamin Minista a Ma’aikatar Gwamnatin Tarayya. Bayan faɗuwar gwamnatin dimokiradiyya, Lar ya halarci Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello, Zariya, ya kammala karatu a shekara ta( 1970 tare da LLB kuma an kira shi zuwa mashaya a shekara ta (1971 Ya kafa aikin lauya mai zaman kansa, kuma ya kasance tare da kafa kuma Sakatare na ƙasa na ƙungiyar Taimakawa Shari'a ta Nijeriya. A cikin shekara ta (1972 Lar ya shiga Hukumar Kula da Ma'adinai na Nijeriya na Amalgamated. Ya zama Shugaban Hukumar Daraktocin Bankin Nahiyar Afirka, memba na Majalisar Ilimin Dokoki ta Najeriya kuma memba na Majalisar Dokoki (1977–1978). Ya kasance mataimakin shugaban kwamitin ƙarƙashin jagorancin Mai Shari'a Ayo Irikefe wanda ya ba da shawarar fadada daga jihohi (12) zuwa( 19 )a lokacin mulkin Janar,Murtala Muhammed da Olusegun Obasanjo Har ila yau Lar ya kasance memba na Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Duniya ta Afirka dake Amurka.
Jamhuriya ta biyu da ta Uku A farkon Jamhuriya ta Biyu, Lar ya kasance mai haɗin gwiwa ne na kafa Ƙungiyar Jama’ar Nijeriya. An tsayar da shi a matsayin dan takarar shugaban ƙasa na jam’iyya a shekara ta( 1978 sannan daga baya yaci zaɓen gwamna a Jihar Filato a matsayin Gwamna na Farko a ranar( 1 ga watan Oktoba a shekara ta 1979 ).Mataimakinsa shi ne Alhaji Aliyu Akwe Doma Ya kasance mai himma wajen gina kayayyakin more rayuwa a cikin jihar da suka hada da asibitoci, cibiyoyin ilimi, aikin wutar lantarki a karkara, samar da ruwa, da hanyoyi. Ya gabatar da sauye-sauye ga dokokin aikin yi na jihohi, da sake tsarin biyan albashi da tsarin kwangila a kullum da kuma gabatar da hutun haihuwa ga mata masu shayarwa. Bayan juyin mulkin soja a watan Disambar a shekara ta (1983 Janar Muhammadu Buhari ya kafa kotunan soji wadanda ke shari’ar dukkan tsoffin gwamnoni. Duk da cewa ba a samu Lar da laifin albazzaranci da dukiyar kasa ba, amma an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru( 88 )a kurkuku, na farko a Jos sannan kuma a Kirikiri a Legas An sake duba lamarinsa kuma gwamnatin Janar Ibrahim Babangida ta sake shi, wanda ya fara wani canji zuwa dimokiradiyya a shekara ta( 1992 A lokacin Jamhuriya ta Uku ta Najeriya, Lar ya kasance mai goyon bayan Social Democratic Party (SDP). Gwamnatin Janar Sani Abacha ce ta nada shi Ministan Harkokin ’Yan sanda, daga baya ya yi murabus lokacin da ya fahimci Abacha ba da gaske yake ba wajen maido da dimokiradiyya.
Jamhuriya ta Hudu A cikin sauyi zuwa Jamhuriya ta Huɗu ta Najeriya Lar ya zama Shugaban Jam’iyyar PDP na kasa na farko a shekara ta (1998 ),yana rike da wannan mukamin har zuwa (2002) lokacin da ya mika shi ga Cif Barnabas Gemade A watan Fabrairun a shekara ta 2004 )ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa na shugaban kwamitin amintattu na PDP, inda ya mika shi ga Cif Tony Anenih a wani taron tattaunawa a Abuja. Yaci gaba da kasancewa mai iko a cikin jam’iyyar ta PDP har zuwa shekarar (2005), lokacin da ya goyi bayan Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa Atiku Abubakar a rikicinsa da Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo, sannan daga baya ya goyi bayan takarar Atiku na neman Shugabancin kasar a shekara ta (2007). A watan Afrilun( 2006), Lar ya kuma yi maraba da shawarar da tsohon Shugaban Kasa na Soja, Janar Ibrahim Babangida ya yanke na tsayawa takarar Shugaban kasa a zaben( 2007), yana mai cewa a dimokuradiyya kowa na da damar tsayawa takara. An bayyana Lar a matsayin mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na Tsakiyar-Belter, mai aiki a cikin Middle Belt Forum A jihar Filato ya goyi bayan wata manufa wacce ta dogara da ra'ayin cewa jihar ya kamata ta taimaka wa 'yan asalin su fahimci fa'idar "kubutar da su" daga mamayar Hausawa, kuma ya kamata a mayar da tsoffin al'ummomin Hausawa da Jarawa a cikin Jos da Yelwa wadanda ba su da asali. matsayi. A wata hira da aka yi da shi a watan Fabrairun a shekara ta (2009) ya ce ana watsi da yankin na Middle Belt duk da irin gudummawar da ta bayar wajen haɗin kan kasa, abin dake nuni ga sadaukarwa a yakin basasar Najeriya Ya kuma koka da yadda ake nuna wariya ga Kiristocin Arewa, har suka kasa samun filayen daza su gina coci. A watan Fabrairun a shekara ta (2010 )Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa, Goodluck Jonathan ya naɗa shi Shugaban kwamitin Shugaban ƙasa da aka dorawa nauyin ba da shawarar yadda za a hana ci gaba da rikici a Jos, babban birnin Jihar Filato.
Mutuwa A ranar (9) ga Satan Oktoban a shekara ta( 2013 gwamnan jihar Filato Jonah David Jang ya sanar da mutuwar Mista Lar. Ya mutu a asibitin Amurka bayan doguwar rashin lafiya, yana da shekara (80).
Manazarta Mutanen Najeriya
Ƴan Najeriya
Ƴan siyasar Nijar
Mutane
Pages with unreviewed |
38956 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed%20Adly | Ahmed Adly | Ahmed Adly, an haife shi 18 ga watan Fabrairu,a shiekara ta 1987) Babban Malamin Chess, ne na Masar. A matsayin ɗan wasan chess, Adly ya sami takensa na Jagora na Duniya a cikin 2001 yana ɗan shekara 14 a Gasar U20 na shekarar 2004. Daga nan Adly ya ci gaba da samun kambunsa na Grandmaster a shekara ta 2005, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama dan kasar Masar na farko kuma dan Afrika mafi karancin shekaru da ya samu wannan nasarar, Tun daga watan Mayu 2022, Adly yana riƙe, da matsayi na biyu mafi girma a Masar da Afirka.
Rayuwa ta sirri An haifi Adly a Alkahira, Masar, a ranar 18 ga, watan Fabrairu a shekara ta 1987. A lokacin yana da shekaru 6, mahaifin Adly, Adly Ibrahim, ya koyar da Adly Chess inda ya gano basirarsa. Adly ya kasance yana aikin shinge kuma ya riga ya sami matsayi na uku a rukunin shekarunsa. Duk da haka, yayin da Adly ya girma, Ibrahim ya lura da hazakarsa kuma ya jagorance shi zuwa aikin dara.
Adly ya sauke karatu daga Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport tare da digiri a fannin Kasuwancin Kasuwanci a 2010. Daga baya, Adly ya ci gaba da fara nasa Ches Academy a Alkahira Adly ya yi imanin cewa da an ba shi taimakon, da ya yi girma zuwa mafi girma kuma don haka ya yi niyyar ba da wannan taimakon ga matasa 'yan wasa.
Aikin Chess
Chess Prodigy Adly ya fara ƙwararren ƙwararren dara ne a cikin 1997 yana ɗan shekara 10, inda ya sami matsayi na bakwai a Gasar Chess ta Matasa ta Duniya don rukunin U-14 a Cannes, Faransa Adly ya yi nasarar samun matsayi na uku a gasar cin kofin duniya ta U18 a 2004 a Girka, inda ya yi imanin cewa an ayyana aikinsa na dara. Adly ya ci gaba da lashe Gasar Matasan Larabawa sau hudu kuma ya sami kambun babban malaminsa a shekarar 2005. A cikin 2005 kuma Adly ya lashe gasar zakarun Chess na Afirka, inda ya samu ka'idojinsa Adly ya ci gaba da shiga cikin gasa da yawa, yana mai da hankali kan kokarinsa ga aikin dara.
Sanannen Nasarorin Adly daura don 1st-5th tare da Gabriel Sargissian, Shakhriyar Mamedyarov, Igor-Alexandre Nataf da Pentala Harikrishna a cikin Reykjavík Open 2006. A cikin 2007, Adly ya lashe Gasar Ƙwallon Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwarar Ƙarƙwa ya zama dan wasa na farko daga wata ƙasa ta Afirka da ya lashe babban kambu. A cikin 2008 ya ɗaure don 1st-3rd tare da Zigurds Lanka da Dorian Rogozenko a Hamburg Ya samu gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta Chess a shekara ta 2009 kuma Viktor Bologan ya fitar da shi a zagayen farko. A cikin Afrilu 2020, ya ci Sunway Sitges International Online Chess Open, inda ya doke IM Liam Vrolijk na Netherlands. A watan Fabrairun 2021, ya lashe gasar Afirka ta kan layi da maki 7.5/9. A matakin kasa, Adly ya lashe gasar Masar a 2007 da 2009. A matakin kasa da kasa, A cikin 2004, Adly ya cancanci shiga gasar FIDE World Championship Knockout Tournament (2004), amma ya yi rashin nasara a wasan zagayen farko, bayan saurin fafatawa, zuwa Sergei Rublevsky A cikin 2005, Adly ya lashe gasar chess na Arab Junior kuma ya sake cancanta, amma an sake kawar da shi a zagayen farko na gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIDE (2005), a wannan lokacin Ruslan Ponomariov Adly ya cancanci shiga gasar cin kofin duniya (2011), amma an tilasta masa janyewa bayan wasan farko saboda rashin lafiya. Rashin sa'a ya ci gaba a gasar cin kofin duniya (2013), wanda ya cancanta, amma ya kasa halarta saboda matsalolin tafiya. Adly shi ne ya zo na biyu a gasar Chess ta Afirka na 2015, kuma ta haka ya samu tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya na Chess na 2015. A gasar cin kofin duniya (2015), ya yi rashin nasara a hannun Super-GM Ukrainian Vassily Ivanchuk a zagaye na farko.
Adly ya kuma lashe lambobin zinare biyu a gasar Chess ta Afirka da kuma lambar azurfa daya a shekarar 2005 ta nau'i daban-daban. A cikin 2007, Adly ya sami dukkan lambobin zinare guda uku, inda ya zama dan Masar na farko da ya yi haka. A cikin 2009, Adly ya shiga gasar cin kofin Chess na Rum kuma ya sami matsayi na farko. Adly kuma ya lashe gasar Chess ta Afirka sau hudu, a cikin 2005, 2011, 2019 da 2021
Salon wasa Adly ya nuna sha'awa ga Mikhail Tal da salon harinsa, wanda ya samu wahayi daga gare shi. A cikin matashi, Adly ya kasance ɗan wasa mai kai hari amma tun daga lokacin ya samo asali zuwa salon wasan duniya. Adly ya nuna sha'awar wasu nau'ikan wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan wasa, ciki har da Champion Chess na Duniya Magnus Carlsen, wanda kuma ya nuna amincewar nasarar Adly da shi a 2006 Reykjavik Open Fitattun wasanni A Adly vs V Laznicka, 2007 1-0 A Adly vs I Vovk, 2007 1-0 Carlsen vs A Adly, 2006 0-1 Rapport vs A Adly, 2015 0-1 A Adly vs Kosten, 2003 1-0 A Adly vs G Meier, 2007 1-0 A Adly vs A Hesham, 2021 1-0 Kamsky vs A Adly, 2007 1/2-1/2 H Hayrapetyan vs A Adly, 2007 0-1 Movseian vs A Adly, 2015 0-1
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Ahmed Adly rating card at FIDE Ahmed Adly player profile and games at Chessgames.com
Ahmed Adly member profile at the Internet Chess Club
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1987
Ahmsd |
38622 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Akaagerger | Joseph Akaagerger | Lt. Colonel Joseph Iorshagher Akaagerger (An haifeshi ranar 5 ga Mayu 1956), ya kasance shugaban mulkin soja na jihar Katsina, Nijeriya daga watan Agustan shekarar 1998 zuwa 29 ga Mayu 1999. Bayan komowar dimokuradiyya, a watan Afrilun shekarata 2007 an zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan majalisar dattawa mai wakiltar Benuwe arewa maso gabas.
Farkon rayuwa da Karatu Akaagerger an haife shi ne a ranar 5 ga Mayun shekarata 1956 a ƙaramar hukumar Konshisha ta jihar Benue, asalin kabilar Tiv ne. Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati, Gboko (1969-1973). Ya shiga aikin soja, ya halarci makarantar horas da sojoji ta Najeriya, Kaduna (1976-1977), Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, United Kingdom (1977-79). Ya kuma sami digiri na LLB da LLM a Jami'ar Jos sannan ya sami digiri na uku a fannin shari'ar tattalin arziki na kasa da kasa a Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya. Yana riƙe da sarautar gargajiya ta Ambe u Konshisha (Kwanshisha Kada). Dan uwan tsohon Atoni-Janar ne kuma ministan shari'a Michael Aondoakaa.
Aikin soja Akaagerger ya riƙe muƙamin daban-daban a aikin soja, inda ya kai matakin muƙamin Laftanar Kanar. Ya kuma kasance Darakta a Kwalejin Kwamanda da Ma’aikata ta Zariya a lokacin da aka nada shi Shugaban Soja a Jihar Katsina a lokacin mulkin Janar Abdulsalami Abubakar na rikon kwarya a watan Agustan shekarar 1998. An ce shi ne ya bayar da tallafin kudi a jihar Katsina domin yakin neman zaben Umaru Musa Yar’adua (daga baya ya zama shugaban kasa), wanda ya hau mulki a farkon jamhuriyar Najeriya ta hudu a watan Mayun shekarata 1999. Bayan mika mulki, an gano cewa jihar na da alhakin Naira miliyan 35 daga ma’aikatun, Naira miliyan 174 daga ma’aikatun gwamnati da kuma wani sama da fadi da aka samu daga Bankin Arewa a yankin na Naira miliyan 75, da kuma wasu basussuka. Bayan komawar mulkin dimokuradiyya, a matsayinsa na tsohon shugaban mulkin soja, an bukaci ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja.
Sanata Akaagerger ya koma jam'iyyar United Nigeria Peoples Party (UNPP). A zaɓen 2003, ya kasance dan takarar majalisar dattawa a jihar Benue a ƙarƙashin jam’iyyar UNPP, amma ba a zaɓe shi ba. A watan Yunin 2004 ya zarce zuwa jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party (PDP). A zaɓen shekarar 2007 ya sake tsayawa takara a Benue NE, a wannan karon a dandalin PDP. A zaben fidda gwanin da aka yi, bai samu kuri’u 2/3 da ake bukata ba, amma an zabe shi a matsayin dan takara da gagarumin rinjaye, kamar yadda Sanata David Mark ya kuma samu a shiyyar Benuwe ta Kudu. Unongo ya ba shi goyon bayansa, kuma aka zabe shi, ya hau mulki a watan Mayun shekarata 2007. A watan Janairun shekarar 2008, wata kotun sauraren kararrakin zabe da ke Makurdi ta soke zaɓensa bisa ga cewa an yi kason kuri’u masu dimbin yawa, sabanin zaɓen da aka yi na hakika, ta kuma ba da umarnin sake gudanar da sabon zaɓe. Ya ɗaukaka ƙara akan hukuncin. A cikin Fabrairun shekarar 2008, Akaagerger ya zama Sakataren Yada Labarai na Dandalin Sanatocin Arewa. Akaagerger ya sanya samar da kiwon lafiya fifiko. A watan Disamban shekarar 2008, ya bayyana cewa shirinsa na jinya kyauta a jihar, wanda ake aiwatar da shi tare da haɗin gwiwar kungiyar likitocin Grassroots, ya kashe Naira miliyan 50 kuma ya amfana da mutane 23,000. A cikin Oktoban shekarata 2009, ya tayar da ƙararrawa a kan madatsar ruwa ta Lake Nyos, da ke cikin Kamaru, wanda ke shiga cikin kogin Benue. Tafkin yana zaune a ɗakin magma kuma yana cike da CO 2, wanda ya barke a baya. Katangar madatsar ruwan na dada yin rauni, kuma lamarin girgizar kasa zai iya haifar da bala'i a mashigin Najeriya. Akaagerger ya yi kira da a yi taka-tsan-tsan da ya hada da gaggauta aikin dam na Kashimbilla buffer.
A watan Mayun shekarar 2009, Akaagerger da wasu Sanatoci tara aka mika su ga kwamitin da'a, gata da kuma kararrakin jama'a don bincike dangane da wata takaddama da aka biya ta tafiya Ghana. A watan Yulin shekarar 2009, wani kwamitin majalisar dattijai ya bayyana sunayen tsoffin daraktocin bankuna 13 da suka gaza a matsayin suna da hannu wajen cin zarafi da basussuka wanda ya kai ga gazawar bankunan. Akaagerger dai ya yi adawa da bayyana sunayen a bainar jama’a, tunda sun hada da shugabannin hukumomin wasu hukumomin gwamnatin tarayya. A cikin watan Oktoban shekarar 2009 da Babban Bankin Najeriya ya fitar na rancen da ba a biya ba a bankuna biyar da sai da aka yi belinsa ya nuna cewa Akaagerger na ciwo bashin Naira miliyan 534 ga bankin Spring Bank Plc. A cikin wata hira da aka yi da shi a watan Maris na 2010 Akaagerger ya bayyana fatansa cewa za a warware sauye-sauyen zaben da ake shirin yi kafin zaɓen 2011.
Wasu ayyukan baya A watan Janairun shekarar 2011 tsohon shugaban jam’iyyar PDP na ƙasa Barnabas Gemade ya doke Akaagerger da sauran su inda ya zama dan takarar jam’iyyar PDP a majalisar dattawa a jihar Benuwe arewa maso gabas. A cikin Maris din shekarar 2011, Akaagerger ya ce canji ya zama dole. Idan jam’iyyar Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN) ta hau mulki, Audu Ogbeh zai bunkasa Benue kuma zai daƙile ɓarnar da PDP ta yi a shekaru hudu da suka wuce. A watan Oktoban 2014, Akaagerger yana cikin dattawan PDP na yankin Benuwe arewa maso gabas da suka goyi bayan Gwamna Gabriel Suswam a takarar Sanata a 2015.
A watan Mayun shekarar 2015, Akaagerger na cikin shugabannin jahohi shida na shiyyar arewa ta tsakiya da suka yi yunkurin neman George Akume a matsayin shugaban majalisar dattawa.
Manazarta Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1956
Gwamnonin Jihar Katsina
Mutane daga Jihar |
19576 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed%20Ahmad%20Khan | Syed Ahmad Khan | Sir Syed Ahmad Taqvi bin Syed Muhammad Muttaqi KCSI An haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Oktoban shekara ta alif 1817 ya mutu a ranar 27 ga watan Maris na shekara ta alif 1898), wanda aka sani a matsayin Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (kuma Sayyid Ahmad Khan), an Musulunci pragmatist, Musulunci kawo canji, Falsafa, da kuma educationist a cikin karni na sha tara a Birtaniya Indiya Kodayake da farko yana nuna hadin kan Hindu-Musulmai, ya zama farkon dan kishin kasa na Musulmai a Kasar Indiya kuma ana yada shi a matsayin mahaifin Ka'idar Kasashe Biyu wanda ya kafa tushen harkar Pakistan Ahmad wanda aka haife shi cikin dangi mai tsananin bashi a kotun ta Mughal ya karanci Alqur'ani da Kimiyya a cikin kotun. An ba shi lambar girmamawa ta LLD daga Jami'ar Edinburgh a cikin shekara ta alif 1889. A cikin shekara ta alif 1838, Syed Ahmad ya shiga aikin Kamfanin Indiya na Gabas kuma ya ci gaba da zama alƙali a Kotun a shekara ta alif 1867, yana ritaya daga shekara ta alif 1876. A lokacin Tawayen Kasar Indiya na shekara ta alif 1857, ya kasance mai aminci ga Raj Raj na Burtaniya kuma an san shi saboda ayyukansa na ceton rayukan Turawa. Bayan tawayen, ya rubuta ƙaramin littafin Abin da ke Haddasa Mutumcin Indiya suka mai karfi, a lokacin, game da manufofin Burtaniya daban-daban da ya zarga da haddasa tawayen. Saboda imanin cewa tsananin rayuwar ɗabi'unsu na fuskantar barazana ga makomar musulmai, Sir Ahmad ya fara inganta ilimin Yammacin Turai ta hanyar kafa makarantu da mujallu na zamani da kuma shirya 'yan kasuwar Islama.
A cikin shekara ta alif 1859, Syed ya kafa makarantar Gulshan a Muradabad, Makarantar Victoria a Ghazipur a shekara ta alif 1863, da kuma ƙungiyar kimiyya ga musulmai a shekara ta alif 1864. A cikin shekara ta alif 1875, ya kafa kwalejin Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental, jami'ar musulmi ta farko a Kudancin Asiya. A lokacin aikinsa, Syed ya yi kira ga Musulmai akai-akai da su yi hidimar Raj Raj tare da inganta daukar Urdu a matsayin yaren da duk musulmin Indiya ke yi Syed ya soki Majalisar Dokokin Indiya Syed yana da kyakkyawan gado a cikin Pakistan da tsakanin Musulman Indiya Ya rinjayi sauran shugabannin musulmai da suka hada da Allama Iqbal da Muhammad Ali Jinnah Da'awarsa ga al'adun Musulunci tazila kuma mafi girma, fassara fassarar Kur'ani don ya dace da kimiyya da zamani, yana ci gaba da tasiri ga sake fasalin Islama a duniya. Yawancin jami'o'i da gine-ginen jama'a a Pakistan suna ɗaukar sunan Sir Syed. Jami'ar Musulmai ta Aligarh ta yi bikin cika shekaru 200 da haihuwar Sir Syed tare da ɗoki a ranar 17 ga watan Oktoban shekara ta 2017. Tsohon Shugaban Indiya Pranab Mukherjee shi ne babban bako.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Syed Ahmad Taqvi 'Khan Bahadur' a ranar 17 ga watan Oktoban shekara ta alif 1817 a Delhi, wanda shi ne babban birnin daular Mughal a lokacin mulkin Mughal Emperor Akbar II Yawancin zuriyarsa da yawa sun kasance suna da alaƙa sosai da matsayin gudanarwa a Daular Mughal Kakan mahaifiyarsa Khwaja Fariduddin ya kasance Wazir (lit. Minista) a kotun Emperor Akbar Shah II Kakan mahaifinsa Syed Hadi Jawwad bin Imaduddin ya riƙe mansab (lit. Janar babban matsayi na gudanarwa da sunan girmamawa na "Mir Jawwad Ali Khan" a kotun Emperor Alamgir II Mahaifin Sir Syed, Syed Muhammad Muttaqi, kasance kusa da Sarki Akbar Shah II kuma ya kasance mai ba shi shawara. Koyaya, an haifi Syed Ahmad ne a lokacin da mahaifinsa ke fama da tawayen yanki tare da taimakon kamfanin East India, wanda ya maye gurbin ikon da mulkin Mughal ya saba da shi, wanda ya rage masarautarta zuwa mai kan gaba Tare da babban wansa Syed Muhammad bin Muttaqi Khan, Sir Syed ya tashi a cikin wani babban gida a wani yanki mai arzikin birnin. An tashe su bisa ƙa'idodi masu kyau na Mughal kuma an fallasa su da siyasa. Mahaifiyarsu Aziz-un-Nisa ta taka rawar gani a rayuwar Sir Syed tun tana ƙuruciya, tana ɗaga shi da horo mai tsauri tare da mai da hankali kan ilimin zamani. Sir Syed ce ta koyar da karatun Alkur'ani da fahimtarta daga wata mace mai koyar da ita, wacce ba ta saba a lokacin ba. Ya sami ilimin gargajiya ga masarautar musulmai a Delhi A karkashin kulawar Lord Wellesley, Sir Syed ya sami horo a cikin yaren Farisanci, Larabci, Urdu da darussan addinan gargajiya. Ya karanta ayyukan masana musulmai da marubuta kamar Sahabbai, Rumi da Ghalib Wasu tutors umurci shi a ilmin lissafi, taurari da kuma Musulunci fikihu Sir Syed ya kuma kware a wasan ninkaya, kokawa da sauran wasanni. Ya taka rawa sosai a ayyukan al'adu na kotun Mughal. Babban wan Syed Ahmad ya kafa kamfanin buga takardu na farko a cikin yaren Urdu tare da mujallar Sayyad-ul-Akbar Sir Syed ya bi karatun likitanci tsawon shekaru amma bai kammala karatun ba. Har zuwa lokacin da mahaifinsa ya rasu a shekara ta alif 1838, Sir Syed ya kasance yana da al'adar rayuwa ga ƙwararren saurayi Musulmi mai daraja. Bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa, ya gaji lakabin kakansa da mahaifinsa kuma sarki Bahadur Shah Zafar ya ba shi mukamin Arif Jung Matsalolin kuɗi sun kawo ƙarshen karatun Sir, kodayake ya ci gaba da karatu a keɓe, yana amfani da littattafai kan fannoni daban-daban. Sir Syed ya zama editan jaridar dan uwansa kuma ya yi watsi da tayin aiki daga kotun Mughal.
Duba kuma Tafazzul Husain Kashmiri
Jami'ar musulin ta Aligarh
Harkar Aligarh
Duk Taron Ilimin Muhammadan Indiya
Ka'idar kasashe biyu
Kishin kasa na Musulmi a Kudancin Asiya
Duk Kungiyar Musulman Indiya
Zamanin Musulunci
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Cikakken bayani game da Harkar Aligarh
"Sir Seyyed Ahmad, Khan Bahadur, LLD, KCSI" Na Afzal Usmani
Arzikin Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (Labarin Gulf)
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan Rayuwarsa da Gudummawar sa (NewAgeIslam)
Majagaba na Kasa (Mai Nahi Manta)
Jawabin Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan a Meerut, 16 Maris 1888
Pages with unreviewed |
15294 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva%20Alordiah | Eva Alordiah | Elohor Eva Alordiah wacce aka fi sani da Eva Alordiah ko Eva, (an haifeta ranar 13 ga watan Agusta, 1989). Ƴar Nijeriya ce mai rairayi, mai ba da nishaɗi, mai yin zane-zane, mai tsara kayan kwalliya kuma yar kasuwa. Ana ɗaukarta ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mata masu faɗa a Nijeriya. Tun bayan nasarar da ta samu a harkar waka a Najeriya, Eva ta samu kyaututtuka da dama wadanda suka hada da Najeriyar Nishadi daya daga nade-nade 4, da Eloy Award, da kuma YEM guda daya daga gabatarwa 2. Fitowar ta EP, mai taken The GIGO E.P, an sake ta ne domin saukar da ita ta hanyar dijital a kyauta a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba 2011. Eva ita ce mamallakin makeupByOrsela, wani kamfani da ya kware a ayyukan kwalliya. A watan Nuwamba 2014, Eva ta fitar da nata mai taken EP na biyu. Kundin shirye-shiryenta na farko, 1960: An fitar da Kundin a cikin Satumba 2016
Tarihi rayuwa
Eva Alordiah an haife ta ne daga iyayen Najeriya daga jihar Delta. Mahaifiyarta ta gabatar da ita ga kiɗa, wanda ke sauraren rakodi na kiɗa daga shekarun 1970 da 1980. Eva ta ambaci Michael Jackson, Bob Marley, Sade Adu, Masassaƙan, John Lennon da Don Williams a matsayin tasirin tasirin kiɗan ta. Eminem ta "Cleanin 'Out My Closet" ta karfafa mata gwiwa don neman ƙwararriyar sana'ar rap. Lokacin da take 'yar shekara 7, ta halarci fannoni da yawa na fasaha yayin samartakowarta. Ta yi waka a cikin mawaka na cocin ta kuma shiga kungiyar wasan kwaikwayo yayin da take makarantar sakandare. Da girma, Eva tana son zane da karanta littattafai.
Tun tana shekara 10, ta rubuta wani gajeren labari a cikin littafinta na rubutu kuma ta yi burin zama marubuciya. Bayan koyon Eminem, sai ta fara rubuta ayoyin rap. Eaunar Eva ga kalmomi da rimming sa ta zurfafa cikin yanayin hip hop. Tun tana 'yar shekara 16, Eva ta sami kanta tana daidaita makaranta da kasuwanci. Tare da burin samun kudi da zama mai cin gashin kanta, sai ta fara sauraren rawar da take takawa da kuma aikin kwaikwayo. Eva ta sayar da suturar hannu ta biyu a makaranta don samun biyan bukata. Eva ta fara aikinta a matsayin samfurin daukar hoto. Ta ɗauki hotuna kuma ta bincika ayyukan da yawa. Ta kammala karatunta a jami’ar Bowen a fannin Kimiyyar Kwamfuta. A cikin 2009, Eva ta fito da "I Dey Play" a matsayin fim dinta na farko da aka taɓa ɗauka. Waƙar ta ƙunshi Tha Suspect kuma an yi rikodin a kan kayan aikin "A Milli" na Lil Wayne. Eva ta fito a cikin "Make 'em Ka ce", waƙa ce daga ɗayan waƙoƙin Strbuttah. Bidiyon kiɗan don waƙar, wanda aka sake shi a cikin Janairu 2011, Rcube na Strbuttah ne ya ƙirƙira shi. Eva ta fara fitowa a TV a bidiyon kide-kide. Daga baya ta fito a cikin waƙar mata ta Tha Suspect "Ba Na Aika Ku ba". Bidiyo don "Ba Na Aika Ku ba" an sake shi a cikin Maris 2011.
Aiki da wakokin ta
Eva ta fara aiki a karon farko na EP, The GIGO E.P, a matsayin mai fasaha mai zaman kanta. EP kalma ce ta datti a cikin datti kuma an sake shi a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba 2011. Ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi 9 kuma an sake shi don saukar da dijital kyauta. EP ta sami goyon baya ta hanyar marayu guda huɗu: "Na Yi Na Yi", "Lowasa "asa", "Sharar Fita (Fada Na Fada)", da "Babban" Sossick, Tintin da Gray Jon'z suka kula da aikin samar da EP. "Na aikata shi nayi" Sossick ne ya kirkireshi kuma aka sake shi azaman jagora na EP. A cikin hira ta 2012 tare da Halley Bondy na MTV Iggy, Eva ta ce an girmama ta da ta yi aiki tare da furodusoshin da aka ambata a baya. Ta kuma ce ta ji daɗin rikodin EP. Eva ta fitar da waka ta biyu "High" a shekarar 2012. Mex ne ya bada bidiyon kidan na wannan wakar kuma aka sake ta a ranar 24 ga Mayu 2012. An loda ta a YouTube a tsawon tsawon minti 4 da dakika 37. Bidiyon ya fara aiki a MTV Base a watan Mayu 2012. Lokacin da aka fitar da bidiyon, mutane da yawa ba su fahimci ma'anar waƙar ba kuma suna tunanin cewa yin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi ne. A cikin tattaunawar da aka ambata a baya tare da Bondy na MTV Iggy, Eva ta ce waƙar tana magana ne game da shawo kan gwagwarmaya da wahalar rayuwa.
An bayar da rahoto a cikin Mayu 2012 cewa Eva ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar rikodin tare da Da Trybe 2.0, lakabin rikodin mallakar mai rikodin rikodi da mai rikodin eLDee mai rikodin rikodi. A watan Nuwamba na 2013, Ariya A Yau ta ba da rahoton cewa an cire Eva daga Recordbe Records. Dangane da sanarwar manema labarai da aka sanyawa hannu ta hannun masu kula da kayan nadarwar, ra'ayoyin Eva da hangen nesa ba su dace da shirin lakabin ba. A cikin hira da BellaNaija, Eva ta musanta rahotanni game da sanya hannu a cikin Recordbe Records duk da bayanan sanarwar manema labaru daga alamar. Bayan Jaridar Trybe Records a cikin shekarar 2012, sai ta huta daga fagen waka kuma ta dauki lokaci tana tunani kan sana'arta. A watan Fabrairun 2013, ta yi aiki tare da furodusa Sossick don fitar da "Rahama", waƙar da aka samar don zazzagewa a shafinta. An tsara waƙar kuma an haɗa tare tare da mai gabatarwar da muka ambata ɗazu. A watan Disambar 2013, furodusa a Burtaniya Drox ya nuna ta a cikin bidiyon kidan don "Rahama". Ya fito da remixes na hukuma da yawa, gami da hadawar "Lokacin bazara" da hadin "Jackin Storm". A watan Agusta 2013, Eva ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar gudanarwa tare da Radioactiiv. [4] Haka kuma a cikin watan Agustan 2013, Nokia Nigeria ta sanya ta a matsayin daya daga cikin alkalan da za su yi gasar shekara-shekara na Kada ku fasa da bugawa. 2014 present: 1960 da sauran fitarwaEdit
A ranar 29 ga Yulin 2013, Eva ta fito da tallan tallan "Lights Out". Grey Jon'z ne ya shirya waƙar. Bidiyon kiɗan don waƙar Patrick Elis ne ya jagoranta. A cikin hira da jaridar Leadership, Eva ta ce ta dauki wakar ne don nuna kwarewarta a matsayin mai fasaha. An fara aiki a album din farko na Eva wanda aka fara tun a shekarar 2012. Tintin da Gray Jon'z ne ke shirya faifan. A ranar 24 ga Janairu 2014, Eva ta fitar da "Kurma" a matsayin jagorar kundin waƙoƙi. Waƙar, wacce Grey Jon'z ya shirya, an fara ta ne watanni uku bayan fara fim ɗin "Haske fitilu". Bidiyon kiɗan don "Kurame" an harbe shi kuma ya jagoranci Patrick Elis. [3m An rera wakar ta mai rerawa Boogey. Eva ta bayyana a cikin wata hira cewa tana son ƙirƙirar abubuwan da ke gani, kuma ta samu nasarar jagorantar duk bidiyon kide-kide har zuwa yau. Don inganta ɗayan, Eva ta shirya gasar rap ne kawai don girlsan mata.
Bayan fage
Eva ta kasance a cikin shirin rediyon BBC Radio 1xtra na Live Lounge tare da M.I, 2face Idibia, Wizkid da Iyanya. A matsayin wani ɓangare na fasalin, an nemi masu zane su saki jiki. Eva ta yi aiki tare da Burna Boy, Endia, Yung L, da Sarkodie a kan waƙar da aka fara niyyar ta zama taken taken a zango na uku na MTV Base Shuga. Maimakon yin amfani da waƙar da Chopstix ta samar, MTV Base ta zaɓi waƙar Del B ta "Mai Dadi Kamar Shuga" wacce ke ƙunshe da sautuka daga Flavour N'abania, Sound Sultan, Chidinma, Kcee da Farfesa. Wakar taken da ba a saki ba ta fantsama ta yanar gizo kuma an samar da ita a NotJustOk. A ranar 11 ga Maris din 2014, ta fitar da nata sigar wakar da ba a fitar ba mai taken "Shuga".
A ranar 31 ga Agusta 2014, jaridar Thisday ta ruwaito cewa Eva ta zama jakadan Guinness Nigeria Made of Black tare da Olamide da Phyno. Eva ta yi rawar gani a yayin kaddamar da kamfen din kuma an sanya ta cikin tallar tallan kamfen din. A 25 ga Satumba 2014, "Yaƙin Coming" an sake shi azaman kundin waƙoƙi mai zuwa karo na biyu. Tintin ce ta samar da wannan waka kuma tana dauke da bakin wakoki daga Sir Dauda. A ranar 6 Nuwamba Nuwamba 2014, 1960 aka sanar a matsayin taken kundi na farko na Eva, wanda aka shirya don fitowar Janairu 2015. Kundin zai kunshi baki wadanda suka hada kai kamar Darey Art Alade, Femi Kuti, Yemi Alade, Olamide, Sarkodie da Sir Dauda. A ranar 20 ga Nuwamba Nuwamba 2014, Eva ta fitar da taken mai taken EP na biyu don saukar da dijital kyauta. A ranar 6 ga Maris din 2015, Eva ta fara nuna bidiyon kide-kide don "Yakin Zuwan", wanda MEX ya jagoranta. A ranar 1 ga Maris 2016, Eva ta fitar da faifai nata na biyu wanda aka yi wa lakabi da saboda kun jira. Ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi 5 kuma ya ƙunshi samfurin DMX na 2000 mai suna "Abin da Waɗannan chesan Bitch ɗin suke So".
Manazarta
Rayayyun Mutane
Haifaffun |
13337 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria%20Montessori | Maria Montessori | Maria Tecla Artemisia Montessori m ɒ n t ɪ s r i MON -tiss- OR -ee, Italian: an haife ta a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta,a shekara ta alif 1870)miladiya ta mutu a ranar 6 ga watan Mayu, a shekara ta alif 1952) Miladiyya. yar Italiya ce, kwararriyar likita ce kuma malama wacce akafi sani da falsafar ilimin da ake kira da sunan ta, kuma tayi rubuce-rubuce a kan kimiyya pedagogy Tun tana ƙarama, Montessori ta karya shinge na jinsi da fata yayin da ta shiga aji a makarantar fasaha ta yara duka, tare da fatan zama injiniya. Ba da daɗewa ba ta canza zuciya kuma ta fara makarantar likita a Jami'ar Sapienza na Rome, inda ta sami digiri tare da karramawa a cikin shekarata alif 1896. Har yanzu ana amfani da hanyar koyarwarta a makarantu da yawa na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu a duk faɗin duniya. Maria Montessori.
Rayuwa da aiki
Haihuwa da iyali An haifi Montessori a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1870 a Chiaravalle, Italiya. Mahaifinta, shine Alessandro Montessori, dan shekara 33 a lokacin, ma'aikaci ne na Ma'aikatar Kudi da ke aiki a masana'antar sarrafa taba. Mahaifiyarta, Renilde Stoppani, 'yar shekaru 25, ta sami ilimi sosai a lokutan kuma ita ce jikanyar masanin ilimin ɗabi'ar Italiyanci kuma masanin burbushin halittu Antonio Stoppani. Duk da cewa ba ta da wani mashawarta ta musamman, amma tana da kusanci da mahaifiyarta wacce take ƙarfafa ta. Hakanan tana da kyakkyawar alaƙa da mahaifinta, duk da cewa ya ƙi yarda da zaɓin da ta yi don ci gaba da karatun ta.
1883–1896: Karatu
Farkon karatu Iyalin Montessori sun koma Florence a cikin shekarar 1873 sannan Kuma sun koma zuwa Rome a 1875 saboda aikin mahaifinta. Montessori ta shiga makarantar sakandaren gwamnati tun yana da shekara 6 a 1876. Rana ta farkon makaranta ba ta "da muhimmanci sosai", ko da yake an ba ta takaddun shaida don kyawawan halaye a aji na 1 da na "lavori donneschi", ko "akan aikin mata", a shekara mai zuwa.
Makarantar sakandare A cikin shekarar 1883 ko 1884, tana da shekaru 13, Montessori ta shiga makarantar sakandare na fasaha, Regia Scuola Tecnica Michelangelo Buonarroti, inda ta karanci Italiyanci, da ilmin lissafi, algebra, lissafi, geometry, tarihin, labarin ƙasa, da kuma kimiyyar lissafi. Ta yi digiri a shekarar 1886. tare da kyakkyawan maki da sakamakon jarrabawa. A waccan shekarar, tana da shekaru 16, ta ci gaba a makarantar horar da fasaha Regio Istituto Tecnico Leonardo da Vinci, tana karatun Italiyanci, lissafi, tarihi, labarin kasa, lissafi da kayan ado, kimiyyar lissafi, sunadarai, Botany, zoology, da kuma harsunan waje guda biyu. Ta yi kokari sosai a kimiyya kuma musamman ma da a ilmin lissafi. Tun da farko ta yi niyyar ta ci gaba da karatun injiniya ne bayan kammala karatu, wanda baƙon abu ne ga yarinya mace a lokacinta da inda take. Koyaya, har zuwa lokacin da ta kamala karatu a shekarar 1890. lokacin tana yar shekara 20, tare da takardar shedar digiri a kimiyyar lissafi, ta yanke shawarar yin karatun likitanci, hakan shine mafi kyawun tsarin da aka bayar game da ka'idojin al'adu a lokacin.
Jami'ar Rome makarantar likitanci Montessori ta yi gaba tare da niyyar yin karatun likita. Ta yi bayyana ga Guido Baccelli, malamin farfesa na asibitin koyarwa a Jami’ar Rome, amma ansata karaya. Ban da haka, a shekarar 1890, ta shiga jami'ar Rome a karatun digiri a fannin kimiyyar kere-kere, ta wuce jarrabawar digiri a fannin kere-kere, zoology, kimiyyar lissafi, ilimin kimiya, ilimin dabi'a, ilmin kimiya da dabi'a, da kuma samun digirin digirgir a shekarar 1892. Wannan digiri, tare da ƙarin karatu a cikin Italiyanci da Latin, sun cancanci ta shiga ƙungiyar ilimin likita a Jami'ar a shekarar 1893. Ta gamu da kiyayya da cin-zarafi daga wasu daliban likitoci da furofesoshi saboda jinsin ta amatsayin ya mace. Saboda kasancewarta aji tare da maza a gaban tsirara ana ganin bai dace ba, an sakasat ita kadai a inda ta aikin akan gawa a sirrin ta ita kadai, bayan awanni. Ta koma ga shan taba zuwa fuska da ma wari da formaldehyde Montessori ta lashe lambar yabo ta ilimi a shekarar farko, kuma a shekarar 1895. ta sami matsayin mataimaki na asibiti, samun gogewar farko a asibiti. A cikin shekaru biyu da ta gabata ta karanci ilimin likitancin yara da kuma ilimin halin ƙwaƙwalwa, kuma ta yi aiki a ɗakin likitan yara da sabis na gaggawa, ta zama ƙwararre a fannin likitan yara. Montessori ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Rome a shekarar 1896. a matsayin likita na likita. An buga wannan rubutun a cikin shekarar 1897. a cikin mujallar Policlinico Ta sami aiki a matsayin mataimaki a asibitin jami’ar kuma ta fara gudanar da wani aiki mai zaman kansa.
1896-1901: Farkon aiki da iyali Daga shekarar no1896 zuwa 1901, Montessori tayi aiki tare da bincike akan abin da ake kira "phrenasthenic" yara a cikin magangar zamani, yara suna fuskantar wani nau'i na jinkiri na hankali, rashin lafiya, ko tawaya. Har ila yau, ta fara tafiya, karatu, magana, da kuma bugawa a cikin gida da kuma duniya, tana zuwa matsayin mashahurin mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata da ilimi ga yara masu nakasa. A ranar 31 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1898, ta haifi ɗa guda ɗaya ɗa mai suna Mario Montessori (Maris 31, 1898 1982).. Mario Montessori an haife sshine ne saboda kaunar da ke tsakaninta da Giuseppe Montesano, wani kwararren likita wanda ya kasance tare da ita a makarantar Orthophrenic na Rome. Idan Montessori ta yi aure, ana tsammanin ta daina aiki da fasaha; maimakon yin aure, Montessori ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da ayyukanta da karatunta. Montessori ta so ta ci gaba da kasancewa tare da mahaifin ɗanta a ɓoye a cikin yanayin cewa ko ɗayansu ba zai auri wani ba. Lokacin da mahaifin ɗanta ya ƙaunace ta kuma daga baya yayi aure, ya bar Montessori tana jin anya ci amanarta kuma ta yanke shawarar barin asibitin jami'ar kuma ta sanya ɗanta cikin kulawa tare da dangin da ke zaune a ƙauyen zaɓuka don rasa 'yan shekarun farko na rayuwarsa. Ta kuduri cewa nan gaba za ta sake saduwa da ɗanta a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, inda ta tabbatar da cewa shi babban mataimaki ne a binciken ta.
Aiki tare da yara masu nakasar kwakwalwa Bayan kammala karatunta na digiri daga Jami'ar Rome a shekarar 1896, Montessori ta ci gaba da bincikenta a asibitin likitocin na jami'ar, kuma a cikin shekarar 1897, an karbe ta a matsayin mataimakiya ta son rai a can. A matsayin wani ɓangare na aikinta, ta ziyarci asylums a Rome inda ta lura da yara masu nakasa kwakwalwa, abubuwan lura waɗanda suke da asali ga aikinta na ilimi a nan gaba. Ta kuma karanta da kuma nazarin ayyukan likitocin ƙarni na 19 da masu ba da ilimi Jean Marc Gaspard Itard da Édouard Séguin, waɗanda suka yi tasiri sosai ga aikinta. Maria ta sami sha'awar ra'ayoyin Itard kuma ta kirkiro wani tsari na musamman da aka tsara don amfani da su ga ilimin yau da kullun na yara masu nakasa. Lokacin da ta gano ayyukan Jean Itard da Édouard Séguin sun ba ta sabon shugabanci a cikin tunani kuma sun rinjaye ta ta mai da hankali kan yara masu matsalar ilmantarwa. Hakanan a cikin shekarar 1897, Montessori ya bincika darussan Jami'a a cikin kayan koyarwa da karanta "duk manyan ayyuka akan ka'idar ilimi na shekaru dari biyu da suka gabata". An bayyana Montessori amatsayin mace mai kamar maza wacce keda kokari da jajircewa
Jawabin ga jama'a A cikin shekarar 1897, Montessori ta yi magana game da alhakin jama'a game da ɓacin rayuwar yara a Majalisar ofasa ta Medicine a Turin. A shekara ta 1898, ta rubuta kasidu da yawa kuma ta sake yin magana a Taron Farko na Turin, inda ta bukaci da a samar da ajujuuwa na musamman a makarantu ga yara masu matsalar nakasassu, da kuma horar da malamai ga masu koyar da su. A shekara ta 1899, Montessori an nada shi a matsayin mai bada shawara ga majalissar kasa da aka kafa don kare 'Ya'yan da aka yi ritaya, sannan aka gayyace shi zuwa lacca kan hanyoyin musamman na ilimi ga yaran da ke da nakasassu na ilimi a makarantar horar da malamai na Kwalejin Rome. A waccan shekarar, Montessori ta yi rangadin karatun ba da ilimi, na makonni biyu, ga manyan masu sauraro, a gaban manyan jama'a. Ta shiga cikin kwamitin kungiyar na kasa kuma an nada ta a matsayin malama a fagen tsabta da ilmin dabbobi a daya daga cikin kwalejojin horar da malamai na mata a Italiya.
Makarantar Orthophrenic A 1900 Leagueungiyar openedasa ta buɗe Scuola Magistrale Ortofrenica, ko Makarantar Orthophrenic, wani "makaranta na medico-pedagogical Institute" don horar da malamai a ilmantar da yara masu matsalar ƙwaƙwalwa tare da aji mai haɗe da ɗakin karatun. An nada Montessori a matsayin babban darakta. malamai 64 suka yi rajista a cikin aji na farko, suna nazarin ilimin halayyar dan adam, ilmin jikin mutum da ilimin halittar jiki na tsarin jijiya, ma'aunin cututtukan dabbobi, abubuwan da ke haifar da halaye na rashin hankali, da kuma hanyoyin musamman na koyarwa. A cikin shekaru biyun da ta yi a makarantar, Montessori ta kirkiro hanyoyin da kayan aiki, wanda da suke iya karba daga baya don amfani da su tare da manyan yara. Makarantar ta kasance nasara ce nan da nan, inda ta jawo hankalin jami’an gwamnati daga sassan ilimi da lafiya, da shugabannin al’umma, da kuma manyan mutane a fannonin ilimi, ilimin halin kwakwalwa, da kuma ilmin dabbobi na Jami’ar Rome. Yaran da ke cikin dakin karatun an jawo su ne daga makarantun talakawa amma ana daukar su “marasa-ilimi” saboda rashi. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan yaran daga baya sun wuce gwaje-gwaje na jama'a waɗanda aka ba wa abin da ake kira a al'ada da yara kamar kowa. A cikin shekarar 1901, Montessori ta bar Makarantar Orthophrenic da ayyukanta na sirri, kuma a cikin shekarar 1902, ta shiga makarantar digiri na Falsafa a Jami'ar Rome. (Falsafa a wancan lokacin wanda ya hada da yawancin abin da ake tunanin yanzu shine ilimin halin dan adam. Ta karanci ilimin falsafa da ilimin halin kirki, tarihin falsafa, da ilimin halin dan Adam irin wannan, amma ba ta sauke karatu ba. Ta kuma ci gaba da bincike mai zurfi a cikin ilmin kimiya na mutumtaka da falsafar ilimi, da gudanar da lura da binciken gwaji a makarantun firamare, sannan ta sake nazarin aikin Itard da Séguin, tare da fassara littattafansu zuwa Italiyanci na rubutun hannu. A wannan lokacin ta fara tunanin daidaita hanyoyin ta na ilimantar da yara masu nakasassu ga ilimin duniya, ta kasance mace mai kula sosai martabar mutane. Aikin Montessori yana haɓaka abin da ta kira daga baya "kimiyyar pedagogy" ya ci gaba a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Har yanzu a cikin shekarar 1902, Montessori ta gabatar da rahoto a babban taron koyarwa na kasa na biyu a Naples. Ta buga labarai biyu a kan hanyar koyarwa a cikin shekarar 1903, kuma biyu a shekara mai zuwa. A shekara ta 1903 da 1904, ta yi binciken ilimin ɗan adam tare da yaran childrenan makarantar, kuma a cikin shekarar 1904, ta sami digiri a matsayin malami mai ƙwaƙwalwa a fannin ilimin alaƙa na Jami'ar Rome. An nada ta don yin karatu a cikin makarantar Pedagogic a Jami'ar kuma ta ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin matsayi har zuwa shekarar 1908. An buga jawabinta amatsayin littafi mai suna Pedagogical Anthropology a 1910.
1906-1911: Casa dei Bambini da yaduwar ra'ayoyin Montessori A cikin shekarar 1906 aka gayyaci Montessori data kula da kulawa akan ilimin kungiyar gungun yara na iyayen da ke aiki a wani sabon ginin gidaje don iyalai masu karamin karfi a gundumar San Lorenzo a Rome. Montessori ta kasance mai sha'awar amfani da ayyukanta da hanyoyin ta don yara masu tunani a cikin al'ada, kuma ta yarda. Sunan Casa dei Bambini, ko Gidan Yara, an ba da shine ga Montessori, kuma Casa ta farko an buɗe e a ranar 6 ga Janairu, 1907, tana rajistar yara 50 ko 60 tsakanin shekaru biyu zuwa uku da shida ko bakwai. A farko, an shirya aji mai dauke da teburin malami da allo, da murhu, da kananan kujeru, da kujeru, da teburin rukunin yara, tare da akwatin kulle dakin kula da kayan da Montessori ta kirkira a Makarantar Orthophrenic. Ayyukan yara sun haɗa da kulawa ta mutum kamar sutura da sanya rigar ciki, kula da yanayi kamar ƙura da sharewa, da kuma kula da lambun. Hakanan an nuna wa yaran amfani da kayan da Montessori ta bunkasa. Montessori da kanta, sun yi aiki da koyarwa, bincike, da sauran ayyukan ƙwararru, ta kula da lura da aikin aji, amma ba koyar da yara kai tsaye. An ba da koyarwar yau da kullun da kulawa, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Montessori, ta hannun mai ginin gidan. A cikin wannan aji na farko, Montessori ta lura da halayen ɗalibai a cikin waɗannan ƙananan yara waɗanda suka kafa tushen tsarin karatun ta. Ta lura da jerin abubuwan da ta lakanci maida hankali da zurfafawa da yawaitawa, da maimaituwa kan tsari a cikin muhalli. Da aka ba su zaɓi na ayyukan kyauta, yaran sun nuna sha'awar ayyuka masu kyau da kayan Montessori fiye da kayan wasan yara da aka tanada masu, kuma abin mamaki ba su da ɗanɗano da sauran lada. Da shigewar lokaci, ta ga wata dabara ta ba da kai. Dangane da abubuwan da ta lura, Montessori ta aiwatar da ayyuka da yawa wadanda suka zama alamomin falsafar ilimi da kuma tsarinta. Ta maye gurbin manyan kayan daki da teburin kananan yara da kujeru masu haske wanda yaran zasu iya motsawa, tare da sanya kayan kananan yara a kanannan katako. Ta kara fadada ayyuka masu amfani kamar su shan ruwa da kuma kulawa ta mutum domin hadawa da wasu darussan motsa jiki don kula da yanayi da kai, gami da shirya fure, wanke hannu, motsa jiki, kula da dabbobi, da dafa abinci. Ta kuma hada manyan bangarorin bude kofa a cikin dakin karfafa yara su zo su tafi yadda suka ga dama a cikin bangarorin dakin daban-daban da kuma darussan da ke cikin dakin. A cikin littafinta ta baiyana misalin darajojin ranar hunturu da aka fara, wadanda suka fara daga 09:00 ni kuma na kammala a karfe 04:00 na yamma. 9-10. Entofar shiga. Gaisuwa. Dubawa game da tsabta na mutum. Darasi na rayuwa mai amfani; taimaka wa juna ya cire ya kuma sanya kayan maye. Haye saman ɗakin ganin duk abin da ke turɓaya kuma cikin tsari. Harshe: Lokacin tattaunawa: Yara suna ba da labarin abubuwan da suka faru kafin ranar. Darasi na Addini. 10-11. Darasi na hankali. Manyan darussan da aka katse ta gajeren lokacin hutu. Nomenclature, Sense bada. 11–11: 30. Hanyoyin motsa jiki mai sauƙi: motsawa na yau da kullun an yi da alheri, matsayin al'ada na jiki, tafiya, tafiya a layi, gaisuwa, motsawa don kulawa, sanya abubuwa cikin ladabi. 11: 30-12. Luncheon: Sallar gajeru. 12-1. Wasannin kyauta. 1-2. Wasannin da aka jagoranta, idan zai yiwu, a cikin iska. A wannan lokacin yaran sun girma tare da ayyukan darussan rayuwa, tsabtace dakin, turbaya, sanya kayan cikin tsari. Janar dubawa don tsabta: Tattaunawa. 2-3. Aikin hannu. Yin kwaikwayo na Clay, ƙira, da sauransu. 3-4. Cikakken kayan motsa jiki da waƙoƙi, in ya yiwu a buɗe sararin samaniya. Darasi don bunkasa abubuwanda ake tunani: Ziyara, da kulawa, tsirrai da dabbobi. Ta ji ajikinta cewa ta hanyar yin aiki da yara zaisa ukai ga iya isa ga sabon matakan samun mulkin kai kuma ya zama mai himma don kai sabon matakan fahimta. Montessori ta kuma yi imani da cewa sanin kowane ɗayan kowane mutum da kuma kula da su hakan zai samar da ingantaccen ilimi da ingantaccen damar a cikin kowane ɗan yaro. Ta ci gaba da daidaitawa da kuma gyara kayan da ta kirkira a baya, canza ko cire darussan da yaran da ba su zaɓa ba kdaoyaushe. Hakanan an danganta da abubuwan lura da ita, Montessori tayi gwaji tare da baiwa yara damar zaban kayan, aikin da bai katse ba, da kuma 'yancin motsi da aiki a cikin iyakokin da yankin ya tsara. Ta fara ganin 'yancin kai a matsayin manufar ilimi, da kuma matsayin malamin a matsayin mai sanya ido da kuma darektan ci gaban ilimin rayuwar yara.
Yada ilimin Montessori a Italiya Casa dei Bambini na farko ya kasance nasara, sannan aka buɗe na biyu a watan Afrilu 7, shekarar 1907. Yaran da ke cikin shirye-shiryenta sun ci gaba da nuna natsuwa, kulawa, da kamun kai da kansu, kuma manyan makarantu sun fara jawo hankulan manyan malamai, 'yan jarida da kuma jama'a. A ƙarshen shekara ta 1907, Montessori ta fara gwajin kayan koyarwa don rubutu da karatu haruffa da aka yanke daga sandpaper da aka hau kan allon, almakashi masu yanke ƙauna, da katunan hoto tare da alamomi. -A-an shekaru huɗu zuwa biyar suna aiki tare da kayan kuma cikin sauri suka sami ƙwarewa a rubuce da karatu fiye da abin da ake tsammani na shekarunsu. Wannan ya jawo hankalin jama'a ga aikin Montessori. Wasu ƙarin Case dei Bambini an buɗe su a cikin shekarar 1908, kuma a cikin shekarar 1909, Italiya da Switzerland sun fara maye gurbin hanyoyin Froebellian zuwa ta Montessori a cikin gidajen-marayu da kananan makarantu. A cikin shekarar 1909, Montessori ta dauki darasi na farko na horar da malamai a sabuwar hanyar ta a Città di Castello, Italiya. A wannan shekarar, ta bayyana abubuwan lura da kuma hanyoyin ta a cikin wani littafi mai suna Il Metodo della Pedagogia Scientifica Applyato All'Educazione Infantile Nelle Case Dei Bambini Hanyar Ilimin Kimiyya na ilimin kimiyya da Aiwatar da Ilimin Ilimin Yara a Gidajen Yara An yi ƙarin horo na biyu a Rome a shekarar 1910, kuma na uku a Milan a shekarar 1911. Darajar Montessori da aikinta sun fara yaduwa a cikin ƙasashen duniya kuma, a kusa da wannan lokacin ta daina aikinta na likita don ba da lokaci mafi yawa ga aikinta na ilimi, da inganta hanyoyinta, da horar da malamai. A shekara ta 1919, ta yi murabus daga matsayinta na Jami’ar Rome, saboda aikinta na ilimi yana ƙara karɓar dukkan lokacinta da sha'awarta.
1909-1915: Girmamawa a duniya da haɓakar ilimin Montessori Tun daga farkon 1909, aikin Montessori ya fara jawo hankalin masu sa ido na duniya da baƙi. Ayyukanta suna yaduwa cikin ƙasashen duniya, kuma suna yaduwa cikin sauri. A karshen shekarar 1911, Montessori ta sami karɓar gudanar da ilimin Montessori a makarantun gwamnati a Italiya da Switzerland, kuma an shirya shi don ayi a Burtaniya. Ya zuwa 1912, makarantun Montessori sun buɗe a Paris da kuma sauran biranen Yammacin Turai, kuma ana shirin yi a Argentina, Australiya, China, Indiya, Japan, Koriya, Mexico, Switzerland, Syuriya, Amurka, da New Zealand. Shirye-shiryen jama'a a London, Johannesburg, Rome, da Stockholm sun karbi hanyar a tsarin tsarin makarantunsu. An kafa ƙungiyoyin Montessori a cikin Amurka (Kwamitin Montessori American) da United Kingdom (Montessori Society for the United Kingdom). A cikin 1913 aka gudanar da Koyar da horo na Kasa da Kasa na farko a Rome, tare da na biyu a shekara ta 1914. An fassara ayyukan Montessori sosai kuma an buga su a wannan lokaci. Il Metodo della Pedagogia Scientifica an buga shi a Amurka amatsayin The Montessori Hanyar: Ilimin ilimin kimiyya kamar yadda aka Aiwatar da Ilimin Yara a cikin Gidajen Yara (wato The Montessori Method: Scientific Pedogogy as Applied to Child Education in the Children Houses), inda ya zama mafi yawan siyarwa. Bugun Burtaniya da Switzerland suka biyo baya. An buga bita na Italiyanci wanda aka sake bugawa a cikin 1913. Buga da Rashanci da Yaren mutanen Poland sun fito a cikin 1913 kuma fitowar Jaridun, Jafana, da Romaniyan a cikin 1914, sai kuma Spanish (1915), Dutch (1916), da kuma Danish (1917). An buga Pedagogical Anthropology a cikin Ingilishi a 1913. A shekara ta 1914, Montessori ta buga, cikin Ingilishi, Doctor Montessori's Handbook, jagorar mai amfani ga kayan aikin da ta bunkasa.
Montessori a Amurka A cikin shekarar 1911 da 1912, Ayyukan Montessori aikin sun shahara kuma sunyadu a cikin Amurka, musamman a cikin jerin kasidu a cikin mujallar McClure, kuma an buɗe makarantar Montessori ta Arewa ta farko a watan Oktoba 1911, a Tarrytown, New York Mawallafin Alexander Graham Bell da matarsa sun zama masu ba da izini ga hanyar kuma an buɗe makaranta ta biyu a gidansu Kanada. Hanyar Montessori ta sayar da sauri ta hanyar bugu shida. Montwararren Montessori na Amurka ne ya ɗauki nauyin ba da horo na farko na ƙasa da ƙasa a Rome a 1913, kuma 67 daga cikin ɗalibai 83 sun fito daga Amurka. Ya zuwa 1913 akwai makarantun Montessori sama da 100 a cikin ƙasar. Montessori ta tafi Amurka a cikin Disamba 1913 a cikin yawon shakatawa na makonni uku wanda ya haɗa da fina-finan ɗakunan karatun Turai, haɗuwa tare da manyan mutane masu ban sha'awa a duk inda ta yi tafiya. Montessori ta dawo Amurka a 1915, wanda kungiyar Ilimi ta Nationalasa ta dauki nauyi kuma ta ba da sanarwar gudummawa don nuna ayyukanta ataron Bayanai na Panama-Pacific a San Francisco, California, kuma don ba da horo na uku na ƙasa. An saka aji a gilashin gilashin a yayin Exposition, kuma dubun dubatar masu kallo sun zo ganin aji na ɗalibai 21. mahaifin Montessori ya mutu a watan Nuwamba 1915, kuma ta koma Italiya. Kodayake Montessori da tsarinta na koyar da ilimi sun shahara sosai a Amurka, amma ba tare da hamayya da jayayya ba. William heard Kilpatrick, malamin Falsafa na Amurka kuma mai neman canji a fannin ilimi John Dewey, ya rubuta littafin suka ga tsarin da mahimmancin da aka yi wa lakabi da Motar Montessori, wanda ke da babban tasiri. Kungiyar Kan Rana ta wasan Kwando ta ƙasa ta kasance mai mahimmanci. Masu sukar sunyi zargin cewa hanyar Montessori ta wuce gona da iri, da tsauraran matakai, tawakkali kan koyar da hankali, kuma ya rage karancin tunani, mu'amala tsakanin mutane, da wasa. Bugu da kari, dagewar Montessori game da tsauraran matakan fadada tsarinta, horar da malamai, samarwa da kuma amfani da kayan, da kuma kafa makarantu ya zama sanadiyyar rikici da jayayya. Bayan da ta fita a shekarar 1915, tsarin Montessori a Amurka ya rarrabu, kuma Montessori ilimin ya kasance abin sakaci a cikin tsarin karatua a Amurka har zuwa 1952.
1915–1939: Kara ci gaba na ilimin Montessori A shekara ta 1915, Montessori ta koma Turai inda ta zauna a Barcelona, Spaniya. A cikin shekaru 20 masu zuwa Montessori tayi balaguro da yin darussai a Turai kuma ta bada darussan koyar da malamai. Ilimin Montessori ta sami ci gaba mai yawa a Spain, Netherlands, United Kingdom, da Italiya.
Spain (1915-1936) Lokacin da ta dawo daga Amurka, Montessori ta ci gaba da ayyukanta a Barcelona, inda karamin shirin da gwamnatin ta Catalonia ta dauki nauyin farawa a 1915 ta ci gaba a cikin Escola Montessori, tana bauta wa yara daga shekaru uku zuwa goma, da kuma Laboratori i Seminari de Pedagogia, bincike, horo, da kwalejin koyarwa. An ba da horo na huɗu na ƙasa a can a 1916, ciki har da kayan aiki da hanyoyi, ci gaba a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata, don koyar da ilimin nahawu, ilmin lissafi, da ilimin lissafi ga yara na makarantar firamare tun daga shekara shida zuwa goma sha biyu. A shekara ta 1917, Montessori ta buga littafinta na farko a L'autoeducazionne nelle Scuole Elementari (Ilmi a cikin Makarantar Elementary), wanda ya fito a Turanci a matsayin Advanced Montessori Method A kusan 1920, ƙungiyar 'yancin cin gashin kanta ta Catalan ta fara neman Montessori da ta ɗauki matakin siyasa kuma ta ba da sanarwa a bainar jama'a ta amince da' yancin Catalan, kuma ta ƙi. An cire tallafin hukuma daga shirye-shiryenta. A 1924, sabon mulkin kama karya na soja ya rufe makarantar model ta Montessori a Barcelona, kuma Montessori ilimin ya ragu a Spain, duk da cewa Barcelona ta kasance gidan Montessori na shekaru goma sha biyu masu zuwa. A shekara ta 1933, a karkashin Jamhuriyyar Sifen ta biyu, gwamnatin ta dauki nauyin sabon horo, sannan aka sake samun tallafin gwamnati. A shekara ta 1934, ta buga littattafai guda biyu a Spain, Psicogeometrica da Psicoarithemetica Koyaya, tare da fara yakin basasa na Spain a 1936, yanayin siyasa da zamantakewa sun sa Montessori barin Spain dindindin.
Netherlands (1917-1919) A cikin shekarar 1917, Montessori ta karantar a Amsterdam, kuma an kafa Netherlands Montessori Society. Ta dawo ne a shekarar 1920 don bayar da jawabai daban-daban a Jami'ar Amsterdam Shirye-shiryen Montessori sun bunƙasa a cikin Netherlands, kuma zuwa tsakiyar 1930s akwai makarantun Montessori sama da 200 a cikin ƙasar. A cikin 1935 hedkwatar Montungiyar Montessori Internationale, ko AMI, ta koma dindindin zuwa Amsterdam.
Kasar Burtaniya (1919-191936) Karantarwar Montessori ya hadu tare da himma da jayayya a Ingila tsakanin 1912 da 1914. A shekara ta 1919, Montessori ta zo Ingila a karon farko kuma ta ba da horo na kasa da kasa wanda aka karbe shi da babbar sha'awa. Ilimin Montessori ya ci gaba da yaduwa a Burtaniya, kodayake ƙungiyar ta sami wasu gwagwarmaya game da amincin da rarrabuwa wanda ya gudana a Amurka. Montessori ya ci gaba da ba da horo a Ingila duk sauran shekara guda har zuwa farkon Yaƙin Duniya na II. kuma
Italiya (1922-1934) A cikin shekara ta 1922, an gayyaci Montessori zuwa Italiya a madadin gwamnati don ba da darussan laccoci kuma daga baya duba makarantun Montessori na Italiya. Daga baya a wannan shekarar gwamnatin Fasito ta Benito Mussolini ta hau kan mulki a Italiya. A watan Disamba, Montessori ta dawo Italiya don shirin jerin darussan horarwa na shekara-shekara a karkashin tallafin gwamnati, kuma a shekarar 1923, ministan ilimi Giovanni Gentile ya bayyana cikakken goyon bayansa ga makarantun Montessori da horar da malamai. A cikin shekara ta 1924, Montessori ya sadu da Mussolini, wanda ya ba da cikakkiyar goyon baya ga ilimin Montessori a zaman wani ɓangare na shirin ƙasa. Preungiyoyin pre-war na magoya bayan Montessori, Societa gli Amici del Metodo Montessori (kungiyar Abokan Montessori Method) ta zama kungiyar Opera Montessori (Montessori Society) tare da amintattun gwamnati, kuma a shekarar 1926, Mussolini ya zama shugaban girmamawa na ƙungiyar. A cikin shekarar 1927, Mussolini ya kafa kwalejin horar da malamin Montessori, kuma ya zuwa 1929 gwamnatin Italiya ta tallafa wa cibiyoyin Montessori da yawa. Koyaya, daga shekarar 1930, Montessori da gwamnatin Italiya sun shiga rikici game da tallafin kudi da kuma akida, musamman bayan lafuzan Montessori kan Lafiya da Ilimi. A cikin shekarar 1932, ita da ɗanta Mario an sanya su a ƙarƙashin sa ido akan siyasa. A ƙarshe, a cikin shekarar 1933, ta yi murabus daga Opera Montessori, kuma a shekarar 1934, ta bar Italiya. Gwamnatin Italiya ta kawo karshen ayyukan Montessori a cikin kasar a cikin shekarar 1936. Montessori ta cigaba da karbuwa a kasashe da dama a fadin duniya inda ta rika zuwa kasashe tana karantar da mutane akan hayar karantarwar ta..
Sauran ƙasashe Montessori ta karantar a Vienna a 1923, kuma an buga laccocin ta kamar Il Bambino a Famiglia, an buga shi a Turanci a 1936 a matsayin The Child in the Family Tsakanin shekarar 1913 zuwa 1936 an kuma kafa makarantun Montessori da al'ummomi a Faransa, Jamus, Switzerland, Belgium, Rasha, Serbia, Kanada, India, China, Japan, Indonesia, Australia, da New Zealand.
Kungiyar Montessori Internationale A cikin shekarar 1929, an yi taron farko na Montessori na kasa da kasa a Elsinore, Denmark, tare da haɗin Fifth Conference na New Education Fellowship. A wannan taron, Montessori da ɗanta Mario sun kafa Montungiyar Montessori Internationale ko AMI "don sa ido kan ayyukan makarantu da al'ummomi a duk faɗin duniya kuma su kula da horar da malamai." Har ila yau, AMI ta sarrafa haƙƙin wallafa ayyukan Montessori da kuma samar da kayan aikin Montessori didactic. Masu tallafawa na farkon na AMI sun haɗa da Sigmund Freud, Jean Piaget, da Rabindranath Tagore Zaman lafiya A cikin shekarar 1932, Montessori ta yi magana game da zaman lafiya da Ilimi a Babban Taro na Montessori na biyu a Nice, Faransa; Ofishin Kasa da Kasa ne, ya buga laccon shi a Geneva, Switzerland. A cikin shekarar 1932, Montessori ta yi jawabi a taron kira kan Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya a Geneva, Switzerland, kan taken zaman lafiya da Ilimi. Montessori ta gudanar da taron zaman lafiya daga shekarar 1932 zuwa 1939, a Geneva, Brussels, Copenhagen, da Utrecht, wadanda daga baya aka buga su cikin Italiyanci kamar Educazione e Pace, kuma a Turanci a matsayin Education and Peace A shekara ta 1949, da kuma sake sata a cikin shekarar 1950 da kuma a shekarar 1951, Montessori ta zama cikin wanda za'a ba lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel, inda aka karɓi jimlar mutane guda shida.
Laren, Netherlands (1936-1939) A cikin shekarar 1936 Montessori da iyalinta sun bar Barcelona zuwa Ingila, kuma ba da daɗewa ba suka ƙaura zuwa Laren, kusa da Amsterdam. Montessori da ɗanta Mario sun ci gaba da sabbin kayan abubuwa a nan, gami da fasahar murƙushewa, alamomin nahawu, da katunan notanclature. Dangane da tashe tashen hankula na soja a cikin Turai, Montessori ta ƙara maida hankalinta ga taken zaman lafiya. A shekara ta 1937, an gudanar da babban taro na kasa da kasa na Montessori na 6 a kan taken "Ilimi don Zaman Lafiya", kuma Montessori ta yi kira da "kimiyyar zaman lafiya" kuma ta yi magana game da matsayin ilimin yara kamar yadda mabuɗi don sake fasalin jama'a. A cikin shekarar 1938, theungiyar Theosophical Society ta gayyaci Montessori zuwa Indiya don ba da horo, kuma a 1939 ta bar Netherlands tare da ɗanta da abokin aiki Mario.
1939-1946: Montessori a Indiya Sha'awar Montessori ta kasance a Indiya tun a shekarar 1913, lokacin da ɗalibin Indiya ya halarci karatun farko na ƙasa a Rome, kuma ɗalibai a cikin shekarun 1920 zuwa 1930 sun dawo Indiya don fara makarantu da inganta ilimin Montessori. An kafa Kungiyar Montessori ta Indiya a cikin shekarar 1926, kuma an fassara Il Metodo cikin Gujarati da Hindi a shekarar 1927. Ya zuwa 1929, mawakiyar Indiya Rabindranath Tagore ta kafa makarantu da yawa "Tagore-Montessori" a Indiya, kuma an ba da wakilci sosai a fannin ilimin Indiya a Montessori a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekarar 1929. Montessori ita da kanta tana da haɗin kai da ƙungiyar Theosophical Society tun daga shekarar 1907. Yunkurin Theosophical, wanda aka himmatu don ilimantar da talakawa na Indiya, an jawo shi zuwa ilimin Montessori a matsayin mafita guda.
Kwarewa a Indiya Montessori ya ba da horo a Kungiyar Theosophical Society a Madras a cikin shekarar 1939, kuma ya yi niyyar ba da jawabai a jami'o'i daban-daban, sannan ya koma Turai. Koyaya, lokacin da Italiya ta shiga yakin duniya na II a gefen Jamusawa a cikin shekarar 1940, Burtaniya ta saka duk Italiyanci a Burtaniya da mulkinta a matsayin baƙon makiyi. A zahiri kawai Mario Montessori ya kasance mai ɗaukar hoto, yayin da Montessori kanta aka kulle ta da cibiyar ta Theosophical Society, kuma Mario ya sake saduwa da mahaifiyarsa bayan watanni biyu. Montessoris ya ci gaba da zama a Madras da Kodaikanal har zuwa shekarar 1946, kodayake an ba su damar yin tafiya dangane da laccoci da darussan.
Kayan karatun boko, ilimin kwalliya, da haihuwa zuwa uku A cikin shekarun rayuwarta a Indiya, Montessori da ɗanta Mario sun ci gaba da haɓaka hanyar karatun ta. Kalmar "ilimin ilimin halittar jiki" an gabatar dashi don bayyana tsarin kula da yara masu shekaru daga shida zuwa shekaru goma sha biyu wanda ya jaddada jituwa ga dukkanin abubuwan duniyar duniyar. Yara sunyi aiki kai tsaye tare da tsirrai da dabbobi a cikin mahallinsu na al'ada, kuma Montessoris ta haɓaka darussan, zane-zane, zane-zane, da samfuri don amfani tare da ƙananan yara na farko. An ƙirƙiri abu don ilmin dabbobi, da labarin ƙasa. Tsakanin shekara ta 1942 zuwa 1944 an haɗa waɗannan abubuwan a cikin babban tafarki don aiki tare da yara daga shekaru shida zuwa sha biyu. Wannan aikin ya haifar da littattafai guda biyu: Ilimi don Sabon Duniya da Don Ilmantar da Humanan Adam Yayin da yake cikin Indiya, Montessori ta lura da yara da matasa na kowane zamani, kuma sun juya zuwa karatun ƙuruciya. A cikin shekarar 1944, ta ba da laccoci iri-iri a kan shekaru uku na farko na rayuwa, da kuma makarantar horarwa da gwamnati ta amince da su a Sri Lanka. An tattara waɗannan laccoci ne a shekara ta 1949 a cikin littafin me Ya Kamata Ku Yi Game da Yaran ku A cikin shekarar 1944, an ba Monttorois wasu 'yanci motsi kuma sun yi tafiya zuwa Sri Lanka. A cikin shekara ta 1945, Montessori ta halarci taron farko na Indiya Montessori a Jaipur, kuma a cikin shekarar 1946, tare da yaƙe-yaƙe, ita da iyalinta sun koma Turai.
1946-1952: Shekarun ƙarshe A cikin shekarar 1946, lokacin tana da shekaru 76, Montessori ta dawo Amsterdam, amma ta kwashe shekaru shida masu zuwa tafiya Turai da Indiya. Ta ba da horo a Landan a cikin shekarar 1946, kuma a 1947, ta bude cibiyar koyar da horo a can, Cibiyar Montessori. Bayan 'yan shekaru wannan cibiyar ta sami' yancin kanta daga Montessori kuma ta ci gaba a matsayin Cibiyar Horarwa ta St. Nicholas Hakanan a cikin 1947, ta koma Italiya don sake kafa Opera Montessori kuma ta ba wasu ƙarin horo biyu. Daga baya a wannan shekarar ta dawo Indiya inda ta ba da horo a Adyar da Ahmedabad Wadannan darussan sun haifar da littafin The Absorbent Mind, wanda Montessori ya ba da bayanin ci gaban yaro tun daga haihuwa har zuwa gaba da gabatar da manufar Tsarin Haɓaka Goma na huɗu. A cikin shekarar 1948, an sake buga Il Metodo kuma aka buga shi cikin Ingilishi kamar yadda Discovery of the Yara A cikin shekarar 1949, ta ba da horo a Pakistan kuma aka kafa essungiyar Montessori Pakistan. A cikin shekarar 1949, Montessori ta dawo Turai kuma ta halarci Babban Taro na Montessori na 8 a Sanremo, Italiya, inda aka nuna salon aji. A wannan shekarar, an fara koyar da horo na farko don haihuwa zuwa shekaru uku, wanda ake kira Scuola Assistenti all'infanzia (Montessori School for Assistants to Infancy). An ba ta lambar yabo ta Nobel Peace Prize An kuma bai wa Montessori lambar girmamawa ta Faransa, Darakta ta Dutch of Orange Nassau, kuma ya samu lambar girmamawa ta Jami’ar Amsterdam. A cikin shekarar 1950, ta ziyarci Scandinavia, wakilcin Italiya a taron UNESCO a Florence, wanda aka gabatar a yayin horo na 29 na kasa da kasa a Perugia, ya ba da horo na kasa a Rome, an buga bugu na biyar na Il Metodo tare da sabon taken La Scoperta del Bambino The Discovery na Yara kuma an sake nada shi don lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel. A cikin shekarar 1951, ta shiga cikin Taro na 9 na kasa da kasa na Montessori a London, ta ba da horo a Innsbruck, an zabe ta a karo na uku don lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel. Montessori ya mutu bayan cutar malali a ranar 6 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 1952, yana da shekara 81 a Noordwijk aan Zee, Netherlands.
Legacy An nuna makarantun Maria Montessori da Montessori akan tsabar kudi da banki na Italiya, sannan akan tambura na Netherlands, Indiya, Italiya, Maldives, Pakistan da Sri Lanka. A shekarata 2020, Lokaci ya zabi Montessori a matsayin daya daga cikin Manyan Mata 100 na shekarar, wani lamunin wanda ya baiwa kyautar Kyautar Shekara.
Hanyar karatu
Tasirin farko Tunanin Jeaness Gaspard Itard, Édouard Séguin, Friedrich Fröbel, da Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, dukkansu sun ba da fifikon bincike da halayyar ilimi. Aiki na farko na Montessori tare da yara masu nakasa, a cikin School na Orthophrenic a cikin 1900-11901, sun yi amfani da hanyoyin Itard da Séguin, horar da yara a cikin ayyukan jiki kamar tafiya da kuma amfani da cokali, horar da hankalinsu ta hanyar bayyanar da gani, kamshi, da gogewa mai ban tsoro, da kuma gabatar da haruffa a sikelin tactile. Wadannan ayyukan sun haɓaka cikin kayan Montessori "Sensorial".
Ilimin kimiyya Montessori ta dauki aikinta a cikin Makarantar Orthophrenic da kuma karatun ta na gaba-gaba da aikin bincike a makarantun firamare a matsayin "tsarin ilimin kimiyya", ra'ayi ne na yanzu a cikin karatun ilimi a lokacin. Ta yi kira ba wai kawai lura da auna dalibai ba, har ma da samar da sabbin hanyoyin da za su canza su. "Ilimin kimiya, sabili da haka, shine wanda, yayin da aka danganta da kimiyya, aka gyara da inganta mutum." Bugu da kari, ilimi kansa yakamata ya canza shi ta hanyar kimiyya: "Sabbin hanyoyin da idan ana tafiyar dasu akan layin kimiyya, yakamata su canza makarantar gaba daya da hanyoyin ta, yakamata su samar da sabon tsarin ilimi."
Casa dei Bambini Aiki tare da yara marasa nakasassu a cikin Casa dei Bambini a cikin shekarar 1907, Montessori ta fara kirkirar karatun kanta. Abubuwa masu mahimmanci na ka'idodinta na ilimi sun samo asali daga wannan aikin, wanda aka bayyana a cikin Hanyar The Montessori a cikin shekarar 1912, da kuma cikin Discovery of the Yara a shekarar 1948. An kafa tushenta ne bisa lura da yara a 'yanci don aiwatar da yardar kaina a cikin yankin da aka shirya don biyan bukatunsu. Montessori ya kammala da cewa aikin yara a cikin wannan yanayi ya nuna wani shiri na ciki na ci gaba, kuma matsayin da ya dace na malamin shine ya cire wani cikas ga wannan cigaban halitta tare da samar da damar hakan don ci gaba da bunkasa. Don haka, an shigar da ɗakunan makarantar ɗakunan yara masu yara, "ayyukan rayuwa" masu amfani kamar su sharewa da teburin wanka, da kayan koyarwa waɗanda Montessori ta bunkasa kanta. An bai wa yara 'yancin zaɓan da kuma tafiyar da ayyukansu, a nasu wuraren da bin sha'awar kansu. A cikin waɗannan yanayin, Montessori ta sanya abubuwan lura da yawa waɗanda suka zama tushen aikinta. Da farko, ta lura da sanya hankali sosai a cikin yara da kuma maimaitawa ta hanyar abubuwan da aka zaɓa. Har ila yau, ta lura da irin mummunan halin da yaran ke yi na yin odar yankin nasu, da daidaita tebur da shelves da yin odar kayayyakin. Yayinda yara suka zaɓi wasu ayyukan akan wasu, Montessori ta gyara kayan da ta basu. Bayan wani lokaci, yaran sun fara nuna abin da ta kira "ladabi mara lafiyan".
Karin ci gaba da ilimin Montessori a yau Montessori ta ci gaba da bunkasa tsarinta da tsarinta na ci gaban ɗan adam yayin da take fadada ayyukanta tare da faɗaɗawa ga yara mazan. Ta ga halayen mutane kamar yadda kowa ke bi da shi, halaye na asali a cikin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam wanda ɗanta da mai ba da gudummawa Mario Montessori ya bayyana a matsayin "sha'awar ɗan adam" a cikin 1957. Bugu da kari, ta lura lokuta daban-daban, ko "jirage", a cikin ci gaban mutum, daga haihuwa zuwa shekaru shida, daga shida zuwa goma sha biyu, daga sha biyu zuwa goma sha takwas, daga goma sha takwas zuwa ashirin da huɗu. Ta ga halaye daban-daban, yanayin koyo, da kuma ci gaban ci gaban da ke aiki a kowane daga cikin wadannan jirage, ta kuma yi kira da a samar da hanyoyin da suka shafi ilimi a kowane lokaci. A cikin tsawon rayuwarta, Montessori ta kirkiro da hanyoyin karatun da kayan kayan jirgi na jirgi biyu na farko, daga haihuwa zuwa shekaru goma sha biyu, kuma ta yi rubutu da lectures game da jirage uku da na huxu. Mariya ta kirkiro wasu aji 4000 na Montessori a duk faɗin duniya kuma an fassara littattafarta cikin yaruka da yawa don horar da sababbin masu ilimi. An shigar da hanyoyin nata a cikin daruruwan makarantu na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu a duk faɗin Amurka.
Hanyar Montessori Daya daga cikin ayyukan Montessori dayawa shine hanyar Montessori Wannan hanya ce ta ilimi ga yara masu karamin karfi wanda ke karfafa ci gaban shirin yaro da iyawar halitta, musamman ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayo. Wannan hanyar ta ba yara damar haɓaka yadda suke so kuma ya samar wa masu ilimi sabbin fahimtar ci gaban yara. Littafin Montessori, The Montessori Hanyar, ya gabatar da hanya daki-daki. Malamai masu bin wannan ƙirar sun kafa mahalli na musamman don biyan bukatun ɗalibai a cikin ƙungiyoyi masu haɓaka shekaru uku masu tasowa: shekaru 2-2.5, shekaru 2.5-6, da kuma shekaru 6-12. Studentsaliban suna koyo ta hanyar ayyukan da suka shafi bincike, jan hankali, tsari, maimaitawa, ƙauracewa, da sadarwa. Malamai suna ƙarfafa yara a cikin shekaru biyu na farko don amfani da hankalinsu don ganowa da sarrafa kayan a cikin yanayin da suke ciki. Yara a ƙarshen zamani sunyi ma'amala tare da tsararren ra'ayi dangane da sabon ikon tunani, hangen nesa, da kerawa.
Ayyuka Montessori ta buga littattafai da kasidu da kasidu da dama a lokacin rayuwarta, galibi cikin Italiyanci, amma wani lokacin farko a Turanci. A cewar Kramer, "manyan ayyukan da aka buga kafin shekarar 1920 The Montessori Hanyar, Pedagogical Anthropology, Advanced Montessori Method spontaneous Aiki a Ilimi da Montessori Elementary Material an rubuta ta cikin Italiyanci sannan kuma aka fassara ta ƙarƙashin kulawarta." Koyaya, da yawa daga cikin ayyukanta daga baya an rubuto su ne daga laccocin ta, galibi a fassara, kuma daga baya ne aka buga su a littafin littattafai. An ba da manyan ayyukan Montessori a nan saboda tsarinsu na farko, tare da manyan bita da fassara. (1909) Il Metodo della Pedagogia Scientifica applicato all'educazione infantile nelle Case dei Bambini bita a cikin 1913, 1926, da 1935; Bita da sake magana a cikin 1950 a matsayin La Scoperta del bambino (1912) Ingilishi na Turanci: Hanyar Montessori: Harshen Ilimin kimiyya kamar yadda ake Amfani da Ilimin Yara a cikin Gidajen Yara (1948) Bita da haɓaka Ingilishi wanda aka bayar azaman The Discovery of the Yara (1950) Aka sake fasalta kuma aka sake bugawa cikin Italiyanci kamar La Scoperta del bambino (1910) Antropologia Pedagogica (1913) Buga na Ingilishi: Pedagogical Anthropology (1914) Littafin Jagora na kansa Dr. Montessori (1921) Itace Italiyanci: Manuale di pedagogia kimiya (1916) L'autoeducazione nelle scuole elementari (1917) Buga na Ingilishi: Hanyar Advanced Montessori, Vol. Ni: Aiki Na Zamani A Ilimi; Fitowa II: The Montessori Elementary Material. (1922) I bambini viventi nella Chiesa (1929) Ingilishi Ingilishi: Yaron a cikin Ikilisiya, littafin farko na Maria Montessori game da dokar Ka'aba ta Katolika tun daga matsayin yarinyar. (1923) Das Kind in der Familie (Jamusanci) (1929) Ingilishi Ingilishi: Yaro a Iyali (1936) Buga na Italiyanci: Il bambino a cikin famiglia (1934) Psico Geométria (Mutanen Espanya) (2011) Ingilishi na Turanci: Psychogeometry (1934) Psico Aritmética (1971) Buga na Italiyanci: Psicoaritmetica (1936) L'Enfant (Faransa) (1936) Buga na Ingilishi: Asirin Childan Yara (1938) Il segreto dell'infanzia (1948) De l'enfant à l'adolescent (1948) Buga na Ingilishi: Daga Yarinya Zuwa Jariri (1949) Dall'infanzia all'adolescenza (1949) Educazione e taki (1949) Ingilishi na Turanci: Salama da Ilimi (1949) Formazione dell'uomo (1949) Ingilishi na Turanci: Tsarin Mutum (1949) Rashin Ingantaccen Zuciya (1952) La mente del bambino. Mente assorbente (1947) Ilimi don Sabon Duniya (1970) Buga na Italiya: Educazione per un mondo nuovo (1947) Domin Ilmantar da Abubuwan Dan Adam (1970) Buga na Italiyanci: Ku zo educare il potenziale umano
Manazarta
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57509 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam%20Chaikin | Miriam Chaikin | Miriam Chaikin(1924 zuwa 15 Afrilu 2015)marubuciya ce ta yara kuma mawaƙiya,ta buga aƙalla littattafai 35.Ta sha yin rubutu game da rayuwar Yahudawa.An ba ta lambar yabo ta Sydney Taylor Book Award da lambar yabo ta Littafin Yahudawa ta ƙasa.
Tarihin Rayuwa Chaikin,wanda aka fi sani da Molly ga danginta,an haife shi a Urushalima a 1924;danginta sun zo Amurka a 1925 kuma ta girma a Brooklyn.Iyalinta talakawa ne. Chaikin ya yi aiki da kungiyar agaji ta Isra'ila Irgun a reshensu na Amurka, sannan a matsayin sakataren majalisar wakilai,sannan a matsayin editan littafi. Ta zauna a wani lokaci a Isra'ila.A cikin Birnin New York,ta zauna a Westbeth Artists Community. A matsayinta na marubucin aƙalla littattafai 35 na yara,hankalinta ya kasance kan rayuwar Yahudawa. Ta kuma buga waƙa da littafi game da Urushalima. Dan uwanta,Joseph Chaikin,dan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma darekta,kuma daya daga cikin 'yan uwanta,Shami Chaikin,dan wasan kwaikwayo.Yayarta,kuma Miriam Chaikin,ƙwararriyar ɗan adam ce.
Chaikin ya rasu a ranar 15 ga Afrilu,2015 yana da shekara 90.
Littattafai da liyafar mahimmanci Margaret Yatsevitch Phinney ta bayyana manufar Chaikin a matsayin"amince da yara na gama-gari,amma duk da haka akwai damuwa na keɓewa da kaɗaici,da kuma sanar da su wasu sun ji irin wannan."Phinney kuma ta lura cewa manufar Chaikin,"musamman a cikin littattafanta na baya,shine haskakawa da rubuta tarihi,al'adu,da dabi'un mutanen Yahudawa",da kuma tunawa da Holocaust Ya Kamata Na Damu,Ya Kamata Na Kula (1979),an kwatanta a cikin Jaridar Makarantar Laburare:"Daya daga cikin tarin littattafai game da matasa, Bayahude,da zama a Brooklyn kafin Yaƙin Duniya na II,wannan yana da daɗi game da shi.,duk da cewa babu wani abu da ya faru da yawa,abin da ke sa karatu mai kyau....Mutuwa,talauci,inuwa mai duhu na kyamar Yahudawa duk suna yin barazana ga duniyar Molly,amma ba sa kawo tarnaki ga yara.Ba lallai ne ku zama Bayahude ba don son wannan.”Chaikin ya ci gaba da labarin Molly zuwa wasu littattafai;The New York Times ya bayyana Abokai Har abada(1988)a matsayin"na biyar a cikin jerin shirye-shirye masu gamsarwa game da Molly,kyakkyawar yarinya Bayahudiya wacce ta girma a Borough Park,Brooklyn,kafin yakin duniya na biyu.A cikin wannan kashin ita da abokanta a aji 6B dole ne su yi jarrabawar ajin ci gaba da sauri a ƙaramar sakandare.”
Sauran jerin Chaikin,littattafan Yossi,Liz Rosenberg ne ya bayyana shi a cikin The New York Times a matsayin wani ɓangare na motsi na rashin laifi da"almara mai daɗi".Yossi yaro Bayahude ne Hasidic.
Jerin Yossi Yadda Yossi ya doke Mugun Shawara (1983),wanda Petra Mathers ya kwatanta,Harper,New York
Yossi Ya Nemi Mala'iku Don Taimako (1985),wanda Petra Mathers ya kwatanta,Harper,New York
Yossi Yana Ƙoƙarin Taimakawa Allah (1987),Denise Saldutti ya kwatanta, Harper,New York
Feathers in the Wind(1989),Denise Saldutti,Harper,New York ya kwatanta.
Sauran littattafai Ittki Pittki(1971),wanda Harold Berson ya kwatanta,Latsa Mujallar Iyaye,New York
The Happy Pairr da Sauran Labaran Soyayya (1972),wanda Gustave Nebel ya kwatanta,Putnam,New York
Hardlucky(1973),Fernando Krahn ya kwatanta,Lippincott,Philadelphia
Rana ta Bakwai:Labarin Sabanin Yahudawa(1979),wanda David Frampton ya kwatanta,Doubleday, New York
Girgiza Reshen Dabino:Labari da Ma'anar Sukkot(1984),wanda Marvin Friedman ya kwatanta,Clarion,New York
Tambayi Wata Tambaya:Labari da Ma'anar Idin Ƙetarewa (1985),wanda Marvin Friedman,Clarion,New York ya kwatanta.
Piano na Aviva(1986),wanda Yossi Abolafia ya kwatanta,Clarion New York
Sauti da Shofar :Labari da Ma'anar Rosh Hashanah da Yom Kippur (1986),wanda Erika Weihs ya kwatanta, Clarion,New York
Esther(1987),wanda Vera Rosenberry ya kwatanta,Society Publication Society
Fitowa(1987),wanda Charles Mikolaycak ya kwatanta,Gidan Holiday,New York
Hinkl da Sauran Labaran Shlemiel (1987),wanda Marcia Posner ya kwatanta,Shapolsky Publishers
Mafarkin Dare a Tarihi:Holocaust, 1933-1945(1987),Clarion,New York
Hanukkah(1990),wanda Ellen Weiss ya kwatanta,Gidan Holiday,New York
Menorahs,Mezuzas,da Sauran Alamun Yahudawa(1990),wanda Erika Weihs ya kwatanta,Clarion, New York
Gajimare na ɗaukaka:Tatsuniyoyi da Labarai game da Zamanin Littafi Mai Tsarki(1997),David Frampton, Clarion,New York ya kwatanta.
Kada Ku Taka A Sama: Hannun Haiku (2002),wanda Hiroe Nakata ya kwatanta,Henry Holt, New York
Mala'iku Suna Sharar Gidan Hamada: Tatsuniyoyi na Littafi Mai Tsarki game da Musa a cikin jeji(2002),wanda Alexander Koshkin ya kwatanta, Clarion,New York
Rubutun Alexandra:Labarin Hanukkah na Farko(2002),wanda Stephen Fieser ya kwatanta,Henry Holt,New York
Urushalima:Tarihin Biranen Ba na yau da kullun(2015),CreateSpace Platform Publishing Independent Space
Nassoshi
Kara karantawa Essay na Chaikin a cikin Littafi na shida na Marubuta da Masu zane-zane(1989),ed.Holtze,Sally Holmes.
Jawabin karbuwa daga Chaikin don Kyautar Littafin Sydney Taylor, Littattafan Judaica,2:29-30
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Biography at Westbeth Artists Community
Shami, Joe, da Molly, tunowa ta 'yar'uwarsu
Tarihin Rayuwa
Takardun Miriam Chaikin a Laburaren Elmer L. Andersen
Matattun |
35882 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerin%20kungiyoyin%20muhalli%20na%20duniya | Jerin kungiyoyin muhalli na duniya | Ƙungiya ce ta muhalli ƙungiya ce da ke fitowa dan kiyayewa ko ƙungiyoyin muhalli waɗanda ke neman karewa, nazari ko saka idanu akan yanayi daga rashin amfani ko lalacewa daga dakarun mutane A nan ma'ana yanayi na iya nufin yanayin yanayin halitta ko yanayin. Ƙungiya na iya zama ƙungiyar agaji, amana, ƙungiya mai zaman kanta, ƙungiyar gwamnati ko ƙungiyoyin gwamnatoci Ƙungiyoyin muhalli na iya zama ta duniya, na ƙasa, yanki ko na gida. Wasu batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli da kuma kungiyoyin muhalli suka mayar da hankali a kai sun hada da gurbatar yanayi, gurbacewar robobi, sharar gida, raguwar albarkatu, yawan jama'a da kuma sauyin yanayi Ƙungiyoyin gwamnatoci
Duniya Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya akan Lafiya da Gurɓatawa (GAHP)
Tsarin Mulkin Duniya (ESGP)
Yajin aikin makaranta don yanayi ko Juma'a don Gaba (FFF)
Cibiyar Ci gaban Koren Duniya (GGGI)
Ƙungiyar gwamnatoci kan Canjin Yanayi (IPCC)
Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya don Kare Halitta (IUCN)
Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEP)
Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Turai (EEA)
Haɗin gwiwa a cikin Gudanar da Muhalli don Tekun Gabashin Asiya (PEMSEA)
Hukumomin gwamnati Jihohi da yawa suna da hukumomin da suka sadaukar da kansu don sa ido da kare muhalli:
Ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na duniya Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin suna da hannu cikin kula da muhalli, lobbying, shawarwari, da/ko ƙoƙarin kiyayewa Nahiyar
Ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na ƙasa These organizations are involved in environmental management, lobbying, advocacy, and/or conservation efforts at the national level:
Albania Institute for Environmental Policy in Albania
Australia Australian Conservation Foundation
Australian Koala Foundation
Australian Network of Environmental Defenders Offices
Australian Student Environment Network
Australian Youth Climate Coalition
Australian Wildlife Conservancy
Bush Heritage Australia
Birds Australia
Blue Wedges
CERES Community Environment Park
Clean Ocean Foundation
Environment Victoria
Foundation for National Parks Wildlife
Greening Australia
Public Transport Users Association
The Wilderness Society (Australia)
Wildlife Watch Australia
Austria Transitforum Austria Tirol
Bangladesh Bangladesh Environmental Lawyers Association
Belgium Corporate Europe Observatory
Bolivia Comunidad Inti Wara Yassi (CIWY)
Sustainable Bolivia
Cambodia Angkor Centre for Conservation of Biodiversity
Free the Bears Fund
Save Cambodia's Wildlife
Canada Ancient Forest Alliance
Bird Protection Quebec
Canadian Association of Physicians for the Environment
Canadian Environmental Law Association
Canadian Environmental Network
Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society
Canadian Youth Climate Coalition
David Suzuki Foundation
Earth Liberation Army (ELA)
Earth Rangers
Ecojustice Canada
Energy Probe
Green Action Centre
Manitoba Eco-Network
Nature Canada
Nature Conservancy of Canada
Ontario Nature
Pembina Institute
Regenesis (non-profit organization)
Sierra Club Canada
Sierra Youth Coalition
Stand.earth
The Society for the Preservation of Wild Culture
Toronto Environmental Alliance (TEA)
Western Canada Wilderness Committee
Cape Verde Quercus Cabo Verde
China Friends of Nature (China)
Green Camel Bell
Greenpeace East Asia
Colombia Fundación ProAves
Costa Rica Acción de Lucha Anti-Petrola
Croatia Ekološko društvo Zeleni Osijek
Czech Republic Hnutí Brontosaurus
Hnutí DUHA Friends of the Earth Czech Republic
Denmark Danish Organisation for Renewable Energy (OVE)
Estonia Estonian Nature Fund
Tartu Students' Nature Conservation Circle
Ethiopia Population, health, and the environment (PHE)
Finland Finnish Association for Nature Conservation
France France Nature Environnement
GoodPlanet Foundation
Water and Rivers of Brittany
Germany Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland
BUNDjugend
EarthLink e.V.
Ethecon Foundation
Fuck for Forest
German Foundation for World Population
Global Nature Fund
Naturschutzbund Deutschland Robin Wood
Greece Environmental Centre ARCTUROS
ARCHELON, the Sea Turtle Protection Society of Greece
Mediterranean Association to Save the Sea Turtles (MEDASSET)
Hong Kong Clean Air Network
Clear the Air (Hong Kong)
Friends of the Earth (HK)
Green Council
Green Power
Greenpeace
Lights Out Hong Kong
Society for Protection of the Harbour
The Conservancy Association
The Climate Group
India Agency for Non-conventional Energy and Rural Technology (ANERT)
Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS)
Centre for Science and Environment (CSE)
Conserve
Environment Conservation Group
Environmentalist Foundation of India
Pasumai Thaayagam TNPT
Poovulagin Nanbargal
Pragya India
The Energy and Resources Institute
Vindhyan Ecology and Natural History Foundation
Indonesia Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation
Fire Free Alliance
Gili Eco Trust
The Indonesian Forum for Environment
Mangrove Care Forum Bali
Organisation for the Preservation of Birds and their Habitat
Sumatran Orangutan Conservation Programme
Yayasan Merah Putih
Ireland Gluaiseacht
Irish Peatland Conservation Council (IPCC)
Tramore Eco Group
Israel Green Party
Israel Union for Environmental Defense Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel Zalul Environmental Association
Italy Rientrodolce
Legambiente
Kenya Green Belt Movement
Pragya Kenya
Korea Friends of the Earth Korea
Global Green Growth Institute Korean Federation for Environmental Movement
Korean Mountain Preservation League
North Macedonia Macedonian Ecological Society
Madagascar Blue Ventures
L'Homme et L'Environnement
Malta BirdLife Malta
Nepal International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development
National Trust for Nature Conservation
Netherlands Global Forest Coalition
Milieudefensie
Rutgers WPF
Dutch Society for the Protection of Animals
New Zealand Buller Conservation Group
Conservation Volunteers New Zealand
Environment and Conservation Organisations of Aotearoa New Zealand
Live Ocean
Native Forest Restoration Trust
New Zealand Ecological Restoration Network
New Zealand Institute of Environmental Health OceansWatch
Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society of New Zealand
Save Happy Valley Campaign
TerraNature
Waipoua Forest Trust
Norway Bellona Foundation
Eco-Agents
Green Warriors of Norway Nature and Youth
Norwegian Society for the Conservation of Nature
Zero Emission Resource Organisation
Pakistan Himalayan Wildlife Foundation
Palestine Palestinian Environmental NGOs Network
Philippines Haribon Foundation
Sibuyanons Against Mining
Alyansa Tigil Mina
Poland
Workshop for All Beings
Portugal Quercus
Puerto Rico Casa Pueblo
Sierra Leone ENFORAC (Environmental Forum for Action)
South Africa Cape Town Ecology Group
Dolphin Action Protection Group
The Earth Organization
Earthlife Africa
Endangered Wildlife Trust
EThekwini ECOPEACE
Groundwork
Koeberg Alert
Natural Justice: Lawyers for Communities and the Environment
Wildlife Environment Society
Spain Asociación pola defensa da ría
Switzerland Pro Natura
Swiss Association for the Protection of Birds
Ecology and Population
Swiss Association for Transport and Environment
Pro Specie Rara
Tanzania Tanzania Social Support Foundation
Tanzania Environmental Conservation Society (TECOSO Tanzania)
Uganda Conservation Through Public Health (Population Health Environment programme)
Ukraine Ukraine Nature Conservation Society (UkrTOP)
United Arab Emirates Emirates Environmental Group
Zayed International Foundation for the Environment
United Kingdom Agroforestry Research Trust
Association for Environment Conscious Building
Bat Conservation Trust
Bicycology
BioRegional
Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland
British Ecological Society
British Mycological Society
British Phycological Society
British Trust for Ornithology
Buglife
Bumblebee Conservation Trust
Butterfly Conservation
Campaign for Better Transport
Campaign for National Parks (CNP)
Campaign for the Protection of Rural Wales
Campaign to Protect Rural England
Canal River Trust
Centre for Alternative Technology (CAT)
Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management (CIWEM)
The Conservation Volunteers
Earth Liberation Front (ELF)
Earth Liberation Prisoner Support Network (ELPSN)
Earthworm Society of Britain
Environmental Investigation Agency
Environmental Justice Foundation
Environmental Law Foundation (ELF)
Environmental Protection UK
The Facilities Society (sustainable facilities)
Forest Peoples Programme
Friends of the Earth
Froglife
Garden Organic
Global Action Plan
Green Alliance
Green Wood Centre
Groundwork UK
Hardy Plant Society
John Muir Trust
Keep Britain Tidy
The Mammal Society
Manx National Heritage
Marine Conservation Society
National Biodiversity Network
National Fruit Collection
National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty
National Trust for Scotland
Open Spaces Society
People Planet
People's Trust for Endangered Species
Permaculture Association
Plane Stupid
Plantlife
Population Matters
Possible
The Ramblers
Residents Against SARP Pollution
The Rivers Trust
Royal Forestry Society
Royal Horticultural Society
RSPB (Royal Society for the Protection of Birds)
Scottish Wildlife Trust
Soil Association
Stop Climate Chaos
Sustrans
The Tree Register
The Civic Trust
The Corner House
The Institution of Environmental Sciences
The Wildlife Trusts
Town and Country Planning Association
UK Environmental Law Association (UKELA)
UK Student Climate Network (UKSCN)
Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society
Wildfowl Wetlands Trust
Woodland Trust
Amurka
Duba |
39723 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice%20Talon | Patrice Talon | Patrice Guillaume Athanase Talon (an haife shi 1 ga watan Mayu 1958) ɗan siyasan Benin ne kuma ɗan kasuwa wanda ya kasance Shugaban Benin tun daga 6 Afrilu 2016.
Rayuwar farko da aiki Talon dan asalin Fon ne kuma an haife shi a Ouidah .fito daga masu fataucin bayi. Mahaifinsa ya fito daga Ouidah yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta fito daga dangin Guédégbé a Abomey Ya sami digiri na uku a Dakar, Senegal Bayan ya sami digiri na "C" a digirinsa na farko a fannin kimiyya a Jami'ar Dakar, an tura shi zuwa École nationale de l'aviation civile a Paris. Tare da mafarkai na zama matukin jirgi, Talon ya gaza gwajin likita kuma wannan mafarkin ya zama ba zai yiwu ba. A cikin 1983, Talon ya shiga cikin hada-hadar kasuwanci da kayan aikin gona. A cikin 1985, ya koma Benin ya kafa Kamfanin Rarraba Intercontinental Distribution Company (Société Distribution Intercontinentale SDI), wanda ke ba da kayan aikin noma ga masu kera auduga. A shekarar 1990, bayan shawarwarin da bankin duniya ya bayar na samar da ‘yancin walwala ga tattalin arzikin kasashen yammacin Afirka, an bukaci kasar Benin da ta janye daga tsarin noman auduga. Daga nan sai Talon ya samu damar kafa masana'antun sarrafa auduga guda uku a kasar Benin. An kuma yi masa lakabi da "Sarkin Auduga" saboda yadda ya shiga harkar auduga. Ya gina daularsa ne saboda alaka da ajin siyasar Benin. Talon ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan kudi na shugaba Thomas Boni Yayi, inda ya ba da kudin yakin neman zabensa a zabukan 2006 da 2011 Kamfaninsa, Benin Control, ya mallaki kamfanoni biyu mallakar kasa, Sodeco a 2009 da PVI a 2011. A cikin 2011, Talon ya karɓi sarrafa kayan da ake shigowa da su Cotonou a tashar jiragen ruwa na Cotonou. A shekara ta 2012, ya tsere zuwa Faransa bayan da aka zarge shi da yin almubazzaranci da haraji fiye da Euro miliyan 18. Ya yi kaca-kaca da Boni Yayi inda aka zarge shi da hannu a wani yunkurin kashe shi. An yi masa afuwa a shekarar 2014. A cikin 2015, Forbes ta sanya Talon a matsayin mutum na 15 mafi arziki a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara, mai arzikin da ya kai kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 400.
Shugaban kasa Talon ya tsaya takara a matsayin dan takara mai zaman kansa a zaben shugaban kasa na watan Maris 2016 Ya zo na biyu a matsayin Firayim Minista Lionel Zinsou na Cowry Forces na Benin mai tasowa a zagayen farko na jefa kuri'a, amma ya lashe zagaye na biyu da kashi 65% na kuri'un. Zinsou ya amince a daren zaben. A ranar 25 ga Maris, 2016, Talon ya ce zai "da farko zai tunkari sake fasalin tsarin mulkin kasar", yana tattaunawa kan shirinsa na takaita shugabanni zuwa wa'adi guda na shekaru biyar domin yakar "rashin gamsuwa". Ya kuma ce ya shirya rage gwamnati daga mutane 28 zuwa 16. An rantsar da Talon a ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 2016. A ranar ne aka sanar da kafa gwamnatinsa. Babu firaminista, kuma ’yan takarar shugaban kasa biyu da suka sha kaye, wadanda suka goyi bayan Talon a zagaye na biyu, Pascal Koupaki da Abdoulaye Bio-Tchane, an nada su a manyan mukamai, Sakatare-Janar na Fadar Shugaban Kasa da Karamin Ministan Tsare-tsare da Ci Gaba, bi da bi. Talon ya yi alkawarin kara yawan arzikin kasar Benin nan da shekaru biyar tare da kyautata alakarta da Faransa. Wasu daga cikin manufofinsa sun hada da rage karfin bangaren zartaswa da kuma takaita wa'adin mulki na shekaru biyar, wata sabuwar shawara a Afirka. Ya nada ministoci 22, hudu daga cikinsu mata ne. A ranar 4 ga Afrilu, 2017, Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa ta gaza zartar da wani kudirin doka da zai kai ga zaben raba gardama kan kudirin Talon na takaita wa’adin shugaban kasa na tsawon shekaru biyar. Kuri’u 63 na ‘yan majalisar dokokin kasar 83 ne ake bukata domin amincewa, kuma kudirin ya samu kuri’u 60. Talon ya ce bayan kwanaki kadan ba zai kara bibiyar lamarin ba. Ya ce ya ji takaicin sakamakon zaben amma yana mutunta hakan saboda jajircewarsa na tabbatar da dimokradiyya. Ya ki cewa ko zai tsaya takara a 2021, amma daga karshe ya bayyana cewa zai yi. Sunan dimokradiyyar Benin ya ragu a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata. Canje-canjen dokar na nufin cewa 'yan takarar shugaban kasa na bukatar goyon bayan 'yan majalisar dokoki 16 kuma kusan dukkan 'yan majalisar wakilai na yanzu mambobin jam'iyyun da ke goyon bayan Talon. An yi hasashen cewa za a iya sake zaben Talon ba tare da hamayya ba. Daga karshe, an sake zabe shi da kashi 86% na kuri'un. A cikin 2018, Sébastien Ajavon, abokin hamayyar da ya zo na uku a zaben shugaban kasa na 2016, an yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru 25 a gidan yari saboda "fasalin muggan kwayoyi" da "jabu da zamba". An yanke wa wasu ‘yan adawa da dama hukuncin dauri mai tsanani a watan Disamban 2021. An yanke wa tsohuwar ministar shari'a Reckya Madougou hukuncin daurin shekaru 20 a gidan yari saboda "ta'addanci", da kuma farfesa a fannin shari'a Joël Aïvo shekaru 10 saboda "halakatar kudaden haram" da kuma "nakasa tsaron jihar". A cewar ɗan jarida kuma malami Francis Kpatindé, manufofin Talon sun haifar da raguwar yancin ɗan adam da yancin yajin aiki.
Rayuwa ta sirri Talon ya auri uwargidan shugaban kasa Claudine Gbènagnon daga Porto-Novo kuma yana da 'ya'ya biyu.
Nassoshi Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1958
Patrice |
44661 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makera%20Assada | Makera Assada | À
Makera Assada na daga cikin yankunan da suka kafa garin Sokoto a Najeriya. Yankin na unguwar Magajin Gari dake kudancin karamar hukumar Sokoto ta Arewa a jihar Sokoto, yana iyaka da Gidan Haki daga gabas, da Digyar Agyare a yamma, Mafara a arewa da Helele a kudu.
A cewar majiyoyin baka, Makera Assada an taba kiransa da Makerar Dutsi. Kalmar Makera sunan hausa ne na smithery An san yankin da sana'ar baƙar fata, wanda ya zama babban abin mamaye yankin, don haka yankin ya zama sananne da Makera. Assada ya shahara sosai a yankin; mai kirki da son zumunci, ance yana cikin makusantan sarki har ma yakan karɓi bakoncin sultan a gidansa. Gidanshi kamar gidan baƙi ko guest house.
Dalilin da ya sa aka ƙara Assada a matsayin ƙari ga Makera shi ne don bambanta shi da sauran wuraren da aka sani da masu sana'a. Sauran wuraren da aka yi sukuni sun haɗa da: Kofar-Rini yankin da ya kware wajen hada fararen ƙarfe wajen samar da ‘yan kunne da sarka. Akwai kuma Makera a garin Nupawa da ke samar da faranti da sauran kayan aikin noma. Amma a Makera Assada kowane nau'i na smi yana faruwa. Wannan ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa Assada gidan Sarkin Makeran Sarkin Musulmi ne, ko kuma babban smith na Sarkin Musulmi.
Asalin mutanen Makera Assada Asalin mutanen Makera Assada ba a bayyana ba. Babu wanda ya san ainihin ranar da za a sasanta. Amma an tabbatar da cewa mutanen sun zauna ne bayan jihadin Shehu Usmanu Danfodiyo a karni na sha tara, lokacin da aka kafa Sakkwato. Zuwan bakin haure ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihi da ci gaban yankin. Wadannan bakin haure sun hada da ’yan bindiga daga Zamfara wadanda su ma Fulani ne karkashin jagorancin Muhammad Andi da dan uwansa Ahmad Maigeme. A lokacin da Shehu Usmanu Danfodiyo ya fara koyarwa da wa'azi a garinsu Degel, bayan wani lokaci ya fita yawon bude ido. Ziyarar da ya fara zuwa Kebbi daga nan ne ya samu tubabbun farko. Usman da mataimakansa, ciki har da kaninsa Abdullahi dan Fodiyo, suka tafi Zamfara inda suka zauna suna wa'azi na tsawon shekaru biyar.
Wa’azinsa ya shafi mutane da yawa daga sassa dabam-dabam na yammacin Afirka. Ba da daɗewa ba masu sha'awar da wa'azinsa suka rinjaye su suka ci gaba da zama wani ɓangare na Jama'a, kamar yadda aka san mabiyansa. Mutanen sun hada da Fulani, kabilarsa, da Hausa tun lokacin da Shehu Usmanu ya yi wa'azi da harshen Hausa da Fulfulde Jama'a da yawa sun zama nasa, kuma al'ummar ta ci gaba da samun daukaka a ciki da wajen kasar Hausa Muhammad Andi da dan uwansa Ahmad Maigeme, tare da jama'arsu sun bar zamfara domin su hada kai da Shehun da ya yi hijira zuwa Gudu, watakila Jihadin da ake yi. Mallam Bello ya bayyana cewa “A lokacin da Muhammad Andi da jama’arsa suka bar Zamfara sun hadu da Shehu Usmanu Danfodiyo a lokacin da ake Jihadi, har ma sun halarci gagarumin yakin Alkalawa. A cewar majiyar baka, Muhammad Andi da mutanen sa Fulani ne daga Zamfara. Babban aikin su shine maƙera. Wadannan mutane an zalunce su kafin su bar gidansu Zamfara, saboda imanin da suka yi da wa’azin Shehu. Sarakunan Hausawa sun ji tsoron kada talakawansu su yi musu tawaye. Ganin haka yasa sarakunan hausa suka firgita. Sun ga karuwar mabiyansa da rikon da Musulunci ya samu. Maza suka bukace su da cewa “idan ba ku wargaza wannan taron jama’a ba, ikonku zai kare; Za su lalatar da ƙasarku ta wurin sa dukan mutane su bar ku su tafi wurinsu.” Yana da kyau a lura cewa, lokacin da Sarki Nafata yake Sarkin Gobir, ya hana kowane mutum yin taron addini da wa’azi ga jama’a, sai Shehu kawai. Na biyu kuma ya shar’anta cewa wadanda suka gaji aqida daga ubanninsu ba za su yi aiki da shi ba, sannan kuma ya haramta sanya rawani da mata. An yi shelar wadannan hukunce-hukunce a kowace kasuwa a Gobir da kuma yankunan da ke makwabtaka da Adar da Zamfara wadanda ke karkashin mamayar Gobir. Da wadannan za mu ga cewa al’ummar Shehu Usmanu da sauran mabiya a wurare daban-daban musamman a kasar Hausa sun yi tarayya da su. Don haka mutanen Muhammad Andi da suke Zamfara ba su da wani abin da ya wuce yin hijira da bin Shehu a duk inda yake.
A kan hijirarsu sarakunan Hausawa sun yi ƙoƙarin hana su bin Shehu. Domin tsira daga barazanar da suke yi, mutanen Andi sun koka da su, cewa su maƙera ne kawai, a kan hanyarsu ta kasuwanci. Yayin da kowanne ya bude kayansa, an gano cewa yana dauke da kayan aikin maƙera, don haka ya ba su damar wucewa. Wadannan mutane sun samu tarba daga Shehu da Jama’arsa, musamman saboda sana’arsu. Wannan jama'a sun kasance tare da Jama'ar Shehu Usmanu Danfodiyo kuma sun halarci jihadin kasar Hausa. Mutanen Muhammad Andi sun ci gaba da sana'arsu a can ta hanyar kera kayan yaki da makamai ga masu jihadi. A lokacin yakin sun samar da takuba, mashi, kibau, bindigogin hannu, kwalkwali, garkuwa da sauran kayan da dawakai suke sawa.
Bayan jihadin kasar Hausa bayan kirkiro daular Sokoto da Shehu Usmanu da dansa kuma kwamandan yaki Muhammad Bello suka yi, sun taru tare da mabiyansu, malamansu, abokansu, 'yan uwa da sauran mahalarta wannan jihadi. An ba wa waɗannan mutane wani yanki na fili don su zauna da mutanensu. Don haka Muhammad Andi ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka amfana, kasancewar shi ne ya fara zama a yanzu Makera Assada. Shehu ya umurci Muhammad Andi da ya zagaya ya nemo wurin da ya dace ya zauna, da ya samu wurin (Makera Assada) ya sanar da Shehu Usmanu dan Fodiyo, don haka Shehu ya albarkaci kasa. Majiya mai tushe ta bayyana cewa Shehu ya bukaci Muhammad Andi ya zauna a kusa da Hubbare amma Andi ya koka da cewa bisa ga sana’ar da suke yi na maƙera da kuma irin nau’in kiwon dabbobi, ya fi kyau su zauna nesa da tsakiyar garin. Bayan wasu shekaru kuma wani muhimmin hali ya isa sabuwar Makera tare da danginsa. Wannan mutumin da aka fi sani da Sharif Muhammad Al-gudana. Ya kasance tare da wasu mutane. Algudana da mutanensa Adarawa ne. Ana samun Adarawa a yankin Tamaske, Buza da Adar a cikin Tawa, Jamhuriyar Nijar Ana kuma samun su a Illela cikin Sakkwato. Sakamakon jihadin Shehu dan Fodiyo a karni na 19, Sarkin Adar Mustaphata da dansa Muhammad Dan Almustapha da Ahmad Bida suka ziyarci Shehu Danfodiyo lokacin yana Gudu, amma Mustapha ya bar Ahmad Bida da Muhammad tare da Shehu. Hamidun wanda ya gaji sarautar Sarkin Adar a lokacin Jihadin Danfodiyo ya goyi bayan Gobirawa har zuwa 1809, lokacin da Sarkin Azbin Muhammad Gemma, wanda ya gaji Al-Bakri ya dauki Sarkin Adar Hamidun zuwa wurin Shehu a Sifawa, Sarkin Adar ya mika wuya. Ya rasu jim kadan bayan haka. An ce Ahmad Bida ya zauna a Dundaye a matsayin Sarkin Adar na Dundaye. Haka aka haifi daular Adarawa a Dundaye. Ibid
Za mu iya gani a cikin labarin da ke sama cewa, a lokacin Jihadi Adarawa ya shiga cikinsa, bayan haka, wasu sun zauna a Dundaye, suka bazu a sassa daban-daban na Sakkwato don neman harkokin kasuwanci. Amma wasu daga cikinsu sun koma jamhuriyar Nijar karkashin Muhammad dan Al-Mustapha, wanda ya shirya ci gaba da zama a Adar da fatan ya sake komawa kan karagar mulki.
Lokacin da wadannan mutane suka zauna a yankin, sun yi aikin fata. Sun samar da kayan fata iri-iri kamar takalmi, jakunkuna na fata, matashin kai na sarauta da dai sauransu, amma wadannan mutane ba su yi fice a harkar fata ba saboda yawancinsu sun rungumi sana’ar mai masaukin baki ne.
Sana'o'i Yayin da jama’a da dama suka ci gaba da zama a yankin, babban abin da ya shafi tattalin arzikin jama’a ya kasance sana’ar fataucin mutane, wanda ya mamaye yankin, inda jama’a suka tsunduma cikin ayyukan yi iri-iri. Al'ummar yankin sun dukufa wajen gudanar da duk wani nau'i na tulle da sauran ayyukan karfe. Duka ana yin su ne da yin ƙulle-ƙulle a yankin. Tun bayan kafuwar yankin bayan jihadin Shehu Usmanu ana yin sa ne. Al'ummar yankin dai sun kasance suna daukar baƙar fata a matsayin wani zama na wajibi ga kowane ɗan yankin. Suna daukar wadanda suka yi watsi da sana'ar kakansu a matsayin wani babban laifi.
Aikin smith yana samar da kuɗin shiga ga mutanen yankin, saboda maƙerin yana samar da kayan aikin gida, kayan aikin noma, makamai da dai sauransu. A daya bangaren kuma wadanda suka kware wajen fasa karfe ko Makeran fari, suna samar da kayan ado ga mata, ta yadda suke samar da abin wuya, 'yan kunne, handring da sauransu. Masu sana'ar farar fata ba su da yawa a yankin don haka ana daukar maƙeri ko Makeran Baki a matsayin ubangidansu.
Baya ga sana’o’in hannu, an yi la’akari da al’ummar Hausawa kan yadda suke shiga harkokin kasuwanci. Wasu mutanen yankin sun tsunduma cikin kasuwancin cikin gida (Kasuwanci). Wannan ya kasance musamman batun 'yan kasuwa masu karamin jari. Sun sayar da kayayyakin da ake nomawa a yankin a kauyuka da garuruwa. Noma ya kasance abin sha'awa ga yawancin al'ummar Afirka, wanda aka yi shi sosai a lokacin damina. A wannan yanki (Makera Assada), akwai mutanen da suke yin noma, wadannan mutane galibi suna da filayen noma ne a bakin kogi da ke yankin Dundaye da Kofar Kware, galibi suna noma a kananan hukumomi.
A sauran bangaren tattalin arziki a yankin, akwai kuma mutanen da suka tsunduma cikin samar da tabarma. Babban abin da ke cikin wannan fannin masana'antu shine bishiyar dabino mai juji da roba. Wannan masana'antar ba ita ce keɓaɓɓiyar mace ko namiji ba. Maza da mata suna yin sana’ar tabarmi ko kafet, Wundaye da Tabarmi.
Duk da haka kada mu manta da irin gudunmawar da matan wannan yanki suke bayarwa wajen ayyukan tattalin arziki. Wasu daga cikinsu suna shiga harkar tattalin arziki. Matsayin mata a matsayin wakilai na hukumar (Dillalai), kamar dai yadda mambobin kasuwar musayar hannun jari, tsofaffin matan suka tsunduma cikin hidimar wakilai (Dillalai). Domin kuwa manyan mata ne kawai aka bari su fita daga gidajensu. Haka kuma sun kasance suna tafiya gida-gida suna neman kayan da za su sayar. Misali, sun kasance suna yin ciniki mai yawa ta zaren da mata ke kerawa a gida. Sun kasance suna tattara waɗannan samfuran gida ko dai a matsayin wakili ko kuma ta hanyar sayayya kai tsaye. Su kuma wadannan matan sun tsunduma cikin siyar da sabbin kayan sawa da na zamani. Sun kuma sayar da kayan abinci a ciki da wajen gidajensu. Mutane na kowane rukuni na shekaru suna amfani da su don siyan waɗannan abubuwan. Matan sun sami riba mai yawa ga waɗannan mata masu sana'a da masu siyarwa.
Ayyukan wakilan da aka ba da izini sun ƙarfafa saboda yanayi da halaye da dabi'un zamantakewa a Sakkwato. Don haka ya haramta wa matan aure hawa da sauka ko ta yaya musamman a kasuwanni. Don haka wakilan kasuwanci suna ba da mafi yawan abubuwan da ake buƙata don su. Wani fannin tattalin arziki da mata suka bayar da gudunmawar da ke da alaka da harkar noma, ita ce masana’antar abinci da abinci. Ayyukansu a cikin wannan masana'antar ba ta iyakance ga samar da abinci don amfanin iyali ba. Haka kuma sun sarrafa tare da dafa abinci iri-iri na siyarwa a wajen dangi. Daga cikin daskararrun abinci sun dafa Tuwo da shinkafa (Tuwon shinkafa), masara ko masara da dai sauransu, Masa zagaye na gari, Bula da dai sauransu. Shaye-shaye na safe irin su Kunu, Koko da Fura wanda ake yawan sha a lokacin rani da kayan ciye-ciye iri-iri, kamar Kosan Rogo, Wake Awara da dai sauransu. Wadannan duk mata ne a gida suka shirya su don cin abinci na iyali har ma da siyarwa.
An yi noman gyada da yawa a kasar Hausa, matan yankin na amfani da gyada wajen samar da kayayyaki iri-iri domin amfanin iyali da kuma na siyarwa. An niƙa harsashi na ƙwaya misali an niƙa shi ya zama foda don yin bran (Dussa), wanda ake amfani da shi don ciyar da shanu da tumaki. An datse ƙwayar gyada kuma an fitar da mai. Ana amfani da wannan mai a zamanin da a matsayin mai (paraffin ko kananzir) da kuma abinci. An yi babban ɓangaren ƙwaya ɗin gyada ya zama wainar gyada, (Kuli Kuli) kuma an fi amfani da shi sosai musamman wajen yin azumin “Datu” da kuma matsayin biredi.
Haka kuma akwai wasu matan yankin da suka kware wajen samar da miya ko Dadawa muhimmin sinadari na yin miya, miya na gida ya toshe nasarorin da ake samu a kasuwannin zamani kamar maggi cube, ko Ajini-moto. Yawancin mutanen musamman waɗanda ke zaune a yankunan sun dogara da miya na gida. Watakila wannan ne dalilin da ya sa kamfanin abinci da abubuwan sha na Najeriya ya yanke shawarar fitowa da sabon sunan miya na zamani mai suna Daddawa cubes.
A cikin sana'ar saka, mata tare da maza kuma sun tsunduma cikin yin Kwaddo da Linzami. Waɗannan kayan ado ne da aka yi akan mazan da ke rufewa. Haka kuma an samu wasu da suka tsunduma cikin kera hula masu launi daban-daban (Kube). Daga cikin ayyukan fasaha na mata akwai zane a kan bedsheets (Zanen Gado) matashin kai da katifa. ƙwararrun mata a gidansu sun yi waɗannan. Akwai kuma samuwar karamar kasuwa wadda ke biyan bukatun jama'ar yankin nan take. Kasuwar da aka fi sani da Kasuwar Bayangida tana budewa da yamma har zuwa dare.
Maƙera a Makera Assada Makera Assada tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a matsayin daya daga cikin cibiyoyin kasuwanci na garin Sakkwato, ta yi suna da sana’ar fataucin baki (Kira).
Wani lokaci yana da wuya a yi tunanin a yau, zamanin da mutane ke amfani da muhallin da suke kewaye da su a matsayin tushen tsira kawai. A farkon wayewar Afirka an samo muhimman kayan aikin rayuwa ta hanyar amfani da kayan aikin itace da na dutse. Waɗannan kayan aikin sun tabbatar da aiki sosai don farauta da noma, amma yayin da lokaci ya canza kuma ɗan adam ya sami ci gaba, ya zama dole a sami ingantacciyar hanyar rayuwa.
Aikin ƙarfe na farko da aka sani ya wanzu a Turkiyya kuma shekarun karafa irin su zinariya, jan karfe, azurfa, gubar da baƙin ƙarfe ba su iya aiki ba sai kusan 400 BC. Wannan ci gaban ya ragu har zuwa kusan 1500 BC, tare da haɓaka tanderun da ke da ikon kera kayan aikin ƙarfe. Zamanin ƙarfe ya fara kuma ba da daɗewa ba fasahar maƙera ta yaɗu a yammacin Afirka.
Baƙi ya fara ne da zamanin ƙarfe, lokacin da ɗan adam na farko ya fara kera kayan aiki daga ƙarfe. Zamanin Ƙarfe ya fara ne sa’ad da wani tsohon mutum ya lura cewa wani nau’in dutse yana samar da baƙin ƙarfe, sa’ad da garwashin wuta mai zafi ya tashi. A taƙaice, za mu iya cewa ƙera fasahar kera ɗanyen karfen da za a iya amfani da shi, ya daɗe.
A Najeriya, mutanen NOK, sun nuna fasahar maƙera, wadda ta samo asali tun ƙarni na shida BC. Wadannan ma’aikatan karafa na Najeriya sun kirkiro wata fasahar da ta ba su karfin gwiwa a rayuwa, kuma za ta zama wata fasahar da za ta kawo sauyi a duniya. Clapperton ya rubuta a cikin 1824, yayi magana akan aikin ƙarfe a Sokoto har ma ya yi iƙirarin cewa duk maƙeran birni Nupes ne. Ko ta yaya, ƙimar Nupes a cikin masana'antar aikin ƙarfe yana yiwuwa Clapperton ya wuce gona da iri. Babu shakka kwararrun ma’aikatan karfe da dama sun zo Sakkwato ne saboda ci gabanta ta fuskar matsuguni ya ja hankalinsu. Sauran ƙwararrun ma’aikatan ƙarfe babu shakka sun shigo garin a matsayin ‘yan gudun hijira (Al-kalawa), a matsayin bayi da aka aiko daga masarautu ko kuma ta neman ƙwararrun hannaye a Sakkwato ita kanta. A cikin surori da suka gabata mun ga zuwan Muhammad Andi da mutanensa daga Zamfara ya zama farkon fara sana’ar sana’a a Makera. Zamfara da dadewa an santa da taurin kai.
Matsayin Maƙera a Sakkwato Kafin zuwan Turawa, Makera Assada na daya daga cikin yankunan da suka ci gaba a cikin garin Sakkwato. An lura da cewa galibin ci gaban da ya same ta ya samo asali ne sakamakon yawan shigar baki da kuma hakan ya taimaka wa garin Sakkwato baki daya.
Smithing shine babban abin da ya hada kan al'ummar unguwar Magajin Gari. Hakan ya faru ne saboda ana buƙatar kayan da maƙera ya kera a cikin yankin da kewaye saboda yawancinsu suna noma. Mutanen Mafara dake makwabtaka da su sun kasance manoma da makiyaya. Mutanen Mafara sun kasance suna siyan kayan da aka ƙera na maƙeran, kamar kayan aikin noma, kayan gida, maɓalli da makulli, ƴan kunne da sauransu. Hakan na nuni da cewa a yayin da al’ummar garin Makera suka shagaltu da samar da kayayyakin da ake bukata ga mutanen makwabta, Mafara na taimaka musu wajen fitar da kayayyakinsu zuwa wurare daban-daban. Mutanen Mafara jikokin Muhammad Sambo ne, daya daga cikin makusantan Shehu, duk dan jihadi ne kuma malami. Akwai wani irin auratayya tsakanin mutanen Makera da Mafara da ke karfafa dangantakarsu.
Ci gaban kasuwancin, ya kasance ne sakamakon tattalin arzikin da aka yi a farkon lokaci. Kamar yadda Makera Assada ya kware wajen samar da karafa akwai kuma jama’a a ciki da wajen Sakkwato wadanda suke sana’ar noma, mutuwa capentary, farauta da sauransu, don haka ana bukatar irin wannan karfe ta nau’ukan daban-daban. Mashi, kibau, takobi, wukake. Manoman na bukatar faratanya, ashana da garma. A cewar Ibrahim Gandi, daya daga cikin masu ba ni labari, ya bayyana cewa mafarauta da manoma daga lungu da sako na nesa suke zuwa su sayi kayan aiki daban-daban daga mutanen Makera.
Al'ummar Makera da suka yi wa mayaka kafin mulkin mallaka sun yi aiki sosai, Sarkin Makera Buhari, ya bayyana cewa "Shehu Usmanu Danfodiyo, ya umarci dansa Muhammad Bello da ya fadada garin Sokoto". Yankin Assada na ci gaba da karbar bakin haure. Maƙerin yankin na ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka kawo su. Don haka Muhammad Bello ya ba da umarnin cire daji da ke kusa da yankin har zuwa Kofar-Kware.
Yawancin maƙeran suna fara aiki tun suna samari, ƙila su kai shekaru 6 ko 7. Za su koyi maƙeran, na tsawon shekaru goma ko fiye, sannan za su tashi su fara kantin nasu. Idan yaro ya koya wa ubangidansa, zai iya yin yawancin rayuwarsa a shago kafin ya sami damar zama ɗan tafiya. Al'ummar Assada na kokarin ganin sun cusa ilimin boko ga duk dan da aka haifa a yankin. daga baya lokacin da ilimin yamma ya fara samun tsari a yankin da farko maƙerin bai nuna sha'awa ba. Waɗanda suka ƙi yin fatauci ne kawai aka tura su makaranta. Wadannan nau'ikan samarin an sallame su ne don kada a gansu a kusa domin ganinsu zai bata wa iyayensu rai. Amma maƙeran sun fahimci mahimmancin ilimin turawa, sun sanya unguwanninsu, har ma da malalaci. Jama’a da dama sun ji dadin karatun kasashen yamma a yankin, saboda wasu daga cikinsu sun kara kusanci da gwamnati. Gwamnati na bukatar shawarar irin wadannan mutane kamar Shahararren Yahaya Danboko daya daga cikin manyan malaman jihar Sokoto.
A cewar majiyoyin baka, Makera Assada an taba kiransa da Maƙerar Dutsi. Kalmar Makera sunan hausa ne na smithery An san yankin da sana'ar baƙar fata, wanda ya zama babban abin mamaye yankin, don haka yankin ya zama sananne da Makera. Da zuwan Turawa Sakkwato, a duk lokacin da suke bukatar hidimar maƙera sai su tuntubi Sarkin Musulmi. Duk da haka Sarkin zai kira Sarkin Makera da Mazugi. Maƙeran Assada suna samar da ƙwarƙwarar ƙura don gidan yarin Sakkwato da mazaunin Turawa da sauran wurare.
Wata muhimmiyar rawar da maƙeran Makera Assada suka taka ita ce lokacin jihadin Shehu Danfodiyo. Maƙerin baya ga shiga jihadi, suna kera makamai ga masu jihadi. An yi imanin cewa, da gwamnati ta dauki irin wannan aikin na cikin gida da gaske, da ba za ta kashe kudi da shigo da kayan amfanin gona da sauran kayayyakin karafa daga kasashen waje ba. Yin aikin ƙarfe ya sa noma, farauta da yaƙi ya fi dacewa. Iron ya ba da damar haɓaka girma a cikin al'ummomi tare da ikon tallafawa manyan masarautu, waɗanda suka bazu a yammacin Afirka.
Tsarin baƙar fata a Assada Maƙera mutum ne wanda ya ƙirƙiro abubuwa daga ƙarfe ko ƙarfe ta hanyar “ƙirƙira” ƙarfen, ta hanyar yin amfani da kayan aiki don yin guduma, lanƙwasa, yanke da kuma siffata shi ta hanyar da ba ruwa ba. Yawancin lokaci karfen yana zafi har sai ya yi haske ja ko orange a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin ƙirƙira. Maƙeran suna samar da abubuwa kamar ƙofofin ƙarfe, gasa, gasa, dogo, fitilu, kayan ɗaki, sassaka, kayan aikin noma, kayan ado da na addini, kayan dafa abinci da makamai. Maƙera suna aiki da tsofaffin tufafin wannan saboda yanayin aikin. Suna aiki duka a shagonsu (Bukkar Makera), har ma a kofar gidajensu (Zaure) suke yi kamar na Makera Assdada. Sai dai a wannan lokacin da akasarin aikin kan yi amfani da shi a kasuwa.
Maƙera suna aiki da baƙin ƙarfe, yawanci baƙin ƙarfe. Kalmar smith ta samo asali ne daga kalmar 'smite' wanda ke nufin zafi. Don haka maƙeri shine mutum mai aiki ko buga baƙin ƙarfe. Tsawon ƙarnuka da suka wuce, maƙeran sun yi alfahari da cewa, nasu ɗaya ne daga cikin ƴan sana'o'in da ke ba su damar yin kayan aikin da ake amfani da su don sana'arsu. Lokaci da al'ada sun ba da wasu ingantattun kayan aikin yau da kullun waɗanda suka bambanta dalla-dalla kawai a duk duniya.
Za zDuk abin da maƙeri yake buƙata shine wani abu don dumama ƙarfen, wani abu da zai riƙe ƙarfe mai zafi da shi, wani abu da zai buga ƙarfen a kai, da kuma wani abu da zai buga ƙarfe da shi.
Kayan aikin da maƙera ke buƙatar haɗawa da su. Jujjuya ko Tukunya da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa, jabun murhu ce ta shagon maƙeran. Yana ba da hanyoyin kiyayewa da sarrafawa tare da taimakon Mazuzzugi.
Ana amfani da Tongs (Awartaki) don riƙe ƙarfe mai zafi. Sun zo cikin kewayon siffofi da girma dabam. Abin ban sha'awa, yayin da ake buƙatar ƙwanƙwasa don ƙwaƙƙwaran maƙera, ana iya yin aiki da yawa ta hanyar riƙe ƙarshen sanyi da hannun hannu kawai. Karfe shi ne madaidaicin jagorar zafi, kuma karfen zafi na orange a gefe ɗaya zai yi sanyi don taɓa ƙafa ko makamancin haka.
Anvil (makera) a mafi sauƙi shine babban toshe na ƙarfe ko ƙarfe. A tsawon lokaci an tsaftace wannan don samar da ƙaho mai zagaye don sauƙaƙe zane da lanƙwasa, fuska don zane da damuwa da lanƙwasa da kuma a kan daya ko fiye da ramuka don rike kayan aiki na musamman (swages ko hardies) da sauƙaƙe naushi. Sau da yawa Flat surface na anvil zai zama taurara karfe, da kuma jikin da aka yi daga baƙin ƙarfe mafi tsanani.
Maƙeran guduma (amaleshi) suna da fuska ɗaya da alƙawarin. Kwakwalwa yawanci ko dai ball ne ko ƙwanƙwasa (giciye ko madaidaicin peen dangane da fuskantar jujjuya zuwa riƙo) kuma ana amfani dashi lokacin zana. Swage (magagari) wannan kayan aiki ne na siffatawa, swages ko dai kayan aikin tsaye ne kawai ko kuma sun dace da 'ramin hardie' akan fuskar macijiya. Maƙeran suna aiki ta hanyar dumama sassa na ƙarfe ko ƙarfe har sai ƙarfen ya zama mai laushi don ya zama siffa da kayan aikin hannu, kamar guduma da chisel. Don ƙona ƙwanƙwasa ko ƙirƙira, ana amfani da itace zuwa ga gawayi.
Dabarun Maƙeran ƙila za a iya raba su kusan zuwa ƙirƙira (wani lokaci ana kiranta “sculpting”), walda, maganin zafi da ƙarewa.
Har ila yau ana kiran ƙirƙira da sassaƙawa domin aikin gyaran ƙarfe ne. Wasu ayyuka ko dabaru da ake amfani da su wajen ƙirƙira sun haɗa da zane, raguwa, lanƙwasa, bacin rai da naushi. Za a iya yin zane tare da kayan aiki da hanyoyi daban-daban. Hanyoyi biyu na yau da kullun ta yin amfani da guduma da maƙarƙashiya kawai za su kasance suna guduma a kan ƙahon maƙarƙashiya, da kuma buge-buge a fuskar majiya ta yin amfani da guntun giciye na guduma. Wata hanyar yin zane ita ce ta yin amfani da kayan aiki mai suna Fuller (tsinke), ko kuma pen guduma don gaggauta zana daga wani kauri mai kauri. Ana kiran dabarar cikawa daga kayan aiki. Cikakkewa ya ƙunshi guduma jeri na indentations (tare da madaidaicin tudu) daidai da tsayin sashe na yanki da ake zana. Sakamakon sakamako zai zama kama da raƙuman ruwa tare da saman yanki.
Lankwasawa ta hanyar dumama karfe zuwa zafi na orange yana ba da damar lankwasawa kamar dai karfe mai zafi yumbu ne ko sarafy taffy; yana ɗaukar mahimmanci amma ba ƙoƙarin Herculean ba. Ana iya yin lanƙwasa tare da guduma a kan ƙaho ko shekarun maƙarƙashiya, ko kuma ta hanyar shigar da aikin a cikin ɗayan ramukan da ke saman majiya da kuma karkatar da ƙarshen kyauta zuwa gefe ɗaya. Ana iya yin suturar lanƙwasa da ɗaurewa ko faɗaɗa su ta hanyar dunƙule su a kan sashin da ya dace da siffa.
Tashin hankali shine tsarin sanya ƙarfe mai kauri a cikin wani girma ta hanyar ragewa a ɗayan. Ɗaya daga cikin nau'i shine ta hanyar dumama ƙarshen sanda kuma suna gudu a kan ta kamar yadda mutum zai fitar da ƙusa, sandunan ya yi guntu, kuma ɓangaren zafi yana fadada. Madadin guduma a ƙarshen zafi, shine sanya ƙarshen zafi a ƙarshen magudanar da guduma akan ƙarshen sanyi, ko kuma zubar da sandar, ƙarshen zafi ƙasa, a kan wani yanki na daidaitawa a matakin bene.
Ana iya yin naushi don ƙirƙirar ƙirar ado, ko kuma a yi rami, alal misali, a shirye-shiryen yin kan guduma, maƙerin zai bugi rami a cikin sanda mai nauyi ko sanda don riƙon guduma. Duka bai iyakance ga baƙin ciki da ramuka ba. Hakanan ya haɗa da yankewa, tsagawa da tuƙi; Ana yin waɗannan da chisel.
Tsarin hadawa Ana haɗa tsarin ƙirƙira na asali guda biyar sau da yawa don samarwa da kuma daidaita sifofin da suka dace don samfuran da aka gama. Misali, don kera shugaban hamma mai ƙwanƙwasa, maƙerin zai fara da sandar kusan diamita na fuskar guduma, za a buga ramin hannun kuma a buge shi (fadi ta hanyar saka ko wuce babban kayan aiki ta cikinsa), shugaban zai yi. a yanka (bushi, amma da ƙugiya), za a zana peen zuwa wani yanki kuma a yi ado da fuska ta hanyar tayar da hankali.
Welding shi ne haɗa ƙarfe iri ɗaya ko makamancinsa wanda babu haɗin gwiwa ko ɗinki; guntun da za a yi walda sun zama guda ɗaya. Yanzu smith yana motsawa da manufa mai sauri. Ana ɗauko ƙarfen daga wuta a haɗa shi da sauri, guduma yana shafa ƴan famfo kaɗan don kawo fuskokin mating ɗin gabaɗaya sannan a matse ruwan sannan a sake komawa wuta. An fara walda tare da famfo, amma sau da yawa haɗin gwiwa yana da rauni kuma bai cika ba, don haka maƙerin zai sake buga haɗin gwiwa zuwa zafin walda kuma yayi aiki da walda tare da bugun haske don saita' weld kuma a ƙarshe ya yi ado da shi don siffa.
Maganin zafi
Baya ga haɓaka rashin lafiyarsa, wani dalili na dumama ƙarfe shine don dalilai na maganin zafi. Ƙarfe za a iya taurare, fushi, daidaitacce, annealed, yanayin taurara da kuma batun sauran tsari wanda ke canza tsarin crystalline na karfe don ba shi takamaiman halaye da ake buƙata don amfani daban-daban.
Ƙarshe Dangane da abin da aka yi niyya na amfani da yanki, maƙerin zai iya gama shi ta hanyoyi da yawa. Jig mai sauƙi wanda smith zai iya amfani da ƴan lokuta kawai a cikin shagon yana iya samun ƙaramar kammala rap akan maƙarƙashiya don karya sikelin da goga tare da goga na waya. Ana iya amfani da fayiloli don kawo yanki zuwa siffa ta ƙarshe, cire burrs da kaifi, da kuma santsin saman. Nika duwatsun takarda mai ƙyalli da ƙafafun emery na iya ƙara siffa, santsi da goge saman. Ƙarshen sun haɗa amma ba'a iyakance ga fenti, varnish, bluing, aro, mai da kakin zuma ba.
Koyaya, dan wasan mazugi (mazugi) mataimaki ne ga maƙerin. Ayyukansa shine yaɗa babban guduma a cikin manyan ayyukan ƙirƙira. Sarkin Makera ya ci gaba da cewa, “Idan aka yi wani aiki ko kuma Sarkin Musulmi yana bukatar hidimar maƙera, sai ya gayyaci Sarkin Makera kuma Mazugi ne zai bi shi da kayan aikin sa.
Yin gatari ko wuka ko kurayen murhu, saitin hinjiyoyin ƙofa ko ƙusoshin ƙusoshi shine abin da maƙerin ƙauyen ya yi. Shagon nasa shine kantin kayan masarufi na gida. Yana kuma iya gyara doguwar sarƙa ko ya sa ƙafafu a kan ƙafafun keken, ko kuma ya gyara gatari da ya tsinke sa’ad da ya bugi dutsen. Ko ƙauyen yana buƙatar takuba ko garma, maƙerin ya yi su. Domin ba tare da maƙerin ba, ƙauyen ba zai iya rayuwa ba
Yayin da duk wannan masana'antar ƙarfe ta samo asali a kan lokaci, maƙerin ya zama laima ga ƙwararru da yawa. Maƙerin da ya yi wuƙaƙe da takuba, shi ne maƙeri. Maƙerin da ya yi ƙulli ya kasance maƙerin. Maƙerin da ya yi hidimar sulke mai sulke mai sulke ne. Maƙerin da ya kera gangunan bindiga da harsashi shi ne maƙerin bindiga. Maƙerin da ya yi wa dawakai sutura, ya kasance farrier. Maƙerin wanda ya yi wa mata ƴan kunne, sarƙoƙi da sauran kayan ado, farar fata ne. Maƙerin da ya ƙware wajen gyare-gyaren zinariya ya kasance maƙerin zinare. Don haka maƙeran sun mallaki duk waɗannan fasaha.
Kimanta masana'antu Gandi ya bayyana sana’ar baƙar fata a matsayin babbar hanyar rayuwa ga mutanen Assada yana mai cewa duk wanda ya fito daga yankin dole ne ya zama maƙeri don haka haramun ne mutum ya yi watsi da sana’ar mahaifinsa da kakansa. A cikin kowane iyali na Makera Assada, dole ne a sami shaidar baƙar fata. Wannan ya nuna muhimmancin sana’ar da kuma zamanin da, a tsakanin mutanen Assada. Masu sana'ar Makera Assada kullum suna cikin shagunansu da wuraren aiki. Yawancin maƙeran ba manoma ba ne, don haka ba sa zuwa gona amma suna da kyakkyawar alaƙa da manoman da ke buƙatar ayyukansu.
Smithing wata sana'a ce ta daban da ke buƙatar fasaha da ƙarfin jiki. Maƙerin yau ya fi mai fassara na baya kuma mai fasaha idan kuna so maimakon abu na gaske. Don haka an katange shi da haramtattun abubuwa da yawa kuma yana buƙatar dogon lokaci na koyo. Maƙeran sun shahara da yin amfani da ƙarfe da wuta, ta yadda makamin ƙarfe ko wuta ba zai iya cutar da su ba.
Maƙeran sun ba da taimako ga noma kuma sun ba da tushe na fasaha. Maƙeran suna ba da abubuwan da suka zama dole ta ayyukan zamantakewa da na yau da kullun. Tun bayan bullar maƙera zuwa yammacin Afirka a shekara ta 1500 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, ana jin tsoronsu a wasu al'ummomin yammacin Afirka saboda irin ƙarfin da suke da shi a fannin aikin ƙarfe, kamar yadda muka ambata a baya mafi yawan mashahuran maƙera, makamin ƙarfe da wuta ba za su iya cutar da su ba, ko da yake wasu suna ganin hakan. a matsayin wani nau'i na sihiri, amma a ko'ina cikin duniya Afirka ta Yamma suna girmama su don aikin majagaba na fasaha. Yayin da talakawa ke tsoron ikon maƙeri, ana sha'awar su sosai kuma suna da matsayi mai girma na zamantakewa. Domin sana’ar ta yi fice sosai kuma tana da haxari, maƙera galibi ana neman garuruwa da ƙauyuka inda babu.
Don haka yin gatari ko wuka ko kurayen murhu, kwano (baho) ko saitin lalurar ƙofa aikinsa ne. Yana kuma iya gyara makullin ƙofa ko gyara gatari da ya tsinke idan ya bugi dutse. Abin da ya shafi masu sana'ar Makera shi ne shigo da kayayyakin karafa daga kasashen waje, kayan masarufi masu arha da yawa yanzu haka ana sayarwa a kasuwannin cikin gida. Wukake, kayan aikin gida kamar guga, kwano, abin wuya, da sauransu. Za'a iya siyan kusoshi na ƙofa da hinges da sauran kayan amfani a duk inda ake so. A bisa ƙa'ida mutane sun dogara ga masana'antar gida, don samar da waɗannan kayayyaki. Waɗannan kayayyaki na ƙasashen waje sun fi arha kuma sun fi dacewa da manufar sa.
Ko da yake, maƙeran Makera Assada sun kware a kowane irin aikin ƙarfe, amma ba su ba da fifiko ga kera bindigogin gida ba duk da cewa mafarauta na buƙatar su don farautar dabbobi. Hakan ya faru ne saboda haɗarin tsaro saboda gwamnati ta hana irin wannan samarwa. Wato a can ake kera makaman gida kamar takobi, mashi da sauransu.
Baya ga gyare-gyaren ƙarfe don samar da abubuwa, wasu mutane suna yin maƙeran balaguro. Suna tafiya wurare da dama har zuwa Kano, Zariya, Funtuwa da ma bayan iyakokin Arewacin Najeriya, don sayen karafa da za a iya amfani da su, kamar barnar motoci da jiragen sama, guntun sandunan ƙarfe, kwantenan dakon mai da dai sauransu. A wannan karafa ana kawowa Makera Assada har sai lokacin da ake bukata duk wani kamfani ko mai son irin wannan sana'a ko karafa za a tura shi yankin Makera Assada.
Bambance-bambancen sana'o'i a tsakanin Makera musamman a cikin sana'o'insu na kera yana nuna bajintar fasaharsu da ci gabansu. Wannan shaida ce a lokacin jihadi. A cikin 1839, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow a cikin sanannen waƙarsa, "The Village Blacksmith" ya yaba wa maƙerin, "Kingarsa yana jike da gumi na gaskiya. Yakan sami duk abin da zai iya, kuma yana kallon duniya gaba ɗaya, don ba ya bin kowa.
Duba kuma Sokoto
Usman Dan Fodiyo
Sokoto Caliphate
Maƙeran yammacin Afirka
Manazarta Articles with hAudio |
45116 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami%27ar%20Calabar | Jami'ar Calabar | Jami'ar Calabar jami'a ce ta jama'a da ke Calabar, Jihar Cross River, Najeriya. Tana ɗaya daga cikin jami'o'in gwamnatin tarayya na zamani. Jami'ar Calabar ta kasance a harabar Jami'ar Najeriya har zuwa shekara ta 1975. Mataimakiyar shugabar jami'ar ita ce Florence B. Obi. Matsayin DVC (Academic) yana hannun Angela Oyo Ita, yayin da Grace Eno Nta, ita ce DVC (Administration).
Tarihi
John Elliott ne ya tsara gine-ginen jami'ar. An kafa ta ne bisa doka don cika wannan umarni na gargajiya, taken jami'ar shi ne, "Ilimi don yin Hidima".
Jami'ar Calabar ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan Jami'o'in Najeriya don sarrafa tsarin yin rajistar dalibai ta hanyar Kwalejin, kuma ta ɗauki mataki na gaba don daidaita dangantakar tsoffin ɗalibanta wanda ya haɗa da buƙatar kwafin yanar gizo da sarrafa na farko irinsa a cikin ƙasa.
Laburare na Jami'ar Ɗakin karatu na, University of Calabar Library da aka sani da Definitive Library an kafa shi a 1975. ɗakin karatun yana da wurin zama na masu karatu dubu 3000, ofisoshin ma'aikata 16 da ke tallafawa koyarwa, bincike da ayyukan al'umma. An yi shirin aje litattafai sama da miliyan ɗaya tare da fadin murabba'in mita 22,746 na girman ɗakin karatun.
Gudanarwa da jagoranci Manyan shugabannin jami’ar a halin yanzu da muƙamansu kamar haka.
Makarantu Jami'ar tana da Sassa masu zuwa:
Kwalejin Allied Medical Sciences
Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences
Faculty of Dentistry
Faculty of Medicine
Faculties of Management Sciences
Faculty of Education
Faculty of Social Sciences
Faculty of Arts
Cibiyar Harkokin Siyasa da Gudanarwa
Faculty of Law
Makarantar Kimiyyar Halittu
Faculty of Physical Sciences
Makarantar Injiniya da Fasaha
Faculty of Environmental Sciences
Faculty of Pharmacy
Faculty of Agriculture, gandun daji da kuma kula da namun daji
Cibiyar Nazarin Oceanography
Bassey Andah Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka da Asiya
Makarantan digiri na biyu
Jami'ar Calabar Ayyukan Shawarwari
Cibiyoyin haɗin gwiwa Wannan jerin cibiyoyin haɗin gwiwa ne na Jami'ar Calabar da Hukumar Kula da Jami'o'i ta ƙasa (NUC) ta sahale mata. Cocin Littafi Mai Tsarki na Najeriya (NCBC).
Makarantar tauhidi ta Reformed, Mkar (RTSM).
Cibiyar Katolika ta Yammacin Afirka, Port-Harcourt (CIWAP).
Essien Ukpabio Presbyterian College Itu, Jihar Akwa Ibom (EUPCIAS).
College of Education, Katsina-Ala, Benue State (CEKBS). Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya, Obudu, Jihar Kuros Riba (FCEOCR).
Sanannun tsofaffin ɗalibai Daga cikin tsofaffin ɗaliban Jami'ar Calabar akwai:
Reuben Abati, Lauya/marubuci.
Queeneth Agbor, ƴar fim.
Biko Agozino, masaniniyar laifuka
Godswill Akpabio, tsohon gwamnan jihar Akwa Ibom Anthony Ayine, babban mai binciken kuɗi na tarayya. Regina Askia-Williams ƴar fim -ta gudu daga makaranta kafin ta kammala karatun
Isabella Ayuk, MBGN 2012. Grace Folashade Bent, ƴar siyasa. Omotu Bissong, samfuri/mai gabatar da shiri a gidan talabijin. Stacey B. Day, Ntufam Ajan of Oban
Chile Eboe-Osuji, masanin shari'a na kasa da kasa kuma shugaban kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya, Hague, Netherlands.
Dr. Betta Edu, kwararra kan harkokin kiwon lafiyar jama'a a Najeriya kuma ƴar siyasa
Keppy Ekpenyong, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya. Alexx Ekubo, actor/model. Ita Enang, ɗan siyasa
Nelson Enwerem, Model, Jahar Talabijin kuma wanda ya lashe zaben Mr Nigeria 2018
Eve Esin, ƴar wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya
Eno Essien, ɗan kasuwan fasaha
Aloysius Akpan Etok, dan siyasa
Kate Henshaw, ƴar fim
Okezie Ikpeazu, Gwamnan jihar Abia na Najeriya a yanzu.
Alex Mascot Ikwechegh, ɗan siyasa, ɗan kasuwa kuma ɗan agaji
Stella Immanuel, Likita kuma mai ra'ayin maƙarƙashiya wanda ke Houston, Texas Iyanya, mawaki/marubuci/mai yi. Osita Izunaso, ɗan siyasa
Uche Jombo, ƴar fim
Benjamin Kalu, dan siyasa kuma dan majalisar wakilai
Yahaya Kuta, Nigerian author
Victor Ndoma-Egba, ɗan siyasa
Aniebiet Inyang Ntui, Jakadan EU, Librarian na Jami'ar Calabar da Farfesa na Laburare da Kimiyyar Bayanai.
Florence Obi, malami, marubuci, farfesa, kuma 11th babban mataimakin shugaban jami'ar Calabar
John Odey, tsohon minista
Stephanie Okereke, ƴar fim.
Chido Onumah, ɗan jaridar Najeriya/Kanada, marubuci kuma mai fafutuka
Wofai Samuel, jami'in watsa labarai da gudanarwar sadarwa
Jewel Taylor, Tsohuwar Uwargidan Shugaban Ƙasa, Sanata (2006-2018) kuma Mataimakiyar Shugaban Laberiya na yanzu
John James Akpan Udo-Edehe, dan siyasa
Owens Wiwa, mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam.
Chukwuemeka Ngozichineke Wogu, minister.
Sanannun Lakcarori
Eskor Toyo, Farfesa na Tattalin Arziki kuma Masanin Marxist
Eno James Ibanga, Farfesa na Kimiyyar Kimiyyar Kimiyyar Jiha da Material
Akpan Hogan Ekpo, Farfesa a fannin tattalin arziki da manufofin jama'a
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Yanar Gizo na Jami'ar Calabar
Yanar gizon al'amura na |
47921 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Anagnos | Michael Anagnos | Michael Anagnos 7 ga Nuwamba, 1837 29 ga Yuni, 1906) ya kasance amintacce kuma daga baya darektan na biyu na Makarantar Perkins na Makafi. Ya kasance marubuci, malami, kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam. Anagnos sananne ne saboda aikinsa tare da Helen Keller Tarihi An haifi Michael Anagnos Michael Anagnopoulos a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, 1837, a Papingo, wani karamin ƙauye a yankin tsaunuka na Epirus Mahaifinsa Demetrios A. Theodore ne kuma mahaifiyarsa Kallina Panayiotes Mahaifinsa manomi ne kuma makiyayi kuma ya sanya babban darajar ilimantar da ɗansa. Gwamnatin Ottoman ba ta katse yankin ba kuma sun biya haraji na musamman ga sultan. Sojojin Ottoman ba su taɓa zuwa ƙauyen ba. Anagos ya tafi makarantar sakandare a Ioannina kuma ya halarci Jami'ar Kasa da Kapodistrian ta Athens yana da shekaru goma sha tara. A cikin shekaru hudu masu zuwa, ya yi karatun Girkanci, Latin, Faransanci, da falsafar. Anagnos daga nan ya yi karatun shari'a na tsawon shekaru uku tare da niyyar zama masanin kimiyyar siyasa da ɗan jarida. Lokacin da yake da shekaru 24, ya shiga Ethnophylax, jaridar Athens ta yau da kullun. Daga baya ya zama babban edita.
Anagnos ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen adawa da Sarki Otto da gwamnatinsa. Ya kasance mai aiki a cikin cire Sarki Otto daga sarauta wanda ya gabatar da ɗakunan Freemasonry a matsayin wani ɓangare na cirewa tare da taimakon Giuseppe Garibaldi da ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yansa maza. [1] Sarki George ya gaji Sarki Otto da Anagnos ya bar takarda saboda rashin jituwa game da tawaye na tsibirin Crete a 1866. Girka ta kasance cikin yaki da Daular Ottoman daga 1821, kuma Amurka Philhellene da Dokta Samuel Gridley Howe sun yi tafiya zuwa Girka a cikin shekarun 1860 don ba da taimako da taimako. Dokta Samuel Gridley Howe ya sadu da Anagnos kuma ya hayar da shi a matsayin sakatarensa. Anagnos ya shirya taimako don kokarin yaki kuma yana kula da al'amuran Kwamitin Crete a Athens. Dokta Howe ya koma Amurka kuma ya gayyaci Anagnos zuwa Boston don ci gaba da aikinsa tare da Kwamitin Crete a New England a kusa da 1868. [1]
Anagnos ya isa Amurka yana da shekaru 31. Ya kasance mai koyarwa mai zaman kansa ga iyalin Howe; Howe ya kuma kafa Makarantar Perkins don Makafi. Anagnos ya fara koyar da Latin da Girkanci ga yara makafi da yawa. Bayan shekaru da yawa a Amurka kuma tare da taimakon Howe, Anagnos ya fara koyar da Helenanci a kwalejoji daban-daban. Ya auri 'yar Howe, Julia Romana Howe, a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1870. Gidan dindindin na Anagnos ya zama Boston.
Anagnos ita ce mataimakin Howe. Lokacin da Howe bai kasance ba Anagnos ya kasance Darakta na Makarantar Perkins don Makafi; ya saba da tsarin koyar da makafi da kurame. Ya yi nazarin nasarar Laura Bridgman, tsohon dalibi na Makarantar Perkins don Makafi. Wannan ya ba da gudummawa ga aikinsa tare da Helen Keller, Thomas Stringer, Willie Elizabeth Robin, da sauran ɗaliban makafi da kurame. Howe ya mutu a watan Janairun 1876; bayan mutuwarsa, Anagnos ya zama darektan na biyu na Makarantar Perkins don Makafi. Anagnos ya buga Ilimin Makafi a cikin 1882. A wannan lokacin, ya tsara wani shiri na makarantar sakandare don koyar da yara makafi da kurame. Matarsa tana da ilimi sosai. A wannan lokacin ta wallafa littattafai da yawa kuma ta taimaka kuma ta yi wahayi zuwa ga aikin mijinta tare da kurame da makafi da kuma taimakawa wajen tara kuɗi don makarantar sakandare. Koyaya, ba zato ba tsammani ta mutu tana da shekaru 41 a 1886. Ma'auratan ba su da yara. A cikin 'yan shekaru masu zuwa, an gina ginin makarantar sakandare a Jamaica Plain, Boston, kuma an shirya babban kyauta. Anagnos ya rasa diyya kuma ya yi aiki ba tare da gajiyawa ba don kammala aikin. Ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibai na farko shine Thomas Stringer A wannan lokacin Anagnos ya aika da tsohuwar ɗalibar Perkins Anne Sullivan don koyar da Helen Keller. Anagnos ya yi tafiya zuwa Girka da sauran sassan Turai na watanni 15 a kusa da 1889. Yayinda yake Girka ya sadu da Olga, Sarauniyar Girka. Sarauniyar ta koyi labarin Helen Keller kuma ta nemi ta karanta kowane wasika da ta rubuta Anagnos. Sha'awarta ta kasance mai tsanani har ta adana yawancin wasiƙu kuma yarinyar makafi mai shekaru tara tana da daraja sosai a kotun sarauniya. Yawancin jaridu na Amurka sun rarraba labarin game da shahararren Helen Keller a cikin kotun sarauta, wanda ya haifar da gadonta. A kusa da shekaru goma Helen Keller ta rubuta "The Frost King" kuma ta aika shi a matsayin kyautar ranar haihuwar ga Anagnos. Ya buga labarin a cikin The Mentor, mujallar Perkins alumni An buga labarin a cikin The Goodson Gazette, wata mujallar kan ilimin kurame da ke Virginia. Helen Keller daga baya ta zama mace ta farko da ta sami digiri na farko. Labarin ta ya zama daya daga cikin shahararrun tarihin Amurka.
Anagnos akai-akai yana ciyar da lokaci tare da sanannen farfesa na Harvard Evangelinos Apostolides Sophocles A shekara ta 1892, Anagnos ya sami digiri na girmamawa na AM daga Jami'ar Harvard A kusa da 1900, ya yi tafiya zuwa Paris don halartar Taron Kasa da Kasa na Malamai da Abokai na Makafi An tura shi don wakiltar Amurka da Makarantar Perkins. Ya ba da gudummawar kuɗi mai yawa ga ilimin Girka kuma ya kafa makarantu a Papingo, Girka. Ya kasance shugaban kasa kuma wanda ya kafa kungiyar National Union of Greeks a Amurka. Ya kuma kafa kungiyar Plato, kungiyar Panhellenic, da kuma kungiyar Alexander the Great. Ya kasance mataimakin shugaban kungiyar Massachusetts Medical Gymnastic Association Anagnos ya taimaka wajen fara Ikklisiyoyin Orthodox na gida a yankin Boston da kuma taimaka wa baƙi na Girka na gida.
A shekara ta 1906, yana da shekaru 69, ya yi tafiya zuwa Athens kuma ya lura da wasannin Olympics. Ya mutu a ranar 29 ga Yuni, 1906, yayin da yake tafiya a Romania. An kai jikinsa zuwa Epirus kuma an binne shi a can. A Boston, mutane 2000 sun taru don hidimar tunawa da shi a Haikali na Tremont Shahararrun baƙi sun haɗa da Gwamna Curtis Guild Jr., Magajin garin John F. Fitzgerald, Julia Ward Howe, Bishop na Episcopal na Massachusetts William Lawrence, da Florence Howe Hall.
Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen Ilimi na Makafi Tarihin Tarihi na Asalinsa, Tashi da Ci gaba 1882
Makarantar jariri da Firamare don Makafi A Kira na Biyu don Tushenta da Kyauta 1884
Ilimi na Makafi a Amurka Ka'idodinsa, Ci gaba da Sakamakon; Adireshin Biyu 1904
Bayani
Bayanan |
18267 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgina%20Kidd | Virgina Kidd | Virginia kidd (2 Yuni, 1921 Janairu 11, 2003) ƴar ƙasar Amurika ce mai wallafe-wallafen wakili, Marubuciya kuma editan, wanda ta yi aiki musamman a almarar kimiyya da kuma waɗanda suka danganci filayen. Ta marubutan tatsuniyoyin Amurika kamar su Ursula K. Le Guin, RA Lafferty, Anne McCaffrey, Judith Merril, da Gene Wolfe Wolfe tayi kama da Ann Schindler, mai hali a cikin littafinsa na 1990 mai suna Castleview, a babban ɓangare akan Kidd.
Rayuwa da Ayyuka An haifi Kidd Mildred Virginia Kidd a cikin gundumar Germantown na Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Ita ce ƙaramar 'yar Charles Kidd, mawallafi, da Zetta Daisy Whorley. Tana da cutar shan inna a lokacin 2. Ta rame ta yi shekara guda daga kirji zuwa ƙasa. Lokacin da ta girma ta halarci Makarantar Koyar da Harsuna ta Berlitz inda ta sami ci gaba a cikin yaren Spanish, Latin, Italian, Faransanci, da Jamusanci. Kidd ya gano almarar kimiyya tun yana dan shekara 9. Ta zama mai son ƙirƙirarren labarin almara Ita 'yar Futuriyan ce, a cikin 1941, ta zama ɗaya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa Vanungiyar' Yan Jarida ta Vanguard Ba ta halarci kwaleji ba, tana cewa "saboda ba zan iya zuwa Jami'ar Chicago ba, kuma ba zan je wani ba." Ta auri mawaƙin opera Jack Emden a 1943. Sun sake su a cikin 1947. Sannan ta auri marubuci James Blish Sun yi aure har zuwa 1963. Tana da yara hudu: Karen Anne Emden (an haife ta a 1944), Asa Benjamin Blish (an haife shi kuma ya mutu a 1947), Dorothea Elisabeth Blish (an haife shi a 1954), da Charles Benjamin Blish (an haife shi a 1956). Kidd tayi nasarar aiki a matsayin marubuci mai zaman kansa, marubucin fatalwa, kuma mai karanta karatu. Sananniyar sananniya ce ga ayyukanta a cikin harkar adabin adabin baka na ilimin mata. Ta taimaka wa marubutan da ba a san su ba. Ta kasance yar kasuwa mai nasara wacce tayi aiki tare da manyan kamfanoni kamar su Ace Publishing da Parnassus Books. Ita ma mawaƙa ce, kuma ta buga Kinesis, wata ƙaramar mujallar waƙa Ta taimaka wajen fara aikin marubuta ciki har da Sonya Dorman Gajerun labaran ta sun haɗa da Kangaroo Court", wacce aka buga a 1966 a Damon Knight <i id="mwMw">Orbit 1</i> Ta yi gyare-gyare ko kuma daidaita tare da rubuce-rubucen almara na kimiyya. Ta shirya biyun tare da abokin harka da kuma abokiyarta, Ursula K. LeGuin, Hanyoyi: Tsarin Harshen Tatsuniyoyi (1980) da Edges: Sababbin Tatsuniyoyi goma sha uku daga Borderlands na imagination (1980). Kidd ya lashe lambar yabo ta Locus ta 12 a 1979 na Mata Millennial Hukumar Ƙididdiga ta Virginia Kidd A cikin 1965, ta kafa Hukumar Ƙididdigar Kiddiya ta Virginia. Hukumar ta kasance a gidanta, Arrowhead, a Milford, Pennsylvania Ba da daɗewa ba, tana da abokan ciniki da yawa daga ƙungiyar almara ta kimiyya. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta zama wakiliyar adabi a cikin tatsuniyoyi. Abokan cinikin nata sun haɗa da David R. Bunch, Juanita Coulson, George Alec Effinger, Alan Dean Foster, Richard E. Geis, Ursula K. Le Guin, Zach Hughes, Laurence Janifer, RA Lafferty, Anne McCaffrey, Judith Merril, Ward Moore, Christopher Firist, Frank M. Robinson, Joanna Russ, da Gene Wolfe Ta daina kula da hukumar ne a tsakiyar shekarun 1990 saboda matsalolin lafiya daga ciwon suga. Ta mutu a 2003, amma har yanzu hukumar tana nan.
Hanyar Milford Tare da marubuci Damon Knight da mijinta James Blish, Kidd sun kirkiro hanyar sukar da aka sani a duniya kamar Hanyar Milford.
Littattafai
Ayyuka “Suburban Harvest.” 1952
“Assignment Christmas Spirit.” 1966
“Happily Ever Once Upon (A Play)” 1990
“Ok, O Che.” Aberrations, 1995
“A King of King.” With All of Love: Selected Poems, 1995
“Kangaroo Court.” Orbit I, 1996
“Argument.” Weird Tales 55, Fall 1998
Litattafan da ta gyara McCaffrey, Anne. Hasken haske New York: Ballantine, 1968.
Le Guin, Ursula K. Idon Heron. New York: Victor Gollancz Ltd, 1982.
Waɗanda ta shirya Ceton Duniya: Aarin Tarihin Kagaggen Labari. New York: Doubleday Kamfanin, 1973. (An sake bugawa azaman Woungiyar rauni. New York: Littattafan Bantam, 1974. Mafi Kyawun Judith Merril. New York: Littattafan Gargaɗi, 1976.
Mata Millennium. New York: Delacorte, 1978.
Edges: Sababbin Tatsuniyoyi goma sha uku daga Yankin kan iyakantuwa. New York: Littattafan Aljihu, 1980.
Mu'amala: Tarihin Tatsuniyoyi. New York: Littattafan Ace, 1980.
Fassarorin da tayi "Dodo a Dajin." Gérard Klein (wanda aka fassara daga Faransanci ta Virginia Kidd). Mujallar Fantasy da Almarar Kimiyya Vol. 21, A'a. 3, 1961
Manazarta
Kara karantawa Kidd, Virginia, "Wakilin Farko, Masanin Tarihi Wani lokaci, Marubuci a Cikin Tsage," a cikin Mata Masu hangen nesa, wanda Denise DuPont ya shirya. St Martin's Press: 1988.
'Yan Futurians: Labarin Kagaggen Kimiyyar Kimiyya "Iyali" na 30's Wanda Ya Kawo Manyan Marubutan Sf Editocin Yau (1977) na Damon Knight Sauran yanar gizo Virginia Kidd a Cibiyar Pennsylvania don Littafin
Virginia Kidd Tarihin Kidd daga gidan yanar gizon SFWA
Hukumar Kididdiga ta Virginia Kidd
"Game da Virginia Kidd" Archived ta Ursula K. Le Guin, ɗayan marubutanta
Mildred "VK" Virginia (Kidd) Mai Blish a Blish Genealogy blish.org Virginia Kidd a Laburaren ofungiyar Hukumomin Majalisar tare da takaddun kasidu 5
Marubutan Amurka
Marubuta
Waɗanda Suka Samu Kyautar |
57995 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarihin%20Yarabawa | Tarihin Yarabawa | Kafin Oyo Empire Tarihin Yarabawa ya fara ne a Ile-Ife(Ife Empire). Ubangiji Oduduwa ne ya kafa wannan masarautar, wanda aka yi imanin shi ne ya halicci duniya. Oduduwa shine sarki na farko na allahntaka na kabilar Yarbawa.An ce Yarabawa sun yi imanin cewa wayewarsu ta faro ne daga Ile-Ife inda alloli suka gangaro duniya.
Ƙungiyoyin ƙabilun sun zama sananne a duniya saboda cinikinsu da Portuguese wanda ya ba su bindigogi don kasuwancin su.Fulani ne suka mamaye Yarabawa a farkon shekarun 1800, wanda ya kai mutanen Kudu.A ƙarshen 1800s, sun kulla yarjejeniya da daular Burtaniya kuma Birtaniyya ta yi musu mulkin mallaka tun daga 1901.
Mutanen da suka rayu a ƙasar Yarbawa,aƙalla a ƙarni na bakwai kafin haihuwar Yesu,ba a fara kiransu da Yarbawa ba, ko da yake suna da ƙabila da harshe ɗaya.Yarabawa na tarihi sun haɓaka a wurin,daga farkon(Mesolithic)Volta-Niger yawan jama'a,zuwa karni na 1 BC. Ta hanyar ilimin archaeological,mazaunin Ile-Ife za a iya kwanan watan kusan karni na 10 zuwa 6 BC, tare da tsarin birane ya bayyana a cikin ƙarni na 4-7."Tsakanin 700 zuwa 900 AD,birnin ya fara haɓaka a matsayin babban cibiyar fasaha,"Kuma "ta hanyar karni na 12 masu fasahar Ife suna ƙirƙirar kayan alatu da tagulla na addini,dutse,da terracotta.Zaman Ile-Ife kafin hawan Oyo,ca. 1100–1600,wani lokaci ana siffanta shi da "zaman zinariya"na Ile-Ife.
Oyo Empire Daular Oyo ta wuce Ife a matsayin mafi rinjayen soja da siyasa na Yarbawa tsakanin 1600 zuwa 1800 AD.Daular Benin da ke kusa ita ma ta kasance mai karfi tsakanin 1300 zuwa 1850.
Oyo ta ci gaba a karni na 17 kuma ta zama daya daga cikin manyan masarautun Yarbawa,yayin da Ile-Ife ta kasance babbar kishiya ta addini ga ikonta a wurin da Allah ya yi duniya a tatsuniyar Yarabawa.Bayan hawan Oduduwa a Ile-Ife,ya haifi ɗa.Daga baya wannan dan ya zama sarki na farko a masarautar Oyo.
Masarautar Oyo ta mamaye masarautar Dahomey .Ta yi ciniki da ’yan kasuwa Turawa a bakin teku ta Ajase.Dukiyar daular ta karu,haka nan arzikin shugabanta na siyasa ya karu.Haka lamarin ya ci gaba har Oba Abiodun,babban mai mulkin Oyo na karshe, ya saka abokan hamayyarsa yakin basasa wanda ya yi illa ga ci gaban tattalin arziki da kasuwanci da ‘yan kasuwar Turawa.Rugujewar masarautar ta zo ba da dadewa ba, yayin da Abiodun ya damu da abin da bai wuce nuna dukiyar sarauta ba.Daular Oyo ta rushe a shekarun 1830.
Kamar Oyo kanta,yawancin jihohin da ke kewaye da Obas ne ke iko da su,zaɓaɓɓen sarakunan firistoci,da majalisa da suka hada da Oloyes, shugabannin da aka sani na sarakuna,masu daraja,da kuma sau da yawa har ma da zuriyarsu, waɗanda suka haɗa da su wajen yin mulki a kan masarautun ta hanyar jerin gwanon.na guilds da kungiyoyin asiri.Jihohi daban-daban sun ga mabambantan rabon iko tsakanin sarauta da majalisar sarakuna.Wasu,irin su Oyo,suna da sarakuna masu iko,masu mulkin kama-karya da kusan dukkaninsu,yayin da a wasu irin su jihohin Ijebu,majalisar dattawa ta kasance mafi girma, kuma Oba ya zama wani abu na shugaban kasa.
Sai dai a kowane hali,sarakunan Yarbawa suna bin ci gaba da amincewar al’ummar mazabarsu ta fuskar siyasa,kuma za a iya tilasta musu yin murabus cikin sauki saboda nuna son kai ko gazawa.Yawancin lokaci ana ba da umarnin barin gadon sarauta ta hanyar àrokò ko saƙo na alama, wanda yawanci yakan ɗauki nau'in ƙwai na aku da Oloyes ke bayarwa a cikin kwano da aka rufe.
Tarihin zamani Daga karshe Yarbawa sun kafa tarayyar birane a karkashin siyasar jihar Oyo,dake arewacin kasar Yarbawa a cikin filayen savanna tsakanin dazuzzukan kudu maso yammacin Najeriya da kogin Neja.
Bayan Jihadin da Uthman Dan Fodio ya jagoranta tare da kara samun karbuwa a garuruwan Hausawa na Arewacin Najeriya cikin gaggawa,sai daular Fulani Sokoto ta mamaye daular Nupe. Daga nan sai ta fara gaba zuwa kudu zuwa cikin kasa.Ba da dadewa ba,sojojinta sun mamaye babban birnin na sojan Yarbawa na Ilorin, sannan suka kori tare da lalatar da Ọyọ-Ile,kujerar sarautar daular diya.
Bayan haka,sai aka yi watsi da Ọyọ-Ile,kuma sai su ka koma kudu zuwa birnin Oyo na yanzu (wanda aka fi sani da"Ago d'oyo",ko"Oyo Atiba")a cikin dazuzzukan da sojojin dawakan Daular Sokoto ba su da yawa.tasiri.Wani yunƙuri da Daular Sakkwato ta yi na faɗaɗa kudu,Yarbawa da suka yi gangamin kare kai a ƙarƙashin jagorancin soja na ƙabilar Ibadan,waɗanda suka taso daga tsohuwar Daular Oyo,da kuma jihohin Ijebu suka duba.
Duk da haka,an yi wa masarautar Oyo mummunan rauni.Sauran jihohin na Yarbawa sun wargaje daga mamayar Oyo,kuma daga baya sun shiga cikin rikice-rikice na tsaka-tsaki wanda ba da jimawa ba ya koma yakin basasa.Wadannan al'amura sun raunana kabilar Yarbawa ta kudu matuka yayin da gwamnatin Najeriya ta bi kakkausan hanyoyi domin kawo karshen yakin basasa.A cikin 1960,Ƙasar Yarbawa mafi girma ta kasance cikin Tarayyar Najeriya.Takaddun tarihin Yarbawa,wanda ya zama mafi isa a karni na sha tara tare da zuwan Turawa na dindindin, sun ba da labarin hare-haren Jihadi da mayaƙan Fulanin arewa suka yi da kuma yaƙi tsakanin Yarabawa da kansu.Shaidar archaeological na girman daɗaɗɗen wayewarsu a cikin nau'i na,a tsakanin sauran abubuwa,nasarorin gine-gine masu ban sha'awa kamar Sungbo's Eredo waɗanda suke ƙarni da yawa,duk da haka suna da yawa.
Manya-manyan garuruwa, garuruwa, da ƴan ƙasashen waje Yarabawa da yawa sun tsara kansu zuwa ƙauyuka,garuruwa,da birane a cikin tsarin masarautu. Manyan garuruwan sun hada da Ile-Ife,Oyo,Ila-Orangun,Eko( Lagos ),Abeokuta, Ipokia, Ibadan,Ijebu-Ode,Iwo,da Akure da dai sauransu. Wasu garuruwa da garuruwan kabilar Yarbawa an dauke su a matsayin dangi saboda kamanceceniya da asalinsu da al'adunsu.Wasu garuruwa da dama,ko da yake ba Yarabawa ba ne, suna da tarihin tasirin Yarabawa.Wadannan garuruwan sune Warri,Benin City,Okene,da Auchi. Ƙasar Yarbawa tana da manyan ƙungiyoyi biyu. Na farko dai ya kunshi bakin haure na baya-bayan nan da suka koma Amurka da Ingila bayan sauye-sauyen siyasa da tattalin arziki a shekarun 1960 da 1980.Rukunin na biyu ya girmi girma,kuma ya ƙunshi zuriyar Yarbawa da aka sace waɗanda suka isa bauta a ƙasashe irin su Amurka,Cuba, Trinidad,Brazil,Grenada,da sauran ƙasashe na Caribbean da Kudancin Amurka a ƙarni na |
18668 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Johnson | Andrew Johnson | Andrew Johnson (29 ga Disamba, 1808 31 ga Yuli, a shekara ta alif ɗari takwas da saba'in da biyar1875) miladiyya.shi ne Mataimakin Shugaban na 16 kuma shine Shugaba na 17 na Amurka. Shi ne shugaban ƙasa na farko da aka tsige, amma ba a tsige shi daga muƙaminsa ba. Tsigewar ta faru ne saboda ya kori Sakataren Yaƙi bayan Majalisa ta yi doka. Hakanan ana ganin wannan baƙon abu ne, domin galibi ya rage ga shugaban ƙasa ya naɗa kuma ya kori sakatarorinsa. Koyaya, Majalisa ba ta son shi saboda shi ɗan Democrat ne kuma ba ya son taimaka wa tsofaffin bayi.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Johnson a Raleigh, North Carolina a cikin 1808, a cikin gida mai daki daya. Iyalinsa talakawa ne sosai kuma bai taɓa zuwa makaranta ba. Ya kasance mai koyon sana'anta ta tela kuma wani tela mai suna Selby ya riƙe shi a matsayin bawa mara ƙayatarwa, wani nau'in bawa. Kwangilar ta bayyana cewa Johnson ya kamata ya yi wa Selby aiki har sai ya kai shekara 21, amma Johnson bai ji dadin aikin ba ya gudu tare da dan uwansa. Tela ya fitar da fastocin da ake so amma Johnson bai dawo ba. A ƙarshe ya fara kasuwanci nasa a Greeneville a Tennessee, inda ya haɗu ya auri Eliza McCardle. Tana rashin lafiya sosai saboda tarin fuka, cutar huhu, amma Johnson yana ƙaunarta sosai. Ta koya masa karatu yadda ya kamata kuma ta taimaka masa wajen yin karatu, wanda hakan ya taimaka masa shiga siyasa. Ya zama magajin garin Greeneville a cikin 1834, yana da shekaru 25. A cikin 1843, an zabe shi a Majalisar Wakilai a Washington DC A cikin 1853, ya zama Gwamnan Tennessee, matsayi mafi iko a jihar. Bayan yayi wa'adi biyu, maimakon haka an zabe shi Sanata (a wannan lokacin, Babban Taron Tennessee ya zabi duka wadannan mukamai, ba mutane ba) kuma ya dawo Washington DC Johnson yana da matukar arziki sannan kuma ya mallaki bayi da yawa da kansa. Lokaci ne da kasar ta shiga wani mawuyacin hali saboda bautar da sauran yanayi.
Harkar siyasa Lokacin da Tennessee da wasu jihohin bayi goma na Kudancin suka bayyana cewa ba sa cikin Amurka, shi kadai ne memba daga cikinsu da bai daina kujerarsa ba. Madadin haka, ya tafi Amurka ya taimaki Arewa a yakin, abin da ake kira "Union Democrat". Duk da kasancewarsa dan dimokuradiyya, an zabe shi a matsayin Mataimakin Lincoln na Abraham a kan tikitin "National Union" a 1864, wanda ke ganin ya kamata a kawo karshen yakin kuma a mara wa kudu baya cikin kungiyar. Lincoln ya zaɓi Johnson ne saboda ya kasance mai biyayya amma kuma yana ganin zai yi kyau a samu dan Democrat kan tikitin zaben ya nuna ba batun siyasa jam’iyya bane. Johnson ya 'yanta bayinsa a cikin 1863, jim kaɗan kafin doka ta sanya shi ba bisa doka ba. A cikin 1865, Majalisa ta dakatar da bautar a cikin Amurka gaba ɗaya kafin yakin ya ƙare.
Ya zama shugaban ƙasa a 1865 bayan da aka kashe Abraham Lincoln. 'Yan Republican ne ke jagorantar majalisa a lokacin, kuma bayan kisan Lincoln, suna son tsaurara sharudda fiye da yadda Johnson ya yi na sake ginin jihohin Kudancin da suka yi tawaye. Majalisa ta kuma fi abokantaka da Amurkawan Afirka waɗanda ba su daɗe da bayi, kuma 'yan Republican da yawa sun so su yi zaɓe kuma a ba su ƙasa. Johnson, wanda dan Democrat ne, yana tunanin zai cutar da fararen fata a Kudancin kuma yana matukar adawa da waɗannan manufofin. A sakamakon haka, ya yi fatali da kudurori 29 da Majalisa ta zartar, kuma shi ne shugaban da ya ke da wadanda suka fi karfin veto. Wannan na iya faruwa idan Majalisa ta zartar da doka a karo na biyu tare da mafi rinjayen 2/3, ma'ana ninki biyu na mutane da yawa suna goyon bayan dokar kamar yadda suke adawa da ita. Idan wannan ya faru veto ya gaza kuma doka ta zartar. Baƙon abu ne sosai amma ya faru sau 15 ga Johnson, wanda rikodin ne.
Ya kuma kasance Shugaban kasa na farko da aka tsige a 1868, amma daga baya aka wanke shi a Majalisar Dattawa. Lokacin da Majalisa ta cire shugaban kasa, dole ne Majalisar Wakilai ta zabe don tsige shi, sannan Majalisar Dattawa ta yanke hukunci, ta hanyar yawan masu rinjaye 2/3. Kodayake 'yan jam'iyyar Republican suna da yawan sanatocin, to amma hukuncin bai samu nasara ba da kuri'a daya. Da yawa daga cikin 'yan Republican sun yi tunanin ba aikinsu bane maye gurbin shugaban, kuma an kammala tuhumar da ake yiwa Johnson. Don haka Johnson zai iya ci gaba da aikinsa na shekarar da ta gabata. Akwai wasu shekaru 130 kafin a tsige wani shugaban, Bill Clinton a 1998. Johnson shine kaɗai shugaban ƙasar Amurka da bai taba zuwa makaranta ba, kuma shi da matarsa Eliza McCardle Johnson ne suka koya masa karatu. Ya kuma koya wa kansa doka da siyasa ta hanyar karatun kansa. Amurka ta sayi Alaska daga Rasha kan dala miliyan 7.2 (farashin ya kasance cent 2 a kowace kadada) yayin da yake shugaban kasa, amma Sakataren Harkokin Wajen William Seward ne ya shirya sayan. Yanzu ana ɗaukarsa mai hikima sosai kuma albarkatun ƙasa a Alaska a yau suna da darajar biliyoyi da yawa.
Bayan wa’adinsa ya ƙare, Johnson ya bar Washington. A 1875, ya dawo bayan an sake zaɓen shi sanata na Tennessee. Ya mutu a wannan shekarar. Har yanzu shi kadai ne shugaban Amurka da ya taɓa yin sanata bayan zama shugaban ƙasa. Wani tsohon shugaban ƙasa, John Quincy Adams, ya yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai bayan shugabancin sa, amma.
Bayanan kula
Manazarta
Sauran yanar gizo Tarihin Andrew Johnson na Fadar White House Shugaban Kasa
Shugabanni
Shugabannin |
15466 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nkiru%20Balonwu | Nkiru Balonwu | Nkiru Balonwu yar kasuwa ne kuma yar gwagwarmaya da ke zaune a Legas, Nijeriya. Nkiru an san ta da tsayayyun ra'ayoyi game da mata a matsayin maganin matsalolin Afirka kuma ita ce kafa da kuma shugabar kungiyar matan Afirka a kan kungiyar, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta, kungiyar mata masu zaman kansu ta Afirka da ke mai da hankali kan ciyar da labarai don inganta al'amuran mata. da 'yan matan gadon Afirka. Ita ce kuma mai kafa da kuma manajan aboki na RDF Strategies, wani kamfani na ba da shawara wanda ke ba da shawarwari kan dabarun sadarwa da hadin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki. A cikin 2016, a lokacin da take jagorancin Spinlet, Balonwu ya fito a cikin YNaija a matsayin ɗayan "Mata 100 da ke Mostarfafawa a Nijeriya". A watan Oktoba 2019, Balonwu ya sami lambar yabo ta 2020 Powerlist International ta Powerlist UK. Itace wacce ke ganin saka mata a gaba zai kawo matsololin africa
Rayuwar kai da yanayin rayuwa Balonwu diya ce ga wasu lauyoyi biyu wadanda suka kware a canjin zamantakewa da adalci.
Ilimi Balonwu ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin shari'a a Jami'ar Manchester Ta yi digiri na biyu a Jami'ar London College (UCL) kuma ta yi Digirin Digiri daga Jami'ar California, Berkeley.
Ayyuka Balonwu ta yi aiki a fannoni da dama da suka haɗa da doka, fasaha da sadarwa.
Ta yi aiki a matsayin malama a tsangayar koyar da shari'a, Jami'ar Legas A cikin 2014, Balonwu ta zama Shugaba na Spinlet, farkon waƙar yawo da dandamali rarraba dijital a yankin Saharar Afirka. A lokacin da take matsayin Shugaba, Spinlet ta zama Manajan Rikodi na Duniya na Duniya (ISRC) na farko a Nijeriya. A cikin 2017, Balonwu ta kafa Matan Afirka a kan Kwamitin wanda ya ƙaddamar da ƙasashen duniya a Ford Foundation Center for Social Justice, New York, a ranar 26 Satumba 2019 yayin Majalisar duringinkin Duniya (UNGA), da nufin “ba da murya ga matan Afirka da canza yadda ake fahimtar su Shugabanci da nadi A cikin shekarar 2018, an nada Balonwu a matsayin mai ba da shawara daga babbar jam’iyyar adawa ta Najeriya, domin ta sanya mata a lokacin yakin neman zaben Shugaban kasa na 2019 na tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasa kuma dan takarar adawa Atiku Abubakar. An nadata mashawarcin Balonwu na RDF don inganta manufar Legas ga Duniya (L2W), yaƙin neman zaɓe a cikin 2018 a cikin shekara ta 2018 da Gwamnatin Jihar Legas ta yi don fitar da saka jari daga ƙetare zuwa jihar.
Kyaututtuka da nasarori A ranar 25 ga Oktoba Oktoba 2019, Balonwu ta karɓi kyautar Powerlist 2020 International. Jerin lambar yabo bakake mafi kyaun kyautuka ya kunshi mutum 100 daga cikin bakar fata mafi tasiri a Burtaniya. Balonwu ita ce wacce aka karrama da lambar yabo ta kasa da kasa, "wanda aka ba mutumin da yake zaune a wajen Burtaniya, wanda ake ganin ya bambanta kansu a matsayin mai kawo canji, mai kirkire-kirkire, mai kwazo da kuma mutum mai matukar tasiri" wajen karrama aikinta a Matan Afirka a Jirgin. A watan Maris na 2016, wallafe-wallafen kafofin watsa labarai, YNaija, tare da hadin gwiwar kungiyar Leading Ladies Africa sun zabi Balonwu a cikin Mata 100 masu matukar birgewa a Najeriya, wani fitowar shekara-shekara da ke dauke da "matan da ke yin tasiri ga duniya da al'ummominsu da gangan ta hanyar karfi da karfin tunaninsu. da nasara. Balonwu ta sami karramawa ne saboda aikinta a Spinlet a cikin "Juyin juya hali [yadda yake] yadda ake raba da kuma rarraba abubuwan kiɗa". A cikin 2010, Balonwu ta kasance mai karɓar ofungiyar Yankin Foundasa, wanda ke ba da kyauta wanda ke mai da hankali kan "inganta rayuwar mata da 'yan mata a cikin gida da kuma duniya baki ɗaya ta hanyar ba da abokantaka ga mata waɗanda da gaske za su kawo canji a duniya." Balonwu ta lashe kyautar ne a karkashin Dokar da Kimiyyar Zamani da kuma takaddar doka bisa nazarin damar da masana'antar fina-finan Afirka, "Nollywood" ke bayarwa ga mata a matsayin wata hanyar bunkasa tattalin arziki.
Jawabin jama'a da sharhin kafofin watsa labarai Balonwu ta kasance a dandamali daban-daban akan batutuwan da suka hada da daidaiton jinsi, fasaha, kirkire-kirkire da kuma kasuwanci. A kan podcast a16z, wanda aka fara daga asusun VC Andreessen Horowitz, tare da manyan bakin da suka gabata wadanda suka hada da dan wasan NBA Andre Iguodala da Oprah Winfrey, Balonwu ya yi magana kan fasaha a Afirka. Makarantar Kasuwancin Havard ta Dynamic Women in Business Conference a cikin 2018 ta nuna Nkiru Balonwu a matsayin 'mata a kan allon kwamiti'. A Rediyon Faransa Internationale (RFI) wani gidan rediyon jama'a na Faransa tare da masu sauraro miliyan 35.6 a duniya, Balonwu ya yi magana kan yadda za a fi dacewa da matan Afirka. An lissafa ta a matsayin mai ba da shawara a Cibiyar kafawa, mafi girma mafi saurin farawa a duniya.
Labarai da aka buga Balonwu ya yi rubuce-rubuce ga kafafen yada labarai daban-daban ciki har da Sahara Reporters, TechCabal da Al Jazeera Turanci.
"Matan Afirka A Matsayin Masu Amfani: Mabudin Buɗe Bunkasar Afirka"; Fabrairu 2020 "Yabon matan Afirka yana da mahimmanci ga kasuwancin Afirka"; Disamba 2019 “Me yasa ba MeToo ba? Ta yaya zantuka ke hana ci gaban matan Afirka Oktoba 2019 "Cin zarafin mata Ka manta da #Metoo, Muna Bukatar #Youtoo don Tsayawa tare da Mata"; Yuli 2019 "Babban Daraktan Google Ya Kafa Sabbin Alamar Sadarwa na Zamani: Darasi ga Shugabannin Afirka" 'Fabrairu 2019 “MTN vs. Gwamnati: Shin Sadarwar Sadarwa ce ke cutar da Tattalin Arzikin Najeriya? Oktoba 2018 “Brexit, ziyarar Macron: Damar da sabbin kawance ga Najeriya”; Yuli 2018 "Mata a cikin kara: Lokaci don sake yin la'akari da hanyarmu?" Mayu 2018 "Maza a matsayin Kawaye: Matsawa don Cigaba da Daidata Matsayin Aiki a Afirka"; Maris 2018 "Sanya Muryoyin Matan Afirka Gaba Daya"; Janairu 2018, Ranar Kasuwanci
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17665 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikicin%20makiyaya%20da%20manoma%20a%20Najeriya | Rikicin makiyaya da manoma a Najeriya | Rikicin makiyaya da manoma a Najeriya galibi ya shafi rikice-rikice ne kan albarkatun ƙasa tsakanin Fulani makiyaya galibi Musulmai da akasarinsu manoma Kiristoci a duk faɗin Najeriya amma lamarin ya fi ƙamari a yankin Tsakiyar Najeriya (Arewa ta Tsakiya) tun bayan dawowar mulkin dimokuradiyya a 1999. Haka nan an kai hare-hare a Arewa Maso Yammacin Najeriya kan manoma wadanda galibinsu Hausawa ne. Duk da yake rikice-rikicen yana da asali na dalilai na tattalin arziki da muhalli, ya kuma sami matakan addini da kabilanci. Dubunnan mutane sun mutu tun lokacin da rikicin ya fara. Al’ummomin da ke zaune a karkara mazauna yankin galibi ana fuskantar hare-hare saboda yanayin rauni. Akwai fargabar cewa wannan rikici zai ba zu zuwa wasu kasashen Afirka ta Yamma amma galibi hakan gwamnatocin yankin sun yi kasa a guiwa. Hare-hare a kan makiyaya sun kuma kai su ga ramuwar gayya ta hanyar kai hari ga wasu al'ummomin.
Dalilan rikicin Tun lokacin da aka kafa Jamhuriyyar Najeriya ta Huɗu a shekarar 1999, rikicin manoma da makiyaya ya kashe mutane sama da 19,000 tare da raba wasu dubban ɗaruruwa da muhallansu. Hakan ya biyo bayan wani yanayi ne na ƙaruwar rikice-rikicen makiyaya da manoma a duk yankin Yammacin Sahel, saboda fadada yawan masu noman manoma da filayen noma a kan filayen kiwo; tabarbarewar yanayin muhalli, kwararowar hamada da lalacewar kasa; karuwar jama’a rugujewar hanyoyin magance rikice-rikicen gargajiya na takaddama kan filaye da ruwa da yawaitar kananan makamai da aikata laifuka a yankunan karkara. Rashin tsaro da tashe-tashen hankula sun sa jama'a da yawa ƙirƙirar sojojin kare kai da mayaƙan ƙabilanci da na kabilu, waɗanda suka tsunduma cikin ƙarin tashin hankali. Mafi yawan rikice-rikicen manoma da makiyaya sun faru ne tsakanin Fulani makiyaya Musulmai da manoma kiristoci, abinda ke kara haifar da tashin hankali na addini.
Rikicin ƙasa Ana iya danganta rikicin Makiyaya da Manoma a Najeriya da matsalar rashin fahimtar juna game da filayen ƙasa. Farkon ƙarni na 21 ya shaidi rigingimu tsakanin Makiyaya da Manoma musamman ma a yankin tsakiyar Najeriya.
Rikicin yanayi Taɓarɓarewar yanayin muhalli, kwararowar hamada da lalacewar ƙasa sun sa Fulani makiyaya daga Arewacin Najeriya canza hanyoyinsu na safarar mutane. Samun filin kiwo da wuraren shayarwa a yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya ya zama mahimmanci ga makiyayan da ke tafiya daga Arewacin ƙasar. Sau da yawa ana ɗauka cewa canjin yanayi ne ke haifar da rikicin amma binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa canjin yanayi ba ya haifar da rikici kai tsaye ba, amma duk da haka ya canza tsarin ƙaurar makiyaya. Yankunan da ke fuskantar matsalar canjin yanayi (Yankunan Arewacin) ke fuskantar karancin rikicin manoma da makiyaya da kuma fada mai tsanani tsakanin manoma da makiyaya. Ana jayayya cewa akwai bukatar bambance-bambance na ainihi tsakanin kungiyoyin noma da kiwo a cikin bayanin yadda tsarin alakar rikicin makiyaya da manoma da makiyaya yake.
Rikicin yanki a Jos da Kaduna Rikicin manoma makiyaya yana faruwa a yankuna da suka kasance ba su da tabbas tun daga shekarun 2000. Rikicin birane a cikin Jos da Kaduna ya kasance mai tayar da hankali musamman, duk da tashe-tashen hankula da hukumomi, ba a taɓa magance musababbinsu ta hanyar siyasa ba. Ba za a iya magance rikice-rikice yadda yakamata ba saboda hukumomin gargajiya ba su cika rawar da suke takawa a matsugunan mulkin mallaka.
Warware rikicin Gwamnatin Najeriya ba ta son ta magance musabbabin rikicin. Yaki da kungiyar Boko Haram a yankin Arewa Maso Gabas da kuma fuskantar tashe-tashen hankula a yankuna daban-daban na kasar, amma duk da haka gwamnatin ta yi kokarin aiwatar da wasu matakai.</br> Tun daga 2012, akwai ayyukan da aka kirkira don kirkirar hanyoyin wuce gona da iri ta hanyar Gabas ta Tsakiya. Galibi 'yan majalisun Arewa suna goyon baya kuma takwarorinsu na Kudancin ke adawa da su, waɗannan ayyukan ba su da nasara. </br> A shekarar 2019, Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ya yi kokarin kirkirar matsugunan yankin makiyaya (RUGA). Shawararsa ta gamu da mummunar suka.
Jerin hare-hare Jaridun Najeriya da na kasashen waje galibi ba sa iya bayar da takamaiman adadin waɗanda suka mutu. Duk da yawan hare-hare, 'yan jaridun Najeriya da na kasashen waje ba su cika samun shedun gani da ido ba kuma sukan bayar da rahoto ba daidai ba. Dangane da Lissafin Ta'addancin Duniya, wadannan rikice-rikicen sun haifar da mutuwar sama da 800 a shekarar 2015. Shekarar ta 2016 ta ga wasu abubuwan da suka faru a Agatu, Benue da Nimbo, Jihar Enugu A watan Afrilun 2018 ‘yan bindiga Fulani sun kashe mutane 19 yayin wani hari a cocin, daga baya sun kona gidaje da dama da ke kusa. A watan Yunin 2018, sama da mutane 200 aka kashe tare da kona gidaje 50 a wani rikici tsakanin manoma da Fulani makiyaya a jihar Filato A watan Oktoba 2018, Fulani makiyaya sun kashe a kalla mutane 19 a Bassa. A ranar 16 ga Disambar 2018, wasu ‘yan bindiga da ake zaton Fulani makiyaya ne sun kai hari a wani kauye da ke Jena’a, inda suka kashe mutane 15 tare da jikkata wasu akalla 24, harin ya faru ne a wajen bikin aure. A ranar 11 ga Fabrairun 2019, wani hari da wasu da ake zargin Fulani ne ’yan bindiga suka kai a wani yankin Adara da ake kira Ungwar Bardi sun kashe mutane 11. Rikicin ramuwar gayya da Adara ya kai wa kauyukan Fulani ya kashe a kalla mutane 141 tare da 65 da suka ba ta. Hare-haren sun faru ne a Karamar Hukumar Kajuru da ke jihar Kaduna. A cewar wani gwamna dalili ya lalata wasu kebabbun al'ummomi.
Hadin guiwar da aka yi wa kisan Kajuru ya bayyana a ranar 18 ga Maris Maris 2019 cewa an kashe mutane 130 a cikin jerin hare-haren ramuwar gayya tun bayan kisan gillar da El-Rufai ya sanar.
A watan Janairun 2018 kimanin mutane 10 ne suka mutu a wani hari da daukar fansa da ya shafi makiyaya da manoma na yankin a Karamar Hukumar Numan ta Jihar Adamawa.
A watan Mayun 2018 sama da makiyaya 400 sun kai hari kauyuka hudu na Lamurde, Bang, Bolk, Zumoso da Gon a kananan hukumomin Numan da Lamurde na jihar Adamawa inda suka kashe mutane 15. Wasu makiyaya sun kashe mutane 21 a wani kauye da ke karamar hukumar Demsa a jihar Adamawa. Fulani makiyaya sun kashe Kiristoci 32
Bibiyar Tarihi Adebanwi, Wale, 'Ta'addanci, Yankin ƙasa da Gwagwarmayar rashin asali da Citizan Kasa a Arewacin Najeriya', Nazarin ensan ƙasa, 13.4 (2009), 349-63
Amnesty International, Girbin Mutuwa: Shekaru Uku na Rikicin Jini tsakanin Manoma da Makiyaya a Najeriya, 2018 Bearak, Max, Jane Hahn, Mia Torres, da Olivier Laurent, 'Talakawan da ke wanzar da zaman lafiya a rikicin Manoma-makiyaya na Najeriya', The Washington Post, 10 Disamba 2018 Talakawan da ke kiyaye zaman lafiya a cikin rikice-rikicen ƙasar da ke fama da kashe-kashe> isa ga 25 Disamba 2019]
Higazi, Adam, 'Rikicin Manoma-Makiyaya a kan Filato na Jos, Tsakiyar Nijeriya: Amsoshin Tsaro na' yan banga na cikin gida da Jihar Najeriya Rikici, Tsaro da Ci Gaban, 16.4 (2016), 365-85
Na ,arshe, Murray, 'Musulmai da Krista a Najeriya: Tattalin Arziki na Tsoro na Siyasa', Jadawalin Zagaye: Jaridar Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs, 96.392 (2007), 605-16
Karshe, Murray, 'Neman Tsaro a Musulmin Arewacin Najeriya', Afirka, 78.1 (2008), 41–63
Mustapha, Abdul Raufu, da David Ehrhardt, eds., Creed Grievance: Alakar Musulmi da Kirista Yanke Rikici a Arewacin Najeriya (Oxford: James Currey, 2018)
Ochonu, Moses E, 'Fadada Fulanin da Tsarin Mulkin mallaka a Lardin Mulkin Mallaka na Lardin Adamawa', a cikin Mulkin Mallaka da Wakilcin Wakilcin Wakilcin Hausa da Masarautar Tsakiya ta Tsakiya a Nijeriya (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2014), pp. 129–56
Reynolds, Jonathan, Lokacin Siyasa: Musulunci da Siyasar Halatta a Arewacin Nijeriya 1950-1966 (San Francisco: International Scholar Publications, 1999)
Manazarta Rikici a Najeriya
Tarihin Najeriya
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40340 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armaan%20Malik | Armaan Malik | Articles with hCards
Armaan Malik (an Haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan Yuli shekarata alif dubu daya da Dari Tara da casa'in da Tara (1995) mawaƙin Indiya ne, marubucin waƙa, mai yin rikodin murya, mai yin murya, mai yin rawa, ɗan wasa kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. An san shi da rera waƙa a cikin yaruka da yawa, waɗanda suka haɗa da Hindi, Telugu, Ingilishi, Bengali, Kannada, Marathi, Tamil, Gujarati, Punjabi, Urdu da Malayalam. A cikin shekararta 2006, ya shiga cikin Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs amma an cire shi bayan ya kammala a matsayi na 8.
Dan uwa ne ga mawaki Amaal Mallik A baya can ya wakilta ta Universal Music India da T-Series, yanzu Warner Music India da Arista Records suna wakilta. Fitowarsa ta farko akan allo shine a cikin fim ɗin Kaccha Limboo a shekarata 2011.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Armaan Malik a Mumbai a ranar 22 ga watan Yuli 1995.
Sana'a Malik ya fara waka tun yana dan shekara 4. Ya yi takara a kan Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs a cikin shekarar 2006, daga ƙarshe ya ƙare na 8th. Daga baya ya koyi kiɗan gargajiya na Indiya na tsawon shekaru 10. Malik ya fara fitowa a lokacin yana yaro mawaki a Bollywood a 2007 tare da "Bum Bum Bole" a Taare Zameen Par, karkashin jagorancin kiɗa na Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy. Malik ya yi wa yaron Ingilishi lakabi da sunana Is Khan kuma ya ba da lambar yabo ga jarumi Salim a cikin rediyon Slumdog Millionaire na BBC Radio 1. A cikin 2014, ya fara fitowa a matsayin mawaƙin sake kunnawa yana rera "Tumko Toh Aana Hi Tha" a cikin fim ɗin Hindi na Jai Ho Fim ɗin ya ƙunshi ƙarin waƙoƙi guda biyu, "Love You Har The End (Gidan Gida)" da kuma waƙar taken "Jai Ho" shi ma ya rera shi. Baya ga waka, Malik da mawakinsa Amaal Mallik sun fito a farkon wakar Jai Ho a cikin wakar "Soyayya Har Karshe". A wannan shekarar, ya rera "Naina" tare da Sona Mohapatra don fim din Khobsurat da "Auliya" na Ungli A cikin 2015, ya rera waƙar "Main Hoon Hero Tera" don Jarumi, "Kwahishein" don 'Yan Matan Kalanda da kuma "Tumhe Aapna Banane Ka" don Labari na Hate 3 wanda ɗan'uwansa Amaal Malik ya haɗa. Na karshen ya rera tare da Neeti Mohan Ya kuma rera wata waka don Hate Story 3 mai suna "Wajah Tum Ho" karkashin tsarin Baman. Ya rera "Yaar Indha Muyalkutti" na D Imaan. Ya kuma rera wakar Main Rahoon Ya Na Rahoon a karkashin shirin Amaal. An ba shi lambar yabo ta Filmfare RD Burman Award don Sabbin Halayen Kiɗa a waccan shekarar.
A cikin 2016, Malik ya rera waƙa don fina-finai Mastizaade, Sanam Re, Kapoor & Sons, Azhar, Do Lafzon Ki Kahani da "Sab Tera" tare da Shraddha Kapoor don Baaghi a ƙarƙashin tsarin Amaal. Ya rera wakar "Foolishq" tare da Shreya Ghoshal na Ki & Ka, ya yi aiki tare da Jeet Gannguli don wakar "Mujhko Barsaat Bana Lo" na Junooniyat sannan kuma ya rera wakarsa ta Bengali ta farko "Dhitang Dhitang" don Love Express a karkashin tsarin Jeet. Shi ne jagoran mawaƙin fim ɗin MS Dhoni: Labarin da ba a taɓa gani ba Ya rera wakoki hudu don sautin sautin Hindi da kuma wakoki uku don sautin Tamil na wancan fim a karkashin tsarin Amaal. Ya rera "Sau Asmaan" tare da Neeti Mohan na Baar Baar Dekho da "Ishaara" don Force 2 a ƙarƙashin tsarin Amaal. Ya rera "Tum Jo Mille" don Saansein, "Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas Reprise" da "Dil Mein Chupa Lunga Remake" don Wajah Tum Ho Haɗuwa Bros ne ya tsara na ƙarshe kuma waƙoƙi biyu na ƙarshe, ya rera tare da Tulsi Kumar Ya rera waƙar "Pyaar Manga Hain Remake tare da Neeti Mohan. Ya kuma rera taken taken Star Paarivar Awards 2016 tare da Palak Muchhal da Meet Bros a ƙarƙashin Haɗin Bros. A shekarar 2019, ya ba da aron muryarsa don wakoki guda biyu da suka hada da "Jab Se Mera Dil" tare da Palak Muchhal na fim din Amavas, "Dil Me Ho Tum" na fim din Why Cheat India, "Kyun Rabba" na fim din Badla Malik ya kuma samu fitowa a matsayin koci a cikin sigar Indiya na wasan kwaikwayo na gaskiya The Voice ya zama matashin mawakin Indiya da ya zama koci a shirin. Ya rera "Chale Aana" a cikin De De Pyaar De wanda Amaal ya tsara kuma Kunaal Verma ya rubuta. Wakar dai ta samu karbuwa daga wajen masu sauraro gaba daya. Malik ya bayyana halin da ake ciki a cikin fassarar Hindi na Disney's <i id="mwig">Aladdin</i>, wani aikin sake yin fim na 1992, <i id="mwjA">Aladdin</i> Malik ya kuma bayyana Mena Massoud a matsayin Aladdin, a cikin sigar Hindi na fantasy na kidan Amurka Aladdin Bugu da kari, ya kuma rera wakokin cikin harshen Hindi na fim din The Lion King Ya kuma yi wa fim din Kabir Singh waka, a karkashin mawaki Vishal Mishra na wakar "Pehla Pyaar". A cikin wannan shekarar, ya rera waƙa guda biyu don Yeh Saali Aashiqui, ɗaya don fina-finai kamar labarin 15, Pranaam, Pati Patni Aur Woh da kiɗan Hindi na Pailwaan Malik ya rattaba hannu tare da Arista Records a ranar 12 ga Maris, 2020, wanda a karkashinta ya fito da wakarsa ta farko a harshen Ingilishi, "Control" a ranar 20 ga Maris na wannan shekarar. "Control" ya lashe Mafi kyawun Dokar Indiya a 2020 MTV Europe Music Awards, kuma daga baya an ba da takardar shaidar platinum a Indiya. A cikin 2020, Malik ya zama ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na farko da ya buga lamba na 1 akan Top Triller Global Billboard Charts sau biyu. Bayan 'yan makonni kadan, ya saki waƙarsa ta biyu ta Turanci, "Nawa," wanda ke murnar gadonsa ta hanyar amfani da tabla ta Indiya akan bugun. Ya ce abu ne mai matukar wahala a sake gabatar da kanshi a masana’antar waka ta duniya yayin da ya fara yin wakoki cikin Ingilishi, kuma ya yi imanin cewa karin masu fasahar Indiya za su ingiza kansu ga samun nasara a duniya a nan gaba. A cikin 2020, ya rera waƙa ɗaya don sautin Hindi na Darbar, Gunjan Saxena: Yarinyar Kargil da Khuda Haafiz A cikin 2021, ya ba da muryarsa don waƙa ɗaya na Saina, Koi Jaane Na, Waƙoƙi 99, Bell Bottom, Thalaivii Bhoot Police da Velle An nuna shi a waƙar AR Rahman mai suna "Meri Pukaar Suno", wanda aka saki a watan Yuni 2021, wanda wani gungu wanda ya haɗa da KSChithra, Sadhana Sargam, Shreya Ghoshal, Asees Kaur, Shaasha Tirupati da Alka Yagnik suka rera. A cikin Satumba 2021, Malik ya haɗu tare da Daboo Malik, Amaal Mallik da Kunaal Vermaa don sabon waƙar "Barsaat". A cikin 2022, Malik ya haɗu tare da Arista Records don sabuwar waƙarsa ta Turanci "Kai". Ya ba da muryarsa don fina-finai kamar Bhool Bhulaiyaa 2, <i id="mw3g">Major</i>, Ardh Ya saki wakarsa ta Hindi "Nakhrey Nakhrey" da "Rehna Tere Paas". An kuma nuna shi akan remix na waƙar Ed Sheeran 2step (waƙar), wacce aka saki a ranar 7 ga Yuni, 2022. Malik ya lashe Mafi kyawun Dokar Indiya a MTV Europe Music Awards na 2022 don waƙarsa mai suna "You".
Talabijin 2006: Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs, a matsayin mai takara.
2012: The Suite Life of Karan & Kabir (Season-1 Episode-22), as Zafar Ali
2015: Indian Idol Junior 2 a matsayin bako.
2016: Nunin Kapil Sharma (Season 1, episode-15), a matsayin bako
2016: Sa Re Ga Ma Pa, a matsayin bako.
2017: Kamfanin Wasan kwaikwayo (wato na 23rd), a matsayin bako.
2019: No. 1 Yaari Jam (episode-2), a matsayin bako.
2019: Muryar, a matsayin alkali.
2019: Ta gayyata kawai kashi na 42) a matsayin baƙo.
2019: Nunin Kapil Sharma (Season 2, episode-56), a matsayin bako
2020: Jammin kakar 3 a matsayin bako.
2020: The Love Dariya Live Show S2 a matsayin bako.
2021: UncademyUnwind tare da MTV a matsayin bako.
Kyaututtuka da zaɓe
Hotuna Albums na Studio
Armaan (2014)
MTV Unplugged Season 7 (2018)
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1995
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
24113 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adel%20Hassan%20Hamad | Adel Hassan Hamad | Adel Hassan Hamad ya kasance ɗan ƙasar Sudan, wanda aka tsare a sansanin Guantanamo Bay na Amurka, a Cuba. Kwamitin Hadin gwiwar Guantanamo masu yaki da ta'addanci sun kiyasta an haife shi a shekarar 1958, a Port Sudan, Sudan. An mayar da Adel Hassan zuwa Sudan ba tare da tuhuma ba a ranar 12 ga Disamba, 2007.
Mai wakiltar Adel: Halin da ake tsare da Guantanamo 940 William Teesdale, dan Portland, mai kare hakkin jama'a na Oregon, wanda ke cikin ƙungiyar da ke kare yawancin fursunonin Guantanamo, ya rubuta bayanin aikin ƙungiyarsa da ke wakiltar Adel. Ya rubuta:
“Sannan, a watan Mayu, 2005, Gwamnati ta samar da dawowar gaskiya, kamar yadda Kotun Gundumar ta ba da umarni. Mun koyi wani abu mai ban mamaki. Akwai muryar rashin jituwa a kwamitin CSRT na soja wanda ya ayyana Adel Maƙiyi Maƙiyi. Wani babban hafsan soji, wanda aka sanya sunansa, ya yi ƙarfin hali ya shigar da rahoton rashin amincewa yana mai kiran sakamakon shari'ar Adel da 'rashin sanin yakamata.' Teesdale ya bayyana tafiya zuwa Afghanistan, da neman shaidu waɗanda za su iya tabbatar da rashin laifin Adel.Teesdale ne ya rubuta
“Duk bayanan da aka tattara a cikin wannan binciken an shigar da su ne a gaban shari’ar Mista Hamad ta hanyar gabatar da bukatar yanke hukunci. A ranar 17 ga Oktoba, 2006 Shugaba Bush ya rattaba hannu kan dokar Kwamitocin Sojoji, wanda ke kokarin kwace kotunan tarayya na ikon sauraren karar Guantanamo da ake tsare da habeas A halin yanzu dukkan kararrakinmu na nan a halin yanzu ana jiran a warware wannan batun. Habeas corpus A ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 2007 lauyoyin Adel Hassan Hamad sun gabatar da takardar rantsuwa daga wani jami'in da ya yi aiki tare da OARDEC wanda ke da sukar tsarin. Jami'in, wani reshen Sojojin da aka sakaya sunansa, ya kasance mai gabatar da kara a rayuwar farar hula. Ya rubuta game da Kotuna: horo bai yi ƙanƙanta ba kuma tsarin ba a bayyana shi da kyau ba Jami'in ya zauna a Kotuna 49.
Labarin CBS ya ba da rahoton cewa jami'in da ba a bayyana sunansa ba Manjo ne, wanda ya halarci tarurruka tare da babban kwamandan da ke kula da OARDEC don tattaunawa kan shari'o'i shida inda Kotun da ta yanke hukuncin cewa wadanda aka kama ba su da laifi idan da hukuncin Kotun na biyu ya canza. Labaran CBS sun yi hasashen cewa Babban Sojan shine mamba na Kotun wanda ya rubuta ra’ayoyin marasa rinjaye a shari’ar Adel Hassan Hamad, inda ya kira tsare shi da “rashin hankali” saboda bai dogara da isasshen shaidu ba.
Manyan Sojojin sun yi bayanin "rashin tausayi" a wani taro da aka shirya don tattauna dalilin da yasa wasu Kotuna suka yanke hukuncin cewa Uyghur da aka kama a Guantanamo ba mayaƙan maƙiyi bane, lokacin da sauran Kotuna suka yanke hukunci cewa sun kasance, duk da cewa shari'o'in Uyghurs sun yi kama.
James R. Crisfield, da Legal Bayar Da Shawarar wanda sake nazari kotun determinations for doka isar sharhi a kan tattaunawa da "dissenting kotun memba":
Saki An dawo da shi da takwaransa na Sudan Salim Mahmud Adam a ranar 13 ga Disamba, 2007.
Shari'a A ranar 14 ga Mayu, 2008 Jaridar Daily Times ta Pakistan ta ba da rahoton cewa "Salim Mahmud Adam" da "Adel Hasan Hamad" sun sanar da shirin gurfanar da gwamnatin Amurka kan tsare su. Labarin ya ba da rahoton cewa ya gaya wa Daily Times cewa Kotun Sauraron Ƙa'idar Matsayi ta 2004 ta wanke shi daga zargin cewa shi "mayaƙi ne".
Hassan ya shigar da kara a kan gwamnati da mutane da dama a kotun gundumar tarayya a Seattle a watan Afrilu, 2010. Takaddama daga Kanar Lawrence Wilkerson, tsohon mai taimaka wa Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka Colin Powell, ya tabbatar da cewa manyan jami'an Amurka, ciki har da George W. Bush, Dick Cheney, da Donald Rumsfeld, sun san cewa mafi yawan wadanda aka tsare. da farko an aika su Guantánamo ba su da laifi, amma an tsare wadanda aka tsare a can saboda dalilan son siyasa.
Iyali Hamad yana da 'yar da aka haifa bayan kama shi kuma ta mutu kafin a sake shi saboda rashin kulawar likita.
Duba kuma Bagram na azabtarwa da cin zarafin fursunoni
Kara karantawa
Hanyoyin waje Adel Hassan Hamad na tsarewar Guantanamo ta Wikileaks
Bidiyon Fursunonin tsohon Guantánamo na Sudan sun nemi a saki 'yan uwansu da kuma diyya don "azabtar da hankali da ta jiki" Andy Worthington
Wani dan Sudan ya kai kara bayan sakinsa daga Guantanamo
Tsohon fursuna na Guantánamo ya nemi Amurka ta sake duba manufofinta na kafa
Labarai masu ban tsoro na Ma'aikatan Agaji Kawai An Saki Daga Gitmo
projecthamad.org -Labarin Adel Hamad tare da mai da hankali kan Habeas Corpus
Manazarta Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1958
Pages with unreviewed |
19569 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dajin%20shakatawa%20na%20Yankari | Dajin shakatawa na Yankari | Wurin Shakatawa na Yankari babban wurin shakatawa ne na namun daji dake kudu maso tsakiyar jihar Bauchi, a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. Dajin ta mamaye fili kimanin kuma ta kunshi maɓuɓɓugan ruwa masu dumi tare da halittu da dama, da kuma nau'ikan flora da fauna iri-iri. Zaman yankin a tsakiyar yankin Savanna na yammacin Afirka ya santa ta zamo wuri na musamman ga masu yawon bude idanu da masu bukatar hutu don kallon namun daji a asalin muhallinsu. An kirkiri Yankari a matsayin wurin ziyara don wasanni a shekarar 1956, amma daga baya aka mayar da ita filin shakatawa na kasa kuma mafi girma a Najeriya a shekarar 1991. Ita ce wuri mafi shahara ga masu yawon bude ido a Najeriya, don haka, tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen cigaba da bunkasa harkokin yawon bude ido da yawon shakatawa a Najeriya. Hakanan ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun wurare na musamman a Yammacin Afirka.
Tarihi Budaddiyar kasa da kauyukan da ke kewaye da gandun dajin Yankari na dauke da manoma da makiyaya, amma sama da karni daya babu mutane mazauna dajin. Amma, duk da haka, akwai shaidar wanzuwar bil adama a baya a cikin wurin shakatawar, wanda suka hada da tsoffin wuraren narkar ƙarfe ko makeru da koguna. Makerun sun lalace saboda shekaru aru-aru da aka yi ana damun yankin, kodayake a ƙarshen 1990s akwai sama da hamsin da suka tsira a yankin Delimiri da Ampara.
A cikin shekarar 1934, kwamitin yankin Arewa ta ba da shawara ga Majalisar Zartaswa don samar da wurin ajiyar dabbobi a Masarautar Bauchi. Alhaji Muhammadu Ngeleruma minista a tsohuwar ma'aikatar noma da albarkatun kasa ta arewacin Najeriya ya goyi bayan hakan. A daidai wannan lokacinda ya ga abun burgewa a wani ziyarar da ya kai a wani wurin ajiyar dabbobi na kasar Sudan yayin da yake tafiya zuwa gabashin Afirka. Da ya dawo, ya karfafa yunƙurin kafa wani abu makamancin haka a Najeriya. A shekarar 1956, gwamnatin Arewacin Najeriya ta amince da tsare-tsaren samar da yankin Kulawa da dabbobi karkashin kulawar gwamnati. An bayyana Yankari a matsayin wani yanki na kudancin jihar Bauchi a lokacin inda namun daji masu yawa ke wanzuwa kuma ana iya kare su. A shekarar 1957 aka samar da wurin ajiyar dabbobin kuma an kafa yankin a matsayin gandun daji na Hukumar Bauci.
An fara buɗe Yankari ga jama'a a matsayin filin wasa ta farko a ranar 1 ga watan Disamban 1962. Tun a wancan lokaci gwamnatin jihar Arewa maso Gabas sannan daga bisani kuma gwamnatin jihar Bauchi suke kula da gandun daji na Yankari. Gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ce ke kula da dajin a yanzu, ta hannun hukumar kula da dajin.
A shekarar 1991 ne dajin ta zama a hukumance Wurin Shakatawa ta Kasa (National Park) ta hanyar doka ta 36 na Gwamnatin Tarayya. A ƙarshen karni na 1900s sashin gudanarwa na wurin shakatawar ta fara aikin samar da wuraren adana kayan tarihi a cikin gandun shakatawar don ƙarfafa yawon shakatawa na gado.
Ecotourism Ƙungiyoyin muhalli da ƙungiyoyin agaji da dama na duniya sun fifita yawon buɗe ido ko yawon buɗe idanu a matsayin hanyar samun ci gaba mai dorewa. Tana haɓaka kiyaye halittu iri-iri ta hanyar kare yanayin muhalli da kuma kayan al'adu na gargajiya, flora da fauna a matsayin manyan abubuwan jan hankali. Dajin Yankari ta cika wadannan ka'idoji.
A shekara ta 2000, dajin Yankari ta karbi bakuncin masu yawon bude idanu sama da mutum 20,000 daga kasashe sama da 100. Wannan ya sanya ta zama wurin yawon bude ido mafi shahara a Najeriya, kuma idan aka sarrafa ta yadda ya kamata, za ta iya zama wani muhimmin bangare na ci gaba da bunkasa harkokin yawon bude idanu a fadin Najeriya. Tana daya daga cikin yankunan kadan da suka rage a yammacin Afirka inda ake kiyaye namun daji a wuraren da suke zaune.
Yanayin kasa Yankari National Park ta fada cikin yanayin kasa na kudancin Sudan Savannah. Ta ƙunshi ciyayi na savannah tare da ingantaccen nau'ika na itace. Hakanan yanki ne na tuddai masu hauhawa, galibi tsakanin mita 200m zuwa 400m. Tudun Kariyo shine mafi girma da mita 640.
Ruwan sama na shekara-shekara a wurin shakatawa na tsakanin 900mm zuwa 1,000mm. Lokacin damina yna farawa daga Mayu zuwa Satumba. Yanayin zafi/sanyi na tsakanin 18C da 35C. A lokacin rani, iskan harmattan ke kadawa daga sahara, sau da yawa kan sanya sararin sama tayi kura da sanyin dare ya yi kasa da 12C. Lokacin mafi zafi yana faɗawa a watan Maris da Afrilu yayin da yanayin zafi ka iya tashi har sama da 40C da rana.
A lokacin rani, namun daji mafi girma a wurin shakatawa sun dogara da kogin Gaji da magudanan ruwa don tsira. Wannan kogin shine kadai ruwan da ya raba dajin gida biyu. Marshall ya kiyasta yankin kwarin Rafin Gaji da giwaye dake amfani da shi a lokacin rani a kusan Wannan yana karuwa tare da yiwuwar ganin giwaye a wannan lokacin na shekara.
Babban kofar shiga dajin yana kauyen Mainamaji, kimanin kilomita 29 km daga Dindima. Tana nan a yankin gundumar Duguri, Pali da Gwana a karamar hukumar Alkaleri, jihar Bauchi Wannan karamar hukumar tana da yawan jama'a 208,202 wadanda ke mamaye fadin fadin kasa Duwatsu Daukakin wurin shakatawar ya ta'allaka ne akan samuwar Karai-Karai, na shekarun Tertiary, wanda ya ƙunshi sandstones, siltstones, kaolinites da kuma grits. A karkashin wannan akwai samuwar shekarun Cretaceous na Gombe, wanda suka hada da sandstones da siltstones, da kuma ironstones. Kogin Gaji, Yashi da Yuli suna cike da Alluvium na kwanan nan. Akwai ajiyar turbaya da ƙasan yumbu na alluvium a yankunan kogin suna faruwa a cikin kwarin kogin Gaji, Yashi da Yuli. Gabashin kwarin Gaji kilomita 5–7 ne a faɗin ƙasa mai yashi mara kyau wanda ke goyan bayan samuwar savanna shrub
Namun daji Yankari National Park na da muhimmiyar mafaka ga nau'ikan namun daji masu shayarwa sama da 50 da suka hada da giwayen dazukan Afirka, birai na olive, biran patas, biran Tantalus, roan antelope, hartebeest na yamma, zaki na Afirka ta yamma, bijimi na Afirka, waterbuck, bushbuck da hippopotamus. Zakuna na gab da bacewa. Zakuna 2 ne kawai suka rage a wurin shakatawa a shekarar 2011. Ana tunanin damisa sun dade da bacewa a dajin, amma a watan Afrilun 2017, an samu hoton wani namiji guda ɗaya a tarkon kyamarar WCS.
Akwai kuma nau'in tsuntsaye sama da 350 da ake iya samu a wurin shakatawan. Daga cikin wadannan, 130 mazauna wurin ne, 50 kuma ‘yan ci-rani ne na Falasdinu, sauran kuma ‘yan ci-rani ne na Afirka da ke zuwa gida Najeriya. Waɗannan tsuntsayen sun haɗa da ssaddle-billed stork, tguinea fowl, grey hornbill, da kuma cattle egret. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ba a sake ganin nau'in White-backed Vultures ba a cikin Yankari kuma ana tunanin jinsunansu sun kare a cikin gandun.
Ana ganin Yankari a matsayin daya daga cikin yankuna da sukafi yawan giwaye a yammacin Afirka, wanda aka kiyasta sama da 300 a shekara ta 2005. Yawan giwaye ya zama matsala ga kauyukan da ke kewaye a wasu lokutan yayin da dabbobin ke shiga gonakin gida a lokacin damina. Giwayen sun kuma kakkarya itacen kuka da dama daga dajin.
Tun daga shekara ta 2005, ana ɗaukar yankin da ake karewa azaman Sashin Kula da Zaki tare da dajin Kasa na Kainji.
Siffofi Saboda ayyukan da ake yi a karkashin kasa, gandun dajin Yankari yana da maɓuɓɓugan ruwan dumi guda huɗu. An ba wa sansanin suna ne dangane da sanannen wuri wato, Wikki Spring, daga yaren Duguri na gida tare da "Wikki" ma'ana "ina kuke?" Wikki Warm Spring shine rafi mafi girma kuma yana da faɗin mita 13.0 da zurfin mita 1.9. A kullum yana kwarara lita miliyan 21,000,000 na fili, ruwan magudanar ruwa zuwa kogin Gaji. Ruwan rafin na da dumi na kimanin 31.1 °C duk shekara a cikin dare da rana kuma an inganta shi don nishaɗi.
Sauran maɓuɓɓugan ruwan masu dumi sun hada da Dimmil, Gwana, da kuma Mawulgo. Ruwa na biyar, Tungan Maliki, wanda shine kadai ruwa mai sanyi a wurin shakatawar.
Shaidar matsugunan mutane na farko Rijiyoyin Dukkey rijiyoyi 139 tare da ramukan da suka haɗe wanda ke wakiltar ingantaccen tsarin ajiyar ruwa. Kogunan Marshall kogon gidaje guda 59 da aka tona a cikin duwatsun sandstones, wanda PJ Marshall ya gano a shekarar 1980. Akwai zane-zane na dutse da ane a cikin siffar zigzag da madaidaiciyar layi. Dutsen Tunga dutsen da ke da zane fiye da kogon Marshall. Rubuce-rubucen da ake karantawa sun shafi wani yanki a kan dutsen mai tsayin kusan mita 4m a cikin kogin Dwall. Ana iya ganin rubuce-rubucen. Duk da haka, ba a tantance shekarunsu da ma'anarsu ba Makeru/wurin sarrafa karafa ayyukan narka baƙin ƙarfe na shau shau wanda ke da kusan murhun wuta na tsaye guda 60, waɗanda aka yi imanin su ne mafi girman masana'antar tarihi na wancan zamanin a Yankin Yammacin Afirka
Siffofin yanki Tsaunin Kalban ma'ana "wuri mai lebur" tudun mai shafaffen sama yana ba masu yawon bude ido ikon kallon wurin shakatawa gaba daya
Tsaunin Kariyo wanda ke kusa da kogon Marshal kyakkyawan filin kallo ne
Tsaunin Paliyaram sanannen sansanin farauta ne, wanda yake da nisan 10 km daga Wikki.
Kwazazzabon Tonglong wani kwazazzabo ne mai ban sha'awa tare da tuddai masu alaƙa, buttes da tarkacensu na nan a yammacin wurin shakatawar.
Duba kuma Sumu Wildlife Park
Manazarta Jihar Bauchi
Wuraren shakatawa a Najeriya
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
24254 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte%20Osei | Charlotte Osei | Charlotte Kesson-Smith Osei (an haife ta 1 ga watan Fabrairun dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da tara 1969) ita ce Kwamishinan Zabe na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, lauya ce 'yar ƙasar Ghana kuma tsohuwar shugabar hukumar zaɓe ta Ghana daga shekarar 2015 har zuwa lokacin da aka sallame ta a watan Yunin 2018 bisa dalilan rashin kuɗi. Wasu korafe -korafe guda biyu sun kalubalanci korar ta daga aiki a kotun koli ta Ghana. Ta zama mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a ofishin Hukumar Zabe ta Ghana tun lokacin da Ghana ta samu ‘yancin kai. Kafin nadin ta ita ce shugabar hukumar kula da ilimin farar hula ta kasa. A watan Mayun 2019, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta nada ta don kasancewa cikin tawagar masu ba da shawara na kasa da kasa, don taimakawa wajen gudanar da zaben shugaban kasa na 2019 a Afghanistan.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Osei a Najeriya. Mahaifiyarta, wacce ta kasance 'yar asalin Afirka ta Yammacin Afirka, ba Ghana ba ce kuma mahaifinta, wanda kuma ya kasance dan asalin Afirka ta Yamma, yana da mahaifi dan Ghana.
Osei ta yi karatun sakandare a Kwalejin Kasa ta Ghana da ke Cape Coast. Ta ci gaba zuwa Jami'ar Ghana inda ta sami LLB a 1992 da Makarantar Shari'a ta Ghana inda ta samu kuma ta kira mashaya a 1994. Ta kuma rike Jagorar Jagorancin Kasuwanci (MBL) daga Jami'ar Afirka ta Kudu, Pretoria (2006), Master of Laws, (LLM), daga Jami'ar Sarauniya, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
Aiki Osei ta kasance mataimakiyar koyarwa a Faculty of Law, Jami'ar Ghana, Legon a 1994 zuwa 1995. Ta yi aiki a matsayin lauya na Kamfanin Laryea da ke Accra daga 1994 zuwa 1997, sannan ta zama Babban Jami'in Shari'a a Bankin Kasuwanci na Ghana daga 1997 zuwa 2002. Ta kuma koyar da aikin ɗan lokaci a dokar kasuwanci a jami'ar daga 1997 zuwa 2003.
Daga 2002 zuwa 2005, Osei ta yi aiki a matsayin babban mai ba da shawara ga Unibank Ghana, sannan daga 2005 zuwa 2011 a matsayin wanda ta kafa kuma jagorar mashawarcin lauyoyin kasuwanci, Babban Lauyan. Ta kasance shugabar Hukumar Ilimi ta Jama'a ta Kasa daga 2011 zuwa 2015. A shekara ta 2015 an nada ta shugabar Hukumar Zabe ta Ghana kuma ita ce ta jagoranci a matsayin Jami'in Dake Neman Zaben Shugaban Kasa da na 'Yan Majalisun Ghana na 2016. A watan Mayun shekarar 2019, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta nada Charlotte Osei a matsayin Kwamishinar Zabe ta Kasa da Kasa a Afganistan, wannan ya tabbatar. Dokar Shugaban kasa da Shugaban Afghanistan, Ashraf Ghani ya bayar. A matsayinta na Kwamishinar Zaɓe Mai Ƙuri'a ta ba Hukumar jagora a cikin shirye -shiryen da tsara duk ƙa'idodi da manufofi da suka shafi zaɓe, da goyan baya wajen yanke hukunci a cikin adalci, mai zaman kansa da doka don tabbatar da adalci na zaɓe a duk faɗin zaɓen.
Jayayya da zargi A ranar 28 ga Yuni 2018, an cire Osei bayan kwamitin da Babban Jojin Kasa, Mai Shari’a Sophia Akuffo ya kafa domin binciken korafe -korafe da zargin cin hanci da rashawa da ake yi mata. An kafa kwamitin ne bisa tanadin da aka yi a ƙarƙashin sashi na 146 (4) na kundin tsarin mulkin Ghana, shawarwarin kwamitin sun buƙaci a cire Osei saboda rashin da'a kamar yadda doka ta 146 (1) ta kundin tsarin mulkin ta tanada. Shugaban kasar Ghana, Nana Akufo-Addo bisa ga shawarwari da tanade-tanaden sashe na 156 (9) na kundin tsarin mulkin Ghana ya ba da umurnin a sauke ta daga ofis. Tsohon Shugaban Hukumar Zabe ya karya dokokin sayayya wajen bayar da kwangila da dama kafin zaben na Ghana na 2016, rahoton da kwamitin da ya binciki ta ya nuna. Osei ta nuna cewa za ta mayar da martani kan zargin da aka yi mata daga baya. Ta jinkirta martanin nata saboda mutuwar kwatsam mataimakin shugaban kasar Ghana, Kwesi Amissah-Arthur. Dalilin korar ta na fuskantar kalubale a Kotun Koli ta Ghana saboda wasu rubuce -rubuce guda biyu da Fafali Nyonator da Abdul Malik Kweku Baako, editan jarida a Ghana suka shigar.
Kyaututtuka da karramawa Kyautar Hall Volta ta 1991, Mafi kyawun Sakamakon Fasaha, Gwajin Jami'a na farko, Jami'ar Ghana Jakadan Amurka a kasar Ghana Robert P. Jackson ya ba Charlotte Osei lambar yabo ta ''Mata Masu Jajircewa''.
PPP Skills Competency Development, Cibiyar Sadarwar Jama'a da Masu zaman kansu, Arlington, VA, Amurka (2009)
Basic Advanced Securities, Securities Selling Investment Advice, Kasuwancin Kasuwanci na Ghana, Accra (1997)
1992 Associationungiyar Lauyoyin Ghana, Kyau, Gwajin LLB na Ƙarshe, Jami'ar Ghana
Littattafai “Citizenship, Customary Law and a Gendered Jurisprudence: A Socio-Legal Perspective.” by C. Kesson-Smith and W. Tettey in "Critical Perspectives on Politics and Socio-Economic Development in Ghana" (African social studies series), Brill Publishers, 25 Apr 2003, editors: Tettey, Wisdom J., Puplampu, Korbla P., Berman Joshua
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25096 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safiyya%20bint%20Huyayy | Safiyya bint Huyayy | Safiyyah bint Huyayy (Larabci: c. 612–670) tana ɗaya daga cikin matan Annabi Muhammadu (S A W). Ta kasance tare da dukkan sauran matan Manzon Allah (S A W), Waɗanda aka sani da suna (Ummahatul-Mu'mineen) ko kuma Iyayen Muminai haka idan ita kadaice sai dai ace (Ummul-Mu'mineen) ko kuma Uwan Muminai.
Bayan rasuwar Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W), ta shiga cikin siyasar kasuwar al'ummar musulmin farko, kuma ta sami babban tasiri a lokacin rayuwarta.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Safiyya a garin Madina kuma diya ce ga Huyayy ibn Akhtab, shugaban kabilar Yahudawan Banu Nadir. Mahaifiyarta, Barra bint Samawal, ta fito daga kabilar Banu Qurayza. Ita jikar Samaw'al bn Adiya ce daga kabilar Banu Harith. A cewar wata majiya, an aurar da ita ga Sallam ibn Mishkam, wanda daga baya ya sake ta.
Lokacin da aka kori Banu Nadir daga Madina a shekara ta 625, iyalinta suka zauna a Khaybar, wani wurin ruwa kusa da Madina. Mahaifinta da ɗan'uwanta sun tafi daga Khaybar don shiga cikin sojojin Makka da na Badawiyya da suka kewaye Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) a Madina a lokacin Yaƙin gwalalo (yaƙin Khandaq). Lokacin da mutanen Makka suka janye Annabi Muhammad suka kewaye Banu Qurayza. Bayan shan kayen Banu Qurayza a shekara ta 627 mahaifin Safiyya, wanda ya dade yana adawa da Annabi Muhammad, Musulmai sun kama shi suka kashe shi.
A shekarar 627 ko farkon 628, Safiyya ta auri Kenana ibn al-Rabi, ma'ajin Banu Nadir; tana da kimanin shekara 17 a lokacin. A cewar majiyoyin musulmi, an ce Safiyya ta sanar da Kenana mafarkin da ta yi wanda wata ya fado daga sama zuwa cinyarta. Kenana ya fassara shi da son auren Annabi Muhammadu kuma ya buge ta a fuska, yana barin alamar da har yanzu ake iya gani lokacin da ta fara hulɗa da Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W).
Yakin Khaybar A watan Mayu na shekarar 628 AZ, Musulmai sun ci kabilun Yahudawa da yawa (gami da Banu Nadir) a Yaƙin Khaybar. Yahudawan sun mika wuya, kuma an ba su damar ci gaba da zama a Khaybar bisa tanadin da za su bayar na rabin abin da suke samarwa na shekara -shekara ga Musulmai. Wannan yarjejeniya, Stillman ya ce, bai mika ga kabilar Banu Nadir ba, wadanda ba a ba su kwata-kwata. An kashe mijin Safiyya na farko, Kenana ibn al-Rabi, bayan da aka azabtar da shi saboda kin bayyana inda taskar take.
Aurenta da Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) A cewar Muhammad al-Bukhari, Annabi Muhammad ya zauna na kwana uku tsakanin Khaybar da Madina, inda ya kammala auren sa da Safiyya. Sahabbansa sun yi mamakin ko za a ɗauke ta baiwa (Larabci: ma malakat aymanukum) ko matar aure. Na farko ya yi hasashen cewa za su dauki Safiyya a matsayin matar Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w), don haka ta shiga cikin “Uwayen Muminai”.
Annabi Muhammad ya ba da shawarar Safiyya ta musulunta, ta amince kuma ta zama matar shi. Safiyya ba ta haifa wa Annabi Muhammad ɗa ko daya ba.
Dangane da zuriyar yahudawa Safiyya, Muhammad ya taɓa faɗa wa matarsa cewa idan wasu mata suka zage ta saboda “al'adun Yahudawa” kuma suka yi kishi saboda kyawun ta, sai ta amsa da cewa, “Haruna mahaifina ne, Musa baffana ne, kuma Muhammad mijina ne."
Gada A cikin 656, Safiyya ta goyi bayan halifa Uthman ibn Affan, kuma ta kare shi a ganawarsa ta ƙarshe da Ali, Aisha, da AbdAllah ibn Az-Zubayr. A lokacin da aka yiwa khalifa ƙawanya a gidansa, Safiyya ba ta yi nasara ba ta isa wurinsa, kuma ta ba shi abinci da ruwa ta hanyar jirgin da aka sanya tsakanin gidan ta da nasa.
Safiyya ta rasu a shekara ta 670 ko 672, a lokacin mulkin Mu'awiyah, kuma aka binne ta a makabartar Jannatul Baqi. Ta bar dukiya ta dirhami 100,000 a ƙasa da kaya, kashi ɗaya bisa uku na abin da ta yi wasiyya ga ɗan ƙanwarta, wanda ya bi addinin Yahudanci. Muawiya ya sayi gidanta a Madina akan dirhami 180,000.
An fassara mafarkinta a matsayin mu'ujiza, kuma wahalar da ta sha da kuma kuka don ta sami matsayi a ayyukan Sufanci. An ambace ta a cikin duk manyan littattafan hadisi don danganta wasu al'adun gargajiya da abubuwa da yawa a rayuwarta suna zama abin koyi na doka.
Manazarta
Kara karantawa Awde, Nicholas Women in Islam: An Anthology from the Qur'an and Hadits, Routledge (UK) 2000, John Esposito and Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad, Islam, Gender, and Social Change, Oxford University Press, 1997, Leila Ahmed, Women and Gender in Islam: Historical roots of a modern debate, Yale University Press, 1992
Valentine Moghadam (ed), Gender and National Identity.
Karen Armstrong, "The Battle for God: Fundamentalism in Judaism, Christianity and Islam", London, HarperCollins/Routledge, |
50344 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahera%20Qutbuddin | Tahera Qutbuddin | Articles with hCards
Tahera Qutbuddin (an haife ta a shekara ta 1964, Bombay farfesa ce a adabin Larabci a Jami'ar Chicago Yar uwa ga Guggenheim a shekara ta(2020) kuma wadda ta lashe kyautar Littafin Sheikh Zayed a shekara ta 2021, ta shahara da ayyukanta kan larabci da kuma amfani da Larabci a Indiya, musamman a al'adar Dawudi Bohra Rayuwarta An haifi Tahera Qutbuddin a Bombay a cikin shekara ta 1964 a cikin dangin Dawudi Bohra. Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin, shugaban al'ummar Bohra, danginsu ne. Ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta Villa Theresa da Kwalejin Sophia na Mata, inda ta kammala karatun sakandarenta a shekara ta 1984. Qutbuddin ta koyi larabci daga wajen mahaifinta Khuzaima Qutbuddin. Ta sami digiri na farkoa shekara ta (1988) da tamhidi magister a shekara ta(1990) daga Jami'ar Ain Shams, Alkahira, sannan digiri na biyua shekara ta (1994) da digiri na uku daga Jami'ar Harvard a shekara ta(1999), inda mai ba ta shawara Wolfhart Heinrichs Sana'arta A cikin shekara ta 2002, Qutbuddin ta shiga Sashen Harsunan Gabas Kusa da wayewa na Jami'ar Chicago. An sanya ta Masanin Carnegie a cikin shekara ta 2008 da ɗan'uwan Guggenheim (2020). Daga cikin wallafe-wallafenta na farko akwai nazarin harshen Larabci a Indiya, musamman a tsakanin Dawudi Bohras, da tasirinsa a kan wa'azin harshen Gujarati na Taher Fakhruddin Littafin Qutbuddin na shekarar 2005 Al-Mu˒ayyad al-Shirāzī and Fāṭimid Da˓wa Poetry. Wani shari'ar sadaukarwa a cikin adabin Larabci na gargajiya ya faɗaɗa kan karatun digirinta na shekarar 1999. An ɗauka tana da mahimmanci musamman don samun damar samun rubutun Tayyibi Ismaili Da˓wa na sirri a Indiya. Ta nuna cewa Al-Mu˒ayyad al-Shirāzī babban ɗan bidi'a ne wajen haɓaka ƙwararrun adabi, watau wallafe-wallafen da wani wanda ya gamsu da wata akida ya samar da shi, sannan ya nemi ya shawo kan al'umma kan gaskiyarta. Ta nuna cewa waƙar Fatimid kafin al-Shirāzī ta kasance mai salo da kuma jigo kamar na Abbasiyawa, waɗanda manyan abubuwan da suka yi amfani dasu sune ƴan ta'adda, alhali ayyukan al-Shirāzi gabaɗaya suna cikin haɓaka Da˓wa. Ta kuma nuna yadda al'adun Tayyibi Ismail suka ƙaura zuwa Yemen sannan daga baya a Indiya bayan mutuwar al-Shirāzī, inda tasirin waƙarsa a kan al'ummar Dawudi Bohra ya wanzu har izuwa yau. A cikin shekara ta 2013, Qutbuddin ta buga fassarar fassarar Al-Qādi Al-Quḍā'ī na tarin zantuka da wa'azin Imam Ali da Al-Jāhiẓ na karin magana da aka jingina ga Ali. An dauke shi a matsayin tabbataccen aiki kamar yadda aka yi la'akari da duk bugu da rubuce-rubucen da ake da su, sabanin fassarar da suka gabata na waɗannan muhimman misalan adabin addinin Musulunci. Musamman ma, an yaba mata saboda ingancin fassarar, wanda ke isar da daɗaɗɗen kalmomin larabci da kuma bambancin ma'anarsu. Littafin Qutbuddin na Larabci Oration Art and Function a shekara ta (2019) ya samo adabin Larabci daga asalinsa na baka zuwa tasirinsa kan wa’azin zamani. Ta ƙirƙiro tsarin kwatance tsakanin harshen Larabci da na Girikanci, ta kuma bincika yadda baƙar magana ta kasance tushen ginshiƙan siyasa da magana da jama'a, daga nan kuma ga adabi. Ta yi aiki a kai sama da shekaru goma, kodayake tana da ra'ayin hakan a lokacin datayi karatun digirinta a Alkahira. Ta yi nazari a kan mizanin al'adu da ke kewaye da Imam Ali da kyawawan wa'azinsa. Ta kafa cewa wa'azin jama'a ta hanyar khutbah sananne har zuwa yau ya samo asali ne daga maganganun jahiliyya, tare da nassosi tun shekaru da yawa kafin kafuwar imani. Yawancin littattafan da ake watsawa da baki sun ɓace amma nassoshi da yawa a cikin Larabci sun tsira. Maganganun ya dogara da yawa akan hotunan gani, amma musamman akan kari da tsarin nahawu iri ɗaya a kowane layi, yana aiki don ƙarfafa saƙon a cikin zukatan masu sauraro. Qutbuddin ta kuma gano cewa mata sun rike mukamai masu muhimmanci a cikin al'ummar Musulunci na farko amma baza'a ba su damar yin magana a bainar jama'aba kawai a lokacin da ake cikin mawuyacin hali. Misali shi ne shelenta ‘yar Imam Ali Zainab, wacce bayan cin kashin da zuriyar Ali suka yi a yakin Karbala, ta dora wa Yazid na daya daga cikin wadanda sukayi nasara. A cikin shekara ta 2021, Qutbuddin tana aiki a kan Imam Ali, khalifan Musulunci na huɗu, mai suna Ali ibn Abi Talib: Rayuwa, Koyarwa, da Faɗar Sage na Musulunci Ahlus-Sunnah da Shi'a suna kallon Ali a matsayin jagorar jagora ga rayuwa a duniya da sama; maganganunsa abin koyi ne kuma masu kyau, tare da ƙawata, ƙamus mai wahala. Qutbuddin ta mai da hankali kan alakar da ke tsakanin bangarorin siyasa, addini da adabi na rayuwarta, da nufin sake gina rayuwarta.
Ayyukanta da aka zaɓa
Nassoshi
Littafi Mai Tsarki Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun |
51619 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tattalin%20arzikin%20Najeriya | Tattalin arzikin Najeriya | Tattalin arzikin Najeriya matsakaicin matsakaicin kudin shiga ne, tattalin arziki mai gauraye da kasuwar da ke tasowa tare da fadada masana'antu, kudi, sabis, sadarwa, fasaha, da bangarorin nishaɗi. An sanya shi a matsayin tattalin arziki na 31 mafi girma a duniya dangane da GDP mai suna, mafi girma a Afirka kuma na 27 mafi girma dangane da daidaito na ikon sayen.
Najeriya tana da tattalin arziki mafi girma a Afirka. Kasuwancin masana'antu na kasar ya zama mafi girma a nahiyar a cikin 2013, kuma yana samar da yawancin kayayyaki da ayyuka ga yankin Yammacin Afirka. Kashi na bashin zuwa GDP na Najeriya ya kasance 36.63% a cikin 2021 bisa ga IMF.
GDP na Najeriya a lokacin sayen ikon (PPP) ya kusan ninka sau uku daga dala biliyan 170 a cikin 2000 zuwa dala biliyan 451 a cikin 2012, kodayake kimantawa na girman bangaren na al'ada (wanda ba a haɗa shi a cikin adadi na hukuma ba) ya sanya ainihin lambobin kusa da dala biliyan 630. Daga baya, GDP na kowane mutum ya ninka sau biyu daga 1400 ga kowane mutum a cikin 2000 zuwa kimanin 2,800 ga kowane mutum. Har ila yau, tare da hada bangaren da ba na al'ada ba, an kiyasta cewa GDP na kowane mutum yana kusa da 3,900 ga kowane mutum. Yawan mutanen kasar ya karu daga miliyan 120 a shekara ta 2000 zuwa miliyan 160 a shekara ta 2010. Za a sake fasalin adadi na GDP zuwa sama da kashi 80% lokacin da za a sake lissafa ma'auni bayan sake fasalin tattalin arzikinta a watan Afrilun 2014.
Kodayake kudaden shiga na mai sun ba da gudummawa 2/3 na kudaden shiga, mai kawai yana ba da guddina kusan 9% ga GDP. Najeriya tana samar da kusan kashi 2.7% na man fetur na duniya. Kodayake bangaren man fetur yana da mahimmanci, yayin da kudaden shiga na gwamnati har yanzu suna dogara da wannan bangaren, ya kasance karamin ɓangare na tattalin arzikin kasar gaba ɗaya.
Yawancin bangaren noma ba su ci gaba da bunkasa yawan jama'ar kasar ba. Najeriya ta kasance babbar mai fitar da abinci, amma a halin yanzu tana shigo da wasu kayan abinci. Mechanization ya haifar da sake farfadowa a cikin masana'antu da fitar da kayayyakin abinci, kuma saboda haka an sami ci gaba zuwa ga isasshen abinci. A shekara ta 2006, Najeriya ta cimma yarjejeniya da kungiyar Paris Club don sayen yawancin basussukan da ta ci daga gare su, don musayar biyan kuɗi kusan dala biliyan 12.
Dangane da rahoton Citigroup da aka buga a watan Fabrairun 2011, Najeriya za ta sami matsakaicin ci gaban GDP a duniya tsakanin 2010 da 2050. Najeriya tana daya daga cikin kasashe biyu daga Afirka daga cikin kasashen 11 masu samar da ci gaban duniya.
Bayani na gaba ɗaya A cikin 2014, Najeriya ta canza nazarin tattalin arzikinta don lissafin masu ba da gudummawa da sauri ga GDP, kamar sadarwa, banki, da masana'antar fim.
Babban birnin ɗan adam bai ci gaba ba Najeriya ta kasance 161 daga cikin kasashe 189 a cikin Ƙididdigar Ci gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a cikin 2019 kuma ababen more rayuwa da ba su da alaƙa da makamashi.
Najeriya ta ci gaba da kokarin samar da ilimin firamare na duniya, kare muhalli.
Abin da ake buƙata don cimma burin da yawa shine rage cin hanci da rashawa, wanda ke hana ci gaba da lalata yanayin kasuwancin Najeriya. Koyaya, yayin da ci gaba mai zurfi ya kasance mai jinkiri, waɗannan ƙoƙarin sun fara zama bayyane a cikin binciken duniya na cin hanci da rashawa. Matsayin Najeriya ya fi inganta tun daga shekara ta 2001 yana da matsayi na 154 daga cikin kasashe 180 a cikin Transparency International's 2021 Corruption Perceptions Index.
Tattalin arzikin Najeriya yana fama da matsalar samar da wutar lantarki a bangaren wutar lantarki. Duk da saurin bunkasa tattalin arziki, wasu daga cikin manyan ajiyar duniya na kwal, mai, da iskar gas da kuma matsayin kasar a matsayin mafi girman mai samar da mai a Afirka, mazauna suna fuskantar matsalolin samar da wutar lantarki akai-akai.
Kashi biyu bisa uku na 'yan Najeriya suna sa ran yanayin rayuwa zai inganta a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.
Tarihin tattalin arziki Tebur mai zuwa yana nuna manyan alamun tattalin arziki a cikin 1980-2021 (tare da ƙididdigar ma'aikatan IMF a cikin 2022-2027). Hawan farashi a ƙasa da 10% yana cikin kore. An cire yawan rashin aikin yi na shekara-shekara daga 1991 zuwa 2009 (a cikin italic) daga Bankin Duniya, kodayake Asusun Kudi na Duniya ya same su ba abin dogaro ba ne.
Aikin noma Sashin aikin gona yana fama da rashin bunƙasa yana nuna dogaro da hanyoyin da suka gabata. Aikin noma ya kasa ci gaba da saurin ƙaruwar yawan jama'ar Najeriya, don haka kasar, wacce ta taba fitar da abinci, yanzu tana shigo da abinci mai yawa don ci gaba da kanta. Koyaya, ana yin ƙoƙari don sake samun isasshen abinci a ƙasar. Kasar da ta fi yawan jama'a a Afirka ta kasa shuka karin abinci ga yawan jama'arta masu saurin tashi waɗanda dole ne a ciyar da su da kayan abinci daga shinkafa, wake, masara da sauransu.
Aikin noma na shuka Najeriya ta kasance ta shida a duniya kuma ta farko a Afirka a cikin aikin gona. Sashin yana da kusan kashi 18% na GDP da kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na aikin yi. Kodayake Najeriya ba babbar mai fitarwa ba ce, saboda bunkasa masu amfani da gida, har yanzu babbar mai samar da kayayyakin noma da yawa. Ƙarin kayan aikin gona sun haɗa da man dabino da roba.
Tushen da ƙwayoyin Idan aka ƙidaya ta hanyar nauyi, wannan "abinci na karkashin kasa" shine mafi girman rukunin abinci da aka samar a Najeriya, tare da tan miliyan 118 a cikin 2020. Wannan rukuni ya haɗa da yam, cassava, dankali da dankali mai zaki. Wadannan kayayyakin abinci ana noma su galibi a kudancin Najeriya ("Tattalin Arziki na Tushen").
Alkama Ƙungiyar sorghum, pear millet da dai sauransu ita ce rukuni na biyu mafi girma na abinci da aka samar a Najeriya, tare da tan miliyan 28.6 a cikin 2020. 50% ko tan miliyan 14 na wannan shine sorghum. Samar da sukari ya kara da tan miliyan 1.5 ga wannan. Ana noma hatsi galibi a yankin savannah na ƙasar, kuma a ranar 23 ga Yuni rahoton kasuwar hatsi na Najeriya, Majalisar Girma ta Duniya (IGC) ta sanya jimlar samar da hatsi na Nigeria na 2022-23 a tan miliyan 21.6, an sake duba wannan takamaiman adadi daga hasashen watan da ya gabata wanda ya kasance miliyan 21.1, Ya kafa samarwa a cikin shekara ta 2021-22 a miliyan 21.5 wanda ya nuna kuma ya tabbatar da cewa akwai karuwa a cikin samar da hatsa a ranar 23th na Yuni 2022 2023.
Shinkafa da paddy Ƙungiyar abinci ta uku mafi girma da aka samar a Najeriya ita ce shinkafa da paddy. A cikin 2020, an samar da tan miliyan 8.2.
Amfanin man fetur Najeriya ta samar da tan miliyan 4 na amfanin man fetur a shekarar 2020. Wadannan sune misali soya wake, sunflower seed, canola da peanuts.
Ƙarin kayayyaki Ana shuka wake, melons, pepper da kayan lambu a gonakin yanka. Ana shuka dabino na mai, roba da ayaba don fitarwa. Man dabino yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a masana'antar kayan kula da mutum ta Najeriya.
Dabbobi
Shanu Gabaɗaya, an adana kusan kawuna miliyan 15. Bugu da kari, ana kula da aladu miliyan biyar. Ana kula da ƙananan dabbobi kamar tumaki, awaki da kaji galibi don rayuwa.
Tsuntsu da Kwai Kimanin kashi 42% na 'yan Najeriya suna da kaza. A sakamakon haka, kaji da ƙwai suna wakiltar sanannen kayan masarufi a cikin masana'antar abinci. 46% na kaji ana kiyaye su a cikin tsarin da ya fi girma kyauta. Ana samar da tan dubu 300 na naman kaji da tan dubu 650 na ƙwai a kowace shekara a Najeriya (kimanin).
Kifi A cikin wannan shekarar, jimlar kamun kifi ya kai tan 505.8.
Itace Cirewar katako ya kai kasa da mita cubic miliyan 70, kuma an kiyasta samar da itace a mita cubic guda biyu.
Ma'adinai da man fetur
Ma'adinai Ma'adanai na hakar ma'adanai a Najeriya suna da asusun 0.3% kawai na babban kayan cikin gida, saboda tasirin albarkatun mai masu yawa. Masana'antar hakar ma'adinai ta cikin gida ba ta ci gaba sosai ba, wanda ya haifar da Najeriya ta shigo da ma'adanai da za ta iya samarwa a cikin gida, kamar gishiri ko ƙarfe. Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Najeriya ce ke da haƙƙin mallaka na albarkatun ma'adinai, wanda ke ba da lakabi ga ƙungiyoyi don bincika, hakar ma'adanai, da sayar da albarkatun jan'adanai.
Ma'aikatar Ci gaban Ma'adanai ce ke kula da ka'idojin hakar ma'adinai, wanda ke kula da gudanar da dukkan albarkatun ma'adanai. Dokar hakar ma'adinai ta tsara a cikin Dokar Ma'adinai da Ma'adanai ta Tarayya ta 1999.
Mai Nau'ikan man fetur da Najeriya ke fitarwa sune man fetur mai sauƙi na Bonny, man fetur na Forcados, man fetun Qua Ibo da man fetur a Brass River. Amurka ta kasance babbar mai sayen man fetur a Najeriya, wanda ya kai kashi 40% na jimlar fitar da man fetur na kasar; Najeriya tana ba da kusan kashi 10% na shigo da man fetus na Amurka gaba ɗaya kuma tana cikin matsayi na biyar mafi girma na man fetur da aka shigo da Amurka.
Ƙasar Ingila ita ce babbar abokin ciniki ta Najeriya da Amurka ta biyo baya. Kasuwancin saka hannun jari na Amurka kusan dala biliyan 7, galibi a bangaren makamashi. ExxonMobil da Chevron sune manyan kamfanoni biyu na Amurka a cikin samar da mai da iskar gas.
Masana'antu
Cement Dangote da BUA sune manyan kamfanoni a kasuwar siminti ta Najeriya. A watan Mayu 2022 BUA ta bude sabon, babban masana'antar siminti a Sokoto ciki har da tashar wutar lantarki ta 50 MW.
Kayayyakin da ke da man fetur Abin mamaki, Najeriya a halin yanzu tana fitar da man fetur amma dole ne ta shigo da kayayyakin man fetur kamar man fetur ko polypropylene (plastic). A cikin kwata na huɗu na 2022, mai mai da yawa game da Dangote zai fara aiki, wanda zai samar da lita miliyan 50 na man fetur a kowace rana, da sauransu. Wannan zai juya Najeriya daga mai shigo da kaya zuwa mai fitar da kayayyakin man fetur. Ko da kafin ya fara aiki sosai, kamfanin Dangote ya yi iƙirarin cewa yana da rikodin duniya da yawa, gami da shafi mafi girma a duniya kuma, tare da mai sabuntawa na RFCC, duka ƙarfe mafi nauyi (wanda aka yi da Koriya) da kuma abu mafi nauyi da aka taɓa ɗauka a kan hanyar Afirka ta jama'a.
takin zamani da fenti A ranar 3 ga Mayu 2022, bayan shekaru na gini, an ba da izinin samar da taki a kusa da Legas wanda zai samar da tan miliyan 3 na taki a shekara. Ba tare da karin taki na Rasha da ke zuwa kasuwar duniya a 2022 ba saboda yakin Ukraine, Najeriya tana cika rata a kasuwa. "Kasuwancin taki shine kasuwar mai siyarwa," shugaban kamfanin Dangote a lokacin bude shuka. "Mutane suna rokon mu sayar kuma muna zabar wanda muke sayar da shi".
Wani dutse da aka jefa daga kamfanin Dangote mai suna BASF ya buɗe masana'anta a Lekki. BASF an fi saninsa da taki, fenti da lacquers.
Kayayyakin kula da jiki, kayan wankewa Masana'antar Colgate a yankin Kasuwanci na Lekki kusa da Legas ta fara samar da kayayyakin kula da jiki a cikin 2022.
Masana'antar magunguna
Masana'antar motoci 'Yan Najeriya suna sayen motoci 720,000 a kowace shekara, amma kasa da kashi 20% na waɗannan ana samar da su a Najeriya kanta.
Masu sana'a na asali
Ayyuka Najeriya ta kasance ta 27 a duk duniya kuma ta farko a Afirka a cikin samar da ayyuka.
Sashin kudi Najeriya ita ce babbar kasuwar kudi a Afirka. Ya zuwa Nuwamba 2018, Babban Bankin Najeriya (CBN) ya ba da lasisi ga bankunan kasuwanci 21. Najeriya tana da bangaren banki mai ci gaba sosai ta hanyar ka'idojin yanki, tare da matakin banki mai zurfi a yankin (44.2% idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin yanki na 17.8% na Yammacin Afirka) da kuma amfani da kayan aikin kuɗi na ci gaba a cikin tattalin arzikin yankin. Har ila yau, kasar tana da alaƙa da kasuwannin kuɗi na duniya kuma bayan rikicin man fetur na 2016-17, ƙasar ta ga karuwar shigo da kudaden kasashen waje a cikin watanni 12-18 da suka gabata shigo da kudade a Najeriya ya tsallake zuwa US 6.3 bln a cikin Q1-18 (594% yok) vs. 12.3 bln don cikakken shekara 2017 da 5.1 bln a 2016). Koyaya, ƙasar tana da nauyin kuɗi mai yawa, wanda ke iyakance samun damar samun bashi ga ƙananan kamfanoni, musamman a cikin tattalin arzikin da ba mai ba.
Sadarwa Kwamitin Sadarwa na Najeriya (NCC) ya ce a ranar 14 ga Janairu, 2022, bangaren sadarwa ya ba da gudummawa 12.45% ga Gross Domestic Product (GDP) na Najeriya. Kwamitin ta hanyar babban jami'in zartarwa (Shugaba), Farfesa Umar Garba Danbatta, a lokacin lacca na taron, mai taken, "Ƙarfafa Matasan Najeriya Ta hanyar Fasahar Bayanai da Sadarwa (ICT) da aka gudanar a Jami'ar Fountain, Osogbo, ya sanar da wannan. Farfesa Garba ya bayyana cewa bangaren ICT yana ba da gudummawa sama da 10% na GDP na Najeriya sama da shekaru 10. Ya lura, "Nijeriya ita ce babbar kasuwar ICT ta Afirka tare da kashi 82 cikin 100 na masu biyan kuɗi na sadarwa na nahiyar da kashi 29 cikin 100 na amfani da intanet".
Najeriya ta kasance ta 11 a duniya a cikin cikakken adadin masu amfani da intanet kuma ta 7 a cikin cikakken yawan wayoyin hannu.
Sashin sufuri, turawa, jigilar kayayyaki Saboda wurin da Najeriya take a tsakiyar Afirka, sufuri tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a bangaren sabis na kasa.
Gwamnatin Buhari ta inganta kayan aikin bayan shekarar 2015. An gudanar da gyare-gyare masu yawa da sabbin gine-gine a hankali yayin da jihohi musamman ke kashe rabon su na karuwar rabon gwamnati. Wakilin waɗannan ci gaba shine gadar Nijar ta biyu a Onitsha, wanda kusan an kammala shi a watan Mayu 2022.
Tun daga shekara ta 2009, Najeriya tana kafa sabbin hanyoyin jirgin kasa. Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na Najeriya ne ke sarrafa waɗannan. Wannan a bayyane ya haifar da wadata tun daga 2019, duk da annobar da ta faru.
Manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa suna Legas (Apapa da Tin Can Island), Port Harcourt (Onne), da Calabar Wani tashar jiragen ruwa mai zurfi a Lekki, kilomita 50 a gabashin Legas, yana gab da buɗewa a 2022.
Biyar daga cikin filayen jirgin saman Najeriya (Lagos, Kano, Port Harcourt, Enugu da Abuja) a halin yanzu suna tashi zuwa wuraren duniya. Sabuwar kamfanin jirgin sama na kasa, "Nigeria Air", an shirya fara aiki a tsakiyar shekara ta 2022.
Nishaɗi
Masana'antar fina-finai, Talabijin, Rarrabawa Daga Nollywood, ana watsa fina-finai da sabulu zuwa duk Afirka. Najeriya ita ce kasa ta biyu mafi girma a duniya bayan Indiya kuma a gaban Amurka.
Masana'antar kiɗa Wataƙila sanannen mawaƙin Najeriya shine mai kirkirar Afrobeat Fela Anikulapo Kuti, wanda ya ba da kide-kide na almara tare da ƙungiyarsa "Africa 70" a "Shrine" a Legas. Sauran halaye na kiɗa sun haɗa da Jùjú, Apala, Fuji da Sakara A fagen kiɗa, mawaƙan Najeriya da ke zaune a Turai kamar Sade Adu ko Dr. Alban sun ci nasara sosai a cikin shekarun 1980 da 1990. A Turai, Nneka tana ɗaya daga cikin sanannun mawaƙa na Najeriya. Ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya da ke zaune a Najeriya wanda ya sami nasarar kasuwanci a Turai shine D'Banj Har ma ya kai ga sigogi na Turai a lokacin rani na 2012 tare da Oliver Twist Wizkid ya kai lamba 1 a 2016 tare da Drake.
Kafofin sada zumunta Yan Najeriya masu amfani da kafofin sada zumunta ne. A cikin 2021 'yan Najeriya sun kwashe sa'o'i 3 da minti 41 a kafofin sada zumunta a matsakaita kowace rana. Wannan ya fi matsakaicin duniya na awanni 2 da minti 22. Adadin masu amfani da kafofin sada zumunta masu aiki a Najeriya ya karu a cikin 2021 da kashi 22 cikin dari, idan aka kwatanta da karuwar matsakaicin duniya na kashi 13. WhatsApp da Facebook sune dandamali na kafofin sada zumunta da aka fi amfani da su a Najeriya.
Yawon shakatawa
Dangantakar tattalin arziki ta kasashen waje Dangantakar tattalin arzikin kasashen waje ta Najeriya tana kewaye da rawar da take takawa wajen samar da tattalin arzikin duniya da man fetur da iskar gas, koda kuwa kasar na neman rarraba fitar da kayayyaki, daidaita haraji daidai da yiwuwar hadin gwiwar kwastam da Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) ke nema, da kuma karfafa shigowar fayil na kasashen waje da saka hannun jari kai tsaye. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2005, Najeriya ta aiwatar da farashin waje na ECOWAS, wanda ya rage yawan adadin farashin.
Kafin wannan bita, haraji ya zama tushen kudaden shiga na biyu mafi girma a Najeriya bayan fitar da mai. A shekara ta 2005 Najeriya ta sami babban ci gaba lokacin da ta cimma yarjejeniya tare da Paris Club don kawar da bashin ta biyu ta hanyar haɗuwa da rubuce-rubuce da sayarwa. Najeriya ta shiga kungiyar kasashe masu fitar da man fetur a watan Yulin 1971 da kuma kungiyar cinikayya ta duniya a watan Janairun 1995.
Dubi kuma Talauci a Najeriya
Masana'antar ƙarfe a Najeriya
Hukumar Tattalin Arziki ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Afirka
Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su Tattalin Arzikin Najeriya
Tattalin arziki
Tattalin Arziki
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
51481 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene%20Ovonji-Odida | Irene Ovonji-Odida | Articles with hCards
Irene Ovonji-Odida (an haifeta a shekara ta 1964) lauya ce 'yar Uganda, 'yar siyasa, kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata Membace ta Hukumar Gyara Dokokin Uganda, ta taba bada gudummawa ga rubutun kundin tsarin mulkin Uganda na shekara 1995 kuma ta taimaka wajen tsara Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka Tayi aiki da kungiyoyin agaji daban-daban da suka hada da ActionAid sannan ta gudanar da sa ido kan zabe a Uganda da Tanzania. Ta kasance memba a Majalisar Dokokin Gabashin Afirka daga shekara ta 2001 zuwa shekara ta 2006.
Rayuwarta ta farko da iliminta An haifi Irene Ovonji a Uganda ga Valerian Ovonji, wanda ya zama sakatare na dindindin na Ma'aikatar Jama'a da Al'amuran Majalisar Ministocin da kuma ministar sabis na gwamnati a karkashin Idi Amin Mahaifiyarta Helen Ovonji ƙwararriyar malama ce kuma tayi sana'ar ɗinki A shekara ta 1972, duk da haka, an cire mahaifinta daga mukaminsa na minista saboda nuna rashin amincewa da manufofin gwamnati, kuma acikin shekara ta 1977 ya gudu zuwa Kenya lokacin da ya gano cewa mayakan Amin sun yi niyyar kashe shi. A shekara ta gaba danginsa suka bi shi amatsayin 'yan gudun hijira. Ko da yake daga baya sun iya komawa Uganda a shekara ta 1979 bayan an hambarar da Amin, Irene ta cigaba da zama a Kenya na tsawon shekaru biyar don ta kammala karatunta na sakandare. Ta zauna tare da ’yan uwanta dasu ma suka nemi mafaka a Kenya. Bayan ta koma Uganda, ta shiga Jami'ar Makerere, inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin shari'a Daga bisani ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a a Jami'ar Howard, Washington DC a Amurka.
Sana'arta Tayi aikin sa kai da Kai tare da yin aiki a kwamitin kula da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu tun daga shekara ta 1989, tare da mai da hankali musamman kan wadanda suka shafi hakkin dan adam da cigabansa. Ovonji-Odida tayi aiki amatsayin darektan shari'a na Hukumar Kula da Da'a da Mutunci ta gwamnatin Uganda. Ta zama memba na Hukumar Gyara Dokokin Uganda a shekara ta 1994. Ta kasance jami'ar shari'a a Hukumar Gyaran Shari'a kuma mai bincike a Hukumar Majalisa kungiyoyi biyu da keda alhakin gudanar da rubutun a kundin tsarin mulki na 1995 Ovonji-Odida ta halarci yakin shekara ta 1997-98 na kungiyar matan gabashin Afirka karkashin jagorancin Akina uwa ga Afrika don sake duba daftarin kungiyar kasashen gabashin Afirka (EAC) don fadada ikonta daga kungiyar da ke da tushen kasuwanci zalla wanda yahada da ayyukan cigaban kasa da kasa. Tayi aiki ga rundunonin ayyuka na ƙasa da ƙasa da yawa ciki har da na EAC dake mai da hankali kan tarayyar siyasa. Ita membace ta hadin guiwar kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da tattalin arzikin Afirka kan kwararan kudaden haram a karkashin jagorancin HE Thabo Mbeki, akan tsohon shugaban Afirka ta Kudu (wanda aka fi sani da Mbeki Panel akan IFFs daga Afirka). Ta kuma kasance memba a Babban Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Lissafin Kudi, Gaskiya da Mutunci (UN FACTI Panel) daga shekarar ta 2020-2021, a babbar birnin kasar. Hon Ovonji-Odida tayi yakin neman adalci na zamantakewa, akan daidaiton jinsi da hakkin dan adam ciki harda yakin neman zaben Bakin Litinin An zabe ta a matsayin memba a Majalisar Dokokin Gabashin Afirka daga shekara ta 2001 zuwa 2006, inda ta jagoranci shirye-shirye don inganta gaskiya da rikon amana, don rage rikice-rikicen yankin, da kuma ba da kulawa da shawarwari akan kasuwanci. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai sa ido kan magudanar zabuka na zaben raba gardama na jam'iyyu da yawa na Uganda a shekara ta 2005 kuma a wannan shekarar ta yi aiki tare da kwamitin ActionAid Uganda. Ovonji-Odida ta zauna a hukumar ActionAid ta kasa da kasa a shekara ta 2007 kuma ta yi aiki sau biyu a matsayin shugabar hukumar kasa da kasa tsakanin shekarar ta 2009 zuwa shekara ta 2015. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai lura da Commonwealth of Nations na ayyuka da yawa ciki har da babban zaben Tanzaniya na shekarar 2010, zaɓen ƙasar Zambia na shekarar 2015 da kuma shekararb 2018 Belize Irene Ovonji-Odida a halin yanzu ita ce kwamishina a hukumar mai zaman kanta don sauya fasalin harajin kamfanoni (ICRICT), kuma memba ce ta Cibiyar Kula da Haraji ta Kudu, Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari na Tax Justice Network Africa da Pan African Lawyers Union Task Force a kan Haramtacciyar Kudade. Ta kasance mataimakiyar shugabar Majalisar Jami'ar Makerere daga shekara ta 2013 zuwa shekara ta 2018. shugabar Cibiyar Amintattun Bincike da Babban Jami'in Kungiyar Lauyoyin Mata ta Uganda a daidai wannan lokacin. kuma ta yi aiki a kan wasu al'amuran da dama, gami da Hukumar Ba da Shawarar Siyasa ta Afirka ta DAYA. Irene Ovonji-Odida ta yi shawarwari, horarwa da ko gudanar da bincike kan batutuwa daban-daban da suka hada da shari'ar haraji ta duniya da tafiyar da kudaden haram, 'yancin mata fiye,da tsarin mulkin Uganda da hadewar gwiwar yankin gabashin Afirka.
Rayuwarta ta sirri Ovonji-Odida ta yi aure kuma ta mahaifi yara biyu.
Nassoshi Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun |
2772 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada | Kanada | Kanada ko Canada ƙasa ce a nahiyar Amurka. Babban birnin ƙasar shine Ottawa. Justin Trudeau shine firaministan ƙasar daga shekara ta 2015. Kanada tana da lardi har guda goma (Alberta, British Columbia, Kebek, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland da kuma Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Saskatchewan da Tsibirin Prince Edward) da yanki uku (Northwest Territories, Nunavut da Yukon).
Tarihi
Al’ummomin Asali
Asalin mazauna ƙasar sun rayu a cikin ƙasar Kanada ta yanzu shekaru dubbai kafin zuwan Bature na farko. Mutanen asali ana kiran su da ƴan asalin ƙasa ko Inuit, da Métis. Métis mutane ne waɗanda suka fito daga ƙasashen Farko da dangin Turai. Tare, waɗannan rukunin ukun ana kiransu "Yan Asalin," ko "Mutanen Farko." Turawa suna kiran su "Indiyawa", amma wannan yanzu ana masa kallon rashin ladabi.
Mutane da yawa suna tunanin cewa mutanen farko da suka fara zama a Kanada sun kuma fito ne daga Siberia ta amfani da gadar ƙasar Bering aƙalla shekaru 14,000 da suka gabata. Gadar ƙasar da ta haɗu da Asiya da Arewacin Amurka. Lokacin da mutanen Turai suka fara zuwa Kanada don zama, yawan 'Yan asalin ƙasar da ke zaune a Kanada tuni ya kasance tsakanin 200,000 zuwa miliyan biyu.
Turawan mulkin mallaka
Vikings shine farkon Bature da aka sani wanda ya fara zuwa ƙasar da ake kira Kanada yanzu, a cikin yankin da yanzu yake Newfoundland, wanda mai binciken Viking Leif Erikson ya jagoranta. Ba su dade ba, duk da haka. A farkon karni na 16, Turawa suka fara binciken gabar gabashin Kanada, inda suka fara da John Cabot daga Ingila a shekarar 1497, sannan daga baya Jacques Cartier a shekarata 1534 daga Faransa. Daga baya Alexander Mackenzie ya isa gaɓar tekun Pacific a kan ƙasa, inda kaftin James Cook da George Vancouver suka bi ta teku. Har ila yau, Turawan sun sayar da fatun bea ga ƙasashen Farko.
Faransa ta zaunar da wasu sassan Kanada, wasu kuma ta Burtaniya. A shekara ta 1605, aka gina Port-Royal a Acadia (wanda ake kira yau Nova Scotia) ta Faransawa, wanda Samuel de Champlain ya jagoranta, kuma a shekara ta 1608 ya fara sasanta Quebec. Birtaniyyawan sun mallaki yankunan Faransa bayan yakin Faransa da Indiya a Filayen Abraham kusa da Birnin Quebec a cikin shekarar 1759.
Bayan Yaƙin Juyin Juya Hali na Amurka, mutane da yawa a cikin sabuwar Amurka sun so su kasance da aminci ga Biritaniya. Dubun-dubatar sun zo arewacin Kanada kuma suka zauna a Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, da Ontario. An kira su United United Loyalists. A lokacin Yaƙin 1812, Amurka ta yi ƙoƙari ta ci Kanada amma ta ci su.
Cigaba da faɗaɗawa
Ranar 1 ga Yulin shekara ta 1867, Kanada ta haɗu ƙarƙashin gwamnatin tarayya. Ya haɗa da lardunan Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, da Nova Scotia. Sir John A. Macdonald shi ne firaminista na farko. Manitoba, yankin Yukon, da Yankin Arewa maso Yamma sun zama ɓangare na Kanada a shekarar 1870. British Columbia sun haɗu a cikin 1871, da Tsibirin Prince Edward a 1873.
An yi tawaye biyu na Kogin Red, a cikin shekarar 1869-70 da 1885, duka Louis Riel ya jagoranta. Ya yi yaƙi don ƙarin haƙƙoƙin mutanen Métis, haɗuwa tsakanin Faransa da ƙasashen Farko. Hanyar jirgin ƙasa a duk faɗin ƙasar, hanyar layin dogo ta layin Pacific ta ƙasar Kanada, wacce aka gama ta a shekarar 1885, ta samar da sauki ga mutanen kasar ta Canada zuwa yamma. Yawancin Turawa da yawa sun zo bakin tudu, don haka Alberta da Saskatchewan sun zama larduna a cikin 1905.
Farkon karni na 20
Sojojin Kanada sun yi Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya don Mulkin Biritaniya. Yawancin ƴan Kanada sun mutu a wannan yaƙin fiye da kowane yaƙi. Kanada ta zama sananne sosai a matsayin ƙasa bayan nasarar da ta samu na kame Vimy Ridge daga Jamusawa a Faransa a shekarata 1917. An ba mata 'yancin yin zaɓe a ƙarshen yaƙin, wani ɓangare saboda taimakon da suka bayar wajen kera makamai yayin da maza ke yaƙin Turai. A cikin 1931, Kanada ta sami cikakken ƴancin kai. Sannan gwamnatin Kanada tayi duk shawarwari game da Kanada.
Ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Sherman suna hutawa yayin da suke kiliya
Ma'aikatan Kanada yayin yakin Normandy a watan Yunin shekarar 1944.
Har ila yau mutanen Kanada sun yi yaƙin duniya na 2. The Dieppe Raid a cikin 1942 yayi mummunan rauni kuma yawancin sojoji an kashe su,wasu an raunata su, wasu kuma an kaisu gidan fursuna. Mutanen Kanada suna da mahimmanci a cikin 1944 a Normandy, kuma sun 'yantar da Netherlands daga Jamusawa.
Kanada a wannan zamanin
A cikin shekarar 1949, Newfoundland da Labrador sun zama lardi na 10 na Kanada. A 1956, Lester Pearson na Kanada, wanda daga baya ya zama Firayim Minista, ya taimaka wajen kawo ƙarshen Rikicin Suez. Sakamakon haka, ya sami lambar yabo ta Nobel ta zaman lafiya. A cikin 1965, Pearson ya taimaka wa Kanada samo sabuwar tuta, Maple Leaf. Kafin wannan, 'yan ƙasar Kanada sun yi amfani da Red Ensign. A cikin 1982, Kanada ta canza tsarin mulkinta, gami da sabon Yarjejeniyar 'Yanci da Yanci na Kanada. Babban sashin Tsarin Mulki har yanzu shine Dokar 1867 ta Burtaniya ta Arewacin Amurka.
Wasu 'yan Kanada Faransawa a yau suna son kafa ƙasarsu, ban da sauran Kanada. Lardin Quebec ya gudanar da zaben raba gardama (jefa kuri'a) a 1980, amma kusan kashi 40% ne suke so su raba. An sake gudanar da zaben raba gardama a shekarar 1995, inda kusan kashi 50% suka kada kuri’ar amincewa da barin Kanada. Tun daga wannan lokacin, ƙananan mutane a cikin Quebec sun so barin Kanada, amma har yanzu yana da mahimmanci ga siyasar Quebec.
A yau, kusan kashi 25% na jama'ar Kanada suna magana da Faransanci a matsayin yarensu na farko. Mutane da yawa na iya magana da Faransanci da Ingilishi duka. Kodayake yawancin Kanada Kanada suna zaune a lardin Quebec, akwai al'ummomin da ke magana da Faransanci da mutane a duk faɗin Kanada. Misali, kashi 40% na mutanen lardin New Brunswick da 20% na waɗanda ke Manitoba suna da ƙaƙƙarfan asalin Faransa, kamar yadda wasu mutane ke yi a Ontario, galibi a kan iyakarta da Quebec.
A cikin 1999, an kirkiro Nunavut a matsayin yanki na uku na Kanada, daga cikin Yankunan Arewa maso Yammacin Gabas, a cikin yarjejeniya da mutanen Inuit.
Gwamnati
Kanada tana da gwamnatin da ake kira masarautar tsarin mulki. Tana da masarauta (ma'ana sarki ko sarauniya ita ce shugabar waccan), kuma dimokiradiyya ce (ma'ana mutanen ƙasar suna mulkar ta). Shugabar ƙasa ita ce Sarauniya Elizabeth II, wacce a hukumance take Sarauniyar Kanada. Ta naɗa Gwamna Janar don wakiltar ta a ƙasar, amma, zaɓin Gwamna Janar Firayim Minista ne ya yi.
Ikon Sarauniya galibi ana amfani da shi ne ta Janar Janar, a halin yanzu Julie Payette. Janar Gwamna, kamar masarautar Kanada (Sarki Sarauniyar Kanada), ba ya siyasa kuma ya kasance sama da siyasa, kuma saboda wannan yawanci basa amfani da ikon su ba tare da shawarar Firayim Minista ko wasu ministocin ba.
Shugaban gwamnati Firayim Minista ne. Firayim Minista na yanzu shi ne Justin Trudeau, wanda ya maye gurbin Stephen Harper a cikin Oktoba 2015. Kowane lardi da yanki suna da firaminista don jagorantar gwamnatinta. Ayyuka na yau da kullun na gwamnati suna gudana ta majalisar ministoci. Yawancin lokaci ana kafa majalisar zartarwa daga babbar jam'iyya a Majalisar.
Majalisar Kanada tana zartar da dokokin kasar. Janar janar, mai aiki a madadin masarauta, na da damar hana doka (ma'ana doka ba za ta fara aiki ba) amma ba a yi amfani da wannan haƙƙin na ɗan lokaci ba. Akwai manyan jam’iyyu biyar a majalisar dokokin Kanada: Jam’iyyar Conservative, da New Democratic Party, da Liberal Party, da Bloc Québécois, da kuma Green Party. Baya ga jam'iyyun biyar da ke da 'Yan Majalisa a Majalisar, akwai wasu kananan jam'iyyu goma sha hudu da suka yi rajista da Zaɓen Kanada da kuma' yan majalisar da dama da ke zaune a matsayin 'Yancin Kai.
Mulki
Arziki
Wasanni
Fannin tsarotsaro
Kimiya da Fasaha
Sifiri
Sifirin Jirgin Sama
Sifirin Jirgin Kasa
Al'adu
Mutane
Yaruka
Abinci
Tufafi
Ilimi
Addinai Kanada ƙasa ce take da rabe-raben addinai, wanda ya ƙunshi addinai daban daban da al'adu. Babu wani tsayayyen addini a hukumance a ƙasar Kanada. Akwai ƴanci na gudanar da addini a kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar Kanada. A ko wanne yanki a ƙasar ana gudanar da addini. A baya Kanada ta taɓa zama ƙasar addinin Ƙiristanci kaɗai kafin daga baya ta zama ƙasa wadda bata da tsayayyen addini a hukumance. Akasarin ƴan ƙasar Kanada basu ɗauki addini da muhimmanci ba a rayuwarsa ta Yau da kullum, amma dai sunyi imani da Ubangiji.
A wani jin ra'ayin jama'a da akayi a shekarar 2011, kaso 67.3 na ƴan ƙasar sun aiyana kansu a matsayin Kiristoci mabiya ɗarikar Katolika 38 sauran kuma na sauran aƙidu na addinin Kirista. Mafiya girma a daga cikin ɗarikun Protestant sune masu bin cocin United Church of Canada (sunkan ƴan Kanada kaso 6.1 cikin ɗari), sai masu bin cocin Anglican Church of Canada (kaso 5.0 cikin ɗari), da cocin Baptism of Canada (1.9 cikin ɗari). Tsarin ƙasar na baruwan ta da addini yana cigaba da faɗaɗa tun daga shekarun 1960. A 2011, kaso 23.9 cikin ɗari suka aiyana kansu da baruwan su da addini, marasa addini na ƙaruwar a ƙasar tun daga 2001. Musulunci shine addini na biyu mafi girma a Kanada bayan addinin Ƙiristanci, inda kaso 3.2 cikin ɗari na ƴan ƙasar Musulmai ne. Haka nan musulunci shine addini mafi saurin yaɗuwa a ƙasar. Akwai mabiya Hindu kaso 1.5 cikin ɗari da kuma Sikh kaso 1.4 cikin ɗari na mutane Ƙasar Kanada.
Hotuna Ƙasashen |
34163 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Benin%20Teaching%20Hospital | University of Benin Teaching Hospital | Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Benin (UBTH) babban mai ba da sabis ne na kiwon lafiya na musamman a Yammacin Afirka Asibitin yana Ugbowo, Benin City kuma an kafa shi ne a ranar 12 ga Mayu, 1973 bayan zartar da dokar (lamba 12) na dokar lafiya ta Najeriya. A matsayinta na shida na asibitocin koyarwa na ƙarni na 1 a Najeriya, an kafa shi ne don ƙara haɓaka makarantar 'yar uwarta, Jami'ar Benin, da kuma samar da kulawar sakandare da sakandare ga yankin tsakiyar yamma (yanzu Edo da Delta State da kewayenta. Har ila yau, yana ba da wuraren da suka wajaba don horar da manyan ma'aikata da matsakaitan ma'aikata don masana'antar kiwon lafiya da kuma jagorancin damar bincike ga malamai a Jami'ar da sauran masu sha'awar masu fama da matsalolin tattalin arziki a matsayin tambayoyin bincike. Ta Cibiyoyin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a a Ogbona da Udo, da kuma Babban asibitin da ya fara aiki daga baya, UBTH tana ba da wasu hanyoyin kula da lafiya na farko ga al'ummomin kusa. Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Benin yana ba da horon horo ga ƙwararrun likitocin daga fannonin kiwon lafiya daban-daban kamar su Magunguna, Pharmacy, Physiotherapy, Ophthalmology, Masanin Kimiyyar Lafiyar Lafiya, Nursing, Radiographers, Dentistry, Nutrition and Dietetics tsakanin sauran sana'o'i Kowane sashe na dakin tuntubar Asibitin yana da nasa Pharmacy, kusa da dakin tuntuba. Wadannan Magungunan suna da nasu sana'a irin su Inpatient-Medical Pharmacy, Tiyata da Ido Pharmacy, Renal Pharmacy, Intensive Care Unit Pharmacy, Accident and Emergency Pharmacy, Magungunan Ciwon ciki da Gynecology Pharmacy, General Practice Pharmacy da sauransu.
Tarihi Tun a shekarar 1969 aka fara gudanar da aikin asibitin koyarwa na jami'ar Benin tare da Kanar Samuel O. Ogbemudia, gwamnan jihar Midwest ta Najeriya a lokacin kuma Farfesa. Tiamiyu Belo-Osagie. Sha'awar kafa cibiyar kiwon lafiya da ta dace a yankin tsakiyar yammacin Najeriya ya biyo bayan kai ziyarar sirri zuwa Asibitin Maternity na Island, Legas da Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Legas Bayanai sun nuna cewa da gaske Gwamnan ya gamsu da kayan aikin wadannan asibitoci bayan ziyarar.
Bayan 'yan watanni, an kafa Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari na Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Midwestern tare da Farfesa. H. Oritsejolomi Thomas a matsayin shugaba. Sauran mambobin kwamitin sun hada da Prof. Tiamiyu Belo-Osagie, Prof. Alex Eyimofo Boyo da Mista OI Afe wanda shine sakataren gwamnatin soji ta tsakiyar yamma kuma shugaban ma'aikata.
A cikin wannan shekarar ne kwamitin ya bayar da aikin gina asibitin ga Costain (Nigeria) Limited kuma gwamnatin yankin tsakiyar yammacin Najeriya da gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ne suka dauki nauyin gina asibitin. Wasu fitattun mutanen da suka jajirce wajen ganin an tabbatar da aikin asibitin tun daga ginin har zuwa bude shi, sun hada da: Dr Irene EB Ighodaro, Prof. Glyn O. Philips, Dr AE Ikomi, Dr FO Esiri Infirmary da Mr JO Iluebbey.
Wani abin lura a nan shi ne, an mayar da “Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Midwest” suna zuwa “Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami’ar Benin” a jawabin kasafin kudin da Kanar Samuel O. Ogbemudia ya yi a watan Afrilun 1972.
An samu yabo da yawa musamman ga Prof. Tiamiyu Belo-Osagie wanda ya yi kokarin sadaukarwa a duk tsawon lokacin, tun daga tunanin asibitin har zuwa kammala shi. Ya kasance Farfesa a fannin ilimin mata masu ciki da mata, wani lokaci shugaban tsangayar ilimin likitanci da Provost, Kwalejin Kimiyyar Kiwon Lafiyar Lafiyar Jama'a, duk na Jami'ar Benin Asibitin koyarwa na Jami'ar Benin ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga fifikon ilimin likitanci da ilimi a yammacin Afirka. Asibitin, karkashin jagorancin Prof. Darlington E. Obaseki a matsayin Babban Daraktan Likitoci, yana ci gaba ta hanyar amfani da ingantattun hanyoyi don isar da sabis na kiwon lafiya, ta hanyar fasaha da ƙwararrun ma'aikata.
Sassan Asibitin ya ƙunshi sassa na asibiti da bincike masu zuwa.
Anesthesiology
Cibiyar Cancer
Ilimin Halitta
Lafiyar Yara
Lafiyar Al'umma
Dental Tiyatar Baki da Maxillofacial
Dental Ganewar Baki
Dental Magungunan baka da Pathology
Dental Likitan Hakora na Orthodontics
Dental Periodontics Dentistry
Dental Preventive Dentistry
Dental Maida Dentistry
Abinci da Abinci
Kunne, Hanci da Maƙogwaro
Magungunan Iyali
Hematology
Histopathology
Magungunan Ciki
Likitan Kwayoyin Halitta
Ayyukan zamantakewa na likita
Lafiyar Hankali
Anatomy
Ayyukan jinya
Ciwon mahaifa da Gynecology
Maganin Sana'a
Ilimin ido
Orthopedics da Traumatology
Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Services
Physiotherapy
Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a
Radiology
Radiotherapy da Clinical Oncology
Maganin Radiyo da Magungunan Nukiliya
Tiyata
Asibitocin Waje/Cibiyoyin Lafiya Cibiyar Hatsari da Gaggawa
Samun Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Najeriya (ANHI).
Taimakon Haihuwa/Cibiyar Hadi ta Vitro (IVF).
Asibitin Gaggawa na Yara
Comprehensive Health Centre, Ogbonna
Babban Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, Udo
Asibitin mai ba da shawara a waje
Dental Out-Patient Clinic
Asibitin haihuwa na mata
General Practice Clinic
Tsarin Inshorar Kiwon Lafiya ta Ƙasa (Cliniki)
Clinic Ophthalmic
Shirin Gaggawa na Shugaban Kasa na Asibitin Taimakon AIDS (PEPFAR).
Cibiyar Kula da Magunguna ta shiyyar Kudu-Kudu
Cibiyar dashen Kwayoyin Stem
Cibiyar bugun jini
Babban Daraktocin Likitoci Farfesa Darlington E. Obaseki (2017-present)
Farfesa Michael O. Ibadin (2009-2017)
Farfesa Eugene E. Okpere (2004-2009)
Farfesa Austin Obasohan (1997-2004)
Farfesa Augustine U. Oronsaye (1989-1997)
Farfesa John C. Ebie (1985-1989)
Shirin Koyar da Mazauna Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Najeriya
Cibiyar Horar da Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a
Kwararrun Likitan Gaggawa (EMT), Cibiyar Horar da Magunguna
Cibiyar Fasahar Lafiya
Makarantar Kula da Bayanan Lafiya
Makarantar Ungozoma
Makarantar Nursing
Makarantar Koyarwar Karatun Ma'aikatan Jiyya ta Gabas
Fitattun Mutane Osagie Emmanuel Ehanire
Darlington E. Obaseki farfesa ne a fannin ilimin tarihi kuma babban daraktan kula da lafiya na Asibitin na 6.
Nassoshi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
59105 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farkon%20anthropocene | Farkon anthropocene | Hasashen Anthropocene na Farko (wani lokaci ana kiransa 'Early Anthropogenic' ko 'Ruddiman Hypothesis') matsayi ne game da farkon Anthropocene wanda William Ruddiman ya fara gabatarwa a 2003.Ya nuna cewa Anthropocene,wani lokaci ne da aka gabatar da tsarin ilimin geological wanda ya zo daidai da mafi kwanan nan a tarihin duniya lokacin da ayyukan bil'adama suka fara yin tasiri a duniya a kan yanayin duniya da yanayin muhalli,bai fara' a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Amurkawa ba,kamar yadda masana da yawa suka bayyana, ko ƙarni na sha takwas tare da zuwan masana'antun ƙona kwal da masana'antar wutar lantarki na zamanin,kamar yadda Paul Crutzen ya yi jayayya wanda ya yaɗa kalmar' Anthropocene' a cikin shekarar 2000),kuma ba a cikin 1950s kamar yadda ƙungiyar Anthropocene Working Group (shirin binciken ƙasa da ke aiki akan Anthropocene a matsayin rukunin lokacin geological),amma ya koma shekaru 8,000 da suka gabata,sakamakon ayyukan noma mai ƙarfi bayan aikin noma ya yaɗu.A lokacin ne ma'aunin iskar gas na yanayi ya daina bin tsarin tashi da faɗuwar lokaci-lokaci wanda ya yi daidai da halayensu na dogon lokaci da suka gabata, tsarin da aka bayyana ta bambancin yanayi a cikin kewayen duniya da ake kira Milankovitch cycles.
Hasashen glaciation ya wuce lokaci A cikin hasashe na glaciation,Ruddiman ya yi iƙirarin cewa shekarun ƙanƙara zai fara shekaru dubu da yawa da suka wuce,amma wannan lokacin ƙanƙara da aka tsara ya kaure da tsananin noma da sare dazuzzuka da manoma na farko suka yi wanda ya fara haɓaka matakin iskar gas shekaru dubu takwas da suka gabata.
An ƙalubalanci hasashe na glaciation da aka ƙare a kan dalilin da aka kwatanta da haɗin gwiwar da aka yi a baya (MIS 11,400,000 da suka wuce) ya ba da shawarar cewa ƙarin shekaru 16,000 dole ne su wuce kafin interglaciation na Holocene na yanzu ya zo ga ƙarshe. Bayanai daga ko da a baya kankara-cores da suka koma baya kamar shekaru 800,000 da suka gabata suna ba da shawarar yuwuwar cyclicity na tsayin tsaka-tsaki, da madaidaicin daidaitawa tare da matsakaicin zafin jiki na kowane tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsaki, amma Ruddiman ya yi iƙirarin cewa wannan yana haifar da daidaiton ƙarya na maxima na kwanan nan tare da insolation minima. daga baya,daga cikin wasu kura-kurai da suke bata suka.
Neolithic juyin juya halin Juyin juya halin Neolithic, ko juyin juya halin noma, ya kasance babban juyi na alƙaluma a cikin Neolithic. A tarihi ana iya tabbatarwa, yawancin al'adun ɗan adam sun canza daga mafarauta zuwa aikin noma da matsuguni waɗanda ke tallafawa karuwar yawan jama'a. Bayanan archaeological sun nuna cewa nau'o'in tsire-tsire da dabbobin dabba sun samo asali ne a wurare daban-daban a dukan duniya, suna farawa a zamanin duniyar Holocene a kusa da 12,000 <sup id="mwNQ">14</sup> C shekaru da suka wuce (12,000-7,000 BP).
Suka Ranar da Ruddiman zai fara shirin ya gamu da suka daga masana a fagage daban-daban. Ƙungiya na masu binciken ƙasa karkashin jagorancin Jan Zalasiewicz da Will Steffen sun yi iƙirarin cewa juyin juya halin Neolithic bai nuna babban canjin yanayi da ake bukata don ƙaddamar da lokaci ba cewa sauran wuraren farawa, irin su alamar Anthropocene Working Group ta 1950, yayi.
Sauran sukar hasashen Farkon Anthropocene ya samo asali ne daga wakilcin al'ummomin Indiyawan Amurka.Masanin ilimin bil'adama Elizabeth DeLoughrey ya bayyana cewa yayin da Early Anthropocene Hasashen "ya gano tarihin saran gandun daji na shekaru dubu takwas,"ba ta taɓa kwatanta tarihin tashin hankalin mutane ba. Sakamakon haka,a cikin bayanin waɗancan lokutan da CO2 bai tashi ba saboda raguwar noma da mutuwa ke haifarwa, [Ruddiman] ya kwatanta annoba a Turai ta Tsakiya da raguwar kashi 90 cikin 100 na 'yan asalin Amurkawa, yana mai nuni da hakan.zuwa gare shi kawai a matsayin 'annoba' maimakon kisan kare dangi. Saboda haka,raguwar da ba a taɓa gani ba a cikin matakan CO2 daga 1550 zuwa 1800-saboda rugujewar yawan jama'a na mutane sama da miliyan hamsin waɗanda ke da alaƙa da alaƙa zuwa mulkin mallaka,bauta,yaƙi, ƙaura,tsarewa,da tsabtace ƙabilanci ana danganta shi da ƙanƙara
Masana muhalli sun kuma yi jayayya cewa yayin da Early Anthropocene Hypothesis ke lissafin canjin ƙasa da haɓaka samar da iskar gas sakamakon sauya ayyukan noma a Turai da Asiya a lokacin juyin juya halin Neolithic, ba ya la'akari da aikin noma na dangantaka da ake yi a Amurka a daidai wannan lokacin.Da zarar an yi nazarin aikin noma na ƴan asalin Amirka tare da hasashen Early Anthropocene,zai bayyana a fili cewa irin wannan sauyin ƙasa da hayaƙin iska na faruwa a cikin Amurkawa kawai bayan mulkin mallaka na Turai.Don haka,ya kamata a yi la'akari da mulkin mallaka a matsayin babban abin da ke haifar da sauyin yanayi da ke da alhakin Anthropocene maimakon noma.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafin gida na William Ruddiman Ta yaya 'Yan Adam Na Farko Suka Canza Yanayin Duniya?
Zamanin anthropogenic greenhouse ya fara dubban shekaru da suka wuce; Canjin Yanayi 61: 261-293, 2003
Muhawara kan Hasashen Farkon Anthropogenic
Kalubalen EPICA: Hasashen CO 2 Sama da shekaru 800,000
Ice ages
Holocene
Climate |
15677 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molara%20Ogundipe | Molara Ogundipe | Omolara Ogundipe-Leslie (27 Disamba 1940 18 Yuni 2019), wanda aka fi sani da Molara Ogundipe, ta kasance mawaƙiyar Nijeriya, mai sukar ra'ayi, edita, mai son ilimin mata da kuma himma. Idan aka dauki daya daga cikin manyan marubuta kan ilimin mata na Afirka, nazarin jinsi da ka’idar adabi, ta kasance mai sukar zamantakewar da aka amince da ita a matsayin wata hukuma mai tasiri ga matan Afirka a tsakanin baƙar fata mata da mata a gaba ɗaya. Ta ba da gudummawar gaɓaɓɓiyar "Ba ta jujjuya baya a kan Axanƙanin Mazancinsa ba" ga tatsuniyoyin 1984 Sisterhood Is Global: The International Women's Movement Anthology, wanda Robin Morgan ya shirya An fi yin bikin ta ne don kirkirar kalmar STIWA ko Canjin Zamani a Afirka ciki har da Mata.
Rayuwa An haifi Abiodun Omolara Ogundipe a garin Legas na tarayyar Najeriya, daga dangin malamai da malamai. Ta halarci makarantar Sarauniya, Ede, sannan ta zama mace ta farko da ta samu digiri na farko a digirin digirgir a digar Ingilishi a Kwalejin Jami'ar Ibadan, sannan kwaleji na Jami'ar Landan Ta daga baya ya aikata wani digiri na uku a Narratology (ka'idar labari) daga Leiden University, daya daga cikin tsofaffin jami'oi a Turai. Ta koyar da Nazarin Ingilishi, Rubutawa, Adabin kwatanta da Jinsi daga mahangar nazarin al'adu da ci gaba a jami'oi a nahiyoyi da dama, sannan kuma ta kasance farfesa a fannin Inglsh da Comparative Lterature a Jami'ar Fatakwal, Jihar Ribas ta Najeriya. Ta yi fice a farkon aikinta a tsakiyar fagen fasaha na maza da ke nuna damuwa game da matsalolin da ke damun maza da mata na Afirka.
An bayyana Molara Ogundipe a matsayin wacce take kan gaba a fagen nazarin ilimin addini wanda ke faruwa a tsakanin mata na Afirka. Tana da zurfin zurfin fahimtar al'adu game da tasirin alaƙar maza da mata a zamanin mulkin mallaka da kuma Yarbawa yan mulkin mallaka a matsayin madogara ga ka'idar A tsawon shekarun da suka gabata, ta kasance mai sukar zaluncin mata kuma tana jayayya cewa Matan Afirka sun fi zalunci a matsayinsu da matsayinsu na matan aure. Dangane da asalinsu da yawa, a cikin waɗanne asali waɗanda suke jin daɗin matsayi, dama, sananniya da wakilci. Ta soki halin da matan Afirka ke ciki saboda tasirin tsarin mulkin mallaka da na mulkin-mallaka wanda ya kan sanya mazajen Afirka a lokacin da suke fuskantar matsin rayuwa. Halin da suke ciki kuma ya faru ne saboda shigar da iyayen mata na Afirka da kansu. Ita kuwa, duk da haka, sai ta dage kan fahimtar mahimmancin matsayin matan Afirka a cikin al'adunsu na mulkin mallaka da na asali don kowane tattaunawa mai amfani ko nazarin matan Afirka.
Ogundipe ya kasance a cikin jagorancin gwagwarmayar mata da nazarin jinsi a Afirka shekaru da yawa. Ita ce ta kirkiro da kuma Darakta na Gidauniyar Ilimi ta Duniya da Kwarewa, wanda aka sadaukar domin koyar da 'yan mata akida da kyawawan halaye na ra'ayin mata da daidaiton jinsi. Ta rayu kuma ta yi aiki a Afirka ta Yamma, inda ta kafa cibiyoyin rubutu a jami’o’i, baya ga aikin da ta yi kan adabi, jinsi da fim, a cikin gudummawar da ta bayar ga jajircewarta na ilmantarwa da tsara tsakanin al’ummomi.
Ta mutu tana da shekara 78 a Ijebu-Igbo, Jihar Ogun, Najeriya, a watan Yunin 2019. Ta bar hera twoanta mata biyu: Dr. (Ts'gye Maryam) Rachel Titilayo Leslie, malama ce mai ilimin addini a Afirka wacce ke rubutu kan mahimmancin gadon Afirka ga al'adun duniya, da Dr. Isis Imotara Leslie, PhD, masanin ilimin siyasa wanda ya koyar a jami'o'in Amurka da yawa. Jikokin nata su ne Askia Tristan Folajimi Leslie, wacce ta kammala karatun Injiniyan Injiniya da Kode a Jami’ar Kalifoniya Berkeley, da Joshua Tolu Victoriano, wanda ba da jimawa ba aka nada diakon a cikin Ikklesiyar Orthodox Orthodox Church a Habasha.
Rubutawa Molara Ogundipe ta kasance a cikin jagorancin ilimin mata da ilimin jinsi a Afirka tun bayan kammala karatun ta a 1963 daga Jami'ar London. Ta yi rubuce-rubuce da yawa na ilimi da kuma wallafe-wallafe, da kuma buga littattafai na almara da kuma tarin wakoki. Aikinta yana cikin tarihin rayuwar mata: rubutun nata "Ba jujjuya wa a kan hanyar Maleness" yana a cikin almara ta 1984 Sisterhood Is Global: The International Women Movement Anthology, wanda Robin Morgan ya shirya Kuma waƙoƙin da ta rubuta suna cikin tarihin al'aura na 'Ya'yan Afirka, wanda Margaret Busby ta shirya Sukar A matsayinta na malama ’yar Najeriya, mai sukar lamiri, mai ilmantarwa kuma mai fafutuka, an amince da Ogundipe a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan marubuta kan matan Afirka da na mata Ta yi ikirarin nuna wariyar launin fata a Afirka da ta kira "Stiwanism" (Canjin Zamani a Afirka Ciki har da Mata) a cikin littafinta mai suna Recreating Ourselves Shahararriyar malama kuma masaniyar adabi, ta wallafa rubuce-rubuce da yawa na waƙoƙi da sukar adabi ban da ayyukanta waɗanda aka ambata a ƙasa.
Stiwanism ya damu da ka'idoji guda bakwai: "STIWA" 1) ya nuna adawa ga mata na Yammacin 2) ya ba da kulawa ta musamman ga matan Afirka a wannan lokacin na zamani 3) ya kawo matsayin mata na asali na asali wanda ya kasance a Afirka 4) ya yi imani da duka hada da shiga cikin canjin-siyasa da sauyawa na nahiyar Afirka 5) yayi gwagwarmaya da jikin mace, mutuncinta, kasarta, da zamantakewarta da kuma yadda take gudanar da ayyukanta a cikin tsarin tattalin arziki da tattalin arziki 6) da gangan ya kebanta da mutum da kuma kasancewarta a dunkule (watau addini, aji, da Matsayin aure) 7) ya gane cewa akwai dalilai da kuma shaidu da yawa a cikin Afirka da kuma halaye daban-daban na mutane da ke aiki ta hanyoyi daban-daban da masu sabani. Ogundipe a farkon aikinta ya nuna cewa marubuci na gaske mai son sanin mata ya kamata ya fahimta ko kuma bayyana yadda mace take da kyau da kuma yadda za a ba da labarin mace. Ta yi imani sosai cewa sake gano matsayin mata a cibiyoyin zamantakewar jama'a da siyasa na Najeriya shine mafi kyawun hanyar inganta wadannan cibiyoyin. An san ta a matsayin marubuciya wacce ayyukanta ke kamala da rikitarwa a rayuwar Afirka. A cikin Sake ƙirƙirar kanmu: Matan Afirka da Sauye-sauye masu mahimmanci, ta yi rubutu mai ban sha'awa game da mawuyacin halin rubutu a cikin yarenta na gargajiya da juriyar maza ga daidaiton jinsi. Ta hanyar dimbin gogewar adabi da rubuce-rubuce masu yawa da suka shafi jinsi, Ogundipe ya samar da "sarkakiya mai kyau" wanda zai baiwa mata mata na Afirka damar aiwatar da sauye-sauye masu ma'ana a cikin al'amuran da suka shafi jinsi, dangi da kuma zamantakewar da za ta iya ciyar da ci gaban kasa da nahiya gaba.
Littattafai Dinka Tsoffin Zamani da Sauran Waƙoƙi, 1985
Sake ƙirƙirar kanmu: Matan Afirka da Sauye-sauye masu mahimmanci, 1994
(ed.) Mata a matsayin ralan wasa na baka, 1994
(ed. tare da Carole Boyce-Davies Motsa Yankin Iyaka, Afrilu 1995 (mujalladi biyu).
Jinsi da batun aiki. Karatun "Waƙar Lawino" Jami'ar Leiden ta Nesa. Leiden, CNWS, 1999
Bayanan kula
Manazarta Gay Wilentz: "Bincike: Postcolonial Postmodern: Menene Aiki (l) d?" Kwalejin Turanci, Vol. 56, A'a. 1 (Janairu 1994).
Gibreel M. Kamara: "Gwagwarmayar Mata a Tattaunawa a Senegal Mariama Ba da Sembene Ousmane Jaridar Nazarin Baki, Vol. 32, A'a. 2, Nuwamba 2001.
Allan, Tuzyline Jita: "Nazarin littattafai, Sake ƙirƙirar kanmu: Matan Afirka da Sauye-sauye Masu Sauƙi daga Molara Ogundipe-Leslie". Bincike a cikin wallafe-wallafen Afirka, bazarar 1995.
Ogundipe (aka Ogundipe-Leslie), M. igenan asalin asali da na zamani game da batun jinsi da kuma Batutuwan da suka shafi Afirka: Tasirin ci gaban Nijeriya Lagos, Benin, Ibadan, Jos, Oxford, Zaria: Malthouse Limited P., 2005.
Hanyoyin haɗin waje "Desiree Lewis ta tattauna da Molara Ogundipe babbar masaniyar ilimin mata, mawaƙa, mai sukar adabi, mai ilmantarwa da kuma himma, game da yanayin siyasa, al'adu da ilimi".
"Hooray ga Majagaba a Nazarin Adabin Afirka!" Jaridar Liteungiyar Adabin Afirka, 5: 2, 179-181, DOI: 10.1080 21674736.2010.11690165.
"Molara Ogundipe-Leslie", Bayan Labari theaya Marubutan Najeriya
Mata
Ƴan Najeriya
Pages with unreviewed |
21938 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isah%20Eliakwu | Isah Eliakwu | Isah "Aly" Abdulahi Eliakwu (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 1985). shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Nijeriya wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin Dan tsakiya.
Wasan kwallon kafa
Farkon Aiki Bayan soke adadin da ba na EU ba a kowace kungiya a kakar shekarar 2000-01, Eliakwu ya shiga Reggiana, inda ya yi wasa tare da ‘yan kasar Stephen Makinwa, Akande Ajide, Adewale Wahab, Obafemi Martins da Saidi Adeshokan. A wancan lokacin FIFA ba ta taƙaita canja wurin ɗan wasa ba zuwa ƙasashen waje.
A watan Yunin shekarar 2002, AS Roma ta sanya hannu a kansa, amma cikin tsantsar dabarun kuɗi don haɓaka riba, wanda ƙimar kuɗaɗen ƙungiyar ta ƙaru ne kawai dangane da ƙimar kwantiragin ɗan wasa. Eliakwu da Akande Ajide an yi musayar su da Daniele De Vezze da Fabio Tinazzi a cikin yarjejeniyar mallakar mallaka, dukkan su 4 an darajar su 2 miliyan saboda haka haƙƙin rajista na 50% "ya cancanci" miliyan 1 kowannensu. Tinazzi da De Vezze sun ƙirƙiri ribar ƙarya na 2 da 1.93 miliyan ga Roma kawai.
Game da watan Agusta shekarar 2002, an sake siyar da Eliakwu zuwa Reggiana kyauta, haka kuma an sanya hannu kan Ajide kai tsaye ga Roma kan wasu fam miliyan 1.
Internazionale da lamuni A ranar 31 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2002, mai shekaru 16, Eliakwu ya tafi Internazionale a yarjejeniyar wucin gadi inda Inter ta riga ta sanya hannu kan Obafemi Martins da Saidi Adeshokan a shekarar da ta gabata. A Primavera, shi ne mai zira kwallaye na 4 (kwallaye 4) na matakin rukuni na rukuni, kwallaye 7 a bayan babban mai zura kwallaye a kungiyar Martins. Ya buga wasan karshe na League Playoffs wanda ya sha kashi a hannun Lecce. A watan Yulin shekarar 2003 Eliakwu ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar mallakar- 750,000. A kakar shekarar 2003 da shekarar 2004, bayan an daukaka Martins zuwa kungiyar farko, Eliakwu ya kasance dan wasan Primavera da ya zira kwallaye 38 (18 3 a gasar, 11 a kofi 6 a Viareggio), gaban Riccardo Meggiorini da Federico Piovaccari. Primavera ya sha kashi a hannun Lecce Primavera Team a wasan karshe na gasar League. Wani lokaci ya kan karɓi kiran ƙungiyar farko a kakar shekarar 2003 zuwa 2004, kuma ya fara buga wasansa a ranar 13 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2004, canjaras babu ci da Udinese a shekarar 2003 da shekara ta 2004 Coppa Italia A ranar 21 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2004, yana da shekara 18, ya shiga cikin canzawar Adriano, inda zai bar Parma a matsayin aro. Amma a ranar 31 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2004, ya koma Inter Primavera Team daga Parma. Bayan buga wasan sada zumunci, a watan Agusta shekarar 2004, ya tafi aro zuwa Ascoli na Serie B tare da Luca Franchini, inda ya buga wasannin gasar lig 24. Karkashin inuwar dan wasan da yafi zira kwallaye a raga Cristian Bucchi da Roberto Colacone, ya kasa zira kwallo a raga.
Triestina A watan Agusta shekarar 2005, an ba shi lamuni zuwa wani rukunin Serie B na Triestina Sashin farko na kakar ya ga Isah kadan saboda raunin da ya faru, amma wannan ya canza a rabi na biyu na kakar. Sayar da babban dan wasan da ya fi cin kwallaye Denis Godeas ga Palermo ya biyo bayan raunuka ga sauran 'yan wasan da suka rage a kulob din suna ba Eliakwu damar yin wasa a kai a kai ga kungiyar farko har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta bana. A wasanni 16 na karshe Isah ya ci kwallaye 8, inda ya fi son masoya kuma ya karbi kyautar gwarzon dan wasa na bana.
Lokacin rani na shekarar 2006 ya ga Stefano Fantinel an tabbatar da shi a matsayin sabon shugaban Triestina, kuma an sami Eliakwu a cikin yarjejeniyar mallakar mallaka, a kan 450,000 (watau Duk kulob din suna da 'yanci na 50%), A kakar shekarar 2006 zuwa 2007, ya buga 19 ya fara a wasanni 40, kuma ya zira kwallaye 6, kwallaye 1 a baya bayan babban dan wasan da ya ci kwallaye Riccardo Allegretti. Triestina kusan ta sake faduwa a wannan kakar bayan ta kasa cin ƙwallo (a matsayi na 4 mafi ƙarancin raga a Serie B). A farkon rabin kakar, tare da Francesco Ruopolo, Eliakwu ya taka leda a matsayin dan wasan gaba na 4, kuma dole ne Eliakwu ya fafata da tsohon dan wasan Inter din Federico Piovaccari don zama dan wasa na uku a cikin tsari wanda yayi amfani da maza 3 na gaba, don yin aiki tare da Mattia Graffiedi da Emiliano Testini. Bai kasance cikin fasalin 'yan wasan 2 Triestina ba. Bayan isowar Luigi Della Rocca a tsakiyar kaka, Piovaccari da Eliakwu sun kasance sun zama yan wasa na 4, amma jim kaɗan da isowar sabon koci Franco Varrella da raunin da ya samu ga Della Rocca da Graffiedi, Eliakwu ya sake samun wurin zama na yau da kullun don juyawa tare da Piovaccari a matsayin abokin aikin Testini a cikin samuwar 'yan wasan 2.
A watan Yunin shekara ta 2007, aka sake kulla yarjejeniyar mallakar Inter tare kuma a watan Yulin shekara ta 2007 ya bar Spezia masu gwagwarmayar Serie B, wacce ita ce kungiyar da ke ciyar da Inter daga shekarar 2003 zuwa shekara ta 2005. A Spezia, ya shiga tare da wasu 'yan wasan Inter guda biyu Luca Ceccarelli da Sebastián Ribas. A lokacin rabin rabin kakar ana maye gurbinsa da Corrado Colombo da Massimiliano Guidetti. Koci Antonio Soda har ma ya fi son tsari na 4-5-1 lokacin da Colombo bai samu ba maimakon barin Eliakwu ya buga wasa. Bayan Colombo ya tafi, Eliakwu ya kara buga wasanni akai-akai kuma ya ci kwallaye 7. Ya buga wasannin laliga a ranar 29 a kakar shekarar 2007 da shekara ta 2008, ya fara wasanni 14, duk a rabin rabin kakar.
A watan Yunin shekara ta 2008, Triestina ta sami cikakken haƙƙin rajista daga Inter, don kuɗin barkono na orn 1,000, amma saboda rauni da kuma gaskiyar cewa Triestina tana da 'yan wasa 6, kawai ya buga wasannin laliga 5.
Gallipoli Varese A watan Yunin shekara ta 2009 Triestina ya sake shi. Bayan gajeriyar gwaji tare da Hajduk Split (ba tare da bayyanarsa a hukumance ba a cikin watan Agusta shekarar 2009 ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekara 1 tare da sabuwar kungiyar ta Serie B da ke Gallipoli, yayin da kulob din ya warware matsalolin kudi. Shi ne dan wasa na 4 da ya zabi dan wasan gaba a bayan Ciro Ginestra, Francesco Di Gennaro da Samuel Di Carmine kuma ya buga wasanni 4 ne kacal kafin ya tafi Varese na Lega Pro Prima Divisione a cikin watan Janairun shekarar 2010 kan kyauta. Ya fara zama na farko da kungiyar a ranar 13 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2010, wanda aka maye gurbin Matteo Momentè a cikin mintuna na 66th. a wasanni biyu na gaba, an zabi Eliakwu a gaban Momentè a matsayin dan wasan da zai fara aiki tare da Pietro Tripoli da Stefano Del Sante amma bayan murmurewar Osariemen Ebagua da sanya hannu kan Neto, Eliakwu da Del Sante an cire su daga farawa. Ya fara ne a wasan farko na shekarar 2009 da shekara ta 2010 Coppa Italia Lega Pro wasan kusa da na karshe, tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da tsohon abokin wasan Inter ɗin Momentè a farkon farawa. Varese ya ci gaba a matsayin wanda ya yi nasara a wasan, amma Eliakwu ba a saka shi a cikin shirin kungiyar ta Serie B ba.
Anzhi Makhachkala A watan Satumbar shekarar 2010 Eliakwu ya sanya hannu kan kungiyar Anzhi Makhachkala ta Rasha SKA-Energiya A ranar 6 ga watan Satumbar shekarar 2012, ranar karshe ta musayar ‘yan wasa, SKA-Energiya ta sanar da cewa Eliakwu ya koma kungiyar. A watan Oktoba na wannan shekarar SKA-Energiya ta sanar da cewa ba su kulla yarjejeniya da Eliakwu ba kuma zai bar kulob din.
Kididdigar kulob Lura:
1 Eliakwu ya iso ne bayan an cire kulob din daga gasar
2 A 2009-10 Coppa Italia Lega Pro
3 2010–11 Kofin Rasha
Bayanin kafa
Manazarta tarihin. Matsakaita
Bayani a AIC.Football.it 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijeriya
Pages with unreviewed |
42750 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa%20Kaka | Musa Kaka | Moussa Kaka ɗan jarida ne na gidan rediyon Nijar kuma darektan gidan rediyon Saraounia FM dake Maraɗi, haka kuma wakilin gidan rediyon Faransa na Faransa. Sau biyu gwamnatin shugaba Mamadou Tandja na kama shi saboda rahoton da ya bayar. Yana cikin tsakiyar shari'ar da gwamnatin Nijar ta shigar a gaban kotu a shekarar 2008 kan hirar da ya yi da 'yan tawayen ƙungiyar Movement of Niger for Justice (MNJ) a 2007.
Aikin jarida A cikin ta alif ɗari tara da casa'in da uku 1993)na Miladiyya (A.c), Moussa ya zama wakilin Nijar a gidan rediyon Faransa, Faransa. A wancan lokacin ya kasance ɗan jarida na buga jarida mai zaman kanta na Yamai mai suna Le Républicain-Niger. A cikin 2002, an naɗa Kaka daraktan labarai na Saraounia FM, gidan rediyo a babban birnin Maraɗi, inda yake aiki tun 2000. Nijar na da karfin yada labaran rediyo, saboda yawan jahilci da ƙarancin watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin ya sa ta zama babbar kafar yaɗa labarai ga yawancin al'ummar ƙasar. Duk da irin kamawa da tsare 'yan jarida, masu sa ido a yammacin Afirka gabaɗaya sun yi la'akari da cewa jaridun Nijar na da 'yancin kai da kuma zage-zage wajen kai wa gwamnati hari.
2002 kama A shekara ta 2002, an kama Kaka saboda rahoton wani kisan gilla da sojojin Nijar suka yi a babban birnin yankin Diffa a farkon watan Agustan 2002. A ranar 23 ga Agusta, an kama Kaka tare da yi masa tambayoyi a hedkwatar Gendarmarie ta Yamai A wannan yanayin an sake shi, tare da wasu 'yan jarida da dama, cikin kwanaki. Gwamnatin Nijar ta ce ana binciken 'yan jarida ne bisa karya dokokin da suka shafi yada labarai, ta kowace hanya ta hanyar sadarwa, na rahotanni ko zarge-zargen da ke da alhakin sanya shakku kan ayyukan tsaron kasa." Kaka ya kuma yi fice a cikin wata sanarwa da gwamnati ta fitar. Wani gidan talabijin na jama'a da aka watsa a lokacin yunkurin juyin mulkin da ake kira Kaka da kuma manajan editan Le Républicain Mamane Abou "marasa kasa masu aiki ga 'yan adawa".
2007-2008 kama A farkon shekara ta 2007 ne aka fara tayar da ƙayar bayan Abzinawa a arewacin ƙasar. An shiga takun saƙa tsakanin jaridun ƙasashen waje, kuma an haramta wa 'yan jarida yin rahoto daga yankin arewacin Agadez a watan Yunin 2007. Kaka, a matsayin wakilin Rediyo Faransa, abin ya shafa musamman. A watan Yuni ne dai aka dakatar da RFI daga yaɗa labarai ko watsa shirye-shirye a Jamhuriyar Nijar, kamar yadda gwamnatin ƙasar ta yi iƙirarin nuna son kai ga 'yan tawayen. Kaka ya bayyana a bainar jama'a cewa shugaban rundunar sojojin Nijar Janar Moumouni Boureima ya yi barazana ga rayuwarsa a gidan jakadan Faransa a Nijar. A ranar 20 ga Satumba, 2007, an kama Kaka bayan ya yi hira ta wayar tarho guda uku ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin ƙungiyar Neja Movement for Justice (MNJ), ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye, a lokacin aikinsa na wakilin Nijar na Rediyo Faransa. Gwamnatin Nijar ta nadi waɗannan hirarrakin ta wayar tarho tare da kama Kaka saboda "damuwa da shi wajen yin barazana ga tsaron jihar". Waɗannan tuhume-tuhumen sun yi daidai da cin amanar ƙasa, kuma suna da hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai. An amince da tuhume-tuhumen na farko, amma Alƙalin Kotun Mai Shari’a na Jihar Yamai a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, 2007 ya ƙi amincewa da maganganun da aka naɗe a matsayin shaida, saboda an same su ba bisa ƙa’ida ba. Kotun ƙolin Nijar ta yanke hukunci a watan Fabrairun 2008 cewa za a iya amfani da waɗannan kaset a matsayin shaida. Kotun ta kuma ce ba a tauye haƙƙin Kaka ta hanyar sa ido, tsarewa ba tare da shari’a ba, ko kuma irin tuhumar da ake yi masa. A ranar 23 ga watan Yunin 2008, Alƙali mai shigar da ƙara ya yanke hukuncin cewa za a iya sakin Kaka na wani ɗan lokaci kafin a fara shari’a, hukuncin da nan take gwamnati ta ɗaukaka ƙara, ma’ana wanda ake ƙara ya ci gaba da zama a gidan yari. Bayan wata ɗaya, Alƙalin kotun ya bayar da umarnin soke ofishinsa da ya yi watsi da tuhumar da ake yi wa Kaka, hukuncin da ita ma gwamnatin ƙasar ta ɗaukaka ƙara nan take. A ranar 19 ga watan Agusta, Kotun ɗaukaka ƙara ta Yamai ta soke hukuncin da Majistare ta yanke. A cikin watan Satumban 2008, Alƙalin Kotun Mai Shari'a na Yankin Yamai ya ba da shawarar a sake watsi da tuhumar Kaka kuma a maimakon haka a tuhume shi da "keta mutuncin yankin ƙasa ta hanyar wata yarjejeniya da 'yan tawayen MNJ", ƙaramin tuhuma, amma wanda ke da iyakacin iyaka. hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru 10 a gidan yari.
A ranar 7 ga Oktoban 2008 ne kotun Majistare ta Yamai ta sake shi na wucin gadi, yayin da yake jiran shari'a.
Yakin duniya Kaka ya kasance a tsakiyar wani kamfen a Faransa da sauran wurare na neman 'yancinsa, wanda gidan rediyon Faransa International da shugabanta Alain de Pouzilhac, Reporters Without Borders (duka ƙungiyoyin da Kaka ke Nijar Wakilinsu) da kuma ƙungiyoyin 'yan jaridu na Nijar da suka haɗa da ƙungiyar ma'aikatan jarida ta Nijar (SYNATIC) da jaridar Le Republicain.
Sauran ayyukan gwamnati Yayin da aka ɗaure Kaka mafi daɗewa ga ɗan jarida tun farkon tawayen Abzinawa a watan Fabrairun 2007, wasu shari'o'i da dama sun shiga hannun kafafen yaɗa labarai na duniya. A shekarar 2007 ne sojojin Nijar suka tsare 'yan jaridar Faransa Thomas Dandois da Pierre Creisson a Agadez tsawon wata guda a shekara ta 2007 kafin a sako su. An kama editan jaridar L'Evénement na mako-mako a Yamai a ranar 30 ga Yuli 2008, ana tuhumarsa da "bayyana sirrin tsaro" bayan da ya bayar da rahoton cewa an alaƙanta wani jami'in soja da wata ma'ajiyar makaman da aka gano a babban birnin ƙasar. Hukumar kula da harkokin yaɗa labarai ta gwamnati, babbar Majalisar Sadarwa (CSC) ta rufe gidan talabijin na Dounia TV da ke Yamai na tsawon wata ɗaya a cikin watan Agustan 2008, kuma ta rufe na wani lokaci na tsawon lokaci na Sahara FM, babban gidan rediyo a Agadez a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2008. watsa hirarraki da mutanen da suka yi iƙirarin cewa sojojin gwamnati ne suka ci zarafinsu. A watan Yunin 2007, gwamnatin Agadez ta rufe Aïr-Info na mako-mako na tsawon watanni uku, yayin da a lokaci guda kuma ta aika da gargaɗi ga wasu jaridu uku (Libération, L'Opinion da L'Evènement) don bayar da rahoto game da rikicin arewacin. wanda gwamnati ta ce tana "ƙoƙarin tabbatar da aikata laifuka da tashin hankali." Editan Aïr-Info Ibrahim Manzo Diallo, bayan yunƙurin buɗe wata sabuwar takarda ta mako-mako, an kama shi kuma aka sake shi. An kuma kama ɗaya daga cikin 'yan jaridarsa a Ingal a watan Oktoba, kuma a watan Oktoba an kama Diallo yana kokarin shiga jirgi zuwa Turai kuma an tuhume shi da "mamban kungiyar masu laifi" Diallo an sake shi yana jiran shari'a a Fabrairu 2008.
Tun lokacin da aka ɗaure A cikin 2011, Kaka ya yi magana mai kyau game da gwamnatin Mahamadou Issoufou, wanda aka zaɓa a watan Fabrairu na wannan shekara Majalisar ƙoli ta Maido da Demokaraɗiyya, gwamnatin mulkin soja wacce ta riga Issoufou da nufin maido da mulkin dimokuraɗiyya a cikin al'umma, ya sanya aikin jarida mara kyau da tsari. al'amura a cikin al'amuran jama'a (maimakon siyasa ko shari'a).
Manazarta Rayayyun |
58561 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2ndido%20da%20Fonseca%20Galv%C3%A3o | Cândido da Fonseca Galvão | Cândido da Fonseca Galvão,wanda kuma aka sani da Dom Obá II D'África Lençóis,1845-1890),wani jami'in sojan Brazil ne kuma mai daraja.Jikan Obá Abiodun na Daular Oyo, ya rike mukamin Omoba a tsakanin kabilar Yarbawa na Afirka ta Yamma.Mahaifin Galvão,Benvindo,ya sami 'yanci a ranar da ba a sani ba a farkon rabin karni na sha tara.Bayan da ya sami 'yancin kai,ya nemi ya yi amfani da damar da ake yi na tseren lu'u-lu'u na Lençóis a arewa maso gabashin Brazil.Shaidu sun nuna cewa ya zo ne a shekara ta 1845,duk da cewa babu takardar shaidar haihuwa da za a tabbatar,an kiyasta an haifi dansa Cândido da Fonseca Galvão jim kadan bayan haka.
Yakin Neman Shiga Galvão ya shiga aikin sojan Brazil a shekara ta 1865 a matsayin mai 'yanci don yakar kasarsa a yakin da ke tafe da Paraguay da ke tattare da rikicin yanki.Duk da haka Galvão bai yi rajista shi kaɗai ba,ya zo ne a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar ’yan’uwanta 30 da ya amince su shiga yaƙi tare da shi.Ko da yake babu wani daftarin aiki na dole a jihar Brazil,yakin ya ba da damar daina zama arha aiki ga tsoffin bayi,kuma da yawa sun yi amfani.Galvão ya nuna alamun basirar jagoranci a farkon watanni na kafa sojojin Brazil,wannan ingancin ya ba shi girma zuwa Sajan a ranar 1 ga Mayu,1865.Daga nan ne zai jagoranci tawagar sa kai 230 zuwa babban birnin lardin.An shigar da tawagar Lençóis bisa ƙa'ida zuwa cikin Ƙungiyar Sa-kai ta III,ƙarƙashin jagorancin Laftanar Kanar Domingos Mundim Pestana na National Guard,kafin a nada shi a hukumance na 24th Corps Volunteer Corps.Masu sa kai na 24 sun kasance bataliya ta Zuavo,wadanda suka yi amfani da dabaru da kakin suttura daga rundunonin Zouave na sojojin Faransa na Afirka.Bahian Zuavos sun kasance abin kallo a cikin sojojin Brazil,galibi an san su da kwalayen rigar rigar su da bakar jami'ansu.
Tare da kammala yakin su,a farkon lokacin rani na 1865,kamfanin na uku na Zouaves ya koma kwata daga Quartel da Palma zuwa Arsenal da Marinha,amma ba tare da mai ba da izini ba,saboda mataimakin shugaban kasa ya kori wanda ke kan karagar mulki. sakamakon yunkurin wasan wuta.Wannan ya bar guraben aiki,kuma yayin da yaƙi ya kunno kai,Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa ya zaɓi Cândido da Fonseca Galvão don cike aikin Sublieutenant na Kamfanin Bahia na 3 na Zouaves.
Ranar 17 ga Yuni,1865,gawawwakin sun yi tattaki zuwa fadar babban Bishop don samun albarka daga shugaban lardin kafin su tashi zuwa kudu kan jirgin ruwa na Turanci Saladin.An karbe su bayan kwanaki 6 a Guanabara Bay, tsakiyar daular Brazil.A cikin watan da aka keɓe sojojin a Campo Da Aclamação, Galvão ya fara ganawa da sarki Pedro II,kafin su fara tafiya na wata 9 zuwa yankin abokan gaba.
Yakin Tuiuti Mayu 24,1866,yaƙi mafi girma a tarihin Kudancin Amirka ya faru tsakanin sojojin kawance na Brazil,Argentina,da Uruguay da kuma sojojin Paraguay,dake Tuiuti,Paraguay.Sojojin kawance sun tsaya tsayin daka 32,000 kuma sojojin Paraguay sun kai adadin kusan 30,200. Yakin dai ya dauki tsawon sa'o'i 5 ne kawai ana gwabza fada a kusa da sansani wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar kusan mutane 9,000 a hade daga bangarorin biyu.Gawarwakin masu sa kai na Sublieutenant Galvão sun rasa maza 152 kadai.Dakarun kawancen dai sun samu nasara,amma saboda tsananin hasarar da suka yi,sun kasa cin gajiyar nasarar da suka samu,kuma sun kasance a wuri guda tsawon shekaru biyu,suna fakewa da kananan fadace-fadace.
Matsayin mutum ɗaya a cikin yaƙi ba a rubuta shi ba kaɗan ba,amma akwai bayanan Melo Moraes Filho na zamani da ke magana game da maganganun da masu sa kai na Zouaves suka yi game da Galvão,"Imanin Yarima a ofishinsa yana da tsafta kuma abin yabo ne",kuma "a duk yaƙe-yaƙen da aka yi yaƙi da su.sojojin mai mulkin kama-karya López,ya kasance koyaushe a cikin masu gadi, yana faɗa da ƙarfin hali da ƙarfin hali. Tun daga watan Agusta 31,1866,kuma yakin duk ya yanke shawara,Sublieutenant Galvão ya ɓace daga yakin saboda raunin da ya sha a hannun damansa.Makonni biyu bayan haka,an wargaza rundunar ta 24 kuma an tura 'yan sojojin da suka rage zuwa wasu sassan don kammala yakin har zuwa mutuwar Solano López.
Zuwan gida Bayan Cândido da Fonseca Galvão ya koma Rio de Janeiro,an umarce shi ya koma lardin Bahia na haihuwa.Wannan ya fara fafutukar ganin al’umma su san irin kokarin da ya yi da kuma cancantar hidimar da ya yi a yakin,ya kuma bude kafar sadarwa tsakaninsa da sarki,“Na zo muku a yau a matsayin mai addu’a wanda bai samu ko daya daga cikin ribar da aka ba shi ba.wadanda,kamar kansa,sun ba da ayyukansu don kare ƙaunatacciyar Ƙasar Gida;Na zo ne cikin kaskantar da kai da rokon Mai Martaba da ya ba wa wannan maudu’in daraja ta daraja da kuma ba shi lambar yabo ta yakin neman zabe”.
Hanya mai wahala ta biyo baya don samun karramawa saboda gaskiyar cewa ofishin Adjutant General's ya buƙata,ƙarƙashin Order of the Day No.52,takardar shaida 'cikakkun ayyukan da suka dace da aka yi yayin yakin Paraguay'. Galvão bai iya ba da wannan takardar shaidar ba,saboda 'gidan da yake zaune a garin Lençóis ya kama wuta kuma ya kone kurmus tare da dukkan abubuwan da ke cikinsa'.An warware takun saka bayan shekara guda ta hanyar Order of the Day No. 880,wanda aka bayar a ranar 30 ga Satumba,1872,wanda ya bayyana,"An ba da fifikon darajan soja ga tsohon mai ba da izini na Kamfanin 3rd na Bahian Zouaves,Cândido da Fonseca Galvão,don sanin ayyukansa a lokacin yaƙin da ake yi da yaƙin. Paraguay'.
A cikin shekaru da suka biyo baya Galvão ya nemi diyya ta gaskiya kuma ya yi hamayya da rashin adalci da shi da abokan yaƙin yaƙi suka yi masa sa’ad da suka isa gida. Kamar sauran mutane da yawa,Galvão ya yi ƙoƙari ya koma cikin rayuwar farar hula,kuma shaida a cikin lokacin yakin basasa nan da nan ya nuna cewa mai maye gurbin ya yi fama da shan barasa da rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa,wanda a ƙarshe ya haifar da kama mutane da yawa,na farko da aka rubuta a watan Mayu 1876.
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54622 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren%20Buffett | Warren Buffett | Warren Buffett
Warren Edward Buffett; an haife shi a watan Agusta 30, 1930) hamshakin dan kasuwan Amurka ne, mai saka hannun jari, kuma mai bada agaji. A halin yanzu shi ne shugaba da Shugaba na anBerkshire Hathaway. Sakamakon gagarumar nasarar sa Buffett yana daya daga cikin sanannun masu saka hannun jari a duniya. Tun daga watan Yuni 2023, ya mallaki darajar dalar Amurka biliyan 117 wanda hakan ya sa ya zama mutum na biyar mafi arziki a duniya.
An haifi Buffett a omaha nabraska Ɗan ɗan majalisa kuma ɗan kasuwa hHoward Buffett, ya haɓaka sha'awar kasuwanci da saka hannun jari a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, daga ƙarshe ya shiga Makarantar Wharton na Jami'ar Pennsylvania a 1947 kafin ya koma Jami'ar Nebraska kuma ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Nebraska a 19. Ya ci gaba da kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Kasuwancin Columbia, inda ya ƙera falsafar jarinsa dangane da manufarsaka hannun jarin da Benjamin Graham ya yi. Ya halarci cibiyar kudi ta new york don mai da hankali kan tarihin tattalin arzikinsa kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya fara haɗin gwiwar kasuwanci na saka hannun jari daban-daban, gami da ɗaya tare da Graham. Ya ƙirƙiri Buffett Partnership, Ltd a cikin 1956 kuma kamfanin sa hannun jari daga ƙarshe ya sami kamfanin kera masaku mai suna Berkshire Hathaway, yana ɗaukar sunansa don ƙirƙirar kamfani mai ɗimbin yawa, kuma daga baya a matsayin shugaban kamfanin kuma mafi yawan masu hannun jari a 1970. A 1978, Charlie Munger ya shiga Buffett a matsayin mataimakin shugaba. Tun 1970, Buffett ya shugabanci a matsayin shugaba kuma mafi girma mai hannun jari na Berkshire Hathaway, ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfanoni na Amurka da manyan kamfanoni na duniya Kafofin watsa labaru na duniya suna kiransa da "Oracle" ko "Sage" na Omaha sakamakon tarin tarin dukiya da ya samu daga nasarar kasuwancinsa da zuba jari. An san shi saboda bin ƙa'idodin saka hannun jari mai ƙima, da ɓacin ransa duk da tarin arzikinsa. Buffett kuma sanannen mai ba da agaji ne, bayan da ya yi alƙawarin ba da kashi 99 cikin ɗari na dukiyarsa ga ayyukan agaji, da farko ta Gidauniyar Bill Melinda Gates. Ya kafa The Giving Pledge a cikin 2010 tare da Bill Gates, inda biliyoyin kudi suka yi alkawarin ba da akalla rabin dukiyarsu. An haifi Buffett a cikin 1930 a Omaha, Nebraska, na biyu a cikin yara uku kuma ɗa kaɗai na Leila (née Stahl) da ɗan majalisa Howard Buffett Ya fara karatunsa a Makarantar Elementary ta Rose Hill. A cikin 1942, an zaɓi mahaifinsa zuwa farkon sharuɗɗan huɗu a Majalisar Dokokin Amurka, kuma bayan ya koma Washington, DC tare da danginsa, Warren ya gama makarantar firamare, ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Alice Deal Junior kuma ya sauke karatu daga abin da yake a lokacin Woodrow Wilson High. Makaranta a 1947, inda hoton babban littafinsa ya karanta: "yana son lissafi; mai ba da jari a nan gaba". Bayan kammala makarantar sakandare da samun nasara tare da harkokin kasuwanci na gefensa da zuba jari, Buffett ya so ya tsallake koleji don shiga kasuwanci kai tsaye amma mahaifinsa ya rinjaye shi.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi Buffett ya nuna sha'awar kasuwanci da saka hannun jari tun yana matashi. Ya sami wahayi daga wani littafi da ya aro daga ɗakin karatu na jama'a na Omaha yana da shekaru bakwai, Hanyoyi Dubu Daya don Samun $1000 Yawancin shekarun kuruciyar Buffett sun sami haɓaka tare da ayyukan kasuwanci. A cikin ɗaya daga cikin kasuwancinsa na farko, Buffett ya sayar da cingam, Coca-Cola, da mujallu na mako-mako ƙofa zuwa kofa Ya yi aiki a kantin sayar da kayan kakansa. Duk da yake har yanzu yana makarantar sakandare, ya sami kuɗi yana isar da jaridu, sayar da ƙwallan golf da tambari, da bayyani motoci, da dai sauransu. A lokacin da ya dawo haraji na farko a 1944, Buffett ya cire 35 don amfani da keken sa kuma yana kallon hanyar takarda. A cikin 1945, a matsayinsa na sakandare na sakandare, Buffett da abokinsa sun kashe $25 don siyan injin pin ball da aka yi amfani da su, wanda suka sanya a cikin shagon aski na gida. A cikin watanni, sun mallaki injuna da yawa a cikin shagunan aski guda uku daban-daban a cikin Omaha. Daga baya sun sayar da sana’ar ga wani sojan yaki akan kudi dala $1200. Buffett na sha'awar kasuwar hannun jari da saka hannun jari ya samo asali ne tun lokacin ɗan makarantarsa da ya yi amfani da shi a falon abokan ciniki na wani kamfani na yanki kusa da ofishin dillalan mahaifinsa. Mahaifinsa ya yi sha'awar ilmantar da matashin Warren, a wani lokaci ya kai shi ziyara a New York Stock Exchange lokacin yana 10. Yana da shekaru 11, ya sayi hannun jari uku na Sabis ɗin Biranen da aka zaɓa don kansa, da uku don 'yar uwarsa Doris Buffett (wanda kuma ya zama mai ba da taimako). A 15, Warren ya sanya fiye da $175 isar da jaridun Washington Post kowane wata. A makarantar sakandare, ya saka hannun jari a wani kasuwanci mallakin mahaifinsa kuma ya sayi gona mai girman eka 40 da wani manomi ya yi aiki. Ya sayi filin tun yana dan shekara 14 da dala 1,200 na ajiyarsa. A lokacin da ya gama kwaleji, Buffett ya tara $9,800 a cikin tanadi (kimanin 121,000 a yau). [26]
A cikin 1947, Buffett ya yi karatu a Makarantar Wharton na Jami'ar Pennsylvania Da ya gwammace ya mai da hankali kan harkokin kasuwancinsa, amma ya yi rajista saboda matsin lamba daga mahaifinsa. Warren ya yi karatu a can na tsawon shekaru biyu kuma ya shiga ƙungiyar Alpha Sigma Phi Daga nan sai ya koma Jami'ar Nebraska inda a lokacin yana da shekaru 19, ya kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin harkokin kasuwanci Bayan da Harvard Business School ya ƙi, Buffett ya shiga Makarantar Kasuwancin Columbia na Jami'ar Columbia bayan ya koyi cewa Benjamin Graham ya koyar a can. Ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin tattalin arziki daga Columbia a 1951. Bayan kammala karatunsa, Buffett ya halarci Cibiyar Kudi ta New York Sana'ar kasuwanci
Farkon sana'ar kasuwanci Buffett ya yi aiki daga 1951 zuwa 1954 a Buffett-Falk Co. a matsayin mai siyar da jari; daga 1954 zuwa 1956 a Graham-Newman Corp. a matsayin manazarcin tsaro; daga 1956 zuwa 1969 a Buffett Partnership, Ltd. a matsayin babban abokin tarayya; kuma daga 1970 a matsayin shugaba da Shugaba na Berkshire Hathaway Inc
A cikin 1951, Buffett ya gano cewa Graham yana kan hukumar inshorar GEICO A ranar Asabar da ya hau jirgin kasa zuwa Washington, DC, ya kwankwasa kofar hedikwatar GEICO har sai da wani ma’aikacin gidan yari ya shigar da shi. A can ya sadu da Lorimer Davidson, mataimakin shugaban GEICO, kuma su biyun sun tattauna kasuwancin inshora na sa'o'i. Davidson a ƙarshe zai zama abokin Buffett na rayuwa kuma yana da tasiri mai dorewa, kuma daga baya zai tuna cewa ya sami Buffett a matsayin "mutum mai ban mamaki" bayan mintuna goma sha biyar kacal. Buffett ya so ya yi aiki a Wall Street amma mahaifinsa da Ben Graham sun roke shi kada ya yi. Ya miƙa wa Graham aiki kyauta, amma Graham ya ƙi. Buffett ya koma Omaha kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin dillalan hannun jari yayin daukar kwas na magana da jama'a na Dale Carnegie Yin amfani da abin da ya koya, ya ji ƙarfin isa ya koyar da "Ka'idodin Zuba Jari" ajin dare a Jami'ar Nebraska-Omaha Matsakaicin shekarun ɗalibansa ya fi sau biyu nasa. A wannan lokacin kuma ya sayi tashar mai na Sinclair a matsayin saka hannun jari na gefe amma bai yi nasara ba. A cikin 1952, Buffett ya auri Susan Thompson a Cocin Dundee Presbyterian A shekara ta gaba sun haifi ɗansu na farko, Susan Alice A 1954, Buffett ya karɓi aiki a haɗin gwiwar Benjamin Graham Albashin sa na farawa shine $12,000 a shekara (kimanin 131,000 a yau). [26] A can ya yi aiki tare da Walter Schloss Graham ya kasance shugaba mai tauri. Ya tsaya tsayin daka cewa hannun jari yana ba da fa'ida mai fa'ida na aminci bayan auna cinikin tsakanin farashin su da ainihin ƙimar su. A wannan shekarar ne Buffetts suka haifi ɗa na biyu, Howard Graham A 1956, Benjamin Graham ya yi ritaya kuma ya rufe haɗin gwiwarsa. A wannan lokacin ajiyar na Buffett ya wuce $174,000 (kimanin 1.87 miliyan a yau) [26] kuma a lokaci guda kafa Buffett Partnership Ltd.
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19691 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalifa%20bin%20Zayed%20Al%20Nahyan | Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan | Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan An haife shi a ranar 7 ga watan Satumban shekara ta alif 1948 zuwa ranar 13 ga Mayu shekarata alif 2022; wanda ake kira da Sheikh Khalifa) shi ne shugaban hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, sarkin Abu Dhabi, babban kwamandan rundunar sojojin Hadaddiyar da shugaban Majalisar Koli ta Man Fetur. Sheikh Khalifa shi ne kuma shugaban Abu Dhabi (birni) Investment Authority, wanda ke kula da kadarorin dala biliyan Dari takwas da saba'in da biyar (875), wanda shi ne adadi mafi yawa da wani shugaban kasa ya gudanar a duniya. Gabaɗaya, an yi imani da gidan Al Nahyan na da dala biliyan Dari da hamsin(150). Sheikh Khalifa ya gaji mahaifinsa, Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, a matsayin Sarkin Abu Dhabi a ranar 2 ga watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2004 kuma ya zama Shugaban UAE a washegari. Kamar yadda Crown Prince, ya riga a zahiri shine za'ayi wasu al'amurran da shugabancin tun lokacin da marigayi a shekara ta alif 1990s yayin da mahaifinsa ya ta kiwon lafiya matsaloli.
A watan Janairun shekara ta 2014, Khalifa ya kamu da bugun jini amma yana cikin yanayi mai kyau. Tun daga wannan lokacin ya hau kujerar mai martaba a cikin lamuran jihar, amma ya ci gaba da rike iko na shugaban kasa. Halfan uwansa Sheikh Mohammed dan Zayed Al Nahyan yanzu yana gudanar da harkokin jama'a na jihar da kuma yanke shawara ta yau da kullun ta Masarautar Abu Dhabi.
Tarihin rayuwa
Rayuwar farko An haifi Khalifa a ranar 7 ga watan Satumban shekara ta 1948 a Qasr Al-Muwaiji, Al Ain, a cikin Abu Dhabi (lokacin wani ɓangare ne na sashen Tarayyar), babban ɗan Zayed dan Sultan Al Nahyan, Sarkin Abu Dhabi, da Hassa diyar Mohammed dan Khalifa Al Nahyan. Ya kammala karatu ne a makarantar koyon aikin soja ta Sandhurst.
1966–1971 Lokacin da mahaifinsa, Zayed ya zama Sarkin Abu Dhabi a shekara ta 1966, an nada Khalifa Wakilin Sarki (magajin gari) a Yankin Gabashin Abu Dhabi kuma Shugaban Sashen Kotuna a Al Ain. Zayed ya kasance Wakilin Sarki a Yankin Gabas kafin ya zama Sarkin Abu Dhabi. Bayan 'yan watanni aka ba mukamin ga Tahnoun bin Mohammed Al Nahyan. A ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1969, an zabi Khalifa a matsayin Yarima mai jiran gado na Abu Dhabi, washegari kuma aka nada shi Shugaban Sashin Tsaro na Abu Dhabi. A cikin wannan mukamin, ya kula da ginin rundunar tsaron Abu Dhabi, wanda bayan shekara ta 1971 ya zama asalin rundunar sojojin UAE.
'Yancin kai a shekara ta 1971 Bayan kafuwar UAE a shekara ta 1971, Khalifa ya hau mukamai da yawa a Abu Dhabi: Firayim Minista, shugaban majalisar zartarwar Abu Dhabi (a karkashin mahaifinsa), Ministan Tsaro, da Ministan Kudi. Bayan sake gina majalisar zartarwa ta Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, an maye gurbin majalisar zartarwar ta Abu Dhabi da Majalisar Zartarwa ta Abu Dhabi, kuma Khalifa ya zama Mataimakin Firayim Minista na 2 na Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa (a ranar 23 ga watan Disamban shekara ta 1973) kuma Shugaban Majalisar Zartarwa na Abu Dhabi (a ranar 20 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1974), a karkashin mahaifinsa.
A watan Mayun shekara ta 1976, ya zama mataimakin kwamandan rundunar ta Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, a karkashin Shugaban kasa. Ya kuma zama shugaban Majalisar Koli ta Man Fetur a karshen shekara ta 1980, kuma ya ci gaba da wannan matsayin a yau, wanda ke ba shi cikakken iko a cikin batutuwan makamashi. Ya kuma kasance shugaban hukumar bincike kan muhalli da cigaban dabbobin daji.
Shugabancin kasar (2004 present) Ya gaji mukamin na Sarkin Abu Dhabi da Shugaban Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa (UAE) a ranar 3 ga watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2004, ya maye gurbin mahaifinsa Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, wanda ya mutu washegari. Ya kasance mai rikon mukamin shugaban kasa tun lokacin da mahaifinsa ya kamu da rashin lafiya kafin rasuwarsa. A ranar 1 ga watan Disamban shekara ta 2005, Shugaban ya ba da sanarwar cewa rabin membobin Majalisar Tarayya ta Tarayya (FNC), majalisar da ke ba shugaban kasa shawara, za a zabe ta kai tsaye. Koyaya, rabin mambobin majalisar zasu buƙaci shugabannin masarautar su nada su. An shirya gudanar da zaben a watan Disambar shekara ta 2006.
A cikin shekara ta 2010, an bayyana Khalifa a cikin wani shafin yanar gizo na WikiLeaks wanda jakadan Amurka na wancan lokacin Richard G. Olson ya sanya wa hannu a matsayin "mutum mai nisa kuma mara da'a." A ranar 4 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2010, babban ginin da mutum ya yi a duniya, wanda aka fi sani da suna Burj Dubai, aka sake masa suna zuwa Burj Khalifa don girmama shi. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, Khalifa ya aika da rundunar Sojan Sama ta Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa don tallafawa tsoma bakin sojoji a Libya kan Muammar Gaddafi, tare da sojojin NATO, Qatar, Sweden da Jordan.
Khalifa ya yi alkawarin bayar da cikakken goyon baya ga Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ga gwamnatin Bahrain a yayin fuskantar boren neman demokradiyya a shekarar 2011. Daga baya a waccan shekarar Khalifa ya zama sarki na huɗu mafi arziki a duniya, tare da dukiyar da aka kiyasta ta kai dala biliyan 15. A cikin shekara ta 2013, ya ba da izini ga Azzam, jirgi mafi tsayi mafi tsayi da aka taɓa ginawa a 590 ft (180 m) dogon, tare da halin kaka tsakanin 400-600 miliyan. A cikin shekara ta 2011, Emirates ta ƙaddamar da shirin inganta "aminci" ga Khalifa da sauran shugabannin Emirati. Shirin ya ci gaba, kuma yana ƙarfafa ba kawai Emirate ba, amma mazauna daga kowace ƙasa don yin rijistar "godiya, girmamawa, da aminci" ga Sarakunan. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2014, Khalifa ya kamu da cutar shanyewar jiki kuma an ba da rahoton cewa ya kasance cikin kwanciyar hankali bayan an yi masa aiki.
Investments and foreign aid Bayanan gwamnatin Seychellois sun nuna cewa tun a shekara ta 1995 Sheikh Khalifa ya kashe dala miliyan 2 wajen sayen sama da kadada 66 a babban tsibirin na Seychelles na Mahé, inda ake gina fadarsa. Gwamnatin Seychelles ta karbi manyan kayan tallafi daga kasar Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, musamman ma allurar dala miliyan 130 da aka yi amfani da ita wajen ayyukan jin kai da taimakon soji, wanda ke daukar nauyin jiragen ruwa na sintiri don kokarin da ake yi na yakin Seychelles na yaki da satar fasaha. A shekara ta 2008, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta kawo wa gwamnatin Seychelles bashin bashi, tare da allurar dala miliyan 30.
Sheikh Khalifa ya biya 500,000 don filin da ke da fadin kadada 29.8 a fadarsa a shekara ta 2005, a cewar takardar sayarwar. Da farko wata hukumar tsara Seychelles ta yi watsi da shirin ginin fadar, shawarar da ministocin Shugaba James Michel suka soke. Wata daya bayan fara ginin fadar, kamfanin ba da amfani na kasa ya yi gargadin cewa shirye-shiryen shafin na yin barazana ga samar da ruwan. Joel Morgan, Ministan Muhalli na Seychelles, ya ce gwamnati ba ta tausasa filayen ba saboda tana son ta je wurin Sheikh Khalifa. Morgan ya ce "wasiƙar doka" mai yiwuwa ba a bi ta cikin siyar da ƙasa ba. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2010, tsarin najasa da kamfanin Ascon, wanda ya gina gidan sarauta, ya kafa, don masu aikin ginin wurin ya cika, ya aika da kogunan shara a yankin, wadanda ke dauke da mazauna sama da mutum 8000. Hukumomin karamar hukuma da jami'ai daga ofishin Khalifa sun ba da amsa cikin gaggawa game da matsalar, inda suka aika da kwararru da injiniyoyi. Jami'an gwamnati sun yanke hukuncin cewa Ascon ya yi biris da ka'idojin kiwon lafiya da ka'idojin gini ga ma'aikatansu, kuma suka ci kamfanin tarar 81,000. Ascon ya dora alhakin faruwar lamarin a kan "yanayin yanayi mara kyau". Ofishin shugaban kasa na Khalifa ya yi tayin biyan dala miliyan 15 don maye gurbin aikin bututun ruwa ga tsaunin. Kuma wakilan gwamnatin Seychelles da mazauna garin sun ce Ascon ya yi tayin biyan kimanin dala 8,000 ga kowane daga cikin gidaje guda 360 da gurbatarwar ta shafa. A watan Afrilun Shekara ta 2016, Kungiyar Hadin gwiwar ‘Yan Jarida Masu Bincike ta Duniya ta sanya sunan Sheikh Khalifa a cikin Takaddun Panama; gwargwadon rahoto ya mallaki kyawawan abubuwa a cikin Landan da daraja fiye da 1.7 biliyan ta hanyar kamfanonin kwalliya waɗanda Mossack Fonseca suka kafa kuma suke kula da shi a Tsibirin British Virgin Islands.
Titles, styles, girmamawa da kyaututtuka Knight Grand Cross tare da Collar na Order of Civil Merit (23 Mayu 2008) Mai Girma Knight Grand Cross na Mafi Girma Dokar Bath (25 Nuwamba 2010). Mai Girma Knight Grand Cross na Mafi Kyawun Tsarin na St Michael da St George
Knight Grand Cross na Umurnin Zakin Netherlands (08 Janairu 2012). Memba na Babban Umurnin Mugunghwa (2012)
Mutuwa
Sheikh Khalifah bin Zayed ya ranan 13 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2022. ya rasu yanada shekaru 73 a duniya.
Duba kuma Jerin shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin yanzu
Jerin sarakunan daular Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa
Jerin mashahuran masarauta
Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan
Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan
Sheikh Issa bin Zayed al Nahyan
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed at the Wayback Machine (archived 31 January 2018) Biography of U.A.E. President
Sarakuna
Saudiyya
Haifaffun 1948
Rayayyun mutane
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52894 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama%20Rashid | Osama Rashid | Osama Jabbar Shafeeq Rashid an haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Janairu shekarar 1992) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Iraki wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya ga kulob ɗin Primeira Liga Vizela da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Iraki Aikin kulob
Sana'ar matasa An haife shi a Kirkuk, Iraki, Rashid ya koma Feyenoord a shekarar 1999 daga ZOB, kulob mai son daga Zuidoostbeemster Ya shafe fiye da shekaru goma tare da kafa matasa na kungiyar gwagwalad kuma yana cikin daya daga cikin mafi kyawun amfanin gona na 'yan wasa da suka kammala karatun digiri a makarantar a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Sauran wadanda suka kammala karatun sun hada da Stefan de Vrij, Jordy Clasie, Bruno Martins Indi, da Luc Castaignos tsakanin gwagwalad sauran su. Rashid ya samu rauni a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Turai ta 2009 UEFA European Under-17 Championship wanda ya hana shi yin atisaye da na farko wanda ya yi imanin ya shafi damarsa da kungiyar ta farko. Ba a ba Rashid kwangilar ƙwararru ba da zarar ya cika shekaru 18 da haihuwa don haka bai ci gaba da aiki da Feyenoord ba.
Den Bosch kuma ya kasa canjawa wuri zuwa Werder Bremen Rashid ya rattaba hannu a FC Den Bosch bayan an sake shi daga Feyenoord. Ya buga lokacin 2011 12 a cikin Eerste Divisie, rukuni na biyu na ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin Netherlands. Ya buga wasanni 12 inda ya zura kwallaye biyu yayin da Den Bosch ya kare a matsayi na shida a gasar kuma ya kasa samun tikitin zuwa gasar Eredivisie Rashid ya bar Den Bosch a karshen kakar wasa.
A cikin shekara ta 2012, Wolfgang Sidka, tsohon dan wasan Werder Bremen wanda ya kasance kocin Iraki a lokacin, ya shirya gwaji ga Rashid a kulob din Bundesliga An gayyace shi don wani gwaji kuma a ƙarshe Werder Bremen ya ba shi kwangila, wanda ya ƙi yin la'akari da sha'awar kammala karatunsa. Tuni dai Rashid ya bayyana cewa tattaunawa tsakanin Feyenoord da Werder Bremen ta ci tura duk da cewa Feyenoord ba ta da gwagwalad hakkin biyan diyya.
Excelsior Massluis Neman ƙarin lokacin wasa, Rashid ya rattaba gwagwalad hannu kan ƙungiyar ta Excelsior Maassluis ta mataki na uku don kakar 2012–13. Ya buga gwagwalad wasanni 20 inda ya zura kwallaye biyar a gasar.
Alphense Boys A cikin shekara ta 2013, Rashid ya rattaba hannu kan Alphense Boys a mataki na biyar na ƙwallon ƙafa na Holland. Bayan da ya buga wasanni 34 inda ya zura kwallaye 15, ya bar kungiyar a karshen kakar wasa ta 2014–15 ya koma SC Farense a kasar Portugal.
Farance Rashid ya sanya hannu kan SC Farense a cikin rukuni na biyu mafi girma na Portuguese Ya yi wasansa na farko a kan 8 Agusta 2015 da Académico Viseu Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a karawarsu da Covilhã a ranar wasa 7. Rashid ya kasance mai taka-leda a kungiyar inda ya buga wasanni 41, ya zura kwallaye 6. Daga nan ya samu tayin daga Bulgaria, wanda hakan ya bashi damar taka leda a wata babbar kasa a karon farko a rayuwarsa.
Lokomotiv Plovdiv Rashid a karshe ya samu rabonsa na kwallon kafa na saman jirgin bayan ya shiga kungiyar Lokomotiv Plovdiv na Bulgaria. Ya buga wasansa na farko a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa da Slavia Sofia a ranar wasa 3. Rashid ya bar Bulgaria da sauri yayin da ya kasa daidaita rayuwa a can kuma ya koma Portugal shiga CD Santa Clara Santa Clara Kungiyar LigaPro Santa Clara ce ta sanar da rashi rashi a ranar 24 ga Janairu 2017. Ya buga wasansa na farko a Santa Clara a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin rabin na biyu a wasan da Gil Vicente ranar 12 ga Fabrairu. Ya fara wasansa na farko a kwanaki uku bayan ya ci 2-0 a kan Cova Piedade kuma ya ci kwallonsa ta farko. Kungiyar ta kammala kakar wasa a matsayi na 10, ba tare da samun ci gaba ba. A farkon kakar wasa ta gaba, Rashid ya zura kwallo a wasanninsa na farko na kakar wasa a duka kofin da gasar. Sannan ya zura kwallaye uku a wasanni ukun da suka biyo baya, domin fara kakar wasa ta bana yana zura kwallo a raga a kowane wasa hudu na farko na gasar. Ya yi rajistar taimakonsa na farko a ranar 9 ga Satumba a kan CF União Madeira a wasan da kungiyarsa ta ci 2-1. Rashid ya ji rauni a watan Janairu kuma ya ɗauki kusan watanni uku don murmurewa, ya koma mataki a kan CD Nacional, yana taimaka sau biyu a wasan 3-3. Rashid sa'an nan ya zira kwallaye a cikin wasanni biyu na gaba, da Famalicão da Oliveirense don taimakawa Santa Clara lashe gabatarwa da kuma isa Primeira Liga A kakar wasansa na farko a cikin babban jirgin Portugal. Osama ya zura kwallaye uku sannan kuma ya taimaka wa wasu uku a wasanni shida na farko na kakar wasa ta bana. Ya fara wasanni 14 na farko yana wasa a matsayin hagu, tsakiya, ko mai tsaron gida. Bai buga wasanni hudu masu zuwa ba a gasar cin kofin Asiya ta 2019, inda kasar Qatar ta fitar da Iraqi a zagaye na goma sha shida. A wasan ranar 21 da suka fafata da Boavista Osama ya tsage ligament din gwiwarsa kuma an cire shi a minti na 31. Ya rasa wasanni biyar saboda rauni, kafin ya dawo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin na biyu da Vitória Guimarães Ya kawo karshen kakar wasan cikin gida da wasanni 25, kwallaye 7, da taimakawa shida yayin da Santa Clara ya kare a matsayi na 10 da maki 42.
Gaziantep A ranar 23 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2021, Rashid ya rattaba hannu tare da kulob din Gaziantep na Turkiyya.
Khor Fakkan A ranar 8 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2021, Rashid ya rattaba hannu tare da kulob din UAE Khor Fakkan Ayyukan kasa da kasa
Netherlands U-17 Bayan ya koma Netherlands tun yana yaro, Rashid ya cancanci kuma ya buga wa tawagar Netherlands U17 ta gwagwalad wakilci sau 11. Yana cikin tawagar da ta buga gasar cin kofin nahiyar Turai ta matasa 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 a shekara ta 2009 inda ta kai wasan karshe a gasar da ta sha kashi a hannun Jamus. Rashid ya buga wasanni biyu a kungiyar U19 ta Holland.
tawagar kasar Iraqi Rashid ya sauya sheka zuwa kasarsa ta haihuwa ta Iraki, lokacin da tsohon dan wasan Brazil Zico ke jagorantar tawagar kasar, kuma ya fara buga wasansa a wasan da Brazil ta doke su da ci 6-0. An kira shi zuwa gasar cin kofin Asiya ta AFC a Australia a 2015 inda Iraki ta zo ta hudu. An yi watsi da Rashid musamman a cikin shekaru hudu masu zuwa, yana yin bayyanuwa lokaci-lokaci yayin da Iraki ta fuskanci manajoji shida a cikin shekaru hudu. Koyaya, manajan Iraki Srečko Katanec ya dawo da Rashid cikin tawagar don gasar cin kofin Asiya ta 2019 Ya buga minti 45 maras dadi a wasan farko na Iraki, inda aka doke Vietnam da ci 3-2, kuma bai buga sauran gwagwalad wasannin ba yayin da kasar Qatar ta fitar da Iraki a zagaye na 16 a zagaye na 16.
Rayuwa ta sirri Osama yana da digiri a Kasuwancin Wasanni, kuma mai sha'awar kulob din Real Madrid ne na Spain.
Kididdigar sana'a
Girmamawa Ƙasashen Duniya
WAFF Championship 2012
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1992
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
59542 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canjin%20yanayi%20a%20Ostiraliya | Canjin yanayi a Ostiraliya | Canjin yanayi a Ostiraliya ya kasance muhimmiyar matsala tun farkon karni na 21. Ostiraliya tana ƙara zafi kuma tana fuskantar matsanancin zafi, gobarar daji, fari, ambaliyar ruwa, da lokutan wuta masu tsawo saboda canjin yanayi. Batutuwan yanayi sun haɗa da gobarar daji, raƙuman zafi, guguwa, hauhawar matakin teku, da rushewa.
Tun farkon karni na 20, Ostiraliya ta sami karuwar sama da 1.4 C a matsakaicin yanayin zafi na shekara-shekara, tare da dumama da ke faruwa sau biyu a cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata idan aka kwatanta da shekaru 50 da dama da suka gabata. Abubuwan da suka faru a baya-bayan nan kamar yanayin zafi mai yawa da fari mai yawa sun mayar da hankali ga gwamnati da jama'a kan tasirin canjin yanayi a Ostiraliya. Ruwan sama a kudu maso yammacin Ostiraliya ya ragu da kashi 10-20% tun daga shekarun 1970s, yayin da kudu maso gabashin Ostiraliya ta sami raguwa mai matsakaici tun daga shekarun 1990. Ana sa ran ruwan sama zai zama mai nauyi kuma ba sau da yawa, da kuma ya zama ruwan dare a lokacin rani maimakon a cikin hunturu. Ana sa ran matsakaicin yanayin zafi na shekara-shekara na Ostiraliya zai karu da 0.4-2.0 C sama da matakan 1990 ta shekara ta 2030, da kuma 1-6 C ta 2070. Matsakaicin ruwan sama a kudu maso yamma da kudu maso gabashin Ostiraliya ana sa ran raguwa a wannan lokacin, yayin da yankuna kamar arewa maso yamma na iya fuskantar karuwar ruwan sama.
Canjin yanayi yana shafar yanayin nahiyar da yanayin halittu. Ostiraliya tana da rauni ga tasirin dumamar yanayi na duniya da aka tsara don shekaru 50 zuwa 100 masu zuwa saboda yankunan da ba su da ruwa da kuma yankunan da ke da zafi, da kuma yanayin zafi, yawan ruwan sama na shekara-shekara. Babban haɗarin wuta na nahiyar yana ƙara wannan saukin kamuwa da canje-canje a cikin zafin jiki da yanayi. A halin yanzu, bakin tekun Australia za su fuskanci rushewa da ambaliyar ruwa daga kimanin karuwar 8-88 cm a matakin teku na duniya. Tsarin halittu na musamman na Ostiraliya kamar Great Barrier Reef da nau'ikan dabbobi da yawa suma suna cikin haɗari.
Canjin yanayi kuma yana da tasiri daban-daban ga tattalin arzikin Ostiraliya, noma da lafiyar jama'a. Tasirin da aka tsara sun haɗa da ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani, fari, da guguwa. Bugu da ƙari, yawan mutanen Ostiraliya sun fi mayar da hankali sosai a yankunan bakin teku da ke cikin haɗari daga hauhawar matakin teku, kuma matsin lamba na yanzu akan samar da ruwa zai kara tsanantawa. Bayyanawar 'yan asalin Australiya ga tasirin canjin yanayi ya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar rashin fa'idodin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da ke akwai waɗanda ke da alaƙa da mulkin mallaka da kuma bayan mulkin mallaka. Al'ummomin da sauye-sauyen yanayi suka fi shafa sune a Arewa inda Aboriginal da Torres Strait Islander suka kai kashi 30% na yawan jama'a. Al'ummomin Aboriginal da Torres Strait Islander da ke arewacin bakin teku sune mafi talauci saboda matsalolin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da dogaro da ƙasar gargajiya don abinci, al'adu, da kiwon lafiya. Wannan ya tayar da tambaya ga yawancin membobin al'umma a waɗannan yankuna, "Ya kamata mu zauna ko mu ƙaura?"
Ostiraliya kuma tana ba da gudummawa ga canjin yanayi, tare da fitar da iskar gas ga kowane mutum sama da matsakaicin duniya. Kasar ta dogara sosai da kwal da sauran burbushin burbushin halittu, kodayake samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa yana ƙaruwa. Kokarin rage yawan jama'a ya haɗa da sadaukarwa don cimma matsakaicin fitarwa ta hanyar 2050 a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Paris, kodayake Ostiraliya ta kasance cikin matsayi mara kyau a cikin Cibiyar Canjin Yanayi da sauran matsayi na duniya don burinta na yanayi da aiwatarwa. Ana iya yin daidaitawa a matakin ƙasa da na gida kuma an gano shi a matsayin fifiko ga Ostiraliya a cikin Garnaut Review na 2007.
Canjin yanayi ya kasance batun rarrabuwa ko siyasa a cikin siyasar Australiya tun daga shekarun 2000, wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga gwamnatoci masu zuwa da ke aiwatar da kuma soke manufofin canjin yanayi, kamar farashin carbon. Wasu kafofin watsa labarai na Australiya sun inganta bayanan da ba daidai ba na yanayi. Batun ya haifar da zanga-zangar don tallafawa manufofin canjin yanayi, gami da wasu manyan zanga-zaye a tarihin Australia.
Rashin iskar gas
Tasirin yanayi
Yanayin zafi da sauye-sauyen yanayi Rubuce-rubucen kayan aiki na Ostiraliya daga 1885 zuwa yanzu yana nuna hoto mai zurfi mai zuwa:
Yanayi daga 1885 zuwa 1898 gabaɗaya suna da ruwa sosai, kodayake ƙasa da haka fiye da lokacin tun 1968. Shekaru kawai da aka sani da bushewa a wannan zamanin sune 1888 da 1897. Kodayake wasu mahimman bayanai na murjani sun nuna cewa 1887 da 1890 sun kasance, tare da 1974, shekarun da suka fi ruwan sama a fadin nahiyar tun lokacin da aka zauna, bayanan ruwan sama na Alice Springs, sannan babbar tashar da ke rufe ciki na Yankin Arewa da Yammacin Ostiraliya, sun nuna cewa 1867 da 1890 gabaɗaya ba su da ruwan sama kamar 1974 ko ma 2000. A New South Wales da Queensland, duk da haka, shekarun 1886-1887 da 1889-1894 sun kasance da ruwa sosai. Ruwan sama mai yawa a wannan lokacin an haɗa shi da babban fadada yawan tumaki kuma Fabrairu 1893 ya ga ambaliyar Brisbane ta 1893.
An bushe yanayin daga 1899 zuwa 1921, kodayake tare da wasu katsewa daga shekaru masu laushi na El Niño, musamman tsakanin 1915 da farkon 1918 da kuma a cikin 1920-1921, lokacin da belin alkama na kudancin ciki ya bushe ta ruwan sama mafi tsanani a cikin rikodin. Abubuwa biyu masu muhimmanci na El Niño a cikin 1902 da 1905 sun samar da shekaru biyu mafi bushewa a duk nahiyar, yayin da 1919 ya bushe a gabashin jihohi ban da Gippsland.
Lokacin daga 1922 zuwa 1938 ya bushe sosai, tare da kawai 1930 yana da ruwan sama na Australia sama da matsakaicin matsakaicin lokaci da matsakaitan ruwan sama na Ostiraliya na waɗannan shekaru goma sha bakwai yana da kashi 15 zuwa 20 cikin dari a ƙasa da wannan don wasu lokuta tun 1885. Wannan lokacin bushewa an danganta shi a wasu tushe ga raunanawar Kudancin Oscillation kuma a wasu don rage yanayin zafi na teku. Yanayin zafi a cikin waɗannan lokutan uku sun fi sanyi fiye da yadda suke a halin yanzu, tare da 1925 suna da mafi ƙarancin sanyi na kowace shekara tun 1910. Koyaya, shekarun bushewa na shekarun 1920 da 1930 sun kasance sau da yawa masu dumi, tare da 1928 da 1938 suna da manyan matsayi.
Lokacin daga 1939 zuwa 1967 ya fara ne tare da karuwar ruwan sama: 1939, 1941 da 1942 sune rukuni na farko na kusa da juna na shekaru masu laushi tun 1921. Daga 1943 zuwa 1946, yanayin bushewa gabaɗaya ya dawo, kuma shekaru ashirin daga 1947 sun ga ruwan sama mai canzawa. 1950, 1955 da 1956 sun kasance da ruwa sosai ban da 1950 da 1956 a kan yankunan busasshiyar alkama na Yammacin Australia. 1950 sun ga ruwan kasa mai ban mamaki a tsakiyar New South Wales da mafi yawan Queensland: Dubbo na 1950 na 1,329 mm (52.3 in) ana iya kimantawa yana da lokacin dawowa tsakanin shekaru 350 da 400, yayin da Tafkin Eyre ya cika a karo na farko shekaru talatin. Sabanin haka, 1951, 1961 da 1965 sun bushe sosai, tare da cikakkiyar gazawar ruwan sama a 1951/1952 da matsanancin fari a cikin ciki a lokacin 1961 da 1965. Yanayin zafi a wannan lokacin da farko ya fadi zuwa mafi ƙasƙanci na ƙarni na 20, tare da 1949 da 1956 suna da sanyi sosai, amma sai suka fara haɓaka wanda ya ci gaba da raguwa kaɗan zuwa yanzu.
Tun daga shekara ta 1968, ruwan sama na Ostiraliya ya kasance kashi 15 cikin dari fiye da tsakanin 1885 da 1967. Lokacin da ya fi ruwan sama ya kasance daga 1973 zuwa 1975 da 1998 zuwa 2001, wanda ya ƙunshi bakwai daga cikin shekaru goma sha uku mafi ruwan sama a nahiyar tun 1885. Mafi karancin yanayin zafi na dare, musamman a cikin hunturu, ya kasance mafi girma fiye da kafin shekarun 1960, tare da 1973, 1980, 1988, 1991, 1998 da 2005 masu ban mamaki a wannan bangaren. An sami raguwar raguwa a cikin yawan sanyi a duk faɗin Ostiraliya.
A cewar Ofishin Meteorology, matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara na Ostiraliya na shekara ta 2009 ya kasance 0.9 C sama da matsakaicin 1961-90, yana mai da shi shekara ta biyu mafi zafi a kasar tun lokacin da aka fara rikodin inganci a 1910.
Dangane da Bayanan Yanayi na Australiya na 2011 na Ofishin Yanayi, Ostiraliya tana da ƙasa da matsakaicin yanayin zafi a cikin 2011 sakamakon yanayin yanayi na La Niña; duk da haka, "ƙasar ta shekaru 10 tana ci gaba da nuna yanayin hauhawar yanayin zafi, tare da 2002-2011 mai yiwuwa ya kasance a cikin manyan lokutan shekaru 10 mafi zafi a rikodin Ostiraliya, a 0.52 C (0.94 F) sama da matsakacin dogon lokaci". Bugu da ƙari, shekara ta 2014 ita ce shekara ta uku mafi zafi a Ostiraliya tun lokacin da aka fara lura da zafin jiki na kasa a 1910.
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
61019 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarihin%20Kungiyar%20Hockey%20ta%20Kasa%20%281917-1942%29 | Tarihin Kungiyar Hockey ta Kasa (1917-1942) | An kafa Kungiyar Hockey ta Kasa (NHL) a cikin 1917 bayan mutuwar kungiyar da ta gabace ta, Kungiyar Hockey ta Kasa (NHA). A cikin ƙoƙari na cire Eddie Livingstone a matsayin mai shi na Toronto Blueshirts, mafi rinjaye na NHA franchises (The Montreal Canadiens, Montreal Wanderers, Ottawa Senators and Quebec Bulldogs sun dakatar da NHA kuma sun kafa sabuwar NHL. Quebec Bulldogs, yayin da yake memba, ba su yi aiki a cikin NHL na shekaru biyu na farko ba. Madadin haka masu Gidan Lambun Arena na Toronto sun gudanar da sabon ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da sunan kamfani na Toronto. Yayin da aka yi nufin NHL a matsayin ma'auni na wucin gadi, ci gaba da takaddama tare da Livingstone ya haifar da taron masu NHA guda hudu tare da sanya dakatar da NHA ta dindindin shekara guda bayan haka.
Ƙarni na farko na NHL ya ga gasar ta fafatawa da manyan gasa biyu masu hamayya, Ƙungiyar Hockey ta Pacific Coast da Western Canada Hockey League, don 'yan wasa da gasar Stanley NHL ta fara faɗaɗa cikin Amurka a cikin 1924 tare da kafuwar Boston Bruins, kuma ya zuwa 1926 ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi goma a cikin Ontario, Quebec, yankin Manyan Tafkuna da Arewa maso Gabashin Amurka A lokaci guda, NHL ta fito a matsayin babbar gasar lig guda ɗaya kuma ita kaɗai ce mai fafatawa a gasar cin kofin Stanley.
Wasan da kansa ya ci gaba da bunkasa a wannan lokacin. An gabatar da sabbin abubuwa da yawa ga ƙa'idodi da kayan aiki yayin da NHL ke ƙoƙarin haɓaka kwararar wasan da kuma sa wasan ya fi son abokantaka. NHL ta taka leda tare da maza shida zuwa gefe maimakon bakwai na gargajiya, kuma tana cikin ƙungiyoyin farko don ba da damar masu gola su bar ƙafafunsu don yin ceto. Sawun NHL ya bazu ko'ina cikin Kanada yayin da aka ji watsa shirye-shiryen rediyon Foster Hewitt daga bakin teku zuwa bakin teku tun daga 1933
An gina Dandalin Montreal da Maple Leaf Gardens, kuma kowannensu ya buga bakuncin wasannin fa'idar All-Star da aka gudanar don tara kuɗi don tallafawa Ace Bailey da dangin Howie Morenz a Toronto da Montreal, bi da bi. Ayyukan 'yan wasan biyu sun ƙare saboda wani abin da ya faru a kan kankara, tare da Morenz ya mutu a ƙarshe, wata guda bayan ya sami rauni na farko. Waɗannan wasannin farko na NHL All-Star za su kai ga wasannin All-Star na shekara-shekara waɗanda ke ci gaba a yau.
Babban Bala'in da Yaƙin Duniya na II ya rage gasar zuwa ƙungiyoyi shida ta 1942. Ƙungiyoyin kafa Ottawa, da ƙungiyoyin fadada New York Amirkawa, Montreal Maroons da Pittsburgh Pirates Philadelphia Quakers sun wuce daga wurin. Ƙungiyar Faɗawa Detroit Falcons ta ayyana fatarar kudi a cikin 1932 kuma ta tsira ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da Chicago Shamrocks na Ƙungiyar Hockey ta Amurka da kuma aljihun mai wadata James Norris ya zama Detroit Red Wings Matsanancin yanayi a Montreal yana nufin cewa birnin ya kusan rasa duka ƙungiyoyin sa a cikin 1930s; Canadiens sun kusan ƙaura zuwa Cleveland, amma sun tsira saboda ƙarfin goyon bayansa. Ƙungiyoyin shida da suka bar tsaye a cikin 1942 (Boston Bruins, Chicago Black Hawks, Detroit Red Wings, Montreal Canadiens, New York Rangers da Toronto Maple Leafs an san su a yau a matsayin Asali shida Shekarun farko Babban tauraron NHL na farko shine "Phantom" Joe Malone Zakaran zira kwallaye na NHA sau biyu, Malone ya zira kwallaye biyar ga Montreal Canadiens a nasara 7–4 akan Sanatocin Ottawa a daren bude NHL. Malone ya ci gaba da yin rikodin burin 44 na jagora a cikin wasanni 20 a cikin 1917–18 Ya sake jagorantar NHL wajen zira kwallaye a cikin 1919–20, inda ya zira kwallaye 39 a wasanni 24 tare da Quebec. A lokacin wannan kakar, a ranar 20 ga Janairu, 1920, Malone ya zira kwallaye bakwai a wasa daya a kan Toronto St. Patricks, rikodin da ke tsaye a yau. An zaɓi Malone zuwa Gidan Hockey na Fame a cikin 1950. Burin farko a tarihin NHL shine Dave Ritchie na Montreal Wanderers ya ci minti daya cikin nasara 10 9 akan Toronto, wanda shine nasarar da Wanderers suka yi a cikin NHL. Ranar 2 ga Janairu, 1918, wuta ta lalata filin wasa na Montreal, gida ga duka Wanderers da Kanada. Yayin da Canadiens suka koma Jubilee Arena na 3,000, Lichtenhein ya zaɓi ya janye Wanderers, yana nuna rashin samun 'yan wasa saboda yakin. NHL ta ci gaba da kasancewa ta ƙungiyoyi uku har zuwa lokacin da Quebec ya dawo gare ta a cikin 1919. A cikin shekarunta na farko, NHL ta ci gaba da tsarin tsagawar lokacin NHA. Zakaran rabin na farko Canadiens ya fadi a hannun zakaran rabin na biyu na Toronto a gasar cin kofin O'Brien na 1918 ta hanyar hada maki 10–7 a wasa biyu, jimillar jerin raga. Nasarar ta baiwa Toronto damar fuskantar zakaran Kungiyar Hockey ta Pacific Coast, the Vancouver Millionaires, a Gasar Gasar Cin Kofin Stanley. Torontos ta doke Vancouver don zama ƙungiyar NHL ta farko da ta lashe Kofin. Canadiens sun ci gasar NHL akan Sanatoci a 1918–19, kuma sun yi tafiya yamma don saduwa da zakaran PCHA, Babban Birnin Seattle An fi tunawa da jerin gwanon don sokewar sa tare da jerin da aka ɗaure a nasara biyu, asara biyu, da kunnen doki (2–2–1) saboda cutar sankarau ta Sipaniya 'Yan wasa da yawa daga kungiyoyin biyu sun kamu da rashin lafiya, lamarin da ya sa jami'an kiwon lafiya a Seattle soke wasan na shida, da yanke hukunci. Mai tsaron lafiyar Kanada Joe Hall ya mutu sakamakon mura a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 1919. A halin da ake ciki, zakarun na Toronto sun ƙare a matsayi na ƙarshe a cikin rabi na 1918–19. A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 1919, Toronto ta sanar da ƙungiyar cewa ta janye daga gasar. NHL ta guji ragewa zuwa ƙungiyoyi biyu don 1919–20 lokacin da aka sake tsara ƙungiyar azaman Toronto St. Patricks. Har ila yau, ikon mallakar Quebec ya dawo, (wanda aka sani da kakar wasa ta Quebec Athletic Club yana kara gasar zuwa kungiyoyi hudu. Kulob din Quebec ya buga rikodin 4 20 a cikin 1919 20, duk da dawowar Malone. Lokaci ne na ƙarshe na ikon amfani da ikon amfani da sunan kamfani a cikin birnin Quebec, yana ƙaura zuwa Hamilton, Ontario, a cikin 1920 don zama Hamilton Tigers Gasa tare da WCHL Tun daga cikin 1921, NHL ta fuskanci gasa daga babban gasa na uku, ƙungiyar Hockey ta Western Canada (WCHL). Tare da gasar lig guda uku da ke fafatawa don hazaka, 'yan wasan hockey na kankara sun kasance cikin ƴan wasa mafiya samun kuɗi a Arewacin Amurka. Sun ba da umarnin albashi daidai da manyan 'yan wasan Baseball na lokacin. WCHL ta rayu tsawon yanayi shida kawai, tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da PCHA a cikin 1924, amma ta ƙalubalanci NHL don Kofin Stanley sau huɗu. A cikin 1923 Stanley Cup Finals, Sanatoci sun ci Edmonton Eskimos bayan sun kawar da PCHA's Vancouver Millionaires. A cikin 1924, Canadiens sun ci nasara akan PCHA's Millionaires da WCHL's Calgary Tigers a kan ƙarfin rufewar biyu ta Georges Vezina da kuma wani mummunan mummunan nunawa ta hanyar rookie na gaba Howie Morenz |
36254 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dickson%20Tarkighir | Dickson Tarkighir | SpeakerDickson Tarkighir
Dickson Dominic Tarkighir (an haife shi 12 Afrilu 1969) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne. Ya kasance dan majalisar wakilai ta kasa ta 8 a majalisar wakilan Najeriya mai wakiltar mazabar Makurdi Guma kuma Mamba na ECOWAS Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Dickson Tarkighir a cikin dangin Mr da Mrs Tarkighir Ubur Adaga. Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta St. Thomas dake karamar hukumar Makurdi daga shekarar 1976 zuwa 1981 inda ya samu shaidar kammala karatunsa na farko FSLC Ya wuce Makarantar Sakandare ta Community Community, Tse-Kyo, karamar hukumar Guma, inda ya kammala a shekarar 1986 da takardar shaidar kammala sakandare.
Bayan hutun da ya yi na neman ilimi sai ya samu gurbin shiga Jami’ar Jihar Edo, yanzu Jami’ar Ambrose Alli da ke Ekpoma, inda ya yi karatu tsakanin 1998 zuwa 2003 kuma ya kammala digirinsa na farko a fannin kasuwanci Daga nan ya sami gurbin karatu a Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya, sannan ya kammala digirinsa na biyu a fannin harkokin kasuwanci (MBA), a shekarar 2008.
Aiki Dickson Tarkighir mashawarcin tallace-tallace ne. Daga 1988 zuwa 1991, ya yi aiki a matsayin Mai koyo a Mojo Electronics, Umuahia. Daga 1992 zuwa 1995 ya yi aiki da Okada Air Kaduna Daga baya, ya shiga kasuwanci mai zaman kansa kuma ya kafa kamfanin Dasnett Mobile Services a lokacin zuwan ayyukan GSM a Najeriya Ya kasance MD/CEO, Triggar da Gibbons Ltd, wani kamfanin talla da kuma kamfanin tallafawa kayan aiki da District 4 Lounge, kayan shakatawa a Makurdi, jihar Benue.
Siyasa Dickson Tarkighir dan jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party (PDP) ne. Ya yi aiki domin samun nasarar jam’iyyar a kowane mataki wanda ya sa aka nada shi babban mataimaki na musamman kan masana’antu ga Gwamnan Jihar Binuwai a shekarar 2009. An sake nada shi mukamin a shekarar 2011; Mukamin da ya rike har zuwa shekarar 2014 lokacin da ya yi murabus ya tsaya takarar majalisar dokokin kasar Ya samu tikitin takara a jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party amma John Tondo ya sha kaye, a zaben fidda gwani da aka bayyana a matsayin rashin adalci. Ya fice daga jam’iyyar PDP zuwa jam’iyyar All Peoples Congress (APC) inda ya samu tikitin tsayawa takara a zaben 2015 kuma ya samu tikitin tsayawa takarar wakilcin al’ummar mazabar Makurdi /Guma a majalisar wakilai ta tarayya Abuja. A ranar Talata, 24 ga watan Yuli, 2018, Tarkighir na cikin ‘yan majalisar wakilai 37 da suka sauya sheka daga jam’iyyar APC mai mulki zuwa wasu jam’iyyun siyasa. Ya koma jam’iyyar People’s Democratic Party (PDP), jam’iyyar da a baya ya fice. Sai dai a ranar Talata, 22 ga watan Janairu, 2019, Tarkighir ya bayyana komawar sa jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC) yana mai cewa “kokarin da gwamnatin tarayya ta yi na maido da zaman lafiya a mazabarsa ya sa shi da jama’arsa.” A baya dai Dickson Tarkighir ya fice daga jam’iyyar APC ne bayan ya “ji haushin gwamnatin shugaban kasa Muhammadu Buhari kan yadda aka ki magance rikicin manoma da makiyaya”.
Fuskantar Shari'a Dickson Tarkighir shi ne dan takarar jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress, don maye gurbin Bulaun Peter wanda ya lashe zaben fidda gwani na farko kuma jam’iyyar ta ba shi takardar shaidar cin zabe kuma hukumar zabe mai zaman kanta ta kasa (INEC) ta amince da shi, amma ya tsallake rijiya da baya. Wani mai suna Franc Fagah Utoo ya garzaya kotu domin kalubalantar takararsa, inda ya ce an tafka kura-kurai a zaben fitar da gwani. "Utoo yayi ikirarin cewa shi ne ya lashe zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar amma an mika sunan Tarkighir ga hukumar zabe mai zaman kanta Shari’ar ta wuce Kotun daukaka kara da Kotun koli, inda kotun koli a Najeriya ta tabbatar da nasarar Tarkighir.
Ayyukan doka Dickson Tarkighir ya kasance mai magana da yawun zauren majalisar wakilai ta 8 Shi mai fafutukar tabbatar da ‘yancin kai na majalisa ne kuma mai kare hukuma. A ko da yaushe ya kasance yana bin shawarar da majalisar ta yanke ba tare da la’akari da ra’ayinsa na siyasa da na bangaranci ba. A yayin zaben shugaban majalisar wakilai ta 8, Tarkighir ya goyi bayan dan takarar jam’iyyarsa ta APC, Femi Gbajabiamila, wanda ya sha kaye a hannun Yakubu Dogara A cikin tashin hankalin da ya biyo bayan rashin Gbajabiamila, ya tsaya tsayin daka kan sakamakon zaben. Bayan amincewa da kasafin kudin shekarar 2017, an yi ta cece-ku-ce kan karin kasafin kudin Majalisar daga N115bn a shekarar 2016 zuwa 125bn, a daidai lokacin da al’ummar kasar ke fafutukar farfado da tattalin arzikin kasar. A kasafin kudin da aka gabatar, an ware naira biliyan 125 ga majalisun biyu na majalisar ta 8, adadin da ya kai kusan kashi 2% na kasafin kudin tarayya. Tarkighir, ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa aka karkatar da kasafin da N10bn. A cewarsa, halin da ake ciki a halin yanzu na tattalin arziki da kuma karuwar kudaden kasashen waje ya yi matukar tasiri a harkokin majalisar dokokin kasar. “Farashin dala kusan yana shafar kowane fanni na rayuwa. Kusan duk abin da muke yi a nan, dole ne mu canza naira da dala. Mukan shigo da takardu daga kasashen waje, har da wadanda muka saba samar da kasafin kudin da kuke rike da su. Yanzu, ba ma iya siyan motocin da ke aiki ba saboda babu kuɗi.” Ya ce akwai ayyukan sa ido da ‘yan majalisar ke halarta a wajen kasar. “Mun iso kasar nan, a makon da ya gabata, daga wani taron fasahar kere-kere a teku. Ba za ka yarda cewa, da kudin musanya na yanzu, kasafin kudin bai kai N100bn ba, kawai kana ganin alkaluman a fili.” “A gaskiya kasafin kudin ya kasance N150bn a majalisa ta 7, amma sai da shugabanni da ‘yan majalisa ta 8 suka yi kokarin kishin kasa domin a rage shi yadda yake a yanzu. Da muka ga yanayin tattalin arziki a lokacin, sai muka kuduri aniyar yin sadaukarwa ga kasa, sai muka rage kasafin daga N150bn. Amma kamar yadda kuke gani, ba zai yiwu ba, saboda karuwar daloli. Ba za mu iya ci gaba da riƙe wannan adadi ba. Ko a lokacin da kasafin ya kai N150bn, kudin canji ya kai naira 199 zuwa dala, yau a hukumance farashin canji ya kai 305, amma ba za ka samu ba. Kuna buƙatar siye a kasuwar baƙar fata da tsada,” in ji shi. A wata hira da ta yi da manema labarai, Tarkighir ya kuma bayyana cewa, “Na yi amfani da dokata kan batutuwan da suka shafi kasata da mazabana. Na gabatar da wani kudiri na neman Gwamnatin Tarayya ta maye gurbin ma’aikatan bogi 25,000 da ta gano, tare da masu neman aiki na gaske tun lokacin da gwamnatin ta nuna iyawa a kan lokaci na biyan irin wadannan ma’aikata. Wannan adadi da aka raba kuma aka fitar da shi daga jihohi 36 na Tarayya da Abuja, zai taimaka wajen rage yawan rashin aikin yi kadan.”
Mamba na kwamitoci Tarkighir ya kasance memba na kwamitoci kamar Haka.
Daidaitawa
Tsaro
Petroleum Downstream
Yawan jama'a
Sojojin ruwa
Ayyukan Lafiya
Al'amuran Neja Delta
Inter Parliament
Haɗin kai a Afirka
Majalisar ECOWAS
Kula da harkar kudade Tarkighir ya dauki nauyin kudade da yawa. Sun hada da:
Kudirin dokar kafa Sashen Kiwon Shanu a karkashin Ma’aikatar Aikin Gona ta Tarayya ko kuma irin wannan Ma’aikatar da ke Kula da Noma da Kiwon Shanu; da kuma sauran Abubuwan da suka shafi, 2015 (HB 323). Daftarin doka don yin gyara ga Dokar Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Farko ta Kasa (1992) da kuma soke shirin Kasa kan Dokar Rigakafi (1997.
Kudirin doka don gyara dokar hukumar bunkasa fasahar sadarwa ta 2007 don sanyawa hukumar, karin ayyuka don inganta tsaro ta intanet da kuma karin ikon tsarawa, daidaitawa da daidaita mafi karancin ka'idojin gudanar da mulki a dukkan ma'aikatun gwamnatin tarayya, sassa da hukumomi da kuma don sauran al'amura a ciki, 2015.
Kudirin doka don gyara dokar kiwon lafiya ta 2014 don haɗawa kyauta da gwajin likita na lokaci-lokaci don cututtuka masu yawa da na yau da kullun ko yanayi akan duk mutanen da ke zaune a Najeriya da sauran batutuwa.
Hukumar Samar da Wutar Lantarki Mai Ruwa (Hydroelectric Power Producing Areas Development Commission) (kafa, da dai sauransu) lissafin (gyara), 2016.
Kudirin doka don soke shirin na ƙasa akan Dokar Rigakafi Cap. Dokokin N71 na Tarayyar Najeriya, 2004, don cire maimaita ayyuka tsakanin Hukumar Kula da Lafiya a matakin farko da shirin kasa kan rigakafi da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi.
Daftarin doka don yin gyara ga dokar hana shan taba ta kasa, 2015 da sanya aiwatarwa da aiwatar da wannan doka tare da Hukumar Kula da Abinci da Magunguna da Gudanarwa ta Kasa da sauran batutuwan da suka shafi hakan, 2016 (HB.882). Kudi don yin gyara ga Hukumar Kula da Abinci da Magunguna da Dokar Kula da Abinci ta Kasa, Cap. N1, Dokokin Tarayyar Najeriya, 2004 don Ƙirƙirar Cibiyar Kula da Tabar Sigari ta ƙasa da sauran Al'amura masu alaƙa (HB.883). Kudirin doka don samar da fa'idodi na musamman ga masu amfani da wutar lantarki waɗanda ke ba da gudummawar kuɗi ga kamfanonin wutar lantarki don sayan, sakawa da kula da na'urorin rarraba wutar lantarki ko sauran kayan aikin da suka shafi, 2017.
Kudiri Tarkighir ya kai kudiri da dama; wadannan sun hada da:
Ya gabatar da kudiri kan bala'in ambaliyar ruwa a Makurdi da wasu sassan kasar.
Kudirin maye gurbin ma'aikatan bogi 23,000 da ma'aikata na gaske daga rukunin marasa aikin yi da ƙwararrun masu neman aikin Najeriya.
Wani kudiri na kira ga FERMA da ta gaggauta tattara kayan aiki don gyara babbar hanyar tarayya ta Makurdi- Gboko Wani kudiri na kira ga hukumar NEMA da sauran hukumomin da abin ya shafa da su samar da wani yanayi na gaggawa don magance ambaliyar ruwa da ake sa ran za a yi a wasu sassan jihar Benuwe musamman don samun isasshiyar kulawa da kulawa ga ‘yan gudun hijirar da ke zaune a kasuwannin duniya a Makurdi da bita gabaɗaya na shirye-shiryen gaggawa da tsarin kula da bala'i don haɓaka saurin gudu da inganci a cikin aikin farko na hukumomin da abin ya shafa.
Kudirin raba rajistar masu kada kuri’a da Hukumar Zabe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Kasa (INEC) ke yi.
An gabatar da kudiri kan kashe-kashen makiyaya a kananan hukumomin Guma da Logo na jihar Binuwai da kuma mummunan halin jin kai da ya taso.
Bukatar Gwamnatin Tarayya ta ayyana dokar ta-baci kan harkokin tsaro saboda yawaitar munanan hare-hare a kasar nan daga wasu da ake zargin makiyaya ne.
Ayyukan mazabu Dickson Tarkighir yayi ayyukan mazabu da dama a mazabar Makurdi Guma Wasu daga cikin ayyukan sun haɗa da:
Fitilar titi mai amfani da hasken rana a Garin Abinsi, karamar hukumar Guma, jihar Benue.
Samar da taransfoma 5 NOS 300KVA a karamar hukumar Makurdi, jihar Benue.
Giina Rijiyar Solar Borehole a Titin Ter Guma, Bankin Arewa, Karamar Hukumar Makurdi- Jihar Benue.
Gina Cibiyar Samar da Fasaha (Type A) a High Level, karamar hukumar Makurdi- Jihar Benue.
Gina hanyoyin Garin Abinsi, karamar hukumar Guma, Jihar Benue.
Shirin Karfafa Matasa: Injin dinki, injinan sarrafa rogo, injinan nika, kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka, injinan feshin gona, injinan walda, injinan fanfo ruwa a karamar hukumar Makurdi, jihar Benue.
Horar da 'yan kasuwa yadda ake amfani da tsarin ciniki a mazabar tarayya ta Makurdi/Guma ta jihar Benue.
Ginin babban dakin taro na garin Abinsi, karamar hukumar Guma, jihar Benue.
Karfafawa mata da matasa: Kekuna, babura, injin nika, injin dinki a mazabar tarayya ta Makurdi/Guma, jihar Benue.
Wayar da kan kiwon lafiya: yaƙin neman zaɓe na wayar da kan jama'a game da cutar kanjamau wayar da kan jama'a kyauta a Makurdi/Guma Federal Constituency, jihar Benue.
Kammala aikin Dam na Akaakuma a karamar hukumar Guma- jihar Benue.
Gina Makarantar Firamare ta LGEA Ngban, Nyiev, Guma LGA- Jihar Benue.
Sayen babura domin shiga tsakanin al'ummar karkara a mazabar Makurdi/Guma ta jihar Benue.
Rijiyoyin burtsatse masu amfani da hasken rana a Abinsi, karamar hukumar Guma, jihar Benue.
Ginin Rukunin ‘Yan Sanda na Dibisional (DPO) a Gbajimba, hedikwatar karamar Hukumar Guma, Jihar Binuwai.
Martani ga Fulani makiyaya masu kai hari 'Tashin hankali tsakanin Fulani makiyaya da manoma na daya daga cikin matsalolin tsaro da ake fama da su a Najeriya wanda ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar dubban mutane a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Kungiyar International Crisis Group ta yi gargadin cewa za ta iya zama "mai hatsarin gaske kamar ta'addancin Boko Haram a arewa maso gabas" Dickson Tarkighir ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka jajirce wajen yakar hare-haren Fulani Makiyaya da suka addabi sassa daban-daban na Najeriya da mazabarsa ta tarayya mai wakiltar mazabar Makurdi/Guma sosai.
A ranar 1 ga watan Janairun 2018, Fulani makiyaya sun kai hari a karamar hukumar Guma da Logo inda suka kashe mutane kusan 73 ciki har da mata da yara. Gwamnatin jihar Benue ta shirya binne gawawwakin wadanda aka kashe a ranar 11 ga watan Junairu 2018. Da yake mayar da martani game da ci gaba da kai hare-hare a shirin gidan talabijin na ChannelsTV, Sunrise Daily a ranar Litinin, 8 ga watan Janairu, 2018, dan majalisar ya nuna rashin jin dadinsa kan yadda shugaba Buhari ya kasa "suna suna da kunya" Fulani makiyaya duk da hare-haren da ake kaiwa 'yan Najeriya a jihar Benue. Ya ce har sai an sanya makiyayan a matsayin ‘yan ta’adda, ayyukan da hukumomin tsaro ke yi a yankin ba za su iya samar da sakamakon da ake bukata ba. Ya bayyana fargabar cewa da hare-haren da ake kai wa al’ummar Benuwai a halin yanzu, al’ummar kasar ba za su iya cimma burinsu na samun wadatar abinci ba. “Gwamnatin tarayya ta dade tana bayar da shawarwarin samar da abinci amma ta yaya kuke samun wadatar abinci a duk lokacin da muke son girbin amfanin gonarmu sai Fulani su kai mana hari? Duk da kasancewarsa dan jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress a matsayinsa na shugaban kasa Muhammadu Buhari, ya ci gaba da caccakar shugaban da kalubalantar batun hare-haren Fulani makiyaya. A wata hira da jaridar Daily Independent, ya tabbatar da cewa, “mun zabi wannan gwamnati ne saboda a shekarun 2012, 2013 da 2014, jihar nan tana fuskantar hare-hare daga Fulani makiyaya. Mutanenmu sun kasance 'yan gudun hijira a ƙasarsu. Shugaban kasa na lokacin Goodluck Jonathan bai yi komai akai ba. Don haka, muka yanke shawarar cewa mu canza shugabanci; don haka shugaba Buhari ya lashe jihar Benue Lokacin da Buhari ya shigo mun dauka a matsayinmu na Bafulatani, dattijo kuma tsohon Shugaban kasa, ya fahimci kalubalen da mutanenmu ke fuskanta kuma zai kawo karshen rikicin manoma da makiyaya. Sai dai kuma abin takaici, rikicin ya karu a karkashin gwamnatinsa.” A wata hira da jaridar The Guardian, ya bayyana cewa: “Shugaban bai yi wani abu da yawa ba. Jama’a sun fara tunanin cewa Shugabancinsa ya jajirce wajen kai wa makiyaya hari a fadin kasar nan saboda shi Bafulatani ne. A matsayinsa na Bafulatani wanda shi ma ya mallaki shanu, ya kamata Shugaban kasa ya yi misali da shi. Ya bayyana a fom dinsa a kundin tsarin mulki cewa yana da shanu. Bari ya nuna wa masu kiwon shanu inda gonarsa take kuma wannan ita ce hanya mafi dacewa ta kiwo. Idan har zai iya kiwon shanun nasa, shi ya sa ya kamata ya yi wa’azin ra’ayin kiwo da tabbatar da cewa an ba wa wadanda ba su iya yin kiwo kwarin guiwa su kafa kiwo don noman shanunsu. Jama’a sun damu matuka da samar da hanyoyin kiwo domin a tunaninsu za a kwace musu filayensu a ba makiyaya. Tun da a zahiri gwamnati ba ta cewa komai don kare ’yan Najeriya, muna tunanin a fakaice yana ba da izinin lalata al’umma don makiyayansu su ci abinci.” Ya ci gaba da cewa: “wani lokaci a kasar China shugaban kasa Buhari ya aiko da sako karara ga masu fasa bututun mai cewa zai dauke su kamar Boko Haram. Masu fasa bututun mai ba sa kashe mutane; suna lalata bututun mai. Makiyaya suna kashe mutane, suna lalata filaye da dukiyoyi da amfanin gona a cikin al’ummarmu. Sun kashe sama da mutane 8,000 tun hawan Buhari mulki. Makiyaya babbar barazana ce ga kasar nan. Shugaban kasa ya samar da sojoji da za su kare masu kiwon shanu a Kano da Katsina daga ‘yan fashi, amma bai bayar da irin wannan sojan da zai yi maganin makiyayan da ke kashe mutane ba, musamman a shiyyar Arewa ta tsakiya. Yaya adalci?” A cewar Tarkighir, ‘’yan kungiyar ta Miyetti Allah sun shafe watanni shida zuwa bakwai suna yin barazana bayan da aka sanya hannu kan dokar hana buda-bakin kiwo na cewa ba za su bari a aiwatar da shi ba. Sun yi jawabai a bainar jama'a ta TV, a cikin jaridun Daily Trust da na duniya. Wadannan mutane an san su, amma jami’an tsaro ba su iya kama wadannan mutane ba tare da gurfanar da su a gaban kuliya. Lokacin da kuka yi wa mutane barazana da mutuwa kuma a ƙarshe suka mutu, ku ke da alhakin. Ba a kama wadannan mutane ba, shi ya sa nake cewa wadanda ke kawo mana hari gwamnati ce ta san su. Abin takaici, gwamnati ba ta yin komai a kai. Don haka al’ummarmu suna ganin akwai hadin kai tsakanin Gwamnatin Tarayya da makiyaya. Dubi Guma LG, tafiyar kusan mintuna 40 ne daga Makurdi Kadarori uku na sojoji a Makurdi kana da 72 Brigade, NASME, da kuma Air Force Base wanda za a iya tura Guma a cikin kasa da minti 20. Sai da aka kwashe kwanaki uku ana tura sojoji zuwa Guma LG. Me hakan ke gaya muku? Ya ce ba su damu da rayuka da dukiyoyin da ake barna a Guma ko Binuwai ba. Wannan abin takaici ne kuma mun ji takaicin shugaban kasa.” A wata hira da jaridar This Day, Tarkighir ya ce; “Al’ummata sun yi watsi da shirin gwamnatin tarayya na ba su kariya, domin ko a lokacin da ake gudanar da gasar tseren keke, ana ci gaba da kashe-kashe da kone-kone. Suna kashe 'yan sanda har ma da sojoji.
“Muna tunanin akwai hadin kai tsakanin gwamnati da makiyaya a kan abin da ke faruwa, domin a halin yanzu kusan kowa a karamar hukumar Guma wadda ita ce karamar hukumara ta ‘yan gudun hijira ne. Ƙasar ta zama kufai, ba kowa a wurin. Lokacin noma yana zuwa kuma mutane ba su da damar yin amfani da gonakinsu, wanda ke nufin baya ga haifar da fatara, za a yi yunwa a Benuwai mai zuwa.” Ya kuma yi kira da a tallafa masu: “Yanzu muna kira ga kasashen duniya da su kawo mana agaji. Muna da maza, mata da yara sama da 190,000 a sansanonin IDP, kuma babu abinci, babu komai. Abubuwan da gwamnatin jihar ke da su sun yi yawa, dangane da samar da magunguna, abinci, tufafi da kayayyakin more rayuwa ga sansanonin. Ya zuwa yanzu muna da sansanoni kusan takwas kuma alhakin kula da wadannan mutane na gwamnatin jiha ne.”
Rigima A shekarar 2016, an samu rahotanni a kafafen yada labarai na cewa ‘yan majalisar tarayya guda 45 da aka zaba a zaben 2015 da za su wakilci mazabunsu daban-daban a fadin kasar nan, an kaddamar da su a majalisun biyu na majalisar dokokin kasar da takardar shedar Sakandare ko na digiri na biyu. Takaddun shaida na malamai a matsayin mafi girman cancantar ilimi. Daga cikin mutanen da aka bayyana cewa an zabe su a ofishin tare da sakamakon O'Level Dickson Tarkighir yana ciki. Sai dai martanin da Tarkighir ya bayar shi ne cewa rahoton na tunanin marubucin ne. A hirarsa da Daily Post, ya ce a farkon makon wani abokina wanda muka kammala karatunmu a shekarar 2008 tare da kammala karatunmu na MBA a Jami’ar Ahamdu Bello Zariya, ya kirani da labarin cewa sunana yana cikin wadanda muka kammala karatunsu a shekarar 2008. wadanda aka ce a Majalisar Dokokin Kasar ba su da wata karama mafi karancin cancantar karatu wato GCE.
“Mun yi dariya kuma na kara dariyar da a karshe na karanta cikakken rahoton na ga sauran sunayen da ke cikin jerin sunayen wadanda wasu daga cikinsu ba ‘yan majalisar wakilai ba ne kamar yadda rahoton ya yi nuni da kasancewarsu mambobin.
“Amma sai da na karanta ra’ayoyin da aka yi ta yanar gizo game da rahoton, na gano cewa mutane nawa ne, a cikin barna, suka dauki ƙugiya, layi da nutsewa, in ji rahoton kuma suka ci gaba da yin izgili ga cibiyar da kowane ɗayansu. “Saboda ’yan mazabana, abokaina da masu fatan alheri, an tilasta ni in bayyana (sake) cancantar karatuna. Ina yin haka ne duk da cewa na yi watsi da shi tun da farko saboda, ba na ganin kaina ko wani memba a matsayin wakili mafi kyau fiye da kowane abokan aikinmu wanda cancantar ilimi na iya zama mafi ƙanƙanta. Ba kusan abu bane a cikin la'akarin wanda ya kasance ko zai zama mafi wakilcin wakilci. Amma duk da haka, ina da alhakin gyara wani ɓoyayyen bayanin da ɗan jarida ya yi wa kaina wanda ya karkatar da wani yanki na ci gaba na kuma ya tafi danna saura kaɗan.
“Gaskiya ita ce, ban da GCE dina, na kammala karatun digiri a Jami’ar Ambrose Alli, Ekpoma a 2003. Na karanta Business Administration Kuma idan wannan yana buƙatar wasu tabbaci tare da Jami'ar, ga lambar ta FD. 045729.
“A shekarar 2006/2007 na yi karatun digiri na biyu a fannin harkokin kasuwanci (MBA) a Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya kuma na kammala a shekarar 2008. Don dubawa tare da Jami'ar: MBA/ADMIN/00905/06-07 ya isa. “Mafi mahimmanci, ina so in sake tabbatar wa mazabana, abokaina da masu fatan alheri cewa na cancanta a matsayina na wakili da nake gudanarwa a madadin mazaban Makudi da Guma
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
30632 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerin%20Dokokin%20Muhalli%20Na%20Kasa%20Da%20Kasa | Jerin Dokokin Muhalli Na Kasa Da Kasa | nan labarin ya lissafa mafi mahimmancin dokokin muhalli na ƙasa ta nahiya da ƙasa.
Afirka
Masar Dokar Masar ta 102 ta shekarar 1983, don Kariyar yanayi
Dokar Kare Muhalli 4/1994 da aka gyara ta Dokar 9/2009 (Masar).
Dokar 48/1982
Dangane da Kare Kogin Nilu da Tashoshin Ruwa.
Dokar 124/83
Dangane da Kamun Kifi, Kungiyar Kifi ta Ruwan Ruwa
Dokar 93/1962
Game da Fitar da Sharar Ruwa.
Dokar 27/1978
Game da Tsara Gabaɗaya Albarkatun Ruwa don Sha da Amfanin Dan Adam.
Kenya Dokar Biosafety 2009.
Dokokin Muhalli (Tasiri da Audit), 2003.
Gudanar da Muhalli da Haɗin kai (Kiyaye Bambance-bambancen Halittu da Albarkatu, Samun damar Albarkatun Halittu da Rarraba Fa'ida) Dokokin, 2006.
Dokokin Gudanar da Muhalli da Haɗin kai (Abubuwan Sarrafa) Dokokin 2007.
Gudanar da Muhalli da Haɗin kai (Amo da Wutar Lantarki Mai Girma) Dokokin 2009 (Sarrafawa).
Dokokin Gudanar da Muhalli da Haɗin kai (Sharar gida) Dokokin 2006.
Dokokin Gudanar da Muhalli da Haɗin kai (Ingantacciyar Ruwa) Dokokin 2006.
Gudanar da Muhalli da Haɗin kai (Ƙasashe, Kogin Kogi, Tekun Teku da Gudanar da Teku) Dokokin 2009.
Dokar Gudanar da Muhalli da Haɗin kai 1999 no 8.
Tsarin Muhalli (Rigakafin Gurbacewa a Yankin Gabas da sauran sassan Muhalli) Doka, 2003.
Dokar Kifi (Babi na 378).
Dokar gandun daji (Babi na 385).
Dokar daji, 2005.
Hukumar Raya Balaguro ta Kenya (Babi na 382).
Dokar Gudanar da Muhalli ta Kenya 1999.
Dokokin Surutu.
Dokar katako (Babi na 386).
Dokar Ba da Lasisi na Masana'antu Yawo (Babi na 381).
Dokar Ruwa 2002.
Dokar Ruwa 2002/ no 8.
Dokar Namun daji (Kiyaye da Gudanarwa) (Babi na 376).
Asiya
China Dokar hana gurbatar iska (China).
Dokar Rigakafin Annobar Dabbobi 1997.
Asalin Dokar Muhalli.
Dokar Kula da Ruwan Sha.
Dokar Tantance Muhalli.
Dokar Kare Muhalli 1989.
Dokar Kare Muhalli ta Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin (Don Aiwatar da Gwaji) 1979.
Dokar Kifi 1986.
Dokar Kamun kifi (Bita na 2004).
Dokar Kula da Ambaliyar Ruwa 1997.
Dokar daji 1985.
Dokar gandun daji ta Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin (1998).
Dokar Grassland 1985.
Dokar Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin game da rigakafi da sarrafa gurbatar muhalli ta hanyar sharar gida.
Dokar Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin game da rigakafi da magance gurbacewar yanayi daga hayaniyar muhalli.
Dokar Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin game da rigakafi da hana gurbatar ruwa.
Dokar Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin kan kiyaye ruwa da kasa.
Doka akan Rigakafin Hamada da Sauya 2001.
Doka akan Kariyar Muhalli na Marine 1983.
Doka Kan Albarkatun Ma’adinai 1986.
Doka kan Rigakafi da Kula da Gurbacewar yanayi.
Doka kan Rigakafi da Kula da gurɓacewar yanayi 2000.
Doka kan Rigakafi da Kula da Gurbacewar Hayaniyar Muhalli 1997.
Doka kan Rigakafi da Sarrafa gurɓataccen shara.
Dokar Rigakafi da Kula da Gurbacewar Ruwa 1996.
Doka akan Haɓaka Tsabtace Tsabtace 2002.
Doka kan Kariya da Rage Masifu na Girgizar Kasa.
Dokar Kare Abubuwan Al'adu.
Dokar Kare Namun Daji 1989.
Doka akan Kariyar Namun daji (Bita na 2004).
Doka akan Ruwa da Kula da Kasa.
Dokar kare muhalli ta ruwa ta Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin (1983).
Dokar Kula da Gurbacewar Ruwa.
Dokar Sasanci Rigima ta Jama'a.
Dokar Gyara Gurɓatar Ƙasa da Ruwan Ƙasa.
Dokar Ruwa 1988.
Dokar Ruwa 2002 (wanda aka gyara).
Dokar Kula da Gurbacewar Ruwa (China).
Dokar Kare Namun Daji.
Indiya Dokar Ruwa (Rigakafi da Kula da Gurbacewar Ruwa), 1974.
Dokar Ruwa (Rigakafin da Kula da gurɓatawa) cess Act, 1977.
Dokar iska (Rigakafi da Kula da Gurbacewar Ruwa), 1981.
Dokar Bambancin Halittu, 2002.
Dokar Muhalli (Kariya), 1986.
Dokar Kare daji, 1980.
Dokokin Gudanar da Sharar Haɗari da Dokokin Gudanarwa, 1989.
Dokar gandun daji ta Indiya, 1927.
Dokar Shari'ar Muhalli ta Kasa, 1995.
Dokar Kotun Koli ta Ƙasa, 2010.
Ka'idojin gurɓacewar hayaniya, 2000.
Kare ire-iren Shuka da Dokar Haƙƙin Manoma na 2001.
Dokar Inshorar Lamuni ta Jama'a, 1991.
Ƙabilun da aka tsara da sauran Mazaunan gandun daji na Gargajiya (Gane Haƙƙin Daji), 2006.
Ruwa (Rigakafi da Kula da Gurbacewa), 1974.
Dokar Canjin Rayuwar Daji (Kariya), 2002.
Dokar Kare namun daji ta 1972.
Japan Dokar hana gurbatar iska.
Asalin Dokar Muhalli.
Dokar Kima Tasirin Muhalli.
Dokar Kimun kifi No 267 na 1949.
Muhimmin Doka don Ƙaddamar da Ƙwararrun Material-Cycle Society.
Dokokin Baƙi na Baƙi (Dokar Lamba 78, Yuni 2, 2004).
Doka game da Kiyayewa da Dorewar Amfani da bambance-bambancen Halittu ta hanyar Doka kan Amfani da Rayayyun halittu.
Doka Game da Inganta Ayyukan Kasuwanci tare da La'akari da Muhalli ta Ƙayyadaddun Kamfanoni, da dai sauransu, ta hanyar Sauƙaƙe Samun Bayanan Muhalli, da Sauran Ma'auni.
Doka Game da Haɓaka Matakan Jure ɗumamar Duniya.
Doka Game da Kariya na Ozone Layer Ta Hanyar Sarrafa Ƙididdigan Abubuwa da Sauran Ma'auni (Mayu 1988).
Doka Game da Haɓaka Siyan Kaya da Sabis na Abokan Hulɗa da Jiha da sauran Hukumomi.
Doka game da Amfani da Makamashi na Hankali.
Doka game da farfadowa da lalata Fluorocarbons (Dokar Farfadowa da Rushewar Fluorocarbons) (Yuni 2001).
Doka Game da Ba da rahoto da dai sauransu na Fitowa zuwa Muhalli na Musamman Abubuwan Sinadarai da Inganta Ingantaccen Gudanar da Su.
Doka Game da Matakai na Musamman akan Dioxins.
Doka don Kula da Fitarwa, Shigo da Shigo da Sauran Sharar da Sharar gida da sauran sharar fage.
Doka don Haɓaka Ƙarfafawa akan Kiyaye Muhalli da Inganta Ilimin Muhalli.
Dokar Haɓaka Maido da Hali.
Doka akan Matakai na Musamman game da Kawar da Matsalolin Muhalli da ke haifar da Sharar Sharar Masana'antu ta Musamman.
Dokar da ta shafi Kare Muhalli a Antarctica.
Dokar Dokokin Surutu.
Dokar NOx (Japan).
Dokar Kula da Wari Mai Muni.
Dokokin Dokokin Taya Masu Karatu.
Dokar Ka'idar Vibration.
Gudanar da Sharar gida da Dokar Tsabtace Jama'a.
Dokar Kula da Gurbacewar Ruwa.
Kare Namun Daji da Dokar Farauta.
Kyrgyzstan Doka akan Duniyar Dabbobi, 1999.
Doka akan Yankunan Biosphere a Jamhuriyar Kyrgyzstan, 1999.
Dokar Kare Muhalli, 1999.
Doka akan Ƙwararrun Muhalli, 1999.
Doka akan Gabaɗaya Dokokin Fasaha da ke tabbatar da Tsaron Muhalli a Jamhuriyar Kyrgyzstan, 2009.
Doka akan Kariya da Amfani da Flora, 2001.
Doka kan Kariyar Iskar Iska, 1999.
Doka kan Kariya na Ozone Layer, 2006.
Doka akan Tsaron Radiation na Jama'ar Kirgiz, 1999.
Doka akan Tushen Makamashi Masu Sabunta, 2008.
Doka akan Yankunan Halitta na Musamman, 2011.
Doka akan Dorewar Ci gaban Muhalli da Tsarin Tattalin Arziki Yssyk-Kul, 2004.
Doka akan Tafkunan Tailing da Sharar Ma'adinai, 2001.
Doka akan Sharar Samfura da Amfani, 2001.
Dokar Ruwa, 1994.
Pakistan Dokar Kare Muhalli ta Pakistan 1997.
Dokar Kare Muhalli ta Sindh 2014.
Philippines Tsarin Bayanin Tasirin Muhalli na Philippine.
Dokar Kifi ta 1932.
Lambar Muhalli ta Philippine.
Lambar gandun daji na Philippines da aka sabunta.
Lambar Ruwa ta Philippines.
Dokar Kula da Gurbacewar Ruwa (Dokar Shugaban Kasa 1181; 1977).
Tsarin Bayanin Tasirin Muhalli na Philippine (Dokar Shugaban Kasa 1586; 1978).
Dokar Tsaron Abinci ta 1985.
Abubuwan Guba da Haɗari da Dokar Kula da Sharar Nukiliya ta 1990.
Dokar Ma'adinai ta Philippines ta 1995.
Dokar Jin Dadin Dabbobi ta 1998.
Lambar Kamun Kifi ta Philippine na 1998.
Dokar Tsabtace Jirgin Sama ta 1999.
Dokokin Kula da Muhalli na Philippine na 2000.
Dokar Kare Albarkatun Daji ta 2001.
Dokar Shari'a ta 2002.
Dokar Kariya iri-iri ta Philippine ta 2002.
Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa ta 2004.
Dokar Wayar da Kan Muhalli da Ilimi ta 2008.
Dokar Canjin Yanayi na 2009.
Singapore Dokar Kariya da Muhalli (Cap 94A).
Doka Mai Haɗari (Karfafa Fitar da Fitarwa, Shigo da Shigo) (Cap. 122A).
Dokokin Parks da Bishiyoyi (Cap. 216) da ka'idojin da ke da alaƙa, Dokokin Parks da Bishiyoyi (Cap. 216 Sashe na 63) da nufin daidaita hali a cikin wuraren shakatawa da wuraren ajiyar yanayi.
Dokar namun daji (Cap. 351) da nufin kare nau'in tsiro, dabba da fungi mai suna a Singapore.
Dokar Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kaya (Shigo da Fitarwa) (Cap. 92A) da nufin hana cinikin namun dajin da aka kare a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Ciniki ta Duniya a cikin Nauyin Ƙarfafa (CITES).
Dokar Farashin Carbon (Lamba 23 na 2018) da nufin daidaitawa da iyakance sawun carbon na ƙungiyoyin kamfanoni a Singapore.
Dokar Dorewa ta Albarkatun (Lamba 29 na 2019) da nufin adana albarkatun da kayan da ake da su.
Sri Lanka(Gudunmawar Dhanvin Nandakumaran na Kolejin Ƙofar Colombo, Sri Lanka) Dokar Muhalli ta Kasa 1980.
Manufar Dajin Farko 1929.
Dokokin Kariyar Fauna da Flora 1937.
Turai
Austria Dokar Kare Dabbobi.
Dokar Kima da Tasirin Muhalli 2000.
Dokar Tarayya mai kwanan wata 27th Nuwamba 1984 don cikakkiyar kariya ga muhalli.
Dokar Tarayya No. 33/1998 akan Ciniki na Dabbobin daji da Fauna.
Dokar Tarayya da ke gyara Dokar Ciniki Irin.
Forstgesetz 1975.
Lebensmittelsicherheits da Verbraucherschutzgesetz (LMSVG) 2006.
Bayanan Bayani na Gesetzes (UIG).
Belgium Loi du 20 janvier 1999 sur la protection du milieu marin dans les espaces marins sous juridiction de la Belgique.
Loi du 22 avril 1999 sur la zone économique exclusive de la Belgique dans la mer du Nord.
Wet van 20 januari 1999 tot bescherming van het mariene milieu in de zeegebieden onder de rechtsbevoegdheid van België.
Wet van 22 Afrilu 1999 betreffende de exclusieve economische zone van België in de Noordzee.
Bulgaria Dokar Kariya ta Masu Noma.
Gyaran dokar kare muhalli.
Dokokin Diversity na Halittu, 2002.
Dokar Kare Muhalli 2002.
Dokar gandun daji.
Dokar Farauta da Kariya na Wasan.
Dokar Kiyaye Muhalli.
Dokar Tsabtace Iskar Iska.
Doka kan wajibcin biyan diyya daga asusun gurbataccen mai.
Dokar Kariya daga Mummunan Tasirin Abubuwan Sinadarai da Shirye-shirye.
Doka akan yawon bude ido.
Doka akan Gudanar da Sharar gida 2003 (Gazette na Jiha No 86/2003).
Dokar Tsire-tsire ta 2000 (Gazette na Jiha No 29/2000).
Dokar Kariyar yanayi.
Dokar Yankunan Kare 1998 (Gazette na Jiha No 133/1998).
Kare Ruwa da Kasa Daga Dokar Gurbacewa.
Ƙa'ida kan sharuɗɗa da sharuɗɗa don aiwatar da Ƙimar Tasirin Muhalli (SG 25/18.03.2003).
Dokokin aiwatar da Doka na gandun daji.
Dokar Ruwa 1999 (Labarin Jiha Lamba 67/27.1999).
Cyprus Dokar ingancin iska 188(I)/2002.
Dokokin ingancin iska (Glaɓantar iska ta Ozone) Dokokin PI 530/2002.
Dokar ingancin iska (gyara) Dokar 53 (I)/2004.
Dokokin ingancin iska (Rufe-tsafe na shekara-shekara don wasu gurɓataccen yanayi) Dokokin PI 193/2004.
Dokokin ingancin iska (Iyakancin ƙimar Benzene da Carbon Monoxide a cikin Yanayin Ambient) Dokokin PI 516/2002.
Dokokin ingancin iska (Ozone in Ambient Air) Dokokin PI 194/2004.
Sarrafa gurɓacewar yanayi (Samar da Haɗaɗɗen Haɗaɗɗen Haɗaɗɗen Haɗaɗɗen Haɗaɗɗen Rarrabawar Man Fetur da Rarrabawa Daga Tashoshi zuwa Tashoshin Sabis) Dokokin PI 76/2003.
Sarrafa gurɓacewar yanayi (ƙonawar sharar gida mai haɗari) Dokokin PI 638/2002.
Sarrafa gurɓacewar yanayi (ƙonawar mai) Dokokin PI 529/2002.
Sarrafa Gurbacewar yanayi (ƙonawar sharar gida) Dokokin PI 284/2003.
Sarrafa Dokar Gurbacewar yanayi 187(I)/2002.
Sarrafa gurɓataccen yanayi (Iyyadewa da Kula da gurɓataccen yanayi wanda Sharar gida daga masana'antar Titanium Dioxide ya haifar) Dokokin PI 527/2002.
Sarrafa gurɓacewar yanayi (Iyakancin fitar da wasu gurɓataccen iska zuwa cikin iska daga manyan tsire-tsire masu ƙonewa) Dokokin PI 195/2004.
Sarrafa gurɓacewar yanayi (Iyakancin Haɗaɗɗen Ƙwayoyin Halittu na Halitta saboda Amfani da Abubuwan Kayayyakin Halitta a Wasu Ayyuka da Shigarwa) Dokokin PI 73/2003.
Sarrafa gurɓacewar yanayi (Maɗaukakin Ƙirƙirar Lasisi) Dokokin PI 170/2004.
Sarrafa gurɓataccen yanayi (Rigakafi da Rage gurɓatar yanayi ta Asbestos) Dokokin PI 528/2002.
Sarrafa gurɓataccen yanayi (Hana Gurɓacewar iska daga Tsirrai masu ƙonawa na gari) Dokokin PI 75/2003.
Sarrafa gurɓacewar yanayi (Tsarin Sa ido da Kula da Muhalli da Sharar gida daga Masana'antar Titanium Dioxide ke da alaƙa) Dokokin PI 545/2002.
Dokar daji 1967.
Haɗakar Rigakafin Kariya da Kulawa da Gurɓatawa 56(I)/2003.
Dokar 77 (I)/2010 don Ingancin Iskar Iska.
Kariya daga Dokar Radiation Ionizing 115(I)/2002.
Doka ta 327/2010 dangane da Ingancin Iskar Amospheric.
Jamhuriyar Czech Dokar 1991 2 Dokar Haɗin Kai.
Dokar 1992 1 akan Albashi, Ladawa don Tsayawa, da Matsakaicin Samun.
Dokar 1992 114 akan kariyar yanayi da Tsarin ƙasa.
Dokar 1995 289 Dokar daji.
Dokar 2001 100 akan kimanta tasirin muhalli.
Dokar 2001 185 akan Sharar gida.
Dokar 2001 254 Dokar Ruwa.
Dokar 2002 521 akan haɗe-haɗen rigakafi da sarrafawa (gyara).
Dokar 2004 99 akan Kifi.
Dokar 2005 7 na gyara doka No. 185/2001 Coll. akan sharar gida da kuma gyara ga wasu dokoki
Dokar 2004 382 kan kare dabbobin gona a lokacin yanka, kisa ko wasu hanyoyin kisa.
Doka 2005 424 Gyara Dokar No 382/2004 Coll. akan kare dabbobin gona a lokacin yanka, kisa ko wasu hanyoyin kisa.
Dokar 2006 346 akan shimfida ƙarin cikakkun bayanai game da kiyayewa da horar da dabbobi.
Dokar 2008 411 ƙayyadaddun nau'in dabbobin da ke buƙatar kulawa ta musamman.
Dokar 2009 3 kan cancantar ƙwararru don aikin kulawa a fagen kare dabbobi daga zalunci.
Dokar 2009 4 kan kare dabbobi yayin sufuri.
Dokar 2009 5 kan kare dabbobi a wurin taron jama'a da kuma a cikin kiwo.
Doka ta 2003 akan Tsarin Gudanar da Sharar gida na Jamhuriyar Czech.
Denmark Doka akan Samun Bayani akan Muhalli Na 292 na Afrilu 27, 1994.
Dokar kan Muhalli da Injiniyan Halitta na 356 na Yuni 6, 1991.
Dokar Kare Muhallin Ruwa na 476 na Yuni 30, 1993.
Dokar Kare Muhallin Ruwa, Dokar Tsaron jiragen ruwa, da Dokar Kasuwancin Kasuwanci (Dokar Yankunan Tattalin Arziki na Musamman) No. 394 na Mayu 22, 1996.
Doka akan Adadin Sharar gida Lamba 420 na Yuni 13, 1990.
Ƙarfafa Dokar daga Ma'aikatar Muhalli akan Ruwayoyi No. 404 na Mayu 19, 1992.
Ƙarfafa Dokar Kan Abubuwan Sinadari da Kayayyakin Lamba 21 na Janairu 16, 1996.
Doka ta Ƙarfafa kan Haraji akan Sharar da Danyen Kaya Lamba 570 na 3 ga Agusta, 1998.
Ƙaddamar Dokar Kan Samar da Ruwa.
Ƙarfafa Muhalli Da Dokar Injiniyan Halitta mai lamba 981 Na Disamba 2002.
Ƙarfafa Dokar Kare Muhalli mai lamba 698 na Satumba 22, 1998.
Dokar Gurbatacciyar Ƙasa mai lamba 370 na Yuni 2, 1999.
Dokar Dajin Danish 1989 Dokar No 383.
Estoniya Saki da gangan a cikin Muhalli na Tsarin Halittar Halittar Halitta.
Dokar Duniya.
Ƙimar Tasirin Muhalli da Dokar Tsarin Gudanar da Muhalli 2005.
Dokar Kula da Muhalli 1999 (an gyara har zuwa 2005).
Dokar Kula da Muhalli.
Dokar daji 2007.
Dokar farauta (Estonia).
Dokar Kula da Farauta.
Dokar Kare Halitta (Estonia).
Dokar yawon bude ido.
Dokar yawon bude ido 2000.
Dokar Ruwa.
Finland Dokar Bayar da Lalacewar Muhalli 1994.
Dokar kan Hukumomin Izinin Muhalli 2000.
Dokar Bayar da Tallafin Gandun Daji mai Dorewa.
Dokar Aiwatar da Dokokin Kare Muhalli.
Yi aiki da Dazuzzukan Haɗin gwiwa.
Yi aiki akan Metsähallitus.
Dokar kan Ciniki a cikin Abubuwan Haifuwa dazuzzuka.
Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa 2004.
Dokar Ayyukan Ruwa (119/2001).
Dokar Jin Dadin Dabbobi (Finland).
Dokar Kula da Dabbobi.
Hukunce-hukuncen Bayar da Kudaden Dazuka Mai Dorewa.
Dokar Inshorar Lalacewar Muhalli.
Dokar Kare Muhalli (Finland).
Dokar Kare Muhalli.
Dokar daji 1996.
Dokar daji.
Dokar Ƙungiyar Kula da Daji.
Dokar Kungiyar Kula da Daji.
Dokar Gwamnati Akan Tamanin Gurbacewar Kasa da Bukatun Gyara.
Hukuncin Gwamnati akan Abubuwan da ke Haɗari da cutarwa ga Muhalli na Ruwa 2006.
Dokar Gwamnati akan Maganin Ruwan Sharar Birane 2006.
Dokar farauta 1993.
Dokar Kare Halitta (1096/1996).
Dokar Kare Halitta 1997.
Dokar Sharar gida (1072/1993).
Dokar Sharar gida 1993.
Dokar Cajin Mai (894/1986).
Faransa Code de l'environnement.
Code gandun daji.
Loi du 14 avril 2006 relative aux parcs nationaux, aux parcs naturels marins et aux parcs naturels régionaux.
Loi du 30 décembre 1996 sur l'air et l'utilisation rationnelle de l'énergie.
Jamus Doka akan Kiyayewa da Kula da Muhalli (Gesetz über Naturschutz und Landschaftspflege Bundesnaturschutzgesetz BNatSchG).
Doka kan Kariya ga Cututtukan Muhalli saboda Gurbacewar iska, hayaniya da sauransu. (Gesetz zum Schutz vor schädlichen Umwelteinwirkungen durch Luftverunreinigungen, Geräusche, Erschütterungen und ähnliche Vorgänge Bundes-Immissionsschutzgesetz BImSchG).
Doka akan Ingancin Ruwan Sha (Trinkwasserverordnung TrinkwV).
Doka akan Kariyar Ƙasa (Bundesbodenschutzgesetz BBSchG).
Doka akan Gudanar da Sharar gida (Kreislaufwirtschaftsgesetz KrwG).
Doka akan Amfani da Ruwa (Wasserhaushaltsgesetz WHG).
Girka Dokar 2939 Sharar gida.
Iceland Yi aiki akan Matakan Kariya Daga Kankara da zabtarewar ƙasa, 1997.
Dokar Kariyar Radiation, 2002.
Fitar da Iskar Gas na Greenhouse Dokar No. 65, 2007
Dokar Tantance Tasirin Muhalli (Iceland) Lamba 106, 25 ga Mayu 2000.
Dokar Kula da Kamun kifi mai lamba 38, 15 ga Mayu, 1990.
Dokar Kare yanayi.
Ireland Dokar Gurbacewar iska 1987.
Dokar Kimiyya ta 2008.
Juji a Teku (gyara) Dokar 2004.
Dokar Kifi (gyara) 2003.
Foreshore da Juji a Teku (gyara) Dokar 2009.
Dokar gandun daji 1988.
Gandun daji (gyara) Dokar 2009.
Dokar Foyle da Carlingford Fisheries 2007.
Dokar Sharar Ruwa ta 1997.
No. 27/2003: Kare Dokar Muhalli 2003.
Gurbacewar Man Fetur na Teku (Alhaki na Jama'a da Diyya) (gyara) Dokar 2003.
Kariyar Dokar Muhalli 2003.
Gurbatar Teku (gyara) Dokar 1999.
Gurbatar Teku (Abubuwan Haɗari) (Diyya) Dokar 2005.
Gurbacewar Teku (Sharuɗɗa Daban-daban) Dokar 2006.
Gudanar da Sharar gida (gyara) Dokar 2001.
Dokar Ayyukan Ruwa 2007.
Dokar namun daji 1976.
Namun daji (gyara) Dokar 2000.
Ayyukan Yanayi da Ƙananan Ci gaban Carbon 2015.
Italiya Decreto Presidente 1997 357 Regolamento recante attuazione della direttiva 92/43/CEE relativa alla conservazione degli mazauninsu.
Dokar 1993-157 tana ba da kariya ga namun daji da hani kan farauta.
Legge 2002 179 Disposizioni in materia ambientale.
Decreto Lgislativo Governo 3 Afrilu 2006, n. 152, Norme a cikin materia ambientale.
Latvia Dokar Kariyar Dabbobi.
Abubuwan Sinadarai da Dokar Kayayyakin Sinadarai.
Dokar Kariyar Muhalli (Latvia).
Dokar Kifi.
Dokar gandun daji.
Dokar farauta (2003).
Doka akan Abubuwan Sinadarai da Kayayyakin Sinadarai.
Doka akan Kiyaye Nau'ukan Dabbobi da Biotopes.
Doka akan Gudanar da Motoci na Ƙarshen Rayuwa.
Doka akan Ƙimar Tasirin Muhalli (Latvia) (an gyara har zuwa 2005).
Doka akan Kariyar Muhalli (Latvia).
Doka akan Gurbacewa.
Doka akan Yankunan da aka Kare Musamman (1993).
Doka akan Zurfafan Ƙasar Ƙasa.
Dokar tattarawa (9 Janairu 2002).
Dokar Yankin Kariya (5 Fabrairu 1997).
Ƙidaya No. 118 karɓa a ranar 12 Maris 2002; "Sharuɗɗa game da Ingancin Ruwan Sama da Ruwan Ƙasa"
Dokar No. 280 24 Afrilu 2007; "Janar hanyoyin don fitowar lasisi don amfani da zurfin menu da kuma izini na hakar ma'adinai masu yaduwa, da kuma amfani da bayanan kasa"
Doka No. 34 "Sharuɗɗa game da Fitar da Abubuwan Gurɓatawa a cikin Ruwa" (22 Janairu 2002).
Ka'ida ta 475 "Tsarin da suka shafi Tsabtace da Zurfafa Nauyin Ruwan Ruwa da Tashoshin Tashar ruwa" 13 ga Yuni 2006
Dokar No. 595 An karɓa 18 Yuli 2006 "Sharuɗɗa game da Kariya na Muhalli a lokacin Ayyukan Bincike da Cire Hydrocarbons a cikin Teku"
Ka'ida ta 736 "Sharuɗɗa game da izinin yin amfani da albarkatun ruwa"; 23 Disamba 2003.
Dokar No. 779 an karɓa 19 Satumba 2006; "Tsarin hakar albarkatun ma'adinai"
Doka No. 857 "Dokoki game da Hanyoyin Tabbatar da Albarkatun Ruwan Ƙarƙashin Ƙasa da Ma'auni na Inganci" 19 Oktoba 2004.
Dokoki no 184 Abubuwan buƙatu don Ayyuka tare da samfuran Biocidal.
Dokoki mai lamba 340 akan Hanyoyi don Shigo, Sanarwa da Ƙimar Hatsari na Sabbin Abubuwan Sinadarai (6 Agusta 2002).
Dokoki kan sarrafa sharar kayan lantarki da lantarki (9 Nuwamba 2004).
Dokoki Game da Iyakance Fitowar Haɗaɗɗen Ƙirar Halitta daga Wasu Kayayyaki.
Dokoki Game da Kare Ruwa da Ƙasa daga gurɓatawa tare da Nitrates da Tushen Noma ke haifarwa.
Dokoki Game da Ƙuntatawa da Hani kan Amfani da Tallace-tallacen Abubuwan Sinadarai masu Haɗari da Haɗarin Sinadarai.
Dokoki Game da Ƙuntatawar Amfani da Sinadarai a cikin Kayan Wutar Lantarki da Lantarki.
Dokar yawon bude ido.
Dokar Kula da Sharar gida.
Lithuania Dokar Kariyar Muhalli (Lithuania).
Dokar gandun daji (Lithuania).
Doka akan Sashen Kare Muhalli.
Dokar Samar da Ruwan Sha da Sharar Ruwa.
Doka akan Kariyar Muhalli (Lithuania).
Doka akan Kayayyakin Kudi don Gudanar da Canjin Yanayi.
Doka akan Kamun Kifi.
Doka akan Gudanar da Marufi da Sharar Marufi.
Doka akan Gudanar da Sharar Radiyo.
Doka akan Ruwa.
Dokar karkashin kasa.
Luxembourg Code de l'Environnement.
Loi du 10 août 1993 dangi aux parcs naturels.
Loi du 10 ga watan 1999 dangi aux établissements classés.
Loi du 11 Mars 2008 ayant pour objet d'autoriser le Gouvernement à subventionner l'execution d'unhuitième palanquin qu nal del infrastructure touristique.
Loi du 14 avril 1992 portant réglementation de la mise sur le marché de abubuwa qui appauvrissent la.
Loi du 19 decembre 2008 dangi à l'eau.
Loi du 19 janvier 2004 damuwa la protection de la nature et des ressources naturelles.
Loi du 19 Nuwamba 2003 modifiant la loi du 10 juin 1999 dangi aux etablissements classés.
Loi du 25 avril 1970 modifiant et complétant la loi du 17 juillet 1960 portant institution d'un statut de l'hôtellerie.
Loi du 25 juin 2004, la loi dangi à la coordination de la politique nationale de développement durable a été adoptée.
Loi du 28 mai 2004 portant création d'une Administration de la gestion de l'eau.
Loi du 6 juillet 1999 portant création d'un réseau National de pistes cyclables.
Loi modifiée du 21 ga Yuni 1976 dangi à la lutte contre le bruit.
Règlement grand-ducal du 7 Maris 2003 damuwa l'évaluation des incidences de certains projets publics et privés sur l'environnement.
Règlement grand-ducal du 9 janvier 2009 damuwa la protection intégrale et partielle de certaines espèces animales de la faune sauvage.
Malta Dokar Tsabtace Jirgin Sama (Malta).
Filfla Nature Reserve Dokar.
Haɗin Kan Kariya & Ka'idojin Kulawa.
LN 13/2006 Sarrafa da Tsaro na Babban Ayyukan Rediyo da Marayu.
LN 44/03 Tsaron Nukiliya da Dokokin Kariyar Radiation, 2003.
Dokar Litter.
Wajibi na Duniya na Malta Game da Al'amuran Muhalli.
Gudanar da Dokokin ingancin Ruwan wanka, 2008.
Rigakafi da Gyara Dokokin Lalacewar Muhalli, 2008.
Ingancin Ruwan da Aka Nufi Don Dokokin Amfani da Dan Adam, 2009.
Dokokin kimanta Dabarun Muhalli, 2005.
Gudanar da Sharar gida (Gudanar da Sharar gida daga Masana'antu Masu Haɓaka da Cika Baya) Dokokin, 2009.
Dokokin Gudanar da Sharar gida (Sharar gida).
Kudin hannun jari Water Services Corporation Act
Dokokin Samar da Ruwa (gyara), 2008.
Netherlands wet.
Dokar Cadmium 1999 dokoki don samarwa da siyar da samfuran da ke ɗauke da cadmium.
Dokar Kare Muhalli.
Dokar Kula da Muhalli 2004.
Gwaje-gwaje akan Dokar Dabbobi 1997.
Flora da faunawet.
Dokar Ruwan Ruwa.
Invoeringswet Waterwet.
Dokar Kula da Ruwa.
Natuurbeschermingswet 1998.
Ƙaddamarwa.
Dokar Kare Kasa.
Waterleidingbesluit.
Waterleidingwet.
Ruwa 2008.
Rijkswaterstaatswerken rigar beheer.
Rigar Bodembescherming.
Jika Geluidhinder.
Rigar milieubeheer.
Rigar verontreiniging van oppervlaktewateren.
Norway Dokar 13 Maris 1981 no 6 da ta shafi kariya daga gurɓatawa da kuma abin da ya shafi sharar gida. An sabunta ta ƙarshe ta Dokar 10 Disamba 1999 no 83.
Dokar Kare Radiation da Amfani da Radiation 2000.
Dokar da ta shafi Biobanks 2003.
Dokar Jin Dadin Dabbobi 1974.
Dokar Al'adu ta 1978.
Dokar Bayanin Muhalli 2003.
Dokar Finnmark (2005).
Dokar gandun daji 2005.
Dokar Fasaha ta Gene 1993.
Dokar Ciniki Gas Gas 2004.
Dokar Kare Halitta 1970.
Dokar Kula da Gurbacewar Ruwa (Norway).
Dokar Kula da Guba ta 13 Maris 1981 No.6.
Dokokin da suka shafi Kula da gurɓataccen iska (ka'idojin gurɓatawa).
Dokokin da suka danganci Ƙuntatawa kan Amfani da Sinadarai da Sauran Kayayyaki masu haɗari ga Lafiya da Muhalli (ka'idojin samfur).
Dokar Kariyar Muhalli ta Svalbard 2001.
Dokokin Sharar gida (Norway).
Dokar Albarkatun Ruwa ta 2000.
Dokar Tsarin Ruwa ta 1917.
Dokar namun daji 1981.
Portugal Decreto-Lei 151B de 31 de outubro de 2013 aprova o regime jurídico da Avaliação de Impacte Ambiental (IAA)dos projetos públicos e privados suscetíveis de produzirem efeitos significativos no ambient.
Decreto-Lei 1998 236 Lei da qualidade da agua
Decreto-Lei 2007 306 Lei estabelece o regime da qualidade da água destinada ao consumo humano.
Lei 1959 2097 Lei de Bases do Fomento Piscícola nas Águas Interiores.
Lei 1987 11 Lei de Bases do Ambient.
Lei 2005 58 Lei de Agua.
Romania Doka 1995-137 Dokar Kare Muhalli.
Doka 1996-107 Dokar Ruwa.
Dokar 1996-26 Code Forest.
Doka ta 2000-182 Game da Kare Gadon Ƙasa masu Motsawa.
Doka 2001-422 Kariya na Abubuwan Tunawa da Tarihi
Doka 2006-407 Doka akan Farauta.
Doka 2008-46 Code Forestry.
Rasha Lambar gandun daji na Tarayyar Rasha.
Lambar Ruwa na Tarayyar Rasha.
Slovakia Dokar 287 1994 akan Kiyaye yanayi da yanayin ƙasa.
Dokar No. 163/2001 Coll. akan Abubuwan Sinadarai da Shirye-shiryen Sinadarai.
Dokar No. 238/1991 akan Tarin Sharar gida.
Dokar 1993 akan ƙayyadaddun yankunan da ke buƙatar kariya ta musamman na yanayi da kuma aikin gargadi da tsarin sarrafawa.
Slovenia Yi aiki akan kariya daga ionizing radiation da amincin nukiliya.
Dokar Kayayyakin Biocidal.
Dokar Kimiyya
Dokar Kayayyakin Kaya.
Dokar Gyara Dokar Kan Hanya, Batu da Sharuɗɗa don Samar da Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a na Gudanar da Sharar Abattoir da Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Dabbobi.
Hukunce-hukuncen gyare-gyare da ƙari ga dokar kan hayaniya a muhallin halitta da rayuwa.
Hukunce-hukunce kan gyare-gyare da kari ga dokar kan cajin lodin yanayi tare da fitar da iskar Carbon Dioxide.
Shawara kan canje-canje da ƙari ga dokar haraji don gurbatar iska tare da fitar da carbon dioxide.
Hukunce-hukunce kan Fitar da abubuwa zuwa cikin yanayi daga Tsirrai masu ƙona shara masu haɗari.
Doka a kan watsi da abubuwa a cikin yanayi daga lacquering shuke-shuke.
Hukunce-hukunce kan fitar da abubuwa zuwa cikin sararin samaniya daga tsirrai na ƙona sharar gida.
Ƙaddamar da ƙaddamar da abubuwa a cikin yanayi daga tsire-tsire don samarwa da sarrafa kayan itace.
Ƙaddara game da fitar da abubuwa a cikin yanayi daga tsire-tsire don samar da gubar da kayan haɗin gwiwa daga kayan albarkatun kasa na biyu.
Hukunce-hukuncen Fitar da Haɗaɗɗen Haɗaɗɗiyar Halitta zuwa Iska daga Ma'ajiyar Man Fetur da Rarraba shi daga Tashoshi zuwa Tashoshin Sabis.
Ƙaddara kan fitarwa, shigo da kaya da jigilar sharar gida.
Dokar Shigar da Abubuwa masu Hatsari da Tsirrai a cikin Ƙasa.
Ƙaddara akan Iyaka, Gargaɗi da Mahimman Mahimman Ma'auni na Abubuwan Haɗari a cikin Ƙasa.
Ƙaddara kan hanya, batu da yanayi don gudanar da sabis na jama'a na kasuwanci na sarrafa sharar rediyo.
Doka kan Hayaniya a Muhalli na Halitta da Rayuwa.
Hukunce-hukunce kan Hayaniyar Hayaniyar Ta Hanyar Hanya da Titin Railway.
Ƙaddara kan ingancin albarkatun mai game da sulfur, gubar da abun ciki na benzene.
Hukunci akan yawan sharar da ake samu daga samar da titanium dioxide da aka fitar a cikin ruwa da kuma fitar da abubuwa cikin iska daga samar da titanium dioxide.
Ƙaddara kan haraji don gurɓatar yanayi tare da fitar da carbon dioxide.
Dokar Kare Muhalli (Slovenia).
Dokar daji.
Kayan haifuwa na gandun daji suna aiki.
Gudanar da Dokar Halittun Halittu.
Dokar Kare Halitta (Slovenia).
Dokoki akan Canje-canje da Ƙarfafawa ga Dokokin Gudanar da Sharar gida waɗanda ke Kunshe da Abubuwan Guba.
Dokoki akan Ma'aunin Farko na Hayaniya da Kula da Ayyuka don Maɓuɓɓugar Hayaniyar da Sharuɗɗan aiwatar da su.
Dokoki akan Ma'auni na Farko da Kula da Ayyuka don Tushen Radiation na Electromagnetic da kuma Sharuɗɗan aiwatar da su.
Dokokin Gyara da Kari ga Dokokin Ma'aunai na Farko da Kula da Ayyuka na Fitar da Abun da ke cikin sararin samaniya daga Tushen Tushen gurɓacewar yanayi, da kuma sharuɗɗan aiwatar da su.
Dokoki akan gyare-gyare da kari ga ƙa'idodin sarrafa sharar gida.
Dokoki akan Izini don Kayayyakin Biocidal Dangane da Ganewar Juna a cikin Tarayyar Turai.
Dokoki akan Zubar da Biphenyls Polychlorinated da Polychlorinated Terphenys.
Dokoki akan fom don sanarwa na masu samar da kayan kwalliya da tsari ko sanar da sabbin samfuran kayan kwalliya kafin fara sanya su a kasuwa.
Dokoki akan Gudanar da Marufi da Sharar Marufi.
Dokoki akan lakabin kayan kwalliya.
Dokokin kan tipping sharar gida.
Dokokin kula da sharar gida daga samar da titanium dioxide.
Dokokin Kula da Mai.
Dokokin kula da gurbatar muhalli daga samar da titanium dioxide.
Dokokin Sa ido kan Seismicity a Yankuna masu Manyan Dams.
Dokoki akan ingancin makamashin ruwa.
Dokoki akan rahoton bayanai akan sinadarai.
Dokoki akan Kona Sharar gida.
Dokokin Gudanar da Sharar gida.
Dokar Ruwa.
Spain Ley 1989 4 de Conservación de los Espacios Naturales y de la flora y fauna silvestres (akan adana wurare na halitta da namun daji).
Ley 1995 38 sobre el Derecho de Acceso a la Información en materia de Medio Ambiente (kan samun damar jama'a ga bayanan muhalli).
Ley 1995 5 de Protección de los Animales (kan kare dabbobi).
Ley 2000 5 de saneamiento y depuración de aguas residuales de La Rioja (kan kula da ruwa ga yankin mai cin gashin kansa na La Rioja, dokar lardin).
Ley 2003 37 del Ruido (a amo).
Ley 2005 1 por la que se regula el régimen del comercio de derechos de emisión de gases de efecto invernadero.
Ley 2006 27 por la que se regulan los derechos de acceso a la información, de participación pública y de acceso a la justicia en materia de medio ambiente (kan samun damar jama'a don samun bayanai, sa hannun jama'a da adalci da suka shafi al'amuran muhalli). Ley 2007 26 de Responsabilidad Medioambiental (kan alhakin muhalli).
Ley 2007 32 para el cuidado de los Animales, en su explotación, transporte, experimentación y sacrificio (kan jindadin dabbobi dangane da kiwo, sufuri, gwaji da kuma yanka).
Ley 2007 34 de calidad del airre y protección de la atmósfera (kan ingancin iska da kariyar yanayi).
Ley 2010 3 por la que se aprueban medidas urgentes para paliar los daños producidos por los incendios forestales y otras catástrofes naturales ocurridos en varias Comunidades Autónomas (ya amince da ayyukan gaggawa don magance tashe-tashen hankula a cikin yankuna daban-daban).
Ley 2013 21 de Evaluación Ambiental (kan Ƙimar Tasirin Muhalli). Ley Organica 2007 16 complementaria de la Ley para el desarrollo sostenible del medio rural.
Real Decreto Legislativo 2008 2 por el que se aprueba el texto refundido de la ley de suelo (consolidated text of the Soil Law).
Sweden Dokar Jin Dadin Dabbobi (Sweden).
Dokar Jin Dadin Dabbobi.
Dokar Yankunan Kamun Kifi (SFS 1981:533).
Dokar daji 2004.
Dokar Kare Gado (Sweden) (1988:950).
Dokokin Kiyaye Gado (1988:1188).
Dokoki game da Ayyukan Muhalli masu haɗari da Kariya na Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a (1998:899).
Doka akan Ka'idodin Ingancin Muhalli akan Jirgin Sama (2001:527).
Dokoki akan Gudanar da Filaye da Ruwa (1998:896).
Dokar Kare Shuka (2006:1010).
Dokar Yankunan Ruwa na Jama'a (Iyakoki) (SFS 1950: 595).
Dokar Kariyar Radiation (1988:220).
Lambar Muhalli ta Sweden (1998:808).
Switzerland Bundesgesetz vom 1. Yuli 1966 über den Natur-und Heimatschutz (NHG).
Bundesgesetz vom 20. Juni 1986 über die Jagd und den Schutz wildlebender Säugetiere und Vögel (Jagdgesetz, JSG).
Bundesgesetz vom 22. Dezember 1916 über die Nutzbarmachung der Wasserkräfte (Wasserrechtsgesetz, WRG).
Bundesgesetz vom 22. Juni 1877 über mutu Wasserbaupolizei.
Bundesgesetz vom 24. Janairu 1991 über den Schutz der Gewässer (Gewässerschutzgesetz, GSchG).
Bundesgesetz vom 4. Oktoba 1991 über den Wald (Waldgesetz, WaG).
Bundesgesetz über den Natur-und Heimatschutz.
Dokar Sinadarai (ChemO).
Chemikaliengebührenverordnung (ChemGebV).
Chemikalienverordnung (ChemV).
CO2-Gesetz
Dokar Kare Muhalli (Switzerland) (EPA).
Dokar Tarayya ta 7 Oktoba 1983 akan Kariya na Muhalli (Dokar Kare Muhalli, EPA).
Dokar Tarayya kan Kare Ruwa (GSchG).
Dokar Tarayya kan Hayaniyar Railways.
Dokar Tarayya akan rage CO2 hayaki.
Dokar Tarayya da ta shafi Fasahar Gene ba ta ɗan adam ba.
Dokar Tarayya da ta shafi Kare Muhalli.
Gentechnikgesetz (GTG).
Gewässerschutzgesetz (GSchG).
Gewässerschutzverordnung (GSchV).
Dokar Injiniyan Ruwa.
Jagdgesetz (JSG).
Jagdverordnung (JSV).
Luftreinhalte-Verardnung (LRV).
Lärmschutz-Verordnung (LSV).
Nationalparkgesetz.
Natur-und Heimatschutzgesetz (NHG).
Dokar Kashe Hayaniya.
Dokar 7 ga Nuwamba 2007 akan wuraren shakatawa na Muhimmancin Ƙasa (Dokar Parks, ParkO).
Dokar Kan Gurbacewar Iska.
Doka akan Kwantenan Abin Sha (VGV).
Doka akan Ƙimar Tasirin Muhalli.
Doka akan Injiniyan Ruwa (WBV).
Doka akan Samfuran Kariyar Shuka (PSMV).
Dokar Kan Railways Noise Abatement.
Dokar da ta shafi Tasiri kan Ƙasa (VBBo).
Dokokin da suka shafi Kariya daga Radiation mara amfani (NISV).
Ordonnance du 7 decembre 1998 damuwa la sécurité des ouvrages d'accumulation (Ordonnance sur les ouvrages d'accumulation, OSOA).
Ordonnance sur la chasse (OChP).
Ordonnance sur la protection contre le bruit (OPB).
Ordonnance sur la protection contre le rayonnement non ionisant (ORNI).
Ordonnance sur la protection de la nature et du paysage (OPN).
Ordonnance sur la protection de l'air (OPair).
Ordonnance sur la Protection des eaux (OEaux).
Ordonnance sur la taxe sur le CO2 (Ordonnance sur le CO2).
Ordonnance sur l'aménagement des cours d'eau (OACE).
Ordonnance sur les atteintes portées aux sols (OSol).
Ordonnance sur les emballages pour boissons (OEB).
Ordonnance sur les forêts (OFo).
Ordonnance sur les produits chimiques (OChim).
Pflanzenschutzmittelverordnung (PSMV).
Dokar Fasaha akan Waste (TVA).
Umweltschutzgesetz (USG).
Verordnung vom 12. Fabrairu 1918 über die Berechnung des Wasserzinses (Wasserzinsverordnung, WZV).
Verordnung vom 2. Fabrairu 2000 über die Nutzbarmachung der Wasserkräfte (Wasserrechtsverordnung, WRV).
Verordnung vom 25. Oktoba 1995 über die Abgeltung von Einbussen bei der Wasserkraftnutzung (WATO).
Verordnung über Belastungen des Bodens (VBBo).
Verordnung über Getränkeverpackungen (VGV).
Verordnung über den Natur-und Heimatschutz (NHV).
Verordnung über den Schutz vor nichtionisierender Strahlung (NISV).
Verordnung über mutu CO2-Abgabe (CO2-Verordnung).
Waldgesetz (WaG).
Waldverordnung (WaV).
Wasserbaugesetz (WBG).
Wasserbauverordnung (WBV).
Dokar Kariyar Ruwa (GSchV).
Turkiyya Dokar 1946-4922 akan Kare Rayuwa da Dukiya a Teku
Dokar 1956-6831 Dokar daji.
Doka 1964-12 akan Gurbacewar Ruwa ta Man Fetur.
Dokar 1982-2634 don Ƙarfafa Yawo.
Doka 1983-2872 Dokar Muhalli.
Ƙasar Ingila Dokar Alkali ta 1863.
Dokar Tsabtace Jirgin Sama 1956.
Dokar Tsabtace Jirgin Sama 1968.
Dokar Tsabtace Jirgin Sama 1993.
Dokar Tsabtace Makwabta da Muhalli 2005.
Dokar Canjin Yanayi 2008.
Canjin yanayi da Dokar Dorewar Makamashi 2006.
Dokar Makamashi 2010.
Dokar muhalli 1995.
Dokar Kare Muhalli 1990.
Dokar Kula da Ruwa da Ruwa ta 2010.
Dokar gandun daji 1991.
Game da Dokar 1880.
Dokar farauta 2004.
Dokar jigilar kayayyaki (Tsarin gurɓatawa) 2006.
Dokar Muhalli da Ƙauye ta 2006.
Dokar Tsare-tsare 2008.
Dokar Kariya da Kula da Gurɓatawa 1999.
Dokar Rage Sharar 1998.
Dokar Ruwa 2003.
Dokar 1959.
Ireland ta Arewa Dokar Kiyaye Wasan (gyara) 2002.
Ayyukan Ruwa da Ruwa (gyara) Dokar 2002
Scotland Canjin Yanayi (Scotland) Dokar 2009.
Dokar Marine (Scotland) 2010
Amurka ta Arewa
Kanada Dokar Rigakafin Gurbacewar Ruwan Arctic.
Dokar Kamun Kifi na Kanada.
Dokar gandun daji na Kanada.
Kanada Shipping Dokar.
Dokar Ruwa ta Kanada.
Dokar namun daji na Kanada.
Dokar Kimar Muhalli ta Kanada, 1992.
Dokar Kare Muhalli ta Kanada, 1999 babban yanki na dokokin muhalli na Kanada, mai mai da hankali kan "mutunta rigakafin gurɓata muhalli da kare muhalli da lafiyar ɗan adam don ba da gudummawa ga ci gaba mai dorewa." Sashen Dokar Muhalli.
Dokar Kayayyakin Haɗari (Kanada).
Dokar Yarjejeniyar Tsuntsaye Migratory Birds.
Dokar Parks ta Kasa (Kanada).
Dokar Kare Gadon Halitta (Kanada).
Dokar Kariyar Ruwa Navigable
Dokar Kayayyakin Kwari (Kanada).
Dokar Rocky Mountains Park.
Nau'in da ke cikin Risk Act.
Dokar safarar kayayyaki masu haɗari (Kanada), 1992.
Alberta Canjin Yanayi da Dokar Gyaran Gudanar da Fitarwa.
Dokar Kariya da Haɓaka Muhalli (Alberta).
Dokar Kamun Kifi (Alberta).
Dokar daji (Alberta)
Dokar Ruwa (Alberta).
Dokar namun daji (Alberta).
British Columbia Dokar Kula da Muhalli (British Columbia).
Dokar daji (British Columbia).
Dokar Ruwa (British Columbia)
Dokar Kariyar Ruwa (British Columbia).
Dokar namun daji (British Columbia).
Manitoba Tsare-tsaren Filayen Gargajiya na Gabas da Dokar Kare Musamman (Manitoba).
Dokar Kare Muhalli (Manitoba).
Dokar Muhalli (Manitoba).
Dokar daji (Manitoba).
Dokar Lardi na Lardi (Manitoba).
Dokar Kariyar Ruwa (Manitoba).
Dokar Haƙƙin Ruwa (Manitoba).
Dokar namun daji (Manitoba)
New Brunswick Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa (New Brunswick).
Dokar Kare Gado (New Brunswick).
Newfoundland Dokar Muhalli (Newfoundland).
Dokar Kimanin Muhalli (Newfoundland).
Dokar Kare Muhalli (Newfoundland)
Dokar gandun daji (Newfoundland)
Dokar Albarkatun Ruwa (Newfoundland).
Yankunan Arewa maso Yamma Dokar Kare Muhalli (Yankunan Arewa maso Yamma).
Dokar Kula da Daji (Yankunan Arewa maso Yamma).
Dokar Kare daji (Yankunan Arewa maso Yamma).
Dokar Yarjejeniyar Albarkatun Ruwa (Yankunan Arewa maso Yamma).
Yankunan Arewa Dokar Ruwa (Yankunan Arewa).
Dokar namun daji (Yankunan Arewa).
Nova Scotia Dokar Muhalli (Nova Scotia).
Manufofin Muhalli da Dokar Cigaba Mai Dorewa (Nova Scotia).
Dokar gandun daji (Nova Scotia).
Dokar Kare Albarkatun Ruwa (Nova Scotia).
Dokar namun daji (Nova Scotia).
Dokar Kariya ta Musamman (Nova Scotia).
Dokar Kare Yankunan daji (Nova Scotia)
Dokar Kasa ta Crown (Nova Scotia)
Dokar Raya Parks (Nova Scotia)
Dokar Ruwa (Nova Scotia)
Dokar bakin teku (Nova Scotia).
Dokar rairayin bakin teku da bakin teku (Nova Scotia).
Ontario Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa ta 2005 (Ontario).
Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa (Ontario).
Dokar Kimanin Muhalli (Ontario)
Dokar Haƙƙin MMuhalli.
Dokar Kare Muhalli (Ontario).
Dokar gandun daji (Ontario)
Dokar Makamashi Green (Ontario)
Dokar Gudanar da Abinci (Ontario)
Dokar Albarkatun Ruwa ta Ontario.
Dokar Magungunan Kwari (Ontario).
Amintaccen Dokar Ruwan Sha.
Dokar Rage Guba (Ontario)
Dokar Kula da Sharar gida ta 1992 (Ontario)..
Prince Edward Island Dokar Harajin Muhalli (Prince Edward Island).
Dokar Kare Muhalli (Prince Edward Island).
Dokar Kula da gandun daji (Prince Edward Island).
Dokar Ruwa da Ruwa (Prince Edward Island).
Dokar Kare namun daji (Prince Edward Island Quebec Dokar Ingantacciyar Muhalli (Quebec).
Dokar daji (Quebec)
Saskatchewan Dokar Kima Muhalli (Saskatchewan).
Dokar Kamun Kifi (Saskatchewan)
Dokar namun daji (Saskatchewan).
Yukon Dokar Muhalli (Yukon).
Dokar Kimanin Muhalli (Yukon).
Dokar Ruwa (Yukon).
Dokar namun daji (Yukon).
Mexico Ley Ambiental del Distrito Tarayya Dokar Muhalli na Tarayyar Tarayya.
Ley de Agua del Estado de Sonora Dokar Ruwa na Jihar Sonora.
Ley de Aguas del Distrito Tarayya Dokar Ruwa na Gundumar Tarayya.
Ley de Aguas Nacionales Dokar Ruwa ta Kasa.
Ley de Bioseguridad de Organismos Genéticamente Modificados Doka akan Tsarin Halitta na Halittar Halittar Halittu.
Ley de Pesca Dokar Kifi.
Ley Federal de Turismo Dokar yawon shakatawa ta Tarayya.
Ley Federal del Mar Dokar Tarayya na Teku.
Ley Forestal Dokar gandun daji.
Ley General de Bienes Nacionales Janar Dokar Kadarorin Kasa.
Ley General de Vida Silvestre Dokar namun daji ta gabaɗaya.
Ley General del Equilibrio Ecológico y la Protección al Ambient Gabaɗaya Dokar Daidaita Muhalli da Kariya na yanayi.
Amurka
Kudancin Amurka
Bolivia Dokar Hakkokin Uwar Duniya
Brazil Lei Nº 6.938/81 Lei da Política Nacional do Meio Ambiente, de 31 de agosto de 1981, que trata da Política Nacional do Meio Ambiente, seus fins da mecanismos de formulação e aplicação.
Lei Nº 7.347/85 Lei da Ação Civil Pública, de 24 de julho de 1985. Lei Nº 9.605/98 Lei de Crimes Ambientais, de 12 de fevereiro de 1998, que trata das sanções penais e administrativas derivadas de condutas e atividades lesivas ao meio ambiente.
http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/L5197.htm Lei n. 5197/67. Bayar da kariya ga fauna da abubuwan da suka dace.
Chile Ley Nº 19.300 Ley sobre bases generales del medio ambiente (Ley Nº 19300, 09 de Marzo de 1994).
Oceania
Ostiraliya Dokar Kula da Halittu 1984.
Tsabtace Dokar Makamashi 2011 (an soke a cikin 2014).
Dokar Kula da Sharar Radiyo ta Commonwealth 2005.
Dokar Kare Muhalli 1994.
Dokar Kare Muhalli da Dokokin Kare 1999 dokar muhalli ta tsakiya a Ostiraliya.
Dokar Kare Muhalli (Tsarin Ruwa) 1981.
Babban Barrier Reef Marine Park Dokar 1975
Doka ta 1989.
Dokar Majalisar Kare Muhalli ta Kasa 1994.
Dokar Bayar da Rahoto da Makamashi ta Ƙasa ta 2007.
Dokar Kariyar Ozone 1989.
Dokar Gudanar da Samfur 2011.
Dokar Ruwa 2007.
Kariyar Namun daji (Ka'idojin Fitarwa da Shigo da Shigo) Dokar 1982.
Dokar Kare Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Tarihi ta Duniya 1983.
New South Wales Dokar Tsare-tsare da Muhalli 1979
Dokar gandun daji 1916 No 55 (New South Wales).
Yankin Arewa Darwin Waterfront Corporation Dokar 2006.
Queensland Dokar gandun daji 1959 (Queensland).
Dokar Kare Halitta 1992.
Dokar Hana Makaman Nukiliya 2007 (Queensland).
Dokar Ruwa ta 2000 (Queensland)
Kudancin Ostiraliya Dokar Kare Muhalli 1993.
Dokar gandun daji 1950 (South Australia)
Dokar Albarkatun Ruwa 1997 (Kudancin Ostiraliya).
Dokar Kariyar daji 1992 (Kudancin Ostiraliya).
Tasmania Dokokin Kula da Muhalli da Gurɓatawa 1994 (Tasmania).
Dokar gandun daji 1920 (Tasmania).
Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa ta Rayuwa ta 1995 (Tasmania).
Dokar Kariya na Barazana ta 1995.
Dokar Gudanar da Ruwa 1999 (Tasmania).
Dokokin namun daji 1999 (Tasmania).
Victoria Dokar Kare Muhalli (gyara) 2006 (Victoria).
Dokar Garanti na Flora da Fauna 1988.
Dokar Ruwa (Gwamnatin) 2006 (Victoria).
Ruwa (Gudanar da Albarkatu) Dokar 2005 (Victoria).
Yammacin Ostiraliya Dokar Kare Muhalli 1986 (Dokar EP).
Dokokin Kariyar Muhalli (Tsarin Sharar gida) 2004.
Dokokin Kariyar Muhalli (Amo) 1997.
Dokokin Kariyar Muhalli (Cutar da Ba a Ba da izini ba) Dokokin 2004.
Dokar Lafiya 1911.
Hakkoki a Dokar Ruwa da Ban ruwa.
Dokar Kare Diversity.
Dokar Shafuka masu gurbata.
New Zealand Dokar Tsabtace Jirgin Sama 1972.
Dokokin Canjin Yanayi (Sashin Gandun daji) Dokokin 2008 (SR 2008/355).
Dokar Amsa Canjin Yanayi 2002.
Dokar Kare 1987.
Dokar muhalli 1986.
Dokokin Gobarar daji da Karkara 2005 (SR 2005/153) (tun daga 6 ga Nuwamba 2008).
Dokar gandun daji 1949.
Abubuwa masu haɗari da Sabbin Kwayoyin Halitta 1996.
Dokar Canjin Litter 2006.
Dokar Tsaro ta Marine 1971.
Dokar Parks ta Kasa 1980.
Yanki Kyautar Nukiliya ta New Zealand, Rage Makamai, da Dokar Kula da Makamai 1987.
Dokar Kariya ta Ozone Layer 1996.
Dokar Tsaro ta 1977.
Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatu ta 1991 Dokokin muhalli na farko, wanda ke bayyana dabarun gwamnati na sarrafa "muhalli, gami da iska, ƙasan ruwa, bambancin halittu, yanayin bakin teku, hayaniya, rabe-rabe, da tsare-tsaren amfani da ƙasa gabaɗaya."
Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatu ta 2005.
Dokar Tsare Sirri ta 1903.
Dokar Kula da Kasa da Koguna 1941.
Dokar Rage Sharar 2008 Babu Dokar Jama'a 89.
Dokar namun daji 1953.
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30233 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20%C9%97an%20adam%20a%20Uganda | Haƙƙin ɗan adam a Uganda | Haƙƙin ɗan adam a Uganda yana da alaƙa da wahalhalu wajen cimma ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ƙasa da ƙasa ga kowane ɗan ƙasa. Waɗannan matsalolin sun ta'allaƙa ne kan samar da ingantattun wuraren tsafta, ƙaura daga cikin gida, haɓaka isassun ababen more rayuwa, da kuma musgunawa al'ummar LGBT, mata, da yara. Duk da haka, Uganda tana, kamar yadda Gidan Yanar Gizo na Relief ya ɗauki nauyin Bayanan Bil'adama 2012, yana yin babban ci gaba a wannan yanki.
A cikin rahoton Freedom in the World 2020, Freedom House ta bayyana Uganda a matsayin kasar da ake ganin ba ta da ''Ba 'Yanci ba''. Akwai wurare da dama da ake damuwa game da yancin ɗan adam a Uganda, kuma rarrabuwar "Ba 'Yanci ba" ya faru ne saboda ƙarancin 'yancin siyasa da martabar 'yancin ɗan adam.
Rikici a arewa Tun bayan da ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye daban-daban suka fara yaƙar gwamnatin shugaba Yoweri Museveni, tun daga watan Agustan shekara ta 1986, kimanin 'yan Uganda miliyan biyu ne suka rasa matsugunansu kuma an kashe dubunnan dubbai. Kimanin yara guda 67,000 ne ƙungiyar LRA ta yi garkuwa da su domin yin amfani da su a matsayin yara soja da bayi tun daga shekara ta 1987. Rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar tsagaita bude wuta a shekara ta 2006, sakamakon nasarar yakin da sojojin Uganda suka yi, ya kawo karshen tashin hankalin da kungiyar LRA ke yi a Uganda. Rikicin da ya barke a arewacin kasar a baya tsakanin sojojin Uganda (UPDF) da na Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) ya durkusar da tattalin arzikin kasar, tare da kawo koma baya ga ci gaban yankunan da abin ya shafa, tare da haifar da cin zarafin bil'adama da dama. Wannan cin zarafi ya ta'allaka ne a kan rashin tanadin gaggawar da aka tanadar wa 'yan gudun hijirar da suka tsere daga gidajensu don gujewa LRA. A cikin shekaru goma sha biyu tun lokacin da aka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar yaki da yawa daga cikin wadanda suka rasa matsugunansu sun koma gidajensu kuma ana ci gaba da shirin gyarawa da sake gina su. Gwamnatin Uganda da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun amince cewa wannan aiki ne da ke ci gaba kuma dole ne a sami ci gaba mai yawa. Dangane da haka an kaddamar da shirin gyarawa Dominic Ongwen, wanda yaro ne soja kuma daya daga cikin jagororin Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) ya kasance a ranar 02-04-2021 Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa (ICC) ta yanke masa hukunci kan laifukan jima'i da jinsi da dama, 70. laifuffuka masu yawa kuma an same shi da laifuka 61 kuma an aikata wadannan laifuka tsakanin 1 ga Yulin shekara ta 2002 zuwa 31 ga Disamba 2005 a Arewacin Uganda.
Zaluntar 'yan luwadi A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2009, an gabatar da wani kudiri a Majalisar Dokokin Uganda mai taken Bidi'ar Yaki da Luwadi na 2009 da ke neman a yanke hukunci mai tsauri ga 'yan luwadi, har da kuma hukuncin kisa. Kamar yadda aka tsara tun farko kuma aka gabatar da wannan kudurin dokar ta kuma bukaci duk wani dan kasar da ya zargi wani da laifin yin luwadi, da ya kai rahoton dan luwadi ga ‘yan sanda, ko kuma su ma za su iya samun tarar ko zaman gidan yari. Kudirin da aka gabatar ya kai ga hana masu gidaje hayar ga wani sanannen dan luwadi, kuma zai haramta duk wata tattaunawa ta luwadi da jama'a. Ƙasashen duniya sun yi matuƙar adawa da gabatar da wannan ƙuduri tare da nuna damuwarsu kan yadda zai iya zama doka, hakika shugaban Amurka Barack Obama ya kira shi da ''abin kyama''. Sakamakon karuwar matsin lamba na kasa da kasa kudirin bai taba wucewa matakin kwamitin ba.
A ranar 7 ga Maris, 2012 ɗan majalisar wakilai David Bahati ya sake gabatar da ƙudirin zuwa ga sabani sosai. Duk da haka ya ji zafi don nuna cewa an yanke shawarar tanadin hukuncin kisa a matsayin bai zama dole ba kuma an cire shi daga ƙudirin a matakin kwamiti a majalisa ta 8. Don haka, kudurin da aka gabatar a cikin majalisa ta 9, ba shi da tanadin hukuncin kisa. Wannan ƙudirin ya ci gaba da yin suka sosai kuma yana da cece-kuce. An sake cin karo da Allah wadai. A martanin da gwamnatin Uganda ta mayar kan wannan Allah wadai, ta fitar da wata sanarwa da ke nuni da cewa ƙudirin dokar ta mambobi ne mai zaman kansa kuma ba shi da goyon bayan gwamnati. A ranar 24 ga Fabrairun shekara ta 2014 Shugaba Yoweri Museveni ya rattaba hannu kan dokar "Anti Luwadi" ta zama doka. Kashegari jaridar "Red Pepper" ta buga jerin sunayen maza 200 da ake zargi da aikata laifuka. Bayan dage dokar da wasu ƙasashen yammacin masana'antu, da Sweden, da Amurka da kuma Netherlands suka dakatar da taimakon da suke baiwa Uganda. Bankin Duniya ya dage rancen dalar Amurka miliyan 90 ga tsarin kiwon lafiyar Uganda saboda dokar.
Cin zarafi daga jami'an tsaron Uganda “A ranar 14 ga watan Yuni [2003] jami’an [Volent Crime Crack Unit Green] sun kama Nsangi Murisidi, mai shekaru 29, bisa zarginsa da taimaka wa abokansa yin fashi da kuma zargin mallakar bindiga. Yan uwa sun yi kokarin ziyarce shi a tsare. A ranar 18 ga watan Yuni lauyan da ke wakiltar dangin ya sami tabbacin mutuwarsa a gidan yari yayin da yake hedikwatar VCCU da ke Kireka, wani yanki na Kampala. Takardar shaidar mutuwar ta tabbatar da dalilin mutuwar a matsayin asarar ruwa da jini mai yawa, zubar jini mai tsanani a cikin kwakwalwa da kuma tsananin kuna a gindi. Jikin ya kuma sami raunuka masu zurfi 14. A cikin Oktoba Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida ya sanar da AI cewa an ba da umarnin gudanar da bincike, amma ba a sami wani ci gaba ba." A cikin shekara ta 2020, jami'an tsaro ciki har da 'yan sanda, soji (UPDF) da Rundunar Tsaro ta gida sun yi amfani da yawa, marasa mahimmanci kuma a wasu lokuta masu kashe mutane don aiwatar da nisantar da jama'a da sauran matakan da aka tsara don yaƙar COVID-19 kuma ba ƙasa da mutane 66 ba. an kashe su daga Maris 2020 zuwa gaba kuma an kashe kusan 12 saboda keta matakan kullewa. A ranar 28 ga Disamba 2021, an kama wani marubucin PEN Pinter Prize International Writer Prize wanda ya lashe marubuci Kakwenza Rukirabashaija bisa zargin kasancewa mai sukar Shugaba Yoweri Museveni da ɗansa. An ce jami’an tsaro sun azabtar da shi a gidan yari.
'Yancin siyasa A cikin watan Afrilun shekara ta 2005, an kama wasu 'yan majalisar dokoki biyu na adawa bisa zargin da ake yi na siyasa. Ronald Reagan Okumu da Michael Nyeko Ocula sun fito ne daga kungiyar FDC, kungiyar da ake ganin ita ce babbar barazana ga sake zaben shugaba Yoweri Museveni a shekara ta 2006.
Fitaccen dan adawar shugaba Museveni, Kizza Besigye ya yi tazarce sau uku kuma yana shan kaye a kowane lokaci. A daidai lokacin da ya sha kaye na karshe (zaben 2011) Kizza Besigye ya yi kira ga daukacin 'ya'yan jam'iyyarsa ta FDC da su kaurace wa majalisar dokokin ƙasar, kada su hau kujerarsu kamar yadda aka zaba. 'Yan jam'iyyar FDC sun ki yin hakan kuma Kizza Besigye ya tsaya takara a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar. Besigye dai fitaccen dan siyasa ne kuma ya gano al’amura da dama da suka tauye masa ‘yancin siyasa. Musamman a cikin 2011 an tsare Besigye a tsare, amma nan take aka sake shi saboda kotun Ugandan ta ɗauki wannan kamen ya sabawa doka. Bayan yakin neman zaɓen shekara ta 2016 da aka yi kace-nace, an sake zaɓen shugaba Yoweri Museveni a kan karagar mulki kuma Amnesty International ta tabbatar da sake zabensa. Duk da tabbatar da sakamakon zaɓen, Amnesty ta bayyana damuwarta kan tashe-tashen hankulan da ake zargin an yi mata da kuma tauye Haƙƙin 'yan jaridu.
'Yancin aikin jarida Kamar yadda yake a kasashen Afirka da dama, hukumomin gwamnati na ci gaba da yin katsalandan ga 'yancin LGBT a Uganda.
A karshen shekara ta 2002, sojoji da 'yan sanda sun rufe jaridar Monitor mai zaman kanta na wani dan lokaci. An ci gaba da kai wa 'yan jaridun hari a shekara ta 2004, biyu daga cikinsu an yi tir da su a bainar jama'a a matsayin "masu haɗa kai na 'yan tawaye" daga bakin kakakin ƙungiyar ta UPDF. A cikin Fabrairun shekara ta 2004, Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin "buga labaran karya" ya zama banza kuma ya saba wa tsarin mulki. A shekara ta 2005, Uganda ta kasance ƙasa ta 13 mafi ‘yancin ‘yan jarida a cikin ƙasashe guda 48 a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara A cikin shekara ta 2010, Uganda ta kasance kasa ta 15 mafi ‘yancin ‘yan jarida a kasashe 48. A ranar 24 ga watan Janairun 2012 Issac Kasamani, wani dan jarida mai daukar hoto ya yi zargin cewa wani dan sanda ya harbe shi a lokacin da yake gabatar da wani gangamin ‘yan adawa. Nan take aka ba da umarnin gudanar da bincike mai zaman kansa kan lamarin kuma wani rahoto mai zaman kansa wanda wani dan kasar waje ya kammala ya tabbatar da cewa ba a harba harsashi mai rai a ranar da ake magana a kai. Bayan fitar da wannan rahoto Ministan Uganda Hon. James Baba ya nuna damuwarsa kan ka’idojin bayar da rahotannin da suka dabaibaye lamarin tare da bayyana aniyarsa ta sa ido kan ka’idojin kafafen yada labarai. Wannan lamari ne da ya shafi kasashen duniya.
A watan Nuwamban 2012, John Ssegawa, babban darektan wasan kwaikwayo mai mahimmancin hali na kasa ya ba da rahoton cewa Majalisar Watsa Labarai ta Uganda ta yanke shawarar dakatar da kara nunawa. Ssegawa ya ce kamfanin kera wasan kwaikwayo zai ci gaba da gudanar da aikin tare da bijirewa dokar.
Hakkokin mata Jami'an Uganda sun amince da yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata (CEDAW) a ranar 22 ga Yuli, 1985. Ƙasashen da suka zaɓi amincewa da CEDAW suna da shekara guda don gabatar da rahoto na yau da kullun ga taron kuma ana buƙatar su gabatar da ɗaya duk bayan shekaru huɗu bayan rahoton farko. Gwamnatin Uganda, duk da haka, ta gabatar da rahotonta na CEDAW na yau da kullun bayan shekaru biyar da amincewa, a cikin 1990. Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata (CEDAW) ta ba da umarni ga masu rattaba hannu kan kawar da wariya ga mata da aiwatar da manufofin da za su ci gaba da samun daidaiton 'yancin mata. Mataki na 21 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Uganda, ya bi manufofin CEDAW, don tabbatar da 'yancin daidaito ga dukan mutane a fagen siyasa, tattalin arziki, da zamantakewa na Uganda. Labarin ya ci gaba da tabbatar da cewa babu wani mutum da zai fuskanci wariya saboda jinsi, launin fata, kabila, nakasa, kabila, addini, zamantakewar tattalin arziki, ko alakarsu ta siyasa. A cewar Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Majalissar Tarayya, tun daga 2017, Uganda ba ta ba da rahoton matsayin aiwatar da CEDAW ba tun 2010. Uganda kuma ba ta amince da ka'idar yarjejeniya ta zaɓi ba. Wannan ka'ida ta zaɓin tana baiwa kwamitocin CEDAW damar karɓa da aiwatar da korafe-korafen da masu sa hannu suka yi game da take haƙƙin da CEDAW ta bayar. Wannan ana cewa, bayanan binciken jama'a iri-iri na dimokuradiyya game da 'yancin walwala na mata tarin bayanan 'yancin motsi na cikin gida, daga aikin tilastawa, hakkin mallaka, da samun adalci ya nuna cewa tsakanin shekarun 1986 da 2019, Jama'ar Uganda sun yi imanin cewa yawancin mata a kasar suna samun matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaiciyar 'yanci.
Haƙƙin mallaka Mata a Uganda sun kasance zakara na daidaita hakkin mata, makiyaya, da sauran kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Mata kuma sun taka rawar gani a kungiyoyi (watau Ƙungiyar Ƙasar Ƙasa ta Uganda, Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Mata ta Uganda) waɗanda ke fafutuka don neman 'yancin al'ummomin da aka ware kuma waɗanda ke yin tambayoyi game da mallakar filaye na al'ada na Uganda. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa dokokin al'ada suna da mahimmanci a cikin al'ummar Uganda, musamman game da mallakar filaye da haƙƙin mallaka. Uganda ta fuskanci gyare-gyaren filaye da yawa a cikin shekaru, tare da gagarumin garambawul shine Dokar Filaye ta 1998. A karkashin dokar filaye, ana ba wa mata damar samun fili daidai gwargwado a Uganda, wanda zai ba su damar mallakar filaye ta hanyar ubanninsu, ’yan’uwansu, ko mazajensu. Dokar filaye ta haramta duk wani hukunci da ya shafi kadarorin da ke haifar da ƙin haƙƙin ƙasa ga mata. Bugu da ƙari, Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1995 na Uganda ya kuma haramta wariyar jinsi, ba wa maza da mata 'yancin daidaitawa. Duk da cewa dokar filaye da tsare-tsare daban-daban na hakkin mallakar filaye sun ba wa mata damar mallakar filaye, amma akwai shaidar cewa ba a koyaushe waɗannan matakan ke tabbatar da haƙƙin mallakar mata yadda ya kamata ba ta fuskar samun dama da kula da ƙasar. Ɗayan dalili na wannan shine dokar al'ada a Uganda da kuma yadda take bai wa mata 'yancin mallakar dukiya fiye da maza. A lokacin da aka kafa dokar filaye ta 1998, an ba da shawarar cewa gwamnati za ta ba da izinin mallakar fili ta haɗin gwiwa ta hanyar ma'aurata, amma ba a aiwatar da shawarar ba. Wannan doka ta haifar da ba da damar daidaitattun haƙƙoƙin ƙasa ba dole ba ne a haɗa haɗin gwiwar doka ta doka. Misali, rahotanni sun yi la'akari da ma'aurata a matsayin masu mallakar fili, mazajen gidaje ne kawai aka jera su a cikin takardun mallakar. Sunan hukuma, ko take, akan takaddun mallakar yana shafar haƙƙin haƙƙin mata na gaskiya. Har ila yau, dokar filaye ba ta yi la’akari da tsarin dokokin al’ada ba, musamman dangane da yadda zawarawa ke karva wa mazajensu filayensu. Wato mata ba sa cin gado ga mazajensu domin al'ada ce maza su bar yankinsu ga kabilarsu, ba takaba. Wannan yanayin ya samo asali ne sakamakon ƙoƙarin tabbatar da cewa ƙasa ta kasance a cikin ƙabilar, ba tare da haɗarin cewa mata za su iya sayar da filin ga wasu mutanen da ba na kabilar ba. Don haka, mata za su iya mallakar fili tare da mijinta, amma idan ba tare da haƙƙin mallaka ba, ana iya hana gwauruwa filin mijinta da ya mutu. Mata sun kafa dabaru don yin ikirarin kan filaye da kuma mallakar kadarori a bisa ka’ida, duk da wasu dokokin al’ada da ke ba su ‘yancin mallaka. A haƙiƙa, mata suna ƙara yin amfani da tsarin shari'a na yau da kullun, kamar kotunan majistare, don samun damar shiga ƙasa. Haka kuma mata sun samu mallakar fili ta hanyar siya da kansu, wanda hakan wata hanya ce ta kewaya al’amuran mallakar tare. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa bisa ga ire-iren dimokuradiyya, binciken ra'ayin jama'a ya nuna cewa 'yan Uganda sun yi imanin cewa tun daga 1994, mata da yawa suna da haƙƙin mallaka na kashin kansu tare da tsirarun al'ummar mata waɗanda ba su da 'yancin mallaka. Bugu da ƙari, bayanan ra'ayoyin jama'a sun nuna cewa tsakanin shekarun 1995 zuwa 2017, aƙalla rabin mata ne ke da mafi yawan haƙƙin mallaka a ƙasar.
Hakkokin aure Kundin tsarin mulkin Uganda ya ba da haske kan batun hakkin iyali tare da bayar da shawarwari goma sha hudu kan wadannan hakkoki a cikin rubutunsa. A karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Uganda, shekarun aure na shari'a ga mazaje na mata suna da shekaru goma sha takwas. Duk da haka, akwai kwakkwarar shaida na 'yan mata a Uganda sun daina makaranta don zama amaryar yarinya. A cewar ofishin jakadancin Amurka a Uganda, a shekarar 2017, Uganda na fuskantar daya daga cikin mafi girman adadin auren wuri a duniya. An ba da rahoton cewa kashi 40% na 'yan mata a Uganda sun yi aure kafin su cika shekaru goma sha takwas. A cikin 2017, 10% na 'yan matan Uganda sun yi aure kafin su kai shekaru goma sha biyar. A lokacin da aka kafa kundin tsarin mulkin Uganda, an yi muhawara kan al'adar farashin amarya, inda majalisar dokokin kasar ta yanke hukuncin soke shi. Farashin amarya ya halatta a Uganda kuma al'ada ce ta al'adar ango yana biyan amaryarsa da kudi, shanu, ko kaya. A shekara ta 2007, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta gabatar da batun farashin amarya a Kotun Tsarin Mulki saboda damuwa game da tsarin mulkin al'ada, amma kotun ta amince da halaccin yin hakan. Ko da yake a shekara ta 2015, Kotun Kolin Uganda ta yanke hukuncin haramtawa ango ya nemi a mayar masa da kudinsa a kan batun raba auren. Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya ci gaba da cewa, maza da mata suna da hakkin daidaitawa a kowane mataki na aure, ko da a lokacin rabuwar auren. Sashe na 4 na dokar saki ya bayyana cewa domin samun nasarar neman a raba auren ta hanyar kotu, sai miji ya nuna hujja guda daya (watau zina) ga kotu. Domin neman takardar sakin aure, sai mace ta gabatar da hujjoji aqalla guda biyu (watau canjin addini, auren wata mata, zina ko zinace-zinace) a gaban kotu. Sai dai kungiyar lauyoyin mata ta kai karar gaban kotu, inda ta shigar da kara cewa sashe na 4 ya sabawa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar saboda nuna wariyar jinsi. Kotun tsarin mulkin kasar ta yanke hukunci kan kungiyar lauyoyin mata, amma har yanzu majalisar dokoki a Uganda ba ta yi wa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar kwaskwarima ba domin bin hukuncin da kotun ta yanke.
Cin zarafin jima'i Tarihin cin zarafin jima'i a Arewacin Uganda yana ganin mutane suna fuskantar rikici-lokacin jima'i tsakanin shekarun 1986-2006. An bayar da rahoton cewa, bangarorin biyu na masu tayar da kayar baya, wato Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) da na rundunar tsaron jama'ar Uganda (UPDF), sun aikata laifukan lalata da jinsi. A sansanonin 'yan gudun hijirar, an sami yawaitar ayyukan ta'addanci da suka danganci jinsi (watau fyade, cin zarafi) da sojojin LRA da UPDF suka yi amma kuma 'yan uwa da abokan arziki a sansanonin. A wannan lokacin tada kayar baya, ana tunanin mata sun shiga yin lalata da sojojin LRA da UPDF a matsayin dabarar tsira. Maza da ke fuskantar rikici-lokacin cin zarafin jima'i ya yadu a cikin waɗannan shekaru. Dabara ce ta yakin soji na gama-gari da sojojin jihar ke amfani da shi wajen yakar mutanen Acholi. A haƙiƙa, ana yawan amfani da cin zarafin maza da mata a matsayin dabara don lalatar da waɗanda abin ya shafa. Uganda ta aiwatar da dokoki da manufofi a wani yunƙuri na kare waɗanda abin ya shafa da waɗanda suka tsira daga cin zarafin mata. Duk da haka, tashe-tashen hankula a cikin gida suna da yawa kuma suna karuwa. Rahoton laifukan da rundunar ‘yan sandan Uganda ta fitar na shekarar 2016 ya nuna cewa, shari’o’in da suka shafi cin zarafin mata a kasar ya karu da kashi 4 cikin dari idan aka kwatanta da shekarar da ta gabata. Dangane da rahoton Asusun Yara na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2018, kashi 35% na matan Uganda masu shekaru 18-24 sun fuskanci cin zarafi kafin su kai shekaru goma sha takwas. Haka kuma akwai tarin laifukan cin zarafin mata a kasar da ba a kai rahoto ba. Dokoki da manufofi da yawa (watau Dokar Penal Code Act 2007, Domestic Violence Act 2010, Sexual Offense Bill, Marriage Bill) a Uganda game da cin zarafin mata ba su haɗa da abubuwa da yawa na cin zarafin jima'i ba, kamar fyaden aure ko abokan zama tare. Misali, Dokar Rikicin Cikin Gida tana la'akarin halatta aure amma ba ta magance tashin hankali tsakanin ma'auratan. A cewarta, Uganda ta samu wasu nasarori dangane da cin zarafin mata. Tsakanin shekarun 2011 da 2017, mutuwar tashin hankalin gida ya ragu da kashi 54%, bisa ga rahotannin laifuka na 'yan sanda. A cikin 2016, an aiwatar da wata manufa mai suna National Gender Based Violence (GBV). Wannan manufar ta bayyana irin nauyin da ya rataya a wuyan sassa daban-daban na gwamnati wajen dakatar da mayar da martani ga cin zarafin mata. Wani shiri ta hanyar GBV ya haɗa kai da mambobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don inganta cin zarafi da suka danganci jinsi a yankunan Busoga da Karamoja Aikin yara A cewar ma'aikatar kwadago ta Amurka, Uganda ta samu ci gaba sosai wajen kawar da mafi munin ayyukan yi wa kananan yara aiki a shekarar 2013. Duk da haka, yaran da ba su kai shekaru ba suna ci gaba da yin ayyuka masu ɗorewa galibi a fannin aikin gona da kuma yin lalata da kasuwanci. Rahoton da ma'aikatar ta fitar a kan mafi muni na yin aikin yara ya nuna cewa kashi 30 cikin 100 na yaran da ke tsakanin shekaru 5 zuwa 14 yara ne masu aiki kuma kashi 95 cikin 100 na su na aiki ne a fannin noma, da diban kofi da shayi, da noman shinkafa, kiwon shanu da kamun kifi da dai sauransu. ayyuka. An kuma lura da misalan yin aikin yara a masana'antar hakar ma'adinai (yin bulo da haƙar gawayi) da kuma a fannin ayyuka. Daban-daban na bautar da yara a Uganda sun haɗa da cin zarafin jima'i da soja. A cikin watan Disamba na 2014, sashen ya fitar da Jerin Kayayyakin da ake samarwa da Yara ko kuma Tilastawa aiki inda aka jera kayayyaki 10 a karkashin kasar Uganda. Wadannan sun hada da bulo, shanu, gawayi, kofi, kifi, shinkafa, rake, shayi da taba.
A cikin 2020, a Kampala, tasirin da COVID-19 ya haifar da kuma rufe makarantu ya sa yara da yawa su shiga aikin bautar yara wanda kuma rashin isasshen tallafin gwamnati ke haifar da shi.
Matsayin tarihi Mai zuwa wani ginshiƙi ne na ƙimar Uganda tun 1972 a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. (1 shine mafi kyau, 7 shine mafi muni)
Duba kuma Fataucin mutane a Uganda
Binciken Intanet da sa ido a Uganda
Siyasar Uganda
Ilimi a Uganda
Bayanan kula 1. Tun daga ranar 1 ga Janairu.
2. Daga 1977 zuwa 1979, Amin ya yi wa kansa lakabi da Mai Girma, President for Life, Field Marshal Al Hadji Doctor Idi Amin Dada, VC, DSO, MC, Ubangijin Dukan Dabbobin Duniya da Kifi na Tekuna kuma Macijin Birtaniya Daular a Afirka Gabaɗaya da Uganda musamman Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rahoton Shekara-shekara na 2012 ta Amnesty International
'Yanci a Duniya Rahoton 2011 ta Freedom House
Rahoton Duniya na 2012, ta Human Rights Watch
'Yancin Magana a Uganda IFEX
Shaidar Yaran Tsakar Dare Kan Yaran Ugandan Da Aka Sace
Lokacin da Rana ta faɗi Mun Fara Damuwa da asusun da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta tattara na zalunci
Dokar 'Yan Gudun Hijira "Ƙungiyar Ba da Shawarwari, sashen bincike, sashen bayar da agajin shari'a, sashin horarwa da malamai", wata babbar ƙungiyar Ugandan da ke aiki tare da 'yan gudun hijira da rikici a Arewa.
Haƙƙoƙi
Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
Haƙƙoƙin Mata
Dokoki
Dokar Najeriya
Doka
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
12514 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amina%20J.%20Mohammed | Amina J. Mohammed | Amina Jane Mohammed (an haife ta a ranar 27 ga watan Yunin shekara ta alif ɗari tara da sittin da ɗaya, 1961) ta kasance ƴar siyasan Najeriya da Birtaniya ce, wadda itace Mataimakiyar Babban Sakatare na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. Gabanin ta riƙe Ministar Muhalli a tarayyar Najeriya tsakanin shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha biyar, 2015 da shekarar dubu biyu da goma sha shida, 2016.
Kuruciya da Ilimi An haifi Amina Jane Mohammed a Liverpool, dake England, a United Kingdom a ranar 27 ga watan Yunin shekara ta alif ɗari tara da sittin da ɗaya, 1961 ga iyaye likitan dabbobi da kuma mahaifiya mai kula da majinyata (nurse) 'yan asalin harshen Hausa-Fulani daga Najeriya.
Amina ta halarci makarantar firamare na Kaduna da birnin Maiduguri a Najeriya, sai kuma makarantar Makarantar "The Buchan School" da ke tsibirin Isle of Man.Daga bisani ta halarci kwalejin Henley Management College a 1989.Bayan ta kammala karatun ta ne mahaifinta ya nemi ta da ta dawo gida Najeriya.
Ayyuka A tsakanin shekarun, 1981 zuwa 1991, Amina tayi aiki da "Archcon Nigeria", wani kamfanin zane-zane da suke da alaka da kamfanin zane-zane na Norman and Dawbarn da ke United Kingdom. A shekara ta, 1991 ta samar da kamfanin Afri-Projects Consortium, sannan daga shekara ta, 1991 zuwa 2001 itace darekta mai zartarwa na kamfanin.
Daga shekara ta, 2002 har zuwa shekara ta, 2005, Amina ta shirya wani gangami da ilimantarwa game da jinsi karkashin United Nations Millennium Project.
Amina ta rike matsayin mataimakiya na musamman Senior Special Assistant) na shugaban kasa akan shirin Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). A cikin shekara ta, 2005, an zarge ta da amfani da kudin tallafi na kasa a wajen ayyukan MDGs. Amina ta kasance wacce ta kafa kuma ta samar da kamfanin Center for Development Policy Solution, sannan kuma a matsayin farfesa na daliban masters a jami'ar Columbia. A tsakanin wannan lokaci, tayi aiki a matsayin mai bada shawarwari na kungiyoyi daban daban na duniya wanda ya hada da, babban sakatariya a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) don zama na musamman akan Post-a shekara ta, 2015 "Development Agenda"; da kuma Independent Expert Advisory Group.
Sannan har wayau ta rike matsayin chairman na majalisin United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), sashin bincike da bayanai akan ilimi na duniya "Global Monitoring Report on Education" (GME).
Har zuwa shekara ta, 2012, Amina tana daya daga cikin muhimman mutane a taron e Post-a shekara ta, 2015 Development Agenda, inda take aiki a matsayin mai bada shawara na musamman ga shugaban majalisar dinkin duniya watau Ban Ki-moon, sannan tana daga cikin mutane na musamman na "High Level Panel of Eminent Persons (HLP)" da majalisar Open Working Group (OWG) da dai sauransu. Daga shekara ta, 2014, tayi aiki a matsayin babban sakatariya na "ndependent Expert Advisory Group on the Data Revolution for Sustainable Development".
Ministan Muhalli (2015-2017) Amina tayi aiki a matsayin ministan muhalli a karkashin mulkin shugaba MUhammadu Buhari daga watan Nuwamaban shekara ta, 2015 zuwa watan Febrerun shekara ta, 2017. A wannan lokaci itace wakiliyar Najeriya a Kungiyar Kasashen Nahiyar Afurka wato "African Union (AU)" fannin jawo canji wanda Paul Kagame ke jagoranta. Ta ajiye aiki da kungiyar Nigerian Federal Executive Council a ranar 24 ga watan Febrerun shekara ta, 2017.
A cikin shekara ta, 2017, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta zargi Amina da cewa tana ba da izini ga kamfanonin kasar China wajen diban itace timber zuwa kasashensu ba tare da izinin gwamnatin tarayya ba, a lokacin tana ministan muhalli na Najeriya.Amma daga bisani gwamnatin Najeriya ta karyata zargin.
Sauran Ayyuka Africa Europe Foundation (AEF), Memba na kungiyar High-Level Group of Personalities on Africa-Europe Relations (since 2020)
Global Partnership for Sustainable Development Data, memba na majalisar darektoci (tun shekara ta 2017)
ActionAid, International Right to Education Project, member of the Advisory Board
Bill Melinda Gates Foundation, Memba a majalisar Global Development Program's Advisory Board
Hewlett Foundation, member of the Board
International Development Research Centre, memba na majalisar Gwamnoni (Board of Governors)
International Gender Champions (IGC), Member
Ma'aikatar "Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (ISTIC)", memba na bada shawarwari "Advisory Board"
World Economic Forum's Young Global Leaders, memba na majalisi
Martabawa 2006 lamabn yabo na Order of the Federal Republic
2007 lamban yabo na "Nigerian Women's Hall of Fame" 2015 Kyautar "Ford Family Notre Dame Award for International Development and Solidarity"
2017 Kayutar Diplomat of the Year Awards
2018 Sarautan gargajiya a jihar Niger in 2018, installed by that country's Kings
2018 Lamban yabo na BBC 100 Women for her work as deputy secretary general of the United Nations
2019 Lamban yabo na "Global Citizen Prize World Leader Award"
Rayu Aure
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6410 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyad%20Mahrez | Riyad Mahrez | Riyad Karim Mahrez an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 1991) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin winger kulob ɗin Premier League na Manchester City kuma kyaftin ɗin tawagar ƙasar Algeria.
Mahrez ya fara aikinsa ne a matsayin matashin dan wasa a kulob din AAS Sarcelles na Faransa. Ya juya mai sana'a a cikin shekara ta 2009) tare da Quimper, inda ya taka leda na kakar wasa daya kawai kafin ya koma Le Havre, yana ciyar da jimillar shekaru uku tare da su, da farko yana taka leda a ƙungiyar ajiyar su sannan kuma ya zama na farko na yau da kullum. A cikin watan Janairu a shekara ta (2014) Mahrez ya rattaba hannu kan kungiyar Leicester City ta Ingila, ya taimaka musu sun lashe gasar zakarun gasar da ci gaba zuwa gasar Premier a karshen kakar wasa ta farko. A kakar wasa ta shekara (2015 zuwa 2016) shi ne Gwarzon Dan Wasan Kwallon Kafa na Aljeriya, Gwarzon Dan Wasan 'Yan Wasan PFA, kuma ya kasance memba a Kungiyar PFA na Shekarar Premier League yayin da ya taimakawa Leicester City data lashe gasar Premier. Ya rattaba hannu a kungiyar Manchester City a shekarar( 2018) inda ya lashe gasar Premier da kofin FA da kuma EFL a kakar wasa ta farko.
An haife shi a Faransa, Mahrez ya fara bugawa Algeria wasa a shekarar (2014) kuma ya wakilci su a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a shekara ta (2014) da kuma gasar cin kofin Afirka a shekara ta (2015 da 2017 da 2019 da 2021) inda ya lashe gasar a shekara ta 2019) A cikin shekara ta (2016) an ba shi kyautar Gwarzon ɗan Kwallon Afirka na CAF.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Mahrez a Sarcelles, Faransa, ga mahaifin sa a Aljeriya kuma mahaifiyar sa a Aljeriya da Moroccan. Mahaifinsa Ahmed ya fito daga Beni Snous, gundumar Tlemcen. Lokacin girma, Mahrez yana yin hutu akai-akai a Algeria. Abokan yarinta sun haɗa da 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa irin su Wissam Ben Yedder Mahaifin Mahrez ya taba buga kwallo a Aljeriya. Lokacin Mahrez yana da shekaru goma sha biyar, mahaifinsa ya mutu sakamakon ciwon zuciya. Ya yi nuni da cewa “Ban sani ba ko na fara zama da gaske amma bayan rasuwar mahaifina abubuwa sun fara tafiya a kaina. Wataƙila a cikin kaina, na fi son shi."
Aikin kulob/ƙungiya
Farkon aiki Ko da yake sau da yawa ƙungiyoyi suna yin watsi da shi saboda siririyar gininsa, Mahrez ya haɓaka a ƙwarewar ƙwallon da ta ba shi experience da gogewa. Ya shiga AAS Sarcelles a shekara ta (2004) Ya yi gwajin watanni biyu a kulob din Scotland St Mirren, amma ya bar kulob ɗin saboda yanayin sanyi. A cikin shekara ta 2009) Mahrez ya koma CFA Quimper daga AAS Sarcelles, inda ya buga wasanni (22) kuma ya zira kwallaye (2) a kakar wasa ta farko tare da kulob din. Yayin wasa a Quimper ya zauna tare da Mathias Pogba. Ya koma Le Havre a shekara ta( 2010) inda ya ki amincewa da tayi daga manyan kungiyoyin Faransa Paris Saint-Germain da Marseille a shigan su, tsarin matasansu ya rude shi. Da farko ya buga wa kungiyarsu ta Le Havre II, kafin ya ci gaba da buga wasa sau (60) kuma ya zura kwallaye( 6) a kungiyar ta farko a gasar Ligue( 2) ta Faransa daga shekara ta (2011 har zuwa watan Janairu 2014). Ya soki Ligue( 2) saboda abin da ya gani a matsayin dogaro ga tsaro da kungiyoyin da ke neman yin kunnen doki babu ci a kowane wasa.
Leicester City
A kakar 2013-14 Yayin da Mahrez ke taka leda a Le Havre, dan wasan Leicester City Steve Walsh dan leken asiri na gasar Championship na Ingila yana sa ido kan abokin wasansa Ryan Mendes, amma Mahrez ya burge shi. Mahrez bai taba jin labarin Leicester ba, wanda da farko ya dauka a matsayin kulob din rugby. A ranar 11 ga watan Janairu a shekara ta 2014) Leicester City ta sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da rabi akan kusan £(450,000). Abokansa da danginsa sun fara nuna shakku game da komawa wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila saboda yanayin jikinsa, suna ganin cewa salon wasansa zai fi dacewa da Spain. Mahrez ya fara buga wasansa na farko a ranar( 25) ga watan Janairu a shekara ta (2014) yana zuwa a minti na (79) a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin dan wasan gefe Lloyd Dyer, a wasan da suka doke Middlesbrough da ci (2-0). Bayan ya buga wasanni hudu a madadin Leicester, ciki har da zira kwallon farko a kulob din, a minti na (82) da ya yi daidai da abokan hamayyarsa na gida Nottingham Forest, Manajan Nigel Pearson ya sanar a watan Fabrairu a shekara ta (2014) cewa yana tunanin Mahrez ya shirya a fara wasanni. Leicester ta kawo karshen kakar wasa ta bana a matsayin wadda ta lashe gasar zakarun Turai, inda ta koma gasar Premier a karon farko cikin shekaru goma.
A kakar 2014-15 Mahrez ya fara buga gasar Premier a ranar (16) ga watan Agusta shekarar 2014) kuma ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a raga a ranar( 4) ga watan Oktoba a shekara ta (2014) a wasan da suka tashi (2–2) da Burnley. Mahrez yana cikin tawagar Leicester da ta yi nasara a wasanni bakwai cikin tara na karshe a kakar wasa ta bana domin kaucewa fadawa gasar cin kofin kwallon kafa. Ya zura kwallaye biyun a wasan da suka doke Southampton da ci (2–0) a ranar( 9) ga watan Mayu kuma ya kare kakar wasan da kwallaye hudu da taimakawa uku daga wasanni (30).
A kakar 2015-16 Ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwangilar shekaru hudu tare da Leicester a watan Agustan a shekara ta (2015). A ranar 8 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2015) Mahrez ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan farko na kakar wasa da Sunderland a ci( 4-2) a gida. Daga baya kyaftin Wes Morgan ya bayyana shi a matsayin "wanda ya lashe gasar" kulob din, bayan "kyakkyawan tsari" wanda ya sa ya ci kwallaye hudu a wasanni uku na farko na kakar wasa. Bayan zira kwallaye hudu a wasanni hudu na farko na kakar( 2015 zuwa 2016) an zabi Mahrez a matsayin gwarzon dan wasan Premier na watan. Zuwa( 3) ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta (2015) ya zura kwallaye bakwai a wasanni (10) na gasar Premier. A ranar (5) ga watan Janairun Mahrez ya yi hat-trick a yayin da Leicester ta lallasa Swansea City( 3-0) don haye saman teburin gasar Premier, abin da ya sa ya ci kwallaye goma a kakar wasa ta bana kuma ya sa ya zama dan Algeria na farko da ya yi i hat-trick a gasar Premier. Mahrez da takwarorinsa na tsakiya Marc Albrighton, N'Golo Kanté da Danny Drink water sun sami yabo saboda rawar da suka taka a farkon kakar wasan Leicester, kuma kocin Claudio Ranieri ya bayyana Mahrez da Jamie Vardy a matsayin "marasa tsada" kafin canja wurin Janairu. taga. A watan Janairu a shekara ta 2016) an ce darajar ‘yan wasa Mahrez ya tashi daga fam miliyan (4.5) zuwa fam miliyan (30.1) inda ya sanya shi cikin manyan ‘yan wasa (50) da suka fi daraja a Turai. A cikin wannan shekarar ne shaharar Mahrez a kasarsa ta sa Leicester ta samu fiye da masoya Facebook a Aljeriya fiye da sau uku fiye da na Birtaniya. Shagon aski a Sarcelles da yake yawan zuwa tun yana yaro ya zama wurin da masu sha'awar sha'awar zuwa Belgium ke sha'awar aski iri ɗaya. Mahrez yana daya daga cikin 'yan wasan Leicester hudu da aka zaba a cikin Gwarzon Kungiyar PFA a watan Afrilu a shekara ta (2016) kuma daga baya a wannan watan ya lashe kyautar Gwarzon 'Yan Wasan PFA. Shi ne dan Afrika na farko da ya samu wannan lambar yabo. Lokacin da Leicester ta kammala kakar wasa ta bana a matsayin zakara, Mahrez ya zama dan Algeria na farko da ya ci lambar yabo ta Premier.
A kakar 2016-17 Ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwangilar shekaru hudu tare da Leicester a watan Agusta shekarar (2016). An zabe shi a matsayin Ballon d'Or a watan Oktoba a shekara ta (2016) ya kare a matsayi na bakwai. Ya lashe kyautar gwarzon dan kwallon Afrika na BBC a watan Disamba a shekara ta (2016). Mahrez dai bai bayar da babbar kaka ba musamman ma da tabarbarewar matakin Leicester, amma ya taimaka wa kungiyar ta kai wasan daf da na kusa da karshe a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai a karon farko, inda ya zura kwallaye hudu da guda biyu. A ranar (6) ga Mayu, Mahrez ya buga wasansa na Premier League na (100) a Leicester, da Watford, inda ya zira kwallo a cikin wannan tsari.
A kakar 2017-18 A karshen kakar wasa ta shekarar (2016 zuwa 2017) Mahrez ya bayyana cewa yana son barin kungiyar. Bayan sanarwar, kocin Arsenal Arsène Wenger ya bayyana sha'awarsa ta siyan Mahrez, kuma Roma ta Italiya ta ki amincewa da tayin Mahrez a watan Yuli a shekara ta (2017) A watan Agusta a shekara ta (2017) ya yi magana game da "mayar da hankali" duk da rashin tabbas a makomarsa a kulob din. Hukumar kwallon kafa ta Aljeriya ta bayar da rahoton a ranar (31) ga watan Agusta, ranar karshe ta kasuwar musayar 'yan wasa, cewa ta ba shi damar barin tawagar kasar da sauri zuwa Turai domin ya kammala cinikinsa zuwa kulob mai sha'awar; wannan canja wuri bai samu ba. A cikin watan Janairu a shekara ta (2018) ya sake neman canja wuri daga kulob din. Bayan komawarsa Manchester City ya ci tura, Mahrez ya daina halartar horo a Leicester. Ya hali da aka soki da sharhi da kuma tsohon player Chris Sutton. Mahrez ya yi suka game da "zaton da ba gaskiya ba" game da rashinsa a kungiyar, kuma daga baya ya gode wa abokan wasansa saboda goyon bayan da suka ba shi.
Manchester City
A kakar 2018-19 A ranar 10 ga watan Yuli a shekara ta (2018) Manchester City ta tabbatar da sanya hannu kan Mahrez kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar. Kudin canja wuri na fam miliyan (60) ya sanya Mahrez ya zama dan wasan kwallon kafa mafi tsada a Afirka, kuma shi ne dan wasan da Manchester City ta saya mafi tsada da kudin canja wurin da Leicester City ta samu. Ya bayyana cewa yana son lashe gasar zakarun Turai da kungiyar. Ya buga wasansa na farko a matsayin dan wasa a ranar (5) ga watan Agusta, yayin da City ta ci Chelsea (2-0) a lashe Community Shield na shekarar (2018) FA a filin wasa na Wembley. A ranar (22) ga watan Satumba a shekara ta (2018) yana zuwa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a cikin minti na (61st) Mahrez ya zira kwallaye biyu a ragar Jama'a a kan Cardiff City, burinsa na farko shi ne na Manchester City. A ranar (29) ga watan Oktoba a shekara ta (2018) Mahrez ya zura kwallo daya tilo a ragar Manchester City a nasarar da suka yi a waje da Tottenham Hotspur da ci (1-0). Ya sadaukar da burin ga Vichai Srivaddha naprabha, tsohon mai shi na tsohon kulob din Leicester City, wanda ya mutu kwanan nan a hadarin helikwafta. A ranar( 24) ga watan Fabrairu a shekara ta (2019) Mahrez ya lashe kambunsa na biyu tare da Manchester City ta hanyar cin kofin EFL a kan Chelsea, kuma ya lashe mafi kyawun dan wasan gasar cin kofin EFL duk da cewa bai shiga wasan karshe ba. A karshen kakar wasa ta farko tare da Manchester City, duk da kasancewar "iyakantaccen lokacin wasa" (ciki har da fara gasar 14 kawai), Mahrez ya lashe gasar Premier a karo na biyu, kuma na farko da Manchester City, ya zama na biyu. Dan wasan Afrika ya lashe taken tare da kungiyoyi daban-daban guda biyu bayan Kolo Touré. Mahrez ya ce ba zai bar City ba duk da rashin samun lokacin wasa, yana mai cewa ya san cewa kakarsa ta farko za ta yi wahala, kuma ya zo da tabbatacciyar kungiya da kwararrun ‘yan wasa amma ya aminta da kwazonsa. Mako guda bayan wasan karshe na cin kofin FA, ya samu kambun sa na hudu a kakar wasa ta bana bayan ya doke Watford da ci (6-0) ya zama dan wasan Afrika na farko da ya kammala gasar cin kofin gida ta Ingila, kamar yadda ya ci kofin EFL na shekarar (2018 zuwa 2019)a baya. Premier League.
kakar 2019-20 A watan Agusta a shekarar 2019) Mahrez bai buga gasar cin kofin FA Community Shield na shekarar (2019) ba saboda damuwa game da magani da tawagar kasar Algeria ta ba shi. Hukumar FA ta Aljeriya ta bayyana hakan a matsayin "ba abin mamaki ba." Mahrez daga baya ya fara a wasan da Manchester City ta doke West Ham United da ci( 5-0) a waje, yana da hannu a cikin dukkanin kwallaye (5) da kungiyarsa ta ci, inda ya taimaka wa Raheem Sterling da ya ci kwallaye uku sannan ya ci fanareti Sergio Agüero kuma a karshe ya zura kwallo a raga.
kakar 2020-21 A ranar (28) ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta (2020) Mahrez ya yi hat-trick ɗin sa na farko ga City a wasan gida da suka doke Burnley da ci 5-0. A ranar (4) ga watan Mayu a shekara ta (2021) Mahrez ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Paris Saint-Germain a gida da ci (2-0) a wasa na biyu na wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar zakarun Turai, kuma ta hanyar zura kwallo ta hanyar bugun fanareti a wasan da suka ci (2-1) mako guda. a baya, ya jagoranci City zuwa wasan karshe na cin kofin Turai na farko a tarihin kulob din.
Ayyukan kasa A watan Nuwamba a shekara ta 2013) dan kasar Faransa Mahrez ya bayyana muradinsa na wakiltar kasar Aljeriya. An kira shi zuwa tawagar Algeria na wucin gadi don gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a shekara ta (2014). A ranar (31) ga watan Mayu a shekara ta (2014) Mahrez ya fara buga wasansa na farko na kasa da kasa a Desert Foxes a matsayin dan wasa a wasan sada zumunci na kafin gasar cin kofin duniya da Armeniya, kuma daga baya aka kira shi zuwa cikakken tawagar a gasar a ranar (2) ga watan Yuni. Kafofin yada labaran Aljeriya sun yi suka kan hada shi tare da zargin cewa ya biya manajan kungiyar Vahid Halilhodžić kudin shiga cikin tawagar. Mahrez ya buga wasan farko da Belgium a gasar rukuni-rukuni, sannan aka fitar da shi zuwa sauran gasar, inda Algeria ta kai wasan karshe na (16). A ranar (15) ga watan October a shekara ta (2014) Mahrez ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a duniya, tare da kafa Islam Slimani a karawar da Algeria ta yi da Malawi (3-0) na neman shiga gasar cin kofin Nahiyar Afrika. A watan Disambar shekarar (2014) ne aka sanar da shi a matsayin memba a tawagar Algeria a gasar karshe a Equatorial Guinea a karon farko. haduwarsa ta farko ita ce da Afrika ta Kudu inda ya shiga cikin mintuna (60) kafin sauya sheka a karo na biyu da Ghana wadda ta maye gurbinsa a cikin mintuna (20) da suka wuce inda aka doke tawagar Algeria da ci daya mai ban haushi a wasansu na karshe a matakin rukuni. Da Senegal ta jagoranci tawagar kasar Mahrez zuwa wasan daf da na kusa da karshe, inda suka zura kwallon farko a wasan da suka tashi (2-0). sannan da Ivory Coast ya ba da taimako ga El Arabi Hillel Soudani bai isa ba don cire shi daga wasan kusa da na karshe (3-1). sannan a zagaye na biyu na wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya na shekara ta (2018) da Tanzaniya ya taimakawa Mahrez a cikin tawagar da ta samu gurbin shiga rukunin inda ya zura kwallo a raga kuma ya taimaka wa Carl Medjani. An saka Mahrez cikin tawagar kociyan Algeria Georges Leekens a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka na shekarar (2017) a Gabon. A wasansu na farko, ya zura kwallaye biyun ne a wasan da suka tashi( 2-2) da Zimbabwe kuma an ba shi kyautar gwarzon dan wasan. A watan Oktoban a shekara ta (2017) da damar Aljeriya na zuwa gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2018 tuni ta kare, Mahrez da (a lokacin) takwaransa na Leicester, Islam Slimani, an cire su daga cikin tawagar kasar, inda koci Lucas Alcaraz ya zabi sabbin 'yan wasa da dama. A ranar (18) ga watan Nuwamba a shekara 2018) a gasar neman shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika ta shekarar 2019) Mahrez ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Togo da ci (4-1) a waje, kwallonsa ta farko da tawagar kasar tun bayan gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka ta shekarar (2017) da ta jagoranci Algeria ta samu tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika ta shekara (2019). na Kasashe. A watan Mayu a shekara ta (2019) an nada shi cikin tawagar 'yan wasa (23) na Aljeriya a gasar cin kofin Afrika na shekarar (2019). Da shawarar koci Djamel Belmadi, an zabi Mahrez ya zama kyaftin din Algeria a gasar cin kofin Afrika. Mahrez ya zura kwallo a minti na (90+5) a wasan da suka doke Najeriya da ci (2-1) a wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar. Daga baya Algeria ta samu nasarar lashe gasar wadda ita ce ta farko tun shekarar (1990). Mahrez ya zama kyaftin din Algeria a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka da aka jinkirta a shekarar (2021) da aka yi a watan Janairu a shekara ta (2022).
Salon wasa Dan wasan hagu, Mahrez yawanci yana wasa ne a matsayin winger na dama, matsayi wanda zai ba shi damar yanke ciki da harbi a kan manufa tare da ƙafar ƙafarsa mai ƙarfi, ko kuma yin bayarwa a cikin filin wasa; duk da haka, shi dan wasa ne mai iya aiki, wanda ke da ikon yin wasa a ko'ina a fadin gaba, a cikin matsayi na tsakiya a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari, a matsayin winger a kowane gefe, ko ma a cikin matsayi na tsakiya a matsayin a (9). Dan wasa mai sauri, ƙirƙira da fasaha, manyan halayensa sune dabararsa, daidaitawa, jujjuya saurinsa, ƙwarewa da ƙwarewar ɗigon ruwa. Ko da yake yana iya zura kwallaye a raga, shi ma ƙwararren mai ba da taimako ne, bisa la'akari da ikonsa na samar da damammaki ga abokan wasansa. Duk da iyawarsa, duk da haka, rikodinsa daga bugun fanareti bai dace ba a duk rayuwarsa. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, an san shi da ƙwarewar ƙwallon ƙafa, amma sau da yawa an yi watsi da shi saboda siririn jininsa; Lokacin da manajan matasa na Quimper Ronan Salaün da mataimakinsa Mickaël Pellen suka fara lura da Mahrez, sun yi tsokaci cewa shi mai hazaka ne, ƙwararren mai ɗaukar hoto ne, kuma yana da fasaha mai kyau da fasaha na dribling tare da ƙafafu biyu, amma cewa yana da siriri sosai. kuma ba shi da dabara a fagen wasan, yayin da ya taka rawa ta hanyar ilhami, tun da ya girma yana buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa; Don haka, bayan ya rattaba hannu kan shi, Salaün ya shawarci Mahrez da ya yi amfani da hankalinsa don guje wa kalubale, domin ya yi imanin cewa ba shi da karfin jure wa takalmi. Tsohon shugaban daukar ma'aikata na Leicester, Steve Walsh ya lura da kallon wasan Mahrez cewa: "Riyad ya kasance dan kadan amma yana da kyau. Zai iya kashe kwallon matattu kuma ya wuce mutane. Ina son ingancinsa. Wasu daga cikin yanke shawararsa ba su da girma da tsaro ba shi ne mafi kyau ba, amma kuna ganin yana da hazaka ta gaske." Mahrez ya yabawa tsohon kocinsa na Leicester Claudio Ranieri da taimaka masa wajen bunkasa dabarun wasansa. A lokacin da ya ke Manchester City a karkashin koci Pep Guardiola, Mahrez ya kuma iya inganta kwarewar tsaronsa da yawan aiki, da kuma yanke shawara. Mahrez ya kirkiro wani nasa fasaha ta musamman da aka yi masa lakabi da "La spéciale", inda ya yi karyar harbi da kafarsa ta hagu, sannan ya rika murza kwallo a bayan kafar dama don ya wuce kishiyarsa. An dauki Mahrez a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi kyawu a fagen kwallon kafa a duniya.
Rayuwa ta sirri Mahrez ya auri budurwarsa Baturiya mai suna Rita Johal a shekara ta 2015. A wannan shekarar ne suka haifi ‘yarsu. A watan Yunin shekarar 2019, ma'auratan, waɗanda a wancan lokacin suke da 'ya'ya mata biyu, an umurce su da su biya wata tsohuwar ma'aurata fiye da £3,600 a cikin albashin da ba a biya ba. A cikin watan Oktoba shekarar 2020, an tabbatar da cewa Mahrez yanzu yana cikin dangantaka da samfurin Taylor Ward bayan ya rabu da Johal. Sun sanar da alƙawarin su a ranar 21 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2021. Mahrez musulmi ne mai aikatawa. A watan Yuni shekarar 2017, ya yi aikin Hajjin Umrah zuwa Makka. A watan Mayun shekarar 2020, Mahrez ya yi asarar ɗaruruwan dubunnan fam na kayayyaki masu daraja bayan an yi wa gidan da yake zaune a Manchester fashi. A ranar 7 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2020, ya gwada inganci don COVID-19.
Kididdigar sana'a
lob
Ƙasashen Duniya Kamar yadda wasan ya buga 16 Nuwamba 2021. Maki da sakamako ne suka jera yawan kwallayen da Aljeriya ta ci a farko, ginshikin maki ya nuna maki bayan kowacce kwallo Mahrez Girmamawa Leicester City
Premier League 2015-16 Gasar Kwallon Kafa 2013–14 Manchester City
Premier League: 2018-19, 2020-21, 2021-22 Kofin FA 2018-19 Kofin EFL 2018-19, 2019-20, 2020-21 FA Community Shield 2018 UEFA Champions League ta biyu: 2020-21 Aljeriya
Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka 2019 Individual
CAF Gwarzon Dan Wasan Kwallon Kafa Na Afrika 2016 Gwarzon dan kwallon Afrika na BBC 2016 Gwarzon Dan Wasan Aljeriya 2015, 2016 Kungiyar PFA na Shekara 2015-16 Premier League Gwarzon 'Yan Wasan PFA 2015–16 Gwarzon Dan Wasan Fans na PFA 2015–16 Gwarzon dan wasan Leicester City 2015–16 El Heddaf Balarabe Gwarzon Kwallon Kafa 2016 Lion d'Or Gwarzon Kwallon Afirka: 2016 Kungiyar CAF ta Shekara 2016, 2018, 2019 Tawagar gasar cin kofin Afrika ta CAF: 2019 Burin Afirka na Shekara 2019 IFFHS CAF Ƙungiyar Maza ta Shekara: 2020 Ƙungiyar maza ta IFFHS CAF na Shekaru Goma 2011-2020 Gwarzon dan wasan Manchester City: Oktoba 2018, Satumba 2019, Disamba 2019, Fabrairu 2021, Fabrairu 2022 Gwarzon Dan Wasan Fans na PFA Maris 2021 Kofin Alan Hardaker 2021 IFFHS CAF Mafi kyawun Mai Yin Wasa Na Duniya 2021
Manazarta
Manazarta Riyaz Mahrez bayanin martaba a gidan yanar gizon Manchester City FC
Riyad Mahrez na Rikodin gasar Rikodin 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Aljeriya
Rayayyun mutane
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30238 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaunen%20yanci | Zaunen yanci | Zauren 'Yanci filin fage ne mai matuƙarbfa'ida da yawa a cikin Louisville, Kentucky, akan harabar Cibiyar baje kolin Kentucky, wacce ƙasashwn Commonwealth na Kentucky ke da mallakin ta. An san filin sosai don amfani da shi azaman filin wasan ƙwallon kwando, a baya yana aiki a matsayin gidan Jami'ar Louisville Cardinals kuma, tun Nuwamba shekarata 2020, a matsayin gidan Jami'ar Bellarmine Knights Ya shirya Kiss, AC DC, abubuwan WWE, Mötley Crüe, Elvis Presley, The Doors, Janis Joplin, Creed, Led Zeppelin, Van Halen da yawa. Kazalika kungiyar kwallon kwando ta maza ta Louisville Cardinals daga shekarata 1956 zuwa 2010, masu haya a fagen sun hada da Kentucky Colonels na kungiyar Kwando ta Amurka daga shekarar 1970 har zuwa hadewar ABA-NBA a watan Yuni 1976, da kuma kungiyar mata Cardinals ta Louisville tun farkon ta a shekarar 1975 zuwa 2010. Kentucky Stickhorses na Lacrosse League na Arewacin Amurka sun yi amfani da Zauren 'Yanci daga shekarata 2011 har sai da ƙungiyar ta ninka a 2013. Daga 2015 zuwa 2019 ta karbi bakuncin VEX Robotics Competition Gasar Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya kowace shekara a tsakiyar Afrilu.
Filin wasan ya rasa matsayinsa na babban wasan cikin gida na Kentuckiana da wurin kide kide a lokacin da ke cikin garin KFC Yum! An buɗe cibiyar a cikin shekarata 2010. Har yanzu ana amfani da shi akai-akai, duk da haka, shirya kide-kide, nunin dawakai, taron gunduma, da wasannin kwando.
Tarihi An kammala Zauren 'Yanci a cikin 1956 a cikin sabuwar Cibiyar Baje kolin Kentucky da aka buɗe wacce ke kudu da Downtown Louisville An samu sunanta ne sakamakon wata gasa ta rubutu a faɗin jihar wadda Hukumar Bayar da Agaji ta Jiha da Ƙungiyar Sojojin Amurka suka dauki nauyinta Charlotte Owens, babban jami'a a DuPont Manual High School, ya Kuma ƙaddamar da shigarwar nasara akan 6,500 wasu. An ƙera shi don gasar tseren dawaki na farko na ƙasar, wasan tseren doki na Jihar Kentucky na Duniya, tsayin bene da wurin zama na dindindin an tsara su musamman don kusan tsayin nunin zobe (a kwatanta, tsarin wasan hockey na ƙa'ida shine tsayi, kuma filin kwando yana da ƙafa 94 kawai). Hakanan ana yin baje kolin Dabbobin Duniya na Arewacin Amurka a kowace Nuwamba. Muhammad Ali ya yi gwagwarmayar ƙwararrun sa na farko a zauren Freedom lokacin da ya ci nasara a zagaye shida na yanke shawara kan Tunney Hunsaker .Zauren 'Yanci kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan tasha akan Motortown (daga baya kiɗan balaguro a farkon da tsakiyar shekarata 1960s.
Haka kuma an gudanar da ranar shari’a (2000) a zauren ‘Yanci. An gudanar da gasar kokawa ta jami'a a filin wasa a shekarar 2019.
Tarihin haya Kentucky Colonels sun kafa ƙungiyoyi masu neman nasara a lokacin da suke aiki a Zauren 'Yanci, inda suka lashe Gasar Kwallon Kwando ta Amurka (ABA) a cikin lokacin shekarata 1974 75 kuma sun kai ga ABA Finals sau biyu. Ƙungiyar 1970-71 ta buga wasan karshe na ABA Championship, ta sha kashi a hannun Utah Stars a wasanni 7. Kungiyar ta shekarar 1972-73 ta sake tsallakewa zuwa Gasar Karshe, inda ta sha kashi a hannun Indiana Pacers a wasanni 7. An wargaza Colonels lokacin da ABA ta haɗu da Ƙungiyar Kwando ta Ƙasa a cikin shekarar 1976. 'Yan wasan Hall of Fame Dan Issel da Artis Gilmore sun yi wa Colonels wasa a lokacin nasarar da suka yi. Hall of Fame Coach Hube Brown ya horar da tawagar Colonels Championship. A cikin shekarata 1984 an sake gyara wurin, gami da rage ƙasa don ba da damar mafi girman ƙarfin haɓaka daga 16,664 zuwa 18,865 don ƙwallon kwando. Gidan cikakken lokaci ne na ƙwallon kwando na maza na Cardinal daga kakar shekarata 1957–58 zuwa 2010, tare da ƙungiyar ta lashe kashi 82% na wasannin gida a cikin yanayi 50+. U na L ya kasance a cikin Manyan 5 da ke halarta a cikin shekaru 25 da suka gabata, tare da 16 na shekaru 19 na ƙarshe da ya wuce 100% na iya aiki.
Baya ga zama gidan Cardinals, Freedom Hall ya karbi bakuncin wasannin NCAA har sau goma, gami da hudu na karshe tsakanin shekarar 1958 da 1969. Filin wasan ya kuma karbi bakuncin gasa na taro guda 11, Gasar Taro na Metro tara da gasa guda biyu na taron Amurka —2001 da 2003. Hakanan ta karbi bakuncin gasar Kwando ta Jihar Kentucky Boys' High School (wanda kuma aka sani da Sweet 16) sau 23, gami da kowace shekara daga shekarata 1965 zuwa 1978. A cikin 1984, an saukar da ƙasan filin wasan kusan don ƙara ƙarfin filin daga 16,613 zuwa adadi na yanzu. A cikin lokacin 1996-97 Freedom Hall ya sami yawan halartar 19,590 wuce gona da iri. Zauren 'Yanci yana karbar bakuncin tarakta na gasar Championship duk watan Fabrairu yayin Nunin Kayan Aikin Noma na Kasa.
Daga shekarar 2001 zuwa 2008, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Louisville Fire of the af2 ta buga a Freedom Hall kafin ta daina aiki.
A ƙasan matakin shine Gidan Wasan Wasan Wasan Wasan Kwallon Kafa na Kentucky inda wani zanen tagulla da aka zana ya karrama kowane ɗan wasa. Kungiyar kwando ta maza ta Jami'ar Louisville ta buga wasansu na karshe a Freedom Hall a gaban tarin tarin mutane 20,138 a ranar 6 ga Maris, Na shekarata 2010, da Jami'ar Syracuse, kungiya ta #1 a kasar. Louisville ya yi nasara a cikin tashin hankali 78–68.
Fage ya fara samun sabbin masu haya a cikin shekarata 2012 tare da ƙari na Kentucky Stickhorses, kuma a cikin 2013, tare da ƙari na Kentucky Xtreme Koyaya, Kentucky Stickhorses ya ninka a cikin 2014 bayan rashin nasara da rashin halarta. An dakatar da Kentucky Xtreme a tsakiyar kakar wasa tare da sauran kungiyoyin da ke buga sauran wasanninsu. A cikin shekarata 2020, Jami'ar Bellarmine Knights sun zaɓi Zauren 'Yanci a matsayin gidansu don ƙwallon kwando na maza da mata.
Hotuna
Duba wasu abubuwan Jerin abubuwan da suka faru a Zauren 'Yanci
KFC ku! Cibiyar
Wasanni a Louisville, Kentucky
Jerin abubuwan jan hankali da abubuwan da suka faru a cikin babban birni na Louisville
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Gidan yanar gizon wasannin motsa jiki na Jami'ar Louisville akan Freedom Hall
Shafin hukuma na Dandalin 'Yanci
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
27121 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%20Gaban%20Magungunan%20COVID-19 | Ci Gaban Magungunan COVID-19 | COVID-19 miyagun ƙwayoyi ci gaba ne na bincike tsari wajen samar da preventative warkewa sayen magani kwayoyi da cewa zai rage tsananin coronavirus cuta 2019 (COVID-19). Daga farkon shekarar 2020 zuwa shekarar 2021, kamfanoni ɗari da yawa na magunguna, kamfanonin fasahar kere kere, ƙungiyoyin bincike na jami'a, da kuma ƙungiyoyin kiwon lafiya suna haɓaka ƴan takarar warkewa don cutar COVID-19 a matakai daban-daban na bincike na asali ko na asibiti (jimillan yan takara 506 a cikin Afrilun shekarar 2021), tare da yuwuwar 419. Magungunan COVID-19 a cikin gwaji na asibiti, har zuwa Afrilu 2021.
Kamar yadda a farkon Maris din shekarar 2020, da World Health Organization (WHO), Turai Magunguna Agency (Ema), Amurka Food and Drug Administration (FDA), kuma gwamnatin kasar Sin da kuma miyagun ƙwayoyi masana'antun sun kasance suna haɗin gwiwa tare da masu bincike na ilimi da masana'antu don haɓaka haɓakar rigakafi, magungunan rigakafi, da hanyoyin kwantar da hankali bayan kamuwa da cuta. Platform Registry Platform na Clinical Trials na WHO ya rubuta karatun asibiti 536 don haɓaka hanyoyin kwantar da hankali bayan kamuwa da cuta don cututtukan COVID-19, tare da kafaffen magungunan rigakafi da yawa don kula da wasu cututtuka a ƙarƙashin binciken asibiti don sake dawowa,
A cikin Maris din shekarar 2020, WHO ta ƙaddamar da Gwajin SOLIDARITY a cikin ƙasashe 10, tare da yin rajistar dubunnan mutanen da suka kamu da COVID-19 don tantance tasirin jiyya na mahaɗan rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta guda huɗu tare da mafi girman alƙawarin inganci.An kafa bita mai ƙarfi, mai tsauri a cikin Afrilu 2020 don bin diddigin ci gaban gwajin asibiti da aka yi rajista don rigakafin COVID-19 da ƴan takarar magungunan warkewa.
Ci gaban ƙwayoyi tsari ne na matakai da yawa, yawanci yana buƙatar fiye da shekaru biyar don tabbatar da aminci da ingancin sabon fili. Hukumomin gudanarwa na ƙasa da yawa, kamar EMA da FDA, sun amince da hanyoyin don hanzarta gwajin asibiti. A watan Yuni 2021, da yawa yuwuwar hanyoyin warkewar kamuwa da cuta sun kasance a matakin ƙarshe na gwajin ɗan adam gwaji na asibiti na Phase III-IV Ingantacciyar magani, dacewa ta COVID-19 na iya kaiwa tallace-tallace na shekara-shekara sama da dala biliyan 10, a cewar wani kiyasin Jefferies & Co na baya- bayan nan.
Fage Ci gaban ƙwayoyi shi ne tsarin kawo sabon rigakafin cututtuka ko magungunan warkewa zuwa kasuwa da zarar an gano wani sinadarin gubar ta hanyar gano magunguna. Ya haɗa da binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje a kan ƙwayoyin cuta da dabbobi, yin rajista don matsayin tsari, kamar ta hanyar FDA, don sabon magani na bincike don fara gwajin asibiti akan mutane, kuma yana iya haɗawa da matakin samun amincewar tsari tare da sabon aikace-aikacen magani don tallata maganin.Gabaɗayan tsari daga ra'ayi ta hanyar gwaji na ainihi a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje zuwa haɓaka gwaji na asibiti, gami da gwaji na Mataki na I-III zuwa ingantaccen maganin rigakafi ko magani yana ɗaukar fiye da shekaru goma.
Kalmar "bincike na ainihi" an bayyana shi ta hanyar binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje a cikin vitro da in vivo, yana nuna matakin farko don haɓaka maganin rigakafin rigakafi, maganin rigakafi ko wasu hanyoyin kwantar da hankali bayan kamuwa da cuta, kamar gwaje-gwaje don ƙayyade ingantattun allurai da guba a cikin dabbobi., kafin a ƙaddamar da fili na ɗan takara don aminci da ƙimar inganci a cikin mutane. Don kammala ainihin matakin haɓaka magunguna sannan a gwada don aminci da inganci a cikin isassun adadin mutanen da suka kamu da COVID-19 (daruruwan zuwa dubbai a ƙasashe daban-daban) tsari ne mai yuwuwa yana buƙatar shekaru 1-2 don COVID-19 hanyoyin kwantar da hankali, bisa ga rahotanni da yawa a farkon shekarar 2020. Duk da waɗannan ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce, yawan nasarar da aka samu ga masu neman magani don samun amincewar ƙa'ida ta ƙarshe ta hanyar tsarin haɓaka magunguna don magance cututtukan da ke yaduwa shine kawai 19%.
Gwajin gwaji na mataki na farko da farko don aminci da allurai na farko a cikin wasu dozin dozin masu lafiya, yayin da gwaji na II bin nasara a cikin Mataki na I kimanta tasirin warkewa game da cutar COVID-19 a matakan haɓakar kashi (sakamako dangane da biomarkers yayin da kusanci. kimanta yiwuwar illar cutarwar ɗan takarar (ko hanyoyin kwantar da hankali), yawanci a cikin ɗaruruwan mutane. Tsarin gwaji na gama-gari don nazarin Mataki na II na yiwuwar magungunan COVID-19 bazuwar bazuwar, mai sarrafa wuribo makanta, kuma ana gudanar da shi a shafuka da yawa, yayin da ake tantance ƙarin madaidaicin, ingantattun allurai da saka idanu don illa.
Nasarar nasarar gwaji na Mataki na II don ci gaba zuwa Mataki na III (ga duk cututtuka) kusan kashi 31% ne, kuma ga cututtuka musamman, kusan 43%. Ya danganta da tsawon lokacin sa (ya fi tsayi tsada) yawanci tsawon watanni da yawa zuwa shekaru biyu matsakaicin tsayin gwajin Mataki na II yana kashe (dala 2013, gami da daidaitaccen farashi da na Mataki na I). Nasarar kammala gwajin Mataki na II baya yin hasashen cewa ɗan takara magani zai yi nasara a cikin bincike na Mataki na III.
Gwajin kashi na III na COVID-19 ya ƙunshi ɗaruruwan-zuwa-dubban mahalarta asibiti, da gwada tasirin jiyya don rage tasirin cutar, yayin da ake sa ido kan illolin da ba su da kyau a mafi kyawun kashi, kamar a cikin gwaje-gwajen Solidarity da Gano na ƙasa da ƙasa.
'Yan takara Dangane da wata majiya (tun daga watan Agusta 2020), nau'ikan nau'ikan bincike na asibiti ko na farko don haɓaka 'yan takarar warkewa na COVID-19 sun haɗa da:
Antibodies ('yan takara 81)
antiviral ('yan takara 31)
mahadi na tushen cell ('yan takara 34)
mahadi na tushen RNA ('yan takara 6)
za a sake dawo da mahaɗan binciken ('yan takara 18)
daban-daban sauran nau'o'in jiyya, irin su anti-mai kumburi, antimalarial, interferon, tushen furotin, maganin rigakafi, da mahadi masu daidaitawa.
Gwaje-gwajen Pivotal Phase III suna tantance ko maganin ɗan takarar yana da tasiri musamman akan cuta, kuma a cikin yanayin mutanen da ke asibiti tare da cututtukan COVID-19 mai tsanani gwada ingantaccen matakin kashi na wanda aka sake dawowa ko sabon ɗan takarar magani don inganta rashin lafiya (musamman ciwon huhu) daga kamuwa da cutar COVID-19. Don maganin da aka riga aka yarda da shi (kamar hydroxychloroquine don zazzabin cizon sauro), Gwajin Mataki na III-IV ya ƙayyade a cikin ɗaruruwa zuwa dubunnan mutanen da suka kamu da cutar ta COVID-19 yiwuwar tsawaita amfani da maganin da aka riga aka yarda da shi don magance kamuwa da COVID-19. Tun daga watan Agustan 2020, sama da magungunan ɗan takarar 500 sun kasance a cikin daidaitaccen tsari ko matakin ci gaban Mataki na I-IV, tare da sabbin gwaji na Mataki na II-III da aka sanar don ɗaruruwan 'yan takarar warkewa yayin 2020.
Yawancin magungunan 'yan takara da ke ƙarƙashin binciken a matsayin jiyya na "tallafawa" don kawar da rashin jin daɗi yayin rashin lafiya, irin su NSAIDs ko bronchodilators, ba a haɗa su a cikin teburin da ke ƙasa. Wasu a cikin gwaji na farko-farko na II ko kuma masu neman magani da yawa a cikin gwaje-gwajen Mataki na I, suma an cire su. 'Yan takarar ƙwayoyi a cikin gwaji na Mataki na I-II suna da ƙarancin nasara (a ƙarƙashin 12%) don wuce duk matakan gwaji don samun amincewa na ƙarshe. Da zarar an kai ga gwaji na Mataki na III, 'yan takarar warkewa don cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da kamuwa da cutar COVID-19 cututtukan cututtuka da na numfashi suna samun nasarar kusan kashi 72%.
'Yan takarar da aka sake dawo da su Mayar da magunguna (kuma ana kiranta repurposing) binciken magungunan da ake dasu don sabbin dalilai na warkewa layin daya ne na binciken kimiyya da aka bi don haɓaka amintattun jiyya na COVID-19. Yawancin magungunan rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda aka haɓaka a baya ko aka yi amfani da su azaman jiyya don matsanancin ciwo na numfashi mai tsanani (SARS), ciwo na numfashi na gabas ta tsakiya (MERS), HIV/AIDS, da zazzabin cizon sauro, ana binciken su azaman jiyya na COVID-19, tare da wasu ƙaura zuwa gwaji na asibiti.
A lokacin cutar ta COVID-19, sake fasalin ƙwayoyi shine tsarin bincike na asibiti na yin bincike cikin sauri da ma'anar aminci da ingancin magungunan da aka riga aka amince da su don wasu cututtukan da za a yi amfani da su ga mutanen da ke da kamuwa da COVID-19. A cikin tsarin haɓaka magunguna na yau da kullun, tabbatar da sake fasalin sabon maganin cutar zai ɗauki shekaru masu yawa na bincike na asibiti gami da gwaji na asibiti na Mataki na III akan magungunan ɗan takarar don tabbatar da amincin sa da ingancinsa musamman don magance kamuwa da COVID-19. A cikin gaggawa na cutar ta COVID-19 mai girma, ana haɓaka aikin sake dawo da magunguna a cikin Maris 2020 don kula da mutanen da ke asibiti tare da COVID-19.
Gwajin gwaji na asibiti ta amfani da maimaitawa, gabaɗaya amintattu, magungunan da ake da su don mutanen COVID-19 na asibiti na iya ɗaukar ɗan lokaci kaɗan kuma suna da ƙarancin ƙimar gabaɗaya don samun ƙarshen abubuwan da ke tabbatar da aminci (rashin sakamako masu illa da ingancin cutar bayan kamuwa da cuta, kuma yana iya shiga cikin sauri da wadatar wadatar magunguna. sarƙoƙi don masana'anta da rarraba duniya. A cikin ƙoƙarin ƙasa da ƙasa don kama waɗannan fa'idodin, WHO ta fara ne a tsakiyar Maris 2020 ta haɓaka gwaji na Mataki na II-III na ƙasa da ƙasa akan zaɓuɓɓukan magani huɗu masu ban sha'awa gwajin SOLIDARITY tare da sauran magunguna da yawa waɗanda ke da yuwuwar. repurposing a cikin daban-daban hanyoyin magance cututtuka, irin su anti-mai kumburi, corticosteroid, antibody, rigakafi, da kuma girma factor hanyoyin kwantar da hankali, da sauransu, ana ci gaba a cikin Phase II ko III gwaji a lokacin 2020.
A cikin Maris, Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka ta Amurka (CDC) ta ba da shawarar likita game da remdesivir ga mutanen da ke kwance a asibiti tare da cutar huhu da COVID-19 ke haifarwa: “Yayin da gwaje-gwajen asibiti suna da mahimmanci don tabbatar da aminci da ingancin wannan magani, likitocin ba tare da la’akari da su ba. samun damar yin gwajin asibiti na iya buƙatar remdesivir don amfanin jinƙai ta hanyar masana'anta don masu fama da ciwon huhu na asibiti."
Duba kuma Kudin ci gaban miyagun ƙwayoyi
Kara karantawa
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje R&D Blueprint da COVID-19, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya
Coronaviruses ta Cibiyar Nazarin Allergy da Cututtuka ta Amurka
COVID-19 therapeutics tracker Regulatory Affairs Professionals Society
Manazarta Covid-19
Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba |
57690 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tebessa | Tebessa | Tébessa ko Tebessa Tibissa, Tbessa ko Tibesti Theveste na gargajiya, babban birnin lardin Tébessa ne a arewa maso gabashin Aljeriya Tana da wuraren tarihi da dama, mafi mahimmanci shine bangon da ya kewaye birnin da ƙofofinsa. An kuma san birnin da kafet ɗin Aljeriya na gargajiya. Tébessa gida ce ga mutane sama da 190,000 a cikin 2007.
Suna Tebessa,rubuta a cikin Faransanci, tsohuwar Helenawa an san su da ko 'Ƙofofi ɗari'). An yi wannan Latin a matsayin Theveste Tarihi A zamanin da,Theveste ya kafa wani ɓangare na daular Roma.
Bayan kafuwar Daular Rum,rundunar ta 3 ga Augustan ta kasance a Theveste kafin a tura ta zuwa Lambaesis.Daga baya Theveste ya zama mulkin mallaka na Romawa,mai yiwuwa a ƙarƙashin Trajan a farkon karni na 2.A lokacin Trajan birni ne mai bunƙasa tare da mazauna kusan 30,000.Rushewar da ke rayuwa a cikin Tebessa na yau suna da wadatuwa da yawa a cikin tsoffin abubuwan tarihi,daga cikinsu akwai babban baƙon nasara na Caracalla,haikalin Roman,da Basilica na Kirista na ƙarni na 4.
Akwai ambaton majalisa da masu ba da taimako suka yi a wurin.Daga cikin tsarkaka akwai bishop Lucius,wanda ya taimaka a Majalisar Carthage ta 256 kuma ya mutu a matsayin shahidi bayan shekaru biyu;Maximilianus,ya yi shahada a ranar 12 ga Maris 295;da Crispina,ya yi shahada a ranar 5 ga Disamba 304.Wasu daga cikin sauran bishop din an san su: Romulus a cikin 349;Urbicus a cikin 411; Felix ya kori da Vandals a cikin 484; Palladius da aka ambata a cikin wani rubutu.
A cikin ƙarni na 4th da 5th,Theveste ya kasance babban wurin Manichaeism kuma.A watan Yuni na shekara ta 1918, an gano wani codex na Latin na ganye 26 da Manichaeans suka rubuta a cikin wani kogo kusa da birnin.Bayan wata daya, Henri Omont ya sami sauran ganyen farko guda 13.Dukan littafin yanzu ana kiransa da Tebessa codex kuma ana ajiye shi a Cologne.Markus Stein ne ya gyara shi.
Patrician Solomon ya sake gina Theveste a farkon mulkin Justinian I.Sulemanu ya gina kabarinsa a Theveste,wanda har yanzu akwai.
A karni na 7,mamayar musulmi ta rage wa Theveste muhimmanci amma bai halaka ta gaba daya ba.A cikin karni na 11,Banu Hilal,ƙabilar Larabawa da ke zaune tsakanin kogin Nilu da Bahar Maliya,sun zauna a Tripolitania,Tunisia,da Constantinois(yankin da ke kusa da Constantine da Tebessa).
A cikin karni na 16,daular Ottoman ta kafa wani karamin sansanin Janissaries a Tebessa.
A cikin 1851,Faransawa sun mamaye garin.Ya zama babban birnin lardinsa, sannan yanki ne na sashen Constantine a Aljeriya.Daga baya,an mayar da yankinta zuwa sashen Bône.Bayan Aljeriya ta sami 'yancin kai,ta zama babban birnin lardinta mai suna.
Babban abubuwan gani Arch na Caracalla,Bakin nasara na Romawa(AD 214).
Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Roman
Haikali na Minerva(farkon karni na 3 AD),tare da ganuwar da aka yi wa ado da mosaics.
Amphitheater(karni na 4 AD)
Rago na Basilica na St.Crispina (karni na 4 AD),ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma a Afirka. Berbers ne suka lalata shi a wani yanki,kuma a cikin 535 Janar na Rumawa Sulemanu ya sake gina shi.Tana da ɗakunan karatu,wuraren baftisma, catacombs,da lambuna,da shimfidar shimfidar wuri.
Ganuwar Byzantine(ƙarni na 6), wanda aka fi sani da "Banganu Sulemanu"kuma hasumiya mai murabba'i goma sha uku ke gefenta.
Archaeological gidan kayan gargajiya.
Yanayi Tébessa tana da yanayi mara kyau( Köppen weather classification BSk),tare da zafi,bushewar lokacin rani da sanyi, ɗan sanyin sanyi.
Sufuri An haɗa Tébessa ta hanya da jirgin ƙasa tare da sauran sassan Aljeriya da Tunisiya.Filin jirgin saman Tébessa ne ke ba da shi don jigilar jiragen sama.
Nassoshi
ambato
Littafi Mai Tsarki Stein (M.)(ed.Manichaica Latina 3.1. Codex Thevestinus(Papyrologica Coloniensia juzu'in 27/3.1.) Paderborn,Munich,Vienna da Zurich:Ferdinand Schöngh, 2004, Pp. xx 328.
Stein(M.)(ed.Manichaica Latina 3.2. Codex Thevestinus(Papyrologica Coloniensia juzu'in 27/3.2. )Paderborn,Munich,Vienna da Zurich:Ferdinand Schöngh,2006,Pp. vi 81,rashin lafiya.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Official site of Tebessa
Acta Maximiliani Martyris
Page with photos of ancient ruins This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Theveste". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
Biranen |
61583 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison%20Schmitt | Harrison Schmitt | Harrison Hagan Schmitt (an haife shi a watan Yuli 3, 1935) ɗan ƙasar Amurka ne masanin ilimin ƙasa, ɗan sama jannati NASA mai ritaya, farfesa a jami'a, tsohon ɗan majalisar dattawan Amurka daga New Mexico, kuma mutumin da ya rayu a baya-bayan nan kuma mutum kaɗai wanda ba shi da tushe a jirgin sama na soja ya yi tafiya. wata.
A cikin watan Disamba 1972, a matsayin daya daga cikin ma'aikatan da ke cikin jirgin Apollo 17, Schmitt ya zama memba na farko na kungiyar NASA ta farko da ta fara tashi a sararin samaniya. Kamar yadda Apollo 17 ya kasance na ƙarshe na ayyukan Apollo, shi ma ya zama mutum na goma sha biyu kuma na biyu mafi ƙanƙanta da ya taka ƙafar wata da kuma mutum na biyu zuwa na ƙarshe da zai tashi daga wata (ya hau Module Lunar jim kaɗan kafin kwamanda. Eugene Cernan Schmitt kuma ya kasance ƙwararren masanin kimiyya da ya tashi sama da ƙasa maras nauyi kuma ya ziyarci duniyar wata. Ya kasance mai tasiri a cikin al'ummar masana kimiyyar kasa da ke tallafawa shirin Apollo kuma, kafin ya fara shirye-shiryensa na aikin Apollo, ya kasance daya daga cikin masana kimiyyar da ke horar da 'yan sama jannatin Apollo da aka zaba don ziyartar duniyar wata.
Schmitt ya yi murabus daga NASA a watan Agustan 1975 don tsayawa takara a Majalisar Dattawan Amurka a matsayin memba daga New Mexico. A matsayinsa na dan takarar jam'iyyar Republican a zaben 1976, ya doke dan takarar jam'iyyar Democrat Joseph Montoya A zaben 1982, dan Democrat Jeff Bingaman ya doke Schmitt
Tarihin Rayuwa
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haife shi a Yuli 3, 1935, a Santa Rita, New Mexico, Schmitt ya girma a cikin garin Silver City kusa, kuma ya kammala karatun sakandare na Western High School (aji na 1953). Ya sami digiri na BS a fannin ilimin kasa daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta California a 1957 sannan ya kwashe shekara guda yana nazarin ilimin kasa a Jami'ar Oslo a Norway, a matsayin Masanin Fulbright. Ya samu Ph.D. a fannin ilimin geology daga Jami'ar Harvard a 1964, bisa la'akari da karatun filin da ya yi a Norway.
Aikinsa a NASA Kafin ya shiga NASA a matsayin memba na rukuni na farko na masana kimiyya-'yan sama jannati a watan Yuni 1965, ya yi aiki a Cibiyar Nazarin Astrogeology ta Amurka a Flagstaff, Arizona, haɓaka dabarun filin filin da ma'aikatan Apollo za su yi amfani da su. Bayan zaɓin nasa, Schmitt ya shafe shekararsa ta farko a Air Force UPT yana koyon zama matukin jirgi. Bayan ya koma gawarwakin 'yan sama jannati a Houston, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen horas da ma'aikatan Apollo su zama masu lura da yanayin kasa a lokacin da suke cikin duniyar wata da ƙwararrun ma'aikatan filin sararin samaniya lokacin da suke kan duniyar wata. Bayan kowane aikin saukowa, ya shiga cikin gwaji da kimantawa na samfuran wata da aka dawo da su kuma ya taimaka wa ma'aikatan tare da abubuwan kimiyya na rahotannin manufa
Schmitt ya ɓata lokaci mai yawa don zama ƙware a cikin tsarin CSM da LM A cikin Maris 1970 ya zama na farko na masana kimiyya-'yan sama jannati da aka sanya a cikin jirgin sama, shiga Richard F. Gordon Jr. (Commander) da Vance Brand (Command Module Pilot) a kan Apollo 15 madadin ma'aikatan. Jujjuyawar jirgin ya sanya waɗannan ukun a layi don tashi a matsayin manyan ma'aikatan jirgin a karo na uku bayan aikin, Apollo 18. Lokacin da aka soke Apollo 18 da Apollo 19 a cikin watan Satumba na 1970, al'ummar masana kimiyyar yanayin duniyar wata da ke goyon bayan Apollo sun ji sosai game da buƙatar saukar da ƙwararren masanin ilimin ƙasa a duniyar wata, wanda ya tilasta wa NASA ta sake sanya Schmitt zuwa sauran jirgin. A sakamakon haka, an sanya Schmitt a cikin Agusta 1971 don tashi a kan manufa ta ƙarshe, Apollo 17, ya maye gurbin Joe Engle a matsayin Lunar Module Pilot. Schmitt ya sauka a kan wata tare da kwamandan Gene Cernan a watan Disamba 1972. Schmitt ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya ɗauki hoton Duniya da aka sani da The Blue Marble, ɗaya daga cikin hotunan hotuna da aka fi rarraba a wanzuwa. Yayin da yake kan duniyar wata, Schmitt kawai masanin ilimin kasa a cikin 'yan sama jannati tattara samfurin dutsen da aka sanya Troctolite 76535, wanda aka kira "ba tare da shakka mafi kyawun samfurin da aka dawo daga wata ba". Daga cikin wasu bambance-bambancen, ita ce babbar shaidar da ke nuna cewa wata ya taɓa mallakar filin maganadisu mai aiki.
Yayin da ya koma Module na Lunar kafin Cernan, Schmitt shine mutum na gaba zuwa na ƙarshe da ya yi tafiya a saman wata. Tun mutuwar Cernan a cikin 2017, Schmitt shine mutum na baya-bayan nan da ya yi tafiya akan wata wanda har yanzu yana raye.[ kammala Apollo 17, Schmitt ya taka rawar gani wajen tattara sakamakon geologic na Apollo sannan kuma ya ɗauki aikin shirya Ofishin Shirin Makamashi na NASA.
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25819 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBBank | BBBank | The BBBank eG a baya an San shi da sunan (Badische Beamtenbank) Bankin
German cooperative bmai andikwkta ad in Karlsruhe (Baden-WürttemberYa ta'allaka ne a kasuwancin Banking da kimar jari da ya kai kusan
almost 11 bidaokuma os and ona ver 470.,Bankin yana daya daga cikin manyan bankunan kasar er banks in Gerany.
Bayanan martaba Bankin yana tsaye a cikin al'adar Deutsche Beamtenbanken (bankunan ma'aikatan gwamnatin Jamus). Ga abokan cinikin ɓangaren gwamnati akwai ƙwararru a cikin rassan da Bankin Direkt Tun daga ƙarshen shekara ta 1960 masu zaman kansu na duk sana'o'i na iya zama membobi.
Tare da rassa sama da 130 BBBank shine kawai bankin kasuwanci na haɗin gwiwa wanda ke hidimar yankin kasuwanci na ƙasa baki ɗaya. A wuraren da babu reshe na gida ana iya samun damar banki ta yanar gizo ta bankin Direkt ɗin sa.
Tsarin kasuwancin BBBank shine ƙirar ƙarancin haɗari wanda ke da niyyar dorewa. A matsayin Cibiyar haɗin gwiwa babu buƙatar masu hannun jari da ake buƙatar la'akari. Bankin zai iya mai da hankali kan bukatun abokan ciniki waɗanda bisa ga ƙa'idodin su ma membobi ne da masu haɗin bankin.
BBBank memba ne na CashPool da Bankcard-Servicenetz (cibiyar sadarwar katin katin banki)
Tarihi
1921-1969 A ranar 12 ga Nuwamba shekara ta 1921 aka kafa BBBank a matsayin cibiyar taimakon kai don hidimar jama'a a Karlsruhe. Badische Beamten-Genossenschaftsbank eGmbH (bankin hadin gwiwa na Baden don ma'aikatan gwamnati) kamar yadda ake kiran BBBank a wancan lokacin, ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairun acikin shekara ta 1922 tare da membobi 33 da suka kafa a wani karamin daki a cikin House Nowackanlage 19. Tuni shekaru biyu bayan haka aka sayi ginin akan Waldstraße 1, wanda har yau yana cikin babban ofishin BBBank.
Badische Beamtenbank ya fito daga rikicin ƙasa baki ɗaya a cikin shekara ta 1920s: Kusan ba komai bane babban sufeto na gidan waya Gotthold Mayer tare da ƙaramin gungun abokan aiki suka kafa bankin haɗin gwiwa. Abinda ya jawo shine ɗaya daga cikin abokan aikin Gotthold Mayers waɗanda ke son gina gida amma bankinsa bai amince da lamunin sa ba, wanda a wancan lokacin ba sabon abu bane. A wancan lokacin ba a yi imanin ma'aikatan gwamnati sun cancanci daraja ba.
Manufofin Gotthold Mayers da nufin baiwa ma’aikatan gwamnati dama su saka hannun jarin albashin da ba su yi amfani da su nan take ba cikin aminci da saka hannun jari. Duk ma'amalolin biyan kuɗi ya zama kyauta ga duk membobin. Bidi'a ita ce ta ba da rance ga ma'aikatan gwamnati ta hanyar saka hannun jari da ma'aikatan gwamnati ke yi. Ta hanyar wannan tsari gaba ɗaya sana'ar ta zama abin gaskatawa wanda har zuwa wannan lokacin ba ta da ɗan dama kaɗan don samun lamuni. Bugu da kari, ribar ta kasance don amfanin memba.
Tare da kwace ikon 'yan Nazi a cikin Janairu a cikin shekara ta 1933 dole ne ma’aikatan farar hula su yarda da asara a yayin Gleichschaltung (tilasta bin doka) An yanke shawarar haɗin kai na taimakon kai da son kai don sabbin manufofin gwamnatoci. A watan Afrilu a cikin shekara ta 1933 Gotthold Mayer ya sauka daga mukaminsa na shugaban. Koyaya, a farkon shekara ta 1946 ya sami damar dawo da jagorancin Badischen Beamtenbank da kewaya Cibiyar ta cikin shekaru masu wahala bayan yaƙin da sake fasalin kuɗin. Sai kawai a cikin shekara ta 1967 wanda ya kafa bankin ya yi ritaya yana da shekaru 80. A wannan lokacin bankin yana da membobi 136,000 da rassa 14 kuma shine babban haɗin gwiwar bashi a Turai. Gotthold Mayer ya kasance shugaban bankin na girmamawa har zuwa rasuwarsa ranar 7 ga Fabrairu a cikin shekara ta 1970.
1969–2005 A cikin shekara ta 1969 an buɗe da'irar membobi. Yanzu ba ma’aikatan gwamnati kadai ba har ma da ma’aikatan wasu sana’o’i sun sami damar zama membobin bankin BBB
A cikin shekara ta 1990 dukiyar bankin ta kai Deutsche Mark na biliyan 5. A cikin 1992 bankin ya buɗe reshe a Dresden kuma a cikin shekara ta 1994 a Berlin, inda aka buɗe wasu rassa biyu a cikin shekara tab1997. A cikin shekara ta 1997 bankin ya kasance memba mai hikima babban bankin haɗin gwiwa a Turai tare da jimlar kadarorin kusan biliyan 9 na DM.
A cikin shekara ta 1999 sake canza sunan daga Badische Beamtenbank zuwa BBBank na yau ya faru.
Daga shekara ta 1972 zuwa ta 2005 bankunan haɗin gwiwa guda biyar masu zaman kansu sun zo ƙarƙashin laima na Badische Beamtenbanks: Hessische Beamtenbank Darmstadt Südwestdeutsche Beamtenbank Frankfurt am Main) Beamtenbank zu Köln, Bankin Bayerische Beamten da ƙarshe Schleswigten-Holsteinische Beban. Tun daga wannan lokacin BBBank shine kawai bankin ma'aikatan gwamnati a Jamus.
BBBank a yau A yau BBBank ya haɗu da fa'idar Bankin Direkt kamar farashi da banki na kan layi tare da fa'ida da kusancin wani reshe na gida. Cibiyar sadarwa mai rassa sama da 100 a cikin dukkan jihohi 16 da Bankin Direkt da sabis na banki na kan layi gami da wayoyin salula da kwamfutar hannu suna haifar da kusanci da isa ga abokin ciniki. Bankin har yanzu yana mai da hankali kan bankin siyarwa kuma yana ba da duk samfura da sabis na bankin duniya na zamani.
A cikin shekara ta 2011 an ba bankin takardar shaidar berufundfamilie (aikin duba da dangi) a karon farko ta hanyar sadaka Hertie-Stiftung (Gidauniyar Hertie) Binciken ya duba abubuwan da ake da su da kuma shirye-shiryen BBBank don dacewa da dangi da aiki cikin mahallin tsarin kula da albarkatun ɗan adam Bankin a halin yanzu yana ba da matsayi na ɗan lokaci da sassaucin lokutan aiki. Kima a wannan yanki kusan 25%. Duk da haka, wannan ba koyaushe ya ƙunshi matasa uwaye da ubanni ba. Wasu membobin ma'aikata suna ɗaukar tayin bankunan don kula da dangi da ke dogaro da kulawa. Tun daga wannan lokacin ake tabbatar da takaddar akai akai.a ƙarshe shekara ta 2017.
Asusun kashe gobara da sata An riga an yi la'akari da shingen gidan masu zaman kansu game da gobara, ɓarna da ɓarna da ɓarna irin wannan muhimmin al'amari a cikin kwanakin bankin, cewa an kafa inshora ga abokan ciniki da membobin BBBank, Feuer -und Einbruchschadenkasse VVaG (wuta da asusu na lalacewar sata) Inshorar ta dogara ne akan ƙa'idar haɗin kai kamar yadda aka saba don inshorar juna. Ana amfani da jimlar duk kuɗin shiga memba don rama abubuwan da suka shafi lalacewar har sai an gama amfani da duk kuɗin. Kawai sai a ɗaga rabon abin da aka tabbatar, wanda yawanci yana faruwa kowace shekara huɗu. Ta wannan hanyar membobi suna jin daɗin lokacin ba da gudummawa na shekaru huɗu da cikakken ɗaukar hoto a lokaci guda.
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin waje Yanar Gizo
Documents and clippings about BBBank Pages with unreviewed |
30026 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fafutukar%20ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20na%C6%99asasu | Fafutukar haƙƙin naƙasasu | Ƙungiyar haƙƙin nakasassu ƙungiya ce ta duniya wacce ke neman tabbatar da daidaitattun dama da daidaitattuwan haƙƙin ga duk mutanen da ke da nakasa Yana da ƙungiyoyi na masu fafutuka na nakasa, wanda kuma aka sani da masu ba da shawara na nakasa, a duk duniya suna aiki tare da irin wannan manufa da buƙatun, kamar: samun dama da aminci a cikin gine-gine, sufuri, da yanayin jiki; daidaitattun dama a rayuwa mai zaman kanta, daidaiton aikin yi, ilimi, da gidaje da 'yanci daga wariya, cin zarafi, sakaci, da sauran take hakki. Masu fafutuka da nakasa suna aiki don karya shingen hukumomi, na jiki, da na zamantakewa waɗanda ke hana nakasassu rayuwa kamar sauran ƴan ƙasa. Haƙƙoƙin naƙasa yana da sarƙaƙiya saboda akwai hanyoyi da yawa waɗanda mai nakasa zai iya samun tauye haƙƙoƙinsa a cikin yanayi daban-daban na zamantakewa da siyasa, al'adu, da shari'a. Alal misali, a zamanin yau, shingen gama gari da masu naƙasa ke fuskanta ya shafi aikin yi. To Musamman ma, masu daukan ma'aikata galibi ba sa son ko ba su iya samar da matsuguni masu dacewa don baiwa masu nakasa damar gudanar da ayyukansu yadda ya kamata. Lokacin da ake tattaunawa game da bukatun nakasassu, masu fafutuka na nakasa suna lura cewa mafita sun haɗa da nakasassu a matsayin masu shiga tsakani, aƙalla. Akwai tsare-tsare na yanzu waɗanda suka haɗa da sa hannun ɓangare na uku, kamar gyaran tunani da ba da shawarar doka, amma kaɗan daga cikin waɗannan hanyoyin sun haɗa da ƙarfafa wannan ƙungiyar don dogaro da kai.
Tarihi
Amurka Hakkokin nakasa na ƙasar Amurka sun samo asali sosai a cikin karnin da ya gabata. Kafin yunƙurin haƙƙin nakasassu, ƙin yarda da Shugaba Franklin Delano Roosevelt na a bayyana shi a matsayin rashin lahani da aka nuna kuma ya nuna alamar rashin jin daɗi da ke tattare da nakasa. Yayin yakin neman zabe, ba da jawabai, ko aiki a matsayin jama'a, ya boye nakasarsa. Wannan ya dawwamar da akidar cewa "nakasa tana daidaita da rauni". Ana kallon nakasa a Amurka a matsayin wani lamari na sirri, kuma ba ƙungiyoyin siyasa ko na gwamnati da yawa da suka wanzu don tallafawa mutane a cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin. A cikin shekarata 1950s, an sami canji zuwa ayyukan sa kai da ƙungiyoyin iyaye, kamar Maris na Dimes Yayin da wannan ne farkon fafutuka da neman tallafi ga wadannan kungiyoyi, yaran da ke da nakasa iyayensu sun boye da yawa saboda tsoron tilasta musu gyara. Lokacin da ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin jama'a suka tashi a cikin shekarar 1960s, masu fafutukar naƙasassun sun shiga cikinta da ƙungiyoyin 'yancin mata don haɓaka daidaito daidai da ƙalubalantar ra'ayi. A wannan lokacin ne fafutukar kare hakkin nakasa ta fara samun mai da hankali kan nakasa. Mutanen da ke da nakasa iri-iri (nakasassu ta jiki da ta hankali, tare da nakasar gani da ji) da buƙatu daban-daban sun taru don yaƙi don manufa ɗaya.
Sai a shekarata 1990 ne aka zartar da Dokar Nakasa ta Amurkawa (ADA), bisa doka ta haramta wariya saboda nakasa, da kuma ba da izinin shiga nakasa a duk gine-gine da wuraren jama'a. ADA tana da mahimmanci a tarihi saboda ta ayyana ma'anar matsuguni mai ma'ana don kare ma'aikata da ma'aikata. A yau, masu fafutukar kare hakkin nakasa suna ci gaba da ba da kariya ga waɗanda ake nuna musu wariya, kuma suna aiki kan wasu batutuwa masu mahimmanci kamar tilasta doka da kula da nakasassu. A ma'auni na duniya, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kafa Yarjejeniya kan 'Yancin Mutanen da ke da Nakasa, musamman game da mutanen da ke da nakasa (Lockwood 146).
Shingayen nakasa Misalin zamantakewa na nakasa yana nuna nakasa yana faruwa ne ta hanyar tsarin al'umma, maimakon tawayar mutum. Wannan samfurin yana nuna shinge a cikin al'umma an halicce su ta hanyar iyawa To Lokacin da aka cire shinge, masu nakasa za su iya zama masu zaman kansu kuma daidai suke a cikin al'umma.
Akwai manyan katanga guda uku: Matsalolin ɗabi'a: mutanen da suke ganin nakasa ne kawai ke ƙirƙira su yayin cuɗanya da nakasassu ta wata hanya. Ana iya ganin waɗannan shingen ɗabi'a ta hanyar zalunci, wariya, da tsoro. Waɗannan shingen sun haɗa da ƙarancin tsammanin mutanen da ke da nakasa. Waɗannan shingen suna ba da gudummawa ga duk sauran shingen. Halayen nakasassu a ƙasashe masu ƙanƙanta da matsakaita na iya zama ma wuce gona da iri. Matsalolin muhalli: wuraren da ba za a iya shiga ba, na halitta ko ginanne, suna haifar da nakasu ta hanyar ƙirƙirar shingen haɗawa.
Shingayen cibiyoyi: sun haɗa da dokoki da yawa, manufofi, ayyuka, ko dabarun nuna wariya ga nakasassu. Misali, wani bincike da aka yi a wasu kasashe biyar na kudu maso gabashin Asiya, ya nuna cewa, dokokin zabe ba sa kare hakkin nakasassu na musamman na siyasa, yayin da “wasu bankunan ba sa barin nakasassu su bude asusu, kuma cibiyoyin gwajin cutar kanjamau kan kin karbar yaren kurame. masu fassara saboda manufofin sirri". Akwai dokoki masu taƙaitawa a wasu ƙasashe, musamman suna shafar mutanen da ke da nakasu na hankali ko na zamantakewa. Sauran shingen sun haɗa da: shingen cikin gida (ƙananan tsammanin mutanen da ke da nakasa na iya lalata kwarin gwiwa da burinsu), rashin isassun bayanai da ƙididdiga, rashin shiga daga tuntuɓar nakasassu.
Batutuwa
Mutanen da ke da nakasa Samun shiga wuraren jama'a kamar titunan birni, gine-ginen jama'a, da dakunan wanka na daga cikin sauye-sauyen da aka fi gani da aka samu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan don kawar da shinge na zahiri. Babban canji a wasu sassan duniya shine shigar da lif, Kuma kofofi na atomatik, ƙofofi masu fadi da hanyoyi, jigilar kaya, gyare-gyaren keken hannu, yanke shinge, da kuma kawar da matakan da ba dole ba inda ramps da lif ba su samuwa, ba da damar mutane a cikin keken hannu tare da sauran nakasassun motsi don amfani da hanyoyin jama'a da jigilar jama'a cikin sauƙi da aminci.
Mutanen da ke da nakasar gani Mutanen da ke da ƙarancin hangen nesa a kai a kai suna fuskantar tsangwama ga wariya saboda rashin iya bambance wasu launuka. Farfesa Miguel Neiva na Jami'ar Minho, Portugal ne ya ƙera wani tsarin alamomin alamomin geometrically da aka sani da Coloradd a cikin shekarata 2010 don nuna launuka ga mutanen da ke da wahalar fahimtar su.
Mutanen da ke da nakasar ci gaba Masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin mutanen da ke da nakasa suna mai da hankali kan ƙoƙarinsu don samun karɓuwa a cikin ma'aikata da kuma ayyukan yau da kullun da abubuwan da wataƙila an cire su a baya. Ba kamar da yawa daga cikin jagorori a cikin al'ummar kare haƙƙin nakasassu ta jiki ba, Sai dai ba da shawarar kai ya yi jinkirin haɓakawa ga mutanen da ke da nakasa. Sakamakon haka, yawancin ayyukan da Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Nakasa ta yi an kammala su ta hanyar abokan tarayya, ko waɗanda ba su da nakasa amma suna da alaka mai karfi da nakasa. Iyaye, abokai, da ƴan'uwa sun yi yaƙi don neman ilimi da karɓuwa lokacin da 'yan uwansu da ke da nakasar fahimta ta kasa. Sanin jama'a game da ƙungiyoyin yancin ɗan adam na wannan yawan ya kasance mai iyaka, kuma ra'ayin mutanen da ke da nakasa a matsayin ƴan ƙasa marasa ba da gudummawa waɗanda suka dogara ga wasu ya kasance gama gari. A yau, harkar ta fi mayar da hankali kan zamantakewa don kara wayar da kan jama'a, kamar yadda yakin "R-Word" ya tabbatar, inda suke kokarin kawar da amfani da kalmar "retard".
Kungiyar kare hakkin Autism Ƙungiyar haƙƙin zamantakewa ne wanda ke jaddada manufar neurodiversity, kallon nau'in nau'i na autism sakamakon bambancin yanayi a cikin kwakwalwar ɗan adam maimakon rashin lafiya da za a warke. Ƙungiyar haƙƙin autism tana ba da shawarwari ga manufofi da yawa, gami da babban yarda da halayen autistic; hanyoyin kwantar da hankali waɗanda ke mayar da hankali kan ƙwarewar magancewa maimakon yin koyi da halayen takwarorinsu na neurotypical ƙirƙirar cibiyoyin sadarwar jama'a da abubuwan da ke ba da damar mutanen autistic su yi hulɗa da kansu; da kuma amincewa da al'ummar autistic a cikin matsayin 'yan tsiraru Haƙƙin Autism ko masu ba da ra'ayin bambance-bambancen jijiyoyi sun yi imanin cewa bakan Autism na asali ne na asali kuma yakamata a yarda da shi azaman yanayin yanayin halittar ɗan adam Wannan hangen nesa ya bambanta da wasu ra'ayoyi guda biyu (2): hangen nesa na likitanci, cewa Autism yana haifar da lahani na kwayoyin halitta kuma yakamata a magance shi ta hanyar niyya ga kwayoyin Autism (s), da ka'idojin da ke tattare da cewa autism yana haifar da abubuwan muhalli kamar alluran rigakafi Wannan yunkuri yana da sabani. Sukar da aka saba yi wa masu fafutuka autistic shine cewa yawancinsu suna da masu aiki sosai ko kuma suna da ciwon Asperger kuma ba sa wakiltar ra'ayoyin marasa aiki masu fama da cutar.
Mutanen da ke da matsalar rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa Masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin mutanen da ke da nakasa tabin hankali sun fi mayar da hankali ne kan yunƙurin kai, da kuma ikon mutum na rayuwa da kansa. Haƙƙin samun rayuwa mai zaman kanta, ta yin amfani da kulawar mataimakiyar biya maimakon kasancewa mai zaman kanta, idan mutum yana so, shine babban burin ƙungiyar haƙƙin nakasa, kuma shine babban burin irin wannan ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da masu ba da shawara, Duk waɗanda suke mafi tsananin alaƙa da mutanen da ke da nakasa hankali da kuma rashin lafiyar hankali. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyi sun tallafa wa nakasassu don su rayu a matsayin ƙarin masu shiga cikin al'umma.
Samun ilimi da aiki Samun ilimi da aikin yi su ma sun kasance babban abin da ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin nakasa suka mayar da hankali a kai. Fasahar daidaitawa, baiwa mutane damar yin ayyukan da ba za su iya samu a baya ba, suna taimakawa wajen samar da damar samun ayyukan yi da 'yancin kai na tattalin arziki. To Amman Samun shiga cikin aji ya taimaka inganta damar ilimi da 'yancin kai ga mutanen da ke da nakasa.
'Yanci daga wariya da cin zarafi 'Yanci daga cin zarafi, sakaci, da take haƙƙin mutum suma mahimman manufofin ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin nakasassu ne. Cin zarafi da sakaci sun haɗa da keɓantawa da kamewa da bai dace ba, yin amfani da ƙarfi da bai dace ba ta ma’aikata da/ko masu bayarwa, barazana, cin zarafi da/ko ramawa daga ma’aikata ko masu samarwa, gazawar samar da isasshen abinci mai gina jiki, sutura, da/ko likita da kula da lafiyar hankali, da kuma /ko gazawar samar da muhalli mai tsafta da aminci, da kuma wasu batutuwan da ke haifar da babbar barazana ga lafiyar jiki da tunani na mutumin da ke da nakasa. Tauye haƙƙin marasa lafiya sun haɗa da rashin samun cikakken izini don magani, gazawar kiyaye sirrin bayanan jiyya, da ƙuntatawa mara dacewa na haƙƙin sadarwa da haɗin gwiwa tare da wasu, to Amman da sauran haƙƙoƙin haƙƙin.
Sakamakon aikin da aka yi ta hanyar ƙungiyoyin haƙƙin nakasassu, an zartar da manyan dokokin haƙƙin nakasa a cikin shekarar 1970s zuwa 1990s a cikin Amurka
Manyan abubuwan da suka faru
Kanada Lardi mafi girma na Kanada, Ontario, ya ƙirƙira doka, Samun dama ga Dokar nakasa ta Ontario, 2005, tare da burin samun damar zuwa Shekarar 2025.
A cikin Shekarata 2019, Dokokin Kanada Mai Samun damar zama doka. Wannan ita ce dokar Kanada ta farko ta ƙasa kan samun dama da ke shafar duk sassan gwamnati da hukumomin tarayya.
Indiya Dokar Haƙƙin nakasassu, shekarar 2016 ita ce dokar tawaya da Majalisar Indiya ta zartar don cika wajibcinta ga Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan haƙƙin nakasassu, wanda Indiya ta amince da shi a cikin shekarata 2007. Dokar ta maye gurbin data kasance Masu Nakasa (Dama Daidai, Kare Hakkoki da Cikakkun Shiga) Dokar, 1995 Ya fara aiki a ranar 28 ga Disamba, shekarar 2016. Wannan doka ta amince da nakasassu 21.
Ƙasar Ingila A cikin Ƙasar Ingila, biyo bayan faɗuwar yunƙurin da mutanen da ke da nakasa suka yi sama da shekaru da dama, an zartar da Dokar Wariya ta Nakasa ta shekarar 1995 (DDA 1995). Hakan dai ya haramta wa nakasassu wariya a Birtaniyya dangane da ayyukan yi, samar da kayayyaki da ayyuka, ilimi da sufuri. Hukumar daidaito da kare hakkin dan Adam ta ba da goyon baya ga wannan Dokar. Akwai irin wannan doka a Ireland ta Arewa, wacce Hukumar Daidaito ta Arewacin Ireland ta aiwatar da ita Bayan gabatar da harajin Bedroom (a hukumance hukuncin rashin zama a hukumance) a cikin dokar sake fasalin walwala ta shekarata 2012, masu fafutukar nakasa sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunkasa zanga-zangar Harajin Bedroom An kiyasta sauye-sauyen fa'ida da yawa suna shafar nakasassu daidai gwargwado da kuma tauye hakkin nakasassu na rayuwa mai zaman kansa. Dokar Down Syndrome za ta ba da izini na doka ga mutanen da ke zaune tare da Down syndrome Amurka A cikin shekarata 1948, ruwan sha don motsi shine tabbacin wanzuwar shinge na jiki da na shirye-shirye. An ba da tabbacin a matsayin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun wuraren da za a iya amfani da shi kyauta ga mutanen da ke da nakasa. Ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun bayanai sun ba da mafi ƙarancin buƙatu don shamaki kyauta ta jiki da damar shirin. Misalin shingen shine; samar da matakai kawai don shiga gine-gine; rashin kula da hanyoyin tafiya; wuraren da ba a haɗa su da jigilar jama'a; rashin hanyoyin sadarwa na gani da ji yana kawo wariya ga nakasassu daga masu zaman kansu, shiga, da dama. Ƙididdigar Kyauta na ANSI (Kalmar da Dr. Timothy Nugent ya tsara, mai binciken jagoran) mai suna "ANSI A117.1, Yin Gine-gine Masu Samun Dama da Amfani da Nakasassun Jiki", yana ba da tabbacin da ba za a iya jayayya ba cewa shingen ya wanzu. Ma'auni shine sakamakon masana ilimin motsa jiki, injiniyoyin injiniyoyi, da daidaikun mutane masu nakasa waɗanda suka haɓaka kuma suka shiga cikin sama da shekaru 40 na bincike. Ma'auni yana ba da ma'auni don gyare-gyaren shirye-shirye da kuma wurin jiki don samar da 'yancin kai. An kwaikwayi ma'aunin a duk duniya tun lokacin da aka gabatar da shi a Turai, Asiya, Japan, Ostiraliya, da Kanada, a farkon shekarata 1960s.
Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman ci gaba na ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin nakasa shine haɓakar motsin rayuwa mai zaman kansa, wanda ya fito a California a cikin shekarata 1960s ta hanyar ƙoƙarin Edward Roberts da sauran mutane masu amfani da keken hannu. Wannan yunkuri, wani bangare na kungiyar kare hakkin nakasassu, ya bayyana cewa nakasassu sune kwararrun kwararru kan bukatunsu, don haka dole ne su tashi tsaye, a daidaiku da kuma a dunkule, wajen tsarawa da inganta ingantattun hanyoyin warware matsalar, kuma dole ne su tsara kansu don samun damar siyasa. Bayan ɓata sana'a da wakilcin kai, akidar ƙungiyoyin masu zaman kansu sun haɗa da kawar da nakasassu, kawar da cibiyoyi da nakasa (watau shigar cikin ƙungiyoyin rayuwa mai zaman kanta ba tare da la'akari da bincike ba). Hakazalika, an zartar da dokar hana shingen gine-gine a 1968, wanda ke ba da umarni cewa gine-ginen da aka gina ta tarayya da nakasassu. Gabaɗaya ana ɗaukar wannan dokar a matsayin dokar haƙƙin nakasa ta tarayya ta farko. Abin baƙin ciki ga waɗanda ke da nakasar fahimi, nakasarsu ta sa ya zama mafi wahala su zama ƙwararrun ƙwararrun bukatunsu, tare da hana su ikon ba da shawarar kansu kamar yadda takwarorinsu masu amfani da keken hannu za su iya. Gabatar da kai ya fi wuya ga waɗanda ba za su iya bayyana tunaninsu ba, wanda ya kai ga dogaro da wasu don ci gaba da wannan motsi.
A cikin shekarata 1973 Dokar Gyara (Amurka) ta zama doka; Sashe na 501, 503, da 504 sun haramta wariya a shirye-shiryen da ayyuka na tarayya da duk wasu shirye-shirye ko ayyuka da ke karɓar kuɗin tarayya. Mahimmin harshe a cikin Dokar Gyara, wanda aka samo a Sashe na 504, ya ce "Babu wani ƙwararren nakasassu [sic] a cikin Amurka, da za a cire shi kawai saboda rashin lafiyarsa sic], daga shiga, zama hana fa'idodin, ko kuma a nuna musu wariya a ƙarƙashin kowane shiri ko aiki da ke samun tallafin kuɗi na tarayya." Dokar ta kuma bayyana kudaden da za a iya warewa don taimakawa nakasassu samun horo ga ma'aikata tare da taimakawa wajen tabbatar da cewa za su iya isa wurin aiki ba tare da fuskantar matsalolin rashin isa ba. Wannan ita ce dokar haƙƙin ɗan adam ta farko da ke ba da tabbacin dama daidai ga mutanen da ke da nakasa. Wani muhimmin juzu'i mai mahimmanci shine 504 Sit-in a cikin shekarata 1977 na gine-ginen gwamnati wanda Ma'aikatar Lafiya, Ilimi, da Jindadin Amurka (HEW) ke gudanarwa, wanda Frank Bowe ya ɗauka kuma Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Jama'a ta Amurka ta shirya, wanda ya haifar da fitar da ka'idoji bisa ga Sashe na 504 na Dokar Gyara ta shekarar 1973. A ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 1977, masu fafutuka sun fara zanga-zanga kuma wasu sun zauna a cikin ofisoshin da aka samu a yankuna goma na tarayya ciki har da New York City, Los Angeles, Boston, Denver, Chicago, Philadelphia, da Atlanta. Daya daga cikin manyan zanga-zangar ta faru ne a San Francisco. Masu zanga-zangar sun bukaci sanya hannu kan ka'idoji na sashe na 504 na Dokar Gyara ta a shekarar 1973. Judith Heumann ce ta jagoranci zaman da aka yi nasara. Ranar farko ta zanga-zangar ita ce ta farko ta zaman dirshan na kwanaki 25. Kusan masu fafutuka na nakasassu 120 da masu zanga-zangar sun mamaye ginin HEW, kuma Sakatare Joseph Califano a ƙarshe ya sanya hannu a ranar 28 ga Afrilu, shekarata 1977. Wannan zanga-zangar ta kasance mai mahimmanci ba kawai don an cimma manufarta ba, har ma saboda ita ce babban yunƙuri na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin mutanen nakasassu daban-daban da suka taru don goyon bayan dokar da ta shafi yawan nakasassu gabaɗaya, maimakon takamaiman ƙungiyoyi.
A cikin shekarata 1978 masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin nakasassu a Denver, Colorado, waɗanda Atlantis Community suka shirya, sun gudanar da zama tare da toshe bas ɗin Hukumar Canja wurin Yankin Denver a cikin 1978. Suna nuna rashin amincewarsu da cewa tsarin zirga-zirgar ababen hawa na birnin gaba daya ba ya isa ga nakasassu. Wannan aikin ya zama na farko a cikin jerin zanga-zangar rashin biyayya da aka yi na tsawon shekara guda har zuwa lokacin da Hukumar Kula da Canjin Wuta ta Denver ta sayi motocin bas sanye da kayan hawan keken guragu. A cikin 1983, Amurkawa nakasassu don Samun Samun Jama'a (ADAPT) shine ke da alhakin wani yaƙin neman zaɓe na farar hula shima a Denver wanda ya kwashe shekaru bakwai. Sun kai hari kan Ƙungiyar Sufuri na Jama'a na Amirka don nuna rashin amincewa da jigilar jama'a; Wannan yaƙin neman zaɓe ya ƙare a cikin shekarata 1990 lokacin da dokar nakasassu ta Amurka ta buƙaci tayar da bas ga mutanen da ke amfani da keken hannu a duk faɗin ƙasar. Wata babbar zanga-zangar da ke da alaƙa da haƙƙin nakasa ita ce Kurame Yanzu zanga-zangar da ɗaliban Jami'ar Gallaudet suka yi a Washington, DC, a cikin Maris Na shekarar 1988. Muzaharar ta kwanaki 8 (Maris 6 Maris 13) zanga-zangar da kuma aiki da kullewa daga makarantar ta fara ne lokacin da Hukumar Amintattu ta nada sabon Shugabar sauraren karar, Elisabeth Zinser, sama da ’yan takara Kurame biyu. Koke-koken daliban na farko shi ne yadda jami’ar da ta sadaukar da kai wajen karantar da kurame, ba ta taba samun shugaba kurame ba, wanda zai wakilce su. Daga cikin bukatu hudu da masu zanga-zangar suka gabatar, babba ita ce murabus din shugaban kasar da kuma nada kurame. Muzaharar ta ƙunshi ɗalibai kusan 2,000 da waɗanda ba ɗalibi ba. An gudanar da zanga-zangar ne a harabar jami’ar, a cikin gine-ginen gwamnati, da kuma a kan tituna. A karshe dai an biya dukkan bukatun daliban sannan aka nada I. Sarki Jordan a matsayin shugaban kurma na farko na jami'a. A cikin shekarata 1990, Dokar nakasassu ta Amurka ta zama doka, kuma ta ba da cikakkiyar kariyar haƙƙin ɗan adam ga mutanen da ke da nakasa. An ƙirƙira shi sosai bayan Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama da Sashe na 504, dokar ita ce mafi girman dokokin haƙƙin nakasa a tarihin Amurka. Ya ba da umarnin cewa gwamnatocin ƙananan hukumomi, jihohi, da tarayya da shirye-shirye su kasance masu isa, cewa masu daukan ma'aikata tare da ma'aikata sama da 15 su yi madaidaicin masauki ga ma'aikatan da ke da nakasa kuma kada su nuna bambanci ga wasu ƙwararrun ma'aikatan da ke da nakasa, da kuma wuraren zama na jama'a kamar gidajen abinci da shaguna. ba nuna bambanci ga nakasassu ba kuma suna yin gyare-gyare masu dacewa don tabbatar da samun dama ga nakasassun jama'a. Har ila yau, dokar ta ba da izinin shiga cikin jama'a, sadarwa, da sauran fannonin rayuwar jama'a.
An gudanar da Maris Pride na nakasa na farko a Amurka a Boston a cikin shekarata 1990. An gudanar da Maris na Tawaya ta biyu a Boston a cikin 1991. Babu wani naƙasasshiyar Pride Pride Marises/Pades na shekaru da yawa, har zuwa Chicago ranar Lahadi, Yuli 18, 2004. An ba da kuɗin dalar Amurka 10,000 a cikin kuɗin iri wanda Sarah Triano ta samu a cikin shekarata 2003 a matsayin wani ɓangare na lambar yabo ta Paul G. Hearne jagoranci daga Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Jama'a ta Amirka A cewar Triano, mutane 1,500 ne suka halarci faretin. Yoshiko Dart shi ne jagoran fareti.
nune-nunen da tarin yawa Don bikin cika shekaru 10 na Dokar nakasassu na Amurkawa, Cibiyar Tarihi ta Smithsonian Institute National Museum of History ta buɗe wani nune-nunen da ya yi nazari kan tarihin fafutuka ta nakasassu, abokansu, da iyalai don tabbatar da yancin ɗan adam da aka lamunce ga duk Amurkawa. Abubuwan da ake gani sun haɗa da alƙalami da Shugaba George HW Bush ya yi amfani da shi wajen sanya hannu kan dokar da ɗaya daga cikin kujerun guragu na farko. An tsara nunin don isa ga iyakar isa. Kiosks na gidan yanar gizo samfura don sigar da za ta kasance a ƙarshe ga gidajen tarihi da sauran cibiyoyin al'adu an samar da wasu nau'i na daban don dandana nunin. An buɗe baje kolin daga Yuli 6, shekarata 2000, zuwa Yuli 23, 2001.
Muhawara da hanyoyi Muhimmiyar muhawara a cikin ƙungiyoyin haƙƙin nakasassu shine tsakanin tabbataccen mataki ga nakasassu tare da yin gwagwarmaya don samun daidaito. A cewar wata ƙungiyar zaɓe ta shekarar 1992, mutane da yawa suna fargabar cewa haɗa naƙasassu cikin wuraren aiki na iya shafar martabar kamfaninsu, ko kuma yana iya haifar da raguwar yawan aiki. Wannan ya zo daidai da shekarata 1992 na majalisar dokoki game da Dokar Daidaita Ma'aikata, wanda ya bayyana cewa masu daukan ma'aikata su duba don aiwatar da daidaito ba tare da samun tsarin ƙididdiga na hukuma ba. Wannan ya kasance muhawara mai gudana.
Wani ƙarin muhawara shine tsakanin ƙaddamar da nakasassu tare da tallafa musu a gidajensu. A cikin shekarata 1963 lokacin shugabancin John F. Kennedy, ya canza ra'ayin ƙasa game da lafiyar hankali ta hanyar haɓaka kudade don shirye-shiryen tushen al'umma da tsara dokoki don kula da lafiyar hankali. Ya kuma ƙirƙiri Kwamitin Shugaban Ƙasa kan Rage Hakuri, wanda ya samar da shawarwari ga sababbin shirye-shirye da gwamnatoci za su iya aiwatarwa a matakin jiha, don haka suna nisantar da "cibiyoyin tsare". Wannan sauyi daga kafa hukumomi ya haifar da tsangwama ga cibiyoyin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa a cikin siyasa sau da yawa ba a samun isasshen kuɗi don wannan ra'ayi.
A cewar shari'ar Kotun Kolin Amurka Humphrey v. Cady, dokokin alƙawarin jama'a da cancantar shiga tsakani suna wanzu ne kawai a cikin misali lokacin da aka yanke wa mutum haɗari cikin gaggawa ga kansa ko wasu. Wahalhalun tabbatar da "haɗari nan da nan" ya haifar da sakamakon da ba zato ba tsammani cewa yana da wuya a kai masu tabin hankali zuwa asibiti da sauƙin tura su kurkuku. A cewar Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Maza da 30% na Mata suna da wani nau'i mai tsanani na tabin hankali wanda ya rage ba a kula da shi ba. Wata muhawarar da ke ci gaba da gudana ita ce yadda za a bunkasa dogaro da kai ga nakasassu. Mataki na 1 na Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tabbatar da cewa "Dukkanin al'umma suna da 'yancin cin gashin kansu" tare da 'yancin zabi. Domin wannan yana bayyana manufar zaɓe na 'yanci da cin gashin kansa, hujja ɗaya ita ce, duk wani tsoma bakin gwamnati yana hana 'yancin kai, don haka ya bar wa nakasassu su nemi duk wani taimako da suke buƙata daga ƙungiyoyin agaji da masu zaman kansu. Ƙungiyoyin agaji irin su majami'u sun yi imani da taimaka wa nakasassu ba tare da komai ba. A gefe guda, wata hanyar ita ce haɗin kai, alaƙar dabi'a, wanda ya haɗa da hanyoyin kamar haɓaka ƙwararru da tanadin albarkatu. Musamman ma, hanya ɗaya ita ce ba da damar nakasassu su bayyana bukatunsu da kansu da kuma samar da nasu mafita da nazari. Maimakon shiga tsakani, wanda shine shiga ta hanyar gaya musu abin da za a yi ko abin da aka yi, wannan hanya ta ba da shawara don ba da damar wannan ƙungiya ta zama mai dogaro da kanta kuma ta yanke shawara. Abubuwan da ke tattare da wannan sun haɗa da ayyana wanene mai dogaro da kansa da naƙasa, yana kewayawa zuwa ga ra'ayin ƙaddamar da kai.
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Ƙungiyar Nazarin Nakasa Rayayyar Wurin Rayuwa don Lens Mai Zaman Kai akan PBS
Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Nakasa Nunin kan layi daga Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasar Amirka
Ci gaba da karatu Bagenstos, Samuel. Doka da Saɓani na Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin nakasa (Yale University Press, 2009). Barnartt, Sharon N. da Scotch, Richard. Zanga-zangar Nakasa: Siyasa Mai Ciki 1970-1999 (Jaridar Jami'ar Gallaudet, 2001) Colker, Ruth da Milani, Adam. Doka ta yau da kullun don daidaikun mutane masu nakasa (Mawallafin Paradigm, 2005). ISBN 978-1-59451-145-5
Fleischer, Doris Zames da Zames, Frieda. Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin nakasassu: Daga Sadaka zuwa Haɗuwa (Jaridar Jami'ar Temple, 2nd Edition, 2011). ISBN 978-1-4399-0743-6
Johnson, Mary da Ragged Edge Online Community. Sanin Nakasa yi daidai! Yadda za a jagorance ku gaba ɗaya (The Advocado Press, 2006). ISBN 978-0-9721189-1-0
Johnson, Roberta Ann. "Tallakar da nakasassu." A cikin Social Movements of the Sixties and Seventies, edited by Jo Freeman (Longman, 1983), shafi na. 82–100; An sake bugawa a cikin Waves of Protest: Ƙungiyoyin Jama'a Tun daga Sittin da Jo Freeman da Victoria Johnson suka gyara (Rowman da Littlefield, 1999), shafi na 1999. 25-45. ISBN 978-0-8476-8748-0
Longmore, Paul, K. da Umansky, Laurie, masu gyara, Sabon Tarihin Nakasa: Ra'ayin Amurka (Jami'ar New York, 2001). ISBN 978-0-8147-8564-5
Ruth O'Brien asalin Gurguwar Adalci: Tarihin Manufofin Nakasa na Zamani a Wajen Aiki (Jami'ar Chicago Press, 2001). ISBN 978-0-226-61659-9
Kaka, Fred. Abokin ABC Clio zuwa Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Nakasa (ABC-Clio, 1997). ISBN 978-0-87436-834-5
Kaka, Fred. Abin da Muka Yi: Tarihin Baka na Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Nakasa (Amherst, Boston MA: Jami'ar Massachusetts Press 2012). ISBN 978-1-55849-919-5
Regents na Jami'ar California. Haƙƙin nakasassu da Ƙungiyar Rayuwa mai zaman kanta (Berkeley, CA: Jami'ar California Berkeley, 2001). Yanar Gizo. Haƙƙin mallaka 2007 Masu Mulki na Jami'ar California. An kiyaye duk haƙƙoƙi. Takaddun da aka kiyaye akan sabar: www.lib.berkeley.edu/ na Bancroft Library. www.bancroft.berkeley.edu/collections/drilm/aboutus/project.html Shapiro, Joseph P. Babu Tausayi: Mutanen da ke da Nakasa Ƙaddamar da Sabon Ƙungiyoyin 'Yancin Bil'adama (Littattafan Times, 1993). ISBN 978-0-8129-2412-1
Stroman, Duane. Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin nakasassu: Daga Ƙaddamarwa zuwa Ƙaddamar da Kai (Jami'ar Jarida ta Amurka, 2003). ISBN 978-0-7618-2480-0
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
35322 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otumfuo%20Nana%20Osei%20Tutu%20II | Otumfuo Nana Osei Tutu II | Osei Tutu II (an haife shi Nana Barima Kwaku Duah; 6 May 1950) shine 16th Asantehene, wanda aka kafa a ranar 26 ga Afrilu 1999. Da suna, Otumfuo Osei Tutu II yana cikin matsayi kai tsaye ga wanda ya kafa Daular Ashanti na karni na 17, Otumfuo Osei Tutu I. Sannan kuma shi ne Shugaban Jami’ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah. Otumfuo Osei Tutu II shine Babban Majiɓinci na Grand Lodge na Ghana kuma Mai ɗaukar Takobi na United Grand Lodge na Ingila.
Tarihin rayuwa
Rayuwar farko An haife shi a ranar 6 ga Mayu 1950 kuma ya sa masa suna Nana Barima Kwaku Duah, ɗa na uku kuma ƙarami cikin yara biyar ('ya'ya maza uku da mata biyu) Nana Afia Kobi Serwaa Ampem II, Asantehemaa (Sarauniya-uwar Ashanti). Mahaifinsa Nana Kwame Boakye-Dankwa mutumin Kantinkyere ne a Ashanti kuma shi ne Brehyia Duke na Asante. Nana Kwame Boakye-Dankwa ya rasu a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2002, a Kumasi, Ashanti.
An ba Otumfuo Osei Tutu sunan kakan mahaifinsa, Ohenenana Kwaku Duah (Nana Agari), Brahyiahene, na Kantinkyiren a gundumar Atwima.
'Yan uwansa sun hada da Nana Ama Konadu, (Nana Konadu Yiadom III) wanda shine Asanteheemaa na 14, da kuma marigayi Barima Kwabena Poku, Barima Akwasi Prempeh.
A lokacin da yake da kimanin shekara biyar, Otumfuo ya koma gidan sarautar kawunsa, Oheneba Mensah Bonsu, Hiahene, ya kwanta a 1952, a matsayin shiri da wuri don rawar da zai taka a nan gaba.
Osei Tutu yana da yara shida. Mahaifinsa yana da wasu 'ya'ya daga wasu aure, ciki har da Yaw Boateng, Kwaku Duah, Kwabena Agyei-Bohyen, Afua Sarpong da Ama Agyemang (Kumasi, Ashanti), Fredua Agyeman Prempeh, Nana Kwasi Agyemang Prempeh da Nana Kwasi Boachie Gyambibi (Kumasi, Ashanti).
Sunan Asantehene Osei Tutu II a lokacin haihuwa, Nana Barima Kwaku Duah, shine sunan kakan sarki Asante.
Ilimi Ya yi karatun firamare a Kumasi kuma a shekarar 1964, ya wuce makarantar Sakandare ta Sefwi Wiaso inda ya sami ‘O’ Level wanda marigayi Omanhene na Sefwi Wiawso, Nana Kwadwo Aduhene II wanda kani ne ga waliyin Otumfuo. Oheneba Mensah Bonsu, Hiahene. Ya kuma halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Osei Kyeretwie (OKESS). Ya karanci karatun lissafin kudi a tsohuwar Cibiyar Nazarin Ƙwararru, wadda a yau ake kira Jami'ar Nazarin Ƙwararru a Accra. Daga nan ya shiga Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Arewacin Landan (yanzu Jami'ar Metropolitan London), inda ya samu Difloma a fannin Gudanarwa da Gudanarwa. Jami'ar ta ba shi digirin girmamawa a wani biki a Cibiyar Barbican ranar 11 ga Janairu 2006.
Sana'ar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu Tsakanin 1981 zuwa 1985, ya kasance babban mai ba da shawara a Mutual of Omaha Insurance Company a Toronto, Kanada.
Ya koma London a cikin 1985 kuma ya zama Jami'in Ma'aikata a Aikin Garage Bus Garage na HPCC Stonebridge, a cikin gundumar London na Brent. Sannan ya kafa nasa kamfani na kuɗin jinginar gida, Primoda Financial Services Limited, dake kan Kilburn High Road, North West London. Ya koma kasar sa ta Ghana a shekarar 1989 don fara harkar sufuri, Transpomech International (Ghana) Limited.
Asantehene (1999-yanzu) Ana girmama Asantehene sosai a yankin Ashanti na Ghana. Osei Tutu ya sha yin tsokaci kan ayyukan 'yan siyasar Ghana.
Ya samu kulawar kafafen yada labarai na duniya bayan da aka yi zargin an sace wasu kayan kambi na Ashanti a wani otel na Oslo a watan Oktoban 2012 lokacin da yake halartar wani taro a babban birnin Norway.
A watan Agusta 2019, ya yi bikin Akwasidae tare da al'ummar Ghana a Burtaniya yayin da ya kai wata gajeriyar ziyara a can. Manyan baki da suka halarci taron sun hada da Paapa Owusu Ankomah, babban kwamishinan Ghana a kasar Birtaniya.
A cikin Fabrairu 2020, ya zama mutum na farko da ya karɓi 'Pillar of Peace Award'. Hakan ya biyo bayan kokarin da ya yi na maido da zaman lafiya a Masarautar Dagbon da ta shafe kusan shekaru ashirin.
Ya kuma samu lambar yabo ta musamman na shugaban CIMG na 2019.
Mazauni Asantehene Otumfuo Osei Tutu II na Daular Asante yana zaune a fadar Manhyia da ke Kumasi, babban birnin yankin Ashanti da kuma daular Asante.
Gudunmawar da za ta maido da zaman lafiya a Masarautar Dagbon Shugaba John Agyekum Kufuor ya kafa kwamitin manyan sarakuna, karkashin jagorancin Osei Tutu II, don shiga cikin rikicin masarautar Dagbon na 2002. Ayyukan kwamitin sun hada da gudanar da tattaunawa da sasantawa tsakanin iyalan masarautar Andani da Abudu, da kuma zana taswirar zaman lafiya a masarautar Dagbon. Kwamitin ya gabatar da shawarwarin su ga gwamnatin Ghana a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba 2018. Gwamnati ta aiwatar da shawarwarin da suka hada da gudanar da jana'izar Mahamadu IV da Yakubu II daga 14 ga Disamba 2018 zuwa 18 ga Janairu 2019. Daga nan sai aka bi diddigin Bukali II a matsayin babban mai mulki na Masarautar Dagbon. A watan Disambar 2019, Bukali II ya kai ziyarar ban girma ga Otumfuo Osei Tutu a fadar Manhyia, domin nuna jin dadinsa kan rawar da Sarkin Asante ya taka wajen samar da zaman lafiya.
Bikin cika shekara 20 An yi bikin cika shekaru 20 na Osei Tutu II a ranar 21 ga Afrilu, 2019, a Dwabirem na Fadar Manhyia. Wannan ya kasance a babban durbar na Akwasidae Kaise. Manyan mutane kamar Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo da Michael Ashwin Satyandre Adhin mataimakin shugaban Suriname da Torgbui Sri, Awomefia na jihar Anlo ne suka halarci taron. Sauran manyan baki sun hada da jami'an diflomasiyya da na sarauta daga Namibia, Kuwait, Jamus, China, Morocco, Latvia, Botswana da Palestine. A ranar 19 ga Afrilu, 2019, an gudanar da bikin yankan sod don kaddamar da ginin dakunan kwanan dalibai a Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah. Washegari aka yanke sod ɗin don wasu ayyuka kamar GUSS Sports Complex, Park Soccer Park da Park Car Park.
Rushewar manyan sarakuna A watan Yunin 2019, Osei Tutu II ya tsige hakimai biyu bisa laifuka daban-daban a kan kujera. An tsige Akyamfou Kwame Akowuah daga kan karagar mulki saboda keta babbar rantsuwar Asanteman. An kuma kori Nana Ahenkro Sei Ababio III saboda watsi da umarni game da sarauta da rikicin filaye. A cikin Afrilu 2018, Asantehene ya lalatar da Atwimahene, Nana Antwi Agyei Brempong II. An same shi da laifin yin amfani da Babban Rantsuwa ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba, da yin watsi da dokokin da sarki ya bayar game da gudanar da filaye da wasu munanan ayyuka da dama. Daga baya aka yi masa afuwa tare da mayar da shi bakin aiki. A shekara ta 2009, Nana Kofi Agyei Bi III, an tsige shugaban Atwimah bisa laifin sayar da filaye na yaudara. A shekarar 2015, an tsige shugaban Nana Mensah Bonsu na Pakyi Number One saboda ingiza matasa su yi barna a yankin. A cikin 2002 Osei Tutu ya tsige Ohenenana Kwaku Duah, shugaban Bonwire, saboda rashin biyayya da rashin kula da kwastam wajen nadawa da sauke manyan hafsoshinsa. A watan Yulin 2020, an gayyaci Bantamahene a gaban sarki bisa zargin yin amfani da filaye da karkatar da kogin Subin ba tare da izini ba. An yi masa afuwa ne bayan da wasu daga cikin hakiman sashe suka nemi a yi masa afuwa. An umarce shi da ya dawo da duk wani mataki da aka dauka na keta haddin kasa da karkatar da koguna da kuma ci tarar shi.
Alƙawarin kare muhalli da kiyayewa A watan Yulin 2019, Otumfuo Osei Tutu II ya ba da sanarwar sadaukarwarsa don kare rafukan ruwa na Masarautar Asante. Wannan zai kunshi dasa itatuwa miliyan 2.5 a kusa da tafkin Bosomtwe kuma zai kai kadada 400. Wannan zai taimaka wajen inganta yanayin muhalli, kwantar da sauyin yanayi da haɓaka wayar da kan muhalli tsakanin al'ummomin da ke kewayen tafkin. Shirin dashen bishiyar hadin gwiwa ne tsakanin Gidauniyar Oheneba Poku da Fadar Manhyia. Hukumar kula da gandun daji, Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA), Hukumar Kula da Albarkatun Ruwa, Hukumar Kula da Yawon shakatawa ta Ghana, UNESCO, Majalisun gundumomi na Bosome-Freho da Bosumtwe, da kuma Lake Bosomtwe Community Management Areas (CREMA), wanda kungiya ce mai zaman kanta. su ne sauran masu ruwa da tsaki.
Wasan Lottery na Otumfuo Kungiyar Asantehene ta hada karfi da karfe da hukumar kula da irin caca ta kasa (NLA) kuma tana shirin kaddamar da wasan Otumfuo Lottery. Wannan shiri ne na tara kudade don tallafawa gidauniyar agaji ta Otumfuo. A watan Mayun 2019, kwamitin aiki wanda ya kunshi mambobin Hukumar Kula da Lottery ta Kasa (NLA), Hukumar Kasuwancin Jiha (SEC) da kuma kungiyar gudanarwar jihar Asante, sun gabatar da rahoto ga Sarkin domin amincewa. Kungiyar masu gudanar da ayyukan Lotto masu zaman kansu a Ghana sun bayyana shirinsu na rungumar wasan domin cimma burinsa.
Otumfuo Osei Tutu II Foundation (OOTIIF) An kaddamar da gidauniyar agaji ta Otumfuo Osei Tutu II a hukumance a watan Afrilun 2009. An kafa ta ne domin baiwa sarki damar yiwa jama’arsa hidima a bangarorin biyu da ya fi mayar da hankali a kai: ilimi da lafiya. Dangane da haka, an kafa "Asusun Ilimi na Otumfuo" a shekarar 1999 don inganta ilimi ga 'yan Ghana da gidauniyar Serwah Ampem AIDS ga yaran da ke dauke da cutar kanjamau ko kuma abin ya shafa. Asusun Ilimi ya sami zuwa Afrilu 2019, yana tallafawa ɗalibai 301,980 tare da tallafin karatu da sauran nau'ikan tallafi. Wannan lambar ta ƙunshi ɗalibai 25,756 waɗanda suka sami cikakken tallafin karatu da wasu 276,224 waɗanda suka sami nau'i ɗaya na tallafin kuɗi ko ɗayan. Ya zuwa Oktoba 2019, sama da malamai 600 ne aka amince da su a cikin shirin bayar da kyaututtukan malamai na gidauniyar. Hakan ya kasance don nuna godiya ga malaman da ke aiki a yankunan da ke fama da talauci kuma ba su da wutar lantarki, tarho, ruwan sha da sauran abubuwan more rayuwa. Malamai da yawa sun ki yarda a tura su wadannan yankuna saboda halin kuncin rayuwa. Kyautar tana cikin nau'ikan kuɗi, kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka, firiji da kuma tallafin karatu har zuwa karatun digiri na uku.
A cikin Oktoba 2017, Global Communities sun haɗa kai da Gidauniyar don fara aikin Haɓaka Harkokin Kasuwancin Matasa don Aiki (YIEDIE). An dauki wannan shiri na tsawon shekaru biyar da nufin samar da damammaki a harkar gine-gine, domin amfanar matasa masu fama da matsalar tattalin arziki. Global Communities, ƙungiya mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta tare da isa ga duniya, tana aiki tare da al'ummomi don ƙirƙirar canje-canje masu dorewa waɗanda ke inganta rayuwa da rayuwar marasa galihu. Aiwatar da wannan aikin ya kasance tare da Gidauniyar Mastercard. Aikin yana aiki a manyan biranen Ghana biyar: Accra, Kumasi, Sekondi-Takoradi, Ashaiman, da Tema kuma zai samar da damammaki ga matasa akalla 23,700, masu shekaru 17-24, wadanda ke samun kasa da dala $2 a kowace rana.
A watan Nuwamba 2017, an ba yara 4,946 daga gundumomi takwas a yankunan Ashanti, Ahafo, Bono da Bono Gabas (Sekyere North, Bekwai Municipality, Atwima Mponua, Bibaini-Anwhiaso-Bekwai, Bosomtwe, Offinso Municipality, New Edubaise da gundumar Goaso) kyauta horon kwamfuta. An yi hakan ne ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Otumfuo-Agroecom Mobile Library Project (OAMLP), wanda wani reshe ne na Otumfuo Charity Foundation, da Agroecom Ghana Ltd, kamfanin siyan koko. Wannan shiri dai ya yi daidai da manufarsa na cike gibin da ake samu a yanayin koyo tsakanin al'ummomin birane da marasa galihu da sanya karatu da amfani da ICT ga dalibai a matakin farko.
A cikin Janairu 2019, Gidauniyar da Gidauniyar Masu Ilimin Matasa wadanda su ne masu shirya gasar ''Spelling Bee'' suka shiga yarjejeniya. Wannan an yi niyya ne don samar da shirye-shiryen adabi na Gidauniyar Masu Ilmantarwa ga al'ummomin da ba su da gata da kuma makarantun gwamnati a yankin Ashanti. Hakan zai baiwa dalibai 100 damar cin gajiyar shirin a duk shekara.
A cikin Mayu 2020, ƙananan ɗaliban makarantar sakandare a Kumasi sun karɓi littattafai da ƙamus sama da 2000. Wasu daga cikin al'ummomin da suka ci gajiyar wannan karimcin sun hada da Bohyen, Aduato, Adumanu, Ampabame da South Suntreso. An yi hakan ne don sanya ɗalibai su kasance masu ƙwazo yayin da aka rufe makarantu don shawo kan yaduwar COVID-19.
A watan Yuni na 2020, Gidauniyar ta ba da gudummawar littattafai ga kusan ɗaliban Makarantar Sakandare 750 daga manyan makarantu 11 a yankin Ahafo na Ghana. Hakan ya kasance domin saukaka kyakyawan aikin da daliban ke yi, musamman a jarrabawar kammala karatun boko (BECE).
A cikin Yuli 2020, AngloGold Ashanti ya haɗu tare da Otumfuo Osei Tutu II Charity Foundation da Obuasi Municipal and East Educational Directorates don ƙaddamar da Shirin Koyon Radiyo kai tsaye da Nisa a Obuasi. Wannan ya kasance don tabbatar da ci gaba a cikin koyo, kodayake an rufe makarantu don sarrafa COVID-19. Gidauniyar ta sami tallafi daga ma'adinan da adadin Ghana Cedis (GH₵) 150,000 don siye da rarraba kwafin 10,000 na Masu Karatu da Littattafan Aiki ga Daliban Makarantar Sakandare a yankin.
A cikin Maris 2021, an canza sunan gidauniyar zuwa Otumfuo Osei Tutu II Foundation (OOTIIF). Wannan dai na zuwa ne a sakamakon hadewar Asusun Ilimi na Otumfuo da gidauniyar Serwaa Ampem Foundation for Children da Otumfuo Osei Tutu II Charity Foundation da aka hade su zuwa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta tare da sabon kwamitin amintattu da gudanarwa. Sabuwar hukumar ta kunshi Nana Prof. Oheneba Boachie-Adjei Woahene II a matsayin shugaba da Sir Samuel Esson Jonah, Dr. Kwaku Mensa-Bonsu, Mrs. Margaret Boateng Sekyere, Dr. Kwame Bawuah-Edusei, Rev. Akua Ofori-Boateng, Mr. Andrew Asamoah, Nana Akuoku Boateng da Mrs. Mariam Agyeman Gyasi Jawhary.
Manazarta Rayayyun |
16311 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora%20Gomes | Flora Gomes | Flora Gomes daraktar fim ce ta Bissau-Guinea An haife ta a Cadique, Guinea-Bissau a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1949 kuma bayan makarantar sakandare a Cuba, ta yanke shawarar karatun fim a Instituto Cubano del Arte y la Industria Cinematográficos a Havana Shot shekaru goma sha huɗu bayan samun 'yanci, Gomes's Mortu Nega Aka ƙi Mutuwa (1988) shi ne fim ɗin almara na farko kuma fim ɗin fasali na biyu da aka taɓa yi a Guinea-Bissau. (Fim ɗin farko mai fasali shi ne N'tturudu, wanda darekta Umban u'Kest ya yi a 1987. A FESPACO 1989, fim din ya sami babbar kyauta ta Oumarou Ganda. Mortu Nega yana cikin Creole tare da fassarar Turanci.
A shekarar 1992, Gomes directed Udju Azul di Yonta, wadda aka yi kariya a cikin Un Wasu game sashe a 1992 Cannes Film Festival Tarihin rayuwa Dan jahilci iyaye, kamar yadda wani yaro Gomes kokawa kan gazawar da zamantakewa da matsayi da kuma zalunci na Portuguese mulkin mallaka tsarin karkashin Antonio Salazar 's mulki. Ta goyi bayan gwagwarmayar Bissau-Guinea don adawa da mulkin mallaka kuma ta yaba da Amílcar Cabral Ta bar Guinea-Bissau don yin karatun silima a Cuba (1972) a Cuban Institute of Art and Cinematography, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Santiago Álvarez Ta ci gaba da karatunta ne a Senegal, a cikin Senegalese Journal for Motion Picture News, karkashin jagorancin Paulin Soumanou Vieyra Ta kuma shirya fina-finai biyu tare da Sergio Pina kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimaki tare da Chris Marker da Anita Fernandez.
Bayan dawowarsa zuwa Guinea-Bissau da aka 'yanta, Gomes ta dauki fim din bikin samun' yancin kasarsa (24 ga Satumba 1974), don biyan bukatar Amílcar Cabral cewa ya kamata Bissau-Guinea su da kansu suna daukar wannan lokacin na tarihi a fim. Bayan ta ’yantar da kanta daga turawan mulkin mallaka, Guinea-Bissau ta samu halartar dimbin masu rahoto da masu shirya finafinai masu ci gaba da kuma Gomes, ganin irin ilimin da yake da shi a sinima, tana matukar bukatar taimaka musu, wanda hakan ya ba shi damar fadada kwarewarsa. A ƙarshen 1970s, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto da ɗaukar hoto na Ma'aikatar Watsa Labarai.
Bayan da ta fara jagorantar shirin tarihi, Gomes ta dauki fim din ta na farko, Mortu Nega, a 1987. Mortu Nega ta nuna gwagwarmayar neman 'yanci da kalubalen shekarun farko bayan samun' yanci a Guinea-Bissau. An nuna fim din a wasu bukukuwan fina-finai na duniya da yawa kuma Gomes ta ja hankalin masu sharhi da masu sukar. Musamman ya samu karbuwa sosai a Faransa, wanda a cikin shekarun baya ya ba shi ikon jawo kuɗi don samar da sabbin fina-finai. A cikin 2000, an bambanta shi a Faransa tare da taken Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres Fina-finai 1976 Ya Regresso de Cabral (gajeren shirin fim)
1977 Wani Reconstrução, wanda aka shirya tare da Sergio Pina (matsakaiciyar tsayin tarihi)
1978 Anos no Oça Luta, wanda aka shirya tare da Sergio Pina (gajeren shiri)
1987 Mortu Nega
1992 Udju Azul di Yonta
1994 A máscara (gajeren shirin fim)
1996 Po di Sangui
2002 Nha Fala
2007 Kamar yadda duas ke fuskantar da guerra, tare da Diana Andringa suka shirya kai tsaye (shirin fim mai tsawo)
Kyaututtuka da nasarori
1988 Mortu Nega ya lashe:
Bronze Tanit a bikin Fina- Finan Carthage
Kyauta ga fitacciyar 'yar wasa a Carthage Film Festival
Kyauta ga mafi kyawun fim kuma 'yar wasa a FESPACO
1992 Udju Azul di Yonta ya ci nasara:
Bronze Tanit a bikin Fina-Finan Carthage
Kyautar OAU ofungiyar Hadin Kan Afirka a bikin Fina-Finan Carthage
Kyauta ga fitacciyar jaruma a FESPACO
Kyautar Juri na Musamman a bikin Fina- Finan Salonika Girka 1994 Gwamnatin Tunisiya ta bambanta da lambar yabo ta al'adu.
An kira shi memba na babban juri a bikin Fim na Carthage.
1996 An ba da kyautar Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres daga gwamnatin Faransa.
Po di Sangui ya lashe lambar azurfa Tanit a bikin Fina-Finan Carthage
2002 Nha fala ya sami lambar yabo ta duniya da Faransa Bourse ta bayar don fim mafi kyau daga Kudu.
Nha fala ya kuma sami kyautar fim mafi kyau ta Latin a bikin bajekolin Finafinai na Venice Nha fala ya ci kyautar birni a Amiens International Film Festival (Faransa).
Al'umar Bissau-Guinea ta amince da Flora Gomes a kasar Portugal saboda ayyukansa na sanar da al'adun Bissau-Guinea a duniya.
2003 Nha fala ya sami Babban Kyauta a bikin Vie d'Afrique a Montreal Nha fala ya sami Babban Kyauta don fim mai fasali a FESPACO daga ƙungiyar alkalai ta ECOWAS 2004 Flora Gomes ta kasance memba na alkalai a bikin Fim na Kasa da Kasa na Amiens.
2005 An zabe shi a matsayin shugaban kwamitin zartarwa na ECOWAS a FESPACO.
Jami'ar Lisbon ta amince da shi, ta karɓi lambar yabo don bikin aikinsa.
Ya kasance mai gabatar da kara a Bikin Fina-finai na Jami'ar Afirka karo na biyu.
2006 Ya kasance mai zane-zane farfesa a Sashen Nazarin Afirka na Jami'ar Brown.
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50494 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufuri%20a%20Masar | Sufuri a Masar | Sufuri a Masar yana tsakiya ne a Alkahira kuma galibi yana bin tsarin matsuguni a kan kogin Nilu. Ma'aikatar sufuri da sauran hukumomin gwamnati ne ke da alhakin jigilar kayayyaki a Masar, ko ta ruwa, kogi, kasa ko ta sama.
Dangane da tafiye-tafiyen jirgin kasa, iska da ruwa, babban layin dogo na kasar ya biyo bayan kogin Nilu kuma layukan dogo na kasar Masar ne ke sarrafa su. Baya ga hanyoyin ketare, Egypt Air yana ba da sabis na jiragen cikin gida zuwa manyan wuraren yawon bude ido daga cibiyarsa ta Alkahira. Tsarin Kogin Nilu (kimanin da manyan canals suna da mahimmanci a gida don sufuri. Har yanzu mutane na tafiya ta kogin Nilu, musamman tsakanin Alkahira da Aswan. Suez Canal babbar hanyar ruwa ce don kasuwanci da kewayawa ta ƙasa da ƙasa, tana haɗa Tekun Bahar Rum da Bahar Maliya. Manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa sune Alexandria, Port Said, Damietta akan Bahar Rum da Suez da Safaga akan Bahar Maliya.
Dangane da tuki, Masar tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka faru na asarar rayuka a kan hanya, kowace mil da aka tuƙi, a duniya. Hanyar hanyar sadarwa mara kyau ta faɗaɗa cikin sauri zuwa sama da wanda ke rufe kwarin Nilu da Delta Delta, Bahar Rum da Tekun Bahar Maliya, da Sinai da yammacin teku. Direbobi marasa haƙuri suna yin watsi da dokokin hanya akai-akai.
Tsarin hanya Hanyoyi guda biyu a cikin hanyar hanyar sadarwa ta Trans-African Highway sun samo asali ne daga Alkahira. Masar kuma tana da hanyoyin haɗin kai da yawa tare da Asiya ta hanyar hanyar sadarwa ta Arab Masreq International Road Network. Masar tana da hanyar sadarwa mai tasowa, wacce ke haɗa Alkahira da Alexandria da sauran garuruwa. Duk da cewa har yanzu yawancin zirga-zirgar ababen hawa a kasar ana yin su ne a kan manyan titunan kasar, manyan titunan na kara zama zabin zirga-zirgar ababen hawa a cikin kasar. Manyan hanyoyin mota da ake da su a kasar su ne:
Titin Hamadar Alkahira- Alexandria: Yana tafiya tsakanin Alkahira da Alexandria, tare da tsawaita ita ce babbar hanyar mota a Masar.
Hanyar bakin teku ta kasa da kasa: Yana gudana daga Alexandria zuwa Port Said, tare da Arewacin Nilu Delta. Yana da tsawon Hakanan, a tsakanin sauran biranen, yana haɗa Damietta da Baltim.
Hanyar Geish: Yana gudana tsakanin Helwan da Asyut, tare da Kogin Nilu, kuma yana haɗa Beni Suef da Minya. Tsawon sa ne.
Ring Road: Yana aiki azaman hanyar zobe na ciki don Alkahira. Yana da tsawon Titin ringing na Yanki: Tana aiki azaman titin zobe na waje don Alkahira, kuma tana haɗa ƙauyukanta kamar Helwan da 10 ga watan Ramadan. Tsawon sa ne.
Bugu da ƙari, Masar ta haɓaka babban tsarin manyan tituna 4 waɗanda za a iya rarraba su azaman hanyoyin kyauta, saboda suna aiki azaman hanyoyin al'ada kuma ba sa nuna wariya kan zirga-zirgar ababen hawa, don haka yana sa su sannu a hankali fiye da manyan hanyoyin.
Layin dogo Tsarin layin dogo na Masar shi ne layin dogo mafi dadewa a Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya kuma na biyu mafi tsufa a duniya. An buɗe layin farko tsakanin Alexandria da Kafer Eassa a cikin 1854. A shekarar 2018, tsarin yana kusan tsawo kuma ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar layin dogo na Masar. ENR na ɗaukar fasinjoji kusan miliyan 800 da tan miliyan 12 na kaya duk shekara.
An shirya fara wani babban shirin saka hannun jari a shekara ta 2007 da nufin sabunta hanyoyin sadarwa na dogo da inganta matakan tsaro. Jiragen kasa yawanci hanyar sufuri ce mai aminci a Masar. Birnin Alkahira yana aiki da tashar Alkahira, wanda Hukumar Kula da Ramuka ta Kasa ke tafiyar da ita, baya ga birnin Alexandria da ke amfani da Tram na Alexandria.
Hanyoyin ruwa Akwai na magudanan ruwa a Masar, gami da Kogin Nilu, tafkin Nasser, hanyar ruwa ta Alexandria-Cairo, da kuma ƙananan magudanan ruwa a cikin Kogin Nilu.
Canal na Suez, (ciki har da hanyoyin), ana amfani da tasoshin jiragen ruwa, suna zana ruwa har zuwa 17.68 m (2011).
Bututun Mai Kamar yadda na shekarar 2018 bayanai a cikin CIA World Factbook ya bayyana mai zuwa game da bututun na Masar: "condensate 486 km; condensate gas 74 km; gas 7,986 km; ruwa mai 957 km; man 5,225 km; man gas ruwa 37 km; samfurori masu ladabi 895 km; ruwa 65 km (2013)"
Tashoshi Masar tana da tashar jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci 15 da tashoshi na musamman guda 29. Tashoshin ruwa na musamman sun hada da tashohin ruwan yawon bude ido 5, tashoshin man fetur 12, tashoshin hako ma'adinai 6, da tashoshin ruwan kamun kifi guda 6.
Tashoshin Kasuwanci Port Alexandria
El-Dekheila Port
Damietta Port
Port Said Port
Gabashin Port Said Port
Arish Port
Suez Port
Petroleum Dock Port
Adabiya Port
Sokhna Port
Nuwaiba Port
Tashar Al-Tour
Sharm El Sheikh Port
Hurghada Port
Safaga Port
Merchant marine A cikin 2018, adadin jiragen ruwa na Masar, a cewar CIA World Factbook shine 399 kamar haka:
Bulk Carrier 14
kwantena ship: 8
general cargo: 33
Tankar mai: 36
Other: 308 (2017)
filayen jiragen sama Zirga-zirgar fasinja na shekara-shekara a filin jirgin saman CAI. Duba tambayar Wikidata Zirga-zirgar fasinja na shekara-shekara a filin jirgin saman CAI. Duba tambayar Wikidata Kamfanonin jiragen sama na kasa da kasa da dama ne ke amfani da filin jirgin sama na Alkahira, ciki har da na kasar Egypt Air da Nile Air.
Filayen jiragen sama masu shimfidar titin jirgi jimla: 72
fiye da 3,047 m: 15
2,438 zuwa 3,047 m: 36
1,524 zuwa 2,437 m: 15
914 zuwa 1,523 m: 0
kasa da 914 m: 6 (2017)
Filayen jiragen sama masu titin saukar jiragen sama marasa kyau duka: 11
2,438 zuwa 3,047 m: 1
1,524 zuwa 2,437 m: 3
914 zuwa 1,523 m: 4
kasa da 914 m: 3 (2013)
Heliports 7 (2013)
Monorail A shekarar 2015, an ba da sanarwar shirin gina tsarin dogo guda biyu, wanda zai haɗa birnin Oktoba zuwa Giza na bayan gari, nisan 35. km, da sauran da ke haɗa Nasr City zuwa Sabuwar Alkahira da Sabon Babban Birnin Gudanarwa, tazarar 52 km. Za su zama na'urorin jirgin kasa na farko na Masar. A cikin watan Mayu 2019, an ba da kwangilar gina jiragen ƙasa guda 70 zuwa Bombardier Transportation, Derby, Ingila. Ana sa ran isar da jiragen kasan tsakanin 2021 da 2024. Orascom Construction and Arab Contractors ne za su gina hanyar sadarwar.
Duba kuma Sufuri a Alkahira
Ƙungiyar Larabawa don Kamfanin Sufuri na Ƙasa
Jerin kamfanonin bas a Masar
Jerin fitilun fitulu a Masar
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
33975 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gado%20a%20Musulunci | Gado a Musulunci | Gado shi ne al'adar karɓar dukiya, mukamai, basussuka, gata, haƙƙoƙi, da wajibai bayan mutuwar mamallakinsu Dokokin gado sun bambanta tsakanin al'ummomi kuma sun canza a tsawon lokaci. Bayar da kadarori masu zaman kansu da/ko basussuka bisa hukuma na iya yin ta ta hanyar wasiyya, kamar yadda notary ko wasu hanyoyin halal suka tabbatar.
Kalmomi A shari’a, magaji shi ne mutumin da ke da hakkin ya sami kaso na dukiyar mamaci (wanda ya rasu), bisa ka’idojin gado a hurumin da mamacin dan kasa ne ko kuma inda marigayin (marigayi ya rasu). ya mutu ko ya mallaki dukiya a lokacin mutuwa.
Gadon yana iya kasancewa ko dai a ƙarƙashin sharuɗɗan wasiyya ko kuma ta dokokin ƙasa idan marigayin ba shi da wasiyya. Koyaya, wasiyyar dole ne ta bi ka'idodin ikon a lokacin da aka ƙirƙira ta ko kuma a ce ba ta da inganci (alal misali, wasu jihohin ba su amince da wasiyyin da aka rubuta da hannu ba a matsayin inganci, ko kuma a cikin takamaiman yanayi) sannan kuma a yi amfani da dokokin haɗin gwiwa. Keɓanta daga gadon wanda ya kasance magaji a cikin wasiyyar da ta gabata, ko kuma ana sa ran zai gaji, ana kiransa “rashin gado”.
Mutum ba ya zama magaji kafin mutuwar mamacin, tun da a lokacin ne ake tantance ainihin mutanen da ke da hakkin cin gado. Mambobin masu mulki ko na sarakuna da ake sa ran za su zama magada, ana kiransu magada idan na farko a layi kuma ba za a iya raba su daga gado ta hanyar wani da'awar ba; in ba haka ba, su magada ne. Akwai ƙarin ra'ayi game da gadon haɗin gwiwa, wanda ke jiran renunciation da kowa sai ɗaya, wanda ake kira coparceny A cikin dokar zamani, kalmomin gado da magada suna magana ne kawai ga gado ga dukiya ta zuriyar mamaci da ke mutuwa. Masu karɓar kadarorin da aka yi nasara a ƙarƙashin wasiyya ana kiransu gabaɗaya masu cin gajiyar kuma musamman suna ƙirƙira don dukiya ta gaske, wasiyya don kadarorin mutum (sai dai kuɗi), ko wakilai don kuɗi.
Sai dai a wasu hukunce-hukuncen da ba za a iya raba wa mutum gado bisa doka ba (kamar jihar Louisiana ta Amurka, wacce ke ba da izinin raba gado kawai a ƙarƙashin takamaiman yanayi). Ana iya raba mutumin da zai zama magaji a ƙarƙashin dokokin ƙasa gaba ɗaya a misali na wasiyyar ɗan wasan barkwanci Jerry Lewis wasiyyarsa ta musamman ya raba wa 'ya'yansa shida gadon matarsa ta farko., da zuriyarsu, ya bar dukan dukiyarsa ga matarsa ta biyu).
Tarihi An yi cikakken nazarin ilimin ɗan Adam da zamantakewa game da al'adun gadon uba, inda ƴaƴa maza kaɗai ke iya gado. Wasu al'adu kuma suna amfani da gadon matrilineal, inda dukiya ba za ta iya wucewa ta layin mata ba, yawanci suna zuwa ga 'ya'yan 'yar'uwar da aka haifa; amma kuma, a wasu al’ummomi, tun daga uwa zuwa ‘ya’yanta mata. Wasu tsoffin al'ummomi da mafi yawan jihohin zamani suna ɗaukar gadon adalci, ba tare da nuna bambanci dangane da jinsi da/ko tsarin haihuwa ba.
Dokokin addini game da gado
Dokokin Yahudawa Gadon na ubansa ne. Uban—wato, wanda ya mallaki ƙasar—ya ba da gado ga zuriyarsa maza ne kaɗai, saboda haka Ƙasar Alkawari ta wuce daga uba Bayahude zuwa ga ’ya’yansa. Idan babu 'ya'ya maza masu rai, ko zuriyar 'ya'ya maza na dā, 'ya'ya mata sun gaji. A cikin Littafin Ƙidaya ta 27, ’ya’yan Zelofehad (Mahlah, Noa, Hogla, Milka, da Tirza) na kabilar Manassa suka zo wurin Musa suka nemi gādon mahaifinsu, da yake ba su da ’yan’uwa. An tsara tsarin rabon gado: 'ya'yan mutum maza su fara gado, 'ya'ya mata idan ba maza, 'yan'uwa idan ba su da 'ya'ya, da dai sauransu. Daga baya, a cikin Littafin Ƙidaya sura 36, wasu shugabannin iyalan kabilar Manassa suka zo wurin Musa suka nuna cewa, idan ’ya mace ta yi gādo, ta kuma auri wanda ba na kabilarta ba, ƙasarta za ta rabu da na kabilarta ta haihuwa. gado a cikin aurenta-kabilarta. Don haka an ɗora wani ƙarin doka: idan diya ta gaji ƙasa, sai ta auri wani daga cikin kabilar mahaifinta. 'Ya'yan Zelofehad suka auri 'ya'yan 'yan'uwan mahaifinsu. Babu alamar cewa wannan ba zabinsu bane. The tractate Baba Bathra, wanda aka rubuta a lokacin marigayi Antiquity a Babila, ya yi magana sosai game da batutuwan mallakar dukiya da gado bisa ga Dokar Yahudawa. Sauran ayyukan Dokar Rabbinical, irin su Hilkhot naḥalot: mi-sefer Mishneh Torah leha-Rambam, da Sefer ha-yerushot: im yeter ha-mikhtavim be-divre ha-halakhah Aravit Ivrit uve- Aramit kuma yana magance matsalolin gado. Na farko, sau da yawa ana rage shi zuwa Mishneh Torah, Maimonides ne ya rubuta shi kuma yana da mahimmanci a al'adar Yahudawa Duk waɗannan bayanai sun yarda cewa ɗan fari yana da hakkin ya sami kashi biyu na dukiyar mahaifinsa. Wannan yana nufin cewa, misali, idan uba ya bar ’ya’ya maza biyar, ɗan fari ya karɓi kashi ɗaya bisa uku na dukiyar kuma kowane ɗayan huɗu ya karɓi na shida. Idan ya bar 'ya'ya tara, ɗan fari zai karɓi na biyar, kowane ɗayan takwas kuma zai karɓi ɗari ɗaya. Idan ɗan fari ba ɗan fari ba ne, ba zai sami rabo biyu ba.
Philo na Iskandariya da Josephus suma sunyi tsokaci akan dokokin gadon yahudawa, yana yaba su sama da sauran ka’idojin dokokin zamaninsu. Sun kuma yarda cewa ɗan fari dole ne ya karɓi kashi biyu na dukiyar ubansa.
Dokokin Kirista Da farko, Kiristanci ba shi da nasa al'adun gado da ya bambanta da addinin Yahudanci. Da hawan sarki Constantine a shekara ta 306, Kiristoci duka sun fara nisantar da kansu daga addinin Yahudanci kuma suna da tasiri a kan doka da ayyukan cibiyoyi na duniya. Tun daga farko, wannan ya haɗa da gado. Ayyukan ɗaukan Romawa wata manufa ce ta musamman, domin ana ganin ya ci karo da koyarwar Yahudu da Kiristanci na primogeniture Kamar yadda Stephanie Coonz takardu a cikin aure, tarihi (Penguin, 2006), ba wai kawai nasara bane, aikace-aikacen ba kowa ya canza a cikin Yammacin Turai daga wani samfurin Greco-Roman zuwa A Tsarin Judeo-Kirista, bisa ga ƙa'idodin Littafi Mai-Tsarki da na al'ada na Yahudu-Kirista. Canjin ya kasance cikakke a tsakiyar zamanai, kodayake a cikin ƙasashen Ingilishi an sami ƙarin ci gaba a ƙarƙashin rinjayar Furotesta Ko a lokacin da Turai ta zama mai zaman kanta kuma Kiristanci ya dushe a baya, harsashin doka na Kiristendam ya kasance. Sai a zamanin fikihu na zamani ne aka samu gagarumin sauyi.
Dokokin Musulunci Alkur'ani ya gabatar da wasu hakkoki daban-daban da bayar da cikakken hakki a kan sha'anin gado, da suka hada da inganta rayuwar mata da rayuwar iyali idan aka kwatanta da al'ummomin jahiliyya da suka wanzu a yankin Larabawa a lokacin da. Bugu da kari, Alkur'ani ya gabatar da karin magada wadanda ba su cancanci gado ba a zamanin jahiliyya, inda ya ambaci dangi tara musamman wadanda shida mata ne uku kuma maza. Sai dai hakkin gadon mata ya kasance bai kai na maza ba domin a Musulunci a koda yaushe wani yana da alhakin kula da abin da mace za ta kashe. Kamar yadda Alqur’ani 4:11 ya nuna, alal misali, ɗa yana da hakkin ya ninka rabon gadon ‘ya mace. Alkur'ani ya kuma gabatar da kokarin gyara dokokin gado, da kuma samar da cikakken tsarin shari'a. Wannan ci gaban ya bambanta da al'ummomin jahiliyya inda ka'idojin gado suka bambanta sosai. Baya ga sauye-sauyen da suka gabata, Alkur'ani ya sanya takunkumi a kan ikon wasiyya na musulmi wajen zubar da dukiyarsa. Ayoyi uku na Alqur'ani, sura 4:11; 4:12 da 4:176, sun ba da takamaiman bayani game da gado da rabon gado, baya ga wasu ayoyi kalilan da suka yi magana game da wasiyya. Amma wannan bayani ya kasance mafari ne daga malaman fikihu musulmi wadanda suka kara fayyace hukunce-hukuncen gado har ma da yin amfani da Hadisi, da hanyoyin tunani na fikihu kamar Kiyasi A zamanin yau, ana ɗaukar gado a matsayin wani ɓangare na Shari'a kuma aikace-aikacensa ga Musulmai wajibi ne, kodayake yawancin mutane (duba tsarin gado na Tarihi duk da kasancewarsu musulmi, suna da wasu al'adun gado.
Rashin daidaito Rarraba dukiyar da aka gada ya bambanta sosai tsakanin al'adu da tsarin shari'a daban-daban. A cikin al'ummomi masu amfani da dokar farar hula, alal misali, haƙƙin 'ya'ya na gadon dukiya daga iyaye a cikin ƙayyadaddun rabon da aka riga aka tsara an sanya shi a cikin doka, har zuwa ka'idar Hammurabi (ca. 1750 BC). A cikin Jihar Louisiana ta kasar Amurka, jihar kawai ta Amurka inda tsarin shari'a ya samo asali daga Napoleonic Code, ana kiran wannan tsarin a matsayin masu gadon tilastawa wanda ya hana cin gadon yara balagaggu sai dai wasu ƴan ƙayyadaddun dalilai da suka wajabtawa iyaye don tabbatarwa. Sauran al'adun shari'a, musamman a cikin al'ummatai masu amfani da doka na gama gari, suna ba da damar raba gado duk yadda mutum yake so, ko kuma a ba da gado ga kowane yaro saboda wadansu dalilai.
A cikin yanayin gadon da bai yi daidai ba, yawancin na iya samun ɗan kaɗan yayin da ƙaramin adadi ne kawai za su gaji adadi mai girma. Ya yi ƙasa da kimar kasuwancin da aka fara baiwa ɗa, musamman ma idan ɗa ya mallaki kasuwancin miliyoyin daloli, amma duk da haka ana baiwa 'yar ma'auni na ainihin gadon da ya kai kasa da kimar kasuwancin da aka fara baiwa dan. Ana ganin wannan musamman a cikin tsoffin al'adun duniya, amma yana ci gaba a cikin iyalai da yawa har ya zuwa yau. Hujjojin kawar da gadon tilas sun hada da ‘yancin mallakar dukiya da kuma cancantar rabon kadarori na daidaikun jama’a a kan kwace dukiyar gwamnati da sake rabon su, amma hakan bai warware abin da wasu ke yi ba. Bayyana a matsayin matsalar rashin daidaiton gado. Dangane da rashin daidaiton gado, wasu masana tattalin arziki da zamantakewa sun fi mayar da hankali ne kan yadda ake yada kudaden shiga ko dukiya wanda aka ce yana da tasiri kai tsaye ga motsi (ko rashin motsi) da matsayi a cikin al'umma. Kasashe sun bambanta kan tsarin siyasa da zabin manufofin da ke tafiyar da mika mulki. Bisa kididdigar gwamnatin tarayya ta Amurka da Mark Zandi ya tattara a cikin shekarar 1985, yawan gadon Amurka ya kai dala 39,000. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, jimillar adadin gadon shekara-shekara ya ninka fiye da ninki biyu, wanda ya kai kusan dala biliyan 200. Nan da shekara ta 2050, za a yi kiyasin dala tiriliyan 25 da za a watsa gadan gadan gadan-gadan. Wasu masu bincike sun danganta wannan tasowa da tsarar jarirai A tarihi, ƴan jarirai su ne mafi girma na kwararar yara da aka haifa bayan WW2. Don haka, Thomas Shapiro ya ba da shawarar cewa wannan tsarar "suna tsakiyar cin gajiyar gado mafi girma a tarihi". Dukiyar da aka gada na iya taimakawa wajen bayyana dalilin da yasa yawancin Amurkawa da suka yi arziƙi ƙila sun sami "farawa mai mahimmanci". A cikin watan Satumba na shekarar 2012, bisa ga Cibiyar Nazarin Siyasa, "fiye da kashi 60" na Forbes mafi arziki 400 Amirkawa "sun girma cikin gata mai mahimmanci", kuma sau da yawa (amma ba koyaushe) sun sami gado mai mahimmanci ba. Wani bincike ya nuna cewa, gada da yawa, babba ko karami, ana saurin salwanta. Hakazalika, bincike ya nuna cewa sama da kashi biyu bisa uku na iyalai masu arziki suna rasa dukiyoyinsu a cikin tsararraki biyu, kuma kusan kashi 80% na iyaye masu arziki "suna jin cewa tsara na gaba ba su da alhakin kuɗi don sarrafa gado".
Tasirin zamantakewa An yi iƙirarin cewa gado yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci a cikin zamantakewa Gado muhimmin bangare ne na iyali, tattalin arziki, da cibiyoyi na shari'a, da kuma ainihin hanyar haduwar kawunan al'umma Haka kuma yana shafar rabon arziki a matakin al'umma. Jimillar tasirin rabon gado a kan sakamakon rarrabuwa yana ɗaukar nau'i uku, a cewar masana da suka yi nazarin batun.
Sigar farko ta gado ita ce gadon jarin al'adu (watau salon harshe, mafi girman matsayi na zamantakewa, da abubuwan da ake so). Hanya ta biyu ta gado shi ne ta hanyar shiga tsakani na iyali ta hanyar canja wurin inter vivos (watau kyauta tsakanin masu rai), musamman a lokuta masu mahimmanci a cikin darussan rayuwa. Misalai sun haɗa da lokacin matakan ci gaban yaro, kamar zuwa kwaleji, yin aure, samun aiki, da siyan gida. Nau'i na uku na gado shi ne canja wurin kadarori masu yawa a lokacin mutuwar masu yin shaida, don haka yana haifar da fa'idar tattalin arziki mai yawa ga yara a lokacin girma. Asalin kwanciyar hankali na rashin daidaito abu ne (dukiyoyi na sirri mutum zai iya samu) kuma yana da al'ada, tushen ko dai a cikin nau'o'in tarbiyyar yara da suka dace da zamantakewa bisa ga zamantakewar zamantakewa da matsayi na tattalin arziki. Ayyukan renon yara a tsakanin waɗanda suka gaji dukiya na iya kasancewa wajen fifita wasu ƙungiyoyi a kashe wasu a ƙasan tsarin zamantakewa Illolin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na rashin daidaiton gado An kuma yi iƙirarin cewa girman matsayin tattalin arziki da rabon gado a cikin al'ummomi yana ƙayyade damar rayuwa a cikin al'umma. Ko da yake mutane da yawa sun danganta asalin zamantakewar mutum da samun ilimi ga damar rayuwa da dama, ilimi ba zai iya zama mafi tasiri mai hasashen motsin tattalin arziki ba. A gaskiya ma, ’ya’yan iyaye masu arziki gabaɗaya suna samun ingantacciyar makaranta kuma suna amfana daga kayan gado, al’adu, da gado. Hakazalika, samun nasarar makaranta sau da yawa yana dawwama a cikin tsararraki kuma iyalai masu yawan gado suna iya samun da kuma watsa babban adadin jarin ɗan Adam. Ƙananan jari na ɗan Adam da gado na iya haifar da rashin daidaito a kasuwannin gidaje da ilimi mafi girma. Bincike ya nuna cewa gado yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tara dukiyar gidaje. Wadanda suka sami gado sun fi samun gida fiye da wadanda ba su yi la’akari da girman gadon ba. Sau da yawa, tsirarun kabilanci ko addini da kuma daidaikun mutane daga cikin marasa galihu suna samun ƙarancin gado da dukiya.Sakamakon a iya keɓance gaurayawan jinsi a cikin gata na gado kuma suna iya yin hayan gidaje ko zama a unguwannin matalauta, da kuma samun ƙarancin ilimi idan aka kwatanta da turawa a Amurka. Mutanen da ke da ɗimbin dukiya da gado sukan yi aure tare da sauran jama'a iri ɗaya don kare dukiyoyinsu da tabbatar da ci gaba da rarraba gado a cikin tsararraki; don haka dawwamar da zagayowar gata.
Kasashen da ke da mafi girman kudin shiga da rashin daidaiton arziki galibi suna da mafi girman adadin kisan kai da cututtuka (kamar kiba, ciwon sukari, da hauhawar jini) wanda ke haifar da yawan mace-mace. Wani labarin The New York Times ya bayyana cewa Amurka ita ce kasa mafi arziki a duniya, amma "ta yi matsayi na ashirin da tara a tsawon rayuwa, a bayan Jordan da Bosnia" kuma "tana da mafi girman adadin mace-mace na biyu na kwatankwacin kasashen OECD". An yi la'akari da wannan a matsayin babban gibin rashin daidaiton gado a cikin ƙasa, ko da yake akwai wasu dalilai a fili irin su araha na kiwon lafiya Lokacin da rashin daidaiton zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da ya ta'allaka kan gado ke gudana ta hanyar manyan cibiyoyin zamantakewa kamar iyali, ilimi, addini, da dai sauransu, waɗannan damar rayuwa daban-daban ana jayayya cewa ana yada su daga kowane tsara. Sakamakon haka, an yi imanin wannan rashin daidaituwa ya zama wani ɓangare na tsarin zamantakewa gaba ɗaya.
Gadon dadaddiyar dukiya Gadon daɗaɗɗiyar dukiya, shi ne gadon kuɗi da ake bayarwa ga tsararraki waɗanda ba su samu ba. Dynastic arziki yana da alaƙa da kalmar Plutocracy An yi rubuce-rubuce da yawa game da haɓaka da tasirin dukiyar daular da ta haɗa da littafin da aka fi sayar da jari a cikin ƙarni na ashirin da ɗaya na masanin tattalin arzikin Faransa Thomas Piketty Bill Gates yayi amfani da kalmar a cikin labarinsa mai suna "Me ya sa rashin daidaito ke da muhimmanci".
Amsar Soviet ga gado Kamar yadda tsarin gurguzu ya kafu akan ka'idar Marxist Labor Theory of Value, duk wani kudi da aka tattara a tsawon rayuwa yana da hujja idan ya dogara ne akan 'ya'yan aikin mutum na kansa ba daga cin gajiyar wasu ba. Gwamnatin kwaminisanci ta farko da aka kafa bayan juyin juya halin Rasha ta yanke shawarar soke haƙƙin gado, tare da wasu keɓantacce.
Haraji Jihohi da yawa suna da harajin gado ko harajin gidaje, wanda a ƙarƙashinsa wani kaso na kowane gado ko ƙasa ya zama kudaden shiga na gwamnati Duba kuma Mai amfana
Gadon dijital
Dokokin gado a Kanada
Kwangila mai wayo
Kadara mai canzawa
Tsarin gidaje
Dokar iyali
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 26 July 2006 USA Today article on dilemma the rich face when leaving wealth to children
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
6133 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes%20Kepler | Johannes Kepler | Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) ya mai Jamus falaki da lissafi malami.
Johannes Kepler (27 Disamba 1571 15 Nuwamba 1630) masanin taurari ne dan kasar Jamus, masanin lissafi da falaki da falsafar halitta sannan kuma marubucin wakoki ne. Mutum ne mai mahimmanci a juyin juya halin kimiyya na karni na 17, wanda aka fi sani da dokokinsa a kan motsi na duniya, da littattafansa Astronomia nova, Harmonice Mundi, da Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae. Waɗannan ayyukan kuma sun ba da ɗaya daga cikin tushe na ka'idar Newton na maganadison kasa na duniya.
Kepler malamin lissafi ne a makarantar hauza a Graz, inda ya zama abokin Yarima Hans Ulrich von Eggenberg. Daga baya ya zama mataimaki ga masanin ilmin taurari Tycho Brahe a Prague, kuma daga karshe masanin lissafin daular mulkin Sarki Rudolf na biyu da magadansa biyu Matthias da Ferdinand II. Ya kuma koyar da ilimin lissafi a Linz, kuma ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga Janar Wallenstein. Bugu da ƙari, ya yi aiki a fagen ilimin gani, ya ƙirƙiri ingantacciyar na'urar hangen nesa (ko Keplerian), kuma an ambace shi a cikin binciken na'urar hangen nesa (telescopic) na Galileo Galilei na zamani. Shi mamba ne na Accademia dei Lincei a Roma. Kepler ya rayu a zamanin da babu wani bambanci tsakanin ilmin taurari da taurarin kansu, amma akwai rarrabuwa mai ƙarfi tsakanin ilimin taurari (reshe na lissafi a cikin fasaha na sassaucin ra'ayi) da kimiyyar lissafi (reshe na falsafar halitta). Kepler kuma ya shigar da hujjoji na addini da tunani a cikin aikinsa, wanda yakinin addini da imani da cewa Allah ya halicci duniya bisa ga wani tsari mai hankali wanda ake iya samunsa ta hanyar haske na dabi’a. Kepler ya bayyana sabon ilmin taurarinsa a matsayin "ilimin kimiyyar sararin samaniya, a matsayin balaguro zuwa cikin Aristotle's Metaphysics, kuma a matsayin "kari ga Aristotle's On the Heavens", yana canza tsohuwar al'adar ilmin sararin samaniya ta hanyar yin magani. ilmin taurari a matsayin wani bangare na kimiyyar lissafi ta duniya.
An haifi Kepler a ranar 27 ga watan Disamba 1571, a cikin Free Imperial City of Weil der Stadt (yanzu wani yanki ne na Stuttgart a cikin Jahar Baden-Württemberg ta Jamus, mai nisan kilomita 30 yamma da tsakiyar Stuttgart). Kakansa, Sebald Kepler, ya kasance magajin gari. A lokacin da aka haifi Johannes, yana da ’yan’uwa biyu da ’yar’uwa ɗaya kuma dukiyar iyalin Kepler ta ragu lokacin da aka haife shi. Mahaifinsa, Heinrich Kepler, ya yi rayuwa mai wahala kuma ya bar iyali sa’ad da Johannes lokacin yana ɗan shekara biyar. An yi imanin ya mutu a yakin shekaru tamanin a Netherlands. Mahaifiyarsa, Katharina Guldenmann, ta kasance likita ce. Johannes ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya kasance mai rauni da rashin lafiya tun yana yaro. Amma duk da haka, ya kan burge matafiya a masaukin kakansa da kwarewarsa a ilmummuka ta ban mamaki Lokacin yana yaro, Kepler ya shaida Babban Comet na 1577, wanda ya ja hankalin masana ilmin taurari a fadin Turai. An sanar da shi ilimin taurari tun yana karami kuma ya sami sha'awar hakan wanda hakan ya kasance har iya tsawon rayuwarsa. Yana da shekaru shida, ya lura da Great Comet na 1577, ya rubuta cewa "mahaifiyarsa ta ɗauke shi zuwa wani wuri mai tsayi don ya duba shi. A cikin 1589, bayan ya yi makarantar nahawu, makarantar Latin, da makarantar hauza a Maulbronn, Kepler ya halarci Tübinger Stift a Jami'ar Tübingen. A can, ya karanci falsafa a karkashin Vitus Müller da ilimin tauhidi karkashin Jacob Heerbrand (dalibin Philipp Melanchthon a Wittenberg), wanda kuma ya koyar da Michael Maestlin lokacin yana dalibi, har ya zama Chancellor a Tübingen a 1590. Ya nuna kansa a matsayin ƙwararren masanin ilimin lissafi kuma ya yi suna a matsayin ƙwararren masanin taurari, yana yin duba ho ga abokan karatunsa. A ƙarƙashin umarnin Michael Maestlin, farfesa na Tübingen na lissafi daga 1583 zuwa 1631, ya koyi duka tsarin Ptolemaic da tsarin Copernican na motsi na duniya. Ya zama Copernican a lokacin. A cikin takaddamar ɗalibi, ya kare heliocentrism daga mahangar ka'ida da tauhidi, yana mai tabbatar da cewa Rana ita ce babbar tushen ƙarfin motsa jiki a cikin sararin duniya. Duk da sha'awarsa na zama minista, a kusa da ƙarshen karatunsa, an ba Kepler shawarar samun matsayi a matsayin malamin lissafi da ilmin taurari a makarantar Furotesta a Graz. Ya karbi mukamin a watan Afrilu 1594, yana da shekaru 22.
Kafin ya kammala karatunsa a Tübingen, Kepler ya karɓi tayin koyar da ilimin lissafi a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Georg Stadius a makarantar Furotesta a Graz (yanzu a Styria, Austria). A cikin wannan lokacin (1594-1600), ya ba da kalandar hukuma da yawa da tsinkaye waɗanda suka haɓaka sunansa a matsayin masanin taurari. Ko da yake Kepler yana da ra'ayi iri ɗaya game da ilmin taurari kuma ya ɓata yawancin al'adar taurari, ya yi imani da gaske game da alaƙa tsakanin sararin samaniya da mutum. Daga ƙarshe ya buga wasu ra'ayoyin da ya nishadantar da shi yayin da yake ɗalibi a cikin Mysterium Cosmographicum (1596). A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1595, an gabatar da Kepler ga Barbara Müller, gwauruwa ’yar shekara 23 (sau biyu) tare da ’yar matashiya mai suna Regina Lorenz, kuma ya fara zawarcinta. Müller, wadda ita ce magajiyar magidanta da suka mutu, ita ma diyar mai masana'anta ce. Da farko mahaifinta Jobst ya yi adawa da auren. Ko da yake Kepler ya gaji sarautar kakansa. Jobst ya tuba bayan Kepler ya kammala aiki a kan Mysterium, amma haɗin gwiwa ya kusan faɗuwa yayin da Kepler ya tafi yana kula da cikakkun bayanai na ɗab'a. Barbara da Johannes sun yi aure a ranar 27 ga Afrilu 1597.A cikin shekarun farko na aurensu, Keplers sun haifi 'ya'ya biyu (Heinrich da Susanna), dukansu sun mutu tun suna jarirai.
Manazarta https://books.google.com/books?id=E-1tr_oVkW4C&q=deutsches+ausspracheworterbuchhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophyhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary
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22789 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovane%20%C3%89lber | Giovane Élber | Élber de Souza wanda aka fi sani da Giovane Élber (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Yulin shekarar 1972). tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Brazil wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba.
Mai yawan zura kwallaye a kungiyoyi daban-daban, galibi aikin Élber ya kare a kasar Jamus, inda ya wakilci musamman Bayern Munich (cikakkun shekaru shida), inda yaci kwallaye 133 a raga a wasanni 260 na kungiyoyi uku.
Klub din Haihuwar Londrina, Paraná, Élber samfurin samari ne na Londrina.
Milan Yana dan shekara 18 ya sanya hannu a AC Milan a shekarar, 1990, Élber ya kusan zama ba a san shi ba yayin shekara daya da ya yi tare da kungiyar Serie A.
Ciyawar Daga bisani, ya koma Switzerland Grasshopper Club Zürich, da farko kan rance Nan da nan ya fara nuna bajintar kwarewa a sabuwar kungiyar tasa, wato a wasan shekarar, 1992 zuwa 1993 UEFA Cup da suka fafata da Sporting Clube de Portugal inda, bayan asarar gida 1-2, ya yi tasiri a nasarar kungiyar da jimillar kwallaye 4-3. sau biyu.
VfB Stuttgart Bayan fiye da manufofin hukuma 50 na Grasshoppers, Élber ya sanya hannu tare da VfB Stuttgart na Jamus a cikin bazarar shekarar, 1994. Ya ci kwallo a wasansa na farko na gasar Bundesliga, a wasan da suka doke Hamburger SV da ci 2-1 a gida, kuma ya kammala kakarsa ta farko da kwallaye takwas, wanda hakan ne zai kasance kamfen daya tilo da ya ci a lambobi guda cikin shekaru bakwai masu zuwa.
A kakar shekarar, 1996 da shekara ta, 1997, Élber ya ciwa Stuttgart kwallaye 20 a hukumance, 17 a gasar, kuma uku a kofi, gami da duka biyu da suka kara da FC Energie Cottbus a wasan karshe (2 0 nasara). A Stuttgart ya kirkiro abin da ake kira alwatiran sihiri (Jamusanci: Magisches Dreieck tare da Krassimir Balakov da Fredi Bobic.
Bayern Munich A lokacin bazara mai zuwa, ya koma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Bayern Munchen inda, a shekara ɗaya, ya sami babban ɗan wasan ƙungiyar. Carsten Jancker ya hana wannan girmamawar bugu da kari, ya taka rawar gani a nasarar cin wasanni hudu, gasar cin kofin zakarun turai na shekarar, 2000 da shekara ta, 2001 na UEFA, inda ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan dab da na kusa da karshe da Real Madrid, da kuma gasar cin kofin Intercontinental na shekarar, 2001, yayin da ya lashe kyautar Torjägerkanone ta shekarar, 2002 da shekara ta, 2003 tare da kwallaye 21; Bavaria ce ta ci biyu 2.
Lyon Élber mai shekaru 31 ya kashe mafi yawan kamfen na shekarar, 2003 da shekara ta, 2004 (ya buga wasanni hudu tare da Bayern) a Faransa tare da Olympique Lyonnais, ya maye gurbin ɗan ƙasar Sonny Anderson wanda ya tafi Spain. A shekarar, 2003 04 UEFA Champions League, ya zira kwallaye a ragar tsohuwar kungiyarsa Bayern Munich don ci 2-1 a Jamus. Daga baya, ya ci kwallaye a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Porto a wasan kusa da na karshe; duk da haka, an fitar da Lyon daga gasar bayan ta sha kashi ci 4-2 jimillar. Sai, ya taimaki kulob din zuwa uku na bakwai a jere Ligue 1 accolades, amma sai ya sha wahala mai tsanani fibula da tibia rauni wanda ya sa shi fita daga mataki na fiye da shekara guda.
Borussia Mönchengladbach Ya dawo buga wasan ƙwallo a ƙasan Jamus tare da Borussia Mönchengladbach, wanda ya haɗu da shi a cikin watan Janairu shekarar, 2005.
Cruzeiro A cikin watan Janairun shekarar 2006, bayan kusan shekaru 15 ba ya nan, Élber ya koma kasarsa, ya kammala aikinsa a Cruzeiro. Bayan sanarwar tausayawa, ya yi ritaya daga kulob din zagaye uku kafin karshen kakar wasa a ranar 9 ga watan Satumba, bayan rauni da rashin mahaifinsa.
Ayyukan duniya Saboda tsananin gasa, berlber bai iya fassara fasalin kulob din sa zuwa kungiyar kasar ta Brazil ba. A farkon shekara na kasa da kasa play, shekarar, 1998, ya zira kwallaye shida a raga a matsayin masu yawa wasanni, amma zai kawai karba tara mafi iyakoki a cikin wadannan shekaru uku.
A gasar FIFA ta Matasan Duniya ta shekarar, 1991 Élber ya ci hudu a wasanni shida yayin da ‘yan kasa da shekaru 20 suka sha kashi a hannun Portugal mai masaukin baki, a kan fanareti Bayan yin ritaya daga wasa mai aiki Bayan ya sanar da yin ritaya a kwallaon kafa sai ya koma Bayern, inda ya fara aiki a kulob din a matsayin dan leken asiri, yana neman matasa a cikin kasarsa.
Élber yana aiki ne a matsayin masani kan tashar talabijin ta Jamus Das Erste Ya ba da ƙididdigar ƙwararru a yayin Kofin Confederations na FIFA na shekara ta, 2013 kuma ya sake bayyana a wannan ƙarfin yayin gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar, 2014 FIFA.
Rayuwar mutum Mafi yawanci ana kiransa Giovane Élber (wani lokacin kuma kuskuren shine Giovanni Élber wanda shine bambancin Jamusanci na sunan laƙabin Italiya il giòvane Élber ("saurayi Élber").
Kididdigar aiki
Kulab
Na duniya
Manufofin duniya Sakamakon sakamako da jerin jeren kwallayen da Brazil ta ci.
Daraja
Kulab Ciyawar
Kofin Switzerland 1993–94
Stuttgart
DFB-Pokal 1996–97
Bayern Munich
Bundesliga 1998–99, 1999-2000, 2000-01, 2002-03
DFB-Pokal 1997-98, 1999-2000, 2002-03
DFB-Ligapokal 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000
UEFA Champions League 2000 01
Intercontinental Cup 2001
Lyon
Ligue 1 2003-04
Trophée des Champions 2004
Cruzeiro
Campeonato Mineiro 2006
Kowane mutum Gasar Wasannin Matasa ta Duniya Kwallan Azurfa 1991
Switzerland League Wanda yafi kowa cin kwallaye a shekarar 1993–94
Leagueasar Switzerland Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan ƙasashen waje 1993–94
kicker Kungiyar Bundesliga ta kakar: 1996–97, 1998 –99, 2002 03 Babban dan wasan Bundesliga 2002-03 (an raba shi tare da Thomas Christiansen Burin Shekarar (Jamus) 1999 Bayern Munich Duk-lokaci XI
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Giovane Élber at Sambafoot
Giovane Élber at fussballdaten.de (in German)
Manazarta
Pages with unreviewed |
33275 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidi%20Adewolu%20Ladoja | Rashidi Adewolu Ladoja | Rashidi Adewolu Ladoja (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Satumba a shekara ta 1944) ɗan kasuwa ne wanda ya zama gwamnan jihar Oyo Nijeriya a ranar 29 ga watan Mayu a shekara ta 2003 a matsayin ɗan jam'iyyar PDP. An tsige shi a watan Janairun shekara ta 2006, amma a watan Disambar shekara ta 2006 aka dawo da shi bakin aiki. Wa’adinsa ya kare a shekara ta 2007. Ladoja ya zama memba na Zenith Labour Party (ZLP) a cikin watan Disamba a shekara ta 2018.
Farkon rayuwa da Karatu a
An haifi Ladoja a ranar 25 ga watan Satumba a shekara ta 1944 a kauyen Gambari kusa da Ibadan.
Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta maza ta Ibadan a shekara ta (1958 zuwa shekara ta 1963) da kuma makarantar Olivet Baptist High School a shekara ta (1964 zuwa shekara ta 1965). Ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Liège, Belgium a shekara ta (1966 zuwa shekara ta 1972) inda ya sami digiri a fannin Injiniya.
Aiki
Ya samu aiki a kamfanin mai na Total Nigeria, inda ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru 13 ya rike mukamai daban-daban kafin ya kafa nasa kasuwancin a shekarar 1985. Abubuwan da ya shafi kasuwancinsa sun hada da sufuri, masana'antu, banki, noma da sufuri.
Siyasa
An zabe shi a majalisar dattawan Najeriya a shekarar 1993 a lokacin jamhuriya ta uku a Najeriya, na kankanin lokaci ya kasance memba a jam'iyyar United Nigeria Congress Party (UNCP) a lokacin juyin mulkin Abacha. A shekara ta 2000, Ladoja ya zama darakta na Bankin Standard Trust Limited.
Gwamnan Jihar Oyo
An zabi Ladoja a matsayin gwamnan jihar Oyo a watan Afrilun 2003 a jam’iyyar PDP, kuma ya karbi mulki a ranar 29 ga Mayu 2003. Ya samu goyon bayan Alhaji Lamidi Adedibu, A watan Agustan 2004, Ladoja da Adedibu sun shiga tsaka mai wuya game da rabon wadanda gwamnati ta naɗa. Ladoja bai samu goyon bayan jam’iyyar ba a wannan rigimar. A wata hira da aka yi da shi a karshen 2005, shugaban PDP na kasa, Ahmadu Ali, ya ce Ladoja ya kamata ya karbi umarni daga Lamidi Adedibu.
Tsigewa
A ranar 12 ga watan Janairun 2006 ne ‘yan majalisar dokokin jihar Oyo suka tsige Ladoja tare da tilasta musu barin aiki. An rantsar da mataimakinsa, Christopher Adebayo Alao-Akala a matsayin sabon gwamna. A ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 2006, Kotun Daukaka Kara da ke babban birnin jihar, Ibadan, ta bayyana tsigewar ba bisa ka'ida ba, amma ta ba da shawarar jiran tabbatar da wannan hukunci daga Kotun Koli. Kotun koli ta amince da hukuncin a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 2009, kuma Ladajo ya koma ofishin a hukumance a ranar 12 ga Disamba 2006. An girke jami’an ‘yan sandan kwantar da tarzoma a kan manyan titunan manyan ofisoshin gwamnati domin dakile tashin hankalin da magoya bayan Adebayo Alao-Akala da Lamidi Adedibu ke yi a lokacin da aka mayar da shi bakin aiki. Ladoja ya kasa lashe zaben fitar da gwani na PDP a matsayin dan takara karo na biyu. Ya zaɓi ya goyi bayan ‘yan takarar Action Congress na zaben shugabannin kananan hukumomi 33. PDP ta ki shiga zaben. Hakan ya sa jam'iyyar Action Congress (AC) ta samu kujeru 26 sannan jam'iyyar ANPP ta lashe kujeru bakwai. Sai dai magajinsa a matsayin gwamna, tsohon mataimakinsa kuma tsohon mukaddashin gwamnan jihar, Christopher Adebayo Akala, ya kori shugabannin kansilolin jim kadan da hawansa mulki tare da maye gurbinsu da magoya bayan PDP.
Zargi
A ranar 28 ga watan Agusta, 2008, Hukumar Yaki da yi wa Tattalin Arzikin Kasa Ta’annati (EFCC) ta kama Ladoja bisa zargin rashin fitar da kudaden da aka sayar da hannun jarin gwamnati da ya kai N1.9. biliyan a lokacin gwamnatinsa.
Tsarewa
Babbar Kotun Tarayya da ke Legas ta tsare shi na dan wani lokaci a gidan yari a ranar 30 ga Agusta 2008. An bayar da belinsa ne a ranar 5 ga watan Satumba a kan kuɗi naira miliyan 100 tare da masu tsaya masa guda biyu kan kudi daya. A watan Maris din 2009, wani tsohon mataimaki ya ba da shaida kan yadda aka raba kudaden rabon tsakanin iyalan Ladoja, mai gadin sa, manyan ‘yan siyasa da lauyoyi. Ladoja ya kasance dan takarar gwamna a jam’iyyar Accord a jihar Oyo a zaben Afrilun 2011 da 2015, ya sha kaye a hannun Sanata Abiola Ajimobi Daga baya ya koma jam’iyyarsa ta Accord Party zuwa PDP a matsayin jam'iyar gamayya a shekarar 2017. Rigimar PDP ta sa shi da sauran abokansa (daga Labour Party, All Progressives Congress APC da sauransu) suka koma kan African Democratic Congress (ADC) a 2018. Bayan wani ɗan gajeren zaman da aka yi a ADC wanda ya tabbatar da cewa auren baƙon gado ne, Ladoja tare da mabiyansa sun koma Zenith Labour Party (ZLP) a cikin Disamba 2018.
Manazarta
Rayayyun Mutane
Haifaffun |
50571 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lara%20Bazelon | Lara Bazelon | Lara Bazelon (an Haife ta Fabrairu 14,a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da hudu) ƙwararriyar Yar Amurka ce kuma Yar jarida. Ita farfesa ce a fannin shari'a a Jami'ar San Francisco School of Law inda ta rike Barnett Chair a Trial Advocacy kuma tana jagorantar Clinics na Criminal Juvenile and Racial Justice Clinics. Ita ce tsohuwar darekta na Makarantar Shari'a ta Loyola don Innocent a Los Angeles. Aikinta na asibiti a matsayinta na farfesa a fannin shari'a ya mayar da hankali ne kan kawar da wanda aka yanke wa hukunci bisa kuskure. Rubuce-rubucenta game da tsarin shari'ar laifuka da kuma sukar manyan 'yan wasanta an buga su a cikin The New York Times, The Atlantic, New York Magazine, Slate, da Mujallar Siyasa An buga rubutunta na sirri game da soyayya, saki, da kuma tarbiyyar yara a cikin The New York Times, The Washington Post, da Slate Ita ce kuma marubucin litattafai marasa fa'ida guda biyu: Gyara: Ƙarfin Maido da Adalci Bayan Hukunce-hukuncen Ba daidai ba (Beacon Press 2018) da Buƙatun Kamar Uwa: Me yasa Gabatar da Ayyukanku Yana da Kyau Ga Yaranku (Little Brown 2022), da marubucin labari A Good Mother (Hanover Sq. Latsa 2021).
Kuruciya da ilimi Bazelon ta girma a Philadelphia. Mahaifinta lauya ne kuma mahaifiyarta likita ce. Ta halarci Makarantar Abokan Hulɗa ta Germantown, inda take cikin ƙungiyar wasan tennis. Tana da 'yan'uwa mata uku: Emily Bazelon, dan jarida da marubucin New York Times wanda ya lashe kyautar; Jill Bazelon, wacce ta kafa wata kungiya da ke ba da azuzuwan karatun kudi kyauta ga daliban makarantar sakandare da masu karamin karfi; da Dana Bazelon, babban mashawarcin shawara ga Lauyan Lardin Philadelphia Larry Krasner Iyalin Bazelon Yahudawa ne. Bazelon jikar David L. Bazelon ce, tsohon alkali ne a Kotun daukaka kara ta Amurka don gundumar Columbia, kuma dan uwan biyu sau biyu an cire mata Betty Friedan Bazelon ta sauke karatu cum laude daga Jami'ar Columbia a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da biyu kuma ta karɓi JD dinta daga NYU School of Law inda ta kasance editan NYU Law Review Bayananta, Fashe Labarun Superpredator, ya lashe lambar yabo ta Paul D. Kaufman Memorial kuma Bryan Stevenson ya buga shi a taƙaitaccen kotun Koli a Sullivan v. Florida, inda ya yi nasarar bayar da hujjar cewa Kwaskwarimar Kwaskwarima ta takwas ta hana yanke hukuncin daurin rai-da-rai ga yara ba tare da yuwuwar yin afuwa ga laifukan da suka aikata kafin shekaru 13 ba Bayan makarantar shari'a Bazelon ta yi aiki a matsayin magatakarda na shari'a ga Honourable Harry Pregerson na Kotun daukaka kara ta Amurka don zagaye na tara Aikin ilimi Bayan shekaru bakwai a matsayin lauya mai shari'a a Ofishin Mai kare Jama'a na Tarayya a Los Angeles, Bazelon an ba ta kyautar haɗin gwiwar koyarwa na asibiti a UC Hastings College of Law Daga shekara ta dubu biyu da goma Sha biyu -zuwa shekara ta dubu biyu da goma Sha biyar, Bazelon wata farfesa ce mai ziyara kuma darekta na Makarantar Shari'a ta Loyola don Innocent a Los Angeles. A cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da goma Sha bakwai, Bazelon ta shiga jami'ar Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar San Francisco a matsayin abokin farfesa kuma darektan Clinical Criminal and Juvenile and Racial Justice Clinics. A shekara ta dubu daya da goma Sha tara, an ba ta lambar yabo. A cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da ishirin an ba ta Barnett Chair a cikin Shawarwari na gwaji.
Tsare-tsare Yayin da take jagorantar shirin Loyola na Innocent, Bazelon shi ne babban lauyan Kash Register, wanda aka wanke shi a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, 2013 saboda kisan kai da bai yi ba bayan shekaru 34 a gidan yari. Rijista ta lashe hukuncin dala miliyan 16.7 daga birni da gundumar Los Angeles a cikin 2016, mafi girman sulhu a tarihin Los Angeles. Daga 2019-2021, Bazelon da dalibanta na shari'a a Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar San Francisco sun wakilci fursunonin Louisiana Yutico Briley Jr., wanda aka yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 60 ba tare da yuwuwar yin afuwa ba yana da shekaru 19 saboda fashi da makami bai yi ba. aikata. Labarin kawar da Briley da haɗin gwiwar Lara da 'yar uwarta Emily Bazelon wajen taimakawa wajen kawo shi shine labarin murfin Mujallar New York Times a Yuli 2021, wanda Emily Bazelon ya rubuta. An saki Joaquin Ciria bayan da Babban Lauyan gundumar San Francisco, wanda Bazelon ke jagoranta, ya sake bincikar Ciria kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa Lauyan gundumar ya nemi soke hukuncin da aka yanke masa. Alkalin Babban Kotun San Francisco Brendon Conroy ya kori Ciria daga hukuncin a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, 2022 kuma an sake shi daga gidan yari a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 2022 bayan ya shafe shekaru 31 a gidan yari.
Bar gunaguni A cikin 2018, Bazelon ta fara shigar da kararraki a kan masu gabatar da kara da alkalai suka gano da aikata ba daidai ba. Amma kamar yadda Radley Balko ya rubuta a cikin Washington Post, Bazelon ya sadu da ba tare da nasara ba: "babu wani gunaguni takwas da ya haifar da gagarumin aikin ladabtarwa." Bazelon ta shaida wa Washington Post cewa ta damu musamman game da batun Jamal Trulove, wanda aka yanke masa hukunci bisa kuskure saboda rashin da'a na Mataimakin Lauyan Gundumar Linda Allen. Bayan Kotun daukaka kara ta soke hukuncin da Trulove ya yi, an ba Allen damar sake gwada shi. Bayan wanke shi, Trulove ya kai ƙarar birnin da lardin San Francisco kuma ya sami hukuncin dala miliyan 13.1. Ma'aikatar shari'ar California ba ta dauki wani mataki a kan Allen ba don mayar da martani ga korafin Bazelon. Wakilin lauya Jones Day ya wakilta, Bazelon ta ɗauki takarda zuwa Kotun Koli ta California, wanda ya ƙi sauraron shari'ar ta hanyar kuri'a na 5-1 tare da adalci guda daya ya hana kansa.
Rubutun ilimi Bazelon ta malanta nazarin batutuwa a tsaka-tsaki na aikata laifuka da xa'a da kuma maido da adalci a matsayin madadin zaman kurkuku, an buga a Fordham Law Review, da Hofstra Law Review, da Georgetown Journal of Legal Ethics, da Berkeley Journal of Criminal Law, da Jihar Ohio Journal of Criminal Law, da kuma Journal of Criminal Law da Criminology Ana ambaton Bazelon akai-akai a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na ƙasa da na gida a matsayin ƙwararriya kan lamuran shari'a. Tana aiki a matsayin memba mai jefa ƙuri'a na Majalisar Sashen Shari'a ta ABA, ƙungiyar tsara manufofin ƙungiyar kan batutuwan shari'ar laifuka. Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1974
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
20500 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian%20National%20Petroleum%20Corporation | Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation | Kamfanin Man Fetur Na Najeriya shine kamfanin man fetur wanda gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta hanyar shi ke tsarawa da kuma shiga masana'antar man fetur ta kasar. Ana gudanar da ayyukan kasuwancin NNPC ta hanyar dabarun Kasuwanci da Rukunin Ayyuka Na Kasuwanci (SBUs CSUs), a wurare daban-daban a duk faɗin Nijeriya. A irin wannan halin; Kamfanin Man Fetur na Kasa (NNPC) ya kirkiro da wani tsarin daukar ma'aikata kuma tun daga wancan lokacin, har zuwa yau aikin na NNPC ya kasance tsari ne na shekara-shekara.
Tarihi An kafa NNPC a ranar 1 ga Afrilun shekara ta 1977 a matsayin haɗakar Kamfanin Mai na Nijeriya da Ma’aikatar Man Fetur da Albarkatun Makamashi ta Tarayya. NNPC ta hanyar doka ce ke kula da hadin gwiwar tsakanin gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya da wasu manyan kamfanonin kasashen waje, wadanda suka hada da Royal Dutch Shell, Agip, ExxonMobil, Total SA, Chevron, da Texaco (wanda yanzu aka hade da Chevron). Ta hanyar hadin gwiwa da wadannan kamfanoni, gwamnatin Najeriya ke gudanar da bincike da samar da mai. A shekarar 2007, shugaban reshen Najeriya na kungiyar Transparency International ya ce albashin ma’aikatan NNPC ya yi kadan don hana cin hanci. Gidajen NNPC a Abuja shine hedkwatar NNPC. Gidan yana dauke da hasumiya guda iri daya, hadadden yana kan hanyar Herbert Macaulay, Central Business District Abuja NNPC kuma tana da ofisoshin shiyya a Legas, Kaduna, Fatakwal da Warri Tana da ofishi na duniya wanda ke London, United Kingdom. A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2019, NNPC ta ce ta sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya ta biyan dala biliyan 2.5 tare da LNG na Najeriya don ayyukan ci gaban iskar gas.
A watan Disamban shekarar 2021, Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya da Kamfanin Mai na Najeriya (NNPC) Ltd sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna ta Naira biliyan 621 don samar da ayyukan gina muhimman ababen more rayuwa a Najeriya.
Shugabanci Shugaba Buhari ya nada Mele Kyari a matsayin sabon Manajan Darakta na Kamfanin (GMD) na NNPC. Kyari ya maye gurbin Maikanti Baru. Sabon GMD da sauran jami'an NNPC da aka nada za su yi aiki tare da jami'an yanzu a matsayi daya har zuwa ranar 7 ga watan Yulin 2019. Dokta Maikanti Baru (7 ga Yuli, 1959 29 ga Mayu, 2020) shi ne tsohon Manajan Daraktan Rukuni (GMD). An nada shi Manajan Daraktan Rukuni a ranar 4 ga Yulin, 2016, a karkashin shugabancin Muhammadu Buhari ya gaji Dr. Emmanuel Ibe Kachikwu, karamin Ministan Man Fetur na Najeriya (2015 2019).
Tsarin kungiya Rukunin NNPC ya kunshi Hukumar NNPC, da ofishin manajan darakta, Rukuni bakwai na aiki kamar yadda aka jera a kasa. Kowane ɗayan rukunin yana ƙarƙashin jagorancin babban jami'in gudanarwa (COO). Rukunan nata suna karkashin jagorancin manyan manajojin kungiyar (GGM), yayin da kamfanonin kera ke karkashin jagorancin manajan daraktoci. NNPC tana da rassa da yawa, rassa biyu da wasu kamfanoni masu haɗin gwiwa 16.
Kungiyoyin Kasuwanci masu zaman kansu:
Kamfanin Sama
Kamfanin streamasa
Kamfanin tace kaya
Kamfanin Kasuwanci
Kamfanin Gas Power
Kungiyoyin Ayyuka na Corporate:
Kudade da Lissafi
Ayyuka na Kamfanin
Kungiyoyin Kasuwanci da Dabaru sune kamar haka:
Girkawa NNPC yana da tafin kafa alhakin cirewa da kuma nisa da tushe aukuwa, kuma aka gurfanar da shi gudãnar da kula da masana'antun man fetur a madadin gwamnatin Nijeriya. A cikin 1988, an sanya kamfanin cikin kasuwanci zuwa manyan rukunin kasuwancin 11, wanda ya shafi dukkanin ayyukan masana'antar mai: bincike da samarwa, ci gaban iskar gas, tacewa, rarrabawa, man fetir, injiniyanci, da saka hannun jari na kasuwanci. A ranar Laraba 10 ga watan Yulin, 2019 a taron hukumomin samar da kudaden shiga da sa ido na Najeriya tare da shugabancin majalisar dattijai a harabar majalisar kasa, Abuja, manajan daraktan kungiyar, Mele Kyari ya yi kira da a samar da isassun kudade daga bangaren man fetur. Kamfanonin rashi sun hada da Kamfanin Bunkasa Man Fetur na Najeriya (NPDC).
Gabatar da doka A tsarin mulkin Najeriya, duk ma'adanai, gas, da mai da kasar ta mallaka doka ce ta gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya. Saboda haka, kamfanonin man da ke aiki a Najeriya sun dace da kason kudaden shigar su ga gwamnati, wanda ke daukar kusan kashi 60% na kudaden shigar da masana'antar mai ke samu ta wannan hanyar. Kudaden da NNPC ta samu sun kai kashi 76% na kudaden shiga na gwamnatin tarayya da kuma kashi 40% na GDP na kasar baki daya Ya zuwa shekarar 2000, fitar da mai da gas ya kai kashi 98% na kudaden shigar da Nijeriya ke fitarwa.
Cin hanci da rashawa a NNPC
Rahoton KPMG A watan Disambar shekara ta 2011, gwamnatin Nijeriya ta ba da izinin a buga rahoton binciken da KPMG ta gudanar. Binciken, wanda Ma’aikatar Kudi ta ba shi biyo bayan damuwar da ta nuna game da yadda kamfanin na NNPC ke nuna gaskiya, ya yi bayani dalla-dalla kan yadda NNPC ke gudanar da kasuwanci, da karya ka’idoji, da fitar da kudi ta jihar ba bisa ka’ida ba, da kuma rashin yin asusu na biliyoyin nairori da ya kamata a biya asusun tarayya. Masu binciken kudi sun gano cewa tsakanin 2007 zuwa 2009 kadai, NNPC ta cire makudan kudade a cikin tallafi har zuwa N28.5 biliyan. Ba ta iya lissafin kuɗin tun daga lokacin.
Bungiyar Willbros Inc. A watan Mayu 2008, Willbros Group Inc, wani kamfani na Amurka, ya yarda da yin almubazzaranci da suka kai dala 6.3 miliyan zuwa ga jami’ai a NNPC da reshenta NAPIMS, a madadin taimako don samun da kuma rike kwangiloli na aiki a kan Tsarin Gas na Tattara Gas (EGGS).
ABB Vetco Grey A watan Yulin 2004, ABB Vetco Gray, wani kamfani na Amurka, da reshen Burtaniya ABB Vetco Gray UK Ltd, sun yarda da biyan sama da 1 cin hancin miliyan ga jami’ai a reshen kamfanin NNPC NAPIMS a madadin samun bayanan sirri na tayin da shawarwari masu kyau daga hukumomin gwamnatin Najeriya.
Trafigura da Vitol A watan Nuwamba na 2013 bayan da kungiyar bayar da shawarwari ta masu zaman kansu ta Switzerland Erklärung von Bern ta wallafa wani rahoto zargin badakalar da yawa, inda aka sanya kamfanin na NNPC bisa zargin cire 6.8 biliyan na kudaden shigar danyen mai.
Kudaden da ba a sakasu ba (2013-2014) A ranar 9 ga Disambar 2013, wata wasika daga Gwamnan Babban Bankin Najeriya Sanusi Lamido Sanusi zuwa ga Shugaban Najeriya, Goodluck Ebele Jonathan, wanda aka nuna kwanan wata 25 ga Satumba 2013 cewa NNPC ba ta aika da sama da 49.8 ba biliyan da aka samu na sayar da Gwamnati ga danyen mai. A ranar 13 ga Disambar 2013, NNPC ta ba da amsar cewa babu wani kuɗi da ya ɓace. Kwamitin sulhu (wanda ya kunshi wakilan (i) CBN (ii) NNPC (iii) DPR (iv) FIRS (v) OAGF (vi) Ofishin Kasafin Kudi na Tarayya (vii) Ma’aikatar Kudi ta Tarayya (viii) Ma’aikatar Albarkatun Man Fetur ta Tarayya aka kafa. Kwamitin sulhu ya kiyasta kudaden da ba a sake biya ba zuwa 10.8bn a ranar 18 ga Disambar 2013 yayin da CBN ta sauya da'awar zuwa 12bn. Daga nan sai CBN ya sanar da kwamitin majalisar dattijai kan harkokin kudi a ranar 4 ga Fabrairun shekara ta 2014 cewa NNPC na bukatar lissafin dala biliyan 20 saboda CBN za ta iya tabbatar da karbar dala biliyan 47 daga dala biliyan 67 na lokacin da ake dubawa. Ministan Kudi na wancan lokacin ya ba da shawarar gudanar da binciken kwastomomi mai zaman kansa kuma ofishin Babban Odita Janar na Tarayya (AuGF) ne ya nada PwC a hukumance don gudanar da binciken kwakwaf kan zargin. Daga cikin matsayar da PwC ta cimma a karshen ayyukansu, kamar yadda suka bayyana a cikin rahoton nasu, wanda aka bayyana a fili akwai:
1. Jimlar kudin da aka shigar cikin asusun tarayya dangane da daga danyen mai ya kai 50.81bn da BA dala biliyan 47 kamar yadda kwamitin sulhu ya fada a baya daga watan Janairun shekara ta 2012 zuwa watan Yulin shekara ta 2013. 2. Kamfanin NNPC ya bayar da bayanai kan banbancin da ke haifar da yuwuwar shigar da dala biliyan 0.74 (ba tare da la’akari da kudaden da ake sa ran shigowa daga NPDC ba). Sauran kudaden da ba na kai tsaye ba na dala biliyan 2.83 wadanda ba na bangaren gabatar da kara ga kwamitin majalisar dattijai ba an karkatar da su zuwa wannan matsayin. 3. Babban abin la'akari shine cibiyoyin mallakar albarkatun mai da iskar gas wanda NPDC ke sarrafawa. Dangane da ƙarin bayani da ake bayarwa, mun kiyasta cewa NNPC da NPDC ya kamata su mayar wa Asusun Tarayya aƙalla dala biliyan 1.48 kamar yadda aka taƙaita a shafi na gaba. Babu wani ma'aikacin NNPC ko Ma'aikatar Man Fetur da aka hukunta har yanzu, kodayake a ranar Alhamis, 20 ga Fabrairu 2014, Shugaban Kasa mai dakatar da busa usur ya dakatar da shi daga aiki.
Asusun da ba a sake ba (2016) Wani bincike na hukuma ya ruwaito a watan Maris na shekara t 2016 cewa NNPC ya kasa biyan Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Tattalin arziki
Ma'aikatun gwamnati
NNPC
Pages with unreviewed |
31652 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafizur%20Rahman | Mustafizur Rahman | Mustafizur Rahman Bengali an haife shi a ranar 6 ga watan Satumban 1995), wanda kuma aka fi sani da Fizz, dan wasan kurket na duniya ne na kasar Bangladash. Sannan kuma ya ƙware a matsayin ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa mai matsakaicin-sauri na hannun hagu. Shi ne dan wasa na farko da ya lashe kyautar 'Jarumin Gasa' a dukkan Gwaje-gwaje.
Mustafizur ya fara buga wasan kurket na kasa da kasa a wasa na tsakanin kasashe ashirin a watan Afrilun 2015. Daga bayan waccan shekarar, ya buga wasansa na farko na Rana Daya ta Duniya da na Gwaji ta Indiya da Afirka ta Kudu, bi da bi.
Kafin aikinsa na tsakanin kasashe, Mustafizur ya taka rawa a gasar cin kofin duniya na Kurket karkashin-19 na 2014 Rayuwar farko da ta sirri Mustafizur ya girma a cikin ƙaramin garin Satkhira a cikin Khulna, Bangladesh. Shi ne auta ga Abul Qasem Gazi da Mahmuda Khatun 'ya'yan shida. Mahaifinsa mai sha'awar wasan kurket ne. Sha'awar Mustafizur na wasan kurket ya tashi lokacin da ya fara atisayen wasa na tsawon kilomita 40 daga gida a kowace safiya, tare da dan uwansa Mokhlesur Rahman. Wannan ya shafi iliminsa yayin da yake barin makaranta lokaci-lokaci don buga wasan kurket.
Kafin gano gwanintar wasan nasa, Mustafizur ya taka rawa a matsayin dan wasa na kwallon tennis A cewarsa, ya samu kwarin gwuiwa ne daga dan wasan Pakistan Mohammad Amir wanda shi ne ubangidansa. A ranar 15 ga Maris, 2019, tare da wasu mambobi na tawagar gwajin Bangladesh, yana daf da shiga masallacin Al Noor da ke Christchurch, New Zealand lokacin da aka kai harin ta'addanci Dukkan 'yan tawagar sun cutu sosai". Mustafizur ya yi aure a ranar 22 ga Maris. Dan'uwan Mustafizur ya yi fatan cewa aure zai iya taimaka masa "ya shawo kan kaduwar" da ya ritsa da shi a harin na New Zealand.
Farkon aiki A shekara ta 2012, Mustafizur ya yi tafiya zuwa Dhaka babban birnin Bangladesh don gwada sansanin 'yan gudun hijira. Kafin wannan, 'yan wasa sun fara cin karo da shi a gasar 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 a Satkhira An shigar da shi cikin kafuwar Hukumar Kurket ta Bangladesh na ganin saurin wasan ƙwallon ƙafarsa. Ba da daɗewa ba aka zaɓe shi zuwa ƙungiyar yan kasa da shekara 19 ta Bangladesh don gasar cin kofin duniya ta Kurket a 2014 a UAE, inda ya ɗauki jimlar bangarori takwas Mustafizur ya fara wasan kurket na aji na farko da na zubin-A daga 2014, mai wakiltar dibishin din Khulna da Abahani, bi da bi. An zabe shi don yawon shakatawa na Bangladesh A na Arewacin Indies Ayyukan kasa da kasa
Fitowa Mustafizur ya fara wasansa na kasa-da-kasa ne a wasa na ashirin da suka wuce da Pakistan a ranar 24 ga Afrilu 2015, inda ya ci kwallayen Shahid Afridi da Mohammad Hafeez, ('yan wasa biyu na Pakistan). A cikin watan Yunin 2015, Indiya ta zagaya Bangladesh don gwaji ɗaya na duniya na kwana ɗaya. An zaɓi Mustafizur a cikin tawagar ODI. A cikin jerin wasanninsa na fark, Mustafizur ya ba da alamun yuwuwar sa a kan ƙwaƙƙwaran layin batting na Indiya ta hanyar ɗaukar wicket biyar a wasan farko. Bangladesh ce ta samu nasara a wasan kuma Mustafizur ya zama dan wasa na goma a tarihin ODI da ya ci kwallaye biyar a wasan farko. A cikin ODI na biyu, Mustafizur ya ɗauki wasu wikiti shida. Wannan ya taimaka masa ya sami rikodin mafi yawan wickets na kowane mai kwanon bayan ODI biyu, wanda ya zarce rikodin da Brian Vitori na Zimbabwe ya yi a baya. Ya kammala ODI na ƙarshe tare da wickets 2 kuma ya kafa tarihi ta hanyar ɗaukar wickets 13 a cikin jerin ODI na wasanni uku. A wata na gaba, Mustafizur ya ɗauki wickets 5 a cikin ODI uku don taimakawa Bangladesh ta ci nasara a kan Afirka ta Kudu ta 2-1. Ya yi gwaje-gwajensa na farko a jerin gwanaye guda daya da Afirka ta Kudu inda ya samu ci 4.
Matsalolin rauni A cikin watan Nuwamba, Bangladesh ta karbi bakuncin Zimbabwe don ODI uku da T20 biyu. Mustafizur ya taka rawar gani sosai a wasannin ODI, yana ɗaukar jimlar wickets 8. Don wasan kwaikwayonsa a cikin 2015, ICC ta ba shi suna a cikin ODI XI ta duniya. An kuma sanya masa suna a cikin ODI XI na shekara ta 2015 ta ESPNcricinfo da Cricbuzz Ya kama wasansa na uku mai ci biyar a wasan karshe. Ba zai iya ba da gudummawa da yawa a cikin jerin T20 ba, koda yake ya yi rawar gani ta fuskar tattalin arziki, wanda ya sa bangarorin biyu suka yi nasara. A shekara ta gaba a cikin Janairu, Bangladesh ta sake taka rawar gani tare da Zimbabwe a cikin T20s hudu. Mustafizur ya buga wasanni biyun farko da suka yi nasara. Yayin da yake buga wasa a T20I na biyu da Zimbabwe a watan Janairun 2016, Mustafizur ya ji rauni a kafadarsa. Bayan haka, an cire shi daga cikin tawagar a karon farko tun lokacin da ya fara buga wasa. A lokacin gasar cin kofin Asiya da aka gudanar a wata mai zagayowa, ya sake jinkiri daga tawagar saboda raunin gefensa, ya buga wasanni uku na farko kawai. Ya sami damar buga wasa da Australiya, Indiya da New Zealand a cikin 2016 ICC World Twenty20 da aka gudanar a Indiya a cikin Maris. Ya zama dan wasan kwallon kafa na farko dan kasar Bangladesh da ya ci kwallo biyar a tarihin gasar cin kofin duniya ta T20 bayan ya yi bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida 22 da New Zealand. Ya dauki jimlar wickets 9 a wasanni uku a cikin 2016 edition An nada shi a matsayin mutum na 12 a cikin 'tawagar Tournament' don gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2016 T20 ta ICC. Mustafizur bai sake samun damar buga dukkan wasannin ba lokacin da Bangladesh ta zagaya New Zealand a watan Disamba 2016 da Janairu 2017. Ya buga wasan gwajin sa na farko tun watan Agusta 2015 da Sri Lanka a Galle a cikin Maris 2017, yana ɗaukar wickets takwas a cikin jerin.
A cikin Afrilun 2018, yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan kurket goma da Hukumar kurket ta Bangladesh (BCB) za ta ba su kwangilar tsakiya kafin lokacin 2018. A ranar 29 ga Mayun 2018, an cire Mustafizur daga jerin wasanni uku masu zuwa da za su yi da Afghanistan saboda rauni a ƙafarsa.
2019-yanzu A cikin Afrilu 2019, an ba shi suna a cikin tawagar Bangladesh don gasar cin kofin duniya ta kurket na 2019 A ranar 5 ga Yulin 2019, a wasan da Pakistan, Mustafizur ya ɗauki wicket na 100 a cikin ODIs. Ya kammala gasar ne a matsayin wanda ke kan gaba a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a Bangladesh, inda aka kore shi ashirin a wasanni takwas. Bayan gasar cin kofin duniya, Hukumar Cricket ta kasa da kasa (ICC) ta bayyana Mustafizur a matsayin tauraro mai tasowa a cikin tawagar. A cikin Satumba 2021, an ba shi suna a cikin tawagar Bangladesh don gasar cin kofin duniya Sana'ar cikin gida
Wasan Firimiya na Bangladesh Mustafizur kwararre na farko a wajen wasan kurket na kasa da kasa shi ne gasar firimiya ta Bangladesh, inda ya bugawa Dhaka Dynamites a kakar wasa ta 2015 Ya ci kwallaye 14 a wasanni 10 a waccan gasar. A cikin Oktoba 2018, an ba shi suna a cikin tawagar Rajshahi Kings, biyo bayan daftarin gasar Premier ta Bangladesh ta 2018 19. A cikin Nuwamba 2019, an zaɓi shi don buga wa Rangpur Rangers a gasar Premier ta Bangladesh ta 2019 20.
gasar firimiya ta Indiya A cikin Fabrairu 2016, Sunrisers Hyderabad ne ya tsara Mustafizur a cikin 2016 IPL gwanjo Ya ci kwallaye 17 a wasanni 16 a gasar inda kungiyarsa ta lashe kambun. An yi masa suna a matsayin "Dan wasan Gasar Fitowa", ɗan wasa na farko a ƙasashen waje da ya karɓi wannan lambar yabo. A cikin Disamba 2016, Sunrisers Hyderabad sun riƙe shi a cikin 2017 IPL gwanjo Yana da shakku kan rashin buga wasan farko na gasar. A cikin Janairu 2018, Indiyawan Mumbai sun saya shi a cikin 2018 IPL gwanjo A cikin Fabrairu 2021, Rajasthan Royals ne suka siye shi daga farashin sa na INR 1.00 crore a cikin gwanjon IPL na 2021 A cikin Fabrairu 2022, Babban Birnin Delhi ya siya shi a cikin gwanjon gasar Premier ta Indiya ta 2022 Fashewar NatWest T20 A cikin Maris 2016, kungiyar Sussex ta Ingila ta sanar da cewa sun sanya hannu kan Mustafizur a matsayin dan wasan su na biyu a ketare don gasar T20 Blast Ya dauko wickets hudu yayin da yake ba da gudu 23 a wasansa na farko da Essex Bayan wani wasan kuma ya fuskanci tiyatar kafadarsa wadda ta yi jinyar watanni shida.
Pakistan Super League Lahore Qalandars ne ya zaɓi Mustafizur a cikin Super League na Pakistan BCB ya hakura ya bar shi ya taka leda a can. Duk da haka, an warware batun lokacin da Mustafizur ya sami rauni a kafada a farkon 2016, don haka ya hana shi wasa a cikin PSL.
Salon wasa Mustafizur ya sami nasara a farkon aikinsa na kasa da kasa ta hanyar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, nau'in wasan ƙwallon ƙafa wanda ke motsawa (daga hannun dama) daga filin wasa. Mustafizur ya bayyana a wani taron manema labarai a watan Yunin 2015 cewa ya fara gano wannan dabarar ne bayan dan wasan cricketer nasa, Anamul Haque ya nace masa da ya rika kawowa a hankali. A cewar tsohon dan wasan cricket na Indiya Maninder Singh, ƙwallan sa na hankali suna da wahalar karantawa.
Bayanai da nasarori
Bayanan kasa da kasa Yawancin wickets (13) a cikin jerin abubuwan da za a fara a Rana ɗaya ta Duniya (ODI). Dan wasa na farko da ya lashe lambobin yabo na Man of the Match akan duka gwajin gwaji da ODI. Hukumar kula da wasan kurket, Majalisar Cricket ta Duniya, ta hada da Mustafizur a kan ICC ODI Team of the Year a 2015, ta gane shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan cricketers na wannan shekarar. Shi ne dan wasan kurket na Bangladesh na farko da ya cimma wannan kuma na biyu da aka zaba ga kowace kungiyar ICC bayan Shakib Al Hasan A cikin Disamba 2016, an nada shi ICC Emerging Cricketer of the Year, dan wasan Bangladesh na farko da ya lashe daya daga cikin lambobin yabo na shekara-shekara na ICC. Mustafizur kuma an saka shi a matsayin mutum na 12 a cikin 2016 ICC World Twenty20 Team of the Tournament. Ya lashe lambar yabo ta ESPNcricinfo don Mafi kyawun aikin T20 na shekara ta 2016 don budurwarsa T20I mai tsayi biyar da New Zealand yayin T20 na Duniya Mustafizur ya lashe kyautar gwarzon dan wasa na shekara daga kungiyar 'yan jarida ta Bangladesh Sports Press Association (BSPA) na shekara ta 2015. A ranar 29 ga Mayu 2016, ya zama na farko kuma ya zuwa yanzu kawai cricketer na waje da ya lashe IPL 's Emerging player of the year A ranar 27 ga Janairu 2018, Mustafizur ya dauki wicket dinsa na ODI na 50 a wasan karshe na wasan karshe da Sri Lanka ta hanyar bowling Upul Tharanga, ya zama dan wasan kwallon kwando na Bangladesh mafi sauri zuwa 50 ODI wickets a cikin matches 27. Mustafizur ya sake haɗawa da ICC ODI Team of the Year 2018 Ya zama dan wasan kurket na Bangladesh na farko da ya cimma wannan sau biyu.
A ranar 5 ga Yuli 2019, Mustafizur ya dauki wicket dinsa na ODI na 100 a gasar cin kofin duniya ta Cricket a 2019 da Pakistan ta hanyar bowling Haris Sohail, ya zama dan kwallon Bangladesh mafi sauri da ya kai gaci a wasanni 54. Ta hanyar yin haka, ya kuma zama na hudu mafi sauri a Duniya da ya kai wickets 100, ya bar dan gudun Australia Brett Lee a bayansa. Lee ya kai matakin wickets 100 a matches 55. A ranar 18 ga Satumba 2019, Mustafizur ya zama ɗan Bangladesh mafi sauri, mai saurin kwano da sauri na huɗu don ɗaukar wiket 50 T20I A cikin lambar yabo ta ICC na shekara-shekara a cikin Janairu 2022, Mustafizur an haɗa shi a cikin ICC Men's ODI Team of the Year na shekara ta 2021. An sanya suna a cikin ICC Men's T20I Team of the Year na shekara ta 2021.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Mustafizur Rahman na Instagramu
Mustafizur Rahman na ESPNcricifno
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
32822 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feriel%20Boushaki | Feriel Boushaki | Feriel Boushaki (Aljir, 11 Mayu, 1986) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na zamani ɗan Aljeriya ƙware a fasahar filastik, gabatarwa, raye-raye, wasan kwaikwayo, hoto da shigarwa.
Malaman Ilimi An haifi Boushaki a shekara ta 1986 a birnin Algiers, kuma bayan ta kammala karatunta na asali a Aljeriya ta yi hijira zuwa Faransa.
Sannan ta karanci fasaha a École nationale supérieure d'arts de Paris-Cergy (ENSAPC) daga nan ta sami Diplôme National d'Arts Plastiques (DNAP) a 2010 tare da ambato mai daraja daga juri.
A cikin 2011, ta ci gajiyar babban kwas ɗin horo a matsayin wani ɓangare na musanya tsakanin sashen Art/Action da ke Haute École d'Art et de Design (HEAD) na Geneva a Switzerland.
Daga nan ta ci gaba da karatu mai zurfi a ENSAPC kuma a shekarar 2012 ta sami Diplôme national supérieur d'expression plastique (DNSEP) tare da taya alkali murna.
Daga nan Boushaki ya fara zagayowar bincike a cikin shekarun 2015 da 2016 a cikin tsarin dakin gwaje-gwaje na Fricciones wanda ya kware a fannin kiɗa, zane-zane, zane-zane, jigogi na wakilci da nau'in kide-kide, kuma wannan a cikin filayen Royaumont Abbey a cikin yankin Viarmes.
Daga nan ta bi horo na shekaru biyu tsakanin 2018 da 2019 a raye-raye da gine-gine a École nationale supérieure de paysage de Versailles (ENSP).
Daga nan ta shiga harabar Jami'ar Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis a lokacin 2020 zuwa 2021 don samun Difloma ta Artec Interuniversity (DIU), karkashin jagorancin Yves Citton da Grégory Chatonsky.
Sana'a Wannan mawaƙin tana yin aiki da shigarwa, ita ma ƴar wasa ce a cikin raye-raye da wasan kwaikwayo. Abubuwan da ta ke samarwa suna magance batutuwan gama kai, ƙaura da kamanni. Tana shiryawa da shiga ayyukan bincike.
Ayyukan fasaha na Boushaki a matsayin raye-raye da mai yin wasan kwaikwayo ya fara a cikin 2010 tare da taron Vice-versa tare da haɗin gwiwar Ji Sook Bang a Cibiyar Pompidou da ke Paris.
A cikin 2013 ta shirya gabatarwa mai taken Ma Visite Guidée tare da haɗin gwiwar Xavier Le Roy da Fréderic Seguette a Théâtre de la Cité internationale da ke birnin Paris, sannan ta gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo mai suna Mordre la Poussière tare da haɗin gwiwar Grand Magasin a cikin wannan tsari.
Les jeux Chorégraphiques da aka shirya a cikin 2014 an gabatar da shi ta wannan ɗan wasan Aljeriya tare da haɗin gwiwar Laurent Pichaud da Rémi Héritier a Théâtre de la Cité internationale.
Bayan zama mai ƙirƙira tsakanin 2015 da 2016 a cikin tsaunukan Koriya ta Kudu, ana haɓaka aikinta tare da kulawa ta musamman ga ra'ayoyin al'ada da shimfidar wuri, abubuwa biyu waɗanda al'ummomi ke haɗuwa a kansu.
A cikin 2016 ta tsara gabatarwa mai suna Carte blanche tare da haɗin gwiwar Tino Sehgal a Palais de Tokyo da ke Paris.
Shekarar 2018 ta ga Boushaki ya gabatar da aikin fasaha mai suna Herman Diephuis, Plus ou moins 20 pour commencer a cikin tsarin bikin Artdanthé na 20 da aka shirya a Théâtre de Vanves.
Bincike Boushaki ya shiga cikin ayyukan kimiyya daban-daban tun daga 2011 kuma ya shiga dakunan gwaje-gwaje da yawa.
A haƙiƙa, ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar bincike The Other Half of the Landscape (L'autre Moitié Du Paysage LMDP) daga 2011 har zuwa 2020.
A cikin 2014 ta kafa zagayowar Permanence des Réflexions, wanda ya ƙunshi shirya tebur zagaye kewaye da halitta, kuma wanda ya daɗe har 2020.
Daga nan Boushaki ya shiga cikin shekarar 2018 Laboratory of Performing Arts (Laboratoire des Arts de la Performance LAP) a matsayin memba har zuwa 2020.
A cikin 2019 ta kafa ayyukan al'adu Les Scènes Furtives, wanda ya ƙunshi zayyana balaguron wasan motsa jiki ta wuraren kore.
Wannan mai zane ya shiga daga Nuwamba 10, 2021, a cikin ƙaddamar da ayyukan ParcourS de vi(ll) e tare da haɗin gwiwar Maison de la Recherche mai alaƙa da Jami'ar Artois.
Ta kasance memba na LabEx CDF tun 2017, wanda ke cikin hukumomin Cibiyar Louis Bachelier a Paris. A cikin 2020 ta kasance alhakin kayan aikin e-learning da mai gudanarwa na shirin FaIR.
Rawa da Watsawa Boushaki ya kasance mai fafutuka da fasaha a matsayin raye-raye da wasan kwaikwayo tun 2010.
A cikin 2010 ta shiga cikin bugu da gabatar da wasan kwaikwayon Vice-versa tare da haɗin gwiwar Ji Sook Bang a Cibiyar Pompidou a Paris.
Daga nan ya halarci Théâtre de la Cité internationale de Paris a cikin fitowar 2013 na wasan kwaikwayo Ma Visite Guidée tare da masu fasaha Xavier Le Roy da Fréderic Seguette, sannan a cikin wannan shekarar wasan kwaikwayon Mordre la Poussière a matsayin ɓangare na Grand Magasin, sannan a cikin 2014 na yanki Les jeux Chorégraphiques tare da haɗin gwiwar Laurent Pichaud da Rémi Héritier.
A cikin 2016, ta gudanar da wasan kwaikwayon mai taken Carte blanche, Tino Sehgal a Palais de Tokyo da ke Paris.
A lokacin bikin Arthandé na 20 da aka gudanar a cikin 2018 a Théâtre de Vanves, ta gabatar da wasan kwaikwayon Herman Diephuis, Plus ou moins 20 pour commencer.
Bita da koyarwa Boushaki ya halarci 2011 a Majalisar City na 12th arrondissement na Paris a cikin zane-zane na zane-zane irin su Animatrice Ville de Paris, kuma ya jagoranci zane-zane a kusa da shimfidar wuri tun daga matakin farko (CP) zuwa Tsakiyar Tsakiya ta 1st shekara (CM1) a cikin wannan gunduma.
A cikin 2012, ta kula da tarurrukan zane-zane a Lesjöfors Samtida a Sweden tare da yawan 'yan gudun hijira, yara da manya a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin LMDP (L'autre moitié du paysage).
A cikin 2013, ta kuma shiga cikin Jama'a, enfants et adultes bita na Faransa Alliance of Maracaïbo a Venezuela, sa'an nan a cikin bita a kusa da shimfidar wuri a Ouled Ftata a Maroko don zama na LMDP (Sauran rabin shimfidar wuri).
Daga 2015 zuwa 2018, ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar aikin Starter don ta zama malami mai riko, a cikin Makarantar Fine Arts a Paris, sannan ta shiga tsakani na Atelier des a cikin Théâtre de la Cité Internationale a cikin 14th arrondissement na Paris.
Ya halarci 2020 a cikin farin juri na National Diploma of Art (DNA) a Higher Institute of Fine Arts a Besançon, sa'an nan a cikin 2021 a cikin juri na Design Sashe na Higher National Diploma na Filastik Expression (DNSEP) a École Annecy Alpes.
Daga 2020 zuwa 2022, Boushaki ya shiga cikin aikin VISION VAPEUR wanda shine aikin fasaha na haɗin gwiwa tare da mazauna gundumomin l'Horloge (Romainville), Sept-Arpents (Pantin) da Béthisy (Noisy-le-Sec), wanda ke tallafawa Cibiyar Fasaha ta Fasaha ta Kasa (CNAP), Noisy-le-Sec Contemporary Art Gallery-Centre da Fiminco Foundation, a cikin yankin Seine-Saint Denis.
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Yanar Gizo na sirri
Bayanan martaba akan LinkedIn
Bayanan martaba akan Les Archives du spectacle
Bayanan martaba akan CNAP
Bayanan martaba akan Youtube
Bayanan martaba akan VIMEO
Manazarta Haifaffun 1986
Iyalin Boushaki
Mai zane-zane
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20585 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami%27ar%20jihar%20Ekiti | Jami'ar jihar Ekiti | An kafa Jami'ar Jihar Ekiti a matsayin jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo (Obafemi Awolowo university) Ado-Ekiti a ranar 30 ga Maris din 1982 daga gwamnatin Cif Michael Adekunle Ajasin, gwamnan farar hula na farko na Jihar Ondo Jami'ar memba ce ta ƙungiyar Jami'o'in Commonwealth. Tana da nisan tafiyar mintuna 12 daga tsakiyar garin Ado-Ekiti, Jihar Ekiti a Yammacin Najeriya Jami'ar Jihar Ekiti, Ado-Ekiti, kamar yadda aka sani a yau, ita ce kadai jami'a a Nijeriya da a cikin kwata na karni aka sauya sunan ta sau huɗu. An canza sunan zuwa Jami'ar Jihar Ondo a 1985, Jami'ar Ado-Ekiti a watan Nuwamba na 1999, da kuma zuwa sunan ta na Jihar Ekiti na Jami'ar Ado Ekiti a watan Satumba na 2011.
Takaitaccen Tarihi
Ƙirƙira A ranar 14 ga Janairun 1981, Cif Adekunle Ajasin karkashin jagorancin gwamnatin farar hula ta jihar Ondo, ya ba da sanarwar aniyarshi ta kafa jami’a mai yawan jami’o’i a jihar kuma aka kafa kwamitin tsare-tsare na mambobi 16. Sakamakon atisayen ya haifar da kafuwar jami’ar a watan Maris na 1982, lokacin da gwamnatin jihar ta kirkiro wata jami’a mai suna Obafemi Awolowo University, Ado-Ekiti kuma ta nada Farfesa. IO Oladapo a matsayin mataimakin shugaban jami'a na farko tare da wadanda ke cikin majalisar farko da Cif BA Ajayi ya jagoranta a ranar 28 ga Maris 1982. Jami'ar ta fara ne ta hanya mai kyau daga tsohon gidan hutawa a Akure kuma ta koma wani wuri na wucin gadi a Ado-Ekiti inda aka fara laccoci ba da jimawa ba tare da dalibai 136 da suka bazu a Kwalejin nuna gwaninta (Faculty of Arts) Kimiyya da Kimiyyar Zamani. Yayin zaman 1983/84, an kafa sababbin kwasa-kwasai don ƙarfafa ƙwarewar da ke akwai; wadannan sun hada da ilimin kasa, ilmin halitta, ilmin sunadarai, Faransanci, karatun Yarbanci, falsafa, karatun addini, kimiyyar siyasa da halayyar dan adam Malami na huɗu, Fannin ilimi, an kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1983/84 yana ƙara ɗaliban ɗalibai zuwa 724. A cikin zama na 1985/86, an kafa Fannin ƙere-ƙere (Civil, Mechanical and Electrical) da Ma'aikatar Banki da Kudi. An kafa Sashin Shari'a a lokacin zaman 1991/92 kuma an kafa fannin kimiyya, Aikin Noma a cikin 2001, yana kawo Kwarewar zuwa 8 gaba ɗaya kuma ɗaliban ɗalibai na 10,000. Yawan ɗalibai yanzu ya wuce 25,000 wanda aka yada a cikin shirye-shiryen ilimi daban-daban. A yau jami'a tana gudanar da shirye-shiryen digiri a fannoni 66 na kwarewar ilimin kimiyya a duk fannonin da ke akwai da kuma shirye-shiryen ilimi, daga Makarantar Nazarin na masu digiri na biyu shugaban Cigaban Ilimi, Daraktan Sashin Lokaci na Lokaci, Daraktan Shirye-shiryen Digiri na Ilimin Sanwic, Makarantun Haɗin gwiwa, Cibiyar Ilimi, Cibiyar Kimiyyar Laburari ta Kimiyya, Daraktan Shirye-shiryen Digiri na farko, Sashin Nazarin Janar, Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Kasuwanci da Cibiyar Bincike da Ci Gaba, da sauransu. Fannonin sun karu daga 8 a 2001 zuwa 10 a 2010 tare da kirkirar Kwalejin Magunguna wanda ke dauke da fannin sanin tushen magani da kimiyya (Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences) da fannin da ya shafi ƙananan asibiti a kimiyance Faculty of Clinical Sciences yayin amfani da Babban Asibitin Koyarwa na Jihar Ekiti, Ado- Ekiti.
Canza suna A shekarar 1984, mallakar Jami'ar ya kasance karkashin mulkin soja na jihar Ondo tun lokacin da mulkin kasar ya koma karkashin mulkin soja A shekarar 1985, gwamnati a matsayinta na mai mallakar jami’ar ta soke manufofin jami’o’i da yawa da kuma wuraren zama tare da sauya sunan zuwa Jami’ar Jihar Ondo, Ado-Ekiti (Canjin sunan Jami'ar bai shafi wurin ba wurin harabar a Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria Ana iya yin tunani a cikin bayanan Hukumar Jami'o'in (Najeriya), ofungiyar Jami'o'in Commonwealth da sauran bayanan jama'a. Tasirin canjin siyasa akan mallakar jami'a da suna A cikin 1996, Gwamnatin Sojan Tarayyar Najeriya ta kirkiro karin sabbin jihohi 6 zuwa jihohi 30 na Tarayyar Najeriya. Jihar Ekiti ta Najeriya tana daga cikin sabbin jihohi 6 kuma an sassaka ta ne daga cikin jihar Ondo wacce aka kirkira ta a farkon 1976 daga rusasshiyar jihar yammacin Najeriya. Saboda kirkirar jihar, an raba kadarorin tattalin arziki, cibiyoyi da cibiyoyin da mallakar jihar Ondo a baya ga sabuwar jihar Ekiti. Saboda haka mallakar Jami'ar Jihar Ondo, Ado-Ekiti ya kasance karkashin gwamnatin hadin gwiwa ta Gwamnatocin jihar Ekiti da ta Ondo. A shekarar 1998, saboda rugujewar yarjejeniya kan rabon kadara da tafiyar da Jami'ar Jihar Ondo, Ado-Ekiti tsakanin gwamnatocin jihohin Ondo da Ekiti, gwamnatin jihar Ondo ta kirkiro da sabuwar jami'a mai suna Jami'ar Jihar Ondo a Akungba Akoko, a Jihar Ondo (Jami'ar Jihar Ondo, Akungba Akoko daga baya aka sauya mata suna zuwa Jami'ar Adekunle Ajasin, Akungba Akoko yayin da Gwamnatin Jihar Ondo kuma ta kirkiro Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Ondo a Okitipupa a 2003). Dangane da shawarar manufofin da gwamnatin Ondo ta dauka, gwamnatin jihar Ekiti ta karbe mallaki, ikon gudanarwa da kudaden jami'ar jihar Ondo da ke Ado-Ekiti sannan ta samar da wata doka da za ta sauya sunan zuwa Jami'ar Ado-Ekiti. Gwamnatin Ekiti kuma ta dauki matakai don tabbatar da cewa duk bayanan da kaddarorin jami'ar sun kasance yadda suke. A bisa doka, Gwamnatin Jihar Ekiti ta mayar da duk kadarori, basussuka da kuma bayanan Jami’ar Jihar Ondo, Ado-Ekiti zuwa Jami’ar Ado-Ekiti, kuma an sanar da Hukumar Kula da Jami’o’i ta kasa game da canjin.
Ci gaban Siyasa a jihar Ekiti (2007–11) da tasirin sa A shekarar 2007, aka kafa sabuwar Gwamnati ta farar hula a jihar Ekiti. Gwamnatin ta kafa sabbin Jami’o’i mallakar jihar guda biyu, ban da tsohuwar Jami’ar Ado-Ekiti. Sunayen Jami'o'in biyu sune Jami'ar Ilimi, Ikere-Ekiti da Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha, Ifaki-Ekiti. Waɗannan Jami'o'in guda biyu, tare da tsohuwar Jami'ar Ado-Ekiti, Nijeriya, an sami kuɗin ne daga baitul malin ɗin jama'a; wannan ya yi matukar illa ga jakar kuɗin jama'a kuma ya haifar da rarrabuwar tsarin ilimi. A shekara ta 2010, an samu canjin gwamnati a Ekiti kuma sabuwar gwamnatin ta kira taron ilmi a duk fadin jihar a shekarar 2011 don la’akari da hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa don dorewar ilimin manyan makarantu da kuma samar da kudade ga cibiyoyin gwamnati mallakar gwamnatin jihar Ekiti. Wani bangare na shawarar da aka yanke a taron shi ne hade jami'o'in kasar guda uku a matsayin cibiyoyin gwamnati daya. Gwamnatin Ekiti ta hanyar doka ta hade Jami'ar Ado-Ekiti, Jami'ar Ilimi, da Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha, zuwa sabuwar jami'a mai suna Jami'ar Ekiti. Bayan haka, Hukumar Kula da Jami’o’i ta Kasa da ke Abuja ta bai wa Jami’ar lasisin karfafa duk wasu kadarori da bayanan jami’o’in uku a matsayin cibiya daya. A cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata, masu hannu da shuni sun nuna bambancin ra'ayi game da ci gaban jami'ar kamar Dokta Lawrence Omolayo wacce ta ba da gudummawar rukunin gudanarwa wanda ya kunshi ofisoshi 271, Aare Afe Babalola Babban Lauyan Najeriya ya gina kuma ya samar da kujeru 350. Dokta Ahmed Aliyu Mustapha ya gina katafaren dakin karantarwar karatu mai kujeru 400 yayin da al'umar Ado-Ekiti suka gina katafariyar sashen koyar da ilimin shari'a. Kole Ajayi ya jagoranci Kungiyar Tsoffin Daliban suka gina cibiyar tsofaffin daliban jami’ar a shekarar 2002 yayin da Dr. JET Babatola ya jagoranci kungiyar tsofaffin daliban suka gina Kwalejin Shari’a da Kotu a 2009. Asusun Amincewar Ilimi ya gina wurin zama 1,200 da kuma gidan wasan kwaikwayo na lacca mai kujeru 750, sabon rukunin laburare, rukunin ofis na Kimiyyar Noma, sabon Fannin ilimin zamantakewa (Faculty of Social science Arts) da ofisoshin Ilimi. Da (Shell Petroleum) kwanan nan ya kafa cibiyar fasahar sadarwar bayanai a cikin jami’ar baya ga gudummawar NUC ɗakunan karatu na zamani da Ilimin Ilimi wanda ya ba da kyautar komputa da saba ga Jami'ar.
Yawancin shirye-shiryen jami'a a yanzu suna jin daɗin amincewa yayin da wasu ke jin daɗin amincewa na ɗan lokaci. Kusan duk ayyukan karatun jami'a suna da alaƙa da ɗayan kan layi ko ɗayan. Jami'ar na ci gaba da gudanar da atisayen neman izini a matsayin zababben ma'aikata a kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. Majalisar Jami'ar kuma kwanan nan ta kafa wani asusun bayar da tallafi ga marasa karfi amma hazikan dalibai tare da bayar da gudummawar farko na N1million wanda ke nuna cewa matsalar rashin wadatar zuci ta zama gaske a jami'ar saboda yanayin tattalin arziki da kuma tsadar karatun Ilimin Jami'a. Jami'ar na da iyakantattun wuraren zama da wuraren wasanni don ma'aikata da ɗalibai a ciki da wajen babban harabar.
Gudanarwa Wadannan suna daga cikin manyan membobin hukumar Jami'ar:
Baƙo
Dr. John Kayode Fayemi
Mai girma Gwamna, Shugaban Gwamnatin Jihar Ekiti na Najeriya
HRH Alhaji Lamido Sanusi, tsohon Sarkin Kano
Mataimakin shugaban jami'ar (Pro-Chancellor) da kuma Shugaban Majalisar
Farfesa T. Omole
Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'a
Farfesa Edward Olanipekun
Tsangayoyi Kimiyyar Noma
Kirkira
Likita
Kiwon Lafiya
Ilimi
Injiniya
Shari'a Kimiyyar Siyasa
Kimiyya
Kimiyyar Zamani
Cibiyoyi Cibiyar Wasanni
Laburaren
Cibiyar ICT
Jami'ar Jarida
Lambunan botanikal (Botanical)
Gonar Jami'ar
Ayyukan Kiwon Lafiya na Jami'ar
Cibiyar Ilimi
Cibiyar Kimiyyar Laburari da kimiyya (Laboratory Science)
Cibiyar Bunkasa Yan Kasuwa
Cibiyar Bincike da Ci Gaba
Makarantar Karatun Digiri na biyu
Shirin Lokaci
Shirin Sanwic (sandwich)
Shirin sharar fage shiga digiri (Pre-Degree)
Kwalejojin haɗin gwiwa
Gidajen zama Jami'ar tana zaune tare da Gidajen zama don ɗalibai maza da mata. Dakunan kwanan dalibai masu zaman kansu suna gudanar da harabar-harabar kusa da Jami'ar da cikin garin Jami'ar ta masu mallakar su. Hakanan akwai tanadi don masaukin ƙananan ɗalibai, ana yin ɗakunan zauren ƙasa:
Dakunan kwanan dalibai (hade)
Dakunan kwanan dalibai na Ajasin Abiola (mace) Dakunan kwanan dalibai mata masu zaman kansu sun kunshi bangarori biyu wadanda suke kusa da Kwalejin Ilimi da fasaha.
Dakunan kwanan dalibai na Gwamnati (AKA Tatan, a hade) sun hada da Hall Hall guda hudu A, B, C da D. Block A da B sune Dakunan kwanan maza yayin da Block C da D dakunan kwanan mata ne.
Dakunan kwanan dalibai na Makaranta (gauraye)
Iworoko Dakunan kwanan dalibai (gauraye)
Dakunan kwanan dalibai na Osekita (gauraye)
Dakunan kwanan dalibai na Omolayo (gauraye)
Anglican Dakunan kwanan dalibai (mace)
Cibiyoyin haɗin gwiwa A ƙasa akwai jerin cibiyoyin haɗin gwiwa na Jami'ar Jihar Ekiti wanda Hukumar Kula da Jami'o'in Najeriya (NUC) ta amince da shi. Michael Otedola Kwalejin Ilimin Firamare, Noforija Epe Lagos
Makarantar Gudanarwa ta Duniya (ISM) Lagos
Emmanuel Alayande Kwalejin Ilimi, Oyo
Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Kwara, Oro
Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Kwara, Ilorin
Adeniran Ogunsanya Kwalejin Ilimi Otto, Ijanikin, Lagos
Tsoffin Daliban jami'ar Chukwuemeka Fred Agbata, dan kasuwar fasaha kuma mai gabatarwa a Channels TV Kunle Ajayi, Farfesa a fannin kimiyyar siyasa da kuma kula da rikice-rikice a jami’ar
Yabo Fowowe, marubucin Najeriya kuma mai magana
Joshua Kayode, Farfesan Kimiyyar Shuka a jami’ar
Gidan Tarihi na abubuwan more rayuwa Pages with unreviewed translations
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19914 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wurare%20Mafiya%20Tsarki%20a%20Musulunci | Wurare Mafiya Tsarki a Musulunci | Wurare Mafiya Tsarki a Musulunci sune waɗanda aka ambata ko akayi maganar su a cikin Alqur'ani, cewa suna ɗauke da alfarma mai muhimmanci a Musulunci. Makka da Madina a Ƙasar Saudi Arabiya su ne birane biyu mafiya tsada a cikin Islama, an yi tarayya a tsakanin dukkan mazhabobi. A cikin hadishin Islama, da Kaaba a cikin Makka ke zama waje mafi tsarki sai mai biye mata shine Masallacin Annabi a Madina, da kuma Al-Aqsa a Urushalima. Akwai wurare masu tsarki waɗanda suke a cikin Makka Mina, Arafat, da Muzdalifah Anfi ittifaƙi akan cewa wuraren ibada mafiya tsarki a Musulunci guda huɗu ne ciki harda masallacin Umayyah dake a Damascus, sannan da babban masallacin Kairouan a Kairouan, da Sanctuary Ibrahim a Hebron, Bukhara, Eyüp a Kasar Istanbul, da Harar Hejaz Hejaz wani yanki ne a yankin Larabawa inda Makka da Madina suke. A nan ne aka haifi Muhammadu kuma ya girma.
Makka Makka birni ne mafi tsada a cikin Islama, kasancewar gida ne na Kaaba ('Cube') da Masjid Al-Ḥarām (Masallacin Harami Musulmai ne kawai aka yarda su shiga wannan wurin. Yankin Makka, wanda ya hada da Dutsen Arafah, Mina da Muzdalifah, yana da muhimmanci ga Ḥajj Hajji A matsayinsa na daya daga cikin Rukunnan Musulunci guda biyar, kowane baligi Musulmi wanda yake da iko dole ne yayi aikin Hajji a kalla sau daya a rayuwarsa. hajji na daga cikin manya-manyan tarukan musulmai a duk duniya, na biyu kawai zuwa aikin hajji a masallatan Husayn bn Ali da dan uwansa Abbas a Karbala, Iraki, tare da halartar mutane miliyan 3 a shekara ta 2012.
Madina Masallacin Annabi yana cikin Madina, yana mai da garin ya zama wuri mafi tsada na biyu a Musulunci, bayan Makka. Madina ita ce mazaunin Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) na ƙarshe, kuma inda kabarinsa yake kabarinsa Baya ga Masallacin Annabi, garin yana da masallatan Qubā da al-Qiblatayn Qiblah Biyun Levant Ash-Shaam Babban Siriya Ash-Shām yanki ne da ya faro daga Kasar Siriya a arewa zuwa kasar Isra'ila a kudu. Ya hada da garuruwan Urushalima da Hebron.
Urushalima Dangane da hadisai na sunni da na Shi'a, Al-Masjid Al-Aqṣā ("Wurin da ya yana cikin Urushalima. Masallacin yana da kima da daukacin al’ummar musulmai, saboda tarihinsa a matsayin wurin bautar wanda yake hade da rayuwar annabawa masu yawa na Baibul, irin su Ibrahim (wanda kuma yake da alaka da haramin Makka), Dawud David Sulaimon Solomon Ilyas Iliya da ibnsā ibn Maryam Jesus, dan Maryama da kuma matsayinsu na musamman. Masallacin ya kunshi a girma, tare da damar saukarwa a yankin masu ibada 5,000. Masallacin shi ne shugabanci na farko na addu’a a rayuwar Muhammadu, gabanin Ka’aba a Makka, kuma an yi imanin cewa an dauki Muhammad din ne ta hanyar banmamaki, wannan shi ne Buraq, don ziyartar Masallacin Al-Aqsa, inda ya yi addu’a, sannan kuma a lokacin ɗauka zuwa sama, a cikin dare ɗaya a shekara ta 620 CE wanda aka fi sani da rāj ("The Night-Journey and the Hawan Yesu zuwa sama"). Bayani a kansa ya kasance a cikin surat Al-Ma'idah (5), Al-Isra '(17), Al-Anbiya da Saba' (34): a cikin Kur'ani Ga marubutan Islama waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa ga ilimin adabi na Fada'il, suna yabon kyawawan wurare masu tsarki (a wannan yanayin: na Kudus), duba al-Wasiti Dimashƙu Wasu Musulmai suna ganin Dimashƙ, musamman Masallacin Umayyad a cikin Old City, a matsayin wuri mafi tsarki na huɗu a cikin Islama. Wasaya daga cikin kwafin Alƙur'ani huɗu da aka ba izini an ajiye su a nan, kuma an yi imanin cewa kan Yahya bn Zakariyya (Yahaya Maibaftisma, ɗan Zakariya yana cikin wurin bautar. Ofaya daga cikin minarets ɗin an sadaukar da shi ga Yesu, kuma an yi imanin zai dawo wurinta don yin hukunci a duniya, kuma ya taimaka wa wani mutum da ake kira Al- Mahdi An yi amannar cewa bayan an gama duniya za a ci gaba da addu’o’i tsawon shekaru arba’in a cikin masallacin, kuma ana ganin cewa addu’o’in a masallacin daidai yake da wanda ake yi a Kudus.
Hebron Hebron birni ne na Falasɗinu a kudu maso Yammacin Gabar, kudu da Kudus, wanda Musulmai da yawa suka ɗauka a matsayin birni na biyar mafi tsarki a cikin Islama. Sunayen larabci Khalil Ar-Rahman ("Abokin Mai Rahama") da Al-Khalil ("Abokin (Allah)"), sun samo asali ne daga gaskatawa cewa ita ce garin da Ibrahim ya zauna. A cikin garin akwai hurumin Ibrahim, wurin binnewa na gargajiya na Manyan Iyaye da Litattafai, da Masallacin Ibrahimi da aka gina a saman kabarin don girmama annabin. Musulmai sun yi imani cewa Muhammad ya ziyarci Hebron a tafiyarsa ta dare daga Makka zuwa Urushalima don tsayawa kusa da kabarin don girmama shi. A cikin masallacin a cikin karamin gurbi akwai sawun hagu, wanda aka yi imanin daga Muhammad ne.
Tsibirin Sina'i Kungiyar Sinai tana da alaƙa da Haruna da Musa, waɗanda suma ana ɗaukarsu Annabawa. Musamman, nassoshi da yawa game da Dutsen Sinai sun wanzu a cikin Alqurani, inda ake kiranta īr īr Sīnīn, da a -Ṭūr da al-Jabal duka ma'anar "Dutsen"). Amma ga Wād Ṭuwā Kwarin Tuwa), ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin muƙaddas mai alfarma kuma wani sashi ana kiransa ah Al-Mubārakah ("The Wuri Mai Albarka Turai A Eyüp gundumar a Turkish birnin Istanbul an dauke ta huɗu holiest site da wasu kafofin. Abu Ayyub al-Ansari (Eyüp Ensari), aboki kuma mai ɗauke da matsayin Muhammad, an ce za a binne shi a Masallacin Sultan na Eyüp Muminai Ottoman sun dauki wannan shafin a matsayin na uku mafi tsarki a duniya, bayan Makka da Madina. Sultan Khalifofin Daular Usmaniyya sun amince da taken su a wani biki a masallacin Ey ,p, saboda wannan wurin ya fi kowane wuri a cikin babban birni tsarki, kasancewar kabarin sahabban annabi ya samar da "kyauta ta alheri" daga mafi kusa da Muhammadu Eyüp, wanda ya mutu a harin da bai yi nasara ba a kan Constantinople, ya ba da tunatarwa cewa Ottomans sun yi nasara inda sojojin Islama na farko, ƙarƙashin sahabin annabi, ya gaza.
Afirka
Harar A cewar UNESCO, ana kallon Harar a gabashin Habasha 'birni mai tsarki na hudu na Islama' tare da masallatai guda 82, uku daga cikinsu sun fara ne daga karni na 10 da kuma wuraren bautar gumaka guda 102. Babban masallaci a Kairouan Tunisia shine Babban Masallacin Sidi-Uqba (Uqba ibn Nafi An ce mahajjata bakwai a wannan masallacin ana ɗaukarsu dai-dai da aikin hajji ɗaya a Makka. Bayan kafuwarta, Kairouan ya zama cibiyar koyon addinin Musulunci da Alkur'ani a Arewacin Afirka Wata kasida daga Farfesa Kwesi Prah bayyana yadda a zamanin da, aka ɗauki Kairouan birni na huɗu mafi tsada a cikin Islama bayan Makka, Madina da Kudus. A yau, da yawa suna ɗaukar garin a matsayin na huɗu mafi tsarki a addinin Islama.
Duba kuma Mafi kyawun wurare a musulinci na Sunni
Mafi kyawun wurare a cikin Shia Islama
Mafi kyawun wurare a cikin Sufi Islam
Ḥ-RM
Haram (site)
Jerin masallatai
Jerin manyan masallatai
Jerin masallatai
Gabas ta Tsakiya
Kusa da Gabas
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Kudus a cikin Alkur'ani
Al Quds fil Quran (cikin Harshen Larabci)
Charting biranen Addinin Islama jerin abubuwan da suka fi kauracewa duniya
Manazarta Tsarkakakku
Musulman Misra
Musulmai
Pages with unreviewed |
35281 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redington%20Museum | Redington Museum | Gidan kayan tarihi na Redington ko Gidan Redington wani gida ne na tarihi da gidan kayan gargajiya a Waterville, Maine wanda aka jera a kan National Register of Historic Places Gidan kayan gargajiya shine hedkwatar Waterville Historical Society. An gina shi a cikin 1814, yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun gidaje na lokacin a cikin birni. Yana aiki tun 1924 a matsayin gidan kayan gargajiya da hedkwatar Waterville Historical Society, kuma an jera shi a kan National Register of Historic Places a 1978. An jera gidan kayan gargajiya akan gidan yanar gizon hukuma na Ofishin Yawon shakatawa na Maine.
Wuri Gidan kayan gargajiya yana buɗewa tsakanin Ranar Tunawa da Ranar Ma'aikata daga Talata zuwa Asabar. Baƙi ya kamata su shiga a lokacin yawon shakatawa, wanda ke a 10 ina, 11 ina, 1 pm da 2 pm A aikace, suna iya ba da izinin shiga wasu lokuta. Saboda haka, ya kamata a shirya don ziyarta kamar suna da alƙawari na wani takamaiman lokaci ko da yake masu kulawa na iya ƙyale wasu baƙi su shiga. Akwai cajin shigar da $5 ga manya 18 zuwa sama. Yara 17 zuwa ƙasa suna da 'yanci idan wani babba ya raka shi.
Gidan kayan gargajiya yana kan titin Silver Street 62 game da shinge 2 kudu da cikin garin Waterville, kusan yanki ɗaya kudu da gidan jana'izar.
Nunawa Gidan kayan tarihi na Redington yana ba da cikakkiyar ra'ayi na rayuwa a New England da Waterville, Maine a cikin ƙarni biyu da suka gabata. Akwai tarin kayan daki, na'urorin haɗi, kayan aikin gida, kayan wasan yara, kayan aiki, da makamai gami da takaddun tarihi da diary. An tsara babban ginin a cikin tsarin gine-gine na Tarayya. Waterville Historical Society ne ke kula da gidan kayan gargajiya.
Gidan kayan gargajiya ainihin gida ne na tarihi wanda ke da kayan daki na zamani da baje koli game da yankin Waterville da kuma wani ginin kantin magani kusa da wurin da ginin asali ya taɓa tsayawa. Masu kula da ma'aurata ne da ke zaune a harabar gidan.
Gidan kayan gargajiya wani gida ne mai benaye na farin shingle wanda aka gina a shekara ta 1814. Abubuwan nune-nunen sun haɗa da tsofaffin kayan daki da abubuwan ban sha'awa daga 1800s. An bude gidan kayan gargajiya a 1927. Yana daga cikin Rajista na Wuraren Tarihi na Ƙasa.
Ƙungiyar Tarihi ta Waterville tana adana tarin littattafai da rubuce-rubuce a gidan kayan gargajiya. Akwai tarin tsoffin taswirori na yankin da ba kasafai ake samun su ba don binciken masana.
Bayani da tarihi Gidan Redington yana tsaye a gefen kudu maso gabas na titin Silver Maine State Route 137 a tsakiyar Waterville, tsakanin Western Avenue da Silver Place. Yana da a -Labarin tsari na katako, tare da rufin gabobi, bulo na bulo na ciki guda biyu, shingen katako, da tushe na granite. Facade na gaba yana da faɗin bays biyar, tare da ɓangarorin waje kusa da nesa amma an daidaita su daga tsakiya. Ƙofar, a tsakiyar, tana da matsuguni da wani baranda mai hawa ɗaya wanda ya shimfiɗa a tsakiyar ginshiƙai uku, kuma ana samun goyan bayan ginshiƙan ginshiƙan Ionic tare da ƙawancen katako na sama. Galibin tagogin ɗin an ɗaure ne, amma na sama da ƙofar akwai fitilun gefe. Ciki yana riƙe da ainihin lokacin ƙarshe. Ƙaddamarwa zuwa bayan babban toshe shine ƙari na katako na baya. Gidan kayan gargajiya yana cikin gida mai hawa biyu da aka gina a cikin 1814 da majagaba Waterville mazaunin Asa Redington, tsohon soja na shiga uku a yakin Juyin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka kuma memba na George Washington 's Elite Honor Guard. Bayan nasara a kan Ingilishi, ya haɓaka haƙƙin ruwa a Ticonic Falls kuma tare da 'ya'yansa, Sama'ila da William, sun kafa injin niƙa mai bunƙasa a gefen Kogin Kennebec Mahaifin 'ya'ya maza shida da mata uku, Asa ya gina wa ɗansa William wannan babban gida. da manyan katako na katako, duk da hannu, har yanzu yana da fasalin matakala na asali na karkace, dakunan murhu tare da aikin katako na zamani, da benayen faffadan itacen kabewa. Sabon sakon da ke kofar shiga yana nuna "dutsen zaman lafiya na dan kwangila," wani karamin dutse da aka goge mai santsi wanda ke nuna a zamanin Turawan mulkin mallaka cewa an kammala aikin don gamsar da mai gida da mai gini. A yau, dakuna biyar an shirya su da kayan tarihi na ƙarshen 18th da farkon 19th ƙarni daga dangin Redington, dangin lauyan majagaba Timothy Boutelle, dangin tsohon sojan juyin juya hali Jabez Mathews, da kuma daga sauran iyalai na farko na gida. Ya kasance a hannun zuriyar Redington har zuwa 1924, lokacin da Mrs. William Redington. Al'umma a yanzu suna amfani da ita a matsayin hedkwatarta da gidan kayan tarihi.
Duba kuma Rajista na Kasa na Lissafin Wuraren Tarihi a cikin Kennebec County, Maine
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Gidan yanar gizon gidan kayan gargajiya, tare da hotuna na waje da ciki da dakuna
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
35670 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udinese%20Calcio | Udinese Calcio | An kafa Udinese Calcio a cikin shekara ta 1896 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Società Udinese di Ginnastica e Scherma, (Udinese Society of Gymnastics and Fencing). A shekarar farko da kungiyar ta lashe Torneo FNGI a Treviso ta doke Ferrara da ci 2–0; duk da haka ba a gane wannan take a matsayin hukuma ba.
A cikin shekarar 2008-09, Udinese ta sami sakamako mai gauraya a gasar Seria A da ci 3-1 a Roma da kuma nasara a kan Juventus 2-1, amma asara 10 a kan kungiyoyi ciki har da Reggina, Chievo, da Torino sun yi watsi da fatansu na Cancantar gasar zakarun Turai. A cikin gasar cin kofin UEFA, Udinese sun sami kansu a cikin rukuni tare da masu sha'awar Tottenham Hotspur, NEC, Spartak Moscow, da Dinamo Zagreb, amma sun sauƙaƙa ta cikin rukuni tare da nasara mai gamsarwa 2-0 a kan Tottenham. Sun doke Lech Poznań a zagaye na gaba da ci 4-3 a jimillar, sannan suka doke masu rike da kofin na Zenit Saint Petersburg da ci 2-1. A cikin kwata na karshe da Werder Bremen, tare da raunin da ya faru ga 'yan wasan star Antonio Di Natale, Samir Handanovič, da Felipe, sun yi rashin nasara 6-4 a jimillar. Fabio Quagliarella ya ci kwallaye takwas a kamfen. Sun kammala kakar wasan ne a matsayi na bakwai, inda a shekara ta gaba ba su samu shiga gasar cin kofin nahiyar Turai ba.
Lokacin 2009–10 ya kasance mai matukar ban takaici ga 'yan wasa da magoya baya. Ko da yake Antonio Di Natale ya samu nasarar zura kwallaye 29 a gasar kuma ya zama dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallo a raga, an shafe kakar wasan ana fafatawa da faduwa. A karshe dai sun kare ne a mataki na 15 da maki tara da maki uku tsakaninta da matakin faduwa. Abinda kawai ya haskaka yakin shine kaiwa wasan kusa da na karshe na Coppa Italia, inda ta doke Lumezzane a zagaye na 16, Milan a wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe, kuma daga karshe ta sha kashi a hannun Roma da ci 2-1.
A cikin taga canja wurin bazara na 2010, Udinese ta sayar da Gaetano D'Agostino, Simone Pepe, Marco Motta, da Aleksandar Luković Sun kuma kawo 'yan wasan da suka tabbatar da cewa sune mabuɗin nasararsu a gasar Seria A ta 2010-11 Mehdi Benatia da Pablo Armero, mai tsaron baya na tsakiya da wingback, bi da bi. Bayan rashin kyautuwar da suka yi a kakar wasa ta bana, inda suka yi rashin nasara a wasanni hudu na farko da suka yi kunnen doki na biyar, Udinese ta ci gaba da samun maki mafi girma a tarihi kuma ta kare a matsayi na hudu, inda ta sake samun gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai Di Natale, wanda ya zira kwallaye 28, ya zama capocannoniere na farko na baya-baya tun lokacin da Giuseppe Signori na Lazio ya cim ma wannan nasarar a 1993 da 1994 An tashi 0-0 gida da Milan a ranar wasan karshe ta tabbatar da Udinese ta lashe gasar zakarun Turai. Koci Francesco Guidolin ya cika alkawarinsa na "raye-raye kamar Boateng" idan sun cancanci shiga gasar zakarun Turai kuma sun yi dan wasa kadan a tsakiyar fili. A gasar Coppa Italia, Udinese ta sha kashi a hannun Sampdoria a zagaye na 16 a bugun fenariti bayan wasan ya kare da ci 2-2.
2011-12 kakar ya ci gaba a cikin irin wannan salon, kodayake Udinese ta rasa manyan 'yan wasa uku zuwa manyan kungiyoyi Alexis Sánchez zuwa Barcelona, Gökhan Inler zuwa Napoli, da Cristián Zapata zuwa Villarreal A gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, Udinese ta yi kunnen doki da Arsenal kuma ta sha kashi a waje da ci 1-0. A filin wasa na Friuli, Udinese ta yi rashin nasara da ci 2–1, 3–1 a jimillar, kuma ta shiga matakin rukuni na gasar Europa, Antonio Di Natale ya barar da bugun fanareti wanda a lokacin zai ci Udinese. A cikin gida, Udinese ta fara da karfi amma tare da nuna ingancin su a cikin tsaron gida, inda aka ba wa mafi karancin kungiyoyi bayan wasanni 15, bakwai kawai. A karo na biyu a jere kakar, Udinese ta cancanci shiga gasar zakarun Turai, inda ta samu matsayi na uku a ranar karshe ta kakar wasan da ci 2-0 a waje da Catania A kasuwar musayar 'yan wasa ta bazara, an sayar da manyan 'yan wasa Kwadwo Asamoah da Mauricio Isla ga zakarun Juventus. Kulob din ya kasa kai matakin rukuni na gasar zakarun Turai na shekara, duk da haka, ya yi rashin nasara a kan fanati bayan karin lokaci zuwa kulob din Portuguese SC Braga Antonio Di Natale ya zura kwallaye 23 a gasar Serie A a kakar wasa ta uku a jere da kwallaye 20+.
A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, Udinese za ta ci gaba da kasancewa ta tsakiya zuwa matakin ƙasa a Seria A. A cikin kakar 2017-18, an kori kocin Udinese Massimo Oddo bayan kulob din ya yi rashin nasara a wasanni 11 a jere. Oddo ya maye gurbinsa da Igor Tudor wanda ya jagoranci kulob din zuwa ga tsira daga wuraren da za su koma gasar.[1]
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22227 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%27ima%20B.%20Robert | Na'ima B. Robert | Na'ima B Robert (an haife ta a Thando Nomhle McLaren ranar 19 ga watan Satumba shekarar 1977) marubuciya ce ta wallafe-wallafen al'adu da yawa kuma edita ce ta buga mujallar mata Musulmai mazauna Burtaniya, SISTERS Magazine An haife ta a Leeds ga mahaifinsa ɗan Scotland kuma mahaifiyarsa Zulu, dukansu daga Afirka ta Kudu, Robert ya girma a Zimbabwe kuma ya halarci jami'a a Ingila. Ta musulunta ne a shekara tar 1998. A halin yanzu Robert yana raba lokacinta tsakanin birnin London da Alkahira tare da sonsa sonsanta maza uku da mata biyu. Mijinta Henry Amankwah ya mutu a watan Afrilu shekarar 2015.
Rayuwar farko Iyalin Na'ima B. Robert sun ƙaura daga Ingila zuwa Habasha lokacin da take 'yar shekara biyu sannan kuma shekaru huɗu daga baya suka koma Zimbabwe inda Robert ya sami karatun firamare. Robert ya kasance yana da matsakaiciyar yarinya tare da ƙannenta da ƙanwarsa a cikin ƙauyukan babban birnin Harare Baya ga nutsuwa cikin al'adun Zimbabwe, iyayen Robert sun cusa wa yaran asalinsu na Afirka ta Kudu da kuma wayewar siyasa. Mahaifinta, Robert McLaren, ya kasance babban malami a Jami’ar Zimbabwe kuma mahaifiyarsa, Thembi McLaren, ’yar kasuwa ce. Bayan kammala karatun sakandare a Zimbabwe, Robert ta koma Ingila don karatun jami'a kuma ya sami digiri na farko a Jami'ar London Juyawa A lokacin karatunta na jami'a Na'ima B. Robert ta yi tafiya zuwa Masar a matsayin mawaƙiya kuma mai raira waƙoƙin gargajiya ta Zimbabwe a wani bikin kide-kide. Abinda ta fara yi game da hijabi da mata musulmai ya kamata ta "firgita" amma daga karshe ta tambayi wata kyakkyawar mace 'yar kasar Egypt me yasa zata zabi rufe kyawunta:' Saboda, 'in ji ta,' Ina son a yanke min hukunci game da abin da na fada da abin da nake yi, ba don yadda nake kama ba. Bayan musayar su Na'ima B. Robert ta ce," Na fara tunani game da rayuwata, game da hoton kaina da yadda nake son in girma da ci gaba. Na'ima B. Robert ta koma Landan ta fara karatun Kur'ani na Marmaduke Pickthall, tana koyo game da addinin Islama da shari'ar Musulunci, kuma ta ba da "suturar da ta dace ta gwada." A cikin Kirsimeti biki da cewa wannan shekarar Robert tafiya zuwa "Muslim Afirka, to Guinea" inda ta gano cewa, "Kamar yadda wani har yanzu steeped a cikin akida na Black kishin kasa, wadannan musulmi kira ga kaina Afirka ainihi da kuma ta hankali na Black girman kai A Guinea Robert ta fara yin salloli biyar na musulinci, yayi azumi a watan Ramadan sannan bayan ta dawo Landan ta sanar da shahada (bayyana addinin Musulunci) a shekarar 1998.
Writing career
Almara Bayan koyarwa a aji kuma ta kafa makarantar gida mai zaman kansa, Robert ya fara rubuta littattafan hoto na al'adu da dama tare da jigogin musulmai ga yara. Littafinta na hoto na farko, The Swirling Hijab, an saka shi cikin shirin Booktrust Littattafan hoto na Na'ima B. Robert da almara na samari sun sami ɗaukaka kara don karɓar shigar da su cikin tsarin jihar, kamar makarantu da horar da al'adu iri daban-daban, kuma an yarda da su a matsayin tatsuniyoyin Islama a tsakanin Musulmi. A yau ta buga littattafan hoto goma sha uku don yara, da yawa ana amfani da su a cikin saitunan yare biyu kuma ana buga su a cikin harsuna 31, da suka haɗa da Tamil, Kurdish, Portuguese, Japanese, Russian, Yoruba, Czech, Larabci, Yaren mutanen Poland, China, Urdu, Panjabi, Faransanci, Swahili da kuma Farisi. An ba da Tafiya Ta Hanyar Islama ta theungiyar Trustungiyar Ilimi ta UKasa ta Burtaniya WOW! Kyauta don taken Yarin ya mafi kyau.
Bayan nasarar da ta samu a tarihin rayuwarta, Daga Leben 'Yan Uwana Mata, Robert ya fara rubuta samari (YA) tatsuniyar Islama Littafin ta na YA na farko, Daga Somalia, Tare da wasauna ya samo asali ne daga ƙarshen mako tare da ƙungiyar matasan Somaliya, waɗanda Somaliungiyar Haɗin Haɗin Somaliya suka shirya. Daga Somalia, Tare da isauna ɗayan thean litattafan da ake samu tare da haruffa da batutuwa Musulmai na Somaliya. An saka shi a cikin kundin makaranta na ranar Littattafai na Duniya na shekara ta 2009 kuma an daɗe da jerin sunayen don Associationungiyar Liteungiyar Ilimi da Ilimin Kingdomasar Ingila Robert na biyu YA labari, Yaro vs. Yarinya, ta kalubalanci samfuran da aka saba da su game da matasa Musulmai a Biritaniya kuma ta fito da fitowar mai zane -zanen zane-zanen Musulunci na Urban Muhammed 'Aerosol Arabic' Ali. taken Robert na na uku YA, Far Daga Gida, almarar tatsuniya ce ta tarihi da aka saita a Zimbabwe kuma an nuna ta a cikin bikin Fitowa na Fage na shekara ta 2011 a Landan.
A cikin shekarar 2005 wakili Robert ta ƙarfafa ta ta rubuta tarihin rayuwar wanda ya zama fitacciyar Musulma ta ƙasa da ƙasa Daga psan Uwana Mata Baya ga zama abin tunawa, Daga bakin 'Yan Uwana Mata ya hada da labarin wasu da yawa da suka tuba kuma suka koma ga addinin Musulunci, "[Daga Lebukan' Yan Uwana Mata] a bayyane yake bayanin yadda ake juyawa daga ra'ayi na farko ta hanyar juyawa, hijabi, da hanyar aure a musulunce. Yana buɗe ƙofofi don hanyoyin tunani na sirri da gwagwarmaya waɗanda ke fuskantar sabbin musulmai kuma yana sa mai wuyar fahimta har ma da ban dariya. Daga Leben 'Yan Uwana Mata an fassara kuma an buga su cikin Larabci. Kamar yadda suka kafa kuma editan mujallar mata ta Musulmai ta SISTERS da ke zaune a Burtaniya, Robert da wadanda suka ba da gudummawar mujallar sun himmatu wajen magance batutuwan da ba a yarda da su ba a tsakanin al'ummar Musulmai, kamar cin zarafin yara, zubar da ciki, tashin hankali a cikin gida, bakin ciki da kuma al'amura na ganin girman kai a tsakanin Matan musulmai. Robert ya bada goyan baya da kuma kulla kawance tsakanin mujallar SISTERS da kuma kungiyoyin kungiyoyin musulmai da yawa, kamar su Mercy Mission UK, Solace, Nour DV, The Muslim Youth Helpline and Rabin Date. Baya ga rubuta edita na kowane bugun mujallar SISTERS, Robert yana rubuta labarai game da addinin Islama da kuma alamura da suka shafi musulmi, kamar Ramadan, ranakun hutu na musulmai, hijabi (gyale na Musulunci) da niqāb (fuskar fuskar Musulunci) don manyan wallafe-wallafe, gami da The Times Online, Jaridar The Times, da The Observer Robert ya yi magana da masu sauraro game da batutuwan da suka shafi Musulmi a ranar Lahadi da safe ta BBC, Sa’ar Mata, Rediyon London, Channel 5, Newsnight, BBC Asian Network, GMT tare da Lorraine Kelly, da kuma The Moral Maze na BBC Radio 4. A shekarar 2014 ta kaddamar da taken Yabo mai matukar karbuwa, She Wore Red Trainers, labarin soyayya wanda ya gano asalin Musulmai.
Niqāb Robert is a full-time observer of the niqāb (Islamic face-veil) and a vocal advocate for women's right to choose to fully cover. Soon after becoming Muslim in 1998 Robert began to wear the niqāb full-time in 1999. In her memoir, From My Sisters' Lips, Robert explained the effect of wearing niqāb, "[The covered woman] cannot be judged on her appearance because nothing personal about her can be seen...She does not feel the need to live up to society's changing expectations of women's bodies...So whoever relates to her must relate to what she has presented be it what she says, does or thinks." Robert is one of the founding members of Veiled Justice and has represented the East London Mosque on Muslim women's issues. She has spoken in support of the niqāb in numerous British media, including The Telegraph, BBC News, The Times Online, BBC Radio 4's The Moral Maze and Channel 4's Undercover Mosque series; as well as speaking to Muslim and international media outlets, such as for Islam Channel and AIM TV. Robert's saurayin kirkirarren labarin almara ne Boy vs. Yarinya ta hada da halin sanya niqabi, Anti Najma. Halin na Auntie Najma ya kasance an soki lamirin ta da kyau kuma mai kyau a matsayin mai nuna hoto mara kyau ko a matsayin kyakkyawan abin koyi ga matasa musulmai. Robert ya ce Anti Najma, kamar sauran halayen, haɗakar 'yan'uwa mata ne da ta sani da kaina.
Bibliography
Littattafan hoto Hijaab mai lilo (Mantra Lingua, 2002, takarda) Tafiya Ta Hanyar Muslunci (Mantra Lingua, 2005, mai rufin asiri) Barka da zuwa Jaririn Duniya (Mantra Lingua, 2005, paperback) Yum! Mu Ci! (Mantra Lingua, 2008, takarda) Watan Ramadan (Frances Lincoln, 2009, mai rufin asiri)
An buga shi a matsayin Thando McLaren Haruffa A Duk Duniya (Littattafan Tango, 2004, mai rufin asiri) Duk Gidajen Gida (Littattafan Tango, 2005, mai rufin asiri) My Day, My Way (Littattafan Tango, 2005, masu rufin asiri) Duk nau'ikan sufuri (Littattafan Tango, 2006, mai rufin asiri) Farautar Kasuwanci: Tafiya a Lokaci (Littattafan Tango, 2008, mai kwalliya) My Around the World Scrapbook (Tango Books, 2008, mai rufin asiri)
Young adult fiction Daga Somalia, tare da Loveauna (Frances Lincoln, 2009, takarda) Yaro vs. Yarinya (Frances Lincoln, 2010, takarda) Nesa Daga Gida (Frances Lincoln, 2011, paperback) Black Tumaki (2013)
Ta Ci Red Masu Koyarwa: Labarin Soyayyar Musulmai (Kube Publishing Ltd, 2014, paperback)
Ba-almara Daga Leben 'Yan Uwana Mata (Bantam Press, 2005, hardcover)
Bayanan kula
Manazarta Ahmed, Yusuf (26 Oktoba 2010), Wanda ake nema: Matsayi a Matsayi Campus Islam an dawo da 9 Yuni 2011
Bovey Alhakawati, Nicole (29 Afrilu 2007), Nazarin Littafin: Daga Leben 'Yan Uwana Mata, Kan Musulunci, an dawo da 9 Yuni 2011
Channel 4 (2008), Masallacin Boye, Channel 4 Dispatches, an dawo da shi 9 Yuni 2011
Chowdhury, Lothifa (20 ga Yuni 2008), Tatsuniyar 'yar Somalia, Musulma Mako-mako, an dawo da 9 Yuni 2011
East Sussex County Council Fostering Service (2008), Baki da Blackan tsirarun Foan Ra'ayi Susarfafa Susan Majalisar Karamar Hukumar Gabas Sussex an dawo da su 9 Yuni 2011
Bryony Gordon (25 Afrilu 2005), Cewa Mace Musulma zata Iya Farin Ciki Da Ku, The Telegraph, an dawo da 9 Yuni 2011
Khan, Rahla (19 ga watan Yulin 2010), Akwai Hanyar da tafi Duniya fiye da MTV Labaran A1 na Saudi Arabia da aka dawo da 9 Yuni 2011
Khwaja, Ayman (Satumba 2009, Fitowa ta 60), Nazarin Littattafai: Ramadan Moon, emel, an dawo da shi 9 Yuni 2011
Halal Rayuwa (5 ga Afrilu 2008), Fuskantar Kalubale, Farin Cikin Nasara: Rayuwar Sabon Musulmi Bidiyon Ummah, an dawo da 10 ga Yuni 2011
Nour DV Nour DV Masu tallafawa, an dawo da su 10 Yuni 2011
Rawe, Julie (29 Afrilu 2009), Nazarin Littafin: Daga Somalia, Tare da Loveauna Muryoyin Musulmai, an dawo da su 9 Yuni 2011
Robert, Na'ima B. (2006), Daga Bakin 'Yan Uwana Mata, Littattafan Bantam, an dawo da 9 Yuni 2011
Robert, Na'ima B. (18 Afrilu 2008), Wahayi a Karkara Daga Somaliya, Tare da Blogaunar Blogspot, an dawo da 9 Yuni 2011
Robert, Na'ima B. (1 ga Yuni 2008), Haske mai ban mamaki a cikin Talakawa Amma Rayuka masu ban mamaki, The Guardian, an dawo da 9 Yuni 2011
Robert, Na'ima B. (25 Yuli 2008), Bayan Mayafin: Littafin Layi na Wata Mace Musulma 'Yar Burtaniya, The Times Online, an dawo da 9 Yuni 2011
Sawyer, Miranda (22 ga Oktoba 2006), Kayan Alatu da Walkin Duck, Rediyon Guardian "Moral Maze", an dawo da shi 9 ga Yuni 2011
Saya (12 Yuli 2010), Na'ima B Robert akan 'Boy vs. Girl The Rockpool, an dawo da su 10 Yuni 2011
Ta'aziyya na Taimakawa Ga 'Yan Uwa Mata da ke cikin Wahala, an dawo da su 10 Yuni 2011
Suleaman, Nasreen (5 ga Nuwamba 2006), Yadda Amsoshin Ra'ayoyin suka Itsarfafa Tallafinta, Labaran BBC, aka dawo dasu 9 Yuni 2011
Umm Imran (10 Agusta 2010), Sharhin Littafin: Yaro vs. Yarinya, Mama da Mujallar Musulmai an sake dawo da su 9 Yuni 2011
External links Naima B. Robert shafin yanar gizo SISTERS Magazine Nesa Da Gida Marubucin Tarihi Haifaffun |
16143 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufuoma%20McDermott | Ufuoma McDermott | Ufuoma Stacey McDermott (yadda ake furtawa; r (an haife ta a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilu a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da tamanin da ɗaya(1981) yar fim ce ta Nijeriya, ta kasakance yar wasan kwaikwaiyo kuma mai sana'ar kwalliya.
Tarihin rayuwa Ejenobor an haife ta ne a garin Benin iyayen ta yan Najeriya ne mazaunan asalin Urhobo dake jihar Delta a Najeriya. Ta yi kaura daga garin Benin izuwa jahar Jos, inda ta yi amfani da mafi kyaun shekarun yarinta, daga baya kuma ta koma Legas, inda ta zauna a mafi yawan rayuwarta kuma har yanzu tana zaune a legas har zuwa yau. Tana da shekara bakwai, mahaifinta ya kuma kirkiro mata sunan dabba: ISIO (wanda ke nufin "tauraruwa" a Urhobo An rada mata suna ne saboda tauraruwar 'yar fim din shirin TELEFEST da NTA Benin suka hada, Tukunyar Rayuwa Aure da Iyali Ejenobor ta yi aure a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilu a shekara ta (2010) da Steven McDermott. A hukumance ta sauya sunanta zuwa Ufuoma McDermott a ranar 23 ga watan Mayu, a shekara ta( 2014) a wata babbar kotun Legas.
Karatu Ta wuce makarantar Alama mai zaman kanta a Jos, jihar Plateau, Tunwase Nursery da firamare Ikeja, Legas daga karshe Molly International Nursery da firamare A jos Estate don makarantar gandun daji da ilimin firamare. Sannan ta halarci Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya, Odogbolu, Jihar Ogun don karatun sakandare.
Daga baya Ufuoma ta sami digiri a fannin harshen Faransanci daga Jami'ar Legas inda ta shiga cikin shirin hutun tallafin karatu na Gwamnatin Tarayya. Hakanan tana da takaddun sheda da difloma daga Alliance Française da NIIT. Ta yi digiri na biyu a Harkokin Jama'a da Harkokin Kasa da Kasa, ita ma daga Jami'ar Legas A shekara ta( 2011) ta halarci Kwalejin Koyon Fina-finai ta New York a Los Angeles don kwas na wasan kwaikwayo sannan daga baya ta yi kwas din yin fim daga Dov Simen ta Hollywood Film Institute. A cikin shekara ta (2013) ta sami takardar shaidar a cikin Gudanar da Harkokin Kasuwancin Dan Adam daga Makarantar Kasuwancin London. A lokacin bazara na shekara ta 2015) tana daga cikin shirin ilimantar da dangi daga Najeriya, mallakar kamfanin Relativity Media a Beverly Hills.
Nishaɗi Ta fara aiki a cikin nishaɗi tare da yin tallan kayan kawa a cikin shekara ta (2000) a matsayin samfurin daukar hoto sannan daga baya ta koma kan titin titin jirgin sama da masu kyau Fim A watan Fabrairun shekara ta (2004) Ejenobor ta yanke shawara kan harkar fim. Farawa tare da Zeb Ejiro Shugaban Kasa Dole ne Ya Mutu, ta ci gaba da samun rawar gani a fina-finai. A watan Mayu shekara ta (2005) ta fara taka rawar gani a Rayuwa da Mutuwa, fim dinta na uku bayan Shugaban Kasa Kada Ya Mutu da Guy akan Layi A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2005) ta buga Chibuzor a cikin Edge na Paradise TV jerin da Royal Roots network suka samar.
A shekara ta 2008) ta ɗauki matsayin "Lillian Wright" a cikin shirin gidan talabijin na Mama da Ni rawar da ta ba ta damar zaɓar mafi kyawun 'yar wasa a shekarar ta 2010) Festival de Télévision de Monte- Carlo da kuma daya a The Terracotta Nigerian TV da Film Awards. An zabi ta a matsayin Jarumar shekara ta 2011) a Future Awards
Mataki A watan Janairun shekara 2018) McDermott ya sake maimaita matsayinta na "Mama Baby", "Mata Kira Jagora" da "Sister Esther" a cikin shirin Ji Maganar!, wanda ya dawo shekara ta biyu a jere zuwa Harvard kuma an shirya shi a sanannen gidan wasan kwaikwayo na American Repertory a Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.SA. Kayan aikin ya shafi jigogi daban-daban, wadanda ke magance matsalolin mata a cikin al'umma. Wasan kwaikwayon, wanda ya fara fitowa a Legas, Najeriya a shekara ta 2014) ya kuma kunshi hazikan 'yan wasa kamar Joke Silva, Taiwo Ajayi-Lycett da Bimbo Akintola. Saurari Kalmar da aka gabatar a bikin Edinburgh na Kasa da Kasa a watan Agusta shekara ta (2019) da McDermott, Joke Silva, Taiwo Ajayi-Lycett da sauran membobin wasan kwaikwayon da aka yi a Royal Lyceum, a Edinburgh, Scotland. Guardian ta Burtaniya, a cikin bita game da wasan kwaikwayon ta bayyana shi a matsayin "a lokaci guda mai tsauri da kuma wahayi", yana ba wa wasan tauraruwa uku daga cikin biyar.
Ganewa Fitacciyar Jaruma a cikin jerin Talakawa Nominee Kyautar Nishaɗin Nijeriya a shekara ta (2011)
Actor of the shekara ta (2011) Nominee- The Future Awards
Mafi kyawun ressan takarar --an wasa Lambar yabo ta Nymph ta shekara ta 2010 Bikin Gidan Talabijin na Monte Carlo Mafi kyawun Actan wasa a jerin waɗanda aka zaɓa a jerin Wasanni, Terracotta TV da Kyautar Fim
Go Red Africa, Mafi Kyawun Mace Mace, a shekara ta( 2007)
Youthungiyar Matasan Afirka, Gwarzon Misali, a shekara ta (2009)
Ta wakilci Najeriya a gasar sarauniyar kyau ta Miss Earth a shekara ta 2004) McDermott ya kasance mai magana a TEDx Rayfield, wanda aka gudanar a watan Disamba na shekara ta (2017)
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25529 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9%20Holland | André Holland | André Holland (an haife shi a watan Disamba 28, 1979) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne ɗan Amurka, wanda aka san shi sosai don wasan kwaikwayonsa na 2016 a matsayin Kevin a cikin Fim ɗin Kyautar Kyautar Moonlight.
A duk aikinsa, Holland ya yi aiki a fim, talabijin, da shirye -shiryen wasan kwaikwayo. A talabijin, ya yi tauraro a matsayin Dr. Algernon Edwards a cikin jerin Cinemax The Knick (2014 2015) kuma a matsayin Matt Miller a cikin jerin FX na Labarin Horror na Amurka: Roanoke (2016). Ya nuna ɗan siyasa kuma ɗan gwagwarmaya Andrew Young a cikin fim ɗin 2014 Selma da marubucin wasanni Wendell Smith a cikin fim na 2013 na 42 A kan mataki, ya yi tauraro a cikin wasan Wilson Wilson na <i id="mwGw">Jitney</i> akan Broadway a 2017. A cikin 2020, yana taka rawa a kan jerin wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗan Netflix The Eddy, wanda Damien Chazelle ya jagoranta.
Rayuwar farko An haife Holland kuma ya girma a Bessemer, Alabama Ya sauke karatu daga Makarantar Katolika ta John Carroll Matsayinsa na farko ya kasance a cikin samar da Oliver! a Birmingham Summerfest Theatre, yana ɗan shekara goma sha ɗaya. Ya halarci Jami'ar Jihar Florida kuma ya yi karatu a ƙasashen waje a cibiyar nazarin FSU London lokacin da yake can. Ya kuma samu wani Master of Fine Arts digiri daga New York University a shekarar 2006.
Sana'a
2006–2015: Aikin farko Wasan Holland na farko akan allon ya kasance a cikin wani labari na Doka & Umarni a 2006. A kusa da wannan lokacin, Holland ta fara yin wasanni akai -akai akan mataki. A cikin 2006, ya nuna haruffa uku a cikin wasan Blue Door Charles Isherwood na The New York Times ya ba da aikinsa kyakkyawan bita. A cikin shekara ta 2008, ya buga Eric a wasan Wig Out! kuma ya ɗauki matsayinsa na farko na fim a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na <i id="mwQA">Sugar</i> A shekara mai zuwa, ya nuna Elegba da Marcus a cikin The Brother/Sister Plays A cikin shekara ta 2010, an jefa shi cikin wasan Matthew Lopez The The Whipping Man, wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Vivian Robinson/Audelco don Mafi Tallafin Mai wasan kwaikwayo. A cikin shekara ta 2011, ya yi tauraro a matsayin Julian "Fitz" Fitzgerald a cikin ɓangarori da yawa na NBC sitcom Abokai tare da Amfana A cikin shekara ta 2013, ya nuna Wendell Smith a cikin fim na 42 A cikin shekara ta 2014, ya nuna Andrew Young a cikin fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi na Ava DuVernay Selma Don rawar da ya taka, an ba shi lambar yabo don lambar yabo ta NAACP don Babban Jarumin Tallafawa a cikin Hoto Daga shekara ta 2014 zuwa shekara ta 2015, ya yi tauraro a cikin rawar tallafawa gaban Clive Owen a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Cinemax The Knick 2016 -yanzu: Hasken wata da bayan A cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da shashida, ya sami sanarwa mai yawa don aikinsa kamar Kevin a fim ɗin Barry Jenkins na fim ɗin <i id="mwaw">Moonlight</i>, wanda ya sami babban yabo da yabo da yawa Fim ɗin ya lashe lambobin yabo na Academy da yawa, gami da Mafi kyawun Hoto, a bikin shekara na 89th Wasu masu sukar fim sun nuna wasan Holland, gami da waɗanda ke Rolling Stone da GQ, waɗanda suka yi masa lakabi da "fitacce" a cikin fim ɗin. A matsayin memba na fim ta gungu simintin, ya samu wani gabatarwa domin yi fice a wasan da wani Cast a Motion Picture a 23rd Screen Actors Kungiya Awards Ya kuma karɓi nade -nade na Mafi kyawun Mai Tallafi daga Fim ɗin Filastik na Florida da Fitaccen Mai Tallafawa a Kyautar Black Reel Awards Bayan nasarar Moonlight, a cikin shekara ta 2017, Holland ta nuna Youngblood a wasan Wilson Wilson na <i id="mwjg">Jitney</i> akan Broadway. Daga baya ya fito a cikin fim ɗin DuVernay na almara mai ban sha'awa A Wrinkle in Time, wanda aka saki a cikin watan Maris shekara ta 2018. Fim din ya samu gamsuwa daga masu suka. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, ya nuna babban halayen Henry Matthew Deaver akan jerin Hulu <i id="mwmQ">Castle Castle</i> juyawarsa a cikin jerin ya sami kyakkyawan bita daga masu suka, ciki har da Amy Woolsey na Vulture, wanda ya yaba aikinsa a matsayin "mai rubutu." Tun daga watan Yuli na shekara 2018, ya yi tauraro a cikin samar da Othello a Shakespeare's Globe, mai tsada tare da Mark Rylance A cikin shekara ta 2018, ya kuma yi wasansa na farko na Off Off Broadway tare da samar da Greg Keller's Dutch Masters Filmography
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29294 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwayoyin%20Ciwon%20Daji | Kwayoyin Ciwon Daji | Kwayoyin ciwon daji CSCs ya kasan ce kuma sune kwayoyin ciwon daji (wanda aka samo a cikin ciwace-ciwacen daji ko ciwon daji waɗanda ke da halaye masu alaƙa da kwayoyin halitta na al'ada, musamman ikon haifar da kuma duk nau'in tantanin halitta da kuma aka samu a cikin wani samfurin ciwon daji. Saboda haka CSCs suna da ƙari (tumor-forming), watakila ya bambanta da sauran kwayoyin cutar kansa marasa tumorigenic. CSCs na iya haifar da ciwace-ciwace ta hanyar tsarin ƙwayoyin cuta na sabuntawar kai da bambancewa cikin nau'ikan tantanin halitta da yawa. Irin waɗannan ƙwayoyin ana tsammanin zasu cigaba da kasancewa cikin ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayar cuta a matsayin jama'a daban-daban kuma suna haifar da koma baya da metastasis ta hanyar haifar da sabbin ciwace-ciwace. Sabili da haka, haɓaka takamaiman hanyoyin kwantar da hankali da aka yi niyya a CSCs yana riƙe da bege don inganta rayuwa da ingancin rayuwar marasa lafiyar cutar kansa, musamman ga marasa lafiya da cututtukan metastatic Maganin ciwon daji da ake da su galibi an haɓaka su ne bisa nau'ikan dabbobi, inda aka yi la'akarin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali don haɓaka haɓakar ƙwayar cuta. Duk da haka, dabbobi ba su samar da cikakken samfurin cutar ɗan adam ba. Musamman, a cikin berayen, waɗanda kuma tsawon rayuwarsu ba su wuce shekaru biyu ba, sake dawowar ƙari yana da wuyar yin karatu.
Ingancin jiyya na ciwon daji shine, a farkon matakan gwaji, sau da yawa ana auna su ta hanyar raguwar ɓarna na ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta kashe kashi Kamar yadda CSCs ke samar da ƙaramin rabo na ƙari, wannan ƙila ba lallai ba ne zaɓin magungunan da ke aiki musamman akan sel mai tushe. Ka'idar ta nuna cewa chemotherapies na al'ada suna kashe nau'i daban-daban ko bambance-bambancen sel, waɗanda ke zama mafi yawan ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta amma ba sa haifar da sababbin kwayoyin halitta. Yawan jama'ar CSC, waɗanda kuma suka haifar da ita, na iya zama ba a taɓa su ba kuma suna haifar da koma baya.
John Dick ne ya fara gano ƙwayoyin cutar kansa a cikin m myeloid leukemia a ƙarshen 1990s. Tun daga farkon 2000s sun kasance babban binciken bincike kan kansa. An tsara kalmar da kanta a cikin takarda da aka ambata sosai a cikin 2001 ta masana ilimin halitta Tannishtha Reya, Sean J. Morrison, Michael F. Clarke da Irving Weissman Samfurin yaɗuwar ƙwayar cuta A cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan ƙari daban-daban, sel a cikin yawan ƙwayar ƙari suna nuna nau'ikan aiki iri -iri kuma ana samun ciwace-ciwace daga sel masu iya yaduwa iri-iri da bambanta Wannan nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in ciwon daji ya haifar da ƙirƙirar nau'o'in yaduwa da yawa don yin lissafin nau'i-nau'i da bambance-bambance a cikin iyawar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta: ƙwayar ciwon daji (CSC) da samfurin stochastic. Duk da haka, wasu ra'ayoyi sun tabbatar da cewa wannan ƙira ta wucin gadi ce, tun da dukkanin hanyoyin biyu suna aiki ne bisa ga madaidaicin halaye dangane da ainihin yawan ƙwayar cuta. Mahimmanci an lura cewa yayin da a cikin lafiyayyan ɗan adam epithelium na esophageal lafiyayyan nauyin yaduwa yana haɗuwa da stochastically rarraba basal epithelium. Bayan sauye-sauyensa zuwa epithelium na Barrett na farko, duk da haka, wani ƙaramin ɗaki mai ɗorewa yana bayyana wanda ke goyan bayan yaɗuwar epithelium yayin da shaidu guda ɗaya na sashin rarraba stochastically wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga kiyaye nama ya ɓace. Don haka, aƙalla don wasu kyallen jikin neoplastic, ɓangarorin ɓangarorin sel da aka keɓe suna kula da haɓaka girman sashin da aka canza
Samfurin kwayar cutar kansa Samfurin kwayar cutar kansa, wanda kuma aka sani da Tsarin Hierarchical Model ya ba da shawarar cewa ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen daji suna cikin tsari (CSCs suna kwance a koli (Fig. 3). A cikin yawan ciwon daji na ciwace-ciwacen daji akwai ƙwayoyin cuta masu ciwon daji (CSC) waɗanda ke da ƙwayoyin tumorigenic kuma sun bambanta da ilimin halitta da sauran ƙananan jama'a Suna da siffofi guda biyu: ikon su na dogon lokaci don sabunta kansu da kuma ikon su na bambanta. cikin zuriyar da ba su da ƙari amma har yanzu suna ba da gudummawa ga haɓakar ƙwayar cuta. Wannan samfurin yana ba da shawarar cewa kawai wasu ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na ciwon daji suna da ikon haifar da ci gaban ciwon daji, ma'ana cewa akwai takamaiman halaye (na zahiri) waɗanda za a iya gano su sannan kuma a yi niyya don lalata ƙwayar cuta na dogon lokaci ba tare da buƙatar yaƙi da cutar ba. duka ƙari.
Stochastic model Domin tantanin halitta ya zama mai ciwon daji dole ne ya sami sauye-sauye masu yawa ga jerin DNA. Wannan samfurin tantanin halitta yana nuna waɗannan maye gurbi na iya faruwa ga kowane tantanin halitta a cikin jiki wanda ke haifar da ciwon daji. Ainihin wannan ka'idar tana ba da shawarar cewa duk ƙwayoyin cuta suna da ikon zama ƙari suna yin duk ƙwayoyin ƙari daidai da ikon sabunta kansu ko bambanta, wanda ke haifar da nau'in ƙari yayin da wasu na iya bambanta zuwa waɗanda ba CSCs Ƙarfin tantanin halitta zai iya. Za a rinjayi abubuwan da ba a yi tsammani ba ko abubuwan epigenetic, wanda ke haifar da sel daban-daban a cikin duka ƙwayoyin tumorigenic da waɗanda ba na tumorigenic waɗanda ke haɗa ƙari. Dangane da "samfurin stochastic" (ko "samfurin juyin halitta na clonal") kowane kwayar cutar kansa a cikin ƙari zai iya samun ikon sabunta kansa da bambanta da yawa da nau'ikan zuriyar ƙwayoyin cutar kansa waɗanda ke lalata ƙari Waɗannan maye gurbi na iya ci gaba da tarawa da haɓaka juriya da dacewa da ƙwayoyin sel waɗanda ke ba su damar yin nasara ga sauran ƙwayoyin ƙari, waɗanda aka fi sani da ƙirar juyin halitta na somatic Samfurin Juyin Halitta na clonal, wanda ke faruwa a cikin nau'in CSC duka da kuma samfurin stochastic, yana ƙaddamar da cewa ƙwayoyin ƙwayar cuta masu rikiɗawa tare da fa'idar girma sun fi sauran. Kwayoyin da ke cikin mafi yawan jama'a suna da irin wannan damar don fara haɓakar ƙari. (Hoto 4).
Waɗannan nau'ikan nau'ikan guda biyu ba su keɓanta juna ba, kamar yadda CSCs da kansu ke fuskantar juyin halitta na clonal. Don haka, na biyu mafi rinjaye na CSC na iya fitowa, idan maye gurbi yana ba da ƙarin kaddarorin mummuna (Fig. 5).
Haɗa samfuran CSC da stochastic tare Wani bincike a cikin 2014 yana jayayya da rata tsakanin waɗannan nau'ikan rigima guda biyu za a iya daidaita su ta hanyar samar da wani bayani na daban-daban na ƙari. Suna nuna samfurin da ya haɗa da bangarorin biyu na Stochastic da CSC. Sun bincika filastik mai tushe na kansa wanda a cikinsa ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin kansa za su iya canzawa tsakanin ƙwayoyin sel marasa ciwon daji (Non-CSC) da CSC ta wurin da ke tallafawa ƙarin ƙirar Stochastic. Amma kasancewar duka nau'ikan halittu daban-daban waɗanda ba CSC ba da CSC suna goyan bayan ƙarin ƙirar CSC, suna ba da shawarar cewa duka samfuran biyu na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin nau'ikan ƙwayar cuta.
Samfurin rigakafin cutar kansa Wannan samfurin yana nuna cewa kaddarorin rigakafi na iya zama mahimmanci don fahimtar tumorigenesis da iri-iri. Don haka, CSCs na iya zama da wuya a wasu ciwace-ciwacen daji, amma wasu masu bincike sun gano cewa yawancin ƙwayoyin ƙwayar cuta na iya fara ciwace-ciwace idan an dasa su cikin ɓeraye marasa ƙarfi, don haka suna tambayar dacewar CSCs da ba kasafai ba. Koyaya, duka sel masu tushe da CSCs suna da sifofin rigakafi na musamman waɗanda ke ba su juriya sosai ga rigakafin rigakafi. Don haka, CSCs kawai za su iya haifar da ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayar cuta a cikin marasa lafiya tare da aikin rigakafi na rigakafi, kuma gata na rigakafi na iya zama mahimmin ma'auni don gano CSCs. Bugu da ƙari, samfurin yana nuna cewa CSCs na iya kasancewa da farko sun dogara da ƙananan ƙwayoyin sel, kuma CSCs na iya aiki a can azaman tafki wanda maye gurbi zai iya tara shekaru da yawa ba tare da ƙuntatawa ta tsarin rigakafi ba. Ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwace na iya girma idan: A) CSCs sun rasa dogaro ga abubuwan alkuki (ƙananan ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen daji), B) zuriyarsu masu yaɗuwa sosai, duk da haka da farko ƙwayoyin ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta al'ada ta haɓaka tana nufin tserewa rigakafi ko C) tsarin rigakafi na iya rasa ta. Ƙarfin ƙwayar cuta, misali saboda tsufa.
Muhawara Kasancewar CSCs yana ƙarƙashin muhawara, saboda yawancin binciken da aka samu babu sel tare da takamaiman halayen su. Kwayoyin ciwon daji dole ne su kasance masu iya ci gaba da yaduwa da sabuntawar kansu don riƙe da yawancin maye gurbi da ake buƙata don carcinogenesis da kuma ci gaba da ci gaban ƙwayar cuta, tun da sel daban-daban (wanda aka ƙuntata ta Hayflick Limit ba zai iya rarraba ba har abada. Don la'akarin warkewa, idan yawancin ƙwayoyin tumor suna da abubuwan da suka dace, niyya girman ƙari kai tsaye dabara ce mai inganci. Idan CSC ƴan tsiraru ne, niyya su na iya zama mafi inganci. Wani muhawara game da asalin CSCs ko daga dysregulation na kwayoyin halitta na al'ada ko kuma daga ƙwararrun ƙwararrun jama'a waɗanda suka sami ikon sabunta kansu (wanda ke da alaƙa da batun ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta). Rikita wannan muhawara shine gano cewa yawancin ƙwayoyin cutar kansa suna nuna nau'in filastik a ƙarƙashin ƙalubale na warkewa, suna canza rubutun su zuwa yanayi mai kama da kara don guje wa halaka.
Shaida Tabbatacciyar shaida ta farko don CSCs ta zo a cikin 1997. Bonnet da Dick sun keɓe ƙananan ƙwayoyin cutar sankarar bargo waɗanda suka bayyana alamar CD34, amma ba CD38 ba. Mawallafa sun tabbatar da cewa CD34 CD38 yawan yawan jama'a yana da ikon fara ciwace-ciwace a cikin berayen NOD/ SCID waɗanda suka yi kama da mai bayarwa. Shaida ta farko na ƙaƙƙarfan ƙwayar cutar kansar ƙwayar cuta mai kama da tantanin halitta ta biyo baya a cikin 2002 tare da gano ƙwayar cuta ta clonogenic, tantanin halitta wanda ke ware kuma yana da alaƙa daga gliomas na kwakwalwar ɗan adam balagagge. Ciwon daji na cortical glial na ɗan adam sun ƙunshi sel masu kama da jijiya waɗanda ke bayyana alamun astroglial da alamun neuronal a cikin vitro Kwayoyin ciwon daji da aka ware daga manyan gliomas na ɗan adam an nuna su haifar da ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen daji waɗanda suka yi kama da ƙwayar mahaifa lokacin da aka cusa su cikin ƙirar linzamin kwamfuta tsirara. A cikin gwaje-gwajen bincike na ciwon daji, wasu lokuta ana allurar ƙwayoyin ƙari a cikin dabbar gwaji don kafa ƙari. Ana ci gaba da ci gaban cuta a cikin lokaci kuma ana iya gwada magungunan novel don ingancin su. Samuwar Tumor yana buƙatar dubunnan ko dubun duban sel don gabatar da su. A al'ada, an bayyana wannan ta hanyar rashin kyaun tsari (watau ƙwayoyin tumor sun rasa ƙarfinsu yayin canja wuri) ko mahimmancin mahimmancin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, musamman mahallin sinadarai na ƙwayoyin allurar. Magoya bayan tsarin CSC suna jayayya cewa kaɗan ne kawai na ƙwayoyin allurar, CSCs, ke da yuwuwar haifar da ƙari. A cikin ɗan adam m myeloid cutar sankarar bargo, mitar wadannan kwayoyin bai wuce 1 cikin 10,000 ba. Ƙarin shaida ya zo daga histology Yawancin ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwace iri- iri ne kuma suna ƙunshe da nau'ikan tantanin halitta da yawa waɗanda suka fito daga sashin mai masaukin baki. Ciwon ƙwayar cuta yawanci ana riƙe shi ta hanyar metastases na ƙari. Wannan yana nuna cewa tantanin halitta da ya samar da su yana da ikon samar da nau'ikan tantanin halitta da yawa, alama ce ta al'ada ta kwayoyin halitta Kasancewar ƙwayoyin cutar sankarar bargo ya haifar da bincike kan wasu cututtukan daji. Kwanan nan an gano CSCs a cikin ciwace-ciwace da yawa, gami da:
Kwakwalwa Nono Kolon Ovary Pancreas Prostate
Melanoma Myeloma da yawa
Ciwon daji na fata wanda ba melanoma ba
Samfuran injina da na lissafi Da zarar an yi hasashe hanyoyin zuwa ciwon daji, yana yiwuwa a ƙirƙira ƙirar lissafi na tsinkaya, misali, bisa hanyar sashin sel Misali, ana iya bayyana ci gaban sel marasa al'ada tare da takamaiman yuwuwar maye gurbi. Irin wannan samfurin ya annabta cewa maimaita cin mutunci ga sel balagagge yana ƙaruwa da samuwar zuriyar da ba ta dace ba da haɗarin ciwon daji. Tasirin asibiti na irin waɗannan samfuran ya kasance mara tushe.
Asalin Asalin CSCs yanki ne mai aiki da bincike. Amsar na iya dogara da nau'in ƙari da nau'in phenotype Ya zuwa yanzu dai hasashen cewa ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwace sun samo asali ne daga “kwayoyin asali” guda daya ba a nuna su ta amfani da tsarin kwayar cutar kansar ba. Wannan shi ne saboda ƙwayoyin da ke haifar da ciwon daji ba su cikin ciwace-ciwacen mataki na ƙarshe.
Asalin hasashe sun haɗa da maye gurbi a cikin masu tasowa mai tushe ko sel masu tasowa, mutants a cikin sel mai tushe na manya ko manyan ƙwayoyin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke samun sifofi kamar kara. Waɗannan ka'idodin galibi suna mayar da hankali ne kan “kwayoyin asali” ƙari.
Hasashe
Maye gurbin kwayar halitta Hasashen "maye gurbi a cikin al'ummomin kwayoyin halitta yayin haɓakawa" hasashe yana iƙirarin cewa waɗannan al'ummomi masu tasowa suna canzawa sannan kuma su haifuwa ta yadda yawancin zuri'a ke raba maye gurbin. Wadannan sel 'ya'ya sun fi kusa da zama ciwace-ciwacen daji kuma adadin su yana kara yiwuwar maye gurbi mai cutar kansa.
Manyan kwayoyin kara Wata ka’idar tana danganta ƙwan ƙwan ƙwayoyin manya (ASC) tare da samuwar ƙari. Yawancin lokaci ana danganta wannan tare da kyallen takarda tare da yawan juzu'in tantanin halitta (kamar fata ko hanji A cikin waɗannan kyallen takarda, ASCs 'yan takara ne saboda yawan rarrabuwar tantanin halitta (idan aka kwatanta da yawancin ASCs) tare da tsawon rayuwar ASCs. Wannan haɗin yana haifar da ingantacciyar yanayin yanayi don maye gurbi don tarawa: tarin maye gurbi shine babban abin da ke haifar da farawar cutar kansa Shaidu sun nuna cewa ƙungiyar tana wakiltar wani abu na gaske, kodayake an danganta takamaiman cutar kansa da wani takamaiman dalili.
De-banbantawa Bambance-bambancen sel da aka canza na iya haifar da halaye masu kama da kwayar halitta, suna nuna cewa kowane tantanin halitta zai iya zama kwayar cutar kansa. A wasu kalmomi, cikakkiyar bambance-bambancen tantanin halitta yana fuskantar maye gurbi ko siginar siginar salula waɗanda ke mayar da shi zuwa yanayi mai kama da tushe. An nuna wannan ra'ayi kwanan nan a cikin nau'ikan ciwon daji na prostate, inda sel waɗanda ke fuskantar jiyya na rashin ƙarfi na androgen ke bayyana suna canza rubutun su na ɗan lokaci zuwa na tantanin halitta mai kama da jijiyoyi, tare da ɓarna da kaddarorin masu yawa na wannan nau'in sel masu kama da kara.
Matsayi Ma'anar matsayi na ƙari yana iƙirarin cewa ƙari shine nau'in nau'in kwayoyin halitta masu kama da juna, dukansu suna raba wasu maye gurbi, amma sun bambanta a takamaiman nau'in phenotype Ciwon daji yana ɗaukar nau'ikan sel masu tushe da yawa, ɗaya mafi kyau ga takamaiman mahalli da sauran layukan marasa nasara. Waɗannan layukan na biyu na iya zama mafi nasara a wasu wurare, ƙyale ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta daidaita, gami da daidaitawa ga saƙon warkewa. Idan daidai ne, wannan ra'ayi yana tasiri akan tsarin tsarin jiyya na musamman na ƙwayoyin cuta. Irin wannan matsayi zai dagula yunƙurin nuna asalin.
Ganewa CSCs, wanda yanzu aka ruwaito a cikin mafi yawan ciwace-ciwacen mutum, ana gano su da kuma wadatar da su ta amfani da dabarun gano ƙwayoyin sel na yau da kullun waɗanda suke kama da juna a cikin karatu. Waɗannan hanyoyin sun haɗa da rarrabuwar tantanin halitta mai kunna haske (FACS), tare da ƙwayoyin rigakafi da aka ba da umarni a alamomin saman tantanin halitta da hanyoyin aiki gami da ƙididdigar yawan jama'a ko gwajin Aldefluor. Sakamakon wadatar CSC sannan ana shuka shi, a nau'ikan allurai daban-daban, a cikin ɓeraye masu ƙarancin rigakafi don tantance ƙarfin haɓakar ƙwayar cuta. Wannan in vivo assay ana kiransa ƙayyadaddun tantancewar dilution. Rukunin ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta wanda zai iya fara haɓaka ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayar cuta a ƙananan lambobi ana ƙara gwada ƙarfin sabuntawar kai a cikin binciken ƙwayar cuta.
Hakanan za'a iya gano CSCs ta hanyar fitar da riniyoyin Hoechst da aka haɗa ta hanyar juriya da yawa (MDR) da kaset ɗin ATP-binding (ABC) Masu jigilar kaya. Wata hanya kuma ita ce kima-samfurin kima. Yawancin sel masu tushe na al'ada irin su hematopoietic ko sel mai tushe daga kyallen takarda, a ƙarƙashin yanayin al'ada na musamman, suna samar da nau'i mai nau'i uku waɗanda zasu iya bambanta. Kamar yadda yake da sel mai tushe na al'ada, CSCs da ke ware daga kwakwalwa ko ciwace-ciwacen prostate suma suna da ikon samar da sassa masu zaman kansu. ’Yan shekarun nan an ga bullowar hanyoyin da za a bi don gano kwayar cutar daji a cikin rodents na gwaji. A cikin irin wannan binciken, biyo bayan shigar da ciwon daji (yawanci ta hanyar aikace-aikacen mutagens), ana kunna kaset na kwayoyin halitta wanda ke haifar da bayyanar da alama mai sauƙin ganewa, misali koren furotin (GFP). Wannan ya shawo kan iyakokin hanyoyin al'ada (misali fasahar lakabin Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) na gargajiya da aka yi amfani da ita don gano ƙwayoyin jinkirin hawan keke a cikin dabbobi) kamar yadda hanyoyin ƙwayoyin cuta ke zama masu zaman kansu na sake zagayowar tantanin halitta kuma ana iya amfani da su a cikin vivo pulse-chase labeling don gano quiescent. /Slow-cycling Kwayoyin. Wannan dabarar, alal misali, ta kasance kayan aiki don gano abin da ake kira rukunin Lgr5+ azaman sashin kwayar cutar kansa a cikin ciwon hanta da kuma nuna yuwuwar sa a matsayin maƙasudin warkewa.
Bambance-bambance (alamomi) CSCs heterogeneity wani tafki ne na bambance-bambancen ƙwayoyin ƙari waɗanda ba su da bambanci waɗanda aka cika su ta sel waɗanda ke da duka ƙari da ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta kamar kaddarorin kuma suna da nau'ikan halitta da na rayuwa a cikin ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta guda ɗaya. Akwai ra'ayoyi guda biyu don bayyana yanayin phenotypic da na rayuwa na CSCs; bambancin clonal da ka'idar kwayar cutar kansa. Yayin da tsohuwar ka'idar ta nuna rawar da ke tattare da kwayoyin halitta, epigenetic da micro muhalli inda kwayar cutar ciwon daji ke zaune don samun halayen tumorigenic marasa bambanci. Ka'idar ta ƙarshe ta fi mayar da hankali kan halaye marasa kyau da aka samu ta hanyar sel masu tushe inda waɗannan ƙwayoyin da ba su da bambanci kuma suna da yawa sosai suna sake cika yawan ƙwayar ƙari.
An gano CSCs a cikin nau'ikan ciwace-ciwace iri-iri. Yawanci, ana amfani da alamomi na musamman don sel mai tushe na yau da kullun don ware CSCs daga ciwace-ciwace da ciwace-ciwacen jini. Alamomi mafi akai-akai da ake amfani da su don warewar CSC sun haɗa da: CD133 (wanda kuma aka sani da PROM1 CD44, ALDH1A1, CD34, CD24 da EpCAM kwayoyin halitta adhesion cell epithelial, wanda kuma aka sani da antigen na musamman na epithelial, ESA CD133 (prominin 1) yanki ne na glycoprotein mai transmembrane guda biyar wanda aka bayyana akan CD34 kara da sel masu zuwa, a cikin precursors na endothelial da sel kara na tayi An gano shi ta amfani da epitope na glycosylated wanda aka sani da AC133.
EpCAM (Epithelial cell adhesion molecule, ESA, TROP1) shine hemophilic Ca 2+ kwayoyin adhesion cell mai zaman kanta wanda aka bayyana akan basolateral surface na yawancin kwayoyin epithelial CD90 (THY1) shine glycosylphosylphosphatidylinositol glycoprotein wanda aka kafa a cikin membrane na plasma kuma yana shiga cikin jigilar sigina Hakanan yana iya daidaita mannewa tsakanin thymocytes da thymic stroma.
CD44 (PGP1) kwayar halitta ce ta mannewa wacce ke da rawar gani a cikin siginar tantanin halitta, ƙaura da homing. Yana da isoforms da yawa, ciki har da CD44H, wanda ke nuna babban kusanci ga hyaluronate da CD44V wanda ke da kaddarorin metastatic.
CD24 (HSA) wani glycosylated glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored adhesion molecule, wanda ke da rawar haɗin gwiwa a cikin ƙwayoyin B da T.
CD200 (OX-2) wani nau'i ne na 1 membrane glycoprotein, wanda ke ba da siginar hanawa zuwa ƙwayoyin rigakafi ciki har da ƙwayoyin T, ƙwayoyin kisa na halitta da macrophages ALDH wani yanki ne na aldehyde dehydrogenase iyali na enzymes, wanda ke haifar da iskar shaka na aldehydes na aromatic zuwa carboxyl acid Alal misali, yana da tasiri wajen canza retinol zuwa retinoic acid, wanda yake da mahimmanci don rayuwa.
Na farko m malignancy daga wanda CSCs aka ware da kuma gano shi ne nono cancer kuma su ne mafi tsanani nazari. An wadatar da CSCs na nono a cikin CD44 CD24 -/low, SP da ALDH CSCs na nono a fili suna da bambanci Maganar alamar CSC a cikin ƙwayoyin kansar nono a bayyane yake iri-iri ne kuma yawan CSC nono ya bambanta a cikin ciwace-ciwacen daji. Dukansu CD44 CD24 da CD44 CD24 yawan yawan tantanin halitta sune ƙwayoyin farawar ƙari; duk da haka, CSC sun fi wadatuwa sosai ta amfani da bayanin martaba CD44 CD49f hi CD133/2 hi An ba da rahoton CSCs a yawancin ciwan kwakwalwa. An gano ƙwayoyin cuta ciki har da CD133, SSEA-1 (antigen-takamaiman amfrayo-1), EGFR da CD44. Amfani da CD133 don tantance ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa na iya zama matsala saboda ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayar cuta a cikin wasu CD133 Kwayoyin kwakwalwar CD133 na CD133 na CD13 na CD13 Kwayoyin kwakwalwa An ba da rahoton CSC a cikin ciwon daji na hanji. Don gano su, an yi amfani da alamomin sararin samaniya irin su CD133, CD44 da ABCB5, nazarin aikin ciki har da nazarin clonal da kuma Aldefluor assay. Yin amfani da CD133 azaman tabbataccen alama don CSCs na hanji ya haifar da saɓani. Epitope na AC133, amma ba sunadaran CD133 ba, an bayyana shi musamman a cikin CSCs na hanji kuma an rasa bayanin sa akan bambancewa. Bugu da ƙari, CD44 ƙwayoyin ciwon daji na hanji da ƙarin ƙananan juzu'i na CD44 EpCAM yawan tantanin halitta tare da CD166 suna haɓaka nasarar haɓakar ƙwayar cuta. An ba da rahoton CSC da yawa a cikin prostate, huhu da sauran gabobin da yawa, gami da hanta, pancreas, koda ko ovary A cikin ciwon daji na prostate, an gano ƙwayoyin farawar tumor a cikin CD44 tantanin halitta kamar CD44 1 TRA-1-60 CD151 CD166 ko ALDH yawan adadin sel. An ba da rahoton alamomin sakawa na huhu na CSC, ciki har da CD133 ALDH CD44 da furotin oncofetal 5T4 Metastasis Metastasis shine babban dalilin mutuwar ƙari. Duk da haka, ba kowane ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ba zai iya yin metastasize. Wannan yuwuwar ya dogara da abubuwan da ke ƙayyade girma, angiogenesis, mamayewa da sauran matakai na asali.
Epithelial-mesenchymal canji A cikin ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwace, ana ɗaukar canjin epithelial-mesenchymal (EMT) a matsayin lamari mai mahimmanci. EMT da jujjuya juyi daga mesenchymal zuwa nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in halitta MET suna shiga cikin haɓakar amfrayo, wanda ya haɗa da rushewar homeostasis na sel na epithelial da kuma samun nau'in yanayin ƙaura na mesenchymal. EMT ya bayyana ana sarrafa shi ta hanyoyin canonical kamar WNT da canza yanayin girma Muhimmin fasalin EMT shine asarar membrane E-cadherin a cikin haɗin gwiwar adherens, inda -catenin na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa. Canja wurin -catenin daga haɗin gwiwar adherens zuwa tsakiya na iya haifar da asarar E-cadherin kuma daga baya zuwa EMT. Nuclear -catenin a fili zai iya kai tsaye, ta hanyar rubutawa ta kunna abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da EMT, irin su E-cadherin gene repressor SLUG (wanda aka fi sani da SNAI2 Kayan aikin injiniya na ƙwayar cuta, irin su hypoxia, na iya ba da gudummawa ga rayuwa ta CSC da kuma m metastatic ta hanyar daidaitawa na hypoxia inducible dalilai ta hanyar hulɗa tare da ROS jinsunan oxygen mai amsawa Kwayoyin Tumor da ke jurewa EMT na iya zama madogara ga ƙwayoyin cutar kansa na metastatic, ko ma CSCs na metastatic. A cikin gefen ɓarna na ciwon daji na pancreatic, an bayyana sassan CD133 CXCR4 (mai karɓa don CXCL12 chemokine wanda aka fi sani da SDF1 ligand Waɗannan sel sun nuna ƙarfin ƙaura fiye da takwaransu CD133 CXCR4 sel, amma duka biyun sun nuna irin ƙarfin haɓakar ƙari. Haka kuma, hana mai karɓar CXCR4 ya rage yuwuwar metastatic ba tare da canza ƙarfin tumorigenic ba.
Tsarin magana mai mataki biyu A cikin ciwon nono CD44 CD24 ƙananan sel ana iya gano su a cikin ɓarkewar ƙwayar cuta. Sabanin haka, an gano ƙarin adadin ƙwayoyin CD24 a cikin metastases mai nisa a cikin masu cutar kansar nono. Yana yiwuwa CD44 CD24 ƙananan sel da farko su yi metastasize kuma a cikin sabon rukunin yanar gizon suna canza yanayin su kuma suna fuskantar iyakancewa. Hasashen salon magana mai kashi biyu yana ba da shawarar nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cutar kansa guda biyu tsaye (SCS) da wayar hannu (MCS). An saka SCS a cikin nama kuma suna dagewa a wurare daban-daban a duk tsawon ci gaban ƙari. Ana samun MCS a wurin mahaɗar ƙwayar cuta. Waɗannan sel da alama an samo su daga SCS ta hanyar siyan EMT na wucin gadi (Hoto 7).
Tasiri CSCs suna da tasiri don maganin ciwon daji, ciki har da don gano cututtuka, zaɓin magungunan ƙwayoyi, rigakafin metastasis da dabarun sa baki.
Magani CSCs a zahiri sun fi juriya ga magungunan chemotherapeutic Akwai manyan abubuwa guda 5 da suke haifar da hakan: 1. Abubuwan da suke da shi na kare su daga haɗuwa da babban adadin magungunan cutar kansa.
2. Suna bayyana nau'ikan sunadaran transmembrane, irin su MDR1 da BCRP, waɗanda ke fitar da kwayoyi daga cikin cytoplasm.
3. Suna rarraba sannu a hankali, kamar manyan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta suna yin haka, don haka ba a kashe su ta hanyar chemotherapeutic jamiái waɗanda ke yin niyya da sauri kwafi ta hanyar lalata DNA ko hana mitosis.
4. Suna daidaita sunadaran gyaran lalacewar DNA.
5. Ana siffanta su da wuce gona da iri na hanyoyin siginar anti-apoptotic.
Bayan jiyya na chemotherapy, CSCs masu tsira suna iya sake cika ƙwayar cutar da haifar da koma baya. Ƙarin magani da aka yi niyya don cire CSCs ban da ƙwayoyin somatic masu cutar kansa dole ne a yi amfani da su don hana wannan.
Yin niyya Zaɓan CSCs mai niyya na iya ba da damar jiyya na ciwace-ciwacen da ba za a iya sake su ba, da kuma hana metastasis da sake dawowa. Hasashen yana nuna cewa akan kawar da CSC, ciwon daji na iya komawa baya saboda bambance-bambance da/ko mutuwar tantanin halitta. Ƙirar ƙwayoyin ƙwayar cuta waɗanda suke CSCs don haka suna buƙatar kawar da su ba a sani ba. Nazarin ya nemi takamaiman alamomi da kuma sa hannu na ƙwayar cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke bambanta CSCs daga wasu. A cikin 2009, masana kimiyya sun gano fili salinomycin, wanda zaɓaɓɓen ya rage yawan adadin nono CSCs a cikin mice fiye da 100-ninka dangane da Paclitaxel, wani wakili na chemotherapeutic da aka saba amfani dashi. Wasu nau'ikan kwayoyin cutar kansa na iya tsira da magani tare da salinomycin ta hanyar autophagy, ta yadda sel ke amfani da gabobin kwayoyin acidic kamar lysosomes don lalatawa da sake sarrafa wasu nau'ikan sunadaran. Yin amfani da masu hana autophagy na iya kashe kwayoyin cutar kansa da ke rayuwa ta hanyar autophagy.
The cell surface receptor interleukin-3 receptor-alpha (CD123) an overexpressed a kan CD34+CD38-leukemic stem Kwayoyin (LSCs) a cikin m myelogenous cutar sankarar bargo (AML) amma ba a al'ada CD34 CD38- kasusuwa marrow Kwayoyin. Yin maganin berayen NOD/SCID da aka sawa AML tare da CD123-takamaiman antibody monoclonal mai lahani LSCs zuwa ga marrow na kasusuwa kuma ya rage yawan jama'ar AML gabaɗaya gami da adadin LSCs a cikin masu karɓar linzamin kwamfuta na biyu.
Nazarin 2015 ya ƙunshi nanoparticles tare da miR-34a da ammonium bicarbonate kuma ya isar da su zuwa CSCs na prostate a cikin ƙirar linzamin kwamfuta. Sannan suka haska wurin da hasken Laser na kusa da infrared Wannan ya sa nanoparticles su kumbura sau uku ko fiye da girman su suna fashe endosomes kuma suna tarwatsa RNA a cikin tantanin halitta. miR-34a na iya rage matakan CD44. Wani bincike na 2018 ya gano masu hana dangin ALDH1A na enzymes kuma ya nuna cewa za su iya zaɓin rage ƙwayar ƙwayar cutar kansa a cikin layukan ƙwayoyin cutar kansar ovarian da yawa.
Hanyoyi Ƙirƙirar sababbin magunguna don ƙaddamar da CSCs yana buƙatar fahimtar hanyoyin salula waɗanda ke daidaita yaduwar kwayar halitta. Ci gaba na farko a wannan yanki an yi su ne tare da kwayoyin halitta na hematopoietic (HSCs) da kuma takwarorinsu da suka canza a cikin cutar sankarar bargo, cutar da aka fi fahimtar asalin CSCs. Kwayoyin sassa na gabobin da yawa suna raba hanyoyin salon salula iri ɗaya da cutar sankarar bargo ta HSCs.
Za a iya canza kwayar halitta ta al'ada zuwa CSC ta hanyar dysregulation na yaduwa da hanyoyin bambance-bambancen da ke sarrafa shi ko ta hanyar haifar da ayyukan oncoprotein BMI-1 An gano ƙungiyar Polycomb mai jujjuya rubutun Bmi -1 azaman ƙwayar cuta ta gama gari wacce aka kunna a cikin lymphoma kuma daga baya aka nuna don daidaita HSCs. An kwatanta rawar Bmi-1 a cikin ƙwayoyin tushe na jijiyoyi. Hanyar yana bayyana yana aiki a cikin CSCs na ciwan kwakwalwar yara Daraja Hanyar Notch tana taka rawa wajen sarrafa yaduwar kwayar halitta don nau'ikan tantanin halitta da yawa ciki har da hematopoietic, jijiyoyi da mammary SCs. An ba da shawarar sassan wannan hanyar don yin aiki azaman oncogenes a cikin mammary da sauran ciwace-ciwacen daji.
Wani reshe na hanyar siginar Notch wanda ya haɗa da ma'anar rubutun Hes3 yana daidaita yawancin ƙwayoyin al'ada tare da halayen CSC da aka samu daga marasa lafiya na glioblastoma.
Sonic hedgehog da Wnt Waɗannan hanyoyin haɓakawa sune masu kula da SC. Dukansu Sonic hedgehog (SHH) da hanyoyin Wnt galibi ana yin su ne a cikin ciwace-ciwacen daji. Koyaya, abubuwan rubutun Gli waɗanda SHH ke tsara su sun ɗauki sunansu daga gliomas, inda aka bayyana su sosai. Matsayin giciye yana wanzu tsakanin hanyoyin biyu kuma galibi ana kunna su tare. Sabanin haka, a cikin ciwon daji na hanji siginar bushiya yana nuna adawa da Wnt. Sonic hedgehog blockers suna samuwa, kamar cyclopamine Cyclopamine mai narkewar ruwa na iya zama mafi tasiri a maganin ciwon daji. DMAPT, wani abu mai narkewa na ruwa na parthenolide, yana haifar da danniya na oxidative kuma ya hana B siginar don AML (cututtukan sankarar bargo) da yiwuwar myeloma da ciwon daji na prostate. Telomerase batun nazari ne a cikin ilimin halittar jiki na CSC. GRN163L Imetelstat kwanan nan an fara shi a cikin gwaji don ƙaddamar da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin myeloma.
Siginar Wnt na iya zama mai zaman kanta daga abubuwan motsa jiki na yau da kullun, ta hanyar maye gurbi a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta na oncogenes da ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari waɗanda ke kunna su dindindin duk da cewa mai karɓa na yau da kullun bai sami sigina ba. -catenin yana ɗaure zuwa abubuwan rubutu kamar furotin TCF4 kuma a hade kwayoyin suna kunna kwayoyin da suka dace. LF3 da ƙarfi yana hana wannan ɗauri a cikin vitro, a cikin layin salula da rage haɓakar ƙari a cikin ƙirar linzamin kwamfuta. Ya hana kwafi kuma ya rage karfin su na yin ƙaura, duk ba tare da cutar da ƙwayoyin lafiya ba. Babu kwayar cutar kansa da ta rage bayan magani. Sakamakon binciken shine samfurin ƙirar magunguna na hankali", wanda ya haɗa da AlphaScreens da fasahar ELISA Ci gaba da karatu
Manazarta Cutar |
16594 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerin%20Addinai | Jerin Addinai | Addini shi ne hanyar rayuwa bisa bautar wani abun bautawa, bisa amfani da kuma tsare-tsaren da wannan abin bautar, ko kuma makusantansa suka tanadar, domin tafiyar da rayuwar yau da kuma kullum ta mabiya wannan Addini, bisa wasu tanaje-tanaje ko tsare-tsare.
Wannan jerin ne da ya ƙunshi addinai da ake da su a fadin duniya.
Addinin Dharmic Addinan da suke da ra'ayin Dharma Jainanci
Buddha Makarantun Nikaya (waɗanda a tarihi ake kiransu Hinayana a Yamma)
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Phagdru Kagyu
Drikung Kagyu
Drukpa Kagyu
Shangpa Kagyu
Nyingmapa
Sakyapa
Jonangpa
Navayana
Sabbin ƙungiyoyin Buddha
Aum Shinrikyo (yanzu ana kiransa Aleph)
Diamond Way
Abokai na Dokar Buddha ta Yamma
Sabuwar Al'adar Kadampa
Raba Duniya
Makarantar Buddha ta Gaskiya
Motsa Vipassana
Addinin Hindu Agama Hindu Dharma
Tarurrukan Hindu
Lingayatism
Gyara ƙungiyoyi
Arya Samaj
Brahmo Samaj
Shaivism
Shaktism
Tantrism
Smartism
Vaishnavism
Gaudiya Vaishnavism
ISKCON Hare Krishna Manyan makarantu da ƙungiyoyin falsafar Hindu
Nyaya
Purva mimamsa
Samkhya
Vaisheshika
Vedanta (Uttara Mimamsa)
Advaita Vedanta
Haɗin Yoga
Vishishtadvaita
Dvaita Vedanta
Yoga
Ashtanga Yoga
Bhakti Yoga
Hatha yoga
Siddha Yoga
Tantric Yoga
Sikh Akhand Kirtani Jatha (AKJ)
Amritdhari Sikh
Brahm Bunga Dogara (Dodra)
Bhaniara Bhavsagar
Bayan bayawale Jatha
Damdami Taksal (DDT)
Dera Sacha Sauda
Haripagni
Kahna Dhesian
Mahant Sikh
Minas (Mirharvan)
Namdhari Sikh (Kuka)
Nanakpanthi
Neeldhari Panth
Distance Watsa-Nihang (Akali)
Nirankari Sikh
Nirmala Panth
Nirvair Khalsa Daal
Ba Kesdhari Ba na Addini ba
Farfesa Darshan Singh Khalsa (SGGS Academy)
Radhaswami Sikh
Ramraiyya (Ram Rai)
Ravidassia Dharam
Sanatan Sikh Sabha
Sant Mat Movement
Sant Nirankari Ofishin Jakadancin
Sehejdhari Daal
Sikh Dharma International (SDI)
Sindhi Sikhi
Tapoban Tat-Gurmat
Udasi Sikh
Sauran Ayyavazhi
Addinan Ibrahim Rukunin Addinai wadanda suke danganta kansu da Annabi Ibrahim Kiristanci
Katolika Catholicungiyar Katolika ta Patasar Katolika (CPCA)
Ikklesiyoyin Katolika masu zaman kansu
Cocin Katolika na Apostolic na Brazil
Cocin mai zaman kansa na Philippine (A cikin tarayya da Cocin Anglican da Union of Utrecht Cocin Katolika na Yaren mutanen Poland
Union of Utrecht (A cikin tarayya da Cocin Anglican Tsohon Katolika
Cocin Katolika na Liberal
Roman Katolika
Sui iuris (gami da majami'u na Byzantine Rite Katolika na Gargajiya
Cocin Katolika na Gabas
Cocin Katolika na Syriac
Gabas da Gabas ta Tsakiya Gabas ta Tsakiya
Cocin Orthodox na Girka
Cocin Orthodox na Rasha
Gabas ta Tsakiya
Cocin Orthodox na Coptic
Cocin Orthodox na Habasha
Kiristanci na Siriya
Cocin Assuriya na Gabas
Cocin Orthodox na Indiya
Cocin Siriya na Malankara Orthodox
Cocin Orthodox na Syriac
Cocin Mar Thoma
Furotesta Anglicanism ta kafofin watsa labarai tsakanin Cocin Roman Katolika da Furotesta Licungiyar Angilikan
Cocin Ingila
Cocin Ireland
Cocin Wales
Cocin Episcopal (Amurka)
Cocin Episcopal na Scotland
Furotesta na pre-Lutheran
Hussites
Lollards
Waldeniyas
Anabaptists
Amish
'Yan'uwa cikin Kristi
Cocin 'yan uwa
Hutterites
Mennonites
Germanan’uwa ‘yan’uwan tsohuwar Jamusanci
Baptisma
'Yan uwa
Cocin Katolika na Apostolic
Risarfin motsa jiki
Christadelphians
Cocin Kiristan Isra'ila
Sabuwar Matsayin Addini na Krista
Cocin Unification (Moonies)
Kimiyyar Kirista
'Ya'yan Allah
Haikali na Jama'a
Kiristanci na Esoteric
Cocin Presbyterian na Ulster kyauta
Addinin Lutheranci
Tsarin Mulki
Addinin Yahudanci na Almasihu
Mai Tsarki Coci of Allah a cikin Kristi Yesu
Sabon Tunani
Pentikostalizim
Kadaitaka Pentikostalizim
Bautar Allah
Tsarkaka motsi
Ikklisiya da aka gyara
Tsarkakewa
Addinin Presbyterian
Ikilisiyar ikilisiya
Societyungiyar Addini ta Abokai
Sihiri
Espiritismo
Yaren mutanen Sweden
Kiristanci na Krista
Haɗaɗɗiyar majami'u
Rashin hadin kai
Duniyar baki daya
Maidowa Adventism
Millerites
Sabbatarianism
Ranar Adventists na kwana bakwai
Christadelphians
Cocin Yesu Kiristi na Ranar karshe s
Cocin Kristi (Gidan Haikali)
Ofungiyar Kristi
Rigdonites
Cocin Yesu Kiristi (Bickertonite)
Cocin Islama na Yesu Kiristi na Waliyyai na terarshe
Cocin Jesus Christ na Waliyyan Gobe (Strangite)
Iglesia ni Cristo
Sabuwar Ikilisiyar Apostolic
Shaidun Jehovah
Ƙungiyar Gyarawa
Gnosticism Kiristancin kirista
Ebioniyawa
Cerdonians
Marcionism (ba cikakkiyar Gnostic bane)
Masu launi
Simoniyawa
Gnosticism na Farko
'Yan Borborites
Kayinuwa
Kaftocin
Ophites
Hermeticism
Gnosticism na Zamani
Cathars
Bogomils
Fasikanci
Tondrakians
Gnosticism na Farisanci
Mandaeanism
Manichaeism
Bagnoliyawa
Gnosticism na Siriya da Masar
Sethians
Basilidians
Thomasines
Valentines
Bardesanites
Musulunci Makarantun Kalam
Ash'ari
Kalam
Maturidi
Murji'ah
Mu'tazili
Kawarijawa
Ibadi
Azraqi
Harūriyya
Sufri
Shi'anci Ismailis
Nizari Aga Khani
Mustaali Bohra
Jafari
Ƴan sha biyu
Alawiyyawa
Alevi Bektashi
Zaiddiyah
Sufanci
Bektashi
Chishti
Mevlevi
Naqshbandi
Tariqah
Quadiriyyah
Suhrawardiyya
Tijani
Sufanci na Duniya
Rawan Aminci na Duniya
Sunniyanci Hanafi
Berailvi
Deobandi
Hanbali
Wahabiyanci
Maliki
Shafi'i
Maidowa Ghair muqallidism
Salafiyya
Muwahhidism
Qur'ani
Kungiyoyin da a wani lokaci ana daukar su ba musulmai ba
Wadannan al'adun addinan ba a yarda da su a matsayin bangarorin Islama ta hanyar fiqhu na yau da kullun ba, amma suna ganin kansu a matsayin Musulmai.
Ahl-e Haqq (Yarsan)
Hadisin Ahl-e
Ahl-e Alkur'ani
Ahmadiyya
Druze
Ofasar Islama
Nazati Muslim
Haikalin kimiyya na Moorish
Submitungiyar Submitwararrun Internationalwararrun Internationalasa ta Duniya
Zikri
Addinin yahudanci Addinin yahudanci na Rabbinci
Yahudanci masu ra'ayin mazan jiya
Masorti
Addinin Yahudanci na Conservadox
Unionungiya don yahudawa na Gargajiya
Addinin yahudawa na Orthodox
Addinin yahudanci mai yalwa
Addinin Yahudanci na Hasidic
Addinin yahudawa na zamani
Gyara Yahudanci
Addinin yahudawa na ci gaba
Addinin yahudanci mai sassaucin ra'ayi
Addinin yahudanci ba Rabbin ba
Addinin Yahudanci na dabam
Addinin yahudanci na 'yan Adam (ba koyaushe ake bayyana shi a matsayin addini ba)
Sabuntar Yahudawa
Addinin yahudanci na Karaite
Addinin Yahudanci mai sake ginawa
Kungiyoyi masu tarihi
Essenes
Farisawa (kakannin addinin Yahudanci na Rabbinic)
Sadukiyawa
'Yan tawaye
Sicarii
Sauran mazhabobi
Samariyawa
Ebioniyawa
Elkasites
Banazare
Sabbatewa
Frankists
Saurann addinai Alevism
Manichaism
Druze
Shabakism
Bábism
Azali
Bangaskiyar Bahá'í
Mandaeism
Rastafari
Sabiyawan
Ƙa
nanan sifofi da rikice-rikice na manyan addinai Sufancin kirista
Kiristanci na Esoteric
Kabbalah sufan yahudawa)
Kiristanci
Sufanci sufancin Islama)
Sufancin Hindu
Surat Shabd Yoga
Tantra
Ananda Marga Tantra-Yoga
Addinan Iran Manichaeism
Mazdakism
Yazdânism
Alevi
Yarsani
Yazidi
Zoroastrianism
Zurvaniyanci
Addinan Asiya ta Gabas Cao Dai
Chondogyo
Addinin jama'ar kasar Sin
Confucianiyanci
Neo-Confucianism
Sabon Confucianism
Falun Gong
I-Kuan Tao
Jeung San Do
Doka
Mohism
Oomoto
Shinto
Taoism
Tenrikyo
Addinan asalin Afirkaka Wadannan addinan sune al'adun Afirka wadanda suka zauna a wajen Afirka (mazauna kasashen waje Hakanan wasu lokuta ana kiransu addinin Creole Sun haɗa da wasu addinai masu alaƙa da suka haɓaka a cikin Amurka tsakanin barorin Afirka da zuriyarsu a ƙasashe daban-daban na Tsibirin Caribbean da Latin Amurka, da kuma wasu sassa na kudancin Amurka Hadisai sun fito ne daga addinan gargajiya na Afirka, musamman na Yamma da Afirka ta Tsakiya Batuque
Canomblé
Tarihin Dahomey
Tarihin Haiti
Kumina
Macumba
Mami Wata
Obeah
Oyotunji
Quimbanda
Rastafari
Santería (Lukumi)
Umbanda
Vodou
Winti
Addinan gargajiya na asali A al'adance, waɗannan addinai duka an lasafta su a matsayin addinan arna, amma masana na zamani sun fi son kalmomin 'yan asalin primal folk ko kabila Afirka Afirka ta Yamma
Tarihin Akan
Tarihin Ashanti (Ghana)
Tarihin Dahomey (Fon)
Tarihin Efik (Najeriya, Kamaru)
Tarihin Ibo (Najeriya, Kamaru)
Tarihin Isoko (Najeriya)
Tarihin Yarbanci (Najeriya, Benin)
Afirka ta Tsakiya
Tarihin Bushongo (Congo)
Tarihin Lugbara (Congo)
Tarihin Mbuti (Congo)
Gabashin Afirka
Tarihin Akamba (Gabashin Kenya)
Tarihin Dinka (Sudan)
Tarihin Lotuko (Sudan)
Tarihin Masai (Kenya, Tanzania)
Afirka ta Kudu
Tarihin Khoikhoi
Tarihin Lozi (Zambiya)
Tarihin Tumbuka (Malawi)
Tarihin Zulu (Afirka ta Kudu)
Amurka Addinan gargajiya na ativean Asalin Amurkawa Abenaki tatsuniya
Tarihin Anishinaabe
Tarihin Aztec
Tarihin Blackfoot
Tarihin Cherokee
Chickasaw tatsuniya
Choctaw tatsuniya
Tarihin Creek
Tarihin gungu
Addinin Eskimo
Rawar Fatalwa
Tarihin Guarani
Haida tatsuniya
Tarihin Ho-Chunk
Hopi tatsuniya
Tarihin Huron
Inca tatsuniya
Inuit tatsuniya
Tarihin Iroquois
Tarihin Kwakiutl
Lakota tatsuniya
Tarihin Lenape
Addini mai tsawo
Tarihin Maya
Midewiwin
Cocin 'Yan Asalin Amurka
Tarihin Navajo
Nootka tatsuniya
Tarihin Olmec
Pawnee labari
Tarihin Salish
Tarihin Seneca
Addini Selk'nam
Tsimshian tatsuniya
Urarina
Tarihin Ute
Tarihin Zuni
Asiyar Turai Gabas
Tarihin kasar Sin
Tarihin Jafananci
Koshinto
Siberiyan
Shamaniyancin Siberia
Tengriism
Tarihin Chukchi
Tarihin Aleut
Tarihin gargajiya
Tarihin Yukaghir
Uralic
Tarihin Estonia
Tarihin Finnish da maguzancin Finnish
Addinin mutanen Hungary
Addinin Sami (gami da Noaidi Tadibya
Oceania Tarihin Aboriginal na Australiya
Mafarki
Imanin Austronesian
Tarihin Balinese
Akidun Javanese
Tarihin Melanesian
Tarihin Micronesian
Modekngei
Addini na asalin Nauruan
Tarihin Philippine
Anito
Gabâ
Kulam
Tarihin Polynesia
Addinin Hawaii
Tarihin Maori
Addinin Maori
Tarihin Rapa Nui
Moai
Tangata manu
Turancian tatsuniya
Ultsungiyoyin kaya John Frum
Johnson al'ada
Yariman Philip Movement
Vailala Hauka
Shirka na Tarihi
Tsaffin dake Gabas Addinin Masarawa na da
Addinan Semitic na da
Tarihin Mesofotamiya
Tarihin Larabawa
Addinin Babila da Assuriya
Tarihin Babila
Tarihin Kaldiyawa
Tarihin Kan'aniyawa
Addinin Kan'aniyawa
Tarihin Hittite
Tarihin Farisanci
Tarihin Sumerian
Indonesiyar Turau Addini-Indo-Iran addini
Zoroastrianism
Addini na Veda na tarihi
Shirka Baltic
Basque tatsuniya
Shirka Celtic
Tarihin Brythonic
Tarihin Gaelic
Shirka ta Jamusawa
Addinin Anglo-Saxon
Norse addini
Addinin Jamusawa na gari
Shirka na Girka
Shirka ta Hungary
Shirka ta Finland
Shirka ta Roman
Shirka na Slavic
Hellenistic Addinin asiri
Asirin Eleussia
Mithraism
Orphism
Pythagoreanism
Kiristancin Farko
Addinin Gallo-Roman
Maguzanci Kemetism (Masarautar Neopaganism)
Rodnovery (Slavic neopaganism)
Dievturiba (Latvia neopaganism)
Bautar Jamusanci
Asatru
Odinism
Hellenic Polytheism (Girkawa-Roman neopaganism)
Druidry
Wicca
Addinan sihiri Freemasonry
Rosicrucianism
Tsohuwar Sanarwar Sirri Rosae Crucis
Umurnin Tsohon Rosicrucians
Icungiyar Rosicrucian
Hermeticism
Tsarin Hermetic na Dawn Golden
Thema
Addinan asiri na hagu-hagu Addinin Shaidan
Alamar Shaidan
LaVey Shaidanci Cocin Shaidan Yaudarar Shaidan
Farincikin Shaidan
Umurnin kusurwa tara
Bautar Allahn da ba ya yarda da Allah
Haikalin Shaidan
Luciferianism
Setianism Haikalin Saiti Vampirism Haikali na Vampire Sihiri ko Tsafi Hoodoo Akidar New Orleans Voodoo
Kulam
Magick
Hargitsi sihiri
Enochian sihiri
Demonolatry
Goetia
Pow-wow
Seid (shamanic sihiri)
Vaastu Shastra
Maita
Sabbin addinai Anthroposophy
Eckankar
Meher Baba
Farin ciki Kimiyya
Kofar Sama
Raelism
Scientology
Addinin barkwanci Yawo Spaghetti Monster ko Pastafarianism
Discordianism
Cocin SubGenius
Dogeism
Itunƙwasawa
Cocin Volgograd
Aghori
Jedism
Shrekism
Silinism (Daular Aerican)
Cocin na Molossia
Cocin Jah
Willyism
Addinan kirkira Cocin Singularity na Injin Allah (Deus Ex: kindan Adam Ya Raba)
Haikali na Kotun (Tsoffin Litattafan)
Allah Guda tara (Tsoffin Littattafan)
Addini na Imperial (Dattijon ya nadadden takarda)
Addinin Nordic (Litattafan Dattijo)
Addinin Altmeri (Litattafan tsofaffi)
Addinin Bosmeri (Litattafan Dattijo)
Addinin Falmeri (Littattafan tsofaffi)
Addinin Dunmeri (Litattafan tsofaffi)
Addinin Yokudan (Litattafan Dattijo)
Addini na Bretony (Dattijon Dattijo)
Addinin Khajiiti (Littattafan tsofaffi)
Addinin Kothri (Dattijon ya tsufa)
Addini na Orcish (Litattafan tsofaffi)
Bautar Daedroth (Tsoffin Litattafan)
Cthulhu Mythos (HP Lovecraft)
Jedi Star Wars Sith Star Wars Je'daii (Star Wars)
Annabawa na Dark Side (Star Wars)
Ultungiyoyin reamingarar Ruwa (Star Wars)
Rayungiyar Krayt (Star Wars)
Addinin Mandalorian (Star Wars)
Sufancin Voss (Star Wars)
Zuciya masu tafiya (Star Wars)
Bangaskiya na Bakwai Waƙar Kankara da Wuta Tsoffin Alloli na Daji Waƙar Kankara da Wuta Bangaskiya na R'hllor Waƙar Kankara da Wuta White Walkers Babban Sauran (Waƙar Ice da Wuta)
Addinin Valyrian Waƙar Ice da Wuta Addinin Ghiscari Waƙar Kankara da Wuta Addinin Iron Iron Waƙar Kankara da Wuta Addinin Qohorik Waƙar Kankara da Wuta Addini na Dothraki Waƙar Kankara da Wuta Addinin Lhazarene Waƙar Kankara da Wuta Warlocks na Qarth Waƙar Kankara da Wuta Zakin dare da Budurwa-mai Haske Waƙar Kankara da Wuta)
Mutanen da ba su da fuska Waƙar Kankara da Wuta Cocin Fonz Guy na Iyali Addini na Klingon Star Trek Ilimin lissafi Futurama Kwayar cuta Godspell Jashincinci Naruto Cocin na Hanzo (warfafawa)
Ultungiyar Imperial (Warhammer 40k)
Ultungiyar Cult (Warhammer 40k)
Bautar Allah da ke Bomb (theasan Duniyar Birai)
Gumakan arna (The Wicker Man)
Manyan Mutane Biyu (Bill da Ted's Excellent Adventure)
Iyayen Kobol (Battlestar Galactica)
Addinin Cylonian (Battlestar Galactica)
Wanda ke Tafiya a bayan layuka ('Ya'yan Masara)
Eywa (Avatar)
Mabiya Mademoiselle (Shahidai)
Muad'Dib (Dune)
'Ya'yan Atom (Fallout)
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22419 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Yan%20Ra%27ayin%20Mazan%20Jiya%20Masu%20Bada%20Shawara%20Ta%20Amerika | Kungiyar Yan Ra'ayin Mazan Jiya Masu Bada Shawara Ta Amerika | Kungiyar Yan Ra'ayin Mazan jiya Masu Bada Shawara (ATR) ne a siyasance ra'ayin mazan jiya ta Amurka ya bayar da shawarwari kungiyar wanda ya bayyana burin ne "wani tsarin a cikin abin da haraji ne mafi sauki, kisa, mafi bayyane, kuma ka runtse daga gare su a yau." A cewar ATR,"Ikon gwamnati na sarrafa rayuwar mutum ya samo asali ne daga karfinta zuwa haraji. Mun yi imanin cewa ya kamata a rage karfin iko. An san kungiyar da "alkawarin kariyar masu biyan haraji", wanda ke neman 'yan takarar ofishin tarayya da na jihohi da su sadaukar da kansu a rubuce don adawa da duk karin harajin. Wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban ATR shine Grover Norquist, ɗan rajin kare haraji mai ra'ayin mazan jiya.
Tsarin Amurkawa don Gyara Haraji ƙungiya ce ta 501 (c) (4) tare da ma'aikata 14, kuɗi na 3,912,958, da membobin 60,000 (kamar na 2004). Grover Norquist ne ya kafa ta a shekarar 1985. Kungiyar ilimin da ke da alaƙa ita ce Amurkawa don Taxaddamar da Gyara Haraji, wanda aka ƙaddara shi azaman bincike da ƙungiyar ilimi ta 501 (c) (3). Dalilin dukkanin bangarorin biyu shine ilmantarwa da ko haraba akan duk ƙarin haraji.
Kungiyoyi masu alaƙa Amurkawa don Gyaran Haraji memba ne na Policyungiyar Manufofin Siyasa, wata hanyar ƙasa ce ta Amurka da ke kula da kasuwannin da ke kan kasuwa. Amurkawa don Gyaran Haraji mai ba da tallafi ne ga masu ba da gudummawa ga masu ba da tallafi, asusun ba da taimako ga masu ba da tallafi.
Ayyuka
Alkawarin Kare Mai Karba Tun daga shekarar 1986, ATR ta dauki nauyin alkawarin kariyar masu biyan haraji, rubutaccen alkawarin da ‘yan majalisa da‘ yan takarar mukamin suka rubuta wanda ya basu damar adawa da karin harajin. Duk 'yan takarar neman mukamin jiha da na tarayya, da duk wadanda ke rike da mukamai ana musu alkawarin. Kusan zaɓaɓɓun jami'ai 1,400, daga wakilan jihohi, zuwa gwamnoni, kuma har zuwa Sanatocin Amurka, sun sanya hannu kan Alƙawarin. Akwai nau'ikan daban daban a matakin kasa da jiha. A cikin sigar ta Majalisar Wakilan Amurka, mai sa hannun ya yi alwashin zuwa: a wasu jihohin Yan majalissu sun sanya hannu In the version for state legislators, the signer pledges that:
A majalisar wakilai ta 112 da ke aiki a cikin shekarun 2011 da 2012, duk banda shida daga cikin membobin Republican 242 tare da mambobin Democrat biyu na Majalisar Wakilan Amurka, a jimillar 238 mafi rinjaye na wannan majalisar da ma duka banda bakwai na Membobin Jam’iyyar 47 tare da dan Majalisar Dattawan Amurka na Democrat guda daya, gaba daya sun kai 41, sun rattaba hannu kan alkawarin kariyar masu biyan haraji. Duk banda 'yan Republican 13 da ke zaune sun sanya hannu kan alƙawarin, yayin da' yan Democrat uku suka sanya hannu (mai fita-Sen. Ben Nelson (NE) da mambobin majalisar Robert Andrews (NJ) da Ben Chandler (KY)). Shugaban ATR Grover Norquist ya rubuta game da mahimmancin "Alƙawarin Kariyar Mai Biyan Haraji" don wallafe-wallafe da yawa ciki har da abubuwan da ke faruwa a Mutum a cikin Yunin shekarata 2010. A cikin wannan labarin, Norquist ya rubuta,Tara haraji shine abin da politiciansan siyasa keyi yayin da basu da ƙarfin gudanar da mulki. Amincewa da kariyar mai biyan haraji an kirkire shi ne a cikin shekarata 1986 ta Amurkawa don Gyara Haraji a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin kiyaye ƙananan matakan harajin ƙasa na Dokar Gyara Haraji na Reagan na shekarata 1986. Ya girma cikin mahimmancin matsayin ɗaya daga cikin blackan fari-da-fari, Ee ko a'a, amsoshin da aka tilasta wa politiciansan siyasa su bawa masu jefa ƙuri'a kafin su nemi ƙuri'unsu. Kwamitin Kamfen din Jam'iyyar Demokradiyya (DCCC) da daidaikun 'yan takarar Democrats suka fara kai hari "Yarjejeniyar Kariyar Mai Karba Haraji" da wadanda suka sanya hannu a lokacin zagayen shekarar 2010 tare da zargin cewa jingina ta kare ragin haraji ga kamfanonin da ke jigilar ayyukan kasashen waje. Bayyanar gardamar ta farko ta tashi ne a zaɓen musamman na HI-01. Amurkawa don Gyaran Haraji sun amsa ta hanyar kiran tallan kai harin "karya ce karara." Sun yi nuni da cewa Alkawarin ba ya hana a cire ko cire wani abu. Hakan kawai yana hana daidaikun mutane da ko kamfanoni daga fuskantar ƙarin ƙimar harajin samun kuɗaɗe kuma yana ba da damar sake fasalin haraji mara tsaka-tsaki. Masu rashi bangaranci, masu zaman kansu Factcheck.org sun yi bitar tallan DCCC kuma sun amince da ATR cewa tallar "karya ce karara." Darektan Factcheck.org, Brooks Jackson, ya rubutaAmurkawa ne suka kira shi "karya karara" don sake fasalin haraji, kungiyar da ke da alaka da Republican wacce ta sami sa hannun Djou kan alkawarin da ta yi na kin biyan haraji Mun yarda. Alkawarin harajin ATR yana kare hukumomi gaba ɗaya amma kawai daga ƙarin haraji gaba ɗaya. Babu abin da ya ce game da ayyuka kwata-kwata. Mafi mahimmanci, baya hana sake fasalin lambar haraji. Masu sa hannu sun yarda da adawa da duk wani "raga" na rage ragi ko kirgawa "sai dai idan ya yi daidai da dala ta dala ta kara rage farashin haraji." A cewar mujallar The Hill, 'Yan jam'iyyar Democrats sun debo kujeru takwas na Majalisar Wakilai a zaben Nuwamba na shekarata 2012, hade da' yan jam'iyyar Republicans da dama suka yi watsi da alkawarin, yana nufin cewa alkawarin ba zai sake samun goyon bayan mafi yawan waccan majalisar ba. lokacin da sabuwar Majalisa za ta fara zama a watan Janairun shekarata 2013. Norquist ya yi ikirarin cewa 'yan Republican 219 suna goyon bayan alkawarin; wannan adadi, duk da haka, ya haɗa da 'yan Jamhuriyyar Republican da dama waɗanda suka sanya hannu kan alƙawarin sai kawai su ƙi shi daga baya.
Kirkira Wanda aka kirkira a shekarar 1997, aikin Ronald Reagan Legacy Project na ATR, yayi aiki don ganin kowace karamar hukuma a Amurka ta tuna tsohon shugaban ta hanyar "muhimmiyar" kuma "ta gari", kamar sanya sunan gidan jama'a. Har ila yau aikin ya tallafawa ƙoƙari don sanya Reagan a kan dala goma Har ila yau, aikin ya karfafa gwiwar gwamnonin jihohi da su ayyana ranar 6 ga Fabrairu ta zama “Ranar Ronald Reagan”; har zuwa shekarata 2006, gwamnoni 40 sun yi hakan.
Cibiyar Kula da Kasafin Kuɗi Tun daga shekarar 2008, ATR ta nemi karfafa nuna gaskiya da rikon amana a cikin gwamnati ta hanyar Cibiyar Kula da Kasafin Kudi. Manufofin kungiyar sun hada da tallafawa kirkirar wuraren adana bayanai na yanar gizo na kudaden da gwamnati ke kashewa, a tsakanin sauran shirye-shirye.
Kudin Ranar Gwamnati ATR tana daukar nauyin lissafin "Kudin Ranar Gwamnati", ranar da, a lissafin ta, "Amurkawa suka daina aiki don biyan kudaden haraji, kashe gibin, da ka'idoji daga gwamnatocin tarayya da na jihohi." Tun shekara ta 2008 Cibiyar da ke Kula da Kasafin Kuɗi ta ɗauki nauyin taron.
Kawancen Hakkokin Mallaka Kawancen Hakkokin Yan Adam aiki ne na Amurkawa don Gyara Haraji. Tana samarda exididdigar haƙƙin Internationalasashe na Duniya kowace shekara, haɓaka rankingancin mutum don mallakar mallakar keɓaɓɓu a ƙasashen duniya. Indexididdigar ya mai da hankali kan manyan abubuwa guda uku. Waɗannan sun haɗa da: Yanayi na Shari'a da Siyasa (LP), haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka na jiki (PPR), da haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaki na ilimi (IPR).
Yadda ake bada haraji A watan Oktoba na shekarata 2014 ATR din ya ce wani rahoto da Babban Sufeton Janar na Kula da Haraji (TIGTA) ya gano cewa IRS ba ta kiyaye bayanan harajin tarayya yadda ya kamata. IRS ne suka tattara bayanan harajin daga kudaden harajin da aka shigar a Amurka.
IRS tana ba da bayanan sirri ga sama da 280 na tarayya, jihohi da ƙananan hukumomi. A cewar wannan rahoton na TIGTA Littafin na IRS na Harajin Cikin Gida baya buƙatar ingancin shafin yanar gizo na ikon hukuma na kare bayanan harajin tarayya kuma baya saita wasu sharuɗɗa don asalin binciken hukumar don samun wannan bayanan.
Rahoton na TIGTA ya binciki hukumomi 15 wadanda suke karbar bayanan harajin gwamnatin tarayya kuma ya gano cewa babu daya daga cikinsu da ta gudanar da cikakken bincike game da ma'aikatan da ke kula da bayanan: wata hukumar ta gudanar da binciken kasa, hukumomin guda hudu masu yatsan hannu kuma daya ne kawai ke rajistar rajistar mai laifin Kusan rabin hukumomin suna daukar masu laifi da aka yanke musu hukunci.
Bayanin harajin Tarayyar da aka baiwa wasu hukumomin dole ne ya zama sirrin dokar tarayya.
Sauran ayyukan ATR yana da layuka na musamman da yawa waɗanda aka keɓe don takamaiman batutuwa ciki har da Shareungiyar Masu Rarraba Amurka (ASA), Alliance for Freedom of Worker (AWF), da The Media Freedom Project (MFP).
A watan Oktoba shekarata 2010 ATR ta fara aika wa masu jefa kuri'a a Florida wasika tana umurtar su da su kira gwamnan Florida kuma dan takara mai zaman kansa na Majalisar Dattawa, Charlie Crist. Masu aika sakonnin ATR sun hada da hotunan Crist tare da Obama da kuma ambato daga marubutan dama.
Taron Laraba Jim kaɗan bayan zaɓen Bill Clinton na shekarata 1992, hedkwatar ATR ta zama dandalin mako-mako, tare da rikodin rikodin rikodin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya don daidaita ayyuka da dabaru. "Taron Laraba" na Leaveungiyar Hadin gwiwar Mu bar mu ba da daɗewa ba ya zama muhimmiyar cibiyar shirya siyasa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya. Mahalarta kowane mako sun hada da shugabannin majalisar wakilai ta Republican, kungiyoyin masu tunani na dama, kungiyoyin masu ba da shawara masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da masu neman shiga K Street. George W. Bush ya fara tura wakili zuwa taron Laraba tun kafin ya bayyana a hukumance ya fito takarar shugaban kasa a 1999, kuma ya ci gaba da tura wakilai bayan zabensa a shekarata 2000. ATR ta taimaka wajen kafa tarurruka na yau da kullun ga masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a duk faɗin ƙasar, wanda aka tsara bayan taron Laraba a Washington, tare da burin ƙirƙirar haɗin yanar gizo na masu fafutuka masu ra'ayin mazan jiya don taimakawa goyan baya ga manufofi kamar rage haraji da lalata doka. A yanzu akwai tarurruka a cikin jihohi 48 da ƙari a duniya, tare da tarurruka a Kanada, Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Faransa, Italia, Japan, Spain, da United Kingdom. Mahimmancin taron na Laraba ya rinjayi masu sassaucin ra'ayi da Democrats don shirya irin waɗannan tarurruka don daidaita ayyukan game da manufofin su ɗaya. A cikin shekarar 2001, USA Today ta ruwaito cewa Rep. Rosa DeLauro ta fara irin wannan taron ne bisa roƙon shugaban jam'iyyar Democrat na wancan lokacin Richard Gephardt, har ma da yin ta a ranar Laraba.
Matsayin siyasa Babban manufar manufofin Amurkawa don Gyara Haraji shi ne rage kaso na GDP da gwamnati ke amfani da shi. ATR ta ce "tana adawa da duk ƙarin harajin a matsayin ƙa'ida." Amurkawa don Gyaran Haraji suna neman taƙaita kashe kuɗaɗen gwamnati ta hanyar tallafawa dokar biyan haraji na haƙƙoƙin (TABOR) da kuma manufofin nuna gaskiya, da adawa da dokokin cinikin-fatauci da ciniki da kuma ƙoƙarin Demokraɗiya don sake fasalin kiwon lafiya. ATR memba ne na alungiyar Kawancen Masu Sanya Ruwa, wanda ke ɗaukar matsayi a cikin rikice-rikicen dumamar yanayi cewa "ilimin kimiyyar ɗumamar yanayi bai tabbata ba, amma mummunan tasirin tasirin ɗumamar ɗumamar duniya kan masu amfani duk gaskiya ne." ATR ta goyi bayan Ingantaccen Ingantaccen Dokar Shige da Fice na Shige da Fice na shekara ta 2006 kuma tana ci gaba da fifita wani kudurin dokar garambawul ga bakin haure. ATR ta yi kira da a rage kasafin kudin tsaron domin rage kashe kudade.
Dokoki ATR ta goyi bayan Dokar Bincike da Gasar Amurka ta 2014 (HR 4438; 113th Congress), lissafin da zai gyara Dokar Haraji ta Cikin Gida don gyara hanyar lissafi da ƙimar kuɗin haraji don ƙididdigar binciken ƙwarewa wanda ya ƙare a ƙarshen 2013 kuma zai sanya wannan ingantaccen darajar ta dindindin. ATR ya yi ikirarin cewa dokar za ta kasance "saukaka haraji na dindindin ga ma'aikatan Amurka" kuma ya nuna gaskiyar cewa darajar ta kasance tun shekarata 1981, amma 'yan kasuwa koyaushe suna fuskantar rashin tabbas game da hakan saboda ana tilasta wa Majalisar sabunta shi sau 14. Kamfanin ATR ya kuma bayar da hujjar cewa kamfanoni sun riga sun fuskanci yawan harajin kudaden shiga na kamfanoni kuma cewa "saka jari a cikin sabbin fasahohi da hanyoyin samun jari na fuskantar matsin lamba daga wasu bangarorin lambar harajin." ATR tana tallafawa HR 6246, Dokar Kare kumbura na Ritaya na shekarata 2016. An tsara wannan aikin ne don rage harajin samun babban jari ta hanyar rage haraji akan ribar babban birnin ta daidaitaccen ƙimar hauhawar farashin lokacin lokacin da aka saka hannun jari. ATR ta bayar da hujjar cewa ta hanyar sanya haraji ga ribar ba tare da yin la’akari da nasarorin da ya faru ba saboda hauhawar farashi, cewa ana hukunta masu saka hannun jari saboda saka hannun jari na dogon lokaci. Kungiyar ta wallafa budaddiyar wasika zuwa ga dan majalisar inda ta bukace su da su kada kuri’ar amincewa da kudirin, wanda ya maida hankali kan cutarwar da ke faruwa ga tsofaffi saboda rashin kariya da wannan kudurin zai samar. An gabatar da wannan dokar ne a ranar 28 ga Satumbar, 2016 a Majalisar Dokokin Amurka kuma har zuwa Nuwamba 2, 2016 ba a jefa ƙuri'a ba.
Dokar kulawa A lokacin annobar 2020 COVID-19, kungiyar ta sami tallafi tsakanin 150,000 da 350,000 a cikin rancen kananan kasuwanci da gwamnatin tarayya ta tallafawa daga Bankin PNC a matsayin wani bangare na shirin Kariyar Biyan Kuɗi Kungiyar ta ce za ta ba su damar rike ayyukan 33. An ga bashin na su sananne ne, tun da (da kuma musamman Norquist) suna yaƙin neman zaɓen gwamnati fiye da kima kuma su masu ba da shawara ne na ƙananan hukumomi. Da yake karin haske kan adadin rancen, Roll Call ya lura cewa ATR da ATR Foundation suna biyan Norquist jumlar dala 250,000 na shekara-shekara. Norquist kuma a baya ya soki kariyar rashin aikin yi na Dokar CARES a matsayin "jinkirta dawowa".
Kasancewa tare da Jack Abramoff A cewar wani rahoton bincike daga Kwamitin Harkokin Majalisar Dattawa na Indiya game da badakalar Jack Abramoff, wanda aka fitar a watan Yunin shekarata 2006, ATR ta kasance "hanyar ruwa" don kudaden da ke zuwa daga abokan cinikin Abramoff don ba da gudummawar kamfen din neman yakin neman zabe. Bayanai sun nuna cewa gudummawa daga Choctaw da Kickapoo kabilun zuwa ATR an haɗa su ne ta wani ɓangaren ta Abramoff, kuma a wasu lokutan ma a kan fara taron tsakanin kabilun da Fadar White House.
Duba kuma Amurkawa don Harajin Gaskiya
Jama'a don Adalcin Haraji
Taxungiyar masu biyan haraji ta ƙasa
Asusun Haraji
Amurkawa da ke tsaye don Sauƙaƙe Harajin Estate
Manazarta Tsari
Yadda ake bada haraji
Haraji
Kungiyoyi
Majiyoyi Amurkawa don Gyara Haraji
Amurkawa don Sake Gyara Haraji: Bayanin Kungiya Cibiyar Kula da ritididdiga ta (asa Cibiyar Urban Americans for Tax Reform Pages with unreviewed |
24149 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aja%20%28album%29 | Aja (album) | Aja /eɪ ʒ ə ya furta kamar Asia ne na shida studio album da American jazz dutse band Steely Dan An sake shi a ranar 23 ga Satan Satumba, shekarar alif ta 1977, ta ABC Records Rikodi tare da kusan mawaƙa guda arbain 40, shugabannin ƙungiyar Donald Fagen da Walter Becker sun tura Steely Dan zuwa cikin gwaji tare da haɗuwa daban -daban na 'yan wasan zaman yayin da suke bin dogon lokaci, ingantattun kida don kundin.
Kundin ya haura zuwa lamba uku akan jadawalin Amurka da lamba biyar a Burtaniya, daga ƙarshe ya zama Lely mafi nasara a kasuwancin Steely Dan. Ya haifar da yawan mawaƙa, ciki har da Peg Deacon Blues da Josie A watan Yuli shekarar alif ta 1978, Aja ta lashe lambar yabo ta Grammy don Kyakkyawar Rikodin Injiniya-Ba na gargajiya ba kuma ta karɓi nunin Grammy don Album na Shekara da Mafi Kyawun Ayyukan Pop ta Duo ko Rukuni tare da Muryoyi Tun daga lokacin ya kasance yana bayyana akai -akai akan martabar ƙwararrun manyan albums, tare da masu suka da audiophiles suna yaba manyan matakan samarwa na kundin. A cikin shekara ta 2010, Laburaren Majalisa ya zaɓi kundin don adanawa a cikin Rikodin Rikodin Ƙasa don kasancewa "mahimmancin al'adu, tarihi, ko fasaha."
Rikodi Samfurin da Steely Dan wanda ya daɗe yana samarwa Gary Katz ƙunshi manyan mawaƙan zaman mawaƙa Waƙar taken na tsawon mintuna takwas yana nuna ci gaban jazz na tushen jazz da solo na ɗan wasan saxophonist Wayne Shorter Becker bai yi waƙoƙi uku ba: "Black Cow", Aja da Peg Title da marufi Ana kiran taken album ɗin kamar Asiya Donald Fagen ya ce an sanya wa wannan albam din sunan wata ‘yar Koriya da ta auri kanin wani abokinsa na makarantar sakandare. Hoton murfin Hideki Fujii yana da ƙirar ƙirar Jafananci da 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Sayoko Yamaguchi kuma Patricia Mitsui da Geoff Westen ne suka tsara ta. Walter Becker da Dorothy A. White ne suka ɗauki hotunan ciki.
Talla da tallace -tallace An saki Aja ranar 23 ga gawatan Satumba, shekarar alif ta 1977, ta ABC Records A cikin tsammanin sakin, Katz ya bukaci Fagen da Becker masu zaman kansu masu zaman kansu da su haɓaka martabar su ta jama'a, gami da haɗuwa da Irving Azoff don ayyukan sa a matsayin manajan su. "A shirye muke mu ci gaba da rayuwa cikin walwala ba tare da manaja ba", in ji Fagen a lokacin. Tare da haɗin Azoff tare da kantunan rikodin kuma ana ba da kundin a farashi mai rahusa, Aja ta zama "ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun kundin waƙoƙi na kakar kuma mafi saurin sayar da Steely Dan harDisamba a cewar Cameron Crowe a cikin fitowar Rolling Stone na Disamba shekarar alif ta 1977. A cikin makwanni uku da aka saki, kundin ya kai saman biyar na jadawalin kundin Amurka, ƙarshe ya kai lamba uku. Har ila yau, ya kai lamba biyar a kan taswirar kundin waƙoƙin Burtaniya Dangane da Billboard, ya zama babban bugun ƙungiyar kuma ɗaya daga cikin kundi na farko da aka tabbatar da platinum Lokacin da DTS yunkurin yin 5.1 version, an gano cewa multitrack Masters duka biyu "Black Cow" da kuma suna waƙa da aka rasa. A saboda wannan dalili, Universal Music ta soke sigar SACD da yawa. Donald Fagen ya ba da tukuici ga maigidan da suka ɓace ko kuma duk wani bayanin da zai kai su ga murmurewa.
Maraba mai mahimmanci da gado Da yake yin bita a cikin shekarar alif ta 1977 don Rolling Stone, Michael Duffy ya ce "tsarin tunanin kiɗan [Steely Dan's] ya canza daga tunanin dutsen mirgine zuwa ga santsi, mai tsafta sosai da lissafin maye gurbi na dutsen daban, pop da jazz". kalmomin su "sun kasance masu ban sha'awa da ban tsoro kamar koyaushe". Duffy ya kara da cewa yayin da “matsanancin hankali na duo” ya fara nuna gazawar sa, na karshen “na iya kasancewa daidai gwargwado wanda ya sa Walter Becker da Donald Fagen su zama cikakkiyar rigakafin kiɗan kiɗa na shekaru saba'in.” Robert Christgau na Muryar Kauye da farko ya "ƙi" rikodin kafin "ya fahimci cewa, sabanin The Royal Scam, yana ta min wasu", yayin da yake lura cewa yana "godiya don ganin Fagen da Becker na cynicism a cikin raguwa". Koyaya, ya yi imanin fifikon mawakan na tsawon lokaci, waƙoƙin da suka fi dacewa "na iya zama aibi mai muni". Greg Kot kuma ya kasance mai ɗumi -ɗumi ga ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙungiyar, daga baya ya rubuta a cikin Chicago Tribune “Ciwon sanyi na asibiti da aka fara gani akan The Royal Scam an kammala shi anan. Tsawon lokaci, karin waƙoƙin da ba su da ƙarfi suna maye gurbin amincin acerbic na da. Barry Walters ya fi karbuwa a cikin bita na baya -baya don Rolling Stone, yana mai cewa "dutsen koyaushe ya yi fice wajen nuna ciwon yaro. Amma ba kasafai yake faruwa ba lokacin da dutsen ya kama rikice -rikicen damuwar manya kusan zalla da sauti. Masanin tarihin Jazz Ted Gioia ya ambaci Aja a matsayin misali na Steely Dan "yana tabbatar da cewa pop-rock na iya amfana daidai da jazz mai lafiya" a lokacin mulkin su na asali, wanda yayi daidai da lokacin da mawaƙan dutsen sukan yi gwaji da salon jazz da dabaru. A ra'ayin Pitchfork s Amanda Petrusich, yana da "rikodin jazz kamar pop", yayin da Ben Ratliff daga The New York Times ya ce "ya ƙirƙiri sabon ma'auni don alaƙar jazz da dutsen, wanda ba shi da tushe, Steely Dan ko wani dabam rikodin jazz mai ci gaba tare da bugun baya, guda sabain '70s hipster's extension na abin da Gil Evans ya hango shekaru ashirin da suka gabata. A cikin jerin Dylan Jones na mafi kyawun kundin jazz na GQ, Aja ta kasance ta sittin da shidda 62. 'Yan jaridar kiɗa sun ambaci kundin a matsayin ɗayan mafi kyawun rikodin gwaji don audiophiles, saboda manyan matakan samarwa. Walters ya lura a cikin bitarsa "kammala sonic na son rai na album, kaɗe -kaɗe da rikitarwa kiɗa don haka yana buƙatar masu kirkirar sa su kira a cikin 'yan wasan zaman A -jerin don gane sautin da suka ji a kawunansu amma ba za su iya yin wasa ba, har ma a kan kayan aikin da suka kware. Bita Aja 2007 duk-analog LP reissue, Ken Kessler daga Hi-Fi News & Record Review kyauta saman alamomi zuwa biyu da rikodi da kuma cika halaye, kiran da album "daukaka jazz-rock cewa ya ba shekara a duk sai ka yi la'akari da 'hankali' ya wuce shi ne duk abin da kuke tsammanin Becker da Fagen mai zafi/zafi za su bayar. Amincewa Aja sau da yawa yana fitowa akan martaba na manyan albums na kowane lokaci. A cikin shekarar alif ta 1991, Rock & Folk na Faransa ya haɗa da Aja a cikin jerin mafi kyawun kundi 250 da aka saki yayin wanzuwar mujallar, farawa daga shekarar alif ta 1966. Zuwa shekara ta 1999, shi da aka ranked 59th a kan kasa Isra'ila jaridar Yedioth Ahronoth "Top 99 Albums na All Time". A cikin shekara ta 2000 an zaɓi lambar guda 118 a cikin Colin Larkin 's All Time Top 1000 Albums A cikin Shekara ta 2003, an shigar da kundin a cikin Grammy Hall of Fame kuma ya kasance lamba ta 145 akan jerin Rolling Stone Manyan Albums na Duk Lokaci riƙe kimantawa a cikin jerin sake fasalin shekara ta 2012. A cikin shekara ta 2006, an saka Aja cikin littafin Albums 1001 Dole Ku Ji Kafin Ku Mutu A cikin shekara ta 2010, Laburaren Majalisa ya zaɓi Aja don haɗawa a Rijistar Rikodin Ƙasa ta Amurka dangane da mahimmancin al'adu, fasaha ko mahimmancin tarihi. A cikin shekara ta 2020, Rolling Stone ya ba shi matsayi na 63 a cikin wani sabon bugu na jerin manyan kundin waƙoƙi 500. Dangane da irin wannan martaba, jimlar gidan yanar gizon Acclaimed Music ya lissafa Aja a matsayin album na 98 mafi yawan yabo na shekarun 1970 da 315th album mafi fa'ida a tarihi. Mawaƙin Bilal ya sanya shi a cikin fayafan album ɗinsa guda 25 da ya fi so, yana bayanin hakan, "Babban aiki ne. Da alama an yi tunani tun daga farko har zuwa ƙarshe, kowace waƙa tana da wani yanayi. Rubutun waƙa ga sauti da kallon kundin, duk kunshin an yi tunani sosai. Littafin Albums na Classic A cikin 1999, an rufe Aja don wani labari na jerin shirye-shiryen fina-finai na Burtaniya Classic Albums, wanda ke nuna nazarin waƙar-waƙa na kundin (kawai tsallake shine "Na Samu Labarin", wanda ake bugawa yayin ƙimar rufewa), tambayoyi tare da Steely Dan co-kafa Walter Becker da Donald Fagen (a tsakanin wasu) ƙari da sabbin waƙoƙin raye-raye a cikin ɗakin studio daga kundin. Becker da Fagen suma suna yin wasa da yawa daga cikin solos ɗin guitar da aka ƙi don Peg waɗanda aka yi rikodin su kafin Jay Graydon ya samar da gamsarwa. Andy Gill, ɗaya daga cikin sauran waɗanda aka yi hira da su, ya ce: "Jazz-rock babban sashi ne na yanayin kide-kide na 70 ya kasance ingantaccen ƙarfe na biyu-ba za ku iya raba kiɗan pop da jazz a cikin kiɗan su ba. Yayin da yake tattauna sautin kundi, mawaƙin Burtaniya Ian Dury ya ce a cikin labarin cewa ya ji abubuwa na mawaƙan jazz kamar Charlie Parker, Charles Mingus, da Art Blakey "To, Aja 's samu wani sauti cewa ta dage your zuciya up, kuma yana da mafi m up-cika, zuciya-Warming ko da yake, shi ne mai classic LA kamar sauti", Dury bayyana. "Ba za ku yi tunanin an yi rikodin ko'ina a cikin duniya ba. An sami California ta cikin jininta, duk da cewa su maza ne daga New York… Suna da fasaha da za ta iya yin hotunan da ba yara ba kuma ba sa sa ku yi tunanin kun taɓa jin hakan… ta wata hanya, hoton yana da hasashe sosai, a cikin gani. Yacht rock A cikin kimantawa na baya -bayan nan, 'yan jaridar kiɗa sun tattauna Aja a matsayin muhimmin saki a cikin ci gaban jirgin ruwa Don Spin a cikin shekara ta 2009, Chuck Eddy ya lissafa shi a cikin nau'ikan kundin waƙoƙi guda takwas masu mahimmanci. Da yake rubutu don uDiscoverMusic a cikin shekara ta 2019, Paul Sexton ya ce tare da faifan, Steely Dan "ya ba da sanarwar binciken su mafi girma na tasirin jazz" wanda zai haifar da "fitaccen jirgin ruwan su" a cikin Gaucho na shekarar alif ta 1980. Patrick Hosken daga MTV News ya ce duka Aja da Gaucho sun nuna yadda "babban jirgin ruwan yashi kuma ya fi burin kide-kide fiye da yadda ake tsammani, yana daure ruhi mai idanu da jazz zuwa funk da R&B". An haɗa Aja a cikin Vinyl Me, Don Allah jerin mujallu na mafi kyawun kundin kundin jirgin ruwa na jirgin ruwa guda goma 10, tare da rubutun da ya biyo baya wanda ya ce: "Muhimmancin Steely Dan ga jirgin ruwa ba zai iya wuce gona da iri ba. jajirce da Dan shi ne, bayar da a kan shekarar alif ta 1980 fasa Gaucho, amma Aja sami Walter Becker da Donald Fagen kage bugawa a tsakiya-ƙasa stride a matsayin al'ada hit factory yayin da sauran daukaka da kuma yawon buxe ido John Lawler daga Wani Abu! ya ce, "Waƙar da wasan kwaikwayon da suka fi misalta rabin lokacin, funky, shimfida (hanya) baya a cikin bugun shuffle a cikin yanayin jazz-pop na tsakiyar- zuwa ƙarshen- 70s za a iya samu akan 'Gida a Ƙarshe.' Bernard "Kyakkyawa" Purdie yana ciyar da bass din Chuck Rainey tare da tsattsarkan tsattsauran ra'ayi da ƙwaƙƙwaran nasara da cike da farin ciki a cikin wannan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙungiyar da aka fi so. Jerin waƙa Duk waƙoƙin da Walter Becker da Donald Fagen suka rubuta.
Ma'aikata Side A
"Black Cow"
Donald Fagen lead vocals, synthesizer
Paul Humphrey drums
Chuck Rainey bass guitar
Victor Feldman Fender Rhodes
Joe Sample clavinet
Larry Carlton guitar
Tom Scott tenor saxophone
Clydie King, Sherlie Matthews, Venetta Fields, Rebecca Louis backing vocals
"Aja"
Donald Fagen lead vocals, synthesizer, police whistle, backing vocals
Steve Gadd drums
Chuck Rainey bass guitar
Larry Carlton, Walter Becker, Denny Dias guitars
Joe Sample Fender Rhodes
Michael Omartian piano
Victor Feldman percussion
Wayne Shorter tenor saxophone
Timothy B. Schmit backing vocals
"Deacon Blues"
Donald Fagen lead vocals, synthesizer
Bernard Purdie drums
Walter Becker bass guitar
Larry Carlton, Lee Ritenour guitars
Victor Feldman Fender Rhodes
Pete Christlieb tenor saxophone
Clydie King, Sherlie Matthews, Venetta Fields backing vocals
Side B
"Peg"
Donald Fagen lead vocals
Rick Marotta drums
Chuck Rainey bass guitar
Paul Griffin Fender Rhodes, backing vocals
Don Grolnick clavinet
Steve Khan guitar
Jay Graydon guitar solo
Victor Feldman, Gary Coleman percussion
Tom Scott Lyricon
Michael McDonald backing vocals
"Home At Last"
Donald Fagen lead vocals, synthesizer, backing vocals
Bernard Purdie drums
Chuck Rainey bass guitar
Larry Carlton guitar
Walter Becker guitar solo
Victor Feldman piano, vibraphone
Tim Schmit backing vocals
"I Got the News"
Donald Fagen lead vocals, synthesizers
Ed Greene drums
Chuck Rainey bass guitar
Victor Feldman piano, vibraphone, percussion
Dean Parks guitar
Walter Becker, Larry Carlton guitar solos
Michael McDonald, Clydie King, Venetta Fields, Sherlie Matthews, Rebecca Louis backing vocals
"Josie"
Donald Fagen lead vocals, synthesizers, backing vocals
Jim Keltner drums, percussion
Chuck Rainey bass guitar
Victor Feldman Fender Rhodes
Larry Carlton, Dean Parks guitars
Walter Becker guitar solo
Tim Schmit backing vocals
Tom Scott shirye -shiryen ƙaho
Jim Horn, Bill Perkins, Plas Johnson, Jackie Kelso saxophones, sarewa
Chuck Findley, Lou McCreary, Dick Hyde tagulla
Stephen Diener [ABC Records] mai gabatar da zartarwa
Gary Katz furodusa
Roger Nichols, Elliot Scheiner, Al Schmitt, Bill Schnee injiniyoyi
Joe Bellamy, Lenise Bent, Ken Klinger, Ron Pangaliman, Ed Rack, Linda Tyler mataimakan injiniya
Bernie Grundman gwaninta
Barbara Miller daidaituwa na samarwa
Dinky Dawson mai ba da shawara
Daniel Levitin mai ba da shawara
Oz Studios, Vartan Reissue jagorar fasaha
Patricia Mitsui, Geoff Westen ƙira
Hideki Fujii (hoton murfin), Walter Becker, Dorothy A. White daukar hoto
Walter Becker, Donald Fagen bayanin kula
Ayyukan
Kyaututtuka
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Takaddun shaida
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin waje Aja at Discogs (list of releases)
courtesy of The Museum of Classic Chicago Television
Pages with unreviewed |
30681 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shari%27ar%20Canjin%20Yanayi | Shari'ar Canjin Yanayi | Shari'ar canjin yanayi, wanda kuma aka sani da shari'ar yanayi, wata ƙungiya ce mai tasowa ta dokar muhalli ta yin amfani da aikin shari'a da kuma abin da ya faru don cigaba da ƙoƙarin rage sauyin yanayi daga cibiyoyin jama'a, kamar gwamnatoci da kamfanoni. A cikin yanayin jinkirin siyasa na sauyin yanayi na jinkirta jinkirin sauyin yanayi, masu fafutuka da lauyoyi sun kara yunƙurin yin amfani da tsarin shari'a na ƙasa da na duniya don ci gaba da ƙoƙarin. Shari'ar yanayi yawanci tana shiga cikin ɗayan nau'ikan da'awar shari'a guda biyar: Dokokin tsarin mulki (wanda aka mayar da hankali kan keta haƙƙin tsarin mulki ta jiha), dokar gudanarwa (ƙalubalantar cancantar yanke shawara na gudanarwa), doka masu zaman kansu (ƙalubalanci kamfanoni ko wasu ƙungiyoyi). don sakaci, tashin hankali, da dai sauransu, zamba ko kariya ga mabukaci (kalubalanci kamfanoni don yada bayanai game da tasirin yanayi), 'yancin ɗan adam (da'awar cewa rashin aiwatar da sauyin yanayi ya kasa kare haƙƙin ɗan adam) Tun daga farkon 2000s, tsarin shari'a don yaƙar sauyin yanayi yana ƙara samun samuwa ta hanyar dokoki, kuma ƙararrakin shari'o'in kotuna sun ɓullo da wata ƙungiya ta duniya da ke haɗa ayyukan sauyin yanayi zuwa ƙalubalen shari'a, masu alaka da dokar tsarin mulki, dokar gudanarwa, doka mai zaman kanta., Dokar kariyar mabukaci ko haƙƙin ɗan adam. Yawancin shari'o'i da hanyoyin da suka yi nasara sun mayar da hankali kan inganta bukatun adalci na yanayi da motsin yanayi na matasa. Manyan shari'o'in ƙarar yanayi sun haɗa da Urgenda v. Netherlands a cikin 2019 da Juliana v. Amurka (a cikin 2015). Kamfanonin kwal, mai, da iskar gas mallakar masu saka hannun jari na iya zama alhakin doka da ɗabi'a don take haƙƙin ɗan adam da ke da alaƙa da yanayi, kodayake yanke shawara na siyasa na iya hana su shiga irin wannan cin zarafi. Ana gudanar da ƙararraki sau da yawa ta hanyar haɗin kai na ƙoƙari da albarkatu kamar ta ƙungiyoyi kamar Greenpeace, irin su Greenpeace Poland wacce ta kai ƙarar mai amfani da kwal da GreenPeace Jamus wacce ta kai karar wani kamfanin kera motoci.
Ana samun karuwar shari'o'in masu fafutuka cikin nasara a kotunan duniya. Rahoton shari'a na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2017 ya gano kararraki 884 a cikin kasashe 24, ciki har da kararraki 654 a Amurka da kuma kararraki 230 a duk sauran kasashe. Ya zuwa ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2020, adadin kararrakin ya kusan ninki biyu zuwa akalla 1,550 kararrakin sauyin yanayi da aka shigar a kasashe 38 (39 ciki har da kotunan Tarayyar Turai), tare da kusan kararraki 1,200 da aka shigar a Amurka kuma sama da 350 sun gabatar da gaba daya. sauran kasashen hade.
Nau'in ayyuka Shari'ar yanayi yawanci tana shiga ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan da'awar doka guda biyar: Dokokin tsarin mulki mayar da hankali kan take hakkin tsarin mulki daga jihar.
Dokokin gudanarwa ƙalubalanci cancantar yanke shawarar gudanarwa a cikin dokokin kan-da-littattafai da ake da su, kamar ba da izini don ayyukan hayaki mai yawa.
Doka mai zaman kanta ƙalubalanci kamfanoni ko wasu ƙungiyoyi don sakaci, tashin hankali, keta, amincewar jama'a da wadatar rashin adalci.
Zamba ko kariyar mabukaci yawanci ƙalubalanci kamfanoni don ba da cikakken bayani game da tasirin yanayi.
Haƙƙin ɗan adam iƙirarin cewa rashin aiwatar da sauyin yanayi ko kare albarkatun ƙasa masu alaƙa, kamar yanayi ko dazuzzuka, ya kasa kare haƙƙin ɗan adam.
Ta nau'in aiki
Tsakanin gwamnatoci da kamfanoni A Amurka, Abokan Duniya, GreenPeace tare da biranen Boulder, Arcata da Oakland sun yi nasara a kan Bankin shigo da shigo da kaya na Amurka da Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Ketare kamfanonin mallakar gwamnatin Amurka wadanda aka zarge su da bayar da kudaden ayyukan burbushin mai da ke da illa ga kwanciyar hankali, wanda ya saba wa dokar kare muhalli ta kasa (da aka shigar a shekara ta 2002 kuma ta zauna a 2009). A cikin 2016, wata ƙungiyar gwamnati ta Philippines (Hukumar kare hakkin ɗan adam) ta ƙaddamar da bincike a hukumance game da sauyin yanayi a kan 47 na manyan masu samar da carbon a duniya. An gano cewa a cikin 2019 kamfanonin mai suna da alhakin doka don magance sauyin yanayi kuma ana iya ɗaukar alhakin lalacewa. A cikin 2017, Saul Luciano Lliuya ya kai karar RWE don kare garinsa na Huaraz daga wani tafkin da ke kumbura a cikin hadarin ambaliya. A cikin 2017, San Francisco, Oakland da sauran al'ummomin bakin teku na California sun kai ƙarar kamfanonin man fetur da yawa don haɓaka matakan teku. A cikin 2018, birnin New York ya sanar da cewa yana ɗaukar kamfanonin man fetur guda biyar BP, ExxonMobil, Chevron, ConocoPhillips da Shell zuwa kotun tarayya saboda gudunmawar da suka bayar ga sauyin yanayi (wanda birnin ya riga ya sha wahala). A cikin 2020, Charleston, South Carolina, sun bi irin wannan dabarar.
Doka a kan masu fafutuka
Ta ƙasa
Ostiraliya Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2020, Ostiraliya ita ce ta biyu mafi yawan adadin kararraki a duniya, tare da kusan shari'o'i 200.
Jamus A shekara ta 2021, babbar kotun tsarin mulkin Jamus ta yanke hukuncin cewa matakan kare yanayi na gwamnati ba su isa ba don kare al'ummomin da za su zo nan gaba, kuma gwamnatin ta na da har zuwa karshen shekarar 2022 don inganta dokar kare yanayi.
Jamhuriyar Ireland A cikin Yuli 2020, Abokan Muhalli na Irish sun yi nasara a kan gwamnatin Irish saboda gazawar daukar isassun matakai don magance yanayin yanayi da rikicin muhalli. Kotun kolin Ireland ta yanke hukuncin cewa shirin gwamnatin Ireland na 2017 bai isa ba, tare da ƙayyadad da cewa ba ta ba da cikakkun bayanai kan yadda za ta rage hayaki mai gurbata muhalli ba.
Netherlands Netherlands ta kuduri aniyar rage fitar da iskar carbon dioxide daga matakan 1990 da kashi 49 cikin 100 nan da 2030 tare da maƙasudan tsaka-tsaki daban-daban. Koyaya, Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Holland ta yanke shawarar cewa ƙasar za ta rasa manufofinta na 2020. A cikin 2012, lauyan Dutch Roger Cox ya ba da ra'ayin sa baki na shari'a don tilasta aiwatar da sauyin yanayi A cikin 2013, Gidauniyar Urgenda, tare da masu shigar da kara na 900, sun shigar da kara a kan Gwamnatin Netherlands "don rashin daukar matakan da suka dace don rage yawan iskar gas da ke haifar da sauyin yanayi mai haɗari." A shekara ta 2015, Kotun Lardi na Hague ta yanke hukuncin cewa dole ne gwamnatin Netherlands ta ƙara yin ƙoƙari don rage hayaki mai gurbata yanayi don kare 'yan ƙasa daga sauyin yanayi (Urgenda weather case). An kwatanta shi a matsayin "hukunce-hukuncen da aka riga aka kafa" kuma a matsayin "kwatun abin alhaki na farko a duniya." A cewar James Thornton, babban jami'in Client Earth, "Mafi mahimmanci, yana dogara ne akan mahimmancin kimiyya da aka kafa da kuma tsohuwar ka'idar aikin kulawa na gwamnati. Wannan dalili yana aiki a kowane tsarin doka kuma tabbas kotuna za su yi amfani da su a wasu ƙasashe." A shekara ta 2018, wata kotun daukaka kara a birnin Hague ta amince da hukuncin da aka kafa wanda ya tilastawa gwamnatin kasar Holland kara kaimi wajen dakile fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli a kasar ta Netherlands. A watan Disamba 2019, Kotun Koli ta Netherlands ta amince da hukuncin da aka yanke kan daukaka kara. Don haka, ya tabbatar da cewa dole ne gwamnati ta rage hayakin carbon dioxide da kashi 25% daga matakan 1990 zuwa karshen shekarar 2020, bisa la'akari da cewa sauyin yanayi na haifar da hadari ga lafiyar dan Adam. A cikin Milieudefensie et al v Royal Dutch Shell, yanke hukunci a watan Mayu 2021, kotun gundumar Hague ta umarci Royal Dutch Shell da ta yanke iskar carbon da take fitarwa da kashi 45% a ƙarshen 2030 idan aka kwatanta da matakan 2019, kuma ta tabbatar da alhakin. na kamfanin don iyakokin 3 hayaki, misali, hayaki daga masu kaya da abokan cinikin samfuransa.
Belgium A watan Yunin 2021, bayan shafe shekaru 6 ana gwabza shari'a, Kotun matakin farko ta yanke hukuncin cewa yanayin da gwamnatin Belgium ke hari ba su da yawa don haka "sun keta haƙƙin rayuwa (Mataki na 2) da haƙƙin mutunta masu zaman kansu da masu zaman kansu. rayuwar iyali (tashi na 8)" na Yarjejeniyar Turai akan Haƙƙin Dan Adam.
Ƙasar Ingila A watan Disamba na 2020, wasu 'yan Burtaniya uku, Marina Tricks, Adetola Onamade, Jerry Amokwandoh, da kungiyar agaji ta sauyin yanayi, Plan B, sun sanar da cewa suna daukar matakin shari'a a kan gwamnatin Burtaniya saboda gaza daukar kwararan matakai don magance matsalar yanayi da muhalli. Masu shigar da kara sun sanar da cewa za su yi zargin cewa ci gaba da bayar da tallafin da gwamnati ke yi na samar da albarkatun mai a Burtaniya da sauran kasashe ya zama take hakkinsu na rayuwa da na rayuwar iyali, da kuma keta yarjejeniyar Paris da kuma dokar sauyin yanayi ta Burtaniya ta 2008.
Amurka Tun daga watan Fabrairun 2020, Amurka tana da mafi yawan shari'o'in da ake jira tare da sama da 1000 a tsarin kotuna. Misalai sun haɗa da girma da Massachusetts v. Hukumar Kare Muhalli. A cikin kasar Amurka, shari'ar canjin yanayi tana magance manyan dokokin da ake da su don yin da'awarsu, yawancinsu suna mai da hankali kan masu zaman kansu da dokokin gudanarwa. Shahararrun manyan dokokin da ake amfani da su su ne NEPA (Dokar Kare Muhalli ta Kasa), inda aka shigar da kararraki 322 a karkashin ikonta, Dokar Tsabtace Jiragen Sama, tare da kararraki 215 a karkashinta, Dokar Kare Kare Kare, tare da kara 163 a karkashin ikonta.
Ayyukan Amfani da Dokar Nau'in Daban Daban A cikin shari'ar Dokar Kare Haruffa (ESA), Hukumar Kwarin Tennessee v. Hill, Kotun Koli ta bayyana cewa ESA ta umurci hukumomin tarayya don tabbatar da ayyukansu kada su lalata kowane nau'in da aka jera a cikin hadari a cikin ESA. Kamar yadda sauyin yanayi babbar barazana ce ga nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari, masu fafutukar yanayi sun sami damar amfani da ESA don kai hari ga waɗanda ke hanzarta canjin yanayi. canjin yanayi waɗanda ke amfani da ESA da farko sun fi mayar da hankali kan labarai na 7 da 9 na mutum-mutumi. Mataki na 7 ya bayyana cewa duk ayyukan da hukumomin tarayya ke aiwatarwa dole ne su kasance da wuya su kawo cikas ga ci gaba da wanzuwa ko haifar da lalata nau'ikan da ke cikin hatsari. Mataki na 9 ya mayar da hankali ba kawai ga hukumomin tarayya ba amma kowa da kowa, yana hana ɗaukar kowane nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i na kowane bangare, na tarayya, jiha, ko masu zaman kansu. Ta hanyar tabbatar da cewa ayyukan da waɗanda ke ba da gudummawar canjin yanayi suka ɗauka suna yin barazana ga dabbobin da aka jera a cikin ESA, masu fafutukar yanayi suna iya amfani da ESA don dakatar da ayyukan da ke ba da gudummawa ga sauyin yanayi.
Mataki na farko ga masu fafutukar sauyin yanayi shine tabbatar da cewa an jera nau'ikan da ke fuskantar barazanar sauyin yanayi a cikin ESA ta Hukumar Kifi da namun daji (FWS). Yawancin lokaci wannan kadai na iya zama tsari mai tsayi. A cikin Disamba 2005 Cibiyar Diversity na Halittu ta haɗu tare da wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu guda biyu na Amurka (Greenpeace da Majalisar Tsaron Albarkatun Kasa) don neman a jera Arctic Polar Bear akan ESA. FWS a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Bush ta shimfiɗa tsarin tsawon shekaru, ta ɓace maɓalli masu mahimmanci da yawa da kuma jera nau'in a matsayin "barazana" maimakon haɗari yayin da kimiyya ta kasance a fili don goyon bayan jerin abubuwan da ke cikin haɗari. Fuskantar matsin lamba na jama'a da haɗin gwiwar kimiyya FWS a hukumance ta jera nau'ikan nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari a cikin Mayu 2008.
Ayyukan Amfani da Dokar Kare Muhalli ta ƙasa Dokar Kare Muhalli ta Kasa, ko NEPA, ta gane cewa ayyukan da gwamnatin Amurka ta yi na iya yin tasiri ga muhalli kuma suna buƙatar duk hukumomin tarayya su yi la'akari da waɗannan abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli lokacin yin "manyan ayyukan tarayya". Ana iya yin wannan ko dai ta hanyar kimanta muhalli (EA) ko kuma ingantaccen bayanin tasirin muhalli (EIS), yadda cikakken nazarin ya dogara da yanayin aikin da aka tsara. NEPA ba ta buƙatar canjin yanayi ko iskar gas a duk faɗin EA da EIS, amma yawancin masu fafutukar sauyin yanayi za su kai kara a ƙarƙashin NEPA suna masu cewa tasirin da ya shafi sauyin yanayi ya isa ya kamata a haɗa su.
Ayyukan Amfani da Dokar Tsabtace Iska Dokar Tsabtace iska, ko CAA, tana daidaita gurɓataccen iska duka daga tushen tsaye da na hannu. An zartar da dokar a cikin 1970s kafin a sami ilimi mai yawa game da iskar gas (GHGs) amma a cikin 2007 Kotun Koli ta yanke shawarar EPA dole ne ta tsara GHGs a ƙarƙashin CAA saboda sanannen Massachusetts vs. Farashin EPA. Sakamakon haka, masu fafutukar sauyin yanayi sun sami damar yin amfani da CAA a matsayin wata hanya ta yaƙi da hayaƙin GHG don yaƙi da haɓakar canjin yanayi.
A cikin 2009 jihar California ta sami damar yin amfani da CAA don ƙirƙirar ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin hayaƙin abin hawa fiye da daidaitattun ƙasa, wanda da sauri ya haifar da gwamnatin Obama ta ɗauki waɗannan tsauraran ƙa'idodin hayaƙi a matakin ƙasa. An kira waɗannan ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin Matsakaicin Matsakaicin Man Fetur (CAFE) kuma sun haɗa da ƙa'idodin GHGs.
Massachusetts v. EPA Ɗaya daga cikin alamun farko na shari'ar canjin yanayi shine Massachusetts v. Hukumar Kare Muhalli, Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta yanke hukunci a cikin 2007. Jihohin Amurka da dama ne suka kawo karar a gaban Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA) bayan EPA ta ki daidaita carbon dioxide da sauran hayaki mai gurbata yanayi a matsayin wani bangare na aikinsu a karkashin Dokar Tsabtace Tsabtace (CAA) a 2003. Hukumar ta EPA ta yi jayayya cewa ikonsu a karkashin dokar tsaftar iska ita ce ta tsara “masu gurɓata iska”, wanda suka yi iƙirarin cewa carbon dioxide da sauran iskar gas ba su faɗo a ƙarƙashinsa ba, don haka ba za a iya amfani da ƙa'idodi ba. Jihohi, kamar Massachusetts, sun yi iƙirarin cewa waɗannan hayaƙi na iya haifar da lahani da ke da alaƙa da canjin yanayi ga jihohinsu, kamar ta hanyar haɓakar matakan teku, don haka ya kamata a kalli fitar da hayakin a matsayin mai cutarwa a ƙarƙashin CAA kuma cikin ikon EPA na daidaitawa. Yayin da EPA da farko ta yi nasara a Kotun Daukaka Kara, Kotun Koli, a kan yanke shawara na 5-4, ta amince da jihohin cewa an nuna carbon dioxide da sauran iskar gas na cutarwa, kuma ya buƙaci EPA ta tsara su.
Juliana v. Amurka A cikin 2015, da dama daga cikin matasan Amirka, da Ƙungiyarmu ta Yara ta wakilta, sun shigar da ƙarar gwamnatin Amurka a cikin 2015, suna masu cewa za a cutar da rayuwarsu a nan gaba saboda gazawar gwamnati don rage sauyin yanayi. Duk da yake an shigar da kararraki iri ɗaya kuma kotuna ta kore su saboda dalilai da yawa, Juliana v. Amurka ta samu karbuwa lokacin da wata alƙali Ann Aiken ta yanke hukuncin cewa shari'ar tana da cancantar ta ci gaba, kuma "tsarin yanayi da zai iya dorewar rayuwar ɗan adam" wani hakki ne na asali a ƙarƙashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka. Tuni dai gwamnatin Amurka ta yi yunƙurin yin watsi da shari'ar ta hanyar ƙalubalen kalubale daban-daban ga binciken Aiken, amma har yanzu ana jiran matakin da kotu ta ɗauka.
Kotun Turai ta Haƙƙin Dan Adam A cikin Satumba 2019, gungun yara shida da matasa daga Portugal sun shigar da kara a Kotun Turai ta Hakkokin Dan Adam Ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta Biritaniya Global Legal Action Network (GLAN) ta goyi bayansu, suna jayayya cewa ana buƙatar ɗaukar tsauraran matakan sauyin yanayi don kiyaye lafiyar jikinsu da tunaninsu na gaba. Kotun ta bukaci gwamnatocin kasashen Turai 33 da su yi bayani nan da watan Fabrairun 2021 ko gazawarsu na magance dumamar yanayi ya saba wa Mataki na 3 na Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam.
Wasu kasashe Bayan gagarumin hukuncin da Netherlands ta yanke a shekara ta 2015, ƙungiyoyi a wasu ƙasashe sun gwada irin wannan tsarin shari'a. Misali, kungiyoyi sun je kotu domin kare mutane daga sauyin yanayi a Brazil, Belgium, India, New Zealand, Norway, Afirka ta Kudu, Switzerland da kuma Amurka A Pakistan a cikin 2015 Babban Kotun Lahore ta yanke hukunci a Asghar Leghari vs. Tarayyar Pakistan cewa gwamnati na keta manufofin sauyin yanayi na ƙasa na 2012 da Tsarin Aiwatar da Manufofin Canjin Yanayi (2014-2030) ta hanyar gaza cimma manufofin da manufofin suka tsara. Dangane da haka, an bukaci kafa hukumar sauyin yanayi domin taimakawa Pakistan cimma burinta na yanayi. A cikin 2018, iyalai goma daga kasashen Turai, Kenya da Fiji sun shigar da kara a gaban Tarayyar Turai saboda barazanar da ake yi wa gidajensu sakamakon hayakin yanayi na EU. Wasu gungun yara a Colombia sun kai karar gwamnati don kare dazuzzukan Amazon daga sare dazuzzukan saboda gudunmuwar sarewar da ake yi wajen sauyin yanayi. A cikin 2018, Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa dajin Colombian "batun hakki ne" da ke buƙatar kariya da maidowa. A cikin 2020, wata shari'ar kotun gudanarwa a Faransa, ta buƙaci gwamnatin Macron da ta sake duba manufofinsu don magance sauyin yanayi don tabbatar da cewa suna da mahimmanci don cika alkawuran yarjejeniyar Paris |
22151 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukumar%20Kula%20da%20Muhalli%20da%20%C6%98a%27idoji%20ta%20%C6%98asa | Hukumar Kula da Muhalli da Ƙa'idoji ta Ƙasa | Hukumar Kula da Muhalli da Ka'idoji ta Kasa (wacce aka fi sani da N.E.S.R.E.A), ita ce hukumar kula da muhalli ta Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya wacce doka ta kafa a shekara ta 2007 don "tabbatar da tsaftace muhalli da lafiyar 'yan Najeriya" A dillancin ayyuka a matsayin parastatal na Ma'aikatar muhalli da kuma gangarawa zuwa wani Darakta Janar wanda shi ma babban jami'i ne. (NESREA) ta rubuta nasarori da dama a fannin kula da kiyaye muhalli da aiwatar da su tun bayan kafa ta, gami da ƙaddamar da ƙa'idoji da yawa game da kiyaye muhalli, sa ido kan kiyaye muhalli da aiwatar da su.
Tarihi Bukatar cibiyoyin gwamnati da zasu magance matsalolin muhalli a Najeriya ya bayyana ne biyo bayan al'amarin sharar gubar Koko a shekarar 1988. Wannan ya sa gwamnatin lokacin, karkashin jagorancin Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida, ta fitar da doka ta 58 ta 1988, ta kafa Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Tarayya (FEPA) a matsayin mai kula da muhalli a kasar.
A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, ayyukan F.E.P.A sun kasance cikin tsarin ma'aikatar muhalli ta tarayya, wacce ita ce kungiyar da ke tsara manufofi kan al'amuran muhalli a Najeriya. Amma duk da haka kuma ya bayyana cewa akwai bukatar samar da tsauraran matakai don magance matsalolin muhalli na kasar, sanannen cikinsu akwai kwararowar Hamada, sare daji da sauri, zaizayar bakin teku da guguwar iska, gami da yawan zafin muhalli da mutum yayi. rashin tsabtace muhalli, gurɓatar iska da kuma sharar lantarki. Bugu da ƙari kuma, yunƙurin duniya zuwa ga cigaba mai ɗorewa a bayan taron Millennium da Taron Duniya kan cigaba mai ɗorewa, da jagorancin Nijeriya a cikin shirye-shiryen cigaban yanki kamar New Partnership for Africa's Development (N.E.P.A.D) ya haɓaka wayar da kan muhalli tsakanin masu yanke shawara na ƙasar...
A shekara ta 2007, a gwamnatin shugaban Nijeriya Umaru Musa Yar'adua, majalisar dokokin Najeriya ta kafa dokar kafa hukumar don kariya da ci gaban muhalli, kiyaye halittu da ci gaba mai dorewa na albarkatun kasa na Najeriya gaba daya da fasahar muhalli. gami da daidaitawa, da kuma yin hulda da, masu ruwa da tsaki a ciki da wajen Najeriya kan lamuran aiwatar da ka'idojin muhalli, ka'idoji, dokoki, dokoki, manufofi da ka'idoji. Tsarin kungiya NESREA tana karkashin jagorancin Darakta Janar wanda kuma shi ne Babban Darakta; shugabar ma'aikatar har zuwa watan Fabrairun Shekara ta 2015 ta kasance masaniyar lafiyar jama'a, Dokta Ngeri Benebo kuma ta ba da ita ga Dokta Lawrence Anukam, wani darektan da ya gabata na hukumar Prof. ne. Shugaban kasa Muhammadu Buhari ya nada Aliyu Jauro a matsayin Darakta Janar a shekara ta 2019.
Ayyuka Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Tarayya ce ta ɗauki ayyukan (F.E.P.A), lokacin da aka shigar da wannan hukumar cikin tsarinta. Don haka, Ma'aikatar ce ke aiwatar da kimanta tasirin muhalli (E.I.A.s) kuma Ministan ne kawai ke da ikon bayar da sanarwa game da tasirin muhalli (E.I.S). Tare da kirkirar (N.E.S.R.E.A), an dauke shi da nauyin aiwatar da (E.I.A.s) a Nijeriya. Ko da yake Nijeriya gudanar da wani tarayya tsarin gwamnati, da kasa yankuna (da aka sani da ba su iko ga fitowa da wannan daftarin aiki. Wannan ya kasance batun da ake rikici a cikin kasar har sai (N.E.S.R.E.A) ta sami hukuncin kotu kan cewa doka ba ta ba da izinin Amurka su gudanar da EIA ba.
Cinikin haramtacciyar hanya a cikin jinsunan namun daji Najeriya ta sanya hannu a CITES kuma NESREA ta kasance bangaren gwamnati da ke aiwatar da kamewa da kuma hukunta laifukan cinikin namun daji ba bisa ka'ida ba a Najeriya. Hukumar ta yi rikodin kame-kame da dama na nau'ikan dabbobi da sassan dabbobi wadanda ake jigilarsu ta tashar jiragen ruwanta tare da gurfanar da wasu fitattun shari'oi, gami da wadanda ba 'yan asalin kasar ba, wasu daga cikinsu an yanke musu hukuncin zaman gidan yari.
Sharar lantarki N.E.S.R.E.A (tare da sauran hukumomin gwamnati) ta dauki alhakin gano lodin kayayyakin da suka tsufa da amfani da kayan lantarki da lantarki da ake shirin watsarwa a cikin kasar, tare da mayar da su tashar jiragen ruwa na asali. A halin yanzu Najeriya na fuskantar bunkasar amfani da kayan fasaha wanda ke haifar da yawan samar da sharar lantarki a cikin biranen. A sakamakon haka, N.E.S.R.E.A fara aiki a wannan bangaren tsayar da aikace-aikace na Extended m alhakin manufa a sharar gida management (sauran sassa na tattalin arzikin kamar da abinci da kuma abin sha masana'antu ma hannu). Don cimma wannan, sun kafa wani shiri a duk ƙasar kuma sun buga jagororin don 'yan wasan masana'antar da suka dace. A watan Yulin shekara ta 2009, NESREA ta dauki nauyin taron kasa da kasa kan zubar da shara, in ba haka ba ana kiranta Dandalin Abuja, don tunkarar matsalar ta fuskoki da yawa.
Wayewar jama'a An san hukumar ne da bayar da wani shiri na TV Rediyo na mako-mako, "NESREA Watch", wanda ke da 'yan wasa da suka hada da mashahuran masu fasahar Najeriya kamar Kiki Omeili.
Sanannun lokuta
Aikin babbar hanyar Calabar Manyan Jihohi sun shirya gina 260 babbar hanyar daga Calabar zuwa Katsina-Ala, duk a cikin Najeriya. Duk da haka, da hanya ya gudu ta hanyar daya daga cikin kasar ruwan tekun Atlantika rainforests Wannan ya haifar da hayaniya daga masu rajin kare muhalli na cikin gida da na waje wadanda suka yi korafin cewa Gwamnatin Jihar Kuros Riba ba ta nemi shawara sosai ba kafin fara wannan gagarumin aikin. (NESREA) wacce ta bayar da umarnin dakatar da aikin ginin lokacin da aka san cewa ba a aiwatar da EIA ba, daga baya kuma, ta kai Gwamnatin Jihar Kuros Riba kotu domin ta dakatar da su daga cigaba da aikin har sai sun gamsar da bukatun ka'idoji.
Korafi daga Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli NESREA ta fara kawance da rundunar ‘Yan Sandan Najeriya don karfafa ayyukansu na tilastawa. Wannan bai yi wa Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli dadi ba, wadanda suka yi korafin cewa ya kamata hukumar ta yi amfani da ayyukan su tare da karfafa su, maimakon barin 'yan sanda su kwace ikon su na doka.
Rikici kan bangaren sadarwa A shekara ta 2012, NESREA, saboda korafin da jama’a suka yi mata, ta rufe wani katafaren tashar mallakar daya daga cikin kamfanonin sadarwa a kasar. Wannan ya haifar da ce-ce-ku-ce a tsakanin su da Hukumar Sadarwa ta Najeriya (NCC), wacce ta yi ikirarin cewa (NESREA) ba ta da hurumin daidaita harkar sadarwa a kasar. (NESREA) a daya bangaren kuma ta yi muhawara kan amfani da ka’idar kariya lokacin da kamfanoni suka kafa hanyoyin sadarwa, suna neman a raba tashoshin jiragen a kalla mita 10 daga wuraren da ake zaune, daidai da dokokin muhalli na Najeriya, sabanin mita 5 da aka amince da su Dokokin (NCC). Daga karshe, hukumomin biyu sun warware sabanin da ke tsakaninsu kuma sun amince su yi aiki tare.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Hukumar Ka'idoji da Ka'idoji ta Kasa (NESREA)
Muhalli
Ƴancin ɗan adam
Ƴancin muhalli
Kungiyoyin taimako a Najeriya
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