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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogin%20Zambezi

Kogin Zambezi

Kogin Zambezi (kuma ana rubuta shi da Zambeze da Zambesi) shine kogi na huɗu a tsayi a Afirka, kogi mafi tsayi mai kwarara ta gabas a Afirka sannan kuma shine kogi mafi girma da ke kwarara zuwa Tekun Indiya daga Afirka.,Yankin tafkinsa ya kai arabba'in kilomita 1,390,000 (540,000 sq mi), kaɗan ya rage ya kai rabin girman Kogin Nil. Kogin mai tsawon kilomita 2,574 (1,599 mi) ya taso a daga Zambiya kuma ya ratsa gabashin Angola, tare da iyakoki a arewa maso gabashin Namibia da arewacin Botswana, sannan kuma kan iyakar tsakanin Zambiya da Zimbabwe zuwa Mozambique, inda ya ratsa ta. tashar da za ta shiga cikin Tekun Indiya. Yankin da ya shahara na daga Kogin Zambezi shine Victoria Falls. Sauran fitattun Waterfall dinta sun hada da Chavuma Waterfall da ke kan iyaka tsakanin Zambiya da Angola, da Ngonye Waterfall, kusa da,Sioma a Yammacin Zambiya. Akwai manyan hanyoyi biyu na samar da wutar lantarki a kogin, Kariba Dam, wanda ke ba da damar Zambiya da Zimbabwe, da kuma Cahora Bassa Dam a Mozambique, wanda ke ba da damar ga Mozambique da Afirka ta Kudu. Akwai ƙarin ƙananan tashoshin wutar lantarki biyu tare da Kogin Zambezi a kasar Zambiya, ɗaya a Fadar ruwan Victoria ɗayan kuma kusa da Kalene Hill a Gundumar Ikelenge. Hanyar kogi Tushen Kogin ya tashi a cikin dambo mai duhu mai fari a cikin gandun dajin miombo mai nisan kilomita 50 (mil 3) a arewacin Mwinilunga da kilomita 20 (mil 12) kudu da Ikelenge a gundumar Ikelenge ta Lardin Arewa maso Yamma, Zambiya da kimanin mita 1,524 (5,000 ft sama da matakin teku. Yankin da ke kusa da asalin abin tunawa ne na kasa, wurin ajiyar gandun daji da kuma Yankin Tsuntsaye Mai Mahimmanci. Gabas ta asalin, magudanar ruwan da ke tsakanin Kongo da Zambezi ya zama kyakkyawan bel na babban ƙasa, yana tafiya kusan gabas zuwa yamma kuma ya faɗi kwatsam zuwa arewa da kudu. Wannan ya yanke wannan kwatancen na Lualaba (babban reshe na babban Kwango) daga na Zambezi. A cikin maɓuɓɓugar tushen maɓuɓɓugar ruwan ba a bayyana take a sarari ba, amma tsarin kogin biyu bai haɗu ba. Yankin da Zambezi ya malale shi tsauni ne mai fadi mai tsayi 900-1200 m, wanda aka haɗa shi a cikin nesa da gadajen metamorphic kuma an haɗa shi da duwatsu masu banƙyama na Fadar ruwan Victoria. A Shupanga, a kan ƙananan Zambezi, siraran duwatsu masu launin ruwan toka da rawaya, tare da rukuni na lokaci-lokaci, suna fitowa akan gadon kogin a lokacin rani, kuma waɗannan sun ci gaba har bayan Tete, inda suke haɗuwa da ɗakunan ruwa mai yawa kwal. Hakanan ana samun kwal a gundumar da ke ƙasa da Fadar ruwan Victoria. Duwatsu masu dauke da zinare suna faruwa a wurare da yawa. Babban Zambezi Kogin yana gudana zuwa kudu maso yamma zuwa Angola na kimanin kilomita 240 (150 mi), sannan kuma ya haɗu da manya-manyan mashigai kamar su Luena da Chifumage da ke kwararowa daga tsaunuka zuwa arewa maso yamma. Ya juya kudu kuma ya samar da ambaliyar ruwa, tare da bambancin nisa tsakanin rani da damina. Yana shiga daskararren gandun daji na Cryptosepalum, kodayake ta gefen yamma, filayen yammacin Zambezian suma suna faruwa. Inda ya sake shiga Zambiya yana da kusan mita 400 (1,300 ft) faɗi a lokacin damina kuma yana gudana cikin hanzari, tare da saurin gudu zuwa ƙarewar Chavuma, inda kogin ke bi ta wani dutse mai ƙyama. Kogin ya sauke kimanin mita 400 (1,300 ft) a daga daga asalinsa a mita 1,500 (4,900 ft) zuwa Fadar Chavuma a mita 1,100 (3,600 ft), a tazarar kusan kilomita 400 (250 mi). Daga wannan lokacin zuwa Victoria Falls, matakin basin yana da kyau sosai, yana sauka kawai ta wani mitoci 180 (590 ft) a tazarar kusan kilomita 800 (500 mi). Na farko daga cikin manyan rafuka wadanda suka shiga Zambezi ita ce Kogin Kabompo a lardin arewa maso yammacin lardin Zambiya. Babban fa'idar Kogin Kabompo shine ban ruwa. Savanna wanda kogin ya gudana ya ba da damar zuwa babban malalen ambaliyar ruwa, wanda aka cika shi da dabinon Borassus. Southan nisa kudu akwai haɗuwa da Kogin Lungwebungu. Wannan ita ce farkon Tsarin Ruwa na Barotse, sanannen fasalin babba na Zambezi, amma wannan ɓangaren na arewa ba ya ambaliya sosai kuma ya haɗa da tsibirai na ƙasa mafi tsayi a tsakiya. Kimanin kilomita talatin a ƙasa da mahadar Lungwebungu ƙasar ta zama mai faɗi sosai, kuma yanayin filin Barotse na ambaliyar ruwa ya bayyana, tare da ambaliyar da ta kai faɗi 25 kilomita a lokacin damina. Fiye da nisan kilomita 200 a ƙarshen shekara ambaliyar ruwan tana mamaye yanayin ɗabi'a da rayuwar ɗan adam, al'umma da al'ada. Kusan kilomita tamanin da ke ƙasa, Luanginga, wanda tare da raƙuman ruwa take malale babban yanki zuwa yamma, ya haɗu da Zambezi. 'Yan kilomitoci sama sama da gabas babban rafin yana haɗuwa a lokacin damina ta ambaliyar tsarin Luampa/Luena. Gajeriyar hanya mai nisa ta haduwa da Luanginga ita ce Lealui, ɗayan manyan biranen Lozi waɗanda ke da yawa a yankin Zambiya na Barotseland a lardin Yammaci. Shugaban Lozi yana kula da ɗayan mahadi biyu a Lealui; ɗayan yana a Limulunga, wanda yake kan dogaye kuma yana aiki a matsayin babban birni yayin damina. Matsayi na shekara-shekara daga Lealui zuwa Limulunga babban biki ne, wanda akeyi a matsayin ɗayan sanannun bukukuwan Zambiya, Kuomboka. Bayan Lealui, kogin ya juya zuwa kudu maso kudu-gabas. Daga gabas yana ci gaba da karɓar ƙananan rafuka da yawa, amma a yamma ba tare da manyan kwastomomi na kilomita 240 ba. Kafin wannan, Ngonye Falls da rapids na gaba suna katse maɓallin kewayawa. Kudancin Fadar ruwan Ngonye, kogin yayi iyaka da Namibia ta Caprivi Strip. Ayyukan tsiri daga babban jikin Namibia, kuma sakamakonsa ne daga lokacin mulkin mallaka: an kara shi ne zuwa yankin Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka na Jamus don bawa Jamus damar zuwa Zambezi. A ƙasa da mahadar Kogin Cuando da Zambezi kogin ya kusan kusan gabas. A nan, kogin yana da fadi da zurfi, kuma yana gudana a hankali, amma yayin da yake kwarara gabas zuwa iyakar babban filin tsaunin tsakiyar Afirka sai ya isa wani rami wanda Fadar ruwan Victoria ta fada. Tsakiyar Zambezi Bikin Fadar ruwan Victoria ana ɗaukarsa iyaka tsakanin babba da tsakiyar Zambezi. A ƙasa da su kogin ya cigaba da malalawa saboda gabas na kimanin kilomita 200 (mi 120), yana yankan katangar bankwana na mita 20 zuwa 60 (66 zuwa 200 ft) baya ga tsaunuka 200 zuwa mita 250 (660 zuwa 820 ft) mai tsayi. Kogin yana gudana cikin hanzari ta cikin Ruwa na Batoka, raƙuman ruwa suna katsewa na yanzu. An bayyana shi a matsayin ɗayan ɗayan tafiye tafiye na farin ruwa a duniya, babban ƙalubale ga masu tuƙin kaya da raƙuman ruwa iri ɗaya. A bayan kwazazzaben akwai jerin gwanon gudu wanda ya kare kilomita 240 (150 mi) a kasa Victoria Falls. A wannan nisan, kogin ya faɗi da mita 250 (820 ft). A wannan gaba, kogin ya shiga Tafkin Kariba, wanda aka kirkira a 1959 biyo bayan kammala Dam din Kariba. Tabkin na daya daga cikin manya manyan tabkuna da ake yi a duniya, kuma wuraren samar da wutar lantarki a madatsar ruwan na samar da wutar lantarki ga yawancin Zambiya da Zimbabwe. Luangwa da Kafue sune manya-manyan rairayin hagu na Zambezi. Kafue ya haɗu da babban kogi a cikin wani rafin mai zurfin nutsuwa kimanin mita 180 (ƙafa 590). Daga wannan lokacin an duba lanƙwar arewa ta Zambezi kuma rafin ya cigaba saboda gabas. A haɗuwa da Luangwa (15°37'S) ya shiga Mozambique. Tsakiyar Zambezi ya ƙare inda kogin ya shiga Tafkin Cahora Bassa (shima an rubuta shi Cabora Bassa). A da wurin da ake saurin afkuwar hatsari da ake kira Kebrabassa, an kirkiro tafkin ne a shekarar 1974 ta hanyar gina Madatsar ruwa ta Cahora Bassa. Kananan Zambezi Kasan kilomita 4750 na Zambezi daga Cahora Bassa zuwa Tekun Indiya ana iya zirga-zirga, kodayake kogin ba shi da zurfi a wurare da yawa a lokacin rani. Wannan rashin zurfin zurfin yana tasowa yayin da kogin ya shiga cikin kwari mai fadi kuma ya bazu a wani babban yanki. Kawai a wani lokaci, Lupata Ruwa, kilomita 320 daga bakinsa, an tsare kogin tsakanin manyan tsaunuka. Anan yana da kusan faɗi 200 m. Wani wuri kuma daga 5 zuwa 8 kilomita faɗi, yana gudana a hankali cikin rafuka da yawa. Gadon kogin yashi ne, kuma bankunan sun yi ƙasa kuma sun yi ja-gora. A wurare, duk da haka, kuma musamman a lokacin damina, rafukan sun haɗu zuwa ɗaya kogi mai faɗi da sauri. Kusan kilomita 160 daga teku Zambezi ya karɓi malalar Tafkin Malawi ta cikin Kogin Shire. Lokacin da ya kusanci Tekun Indiya, sai kogin ya rabe zuwa cikin wani yanki. Kowane ɗayan manyan masu rarraba huɗun, Kongone, Luabo da Timbwe, sandar yashi ta toshe su. Wani reshe mafi kusa da arewa, wanda ake kira da bakin Chinde, yana da ƙarami mai zurfi a ƙaramin ruwa na 2m a ƙofar kuma 4m kara ciki, kuma shine reshe da ake amfani dashi don kewayawa. 100 kilomita gabar arewa akwai wani kogi da ake kira Quelimane, bayan garin a bakinsa. Wannan rafin, wanda ke yin siliki, yana karɓar ambaliyar Zambezi a lokacin damina. Yankin Yankin tafkin Zambezi ya kai kusan rabin fadinsa kamar yadda yake gabanin gina madatsun ruwa na Kariba da Cahora Bassa suna sarrafa bambancin yanayi na yawan kwararar kogin. Kafin a gina madatsun ruwan na Zambezi suna da tasiri sosai a kan yanayin halittar yankin daga yau tunda ya kawo ruwan sha mai gina jiki zuwa tekun Indiya na gabar teku. Kananan Zambezi sun sami ƙaramar ambaliyar ruwa a farkon lokacin rani yayin da ruwan sama a cikin rafin Gwembe da arewa maso gabashin Zimbabwe suka bi ta ciki yayin da ruwan sama a cikin manyan Zambezi, Kafue, da tafkin Malawi, da kuma Luangwa zuwa wani ƙarami, an hana shi ta fadama da magudanan ruwa. Fitar da wadannan tsarin ya ba da gudummawa ga ambaliyar ruwa da ta fi girma a watan Maris ko Afrilu, tare da matsakaicin matsakaici a kowane wata na Afrilu na mita 6,700 cubic (240,000 cu ft) a kowane dakika a Delta. Rikodin ya ninka sau uku girma, mita dubu 22,500 (790,000 cu ft) a kowane dakika ana yin rikodin a shekarar 1958. Sabanin haka, fitar da aka yi a karshen lokacin rani ya kai kimanin cubic mita 500 (18,000 cu ft) a sakan daya. A cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970s ginin madatsun ruwa ya canza wannan salon kwata-kwata. A can kasan ma'anar mafi karancin wata-mafi-yawa ya kasance mita mai siffar sukari 500 (18,000 cu ft) zuwa mita 6,000 na cubic mita (210,000 cu ft) a sakan daya; yanzu yakai mita dubu 3 (35,000 cu ft) zuwa mita dubu uku da dari tara (140,000 cu ft) a sakan daya. Ambaliyar-matsakaici musamman, irin wanda yanayin yanayin Zambezi ya dace da shi, yakan faru sau da yawa kuma yana da ɗan gajeren lokaci. Kamar yadda tasirin Itezhi-Tezhi Dam yake a cikin Kaffun Flats, wannan yana da sakamako masu zuwa: kifi, tsuntsaye da sauran hanyoyin ciyar da namun daji da tsarin kiwo ya lalace ƙasa da ciyawa bayan ambaliyar ruwa don kiwo da shanu al'adun gargajiya da tsarin kamun kifi sun tabarbare. Lafiyar Qasa na Yankin Yankin Zambezi yana da filaye da yawa, da kuma dausayi na dindin, savannas, da gandun daji na fadama. Tare da magudanan ruwa na Buzi, Pungwe, da Save koguna, kogin Zambezi ya kasance asusun Asusun Kula da dabbobin duniya na Zambezian da ke bakin ruwa savanna ecoregion a Mozambique. Savannas da ambaliyar ta yi ambaliya suna kusa da gabar Tekun Indiya. Mangroves yana gefen bakin tekun Delta. Kodayake madatsun ruwa sun hana wasu daga cikin ambaliyar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta ƙananan Zambezi kuma sun sa yankin da ambaliyar ta ragu sosai ba su cire ambaliyar kwata-kwata ba. Ba za su iya sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa mai yawa ba, kawai sun sanya ambaliyar matsakaiciyar ƙasa da ƙasa. Lokacin da ruwan sama mai karfi a ƙasan Zambezi ya haɗu tare da kyakkyawan kwararar ruwa, ambaliyar ruwa har yanzu tana faruwa kuma yankuna masu dauƙi har yanzu wuri ne mai mahimmanci. Ko yaya, haka kuma ƙarancin gandun dajin na ƙara yin mummunan lahani ga dabbobin daji ya samo asali ne daga farautar dabbobi marasa ƙarfi kamar buffalo da buckbu a lokacin Yakin Basasa na Mozambique kuma yanzu rikicin ya ƙare da alama wuraren da za a yi ambaliyar za su fi yawan jama'a, kuma gaba An kuma tattauna batun lalatawa. Yankin da aka kiyaye shi kawai shine filin wasan Marromeu kusa da garin Beira. Koday ake yankin ya ga raguwar yawan manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa, har yanzu yana gida ga wasu ciki har da reedbuck da ƙaura mai zuwa. Naman dabbobi da aka samo a nan sun hada da zaki (Panthera leo), damisa (Panthera pardus), cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), hyena mai hangowa (Crocuta crocuta) da jackal mai taguwar gefe (Canis adustus). Wuraren ambaliyar sun zama matattarar tsuntsayen masu ƙaura da suka hada da pintails, garganey, African openbill (Anastomus lamelligerus), stork-billed stork (Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis), wattled crane (Bugeranus carunculatus), da kuma babban farin feshin (Pelecanus onocrotalus). Dabbobi masu rarrafe sun hada da kada (Crocodylus niloticus), kadangaren saka idanu na Nile (Varanus niloticus) da kuma dutsen Python na Afirka (Python sebae), da macijin tsutsar ciki na Pungwe (Leptotyphlops pungwensis) da wasu macizan guda uku wadanda kusan suke da jini; macijin ruwa mai ambaliyar ruwa (Lycodonomorphus whytei obscuriventris), dodon kerkuku maciji (Lycophidion nanus) da maciji mai dausayi (Proatheris). Akwai da yawa daga malam buɗe ido. Yanayi Arewacin tafkin Zambezi yana nufin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na 1100 zuwa 1400mm wanda ke sauka zuwa kudu, ya kai kusan rabin wannan adadi a kudu maso yamma. Ruwan sama yana sauka a lokacin damina mai tsawon watanni 4 zuwa 6 lokacin da Yankin Haɓaka tsakanin Yankin ke motsawa daga ƙasan arewa daga tsakanin Oktoba zuwa Maris. Yawan kumburin ruwa yana da yawa (1600 mm-2300 mm) kuma an rasa ruwa da yawa ta wannan hanyar a cikin gulbi da koguna, musamman a kudu maso yamma na kwarin. Dabbobin daji Kogin yana tallafawa ɗimbin ɗumbin dabbobi. Dorinan-ruwa (Hippopotamuses) suna da yawa tare da yawancin sassan kwanciyar hankali na kogin, da kuma kadarorin Nilu. Ana samun kadangaru masu sa ido a wurare da yawa. Tsuntsaye suna da yawa, tare da nau'ikan da suka hada da heron, pelican, egret, ƙananan flamingo da gaggafa kifin Afirka da ke da yawa. Itacen kogin kuma yana tallafawa manyan dabbobi da yawa, kamar bauna, jakunan daji, rakumin dawa, giwaye. Zambezi kuma yana tallafawa nau'ikan kifaye da yawa, wasu daga cikinsu suna da rafin kogi. Muhimmin nau'ikan sun hada da cichlids wadanda ake kifi da yawa don abinci, da kifayen kifi, tigerfish, kifi mai launin rawaya da sauran manyan halittu. Wani lokacin ana kiran sa da shark da sunan Zambezi shark bayan kogi, amma ana samun sa a duk duniya. Igiyoyin ruwa Babban Zambezi: 507,200 km2, ya sauke 1044 m3/s a Fadar ruwan Victoria, wanda ya ƙunshi: Ruwan Arewacin, 222,570 km2, 850 m3/s a Lukulu: Kogin Chifumage: Yankin tsakiyar Angola Kogin Luena: Yankin tsakiyar Angola Kogin Kabompo: 72,200 km2, NW tsaunukan NW na Zambiya Kogin Lungwebungu: 47,400 km2, yankin tsakiyar Angola Yankin tsakiyar filayen, 284,630 km2, 196 m3/s (Fadar ruwan Victoria Lukulu): Kogin Luanginga: 34,600 km2, yankin tsakiyar Angola Kogin Luampa/Luena River, Zambiya: 20,500 km2, gabashin gabashin Zambezi Cuando/Linyanti/Kogin Chobe: 133,200 km2, Angolan S plateau Caprivi Tsakiyar Zambezi wanda aka ƙididdige 1,050,000 km2, 2442 m3/s, wanda aka auna a Cahora Bassa Ruwa (Yankin tsakiyar ta kanta: 542,800 km2, fitarwa 1398 m3/s (C. Bassa Fadar ruwan Victoria) Gwembe Kamawa, 156,600 km2, 232 m3/s (Kariba Gorge Fadar ruwan Vic): Kogin Gwayi: 54,610 km2, NW Zimbabwe Kogin Sengwa: 25,000 km2, Arewacin tsakiyar Zimbabwe Kogin Sanyati: 43,500 km2, Arewacin tsakiyar Zimbabwe Kariba Ruwa zuwa C. Bassa mai kamawa, 386200 km2, 1166 m3/s (C. Bassa Kariba Ruwa): Kogin Kafue: 154,200 km2, 285 m3 s, Yammacin tsakiyar Zambiya Copperbelt Kogin Luangwa: 151,400 km2, 547 m3 s, Luangwa Rift Valley plateau NW da shi Kogin Panhane: 23,897 km2, yankin tsakiyar Arewacin Zimbabwe Kananan Zambezi ya cika yawa, 1,378,000 km2, 3424 m3/s, wanda aka auna a Marromeu (Kananan sashe da kanta: 328,000 km2, 982 m3 s (Marromeu-C. Bassa)) Kogin Luia: 28,000 km2, Moravia-Angonia plateau, N na Zambezi Kogin Luenha/Kogin Mazoe: 54,144 km2, 152 m3/s, Tsaunin Manica, NE Zimbabwe Kogin Shire, 154,000 km2, 539 m3/s, Tafkin Malawi Delta na Zambezi, 12,000 km2 Adadin kogin Zambezi: 1,390,000 km2, 3424 m3/s aka sallamar da ita zuwa yankin Delta Bayanai: Beilfuss Dos Santos (2001) Ba a haɗa Kogin Okavango cikin waɗannan adadi saboda kawai lokaci-lokaci yana malalowa ta kowane fanni zuwa cikin Zambezi. Saboda rabon ruwan sama, yankuna na arewa suna bayar da ruwa mai yawa fiye da na kudu, misali: yankunan arewacin tsaunuka na sama na Zambezi suna bada kashi 25%, Kafue 8%, Luangwa da Shire Rivers 16% kowane, jimlar 65% na ruwan Zambezi. Babban tafkin Cuando da ke kudu maso yamma a gefe guda yana ba da gudummawa kusan 2 m3/s saboda yawancinsu sun ɓace ta hanyar ɓarna a cikin tsarin fadamar. Shekarun 1940 da 1950 sun kasance shekaru masu yawa musamman a cikin kwandon ruwa. Tun daga 1975, ya fi bushewa, matsakaicin fitarwa ya zama kashi 70% kawai na wannan daga shekarun 1930 zuwa 1958. Tarihin kasa Har zuwa Late Pliocene ko Pleistocene (sama da shekaru miliyan biyu da suka wuce), kogin Babban Zambezi ya kasance yana kwarara kudu ta inda yake yanzu Makgadikgadi Pan zuwa Kogin Limpopo. Canjin hanyar kogin sakamakon motsawar epeirogenic ne wanda ya daukaka saman a rabe-raben ruwa na yau tsakanin kogunan biyu. A halin yanzu, kilomita 1,000 (620 mi) gabas, yankin yamma na Kogin Shire a gabashin Rift ta gabashin Afirka ta hanyar Malawi ya lalata wani kwari mai zurfin kan rakiyar yamma. Dangane da kimar peran cm a kowace shekara, wannan kogin, Tsakiyar Zambezi, ya fara yanke gadon kogin nasa zuwa yamma, tare da taimakon riƙo (rift valleys) da ke kan hanyarsa ta hanyar gabas zuwa yamma. Kamar yadda ta yi haka ta kame wasu koguna da ke kwarara ta kudu kamar su Luangwa da Kafue. Daga ƙarshe sai babban Zambezi ya kama babban kogin da ya makale a Makgadikgadi (ko kuma wani yanki daga gare shi) yana yankan baya zuwa gareshi, kuma ya wofintar da shi zuwa gabas. Hakanan an kame Babban Zambezi. Tsakiyar Zambezi ya kai kimanin mita 300 (ƙafa 980) ƙasa da Upper Zambezi, kuma wata ƙatuwar maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da aka kafa a gefen ƙauyen mashigar da ƙoshin babban kogin yake gudana. Wannan shi ne Fadar ruwan Victoria na Farko, a wani wuri zuwa Ruwa na Batoka kusa da inda Tafkin Kariba yake yanzu. Tarihi Bayanin Lantarki Bature na farko da yazo ketaren kogin Zambezi shine Vasco da Gama, a cikin Janairu 1498, wanda ya kafa abin da ya kira Rio dos Bons Sinais ("Kogin Kyakkyawan Omens"), yanzu Quelimane ko Quá-Qua, ƙaramin kogi a kan ƙarshen ƙarshen Delta, wanda a wancan lokacin ya haɗu da tashoshi masu amfani da shi zuwa rafin Zambezi daidai (haɗin da aka ƙulla da shi a cikin 1830s). A cikin fewan kaɗan daga cikin tsoffin taswirori, an fassara kogin duka kamar haka. Amma tuni zuwa farkon 1500s, sabon suna ya fito, kogin Cuama (wani lokacin "Quama" ko "Zuama"). Cuama shine sunan yankin da mazaunan Tudun Swahili suka ba shi don matsugunin da yake kan ɗayan tsibirai na kudu maso yamma (kusa da tashar Luabo). Mafi yawan tsofaffin taswirar jiragen ruwa suna nuna shigar Luabo a matsayin Cuama, duka yankin kamar "kogunan Cuama" da kogin Zambezi sun dace da "Kogin Cuama". Duk da haka, tuni a cikin 1552, marubucin tarihin Fotigal João de Barros ya lura cewa mutanen wannan birni na Monomatapa suna kiran wannan kogin Cuama Zembere. Friar Fotigal Dominican João dos Santos, ta ziyarci Monomatapa a 1597, ta ba da rahoton as Zambeze (Harsunan Bantu suna canzawa tsakanin z da r) kuma sun bincika asalin sunan; an gaya masa an sa masa sunan mutane. Don haka kalmar "Zambezi" ta kasance bayan mutanen da ke zaune a gefen babban tafki zuwa arewa. 'Yan takarar da ake ganin sun fi dacewa su ne "M'biza", ko mutanen Bisa (a tsofaffin rubutun da aka bayar a matsayin Muisa, Movisa, Abisa, Ambios da sauran bambance-bambancen), mutanen Bantu ne da ke zaune a yankin da ke tsakiyar gabashin Zambiya a yanzu, tsakanin Kogin Zambezi da Tafkin Bangweolo (a lokacin, kafin mamayewar Lunda, da alama Bisa zai kara fadada arewa, mai yiwuwa zuwa Lake Tanganyika). Bisa ya yi suna a matsayin manyan dillalan yadi a duk yankin. A cikin sanarwa mai ban sha'awa, ɗan asalin Goas ɗin nan dan asalin ƙasar Portugal Manuel Caetano Pereira, wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa ƙasashen Bisa a cikin 1796 ya yi mamakin nuna shi na biyu, keɓaɓɓen kogi da ake kira "Zambezi". Wannan "sauran Zambezi" wanda ya ba da mamaki ga Pereira shine wataƙila abin da majiyoyin zamani ke rubutawa na Kogin Chambeshi a arewacin Zambiya. Maganar Monomatapa (Santos ta ruwaito) cewa Zambezi ya samo asali ne daga wani babban tafki na ciki yana iya zama ishara ga ɗayan Manyan tabkuna na Afirka. Ofayan sunayen da masu bincike na farko suka bayar da rahoto game da Tafkin Malawi shine "Lake Zambre" (wataƙila ɓarna ce ta "Zambezi"), mai yiwuwa saboda Tafkin Malawi ya haɗu da ƙananan Zambezi ta Kogin Malawi. Labarin Monomatapa ya yi daidai da tsohuwar tunanin Turai, wanda aka samo daga tsohuwar tarihi, cewa duk manyan kogunan Afirka-Kogin Nilu, da Senegal, da Kwango, yanzu ma Zambezi, duk an same su ne daga babban babban tafkin. Haka kuma an gaya wa Fotigal din cewa "kogin" na Mozambican Espirito Santo (a zahiri an gina shi ne daga kogin Umbeluzi, Matola da Tembe) daga wani tafki (saboda haka aka san hanyar da ake kira Delagoa Bay). A sakamakon haka, tsoffin taswirori da yawa suna nuna Zambezi da kogunan "Espirito Santo" suna haɗewa cikin zurfin ciki, a tafki ɗaya. Koyaya, tushen asalin Bisa ba tare da jayayya ba. A 1845, WD Cooley, yana nazarin bayanan Pereira, ya kammala kalmar "Zambezi" ba daga mutanen Bisa bane, a'a daga kalmar Bantu "mbege"/"mbeze" ("kifi"), saboda haka yana iya nufin kawai "kogi" na kifi". David Livingstone, wanda ya isa Zambezi na sama a cikin 1853, yana kiranta da "Zambesi" amma kuma ya lura da sunan yankin "Leeambye" da mutanen Lozi ke amfani da shi, wanda ya ce yana nufin "babban kogi ko kogi daidai da kyau". Livingstone ya rubuta wasu sunaye na Zambezi Luambeji, Luambesi, Ambezi, Ojimbesi da Zambesi waɗanda mutane daban-daban suka yi amfani da su a yayin tafiyarta, kuma ya tabbatar da cewa "dukkansu suna da irin wannan mahimmancin ra'ayi kuma suna bayyana ra'ayin asalin ƙasar na wannan kyakkyawan rafin kasancewar babban magudanar ruwa. ƙasa A cikin bayanan Fotigal, lokacin "Kogin Cuama" ya ɓace kuma ya ba da kalmar zuwa "Kogin Sena" (Rio de Sena), wanda yake nuni ga tashar kasuwanci ta Swahili (kuma daga baya Portuguese) a Sena. A shekarar 1752, yankin Zambezi Delta, da sunan "Kogin Sena" (Rios de Sena) ya kafa gundumar mulkin mallaka ta Fotigal Mozambique. Amma amfani da yau da kullun na "Zambezi" ya haifar da zartar da hukunci a cikin 1858 a hukumance ya sauya sunan yankin "Zambézia". Binciken kogin Yankin Zambezi ya kasance sananne ne ga masanan tarihin zamanin da daular Monomotapa, kuma tafkin kogin, da kuma matsayin tabkuna Ngami da Nyasa, an ba su sosai daidai a farkon taswira. Waɗannan an gina su ne daga bayanan Larabawa. Bature na farko da ya ziyarci rafin Zambezi shi ne yaren Portuguese da ke António Fernandes a cikin 1511 da kuma a cikin 1513, tare da manufar bayar da rahoto game da yanayin kasuwanci da ayyukan cikin tsakiyar Afirka ta Tsakiya. Rahoton ƙarshe na waɗannan binciken ya bayyana mahimmancin tashoshin jiragen ruwan Zambezi na sama ga tsarin kasuwancin cikin gida, musamman cinikin gwal na Gabashin Afirka. David Livingstone ne ya fara binciken farko na Zambezi na sama a bincikensa daga Bechuanaland tsakanin 1851 da 1853. Bayan shekara biyu ko uku sai ya sauko da Zambezi a bakinta kuma a cikin wannan tafiya ya sami Fadar ruwan Victoria. A tsakanin 1858-60, tare da John Kirk, Livingstone ya hau kogin ta bakin Kongone har zuwa Falls, sannan kuma ya bi tafkin ɗan kwali na Shire har ya isa Tafkin Malawi. Domin shekaru 35 masu zuwa kadan binciken kogin ya faru. Wani ɗan Burtaniya mai bincike Serpa Pinto ya binciki wasu daga cikin yammacin rafin kogin kuma ya auna ma'aunin Fadar ruwan Victoria a 1878. A cikin 1884 ɗan mishan mission ɗan asalin Scotland wanda yake ɗan mishan mai suna Frederick Stanley Arnot ya yi tattaki a tsayin ƙasa tsakanin kogunan Zambezi da Kongo, kuma ya gano tushen Zambezi. Ya yi la'akari da cewa tsaunin da ke kusa da kuma Kalene Hill wuri ne da ya dace da manufa. Arnot ya kasance tare da ɗan kasuwar Fotigal da hafsan sojan António da Silva Porto. A cikin 1889 an ga tashar Chinde a arewacin manyan bakin kogin. Tafiya biyu da Manjo A. St Hill Gibbons ya jagoranta a shekarar 1895 zuwa 1896 da 1898 zuwa 1900 sun ci gaba da aikin binciken da Livingstone ya fara a cikin babban kwarin da tsakiyar kogin. Tattalin arziki Yawan kwarin kogin Zambezi ya kai kimanin miliyan 32. Kimanin kashi 80% na yawan kwarin sun dogara ne da aikin gona, kuma filayen ambaliyar ruwa na sama suna ba da ƙasar noma mai kyau. Al’ummomin da ke bakin kogin suna kama shi sosai, kuma mutane da yawa suna yin tafiya daga nesa zuwa kifi. Wasu garuruwan Zambiya a kan hanyoyi da ke zuwa kogin suna karbar harajin da ba na hukuma ba 'harajin kifi' kan mutanen da ke daukar kifin Zambezi zuwa wasu sassan kasar. Hakanan kamun kifi don abinci, kamun kifi wasa muhimmin aiki ne akan wasu sassan kogin. Tsakanin Mongu da Livingstone, gidajen shakatawa na safari da yawa suna ba da baƙi don yawon buɗe ido waɗanda ke son kamun kifi don nau'ikan jinsuna, kuma da yawa kuma suna kama kifin don sayar wa aquaria. Kwarin kogin yana da wadatattun ma'adanai da burbushin halittu, kuma hakar kwal na da mahimmanci a wurare. Hakanan madatsun ruwa tare da tsawonsu suna samar da aikin yi ga mutane da yawa da ke kusa da su, wajen kula da tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki da kuma madatsun da kansu. Yankunan kogin da yawa kuma shahararrun wuraren yawon bude ido ne. Fadar ruwan Victoria tana karɓar baƙi sama da 100,000 a kowace shekara, tare da baƙi 141,929 da aka ruwaito a cikin 2015. Mana Pools da Tafkin Kariba kuma suna zana adadi masu yawa na yawon bude ido. Sufuri Ana saurin katse kogin da hanzari saboda haka bai taba kasancewa muhimmiyar hanyar jigila ba. Tafiyar Zambezi ta David Livingstone ta yi ƙoƙari ta buɗe kogin don kewaya ta jirgin ruwa, amma Cahora Bassa Rapids ya ci shi. Tare da wasu shimfidawa, sau da yawa ya fi dacewa don tafiya ta kwale-kwale tare da kogin maimakon kan hanyoyin da ba a inganta su ba wadanda galibi suna cikin mawuyacin hali saboda ambaliyar ruwa a kai a kai, kuma yawancin ƙauyuka da yawa da ke gefen kogin suna kawayawa ta jirgin ruwa. A cikin shekarun 1930s da 40s wani sabis na jigilar kaya ya yi aiki a kan hanyar tsakanin Katombora Rapids, kimanin kilomita 50 (31 mi) daga daga Livingstone, kuma masu saurin gudu daga Katima Mulilo. Koyaya, ya danganta da matakin ruwa, ana iya shiga kwale-kwale ta hanyar-Lozi paddlers, dozin ko fiye a cikin jirgin ruwa, na iya ma'amala da yawancin su ko kuma a ja su zuwa gaɓar tekun ko a ɗauke su a kusa da hanzari, da ƙungiyar shanu ya jawo jiragen ruwa masu nisan kilomita 5 (3.1 mi) a kan ƙasar da ke kusa da Fadar ruwan Ngonye. Hanya, layin dogo da sauran mashigan kogin, sau ɗaya ne kaɗan da kuma nesa, suna ta ƙaruwa. Su ne, domin daga asalin kogin: Gadar hanyar Cazombo, Angola, ta jefa bam cikin yaƙin basasa kuma har yanzu ba a sake gina ta ba Chinyingi ya dakatar da dutsen kusa da garin Zambezi, wani dusar ƙafa mai tsawon mita 300 (ƙafa 980) wanda aka gina a matsayin aikin al'umma Gadar Lubosi Imwiko II da ta hada garuruwan Mongu da Kalabo, sabuwar gada ce mai tsawon mita 1,005 da karafa wacce ta hada da kilomita 38.5 na babbar hanyar da ta bi ta hanyar Barotse Floodplain da kamfanin kasar Sin ya gina tsakanin 2011 da 2016 (yunkurin na 2) na tiriliyan 1.2 na kwacha. Gadar Sioma kusa da Ngonye Falls, sabuwar hanyar gada mai tsawon mita 260 (K 108 miliyan), an buɗe ta a 2016 a matsayin wani ɓangare na hanyar Sesheke Senanga Gadar Katima Mulilo, mai nisan mita 900 (kafa 3,000), tsakanin Namibia da Sesheke a Zambiya, an bude ta 2004, an kammala babbar hanyar Trans Caprivi da ta hada Lusaka a Zambiya da Walvis Bay a gabar tekun Atlantika Gadar Kazungula a cikin watan Agusta na 2007 an ba da sanarwar maye gurbin Kazungula Ferry, ɗayan manyan jiragen ruwa a Kudancin Afirka, da gada ta hanyar inda kogin ya kai mita 430 (1,410 ft) faɗi Gadar Fadar ruwan Victoria (hanya da layin dogo), wanda aka fara ginawa, an kammala shi a watan Afrilu 1905 kuma an fara niyyarsa azaman hanyar haɗi a cikin shirin Cecil Rhodes don gina hanyar jirgin ƙasa daga Cape Town zuwa Alkahira: mita 250 (ƙafa 820) Dam din Kariba yana dauke da babbar hanyar Kariba Siavonga a hayin kogin Otto Beit Bridge a Chirundu, hanya, mita 382 (1,253 ft), 1939 Na biyu gadar Chirundu, hanya, mita 400 (1,300 ft), 2002 Cahora Bassa Dam yana cikin yanki mai nisa kuma baya ɗaukar babbar hanya a ƙetaren kogin Gadar dakatarwar Tete, gada mai nisan kilomita 1 (1,000 m) (1970s) Gadar Dona Ana, hanyar jirgin kasa ce ta asali amma aka canza ta zuwa hanya daya, (1935), mafi tsayi a kilomita 3 (1.9 mi), tun a ƙarshen 2009 ya zama gada ta hanyar jirgin ƙasa, fasinjoji da jiragen ƙasa masu jigilar kayayyaki suna sake tsallakawa ta ƙetaren kuma daga 2011 akan layin dogo akan wannan gadar na iya isar da miliyoyin tan na kwal na Tete zuwa tashar jirgin ruwan Beira. Gadar Caia an fara aikinta ne a cikin 2007 na babbar gada mai tsawon kilomita 2.3 (1.4 mi) don maye gurbin jirgin Caia, wanda, tare da Kazungula, shine jirgi mafi girma a ƙetaren kogin Akwai wasu ƙananan jiragen ruwa da ke ƙetare kogin a Angola, yammacin Zambiya, da Mozambique, musamman tsakanin Mongu da Kalabo. Sama da Mongu a cikin shekaru masu zuwa bayan damuna masu ƙarancin ruwa ana iya yin rijistar kogin a wuri ɗaya ko biyu. A yankuna masu yawon bude ido, kamar su Fadar ruwan Victoria da Kariba, jiragen ruwan yawon bude ido na daukar ‘yan baƙi tare da kogin. Ilimin Lafiya Gurɓatarwa Magudanar ruwa na daga cikin manyan abubuwan dake haifar da gurbacewar ruwa a kusa da biranen, saboda rashin wadatattun wuraren kula da ruwa a duk manyan biranen yankin ya tilasta musu sakin najasa da ba a kula da ita a cikin kogin. Wannan ya haifar da lalata ruwan kogin kuma ya sauƙaƙa yaduwar cututtukan rashin tsabta kamar kwalara, zazzaɓi da zazzaɓin cizon sauro Illar madatsun ruwa Gina wasu manyan madatsun ruwa biyu da ke tsara yadda kogin ke gudana ya yi babban tasiri a kan namun daji da kuma yawan mutanen da ke ƙasan yankin Zambezi. Lokacin da aka kammala madatsar Cahora Bassa a shekarar 1973, manajojinta suka ba ta damar cikawa a cikin lokaci guda na ambaliyar ruwa, suna cin karo da shawarwarin cika akalla shekaru biyu. Rage raguwar kwararar kogin ya haifar da raguwar kashi 40 cikin ɗari a cikin bishiyar mangroves, ya ƙaru ƙwarai da zaizayar yankin bakin ruwa da raguwar kashi 60% na kamun kifin daga bakin saboda raguwar sanya dusar ƙanƙara da hade da gina jiki. Tsarin ruwa na Wetland da ke gabar ruwa ya ragu sosai. An kara fuskantar barazanar namun daji a cikin yankin ta hanyar farauta mara kan gado a lokacin yakin basasa a Mozambique. Matakan kiyayewa Yankin Kavango Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation zai mamaye wasu sassan Zambiya, Angola, Namibia, Zimbabwe da Botswana, gami da mashahurin Okavango Delta a cikin Botswana da Mosi-oa-Tunya (Hayakin da ke Damuwa, ko Fadar ruwan Victoria). Ana tunanin cewa wurin shakatawar zai iya taimakawa tare da hanyoyin yin hijirar dabbobi da kuma taimakawa wajen kiyaye wuraren da ke da ruwa wanda yake da tsaftataccen ruwa, kasancewar ruwan da najasa ga al'uma matsala ce. An inganta kudaden don kiyaye iyakokin kan iyaka tare da Zambezi a shekarar 2008. Kavango Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation project wanda ke bin Kogin Zambezi kuma ya tsallaka zuwa Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Zambiya da Zimbabwe ya sami tallafin €8 miliyan daga Kungiyar ba ta gwamnati ba ta Jamusawa. Za'a yi amfani da wani ɓangare na kuɗin don bincike a wuraren da aikin ya ƙunsa. Koyaya, Angola ta yi gargadin cewa nakiyoyi daga yakin basasar su na iya kawo cikas ga aikin. Kogin a halin yanzu ya ratsa ta Ngonye Falls National Park, Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park, da Lower Zambezi National Park (a Zambiya), da Zambezi National Park, Victoria Falls National Park, Matusadona National Park, Mana Pools National Park, da kuma Middle Zambezi Biosphere Reserve (a Zimbabwe). Gudanar da hannun jari na kifi Tun daga shekara ta 2017 halin da ake ciki na tsananin kamun kifi a cikin manyan Zambezi da raƙuman ruwa an ɗauke shi mai wahala, a wani ɓangare saboda raunin aiwatar da ƙa'idojin kamun kifi. An gano kamun kifin na tabkin Liambezi da ke gabashin Caprivi ya kare gaba daya, kuma binciken ya nuna raguwar tsarin ruwan kogin Zambezi-Kwando-Chobe. Yin kamun kifi ba bisa doka ba (i.a. daga baƙi waɗanda Namibiya ke aiki da su) da kuma mutane masu ra'ayin kasuwanci, suna amfani da albarkatun don cutar da kasuwannin cikin gida da al'ummomin da al'adunsu da tattalin arzikinsu suka dogara da waɗannan albarkatun. Sakamakon haka ne jami'an Namibia suka hana gidajen sauro, kuma suka sanya lokacin rufewa na kimanin watanni 3 a kowace shekara don ba kifin damar yin kiwo. Sun kuma nada masu gadin kifi na kauye kuma an bayyana tashar Kayasa a cikin yankin masarautar Impalila a matsayin ajiyar kamun kifi. Har ila yau, ma'aikatar ta Namibia ta inganta kiwon kifi da niyyar raba dubban yatsu ga kananan manoman kifi da ke rajista a yankin. Ɓarkewa ta EUS A ranar 14 ga Satumbar 2007, cututtukan fuka (EUS) sun kashe ɗaruruwan kifaye masu rauni a cikin kogin. Ministan aikin gona na Zambiya Ben Kapita ya nemi masana da su binciki barkewar cutar don bincika musababbin don gano ko za a iya yada cutar ga mutane Manyan garuruwa Tare da yawancin tsafin kogin, yawan jama'a ba su da yawa, amma manyan birane da tare da hanyarta sun haɗa da masu zuwa: Katima Mulilo (Namibia) Mongu, Lukulu, Livingstone da Sesheke (Zambiya) Fadar ruwan Victoria da Kariba (Zimbabwe) Songo da Tete (Mozambique) Manazarta Kara karantawa Bento C.M., Beilfuss R. (2003), Wattled Cranes, Waterbirds, and Wetland Conservation in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique, report for the Biodiversity Foundation for Africa for the IUCN Regional Office for Southern Africa: Zambezi Basin Wetlands Conservation and Resource Utilisation Project. Bourgeois S., Kocher T., Schelander P. (2003), Case study: Zambezi river basin, ETH Seminar: Science and Politics of International Freshwater Management 2003/04 Davies B.R., Beilfuss R., Thoms M.C. (2000), "Cahora Bassa retrospective, 1974–1997: effects of flow regulation on the Lower Zambezi River," Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnologie, 27, 1–9 Dunham KM (1994), The effect of drought on the large mammal populations of Zambezi riverine woodlands, Journal of Zoology, v. 234, p. 489–526 Dorling Kindersley Publishing, Inc. (2004). World reference atlas. New York: Dorling Kindersley. Wynn S. (2002), "The Zambezi River Wilderness and Tourism", International Journal of Wilderness, 8, 34H. C. N. Ridley: "Early History of Road Transport in Northern Rhodesia", The Northern Rhodesia Journal, Vol 2 No 5 (1954)—Re Zambezi River Transport Service at Katombora. Funding boost for cross-border conservation project Hanyoyin haɗin waje Information and a map of the Zambezi's watershed Zambezi Expedition Fighting Malaria on the "River of Life" The Zambezi Society Map of Africa's river basins Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law Peace Palace Library The Nature Conservancy's Great Rivers Partnership works to conserve the Zambezi

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daidaitaccen%20zafin%20jiki%20da%20matsa%20lamba

Daidaitaccen zafin jiki da matsa lamba

Matsakaicin zafin jiki da matsa lamba STP sune nau'ikan ma'auni daban-daban na yanayi don ma'aunin gwaji da za a kafa don ba da damar yin kwatance tsakanin saitin bayanai daban-daban. Mafi yawan ma'auni da aka fi amfani da su sune na Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya ta Tsabtace da Aiwatar da Chemistry (IUPAC) da Cibiyar Ƙididdiga da Fasaha ta Ƙasa (NIST), ko da yake waɗannan ba ƙa'idodi ba ne a duniya. Wasu ƙungiyoyi sun kafa ma'anoni daban-daban na madadin ma'anar ma'auni don daidaitattun yanayin su. A cikin masana'antu da kasuwanci, daidaitattun yanayi don zafin jiki da matsa lamba sau da yawa ya zama dole don ayyana daidaitattun yanayin tunani don bayyana adadin iskar gas da ruwa da yawa da ke da alaƙa kamar ƙimar yawan kwararar iska (yawan gas ɗin ya bambanta sosai tare da zafin jiki da matsa lamba). daidaitattun mitoci masu kubik a sakan daya (Sm 3 /s), da na al’ada mai kubik a sakan daya (Nm 3 /s). Duk da haka, yawancin wallafe-wallafen fasaha (littattafai, mujallu, tallace-tallace na kayan aiki da injuna) kawai suna bayyana "ma'auni" ba tare da fayyace su ba; sau da yawa musanya kalmar da tsofaffi "yanayin al'ada", ko "NC". A lokuta na musamman wannan na iya haifar da rudani da kurakurai. Kyakkyawan aiki koyaushe yana haɗawa da yanayin yanayin zafi da matsa lamba. Idan ba a bayyana ba, ana tsammanin wasu yanayin yanayin ɗakin, kusa da matsa lamba 1, 293 K (20 °C), da zafi 0%. Ma'anoni A cikin ilmin sunadarai, IUPAC ta canza ma'anarta na daidaitaccen zafin jiki da matsa lamba a cikin 1982: Har zuwa 1982, an bayyana STP azaman zazzabi na 273.15 Ku (0 °C, 32 °F) da cikakken matsi na daidai 1 101.325 kPa) Tun daga 1982, an bayyana STP azaman zazzabi na 273.15 Ku (0 °C, 32 °F) da cikakken matsi na daidai 10 5 Ba (100 kpa, 1 bar NIST yana amfani da zafin jiki na 20 C (293.15 Ku, 68 °F) da cikakken matsi na 1 atm (14.696 psi, 101.325 kPa). Hakanan ana kiran wannan ma'aunin zafin jiki na al'ada da matsa lamba (wanda aka rage shi azaman NTP Duk da haka, yawan zafin jiki da matsa lamba da NIST ke amfani da shi don gwaje-gwajen thermodynamic shine 298.15 K (25 C, 77 F da 1 mashaya (14.5038 psi, 100 kPa). NIST kuma yana amfani da "15 °C (59 °F)" don biyan diyya na yanayin zafi na samfuran mai da aka tace, duk da cewa waɗannan dabi'u biyu ba su dace da juna ba. Matsayin ma'auni na ISO 13443 don iskar gas da makamantansu sune da 101.325 kPa; da bambanci, Cibiyar Man Fetur ta Amurka ta ɗauki Amfanin da ya gabata Kafin 1918, ƙwararru da masana kimiyya da yawa waɗanda ke amfani da tsarin awo na raka'a sun ayyana daidaitattun yanayin yanayin zafin jiki da matsa lamba don bayyana adadin gas a matsayin da A cikin waɗannan shekarun guda ɗaya, mafi yawan amfani da daidaitattun yanayin magana ga mutanen da ke amfani da tsarin mulkin mallaka ko na Amurka shine da 14.696 psi (1 atm) saboda kusan masana'antun man fetur da iskar gas ne ke amfani da shi a duk duniya. Ma'anar da ke sama ba su kasance mafi yawan amfani da su ba a kowane tsarin raka'a. Amfani na yanzu Yawancin ma'anoni daban-daban na daidaitattun yanayi a halin yanzu ƙungiyoyi suna amfani da su a duk faɗin duniya. Teburin da ke ƙasa ya lissafa kaɗan daga cikinsu, amma akwai ƙari. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi sun yi amfani da wasu ma'auni a baya. Misali, IUPAC tana da, tun 1982, ta ayyana ma'auni na ma'ana kamar 0 °C da 100 kPa (1 bar), sabanin tsohon mizaninsa na 0 °C da 101.325 kPa (1 atm). Sabuwar darajar ita ce ma'anar matsa lamba na yanayi a tsayin kusan mita 112, wanda ya fi kusa da matsakaicin matsakaicin duniya na mazaunin ɗan adam (194 m). Kamfanonin iskar gas a Turai, Australia, da Kudancin Amurka sun karɓi 15 °C (59 °F) da 101.325 kPa (14.696 psi. Har ila yau, Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya don Daidaitawa (ISO), Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) da Cibiyar Ƙididdiga da Fasaha ta Ƙasa (NIST) kowanne yana da ma'anar ma'anar ma'auni fiye da ɗaya a cikin ma'auni da ka'idoji daban-daban. Matsayin Duniya A cikin motsin jiragen sama da na ruwa International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) shine ƙayyadaddun matsi, zafin jiki, yawa, da saurin sauti a kowane tsayi. Matsayin Matsayi na Duniya shine wakilcin yanayin yanayi a tsakiyar latitudes. A cikin Amurka wannan bayanin an ƙayyadadden yanayin yanayin US Standard Atmosphere wanda yayi daidai da "International Standard Atmosphere" a kowane tsayi har zuwa ƙafa 65,000 sama da matakin teku. Daidaitaccen yanayin dakin gwaje Saboda yawancin ma'anoni na daidaitaccen zafin jiki da matsa lamba sun bambanta da zafin jiki sosai daga daidaitaccen yanayin dakin gwaje-gwaje (misali 0 °C da 25 °C), sau da yawa ana yin la'akari da "misali yanayin dakin gwaje-gwaje" (waɗanda aka zaɓa da gangan don bambanta da kalmar "misali yanayin zafin jiki da matsa lamba", duk da ma'anarsa kusa da ainihi idan aka fassara shi a zahiri). Duk da haka, abin da yake "misali" zafin dakin gwaje-gwaje da matsin lamba babu makawa yana da nasaba da yanayin ƙasa, ganin cewa sassa daban-daban na duniya sun bambanta ta yanayi, tsayi da kuma yanayin amfani da zafi sanyaya a wuraren aiki. Misali, makarantu a New South Wales, Ostiraliya suna amfani da 25 °C da 100 kPa don daidaitattun yanayin dakin gwaje. ASTM International ta buga Standard ASTM E41-Terminology da ke da alaƙa da kwandishan da ɗaruruwan yanayi na musamman don takamaiman kayan da hanyoyin gwaji Sauran ƙungiyoyin ma'auni kuma suna da ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin gwaji na musamman. Molar ƙarar gas Yana da mahimmanci a nuna yanayin yanayin zafi da matsa lamba lokacin da ake bayyana ƙarar molar iskar gas kamar yadda yake da lokacin bayyana ƙarar iskar gas ko ƙimar kwararar juzu'i. Bayyana ƙarar molar gas ba tare da nuna yanayin yanayin zafi da matsa lamba ba yana da ma'ana kaɗan kuma yana iya haifar da rudani. Ana iya ƙididdige ƙarar molar iskar gas a kusa da STP kuma a matsa lamba na yanayi tare da daidaito wanda yawanci ya isa ta amfani da ingantacciyar dokar iskar gas Za'a iya ƙididdige ƙarar molar kowane iskar gas a daidaitattun daidaitattun yanayi kamar yadda aka nuna a ƙasa: Vm 8.3145 273.15 101.325 22.414 dm3/mol at 0 °C and 101.325 kPa Vm 8.3145 273.15 100.000 22.711 dm3/mol at 0 °C and 100 kPa Vm 8.3145 288.15 101.325 23.645 dm3/mol at 15 °C and 101.325 kPa Vm 8.3145 298.15 101.325 24.466 dm3/mol at 25 °C and 101.325 kPa Vm 8.3145 298.15 100.000 24.790 dm3/mol at 25 °C and 100 kPa Vm 10.7316 519.67 14.696 379.48 ft3/lbmol at 60 °F and 14.696 psi (or about 0.8366 ft3/gram mole) Vm 10.7316 519.67 14.730 378.61 ft3/lbmol at 60 °F and 14.73 psi Littattafan fasaha na iya zama da ruɗani saboda yawancin marubuta sun kasa yin bayani ko suna amfani da daidaitaccen iskar gas ɗin R, ko takamaiman madaidaicin iskar gas Dangantakar da ke tsakanin madaukai biyu shine R s R m, inda m shine yawan kwayoyin kwayoyin gas. Ƙididdiga na US Standard Atmosphere (USSA) yana amfani da 8.31432 m 3 ·Pa/(mol·K) a matsayin darajar R Duk da haka, USSA, 1976 ta gane cewa wannan darajar ba ta dace da ƙimar Avogadro akai-akai da kuma Boltzmann akai-akai Duba kuma Environmental chamber ISO 1 standard reference temperature for geometric product specifications Reference atmospheric model Room temperature Standard sea-level conditions Standard state

30078

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibiyar%20muhalli%20a%20%28Swansea%29

Cibiyar muhalli a (Swansea)

opened byEnvironment Centre (Swansea) Cibiyar Muhalli a Swansea, Wales, ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta agaji don bayanin muhalli, ilimi da ayyuka. Cibiyar Muhalli kuma na iya komawa zuwa ginin da ƙungiyar agaji ke ciki. Manufar Cibiyar Muhalli ita ce ta wayar da kan mutane game da al'amuran muhalli, don ƙara yawan shiga ayyukan muhalli da kuma yin aiki don samun makoma mai dorewa Kuma Yana haɓaka, alal misali, manufar Rs guda uku (rage, sake amfani da, sake yin fa'ida) Cibiyar tana ba da tallafi ga ƙungiyoyin muhalli da ƙungiyoyi, bayanai kan batutuwan muhalli da ayyukan ilimi. Duka ƙungiyar agaji da gininta suna aiki azaman tsakiyar wurin musanya da haɗin kai don ƙungiyoyin muhalli a duk kewayen Swansea da South Wales. Ƙungiyoyi da kasuwanci za su iya hayar ɗakuna a Cibiyar don tarurruka, horo, tattaunawa, taro, tambayoyi da Kuma abubuwan da suka faru. Cibiyar kuma tana da filin ofis mai rahusa don ƙungiyoyin sa kai na gida. Tarihi Cibiyar Muhalli ta Swansea ce ta kafa Cibiyar Muhalli (SEF) a watan Mayu shekarata 1994 tare da Majalisar City of Swansea, Majalisar Ƙarƙara don Wales da Kwamitin Yariman Wales. SEF kanta yanzu tana cikin Cibiyar Muhalli. A cikin shekarar 1995 Yariman Wales ya buɗe ginin. Located in Pier Street, wani bangare ne na sake farfado da kwata- kwata na Maritime Quarter na Swansea. Ginin Kafin Cibiyar Muhalli ta zo don amfani da tsohuwar ginin bulo mai ja a cikin Quarter Maritime, an yi amfani da shi azaman ɗaya daga cikin musayar tarho na Swansea (yanzu yana cikin BT Tower Lokacin sabunta Musanya Tsohuwar Waya don tsara Cibiyar Muhalli, sake amfani da tsoffin kayan ya rage buƙatun sababbi. Yankin yammacin zamani na ginin, Cibiyar Albarkatu ko annexe, Air Architecture ne ya gina shi a cikin shekarar 1999 kuma ya buɗe a 2001. An gina shi a ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin ƙirar yanayi, sake amfani da sake yin amfani da tsohuwar abu da dacewa da ginin tare da fasahohi masu ɗorewa. Cibiyar Muhalli don haka tana nuna matakan ingantaccen makamashi. An ba da lambar yabo ta Annexe tare da kyaututtukan ƙira na Lord Mayor's shekarata 2000 a cikin Rukunin Mafi kyawun sabon gini mara zamanai da ingantaccen makamashi Ana amfani da na'urar hasken rana akan rufin cibiyar don dumama ruwan annexe da ma na'urar dumama ƙasa. Rufin turf da lambun halitta a bayan gida suna ba da yanayi mai dacewa ga ma'aikata da baƙi na cibiyar. Kayayyakin muhalli, kwayoyin halitta da gaskiya Annexe yana ɗaukar bakuncin gidan kafe na intanet na gaskiya da kantin kore, yana ba da samfuran waɗanda aka yi ciniki da su daidai, na halitta ko samarwa ta hanyar muhalli. Daga cikin kewayon samfuran akwai Ecoleaf (ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar Suma Doy Bags da samfuran tsaftacewa na Ecover, waɗanda ake da'awar suna da inganci kuma gabaɗaya Don dalilai na rage sharar gida, shagon yana ba da damar sake cika tsoffin tasoshin kayayyakin tsaftacewa. Ƙungiyoyin muhalli masu zaman kansu na amfani da dakunan da yawa na Cibiyar Muhalli, a matsayin wani ɓangare na manufofin Cibiyar Muhalli na tallafawa ƙungiyoyin muhalli. Bayani a Cibiyar Bayan amsoshi na sirri daga mutane a Cibiyar, akwai bayanan masu zuwa: Labari mai kyau, jaridar kwata-kwata da aka buga a Burtaniya Green Light, Cibiyar ta kansa na wata-wata labarai, dauke da 'yan al'amurran da suka shafi, dacewa labarai da kuma abubuwan da suka faru a kusa da Swansea littattafai, ƙasidu, fastoci, ƙasidu, katunan rubutu da sauran abubuwa da yawa kan batutuwan muhalli da jin kai EC a matsayin ƙungiyar laima Ɗaya daga cikin manufofi uku na Cibiyar Muhalli shine don tallafawa ƙungiyoyin muhalli na gida. Kuma Ana yin hakan ne ta hanyar samar da fili ga wasu. Don haka Cibiyar Muhalli tana aiki a matsayin ƙungiyar laima ga sauran ƙungiyoyi. Waɗannan sun haɗa da: Undercurrents, ƙungiyar gwagwarmayar bidiyo da ke ba da madadin labarai Abokan Duniya, Ƙungiya na gida na Swansea na Abokan Duniya na Ingila, Wales Ireland ta Arewa, ƙungiyar matsa lamba na muhalli Sustainable Swansea Initiative wani aikin da nufin kara matakin dorewa a duk matakan da mutum mataki a Swansea. Ɗayan ayyukanta shine Green Map na Swansea. Swansea Environmental Education Forum (SEEF) ƙungiya ce ta haɓaka wayar da kan jama'a da ingancin ilimin muhalli a cikin Swansea, samar da bayanai, albarkatu da lambobin sadarwa More Green Project ƙungiyar tattarawa da rarraba kayan daki don sake amfani da su da sake amfani da su OnePeople Productions, ƙungiyar shirya fina-finai da ke nuna rashin ƙarfi BTCV Wales, Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru, Wales BikeAbility Wales, ƙungiya ce da ke haɓaka hawan keke ga mutane masu iyawa duka Dandalin Matasa na Welsh akan Ci gaba mai dorewa (wyfsd) Amintaccen Tsaro na Jet Abokin Hulɗar Sake Amfani da Al'umma na Swansea (SCRAP), aikin da ke nufin rage yawan sharar gida a Swansea DJ Transport Consultants Swansea Fair Trade Forum, don bayani da aiki akan Fairtrade Groundwork, ƙungiyar da ke taimakawa tare da canje-canje don rayuwa a cikin mafi kyawun unguwannin Undercurrents, Mutane Daya da Sustainable Swansea duka suna samar da bidiyo da hotuna da aka raba akan Swansea Telly, tashar bidiyo ta gida mai kama da YouTube.

15692

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chioma%20Opara

Chioma Opara

Chioma Opara (an haife ta ranar 23 ga watan Mayun, a shekara ta alif1951) a Jos babban birnin Jihar Plateau, Nigeria. marubuciya, yar gwagwarmaya, mai iya magana, kuma masaniya ce, wadda a aikinta tafi mai da hankali ne ga mata na Afirka ta Yamma. Ta aka sani domin samar da ka'idar femalism kuma shi ne daya daga cikin shida mafi muhimmanci Afirka dandalin mata theorists. Ayyukanta sun yi tasiri a cikin nazarin jinsi a Afirka. Ta halin yanzu, Farfesa ce ta Turanci da kuma Comparative Wallafe-wallafe a kan Faculty of Bil Adama a Jihar Ribas University a Port Harcout, Najeriya. Ilimi Opara ta karbi BA a Faransanci a Jami’ar Najeriya, Nsukka, sannan ta ci gaba da karbar difloma a fannin karatun Faransanci a Jami’ar Dakar da kuma takardar shaidar karatun Faransanci daga Jami’ar Tours da ke Faransa Ta sami digirin digirgir. a Turanci a Jami’ar Ibadan da ke Najeriya. Opara ta kasance mai gwagwarmaya don ilimin bil'adama a Najeriya. A cikin jawabin farko na shekarar 2016 a Jami'ar Jihar Ribas, Opara ta bayyana cewa ya kamata a daukaka Cibiyar ta kan Nazarin Gida zuwa cikakkiyar Kwalejin Ilimin Yan Adam Ta bayar da hujjar cewa "daga darajar makarantar zuwa sashen ilimin sanin dan adam da zamantakewar dan adam zai kawo sauki ga hadin kai. A wata hira da aka yi da ita a shekarar 2016, ta yi ikirarin cewa kwarewar iya harshe, musamman harshen Ingilishi, na da matukar muhimmanci don karfafa darajar ilimi da nasarorin manyan makarantu a Najeriya: "ya kamata dalibai su dauki kamus din a matsayin littafi mai tsarki na biyu." A jami’ar ta, ana yiwa Opara lakabi da “matan Ingilishi” saboda kwarewarta a cikin harshen Turanci da adabi. Ka'idoji Aikin koyarwar Opara yana mai da hankali ne ga kirkirar tsarin mata na halayyar mata da ilimin zamantakewar mata ga matan Afirka da masana, musamman wajen nazarin adabi. Opara ya nuna kwarewar matan Afirka a cikin yanayin mulkin mallaka, dunkulewar duniya, banbancin tattalin arziki, da al'adun gargajiya na Afirka. Tana tattaunawa game da yadda matan Afirka zasu iya lalata ƙarni na jima'i, tsinkaye a cikin duk waɗannan tsarin a cikin wani yanayi na musamman, da kuma bayyana kayan aikin da suka dace don abubuwan da aka ba su. Aikin nata na makarantar ne na kara samun ilimin ilimin mata na Afirka, wanda ya bunkasa a matsayin amsar da ta dace game da matsalar fararen mata da baƙar fata mata da suka kasa magance gogewa da hangen nesan matan Afirka a nahiyar. Femalism Opara ta bayyana ka'idodinta na mata a matsayin "praxis" wanda ake iya ganinsa "wanda yake" share fage ga jiki yayin da yake yin amfani da sukar kwakwalwa a tattaunawarta game da batun jinsi wanda ake ganin an gina shi ta hanyar al'adu da zamantakewar al'umma. A cikin wannan ka'idar, ta bayyana jikin mace a matsayin wani dandalin cin zarafin magabata da cin zarafi a nahiyar Afirka a matsayin mai daukar mulkin mallaka da cin zarafin Turawa Ta wannan hanyar, take cibiyoyin jikin mace, wanda ta misalta shi da Uwar Halitta, kuma ta jawo babbar dangantaka tsakanin 'yantar da matan Afirka da ƙasashen Afirka gaba ɗaya. Ta yi jayayya cewa: Gynandrism Opara ta bayyana ka'idodinta na gynandrism (kalmar da take amfani da su ba kamar ta wasu ba) a matsayin tausayawa ga mata da ake samu a cikin adabin Afirka Ta rubuta cewa tana ba da "subjectsan matan Afirka da kuma marubuta mata abubuwan da za su iya amfani da su a cikin kundin adabi." Bugu da ƙari kuma, ta faɗi cewa "aikin gynandrist yana haifar da wani shafi don la'antar ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin jima'i a gefe guda da kuma yaba cancantar mace a ɗayan." Ayyuka Fiye da Marasa mai iyaka (Belpot, 1999) Ingilishi da Ingantaccen Sadarwa (Pearl Publishers, 2000) 'Yar Mahaifiyarta (Jami'ar Port Harcourt Press, 2004) "Neman mata na tsawon shekara a rubutun Afirka" a cikin Tattaunawa da Duniya gaba daya (2017) "Ba wani haske mai haske ba: Duhu da damuwa a cikin Yvonne Vera's Butterfly Burning (2008) "Sabbin Ra'ayoyi game da Mata da Karfafa Al'umma a cikin Zaynab Alkali ta Zuriya da andan farko (2011) “Wasan Kwaikwayo na Powerarfi: Aminata Sow Fall ta Bugun Marowata a cikin Littattafai mafiya kyau guda goma sha biyu daga Matan Afirka. (Atina Jami'ar Ohio ta Latsa, 2009 "Game da thea'idar Afirka game da Transaukaka: Confaddamar da Yanayi, Nurture da Kirkirar Halitta." Jaridar Duniya ta Falsafa da Addini 21 (2): 189-200. "Gynandrist din Elechi Amadi. Jaridar Nazarin Jinsi 1, A'a. 2 (Nuwamba 2000), shafi na. 121–141. "Daga Stereotype zuwa Individuality: Mata a cikin Litattafan Chinua Achebe" "Kafa a matsayin kwatanci a mafarkin mata: nazarin littattafan Zaynab Alkali" "Yin Hay a kan nyasa" "Fitowar mace kai: Alƙalami mai yantar da kai a Mariama Ba's Une si longue lettre da Sembene Ousmane's Lettres de France" Manazarta Mata Ƴan

42384

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/USM%20Alger

USM Alger

Union Sportive de la Medina d'Alger wanda aka fi sani da USM Alger ko kuma kawai USMA a taƙaice, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce da ke cikin ƙauyen Algiers An kafa kulob din a shekara ta 1937 kuma launukansa ja ne da baƙi. Filin wasan su na gida, filin wasa na Omar Hamadi, yana da damar ’yan kallo 10,000. A halin yanzu kulob ɗin yana taka leda a gasar Ligue Professionnelle 1 ta Algeria Kulob ɗin yana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa a Aljeriya, domin ya lashe gasar Ligue Professionnelle ta Algeria sau 1 8, kofin Algeriya sau 8, da kuma Super Cup na Algeria sau 2, a duniya, USM Alger ya lashe gasar zakarun kulob din UAFA sau daya a shekarar 2013 IFFHS ta sanya USMA a matsayi na 18 na mafi kyawun ƙungiyoyin Afirka na shekaru goma tsakanin 2001 2010 USMA ta kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta 2015 CAF amma sun sha kashi a hannun TP Mazembe Tare da shekarun baya na Union Sportive Musulmane d'Alger (tsohon suna na USMA), wanda ya lashe gasar zakarun Aljeriya na farko na 1962-1963, USMA ita ce ma'anar yakin Algerian bayan yakin A cikin shekara guda, kulob ɗin Algérois ya lashe kambun gasar zakarun Algeria kuma daga baya ya zama zakara a gasar cin kofin Aljeriya a shekarar 1969. Kulob din yana cikin tsaka mai wuya. Ana tallafawa ƙungiyar ta kuɗi, kamar yadda aka sayi USMA a cikin shekarar 2010. Wannan sayar da hannun jari yana tare da sakamako mai kyau na wasanni: an kafa shi sosai a gasar Ligue 1 tun bayan zuwan mai saka hannun jari na Algeria Ali Haddad ya biyo bayan kambun zakaran Algeria Na gasar Ligue 1 a 2014, kulob din yana samun cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin zakarun Afirka na yanzu CAF Champions League. ko CAF Confederation Cup Kuma ya sami kofuna 3 a gasar zakarun shekaru 2 Kofin Algeriya da Super Cup a lokacin kakar 2013-2014. Tarihi Shekarun farko A cikin Yuli 1935, Omar Aicchoun da Mustapha Kaoui, dukansu dillalan buhunan jute, sun yanke shawarar kafa ƙungiyar wasanni ta musulmi ta musamman wadda babu wani Bature da zai fito a cikinta. A lokacin, Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasa, karkashin jagorancin Étoile Nord-Afirka na Emir Khalid ibn Hashim, jikan sarki Abdelkader, ya ƙare da tururi yayin da aka tsara PPA (Parti Politique Algérien), uba na ruhaniya. na FLN, Aichoun da Kaoui, sun haɗu da mashahurin effervescence. Suna yawan ziyartar masu fafutuka na National Movement, da yawa a gundumar Casbah kuma suna jin labarin buƙatar ƙirƙirar kungiyoyin wasanni, tsarin da ya dace don haɗa matasan Aljeriya. Ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa suna yunƙurin samar da ƙungiyoyin wasanni. A cikin shekara ta 1935, mutanen biyu za su ninka lambobin sadarwa, wanda Arezki Meddad, mahaifin chahida Ourida Meddad ya taimaka. Zabarsu ya rataya a kan Ali Lahmar, in ji Ali Zaid, shugaban yakin kwato ‘yanci na gaba kuma Sid Ahmed Kemmat. Wadannan mutanen sun kafa ofishin farko na USMA, ofishin da Ali Zaid ke shugabanta, da shugaban kasa mai daraja Omar Aicchoun da Arezki Meddad. Baya ga ayyukansu na kishin kasa da na wasanni, Omar Aicchoun da Mustapha Kaoui kuma suna yawan ziyartar Nadi Ettaraki (Da'irar ci gaba), wata kungiya da aka kirkira a karkashin abin da ake kira dokar shekarar 1901. Babban ofishinsa yana 9,Gwamnati (Yau). Place des Martyrs a Algiers, Da'irar ci gaban da aka gudanar a karkashin jagorancin Musulunci Reform Movement (El Islah), jagorancin Sheikh Tayeb El Okbi, wanda dansa Djamel daga baya zai zama USM Alger golan. Saboda tsoron kada harkar wasanni ta yi hannun riga da ƙa'idojin Musulunci, wadanda abin ya shafa suna neman shawara daga Shehin Malamin, wanda ya kwadaitar da su tare da yi wa USMA albarka. Don hanyoyin gudanarwa da kuma don samun yarjejeniya na hukumomin mulkin mallaka, suna buƙatar ka'idoji daga Babban Sakatare na MC Alger, wanda ya ba shi kwafin. Zaɓin na USMA ya yi nasara, PPA ta sabunta aikin kuma ta haka ne aka haifi Union Sportive Musulmane, Espérance Sportive Musulmane, Jeunesse Sportive Musulmane, Widad da Croissant club Sun kasance a ko'ina waɗannan kulake waɗanda makarantu ne na kishin ƙasa da kishin ƙasa Saboda haka an haifi Union Sportive Musulmane Algéroise, kuma a shirye yake ya shiga cikin shekarar 1938 a gasar rukuni na uku. A wancan lokacin 'yan wasa da yawa sun bayyana fatan zuwa wannan kulob ɗin, abin takaici ka'idoji (lasisi B) sun hana su. Bugu da kari, duk kungiyoyin da suka shiga gasar sai da filin wasa don gasar. Wani ma'auni wanda tarayyar ta lokacin ba ta da ra'ayi. Wannan shi ne abin da Mista Kemmat ya yi yayin fuskantar wadannan matsaloli guda biyu: “USM Alger a lokacin yana bukatar kwangilar filin wasa na tsawon shekaru biyar. Wannan shi ne don tabbatar da gudanar da gasar. Na tuntuɓi shugabannin kungiyar O. Pointe Pescade Raïs Hamidou na yanzu) kuma mun sami fahimta ta hanyar biyan shi francs dubu biyar a shekara. Don kuɗin, babu buƙatar gaya muku inda suka fito, ”ya ƙara da nishi wanda ke magana game da yanayin tunanin da ya yi mulki a lokacin. Sannan yakin duniya na biyu ya zo a lokacin da aka canza tsarin gasar a cikin League Algiers zuwa ƙungiyoyi uku kuma na yanayi uku, Abderrahman Ibrir tsohon tsakiyar rabin na, ya zama mai tsaron gida tare da USMA kuma har ma yana da zaɓi na farko na Algiers a ƙarƙashin launuka na USMA, USM Alger ya yi kwangila tare da adadi mai yawa na 'yan wasa kuma sune Zitouni Hassen, Zouaoui Rabah, Mahmoudi Smain, Naceri M'hamed da Houari GS Orleans city (yanzu Chlef Berkani Olympique de Tizi Ouzou A cikin shekarar 1939-1940 USM Alger ya buga wasa a karon farko a rukunin farko kuma saboda barkewar yakin duniya na biyu an raba gasar zuwa rukuni uku inda USM Alger ya sanya hannu a rukunin A ƙungiyar ta yi muni inda ta samu nasara kawai. wasanni biyu da kungiyar guda daya US Alger kuma ya sha kashi a wasanni 9 inda ya kasa fuskantar manyan kungiyoyin sai kamar RU Alger da AS Saint Eugène a ƙarshe, ya kare a matsayi na biyu ko dai a Coupe de la Ligue da Coupe de la Solidarité. tafiyar ta kare ne a zagayen farko da US Blida da Stade Algérois. An sake dawo da gasa a hukumance a cikin 1942. Don lokacin 1942-1943, USMA ta koma kashi na uku bisa ga ƙa'idodin da ke aiki. Mista El-Hadj Ahmed Kemmat ya sa baki: Bayan 'yancin kai Kungiyar ta fara tun bayan samun ‘yancin kai na farko gwamnatin USM Alger ta kawo tsohon dan wasan Nice da Monaco Abdelaziz Ben Tifour ya zama koci kuma dan wasa a lokaci guda kungiyar ta kasance a rukunin 5 kuma ta zo na daya da maki 51 kuma mafi karfi. m layi a kowace gasar tare da 75 burin bayan yanki kuma a cikin Algiers League a cikin rukuni tare da MC Alger, AS Orléansville, NA Hussein Dey da ita ma ta zama ta farko da maki 12 daga 12 zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe kuma ta buga da Hamra Annaba a baya USM Annaba kuma ta yi nasara da ci 7-6 ta samu tikitin shiga wasan karshe na gasar farko a tarihin Algeria, kuma sake samun MC Alger Red and Black, wanda kociyan dan wasa Bentifour ke jagoranta cikin sauki ya zarce maki 3-0 a wasan da aka buga a Stade d'El Annasser Don haka kulob din zuwa Soustara ya samu karramawa da gata na kasancewa kulob na farko da ya lashe kofin gasar a zamanin Aljeriya mai cin gashin kanta. ko dai a gasar USMA ta Algeria a wasan kusa da na karshe da ES Setif kuma ta doke maki 2–4, a kakar wasa ta gaba USMA ta kare ta uku, maki daya tsakaninta da zakaran kungiyar Algérois NA Hussein Dey ko dai a gasar cin kofin kuma tawagar ta isa. a wasan kusa da na karshe da kungiyar ES Setif, a kakar 1964–65 kungiyar ta fadi zuwa mataki na biyu kuma ta kare a matsayi na karshe da maki 54 ko dai a gasar cin kofin ta dakatar da tattakin a zagaye na biyu da NA Hussein Dey ya jagoranci zuwa 2–3. A kakar wasan farko da suka buga a gasar Dibision Honneur ta zo ta biyu bayan zakaran gasar MC Alger da maki 7 don haura tare zuwa Nationale II 1966-1967 a kakar wasa ta gaba kungiyar ta kasa komawa rukuni na daya kuma ta kare a matsayi na biyar, a ko wanne kungiyar gasar cin kofin ya kai wasan dab da na kusa da na karshe kuma an sake doke shi da jimillar ES Setif da ci 1-3 Wannan shi ne karo na uku kebe USMA a hannun ES Setif a wasan kusa da na karshe, a kakar 1967-68 bayan yunkurin USM Alger na hawa ya ci gaba amma kasa sake kasa kuma ya gama na biyar da maki 45, maki 4 a karo na biyu ya ciyar da JS Djijel, kuma a karshe a cikin 1968 69 kakar USMA ta sami damar komawa Nationale I bayan yanayi hudu a cikin ƙananan maki kuma ta mamaye matsayi na biyu a bayan zakara JS Kabylie kuma bikin ya ci gaba da isowar kungiyar, a karon farko An kai wasan karshe na kofin Duk da haka, an sha kashi a hannun zakaran gasar CR Belcourt da ci 3-5 bayan da aka sake buga wasan. Bayan wasanni bakwai na karshe, kungiyar ta samu nasarar cin kofin gasar cin kofin farko a kakar wasa ta 1980-81 da ASM Oran da ci 2–1 wanda Ali Benfadah ya horar da su a bude Stade 24 Fevrier 1956, ta zama kungiya ta farko da ta lashe kofin daga karo na biyu division, da wadannan kakar tawagar zuwa kashi na biyu mayar da bude na kakar shi ne Match Super Cup da zakarun karshe kakar RC Kouba a farkon version a 20 Agusta 1955 Stadium ƙare tare da nasarar RC Kouba da ci 1– 2, Tawagar ta kammala kakar bana a matsayi na tara da maki 59 kuma wajen sanya ido a matsayi na farko a gasar cin kofin Nahiyar Afrika ta USMA ta kai wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe da madaidaicin a gaban kulob din Accra Hearts of Oak na Ghana 2 3 jimla. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Official Site USMA dz Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

50454

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murar%20alade

Murar alade

Murar alade cuta ce da ake samunta ta hanyar nau'in kan ƙwayoyin cuta na murar alade. Kwayar cutar murar alade SIV ko cutar mura ta asali S-OIV tana nufin kowane nau'in dangin mura na ƙwayoyin cuta da ke da alaƙa a cikin aladu Tun daga 2009, an gano nau'ikan SIV sun haɗa da mura C da nau'ikan mura A da aka sani da H1N1, H1N2, H2N1, H3N1, H3N2, da H2N3 Kwayar cutar mura ta aladu ta zama ruwan dare a cikin mafi yawan aladu a duk duniya. Wayar da kwayar cutar daga aladu zuwa mutane ba kasafai ba ne, kuma ba koyaushe yana haifar da rashin lafiyar ɗan adam ba, galibi yana haifar da samar da ƙwayoyin rigakafi a cikin jini kawai. Idan yadawa yana haifar da rashin lafiyar ɗan adam, ana kiranta zoonotic swine flu. Mutanen da ke fuskantar aladu akai-akai suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar murar alade. Kusan tsakiyar karni na 20, an sami damar gano nau'ikan murabba'in mura, wanda ke ba da damar ganewar asali ga mutane. Tun daga wannan lokacin, 50 kacal aka tabbatar da irin wannan watsa. Waɗannan nau'ikan mura na aladu ba safai suke wucewa daga mutum zuwa mutum ba. Alamomin cutar murar aladun zoonotic a cikin mutane sun yi kama da na mura da na cututtuka masu kama da mura kuma sun haɗa da sanyi, zazzabi, ciwon makogwaro, ciwon tsoka, ciwon kai mai tsanani, tari, rauni, ƙarancin numfashi, da rashin jin daɗi na gaba ɗaya. An kiyasta cewa, a cikin bala'in mura na 2009, 11-21% na yawan jama'ar duniya na lokacin (na kusan biliyan 6.8), daidai da kusan mutane miliyan 700 zuwa biliyan 1.4, sun kamu da cutar ƙari, a cikin cikakkiyar sharuddan, fiye da Mutanen Espanya cutar mura An tabbatar da mutuwar mutane 18,449. Koyaya, a cikin binciken 2012, CDC ta kiyasta sama da 284,000 masu yuwuwar mutuwa a duk duniya, tare da lambobi daga 150,000 zuwa 575,000. A watan Agustan 2010, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta ayyana cutar ta murar aladu a hukumance. An ba da rahoton bullar cutar murar aladu a Indiya a cikin 2015, tare da fiye da 31,156 tabbatacce lokuta da mutuwar 1,841. Alamomi A cikin aladu, kamuwa da mura na alade yana haifar da zazzaɓi, rashin jin daɗin jiki, atishawa,, atishawa, tari wahalar numfashi, jawar ido ko kumburi, da rage ci. A wasu lokuta kamuwa da cuta na iya haifar da zubar da ciki Duk da haka, yana yiwuwa aladu masu kamuwa da cuta ba za su iya nuna alamun ba. Kodayake mace-mace yawanci ba ta da yawa (kimanin 1-4%), kwayar cutar na iya haifar da asarar nauyi da rashin girma, wanda hakan ke haifar da asarar tattalin arziki ga manoma. Alade masu kamuwa da cuta na iya rasa nauyi zuwa kilogiram 12 na nauyin jiki a cikin tsawon mako uku zuwa hudu. Alade suna da masu karɓa waɗanda duka ƙwayoyin cutar mura da na dabbobi masu shayarwa za su iya ɗaure su; wannan yana haifar da kwayar cutar ta iya canzawa da canzawa zuwa nau'i daban-daban. Mura A ita ce ke da alhakin cutar da alade, kuma an fara gano shi a cikin 1918. Yawancin lokaci ana ganin aladu a matsayin "tasoshi masu haɗaka", wanda ke taimakawa wajen canzawa da kuma haifar da nau'in cututtuka da ke yadawa ga wasu dabbobi masu shayarwa, kamar mutane. Kamuwa da kwayar cutar murar aladu kai tsaye daga aladu ga mutane abu ne mai yiyuwa lokaci-lokaci (murar alade zoonotic A cikin duka, an san lokuta 50 sun faru tun bayan rahoton farko a cikin littattafan likitanci a 1958, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane shida. Daga cikin wadannan mutane shida, daya yana da ciki, daya yana da cutar sankarar bargo, daya yana da lymphoma na Hodgkin kuma biyu an san cewa suna da lafiya a baya. Daya daga cikin wadannan ba a san inda yake ba. Duk da waɗannan ƙananan lambobi na kamuwa da cuta, ainihin adadin kamuwa da cuta na iya zama mafi girma, tunda yawancin lokuta kawai suna haifar da cuta mai sauƙi, kuma wataƙila ba za a taɓa ba da rahoto ko ganowa ba. Ilimin kwayar cutar Virus din Watsuwarta Tsakanin aladu Mura ta zama ruwan dare gama gari a cikin aladu, tare da kusan rabin aladu masu kiwo sun kamu da cutar a Amurka. Kwayoyin rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta kuma suna da yawa a cikin aladu a wasu ƙasashe. Babban hanyar watsuwarta ita ce ta hanyar hulɗa kai tsaye tsakanin dabbobin. Waɗannan cuɗanya na kurkusa sun zama ruwan dare musamman yayin jigilar dabbobi. Har ila yau noma mai zurfi na iya ƙara haɗarin watsuwarta, kamar yadda aladu ke tasowa a kusa da juna. Canja wurin kwayar cutar kai tsaye mai yiwuwa yana faruwa ko dai ta hanyar aladu suna taɓa hanci, ko ta busasshiyar ƙoƙo. Watsawar iska ta iska ta iska ta hanyar tari ko atishawa da aladu ke samarwa suma wata muhimmiyar hanyar kamuwa da cuta ce. Kwayar cutar kan yadu da sauri ta cikin garken garken, inda ta harba aladun cikin 'yan kwanaki kadan. Hakanan ana iya yada cutar ta hanyar dabbobin daji, irin su boar daji, wanda zai iya yada cutar tsakanin gonaki.. Zuwa ga mutane Mutanen da ke aiki tare da kaji da alade, musamman waɗanda ke da tsananin bayyanar, suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar zoonotic tare da kamuwa da cutar mura a cikin waɗannan dabbobin, kuma sun zama yawan rundunonin ɗan adam waɗanda zoonosis da sake fasalin zasu iya faruwa tare. Alurar riga kafi na waɗannan ma'aikata game da mura da kuma sa ido kan sabbin nau'ikan mura a tsakanin wannan jama'a na iya zama muhimmin ma'aunin lafiyar jama'a. An rubuta isar da mura daga aladu zuwa mutanen da ke aiki da alade a cikin wani ɗan ƙaramin binciken da aka yi a cikin 2004 a Jami'ar Iowa. Wannan binciken, da sauransu, ya zama tushen shawarwarin cewa mutanen da ayyukansu suka haɗa da kula da kiwon kaji da alade su zama abin da aka fi mayar da hankali kan ƙara sa ido kan lafiyar jama'a. Sauran sana'o'in da ke cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar su ne likitocin dabbobi da masu sarrafa nama, kodayake haɗarin kamuwa da cuta ga ƙungiyoyin biyu ya yi ƙasa da na ma'aikatan gona. Tsarin Halittar kwayar cuta Kwayar cutar mura tana da kusan zagaye. Ita kwayar cuta ce a lullube; Layer na waje wani nau'i ne na lipid membrane wanda aka samo daga kwayar halitta wanda kwayar cutar ta ninka. An saka su a cikin membrane na lipid shine "spikes", waɗanda sune sunadaran-ainihin glycoproteins, saboda sun ƙunshi furotin da ke da alaƙa da sukari-wanda aka sani da HA hemagglutinin da NA neuraminidase Waɗannan su ne sunadaran da ke ƙayyade nau'in ƙwayar cutar mura (A/H1N1, misali). HA da NA suna da mahimmanci a cikin amsawar rigakafi da kwayar cutar; ƙwayoyin rigakafi (sunadarai da aka yi don yaƙar kamuwa da cuta) daga waɗannan spikes na iya kariya daga kamuwa da cuta. Sunadaran NA shine makasudin magungunan rigakafin Relenza da Tamiflu Har ila yau, an haɗa shi a cikin membrane na lipid shine furotin M2, wanda shine manufar antiviral adamantanes amantadine da rimantadine

24774

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/MT

MT

MT, Mt, mT, mt, ko Mt. na iya nufin To: Fasaha da nishaɗi Wasan caca MT Framework, injin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa M, ma'ana "daga cikin harsasai a cikin harshe Babban Tanki, mutumin da ke jan duk lalacewar a cikin MMORPG; duba Tank (wasa) Moon Tycoon, wasan kwaikwayo na kwamfuta Monopoly Tycoon, wasan bidiyo Muscle Tracer, maƙiyi a cikin jerin wasannin bidiyo na Armored Core Wangan Midnight Maximum Tune, wasan tsere na arcade Adabi da aikin jarida MT Vasudevan Nair, marubucin Malayalam Meridian Tonight, shirin labarai na yankin Burtaniya Tramway na zamani, tsohon taken tsohuwar mujallar Burtaniya Moscow Times Motar Mota, mujallar kera motoci The Musical Times, mujallar kiɗan gargajiya Kiɗa Marianas Trench (ƙungiya), ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta ƙasar Kanada Babbar sautin, sigar sautin ringi na kiɗa Magana ta Zamani, ƙungiya The Musical Times, mujallar kiɗan gargajiya Sauran kafofin watsa labarai Magical Trevor, zane mai ban dariya ta Jonti Picking Megatokyo, gidan yanar gizo MT <i id="mwSA">Infinity Train</i> halin almara a cikin jerin talabijin Infinity Train Megatron (Transformers), robot/hali na almara a cikin ikon canza sunan Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa Kasuwanci da ƙungiyoyi MT-Propeller, kamfanin kera jirgin sama na Jamus Mauritius Telecom, mai ba da sabis na sadarwa da Intanet Media Temple, kamfani ne mai ɗaukar hoto na yanar gizo Mississauga Transit, ma'aikacin jigilar jama'a ne a Mississauga, Ontario Kamfanin Monotype Corporation, kamfani mai rubutu Type Movable, tsarin buga gidan yanar gizo Thomas Cook Airlines (lambar ƙirar jirgin saman IATA MT) Soja Yaren Maltese (ISO 639 alpha-2 code language "mt") Master of Arts in Teaching, digiri na biyu a fannin koyarwa; wasu makarantu suna amfani da MT (Master of Teaching) maimakon MAT "Horon membobi", a Koriya, tafiye -tafiyen da aka yi don manufar ginin ƙungiya Tankar Mota ko Motar Mota, da sunan jirgi Sunan prefix don jiragen ruwa na 'Yan kasuwa Tanka Mota ko Jirgin Ruwa Muay Thai, zane -zane na Thai Wurare Mt ko Mt., gajeriyar kalmar kalma, ma'ana dutse Malta (ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code MT), wata al'umma ce ta tsibiran Bahar Rum .mt, babban matakin Intanet na Malta Yaren Maltese (ISO 639 alpha-2 code code mt) Martin, Slovakia (lambar farantin motar MT) Matera, Italiya (lambar farantin motar MT) Mato Grosso (ISO 3166-2: BR lambar yanki MT), jiha ce a Brazil Montana (lambar akwatin gidan waya MT), Amurka Yankin Lokaci na Mountain, yankin lokaci a Arewacin Amurka Addini Bisharar Matta, wani ɓangare na Sabon Alkawari Rubutun Masoretic, rubutun Ibrananci na Baibul na Yahudawa (Tanakh) Kimiyya, fasaha, da lissafi Biology da magani Ilimin halitta Medial na ɗan lokaci, wani ɓangare na lobe na kwakwalwa Metallothionein, furotin Methyltransferase, wani nau'in enzyme Microtubule, wani sashi na cytoskeleton Yankin tsakiyar lokaci, yanki na baƙon gani (wanda kuma ake kira V5) inda ake nazarin motsi na abubuwa Mitochondrion, gabobin da ake samu a yawancin sel eukaryotic Magani Magnetization transfer, a process contributing to image contrast in Magnetic resonance imaging Massage therapy, adding directed pressure to the body Massage therapist, the title of someone who performs massage therapy Music therapy, the clinical use of music to improve health and quality of life Medical technologist, a healthcare professional who performs diagnostic tests Medical transcriptionist, an allied-health professional who transcribes dictated medical reports Motivational therapy, a treatment for substance abuse Methyltestosterone Kwamfuta da sadarwa .mt, babban matakin Intanet na Malta MT Framework, injin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa Fassarar injin, ƙaramin filin ilimin harsuna Ajiye bayanan tef na Magnetic, hanyar rikodin dijital ta amfani da tef ɗin Magnetic Megatransfer, a cikin lissafi, daidai yake da ayyukan canja wurin miliyan ɗaya a sakan na biyu Mersenne twister, almara algorithm na janareto mai lamba Mistype, sanarwar kuskure ko typo yayin bugawa a cikin dandamalin rubutu na rayuwa kamar saƙon nan take An ƙare wayar hannu, kira, saƙon rubutu ko bayanan da aka karɓa akan wayar hannu Terminal na hannu, wani ɓangare na Tashar Wayar hannu a cikin tsarin tsarin GSM Multithreading (gine -ginen kwamfuta), a cikin kayan aikin kwamfuta Multithreading (software), a cikin software na kwamfuta Hanyoyin zirga-zirga da yawa (kuma an taƙaita MTR), haɓakawa zuwa tsarin haɗin intanet na OSPF Lissafi da dabaru Modus tollens, wani ra'ayi cikin dabaru Sufuri Honda MT, babur Hyundai Mega Truck, babbar mota mai matsakaicin aiki Manual watsawa, wani ɓangare na mota MT ko Marquitrans, ƙananan motar Spain Rukunin aunawa Megatesla (MT), siginar SI na yawaitar haɓakar magnetic Megaton (Mt), TNT kwatankwacin ikon fashewar abubuwa Mega tonne (Mt), guntun taro daidai da kilo biliyan daya 109 kg) Megatransfer, a cikin lissafi, daidai yake da ayyukan canja wurin miliyan ɗaya a sakan na biyu Metric ton (t), daidai yake da kilo dubu Millitesla (mT), siginar SI na yawaitar juzu'i Sauran amfani a kimiyya da fasaha Mashin ɗin injin, tsarin don adana kayan haɗi zuwa kayan aikin injin (ko Tarse taper, nau'in keɓaɓɓiyar injin) Magnetotellurics, wata hanya ce ta hoton tsarin ƙasa Abubuwan yau, mujallar kimiyya Maxim –Tokarev, bindigar injin Rasha Meitnerium, wani sinadarin sinadari mai alamar Mt Sauran amfani Duba kuma Mariya Theresa thaler, gaba ɗaya taƙaice MTT amma wani lokacin kuma ana ganin ta MT Dutsen TM

42225

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order%20of%20the%20Star%20of%20India

Order of the Star of India

Maɗaukakin Order na Tauraron Indiya wani tsari ne na chivalry wanda Sarauniya Victoria ta kafa a shekara ta 1861. Odar ta ƙunshi mambobi na aji uku: Babban Kwamandan Knight (GCSI) Matai makin Kwamandan Knight KCSI) Aboki (CSI) Jayajirao Scindia, Maharaja of Gwalior Ranbir Singh Dogra, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir Ba a yi alƙawura ba tun Sabuwar Shekara ta 1948, jim kaɗan bayan Rarraba Indiya a shekara ta 1947. Tare da mutuwar a shekara ta 2009 na jarumin da ya tsira na ƙarshe, Maharaja na Alwar, oda ya zama barci. Taken odar shine "Hasken Sama Jagoranmu". Tauraron Indiya, alamar tsarin da kuma tambarin na yau da kullun na Biritaniya Indiya, an kuma yi amfani da shi azaman tushen jerin tutoci lokacin don wakiltar Daular Indiya. Umurnin shine tsari na biyar mafi girma na Burtaniya na chivalry, yana bin umarnin Garter, Order of the Thistle, Order of St Patrick da Order of Bath Babban oda ne na chivalry hade da British Raj ƙarami zuwa gare shi shine Mafi Girman Tsarin Mulki na Indiya, kuma akwai kuma, ga mata kawai, Tsarin Mulki na Crown na Indiya Tarihi Shekaru da yawa bayan Mutiny na Indiya da ƙarfafa ikon Biritaniya a matsayin ikon mulki na kasar Indiya, masarautar Birtaniyya ta yanke shawarar ƙirƙirar sabon tsarin ta jarumta don girmama sarakuna da sarakunan Indiya, da kuma hafsoshi da masu gudanarwa na Burtaniya waɗanda suka yi aiki. a Indiya. A ranar 25 ga Yuni 1861, Sarauniya Victoria ta yi shela mai zuwa: Masu karɓa Oda Wadanda aka nada na farko awurin taron sune: Yariman Consort Yariman Wales Kashirao Dada Saheb Holkar, Raja of Indore Earl Canning, GCB, Gwamna-Janar na Indiya kuma Babban Jagora na Mafi Girman Tsarin Tauraron Indiya Shahu of Kolhapur, Maharaja of Kolhapur Afzal ad-Dawlah, Asaf Jah V, Nizam na 5 na Hyderabad Jayajirao Scindia, Maharaja of Gwalior Maharaja Duleep Singh, tsohon Maharaja na Daular Sikh Ranbir Singh Dogra, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir Tukojirao Holkar, Maharaja of Indore Narendra Singh, Maharaja of Patiala Khanderrao Gaekwad, Maharaja of Baroda Maharaja Bir Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana na Nepal Maharaja Bahadur Sir JAIMANGAL Singh na Gidhaur Estate KCSI 24.05.1866. Maharaja Bahadur Sir Ravaneshwar Singh na Gidhaur Estate KCIE 25.05.1895. Nawab Sikander Begum, Nawab Begum na Bhopal Yusef Ali Khan Bahadur, Nawab of Rampur Nawab Sir Khwaja Salimullah Bahadur, Nawab of Dhaka Viscount Gough, Babban Kwamandan Sojojin Indiya Lord Harris, Gwamnan Madras Lord Clyde, Babban Kwamandan Sojojin Indiya Sir George Russell Clerk, Gwamnan Bombay Sir John Laird Mair Lawrence, Bt, GCB, Laftanar-Gwamnan Punjab Sir James Outram, Bt, GCB, Memba na Mataimakin Mataimakin Sir Hugh Henry Rose, GCB, Babban Kwamandan Sojojin na Indiya Mir Osman Ali Khan Siddiqi Bayafandi Asaf Jah VII 7th Nizam of Hyderabad Maharaj Bhim Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana Sadeq Mohammad Khan IV, Nawab of Bahawalpur Ba a taɓa soke umarnin a bisa ƙa'ida, kuma Charles III ya gaji mahaifiyarsa Elizabeth II a matsayin tana Sarkin oda lokacin da ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta2022. Ya ci gaba da zama Sarkin Doka har yau. Koyaya, babu mambobi masu rai na oda. Mata uku ne kawai ke a cikin odar: Sultan Shah Jahan, Begum na Bhopal da 'yarta, Hajjah Nawab Begum Dame Sultan Jahan, da Maryamu na Teck Babban Jagora na oda na ƙarshe, Admiral na Fleet The Earl Mountbatten na Burma (1900-1979), IRA na wucin gadi ya kashe shi a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta a shekara ta1979. Babban Kwamandan Knight mai tsira na ƙarshe, Maharaja Sree Padmanabhadasa Sir Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma GCSI, GCIE, Maharajah na Travancore (1912-1991); ya mutu a ranar 19 ga Yuli 1991 a Trivandrum Kwamandan Knight na ƙarshe da ya tsira, Maharaja Sir Tej Singh Prabhakar Bahadur KCSI (1911-2009), Maharaja na Alwar, ya mutu a ranar 15 a watan Fabrairu 2009 a New Delhi. Abokin odar na ƙarshe da ya tsira, Mataimakin Admiral Sir Ronald Brockman CSI (909–1999), ya mutu a ranar 3 ga watan Satumba, shekara ta alif 1999 a Landan. Abun cikin Sarkin Biritaniya shine, kuma har yanzu shi ne, Mallakin oda. Babban memba na gaba shine Grand Master, matsayin da Mataimakin Indiya ya gudanar. Lokacin da aka kafa odar a cikin shekara ta 1861, akwai aji ɗaya kawai na Abokin Knights, wanda ya ɗauki KSI postnominals. A 1866, duk da haka, an fadada shi zuwa aji uku. Membobin ajin farko an san su da "Knights Grand Commander" (maimakon "Knights Grand Cross" na yau da kullum) don kada su cutar da Indiyawan da ba Kiristanci ba da aka nada zuwa oda. Duk waɗannan membobin da suka tsira waɗanda aka riga aka yi wa Knights Abokin oda an san su da suna Knights Grand Commander. Tsofaffin mataimakan da sauran manyan jami'ain, da kuma wadanda suka yi aiki a Sashen Sakatariyar Harkokin Wajen kasar Indiya na akalla shekaru talatin sun cancanci nadin. Sarakunan jihohin Yariman kasar Indiya suma sun cancanci a nada. Wasu jihohin suna da matukar mahimmanci ta yadda kusan ko da yaushe ake nada sarakunan su manyan kwamandojin Knights; irin waɗannan sarakunan sun haɗa da Nizam na Hyderabad, Maharaja na Mysore, Maharaja na Jammu da Kashmir, Maharaja na Baroda, Maharajas na Gwalior, Nawab na Bhopal, Maharaja na Indore, Maharajas na Singrauli, Maharana na Udaipur, Maharaja na Travancore, da Maharaja na Jodhpur da kuma Maharao na Cutch Kashi Naresh Prabhu Narayan Singh na Benares da Sir Azizul Haque aka nada Knight a matsayin Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (KCIE) a 1892 da 1941 bi da bi, Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (GCIE) a 1898, da Knight Grand Kwamandan Order of the Star of India (GCSI) don hidimarsa a yakin duniya na farko a cikin Sabuwar Shekara ta 1921. Sarakunan wasu al'ummomi a kasar Asiya da Gabas ta Tsakiya, ciki har da Sarkin Kuwait, Maharajas na daular Rana, Khedive na Masar, Sarkin Bhutan da sarakunan Zanzibar, Bahrain da Oman kuma an nada su a cikin Order. Kamar wasu sarakunan jahohin sarakuna, wasu sarakuna na musamman, misali Maharajas na daular Rana ko Sultans of Oman, yawanci ana nada manyan kwamandojin kasar Knights. Mata, sun ceci sarakunan sarauta, ba su cancanci yin nadi ga oda ba. Ba kamar al'adar wasu kabilu ne ba umarni da yawa ba, an yarda da su a matsayin "Knights", maimakon "Dames" ko "Ladies". Mace ta farko da aka shigar da ita cikin odar ita ce Nawab Sikandar Begum Sahiba, Nawab Begum na Bhopal; An halicce ta a Knight Companion a kafuwar Order a shekara 1861. An gyara ƙa'idodin odar musamman don ba da izinin shigar da Sarauniya Maryamu a matsayin Babban Kwamandan masarautar Knight a shekara ta 1911. Tufafi da acoutrements na kayan ado Membobin odar sun sanya kayan ado na musamman akan muhimman lokutan bukukuwa al`adu: Tufafin, wanda Knights Grand Commander kawai ke sawa, an yi shine da satin shuɗi mai haske wanda aka yi masa layi da farin siliki. A gefen hagu akwai wakilcin tauraro (duba ƙasa). Abin wuya, wanda kuma Knights Grand Commander kawai ke sawa, an yi shi da zinari. Ya ƙunshi madaidaicin adadi na magarya, jajayen wardi da fari da rassan dabino, tare da kambin sarauta a tsakiya tufafin. A wasu kwanakin abin wuya da Mai Martaba ya ayyana, membobin da ke halartar al'amuran yau da kullun suna sanya kwalawar oda a kan kakin sojan kasar, rigar rana, ko suturar yamma. Lokacin da aka sanya kwalar (ko dai a ranakun abin wuya ko a lokuta na yau da kullun kamar nadin sarauta), an dakatar da alamar daga kwala. A su lokatai marasa mahimmanci, an yi amfani da insignia mafi sauƙi: Tauraron, wanda aka sawa kawai ta Knights Grand Commanders sun hada da fashewar rana, tare da manyan haskoki ashirin da shida da ke canzawa tare da ƙananan haskoki ashirin da shida;da ya kasance a cikin zinari da madauwari ga Manyan Kwamandojin Knights, kuma a cikin azurfa da maki takwas don Kwamandojin Knights. A tsakiyar faɗuwar rana akwai zoben shuɗi mai haske mai ɗauke da taken Order. A cikin kintinkiri akwai tauraro mai nuni biyar, wanda aka yi masa ado da lu'u-lu'u don manyan kwamandojin Knights. Alamar ta Knights Grand Commanders ne ke sawa a kan ribbon haske mai launin fari mai launin shuɗi, ko sarƙa, wanda ke wucewa daga kafadar dama zuwa hips na hagu, kuma ta Knights Commanders da Sahabbai daga wani kintinkiri mai haske mai launin fari mai launin shuɗi a wuya. Ya haɗa da wani oval, mai ɗauke da siffar Maɗaukaki, kewaye da zoben shuɗi mai haske mai ɗauke da taken Order; An dakatar da oval daga tauraro mai nuni biyar, wanda za'a iya yi masa ado da lu'u-lu'u dangane da aji. Ba kamar alamar yawancin sauran umarni na chivalric na Biritaniya ba, alamar Order of the Star of India ba ta haɗa da giciye ba, saboda ana ganin ba za a yarda da su ga Sarakunan Indiya da aka nada a oda ba. Gaba da gata Membobin kowane kabilu oda an ba su mukamai bisa tsari na gaba. Matan mambobi na kowane kabilu kuma sun fito bisa tsarin fifiko, kamar yadda 'ya'ya maza, mata da mata na Knights Grand Commanders da Knights Commanders suka yi. (Dubi tsari na gaba a Ingila da Wales don ainihin matsayi.) Manyan Kwamandojin Knights sun yi amfani da baƙaƙenbayan suna "GCSI", Kwamandojin Knights "KCSI" da Sahabbai "CSI". Manyan Kwamandojin Knights da Kwamandojin Knight sun sanya “Sir” zuwa sunayen farko. Matan Manyan Kwamandojin Knights da Kwamandojin Knight na iya yin prefix "Lady" zuwa sunayen sunayensu. Irin waɗannan nau'ikan ba su yi amfani da takwarorinsu da sarakunan Indiya ba, sai dai lokacin da aka rubuta sunayen na farko a cikin cikakkun siffofinsu. Knights Grand Commanders kuma sun sami damar karɓar magoya bayan heraldic Suna iya, kuma, kewaye da hannayensu tare da hoton da'irar (da'irar da ke ɗauke da taken) da kuma abin wuya ana nuna tsohon ko dai a waje ko a saman na karshen. An ba da izinin kwamandojin Knights da Sahabbai su nuna da'irar, amma ba abin wuya ba, kewaye da hannayensu. Ana nuna alamar an dakatar da shi daga kwala ko da'irar. Hotonan masuyin oda Duba kuma Jerin Manyan Kwamandan kasar Knights na Order of the Star of India Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Proclamation founding the Order of the Star of India, london-gazette.co.uk, 25 June 1861. Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba Ranbir Singh Dogra, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir Jayajirao Scindia, Maharaja of Gwalior

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkokin%20%C9%97an%27adam%20a%20Bosnia%20da%20Herzegovina

Hakkokin ɗan'adam a Bosnia da Herzegovina

Tarihin 'yancin ɗan adam na Bosniya da Herzegovina ya kasance an dauki tsawon shekaru daga ƙungiyoyin gwamnatoci waɗanda suka haɗa da Majalisar dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Kotun Turai na' Yancin Dan Adam da kungiyar Tsaro da Hadin Kai a Turai, da kuma na duniya da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na cikin gida irin su Human Rights Watch da Amnesty International An soki gwamnatin Bosniya da Herzegovina saboda nuna wariya na kabilanci da addini a yadda take mu'amala da tsirarun kabilu da addinai kamar mutanen Romani da yahudawa An kuma soki gwamnatin kasar kan yadda take kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira da suka biyo bayan yakin Bosniya da kuma gazawarta wajen wadata masu neman mafakar da kayan abinci kamar abinci, matsuguni da kuma taimakon likita. Kuma a cewar BH Novinari, kungiyar ‘yan jaridar ta Bosniya, yancin yada labarai batu ne a Bosniya da Herzegovina, inda ‘yan jaridu ke fuskantar hare-hare, barazana da matsin lamba daga gwamnati. Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na 'yancin dan adam sun kuma bayar da rahoton katsalandan a cikin aikin su daga gwamnati. Tarayyar Turai ta soki gwamnatin ta Bosniya saboda jinkirin da take yi na shigar da karar laifukan yaki a cikin gida daga yakin Bosniya biyo bayan rufe Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa game da Tsohuwar Yugoslavia a watan Disambar shekarar 2017. Tarihi Rikicin kabilanci sananne ne a cikin al'ummar Bosniya. Manyan kabilun uku su ne; Bosniaks, wadanda galibinsu Musulmai ne, da Croats, wadanda suke Katolika, da kuma Republika Srpska wadanda ke bin darikar Orthodox ta Sabiya. Wannan rikicin na kabilanci ya haifar da Yakin Bosniya wanda ya gudana tsakanin shekarar 1992 zuwa shekarar 1995 biyo bayan samun 'yancin kan Bosnia da Herzegovina daga Tarayyar Yugoslavia. Yakin ya haifar da mutuwar 100 000. Laifin laifukan yaƙi da take hakkin ɗan adam da kowace ƙasa da abin ya shafa suka aikata. An kawo mafi yawan adadin laifukan yaƙi a kan Sabiyawan. Nuna wariyar launin fata da na addini A shekarar 2019 Bankin Duniya ya wallafa wani rahoto da ya gano cewa nuna wariya ga mutanen Roma babbar matsala ce a kasashen Yammacin Balkan, ciki har da Bosnia da Herzegovina. Rahoton ya gano cewa mutanen Roma, wadanda suka kunshi kashi 1.7% na al'ummar Bosniya, suna da wahalar samun ayyukan yau da kullun kamar kiwon lafiya, ilimi, aikin yi da kuma gidaje fiye da wadanda ba 'yan Rome ba. Kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta kasa da kasa ta Human Rights Watch ta bayyana a cikin Rahotonta na shekara-shekara na 2020 cewa nuna wariya ga kabilu da tsirarun addinai ya kasance babban batun 'yancin ɗan adam a Bosniya da Herzegovina. Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ta Bosniya ya haramtawa wasu tsirarun kabilu irin su yahudawa da kuma ‘yan kabilar ta Rome, wadanda su ne manyan kungiyoyin tsiraru biyu a kasar tsayawa takarar shugabancin kasar. Matsalolin da ke cikin Tsarin Mulki na Bosniya da Herzegovina sakamako ne na Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya ta Dayton, wacce aka sanya hannu a cikin shekarar 1995 a ƙarshen Yaƙin Bosniya. Saboda gagarumar rawar da kishin kasa da siyasar nuna kabilanci ke takawa a cikin al'umar Bosniya, Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Bosniya ya tanadi cewa Shugabancin gwamnati dole ne ya kunshi mambobi guda uku da aka zaba kai tsaye. Memba na shugaban kasa guda daya Bosniaks, Croats da Serbia ke zaba kowannensu. Dole ne dan takarar shugaban kasa ya kasance yana da 1 daya daga cikin wadannan asalin na kabilanci kuma bai cancanta ba idan sun kasance memba na wasu karin kabilun, wanda ke hana kananan kabilu, kamar Romawa da yahudawa, tsayawa takarar shugaban kasa, da kuma duk wanda yake zuwa fiye da ɗaya daga cikin manyan kabilun uku. Bugu da ƙari, Bosniaks, Croats da Sabiyawa na iya zaɓar ɗan takara ɗaya ne kawai daga ƙabilarsu. Wadannan takunkumin da suka shafi kabilanci kan cancantar tsayawa takarar zaben da aka zaba suna da sabani, kuma kungiyoyin kasa da kasa irin su Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan Adam sun soki lamarin. A cikin shari'ar shekarar 2009 na Sejdić da Finci v. Bosnia da Herzegovina, Kotun Turai ta 'Yancin Dan Adam ta yanke hukuncin cewa Tsarin Mulkin Bosniya ya nuna wariya kuma ya saba wa Yarjejeniyar Turai kan' Yancin Dan Adam Dervo Sejdić, mutumin Roma, da Jakob Finci, wani Bayahude, sun shigar da kara ga Kotun Turai ta 'Yancin Dan Adam cewa ba su cancanci tsayawa takarar Shugaban kasa da Majalisar Wakilan Jama'ar Bosniya da Herzegovina ba saboda kasancewarsu na kananan kabilu, duk da cewa dukkan mutanen biyu 'yan kasar ta Bosniya ne. Laifukan yaki Duk cikin Yaƙin Bosniya tsakanin shekarar 1992-zuwa 1995, an sami yawan cin zarafin ɗan adam. Waɗannan sun haɗa da tsarkake kabilanci, zartar da hukunci ba bisa doka ba, fyade da azabtarwa. A watan Disambar shekarar 2017, Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa ta Yugoslavia, kotun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kirkiro don hukunta laifukan yaki da suka faru a yakin Bosnia, aka rufe. Kotunan cikin gida tun daga wannan lokacin suke da alhakin gurfanar da laifukan yaƙi da na cin zarafin bil'adama waɗanda suka faru yayin yaƙin. Rahoton Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Ofishin Babban Kwamitin Kula da Hakkin Dan-Adam a kan Bosnia da Herzegovina ya ba da rahoton damuwar cewa kotunan cikin gida na Bosniya da Herzegovina sun yi jinkirin kammala shari'ar laifukan yaki. Wadanda aka yi wa fyade da azabtarwa a lokacin yakin suna fuskantar kalubale da yawa wajen samun adalci na shari'a, suna fuskantar 5,000 a kudin kotu idan harkarsu ba ta yi nasara ba. Masu neman mafaka da wadanda suka rasa muhallinsu Ya zuwa shekara ta 2020, an ci gaba da sanya ‘yan Bosniya 96,421 a matsayin wadanda suka rasa muhallinsu daga yakin Bosniya, wanda ya kare a shekarar 1995. Kashi 58 cikin 100 na ‘yan Bosniya da suka bar kasar a matsayin‘ yan gudun hijira a lokacin Yaƙin har yanzu ba su dawo ba. Shirin Gidaje na Yankin da gwamnati ta bayar da kudi ya gina gidaje 1000 domin sake tsugunar da 'Yan Gudun Hijira da wadanda suka dawo. Dukkanin kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama da na Amnesty International sun soki yadda gwamnatin Bosniya take gudanar da ayyukan kwararar ‘yan gudun hijira kwanan nan. Sukar sun hada da gwamnatoci masu jinkirin aiwatar da aikace-aikacen neman mafaka da gazawar samar da abinci na asali, matsuguni da kuma kula da lafiya ga masu neman mafakar. Masu kare hakkin dan adam da kungiyoyin fararen hula Kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Human Rights Watch ta ruwaito a rahotonta na shekara ta 2019 na Duniya cewa masu kare hakkin dan adam da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na fuskantar tsangwama a cikin aikin su. Sun ba da rahoton cewa 'yan sanda sun ba da tarar cin zarafin jama'a ga mutanen da ke halartar tarukan jama'a da zanga-zanga. Kungiyar Tsaro ta 'Yan Jarida ta Turai ta ba da rahoton cewa a cikin shekarar 2014 Alliance of Independent Social Democrats, babbar jam'iyyar siyasa a Republika Srpska, ta fitar da jerin sunayen' yan jarida da kungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba wadanda suke ganin cewa "ba su dace ba". Human Rights Watch ta kuma ruwaito cewa Republika Srpska ta kirkiro wata doka da za ta ba su damar sa ido kan ayyuka da kudaden kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ke karbar gudummawar kasashen waje. 'Yancin yada labarai 'Yancin aikin yan jarida na cikin tsarin Mulkin kasar Bosniya. Freedom House ta rarraba aikin jaridar Bosniya da na Herzegovina a matsayin kyauta. A cewar dandamalin Majalisar Turai na Inganta Kariyar 'Yan Jarida da Tsaron' Yan Jarida, tun daga shekarar 2015 an kai "hare-hare bakwai kan lafiyar jiki da mutuncin 'yan jarida", shida da suka faru na "cin mutunci ko tursasawa' yan jarida", da wasu "wasu hare-hare guda hudu wadanda ke da matukar tasiri kan 'yancin yada labarai". A cewar dandamalin, goma sha biyar daga cikin wadannan abubuwan da suka faru ba a warware su ba kuma an warware su ko kuma gwamnatin Bosniya ta magance su. A cewar kungiyar ta Human Rights Watch, 'yan jarida na fuskantar musgunawa, matsin lamba daga kungiyoyin siyasa, hare-hare masu karfi da tursasawa ciki har da barazanar kisa. Human Rights Watch ta ba da rahoton cewa BH Novinari, kungiyar ‘yan jarida a Bosniya da Herzegovina, sun ba da rahoton take hakkin‘ yan jarida 41 a shekarar 2019. Yanayin jima'i da asalin jinsi Auren jinsi ɗaya doka ce a cikin Bosnia da Herzegovina. Ba a yarda da auren jinsi ɗaya ba hakana da alaƙa da doka ba a ƙarƙashin dokar Bosniya. Ana barin mutane masu canza jinsi su canza jinsi na doka. A cikin rahoton Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na 2019 game da Bosnia da Herzegovina, Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam da Kwamitin Da ke Kan Azabtarwa sun nuna damuwa kan rashin binciken da hukumomi ke yi game da laifukan nuna kiyayya da aka aikata wa 'yan madigo,' yan luwadi, masu jinsi biyu da kuma jinsi. Madigo da tashin hankali da laifukan ƙiyayya ga membobin ƙungiyar LGBT sun bazu a cikin Bosnia da Herzegovina. A watan Satumbar shekara ta 2008, fararen hula bakwai da wani jami'in 'yan sanda sun ji rauni ta hanyar zanga-zangar adawa da LGBT a bikin Queer Festival na Sarajevo. Wadanda suka shirya bikin sun samu barazanar kisa ba a san su ba har zuwa bikin. An kwantar da mutane shida tare da raunuka a kai kuma daya daga cikin maharan ‘yan sanda sun tsare. A watan Satumba na shekara ta 2019 aka gudanar da faretin LGBT na Bosnia na farko a Sarajevo, babban birnin ƙasar. Jami'an 'yan sanda dubu daya sun kasance don kare masu zanga-zangar daga tashin hankali da laifukan kiyayya. An gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa a Sarajevo ta ƙungiyoyin masu adawa da LGBT a daidai lokacin da ake fareti. Hakkokin mata Kungiyar Tsaro da Hadin Kai a Ofishin Jakadancin Turai da ke Bosniya da Herzegovina ta ba da rahoton cewa cin zarafin mata matsala ce da ta zama ruwan dare a cikin al’ummar ta Bosniya. Ofishin jakadancin ya kuma bayar da rahoton cewa, mata ba su da wakilci sosai a cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da na gwamnati. A lokacin Yaƙin Bosniya tsakanin shekara ta 1992 zuwa 1995, an sami wata annobar lalata da yara. Babu wani adadi na hukuma da ke kan yawan matan da aka ci zarafinsu yayin Yaƙin, duk da haka kimantawa tsakanin 20, 000 da 50, 000. Tsarin shari'ar Bosniya ya kasance ba mai da martani game da hukunta maza da suka yi lalata da juna yayin yakin. Wadanda abin ya shafa na fuskantar barazanar rasa dubban kudin tarayyar Turai a kudin kotu idan suka kai karar Republika Srpska saboda lahanin da lalata da sojojinsu suka yi lokacin yakin. Amsoshin duniya Kungiyar Tsaro da Hadin Kai a Turai shahararriyar kungiyar gwamnatoci ce wacce ke gudanar da aiki a cikin Bosnia da Herzegovina. Suna aiki don dawo da zaman lafiya da jituwa a yankin da kuma inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam ga dukkan 'yan ƙasa na Bosnia da Herzegovina, gami da Romawa da jama'ar yahudawa. Mata na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya suna da ofishi a Bosniya da Herzegovina, inda suke da burin tallafa wa gwamnati wajen cimma matsayin duniya a daidaiton jinsin Dan Adami.

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirham%20na%20Morocco

Dirham na Morocco

Dirham Moroccan Moroccan Arabic Berber languages alamar DH code: MAD kudin kuɗi ne na hukuma na Morocco Bankin Al-Maghrib, babban bankin kasar Morocco ne ya bayar. An raba Dirhami ɗaya na Morocco zuwa santimat 100 (na ɗaya: santim; Tarihi Kalmar dirham ta samo asali ne daga kudin Girka, wato dachma Dirham din Idrissid, tsabar azurfa, an yi shi ne a kasar Maroko karkashin daular Idrisid daga karni na 8 zuwa na 10. Kafin gabatar da tsabar kudi na zamani a shekara ta 1882, Maroko ta ba da tsabar tagulla da aka ƙididdige su a falus, tsabar azurfa da aka ƙima da dirhami, da tsabar zinari da aka ƙima a benduqi Daga 1882, Dirham ya zama yanki na rial Moroccan, tare da 500 Mazunas 10 dirham 1 rial. Lokacin da yawancin Maroko suka zama masu kariyar Faransa a cikin 1912 ta canza zuwa franc na Morocco An dawo da Dirhami a ranar 16 ga Oktoba 1960. Ya maye gurbin franc a matsayin babban sashin kuɗi amma, har zuwa 1974, franc ya ci gaba da yaduwa, tare da 1 dirham 100 francs. A cikin 1974, centime ya maye gurbin franc. Tsabar kuɗi A shekarar 1960, an gabatar da tsabar kudi Dirham 1 na azurfa. Wadannan sun biyo bayan dirhami 1 nickel da tsabar dirhami na azurfa 5 a shekarar 1965. A cikin 1974, tare da ƙaddamar da santim, an ƙaddamar da sabon tsabar kudi a cikin ƙungiyoyi na 1, 5, 10, 20 da 50 santimat da tsabar kudi 1 da 5. Santimita 1 sun kasance aluminium, santimat 5 har zuwa 20 an sanya su a cikin tagulla, tare da mafi girman ƙungiyoyi uku a cikin cupro-nickel. An kara sabbin tsabar kudi Dirham 5 na cupro-nickel a 1980 kuma an canza su zuwa tsabar bi-metal a 1987. Sulalla masu bi-metal suna ɗauke da ƙayyadaddun shekaru biyu don fitowar kwanan wata-1987 a kalandar Gregorian da 1407 a kalandar Musulunci An yi amfani da santim ɗin 1 kawai har zuwa 1987 lokacin da aka gabatar da sabbin ƙira, tare da a mai maye gurbin santimat 50 ba tare da canza girman ko abun da ke ciki ba. Sabon tsabar Dirhami 5 ya kasance bimetallic, kamar yadda tsabar dirhami 10 aka gabatar a shekarar 1995. Cupro-nickel 2 Dirham tsabar kudi an ƙaddamar da su a cikin 2002. A cikin 2012, an fitar da sabon jerin tsabar kudi, tare da tsabar dirham 5 da 10 suna amfani da hoton ɓoye a matsayin yanayin tsaro. Takardun kuɗi Rubutun farko da aka yi la'akari da dirhami an yi su ne a kan takardun faran farko, a cikin dirhami 50 (akan 5,000 francs) da dirhami 100 (a kan 10,000 francs). A shekarar 1965, an fitar da sabbin takardun kudi na dirhami 5, 10 da 50. A shekarar 1970 ne aka fara amfani da Dirhami 100, sannan a shekarar 1991 sai Dirhami 200 sannan a shekarar 1996. Dirhami 20 ne aka fara amfani da su a shekarar 1980. A tsakiyar watan Oktoba na shekarar 2009, Bankin Al-Maghrib ya fitar da takardun kudi na dirhami miliyan hudu don tunawa da cika shekaru 50 na bankin. Bayanan tunawa yana auna 147 70 mm kuma yana dauke da hotunan Sarki Mohammed VI, Hassan II, da Mohammed V. A bayan bayanan akwai hedkwatar Bankin Al-Maghrib a Rabat. Jawabin da Mohammed V ya gabatar a shekarar 1959 a bukin Bankin Al-Maghrib an nada shi a bayansa. A watan Disambar 2012, Bankin Al-Maghrib ya fitar da takardar banki mai Dirhami 25 don tunawa da cika shekaru 25 da samar da takardar kudi a Ma'aikatun Buga na Jihar Moroko, Dar As-Sikkah. Ita ce takardan banki ta farko a duniya da za a buga akan Durasafe, takarda-polymer-paper composite substrate wanda Fortress Paper ya samar. Gaban bayanin kula yana da alamar intaglio vignette da alamar ruwa na Sarki Mohammed VI, da zaren tsaro na canza launin magenta-kore. Zaren, kamar alamar ruwa, an haɗa shi a cikin takardar banki duk da haka ana iya gani a bayan tagar Viewsafe polymer mai gefe ɗaya. Hakanan yana da cikakkiyar tagar polymer mai haske wanda aka lulluɓe tare da ƙoƙon sarauta na Sarki. Bayan bayanan yana ɗauke da bugu na bugu na tunawa da shekaru 25 na bugu na banki a Ayyukan Buga na Jihar Moroko, Dar As-Sikkah. An kafa tagogin da ke cikin Durasafe ta hanyar yankan kowane gefe na nau'in nau'i na nau'i uku daban. Gilashin Viewsafe mai gefe ɗaya yana ba da haske mai haske a cikin madaidaicin inda zaren da alamar ruwa na Sarki Mohammed VI ke kare, amma ganuwa gaba ɗaya a bayan ainihin polymer. An ƙirƙiri tagar Thrusafe ta zahiri ta hanyar yanke duka masu yin takarda na waje don bayyana ainihin ainihin polymer. A ranar 15 ga Agusta, 2013, Bankin Al-Maghrib ya sanar da sabon jerin takardun kudi. Bayanan kula sun ƙunshi hoton Sarki Mohammed VI da kambin sarauta. Kowanne daga cikin bayanan yana nuna wata kofa ta Morocco a gefen hagu na hoton, wanda ke nuna wadatar kayan gine-ginen kasar, da kuma alamar bude ido na kasar. A cikin 2019, Bankin Al-Maghrib ya fitar da takardar kudi dirham 20 da aka samar akan kayan aikin polymer don tunawa da cika shekaru 20 na hawan Mohammed VI kan karagar Morocco. Shahararrun mazhabobi da amfani Shahararrun mazhabobi kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su sosai a Maroko don yin nuni ga mabambantan dabi'u na kudin; Ba a dauke su a hukumance ta jihar. Waɗannan sun haɗa da rial Arabic pronunciation: [rjal] daidai da 5 santimat, da franc [frˤɑnk], daidai da santimita 1. Yawancin lokaci, yayin da ake mu'amala da kaya da ƙimar ƙasa da dirhami, yawanci ana amfani da rial ko santim. Don kaya masu tsada sosai, kamar motoci, al'ada ce a koma ga farashin santimat. Koyaya, ana amfani da rial lokacin magana da Larabci da centimi yayin magana cikin Faransanci Ko da yake matasan ba su yi amfani da su ba, ƙungiyar 1,000, 2,000, har zuwa 100,000 francs za su yi amfani da mutanen da suka rayu a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Faransa lokacin da suke magana akan Dirhami 10, 20 da 1,000. amfani da rial don kaya mafi girma fiye da yanki na dirhami, wanda ya kai 5,000 dhs (rial 100,000). Ana amfani da wannan rukunin a cikin mahallin larabci na Moroccan Ana kuma karɓar dirham na Morocco a kasuwannin kasuwanci a Ceuta, duk da farashin da ake nunawa a cikin Yuro Bayanan kula Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Kudade Kudi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

20399

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Kuteb

Mutanen Kuteb

Mutanen Kuteb (ko Kutep) ƙungiya ce ta yare da yare a Afirka ta Yamma, waɗanda ke magana da Harshen Kuteb, yare ne na Jukunoid. Yawancin Kuteb suna zaune ne a jihar Taraba, Najeriya Bayan Fage Dangane da al'ada Kuteb sun yi ƙaura daga Misira kusan 1000 AD, daga ƙarshe sun isa inda suke a yanzu kusan shekarar 1510. Mutanen Kuteb an yi su ne daga dangi masu zuwa waɗanda aka yi imani da su Childrenan Kuteb ne; Lumbu, Ticwo, Rufu, Askaen, Bika (Zwika), Ticwo, Rubur, Tswaen, Acha, Likam, Cwumam, da Rucwu. A al'adance suna yin noma, farauta da kamun kifi a cikin ƙasa mai ni'ima da ke cikin Kogin Benuwai Mutanen suna bautar gumakan dangi, to amma kuma sun yi imani da wani mahaluki wanda ya halicci duniya kuma ya kawo lafiya, ruwan sama da girbi. Wani babban firist ne ke mulkinsu, Kwe Kukwen, wanda majalisar dattawa da ke wakiltar ƙabilun Kuteb daban-daban suka zaɓa. Wani rahoto na shekara ta 2007 ya ƙiyasta yawan mutanen Kuteb a matsayin kusan 100,000. Mafi yawansu suna zaune ne a cikin ƙaramar hukumar Takum ta yanzu a jihar Taraba, Najeriya, kodayake akwai 'yan ƙauyukan Kuteb da ke Kamaru A ƙarƙashin Turawan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya, waɗanda suka karɓe iko a wajajen 1900, Kuteb sun kasance karkashin masarautar Jukun na farko, ko "Aku Uka" na Tarayyar Wukari A cikin 1914, Turawan ingila sun sanya Kwe Kukwen shi kaɗai ne mai daraja a matsayi na uku a cikin Takum ɓangare na ƙungiyar, tare da taken Kwe Takum. Ya kasance mafi girma a kan sauran mutanen yankin. Wannan canjin ya fusata wasu kabilun Hausawa, Tiv, Chamba, Kukuns da Ichen, waɗanda suka tilasta Ukwe Ahmadu Genkwe barin Takum ya koma wani waje. Ukwe Takum na karshe shi ne Ali Ibrahim, yana mulki daga 1963 zuwa 1996. Siyasa Babbar jagora ga kowane aiki a cikin yankin Kuteb ya ta'allaka ne da tsarin mulki na Kwe Kukwen, Akwen da Majalisar Dattawa da ake kira Ndufu waɗanda ke wakiltar manyan sanannun dangi da dangi. Kukwen shine Babban Firist wanda yake a Mbarikam, Ikam ko Teekum kuma Akwen sune ƙananan firistoci waɗanda sune shugabannin sauran dangin. Wannan aikin ya fara ne da Kuteb kansa a matsayin babban babban firist Sarkin Kutebs. Za'a iya zaɓar Kwe Kukwen daga kowace dangi. Koyaya, dole ne, a zaɓen sa, ya zo ya zauna a Teekum (Mbarikam Hill) kasancewar yankin Likam da kuma Hedikwatar Ƙasar Kuteb. Tsarin siyasar Kuteb na gargajiya saboda haka tsarin tarayya ne. Kodayake Kutebs sun amince da girmar Likam, sauran dangi suna da 'yancin cin gashin kansu don aiwatar da ikon wanzar da zaman lafiya, karewa da cimma muradin membobinsu. Koyaya, irin wannan ikon ya ƙare inda maslaha da shirye-shiryen gama gari gabaɗaya za a fara kuma inda aka gabatar da sulhu tsakanin mutane da dangi a gaban Kwe Kukwen. Baya ga rawar siyasa da Kukwen da Akwen suna da matsayi na ruhaniya, nauyi da iko. Matsayin sun samo asali ne daga imanin addini na Kutebs. Maganar kujerar shugabanci A shekarun 1970 Takum ya kasance wani yanki ne na tsohuwar jihar Benue Plateau Jaridar ƙaramar hukumar ta amince da wasu manyan kujerun sarakuna uku a Tarayyar Wukari na ƙananan hukumomin Wukari, Donga da Takum, waɗanda 'yan asalin yankin suka zaɓa. Gwamna Joseph Gomwalk ne ya canza wannan dokar a cikin 1975, yana janye haƙƙin Kuteb don zaɓar mai riƙe da Ukwe Chieftaincy stool na Takum daga ɗayan danginsu biyu na masarauta. Yankin Likam dangi da kabilar Akente. Waɗannan sonsa sonsan biyu ne waɗanda aka caje su da masarautar gargajiya ta Kuteb Nation. Wannan yarjejeniya ce ta gargajiya ta kabilu goma sha biyu na Kuteb Nation. Duk kabilun goma sha biyu suna da nasu UKwe. Koyaya, ana ba da Likabilar Likam da ta Akente damar sake juya babbar kujerar Sarauta a tsakanin su. Kula da ƙabilun biyu don yin mulki a cikin mafi girman mulkin ya kasance tsarin kirkirar tsohuwar Kuteb don kare masarautar Kuteb da kiyaye ikonta daga wasu maharan da canji da kwace al'adu, al'adu da al'adu na musamman na al'adun Kuteb. Wannan yana cikin layi tare da kare kowace kabila ta asali daga halaka da kutsawa ta hanyar masu yaudara. Sabuwar dokar ta ba da damar a zaɓi wani shugaba na Chamba, yayin da ya sanya wani mutumin Jukun shugaban kwamitin tantancewar da sauya tsarin kwamitin ya haɗa da Jukun da Chamba da kuma Hausa da Kuteb. Wannan keta hakki ne na ƙabilanci da kuma haƙƙin gargajiya na cin gashin kai da kuma hakkin al'adun gargajiya a matsayin mutane. Tabbatarwar ita ce sauya yanayin yanayin Takum, amma sakamakon ya kasance hargitsi wanda ya sa gwamnati ta hana bikin shekara-shekara na Kuchichebe lokacin da ƙasar ta yi albarka don tabbatar da girbi na gaba ya zama mai amfani. Daga baya, an hana yin irin wannan bukukuwa a wasu yankuna na Tarayyar Wukari saboda matsalar da suka haifar. A watan Oktoba 1997, mai kula da mulkin soja na jihar Taraba Amen Edore Oyakhire ya aika da takarda mai suna Comprehensive brief on the Chieftaincy Stool of Takum Chiefdom na jihar Taraba zuwa ga majalisar masu mulki ta sojoji. A wannan watan an kashe mutane bakwai kuma an ƙone gidaje bakwai a rikicin kabilanci, kuma an kame mutane 31. Oyakhire ya ce duk wanda ake zargi da hannu a rikicin na kabilanci za a dauki shi a matsayin masu bata damar sauya mulki zuwa mulkin farar hula. A shekarar 1998 Gwamnatin Jihar Taraba ta kuma kafa Kwamitin Zaman Lafiya wanda ya yi nasarar sasantawa tsakanin ƙabilun. Rikici da ke faruwa Kuteb sun shiga cikin rikice-rikicen tashin hankali da ke faruwa da makwabtansu. Rikicin ƙabilanci tsakanin Jukun da Kuteb ya barke a 1991. A ranar 27 ga Disamba 2008 wani rikici ya sake kunno kai a Takum kan zargin kisan wani matashi dan Jukun da matasan Kuteb suka yi. Wataƙila mutane 20 sun mutu kuma dubbai sun nemi mafaka a barikin soja na yankin. A 2000 an yi fada tsakanin 'yan ƙabilar Jukun Chamba da Tiv, tare da kona kauyuka sama da 250. A cikin 2006 mummunan rikici ya sake farawa tsakanin Kuteb da Tiv, inda mutane da yawa suka rasa rayukansu. A wata tattaunawa da aka yi da manema labarai a watan Disambar 2008 gwamnan jihar Taraba, Danbaba Suntai, ya ce ba ya ganin ƙarshen rikicin. Manazarta Harsunan Nijeriya Al'ummomin Nijeriya Al'adun ƙasashen Al'ummomi Mutanen Najeriya Pages with unreviewed

34295

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodger%20Saffold

Rodger Saffold

Rodger P. Saffold III (an haife shi a watan Yuni 6, 1988) wani mai tsaron ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Amurka don Buffalo Bills of the National Football League (NFL). Louis Rams ne ya tsara shi a zagaye na biyu, 33rd gabaɗaya a cikin 2010 NFL Draft Ya buga kwallon kafa na kwaleji a Indiana Aikin makarantar sakandare Saffold ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Bedford a Bedford, Ohio inda ya taka rawar gani da kare kai. Ya kasance ƙungiyar farko ta 2005 All-Lake Erie League, duk gundumomi da daraja ambaton zaɓin jihohi duka a makarantar sakandare guda ɗaya wacce ta samar da tsoffin masu karɓar Wisconsin da NFL Chris Chambers da Lee Evans Ya rubuta tackles 18 a matsayin babba. An yi la'akari da daukar ma'aikata biyu kawai ta Rivals.com, Saffold ya zaɓi Indiana akan Illinois, Kansas da Ohio Aikin koleji Bai taɓa barin jeri na farawa ba bayan zamewa a hannun hagu a tsakiyar kamfen ɗin sa na gaskiya a Jami'ar Indiana. Ya fara wasanni 41 kuma ya bayyana a cikin 42 a cikin aikinsa. Kociyoyin taron sun zaɓe shi tawaga ta biyu All-Big Ten kuma kafofin watsa labarai na gasar sun ba shi suna mai daraja, kuma ya sami karramawar ƙungiyar duka-Big Ten na biyu daga mujallar Phil Steele Sana'ar sana'a Louis Los Angeles Rams St. Louis Rams ne ya tsara Saffold a zagaye na biyu, 33rd gabaɗaya, a cikin 2010 NFL Draft A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2010, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru 4 na dala miliyan 6.3, wanda ya haɗa da dala miliyan 3.9. Saffold ya sami matsayin farkon tunkarar hagu na Rams a cikin kakar wasansa kuma ya fara a kowane wasa a waccan kakar don Rams. Saffold ya tattara rave sake dubawa don wasansa kuma an ba shi suna ga ƙungiyoyin Rookie da yawa, gami da Pro Football Weekly da Labaran Wasanni Saffold shine kawai rookie a cikin 2010 don fara duk wasannin ƙungiyar su a matakin hagu kuma Saffold ya ba da izinin buhu uku kawai a cikin ƙoƙarin wucewa 590 a cewar Statspass.com yayin da ya taimaka wa Steven Jackson ya yi sauri sama da yadi 1,000. A cikin 2011, ya buga wasa kuma ya fara wasanni 9 a matakin hagu kafin a saka shi a kan IR a kan Nuwamba 19, 2011. A cikin 2012 Saffold ya dawo ya buga wasa kuma ya fara wasanni 10 na ƙarshe na kakar a matakin hagu. A cikin 2013 Saffold ya buga a cikin wasanni 12 tare da farawa 9, kuma ya matsa kusa da layi mai ban tsoro tare da farawa 1 a matakin hagu, 3 yana farawa a matakin dama, kuma 5 yana farawa a gadin dama. A cikin 2014, Saffold ya buga a ciki kuma ya fara duk wasanni 16 galibi a gadin hagu, amma kuma ya fara a gadin dama kuma ya ga wasu ayyuka a daidai ma. A cikin 2015, Saffold ya buga kuma ya fara wasanni 5 a gadin dama. A cikin 2016, Saffold ya fara ciki kuma ya buga duk wasanni 11 a wurin gadi. Saffold ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyar, dala miliyan 42.5 tare da Oakland Raiders a ranar 11 ga Maris, 2014. Koyaya, bayan rashin jituwa a Oakland akan yanayin jikin Saffold, ya koma Rams don sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyar, 31.7 miliyan. Raiders suna da damuwa game da kafadar Saffold, wanda ya bambanta da Rams waɗanda ba su da "komai". Saffold ya sami babban matsayi na 73.7 daga Pro Football Focus, wanda aka zaba a matsayin matsayi na bakwai mafi kyau a tsakanin duk masu gadi masu cin zarafi a cikin 2018. A cikin 2018, Saffold ya taimaka wa Rams isa Super Bowl LIII inda suka yi rashin nasara a hannun New England Patriots 13–3. Tennessee Titans A ranar 14 ga Maris, 2019, Saffold ya rattaba hannu tare da Tennessee Titans akan kwangilar shekaru huɗu na dala miliyan 44. A cikin 2019, Saffold ya fara duk wasanni 16 tare da Titans yayin da suka gama kakar wasa 9-7 kuma sun yi wasan share fage, tare da toshewa Derrick Henry yayin da ya ci taken gasar tseren yadudduka. Daga nan ya fara duka uku na wasannin playoff na Titans, tare da toshewa Henry yayin da yake gudu kusan yadi 200 a cikin kowane wasa biyu na farko kafin ya sha kashi a gasar Super Bowl Kansas City Chiefs a gasar AFC A cikin 2020, Saffold ya kasance mai gadin hagu na farawa, yana farawa duk wasannin 16 kuma an toshe shi don Henry wanda ya ci takensa na yadudduka na biyu kuma aka nada shi Babban Dan wasa na Shekara ta hanyar zama ɗan wasa na takwas a tarihin NFL don yin gaggawar yadi 2000 a cikin kakar wasa. Titans sun lashe rabon tare da rikodin 11-5. Saffold ya fara don Titans a cikin zagaye na gandun daji inda Baltimore Ravens suka ci su. A ranar 10 ga Maris, 2022, Titans sun saki Saffold. Kuɗin Buffalo A ranar 14 ga Maris, 2022, Saffold ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara guda tare da Kuɗin Buffalo Shigar da shigo da kaya Saffold a halin yanzu shine ma'abucin gasa na Call of Duty team Rise Nation. Ya sayi kungiyar a watan Afrilun 2014. Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Indiana Hoosiers bio Los Angeles Rams bio Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

19943

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buhariyya

Buhariyya

Buhariyya ko da turanci Buharism, na nufin akidar zamantakewar siyasa da tattalin arziki na Shugaban kasar Nigeria kuma tsohon shugaban mulkin soja, Muhammadu Buhari yake dashi. Bayan juyin mulkin da aka yi a Najeriya a shekara ta 1983 wanda ya lalata Jamhuriyyar Najeriya ta biyu, Janar Muhammadu Buhari ya zama shugaban mulkin soja. Nan da nan ya ƙaddamar da kamfen ɗin injiniyan zamantakewar soja da ba a taɓa yin irinsa ba, yaki Shugaba mai horaswa da nufin ƙarfafa halaye na gari. Buhariyya ya zo ne a sanadiyyar wakiltar ƙarni na uku na ƙasa a lokacin Yakin Cacar Baki, ba ya son kwaminisanci ko jari-hujja Akidarsa ta tattalin arziki kawai an tsara shi ne kan ayyukan da ake buƙata don al'ummar Duniya ta Uku don ci gaba: galibi wadatar tattalin arziki, ɗan ƙasa mai ladabi, da ci gaban ƙasa. A matsayinsa na babban shugaba kuma kwamanda na tsarin mulki, Buhari ya sami karfin iko. Gyara juyin mulkin shekara ta alif 1985 juyin mulkin da aka yi a kasar shi ne adawa da buhariyya; babban hafsan sojan sa kuma mai jiran gado Janar Ibrahim Babangida ya nuna adawa da kakkausar lafazin yakin neman zaben Buhari da manufofin ruguza tattalin arziki. Daga baya Babangida ya zama mafi dadewa a kan mulki bayan yakin basasa gwamnatinsa ta ga sake daidaitawa kan sabon tsarin kasa da kasa da ke bullowa cikin sauri tare da bullo da shirye-shiryen IMF wadanda suka hada da:cinikayyar kai tsaye, ragi da rage darajar kudi. Muhammadu Buhari da aka daure,ya kwashe shekaru 30 yana mulki, ya tsaya takarar shugaban kasa a shekara ta 2003, da shekara ta 2007, da kuma shekara ta2011, sannan kuma daga baya a shekara ta 2015, inda ya lashe na karshe sannan ya kayar da Abokin takararsa Goodluck Jonathan Buhariyya sannu a hankali ya rikide ya zama wata al'ada ta mutane kuma da farko ya sami cikakken goyon baya a ko'ina cikin ƙasar, musamman a Arewacin Najeriya, har zuwa zaɓen shugaban ƙasar Nijeriya na shekara ta 2019, wanda ya haifar da raguwar farin jinin Buhari. Bayani Buharism ya kafu ne kan alkiblar tattalin arziki na akidar cigaban kasa. Sauye-sauyen tattalin arzikinta ana nuna su ne kamar suna kawar da tattalin arziƙin siyasa daga ikon fitattun parasitic "kuma zuwa cikin ikon" ajin mai fa'ida Ga ɗalibanta, Buharism yana wakiltar gwagwarmaya ta hanyoyi biyu: tare da duniyar duniya da wakilanta na ciki da masu ba da shawara. Manufofinsa don tsarin zamantakewar jama'a yana nuna halin kirki na Sakamakon Jiha. Masu haifar da sakamako sun yi imanin cewa halin ɗabi'a na aiki ya dogara da sakamakon aikin, saboda haka aiki dai-dai ne idan ya ba da fa'ida mafi girma ga yawancin mutane. Don haka aiki yayi dai-dai idan ya haifar da tsari na gari, jin dadin jama'a, da wadatar kayansu. Akidar tattalin arziki Buharism ya ki amincewa da babbar hanyar Yarjejeniyar Washington, maimakon hakan ya kasance cewa ga kasar da ke fama da rikice-rikice don samun nasarar inganta daidaiton kudaden ta hanyar ragi, dole ne a fara kasancewa da yanayin cewa farashin kowace kasa fitarwa ana kiranta a cikin kudin ta. Dangane da Najeriya, galibi tana fitar da ɗanyen mai, wanda aka siyar akan dala, kuma ba a fitar da kayan da aka gama ba, wanda zai zama mai rahusa ta hanyar ragi kuma zai haifar da farfadowar tattalin arziƙi a ƙarƙashin tsarin Yarjejeniyar Washington. Tunda babu irin wannan yanayin, Buharism ya tabbatar da cewa, ga duk ƙasar da yanayin Consididdigar Washington bai kasance a sarari ba, akwai hanyoyin da za a bi don magance matsalar matsalar tattalin arzikinta Saboda haka, maimakon yin amfani da rage darajar kudi don dawo da tattalin arzikin Najeriya mai fama da rikice-rikice a wancan lokacin, Buharism sai ya yi amfani da wata manufa ta hana shigo da kayayyaki da ake ganin ba dole ba ne, da rage satar mai, da inganta fitar da kayayyaki ta hanyar kasuwancin cinikayyar cinikin danyen danyen mai mai don kayayyaki kamar injuna, yana ba shi damar fitarwa sama da adadin OPEC Neo-Buharism A shekara ta 2015, tare da dawowar Muhammadu Buhari kan mulki a matsayin shugaban farar hula, kuma ya fuskanci matsalar tattalin arziki wanda ya hada da koma baya sosai a farashin mai na duniya, matakin rashin aikin yi, tattalin arziki da ba shi da dama, da kuma kalubalen tsaro da suka katse samar da kayayyaki ba tare da ajiya ba saboda tabarbarewar hukumomi da cin hanci da rashawa a gwamnatocin da suka biyo baya, Buharism na nufin dabarun da aka mayar da hankali ciki wanda ya yi watsi da matakan tsuke bakin aljihun da ke kan matalauta yayin inganta saka hannun jari a kayayyakin more rayuwa da kuma yin amfani da karfin jihohi don rage shigo da kayayyaki. Buharism a matsayin manufofin tattalin arziki ya jaddada samar da karuwar kayan cikin gida don haka damar aiki ta hana shigo da kaya da karfafa sauya shigo da kaya. Hakanan ya jaddada sanya hannun jarin jihar a cikin ababen more rayuwa tare da rage cin hanci da rashawa don kara samar da kayayyaki da kuma dawo da albarkatun tattalin arzikin da gamayyar kungiyoyin da aka kafa suka samar don samar da hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewar matalauta a lokacin mika mulki zuwa wadatar tattalin arziki. Sukar Masu sukar, sau da yawa ake magana a kai Buhari siyasa Outlook kamar kama-da amincewa Yawancin lokaci ana bayyana ra'ayin Buharism a matsayin dimokiradiyya mara bin doka Buharism, suna jayayya, kuma yana mai da hankali ga sakamakon jihar, a bayyane yake ya haifar da jihar 'yan sanda masu adawa da mulkin mallaka sabanin wata doka Wannan rikice-rikicen siyasa ya kara fadada zuwa ga wata alakar da ke tsakanin sassan jihar a bangare guda da kuma bin doka a daya bangaren, wadanda ke da goyan bayan manyan masu mulki. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Buharism Bayan Buhari: Raddi ga Mohammed Haruna na Sanusi Lamido Sanusi a ranar 6 ga Satumba 2002 a Landan Buhari da Idiagbon: Wata dama da aka rasa ga Najeriya daga Max Siollun a cikin Oktoba 2003 Fashewar 'Buharism' da ba-da-Shaka a cikin Yanci ta Mohammed Nura a ranar 14 ga Satumba 2010 a cikin Leadership (Nigeria) Muhammad Buhari Siyasar Najeriya Tattalin arziki Pages with unreviewed

55332

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeot%20504

Peugeot 504

Peugeot 504 mota ce mai matsakaicin girma, injin gaba, motar baya-baya wacce Peugeot ta kera kuma ta sayar da ita daga 1968 zuwa 1983 sama da tsara guda ɗaya, musamman a cikin sedan kofa huɗu da na'urorin keken keke amma kuma a matsayin tagwayen kofa biyu. daidaitawar coupé da cabriolet gami da bambance-bambancen manyan motocin daukar kaya. Sedan (berline) Aldo Brovarone na Pininfarina ne ya tsara shi, kuma tagwayen coupé da cabriolet Franco Martinengo ne ya yi musu salo a Pininfarina, tare da keken keke (hutu da familiale) da ɗaukar hoto (camionette) da zane-zanen da aka samar a cikin gida a Peugeot. An lura da 504 don ƙaƙƙarfan tsarin jikin sa, dogon tafiye-tafiyen dakatarwa, izinin ƙasa mai tsayi, manyan ƙafafu da bututun bututun tuki an lulluɓe shi a cikin bututu mai ƙarfi da aka haɗe a kowane ƙarshen gidan gearbox da casing daban-daban, yana kawar da halayen motsa jiki. 504 a ƙarshe sun sami karɓuwa sosai a cikin ƙasashe masu nisa waɗanda suka haɗa da Brazil, Argentina, Australia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Kamaru, Benin, Kenya da Najeriya. Fiye da miliyan uku 504 aka kera a cikin samar da Turai, tare da ci gaba da samarwa a duniya a ƙarƙashin shirye-shiryen lasisi daban-daban ciki har da 27,000 da aka taru a Kenya da 425,000 da aka taru a Najeriya, ta hanyar amfani da na'urorin buga-sama tare da samarwa zuwa 2006. Bayan da aka yi muhawara a matsayin tutar Peugeot a 1968 Paris Salon, 504 sun sami kyautar motar Turai ta 1969. A cikin 2013, jaridar Los Angeles Times ta kira shi "Dokin Aiki na Afirka." Tarihi Gabatarwa An sayar da shi azaman motar saloon na Peugeot, 504 ta fara halartan jama'a a ranar 12 ga Satumba 1968 a Salon Paris Kaddamar da aikin jarida wanda aka shirya yi a watan Yunin 1968 ya kasance a ƙarshen minti na ƙarshe da aka jinkirta da watanni uku, kuma samarwa ya fara jinkirin farawa makamancin haka saboda rugujewar siyasa da masana'antu wanda ya fashe a duk faɗin Faransa a cikin Mayu 1968. 504 wani saloon ne mai dauke da rufin rana, wanda aka gabatar dashi tare da carbured 1,796 cc hudu-Silinda petrol engine 60 kW (82 PS; 81 hp) DIN da 71 kW (97 PS; 96 hp) akan famfo tare da allurar mai na zaɓi. A lokacin gabatarwa, Peugeot har yanzu tana amfani da ƙimar SAE, tare da da'awar lambobin wutar lantarki 87 da 103. cv bi da bi. Rubuce-rubucen da aka ɗora wa mai saurin gudu huɗu daidai ne; ZF 3HP12 mai sauri mai sauri uku ya zama samuwa tare da injin carburetted wanda ya fara a cikin Fabrairu 1969. A cikin watan Satumba na 1969 an motsa wurin canja wuri ta atomatik daga ginshiƙin tuƙi zuwa ƙasa. An zabi 504 mota mafi kyawun Turai a shekara ta 1969, an yaba da salo, inganci, chassis, hawa, ganuwa, injina mai ƙarfi da kuma tacewa. 1969 kuma shine lokacin da 504 suka isa kasuwar Ostiraliya. An gabatar da 504 Injection coupé biyu kofa da cabriolet mai kofa biyu a Salon de Geneva a cikin Maris 1969. Injin ya samar da guda 71 kW (97 PS; 96 hp) na fitarwa kamar yadda yake a cikin saloon mai allurar mai, amma an ɗan yi bitar adadin tuƙi na ƙarshe don ba da ɗan ƙaramin saurin hanya na a 1,000 rpm. Ba kamar saloons ba, coupé da cabriolet sun sami canjin bene. Samfuran da ke akwai: 504 4-kofa salon 504 Allura 4-kofa saloon 504 Allurar coupé mai kofa 2 504 Allurar 2-kofa cabriolet 1970 504 sun sami sabon silinda hudu 1971 Injin cc 68 kW (93 PS; 92 hp) (carburated) da 76 kW (104 PS; 103 hp) (mai allura). A 1970 Paris Salon wani silinda hudu 2112 Injin diesel cc 48 kW (65 PS; 64 hp) da Shekara ta 1796 Injin mai cc ba ya wanzu a cikin saloon 504. A cikin Satumba 1970 an gabatar da wani kadara ("Break"), wanda ke nuna rufin baya mafi girma, tsayin ƙafafu, da ƙaƙƙarfan axle na baya tare da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa huɗu. An haɗa ta da kujeru 7 "Familiale", wanda ke da dukan mazaunanta suna fuskantar gaba a cikin kujeru guda uku. Hutu/Familiale/Commerciale ba a ci gaba da siyarwa ba har sai Afrilu na shekara mai zuwa. Break da Familiale duk sun sami injin mai mai lita 2 ko dizal 2.1 kamar yadda aka saba, amma mai amfani "Commerciale" ya dawo da lita 1.8-4, yanzu an daidaita shi zuwa 54 kW (73 PS; 72 hp) da Hakanan akwai dizal na Commerciale, yana amfani da 37 kW (50 PS; 49 hp), 1.95-lita XD88 daga 404 Diesel, isa ga babban gudun 118 km/h (73 mph) Commerciale yana da filaye na ciki, tare da dashboard daban-daban, babu kafet a wurin da ake ɗaukar kaya, da kujeru ba tare da wuraren zama ba. Hakanan an sami ƙarfafa dakatarwa da sauƙi, fitilolin mota guda ɗaya (wanda aka sake gani akan abubuwan ɗaukar hoto daga 1979 akan), bacewar chrome a kusa da tagogin gefe, da wasu sassa na datsa kamar madubin kallon baya an zana su maimakon chromed. A ƙarshen 1970 an ƙara wani zaɓi na atomatik a cikin coupé da cabriolet wannan bai taɓa zama babban mai siyarwa ba kuma ba koyaushe ake samun cabriolet ba amma an ci gaba da ba da shi har 1983; a cikin duka kusan 2,500 na kofa biyu 504s sun sami wannan zaɓin watsawa. Samfura 504 Commerciale 5-kofa mai amfani wagon 504 Salon kofa 4/ Hutu kofa 5/Familiale 504 Allura 4-kofa saloon 504 Commerciale Diesel wagon mai amfani mai kofa 5 504 Diesel saloon mai kofa 4/5-kofa Familiale 504 Allurar coupé mai kofa 2 504 Allurar 2-kofa cabriolet 1971 A lokacin 1971 an gabatar da Break SL ("Super Luxe"), sabuwar ingantacciyar sigar ta na kayan aiki ta amfani da injin mai 2.0-lita carburetted. Ba kamar kekunan yau da kullun ba, SL ɗin ya karɓi fenti na ƙarfe, kayan kwalliya, da sauran ƙarin kayan aiki daban-daban. 1972 A cikin shekarar, man fetur da aka yi wa saloons 504 ya canza zuwa mashin motsawa na ƙasa akan motoci sanye da kayan aikin juyawa kuma. Kamfanin 504 Commerciale ya jefar da fitilun fitilun zagaye don goyon bayan daidaitattun raka'a. 1973 A cikin Afrilu 1973, saboda rikicin man fetur Peugeot ya gabatar da 504 L. Yana nuna wani coil sprung live rear axle da kuma reintroduced karami 1796 Injin cc 58 kW (79 PS; 78 hp) da 60 kW (81 PS; 80 hp) don L Atomatik. Daban-daban gatari na baya yana buƙatar ɗan ƙarin sarari; wannan yana buƙatar wasu gyare-gyare zuwa kwanon rufin ƙasa wanda ke nufin ƙarancin sarari takalmi da ɗakin bayan gida. A lokaci guda kuma, an sake fasalin jeri kamar yadda aka jera a kasa. Hakanan sabon shine salon LD 504, wanda yayi daidai da dizal na Commerciale kodayake yana samar da 41 kW (56 PS; 55 hp) da Za'a iya gane salon salon L ta ɓatattun magudanan ruwa. Har ila yau, a cikin 1973, an maye gurbin ginshiƙan ginshiƙan ta hanyar bene da aka ɗora a kan dukkanin salon 504.

30755

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fela%20Sowande

Fela Sowande

Chief Olufela Obafunmilayo "Fela" Sowande MBE (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Mayun sheara ta 1905 13 Maris 1987) mawakin Najeriya ne kuma mawaki. An yi la'akari da mahaifin kiɗan fasaha na zamani na Najeriya, Sowande shine watakila mafi yawan sanannun mawallafin Afirka na ayyuka a cikin kalmar "classical" na Turai. Rayuwar farko Sowande (mai suna 'shoh-WAHN-daye') an haife shi a garin Abeokuta, kusa da Legas, ɗan Emmanuel Sowande, firist kuma majagaba na kiɗan cocin Najeriya. Tun yana yaro ya rera waka a cikin mawaƙa na Cocin Cathedral na Kristi. Ya yi karatu a CMS Grammar School da kuma King's College, Legas Tasirin mahaifinsa da Dokta TK Ekundayo Phillips (mawaƙi, organist da choirmaster) ya kasance muhimmin al'amari a farkon shekarunsa. A lokacin, Sowande mawaƙa ne kuma an gabatar da shi ga sababbin ayyukan Yarbawa da ake shigar da su cikin majami'u. A wannan lokacin, ya karanci sashin jiki a karkashin Phillips (ciki har da ayyukan Bach da mashahuran gargajiya na Turai), kuma ya sami Diploma na Fellowship (FRCO) daga Royal College of Organists A lokacin, shi ma ɗan bandeji ne, yana buga jazz da kuma mashahurin kiɗan kiɗa. Duk waɗannan suna da tasiri sosai a cikin aikinsa. London A cikin shekara ta 1934, Sowande ya tafi Landan don nazarin kiɗan gargajiya da shahararriyar turawa. A cikin 1936, ya kasance ɗan wasan pian solo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na George Gershwin 's Rhapsody in Blue Ya kuma taka leda a matsayin dan wasan piano tare da Fats Waller, shi ne mai shirya wasan kwaikwayo na BBC, Choirmaster a Kingway Hall da pianist a cikin samar da Blackbirds na 1936. A cikin shekara ta 1939, ya buga gaɓoɓin a kan rikodin ta mashahuran mawaƙa Adelaide Hall da Vera Lynn Daga baya, ya yi karatun sashin jiki a asirce a karkashin Edmund Rubbra, George Oldroyd, da George Cunningham kuma ya zama Fellow of the Royal College of Organists a 1943, ya lashe Limpus, Harding da Read Prizes. Ya kuma ci kyaututtuka da dama kuma ya samu digirin digirgir na Kida a Jami'ar Landan kuma ya zama Fellow of Trinity College of Music Har ila yau, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara na kiɗa na Ƙungiyar Fina-Finan Mallaka na Ma'aikatar Watsa Labarai a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, yana ba da kiɗa na asali don fina-finai na ilimi. Daga 1945, ya kasance mashahurin mai tsara tsari kuma mawaƙa a Ofishin Jakadancin Yammacin London na Cocin Methodist har zuwa 1952, kuma adadin kidan gabobi da yawa daga wannan lokacin. Waɗannan suna dogara ne akan waƙoƙin Najeriya waɗanda suka ba da jan hankali na musamman ga baƙi na ikilisiyarsa a farkon shekarun ƙaura daga nahiyar Afirka da Caribbean. A wannan lokacin, ya kuma zama sananne a matsayin mai wasan pianist, bandleader, da Hammond organist, yana yin shahararrun waƙoƙin rana. Tunanin Yamma da na Afirka sun yi nasara a cikin waƙarsa, waɗanda suka haɗa da ayyukan gabobi irin su Yorùbá Lament, Obangiji, Kyrie, Gloria, Jesu Olugbala, da Oba Aba Ke Pe Yawancin waɗannan suna nuna tasiri mai ƙarfi daga kiɗan Cocin Anglican, haɗe da waƙoƙin pentatonic na Yarbawa. Ayyukansa na ƙungiyar mawaƙa sun haɗa da Six Sketches for Full Orchestra, A Folk Symphony, Da kuma African Suite for string orchestra, da kuma nuna halayen rhythmic na Afirka da jituwa. Ƙarshen motsi na African Suite ya zama sananne ga masu sauraron Kanada a matsayin jigon shahararren shirin kiɗa na CBC Gilmour's Albums, kuma yanzu ya zama ma'auni na ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Kanada. Ya kuma rubuta kidan kide-kide na duniya da tsarki, musamman cappella. Wasu daga cikin wadannan ayyuka an yi su ne a lokacin da ya ke aiki da Sashen Afirka na BBC Ya koma Najeriya inda ya yi aiki a fannin ilimi da gidan rediyon Najeriya daga baya kuma ya yi aiki a jami'ar Ibadan An nada shi MBE a cikin 1955 Queen's Birthday Honors saboda aikinsa a Sashen Watsa Labarai na Najeriya A 1968 ya koma Jami'ar Howard a Washington, DC, sannan Jami'ar Pittsburgh Daga baya rayuwa A cikin shekaru na ƙarshe na rayuwarsa Sowande ya koyar a Sashen Nazarin Pan-African a Jami'ar Jihar Kent, kuma ya zauna a kusa da Ravenna, Ohio tare da matarsa, Eleanor McKinney, wanda ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa gidan rediyon Pacifica Ya mutu a Ravenna kuma an binne shi a Randolph Township, Ohio. Baya ga mukaminsa na farfesa, Sowande ya kuma rike mukamin sarauta na Bariyo na Legas A halin yanzu akwai wani yunƙuri na kafa wata cibiya da za ta gudanar da bincike da kuma tallata ayyukansa, kasancewar da yawa ba a buga su ba ko kuma ba a buga su ba. Abubuwan da aka zaɓa Gaba 1945 Ka Mura, Chappell, London 1952 Pastourelle (na gabobin jiki), Chappell, London 1955 Jesu Olugbala, Chappell, London 1955 Joshua Fit de Yaƙin Jericho, Chappell, London 1955 Kyrie, Chappell, London 1955 Obangiji, Chappell, London 1955 Yorùbá Lament, Chappell, London 1958 Oyigiyigi, Ricordi, New York 1958 Gloria, Ricordi, New York 1958 'Addu'a Ricordi, New York 1959 Amsoshi a cikin 'A''' KÕa Mo Rokoso Oba Aba Ke Pe Choral "Ranar Bikin aure" don SSA tare da piano, 1957, RDH "Wani lokaci nakan ji kamar yaro mara uwa" don SATB a cappella, 1955, Chappell, London "My Way's Cloudy" don SATB tare da piano, 1955, Chappell, London "De Ol' Ark's a-Moverin" na SATBB wani cappella tare da tenor solo, 1955, Chappell, London "Tsarin Jirgin Kasa" don SATBB a cappella, 1955, Chappell, London Roll de Ol' Chariot don SATBB tare da piano da rhythm combo, 1955, Chappell, London "Abin da na d"o na SATBB tare da piano da rhythm combo, 1961, Ricordi, New York "Goin' to Set Down" don SATB cappella tare da soprano solo, 1961, Ricordi, New York "Ba Ya Iya Ji Babu Wanda Yayi Addu'a" don SATB cappella tare da soprano solo, 1958, Ricordi, New York "De Angels Are Watchin" don SATB cappella tare da soprano da tenor solo, 1958, Ricordi, New York "Babu wanda ya san matsalar da nake gani" don SATB. Kapella, 1958, Ricordi, New York "Wheel, Oh Wheel" don SATB a cappella, 1961, Ricordi, New York "Wid a Sword in Ma Hand" don SATBB a cappella, 1958, Ricordi, New York "Sit Down Servant" na TTBB cappella da tenor solo, 1961, Ricordi, New York "Daga Sihiyona" don SATB tare da sashin jiki, 1955 "Amsar St. Jude" ga SATB tare da gabobin "Oh Render Godiya" (waƙar waƙa) don SATB tare da sashin jiki, 1960 Waƙar Ƙasa ta Najeriya (tsari) don SATB tare da sashin jiki, 1960 Wakokin Solo Wakoki Uku na Tunani don tenor da piano, 1950, Chappell, London Saboda ku don murya da piano, 1950, Chappell, London Wakokin Yarbanci guda uku don murya da piano, 1954, Ibadan Orchestral Zane-zane huɗu don cikakken ƙungiyar makaɗa, 1953 African Suite for string orchestra, 1955, Chappell, London Folk Symphony don cikakken ƙungiyar makaɗa, 1960 Littattafai (1964). Ifa: Jagora, Mashawarci, Abokin Kakanninmu Ibadan. (1966). Hankalin Kasa: Yaron Yarbawa Ibadan: Jami'ar Ibadan. (1968). Zo Yanzu Najeriya, Sashe na 1: Kishin kasa da kasidu kan batutuwan da suka dace. Ibadan: Sketch Pub. Co.; masu rarrabawa kawai: Masu ba da littattafan Najeriya. (Dukkan abubuwan da aka gabatar a cikin wannan littafi sun fara fitowa ne a cikin nau'ikan labarai a cikin shafukan Daily Sketch, Ibadan. (1975). Ƙarfafa Afirka na Nazarin Baƙar fata Kent, Ohio: Cibiyar Jami'ar Jihar Kent don Harkokin Amirka. Jerin Al'amuran Ba'amurkan Afirka Monograph, v. 2, No. 1. Labarai (1971). "Black Folklore", Baƙaƙe Lines: Jarida na Nazarin Baƙar fata (fitila na musamman: Baƙar fata), v. 2, a'a. 1 (Fadar 1971), shafi. 5-21. Manazarta Ci gaba da karatu Kole, Bill (1976). John Coltrane Littattafan Schirmer. ISBN 0-306-80530-8 Da Capo Press ya sake bugawa (1993, 2001). ISBN 0-306-81062-X Sadoh, Godwin (2007). Ayyukan gabobi na Fela Sowande: Ra'ayin Al'adu iUniverse. ISBN 0-595-47317-2 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Cikakken bayanin rayuwarsa Wani Fela Sowande bio Val Wilmer (a kan dangantakar Sowande da mai wasan pianist Rita Cann), "Rita Cann Hazakar kiɗa ta kai ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mata baƙi na farko da ake gani a cikin al'ummar London" (bituary), The Guardian'', 10 Mayu 2001. Takardun Fela Sowande a Makarantar Kolejin Dartmouth Mutanen

58002

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank%20of%20British%20West%20Africa

Bank of British West Africa

Bank of British West Africa (BBWA)wani banki ne na Birtaniya a ketare wanda ke da mahimmanci wajen shigar da bankunan zamani a cikin kasashen da suka fito daga kasashen yammacin Afirka na Birtaniya.A cikin 1957 ta canza suna zuwa Bank of West Africa,kuma a cikin 1965 Bankin Standard ya samu. Tarihi 1891-Dattijon Dempster mai girma Alfred Lewis Jones (an haife shi a Carmarthen,Wales a 1845) da George William Neville (an haife shi a Richmond,kusa da London a 1852),wakilin gida na Dattijo Dempster Co.na Liverpool,yayi ƙoƙarin haɓaka banki aiki a bakin tekun Guinea 1892—Kamfanin Bankin Afirka ya mallaki ayyukan banki na Elder Dempster a Legas,Najeriya .A cikin shekara guda sun so su rufe shi.Maimakon haka,sun sayar da aikin ga AL Jones da Elder Dempster 1893-Dattijo Dempster ya taimaka wajen kafa bankin British West Africa (BBWA) wanda ya karbi aikin tsohon ABC a Legas.Daga ƙarshe,BBWA ta kafa rassa a Liverpool,London,da Manchester. 1894-Dattijo Dempster Co,an nada shi wakilai a Freetown, Saliyo da Bathurst,Gambiya don BBWA.BBWA kuma ta karbe reshen Tangier na ABC. 1896 BBWA ta kafa reshe a Accra, Ghana Babban kasuwancinsa a lokacin shi ne rabon tsabar kudi na azurfa, wanda shi kadai ne ke samar da su. A matsayinsa na banki daya tilo a kasar a lokacin, ya zo ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannin tattalin arziki, inda ya zama babban bankin kasar. A cikin 1902, ya buɗe wani reshe a Sekondi Ya bude wata hukuma a Obuasi a cikin 1905, wanda ya kai matsayin reshe a 1909. A cikin 1906 ya buɗe reshe a Kumasi Bankin Birtaniya na yammacin Afirka ya fadada hanyar sadarwarsa don rufe yawancin manyan cibiyoyin kasuwanci a cikin Gold Coast kuma ya ci gaba da mamaye harkokin banki na kasuwanci a Ghana. 1898 BBWA ta kafa reshe a Freetown, Saliyo 1902 BBWA ta kafa reshe a Bathurst, Gambia A cikin kusan 1910 BBWA ya kafa reshe a Tenerife, a cikin Canary Islands 1912 BBWA ta karbi ragamar ayyukan Bankin Najeriya, wanda 'yan kasuwa na cikin gida suka kafa a 1899 ko 1902 don samar da mai yin gasa ga BBWA. 1915 BBWA ta kafa reshe a Douala, Kamaru, bayan mamayewar Anglo-Faransa 1916 BBWA ta rufe reshenta a Douala bayan canja wurin Douala zuwa gwamnatin Faransa, amma ta bude wata hukuma a birnin New York. 1918 BBWA ya buɗe reshe a Alexandria, Masar 1919 Lloyds Bank da wasu bankuna uku sun zama masu hannun jari a BBWA 1912 BBWA ya sake buɗe reshe a Douala, Faransa Kamaru, da kuma a Alkahira. 1923 Bankin Standard na Afirka ta Kudu ya karɓi hukumar BBWA ta New York. Bankin Lloyds ya sami Cox Co, wanda ke da rassa a Masar, amma shi kansa mai hannun jari ne a BBWA. Don kaucewa yin gasa da kanta, Lloyds ya sa BBWA ta tura kasuwancinta na Masar zuwa bankin Lloyds. A cikin 1926 Lloyds ya tura ayyukansa a Masar zuwa Babban Bankin Masar Tsakanin 1930 zuwa 1940 BBWA ta rufe yawancin rassanta da ta kafa a Maroko, Tsibirin Canary da Fernando Po. A cikin 1937 ko makamancin haka, BBWA ta kafa reshe a Hamburg, Jamus 1953 BBWA ta rasa ayyukanta na babban bankin kasar Ghana. Gwamnatin Ghana ta kafa bankin Gold Coast don hada ayyukan banki na kasuwanci da ayyukan bankin tsakiya A cikin 1954 ko makamancin haka BBWA ta rufe reshenta na Hamburg, wanda mai yiwuwa ya kasance baya lokacin yakin duniya na biyu kuma ya sake buɗewa daga baya. 1957 Bankin Yammacin Afirka ya canza suna zuwa Bank of West Africa (BWA) 1963 BWA ta rufe reshenta a Tangier 1965 Bankin Standard ya sami BWA, kuma ya sake masa suna Standard Bank of West Africa. SBWA ta mallaki rassan bankin Chase Manhattan na Laberiya da Najeriya a matsayin hannun jarin Chase da ya samu kashi 15% na bankin Standard, hannun jarin da ya sayar a karshen shekarun 1970. BWA har yanzu tana gudanar da reshe guda ɗaya kowanne a cikin Dokokin Faransa da Burtaniya na Kamaru, da kuma a Maroko 1969 Bankin Standard ya haɗu da Bankin Chartered don kafa bankin Standard Chartered SBWA ta yi watsi da Standard Bank of Ghana, Standard Bank Nigeria, da Standard Bank na Saliyo, wanda ya ci gaba da samun daban-daban tarihi. 1 ga Janairu 1985 Aikin Ghana ya zama Standard Chartered Bank Ghana, wanda a karkashin sunan yana ci gaba da aiki. 1971 Standard Bank of Nigeria ya sanya kashi 13% na jarin jarin sa ga masu zuba jari na Najeriya. Bayan kawo karshen yakin basasar Najeriya, gwamnatin mulkin sojan Najeriya ta yi kokarin kara karfin kananan hukumomi a bangaren hada-hadar banki. Zuba jarin bankin Standard Chartered a bankin Standard Nigeria ya fadi zuwa kashi 38%, kuma bankin ya canza suna zuwa First Bank of Nigeria a shekarar 1979. Standard Chartered ya sayar da sauran hannun jarinsa a bankin First Bank of Nigeria a shekarar 1996. Don haka, bankin Standard Chartered na Najeriya na yanzu, ya gano kasancewarsa a Najeriya ne kawai a shekarar 1999, lokacin da bankin ya sake shigo da Najeriya da wani sabon kamfani na gaba daya. Bankin Standard Chartered na Saliyo na yanzu yana bin tarihin kamfanoni tun lokacin da BBWA ta ba da Dattijon Dempster a matsayin wakilansa a Freetown a 1894. A tsakanin 1969 zuwa 1974, Standard Bank ya kuma rufe rassan Douala da Victoria a Kamaru da ya gada daga BWA. A shekarar 1974 SBWA tana da rassa biyu kacal, duka a Gambia, kuma a shekarar 1978, SBWA ta mayar da wadannan rassa biyu zuwa Standard Bank Gambia Ltd. Har zuwa 2002, a lokacin Standard Chartered Bank Gambia ya kasance banki daya tilo a

8645

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zangon%20Kataf

Zangon Kataf

Zangon Kataf Tyap: fakan) karamar hukuma ce a kudancin jihar Kaduna, Najeriya Hedkwatarta tana cikin garin Zonkwa. Har ila yau sunan wani gari ne Tyap: fakan) a cikin masarautar Atyap. Sauran garuruwan sun hada da: Batadon, (Madakiya), Cenkwon (Samaru Kataf), Kamatan da Kamuru. Yana da yanki 2,579 km2 da yawan jama'a a ƙidayar 2006. Lambar gidan waya na yankin ita ce 802. Geography Tsarin ƙasa A karamar hukumar Zangon Kataf, dutsen da yake da kololuwar kololuwa shi ne tsaunin Kacecere (Atyecarak) mai tsayin mita 1022 kuma ya kuma kai mita 98. Sauran tsaunuka sune: Tudun Kankada (1007m), Tudun Bako (949m), Tudun Madauci (939m), Tudun Ashafa (856m), Tudun Kabam (814m), da Tudun Antang (742m). Dutsen Bako, duk da haka, yana da matsayi mafi girma na 155m. Yanayi Garin Zangon Kataf da kewaye yana da matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara kusan matsakaicin matsakaicin tsayi na shekara kusan da ƙananan tare da ruwan sama mara nauyi a ƙarshen da farkon shekara tare da matsakaicin hazo na shekara kusan da matsakaicin zafi na 53.7%, kwatankwacin na garuruwan da ke makwabtaka da Kagoro da Zonkwa Gwamnati da siyasa Iyakoki Karamar hukumar Zangon Kataf tana da iyaka da karamar hukumar Kachia a yamma, karamar hukumar Kajuru daga arewa maso yamma, karamar hukumar Kauru a arewa da arewa maso gabas, karamar hukumar Kaura a kudu maso gabas, karamar hukumar Jema’a zuwa gabas kudu da karamar hukumar Jaba zuwa kudu maso yamma. Rukunin gudanarwa Karamar Hukuma ta kasu kashi-kashi na mulki ko gundumomin zabe: Atak Nfang (H. Zaman Dabo) Gidan Jatau Ikulu (Bakulu) Jei (H. Unguwar Gaya) Kamatan (Anghan) Kanai (H. Gora) Madakiya (J. don) Unguwar Rimi (J. kpat) Zango Urban (T. fakan) Zonkwa Zonzon Alkaluma Yawan jama'a Karamar hukumar Zangon Kataf bisa kididdigar da aka yi a ranar 21 ga Maris, 2006, an yi ta ne zuwa 318,991. Hukumar Kididdiga ta Najeriya da Hukumar Kididdiga ta Kasa ta yi hasashen yawanta zai kai 430,600 nan da 21 ga Maris, 2016. Mutane Galibi mutanen suna cikin ƙungiyar ƙabilanci-Linguistic Atyap (Nenzit). Waɗannan mutane sun haɗa da: Bajju, Atyap dace, Bakulu, Anghan da rak. Har ila yau, akwai ’yan asalin Hausawa da sauran al’ummar Nijeriya da suke zaune a cikin ’yan asalin Harsuna Mutanen ’yan asalin biyar da aka samu a cikin Karamar Hukumar suna magana da yarukan da suka danganci yare na gama gari, Tyap Mafi girma daga cikinsu shine Jju, na kusa da Tyap dace, sa'an nan Kulu, sa'an nan na Nghan sa'an nan kuma ta rak Sai dai kuma saboda tasirin turawan mulkin mallaka, ya sa harshen Hausa ma ya zama ruwan dare gama gari. Al'adu Jihohin gargajiya Akwai masarautu guda hudu a karamar hukumar, wato: Sarkin Akulu, karkashin jagorancin Agwom Akulu, Agwom Yohanna Sidi Kukah Headquarter a Kamaru Anghan sarkin, wanda Ngbiar Anghan ke jagoranta, Ngbiar Adam Alkali. Headquarter a Fadan Kamatan. Atyap chiefdom, headed by the gwatyap gwam tyap gwam (Sir) Dominic Gambo Yahaya (KSM) Headquarter a tak Njei, Zangon Kataf. Sarkin Bajju, shugaban gwam jju, gwam Nuhu Bature chi (OON) Headquarter a Zonkwa Abinci Manyan abubuwan cin abinci na al'adu da mutanen Zangon Kataf ke morewa sun hada da: ti/Kpukpei abinci mai ɗanɗano da aka yi da fulawar masara da ganyaye Tuk (manyan fulawa wanda za a iya ci tare da kowace irin miya da mutum yake so. Naman alade da naman kare kuma ana cinye su da kyau a wannan rabe-raben duniya. Babban abin sha da ba na giya ba wanda ke da alaƙa da wannan yanki ana kiransa bwai a yaren Tyap kunu a Hausa Har ila yau yankin ya dade yana da ma’ana wajen hada barasa da aka fi sani da kan a Tyap dace da rak, dikan a Jju da burukutu a kasar Hausa, duk da cewa an hana yinsa a wasu wurare. Fitattun mutane Bala Achi, masanin tarihi, marubuci Katung Aduwak, mai shirya fina-finai Rachel Bakam, mai nishadantarwa, mai gabatar da talabijin Ishaya Bakut, soja Isaiah Balat, ɗan kasuwa, ɗan siyasa DJ Bally, DJ, mai shirya kiɗa, mai yin muryoyin murya, da halin TV Nuhu Bature, shugaban kasa Musa Bityong, aikin soja Harrison Bungwon, injiniya, babban mai mulki Bala Ade Dauke, dan siyasa, fitaccen mai mulki Marok Gandu, jarumin mutumi Sunday Marshall Katung, lauya, dan siyasa Toure Kazah-Toure, ɗan tarihi, ɗan gwagwarmaya, ɗan Afirka Matthew Hassan Kukah, limaman coci Yohanna Sidi Kukah, babban mai mulki Zamani Lekwot, Military service Albarkacin Liman, aikin soja Kyuka Lilymjok, lauya, marubuci, ilimi Yohanna Madaki, soja Ishaya Shekari, soja Dominic Yahaya, babban mai mulki Andrew Yakubu, Injiniya Paul Samuel Zamani, limamai Duba kuma Jerin kauyukan jihar Kaduna Rikicin Zangon Kataf, 1992 Manazarta Jihar

38848

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uche%20Pedro

Uche Pedro

Uche Pedro (asalin sunan saUche Eze an haifeshi; 26 Yuli 1984) ɗan kasuwa ɗan Najeriya ne. Shi ne wanda ya kafa da kuma Shugaba na BellaNaija, alamar fasahar watsa labaru da aka sani don nishaɗi da abubuwan rayuwa. Karkashin jagorancinta, sawun BellaNaija na zamantakewa ya karu ta hanyar hada-hadar sa BellaNaija.com, BellaNaija Aure da BellaNaija Style ya zama mafi girma a Nahiyar Afirka tare da abubuwan gani sama da miliyan 200 kowane wata. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Uche kuma ta tashi a Najeriya, inda ta kammala karatunta na firamare da sakandare. Uche tana da digirin digirgir na Gudanar da Kasuwanci daga Makarantar Kasuwancin Ivey, inda ta kammala karatun ta da bambanci a 2006. A cikin 2020, ta sauke karatu daga Makarantar Harvard Kennedy tare da Masters a Gudanar da Jama'a. Sana'a Uche ya yi aiki a Shell Canada, Cadbury Middle East Africa Unit a Burtaniya, da Cadbury a Najeriya. A cikin Yuli 2006, ta kafa BellaNaija. Ta yi ikirarin cewa manufar kafa BellaNaija ta zo ne a lokacin da take karatu a wata jami'a a kasar Canada, inda ta yi hutu na mako biyu kuma ba da jimawa ba ta gundura. An yi sha'awar fara wani abu da ke wakiltar wannan matashi mai ban sha'awa a cikin ƙasar lokacin da ta zo Najeriya kuma ta lura da ci gaban da ake samu a salon, nishaɗi, da kasuwanci. Uche Aboki ne na TEDGlobal kuma Mataimakin Shugabancin Najeriya. Uche ta fahimci yuwuwar abin da ta ke ginawa sai ta ci gaba da tsara sana’ar. Ɗaukar mataki na tsara kasuwancin ta hanyar yin rijistar kamfani na iyaye, BainStone Limited BainStone Limited yana mai da hankali kan haɓakawa da sarrafa sabbin abubuwan watsa labarai na kan layi masu kayatarwa ga 'yan Afirka. Kamfanin yana cikin manyan 50 na SMEs masu girma da aka zaɓa kuma aka ba da kyautar British Airways, Kyautar Dama. A shekarar 2013, an karrama Uche a matsayin gwarzon matashin dan kasuwan yada labarai na duniya na British Majalisar Najeriya. A cikin 2014 da 2015, Mujallar Forbes Online ta sanya Uche cikin matasa 30 da ke da alƙawarin ƴan kasuwa a Afirka. A cikin Disamba 2015, an jera ta a cikin Mafi Tasirin Shugabannin Gudanarwa na 2015 ta Ventures Afirka da kuma Sabuwar Matan Matan Afirka na 2015 kuma ta sanya jerin sunayen 30 na Afirka masu ƙirƙira na QUARTZ. A cikin 2016, ta lashe lambar yabo ta Blogger na shekara ta Afirka a lambar yabo ta Nickelodeon Yara Kyautar Zabi. A cikin 2017, an gayyaci Uche a matsayin shugaban jama'a wanda ya kawo canji a duniya don taron koli na Gidauniyar Obama na farko kuma ya shiga cikin Shirin Canjin Seed na Stanford. A cikin Fabrairu 2018, Uche ya fito a cikin shekara-shekara na OkayAfrica100 Mata yaƙin neman zaɓe, bikin ban mamaki mata daga Afirka da kuma mazauna kasashen waje yin tãguwar ruwa a cikin wani fadi da kewayon masana'antu, yayin da suke da tasiri mai kyau a cikin al'ummominsu da duniya gaba ɗaya. An zabi Uche don shiga yakin neman zaben Bill da Melinda Gates na 2018. Uche Pedro ya sami gayyata zuwa Taron Gidauniyar Obama; taron kwanaki 2 na shugabannin al'umma kusan 500 daga sassan duniya. Ƙungiyar BellaNaija ta kammala shirin Shirin Canjin Seed na Stanford a cikin 2017, wani shiri na watanni 12 inda ake kalubalantar manyan shugabannin da za su tantance hangen nesa na kamfanonin su da sake fasalin dabarun. Uche tana da sha'awar yin tasiri ga al'ummarta da kuma ciyar da tsararraki masu zuwa. Ita ce ta kafa #BNDoGood wani shiri mai tasiri wanda ke tallafawa nau'ikan ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ƙungiyoyi masu tasiri da suka haɗa da LEAP Africa, Slum2School, Django Girls, Karamar Nasarar Najeriya da jerin jerin wasu. A cikin 2018, Uche ya kafa PVCitizen, wani shiri na ƙarfafa shekaru millennials da Generation Z su yi rajista don kada kuri'a kuma su zama ƴan ƙasa. A watan Nuwamba 2018, Uche ya sami lambar yabo ta ELOY don Ƙirƙirar Ƙirƙira Ƙirƙira, wanda aka keɓe don macen da ta yi amfani da basirarta don ƙirƙirar sababbin hanyoyin magance matsalolin da kuma kirkiro hanyoyin magance kalubale daban-daban. Bugu da kari UNFPA/UNICEF ta karrama ta da lambar yabo ta Frown Awards saboda kokarinta na kare hakkin kowane yarinya da kuma gudummawar da take bayarwa wajen kawar da kaciyar mata a Najeriya. Uche ya yi aiki a matsayin mai masaukin baki don taron TEDxLagos Spotlight a watan Agusta 2018. Rayuwa ta sirri A ranar 16 ga watan Yunin 2012, Uche ya auri Bode Pedro, dan tsohon mataimakin gwamnan jihar Legas, Femi Pedro Ta haifi wasu tagwaye a shekarar 2015. Ganewa 2020 Forbes "Mata 50 mafi ƙarfi a Afirka" Wakilin BBC na 2019 "Maganin Labaran Karya". Mai magana 2018 "Bloomberg Business Media Innovators" Forum. Babban Magana #ADICOMDAYS2018 OkayAfrica100 Women campaign. Gates Foundation/Gates Africa #GatesLetter Campaign. Taron Obama na 2017 "Shugaban Jama'a Yana Yin Bambanci a Duniya" Shirin Canjin Seed na Stanford. Jerin SME 100 na 100 mafi sabbin masana'antu mallakar mata a Najeriya. Nickelodeon Kids Choice Awards Gwarzon Blogger na Afirka. Mata 100 da suka fi burgewa a Najeriya #YWomen100 #LLA100Women 2016 Forbes 30 Mafi Kyawun Matasa 'Yan Kasuwa a Afirka- 2015 Jerin QUARTZ na Masu Ƙirƙirar Afirka 30. Ventures Africa Mafi Tasirin Shugabanni na 2015 Tiffany Amber Mata na Vision Honouree 2014 Forbes 30 Mafi Kyawun Matasa 'Yan Kasuwa a Afirka 2014. Jerin Sabbin Mujallar Afirka ta "50 Trailblazers Under 50 Made in Africa" Jerin. Arba'in da Arba'in: Kundin Tatsuniyoyi na Matasan Afirka ta Ventures Africa. Sabuwar Mujallar Matan Afirka Matasan Matasan Najeriya guda 10 da za su kalla. Taron karawa juna sani na Shugabancin Najeriya (NLI). TEDGlobal Fellow. Kyauta Duba kuma Jerin masu rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo na Najeriya Jerin mutanen Igbo Magana Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1984 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

20601

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Itsekiri

Mutanen Itsekiri

Itsekiri (wanda kuma ake kira Isekiri, iJekri, Itsekri, Ishekiri, ko Itsekhiri ɗayan rukunin Yarbawa ne na yankin Niger Delta na Najeriya, Jihar Delta Mutanen Itsekiri a yanzu suna da sama da mutane miliyan 3 kuma galibi suna rayuwa a cikin gundumomin ƙananan hukumomin Warri South, Warri North da Warri South West da ke jihar Delta a gabar Tekun Atlantika na Najeriya Za a iya samun mahimman al'ummomin Itsekiris a wasu sassa na jihohin Edo da Ondo da kuma a wasu biranen Nijeriya da dama da suka haɗa da Lagos, Sapele, Benin City, Port Harcourt da Abuja Mutane da yawa daga zuriyar Itsekiri suma suna zaune a ƙasar Ingila, Amurka da Kanada. The Itsekiris suna da kusanci sosai da Yarbawa na Kudu maso Yammacin Najeriya kuma mafi yawanci ga mutanen Urhobo (musamman Okpe) da mutanen Edo. Itsekiri a al'adance suna kiran ƙasarsu kamar Masarautar Warri ko 'Iwerre' a matsayin suna mai dacewa wanda ke da alaƙa da yankin da gundumomin ƙananan hukumomin Warri uku suka mamaye. Yankin babbar cibiya ce ta danyen mai da iskar gas da kuma tace mai a garin Warri (garin da ke da ƙabilu da yawa) shi ne tushen masana'antu da kasuwanci na yankin Jihar Delta. Halin ɗabi'a Itekiri mutane ne masu asali da asalin ƙabilu waɗanda suke magana da wani yare wanda yake da nasaba sosai da Yarbawa na kudu maso yammacin Najeriya da kuma Igala na tsakiyar Najeriya amma kuma wanda ya ari wasu al'adu daga mutanen Edo na garin Benin, idan aka ba da sarauta da Daular Benin ta taɓa aiwatarwa a kan yankin, yaren Fotigal a cikin maganganun kasuwanci, kamar yadda Itsekiri su ne mutanen farko a Najeriya da kuma suka kulla hulɗa da Turawan Fotigal waɗanda ke binciken gabar Afirka ta Yamma, da ma kwanan nan, Ingilishi. Kodayake yana da nasaba da ilimin harshe da ƙabilun Yarbawa da Igala, amma, ta hanyar ƙarni na cudanyar zamani na Itsekiris suna da asalin asalin kabilu. Suna da kusanci sosai da kananan kungiyoyin Kudu-maso-Gabas da Kudu-Kudu-Kudu na Kudu-Kudu Ijebu, Akure, Ikale, Ilaje Ondo da Owo amma Edo, Urhobo, Ijaw a yau mabiya addinin kirista ne (Furotesta da Roman Katolika) ta hanyar addini Don haka kasancewar an sami ƙarni shida na al'adun gargajiya kai tsaye ga Kiristancin Yammaci da sauran tasirin Afirka, harshe da al'adun Itsekiri na zamani sun samu nasarar rikiɗewa zuwa wasu al'adu da yawa waɗanda suka rinjayi ci gabanta. Hakanan saboda yawan hadadden kwayar halittar yawancin Itsekiris a cikin ƙarni da yawa, mutane da yawa da ke nuna kansu a matsayin Itsekiri yawanci zai zama hadadden haɗuwa da kowane ɗayan da aka ambata a sama da ƙabilu. Don haka zamani Itsekiris na iya kasancewa shine kawai ƙabilar kudancin Najeriya wanda ya kusan zama cikakke iri-iri (gauraye) a cikin yanayin halittar su. Gabaɗaya babu wani bambancin yare a cikin harshen Itsekiri shima ya zama na musamman ga yankin kuma mai yiwuwa sakamakon sakamakon haɗin kan mutanen Itsekiri da wuri zuwa ƙaramar ƙasa mai matsakaiciyar ƙasa daga ƙarni na 15 zuwa gaba. Tarihi A karni na 15, mutanen Itsekiris na farko sun karbi wani basarake Ginuwa (wanda ake kira "Iginuwa" a cikin Harshen Bini) daga Masarautar Benin a matsayin masarauta, kuma cikin sauri ya hade cikin daula a karkashin mulkinsa. A al'adance masunta da 'yan kasuwa, Itsekiri suna daga cikin na farko a yankin da suka yi hulɗa da yan kasuwar Fotigal. Waɗannan ma'amala a cikin ƙarni na 16 sun jagoranci Itsekiri ya zama da farko Roman Katolika Masarautar Itsekiri ta ci gaba har zuwa yau, tare da nadin Ogiame Ikenwoli a ranar 12 ga Disamba a 2015. Babban birnin Itsekiri shine Ode-Itsekiri (wanda ake kira "babban warri" ko "Ale iwerre"), duk da cewa babban gidan masarautar yana cikin garin Warri wanda shine birni mafi girma a yankin kuma gida ne ga sauran al'ummomi daban-daban ciki har da Urhobos, Ijaws, Isoko, da sauran ƙungiyoyin Najeriya da na ƙasashen waje da ke aiki a masana'antar mai da gas. Itsekiri a yau Itsekiri, kodayake yan tsiraru a cikin Najeriya, ana ɗaukar su a matsayin masu ilimi sosai da kuma ƙabilu masu wadata tare da yawan karatu da rubutu da kuma al'adun gargajiya masu ɗumbin yawa. The Itsekiris suna da ɗayan tsoffin tarihin ilimin yamma a Afirka ta Yamma kuma an lura dasu don samar da ɗayan tsofaffin ɗaliban jami'a Olu na Masarautar Warri, Olu Atuwatse I, Dom Domingo ɗalibin da ya kammala karatun digiri na ƙarni na 17 na Jami'ar Coimbra a Fotigal. A yau, ana iya samun Itsekiris da yawa suna aiki a cikin ƙwarewar musamman magani, doka da kuma ilimin ilimin da kuma kasuwanci, ciniki da kuma masana'antu kuma suna daga cikin jagororin da suka jagoranci ci gaban sana'oi a Nijeriya a lokacin farkon-zuwa-tsakiyar ƙarni na 20. Al'adu Itekiri a al'adance ya kasance a cikin al'ummar da ke karkashin mulkin masarauta (Olu) da kuma majalisar sarakuna waɗanda suka kafa sarauta ko masu mulki. Kungiyar ta Itsekiri da kanta an tsara ta tare da layin wani aji na sama wanda ya kunshi dangin sarauta da masu fada aji 'Oloyes da Olareajas' wadannan an fi samosu ne daga gidajen masu martaba wadanda suka hada da Gidajen Sarauta da Gidajen Olgbotsere (Firayim Minista ko mai yin sarki da Iyatsere (ministan tsaro). Matsakaici ko Omajaja haifaffen Itsekiris ne ko burghers. A sakamakon tsarin bautar da cinikin bayi akwai rukuni na uku 'Oton-Eru' ko waɗanda suka fito daga rukunin bawan da kakanninsu suka zo daga wani wuri kuma suka zauna a cikin Itsekiriland a matsayin masu ba da izini ko bawan bayi. A cikin al'ummar Itsekiri ta zamani ajin bawa baya kasancewa kasancewar duk ana ɗaukar su 'yan-' yanci. A al'adance, mazaje 'yan kabilar Itsekiri suna sanya wata babbar riga mai dogon hannu wacce ake kira Kemeje, su sanya rigar George a kugu, sannan su sanya hular hular gashin da ke makale da shi. Matan suna sanya rigar ruwa kuma suna ɗaura George wrapper a kugu. Suna sanya kayan kwalliyar kai kala-kala waɗanda aka fi sani da Nes (gyale) ko murjani. Hakanan an san Itsekiris saboda ƙwarewar kamun kifi na gargajiya, waƙoƙi masu daɗi, raye-raye na gargajiya masu ban sha'awa da masquerades masu kayatarwa da gwanin jirgin ruwa. Addini Kafin bayyanar Kiristanci a ƙarni na 16, kamar sauran ƙungiyoyin Afirka da yawa, Itsekiri sunfi bin wani nau'in addini wanda aka sani da Ebura-tsitse (wanda ya danganci bautar kakanni) wanda ya shiga cikin al'adun gargajiya na Itsekiri na zamani. Da zarar ya zama babban sanannen tsarin Kiristanci na yamma a cikin Itsekiriland tsawon ƙarni, yan tsirarun mutanen Itsekiris ne Roman Katolika a yau yayin da yawancin su Furotesta ne musamman Baptist da Anglican Yaren Itsekiri Duk da cewa asalin halittar ta Itsekiri wani haɗaɗɗen cakuɗa ne na kabilu da kabilu daban-daban da suka zauna a yankin su, yaren Itsekiri yana da alaƙa sosai da Ilaje da sauran yarukan Yarbawa na kudu maso gabas da Igala Hakanan yaren Bini, Fotigal da Ingilishi sun yi tasiri sosai saboda ƙarni na hulɗa da mutane daga waɗannan ƙasashen. Koyaya, ya kasance babban reshe na gidan Yoruboid na harsuna har ma da adana kayan tarihi ko ɓataccen lalatattun yaren Yarbanci saboda keɓancewar da yake yi a yankin Neja-Delta inda ta ci gaba daga babban rukunan yarukan Yarbanci. Ba kamar kusan dukkanin mahimman Harsunan Nijeriya ba, yaren Itsekiri ba shi da yarurruka kuma ana magana dashi gaba ɗaya ba tare da bambancin magana ba banda amfani da 'ch' na yau da kullun 'ts' (sh) a cikin lafazin wasu mutane Itsekiris, mis Chekiri maimakon daidaitaccen Shekiri amma waɗannan halaye ne na furucin mutum maimakon bambancin yare. Wannan na iya zama abin alaƙa da bambancin yare na baya. Harshen Ingilishi yana ci gaba da yin tasiri mai ƙarfi a kan harshen Itsekiri duka a cikin tasirin ci gaban sa da kuma yaduwar shi a matsayin yare na farko tsakanin amongan zamani. Harshen Yarbanci na zamani (iri-iri da ake magana da shi a Legas) yana da alama yana tasirin harshen Itsekiri wani ɓangare saboda kamanceceniya tsakanin harsunan biyu da kuma sauƙin karɓar kalmomin Yarbanci na yarbanci ta yawancin jama'ar Itsekiri da ke zaune a biranen Yammacin Najeriya. Yanzu haka ana koyar da Itsekiri a makarantun cikin gida har zuwa matakin digiri na jami'a a Najeriya. Akwai wasu al'ummomin Itsekiri masu ikon cin gashin kansu kamar su Ugborodo, koko, Omadino da Obodo wadanda tarihinsu ya gabaci kafa karni na 15 a masarautar Warri Al’umar Ugborodo suna ikirarin cewa asalinsu daga Ijebu wata babbar karamar Yarbawa ce Sananne mutane Ikenwoli Godfrey Emiko (Olu na Masarautar Warri) Nanna Olomu (hamshakin mai kuɗi kuma gwamnan kogin Benin, ya jagoranci yakin na Itsekiri na adawa da mulkin mallakar Birtaniyya) Festus Okotie-Eboh (dan siyasa, ministan kudin Najeriya na farko) Arthur Perst (Ministan Sadarwa na farko a Najeriya, Alkalin Babbar Kotu kuma Babban Kwamishina a Burtaniya) Alfred Rewane (ɗan kasuwa kuma mai kuɗi na NADECO) Sunday Tuoyo (Birgediya-Janar na Najeriya kuma gwamnan soja na Jihar Ondo) Misan Sagay (marubucin allo) Emmanuel Uduaghan (ɗan siyasa, gwamnan jihar Delta) Omawumi Megbele (mawaƙi) Oritse Femi (makadi) Florence Omagbemi Kocin ƙungiyar kwallon ƙafa ta mata U20 mata kuma tsohuwar ‘yar wasa a kungiyar Super Falcons. Fasto Ayo Oritsejafor (shugaban ƙungiyar kiristocin Najeriya) Grace Alele-Williams (Farfesa a fannin Lissafi, marubuciya kuma mace ta farko da ta zama mataimakiyar shugabar jami’ar Nijeriya). Alexander Boyo (Farfesan Magunguna wanda ya kafa mahaifin cututtukan asibiti) Amaju Pinnick (shugaban hukumar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya) Tuedon Morgan (dan tseren gudun fanfalakin Najeriya Guinness ta duniya 2) Sam Oritsetimeyin Omatseye (Mawallafin Nijeriya kuma mawallafi) Dudu Omagbemi (dan wasan kwallon kafa Mikkelin Pallioiliajat) Oritsejolomi Thomas (wanda ya kafa babbar kwalejin koyon aikin likita ta Legas, mataimakin shugaban jami’ar Ibadan) Leslie Harriman (wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na dindindin a Najeriya kuma shugaban kwamitin musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan yaki da wariyar launin fata a cikin 1970s) Allison Ayida (mai ba da shawara kan tattalin arziki, marubuciya kuma babbar sakatariya a Ma’aikatar Tattalin Arziki ta Tarayya) Julie Coker (Miss Western Nigeria, mai watsa labarai, kuma 'yar jarida) Tee Mac Omatshola Iseli (mai kaɗa sarewa da kiɗan gargajiya) Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Littafin Ilimin ti Egwari Ṣɛkiri Littafin Addu'ar Sallah A Isekiri Labarin Kamfanin Tarihin Urhobo Labarin aikin Digitization na Afrikaana, "Cinikin bayi a al'adun baka na Neja Delta" Itsekiri US Al'ummomin Nijeriya Al'ummomi Al'adun Najeriya Harsunan Nijeriya Pages with unreviewed

18276

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaidullah%20Khan

Abaidullah Khan

Mataimakin-admiral (Vice-Admiral) Abaidullah Khan (mafi kyau da akafi sani da AU Khan, ```sojin-ruwa ne na kasar Pakistan mai matsayin tauraro uku na admiral, sannan kuma daga baya ya zama jigo wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a kawo da fasahar canja wuri na iska -daidaita karfin gwiwa -da jirgin ruwa mai saukar ungulu na Agosta 90Bravo daga Faransa a shekara ta alif 1994, zuwa shekara ta alif 1997. Tarihin rayuwa An kuma haifi Abaidullah Khan a shekara ta alif 1940, a yankin Kashmir, yanzu wani bangare ne na yankin India daPakistan, kuma an bashi aikin Sojan ruwa ne a shekara ta alif 1958, a matsayin Midshipman tare da S No. PN. 775 a Bangaren zartarwa Ya kasance daga zuriyar Kashmiri Pathan wanda ya rasa iyayensa yana da shekaru tara a lokacin raba Indiya da kuma yaƙin farko da Indiya a shekara ta alif 1947, kuma an kula da shi a gidan kulawar. Daga baya ya shiga Kwamandan Jirgin Ruwa, kuma ya sami horo a PNS Hangor a Kasar Faransa, a shekara ta 1966 zuwa shekara ta 1969. A cikin shekara ta 1971, Lt-Cdr. AU Khan yana aiki a matsayin babban kwamanda na biyu na PNS Hangor, lokacin da aka tura shi cikin tekun Larabawa, yana aiki a yammacin yakin na uku da Indiya a shekara ta alif 1971, Tare da Laftanar Fasih Bokhari, Lt-Cdr. Khan ya kasance mai taimakawa a cikin dakin sarrafawa don gano hakikanin daidaito da matsayin jiragen yakin Indiya wadanda daga karshe suka nutsar da INS Khurki karkashin umurnin Capt. MN Mulla Bayan yakin, Lt-Cdr. An karrama Khan da lambar yabo ta gallantry kuma an umurce shi da ya halarci kwas a kan karatun Yaƙin a Islamabad, daga ƙarshe ya sami MSc a karatun yaƙi a shekara ta alif 1980, A cikin shekara ta alif 1980s, Cdre. AU Khan ta umarci Squadron a matsayin jami'inta a cikin umarnin dabaru Cdre. Daga baya an sanya Khan a matsayin sojan ruwa na Navy ga Royal Navy a High Commission of Pakistan a Kasar London a Kasar Burtaniya A cikin shekara ta alif 1993–zuwa 1994, Rear-Admiral AU Khan ya sami karin girma a matsayin kwamandan rundunar, Kwamandan Pakistan Fleet, inda ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa wajen bayar da shawarwari masu karfi don samo dukkanin rundunar jiragen ruwa na Type-21 daga Royal Navy, suna halartar bikin tare Mataimakin Burtaniya Admiral Roy Newman, Jami'in Tutar na Plymouth, wanda ya ba da <i id="mwbA">Ambuscade</i> wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin <i id="mwbg">Tariq</i> a matsayin jagoran jirgin A cikin shekara ta alif 1994, R-Adm. Khan ya karbi jagorancin Kwamandan Jirgin Ruwa kuma an sanya shi a matsayin DCNS (Ayyuka) a Navy NHQ. A shekara ta alif 1994, Adm. Saeed Mohammad Khan ya zabi R-Adm. Khan a matsayin shugaban kungiyar ta biyu da ta ziyarci Faransa yayin da kungiyar farko a karkashin R-Adm. Javed Iftikhar ya ziyarci Kingdomasar Ingila don mallakar jiragen ruwa da aka shigo da su. An ruwaito shi a cikin kafofin watsa labarai cewa R-Adm AU Khan ya ba da babbar himma da shawarwari don neman fasahar AIP daga kasar Faransa ta hanyar musayar fasaha maimakon samun Mai <i id="mwgg">tallata</i> daga Kingdomasar Ingila R-Adm. Khan wanda aka horar a jirgin ruwa na Faransa ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen shawo kan gwamnati ta samo fasahar AIP daga Faransa kan hangen nesa na dogon lokaci, kuma wannan dangantakar mai matukar rikitarwa an sanya hannu a shekara ta alif 1994, tare da Faransa duk da Adm. Saeed Mohammad Khan 's urgings. A shekara ta alif 1995, an daukaka Mataimakin Admiral Khan a matsayin Mataimakin Babban Hafsan Sojan Ruwa, kuma gwamnatin Benazir ta dauke shi a matsayin ta biyu a matsayin shugaban Kamfanin Jirgin Ruwa na Kasa (PNSC) a shekara ta alif 1996, wanda ya yi aiki ta hanyar fadada aikin har zuwa shekara ta 2000, lokacin da ya yi ritaya daga shekaru 42 na aikin soja. A cikin shekara ta 2001 zuwa 2002, V-Adm. AU Khan ta sanya shi a cikin Lissafin Kulawa da Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida, saboda rawar da yake takawa wajen sasanta yarjejeniyar don siyan fasahar jiragen ruwa na Agosta 90Bravo</i>, duk da cewa gwamnati ta warware sunansa nan da nan, tana mai cewa kura-kurai ne. A cikin shekara ta 2018, V-Adm. Khan ya halarci babban taro a bikin "don girmama jirgin karkashin ruwa don yalwata abubuwan da suka faru a shekara ta alif 1971", yayin da yake duba gidan kayan gargajiya na karkashin ruwa, a Pakistan Naval Museum a garin Karachi. Duba kuma Sojojin ruwan Pakistan Marayu a lokacin da aka raba Indiya Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1940 Mutanen Kashmiri Mutane Pashtun Pages with unreviewed

33309

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenis%20Willmott

Glenis Willmott

Dame Glenis Willmott, DBE née Scott an haife ta 4 ga watan Maris 1951) yar siyasan Jam'iyyar Labour na Burtaniya mai ritaya ne wanda ta yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Jam'iyyar Labour ta Majalisar Turai (EPLP) kuma memba na Majalisar Tarayyar Turai na Gabashin Midlands. Rayuwar farko da aiki An haifi Willmott a ƙauyen ma'adinai na Horden, County Durham, amma ya ƙaura zuwa Mansfield tare da danginta yana ɗan shekara 10. Ta yi karatu a Mansfield da Trent Polytechnic inda ta sami HNC a kimiyyar likitanci. Ta yi aiki a matsayin masaniyar kimiyyar likitanci a Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa a King's Mill da Asibitocin Mansfield daga 1969 zuwa 1990. Ta kasance shugabar Jam'iyyar Labour na mazabar Mansfield kuma memba na Majalisar gundumar Nottinghamshire na yankin Leeming da Forest Town daga 1989 zuwa 1993. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar Alan Meale Memba na Majalisar Mansfield daga 1987 zuwa 1990. A cikin 1990, ta zama jami'ar siyasa ta ƙungiyar ƙwadago ta GMB ta yankin Midland da yankin Gabashi. Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar jam'iyyar Labour na yankin Gabas Midlands kuma ta kasance ta biyu a cikin jerin 'yan takara na jam'iyyar Labour a yankin Gabashin Midlands a zaben 2004 na Majalisar Tarayyar Turai. Willmott memba ce na Abokan Labour na Isra'ila kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kungiyar. Yar Majalisar Tarayyar Turai A ranar 1 ga watan Janairu, 2006, ta maye gurbin Phillip Whitehead a matsayin memba na Majalisar Turai na Gabashin Midlands bayan mutuwarsa. Tare da sauran MEPs na Labour, ta kasance wani ɓangare na Ƙungiyar Ci gaba na Socialists da Democrats a Majalisar Turai. A watan Yulin 2006, an zabe ta a matsayin babban mai shari'a na MEPs na Labour, mukamin da ta rike har zuwa watan Janairun 2009, lokacin da aka zabe ta a matsayin shugabar jam'iyyar Labour ta Majalisar Turai (EPLP), ta maye gurbin Gary Titley wanda ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa. Ita ce shugaba mafi dadewa a cikin EPLP, wadda ta zarce Barbara Castle da Gary Titley. A cikin Satumba 2014, an nada ta mai ba da rahoto don canje-canje ga dokokin na'urorin likitanci da farko ta haifar da badakalar da ta shafi PIP dasan nono da 'karfe-akan-karfe' maye gurbin hip A watan Oktoba na 2014, wanda ba ya bayyana kyautar da aka bayar na jagoranci daga kungiyar kwararrun likitocin Cibiyar Cibiyar Cibiyar Asibitin Clinical don ayyukanta a kan shari'ar asibiti. Ta kuma shirya taron S&D a "Espace Léopold" na maida hankali kan ingantacciyar alamar abubuwan sha. Membobin kwamitoci da wakilai Bayan zaben 2014, Willmott ta zauna (ko kuma ta kasance a madadin) a kan kwamitoci da wakilai masu zuwa: Memba na Kwamitin Muhalli, Lafiyar Jama'a da Tsaron Abinci. Memba na Wakilai don dangantaka da Kanada. Madadin Kwamitin Ayyuka da Harkokin Jama'a. Madadin Wakilin don dangantaka da Switzerland, Norway da Iceland. Yakin neman zaben 2014 A watan Mayun 2014, Willmott ta kaddamar da yakin neman zabenta na Gabashin Midlands na zaben Majalisar Tarayyar Turai na 2014 a Derby "ta yi alkawarin taimakawa mutanen da ke fama da tsadar rayuwa". Ta ce masu ra'ayin mazan jiya suna son taimakawa kamfanonin makamashi da masu banki. "Kusan ayyuka 340,000 na Gabashin Midland sun dogara da ci gaba da kasancewa memba amma Tories ba su fadi wani bangare na membobin EU da suke son sake tattaunawa ba ko kuma lokacin da za su yi. Kuri'ar raba gardama ta EU za ta zama ruguza kawai lokacin da Birtaniyya ke kokarin inganta tattalin arzikinta." Ta kuma yi ikirarin manufar UKIP na "yanke jan tef" da gaske ne game da "yanke hakkin mutane a wurin aiki". A yankin Gabashin Midland inda aka fafata da kujeru biyar, Labour ta ci gaba da rike kujerar Willmott tare da kara kaso 8% na kuri'un da aka kada, inda ta yi rashin samun kujera na biyu a yankin. Raba gardaman EU 2016 Ko da yake ta yi adawa da shawarar David Cameron na kiran kuri'ar raba gardama kan zama mamban Birtaniya a kungiyar EU, Willmott ya taka rawa sosai a kungiyar Labour In for Britain, yakin neman zaben Birtaniya na ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin EU. Ta yi suka ga sauye-sauyen da Cameron ya gabatar ga EU, gami da sauye-sauyen dokoki kan haƙƙin ma'aikata, ƙa'idodin samfura da kare muhalli. Ta bayar da hujjar cewa muhimman batutuwa guda biyar na ci gaba da zama memba a kungiyar EU sun hada da kare ayyukan yi da samar da ayyukan yi, haƙƙin samar da aikin yi, ba da kariya ga masu amfani da su, tsaron kan iyaka da ƙarin tasiri a fagen duniya. Bayan kuri'ar Birtaniya ta ficewa daga EU, Willmott ta yi jayayya cewa idan yarjejeniyar da aka cimma a lokacin tattaunawar Brexit ta haifar da raguwa mai yawa da raunana hakkokin zamantakewa da ma'aikata, to Labour ya kamata ya yi adawa da shi. Bayan sakamakon zaben raba gardama, ta rubuta wasiƙa a madadin EPLP ga Jeremy Corbyn tana kira da ya yi murabus a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar Labour bayan da takardar bayanin jam'iyyar ta bayyana don inganta ayyukan Kate Hoey da Gisela Stuart, manyan 'yan majalisa biyu a abokin hamayya. Yakin neman izinin aiki Ritaya Willmott ta sanar a cikin Yuli 2017 cewa za ta tsaya a watan Oktoba kuma an maye gurbin ta a matsayin MEP na Gabas ta Tsakiya ta hannun dan majalisar birnin Leicester Rory Palmer a ranar 3 ga Oktoba. Abokin aikinta Richard Corbett ya maye gurbinta a matsayin Jagoran EPLP. An karrama ta da liyafar cin abincin godiya a ranar 4 ga watan Nuwamba 2017 wadda ta yi bikin gudanar da ayyukanta da gudummawar da ta samu a jam'iyyar Labour da kuma siyasar Turai liyafar cin abincin ta samu halartar Jeremy Corbyn shugaban jam'iyyar Labour da kuma tsohon shugaba Ed Miliband Rayuwa ta sirri Willmott na zaune a Leicestershire tare da mijinta Ted. An nada ta Dame Kwamandan Order of the British Empire (DBE) a cikin 2015 Dissolution Honors a kan 27 Agusta 2015. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Bayanin Majalisar Tarayyar Turai Rayayyun mutane Mata yan siyasa Haihuwan 1951 Mutane daga Mansfield Mutane daga Leicestershire Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

33201

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adabin%20Najeriya

Adabin Najeriya

Adabin Najeriya Ana iya bayyana adabin a matsayin rubutaccen adabin da ƴan ƙasar Najeriya ke yi wa masu karatun Najeriya, wanda ke magance matsalolin Najeriya. Wannan ya ƙunshi marubuta a cikin harsuna da dama, ciki har da ba Ingilishi kaɗai ba amma Igbo, Urhobo, Yarbanci, da kuma yankin arewacin ƙasar Hausa da Nupe Fiye da haka, ya haɗa da 'yan Najeriya na Birtaniya, Amurkawa 'yan Najeriya da sauran 'yan kasashen waje na Afirka Things Fall Apart (1958) na Chinua Achebe na ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan tarihi a cikin adabin Afirka Sauran marubutan bayan mulkin mallaka sun sami lambobin yabo da yawa, ciki har da lambar yabo ta Nobel a cikin adabi, da aka ba Wole Soyinka a shekara ta 1986, da lambar yabo ta Booker, da aka baiwa Ben Okri a shekara ta 1991 don Hanyar Famished Har ila yau, 'yan Najeriya suna da wakilci sosai a cikin wadanda suka samu kyautar Caine da Wole Soyinka Prize for Literature a Afirka Adabin Arewacin Najeriya Rubuce-rubucen Arewacin Najeriya za a iya raba shi zuwa manyan lokuta 4. Na farko shi ne Zamanin Sarautu 14 (karni na 10-19), na biyu shi ne zamanin Sakkwato (karni na 19 zuwa 20), na uku shi ne zamanin Mulkin Mallaka (karni na 20), na hudu kuwa shi ne lokacin bayan samun ‘yancin kai (karni na 20). gabatarwa). Masarautu Goma Sha Hudu Wannan lokacin yana da marubuta da yawa waɗanda suka samar da litattafai waɗanda suka yi magana game da tiyoloji, tarihi, tarihin rayuwa, lissafi, harshe, rubutu, rubuce-rubuce, labarin ƙasa, ilmin taurari, diflomasiyya da waƙa. Wasu sanannun marubuta da wasu ayyukansu Ibn Furtu shi ne mai tarihin Mai Idris Alooma Ya samar da littattafan tarihi guda biyu: Littafin Yakin Bornu, da kuma Littafin Yakin Kanem, wadanda ke dalla-dalla game da yakin da ya mayar da Bornu daga mulkin Sarkin Musulmi mai cin gashin kansa zuwa daular. An samar da waɗannan ayyukan a cikin 1576 da 1578 bi da bi. Muhammad abd al-Razzaq al-Fallati wani masanin Fulbe ne a kasar Hausa a karni na 16 wanda ya rubuta K.fi'l-tawhid. Uthman Ibn Idris na Borno ya aika da takarda zuwa ga Sarkin Musulmi Mamluk na Masar a 1391-1392. Wasikar tana daya daga cikin dabi'ar diflomasiyya, tana kuma kunshe da wakoki da kwararun fahimtar shari'ar Musulunci. Wannan wasiƙar ta ƙunshi rubutaccen waka na asali na asali da aka yi a Najeriya. Muhammad al-Maghili ya rubuta Akan wajibcin sarakuna a Kano ga Muhammad Rumfa a karni na 15. Al-Maghili ɗan Berber ne daga Arewacin Afirka wanda aka haife shi a yankin da a yanzu yake Aljeriya. Muhammad ibn al-Sabbagh malami ne a karni na 17 kuma marubuci daga Katsina, Arewacin Najeriya. An yi shagulgulan murna da farin ciki bayan zamaninsa, kuma ya rubuta wakoki na yabo ga Sarkin Barno ya ci Jukun. Ya kuma rubuta wakar yabon Sarkin Katsina Muhammadu Uban Yari. Muhammad bn Masani dalibin Muhammad bn al-sabbagh ne kuma babban malami daga Katsina. Ya kuma samar da ayyuka a cikin harshen Hausa a cikin karni na 17. Ya rubuta ayyuka da dama, daya daga cikinsu shi ne binciken ilimin dan Adam a kan kabilar Yarbawa, Muhammad Bello wanda ya rayu bayan shekaru 200 ya ambace shi a cikin littafinsa Infaq'l-Maysuur Azhar al-ruba fi akhbar Yuruba Yana daya daga cikin rubuce-rubucen farko kan cinikin bayi da wani dan Afirka dan asalin kasar ya yi, wanda kuma ya yi nuni da cewa, an kwashe Musulmi 'yantattu daga dukkan sassan kasar Hausa ana sayar da su ga Kiristocin Turawa. Ya kuma rubuta wa wani masanin shari’a a kasar Yarbawa yana bayanin yadda ake tantance lokacin sallar faɗuwar rana. Aikinsa a kasar Hausa wata waka ce da ya ji ta bakin wata mata a Katsina, mai suna Wakar Yakin Badara Ya zuwa yanzu an san cewa ya rubuta littattafai goma. Abdullahi Suka masani ne a Kano a karni na 17 a zuriyar Fulbe wanda aka ce ya rubuta adabin da ya fi dadewa a kasar Hausa da littafinsa Riwayar Annabi Musa Ya kuma rubuta Al-Atiya li'l muti (wanda aka fassara: Baiwar Mai bayarwa da sauran su. Salih bn Isaq ya rubuta labarin Birnin Garzargamu a shekara ta 1658, inda ya bayyana babban birnin Borno a zamanin Mai Ali bn Al Hajj Umar. Sheikh Jibril ibn Umar malami ne a karni na 18 kuma marubuci, a cikin littafinsa Shifa al-Ghalil ya kai hari ga musulmi wadanda suka hada akidar 'yan asali da Musulunci. Admixture of Animists ayyuka da Musulunci na daya daga cikin manyan dalilan da aka bayar na Jihadin Uthman dan Fodio a cikin karni na 19th. Marubutan Najeriya bayan mulkin mallaka Marubuta da dama, mambobin ƙungiyar Mbari na Farfesa. Ulli Beier, ya zama sananne a cikin kai tsaye bayan samun ƴancin kai. Chinua Achebe ya yi suna da littafinsa na farko, Things Fall Apart (1958), kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta Man Booker na kasa da kasa don karramawa gaba dayansa a matsayin marubuci kuma marubuci a 2007. Sauran wadanda suka lashe kyautar sun hada da Ian McEwan da Salman Rushdie A wajen bayar da kyautar, Nadine Gordimer ta kira Achebe a matsayin "uban adabin Afirka na zamani". Najeriya ta samar da manyan marubuta da dama, wadanda suka samu yabo a ayyukansu, wadanda suka hada da Daniel O. Fagunwa, Femi Osofisan, Ken Saro-Wiwa, Cyprian Ekwensi, Buchi Emecheta, Elechi Amadi, da Tanure Ojaide Wole Soyinka, dan kabilar Yarbawa da ke rubutu da Ingilishi, ya samu kyautar Nobel a fannin adabi a shekara ta 1986, inda ya zama bakar fata na farko a Afirka da ya samu kyautar Nobel ta adabi. Soyinka an ba shi lambar yabo ta rubuta a faffadan al'adu kuma tare da ma'anar waka yana tsara wasan kwaikwayo na wanzuwa". Ben Okri ya lashe lambar yabo ta 1991 Booker don The Famished Road Har ila yau, a cikin marubutan wani matashi mai suna Chris Abani, Ayobami Adebayo, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, Nuzo Onoh, Yemisi Aribisala, Sefi Atta, A. Igoni Barrett, Helon Habila, BM Dzukogi, Chigozie Obioma, Helen Oyeyemi, Nnedi Okorabu, Nnedi Okorabu Chinelo Okparanta, Sarah Ladipo Manyika, Chika Unigwe, Ogaga Ifowodo, Melekwe Anthony, Gift Foraine Amukoyo, Teju Cole, Niyi Osundare and Oyinkan Braithwaite Wasu da suka hada da Ifowodo, Cole da Adichie, sun kasance a Yamma. Wannan wani bangare ne saboda kafuwar masana’antar buga littattafai, kuma a wani bangare na danniya da siyasa a gida: An taba yanke wa Soyinka hukuncin kisa a baya, kuma an rataye Saro-Wiwa a shekara ta 1995 saboda fafutukar kare muhalli. An buga jerin sunayen "Masu Tasirin Marubuta Najeriya 100 'Yan kasa da shekara 40 (Shekara 2016)" a ranar 28 ga Disambar shekara ta 2016 akan gidan yanar gizon Marubutan Najeriya. Duba kuma Adabin Hausa Adabin Yarabawa Adabin Igbo Adabin Efik Jerin marubutan Najeriya Rukunin marubutan Najeriya na uku Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rubutun zamanin da na Najeriya Abubuwan Da Ke Haɗuwa: Tafiya ta Adabin Legas Canjin Fuskar Adabin Najeriya a Mujallar Muryar Amurka Marubuta Marubuta Najeriya Marubucin

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic%20Golden%20Age

Islamic Golden Age

Zamanin Zinare na Islama (Larabci: romanized: al-'asr al-dhahabi lil-islam),wani zamani ne na al'adu, tattalin arziki, da kimiyya a cikin tarihin musulunci, wanda aka saba tun daga karni na 8 zuwa karni na A bisa ga al’ada an fahimci cewa wannan lokacin ya fara ne a zamanin halifan Abbasawan Harun al-Rashid (786 zuwa 809) tare da buɗe Gidan Hikima a Baghdad,birni mafi girma a duniya a lokacin,inda malaman addinin Islama da polymaths daga sassa daban-daban.na duniya da ke da al'adu daban-daban an wajabta su tattara da kuma fassara duk sanannun ilimin gargajiya na duniya zuwa Syriac da Larabci. al’adance an ce lokacin ya ƙare tare da rugujewar khalifancin Abbasiyya saboda mamayar Mongol da Kewayen Baghdad a shekarar alif 1258. Wasu scholarsan malamai sun ba da ƙarshen zamanin zinariya kusan 1350 wanda ke alaƙa da Renaissance na Timur yayin da masana tarihi da masana da yawa na zamani suka sanya ƙarshen Zamanin Zamanin Islama har zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 15 zuwa 16 da suka hadu da zamanin Bindiga na Musulunci.(Zamanin daular Musulunci yana da kamanni sosai idan ba iri daya ba, inda wata majiya ta bayyana shi a matsayin 900-1300 CE). Abubuwan da ke ciki Tarihin dabaru Dalilin 2.1 Tasirin addini 2.2 Tallafin Gwamnati 2.3 Gudummawa iri-iri 2.4 Sabon fasaha 3 Ilimi 4 Doka 5 Tiyoloji 6 Falsafa 6.1 Tsarin Jari 6.2 Epistemology 7 Lissafi 7.1 Algebra 7.2 Geometry 7.3 Trigonometry 7.4 Lissafi 8 Kimiyyar Halittu 8.1 Hanyar kimiyya 8.2 Falaki 8.3 Kimiyyar lissafi 8.4 Chemistry 8.5 Geodesy 8.6 Ilimin halittu 9 Injiniya 10 Ilimin zamantakewa 11 Kiwon lafiya 11.1 Asibitoci 11.2 Pharmacy 11.3 Magunguna 11.4 Yin tiyata 12 Kasuwanci da tafiya 12.1 Noma 13 Arts da al'adu 13.1 Adabi da waka 13.2 Art 13.3 Kiɗa 13.3.1 Masu tunani da polymaths na Asiya ta Tsakiya da Larabawa suna mai da hankali kan kiɗa 13.4 Gine-gine 14 Ragewa 14.1 Ragewa 14.2 Tattalin Arziki 14.3 Al'adu 15 Duba kuma 16 Bayanan kula 17 Nassoshi 18 Kara karantawa 19 Hanyoyin waje Tarihin dabaru Fadada Kalifofi, 622-750 Fadada a karkashin Muhammad, 622-632 Fadada yayin daular Rashidun, 632-661 Fadada yayin daular Umayyawa, 661-750 An fara amfani da kwatancen zamanin zinare a cikin littattafan ƙarni na 19 game da tarihin Islama, a cikin yanayin yanayin kyawawan halaye na yamma waɗanda ake kira Orientalism. Marubucin Littafin Jagora don Matafiya a Siriya da Falasdinu a 1868 ya lura cewa mafi kyawun masallatan Dimashƙu sun kasance "kamar Mohammedanism kanta, yanzu yana saurin lalacewa" da abubuwan tarihi na "zamanin zinariya na Islama Babu cikakkiyar ma'anar kalmar, kuma ya danganta da ko ana amfani da shi tare da mai da hankali kan al'adu ko cimma nasarar soja, ana iya ɗauka don yin nuni zuwa ga ɓarna tsakanin lokacin. Don haka, marubuci na ƙarni na 19 zai so ya ƙara tsawon lokacin halifancin, ko zuwa "ƙarni shida da rabi yayin da wani zai ce ya ƙare bayan 'yan shekaru kaɗan na yaƙin Rashidun, tare da mutuwar Umar da Fitina ta Farko. A farkon karni na 20, ana amfani da kalmar ne kawai lokaci-lokaci kuma galibi ana kiranta da nasarorin soja na farko na khalifofin Rashidun. Ya kasance ne kawai a rabi na biyu na ƙarni na 20 lokacin da aka fara amfani da kalmar tare da kowane irin yanayi, yanzu galibi ana magana ne akan cigaban al'adun kimiyya da lissafi a ƙarƙashin halifofi a lokacin ƙarni na 9 zuwa 11 (tsakanin kafa malanta a cikin Gidan Hikima da farkon yakin jihadi), amma galibi ana fadada shi har ya hada da wani bangare na karshen 8 ko 12 zuwa farkon karni na 13. Ma'anar har yanzu na iya bambanta da yawa. Daidaita ƙarshen zamanin zinariya da ƙarshen khalifofi abu ne mai sauƙi na yankewa dangane da tarihin tarihi, amma ana iya jayayya cewa al'adun Islama sun fara raguwa sannu a hankali da wuri; don haka, Khan (2003) ya nuna zamanin da ya dace na kasancewa ƙarni biyu tsakanin 750 da 950, yana mai cewa farkon asarar yankuna a ƙarƙashin Harun al-Rashid ya taɓarɓare bayan mutuwar al-Ma'mun a shekara ta 833, kuma yaƙin jihadi ne a cikin. Dalilin Tasirin addini Babban Labari: Halayyar Musulunci ga kimiyya Umarnin Alkur'ani daban-daban da Hadisi (ko ayyukan Muhammad), wadanda suke fifita dabi'u kan ilimi da kuma jaddada mahimmancin neman ilimi, sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yin tasiri ga musulmin wannan zamanin a cikin neman iliminsu da ci gaban jikin kimiyya. Tallafin gwamnati Daular Musulunci ta kasance mai daukar nauyin malamai. Kudin da aka kashe akan Harkar Fassara don wasu fassarar an kiyasta sun kai kusan biyu na kasafin kudin bincike na shekara shekara na Majalisar Binciken Kiwon Lafiya ta United Kingdom. Mafi shahararrun malamai kuma fitattun masu fassara, kamar su Hunayn ibn Ishaq, suna da albashi wanda aka kiyasta sun yi daidai da kwararrun 'yan wasa a yau. Gidan Hikima dakin karatu ne wanda khalifa al-Mansur ya kafa a zamanin Abbasiyya na Baghdad, Iraki. Gudummawa iri-iri Manyan labarai: Gudummawar Girka ga duniyar Islama, tasirin Indiya akan kimiyyar Islama, tasirin Kirista a cikin Islama, da tasirin China a kan tukwanen Islama A wannan lokacin, Musulmai sun nuna babbar sha'awa ga mamaye ilimin kimiyya na wayewar kan da aka ci da yaki. Yawancin ayyukan gargajiya na zamanin dā waɗanda watakila sun ɓace an fassara su daga Girkanci, Syriac, Persian na Tsakiya, da Sanskrit zuwa Syriac da Larabci, wasu daga baya kuma daga baya aka juya su zuwa wasu harsunan kamar Ibrananci da Latin Kiristoci, musamman mabiya Cocin Gabas (Nestorians), sun ba da gudummawa ga wayewar Musulunci a lokacin mulkin Ummayads da Abbasiyawa ta hanyar fassara ayyukan masana falsafa na Girka da tsohuwar ilimin kimiyya zuwa Syriac sannan daga baya zuwa Larabci.Sun kuma yi fice a fannoni da yawa, musamman falsafa, kimiyya (kamar Hunayn bin Ishaq, Yusuf Al-Khuri, Al Himsi, Qusta ibn Luqa, Masawaiyh, 27 Eutychius na sarki, da Jabril bn Bukhtishu da tiyoloji. Na dogon lokaci likitocin Khalifofin Abbasiyawa galibi Kiristocin Assuriya ne. Daga cikin mashahuran dangin Krista da suka yi aiki a matsayin likitoci ga khalifofi sun hada da daular Bukhtishu.Likitan kirista Hunayn ibn Ishaq ya jagoranci gidan Hikima.A cikin ƙarni na 4 zuwa 7, aikin malanta na Kirista a cikin Hellenanci da Syriac ya kasance sabon fassara ne ko kuma an adana shi tun zamanin Helenawa. Daga cikin shahararrun cibiyoyin ilmantarwa da yada hikimomin gargajiya akwai kwalejojin Kirista kamar Makarantar Nisibis] da Makarantar Edessa,cibiyar koyar da arna a Harran, da mashahurin asibiti da makarantar koyon aikin likita. na Jundishapur, wanda ya kasance cibiyar ilimi, tauhidi da kimiyya na Cocin na Gabas. Gidan Hikima an kafa shi a Baghdad a cikin 825, wanda aka tsara shi da Makarantar Koyon Kasuwancin Gondishapur. Likitan kirista Hunayn ibn Ishaq ne ya jagorance ta, tare da tallafin maganin Rumawa. Yawancin ayyukan falsafa da kimiyya masu mahimmanci na tsohuwar duniyar aka fassara, gami da aikin Galen, Hippocrates, Plato, Aristotle, Ptolemy da Archimedes. Yawancin malamai na gidan Hikima sun kasance asalin Krista ne. Daga cikin kasashe da al'adu daban-daban da aka ci nasara ta hanyar yaƙe-yaƙe na Musulunci a jere, ƙwararrun masanan kimiyya sun samo asali ne daga Farisa, waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa ƙwarai wajen bunƙasa ilimin kimiyya na zamanin Zamanin Islama. A cewar Bernard Lewis: "A al'adance, a siyasance, kuma mafi birgewa har ma ta fuskar addini, gudummawar mutanen Farisa ga wannan sabon wayewar ta Musulunci na da matukar muhimmanci. Ana iya ganin aikin Iraniyawa a kowane fanni na al'adu, gami da wakokin Larabci, zuwa wacce mawaka asalinsu Iraniyawa suke tsara wakokinsu cikin larabci sun bayar da gagarumar gudummawa. Sabuwar fasaha Wani rubutu wanda aka rubuta akan takarda yayin zamanin Abbasiyyawa. Tare da sabon tsarin rubutu mai sauki da sauki, da kuma gabatar da takarda, bayanai sun kasance masu dimokiradiyya har ta yadda, mai yiwuwa karo na farko a tarihi, ya zama mai yuwuwar samun rayuwa daga kawai rubutu da sayar da littattafai. Amfani da takarda ya bazu daga China zuwa yankuna Musulmai a ƙarni na takwas, ya isa Al-Andalus a tsibirin Iberia (Spain da Fotigal na zamani) a ƙarni na 10. Ya fi sauƙin kerawa fiye da takarda, wanda ba zai iya fashewa fiye da papyrus ba, kuma zai iya shan tawada, yana mai da wuya a share shi kuma ya dace da adana bayanai. Masu yin takardu na Musulunci sun kirkiro hanyoyin hada-hadar rubuce-rubucen hannu don fitar da fitowar da ta fi duk wacce ake samu a Turai girma tsawon karnoni. Daga wadannan kasashe ne sauran kasashen duniya suka koyi yin takarda daga leda. Ilimi Karin bayani: Madrasa Matsakaicin nassi da nazarinsa a cikin al'adun musulunci ya taimaka wajen mayar da ilimi ya zama ginshikin addinin a kusan kowane lokaci da wurare a tarihin Musulunci. Mahimmancin ilmantarwa a cikin al'adar addinin Islama ya bayyana a cikin hadisai da dama da aka danganta ga Muhammad, ciki har da wanda ke umurtar masu aminci da "neman ilimi, har ma a China An ga wannan umarnin da ya shafi malamai musamman, har ma zuwa ga sauran musulmin da yawa, kamar yadda misalin al-Zarnuji ya nuna, "an wajabta ilmantarwa gare mu baki daya Duk da yake ba zai yuwu a kirga yawan karatu da rubutu ba a cikin al'ummomin musulinci kafin zamani, amma kusan a iya cewa sun yi yawa, a kalla idan aka kwatanta da takwarorinsu na Turai. Shirya umarni a cikin Masallacin Al-Azhar na Alkahira ya fara ne a cikin 978 Ilimi zai fara ne tun yana karami tare da karatun larabci da alqurani, ko a gida ko a makarantar firamare, wanda galibi yake hade da masallaci. Wasu daliban za su ci gaba da samun horo a tafsiri (tafsirin Alqur'ani) da fiqhu (fikihun musulunci), wanda ake ganin yana da matukar muhimmanci. Ilimi ya maida hankali kan haddacewa, amma kuma ya horar da daliban da suka ci gaba don su zama masu karatu da marubuta a al'adar sharhi a kan rubutun da aka karanta. Hakanan ya hada da tsarin zamantakewar malamai masu son zama, wadanda suka fito daga kusan dukkanin bangarorin zamantakewa, zuwa cikin malamai. A karnonin farko na Musulunci, tsarin ilimi bai kasance ba bisa ka'ida ba, amma farawa a karni na 11 da 12, manyan masu mulki sun fara kafa cibiyoyin karatun addini da aka fi sani da madrasas a kokarin samun goyon baya da hadin kan malamai. Madrasas ba da daɗewa ba sun yawaita a duk duniyar musulinci, wanda ya taimaka wajen yaɗa ilimin addinin musulunci a bayan biranen birni da kuma haɗa kan al'ummomin musulmai daban-daban a cikin aikin al'adu da aka raba. Duk da haka, koyarwa ta kasance tana mai da hankali kan alaƙar mutum da ɗalibai da malamin su. Tabbacin shaidar samun ilimi, ijaza, wani malami ne ya bayar da shi maimakon cibiyoyin, kuma ya sanya mai shi a cikin tsatson asalin malamai, wanda shine kawai tsarin da aka sani a tsarin ilimi. Yayin da karatun boko a cikin madrasas ya kasance ga maza ne kawai, mata na manyan mashahuran iyalai na birane suna da ilimi koyaushe a kebantattun wurare kuma da yawa daga cikinsu sun samu kuma daga baya sun ba da ijazas a karatun hadisi, rubutun rubutu da karatun waƙa. Mata masu aiki suna koyon rubuce-rubucen addini da dabarun aiki da farko daga juna, kodayake sun sami wasu koyarwa tare da maza a masallatai da gidajen masu zaman kansu. Madrasas sun ba da himma musamman don nazarin shari'a, amma kuma suna ba da wasu fannoni kamar ilimin tauhidi, magani, da lissafi.Hadadden madrasa yawanci ya kunshi masallaci, gidan kwana, da dakin karatu.Wakafi ne ya kula dashi, wanda yake biyan malaman jami'a albashinsu, alawus na dalibai, da kuma yin watsi da kudin gini da gyaran su. Madrasa ta kasance ba kamar ta kwaleji ta zamani ba ta yadda ba ta da ingantaccen tsarin karatu ko tsarin ba da takardar sheda. Musulmai sun bambance ilimin da aka gada daga wayewar jahiliyya, kamar falsafa da magani, wadanda suke kira "ilimin magabata" ko "ilimin hankali", daga ilimin addinin Musulunci, Ilimin kimiyyar na farko ya bunkasa tsawon karnoni da dama, kuma ya yada su ya zama wani bangare na tsarin ilimi a addinin musulunci da na da. A wasu lokuta, cibiyoyi kamar su Gidan Hikima a Baghdad sun tallafa musu, amma galibi ana yada su ne ta hanyar sadarwa daga malami zuwa dalibi. Jami'ar Al Karaouine, wacce aka kafa a shekara ta alif 859 Miladiyya, tana cikin littafin The Guinness Book Of Records a matsayin tsohuwar jami'ar da ke ba da digiri a duniya Jami'ar Al-Azhar wata tsohuwar madrasa ce wacce yanzu aka amince da ita a matsayin jami'a. Madrasa tana daga cikin kayan tarihin halifancin Fatimiyya. Fatimids sun samo asali ne daga diyar Muhammad Fatimah kuma suka sanya mata sunan ta hanyar amfani da wani nau'I na taken girmamawarta Al-Zahra (mai fasaha). An fara koyar da tsari a cikin Masallacin Al-Azhar a shekarar 978. Doka Babban Labari: Shari'a Tunani na shari’a ya bunkasa a hankali a cikin dawarorin karatu, inda malamai masu zaman kansu suka hadu don koyo daga maigida na cikin gida da tattauna batutuwan addini.] Da farko, wadannan da'irorin sun kasance suna da ruwa a cikin membobinsu, amma tare da lokaci daban-daban makarantun lauyoyi na yanki aka zana su a kusa da tsarin da aka raba na ka'idoji.Yayin da iyakokin makarantu suka zama a bayyane suke, sai aka sami ikon mallakar ka'idojin koyarwarsu a hannun wani masanin shari'a a zamanin da, wanda daga yanzu aka gano, shi ne wanda ya kafa makarantar. A karnoni ukun farko na musuluinci, duk makarantun lauyoyi sun yarda da shimfidaddun ka'idoji na shari'ar gargajiya, wanda ya zama dole ne shari'ar musuluinci ta kasance mai tushe a cikin Alqur'ani da hadisi, Ka’idar gargajiya ta shari’ar Musulunci ta yi bayani dalla-dalla kan yadda ya kamata a fassara nassoshi ta mahangar ilimin harshe da magana. Hakanan ya kunshi hanyoyi don tabbatar da ingancin hadisi da kuma tantance lokacin da aka shafe ikon shari'a na nassi ta hanyar nassi da aka saukar a wani lokaci na gaba. Baya ga Alqur'ani da sunna, ka'idar ilimin fiqhu na Sunni ta yarda da wasu tushe biyu na shari'a: ijma'i na shari'a da dalilan misalai (qiyas). Don haka yana nazarin aikace-aikace da iyakokin kwatankwacinsu, gami da kimantawa da iyakokin yarjejeniya, tare da wasu ka'idoji, wadanda wasu makarantun shari'a ne kawai ke karbar su. [58] An kawo wannan kayan aikin tawilin ne a karkashin tsarin ijtihadi, wanda yake nuni ga aikin malami a kokarin isa ga hukunci kan wata tambaya takamaimai. [58] Ka'idar fikihun Shi'a goma sha biyu ta yi daidai da ta mazhabobin Sunna da ke da wasu bambance-bambance, kamar yarda da hankali aql) a matsayin madogara ta shari'a a madadin qiyasi da fadada ra'ayin sunna don hada hadisan imamai.Jikin masana shari'ar musulunci masu zaman kansu (muftis) ne suka kirkireshi. Ra'ayoyinsu na fatawa (fatawoyin) sun kasance la'akari da alƙalai da aka nada waɗanda ke jagorantar kotunan ƙāḍī, da kotunan maẓālim, waɗanda majalisar masarautar ke iko da su da kuma zartar da dokar laifi. Tiyoloji Babban Labari: Tauhidin Musulunci Tauhidin addinin Musulunci na gargajiya ya samo asali ne daga takaddama ta farko ta koyarwar da ta haifar da gwagwarmayar ahl al-hadisi, karkashin jagorancin Ahmad ibn Hanbal, wanda ya dauki Alqur'ani da ingantaccen hadisi a matsayin kawai karbabbun hukuma a al'amuran imani, da Mu'tazilites da sauran hanyoyin ilimin tauhidi. wanda ya inganta koyaswar tiyoloji ta amfani da hanyoyin hankali. A shekara ta alif 833, khalifa al-Ma'mun ya yi kokarin sanya tiyolojin Mu'tazilite a kan dukkan malaman addini kuma ya kafa bincike (mihna), amma kokarin sanya khalifa a rubuce a cikin al'amuran da suka shafi ka'idojin addini daga karshe ya ci tura. [61] Wannan takaddama ta ci gaba har zuwa lokacin da al-Ash'ari (874–936) ya sami tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin Mu'tazilite da rubuce-rubucen Hanbalite, ta amfani da hanyoyin hankali da Mu'tazilites suka gabatar don kare akidun da Ahl al-hadisi ya inganta. Yarjejeniyar adawa tsakanin hankali da rubuce-rubuce ta samo asali ne daga aikin al-Maturidi (dc 944), kuma, kodayake wasu tsirarun malamai sun kasance masu aminci ga akidar ahl al-hadisi na farko, ilimin tauhidin Ash'ari da Maturidi sun mamaye musulunci na Sunni daga karni na 10 akan. Falsafa Wani rubutun larabci daga karni na 13 wanda ke nuna Socrates (Soqrāt) yana tattaunawa tare da daliban sa Babban Labari: Falsafar Musulunci Ibn Sina (Avicenna) da Ibn Rushd (Averroes) sun taka rawa wajen fassara ayyukan Aristotle, wanda tunaninshi ya zo ya mamaye tunanin mara addini ga duniyar Kiristan da ta Musulmai. A cewar Stanford Encyclopedia of Falsafa, fassarar matanin ilimin falsafa daga Larabci zuwa Latin a Yammacin Turai "ya haifar da sauya kusan dukkanin fannonin ilimin falsafa a duniyar Latin ta da Tasirin masana falsafa na Islama a cikin Turai yana da ƙarfi musamman a falsafar halitta, halayyar mutumtaka da ilimin tauhidi, kodayake hakan ma ya rinjayi nazarin dabaru da ɗabi'a Metaphysics Ibn Sina yayi jayayya game da tunaninsa na "Mutumin da ke Shawagi" game da wayewar kai, a inda mutum ya hana kwarewar hankali ta hanyar rufe masa ido da kuma faduwa kyauta zai kasance da sanin wanzuwarsa. Epistemology A ilimin ilimin halayyar dan adam, Ibn Tufail ya rubuta labari mai suna Hayy ibn Yaqdhan sannan a martanin da Ibn al-Nafis ya rubuta littafin Theologus Autodidactus. Dukansu suna magana ne game da yanayin rayuwar mutum kamar yadda aka haskaka ta rayuwar yaro mai ɓarna kai tsaye wanda aka samar cikin kogo a tsibirin hamada. Lissafi Babban Labari: Lissafi a cikin Daular Musulunci Algebra Tsarin lissafi: wata hanyar da ke bakin titin Sultan a cikin Masallacin Green Ottoman a Bursa, Turkey (1424), girih madauri ta samar da taurari 10 da pentagons Masanin lissafi dan kasar Farisa Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunkasa algebra, lissafi da kuma adadi na Hindu-Arabiya. An bayyana shi a matsayin uba ko wanda ya kafa na aljebra Wani masanin ilmin lissafi na Farisa, Omar Khayyam, ana yaba shi da gano tushen ilimin lissafi. Omar Khayyam ya sami cikakken bayani game da yanayin lissafin sukari. Littafinsa mai suna Treatise on Demonstrations of Problems of Algebra (1070), wanda ya shimfida ka'idojin algebra, wani bangare ne na lissafin Farisanci wanda daga karshe aka yada shi zuwa Turai. Har ila yau wani masanin ilmin lissafi dan kasar Farisa, Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī, ya samo maganin algebra da adadi ga lamura daban-daban na lissafin sukari. Ya kuma haɓaka tunanin aiki Geometry Karin bayani: Tsarin alamomin Musulunci Ayyukan fasaha na Islama suna amfani da alamun geometric da alamomi a yawancin fasalolin fasaha, musamman a cikin girih tilings. Ana kirkirar waɗannan ta amfani da saiti na siffofin tayal guda biyar, waɗanda suka hada da kayan ado na yau da kullun, hexagon mai tsayi, kambun baka, rhombus, da pentagon na yau da kullun. Duk bangarorin wadannan tayal din suna da tsayi iri daya; kuma dukkan kusurwoyinsu sun ninka na 36 5 radians), suna ba da riba biyar da goma. An yi ado da fale-falen tare da layin madauri (girih), galibi ya fi bayyane fiye da iyakokin tayal. A shekara ta 2007, masanan kimiyyar lissafi Peter Lu da Paul Steinhardt sun yi gardama cewa girih daga karni na 15 ya yi kama da quasicrystalline Penrose tilings. Ayyukan tayal na aikin kere kere wani yanki ne na musamman a tsarin gine-ginen Morocco. Muqarnas vaults masu girma uku ne amma an tsara su cikin girma biyu tare da zane na ƙwayoyin geometrical. Tsarin aiki Alwatiran da aka yiwa alama tare da abubuwan da dokokin zunubi ya ƙunsa. Babban birnin A, B da C sune kusurwa, kuma ƙananan ƙananan a, b, c sune gefen da ke gaba da su. (kishiyar A, da sauransu) Ibn ādh al-Jayyānī ɗayan masana ilimin lissafi ne na Islama waɗanda aka jingina musu hukuncin zunubi; ya rubuta Littafinsa na Uncs Arcs of a Sphere a cikin karni na 11. Wannan dabara ta danganta tsayin bangarorin kowane alwatika, maimakon madaidaita murabba'i daya kawai, da sinadarin kusurwoyinta. [79] A cewar doka, displaystyle frac sin A} {a}} frac sin B} {b}} frac sin C} {c}}. frac sin A} {a} frac sin B} {b} frac sin C} {c}. inda a, b, da c suke tsayin bangarorin alwatika, kuma A, B, da C sune kusurwa kusurwa (duba hoto). Cididdiga Alhazen ya gano tsarin hada karfi na hudu, ta hanyar amfani da wata hanyar da za'a iya amfani da ita gaba daya wajen tantance kudin ga dukkan wani karfi. Yayi amfani da wannan don gano ƙarar paraboloid. Zai iya nemo tsarin da zai iya amfani da kowane irin abu ba tare da ya kirkiro wata dabara ba Hanyar kimiyya Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) ya kasance mutum mai mahimmanci a tarihin hanyar kimiyya, musamman ma wajen tsarin gwaji, kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "masanin gaskiya na farko na duniya Avicenna ta yi dokoki don gwajin tasirin kwayoyi, gami da cewa sakamakon da kwayar gwajin ta samar ya kamata a gan shi akai-akai ko bayan maimaitawa da yawa, don a kirga shi. Likita Rhazes ya kasance farkon mai ba da shawarar gwajin gwaji kuma ya ba da shawarar amfani da iko don binciken asibiti. Ya ce: "Idan kuna son yin nazarin tasirin zub da jini a kan wani yanayi, sai ku raba marasa lafiya gida biyu, ku yi jini a wani rukuni kawai, ku kalli duka biyun, sannan ku gwada sakamakon." Falaki Babban labarin: Falaki a cikin Daular Islama Ma'aurata Tusi A wajajen 964 AD, masanin Falasdinu Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi, yana rubutu a cikin Littafinsa na Kafaffen Taurari, ya bayyana “tabo mai ban tsoro” a cikin taurarin Andromeda, farkon bayanin tabbatacce ga abin da muka sani yanzu shine Andromeda Galaxy, the galaxy mafi kusa da galaxy din mu. Nasir al-Din al-Tusi ya kirkiri wata fasahar kere-kere wacce ake kira Tusi-couple, wacce ke samar da layi daga lissafin motsi biyu domin maye gurbin matsalar Ptolemy mai matsala. Ma'auratan Tusi daga baya an yi musu aiki a tsarin ilimin ƙasa na Ibn al-Shatir da samfurin heliocentric na Nicolaus Copernicus [90] kodayake ba a san ko wanene mai shiga tsakani ba ko kuma idan Copernicus ya sake gano dabarar da kansa ba. Sunayen wasu taurari da aka yi amfani da su, gami da Rigel da Vega, har yanzu ana amfani da su. Jiki Babban labarin: ilimin kimiyyar lissafi na Musulunci Alhazen ya taka rawa wajen bunkasa gani da ido. Oneaya daga cikin ra'ayoyin hangen nesa a zamaninsa da wurinsa shine ka'idar watsi da Euclid da Ptolemy suka goyi bayansa, inda gani ya yi aiki ta hanyar hasken ido da ke fitar da haske, ɗayan kuma shine ka'idar Aristotelean cewa gani yayi aiki lokacin da asalin abubuwa ke gudana cikin idanu. Alhazen ya yi daidai da hujja cewa hangen nesa ya faru ne lokacin da haske, ke tafiya cikin layi madaidaici, yana nuna abu a cikin idanu. Al-Biruni ya rubuta bayanai game da haske, yana mai cewa dole ne hanzarta ta zama babba idan aka kwatanta ta da saurin sauti. Chemistry Babban labarin: Alchemy da ilmin sunadarai a tsohuwar zamanin Islama Zamanin farko na musulunci ya ga kafa wasu daga cikin mafi tsayi tsarukan tsarin ilimin kimiya da ilmin sunadarai. Ka'idar sulphur-mercury na karafa, an fara tabbatar da ita a cikin karya-Apollonius na Tyana Sirr al-khalīqa ("Asirin Halitta", c. 750-850) kuma a cikin rubuce-rubucen larabci da ake dangantawa da Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (an rubuta c. 850950), zai ci gaba da zama asalin dukkan ka'idojin kayan karafa har zuwa karni na goma sha takwas.Hakanan, Emerald Tablet, ƙaramin rubutu mai cike da annashuwa wanda duk masana masu zuwa har zuwa ciki har da Isaac Newton (1642-1727) za su ɗauka a matsayin tushen fasaharsu, ya fara faruwa a cikin Sirr al-khalīqa kuma a ɗayan ayyukan da ake dangantawa zuwa Jābir.Hakanan an sami ci gaba mai mahimmanci a cikin ilimin kimiya. Ayyukan da aka danganta ga Jābir, da na masanin ilimin kimiya na Farisanci da kuma likita Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (854-925), sun ƙunshi farkon sanannun tsarin tsarin abubuwa masu sinadarai. Koyaya, masana alchemists ba wai kawai sha'awar ganowa da rarraba abubuwa masu sinadarai bane, har ma da ƙirƙirar su ta hanyar hannu. Muhimmin misalai daga duniyar musulunci ta daɗaɗɗen zamani sun haɗa da hadawar ammonium chloride daga abubuwan ƙirar jiki kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin ayyukan da aka danganta su ga Jābir, da Abū Bakr al-Rāzī na gwaje-gwajen tare da vitriol, wanda a ƙarshe zai kai ga gano ƙwayoyin ma'adanai kamar sulfuric acid da nitric acid ta ƙarni na goma sha uku masanan alchemists kamar na ƙarya-Geber. Geodesy Babban labarin: Tarihi da zane-zane a cikin tsohuwar daular Musulunci Al-Biruni (973–1048) ya kiyasta radius na duniya kamar kilomita 6339.6 (ƙimar zamani ta kai kimanin 6,371 km), mafi kimantawa a lokacin. Biology Babban Labari: Magani a duniyar Musulunci ta da Ido, a cewar Hunain ibn Ishaq. Daga rubutun da aka rubuta kwanan nan kimanin 1200. A cikin tsarin jijiyoyin zuciya, Ibn al-Nafis a cikin Sharhinsa kan Anatomy a cikin Avicenna's Canon shi ne masanin da aka sani na farko da ya saba wa batun Makarantar Galen cewa jini na iya wucewa tsakanin sassan zuciya a cikin zuciya ta hanyar sassan jikin zuciya da ke raba su. yana cewa babu hanyar wucewa tsakanin sassan ventricles a wannan lokacin. Madadin haka, ya yi daidai da hujja cewa duk jinin da ya isa ga kafar hagu ya yi ne bayan ya wuce ta huhun. Ya kuma bayyana cewa dole ne a sami kananan hanyoyin sadarwa, ko pores, tsakanin jijiyoyin huhu da jijiyar huhu, hasashen da ya gabata gabanin gano bakin ciki na Marcello Malpighi da shekaru 400. An sake gano Sharhin ne a karni na ashirin a cikin Laburaren Gwamnatin Prussia da ke Berlin; ko ra'ayin ta game da jujjuyawar jini ya shafi masana kimiyya irin su Michael Servetus bai tabbata ba. A cikin tsarin juyayi, Rhazes ya bayyana cewa jijiyoyi suna da motsa jiki ko aiki na azanci, yana bayanin 7 cranial da 31 jijiyoyin jijiyoyi. Ya sanya lamba ta lamba ga jijiyoyin kwanyar daga gani zuwa jijiyoyin hypoglossal. Ya rarraba jijiyoyin jijiyoyi zuwa 8 mahaifa, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 3 sacral, da kuma jijiyoyin coccygeal 3. Ya yi amfani da wannan don danganta alamun asibiti na rauni zuwa daidai wurin raunuka a cikin tsarin juyayi. Masu sharhi na zamani sun kamanta bayanan zamani na "gwagwarmayar rayuwa" a masarautar dabbobi da tsarin ka'idar juyin halitta. Don haka, a bincikensa na tarihin ra'ayoyin da suka haifar da ka'idar zabin yanayi, Conway Zirkle ya lura cewa al-Jahiz na ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka tattauna a kan "gwagwarmayar rayuwa", a cikin Kitāb al-Hayawān (Littafin Dabbobi an rubuta shi a karni na 9. A karni na 13, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi ya yi amannar cewa mutane an samo su ne daga dabbobin da suka ci gaba, yana mai cewa, "Irin wadannan mutane [watakila birai anthropoid]] suna zaune ne a Yammacin Sudan da sauran bangarorin duniya masu nisa. Suna kusa da juna. ga dabbobi ta hanyar dabi'unsu, ayyukansu da halayensu. A cikin 1377, Ibn Khaldun a cikin Muqaddimah ya ce," Mulkin dabba ya sami ci gaba, nau'ikansa sun yawaita, kuma a hankali tsarin Halitta, ya ƙare da mutum kuma ya samo asali daga duniyar birai Injiniya Duba kuma: Jerin abubuwan kirkire-kirkire a duniyar Musulunci ta da 'Yan uwan Banū Mūsā, a cikin Littafinsu na Ingantattun Na'urori, sun bayyana mai sare sarewa ta atomatik wanda watakila ita ce na'urar da aka fara amfani da ita. An samar da sautunan sarewa ta hanyar tururi mai zafi kuma mai amfani zai iya daidaita na'urar zuwa wasu alamu don su sami sautuna daban-daban daga gare ta. Kimiyyar zaman jama'a Ibn Khaldun ana ganin yana daga cikin wadanda suka assasa ilimin kimiyyar zamantakewar zamani, tarihin tarihi, dimokradiyya, da kuma tattalin arziki.] [n 2] Taskar kayan tarihi matsayi ne mai daraja a wannan lokacin a musulunce kodayake yawancin takaddun mulki sun ɓace akan lokaci. Koyaya, daga wasiƙa da sauran takaddun suna ba da alamun yanayin zamantakewar jama'a tare da nuna cewa wuraren adana bayanai suna da yawa kuma suna da yawa a lokacinsu. Duk wasiƙun da aka karɓa ko aika a madadin hukumomin an kwafa, adana su kuma an lura da su don yin rajistar. An ga matsayin mai binciken tarihin a matsayin wanda dole ne ya sami babban sadaukarwa yayin da suke rike da dukkan ayyukan da suka dace. Kiwon lafiya Asibitoci Babban labarin: Bimarestan Ofar shiga Qalawun hadaddun wanda ke dauke da sanannen asibitin Mansuri a Alkahira An gina asibitin Musulunci na farko a shekarar 805 a Bagadaza bisa umarnin Harun Al-Rashid, kuma mafi mahimmancin asibitocin Baghdad an kafa shi ne a cikin 982 ta mai mulkin Buyid 'Adud al-Dawla. Mafi kyawun rubutattun asibitocin musulinci na farko sune manyan cibiyoyin Siro-Misra na ƙarni na 12 da na 13. Zuwa karni na goma, Baghdad na da karin asibitoci biyar, yayin da Dimashka ke da asibitoci shida a ƙarni na 15 kuma Córdoba ita kaɗai ke da manyan asibitoci 50, da yawa na sojoji ne kawai. Asibiti na asibiti ya kasu kashi zuwa sassa kamar cututtukan tsari, tiyata, da kuma kasusuwa, tare da manyan asibitoci masu fannoni daban daban. "Cututtukan tsarin" ya kasance daidai da maganin cikin gida na yau kuma an ƙara raba shi zuwa ɓangarori kamar zazzabi, cututtuka da lamuran narkewa. Kowane sashe yana da mai kula da aiki, shugaban majalisa da ƙwararren mai kulawa. Hakanan asibitocin suna da dakunan wasan kwaikwayo da dakunan karatu. Ma’aikatan asibitocin sun hada da masu kula da tsabtace jiki, wadanda ke tsara tsafta, da akawu da sauran ma’aikatan gudanarwa. Asibitocin galibi ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar mutane uku da suka hada da wani mai kula da marasa magani, babban likitan magunguna, da ake kira shaykh saydalani, wanda ya yi daidai da matsayin babban likita, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mutwalli (shugaban makaranta). A al'adance ana rufe wuraren kiwon lafiya kowane dare, amma zuwa karni na 10 an zartar da dokoki don barin asibitoci bude awanni 24 a rana. Don ƙananan maganganu, likitoci sun ba da asibitin shan magani. Garuruwa kuma suna da cibiyoyin bayar da agaji na farko wanda likitoci ke aiki da su game da abubuwan da ke faruwa na gaggawa wanda galibi ana sanya su a wuraren taruwar jama'a, kamar manyan tarurruka don sallar Juma'a. Hakanan yankin yana da rukunin wayoyin hannu da ke aiki da likitoci da masana harhada magunguna wadanda ya kamata su biya bukatar al'ummomin da ke nesa. An kuma san Baghdad da samun wani asibiti na daban na wadanda aka yankewa hukunci tun a farkon karni na 10 bayan da vizier ‘Ali ibn Isa ibn Jarah ibn Thabit ya rubuta wa babban hafsan likitancin na Baghdad cewa“ dole ne gidajen yari su kasance da likitocin su da ya kamata su duba su a kowace rana Asibiti na farko da aka gina a Misira, a yankin kudu maso yamma na Alkahira, shine wuri na farko da aka tanada don kula da cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwa. A asibitin Arghun na Aleppo, kula da cutar tabin hankali ya haɗa da haske mai yawa, iska mai tsabta, ruwan famfo da kiɗa. Daliban likitanci zasu bi likitocin kuma zasu shiga cikin haƙuri. Asibitoci a wannan zamanin sune farkon wadanda suka bukaci difloma ta likitanci don ba likitocin lasisi. Gwajin lasisin da gwamnatin yankin da aka nada babban jami'in lafiya ya gudanar. Jarabawar tana da matakai biyu; na farko shi ne rubuta takaddar rubutu, kan batun da dan takarar ke son samun takardar shedar, na asali bincike ko sharhi na rubuce-rubucen da ake da su, wanda aka karfafa musu gwiwa don bincika kurakurai. Mataki na biyu shi ne amsa tambayoyin a cikin hira da babban jami'in likitan. Likitocin sunyi aiki tsayayyun sa'o'i kuma doka ta kayyade albashin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya. Don daidaita ingancin kulawa da yanke hukunci, yana da nasaba da cewa idan mara lafiya ya mutu, dangin su na gabatar da umarnin likitan ga babban likitan da zai yi hukunci idan mutuwar ta halitta ce ko kuma ta sakaci ne, a cikin wannan yanayin sai iyalin su samun damar biyan diyya daga likita. Asibitocin suna da wuraren maza da mata yayin da wasu asibitocin kawai suka ga maza da wasu asibitocin, waɗanda ke da mata likitoci, mata kawai suka gani. Yayinda likitocin mata ke yin aikin likitanci, da yawa sun fi mayar da hankali ne kan haihuwa. Doka ta hana asibitoci juya marasa lafiyar da ba su iya biya.Daga karshe, sai aka kirkiro gidauniyar sadaka da ake kira waqfs don tallafawa asibitoci, da kuma makarantu.Wani sashi na kasafin kudin jihar kuma ya tafi wajen kula da asibitoci Duk da yake aiyukan asibitin kyauta ne ga dukkan ‘yan kasa kuma a wasu lokutan akan ba marasa lafiya karamin tallafi don tallafawa murmurewa bayan fitowar su, kowane lokaci likitocin suna karbar kudade. A cikin wata baiwa, wani gwamna a ƙarni na 13 na Masar Al-Mansur Qalawun ya kafa gidauniya ga asibitin Qalawun wanda zai ƙunshi masallaci da ɗakin sujada, wuraren da ake keɓe cututtuka daban-daban, dakin karatu na likitoci da kuma kantin magani da ana amfani da asibiti a yau don maganin ido. Asibitin Qalawun ya kasance ne a tsohuwar fadar Fatimid wacce ke da masauki ga mutane 8,000 "yana kula da marassa lafiya 4,000 a kullum.Waqf din ya ce,Asibiti zai kiyaye dukkan majiyyata, maza da mata, har sai sun warke sarai. Duk kudin da za'a biya sai asibiti ko mutane sun zo daga nesa ko kusa, ko mazauna ne ko baƙi, masu ƙarfi ko marasa ƙarfi, ƙasa ko ƙasa, mawadata ko matalauta, masu aiki ko marasa aikin yi, makafi ko masu gani, marasa lafiya a jiki ko hankali, koya ko karatu. Babu wasu sharuɗɗa na la'akari da biyan kuɗi, babu wanda ke adawa ko ma a kaikaice ya nuna alamar rashin biya. Wuraren magani Malaman larabawa sun yi amfani da albarkatun ƙasa da na al'adu don ba da gudummawa ga haɓakar haɓaka ilimin kimiyyar magunguna. Sun yi imani cewa Allah ya ba da hanyar warkar da kowace cuta. Koyaya, an sami rikicewa game da yanayin wasu tsoffin tsirrai da suka wanzu a wannan lokacin.Wani sanannen mutum wanda ke da tasiri a ci gaban kantin magani ya yi amfani da sunan Yūhannā ibn Māsawaiyh (circa 777-857). Malaman Turai sun ambace shi da "Mashahurin Allahntaka" da "Yariman Magani". Māsawaiyh ya jagoranci makarantar likitanci mai zaman kanta ta farko a Baghdad kuma ya rubuta manyan magunguna guda uku. Wadannan rubutattun labaran sun kunshi ayyuka a kan hada magunguna, barkwanci, da girke-girke na magunguna wadanda suka ba da umarni kan yadda za a shirya su. A cikin Latin Latin, galibi ana buga waɗannan ayyukan tare a ƙarƙashin taken "Opera Medicinalia" kuma an rarraba su zuwa "De simplicubus", "Grabadin", da "Canones universales". Duk da cewa tasirin Māsawaiyh yana da matukar mahimmanci cewa rubuce-rubucensa sun zama mafi rinjayen tushen rubuce-rubucen magunguna, ainihin asalinsa har yanzu ba a sani ba.A da, duk abubuwan da za a gabatar da su, a kan ko kusa da jikin mutum an sanya su a matsayin magani, tun daga magunguna, abinci, abubuwan sha, har ma da turare zuwa kayan shafawa. ya fara ne a karni na bakwai, lokacin da masu hada magunguna da masu ba da magani suka bayyana a asibitocin farko. Buƙatar ƙwayoyi ya karu yayin da yawan ya ƙaru. Zuwa karni na tara inda aka kafa kantin magani a matsayin sana'a mai zaman kanta kuma ingantacciya ta masana musulmai. Malaman tarihi da yawa sun ce buɗewar kantin magani na farko mai zaman kansa a cikin ƙarni na takwas yana nuna 'yancin kantin magani daga magani.Samuwar magani da kantin magani a cikin halifancin musulunci a karni na tara ya faru ne a daidai lokacin da fadada cibiyoyin kimiyya da yawa, dakunan karatu, makarantu, asibitoci da kuma wuraren sayar da magani a biranen Musulmai da yawa. karni na tara kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa don haɓakar ilimin kimiyyar zamani. Duk da yake masana harhada magunguna na Larabawa ba su yi nasara ba wajen sauya karafa wadanda ba su da daraja a cikin karafa masu daraja, ayyukansu na ba da cikakkun bayanai game da fasahohi da kayan aikin lab sun kasance manyan masu ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban kantin magani. An yi amfani da dabarun hada sinadarai kamar narkewa, sandaro, danshin ruwa da narkarda abubuwa. Kur'ani ya bayar da tushe don ci gaban ɗabi'a mai ƙwarewa inda haɓakar wankan ɗabi'a ya kuma rinjayi mahimmancin tsabta a cikin ilimin likitanci. Lokutan-lokaci likitocin gwamnati da ake kira muhtasib suka ziyarci asibitocin, wadanda suka duba don ganin cewa an gauraya magungunan yadda ya kamata, ba a narke su ba kuma ana ajiye su a cikin kwalba masu tsabta. Aikin da muhtasib yayi anyi bayani dalla-dalla a cikin litattafan da suka bayyana hanyoyin bincikowa da gano magungunan karya, abinci da kayan yaji. An haramta wa masu harhada magunguna yin magani ba tare da kasancewar likita ba, yayin da likitoci suka takaita ga shiri da sarrafa magunguna. An yi fargabar cewa girke-girke na iya fadawa hannun wani ba tare da ingantaccen horo kan harhada magunguna ba. [Ana bukatar] Ana bukatar lasisi don gudanar da ayyukan sirri. An ci tarar waɗanda suka karya doka. Magani Babban Labari: Magani a duniyar Musulunci ta da Ka'idar Humorism ta kasance mafi rinjaye a wannan lokacin. Likitan Balarabe Ibn Zuhr ya ba da tabbaci cewa cutar cizon sabulu ne daga ƙaiƙayin ƙaiƙayi kuma ana iya warkewa ta cire ƙwayoyin cuta ba tare da buƙatar tsarkakewa, zubar jini ko wasu magunguna da ake kira da izgili ba, yin hutu tare da izgilin Galen da Ibn Sina [Rhazes ya banbanta ta hanyar lura da cututtukan nan guda biyu na kananan yara da kyanda, wadanda a da ake dunkule su wuri guda a matsayin cuta guda da ke haifar da rashes. Wannan ya ta'allaka ne da wuri da kuma lokacin bayyanar alamomin sannan kuma ya kara girman tsanani da kuma hangen nesa na kamuwa da cutuka daidai da launi da wurin da fatar take. Al-Zahrawi shine likita na farko da ya bayyana ciki na ciki, kuma likita na farko da ya gano yanayin gadon haemophilia. A kan ayyukan tsabtace jiki, Rhazes, wanda aka taɓa tambayarsa ya zaɓi wurin da za a gina sabon asibiti a Baghdad, ya dakatar da yankan nama a wurare daban-daban a cikin birni, kuma ya ba da shawarar gina asibiti a wurin da naman ke nuna rashin jinkiri. Ga malaman addinin Islama, likitocin Indiya da Girka da masu binciken kiwon lafiya Sushruta, Galen, Mankah, Atreya, Hippocrates, Charaka, da Agnivesa sun kasance manyan hukumomi. Don sa al'adun Indiya da Girkanci su zama masu sauƙin fahimta, fahimta, da iya koyarwa, Malaman Islama sun ba da umarni da sanya ƙwararrun ilimin likitancin Indiya da na Greco-Roman ta hanyar rubuce-rubucen encyclopedias da taƙaitawa. Wasu lokuta, ana sukar malaman da suka gabata, kamar Rhazes wanda ya soki da karyata ka'idojin girmamawa na Galen, musamman, Ka'idar Humors don haka aka zarge shi da jahilci. Ta hanyar fassarorin larabci na karni na 12 ne turawan da suka zo na biyu suka sake gano magungunan Hellenic, gami da ayyukan Galen da Hippocrates, kuma suka gano tsoffin magungunan Indiya, gami da ayyukan Sushruta da Charaka. Ayyuka kamar su Ibn Sina's The Canon of Medicine an fassara shi zuwa Latin kuma an yaɗa shi ko'ina cikin Turai. A lokacin karni na 15 da 16 kadai, An buga Canon of Medicine fiye da sau talatin da biyar. An yi amfani dashi azaman ingantaccen littafin karatun likitanci har zuwa karni na 18 a Turai. Tiyata Al-Zahrawi ya kasance likitan larabawa karni na goma. Wani lokaci ana kiransa "Uban tiyata Ya bayyana abin da ake tsammani shine ƙoƙari na farko na rage mammaplasty don gudanar da gynaecomastia da kuma farkon mastectomy don magance ciwon nono.] An yaba masa da aikin aikin gyaran kafa na farko Ya rubuta litattafai uku a kan aikin tiyata, ciki har da "Manual of Medial Practitioners" wanda ya kunshi kasida na kayan aiki 278 da aka yi amfani da su wajen tiyata Kasuwanci da tafiya Manyan labarai: Juyin Juya Halin Noma na Larabawa, Tarihin tattalin arzikin Islama, da Geography da kuma zane-zane a cikin Islama na da Taswirar taƙaitaccen bayani game da taswirar duniya ta al-Idrisi ta 1154 (lura cewa Kudu yana saman saman taswirar). Baya ga Kogin Nilu, Tigris, da Yufiretis, koguna masu saurin tafiya ba sabon abu ba ne a Gabas ta Tsakiya, saboda haka jigila ta teku yana da matukar muhimmanci. Ilimin motsa jiki ya sami ci gaba sosai, yana amfani da mahimmin abu mai mahimmanci (wanda aka sani da kamal). Lokacin da aka haɗu da cikakkun taswira na lokacin, masu jirgi sun sami damar yin tafiya a ƙetaren tekuna maimakon siket a bakin tekun. Musulmin jirgin ruwa su ma suna da alhakin sake dawo da manyan jiragen ruwa na masta zuwa mashigar ruwa. [Ana bukatar] Sunan caravel na iya samo asali ne daga wani jirgin ruwan larabawa da ya gabata wanda ake kira da qārib.Musulmai da yawa sun tafi kasar Sin don fatauci, kuma wadannan musulmin sun fara samun tasirin tattalin arziki sosai a kasar. Musulmai kusan sun mamaye masana'antar shigowa fitarwa a zamanin daular Sung (960-1279).] Muhammad al-Idrisi ne ya kirkiro Tabula Rogeriana, mafi kyawun taswirar Zamani na Tsakiya, wanda masu bincike daban-daban suka yi amfani da shi kamar Christopher Columbus da Vasco Da Gama don tafiye-tafiyensu a Amurka da Indiya. Noma Yaduwar rake daga yankin Indiya zuwa yankin Sifen a lokacin mulkin Musulunci. Larabawan Al-Andalus sun yi tasiri sosai ga aikin noma na Sifen, gami da maido da magudanan ruwa da hanyoyin ruwa a zamanin Roman, gami da gabatar da sabbin fasahohi irin su acequias (wanda ya samo asali daga qanats na Farisa) da kuma lambun Farisa kamar a Janar). A Spain da Sicily, Larabawa sun gabatar da kayan gona da kayan abinci daga Farisa da Indiya kamar shinkafa, rake, lemu, lemo, ayaba, shuffron, karas, apricots da eggplants, tare da maido da noman zaitun da rumman daga zamanin Greco-Roman. Palmeral na Elche a kudancin Spain yanki ne na UNESCO na Duniya wanda ke alamta gadon Musulunci na noma a Turai. Arts da al'adu Adabi da waka Manyan labarai: Adabin Musulunci da waƙoƙin Musulunci Duba kuma: adabin larabci, adabin farisanci, da Dare Dubu da Daya Centuryarni na 13 mai waƙoƙin Seljuq Rumi ya rubuta wasu kyawawan waƙoƙi a cikin harshen Farisanci kuma har yanzu yana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mawaƙan fatawa a Amurka. Sauran shahararrun mawaka na yaren Persia sun hada da Hafez (wanda William Jones, Thoreau, Goethe, Ralph Waldo Emerson da Friedrich Engels suka karanta aikinsu), Saadi (wanda Goethe, Hegel da Voltaire suka ambaci waƙinsa sosai), Ferdowsi, Omar Khayyam da Amir Khusrow. Dare dubu da daya, tatsuniyoyin almara ne na tatsuniyoyin Gabas ta Tsakiya wanda aka tattara cikin harshen larabci a zamanin Halifancin Abbasawa, ya yi tasiri sosai a kan adabin Yammacin da Gabas ta Tsakiya da kuma sanannun al'adun gargajiya tare da irin su Aladdin, Ali Baba da Barayi Arba'in da Sinbad Matukin jirgin. Tatsuniyoyin 'Sinbad the Sailor' har ila yau sun sami wahayi kai tsaye daga wallafe-wallafen Helenanci kamar na almara na gida (wanda aka fassara daga Girkanci zuwa Larabci a ƙarni na 8 AZ) da Alexander Romances (tatsuniyoyin Alexander the Great mashahuri a Turai, Gabas ta Tsakiya da Indiya Art Babban Labari: Fasaha ta Musulunci Teburin marquetry da tayal, 1560 Hasken rubutun ya kasance fasaha mai mahimmanci, kuma zanen ɗan Persia ya sami ci gaba a duniyar Farisa. Calligraphy, muhimmin al'amari ne na rubutaccen Larabci, ya inganta cikin rubuce-rubuce da kuma adon gine-gine. Waƙa Babban Labari: Waƙar Larabci Karni na tara da na goma ya ga furannin kiɗan Larabci. Masanin Falsafa kuma malami Al-Farabi, a ƙarshen karni na tara, ya kafa harsashin koyarwar kiɗan Larabci na zamani, bisa ga maqammat, ko kuma hanyoyin kiɗa. Aikinsa ya ta'allaka ne da kiɗan Ziryab, mawaƙin kotu na Andalusia. Ziryab sanannen polymath ne, wanda gudummawar da yake bayarwa ga wayewar yamma ya haɗa da cin abinci na yau da kullun, aski, dara, da ƙari, ƙari ga mamayar da yake yi a fagen kiɗan duniya a karni na tara. Masu tunani da polymaths na Asiya ta Tsakiya da Larabawa suna mai da hankali kan kiɗa Mutanen Sumeriya da Akkadiyawa, Helenawa, da Farisawa duk sun yi amfani da lissafi don ƙirƙirar bayanan da aka yi amfani da su da kayan kaɗe-kaɗe da sauran kayan kaɗe-kaɗe. Ta yin amfani da ra'ayin cewa kirtani da aka cire ko an sunkuya yana samar da sanarwa, sun lura da banbancin sauti lokacin da aka tsayar da zaren. "Babban abin da aka gano" yana jin yadda ake magana ne game da octave, cewa ragargaza kirtani ya samar da rubutu mai kyau octave daya a saman layin. An rubuta shi azaman rabo 2: 1.Sun auna nauyin tsawo na kirtani a gefe daya dayan kuma inda aka matse kirtani, hakan ya samar da rabo. Waɗannan abubuwan sun ba su damar kwatanta sautuna, misali na uku, na huɗu, na biyar. Sun sami damar raɗa ɗaya igiya a kan ɗayan a waɗancan tsaka-tsalle a kan molaye, garayu, molo, molaye. Lutes ya ba su ƙarin ikon ƙirƙirar waɗannan tazarar a kan igiya ɗaya, ta hanyar ƙara frets a nesa ta hanyar lissafi, gwargwadon yanayin. Ba kamar kayan aikin zamani ba, inda za'a iya sanya frets har abada a cikin wuya, kamar a guitar, tsofaffin kayan aikin sun yi amfani da igiyoyin hanji da aka ɗaura a wuya don frets, kuma wannan ya sa kayan aikin su su daidaita. Mawaƙan farko zasu iya kunna kayan aikin su zuwa yanayi daban-daban. Playersan wasan laute na iya ɗora igiyar zuwa tazara daban-daban, kuma suna iya ƙara daidaita frets don yanayin.Safi al-Din ya zana wata ƙazamar magana daga kwafin littafin 1333, Kitab al-Adwār. Tsohon kwafi yakai 1296. Al'adar cakuda al'adun Asiya ta Tsakiya da Larabawa sun samar da masu tunani da yawa waɗanda suka yi rubutu game da kiɗa, gami da wani abu game da larurar cikin ayyukansu, gami da Al-Kindi (c. 801 c. 873), Ziryab (789-857), Al-Farabi c. 872 c.950), Avicenna (c. 980 1037), da Safi al-Din al-Urmawi (1216-1294). Sun yi rubuce-rubuce cikin larabci, abin da ya zama mai amfani da harshe mai amfani a lokacinsu, kuma suka shiga cikin al'adun musulmai da al'adunsu. Koyaya sun girma cikin Asiya ta Tsakiya. Larabawa suna da sikeli na kida, wanda al-Farabi ya bayyana, wanda wasu ke amfani da shi har zuwa ƙarni na 13 miladiyya Wancan ma'aunin tanbar, wanda ya raba igiyar zuwa "kashi 40 daidai" zai iya zama saura daga Babila da Assuriya. Duk da haka, Larabawa sun yi ciniki tare da cin nasarar Farisawa, kuma sun dauki sikeli na Farisa a kan lamuransu, kamar yadda suka dauki layigajere na Farisa. Ziryab ya tashi daga Baghdad zuwa al-Andalus, inda ya kafa makarantar waƙa kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin na farko da ya ƙara layi na biyar ko hanya a kan oud, "tsakanin 822 da 852).Al-Andalus, inda ya zauna zai zama cibiyar haɓaka kayan kiɗa ga Turai. Al-Kindi polymath ne wanda ya rubuta rubuce-rubuce kamar su 15 masu alaƙa da kiɗa. Ya kasance daga farkon waɗanda suka fara amfani da ka'idar mawaƙa ta Girka ga utesan gajeren lute na Asiya-Larabawa. Ya kara sautin-sauti tsakanin goro da zaren farko. Ya kuma kara da kirtani na biyar a bakinsa na gabas, kamar yadda Ziryab ya yi a yamma.Al-Farabi "ya sanya ayyukan Aristoxenus da Ptolemy a cikin ka'idar tetrachords", kuma ya rubuta a cikin litattafai a fannoni da yawa, Kitab al-Musiqa al-Kabir, Babban Littafin Waƙoƙi, wanda a ciki ya yi bayanin yadda ake tunatar oud, ta amfani da lissafin lissafi.Ya ba da umarni ga duka frets 10 da 12, yana faɗin inda za a ɗora igiyar da aka ɗaura (kuma mai motsi) a wuya. Hanyar sa ta sauyawa ta ba da izinin "12-fret 'ud tuning wanda ke haifar da octave 'double", tare da rubutu 22 a cikin kowane octave. Gine-gine Babban Labari: Tsarin Musulunci Babban Masallacin Kairouan (a Tunisia), kakan dukkan masallatan yammacin duniya ban da Turkiya da Balkans, shine ɗayan mafi kyawun kiyayewa kuma mafi mahimman misalai na manyan masallatan farko. An kafa shi a cikin 670, yana farawa a cikin yanayin da yake yanzu galibi daga ƙarni na 9.Babban Masallacin Kairouan an gina shi ne daga minaret mai hawa uku, da wani babban tsakar gida da ke kewaye da hotunan zane, da kuma wani katafaren zauren salla wanda aka rufe shi da shi da cupola biyu. [139] Babban Masallacin Samarra a Iraki an kammala shi a shekara ta 847. Ya haɗu da gine-ginen gine-ginen layuka na layuka masu goyan baya, wanda a sama aka gina babbar minaret mai jujjuyawa. Farkon ginin Babban Masallaci a Cordoba a shekara ta 785 ya nuna farkon tsarin gine-ginen Islama a Spain da Arewacin Afirka. Masallacin an san shi da bangon da yake ciki. Gine-ginen Moorish sun kai kololuwa tare da gina Alhambra, babban gida mai faɗi kagara na Granada, tare da buɗe ido da iska mai kyan gani wanda aka kawata shi da ja, shuɗi, da zinariya. An yi wa bangon ado da kayan kwalliyar da aka ƙera, kayan rubutu na Larabci, da aikin zane na larabawa, tare da bangon da aka rufe shi da tayal mai ƙyalli. Yawancin alamomin gine-ginen Fatimid sun wanzu a Alkahira a yau, manyan misalai sun haɗa da Jami'ar Al Azhar da masallacin Al Hakim. Ragewa Mamayewa Hanyoyin kasuwanci da wayewar musulmai suka gada sun lalace ta hanyar mamaye Mongoliya, wanda a cewar Ibn Khaldun ya lalata tattalin arziki A cikin 1206, Genghis Khan ya kafa daula mai ƙarfi tsakanin Mangolwa na tsakiyar Asiya. A cikin karni na 13, wannan daular Mongol ta mamaye mafi yawan yankunan kasar Eurasia, gami da China a gabas da yawancin tsohuwar halifancin Islama (da Kievan Rus a yamma. Rushewar Bagadaza da Gidan Hikima da Hulagu Khan ya yi a shekarar 1258 wasu na ganin karshen Zamanin Zinare ne na Musulunci.Mamayar daular Usmaniyya ta mamaye yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya da ke magana da Larabci a cikin 1516-17 ya sanya zuciyar al'adar duniyar Islama a ƙarƙashin ikon Turkawan Ottoman. Kimiyyar hankali ta ci gaba da bunkasa a Gabas ta Tsakiya a lokacin Ottoman. Tattalin arziki Don yin bayani game da faduwar ilimin addinin Islama, an yi jayayya cewa Tarurrukan Sunni a karni na 11 da 12 sun samar da jerin sauye-sauye na hukumomi wanda ya rage biyan dangi zuwa samar da ayyukan kimiyya. Tare da yaduwar madrasas da mafi girman tasirin shugabannin addini, ya zama mafi riba don samar da ilimin addini Ahmad Y. al-Hassan ya yi watsi da rubutun cewa rashin tunanin kirkire-kirkire ne ya haifar da hakan, yana mai cewa koyaushe ana kebe kimiyya daga takaddama ta addini; a maimakon haka sai yayi nazarin raguwa ta fuskokin tattalin arziki da siyasa, ta hanyar aikin marubucin karni na 14 Ibn Khaldun. Al-Hassan ya tsawaita zamanin gwal har zuwa karni na 16, yana mai cewa ayyukan kimiyya suna ci gaba da bunkasa har zuwa lokacin. Da yawa daga cikin masana na wannan zamani suma sun fadada shi zuwa kusan karni na 16 zuwa na 17, kuma sun yi nazarin faduwar ta fuskar abubuwan siyasa da tattalin arziki. Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan ya kalubalanci batun cewa ya ragu ko da a wancan lokacin, yana mai cewa farfaɗo da ayyukan da aka samar kan batutuwan kimiyya na hankali yayin ƙarni na goma sha bakwai.Binciken na yanzu ya kai ga yanke hukunci cewa "shaidun da ake da su sun yi daidai da tunanin cewa karuwar karfin ikon wadannan masanan ne ya haifar da raguwar kwarewar kimiyya. Al'adu Masanin tarihin tattalin arziki Joel Mokyr yayi hujja da cewa masanin falsafar musulunci al-Ghazali (1058-1111) "babban jigo ne a cikin koma bayan ilimin addinin Islama", saboda ayyukansa sun taimaka wajen hauhawar sufanci da kuma samun lokaci-lokaci a duniyar musulinci.Dangane da wannan ra'ayin, Saliba (2007) ya ba da misalai da dama musamman na binciken sararin samaniya da ke bunƙasa bayan zamanin al-Ghazali. Duba kuma Tashar Musulunci Makarantar Baghdad Tasirin Kirista a cikin Islama Jerin masanan kristoci da masana na zamanin musulunci na da Zamanin Zinare na Danmark Yaren mutanen Dutch Golden Ag Masarautar Sicily Zamanin zinariya na al'adun yahudawa a Spain Kwalejin Ilimin Kimiyya da Ilimin Kimiyya ta Zamani na Ibn Sina Falaki na Islama Karatun addinin musulunci Jerin masana kimiyyar Iran Ophthalmology a cikin zamanin da Musulunci Zamanin Zinaren Mutanen Espanya Lokaci na ilimin kimiyya da fasaha na Islama Bayanan kula wasu Turawan yamma suna daukarsa a matsayin mahaifin gaskiya na tarihi da zamantakewar al'umma An yi iƙirarin Ibn Khaldun a matsayin wanda ya share fagen masu yawan tunani na Turai, galibi masanan ilimin zamantakewar al'umma, masana tarihi, da masana falsafa". (Boulakia 1971) "Mahaifin da ya kafa ilimin kimiyyar zamantakewar al'umma na Gabas Wannan babban makircin neman sabon kimiyyar zamantakewar al'umma ya sanya shi gaba ga yawancin ƙarni na sha takwas da goma sha tara masu ginin tsarin kamar Vico, Comte da Marx." "A matsayina na daya daga cikin farkon wadanda suka assasa ilimin zamantakewar al'umma "Wasu suna daukarsa a matsayin uba na tattalin arziki na zamani, ko kuma a kalla babban mai gaba. Duniyar Yammacin duniya na daukar Khaldun a matsayin mahaifin ilimin halayyar jama'a amma yana jinkirin amincewa da shi a matsayin babban masanin tattalin arziki wanda ya kafa tushensa. Shi ne farkon wanda bincika tsarin tattalin arziki, mahimmancin fasaha, ƙwarewa da cinikayyar ƙasashen waje a rarar tattalin arziki da rawar da gwamnati da manufofinta ke ciki don haɓaka samarwa da samar da aiki.Haka kuma, ya magance matsalar haraji mafi ƙaranci, mafi ƙarancin aiyukan gwamnati, ihisani, tsarin hukumomi, doka da oda, tsammanin, samarwa, da ka'idar darajar ".Cosma, Sorinel (2009). "Tunanin Tattalin Arziki na Ibn Khaldun". Tarihin Tattalin Arziki na Jami'ar Ovidius (Jami'ar Ovidius Press) XIV: 52-57 Bayani George Saliba (1994), Tarihin ilmin taurari na larabci: Ka'idojin tsarin rayuwa yayin zinaren zamanin musulunci, shafi na 245, 250, 256-57. Jami'ar New York Press, ISBN 0-8147-8023-7. Sarki, David A. (1983). "Astronomy na Mamluks". Isis. 74 (4): 531-55. Doi: 10.1086 353360. S2CID 144315162. Hassan, Ahmad Y (1996). "Dalilai Bayan Raguwar Ilimin Addinin Musulunci Bayan Karni Na Sha Shida". A cikin Sharifah Shifa Al-Attas (ed.). Addinin Musulunci da Kalubalantar Zamani, Ci gaban Taron Taro na Musamman kan Musulunci da Kalubalantar Zamani: Litattafan Tarihi da na Zamani, Kuala Lumpur, 1 ga Agusta 1-5, 1994. Cibiyar Nazarin Musulunci da wayewa ta Duniya (ISTAC). shafi na 351-99. An adana daga asali ranar 2 Afrilu 2015. Gutas, Dimitri 1998. Tunanin Girka, Al'adun Larabawa: Movementungiyar Fassarar Graeco-Larabci a Bagadaza da Earlyungiyar Abbāsid ta Farko (2ndarnoni na 2 zuwa 4/8 zuwa 10). London: Routledge. Tsattsauran ra'ayin Islama da Siyasar Al'adu. Taylor Francis. 2011-03-01. shafi na. 9. ISBN 978-1-136-95960-8. An dawo da 26 Agusta 2012. "Kimiyya da fasaha a cikin Medieval Islam" (PDF). Tarihin Gidan Tarihi na Kimiyya. An dawo da 31 Oktoba 2019. Ruggiero, Guido (15 Afrilu 2008). Aboki ne ga Duniyar Renaissance, Guido Ruggiero. ISBN 9780470751619. An adana daga asali ranar 8 Nuwamba 2016. An dawo da 7 Nuwamba Nuwamba 2016. Barlow, Glenna. "Arts na Duniyar Islama: Zamanin Zamani". Kwalejin Khan. An dawo da 31 Oktoba 2019. Josias Leslie Porter, Littafin Jagora don Matafiya a Siriya da Falasdinu, 1868, p. 49. "Tsawon karni shida da rabi, a zamanin daular Islama ta Musulunci, ta wanzu da wannan Halifanci, har sai da sarakunan Osmanli suka kashe shi kuma a mutuwar wanda ya mutu daga jinin gidan Mahomet. Haƙƙin Halifa na gaskiya ya ƙare da faduwar Bagdad. Sabuwar Outlook, Mujalladi na 45, 1892, p. 370. "Zamanin zinariya na Islama, kamar yadda Mista Gilman ya nuna, an ƙare da Omar, na biyu cikin Kalifs." Duniyar Adabi, Volume 36, 1887, p. 308. "Karni na tara, na goma da na sha ɗaya sune zamanin zinariya na Islama" mujallar Life, 9 May 1955, [1]. don haka Linda S. George, The Golden Age of Islam, 1998: "daga shekarun ƙarshe na ƙarni na takwas zuwa ƙarni na goma sha uku." Arshad Khan, Musulunci, Musulmai, da Amurka: Fahimtar Asalin Rikicinsu, 2003, p. 19. Groth, Hans, ed. (2012). Yawan Jama'a a Muslimasashen Musulmi: Haɗa Jigsaw. Masana Kimiyyar Kasuwanci da Kasuwanci. shafi na. 45. ISBN 978-3-642-27881-5. Rafiabadi, Hamid Naseem, ed. (2007). Kalubale ga Addinai da Musulunci: Nazarin Ra'ayoyin Musulmai, Halayensu, Batun Latsa. ISBN 0-7486-0455-3, shafi na. 4 "Nestorian darikar kirista". An adana daga asali ranar 2016-10-28. An dawo da 2016-11-05. Rashed, Roshdi (2015). Ilmin Lissafi na gargajiya daga Al-Khwarizmi zuwa Descartes. Routledge. shafi na. 33. ISBN 978-0-415-83388-2. "Hunayn bn Ishaq malamin larabawa". An adana daga asali ranar 2016-05-31. An dawo da 2016-07-12. O'Leary, Delacy (1949). Yadda Kimiyyar Girka ta Shiga Larabawa. Yanayi. 163. shafi. 748. Bibcode: 1949Natur.163Q.748T. Doi: 10.1038 163748c0. ISBN 978-1-317-84748-9. S2CID 35226072. Sarton, George. "Tarihin Kimiyyar Musulunci". An adana daga asali ranar 2016-08-12. Nancy G. Siraisi, Magunguna da Jami'o'in Italiya, 1250-1600 (Brill Academic Publishers, 2001), p 134. Beeston, Alfred Felix Landon (1983). Adabin larabci har zuwa karshen zamanin Umayyawa. Jami'ar Jami'ar Cambridge. shafi na. 501. ISBN 978-0-521-24015-4. An dawo da Janairu 20, 2011. "Enaddamar da Rubutun Magunguna ta Mesue, tare da Writarin Rubuce-rubuce daga Marubuta daban-daban". Duniya Digital Library. An adana daga asali ranar 2014-03-04. An dawo da 2014-03-01. Griffith, Sidney H. (Disamba 15, 1998). "Eutychius na Alexandria". Encyclopædia Iranica. An adana daga asali ranar 2017-01-02. An dawo da shi 2011-02-07. Anna Contadini, 'Labari mafi kyau: Rubutu da Hoton Unicorn a cikin Kitāb t al-hayawān (British Library, ko. 2784)', Muqarnas, 20 (2003), 17-33 (shafi na 17), JSTOR 1523325. Bonner, Bonner; Ener, Nawa; Mawaƙa, Amy (2003). Talauci da sadaka a cikin abubuwan da ke Gabas ta Tsakiya. SUNY Press. shafi na. 97. ISBN 978-0-7914-5737-5. Ruano, Eloy Benito; Burgos, Manuel Espadas (1992). 17th International Congress of Historical Sciences: Madrid, 26 ga Agusta zuwa 2 ga Satumba, 1990. Kwamitin Kasa da Kasa na Kimiyyar Tarihi. shafi na. 527. ISBN 978-84-600-8154-8. Rémi Brague, Assuriyawa sun ba da gudummawa ga wayewar addinin Islama 2013-09-27 a Wayback Machine Britannica, Nestorian Archived 2014-03-30 a Wayback Machine Mai kulawa, John (1939). Cocin daular T'ang. Burtaniya: Jama'a don Inganta Ilimin Kirista. shafi na. 31. An rufe makarantar sau biyu, a cikin 431 da 489 Makarantar Edessa Archived 2016-09-02 a Wayback Machine, Nestorian.org. Frew, Donald (2012). "Harran: Mafaka a ofarshe na Maguzancin gargajiya". Rumman: Jaridar Duniya ta Nazarin Maguzawa. 13 (9): 17–29. Doi: 10.1558 pome.v13i9.17. Bayanin Jami'ar Tehran Abubuwan Tarihi da Aka 2011auka 2011-02-03 a Wayback Machine Kaser, Karl Balkans da Gabas ta Gabas: Gabatarwa ga Tarihin Rabawa p. 135. Yazberdiyev, Dr. Almaz Libraries of Ancient Merv Archived 2016-03-04 a Wayback Machine Dr. Yazberdiyev shi ne Daraktan Laburare na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Turkmenistan, Ashgabat. Hyman da Walsh Falsafa a tsakiyar zamanai Indianapolis, 1973, p. 204 'Meri, Josef W. da Jere L. Bacharach, Editocin, Civilangaren Islama na Zamani Vol. 1, A K, Fihirisa, 2006, p. 304. Lewis, Bernard (2004). Daga Babel zuwa Dragomans: Fassara Gabas ta Tsakiya. Jami'ar Oxford ta Latsa. shafi na. 44. "A Zamaninmu Al-Kindi, Hugh Kennedy". bbcnews.com. 28 Yuni 2012. An adana daga asali ranar 2014-01-14. An dawo da Mayu 18, 2013. "Kyautar Takarda ta Musulunci ga Yamma". Yanar gizo.utk.edu. 2001-12-29. An adana daga asali ranar 2015-05-03. An dawo da 2014-04-11. Kevin M. Dunn, Caveman sunadarai: ayyukan 28, daga halittar wuta zuwa samar da robobi. Universal-Madaba'oi. 2003. shafi. 166. ISBN 978-1-58112-566-5. An dawo da 2014-04-11. Jonathan Berkey (2004). "Ilimi". A cikin Richard C. Martin (ed.). Encyclopedia na Islama da Duniyar Musulmi. Bayanin MacMillan Amurka. Lapidus, Ira M. (2014). Tarihin Soungiyoyin Islama. Jami'ar Jami'ar Cambridge (Kindle edition). shafi na. 210. ISBN 978-0-521-51430-9. Berkey, Jonathan Porter (2003). Kafa Musulunci: Addini da Jama'a a Gabas ta Gabas, 600-1800. Jami'ar Jami'ar Cambridge. shafi na. 227. Lapidus, Ira M. (2014). Tarihin Soungiyoyin Islama. Jami'ar Jami'ar Cambridge (Kindle edition). shafi na. 217. ISBN 978-0-521-51430-9. Hallaq, Wael B. (2009). Gabatarwa ga Shari'ar Musulunci. Jami'ar Jami'ar Cambridge. shafi na. 50. Guinness Book Of Records, An buga 1998, ISBN 0-553-57895-2, p. 242 Halm, Heinz. Fatimiyawa da Hadisansu na Ilmantarwa. London: Cibiyar Nazarin Ismaili da I.B Tauris. 1997. Donald Malcolm Reid (2009). "Al-Azhar". A cikin John L. Esposito (ed.). Oxford Encyclopedia na Duniyar Islama. Oxford: Jami'ar Jami'ar Oxford. Doi: 10.1093 acref 9780195305135.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-530513-5. Lapidus, Ira M. (2014). Tarihin Soungiyoyin Islama. Jami'ar Jami'ar Cambridge (Kindle edition). shafi na. 125. ISBN 978-0-521-51430-9. Hallaq, Wael B. (2009). Gabatarwa ga Shari'ar Musulunci. Jami'ar Jami'ar Cambridge. shafi. 31–35. Vikør, Knut S. (2014). ah". A cikin Emad El-Din Shahin (ed.). Oxford Encyclopedia na Islama da Siyasa. Jami'ar Oxford ta Latsa. An adana daga asali ranar 2017-02-02. An dawo da shi 2017-07-30. Lapidus, Ira M. (2014). Tarihin Soungiyoyin Islama. Jami'ar Jami'ar Cambridge (Kindle edition). shafi na. 130. ISBN 978-0-521-51430-9. Calder, Norman (2009). "Doka. Tunanin Shari'a da Fikihu". A cikin John L. Esposito (ed.). Oxford Encyclopedia na Duniyar Islama. Oxford: Jami'ar Jami'ar Oxford. An adana daga asali ranar 2017-07-31. An dawo da shi 2017-07-30. Ziadeh, Farhat J. (2009). "Uṣūl al-fiqh". A cikin John L. Esposito (ed.). Oxford Encyclopedia na Duniyar Islama. Oxford: Jami'ar Jami'ar Oxford. Doi: 10.1093 acref 9780195305135.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-530513-5. Kamali, Mohammad Hashim (1999). John Esposito (ed.). Doka da Al'umma. Tarihin Oxford na Islama. Oxford University Press (Kindle edition). shafi. 121–22. Lapidus, Ira M. (2014). Tarihin Soungiyoyin Islama. Jami'ar Jami'ar Cambridge (Kindle edition). shafi. 130–31. ISBN 978-0-521-51430-9. Blankinship, Khalid (2008). Tim Winter (ed.). Tunanin farko. Abokin Cambridge ɗin ga Tauhidin Addinin Musulunci. Jami'ar Jami'ar Cambridge (Kindle edition). shafi na. 53. Tamara Sonn (2009). "Tawud". A cikin John L. Esposito (ed.). Oxford Encyclopedia na Duniyar Islama. Oxford: Jami'ar Jami'ar Oxford. Doi: 10.1093 acref 9780195305135.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-530513-5. Dag Nikolaus Hasse (2014). "Tasirin Larabci da Falsafar Musulunci a Yankin Yammacin Latin". Stanford Encyclopedia na Falsafa. An adana daga asali akan 2017-10-20. An dawo da shi 2017-07-31. "A Zamaninmu: Kasancewa". bbcnews.com. 8 Nuwamba 2007. An ajiye daga asali a ranar 2013-10-17. An sake dawo da Maris 27, 2013. Boyer, Carl B., 1985. Tarihin Lissafi, p. 252. Princeton Jami’ar Latsa. S Gandz, Tushen aljabbar al-Khwarizmi, Osiris, i (1936), 263–277 Calder, Norman (2009). "Doka. Tunanin shari'a da Kara karantawa George Makdisi "Scholasticism da Humanism a Addinin Musulunci da Yammacin Kirista". Jaridar Oriungiyar Gabashin Amurka 109, a'a. 2 (1982) Josef W. Meri (2005). Civilaramar Islama ta Zamani: Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-96690-6. shafi na. 1088. Tamara Sonn: Musulunci: Takaitaccen Tarihi. Wiley 2011, ISBN 978-1-4443-5898-8, shafi na. 39-79 (kwafin kan layi, p. 39, a Google Books) Maurice Lombard: Zamanin Zinare na Islama. Ba'amurke Elsevier 1975 George Nicholas Atiyeh; John Richard Hayes (1992). Hankalin wayewar Larabawa. Jami'ar New York Press. ISBN 0-8147-3485-5, 978-0-8147-3485-8. shafi na. 306. Falagas, M. E.; Zarkadoulia, Effie A.; Samonis, George (Agusta 1, 2006). "Ilimin larabawa a zamanin zinare (750-1258 CE) da kuma yau". Jaridar FASEB. 20 (10): 1581-86. Doi: 10.1096 fj.06-0803ufm. PMID 16873881. S2CID 40960150. Starr, S. Frederick (2015). Rashin Haskakawa: Zamanin Zinari na Tsakiyar Asiya daga Yunkurin Larabawa zuwa Tamerlane. Jami'ar Princeton. ISBN 978-0-691-16585-1. Allsen, Thomas T. (2004). Al'adu da Nasara a Mongol Eurasia. Jami'ar Jami'ar Cambridge. ISBN 978-0-521-60270-9. Dario Fernandez-Morera (2015) Labari na Aljanna Andalus. Musulmai, Krista, da yahudawa a karkashin Mulkin Musulunci a Spain na da. ISI Littattafan ISBN 978-1-61017-095-6 (hardback) Joel Epstein (2019) Harshen Zuciyar Juwal bugawa ISBN 978-1070100906 Hanyoyin haɗin waje Kafofin watsa labarai da suka danganci Zamanin Zinar Musulunci a Wikimedia Commons Islamicweb.com: Tarihin Zamanin Zinare Khamush.com: Baghdad: Ginin garin Khalifancin Abbasawa Fasali na 5, daga Gaston Wiet.L aburaren (asar Amurka na Congress.gov: Kirkor Minassian Collection ya ƙunshi misalan ɗaure littattafan

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokar%20%C6%B4ancin%20bayani%20ta%202000

Dokar ƴancin bayani ta 2000

Dokar 'Yancin Bayani ta shekarar 2000 (c. 36) doka ce ta Majalisar Dokokin Burtaniya wacce ta haifar da "yancin samun dama ga jama'a" ga bayanan da hukumomin gwamnati ke rike da su. Shi ne aiwatar da dokar 'yancin bayanai a cikin Burtaniya a matakin ƙasa. Aikace-aikacen sa yana iyakance a cikin Scotland (wanda ke da nasa 'yancin yin doka) zuwa ofisoshin Gwamnatin Burtaniya da ke Scotland. Dokar ta aiwatar da kudurin jam'iyyar Labour a babban zaben shekarata 1997, wanda David Clark ya kirkira a matsayin White Paper na shekarar 1997. Masu fafutukar 'yancin ba da labari sun soki sigar ƙarshe ta Dokar a matsayin wani nau'i mai narke na abin da aka gabatar a cikin White Paper. Cikakken tanadin dokar ya fara aiki ne a ranar 1 ga Janairun shekarata 2005. Dokar ta kasance alhakin Sashen Ubangiji Chancellor (yanzu an sake masa suna Ma'aikatar Shari'a Koyaya, manufar 'yancin yin bayani yanzu alhakin Ofishin Majalisar Dokoki ne. Dokar ta kai ga sauya sunan Kwamishinan Kare Bayanai (wanda aka kafa don gudanar da Dokar Kare Bayanai ta shekarar 1998 wanda yanzu ake kiransa da Kwamishinan Watsa Labarai Ofishin kwamishinan yada labarai ne ke sa ido kan yadda dokar ke aiki. Dokar 'yancin bayanai ta biyu tana nan a cikin Burtaniya, Dokar 'Yancin Bayanai (Scotland) Dokar 2002 (asp 13). Majalisar Scotland ta zartar da shi a cikin shekarar 2002, don rufe ƙungiyoyin jama'a wanda majalisar Holyrood, maimakon Westminster, ke da hurumi. Ga waɗannan cibiyoyi, ya cika manufa ɗaya da Dokar shekarata 2000. Kusan buƙatun 120,000 ne aka yi a farkon shekarar da dokar ta fara aiki. Masu zaman kansu sun sami kashi 60% na su, tare da kasuwanci da 'yan jarida suna lissafin kashi 20% da 10% bi da bi. Sannan Duk da haka buƙatun daga 'yan jarida sun kasance sun fi rikitarwa kuma saboda haka sun fi tsada. Sun yi lissafin kusan kashi 10% na buƙatun FoI na farko da aka yi wa gwamnatin tsakiya amma kashi 20% na kuɗin lokacin jami'ai wajen magance buƙatun. Dokar ta ci fam miliyan 35.5 a shekarar 2005. Fage Dokar ta aiwatar da abin da jam'iyyar Labour ta gabatar a babban zaben shekarata 1997 Kafin gabatar da shi, babu wani haƙƙin samun gwamnati daga jama'a, kawai ƙayyadaddun tsarin sa kai na musayar bayanai. Farar takarda An riga an gabatar da wannan aiki da wata Farar takarda ta 1998, Haƙƙinku na Sani, na David Clark Takardar ta farar fata ta gamu da yaɗuwar sha'awa, kuma an kwatanta ta a lokacin a matsayin "kusan ta yi kyau ta zama gaskiya" ta wani mai ba da shawara na 'yancin yin doka. Dokar ta ƙarshe ta fi ƙayyadaddun iyaka fiye da farar takarda ta farko. Muhawarar majalisa An buga wani daftarin doka a watan Mayu shekarata 1999; An yi muhawara da yawa game da dokar a cikin House of Commons da House of Lords, kuma ya sami izinin sarauta a cikin Nuwamba shekarata 2000. Aiki Aiwatar da aiki Dokar 'Yancin Bayani ta ƙirƙira haƙƙin doka don samun damar bayanai dangane da ƙungiyoyin da ke aiwatar da ayyukan jama'a. Kuma An rufe nau'ikan gawawwaki guda uku a ƙarƙashin dokar: Hukumomin Jama'a, kamfanoni mallakar jama'a da ƙungiyoyin da aka keɓe masu yin ayyukan jama'a. Hukumomin gwamnati A ƙa'ida, 'yancin yin bayanai ya shafi duk "hukumomin jama'a" a cikin Ƙasar Ingila. Cikakken jerin "hukumomin jama'a" don dalilai na dokar an haɗa su a cikin Jadawalin 1. Ma'aikatun gwamnati, Majalisar Dokoki, Majalisar Ireland ta Arewa, Majalisar Welsh, Sojoji, Hukumomin Kananan Hukumomi, Hukumomin Lafiya na Kasa, Makarantu, Kwalejoji da Jami'o'i, Hukumomin 'Yan Sanda da Manyan Jami'an 'Yan Sanda sun shiga cikin wannan jerin, wanda ya kasance a cikin wannan jerin. Sannan Ya bambanta daga Majalisar Kula da Dabbobin Noma zuwa Majalisar Matasa ta Arewacin Ireland. Wasu ma'aikatun gwamnati ba a keɓance su daga iyakokin dokar, musamman ayyukan leƙen asiri Yayin da aka rufe sassan gwamnati da ƙirƙirar, dole ne a cigaba da sabunta dokar. s4 na Dokar yana ba wa Sakataren Gwamnati ikon yin ƙarar hukuma ko ma'aikata a cikin Jadawalin 1 a matsayin ikon jama'a idan an ƙirƙira su bisa doka ko dama; kuma gwamnati ce ta nada mambobinta. Hybrid jama'a hukumomin Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa ga wasu hukumomin jama'a da aka jera a ƙarƙashin Jadawalin 1, dokar tana da iyakacin tasiri. Misali, BBC tana bin dokar ne kawai don samun bayanan da ba a yi amfani da su don dalilai na aikin jarida, fasaha ko adabi ba, don hana ayyukanta na jarida yin sulhu. An yi la'akari da iyakar wannan tanadi a cikin hukuncin da babbar kotu ta yanke kwanan nan na BBC v Sugar wani takarda na cikin gida na BBC da ke nazarin labaran da BBC ta yi kan Gabas ta Tsakiya don yiwuwar nuna son kai. Wadanda suka shigar da kara a waccan lamarin sun ce an samar da takardar ne saboda dalilai na aiki da na aikin jarida, don haka bai kamata a rufe wani bangare na keɓancewa a cikin dokar ba. Babbar kotun ta yi watsi da wannan hujja; Kuma Mista Justice Irwin ya yi la'akari da cewa ma'anar aikin jarida a cikin dokar yana nufin cewa duk wani bayani da aka gudanar don irin waɗannan dalilai an rufe shi da keɓe:Ƙarshenta ita ce, kalmomin da ke cikin Jadawalin suna nufin BBC ba ta da wani nauyin bayyana bayanan da suke riƙe da su ko da yaushe don dalilai na aikin jarida, fasaha ko wallafe-wallafe, ko bayanan ko a'a ana gudanar da su don wasu dalilai. Kuma Kalmomin ba sa nufin cewa bayanan ba za a iya bayyana su ba idan an riƙe su don dalilai daban-daban daga aikin jarida, fasaha ko adabi, yayin da kuma ana riƙe su zuwa kowane muhimmin matsayi don dalilan da aka lissafa. Idan bayanin an riƙe shi don dalilai masu gauraya, gami da kowane muhimmin maƙasudin da aka jera a cikin Jadawalin ko ɗaya daga cikinsu, to ba za a iya bayyana bayanin ba.Mafi rinjaye na 4:1 (Lord Wilson dissenting) na Kotun Koli ya amince da wannan hukuncin, yana mai cewa ba za a cire duk wani bayani da aka gudanar don aikin jarida, fasaha ko wallafe-wallafe ba koda kuwa an yi amfani da bayanin don wasu dalilai. Kamfanoni na jama'a Kamfanonin da suka faɗi cikin ma'anar kamfani mallakar jama'a a ƙarƙashin s6 na Dokar sun faɗi kai tsaye. S6 yana ba da cewa kamfani mallakar jama'a ne idan: (a) mallakin Sarki ne gaba daya, ko (b) Duk wata hukuma ce ta gwamnati da aka jera a cikin Jadawalin 1 ban da (i) ma'aikatar gwamnati, ko (ii) kowace hukuma wacce aka jera kawai dangane da takamaiman bayani. Jikunan da aka zayyana A karkashin sashe na 5 na dokar, Sakataren Gwamnati na iya nada sauran hukumomi a matsayin hukumomin gwamnati a karkashin dokar, Kuma matukar dai wadancan hukumomin suna gudanar da wani aiki na dabi'ar jama'a ko kuma suna yin kwangila don ba da sabis wanda tanadin aikin hukuma ne. Umarni na farko a ƙarƙashin sashe na 5 (a cikin Nuwamba shekarata 2011) ya tsawaita jerin hukumomin jama'a har ma sun haɗa da Ƙungiyar Manyan Jami'an 'Yan Sanda, Ma'aikatar Ombudsman na Kuɗi da UCAS Haƙƙin shiga Dokar ta haifar da haƙƙin shiga gabaɗaya, bisa buƙata, ga bayanan da hukumomin jama'a ke riƙe. Sannan A lokacin da aka sami 'yancin yin bayani, hukumar jama'a tana da ayyuka guda biyu masu kama da juna. Na farko, wajibi ne a sanar da memba na jama'a ko yana riƙe da bayanin da aka nema (s1(1)(a)) ko a'a, kuma na biyu, idan ya riƙe wannan bayanin, don isar da shi ga wanda ya yi wannan buƙatar (s1). (1) (b)). Kuma A matsayin maƙasudin wannan, Dokar ta ba da daidaitattun haƙƙoƙi don tabbatarwa ko ƙin yarda da sadarwa da bayanan da suka dace ga mutumin da ke yin buƙata a ƙarƙashin dokar. Sannan Babban aikin yana ƙara da ƙarin aiki don taimakawa mutane wajen yin buƙatu da tabbatar da cewa sun tsara buƙatun FOI ɗin su yadda ya kamata. (s.16(1)) Koyaya, akwai keɓe masu yawa. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan sanduna ne cikakke don bayyanawa; wasu sun cancanta, wanda ke nufin dole ne hukumomin gwamnati su yanke shawara ko sha'awar jama'a na bayyana bayanan da suka dace ya fi amfanin jama'a na kiyaye wannan keɓe. Kuma Mai neman bayani wanda ya yi la'akari da cewa an ki amincewa da bukatar ba da gaskiya ba zai iya yin amfani da shi ga Kwamishinan Watsa Labarai, wanda ke da ikon ba da umarnin bayyanawa. Duk da haka, ana iya ɗaukaka irin waɗannan umarni zuwa ga ƙwararrun kotunan shari'a Kotutin Bayani kuma a wasu yanayi Gwamnati na da ikon soke umarnin Kwamishinan Watsa Labarai. Kowane mutum na iya neman bayani a ƙarƙashin dokar; wannan ya haɗa da ƙungiyoyin doka kamar kamfanoni. Babu tsari na musamman don nema. Masu neman ba sa buƙatar ambaton Dokar lokacin yin buƙata. Kuma Masu neman ba sai sun bayar da dalilin bukatarsu ba. Keɓancewa Ko da yake dokar ta ƙunshi bayanai da dama na gwamnati, dokar ta ƙunshi tanadi iri-iri da ke ba da keɓewa daga bayyana wasu nau'ikan bayanai. Dokar ta ƙunshi nau'i biyu na keɓewa. “Cikakken” keɓancewa waɗanda ba a ƙarƙashin kowane kima na amfanin jama’a, suna aiki a matsayin cikakkar sanduna don bayyana bayanai da kuma keɓancewar “cancantar” inda dole ne a yi gwajin amfanin jama’a, tare da daidaita sha’awar jama’a wajen kiyaye keɓancewa da amfanin jama’a. cikin bayyana bayanan. Sannan Asalin 'Yancin Bayanin Farin Takarda ya ba da shawarar 15 irin wannan keɓe, amma lissafin ƙarshe ya haɗa da 24, kuma ba duka na 15 na farko sun haɗa ba. Cikakken keɓewa Keɓancewar da aka keɓance "cikakkiyar keɓancewa" ba a haɗa gwajin amfanin jama'a. Dokar ta ƙunshi irin waɗannan keɓancewa guda takwas: Bayanin da ake samu ta wasu hanyoyi (s.21) Bayani na jami'an tsaro (s.23) Bayanin da ke cikin bayanan kotu (s.32) Inda bayyana bayanan zai keta alfarmar majalisa (s.34) Bayanin da Majalisar Wakilai ko Gidan Iyayengiji ke riƙe, inda bayyanawa zai ɓata ingancin tafiyar da al'amuran jama'a (s.36). (Bayanan da ba kowa ko Ubangiji ba ya faɗo ƙarƙashin s.36 yana ƙarƙashin gwajin amfanin jama'a) Bayanin da (a) mai nema zai iya samu a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kariyar Bayanai 1998 ko (b) inda sakin zai keta ka'idodin kariyar bayanai. (s.40) Bayanin da aka bayar cikin aminci (s.41) Lokacin bayyana bayanin an hana shi ta hanyar doka; wanda bai dace da wajibcin Tarayyar Turai ba; ko kuma zai yi wulakanci ga kotu (s.44). Keɓe masu cancanta Idan bayanin ya faɗi cikin ƙwararrun keɓe, dole ne ya kasance ƙarƙashin gwajin sha'awar jama'a. Don haka, yanke shawara kan aikace-aikacen ƙwararrun keɓe yana aiki a matakai biyu. Kuma Da farko dai, dole ne hukuma ta tantance ko an rufe bayanan ko a'a, sannan kuma ko da an rufe shi, dole ne hukuma ta bayyana bayanan sai dai idan an yi amfani da gwajin amfanin jama'a ya nuna cewa amfanin jama'a ya yarda da rashin bayyanawa. Kuma Za a iya raba abubuwan da suka cancanta zuwa kashi biyu na gaba: keɓancewa na tushen aji da ke rufe bayanai a cikin azuzuwan musamman, da keɓancewar tushen cutarwa da ke rufe yanayin da bayyana bayanai zai iya haifar da lahani. Keɓancewar aji Bayanin da aka yi niyya don bugawa nan gaba (s.22) Bayanan da ba su fada cikin s. 23 (1) an keɓe idan an buƙata don manufar kiyaye tsaron ƙasa (s.24) Bayanan da aka riƙe don dalilai na bincike da shari'ar da hukumomin jama'a suka gudanar (s.30) Bayanan da suka shafi kafa manufofin gwamnati, sadarwar ministoci, shawarwari daga jami'an shari'a na gwamnati, da kuma yadda ake gudanar da kowane ofishin minista mai zaman kansa (s.35). Bayanin da ya danganci sadarwa tare da membobin gidan sarauta, da ba da girma (s.37) Yana hana haɗuwa tsakanin Dokar FoI da ƙa'idodin da ke buƙatar bayyana bayanan muhalli (s.39) Bayanin da ƙwararrun gata ta doka ta ƙunshi (s.42) Sirrin ciniki (s.43(1)) Keɓance tushen cutarwa A ƙarƙashin waɗannan keɓancewar keɓancewar ya shafi (batun gwajin sha'awar jama'a) idan bin aikin da ke ƙarƙashin s.1 zai kasance ko kuma zai kasance: Kare son zuciya ko iyawa, tasiri ko tsaro na kowane runduna masu dacewa (s.26) Dangantaka tsakanin kasa da kasa (s.27) Dangantaka na son zuciya tsakanin kowace gwamnati a Burtaniya da kowace irin wannan gwamnati (s.28) Nuna son zuciya ga muradun tattalin arzikin Burtaniya (s.29) Dokar tilasta bin doka (misali, hana aikata laifuka ko gudanar da shari'a, da sauransu) (s.31) Rasantar ayyukan tantancewar kowace hukuma (s.33) A cikin madaidaicin ra'ayi na mutumin da ya cancanta: nuna kyama ga ingantaccen tafiyar da al'amuran jama'a; wariya alhakin gama kai; ko kuma hana ba da shawara ko musanyar ra’ayi kyauta da gaskiya (s.36) Haxari lafiyar jiki ko ta hankali, ko sanya lafiyar mutum cikin haɗari (s.38) Sha'awar kasuwanci na son zuciya (s.43(2)) ƙin buƙatun M buƙatun Ba a wajabta wa hukuma ta cika buƙatun neman bayanai idan buƙatar ta kasance mai ban haushi.(s14(1)) Ana ɗaukar buƙatu mai ban haushi idan ta kasance ‘mai raɗaɗi ne ko kuma a bayyane yake ba ta da hankali’, ta tursasa hukuma ko ta haifar da damuwa ga ma’aikatanta. yana sanya nauyi mai mahimmanci, sannan ko kuma idan buƙatar ba ta da wata ƙima mai mahimmanci. Aiwatar da aikin Dokar ta shafi hukumomin gwamnati sama da 100,000 da suka hada da sassan gwamnati, makarantu da kansiloli. Dokar ta fara aiki ne a matakai, tare da "babban haƙƙin samun dama" ga bayanan jama'a a ƙarƙashin dokar da ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairu shekarata 2005. Kazalika "babban haƙƙin samun dama", Dokar ta ɗora alhakin hukumomin jama'a su ɗauka da kuma kula da "tsare-tsare na bugawa" don fitar da mahimman bayanai na yau da kullun (kamar rahotanni na shekara-shekara da asusu). Dole ne Kwamishinan Watsa Labarai ya amince da waɗannan tsare-tsaren ɗaba'ar. Gabaɗaya, hukumomin jama'a suna da kwanaki 20 na aiki don amsa buƙatun bayanai, kodayake ana iya tsawaita wannan wa'adin a wasu lokuta da/ko tare da yarjejeniyar mai nema. Kuma A karkashin dokar, an karfafa hukumomin gwamnati da su shiga tattaunawa da mai bukata don tantance bayanan da suke so, da kuma tsarin da suke so a ciki ita kanta, canjin yadda hukumomin Burtaniya ke mu'amala da jama'a. Ana iya ƙi buƙatun idan sun biya sama da £600, gami da lokacin da aka kashe don neman fayiloli. Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta kafa Cibiyar Samun Bayanai ta Tsakiya don tabbatar da daidaito a duk fadin Gwamnatin Tsakiya ta hanyar da ake bi da buƙatun. Siffofin da ba a saba gani ba Bangarorin uku na Dokar 'Yancin Bayanai na Burtaniya sun bambanta da matsayi a wasu ƙasashe da yawa: Buƙatun mutane don samun damar yin amfani da bayanansu na sirri ana aiwatar da su a waje da dokar don dalilai masu amfani. Ana mu'amala da su a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kariyar Bayanai ta 2018 da zarar an ƙaddara cewa keɓancewar bayanan sirri na ɓangare na farko yana aiki, kodayake wasu mahimman tanade-tanade sun ci gaba da aiki misali 'yancin kai ƙara ga Kwamishinan Watsa Labarai. Buƙatun bayanai game da abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli ana aiwatar da su ta Dokokin Bayanin Muhalli a shekarata 2004 Waɗannan ƙa'idodin, yayin da suke kama da FOIA, sun bambanta ta hanyoyi da yawa. Babu wata hanyar da wasu ɓangarorin uku za su iya ƙalubalantar shawarar hukuma ta jama'a don bayyana bayanai: alal misali, idan ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta ba da bayanai ga hukumomin jama'a, kuma hukuma ta bayyana wannan bayanin don amsa buƙatar Dokar FOI, ƙungiyar kasuwanci. ba shi da damar daukaka kara kan wannan hukuncin. Sabanin haka, aikace-aikacen "reverse FOI" irin wannan na kowa ne a cikin Amurka liyafar A lokacin zartas da dokar, masu fafutukar kare hakkin yada labarai sun yi kakkausar suka ga kudirin saboda sarkakiyar sa, da iyakacin iyaka da kuma shigar da matakin minista. Lord Mackay ya soki kudirin dokar a zauren majalisar da cewa “marasa hakora” saboda shigar da tanade-tanaden da ya baiwa ministoci damar yin watsi da bukatar. Sabanin haka, tsohon firaminista Tony Blair da ke da alhakin zartar da dokar yana la'akari da ita a matsayin "Daya daga cikin manyan kurakuran aikinsa". Sannan kumaYa ce, “Ga shugabannin siyasa, kamar ka ce wa wanda ya buge ka da sanda, ‘Kai, ka gwada wannan maimakon’, a kuma ba su tudu. Ba a neman bayanin saboda dan jarida yana da sha'awar sani, kuma ba a ba da shi don ba da ilimi ga 'mutane'. Ana amfani da shi azaman makami." Abokin aikin kwadago Lord Falconer ya soki yadda ‘yan jarida suka yi amfani da wannan aiki don balaguron kamun kifi” a cikin labarun salaci, yana mai cewa “FoI ba don manema labarai ba ne na mutane ne. Kuma Ya kamata a yi amfani da shi yadda ya kamata domin inganta gwamnati mai kyau. Ya kamata a kula da bayanai cikin mutunci, kuma na yi imani da gaske cewa akwai wani nauyi da ya rataya a wuyan a madadin kafafen yada labarai kuma.” A cikin labarin 'Yancin Bayani: Tunkiya a cikin tufafin wolf? Rodney Austin yana ba da sukar masu zuwa game da ainihin Dokar: Keɓan keɓancewa ya fi fa'ida fiye da kowane aikin 'yancin yin bayani da ake yi a cikin ƙasar dimokuradiyya. Abubuwan da suka wajaba don kafa tsare-tsaren ɗaba'a sun lalace ma'ana cewa babu wani aikin buga bayanai na kowane takamaiman nau'in. Akwai kin amincewar ministocin da ke karya dokar. An yi amfani da wannan sau biyar: karo na farko don dakatar da buga mintoci na taron majalisar ministocin da suka shafi mamaye Iraki, na biyu da na uku na gwamnatocin da suka gabata don dakatar da buga tarukan majalisar ministocin da suka shafi tattaunawa game da juyin mulki, na hudu da ya dakatar da buga rajistar hadarin akan sake fasalin NHS a Ingila, kuma na biyar don dakatar da buga wasiƙun sirri Charles, Yariman Wales ya aika zuwa wasu sassan gwamnati. Har ila yau, an soki dokar da “kumburi” da ke baiwa hukumomi damar kaucewa bayyana bayanai a wasu yanayi. Kamfanoni mallakin Kuma wata hukuma ta jama'a gabaɗaya suna ƙarƙashin Dokar amma kamfanoni biyu ko fiye da hukumomin jama'a ba a rufe su. Bayanan da dokar ta bayyana Abubuwan da wannan doka ta fito fili sun hada da: Gwamnati ta amince da bayar da tallafin fan miliyan 1.5 na daya daga cikin makarantun da suka fi fama da rikici a cikin shirinta na manyan makarantun kwana goma kafin babban zaben shekara ta 2005. Ministoci da 'yan majalisar wakilai sun yi ikirarin dubunnan fam a kan tasi a matsayin wani bangare na fan miliyan 5.9 na kudaden balaguro. An zargi jami'an diflomasiyyar kasashen waje wadanda ke da kariyar diflomasiyya da laifin fyade, cin zarafi, cin zarafin yara da kisan kai yayin da suke aiki a Biritaniya. Jami'an 'yan sanda saba'in da hudu da ke aiki tare da 'yan sanda na Biritaniya suna da bayanan aikata laifuka. Wani shirin azabtarwa na Birtaniyya na ɓoye ya kasance a cikin Jamus bayan yaƙin, "mai tunawa da sansanonin taro". Birtaniya ta goyi bayan shirin makamin nukiliya na Isra'ila, ta hanyar sayar da Isra'ila tan 20 na ruwa mai nauyi a shekarata 1958. Hukumar NHS ta samar da kayan dasa implanon ga 'yan mata masu shekaru 13 a wani yunƙuri na yanke cikin samari. Yawancin 'yan sanda a Burtaniya sun rufe zarge-zargen cin zarafi a cikin gida da ake yi wa jami'ansu kamar yadda Alexandra Heal ta gano a cikin Ofishin Binciken Jarida. Kudirin gyara Dokar 'Yancin Bayani (gyara) kudiri ne mai zaman kansa wanda aka gabatar wa Majalisar Dokokin Burtaniya a shekarata 2007 wanda ya kasa zama doka. Dan majalisar mai ra'ayin mazan jiya David Maclean ne ya gabatar da kudirin don tabbatar da cewa an cire wasikun 'yan majalisar dokokin 'yancin yada labarai. Shugaban jam'iyyar Liberal Democrats na lokacin, Sir Menzies Campbell, ya ce bai kamata a kasance "doka daya ga 'yan majalisar dokoki da wata doka ta daban ga kowa ba" kuma kudirin na iya sa ya zama kamar "Majalisar tana da wani abu da za ta boye". Sai dai kuma hakan ya kasa a tsallake karatu na farko a zauren majalisar. Bugu da ƙari, Lord Falconer ya yi tsokaci da ke nuna cewa lokacin da aka kashe don yanke shawarar ko bayanin ya faɗi ƙarƙashin ƙa'idar keɓancewa ya kamata a haɗa shi cikin iyakar farashin 600. An gudanar da shawarwarin, inda gwamnati ta ce canjin zai rage kashe kudi tare da hana neman bayanai marasa kan gado, ko da yake masu sukar sun ce hakan ne don a boye bayanan kunya. Duba wasu abubuwan Yakin Neman 'Yancin Bayanai Mulkin shekara talatin Manazarta Ci gaba da karatu Dokar 'Yancin Bayani (MacDonald, Jones et al.: OUP 2003) Haƙƙin Bayani (Coppel at al.: Sweet and Maxwell 2004) Haƙƙinku Don Sani (Brooke, H.: Latsa Pluto 2006) Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Text of the Freedom of Information Act 2000 Ofishin Kwamishinan Labarai Dokar 'Yancin Bayanin Blog (wanda Steve Wood, malami a Jami'ar Liverpool John Moores ya kiyaye) Jaridar 'Yancin Bayanai Labarin Laburare na House of Commons (Nazarin aiwatar da Dokar 'Yancin Bayanai) Bude Gwamnati: Jaridar 'Yancin Bayanai. Bude mujallar e-jarida tare da bincike-bincike na tsara da sharhi kan FOI a duk duniya WhatDoTheyKnow.com tsarin tushen yanar gizo don yin da buga buƙatun 'Yancin Bayanai, wanda MySociety ke kiyayewa Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C6%99in%20Amurka%20%28labari%29

Yaƙin Amurka (labari)

Yaƙin Amurka shine littafi na farko na ɗan jaridar masar-Kanada, Omar El Akkad.An kafa shi a Amurka saboda nan gaba,wanda canjin yanayi da cututtuka suka lalata,wanda yaƙin basasa na biyu ya ɓarke kan amfani da man fetur. An bada labarin ta hanyar amfani da tarihi na masanin tarihi nagaba Benjamin Chestnut game da kawunsa,Sarat Chestnut,ɗan gudun hijirar yanayi wanda aka fitar dashi daga Louisiana ta hanyar yaƙi. Babi na labarin suna haɗuwa da takardun farko na almara da mai bada labari ya tattara. An karɓi littafin sosai kuma an zaɓe shi don kyaututtuka dayawa na "littafi na farko". Makirci Acikin 2074, bayan wucewar lissafi a Amurka wanda ya hana amfani da man fetur a ko'ina cikin ƙasar, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, da Texas sun rabu da Tarayyar, sun fara yakin basasar Amurka na biyu.Kudancin Carolina da sauri ya gaza da kwayar cuta,wanda aka sani da "The Slow," wanda ke sa mazaunanta su yi barci,kuma Mexico ta mamaye Texas kuma ta mamaye ta,kuma sauran rukunin, wanda aka fi sani da "Free Southern States" (Mississippi,Alabama,da Georgia, ko"The Mag") ya cigaba da fada.An bada labarin ne daga ra'ayin Sarat (Sara T. Chestnut) da ɗan uwanta,Benjamin. Sarat yana da shekaru shida lokacin da yaƙin ya ɓarke. Tana zaune tare da iyalinta a bakin tekun da canjin yanayi ya lalata a Louisiana.Iyalin ta sun haɗada iyayenta, Benjamin da Martina; ɗan uwanta, Simon; da 'yar'uwarta,Dana Chestnut.Bayan an kashe mahaifin Sarat a lokacin wani harin bam na ta'addanci a Baton Rouge acikin 2075, Sarat da iyalinta sun koma sansanin 'yan gudun hijira da ake kira "Camp Patience",akan iyakar Mississippi-Tennessee. Sarat da iyalinta sun shafe shekaru shida masu zuwa suna rayuwa mai ban ƙyama a Camp Patience.Ashekara ta 2081,lokacin da Sarat ke da shekaru 12,tayi abota da Albert Gaines, mai daukar ma'aikata ga 'yan tawaye na Kudancin.Gaines ya gabatar da ita ga wani wakilin Daular Bouazizi mai suna Joe,wanda ke taimakawa wajen isar da taimako ga Free Southern States don kiyaye Amurka ta raunana kuma ta raba.Daga baya,ƙungiyar 'yan bindiga ta tarayya ta kai hari Camp Patience kuma ta kashe yawancin' yan gudun hijira,wanda ya kashe mahaifiyar Sarat kuma ya ji wa ɗan'uwanta rauni.Da yake baƙin ciki da fushi sun shawo kan shi,Sarat daga baya ya kashe daya daga cikin manyan janar din Sojojin Amurka. Bayan kisan kiyashi na Camp Patience,Sarat da 'yan uwanta sun sake zama daga gwamnatin Free Southern a Lincolnton,Georgia,akan iyaka da South Carolina.Simon ne ya haɗu da 'yan'uwa mata biyu,wanda ke fama da rauni a kwakwalwa.Shekaru biyar bayan haka, acikin 2086, 'yan uwan Chestnut sun zauna a cikin sabon rayuwarsu.Duk da yake Sarat ya zama memba na ƙungiyar 'yan tawaye ta Gaines,wata mace ta Bangladesh ta Amurka,mai suna Karina ce ke kula da Simon wanda ya lalace.Yayin da lokaci ke wucewa,Simon da Karina suna da sha'awar juna. Alokacin wani aikin 'yan tawaye kusa da wani sansanin Amurka akan iyakar Georgia-Tennessee,Sarat ya kashe Janar Joseph Weiland,wani fitaccen kwamandan Amurka.Duk da yake Sarat ya sami yabo a matsayin jarumi daga Free Southern States,kisan Weiland kawai ya tsananta shawarar gwamnatin Amurka ta kawo karshen tawaye na Kudancin kuma ya haifar da zalunci kan 'yan tawaye na Kudu.Sarat daga ƙarshe yayi sanyin gwiwa game da cin hanci da rashawa da kuma kula da kansa na Kudancin.Daga baya,an kashe Dana lokacin da wani jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu ya jefa bam acikin bas din da take tafiya. Daga baya sojojin Amurka suka kama Sarat kuma suka tsare shi a gidan yari na Sugarloaf,acikin Tekun Florida.Sarat daga baya ta fahimci cewa malaminta Gaines yaci amanarta zuwa Amurka.Acikin shekaru bakwai masu zuwa,ana azabtar da Sarat akai-akai,gami da kasancewa cikin ruwa.Don kawo karshen azabar,Sarat ya furta tuhume-tuhume da yawa.Daga baya aka saki Sarat bayan gwamnatin Amurka ta ga cewa Gaines tushen da ba za'a iya dogara da shi ba. Shekaru bayan haka, Simon ya auri Karina, kuma suna da ɗa, Benjamin. A cikin 2095, Benjamin mai shekaru 6 ya sadu da kawunsa, Sarat, wanda ya zauna a gidan Benjamin. Daga baya daya daga cikin tsoffin abokan tawaye ya ziyarci Sarat, wanda ya sanar da ita cewa ƙungiyarsa ta kama Bud Baker, ɗaya daga cikin tsohuwar masu kama ta Sugarloaf waɗanda suka azabtar da ita. Sarat ya kashe Bud amma ya yanke shawarar ceton iyalinsa bayan ta gano cewa 'ya'yansa maza biyu matasa tagwaye ne. Komawa a gidan Simon,tashin hankali tsakanin Sarat da Karina ya tashi bayan Benjamin ya riƙe hannunsa da ya karye, kuma Sarat ya ɗaure shi da ƙuƙwalwa. Benjamin ya yi sha'awar Sarat kuma ya fahimci cewa kawunsa har yanzu yana fama da harin da aka kai a Camp Patience, lokacin da ta kasance mai tayar da kayar baya, da kuma azabtar da ita a Sugarloaf. Yayin da hannunsa ya warke, Benjamin ya zama abokantaka da kawunsa. Daga baya Joe, wakilin Bouazizi, ya ziyarci Sarat, wanda ya dauke ta cikin ɗaukar kwayar cuta mai kisa a lokacin bikin sake haɗuwa a Columbus, Ohio. Joe ya bayyana cewa ainihin sunansa shine Yousef Bin Rashid, kuma Daular Bouazizi tana so ta hana sake fitowar Amurka a matsayin babbar iko. Neman fansa a kan gwamnatin Amurka, Sarat ta yarda da tayin kuma ta shawo kan tsoffin 'yan tawaye don tabbatar da hanyar zuwa bikin sake haɗuwa. Kafin ya tafi, Sarat ya ziyarci Gaines da ya gurgunta a gidansa amma ya tafi ba tare da ya kashe shi ba. Ta kuma shirya wa abokan aikinta su shigo da dan uwanta Benjamin zuwa lafiya a New Anchorage, Alaska. Daga baya, Sarat ya shiga cikin bikin sake haɗuwa. Yayinda take shiga, ta haɗu da ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yan Baker da ta kare; yanzu yana aiki a matsayin mai tsaro a can. Ya ba ta damar shiga bayan ya gane ta ba tare da neman wani ID mai kyau ba. Sakamakon "Reunification Plague" ya kashe mutane miliyan 110 kuma ya lalata kasar, wacce ta riga ta lalace. Maraya Benjamin ya zauna a sabuwar rayuwarsa a New Anchorage,kuma ya zama masanin tarihi mai daraja.Shekaru da yawa bayan haka,Benjamin ya gano litattafan kawunsa kuma ya koyi abubuwan da ta samu a lokacin yakin basasar Amurka na biyu da rawar da ta taka a cikin annoba ta sake haɗuwa.Duk da kawunsa,Benjamin ya ƙone litattafansa amma ya riƙe shafi ɗaya a matsayin abin tunawa. Saitawa Yawancin littafin an saita shi a cikin "Free Southern States", wanda asalinsa ya kunshi Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, da Texas. Amurka ta rabu tsakanin sassan tsoffin jihohin kudu maso gabas da sauran jihohin arewa da yamma. A farkon yakin, Mexico ta mamaye kuma ta haɗa manyan sassan California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, da Texas, waɗanda a baya sun kasance yankin Mexico. An ambaci wasu ƙungiyoyin masu rabuwa: Arewacin California, Oregon, Washington, da wasu sassan Kanada suna cikin tattaunawa don kafa Cascadia. Littafin ya haɗu da takardun tarihi da yawa, tambayoyi, da rahotanni na kafofin watsa labarai. "Yaƙin basasar Amurka na biyu" ya kasance tsakanin 2074 da 2095. Rikicin ya fara ne bayan kisan gillar Shugaba Ki a lokacin harin bam a cikin 2073, da kuma harbi na masu zanga-zangar Kudancin a waje da Fort Jackson, South Carolina a cikin 2074. Bayan shekaru biyar na yaƙi na al'ada a kan iyakokin Free Southern States, 'yan tawaye' sun yi yaƙi da sojojin Amurka. Mutanen Kudancin da suka rasa muhallinsu a cikin gida sun koma "Camp Patience", wanda daga baya 'yan bindiga na Amurka suka lalata, wanda ke nuni da kisan kiyashi na Sabra da Shatila. Bayan tsari mai tsawo na tattaunawa, an warware yakin don amfanin Amurka. Koyaya, "ta'addanci na rabuwa" (daga baya ya bayyana cewa shi ne mai gabatarwa Sarat) ya saki wani wakili na halitta, wanda aka sani da "Reunification Plague," a lokacin bikin ranar sake haɗuwa a Columbus, Ohio, wanda ya bazu a duk faɗin ƙasar kuma ya kashe mutane miliyan 110. 'Yan gudun hijira sun gudu zuwa New Anchorage yayin da kasar ta fara dogon tsari na "reconstruction". An kuma bayyana annoba ta sake haɗuwa a matsayin sakamakon yunkurin da masanin ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta Gerry Tusk ya yi na neman magani ga "The Slow". Sauran duniya ma sun ga canjin siyasa. Bayan juyin juya hali da yawa da suka gaza, jihohin Arewacin Afirka da wasu sassan duniyar Larabawa da Asiya ta Tsakiya sun haɗu a matsayin Daular Bouazizi, tare da babban birninsu a Alkahira. Kasar Sin da kasashe na Bouazizi sun fito ne a matsayin manyan tattalin arzikin duniya, kuma rikicin baƙi na Turai ya juya, tare da 'yan gudun hijira daga Tarayyar Turai da ta rushe suna guduwa a fadin Bahar Rum zuwa Arewacin Afirka. A cikin juyin juya halin siyasa mai iko, China da Daular Bouazizi sun aika da taimako ga Amurka da ta lalace. Har ila yau, Daular Bouazizi a asirce tana ba da tallafi da sauran kayan tallafi ga Free Southern States a cikin ƙoƙari na lalata Amurka, wanda take ɗauka a matsayin abokin hamayya ga burinta na mulkin mallaka. An ce Rasha ta fara wani lokaci na fadadawa kuma ta sake sunan kanta a matsayin Tarayyar Rasha. Canjin yanayi kuma yana da tasiri sosai a duniya. Florida ta cika da hauhawar matakin teku kuma tana wanzu ne kawai a matsayin karamin tsibiri. A cikin ambaton sansanin X-Ray na Guantánamo Bay, an sake amfani da Dutsen Sugarloaf na Florida a matsayin wurin tsare-tsare. Yawancin Louisiana yana ƙarƙashin ruwa, kuma an watsar da New Orleans gaba ɗaya. Bayan ƙaura mai tsanani daga Gabashin Gabas da ambaliyar ruwa, an sake komawa babban birnin Amurka zuwa Columbus, Ohio. Yankin Larabawa yana da zafi sosai don tallafawa mazaunin ɗan adam na dindindin kuma a maimakon haka an sadaukar da shi ga samar da wutar lantarki ta hasken rana. An ce an haifi matar Simon, Karina, a tsibirin Bangladesh, wanda ke nuna ambaliyar ruwa mai yawa a Kudancin Asiya. Karɓar baƙi Gabaɗaya,littafin ya sami ƙyaƙƙyawan bita daga masu sukar.Acikin The New York Times,mai sukar littafi Michiko Kakutani ya kwatanta shi da kyau ga Cormac McCarthy's The Road da littafin Philip Roth The Plot Against America.Ta rubuta cewa "mummunan melodramatic" tattaunawa za a iya gafarta mata ta hanyar amfani da cikakkun bayanai waɗanda ke sa makomar fiction "kamar gaskiya ce". An sanya littafin acikin jerin sunayen,don Kyautar Rogers Writers' Trust Fiction ta 2017 da Kyautar Amazon ce ta Farko ta 2018. Har'ila yau, ya kasance ɗan wasan karshe na 2018 Arthur C. Clarke Award,kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin littattafai biyar a wasan karshe na gasar Canada Reads ta 2018,ya zama na huɗu. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2019,wani kwamitin marubuta shida,masu kula da labarai da masu sukar da BBC News ta zaɓa sun haɗa da Yaƙin Amurka acikin jerin litattafai 100 da suka yi tasiri a rayuwarsu.

23944

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzammil%20H.%20Siddiqi

Muzammil H. Siddiqi

Muzammil H. Siddiqi (an haife shi 1943). Ba’amurke ne kuma Musulmi marubuci wanda ya kasance a jami’ar Chapman. Ilimi An haife shi a Indiya a shekara ta 1943, ya sami ilimin farko a Jami'ar Musulmi ta Aligarh da Darul-uloom Nadwatul Ulama, Lucknow, India. Siddiqi ya kammala karatunsa a Jami’ar Musulunci ta Madina da ke Saudiya a shekarar ta 1965 da digirin digirgir a fannin Larabci da Nazarin Addinin Musulunci Ya sami MA a ilimin tauhidi daga Jami'ar Birmingham a Ingila da Ph.D. a Kwatancen Addini daga Jami'ar Harvard a Amurka. Sana'a Siddiqi yayi aiki da ƙungiyoyin addinin Islama da dama a Switzerland, Ingila da Amurka. Shi ne Shugaban Kwamitin Harkokin Addini na Ƙungiyar Daliban Musulmi a Amurka da Kanada. Siddiqi ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Daraktan Cibiyar Musulunci ta Washington, DC Ya yi wa'adi biyu a shekara ta (1997 -zuwa 2001) a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Musulunci ta Arewacin Amurka tare da hedikwata a Indiana. Tun daga shekara ta 1981, yana aiki a matsayin Daraktan Ƙungiyar Musulunci ta Orange County a Garden Grove, California. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Shura ta Kudancin California, kungiya mai wakiltar cibiyoyin Musulunci, masajid da kungiyoyi a Kudancin California. Shine shugaban majalisar Fiqhu (Shari'ar Musulunci) ta Arewacin Amurka. Shi memba ne na kafa Majalisar Masallatai a Amurka da Kanada. A fannin ilimi yana aiki a matsayin babban malamin Addinin Musulunci a Jami'ar Chapman da ke Orange, California. Shi ma mai binciken waje ne ga Sassan Nazarin Addinin Musulunci a Jami'ar Durban-Westville a Afirka ta Kudu, Jami'ar Karachi, Pakistan da Jami'ar Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. Bangaren kasa da kasa, Shi memba ne a majalisar koli ta addinin musulunci ta Masar da majalisar koli ta masallatai da ke birnin Makka na kasar Saudiyya, kuma mamba ne na kwamitin zartarwa na majalisar kasa da kasa ta majalisar malamai a Makka. Shi memba ne na kafa Majalisar 100 na Dandalin Tattalin Arzikin Duniya da ke Switzerland. Majalisar tana da niyyar haɓaka tattaunawa da ingantacciyar alaƙa tsakanin Musulunci da Yamma. Ya gudanar da shirin rediyo na addini na mako -mako daga Pasadena daga shekara ta 1982 zuwa 2004. Ya ba da gudummawar labarai da yawa ga Jaridun Musulunci da Ilimi, Encyclopedias da sauran wallafe -wallafe. Yana rubuta shafi na mako -mako na Pakistan Link a Los Angeles kan batutuwan shari'ar Musulunci da matsalolin zamantakewa. Tafiya da laccoci Siddiqi ya yi balaguro kuma ya yi karatu a jami'o'i, kwalejoji da sauran cibiyoyin ilimi da na addini a ƙasashe guda 28, wato Saudi Arabia, Afirka ta Kudu, Ingila, Masar, Indiya, Pakistan, Turkiya, Trinidad, Guyana, Grenada, Barbados, Mauritius, New Zealand, Malaysia, Singapore, Hong Kong, China, Jamus, Poland, Ukraine, Austria, Italy, Spain, Gibraltar, Brazil, Argentina, Amurka da Kanada. Ya koyar da darussan Musulunci da addinan duniya a Jami'ar Harvard, Kwalejin Essex County a Newark, New Jersey, Jami'ar Seton Hall a South Orange, New Jersey, Jami'ar Birmingham, Ingila, Jami'ar Musulunci ta Duniya, Islamabad, Pakistan da Jami'ar Jihar California, Long Beach. Yau Siddiqi ya zama limami a kungiyar Musulunci ta Orange County a Garden Grove, California Shi ne kuma Daraktan al’umma kuma shugaban Majalisar Fiqhu ta Arewacin Amurka. Hakanan malami ne a Jami'ar Chapman Shirye -shiryen addinai Dokta Siddiqi shine Shugaban Cibiyar Nazarin Yahudanci-Kirista da Nazarin Addinin Musulunci a Jami'ar California da ke Los Angeles (UCLA). Ya halarci tattaunawa da yawa tsakanin addinai. Ya yi jawabi a Babban Taron Majalisar Coci -Coci na Duniya a Vancouver, Kanada da Majalisar Addinai ta Duniya a Vatican, Majalisar Addinai ta Duniya a Chicago. Ya halarci tarurrukan karawa juna sani da Majalisar Majami'u ta Kasa da Majalisar Kiristoci da Yahudawa ta Kasa suka shirya a Amurka. A watan Satumbar 2001 a Ranar Addu'a da Tunawa ta Kasa Shugaba George Bush ya gayyace shi don jagorantar Sallar Musulmi a Sallar Addinai a Babban Cocin Washington na Kasa. A watan Satumba na shekara ta 2006 Shugaba Bush ya sake gayyace shi don jagorantar addu'ar mabiya addinai a ranar cika shekaru 5 na 9/11 a Ground Zero a New York. Kyaututtuka da karramawa Siddiqi ya sami lambar yabo ta Gwarzon Shekara a 1999 daga Majalisar Kiristoci da Yahudawa ta Kasa. A cikin Nuwamba shekara ta 2005, Orange County Register ya amince da shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane guda 100 mafi tasiri waɗanda suka tsara Orange County a cikin shekaru ashirin da biyar da suka gabata. A watan Agustan Shekara ta 2006, a matsayin wani bangare na musamman da ake kira "The West 100 Los Angeles Times ta amince da Siddiqi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane guda 100 mafi ƙarfi a Kudancin California tare da bayanin mai zuwa:" Siddiqi, wanda masallacinsa yana cikin mafi girma a Arewacin Amurka, shine jagoran addinin dubban Musulman Kudancin California a daidai lokacin da kyamar baki ke ci gaba… ya kasance jagora a cikin tuki zuwa gida cewa Musulmai a Amurka, masu son zaman lafiya ne. Masu suka Siddiqi ya kuma bayar da fatawa a kan islamonline.net, yana mai cewa "Ta hanyar shiga tsarin da ba na Musulunci ba, mutum ba zai iya yin mulki da abin da Allah ya yi umarni ba. Amma abubuwa ba sa canzawa cikin dare ɗaya. Canje -canje na zuwa ta wurin haƙuri, hikima da aiki tuƙuru. Na yi imanin cewa a matsayin mu na Musulmai, ya kamata mu shiga cikin tsarin don kare muradun mu kuma mu yi ƙoƙarin kawo canji na sannu a hankali don abin da ya dace, sanadin gaskiya da adalci. Kada mu manta cewa dole ne a kafa dokokin Allah a dukkan ƙasashe, kuma duk ƙoƙarin da muke yi ya kai ga wannan alkibla A cikin shekara ta 2002, hukumomin tarayya sun kai hari hedkwatar Majalisar Fiqhu a matsayin wani ɓangare na Operation Green Quest. Koyaya, ba a kama kowa ba, kuma a zahiri a cikin Yuli shekara ta 2005, Majalisar Fiqhu ta Arewacin Amurka ta ba da fatawa a bainar jama'a inda ta bayyana Allah wadai da ta'addanci da tsattsauran ra'ayin addini. Hanyoyin waje Siddiqi 's profile on IslamOnline.net Tarihin Siddiqi akan gidan yanar gizon Masallacin Illinois na Tsakiya da Cibiyar Musulunci (PDF) <span title="Dead link since September 2010">mahada mutu</span> Shigowar Siddiqi tare da Pakistan Link Shujaat Khan Muzammil Siddiqi ISOC Masjid Manazarta Pages with unreviewed

36552

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaba%2C%20Lagos

Yaba, Lagos

Yaba ƙauye ne da ke yankin Lagos Mainland, Legas a Jihar Legas, Nijeriya. Akwai cibiyoyin gwamnatin tarayya da dama a yankin, wadanda suka haɗa da Kwalejin Sarauniya, Cibiyar Nazarin Likitoci ta Najeriya, Kwalejin Fasaha ta Yaba, Kwalejin Igbobi, Jami'ar Legas, Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Tarayya, da Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya (Federal College of Education). Technical) Akoka. Yaba tana ɗaya daga cikin wuraren kasuwa mafi yawan jama'a a Legas, wanda aka sani da Kasuwar Tejuosho. An ruguje tsohuwar kasuwar Tejuosho a shekara ta 2008 kuma an sake gina ta zuwa wani rukunin siyayya na zamani a ƙarshen 2014. Kai tsaye daura da kasuwar Yaba akwai asibitin mahaukata wanda yawancin mutanen Legas suka fi sani da Yaba Left. Yaba tana daya daga cikin wuraren da ake zuwa don farfado da fasaha a Afirka, tare da farawar fasaha irin su Hotels.ng, Andela, CC-Hub da sauransu da dama da ke da tasiri mai kyau ga tattalin arziki. Sake gina Kasuwar Tejuosho, wadda aka yi a matsayin wani bangare na aikin Megacity na Legas, ya mayar da ita wata babbar cibiyar kasuwanci ta ‘yan Legas. Kasuwar tana da wurare daban-daban da suka haɗa da boutiques, shagunan abinci, da cibiyar wasanni. Tarihi An sassaka yankin cigaban karamar hukumar Yaba ne daga tsohuwar karamar hukumar Lagos Mainland, wadda aka samar a shekarar 1977 a matsayin karamar hukumar daban bayan sake fasalin kananan hukumomi na kasa a watan Satumba na shekarar 1976. Lagos Mainland an sassaka shi ne daga karamar hukumar Legas wacce ke gudanar da babban birnin Legas wanda ya kunshi tsibirin Legas da Legas Mainland. Da aka kafa wasu kananan hukumomi uku a ranar 27 ga watan Agustan 1991, aka sake gina tsohuwar babban yankin Legas tare da sassaka Surulere daga cikinta. Karamar hukumar Yaba na daya daga cikin sabbin kananan hukumomi 37 da gwamnatin Sanata Bola Ahmed Tinubu ta kirkiro daga babban yankin Legas, bayan da majalisar dokokin jihar ta amince da dokar samar da sabbin wuraren raya kananan hukumomi. Sanannun cibiyoyi Jami'ar Legas Yaba College of Technology Cibiyar Nazarin Likitoci ta Najeriya Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ta Najeriya ta Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a Asibitin cututtuka masu yaduwa, Yaba Asibitin Magana na Sojojin Najeriya 68 Annex Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Legas Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya, Yaba Majalisar Jarrabawar Afirka ta Yamma Kwalejin Likitocin Afirka ta Yamma Methodist Girls High School, Yaba Ozone Cinemas Queen's College Yaba All Saints Anglican Church, Yaba Kwalejin St. Finbarr Our Lady of Apostle Secondary School, Yaba Yabacon Valley Yabacon Valley sunan laƙabi ne ga yanki a cikin Yaba. Hoton hoto ne na 'Yaba' da 'Silicon', wani sinadari da ake amfani da shi don ƙirƙirar yawancin semiconductor na kasuwanci don kwamfutocin lantarki. Sunan kwaikwayi ne na kwarin Silicon na Amurka. Ba a san ko an ambaci kalmar Yabacon Valley ko an yi amfani da ita ba dangane da wannan gungu na fasaha a baya, amma amfani da shi na farko da aka buga ana lasafta shi zuwa Manufar Kasuwanci. Dangane da sakamakon binciken Google, Blaise Aboh ne ya fara amfani da sunan a matsayin wani bangare na take na labarin fara sabuwar fasaha. Fitowar Yaba a matsayin gungu na farawa A cikin shekarar 2011, Cibiyar Wennovation tare da haɗin gwiwar Dandalin Shugabancin Afirka sun fara haɓaka haɓakawa a cikin yanayin fasaha. Filin fasaha a Yaba ya shahara a ƙarshen 2011 lokacin da Bosun Tijani da abokan aikinsa suka kafa CC-HUB, kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin majagaba na Najeriya. Tare da saka hannun jari da tallafi daga kungiyoyi irin su Indigo Trust, Omidyar Network, MainOne Cable Company da kuma gwamnatin jihar Legas, nan da nan sai ta kara kaimi inda ta ci gaba da kafa babbar titin bayanai mai amfani da fiber optic. A cikin 2011, tsohon ma'aikacin banki Seun Onigbinde ya kafa BudgIT, aikin nuna gaskiya na kasafin kuɗi, a hawa na uku na ginin bene mai hawa shida na CC Hub a Yaba. A matsayinta na ɗaya daga cikin farkon farawa na farko don cin gajiyar CC Hub's incubation drive a cikin shekarar 2011, ta sami dala 5,000 daga cikin tallafin iri na $90,000 daga hamshakin attajirin ɗan kasuwa Tony Elumelu. Manyan mutane kamar Konga, kamfanin eCommerce wanda darajarsa ta kai kusan dala miliyan 200 bayan da ya tara dala miliyan 20 a zagaye na biyu na Series C, ya zo a shekarar 2013, yayin da Africa Internet Group wacce ke da dala miliyan 469 a cikin zagaye 4 daga masu saka hannun jari shida ta mayar da shida daga cikin kamfanoninsa zuwa Yaba a 2014. A cikin 2014 BudgIT ta sami tallafin $400,000 daga Omidyar. Tsakanin 2016, Andela–dan Najeriya wanda ya kafa ƙwararren mai haɓakawa ga masu shirye-shirye waɗanda ke da cibiyoyi a Legas, Nairobi da New York-ya sami $24 miliyan a cikin saka hannun jari daga Chan Zuckerberg Initiative. A cikin 2015, Hotels.ng, wani wurin ajiyar otal a Najeriya ya sami tallafin dala miliyan 1.2 daga Omidyar Network don fadada jerin sunayensa a fadin Afirka. A watan Agustan 2016, Mark Zuckerberg ya ziyarci Najeriya, musamman Yaba. Kwana daya bayan ziyarar Zuckerberg a Yaba, kafafen yaɗa labarai na cikin gida da na waje sun yi ta yin tsokaci kan dalilin da ya sa Yaba ke zama 'Silicon Valley' na Najeriya. Gidan hotuna Duba kuma Yabacon Valley Yaba birai tumor virus Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

48889

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majalisar%20Kungiyar%20Kwadago%20ta%20Afirka%20ta%20Kudu

Majalisar Kungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu

Congress of African Trade Unions COSATU ko Cosatu ƙungiyar ƙwadago ce a Afirka ta Kudu An kafa ta ne a shekarar 1985, kuma ita ce mafi girma a cikin manyan kungiyoyin kwadagon kasar guda uku, tare da kungiyoyin kwadago 21 masu alaka. Tarihi Kafawa da tarihin farko A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 1985, ƙungiyoyi 33 sun hadu a Jami'ar Natal don tattaunawa game da kafa tarayyar kungiyoyin kwadago. Wannan ya biyo bayan tattaunawar hadin kai na tsawon shekaru hudu tsakanin kungiyoyi masu gasa da kungiyoyin da ke adawa da wariyar launin fata da kuma "daukar nauyin da ba na kabilanci, ba jinsi da dimokiradiyya Afirka ta Kudu." An kafa COSATU bisa hukuma a ranar 1 ga Disamba 1985. Daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da aka kafa sun haɗa da ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Afirka ta Kudu (FOSATU), Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Ƙasa, da wasu ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, musamman Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Ƙasa Elijah Barayi shi ne shugaban kungiyar na farko da Jay Naidoo babban sakatare na farko. An zartar da kudurori da dama a wannan taro na farko da suka bayyana manufar hukumar da kuma yadda hukumar ke gudanar da ayyukanta, wato: Don kafa ƙungiya ɗaya ga kowace masana'antu a cikin watanni shida. Don mayar da hankali kan cin zarafin mata masu aiki. Don yin kira da a dage dokar ta baci, a janye sojoji daga garuruwa da kuma sakin duk fursunonin siyasa. Don ci gaba da kiran matsin lamba na duniya, gami da raba hannun jari. Don neman haƙƙin yajin aiki da karba. Domin tantance mafi ƙarancin albashi na ƙasa. Don tsawaita gwagwarmayar neman haƙƙin ƙungiyar ƙwadago a cikin gida. A ranar 5-6 ga Mayu 1987 an gudanar da yajin aiki a matsayin wani ɓangare na Yaƙin neman zaɓe na COSATU wanda ya yi daidai da babban zaɓe na 1987 Sama da ma'aikata miliyan 2.5 ne suka halarci zaman. A ranar 7 ga Mayun 1987, da sanyin safiya wasu bama-bamai biyu suka tashi a kusa da ginshiƙan tallafi a cikin ginshiƙi na hedkwatar tarayya, gidan COSATU. Lalacewar da ta haifar ya sa aka ayyana ginin ba shi da lafiya. Yaki da wariyar launin fata A taron kasa karo na biyu da aka yi daga ranar 14 zuwa 18 ga Yuli 1987, Tarayyar ta amince da Yarjejeniya Ta 'Yanci bayan Kungiyar Ma'aikatan Ma'adinai ta Kasa ta gabatar da kudurin A babban taro na uku da aka yi daga ranar 12 zuwa 16 ga watan Yulin 1989, an zartar da wani kuduri wanda ya bukaci mambobin kungiyar COSATU da su shiga wani kamfen na "daukar mataki" na yaki da wariyar launin fata, a makon da ya gabato babban zaben kasar Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 1989. A ranar 26 ga Yulin 1989, COSATU, United Democratic Front da Mass Democratic Movement, suka kaddamar da yakin neman zabe na kasa, inda aka mamaye wuraren da aka kebe domin farar fata, kuma kungiyar da jihar ta haramtawa ta bayyana kansu 'ba a hana su ba'. Bayan ayyukan wariyar launin fata Majalisar ta COSATU ta yanke shawarar a shekara ta 2012 don haɗa kai da ƙungiyar ƙwadago ta duniya mai fafutuka, yayin da ta ci gaba da kasancewa memba a cikin Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Kasuwanci ta Duniya A yayin taron 2016 da aka gudanar a Durban, Michael Mzwandile Makwayiba, shugaban COSATU reshen NEHAWU Michael Mzwandile Makwayiba ya zama shugaban kungiyar kwadago ta duniya. Cosatu ya sami raguwar zama memba bayan 2012, kodayake ta kasance babbar ƙungiyar ƙwadago. Ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa Abokan haɗin gwiwa na yanzu COSATU ta lissafa ƙungiyoyi masu zuwa a matsayin haɗin gwiwarsu: Tsoffin masu alaƙa Korar kungiyar ma'aikatan karafa ta kasar Afirka ta Kudu A kan 8 Nuwamba 2014, Irvin Jim, babban sakatare na babbar cibiyar COSATU, Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Afirka ta Kudu (NUMSA), ta sanar da cewa an kori ƙungiyar daga COSATU bayan kuri'a a wani babban zartarwa na musamman. An kira kwamitin wanda ya haifar da kuri'u 33-24 na amincewa da korar. An tuhumi NUMSA da keta kundin tsarin mulkin COSATU A ranar 6 Nuwamba 2014, aikace-aikacen doka na gaggawa ta NUMSA don hana kwamitin zartarwa na musamman daga taron koli na Kudancin Gauteng ya dakatar da shi, don haka ya ba da izinin taron. A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 2014, ƙungiyoyi 7 sun sanar da cewa sun dakatar da shiga cikin ra'ayi na COSATU saboda korar NUMSA kuma sun yi kira da a kira taron kasa na musamman. Irvin Jim ya bayyana korar a matsayin "rana mai duhu ga ma'aikata". Gwamnati COSATU wani bangare ne na kawance da jam'iyyar ANC da jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Afirka ta Kudu, mai suna Tripartite Alliance An tafka muhawara kan rawar da COSATU ta taka a kawancen, tun bayan da kungiyar ke sukar wasu manufofin gwamnatin ANC. Yayin da wasu masu alaka da juna suka yi ikirarin samun ‘yancin kai daga jam’iyyar siyasa mai mulki, wasu kuma sun yi nuni da cewa tsarin ya ba COSATU tasirin siyasa ga mambobinta.” Ƙungiyoyin aiki da zamantakewa Afirka ta Kudu tana daya daga cikin mafi girman cutar HIV/AIDS a duniya, tare da kiyasin 2005 na mutane miliyan 5.5 da ke dauke da kwayar cutar HIV 12.4% na yawan jama'a. A cikin 2020, kusan mutane miliyan 20.6 a gabashi da kudancin Afirka suna dauke da kwayar cutar HIV. Kungiyar kwadago ta taka rawa wajen yakar wannan annoba. COSATU babban abokin tarayya ne a cikin Kamfen Aiki na Jiyya (TAC), ƙungiyar agaji mai rijista da ƙungiyar siyasa da ke aiki don ilmantarwa da haɓaka fahimta game da cutar kanjamau, da hana sabbin cututtuka, da kuma turawa don samun damar samun damar yin amfani da maganin rigakafi A cikin 1998, COSATU ta zartar da ƙuduri don yaƙin neman magani. "A bayyane yake ga kungiyar kwadago a lokacin cewa mambobinta mafi karancin albashi suna mutuwa saboda ba za su iya samun magunguna ba," in ji Theodora Steel, Jami'in Kamfen na COSATU. "Mun ga TAC a matsayin aboki na halitta a yakin neman magani. Mun zartar da wani kuduri na yau da kullun a majalisar mu don taimakawa da gina TAC. Duk da kawancen COSATU da jam’iyyar ANC mai mulkin kasar, ta yi hannun riga da gwamnati, inda ta yi kira da a bullo da hanyoyin da jama’a ke amfani da su na maganin rigakafin cutar. Abahlali baseMjondolo ya bayar da kwakkwaran sanarwa na goyon bayan yajin aikin ma'aikatan gwamnati na 2010. Logo Dabaran a cikin tambarin yana wakiltar tattalin arziki. Launin zinare na dabaran yana wakiltar dukiyar ƙasar. Alkaluman da ke tura keken, wanda ya kunshi maza biyu da mace daya dauke da jariri, na wakiltar kalubalen da ma'aikata ke fuskanta da suka hada da cin zalin kabilanci da jinsi da kuma cin hanci da rashawa. Waɗannan alkalumman baƙar fata ne yayin da suke wakiltar yawancin baƙi na gwagwarmaya da zalunci na launin fata. Alƙaluman suna riƙe da jajayen tuta da ke wakiltar rukunin ma'aikata. Taken da ke cikin tambarin shi ne "Rauni ga mutum rauni ne ga kowa" yana nuna hangen nesan da kungiyar ke da shi na hadin kan al'umma wanda ke daure masu aiki. Zimbabwe A watan Oktoba 2004 da Fabrairu 2005 COSATU ta aika da tawaga zuwa Zimbabwe domin su yi la'akari da yanayin kasar kafin zaben 'yan majalisar dokokin Zimbabwe na 2005 An kore su daga kasar a lokuta biyu. Kungiyar ta COSATU ta shirya zanga-zanga da killace kan iyakokin kasar a Harare. A cikin 2016, COSATU ta bayyana goyon bayanta ga masu zanga-zangar #This Flag a Zimbabwe, inda ta bayyana "hannun da gwamnatin Zanu-PF ta yi wajen mu'amala da abokan gaba da ake ganin sun yi kama da na Operation Restore Order/Murambatsvina a 2005." Fafutukar Falasdinu A cikin 2020 COSATU sun bayyana goyon bayansu ga al'ummar Palasdinu a ranar 15 ga Mayu (Ranar Nakba) kuma sun danganta 'yancin Falasdinawa na kasa da gwagwarmayar COSATU na yaki da wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu. A shekarar 2021 Falasdinawa sun yi zanga-zangar nuna adawa da hukuncin da wata kotun Isra’ila ta yanke wanda ya ce mazauna Sheik Jarrah na bukatar a kori su daga gidajensu a birnin Kudus. Sojojin Isra'ila sun kai hari a Masallacin Al-Aqsa a cikin watan Ramadan, wata mai alfarma ga Falasdinawa da dama. Kungiyar COSATU ta yi tattaki zuwa ofishin jakadancin Amurka da ke Sandton a birnin Johannesburg domin nuna goyon bayanta ga Falasdinawa, inda ta bayyana cewa akwai bukatar gwamnatin Amurka ta amince da diyaucin Falasdinu da kuma take hakkin bil'adama da ake yi wa Falasdinawa. Ma'aikatan ofis na yanzu Ma'aikatan Ofishin Ƙasa: Shugaba: Zingiswa Losi Mataimakin shugaban kasa na farko: Mike Shingange Mataimakin shugaban kasa na biyu: Louise Thipe Babban Sakatare: Bheki Ntsalintshali Mataimakin Babban Sakatare: Solly Phetoe Ma'aji: Freda Oosthuysen Sakatarorin Lardi: Gabashin Cape: Xolani Malamlela Jiha Kyauta: Monyatso Mahlatsi Gauteng: Dumisani Dakile KwaZulu-Natal: Edwin Mkhize Limpopo: Gerald Twala Mpumalanga: Thabo Mokoena North West: Ayuba Dliso Arewacin Cape: Orapeleng Moraladi Western Cape: Melvyn de Bryn Kara karantawa Jeremy Baskin, Buga Baya: Tarihin Cosatu, Routledge (Satumba 1991), lissafin farkon shekarun COSATU daga 1985 har zuwa sakin Nelson Mandela a 1990 Bayanan kula Nassoshi Kasuwanci a Afrika Kasuwanci Ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulawa%20ba%20tare%20da%20son%20rai%20ba

Kulawa ba tare da son rai ba

Kulawa ba tare da son rai ba (wanda kuma masu magana ke kira magani mai taimako da kuma masu suka a matsayin tilasta yin amfani da miyagun kwayoyi yana nufin jinyar da aka yi ba tare da izinin wanda aka kula da shi ba. Doka ba da izini ba cikin doka wasu ƙasashe yayin da sashin shari'a ke kula da shi ta hanyar umarnin kotu; wasu ƙasashe suna jinkirta kai tsaye zuwa ga ra'ayin likitocin. Maganin rashin hankali na mutanen da aka gano suna da tabin hankali kuma wasu nau'ikan aikin likita ne suka ɗauke su, ko kuma a wasu lokuta tilasta doka ko wasu, don zama haɗari ga kansu ko ga wasu an yarda da su a wasu yankuna, yayin da wasu hukunce-hukuncen sun ba da izini kwanan nan don tilastawa wajan tilasta wa mutanen da ake zaton sun "taƙaice ƙwarai" ko kuma aka tabbatar da cewa suna cikin haɗarin tabarbarewar halayyar su. Irin wannan maganin yakan faru ne a asibitin mahaukata bayan wani nau'i na sadaukar da kai, kodayake ana iya tilasta wa mutane shan magani a wajen asibitoci ta hanyar sadaukar da kai ko Kuma matsawa mutum. Sigogi Ana iya amfani da magani ba tare da son rai ba don magance wata cuta ta musamman dake damun mara lafiya. Kuna a wasu ƙasashe ana iya ba da maganin ƙwaƙwalwa da kwantar da hankali ta hanyar tilas ga waɗanda suka aikata, misali ga waɗanda ke da alamun rashin lafiya. Waɗanda ke fama da cutar anorexia nervosa na iya karɓar ciyarwa da ƙarfi. Kuma a cikin Czechia, mazajen da aka yanke wa hukuncin laifin mai tsananin a aikace ana ba su zaɓi na tsarewa na dogon lokaci ko jefa su shiga kurkuku. Wasu ƙasashe suna da babbar doka da ke ba da izinin kowane magani da ake ganin ya zama dole idan mutum ya kasa yarda da magani saboda ƙarancin ƙarfinsa. A wasu ƙasashe, ba a amfani da magani na rashin hankali don lafiyar hankali don magance wata alama da ke nan, maimakon rage haɗarin bayyanar cututtukan da ke dawowa ta hanyar amfani da maganin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa. Ana samun wannan ta hanyar amfani da sadaukar da kai na asibiti inda za'a iya tsare mara lafiya a asibiti idan suka kasa shan magungunan da likitocin su suka rubuta musu domin tsaren sun zaisa mara lafiya ya karkata wajen shan magani. Tasiri Wani bincike na shekara ta 2014 na Cochrane na gano cewa kula da marasa lafiya na tilas ga wadanda ke fama da cutar rashin tabin hankali "ba shi da wani banbanci na amfani da aiyuka, dan haka shan magani ba akan kaida ba na faihar da wasu matsaloli da dama musamman a kwakwalwar mutum. A binciken na shekarar 2006 ya gano cewa kusan 48% na masu amsa ba su yarda da maganin su ba, koda yake mafi yawan mutane sun yarda daga baya cewa shan magani ba tare da izini ba ya kasance cikin kyakkyawar maslaharsu. Wani bita a cikin shekarar 2011 ya kalli kwarewar mutane na tilastawa. Ya samo jigogi na yau da kullun game da jin daɗin keta, rashin girmamawa, da rashin jinsu, wanda aka fahimta da yawa kamar ana lalata mutum ta hanyar keɓewa. 'Yan tsirarun labaru daga mutanen da aka yiwa magani ba tare da son rai ba sunyi magana game da mahimmancin magani a cikin tunani. Nazarin ya nuna cewa tilastawa a cikin kula da lafiyar hankali yana da tasiri mai tasiri na tsawon lokaci ga mutane wadanda ke haifar da raguwar aiki da kuma rashin sakamako mai kyau na zamantakewar al'umma, amma wannan na iya ragewa daga likitocin sanin illar tilastawa. Binciken na yau da kullun da ƙirar meta daga 2020, wanda ya haɗu da kwarewar masu ruwa da tsaki (masu amfani da sabis, masu ba da kulawa na yau da kullun irin su 'yan uwa, da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun masu hankali), sun gano ƙwarewar rashin daidaito tsakanin masu ruwa da tsaki. Binciken ya gano cewa waɗannan rashin daidaiton ikon sun hana girmama haƙƙin masu amfani da sabis, wasiyyan, da kuma abubuwan da suke so. Tilasci a cikin lafiyar lafiyar hankali ta hankali Ana iya tilasta wa mutane shan magani na tabin hankali masu magana bisa doka "son rai" a ƙarƙashin barazanar ba da magani ba da son rai ba. Mutane da yawa waɗanda doka za a duba su a matsayin karɓar maganin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa da son rai sun yi imanin cewa ba su da zaɓi a cikin lamarin. Nazarin ya nuna cewa 51%, 35% da kuma 29% na shafi tunanin mutum da kiwon lafiya marasa lafiya sun samu wasu nau'i na na yau da kullum kama-karya a cikin Amurka, Ingila da kuma Switzerland bi da bi. Da zarar cikin yardar ranka a cikin asibitin lafiyar kwakwalwa, ana iya amfani da dokoki, tsari, da kuma bayanin-asymmetry don cimma biyan buƙata daga mutum cikin kulawa ta son rai. Don hana wani fita daga radin kansa, ma'aikata na iya amfani da dabarun da suka kawo tarko kasancewar duk ƙofofin suna kulle. Misali, ana iya tura mutumin zuwa ga wani ma'aikacin da ba safai yake zuwa unguwa ba, ko kuma a sa shi ya jira har bayan cin abincin rana ko wani taro, yana nuna kamar mutumin da ke jinyar son rai ba shi da 'yancin fita ba tare da izini ba. Lokacin da mutun ya iya magana game da barin sa, ma’aikatan na iya amfani da kalamai marasa ma'ana don nuna cewa ana bukatar mutumin ya zauna, ya dogara da gaskiyar cewa mutanen da ke cikin kulawa ta son rai ba su fahimci matsayin su na doka ba. Szmukler da Appelbaum sun gina jerin nau'ikan tilastawa a cikin kula da lafiyar hankali, tun daga rarrashi zuwa yin amfani da damar mutum, shigar da abubuwa, barazana da kuma tilas. Anan rarrashi yana nufin bahasi ta hanyar hankali. Sifofin tilastawa waɗanda ba sa amfani da tilasta doka ana kiran su a matsayin tilasta doka ko yin amfani da shi Amfani da keɓaɓɓen mutum na iya tashi daga sha'awar farantawa ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya waɗanda dangantaka ta kulla da su. Barazanar na iya kasancewa kan ma'aikacin lafiya yana taimakawa ko hana karɓar fa'idodin gwamnati. Da'a A cikin ka'idodin likitanci, ana ba da magani ba tare da izini ba a matsayin wani nau'i na parens patriae inda jihar ke ɗaukar nauyi na manya waɗanda ba su da ƙwarewa bisa la'akari da haƙƙin kiyayewa da aikin fa'ida, aikin jihar na gyara bazuwar cutarwar yanayi The wajibi a kare da aka nuna a utilitarianism da communitarianism falsafa, ko likita hauka Paul Chodoff ikirarin da alhakin zuwa "hukunta" wannan alhakin a cikin hasken da siyasa da rikici da ilimin halin tababbu a cikin tarayyar Soviet An soki wannan aikin na karewa bisa hujjar cewa likitocin mahaukata ba su da tasiri a hango tashin hankali, kuma sun fi ɗaukar haɗarin. Matsayi na haɗarin haɗari ƙa'ida ce wacce aka yi amfani da ita ga wasu dokar lafiyar ƙwaƙwalwar da ke riƙe da cewa parens patriae ya kamata a yi amfani da shi idan mutum ya kasance haɗari ga kansu ko wasu. Paul Ricœur ya rarrabe siffofin biyu na kai, idem na ɗan gajeren kwarewar kai da kuma ipse wani dogon lokaci na ƙwarewar kwarewar kai. A cikin rashin tabin hankali, mulkin mallaka na ipse zai iya lalacewa ta hanyar cin gashin kansa wanda ya saba da ipse, don haka maganin lafiyar hankali zai iya kasuwanci da wani nau'i na cin gashin kansa da wani. Ilimin zamantakewar al'umma Ilimin zamantakewar al'umma na likita yana neman fahimtar hanyoyin zamantakewar da ke yanke hukunci da aka yanke a cikin magani. Masanin halayyar dan adam Jeremy Dixon, wanda ke magana a cikin mahallin Burtaniya, ya bayar da hujjar cewa tantancewa da sa ido kan haɗari babban ɓangare ne na aikin lafiyar ƙwaƙwalwa ta hanyar cewa wannan haɗarin yakan zama cikin rikice-rikice tare da maƙasudin maƙasudin dawo da rayuwa ciki har da rayuwa. rayuwa mai gamsarwa. Ya yi jayayya cewa wannan mayar da hankali kan haɗari yana haifar da ƙwararrun masu ilimin ƙwaƙwalwa. Ya ambaci bincike da ke nuna yadda kwararrun likitocin tabin hankali na iya neman karkatar da nauyin da ke wuyan mutane kan lura da halaye daban-daban na wadanda ke da larurar mutum saboda ana musu kallon wadanda suka fi dacewa da halayensu, ko kuma zuwa sauran ayyukan kiwon lafiyar jama'a. Themselvesididdigar haɗarin kansu ba kasafai ake rabawa tare da marasa lafiya ba. Masu goyon baya da masu batawa Magoya bayan ba da kulawa ba tare da izini ba sun hada da kungiyoyi kamar su National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), Psyungiyar chiwararrun Americanwararrun Amurka, da Cibiyar Bayar da Shawarwarin Kulawa Da dama daga cikin masu rajin kare hakkin dan adam da na kare hakkin dan adam, da kungiyoyin masu yaki da tabin hankali, da kungiyoyin likitanci da na ilimi, da masu bincike, da kuma mambobin kungiyar masu tabin hankali suna adawa da magani ba tare da izini ba kan dalilan kare hakkin dan adam ko kuma saboda tasiri da dacewar likita, musamman game da rashin son rai Gudanar da abubuwa masu canzawa, ECT, da hauka. An yi wasu zargi game da tsada, da kuma rikice-rikice na sha'awa tare da masana'antar harhada magunguna. Masu sukar, kamar New York 'Yanci Union, sun yi tir da karfi launin fata da kuma socioeconomic biases a tilasta magani umarni. Doka Amurka Marasa lafiya masu hankali suna da cikakken haƙƙin ƙi jinya. Duk jihohi a Amurka suna ba da izini don wani nau'in magani na rashin yarda don cutar tabin hankali ko halin ɓata na ɗan gajeren lokaci a ƙarƙashin yanayin gaggawa, kodayake sharuɗɗa sun bambanta. Arin magani ba tare da izini ba a waje mai tsabta da latsawa na gaggawa inda aka tabbatar da cewa barazanar tsaro ga jama'a yawanci yana buƙatar umarnin kotu, kuma duk jihohi a halin yanzu suna da wasu matakai a wuri don ba da damar wannan. Tun daga ƙarshen 1990s, yawancin jihohi suka karɓi dokokin Taimakon pwararriyar Ba da Agaji (AOC). A karkashin taimakon marasa lafiya, mutanen da suka aikata ba da son rai ba za su iya rayuwa a wajen asibitin mahaukata, wani lokacin a karkashin tsauraran sharudda da suka hada da bayar da rahoto ga alƙawarin alƙawarin masu tabin hankali, shan magungunan tabin hankali a gaban ƙungiyar masu jinya, da gwajin matakan jini. A halin yanzu jihohi arba'in da biyar suna ba da izini don ba da haƙuri. A cikin 1975, Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta yanke hukunci a O'Connor v. Donaldson cewa kwantar da hankali da ko magani ba tare da izini ba ya keta haƙƙin ɗan adam Dole ne mutum ya kasance yana nuna halin da ya zama haɗari ga kansu ko wasu kuma dole ne a karɓi umarnin kotu na fiye da ɗan gajeren lokaci (misali awanni 72). Dole ne a yi maganin a cikin mafi ƙarancin yanayin da zai yiwu. Tun daga wannan shayar an shayar da shi ta hanyar fikihu ta wasu bangarori kuma an karfafa shi ta wasu bangarorin. Dogon lokacin da ake "ajiyar kaya", ta hanyar sake tsarin gwamnati, ya ƙi a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, kodayake yawan mutanen da ke karɓar ba da son rai ba ya ƙaruwa a kwanan nan. Dokokin sun ɗan bambanta daga jihar zuwa jihar. A cikin 1979, Kotun Amurka da aka kafa a Rogers v. Okin cewa mutumin da ya cancanta da aka ba da shi zuwa asibitin mahaukata yana da damar ƙin karɓar magani a cikin yanayin da ba na gaggawa ba. Shari'ar Rennie v. Klein ya tabbatar da cewa mutumin da ya aikata ba da gangan ba yana da haƙƙin tsarin mulki na ƙin shan magungunan psychotropic ba tare da umarnin kotu ba. Rogers v. Okin tabbatar da haƙƙin mutum na yanke shawara game da magani muddin har yanzu ana ɗaukar su masu cancanta. Decisionsarin hukunce-hukuncen Kotun Koli na Amurka sun daɗa ƙarin ƙuntatawa, da wasu faɗaɗawa ko takunkumi mai tasiri, ga ba da ganganci da magani. Foucha v. Louisiana kafa unconstitutionality na ci gaba da sadaukar da kai daga mahaukaciyar wanda ba shi da tabin hankali. A cikin Jackson v. Indiana kotu ta yanke hukuncin cewa mutumin da ya yanke hukunci ba zai iya aikata laifi ba har abada. A cikin Perry v. Louisiana kotu ta soke amfani da karfi da karfi na wani fursuna da nufin bashi damar kashe shi. A cikin Riggins v. Nevada kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa wanda ake tuhuma yana da 'yancin kin shan magungunan mahaukata yayin da yake gaban shari'a, domin a rage masa alamun rashin lafiyar. Sayar da v. Amurka sanya takunkumi mai tsauri a kan hakkin karamar kotu don umartar da tilasta amfani da magungunan antipsychotic ga wanda ake tuhuma da aikata laifi wanda aka yanke hukuncin rashin cancantarsa na fuskantar shari'a saboda kawai ya sa su kasance masu iyawa kuma za a iya yi musu shari'a. A Washington v. Harper Kotun Koli ta goyi bayan shan magani ba bisa ka'ida ba na fursunonin da aka gyara kawai a karkashin wasu halaye kamar yadda manufofin da hanyoyin suka gindaya. Duba kuma Abubuwan da suka dace Abun tilastawa Kididdigar Haɗarin wajibi Cin zarafin siyasa na tabin hankali (wanda aka fi sani da "psychiwararriyar siyasa" da kuma "azabar azanci") Kula da jama'a Provisionsayyadaddun tanade-tanaden hukunce-hukuncen don umarnin tsarewa na ɗan lokaci don ƙimar lafiyar hankali da yiwuwar ƙarin son rai ko ba da son rai: Amurka: Kalifoniya: 5150 (riƙe da hauka ba da son rai ba) da Laura's Law (bayar da umarnin ba da haƙuri ga kotu a kotu) Lanterman Petris Gajeren Dokar, tare da daidaita sharuɗɗa da ƙaddamarwa ba da son rai ba a California Florida: Dokar Baker da Dokar Marisman Fitattun masu gwagwarmaya Giorgio Antonucci (kawarwa) Thomas Szasz (kawar) Robert Whitaker (raguwa) E. Fuller Torrey (fadadawa) DJ Jaffe (fadada) Kungiyoyin da'awa Lafiyayyen Lafiyar Amurka (raguwa gyarawa) Hauka a Amurka (raguwa kawarwa) PsychRights (raguwa kawarwa) Anti-psychiatry, wanda aka fi sani da "motsi na maganin hauka" (raguwa kawarwa) Jama'a Hukumar kare hakkin dan adam (raguwa kawar; kafa wani hadin gwiwa kokarin da anti-tabin hankali Church of Scientology da sassaucin raayi shafi tunanin mutum-kiwon lafiya-hakkokin umurni da Thomas Szasz MindFreedom International (raguwa kawarwa) Cibiyar Ba da Shawara (Kulawa) Manufofin Rashin Lafiya na Hankali (fadada) NAMI (fadada) Manazarta Aringungiyar Taimakawa Kai da Kai ta Masu Amfani da Lafiya ta Hauka Pages with unreviewed

48701

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gidan%20Bayi

Gidan Bayi

Gidan bayi Maison des Esclaves da Ƙofar da Babu Komawa gidan tarihi ne kuma abin tunawa ga waɗanda cinikin bayin Atlantika ya shafa a tsibirin Gorée, 3 kilomita daga gabar tekun birnin Dakar, Senegal Gidan kayan tarihi nasa, wanda aka buɗe a cikin 1962 kuma an tsara shi har zuwa mutuwar Boubacar Joseph Ndiaye a 2009, an ce don tunawa da ƙarshen fita na bayi daga Afirka Duk da yake masana tarihi sun bambanta a kan yawancin bayi na Afirka da aka gudanar a cikin wannan ginin, da kuma mahimmancin dangi na Gorée Island a matsayin batu a kan cinikin bayi na Atlantic, baƙi daga Afirka, Turai, da Amirkawa sun ci gaba da mayar da shi. wuri mai mahimmanci don tunawa da yawan mutane na bautar Afirka. Yanayin rayuwa Bayan da aka gina shi a shekara ta 1776, gidan bayi ya zama cibiyar da ake rike da bayin Afirka da za a fitar da su zuwa kasashen waje. Gidan ya kasance mallakar wata mace Afro-Faransa Anne Pépin wacce ta mallaki jiragen ruwa da yawa kuma ta shiga cinikin bayi. Yanayin ginin ya yi muni, inda da yawa daga cikin waɗanda aka daure suka halaka kafin su isa jiragen ruwa. Mutanen da aka kama bayi "an ɗaure su a cikin duhu, marasa iska", kuma "sun kwashe kwanaki a ɗaure a ƙasa, bayansu a bango, ba su iya motsawa." An raba iyalai biyu a gidan, maza da mata da yara ana tsare da su a wurare daban-daban, da kuma bayan sun hau jiragen ruwa, tunda yawancinsu ba a kai su wuri daya ba. Musamman ’yan mata, an tsare su ne daban da sauran waɗanda aka daure, ana yi musu fareti a tsakar gida domin ’yan kasuwa da bayi su zaɓe su don yin lalata da su; idan sun yi ciki, an bar su su zauna a tsibirin har sai sun haihu. An mai da shi gidan tarihi da kuma abin tunawa a cikin 1962, gidan bayi yanzu ya zama shaida ga wahala da barnar ɗan adam da cinikin bayi ya haifar. Tunawa An sake gina Gidan Bayi kuma an buɗe shi azaman gidan kayan gargajiya a cikin 1962 galibi ta hanyar aikin Boubacar Joseph Ndiaye (1922-2009). Ndiaye ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga duka abubuwan tunawa da shela da aka gudanar da bayi a cikin ginin da yawa kuma daga nan kai tsaye zuwa Amurka Daga ƙarshe ya zama mai kula da Gidan Tarihi, Ndiaye ya yi iƙirarin cewa fiye da mutane bayi miliyan ɗaya ne suka wuce ta ƙofar gidan. Wannan imani ya sanya gidan ya zama wurin shakatawa da kuma wurin ziyarar jahohi da shugabannin duniya ke kai wa Senegal Rigimar ilimi Tun daga shekarun 1980, masana ilimi sun yi watsi da rawar da Gorée ta taka a cikin cinikin bayi na Atlantic, suna jayayya cewa da wuya mutane da yawa bayi da gaske sun bi ta ƙofar, kuma Gorée da kansa ya kasance mai rahusa ga cinikin bayi na Atlantic. Ndiaye da sauran 'yan Senegal sun ci gaba da cewa wurin ya fi abin tunawa da gaske kuma wuri ne na tarihi na jigilar 'yan Afirka zuwa kasashen Turai da ke nahiyar Amurka, kuma masu binciken Anglophone ba su yaba masa ba. An gina shi a kusa da 1776, ginin shine gida a farkon karni na 19 zuwa ɗaya daga cikin masu arziki, 'yan mulkin mallaka, 'yar kasuwa mace 'yar Senegal (The Signares Anne Pépin ko Anna Colas Pépin Masu bincike suna jayayya cewa yayin da mai gida zai iya sayar da ƙananan bayi (wanda aka ajiye a cikin sel na ginshiƙan da aka sake ginawa) kuma ya ajiye wasu bayi a cikin gida, ainihin wurin tashi ya kasance 300m daga wani katanga a bakin teku. An maido da gidan tun a shekarun 1970. Duk da muhimmancin tsibirin Gorée, wasu masana tarihi sun yi iƙirarin cewa ’yan Afirka 26,000 da aka bautar ne kawai aka rubuta sun ratsa tsibirin, daga cikin adadin bayi da ba a sani ba da aka fitar daga Afirka. Ndiaye da magoya bayansa sun gabatar da cewa akwai shaida, ginin da kansa, an gina shi ne don ɗaukar ɗimbin bayi, kuma kusan mutane miliyan 15 ne suka ratsa ta wannan Ƙofar Babu Komawa Lissafi na ilimi, irin su aikin kididdiga na 1969 na masanin tarihi Philip D. Curtin, suna jayayya cewa tilasta jigilar kaya daga Gorée ya fara a kusa da 1670 kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa kimanin 1810, a lokaci guda fiye da 200 zuwa 300 a shekara a cikin shekaru masu mahimmanci kuma babu wani a cikin wasu. Kididdigar kididdigar kididdigar kasuwanci ta Curtin ta 1969 ta nuna cewa a tsakanin 1711 da 1810 an kwashe 'yan Afirka 180,000 da aka bautar daga ma'aikatan Faransa a Senegambia, yawancin ana jigilar su daga Saint-Louis, Senegal, da James Fort a Gambiya ta zamani. An nakalto Curtin yana faɗin cewa ainihin ƙofar da aka tuna da ita ba ta da wani mahimmancin tarihi, saboda gaskiyar cewa an gina ta a ƙarshen 1770s da "ƙarshen zamanin [cin cinikin bayi] ya kasance mai mahimmanci", tare da Biritaniya da Amurka duka sun soke cinikin bayi a 1807. Sauran malaman sun kuma yi nuni da cewa, Curtin bai kididdige adadin mutanen da suka mutu a lokacin safara ko kuma jim kadan bayan kama su ba, wanda hakan zai iya kara masa kiyasin. Dangane da waɗannan alkalumman, waɗanda yawancin jama'ar Senegal suka ƙi amincewa da su, wani taron tarihi na Afirka a 1998 ya yi iƙirarin cewa bayanan daga gidajen kasuwancin Faransa na Nantes sun rubuta bayi 103,000 daga Gorée a cikin jiragen ruwa mallakar Nantes daga 1763 zuwa 1775. Duk da haka, shaidar wannan da'awar takarda ce da ta ba da misalin 103,000 na bautar Afirka da aka kwashe daga babban yankin Upper Guinea gaba ɗaya, ba Gorée musamman ba. Ana Lucia Araujo ta ce "ba shine ainihin wurin da mutane na gaske suka bari a adadin da suka fada ba". Ko da waɗanda ke jayayya Gorée ba su da mahimmanci a cinikin bayi suna kallon tsibirin a matsayin muhimmin abin tunawa ga cinikin da aka yi a mafi girma daga tashar jiragen ruwa na Ghana da Benin na zamani. Yawon shaƙatawa Duk da cece-kuce, Maison des Esclaves wani yanki ne na tsakiya na Gidan Tarihi na Tsibirin Gorée na UNESCO, wanda aka yi wa suna a shekarar 1978, kuma babban abin jan hankali ga masu yawon bude ido na kasashen waje zuwa Senegal. Mintuna 20 ne kawai ta jirgin ruwa daga tsakiyar birnin Dakar, baƙi 200,000 a shekara suna wucewa ta gidan kayan tarihi a nan. Mutane da yawa, musamman waɗanda suka fito daga bautar Afirka, sun bayyana ra'ayoyin da suka ji daɗi sosai a wurin, da kuma tasirin fassarar Ndiaye game da mahimmancin tarihi na ginin: musamman Ƙofar Babu Komawa ta hanyar da Ndiaye ya yi jayayya cewa miliyoyin 'yan Afirka da aka bautar da su sun bar nahiyar. na karshe. Kafin mutuwarsa a shekara ta 2008, Ndiaye da kansa zai jagoranci yawon bude ido ta cikin sel na ginshiki, ta hanyar Kofar Babu Komawa, kuma ya rike har zuwa masu yawon bude ido da sarƙoƙi na ƙarfe, kamar waɗanda ake amfani da su don ɗaure 'yan Afirka bayi. Tun da littafin Alex Haley 's novel Roots: The Saga of an American Family a 1976, 'yan yawon bude ido na Afirka daga Amurka sun mai da gidan kayan tarihi a matsayin babban batu, sau da yawa wani abin da ya ji daɗi sosai, na alhazai suna fatan sake haɗuwa da al'adarsu. Al'adun Afirka. Shahararrun jiga-jigan duniya da suka zagaya da Maison des Esclaves a ziyarar da suka kai Senegal sun hada da Paparoma John Paul II, Nelson Mandela, Michael Jackson, da Barack Obama An ba da rahoton cewa Mandela ya tashi daga wani rangadi inda ya zauna shi kadai a cikin wani dakin kwana na tsawon mintuna biyar shiru yana tunani kan ziyarar da ya kai a shekarar 1997. Obama ya zagaya kofar Ba Komawa a ziyararsa a 2013. Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Gorée Tsibirin Slave Labaran BBC. 8 ga Yuli, 2003. la Maison des Esclaves Visite Virtuel d'Ile de Goree: UNESCO Heritage World Heritage Africa. Rahoto kan Aikin Taskokin Kasuwancin Bayi, ƙarƙashin Ƙwararren Shirin Duniya, a Dakar, Senegal, 7-11 Janairu 2002 Ahmed A. Bachr, UNESCO. Cibiyar Tarihin Duniya ta UNESCO 26 (1978) jeri: Tsibirin Goree L'esclavage Campagne internationale pour la sauvegarde du patrimoine architectural de l'île de Gorée. UNESCO (2001). Yanci Yancin dan Adam a

51860

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nili%20Rachel%20Scharf%20Gold

Nili Rachel Scharf Gold

Nili Rachel Scharf Gold (an haife ta a shekara ta 1948)farfesa ce Ba'am tourke Ba'amurke ce ta harshen Ibrananci na zamani da wallafe-wallafe a cikin Sashen Harsunan Gabas da Wayewa a Jami'ar Pennsylvania.Ɗaukar matakan tsaka-tsaki don nazarin wallafe-wallafen Ibrananci na zamani,ta zana a cikin bincikenta game da hanyoyin da za a bi daga psychoanalysis, tarihin birane,nazarin kasashen waje da ƙaura,da kuma nazarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da na kowa.Ta buga litattafai masu kyaututtuka a kan mawaƙin Ibrananci na Isra'ila,Yehuda Amichai,da kuma al'adun al'adu,zamantakewa,da gine-gine na birnin Haifa.Ta haɓaka wayar da kan al'adun Ibrananci na zamani a cikin Amurka ta hanyar ɗaukar nauyin taro game da,da kuma karatun jama'a da laccoci ta,yawancin marubutan Isra'ila da masu shirya fina-finai. Asalin, ilimi,da aiki An haifi Nili Rachel Scharf Gold a Haifeta, Isra'ila,a cikin 1948,ga iyaye masu jin Jamusanci. Ta sami digiri na BA a cikin adabin Ibrananci da Ilimi daga Jami'ar Hebrew ta Urushalima.Ta zo Amurka a cikin 1972 kuma ta sami digiri na MA da PhD a Cibiyar Nazarin Tauhidi ta Yahudawa (JTSA) da ke birnin New York.A karkashin kulawar Avraham Holtz,ta rubuta karatun digirinta a kan ka'idodin fasaha masu tasowa,ko kuma wakoki,na ayyukan marigayi Yehuda Amichai (1924-2000). Daga 1979 zuwa 1998,ta koyar a Jami'ar Columbia,a cikin Gabas ta Tsakiya da Harsuna da Al'adu na Asiya.A lokacin shekarar ilimi ta 1998–99,ta kasance Mataimakin Farfesa kuma Shugaban Sashen Harshen Ibrananci a Makarantar Tiyoloji ta Yahudawa ta Amurka.Ta shiga jami'ar Pennsylvania a 2000. Scholarship and publications Littafin farko na Zinariya ya bayyana a cikin Ibrananci a cikin 1994.Mai suna,Lo Kabrosh ("Ba Kamar Cypress"),wannan littafi yayi la'akari da sauye-sauyen hotuna da sifofi a cikin waƙar Yehuda Amichai.Wannan littafin ya sami lambar yabo don Mafi kyawun Littafin Farko a Adabin Ibrananci daga Ma'aikatar Kimiyya da Al'adu ta ƙasar Isra'ila. Da take rubutu a cikin Lexikon heksherim lesifrut yisre'elit ("Lexicon of Hebrew Literature"),mai sukar wallafe-wallafe Maayan Harel ya rubuta cewa wannan littafin "ya buɗe sabbin kwatance a cikin nazarin Amichai." Littafi na biyu na Gold,wanda ya fito a cikin Turanci a cikin 2008,mai suna, Yehuda Amichai:The Making of Israel's National Poet,kuma ya bibiyi ci gaban wallafe-wallafen Amichai tun yana ƙuruciyarsa a Würzburg, Jamus, bayan ƙauran danginsa zuwa Falasdinu na tilas a. 1936,kuma daga baya,bayan 1948,a Isra'ila lokacin da ya girma a matsayin mawaƙin Ibrananci.A cikin haka ta yi la'akari da tasirin da Jamusanci ke da shi akan waƙarsa ta Ibrananci.Wannan littafi,wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Lucius Littauer Foundation ta 2007 da kuma tallafin bugawa na Amurka-Isra'ila Cooperative Enterprise (AICE) na 2008,ya bayyana a cikin bugu na Ibrananci da aka sake dubawa a cikin 2018. Rubuta a cikin Lexikon heksherim lesifrut yisre'elit ("Lexicon of Hebrew Literature"),mai sukar wallafe-wallafe Maayan Harel ya kwatanta littafin Gold a matsayin aikin "biography of poetic". Littafi na uku na Zinariya,Haifa:Birnin Matakan ya bayyana a cikin 2017,kuma ya lashe lambar yabo ta Lucius Littauer Foundation Publishing Award da 2017 Schusterman Center for Israel Studies Publication Grant.Wannan littafi ya bibiyi tarihin Haifa da mutanenta tun daga karshen mulkin Ottoman a farkon shekarun karni na ashirin,ta hanyar wa'adin mulkin Burtaniya a Falasdinu,da kuma bayan kafuwar Isra'ila a shekara ta 1948.Zinariya ta tsara labarinta a kusa da alamomin gine-gine guda biyar a unguwar Hadar HaCarmel,inda Yahudawa da Larabawa daban-daban na birnin suka zauna kuma suka haɗu.Matsakaicin tsaka-tsaki,haɗaɗɗen adabi,gine-gine da tarihin siyasa,gami da abubuwan tunawa,Haifa: City of Steps yana amfani da tarihin wannan birni don haskaka tarihin al'adun gama gari na mazauna cikin ƙarni na canji. Gold has published articles in a wide range of journals, including Prooftexts, the Jewish Quarterly Review, Hebrew Studies, Middle Eastern Literatures, and more. Her publications reflect her work on the role of Mother Tongue in literature written in an acquired language, as illustrated in the poetry of Natan Zach; her analyses of the avant-garde Israeli author Yoel Hoffmann; and her attention to the works of Hebrew women writers, such as Lea Goldberg, Dahlia Ravikovitch, and Judith Katzir. Haɓaka al'adun Ibrananci na zamani a cikin Amurka Zinariya ta taka rawa wajen haɓaka ayyukan Ibrananci na zamani a cikin fassarar turanci.A Jami'ar Pennsylvania,ta shirya a cikin 2004 taron kasa da kasa wanda ke nuna aikin marubucin Isra'ila Amos Oz,wanda ya halarta kuma yayi magana. Ta shirya irin wannan taron kasa da kasa don murnar aikin Aharon Appelfeld a 2011. A cikin 2019,ta karbi bakuncin mai shirya fina-finan Isra'ila Amos Gitai,wanda ya tattauna fim ɗinsa na Ibrananci Tramway a Urushalima. Daga cikin sauran marubuta da masu shirya fina-finai da ta karbi bakuncin akwai Sami Michael,Amir Guttfreund,Meir Wiezeltier, Dahlia Ravikovitch, Yitzhak Gormezano Goren,da Judith Katsir.Ta ci gaba da wannan sha'awar don haɓaka al'adun Ibrananci na zamani ta hanyar fassara, da kuma shiga cikin nazarin adabi a cikin azuzuwan Jami'ar Pennsylvania, inda ta koyar da adabin Ibrananci a cikin fassarar Ingilishi dangane da takwarorinsa na Larabci,Farisa, da Turkiyya. Inganta fina-finan Gabas ta Tsakiya a Amurka Tun daga shekara ta 2010,Zinariya ta haɓaka cinema ta Gabas ta Tsakiya a Philadelphia ta hanyar shirya bikin Fina-Finan Gabas ta Tsakiya na shekara-shekara tare da tallafi daga Cibiyar Gabas ta Tsakiya ta Penn da sauran sassan harabar da shirye-shirye.Wannan biki ya nuna fina-finai daga kasashen Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka, kamar Iran,Aljeriya,Masar, Falasdinu,Turkiyya, da Maroko. Tare da wannan jerin,Zinariya kuma ya gayyaci masu yin fina-finai na Isra'ila da dama,irin su Avi Nesher da Amos Gitai,don yin magana a kan harabar. Nassoshi Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun

22050

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%B3ancin%20Mallakar%20Gidaje

Ƴancin Mallakar Gidaje

Ƴancin Mallakar Gidaje Hakkin gida shine hakkin tattalin arziki, zamantakewar al'umma da al'adu na wadatar gidaje ko matsuguni. An san shi a cikin wasu kundin tsarin mulki na ƙasa da kuma cikin Sanarwar kofan Adam na Duniya da Yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa ta Duniya game da 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu daban daban. Gida Hakki ne Na Dan Adam Hakkin mallakar gidaje an yarda da shi a cikin wasu kayan aiki na haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa. Mataki na 25 na Sanarwar Kare Hakkokin Dan-Adam ta amince da hakkin mallakar gidaje a matsayin wani bangare na ‘yancin samun cikakken yanayin rayuwa. Ya ce: Kowane mutum na da hakkin rayuwa, da zamantowa cikin lafiyar sa da ta iyalin sa, da suka hada da abinci, suttura, mahalli da kula da lafiya da hidimomin zamantakewar da ake bukata, da kuma ‘yancin samun tsaro yayin rashin aikin yi, rashin lafiya, nakasa, zawarawa, tsufa ko wasu rashi na rayuwa a yanayin da ya fi karfinsa. Barci, yara marasa gida a farkon karni na 20 a New York City da Jacob Riis ya ɗauka Mataki na 11 na Yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu (ICESCR) ita ma ta ba da tabbacin haƙƙin zama a matsayin wani ɓangare na haƙƙin samun daidaituwar rayuwa. A dokar kare hakkin dan adam ta duniya ana daukar haƙƙin mahalli a matsayin haƙƙin 'yanci. An bayyana wannan a cikin 1991 General Comment no 4 akan Cikakken Gidaje ta Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Yanci da Al'adu. [2] Jawabin na gaba ɗaya yana ba da fassarar ikon haƙƙin gidaje a cikin lamuran doka a ƙarƙashin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa. Ka'idodin Yogyakarta game da aiwatar da dokar kare hakkin dan adam ta duniya dangane da yanayin jima'i da asalin jinsi ya tabbatar da cewa: kowa na da 'yancin samun wadataccen gida, gami da kariya daga kora, ba tare da nuna wariya ba kuma Jihohin za su) auki duk matakan da suka dace na doka, gudanarwa da sauran matakan tabbatar da tsaron wa'adin mulkinsu da samun dammar zama mai sauki, zama, mai sauki, dacewa da al'adu da aminci, ba tare da matsugunai da sauran masaukin gaggawa ba, ba tare da nuna wariya ba dangane da yanayin jima'i, asalin jinsi ko kayan aiki ko matsayin iyali; b) ɗauki duk matakan doka, gudanarwa da sauran matakan da suka dace don hana aiwatar da fitinar waɗanda ba su dace da haƙƙin haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasashen ƙetare ba, da kuma tabbatar da wadatar da ingantacciyar doka ko wasu hanyoyin da suka dace ga kowane mutum da ke iƙirarin cewa haƙƙin kariya daga korar tilastawa an keta shi ko kuma yana fuskantar barazanar take hakki, gami da 'yancin sake tsugunar da shi, wanda ya hada da' yancin samar da wata kasa ta daban mafi inganci ko daidai da kuma samar da wadataccen gidaje, ba tare da nuna bambanci ba. Hakkin mallakar gidaje an kuma sanya shi a cikin Mataki na 28 na Yarjejeniyar kan Hakkokin 'Yancin Nakasassu, Mataki na 16 na Yarjejeniyar Tattalin Arziki ta Turai (Mataki na 31 na Yarjejeniyar Tattalin Arzikin Turai da Aka Gyara) da kuma Yarjejeniyar Afirka kan Hakkokin' Yan Adam da Jama'a. A cewar Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Hakkokin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu, bangarorin haƙƙin zama a ƙarƙashin ICESCR sun haɗa da: tsaron doka na lokacin aiki; samuwar ayyuka, kayan aiki, kayan aiki da kayan more rayuwa; iyawa; zama; isa; wuri da cancantar al'adu. A matsayinta na burin siyasa, an ayyana haƙƙin zama a cikin jawabin F. D. Roosevelt na 1944 akan Dokar haƙƙoƙin doka ta biyu. Aikin TENLAW ya samar da ingantacciyar dama ga ƙasashen duniya da bincike daban-daban a cikin gidaje da kadarorin ƙasa. Ya kirkiro kujerar farko ta gidaje a Jami'ar Rovira i Virgili (Spain) a ranar 11 ga Yulin, 2013, wanda ya buɗe hanyoyin bincike da yaɗawa a wannan yankin. UN Habitat Alamar da aka sauƙaƙa ta UN Habitat Hakkin samun isassun gidaje ya kasance muhimmiyar magana a taron Habitat na 1996 a Istanbul kuma babban jigo ne a Yarjejeniyar Istanbul da Tsarin Habitat. Sakin layi na 61 na ajanda ya nuna matakan da gwamnatoci ke buƙata don "inganta, karewa da tabbatar da cikakken ci gaba da haƙƙin samun isassun gidaje". Taron gidan Habitat na 2001, wanda aka fi sani da Istanbul +5, ya sake tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Istanbul ta 1996 da Agitat Agenda kuma ya kafa shirin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Tsara hakkin dan Adam don inganta haƙƙin zama tare da haɗin gwiwar Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam. Shirin wanda aka fi sani da UN HABITAT, shirin shine mafi mahimmin taro na duniya don haƙƙin mahalli. An ɗora mata alhakin inganta haƙƙin gidaje ta hanyar kamfen ɗin faɗakarwa, da haɓaka ƙididdiga da tsarin sa ido. Aiwatarwa [icon] Wannan bangare yana bukatar fadadawa. Kuna iya taimakawa ta ƙara da shi. (Janairu 2019) Kanada A Kanada, haƙƙin gidaje ya zama doka tare da zartar da Stratea'idar dabarun Gidaje ta [asa a ranar 21 ga Yuni, 2019. Dokar ta fara aiki a ranar 9 ga Yulin, 2019. Afirka ta Kudu A Afirka ta Kudu, sashi na 26 a babi na biyu na Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya kafa hujja da cewa "kowa na da 'yancin samun wadataccen gida". Ma'aikatar Mazaunan Humanan Adam an ɗora mata alhakin aiwatar da wannan ƙa'idar. Dangane da bayanan kwanan nan, kusan 'yan Afirka ta Kudu miliyan 3.6 har yanzu suna zaune a cikin shinge ko ƙauyuka mara kyau (bayanan 2013), yayin da aka kiyasta cewa kusan 200,000 ba su da gida ko zaune a kan tituna (bayanan 2015). Amurka Zanga-zangar 2020 game da korar mutane a Minneapolis, Minnesota Informationarin bayani: Gidajen bada tallafi a Amurka Yawancin yankuna da ke cikin Amurka ba su da ikon mafaka. Exceptionaya daga cikin abubuwan banbanci shine Massachusetts, inda iyalai (amma ba marasa gida ba) suna da 'yancin mafaka. A cikin Kalifoniya, yaran da suka gudu suna da 'yancin a shigar da su gidajen gaggawa ba tare da izinin iyayensu ba. Birnin New York kuma ya amince da haƙƙin bautar gaggawa.

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duwatsu%20%28geology%29

Duwatsu (geology)

Duwatsu wasu halitu ne dunkulallalu/daskararru da ake samu acikin kasa ko awajenta. Mafi akasarin wadanannan duwasu suna dauke da ma'adanai bugu da kari masana kimiyya Geology, Geography da sauran sciencitists sun tabbatar da cewa duwatsu suna murmushewa su zama kasa bayan sun dauki lokaci mai tsawo weathering. An kasafta shi ta hanyar ma'adanai da aka haɗa, da sinadarinsa da yadda aka kafa shi. Duwatsu suna samar da dunƙule mai ƙarfi na duniya, ɓawon burodi, da mafi yawan abin cikinsa, ban da ruwa na waje da aljihun magma a cikin asthenosphere Yawancin lokaci ana rarrabe duwatsu zuwa manyan ƙungiyoyi uku: duwatsu masu ƙanƙara, duwatsu masu ɗimbin yawa da duwatsun metamorphic Ana samun duwatsu masu ƙonewa lokacin da magma ta huce a cikin ɓawon duniya, ko lava ta huce a farfajiyar ƙasa ko cikin teku. Sedimentary kankara an kafa ta diagenesis ko lithification na sediments, wanda bi da bi aka kafa ta weathering, kai, da kuma shaida na data kasance kankara. An kafa duwatsun metamorphic lokacin da duwatsun da ake da su ke fuskantar irin wannan babban matsin lamba da yanayin zafi da ake canza su wani abu da ke faruwa, misali, lokacin farantan nahiyoyi sun yi karo. Nazarin kimiyya na hali da asalin duwatsu da ake kiranta petrology, wanda shine mahimmin sashin ilimin geology Rabe-Rabe an haɗa Duwatsu da farko na hatsi na ma'adanai, waɗanda sune daskararru masu ƙyalƙyali waɗanda aka samo daga sinadaran atom da aka haɗa cikin tsari mai kyau. Wasu duwatsun kuma sun ƙunshi ma'adanai, waɗanda ba su da ƙarfi, abubuwa masu kama da ma'adinai, kamar gilashin volcanic, waɗanda ba su da tsarin crystalline. Nau'ikan da yawa na ma'adanai a cikin dutse ana tantanche su ta hanyar da aka yi shi. Yawancin duwatsun suna ɗauke da ma'adanai na silicate, mahaɗan da suka haɗa da silica tetrahedra a cikin bututunsu na lu'ulu'u, kuma suna da kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na duk nau'in ma'adinai da aka sani da kusan kashi 95% na ɓawon ƙasa Yawan silica a cikin duwatsu da ma'adanai shine babban abin da ke tantance sunayensu da kaddarorin su. Duwatsu suna classified bisa ga halaye kamar ma'adinai da kuma sinadaran abun da ke ciki, permeability, irin zane na bijiro da batun kafa gaɓũɓuwa, da kuma barbashi size Waɗannan kaddarorin na zahiri sune sakamakon hanyoyin da suka kafa duwatsun. A kan hanya na lokaci, kankara za a iya canza kama daga daya irin a cikin wani, kamar yadda aka bayyana ta a ma'aunan kasa model kira da dutse sake zagayowar Wannan canjin yana samar da azuzuwan dutse guda uku: igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic Waɗannan azuzuwan uku an raba su zuwa ƙungiyoyi da yawa. Akwai, duk da haka, babu iyaka mai tsauri tsakanin duwatsu masu haɗin gwiwa. Ta hanyar ƙaruwa ko raguwa a gwargwadon ma'adanai, suna wucewa ta hanyar jeri daga ɗayan zuwa wancan; ta haka ne za a iya gano tsarukan wani nau'in dutsen, sannu a hankali suna haɗewa zuwa na wani. Don haka ma'anonin da aka karɓa cikin sunayen dutsen suna daidai da zaɓaɓɓun maki a cikin jerin shirye -shiryen ci gaba da samun digiri. Dutsen Igneous Dutsne Igneous dutse ne (da aka samu daga Latin kalma igneus, ma'ana daga wuta, daga ignis ma'ana wuta) an kafa ta hanyar sanyaya kuma solidification na magma ko lawa Wannan magma iya samu daga m melts na pre-data kasance kankara a ko dai wani taurãro 's alkyabbar ko ɓawon burodi Yawanci, narkewar duwatsu yana faruwa ne ta hanyar ɗaya ko fiye na matakai uku: ƙaruwa da zafin jiki, raguwar matsin lamba, ko canji a cikin abun da ke ciki. An raba duwatsun igneous zuwa manyan fannoni guda biyu: Dutsen Plutonic ko intrusive dutse be haifar lokacin magma cools kuma crystallizes sannu a hankali a cikin Duniya ta ɓawon burodi Misali na kowa na wannan nau'in shine dutse Dutsen mai aman wuta ko tsautsayi yana fitowa daga magma ya isa saman ko dai kamar lava ko gutsuttsuran ejecta, yana yin ma'adanai kamar supumice ko basalt Ruwan wuta mai bullowa daga kasa wato magma sukan zama masu wadata a cikin silica yayin da suke hawa zuwa saman Duniyar, wani tsari da ake kira rarrabe magma Wannan yana faruwa duka saboda ma'adanai masu ƙarancin silica suna ƙyalli daga cikin magma yayin da ya fara sanyaya jerin halayen Bowen kuma saboda magma yana haɗe da wasu daga cikin dusar ƙanƙara ta inda yake hawa dutsen ƙasa kuma dutsen ɓawon burodi yana da girma a cikin siliki. Don haka abun cikin silica shine mafi mahimmancin ma'aunin sunadarai don rarrabe dutsen mai ƙarfi. Abun cikin abubuwan ƙarfe na alkali na gaba yana da mahimmanci. Kimanin kashi 65% na karkashin kasan duniya ta ƙarar ya ƙunshi duwatsun wuta. Daga cikin waɗannan, 66% basalt ne gabbro, 16% sune dutse, kuma 17% granodiorite da diorite Kawai 0.6% syenite ne kuma 0.3% sune ultramafic Ruwan teku yana da kashi 99% na basalt, wanda shine dutse mai ƙyalli na abun da ke ciki. Dutse da makamantan duwatsu, waɗanda aka sani da granitoids, sun mamaye ɓawon burodi na nahiyar Dutsen Sedimentary An kirkirar duwatsun da aka kwaso daga wani wuri wato sedimentary masu ɗimbin yawa a saman ƙasa ta hanyar tarawa da ciminti gutsutsayen duwatsun da suka gabata, ma'adanai, da ko kamar yadda keɓantaccen sinadarai da bunƙasa kwayoyin halitta a cikin ruwa sedimentation Wannan tsari yana sa clastic sediments (guda na dutse) ko Organic barbashi detritus ya yi hukunci da tara ko don ma'adanai zuwa chemically precipitate evaporite daga wani bayani Bayan haka kwayoyin halittu masu rarrafe suna shaƙuwa da ciminti a matsakaicin yanayin zafi da matsin lamba diagenesis Kafin ana ajiye, sediments aka kafa ta weathering na baya kankara ta yashewa a wani tushen yankin sa'an nan hawa zuwa wuri na shaida da ruwa, iska, kankara, taro motsi ko glaciers (jamiá na denudation Kimanin kashi 7.9% na ɓawon burodi ta ƙarar ya ƙunshi duwatsun ƙasa, tare da kashi 82% na waɗanda ke shales, yayin da ragowar ya ƙunshi limestone (6%), sandstone da arkoses (12%). Sedimentary duwatsu sau da yawa dauke da burbushin Duwatsu masu ɗimbin yawa suna samuwa ƙarƙashin rinjayar nauyi kuma galibi ana ajiye su a kwance ko kusa da yadudduka a kwance ko madaidaiciya, kuma ana iya kiransu da madaidaicin duwatsu. Dutsen metamorphic An samar da duwatsun metamorphic ta hanyar sanya kowane irin abu mai kama da dutsen ɗanɗano, dusar ƙanƙara ko wani dutsen metamorphic daban -daban zuwa yanayin zafi da matsin lamba daban -daban fiye da waɗanda aka kafa dutsen na asali. Ana kiran wannan tsari metamorphism, ma'ana "canzawa cikin tsari". Sakamakon shine babban canji a cikin kaddarorin jiki da sunadarai na dutse. Dutse na asali, wanda aka sani da protolith, yana canzawa zuwa wasu nau'ikan ma'adinai ko wasu nau'ikan ma'adanai iri ɗaya, ta sake maimaitawa Yanayin zafi da matsin lamba da ake buƙata don wannan tsari koyaushe suna sama da waɗanda ake samu a farfajiyar Duniya: yanayin zafi ya fi 150 zuwa 200 C da matsin lamba sama da 1500 sanduna. Dutsen metamorphic ya tsara 27.4% na ɓawon burodi ta ƙara. Manyan azuzuwan uku na dutsen metamorphic sun dogara ne akan tsarin samuwar ta hanyar canji. Shigar da magma da ke dumama dutsen da ke kewaye yana haifar da tuntuɓar metamorphism-canjin da ya mamaye yanayin zafi. Matsakaicin metamorphism yana faruwa lokacin da aka binne ramuka a ƙarƙashin ƙasa; matsin lamba ya mamaye, kuma zazzabi yana taka ƙaramin rawa. Wannan ana kiransa metamorphism na binnewa, kuma yana iya haifar da duwatsu kamar jade Inda duka zafi da matsin lamba ke taka rawa, ana kiran injin ɗin metamorphism na yanki. Ana samun wannan yawanci a yankuna masu ginin dutse. Dangane da tsarin, an raba dutsen metamorphic zuwa manyan jigogi na gida biyu. Wadanda suka mallaki kamshi ana kiransu foliated ana kiran wadanda suka rage ba su da kaifi. Sannan an ƙaddara sunan dutsen bisa ga nau'ikan ma'adanai da ake da su. Schists sune duwatsun duwatsu waɗanda galibi sun haɗa da ma'adanai na lamellar kamar micas Gneiss yana da madaidaicin madaidaicin haske, tare da misali na yau da kullun shine gneiss granite. Sauran nau'ikan dutsen da suka lalace sun haɗa da slates, phyllites, da mylonite Misalan da aka sani na duwatsun metamorphic marasa tushe sun haɗa da marmara, sabulun sabulu, da serpentine Wannan reshe yana ƙunshe da ma'adini wani nau'in ƙwallon ƙwallo mai ƙyalli da ƙahoni. Amfanin mutane Amfani da dutsen ya yi babban tasiri ga ci gaban al'adu da fasaha na ɗan adam. Mutane da sauran hominids sun yi amfani da dutsen na aƙalla 2.5<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwARI">&nbsp;</span>shekaru miliyan Fasahar Lithic alama wasu tsoffin fasahohin da aka ci gaba da amfani da su. Hakar dutsen don abun cikinsa na ƙarfe ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan ci gaban ɗan adam, kuma ya ci gaba a matakai daban -daban a wurare daban -daban, a wani ɓangare saboda irin ƙarfe da ake samu daga dutsen wani yanki. Gine-Gine Dutsen ya bambanta ƙwarai da ƙarfi, daga ma'adini waɗanda ke da ƙarfin tashin hankali wanda ya wuce 300 MPa zuwa dutsen da ke cike da laushi don taushi za a iya murƙushe shi da yatsun hannu (wato, abin ƙyama ne (Don kwatantawa, ƙirar ƙarfe na ƙarfe yana da ƙarfin ƙarfi na kusan MPa 350. An ɗan sassaƙa shi, mai sauƙin aiki wanda aka sassaƙa shi don yin gini tun farkon 4000 KZ a Misira, kuma ana amfani da dutse don gina shinge a cikin Mongoliya ta ciki tun farkon 2800 KZ. Dutsen mai laushi, tuff, ya zama ruwan dare a Italiya, kuma Romawa sun yi amfani da shi don gine -gine da gadoji da yawa. An yi amfani da ƙaramin dutse a cikin gini a tsakiyar zamanai a Turai kuma ya kasance sananne a cikin karni na 20. Hako Ma'adinai Hakar ma'adanai wato mining shi ne hakar ma'adanai ko wasu ma'aunan kasa kayan daga ƙasa, daga wani tama jiki, jijiya ko kabu Kalmar kuma ta haɗa da cire ƙasa. Abubuwan da aka samo ta hakar ma'adinai sun haɗa da ƙarfe na ƙarfe, ƙarfe masu daraja, ƙarfe, uranium, kwal, lu'u -lu'u, farar ƙasa, shale mai, gishirin dutse, potash, jimlar gini da dutse mai girma Mining ake bukata kafin su sami wani abu da ba za a iya girma ta hanyar aikin gona da matakai, ko halitta artificially a wani dakin gwaje-gwaje ko factory Hakar ma'adanai a cikin mafi ma'ana ta ƙunshi hakar kowane albarkatu (misali man fetur, gas, gishiri ko ma ruwa daga ƙasa. Ana aikin haƙa dutse da karafa tun zamanin da Hanyoyin hakar ma'adanai na zamani sun haɗa da sa ido don ajiyar ma'adinai, bincika yuwuwar fa'idar hakar ma'adinan da ake so, hakar kayan da ake so, a ƙarshe maido da ƙasa don shirya shi don wasu amfani da zarar ma'adinan ya ƙare. Hanyoyin hakar ma'adanai na iya haifar da mummunan tasiri ga muhalli a duk lokacin da aka hako ma'adinai da kuma shekaru bayan hako ma'adinan. Waɗannan illolin da suka haifar sun sa yawancin ƙasashen duniya suna bin ƙa'idodi don sarrafa mummunan tasirin ayyukan hakar ma'adinai. Duba kuma Zuwa Hanyoyin waje Nassoshi Kayan da aka kwaso Duwatsu Dutse Ilin kimiyyar sannin duwatsu Pages with unreviewed

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose%20Kabuye

Rose Kabuye

Rose Kabuye (an haife ta Rose Kanyange a ranar 22 ga watan Afrilu 1961 a Muvumba, Rwanda) Laftanar Kanal ce mai murabus a cikin Sojojin Ruwanda kuma ta kasance mace mafi girma da ta taba yin aiki a rundunar sojojin kasarta. A halin yanzu tana aiki a kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a matsayin babban jami'in gudanarwa na Virunga Logistics da Startech Limited amma an fi saninta da aikinta na gwagwarmayar Rwandan Patriotic Front a lokacin yakin basasar Rwanda. Daga baya ta zama Magajin Garin Kigali, Shugaban Yarjejeniya Ta Ruwanda, kuma mamba a majalisar dokokin Rwanda. Saboda irin rawar da ta taka a fafutukar ‘yantar da jama’a, an ba ta lambar yabo ta ‘yantar da kasa ta Ruwanda da kuma kamfen yaki da kisan kare dangi. Ta kasance shugabar yarjejeniya na shugaban Rwanda Paul Kagame a watan Nuwamba 2008 lokacin da aka kama ta a Frankfurt, Jamus bisa tuhumar da aka ɗaga a cikin watan Maris 2009. Yakin basasar Ruwanda Rose Kabuye wadda ta girma kuma ta yi karatu a Uganda, ta fara horon aikin soji a can a shekarar 1986 bayan ta kammala digiri a Jami'ar Makerere da digiri a kan Kimiyyar Siyasa da Gudanar da Zamantakewa. Ta shiga jam'iyyar Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), a farkon shekarun 1980. A matsayin babba, ta shiga cikin mamayewar 1990 na Arewacin Ruwanda daga Uganda don samun 'yan gudun hijira 'yancin komawa ƙasarsu ta asali.A shekara ta 1993, ta zama Darakta mai kula da jin dadin jama'a ta RPF kuma an sanya ta mai kula da kula da marasa lafiya da nakasassu wadanda yakin ya shafa. Ta zama jagorar mayakan mata na RPF kuma ta shirya tarurruka na yau da kullun don haɗa su a matsayin ƙungiya tare da ba da goyon baya mai mahimmanci na tunani. Kwarewarta a matsayin mai shiga tsakani ta fara bayyana a lokacin da ta shiga cikin tattaunawar zaman lafiya a shekarar 1992 tsakanin RPF da tsohuwar gwamnatin Rwanda. Magajin Garin Ruwanda: Kigali A cikin shekarar 1994, nan da nan bayan yakin, an nada Rose Kabuye a matsayin magajin garin Kigali babban birnin ƙasar. Inda ta yi taka-tsan-tsan wajen ayyukan jin kai da kuma gyara muhimman ababen more rayuwa da suka hada da ruwa da wutar lantarki. A matsayinta na magajin gari a shekarar 1998, ta mai da hankali kan magance matsalolin gidaje a birninta ta hanyar gina matsugunan wucin gadi ga talakawa da wadanda suka tsira daga kisan kiyashin Rwanda. An yaba mata da sake tsarawa da kuma gyara harkokin kasuwancin Kigali a lokacin da take mulki. Ta kafa gidan caca na Kigali kuma ta ba da umarnin biyan kuɗin karatun marayu 100 na kisan ƙare dangi. 'Yar Majalisa kuma Gwarzon Mata A cikin 1998, Rose Kabuye ta zama 'yar majalisar dokokin Rwanda inda ta zama shugabar kwamitin tsaro da tsaro. A matsayinta na mamba a kungiyar mata ta majalisar wakilai, ta kasance cikin hadakar mata a matakin kasa kuma ta yi kokarin soke wasu dokoki da ke nuna wa mata wariya. Ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga horar da shugabannin mata da kuma daukaka mata a mafi yawan yankunan yanke shawara na gwamnatin Rwanda. A yanzu Rwanda ce ke da mafi yawan mata a majalisar dokokin kowace kasa a duniya. Yayin da 'yar majalisa, Rose Kabuye ta shiga cikin rubuta sabon kundin tsarin mulkin Rwanda da kuma yada shi ga jama'a don shigar da su da kuma amincewa. Shugaban Yarjejeniyar Jiha a karkashin Shugaba Kagame A cikin shekarar 2003, Rose Kabuye ta fara aiki na shekaru 7 a matsayin Shugabar Yarjejeniyar Jiha a ƙarƙashin Shugaban Ruwanda Paul Kagame. A cikin wannan rawar, ta shawarci manyan shugabannin gwamnatin Rwanda kan batutuwan da suka shafi ka'idojin ƙasa da na ƙasa da ƙasa; tare da shugaban kasar a dukkan tafiye-tafiyen aiki; da kuma shiryawa tare da gudanar da bukukuwa da dama ga shuwagabannin kasashe masu ziyara da sauran manyan baki masu ziyara. Ta tsara tare da daidaitawa, a tsakanin sauran manyan al'amuran, Sabuwar Haɗin kai don Ci gaban Afirka (2000) da COMESA Kasuwa ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka. Ta kuma shirya ziyarar jaha zuwa Rwanda ciki har da na shugaban Amurka da Mrs. George W. Bush da shugaban Faransa Nicolas Sarkozy. Ta raka shugaba Kagame a ziyarar da ya kai zauren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a birnin New York. Sauran Matsayin Jagorancin Sa-kai Rose Kabuye ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar kwamitin yaki da cutar kanjamau na birnin Kigali inda ta kaddamar da shirye-shirye na ilimantar da 'yan Rwanda game da cutar kanjamau da yadda za a hana yaduwarsa. Ta yi aiki a Hukumar Ndabaga—wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta Matan Sojoji da aka kora. Ita mamba ce mai zartarwa ta Forum for African Women Educationlists (FAWE Rwanda Chapter) kuma jigon memba na Women Waging Peace. Rikici kan Crash Jirgin Sama na 1994 A cikin shekarar 1994, an harbo wani jirgin sama dauke da shugaban Rwanda (Juvenal Habyarimana) da shugaban Burundi (Cyprien Ntaryamira), kusa da filin jirgin saman Kigali, inda aka kashe shugabannin biyu. Wannan lamari dai shi ne sanadin kisan kiyashin da aka yi wa Tutsi wanda a tsawon wasu kwanaki 100 ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutane tsakanin 800,000 zuwa miliyan ɗaya. A watan Nuwamban 2006, alkalin Faransa Jean-Louis Bruguière ya bayar da sammacin kama mutane tara, ciki har da Rose Kabuye, bisa zargin hannu a harin. A ranar 9 ga watan Nuwamba, 2008, an kama ta a Jamus yayin da take tafiya kan kasuwanci. Bayan kama ta, shugaban Rwanda Kagame ya kori jakadan Jamus tare da umurci wakilinsa a Berlin da ya koma Kigali "domin tuntuba." Masu zanga-zangar sun gudanar da zanga-zanga a gaban ofishin jakadancin Jamus da ke Kigali dauke da alamomin da ke dauke da cewa: “Ku kunyata ku Jamus! Shekaru saba'in bayan kisan kiyashi, kun kama wata mace da ta dakatar da kisan kiyashi." An dage tuhumar da ake yi wa Rose Kabuye a watan Maris 2009.

40488

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad%20Abu%20Laban

Ahmad Abu Laban

Ahmad Abu Laban an haife shi a shekara ta 1946 ya mutu a ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2007) limamin Danish-Palestine kuma shugaban ƙungiyar Islamic Society a Denmark Ya kasance babban jigo a cikin muhawarar zane-zanen Jyllands-Posten Muhammad Rayuwa ta sirri An haifi Ahmad Abu Laban a shekara ta 1946 a garin Jaffa na kasar Falasdinu A cikin shekara ta 1948, danginsa sun gudu zuwa Alkahira, Masar, kuma ya girma a can. A shekarar 1969, ya sauke karatu a matsayin injiniyan injiniya A shekarar 1974, ya auri babban dan uwansa Inam; ma'auratan sun haifi 'ya'ya bakwai. Ya yi karatun tauhidi a wurin malamai a ƙasashen musulmi daban-daban. Ya yi aiki a masana'antar mai na Gulf Persian daga shekara ta 1970 zuwa shekara ta 1982 sannan ya yi aiki da wani kamfani mai kwangila a Najeriya daga 1982 zuwa 1984. Ya ba da gudummawa ga ayyukan Musulunci a fannin ilimi a jihohi daban-daban na Najeriya. Ya yi hijira zuwa Denmark a shekara ta 1984 kuma ya zauna a can har tsawon rayuwarsa. Ya fito fili ya yi tir da ta'addanci da amfani da tashin hankali wajen ciyar da tafarkin Musulunci gaba. Bugu da ƙari, an san shi da yin gwagwarmaya don tabbatar da adalci da kuma taimakawa wajen magance matsalolin zamantakewa, ta hanyar yin wa'azin cewa Musulmin Danish yana da alhakin inganta al'ummar da suke cikin ciki. A ranar 19 ga Janairu, 2007, kungiyar Islama a Denmark ta sanar da cewa Abu Laban yana da saurin yada cutar kansa kuma mai yiwuwa kansar huhu ne. Abu Laban ya rasu a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2007 yana da shekaru 60. Soyayya da sadaukarwa da da yawa daga cikin Musulman Denmark suka nuna wa Abu Laban a wajen jana'izar sa, inda dubban Musulmi suka yi ta kwarara kan titunan Copenhagen domin gudanar da jana'izar sa na Musulunci. A lokacin rasuwarsa, Abu Laban ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan harkokin addini a ƙungiyar Islamic Society a Denmark. A cewar shafin yanar gizon ƙungiyar, ya kasance memba na "Co-Co-ordination Council of Imams a Turai. Rigima An ayyana Abu Laban a matsayin wanda ba grata ba a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa da Masar saboda ra'ayinsa na Islama Ya kasance sananne a kafafen yaɗa labarai na Danish saboda maganganunsa masu tsaurin ra'ayi game da Musulunci da kuma shigar da baƙin haure cikin al'ummar Denmark. Mai bincike na Sri Lanka Rohan Gunaratna, marubucin littafin Inside Al Qaeda, ya bayyana Ahmed Abu Laban a matsayin mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na Islama. Gunaratna ya kuma zargi Abu Laban da bayar da tallafin siyasa da tattalin arziki ga kungiyar Islama ta Masar al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, wacce Amurka da Tarayyar Turai ke kallon ta a matsayin ƙungiyar ta'addanci. Muhammad cartoons rigima Abu Laban ya shiga cikin rikicin kafafen yaɗa labarai da ya barke a kasar Denmark bayan fitowar zane-zanen Muhammad a jaridar Jyllands-Posten mai ra'ayin rikau. A watan Nuwamban shekarar 2005, ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin tawagar da ta zagaya yankin gabas ta tsakiya domin neman goyon bayan diflomasiyya, ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka haifar da fusata a yankin a farkon shekarar 2006. Tare da Akhmed Akkari, ya rubuta littafin Akkari-Laban wanda aka yi amfani da shi a wannan yawon shakatawa. Karin hotuna guda uku waɗanda ake zargin an aika wa Abu Laban amma ba a buga ba an saka su cikin jerin zane-zanen zane-zane da aka buga a cikin kundin da aka raba yayin wannan rangadin. Ahmad Akkari ya bayyana cewa an kara zane-zane guda uku ne domin su ba da haske kan yadda yanayi ke nuna kyama ga musulmi. Wasu maganganu masu rikitarwa da ambato A cikin hudubarsa ta Juma'a nan da nan bayan harin 11 ga Satumba, ya yi wa'azi cewa "[ya yi makoki] da busassun hawaye". Da yake mayar da martani ga kisan Theo van Gogh, martaninsa ya kasance a fili don sukar shi. Ba da dadewa ba, ya soki yadda Turai ke cin zarafin 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki game da batun fim mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce na Submission na dan fim din Holland da aka kashe. Lokacin da aka yankewa Amina Lawal daga Najeriya hukuncin jefe-jefe, ya ki yin Allah-wadai da hukuncin, ganin cewa shi ba alkali ba ne, kuma bai san hakikanin abin da ya faru ba. Bayan wani kisan gilla da aka yi a Copenhagen, Abu Laban ya ba da shawarar hana duk wani kisa na ramuwar gayya ta hanyar biyan kudaden "kudin jini" da ya kai DKR. 200,000 ko kuma kwatankwacin rakuma 100, bisa lissafinsa, a kudin yau, don hana daukar fansa. "Ina kiran wadannan mutane beraye a cikin ramuka" shine halayensa na dan siyasar Danish mai sassaucin ra'ayi Naser Khader A Sallar Juma’a Abu Laban ya yi kira ga jama’ar sa da su sadaukar da rayuwarsu a wani jihadi na Falasdinawa. A wajen motocin bas-bas na masallacin suna jira su kai jama'ar wajen gudanar da zanga-zanga a dandalin majalisar, inda suka daga alamomin da ke nuna Isra'ilawa da 'yan Nazi, suka kona tutar Isra'ila Manazarta Matattun 2007 Haifaffun 1946

21959

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20McArthur

James McArthur

James McFarlane McArthur (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 1987) shi ne dan ƙwallon ƙafa ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa na Scotland wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na tsakiya a kulob din Premier League Palace Crystal Palace. McArthur ya fara aiki a Hamilton Academical kuma yana cikin ƙungiyar shekarar ta lashe taken shekarar 2007 da shekara ta 2008 Scottish First Division. Ya buga wasanni sama da 190 ga Hamilton kafin ya koma Wigan Athletic a watan Yulin shekara ta 2010. McArthur ya taimakawa Wigan ta lashe Kofin FA a shekarar 2013. An canja shi zuwa Crystal Palace a lokacin rani na shekara ta 2014. McArthur ya buga wasanni 32 na kasa da kasa ga kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Scotland tsakanin shekara ta 2010 da shekara ta 2017. Klub ɗin Hamilton Ilimi Haihuwar Glasgow kuma ya tashi ne a gundumar Barrowfield na garin, McArthur ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Whitehill kuma ya tallafawa Rangers a ƙuruciyarsa; ya taka leda a Rangers South BC (tare da abokan aikinsa na duniya Robert Snodgrass da Graham Dorrans), St Johnstone pro youth, Rangers SABC and Clyde kafin ya koma Hamilton Academical yana matashi a shekara ta 2003. Ya fara zama kwararren ɗan wasa a watan Janairun shekara ta 2005 da Ross County. Ya kafa kansa a ƙungiyar Hamilton a kakar wasa mai zuwa kuma ya zira kwallon sa ta farko a watan Afrilu shekara ta 2006 akan St Johnstone. Wannan shi ne ci gabansa da aka ba shi kyaftin din Hamilton a kan Aberdeen a watan Fabrairun shekarar 2008 don buga gasar cin kofin Scottish kuma aka zaba shi a matsayin dan wasan Firimiya na Farko na Gwani na kakar shekarar 2007 da shekara ta 2008. A watan Mayu shekarar 2008 bayan ya taimaka wa ƙungiyarsa zuwa Firstungiyar Farko ta Scotland, an ba McArthur sabon kwantiragin shekaru uku. A lokacin da ya bar New Douglas Park yana da shekara 22, ya buga kusan wasanni 200 don Accies. 'Ƴar Wigan A cikin shekara ta 2009-2010 kakar, da dama English Championship da kuma Premier League clubs, ciki har da Sheffield United, West Bromwich Albion, Leeds United da Sunderland, ya nuna wani amfani a McArthur. A ranar 5 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2010, McArthur ya tafi ziyarar kwana uku zuwa Wigan Athletic kulob din Firimiya tare da neman ci gaba na dindindin a lokacin rani. Ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu a filin wasa na DW a ranar 23 ga watan Yulin kan farashin kusan fam 500,000. Matsayin ya sake haɗuwa da shi tare da tsohon abokin aikin Hamilton James McCarthy, wanda yayi ƙaura iri ɗaya a farkon kakar 2009-10 A ranar 31 ga Janairun 2012, McArthur ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a Wigan a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Tottenham Hotspur da ci 3-1, sannan ya biyo baya bayan wasanni biyu tare da cin nasara kan Bolton Wanderers a filin wasa na Reebok a wasan da aka tashi 2-1 da Wigan. McArthur ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa da Wigan a watan Mayun 2012, tare da sabon yarjejeniyar da zai ci gaba har zuwa shekarar 2016. A ranar 11 ga Mayu 2013 McArthur ya ci Kofin FA, ya buga duka wasan a cikin rashin nasara 1-0 da aka doke Manchester City Koyaya, bayan kwana uku kawai, Wigan ta fice daga gasar Premier bayan kashin da ci 4-1 da Arsenal. Wigan ta ki amincewa da tayin farko na fam miliyan 5 daga Leicester City na McArthur a watan Agustan shekara ta 2014, amma sai ta amince da kudirin da aka gabatar na kusan fam miliyan 7. Ba a amince da jadawalin biyan kudin ba kuma yarjejeniyar da aka gabatar ta ruguje, yayin da Leicester ta sayi Esteban Cambiasso a maimakon haka. A ranar karshe ta bazarar canja wurin taga 2014, Wigan ta karbi tayin fan miliyan 7 daga Crystal Palace akan McArthur. Crystal Palace A ranar 1 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 2014, McArthur ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku tare da Crystal Palace bayan ya koma daga Wigan Athletic kan kudin da ba a bayyana ba; saboda wata magana a cikin kwantaraginsa na Wigan, tsohuwar kungiyarsa Hamilton ta karbi kudin siyarwa daga cinikin Crystal Palace, wanda suka yi amfani da shi wajen saka jari a tsarin samari wanda dan wasan ya fito. McArthur ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a ragar Palace a ranar 13 ga Disamba, a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Stoke City A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2016, McArthur ya yayyage jijiyoyin kafa a cikin rashin nasarar 1-1 a hannun AFC Bournemouth. Ya dawo cikin lokaci domin ya halarci gasar cin kofin FA na 2016, wanda Crystal Palace ta sha kashi a hannun Manchester United da ci 2-1 bayan karin lokaci. A watan Mayu shekara ta 2018, bayan ya taimaka wa kulob dinsa ya ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayi na biyu a jere a karo na biyar a jere da ya yi a Selhurst Park, Premier League ta amince da McArthur don kai wa 200 wasanni a gasar. Ayyukan duniya An fara kiran sa ne zuwa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Scotland 'yan kasa da shekaru 21 a watan Fabrairun shekarar 2008, kuma ya fara taka leda a wannan matakin da Ukraine a karshen wannan watan. A ranar 16 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2010, McArthur ya fara buga wasan farko na kasa da kasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa na biyu don Charlie Adam akan tsibirin Faroe Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a duniya a ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2011, a wasan cin Kofin Kasashen da Ireland ta Arewa Tun daga watan Agusta shekarar 2018, McArthur ya buga wasanni na kasa da kasa sau 32 kuma ya zira kwallaye hudu. A wannan lokacin ya shawarci manajan Scotland Alex McLeish cewa yana son a cire shi daga wasannin kasa da kasa yayin da yake gudanar da matsalolin baya. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, ya sanar da yin ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa da ƙasa. kididdigar aiki Kulab Manufofin duniya Kamar yadda aka buga wasa 7 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 2017. Sakamakon da aka buga a Scotland shine na farko, rukunin maki yana nuna maki bayan kowane burin McArthur. Daraja Hamilton Ilimi Wasannin Kwallon Kafa na Kwallon Kafa na Scotland 2007-08 'Yar Wigan Kofin FA 2012–13 Crystal Palace Gasar FA ta zo ta biyu: 2015-16 Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje James McArthur at Soccerbase Pages with unreviewed

21237

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilli%20Henoch

Lilli Henoch

Lilli Henoch (an haife ta a ranar 26 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 1899 ta kuma mutu a ranar 8 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 1942) ta kasance Bajamushiya ce, yar wasan tsere ce da tsalle-tsalle, wacce ta kafa tarihin duniya har sau hudu, kuma ta lashe gasar zakarun kasar Jamus har sau 10, a fannoni daban daban guda hudu. Henoch ta kafa tarihin duniya a cikin discus (sau biyu), harbin da aka saka, da kuma abubuwan nisan mita 4 100 Ta kuma ci gasar zakarun ƙasar ta Jamus a harbi sau huɗu, tseren mita 4 re 100 sau uku, discus sau biyu, da kuma tsalle mai tsayi Bayahude ce, kuma a lokacin Holocaust din an kori da ita da mahaifiyarsa ta hanyar Nazis. Rayuwar farko Henoch Bayahudiya ce, kuma an haife ta me a Königsberg, East Prussia (Jamus). Mahaifinta Dan kasuwa ne, ya mutu a shekara ta 1912. Ita da dangin ta sun yi ƙaura zuwa Berlin, kuma daga baya mahaifiyarta ta sake yin aure. Waƙa da filin aiki Henoch ta kafa tarihin a duniya a cikin discus, shot shot, da kuma tare da abokan aikinta abubuwan nisan mita 4 100. Tsakanin shekarar 1922 da shekara ta 1926, ta ci gasar zakarun ƙasar Jamus 10: a harbe-harbe, 1922-25; discus, 1923 da 1924; dogon tsalle, 1924; da kuma gudun mita 4 100, 1924–26. Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, Henoch ya shiga Kungiyar Wasannin Berlin (BSC), wanda kusan yahudawa kwata ɗaya ne. Ta kuma rasa damar shiga cikin wasannin Olympics na lokacin bazara na shekarar 1924, saboda ba a ba wa Jamus damar shiga cikin Wasannin ba bayan Yaƙin Duniya na A cikin shekarar 1924, ta horar da ɓangaren mata a Bar Kochba Berlin Ta kasance memba na kungiyar wasan hockey ta BSC, wacce ta lashe gasar Hockey ta Berlin a shekarar 1925. Discus Ta kafa tarihin duniya a cikin discus a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 1922, da nisan mita 24.90. Ta ci amanar wannan a ranar 8 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 1923, tare da jifa na mita 26.62. Ta ci gasar Jamus ta kasa a discus a shekarar 1923 da shekara ta 1924, kuma ta ci lambar azurfa a shekarar 1925. Tsalle mai tsayi A cikin shekarar 1924, Henoch ya lashe Gasar Long Jump Championship ta Jamus, bayan da ya ci lambar tagulla a taron a shekarar da ta gabata. Shot sa A ranar 16 ga watan Agusta shekarar 1925 Henoch ya kafa tarihin duniya wanda ya kafa tarihi tare da jefa mita 11.57. Ta lashe gasar zakarun kasar ta Jamus a harbi wanda aka buga a 1922-25, kuma ta lashe lambar azurfa a 1921 da 1926. 4 100 gudun ba da sanda A shekarar 1926, ta yi wasan farko a kan mita 4 100 relay na duniya sakan 50.40 a Cologne, ta karya tarihin da ya gabata na tsawan kwanaki 1,421 da dakika guda. Ta lashe gasar zakarun ƙasar ta Jamus a wasan tseren mita 4 100 a 1924–26. Dash 100 mita A shekarar 1924, ta lashe lambar azurfa a mita 100 a gasar kasa ta Jamus. Tashin hankali bayan tashin hankali na Nazi Bayan Adolf Hitler ya hau mulki a 1933, Henoch da duk wasu yahudawa sun tilasta barin membobin BSC, ta sabbin dokokin Nazi. Daga nan sai ta shiga Jcherdischer Turn-und Sportclub a shekarar 1905 (Jewish Gymnastics and Sports Club a shekarar 1905), wacce ta takaita ga yahudawa kawai, wacce ta taka leda da hannu kuma ta kasance mai koyarwa. Ta kuma zama malamin motsa jiki a makarantar firamare ta yahudawa. Saboda ita Bayahudiya ce, gwamnatin Jamus ba ta ba ta damar halartar wasannin Olympics na bazara na shekarar 1936 ba Kashewa Gwamnatin Nazi ta Jamus ta kori Henoch, mahaifiyarsa mai shekaru 66, da dan uwanta zuwa Riga Ghetto a cikin Latvia da Nazi ta Jamus ta mamaye a ranar 5 ga watan Satumba shekarar 1942, lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II. Ita da mahaifiyarta an ɗauke su daga ghetto kuma ƙungiyar kashe hannu ta Einsatzgruppen sun harbe ta a watan Satumba na shekara ta 1942, tare da wasu adadi da yawa na yahudawa da aka kwaso daga gehetto. Dukkansu an binne su a babban kabari kusa da Riga, Latvia Yayanta ya ɓace, ba tare da wata alama ba. Zauren shahara da tunawa An shigar da Henoch cikin Zauren Wasannin Yahudawa na Kasa da Kasa a shekarar 1990. A cikin shekarar 2008, an girka Stolperstein don girmama ta a gaban tsohon gidan ta a Berlin. Duba kuma Jerin zaɓaɓɓun 'yan wasan yahudawa da filin wasa Manazarta Kara karantawa "Lilli Henoch. Fragmente aus dem Leben einer jüdischen Sportlerin und Turnlehrerin Ehlert, Martin-Heinz, Sozial- und Zeitgeschichte des Sports, Volume 3, Fitowa ta 2, shafi na 34-48, 1989 Hanyoyin haɗin waje "Lilli Henoch da Martha Jacob 'Yan Wasannin Bayahude Biyu a Jamus Kafin da Bayan 1933", na Berno Bahroa, Wasanni a Tarihi, Juzu'i na 30, Fitowa ta 2, shafuffuka na 267-87, 2010 Mutuwan 1942 Haifaffun 1899 Yahudawa Yahudawa mata Pages with unreviewed

26918

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi%20Arabian%20Airlines

Saudi Arabian Airlines

Saudia wanda aka fi sani da Saudi Arabian Airlines shi ne mai ɗaukar tuta na Saudi Arabia, wanda ke Jeddah A kamfanin jirgin sama na babban aiki tushe ne a King Abdulaziz International Airport a Jeddah Filin jirgin sama na Sarki Khalid da ke Riyadh da filin jirgin sama na King Fahd da ke Damam sune manyan cibiyoyi. Jirgin shi ne na uku mafi girma a Gabas ta Tsakiya wajen samun kuɗaɗen shiga, bayan Emirates da Qatar Airways Yana tafiyar da jirage na cikin gida da na ƙasashen waje zuwa sama da wurare guda 85 a Gabas ta Tsakiya, Afirka, Asiya, Turai da Arewacin Amurka. Ana gudanar da zirga-zirgar jirage na gida da na waje, galibi a lokacin azumin Ramadan da na Hajji Ya shiga kawancen kamfanin jirgin sama na SkyTeam a ranar 29 ga Watan Mayu shekara ta 2012 ya zama dillalan Fasha na farko da ya shiga daya daga cikin manyan kawancen jiragen sama guda uku. Saudia mamba ce kuma daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kungiyar jiragen saman Larabawa Tarihi Shekarun farko Lokacin da shugaban Amurka Franklin Delano Roosevelt ya ba da jirgin Douglas DC-3 a matsayin kyauta ga Sarki Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud a shekara ta 1945, taron ya nuna yadda masarautar ta samu ci gaban zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a hankali. An kafa kamfanin jigilar tutar kasar, Saudia, a matsayin jirgin saman Saudi Arabiya a watan Satumban shekara ta 1945 a matsayin cikakkiyar hukuma ta gwamnati a ƙarƙashin ikon Ma'aikatar Tsaro, tare da TWA (Trans World Airlines) yana tafiyar da kamfanin jirgin karkashin kwangilar gudanarwa. Filin jirgin saman Kandara da aka rushe a yanzu, wanda ke kusa da Jeddah, ya kasance babban sansanin mai ɗaukar tuta. Daga cikin ayyukan farko na kamfanin har da wani jirgi na musamman daga Lydda Lod na kasar Falasdinu (yau a Isra'ila, wurin filin jirgin sama na Ben-Gurion), da izinin Biritaniya a wancan lokacin, don jigilar alhazai zuwa Jeddah. Kamfanin jirgin ya yi amfani da jiragen DC-3 guda biyar don kaddamar da ayyukan da aka tsara a kan hanyar Jeddah-Riyadh-Hofuf-Dhahran a watan Maris na shekara ta 1947. Hidimar sa ta farko ta duniya tsakanin Jeddah da Alkahira. Hidima zuwa Beirut, Karachi da Damascus ya biyo baya a farkon shekara ta 1948. A shekara mai zuwa an karɓi farkon na biyar na Bristol 170s. Wadannan jiragen sun baiwa kamfanin jirgin saman sassaucin daukar fasinjoji da kaya. A cikin shekara ta 1962, jirgin sama ya ɗauki Boeing 720s guda biyu, ya zama jirgin sama na huɗu na Gabas ta Tsakiya don tashi jirage jet, bayan Jirgin saman Gabas ta Tsakiya da Cyprus Airways tare da de Havilland Comet a shekara ta 1960 da El Al tare da Boeing 707 a shekara ta 1961. A ranar 19 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1963, kamfanin jirgin ya zama kamfani mai rijista, inda Sarki Faisal na Saudiyya ya rattaba hannu kan takardar da ta ayyana Saudiyya a matsayin kamfani mai cikakken 'yanci. Daga baya aka sayi DC-6s da Boeing 707s, kuma kamfanin jirgin ya shiga AACO, Kungiyar Masu Jiragen Sama na Larabawa An fara hidima a Sharjah, Tehran, Khartoum, Mumbai, Tripoli, Tunis, Rabat, Geneva, Frankfurt, da kuma London A cikin shekara ta 1970s, an gabatar da sabon livery. An canza sunan mai ɗaukar kaya zuwa Saudia a ranar 1 ga Afrilun shekara ta 1972. An sayi Boeing 737s da Fokker F-28s, tare da 737s suka maye gurbin Douglas DC-9 Kamfanin jirgin ya fara gudanar da sabis na Boeing 747s na farko a cikin 1977 lokacin da aka yi hayar Jumbo Jet uku daga Jirgin saman Gabas ta Tsakiya kuma aka tura su a sashin London An fara jigilar jigilar kayayyaki na farko tsakanin Saudi Arabiya da Turai, kuma an fara jigilar Lockheed L-1011s da Fairchild FH-27 Sabbin ayyuka, gami da Arabian Express 'babu jirage masu saukar ungulu' tsakanin Jeddah da Riyadh. An kafa Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama ta Musamman (SFS) a matsayin rukunin na musamman na Saudiyya, kuma tana gudanar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na musamman ga dangin sarauta da hukumomin gwamnati. An kuma fara hidima a Roma, da Paris, Muscat, Kano, da kuma Stockholm Sabis ɗin haɗin gwiwa na Pan Am/Saudia tsakanin Dhahran da Birnin New York ya fara ne a ranar 3 ga watan Fabrairu shekaea ta 1979. A cikin 1980s an fara ayyuka irin su Saudia Catering. An fara jirage zuwa Jakarta, Athens, Bangkok, Dhaka, Mogadishu, Nairobi, New York City, Madrid, Singapore, Manila, Delhi, Islamabad, Seoul, Baghdad, Amsterdam, Colombo, Nice, Lahore, Brussels, Dakar, Kuala Lumpur da Taipei Horizon Class, sabis na aji na kasuwanci, an kafa shi don bayar da ingantaccen sabis. An gina wuraren daukar kaya a Brussels da Taipei. Airbus A300s, Boeing 747s, da Cessna Citations kuma an ƙara su a cikin rundunar jiragen ruwa, da Citations na sabis na SFS. A cikin shekara ta 1989 sabis na Larnaca da Addis Ababa ya fara. A ranar 1 ga Watan Yuli shekara ta 1982, an ƙaddamar da sabis na farko mara tsayawa daga Jeddah zuwa Birnin New York tare da jirgin Boeing 747SP. An bi hanyar Riyadh zuwa New York. A cikin shekara ta 1990s, an gabatar da ayyuka zuwa Orlando, Chennai, Asmara, Washington, DC, Johannesburg, Alexandria, Milan, Malaga (na lokaci), da Sanaa (sake farawa). An gabatar da Boeing 777s, MD-90s da MD-11s An gabatar da sabbin rigunan mata masu hidimar jirgin da Adnan Akbar ya tsara. An ƙaddamar da sabon shaidar kamfani a ranar 16 ga Yuli 1996, mai ɗauke da fuselage mai launin yashi tare da bambancin wutsiya mai launin shuɗi, wanda tsakiyarsa ya ƙunshi salo mai salo na gidan gidan Saud An jefar da sunan Saudia a cikin sabunta bayanan, tare da sunan Saudi Arabian Airlines. Ci gaba tun daga 2000s A ranar 8 ga watan Oktoba, shwkara ta 2000, Yarima Sultan bin Abdulaziz Al Saud Ministan Tsaro da Jiragen Sama na Saudiyya, ya rattaba hannu kan wata kwangila don gudanar da bincike don mayar da kamfanonin jiragen sama na Saudi Arabian zuwa kamfanoni. A cikin shirye-shiryen wannan, an sake fasalin kamfanin jirgin don ba da izinin raka'a marasa mahimmanci ciki har da abinci na Saudia, sabis na kula da ƙasa da kulawa da kuma makarantar Prince Sultan Aviation Academy da ke Jeddah don canza su zuwa rukunin kasuwanci da cibiyoyin riba. A watan Afrilun shekara ta 2005, gwamnatin Saudiyya ta nuna cewa kamfanin jirgin zai iya rasa abin da ya ke da shi na ayyukan cikin gida. A cikin shekara ta 2006, Saudia ta fara aiwatar da rarraba kanta zuwa Rukunin Kasuwancin Dabarun (SBU); sashin abinci ne aka fara mayar da shi. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2007, Majalisar Ministocin Saudiyya ta amince da sauya wasu manyan kamfanoni zuwa kamfanoni. An shirya cewa sabis na ƙasa, sabis na fasaha, kaya na iska da kuma Prince Sultan Aviation Academy, sashen likitanci, da kuma sashin abinci, za su zama rassan kamfani na kamfani. Kamfanin jirgin ya koma zuwa ga takaitaccen sunan sa na Ingilishi Saudia (an yi amfani da shi daga shekara ta 1972 zuwa shekara ta 1996) daga Saudi Arabian Airlines (sunan tarihi da ake amfani da shi har zuwa shekara ta 1971 kuma ya sake dawo da shi a 1997) a ranar 29 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 2012; An canza sunan ne don murnar shigowar kamfanin cikin kawancen kamfanin jirgin sama na SkyTeam a wannan rana, kuma wani bangare ne na wani babban yunkurin sake suna. Saudia ta karbi sabbin jiragen sama 64 a karshen shekarar a shekara ta 2012 (6 daga Boeing da 58 daga Airbus Wani jirgin sama 8 Boeing 787-9 ya fara shiga cikin rundunar a cikin shekara ta 2015. A watan Afrilu shekara ta 2016, Saudia sanar halittar wani low-cost na biyu, Flyadeal An kaddamar da jirgin ne a matsayin wani bangare na dabarun sauyi na SV2020 na Saudia Group, wanda ke da niyyar sauya sassan kungiyar zuwa kungiyoyi masu daraja ta duniya nan da shekara ta 2020. Flyadeal yana hidimar wuraren zuwa gida da yanki, ya fara tashi a tsakiyar shekara ta 2017. A cikin Afrilu 2021, Saudia Airlines ya ba da sanarwar cewa a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu, zai gwada app ɗin wayar hannu da Ƙungiyar Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Duniya (IATA) ta ƙirƙira wanda ke taimaka wa fasinjoji sarrafa bayanan tafiyarsu da takaddunsu ta hanyar dijital. Kyauta Kamfanin Jirgin Sama Mafi Ingantattun Hanyoyin Duniya a cikin 2017 ta SkyTrax Mafi Ingantattun Jirgin Sama a Duniya a shekara ta 2020 ta SkyTrax Tallafi Saudia ta dauki nauyin tawagar Williams Formula One daga shekara ta 1977 zuwa shekara ta 1984. A wannan lokacin Williams zai lashe Gasar Gine-gine biyu da Gasar Direba biyu tare da Alan Jones da Keke Rosberg Saudia ta kasance babban mai daukar nauyin a shekara ta 2018 da 2019 Diriyah ePrix Su ne kamfanin jirgin sama na Formula E, tare da daya daga cikin jiragen su, Boeing 777-300ER, fentin a cikin wani nau'i na musamman wanda ke nuna alamar gaggafa tare da motar Spark SRT05e Gen2 a baya. Wuraren Yarjejeniyar Codeshare Saudia tana da yarjejeniyar codeshare tare da abokan aikin SkyTeam kuma tare da kamfanonin jiragen sama masu zuwa: Jirgin ruwa Jirgin ruwa na yanzu the Saudia fleet consists of the following aircraft including its passenger and cargo fleet: Jirgin ruwa na tarihi Saudia a da tana sarrafa jiragen sama kamar haka: Sauran jiragen sama Saudia Special Flight Services, VIP flights, Private Aviation suna aiki kamar haka, wanda yawancinsu ke motsa jikin jirgin. Bugu da ƙari, Saudia Royal Flight division yana aiki da manyan jiragen gwamnati da na gidan sarauta a ƙarƙashin lambar jirgin Saudia da tsarin launi (sai dai jirgi ɗaya), waɗannan sun haɗa da. Wasu jiragen C-130 na soja kuma an yi musu fenti da launukan Saudia kuma ma'aikatan Sojojin Sama na Royal Saudi Air Force ne ke jigilar su don tallafawa ayyukan Saudiyya a yankin da Turai. Tun da 2017 masu haɓakawa ta hannu guda biyu (TEC Hünert MFT 500-01 suna tafiya tare da Sarki kuma ana jigilar su ta jirgin sama daban. Ayyukan cikin jirgin Mujallar inflight ta Saudia ana kiranta Ahlan Wasahlan "Sannu da zuwa"). Ba a ba da abin sha ko naman alade a cikin jirgin daidai da dokokin abinci na Musulunci Jiragen da aka zaɓa Airbus A330-300 da Boeing 777-300ER suna sanye da Wi-Fi da hanyar sadarwar wayar hannu a cikin jirgin. Yawancin jiragen sama kuma suna ba da wuraren addu'o'i na musamman a kan jirgin kuma ana kunna rikodin addu'a kafin tashinsa. Hatsari da hadura On 25 September 1959, a Saudia Douglas DC-4/C-54A-5-DO (registration HZ-AAF), performed a belly landing shortly after take-off from the old Jeddah Airport. The cause of the accident was gust locks not deactivated by the mechanic, followed by a stall. All 67 passengers and 5 crew survived. On 9 February 1968, a Douglas C-47 (reg. HZ-AAE) was damaged beyond economic repair at an unknown location. On 10 November 1970, a Douglas DC-3 on a flight from Amman Civil Airport, Jordan to King Khalid International Airport, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia was hijacked and diverted to Damascus Airport, Syria. On 11 July 1972, a Douglas C-47B (reg. HZ-AAK) was damaged beyond economic repair in an accident at Tabuk Airport. On 2 January 1976, Saudia Flight 5130, a McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30CF, leased from ONA undershot the runway at Istanbul, Turkey, crash landed, tearing off the #1 engine and causing the left wing to catch fire. All passengers and crew evacuated safely. The aircraft was written off. On 19 August 1980, Saudia Flight 163, a Lockheed L-1011-200 TriStar (HZ-AHK), operating Karachi-Riyadh-Jeddah, was completely destroyed by fire at Riyadh airport with the loss of all 301 people on board due to delays in evacuating the aircraft. This was the deadliest accident experienced by Saudia until 312 were killed in the loss of Flight 763 over 16 years later. On 22 December 1980, Saudia Flight 162, a Lockheed L-1011-200 TriStar, operating Dhahran to Karachi, experienced an explosive decompression, penetrating the passenger cabin. The hole sucked out two passengers and depressurized the cabin. On 5 April 1984, a Saudia Lockheed L-1011 TriStar on final approach to Damascus from Jeddah was hijacked by a Syrian national. The hijacker demanded to be taken to Istanbul, Turkey but changed his mind and requested to go to Stockholm, Sweden. After landing in Istanbul to refuel, the hijacker was arrested after the pilot pushed him out of the emergency exit. On 12 November 1996, a Saudia Boeing 747-100B (HZ-AIH), operating flight 763, was involved in the 1996 Charkhi Dadri mid-air collision. The aircraft was on its way from New Delhi, India, to Dhahran, Saudi Arabia when a Kazakhstan Airlines Ilyushin Il-76 (UN-76435) collided with it over the village of Charkhi Dadri, some miles west of New Delhi. Flight 763 was carrying 312 people, all of whom, along with 37 more on the Kazakh aircraft, died, for a grand total of 349 fatalities. The loss of Flight 763 alone remains Saudia's worst accident in terms of fatalities. The accident overall also remains the world's deadliest mid-air collision. On 14, October 2000, Saudia Flight 115, flying from Jeddah to London was hijacked en route by two men who claimed they were armed with explosives. The hijackers commandeered the Boeing 777-200ER (HZ-AKH) to Baghdad, Iraq, where all 90 passengers and 15 crew members were safely released. The two hijackers, identified as Lieutenant Faisal Naji Hamoud Al-Bilawi and First Lieutenant Ayesh Ali Hussein Al-Fareedi, both Saudi citizens, were arrested and later extradited to Saudi Arabia in 2003. On 23 August 2001, at Kuala Lumpur International Airport, Malaysia, a Boeing 747-300 (reg. HZ-AIO) suffered nose damage as it entered a monsoon drainage ditch while it was being taxied by maintenance staff from the hangar to the gate before a return flight to Saudi Arabia. None of the six crew members on board at the time were injured, but the aircraft was written off. On 8 September 2005, a Boeing 747 traveling from Colombo to Jeddah, carrying mostly Sri Lankan nationals to take up employment in the Kingdom, received a false alarm claiming that a bomb had been planted on board. The aircraft returned to Colombo. During the evacuation, there was a passenger stampede in the wake of which one Sri Lankan woman died, 62 were injured, and 17 were hospitalized. The aircraft had taken on a load of 420 passengers in Colombo. According to the Civil Aviation Authority of Sri Lanka, the probable cause was a "Breakdown of timely and effective communication amongst Aerodrome Controller and Ground Handling (SriLankan Airlines) personnel had prevented a timely dispatch of the stepladders to the aircraft to deplane the passengers in a timely manner, which resulted in the Pilot-In-Command to order an emergency evacuation of the passengers through slides after being alarmed by the bomb threat." On 25 May 2008, an Air Atlanta Icelandic aircraft operating for Saudia as Flight 810 (TF-ARS) from Prince Mohammad Bin Abdulaziz Airport, Madinah made an unscheduled landing at Zia International Airport (now Shahjalal International Airport), Dhaka. During the roll the tower controller reported that he saw a fire on the right hand wing. Upon vacating the runway, the crew received a fire indication for engine number three. The fire extinguisher was activated and all engines were shut down. The aircraft, a Boeing 747-357, which was damaged beyond repair, was successfully evacuated. Only minor injuries were incurred. Investigations revealed a fuel leak where the fuel enters the front spar for engine number three. On 5 January 2014, a leased Boeing 767 operating under Saudia was forced to make an emergency landing at Prince Mohammad bin Abdulaziz Airport in Medina after landing gear failed to deploy. 29 people were injured in the incident. On 5 August 2014, a Boeing 747-400 (reg. HZ-AIX) operating as flight 871 from Manila to Riyadh veered off the runway 24 of Ninoy Aquino International Airport in Manila while positioning for takeoff. No one on the plane or on ground were injured. On April 11, 2017, Saudi Airlines was at the center of controversy when the airline allowed Dina Ali Lasloom to be forced onto a flight from Manila to Riyadh. Lasloom was attempting to seek asylum in Australia however was detained in Manila. An airline security official told Human Rights Watch that he saw two airline security officials and three apparently Middle Eastern men enter the hotel and go to her room, which he said was near the lobby. He said he heard her screaming and begging for help from her room, after which he saw them carry her out with duct tape on her mouth, feet, and hands. He said she was still struggling to break free when he saw them put her in a wheelchair and take her out of the hotel. The pilots and crew of which were reportedly aware and supportive of Lasloom being returned to Riyadh against her will, siding heavily with her uncles. Passengers in route to Riyadh began reporting on social media that there was a hostage aboard, prompting the governments of Oman and Qatar to refuse the aircraft passage through their airspace. While only confirmed to confidential sources and not officially verified, this is supported by flight path records, which show an abrupt change in direction and trajectory to avoid the airspace of Oman and Qatar. On 21 May 2018, an Onur Air–leased Airbus A330-200 (reg TC-OCH), operating as flight 3818 from Medina to Dhaka, was diverted to Jeddah after suffering a malfunction with the nose landing gear. It was forced to make a belly landing. No injuries were reported. Duba kuma Amaala International Airport Sarki Abdulaziz International Airport Saudi Vision 2030 Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje "Saudi Arabian Airlines: Jewel na Gabas ta Tsakiya", Boeing Filayen jirgin sama a Asiya Filayen jirgin sama Jirgin Sama Filayen jirgin sama a Afirka ta Tsakiya Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanoussi%20Jackou

Sanoussi Jackou

Sanoussi Tambari Jackou (an haife shi a shekara ta 1940 ɗan siyasar Nijar ne kuma Shugaban Jam’iyyar ta Nijar don Kula da Kai (PNA-Al'ouma). Ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Dokokin Nijar shekarata daga shekarar 1993 zuwa shekarar 1994 kuma ya yi aiki a gwamnati a matsayin Ƙaramin Ministan Ilimi Mai zurfi, Bincike, Fasaha, da Hadakar Afirka daga baya a cikin shekarata 1990s. Ya kuma kasance Mataimakin a Majalisar Ƙasa daga shekarar 2004 zuwa 2010. Rayuwar farko da aikin gwamnati An haifi Jackou a cikin Kornaka, wanda ke cikin yankin yanzu Dakoro na Yankin Maradi Mahaifinsa babban Tuareg ne yayin da mahaifiyarsa Hausawa ce Ya yi aikin gwamnati tun daga shekarar 1970. Bayan yunkurin juyin mulki da bai yi nasara ba ga gwamnatin Seyni Kountché a ranar 15 ga Maris, din shekarar 1976, an kame Jackou a ranar 20 ga Maris. An ɗaure shi na tsawon shekaru 11; bayan mutuwar Kountché, an sake shi a ranar Nuwamba 23, 1987. Ya sake komawa aikin gwamnati a watan Maris na shekarar 1988. Ayyukan siyasa a lokacin shekarun 1990 A farkon shekarar 1990s, Jackou memba ne na kafuwar ƙungiyar Demokraɗiyya da Tattalin Arziki (CDS-Rahama). An zabe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasar a zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Fabrairun 1993 a matsayin dan takarar CDS a mazaɓar Maradi. Bayan zaɓen, ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Dokokin Nijar daga shekara ta 1993 zuwa 1994. A lokacin mulkin Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara, Jackou ya shiga gwamnati a matsayin karamin Ministan Ilimi mai zurfi, Bincike, Fasaha, da Haɗakar Afirka. A sakamakon haka, an kore shi daga CDS, wanda ya kasance mataimakin shugaba; ya kafa sabuwar jam’iyya, PNA-Aloumat, a farkon 1997, kai da Shugaba Maïnassara. A watan Afrilu na 1998, duk da haka, ya rabu da Maïnassara, wanda aka kashe yayin juyin mulki shekara guda bayan haka. c'est un ethnocentriste hors paire et qui détruit la cohésion na ƙasa Jamhuriya ta biyar PNA-Aloumat ba ta sami kujeru ba a zaben majalisar dokoki na 1999, kuma Jackou ya kasance ɗan adawa ba tare da wakilci a Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa ba har tsawon shekaru biyar masu zuwa. A zaben majalisar na watan Disambar 2004, an zabi Jackou ga Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa a matsayin dan takara a yankin Maradi shi kaɗai ne dan takarar PNA-Aloumat da ya ci kujera. A lokacin 2009, Jackou ya kasance daga cikin 'yan adawa, yana shiga cikin rukunin majalisar dokoki na Jamhuriyar Nijar ta Demokradiyya da Gurguzu (PNDS). Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Tattalin Arziki da Tsare-tsare a Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa a wancan lokacin na majalisar. Baya ga takarar kujera a majalisar ƙasa, Jackou ya kuma tsaya takarar kujerar majalisar ƙaramar hukumar Dakoro a 2004. Jackou yana daya daga cikin wakilai 14 da suka gabatar da korafi a kan gwamnatin Firayim Minista Hama Amadou a ranar 26 ga Mayu, 2007. Bayan haka an kayar da gwamnatin Amadou a cikin ƙuri'ar rashin amincewa a ranar 31 ga Mayu. Jackou ya kuma nuna adawa ga zaɓen Seyni Oumarou don maye gurbin Amadou. Kamar shugabannin PNDS, Jackou ya fito fili ya yi tir da Allah wadai da yunƙurin ƙara wa'adin shugaba Mamadou Tandja zuwa watan Disambar shekarar 2009, lokacin da tun farko aka tsara za a ƙare shi. A wani taron gangami da aka yi a ranar 22 ga Disambar 2008 a Yamai, Jackou ya kira irin wannan yunƙurin a matsayin "mummunan dare" juyin mulki daga magoya bayan gwamnati. Jamhuriya ta shida Jackou da PNA-Aloumat sun zaɓi shiga cikin zaɓen majalisar dokokin na watan Oktoba na 2009, wanda manyan jam'iyyun adawa suka ƙaurace masa. A wata hira da aka yi a watan Agusta na shekara ta 2009, Jackou ya bayyana cewa PNA-Aloumat sun yanke shawarar shiga ne saboda yin hakan ya zama dole "don tabbatar da wanzuwar jam'iyyarmu"; ya ce shiga cikin zabe yana da mahimmanci ga manufar jam'iyyar siyasa kuma ba shi da sha'awar jagorantar jam'iyyar da ba ta shiga zabuka. Ya buga misali da ƙauracewar da ‘yan adawa suka yi a zaben majalisar dokoki na 1996, wanda ya ce kuskure ne. Duk da shawarar da ya yanke na shiga zaben, Jackou ya ce a cikin wannan hira cewa jam'iyyarsa ba ta rabu da manyan 'yan adawa ba. Game da zaben raba gardama na tsarin mulki a watan Agusta na 2009, Jackou ya ce ya goyi bayan matsawa zuwa tsarin shugaban kasa na gwamnati, yana mai cewa ya dade yana son irin wannan tsarin, amma yana sukar wasu sauye-sauyen tsarin mulki; ya ce majalisar dattijan da ake shirin kafawa ba za ta yi amfani da wata manufa mai mahimmancin doka ba kuma za ta jinkirta yin doka ne kawai, yayin batar da kuɗi. Tsayawa a matsayin dan takarar PNA-Aloumat, an sake zaɓar Jackou a Majalisar Wakilai ta Kasa a watan Oktoba na 2009; ya sake kasancewa dan takarar PNA-Aloumat daya tilo da ya ci kujera. Majalisar kasa ta fara ganawa don sabon wa'adin majalisa a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, kuma Jackou ya jagoranci taron farko saboda matsayinsa na tsohon Mataimakin Mataimakin Majalisar. A jawabinsa na bude taron, Jackou ya bayyana sabuwar majalisar dokokin kasar a matsayin mafi kyau da Nijar ta taba yi, yayin da ya kuma jaddada mahimmancin aikin majalisar dokokin: “Ba mu da wani gefe na kuskure. Mu wakilai ne na gaske na mutane kuma muna fuskantar babban kalubale. Kodayake al'adar za ta kasance mafi tsufa mataimaki président du Bureau d'âge da ke shugabanci na ɗan gajeren lokaci kaɗan kafin Majalisar Dokoki ta zaɓi Shugaban ƙasa don jagorantar aikinta, Jackou ya ce, saboda an ƙaddamar da sabon kundin tsarin mulki tun a baya wa'adin majalisa, ya zama wajibi na farko ga Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa ta tsara tare da daukar sabbin ka'idojin cikin gida wadanda zasu dace da sabon tsarin tsarin mulki. Sakamakon haka, wakilai tara, gami da Jackou, an zaɓi su zauna a wani kwamiti na wucin gadi wanda aka ba shi alhakin tsara sabbin ka'idojin cikin gida. Sakamakon da aka samu na dokokin cikin gida na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya samu karbuwa ne ta hanyar jefa kuri'a. Jackou ya shugabanci na karshe a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba, 2009, lokacin da wakilan suka zabi Seyni Oumarou a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Ƙasa. Oumarou ya yaba wa Jackou saboda "kwazo" da ya nuna wajen jagorantar taron farko. Jim kaɗan bayan haka, lokacin da aka kafa kwamitocin dindindin na Majalisar ,asa, an sake nada Jackou a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Tattalin Arziki da Tsare-tsare. A cikin zaɓuka cikin gida da aka gudanar a ranar 27 ga Disambar 2009, an zabi Jackou a matsayin kansila na birni a Dakoro. A ranar 18 ga Fabrairun 2010, an hambarar da Shugaba Tandja a <i id="mwfA">juyin mulkin soja</i> Wata gwamnatin da aka kira Majalisar koli don maido da dimokiradiyya (CSRD) ta karɓi mulki kuma nan take ta rusa Majalisar Dokoki, tare da sauran cibiyoyin gwamnati. Jackou ya goyi bayan takarar Mahamadou Issoufou a zagaye na biyu na zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Janairu <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwgw">–</span> Fabrairu 2011, yana mai bayyana cewa "lokaci ya yi da Mahamadou Issoufou zai jagoranci Nijar". Issoufou ya lashe zaɓen; bayan ya hau mulki a matsayin Shugaban kasa, ya nada Jackou a matsayin Mashawarci na Musamman ga Shugaban ƙasa, tare da mukamin Minista, a ranar 20 ga Afrilun 2011. A taron PNA-Aloumat karo na biyar a watan Fabrairun 2014, an sake zaɓar Jackou a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar. Matsayin siyasa Jackou, wanda mahaifinsa Buzaye ne kuma mahaifiyarsa Hausawa, ya nuna kulawa ta musamman game da rikicin Abzinawan Nijar da wasu kungiyoyi. An ambato shi a cikin maye gurbin wakilai na 2005 don rufe ci gaba da kasancewar bautar a cikin al'umma da kuma iƙirarin wasu wakilai sun riƙe bayi. A wata muhawara da aka nuna a gidan talabijin ta 2007, ya yi gargadin cewa 'yan adawar majalisar ma sun yi adawa da ƴan tawayen Abzinawa na MNJ: "Ina faɗin haka ga masu tayar da kayar baya: ku kula, sojojin dimokiradiyya ba sa tare da ku kamar yadda suke a shekarun 1990." Jackou ya fito fili yana sukar rashin hukunta waɗanda suka kashe Shugaba Baré a juyin mulkin watan Afrilun 1999. A matsayina na mataimaki daga wata ƙaramar jam’iyya, Jackou ya kasance mai himma wajen aiwatar da dokar sake fasalin kada kuri’a, yana goyon bayan gabatar da kuri’a guda daya don zabukan shekarar 2009, amma kuma yana ba da shawarar yin watsi da dokokin da ke bukatar iya harshen Faransanci tsakanin ‘yan takara, da kuma tallafawa jerin sunayen‘ yan kasa guda daya ga wasu Kujerun majalisar. Jackou ya goyi bayan batun karin albashi na shekara ta 2008 don wakilai, wanda ƙungiyoyin farar hula suka yi adawa da shi. Ya yi ikirarin cewa matakin biyan diyyar ya dace idan aka kwatanta da wanda 'yan majalisar ke karba a ƙasashen makwabta. Mai latsawa Jackou kuma yana da jaridar mako-mako da ke Niamey, La Roue de l'Histoire A ranar 18 ga Mayu 2002, aka kama shi, tare da mawallafin jaridar, saboda kalaman da ke sukar Firayim Minista Hama Amadou, da kuma maganganun da aka yi wa Ministan Kasuwanci Seini Oumarou Daga karshe aka yankewa Jackou hukuncin daurin watanni huɗu, hukuncin tarar CFA 100,000, kuma an tilasta wa jaridar biyan diyyar CFA miliyan 2 ga jami’an biyu. A watan Disambar 2004, an sake kame Jackou saboda "tsokanar ƙabilanci" a lokacin da ya bayyana a wani shirin tattaunawa a rediyo, sai kawai aka sake shi a ranar 9 ga Janairun 2005. Jackou ya yi aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin ƙungiyoyin farar hula karkashin jagorancin Hadin gwiwar Inganta inganci da daidaito kan tsadar rayuwa, nuna adawa da karin harajin amfani, da gwamnati a watan Afrilun 2005. Rayuwar mutum Jackou da matarsa Françoise suna da yara mata huɗu. Babbar, Rakiatou Kaffa-Jackou Minista ce a gwamnatin Najeriya, sannan wani, Guimbia, ya yi aiki a matsayin Gwamnan Yamai. Manazarta Mutanen Nijar Yan siyasa Yan siyasan Nijar Yan Nijar Pages with unreviewed

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibiyar%20Tarihi%20ta%20Lima

Cibiyar Tarihi ta Lima

Kasancewa a cikin tsakiyar gari ko yankunan Cercado de Lima da Rímac, Cibiyar Tarihi ta Lima tana cikin mahimman wuraren yawon buɗe ido a Peru. Tushe Birnin Lima, babban birnin kasar Peru, Francisco Pizarro ne ya kafa shi a ranar 18 ga Janairun 1535 kuma aka ba shi sunan birnin Sarakuna. Duk da haka, bayan lokaci sunansa na asali ya ci gaba, wanda zai iya fitowa daga ɗaya daga cikin tushe guda biyu: Ko dai yaren Aymara lima-limaq (ma'anar "furan rawaya"), ko kuma lafazin Mutanen Espanya na kalmar Quechuan rimaq (ma'ana "mai magana", kuma a zahiri. rubuta da kuma furta limaq a cikin harsunan Quechua I na kusa). Ba kome ba ne cewa kalmar Quechuan guda ɗaya ita ce tushen sunan da aka ba kogin da ke ciyar da birnin, kogin Rímac (wanda ake magana da shi a cikin harsunan Quechua II masu rinjaye na siyasa, tare da "r" maimakon "l"). Taswirorin farko na Peru suna nuna sunaye biyu da aka nuna tare. A cikin 1988, UNESCO ta ayyana cibiyar tarihi ta Lima a matsayin Cibiyar Tarihi ta Duniya saboda asalinta da babban tarin abubuwan tarihi da aka gina a lokacin kasancewar Mutanen Espanya. Baranda na Lima Daga cikin gine-ginen da ke tsakiyar cibiyar tarihi ta Lima, akwai baranda sama da 1,600 da aka gina a zamanin mataimaka da kuma a cikin jamhuriyar. Don ci gaba da kiyayewa, gundumar Lima ta gayyaci mutane da kamfanoni don ɗaukar baranda don kula da su kamar sababbi ne. Yawancin waɗannan baranda yana ƙara daidaituwa da asali ga wannan yanki na birni. Almubazzaranci na mulkin mallaka A lokacin Mataimakin Shugabancin Peru, an ƙirƙiri aikin fasaha, ɗaukaka, girma da almara rayuwar sarauta. Ikon mataimakin, kamar wakilin masarautar Spain yana da mahimmanci musamman, tunda nadin nasa yana da mahimmanci hawa da kuma nasarar nasarar tseren a cikin mulkin mallaka. Ƙofofin shiga Lima na sababbin mataimakan sun kasance masu kayatarwa na musamman. Domin bikin, an shimfida tituna da sandunan azurfa daga kofofin birnin Lima zuwa fadar mataimakinsa. Babban abubuwan tunawa Fadar Archbishop Fadar Archbishop ita ce gidan Archbishop na Lima. Shahararriyar wurin shakatawa ce a cibiyar Tarihi ta Lima, Peru. Babban coci na farko ya fara gini a shekara ta 1535. Paparoma Paul III ya mai da ita wurin zama na bishop a shekara ta 1541. A 1547, Lima ya zama babban coci, wanda ya mai da shi da ɗan gajeren lokaci, a cikin mafi girman kabila na majami'u na duniya. Majiɓincin wurin zama na bishop shine Saint Rosa na Lima. Gidan kayan tarihi na fasahar Italiyanci Gidan kayan tarihi na fasahar Italiyanci shine kawai gidan kayan gargajiya na Turai na Peru. Yana da tarin zane-zane, sassaka, zane-zane, kwafi da tukwane na masu fasahar Italiya tun farkon karni na 20, da kuma tarin zane-zane na Italiyanci 35 na zamani. Gidan Aliaga An gina wannan gidan a shekara ta 1535 akan wani wuri mai tsarki na pre-Columbian. An gina shi a ranar, wanda aka raba tare da na kafuwar birni, zuriyar mai mallakar farko, Jerónimo de Aliaga, mai ɗaukar ma'auni kuma mai ba da izini ga Francisco Pizarro ne ya zauna ta dindindin. Wannan gida shi ne mafi tsufa a cikin birnin kuma yana fuskantar fadar gwamnati, tsohuwar kujerar mulkin Pizarro, a wani titin gefe. Majami'un su, masu yawa da kayan marmari da kuma patio na ciki, suna da dukkan halaye na manyan gidajen tarihi na cibiyar tarihi na Lima na lokacin mataimaka. Ganin cikakkiyar yanayin kiyayewa, a cikin yanayi na musamman, wannan gidan sau da yawa yana ɗaukar wasu al'amuran al'adu. Gidan, wanda har yanzu gida ne mai zaman kansa, ana iya ziyartan shi ta hanyar shiryawa tare da kuɗin shiga kusan $11 US. Gidan Oidor A cikin wannan gida, ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin birni, ya rayu da Oidor, wanda masarautar Spain ta sanya wa suna don yin aiki a cikin mulkin mallaka. Oidor yana da ta ayyuka don ketare yankin da ake gudanarwa don sarrafa gwamnatinsa. A wannan ma'ana, ya shawarci mataimakin a matsayin mai ba da shawara. Gidan Pilatos Wannan ɗayan tsoffin gidajen Lima ne, wanda wani limamin Jesuit mai suna Ruiz Portillo ya gina a cikin 1590. Mutanen Espanya sun ba da sunan wannan babban gidan da suka isa kuma suka bayyana kamancen gidan da daya a Seville. Gidan Goyeneche Wannan yana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun gidaje na cibiyar tarihi, wanda aka gina a tsakiyar karni na 18 tare da tasirin Faransanci. Ɗayan yana cikin asalin yanayinsa tare da baranda na musamman na Lima na mulkin mallaka. Gidan Riva Agüero Iyalin Riva Agüero ne suka gina wannan gidan a ƙarni na 18, wanda memba na ƙarshe, haziƙi José de la Riva-Agüero, ya ba da gudummawar ga Jami’ar Katolika ta Fafaroma ta Peru. A halin yanzu ana amfani da Agüero kamar hedkwatar Cibiyar Riva, yana adana fayil ɗin tarihi mai ban sha'awa da ɗakin karatu da ake amfani da shi a lokaci guda ta wurin Gidan Tarihi na Mashahurin Art na PUCP. Cathedral na Basílica An fara ginin Cathedral na Lima a shekara ta 1535—a wannan shekarar ne aka kafa birnin. Cathedral na Lima yana nuna gine-gine na zamanin mulkin mallaka na Spain. Pews na babban coci da benci na ƙungiyar mawaƙa suna da inganci mafi kyau. Babban bagadi yana da zinari kuma yana da hotunan zamanin mulkin mallaka. A cikin babban coci akwai toka na Francisco Pizarro, wanda ya kafa Lima. A kowace shekara, a cikin watan kishin kasa, ana bikin taron Te Deum don nuna godiya ta samun 'yancin kai daga Spain. Wani al'ada da Cardinal Juan Luis Cipriani ya sake ɗauka, shine ya ba da taron jama'a duk ranar Lahadi da ƙarfe 11:00 a.m. A cikin 2005 magajin garin Lima ya ƙirƙiro aikin haskaka wajen babban cocin da sabbin fitulu. Basílica na Uwargidanmu na Rosary da Convent na Santo Domingo An ɗauki jinkiri fiye da shekaru 50 don gina majami'a da Convent na Santo Domingo, saboda an fara aikin a daidai lokacin da kafuwar Lima da ƙarshen karni na 16 da aka yi alama a ƙarshensa. Ikklisiya tana da naves guda uku tare da sassaƙaƙƙun mason ashlar a itacen al'ul. Ikklisiya tana da rawanin babban kofi. Cikin ciki yana nuna hotuna daga farkon shekarun birnin da kuma hoton Uwargidanmu Budurwar Rosary, wacce ta fara isa kwarin Rímac, Majiɓincin birnin, yana da alaƙa mai zurfi tare da tsarkakan Peruvian kuma ta hanyar sadaukarwarta ta ban mamaki. an nada sarautar ne a shekara ta 1927 a wani lamari na musamman a tarihin addini na kasar. A gefe guda, gidan zuhudu, kamar duk, yana da claustros mai ban sha'awa kuma a cikin wannan yanayin, tare da salon Sevillian patios fale-falen fale-falen su na yau da kullun. Babban dakinsa na salon baroque ne. A nan ne, a cikin 1551, aka kafa Jami'ar Ƙasa ta San Marcos, ta farko a cikin Amurka. Haikalin Our Lady of the Rosary (ainihin sunan cocin Santo Domingo) an ɗaukaka shi zuwa nau'in basilica a cikin 1930, kuma a cikinsa akwai bagadin tsarkaka na Peruvian, wanda dubban mazauna Peru ke ziyarta kowace shekara. kuma da yawa daga kasashen waje. Basílica da Convent na San Francisco An gina wannan rukunin gine-gine a ƙarni na 17 kuma coci da majami'u na San Francisco ne suka gina shi, da kuma wuraren ibada na kaɗaici da Mu'ujiza. A lokacin ziyarar ku za a iya godiya da claustros, patios ɗin su da aka ƙawata da tayal Sevillian da ɗakin karatu. Anan shine hedkwatar Gidan kayan tarihi na fasahar addini da Dakin Zurbarán. A karkashin wannan katafaren akwai hanyar sadarwa na gidajen tarihi na karkashin kasa da catacombs wadanda suka kasance makabarta a lokacin mulkin mallaka wadanda kuma ake ziyarta sosai. Basílica La Merced An gina Cocin Merced a karni na 18 tare da salon churrigueresco; godiya da shi kamar na waje kamar na ciki, baƙo yana faruwa da ra'ayi na ƙawa na gine-gine na lokacin. A cikin wannan cocin, cike da ayyukan fasaha ana ba da fifiko kan babban bagadi don girmama Budurwar Mercedes da sacristía guda ɗaya tare da fale-falen Arabiya. Anan yana yiwuwa a ga ɗaya daga cikin ɗakunan tarin zane-zane da masu mulkin mallaka na birnin. Budurwar Mercedes ita ce majiɓincin Arms na al'umma. Wuri Mai Tsarki da Monastery na Las Nazarena Wuri Mai Tsarki inda ake girmama babban ibadar Katolika na Peruvian Ubangijin Al'ajibai, Señor de los Milagros, wanda shine Majiɓincin birnin. An gina shi tare da gidan sufi na Nazarenas a cikin karni na 18, bayan girgizar kasa ta Lima-Callao ta 1746. Basílica na San Pedro Babban cocin Society of Jesus a Peru, an gina shi a cikin 1638 azaman Cocin San Pablo Apóstol. A 1767 an kira shi San Pedro. Fadar Gwamnati Fadar gwamnati gidan shugaban kasar ne. Asalin sunansa shine House of Pizarro amma ba bisa ka'ida ba an sanya masa suna kamar Fadar Gwamnati. Fadar Torre Tagle Fadar Torre Tagle mai yiwuwa ita ce babban gidan da aka gina a farkon karni na 18. Da farko na Don Bernardine Jose na Tagle Portocarrero, na huɗu kuma na ƙarshe Marquess na Torre Tagle. Ƙasar Peruvian ta sami shi a cikin 1918 kuma daga 1919 ita ce babban hedkwatar Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Peru. An yi shi da gine-gine na Limean na fasaha wanda ke bayyana asalinsa kuma yana nuna gudummawar kabilanci na Mataimakin Shugabancin Peru, yana daidaita su cikin jituwa. Yana da murfin dutse da aka sassaƙa da baranda guda biyu, waɗanda ingantattun kayan ado ne na Birnin Sarakuna. Daya yana cikin cikakkiyar yanayin kiyayewa. Jami'ar San Marcos "Casona" da wurin shakatawa na jami'a An gina wannan wurin shakatawa a shekara ta 1870. A cikin 1921 wurin shakatawa yana cikin inda Cibiyar al'adu ta Jami'ar Kasa ta San Marcos take yanzu. A yayin cika shekaru dari da samun 'yancin kai na al'ummar kasar, gwamnatin kasar Jamus ta shirya gina Hasumiyar Agogo mai tsawon mita 30. Da tsakar rana, ƙararrawarsu ta taɓa bayanin taken taken ƙasar. Plaza Mayor Plaza Major yana wurin da Francisco Pizarro ya kafa Lima. Da farko, akwai ƙananan shaguna da kasuwanci. Hakanan, wurin da bijimai suka wuce gona da iri kuma yayi aiki kamar wurin da aka yanke hukuncin kisa har sai da Kotun Santa Inquisición ta mutu. A cikin 1651, an sanya baturin tagulla a tsakiyar wurin zama wanda ya kasance har zuwa yau. Ya kasance a cikin Magajin Plaza inda aka yi shelarsa, a cikin 1821, Dokar Independence na Peru. Gwamnati, Municipality na Lima, Cathedral da Fadar Archbishop sun kewaye fadar. Plaza San Martín An kaddamar da wannan filin wasa a shekara ta 1921 a daidai lokacin da ake cika shekaru dari da samun 'yancin kai na Peru. A tsakiyar ɓangaren, akwai abin tunawa don girmama Janar José de San Martín. Wani sculptor na Catalan Mariano Benlliure ne ya gina shi. A cikin wannan filin na muhimman gine-gine, tsohon Hotel Bolívar yana tsaye, wanda har zuwa sabon karni, ya kasance mafi kyawun Lima, da kuma Club Nacional, ramin ruwa ga manyan al'ummar Lima. Dandalin ya zama ɗaya daga cikin alamomin Lima da yawa. Plaza Dos de Mayo Plaza dos de Mayo wani fili ne da gwamnatin Peru ta gina a shekara ta 1874 don tunawa da yakin Callao wanda ya faru a ranar 2 ga Mayu 1866. Kotun Santo Oficio An kafa kotun ta Santo Oficio a shekara ta 1569 da manufar sanya takunkumin karya addini da sauran laifuffuka ga addinin Katolika. An shafe shi daga 1820. A gefen waje na wannan abin tunawa yana yiwuwa a ga wani shinge mai ban sha'awa na neoclassic kuma, a cikin babban zauren, babban ɗakin katako da aka sassaka, wanda aka dauke shi mafi kyau a cikin birni. Hotuna

18112

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haydar

Haydar

Haydar kuma ana rubuta shi kamar haka Heidar, Haider, Haidar, Hyder, Hayder, Hajdar, Hidar, Haidhar, Heydar, Jaider sunan larabawa ne wanda kuma ake sakama yaya maza,ɗayan sunaye da yawa na zaki kowannensu yana nuna wani ɓangare na dabba, tare da "haydar" ma'ana "jarumi"; duba Zaki a Musulunci A cikin al'adar Musulunci, sunan yana da alaƙa da sunan dan uwan Muhammad, Ali, wanda ake wa laƙabi da "Haydar". Hakanan ana iya amfani dashi azaman sunan mahaifa Sunan wuri Haidar, ƙauye ne a cikin Casimcea Commune, Tulcea County, Romania Haidar Usmonov, gari da jamoat a arewa maso yammacin Tajikistan Haydar, Akyurt, ƙauyen da ke Gundumar Akyurt, Lardin Ankara, Turkiyya Haydarpaşa, unguwa a cikin gundumar Kadıköy a yankin Asiya na Istanbul, Turkiyya Hyderabad, Indiya Hyderabad, Pakistan Babaheydar (shima Romanized Bābā Ḩeydar ko Bāba Haīdar), birni a cikin Gundumar Tsakiya ta Farsan County, Chaharmahal da Lardin Bakhtiari, Iran Chaidari, wani yanki na Athens, Girka Haidar Haïdar Sunan da aka ba Haidar al-Abbadi, Firayim Ministan Iraki Haider Ackermann, mai tsara kayan kwalliyar Faransa Haidar Ali (c. 1722 1782), mai mulkin Masarautar Indiya ta Mysore Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat ya kasance mai mulkin Mugal ne na Kashmir, dan uwan sarkin Indiya Babul kuma wanda ya kafa gidan Haidar, wani bangare ne na dangin Mugal na Dughlat. Haidar Abdel-Shafi (1919–2007), likitan Falasdinawa, shugaban al’umma kuma jagoran siyasa Haidar Abdul-Amir (an haife shi a shekarar 1982), dan wasan kwallon kafa na kasar Iraki Haidar Abdul-Jabar (an haife shi a shekara ta 1976), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasar Iraki Haidar Abdul-Razzaq (an haife shi a shekara ta 1982), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Iraƙi Haïdar el Ali, dan kasar Senegal da kuma ministan gwamnati Haidar Abu Bakr al-Attas (1939 Firayim Ministan Yemen Haidar Bagir, masanin falsafar Indonesiya, dan kasuwa, dan gwagwarmaya da zamantakewa Haidar Khan (ya mutu a shekara ta 1925?), Shugaban daya daga cikin kabilun Bakhtiari a Iran Haidar Mahmoud (an haife shi a 1973), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Iraƙi Haidar Malik (1620s), mai gudanarwa, kuma soja a Kashmir Haidar Nasir (an haife shi a shekara ta 1981), wanda aka fi sani da Haider Jabreen, mai jefa ƙwarin Iraqi Haidar Obeid (an haife shi a shekara ta 1997), masanin Roboticist na Labanon Haidar Qassāb (ya mutu 1356), shugaban Sarbadars na Sabzewar daga 1355/56 har zuwa rasuwarsa Haidar Sabah (an haife shi a shekara ta 1986), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Iraƙi Haidar Salim, mawakin Afghanistan. Haidar Al-Shaïbani (an haife shi a shekara ta 1984), ɗan wasan ƙwallon Algeria da Kanada (ƙwallon ƙafa) Sunan tsakiya Khwaja Haidar Ali Aatish (1778-1848), mawaƙin Urdu Maya Haïdar Boustani, masanin kimiyyar kayan tarihi na Lebanon da mai kula da kayan tarihin Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat (1499 ko 1500-1551), Chagatai Turko-Mongol janar din soja, mai mulkin Kashmir, kuma marubucin tarihi Sunan mahaifi Adnan Haidar (an haife shi a shekara ta 1989), haifaffen ƙasar Norway ɗan ƙasar Labanon Ali Haidar (Kwando) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1990), ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando na Kanada asalin Labanan Ali Haidar (soja) (1913–1999), dan Pakistan din Pashtun a rundunar Sojan Indiya ta Burtaniya Ali Haidar (ɗan siyasa) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1962), ɗan siyasan Syria kuma minista Aminatou Haidar (1967 Sahrawi mai rajin kare hakkin dan Adam Dana Haidar (an haife shi a shekara ta 1993), ɗan wasan taekwondo na ƙasar Jordan Ensaf Haidar, dan rajin kare hakkin Dan-Adam na Indiya Gul Haidar, tsohon kwamandan mujahideen kuma jami'i a Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Afghanistan Haidar Haidar, marubucin Siriya kuma marubuci Mohamad Haidar (an haife shi a shekara ta 1989), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Lebanon Hajdar Hajdar Blloshmi (1860–1936), ɗan siyasan Albaniya Hajdar Muneka (an haife shi a shekara ta 1954), ɗan jaridar Albaniya kuma jami’in diflomasiyya Haydar Sunan da aka ba Ali, dan uwan annabin Islama Muhammad, ya ce ana yi masa laƙabi da "Haydar" Haydar Ergülen, mawaki Baturke Haydar Ghazi, Wazirin na biyu daga Sylhet Haydar Hatemi, dan kasar Iran Haydar al-Kuzbari (1920-1996), hafsan sojan Syria Haydar al-Sadr (1891–1937), malamin addinin musulinci dan kasar Iraqi kuma ayatollah Haydar Khan e Amo-oghli (1880–1921), mai neman kawo sauyi da kuma gwagwarmaya a Iran, Jamhuriyar Azerbaijan da Asiya ta Tsakiya. Haydar Zorlu, dan wasan Baturke-Bajamushe Sheikh Haydar Astrakhani, Khan na Astrakhan daga 1538 zuwa 1541. Sayyid Haydar Amuli, ko Haydar al-'Obaydi al-Husayni Amoli, malamin Shi'a kuma masanin falsafar Sufi Sunan tsakiya Ali Haydar Şen, dan kasuwar Turkiyya Mohammed Haydar Zammar (an haife shi a shekara ta 1961), ɗan jihadin musulmin Siriya kuma mai ɗaukar al-Qaida Sunan mahaifi Darren Haydar (an haife shi a shekara ta 1979), ɗan wasan ƙwallon kankara na Kanada Kamal Haydar (1933-1980), Yaman ɗan labarin gajerun labarai Paula Haydar, Ba'amurkiya malama kuma mai fassara Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar, Waliyan Sufi na Farisa Shaykh Haydar, shugaban addinin Safiyayya daga 1460 zuwa 1488 Sultan Haydar (an haife shi a shekara ta 1985), ’yar asalin ƙasar Turkiya mace mai tsere daga nesa ta asali daga Habasha Hayder Hayder na Kirimiya Heydar Heydar Aliyev (1923 2003), Shugaban Azerbaijan Hyder Sunan da aka ba Hyder Ali (1721-1782), sultan kuma a zahiri shine mai mulkin Masarautar Mysore a kudancin Indiya Sunan mahaifi Qurratulain Hyder (1927 2007), rubuce -rubucen rubuce-rubuce a cikin Urdu Jamie Gray Hyder (an haife shi a shekara ta 1985), 'yar fim din Amurka Duba kuma Haydar Haydar sanannen waƙar gargajiya ta Alevi Nishan-e-Haider ko Nishan-e-Hyder (wanda aka fassara a matsayin "Alamar Haider, inda Haider yake da asalin Hazrat Ali da ke nufin Zaki", wanda aka taƙaita da NH), kayan ado mafi girma da Pakistan ta bayar. Asad Hyder (rarrabawa) Hyderi (suna) Hyderi Hyderabad, Sindh Hyderabad, Indiya Jihar Hyderabad Zakuna a Musulunci Qaswarah Hai (sunan mahaifi), samfurin Haidar wanda ya samo asali daga kasar Sin Manazarta Al'adar Musulunci Sunayen da akaba Larabawa Pages with unreviewed

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garkuwa%20da%20mutane%20a%20Najeriya

Garkuwa da mutane a Najeriya

Garkuwa da mutane babbar matsala ce a Najeriya a farkon karni na 21. Sace-sacen da 'yan fashi da masu tayar da kayar baya ke kitsawa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan laifukan da suka addabi al'ummar Najeriya kuma babban ƙalubale ne ga tsaro a kasar. Tarihi Ana kallon satar mutane a matsayin kasuwanci mai ƙazamar riba kuma mafi karancin hanyoyin samun arziki daga masu hannu a cikin wannan laifi. Guguwar sace-sacen da ake yi a ƙasar a halin yanzu ya sa kowane mutum akan iya sacewa ba tare da la’akari da waye shi ba walau mai kuɗi ko talaka. Wannan ya sha bamban da irin garkuwa da mutane da ake yi a can baya: Satar Siyasa Wannan yana nufin sace-sacen siyasa da aka fara a masana'antar man fetur a yankin Niger Delta mai arzikin man fetur a Najeriya a farkon shekarun 2000: A yankin Neja-Delta, masu tayar da kayar baya sun yi garkuwa da ’yan ƙasashen waje da ke aiki tare da manyan kamfanonin mai na kasa da kasa, don tilasta wa kamfanonin mai da ke aiki a wurin gudanar da ayyukan ci gaban al’umma don amfanin al’ummomin da ke karɓar bakuncin ko kuma tilasta wa gwamnati yin shawarwari don samun karin fa’idojin tattalin arziki da ke tattare da baitul malin tarayya. yankin. Sace-sacen Boko Haram Boko Haram a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya ta fara satar mutane a shekarar 2009 a dai dai lokacin da ake fama da rikici yankin. Sace-sacen da 'yan ta'addar masu kishin Islama wanda aka fi sani da Boko Haram ke yi, suna wannan mummunar ta'ada ne don cimma manufofinta, ɗaukar mayaka, sanya tsoro, samun ƙarin farin jini a duniya tare da tilastawa gwamnati tattaunawa da ita don neman kuɗin fansa wanda yana ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyi na samar da kudade don gudanar da ayyukan ta'addanci. Boko Haram sun yi garkuwa da dalibai da dama. Kafofin yaɗa labarai na duniya sun yi ta yada labarin sace ‘yan mata 276 da aka yi a shekarar 2014 a makarantar Sakandare a garin Chibok na jihar Borno, lamarin da ya sa miliyoyin mutane suka fahimci wannan takamammen laifi da kuma ta’addanci. Kungiyar Boko Haram ta kan bukaci iyalan wadanda abin ya shafa ko gwamnati ta biya su kuɗin fansa, ko kuma gwamnati ta sako fursunonin da ke cikin kungiyarsu a matsayin musaya. Kungiyar Boko Haram dai ta na tilasta wa wasu daga cikin matasan da ta yi garkuwa da su shiga kungiyar tasu don cigaba da kai hare-hare da suka haɗa har da na kuna bakin wake. 'Yan Boko Haram sun tilasta wa yawancin 'yan matan da aka kashe su aure su. Satar mutane don ƙazamin Kasuwanci Satar mutane don neman kudin fansa ya zama ruwan dare a Najeriya a shekarar 2011 ya yadu a dukkan jihohi 36 da Abuja babban birnin kasar. A watan Fabrairun 2021, 'yar jaridar Najeriya Adaobi Tricia Nwaubani ta rubuta wa BBC News, "Da alama gwamnatin Najeriya ta ba da shawarar cewa ba za a iya dogaro da ita ba don kiyaye lafiyar 'yan kasa." Satar Mutane Arewa Jihar Zamfara Jihar Zamfara, ɗaya daga cikin wuraren da ake fama da matsalar tsaro. Najeriya na fama da rikicin makiyaya da manoma da garkuwa da mutane da kuma fashi da makami a jihar da wasu jihohi a faɗin ƙasar. A watan Yunin 2019 ne wasu ‘yan bindiga suka kai wa wani gida hari inda suka kama mutumin tare da matansa uku da ɗansa dan shekara 13. A watan Agusta ne aka yi garkuwa da Daraktan Ƙasafin Kuɗi na jihar yayin da aka kashe mataimakinsa da su ke tafiya tare a harin. A shekarar 2019 ne gwamnan jihar Zamfara, Bello Matawalle ya ƙaddamar da shirin zaman lafiya da sulhu domin dawo da ‘yan fashin da ke kai hari tare da yin garkuwa da mutanen kauyukan zuwa gida inda za a ba su aikin yi a madaɗin garkuwa da mutane da fashi da makami da su ke yi. A watan Agustan 2019 sama da mutane 300 da aka yi garkuwa da su, wadanda aka kama suna jiran a biya su kuɗin fansa da 'yan uwa suka yi. Kwanaki kaɗan kuma an sako wasu rukunin mutane su 40 da aka yi garkuwa da su. Satar mutane a Makurɗi A ranar 24 ga Afrilu, 2021, wasu ‘yan bindiga sun yi garkuwa da dalibai daga Jami’ar Gwamnatin Tarayya da ke Makurdi a Jihar Benue. A cewar shaidun gani da ido, an yi garkuwa da dalibai uku, amma an tabbatar da sace dalibai biyu daga baya. Wannan shi ne karo na biyar da aka yi garkuwa da mutane a Najeriya daga wata cibiyar ilimi a shekarar 2021. Hakan ya zo ne kwanaki huɗu bayan Garkuwa da wasu ɗalibai a jami'ar Greenfield, dake Jihar Kaduna. A ranar 28 ga Afrilu, 2021, jami'ar ta fitar da wata sanarwa da ke tabbatar da dawowar ɗaliban da aka sace. A cewar kakakin jami’ar, ɗaliban biyu sun dawo ne a ranar 27 ga watan Afrilun 2021 ba tare da jin rauni ba. Kudu-maso-Gabas An yi garkuwa da shugaban Cocin Methodist a Najeriya. An yi garkuwa da shugaban cocin Methodist a Najeriya, Samuel Kanu a ranar Lahadi 26 ga Mayu, 2022. An yi garkuwa da mutanen ne a kan wata babbar hanya a jihar Abia da ke kudu maso gabashin kasar. Shi da wasu limaman coci da ke tafiya filin jirgin sama na Owerri bayan wani taron coci, an yi garkuwa da su ne bayan tayoyin maharan da muka harba musu. Wata kungiyar masu garkuwa da mutane ta kasuwanci ce ta yi garkuwa da su, wadanda suka yi ikirarin sa ido kan garkuwa da mutane a yankin. Kungiyar ta kunshi galibin ‘yan ciranin Fulani ne daga kasashe da dama a yankin Sahel kamar Nijar da Mali da kuma Sudan. Duk da haka waɗannan baƙin sun yi rayuwa mai yawa a Najeriya kuma suna jin Igbo yaren asali na yankin, sosai. Karkashin barazanar kisa ta hanyar yanke gashin kai (kamar yadda abin ya faru na wadanda aka kashe ba tare da hadin kai ba), an tilasta wa firistoci biyan kudin fansa na Naira miliyan dari. Anyi hakan ta wayar tarho zuwa ga shuwagabanni da membobin cocin. An yi nufin raba kuɗaɗen ne a tsakanin ‘ya’yan kungiyar masu garkuwa da mutane da ke wurin, amma akasari ana aika su ne ga wasu manyan jami’an ƙungiyar masu garkuwa da mutane, da kuma waɗanda suka ɗauki nauyinsu. Duba kuma Manyan manyan garkuwa da mutane da suka afku a tarihin Najeriya. Sune kamar haka; Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping Satar Mutane a Jami'ar Greenfield Garkuwa da yara ɗalibai a Kankara Satar Kaduna Garkuwa Da mutane A Kagara Satar Mutane a Jami'ar Greenfield Garkuwa da Mutane a Zamfara Harin jirgin ƙasar Abuja-Kaduna

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adalcin%20Muhalli

Adalcin Muhalli

Adalcin muhalli wani yunƙuri ne na zamantakewa don magance fallasa rashin adalci na al'ummomin matalauta da marasa galihu ga illolin da ke tattare da hakar albarkatu, sharar fage, da sauran amfanin ƙasa. Motsin ya haifar da ɗaruruwan karatu waɗanda ke kafa wannan tsarin rashin daidaituwar bayyanar da cutarwar muhalli, da kuma babban ɗimbin ɗimbin ɗabi'a na wallafe-wallafen ilimin zamantakewa wanda ya haɗa da ka'idodin yanayi da adalci, dokokin muhalli da manufofin, dorewa, da ilimin kimiyyar siyasa Yunkurin adalci na muhalli ya fara ne a cikin Amurka a cikin 1980s kuma ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta Amurka ta yi tasiri sosai. Tunanin asali na adalci na muhalli a cikin 1980s ya mayar da hankali kan cutarwa ga wasu wariyar launin fata a cikin ƙasashe masu arziki kamar Amurka. Daga baya aka faɗaɗa ƙungiyar don yin la'akari da jinsi gaba ɗaya, wariyar muhalli ta ƙasa da ƙasa, da rashin daidaito tsakanin ƙungiyoyi masu rauni. Yayin da yunkurin ya samu wasu nasarori a kasashe masu tasowa da masu wadata, an mayar da nauyin muhalli zuwa Kudancin Duniya. Yunƙurin tabbatar da adalci a muhalli ya zama mafi girma a duniya, tare da wasu manufofinsa yanzu Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta bayyana Ma'anarsa Masana ƙa'idar siyasa galibi sun ayyana adalcin muhalli a matsayin daidaitaccen rarraba kasada da fa'idojin muhalli Sauran masana ilimin tunani sun yi ƙoƙari su wuce wannan ma'anar don gano hanyoyin da ke haifar da rarraba kasada da fa'idodi marasa daidaituwa. Waɗannan faɗoɗin ma'anoni suna nuna gaskiya da ma'ana shiga cikin yanke shawara; amincewa da zalunci da bambanci a cikin al'ummomin da abin ya shafa; da kuma karfin da jama'a ke da shi na mayar da kayayyakin zamantakewar al'umma zuwa al'umma mai ci gaba a matsayin karin ma'auni na al'umma mai adalci. Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka ta bayyana adalcin muhalli da: daidaitaccen kulawa da shigar da ma'ana na duk mutane ba tare da la'akari da launin fata, launi, asalin ƙasa, ko samun kuɗin shiga ba, dangane da haɓakawa, aiwatarwa, da aiwatar da dokokin muhalli, ƙa'idodi, da manufofi. Tarihi da iyaka Farkon motsin adalci na muhalli ana danganta shi da zanga-zangar 1982 North Carolina PCB a Warren County, NC. Zubar da gurbatacciyar ƙasa ta PCB a cikin al'ummar Baƙar fata na Afton ya haifar da gagarumar zanga-zanga, kuma an kama sama da mutane 500. Wannan ya haifar da binciken da ke nuna cewa kabilanci shine mafi mahimmancin al'amari don hasashen sanya wuraren sharar gida masu haɗari a cikin Amurka, kuma an tsara adalcin muhalli a matsayin wariyar launin fata Waɗannan karatun sun biyo bayan ƙin yarda da kuma ƙararraki game da zubar da shara masu haɗari a cikin matalauta, baki ɗaya, al'ummomi. An ƙara soki lamirin ƙungiyoyin muhalli na yau da kullun saboda manyan ƴan mazaɓar arziƙin farar fata, suna mai da hankali kan kiyayewa, da rashin magance waɗannan matsalolin daidaiton zamantakewa. A cikin shekarun 1970s da 80s, ƙungiyoyin jama'a da ƙungiyoyin muhalli sun haɓaka ƙa'idodin muhalli waɗanda suka ƙaru farashin zubar da shara masu haɗari a cikin Amurka da sauran ƙasashe masu arzikin masana'antu. Fitar da sharar fage daga waɗannan ƙasashe zuwa Kudancin Duniya ya ƙaru a shekarun 1980 da 1990. A duniya baki ɗaya, zubar da shara mai guba, da rabon kasa, da hakar albarkatu na haifar da take hakkin bil'adama da kuma kafa tushe na yunkurin tabbatar da kare muhalli na duniya. Haɗin kai na kasa da kasa game da adalcin muhalli ya fara ne da Babban Taron Shugabancin Muhalli na Jama'a na Farko a 1991. An gudanar da wannan taron ne a birnin Washington, DC, kuma ya samu halartar wakilai sama da 650 daga kowace jiha ta Amurka, Mexico, Chile, da sauran ƙasashe. Wakilai sun amince da ka'idoji 17 na adalci na muhalli wadanda aka yada a taron kolin Duniya na 1992 a Rio. Ƙa'ida ta 10 na sanarwar Rio game da Muhalli da Ci gaba ta bayyana cewa mutane za su sami damar samun bayanai game da al'amuran muhalli, shiga cikin yanke shawara, da samun damar yin adalci. Kafin taron ƙoli na jagoranci a 1991, fagagen fafutukar tabbatar da shari'ar muhalli sun yi magana da farko game da maganin guba da cutarwa ga wasu wariyar launin fata a cikin ƙasashe masu arziki; A yayin taron, an fadada shi zuwa ga lafiyar jama'a, kare lafiyar ma'aikata, amfani da filaye, sufuri, da dai sauransu. Daga baya aka fadada wannan yunkuri don la'akari da jinsi gaba daya, rashin adalci na duniya, da rashin daidaito tsakanin kungiyoyi marasa galihu. Adalci na muhalli ya zama motsi mai fa'ida a duniya, kuma ya ba da gudummawar ra'ayoyi da yawa ga ilimin kimiyyar siyasa waɗanda aka ɗauka ko aka tsara su a cikin adabin ilimi. Waɗannan ra'ayoyin sun haɗa da bashi na muhalli, wariyar launin fata, adalcin yanayi, ikon mallakar abinci, lissafin kamfanoni, ecocide, yankunan sadaukarwa, muhalli na matalauta, da sauransu. Adalci na muhalli yana ƙoƙarin faɗaɗa fa'idar dokar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam wacce a baya ta gaza kula da dangantakar da ke tsakanin muhalli da haƙƙin ɗan adam. Yawancin yarjejeniyoyin haƙƙin ɗan adam ba su da tanadin muhalli a sarari. Ƙoƙarin haɗa kariyar muhalli tare da dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam sun haɗa da daidaita haƙƙin ɗan adam zuwa yanayi mai kyau Haɗa kariyar muhalli cikin dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam yana da matsala, musamman a yanayin adalci. Malamai irin su Kyle Powys Whyte da Dina Gilio-Whitaker sun tsawaita jawaban shari'ar muhalli dangane da ƴan asali da kuma yan mulkin mallaka Gilio-Whitaker ya yi nuni da cewa adalcin rarraba yana ɗaukar haƙƙin haƙƙin jari-hujja na ƙasar wanda bai dace da ra'ayin ƴan asalin duniya ba. Whyte yayi magana game da adalcin muhalli dangane da sauye-sauyen bala'i da mulkin mallaka ya kawo wa muhallin da ƴan asalin ƙasar suka dogara da su tsawon shekaru aru-aru don ci gaba da rayuwa da kuma asalinsu. Wariya na muhalli Ƙungiyar adalci ta muhalli na neman magance wariyar muhalli da ke da alaƙa da zubar da shara masu haɗari, hakar albarkatu, rabon ƙasa, da sauran ayyuka. Wannan wariyar muhalli yana haifar da asarar al'adu da tattalin arziƙi na tushen ƙasa, tashin hankali na makamai (musamman ga mata da ƴan asalin ƙasa), da kuma lalata muhalli. Akwai rarrabuwa da yawa waɗanda rarraba nauyin mahalli na rashin adalci zai iya faɗi. A cikin Amurka, launin fata shine mafi mahimmancin ƙayyadaddun rashin adalci na muhalli. A wasu ƙasashe, talauci ko ƙabilanci (Indiya) sune mahimman bayanai. Har ila yau, alaƙar ƙabilanci yana da mahimmanci a wasu ƙasashe. Masana harkokin shari'a na muhalli Laura Pulido da David Pellow sun yi iƙirarin cewa amincewa da wariyar launin fata a matsayin wani abu da ya samo asali daga tushen tsarin jari-hujja na launin fata yana da mahimmanci ga motsi, tare da fifikon farar fata yana ci gaba da tsara dangantakar ɗan adam da yanayi da aiki. Sharar gida mai haɗari Yayin da ƙungiyoyin kare muhalli suka kara samun nasara a kasashen da suka ci gaba kamar Amurka, an karkata nauyin samar da kayayyaki a duniya zuwa Kudancin Duniya inda tsauraran dokoki na iya sa zubar da shara cikin sauki. Fitar da datti daga Amurka ya karu a cikin shekarun 1980 da 1990. Yawancin ƙasashen da abin ya shafa ba su da isasshen tsarin zubar da wannan sharar, kuma ba a sanar da al'ummomin da abin ya shafa game da hadurran da ake fuskanta. Lamarin zubar da sharar <i id="mwqQ">tekun Khian</i> ya kasance babban misali na al'amurran da suka shafi shari'ar muhalli da suka taso daga motsi na kasa da kasa na sharar guba. Ƴan kwangilar da ke zubar da toka daga wuraren tona shara a birnin Philadelphia na jihar Pennsylvania ba bisa ka'ida ba sun zubar da sharar a gabar tekun Haiti bayan wasu kasashe da dama sun ki karbar sharar. Bayan fiye da shekaru goma na muhawara, an mayar da sharar gida a Pennsylvania. Lamarin ya ba da gudummawa wajen ƙirƙirar Yarjejeniyar Basel da ke tsara zirga-zirgar sharar guba a duniya. Kasadar Kasa Ƙasashe a Kudancin Duniya suna ɗaukar nauyin muhalli na abubuwan da ake samarwa a duniya da kuma tsadar cin abinci fiye da kima a cikin al'ummomin Yammacin Turai. Wannan nauyi ya ta'azzara ta hanyar sauye-sauyen amfani da filaye wanda ke kawar da filaye da yawa daga iyali da noman rayuwa zuwa saka hannun jari na kasa da kasa da yawa a hasashen filaye, noma, hakar ma'adinai, ko kiyayewa. An haifar da kwace filaye a Kudancin Duniya ta hanyar akidar neoliberal da bambance-bambance a cikin tsarin shari'a, farashin filaye, da ayyukan ka'idoji waɗanda ke sa ƙasashe a Kudancin Duniya suka yi sha'awar saka hannun jari na waje. Waɗannan ƙasa suna jefa rayuwar ƴan asalin cikin haɗari da ci gaba da ayyukan zamantakewa, al'adu da na ruhaniya. Juriya ga rabon ƙasa ta hanyar aiwatar da ayyukan zamantakewa kuma yana da wahala ta hanyar rashin daidaito da rashi na zamantakewar da aka rigaya; al'ummomin da abin ya shafa galibi suna kokawa don biyan bukatunsu na yau da kullun. Cire albarkatun Ɗaruruwan bincike sun nuna cewa al'ummomin da aka ware suna fuskantar nauyi daidai gwargwado sakamakon illar muhalli na haƙar albarkatu. Al'ummomin da ke kusa da albarkatun kasa masu kima na yawanci suna fama da la'anar albarkatu inda suke ɗaukar tsadar muhalli na hakowa yayin da ɗan gajeren bunƙasa tattalin arziƙin da masana'antu ke haifarwa yana haifar da tabarbarewar tattalin arziki da kuma talauci. Bambancin wutar lantarki tsakanin masana'antun hakar da kuma al'ummomin da abin ya shafa suna haifar da rashin adalci a cikin tsari wanda al'ummomin yankin ba za su iya shiga cikin ma'ana cikin yanke shawara da za su daidaita rayuwarsu ba. Har ila yau, bincike ya nuna cewa hakar ma'adanai masu mahimmanci na iya haɗawa da tashin hankali a cikin al'ummomin da ke daukar nauyin aikin hakar ma'adinai. Gwamnatin Kanada ta gano cewa hakar albarkatu yana haifar da bata da kuma kashe mata ƴan asalin a cikin al'ummomin da ma'adanai da ayyukan more rayuwa kamar bututun mai ya shafa. Hakanan ana iya haɗa man fetur da haƙar katako da tashin hankali. Matsalolin farko ga ƴan tsiraru Lokacin da kishin muhalli ya fara shahara a farkon karni na 20, abin da aka fi mayar da hankali shi ne kariyar daji da kiyaye namun daji. Waɗannan manufofin sun nuna muradun farkon ƙungiyoyin, musamman masu goyon bayan farare na tsakiya da na manya, gami da ta hanyar kiyayewa da kariya ta hanyar ruwan tabarau wanda ya kasa yaba aikin ƙarni na al'ummomin ƴan asalin waɗanda suka rayu ba tare da haifar da nau'ikan lalacewar muhalli ba. wadannan 'yan mulkin mallaka na "masu muhalli" yanzu sun nemi ragewa. Ayyukan ƙungiyoyin muhalli da yawa na yau da kullun suna nuna waɗannan ƙa'idodin farko. Wasu tsiraru masu karamin ƙarfi da yawa suna jin sun ware ko kuma sun yi mummunan tasiri daga yunkurin, wanda aka misalta ta Wasikar Kungiyar Kudu maso Yamma ta Organising Project (SWOP) zuwa rukunin 10, wata wasika da wasu masu fafutukar kare muhalli na gida suka aika zuwa ga manyan kungiyoyin kare muhalli. Wasiƙar ta yi nuni da cewa ƙungiyoyin muhalli sun damu sosai game da tsaftacewa da kiyaye yanayi wanda ya yi watsi da mummunan tasirin da yin hakan ya haifar da al'ummomin da ke kusa, wato ƙarancin haɓaka ayyukan yi. Bugu da ƙari, ƙungiyar NIMBY ta mayar da amfanin gonakin da ba a so a cikin gida (LULUs) daga unguwannin masu matsakaicin ra'ayi zuwa al'ummomi marasa galihu masu yawan 'yan tsiraru. Don haka, al'ummomi masu rauni waɗanda ke da ƙarancin damar siyasa galibi suna fuskantar ɓata mai haɗari da guba. Wannan ya haifar da ƙa'idar PIBBY, ko aƙalla PIMBY (Place-in-minorities'-backyard), kamar yadda ƙungiyar United Church of Christ's binciken ke tallafawa a cikin 1987. Sakamakon haka, wasu tsiraru sun kalli motsin muhalli a matsayin masu kishin ƙasa. Ilimin muhalli ya bayyana kansa a cikin nau'i uku daban-daban: Abun tsarawa Masana muhalli sun fito ne daga matsakaita da babba. Akida Sauye-sauyen na amfanar magoya bayan kungiyar amma suna sanya farashi kan wadanda ba su shiga ba. Tasiri Sauye-sauyen na da “tasirin zamantakewar koma baya”. Suna amfana da masu muhalli ba tare da misaltuwa ba kuma suna cutar da yawan jama'a. Magoya bayan ci gaban tattalin arziki sun yi amfani da rashin kulawar da masana muhalli ke yi wa tsiraru. Sun shawo kan shugabannin tsirarun da ke neman inganta al'ummominsu cewa fa'idodin tattalin arziki na masana'antu da karuwar ayyukan yi sun cancanci haɗarin kiwon lafiya. A haƙiƙa, duka 'yan siyasa da 'yan kasuwa sun ma yi barazanar rasa ayyukan yi idan al'ummomi ba su yarda da masana'antu da wurare masu haɗari ba. Ko da yake a yawancin lokuta mazauna yankin ba su sami waɗannan fa'idodin ba, ana amfani da hujjar don rage juriya a cikin al'ummomi tare da guje wa kashe kuɗin da ake amfani da su don tsaftace gurɓataccen gurɓataccen iska da ƙirƙirar yanayin wuraren aiki. Shingayen tsada Ɗaya daga cikin fitattun abubuwan da ke hana tsiraru shiga harkokin shari'a a muhalli shi ne tsadar farko na kokarin sauya tsarin da hana kamfanoni zubar da shara masu guba da sauran gurbacewar muhalli a wuraren da 'yan tsiraru ke zaune a cikinsu. Akwai manyan kuɗaɗen shari'a da ke cikin yaƙi don tabbatar da adalcin muhalli da ƙoƙarin zubar da wariyar launin fata. Misali, a Burtaniya, akwai ka'ida da mai da'awar zai iya biyan kudaden abokan hamayyarsa, wanda ke kara tsananta duk wata matsala ta tsadar kayayyaki, musamman ma kungiyoyin tsirarun masu ƙaramin ƙarfi; Har ila yau, hanya daya tilo da kungiyoyin kare muhalli za su dora wa kamfanoni alhakin gurbatar muhalli da kuma karya duk wata matsala ta bayar da lasisi kan zubar da shara ita ce su kai karar gwamnati kan rashin aiwatar da dokoki. Wannan zai haifar da haramcin kuɗaɗen doka waɗanda galibi ba za su iya biya ba. Ana iya ganin wannan ta gaskiyar cewa daga cikin shari'o'in nazarin shari'a 210 tsakanin 2005 zuwa 2009, 56% ba su ci gaba ba saboda farashi. Cin Halaye Ganin yadda al'ummominsu ke fama da rashin daidaituwa ta hanyar lalata muhalli da kuma hana yin amfani da ƙungiyoyin da ke da'awar gyara wannan, ƙungiyoyi da yawa ta kuma ga al'ummomin wariyar launin fata da ƙungiyoyi masu karamin karfi sun fara kafawa a cikin shekarun 1970 da 80 don magance rashin adalci na muhalli. Ayyukansu ya zo tare don zama ƙashin bayan ƙungiyar adalci ta muhalli na zamani, waɗanda aka rubuta ƙa'idodin jagororinsu musamman a lokacin taron shugabannin Muhalli na Farko na Ƙasa na Farko a 1991. Mahalarta wannan taron sun kafa wasu ƙa'idodi guda 17 na adalci na muhalli. Gudunmawar Ƙungiyar Adalci ta Haihuwa Yawancin masu shiga cikin Ƙungiyar Adalci ta Haihuwa suna ganin gwagwarmayarsu tana da alaƙa da waɗanda ke tabbatar da adalcin muhalli, kuma akasin haka. Loretta Ross ta bayyana tsarin adalci na haihuwa kamar yadda yake magana "ikon kowace mace ta tantance makomarta ta haihuwa" kuma ta yi jayayya cewa wannan yana da alaƙa "kai tsaye ga yanayin da ke cikin al'ummarta kuma waɗannan sharuɗɗan ba batun zaɓi ne kawai na mutum ba da samun damar shiga. Irin waɗannan yanayi sun haɗa da waɗanda ke tsakiyar shari'ar muhalli-ciki har da wurin gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu da gurɓatar abinci, iska, da hanyoyin ruwa. Ungozoma Mohawk Katsi Cook ta taimaka wajen kwatanta alaƙa guda ɗaya tsakanin adalcin haihuwa da muhalli lokacin da ta yi bayani, "a ƙirjin mata yana gudana dangantakar waɗannan tsararraki ga al'umma da kuma duniyar halitta. Ta haka ƙasa ita ce mahaifiyarmu, in ji kaka. Ta haka mu a matsayinmu na mata ne kasa.” Cook ya kafa aikin Madarar Uwar a cikin shekarun 1980 don magance gurɓataccen gurɓatawar jikin mata ta hanyar fallasa kifaye da ruwa da wani rukunin General Motors Superfund ya gurɓata. Dangane da yadda gurbacewar yanayi ke yin illa ga matan Akwesasne da ƴaƴansu ta hanyar haihuwa da kuma shayar da jarirai, wannan Aikin ya kawo gaba daya daga cikin manyan matsuguni tsakanin adalcin haihuwa da muhalli. Ƙungiyoyin da abin ya shafa Daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da abin ya shafa na Adalci na Muhalli, wadanda ke cikin matsanancin talauci da kungiyoyin tsirarun kabilanci sun fi dacewa da cutar da rashin adalcin muhalli. Talakawa suna lissafin sama da kashi 20% na tasirin lafiyar ɗan adam daga fitar da iska mai guba na masana'antu, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 12.9% na yawan jama'a a duk faɗin ƙasar. Wannan baya lissafin rashin adalcin da aka samu a tsakanin ƙungiyoyin tsiraru guda ɗaya. Wasu nazarin da ke gwada ƙididdiga don tasirin ƙabilanci da ƙabilanci, yayin da suke sarrafa samun kuɗin shiga da sauran dalilai, suna ba da ra'ayi na ƙabilanci a cikin fallasa wanda ke ci gaba da kasancewa a duk nau'ikan samun kuɗin shiga. Jihohi na iya ganin sanya wurare masu guba kusa da ƙauyuka marasa galihu a matsayin fifiko daga hangen nesa na Amfanin Kuɗi (CBA). CBA na iya fifita sanya wani wuri mai guba kusa da birnin matalauta 20,000 fiye da kusa da birnin masu arziki 5,000. Terry Bossert na Range Resources rahotanni sun bayyana cewa da gangan ya kan gano ayyukansa a unguwannin matalauta maimakon wuraren masu arziki da mazauna ke da karin kudade don kalubalantar ayyukansa. Lantarkin Matatar Matatar Gabashin Bay ta Arewacin California misali ne na rarrabuwar kawuna da ke da alaƙa da kabilanci da samun kuɗi da kusanci ga wurare masu guba. Mata Tasirin sauyin yanayi yana da tasirin da bai dace ba ga mata da ƴan mata. Mata suna fuskantar haɗari mafi girma da kuma nauyi mafi girma na sauyin yanayi, saboda sauyin yanayi ba ya bambanta tsakanin jinsi. Matsanancin yanayi yana da alaƙa da auren wuri, fataucin jima'i, tashin hankalin gida, ƙaura, asarar kuɗi, rashin abinci, ƙarancin ruwa, da matsalolin lafiya. A cikin 2020, guguwar Eta da Iota sun yi ɓarna a jihohin tsakiyar Amurka. Da yawa sun rasa matsugunansu amma mata ne aka fi shafa. Hakazalika, a Indiya, fari ya sa mata suka fi fuskantar rauni idan aka kwatanta da maza. An yi iƙirarin cewa al'amuran adalci na muhalli gabaɗaya sun fi shafar mata a cikin al'ummomi fiye da yadda suke shafar maza. Mata kuma sukan zama jagorori a ƙungiyoyin fafutukar tabbatar da adalci a muhalli. Don haka, yana girma ya zama babban al'amari na mata. A karkashin tsarin mata na adalci na muhalli, ana kallon al'amuran muhalli da sauyin yanayi ta hanyar ruwan tabarau wanda ke tabbatar da cewa kabilanci, fifikon farar fata, wariyar launin fata, da jari-hujja sune masu ba da gudummawa ga tasirin da sauyin yanayi ke yi ga mata. Irin wannan bincike ga adalcin muhalli yana ba da shawarar dabarun da ke magance tushen rashin daidaito, canza dangantakar iko, da tallafawa ƴancin mata. Amurkawa Amurke da yawa na Adalci na Muhalli ya shafe Ba-Amurkawa. Wani sanannen misali shine yankin Cancer Alley na Louisiana. Wannan yanki mai nisan mil 85 na Kogin Mississippi tsakanin Baton Rouge da New Orleans gida ne ga kamfanoni 125 waɗanda ke samar da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na samfuran sinadaran petrochemical da aka ƙera a Amurka. Hukumar kare haƙƙin jama'a ta Amurka ta yanke shawarar cewa, al'ummar Afirka-Amurka sun kamu da cutar Cancer Alley ba daidai ba, sakamakon tsarin ba da izinin jihar Louisiana a halin yanzu da na gida don wurare masu haɗari, da kuma ƙarancin matsayinsu na zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙi da ƙarancin tasirin siyasa. Wani abin da ya faru na rashin adalci na muhalli na dogon lokaci ya faru a cikin "West Grove" na Miami, Florida. Daga 1925 zuwa 1970, matalautan da suka fi yawa, mazauna Afirka ta Yamma mazauna yankin "West Grove" sun jimre da mummunan tasirin da ke tattare da hayaki mai guba da kuma fitar da sharar guba daga babban injin incineter mai suna Old Smokey. Duk da amincewar hukuma a matsayin ɓarna ga jama'a, an faɗaɗa aikin incinerator a cikin 1961. Sai da kewayen, yankunan fararen fata galibi suka fara fuskantar mummunan tasiri daga Tsohon Smokey cewa yakin shari'a ya fara rufe gidan wuta. Ƙungiyoyin Ƴan Asalin Ƙasa Ƙungiyoyin ƴan asalin galibi suna fama da rashin adalci na muhalli. Ƴan asalin ƙasar Amirka sun fuskanci cin zarafi da suka shafi hakar uranium a yammacin Amurka. Churchrock, New Mexico, a yankin Navajo gida ne ga mafi dadewa ci gaba da hakar ma'adanai uranium a kowace ƙasar Navajo. Daga 1954 zuwa 1968, ƙabilar ta ba da hayar fili ga kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai waɗanda ba su sami izini daga dangin Navajo ba ko ba da rahoton duk wani sakamako na ayyukansu. Ba wai kawai masu haƙar ma’adinan sun rage ƙarancin ruwa ba, har ma sun gurɓata abin da ya rage na ruwan Navajo da uranium. Kerr-McGee da United Nuclear Corporation, manyan kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai biyu, sun yi iƙirarin cewa dokar hana gurɓacewar ruwa ta Tarayya ba ta shafe su ba, kuma ta kiyaye cewa ƙasar Amirka ta asali ba ta ƙarƙashin kariyar muhalli. Kotuna ba su tilasta musu bin ƙa'idojin ruwa mai tsabta na Amurka ba har sai 1980. Yankin Latino Babban misali na rashin adalci na muhalli tsakanin Latinos shine bayyanar da maganin kashe kwari da ma'aikatan gona ke fuskanta. Bayan DDT da sauran chlorinated hydrocarbon magungunan kashe qwari a Amurka a cikin 1972, manoma sun fara amfani da magungunan kashe ƙwari na organophosphate mai guba kamar parathion Yawancin ma'aikatan gona a Amurka suna aiki a matsayin baƙi ba tare da izini ba, kuma sakamakon rashin lafiyarsu na siyasa, ba sa iya yin zanga-zangar adawa da kamuwa da magungunan kashe qwari a kai a kai ko kuma amfana daga kariyar dokokin Tarayya. Fitar da magungunan kashe ƙwari a masana'antar auduga kuma yana shafar manoma a Indiya da Uzbekistan. An dakatar da shi a ko'ina cikin sauran sassan duniya saboda barazanar da ke tattare da lafiyar dan adam da muhalli, Endosulfan wani sinadari ne mai guba, wanda ba za a iya lamunce amfani da shi ba a yawancin kasashe masu tasowa da ake amfani da su. Endosulfan, kamar DDT, wani organochlorine ne kuma yana dawwama a cikin muhalli tun bayan kashe kwari da aka yi niyya, yana barin gado mai mutuwa ga mutane da namun daji. Mazauna garuruwan da ke kan iyakar Amurka da Mexico kuma abin ya shafa. Maquiladoras tsire-tsire ne na haɗakarwa da Amurka, Jafananci, da sauran ƙasashen waje ke sarrafawa, waɗanda ke kan iyakar Amurka da Mexico. Maquiladoras suna amfani da arha arha na Mexiko don haɗa abubuwan da aka shigo da su da albarkatun ƙasa, sannan su kwashe samfuran da aka gama zuwa Amurka. Yawancin sharar ta ƙare har ana zubar da su ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a cikin magudanar ruwa, ramuka, ko cikin hamada. Tare da Lower Rio Grande Valley, maquiladoras suna zubar da sharar gida mai guba a cikin kogin wanda kashi 95 na mazauna ke samun ruwan sha. A cikin garuruwan kan iyaka na Brownsville, Texas, da Matamoros, Mexico, adadin anencephaly (jariran da aka haifa ba tare da kwakwalwa ba) ya ninka sau huɗu matsakaicin ƙasa. Bayyana Tasirin Lafiya Al'ummomin masu adalci na muhalli suna fuskantar rashin daidaito ga gurɓatar sinadarai, rage ingancin iska, gurɓataccen tushen ruwa, da raguwar lafiya gaba ɗaya. Rashin yarda da canje-canjen manufofin da ke kewaye da abubuwan da ke tasiri ga lafiyar waɗannan al'ummomi suna haifar da raguwa a cikin muhalli da lafiyar ɗan adam. Ana iya gano al'ummomin adalci na muhalli ta hanyoyi daban-daban kamar: bakin kofa yankunan yanki al'umma dangane da ganewa yawan nauyi Duk da yake akwai hanyoyi da yawa don gano al'ummomin adalci na muhalli, bayyanar muhalli gama gari a cikin waɗannan al'ummomin adalcin muhalli sun haɗa da gurɓataccen iska da haɗarin gurɓataccen ruwa. Saboda yawancin al'ummomin adalci na muhalli kasancewar suna da matsayi mafi ƙasƙanci na zamantakewa, yawancin membobin al'ummomin suna aiki a cikin cunkoson ayyuka tare da fallasa masu haɗari kamar ɗakunan ajiya da ma'adinai. Babban hanyoyin fallasa su ne ta hanyar numfashi, sha, da sha. Lokacin da ma'aikata suka bar wurin aiki, mai yiwuwa su ɗauki sinadarai tare da su a kan tufafi, takalma, fata, da gashin kansu. Tafiya na waɗannan sinadarai na iya isa gidajensu kuma su ƙara yin tasiri ga iyalansu, gami da yara. An bayyana yaran waɗannan al'ummomi a matsayin al'umma ta musamman da aka fallasa saboda yadda suke sarrafa gurɓataccen abu daban-daban fiye da manya. Idan aka kwatanta da yara a wasu al'ummomi, yara a cikin al'ummomin adalci na muhalli na iya fuskantar babban matakin gurɓatawa a duk tsawon rayuwarsu, farawa daga mahaifa (ta hanyar mahaifa), jarirai (ta hanyar nono), ƙuruciyar ƙuruciya da kuma bayan. Saboda ƙaruwar bayyanarwa suna cikin haɗari mafi girma ga mummunan tasirin lafiya kamar yanayin numfashi, yanayin gastrointestinal, da yanayin tunani. Sanya wuraren ɓarke da ayyukan ciyar da dabbobi (CAFOs) a wasu daga cikin waɗannan yankuna kuma manyan masu ba da gudummawa ne ga illolin lafiya da membobin waɗannan al'ummomin ke fuskanta. CAFOs kuma suna fitar da hayaki mai cutarwa a cikin iska (ammoniya, mahaɗan ƙwayoyin halitta masu canzawa, endotoxins, da sauransu) suna rage girman ingancin iska. Hakanan za su iya gurɓata ƙasa da wuraren ruwa na kusa. Wuraren da ke tarwatsewa na iya fitar da hayaki mai guba, musamman methane, wanda kuma ke lalata iska da gurɓata ruwa. A ma'aunin duniya, bunƙasar da aka samu cikin sauri a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan kuma ta kasance babban fallasa ga haɗarin muhalli a cikin al'ummomin adalci na muhalli saboda saurin kera da zubar da kayayyaki masu yawa. 95% na samar da tufafi yana faruwa ne a cikin ƙananan ƙasashe ko matsakaicin kuɗin shiga inda ma'aikata ba su da wadata. Haɗarin sana'a kamar rashin samun iska na iya haifar da haɗari na numfashi ciki har da barbashi na iska da ƙurar auduga. Rinyen rini na iya haifar da haɗari idan ba a kula da ruwan da aka yi amfani da shi don yin rini ba kafin a shiga cikin tsarin ruwa na gida wanda ke haifar da sakin abubuwa masu guba da ƙananan karafa a cikin ruwan da mazauna ke amfani da su da kuma dabbobi. Canjin yanayi da adalcin yanayi su ma sun kasance wani ɓangare yayin tattaunawa game da adalcin muhalli da kuma babban tasirin da yake da shi ga al'ummomin adalcin muhalli. Gurbacewar iska da gurbacewar ruwa abubuwa biyu ne ke haifar da sauyin yanayi wanda zai iya haifar da illa kamar tsananin zafi, karuwar hazo, da hawan teku. Saboda haka, al'ummomi sun fi fuskantar matsalolin da suka haɗa da ambaliyar ruwa da fari da ke haifar da ƙarancin abinci da kuma karuwar kamuwa da cututtuka, da abinci, da cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. An yi hasashen cewa sauyin yanayi zai fi yin tasiri ga masu rauni. Ayyukan na yanzu A cikin 2019, Jam'iyyar Dimokuradiyya ta gudanar da taron Shugaban kasa na Farko kan Adalci na Muhalli.

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zazzau

Zazzau

Zazzau Zariya, Kaduna a Najeriya, Zazzau, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Masarautar Zazzau, daular gargajiya ce da ke da hadaka a cikin garin Zariya,Jihar Kaduna, Najeriya.Sarkin Zazzau na yanzu shi ne Alhaji Amb.Ahmed Nuhu Bamalli wanda ya gaji tsohon sarki, marigayi Alhaji Dr Shehu Idris.Yariman Zazzau da ya zama madakin Zazzau, sai kuma Hon Abbas Tajudeen Ya zama Iyan Zazzau, Alh Yakubu Ibrahim Omar Shi ne Sarkin Alhazan Zazzau, Hon Samaila Suleiman Shine Dujiman Zazzau. Tarihi Babban tushe mafi mahimmanci ga farkon tarihin Zazzau shine tarihin da aka ƙirƙira a farkon ƙarni na 20 daga al'adun baya. Yana ba da kuma labarin gargajiya ne na kafuwar masarautun ƙasar Hausa daga jarumin al'adu Bayajidda, kuma ya ba da jerin sunayen masu mulki tare da tsawon lokacin da kuma suka yi sarauta. Dangane da wannan tarihin, ance asalin masarautar hausa ko Haɓe ta fara ne tun daga ƙarni na 11, wanda Sarki Gunguma ya kafa. Wannan majiyar kuma tana sanya ta zama dayan jihohin Bakwai. Mafi shaharar sarautar Zazzau ita ce Sarauniya (ko kuma gimbiya) Amina, wacce ta yi mulki ko dai a tsakiyar karni na 15 da ta tsakiya ta 16, kuma Muhammed Bello ne ya riƙe ta, masanin tarihin Hausa na ƙarni na 19 kuma Sarkin Musulmi na biyu. shine farkon wanda ya kafa daula a tsakanin hausawa. Zazzau ta kasance wurin tattara bayi don kai su kasuwannin arewacin Kano da Katsina, inda ake musayar su da gishiri tare da ‘yan kasuwar da ke jigilar su zuwa arewacin Sahara Dangane da tarihi a cikin littafin, an gabatar da addinin musulunci ga masarautar a wajajen shekara ta 1456, amma ga alama ya bazu a hankali, kuma tsafin arna ya ci gaba har zuwa lokacin da Fulani suka ci shekara ta 1808. A wasu lokuta a tarihinta, Zazzau ta kasance tana ƙarƙashin ƙasashe makwabta irin su Songhai, Bornu da Kwararafa Wannan karin rubutu da aka saka bai daidaitu ba domin a kwai tsallaken zance a dukkanin sakin layin. Duk da cewar tarihin kasar Zazzau na cunkushe da don ran filani. Zazzagawa an same su da addinin Musulunci kuma Shehu Usmanu ya tabbatar da haka. Tun asalin kasar Zazzau ba su da maguzawa. Masarautan fulani A watan Disamba a shekara ta 1808 babu Fulani a wadanda Shehu Usmanu ya turo su da su kifar da ko su fidda Sarkin Zazzau Muhammadu Awwal Makau daga kasar Zazzau, illah kinibibin da ya kullu a tsakanin malaman da suke zaune a kasar Zazzau. Wannan ya biyo bayan hijirar da Sarkin Kano Muhammadu Al-wali ya yi bayan kashe shararren malamin nan malam Dan Zabuwa wanda ya ke shima bafillace ne. Ganin haka Fulani su kai gangami wajen tuntsurar da mulkinsa. Sarkin Kano ya yi kaura zuwa Kasar Zazzau, a lokacin mulkin Sarkin Zazzau Muhammadu Awwal Makau a 1807 amma bai samu hurumin zama ba. Duk da cewar suruki ya ke ga Sarkin Kano Muhammadu Al-wali. Wannan hijira ta Sarkin Kano Muhammadu Al-wali shi ya kawo ce-kuce a kasar Zazzau inda a karke ya kawo karken mulkin Sarkin Zazzau Muhammadu Awwal Makau. Inda gaurayen kabilun malaman da ke zaune a kasar suka hada kai suka kifar da mulkinsa bayan ya tafi masallacin idi don gabatar da sallah karama. Domin ta wannan haya ya sa shi tilasa ya bar kasar Zazzau inda ya kafa kasar Abuja kuma a yau aka kafa hedkwatar kasar nan. Kuma masarautar ta juya da sunan sarki Sulaimanu Barau watau Suleja. Kalmar Fulani ya samu ne dalilin Shehu Usmanu. Amma malaman kabilun da ke zaune su ne: kabilar Mande a yau a na kiransu mallawa sai Barebari sai sullubawa sai kuma Katsina wa. Jihadin Shehu Usman Dan Fodiyo Ƙasar Hausa ta fara daga kewayen Gobir har ya zuwa gefen ƙasar Bauchi wanda a da can ake kira da ƙasar Gobir, wanda kuma a ke kira da tsantsan ƙasar Hausa (sune ƙasar Gobir da Zamfara da Kebbi da Katsina da Daura da Rano da Ningi da Kano wanda daga baya aka samu ƙasar Sakkwato) ta faɗa cikin wani irin nau’in hatsin baran addini, watau na hada bori da addinin Musulunci.A cikin wannan hali da ake ciki na bori, Allah Subhanahu Wata’ala ya karfafa zuciyar Mujaddidi Shehu Usman bn Fodiyo da tsaida sunna, kuma ya karfafa shi da samun nasara wajen fahimtar da jama’arsa.Shehu Usman Mujaddadi ya soma kiran jama’a a mahaifarsa Degel. Sai dai kamar yadda bayanai a cikin littattafan tarihi suka nuna cewar, Mujaddadi Shehu Usmanu shi kansa bai fita zuwa yake-yake ba sai a wuri ɗaya, watau ƙasar Gobir da kuma yadda Sakkwato ta samu asali.Littattafan tarihi sun ƙara bayanin haihuwarsa, cewar an haife shi a watan Safar shekara ta 1168 hijiran Manzon Allah, Muhammadu tsira da amincin Allah su tabbata a gare shi. Allah maɗaukakin Sarki ya kaddara samun Mujaddadi cikin Jama’an Annabi wanda ya ƙara tsaida addinin Allah da kafafunsa a zukatan Jama’a bayan karkata ta zo masu (kamar a wannan zamani inda kungiyar Izalatul Bidi’a wa ikamatussunna ta bayyana mana a yau).Yadda al’amari ya kasance kuwa shi ne, inda aka samu ya yi ƙoƙarin kau da ire-iren waɗannan shirkoki da bidi’o’i, duk da wasu sai ƙara harman kunno kai suke yi. Shehu Usmanu bai gaza NS musamman bisa taimakon Allah ta wajen kokartawa har sai da addinin Allah ya daidaitu a zukatan jama’arsa. Lallai Shehu Usmanu ya amsa sunansa Mujaddadi kwarai da gaske. Domin ya tsai da sunna amma kash! mabiyansa sun bijiro da salon son mulki da barna wadda ya fi na baya. Abin ya kai sun kauce wa shari’ar musulunci,na kamanta shi da manzon Allah Muhammadu tsira da amincin Allah su tabbata a gare shi; ko kuma mai da shi abin roko da bautatawa. Haka kuma Fulani sun karkata a kan duk wanda baiyi karatu wajen Shehu ba to karkatacce ne, ko da kuwa a ina ya sami ilminsa. Za mu iya samun wannan bayanai a wurare da dama da kuma nazarin manufofinsu a zahiri. Amma wasu rubuce-rubucensu na da wuyar samu, musamman yadda su ka farga da cewar jama’a na fahimtar barnarsu ta nazarce-nazarce a kan rubuce-rubucensu da kuma nau’in ayyukansu a zahiri. A cikin littattafai da ayyuka wasunsu kuwa nada sauyi domin ba a mai da hankali a kansu ba ballantana A Dakatar da su, kuma an mai da su tamkar addinin Allah. Daga cikin wadannan ayyuka da littafai akwai ziyarar kabari da ire-iren shirkoki da bidi’o’in da ke wakana a wuraren, sai littafin Tarihin Fulani na Wazirin Sakkwato, wanda ya rubuta da harsunan Larabci da Hausa. A cikin nazartan littafin zamu iya fahimta barna tun daga shafi na 8 zuwa shafi na 20 a cikinta. Misali ya yi bayani kamar haka,”Bushara Da Shehu Usmanu, Allah shi Yarda Da Shi:”Hakika bushara an yi da Shehu, Allah shi yarda da shi, tun gabanin samuwatai, ta abku kamar yadda shi kansa ya ambata cikin littafinsa wanda yake maganar gabanin samuwatai, ta abku kamar yadda shi kansa ya ambata cikin littafinsa wanda yake maganar dangantakarsa zuwa ga Annabi, tsira da amincin Allah su tabbata gare shi, inda ya ce:“Hakika Annabi tsira da amincin Allah su tabbata gare shi an yo bushara da shi tun gabanin zakuwatai. Ni kuma na gode ma Allah an yi bushra da ni.” Haka kuma zancansa ga dangantakarsa zuwa ga Mahadi. Ya ce: “Hakika Mahadi amincin Allah ya tabbata bisa gare shi, an yo bushara da samu nai. Ni kuma nai godiya ga Allah an yo bushara da ni...”sauran al’amurra kamar yin masa salati bayan anbaton sunansa kamar yadda ake wa ma’aiki Allah tsira da amincin Allah su tabbata a gare shi, da nau’in tsarkakansa kamar na Manzon Allah (S.A.W) watau cewar shi Ma’asumi ne, duba shafi na 9 sakin layi na karke, da dai sauransu. Kamar yadda tarihi ya nuna Shehu Usmanu ya kaurace wa jama’ansa zuwa Gujuba a dalilin irin yadda suka juya wa al’amarin da’awarsa ya zuwa neman abin duniya. A cikin wannan littafin ya yi bayanai na irin mu’ujizozin da Shehu Usmanu Mujaddidi yake da su, wa’anda sun kamanceceniya da na Manzon Allah tsira da amincin Allah su tabbata a gare shi, ko kuma Mahadi amincin Allah ya tabbata a gare shi.A takaice zantukan na nuni da cewar shi ma aiko shi aka yi kamar yadda aka aiko sauran Annabawa.Wannan ya nuna karara cewar lallai dole su dauka cewar duk wanda baiyi karatu wajen Shehu Usmanu ba to shi kafiri ne. Rikicin Hausa da Fulani [[File:Zaria Emir's palace gate.jpg|thumb|267x267px|Gidan sarauta na Sarkin Zazzau]]Tarihi ya nuna cewar lokacin da Shehu Dan Fodio ya taso da da'awarsa a kasar Hausa ya na mai kokarin jaddada addinin Musulunci ne in da ya ga suna da rauni, musammsn tsakanin kasar Gobir da Zamfara da Katsina.Lallai bai kalli kasar Zazzau ba,domin shi kansa yasan kasa ce wadda ta tara masanan addinin Musulinci wuri guda, wanda har gobe masu riko da sunna ne. A wancan lokaci yana fama da }asashen Gobir ta dauri ne.Watau Gobir masomar jihadi, sai dai dalibansa sun fadada jihadin ya zuwa Katsina da Kano da Daura,sai kuma sashen Yarbawa watau Ilorin don bayar da kariya ga Shehu Usmanu a dalilin rashin goyon baya da ba su ba Shehu Usmanu ba. A karshen al’amari,wa]annan sarakuna ba su amince ba a dalilin yanayin ko dai mabiyansa ko kuma yadda suke gudanar da wa’azozinsu, wadanda suka soma nuna alamun son mulki fiye da bayyana da’awar Shehu.Shehu Usmanu ya goyi bayan daukan matakin jihadi kan wa]annnan kasashe bisa shawarar almajiransa da sunan kauce wa kai gudunmuwarsu ga kasar Gobir.Duk da Shehu ya soma yakar kasar Gobir a matsayin sulan yake-yaken jihadin Mujaddidi. Bayani ya nuna a ciki littafin Muhammad Bello “Infakul mansur” wanda yake ]a ne ga Shehu Usmanu, cewar a watan Yuni 1804 Shehu Usman ya aika wa Sarakunan kasar Katsina da Daura da Kano kuma Zazzau takarda kunshe da bayanin yadda ta kasance tsakaninsa da Sarkin Gobir Yumfa. Sarakunan Katsina da na Kano sai suka yaga takardan Shehu Mujaddadi.Amma Sarkin Zazzau na wannan lokaci Malam Isyaku Jatau bai yaga tasa ba, sai ya kira Malaman kasarsa ya yi masu bayanin takardan Shehu cikin sigar ilmi da hikima ya fahimtar ko gamsar da jama’arsa manufa na Shehu Usmanu.Wannan masanan malamai na kasar Zazzau sun gamsu da wannan takarda kuma suka amince da wannan manufa ta Shehu Usmanu.Ba da wani jinkiri ba sarkin Zazzau ya amince da manufar Shehu kuma ya nada wata tawaga wanda ke dauke da sakon sarki na amincewarsa da ya ci gaba da gwagwarmaya tare da irin tasa gudummuwar. Ganin yadda Sarki Isyaku Jatau ya amince da manufarsa Shehu ya kara masa kwarin gwaiwar kaddamar da jihadinsa,kuma ya amince da tutar kasar Zazzau a matsayin tutar Ahlil Sunna.Irin wannan akida har gobe yana nan ga malaman Zage zagi wadanda ba su saka wata dagawa ko nuna shahara kan ilmin addinin Allah ba. Malamai ne wadanda basa hada wani abu da abin bautarsu, ko shigar da wani al’amari ko saka sauran bidi’o’i da suka kunno kai a wannan zamani cikin addinin Muslinci. A wajajen }arshen jihadin Shehu Mujaddadi kuma daidai shugowar Turawa Arewacin kasar nan (1806), Allah ya yi wa Sarkin Zazzau Malam Isyaku Jatau rasuwa, kuma ]ansa Malam Muhammadu Makau (Makka) ya amshi ragamar mulki. A daidai hawan karagan mulkin kasar Zazzau,Sarki Muhammadu Makau ya fuskanci kalubale a wajen masu sha’awar mulkin kasar na wancan zamani (1807).Watau Malaman dake cikin kasar (wadanda suke kiran kansu Fillato Borno) dake zaune a wannan kasa. Wannan ya faru ne bayan dan wani lokaci ka]an kuma bayan cin kasar Kano wanda ya kawo karken sarautar Sarkin Kano Alwali (Malam Al-wali),inda daga nan maya}an Mujaddadi suka nausa ya zuwa kasar Bauchi har ya zuwa kanem watau }asar Borno a yau. Amma game da Sarki Alwali, cikin martabawa da kuma tausayawa Sarkin Zazzau Muhammadu Makau ya nemi ya sauki Sarkin Kano Alwali a asarsa.A sakamakon irin karamci na mutanan Zazzau wanda sukan dauki al’amurra cikin sauki tare da ganin sun saka adalci a rayuwarsu (wannan hali yana nan tare da su har gobe),ya kawo tunanin Fillato Borno da suke cikin }asar Zazzau na kauda Sarkin Zazzau Muhammadu Makau; ta yi masa bore bayan sun kai }azafinsa ga Shehu cewar ya koma cikin shirka, don ganin cewar Sarki Alwali ya bijire wa takardan Shehu Mujaddidi kuma Sarki Muhammadu Makau ya kuduri niyyar saukarsa; duk da bayanin da Sarki Muhammadu Makau ya yi masu cewar kira ya kamata ai masa, ba a kore shi ko kashe shi ba. Wanda ya jagoranci kai wannan }ara shi ne Sarkin Zazzau Yamusa,domin a da can sun kasance manyan Al}alai a }asar Zazzau.A cikin tafiyar da wannan bore a kwai Malam Musa wanda ]alibin Shehu Usmanu ne kuma an ha]o shi da Yamusa ne don ya zo ya tabbatar da gaskiyan zancan Malam Yamusa. Amma a }arke ya juyar da tafiyar ta zamo tasa kuma ya ]are karagar mulki. Wannan bore ya faru a daidai lokacin bukin }aramar Sallah, wato watan Shawwal shekara ta 1807. A lokacin da Sarkin Zazzau Malam Muhammadu Makau ya fita ya zuwa Sallar Idi. Wa]annan masu bore sun rufe {ofar Gari suka hana shi komawa cikinta. A dalilin haka Sarki Muhammadu Makau sai bai ja da su ba, domin a tunaninsa jama’arsa ne kuma bai da bukatar ya}ar }asarsa, amma sai ya juya akalar dokinsa ya nausa cikin }asashen Nufawa da sauran }abilu don bu]e wata daula daban. Kafin barinsa }asar Zazzau ya yi dakace a bayan gari inda ya tattara jama’ansa. Wannan wuri a yau shi ake kira da Dakace (Dakacen Sarki). Ya cimma nasarar yin hakan wajen kafa wuri (wanda a yau ya zama masarauta biyu wa]anda ake kiransu da sunayen }anninsa a halin yanzu wato Sule-ja Sulaimanu- sza) da Abu-ja Abubakar- sza). Kuma wannan wuri a yau ya zama zucciyar }asar baki daya. Tarihi ya nuna cewar daga baya ya yi yunkurin fadada sabuwar daularsa ta wajen yakar ko kwatar wasu bangarori na kasar Zazzau duk da a lokacin tsufa ta kama shi sai ya umurci danuwasa Sulaimanu Ja da ya koma ya rike sabuwar daularsa gudun kar ta kubuce masu baki daya; inda ya sa shi a matsayin wakilinsa. Bayan rasuwar Sarki Muhammadu Makau sai Malam Sulaimanu ya zama sabon sarki. Wannan wuri daga baya an raba shi biyu inda wadannan }anni na Sarkin Zazzau Muhammadu Makau suka mai da su wuraren masarautunsu kuma aka sanya wa wuraren sunayensu. Dalilin raba wa ‘yan-uwasa wannan wuri zai ta’alla}a a kan samar da zaman lafiya a zuriyarsu kuma su shugabanci wa]annan sabbin dauloli don kauda tunaninsu ga komawa cikin birnin Zazzau. Wannan ba }aramin tunani ne ba, ga shugabanni adalai masanan ya kamata da hangen nesa. Daga wa]annan wurare basu sake tunanin kafa wata daula ko fadada kasa ba. Sai dai tarihin baya na shi Sarki Muhammadu inda ya yi yunkurin kwato wasu yankuna da ke karkashin kasar Zazzau ya zuwa sabuwar masarautarsa kuma wannan yunkuri ya cimma ajalinsa. Shehu ]an Fodio ya yi fama da jama’arsa ko ince mabiyansa a }arken jihadinsa. Domin sun juya al’amarin ya zuwa neman mulki ba wai kokarin da’awa da jaddada addinin Allah; da daukaka addinin Allah ba. Almajiran Shehu sun mai da hankali wajen neman mulkan jama’a ko ta halin ya ya. Manufar Shehu shi ne na kauce wa shirka da kadaita Allah (S.W.A) abin bauta shi ka]ai kuma su maida duk al’amurransu ga Allah shi kadai. Amma‘yan shirkokin da ba a rasa su ba tun daga mabiyansa har ya zuwa ga sauran jama’a. Allah (subhanahub wata ala) ya sa ya cimma nasara ta dagewa a kan akidarsa ba tare da jin tsoro ko shakkun wani abin da zai same shi ba. Duk wadannan nasarori sun samu ta wajen dagewar da Shehu tare da kaninsa Abdullahi da kuma dansa Muhammad Bello, su ka yi bisa yardan Allah. Mahara daga cikin ]aliban Shehu Mujaddadi, wa]anda son mulki ta yaudara, sun nausa ya zuwa kasashen Borno da Yobe da Taraba da kuma Bauchi, inda suka tadda Malam Rabeh Fadel Allah ya yi nisa da shugowa wajan jihadinsa. Wannan za a iya gani tun daga cikin kasar Niger har ya zuwa kasashen da na yi bayani a baya. Kamar yadda tarihi ya nuna mana cewar kafin karken jihadin da gudana a zamanin Shehu Usmanu, ]alibansa sun yi yun}urin kai jihadinsa kasashen gabashin kasashen Arewa wanda bai samu dama ba don tuni addini Musulunci ya yi }arfi sai dai fadan siyasa kawai. A littafi mai suna Language Disappearance, case study of Biu Emirate” na Bukar Usman ya yi kokarin bayanin yadda ta kwashe tsakanin Mujaddidi Rabeh Fadel Allah tare da ]ansa Fadarallah da masarautun wa]annan kasashe a tsakanin shekara ta 1755-1809. Rabe ya nausa kasar Borno ]ansa kuma ya nausa }asar Biu har ya zuwa Wuyo wanda ake kira da suna Bayo a halin yanzu cikin kasar Borno. Wannan ya faru ne a tsakanin 1893-1901. A dalilin wannan tashin-tashina na jahadin wadda wa]annan Shehunnai biyu suka yi, ya kawo kai-komon jama’a daga wannan waje zuwa wancan waje, musamman ga jama’ar Biu a wancan karni. Hujjojin wannan bayani an samo su ta wajan zantawa da jama’a dabamdabam, wanda ya nuna cewar jama’a sun taru daga Arewacin masaninbao gabashin Niger da Borno zuwa kudancin wannan kasa. Misali jama’ar Biu sun nuna cewar akwai wurare biyu wanda yake duk asalin wurin mazaunansu ne (wurin zamansu), kamar Yeme da Chad. Bayanin baka ya nuna cewar Tera na daya daga cikin masu neman sarautar Ngazargamu a tsohuwar daular Borno kuma su suke sarautar a janhuriyan Nijar wanda har yanzu suna da kyakkyawar alaka da junarsu. Wasu daga cikin jama’ar Kanuri da suke zaune a Geidam wanda a halin yanzu yake cikin jihar Yobe sun guje wa jihadin Rabeh a cikin shekara ta 1890, wanda ya kai su ga gangarowa ya zuwa Gwara wanda aka fi sani da Gora. Wannan gari na kusa da garin Shani a cikin }asar Borno. Auratayya da kabilan Kanakuru kuma a dalilin haka suka samar da }abilan Komberi, ita ma wannan kabila ta jirga ya zuwa gundumar Tera. Yake-yaken jihadi sun ci gaba kuma jama’a sun ci gaba da hijira daga wannan wuri zuwa wancan wuri har ya zuwa shekara ta 1808 inda Fulani suka kama yammacin Ngazargamu wanda yake shi ne birnin daular Borno. Amma a karke a cikin shekara ta 1809 Sheikh Lamido ya kori Fulani daga daular Borno. Wannan kai-komo ya sa Rabe ya rasa wajen zama inda ya bar Zindar ya nausa ya zuwa gabashin Nijar a cikin shekara ta 1893. Wannan ya zo daidai da Turawan Faransa sun shigo kasar Nijar kuma suka kashe shi a wani gari mai suna Kousseri cikin kasar Kamaru a shekara ta 1900. Haka ma dansa ya faru da shi wanda aka kashe shi a wani gari mai suna Gujba ta hanyan yaudara wanda Turawan Faransa su kai masa a shekara ta 1901. A nan ne kuma Turawan Faransa suka hadu da Turawan Ingila kuma turawan Ingila suka nuna wa Turawan Faransa cewar sun wuce iyaka kasar Faransa, wanda a yanzu suna cikin kasar da ake kira Nijeriya. Haka ya faru a inda Faransawa suka ba Turawan Ingila wuri. Sarki Makau Game da rayuwar kasar Zazzau kuwa, Sarkin Zazzau Muhammadu Makau ya samar wa ‘yan-uwansa wurin zama ba tare da sun tsoma kansu cikin rikicin mulki da wasu suka haramta masu don bukatar mulkan} kasarsu ba.Zazzagawan asali,sun mai da martani ga sabuwar masarautar Zazzau a inda suka tare mashigin dake tsakanin kudancin} kasar zuwa kasar Zazzau domin tauye kasuwancin da ke tsakaninsu da jama’an kudancin} kasar nan.Haka kuma sun taimaka wa Turawa wajen cin} kasar Zazzau,domin daidai wannan lokaci ne Turawa suka bullo.Zazzaghawa sun taka babban rawa wajan cin kasar Zazzau a wancan lokaci. A cikin rubuce rucen Hausa Fulani sun so karin yin bayanan} ga jama’an Zazzau ta dauri musamman akan yadda ta kasance da Sarkin Zazzau Muhammadu Makau ta wajen neman kau da gaskiyar al’amurra. Kuma sun hada gabas da yamma wuri guda.Watau wajen dauko tarihi Barebari suka gauraya a cikin tarihin Zazzau ta dauri.Inda suka ]auko tarihin Albarka wanda yake shi ]an Sarkin Kukawa ne can cikin }asar Borno kuma ya zo kasar Zazzau a sanadiyyar rikicin Sarauta.Albarka bai da ninyar zama kasar Zazzau sai dai ya yada zango ya wuce.Wannan ya faru ne a zamanin Sarki Zazzau Alu Dan Sidi. Amma ga al’amarin Sarki sai ya jawo hankalinsa da ya zauna a nan kasar Zazzau.Sarki ya yi masa al}awarin bashi duk bakin inda ya yi jifa ta tsaya kyauta. Hakan kuma ya faru,wannan wuri ya kama tun daga bakin kotu ya yi iyaka da kwarin fadama.A dalilin haka ne wannan wuri ya samu sunarsa (Albarkawa). Malam Usman Katuka Sabulu ]a ne ga Sarkin Kano Al-wali kuma jika ne a gidan Sarautar Zazzagawan dauri (Zazzau),inda Sarki Isyaku Jatau ya dauki ‘yar kaninsa Malam Muhammadu Megamo ya ba da aurenta ga Sarkin Kano Al-wali.Usman Katuka Sabulu ya zo kasar Zazzau wajen kakanninsa don koyon karatu da samun ilmin addinin Muslinci, kuma Allah ya nufa wajen arzikinsa kenan a dalilin goyan bayan da ya ba juyin mulkin Filato Barno da kuma Hausa Fulanin a }asar Zazzau, (domin suna kiran kansu a matsayin Fulani) a lokacin yin ma gidan kakaninsa bore don kaucewa halin da zai iya shiga bayan basu ko kuma a bisa wasu dalilai nasa. A karke Sarkin Zazzaun na farko a daular Hausa-Fulani a kasar Zazzau Malam Mu’sa ya amince da Usman Sabulu kuma ya umurce shi da ya zauna a daya daga cikin gidajen kakanninsa watau na Zage zagi kuma aka ba shi sarautar katukan farko a daular Hausa Fulani.Katuka Usman ya samu tsawon sarakuna biyu a daular Hausa Fulani kafin a tsige shi daga kan sarautar; watau Mu’sa dan Yamusa. Jerin sarakunan Suleja 1. Muhammadu Makau 1807-1825. 2. Abubakar Ja (Abuja) 1825-1851. 3. Abubakar Kwaka Dogon Sarki 1851-1877. 4. Ibrahim Iyalai Dogon Gwari 1877-1902. 5. Muhammadu Gani 1902-1917 Ya bar gadon mulki. 6. Musa Angulu 1917-1944. 7. Sulaimanu Barau 1944-1979. 8. Malam Ibrahim Dodo Musa 1979-1993. 9. Awwal Ibrahim 1993-1994 Ya bar gadon mulki. 10. Bashir Sulaimanu Barau 1994-2000. 11. Awwal Ibrahim 2000. Sarkakiyar sarautar Hausa Fulani Sarautar Hausa-Fulani a Arewacin Nijeriya na tafe da wasu sarkakiya wa]anda jama’a kan zanta a kansu sau da dama, watau ta yadda suka amshi mulki ko kuma yadda suka rina azabtar da ‘yan uwansu Musulmi; in har ba kai karatu wajen Shehu Mujaddidi ba, ko da kuwa kai Bafillace ne.wadannan misalai kan samu ta wajen nazartar abin da ya faru a sassa dabandaban a arewacin kasar nan.Amma an samu inda adalci ya fito karara a tsakanin kasar Katsina da Daura inda Sarkin Katsina Dikko ya ba Turawa shawarar da su dawo da jama’ar }asar Daura na asali watau Ha~e (A harshen Hausa-Fulani),a cikin shekara ta 1906. Kuma Sarkin Katsina ya ci gaba da ba su shawarar yadda za a yi a mai da su a kan karagar sarautar Daura,inda ya ce, “ku dauko jikansu Musa wanda yake zaune a Zangon-Daura a bashi sarautar Daura kuma a ha]a masa Zango da |aure duk a karkashin mulkin Daura.Wannan al’amari ya faru ne a lokacin da Turawa suka shawarci Sarkin Katsina Dikko ta yadda za a dawo da masarauar Daura. Kyakkyawar alaka ta ]ore tsakanin Katsinawa da Daurawa na mutunta juna tun wancan lokaci har ya zuwa yanzu. Domin sun zama abokanin shawarar juna a duk wani abu da ya taso masu,alal misali lokacin da aka taso da zancan larduna Sarki Dikko ya shawarci Sarki Abdurrahman tare da neman alfarma da a ha]a kasar Katsina da Daura a matsayin lardi ]aya.Babu kokanto ko ja Sarkin Daura Abdurrahaman ya amince a dalilin wannan kyakkyawar alaka a wannan dalili ne masarautar Daura ta sa wa }ofar yamma suna Abdurrahman,domin shi ne sarki da ya yi sanadiyyar ha]ewar su da Katsina. kasar Kano ta samu kanta cikin wannan juyin-juya hali da kas ashen Hausa ke ciki.Arewacin kasar Kano ya soma fa]awa hannun Fulani cikin sauki,amma Sarki Alwali ya yi kokarin kare gabashin kasar. Bayan gwbzawa yaki da aka yi a dan Yahaya Fulani sun samu damar kamala kama kasar Kano kuma Sarkin Kano Alwali ya bar kasar.Anan ma an samu rabewar kai tsakanin Fulani kuma ak rasa wanda zai tsaya a matsayi Sarki.A karke sun aika wa Shehu da ya zaban masu shugaba. Shehu ya tambayesu waye fasihi a cikinsu sai suka ba da amsar cewar Sulaimanu bawan shugaban yaki.To anan ne Shehu y ace ma su shi ya kamata ya zama Sarki.Wannan ya faru a cikin shekara ta 1807. Amma a game da kasar Kano da Ningi kuwa ya sha bamban da tsakanin Katsina da Daura.Kafuwar Ningi bai samu ba sai da aka ja batta tsakanin jama’an kasar Ningi da Sarkin Kano Usmanu.Abin da ya faru kuwa shi ne Sarkin Kano Usman ya sa wa jama’ar Ningi haraji,amma daya daga cikin ‘ya’yan Ningi, kuma malami wanda ya shahara a wancan zamani watau malam Hamza bai amince da wannan haraji ba. Kuma kamar yadda tarihi ya nuna cewar shi ma ya yi karatu wajen Shehu amma bai karbo Tuta ba kamar yadda sauran Hausa-Fulani suka kar~o Tuta. A wannan lokaci Dawakin-Kudu na karkashin Galadiman Kano.Malam Hamza ya ci gaba da da’awarsarsa na cewar babu inda aka ce Musulmi ya ba Musulmi jizya ko kudin gandu ko haraji. Wannan ya kai ga har an kai shi gaban Sarki a can Kano. Kamar yadda zancan baka ya nuna cewar ya tafi da Gafakan Alkur’aninsa da ]an buzunsa.A gaban Sarkin Kano ya sake bayyana adawarsa ta bayyana wa Sarki gaba gareshi cewar,’karatu dai mun yi gaban Shehu kuma ba inda Shehu ya ce Musulmi da su biya hukumar Musulmi jizya ko kudin gandu ko haraji ba, ka gani nan ina kan kasar Allah ne ba kasar ka ba’, nan take ya baza buzu ya hau kai. A karke Sarkin Kano ya lallaba wannan malami ya dawo kasarsu Dawaki.Amma bayan majalisan sarkin kano ta ba Sarki shawa kan wannan malami domin a ganinsu zai zame wa Sarki karfen-kafa sai Sarki ya ba da umurnin kamo shi. Ga al’amarin wannan malami kuwa ko da ya ji labarin kama shi, sai ya umurci Al’majiransa masu ]imbin yawa suka bar gari.A wani babin an ce mutanan da suka bishi sun kai gidaje 40 wanda a wancan lokaci gari ne. Abin kulawa kuma a nan babban adawan wannan malami shi ne bai yarda da ya}an jama’a ba illah wa’azi kuma da shi ya musuluntar da dimbin jama’a. amma ga al’amarin Hausa-Fulani a wannan lokaci basu amince da yin haka ba, sai dai su mallaki jama’a ta hanyar yakarsu don su zama masu mulkin mallaka ko ta halin kaka. Malam Hamza ya shiga kasar Bauchi da almajiransa kuma a wannan zamani Sarkin Bauchi Ibrahim, yana sarautar kasar a matsayin Sarki na biyu. Domin a }asar Bauchi daga Yakubu sai Ibrahim a sarautar }asar. Sarkin Bauchi ya sa Sarkin ~ara da ya tunkari wannnan malami. Anan ma wannan malami ya yi fama kwarai da gaske inda ya kai ga sai da Sarkin Bauchi ya taso da kansa yazo }ofar Ningi cikin wani gari mai suna Cafana ya shata fulotai inda ya dasa itatuwan gawo. Wannan abu ya faru wajen shekara 150 ko fiye da haka. Yake-yake ba su yi sauki ba har sai da Alu mai sango ya dau matakin kona duk wani lambunan Rano. Ganin haka aka nemi sulhu kuma aka zauna lafiya. A }asar kebbi wanda yake Fulani ke mulkan kasar kuma a lokacin Muahammadu Fodi ke mulki, amma Fulani sun fa]a ma shi kuma suka kora shi. Ya samu damar kafa garin Argungu a cikin shekara ta 1805 wanda amalam Abdullahi ya jagoranta; wannan shi ne dalilin da ake kira wannan waje Kebbin Argungun. Malam Muhammadu Fodi bai iya daurewa ba sai da ya rin}a kai masu hari akai-akai, wanda ya kawo rasa ransa a shekara ta 1826. Amma duk da faruwan wannan abu magajinsa wanda aka fi sani da suna Karrari ya ci gaba da kai hari kasar Kebbi har zuwan Turawa. Wannan dalilin da yasa ake kiran Sarkin Argungu da ‘Sarkin Kebbi’. Wannan al’amari shi ya jawo hankulan Sarakunan }asar Hadejiya da tai iyaka da Borno suka sakar wa Malam Umar wani daga cikin Fulani da suke zaune a kasar. Haka kuma sauran kasashen kamar su Kazaure da Garun Gabas da Gatarwa da Auyo suka janye daga mulkinsu suka ba Fulani wuri. Sarakunan Katsina da Kano duk sun rasa mulkinsu a shekara ta 1807. Fulani sun kama dukkanin wuraren da ba Fulani ke mulki ba ko kuma Fulanin da basu amshi tuta ba ko da kuwa sun yi karatu wajen Shehu Usmanu. A }asar Katsina bayan Fulani sun amshi }asa sai rikicin mulki ya rincabe tsakaninsu. Wanda ya kai ga an samu gidajen adawa uku, Umaru da Dumyawa Na Alhaji da Umaru Dallaji dukkaninsu na adawar ya amshi tuta daga Shehu Usman. A }arke an samu sau}in al’amari bayan ya cimma nasaran zama Sarki a shekera ta 1807. Amma ga Sarkin Katsina da aka ture sai ya koma da zama a wani wuri da ake kira Mara]i Arewa da kasar Katsina wanda ya kai tsawon kimanin mil hamsin (50miles). Sarkin Katsina da ya koma Mara]i ya ci gaba da kai hari ga duk Fulanin da ya ci karo da su. wannan hari da ake kai ma Fulani ya samu goyon bayan }asashen Zamfara da Agadas. Sarki Umaru Danlaje Umaru Danlaje ya yi Sarauta daga shekara ta 1807 zuwa 1835. Kasar Gobir dama ita ce masomin da’awa wanda ya koma jihadi,a shekara ta 1808 Sarki Yunfa ya rasa ransa a yakin Alkalawa wanda ta ke a wajen gundumar masarautar. Jajirtatce ne wajen kare kansa da }asarsa.Irin wannan jaruntaka ya samu amsuwa wajen magajinsa.A dalilin wannan jajircewa na su ya zama dole Fulani suka iya mallakan ka]an daga cikin ƙasar Gobir. A karshe a shekara ta 1808 Fulani suka kafa masarautarsu wanda trake da gundumar mulki,kuma a ka raba wannan wuri gida biyu;arewacin wurin in wanda ke da gunduma a Gwandu aka na]a Abdullahi a matsayin Sarki.Gabashin wurin dake da gunduma a Sakkwato aka nada Muahammad Bello a matsayin Sarki. Shi ko Shehu Usmanu ya koma ga nazarin littafansa domin a karshe ya nuna damuwarsa na ganin ada’awarsa ta koma na neman mulki kuma fadada kasa don sarauta ba ra’ayinsa ne ba. Wadannan al’amurra sun gudana a kasar Zazzau inda Sarkin Zazzau Muhammadu Makau ya nemi zama da Sarkin Kano kuma Surukinsa Al’wali kuma ya nuna ma Malaman da ke adawa da ra’ayinsa cewar “wannan bawan Allah fahimtarwa yake bu}ata dangane da jihadin Shehu Mujeddidi”, amma Hausa-Fulanin dake }asar suka nuna rashin amincewarsu.Daga cikin Malamansu Malam Yamusa ya jagoranci kai Sarkin Zazzau Muhammadu Makau kara wajen Shehu Mujeddidi cewar ya juya wa koyarwar Shehu baya kuma ya koma al’amari na gargajiya. Akan haka Shehu ya soma tambayarsu abin da ya kamata a yi, a nan suka ba da shawarar a yaki }asar Zazzau.Jin kaha sai Shehu Usmanu ya ce da su “A’a sai dai ku yaki Sarkin Zazzau shi ka]ai domin }asar Zazzau akwai malamai masu yawa”. Wannnan al’amari bai samu damar gudana ba sai cikin watan Sallah karama a lokacin da Sarkin Zazzau Muhammadu Makau ya fito yin Sallar Idi, a wananan tsakani masu bore suka kulle kofar gari bayan sun tarwatsa jama’ar Sarki. Ganin haka hankalin Sarki bai tashi ba musamman ganin ya iya tattara jama’arsa wuri guda a wani wuri da ake kira a yau Dakace amma asalin dalilinsa ana nufin dakacen Sarki ne(inda Sarki Muhammadu Makau ya dakata har ya hada jama’ansa).Nan take ya yanke hukuncin barin kasar Zazzau ya kuma nausa kudancin kasar, ba tare da ja in ja da su ba. Shawararsa na barin kasar ya faru a cikin shekara ta 1807 inda ya samar da sabon wuri kuma ya bar wa kaninsa bisa alkawarin kula da wurin domin shi ya dauri ninyan amso wasu bangarori da ke karkashin kasar Zazzau.Wadannan wurare ya yi iyaka da Kajuru. A karke cikin shekara ta 1828 kasar an raba ta biyu inda aka ba Sulaimanu ja kuma aka sa ma wajan suna Suleja, sannan Abububakar ja shi ma ~angarensa ya koma da suna Abuja. Amma ga al’amarin Sarki Muhammadu kuwa ya fita harkan zaman sarauta ya koma ga neman kwato wasu yankuna a cikin kasar Zazzau. Ta wannan al’amari ne ya kai ga rasa ransa. A yau daya daga cikin wadannan wurare mai suna Abuja ya zama abin alfari ga kasar Nijeriya baki daya, inda ta zama abin tun}ahon jama’an Nijeriya a matsayin Gundumar mulkin kasa baki daya.An amshi wnannan wuri (Abuja) a hannun Sarki Sulaimanu Barau a matsayin gundumar mulkin }asa a shekara ta 1976.A nan zamu iya ganin yadda aikin Sarki mai adalci Muhammadu Makau dan Sarki Isyaku jatau ya kai. Wannan ba karamin abin alfahari ne ba. Zazzagawan dauri sun ci gaba da huddansu da Fulani da ke makabtaka da su,da ke da zama aBida. Amma jama’an da ke }asar Zariya sun komo da hu]]a da sabuwar kasar Muhammadu Makau dole a zamanin Sarki Abubakar Kwakwa, cikin shekara ta 1851 zuwa 1877. Wannan ya faru a dalilin tsaida duk wani nau’in kasuwanci tsakanin kasar da kudancin Nijeriya. Bayanan abubuwan da ya wakana a tsakanin ma su da’awar karban tuta daga hannun Shehu Usmanu na tattare a gun wadanda abin ya shafa,inda za ka iya samun gaskiyan abinda ya gudana a tsakaninsu.Amma ga al’amarin Hausa-Fulani ba za su tsaya su tsaga gaskiya don kowa ya ganta ba, illa su bayyana cewar sun kori kafurai ko su yi amfani da kalamar maguzanci. Allah mai girma, in muka ce za mu zanta irin nau’in mulkin da suka yi wa jama’a tabbas mutunci da }imansu zai zuba a idon jama’a musamman ‘yan bana-bakwai. Domin in aka fassara kalmar Maguzanci kuma muka bisu daya bayan daya zamu ga irin mummunar zama da aka yi ko ince a ke yi da su, in da hatta su kansu ba su bar junan su ba. Bari mu ga wani abu daga cikin al’amurran da ya faru Yake-yaken jihadi ko son mulki sun ci gaba da gudana kuma jama’a sun ci gaba da hijira daga wannan wuri zuwa wancan wuri har ya zuwa shekara ta 1808 inda Fulani suka kama yammacin Ngazargamu wanda yake shi ne birnin daular Borno. Amma a karshe a cikin shekara ta 1809 Sheikh Lamido ya kori Hausa-Fulani daga daular Borno. Masarautar Zazzau Zazzau ko Zariya Masarauta ce ta mai dadadden Tarihi ta Hausawa wadda take da gidan sarautar ta a birnin Zariya dake jihar Kaduna a Arewacin Najeriya Alhaji Shehu Idris Shine Sarkin Zazzau. Maguzanci Abu mafi mahimman ci da zamu fara dubawa wajen gane tarihin masarautar Zazzau shine labarun da suka shahara a karni na Ashirin. Wanda yake cewa asalin kafuwar masarautun Hausa ya fara ne daga kanan Bayajidda,Wato wani Jarumi da ake fada a tarihin Hausawa wanda shine asalin kafuwar masarautun Hausa da muke da su a wannan zamanin.Kamar yadda masana Tarihi suke fada cewa a karni na goma sha daya ne aka kafa masarautar zazzau bisa jogorancin Sarkin Zazzau Gunguma.Daga nanne kuma aka kafa masarautar Zazzau Ta zama daya daga cikin masarautun Hausawa ko Habe na Hausa Bakwai.Fitacciyar wadda tayi iko a masarautar Zazzau itace Sarauniyar Zazzau Amina. Wacce tayi iko kodai tsakiyar karni na sha biyar ko kuma tsakiyar karni na sha shida. Birnin Zazzau ya zama cibiyar harhada bayi inda ake cinikin su zuwa Arewacin Najeriya kamar birnin Kano da birnin Katsina inda ake kasuwancin Bayi ta hanyar kasuwancin ban gishiri na baka kanwa daga nan kuma sai a wuce da Bayin zuwa Sahara.A yadda tarihi yazo Musulunci ya shiga Masarautar Zazzau ne a wajen shekara ta 1456 Amma kadan daga cikin wasu mutanen naci gaba da Tsafi yayin da wadansu kuma ke Maguzanci Har zuwa lokacin da jihadin Shehu Usman Dan fodiyo ya zo a shekarar 1808 Fulani conquest of 1808. Ayanzu dai Masarautar Zazzau Masarauta ce da tayi kaurin suna wajen tafiyar da Addinin Musulunci.Akwai manya manyan malamai na Musulunci a Masarautar. Sarautar Fulani a Masarautar Zazzau A watan Disamba na 1808 Mujahidai karkashin Jahorancin Mujadda Shehu Usman Danfodiyo suka samu nasarar korar Masu rike da sarautar lokacin wadanda Habe ne ko Hausawa.Hakanne yasa su Hausawan suka gudu zuwa yankin Abuja Suka tare a wajen da ake kira Suleja a yanzu.Shi yasa har yanzu ake kiran sarautar ko kuma sarkin Suleja da Sarkin Zazzau. Tarihin Bayajidda wanda a yau masana na kallonsa a kaggen labari domin tambayoyin da ke kansa sun kasa amsuwa. Amma in muka kalli manufa na wannan labari zamu ga cewar an samar da shi ne don samar da zaman lafiya tsakanin kasashen Hausa. In muka kalla ta barayin nazartan harshe zamu ga wannan tarihi baida hurumin ko kusa musamman in muka kalli kalmomi da ke rataye da kasar Zazzau. Jerin Sarakunan Zazzau Sarakunan Habe, sun fara ne daga shekarar 1696 zuwa 1701. Bako Musa 1701 1703 Ishaq 1703 1704 Burema Ashaku 1704 1715 Bako IV Sunkuru 1715 1726 Muham dan Gungum 1726 1733 Uban Ba 1733 1734 Muham Gani 1734 1734 Abu Muham Gani 1734 1737 Dan Ashaku 1737 1757 Muham Abu III 1757 1759 Bawo 1759 1764 Yunusa 1764 1767 Yaqub 1767 1773 Aliyu 1773 1779 Cikkoku 1779 1782 Muham Mai Gam 1782 1806 Ishaq1806 1808 Muham Makau dan Ishaq Ja Sarakunan Fulani masu cin gashin kansu.Sun fara sarautar su ne daga 31 ga Disamba na 1808 zuwa 17 Mayu na 1821 Malam Musa ibn Suleima Ibn Muhamm Juni 1821 1835. Yamusa i Mallam Kilba 1835 18 Disamba 1846. Abd al-Karim ibn Abbas 6 Janairu 1847 zuwa 28 Fabrairu 1847. Hammad ibn Yamu 15 Afrilu 1847 zuwa Afrilu 1854. Muhamm Sani ibn Yamusa Afrilu 1854 zuwa Disamba 1854. Sidi Abdul-Qadiri Musa, Janairu 1855 5 zuwa Augusta 1856. Abd as-Salam ibn Muhammadu Ka'i 21 Satumba 1856 zuwa Augusa ko Nuwamba 1870. Abd Alla ibn Hammad (karon farko) 22 Nuwamba 1870 Janairu ko Juli. 1873 Abubakar ibn Musa (ya rasu a 1873) Augusta ko Satumba 1873 zuwa Nuwamba ko Disamba 1878. Abd Alla ibn Hammad (karo na biyu) 26 Disamba 1878 zuwa Janairu 1888. Muhamm Sambo ib Abd al-Karim Janairu 1888 zuwa 13 Fabrairu 1897. Usumanu Yero ibn Abd Alla (ya rasu 1897) 17 Afrilu 1897 zuwa Maris 1903. Muhamm Lawal Kwassau ibn Uthm Yero. Sarakunan zamanin mulkin mallaka Sunfara ne daga shekarar 1903 (mulkin mallaka) and later rulers Rulers of the independent Fulani emirate:[6] Start End R March 1903 8 April 1903 Sulayma (regent from 11 Sep 190 8 April 1904 9 November 1920 Ali ibn A al-Qadir 1924) 1920 1924 Dallatu i Uthman Yero 1924 1936 Ibrahim Muham Lawal Kwassa (b. c.18 d. 1936 1936 August 1959 Malam J ibn Isha (b. 189 d. 1959 September 1959 4 February 1975 Muham al-Amin Uthman 1908 1975) 8 February 1975 20 September 2020 Shehu i Idris (1936 2020) Manazarta Garuruwan

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabuwar%20Sinimar%20Najeriya

Sabuwar Sinimar Najeriya

Sabuwar Sinimar Najeriya (wanda kuma aka sani da New Wave ko kuma taƙaddada kamar Sabuwar Nollywood wani yanki ne mai tasowa a cikin Sinimar Najeriya, wanda a ciki ya zama babban canji a cikin hanyar shirya fim, daga Tsarin bidiyon, wanda ya samo asali a lokacin faifan bidiyon, ya koma kan hanyar sinima, wanda ya ƙunshi fina -finan da aka yi a zamanin Golden na tarihin sinima na Najeriya. The films in the New Wave are specifically characterized by improved narrative complexity, aesthetic nuance, much higher budgets and advanced overall production values, when compared to video films from the second generation of filmmakers. Fina -finan da ke cikin Sabuwar Wave an keɓance su musamman ta ingantaccen rikitaccen labari, kyakkyawa mai ban sha'awa, kasafin kuɗi mafi girma da ƙimar samarwa gabaɗaya, idan aka kwatanta da fina -finan bidiyo daga ƙarni na biyu na masu shirya fina -finai. Galibi ana sakin su a wasan kwaikwayo, kodayake wasu har yanzu ana sakin su kai tsaye akan DVD Tun farkon shekarun 2000, an gudanar da tattaunawa da taro da dama, dangane da yadda za a sake fasalin masana'antar fim ta Najeriya da kuma kawo ƙarin ƙwararru kamar yadda ake yi a zamanin zinare. A cikin wannan lokacin, wasu sauran masu shirya fina -finai, kamar Tunde Kelani da Tade Ogidan sun yi ƙoƙarin yin fina -finan "watsewa", waɗanda ake ganin sun bambanta da na yau da kullun. Kamfanin samar da akwatin akwatin Amstel Malta wanda yanzu ya lalace shima ya yi fina -finai da yawa da nufin kawo canji. Koyaya, duk waɗannan fina -finan an kuma samar da su a cikin tsarin bidiyo iri ɗaya da sauran masu shirya fina -finan suka yi amfani da shi, duk da yana da ingantattun labaru da ingantattun kwatance. Sabuwar Cinema ta Najeriya a ƙarshe ta fito a tsakiyar shekarun 2000 tare da sakin fina-finai kamar Irapada (2006) da The Amazing Grace (2006). The Figurine (2009) na Kunle Afolayan gaba ɗaya ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin fim ɗin ɓarna, wanda ya haɓaka hankalin kafofin watsa labarai game da juyin juya halin New Nigerian Cinema saboda nasarorinsa da nasarorin kasuwanci a Najeriya, gami da nuna fina -finai a cikin bukukuwan fina -finai na duniya. Shekaru ƙalilan cikin shekarun 2000, Najeriya ta fara samun ci gaban gidajen sinima, wanda aka tsara shi da farko don masu matsakaicin matsayi da na sama. Rukunin Silverbird shine kamfani na farko da ya ƙaddamar da jerin gidajen Cinema na zamani a fadin manyan biranen Najeriya, galibi suna cikin yankuna masu wadata da gundumomi. Ta ƙaddamar da sarƙoƙin silima a 2004, farawa daga Silverbird Galleria a Victoria Island, Legas Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kafa gidajen silima na Silverbird, an kuma ƙaddamar da Cinemas na Genesis Deluxe da Ozone Cinemas, wanda ya haifar da gasa a harkar fim. Da yawa daga baya, a cikin shekarun 2010, gidajen silima na Fina -finai da gidajen sinima na Viva suma sun shigo cikin hoton, wanda ya haifar da samun wadatattun gidajen sinima a cikin ƙasar, kuma mafi mahimmanci, samuwa a wajen unguwannin masu wadata. Tun daga 2006, akwai kuɗaɗen shirin “Project Nollywood” da dama da Gwamnatin Najeriya ta bayar, ga masu shirya fina -finai, don taimakawa samar da fina -finai masu inganci, da kuma taimakawa kayayyakin raye -raye yadda ya kamata a duk fadin kasar. An kuma yi amfani da tallafin don taimakawa ƙarin masu shirya fina -finan Najeriya don zuwa horo a makarantun fim. Kamar yadda yake a 2020, mafi girman fim a tarihin fim na zamani na Najeriya shine Omo Ghetto: The Saga (2020), wanda ya kai kusan 636 miliyan. Tun daga shekarar 2013, an kimanta sinima ta Najeriya a matsayin masana'antar fim mafi daraja ta uku a duniya dangane da kimarta da yawan kuɗaɗen shiga da take samu. Farko Tun farkon shekarun 2000, an gudanar da tattaunawa da taro da dama, dangane da yadda za a sake farfado da masana'antar fim ta Najeriya da kawo ƙarin ƙwararru kamar yadda ake yi a shekarun 1970 A wannan lokacin, wasu masu shirya fina -finai sun yi ƙoƙarin yin fina -finan "watsewa", waɗanda suka sha bamban da na al'ada; irin fina -finan sun hada da: Thunderbolt (2001) na Tunde Kelani, Tagwaye Masu Haihuwa (2004) na Tade Ogidan, Madam dearest (2005) da Tade Ogidan da 30 Days ta Mildred Okwo da sauran su. Kamfanin samar da akwatin akwatin Amstel Malta wanda yanzu ya lalace shima ya yi fina -finai da yawa da nufin kawo canji. Koyaya, duk waɗannan fina -finan an kuma samar da su a cikin tsarin bidiyo iri ɗaya da sauran masu shirya fina -finan suka yi amfani da shi, duk da yana da ingantattun labaru da ingantattun kwatance. Dawowar silima A zamanin Golden Age, al'adun sinima ya yi fice a tsakanin 'yan Najeriya. Koyaya, al'adar ta fara raguwa zuwa ƙarshen 1980s kuma kasuwancin sinima ya lalace cikin shekarun 1990. Shekaru kalilan cikin karni na 21, Najeriya ta fara samun ci gaban gidajen sinima, wanda aka tsara shi da farko don matsakaiciya da babba. Rukunin Silverbird shine kamfani na farko da ya ƙaddamar da jerin gidajen Cinema na zamani a fadin manyan biranen Najeriya, galibi suna cikin yankuna masu wadata da gundumomi. Ta ƙaddamar da sarƙoƙin silima a 2004, farawa daga Silverbird Galleria a Victoria Island, Legas Silverbird Galleria babban kantin siyayya ne, tare da babban gidan sinima da kantuna daban-daban inda ake gudanar da ayyukan kasuwanci. Wannan yana ba da ƙarin dalilai don ziyartar wurin fiye da kallon fina -finai kawai, amma mafi yawan ayyukan zamantakewa da irin nishaɗin da aka gyara fiye da kallon fim. Wannan yanayin ya ba da ƙarin bayani mai yiwuwa game da rasuwar al'adun silima na Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1980, wanda wataƙila ya kasance sakamakon fitowar mafi yawan gidajen sinima na zamanin Golden. Gidajen silima na Silverbird bayan kafa su sun fara tantance fina-finan Najeriya tare da ingantattun shirye -shiryen fim, sakamakon haka ya sa ba a samun nasarar shirya fina -finai marasa kyau; al'adun sinima a garuruwan Najeriya tare da gidajen sinima sun fara samun ci gaba mai mahimmanci, kuma tare da dimbin damar. Duk da haka, fina -finan Najeriya da aka samar da kyau kaɗan ne kaɗan a lokacin; ko a wancan lokacin, yawancin fina-finan da aka nuna an shirya su da yaren Yarabawa, saboda sun jawo hankalin mutane da yawa, idan aka kwatanta da fim ɗin Turanci na yau da kullun wanda galibi ba shi da masu kallo lokacin da aka nuna shi. Sabon fim na farko da aka nuna a gidan sinima shine fim ɗin yaren Yarabawa Irapada (2006) na Kunle Afolayan, wanda aka haska shi a Silverbird Galleria a Legas. Gwajin Silverbird ya yi nasara sosai, kuma a sakamakon haka, ƙungiyar ta ƙaddamar da ƙarin rassan silima a Legas da sauran biranen ƙasar. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kafa gidajen silima na Silverbird, an kuma ƙaddamar da Cinemas ɗin Genesis Deluxe da Cinemas na Ozone don ƙirƙirar gasa a harkar fim. Duk da haka, gidajen sinima da aka fara har yanzu ba su da ikon kula da su, saboda yawancin su an kafa su ne a cikin wuraren da ke kan gaba; "Ba shi da ma'ana mutane su yi tafiya mai nisa don nishadantar da kallon fina -finai, musamman tare da matsalolin zirga -zirgar ababen hawa da dabaru", in ji Jide Kosoko, yana matsawa don kafa gidajen wasan kwaikwayo a cikin unguwannin ciki da na cikin gida. Yankunan Gwamnati. Da yawa daga baya, a cikin shekarun 2010, gidajen sinima na FilmHouse suma sun shigo cikin hoton, wanda ya haifar da ƙarin gidajen sinima a cikin ƙasar da samuwa a wajen unguwannin masu wadata. Kuɗin gwamnatin Nollywood A shekarar 2006, gwamnatin Najeriya ta ƙaddamar da "Project Nollywood", tare da bankin Ecobank Aikin ya bayar da 100 million (US 781,000) ga masu shirya fina -finan Najeriya don shirya fina -finai masu inganci. Fina-finan da aka samar da wannan tallafin sun haɗa da: An Kama Charles Novia A Tsakiya (2007), Chico Ejiro 's 100 Days In The Jungle (2007) da kuma wasiƙun Fred Amata zuwa Baƙo (2007), waɗanda duk aka samar da su ta amfani da sinima na dijital. Bankin Ecobank ya kuma tallafa wa cibiyar rarraba miliyoyin Naira a duk faɗin ƙasar a wannan lokacin. A shekara ta 2010, gwamnatin Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan ta ƙaddamar da Asusun Shiga da Ƙirƙiri Industry 30 biliyan (dalar Amurka miliyan 200), wanda Bankin Masana'antu (BOI) ya tallafa masa, tare da bankin fitarwa da shigo da kaya na Najeriya (NEXIM) Wannan tallafin, kodayake an yi masa lakabi da "Nollywood Project", an yi shi ne ga dukkan fannonin Fasaha da Nishaɗi na Najeriya. Hasashen tallafin ga masana'antar fim duk da haka shine don taimakawa ƙarin masu shirya fina -finan Najeriya a horo, kuɗi, da kuma taimakawa wajen samar da abubuwan more rayuwa masu mahimmanci ga masana'antar. Ofaya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin rarraba da aka kafa ta wannan rancen shine Cinemas na FilmHouse. An fara ta Kene Mparu da Kene Okwuosa a 2012, sarkar silima kamar a 2014 tana da gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na zamani a garuruwa huɗu na Najeriya, waɗanda suka haɗa da Legas, Ibadan, Asaba da Calabar, tare da shirin samun aƙalla gidajen sinima 25 a duk faɗin ƙasar. Sauran kamfanonin rarraba da suka ci gajiyar tallafin sun haɗa da: Sinimomi na Silverbird, Cinemas na Ozone, Viva Cinemas da G-Media. Fim din Doctor Bello na 2012 (2012) na Tony Abulu shine fim na farko da aka samar da wannan tallafin. A cikin 2013, an ba da ƙaramin sabon tallafin billion 3 biliyan (dalar Amurka miliyan 20) don Nollywood kawai, kuma musamman don shirya fina -finai masu inganci. Sauran fina -finan da suka amfana daga kyautar "Project Nollywood" ko wani sun haɗa da: Yarinyar Furanni (2013), Rabin Yellow Sun (2013) da Sashen (2015). An kuma dauki nauyin masu shirya fina -finai da dama don horar da su a makarantun fim da wannan tallafin. A cikin 2015, Bankin Masana'antu (BOI) ya ƙaddamar da wani shirin "NollyFund" da nufin ba da tallafin kuɗi ta hanyar lamuni ga masu shirya fim. An kafa Rukunin Bayar da Shawara na NollyFund don shirin, don tabbatar da cewa rubutattun hanyoyin kasuwanci kawai tare da ingantattun labaru na cin gajiyar shirin. Ƙungiyar ta ƙunshi ƙwararrun masu kula da sinima, masu rarraba fina-finai na ƙasa, ƙwararrun masana kan samarwa da samarwa, masu sukar fim, da masu shirya fim; maƙasudin su kawai shine yin nazari sosai kan duk rubutun fim da kasafin kuɗi mai alaƙa da masu shirya fina -finai suka miƙa wa Bankin Masana'antu tare da yin "shawarwarin fasaha ga gudanarwa don tantance ƙimar kuɗi na ƙarshe da amincewa ta gaba daidai da Manufofin Bankin". Kashewa Shahararren fim mai ban sha'awa na 2009 The Figurine galibi ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mai canza wasan, wanda ya ɗaga hankalin kafofin watsa labarai zuwa ga Sabuwar Cinema ta Najeriya Fim din ya kasance muhimmiyar nasara da kasuwanci a Najeriya, kuma an nuna shi a bukukuwan fina -finai na duniya. Fim din Ijé na Chineze Anyaene na shekarar 2010, ya zarce The Figurine ya zama fim mafi girma a Najeriya rikodin da ta riƙe na tsawon shekaru huɗu, har zuwa lokacin da Rabin Yellow Sun (2013) ya mamaye shi. Sauran shahararrun fina -finan da aka saki a farkon shekarun wannan juyi sun haɗa da: The Amazing Grace (2006) by Jeta Amata, Through the Glass (2008) by Stephanie Okereke, Anchor Baby (2010) by Lonzo Nzekwe, Inale (2010) na Jeta Amata, Tango tare da Ni (2010) na Mahmood Ali-Balogun da The Mirror Boy (2011) na Obi Emelonye, da sauran su. A ƙarshen shekarar 2013, an bayar da rahoton cewa masana'antar fina -finai ta sami karɓuwa sosai na kudaden shiga na tiriliyan 1.72 (dalar Amurka biliyan 11). Tun daga shekarar 2014, masana'antar ta kai 853.9 biliyan dalar Amurka biliyan 5.1) wanda ya sa ta zama masana'antar fim mafi daraja ta uku a duniya, bayan Amurka da Indiya Ta ba da gudummawar kusan kashi 1.4% ga tattalin arzikin Najeriya; an danganta wannan da karuwar yawan fina -finai masu inganci da aka samar da ƙarin hanyoyin rarrabawa. Shiri Jarumi Wale Ojo, ɗaya daga cikin masu fafutuka kuma babban mai goyon bayan ƙungiyar New Nigerian Cinema movement ya bayyana ƙungiyar a matsayin "daukaka fim na Najeriya manyan dabi'un samarwa, kyawawan labarai masu karfi, labaran da ke kama ainihin wanene mu a matsayin 'yan Najeriya, kamar yadda 'yan Afirka Sabuwar ƙungiya ce, sake farfadowa ce, sake haihuwa ce idan kuna so wataƙila har ma da juyawa zuwa 70s amma a bayyane yake da ƙyalli na zamani, ƙyalli na zamani zuwa gare shi kuma yana da ban sha'awa, Mai shirya fim Victor Okhai ya ce: "Ana sa ran ingancin fina -finan zai inganta. Muna kan wani matakin da ba za mu iya sake yin tsaka -tsaki ba Ba kamar zamanin fim ɗin Bidiyo ba, fina -finai a cikin sabon igiyar galibi suna da inganci sosai, tare da manyan kasafin kuɗi; matsakaita tsakanin 40 miliyan (US 250,000) da 120 miliyan 750,000). Waɗannan lokutan samarwa fina-finan suna ɗaukar watanni har ma sun kai tsawon shekaru, nesa ba kusa ba daga fina -finai a cikin tsarin bidiyo wanda galibi ana harbe su cikin kwanaki ko makonni. Sauran ingantattun ci gaban da aka samu a cikin Sabuwar Nollywood sun haɗa da: ƙarin wasan kwaikwayo na dabara daga ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, daban-daban daga bayyananniyar waƙar da ta ƙunshi zamanin bidiyo; mafi amfani; karin labaru masu ma'ana da gabaɗaya. Jigogin da aka bincika a cikin waɗannan fina -finan galibi ana nuna su da jigogi na duniya, saboda yawancin masu shirya fina -finai matasa ne. Misali, Figurine yana da labari wanda ya ƙunshi jigogi na allahntaka kama da matsakaicin fim ɗin bidiyo; duk da haka an kammala shi da karkatacciyar ma'ana mai ma'ana wacce aka yi muhawara ta nazari. Rarraba Tsarin haƙƙin mallaka da rarrabawa da ya dace har yanzu ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙalubalen da ke cikin Sabon Cinema na Najeriya; wannan ya samo asali ne saboda rashin isasshen gidajen sinima, don haka ya sa yana da wahala musamman (kodayake ba zai yiwu ba) ga masu shirya fim su dawo da jarin su. Kamar a shekarar 2014, Najeriya tana da gidajen sinima 23 kacal, tare da fuska kusan dari. Wannan ƙaramin ƙarami ne ga yawan mutane miliyan 170, tare da ɗalibin ɗalibai masu tasowa da sauri. Fiye da haka, ƙanana kaɗan don ci gaba da babban masana'antar fim. Sakamakon ƙasa samun riba ta hanyar samun kudin shiga na silima kawai, da yawa daga cikin sabbin masu shirya fina -finan sun koma ɗaukar nauyin tallafawa da sanya kayayyakin a matsayin hanyar dawo da kudaden da ake samarwa. Misali irin waɗannan masu shirya fina -finai shine Kunle Afolayan, wanda ya bayyana cewa tallafawa zai iya kashe kusan kashi 30 zuwa 50 na kasafin fim. Afolayan musamman ya kuma raya dabi'ar nuna fina-finansa a zauren jama'a da gidajen kallo, musamman a wuraren da babu gidajen sinima. Tunde Kelani wani fitaccen ɗan fim ne wanda galibi yana amfani da wannan hanyar rarraba. Wata hanyar da masu shirya fina-finai ke amfani da ita wajen dawo da saka hannun jari ita ce ta shirya manyan tsare-tsare masu zaman kansu na ƙungiyoyin kamfanoni, tare da shiga yarjejeniya tare da cibiyoyin sadarwar TV da masu watsa shirye-shirye a duk faɗin nahiyar. Hakanan ana samun haƙƙin fim na kan layi ta Bidiyo akan dandamali na buƙata a duk faɗin nahiyar da bayanta. Wasu sauran masu shirya fina -finai suma sun juya hanyar yin niyya ga kasuwannin da suka bunƙasa na ƙasashen waje, ta hanyar nuna membobin ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙasashen waje misalai: Black Nuwamba (2012) na Jeta Amata, Doctor Bello (2013) na Tony Abulu da Rabin Yellow Sun (2013) na Biyi Bandele wannan dabarar, wacce da farko ta zama kamar “hanya mai sauƙi” duk da haka ana ganin ba za ta iya wanzuwa ba, kuma galibin fina -finan a zahiri ba su iya yin karya ko da a cikin niyya kasuwanni. A lokutan baya -bayan nan, an kuma tattauna kan kafa gidajen rahusa masu tsada da bude gidajen sinima a unguwanni, kamar a shekarun 1970; babu wanda ya kasance ya kasance a zahiri kamar na 2015. Tun daga farkon shekarun Sabuwar Wave har zuwa yau, ana ɗaukar DVD ɗin yanki ne "ba tafi", saboda ƙeta haƙƙin mallaka a cikin ƙasar. Ba tare da bata lokaci ba, "New Nollywood" ya zama daidai da jinkirin sakin DVD, gabaɗaya yana ɗaukar shekaru uku ko huɗu kafin sakin. Wannan gabaɗaya saboda masu shirya fina -finai sun yi niyyar haɓaka riba kafin a sake su akan DVD, wanda ba shi da fa'ida a yanzu. Wasu masu shirya fina -finai sun kuma yi imanin cewa mafi kyawun fina -finan an fi ƙuntata su ga gidajen sinima, saboda abin ba'a ne a yi irin wannan ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙoƙarin don kawai fina -finan su ɓace cikin "ƙungiyoyin fina -finai marasa amfani" waɗanda har yanzu suna da yawa kamar na 2012, duk da motsi na Sabon Cinema. Wannan ra'ayi ya sanya nunawa a gidajen sinima su zama kamar ma'auni ga masu kallo don gane fim ɗin da za a buga ko a rasa. Koyaya, saɓanin a zamanin fim ɗin bidiyo inda aka bar yawancin masu yin fim don jinƙai na "sharks masana'antu da 'yan fashin teku" waɗanda suka ci ribar ƙirarsu, cikakkun bayanai na tallace-tallace da dawowar akwatin ofisoshin yanzu an fi kiyaye su, don haka ƙirƙirar nau'in mai saka hannun jari-amincewa. sashin fim na yanzu da ba a saba gani ba. Tauye Haƙƙin mallaka Ba da daɗewa ba bayan da aka karɓi ƙungiyar New Nigerian Cinema, rashin lafiyar keta haƙƙin mallaka ya hanzarta kamawa da fina -finan da aka yi a wannan zamanin. Da farko, an kwafi fina -finan nan da nan bayan faifan DVD ɗin su; misalan fina -finan da aka ba da babbar kulawa ta kafofin watsa labarai saboda cin zarafi sun haɗa da: Maami (2011) na Tunde Kelani da Rabin Yellow Sun. Al’amarin ya zama babban abin damuwa a cikin ƙasa a cikin 2015, bayan 1 ga Oktoba (2014) da Kunle Afolayan ya bugu tun ma kafin a sake shi akan DVD. Wannan juzu'in abubuwan ya haifar da tambayoyi da yawa kan yadda hakan zai yiwu, da damuwa kan amincin kwafin fim da ake aikawa gidajen gidajen sinima don nunawa. Dalilin take haƙƙin mallaka an danganta shi da dalilai daban-daban, waɗanda suka haɗa da: rashin sarrafa abun ciki ta hanyar masu rarrabawa, waɗanda suka kasa aiwatar da “dabarun yaƙi da fashin teku”, da kuma raunin gwamnati. Hukumar Fina -finai da Bidiyo ta Kasa (NFVCB) sun tsara manufofi da dama don dakile cin zarafi, wanda yawancinsu ba su da wani tasiri ko kaɗan. Hukumar haƙƙin mallaka ta Najeriya (NCC) ita ma ta himmatu wajen bin masu cin zarafi, tare da kafa ayyuka kamar "Strategic Action Against Piracy (STRAP)". Koyaya, an ba da rahoton cewa masu tayar da tarzoma, waɗanda galibi suna cikin kasuwar Alaba, yanki mai cunkoso da rashin tsari, sau da yawa suna adawa da kama jami'an tsaro, waɗanda galibi suna yin faɗa mai zafi ta hanyar amfani da duk halayen muggan makamai. Hukumar NCC ta kuma fara aiwatar da wani sabon "Dokokin Shuke-shuken Kayan Kwayoyin Kwafi na Copyright", wanda ke baiwa Hukumar NCC ikon sarrafawa da aiwatarwa kan ayyukan samar da masana'antun da tsirrai na faya-faya da kuma shigo da fitar da kayayyakin fim da aka gama. Duk waɗannan matakan duk da haka ba su da wani tasiri, saboda kwafin da ba a ba da izini ba ya ci gaba da yaduwa, kuma ita kanta NCC ana zargin ta da taimakawa aikin. Har yanzu a yunƙurin yaƙi da cin zarafi, an kafa ƙungiyar Kayayyakin (AVRS), wanda Mahmood Ali-Balogun ke jagoranta. AVRS wata ƙungiya ce ta Ƙungiyoyin Gudanarwa da aka kafa don taimakawa hana ayyukan ƙira daga kwafin da ba a ba su izini ba. Yana da alaƙa da Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Masana'antu ta Duniya (WIPO), Hukumar haƙƙin mallaka ta Najeriya (NCC) da Kamfanin Fina-finai na Najeriya (NFC) tare da kawai manufar sa ido kan tattarawa da rarraba sarauta a madadin masu haƙƙin mallaka a masana'antar fim. A watan Janairun 2015, Gwamnatin Najeriya ta sake kaddamar da wani aikin mai taken "Asusun Rarraba Innovation (IDF)" a ƙarƙashin "Project Nollywood" na yanzu don taimakawa kare hakkin mallaka, ta hanyar taimakawa fadada da daidaita tsarin rarraba fim. Asusun ya yi niyya ne ga kamfanonin da ke aiki ko kuma neman yin aiki a bangaren rarraba fim; tana da niyyar haɗin gwiwar sabbin tashoshi da tallafawa fadada tsarin rarrabawa na yanzu kuma don taimakawa haɓaka lamba da ingancin zaɓuɓɓukan rarraba, gami da mafita na tushen fasaha kamar yawo na dijital. A watan Yunin 2015, Ranar Kasuwanci ta kiyasta kusan 7.5 biliyan (dalar Amurka miliyan 46) na asarar haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka duk shekara a Najeriya. Yana da matukar wahala a takaita cin zarafi a masana'antar fina-finan Najeriya, musamman saboda an gina zamanin fim ɗin bidiyo kuma ya ci gaba a kan tsarinsa, wanda a ƙarshe ya zama faduwarsa kuma ya zama babban matsala a masana'antar. Matsalar ta kusan shiga cikin tsarin rarraba Najeriya, saboda mutanen da abin ya shafa a wannan lokaci galibi marasa aikin fim ne na lokacin boom ɗin bidiyo, waɗanda a yanzu ba sa kasuwanci amma har yanzu suna son su riƙe matsayinsu na attajirai. Manazarta Sinima a Afrika Najeriya Pages with unreviewed

21973

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mujahid%20Abdul-Karim

Mujahid Abdul-Karim

Imam Mujahid Abdul-Karim (an haife shi Benjamin Farmer, a ranar 26 ga watan Disamba,na shekara ta alif 1944)Ya kasan ce wani Ba’amurke ne Ba’amurke wanda ya musulunta,kuma wanda aka fi sani da sa hannu da kuma “jagorantar” watt Gang Truce na ranar 26 ga watan Afrilun,shekarar ta alif 1992 a tsakanin manyan kungiyoyi hudu masu fada da juna. Jinin Wuta na Hacienda, Hanyoyin Inabi na Watts Crips, Bounty Hunter Watts Jini, da PJ Watts Crips. Shi limamin masallacin Masjid Al Rasul ne da ke Watts, Los Angeles kuma shugaban The Imam Mahdi Movement. Rayuwar farko An haifi Mujahid Abdul-Karim a matsayin "Benjamin Farmer" a garin Waldo, Arkansas Yayinda yake dan karami danginsa suka tashi daga karkarar kudu zuwa karkarar arewa, kusa da tafkin Michigan, zuwa yankin Muskegon Heights, Michigan Mahaifinsa, Benjamin Farmer (babba), tsohon soja ne kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin masana'anta. Mahaifiyarsa, Ledora Jackson, ta kasance magidanci, wanda shine babban mai kulawa ga 'yan uwansa goma sha uku. Tun yana yaro, ya kuma girma cikin talauci kuma yana da shekara tara ya zama yaro mai haskaka takalmi yana tafiya a kan layin rarrabuwa ("waƙoƙin jirgin ƙasa") zuwa "sashin farin" na Muskegon don haskaka takalma na "kwata mai haske. Zai sami kusan dala ashirin a kowane ƙarshen mako kuma ya ba da wani ɓangare na kuɗin don taimakawa da kuɗin gidan. Sakamakon haka, saboda wannan matsanancin talaucin, a cikin 1961, ya gudu daga gida yana da shekaru 16, bayan da ya yi kamar ya biya "lissafin kuɗi" don mahaifiyarsa kuma daga baya ya sayi tikitin bas, yana tafiya shi kaɗai cikin ƙasar zuwa birnin New Haven, Connecticut, don zama tare da dangi. Zai zauna a New Haven har shekaru uku masu zuwa, har sai an nemi gayyatar ɗayan yayansa, Edward, don ya koma Chicago, Illinois A cikin Chicago akwai inda, yayin da yake zaune a yankin Afirka na tarihi na Kudu na Kudu, ba da daɗewa ba Abdul-Karim za a gabatar da shi ga akidun siyasa na ba da izini ga Baƙar fata, ƙudurin cin gashin kai, da haƙƙin ɗan adam, wanda daga baya zai haifar da alkiblar siyasarsa da asalinsa Ayyuka Partyungiyar Baƙin Black Panther (1967 1970) Ta hanyar kaninsa, Johnny, wanda ya riga ya kasance memba na kungiyar Black Panther Party, ya fara samun ilimi game da mahimmancin karfafawa bakaken fata da wayar da kan jama’a a siyasance. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, Abdul-Karim, ya fara halartar azuzuwan wayar da kan jama'a game da siyasa wanda Pan Black Panthers ke gudanarwa kuma daga ƙarshe ya zama memba da kansa. Zuwa 1968, Abdul-Karim yana magana sosai a harabar kwaleji, yana rarraba takaddun siyasa, zuwa zanga-zangar siyasa, kuma a zahiri ya fara zama a hedkwatar Jam'iyyar Chicago Black Panther. Yayin da yake zaune a hedkwatar Chicago Black Panther Party, Abdul-Karim ya zauna tare da irin waɗannan mashahuran mutane kamar wakilin Amurka na yanzu a gundumar majalisa ta 1 ta Illinois, Bobby Rush (wanda memba ce a lokacin), da Deborah Johnson, (uwar Fred Hampton Jr da matar da aka kashe shahararren Black Panther, Fred Hampton Sauyawa zuwa Watts, Los Angeles Juyawa zuwa Sunni Musulunci (1970 1980) Kamar yadda Black damisa Jam'iyyar fara samun koma baya, saboda kokari kwakkwance kungiyar ta FBI 's Cointelpro, Abdul-Karim aka karfafa da dama daga cikin' yan'uwa ya yi da sake zuwa birnin Los Angeles, Kalifoniya A wannan lokacin, ƙarshen 1970s, yankuna kamar Kudu ta Tsakiya da Watts, Los Angeles suna sauyawa daga Rightsungiyoyin "ancin Dan Adam "sane" zuwa wuraren shan muggan kwayoyi da ayyukan ƙungiya (galibi sanannun ƙungiyoyin titin nan masu adawa da juna, Crips da Jini Bayan haka, Abdul-Karim yana ganin yana da muhimmanci a yi aiki tare da matasan Afirka na Afirka ta Kudu ta Kudu ta Tsakiya, musamman yankin Watts (wurin haifuwar tarihi na Tawayen Watts na 1965), waɗanda yanzu ke shiga cikin fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi da ƙungiyoyin titi. A wannan lokacin na rayuwarsa, Abdul-Karim shima ya musulunta zuwa addinin Musulunci bayan tattaunawa mai zurfi da wani Musulmi mai suna Muhammad Abdullah (mahaifin 'yan wasan kwallon kafa na NFL, Hamza Abdullah da Husain Abdullah Masjid Al Rasul (1980 A Yanzu) A 1980 Abdul-Karim ya kafa nasa masallacin, Masijd Al Rasul, a kan Kudu ta Tsakiya. Wannan wurin wurin zai zama wurin taron tarihi da sanya hannu a yarjejeniyar Watts Peace of 26 ga watan Afrilu, 1992, tsakanin manyan kungiyoyi masu fada a ji na Watts hudu Watts Cirkle City Piru Bloods, Grape Street Watts Crips, Bounty Hunter Watts Bloods, da PJ Watts Crips Canza Sheka zuwa Musulunci (1982 1983) Bayan kafa Masjid Al Rasul a 1980, Abdul-Karim ya yanke shawara, wanda ya samo asali ne daga hadisan Annabin Musulunci, Muhammad, wanda ya yi aiki don samar da dawwamammen zaman lafiya tsakanin kabilun biyu masu fada da juna a cikin garin Musulunci mai tsarki Madina Banu Aws da Banu Khazraj wadanda suka kasance suna fada da juna sama da shekaru dari), cewa burin rayuwarsa shi ne isar da sakon "zaman lafiya" ga kungiyoyin nan biyu masu fada da juna na Los Angeles, California, Jini da Crips Abdul-Karim ya fara aiki ba tare da gajiyawa ba a cikin ƙungiyoyi uku sanannun rukunin gine-ginen da ke yankin Watts: Nickerson Gardens, Jordan Downs, da Kotunan Imperial Zai ɗauki kimanin shekaru 12 na tattaunawa da shugabannin ƙungiyoyin masu adawa don ganin mafarkin yin sulhu a Masallacin Al Rasul. A wannan lokacin na taimakon al'ummarsa, bayan ya musulunta, ya kuma fara haduwa da daliban Iraniyawa da yawa wadanda a lokacin suke halartar UCLA kuma suna halartar sallar Juma'a a kai a kai a masallacin. Wadannan daliban sun kasance mabiya mazhabar mazhabar Musulunci ne kuma suka ba shi littafi don karantawa game da jikan Annabin Musulunci, Muhammad, Hussain bn Ali Bayan ya karanta wannan littafin, kuma ya gamsu da ingancin makarantar Shi'a ta Islama ta wasu hujjoji, Abdul-Karim ya yanke shawarar cewa zai canza masallacinsa zuwa dan asalin Ba'amurke dan asalin Ba'amurke da ke gudanar da masallacin Shi'a a Amurka. Balaguro zuwa :asashen waje: Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran (1983 1990) A tsakanin lokacin daga 1983-1989, Abdul-Karim ya ga ya dace ya je garin makarantar hauza mai tsarki ta Qom, Iran don ci gaba da bunkasa iliminsa na Islama. Yayin da yake makarantar hauza a Kum, an gayyaci Abdul-Karim kuma ya iya zama a kan laccoci da jawabai da yawa da marigayi shugaban Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini ya gabatar, kuma ya sami damar yin tarurruka da Shugaban na wancan lokacin. Iran, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei (babban shugaban Iran a yanzu), Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, Ayatollah Ahmad Jannati, da kuma Shugaban Iran da suka gabata, Mohammad Khatami Koyaya, a cikin 1990, an tilasta Abdul-Karim komawa Amurka don ci gaba da aikin “ginin” dorewar zaman lafiya tsakanin shugabannin ƙungiyoyi a cikin yankin Watts na Los Angeles, California. Watts "Jini da Crips" Tsaran Zaman Lafiya (Afrilu 26, 1992 Yanzu) An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta Watts mai tarihi a ranar 26 ga Afrilu, 1992 bayan an gudanar da taro cikin nasara a Masjid Al Rasul. Kyaututtuka na Musamman, Girmamawa, da Ganowa Ambasada na Peace Peace wanda Sanata Roderick Wright ya gabatar Amincewa ta Musamman don asalin Watts Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya ta 'yar majalisa Maxine Waters Takardar shedar Ganowa ga 20th Anniversary of Watts Treaty Peace by Councilman Joe Buscaino Mai ba da shawara ga al'umma a baya ga Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta King-Drew na Los Angeles, California Masjid Al Rasul cikin Kyakkyawan Art Shahararren mai daukar hoton launi na Amurka Joel Sternfeld ya hada hoton ciki na Masjid Al Rasul (bayan sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Watts Peace ta tarihi) a cikin littafinsa, A Wannan Shafin: Yankin Kasa a Memoriam (1997). Daga baya an ba da wannan hoto zuwa sanannen Cibiyar Nazarin Art ta Chicago. Sharhi akan Joel Sternfeld Masjid Al Rasul Hoto An rubuta sharhi game da hoton Joel Sternfeld na cikin Masjid Al Rasul. Mai sukar fasaha, Geoff Dyer, ya faɗi abu mai zuwa game da wahayi da ya zana daga hoton:Ofayan hotuna masu motsi wanda na sani shima ɗayan na birgeshi ne: fanko ne, ɗakin ban sha'awa mai ban sha'awa tare da kafet mai ruwan kasa da bangon bango. Ya zo a ƙarshen littafin Joel Sternfeld A Kan Wannan Shafin (1996).Dyer ya ci gaba da:Hoton da na ambata a farko wani nau'i ne na rubutaccen rubutu; yana zuwa ne bayan Bayan Kalma, bayan Godiya da sauransu. Dull din yana cikin masallacin Masjid Al Rasul a Watts, inda mambobin kungiyar Jini da Crips, abokan hamayyar kungiyar ta Los Angeles, suka yi shawarwari tare da sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar sulhu a ranar 26 ga Afrilu, 1992. A bayan duk abin da ya gabata kafin wa'adin wannan hoton shine mafi girman kasancewa mai karko, na wucin gadi. Yana ba da tabbataccen takaddun shaida game da imanin Maxim Gorky cewa 'Rayuwa koyaushe za ta kasance ta munana don sha'awar abin da ya fi kyau kada a kashe mutum. Hanyoyin haɗin waje Masallacin Al Rasul Yanar Gizo Manazarta Haifaffun 1944 Rayayyun mutane Pages with unreviewed

19140

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daario%20Naharis

Daario Naharis

Daario Naharis ne almara, hali a cikin A Song na Ice, kuma wutã jerin fantasy litattafan da American marubucin George RR Martin kuma ta talabijin karbuwa Game da karagai An gabatar da shi a cikin Guguwar Sword (2000), Daario shine shugaban ƙungiyar mayaƙa daga nahiyar Essos da ake kira Stormcrows. Daga baya ya bayyana a cikin Martin's Dance tare da Dragons (2011). Daario ya fito ne daga ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Ingilishi Ed Skrein sannan kuma ɗan wasan Dutch Michiel Huisman a cikin shirin HBO na talabijin. Bayanin haruffa Daario jarumi ne mai jaruntaka kuma mai lalata, kuma kwamandan Stormcrows, wani kamfani ne na sayar da kalmomin da ke ƙunshe da sojojin haya 500. Ya kasance mai kashe mutane, mai jini da jin kai, duk da cewa gaba ɗaya ya ba Daenerys Targaryen Babu wani abu da aka bayyana game da tarihin Daario a cikin littattafan, sai don abubuwan tarihin Tyroshi. Bayani Daario Naharis ba ma'anar ra'ayi bane a cikin litattafan, don haka ana shaidawa da fassara ayyukan sa ta idanun sauran mutane, musamman Daenerys Targaryen Daario galibi yanayin ɗabi'a ne a cikin litattafan. Labarin labarai A cikin littattafan Guguwar Takobi Yunkai ne ya yi hayar Stormcrows don kare garin daga sojojin Daenerys Targaryen. Daenerys tana ba wa Stormcrows zinariya idan suka canza mata. Yayinda Stormcrows suke shirya wannan tayi, Daario (wanda Daenerys tayi nasara akanshi) ya kashe shugabannin Stormcrows kuma yayi alkawarin tallafawa kamfanin ga Daenerys. The Stormcrows ta taimaka wa Daenerys a cikin nasarorinta na Yunkai da Meereen. Dance tare da dodanni Bayan mamayar Daenerys daga Meereen, sai ta aika Daario zuwa Lhazar don sake buɗe hanyoyin kasuwanci tsakanin yankunan biyu. Bayan dawowarsa, Daenerys ya ɗauki Daario a matsayin masoyi amma ya auri mai martaba Meereenese Hizdahr zo Loraq. Tare da Yunkai da ke kewaye da Meereen, Daenerys ya ba da musayar wadanda aka yi garkuwa da su tsakanin sansanonin biyu don tabbatar da zaman lafiya, kuma Daario yana cikin wadanda aka bai wa Yunkai. Koyaya, Daenerys ya tashi akan Drogon, kuma Yunkai'i ya ƙi sakin Daario har sai an kashe sauran dodannin biyu na Daenerys. A cikin wasan kwaikwayo Jerin talabijin yana tasowa ne daga baya cewa mahaifiyar Daario mai shan giya ta siyar da shi zuwa ramin faɗa lokacin yana ƙarami. Daario ya sami horo a matsayin mayaƙin rami kuma ya yi rawar gani har aka sake shi daga bautar lokacin da maigidansa ya mutu. Bayan ya sami 'yanci, Daario ya shiga kamfanin sayar da kalmomi na Second Sons. Season 3 Karkashin jagorancin Kyaftin Mero da na biyu a kwamanda Prendhal na Ghezn, Yunkai mai bautar ya dauke 'Ya'yan Na Biyu don yakar sojojin Daenerys. Smitten tare da Daenerys, Daario ya ƙi yin biyayya ga shugabanninsa lokacin da suka yanke shawarar kashe ta; maimakon haka sai ya kashe su kuma ya gabatar da manyan kawunan su ga Daenerys. Tare da 'Ya'yan Na biyu a ƙarƙashin umurninsa, Daario da mutanensa sun yi mubaya'a ga Daenerys. Sannan ya taimaka wa Jorah Mormont da Grey Worm wajen buɗe ƙofofin Yunkai, tare da barin sojojin Daenerys su ci garin. Season 4 A kan tattaki zuwa makwabcin garin Meereen, Daario bai yi nasarar soyayya da Daenerys ba. A ƙofar Meereen, masu ba da agaji na Daario don yin yaƙi da zakaran Meereen a cikin faɗa ɗaya kuma cikin hanzari suka kashe shi kafin su zagi Meereenese ta hanyar yin fitsari a gaban gari. Bayan Daenerys ta ci birni da yaƙi, Daario ya rinjaye ta ta ɗauke shi a matsayin ƙaunarta. Lokacin da Yunkai ya fara yin tawaye ga mulkin Daenerys, Daenerys ya aika Daario da mai martaba Meereenese Hizdahr zo Loraq don tattaunawa da mashawarta na gari. Season 5 Daario da Hizdahr sun yi nasara a tattaunawar da suka yi da Yunkish, kodayake Yunkish sun dage a matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar kan sake buɗe ramuka faɗa na garin. Daenerys da farko ya ƙi, duk da cewa Daario ya nuna cewa samartakarsa a matsayin faɗa ce ta ba shi ƙwarewar da ake buƙata don shiga Sa thean Seconda andan biyu kuma su sadu da ita. Daenerys ta canza tunaninta bayan masu tayar da kayar baya na Meereenese, 'Ya'yan Harpy, sun kashe mai ba ta shawara Ser Barristan Selmy. Ta ɗauki Hizdahr a matsayin mijinta amma ta riƙe Daario a matsayin abokiyar zamanta. Bayan Daenerys ta tashi a kan dodo dinta yayin wani hari da 'Ya'yan suka kai mata a yayin bude ramuka na fada, Daario da Jorah suka yanke shawarar barin Meereen don nemo ta. Tyrion Lannister yayi ƙoƙari ya shiga tare da su, amma Daario ya nuna Tyrion shine yafi dacewa da mulkin Meereen a cikin rashi na Daenerys. Season 6 Jorah da Daario sun gano cewa Dothraki ya kama Daenerys, kuma suka bi ta zuwa tsarkakken garin Dothraki na Vaes Dothrak. Sun kutsa cikin gari sun hadu da Daenerys, amma ta nuna cewa ba za su iya tserewa Dothraki 100,000 a cikin garin ba. Daenerys a maimakon haka ya sanya wuta a Haikalin Dosh Khaleen, ya kashe khals amma ya fita ba tare da jin rauni ba. Abin mamaki, Dothraki ya yi sujada ga Daenerys, kuma Daario ya bi sahu. Yayin da Jorah ya tashi don neman magani don asalinsa, Daenerys da Daario sun yi tattaki zuwa Meereen tare da Dothraki. Daenerys yayi gaba akan Drogon, kuma Daario ya isa ƙofar Meereen. A can, ya sami onsa ofan Harpy suna kisan freedanci kuma ya jagoranci tuhumar Dothraki na kashe 'Ya'yan. Tare da ƙarshe aka ƙare bautar a cikin Slaver's Bay, Daenerys ya yanke shawarar komawa Westeros kuma ya dawo da Al'arshin ƙarfe. Koyaya, ta nace cewa Daario da 'Ya'yan Na biyu sun kasance don kiyaye zaman lafiya. Daario ya firgita kuma ya bayyana kaunarsa ga Daenerys, amma daga karshe ya yarda, ganin cewa Tyrion ya shawarce ta da ta kawo karshen alakar su. TV karbuwa A farkon bayyanuwarsa uku a season 3 na karban talibijin na littattafan, ɗan wasan Ingila Ed Skrein ne ya nuna Daario Naharis. A cikin sauran shirin, dan wasan Dutch Michiel Huisman ne ya nuna shi. Dalilin canjin ɗan wasa an fara cewa saboda Skrein ya ɗauki rawa a fim ɗin The Transporter Refueled Koyaya daga baya Skrein ya bayyana cewa canjin ya samo asali ne daga "siyasa". Manazarta Pages with unreviewed

29494

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babatunde%20Ogunnaike

Babatunde Ogunnaike

Babatunde Ayodeji Ogunnaike (an haife shine a ranar 26 ga watan Maris, na shekara ta 1956) wani injiniyan sinadarai ne Ba’amurke ne dan asalin Najeriya ne kuma Farfesa William L. Abokin Farfesa na Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering a Jami’ar Delaware (UD). Shi ne tsohon shugaban Kwalejin Injiniya ta UD. Ya rasu a ranar 20 ga watan Fabrairun, shekara ta 2022. Ya daɗe yana yaƙi da kansa. Rayuwar farko An haifi Babatunde Ogunnaike a ranar 26 ga watan Maris, na shekara ta 1956 a Ijebu Igbo, Jihar Ogun, Najeriya. Ilimi da aiki Ogunnaike ya halarci Jami'ar Legas don yin digirinsa na farko, inda ya kammala karatunsa na farko a fannin injiniyan sinadarai a shekara ta 1976. Jim kaɗan bayan kammala karatunsa na digiri na farko, Ogunnaike ya gabatar da waƙoƙi don gasa don ƙirƙirar sabuwar waƙar ƙasa ga Najeriya. Shigowarsa ya hade da na wasu hudu suka kafa taken kasar Najeriya a halin yanzu a shekara ta 1978. Ya fara aikin koyarwa ne a matsayin malami a sashin injiniyan sinadarai a Jami'ar Legas, a cikin shekara ta 1982 kuma ya zama babban malami kuma daga baya, mataimakin farfesa a fannin injiniyan sinadarai. Ya ci gaba da koyarwa a Jami’ar Legas har zuwa shekara ta 1988. Ya ci gaba da karatunsa kuma ya sami digiri na M.Sc. digiri a kididdiga daga Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison da PhD a fannin injiniyanci kuma duk daga jami'a ɗaya a shekara ta 1981. Ogunnaike injiniyan bincike ne tare da rukunin kula da tsari na Kamfanin Ci gaban Shell a Houston, Texas daga shekara ta 1981 zuwa shekara ta 1982. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai bincike na DuPont kuma ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga kamfanoni da yawa ciki har da Gore, PPG Industries, da Corning Inc. Ya shiga koyarwa na Jami'ar Delaware a 2002 kuma an naɗa shi zuwa William L. Friendship Professorship of Chemical Engineering a shekara ta 2008. Takensa ya zama Farfesa William L. Friendship Farfesa na Chemical da kuma Biomolecular Engineering lokacin da aka canza sunan sashen a cikin watan Janairun shekara ta 2012. Shi ne ke jagorantar rukunin bincike na Ogunnaike. Ya kuma kasance malami mai ziyara a Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison da Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Afirka, Abuja Ogunnaike ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban riƙo na Kwalejin Injiniya a Jami’ar Delaware tun daga watan Yuli 2011, kuma an naɗa shi Dean na Kwalejin Injiniya daga Yuli 1, 2013. Ya yi ritaya a matsayin Dean a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 2018 amma ya ci gaba da koyarwa. Bincike Ogunnaike shine marubuci kuma editan littattafai ne da yawa, gami da abubuwan ban mamaki tushen yuwuwar da ƙididdiga ga injiniyoyi (2009) da Tsare-tsaren ƙirƙira da sarrafawa (1994). Ana amfani da littattafansa, takaddunsa don ilmantar da injiniyoyi akan kayan aiki, tsarin da sarrafawa a jami'o'i da yawa. Ya kasance babban editan Cibiyar Injiniyoyin Lantarki da Lantarki na IEEE akan Fasahar Sarrafa Sarrafa Sabis na Masana'antu da Injiniya Chemistry na American Chemical Society. Bincikensa ya mayar da hankali kan yin samfuri da sarrafa hanyoyin masana'antu; aikace-aikacen fasaha na nazari na tsari don sarrafa hanyoyin sarrafa magunguna; ganewa da kuma kula da tsarin da ba daidai ba; hulɗar ƙirar tsari da aiwatar da aiki; kididdiga masu amfani; tsarin kula da halittu; da tsarin ilmin halitta tare da aikace-aikace. wallafe-wallafen da aka zaɓa Radhakrishnan, D.; Robinson, AS; Ogunnaike, BA (2018) Sarrafa bayanin martabar Glycosylation a cikin mAbs Amfani da Kariyar Kafofin watsa labarai masu dogaro da Lokaci Antibodies, 7, 1. Birtwistle, MR, Rauch, J., Kiyatkin, A. et al. (2012). Fitowar yawan martanin yawan ƙwayoyin sel bimodal daga hulɗar tsakanin siginar tantanin halitta analog da hayaniyar furuci na furotin. BMC Syst Boxl 6, 109. 978-14200-449-73 978-1852-331-498 978-0-19-509119-9 Halayen haƙƙin mallaka Patent na Amurka akan Mai Kula da Hasashen Hasashen. Girmamawa da zumunci 2019 David Ollis Lecture North Carolina State University, Disamba 2, 2019 2019 Johannsen-Crosby Lectures Jami'ar Jihar Michigan, Satumba 12, 2019 2019 Inaugural Costel D. Denson Lecture Jami'ar Lehigh, Maris 20, 2019 2018 Warren K. Lewis lambar yabo, Cibiyar Injiniyoyi ta Amurka 2018 Roger Sargent Lecture Kwalejin Imperial, London, Disamba 6, 2018 2018 Sheldon Weinbaum Distinguished Lecture Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Oktoba 11, 2018 2017 Fellow, Ƙasashen Duniya na Gudanar da atomatik (IFAC) 2017 Farfesa Farfesa, Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Gabashin China, Shanghai, China 2017 Ralph Peck Lecture, Cibiyar Fasaha ta Illinois, Chicago, Afrilu 14, 2017 2017 Richard SHMah Lecture, Northwestern University, Satumba 20, 2017 2016 Fellow, Ƙungiyar Amirka don Ci gaban Kimiyya (AAAS) 2014 Fellow na National Academy of Inventors 2012 Fellow of Nigerian Academy of Engineering 2012 Fellow of the American National Academy of Engineering 2009 Fellow of American Institute of Chemical Engineers 2008 AACC Gudanar da Ayyukan Injiniya 2007 ISA Eckman lambar yabo 2004 Jami'ar Delaware's College of Engineering Excellence in Teaching Awards 1998 Cibiyar Injiniya ta Amurka ta Kyautar Ayyukan Kwamfuta CAST Memba na Ƙungiyar Ƙididdiga ta Amirka Memba na Ƙungiyar Amirka don Ci gaban Kimiyya Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Jami'ar Delaware College of Engineering Rayayyun mutane Jami'ar Bayero Kano Jami'ar Adekunle Ajasin Mutanen najeriya Marubucin

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timi%20Abibu%20Lagunju

Timi Abibu Lagunju

Ọba Timi Abibu Sàngólámì (Ọ)Lágúnjú (c. 1817 1900) wani sarkin Yarbawa ne na garin Ede, kuma shugaba a ƙarni na 19. Shi ne Timi Musulmi na farko da Ede ya samar, kuma ya kasance cikin zuriyar musulman Yarbawa na farko wadanda suka rike mukaman siyasa a zamanin kafin mulkin mallaka kuma suka yi amfani da mukamansu wajen bunkasa garinsa, Ede da addininsa, Musulunci. Hakika, Abibu Lagunju shi ne Oba Musulmi na biyu a kasar Yarbawa ganin cewa ya riga ya hau kan karagar mulki na wasu shekaru, a watan Nuwamban 1857, mai wa’azin Baptist na Amurka, Reverend W.H. Clarke, ya ziyarci Ede. Oba Musulmi na farko a kasar Yarbawa shi ne shahararren basarake kuma Mohammedan (Musulmi) wanda ake kira Yarima Ali na Ado-Ekiti. An naɗa shi a matsayin Ewi Ali Atewogboye bayan rasuwar Ewi Aroloye a shekara ta 1836. Al’adar ta nuna cewa yarima Ali ya bijirewa yunkurin firistoci da manyan sarakuna na yin watsi da Musulunci kafin a nada shi sarauta. Ya tsaya tsayin daka akan ya rike Musulunci da ya hau karagar mulki. Ewi Ali Atewogboye ya jagoranci al’ummar Ado-Ekiti zuwa inda suke bayan ya yi zamansa na wani lokaci a Oke Ako sakamakon mamayar Sojojin Benin da Jihadin Fulani. Ewi Ali Atewogboye ya kasance Ewi na farko kuma daya tilo a Ado-Ekiti tun karni na 19 da ya karbi Musulunci. An naɗa Timi Abibu Lagunju na Ede a 1855 a matsayin Oba. Wannan matsayi ya ci tura saboda yadda sauran yankunan musulmin Yarbawa suka samar da Muslim Obas a wani lokaci mai tsawo: Lamuye na Iwo a 1860, Momodu Latoosa na Ibadan a 1871, Iyanda Oloko na Epe a 1875, Aseyin "Noo" (Nuruddin) na Iseyin. a 1895, Alaafin Lawani Agogoja na New Oyo a 1905 da Awujale Adeona Fusigboye na Ijebu-Ode a 1906. Lagunju ya kasance wani karfi da za a iya lissafa shi a tarihin Musulunci a Ede. Timi Lagunju tabbas ya kasance daya daga cikin fitattun mutane da jarumtaka masu mulki a kasar Yarbawa karni na 19. Ya san shi da kansa kuma yana da masaniya da galibin shugabannin Yarbawa na soja da siyasa da na addini a tsakanin 1840 zuwa 1900. Zaman Lagunju ma ya cancanci a yi nazari domin shi ne Timi mafi hazaka da ya mulki Ede tun daga karni na 19 zuwa yau. Ya kafa tarihin zama Timi daya tilo da aka tsige shi sau uku, ya maido da kansa sau biyu amma daga karshe ya fadi a kirga na uku. Tarihin Rayuwa An haifi Timi Abibu (Sangolami) Olagunju a shekara ta 1817 zuwa gidan sarautar Oduniyi Olagunju a Ede, zuriyar Lalemo. Zuriyar Lalemo, da suka hada da Kubolaje Agbonran, da ’yan uwansa, Oyefi, Ajenju, Arohanran, da Oduniyi (mahaifinsa) an kore su daga asalin garin Ede-Ile a 1817, suka kafa garin na yanzu, Ede. An haifi Olagunju (Lagunju) ba da jimawa ba. Iyayensa ne masu bautar Sango (allahn tsawa) suka sa masa suna Sangolami saboda haihuwarsa ta yi ban mamaki yayin da ya rike dutsen tsawa a hannunsa na hagu da takarda da rubutu na Alkur’ani a hannun damansa. Wannan ya sa iyalin, kamar yadda ake yi a zamanin Yarbawa, su rika tuntubar al’ummar Ifa a duk lokacin da aka haifi jariri a gidan, musamman wani abin al’ajabi. Iyali sun tuntubi almajiri, aka gaya musu cewa yaron zai zama mai mulki, suka kara da cewa zai canza addinin mahaifinsa na gargajiya zuwa wani bakon addinin Larabawa. Wannan annabcin ya fusata Timi mai mulki a lokacin, don haka ya ba da umarnin a fille kan yaron, amma mahaifinsa Oduniyi ya hana faruwar hakan. A lokacin kuruciyarsa, ya bar Ede zuwa Ilorin inda ya musulunta. Lokacin da ya koma Ede, ya fuskanci adawa daga wasu mazauna Ede kuma ya koma wani wuri mai nisa da babban birnin. A sabon wurin, ya yi Musulunci tare da wasu tsirarun mabiyansa. Duk da irin wahalar da ya sha, ya kasance mafi dadewa a hidimar Timi, inda ya yi mulki na tsawon shekaru 60 kafin ya mutu yana da shekara 90 a duniya. Lagunju Shekaru Akan Al'arshi An haifi Sangolami Abibu Lagunju kafin 1817 lokacin da Timi Kubolaje Agbonran ya kafa Sabuwar Ede. Al'adun da suka wanzu sun kuma nuna cewa Abibu Lagunju ya gaji Timi Ojo Arohanran, Timi mai mulki a lokacin barkewar yakin Batedo (wanda ya shafi Ibadan da Ijaiye) na 1844. Kuma an ba da labarin Olunlade cewa Timi Ojo Arohanran "ya kwashe kimanin shekaru uku a kan karagar mulki," da kuma cewa stool na Timi ya kasance ba kowa a cikin shekaru tara bayan mutuwar Arohanran, yana da kyau a iya cewa Lagunju ya sami sarautar Timi a shekara ta 1855/1856. Revd. W.H. Clarke da Farfesa J. F. Ade-Ajayi, sun amince da wannan shawara. A ziyarar da Clarke ya kai Ede a watan Nuwamba 1857, a matsayin shaida a cikin littafin na karshen kamar haka: Wannan matashin mabiyin Annabi (Muhammad), ba da jimawa ba, ya zama mai mulkin wannan gari a madadin mahaifinsa, mai suna. ya rasu, kuma ya zo da shi a matsayinsa, tasirin sabon addininsa....[3] Bayan faduwar Tsohuwar Oyo, J.F. Ade-Ajayi, cikin ikonsa ya rubuta kamar haka: A shekara ta 1858, Timi na Ede Musulmi ne... Bayan shaidar Clarke da Ade-Ajayi, al’adun Ede da Ibadan ma sun rubuta cewa. Timi Abibu Lagunju ya kasance kan karagar mulki a zamanin Basorun Ogunmola na Ibadan (1856-1867), kuma a daidai lokacin da Ogunmola ya shiga harkar siyasar Ede lokacin da aka tsige Lagunju. An rubuta cewa Ogunmola ya sanya Olunloye a madadin Lagunju.[3] Al'adun Ede kamar yadda Olunlade ya adana ya kara da cewa Timi Lagunju ya tsige Timis biyu Olunloye da Lansebe, wadanda aka nada a matsayinsa a lokacin da aka gabatar da kararraki biyu na farko tare da goyon bayan Aare Momodu Latoosa (1871-1885), da kuma cewa Olunloye, musamman. An sauke shi jim kaɗan kafin barkewar yakin Kiriji a 1878. Duk da haka, za a iya amince cewa Lagunju na uku kuma na ƙarshe ya kasance a cikin 1892, idan aka yi la'akari da al'adun da magajinsa, Timi Mosunloye ya yi "sarautar shekaru bakwai" da kuma magajin Mosunloye shi ma. Timi Oyelekan, "ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekarar 1899." Kuma, a ƙarshe, Samuel Johnson, Kemi Morgan da Olunlade sun rubuta cewa Lagunju ya mutu a gudun hijira a Ibadan a cikin 1900. Har ila yau, akwai shaida mai yawa cewa lokacin 1855-1900 yana iya zama daidai a matsayin "Shekarun Lagunju." Wani abin da ba za a iya mantawa da shi ba game da Timi Lagunju shi ne ya kafa tarihi a matsayin Oba Musulmi na biyu a kasar Yarbawa karni na sha tara. Lokacin da W.H. Clarke ya ziyarci Ede a lokacin mulkin Lagunju (a shekara ta 1857), ya ba da rahoton cewa Musulunci yana jin daɗin goyon bayan sarauta da goyon baya. Baya ga Timi Lagunju wanda Clarke ya bayyana a matsayin "Musulmi mai hakuri" kuma matashin mabiyin annabi (Muhammad)," ya kuma yi hira da "...da wani kamfani na muhammanawa farar hula daya daga cikinsu wani mutum ne. Kasar Hausa ta tsunduma cikin sana’ar siliki, kuma ta mallaki wasu bayanai...” Ya kuma ruwaito cewa daya daga cikin dattawan da suka yi wa kuri’ar godiya a tafiyarsa shi ne “Muhammedan”. Ya kara jaddada martabar masarautar Ede: .....Bayan da aka ba da wasu hujjoji na fasaharsu a juyin halittar raye-rayen Afirka, an kai ni cikin gaggawa zuwa gidan Daodu ko basarake, wanda zai tarbe ni kafin in ziyarci sarki. Ina cikin shiga harabar sa sai naji wani lu'ulu'u na bindigu guda hudu ya ruga da gudu ya nufo ni da tsawa na yi gaba na shiga baya. Kamar maraba mai ban mamaki da ban mamaki ban gane nan da nan ba. Wannan ita ce gaisuwata ta maraba. Don haka, wasu ra'ayoyi na wayewar liyafar da aka karrama baƙi sun yi nisa zuwa Afirka. Wannan basarake mai kirki wanda na fada a hannunsa bai jima ba ya nuna min wani gida mai iska da jin dadi, wanda a mafi yawan lokuta zan iya kerar jama’a masu hayaniya da ’yan kallo, lokacin da ake neman hutu da ritaya amma duk da haka na samu isashshen iska. Wace irin gata ce a garin Afirka. Misalin karfe uku, bayan na dan huta, sai Daodu ya kai ni gidan babban yayansa, sarki... Wani abin lura a harkar Timi Lagunju shi ne yunkurinsa na aiwatar da tsarin shari’ar Musulunci, wato Shari’ah, kamar yadda ya fahimce ta wajen tafiyar da harkokin kasa. Daya daga cikin manufofinsa na amfani da Shari'a shi ne ya tsarkake Musulunci daga karan-tsaye, da yin zina, da zina. Qadi Sidiq ne ya jagoranci kotun shari'arsa a Agbeni a Ibadan har zuwa 1913. A matsayinsa na shugaba musulmi mai himma da kishinsa, kyawawan dabi'un gwamnatinsa sun yi yawa. Gwamnatinsa ta kasance mai tsauri, mai tsauri da tsangwama ga karuwai, barayi, barayi da barayi. Ƙarshen wannan salon mulkin shine Ede, a ƙarƙashin Timi Lagunju, ya zama al'umma marar laifi. Olunlade, kuma, ya shaida haka: ...Timi Lagunju ya bincika duk nau'ikan sata da sata. Idan aka kama wani yana yin sata, Timi zai sayar da shi bauta kuma ya sayar da danginsa. Wasu mazajen da aka ba da misali, an bincikar duk ɓarayi da suka dace. Wani ɓangare na ci gaban da aka yi rajista a Ede a zamanin Timi Lagunju shi ne cewa garuruwan da suka yi biyayya ga Ede sun ƙaru. A wannan lokacin ne Ilorin ya ci tsohon Offa, kuma Olofa mai mulki ya fake a Ede, inda aka ba shi wani wuri da a yanzu ake kira Ofatedo (wato mutanen Offa ne suka mamaye wannan wurin). Timi Abibu Sangolami ya ba wa Olofa fartanya ɗari biyu, da lallausan yanka ɗari biyu, da kwanduna ɗari biyu, da kowane kayan masarufi ko kayan gida ɗari biyu domin saukaka sabon gidansa. Duk da guguwar alakar da Lagunju ke da shi da ’yan gargajiya, ya kasance, ba tare da la’akari da shi ba, yana son kiristanci, bisa ga shaidar ɗan mishan na Baptist na farko a garin, W.H. Clarke. A cikin Nuwamba 1857, Lagunju ya ƙyale mishan na Baptist ya ziyarci Ede kuma ya yi wa'azin bisharar Almasihu. A lokacin ziyararsa, ba wai kawai an ba Clarke liyafar jama'a ba ne kuma an kula da shi sosai, an kuma ba shi damar "ya yi wa'azin wasu gaskiyar bishara ta musamman" ga sarakuna da "wani kamfani na farar hula Mohammedans." Clarke, a zahiri, ya rubuta haka: ...Na ji dadin hakurin da ya yi masa (Lagunju) a bayyane, don haka bai yarda da addinin Musulunci da ya yi ikirarin rikewa ba... Shawarar da ya yi na farko kan tsawon zamana kwana tara, wanda ba zan iya ba amma na ki amincewa. a cikin kwana hudu ko biyar gwargwadon girmansa. Kuma yayin da yake aiwatar da manufofi da matakan da za su sanya Musulunci ya tsaya tsayin daka a Ede, Lagunju ya kuma tabbatar da cewa yana da kyakkyawar alaka da diflomasiyya da Muslim Obas da shugabannin sojojin Musulmi na karni. Daga cikin Sarkin Musulmi na wancan lokacin, Lagunju ya kasance na kusa da Oba Momodu Lamuye na Iwo wanda ya hau gadon sarautar Iwo a 1860. Dukansu sun kasance abokan juna har mutuwa ta raba su a 1900 da Maris 1906 bi da bi. Wani sarkin musulmi wanda Lagunju ke mutuntawa da girmamawa shi ne Akirun Aliyu Oyewole na Ikirun wanda a karkashinsa Ikirun ya zama daular musulunci ta gaskiya[4]. A lokacin da ya dade yana siyasa, Lagunju ya kuma kasance kusa da jaruman Musulmin Ibadan musamman, Osi Osundina (Osi zuwa Balogun Ibikunle) da Alli Laluwoye, na biyu a kan mulki Aare Latoosa daga Oktoba 1871. Hoton Osi Osundina da ya tsira daga al'adar ita ce ta "jami'i mai suna musulmi wanda ya sanya rawaninsa zuwa fagen fama, kuma ya yi alwala a karkashin ruwan kibau." Duk da haka, Lagunju ya kasance mafi kusanci ga janar na sojojin Ibadan kuma hamshakan musulmi, Aare Momodu Latoosa (1871-1885). Addinin Musuluncin Latoosa ya yi yawa, har ma bai yi sakaci da sallarsa a sansanonin yaki ba. Hakika zumuncin da Lagunju ya yi da Momodu Latoosa da dankon addinin Musulunci ya yi matukar amfani a gare shi a lokacin da yake cikin hayyacinsa. Bayan ya kwashe shekaru bakwai yana gudun hijira a lbadan (a lokacin da aka ba shi na farko), Lagunju ya sami damar kwace kujerarsa daga hannun Olunloye kawai tare da goyon bayan Aare Latoosa. Bugu da kari, a lokacin saukarsa na biyu, Lagunju ya yi nasarar kwace sarauta daga hannun Lansebe, tare da goyon bayan sojojin Ibadan bisa kwakkwaran umarnin Aare Latoosa. Kuma ko da yake, a 1892, Lagunju ya sha kaye a wasan wutar lantarki a shekarar 1892 tare da ajiye shi da gudun hijira zuwa birnin Ibadan, lamarin da ya sa a gaba, ba da gangan ba, ya kara kaimi da yada addinin Musulunci. Hadisai da dama sun nuna cewa a gudun hijira na ƙarshe na Lagunju zuwa Ibadan, ɗaya daga cikin matansa (daga Ile-Ife) ta tafi tare da yaran zuwa garinsu inda daga ƙarshe suka zama Musulmai na farko. Hasali ma ana cewa daya daga cikin ‘ya’yan Lagunju mai suna Raji daga baya ya fito a matsayin babban limamin Ife. Wani labari ma ya ce, masallacin da aka fara saninsa a Ile-Ife Raji ne ya gina shi, yayin da wani kuma ko da yake bai yi shiru kan wanda ya gina shi ba, ya ce “An gina masallacin da aka fara saninsa a Itakogun, lle-Ife a shekarar 1903 a zamanin mulkin Ooni Adelekan. Olubuse I, wanda ya rasu a shekarar 1909. Kuma tun lokacin da aka kai Lagunju gudun hijira zuwa Ibadan a 1893, da kuma cewa babban limamin Ife na biyu, Kaseem Adeosun (1922-1934) ya dawo daga Legas zuwa Ile-Ife a 1893, ko shakka babu Kaseem Kuma Raji Lagunju sun kasance Musulmi na farko a Ile-Ife, a hakikanin gaskiya a zamanin Kaseem Adeosun, Raji Lagunju shi ne Naibi (Mataimakin Limaminsa) kuma a lokacin da Kaseem ya rasu a 1934, Raji ya zama Babban Limamin, mukamin da ya yi har zuwa 1949. A lokacin da ake korar Timi Lagunju daga garin, magoya bayansa sun so su mayar da martani ga abokan hamayyarsa amma ya hana su yin hakan. A halin da ake ciki, abokan hamayyarsa sun jefa littafansa na Musulunci a kan tituna. Da ya ga suna yin haka, sai aka ruwaito ya ce musu: “Insha Allahu (Allah Ya yarda da shi) ‘ya’yanku za su kasance musulmi. Tsarin Yaki da Zaman Lafiya Timi Abibu Lagunju ya kasance daya daga cikin fitattun jaruman da suka yi mulki a karni na 19 wadanda suka ba da muhimmiyar gudunmuwa kan batutuwan yaki da zaman lafiya. Yayin da wasu sarakuna, musamman Alaafin na Oyo, suka daina zuwa fagen fama tun a shekarun 1840, Timi Lagunju har yanzu da kansa ya jagoranci sojojin Ede zuwa balaguron soji musamman a gefen Ibadan. A gaskiya ma, yabo ne ga Lagunju cewa tun daga tsakiyar 1850, akwai wani nau'i na ƙungiyar soja na Ede-Ibadan tare da Ibadan a matsayin abokin tarayya mai karfi. hazikin masanin siyasa da soja, Lagunju ya hada Ede, a lokacin da ya fi dacewa, tare da Ibadan, mafi karfin soja a kasar Yoruba a karni na 19. Ya bayyana cewa Ede karkashin Lagunju ya yi yaki a gefen Ibadan a lokacin yakin Ijaye (1860-1865). Haka kuma, Lagunju ya koma Ibadan a yakin Jalumi na 1878 inda ya yi yaki da korar Fulani daga Arewacin kasar Yarbawa. A yayin wannan yakin, sojojin Ede a karkashin Lagunju sun yada zango a Ikirun kuma har wala yau ana kiran wurin da Oke-Timi. Shigar Ede a yakin Jalumi, a haƙiƙa, yaƙi ne na kariyar kai baya ga kasancewarsa jigo a ƙungiyar Ibadan. Ga Sarkin Ilorin, musamman ya umurci Balogun Ajia, kwamandan sojojin Ilorin, da ya ci Ikirun, Osogbo, Ede da Iwo tare da kauyukan su. Al'adun da Olunlade ya adana sun nuna cewa Timi Lagunju da Balogun Ajayi Ogboriefon sun bambanta kansu a wannan yakin wanda ya kare da sojojin kawancen Ibadan. Haka kuma, Ede a karkashin Timi Lagunju shi ma ya yi kawance da Ibadan a yakin Ekitiparapo (1879-1886) kuma, a haƙiƙa, ya ba Ibadan gabaɗaya da goyon baya. A matakin farko na yakin Lagunju ya tura Timi Olunloye da aka kora zuwa fagen yaki a matsayin kyaftin na sojojin Ede. Na karshen ya rasa ransa a yakin. Da yake taso daga abin da Ede yake ba wa ƙungiyar Ibadan, Derin Ologbenla, Ooni-zaɓaɓɓen Ife har ma ya yi tunanin harin da sojoji suka kai garin a cikin Afrilu 1882. Misali, shaidu sun cika cewa ya rarraba makamai da alburusai ga Ikire, Gbongan da kuma Edunabon da nufin murkushe Modakeke da farko "wanda idan an cire shi daga hanyar Ede za a yi wa Ede kawanya, ta haka za a dauki 'yan Ibadan a sansanin gaba da baya." Sai dai garuruwan da ake magana sun ki aiwatar da bukatar Derin, kuma akasin haka, sun mika dukkan makaman ga Aare Latoosa. Kamar Ife, sojojin Ilorin kuma sun yi tunanin kai hari Ede bayan korar Offa a 1887 saboda gabaɗaya da goyon bayan da ba a ba su ba ga ƙungiyar Ibadan. Shaidar Johnson tana da dacewa a nan: ...Shirin na llorin, idan ya yi nasara a Ile-Aro shi ne a kai hari Ofa, sannan Ede na gaba kuma ta haka ne za a kori Ibadan daga Ikirun. Yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta 1886 da kokarin 1890. Ede, a haƙiƙa, yana ɗaya daga cikin wuraren da ake gudanar da harkokin diflomasiya. barnar da aka yi wa Timi Lagunju yayin da wasu bayin Ibadan da suka gudu suka kona gidansa da ke Ikirun, wadanda suka yi amfani da damar da suka samu wajen tabbatar da ‘yancin kansu. Hakika, Timi Abibu Lagunju ya himmatu wajen maido da zaman lafiya a kasar Yarbawa bayan an kwashe shekaru ana gwabza fada tsakanin juna. Ya damu da halin da ake ciki na nadama na Ile-Ife, mahaifar kabilar Yarbawa. Dangane da haka Lagunju, Lamuye na Iwo da Balogun Osungbekun na Ibadan sun daidaita kansu da yanayin Ife na zaman lafiya, watau Modakeke ya bar Ife. Yana da mahimmanci a nanata cewa 'Tambayar Modakeke' ta yi barazana ga yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta 1886 yayin da shugabannin Modakeke suka gudu daga wurin zaman lafiya, suka ƙi sanya hannu a kan yarjejeniyar. Matsayin hukumomin Ede shine mafi kyawun taƙaitawa a cikin bayanan Farfesa I.A. Akinjogbin: Sun ji cewa yanayin da Ife ya nanata ba shi da tsauri da za a iya ɗauka. Hakika, duka Oluwo Lamuye da Timi (Lagunju) na Ede da kuma hukumomin lbadan sun yi tunanin cewa suna da isasshen karfin da za su shawo kan, hakika sun ba da umarnin Modakeke. Timi ya ce zai nemi wadanda suka fito daga Ede su dawo gida kuma za su yi biyayya. Oluwo ya ce duk za su iya zuwa su zauna a garinsu. Babu wanda ya yi tunanin cewa Modakeke a qarshe za su tsaya tsayin daka.”. Ko da yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta 1886 ta kasa warware matsalar Modakeke, da 'Offa question' da kuma Ijebu imbroglio, Timi Lagunju ya ci gaba da tattaunawa da Oluwo na Iwo, Ibadan hukumomin Ibadan da wakilan gwamnatin Legas don samun mafita mai ɗorewa ga abin da ake gani. rikicin da ba ya karewa. Hasali ma, kwamishinonin Gwamna Alfred Moloney, H. Higgins da Oliver Smith, sai da suka yi kwanaki a Ede a watan Maris na 1890.” Daga baya jam’iyyar ta bar Ede zuwa Oyo domin neman zaman lafiya. An yarda da sharuɗɗan zaman lafiya na Ibadan kamar yadda sanarwar zaman lafiya na Mayu-Yuni 1890 ke nuna. Johnson ya tabbatar da haka: ...Wannan sanarwar ta kasance (Alaafin), kuma ta hannun Oluwo, Timi na Ede, Bale na Ogbomoso da Aseyin na Iseyin. A ranar l0 ga Mayu, marubuci (Johnson) tare da Obakosetan ya fara da kwafin sanarwar. A ranar ne Oluwo ya sanya hannu, sarakunan lbadan a Ikirun suka sanya hannu a ranar 16 ga Timi na Ede, sarakunan Ibadan suna ganin ba lallai ba ne, kasancewarsa sarki a karkashin lbadan kuma abin da Balogun na Ibadan ya sanya hannu ya isa haka. a gare shi.... Aseyin a cikin farin ciki na mamayewar Dahomian ya sanya hannu kan sanarwar a ranar 2 ga Yuni, 1890. Deposition da Bayan Babban nasara kuma na ƙarshe Timi Abibu Lagunju da gudun hijira zuwa Ibadan ya nuna ƙarshen zamani a tarihin Ede. Ta wata hanya, ta tantance gwagwarmayar Musulunci. ’Yan gargajiya da suka karbi Musulunci saboda Timi Lagunju sun koma ga gumakansu. Su ma musulmi masu bin addinin gargajiya sun tsananta musu. Domin tsira da rayukansu daga gallazawa daga wadannan ’yan gargajiya da iyalai, da yawa daga cikinsu sun tsere zuwa harabar Owon-la-rogo da aka canjawa suna Imale Compound inda suke gudanar da addininsu. A halin da ake ciki, shugabannin addinin Musulunci na garin sun yi kokari, duk kuwa da tsanantar da ‘yan gargajiya suke yi na ci gaba da baiwa addinin Musulunci rai. Irin wadannan shugabannin sun hada da Zulu Qarneen dan Nuhu. A wani bangaren kuma, wannan halin nasa bai yi wa mahukuntan Oyo da sarakunan Ibadan dadi ba, wadanda suka dauki Lagunju a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan jahohi da masu kishin kasa a wannan zamani. A gaskiya shugabannin Ibadan sun san shi kuma suna girmama shi. Ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga duk ƙoƙarin yaƙin Ibadan tun daga shekarun 1850 kuma ya taka rawar gani sosai, a cikin shirin zaman lafiya. A wajen sabbin shugabannin Ibadan, Lagunju ma ya kasance a wannan zamani kuma aminin ubanninsu kuma sun shaidi yaƙe-yaƙe na Yarbawa a ƙarni na goma sha tara fiye da kowane mutum. Don haka ne shugabannin Ibadan suka ji cewa ya kamata a mayar da Lagunju da aka yi a kan karagar kakanninsa. Wadannan shugabannin sun hada da Balogun Ajayi Osungbekun, Maye Osuntoki, Abese Kongi, dan Basorun Ogunmola, da Sunmonu Apampa. 50 Don haka suka jajirce akan lamarin Lagunju su shugabannin Ibadan ne, ta yadda yakin Ekitiparapo ya zo karshe, kuma sansani suka yi. da aka watse, har yanzu sun shirya kwashe kusan kwana biyu a Ede domin sulhunta Lagunju da mutanen garin amma gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta soke hakan. Johnson ya rubuta kamar haka: Yan Ibadan sun so su tsaya kwana daya ko biyu a Ede, domin su tsara banbance-banbance tsakanin mutanen da Timi Lagunju, da su ka sauke amma aka garzaya da su gida don kada su yi haka. Don haka aka kawo karshen yakin shekaru goma sha shida.... Sojojin lbadan sun isa bayan katangar garinsu a ranar 22 ga Maris 1893. Da aka ba shi, Lagunju ya zo ya karɓi kaddarar sa a matsayin ɗan gudun hijira a Ibadan kuma ya zauna a matsayin baƙon Sunmonu Apampa, Asipa na Ibadan bayan 1893. Baales na Ibadan da suka gaje shi a tsakanin 1893 zuwa 1900: Fijabi, Osuntoki da Fajinmi sun kasance masu kirki da kyautata masa. Hakazalika, Balogun na wancan lokacin, Akintola, wanda ba ya iya karewa, ya yi masa kwarjini matuka.” 52 Sai dai duk da kyakykyawan kyakyawar da girmama da shugabannin Ibadan suka yi masa, Lagunju ya ci gaba da addu’o’in mayar da shi kan mukaminsa ga Alaafin. Oyo, Adeyemi, suzerain dinsa a kusa da 1894 ko kuma farkon 1895. Alaafin Adeyemi I ya ji tausayin Lagunju sosai kuma daga baya ya dauki lamarin da Captain Bower amma bai samu nasara ba. Daga nan sai aka yi taho-mu-gama da Oyo kan lamarin Lagunju tsohon Timi na Ede, wanda ya roki Suzerian nasa da ya yi amfani da ofisoshi masu kyau don mayar da shi kan mukamansa. Sojoji sun yi ruwan bama-bamai a Oyo a shekarar 1895, cikin nutsuwa ya waye a Lagunju, daga karshe ya sha kashi a yakin neman dawo da shi aiki, kuma wani sabon zamani ya bayyana. aboki, mataimaki, mai tausayi, shugaba kuma mujaddadi. Kuma duk wani mai tarihi zai ce game da Lagunju, ko shakka babu ya wuce abin zargi wajen aiwatar da shari’ar Musulunci da tafsirin adalcin zamantakewa. Ya kasance mai adalci ga kowa kuma ba za a iya zarge shi da son zuciya ba. Iyalinsa da abokansa da abokan gaba duk sun yi daidai a gaban waccan dokar da ya kasance babban mai kula da ita. Kamar duk akikanju (jarumai) a cikin tarihin Yarbawa, Timi Lagunju yana da ƙarfi da kuzari kuma ba zai ba da sauƙi ga 'yan adawa ba, komai farashi. Ana iya fassara irin wannan yanayin a matsayin ƙarfi ko aibi. Kuma da a ce al’ummar Ede na wancan lokacin sun ƙi Lagunju saboda wannan aibi da suke gani, ’yan zamaninsa a wasu sassan ƙasar Yarbawa, musamman a Ibadan, Oyo, Ilorin da Ekiti, sun karɓe shi kuma suna girmama shi. Irin wannan karbuwa mai yiwuwa yana bayyana shigar Ibadan a lokacin wahala da radadin da yake ciki yayin da al'ummar Ibadan karni na sha tara ta kasance wacce ta ba da lada da daukakar soji, da kuma mutunta fitattun jarumai. Abin sha'awa, Lagunju ya kasance samfurin yaƙi na ƙarni na goma sha tara, shekarun "jini da ƙarfe" lokacin da aka warware batutuwa masu mahimmanci na lokacin a fagen fama. Ya yi zamani da sarakunan yaki irin su Basorun Ogunmola, Balogun Ajayi Ogboriefon, Aare Latoosa na Ibadan, Seriki Ogedengbe, Fabunmi, Aduloju (dukkan Ekitiparapo fame) da Balogun Karara na Ilorin. Bai kasance mai mugun nufi ko ƙarancin rama ba fiye da waɗannan halayen a cikin halayensu ga abokan gaba da abokan gaba. Reverend Samuel Johnson, C.M.S. Firist wanda ya kasance mai himma wajen ƙoƙarin zaman lafiya a lokacin yaƙin Ekitiparapo kuma marubucin Tarihin Yarbawa da ake girmamawa, ya san shi sosai kuma ya yi mu'amala da shi sosai a wannan lokacin mai wahala. Kimantawar Johnson ta ba da kwatancin da ya dace ga aikin Lagunju: Wani mashahurin Timi na Ede, wanda ya shahara a duk faɗin ƙasar a matsayin mai hazaka kuma amintaccen masanin tarihin ƙasar Yarbawa.

6631

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex%20Iwobi

Alex Iwobi

Alexander Chuka Iwobi ih WOH ih- bee (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Mayu,shekara ta 1996) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a kulob ɗin Premier League na Everton da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya. Iwobi ya fara taka leda a Arsenal, inda ya buga wasanni 149 kuma ya ci kwallaye 15, ya kuma lashe kofin FA a shekara ta, 2017. A watan Agustan shekara ta, 2019, ya koma Everton kan farashin fam miliyan 28 na farko. Iwobi ya wakilci Ingila har zuwa matakin kasa da 18. Ya buga wasansa na farko a duniya a Najeriya a watan Oktoba shekara ta, 2015, kuma yana cikin tawagarsu a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a shekara ta, 2018 da kuma gasar cin kofin Afrika a shekarar, 2019 da shekara ta, 2021, inda ya zo na uku a gasar shekara ta, 2019. Rayuwar farko da ta sirri An haifi Iwobi a Legas kafin ya koma Ingila yana da shekaru hudu, bayan dan takaitaccen zama a Turkiyya, kuma ya girma a Newham, London. Kawun mahaifiyarsa tsohon ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne Jay-Jay Okocha. Aikin kulob/ƙungiya Arsenal Iwobi ya koma Arsenal ne tun yana makarantar firamare, a shekarar, 2004, kuma kulob din ya kusa sake shi yana dan shekara 14 kuma yana da shekara 16. Ya fara shiga cikin wasan farko a matsayin wanda ba a yi amfani da shi ba a wasan gasar cin kofin League da West Bromwich Albion a ranar 25 ga watan Satumba shekarar, 2013. Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar dogon lokaci tare da Arsenal a watan Oktoba shekara ta, 2015. A ranar 27 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta, 2015, Iwobi ya fara buga wasansa na farko a kungiyar, inda ya fara a wasan da suka doke Sheffield Laraba da ci 3-0 a zagaye na 16 na gasar cin kofin League. Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar Premier kwanaki hudu bayan nasarar da suka yi da Swansea City da ci 3-0 a filin wasa na Liberty, a matsayin maye gurbin Mesut Ozil. Iwobi ya fara buga gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ne a minti na 85 da ya buga wasan da suka buga da Bayern Munich da ci 5-1. Iwobi ya fara ne a rukunin farko na gasar cin kofin FA na shekarar, 2015 zuwa 2016 zagaye na 3 da na 4 a gida da Sunderland da Burnley. Bayan da aka fara gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na farko a wasan da suka doke Barcelona da ci 3-1, Iwobi ya cigaba da zura kwallaye biyu a gasar Premier biyu na farko da ya yi nasara a kan Everton, da Watford, bi da bi. A kakar wasa ta gaba, Iwobi ya canza lambar tawagarsa daga 45 zuwa 17, bayan Alexis Sánchez ya dauki lamba 7 daga tashi Tomáš Rosický. Ya cigaba da taka leda a duk lokacin kamfen din cin kofin FA na Arsenal na shekarar, 2016 zuwa 2017, inda ya ci 2-1 da Chelsea a wasan karshe. Ya cigaba da samun nasara tare da Arsenal a gasar "Community Shield" na shekara ta, 2017, inda Arsenal ta doke Chelsea a bugun fenareti. A watan Janairun shekarar, 2018, an fitar da wani faifan bidiyo da ake zargin Iwobi ya nuna a wajen wani shagalin dare sa’o’i 36 kafin a buga wasa. A watan Mayun shekarar, 2018, bayan da kocin Arsenal, Arsène Wenger ya bayyana cewa zai bar kungiyar, Iwobi ya bayyana shi a matsayin wani abin burgewa kuma ya ce abin bakin ciki ne amma abin burgewa. A cikin watan Agusta shekara ta, 2018, ya sanya hannu kan sabon kwantiragi na dogon lokaci tare da kulob din, wanda aka ruwaito har zuwa shekara ta, 2023. A cikin watan Janairu shekara ta, 2019, Iwobi ya kasance batun wariyar launin fata daga 'yar wasan Indiya Esha Gupta, jakadiyar Arsenal. A watan Yulin shekarar, 2019, bayan gasar cin kofin Afrika ta shekarar, 2019, ya ce yana fata komawa buga kwallon kafa tare da Arsenal. Everton A ranar 8 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2019, Iwobi ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyar tare da Everton. A cewar BBC, Arsenal ta karbi kudin farko na fam miliyan 28, wanda ya kai fam miliyan 34 tare da ywuwar karawa. Kwanaki goma sha biyar bayan sanya hannu, Iwobi ya fara buga wasansa na farko a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin rabin sa'a na karshe a maimakon Gylfi Sigurðsson a cikin rashin nasara da ci 2-0 a Aston Villa. A ranar 28 ga watan Agusta a zagaye na biyu na gasar cin kofin EFL, ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a Everton a ci 4–2 a Lincoln City. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar a ranar 1 ga Satumba a wasan da suka doke Wolverhampton Wanderers da ci 3–2, kuma yana daya daga cikin 'yan wasa biyu da aka ware domin yabo daga kociyan kungiyar Marco Silva daga baya. Ayyukan kasa Iwobi wanda ya cancanci wakilcin Ingila ko kuma ƙasar haihuwarsa Najeriya, Iwobi ya fara buga wa Ingila wasa a matsayin matasa, wanda tare da wanda ya lashe Garkuwan Nasara a shekarar, 2011. Iwobi ya buga wa Ingila wasanni 11 a matakin kasa da kasa, amma ya cigaba da bayyana wa Najeriya a shekarar, 2015. A ranar 8 ga watan Oktoba ne ya buga wasansa na farko a Super Eagles, inda ya maye gurbin Ahmed Musa a minti na 57 a wasan sada zumunci da DR Congo da ci 2-0 a Visé na kasar Belgium. Najeriya ce ta zabe shi a cikin 'yan wasa 35 na wucin gadi a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar, 2016 Ba ya cikin tawagar 'yan wasa 18 na karshe. A watan Agustan shekarar, 2017 Iwobi ya fice daga cikin 'yan wasan Najeriya da za su buga wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya na watan saboda rauni. A watan Oktoban shekarar, 2017, Iwobi ne ya ci wa Najeriya kwallo a wasan da ta doke Zambia da ci 1-0 wanda hakan ya sa Super Eagles ta samu gurbi a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2018 a Rasha. Ya kasance cikin ‘yan wasa 23 da Najeriya ta buga a gasar kuma ya buga wasanni ukun da Super Eagles ta yi waje da su a matakin rukuni. A watan Afrilun shekarar, 2019, ya ce yana so ya yi koyi da kawunsa Jay-Jay Okocha ta hanyar lashe gasar cin kofin Afrika. An saka shi cikin ‘yan wasan Najeriya da za su buga gasar shekara ta, 2019. A gasar ya ce ba zai yi watsi da sanya Najeriya a matsayin wadda ta fi so ba. Bayan kammala gasar ya ce yana fatar komawa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Arsenal. An saka sunan Iwobi a cikin 'yan wasan Najeriya da za su taka leda a gasar cin kofin Afirka na shekara ta, 2021 da aka jinkirta a shekarar, 2022. An ba shi jan kati mintuna biyar bayan da ya shigo wasan a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka buga da Tunisia, wasan da Najeriya ta yi rashin nasara da ci 0-1. Kididdigar sana'a Kulob Ƙasashen Duniya Kamar yadda wasan ya buga 23 Janairu 2022. Maki da sakamako ne suka fara zura kwallaye a ragar Najeriya. Girmamawa Arsenal Kofin FA 2016-17 FA Community Shield 2015, 2017 Gasar cin Kofin EFL 2017-18 UEFA Europa League ta biyu: 2018-19 Ingila U16 Garkuwar Nasara 2011 Najeriya Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka Matsayi na uku 2019 Mutum Gwarzon dan wasan matasa na CAF 2016 Kungiyar CAF ta Shekara 2016 (a madadin) Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Alex Iwobi at Soccerbase 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijeriya 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

21397

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azamat%20Abduraimov

Azamat Abduraimov

Azamat Abduraimov 27 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1966) ne mai tsohon Uzbek sana'a kwallon kafa player, wanda ya wakilci Uzbekistan tawagar kwallon a ranar 22 ga lokatai tsakanin shekarar 1992 da kuma a shekarar 1997, ya kuma' kasan ce shahararren Dan wasan kwallon kafa na Uzbekistan. Shekarun farko An haifi Azamat Abduraimov a garin Tashkent a shekarar 1966. Mahaifinsa, Berador Abduraimov, shine dan wasan da yafi zira kwallaye a raga a karni na 20 kuma daya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan FC Pakhtakor Tashkent. Lokacin da Azamat ke da shekara uku, mahaifinsa ya koma Moscow don buga wa CSKA wasa Azamat ya fara wasan kwallon kafa a makarantar matasa ta Spartak Moskva Kasancewa yana cikin Sojojin Soviet, yana yi wa SKA Rostov-na-Donu da CSKA Moskva wasa Rayuwar mutum Azamat ne mahaifin na Alia Azamat Ashkenazi, American Screenwriter kuma Director wanda co-rubuta wani wasan kwallon kafa shirin gaskiya "Misha" directed da Brian Song a wadda Azamat aka featured a matsayin daya daga cikin haruffa. Yin wasa Pakhtakor Tashkent Yawancin girmamawa Azamat ya samu yayin da yake taka leda a Pakhtakor Ya shiga Pakhtakor sau uku kuma ya shafe sama da shekaru bakwai na wasansa a can (ya zira kwallaye sama da 60). A karon farko yana yi wa Pakhtakor wasa daga 1987 zuwa 1990 a Soviet First League, ya ci kwallaye 25. Ya bar Pakhtakor a tsakiyar shekarar 1990 ya koma Spartak Moskva Lokaci na gaba ya sake komawa Pakhtakor a shekarar 1996, kuma ya yi kaka uku a kungiyar, ya ci kwallaye 37 sannan ya ci kungiyar Uzbek League a 1998 da kuma Kofin Uzbekistani a 1997. A kakar wasan data gabata Azamat ya bugawa Pakhtakor wasa shine 2000 lokacin da ya riga ya cika shekaru 34. Spartak Moskva A lokacin 1990 Azamat ya kasance dan wasan benci na Spartak Moskva, inda ya samu damar buga wasanni uku na farko. Ya ci kwallaye da yawa don ƙungiyar ajiya a wannan lokacin, duk da haka, ba zai iya samun wuri na farko ba sannan ya bar Pamir Dushanbe Kasashen waje A yayin aikin sa, Azamat Abduraimov ya zama daya daga cikin ‘yan wasan Uzbekistani na farko da suka fara wasa a kasashen waje. Ya buga wa kungiyoyi daban-daban a kasashe 4 da ba na USSR ba (Bangladesh, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, India). Tare da kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa (India) ta Salgaocar SC, ya lashe babbar Durand Cup a 1999. Ayyukan duniya Abduraimov ya fara buga wa kasarsa tamaula ne a ranar 28 ga Yuni 1992 a kan Turkmenistan a wasan da ci 2-1. Ya buga wasanni 22 a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Uzbekistan a matsayin dan wasa. Mafi shaharar wasansa a kasashen duniya shine a gasar cin kofin kwallon kafa na Wasannin Asiya na 1994 a Hiroshima, inda kungiyar Uzbekistan ta lashe lambar zinare. Mafi mahimmancin rayuwar sa ta kwallon kafa shi ne burin da ya ci a wasan dab da na karshe a wasannin Asiya da Koriya ta Kudu. Manufar yanke hukunci (Koriya ta Kudu ta sha kashi a hannun Uzbekistan 0: 1) an dauke ta Mafi Kyawu a gasar, haka kuma mafi kyau da kuma "Burin Zinare" a tarihin kwallon kafa ta Uzbek. Hakanan, ya buga wasannin futsal na kasa da kasa a matsayinsa na memba na kungiyar kwallon futsal ta kasar Uzbekistan a World 5's Futsal 2003 a Kuala Lumpur, kuma ya zama barazana ga kungiyar Japan, a cewar rahoton futsal na kasar Japan na badi na AFC Futsal Championship Gudanar da aiki Azamat Abduraimov ya buga wasan bankwana a 2002, wanda shi ne wasan kwaikwayo da ya fi kowane irin zafin rai a Uzbekistan. A kakar 2002-2003 ya kasance "mai horar da 'yan wasa" a NBU Osiyo (1st league). A shekarar 2003 ya buga wasan kungiyar kwallon kafa ta futsal ta kasar Uzbekistan a gasar cin kofin Asia a Indonesia. A shekarar 2004 ya yi aiki a matsayin babban kocin kungiyar kwallon kafa ta futsal ta Uzbekistan, a lokacin yana son buga gasar cin kofin Asiya a Iran da Malaysia ta AFC Futsal Championship Sannan a cikin 2005 ya ɗan ɗauki lokaci yana kula da kulob ɗin futsal na Uzbek ɗin FC Ardus (ya sami matsayin zakaran zakarun futsal na Uzbek a 2005). A 2006–2007 ya kasance GM a gidauniyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Nan ƙasar A 2006, ya kammala karatu a Makarantar Koyar da Highasa ta Rasha. A ranar 28 ga Oktoba 2008 aka nada shi a matsayin daraktan wasanni a FC Bunyodkor A tsakanin shekarun 2009 2010 ya kasance babban kocin kungiyar FK Samarqand-Dinamo A cikin 2009 Azamat ta zama ta uku a cikin matsayin Kocin Gwarzon Kwallo na Bana a Uzbekistan. A cikin 2010, ya karɓi lasisin koyawa na PRO. A watan Janairun 2012 hukumar kwallon kafa ta nada shi a matsayin mataimakin kocin Uzbekistan U-22 A 22 Agusta 2012 ya sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da FK Andijan a matsayin babban kocin kulob din. A ranar 18 Yuni 2014 ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa na kocin Andijan. A ranar 4 ga Fabrairun 2020 ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa na babban kocin Uzbekistan U-17 Daraja Kulab Pakhtakor Kofin Farko na Soviet: 1988, 1989 Uzungiyar Uzbek 1998 Kofin Uzbek 1997 Kungiyar wasanni ta Mohammedan League Dhaka 1992, Wanda yafi kowa zira kwallaye (kwallaye 17) Navbahor Namangan Kofin Uzbek 1992 Pahang FA Super League ta Malaysia 1994 Al Wahda Rabaren Farko na Saudiyya 1996 Salgaocar Kofin Durand 1999 Kasa Uzbekistan Wasannin Asiya 1994 Bayani Haifaffun 1966 Rayayyun mutane Yan wasan kwallan kafa Pages with unreviewed

50319

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanayin%20Zambia

Yanayin Zambia

Yanayin Zambiya a Tsakiya da Kudancin Afirka tabbas yanayin zafi ne ya canza ta hanyar tsayi (tsawo) A cikin Köppen sauyin yanayi yana rarrabuwa, mafi yawan ƙasar ana rarrabe a matsayin m subtropical ko wurare masu zafi rigar da bushe, tare da ƙananan faci na Semi-m steppe sauyin yanayi a kudu maso yamma. Yanayi da kuma musamman adadin ruwan sama shi ne babban abin da ke tabbatar da nau'in da kuma rarraba yankunan Zambiya Don haka a fasahance, Zambiya ƙasa ce mai hunturu da canje-canjen yanayi. Lokuta Akwai manyan lokutan yanayi guda biyu: lokacin damina (Nuwamba zuwa Afrilu) daidai da lokacin rani, da lokacin rani (Mayu zuwa Oktoba/Nuwamba), daidai da lokacin hunturu. An raba lokacin rani zuwa lokacin rani mai sanyi (Mayu zuwa Agusta), da kuma lokacin rani mai zafi (Satumba zuwa Oktoba/Nuwamba). Canjin tasirin tsayi yana ba ƙasar yanayi mai daɗi a ƙarƙashin ƙasa maimakon yanayin zafi na mafi yawan shekara. Lokacin Damina Ruwan sama ya bambanta a kan kewayon a kowace shekara (mafi yawan yankunan sun faɗa cikin kewayon Bambance-bambancen damina da lokacin rani ana nuna cewa babu ruwan sama kwata-kwata a cikin watan Yuni, Yuli da Agusta. Galibin harkokin tattalin arziki, al'adu da zamantakewar al'ummar ƙasar sun mamaye lokacin damina da ƙarshen damina, da yawan ruwan sama da ake kawowa. Rashin ruwan sama yana haifar da yunwa a mafi yawan lokuta. Matsakaicin zafin jiki a Zambiya a lokacin bazara shi ne 30 °C kuma a cikin hunturu (lokacin sanyi) yana iya kaiwa ƙasa da 5 °C. Yankin Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) ne ke kawo ruwan sama kuma yana da tsawa, wani lokaci mai tsanani, tare da walƙiya da yawa, wani lokacin ƙanƙara. ITCZ yana arewacin Zambiya a lokacin rani. Yana motsawa zuwa kudu a raɓi na biyu na shekara, kuma zuwa arewa a farkon rabin shekara. A cikin wasu shekaru, ta ƙaura zuwa kudancin Zambiya, wanda ke haifar da "ƙananan lokacin rani" a arewacin ƙasar na tsawon makonni uku ko huɗu a cikin Disamba. Ruwan sama mafi girma shi ne a arewa, musamman arewa maso yamma da arewa maso gabas, yana raguwa zuwa kudu; Wuraren da suka fi bushewa sun kasance a kudu maso yamma mai nisa da kogin Luangwa da kwarin Zambezi na tsakiya, waɗanda sassan da ake la'akari da su ba su da ɗanɗano. Babu wani daga cikin ƙasar da ake ɗauka a matsayin bushewa ko hamada Ambaliyar ruwa wani lamari ne na shekara-shekara a kan filayen ambaliya, wanda mutane da namun daji ke daidaitawa. Ambaliyar ruwa bayan ruwan sama da ba a saba gani ba yana haifar da lalacewa lokacin da ta faru a wuraren da ba a sami ambaliyar ruwa ba. Zaizayar ƙasa da wankewar tituna da gadoji sun zama ruwan dare. Ana yawan lalacewa amfanin gona ta hanyar ambaliya da ƙanƙara. Ruwan sama da yawa lokacin da masara ke fure ko kuma a ƙarshen lokacin da yakamata ya bushe kafin girbi, yana iya yin illa sosai kuma yana haɓaka ruɓar hatsin da aka adana. Lokacin rani Tsarin shuka da dabba Bishiyoyi masu ɗorewa waɗanda ke rasa ganye a lokacin rani don adana ruwa sun fi yawa akan tsire-tsire waɗanda ke da cuticles na ganyen waxy don wannan manufa. Bishiyoyin da ba a daɗe suna fitar da ganyaye masu kore ko jajayen ganye kafin lokacin damina. Ciyawa da wasu tsire-tsire suna bushewa sama da ƙasa amma suna haɓaka da sauri tare da farkon ruwan sama daga tushen da tubers, da sauransu. Ban da waɗanda ke zaune a wuraren da ke da ruwa na dindindin, dabbobin sun dace da dogon lokacin rani, kamar yadda ake gani a ƙaura da tsarin kiwo. gobarar daji A tsakiyar lokacin rani zuwa ƙarshen lokacin rani, gobarar daji tana yaɗuwa, kuma ana iya ganin hayaƙi ta hanyar wari da hazo. Mazauna ƙauyen na farautar gobarar, da kona ragowar amfanin gona, da shirya lambunan chitemene ko kuma ta hanyar walƙiya a farkon lokacin damina. Domin irin wannan gobara na faruwa a kowace shekara, babu wani busasshen man fetur da yake taruwa a cikin daji, don haka ba a saba yin ɓarna ba. Za su iya kashe dabbobi, kuma su lalata amfanin gona idan damina ta ƙare da wuri kuma gobara ta faru kafin girbi. Kasancewar tsire-tsire da aka daidaita da wuta da binciken ilimin halittu sun nuna cewa irin wannan gobarar ta faru shekaru dubunnan. Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a lokacin rani Yawancin koguna, tafkuna da fadamu, sai dai a kudu mai nisa da kudu maso yamma, na dindindin ne. Bugu da ƙari, dambos (ƙasar ciyayi da ke zama daɗaɗɗen ruwa a lokacin damina) sun zama ruwan dare a yawancin ƙasar kuma yawanci ana samun ruwa a cikinsu daga maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ko rijiyoyi masu zurfi Haka kuma Dambos na fitar da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa zuwa rafuka da koguna zuwa ƙarshen lokacin rani, inda suke ci gaba da gudana har abada. Ana yawan gina ƙananan madatsun ruwa a cikin dambos a matsayin tushen ruwa da kuma tafkunan kifi. Ga al'ummar bil'adama, ana sanin wurin da mazauna karkara suke ta hanyar samun ruwa a lokacin rani (ko da yake a yanzu ana amfani da rijiyoyin burtsatse don ƙara kayan aiki). A al'adance, mutane kuma sun yi ƙaura a wuraren da babu ruwan koguna. A Barotseland, mutane suna tafiya da dabbobinsu, suna kiwon su a filin Barotse a lokacin rani kuma suna tafiya zuwa ƙasa mai zurfi a bakin teku a lokacin damina. Samar da isasshen abinci a lokacin damina don ɗorewar lokacin rani shi ma wani abu ne na rabon al’umma. A al'adance wasu al'ummomi sun raba shekara zuwa noma a lokacin damina, da kuma kamun kifi da farauta a lokacin rani, inda za'a iya samun ciyawa a cikin sauƙi yayin da suke ziyartar wuraren ruwa, ana iya kunna wuta don fallasa su ko tura su cikin tarko. Hauhawar yanayi Tsayin babban tudun da Zambiya take a kai, yawanci tsakanin yana canza yanayin zafi, waɗanda suka yi ƙasa da na yankunan bakin teku a latitude ɗaya, kuma mai daɗi ga yawancin shekara. A kan tudu (wanda ke rufe kusan kashi 80% na ƙasar) kewayon zafin jiki, ya danganta da wurin: Yawancin ƙasar ba su da sanyi amma a wasu shekaru sanyin ƙasar yana faruwa. An keɓe wannan ga tsaunuka mafi girma da aka fallasa, ko kuma ya fi yawa a cikin ƙananan wurare masu zafi na sassan kudancin ƙasar. Zazzaɓi ya fi girma a ƙananan tuddai, kamar Luapula Mweru da Mweru Wantipa Tanganyika kwaruruka a arewa, kuma mafi girma a cikin ƙananan kwarin Luangwa da Zambezi a kudu, yawanci suna fuskantar a cikin Oktoba, tare da haɓakar zafi yana haifar da yanayi mara kyau. A lokacin damina watanni na Nuwamba zuwa Afrilu ko Mayu wasu kwanaki na iya zama, amma kullum mafi yawan zafin jiki yakan kasance kadan m fiye da na zafi lokacin rani. Ruwan sama na iya yin sanyi, ba kamar a cikin wurare masu zafi ba. Iska Iskar da ke ci gaba da zama a lokacin rani gabaɗaya matsakaici ne, amma lokaci-lokaci ta fi tsanani kuma tana iya kawo iska mai sanyi mai ɗauke da ƙura daga miyagu mai nisa. Iskar guguwa ta zama ruwan dare amma ba yawanci barna ba. Ana iya ganin magudanar ruwa a kan tafkuna. A lokacin damina, ana yin iskoki tare da tsawa kuma ana iya yin barna amma yawanci ana iyakance ga ƙananan wurare, kamar hura rufin gine-gine. Kasar ba ta fama da mahaukaciyar guguwa ko guguwa ta barna. Canjin yanayi Zambiya ana ganin tana da rauni ga sauyin yanayi Babban tasirin sauyin yanayi a kasar shi ne ta hanyar karuwar yawan ruwan sama da ake samu a lokacin noma a yankuna daban-daban na aikin gona, da kuma sauyawa a tsawon lokacin damina. Ana kallon kasar Zambia a matsayin kasa mai saurin kamuwa da illar sauyin yanayi saboda galibin al'ummar kasar sun dogara ne da noma don rayuwarsu kuma sauyin yanayin damina na da mummunan tasiri saboda yanayin samar da ruwan sama Shaidu da aka yi bincike sun nuna cewa akwai yuwuwar zazzabi ya karu da 1.82 o C sannan ruwan sama ya ragu da kashi 0.87 nan da shekarar 2050. Wannan yana nufin faruwar matsanancin yanayi kamar fari da ambaliya za su ƙara yawaita. Ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya ya haifar da guguwa mai karfin gaske wanda hakan ya haifar da ambaliya da ke haddasa hasarar dukiya da amfanin gona. Gwamnatin Zambiya, kamar sauran ƙasashe, ta amince da buƙatar "haɗa matsalolin jinsi cikin dukkan tsare-tsare. Wannan saboda an haifar da rauni ga girgizar yanayi. Don haka, Gwamnati ta buga wani Tsarin Ayyukan Canjin Yanayi a cikin 2018. Shirin ya shafi duka biyun ci gaban ayyukan da suka dace da jinsi don magance sauyin yanayi da kuma ikon aiwatar da irin waɗannan tsare-tsaren. Manazarta Kamarapix: "Jagorancin Baki zuwa Zambia." Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

28345

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musulunci%20Alkahira

Musulunci Alkahira

Musulunci Alkahira (Larabci: ma'ana: Al-Mu'izz's Alkahira), wanda kuma ake kira Historic Alkahira ko kuma Alkahira ta Medieval, gaba daya tana nufin wuraren tarihi na birnin Alkahira na kasar Masar, wadanda suka wanzu kafin fadadawar birnin na zamani a karni na 19 da na 20. musamman sassan tsakiyar da ke kusa da tsohon birni mai katanga da kewayen Kagara na Alkahira. Sunan "Musulunci" Alkahira ba yana nufin wani babban shaharar musulmi a yankin ba, a'a yana nuni ne ga dimbin tarihi da al'adun gargajiyar birnin tun kafuwarta a farkon zamanin Musulunci, tare da bambanta shi da wuraren da ke kusa da Giza da Memphis na Tsohon Masar. Wannan yanki yana daya daga cikin mafi girma kuma mafi girma na gine-ginen tarihi a duniyar Musulunci. Yana da daruruwan masallatai, kaburbura, madrasa, manyan gidaje, ayari, da garu da aka yi tun daga zamanin Musulunci na Masar. A cikin 1979, Hukumar Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNESCO) ta ayyana Alkahira mai tarihi a matsayin wurin tarihi na al'adun duniya, a matsayin "daya daga cikin tsoffin garuruwan Musulunci a duniya, tare da shahararrun masallatai, madrasa, hammams da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa" da "sabuwar cibiya". na duniyar Musulunci, ya kai lokacin zinari a karni na 14." Tarihi Tushen Fustat da farkon zamanin Musulunci Tarihin Alkahira ya fara ne, a ha}i}a, da mamaye Masar da Larabawa Musulmi suka yi a shekara ta 640, a qarqashin kwamanda Amr ibn al-As. Ko da yake Iskandariya ita ce babban birnin Masar a wancan lokacin (kuma ya kasance a tsawon zamanin Ptolemaic, Roman, da Byzantine), Larabawa masu cin nasara sun yanke shawarar kafa sabon birni mai suna Fustat don zama babban birnin gudanarwa da cibiyar sojojin Masar. Sabon birnin yana kusa da wani kagara na Roman-Byzantine wanda aka sani da Babila a bakin kogin Nilu (yanzu yana cikin Tsohon Alkahira), kudu maso yamma na daga baya na Alkahira daidai (duba ƙasa). Zaɓin wannan wurin yana iya kasancewa saboda dalilai da yawa, ciki har da ɗan kusancin kusancinsa da Larabawa da Makka, tsoron ƙarfin tasirin Kiristanci da Hellenistic a Alexandria, da raunin Alexandria ga hare-haren Byzantine da suka isa ta teku (wanda ya faru da gaske). Wataƙila ma mafi mahimmanci, wurin da Fustat ya kasance a mahadar Masar ta ƙasa (Nilu Delta) da Masarautar Masar (Kogin Nilu da ke gaba da kudu) ya sa ya zama wuri mai mahimmanci daga inda za a iya sarrafa ƙasar da ke kan kogin Nilu, da yawa. kamar yadda tsohon birnin Memphis na Masar (wanda ke kudu da Alkahira a yau) ya yi. (Tsarin kafa sababbin garuruwan da ke cikin kasa shi ma ya kasance wanda aka yi ta maimaita shi a duk tsawon lokacin da Larabawa suka mamaye, tare da wasu misalan irin su Qayrawan a Tunisiya ko Kufa a Iraki). masallacin farko, Masallacin Amr bn al-As, wanda aka yi ta sake gina shi tsawon shekaru aru-aru amma har yanzu yana nan. Fustat ya girma cikin sauri ya zama babban birni, tashar jiragen ruwa, da cibiyar tattalin arzikin Masar, tare da Alexandria ya zama birni mafi girma na lardi. A shekara ta 661 ne duniyar musulmi ta shiga karkashin ikon Umayyawa, babban birninsu na Damascus, har zuwa lokacin da Abbasiyawa suka yi musu juyin mulki a shekara ta 750. Halifan Ummayya na karshe, Marwan na biyu, ya yi zamansa na karshe a Masar amma an kashe shi a ranar 1 ga Agusta. 750. Bayan haka Masar, da Fustat, suka wuce karkashin ikon Abbasiyawa. Abbasiyawa sun yi bikin sabuwar mulkinsu a Masar ne ta hanyar kafa sabuwar hedkwatar gudanarwa mai suna al-Askar, a arewa maso gabashin Fustat, karkashin jagorancin gwamnansu Abu Aun. An kammala ginin birnin da harsashin ginin wani katafaren masallaci (wanda ake kira Jami' al-Askar) a shekara ta 786, kuma ya hada da fadar gidan gwamna mai suna Dar al-Imara. Babu wani abu na wannan birni da ya rage a yau, amma kafuwar sabbin manyan biranen mulki da ke wajen babban birnin ya zama abin da ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a tarihin yankin. Ahmad Ibn Tulun kwamandan sojojin Turkiyya ne wanda ya taba yiwa halifofin Abbasiyawa hidima a Samarra a lokacin da aka dade ana rikicin mulkin Abbasiyawa. Ya zama gwamnan Masar a shekara ta 868 amma cikin sauri ya zama shugabanta mai cin gashin kansa, yayin da yake amincewa da ikon halifan Abbasiyawa. Ya yi tasiri sosai har daga baya halifan ya ba shi damar shi ma ya mallaki Sham a shekara ta 878. A wannan lokaci na mulkin Tulunid (a karkashin Ibn Tulun da 'ya'yansa), Masar ta zama kasa mai cin gashin kanta a karon farko tun lokacin da aka kafa mulkin Rum a shekara ta 30 BC. Ibn Tulun ya kafa sabon babban birnin mulki a shekara ta 870, wanda ake kira al-Qata'i, arewa maso yammacin al-Askar. Ya hada da wani sabon katafaren fada (har yanzu ana kiransa Dar al-'Imara), filin fareti na hippodrome ko na soja, da abubuwan more rayuwa kamar asibiti (bimaristan), da wani babban masallaci da ya wanzu har yau, wanda aka fi sani da Masallacin Ibn Tulun. wanda aka gina a tsakanin 876 da 879. Ibn Tulun ya rasu a shekara ta 884 kuma ‘ya’yansa maza sun yi mulki na wasu ‘yan shekarun da suka gabata har zuwa 905 lokacin da Abbasiyawa suka aike da runduna don sake kafa ikon kai tsaye suka kona al-Qata’i a kasa, suka bar masallacin kawai. Bayan haka, Masar ta sami wani ɗan lokaci a wata daular Ikhshidid, waɗanda suka yi mulkin Abbasiyawa a tsakanin 935 zuwa 969. Wasu daga cikin gine-ginen da suka yi, musamman a ƙarƙashin Abu al-Misk Kafur, baƙar fata eunuch (asali daga Habasha) wanda ya yi mulki a matsayin. Mai mulki a cikin wannan lokaci na ƙarshe, mai yiwuwa ya yi tasiri ga zaɓin wurin da Fatimidawa za su kasance a nan gaba don babban birninsu, tun da ɗaya daga cikin manyan lambuna na Kafur da ke gefen magudanar ruwa na Khalij an shigar da shi cikin manyan fadojin Fatimid na baya. Kafuwar al-Qahira (Alkahira) da zamanin Fatimid Fatimidiyyawa, khalifancin Shi’a Isma’ili da ke garin Ifrikiya (Tunisiya) sun mamaye Masar a shekara ta 969 Miladiyya a zamanin Halifa al-Mu’izz. Sojojin nasu, wadanda akasarinsu na Kutama Berbers ne na Arewacin Afirka, karkashin jagorancin Janar Jawhar al-Siqilli. A cikin 970, ƙarƙashin umarnin al-Mu'izz, Jawhar ya tsara, kafa, da kuma gina sabon birni don zama mazaunin da cibiyar iko ga Khalifofin Fatimid. Sunan garin al-Mu'izziyya al-Qaahirah, "Birnin Al-Mu'izz Mai Nasara", daga baya aka kira shi "al-Qahira", wanda ya sanya mana sunan Alkahira na zamani. Birnin yana arewa maso gabashin Fustat kuma na manyan biranen gudanarwa da Ibn Tulun da Abbasiyawa suka gina a baya. Jawhar ya shirya sabon birnin ta yadda a tsakiyarsa akwai Manyan Fadaje da ke dauke da halifofi, da iyalansu, da cibiyoyin gwamnati. An kammala manyan fadoji guda biyu: na gabas (mafi girma daga cikin biyun) da na yamma, a tsakaninsa akwai wani muhimmin fili mai suna Bayn al-Qasrayn ("Tsakanin Fadaje Biyu"). Babban masallacin birnin, Masallacin Al-Azhar, an kafa shi ne a shekara ta 972 a matsayin masallacin Juma'a da kuma cibiyar koyo da koyarwa, kuma a yau yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin jami'o'i a duniya. Babban titin birnin, wanda aka fi sani da titin Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah a yau (ko titin al-Mu'zz) amma a tarihi ana kiransa Qasabah ko Qasaba, ya fito ne daga daya daga cikin kofofin birnin na arewa (Bab al-Futuh). zuwa kofar kudu (Bab Zuweila) sannan ta wuce tsakanin manyan fada ta Bayn al-Qasrayn. A karkashin Fatimids kuwa, Alkahira birni ne na sarauta wanda ke rufe ga jama'a kuma dangin Halifa kawai, jami'an gwamnati, rundunonin sojoji da sauran mutanen da suka dace da ayyukan gwamnati da birninsa. Fustat ya kasance na ɗan lokaci babban cibiyar tattalin arziki da birni na Masar. Daga baya ne Alkahira ta girma ta mamaye sauran garuruwan cikin gida, ciki har da Fustat, amma a wasu lokuta ana ɗaukar shekarar 969 a matsayin "shekara ta kafa" na birni na yanzu. Al-Mu'izz tare da shi da na'urorin gudanarwa na Halifanci Fatimid, ya bar tsohon babban birninsa na Mahdia, Tunisia, a shekara ta 972, ya isa birnin Alkahira a watan Yunin 973. Daular Fatimid da sauri ta samu karfin da zai iya tsayawa a matsayin barazana ga gwamnatin kasar. kishiyantar Halifancin Sunna Abbasid. A zamanin Halifa al-Mustansir (1036-1094), wanda shi ne mafi dadewa a duk wani shugaba na musulmi, daular Fatimid ta kai kololuwarta amma kuma ta fara durkushewa. Wasu ’yan bangar masu karfi, wadanda suka yi aiki a madadin halifofi, sun yi nasarar farfado da ikon daular a wasu lokuta. Badar al-Jamali ɗan ƙasar Armeniya (yana kan mulki daga 1073-1094) musamman ya sake gina katangar Alkahira a cikin dutse, tare da ƙofofi masu ban mamaki, waɗanda ragowarsu har yanzu suna nan kuma an faɗaɗa su a ƙarƙashin mulkin Ayyubid daga baya. Karshen karni na 11 kuma lokaci ne na manyan al'amura da ci gaba a yankin. A wannan lokaci ne daular Seljuk (Turkiyya) mai girma ta mamaye mafi yawan kasashen musulmi na gabacin duniya. Zuwan Turkawa wadanda galibinsu mabiya Sunna ne, ya kasance wani dogon lokaci a cikin abin da ake kira "Revival Sunni" wanda ya kawo koma baya ga ci gaban Fatimidawa da na Shi'a a Gabas ta Tsakiya. A cikin 1099 Crusade na farko ya kame Kudus, kuma sabbin jihohin 'yan Salibiyya sun zama babbar barazana ga Masar. Sabbin sarakunan musulmi irin su Nur al-Din na daular Zengid ta Turkiyya ne suka dauki nauyin kai farmakin gaba daya kan 'yan Salibiyya. A karni na 12 raunin Fatimidawa ya yi tsanani ta yadda a karkashin Halifa Fatmid na karshe, al-'Adid, sun nemi taimako daga Zengids don kare kansu daga Sarkin Kudus, Amalric, a lokaci guda kuma suna kokarin yin hadaka da su. na karshen don kiyaye Zengids a cikin rajistan. A shekara ta 1168, yayin da 'yan Salibiyya suka yi tattaki a birnin Alkahira, Fatimid waziri Shawar, ya damu cewa za a yi amfani da birnin Fustat mara tsaro a matsayin sansanin da za a yi wa Alkahira kawanya, ya ba da umarnin a kwashe shi sannan kuma ya cinnawa birnin wuta. Yayin da masana tarihi ke yin muhawara game da girman barnar (kamar yadda Fustat ya bayyana ya ci gaba da wanzuwa bayan wannan), kona Fustat duk da haka yana nuna wani muhimmin lokaci a cikin durkushewar wannan birni, wanda daga baya Alkahira da kanta ta rufe shi. Daga karshe Salah ad-Din (Saladin), kwamandan Zengid wanda aka baiwa mukamin wazirin Al-Adid a birnin Alkahira, ya shelanta kawo karshen da ruguza daular Fatimidiyya a shekara ta 1171. Ta haka ne Alkahira ta koma karkashin mulkin ‘yan Sunna, da kuma sabon babi. a cikin tarihin Masar, da na tarihin birnin Alkahira, ya buɗe. Hawan Alkahira a zamanin Ayyubid da Mamluk Mulkin Salahad-Din shi ne farkon daular Ayyubid, wadda ta yi mulkin Masar da Sham, kuma ta ci gaba da yakar 'yan Salibiyya. Har ila yau, ya fara gina wani babban katafaren katafaren katafaren katafaren katafaren gini (Babban Katafaren Alkahira na yanzu) a kudu, wajen birnin mai katanga, wanda zai zaunar da sarakunan Masar da gwamnatin jihar shekaru aru-aru bayan haka. Wannan ya kawo karshen matsayin Alkahira a matsayin babban birni na fada kuma ya fara wani tsari wanda birnin ya zama cibiyar tattalin arziki wanda Masarawa na kowa ke zaune kuma bude ga matafiya na kasashen waje. A cikin ƙarnin da suka biyo baya, Alkahira ta haɓaka zuwa cikakkiyar cibiyar birni. Rushewar Fustat a tsawon lokaci guda ya share hanyar hawansa. Sarakunan Ayyubid da sarakunan Mamluk da suka biyo bayansu, waxanda suke musulmi ‘yan Sunna ne masu kwadayin kawar da tasirin Fatimidin Shi’a, suka ci gaba da ruguzawa tare da maye gurbin manyan fadojin Fatimid da nasu gine-gine. Masallacin Al-Azhar ya koma cibiyar Sunna, kuma a yau shi ne cibiyar nazarin kur'ani da shari'ar Musulunci a duniyar Musulunci ta Sunna. A shekara ta 1250 daular Ayyubid ta lalace kuma mulki ya koma mulkin da Mamluk ke sarrafawa. Mamluks sojoji ne da aka saya a matsayin matasa bayi (sau da yawa daga yankuna daban-daban na Eurasia ta Tsakiya) kuma aka tashi zuwa aikin sojan sarki. Sun zama jigo a cikin sojojin Ayyubid a karkashin Sultan al-Salih kuma daga karshe sun zama masu karfin da za su yi wa kansu mulkin kasar a rikicin siyasa a lokacin yakin Salibiyya na bakwai. Tsakanin 1250 zuwa 1517, sarautar ta wuce daga wannan mamluk zuwa wani a cikin tsarin maye wanda gabaɗaya ba gado bane, amma kuma akai-akai tashin hankali da hargitsi. Duk da haka, daular Mamluk ta ci gaba da abubuwa da yawa na daular Ayyubid a gabanta, kuma ita ce ke da alhakin tunkude ci gaban Mongols a shekara ta 1260 (wanda ya fi shahara a yakin Ain Jalut) da kuma kawo karshen karshen yakin 'yan Salibiyya a cikin Levant. Karkashin mulkin Mamluk sultan al-Nasir Muhammad (1293-1341, gami da masu mulki), Alkahira ta kai ga gaci ta fuskar yawan jama'a da dukiya. Wani kiyasi da aka saba ambato na yawan jama'a a karshen mulkinsa, ko da yake yana da wuyar tantancewa, ya ba da adadi kusan 500,000, wanda ya sa Alkahira ta zama birni mafi girma a duniya bayan China a lokacin. Duk da kasancewarsu gungun sojoji, Mamluk sun kasance ƙwararrun magina kuma masu ɗaukar nauyin gine-gine na addini da na jama'a. Yawancin abubuwan tarihi na Alkahira sun kasance tun daga zamaninsu, gami da da yawa mafi ban sha'awa. Har ila yau birnin ya samu ci gaba daga kula da hanyoyin kasuwanci tsakanin Tekun Indiya da Bahar Rum. Bayan mulkin al-Nasir, duk da haka, Masar da Alkahira sun sami bullar cutar a lokuta da dama, tun daga Mutuwar Baƙar fata a tsakiyar karni na 14. Al'ummar Alkahira sun ragu kuma sun ɗauki ƙarni suna murmurewa, amma ta kasance babbar birni na Gabas ta Tsakiya. Karkashin Ayyubids da Mamluk na baya, hanyar Qasaba ta zama wurin da aka fi dacewa da gina gine-ginen addini, kaburburan sarauta, da wuraren kasuwanci, wanda akasari sarki ne ko kuma na masu mulki ke daukar nauyinsa. Wannan kuma shi ne inda manyan biranen Alkahira suka bunkasa, inda suka zama babban yankin tattalin arzikinta na kasuwanci da kasuwanci na kasa da kasa. Yayin da babban titin ya cika da shaguna da sarari don ci gaba, an gina sabbin gine-ginen kasuwanci a gabas, kusa da Masallacin Al-Azhar da kuma haramin al-Hussein, inda yankin souq na Khan al-Khalili. har yanzu a yau, ci gaba da ci gaba. Wani muhimmin al'amari na haɓaka halayen biranen Alkahira shi ne karuwar wuraren waƙafi, musamman a lokacin Mamluk. Wakafi sun kasance amintattu na sadaka a ƙarƙashin shari'ar Musulunci waɗanda suka tsara ayyuka, ayyuka, da hanyoyin samar da kudade na yawancin cibiyoyin addini da na jama'a waɗanda masu mulki suka gina. Yawancin lokaci an zana su ne don ayyana hadaddun gine-gine na addini ko na jama'a waɗanda suka haɗa ayyuka daban-daban (misali masallaci, madrasa, makabarta, sebil) waɗanda galibi ana samun kuɗin shiga daga gine-ginen kasuwanci na birane ko wuraren noma na karkara. A ƙarshen karni na 15, Alkahira kuma yana da manyan gine-gine masu amfani da haɗe-haɗe (wanda aka sani da rab', khan ko wikala, dangane da ainihin aikin) inda ƙananan benaye biyu suka kasance don kasuwanci da dalilai na ajiya da kuma labarun da yawa a sama. an ba su hayar ga masu haya. Alkahira a matsayin babban birnin lardi na Daular Usmaniyya Daular Usmaniyya ta mamaye Masar a shekara ta 1517, a karkashin Selim I, kuma ta kasance karkashin mulkin Ottoman tsawon shekaru aru-aru. A cikin wannan lokaci, jiga-jigan yankin sun yi ta gwabzawa a tsakanin su ba tare da kakkautawa ba don neman mulki da tasiri na siyasa; wasu daga cikin su ‘yan asalin Daular Usmaniyya, wasu kuma daga kabilar Mamluk da ta ci gaba da wanzuwa a matsayin wani bangare na masu fada aji a kasar duk kuwa da rasuwar masarautar Mamluk. Alkahira ta ci gaba da kasancewa babbar cibiyar tattalin arziki kuma daya daga cikin muhimman biranen daular. Ya kasance babban wurin shirya aikin hajji (Hajji) zuwa Makka. Duk da yake gwamnonin Ottoman ba manyan ma'abota gine-gine ba ne kamar na Mamluks, amma duk da haka Alkahira ta ci gaba da bunkasa kuma sabbin unguwanni sun yi girma a wajen tsohon ganuwar birnin. Gine-ginen Ottoman a Alkahira ya ci gaba da samun tasiri sosai kuma an samo shi daga al'adun zamanin Mamluk na gida maimakon gabatar da tsayayyen hutu tare da baya. Wasu mutane, irin su Abd ar-Rahman Katkhuda al-Qazdaghli, wani jami'in mamluk a cikin Janissaries a karni na 18, sun kasance ƙwararrun majiɓintan gine-gine. Da yawa daga cikin tsofaffin ƴan ƙasar Burgeoi ko manyan gidaje waɗanda aka adana a birnin Alkahira a yau tun daga zamanin Daular Usmaniyya, kamar yadda wasu sabil-kuttabs (haɗaɗɗen kiosk na rarraba ruwa da makarantar karatun Kur'ani). Alkahira karkashin Muhammad Ali Pasha da Khedives Sojojin Faransa Napoleon sun mamaye Masar na dan lokaci daga 1798 zuwa 1801, bayan haka wani hafsan Albaniya a cikin sojojin Daular Usmaniyya mai suna Muhammad Ali Pasha ya mai da Alkahira babban birnin wata daula mai cin gashin kanta wacce ta dade daga 1805 zuwa 1882. Daga nan kuma birnin ya koma karkashin ikon Ingila har sai da Masar ta samu izinin zama kasar Masar. yancin kai a 1922. Karkashin mulkin Muhammad Ali an gyara babban birnin Alkahira gaba daya. An ruguje da yawa daga cikin abubuwan tarihinta na Mamluk da ba a yi amfani da su ba domin gina sabon masallacin sa (Masallacin Muhammad Ali) da sauran fadoji. Daular Muhammad Ali kuma ta gabatar da tsarin gine-ginen daular Usmaniyya zalla, musamman a salon Baroque na marigayi Ottoman. Ɗaya daga cikin jikokinsa, Isma'il, a matsayin Khedive tsakanin 1864 zuwa 1879, ya jagoranci aikin gina tashar ruwa ta Suez na zamani. Tare da wannan sana'a, ya kuma gudanar da aikin gina wani katafaren sabon birni mai salon turawa zuwa arewa da yammacin cibiyar tarihi ta Alkahira. Sabon birnin ya kwaikwayi gyare-gyare na ƙarni na 19 na Haussman na Paris, tare da manyan boulevards da murabba'ai sun kasance wani ɓangare na tsarawa da shimfidawa. Ko da yake ba a cika cikar hangen nesa na Isma'il ba, wannan sabon birni ya hada da yawa daga cikin Garin Alkahira a yau. Wannan ya bar tsofaffin gundumomi na Alkahira masu tarihi, ciki har da birni mai katanga, ba a kula da su ba. Ko da Citadel ya rasa matsayinsa na gidan sarauta lokacin da Isma'il ya koma sabon fadar Abdin a 1874. Wuraren tarihi da abubuwan tarihi Masallatai Yayin da masallacin farko a Masar shi ne Masallacin Amr bn al-As da ke Fustat, Masallacin Ibn Tulun shi ne masallaci mafi dadewa da ya ci gaba da rike siffarsa na asali kuma ba kasafai misali ne na gine-ginen Abbasiyawa ba, tun daga zamanin al'ada na wayewar Musulunci. An gina shi a shekara ta 876-879 miladiyya bisa salon da babban birnin Abbasiyawa na Samarra na kasar Iraki ya yi wahayi. Yana daya daga cikin manyan masallatai a birnin Alkahira kuma ana yawan ambatonsa a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi kyaun masallatai. Daya daga cikin muhimman cibiyoyi masu dawwama da aka assasa a zamanin Fatimid, shi ne masallacin Azhar da aka kafa a shekara ta 970 miladiyya, wanda ke fafatawa da Qarawiyyin dake birnin Fes na neman mukamin jami'a mafi dadewa a duniya. A yau jami'ar al-Azhar ita ce babbar cibiyar koyar da ilimin addinin musulunci a duniya kuma daya daga cikin manyan jami'o'in kasar Masar da ke da cibiyoyi a fadin kasar. Masallacin da kansa yana riƙe da mahimman abubuwan Fatimid amma an ƙara shi kuma an faɗaɗa shi a cikin ƙarni masu zuwa, musamman ta sarakunan Mamluk Qaitbay da al-Ghuri da Abd al-Rahman Katkhuda a ƙarni na 18. Sauran abubuwan tarihi na zamanin Fatimid sun hada da babban masallacin al-Hakim, masallacin al-Aqmar, masallacin Juyushi, masallacin Lulua, da masallacin Salih Tala'i. Mafi shaharar kayan gine-gine na Alkahira na da, duk da haka, sun kasance daga zamanin Mamluk, daga 1250 zuwa 1517 AD. Sarakunan Mamluk da manyan mutane sun kasance masu sha'awar sha'awar addini da ilimi, yawanci gina gine-gine na addini ko jana'izar wadanda ayyukansu zasu iya hada da masallaci, madrasa, Khanqah (na Sufaye), wuraren rarraba ruwa (sabils), da makabarta don kansu da iyalansu. Daga cikin sanannun misalan abubuwan tarihi na Mamluk a Alkahira akwai katafaren Masallacin-Madrasa na Sultan Hasan, Masallacin Amir al-Maridani, Masallacin Sultan al-Mu'ayyad (wanda aka gina tagwayen minare a saman kofar Bab Zuwayla). rukunin Sultan Al-Ghuri, wurin jana'izar Sultan Qaytbay a makabartar Arewa, da kuma manyan abubuwan tarihi guda uku a yankin Bayn al-Qasrayn wanda ya kunshi rukunin Sultan al-Mansur Qalawun, Madrasa na al-Nasir Muhammad. da Madrasa Sultan Barquq. Wasu masallatai sun haɗa da spolia (sau da yawa ginshiƙai ko manyan) daga gine-ginen da Romawa, Rumawa, ko Copts suka gina. Wuraren ibada da mausoleum Har ila yau, birnin Alkahira ya kasance wurin da wasu muhimman wuraren ibada na addini kamar masallacin al-Hussain (wanda ake kyautata zaton cewa hubbaren yana dauke da shugaban Husayn bn Ali), Mausoleum na Imam al-Shafi'i (wanda ya kafa mazhabar Shafi'i), daya daga cikin mazhabobin fiqihu Ahlus-Sunnah, da Kabarin Sayyida Ruqayya, da Masallacin Sayyida Nafisa, da sauransu. Wasu daga cikin wadannan wuraren ibada suna cikin manya-manyan wuraren makabarta da aka fi sani da birnin Matattu ko kuma al-Qarafa a Larabci, wadanda ke daura da birnin mai tarihi. Makabartun sun samo asali ne tun daga kafuwar Fustat, amma da yawa daga cikin fitattun kuma shahararrun gine-ginen mausoleum sun fito ne daga zamanin Mamluk. Ganuwar da kofofi Lokacin da Fatimids suka kafa Alkahira a matsayin babban birni a shekara ta 969, an rufe shi da da'irar bango. Waziri Badr al-Gamali ne ya sake gina su da dutse a ƙarshen karni na 11 miladiyya, waɗanda sassansu ke wanzuwa a yau a Bab Zuwayla a kudu da Bab al-Futuh da Bab al-Nasr a arewa. Ayyubids ne suka tsawaita kuma suka gyara bangon a matsayin wani ɓangare na babban shirin Salah ad-Din na kare alƙahira da Fustat ta bango ɗaya. Kwanan nan an tono sassan wadannan katangar kusa da wurin shakatawa na Al-Azhar, ciki har da wasu kofofin Ayyubid kamar Bab al-Barqiya. Citadel Salah ad-Din (Saladin) ya fara gina katafaren katafaren gini a shekara ta 1176 don zama kujerar mulkin Masar, tare da kammala ginin karkashin magajinsa. Tana kan titin tsaunin Muqattam da ke kusa da ke kallon birnin. Citadel ya kasance mazaunin sarakunan Masar har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 19, kuma an canza shi akai-akai a ƙarƙashin sarakunan da suka biyo baya. Musamman ma, Muhammad Ali Pasha ya gina masallacin Muhammad Ali na karni na 19 wanda har yanzu ya mamaye sararin samaniyar birnin tun daga inda yake. Kasuwanni da gine-ginen kasuwanci Mamluks, da kuma na Ottoman na baya, suma sun gina wikalas (caravanserais; wanda aka fi sani da khans) don gina 'yan kasuwa da kayayyaki saboda muhimmiyar rawar da ciniki da kasuwanci ke takawa a tattalin arzikin Alkahira. Misali mafi shahara kuma mafi kyawun kiyayewa shine Wikala al-Ghuri, wanda a zamanin yau kuma yana karbar bakuncin wasan kwaikwayo na Al-Tannoura na Masarautar Masarawa na Rawar Al'ada. Shahararriyar Khan al-Khalili sanannen cibiyar souq ce da cibiyar kasuwanci wacce kuma ta haɗa ayarin motoci. Wani misali na gine-ginen kasuwanci na tarihi shine Qasaba na Radwan Bay na karni na 17, wanda yanzu yana cikin yankin al-Khayamiyya wanda sunansa ya fito daga kayan ado na ado (khayamiyya) har yanzu ana sayar da su a nan. Matsayin adanawa Yawancin wannan yanki mai tarihi yana fama da rashin kulawa da lalacewa, a cikin wannan yanki na ɗaya daga cikin mafi talauci da cunkoso a babban birnin Masar. Bugu da kari, kamar yadda aka ruwaito a cikin mako na Al-Ahram, satar abubuwan tarihi da kayayyakin tarihi na Musulunci a yankin Al-Darb al-Ahmar na barazana ga kiyaye su na dogon lokaci.

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filin%20shakatawa%20na%20Pendjari

Filin shakatawa na Pendjari

Filin Shakatawa na Pendjari (Faransanci: Parc National de la Pendjari), Yana arewa maso yammacin Benin, kusa da Filin Shakatawa na Arli a Ƙasar Burkina Faso. An yi suna don Kogin Pendjari, Wurin shakatawar na ƙasa an san shi da namun daji kuma gida ne ga wasu daga cikin yawan mutanen da suka yi babban wasa kamar giwar daji ta Afirka, zaki, dorinar ruwa, bauna na Afirka, da dabbobin daji daban-daban a Afirika ta Yamma. Gidan shakatawar kuma sananne ne saboda wadataccen tsuntsaye. Gandun dajin na Pendjari yanki ne da ya kai muraba'in kilomita 2,755 (hamsin 275,500) a can arewa maso-yammacin Benin. Wurin shakatawan na daga cikin WAP hadadden (W-Arli-Pendjari) wanda yake yanki ne mai kariya sosai a cikin kasashen Benin, Burkina Faso da Niger. Duwatsu da tsaunuka na zangon Atakora suna sanya arewa maso yamma ɗaya daga cikin yankuna mafi kyau na ƙasar Benin. Suna ba da kyakkyawan tarihi ga Pendjari National Park, wanda, a keɓance da shi, ya kasance ɗayan mafi ban sha'awa a Afirka ta Yamma. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2009 an zabi shi a matsayin wani yanki na shirin shirin UNESCO na Tarihin Duniya, kuma a watan Yulin 2017 an sanya shi a hukumance a matsayin (UNESCO) World Heritage Site a matsayin wani bangare na fadada kasa da kasa na W-Arly-Pendjari Complex. Ilimin Lafiya Duwatsun na yankin ba su da katako tare da Burkea africana, Detarium microcarpum, Lannea acida, Sterculia setigera da Combretum ghasalense. Ana iya samun nau'ika-nau'ikan tsirrai masu yawa tare da Isoberlinia doka da Afzelia africana. Kogin Pendjari yana da gandun daji mai ban sha'awa. Wurin shakatawa ya hada da Sudan da arewacin Guinea savannas, tare da yankunan ciyawar da Acacia sieberiana da Mitragyna inermis ko Terminalia macroptera suka mamaye. Akwai babban ruwan sama na shekara shekara kusan milimita 1,100 (inci 43); Filin shakatawa a bude yake duk shekara, kodayake daga Yuni zuwa Nuwamba ruwan sama na iya zama mai nauyi kuma wasu sassan wurin shakatawa ba za a iya shiga ba. Furanni da Dabbobi Dabbobi masu shayarwa Filin shakatawar na Pendjari yana da yawan giwaye, wanda ya daidaita a cikin shekarun da suka gabata kuma ya kirga mutane sama da 800 tsakanin 2005 da 2010. Ciki har da Filin shakatawa na W mai makwabtaka da Filin shakatawa na Arly (WAP Complex), yawan jama'ar ya hada da giwaye sama da 3,800, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama babbar giwar giwa a duk yammacin Afirka. Na biyu mafi girma ajin shakatawa shine damisa. Har ila yau, akwai manyan mutane da yawa na wasu manyan ciyayi masu yawa kamar baffalo na Afirka (Syncerus caffer brachyceros; c. Dabbobi 2,700 a 2000), yammacin hartebeests (Alcelaphus buselaphus babba; c. 1,500 a 2000), roan dabbar daji (c. 2,000 a 2000), Babban dabba (c. 2,600 a 2000), da gandun daji. Wasu ire-iren dabbobin daji irin su korrigum (Damaliscus lunatus korrigum), bushbuck, da reedbuck ba su da yawa. Ananan bovids sune duiker mai jan ja, oribi, da duiker gama gari. Firayun zaitun, biri patas, da biri na tantalus suna wakiltar Primates. Dayan manyan masu farauta a yankin da aka kiyaye shine cheetah ta Arewa maso Yammacin Afirka (Acinonyx jubatus hecki). Ya zuwa 2007, mutane kusan 5-13 ne suka rage a gandun dajin da kuma Filin shakatawa na W mai makwabtaka. Zuwa shekarar 2009, zaki (Panthera leo leo) da ke cikin W-Arly-Pendjari Complex ya kunshi dabbobi kusan 100 kuma watakila shi ne mafi girma a Afirka ta Yamma a lokacin. An rubuta karen daji na Yammacin Afirka da ke cikin hatsari (Lycaon hoto manguensis) a cikin Filin shakatawa na Pendjari a lokacin bincike a cikin Afrilu 2000, da damisar Afirka, hyena mai hangowa, duwawu mai gefe-gefe, da civet na Afirka. Adadin ruwa (Kobus ellipsiprymnus defassa) ya ragu daga kusan 3,000 a cikin 1970s zuwa 120 kawai a 2004. Rayuwar tsuntsaye Ungulu mai kaho (Necrosyrtes monachus) mazaunin yanki ne mai kariya, amma a ƙananan lambobi. Filin shakatawr sananne ne saboda yalwar nau'in tsuntsaye. Akwai wasu nau'ikan daban daban har 300. Ana yin rikodin jigilar ruwa (Circus macrourus) da ƙaramar kestrel (Falco naumanni) lokaci-lokaci kuma akwai record na rubuce-rubucen da aka keɓe don ɓarnar fushin ungulu (Torgos tracheliotus). Fox kestrel (Falco alopex) ba sabon abu bane, yayin da kitsen da ya haɗiye ɗan Afirka (Chelictinia riocourii) baƙo ne na baƙon rani. Hakanan an yi rikodin gaggafa (Hieraaetus pennatus) a nan. BirdLife ta lura da cewa "Pendjari sananne ne ga manyan nau'ikan fitattun abubuwa kamarsu stork na Afirka (Anastomus lamelligerus), na Abdim's stork (Ciconia abdimii), stork-billed stork (Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis), kuma a wasu lokutan, garken tumaki na turai har 60 (Ciconia ciconia). Hakanan ana iya samun gaggafar kifin Afirka (Haliaeetus vocifer) da kuma mujiya mai kama da kamun kifi na Pel (Scotopelia peli)." Daga cikin shahararrun jinsunan da aka rubuta akwai hadiya mai fuka-fukai (Hirundo leucosoma), farin-kambin robin-chat (Cossypha albicapillus), wheotar Botta (Oenanthe bottae), sananniyar hira (Cercomela familiaris), fararen fata na gaba-fari (Myrmecocichla albifrons), yin izgili da hira (Thamnolaea cinnamomeiventris), dutsen da aka saba da shi (Monticola saxitilis), Senegal eremomela (Eremomela pusilla), blackcap babbler (Turdoides reinwardtii), pytilia mai fuka-fuka-fuka-fuka (Pytilia phoenicoptera), waxbill mai baƙar fata (Estrilda troglodytes) daji petronia (Petronia dentata) da Togo firdausi-whydah (Vidua togoensis). Gray tit-flycatcher (Myioparus plumbeus) an yi rikodin shi da wasu nau'ikan da dama na garƙashin. An sanya farar-kumburin greenbul (Phyllastrephus albigularis) a Tanguiéta da francolin mai yawan kumburi (Francolinus albogularis), wani baƙon mazaunin, an gan shi a yankin gonar kudu da Natitingou. Kudancin wurin shakatawar akwai wani babban yanki mai kariya wanda aka sani da Faransanci a matsayin La zone cygnetique de la Pendjari inda aka hango wasu nau'ikan halittun daban. Gandun dajin da gidan tsuntsayen suna da kariya daga gwamnati a Benin. Sauran nau'in tsuntsayen sun hada da: Fox kestrel (Falco alopex) mazaunin 1998 A3 Red-thighed sparrowhawk (Accipiter erythropus) mazaunin1998 Senegal parrot (Poicephalus senegalus) mazaunin 1998 A3 Violet turaco (Musophaga violacea) mazaunin 1998 A3 Blue-bellied roller (Coracias cyanogaster) mazaunin 1998 A3 Red-throated bee-eater (Merops bulocki) mazaunin 1998 A3 Bearded barbet (Lybius dubius) mazaunin 1998 A3 Yellow-billed shrike (Corvinella corvina) mazaunin 1998 A3 Piapiac (Ptilostomus afer) mazaunin 1998 A3 Yellow penduline-tit (Anthoscopus parvulus) mazaunin 1998 A3 Fanti saw-wing (Psalidoprocne obscura) mazaunin 1998 Pied-winged swallow (Hirundo leucosoma) mazaunin 1998 A3 Senegal eremomela (Eremomela pusilla) mazaunin 1998 A3 Blackcap babbler (Turdoides reinwardii) mazaunin 1998 A3 Purple glossy-starling (Lamprotornis purpureus) mazaunin 1998 A3 White-crowned robin-chat (Cossypha albicapilla) mazaunin 1998 A3 Bush petronia (Petronia dentata) mazaunin 1998 A3 Red-winged pytilia (Pytilia phoenicoptera) mazaunin 1998 A3 Red-faced pytilia (Pytilia hypogrammica) mazaunin 1998 A3 Lavender waxbill (Estrilda caerulescens) mazaunin 1998 A3 Black-rumped waxbill (Estrilda troglodytes) mazaunin 1998 A3 Togo paradise-whydah (Vidua togoensis) mazaunin 1998 A3 Manazarta Kara karantawa Assédé, E.P.S., Adomou, A.C. B. Sinsin (2012) Magnoliophyta, Biosphere reserve of Pendjari, Atacora Province, Benin. Check List 8 (4): 642–661. Hogan, C.M. 2009. Painted Hunting Dog: Lycaon pictus, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg Legba, F. (2005) Contribution de la vegetation des collines de la zone cynegetique et du Parc National de la Pendjari du Benin comme milieu cadre et milieu de la faune sauvage. Thèse Ing. Agr., Université d´Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou. 121 S. Nago, S.G.A. (2005) Diversité des amphibiens dans les terroirs riverrains à la Zone Cynogénétique de la Pendjari. Mémoire de diplôme d´étude approfondies (DEA), Université d´Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou. UNDP/ GEF (2005): Enhancing the effectiveness and catalyzing the sustainability of the W-Arly-Pendjari (WAP) protected area system. UNEP Project document PIMS 1617. Woodroffe, R., Ginsberg, J.R. and D.W. Macdonald. 1997. The African wild dog: status survey and conservation action plan, IUCN/SSC Candid Specialist Group, Published by IUCN, Hanyoyin haɗin waje Official Page Photos of Pendjari National Park $23.5 million funding pledge aims to protect critical West African national

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadisi

Hadisi

Hadisi ko Hadith: (da Larabci a musulunci ana nufin dukkannin abubuwan da Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) ya yi ko ya sa a yi ko aka yi a gabansa bai ce komi ba, ko bai hana ba. Kuma aka tattarashi a rubuce wannan shi ne Hadisi. Ma'anar Hadisi Hadisi na da ma’anoni guda biyu,ma’anarsa a luggance da kuma ma’anarsa a isdilahance. To abinda ya shafemu anan shi ne ma’anarsa a isdilahance, wato ma’anarsa a mahanga ta malaman Hadisi. A wajensu ma’anar Hadisi shi ne Hakaito Fadar Manzon Allah[S.A.W] Aikinsa da kuma Tabbatarwarsa. Wato ya ga abu ko ya ji abu bai ce komai ba.Wannan a Ta’arihi na malaman hadisi na Ahlul Sunnah wato Sunni Islam. Amma a Ta’arihi na malaman hadisi na Shi'a, hadisi yana nufin Hikaito Fadar Ma’anarsu,Aikinsa da kuma tabbatarwarsa.Wato abinda aka hikaito daga Manzon Allah[S] da kuma A'imma na Ahlul bait[AS]Anan saboda Iiti}adin da mabiya Ahlul-bait suke da shi na cewa Aimma na Ahlul bait Ma’asumaine, saboda haka dukkan zantukansu da ayyukansu da kuma tabbatarwarsu sunna ne. Shi yasa a wannan darasi na Hadisi da za’a dunga gabatarwa lokaci bayan lokaci zamu ga Hadisai masu yawan gaske da aka ruwaito daga wajensu.To tambaya anan menene banbanci tsakanin sunna da hadisi? Sunna ita ce ainihin fadar Manzon Allah,aikinsa ko tabbatarwarsa, ko kuma na daya daga cikin Iimaman Ahlul- bait. Shi ko hadisi shi ne hikaitowa ko ruwaito fadin ko aikin ko kuma tabbatarwar. Tarihin Rubuta Hadisi Tarihin rubuta Hadisi a mahangar shi’a da sunnah.Tarihin rubuta hadisi wani abu ne da Malaman sunnah suka yi bayanai da kuma rubuce-rubuce a kai,kuma ko wannensu da nashi mahangar.Domin a Ahlus-sunnah an soma rubutawa da kuma tattara hadisai a lokacin khalifancin Umar dan Abdul-Aziz, ya yi khalifanci a bayan hijira ta 99 zuwa 101.wannan kuma ya faru ne a kan asasin umarninsa da yin hakan.Amma khalifofin da suka gabace shi sun hana,ba wai kawai sun hana rubutawa ba, a’a har hana yada hadisai aka yi.Ta yiyu wasu su sha mamaki akan haka,amsa anan shi ne su karanci Tarihi zasu ga haka dama fiye da haka.domin zasu ga wadanda suka rubuta hadisai a lokacin Manzon Allah[S] da kuma bayansa aka sa su gogesu,wasu ma konawa suka yi,kai ta kai ma akwai sahabban da aka tsare a madina,aka hana su fita madinar saboda gudun kada su je su yada hadisai.Su wadanda suka dauki wannan mataki hujjarsu ita ce wai kada mutane su shagaltu da wani abu in ba Alkur’ani ba.kuma shi wannan yunkuri na hana rubuta hadisai na Manzon Allah[S.A.W],tun Manzon Allah yana duniya aka fara shi,alal misali akwai wani sahabi mai suna Abdullahi dan Amru da yake rubutawa amma wasu suka hana shi,har ya kai maganar ga Manzon Allah[S].Kuma idan mutum duk bai san ire-ire wadannan ba,ai akwai abin da ya auku gab da rasuwar Manzon Allah[S.A.W] da ya bukaci a kawo masa takarda da tawada ya rubuta abinda in an bi shi ba za’a bace ba a bayansa,sai wani daga cikin sahabban da ke wajen ya ce kada a kawo, littafin Allah ya ishemu,to mu duba fa Manzon Allah ne zai rubuta da kansa amma aka hana to ina ga wani.Saboda haka a zahirance ana nunawa cewa wai ka da mutane su shagaltu da wani abu in ba Alqur’ani ba,amma a badinance wadanda suka dauki wannan mataki na hana rubutawa ko yada Hadisai na Manzon Allah suna tsoron hadisai da suke bayanin khalifanci ko kuma fifikon Ahlul-bait,domin idan zata bayyana ma mutane ai ga wadanda Manzon Allah [S.AW] ya bayyana a matsayin khalifofi a bayansa a cikin hadisai to masu khalifanci a lokacin zai kasance ba hujja ga yin khalifcinsu.Shi ya sa a lokacin Mu’awiya ya fito da abun baro-baro yaba da umarnin cewa duk wani hadisi da aka samo daga Imam Ali ko yake bayani dangane da Ahlul bait ko falalarsu kada a yada shi,kuma duk wanda aka samu ya sabama wannan umarni zai dauki mataki a kansa,mutum ya tambayi tarihi zai bashi amsar irin abubuwan da ya yi. Shi ya sa a lokacin idan isnadin hadisi ya tuke ga Imam Ali[AS] sai ka ji an ce,an wane,an wane……daga baban Zainab ko baban Hassan ya ji daga Manzon Allah,wato ba a bayyana sunan Imam Ali,saboda gudun abind a zai biyo baya,kai wasu ma malaman hadisan ko baban Zainab ko Hasan basa fadi,sai dai su ce daga wani mutum ya ji daga Manzon Allah,kuma wani abun mamaki har yanzu a littafan hadisai na Ahlus-sunnah idan mutum na karantawa jefi-jefi zai ci karo da irin wadannan hadisai wanda a karshen isnadin ka ga an ce daga wani mutum ko baban Zainab ya ji daga Manzon Allah.Kuma in mutum ya duba tarihi zai ga cewa lokacin da khalifan Abbasawa mai suna Mansur ya bukaci Malik dan Anas wato shugaban mazhabar malikiyya da ya rubuta littafi na hadisi,wanda da ya rubuta ya sa masa suna muwaddha,to daga cikin sharadin da ya gindaya masa shi ne kada ya kawo hadisai da aka samo daga Imam Ali,mutum na iya bincika muwaddha ya ga hadisai guda nawa ne aka samo daga Imam Ali.Saboda haka tattara hadisai da rubuta su a matsayin littafi bai auku ba a Ahlus-sunnah sai a cikin karni na biyu,kuma in mutum ya yi bincike zai ga cewa mafi yawan malaman Ahlus-sunnah sun bayyana cewa littafin Hadisi na farko da aka soma rubutawa shi ne Muwa]]a.To amma idan muka juya a bangaren shi’a zamu ga akasin haka in mutum ya yi bincike zai ga yadda A'imma na Ahlul bait suka rubuta kuma suka karfafa mabiyansu ga rubuta hadisai na Manzon Allah[S].Farkon wanda ya soma rubuta hadisai na Manzon Allah[S] da kuma tattara su shi ne Sayyadina Aliyu AS. kana ya yi haka ne da umarnin Manzon Allah[S].Akwai ma manyan littafai na hadisai guda biyu da A'imma[AS] suka gada daga wajen Imam Ali[AS] mai son ganin sunayen littafan da kuma abubuwan da suka kunsa,ya duba littafi mai suna “Ma’alimul-madrasataini” juz’i na biyu.Bayan haka kuma akwai Mus’hafi Fatima wanda abin da ke cikinsa shi ne Hadisai da sayyida Fadima[AS] ta ji,musamman ma na abubuwan da za su auku,amma abun mamaki daga wasu sashen Musulmi na rashin adalci da kuma jahiltar me ake nufi da mushafi Fatima,sai suna kazafin cewa wai mus’hafi Fatima wani Al-kur’ani ne.Na farko duk wanda zai ce maka wasu na da wani Al-kur'ani,wannan ya nuna lalle bai fahimci ayar da take cewa, “Mune muka saukar da Ambato kuma lalle mune masu kare shi”Allah[T] ya kare Alkur’ani ta kowace fuska,wato na kayi masa kari ko ragi ballantana kuma wai a kirkire shi. Mai wannan tunanin, haka ya nuna jahilcinsa da kuma wautarsa.Na biyu wasu kalmomi a larabci wani lokaci ana amfani da su a ma’anarsu ta lugga ko isdilahi,saboda haka ya danganta,misali anan mus’hafi fadima,Mus’haf anan da nufin ma’anarsa ta lugga ba wai isdilahi ba.Saboda haka idan mutum yaji ko ya karanta ire-iren wadannan kalmomi sai ya bincika ana nufin ma’ana ta lugga ko isdilahi.Ba gashi an yi bayanin ma’anar hadisi da sunnah a isdilahin malaman hhadisi ba amma in da za a duba ma’anarsu a luggace zamu ga ai ba haka bane,misali ma’anar sunnah a luggace shi ne hanya,ma’anar kuma hadisi a luggace shi ne Labari.Na ukku idan zaka yi hukunci ga wasu mutane kan wani abu da aka jingina masu,to adalci da kuma ilimi shi ne ka bincika littafansu ka ga haka ne?Shi ya sa anan muna kira ga yan’uwanmu musulmi Ahlus sunnah na duk wani abu da suka ji ko suka karanta wadanda aka jingina ma shi’a da su bincika a littafan shi’ar su ga haka ne ko ba haka ba. Ko wannan mus’hafi Fadima ga mai bukatar bayani akansa ya duba littafin ma’alim da aka ambata a sama.zai ga yadda malamin ya kawo wani hadisi daga Imam Sadiq [AS] dangane da mus’hafi Fatima,ya ke cewa, “Acikinsa babu wata aya ta Alkur’ani,ko hukunce-hukunce na halal da haram,abinda ke cikinsa ilimi ne na abubuwan da za su kasance, har ya cika da cewa wallahi ba Alkur’ani bane.”Haka nan kuma Imam Ali[AS] shi ne farkon wanda ya tattara Alkur’ani a waje guda,in mutum ma ya bincika zai ga cewa abinda Imam Ali ya soma yi bayan wafatin Manzon Allah[S] shi ne tattara Alkur’ani amma mu duba yadda a daya bangaren aka jirkita abun aka mai da shi lokacin Usman dan Affan (AS) abubuwa da yawa makamantan haka sun faru,wasu aka jirkita su wasu kuma aka boye,wanda sai mutum ya bincika a bangaren Ahlul bait zai ga hakika. A kwai wani hadisi a cikin muwaddha Malik mai ban tsoro kuma abin tsokaci ga masu tunani,Hadisin shi ne bayan yakin Uhud sahabban da suka yi shahada bayan an kammala jana’izarsu sai Manzon Allah[S] ya ce ga su shuhada na uhud:Wa]annan zan yi masu shaida'u sai Sayyidina Abubakar (RA) ya ce ya Manzon Allah mu ba yan’uwansu bane,mun musulunta kamar yadda suka musulunta,mun yi jihadi kamar yadda suka yi jihadi?sai Manzon Allah[S] ya ce haka ne, sai dai ban san me zaku yi a bayana ba,jin haka sai Abubakar ya fashe da kuka, cikon hadisin yake cewa zamu kasance a bayan ka ne.To idan mutum ya duba sharhin muwadda mai suna Tanwirul-Hawalik,wajen sharhin wadannan zan yi masu shaida sai malamin ya ce: Ai zan yi masu shaida ga Imani sahihi da kuma rashin canzawa da kuma rashin gogoriyo ga neman duniya,da makamantansu.Idan mutum na son ya ga wannan Hadisi cikin muwaddha sai ya duba Kitabul-jihad fasalin da ya ke Magana kan shuhada’u fi sabilillah.Wannan hadisi ya nuna abubuwa za su faru bayan wafatin Manzon Allah[S],kuma lalle sun faru musammam ga Ahlu baitinsa da kuma mabiyansu,kai da ma Hadisan Manzon Allah[S].Da mutum zai yi bincike kan irin jarabawowin da wasu daga cikin masu ruwaito hadisai suka fuskanta a hannun masu tafi da iko a daular bani umayya da Abbasawa dama gabanin haka ta fuskoki dabam-dabam da ya sha mamaki. A takaice dai mabiya Ahlul bait sun riga mabiya Ahlus sunnah wajen rubuta hadisai,Wato saboda hani da su Ahlus-sunnah suka bi daga masu tafi da iko na hana rubuta hadisai da kuma yada su. Wai saboda hujjar kada a hada wani abu da Alqur’ani,alhali in mutum ya duba zai ga cewa ba yadda za’a yi ka fahimci Alqur’ani in ba tare da hadisi ba,domin hadisi shi ya ke fassara abubuwan da suke dunkule na cikin Alkur'ani. Manazarta

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitalina%20Bibliv

Vitalina Bibliv

Vitalina Nikolaevna Bibliv (an haife ta a ranar 15 ga watan Oktoban, 1980, Vasilkov, Kiev yankin, Ukrainian SSR ‘yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Ukraine, jarumar fina-finai kuma ‘yar wasan talabijin. Wacce ta lashe lambar yabo ta Yula National Prize (2019), Jaruma da aka karrama a Ukraine (2020). Tarihin Rayuwa An haifi Vitalina Bibliv a ranar 15 ga watan Oktoban, 1980, a birnin Vasilkov, Kyiv yankin. Malamin makaranta Inna Pushkareva ya taimaka mata wajen zabar wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin sana'a. A ranar Malamai a aji na tara, an umurci Vitalina da ta taka rawa a matsayin Verka Serduchka. Duk da tana shakka, malamin ya kara mata karfin gwiwakwarjininta. Bayan ta kammala makaranta, Vitalina tayi karatu a Makarantar Al’adu. A cikin wata hira, ta ayyana cewa tun tana makaranta ta yi mafarkin zama ‘yar wasan kwaikwayo sannan kuma tayi aiki a circus. A cikin 2003-2004 ta kasance 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a Kyiv Free Stage Theater. Daga 2003 zuwa 2008 ta yi aiki a matsayin jarumar fim a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kyiv "Atelier 16". Tun a shekara ta 2008 a makarantar Kiev Academic Theater mai suna “Golden Gate", yayin da tayi aiki tare da Kyiv Academic Young Theater, wajen samar da hukumar "TE-ART". A shekara ta 2015, Vitalina Bibliv ta zama ‘yar wasan a gidan wasa, tana taka rawa a matsayin Glory a cikin wasan kwaikwayon "Stalkers" na Stas Zhirkov. Fitowarta sinima a karo na farko ya faru a shekara ta 2004 wani rawa da ta taka a jerin wasan TV mai suna "So Makãho" wanda Nikolai Kaftan ya jagoranta. Masu sukar sun ba da kulawa ta musamman ga fim ɗin Waƙar Waƙoƙi (fim ɗin 2015) wanda Eva Neymann ya jagoranta, inda Vitalina ta fito a matsayin mahaifiya Bayahudiya. Ana ganin shirin a a matsayin fim mafi kyawu a Turai (2012), fim mafi kyawun fim na gasar kasa da kasa na cikin gida na Odessa International Film Festival (2015). A shekara ta 2009, an nada ta daya daga cikin 20 jarumai mata na musamman a Ukraine. Tana koyarwa a Kwalejin Al'adu da Fasaha ta Kyiv, kuma tana zama kuma tana aiki a Kyiv. Kyiv Academic Theatre "Golden Gate" Gidan wasan kwaikwayo "Atelier 16" Gidan wasan kwaikwayo The Threepenny Opera ta B. Brecht Peacham Series The Glass Menagerie na T. William Laura "Kwai Doki" bisa ga wasan kwaikwayo "Victor, ko Children in Power" na Roger Vitraka Teresa Mano "Wanda ya fado daga sama", kiɗa na yara bisa ga labarun gargajiya na Ukrainian Bukhanochka "Muhimmancin Yin Ƙarfafawa" O. Wilde Miss Prism "Jiran Godot (Maza Masu Jiran)" na S. Becket Orchestra "Jiran Godot (Matsayin Mata)" S. Becket Pozzo "Romeo da Juliet" na W. Shakespeare Nurse "Kashe kansa" M. Erdman Serafima Ilyinichna 2015 "Jin bayan bango" Anna Yablonskaya; dir. Stas Zhirkov 2015 "Stalkers" na Pavel Arye; dir. Stas Zhirkov Slavka (co-samar da Golden Gate Theater da Kiev Academic Young Theater) 2016 "Glory ga Heroes" na P. Aryeh; dir. Stas Zhirkov 2016 "Kayan wasa masu ban sha'awa a kan rufin" bisa "matakan haske" na Veniamin Kaverin; dir. Dmitry Gusakov 2017 "KostyaKatyaMamaTea" ta Tamara Trunova; dir. Tetyana Gubriy mahaifiyar Katya 2017 "Launuka" na Pavel Arye; dir. V. Belozorenko Violet 2017 "Baba, ka so ni?" dangane da wasan kwaikwayon "The Quiet Rustle of Disappearing Steps" na Dmitry Bogoslavsky; dir. Stas Zhirkov 2018 "Miss Julia" ta Agusta Strindberg; dir. Ivan Uryvsky Freken Julia 2019 "Dauki komai daga rayuwa" Ruslan Gorovoy da daddy Bo; dir. Tetyana Hubriy 2020 "Iyalin masanin ilimin likitancin Lyudmila" Pavel Arye; dir. Elena Apchel asalin 2021, Maris 13 wasan kwaikwayo na solo "The Squirrel wanda ya rayu shekaru 100" na Oleg Mikhailov; dir. Stas Zhirkov Kamfanin samarwa "TE-ART" 2016 "Illusions" na Ivan Vyrypaev; dir. Stas Zhirkov 2017 Hargitsi. Mata Akan Gaban Rushewar Jijiya” Mika Mylluaho; dir. Maxim Golenko 2020, Oktoba 31 "mata masu aminci" na hukumomin Olkhovskaya; dir. Tetyana Hubriy Wasu "Don Juan" na Molière; dir. Stanislav Moiseev Matyurina (Kyiv Academic Young Theater) 2015 "The Cauldron" na Maria Starozhitskaya; dir. Evgeny Stepanenko (wasan kwaikwayo na multimedia a cinema na Kinopanorama) 2017 "Yadda za a kashe miliyan wanda ba ya wanzu" bisa ga littafin "Yadda za a kashe miliyan wanda ba ya wanzu da sauran labarun wani yaro Bayahude" na Garik Korogodsky; dir. Tikhon Tikhomirov (kasuwanci, Kyiv) 2019 "Don dalilai na iyali" Ray Cooney; dir. Vyacheslav Zhyla (kasuwanci, Kyiv) 2019 "Don Juan" haɗin zamani na Marina Smilyanets; dir. Maxim Golenko (Kiev Academic Theatre "Actor") Fina-finan jaruma 2004 Love is blind Episode 2005 Thanks for everything Young midwife 2005 "The myth of the ideal man" Nastya 2005-2006 Lesya Roma (TV series) episode 2006 Return of Mukhtar-3 (85th series "Marquis and Garden") nanny 2006 Nine Lives of Nestor Makhno episode 2006 Grandfather of my dreams 2 housekeeper 2006 Madhouse episode 2006 Beware of blondes! episode 2006 Utiosov, song for life nurse 2006-2007 Guardian Angel (TV series) Agatha, journalist 2007 Harp for the Beloved Methodist 2007 The return of Mukhtar-4 (57th series "Beautiful finale") Kozlova 2007 Money for daughter Valentina 2007 Sign of Destiny episode 2007 Forgiveness Sunday Lyudka 2007-2011 In search of truth 2008 My daughter 2008 Red Lotus Zhanna, Dmitry's wife 2008 Blue as sea eyes Timur's wife 2008 Maid of the Three Masters Natasha 2008 Mysterious Island Vachterka 2009 Ice in the coffee grounds actress 2009 Shark Valya, a nurse in a special reception 2009 Prodigal children Lyudmila Nikolaevna, teacher 2009 The return of Mukhtar-5 (48th series "Money does not smell") an employee of the currency exchange 2009 Legends of witch love episode 2009 Melody for Katerina engraving on the machine 2009 Assholes. Arabesque 2009 Windows pharmacy clerk 2009 Autumn Flowers Wiring 2009 According to the law Ant (21st series "Death of the Jubilee") Murashkin 2009 Abduction of the Goddess Makeup 2009 Matchmakers-2 (TV series) florist 2009 Life of Captain Chernyaev episode (uncredited) 2009 Without trial or investigation 2009 Dead End 2010 Faith. Hope. Love Valya, nurse 2010 The war ended yesterday Manka 2010 Neighbors Masha, daughter of Radmila 2010 Smile when the stars cry 2010 finished 2011 Indian summer milkmaid 2011 The Ballad of the Bomber episode 2011 Grandfather cashier 2011 House with a tower curly woman 2011 Return of Mukhtar-7 (55th series "Under the Hat") Olga Nikolaevna Murzintseva, Petrushkina's housekeeper 2011 Donut Luca country girl (uncredited) 2011 Casanova's last case Pavlova, lieutenant of the State Tax Service (uncredited) 2011 Seven miles to the sky Lida, dressmaker 2011 Urgently looking for a man an employee of the Central Address Bureau 2011 I will never forget you Valya, postman 2012 Match episode 2012 Tales of Mityai Anya Ptichnitsa 2012 Island of useless people Vicki, Lisa's friend 2012 Ukraine, goodbye! Non-GMO (short) 2012 General's daughter-in-law Klava 2012 Jamaica cook in the colony 2012 The road to the void Raisa Andreevna, savings 2012 Female Doctor (TV series) Vita Igorevna Polupanova, head nurse 2012 Defender Tamara, summer resident 2012 Waiting list Varya, nurse 2012 I love because I love Lucy, saleswoman 2012 Lover for Lucy Snow Maiden 2012 Love with a weapon Inna, psychologist 2012 Dumb Masha 2012 Odessa-mother Angela, Arnold's wife 2012 Flight of the Butterfly Maid 2012 Gunpowder and Fraction (Film 6 "Gray Mouse") Nurse 2012 Rollfield 2013 Passion for Chapai episode 2013 Double life nurse 2013 Steward Belka, florist 2013 Female doctor-2 (TV series) Vita Igorevna Polupanova, senior midwife 2013 Love with a trial period Lisa, librarian 2013 Butterflies (mini-series) Nina, paramedic 2013 Lonely Hearts Irina 2013 Divorce of neighbors Tanechka 2013 Vacation for living Oksana, Ulyana's friend 2013 Chief of Police Zina 2013 Schuler Kurybko, leader 2013 I will always wait for you Dusy 2014 Botman Seagull 2014 Poddubny sister of Ivan Poddubny 2014 Brotherhood Tanya, nurse 2014 Everything will return registry office worker 2014 Let's kiss stranger 2014 Farewell, boys Masha, Zaitsev's wife 2014 Beach Zoya, Pie Saleswoman 2014 Sing in a moment Olechka, nurse 2014 While the village sleeps Baba-1 2014 Charlie Nurse 2015 Come back Let's talk cashier 2015 Officers' wives Glasha 2015 Song of Songs Shimek's mother 2015 Servant of the people (TV series) Mila, Skoryk's wife 2015 This is love toastmaster 2015 Poor People 2016 Welcome to the Canarian Service Dear Nurse 2016 Nikonov Co Larisa Novikova 2016 Express business trip Tanya 2016 On the line of life Yana, nurse 2016 Pushers Irina Marusheva 2016 Presenter (TV series) Valya, leading car restaurant 2016 Central Hospital Vera Nachalova, wife of Vladimir 2017 Upside down 2017 The second life of Eva Tatyana 2017 Female Doctor 3 (TV series) Vita Igorevna Polupanova, Kvitko's wife 2017 Line of Light Tamara 2017 Dawn will come Margarita Petrovna Stepanova (Queen Margot), matron 2017 Servant of the people 2. From love to impeachment (TV series) Mila, Skorik's wife 2017 Specialists Council, Secretary 2017 Know our 2017 First night Faina Zakharovna (short) 2018 Two poles of love ("Two banks of the road") Zinaida Kurbatova, Fedor's wife, mother of twins 2018 Two mothers (TV series) Galina Poltorak, mother of Zoya and Sergey 2018 Zainka (short) 2018 A year in debt! episode 2018 House for happiness Lyuba 2018 Gate Glory, daughter of Baba Prisi 2019 11 children from Morshyn cleaning lady in the shopping center 2019 Someone else's life (TV series) episode 2019 Routes of Destiny 2019 Cherkasy mother Mouse 2019 House for happiness 2 Lyuba 2019 Female Doctor-4 (TV series) Vita Igorevna Polupanova, Kvitko's wife 2019 Meeting of classmates Irka 2019 Family for a year Shirma Svetlana Yurievna, OPEC officer 2019 Survive at any cost (TV series) Galina Fedorovna, mother-in-law 2019 Medfak 2020 Papanki-2 head of condominiums 2020 Female doctor 5 (TV series) Vita Igorovna Polupanova, flower girl 2020 Suffer a little 2021 Dead Lilies Galina 2021 Amber Cops 2021 Lusya Intern Nina Rozhok 2021 House of happiness. Bourbon Time Luba 2021 Doctor Hope 2022 House for happiness 3 Lyuba 2022 Bobrinsky House Olga Nikolaevna Onufrieva 2022 Hope Kwaikwayo da aikin murya 1950 Cinderella Drisella 2015 Tunani a ciki Bakin ciki 2015 Cikakken Muryar 2 (Bella) Cow (Fat) Amy (Patricia) (wanda Rebel Wilson ya buga) 2016 Neman Aiki Robin, marubucin Alice (wanda Rebel Wilson ya buga) 2019 Rascals mai ban sha'awa Lonnie (wanda Rebel Wilson ya yi) 2019 Cats Geniashvendi (wanda Rebel Wilson ya buga) 2020 Sonic Sonic the Hedgehog Kyaututtuka da zaɓe 2016 Kyautar kyautar gidan wasan kwaikwayo "Kyiv Pectoral" a cikin nadin "Mafi kyawun samar da 'yar wasan kwaikwayo" don rawar da ta taka a cikin wasan kwaikwayo "Stalkers" 2019 Nasara a cikin lambar yabo ta gidan wasan kwaikwayo na IV "Mirror of the Stage" (jarida "Mirror of the Week. Ukraine") a cikin nadin "Acting Charisma" domin ta rawa a cikin play "Miss Julia", gidan wasan kwaikwayo "Golden Gate". 2019 Kyautar Fim ta Kasa "Golden Dziga". Golden Dziga Award for Best Support Actress (rawar da Slavka a The Gates) 2020 Mawaƙi mai daraja na Ukraine. Manazarta Haihuwan 1980 Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

40867

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon%20II

Napoleon II

Napoleon II (Napoléon François Joseph Charles Bonaparte; 20 Maris 181122 Yuli 1832) an yi jayayya da Sarkin Faransa na 'yan makonni a 1815. Dan Sarkin sarakuna Napoleon na I da Marie Louise na Ostiriya, ya kasance Yarima Imperial na Faransa kuma Sarkin Roma tun lokacin haihuwa. Bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa, ya rayu sauran rayuwarsa a Vienna kuma an san shi a cikin kotun Austrian a matsayin Franz, Duke na Reichstadt don rayuwarsa ta girma (daga fassarar Jamusanci na sunansa na biyu, tare da lakabin da ya kasance. Sarkin Ostiriya ya ba shi a karni na 1818). An ba shi sunan barkwanci L'Aiglon ("Eaglet") bayan shahararren wasan Edmond Rostand, L'Aiglon. Lokacin da Napoleon I na yi ƙoƙarin yin murabus a ranar 4 ga watan Afrilu 1814, ya ce ɗansa zai yi sarauta a matsayin sarki. Duk da haka, wadanda suka yi nasara a kawancen sun ki amincewa da dansa a matsayin magajinsa, kuma an tilasta wa Napoleon na daya yin murabus ba tare da wani sharadi ba bayan wasu kwanaki. Duk da cewa Napoleon II bai taba mulkin Faransa a zahiri ba, a taƙaice shi ne Sarkin sarakuna na Faransa bayan faduwar mahaifinsa na biyu. Ya rayu mafi yawan rayuwarsa a Vienna kuma ya mutu sakamakon tarin fuka yana da shekaru 21. Dan uwansa, Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, ya kafa daular Faransa ta biyu a 1852 kuma ya yi mulki a matsayin Sarkin sarakuna Napoleon III. Tarihin Rayuwa Haihuwa An haifi Napoleon ll a ranar 20 ga watan Maris 1811, a Fadar Tuileries, ɗan Sarkin sarakuna Napoleon I da Empress Marie Louise. A wannan rana ya yi ondoyé (bikin gargajiya na Faransanci wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin farkon baftisma, gajeriyar baftisma) ta Joseph Fesch tare da cikakken sunansa Napoleon François Charles Joseph. Baftismar, wanda aka yi wahayi daga bikin baftisma na Louis, Grand Dauphin na Faransa, an yi shi a ranar 9 ga watan Yuni 1811 a Notre Dame de Paris. Karl Philipp, Yariman Schwarzenberg, jakadan Austria a Faransa, ya rubuta game da baftisma: {{Blockquote|The baptism ceremony was beautiful and impressive; the scene in which the emperor took the infant from the arms of his noble mother and raised him up twice to reveal him to the public [thus breaking from long tradition, as he did when he crowned himself at his coronation] was loudly applauded; in the monarch's manner and face could be seen the great satisfaction that he took from this solemn moment. An saka shi a cikin kulawar Louise Charlotte Françoise de Montesquiou, zuriyar François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois, wanda ake kira Governess of the children of France. Mai ƙauna da haziƙanci, gwamanati ta tattara ɗimbin littattafan da aka yi niyya don baiwa jarirai tushe mai ƙarfi a cikin addini, falsafa, da al'amuran soja. Hakkokin magada A matsayinsa na kawai ɗan halal na Napoleon na I, ya riga ya kasance bisa tsarin mulki yarima Imperial kuma magaji, amma Sarkin sarakuna kuma ya ba dansa salon Sarkin Roma. Bayan shekaru uku, daular Faransa ta farko ta rushe. Napoleon na ga matarsa ta biyu da ɗansu na ƙarshe a ranar 24 ga watan Janairu 1814. A ranar 4 ga watan Afrilu 1814, ya yi murabus don goyon bayan dansa mai shekaru uku bayan yakin kwanaki shida da yakin Paris. Yaron ya zama Sarkin Faransa a ƙarƙashin sunan mulkin Napoleon II. Duk da haka, a ranar 6 ga watan Afrilu 1814, Napoleon I ya yi murabus kuma ya yi watsi da hakkinsa na kursiyin Faransa kawai, har ma na zuriyarsa. Yarjejeniyar Fontainebleau a cikin karni na 1814 ta ba wa yaron 'yancin yin amfani da lakabin Yariman Parma, na Placentia, da na Guastalla, kuma mahaifiyarsa ta kasance mai suna Duchess na Parma, na Placentia, da na Guastalla. Mulki A ranar 29 ga watan Maris 1814, Marie Louise, tare da rakiyar ta, sun bar Fadar Tuileries tare da ɗanta. Tasharsu ta farko ita ce Château de Rambouillet; sa'an nan, saboda tsoron gaba da sojojin abokan gaba, suka ci gaba zuwa Château de Blois. A ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu, tare da tawagarta sun ragu sosai, Marie Louise da ɗanta mai shekaru uku sun dawo Rambouillet, inda suka sadu da mahaifinta, Sarkin sarakuna Francis I na Austria, da Sarkin sarakuna Alexander I na Rasha. A ranar 23 ga Afrilu, rakiyar rundunar Ostiriya, uwa da danta sun bar Rambouillet da Faransa har abada, don gudun hijira a Ostiriya. Girmamawa Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Stephen, 1811 First French Empire: Grand Eagle of the Legion of Honour Kingdom of Italy: Knight of the Order of the Iron Crown, 1st Class Knight Grand Cross of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George Coats of arms Duba kuma Yarjejeniyar Sarkin Roma Fadar Sarkin Roma Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

55377

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.%20Allatini

R. Allatini

BRose Laure Allatini(23 Janairu 1890 a Vienna-23 ga Nuwamba 1980 a Rye, Sussex )yar Australiya ce-marubuciyar Burtaniya wacce ta rubuta a karkashin rubuto sunayen R.Allatini,AT Fitzroy,Mrs Cyril Scott,Lucian Wainwright,da Eunice Buckley.An fi saninta da littafinta na 1918 da aka ƙi kuma an ƙi(an rubuta a ƙarƙashin sunan alƙalami AT Fitzroy ),wanda aka dakatar da shi a ƙarƙashin Dokar Tsaron Daular kamar yadda ya haɗu da jigogi na luwaɗi da luwadi waɗanda ake tunanin "mai yiwuwa su ƙi daukar mutane.domin yin hidima a rundunar Mai Martaba Sarki”. CW Daniel ne ya buga abin raina kuma an ƙi shi kuma ƙungiyar Bloomsbury ta ɗauke shi.Angela K.Smith ta bayyana littafin a matsayin zana alaƙa tsakanin zalunci da 'yan luwadi da kuma maganganun daular mulkin mallaka.Yana ba da labarin haɗaɗɗiyar dangantakar budurwa da mawaƙin ɗan luwadi da aka tura aikin soja;Kin amincewarsa ya kai ga yi masa shari’a da dauri. Iyali An haifi Rose Laure Allatini a Vienna,a cikin babban dangin Yahudawa masu wadata.An haifi mahaifinta,Roberto Allatini a Tassaluniki,Daular Ottoman (yanzu Girka)akan 17 Disamba 1856, ga Moïse(Musa)Allatini(1809-1882)da Rosa Mortera(1819-1892);mahaifiyarta, Bronislawa("Bronia")Rapoport von Porada an haife shi a Krakow,Poland(sannan a ƙarƙashin ikon Austria)akan 17 Disamba 1869,zuwa Arnold Rapoport,Edler von Porada(1840-1907)da Laura Rapoport Edlen von Porada(Eibenshutz).A shekara ta 1911,Rose Laure Allatini,'yar uwarta Flore da iyayensu,Roberto da Bronislawa, suna zaune a 18 Holland Park,London, kuma Robert Allatini an jera shi a cikin ƙidayar a matsayin ɗan kasuwa mai ritaya.A cikin 1946,mahaifiyarta(da ke zaune a 61B Holland Park)ta yi watsi da zama ɗan ƙasar Italiya bayan ta zama ɗan ƙasar Burtaniya. A cikin Mayu 1921,Allatini ya auri mawaki Cyril Scott,kamar ta mai sha'awar Theosophy.Suna da 'ya'ya biyu,Vivien Mary b.1923 da Desmond Cyril (1926 2019),amma sun rabu a cikin 1939,bayan barkewar WWll.Memoir na ɗanta ya ce "Sai dai shekarun yaƙi 1939-45,wanda ta yi tare da Melanie(JMA)Mills[...] a Beckley,wani ƙaramin ƙauye a Sussex,ta zauna a Landan,amma kowace shekara saboda dalilai na lafiya.ya tafi Switzerland kuma Melanie ta raka ta.' Dukansu Project Orlando da gidan yanar gizon Brighton Gay da Lesbian Brighton Labarin mu,duk da haka,sun yi iƙirarin cewa ta kashe sauran rayuwarta tare da Mills a Rye. A lokacin rani na 1980 Rose Allatini ta ƙaura daga gidanta a London zuwa gidan ritaya a ƙasar kusa da gidan kawarta Melanie Mills. Ta mutu a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba 1980 a Rye,Sussexkuma an binne ta a Hastings. Sana'ar rubutu Daga 1914 zuwa 1978,Allatini an san ya rubuta litattafai kusan arba'in(wasu daga cikinsu a karkashin sunan'Lucian Wainwright'da talatin da sunan'Eunice Buckley'),da kuma rubuta gajerun labarai. Jigogin da Allatini ya fi so sun haɗa da rashin lafiya da warkaswa,kiɗa,mutuwa da wuri,batutuwan Yahudawa,da sihiri. Rana kuma An ƙi Littafin littafinta da aka yi watsi da shi da aka buga a cikin 1918 an saita shi a tsakanin masu son zaman lafiya a lokacin yakin duniya na daya.Jima'i na yawancin haruffan da ke cikin littafin ana wakilta a matsayin rashin kwanciyar hankali,ta hanyar da ba a saba gani ba don lokacin. Antoinette,babban macen hali,da farko yana da sha'awar murkushe tsohuwar mace,sa'an nan kuma ya faɗi don Dennis, ɗan kishili wanda ya riga ya yi mata aure, wani ɓangare a matsayin ɓarna ga ainihin jima'i,kuma wani ɓangare a cikin bege cewa za ta iya'warkar da shi.Dennis mutum ne mai ƙin yarda da imaninsa kuma ɗan luwadi ne,kuma jigogin zaman lafiya da rashin al’ada na jima’i sun sa littafin ya zama ɗaya da zai haifar da babbar gardama a shekara ta 1918.Rose Allatini ta ƙaddamar da rubutun ga kamfanin Allen &amp; Unwin.Stanley Unwin ya ƙi shi saboda yuwuwar sa na haifar da abin kunya,amma ya ba da shawarar cewa ta aika da shi zuwa CW Daniel,wani mai fafutukar tabbatar da zaman lafiya wanda ya buga littattafai da yawa masu sukar yaƙin.An yanke shawarar ba da littafin a ƙarƙashin sunan AT Fitzroy(saboda ta zauna a filin Fitzroy)Lokacin da aka buga littafin,ya sami sake dubawa maras kyau, kuma wasu,kamar Allan Monkhouse,mai sukar Guardian na Manchester,ya nuna rashin jin daɗi a gare shi:Amma pacifism ba shine babban jigo ba.Jarumin, Dennis Blackwood,yana tafiya yana magana ta cikin wani yanki mai yawa na littafin kafin yakin ya barke kuma ya nuna kansa a matsayin wanda ya kamu da cutar neurasthenia. Matashi ne marar al'ada, wanda ya kasance mai tausayi irin wannan,amma kuma don sha'awar.Sadaka ba za ta iya wuce gona da iri ba sai dai kallon sa a matsayin mara dadi.Ba mu da niyyar bayyana abin da ke tattare da rashin daidaituwarsa.Waɗanda suka karanta labarinsa suna iya ɗaukar ciwonsa a matsayin abin dariya,wasu a matsayin wani abu mafi muni.Dariya mai kyau game da rashin jin daɗin Mista Fitzroy inda Dennis ke damun shi zai tarwatsa abubuwan da ba su da kyau. Amma yaya game da manzo mai son zaman lafiya wanda yake kan rashin daidaituwa? An ba da dukan shari'arsa.Wani dan jarida James Douglas ne ya kaddamar da yakin neman gurfanar da littafin,wanda a baya ya tunzura karar da DH Lawrence ya yi na rashin ladabi na Rainbow.Ya rubuta a cikin mujallar London Ra'ayi:Littafin mai guba sosai, kowane kwafin wanda yakamata a saka shi a kan wuta gabaɗaya,An ƙi shi kuma an ƙi shi,ta AT Fitzroy-mai yiwuwa sunan alkalami.Daga cikin muguwar fasiqancin da ya rage ya ce;amma game da gabatar da tausayinsa,a bakunan‘Jaruminsa’da sauran halayen zaman lafiya da ƙin yarda da lamiri,da yin ba’a ga Ingilishi idan aka kwatanta da Hun,wannan yana buƙatar tambaya:Menene amfanin kashe ɗaruruwan da muke kashewa.na dubban fam akan farfaganda,da kuma dubun dubatan akan Faɗakarwa, yayin da ƙazantar ƙazanta irin wannan ya kasance ba a danne shi?CW Daniel,Ltd.,na Gidan Graham,Tudor Street ne ya buga littafin;kuma ina tsammanin ba za a daɗe ba, bayan da hukumomi suka bincikar wannan naman gwari na wallafe-wallafen,kafin ya zama Daniyel da aka kawo masa hukunci.An gwada littafin a kotun birnin Landan a gidan Mansion a ranar 10 ga Oktoba 1918 kuma an ci tarar Daniel fam 420 tare da farashin £40.Bayan shari’ar,Daniel ya buga ƙasida yana kāre kansa daga zargin lalata,kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa bai fahimci abubuwan jima’i na littafin Allatini ba.Marubucin ya tabbatar min cewa soyayyar da ke tsakanin jarumin da abokinsa ta yi kwatankwacin irin ta David da Jonathan.Ban ga abin da aka yi nuni da shi ba-cewa wasu nassosi suna buɗewa ga fassarar lalata.Da kaina,na gwammace a ƙone kowane littafi fiye da cewa in kasance ƙungiya don ba da rancen tallafi ga lalata ko dai ɗan luwaɗi ko kuma nau'in jima'i. Labarai As R. Allatini Farin Ciki Har abada Bayan Mills da Boon, 1914 (Wata budurwa tana da burin zama marubuci mai mahimmanci, kuma ta zo cikin rikici da danginta. Biyan kuɗi, Andrew Melrose, 1915 (Rai da tarbiyyar saurayi wanda, lokacin da aka ayyana yaƙi, ba zai iya fuskantar tunanin haifarwa ko wahala ba. Tushen da Reshe, George Allen da Unwin, 1917 ("Wani jigo mai ban mamaki yana gudana a cikin littafin, tambayar da'a game da ko mutum zai iya zama barata a cikin kisa, a buƙatunta mai sha'awa, wata mace mai ƙaunatacciyar ƙaunatacciyar ƙauna wadda ke mutuwa a hankali. cuta." Requiem, Martin Secker, 1919. (Wani saurayi na gauraye zuriyarsa yayi ƙoƙari ya gano wanene shi da gaske da abin da yake so daga rayuwa sannan Babban Yaƙi ya faru. Lokacin da nake Sarauniya a Babila Mills da Boon, 1921 (Halayar wata budurwa ta nisanta ta daga danginta. Likitocin masu tabin hankali sun tantance ta, amma ta sami ceto ta hanyar sa baki na Theosophist, wanda ya fahimci yanayinta. Kamar yadda AT Fitzroy Rana kuma An ƙi,CWDaniel,1918. Kamar yadda Mrs Cyril Scott Farin Wuta 1933("Tarin labarai da zane-zane wanda jin daɗin jin daɗi ko jin daɗi ya sa a iya karantawa.") Kamar yadda Lucian Wainwright Waters Meet,Martin Secker 1935 (Wata Bature ta ziyarci wani wurin sanatorium a tsaunukan Austriya a lokacin da Hitler zai hau kan iyaka.) Yarinyar Iyali Mai Kyau,Martin Secker 1935(Wata budurwa daga dangin Bayahude mai rassa a Vienna da sauran wurare ba ta son yin aure.) Oracle Methuen 1937(Game da sanatorium inda mace ke yin warkar da tabin hankali.) Kamar yadda Eunice Buckley Iyali daga Vienna,Andrew Dakers, 1941(Bayan Anschluss,Yahudawa 'yan gudun hijira daga Austria a London.) Ba a sani ba,Andrew Dakers,1942 (Mabiyi zuwa Iyali daga Vienna.Iyali ɗaya na Yahudawa 'yan gudun hijira a cikin shekarun farko na Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu.) Blue Danube,Andrew Dakers,1943 (Dan Viennese-Yahudawa iyali kafin yakin duniya na farko,da kuma a lokacin na biyu.) Rhapsody for Strings,Andrew Dakers, 1945('yar Viennese Count ta fada cikin ƙauna tare da gipsy violinist.) Kiɗa a cikin Woods,Andrew Dakers, 1952(ƙaunar mutane biyu da suka gudu daga Austria a lokacin shekarun Nazi,kuma yanzu suna cikin Switzerland.) An Shirya don Ƙananan Makaɗa, Andrew Dakers,1953 Dark Rainbow,Hodder da Stoughton, 1955(Kishi a wurin shakatawa na Switzerland.) Inuwar Allah,Hodder da Stoughton, 1956 Maimakon Doki-Rock,Hodder da Stoughton,1957 Kyauta daga Sama,Hodder da Stoughton,1959.(Game da mawaƙi yana jin yunwa don nasara da shahara.) Don Amfanin Da Aka Samu,Robert Hale,1960.(Abin da ke faruwa lokacin da maganin mu'ujiza ya faru a cikin dangin likitancin Orthodox.) Fiorina, Robert Hale,1961 (Mabiyi don Fa'idodin Da Aka Samu.) Wuta mai cinyewa,Robert Hale,1962 (Mai wa'azi mai kwarjini ya rasa bangaskiyarsa.) Conjuring Trick,Robert Hale,1963 (Mutumin da ke da kyautar sihiri yana amfani da ita don samun kuɗi da iko.) Lay the Ghosts,Robert Hale,1964 (Ya haɗa da wasu haruffa daga Inuwar Allah.) Suna Tafiya a Duniya,Robert Hale, 1966(Featuring Sandor Raimann.) Mutumin da ke kan igiya, Robert Hale,1967.(Novel of the occult. Tare da Sandor Raimann.)) Diamonds a cikin Iyali, Bugawar Theosophical,1968.( Lu'u-lu'u waɗanda suke gadon iyali-kuma suna tsinewa.Tare da Sandor Raimann.) Idan Wishes kasance Doki,Robert Hale,1969 Takobin Flaming, Robert Hale,1969 (Yana nuna Sandor Raimann.) Dole ne ku sami Zinariya,Robert Hale, 1972(Yarinya marayu daga Vienna, dangin Ingilishi mara tausayi sun ɗauke shi.) Just Was My Lot, Robert Hale, 1972 (Zero da Rosalind labari.) Fuskar Mai Jaraba, Robert Hale, 1973(Zero da Rosalind labari.) Don Tafiya ba tare da Tsoro ba, Robert Hale,1974(Zero da Rosalind labari.) Wonder-Worker,Robert Hale, 1975 (Zero da Rosalind labari.) Rabin Mulkina,Robert Hale,1976 Fursunonin Kiyayya,Robert Hale, 1977(Rikici tsakanin yarinya da mahaifiyar da ta ƙi ta.) Aiki na Art,Robert Hale,1978(Yaro mai wayo ya gurgu a cikin hatsari. Gwagwarmayarsa don jurewa.) Saurayi na Babban Alkawari,Robert Hale,1978(Labarin da aka saita a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo.)

51486

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.%20L.%20Lang

D. L. Lang

Diana Lucille Lang (an haifeta a shekarar 1983, Bad Hersfeld, Jamus ta Yamma), wadda aka fi sani da sunan D.L. Lang, mawaƙiya Ba'amurke ce. Ta buga littattafai goma sha biyu cikakken littafai na wakoki, kuma ta yi hidima a matsayin Mawaƙiya ta Vallejo, California. Rayuwar farko Diana Lucille Lang (née Kettle) an haife shi a Bad Hersfeld,Jamus ta Yamma. Sakamakon girma a cikin dangin soja yana yaro Lang ya sake komawa gida akai-akai,yana zaune a Herleshausen,Jamus ta Yamma, Santa Fe,Texas, AlexandriaLouisiana. da Enid, Oklahoma. Lang ya sauke karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta,Enid a 2001, ya sami Mataimakin Kimiyya a Gabaɗaya a Kwalejin Oklahoma ta Arewa, kuma ya sami Bachelor of Arts a Nazarin Fim tare da ƙarami a Nazarin Yahudanci daga Jami'ar Oklahoma. Bayan kwaleji ta koma California a 2005 kuma ta auri Timothy Lang a 2006, zaune a San Rafael,California kafin ta koma Vallejo. Fim da talabijin Yayin da yake koleji Lang ya yi aiki a matsayin editan bidiyo a tashar talabijin KXOK-LD. a matsayin mai kula da gidan yanar gizon gidan rediyo na Jami'ar Oklahoma ta Wire, kuma a matsayin mai tallata band don Gray daga Enid, Oklahoma. Har ila yau,ta kirkiro fina-finai na takardun shaida da bidiyon kiɗa,ciki har da Liquid Wind,wani fim din kiteboarding ta darektan Charles Maupin wanda ke nuna hira da Mike Morgan, wanda aka watsa a kan Oklahoma PBS affiliate OETA, da The Hebrew Project, wani fim na harshen Ibrananci wanda ya nuna furofesoshi na Jami'ar Oklahoma Ori Kritz da Norman Stillman,wanda aka watsa a tashar Yahudawa. Waka Lang ta fara rubuta waƙa tun yana yaro,yana ƙoƙarin rubuta waƙoƙin waƙa. Ta buga The Beatles, Pete Seegr,Allen's Ginsberg,Jim Morrison,da Bob Dylan a matsayin tasiri.Baya ga rubuce-rubuce game da rayuwarta, Lang ya rubuta a kan jigogi na Yahudanci, adalci na zamantakewa, zanga-zangar siyasa, mata, anti-jari-jari, anti-wariyar launin fata da pacifism. Lang ta fara yin waƙar ta a cikin 2015, tare da Waƙar Bay. An buga wakokinta a jaridu,mujallu,da tarihin tarihi. Vallejo Poet Laureate An nada DL Lang Laureate na Vallejo,California a cikin Satumba 2017 kuma ya yi aiki har zuwa Disamba 2019. Kamar yadda mawallafin mawaƙa Lang ya gyara tarihin tarihin waƙa,Verses,Voices Visions of Vallejo kuma ya yi sau 141 a cikin garuruwa 18 daban-daban. Lang ya ba da kiran a Maris na Mata na Vallejo na 2019. A lokacin aikinta ta kuma yi waƙarta a yawancin al'amuran gida,ciki har da Vallejo Unites Against Hatred, Ranar Haɗin Kai, Ranar Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya da Me yasa Shayari Mahimmanci. Lang ya kuma ba da gabatarwa akan Emma Lazarus da Alicia Ostriker don Muryoyin Canji na AAUW. Lang ya kuma yanke hukunci ga gasa bakwai ciki har da gasar karatun sakandare na Poetry Out Loud, Joel Fallon malanta waƙar waka, Gasar baiwa ta Solano County Fair, Vallejo poetry slam, da matashin ɗakin karatu na gundumar.gasar rubutu. Ta yi wasa akai-akai akan iska akan KZCT kuma akan mataki a Waƙar Bay. Kamar magabata, ta jagoranci waƙa a cikin da'irar shayari kuma ta shirya abubuwan shekara-shekara don Watan Waƙoƙin Ƙasa Ta halarci taron karramawar mawaka a Tujunga da San Mateo. Genea Brice ya gabace Lang a matsayin mawaƙin mawaƙin Vallejo, kuma Jery Snyder ya gaje shi,mai masaukin baki na Bay. 2020 yanzu A cikin 2020 ta kasance fitacciyar wasan kwaikwayo a Baje kolin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyaki na Solano County, kuma ta yanke hukunci ga gasar waƙoƙin matasa na ɗakin karatu, A cikin 2021 ta yi kusan don Flash Poetry da Point Arena Waƙar Alhamis ta Uku. Ta kuma yi tare da Brice da Snyder a Alibi Bookshop, da kuma ga Yahudawan Democrats na gundumar Solano. A cikin 2022 ta yi wa AAUW, Laburare County Solano, San Francisco Public Library, bikin waka a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Empress, ƙungiyar kare zubar da ciki RiseUp4AbortionRights, The Beat Museum da LaborFest tare da juyin juya halin mawaka Brigade, yi hukunci da Solano library ta matasa shaya gasa, kuma ya bayyana a kan Tushen in Poetry podcast. Ta ci gaba da yin wakoki kai tsaye a gidan rediyon KZCT. A cikin 2023 ta yi a Laburaren Cordelia don Watan Waƙoƙi, Vallejo Poetry Festival, da zanga-zangar ma'aikata a kan Elon Musk. A cikin 2023 ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin goma da suka yi nasara a gasar Curbside Haiku a Tulsa, Oklahoma. Manazarta Haihuwan 1983 Rayayyun

48663

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashen%20huhu

Dashen huhu

Dashen huhu, ko dashen huhu, wata hanya ce ta fiɗan huhun mutum guda ɗaya ko duka biyun don maye gurbin huhun da wasu. Ana iya maye gurbin huhun daga mai bayarwa mai rai ko Wanda ya mutu. Mai ba da gudummawar mai rai zai iya ba da gudummawar huhu ɗaya ne kawai. Saboda wasu cututtukan huhu, mai karɓa na iya buƙatar samun huhu ɗaya ne kawai. Akwai wasu cututtukan huhu irin su cystic fibrosis, yana da matukar muhimmanci mai karɓa ya karbi huhu guda biyu. Yayin da dashen huhun ke ɗauke da wasu haɗari masu alaƙa da juna, kuma suna iya tsawaita tsawon rai da haɓaka ingancin rayuwa ga waɗanda ke a matakin ƙarshe na cutar huhu. Sharuɗɗan cancanta Dashen huhu yanada ma'auni don aunawa ko mara lafiyan zai iya warkewa musamman ga mara lafiya Wanda ke mataki na ƙarshe na ciwon, kuma ya bi dukkan wata hanya na ganin ya warke amma ba'a yi nasara ba. Sharudɗa iri-iri na iya sa irin wannan tiyata ta zama dole. Tun daga shekara ta 2005, dalilan da suka fi yawa na dashen huhu a Amurka sune: 27% na kullum cututtuka na huhu (COPD), ciki har da emphysema 16% idiopathic fibrosis na huhu 14% cystic fibrosis 12% idiopathic (wanda aka fi sani da "primary") hauhawar jini na huhu 5% alpha 1-antitrypsin rashi 2% maye gurbin huhun da aka dasa a baya wanda ya gaza; 24% wasu dalilai, ciki har da bronchiectasis da sarcoidosis Contrain dications Duk da tsananin yanayin fitan numfashin majiyyaci, wasu dalilai ka iya sanya mara lafiyan cikin wani yanayi mai tsanani: Cututtuka na yau da kullun (misali, gazawar zuciya, cututtukan koda, cutar hanta Cututtuka na yanzu, gami da HIV da hepatitis Duk da haka, sau da yawa, marasa lafiya na hepatitis C duka ana dasa su kuma ana amfani da su azaman masu ba da gudummawa idan mai karɓa yana da ciwon hanta. Hakazalika, zaɓaɓɓun waɗanda suka kamu da cutar kanjamau sun sami dashen huhu bayan an tantance su bisa ga al'ada. Ciwon daji na yanzu ko na baya-bayan nan Amfani da barasa na yanzu, taba ko haramtattun kwayoyi Shekaru Yanayin tabin hankali Tarihin rashin bin umarnin likita Tarihi Tarihin dashen sassan jiki ya fara ne da yunƙuri da yawa waɗanda kuma ba su yi nasara ba saboda kin dasuwa na sassan jikin. Gwajin da akayi akan dabbobi daban-daban, ciki har da wasu likitoci kamar su: Vladimir Demikhov da Henry Metras, a cikin 1940s da 1950s, sun fara nuna cewa tsarin yana yiwuwa a fasahan ce. James Hardy na Jami'ar Mississippi ya yi dashen huhun mutum na farko a ranar 11 ga Yuni, 1963 Bayan dashen huhu guda, majiyyacin, wanda aka gano daga baya a matsayin wanda aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa John Richard Russell, ya rayu tsawon kwanaki 18. Daga 1963 zuwa 1978, yunƙurin dashen huhun da wanda da yawa ba'a yi nasara ba saboda ƙin yarda da matsaloli tare da warkarwa na anastomotic. Sai bayan da aka kirkiro na'urar huhu na zuciya, tare da haɓaka magungunan rigakafi irin su cyclosporin, shine ake iya dashen sassan jiki kamar huhu har mara lafiyan ya warke. Nasarar dashen sassan jiki na farko da ya shafi huhu shine dashen zuciya da huhu, wanda Dokta Bruce Reitz na Jami'ar Stanford ya yi a 1981 a kan wata mace da ke fama da hauhawar jini na idiopathic 1983: Nasarar farko na dashen huhu ɗaya na dogon lokaci (Tom Hall) na Joel Cooper (Toronto) 1986: Nasarar farko na dashen huhu biyu na dogon lokaci Ann Harrison na Joel D. Cooper (Toronto) 1988: Nasarar farko na dogon lokaci na dashen huhu na huhu don cystic fibrosis na Joel Cooper (Toronto). A cikin 1988, Vera Dwyer, wata mace daga County Sligo a Ireland, an gano ta da cutar huhu da ba za a iya warkewa ba, na yau da kullun da fibrotic. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, an yi mata dashen huhu guda ɗaya a Burtaniya. A watan Nuwamba 2018, an gane Ms. Dwyer a matsayin wacce akayi ma dashen huhu ɗaya mafi dadewa a duniya a wani taron da aka yi a Asibitin Mater a Dublin Abubuwan da ake bukata wajen Dashe Abubuwan buƙatu don masu ba da gudummawa Akwai wasu abubuwa da ake bukata wajen masu ba da gudummawar huhu, saboda buƙatun yiyuwar mai karɓa. Dangane da masu ba da taimakon huhu, sannan kuma ana la’akari da yadda tiyatar za ta shafi mai bayarwa: Lafiyayye Daidaita girman Huhu ko huhun da aka ba da gudummawa dole ne su zama babba don isassun iskar oxygen iskar da majiyyaci, amma ƙanƙanta da zai dace a cikin ramin ƙirjin mai karɓa. Shekaru Nau'in jini Abubuwan da ake bukata wajen masu karɓa don yiwuwar karɓa Yayin da cibiyar dashe ke da 'yanci don saka nata sharuɗɗan masu neman dashen, an yarda da wasu buƙatu bai ɗaya: Cutar huhu wacce take mataki na ƙarshe Ya bi dukkan hanyiyi na warkewa Amma ba'a samu nasara ba Babu wasu yanayi na rashin lafiya (misali, zuciya, koda, hanta) Wasu majinyata masu irin wadannan cututtuka, idan har yanayinsu ya inganta har ya kai ga samun kwanciyar hankali don tsira da aikin tiyata, ana ba su kebancewa- da yawa masu fama da cutar huhu na karshen zamani za su sami ciwo mai tsanani ko na yau da kullun a wasu gabobin. Babu cututtuka na yanzu ko ciwon daji na baya-bayan nan. Wasu marasa lafiya, bisa ga al'ada, masu ciwon huhu ko wasu cututtuka, ana iya ba da izini. Har illa yau, akwai wasu lokuta inda kamuwa da cuta da ya rigaya ya kasance ba zai iya yiwuwa ba, kamar yadda yawancin marasa lafiya da cystic fibrosis. A irin waɗannan lokuta, cibiyoyin dashe, bisa ga ra'ayin kansu, na iya karɓa ko ƙin yarda da marasa lafiya da ke da cututtukan B. cepacia ko MRSA a halin yanzu. Babu HIV ko hanta, ko da yake wasu masu karɓa masu irin nau'in hanta kamar yadda mai bayarwa zai iya samun huhu, da kuma mutanen da ke dauke da kwayar cutar HIV waɗanda za a iya kwantar da su kuma suna iya samun ƙananan ƙwayar cutar HIV na iya zama masu cancanta; Babu barasa, shan taba, ko shan miyagun ƙwayoyi (wasu mutanen da za su iya daina waɗannan halaye kuma suna bin magani ana iya ba su dama) A cikin kewayon nauyi yarda (alamar rashin abinci mai gina jiki ko kiba duka suna da alaƙa da haɓakar mace-mace) Shekaru (daya da biyu tx) Bayanan martaba na tunani mai karbuwa Yana da tsarin tallafi na zamantakewa Mai ikon iya biyan kuɗi don kashe kuɗi (inda majiyyaci ke biyan kulawar likita kai tsaye) Mai ikon bin tsarin tsarin dasawa. Dashen huhu babban aiki ne, kuma bayan dashen, dole ne majiyyaci ya kasance a shirye don bin tsarin magunguna na rayuwa da kuma ci gaba da kula da lafiya. Gwaje-gwajen likitanci ga masu yuyuwar neman Dashe Marasa lafiyan da ake la'akari da su don sanyawa a cikin jerin masu dashen sassan jiki suna yin gwaje-gwaje masu yawa na likita don kimanta yanayin lafiyarsu gabaɗaya da dacewa da aikin tiyata. Nau'in jini Dole ne nau'in jinin mai karɓa ya dace da na mai bayarwa, saboda antigens da ke cikin huhu da aka bayar. Rashin daidaituwar nau'in jinin na iya haifar wa Mai amsa rashin ƙarfi ta hanyar tsarin rigakafi da ƙin yarda da gabobin da aka dasa daga baya. Nau'in nama a zahiri, naman huhu shima zai yi daidai sosai tsakanin mai bayarwa da mai karɓa, amma sha'awar samun sashin mai ba da gudummawar da ya dace sosai dole ne a daidaita daidai da gaggawar buƙatun mara lafiya. X-ray na kirji PA LAT, don tabbatar da girman huhu da kogon kirji Gwajin aikin huhu CT Scan (High Resolution Thoracic Abdominal) Duban ma'adinan kashi MUGA (Gated cardiac blood pool scan) Gwajin damuwa na zuciya (Dobutamine/Thallium scan) Duban iska/perfusion (V/Q). Electrocardiogram Catheterization na zuciya Echocardiogram Makin rabon huhu Kafin 2005, Ƙungiyar Sadarwa ta United Network don Rarraba gabobin jiki ta keɓe huhun masu ba da gudummawa a cikin Amurka bisa ga farkon zuwa, da aka fara yi wa marasa lafiya a cikin jerin dasawa. An maye gurbin wannan da tsarin da ake amfani da shi a halin yanzu, wanda masu zuwa masu shayarwa masu shekaru 12 zuwa sama suna sanya ma'aunin rabon huhu ko LAS, wanda ke yin la'akari da ma'auni daban-daban na lafiyar majiyyaci. Sabon tsarin ya ware huhu da aka ba da gudummawa su bisa ga masu buƙata da gaggawa maimakon tsawon lokacin da majiyyaci ya kasance a cikin jadawalin jerin masu bukatan dashen. Har yanzu ana ba majinyatan da ba su kai shekara 12 ba fifiko dangane da tsawon lokacin da suka yi a cikin jerin masu jiran dashen. Tsawon lokacin da aka kwashe wajen jira shine abunda ake dubawa kafin yanke hukunci a lokacin da majinyata da yawa ke da bukatan huhu iri ɗaya. Marasa lafia da aka gwada kuma aka tabbatar da yiwuwar samun narasa akan rashin lafiyan su, ana basu takarda su rike tare da su a kowane lokaci akan jiran mai ba da gudummawa idan ya samu. Waɗannan majiyyatan kuma dole ne su kasance cikin shiri don ƙaura zuwa zaɓaɓɓen cibiyar da aka zaɓa a cikin sanarwa na ɗan lokaci. Ana iya ƙarfafa irin waɗannan marasa lafiya su iyakance tafiye-tafiyensu a cikin wani yanki na yanki don sauƙaƙe jigilar gaggawa zuwa cibiyar dasawa. Nau'in dashen huhu Lobe Dashen lobe tiyata ne da ake cire wani ɓangaren huhun mai bayarwa mai rai ko wanda ya mutu kuma a yi amfani da shi don maye gurbin huhu mara lafiya. A cikin gudummawar rayuwa, wannan hanya tana buƙatar gudummawar lobes daga mutane biyu daban-daban, maye gurbin huhu a kowane gefen mai karɓa. Masu ba da gudummawa waɗanda aka bincike su da kyau yakamata su sami damar kula da rayuwar yau da kullun duk da raguwar ƙarar huhu. A cikin dashen lobar da ya mutu, mai ba da gudummawa ɗaya zai iya samar da lobes biyu. Huhu ɗaya Ana iya taimaka wa marasa lafiya da yawa ta hanyar dashen huhun lafiyayye guda ɗaya. Huhun da ake ba da gudummawa ana so fito ne daga mai bayarwa wanda aka ce kwakwalwarsa ta mutu. Huhu biyu Wasu marasa lafiya na iya buƙatar maye gurbin huhu biyu. Wannan shi ne batun musamman ga mutanen da ke fama da cystic fibrosis, saboda ƙwayar cutar da ake samu a cikin irin waɗannan huhun marasa lafiyan; idan huhun daya kawai aka dasa, kwayoyin cutar da ke cikin huhun na asali zasu iya cutar da sabuwar huhun da aka dasa. Zuciya huhu Wasu marasa lafiya na numfashi na iya samun ciwon zuciya mai tsanani wanda zai buƙaci a dasa musu zuciya. Ana iya jinyar waɗannan marasa lafiya ta hanyar tiyatar da ake maye gurbin huhu da zuciya da sassan jiki daga mai bayarwa ko masu ba da gudummawa. Misalin da ya shafi irin wannan aikin ana kiran shi da"domino transplant" a cikin kafofin yada labarai. An fara yin shi a 1987, irin wannan dashen zuciyar da na huhu ya kunshi mai bayarwa na A, wanda aka cire nasa lafiyayyan zuciyarsa kuma aka dasa ma mai karɓa na B. Tsari Bayanai na yadda zaa gudanar da tiyatan ya dogara ne da irin nau'in dashen, matakai da yawa sun saba da duk waɗannan hanyoyin. Kafin yin aiki a kan mai karɓa, likitan da aka saka yana duba huhun (s) masu bayarwa don alamun lalacewa ko cuta. Idan an yarda da huhu, to, an haɗa mai karɓa zuwa layin IV da kayan aikin kulawa daban-daban, ciki har da pulse oximetry Za a yi wa majinyaci maganin barci gabaɗaya, kuma injin zai hura masa numfashi. Yana ɗaukar kimanin sa'a ɗaya don shiriya majinyaci kafin fara tiyata. Dashen huhu ɗaya yana ɗaukar kimanin sa'o'i huɗu zuwa takwas, yayin da dashen huhu biyu yana ɗaukar kimanin sa'o'i shida zuwa goma sha biyu don kammalawa. Idan antaba ma majinyaci tiyatar ƙirjin na iya rikitar da aikin kuma ya buƙaci ƙarin lokaci. Huhu ɗaya A cikin dashen huhu guda ɗaya, an zaɓi huhu tare da mafi munin aikin huhu don maye gurbin. Idan duka huhun suna aiki daidai, to, huhu na banfaren dama ya fi son cirewa saboda yana guje wa yin motsi a cikin zuciya, kamar yadda ake buƙata don cire huhun hagu. A cikin dashen huhu guda ɗaya tsarin yana farawa bayan an bincika huhun mai bayarwa kuma an yanke shawarar karɓar huhun mai badawa. Anan katsewa ne daga ƙarƙashin kafada a kusa da ƙirji, yana ƙarewa kusa da sternum. Wata hanya ta daban ta ƙunshi ɓarna a ƙarƙashin ƙashin ƙirjin. Idan aka yi dashen huhu guda ɗaya huhun ya ruguje, an daure tasoshin jini a cikin huhu, an cire huhu a bututun mai An sanya huhun mai ba da gudummawa, an sake haɗa magudanar jini da bututun buroshi, kuma huhu ya sake hurawa. Don tabbatar da huhu yana da gamsarwa kuma don share duk sauran jini da ƙumburi a cikin sabon huhu za a yi bronchoscopy Lokacin da likitocin fiɗa suka gamsu da aikin huhu za a rufe ɓarnar ƙirjin. Huhu biyu Dashen huhu sau biyu, wanda kuma aka sani da dasawa biyu, ana iya yin shi ko dai a jere, ko kuma a lokaci guda. Jeri ya fi kowa fiye da en block. Wannan yayi daidai da yin dashen huhu guda biyu daban-daban. Aikin dashen na farawa ne bayan an duba huhun masu ba da gudummawa kuma an yanke shawarar dasawa. Ana yin wani yanki daga ƙarƙashin hammata na majiyyaci, a kusa da kashin kashin baya, sa'an nan kuma a koma zuwa ɗayan hammata; wannan shi ake kira da clamshell incision. A cikin yanayin dashen dasawa da huhun mai karɓa tare da mafi ƙarancin ayyukan huhu ya ruguje, an ɗaure tasoshin jini, kuma a yanke a madaidaicin bronchi Daga nan sai a sanya sabon huhu sannan a sake manne hanyoyin jini. Don tabbatar da huhu ya gamsu kafin a dasa sauran an yi bronchoscopy Lokacin da likitocin fiɗa suka gamsu da aikin sabon huhu, aikin tiyata a huhun na biyu zai ci gaba. A cikin kashi 10 zuwa 20% na dashen huhu sau biyu an haɗa majinyacin zuwa injin huhun zuciya wanda ke fitar da jini ga jiki kuma yana samar da iskar oxygen. Kulawar bayan tiyata Nan da nan bayan tiyata, ana sanya majiyyaci a cikin sashin kulawa mai zurfi don kulawa, yawanci na ƴan kwanaki. An sanya majiyyaci a kan na'urar iska don taimakawa numfashi. Gabaɗaya ana biyan bukatun abinci ta hanyar abinci mai gina jiki na mahaifa gabaɗaya, kodayake a wasu lokuta bututun nasogastric ya isa don ciyarwa. Ana saka bututun ƙirji a ciki domin a cire ruwa mai yawa Domin an killace majiyyaci a gado, ana amfani da catheter na fitsari Ana amfani da layin IV a cikin wuyansa da hannu don saka idanu da ba da magunguna. Bayan ƴan kwanaki, hana duk wani rikitarwa, ana iya tura majiyyaci zuwa babban asibitin marasa lafiya don ƙarin murmurewa. Matsakaicin zaman asibiti bayan dashen huhu shine gabaɗaya mako ɗaya zuwa uku, kodayake rikitarwa na iya buƙatar dogon lokaci. Bayan wannan matakin, yawanci ana buƙatar marasa lafiya su halarci wurin motsa jiki na kusan watanni 3 don dawo da lafiya. Ma'aunin nauyi, keken motsa jiki, injin tuƙi, shimfiɗa da ƙari duk wani ɓangare ne na shirin gyarawa. Ana iya samun illoli da dama bayan tiyatar. Saboda an yanke wasu hanyoyin haɗin jijiyoyi zuwa huhu yayin aikin, masu karɓar dashen ba za su iya jin sha'awar tari ko jin lokacin da sababbin huhun su ke damun cunkoso ba. Don haka dole ne su yi ƙoƙari na hankali don ɗaukar numfashi mai zurfi da tari don kawar da ɓoye daga huhu. Yawan bugun zuciyar su baya saurin amsawa ga aikin motsa jiki saboda yanke jijiyar vagus wanda yawanci zai taimaka wajen daidaita shi. Hakanan suna iya lura da canjin muryarsu saboda yuwuwar lahani ga jijiyoyi masu daidaita sautin murya Shaidu sun nuna cewa motsa jiki na iya taimakawa wajen hanzarta farfadowar jiki a cikin manya bayan dashen huhu, yana taimakawa rage nakasa daga rashin aiki na jiki, duka kafin da kuma bayan dasawa. Koyaya, babu cikakkun jagororin kan yadda yakamata a yi motsa jiki a cikin wannan nau'in yawan jama'a. Sakamakon da aka samu daga Binciken Tsare-tsare na 2021 ya kammala da cewa tasirin motsa jiki a cikin wannan yawan mutane har yanzu suna da matukar tambaya. Yayin da wasu nazarin ke ba da rahoton fa'idodin da aka samu daga motsa jiki, yayin da wasu ba su cimma matsaya ɗaya ba. Duk da haka, labaran da ke cikin wannan bita na yau da kullum sun ba da rahoton haɓakawa a cikin ƙarfin tsoka da ƙara yawan ma'adinai na kashi da kuma ingantawa a cikin 6MWT. Daban-daban Ana gudanar da marasa lafiya bayan dasawa daga tuki na watanni 3 na farko suna jiran tantance ƙarfin mai haƙuri don tuƙi; Ana yawan yin wannan kima ta hanyar likitan kwantar da hankali Gani, ikon jiki don yin ayyuka masu sauƙi kamar duba wuraren makafi, sanya bel ɗin kujera lafiya ba tare da an shafa wurin rauni ba da daidaitawar ido na hannu duk an tantance. Tsafta ya zama mafi mahimmanci a rayuwar yau da kullun saboda magungunan rigakafi waɗanda ake buƙata kowace rana don hana ƙin dasawa. Rashin tsarin garkuwar jiki mai ƙarfi yana barin masu dashen dashe cikin haɗari ga cututtuka. Dole ne a kula da shirye-shiryen abinci da tsaftacewa yayin da gastroenteritis ya zama mafi haɗari. Hatsari Kamar kowane aikin tiyata, akwai haɗarin zubar jini da kamuwa da cuta. Sabuwar huhun da aka dasa kanta na iya kasa waraka da aiki yadda ya kamata. Saboda babban sashi na jikin mai haƙuri ya fallasa zuwa iska ta waje, sepsis yana yiwuwa, don haka za a ba da maganin rigakafi don ƙoƙarin hana hakan. Sauran rikice-rikice sun haɗa da rikice-rikice na lymphoproliferative post-transplant, wani nau'i na lymphoma saboda masu hana rigakafi, da kumburin gastrointestinal da ciwon ciki da kuma esophagus. Kin amincewa da dasawa shine babban abin damuwa, nan da nan bayan tiyata da kuma ci gaba a tsawon rayuwar majiyyaci. Saboda huhu ko huhu da aka dasa ya fito daga wani mutum, tsarin garkuwar jikin mai karɓa zai gan shi a matsayin mamaya kuma yana ƙoƙarin kawar da shi. Kin dasawa wani yanayi ne mai tsanani kuma dole ne a yi maganinsa da wuri-wuri. Alamomin kin amincewa: zazzabi alamun mura, gami da sanyi, tashin hankali, tashin zuciya, ji na rashin lafiya gabaɗaya, gumin dare; ƙãra wahalar numfashi; mummunan sakamakon gwajin huhu; ƙara yawan ciwon kirji ko taushi; karuwa ko raguwa a cikin nauyin jiki fiye da kilo biyu a cikin sa'o'i 24. Don hana ƙin dasawa da lalacewa na gaba ga sabon huhu ko huhu, dole ne marasa lafiya su ɗauki tsarin rigakafi na rigakafi Yawancin lokaci marasa lafiya za su sha haɗin waɗannan magungunan don yaƙar haɗarin ƙi. Wannan alƙawari ne na rayuwa, kuma dole ne a bi shi sosai. An fara tsarin rigakafin rigakafi kafin ko bayan tiyata. Yawancin lokaci tsarin ya hada da cyclosporin, azathioprine da corticosteroids, amma kamar yadda abubuwan kin amincewa na iya sake faruwa a duk tsawon rayuwar mai haƙuri, ainihin zaɓaɓɓu da adadin maganin rigakafi na iya zama dole a canza su cikin lokaci. Wani lokaci ana ba da tacrolimus maimakon ciclosporin da mycophenolate mofetil maimakon azathioprine. Magungunan rigakafi waɗanda ake buƙata don hana ƙin yarda da gabobin jiki suma suna gabatar da wasu haɗari. Ta hanyar rage ƙarfin jiki don hawan maganin rigakafi, waɗannan magungunan kuma suna ƙara yiwuwar kamuwa da cuta. Ana iya rubuta maganin rigakafi don magance ko hana irin waɗannan cututtuka. Bi da bi, kamuwa da cuta na iya ƙara haɗarin ƙin yarda, kuma gabaɗaya hulɗa na iya yin tasiri tsakanin haɗarin biyu. Wasu magunguna na iya samun nephrotoxic ko wasu lahani masu lahani. Hakanan ana iya rubuta wasu magunguna don taimakawa rage waɗannan illolin. Hakanan akwai haɗarin cewa majiyyaci na iya samun rashin lafiyar magungunan. Ana buƙatar kulawa ta kusa don daidaita fa'idodin waɗannan magungunan tare da haɗarin haɗari. Kin amincewa na lokaci-lokaci, ma'ana maimaita bayyanar cututtuka na kin amincewa fiye da shekara ta farko bayan tiyatar dasawa, yana faruwa a kusan kashi 50% na marasa lafiya. Irin wannan rashin amincewa na yau da kullum yana gabatar da kansa a matsayin bronchiolitis obliterans, ko žasa akai-akai, atherosclerosis Hasashen Waɗannan ƙididdiga sun dogara ne akan bayanai daga 2008. Bayanan tushe ba su da bambanci tsakanin gabobin masu ba da agaji masu rai da matattu, haka kuma ba a bambanta tsakanin lobar, guda ɗaya, da dashen huhu biyu ba. Huhun da aka dasa yakan wuce shekaru uku zuwa biyar kafin a nuna alamun gazawa. Nazarin ƙungiyar 2019 na kusan masu karɓar dashen huhu 10,000 a cikin Amurka sun nuna ingantaccen ingantaccen rayuwa na dogon lokaci ta amfani da sirolimus tacrolimus (tsakanin rayuwa na shekaru 8.9) maimakon mycophenolate mofetil tacrolimus (tsakiyar rayuwa shekaru 7.1) bayan fara rigakafin rigakafi a shekara guda. dashi. Tunda ba a gudanar da sirolimus har sai aƙalla watanni 3-12 bayan dasawa, waɗannan ƙididdiga na rayuwa na tsaka-tsaki sun kasance da sharadi na rayuwa na shekara 1 bayan dasawa. Duba kuma Sarah Murnaghan rigimar dashen huhu Ma'aunin tsira bayan dasawa Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Lung transplantation United Network for Organ Sharing International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation Lung Transplant Foundation Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

18402

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen

Volkswagen

Volkswagen kamfanin motoci ne daga Jamus. Kalmar volkswagen na nufin "Motar mutane" a Jamusanci. Babban ofishinsa yana cikin Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony. An fara kera ta ne a cikin shekarun 1930, bisa buƙatar shugaban ƙasar na lokacin, Adolf Hitler, don samar da motar da Ferdinand Porsche ya ƙera. Tarihi A cikin shekarun 1930 Adolf Hitler na neman wanda zai iya ƙera mota mai arha wadda ma'aikacin Jamus na gari zai iya saya. A lokaci guda, Ferdinand Porsche ya yi shekara da shekaru yana aiki a kan kera wata mota mai arha wadda za ta iya ɗaukar iyali kuma za ta yi tuki kamar motar gaske, ba ƙaramar mota ba. Ya riga ya tsara kuma ya gina ƙananan motoci tare da injunan baya kuma ya yi kama da irin ƙwaro (don mafi kyawun yanayin sararin samaniya). A wannan lokacin, mallakar mota a cikin Jamus wani abu ne da masu hannu da shuni, kuma yawancin kamfanonin motoci ba su da sha'awar yin mota mai arha. Kamfanin Porsche, wanda ake kira Porsche, kawai ya tsara zane ne ga wasu a lokacin. Don haka, Porsche bai sami wanda zai kera ƙaramar motar da yake so ba. Kodayake Hitler bai taɓa koyon tuƙi ba, amma yana da sha'awar motoci (ya kuma ƙirƙira autobahn, wanda ya haifar da manyan tituna). Hitler ya so motar ta rika daukar mutane hudu. Ya kamata a sanyaya shi ta mai maimakon ruwa. Motar ta buƙaci ta iya yin tafiyar akalla 100 km h, ko kuma game da 60 mph, kuma amfani da mai fiye da lita 7 na mai na kilomita 100 (kimanin mpg 34). Kamfanonin motoci a Jamus a lokacin ba sa son yin wannan sabuwar motar mai arha, don haka Hitler ya kafa sabon kamfani, wanda gwamnati ke gudanarwa. Sunan farko da aka ba motar shi ne "KdF-Wagen." "KdF" ya tsaya ga Kraft durch Freude, ko "ƙarfi ta hanyar Farin Ciki." An yi wasu, amma a lokacin da aka gama masana'antar a 1938, Yaƙin Duniya na II ya fara. Daga nan masana'antar ta kera motoci irin na jeep ga sojojin na Jamus maimakon. Bayan yaƙin, mutane daga Ingila da Amurka sun sake buɗe masana'anta kuma sun sake ƙera motoci. Masana'antar ta kasance kango daga yaƙin kuma tana iya yin 'yan motoci kaɗan a lokaci guda. Sojojin Burtaniya ne ke kula da wannan ɓangaren na Jamus. Da farko sun yi kokarin neman wani kamfanin mota don sake gina masana'antar. An bayar da kamfanin dga Henry Ford kyauta. Bayan ya duba, sai mai ba shi shawara ya ce "Mista Ford, abin da ake ba mu a nan bai dace ba!" Don haka kamfanin Volkswagen ya cigaba da kansa don ƙera motar. Mutumin da ya jagoranci kamfanin Volkswagen a wannan lokacin shi ne Heinz Nordhoff Da farko sun yi mota ɗaya ne, Volkswagen Beetle (Kamfanin ne kawai ya kira shi Sedan na 1, shi ma yana da laƙabin "Bug" a Amurka da sauran laƙabi a wasu wurare). A shekarar 1950, an gabatar da Nau'i na 2 (bas din), shima an gina shi da injin a bayan abin hawa. Motocin sun zama sanannu kuma sanannu a duk duniya. Beetle daga baya ya zama ɗayan mafi kyawun motocin sayarwa a tarihi. An gina shi shekaru da yawa daga baya a masana'antu a Jamus, Brazil da Mexico An gina Volkswagen Beetle na ƙarshe na asali a cikin Meziko. An gina shi a watan Yuli na 2003. Volkswagen tana da sabuwar mota mai suna "Sabon ƙwaro." wanda ya fara sayarwa a cikin 1997, Yana kama da tsohuwar motar, amma an gina ta daban. Ya fi sauri, aminci, kuma yana da injin a gaba, ba baya ba, kuma ana sanyaya ruwa (ta amfani da radiator). Ya fi dacewa da duniyar yau ta fuskar zane da tsaro. A halin yanzu Volkswagen tana da hannu cikin badaƙalar gwajin hayaki. Motocin kwanan nan Wasu daga cikin shahararrun motocin Volkswagen sune Golf, Jetta, Polo, Beetle da Passat. VW's kamar yadda aka fi sani da su, suma sun shiga ɓangaren hanyar da motoci tare da motoci kamar Touarag, da ɓangaren kasuwanci tare da Touran. A wannan shekara ana ganin bikin VW na 21 tun lokacin da aka fara sayar da Golf 1 a cikin 1980s. Tun daga haihuwarsa VW ya sayar da sama da motoci 315,000 na Golf 1 shi kaɗai. 2006 ya ga shigowar ƙarni na biyar na Golf. Fitilar mai ɗaukar hoto GTI ana amfani da ita ta injin turbo mai nauyin silinda 147Kw 2.0l 4, tare da VW DSG da fasahar FSI. Golf GTI ya samo asali mai nisa tun daga shekarun 80 amma GTI na ƙarni na biyar ya sami suka daga wasu saboda bai kai yadda ake tsammani da mizanin da shahararren Mk1 GTI ya tsara ba, wanda aka saka masa motar bawul 1600, 8. Misali Sanyi-sanyaya Nau'i na 1: Irin ƙwaro (wanda aka fi sani da "Bug"), Karmann Ghia, da wasu ƙirar musamman, kamar Fridolin, ƙaramar motar bayarwa Rubuta 2: Bus (salo da yawa, kamar motar motar ɗaukar hoto, motar ɗaukar hoto, da motar yawon buɗe ido ta 21) Nau'in 3: Squareback, Notchback da Fastback A shekarar 1968 wadannan motocin su ne motoci na farko da aka fara kerawa a duniya da suke da allurar mai. Nau'in 4: 411-412 ba a sayar da yawa ba, amma babban injin injerar mai, wanda aka yi daidai da Porsche na Porsche 914, daga baya aka yi amfani da shi a cikin motar VW. Sanya-ruwa An fara layin sanyaya ruwa a 1974. Golf (ko Rabbit) Fox Jetta Passat (ko Dasher) Polo Dan dako (ko Eurovan) Touareg Sabon ƙwaro Eos Tiguan Touran Manazarta Sauran yanar gizo Volkswagen Duniya Volkswagen Jamus (a Jamusanci) Volkswagen México Tarihi Archived Volkswagen Amurka Offical website

51536

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Yancin%20Addini%20a%20Tanzaniya

'Yancin Addini a Tanzaniya

'Yancin addini a Tanzaniya na nufin irin yadda mutane a Tanzaniya ke samun damar gudanar da akidarsu cikin 'yanci, la'akari da manufofin gwamnati da halayen al'umma game da kungiyoyin addini. Gwamnatin Tanzaniya da gwamnatin Zanzibar mai cin gashin kanta duk sun amince da 'yancin addini a matsayin ka'ida kuma suna ƙoƙarin kare shi. Gwamnatin Zanzibar ta nada jami'an addinin Musulunci a Zanzibar. Babban tsarin doka a Tanzaniya da Zanzibar ba addini ba ne, amma Musulmai suna da zaɓi na amfani da kotunan addini don shari'o'in da suka shafi iyali. Laifukan daidaikun mutane na tashin hankali na addini sun faru a kan duka Kiristoci da Musulmai. Manufofi da akidun Ujamaa da gwamnatin Tanzaniya ta farko ta amince da su bayan samun ‘yancin kai daga Birtaniya a shekarun 1960 sun jaddada hadin kan kasa kan rarrabuwar kawuna na addini ko kabilanci, kuma hakan na nuni da irin kakkausan kalamai na nuna kyama a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Tanzaniya, wanda har yanzu yana nan aiki kamar na shekarar 2019. Yayin da aka watsar da Ujamaa a matsayin aikin jiha a cikin 1985, kuma rikicin addini ya ɗan tashi tun daga lokacin, majiyoyin ilimi da ƙungiyoyin sa-kai sun yaba wa Ujamaa don ba da gudummawa ga yanayin 'yancin addini da kwanciyar hankali na zamantakewa a Tanzaniya. Alkaluma Wani bincike na Pew Forum na shekarar 2010 ya kiyasta kusan kashi 61 na al’ummar kasar Kirista ne, kashi 35 cikin 100 Musulmi, da kuma kashi 4 cikin dari na sauran kungiyoyin addini. Wani rahoto daban na Pew Forum na shekarar 2010 ya kiyasta fiye da rabin yawan jama'a suna aiwatar da abubuwan addinan gargajiya na Afirka a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun. Babu wani binciken gida da ya shafi alaƙar addini. A babban yankin, al'ummomin musulmi da yawa sun taru a yankunan bakin teku, tare da wasu tsiraru musulmi da ke cikin kasa a cikin birane. Ƙungiyoyin Kirista sun haɗa da Roman Katolika, Furotesta (ciki har da ƙungiyoyin Kirista na Pentikostal), Masu Adventists na kwana bakwai, Cocin Yesu Kristi na Kiristoci na Ƙarshe, da Shaidun Jehovah. Wasu rukunoni sun haɗa da mabiya addinin Buddha, Hindu, Sikhs, ís, animists, da kuma waɗanda ba sa son addini. Mazauna Zanzibar miliyan 1.3 Musulmai ne kashi 99 bisa 100, a cewar wani kiyasi na gwamnatin Amurka, wanda kashi biyu cikin uku na Sunni ne, a cewar rahoton Pew Forum na shekarar 2012. Ragowar ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin Shi'a da dama, galibi 'yan asalin Asiya. Tarihi Fage Tanzaniya tana kunshe da yankuna biyu, yankin babban kasa a nahiyar Afirka da kuma tsibiran Zanzibar, wadanda suka hade a shekarun 1960. An fara keɓe yankin babban yankin Tanganyika a matsayin wani ɓangare na rabuwar Afirka a taron Berlin a shekarar 1884. Akasin haka, tarihin Zanzibar a matsayin yanki na musamman ya koma karni na 13, lokacin da yake gida ga jihohin Swahili. Ba a san takamaiman kwanakin shigar Musulunci zuwa Gabashin Afirka ba, amma shaidar farko da aka rubuta na kasancewar musulmi ta kasance a shekara ta 830 AZ, kuma an kafa wasu manyan biranen Islama a Zanzibar da bakin gabar teku a karni na 11. Waɗannan jahohin birni sun kai kololuwarsu a ƙarni na 14 da 15, bayan haka sai suka tabarbare sakamakon rikici da Portugal a ƙarni na 16 zuwa 17. Ikon Portuguese na Zanzibar ya kasance ɗan gajeren lokaci, yayin da Daular Omani ta kore su, wanda a ƙarshe zai ƙaura babban birninta zuwa Zanzibar. A farkon karni na 19, Zanzibar ta zama babban kulli a cinikin bayi, wanda ba zai kare ba sai farkon karni na 20. Kiristanci ya isa Tanganyika a cikin karni na 19 a cikin nau'i na ayyukan turawa daban-daban, kuma a lokaci guda masu wa'azin Sufaye za su yada addinin Islama fiye da yankunan bakin teku. Duka ayyukan Kirista da Musulmi a Tanzaniya suna da tasiri sosai ta hanyar daidaitawa tare da tsofaffin al'adun addinan Afirka. A lokacin yunkurin 'yancin kai, Kiristoci da Musulmai duka sun taka rawar gani a cikin kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta Tanganyika. Bayan samun 'yancin kai, duk da haka, jawabai sun canza, kuma a wasu lokuta an gabatar da al'ummomin Kirista da Musulmai a matsayin masu adawa da siyasa. Farkon 'yancin kai da juyin juya halin Zanzibar (1961-1964) A shekara ta 1961, mulkin Birtaniyya ya ƙare a Tanganyika, tare da Julius Nyerere ya zama shugabanta na farko a shekarar 1962, yayin da Zanzibar ta ci gaba da kasancewa mai kariyar Burtaniya wanda masarautar Larabawa ke mulka. A shekarar 1964, an hambarar da Sarkin Zanzibar a juyin juya halin Zanzibar. Juyin juya halin ya kasance tare da matsanancin tashin hankali da 'yan juyin juya hali na Afirka suka yi kan Larabawa da Asiya ta Kudu, wadanda akasarinsu musulmi ne ko kuma mabiya addinin Hindu kuma aka alakanta su da rukunin masu mulki na masarautar Zanzibar. An fafata ne da abin da ya gada daga wannan biki, yayin da wasu sassa na al'ummar Zanzibar ke kallon mummunan tashin hankalin da ya shafi kabilanci a matsayin ramuwar gayya ga zalunci da aka sha a karkashin masarautar Sarkin Musulmi, wadda ta yi cinikin bayi a Afirka. Dakarun da suka tayar da tarzoma sun kasance karkashin jagorancin John Okello, Kirista wanda ya yi imanin cewa aikin sa ne ya 'yantar da Zanzibar daga "Larabawa Musulmi", duk da cewa al'ummar Afirka a Zanzibar da jam'iyyar Afro-Shirazi (ASP) na juyin juya hali. galibinsu musulmi kuma. Ayyukan Okello da akidar kiristoci masu tsatsauran ra'ayi sun raba wasu a cikin ASP, kuma ba da jimawa ba aka ware shi, aka cire shi daga mukaminsa kuma daga karshe aka kore shi. Haɗin kai da Ujamaa (1964-1985) Bayan juyin juya hali, Zanzibar ta hade da Tanganyika ta kafa Tanzaniya, tare da Nyerere a matsayin shugaban kasa. Manyan masu mulki a babban yankin, wadanda ke da bambancin addini, sun gwammace mulkin boko, yayin da Zanzibar ta kasance mai cin gashin kanta da kuma aiwatar da kasa mai zaman kanta. Yayin da Musulunci ba addinin kasa ba ne a hukumance, an ba shi matsayi na musamman da gata. A shekara ta 1967, Tanzaniya ta ƙara komawa hagu a siyasance, kuma ta fara haɓaka Ujamaa, akidar gurguzu wacce ta jaddada 'yanci, daidaito da haɗin kai a matsayin ka'idodinta na tsakiya. Kasar ta kuma amince da kundin tsarin mulkin kasar wanda ya kunshi sassa masu kakkausar murya na adawa da wariya, gami da nuna banbancin addini. Human Rights Watch ta yi la'akari da Ujamaa a matsayin ingantaccen abin koyi na haɗin kan ƙasa, yana ba da gudummawa ga kwanciyar hankali na Ujamaa da haɗin kai, tare da faɗar cewa mahimmancin haɗin kai shi ma ya sa yana da wahala a wasu lokuta bincikar cin zarafin ɗan adam. Tanzaniya ita ce kasa daya tilo a gabashin Afirka da ba ta ci gaba da fuskantar tashin hankalin kabilanci, addini ko siyasa ba tun bayan da ta samu 'yancin kai daga turawan mulkin mallaka. Bayan Nyerere (1985-yanzu) Bayan da Nyerere ya yi ritaya daga siyasa bayan wa'adinsa na ƙarshe a shekarar 1985, gwamnatin Tanzaniya ta yi watsi da Ujamaa a matsayin akidarta, ko da yake ya zuwa shekarar 2019 kundin tsarin mulkin 1977 ya ci gaba da aiki. Tun bayan karshen mulkin Ujama’a, an samu takun saka tsakanin Musulmi da gwamnati, da ma kadan a tsakanin Musulmi da Kirista. A shekarun 1993 da 1998, tashin hankali ya karu zuwa matakin tashin hankali tsakanin musulmi da jami'an tsaron kasar, lamarin da ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutane da dama. Masana ilimin kimiyya sun danganta wannan koma bayan fahimtar addini da rugujewar Ujama’a a ma’anar dukkanin manufofinta na hadin kan kasa da kuma manufofinta na jin dadin jama’a, tasirin yakin duniya na karuwa a fagen gwagwarmayar addini a karshen karni na 20 da farkon karni na 20. Ranar 21 ga wata, ƙungiyoyin farfaɗowar addini a cikin Tanzaniya, da sake fasalin sansanonin siyasa biyo bayan samun sassaucin ra'ayi na tattalin arzikin da aka fara a ƙarshen shekarar 1980s. An haramta sihiri a shekarar 2015. Ya zuwa shekarar 2019, an ci gaba da samun rahotannin kashe-kashen da ake dangantawa da maita, inda ‘yan sanda suka kama wadanda ake zargi da hannu a ciki. Yayin da tashin hankali na addini ba kasafai ba ne, yana faruwa. A shekarar 2017, an sami alƙawura uku na ɓarna da lalata dukiyoyi, ciki har da kone-kone, akan gine-ginen addini da limamai. Tsarin doka Kundin tsarin mulkin gwamnatin tarayya na Tanzaniya da kundin tsarin mulkin gwamnatin wucin gadi a Zanzibar duk sun haramta wariyar addini da kuma ba da yancin yin zaɓi na addini. Dokar ta hana kafa jam'iyyun siyasa na addini. Har ila yau, dokar ta haramta wa kowane mutum yin wani mataki ko yin magana da nufin cin mutuncin addinin wani. Duk wanda ya aikata irin wannan laifin yana da alhakin daurin shekara guda a gidan yari. Gwamnati ba ta sanya alaƙar addini akan fasfo ko bayanan ƙididdiga masu mahimmanci. Rahoton 'yan sanda dole ne su bayyana alaƙar addini idan za a buƙaci mutum ya ba da shaidar rantsuwa. Aikace-aikacen neman magani dole ne a ƙayyade alaƙar addini don a iya kiyaye kowace takamaiman al'adun addini. Dokar ta bukaci gwamnati da ta rubuta addinin kowane fursuna tare da samar da wuraren ibada ga fursunoni. Jagorancin al'ummar musulmi A babban yankin, Majalisar Musulmi ta Tanzaniya ta zabi mufti. A Zanzibar, Shugaban Zanzibar ya nada mufti, wanda ke aiki a matsayin jagoran al'ummar Musulmi kuma a matsayin ma'aikacin gwamnati mai taimakawa a harkokin kananan hukumomi. Mufti na Zanzibar a sunansa ya amince da duk ayyukan Musulunci kuma yana kula da duk masallatan Zanzibar. Har ila yau, Muftin ya amince da laccoci na addini ta hanyar ziyartar malaman addinin Musulunci da kuma kula da shigo da littattafan Musulunci daga wajen Zanzibar. Kotunan duniya da na addini A babban yankin, dokokin da ba ruwansu da addini ne ke tafiyar da kiristoci da Musulmai a cikin laifuka da na farar hula. A cikin shari’o’in da suka shafi iyali da suka shafi gado, aure, saki, da riƙon yara ƙanana, dokar kuma ta amince da ayyukan al’ada, waɗanda za su iya haɗa da ayyukan addini. A irin wannan yanayi, wasu musulmi sukan zabi su tuntubi malaman addini maimakon gabatar da kara a kotu. Musulmai a Zanzibar suna da zabin gabatar da kararraki zuwa kotun farar hula ko ta Qadi (kotun Musulunci ko alkali) kan batutuwan da suka shafi kisan aure, tarbiyyar yara, gado, da sauran batutuwan da shari’ar Musulunci ta tanada. Dukkan shari'o'in da aka yi shari'a a kotunan Zanzibar, sai dai wadanda suka shafi al'amuran tsarin mulki na Zanzibari da shari'a, ana iya daukaka kara zuwa Kotun daukaka kara ta Tarayyar Turai da ke babban yankin. Za a iya daukaka karar hukuncin kotunan Qaadi na Zanzibar zuwa wata kotu ta musamman da ta kunshi babban alkalin Zanzibar da wasu shehunai biyar. Shugaban Zanzibar ya nada babban hafsan Qadi, wanda ke kula da kotunan qaddi kuma an san shi a matsayin babban malamin addinin musulunci da ke da alhakin tafsirin Al-Qur'ani. Babu kotunan qadi a kasar. Ilimi Makarantun gwamnati na iya koyar da addini, amma ba ya cikin tsarin koyarwa na ƙasa. Hukumomin makaranta ko ƙungiyoyin iyaye da malamai dole ne su amince da irin waɗannan azuzuwan, waɗanda iyaye ko masu sa kai ke koyarwa a lokaci-lokaci. Dole ne fom ɗin rajista na makarantun gwamnati su ƙayyade addinin yaro don haka masu gudanarwa za su iya sanya ɗalibai zuwa aji addinin da ya dace idan an ba da ɗayan. Dalibai kuma za su iya zaɓar ficewa daga karatun addini. A makarantun gwamnati, an ba wa dalibai damar sanya hijabi amma ba sanya nikabi ba. Duba kuma 'Yancin addini a Afirka ta ƙasa Hakkin Dan Adam a Tanzaniya Addini a Tanzaniya Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20Kare%20Kai

Haƙƙin Kare Kai

Haƙƙin kare kai (wanda ake kira, idan ya shafi kare wani, kare wasu, kare mutum Haƙƙi ne ga mutane su yi amfani da ƙarfi ko kuma kariya, don kare rayuwar mutum kare kansa ko rayukan wasu, gami da wasu halaye, yin amfani da ƙarfi Idan wanda ake ƙara yayi amfani da ƙarfi na kariya saboda barazanar wani ko kuma cutar da wani, ko kuma ya fahimci irin wannan cutar, ana cewa mai ƙara yana da wata hujja ta "kare kai". Idan wanda ake ƙara yayi amfani da ƙarfi na kariya saboda irin wannan fahimta, kuma tsinkayen bashi da ma'ana, wanda ake ƙara na iya samun kare kai mara kyau a matsayin uzuri Janar ra'ayi ƙa'idar doka Tabbatar da hujja baya sanya aikata laifi ta hanyar amfani da karfi ta hanyar halal; idan yin amfani da karfi yayi daidai, ba zai zama mai laifi ba sam. Tunanin farko bai nuna banbanci tsakanin kare mutum da kare dukiyar ba. Ko a sani ko a'a, wannan ya ginu ne bisa ƙa'idar Dokar Roman ta dominium inda duk wani hari akan membobin dangin ko dukiyar da ya mallaka ya kasance harin kai tsaye ne akan dangin dangiNamiji shugaban gida, mai mallakar duk wata dukiya ta gidan, kuma doka ta bashi ikon mallakar dukkan zuriyarsa ta hanyar layin maza komai shekarunsu. An fassara haƙƙin kare kai a matsayin ƙa'idar vim vi repellere licet ("an halatta ta tunkude ƙarfi ta hanyar ƙarfi") a cikin <i id="mwMQ">Digest</i> na Justitian (ƙarni na 6). Wani amfani na farko na wannan shi ne ra'ayin Martin Luther na adawa mai kyau ga mai mulkin Beerwolf, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin koyarwar ƙaramin majistare da aka gabatar a cikin Maganar ta shekara ta 1550 Magdeburg. A cikin Leviathan (1651), Hobbes (ta amfani da kalmar turanci ta kare kai a karo na farko) ya gabatar da ka’idar siyasa da ke rarrabe tsakanin yanayin yanayi inda babu wata hukuma da ta zamani. Hobbes yayi jayayya cewa kodayake wasu na iya zama masu ƙarfi ko masu hankali fiye da wasu a cikin yanayin su, babu wanda ya fi ƙarfin da zai iya wucewa daga tsoron mummunan tashin hankali, wanda ya ba da kariya ta kai a matsayin mafi buƙata. A cikin Yarjejeniyar Biyun na Gwamnati, John Locke ya tabbatar da dalilin da ya sa mai shi zai ba da ikon kansu:... jin daɗin dukiyar da yake da ita a wannan jihar bashi da aminci sosai, ba shi da tsaro sosai. Wannan ya sa ya yarda ya bar yanayin, wanda, duk da haka kyauta, yana cike da tsoro da haɗari na ci gaba: kuma ba tare da dalili ba, yake nema, kuma yana shirye ya shiga cikin jama'a tare da wasu, waɗanda sun riga sun kasance haɗe, ko suna da hankalin da za su haɗa kai, don kiyaye rayukansu, 'yanci da kadarorinsu, wanda da yawa ke kira da babban suna, dukiya.A lokutan da suka gabata kafin ci gaban aikin ƴan sanda na ƙasa, harin da aka kai wa gidan dangi ya zama mummunan hari ne ga mutanen da ke ciki ko kuma kai musu hari ta hanyar kai tsaye ta hanyar hana su mafaka da ko hanyoyin samarwa. Wannan dangantakar tsakanin kai hari ta mutum da dukiya sun raunana yayin da al'ummomi suka ci gaba amma barazanar tashin hankali shine babban jigon. A matsayin wani ɓangare na ikon mallaka, a cikin jawabinsa na 1918 Siyasa als Beruf Siyasa a Matsayin Kira), Max Weber ya bayyana wata ƙasa a matsayin hukuma mai da'awar mallakar ita kanta ta halal ta hanyar amfani da ƙarfi ta zahiri a cikin iyakokin yanki. Ganin cewa tsarin zamani na kasashe ya fito ne daga amfani da karfi, Weber ya tabbatar da cewa yin amfani da karfi ta hanyar cibiyoyin gwamnati ya kasance ba dole ba ne ga ingantacciyar gwamnati a kowane mataki wanda kuma hakan ya nuna cewa taimakon kai yana da iyaka idan ba a kebe shi ba. Ga masu ilimin zamani, batun kare kai yana daga cikin kyawawan halaye a cikin al'umma don saita iyaka ga yin biyayya ga jihar da dokokin ta da aka ba da hatsarin da ke yaɗuwa a cikin duniyar da ke cike da makamai.Kuma a cikin al'ummomin zamani, jihohi suna ta ƙara ba da izini ko bayar da ikon tilasta su ga kamfanoni masu ba da sabis na tsaro ko dai don ƙarin ko maye gurbin abubuwan da ke cikin tsarin ikon. Gaskiyar cewa jihohin ba sa ƙara yin ikirarin mallakar withinan sanda a cikin iyakokinsu, yana haɓaka gardamar cewa mutane na iya amfani da dama ko damar amfani da tashin hankali don kare kansu. Tabbas, 'yanci na zamani ya nuna yawancin dokoki a matsayin masu kutse ga cin gashin kai na mutum kuma, musamman, yana jayayya cewa haƙƙin kare kai daga tilastawa (gami da tashin hankali haƙƙin haƙƙin ɗan adam ne na asali, kuma a cikin kowane hali, ba tare da togiya ba, yana ba da damar duka amfani da tashin hankali wanda ya samo asali daga wannan haƙƙin, ba tare da kariya ga mutum ko dukiya ba. A cikin wannan mahallin, ka lura da cewa Mataki na 12 Sanarwar Duniya game da 'Yancin Dan Adam ta ce:Ba wanda wani zai shiga sha'aninsa na sirri ba tare da yardarsa ba, ko danginsa, ko gidansa, ko wasiƙun sa, kuma ba wanda zai kai hari ga mutuncin sa da mutuncin sa. Kowane mutum na da haƙƙin kasancewa a cikin ja-gorancin ɗan adam.Haɗa kariya daga dangi da gida ya san amfanin da ake da shi a duniya wanda ya samo asali daga mallakar mallakar zaman lafiya na dangi na dangi. Wannan tsarin na gaba daya ya shafi mayar da hankali ga Hohfeld akan alaƙar da ke tsakanin dama da aiki a matsayin wani ɓangare na mu'amalar ɗan adam sabanin haƙƙoƙin da ake ganin yana da mahimmanci saboda sun haɗu da mutum ta hanyar mallakar mallakarsa. Bugu da ari, ya biyo baya cewa, a cikin wannan aikin daidaita dabi'un, dokoki dole ne lokaci guda su aikata laifin zalunci wanda ke haifar da asara ko rauni, amma yanke hukunci daidai-dai da rikici wanda ke haifar da asara ko rauni saboda ana amfani da shi wajen kare kai. A matsayin ƙuduri na wannan abin da ya bayyana na banbanci da bijire wa Hohfeld, Robert Nozick ya tabbatar da cewa babu kyawawan 'yancin jama'a, kawai' yancin mallakar abu ne da kuma ikon cin gashin kai. A cikin wannan ka'idar, "ka'idar mallakar" ta bayyana cewa mutane suna da ikon karewa da adana duk abin da suka mallaka ta hanyar da ta dace kuma "ka'idar gyarawa" tana bukatar duk wani keta ka'ida ta farko da za a gyara ta hanyar mayar da kadarori ga masu su a matsayin rarrabawa "sau daya" Saboda haka, a tsoran kariyar kai a matakin farko, duk wata lalacewar dukiya dole ne ta zama mai kyau ko ta wani fanni ko ta ƙima. Hakazalika, masana ilimin tunani irin su George Fletcher da Robert Schopp sun dauki ra'ayoyin Turawa game da cin gashin kai a ra'ayoyinsu na sassaucin ra'ayi don ba da hujja ga mai rike da madafun iko ta hanyar amfani da dukkan karfin da ya dace don kare ikonsa da 'yancinsa. Wannan haƙƙin ya jujjuya ƙa'idodin amfani da amfani tare da tashin hankali wanda ya kasance mafi alkhairi ga mutum, amma daidai yake nuna Jeremy Bentham wanda ya ga dukiya a matsayin ƙarfin motsawa don bawa mutane damar haɓaka ayyukan su ta hanyar saka hannun jari da kasuwanci. A ka'idar masu sassaucin ra'ayi, saboda haka, don ƙara yawan mai amfani, babu buƙatar ja da baya ko amfani da ƙarfi daidai gwargwado. An ce maharin ya sadaukar da kariyar doka lokacin da ya fara harin. A wannan yanayin, dokar aikata laifi ba kayan aikin jin daɗin ƙasa bane wanda ke ba da kariya ga kowa lokacin da suka ji rauni. Koyaya, dole ne a yarda da wasu iyakoki azaman inda ƙaramin hari na farko ya zama kawai dalilin azabtarwa da wuce gona da iri. Tsarin dokar farar hula yana da ka'idar "cin zarafin 'yanci" don bayyana kin yarda da hujja a irin waɗannan munanan lamura. Ka'idar ɗabi'a Hakkin kiyaye kai da makami ya samo asali ne daga ka'idar Graeco-Roman Natural Rights, wanda wani dan kasar Roman Cicero (106–43 BC) da sauran masu ilimin falsafa suka fada a fili, wanda Aristotle ya yi tasiri. Miguel Faria, marubucin littafin Amurka, Bindigogi, da 'Yanci a shekarar (2019), da yake rubutu a Surgical Neurology International ya bayyana cewa mutane suna da haƙƙin kare mutanensu ta hanyar haƙƙinsu na ɗabi'a na kare kai; cewa mutane suna da hakkin kare kansu kawai amma kuma suna da kyawawan halaye na kare iyalai da makwabta; cewa haƙƙin kare kai da makami ya faɗaɗa ga al'umma don taƙaitawa ko hana azzalumar gwamnati. Haƙƙin 'yanci na maza su dauki makami don kare kai, ya zama aikin kare wadanda ke karkashin iyalansu da kulawa. Yawancin addinai, musamman a cikin al'adun Yahudu-Krista sun yarda da haƙƙin kare kai da kariya ta gida da makamai. Katolika ta katolika da aka samo asali daga aikin tauhidin na St Thomas Aquinas. Ya karanta cewa: "Tsaron doka na iya zama ba wai kawai hakki ba ne amma kuma babban aiki ne ga wanda ke da alhakin rayuwar wasu. Kare lafiyar gama gari yana bukatar a sanya zalunci mai zalunci ba zai iya cutar da shi ba. Bugu da ƙari, kamar yadda "ya faru cewa buƙatar sa mahaukaci ya kasa haifar da cutarwa wani lokacin ya ƙunshi ɗaukar ransa." Masanin falsafar Ingilishi John Locke (1632-1704) ya gabatar da cewa haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam sun bayyana a fili kuma sun ba mutum ikon "neman rayuwa, lafiya, 'yanci da mallaka," da kuma haƙƙin kare kansa. Waɗanda suka kafa Amurka ne suka ɗauki wannan ra'ayin kuma Thomas Jefferson ya tsara shi a bayyane na 'Yancin kai. A cikin sharhinsa game da David Kopel's ɗabi'ar kare kai da daukar matakin soja: Al'adar Yahudu da Nasara (2017), Faria ta kammala da cewa: "'Yanci da hakkin kiyaye rayuwa ta hanyar kare kai hakkokin mutane ne na dabi'a wato, kyaututtuka daga Allah ko Dabi'a zuwa mutum da gwamnatocin da ke yunƙurin ƙetare waɗancan haƙƙoƙin ba su da halattattun gwamnatoci sai ɓarnata. Mummunan gwamnatoci da kwace daga mulki sun riga sun yi tawaye ga Allah da mutum, don haka mutane suna da haƙƙin haƙƙin kare kai ta hanyar tawaye don kifar da waɗannan gwamnatocin. Kare wasu Dokokin iri ɗaya ne yayin amfani da ƙarfi don kare wani daga hatsari. Gabaɗaya, mai tuhuma dole ne ya yi imani mai kyau cewa ɓangare na uku yana cikin matsayi inda suke da haƙƙin kare kai. Misali, mutumin da ba da sani ba ga wasu 'yan wasan kwaikwayo biyu da suke yin faɗa zai iya kare ikonsu na wanda ya bayyana da zalunci. Kariyar doka don iƙirarin kare kai Da'awar shari'ar kare kai zai dogara ne ga barazanar. Wannan ya haɗa da ko barazanar magana ce ta sa mutum ya ji tsoro, har suka ji bukatar kare kansu. Hakanan zai dogara ne idan barazanar ta kusa ko a'a. Wasu tambayoyin da za ku yi shine barazanar tana faruwa kuma shin rayuwar mutum tana cikin haɗari da gaske? Shin sun tsokani mutum ne don harin ya faru? Lokacin da mutumin ya far wa mutumin, shin kare kansa ya yi daidai da barazanar, ko kuwa har ya kai ga mutun ya mutu lokacin da ba sa bukatar a kashe shi? Shin kariyar koyaswa tsaro? Shin da gangan suka fasa gidan mutum kuma suka yi ƙoƙarin cutar da mutumin ko danginsa har ta kai su ga kare kansu ko wasu ta amfani da ƙarfi? Dokar Final ta yanzi Dokar Final ta yanzu a Amurika mai lamba §3.04 ta ƙunshi ingantaccen tsari don amfani da ƙarfi, gami da lokacin da ya cancanta, da iyakancewa akan dalilin. Model Penal Code ba dokar hukuma bace a cikin Amurka, kodayake kotuna da jihohi da yawa suna cin bashi mai yawa daga gare ta. Shari'o'in gama gari A cikin Mutane v. La Voie, Kotun ƙoli na Colorado, 395 P.2d 1001 (1964), Kotun ta rubuta, "Idan mutum yana da dalilai masu ma'ana na yin imani, kuma a zahiri ya gaskata, cewa haɗarin kashe shi, ko na karɓar babban jiki cutarwa, ta gabato, yana iya yin aiki a kan irin wannan bayyani kuma ya kare kansa, har zuwa matakin ɗaukar ran mutum lokacin da ya cancanta, kodayake yana iya zama cewa bayyanuwar ƙarya ce, ko da yake yana iya kuskurewa game da girman ainihin hatsari. Ma'anar a takamaiman ƙasashe Ostiraliya Jamhuriyar Czech Sweden Ingila da Wales Amurka Duba kuma Koyarwar gida Siyasar bindiga Kariyar kai mara kyau Kisan kai mai adalci Ossian Mai Dadi Pikuach nefesh 'Yanci don kiyayewa da ɗaukar makamai Assaultan cin mutunci Amfani da karfi ci gaba Manazarta Bibliography Sir Edward Coke, Sashi na Farko na Cibiyoyin Laws of England, ko, Bayani kan Littleton (London, 1628, ed. F. Hargrave da C. Butler, 19th ed., London, 1832) Dressler, Joshua, Sabbin Tunani Game da Ka'idar Tabbatarwa a cikin Dokar Laifi: Sanarwar Tunanin Fletcher da Tunawa, (1984) 32 UCLA L. Rev. 61. Fletcher, George P. (1990) Laifukan Kare Kai: Bernhard Goetz da Doka a Shari'ar, Chicago: Jami'ar Chicago Press, Fletcher, George P. (2000) Rethinking Laifin Laifi, Oxford: Jami'ar Oxford Press, Schopp, Robert F. (1998) Adalcin kariya da adalci, Cambridge: Jami'ar Jami'ar Cambridge, Semeraro, (2006) Osservazioni sulla riforma della legittima difesa Vitu, Halayyar kare doka da keta doka, Revue de Science Criminelle, 1987, 865. Hanyoyin haɗin waje UseofForce.us, mai zaman kansa, zurfin rashi na dokokin kare kai na Amurka. Hakkin tsaro Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam Ƴancin ɗan adam Pages with unreviewed

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic

Arctic

Arctic rtɪk/ or r ktɪk/) yanki ne na polar da ke arewa maso yammacin Duniya. Arctic ya ƙunshi Tekun Arctic, tekun da ke kusa, da kuma sassan Kanada (Yukon, Yankunan Arewa maso Yamma, Nunavut), Daular Danish (Greenland), arewacin Finland (Lapland), Iceland, arewacin Norway (Finnmark da Svalbard), Rasha (Murmansk, Siberiya, Nenets Okrug, Novaya Zemlya), arewacin Sweden da Amurka (Alaska). Ƙasar da ke cikin yankin Arctic tana da nau'ikan dusar ƙanƙara da murfin ƙanƙara na lokaci-lokaci, tare da permafrost wanda ba shi da bishiya (mai daskararriya ƙanƙara ta dindindin) mai ɗauke da tundra. Tekun Arctic suna ɗauke da ƙanƙara na yanayi a wurare da yawa. Yankin Arctic yanki ne na musamman tsakanin halittun duniya. Al'adu a yankin da 'yan asalin Arctic sun dace da yanayin sanyi da matsananciyar yanayi. Rayuwa a cikin Arctic ta haɗa da zooplankton da phytoplankton, kifi da dabbobi masu shayarwa na ruwa, tsuntsaye, dabbobin ƙasa, tsirrai da al'ummomin ɗan adam. Ƙasar Arctic tana da iyaka da yankin subarctic. Definition and etymology Kalmar Arctic ta fito daga kalmar Helenanci (arkticos), "kusa da Bear, arewa" kuma daga kalmar (arktos), ma'ana bear. Sunan yana nufin ko dai ga ƙungiyar taurari Ursa Major, "Babban Bear", wanda ya shahara a yankin arewa na sararin samaniya, ko kuma ƙungiyar taurarin Ursa Minor, "Little Bear", wanda ya ƙunshi sandar arewa na sama (a halin yanzu sosai). kusa da Polaris, Tauraruwar Pole ta Arewa ta yanzu, ko Tauraruwar Arewa). Akwai ma'anoni da dama na abin da yanki ke ƙunshe a cikin Arctic. Ana iya ayyana yankin a matsayin arewacin Arctic Circle (kimanin 66° 34'N), madaidaicin iyakar kudu na tsakar dare da kuma daren iyakacin duniya. Wani ma'anar Arctic, wanda ya shahara tare da masu ilimin halitta, shine yanki a Arewacin Hemisphere inda matsakaicin zafin jiki na watanni mafi zafi (Yuli) ya kasance ƙasa da Layin bishiyar arewa mafi kusa yana bin isotherm a iyakar wannan yanki. Yanayi Yankin Arctic yana da yanayin sanyi mai sanyi da lokacin rani mai sanyi. Hazo galibi yana zuwa ne a cikin nau'in dusar ƙanƙara kuma yana da ƙasa, tare da yawancin yankin yana karɓar ƙasa da Iska mai ƙarfi yakan tayar da dusar ƙanƙara, yana haifar da ruɗi na ci gaba da dusar ƙanƙara. Matsakaicin yanayin hunturu na iya yin ƙasa da ƙasa kuma mafi yawan zafin jiki da aka rubuta shine kusan Sauyin yanayi na Tekun Arctic ana daidaita su ta hanyar tasirin teku, suna da yanayin zafi gabaɗaya da ruwan dusar ƙanƙara fiye da wuraren da suka fi sanyi da bushewa. Arctic tana fama da dumamar yanayi a halin yanzu, yana haifar da raguwar ƙanƙara a tekun Arctic, raguwar ƙanƙara a cikin kankara na Greenland, da sakin methane na Arctic yayin da permafrost ya narke. Narkewar kankara na Greenland yana da alaƙa da haɓakar polar. Sakamakon ƙaura na isotherms na duniya (kimanin a cikin shekaru goma a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata sakamakon dumamar yanayi, yankin Arctic (kamar yadda aka ayyana ta layin bishiya da zafin jiki) a halin yanzu yana raguwa. Wataƙila mafi girman sakamakon wannan shine raguwar ƙanƙarar tekun Arctic. Akwai babban bambance-bambance a cikin tsinkaya na asarar kankara na Arctic, tare da samfurori da ke nuna kusan cikakke don kammala hasara a watan Satumba daga 2035 zuwa wani lokaci a kusa da 2067. Flora da fauna Rayuwar Arctic tana da halin karbuwa ga gajerun yanayi na girma tare da dogon lokacin hasken rana, da sanyi, duhu, yanayin hunturu da dusar ƙanƙara ta lulluɓe. Tsire-tsire Tsire-tsire na Arctic sun ƙunshi tsire-tsire irin su dwarf shrubs, graminoids, ganye, lichens, da mosses, waɗanda duk suna girma kusa da ƙasa, suna kafa tundra. Misali na dwarf shrub shine bearberry. Yayin da mutum ya matsa zuwa arewa, yawan zafin da ake samu don tsiron tsiro yana raguwa sosai. A cikin yankunan arewaci, tsire-tsire suna kan iyakokin su na rayuwa, kuma ƙananan bambance-bambance a cikin yawan adadin zafi na rani yana haifar da babban bambance-bambance a cikin adadin kuzarin da ake samu don kulawa, girma da haifuwa. Yanayin zafi mai sanyi yana haifar da girma, yalwa, yawan aiki da iri-iri na tsire-tsire su ragu. Bishiyoyi ba za su iya girma a cikin Arctic ba, amma a cikin sassansa mafi zafi, shrubs suna da yawa kuma suna iya kaiwa tsayi; sedges, mosses da lichens na iya samar da yadudduka masu kauri. A cikin mafi tsananin sanyi na Arctic, yawancin ƙasa ba komai bane; shuke-shuke da ba na jijiyoyin jini irin su lichens da mosses sun fi rinjaye, tare da wasu ciyayi masu tarwatsewa da ciyayi (kamar Arctic poppy). Dabbobi Herbivores a kan tundra sun haɗa da kuren Arctic, lemming, muskox, da caribou. Mujiya mai dusar ƙanƙara, Arctic fox, Bear Grizzly, da Kerkeci na Arctic ne suka cinye su. Polar bear shima mafarauci ne, kodayake ya fi son farautar rayuwar ruwa daga kankara. Har ila yau, akwai tsuntsaye da nau'o'in ruwa da yawa da suka mamaye yankuna masu sanyi. Sauran dabbobin ƙasa sun haɗa da wolverines, moose, tumaki dall, ermines, da squirrels na Arctic. Dabbobin ruwa na ruwa sun haɗa da hatimi, walrus, da nau'ikan nau'ikan cetacean-baleen whales da narwhals, orcas, da belugas. Kyakkyawan misali kuma sanannen nau'in zobe ya wanzu kuma an kwatanta shi a kusa da Arctic Circle a cikin nau'i na gulls na Larus. Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studiyon%20fim%20na%20Odesa

Studiyon fim na Odesa

Studiyob fim na Odesa wato Odesa Film Studio Ukraine na ƙasar Ukraine, tsohon ɗakin studiyo ne na fina-finai na Soviet a Odesa, ɗaya daga cikin dakunan fim na farko a Daular Rasha da Tarayyar Soviet. Mallakar gwamnati ne ta wani fuskar sannan kuma Ma'aikatar Jiya ke kula da ita da asusun kudi ta Ukraine tare da Ma'aikatar Al'adu duka ke kula da ita. Ita da studiyon Dovzhenko Film Studios ne kadai mallakar gwamnati da manyan masu shirya fina-finai a kasar. Gidan studiyon yana nan a Frantsuzky bulvar 33 (33 French Boulevard), Odesa, Ukraine. A kusa da ita akwai ƙaramin ɗakin studiyo na House of Mask. Tarihi da sake fasali An kafa ta a ranar 23 ga Mayu 1919 daga shawarar kwamitin zartarwa na Odesa, SSR na Ukrainian daga ragowar gidajen sinima na Myron Grossman, Dmitriy Kharitonov, da Borisov. Wannan kwanan wata ita ce ranar da aka haifi na farko a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na jihar. Da farko, an jera shi a matsayin "Sashen fina-finai na siyasa na sashen siyasa da na 41st Division of the Red Army", kuma fim din farko da aka yi fim a nan shi ne "Spiders da kwari." Ainihin Studios sun shiga raguwa bayan yakin basasa na Rasha da kuma yakin 'yancin kai na Ukrainian, yayin da masu mallakar su suka yi hijira, suna gudu daga shari'ar siyasa. Grossman's film studio "Myrograph" ya wanzu a Odesa tun 1907 kuma shi ne mafi tsufa wanda aka rubuta a Ukraine. A 1922, "fim sektion" aka sake shirya a cikin Odesa Film Factory na All-Ukrainian Photo Cinema Administration (VUFKU) Gidan shirya fina-finan na Odesa, wanda shi ne babban wurin shirya VUFKU, ya yi gyare-gyare sosai. Gidan studio ya sayi sabbin kayan aikin sa na zamani a Yamma, wanda ya ba wa ɗakin studio damar yin harbi, haske, da sarrafa kayan fim ta amfani da fasahar zamani. A shekara ta 1926, Vyacheslav Levandovskyi da Deviatkin sun kirkiro wani ɗakin wasan kwaikwayo na VUFKU. A 1930, VUFKU aka sake shirya a cikin "Ukrainafilm" na "Soyuzkino" (Union-cinema). Daga 1938 zuwa 1941 Odesa film studio. A cikin shekarun Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu Gabashin Gabas 1941-1945 wani yanki ne na Tashkent Film Studio. 1954 sake aiki a Odesa. A cikin 1955, Odesa Film Studio ya sake yin nasa fim ɗin. Darakta Alexander Gorky ba kawai ya sami izini don farfado da ɗakin studio ba, amma kuma ya warware matsalar ma'aikata ta hanyar gayyatar masu digiri na VGIK daraktoci, masu daukar hoto, masu fasaha, da tattalin arziki. Sa'an nan kuma tsofaffin ɗalibai, waɗanda yawanci sukan yi shekaru a matsayin mataimaka da mataimaka, da sauri sun sami aiki mai zaman kansa. Ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, 1956, an saki fim din Felix Mironer da Marlen Khutsiev "Spring on Zarechnaya Street", wanda ya zama babban taron ba kawai ga ɗakin studio ba, amma ga dukan fina-finai na Soviet. A cikin 2005, an sake tsara ɗakin studio na fim na Odesa zuwa Kamfanin Haɗin gwiwa na Kusa (tare da gwamnati ta mallaki mafi yawan hannun jari). Bayani Gidan studiyon yana nan a tsakiyar gari kusa da bakin tekun Black Sea wanda ya mamaye kasa mai fadin hekta kuma ya ƙunshi rumfunan da A cikin ginin situdiyon akwai wani gidan shirya fina-finai, Vira Kholodna Film Studio da Makarantar Fina-Finai ta Odesa. Odesa Film Studio yana da nasa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na fim, U-Cinema, wanda kuma yana nan a cikin wannan gini. A yankin da studiyon yake akwai gidan kayan gargajiya na Cinema, wanda za ku iya gani game da abubuwa da yawa masu ban sha'awa game da tarihin sinima. Anan zaku iya samun kayan tarihi, daga ƙirƙirar silima, zuwa na zamani, dijital da avant garde. A ahekara ta 2019, Bankin Ƙasa na Ukraine ya ba da tsabar kuɗi na tunawa da shekaru 100 na studiyon fim na Odesa Bugu da kari, babban ma'aikatar sakonni ta Ukraine ta ba da tambari na musamman don tunawa da ɗakin studiyon na Odesa. Daraktoci Zaɓaɓɓun fina-finai kungiyar Soviet 1926 Love's Berries, darektan Oleksandr Dovzhenko silent film 1926 Vasia the Reformer, darektan Oleksandr Dovzhenko silent film 1926 Taras Triasylo, wanda Petro Chardynin ya jagoranta fim na shiru 1926 Taras Shevchenko, wanda Petro Chardynin ya jagoranta silent film 1927 The Diplomatic Pouch, wanda Oleksandr Dovzhenko ya jagoranta fim na shiru 1928 Arsenal, Oleksandr Dovzhenko ne ya ba da umarni fim ɗin shiru 1928 Zvenyhora, darektan Oleksandr Dovzhenko silent film 1936 Nazar Stodolia, directed by Heorhiy Tasin 1941 Mysterious Island, wanda Eduard Pentslin ya jagoranta 1957 nok Orlyonok, darektan Eduard Nikandrovich Bocharov 1967 Takaitacciyar Ganawa, Kira Muratova ya jagoranta. 1978 D'Artagnan and Three Musketeers, wanda Heorhiy Yungvald-Khilkevych ya jagoranta. 1979 The Adventures of the Elektronik, wanda Kostiantyn Bromberg ya jagoranta 1979 1979 1982 The Trust That Has Burst, wanda Oleksandr Pavlovskyi ya jagoranta. 1982 Wizards, wanda Kostiantyn Bromberg ya jagoranta 1983 Daga cikin Grey Stones, wanda Kira Muratova ya jagoranta 1983 Wartime Romance, wanda Petro Todorovskyi ya jagoranta 1983 Wheel of Tarihi, wanda Stanislav Klymenko ya jagoranta 1986 In search of Captain Grant, directed by Stanislav Hovorukhin 1987 Danylo Kniaz na Halychyna, Yaroslav Lupiy ya jagoranta. 1989 The Asthenic Syndrome, wanda Kira Muratova ya jagoranta Ukraine 1991 Miracle in the Land of Oblivion, darektan Natalia Motuzko 1999 Yadda Maƙerin Ya Nemi Farin Ciki, Radomyr Vasylevsky ya jagoranci 2001 Akeldama, wanda Yaroslav Lupiy ya jagoranta 2007 At the River, darektan Eva Neymann Zababbun daraktoci 1919-1925 Myron Grossman (1908-1918) (wanda aka lasafta shi ne wanda ya kafa Odesa cinematography) Pyotr Chardynin (1923-1932) Les Kurbas (1922-1925) Georgiy Tasin, darektan studio na farko a 1922 1926-1936 Oleksandr Dovzhenko Isak Babel 1936-1954 Vladimir Braun Amvrosiy Buchma 1955-1965 Kira Muratova da Oleksandr Muratov Vadym Kostromenko, a halin yanzu darektan gidan kayan gargajiya Vadym Avloshenko Pyotr Todorovsky 1966-1996 Georgi Yungvald-Khilkevich Stanislav Govorukhin Aleksandr Pavlovsky Natalya Zbandut (Medyuk) Mykhailo Kats Zababbun 'yan wasan kwaikwayo 1919-1925 Vera Kholodnaya (1914-1919) (wanda aka nuna a cikin fina-finai 35) Daria Zerkalova 1926-1936 Natalya Uzhviy Matviy Lyarov 1966-1996 Vladimir Vysotsky Wasu Samvel Gasparov Duba kuma Duk-Ukrainian Photo Cinema Administration (VUFKU) Dovzhenko Film Studios Kievnaukfim National Cinematheque na Ukraine Jerin fina-finan Ukrainian Manazarta Littafi Histoire du cinéma ukrainien (1896–1995), Lubomir Hosejko, Éditions à Dié, Dié, 2001, traduit en ukrainien en 2005 Istoria Oukraïnskovo Kinemotografa, Kino-Kolo, Kiev, 2005, Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Non-official website Odesa film studio Gidan studiyo na Odesa Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titi%20Oyinsan

Titi Oyinsan

Titi Adelagun Oyinsan (an haife ta 10 ga watan Agusta 1985), anfi sanin ta da TitiTheDynamite ƙwararriyar Mai watsa shiri ne na Gidan Talabijin kuma Swararren Mai gabatar da foran Rago ne na Noma na 1 na TV, Wake Up Nigeria akan TVC tun 2017, kuma itace COO a Amber11 Media. Har ila yau ita ce Mai karbar bakuncin Gasar Cin Kofin Ingilishi mafi Girma a Nijeriya don daliban makarantar sakandare 50 na Ingilishi na Turanci da ake kira "Wordsmith. "Kwararrun Labaran Labarai, Mawakan Murya-Murya, Jarumin Murya, Mai ba da labari na Audiobook. Mai ba da labarin ƙamus. Tare da gogewa game da amfani da Octopus Systems don Newsaddamar da Labarai da Watsa shirye-shirye. Harris, da Channel Pro don Haɗin Kai tsaye na iska. Tana da sama da shekaru 10 da gogewa a cikin Teleprompter News anchoring da Live report a cikin filin. Tana alfahari da alfahari da shekaru 13 da ake aiki da ita a cikin nishaɗi, kafofin watsa labarai, da masana'antar samfura a Najeriya, da Afirka ta Kudu. Tana saka jari a cikin forex da kuma tushen tushen Blockchain. tana yin kyandir a matsayin sha'awar gwaninta. Kasashen duniya da aka sani a sassa daban-daban na masana'antar Nishaɗin Najeriya, masu ban sha'awa tare da murya ta musamman, ta yi hira da adadi mai yawa na Supwararrun Internationalasashen Duniya da Internationalan Musika. Rayuwar farko da ilimi Titi Oyinsan an haife ta ne a Legas, Najeriya ga iyayenta ‘yan Nijeriya. Ta koma Arewacin Landan, Ingila a matsayin yarinya inda ta kwashe shekaru 10 kafin ta koma Najeriya don halartar Kwalejin Queen, Yaba, Lagos, inda aka samu wata dama ta aikin jarida sai ta tafi Jami’ar Legas don koyon Harshen Turanci. Ayyuka Salo Ta fara aikinta ne ta hanyar kasancewa a inda ya dace a lokacin da take da shekaru 17 kawai shekara guda bayan kammala karatun sakandare. Ta kasance tare da wata kawarta wacce ta ji labarin kiran 'yar wasa a cikin wani kamfanin talla kuma ta samu aikin tallan kayanta na farko ba tare da ko da kwararren Shugaban daukar hoto ko hotuna ba. Da yake kasancewa cikin jerin ‘yan wasa sama da wata daya tana daya daga cikin wasu 5 da aka kai su Afirka ta Kudu don ɗaukar na kasuwanci. Wannan aikin ya kasance ga matashi mai suna Oda Soda Brand Fanta kuma ya kasance ɗayan irin sa na farko don ɗaukar nauyin irin wannan tafiya tare da Basedabilan Najeriya. Mutane da yawa sun yi mata lakabi da "Titi Fanta" kuma har yanzu tana dauke da sunan Nick a wasu wurare har zuwa yau, Bayan shaharar kamfen din Fanta ya fito fili Tana kan saman jerin sunayen hukumomin talla da tallan talla daban-daban. Ta kasance cikin Yakin neman kamfani kamar Coca-Cola, Amstel Malta Ganawar dama tare da Darakta mai zane mai zane Stanlee Ohikuare ya haifar da wasu harbe-harbe ana gabatarwa ga bankunan Zenith masu alaƙa da Visafone Network .ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru 4 tare da Visafone don kasancewa akan kunshin sim-card. Mai gabatar da TV Daga salo, ta shiga cikin TV ta tsoho saboda yawancin furodusoshin da tayi aiki tare sun shawarce ta da gwada TV. Don haka, ta fara aiki da NTA Network, daga nan ta yi aiki tare da Soundcity inda ta yi aiki tare da Denrele Edun Ta kasance mai ɗaukar nauyin shirin Wake Up Nigeria a gidan Talabijin tare da Abayomi Owope Ita ce mai ɗaukar nauyin shirya gasar kacici-kacici ta harshen Turanci a makarantun Sakandare a Najeriya da ake kira WORD SMITH wanda zai fara aiki a watan Fabrairun 2020 kuma shi ne kanzon kurege na Gasar CowbellPedia Math. Kyauta Ta ƙaddamar da kamfen neman ilimi don yarinyar da aka yiwa lakabi da "#IAmDynamite project". Gangamin ya samu tallafi daga wasu fitattun 'yan Najeriya da suka sanya hannu kan aikin. Irin su Alibaba, Omawumi, Dr SID, Fela Durotoye, DJ Sose, Gbenga Adeyinka, Sammy Okposo, Bikki Laoye, Kaffy, Uche Nnaji, Mochedda, Reekado Banks, Skales, Denrele, Omotola Ekeinde, Bryan, Do2dtun, Sulai Aledeh da yawa Kara. #iAmDynamite kamfen ne na kan layi da cikin Mutum wanda aka kirkira don Titi Oyinsan akan bikin zagayowar ranar haihuwar ta 30. An shirya bikin maulidin ne don karbar bakuncin manyan mashahurai wadanda suka amince da aikin. Babban burin shi ne tara kudi don tura yara mata 30 ‘yan shekaru 5 zuwa 12 zuwa makaranta; wannan kamfen din yana cikin hadin gwiwa ne da kungiyar InitiInSchool Nigeria Initiative wacce Tricia Ikponmwonba ta kafa. Manazarta Ƴan fim Ƴan Najeriya Mata a Najeriya

31442

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed%20Nassim%20Boushaki

Mohamed Nassim Boushaki

Mohamed Nassim Boushaki (Thenia, Fabrairu 14, 1985) digiri ne na Ph.D. Aljeriya a cikin injiniyoyin mutum-mutumi da abin hawa mai cin gashin kansa. Boushaki kuma mai tallata binciken kimiyya ne. Tarihin Rayuwa Mohamed Nassim Boushaki ɗan kasar Kabylia ne a ƙasar Aljeriya inda ya cigaba da karatunsa na asali a lardin Boumerdès kafin ya shiga Jami'ar Boumerdès a shekara ta 2003 don koyon fasahar kere-kere. Bayan ya kammala manhajar fasaharsa a shekarar 2008, ya kuma zaɓi yin digiri na biyu a fannin Injiniyan Lantarki, tare da Robotics a matsayin zabi. Boushaki ya kare karatunsa na digirin digirgir a fannin fasahar ƙere-ƙere a ranar 30 ga Satumban shekara ta 2016 a gaban alkalai da suka haɗa da daraktan littafinsa Philippe Poignet, da kuma darekta Chao Liu, kuma wannan tsaron ya samu halartar masu magana Nicolas Andreff da Jérôme Szewczyk, masu jarrabawar Stephane Caro da Benoît Herman. da kuma bako Salih Abdelaziz. Ilimi Digiri na asali Sana'ar sana'a Abubuwan Bincike Mohamed Nassim Boushaki yana da aikin kimiyya a fagage daban-daban na fasaha: Kimiyyar Kwamfuta. Robotics and Rehalitative Robotics. Ingantacciyar ƙira da sarrafa robobin bututu mai ɗaukar hankali don samun damar yin amfani da laparoscopic guda ɗaya. Sarrafa robobin bututun da aka tattara. Aikin tiyatar endonasal endoscopic da kuma amfani da robobin bututun mai da hankali a cikin tiyatar laparoscopic ta hanyar samun damar daya. sarrafa bayanai na kwamfuta a cikin na'urori masu mahimmanci. Microelectronics da Microbotics. Robotic tiyata, Da Vinci Surgical System da Medical Robot. Micromachining and mechatronic engineering. Tsarin atomatik da microelectronic. Kinematics na concentric tube mutummutumi. Tallafin bincike da tallafin karatu Binciken Boushaki ya samo asali ne daga Laboratories don Harkokin Kiwon Lafiyar Kwamfuta (CAMI labex) na Jami'ar Grenoble a matsayin wani ɓangare na haɗin gwiwar tsakanin Laboratory of Informatics, Robotics da Microelectronics na Montpellier (LIRMM) a Jami'ar Montpellier da dakin gwaje-gwaje. Laboratory of Engineering, Informatics and Imaging (ICUBE) a Jami'ar Strasbourg. A zahiri, lakabin CAMI ya ba da kuɗin karatun digiri na uku da na digiri na biyu tun daga shekarar 2012 a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙira, ƙirar ƙira da sarrafa mutum-mutumi tare da bututu masu tattarawa da kuma fuskantarsu zuwa aikace-aikacen likita. Ayyukan kimiyya na Boushaki a karkashin kulawar dakin gwaje-gwaje na ƙwarewa na CAMI shima yana samun hadin gwiwar Hukumar Bincike ta Faransa a karkashin shirin Investissement d'Avenir. Tiyatar Robotic Mohamed Nassim Boushaki ya shiga cikin bincike kan madaidaicin tiyata na mutum-mutumi a dakin gwaje-gwaje na LIRMM a Montpellier kuma daga baya a cibiyar SSSA a Pisa a cikin shekaru goma daga 2010 zuwa 2020. Ya ɓullo da tsarin lissafi na Jacobian don yin ƙima da ƙarancin kinematics da aka yi amfani da su don sarrafa motsi na mutummutumi na likitanci da aka ƙera tare da fasahar bututu mai ma'ana. Ayyukansa sun mayar da hankali kan aikin tiyata mai zurfi ta hanyar amfani da mutum-mutumi na likita bisa tsarin endoscopy na hanci tare da tsarin sadarwa na bimanual. Ya kuma yi aiki tare da robobi da aka yi amfani da su a lokacin aikin tiyatar ciki da hanta ta hanyar amfani da fasahar laparoscopic tare da yankan kadan kadan tare da fasahar microwave. Motoci masu cin gashin kansu Tun daga shekarar 2020, Boushaki ya gudanar da bincike kan motoci masu zaman kansu a Cibiyar Robotics da Tsarin Mulki (KUCARS) a Jami'ar Khalifa, dake Abu Dhabi. Yana shiga cikin aikin mutum-mutumi da tsarin fasaha a wannan cibiya (KUCARS) wanda Farfesa Lakmal Seneviratne ke jagoranta, inda yake ba da gudummawar iliminsa tare da ƙungiyar kunnawa a fagen fasahar fasaha. Don haka Boushaki ya shiga tare da malaman KUCARS sama da 50 da masu bincike wajen gudanar da bincike na majagaba don gano sabbin hanyoyin da za a ciyar da injinan na'ura zuwa matsanancin yanayi, aikace-aikacen masana'antu, da kuma duba ababen more rayuwa. Buga Mujallu Task-space position control of concentric-tube robot with inaccurate kinematics using approximate Jacobian, Mohamed Nassim Boushaki, C. Liu, P. Poignet, IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), 2014, 5877-5882. Endonasal Endoscopic Approach for Deep Brain Tumors Using Concentric Tube Robot, Mohamed Nassim Boushaki, C. Liu, V. Trevillot, P. Poignet, In Proceedings of SURGETICA, 2014. Optimization of concentric-tube robot design for deep anterior brain tumor surgery, Mohamed Nassim Boushaki, C. Liu, B. Herman, V. Trevillot, M. Akkari, P. Poignet, in the Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Control, Automation, Robotics and Vision (ICARCV'14), Thailand, Nov. 2016. Design Optimization and Control for Concentric Tube Robot in Assisted Single-Access Laparoscopic Surgery, Mohamed Nassim Boushaki, LIRMM Laboratoire d'Informatique de Robotique et de Microélectronique de Montpellier, 2016. Conception, modélisation et commande des robots à tubes concentriques vers des applications médicales, Mohamed Nassim Boushaki, M.T. Chikhaoui, K. Rabenorosa, C. Liu, N. Andreff, P.Poignet, Techniques de l’Ingénieur: Conception, modélisation et commande en robotique (in French), Vol. TIB398DUO, pp. 1-29, May 2016, Workshop national. Experimental Validation of Concentric Tube Robot Control for Surgical Application with Uncertain Kinematics, Mohamed Nassim Boushaki, C. Liu, P. Poignet, IFAC paper, 2017. A novel microwaves tool for robotic resection of the liver, Mohamed Nassim Boushaki, F. Frosini, F. Staderini, M. Brancadoro, M. Dimitri, J. Regolini, R. Miniati, 29th International Conference of the Society for Medical Innovation and Technology SMIT, 2017 November 9-10, Turin (Italy). Development of a robotic pre-coagulation device during hepatic surgery, Mohamed Nassim Boushaki, F. Staderini, F. Frosini, M. Brancadoro, M. Dimitri, J. Regolini, R. Miniati, B. Badii, 9th Worldwide Congress if the Clinical Robotic Surgery Association CRSA, September 22-23, 2017, Chicago (USA). Haptic feedback in the Da Vinci Research Kit (dVRK): A user study based on grasping, palpation, and incision tasks, Mohamed Nassim Boushaki, A. Saracino, A. Deguet, F. Staderini, F. Cianchi, A. Menciassi, E. Sinibaldi, International Journal of Medical Robots, 2019. Dynamic Modeling of the Da Vinci Research Kit Arm for the Estimation of Interaction Wrench, Mohamed Nassim Boushaki, F. Piqué, M. Brancadoro, E. De Momi, A. Menciassi, International Symposium on Medical Robotics (ISMR), 2019. A novel microwave tool for robotic liver resection in minimally invasive surgery, Mohamed Nassim Boushaki, M. Brancadoro, M. Dimitri, F. Staderini, E. Sinibaldi, L. Capineri, F. Cianchi, G. Biffi, A. Menciassi, Minimum Invasive Thermal Allied Technology, 2020. Littafi Mai Tsarki Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Mohamed Nassim Boushaki Twitter Mohamed Nassim Boushaki LinkedIn Mohamed Nassim Boushaki Idref.fr Mohamed Nassim Boushaki Theses.fr Mohamed Nassim Boushaki Dblp Mohamed Nassim Boushaki Google Scholar Mohamed Nassim Boushaki IEEE Mohamed Nassim Boushaki IRIS SSSUP Mohamed Nassim Boushaki ORCID Mohamed Nassim Boushaki Pinterest Mohamed Nassim Boushaki Researchgate Mohamed Nassim Boushaki Scopus Mohamed Nassim Boushaki Bayt Mohamed Nassim Boushaki Archives-ouvertes.fr Haifaffun 1985 Kimiyya Iyalin Boushaki Pages with unreviewed

22081

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right%20to%20sexuality

Right to sexuality

Hakkin yin jima'i ya ƙunshi 'ƴancin bayyana halin jima'i na mutum da kuma' ƴantar da wani bambanci daga dalilan da suka shafi jima'i. A takamaiman, shi da dangantaka da dan-adam na mutane na dabam jima'i da wasu rubuce, ciki har da 'yan madigo, gay, bisexual da transgender LGBT mutane, da kuma kariya daga waɗanda hakkin su, ko da yake shi ne daidai zartar heterosexuality 'Yancin yin jima'i da kuma' yanci daga nuna bambanci saboda dalilan da suka shafi jima'i ya ta'allake ne ga kowa game da haƙƙin ɗan adam da yanayin haƙƙin ɗan adam da ba za'a iya cirewa ba ta hanyar kasancewa ɗan adam. Babu 'yancin yin jima'i a bayyane a cikin dokar haƙƙin ɗan adam ta duniya a maimakon haka, ana samunsa a cikin wasu kayan kare hakkin dan bil adama na kasa da kasa da suka hada da Sanarwar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Duniya, Yarjejeniyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa kan Haƙƙoƙin Ɗan Adam da Siyasa da Yarjejeniyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa kan 'Ƴancin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu. Ma'ana Batun 'yancin yin jima'i yana da wahalar bayyanawa, domin kuwa ya kunshi hakkoki da dama daga cikin dokokin kare hakkin dan adam na duniya. An bayyana mahimmancin yanayin jima'i a cikin Preamble na Yogyakarta Principles a matsayin kowane mutum don zurfin motsin rai, so da sha'awa na jima'i ga da kuma kusanci da alaƙar jima'i da, mutane na jinsi daban-daban ko jinsi ɗaya ko fiye da jinsi ɗaya". 'Yanci daga nuna wariya saboda dalilin jima'i ana samunsa ne a cikin Sanarwar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Duniya (UDHR) da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa ta' Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa (ICCPR). UDHR ta tanadi rashin nuna wariya a cikin Matakinta na 2, wanda ke cewa: Kowane mutum na da hakkin ya sami ‘yanci da haƙƙin da aka bayyana a cikin wannan sanarwar, ba tare da wani bambanci ba, kamar dai launin fata, jinsi, yare, addini, siyasa ko wani ra’ayi, asalin ƙasa ko na zaman jama'a, dukiya, haihuwa ko wani matsayi na rayuwa Bugu da kari haka, ba za a nuna bambanci ba dangane da siyasa, hurda matsayin kasa da kasa na kasar da yankin da mutum yake, walau mai zaman kansa, mai dogaro da kai, mara mulkin kansa ko karkashin wani iyakancin ikon mallaka.Za a iya fahimtar yanayin jima'i a cikin Mataki na biyu 2 a matsayin "wani matsayi" ko kuma a matsayin faɗuwa a ƙarƙashin "jima'i". A cikin ICCPR, Mataki na biyu ya bayyana irin wannan tanadin don rashin nuna bambanci:Kowace Jiha na toungiyar na wakilta a halin yanzu da ta ɗauki alƙawarin girmamawa da tabbatar wa duk mutane a cikin ƙasarta kuma suna ƙarƙashin ikonta haƙƙoƙin da aka amince da su a cikin Yarjejeniyar ta yanzu, ba tare da banbancin kowane nau'i ba, kamar launin fata, launi, jinsi, yare, addini, siyasa ko wani ra'ayi, asalin ƙasa ko zamantakewa, dukiya, haihuwa ko wani matsayi.A cikin Toonen v Ostiraliya Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNHRC) ta gano cewa batun "jima'i" a cikin Mataki na biyu na ICCPR ya hada da tsarin jima'i, don haka sanya nuna jinsi ya zama dalilan banbanci game da jin dadin 'yancin a karkashin ICCPR. 'Yancin samun' yanci daga nuna bambanci shi ne tushen 'yancin yin jima'i, amma yana da nasaba ta kusa da motsa jiki da kuma kare wasu hakkokin dan adam. Bayan Fage Mutanen da ke da bambancin yanayin jima'i an nuna musu wariya a tarihi kuma suna ci gaba da kasancewa "rukuni" cikin al'umma a yau. Nau'ikan nuna wariyar da mutane masu bambancin ra'ayi ke fuskanta sun hada da hana yancin rayuwa, da yancin yin aiki da hakkin kare sirri, rashin sanin alakar mutum da danginshi, kutse da mutuncin mutum, tsangwama da tsaron mutum, keta haƙƙin 'yanci daga azabtarwa, nuna bambanci a cikin damar samun haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, gami da gidaje, kiwon lafiya da ilimi, da matsin lamba don yin shiru da ganuwa. Kasashe saba'in da takwas suna kiyaye dokokin da ke sanya jinsi tsakanin jima'i tsakanin manya aikata laifi, kuma ƙasashe bakwai (ko ɓangarorinta) ke zartar da hukuncin kisa kan jima'i tsakanin jima'i. Su ne Iran, Saudi Arabiya, Yemen, Mauritania, Sudan, jihohin arewacin Najeriya goma sha biyu, da yankunan kudancin Somaliya. 'Yancin yin jima'i bai daɗe da zama abin damuwa ba na duniya, tare da ƙa'idodin jima'i a al'adance suna faɗuwa a ƙarƙashin ikon ƙasar. A yau kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da kungiyoyin masu zaman kansu na kasa da kasa da yawa sun tsunduma cikin kare hakkin mutane na bambancin jinsi kamar yadda ake kara fahimtar cewa nuna banbanci game da tsarin jima'i ya yadu kuma keta hakkokin bil' adama ne da ba za a amince da shi ba. Ayyukan tashin hankali Ayyukan tashin hankali akan mutanen LGBT galibi suna da ban tsoro musamman idan aka kwatanta da sauran laifuka masu haifar da son zuciya ko son rai kuma sun haɗa da kashe-kashe, sace-sace, duka, fyade, da tashin hankali na hankali, gami da barazanar, tilastawa da lalatar aibata mutum. Misalan ayyukan tashin hankali akan mutane masu bambancin ra'ayi game da jima'i suna da yawa a lissafa a nan, kuma suna faruwa a duk sassan duniya. Misali mai matukar damuwa shine cin zarafin mata da kisan yan madigo goma sha biyar a cikin Thailand a cikin Maris 2012. A cikin wannan misalin, wasu maza da suka yi adawa da alaƙar su sun kashe ma'aurata biyu 'yan madigo kuma suka ji kunya lokacin da suka kasa shawo kan matan zuwa ga alaƙar maza da kansu. Yawancin lokuta ayyukan tashin hankali ga mutanen da ke bambancin bambancin ra'ayi na jima'i ana yin su ne daga dangin wanda aka cutar. A wani yanayi a Zimbabwe, dangin ta ne suka shirya fyaden da ake yi wa ‘yar madigo da yawa a kokarin“ warkar da ita ”daga yin luwadi. A wa annan shari'o'in, kamar sauran lamura da yawa na cin zarafin mutane game da bambancin bambancin jinsi, hukumomin zartar da doka na jihar suna da hannu dumu-dumu a take hakkin dan adam saboda gazawa wajen musguna wa masu take hakki. Keta haƙƙin sirri Yancin sirri shine' yanci da aka kiyaye a karkashin UDHR, da ICCPR wanda ke nuni da "yaduwar, idan ba gama gari ba, bukatar bil'adama ta bin wasu ayyukanta a cikin kusanci, ba tare da tsangwama daga waje ba. Yiwuwar yin hakan asasi ne ga mutum. Abota ta kut da kut, ko tsakanin mutane biyu na jinsi ko na jinsi daban, suna cikin waɗannan ayyukan waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin haƙƙin sirri. An yi nasara cikin jayayya da yawa a cikin shari'oi da dama da suka gudana na cewa dangantakar liwadi da madigo tsangwama ne ga haƙƙin sirri, gami da yanke hukunci a Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan Adam da UNHRC. Theancin yanke hukunci kan alaƙar mutum ta yarda da kansa, gami da jinsin wannan mutumin, ba tare da tsangwama na Gwamnati ba haƙƙin ɗan adam bane. Haramta dangantakar mutane masu bambancin ra'ayi game da jima'i tauye haƙƙin jima'i ne da haƙƙin sirri. 'Yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, tare da haɗuwa Kowane mutum, ta hanyar ikon cin gashin kansa, yana da 'yanci ya bayyana kansa akan komai da yake yi, ya tara kuma ya kasance tare da wasu. 'Yancin faɗar albarkacin baki haƙƙin ɗan adam ne wanda aka kiyaye a karkashin doka ta 19 na UDHR da kuma sashi na 19 na ICCPR, haka nan haƙƙin haɗuwa ne a ƙarƙashin doka ta 20 ta UDHR da kuma doka ta 21 ta ICCPR. Mutanen LGBT ana nuna musu wariya dangane da ikonsu na karewa da inganta haƙƙoƙinsu. Jerin fahariyar 'yan luwadi, zanga-zangar lumana da sauran abubuwan da ke inganta haƙƙoƙin LGBT galibi ana hana gwamnatocin Jiha. A shekarar ta alib 2011 an hana yin zanga-zangar nuna jinsi a kasar Serbia sannan 'yan sanda suka fasa wata zanga-zangar a Moscow, wadanda suka kame manyan masu rajin kare hakkin' yan luwadi talatin. Ka'idodin Yogyakarta A shekarar 2005, kwararru ashirin da tara suka dauki nauyin kirkirar Ka'idojin Yogyakarta kan Aikace-aikacen Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya dangane da Fahimtar Jima'i da Shaidar Jinsi. An yi niyyar gabatar da daftarin ne don fitar da gogewa game da take hakkokin bil adama a kan mutane masu bambancin bambancin jinsi da kuma wadanda suka sauya jinsi, aiwatar da dokar kare hakkin dan adam ta kasa da kasa ga wadancan abubuwan da kuma irin nauyin da ke kan Amurka game da wadancan abubuwan. Prina'idodin za a iya rarraba su zuwa cikin masu zuwa: Ka'idoji na daya zuwa na 3 sun bayyana yadda kowa yake da hakkin ɗan adam da kuma yadda ake amfani da shi ga dukkan mutane. Ka'idoji na 4 zuwa 11 suna magana ne kan hakkokin rayuwa, 'yanci daga tashin hankali da azabtarwa, sirri, samun adalci da' yanci daga tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba. Ka'idodin 12 zuwa 18 sun bayyana rashin nuna bambanci dangane da haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, gami da aikin yi, masauki, tsaro na zamantakewar al'umma, ilimi da kiwon lafiya. Ka'idodin 19 zuwa 21 sun jaddada mahimmancin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, ainihi da kuma jima'i, ba tare da tsangwama na Jiha ba, gami da taron lumana. Ka'idodin 22 da 23 sun bayyana haƙƙin neman mafaka daga zalunci dangane da yanayin jima'i. Ka'idodin 24 zuwa 26 sun bayyana haƙƙin shiga cikin rayuwar iyali da al'adu da al'amuran jama'a. Ka'idar ta 27 ta tsara haƙƙin ingantawa da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ba tare da nuna bambanci ba dangane da yanayin jima'i. Ka'idoji 28 da 29 sun jaddada mahimmancin yiwa wadanda suka keta hakkin dan adam hisabi, da kuma tabbatar da hakkin wadanda ke fuskantar take hakkin. Ka'idojin dangarkatar kayan aiki ne na doka mai taushi kuma saboda haka baya ɗauka. Amma yana ba da muhimmiyar ƙa'ida ga isashshen a cikin wajibcinsu na kare haƙƙin mutane masu bambancin ra'ayin jima'i. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya A ranar 17 ga Yuni,alib na 2011 Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a cikin wani kuduri kan Hakkin Dan-Adam, Neman Jima'i da kuma Shaidar Jinsi, wanda kuri'un mutane 23 suka amince da shi, 19 suka nuna adawa, da kuma wadanda ba su amince da shi ba 3, sun bukaci kwamitin da ya gudanar da bincike don rubuta dokokin nuna wariya. da ayyukan tashin hankali ga mutane dangane da yanayin jima'i da asalin jinsi. Intendedudurin na 2011 an yi shi ne don ya ba da haske kan yadda za a iya amfani da haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa don hana ayyukan tashin hankali da nuna wariya ga mutanen da ke da bambancin yanayin jima'i. A ranar 15 ga Disambar alib na2011 ne Ofishin Babban Kwamishina na Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya fitar da rahoto na farko game da hakkin dan adam na mutanen LGBT. Rahoton ya ba da shawarwari masu zuwa. Don hana afkuwar irin wannan tashin hankalin, ana ba da shawarar Kasashe membobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Gaggauta binciko duk rahotannin kashe-kashe da munanan tashe-tashen hankula da aka yi wa mutanen LGBT, ba tare da la’akari da ko ana aiwatar da su a asirce ko a bayyane ba, daga oran Jiha ko waɗanda ba Statean Jiha ba, tabbatar da tabbatar da bin diddigin irin wannan take hakkin da kafa hanyoyin bayar da rahoto game da irin wannan. Measuresauki matakai don hana azabtarwa da sauran nau'ikan zalunci, rashin mutuntaka ko wulakanta mutane, tabbatar da tabbatar da bin doka game da irin waɗannan take hakkokin da kafa hanyoyin ba da rahoto. Soke dokokin da suka haramta luwadi, da yin jima'i tsakanin mata da miji, da sauran dokokin aikata laifi wadanda suke tsare mutane dangane da jima'i da kuma soke hukuncin kisa kan laifukan da suka hada da yin jima'i tsakanin maza da mata. Kafa cikakkiyar doka ta yaki da nuna wariya, tabbatar da cewa yaki da nuna wariya dangane da yanayin jima'i yana cikin ayyukan kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na kasa. Tabbatar cewa ana iya aiwatar da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, ƙungiya da taron lumana cikin aminci ba tare da nuna banbanci ba game da yanayin jima'i ko asalin jinsi. Aiwatar da shirye-shiryen horarwa masu dacewa ga jami'an tilasta bin doka, da tallafawa yakin neman labarai na jama'a don magance luwadi da madigo tsakanin jama'a da makarantu. Sauƙaƙe amincewa da doka game da fifikon jinsi na mutane masu canza jinsi. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba ta kara daukar wani mataki ba, duk da cewa an gabatar da kudirin da aka gabatar game da yanayin jima'i da asalin jinsi a gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekarar 2008. Koyaya, wannan sanarwar ba ta sami karɓa a hukumance ta Babban taron Majalisar kuma yana buɗe wa masu sa hannu. Duba wasu abubuwan Hakkokin LGBT ta ƙasa ko ƙasa Luwadi Addini da luwadi LGBT ƙungiyoyin jama'a 'Yan adawa na haƙƙin LGBT Manazarta Sabbin manazarta Amnesty International Amurka: Matsayin doka na LGBT a duk duniya Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan-Adam Fahimtar Jima'i da Shaida a cikin Dokar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Kasa da Kasa ta Hukumar Shari'a. Pages with unreviewed

20121

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Ijaw

Mutanen Ijaw

Mutanen Ijaw (waɗanda kuma ƙananan ƙungiyoyi suka sani "Ijo" ko Izon mutane ne a yankin Niger Delta a Najeriya, suna zaune ne a jihohin Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa (asalin Kasar su ta asali), Delta, Edo, Ondo, da kuma jihar Ribas. Yawancinsu ana samun su masunta ne a sansanoni har zuwa yammacin Saliyo har zuwa Gabon Adadin mutanen Ijaws ya banbanta matuka, miliyan 3.7. Sun daɗe suna rayuwa a wurare kusa da yawancin hanyoyin kasuwancin teku, kuma suna da alaƙa da sauran yankuna a sanadiyyar kasuwanci tun farkon ƙarni na 15. Harshe Ijaw suna magana ne da yarukan Niger-Congo masu alaƙa da tara, dukansu na reshen Ijoid na itacen Niger-Congo. Bangaren farko tsakanin yarukan Ijo shine tsakanin Gabas Ijo da Yammacin Ijo, mafi mahimmancin tsoffin rukunin harsunan shine Izon, wanda kusan mutane miliyan biyar ke magana dashi. Akwai manyan rukuni biyu na yaren Izon. Na farko, wanda ake kira da kuma Yammacin ko Izon (Ijaw) ya ƙunshi masu magana da Yammacin Ijaw: Tuomo Clan, Egbema, Ekeremor, Sagbama (Mein), Bassan, Apoi, Arogbo, Boma (Bumo), Kabo (Kabuowei), Ogboin, Tarakiri, da Kolokuma-Opokuma. Yarukan Nembe, Brass da Akassa (Akaha) suna wakiltar Kudu maso gabashin Ijo (Izon). Yarukan Buseni da Okordia ana daukar su Inland Ijo. Sauran manyan rukunin yaren Ijaw sune Kalabari. Ana ɗaukar Kalabari a matsayin yare na Ijaw na Gabas amma kalmar "Ijaw ta Gabas" ba ita ce sabawa doka ba. Kalabari sunan daya daga cikin kabilun Ijaw ne da ke zaune a gabashin yankin Neja-Delta (Abonnema, Buguma, Bakana, Degema da sauransu) wadanda suka kafa wata kungiya a jihar Ribas, Sauran kabilun Ijaw na "Gabas" su ne Abua, Andoni, Okrika, Ibani (yan asalin Bonny, Finima da Opobo), da Nkoroo Makwabta ne ga mutanen Kalabari a cikin jihar Ribas ta yanzu, Najeriya Sauran ƙungiyoyin masu alaƙa da Ijaw waɗanda suke da yarurruka daban daban amma dangi na kud da kud, alakar gargajiya da yankuna tare da sauran Ijaw sune Epie-Atissa, Engenni (wanda ake kira da ggɛnè), da Degema (wanda ake kira Udekama ko Udekaama). Dangin Ogbia, da mazaunan Bukuma da Abuloma Obulom Ƙabilu Ƙabilar Ijaw ta ƙunshi dangogin dangi 51. Kasancewa daga cikin wadannan dangin ya dogara ne da layin dangi, al'adun gargajiya da na addini, da kuma tarbiyya. Ayyukan gargajiya Ijaws na datya daga cikin mutanen Najeriya na farko da suka fara cudanya da Turawan Yamma, kuma sun kasance masu fafutuka ta cinikin bayi tsakanin Turawa masu ziyara da al'umman cikin gida, musamman a zamanin da aka gano quinine, lokacin da Afirka ta Yamma. har yanzu ana kiranta da "Makabartar Farin Mutum" saboda kasancewar cutar zazzabin cizon sauro Wasu daga cikin layin dangin dangi da suka samo asali tsakanin Ijaws sun haɓaka zuwa manyan kamfanoni waɗanda aka san su da "gidaje"; kowane gida yana da zaɓaɓɓen shugaba da kuma jiragen ruwa na jiragen ruwa don amfani da su wajen kare kasuwanci da yaƙi da abokan hamayya. Sauran sana'o'in da suka fi yawa a tsakanin 'yan kabilar Ijaws sun kasance masunta da noma. Kasancewar mu mutane ne na tekun, Ijawa da yawa sun kasance cikin aikin jigilar jigilar kayayyaki a farkon da tsakiyar karni na 20 (kafin samun yancin kan Najeriya). Tare da fara binciken mai da iskar gas a yankin su, wasu suna aiki a wannan ɓangaren. Sauran manyan sana'o'in suna cikin ma'aikatun gwamnati na jihohin Bayelsa da Ribas inda suka fi yawa. Yankunan Gwamnatin Jiha wadanda suka dauki nauyin karatun kasashen waje a cikin shekarun 1970 da 1980 sun kuma haifar da kasancewar kwararrun kwararrun Ijaw a Turai da Arewacin Amurka (waɗanda ake kira Ijaw yan kasashen waje). Wani abin da ke taimakawa ga wannan jirgi na ɗan adam shi ne mummunan talaucin da ake fama da shi a ƙasarsu ta Neja Delta, sakamakon rashin kulawa da gwamnatin Nijeriya da kamfanonin mai ke yi shekaru da dama duk da ci gaba da haƙo man fetur a wannan yankin tun daga shekarun 1950. Rayuwa A Ijaw mutane ne masu rayuwa ta kama kifi suna goyon bayan da noma Paddy shinkafa, plantains, Rogo, yams, cocoyams, ayaba da sauran kayan lambu, kazalika da wurare masu zafi da 'ya'yan itatuwa kamar guava, mangoes da pineapples da ciniki. Smoke-bushe kifi, katako, dabino mai da dabino kernels ake sarrafa don fitarwa. Yayin da wasu dangi (wadanda suke gabas Akassa, Nembe, Kalabari, Okrika da Bonny suke da sarakuna masu karfi da kuma rarrabuwar al'umma, ana jin cewa sauran dangi ba su da wata kungiyar hadin kai har zuwa lokacin da Turawan Ingila suka zo. Koyaya, saboda tasirin masarautar da ke makwabtaka da kowane yanki na yankin Neja Delta har ila yau yana da shugabanni da gwamnatoci a matakin kauye. Ana kammala aure ne ta hanyar biyan kuɗin sadakin amarya, wanda ke ƙara girma idan amaryar ta kasance daga wani kauye (don biyan diyyar wannan kauye na 'ya'yanta). Bukukuwan jana'iza, musamman ga waɗanda suka tara dukiya da girmamawa, galibi abin ban mamaki ne. Ayyukan addini na gargajiya sun kasance a kusa da "Ruhun ruwa" a cikin kogin Neja, kuma don girmama magabata Addini da al'adu Duk da cewa yanzu Ijaw mabiya addinin kirista ne (65% suna ikirarin su ne), tare da Katolika na Roman Katolika, Anglikan da Pentikostal sune ire-iren Kiristanci da suka fi yawa a tsakanin su, amma kuma sun bayyana al'adun gargajiya na gargajiya da nasu. Bautar kakanni tana da muhimmiyar rawa a addinin gargajiya na Ijaw, yayin da ruhun ruhohi, wanda aka fi sani da Owuamapu ya shahara sosai a cikin yankin Ijaw. Bugu da kari, Ijaw suna yin wani sihiri da ake kira Igbadai, wanda a kwanan nan ake yiwa mutanen da suka mutu tambayoyi kan musabbabin mutuwarsu. Akidun addinan Ijaw sun yarda cewa ruhohin ruwa kamar mutane suke da samun ƙarfi da gazawarsu, kuma mutane suna zama tare da ruhohin ruwa kafin a haifesu. Matsayin addua a tsarin imani na gargajiya na Ijaw shine kula da rayuwa cikin kyawawan ruhohin ruwansu wanda suka zauna tsakanin su kafin a haife su cikin wannan duniyar, kuma kowace shekara Ijaw suna gudanar da bukukuwa don girmama ruhohin da ke tsawan kwanaki. Babban abin da ke cikin bikin shi ne rawar kwalliya, inda maza ke sanye da kayan aiki masu kyau da maski wanda aka sassaka rawa suna ta rawa don buga ganguna da kuma nuna tasirin ruhun ruwa ta hanyar inganci da tsananin rawar su. Musamman masu ban mamaki masu daukar hoto ana daukar su don kasancewa a hannun wasu ruhohin da suke rawa a madadin su. A Ijaw suna kuma aka sani gudanar da aiki na al'ada acculturation enculturation inda wani mutum daga wani daban-daban, da alaqa kungiyar shigarsu ayyukan hajji zama Ijaw. Misalin wannan shi ne Jaja na Opobo, bawan Ibo wanda ya tashi ya zama babban sarki Ibani a cikin karni na 19. Hakanan akwai wasu adadi kalilan na waɗanda suka musulunta, wadanda suka fi shahara shi ne wanda ya kafa kungiyar Delta Delta Volunteer Force, Mujahid Dokubo-Asari Jeremiah Omoto Fufeyin da Edwin K. Clarke sun fito ne daga kabilar Ijaw. Sauran fitattun shugabanni daga ƙabilar Ijaw sun hada da tsohon shugaban ƙasar Najeriya, Goodluck Jonathan da Heineken Lokpobiri da sauransu. Kwastomomin abinci Kamar yawancin kabilun Najeriya, Ijaws suna da abinci na gida da yawa wadanda basu yadu a Najeriya ba. Yawancin waɗannan abinci sun haɗa da kifi da sauran kayan cin abinci. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan abincin sune: Polofiyai Miya ce mai arziki wacce aka yi ta da dawa da kuma dabino Kekefiyai Tukunya ce da aka yi da yankakken baƙin kore (kifi), kifi, sauran abincin kifi ko naman farauta bushmeat da man dabino Soyayyen ko gasasshen kifi da plantain Kifin da aka soya shi a cikin man dabino aka yi amfani da shi da soyayyen plantain Gbe Gwargwadon ƙwaro na raffia-dabino wanda aka ci ɗanyensa, bushe shi, soyayyen a cikin man gyada ko aka ɗauka a cikin man dabino Kalabari "girbin-teku" fulo Miyar tataccen miya ko abincin da aka dafa tare da foofoo, shinkafa ko dawa Owafiya (Gidan Wake) Tuwon tuya da aka yi da wake, man dabino, kifi ko naman daji, Yam ko Plantain. Sannan a ɗauke da rogon da aka sarrafa ko sitaci. Miyar Geisha Wannan irin kayan miyan da aka dafa ne daga kifin geisha; ana yin sa da barkono, gishiri, ruwa sannan a tafasa shi na tsawan wasu mintuna. Opuru-fulou Wanda kuma ake kira da miyar laushi, wacce aka shirya musamman da prawn, Ogbono Irvingia gabonensis tsaba busasshen kifi, gishirin tebur, kifin kifi, albasa, ɗanyen barkono, da jan man dabino. Onunu wanda aka yi da andwar daɗawa da boiledan itacen ɓauren bishiyoyi da aka dafa shi. Okrikans galibi suna jin daɗinsa Kiri-igina An shirya ba tare da dafa wuta a kan Ogbono ba Irvingia gabonensis tsaba busasshen kifi, gishirin tebur, kifin kifi. Ignabeni Miyar ruwa ce wacce aka shiryata da yama ko plantain wanda aka hada da ganyen teabush, barkono, naman akuya, da kifi. Asalin ƙabila Da shirya zuwa dama sako-sako da gungu na kauyuka confederacies wanda hadin guiwa don kare kansu bare, Ijaw ƙara duba kansu kamar yadda na ga guda jiwuwa al'umma, ciri daidai da dangantaka da harshen da al'adu. Wannan halayyar an karfafa ta da yawa daga abin da ake ganin gurbacewar muhalli ne wadanda suka hada da amfani da mai a yankin Neja Delta wanda 'yan kabilar Ijaw ke kira gida, da kuma tsarin raba kudaden shiga da Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya da ake kallo. ta Ijaw a matsayin rashin adalci. Abin da ya haifar da korafin ya haifar da rikice-rikice da dama da manyan hukumomin Tarayyar Najeriya, ciki har da sace-sacen mutane kuma a yayin da aka rasa rayuka da dama. Mutanen Ijaw suna da juriya da girman kai. Tun da daɗewa bayan zamanin mulkin mallaka, mutanen Ijaw sun yi balaguro ta jiragen ruwa da kwale-kwale zuwa Kamaru, Ghana da wasu ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma. Sunyi tafiya zuwa Kogin Niger daga Kogin Nun. Rikicin Ijaw-Itsekiri Ɗaya daga cikin rikice-rikicen ƙabilanci daga bangaren Ijaw shi ne karuwar adadi da tsananin rikici tsakanin tsagerun Ijaw da waɗanda suka fito daga garin Itsekiri, musamman a garin Warri Mummunan rikice-rikice sun girgiza yankin Kudu maso Kudu, musamman a Jihar Delta, inda kashe-kashen ƙabilanci ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar bangarorin biyu. A watan Yulin 2013, ‘yan sandan yankin sun gano gawarwakin mutane 13 na Itsekiris da Ijaws suka kashe, kan takaddama a kan dan takarar shugaban karamar hukumar. Yawancin kauyukan Itsekiri, da suka hada da Gbokoda, Udo, Ajamita, Obaghoro da Ayerode-Zion da ke kusa da kogin Benin, sun kone yayin da wasu Itsekiris da dama suka rasa rayukansu. Rikicin mai Taron Dukan Matasan Ijaw na Disamba 1998 ya faɗiɗa gwagwarmaya tare da kafa Movementungiyar Matasan Ijaw (IYM) da kuma bayar da sanarwar Kaiama A ciki, damuwar da aka dade ana yi a Ijaw game da rasa ikon mallakar mahaifarsu da rayukansu ga kamfanonin mai sun kasance tare da sadaukar da kai tsaye. A cikin sanarwar, da kuma a wata wasika ga kamfanonin, Ijaws sun yi kira ga kamfanonin mai su dakatar da ayyukansu kuma su fice daga yankin Ijaw. IYM ta yi alkawarin “gwagwarmaya cikin lumana don‘ yanci, cin gashin kai da adalci na muhalli, ”kuma sun shirya kamfen na biki, addu’a, da aiki kai tsaye‘ Canjin Canjin Yanayi ’daga 28 ga Disamba, 1998. A watan Disambar 1998, jiragen ruwan yaki guda biyu da sojojin Najeriya dubu 10 zuwa 15,000 suka mamaye jihohin Bayelsa da Delta yayin da kungiyar Ijaw Youth Movement (IYM) ke shirin yin canjin yanayi. Sojoji da ke shiga babban birnin jihar Bayelsa na Yenagoa sun sanar da cewa sun zo ne domin su far wa matasan da ke kokarin tsayar da kamfanonin mai. A safiyar ranar 30 ga Disamba, 1998, matasa dubu biyu suka yi aiki a cikin Yenagoa, sanye da baƙar fata, suna waƙa da rawa. Sojoji sun bude wuta da bindigogi, da bindigogi, da hayaki mai sa hawaye, inda suka kashe akalla masu zanga-zanga uku tare da kame wasu ashirin da biyar. Bayan wata zanga-zangar neman a saki wadanda aka tsare sojoji sun juya baya, an sake kashe wasu masu zanga-zangar uku. An kona shugaban 'yan tawayen Yenagoa Cif Oweikuro Ibe- da ransa a gidansa da ke 28 ga Disamba, 1998. Daga cikin danginsa da suka tsere daga harabar kafin a gama lalata shi har da dansa, Desmond Ibe. Sojoji sun ayyana dokar ta baci a duk fadin jihar Bayelsa, sun sanya dokar hana fita zuwa wayewar gari, da kuma hana tarurruka. A shingen shingen sojoji, an buge mazaunan yankin da ƙarfi ko tsare su. Da dare, sojoji sun mamaye gidajen mutane, suna tsoratar da mazauna garin da duka da mata da 'yan mata da fyaɗe. A ranar 4 ga Janairu, 1999 kimanin sojoji dari daga sansanin soja da ke Chevron ’s Escravos sun kai hari kan Opia da Ikiyan, al’ummomin Ijaw biyu a Jihar Delta. Bright Pablogba, shugaban gargajiyar Ikiyan, wanda ya zo kogin don tattaunawa da sojoji, an harbe shi tare da yarinya 'yar shekara bakwai da kuma wasu da dama. Daga cikin kimanin mutane 1,000 da ke zaune a kauyukan biyu, an gano mutane hudu sun mutu kuma sittin da biyu sun bata wasu watanni bayan harin. Haka nan sojoji suka banka wa kauyukan wuta, suka lalata kwale-kwale da kayayyakin kamun kifi, suka kashe dabbobi, suka lalata majami'u da wuraren bautar addini. Duk da haka, Canjin Canjin Yanayi ya ci gaba, kuma ya katse samar da mai a Nijeriya ta hanyar yawancin 1999 ta hanyar kashe bawuloli ta yankin Ijaw. Dangane da babban rikici tsakanin Ijaw da Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya (da ‘yan sanda da sojoji), sojoji sun aiwatar da kisan gillar Odi, inda suka kashe da yawa idan ba daruruwan Ijawa ba. Ayyukan baya-bayan nan da Ijaws suka yi game da masana'antar mai sun haɗa da sabon ƙoƙari na aiwatar da tashin hankali da kai hare-hare kan wuraren shigar da mai amma ba tare da asarar rayukan ɗan adam ga ma'aikatan mai na waje ba duk da kame-kamen. Waɗannan hare-haren galibi martani ne ga rashin cika su daga kamfanonin mai na yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna tare da al'ummomin da suka ƙarni baƙuncinsu. Sanannun mutanen Ijaw GoodƊank Jonathan, Dan Siyasa Kuma Tsohon Shugaban Kasa JP Clark, Mawaki da kuma wan wasan kwaikwayo Gabriel Okara, Mawaki da Mawallafi Owoye Andrew Azazi, Tsohon janar din soja kuma mai ba da shawara kan tsaro Timi Dakolo, marubucin waƙoƙin Najeriya Ibinabo Fiberesima, yar wasan Nollywood ta Najeriya Ben Murray-Bruce, fitaccen attajirin nan na yada labarai a Najeriya kuma Sanata Patience Torlowei, Mai Zane da Zane Finidi George, fitaccen dan wasan kwallon kafar Najeriya Samson Siasia, tsohon dan kwallon Najeriya kuma mai horarwa Timaya, mawaƙin Najeriya Harrysong, mawaƙin Nijeriya-mai rairayi Ideye Brown, dan kwallon Najeriya Alrlfred Diete-Spiff, tsohon Gwamnan Soja na Jihar Ribas Ƙungiyoyin Ijaw Ƙungiyar Andoni ta Amurka (AFUSA) Majalisar Matasan Ijaw Majalisar Ijaw ta ƙasa Kungiyar Dattawan Ijaw Majalisar Ijaw ta matasa Taron Matasan Neja Delta Ungiyar ƙasashen Izon-Ebe Omoungiyar Matasa ta Tuomo Agbungiyar Matasan Sagbama Ekine Sekiapu Ogbo Bomadi Ya Yanke Shawara Majalisar Matasan Bayelsa 'Yan uwan Ogbia Izon Ci gaban Majalisar (IPC) Ogbinbiri Progressive Movement Egbema Matasan Ci gaban Ajanda Cigaban Gidauniyar Shugabancin Matasa (ND-PYLF) Kungiyar Ijaw Nation Development Group (Ijaw Peoples Assembly) Zonungiyar Matan Izon. Sauran kafofin Human Rights Watch, "Delta Crackdown," Mayu 1999 Jawungiyar Matasan Ijaw, wasiƙa zuwa "Duk Manajan Daraktoci da Manyan Daraktocin kamfanonin mai na ƙetare waɗanda ke aiki a Ijawland," Disamba 18, 1998 Aikin Karkashin Kasa, "Ziyarci Duniyar Chevron: Neja Delta", 1999 Kari, Ethelbert Emmanuel. 2004. Nahawu ma'anar Degema. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag. Hlaváčová, Anna: Ra'ayoyi Uku game da Masquerades tsakanin Ijo na Kogin Neja Delta. A cikin: Masu Yin Raɗa: Masquerades Yara na Afirka. Ottenberg, S.- Binkley, D. (Eds. Hanyoyin haɗin waje Ijaw Duniya Nazarin Kamus Na Yar Ijaw Akan Layi Kabilar Ino: Itace Harshen Ijaw Mutanen Ijo Gidan Tarihi na Tarihi na Tarihi na Tarihi na Amurka: Art na Kalabari Masquerade Rikicin Warri: Rikicin Rikicin Rahoton Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam, Nuwamba 2003 Cibiyar Adaka Boro "Mai na Jini" na Sebastian Junger a cikin Banza na Gaskiya, Fabrairu 2007 (an shiga ta 28/1/2007), ya ɗan yi hulɗa da Ijaw Manazarta Al'adun Najeriya Al'ummomin Nijeriya Al'ummomi Harsunan Nijeriya

25692

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babcock%20International

Babcock International

Babcock International ya bi diddigin tarihinsa zuwa shekarun 1800 da manyan masana'antun masana'antar Babcock &amp; Wilcox na Amurka A cikin shekarun 1870 da 1880, kamfanin, bayan ya yanke shawarar faɗaɗa ƙasashen duniya, ya haɓaka sawun farko a kasuwar Burtaniya, yana mai da hankali kan birane kamar Glasgow, Scotland A ranar 9 ga Afrilu shekara ta 1891, Babcock Wilcox ya zaɓi kafa wani keɓaɓɓen kuɗi (wanda aka fi sani da 250,000 da farko) kamfanin Biritaniya, wanda ake kira Babcock Wilcox Ltd. Membobin kwamitin farko na kamfanin na Burtaniya sun haɗa da sanannen injiniyan gine -ginen Scottish Sir William Arrol da Andrew Stewart, na Lanarkshire na tushen bututun ƙarfe A J Stewart Menzies, daga baya Stewarts &amp; Lloyds Bayan kafuwarta, an ayyana yanayin aikin kamfanin na Burtaniya a matsayin 'duniya ban da Arewacin Amurka da Cuba', wanda shine keɓaɓɓen kasuwancin Babcock Wilcox na Amurka. An fara a shekara ta 1885, B W ta tururi boilers da aka kerarre a cikin Singer Manufacturing Company ta Kilbowie Works a Clydebank kusa Glasgow. A kusa da wannan lokacin, mai ƙirƙira kuma ɗan kasuwa Isaac Singer ya kasance mai mahimmanci kuma mai tasiri a cikin kasuwancin. A cikin shekara ta 1895, Babcock Wilcox Ltd sun buɗe sabon ayyukan aikin tukunyar jirgi, dangane da shafin Porterfield Forge a gefe na Kogin Clyde kusa da Renfrew A cikin shekara ta 1900, kamfanin ya sami fam miliyan 1.57 na saka hannun jari, wanda aka yi amfani da shi don ba da kuɗin faɗaɗa kasancewar sa ta duniya ta hanyar ayyukan haɗin gwiwa na ƙasashen waje da yawa. A lokacin shekara ta 1913, B&W ya fara sa hannu tare da Rosyth Dockyard bayan ya ci nasara a ƙoƙarin gina injin samar da tururi a wurin; wannan kasantuwar ta kasance farkon farawa ga babban hannun da kamfanin ke da shi a ɓangaren gyaran jirgin. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, B&W ya kasance babban mai ba da gudummawa ga tsarin tsaron Biritaniya. A cikin shekara ta 1940, yawan ma'aikata a Renfrew ya kai kusan 10,000. A zamanin bayan yaƙi, kera da goyan bayan kayan aikin tsaro ya ci gaba da kasancewa yanki mai mahimmanci na kasuwanci da kamfani. A cikin karni na ashirin, B&W ya kasance babban mai samar da tukunyar jirgi don tashoshin wutar lantarki A cikin shekara ta 1960, kamfanin ya shiga cikin ci gaban tashoshin makamashin nukiliya na Burtaniya. B&W kuma ya ci gaba da haɓaka duniya, gami da cikin kasuwar Arewacin Amurka; shekara ta 1979, ana danganta kamfanin na Arewacin Amurka don samar da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na jimlar tallace-tallace (fam miliyan 844) da fiye da rabin ribar kasuwancin gaba ɗaya. A waccan shekarar, Babcock Wilcox Ltd an sake masa suna Babcock International Ltd. A shekara ta 1982, Babcock International an yi iyo a kan Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta London, ta zama Babcock International PLC A kusa da wannan lokacin, an sake canza sunan kamfanin na Babcock Wilcox (Operations) Ltd Babcock Power Ltd wannan rarrabuwa ta zama Babcock Energy Ltd. A shekara ta 1985, yawan da Babcock International ya samu ya kai fam biliyan 1.1; rassansa sun tsunduma cikin ayyukan kasuwanci da ayyukan a duk faɗin duniya, galibi suna mai da hankali kan ayyukan kwangila Kasuwancin sarrafa kayansa, wanda ba shi da fa'ida tun daga shekara ta 1970, ya kasance yana fuskantar sake fasalin ƙoƙarin da asarar aiki a cikin wannan lokacin. A shekara ta 1987, Babcock ya haɗu da kamfanin injiniyan kishiya FKI Electricals plc, ya kafa FKI Babcock PLC Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, sabon haɗin gwiwar babban ofishin kamfanin a London da fiye da dozin guda biyu an rufe, wanda ya haifar da asarar kusan ayyuka 6,000, sama da rabin waɗannan da ke zaune a Biritaniya, ya rage yawan ma'aikata zuwa ƙasa da 30,000. An sayi injiniyoyi da kasuwancin sufuri da yawa a wannan lokacin. A watan Agustan shekara ta 1989, FKI Babcock PLC ya ragu don ƙirƙirar Babcock International Group PLC da FKI plc Sabuwar Babcock International mai zaman kanta ba da daɗewa ba ta shiga sayayya da yawa. A cikin Afrilu shekara ta 1992, kamfanin ya sayi ɗan kwangilar masana'antar makamashi ta Gabas ta Tsakiya King Wilkinson A waccan shekarar, an kuma sami Consilium na kula da kasuwancin jirgin ruwa zuwa gabar teku na Sweden. A lokacin shekara ta 1994, Babcock ya sami babban haɗin gwiwar Thorn EMI na kashi 35 cikin ɗari na Rosyth Dockyard, wanda ya haifar da ƙirƙirar Babcock Rosyth Defense A cikin wannan shekarar, kasuwancin sarrafa kayan Babcock, wanda ke tsakiyar Jamus, an sake tsara shi kuma an sake masa suna a matsayin Babcock Materials Handling Bayan yin rikodin asarar fam miliyan 42 ga kasuwancin a shekara ta 1994, wanda aka danganta shi da rarrabuwar wutar lantarki da sakamakonsa daga kwangila a tashar wutar lantarki ta Drax, Babcock International ya mayar da martani ta hanyar gujewa manyan kwangiloli, sai dai idan haɗarin da ke tattare da hakan yana kasancewa. raba tare da sauran abokan hulɗa. Bugu da ƙari, kasuwancin ya yanke shawarar cewa zai kawar da kasuwancin sa mai haɗari gaba ɗaya. Daga cikin sauran canje -canjen, ayyukan Babcock International a Rosyth sun yi tasiri sosai, ana tura su zuwa ga ƙungiyoyin farar hula, kamar masana'antar mai A ƙarshen shekara ta 1996, Babcock ya sayi Rosyth daga Ma'aikatar Tsaro akan farashin fan miliyan 21. A shekara ta 1995, a 75% gungumen azaba, a cikin tukunyar jirgi masana'antu da makamashi da sabis ayyuka (asali da zuciyar kasuwanci na Babcock), ta nan da aka sani da Babcock Energy Ltd, aka sayar zuwa Mitsui Engineering Shipbuilding na Japan, kuma ya zama Mitsui Babcock Energy Ltd. A watan Nuwamba shekara ta 2006, Mitsui ya sayar da kamfanin ga Doosan Heavy Industries &amp; Construction wani kamfani na kamfanin Doosan na Koriya ta Kudu a wancan lokacin an sake wa kamfanin suna Doosan Babcock Energy Ltd. A watan Satumba na shekara ta 2009, mai kera turbin tururi na Czech, Skoda Power, ya zama wani ɓangare na Doosan Babcock Energy Ltd; daga baya an sake sanya wa wannan kamfani suna Doosan Power Systems Ltd a shekara ta 2010. A cikin shekara ta 2000, Babcock ya yanke shawarar yanke shawara don ƙaura daga masana'anta zuwa kulawa da tallafawa mahimman kayan aiki da kayan aikin abokan ciniki. Da yake nuna canji mai nasara a cikin dabarun dabarun kamfanin, a shekara ta 2002 Babcock an sake tsara shi daidai akan Kasuwancin hannun jari na London daga 'Injiniya' zuwa 'Sabis na Tallafi'. A ranar 19 ga Yuni,shekara ta 2002, kamfanin ya sami Sabis na Group Group International Ltd, mai ba da sabis na tallafi a cikin tsaro da kasuwannin farar hula. Ta yi nasara ga Peterhouse Group plc, kuma a ranar 18 ga Yuni shekara ta 2004, an ba da sanarwar tayin ba tare da wani sharadi ba saboda sama da kashi 50% na hannun jarin. A ranar 30 ga Satumba shekara ta 2004, ta sami Turner da Abokan hulɗa, mai ba da sabis na ƙwararru ga masana'antar sadarwa. A ranar 9 ga Mayu shekara ta 2006, ta ci gaba da mallakar Alstec Group Ltd, mai sarrafa sabis na nukiliya da tashar jirgin sama, kuma a ranar 13 ga Yuni shekara ta 2006, ta sayi manyan layukan wutar lantarki da kasuwancin wayoyin salula na ABB Afirka ta Kudu (Pty). A ranar 10 ga Mayu, shekara ta 2007, 19 An sanya sabbin hannayen jari miliyan guda don tara kudaden siye, kuma a ranar 28 ga Yuni shekara ta 2007, ta sami Devonport Management Limited, masu gudanar da jirgin ruwa na nukiliya na Devonport Dockyard da tasoshin jirgin ruwa da Appledore Shipbuilders A ranar 25 ga Yuli, shekara ta 2007, Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta ba da sanarwar cewa Hadin gwiwar Jirgin Sama, wanda Babcock International ke cikin sa, zai gudanar da taron ƙarshe na sabbin masu jigilar jirage biyu na Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa a Rosyth Dockyard. A ranar 7 ga Agustan shekara ta 2007, yarda don siyan International Nuclear Solutions PLC ya kai kashi 58.9% na hannun jarin da aka bayar, sannan aka kammala kwace. A ranar 22 ga Afrilu shekara ta 2008, don ƙara ƙarfafa alama a sashin Nukiliya da sashin tallafin jirgin ruwa, Babcock ya sayi Strachan &amp; Henshaw daga Ƙungiyar Weir a kan 65m; a lokacin ma'amala, kamfanin yana da ƙwarewar sama da shekaru hamsin a cikin sarrafa kayan mutunci. A watan Satumba shekara ta 2009, Babcock ya mallaki sashen kasuwanci na Hukumar Makamashin Atomic UK, UKAEA Ltd; wannan siyan ya ƙara ƙwarewar Babcock na fasahar nukiliya, yana kawo ƙarin ƙwarewa a cikin rarrabuwa na sharar gida, lalata manyan wuraren haɗari, ƙullawa da adana kayan haɗari da safarar sharar gida. Yarjejeniyar ta kuma ba Babcock matsayinsa na farko na Tier 1 na aiki a cikin kasuwar nukiliyar farar hula da alaƙar kai tsaye tare da Hukumar Bayar da Makamashin Nukiliya, tare da cika matsayin ta Tier na 1 da ke cikin kasuwar makaman nukiliya na soja. A cikin Maris shekara ta 2010, Babcock ya sami VT Group akan 1.32bn ko 750p rabo; kamfanin ya bayar da kashi 361.6p a cikin tsabar kudi, kazalika 0.7 sabbin hannun jarin Babcock ga kowane rukunin Rukunin VT. Sayen, wanda aka kammala a ranar 8 ga Yuli shekara ta 2010, ya ƙirƙiri ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ta tsaro da sabis na tallafi wanda kowace shekara ke tara tallace -tallace na 3bn kuma yana da ma'aikata sama da 25,000, waɗanda galibi tushensu ne a Biritaniya da Amurka. Sakamakon hadewar, Babcock ya karbi kwangilar gudanar da Sabis na Sadarwar Sadarwar Tsaro a madadin Ma’aikatar Tsaro an ba da wannan kwangilar ne ga VT Merlin Communications a shekara ta 2003, na tsawon shekaru goma sha biyar. A cikin Maris shekara ta 2014, an ba da sanarwar cewa Babcock ya amince ya mallaki Avincis Group gabaɗaya, gami da rukunin Bond Aviation Group, a musayar 1.6 biliyan. Daga baya an sake yiwa tsoffin rukunin Avincis suna a ƙarƙashin sunan Babcock a cikin Janairu shekara ta 2015. A cikin Yuli shekara ta 2013, sashen Sabis na Tallafi na Babcock ya sami Conbras Serviços Técnicos de Suporte LTDA a Brazil don yin la'akari da tsabar kuɗi na fan miliyan 18.2 tare da jinkirta yin la'akari da fam miliyan 4.4. A cikin Afrilu shekara ta 2014, Babcock Dounreay Partnership (BDP), wani kamfani na Babcock International Group PLC (50%), CH2M Hill (30%) da URS (20%) an zaɓi su a matsayin waɗanda aka fi so kuma daga ƙarshe sun ba da kwangilar 1.6bn ta Hukumar da ke sarrafa makaman nukiliya don gudanarwa da yanke tashar nukiliyar Dounreay a Scotland. A cikin Nuwamba shekara ta 2014, an sanya wa Babcock suna a matsayin gwaminatin Burtaniya da ta fi son siyan filin gyaran ƙasa da kasuwancin ƙungiyar Taimako na Tsaro, babbar hukuma da asusun ciniki na Ma'aikatar Tsaro. An kammala siyarwa da canja wurin Babcock a ranar 1 ga Afrilu shekara ta 2015. A cikin shekara ta 2010, kamfanin ya kulla kwangiloli da yawa na sojan ruwa. A watan Mayun shekara ta2012, Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta ba Babcock kwangilar fan miliyan 15 don tallafa wa ƙirar jiragen ruwan da ke ɗauke da makamin nukiliya na Ƙasar Ingila na gaba. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2014, Babcock ya fitar da wata sanarwa da ke bayyana cewa za a yi asarar ayyukan yi a HMNB Clyde idan Scotland za ta jefa ƙuri'ar neman 'yancin kai a zaben raba gardama na 2014 A cikin Oktoba shekara ta 2014, duka Babcock da BAE Systems sun sami kwangiloli daga Ma'aikatar Tsaro wanda yakai jimlar 3.2 biliyan don kula da jiragen ruwan yaƙin Burtaniya, jiragen ruwa na ruwa da sansanonin sojan ruwa na shekaru biyar masu zuwa. A shekara ta 2018 da shekara ta 2019, Babcock International ya yi watsi da ci gaban da ba a nema ba ta hanyar sabis na jama'a Serco don haɗa kasuwancin biyu tare. Kwamitin Babcock ya ki amincewa da shawarwarin hadewar, bayan an bayar da rahoton cewa ya gano shawarar ba ta da inganci. An ba da rahoton cewa, Rupert Soames, Babban Jami'in Serco, ya ci gaba da sha'awar daidaita ayyukan tsaro na kamfaninsa da na Babcock. A lokuta da yawa a shekara ta 2019 da farkon shekara ta 2020, Babcock ya ba da gargadin riba, wanda kamfanin ya danganta da koma baya a cikin umarni na gwamnati da batutuwan da ke tattare da sashin jirgin sama, wanda ya buƙaci 85m rubutown a kan haya don jirgi mai saukar ungulu na Tekun Arewa. A cikin watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2020, an ba da rahoton cewa kamfanin yana tunanin ficewa daga ɓangaren jirgin mai saukar ungulu a tsakanin gasa mai ƙarfi; Babcock ya riga ya rage jiragen Sikorsky S-92 da Eurocopter EC225 Super Puma daga 15 zuwa jirage masu saukar ungulu bakwai da 13 zuwa jirage masu saukar ungulu guda bi da bi. Hukuncin da kamfanin ya yanke na rage yawan kayayyakinsa na S-92 ya sa masana'anta Sikorsky ta kai Babcock kara saboda kin karbar isar da sassan da aka ba da umarni a shekara ta 2011. A cikin watan Afrilu 2021, a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin sake fasalin fasali mai yawa, Babcock ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai sayar da layukan kasuwancinsa da yawa, wanda ya haifar da asarar ayyuka 1,000 (850 wanda zai kasance a Burtaniya); a matsayin wani bangare na wannan, kamfanin zai sayar da sashen jigilar sufurin jiragen sama na mai da iskar gas ga Rukunin CHC Manazarta Pages with unreviewed

36749

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge%20House%20College

Bridge House College

Kwalejin Bridge House wacce ake wa lakabi da BHC, tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan kwalejojin hadin gwiwa na majagaba masu zaman kansu a Najeriya da ke Ikoyi, Legas, Najeriya. An kafa ta ne a shekara ta 2004 don gudanar da shirye-shiryen share fagen shiga jami'a ga wadanda suka kammala karatun sakandare shekaru 15-19 la'akari da Ilimin Jami'a a Najeriya da kasashen waje. Kwalejin wata cibiya ce da aka amince da ita don gwajin matakin Cambridge A da kuma horar da malamai ido-da-ido a Cambridge a Najeriya. Tarihi An fara kwalejin ne a lamba 1, olagunsoye Oyinlola, 2nd Avenue, Ikoyi tare da ɗalibai 8 masu sha’awar karatu a kasar Birtaniya har zuwa shekarar 2007 inda ta bullo da wasu wurare da suka hada da US, Canada, UAE, Ireland, Ghana, Nigeria da dai sauransu. Jami'ar ta koma harabarta ta dindindin a cikin shekarar 2014. Tun da aka kafa, Bridge House ta ilmantar da ɗalibai 'yan Najeriya sama da 2,500 da yaran yan ƙasashen waje da ke zaune a Najeriya. Curriculum da kuma hanyoyi Bridge House tana ba da tsarin karatu mai zuwa: Cambridge A Level (AS Level 1 shekara) Cambridge A Level (A2 Level shekaru 2) Cambridge A Level (Ƙaramar Matakan Shekara 1) Hanyar Gidauniyar Amurka SAT (shekara 1) University Foundation Programme Shirin Gidauniyar Kiwon Lafiya Matsayi Da Sakamako Kwalejin Bridge House ta kasance a cikin manyan makarantu na shirin Cambridge A Level a Najeriya kamar yadda Edusko, Infoguidenigeria da LegitNG suka buga. A cikin shekarar 2019, sama da kashi 70% na ɗaliban da suka yi rajista sun sami maki A*-B a cikin Mayu/Yuni 2019 sakamakon matakin Cambridge A. Tare da shirin matakin Cambridge A, ɗalibai za su iya shiga cikin shekara ta biyu a duk jami'o'in Najeriya. Kyautar Masu Karatun Cambridge Na Najeriya A taron karramawa na British Council recognition da fitattun lambobin yabo na Cambridge Learners, Nigeria wanda aka gudanar a Legas a shekarar 2017, ɗaliban Bridge House hudu ne suka yi fice a Najeriya a fannoni 4; kimiyyar lissafi (International AS Level kasuwanci (International A Level Tattalin Arziki (International A Level da physics (International A Level Babban lambobin yabo na Cambridge shine taron na shekara-shekara wanda majalisar Birtaniyar Burtaniya ke aiwatar da fitattun abubuwan da ke cikin kasashe sama da 40 a duniya. Damar Karatu A cikin shekarar 2018, kwalejin ta ba da cikakken tallafin karatu na shekaru biyu wanda ya kai N9 miliyan ga ɗalibi mafi kwazo a Najeriya a watan Mayu/Yuni 2018 2018 Senior School Certificate Examination Council WAEC ta yammacin Afrika (WAEC). Wanda ya ci gajiyar shirin, David Okorogheye, ya samu maki A1 a layi ɗaya a dukkan darussan da ya karanta kuma ya samu maki 332 a jarrabawar sa ta haɗin gwiwa da hukumar JAMB. Jami'ar Birmingham kwanan nan ta sanar da cewa ɗaliban Bridge House za su ci gajiyar sabon nau'in tallafin karatu na musamman ga ɗaliban Najeriya waɗanda ke neman shirye-shiryen karatun digiri a Jami'ar Birmingham farawa daga Satumba 2020. Aikin karatun yana da daraja 2,500 da za a ba shi ga mafi girman ƙwararren ɗalibin Bridge House don zaman 2019/2020. BHC Alumni Kwalejin Bridge House ta kafa Tsoffin Ɗaliban BHC a matsayin hanyar haɓaka dangantaka tsakanin ɗaliban kwalejin na yanzu da na yanzu. Tsofaffin ɗalibai suna ba da gudummawar jagoranci ga ɗalibai a kwalejin. Tsohuwar kwalejin, Serena Omolamai ta sami shiga cikin fiye da Jami'o'in Amurka 8 a cikin shekarar 2016 kuma ta sami guraben karatu na 1870 a Jami'ar Syracuse, New York darajar $53,000-mafi girman karramawa da Ofishin Shiga. An naɗa ta Class of 2020 Senior Marshal a lokacin bikin 166th na Jami'ar Syracuse. A cikin shekarar 2018, tsohon dalibin Kwalejin, Benjamin Inemughha ya karya rikodin Guinness World Record. Benjamin ya kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Gidauniyar Gidauniyar Gidauniya ta Shekara daya a cikin 2015 kafin ya wuce Jami'ar Birmingham don yin karatun Injiniyan Lantarki da Lantarki. Baje kolin Jami'o'i na shekara Kowace shekara, Kwalejin Bridge House tana shirya bikin baje kolin jami'o'i na shekara-shekara inda wakilai daga jami'o'i sama da 30 daga Burtaniya, Amurka da Kanada ke ganawa da iyaye da ɗaliban kwalejin don tattauna batun sauyin ɗalibai. Wadanda suka halarta sun haɗa da wakilai daga Jami'ar Leeds, Jami'ar Birmingham, Jami'ar Leicester, Jami'ar Essex, Jami'ar Brock, Jami'ar Jihar Louisiana da sauransu. Bikin Karatu da Karatun Shekara-shekara Taron yaye ɗalibai na shekara-shekara na Bridge House yana karbar bakuncin fitattun jawabai da masu sha'awar ilimi a Najeriya kowace shekara. Wadanda suka yi jawabi a baya sun haɗa da Shugaban First Bank plc, Mrs Ibukun Awosika, Founder, Zinox Technologies, Leo Stan Ekeh, Founder/CEO of Rise Network, Toyosi Akerele-Ogunsiji, CEO, Alpha Reach, Japhet Omojuwa, matar tsohon gwamnan jihar Legas., Dame Abimbola Fashola, Tsohon Mataimakin Gwamnan Jihar Legas, Sarah Adebisi Sosan, Mataimakiyar Babban Kwamishina ta Burtaniya, Ray Kyles da sauransu. A shekara ta 2018, Alh. Abdul Samad Rabiu, tsohon uban makarantar ne ya jagoranci taron kuma ya bayar da tallafin Naira Miliyan 50 ga kwalejin Bridge House da ke karkashin gidauniyar BUA. Alaka Kwalejin Bridge House yana da alaƙa da jami'o'i sama da 50 a ƙasashe daban-daban ciki har da UK, Amurka, Kanada, UAE, Ireland, Afirka ta Kudu, Ghana, Najeriya da sauransu. Kwalejin memba ce na Council of British International Schools (COBIS), Association of International School Educators of Nigeria (AISEN), Associations of Private Educators in Nigeria (APEN) kuma suna da dangantakar aiki tare da British Council Nigeria, Institute of Education Dublin., Ireland. Cibiyar Gidauniyar Jami'ar Bridge House ta sami karbuwa daga Kwalejin Brooke House, UK Jami'ar Gudanarwa Shugabanni Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Gidan yanar gizon hukuma Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

59537

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucia%20Abello

Lucia Abello

Lucía Abello 'yar Chile ce mai kula da ɗakin karatu, masaniyar halitta kuma masaniyar tsire-tsire.Ta kasance mai kula da bincike- bincike, rubuce-rubuce da rarraba tsire-tsire na asali a yankinta da kuma ƙasarta, da kuma amfani da al'adun gargajiya ta hanyar ɗaukar hoto da wallafe-wallafen rubutu. Ta kuma kasance mai kula da inganta karatu daga ɗakin karatu na jama'a tare da girmama tsarin muhalli. Articles with hCards Gidajen karatu da muhalli Lucía Abello itace mai kula da tsarin ɗakin karatu na yankin Los Rios. Kafin wannan matsayi ta kasance Darakta na Cibiyar Nazarin Jama'a ta Doñihue da Cibiyar Nazarin Aikin Gona ta San Vicente. Abello ta fara rawar gani ta musamman acikin ɗakunan karatu waɗanda suka haɗada kiyaye muhalli da kimiyyar bayanai.Wannan yana da mahimmanci a Chile da sauran sassan Latin Amurka inda ake canja ilimi game da bambancin halittu da yanayi ga masu koyo ta hanyar karatun. Amatsayinta na darektan ɗakin karatu a ɗakin karatu na jama'a a Doñihue, ta kirkiro haɗin gwiwa da shirye-shiryen ilimi tsakanin ɗakin karatu da Parque Safari. Ta bada tambayoyi da yawa, kuma Cibiyar Yankin UNESCO ta amince da aikinta don inganta littattafai a Latin Amurka da Caribbean. Acikin 2012 an zaɓe ta a matsayin Mai Kula da Laburaren Shekarar, mafi girman girmamawa da ƙungiyar National Library Association ta Chile (Colegio de Bibliotecarios de Chile [es]). Kyaututtuka da bambance-bambance Kyautar Kyauta. Garin mai daraja na Doñihue saboda aikinta na musamman (1995). Cibiyar Ilimi ta Makarantar Sakandare ta Claudio Arrau León de Doñihue: Don goyon bayanta na yau da kullun ga ɗalibai a cikin aikinsu a matsayin mai kula da ɗakin karatu (2003). Gudanar da karatu don horarwa a Gidauniyar Germán Sánchez Ruipérez, Salamanca, Spain da Asusun Littafin Majalisar Al'adu da Fasaha ta Kasa ta bayar (2004). Majalisar Yankin Al'adu da Fasaha tana ba da haraji ga membobin Hukumar Yankin, ginshiƙai masu mahimmanci na sabon tsarin al'adu (2007). Kyautar Mai Kyautar Laburaren da Kwalejin Masu Litattafan Chile ta bayar, 2012 Makarantar Aikin Gona ta San Vicente de Paul, Quimávida, Coltauco: Don gudummawar da ta bayar ga ilimin ɗalibanmu (2013). Gundumar Doñihue mai daraja a cikin Godiya ga shekaru 20 na aikinta a cikin ilimin gari (2014). Kwalejin Masu Litattafai na Peru. Haɗuwa a matsayin memba na girmamawa (2014). An zaba don haɗa Cibiyar Horar da Kasa da Kasa ta Masu Sabunta Laburaren Laburaren (INELI- Iberoamérica), wanda CERLALC ta aiwatar a cikin ƙasashe 10 na Latin Amurka, tare da haɗin gwiwar Gidauniyar Germán Sánchez Ruipérez da Gidauniya ta Bill da Melinda Gates. An zaba ta Kwalejin Masu Gidan Litattafai na Chile don zama mai horar da Shirin Advocacy na Duniya (IAP IFLA LAC ODS da Agenda 2030 (2016). Kyautar FILSA 2022 don inganta masu karatu Littattafai Rago, Sebastián, Gálvez, Francisca; Abello, Lucía. (2021). Amfani da al'ada na tsire-tsire na Chile Volume I: Natives. Valparaíso: Duniyar Takarda. Abello, Lucía. Laburaren da alakarsa da ilimi. Kwamitin. Taron Kasa na VII na Litattafan Jama'a. National Library of Colombia, 30 ga Nuwamba zuwa 7 ga Disamba 2020. Abello, Lucía; Sarakuna, Josefina; Cuevas, Claudia; Fuentes, María Angélica. Littattafai, Manufofin Ci Gaban Ci gaba (SDG) da Agenda na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2030: Takaitaccen Zaɓin Ayyukan Laburaren Kyakkyawan a Chile (2019) Kwalejin Hukumar IFLA na Masu Gidajen Laburaren Chile. [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da ita a lokacin da aka samo asali ne a lokacin da za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin. "Wuraren halitta. Misalai don samar da sarari na halitta a cikin ɗakin karatu" (PDF). Rashin fahimta. Cibiyar Yankin don Ci gaban Littafin a Latin Amurka da Caribbean. Abello, Lucía (2017). Hanyar horo ta Ecoguides a cikin garin Doñihue: Binciken wasu nau'ikan karatun da ke ba da gudummawa ga SDGs na Agenda 2030, daga ɗakin karatu na gari na Doñihue, Chile. Takardar da aka gabatar a: IFLA WLIC 2017 Wrocław, Poland Litattafan karatu. Haɗin kai. Society. a cikin Taron 139 Sashe na V Yankuna. Abello, Lucía da Reyes Muñoz, Josefina (2017) Taswirar halin da ake ciki na ɗakunan karatu a Chile da kuma yadda suke ba da gudummawa ga ajanda ta 2030 ta hanyar Ayyukan Laburaren Kyau (BPB). Takardar da aka gabatar a: IFLA WLIC 2017 Wrocław, Poland Litattafan karatu. Haɗin kai. Society. a cikin Taron 161 Latin Amurka da Caribbean. Ɗan rago, Sebastián; Abello, Lucía; Gálvez, Francisca. Tsire-tsire masu cin abinci da magani na Chile da sauran sassan duniya (2017). [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Binciken Adesmia pirionii I.M. Johnst. (Fabaceae) a cikin Alhué, cajón del Pichi, cordillera de la Costa, Alhué), Babban Birni, Chile. Chloris Chilensis Shekara 16 N°1. Abello, Lucía (2011) Ilimi na Muhalli daga Laburaren Jama'a: buƙata mai mahimmanci. 109 Sabuntawa mai ɗorewa da bayanan kore ga kowa Ci gaba da Muhalli da Ƙungiyar Sha'awa ta Musamman. Takardar da aka gabatar a: IFLA WLIC 2011 Abello, Lucía da Ricci, Marcia Joyas de Doñihue da Roblería del Cobre de Loncha National Reserve. Marticorena, Alicia; Alarcón, Diego; Abello, Abello; Atala, Cristian Tsire-tsire masu hawa, Epífitas da Parasitas na asali na Chile. Jagoran filin[Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 2010]. Concepción, Corma. Abello, Lucía. Laburaren Jama'a: tsakanin inganta karatu da karatu na dijital. Kwarewar Laburaren Jama'a na Doñihue. 2nd. Iberoamerican Congress of Librarianship: "Libraries da sabbin karatu a cikin sararin dijital". [Hasiya] Abello, Lucía. Matsayin dakunan karatu da masu sana'a game da amfani da al'adu: Takaitaccen tunani. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 24] Abello, Lucía. Laburaren jama'a: wakili na hada zamantakewa da al'adu. Kwarewar ɗakin karatu na jama'a na Doñihue., 2006 A cikin 1st National Congress of Public Libraries, Santiago (Chile), 8-10 Nuwamba 2006. Manazarta Rayayyun mutane 20th-century

5532

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%20Radio%20International

China Radio International

Sin Radio International [da Turanci: China Radio International] (CRI) gidan rediyo ne na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar kasar Sin (PRC). A halin yanzu hedkwatarsa na a Babaoshan, wani subdistrict na Beijing. Da Radio Beijing, da kuma asali Radio Peking, da aka kafa a 3 ga watan Disamba shekarar 1941. CRI adopts da PRC gwamnatin ta ra'ayi a kan siyasa al'amurran da suka shafi irin su siyasa matsayi na Taiwan da matsayi na Dalai Lama. CRI fitattu inganta m dangantakar tsakanin PRC da kuma duniya. Kamar yadda tare da wasu kasashe 'external gabatarda shirye shiryen kamar Muryar Amurka, BBC Radio kuma Australia, CRI taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin PRC ta taushi ikon dabarun. Ya na 30 ofisoshin kasashen waje, da kuma watsa shirye 1.520 hours na shirye-shirye a kowace rana (24 hours a Turanci), ciki har da labarai, a halin yanzu harkokin, kuma fasali a kan siyasa, da tattalin arziki, al'adu, kimiyya da fasaha. Fiye da 50 gajeren zango na tashar watsa ake amfani da su rufe mafi yawansu duniya. an watsa shirye-shirye via internet da yawa da tauraron dan adam. da shirye-shiryen da ake rebroadcast da yawa na gida FM da kuma AM gidajen rediyo a duk duniya. Tarihi Radio aka fara gabatar a kasar Sin a cikin shekarar 1920s kuma 1930s. Duk da haka, 'yan gidaje da rediyo masu karba. Bayan 'yan birane da kasuwanci tashoshin. Mai of rediyo ta kasance a gare siyasa manufa, akai-akai a kan wani gida yankin matakin. Kasar Sin jam'iyyar kwaminis ta farko amfani da rediyo a Yanan a watan Maris shekarar 1940 da watsawa shigo da daga Moscow. Xinhua na kasar Sin Sabuwar Radio (XNCR) ya tafi a kan iska daga Yanan a watan Disamba 30, shekarar 1940. XNCR daukar kwayar cutar zuwa fi girma Gwargwadon yankin bayan shekarar 1945, da kuma shirye-shirye zama mafi yau da kullum da kuma slavonic tare da watsa shirye-shiryen na labarai, hukuma sanar, yaki karanta labarai, da kuma gwaninta da wallafe-wallafen shirye-shirye. Da Turanci sabis fara a ranar 11 Ga watan Satumba, shekarar 1947, yada a matsayin XNCR daga wani kogo a Shahe a cikin Taihang Mountains, a lokacin da kasar Sin shi ne a tsakiyar wani yakin basasa, in bãyar sabuwar nasara da yankunan da watsa shirye-shirye a kasar Sin siyasa da al'adu hangen zaman gaba ga duniya baki daya. A tashar koma daga Taihang Mountains zuwa babban birnin kasar, Peking, a lõkacin da ta Jamhuriyar Jama'ar kasar Sin da aka kafa a shekarar 1949. Da sunan da aka canza zuwa Radio Peking a 10 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 1950 kuma zuwa Radio Beijing a shekarar 1983. A 1 ga watan Janairu shekarar 1993 sunan tashar aka sake canza, wannan lokaci zuwa kasar Sin Radio International, domin kauce wa duk wani rikice da na gida Beijing rediyo watsa labarai. M kalaman kasa da kasa watsa labarai CRI watsa shirye via gajeren zango na tashar radio, tauraron dan adam da yanar-gizo a cikin harshen Turanci da kuma sauran harsuna da yawa (duba ƙasa). Haka kuma akwai m AM da FM relays. Gajeren zango na tashar watsa shirye-shiryen a Turanci da ake niyya a Arewacin Amirka, Caribbean, Turai, Afirka, Asiya da Pacific ta Kudu. CRI kula kai tsaye gajeren zango na tashar watsa shirye-shiryen zuwa raya, kafofin watsa labarai mai arzikin kasashen, a Arewacin Amirka da Turai, kamar yadda manyan yammacin gabatarda shirye shiryen (kamar BBC World Service, Muryar Amurka da kuma Radio Netherlands) rage ko yanke irin wannan watsa shirye-shiryen. Shirye-shirye Mandarin Channel A farkon shekarar 1984, shi ya fara watsa shirye-shirye gida sabis na Beijing yankin a AM da FM mitoci. Da sabis daga baya fadada zuwa dama, manyan birane a fadin PRC, samar da sauraro a cikin PRC da labarai da rahotanni dace, music, weather, Turanci da kasar Sin koyo basira, kazalika da sauran ayyuka. CRI News Radio (90.5 FM) CRI News Radio (CRI da aka kafa a ranar 28 ga Satumba 2005, wanda ya riƙi amfani da CRI ta 'yan jarida daga ko ina cikin duniya, kuma bayar da rahoton kasa da kasa (da kuma partially gida) labarai, wasanni, nisha da kuma salon shirye-shirye domin cikin gida sauraro a Mandarin na kasar Sin. Da nufin yin CRI News Radio na farko-aji na kasa labarai rediyo iri da taken ne 'Na farko News, News Farko', 'A-da-Spot kasar Sin, Live Duniya' da dai sauransu. CRI News Radio za a iya ji online da kuma a birnin Beijing a radiyo a kan 90.5 FM; a Tianjin 90.6 FM; a Chongqing 91.7 FM; a Guangdong, Hong Kong, da kuma Macau 107.1 FM; a Shandong 89.8 FM; a Anhui 90,1 FM. Sin kwasfan fayiloli Da wadannan shirye-shirye da za a iya ji a Mandarin version daga cikin podcast daga World Radio Network: News PinYin: Xin Wen jiè Mu), wanda ya zo daga kasar News Agency. Tángrénjiē Turanci translation: "Chinatown"), a shirin game da kasashen waje na kasar Sin (China waje) Hasashen yanayi a kusa da kasar Sin Wasanni Wannan watsa shirye-shirye da aka asali niyya a London a cikin United Kingdom. A shekara ta 2006, suka kawar da "London" tunani, wanda shi ne wani ɓangare na gabatarwar a matsayin "Ni Hao London. Sannu London Turanci Channel CRI a Turanci (88.0 FM, 88,7 FM, 91,5 FM, 846 AM, 1008 AM) Da CRI Hausa tashoshi da za a iya ji online su ne: Round the Clock (Internet kawai) News Centre(846 AM a birnin Beijing) Hit FM (88.7 FM a birnin Beijing (24H duk rana), 88.5 FM a Guangzhou (06: 00-21: 00 lokacin Beijing)) Easy FM (91.5 FM a birnin Beijing (24H duk rana), 87.9 FM a birnin Shanghai (Shanghai Edition) (24H duk rana), 98.5 FM a Lanzhou) Language Studio (1008 AM a birnin Beijing) wani sa'a daya shirin da ya koyar da Turanci ga wanda ya san kawai Mandarin (ba za a gauraye da Chinese Studio). Shirin sauti kamar kindergarten Turanci darasi a Amurka ta yin amfani da mai sauqi qwarai sentences (misali Mary goes to the bank). CRI 91.9 FM (Kenya 91.9 FM) Chinese Studio ne mai 5 minti kashi cewa ya bi mafi CRI Hausa shirye-shirye China Drive ne Turanci rediyo show game da rayuwa a cikin PRC CRI FM 102 a Sri Lanka a Sinhala, Tamil, Turanci da kasar Sin (05: 30-19: 30 lokacin Sri Lanka) CRIENGLISH.com yayi wani m kewayon abun ciki na bidiyo a kan ta video channel ciki har da da dama flagship nuna rufe music, fina-finai da kuma comedy. da cikin hannu na m shirin gaskiya style guntun wando focussing on al'ada da tafiya a cikin kasar Sin. Turanci Taskar labarai Da Turanci podcast daga World Radio Network hada da wadannan shirye-shirye, duk wanda aka taka leda a Easy FM, CRI 91.9 FM a Kenya, kuma a gidajen rediyo a ko'ina cikin duniya. Hourly News The Beijing Hour (maye gurbin weekday 'News Reports' tun farkon 2010) News Reports People in the Know Press Clippings Studio Plus Today China Drive Realtime China Africa Express Chinese Studio (tallafa ta Bridge School) Holiday watsa shirye-shiryen A lokacin manyan Sin holidays (An Kwafa Golden Week), irin su kasar Sin Sabuwar Shekara, May Day, da kuma tsakiyar-Autumn Festival, kasar Sin Radio International yawanci watsa shirye na musamman shirye-shirye kamar: Girma Up A kasar Sin (a lokacin May Day biki) Mafi yawa daga shirye-shirye ba hali na watsa shirye-shirye a lokacin da wasu sassa na shekara. Da misalin shi ne kama da Kirsimeti music watsa shirye-shiryen, a Amirka. Harsuna Sin Radio International watsa shirye-shiryen da wadannan harsunan: Da Tibet, da Uygur da kuma Kazakh ayyuka suna watsa shirye-shirye cikin tarayya, da na gida rediyo (Tibet Jama'ar kasar Broadcasting Station kuma Xinjiang Jama'ar kasar Broadcasting Station). Olympics Radio A watan Yuli 2006, CRI ta kaddamar da wani sabon rediyo tashar da ake kira CRI Olympic Radio a 900 AM a birnin Beijing. Wannan na musamman watsa shirye-shirye da aka yi a Mandarin, Yaren mutanen Koriya, Turanci, Rasha, Faransa, Mutanen Espanya, Larabci, Japan da Jamus 24 hours a rana. Wannan sabis kare a marigayi 2008 da kuma a yanzu da mita 900 AM aka shagaltar da CRI News Radio (Beijing kawai). References External links CRI Hausa CRI English WCETV Free Online Stream List of short-wave frequencies and sites currently on-air Hawaii KHCM AM880 Beyond Beijing CRI News Radio Commentary about CRI in the US SWDXER ¨The SWDXER¨ with general SWL information and radio antenna tips. Mr Science segment from China Drive The History of Culture and Mass Media in China Radio86, Chinese news and culture in 10 European languages Kafofin watsa labarai a birnin

40443

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkokin%20Jama%27a%20Da%20Na%20Siyasa

Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa

Hakkokin jama'a da na siyasa wani nau'i ne na haƙƙoƙin da ke kare yancin ɗan adam daga cin zarafi daga gwamnatoci, ƙungiyoyin jama'a, da masu zaman kansu. Suna tabbatar da damar mutum ya shiga cikin rayuwar farar hula da siyasa ta al'umma da jiha ba tare da nuna bambanci ko danniya ba. Haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam sun haɗa da tabbatar da amincin jiki da tunanin mutane, rayuwa, da amincin mutane; kariya daga wariya bisa dalilai kamar jima'i, launin fata, yanayin jima'i, asalin ƙasa, launi, shekaru, alaƙar siyasa, ƙabila, zamantakewa, addini, da nakasa; da haƙƙin mutum kamar sirri da yancin tunani, magana, addini, jarida, taro, da motsi. Haƙƙoƙin siyasa sun haɗa da adalci na dabi'a (daidaitacce) a cikin doka, kamar haƙƙin wanda ake tuhuma, gami da yancin yin shari'a na gaskiya; tsari; 'yancin neman gyara ko maganin shari'a; da haƙƙin shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin jama'a da siyasa kamar 'yancin ƙungiyoyi, 'yancin yin taro, 'yancin kai ƙara, 'yancin kare kai, da 'yancin jefa ƙuri'a. Haƙƙoƙin farar hula da na siyasa sune asali da babban ɓangaren haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya. Sun ƙunshi kashi na farko na 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (tare da haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, da al'adu wanda ya ƙunshi kashi na biyu). Ka'idar tsararraki uku na haƙƙin ɗan adam suna ɗaukar wannan rukunin haƙƙoƙin a matsayin "haƙƙin ƙarni na farko", kuma ka'idar haƙƙin mara kyau da tabbatacce suna ɗaukar su gabaɗaya haƙƙin mara kyau. Tarihi Kalmar "haƙƙin jama'a" fassarar Latin ce ta jus civis (dama na ɗan ƙasa). ’Yan ƙasar Romawa na iya zama ko dai ’yanci (libertas) ko kuma masu hidima (servitus), amma dukansu suna da hakki a doka. Bayan Dokar Milan a shekara ta 313, waɗannan haƙƙoƙin sun haɗa da ’yancin yin addini; duk da haka, a cikin 380, Dokar Tasalonika ta buƙaci dukan batutuwa na Daular Roma su yi ikirarin Kiristanci na Katolika. Koyarwar shari'a ta Romawa ta ɓace a tsakiyar zamanai, amma ana iya yin da'awar haƙƙoƙin duniya bisa koyarwar Kirista. A cewar jagororin Tawayen Kett (1549), “dukkan bayi za a iya ’yantar da su, gama Allah ya ‘yantar da duka da zubar da jininsa mai tamani.” A karni na 17, alkali mai shari'a na Ingila Sir Edward Coke ya farfado da ra'ayin 'yancin da ya danganci zama dan kasa ta hanyar jayayya cewa a tarihi 'yan Ingila sun ji daɗin irin waɗannan hakkoki. Majalisar Ingila ta amince da Dokar Haƙƙin Ingilishi a cikin 1689. Yana ɗaya daga cikin tasirin da George Mason da James Madison suka zana a lokacin da suke tsara Dokar Haƙƙin Virginia a 1776. Sanarwar Virginia ita ce kakanni kai tsaye kuma abin ƙira ga Dokar Haƙƙin Amurka (1789). Cire ta hanyar doka ta haƙƙin farar hula ya ƙunshi "nakasassu na farar hula". A farkon ƙarni na 19 na Biritaniya, kalmar nan "haƙƙin jama'a" galibi ana magana ne akan batun irin wannan wariya na shari'a ga Katolika. A cikin House of Commons an raba goyon baya ga 'yancin ɗan adam, tare da 'yan siyasa da yawa sun yarda da nakasassun farar hula na Katolika. Dokar Bayar da Agaji ta Roman Katolika ta 1829 ta maido musu haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam. A Amurka, kalmar yancin ɗan adam tana da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin yancin ɗan adam (1954-1968), waɗanda suka yi yaƙi da wariyar launin fata. Kare hakki TH Marshall ya lura cewa haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam na cikin waɗanda aka fara gane su kuma aka tsara su, sannan haƙƙoƙin siyasa suka biyo baya kuma har yanzu ta haƙƙin zamantakewa. A cikin ƙasashe da yawa, haƙƙoƙin tsarin mulki ne kuma an haɗa su cikin lissafin haƙƙoƙin ko makamancin haka. An kuma bayyana su a cikin dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa, kamar 1948 na 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights da 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Ba a buƙatar a tsara haƙƙoƙin jama'a da na siyasa don a kiyaye su. Koyaya, yawancin dimokuradiyya a duniya suna da tabbacin rubuce-rubuce na haƙƙin farar hula da na siyasa. Ana ɗaukar haƙƙin ɗan adam a matsayin haƙƙoƙin halitta. Thomas Jefferson ya rubuta a cikin A Summary View of the Rights of British America cewa "mutane masu 'yanci [da'awar] hakkokinsu kamar yadda aka samo daga dokokin yanayi, kuma ba a matsayin kyautar babban alkalin su ba." Tambayar kan wanene hakkin jama'a da na siyasa ya shafi batun cece-kuce. Ko da yake a ƙasashe da yawa 'yan ƙasa suna da kariya mafi girma daga keta haƙƙoƙi fiye da waɗanda ba ƴan ƙasa ba, ana ɗaukar haƙƙoƙin farar hula da na siyasa a matsayin haƙƙoƙin duniya da ya shafi kowa da kowa. A cewar masanin kimiyyar siyasa Salvador Santino F. Regilme Jr., yin nazari kan musabbabi da rashin kariya daga take hakin bil Adama a Kudancin Duniya ya kamata a mai da hankali kan mu’amalar abubuwan cikin gida da na kasa da kasa—wani muhimmin hangen nesa da aka saba yin watsi da shi bisa tsari. adabin ilimin zamantakewa. Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

36702

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carole%20Tongue

Carole Tongue

Carole Tongue, FRSA (an haife ta 14 Oktoba 1955) tsohon memba ce na Majalisar Turai mai wakiltar London ta Gabas (daga 1984 zuwa 1999) kuma Mataimakiyar Shugaban Jam'iyyar Labour ta Majalisar Turai (daga 1989 zuwa 1991). Ta kasance 'yar takarar da ba ta yi nasara ba na Change UK a zaben majalisar Turai na 2019 a London. Rayuwar farko An koyar da Togue a makarantar Brentwood County High School da Jami'ar Loughborough. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar gudanarwa, sannan kuma ta sakatariyar kungiyar Socialist, ta kuma ba da lokaci a matsayin edita, mai aikawa da jagora. Nauyin da ke cikin Majalisar Turai A cikin Majalisar Turai, a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki (1989-1994), ta rubuta rahotanni guda biyu, da yawa da aka karɓa, game da makomar masana'antar motoci ta Turai. Ta kafa dandalin masana'antar motoci ta Turai na farko tare da Hukumar EU da halartar duk masu ruwa da tsaki a ciki watau kungiyoyin kwadago. Ya ƙare a cikin Forum kan taron masana'antun motoci na EU na 1 ga watan Maris 1994. Ɗaya daga cikin shawarwarin ya haifar da kafa Manufar 5 na Asusun zamantakewa na Turai da aka tsara don taimakawa wajen sake horar da ma'aikata da ke barazanar sakewa. Daga 1994 zuwa 1999, ta kasance Mai Gudanarwa na Ƙungiyar Socialist akan Al'adu, Media, Wasanni, Ilimi da Matasa. Ta kuma kasance mai magana da yawun yada labaran jama'a. A cikin wannan rawar, a cikin 1995, ta kafa haɗin gwiwar TV/Fim na ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci da ƙungiyoyin masu ƙirƙira. A cikin 1996, Majalisar ta karɓi rahotonta kan Watsa shirye-shiryen Watsa Labarun Jama'a a cikin Multichannel Digital Age. Wannan ya haifar da haɗa ƙa'idar da ke kare watsa shirye-shiryen sabis na jama'a a cikin 1997 EU Amsterdam Treaty. A cikin 1997, Firayim Ministan Burtaniya Tony Blair ya nada ta don yin hulɗa tsakanin Jam'iyyar Labour ta Majalisar Dokokin Turai da Ma'aikatar Al'adu, Watsa Labarai da Wasanni ta Burtaniya. Daga 1997 zuwa 1999, ta kasance zaɓaɓɓiyar shugabar Cinema na Majalisar Turai da Intergroup na Audiovisual. Bayan aikin majalisa Tun bayan da ta bar Majalisar Tarayyar Turai, ta yi aiki a cikin harkokin jama'a na ba da shawara ga kamfanoni, masu zaman kansu da kungiyoyin jama'a, ciki har da: jami'o'i, kungiyoyin agaji, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da kungiyoyin kwadago. Kwararre kan manufofin audiovisual, a halin yanzu tana ba da shawara ga ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci da masu haƙƙin haƙƙin masana'antu. Ita ma mai ba da shawara ce ta waje a kamfanin EUTOP na Jamus, da laccoci a jami'o'i a London. Tongue ta daɗe tana shiga cikin fasaha da masana'antu. A cikin 1999, ta haɗa haɗin gwiwar Opera of Fleeting akan Kogin Thames tare da tarin Couper da Royal Opera House, Covent Garden. Tana da cikakken tarihin hidimar jama'a da yaƙin neman zaɓe a fagage na magana mai ji da gani da al'adu; yawan watsa labarai; hana nuna bambanci; daidaito; bambancin; dimokuradiyyar tattalin arziki; halartar ma'aikata. Carole ita ce Shugabar Ƙungiyar Haɗin kai ta Burtaniya don Bambance-bambancen Kalaman Al'adu tun 2005 lokacin da ta kafa haɗin gwiwa tare da Holy Aylett don aiwatar da yarjejeniyar UNESCO ta 2005 kan karewa da haɓaka bambancin maganganun al'adu. An nada ta shugabar hadaddiyar kungiyar kasashen Turai don bambancin maganganun al'adu a watan Disamba 2014. A cikin 2015, ta kafa kuma ta jagoranci Creatives4Europe, ƙungiyar da ke wakiltar dukkanin rassa na masana'antu/fasaha da al'adu (a karkashin jagorancin Ƙungiyar Turai) don yakin neman kuri'a na ci gaba a cikin 2016 EU mambobin raba gardama. Ta kasance 'yar takarar Change UK a London a zaben majalisar Turai na 2019, an sanya ta ta uku a cikin jerin. Alƙawuran hidimar jama'a 2001-2006: Kwamitin Gudanar da Ƙwararru na General Medical Council (GMC). 2002–2006: Shugaban Kwamitin Kyauta na Yanki na London na Asusun Al'umma kuma Memba na Hukumar Asusun Al'umma, yana rarraba kudaden da UK Lottery National Lottery ya tara don kyawawan dalilai. 2006–2010: Memba na Kwamitin Sadarwa da Watsa Labarai na Hukumar UNESCO ta kasa. Janairu 2010: An nada shi a kwamitin bincike da rajista na GMC. Tongue kuma itace: amintacciyar Masu Sa-kai na Sa-kai na Jama'a; Majiɓinci na Haɗin kai, Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ilimin Gallery ta Ƙasa; Majiɓincin Majalisar Dokokin Tarayya kuma Shugaban Majalisar Fina-Finai Mai Zaman Kanta, Majiɓincin Ƙwararru Ga Dukan agaji. Carole ita ce shugabar wata ƙungiyar agaji ta Faransa mai suna "Arts a Parts" da aka tsara don haɓaka daidaito ta hanyar fasaha. Har ila yau, tana cikin Kwamitin Ƙaddamarwar Watsa Labarai ta Turai mai fafutukar neman yawan kafofin watsa labarai. A cikin 2005, ta kafa haɗin gwiwa kuma yanzu tana jagorantar Ƙungiyar Haɗin kai don Bambance-bambancen Al'adu na Burtaniya. A cikin 2014, an zabe ta Shugabar Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai don bambancin al'adu. Matsayin ilimi 2001: Malami mai Ziyara/Farfesa a Siyasar Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Sauti na Turai da Siyasar Biritaniya da Turai a Jami'ar Fasaha ta London 2008: Malami mai Ziyara a Jami'ar City, London, kan Bambance-bambancen Al'adu, Fasaha da Watsa Labarai Manufar Audiovisual da dabarun A cikin 1990s, Tongue tayi kamfen don samar da ka'idar EU don kare watsa shirye-shiryen sabis na jama'a. Ta kuma yi aiki ga dokar EU don kare shirye-shiryen talabijin da ke nuna al'adun gida, dabi'u da kuma ainihi. An aiwatar da waɗannan duk da babban adawa daga wasu buƙatun kasuwanci. An gabatar da wata yarjejeniya ta kare watsa shirye-shiryen jama'a a cikin 1997 EU Amsterdam Treaty. A wannan lokacin, ta soki tasirin Rupert Murdoch akan aikin jarida na Burtaniya, masana'antar watsa labarai da al'adu. Ta yi jayayya don ƙarin zuba jari a cikin fina-finai na Biritaniya, wasan kwaikwayo da shirye-shiryen ta hanyar kebul da tauraron dan adam kamar BSkyB Ta ci gaba da aiki don bambancin ra'ayi na al'adu da yawan watsa labarai. Tongue tana ba da shawara kan abubuwan da suka shafi gani na sauti don kamfanonin shirya fina-finai. Tana iya magana da Faransanci da Jamusanci, tana magana akai-akai kan watsa shirye-shirye da fina-finai a duk duniya kuma marubuciya ce ta kasidu da babi na littattafai kan manufofin sauti na gani na Turai, watsa shirye-shiryen jama'a, manufofin al'adu da kuma harkokin Turai. Ta kasance mamba a kwamitin sadarwa da yada labarai na UNESCO daga 2002 zuwa 2010. Girmamawa, kyaututtuka da membobinsu A cikin 2005, Tongue ta sami digiri na girmamawa daga Jami'ar Lincoln don hidima ga jama'a a sassan watsa shirye-shirye da na gani. Ita mamba ce ta Royal Society for the Couragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce (RSA), memba na kungiyar kasuwanci ta BECTU. Ita mamba ce ta BAFTA. Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Mata yan siyasa Haihuwan 1955 Sanannun a siyasa Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

30623

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie%20Jiagge

Annie Jiagge

Annie Ruth Jiagge, (née Baëta 7 Oktoba 1918 12 ga Yuni 1996), wacce kuma aka fi sani da Annie Baëta Jiagge, lauya ce ’yar Ghana, alkali kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata. Ita ce mace ta farko a Ghana da Commonwealth of Nations da ta zama alkali. Ta kasance babbar mai rubuta sanarwar kawar da wariya ga mata kuma wacce ta kafa kungiyar da ta zama Bankin Duniya na Mata. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Annie Ruth Baeta a ranar 7 ga watan Oktoba 1918 a Lomé, Faransa Togoland. Iyayenta su ne malamin makaranta, Henrietta Baëta da ministar Presbyterian, Robert Domingo Baëta. Ta kasance 'yar kabilar Ewe ta kudu maso gabashin Ghana da Togo. Memba na sanannen dangin Baëta, tana ɗaya daga cikin yara takwas, kodayake Annie da ƴan uwanta Kirista, Lily, da William ne kawai suka rayu har zuwa girma. Babban ɗan'uwanta, Christian Baëta ɗan ilimi ne kuma ministan Presbyterian wanda aka zaɓa magatakardar Majami'ar Ikklisiya ta Gold Coast daga 1945 zuwa 1949 kuma ya taka rawa wajen kafa Jami'ar Ghana, Legon, 1948. Iyayenta sun so ta sami ilimin Ingilishi kuma ta zauna a garin Keta da ke bakin teku (sa'an nan a Togoland na Birtaniya) tare da kakarta ta uwa. Baeta ta halarci Kwalejin Achimota kuma ta sami takardar shaidar malaminta a 1937. Ita ce shugabar makaranta kuma Malamar Makaranta a Makarantar 'Yan Mata ta Evangelical Presbyterian daga shekarun 1940 zuwa 1946. Bayan da teku ta wanke gine-ginen Makarantar Presbyterian na ’yan mata a cikin teku a shekara ta 1940, an kai ’yan matan zuwa Makarantar Presbyterian na Evangelical don samari. Makarantar ta cika da cunkoso, kuma Baeta ta san zai yi wuya a sami tallafin sabbin gine-gine. Ta je wurin mawaƙa na Ikklisiya na Presbyterian na Evangelical kuma ta canza shi zuwa rukunin wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya sanya mawaƙin George F. Rool David the Shepherd Boy. Wasannin sun yi nasara kuma an gayyaci ƙungiyar don yin a manyan biranen Gold Coast da Togo. Baeta ta sami damar tara kuɗi don sabuwar makaranta don 'yan matan da aka gina a watan Disamba 1945. Nazari a London Zaman Baeta tare da Makarantar 'Yan Mata ta Evangelical Presbyterian ya cika amma ya bar ta da rashin natsuwa. Ta ci jarrabawar kammala karatun digiri na London a shekarar 1945. Babban yayanta Kirista ya yi tambaya ga Jami'ar London a madadinta kuma mahaifiyarta ta samo mata lamuni. An shigar da ita Makarantar Tattalin Arziki da Kimiyyar Siyasa ta London a cikin shekarar 1946. Abokan aikinta maza daga Gold Coast sun bukace ta da ta yi watsi da karatunta, suna tunanin cewa suna da wahala ga mace. Ɗayan ya ba ta damar shirya mata matsayi a Kwalejin Paris don nazarin zane-zane. Ta ce musu za ta koma Gold Coast idan ba ta ci jarrabawar farko ba. Ta ci jarrabawarta, mazan ba su kara damu ba. Ta karɓi LLB ɗinta a cikin shekarar 1949 kuma an kira ta zuwa Bar a Lincoln's Inn a shekara mai zuwa. Baëta kuma ta shiga cikin ayyukan addini da na zamantakewa a lokacin lokacinta na kyauta a London. Ta yi aiki tare da sansanonin matasa wanda Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Kirista (YWCA) ta shirya kuma an zabe ta a Kwamitin Zartarwa na YWCA na Duniya a lokacin shekarunta na ƙarshe na dalibi. Aikin shari'a, gwagwarmayar yancin mata da gado Baeta ta kafa aikin sirri lokacin da ta koma Gold Coast a shekarar 1950.Ta jagoranci wani shiri na hulda da jama'a don kafa YWCA na kasa don mulkin mallaka kuma an shirya wani fim na gaskiya a matsayin wani bangare na ilmantar da jama'a game da kungiyar. Baeta ta auri Fred Jiagge a ranar 10 ga watan Janairu 1953. Ta bar Bar kuma ta zama majistare na Bench a watan Yuni 1953. A cikin shekarar 1954, ta fara halartan taro akai-akai na Majalisar Ikklisiya ta Duniya. Daga shekarun 1955 zuwa 1960, ta kasance shugabar YWCA. Ita da mijinta sun ɗauki ɗa, Rheinhold, a cikin shekarar 1959. A cikin 1959, ta zama alkali na Kotun Da'awa.Bayan samun labarin wata budurwa da aka yi wa fyade a Accra bayan ta zo can daga karkara don yin hira da aiki, Jiagge ta nemi taimakon gwamnati don samar da wuraren kwana ga mata masu ziyara. Ta samu ganawa da shugaban Ghana Kwame Nkrumah tare da gamsar da shi kan muhimmancin aikin. Ta jagoranci yakin neman nasara a 1961 wanda ya tara kudade masu yawa don ɗakin kwanan mata na YWCA. A wannan shekarar ta zama alkali a babban kotun shari'a. Daga shekarun 1961 zuwa 1976 ta kasance memba na majalisa a Jami'ar Ghana. A cikin shekarar 1962 an nada ta don wakiltar Ghana a Hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Matsayin Mata. An bukace ta da ta shugabanci hukumar binciken kadarorin manyan ma’aikatan gwamnati da sunayen shugabannin siyasa a shekarar 1966. Ta kare hakkin mata ta hanyar aikinta a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ta wakilci Ghana har zuwa 1972. A shekarar 1966, an zabe ta mai ba da rahoto na Hukumar. A wani taro da aka yi a Iran a shekarar 1967, an tuhumi Hukumar da shirya takarda kan kawar da wariya ga mata. Da take nuna damuwa cewa ba za a kammala daftarin ba har lokacin da suka bar Iran, Jiagge ta sadu da sauran membobin tawagar, ciki har da Gimbiya Iran Ashraf Pahlavi, kuma ta tsara daftarin a cikin dare guda. An aika zuwa kasashe membobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don yin sharhi kuma daga baya aka karbe shi. Sanarwar ta kasance muhimmiyar mafari ga Yarjejeniya ta shekarar 1979 ta doka akan kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata. An zabi Jiagge a matsayin shugabar taron hukumar na 21 a shekarar 1968. An baiwa Jiagge lambar yabo ta kasar Ghana babbar lambar yabo da lambar yabo ta Gimbles ta kasa da kasa kan ayyukan jin kai a shekarar 1969. An nada ta alkali a Kotun daukaka kara a wannan shekarar, kotun koli a Ghana a lokacin. Ita ce alkali mace ta farko a kotun daukaka kara. An ba ta digirin girmamawa na shari'a daga Jami'ar Ghana a shekarar 1974. A shekara ta 1975, ta kafa majalisar dokokin Ghana kan mata da ci gaba kuma ita ce shugabar ta ta farko. A matsayinta na shugabar ta, ta kira taron matan Ghana domin sanin ra'ayoyinsu game da daidaito, ci gaba da zaman lafiya, taken taron mata na duniya na shekarar 1975 a Mexico. Ta fahimci cewa samun rancen kudi shi ne fifiko ga matan kasarta kuma ta jagoranci tawagar Ghana zuwa taron. Ita da wasu sun yi alkawarin samar da kudin iri ga bankin mata, kuma an kafa kungiyar Stitching to Promote Women’s Banking World Bank (yanzu Bankin Duniya na Mata) kuma tana da hedikwata a New York. Daga baya ta yi aiki a hukumar kula da harkokin bankin duniya ta mata a Ghana. Jiagge ta kuma taba zama shugaban Majalisar Cocin Duniya daga shekarar 1975 zuwa 1983. A cikin 1979, ta kasance memba na majalisar wakilai wanda ya rubuta kundin tsarin mulkin Jamhuriya ta Uku ta Ghana. Ita ce shugabar Majalisar Ikklisiya ta Duniya don Shirin Yaki da wariyar launin fata daga 1984 zuwa 1991 kuma ta yi gwagwarmaya don adawa da tsarin wariyar launin fata na Afirka ta Kudu. An nada Jiagge a matsayin shugaban kotun daukaka kara a shekarar 1980. A wannan shekarar ta sake jagorantar tawagar Ghana zuwa taron mata na duniya a Copenhagen. Ta kasance Shugaban Kotun Daukaka Kara har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a shekara ta 1983. Ta taimaka wajen tsara taron mata na duniya karo na hudu a matsayinta na mamba a kungiyar ba da shawara ta Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a waccan shekarar. A cikin shekarar 1985 ta yi aiki a wani kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wanda ya gudanar da sauraren ra'ayoyin jama'a kan ayyukan kamfanonin kasashen waje a Afirka ta Kudu da Namibiya. Ta kuma yi aiki a cikin kwamitin ƙwararru waɗanda suka tsara kundin tsarin mulkin Ghana a 1991. Daga shekarun 1993 har zuwa rasuwarta, Jiagge ta yi aiki a Majalisar Dokokin Ghana. Ta mutu a ranar 12 ga watan Yuni 1996 a Accra. Ma'aikatar Mata da Yara ce ta kafa Laccocin Tunawa da Mai Shari'a Annie Jiagge a shekarar 2009. Wani gidan kwana, Annie Baëta Jiagge House, wanda a da, House 17, a makarantar almajiranta, makarantar Achimota ta kasance cikin tunawa da ita don ganin rawar da ta taka a fannin shari'a a Ghana. Kyaututtuka Babban Medal na Ghana (1969) The Gimbles International Award (1969) Manazarta Haifaffun 1918 Mutuwan

25512

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takbir

Takbir

Takbir laƙabi r], "ɗaukaka [Allah]") shine jumlar larabci Allāhu akbaru furta .hu ʔak.baru], ma'ana "Allah shine mafi girma". Magana ce ta Larabci gama-gari, wanda Musulmai da Larabawa suka yi amfani da shi a fannoni daban -daban: a cikin Sallah (addu’a), a cikin Adhan (kiran Musulunci zuwa sallah), azaman bayanin bangaskiya na yau da kullum, a lokutan wahala ko farin ciki, ko don bayyana ƙuduri ko ƙeta. Kiristocin Larabawa ma suna amfani da jumlar. Tafsiri Kalmar Larabci (kabīr) tana nufin mai girma daga tushen Semitic k-b-r. Kalmar Larabci akbar) ita ce sifar sifa (mafi girma) na sifar kabīr. Lokacin amfani dashi a cikin Takbīr galibi ana fassara shi mafi girma, amma wasu marubutan suna fassara shi mafi girma. Kalmar Takbīr da kanta ita ce jigon kalma na II na tushen triliteral k-b-r, ma'ana "babba", daga abin da aka samo akbar "babba". Siffar Allāhu shine zababben Allah, ma'ana 'Allah'. Amfani a cikin ayyukan addinin Musulunci Musulmai suna karanta wannan jumlar a yanayi daban -daban. Misali, lokacin da suke farin ciki sosai, don bayyana yarda, don hana Musulmi yin girman kai ta hanyar tunatar da su cewa Allah shine tushen nasarar su, a matsayin kukan yaƙi, ko lokacin matsanancin damuwa. Ba a samun jumlar a cikin Alƙur'ani, wanda ba ya nufin Allah a matsayin akbar, amma yana amfani da sunan al-Kabīr "Babban" ko Kabīr "Babban", wanda aka saba fassara shi da "Mafi Girma" (13: 9, 31:30) 22:62, 34:23, 40:12, 4:34). Cikin sallah An faɗi jumlar a kowane matakin sallar biyu (sallolin farilla, ana yin su sau biyar a rana), da nafila (sallolin nafila, ana yin su yadda ake so). Kiran da musulmi yayi zuwa sallah (adhan) ta muezzin da fara sallah (iqama) shima yana dauke da jumlar. Duk da cewa akwai gajerun addu'o'i kamarsa, yin amfani da takbi ya fi kowacce gajeriyar sallah. Bayan haihuwa da mutuwa Ana amfani da jumlar bayan haihuwar yaro a matsayin hanyar yabon Allah. Hakanan wani bangare ne na jana'izar Musulunci da al'adun jana'iza. Yayin Bukukuwan Idi da Aikin Hajji A lokacin bukukuwan Eid al-Adha da kwanakin da ke gabanta, Musulmai suna karanta Takbīr. Musamman abin da ya faru a ranar Arafah. A lokacin yanka dabbobi na halal Tsarin furta sunan Allah yayin yin Dhabihah dole ne mutum yace "Bismillah Allahu Akbar". Sauran amfanin zamantakewa Ana iya amfani da kalmar "Allahu Akbar" a yanayi daban -daban, daga bukukuwa zuwa lokutan baƙin ciki. A cikin tarihin wani wanda ya kasance a wurin haihuwar Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr da kuma jana'izarsa, marubucin ya lura cewa an faɗi "Allahu Akbar" a lokuta biyu. A lokutan wahala A wasu lokuta ana amfani da kalmar a lokacin wahala. Kafin Garuda Indonesia Flight 152 ya faɗa cikin daji kusa da Medan, Indonesia, matukin jirgin ya yi kururuwa "Aaaaaaah! Allāhu akbar" a cikin rediyonsa. Dangane da rubutacciyar hanyar sadarwa ta rediyo, tattaunawar matukin jirgin tare da mai sarrafa iska ya kasance cikin Ingilishi, amma kalmominsa na ƙarshe sune takbir yayin da jirgin ya faɗi a ranar 26 ga Satumba, 1997, inda ya kashe mutane 234 da ke cikin hatsarin mafi muni a Indonesia. An yi zargin cewa wataƙila hatsarin ya faru ne saboda rashin daidaituwa ko gazawar injin injin turbin da hayaƙin da ke cikin gida ya haifar sakamakon gobarar daji. A lokutan farin ciki da godiya Ana iya amfani da Takbir don nuna farin ciki ko mamaki. Hakanan ana amfani dashi azaman tafi a cikin abubuwan addini, kamar bayan karatun Al -Qur'ani, kamar yadda ake ganin sauran nau'ikan tafi ba su dace ba. Lokacin da aka gano Reshma Begum da rai kwanaki 17 bayan rushewar ginin Savar na 2013 a Bangladesh wanda ya kashe mutane 1129, taron jama'a sun yi kukan murna tare da fadin "Allāhu akbar" don nuna farin cikin su da godiya cewa ta tsira. A matsayin jumla mai ma'ana iri-iri, wani lokaci masu sharhin kwallon kafa na Larabawa kan yi amfani da ita azaman abin mamaki, ko ma a matsayin waƙar ƙwallon ƙafa. A cikin fadace -fadace An yi amfani da shi a tarihi azaman kukan yaƙi yayin yaƙi. Tarihin Ibn Ishaq na Mohammed ya ba da labarin aƙalla abubuwa biyu da aka yi amfani da jumlar a ciki. "Lokacin da manzon ya kai hari kan mutane sai ya jira har gari ya waye. Idan ya ji kiran sallah 'sai ya ja da baya; idan bai ji ba ya kai hari. Mun zo Khaybar da dare, kuma manzon ya kwana a can; kuma lokacin da gari ya waye bai ji kiran sallah ba, 'don haka ya hau muka hau tare da shi, ni kuma na hau bayan Abii Talba da kafafuna na taba kafafar manzo. Mun sadu da ma'aikatan Khaybar suna fitowa da safe da kwandunansu da kwanduna. Lokacin da suka ga manzon da runduna sai suka yi kira, Muhammadu da ƙarfinsa, suka juya wutsiya suka gudu. Manzon ya ce, 'Allahu akbar! An lalata Khaybar. Lokacin da muka isa dandalin mutane mugun safiya ne ga waɗanda aka yi wa gargaɗi. '"(Shafi na 511)" Don haka sai ya sauka daga kan dokinsa ya zo wurinsa sannan Ali ya ci gaba da garkuwarsa. Amr ya yi nufin busa wanda ya yanke cikin garkuwar sosai har takuba ta makale a ciki ta buga kansa. Amma Ali ya yi masa rauni a jijiya a gindin wuyansa sai ya fadi kasa. Ƙura ta tashi sai manzon ya ji kukan, 'Allahu Akbar' kuma ya san cewa Ali ya kashe shi. "(Shafi na 456) Zanga -zanga A lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Iran na 1979, an yi ihu daga saman bene a Iran a cikin maraice a matsayin wani nau'in zanga -zanga. Wannan al'ada ta dawo a cikin zanga -zangar zaben shugaban kasar Iran na 2009, wanda ya nuna rashin amincewa da sakamakon zaben. Amfani da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da 'yan ta'adda A wasu lokutan ana amfani da jumlar azaman kukan yaƙi na masu tsattsauran ra'ayin Musulmi. Sauran Musulmai sun yi tir da wannan amfani. Farfesa Khaled A. Beydoun ya rubuta cewa danganta kalmar da "Allah Akbar" tare da ta'addanci ta ƙara kazancewa ta kafofin yaɗa labarai da talabijin. Ya yi nuni da cewa fina -finan almara da wasan kwaikwayon suma suna amfani da shi azaman wasan kwaikwayo na fim wanda ke ƙara haɓaka ƙungiyar. Amfani da Kiristoci Har ila yau kalmar tana amfani da Kiristocin da ke magana da Larabci; Ana fassara “Allah” da “Allah” da Larabci. Hakanan ana amfani da wannan jumlar a cikin yanayin liturgical tsakanin Kiristocin Orthodox na Falasdinawa, kuma Archbishop na Sebastia, Theodosios ya kare shi. A tutoci An rubuta jimlar Allāhu akbar a tsakiyar tutar Iraki, sau 22 a kan iyakokin farar fata ta tsakiya akan tutar Iran. Iraq A lokacin yakin Gulf a watan Janairun 1991, Saddam Hussein ya gudanar da taro tare da manyan kwamandojin soji, inda aka yanke shawarar ƙara kalmomin Allāhu akbar (wanda aka bayyana a matsayin kukan yaƙin Musulunci) a cikin tutar Iraki don haɓaka martabar addininsa na mulkinsa, yana jefa kansa a matsayin shugaban sojojin musulunci. Hussein ya bayyana tutar a matsayin "tutar jihadi da tauhidi". A cikin 2004, Majalisar Mulkin Iraki da Amurka ta zaɓa ta amince da sabon tutar Iraki wanda ya watsar da alamomin mulkin Husaini, kamar kalmomin Allāhu akbar. Amma a cikin watan Janairun 2008, majalisar dokokin Iraki ta zartar da dokar sauya tutar ta hanyar barin cikin jumla, amma canza kiran rubutun kalmomin Allāhu akbar, wanda ya kasance kwafin rubutun Hussein, zuwa rubutun Kufic. Tutar Iraqi karkashin Husain tana da kowanne daga cikin kalmomin biyu na jumlar da aka rubuta a ɗaya daga cikin sarari tsakanin taurari akan ƙungiya ta tsakiya; tutar 2008, yayin barin kalmar a ciki, tana cire taurari. Sauran ƙasashe An rubuta jumlar Allāhu akbar a kan tutar Iran, kamar yadda doka ta 18 ta kundin tsarin mulkin Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran ta buƙata. Wannan jimlar ta bayyana sau 22 a tutar. Tsarin mulkin Afghanistan wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 4 ga Janairu, 2004, ya buƙaci a rubuta Allāhu akbar a kan tutar Afghanistan. Yunƙurin gwagwarmaya da yaƙi mulkin Biritaniya a Waziristan, Pakistan, wanda Riv ke jagoranta a cikin 1930s, ya yi amfani da jan tutar da ke ɗauke da Allāhu akbar cikin fararen haruffa. Duba kuma Zikiri Tasbih Tahmid Tahlil Tasmiyah Salawat Manazarta

24316

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinka%20Faleti

Yinka Faleti

Adeyinka Faleti (an haife shi ne a ranar 20 ga watan Yunin shekarar ta alif ɗari tara da sabain da shida 1976A.c), ya kasan ce ɗan siyasan Najeriya-Ba'amurke ne kuma tsohon sojan Amurka wanda ya kasance ɗan takarar Demokraɗiyya ga Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Missouri a zaɓen 2020 Ya kammala digirinsa na farko a Kimiyyar Kimiyya daga Kwalejin Sojojin Amurka a West Point tare da Likita Juris daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Washington. Ya baya aiki a matsayin darektan zartarwa na kungiyar agaji Forward Ta Ferguson, da Babban Mataimakin shugaban United Way of Greater St. Louis, a jihar m a St. Louis Circuit Ministan Shari'a ta Office, da kuma wani lauya kai kara a dokar kasa da kasa, tabbatattun Bryan kõgon. Faleti yana zaune tare da matarsa, Ronke, da yaransu hudu a St. Louis, Missouri. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Faleti a Legas, Najeriya A tsakiyar 1970s, mahaifinsa ya yi hijira zuwa Amurka kuma ya koma New York City Mahaifiyarsa ta tafi bayan shekaru uku kuma ta bar Faleti tare da kakanninsa har sai da ya sami Visa. Shekaru 7 bayan tafiyar mahaifinsa, Faleti ya isa Filin jirgin saman John F. Kennedy a New York kuma ya sadu da mahaifinsa da kannensa biyu a karon farko. Da girma, danginsa sun zauna a New York, Virginia, Florida, Mississippi, da Texas. Faleti ya kammala karatunsa daga Kwalejin Ilimin Lissafi da Kimiyya ta Texas tare da difloma ta sakandare. Ya ci gaba da nazarin injiniyan abubuwan da suka shafi ɗan adam a Kwalejin Sojojin Amurka kuma ya kammala a 1998. A cikin 2007, ya sami digiri na JD daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Washington. Sana'a Ayyukan soja (1998 2004) Bayan kammala karatu daga West Point, Faleti ya yi aiki a cikin Sojojin Amurka na tsawon shekaru shida a matsayin jami'in da ke aiki daga 1998 zuwa 2004. Ya yi balaguro biyu a Kuwait yawon shakatawa na farko ya kasance wani ɓangare na Operation Desert Spring kuma rangadin na biyu ya kasance wani ɓangare na Operation Enduring Freedom Hakanan ya kasance jagoran ƙungiyar tankuna a Fort Hood kuma ya sami horo tare da sojoji 15 a cikin tankokin M1A2. A lokacin tashi daga aikin soja, ya kai matsayin Kyaftin da kwamandan Kamfanin. Makarantar Shari'a (2004 2007) A 2004, Faleti ya bar aikin soja ya koma St. Louis don fara makarantar koyon aikin lauya a Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Washington. Yayin halartar makarantar lauya, ya kasance shugaban kungiyar ɗaliban ɗaliban lauyoyin WashU Law. Ya kuma fafata a cikin Kungiyar Bayar da Shawarar fitina, ya sami Mafi kyawun Mai Bayar da Shawara a 2005, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin kyaftin na ƙungiyar a ƙungiyar ƙarshe ta 2006. Aikin lauya (2007–2013) Bayan kammala karatun lauya a 2007, Faleti yayi aiki a matsayin lauyan tuhuma a wurin St. Louis wurin kamfanin lauyoyi na duniya Bryan Cave (yanzu Bryan Cave Leighton Paisner). A cikin 2011, ya zama mai gabatar da kara na jihar a Ofishin Lauyan St. Louis Circuit kuma yayi aiki kusan shekaru uku. Gudanar da Ƙungiyoyin Sa -kai (2013–2019) A cikin 2013, Faleti ya fara aiki a matsayin Babban Mataimakin Shugaban Philanthropic, Donor, da Sabis na Al'umma a United Way of Greater St. Louis. A lokacinsa a United Way, ya ba da umarnin tara kuɗi da ƙoƙarin sa kai kuma ya tara sama da dala miliyan 300 ga St. A cikin 2018, ya zama Babban Darakta na Ci gaba Ta hanyar Ferguson, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta St. Louis da aka kafa don aiwatar da canje-canjen da Rahoton Hukumar Ferguson ya gabatar. Bayan mutuwar Michael Brown a Ferguson, gwamnan Missouri Jay Nixon ya nada haɗin gwiwar shugabannin yankin don kafa Hukumar Ferguson. Hukumar ita ce ta kammala “cikakken nazari mai zurfi, mai ɗorewa da rashin daidaituwa kan yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙin da ke hana ci gaba, daidaito da aminci a yankin St. Louis,” wanda ya ƙare a cikin rahoton Hukumar Ferguson a 2015. An ba Faleti lambar yabo ta ƙwararrun masu aikin ƙaura a cikin Kyautar Mosaic Workplace Awards na St. Louis Mosaic na 2018 don aikinsa a Forward Ta Ferguson. Dan takarar sakataren harkokin waje na Missouri (2019–2020) A watan Oktoba na 2019, Faleti ya ba da sanarwar cewa yana neman Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Missouri a 2020 tare da dan takarar Republican Jay Ashcroft Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Missouri ta sanar da shi a matsayin wanda aka zaba a watan Afrilu 2020. Ya bayyana cewa yana yin takarar mukami ne "don kara samun damar kada kuri'a, rage shinge ga shigar masu kada kuri'a da karewa da girmama tsarin shirin mu na jefa kuri'a." Idan aka zabe shi, zai kasance Ba'amurke ɗan Afirka na farko da zai riƙe ofis a jihar Missouri. Faleti ya jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai na jihar gabaɗaya lokacin da ya tara kuɗi sama da ninki 7 na adadin abokin hamayyarsa, ɗan takarar Republican Jay Ashcroft, a cikin kwata na biyu na 2020. Baya ga zaben gwamna, Faleti a wannan lokacin ya taso fiye da duk wani ɗan takarar da ke neman kujerar gwamna a jihar Missouri. Tallafin Faleti ya haɗa da Bari Amurka ta Zabe, St. Louis Post Dispatch, St. Louis American, Vote Vets, Missouri AFL-CIO da St. Louis Labour Council, End Citizens United, Access MO, PAC na Ƙungiya, St. Indivisible St. Louis, Planned Parenthood Action Asusun da NARAL Missouri. Manazarta Haifaffun 1976 Rayayyun mutane Yan Nijeriya mazauna Amurika Pages with unreviewed

32595

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maigida

Maigida

Maigida shi ne wanda ya mallaki gida, gidajen haya, sashen wani gida, filaye, ko dukiya wanda aka yi hayar ko hayar ga wani mutum ko kasuwanci, wanda ake kira dan haya (kuma mai haya ko mai haya). Lokacin da mai shari'a yana cikin wannan matsayi, ana amfani da kalmar mai gida. Sauran sharuddan sun hada da mai gida da mai shi. Ana iya amfani da kalmar uwar gida ga masu mata. Manajan gidan mashaya a cikin United Kingdom, tsananin magana mai lasisi victualler, ana kiransa mai gida/matar gida. A cikin tattalin arzikin siyasa ana nufin mai mallakar albarkatun kasa shi kadai (misali, kasa, ba gine-gine ba) wanda hayar tattalin arziki ke samun kudin shiga. Tarihi Tunanin mai gida na iya komawa ne zuwa ga tsarin feudal na manoralism seignorialism inda wani fili mallakar Ubangijin Manor mesne lords yawanci 'yan ƙananan ƙwararru waɗanda suka zo don samar da matsayi na Knights a cikin babban na da zamani, riƙe da fief via subinfeudation, amma a wasu lokuta ƙasar na iya zama kai tsaye batun memba na mafi girma nobility, kamar yadda a cikin sarauta yankin kai tsaye mallakar wani sarki, ko a cikin Mai Tsarki Roman Empire ƙauyuka kai tsaye. ƙarƙashin sarki. Tsarin tsaka-tsaki a ƙarshe yana ci gaba da tsarin ƙauyuka da Latifundia (faɗaɗɗen gonaki na manoma) na Daular Roma. A wannan zamani, “mai gida” yana bayyana kowane mutum, ko wata hukuma kamar hukuma ko wata hukuma, tana ba da gidaje ga mutanen da ba su mallaki gidajensu ba. Ɗawainiyar mai gida da mai haya Yarjejeniyar haya, ita ce kwangilar da ke bayyana irin waɗannan sharuɗɗan kamar farashin da aka biya, hukunce-hukuncen jinkirin biyan kuɗi, tsawon haya da adadin sanarwar da ake buƙata kafin mai gida ko mai haya ya soke yarjejeniyar. Gaba ɗaya, ana ba da ayyuka kamar haka: mai gida ne ke da alhakin yin gyare-gyare da kuma kula da ƙadarorin, kuma mai haya yana da alhakin kiyaye ƙadarar mai tsabta da aminci. Yawancin masu mallaka suna hayar kamfanin sarrafa ƙadarori don kula da duk cikakkun bayanai na hayar kayansu ga mai haya. Wannan yawanci ya haɗa da tallan ƙadarorin da nunawa ga masu haya mai zuwa, yin shawarwari da shirya rubutacciyar hayar ko yarjejeniyar lasisi, sannan, da zarar an yi hayar, karɓar haya daga mai haya da yin gyare-gyare kamar yadda ake buƙata. Amurka A ƙasar Amurka, rigingimun masu gida da masu haya ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar dokar jiha (ba dokar tarayya ba game da dukiya da kwangila Dokokin jaha da, a wasu wurare, dokar birni ko dokar Gundumomi, tana tsara buƙatun korar mai haya. Gaba ɗaya, akwai ƙayyadaddun dalilai waɗanda mai gida ko uwar gida za su iya korar ɗan hayar nasa kafin karewar gidan haya, kodayake a ƙarshen wa'adin hayar za a iya ƙarewa gaba ɗaya ba tare da bayar da wani dalili ba. Wasu birane, gundumomi, da Jihohi suna da dokoki da ke kafa iyakar hayar da mai gida zai iya caji, wanda aka sani da sarrafa haya, ko tsarin haya, da kuma fitar da su. Hakanan akwai garanti mai ma'ana na zama, wanda mai gida dole ne ya kiyaye aminci, nagartaccen kuma matsuguni, saduwa da mafi ƙarancin buƙatun aminci kamar masu gano hayaƙi da ƙofar kullewa. Rikicin da aka fi sani da shi ya samo asali ne daga ko dai maigidan ya kasa samar da ayyuka ko kuma rashin biyan hayar mai haya—wanda kuma na iya haifar da na baya. Riƙe hayar dalili ne da ya dace na korar, kamar yadda sau da yawa bayani a cikin haya. Kanada A Kanada, rigingimun masu gida da masu haya ana yin su ne ta hanyar dokar lardi (ba dokar tarayya ba game da dukiya da kwangila Dokar lardi ta tsara buƙatun korar mai haya. Gaba ɗaya, akwai ƙayyadaddun dalilai waɗanda mai gida zai iya korar ɗan haya. Wasu larduna suna da dokoki da ke kafa iyakar hayar da mai gida zai iya caji, wanda aka sani da sarrafa haya, ko ƙa'idojin haya, da kuma fitarwa masu alaƙa. Hakanan akwai garantin madaidaicin wurin zama, wanda mai gida dole ne ya kiyaye aminci, kyawawan gidaje da matsuguni, saduwa da mafi ƙarancin buƙatun aminci. Ƙasar Ingila Kasuwar haya na zama (annances) Hayar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu galibi suna gudanar da su ne da yawa daga cikin Ayyukan Mai Gida da na Masu haya, musamman Dokar Mai gida da Mai Hayar 1985 wacce ta tsara ƙaramin ƙa'idodi a haƙƙin masu haya a kan masu gidansu. Wata mahimmin ƙa'ida ita ce Dokar Gidaje ta 2004 Ana iya ƙara hayar kuɗi kyauta a ƙarshen tsawon watanni shida na yau da kullun, bisa sanarwar da ta dace da aka ba mai haya. Umurnin Mallaka a ƙarƙashin mafi yawan nau'in, ana samun tabbacin ba da hayar gajeru (AST) yawanci bayan makonni takwas/watanni biyu na hayar da ba a biya ba, kuma bisa ga hukuncin kotu bayan yiwa mai haya hidima tare da sanarwar sashe na 8 (a ƙarƙashin Dokar Gidaje 1988 kamar yadda gyara) na wani ɗan ƙaramin lokaci don duk tabbacin hayar da kuma a kan wasu filaye waɗanda ke jinkirta ikon mallakar mai gida. Idan gidan haya na AST ne to duk wani odar mallaka ba zai fara aiki ba har sai an wuce watanni shida a cikin hayar ta farko. Bayar da wani wanda ya kasance yana aiki tun kafin 15 ga Janairu 1989 yawanci, idan ba ɗan gajeren lokaci ba daga farko bayan kafuwar su daga 1980 zuwa gaba, na iya zama tsararriyar haya tare da ƙarin haƙƙoƙi, musamman a ƙarƙashin Dokar Hayar 1977 da Kariya daga Dokar Korar 1977, wanda ma'aikatar Wilson ta Uku ta gabatar. Kowane gida a cikin sana'a da yawa, rukunin da doka ba ta ɗauke shi a matsayin gida ɗaya da ke da masu haya sama da uku ba, yana ƙarƙashin ingantattun ƙa'idodi ciki har da Dokar Gidaje ta 2004 Ana buƙatar lasisin da majalisa ta bayar don zama mai mallakar irin wannan rukunin koyaushe a wasu ƙananan hukumomi (a wasu, iyakance ga manyan misalan doka). Gidan haya na zama Gidajen haya sama da shekaru biyu galibi ana kiran su leases kuma suna da tsayi; idan fiye da shekaru bakwai dole ne a yi rajistar sabon gidan haya. Waɗannan kaɗan ne daga cikin ƙa'idodin da ke sama ke tafiyar da su kuma suna cikin misalan da suka daɗe da gangan sun fi kamanceceniya da cikakken mallaka fiye da gidajen haya, gaba ɗaya. Ba safai suke buƙatar hayar ƙasa mai girman gaske Doka ba ta tsara tuhume-tuhume masu yawa na karya/sayarwa ba kuma ba ta hana sayar da gidajen haya ba; a cikin 2010s wasu daga cikin waɗannan shawarwari an yi shawara sosai kuma ana tsara su. Gaba ɗaya, doka ta ba wa irin waɗannan masu haya (masu haya) damar yin ƙulla tare don samun Haƙƙin Gudanarwa, da haƙƙin siyan sha'awar mai gida (don ba da hannun jari tare). Yana ba su damar ɗaiɗaiku su tsawaita kwangilar su don sabon ƙaramin kuɗi ("Premium"), wanda idan masu haya sun sami ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ba koyaushe ba za a buƙaci su ba da shawarar kowane shekaru 15-35. Bukatun sanarwa da fom suna da ƙarfi. A cikin ƙananan misalan mai haya, dangane da sassauƙan rarrabuwar lissafi na ginin, na iya samun damar ba da izini daban-daban. Ƙididdiga ta 1925 tana nufin kusan dukkanin lamuni (masu haya a ƙananan haya da kuma a farashi mai ƙima (lafiya, babban jimlar farko)) na ƙadarorin da za a iya siyar da su (da mai haya, sanyawa); rage duk wani hani ga wanda mai gida zai iya amfani da ma'auni wanda yake "ma'ana" tantancewa, ba tare da haifar da babban jinkiri ba. Ana kiran wannan sau da yawa a matsayin "ƙwararren alƙawari akan aiki/keɓancewa". A cikin babban yanki na raguwar gidaje na zamantakewa, na musamman, masu karɓar haya ko'ina suna samun haƙƙin Siyayya don ƙayyadaddun ragi akan farashin kasuwa na gida. Kasuwanci (kasuwanci) haya da haya A cikin ƙadarorin kasuwanci yawancin doka, musamman game da husuma da hukunce-hukuncen asali, sun dogara ne akan 'yancin yin kwangila na dokar gama gari gami da maƙasudan sharuɗɗan shawarwarin da suka gabata na shari'a mai fa'ida kamar ma'anar "gyara mai kyau kuma mai mahimmanci" Ƙa'idodin da aka bayyana sun haɗa da "rashin ragewa daga kyauta" da "jin daɗin shiru". Duk kasuwancin da ke haya (masu haya) dole ne su yanke shawarar ko za su yi kwangila a ciki ko wajen Sashe na II na Dokar Mai gida da Mai Hayar 1954 wanda ya ba su "amincin kasuwancin". In ba haka ba, gaba ɗaya yana aiki ta tsohuwa. Wannan "tsaro na wa'adin mulki" yana dogara ne akan dalilai gama gari da hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa don mai gida don dawo da harabar. Idan mai gida yana siyar da bulo kuma wanda ya cancanta ya mallaki fiye da kashi 50%, ya kamata a bai wa mai haya haƙƙin ƙi na farko akan farashin siyan katangar. Kamar yadda a cikin mafi yawan hukunce-hukuncen doka kan tsauraran bin sharuɗɗan hayar a kan ƙararraki da aiki ba bisa ƙa'ida ba za a iya aiwatar da su sosai, wanda ke haifar da asarar kuɗi da fage idan aka karye. Rashin biyan kuɗin hayar, ba kamar na zama ba, na iya haifar da koma bayan mai gida kai tsaye ("sake shigar da zaman lafiya") ta hanyar haƙƙin mai mallakar kasuwanci na amfani da korar "taimakon kai". Ɗaukar kayan ɗan haya ba tare da izinin kotu ba (wanda ke gudana daga umarnin kotu ko buƙatun haraji mai ban sha'awa) damuwa an hana shi. Slum mai gida Masu haya (masu haya ko wasu masu lasisi) a ƙarshen mafi ƙasƙanci na ma'aunin biyan kuɗi na iya kasancewa cikin matsala ta zamantakewa ko tattalin arziƙi kuma suna fama da ƙalubale na zamantakewa a sakamakon. Saboda rashin zaɓuɓɓukan zaɓi, irin waɗannan masu haya galibi suna fama da marasa mutunci na marasa aminci da ƙaddarorin da suka yi watsi da alhakin kula da ƙadarorin. Ana amfani da kalmomin “mai-gidanci”, “mai-gidan marasa galihu”, ko kuma “mai gidan ghetto” don bayyana masu mallakar gidaje masu yawa na irin waɗannan ƙadarorin, galibi suna riƙe da ƙaƙƙarfan yanki na gida. Haɓaka jama'a ko manyan saka hannun jari masu zaman kansu na iya inganta irin waɗannan yankuna. A cikin matsanancin yanayi, ikon siyan tilas na gwamnati a cikin ƙasashe da yawa yana ba da damar ɓarke don maye gurbin ko sabunta mafi munin unguwannin. Misalai: Peter Rachman ya kasance mai gida wanda yayi aiki a Notting Hill, London, a cikin 1950s kuma har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1962. Ya yi kaurin suna wajen cin zarafin ma'aikatansa, tare da kalmar Rachmanism yana shiga Oxford English Dictionary Ma'aikatansa sun hada da Michael de Freitas (aka Michael X Abdul Malik), wanda ya haifar da suna a matsayin jagoran baƙar fata, da kuma Johnny Edgecombe, wanda ya zama mai tallata jazz da blues, wanda ya taimaka wajen kiyaye shi a cikin haske. Jarin haya da tushe Ƙarfafawa da rashin jin daɗi Ƙaddamarwa, tabbas idan ba gidaje na zamantakewa ba, shine don samun yawan amfanin haya mai kyau (komawa na shekara-shekara akan zuba jari) da kuma tsammanin hauhawar farashin ƙadarorin. Abubuwan da ba a yarda da su ba su ne bambance-bambancen ayyukan masu gida a cikin gyare-gyare kulawa da gudanarwa da kuma manyan kasada (rikitattun masu haya, lalacewa, sakaci, asarar haya, rashin inshorar jayayya, durƙushewar tattalin arziki, karuwar yawan riba akan kowane jinginar gida, da rashin daidaituwa). ko asarar zuba jari). Net samun kudin shiga (sakamakon rabo) da babban birnin kasar girma daga barin (hayar fita) musamman a leveraged buy to bari, shi ne batun idiosyncratic hadarin, wanda aka dauke da haƙiƙa intensified ga wani sosai leveraged zuba jari iyakance ga wani karamin adadin irin wannan profile gidajen, na kunkuntar haya roko na kasuwa a yankunan da ba su da karfin tattalin arziki. Tushen Mai haya na iya biyan ƙadarori na haya akan duk abin da aka yarda tsakanin mai gida da mai haya fiye da mako-mako ko kasa da shekara kusan ba a ji ba kuma wanda koyaushe yana cikin yarjejeniyar haya (zai fi dacewa ga bangarorin biyu a rubuce) Ya kamata ya zama ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da mai haya yayi la'akari kafin ya shiga ciki. Tsaro don haya da ƙarin kudade Mai gida ko wakilinsa na iya yanke shawara don karɓar ajiya na tsaro (da/ko a wasu hukunce-hukuncen kamar sassan Amurka, kuɗin shiga ko gudanarwa). Mai hanawa idan babba kuma dangi mai kyan gani idan ƙasa ce a kasuwanni da yawa don ɗan haya, ba kasafai ake yin muhawara ba a cikin shawarwarin lokacin haya. A wasu hukunce-hukuncen ko dai ko duka biyun an haramta su ta asali. A maimakon haka ana iya haɗa asarar haya/cikakkiyar inshorar lalacewar mai gida zuwa cikin hayar da aka amince da ita da/ko wani nau'in ajiya na musamman, ƙayyadaddun adadin kuɗi a matsayin jingina (ajiya mai tsaro) daga ɗan hayar da wani mai rijista ke riƙe (irin wannan. kamar yadda wasu wakilai na ainihi) na iya halatta. Adadin da aka saba bisa doka shine a biya shi daga bashi (rashin haya) da lalacewa ta ko gazawar mai haya ya gyara/gyara. victualler mai lasisi A cikin United Kingdom mai shi da/ko manajan gidan mashaya (gidan jama'a) yawanci ana kiransa "mai gida/matar gida" ko "mai karbar haraji na karshen daidai da karar dan kwangilar jama'a na Rome ko manomi mai haraji A cikin ƙarin yanayi na yau da kullun, kalmar da aka yi amfani da ita tana da lasisin victualler ko kuma kawai “mai lasisi”. Ana iya kiran mai gida mace ko dai mai gida ko kuma kawai mai gida. Ƙimar Ciniki Mai Lasisi, wacce aka kafa a cikin 2004 daga haɗin gwiwar Society of Victuallers masu lasisi da Gidajen Victualler na ƙasa, ta wanzu don biyan buƙatun ritaya na masu gidajen mashaya na Biritaniya. Ƙungiyar ta kuma gudanar da makarantu masu zaman kansu guda uku a Ascot da Karatu a Berkshire da Sayers Common a Sussex Kazalika samun cikakken kuɗin biyan ɗalibai na yau da kullun, Makarantar Victuallers' School da ke Ascot tana ba da rangwamen farashin ilimi ga yaran masu gidaje da sauran su a cikin masana'antar abinci. Ƙungiyoyin masu gida Akwai ƙungiyoyi masu mahimmanci na masu gidaje a ƙasashe daban-daban. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyi al'ummomi suna ba da tallafi ga membobin su don fuskantar batutuwa da yawa ta hanyar ba da hanyar tallafawa juna, da kuma yin amfani da hukumomin da abin ya shafa game da cikakkun bayanai da aiwatar da dokar zama da wasu dokokin hayar kasuwanci. Ostiraliya Ƙungiyoyin masu gidaje da yawa sun wanzu a Ostiraliya Waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna buƙatar bambanta daga rukunin ƙungiyoyi masu mallakar ƙadarori waɗanda ke wakiltar 'babban ƙarshen gari' masu manyan gine-gine da manyan rukunin gidajen zama, kamar Majalisar Dokokin Ostiraliya Ƙungiyar Masu Dukiya ta Ostiraliya (POAA) Ƙungiyar Masu Dukiya ta Victoria (POAVIC) POAQ Ƙungiyar Masu Dukiya ta Queensland Ƙungiyar Mallaka ta NSW Ƙungiyar Mallaka ta Yammacin Ostiraliya Ƙungiyar masu gidaje ta Kudancin Ostiraliya Ƙasar Ingila Ƙungiyar Masu Gidajen Mazauna ta Ƙasa (NRLA) yanzu ta samo asali daga haɗewar ƙungiyoyi biyu masu zuwa kamar na 31/3/2020: Ƙungiyar Masu Gidaje (RLA) Ƙungiyar masu gidaje ta ƙasa (NLA) Duba kuma Mai kula da gini, sana'ar da ke da alaƙa Mai gida Doka (doka) Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

57347

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari%20488%20GTB

Ferrari 488 GTB

Ferrari 488 (Nau'in F142M) motar wasanni ce ta tsakiyar injin da kamfanin kera motoci na Italiya Ferrari ya kera. Motar ta maye gurbin 458, kasancewa farkon tsakiyar injin Ferrari don amfani da turbocharged V8 tun F40 Ferrari F8 ne ya gaje shi. Motar tana da injin V8 mai nauyin lita 3.9 mai ƙarfi, ƙarami a wurin ƙaura amma yana samar da mafi girman ƙarfin wutar lantarki fiye da injin 458 na zahiri An ba wa 488 GTB suna "The Supercar of the Year 2015" ta mujallar mota Top Gear, da kuma zama Motar Trend s 2017 "Motar Direba Mafi Kyau". Jeremy Clarkson ya sanar da 488 Pista a matsayin 2019 Supercar na Shekara. Ƙayyadaddun bayanai Injin 488 GTB yana aiki da 3,902 cc (3.9 L; 238.1 ku a) (488 cc kowace silinda, don haka sunan) duk- aluminum busassun sump na rukunin injin Ferrari F154 V8 Turbocharged tare da nau'ikan turbochargers guda biyu masu ɗaukar ball masu ɗaukar tagwayen gungurawa wanda IHI Honeywell ke bayarwa da injin iska zuwa iska guda biyu, ƙafafun injin injin ɗin ana yin su ne da ƙarancin ƙarancin TiAl gami da galibi ana amfani da su a cikin injunan jet don rage rashin ƙarfi da tsayayya da yanayin zafi a cikin turbocharger. Injin yana samar da wutar lantarki da 8,000 rpm da na karfin juyi a 3,000 rpm. Wannan yana haifar da takamaiman fitarwar wutar lantarki na kowace lita da takamaiman fitowar karfin juyi na kowace lita, duka rikodin don motar Ferrari. Watsawa Iyakar abin da ake samu don 488 shine Akwatin gear guda biyu mai sauri na 7 da aka kera don Ferrari ta Getrag, dangane da akwatin gear da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin 458. Gudanarwa Ana amfani da ingantattun birki na carbon-ceramic akan 488, wanda aka samo daga fasahar da aka yi amfani da su a cikin LaFerrari, an gina su tare da sababbin kayan da ke rage lokacin da ake buƙata don cimma mafi kyawun zafin jiki na aiki. Girman diski shine 398 mm a gaba, kuma 360 mm a baki. An bayar da rahoton cewa waɗannan ci gaban sun rage nisan tsayawa da kashi 9% akan 458. An ƙera sabuwar dabarar gami mai magana guda biyar don 488, tana auna gaba da baya bi da bi. Tayoyin gaba suna auna 245/35 kuma tayoyin baya 305/30. Ayyukan aiki Ayyukan masana'anta da aka da'awar don 488 GTB shine a cikin 3.0 dakika, a cikin 8.3 dakikoki, rufe kwata mil a cikin dakika 10.45 kuma babban gudun shine Zane An tsara jikin 488 don ƙara ƙarfin ƙasa da kashi 50% akan 458 yayin da ake rage ja da iska Wani sabon mai raba gaba biyu na gaba yana aiki guda biyu: haɓaka sanyaya radiator ta hanyar tilasta iska a cikin su da kuma watsa iska akan janareta na vortex na ƙarƙashin jiki don ƙirƙirar tasirin ƙasa ba tare da ƙara ja da ba'a so ba. Sabuwar ɓarna na baya da aka ƙera (ainihin maɗaukaki mai ramin rami) wanda aka haɗe shi a cikin bene na baya kuma yana ƙara ƙarfi ba tare da buƙatar reshe mai ɗagawa ba. Tsakanin "Aero Pillar" yana jujjuya iska a ƙarƙashin lebur ɗin motar yayin da filaye guda biyu a cikin bonnet suna ba da hanyar fita don iska daga abubuwan da ake amfani da su na gaba biyu na gaba, yana ƙara rage karfin iska a gaban motar. Ƙarƙashin janareta na vortex na aiki don rage yawan iska a ƙarƙashin mota ta haka yana ƙaruwa gaba ɗaya. Babban diffuser na baya yana aiki don haɓaka saurin iskar da ke fitowa daga ƙarƙashin ƙasa don ƙara ƙarancin iska, tare da haɗin gwiwar motsin motsi mai ƙarfi wanda duka ke rage ja da haɓaka ƙasa kamar yadda microprocessor ke sarrafawa. Girman girman mai watsawa sama da 458 da suka gabata yana buƙatar tagwayen shaye-shaye na 488 da za a sanya su mafi girma a cikin bumper na baya don sharewa. Abubuwan shan iska na gefen scalloped suna girmamawa ga waɗanda aka samo akan 308 GTB, kuma an raba su ta tsakiya. Iskar da ke shiga saman abin da ake amfani da ita an karkatar da shi a cikin abin da ake amfani da shi na turbocharger compressor, yayin da sauran kuma ana bi da su ta bayan motar da kuma fita tare da fitilun baya, yana ƙara matsa lamba a bayan motar don rage ja da iska. Gudun iskar da ke shiga ƙananan abubuwan sha ana karkata zuwa ga masu sanyaya sanyi don kwantar da cajin ci. Hatta hannayen ƙofa—wanda aka yiwa lakabi da “shark fins”—ana siffata ta hanyar da ke inganta kwararar iska ta hanyar tsaftacewa da zuga iska cikin manyan abubuwan da ke sama da ƙafafun baya. Flavio Manzoni ne ya tsara Ferrari 488 kuma ya sami lambar yabo ta Red Dot "Mafi Mafi Kyau" don Ƙirƙirar Samfur a cikin 2016. Bambance-bambance 488 gizogizo Ferrari 488 Spider babban bambance-bambancen kujeru biyu ne na 488 tare da nadawa hardtop, kama da wanda ya gabace shi. Ferrari ya fito da hotunan Spider 488 a ƙarshen Yuli 2015, da motar da aka yi muhawara a Nunin Mota na Frankfurt a cikin Satumba 2015. Jirgin tuƙi na Spider iri ɗaya ne na 488 GTB, gami da 670 PS 3.9-lita twin-turbocharged V8. Spider 488 shine kawai ya fi ɗan'uwansa nauyi, kuma ya fi sauƙi fiye da 458 Spider. Hanzarta daga baya canzawa a 3.0 seconds, yayin da hanzari yana ɗaukar ɗan lokaci kaɗan a 8.7 dakikoki, kuma babban gudun shima ya dan ragu kadan a 488 Pista A kan 6 Maris 2018, Ferrari ya bayyana 488 Pista (waƙa a Italiyanci) a Geneva Motor Show 488 GTE da 488 Kalubale bambance-bambancen tsere sun yi tasiri akan ƙirar Pista. Motar ta sami gyare-gyare na inji da na waje da yawa don sa ta fi ƙarfin 488 GTB. Injin V8 mai girman lita 3.9-turbocharged yanzu yana samar da wutar lantarki a 8,000 rpm da na juzu'i a 3,000 rpm saboda amfani da sabbin camshafts, mafi girma intercooler, ƙarfafa pistons, igiyoyin haɗin titanium da manifolds ɗin sharar inconel a cikin injin da aka aro daga Kalubalen 488. Sabuntawa zuwa watsa mai-gudun dual-clutch mai-gudun 7 kuma yana ba da izinin canzawa a cikin millisecond 30 lokacin da direbobi suka shiga yanayin tsere. Mafi kyawun sauye-sauye na waje na Pista suna a ƙarshen gaba. Iska ta ratsa ta ducts a gaban bompa na gaba kuma wanda ke jagorantar shi ta wata babbar huɗa a cikin kaho, wanda ke haifar da ƙarin ƙarfi a kan hanci a cikin sauri. Taimakawa haɓaka aikin gabaɗaya, an motsa ramukan shan iska daga gefuna zuwa ɓarna na baya don haɓaka tsaftataccen iska. Sauran canje-canjen na waje sun haɗa da masu rarrabawar jiki da na baya wanda aka raba tare da 488 GTE. Gabaɗaya, motar tana haifar da 20% ƙarin ƙarfi fiye da 488 GTB. Motar kuma ta haɗa da tsarin kula da kusurwar gefe-slip yana da E-Diff3, F-Trac da dakatarwar magnetorheological don inganta sarrafawa a cikin sauri mai girma. A ciki, ana amfani da fiber carbon da Alcantara a ko'ina don rage nauyi. Gabaɗaya, motar ita ce 200 lb (91 kg) ya fi nauyi fiye da 488 GTB saboda amfani da fiber carbon akan kaho, bumpers, da na baya. Zabin 20-inch carbon fiber wheels samuwa ga Pista, wanda masana'antun Australiya Carbon Revolution suka yi, sun rage nauyin dabaran da kashi 40%. Waɗannan gyare-gyare suna ba da damar Pista 488 don haɓaka daga 0–100 km/h (0-62 mph) a cikin daƙiƙa 2.85, 0–200 km/h (0-124 mph) a cikin daƙiƙa 7.6 kuma ba motar matsakaicin matsakaicin gudun 340 km/h (211 mph), bisa ga masana'anta. Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

44610

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bautar%20bayi%20a%20Nijar

Bautar bayi a Nijar

Bauta a Nijar ya kunshi ayyuka daban-daban da ake yi a yankin Sahel shekaru aru-aru da suka wuce kuma har yau. Daular Bornu da ke gabacin Nijar ta kasance wani bangare na fataucin bayi da ke ƙetare sahara tsawon shekaru aru-aru. Hakazalika sauran kabilun kasar suna da tarihin bauta, duk da cewa wannan ya bambanta kuma a wasu wuraren bautar ya takaita ga masu siyasa da tattalin arziki. Lokacin da Faransawa suka mamaye yankin sun yi watsi da matsalar kuma sun hana cinikin bayi amma ba ayyukan bauta ba. Bayan samun ‘yancin kai, da yawa daga cikin masu rike da bayi sun zama fitattun jagororin siyasa a zamanin mulkin dimokuradiyyar jam’iyyu da dama da kuma mulkin kama-karya na soja (1974 har zuwa 1991), don haka aka yi watsi da matsalar bautar. A shekara ta 2003, tare da matsin lamba daga kungiyar Timidria mai yaki da bauta, Nijar ta zartar da doka ta farko a yammacin Afirka da ta haramta bautar a matsayin wani takamaiman laifi. Duk da haka, bautar da ake ci gaba da wanzuwa a ko'ina cikin kabilu daban-daban na kasar, mata sun fi fama da rauni, kuma kidayar jama'a a shekara ta 2002 ta tabbatar da wanzuwar bayi 43,000 kuma an kiyasta cewa jimillar al'ummar kasar za ta haura sama da mutane 870,000. Alamar Mani v. Shari'ar Nijar na daya daga cikin shari'o'in farko da wani mutum ya samu nasarar yanke hukunci kan gwamnatin Nijar a wata kotun kasa da kasa saboda sanya mata takunkumi a matsayin bawa a wasu hukumce-hukumcen hukuma. Ayyukan tarihi Bauta ta wanzu a duk faɗin ƙasar ta Nijar a yau da yankin ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cinikin bayi da ke ƙetare sahara shekaru aru-aru. A wasu ƙabilun, bauta ya zama wani muhimmin al'amari kuma ya ƙunshi wani yanki mai yawa na yawan jama'a da samar da tattalin arziki da cinikayya. A wasu yankunan kuma, bauta ya kasance ƙanƙanta kuma manyan mutane ne kawai a cikin al'ummomi ke riƙe su. Duk da haka, tun da shugabannin siyasa sukan kasance masu bautar bayi, sun ba da babbar matsala ga hukumomin Faransa a lokacin da suka yi mulkin mallaka a yankin da kuma bayan samun yancin kai a Nijar. Borno Yawancin gabacin Nijar a yau sun shiga wani muhimmin bangare na cinikin bayi da ke ƙetare sahara tare da hanyar da ta fara daga Kano da kuma bi ta tsaunin Air. Daular Bornu da ke tsakiya a kan wannan hanya ta zama babban mai shiga cikin cinikin bayi na Trans-Sahara kafin jihadin Fulani (1804-1808) zuwa gabas da kuma yunkurin Abzinawa zuwa yankin Aïr a cikin 1800s. Ciniki ta hanyar Bornu ya kasance ɗan ƙaramin ƙarfi tsawon ƙarni da yawa amma ya tsaya tsayin daka kafin ya kai kololuwar sa a cikin 1500s. Tun daga shekarun 1600, ƙungiyar Jukun, tarin al'ummar maguzawa, ta fara ƙalubalantar daular Bornu. Sakamakon haka shi ne jerin hare-haren ramuwar gayya tsakanin ma'aikatun biyu inda kowanne ya ciyar da cinikin bayi zuwa gabar teku (kasuwar bayi na yammacin Afirka ta Jukun da kasuwannin Arewacin Afirka na Bornu). Bayan daular Bornu ta koma baya a karni na 17 da 18, bayi sun zama wani muhimmin bangare na tattalin arzikin cikin gida tare da samar da kauyukan bayi da gonakin bayi a duk fadin daular. Hakan ya faru ne saboda hawan Daular Sakkwato a shekarun 1800 wanda ya kara hada-hadar noma tare da bullo da manyan gonakin bayi a yankin da kuma sakamakon tsautsayi na haraji da hukumomin Bornu suka yi wanda ya sa ’yantattu a daular suka siya. bayi don ƙara kayan aiki da biyan haraji. Dangane da amfani da gida, aikin noma ya kasance mafi shahara. Mata sun kasance mafi daraja a cikin gida, a babban ɓangare saboda al'adun gargajiya waɗanda suka nuna cewa bayi na farko ne kawai za su iya samun 'yanci, kuma 'ya'yan bayi ba za su iya samun 'yanci ba. A sakamakon haka, matan da suka kai shekarun haihuwa, waɗanda ’ya’yansu za su zama bayi har abada, sun kasance masu daraja ta musamman. Sauran yankunan Nijar Tun daga ƙarni na 18 amma musamman a ƙarni na 19, masarautar Damagaram da ke birnin Zinder a yau ta zama kishiyar siyasa ga daular Bornu. Damagaram ya samu nasara saboda ya gina babbar runduna mai tafi da gidanka wacce za ta iya kare hanyoyin kasuwanci da kuma yadda suka kulla kawance da shugabannin Abzinawa wadanda a yanzu suka zama babban karfi a tsaunukan Aïr. Da waɗannan ƙawance, Zinder ya zama babbar ƙasa ta hanyar kasuwanci da ke ƙetare sahara daga Kano zuwa Tripoli da Alkahira. Zinder ya haɗu da al'umma daga Kanuri (manyan ƙabilar Bornu daular), Hausawa, da Abzinawa kuma a sakamakon haka ya bunƙasa ayyukan bayi waɗanda suka aro daga duka ukun don haifar da yawan bayi da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na bauta. Ta haka ne aka sami ɗimbin bayi na cikin gida da na noma, waɗanda aka aro daga al’adun Kanuri, da bunƙasa bautar shuka, daga al’adar Hausawa, da raya al’ummomin bayi daban-daban, daga al’adar Abzinawa. Ba wai kawai ake fitar da bayi daga Masarautar Sarkin Musulmi ba, amma sun kasance muhimman sassa na tsarin tattalin arzikin gaba ɗaya. Yayin da Sarkin Musulmi ya kara karfi, sai Sarkin Musulmi ya fara maye gurbin manya a fadarsa da masu gudanar da bauta, wanda hakan ya ƙara masa ƙarfin mulki ba tare da tsangwama daga wasu ba. A wani wuri kuma a Jamhuriyar Nijar, ana yin bauta ta hanyoyi daban-daban. A yankunan Zarma da ke yammacin jamhuriyar Nijar, bautar da aka yi ta samar da ma'aikata masu muhimmanci a harkar noma. An ƙiyasta cewa kusan kashi 75% na al'ummar waɗannan yankuna bayi ne a shekara ta 1904-1905. Ba kamar yankunan Damagaram da Bornu ba, kowane bawa zai iya 'yantar da shi daga ubangijinsa a ayyukan Zarma. A Arewacin Nijar, a yankunan Tahoua da Agadez na yanzu, babu alamun manyan ayyuka na bautar da 'yan asalin kasar suka yi kafin Abzinawa su shigo yankin a shekarun 1800. Tun da Abzinawa masu launin fata su ne kawai masu rike da bayi kuma ƴan asalin ƙasar masu duhun fata galibi suna zaman bauta, rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin ƴanci da bayi sun ɗauki rarrabuwar kabilanci a waɗannan yankuna. Muhimman al'ummar Abzinawa su ne Kel Owey da suka zauna a yankin tsaunin Aïr. Saboda ƙaƙƙarfan ƙasa mai fama da matsanancin fari, da kuma sa hannu a cikin cinikin da ke ƙetare sahara, Abzinawa sun yi amfani da wani nau'i na bautar da al'ummomin bayi ke kiwon dabbobi da yin noma iyaka kuma za a bar su su zagaya cikin walwala a wani yanki. Ko da yake waɗannan al'ummomin suna da 'yanci masu mahimmanci, girbin su, kayayyakinsu, da yara sun kasance suna kula da su sosai ta hannun wani mai martaba Abzinawa. A cikin al’ummar Hausawa da ke tsakiyar Nijar, bautar da aka fi yi a gidajen sarauta ne, don haka yana da iyaka. Hakazalika, a yau a yankin Maradi da ke tsakiyar jamhuriyar Nijar, shugabannin Maradi sun dade suna zaman dar-dar tare da Daular Sokoto, wanda ya hada da hare-haren bayi daga bangarorin biyu. Koyaya, Maradi galibi suna ɗaukar bayi don fansa kuma bautar cikin gida yawanci sarakuna da masu mulki ne kawai suke amfani da su. Mulkin Faransa da 'yancin kai Lokacin da Faransawa suka mamaye yankin a farkon shekarun 1900 suna da manufar hana wanzuwar bauta. Duk da haka masu gudanar da mulkin Faransa na cikin gida sukan bijirewa matsin lamba na kawar da bauta daga gwamnatocin mulkin mallaka da na manyan birane. Mahukuntan Faransa za su ɗauki bashi don kawar da bauta ta hanyar yin watsi da ci gaba da wanzuwar sa ko da'awar cewa shaidun son rai ne. Wani mai kula da yankin ya ba da hujjar irin wannan manufar ta cewa, “Ba na jin zai yiwu a kawar da bauta a yanzu. Wayewarmu ba ta shiga zurfi sosai ba don ’yan ƙasa, iyayengiji da bayi, su fahimta da kuma yarda da duk wani matakin kawar da bauta. Sai dai masu gudanar da mulkin mallaka na gida sun aiwatar da manufofin kawo karshen fataucin bayi da kasuwannin bayi. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, domin a sami rabon adadin sojoji ga sojojin Faransa, sarakunan gargajiya sun ba da bayi ga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka. A cikin birane da al'ummomin da ke da karfi na gudanarwa na Faransanci, bautar da bautar da tilastawa sun ƙare a hankali, amma a sauran ƙasar ayyukan sun ci gaba da aiki. Sarakunan gargajiya, wadanda suka kasance manyan bayi musamman a al'ummomin Abzinawa, sun zama fitattun shugabannin kasar bayan samun 'yancin kai. Sun rike mukamai a gwamnati kuma su ne shugabannin da dama daga cikin manyan jam'iyyu a cikin gajeren lokaci na jam'iyyun kasar. Wadannan fitattun mukamai na masu rike da bayi sun ci gaba a lokacin mulkin kama-karya na soja inda aka dogara da sarakunan yankin don goyon bayan waccan gwamnatin. Sakamakon haka, bautar da gwamnati ta yi watsi da ita a farkon shekarun da aka samu 'yancin kai. Bautar zamani Ana ci gaba da samun bauta a Nijar a yau. Wani muhimmin bincike da aka gudanar kan bauta a Nijar ya gano mutane 11,000 da aka amsa a duk fadin kasar wadanda aka gano cewa bayi ne. Yin amfani da ƙarin martani daga waɗannan wani ɓangaren samfurin ya bayyana bayi 43,000. Ci gaba da fitar da wannan bayanin, gami da ƴaƴan bayi, ƙungiyar yaƙi da bautar da Timidria ta ƙiyasta jimillar bayi 870,363 (duka bayin chatel da bayi masu wucewa) a Nijar a cikin 2002-2003. Kasancewar bauta bai takaitu ga wata kabila ko yanki daya kadai ba, duk da cewa ya fi shahara a wasu. Rahoton na 2005 na Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata ya nuna cewa "Bauta gaskiya ce a cikin kusan dukkanin kabilu, musamman Abzinawa, Larabawa da Fulani makiyaya" kuma rahoton ya bayyana Hausawa. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2005 ya nuna cewa sama da mutanen Nijar 800,000 ne ake bautar da su, wanda ya kunshi kusan kashi 8% na al'ummar kasar. Kungiyar yaki da bautar kasa ta kasa da kasa ta bayyana wasu nau'ikan bauta guda uku da ake yi a Nijar a yau: bautar chattel, "nau'i mai laushi" na bautar da ake tilasta wa tsoffin bayi su ba da wasu amfanin gonakinsu ga tsohon ubangida, da kuma wahaya, wani nau'i na ƙwaraƙwara wanda ya haɗa da sayan ƴan mata domin yin ayyukan gida da masu yin lalata da iyayengijinsu. Bautar Chattel ta ƙunshi mallakar mutum kai tsaye kuma akwai ƙayyadaddun misalan siyan bayi da ke faruwa a Nijar a farkon ƙarni na 21. Mafi shahara shine nau'in bautar na biyu, wani lokaci ana kiranta bautar gumaka, inda tsoffin bayi ke riƙe wasu alaƙar kuɗaɗe da aikin tilastawa tare da tsoffin iyayengiji. Har yanzu ana sarrafa 'yancin ɗan adam ta wannan tsari kuma ana iya dukan mutane ko kuma a hukunta su saboda rashin biyayya ga tsoffin ubangida. Wahaya wani nau'i ne na bautar da ba a taɓa yin irinsa ba a halin yanzu a Nijar (da wasu sassan Najeriya) wanda ya haɗa da sayar da 'yan mata (mafi rinjaye kafin su kai shekaru 15) waɗanda aka haifa a cikin bauta a cikin al'ummomin Abzinawa sannan kuma ana sayar da su ga masu arziki da manyan Hausawa. daidaikun mutane a matsayin "mace ta biyar." Matan suna yin aikin gida ga ubangidansu da na mata na hukuma, da kuma yin lalata da maigidan. An dauke su a matsayin mata na biyar domin su ne ban da mata hudu da mutum zai iya aura a Nijar bisa doka (kamar yadda addinin Musulunci ya tanada) kuma ana daukar su a matsayin masu biyayya ga matan hukuma. Duk da sunan, maza za su iya ɗaukar "mata na biyar." Duk da cewa bautar da ba kasafai ake samunta ba a cikin birane, matsin lamba na zamantakewa da kuma haramta auren ‘ya’yan bayi tare da ‘ya’yan ‘yantattu na haifar da wani tsari na kabilanci wanda ya raba mutane ko da kuwa ba a yi bautar ba. Fataucin mutane Fataucin bil adama ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a Nijar a 'yan shekarun nan. Shekaru da dama, Nijar ta kasance kasa ce ta safarar mutane, amma tana da iyaka a matsayin madogara ko inda ake zuwa. Duk da haka, a cikin 2000s, lokacin da wasu hanyoyin suka ga yadda ake ƙara aiwatarwa, hanyoyin da ke bi ta Nijar sun yi fice, kuma Nijar ma ta fara zama tushen fataucin mutane. Biyo bayan wannan matsala da ta kunno kai, Nijar ta kafa dokar yaki da safarar mutane a shekarar 2010 tare da samar da manyan mukamai a gwamnati domin shawo kan matsalar. Rahoton Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka na shekarar 2011 ya nuna cewa, duk da cewa Nijar na samun dan ci gaba kan batun fataucin bil adama, yanayin siyasa da na mulki da ya biyo bayan juyin mulkin da aka yi a shekarar 2010 ya hana kokarin da ake yi. Dokokin yaki da bauta Ko da yake Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Nijar ya ayyana kowa da kowa daidai gwargwado, amma babu wata doka ta musamman da ta haramta bauta ko wani laifi na bautar wani mutum a Nijar har zuwa ranar 5 ga Mayun 2003. Umarnin Faransa na 1905 da 1920, waɗanda ke cikin sashin shari'a na Nijar bayan samun 'yancin kai, sun shafi cinikin bayi ne kawai kuma ba su daina bautar cikin gida ko bautar gado ba. A shekara ta 2003, an zartar da sabuwar dokar wadda ta aikata laifin bauta tare da hukuncin daurin shekaru 30 mafi girma a gidan yari. Doka ko da yake ta ƙunshi tsarin sasantawa tsakanin bayi da iyayengiji a matsayin matakin farko na farko a cikin tsari. Da wannan doka, Nijar ta kasance kasa ta farko a yammacin Afirka da ta fitar da wata doka ta musamman da ta shafi bauta da kuma samar da hukuncin aikata laifuka. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, an yi wani shiri na gagarumin yawan bukukuwan jama'a inda masu bautar Abzinawa za su 'yantar da bayinsu a hukumance. Da farko dai gwamnati ta dauki nauyin wani gagarumin taron da Arissal Ag Amdagu, shugaban Abzinawa a Inates, da ke Sashen Tillabéri zai 'yantar da bayinsa 7,000. Duk da haka, da alama tana tsoron mummunar talla, tun kafin abin ya faru, gwamnati ta aika da tawaga ta yankunan Abzinawa tare da yin barazanar ladabtar da duk wani abin da bai dace ba. Gwamnati ta yi ikirarin cewa an sauya bikin ne saboda babu wanda yake bauta a kasar kuma don haka bai zama dole ba. Duk da cewa Ag Amagdagu ya rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Timidria cewa zai 'yantar da wadannan bayi 7,000, a maimakon haka ya ce a wurin taron cewa "Ba a yi bauta a Inates. Ba wanda ya ce mani sun ga bayi. Idan wani yana da bayi sai ya gaya mani.” Mani v. Nijar Mani v. Nijar wani lokaci ana kiranta "tsari mai tarihi" ko "tabbatacciyar shawara", wani lamari ne a Kotun Al'umma ta Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi ta Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) wadda ta zama hukuncin kotun yanki na farko da aka fara sauraron batun. bauta a Afirka. A cewar Jeroen Beirnauer wanda shi ne shugaban ITUC's Forced Labor Project, shari'ar ta kafa "ma'auni na yanki a cikin dokokin kare hakkin bil'adama na duniya." Tushen shari'ar shi ne, a cikin 1996, Hadijatou Mani Koraou, mai shekaru 12, wanda aka haifa a cikin bauta a cikin al'ummar Abzinawa, an sayar da shi akan ga El Hadj Souleymane Naroua mai shekaru 46 a matsayin "matarsa ta biyar. "karkashin al'adar wahaya. Fiye da shekaru tara na tashin hankali da tilasta jima'i, Mani ta haifi 'ya'ya hudu tare da Naroua. A shekara ta 2005, Naroua ta rattaba hannu kan wata takarda ta ‘yantar da Mani, amma sai ta bayyana cewa ita ce matarsa kuma ta hana ta barin gidansa. Mani ta samu hukuncin farko da ya 'yantar da ita daga auren a ranar 20 ga Maris, 2006, domin a cewar kotun, ba a taba yin wani bikin addini da ya auri mutanen biyu ba. Daga nan ne aka sauya wannan hukuncin a wani mataki mai girma kuma shari'ar ta koma Kotun Koli. Yayin da ake ci gaba da sauraron shari’ar, Mani ta sake yin aure kuma Naroua ta mayar da martani ta hanyar shigar da ƙarar laifi da kuma sa a yanke mata da sabon mijinta da laifin bigamy (da hukuncin ɗaurin watanni shida a gidan yari). Kotun ta ce har yanzu tana auren Naroua bisa doka kuma ta yi amfani da matsayinta na bawa a matsayin hujjar auren. Dangane da tuhumar da ake masa na bigamy, Mani ya shigar da karar Naroua da laifin bauta a shekarar 2007 kuma ya bi wannan tare da gabatar da koke ga kotun ECOWAS a ranar 14 ga watan Disamba 2007 inda ya bukaci Nijar da ta yi hannun riga da Yarjejeniya ta Afirka kan Hakkokin Dan Adam da Jama'a Babbar hujjar Nijar kuwa ita ce, kotun ECOWAS ba za ta amince da shari'ar ba, saboda ba a gama da zabin cikin gida ba wajen gyara lamarin. A game da lamarin, Nijar ta ce duk da cewa bautar da ake yi har yanzu tana nan, amma sun ci galaba a kai kuma an takaita shi. Kotun ECOWAS ta gano a ranar 27 ga Oktoba 2008 cewa babu wata hujja da ta isa kuma ta yanke hukunci kan Mani. ECOWAS ta yi watsi da ka'idar gajiyar cikin gida na gabatar da shari'a kuma ta yi amfani da shari'ar Kotun Duniya ta Traction ta Barcelona a matsayin misali wajen gano cewa bautar na bukatar kulawa ta musamman daga dukkan sassan jihar. An baiwa Mani kyautar da kuma kashe kudade a cikin lamarin. Bayan yanke hukuncin, gwamnatin Nijar ta ce ta amince da hukuncin tare da lauyan gwamnatin Nijar kan karar inda ya sanar da cewa "An yanke hukunci, mun lura kuma za a yi aiki da shi." Ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa na adawa da bauta Babban taron zamantakewa da aka sadaukar da batun bautar da wariyar launin fata bayan bauta a Nijar shi ne Timidria, kungiya mai zaman kanta da Ilguilas Weila da sauran masana suka kafa a ranar 15 ga Mayu 1991. Sunanta yana nufin 'yan'uwantaka ko haɗin kai a cikin Tamajaq Kungiyar na gudanar da taruka akai-akai tare da shirya tarurruka daban-daban domin daukaka batun bautar da ake yi a Nijar tare da fafutukar ganin an kawar da shi. Duba kuma Fataucin mutane a Nijar Hakkin dan Adam a Nijar Bauta a Afirka Bauta a Afirka ta zamani

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daular%20Musulunci%20ta%20Hobyo

Daular Musulunci ta Hobyo

Sultanate of Hobyo Somali wanda kuma aka fi sani da Sultanate of Obbia, masarautar Somaliya ce ta karni na 19 a arewa maso gabas da tsakiyar Somaliya da gabashin Habasha. Yusuf Ali Kenadid ne ya kafa ta a cikin 1870s. kuma ya kasance ɗan uwan Sarkin Musulmi Osman Mahamuud ne, wanda ya mulki daular Majeerteen Sultanate. Gudanarwa Kamar yadda yake a daular Majeerteen Sultanate, Sarkin Musulmi na Hobyo yana da iko mai ƙarfi a lokacin wanzuwarsa kuma ya mallaki dukkan wani iko na dunƙulewar ƙasa ta zamani: tsarin mulki mai aiki, basaraken gado, mai suna aristocrats, tutar jaha da kuma kwararrun sojoji. Kamar Masarautar Majeerteen, wani misali ne na jajircewar al'ummar Migiurtini na kiyaye al'ummar gargajiya da 'yancin su. Dukan sarakunan biyu kuma sun kiyaye rubuce-rubucen ayyukansu, wanda har yanzu akwai. Tarihi Rise of the Sultanate Sarkin garin Hobyo ya samo asali ne daga baraka a tsakanin Majeerteen. Zaɓen Yusuf Ali a matsayin Sarkin Musulmi da Bah Lelkase da Bah Yaqub suka yi a Alula (wanda tun zamanin Sarki Xawaadane aka naɗa shi gidan Bah Yaquba) shi ne tushen rikicin daular. Da farko dai burin Ali Yusuf Kenadid shi ne ya karɓe ikon masarautar Majeerteen da ke makwabtaka da ita, wadda a lokacin ne ɗan uwansa Sarki Osman Mahamud yayi mulki. Duk da haka, bai yi nasara a wannan aikin ba, kuma a ƙarshe an tilasta masa yin hijira zuwa Yemen. Shekaru goma bayan haka, a cikin 1870s, Kenadid ya dawo daga yankin Larabawa tare da ƙungiyar musketeers Hadhrami da gungun laftanar masu biyayya. Tare da taimakonsu, ya sami nasarar cin galaba a kan ƙabilun Hawiye na yankin ya kuma kafa daular Hobyo a shekara ta 1878. A karshen ƙarni na 19, dukkan sarakunan Somaliya na da suka shiga yarjejeniya da ɗaya daga cikin masu mulkin mallaka, Abyssinia, Birtaniya ko Italiya, A ƙarshen 1888, Sultan Kenadid ya ƙulla yarjejeniya da Italiyanci, ya mai da mulkinsa ya zama mai kare Italiya. Abokin hamayyarsa, Sarki Osman zai rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya makamanciyar ta ta Sarkin Musulmi a shekara mai zuwa. Dukansu sarakunan sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin ba da kariya don ci gaba da manufofinsu na faɗaɗa, tare da Kenadid na neman yin amfani da goyon bayan Italiya a rikicinsa da Sarkin Omani na Zanzibar kan wani yanki da ke kan iyaka da Warsheikh, baya ga gwagwarmayar da yake yi kan masarautar Majeerteen tare da Sarki Osman. A yayin rattaba hannu kan yarjeniyoyi, masu mulkin sun kuma yi fatan yin amfani da manufofin daular turai ta yadda za su ƙara tabbatar da ci gaba da 'yancin cin gashin kan yankunansu. Sharuɗɗan kowace yarjejeniya ta bayyana cewa Italiya za ta kawar da duk wani tsoma baki a cikin gwamnatocin sarakunan. Domin samun makamai na Italiya da tallafin shekara-shekara, Sultans sun amince da mafi ƙarancin kulawa da rangwamen tattalin arziki. Italiyawa kuma sun amince da aikewa da wasu jakadu kaɗan don inganta duka sarakunan da bukatunsu. Sai dai alaƙar da ke tsakanin Hobyo da Italiya ta yi tsami ne a lokacin da Sultan Kenadid ya ki amincewa da shawarar Italiya na ba wa tawagar sojojin Burtaniya izinin sauka a cikin masarautarsa domin su ci gaba da yakinsu da Sarkin Diiriye Guure, Mohammed Abdullah Hassan da Sojojin sa na Dervish forces. Da yake kallon barazanar da Italiyawa ke yi, Sultan Kenadid daga karshe an kai shi gudun hijira zuwa Aden a Yemen sannan zuwa Eritrea, kamar yadda ɗansa Ali Yusuf, magajin gadon sarauta ya yi. Sai dai ba kamar yankunan kudanci ba, sarakunan arewa ba su kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin kai tsaye ba saboda yarjejeniyar da suka ƙulla da Italiya a baya. Tawayen Umar Samatar Ko da yake sun yi galaba a kan sojojin sarkin, har yanzu jama'a ba su yarda da mulkin Italiya ba tare da yaki ba. Kwamishina Trivulzio, wanda aka naɗa tare da kula da Hobyo, ya ba da rahoton motsin mutane ɗauke da makamai zuwa kan iyakokin masarautar kafin da kuma bayan hadewar. Yayin da ake shirye-shiryen ci gaban Corpo Zaptié zuwa Majeerteen, wata sabuwar barazana ta fito. Ɗaya daga cikin kwamandojin Sultan Ali Yusuf, Omar Samatar, ya kai hari tare da kama El Buur a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 1925.Jama'ar yankin sun goyi bayan Omar, kuma nan suka sami cikakken juyin juya hali a hannunsu bayan Omar ya bi diddigin nasarar da ya samu a baya tare da kama El-Dhere. Corpo Zaptié yayi ƙoƙari amman bai yi nasarar kwato El-Bur daga hannun Omar. A ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, Italiyanci sun gudu zuwa Bud Bud, 'yan banga sun yi wa ƴan gaba daya kuma sun ragu cikin karfi da warwarewa. An shirya wani yunƙuri na uku, amma kafin a kashe kwamandan rundunar, Laftanar-Kanar Splendorelli, an yi masa kwanton ɓauna aka kashe shi a tsakanin Bud Bud da Bula Barde Hankalin Italiya ya tashi, kuma Hobyo ta zama kamar bata ce komai ba yayin da Omar ya miƙe tsaye don sake kwace garin Hobyo da kanta. A yunƙurin ceto lamarin, gwamna De Vecchi ya nemi bataliyoyin biyu daga Eritrea kuma ya ɗauki umarnin kansa. Tawayen nan ba da jimawa ba ya mamaye kan iyakoki zuwa cikin Benaadir da Western Somaliland, kuma Omar ya ƙara ƙarfi. Bala'in da ya afku a Hobyo ya girgiza masu ra'ayin Italiya a Roma. Ba da jimawa ba zargi ya hau kan Gwamna De Vecchi, wanda ake zargin rashin iya aiki da hawan Omar. Rome ta umurci De Vecchi cewa zai karɓi ƙarfafa daga Eritrea, amma cewa kwamandan bataliyoyin Eritriya shine ya ɗauki umurnin soja kuma De Vecchi ya kasance a cikin Mogadishu kuma yana iyakance aikin gudanarwa. Kwamandan zai kai rahoto kai tsaye zuwa Roma, yana ƙetare De Vecchi gaba ɗaya. Da yake lamarin ya ruɗe sosai, De Vecchi ya tafi da tsohon Sarkin Musulmi Ali Yusuf zuwa Mogadishu. Mussolini ya lashi takobin sake kwato garin Hobyo gaba ɗaya, sannan ya zarce zuwa Majeertin ta kowace hanya. Ko da mayar da Ali Yusuf aka yi la'akari. Duk da haka, dangin sun riga sun goyi bayan Omar Samatar, don haka wannan bai kasance wani zaɓi ba kamar yadda zai bayyana. Kafin ƙarfafawar ya isa, De Vecchi ya zaɓi tsohuwar dabarar rarraba da mulki, kuma ya ba da lada mai yawa, kuɗi da daraja ga kowane dangin da ya zaɓi ya tallafa wa Italiyawa. Idan aka yi la'akari da fafatawa tsakanin 'yan ƙabilar Iritiriya da aka daɗe ana yi da su tun da dadewa, abin mamaki ne ba a yi yunƙurin yin wannan dabarar ba da wuri, kuma ta zama mafi nasara fiye da sojojin Eritrea wajen dawo da tawaye. Sojojin sun ƙara karfi da bataliya daga Eritriya, Italiya sun sake kwace El-Buur a ranar 26 ga Disamba, 1925, suka tilasta Omar Samatar ya koma yammacin Somaliland. Makarantar Sakandare ta Cumar-Samatar da ke tsakiyar Galkaka ana kiranta da sunan Omar Samatar don tunawa da gwagwarmaya da sadaukarwa. Duba kuma Yusuf Ali Kenadid Majeerteen Sultanate Sarki Osman Mahmud Jerin Daulolin Musulmin Sunna Usmaniya Yasin Osman Kenadid Manazarta Bayanan kula The Majeerteen Sultanates Emblem Flag Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Sarakunan

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mildred%20Constantine

Mildred Constantine

Mildred Constantine Bettelheim(28 ga Yuni,1913–Disamba 10,2008)wani ɗan ƙasar Amurka ne wanda ya taimaka wajen jawo hankali ga fastoci da sauran zane-zane a cikin tarin kayan tarihi na fasahar zamani a cikin 1950s da 1960s. Tarihin Rayuwa Constantine (ta yi amfani da sunanta na sana'a)an haife shi a 1913 a Brooklyn, New York .Ta sami digiri na farko da na biyu daga Jami'ar New York kuma ta halarci makarantar digiri na Jami'ar National Autonomous University of Mexico. Ta yi aiki da Ƙungiyar Fasaha ta Kwalejin daga 1931 zuwa 1937 a matsayin mataimakiyar edita akan mujallar Parnassus.Ta sadu da Rene d'Harnoncourt,maigidanta na gaba a matsayin darekta na Gidan kayan gargajiya na zamani,yayin da take aiki a Washington,DC a Ofishin Mai Gudanarwa na Inter-American Affairs.Ta kuma yi tafiya zuwa Mexico, a cikin 1936,a matsayin wani ɓangare na Kwamitin Hagu na Yaƙi da Fascism,inda ta haɓaka sha'awar zane-zanen siyasar Latin da Tsakiyar Amurka.An nuna tarin fosta na Latin Amurka da ta shirya a ɗakin karatu na Majalisa kuma daga baya ta zama wani ɓangare na tarin dindindin na Gidan Tarihi na Gidan Tarihi. Yayin da take birnin Washington,ta sadu da Ralph Bettelheim,wani ɗan gudun hijira daga Ostiriya kuma masanin tattalin arziki.Sun yi aure a shekara ta 1942. Daga 1943 zuwa 1970,Constantine ya yi aiki a sashen gine-gine da ƙira na Gidan Tarihi na Zamani,a matsayin abokin kula da kuma daga baya a matsayin mai ba da shawara,inda ta taimaka wajen yada tarin abubuwan da ke da wuyar rarrabawa ko kuma an yi watsi da su,wanda ta kira "kayan gudun hijira.".Nunin ta 1948 Posters na Polio shine gidan kayan gargajiya na farko da aka sadaukar don dalilai,kuma ya haɗa da ayyukan da ta ba da izini don taimakawa wajen wayar da kan al'amuran zamantakewa daban-daban. Ta shirya nune-nunen nune-nunen na solo don masu zane-zane da kayayyaki ciki har da Alvin Lustig,Bruno Munari,Massimo Vignelli da Tadanori Yokoo wanda The New York Times ya bayyana a matsayin"ma'anar sana'a."Nunin nune-nunen ta masu fa'ida a cikin aikace-aikacen fasaha da kayan ado sun haɗa da Olivetti:Zane a Masana'antu a 1952, Alamun Titin a 1954,da nunin 1962 na Wasika ta Hannu. Constantine ya shirya baje kolin na 1968 mai taken Kalma da Hoto,wanda shine nuni na farko da ya mayar da hankali kan fastoci a cikin tarin gidan kayan gargajiya tun daga karni na 20,wanda kataloginsa ana daukarsa a matsayin babban abin da ke tattara tarihin fosta.A cikin nazarinsa na Janairu 1968 na nunin,mai sukar fasaha John Canaday na The New York Times ya rubuta:"Sabon nune-nunen nune-nunen fastoci na gidan kayan tarihi na zamani,wanda aka buɗe jiya a ƙarƙashin taken Kalma da Hoto,yana da kyau sosai har tsawon minti ɗaya kuna mamakin dalilin da yasa allunan talla suka lalace,"lura da cewa gidan kayan gargajiya ya gudanar da nune-nunen fosta 35 a baya amma hakan ya kasance.mafi girmansa kuma cewa yayin da mafi yawan fastocin suna kallon kwanan watan bayan ƴan shekaru,abubuwan da Constantine ya zaɓa daga tarin fastoci 2,000 na gidan kayan gargajiya"suna da ƙarfi kamar lokacin da aka buga su."Binciken Critic Hilton Kramer a cikin The Times,ya bayyana nunin a matsayin wanda ya ƙunshi fastoci 300 daga lokacin daga 1879 zuwa 1967,wanda Constantine ya zaɓa bisa la'akari da"darajar su," kodayake Kramer yana jin cewa nunin ba zai iya bayyana ƙarshen-1960s ba.foster fad wanda zane-zanen kwakwalwarsa da ya yi imani bai dace da fitattun zane-zane na zamanin farko ba. Constantine ya mutu yana da shekaru 95 a ranar 10 ga Disamba,2008 na ciwon zuciya a gidanta a Nyack,New York. Yadi Har ila yau Constantine ya rubuta kuma ya rubuta game da tufafi.Tare da Jack Lenor Larsen,Constantine ya gyara bangon bango wanda ya zagaya biranen 11 daga 1968-1969 kuma ya rubuta Beyond Craft: The Art Fabric a 1973. A cikin 1972,Mildred Constantine ya sake buga Alice Adams's Gina 1966 a cikin littafinta Beyond Craft.Ta rubuta littafin tare da Jack Lenor Larsen wanda shine farkon zurfafan kallon motsin fasaha na fiber.Wannan rubutun ya yi magana game da yadda fasahar fiber ya samo asali, ya bayyana manufofinsa na ado,da kuma kare aikin da aka yi da fiber a matsayin "kyakkyawan fasaha." Bayan da ta tashi a 1971 daga gidan kayan gargajiya na zamani,ta samar da nune-nunen nune-nunen da litattafai a kan batutuwa na caricature,zane-zane,zane-zane na ado da daukar hoto,da kuma ƙaddamar da 1988 Frontiers a Fiber: Amirkawa,da 2002 suna nuna Ƙananan Ayyuka a Fiber .Dukansu sun ja hankali ga zane-zane da zane-zane Marubuci Constantine ya rubuta ko ya rubuta littattafai da yawa akan fasahar fiber da sauran batutuwa:. 1960 Art Nouveau:Art da Design a Juya na Karni,edita(tare da Peter Selz 1969 Kalma da Hoto:Posters daga Tarin Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani(tare da Alan M. Fern) 1973 Beyond Craft:The Art of Fabric (tare da Jack Lenor Larsen 1974 juyin juya halin Soviet Film Posters 1981 Fabric Art:Mainstream 1983 Tina Modotti:Rayuwa mai rauni 1986 The Art Fabric:Mainstream 1997 Duk Tufafi 1999 25 na 25th:Glancing Back, Gazing Ahead(tare da Lloyd Cotsen, Jack Lenor Larsen da Patricia Mal) 2000 Theo Leffmann(tare da Mary Jane Jacob,Theo Leffmann da David Mickenberg 2004 Jack Lenor Larsen:Mahalicci da Mai Tara (tare da David Revere McFadden Duba kuma Mata a fagen tarihin fasaha Nassoshi Kara

48705

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip%20Kova%C4%8Devi%C4%87

Filip Kovačević

Filip Kovačević marubuci ne na Montenegrin, mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam, kuma malamin jami'a. Tarihin Rayuwa An haifi Filip Kovačević a garin Kotor na Montenegrin da ke gabar tekun Adriatic, sannan wani yanki ne na Tarayyar gurguzu ta Yugoslavia. Ya sauke karatu summa cum laude daga Jami'ar Jihar California, Hayward a 1997. Ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Jami'ar Missouri a Columbia, Missouri yana samun digiri na uku a fannin kimiyyar siyasa a 2002. Ya koyar a Smolny College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, kwalejin zane-zane ta farko a Rasha daga 2003 zuwa 2005. A cikin 2005, ya koma Montenegro kuma shine mutum na farko da ya koyar da ilimin kimiyyar siyasa da ka'idar psychoanalytic a Jami'ar Montenegro kuma ya gudanar da laccoci kan geopolitics da manyan makarantun ka'idarsa. An gayyaci Kovačević don yin lacca a kan ilimin halin dan Adam na zamani da ka'idar zamantakewa mai mahimmanci a jami'o'i a Rasha, Ukraine, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Austria, Serbia da Amurka. Ya rubuta kasidu na geopolitical da sharhi don bugawa da kafofin watsa labarai na dijital daban-daban. Tun lokacin da ya koma Montenegro, Kovačević ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan masu fafutukar neman sauye-sauyen dimokuradiyya, da bin doka da oda, da kare hakkin dan Adam. Ya yi kakkausar suka ga mulkin oligarchy, da cin zarafin da ake yi wa albarkatun jihar Montenegrin da kuma tsananta wa abokan hamayyar siyasa da kuma manufofinta na ketare maras amfani. Mako -mako mai zaman kansa na Montenegrin mai zaman kansa yana gudanar da hira akai-akai tare da Kovačević kan batutuwan da suka shafi siyasa da zamantakewa. Jaridar Montenegrin ta yau da kullun Vijesti ta buga ginshiƙan Kovačević. Jaridar Viennese Die Presse ta buga labarin da ke nazarin ra'ayoyin Kovacevic game da tsarin dimokuradiyya na Montenegrin. A cewar labarin, Kovačević ya yi imanin cewa "a Montenegro, bangon danniya na siyasa bai riga ya fadi ba". Har ila yau, an ambaci shi a matsayin kwararre kan siyasar Montenegrin ta Kudu maso Gabashin Turai Times da Der Standard Ya sha yada ra'ayoyinsa a talabijin. Ana ganin Kovačević a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu ba da shawara na tsaka-tsakin soja na Montenegrin kuma a kan ƙofar Montenegro a cikin Ƙungiyar Yarjejeniyar Arewacin Atlantic Shi ne na kusa da tsohon ministan harkokin waje na Montenegro Miodrag Lekić, wanda shi ne shugaban Democratic Front, babban kawancen siyasa na adawa a Montenegro. Kovačević shi ne shugaban kungiyar Movement for Neutrality na Montenegro. Masanin ilimin zamantakewa na Montenegrin kuma marubuci Milan N. Popović ya sanya Kovačević ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan jarumai a cikin littafinsa Ibrahim 2044-1994: Kratki roman o čovjeku i Bogu. Masu sharhi da masu suka Marubuciyar Ba’amurke kuma farfesa a jami’a Ellie Ragland ta bayyana cewa littafin Kovačević na Liberating Oedipus? Psychoanalysis a matsayin Critical Theory yana gabatar da "wani ra'ayi mai ban sha'awa game da ka'idodin 'yanci, farawa da Freud da Marx da kuma tafiya zuwa Alain Badiou Wannan littafi babban aikin yawon shakatawa ne da kuma karatun da ya dace ga duk wanda ya tsunduma cikin nazarin zamani na siyasa da ka'idar mahimmanci Masanin ilimin zamantakewa na New Zealand Chamsy el-Ojeili ya rubuta cikakken bita na littafin Kovačević don mujallar ilimin zamantakewar zamantakewa Thesis Eleven. Yantar da Oedipus? An kuma ambata a cikin masters da digiri na uku akan ilimin halin dan Adam a matsayin mahimmanci, ka'idar zamantakewa. Masanin falsafa dan kasar Crotia Lino Veljak ya rubuta cewa binciken Kovačević na ra'ayoyin masanin falsafar Faransa Michel Onfray yana wakiltar "muhimmiyar gudunmawa ga tabbatar da dabi'un wayewa". Har ila yau, wannan binciken ya sake duba shi da kyau daga darektan gidan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma masanin fasaha Zlatko Paković a cikin jaridar Serbian yau da kullum Danas Kovačević ya kuma buga wasu littattafai guda uku da dozin na kasidu da labarai. An fassara ayyukansa zuwa Turanci, Jamusanci, Faransanci, Rashanci, Bulgarian, da Baturke Yana ɗaya daga cikin ƴan marubutan Montenegrin waɗanda za a iya samun aikinsu a cikin ɗakunan karatu na mafi kyawun jami'o'in Amurka. Ayyukan da aka zaɓa Geopolitics na Balkans da Bayan: Menene Rasha, China, da Amurka ke so? (Kindle E-Books, 2015). Teoretičari klasične geopolitike: Ciklus predavanja [Theorists of Classical Geopolitics: Lectures] (Centar za gradjansko obrazovanje, 2014). Maruse a cikin Yugoslavia, Binciken Falsafa na Radical, Vol. 16, Na 1, 205-222, 2013. Masochism a cikin Halayen Siyasa: Ra'ayin Lacanian, Jarida ta Duniya na Nazarin Ilimin Halitta, Vol. 8, Na 1, 58–73, 2011. Nihilismus der Macht in Montenegro: von Dubrovnik bis Afghanistan a Sprich gunstig mit dem Balkan, ed. Vedran Džihić da Herbert Maurer, Atelier, 2011. Lakan u Podgorici: Ciklus predavanja [Lacan in Podgorica: Lectures] (Centar za gradjansko obrazovanje, 2010). Montenegrin Counter-Lustration, 1991-2009 (tare da Milan Popovic) a cikin Rikici da Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwa: Ƙaddamar da Baya da Gaba a Kudancin Gabashin Turai, ed. Wolfgang Petritsch da Vedran Džihić, Nomos, 2010. No Pasaran: Zbirka Tekstova, 2007–2009 [Babu Pasaran, Tarin Rubutu, 2007–2009] (Biro Konto, 2010). Montenegro da Siyasar Canjin Kwaminisanci: 1990 zuwa 2006, Rukunin Rubutun Kwata: Jaridar Al'amuran Duniya, Vol. 18, No.3, 72–93, 2007. Yantar da Oedipus? Psychoanalysis as Critical Theory (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2006). Nassoshi Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shafiul%20Islam

Shafiul Islam

Shafiul Islam Bengali an haife shi a ranar 6 ga watan Oktoban shekara ta 1989) dan wasan kurket na Bangladesh ne Shafiul mai matsakaiciyar hanzari ne mai buga kwallo, ya buga wa Rajshahi Division tun a shekara ta 2006/07. Aikin gida Hukumar wasan Cricket ta Bangladesh ce ta kafa rukunin kungiyoyi shida na Firimiya na Bangladesh a shekara ta 2012, gasar ashirin20 da za a gudanar a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2011. An yi gwanjon gwano don sayan 'yan wasa, kuma Shafiul ya saya daga Khulna Royal Bengal kan 65,000. Shi ne dan wasa na hudu da ya fi kowa daukar bugun fenariti tare da wickets biyar daga wasanni bakwai. A watan Afrilu BCB ta inganta kwangilar Shafiul daga kwangilar C zuwa ta B Ya kasance babban mai daukar wicket ga kungiyar Agrii Bank Cricket Club a gasar shekara ta 2017-18 na Dhaka Premier Division, tare da kora 24 a wasanni 13. A watan Oktoban shekara ta 2018, an saka shi a cikin tawagar dan kungiyar Rangpur Riders, bayan da aka tsara don Firimiya na 2018-19 na Bangladesh A watan Maris na shekara ta 2019, wasan kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Mohammedan da kungiyar Gazi Group Cricketers ta yi a zagayen bude gasar Premier ta Crisket ta shekarar Dhabi ta shekar ta 2018–19, Shafiul ya dauki wicket din sa na farko biyar a cikin Cricket na List A. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2019, an zaɓe shi don ya buga wa Khulna Tigers a gasar Premier League ta shekarar 2019-2020 Bangladesh Ayyukan duniya Shafiul ya samu kiran farko na kasa da kasa lokacin da ya zabi cikin tawagar Bangladesh don yin jerin gwano tare da Indiya da Sri Lanka a watan Janairun shekara ta 2010. Shi kadai ne dan wasa a cikin kungiyar ta Bangladesh ba tare da wata kwarewar duniya ba, amma zabinsa ya ta'allaka ne da rawar da yake takawa a gasar cikin gida ta Bangladesh. Ya buga wasan sa na farko na kwana daya a ranar 4 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2010 da Sri Lanka. Ya buɗe kwanon tare da Rubel Hossain kuma ya yarda 39 gudanar daga 5 kan Ya sami nasarar daukar wicket daya, na Kumar Sangakkara wanda aka kama a baya na shekaru 74. Bayan ya ɗauki wicket a kowane ɗayan wasannin farko na ODI da ya yi, an sa masa suna a cikin Testan wasa 14 da za su yi wasa da Indiya a ƙarshen watan. Ya fara zama Gwajinsa na farko a ranar 17 ga watan Janairu kuma ya buɗe kwanar tare da Shahadat Hossain Indiya ta ci 113 Gudun kuma Shafiul budurwar wicket ta Gautam Gambhir ce A cikin wata guda, Shafiul sau biyu ya yarda fiye da 90 yana gudana a cikin ODI, na farko a kan Pakistan a watan Yunin shekara ta shekarar 2010 sannan kuma a kan Ingila a watan Yuli. Sakamakon haka, yana riƙe da rikodin mafi yawan lambobin ƙwallon da ɗan wasan Bangladesh a cikin ODIs. Bangladesh ta dauki bakuncin gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar 2011 a watan Fabrairu, Maris, da Afrilu tare da Indiya da Sri Lanka. An zabi Shafiul a cikin tawagar 'yan wasa 15 na Bangladesh. A ranar 11 ga watan Maris, Shafiul ya ba da gudummawa ta hanyar hadin gwiwa guda 58 wanda ya ba da nasara karo na tara don taimakawa Bangladesh ta yi nasara kan Ingila da ci biyu da nema. Bayan kammala wasan, magoya bayan Bangladesh sun yi ta rera waka "Bangladesh, Bangladesh Shafiul jarumi ne na gaske Bayan kammala wasan, an bawa Shafiul da Mahmudullah 1 miliyan taka don haɗin gwiwar lashe wasa. An zabi Imrul Kayes a matsayin gwarzon dan wasa, duk da cewa ya nuna cewa "Wasan karshe da aka baiwa Man-of-the-Match aka ba ni amma ban cancanci hakan ba. Shafiul ne ya kamata ya samu. Kyaftin din, Shakib Al Hasan ya yaba da kwazon Shafiul da kwalliyar da ya yi a wasan da suka buga da Netherlands. Raunin kafa ya nufi Shafiul ya rasa duka Gwajin da aka yi da West Indies a watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2011. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2018, an sanya shi cikin ƙungiyar Bangladesh don yin gasar shekarar 2018 ACC Emerging Teams Asia Cup Salon wasa Champaka Ramanayake, mai horar da 'yan wasan bolley na Bangladesh lokacin da Shafiul ya fara buga wa kungiyar wasa, ya yi tsokaci cewa "Shafiul yana da kwarewa sosai; yana da matukar saurin gudu kuma yana iya yin kwano. Dole ne a bashi isasshen damar da zai haskaka kuma muna da kwarin gwiwa cewa zai zo ta hanyar Gabaɗaya yana yin kwalliya a tsayi ɗaya, kuma masu zaɓen ƙasa suna jin cewa yana buƙatar sauya ƙwallonsa don yin tasiri a matakin Gwaji. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Shafiul Islam at ESPNcricinfo Mutane Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1989 'Yan wasan kurket 'Yan wasan kurket ta ƙasar Ingila Pages with unreviewed

52783

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban%20Holm

Babban Holm

Steep Holm Welsh Old English kuma daga baya tsibiri ne na Ingilishi kwance a tashar Bristol Tsibirin ya rufe a babban tudu, yana faɗaɗa zuwa a ma'anar ƙananan ruwa. A mafi girman matsayi shine sama da matsakaicin matakin teku. Gudanarwa ya zama wani ɓangare na ikon yanki na North Somerset a cikin gundumar bikin Somerset tsakanin 1 Afrilun shekarar 1974 da 1 Afrilun Shekarar 1996, an kuma gudanar da shi azaman ɓangare na Avon Kusa da tsibirin Flat Holm Welsh wani yanki na Wales Tsibirin Carboniferous Limestone ya tashi zuwa kusan kuma yana aiki azaman guguwar iska da raƙuman ruwa, yana ba da kariya ta sama ta tashar Bristol. Tsibirin yanzu babu mazauna, in ban da masu gadi. An kiyaye shi azaman wurin ajiyar yanayi da Wurin Sha'awar Kimiyya ta Musamman (SSSI) tare da yawan tsuntsaye da tsirrai gami da peonies na daji Akwai tashar sigina ko hasumiya a tsibirin a zamanin Romawa, amma wataƙila an sami wurin zama na ɗan adam tun farkon zamanin ƙarfe A cikin karni na 6 gida ne ga St Gildas kuma ga ƙaramin Augustinian priory a cikin ƙarni na 12th da 13th. An gina masauki a cikin shekara ta 1832 kuma an yi amfani da shi don hutu a karni na 19. An kafa mafakar tsuntsaye a cikin 1931 kuma tun 1951 an yi hayar ga amintattun amintattu. Yanzu mallakar Kenneth Allsop Memorial Trust ne. A cikin shekarar 1860s tsibirin ya kasance mai ƙarfi tare da masu ɗaukar makamai masu girman inci 7 guda goma a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Forts na Palmerston don tsaron bakin teku na tashar Bristol har sai an yi watsi da shi a cikin shekarar 1898. An sake amfani da kayan aikin a yakin duniya na daya da na biyu lokacin Mark<span about="#mwt43" class="nowrap" data-cx="[{&quot;adapted&quot;:true,&quot;targetExists&quot;:true,&quot;mandatoryTargetParams&quot;:[],&quot;optionalTargetParams&quot;:[]}]" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Spaces&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Spaces&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwNw" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span typeof="mw:Entity">&nbsp;</span></span>VII<span about="#mwt44" class="nowrap" data-cx="[{&quot;adapted&quot;:true,&quot;targetExists&quot;:true,&quot;mandatoryTargetParams&quot;:[],&quot;optionalTargetParams&quot;:[]}]" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Spaces&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Spaces&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwOA" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span typeof="mw:Entity">&nbsp;</span></span>An shigar da bindigogi masu saukar ungulu mai inci 6 da fitilun bincike. Don ba da damar motsin kayan, sojoji daga Rundunar Sojojin Indiya sun fara amfani da alfadarai sannan suka shigar da hanyar jirgin ƙasa mai juyawa da ke aiki da kebul. Geology da muhalli An kafa tsibirin na Carboniferous Limestone kuma ana kwatanta shi sau da yawa a matsayin ci gaba da tudun Mendip a Brean Down duk da haka, tsoma yana a wani kusurwa daban zuwa wancan akan Brean Down. A kan Steep Holm tsomawa kusan digiri 30 ne zuwa arewa yayin da a Brean Down yana da digiri 30 zuwa kudu. Akwai wasu folds da karaya tare da kusurwoyi dip har zuwa digiri 75 da aka kirkira a lokutan karshe na Variscan orogeny kusa da ƙarshen lokacin Carboniferous, 300 shekaru miliyan da suka wuce. Tsibirin ya kai kusan daga tekun da ke kewaye kuma ya rufe a babban igiyar ruwa, yayin da a ƙananan igiyar ruwa ya faɗaɗa zuwa saboda kewayon tidal na na biyu kawai zuwa Bay of Fundy a Gabashin Kanada Akwai kogo da yawa a tsibirin, da ramukan tukunya har zuwa zurfi a cikin kewayen gadon teku wanda aka yi imanin cewa ragowar tsarin kogo ne. Kogon da ke kan tsaunukan tsibiran sun kasance a matakai biyu daban-daban: kogon da ke cikin yankin inter-tidal na yanzu wanda ke ƙarƙashin teburin ruwa kuma suna samar da stalactites, da sauran mutane da yawa a kan dutsen da ke kan layin ruwa da yawa. dubban shekaru da suka wuce. An kiyaye Steep Holm azaman ajiyar yanayi da kuma Shafin Sha'awar Kimiyya na Musamman (SSSI), sanarwar da ta faru a cikin 1952. Akwai babban yawan tsuntsaye, musamman na Turai herring gulls (Larus argentatus) da ƙananan gulls masu baƙar fata (Larus fuscus) Hakanan an sami ƙaramin barewa na muntjac Filin da ke saman tsibirin yana da shimfidar ƙasa tsakanin da zurfi. Yana da launin ja daga jijiyoyin ƙarfe a cikin dutsen kuma ya zo azaman yashi ƙasa da a diamita. Tsibirin ita ce kawai wurin da ke cikin Burtaniya wanda peonies daji (Paeonia mascula) ke tsiro, ko da yake waɗannan sun lalace ta hanyar botrytis naman gwari. An gabatar da peony na daji zuwa tsibirin Steep Holm, mai yiwuwa ta wurin sufaye, ko kuma Romawa suka kawo daga Bahar Rum. Alexanders Smyrnium olusatrum kuma na kowa tare da zinariya samphire, buck's-horn plantain Plantago coronopus da kuma daji leek Allium ampeloprasum Kadai dabbobi masu rarrafe a tsibirin su ne slowworms Anguis fragilis Tarihi Prehistoric zuwa Roman Alamar farko ta ayyukan ɗan adam a tsibirin ita ce kashin baya na jajayen barewa da gano a cikin kogon biyar na Johns yayin bincike a cikin 1975 tsakanin 1977 da 1992. Ragowar Roman, mai yiwuwa tashar sigina ko hasumiya, an gano su a tsibirin ta hanyar binciken juriya na lantarki Ingantacciyar bincike da fassarar wurin yana da wahala kamar yadda magina suka sake yin amfani da shi a zamanin Victoria da lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Wani shugaban dutse da aka sassaka da aka samu a tsibirin a cikin shekarar 1991 mai yiwuwa ya zama shugaban Celtic daga zamanin Romano-British, amma yana iya kasancewa daga zamanin Iron Baya ga tukwane na tukwane daga zamanin Romawa, an gano wasu kayan alatu ciki har da Arretine ware, La Tène style brooches, da amphora da ke tsakanin 90 zuwa 140. AD wanda aka yi a kudancin Spain. Hakanan an sami shards na Castor ware An gano gutsuttsuran rufin tukwane da fale-falen bututun hayaƙi da ke nuna kasancewar tsarin dumama da yuwuwar gidan wanka. Hakanan an samo tsabar Roman daga mulkin Claudius Gothicus (268-270) da Tetricus I (271-273). Tushen addini Bisa ga almara, wanda John Leland ya fara rubutawa a cikin karni na 16, Saint Gildas, marubucin De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae, ya rayu a Steep Holm a lokacin karni na 6. Ya isa a Steep Holm bayan ya ziyarci abokinsa Saint Cadoc, wanda ya rayu a Flat Holm a matsayin hermit. Ana tsammanin Gildas ya bar tsibirin, bayan da 'yan fashin teku daga Orkney suka kwashe baransa da kayan daki, suka zama Abbot na Glastonbury Sauran tsarkakan almara kuma suna da alaƙa da tsibirin; a cikin John Rous's Historia Regum Angliae (c. 1480), Rous yayi iƙirarin cewa Saint Dubricius, saint ya ce ya nada Arthur, ya yi ritaya zuwa wani hermitage a tsibirin 'Stepeholm' a cikin kogin Severn. Vikings sun fake a Steep Holm a lokacin bazara na 914 sannan suka kai farmaki a gabar tekun Somerset a Watchet da Porlock, a cewar Anglo-Saxon Chronicle A ƙarshen karni na 12, akwai ƙaramin fifiko na Canons Regular na St Michael a tsibirin. Ginin da aka tono cikakke kawai ya auna tsayi da fadi, tare da ƙulli da sauran gine-gine har yanzu ba a gano su ba. Ba a san kwanan wata asalin kafuwar farko ba; duk da haka, a farkon ƙarni na 13 majiɓinci shine William I de Cantilupe Iyalinsa kuma sun kasance majiɓintan Studley Priory a Warwickshire Jikansa ta auri Ubangiji Robert de Tregoz wanda ya sami 'yanci na dukan tsibirin; duk da haka, abubuwan ba da kyauta don kiyaye abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci sun ragu, wanda ya haifar da watsi da shi tsakanin 1260 zuwa 1265, sufaye sun koma Studley Priory. Wani dutse mai tunawa da Blue Lias daga abbey, wanda ke da Cross of Lorraine, an samo shi a cikin 1867 a lokacin katangar tsibirin. An shigar da shi cikin ma'ajiyar makamai da ke kaiwa ga sunan "batir dutsen kabari". Manufofin mallaka Tsibirin da alama an gudanar da shi, tare da haɗin gwiwar gida na Uphill da Christon, ta dangin Bek, waɗanda suka ba da shi ga Henry de Lacy, 3rd Earl na Lincoln Kodayake tsarin ba a san shi ba, ya wuce zuwa dangin Berkeley tare da Maurice de Berkeley, Baron Berkeley na biyu, yana riƙe da shi a cikin 1315. Warreners sun sake amfani da wurin a ƙarni na 14 da 15. Sun zauna a daya daga cikin rusassun gine-ginen da aka sake ginawa. A shekara ta 1453 James Butler, na 5th Earl na Ormond ya rike ikon mallakar tsibirin, kuma a cikin 1460 Margaret Talbot, Countess na Shrewsbury ta yi amfani da advowson Margaret Talbot (née de Beauchamp) ɗan uwan James Butler ne mai nisa kamar yadda dukansu suka fito daga 'ya'yan Thomas de Beauchamp, 11th Earl na Warwick A wasu kalmomi, James Butler (ta hanyar mahaifiyarsa Joan Butler, Countess na Ormond (née Beauchamp) da kakansa William Beauchamp, 1st Baron Bergavenny, yayin da Margaret Talbot 'yar Elizabeth de Beauchamp (née Berkeley) da kuma jikanyar Thomas de Beauchamp., 12th Earl na Warwick A takaice, kakannin James Butler da Margaret Talbot's de Beauchamp 'yan'uwa ne. Abin lura shi ne, Margaret Talbot 'yar Elizabeth Berkeley, Countess na Warwick (da mijinta Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl na Warwick daga abin da rikici a cikin Berkeley iyali ya fito (duba ƙasa). Bugu da ƙari kuma, Elizabeth Berkeley ita ce kawai 'yar Thomas de Berkeley, Baron Berkeley na 5, yana nuna cewa ikon mallakar har yanzu yana zama a cikin dangin Berkeley tun lokacin da Maurice de Berkeley ya karbi tsibirin a 1315 Margaret Talbot ita ce babbar, babba, babbar jika. Maurice de Berkeley. Koyaya, a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, an yi gardama kan mallakar mallakar gidaje iri-iri, gami da Norton Beauchamp, wanda Steep Holm ke tare da shi. A tsakiyar wannan shi ne takaddama daga yadda aka ba da Barony daga Thomas Berkeley, Baron na 5. Waɗannan rigingimu sun kasance a gefe ɗaya James Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley, wanda kuma aka sani da 'James the Just' (kada a ruɗe shi da sauran 1st Baron Berkeley Thomas de Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley wanda ya riga ya cika shekaru 150). Amma duk da haka ga James wanda Barony ya koma ƙarƙashin sabon halitta ta rubuce-rubuce tun daga kawunsa, wanda aka ambata Thomas de Berkeley (Baron na biyar) ba shi da magada maza duk da cewa ya sanya wa 'yarsa tilo (Elizabeth Berkeley) a matsayin magajinsa. Wannan zai zama farkon takaddamar shari'a da aka dade ana yi. A gefe guda na takaddamar da ta samo asali ta hanyar layin James, sabon Baron na farko, ya ci gaba ta hanyar dansa (Sir) William de Berkeley, 1st Marquess na Berkeley a 1463, wanda shine batu na farko na namiji daga aurensa na 3 da Lady Isabel de. Mowbray Hakan ya biyo bayan aure biyu da aka yi a baya da ba a samu ‘ya’ya ba. A gefe guda na jayayya akwai zuriyar Elizabeth Berkeley da aka ambata (James' the 1st Baron's, 1st cousin) musamman ta hanyar 'yarta Margaret (de Beauchamp) wanda ke nuna wasu makirci masu ban sha'awa. Ɗayan irin wannan shirin yana tare da John Talbot, 1st Earl na Shrewsbury wanda ya ɗauki Margaret de Beauchamp a matsayin matarsa ta 2. Aurensa na farko, ga Maud Neville ('yar ubansa Thomas Neville, Baron Furnivall kuma wanda ya haifar da Lady Joan Talbot, daga cikin yara 6 duk da haka sananne ne. Haka John Talbot da alama an sace shi kuma an daure su har zuwa mutuwarsu a 1452, matar James Berkeley na 3 (Baron na farko) kuma mahaifiyar Baron Berkeley na 2 da aka ambata (Sir William de Berkeley). Duk da haka, wannan James Berkeley, ya ɗauki mata ta 4, Lady Joan Talbot (watau 'yar John Talbot wanda ya sace matarsa ta 3! Wani ƙarin shirin, ko tsawaita na baya, ya sake komawa kusa da John Talbot amma wannan lokacin sakamakon aurensa da Margaret de Beauchamp. Babban ɗansu, John Talbot, 1st Baron na Lisle da 1st Viscount Lisle, shine mahaifin Thomas Talbot, Baron na 2 na Lisle da 2nd Viscount Lisle Wannan Thomas Talbot ya nemi yin da'awarsa a kan ƙasashen Baron Berkeley a kan mutuwar kakarsa Margaret de Beauchamp ('yar Elizabeth Berkeley da ba a ba da izini ba), wanda a cikin wucin gadi ya ci gaba da matsawa da'awarta ga ƙasar Baron Berkeley a kan James Berkeley Baron 1. Ya kawo shi cikin adawa kai tsaye tare da Sir William de Berkeley (Baron na biyu kuma dan James Berkeley kuma ya zo kan gaba a yakin Nibley Green (1470), biyo bayan abin da aka kwatanta da ƙalubalen da Thomas Talbot ya yi wa Sir William, wanda ya yi nasara. ya ƙare a ƙarshen rana mai zuwa tare da mutuwar Thomas Talbot da kuma korar Manor na gaba a Wotton-under-Edge A cikin karni na 16 Edward Seymour, Duke na Somerset na 1 kuma ɗan'uwan Jane Seymour (mata ta uku Henry VIII ya karɓi mulki, sannan ya ɓace, manyan gidaje ciki har da Brean, wanda Steep Holm ya haɗu. Auren 'yar uwarsa Jane da Henry na VIII a cikin 1536 ya zo daidai lokacin da aka sanya shi Viscount Beauchamp, mai yiwuwa ya danganta da auren kakanni tsakanin Sir Roger Seymour (c.1308 Kafin 1366), wanda ya auri Cicely, babbar 'yar'uwa kuma magajin John de. Beauchamp, Baron Beauchamp na 3 Wannan yana iya kasancewa da alaƙa da Barony na Hatch Beauchamp, Somerset, wanda mahaifinsa Sir John Seymour ya yi a baya. The Seymour descendants recovered the estates, owning them into the 17th century, although the only activity on Steep Holm seems to have been the employment of gull watchers and fishermen. In 1684 the Norton Beauchamp estate (possibly in Kewstoke, Somerset, near Sand Bay, north of Weston-Super-Mare) was sold to Edward Ryder. It appears to have been auctioned by decree of the Court of Chancery 11 years later in 1695, possibly because of difficulties in maintaining sea defenses along the Somerset coast; however, this seems to have been disputed in the light of outstanding mortgages. In 1699 the estates, including Steep Holm, were sold to Philip Freke of Bristol, whose descendants held it for the next 130 years. Freke's granddaughter married into the family of John Willes, who was Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas and Member of Parliament. During their ownership, probably around 1776, a new cottage was built on Steep Holm for fishermen. It was built using stones from the ruined priory. In 1830 the island was sold again, according to some sources this was to a cousin of John Freke Willes named William Willes; however, other sources suggest it was to a solicitor in Weston-super-Mare named John Baker. A cikin 1832 an ba da hayar tsibirin ga Kanar Tynte na Gidan Halswell, wanda ya kafa masauki don masu jirgin ruwa. Iyalin Harris ne ke tafiyar da masaukin, ta hanyar amfani da rum da taba da aka siyo daga jiragen ruwa. Sun yi iƙirarin cewa tsibirin ya kasance a waje da ikon mutanen da aka ba da izini har sai da shari'ar kotu a 1884. Bayan dangin Harris, Mr W. L. Davies, wanda ya ba da kamun kifi, harbi da hutun kwale-kwale. Domin saukakawa tsibirin cikin sauƙi, an gina wani sabon rami kusa da masauki. A cikin 1835 limamin coci John Ashley daga Clevedon ya yi hidima ga jama'ar tsibirin da makwabciyar Flat Holm. Ashley ya ƙirƙiri Ofishin Jakadancin na Bristol don yin hidima ga masu aikin teku a kan jiragen ruwa 400 waɗanda ke amfani da tashar Bristol. Daga baya aikin zai zama Ofishin Jakadancin zuwa Tekun Ruwa, wanda har yanzu yana ba da sabis na hidima ga ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa a cikin tashoshin jiragen ruwa sama da 300. Palmerston Fort Dukansu Steep Holm da Flat Holm an ƙarfafa su a cikin 1860s azaman kariya daga mamayewa. Sun kasance wani ɓangare na layin tsaro, wanda aka sani da Palmerston Forts, wanda aka gina a fadin tashar don kare hanyoyin zuwa Bristol da Cardiff An gina tsibirin ne bayan ziyarar da Sarauniya Victoria da Yarima Albert suka kai Faransa, inda suka damu da karfin sojojin ruwan Faransa. The Royal Commission on Defence of the United Kingdom, a karkashin jagorancin Lord Palmerston, ya ba da shawarar ƙarfafa gaɓar teku, kuma tsibirin ya zama wani ɓangare na wannan tsarin tsaro na bakin teku. An fara ginin a cikin 1865 kuma an kammala shi a cikin 1869 ta John Perry na Weston-super-Mare. Aikin ya hada da samar da hanyar da ke kewaye da tudun dutsen da tulin lemun tsami don kera turmi na lemun tsami don gina bariki da wuraren ajiye bindigogi tare da shagunan harsasai. Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da bindigogin da aka yi amfani da su ana kiran su Summit Battery, Batirin Laboratory, Batirin Lambun da Batirin Kabari. Tare da bariki an sanya su a matsayin Grade II da aka jera gine-gine Wuraren da aka girka sun haɗa da gidan master-gunners, ƙaramin masauki, da tankin ruwa mai ɗauke da na ruwan sama. Tankin ruwa yana ƙarƙashin bariki yana tattara ruwan sama daga rufin sa. Tankin bulo shine tsayi, fadi da mai tsayi tare da rufaffiyar rufi. Makamai sun haɗa da masu ɗaukar makamai masu girman inci 7 goma Mk III yada tsakanin batura shida. Daga baya, an maye gurbinsu da bindigogin RML na Armstrong 6-inch. Wasu daga cikin batir na bindiga an tsara su ne abubuwan tarihi, kuma akwai ragowar rukunin rukunin shingen da aka gina tubali. A cikin 1898 gwajin harbi da HMS Arrogant, wani jirgin ruwa mai <i id="mwAYw">girman kai</i>, a kan batirin Rudder Rock ya nuna cewa tsayayyen bindigogin da aka yi amfani da su a kan Steep Holm da sauran rukunin yanar gizon sun kasance masu saurin kai hari ta jiragen ruwan yaki na zamani, kuma shafin ba ya aiki. An kiyaye ikon soja a tsibirin har zuwa 1908 lokacin da aka ba da hayar James Sleeman da danginsa. A cikin 1927 gwajin farko na RAE Larynx (daga "Long Range Gun tare da injin Lynx") wani jirgin sama mara matuki na farko, wanda za a yi amfani da shi azaman makamin yaƙin jiragen ruwa jagora, ya faru kusa da Steep Holm. Yaƙe-yaƙe na duniya An sabunta waɗannan wurare a yakin duniya na ɗaya da na biyu Daga 1915 zuwa 1919 Admiralty ya bukaci tsibirin a matsayin tashar gadin bakin teku. Bayan yakin, Sleemans sun dawo don gudanar da aikin noma da kamun kifi kuma suna karbar bakuncin masu yawon bude ido lokaci-lokaci. A yakin duniya na biyu, an gina batura masu haske a kan Steep Holm. A cikin 1940 mai kula da tsibirin, Harry Cox, wanda ya haɓaka tsibirin ya zama wuri mai tsarki tun 1931, an nada shi a matsayin mai gadin bakin teku kuma ƴan sa kai na Local Defence daga Weston-super-Mare sun sami goyan bayansu. A cikin 1940 da 1941 sojoji daga Rundunar Sojan Indiya sun yi amfani da alfadarai don jigilar bindigogi da kayan aiki sama da tsaunin dutse. Makamin ya hada da Mark<span about="#mwt365" class="nowrap" data-cx="[{&quot;adapted&quot;:true,&quot;targetExists&quot;:true,&quot;mandatoryTargetParams&quot;:[],&quot;optionalTargetParams&quot;:[]}]" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Spaces&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Spaces&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAak" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span typeof="mw:Entity">&nbsp;</span></span>VII<span about="#mwt366" class="nowrap" data-cx="[{&quot;adapted&quot;:true,&quot;targetExists&quot;:true,&quot;mandatoryTargetParams&quot;:[],&quot;optionalTargetParams&quot;:[]}]" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Spaces&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Spaces&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAao" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span typeof="mw:Entity">&nbsp;</span></span>Bindigogi masu girman inci 6 da aka karbo daga jiragen ruwa na yakin duniya na daya da aka soke, kuma sun hada da bindigogi masu sarrafa kansu na Lewis a kan harin da aka kai ta sama. An gina batirin Lambun sama da na'urori biyu na dutsen Victoria. Injiniyoyin Royal Pioneer Corps sun inganta abubuwan more rayuwa ciki har da shigo da tumaki don ciyar da sojoji da kuma, bayan kamuwa da zazzabin typhoid, jigilar ruwan sha daga kudancin Wales. Don ba da damar motsi na kayan aiki, injiniyoyi sun gina sabon jetty. Wannan an haɗa shi da filin jirgin ƙasa tare da hanyar jirgin ƙasa mai jujjuyawar wutar lantarki da ke aiki da kebul ta hanyar amfani da riga-kafi layukan ma'auni waɗanda aka kama daga hannun Jamusawa a yakin duniya na 1. Hakanan an haɗa batirin Steep Holm, ta hanyar kebul na telegraph na karkashin ruwa, zuwa batir ɗin Brean Down Fort, amma an sace sassan na USB don tarkace bayan karshen yakin duniya na biyu. Bayan yaki A cikin 1953 Steep Holm Trust ta ba da hayar tsibirin da ƙungiyoyi huɗu na gida: Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society, Bristol Naturalists Society, Mid-Somerset Naturalists da Bristol Folk House Archaeological Club. Sun gyara wasu gine-gine tare da kafa shirin ringing na tsuntsaye. A cikin 1974 hayar su ta ƙare kuma Kenneth Allsop Memorial Trust ta karɓe shi, wata ƙungiyar agaji mai rijista da aka kafa don tunawa da mai watsa shirye-shirye kuma masanin halitta Kenneth Allsop The Trust ya sayi tsibirin a cikin 1976. Sanarwar manufa ta Amintacciyar ita ce: "Don karewa, adanawa da haɓaka don amfanin jama'a shimfidar wuri, kayan tarihi, flora, fauna, kyawawan dabi'a da sha'awar kimiyya na tsibirin tsibirin. Steep Holm a cikin gundumar North Somerset da haɓaka ilimin jama'a a cikin ilimin kimiyyar halitta. Ana iya ziyartar tsibirin. Amincewar tana gudanar da tafiye-tafiyen jirgin ruwa na tsawon yini daga Weston-super-Mare. Ana amfani da shinge guda ɗaya don samar da wuraren baƙo. A cikin 1980 an shirya fim ɗin Bollywood na Shaan kuma an yi fim a wani ɓangare a tsibirin. Tsibirin ita ce wurin da aka fi sani da 2018 mai ban tsoro Arcam, na Jason Minick. Manazarta Littafi Mai Tsarki Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Tsibirin Steep Holm da Kenneth Allsop Memorial Trust Bayanan Bayani na Victorian Forts Tsibiri Holm Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

26685

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%27id%20ibn%20Jubayr

Sa'id ibn Jubayr

Sa'id bn Jubayr (665-714) (Larabci: wanda kuma aka fi sani da Abū Muhammad, asalinsa mutumin Kufa ne, a Iraki ta zamani. An dauke shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan ‘yan Tabi’in (d. ca. 712). Malaman addinin Musulunci na Shi’a da Sunna suna girmama Sa’id kuma suna ganinsa a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan malaman fikihu a lokacin. Kuma ya ruwaito hadisi da dama daga Ibn Abbas. Rayuwa A yakin Jamājim a shekara ta 82 bayan hijira (699-701), Ibn al-Ash'ath da mabiyansa, da suka haɗa da 100,000 daga cikin mawali, sun dauki rundunar al-Hajjaj (d. 714), gwamnan Iraqi. larduna a zamanin khalifan Umayyawa al-Walid I. A cikin dakarunsu akwai wata kungiya da aka fi sani da 'Bataliya ta Masu Karatun Alqur'ani' karkashin jagorancin Kumayl bn Ziyad an-Nakha`i tare da Sa'īd bn Jubayr. An yi wa Sa’idu tawaye a kauye, aka tilasta masa ya gudu zuwa wajen Makka. Ya dage yana tafiya Makka da kanta sau biyu a shekara don yin aikin hajji da umrah kuma yana shiga Kufa a asirce don ya taimaka wajen warware matsalolin addini. Tattaunawa tsakanin Ibn Jubayr da al-Hajjaj Daga karshe aka kama Sa’id aka kai shi gaban al-Hajjaj. An karbo daga rubutun tattaunawar tasu kamar haka: Sa'id bn Jubayr ya shiga kan al-Hajjaj, sai ya tambayi sunansa (kuma ya san sunansa sosai): Sa'īd: Sa'īd ibn Jubayr. Al-Hajjaj: A’a, kai Shaqiy ibn Kusayr ne. (al-Hajjaj yana wasa da kalmomi a nan: Sa’id yana nufin farin ciki, Shaqi kuma yana nufin rashin jin daɗi, Jubayr kuma yana nufin wanda ya tsaga ƙasusuwan da suka karye, Kusayr kuma yana nufin wanda ya karye). Sa’īd: Mahaifiyata ta fi sanin lokacin da ta saka mini suna. Al-Hajjaj: Kai (Shakīta) Lallai kai ɓacin rai ne mahaifiyarka.” (Shaqiyat) Sai ya ce masa: “Wallahi zan musanya maka duniyarka da wata wuta mai ƙuna. Sa'īd: Da na san za ka iya, da na ɗauke ka a matsayin Allah. Al-Hajjaj: Ina da zinariya da dukiya. Aka kawo jakunkuna na zinare da azurfa aka baje a gaban Sa'id bn Jubayr domin a gwada shi. Sa’id: Ya Hajjaj, idan ka tara shi don a gani a kuma ji wajen nunawa, kuma ka yi amfani da shi don kautar da wasu daga tafarkin Allah, to Wallahi ba za ta wadatar da kai daga gare shi da komai ba. Yana fadar haka sai ya karkata zuwa alkibla. Al-Hajjaj: Ka ɗauke shi, ka mayar da shi zuwa ga wanin alƙibla. Wallahi Ya Sa’id bn Jubayr, zan kashe ka da wani kisa wanda ban kashe ko daya daga cikin mutane da shi ba. Sa'id: Ya Hajjaj ka zaba wa kanka duk wani kisan da kake so, wallahi ba za ka kashe ni da kisa ba face Allah ya kashe ka da kwatankwacinsa, don haka ka zabi wa kanka duk wani kisan da kake so. Al-Hajjaj: Ka mayar da shi zuwa ga wanin Alqibla. Sa'id: Duk inda kuka juya, to, akwai fuskar Allah. Al-Hajjaj: Ka sanya shi a karkashin kasa. Sa'id: Daga gare ta (ƙasa) Muka halitta ku, kuma a cikinta Muke mayar da ku, kuma daga gare ta Muke fitar da ku a wani lõkaci na dabam. Al-Hajjaj ya wuce gona da iri, ya ba da umarnin a fille kan Sa'id bn Jubayr. Sa’id ya yi shahada a watan Sha’aban, shekara ta 95 bayan hijira (wato Mayu 714) yana da shekaru 49. An ruwaito cewa ba da dadewa ba hayyacinsa ya tashi ya rasu a cikin wata guda. Legacy Ra'ayin Sunna Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, malamin musulunci na Shafi'i na karni na 15 ya rubuta cewa: Imamu Bukhari da Muslim da Tirmizi da Nasa’i da Abu Dawud da Ibn Maja da Imam Ahmad bn Hanbal da Imamu Malik bn Anas sun ruwaito daga gare shi. Sa’id ya ruwaito hadisai 147 a cikin Sahihul Bukhari da 78 a cikin Sahihu Muslim. Ra'ayin Shi'a A cewar Khulasat al-aqwal na Al-Hilli da Rijal al-Kashshi na Muhammad bn Umar al-Kashshi shi musulmin Shi'a ne. Sun yi nuni da cewa, daga cikin da yawa, Sa’id bn Jubayr mabiyi ne kuma sahabi Ali bn Husayn Zainul Abidin, ya goyi bayan tawayen Alid a kan Banu Umayyawa Ahlus Sunna, wanda banu Umayya suka nada Al-Hajjaj bn Yusuf ne suka kashe shi. Abdulmalik bn Marwan ne ya nemi Sa’id ya rubuta littafi dangane da tafsirin Alqur’ani. Ibn al-Nadim ya ambaci tafsirinsa a cikin al-Fihrist a qarqashin tafsirin ‘yan Shi’a, ba tare da ambaton wani tafsirin da yake gabaninsa na wani lokaci ba. Kabarinsa na nan a garin Al-Hay da ke lardin Wasit na kasar Iraki. A kasar Iraki, ranar 25 ga watan Rabi'ul Awwal na kowace shekara, a matsayin ranar shahadar Sa'id bn Jubayr. A wannan rana jama'a ke taruwa a makabartarsa suna girmama ranar. Makabartarsa ita ce wurin tattaki na 'yan Shi'a. Manazarta Littafi Mai Tsarki al-Mufīd, Kitāb al-Irshād, Ansariyan Publications. al-Qarashi, B.S., The Life of Imam Zayn l-'Abidin, Ansariyan Publications, 2000. al-Sayyid, K., Saeed bin Jubayr, Ansariyan Publications, 1996. Jafri,S.H.M., The Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam, Oxford University Press, 2001. Madelung, W., The Succession to Muhammad (A study of the early Caliphate), Cambridge University Press, 1997. Weststeijn. J.K. de Voogt, A.J., "Dreams in Tabari: Husayn, Jubayr, and those in God's favor in the Umayyad period", Le Muséon: Revue d'études orientales 120:225–29, 2007. Weststeijn, Johan, Alex de Voogt, "Sa'id b. Gubayr: piety, chess and rebellion", Arabica, 49/3 (2002):

29232

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamun%20Cutar%20Daji

Alamun Cutar Daji

Alamun ciwon daji shine canje-canje a cikin jiki wanda ke haifar da kasancewar ciwon daji. Yawanci suna faruwa ne sakamakon illar da ciwon daji ke yi a sassan jiki inda yake girma, duk da cewa cutar na iya haifar da wasu alamomi na gaba daya kamar rage kiba ko kasala. Akwai nau'ikan ciwon daji sama da 100 daban-daban tare da alamu da alamu masu yawa waɗanda zasu iya bayyana ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Alamu da Alamomi Ciwon daji rukuni ne na cututtuka da ke tattare da hadakar kwayoyin cuta mara kyau tare da yuwuwar mamayewa ko yadasu zuwa wasu sassan jiki. Ciwon daji na iya zama da wahala a gano shi saboda alamunsa da alamunsa galibi ba takamaimai bane, ma'ana suna iya zama al'amura na gaba daya wadanda ba su nuna kai tsaye ga takamaiman tsarin cutar ba. A cikin magani, alamar wani yanki ne na hadinkai na bayanai wanda za'a iya aunawa ko a iya gani, kamar a cikin zafin jiki mai girma (zazzabi), kurji, ko rauni. Alamar alama, ta bambanta, ita ce kwarewa ta zahiri wanda zai iya nuna cuta, rashin lafiya ko rauni, kamar zafi, dizziness, ko gajiya. Alamu da alamun ba su bambanta da juna ba, misali za a iya lura da yanayin zafin jiki a matsayin alamar ta amfani da ma'aunin zafi da sanyio wanda ke yin rikodin babban karatu. Saboda yawancin alamun cutar kansa suna sannu a hankali a farkon kuma gabadaya a yanayi, gwajin cutar kansa (wanda ake kira sa ido kan kansa) shine babban fifikon lafiyar jama'a. Wannan na iya hadawa da aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, gwaje-gwajen jiki, samfuran nama, ko gwaje-gwajen hoto wanda gungiyar kwararrun ke ba da shawarar a gudanar da su a tsaka-tsakin kayyadaddun adadin jama'a. Bincike na iya gano ciwon daji kafin bayyanar cututtuka su bayyana, ko farkon yanayin cutar. Ana iya kare wasu cututtukan daji da alluran rigakafin kwayoyin cuta da ke haifar da su (misali, rigakafin HPV a matsayin rigakafin kansar mahaifa). Bugu da kari, ilimin hakuri game da alamun damuwa wadanda ke budatar karin kimantawa shine mahimmanci don rage cututtuka da mace-mace daga ciwon daji. Alamun da ke haifar da damuwa mai yawa, alamun da ke ci gaba ko ba a bayyana su ba, da/ko bayyanar alamu da yawa tare musamman suna garantin kimantawa ta kwararrun lafiya. Alamomin Ciwon Daji Da Alamun Ciki Makanikai Ciwon daji na iya haifar da alamu ta daya ko fiye daga cikin hanyoyi masu zuwa: Tasirin taro Rashin hadakar nama, ko kari, na iya damfara tsarin da ke kusa, haifar da ciwo, kumburi ko rushewar aiki. Ba duka ciwon daji ke haifar da ciwace-ciwace ba. Ko da ciwon daji (wadanda ba su daidaita ba, ko bazuwa zuwa wasu kyallen takarda) na iya samun sakamako mai tsanani idan sun bayyana a wurare masu hadari, musamman zuciya ko kwakwalwa. Kananan toshewar hanji sakamakon haɓakar ƙari a cikin tsarin narkewar abinci wani misali ne na sakamakon 'sararin samaniya' sakamakon ciwon daji. Asarar Aiki: Kwayoyin Tumor na iya rage sel na al'ada na iskar oxygen da abubuwan gina jiki, don haka ya rushe aikin wata mahimmanci. Ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwace da yawa suna haifar da sabbin hanyoyin samar da jini wanda ke yin hidima don samar da kari maimakon na yau da kullun, lafiyayyen nama. Ayyukan da ba a saba ba na kwayoyin cutar kansa da rage aikin sel na al'ada a cikin wata gabobin da aka bayar na iya haifar da gazawar gabobin. Haɓaka Samar da Lactate: Tasirin Warburg ya bayyana cewa kwayoyin cutar kansa a gaban iskar oxygen da glucose suna daukar hanyar samar da makamashi daban-daban, suna karkatar da kuzari don samar da kwayoyin halitta don tallafawa hadakar dari. Wannan nau'in kwayar cuta ta musamman na kwayoyin kansa yana bude kofofin don yiwuwar jiyya na kansa ciki har da niyya lactate dehydrogenase da samar da tsaka-tsakin TCA. Paraneoplastic Syndromes Wasu ciwon daji suna samar da hormones "ectopic", musamman lokacin da ciwace-ciwacen daji ke tasowa daga kwayoyin neuroendocrine, suna haifar da rashin daidaituwa iri-iri na endocrin. Misalai sun haɗa da samar da hormones na parathyroid ta hanyar ciwace-ciwacen parathyroid ko serotonin ta hanyar ciwan carcinoid. A cikin waɗannan lokuta, nau'ikan tantanin halitta waɗanda ke samar da wadannan kananan kwayoyin cuta suna yaduwa da mugunta kuma suna rasa yadda suke da martani ga mummunan ra'ayi. Saboda hormones suna aiki a kan kyallen takarda mai nisa daga wurin samarwa, alamun paraneoplastic da alamun bayyanar cututtuka na iya bayyana nesa da ciwon daji na asali. Venous Thromboembolism: Marasa lafiya tare da wasu nau'ikan ciwon daji suna cikin haɗarin ƙumburi na jini saboda wuce gona da iri na abubuwan da ke hada su. Wadannan gudan jini na iya rushe wurare dabam dabam a cikin gida ko kuma su rabu da tafiya zuwa zuciya, huhu, ko kwakwalwa, kuma yana iya zama m. Alamomin daskarewar jini na iya hadawa da zafi, kumburi, dumi da kuma a karshen matakai, rashin karfi, musamman a hannu da ƙafafu. Wasu magungunan ciwon daji na iya ƙara haɓaka wannan hadarin. Effusions: Ciwon daji na iya tayar da motsin ruwa a cikin jiki kuma ya haifar da tarin ruwa na waje. Ciwon nono da huhu, alal misali, yakan haifar da zubar da jini, ko tarin ruwa a cikin rufin huhu. Ciwon daji na ciki, gami da ciwon daji na ovarian da na mahaifa, na iya haifar da tarin ruwa a cikin kogon ciki. Alamomin tuhuma Alamun ciwon daji na iya zama sauye-sauye na musamman ga jin dadin jin dadin jikin mutum (alamomin tsarin mulki), ko kuma na iya kasancewa zuwa wani tsarin gabobin jiki ko yanki na jiki. Alamomin da ke biyo baya na iya zama bayyanar cutar kansa mai tushe. A madadin, za su iya yin nuni ga hanyoyin cututtukan da ba na kansa ba, ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen daji, ko ma kasancewa cikin kewayon ilimin lissafi na al'ada. Suna iya bayyana a farkon wurin ciwon daji ko kuma zama alamun ciwon daji metastasis, ko yaduwa. Ana bukatar karin aiki ta kwararren kiwon lafiya don gano cutar kansa. Alamomin Tsarin Mulki Rage nauyin da ba a bayyana ba: Rage nauyi wanda ba a yi niyya ba kuma ba a bayyana shi ta hanyar abinci ba, motsa jiki ko wasu cututtuka na iya zama alamar gargadi na nau'in ciwon daji da yawa. Ciwon da ba a bayyana ba Ciwon da ke ci gaba, ba shi da wani dalili mai mahimmanci, kuma baya amsa magani yana iya zama alamar gargadi na nau'in ciwon daji da yawa. Gajiya ko gajiya da ba a bayyana ba: kunkarar da ba a sani ba kuma na ci gaba na iya nuna rashin lafiya, ciki har da ciwon daji na jini kamar cutar sankarar bargo ko lymphoma. Zufan dare ko zazzabi da ba a bayyana ba: Wadannan na iya zama alamun cutar kansar tsarin rigakafi. Zazzabi a cikin yara ba kasafai ke nuna rashin lafiya ba, amma yana iya dacewa da kimantawa. Alamomin gida Alamomin Ciwon daji: Aikin Likita Kwararrun kiwon lafiya na iya bin aikin bincike na yau da kullun don tantance alamun cutar kansa. Gwaje-gwajen da aka ba da umarnin za su dogara da nau'in ciwon daji da ake zargi. Wadannan na iya haɗawa da: Basic Metabolic Panel Barium enema Biopsy Duban kashi Burin kasusuwan kasusuwa da biopsy MRI na nono Colonoscopy, Sigmoidoscopy, da/ko Endoscopy Cikakken kididdigan Jinin Jini da/ko Shafar Jini na Wuta Kwamfuta Tomography (CT) Scan Jarrabawar Dubura ta Dijital Electrocardiogram (EKG) da kuma Echocardiogram Gwaje-gwajen Jini na Farko Hoto Resonance Magnetic (MRI) Mammogram MUGA Scan Gwajin Pap Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan Gwajin Alamar Tumor Ultrasound Alamun Jiyya da Na Biyu Jiyya na ciwon daji na iya hadawa da tiyata, chemotherapy, radiation far, hormonal far, niyya far (ciki har da immunotherapy kamar monoclonal antibody far da kuma roba mutuwa, mafi yawanci a matsayin jerin raba jiyya (misali chemotherapy kafin tiyata). Wasu daga cikin waɗannan magungunan ciwon daji na iya haifar da alamun jiyya, ko na biyu, gami da: Ciwo Ciwon daji na iya haifar da ciwon daji ta hanyar ƙwayar cuta da kanta tana damfara sassan da ke kusa, dage jijiyoyi, ko haifar da amsa mai kumburi. Hakanan ana iya haifar dashi ta hanyar hanyoyin kwantar da hankali kamar radiation ko chemotherapy. Tare da ingantaccen kulawa, ana iya kawar da ciwon daji ko kuma sarrafa shi sosai a cikin 80% zuwa 90% na lokuta, amma kusan 50% na masu fama da ciwon daji a cikin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba suna samun ƙasa da kulawa mafi kyau. A duk duniya, kusan kashi 80 cikin 100 na mutanen da ke fama da ciwon daji suna samun ɗan magani kaɗan ko babu. Ciwon daji a cikin yara da kuma mutanen da ke da nakasar hankali kuma an ba da rahoton cewa ba a yi musu magani ba. Kamuwa da cuta Zurfin Jijiya Thrombosis Ciwon huhu Tumor Lysis Syndrome Ciwon tsoka Alamomin da ke bukatar magani na gaggawa sun haɗa da: Zazzabi wanda shine 100.4 °F (38 °C) ko mafi girma Girgizawa yayi Ciwon kirji ko karancin numfashi Rudani Ciwon kai mai tsanani tare da taurin wuya Fitsari mai jini Manazarta Cutar daji Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

5383

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsibirin%20Bamuda

Tsibirin Bamuda

Tsibirin Bamuda Duk da cewa a duniya abubuwan mamaki dake faruwa a cikinsu ba tare da Dan Adam ya fahimci musabbabansu ba, Tsibirin Bamuda (Bermuda Island ko Bermuda Triangle) ne kadai ya fi shahara a bakunan mutane sanadiyyar haka. Wannan shahara ta samo asali ne daga nahiyar Amurka (South America), a hankali labarin ya ci gaba da yaduwa zuwa sauran kasashen duniya. Manyan ababen mamakin da ake ikirarin suna faruwa a muhallin tekun da wannan tsibiri yake sun hada da bacewar jiragen sama masu dauke da fasinjoji dan kasuwa ko na soji da jiragen ruwa manya da kanana da na shawagi. Idan suka bace a galibin lokuta, ba a ganin buraguzan jirgin balle a kaddamar da bincike kan dalilan da suka haddasa faruwar hadarin. Wannan al’amaran ababen al’ajabi ne. A cewar masu bayar da labarai, bai tsaya a bacewar jirage ba tare da ganin buraguzansu kadai ba, har da wasu labarai masu ruda kwakwalwa kan irin yanayin da tekun ke kasancewa na launi da kuma sulmuya a wasu lokutan, ko kuma wasu irin dabi’u da ake ikirarin gira-gizan da ke saman teku ke shiga, a yayin aukuwar hadarurrukan da suka fara faruwa shekaru kusan dari biyu da suka gabata. Ire-iren wadannan labarai sun samo asali ne daga irin jawaban da masu lura da na’urar filin saukan jiragen sama da ke tsibirin ke bayarwa. Ko wadanda ake tarawa wajen binciken da hukumomin gwamnatin Amurka da ke lura da ire-iren wadannan hadarurruka ke yi. Da wannan, marubuta suka sa wa wannan muhalli suna: The Bermuda Triangle (Kusurwar Bamuda), ko kuma The Devil’s Triangle (Kusurwar Shedan). A halin yanzu da dama cikin wadanda suka taba jin labarin wannan bigire na Bamuda, sun yarda cewa wani wuri ne mai cike da almara, kamar yadda galibin turawa masu bincike suka fada. Da kuma cewa babu wanda ya san abin da ke haddasa wannan al’amari, sai Allah (ga wadanda suka yarda da Allah kenan), ko kuma dabi’a ta shu’umcin wurin. Wasu suka ce aljanu ne a wurin. Wasu suka ce akwai wasu halittu ne na musamman da a harshen Turanci ake kira Aliens, masu haddasa hakan. Wasu suka ce a'a, irin yanayin wurin ne kawai. Da dai sauran ra’ayoyi masu kama da haka. Shin, meye gaskiyar wadannan zantuttuka da ake ta yi kan wannan tsibiri? Wani irin bincike aka yi wajen gano hakan? Jiragen ruwa da na sama guda nawa suka bace a wannan mahalli? Rayuka nawa suka salwanta? Wa da wa suka yi rubuce- rubuce kan haka cikin Malam Kimiya da masu sha’awar rubutu kan al’amuran mamaki a duniya? Meye ra’ayin nazarin da Malaman Kimiyya suka yi kan dalilin faruwar wadannan abubuwan mamaki? Shin, wai ma tukun, a duniya akwai wasu wurare ne masu irin wannan dabi’a, ko dai tsibirin Bamuda ne kadai? In eh akwai, to me ya sa na tsibirin Bamuda ya sha bamban, ya shahara fiye da sauran a duniya? Wadannan, da ma wasu tambayoyi, za mu samu amsoshinsu cikin makonni masu zuwa in Allah Ya yarda. A Ina Tsibirin Yake? Kafin mu yi nisa, asalin tsibirin Bamuda, watau Bermuda Islands, yana gab da tsakiyar tekun Atlantika ne, Arewa da Jihar Fulorida da ke Amurka. Kuma duk da cewa ana danganta wannan wuri ko kusurwa da tsibirin Bamuda, sai dai ba a wannan tsibiri kadai wannan kusurwa yake ba. Kusurwar Bamuda wani wuri ne da ya hada manyan gabar tekunan kasashe guda uku da ke nahiyar Arewaci da kuma kudancin Amurka. Kusurwar farko ta faro ne daga gabar Fulorida ta kasar Amurka, ta zarce zuwa gabar babban tsibirin Puerto Rico da ke yamma maso- kudu da gabar Fulorida. Daga tsibirin Puerto Rico kuma kusurwar ta cilla Arewa, inda ta tike a gabar tsibirin Bamuda da ke kusa da tsakiyar tekun Atlantika. Wannan wuri ko mahalllin teku da ke tsakanin wadannan gabobi guda uku, shi ake kira The Bermuda Triangle, ko The Debil’s Triangle. An danganta wannan kusurwa da tsibirin Bamuda ne saboda a nan ya tike, kuma galibin ababen hawa kamar su jiragen sama da na ruwa wadanda ake amfani da su wajen kasuwanci da shawagi da atisayen soji a wannan nahiya, duk a can suke tikewa kafin su komo inda suka taso. Ko kuma daga can suke wucewa zuwa wasu nahiyoyin, irin su Turai da Arewacin Amurka da kasashen Asiya. Wannan kusurwa ta Bamuda ita ce bigiren da jiragen sama da na ruwa ke shawagi fiye da kowane wuri a duniya. An kiyasta cewa akalla akan samu sawun jiragen sama daga wannan nahiya zuwa kasashen turai da sauran nahiyoyi, sama da dubu hamsin a shekara. Bayan haka, akwai jiragen ruwa da na kasuwanci da na shawagi ko yawon bude ido, da kuma jiragen saman atisayen soji da Hukumar Sojin Amurka ke turawa suna shawagi, watau kai-komo don yin atisaye. Har wa yau akwai masu shawagi da kananan kwale-kwalen shakatawa wadanda a harshen turanci ake kira Pleasure Boats, da kuma jiragen ruwan tsere da ake kira Yatchers. Bayan haka, akwai filayen saukan jiragen sama a dukkan kusurwoyin nan uku, tare da tashar jiragen ruwa masu karban manya da kananan jiragen da ke shawagi a wannan wuri. Sannan kuma sai miliyoyin masu zuwa yawon bude ido daga sauran kasashen duniya, musamman ma Amurka da Turai. A takaice dai, wannan wuri rayayyen wuri ne da sawun jirgin ruwa da na sama da na masu ziyara ba su daukewa; daga shekara zuwa shekara. Zai dace mai karatu ya rike wannan karatu kan yawan zirga-zirgar da ake yi a wannan wuri, domin zai taimaka masa wajen karba ko rashin karbar dalilan da wasu marubuta suka bayar wajen yanke hukuncinsu na karshe. Yaushe Abin Ya Fara? Wannan kusurwa da ake wa take da “Kusurwar Shedan” ko Debil’s Triangle ya fara cin jiragen sama da na ruwa ne shekaru kusan dari biyu da suka gabata, duk da cewa ba a fara fahimtar hakan ba sai wajen shekaru casa’in zuwa dari da suka wuce. Daga nan ne aka fara danganta hadarurrukan da suka gabata da wannan yanayi mai ban mamaki. Kamar yadda bayanai suka gabata, wannan kusurwa ta Bamuda ta yi kaurin suna ne wajen hadararruka masu ban mamaki, inda bayan hadarin ake rasa abin da ya haddasa shi, ko kuma a ma kasa samun buraguzai ko gawawwakin wadanda suka rasa rayukansu da ma na jirgin gaba daya. A wasu lokuta a kan samu sakon neman agaji daga direbobin jiragen sama cewa suna ganin wasu abubuwa masu ban tsoro ko firgitarwa. Kafin a mayar da jawabin ceto garesu, sai kawai a nemi hanyar sadarwa a rasa. Wani kuma zai bugo ne cewa ba ya ganin gabansa, bayan kuma a na’urar lura da yanayin sararin samaniya babu wata matsala da na’urar ke hangowa: babu yanayin hazo mai firgitarwa, babu ruwan sama, babu alamar mahaukaciyar guguwa mai yi wa jiragen ruwa dibar karan mahaukaciya, amma sai kawai a ji hanyar sadarwar ta yanke. Mafi shahara daga cikin abubuwan mamaki da suka faru a wannan kusurwa shi ne hadarin tawagan jiragen kai hari da darkake abokan gaba na kasar Amurka masu suna Flight 19, wadanda hukumar sojin sama na kasar Amurka ta aika don yin shawagi a wannan kusurwa cikin shekarar 1945. Duk da cewa ana lura da tafiyar wannan tawaga na jirage ta hanyar na’ura hangen nesa sadda suka baro cikin kasar Amurka, sai dai cikin lokaci guda kawai sai aka neme su aka rasa. Da aka nemi sadarwa da shugaban tawagar, sai ya ce: “A yanzu muna shiga wani irin farin ruwa ne...al’amura sun fara lalacewa. Bamu san inda muke ba a halin yanzu...ruwan kore ne...a a, fari ne!”, sai sadarwa ta yanke a tsakanin masu lura da na’urar da wannan shugaban tawaga. Bayan faruwar wannan lamari, an yi ta bincike cikin teku ba a samu buraguzan wadannan jirage ba balle wadanda suke ciki. Babu wanda ke da wani bayani gamsasshe kan abin da ya haddasa wannan hadari har zuwa yau, balle bayani kan hakikanin wurin da abin ya auku. A lokacin da aka tura wata tawaga ta manema jirage, da suka isa wurin da na’urar ta sanar da faduwarsu, babu abin da aka gani a wurin. Daga nan aka ci gaba da samun ire-iren wadannan hadarurruka masu ban mamaki da al’ajabi. Wasu a kan samu bayanai kan batansu, bayan tsawon lokaci; wasu kuma ko alama ba a samu, sai dai kawai a hakura,bamuda dai takasance waje ne dake tsakiyan ruwa wanda malamai da dama suka bayyana banda ubangiji bawanda yasan menene yake cikin tsibirin bamuda dai malamai sunce kaman malam muhammad Auwal Adam wanda akafi sani da albani yace banda al-arshin allah madaukakakin sarki babu wani waje ko kuma wani masarauta da tafi tafkin tekun bamuda tsaro a duniya gaba daya.

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsafa%20Na%20shari%27a

Falsafa Na shari'a

Falsafa na shari'a wani reshe ne na falsafar da ke nazarin yanayin doka da dangantakar doka da sauran tsarin ka'idoji, musamman ɗabi'a da falsafar siyasa Yana yin tambayoyi kamar "Mene ne doka?" "Mene ne ma'auni na ingancin shari'a?", da "Menene alakar doka da ɗabi'a Ana amfani da falsafar doka da fikihu sau da yawa tare, kodayake fikihu wani lokaci ya ƙunshi nau'ikan tunani waɗanda suka dace da ilimin tattalin arziki ko zamantakewa Falsafar shari'a za a iya karkasu zuwa ga fikihu na nazari da fikihu na al'ada. Ilimin fikihu na nufin ayyana mene ne doka da abin da ba ita ba ta hanyar gano mahimman abubuwan doka. Sannan kuma Ilimin shari'a na al'ada yana bincika duka ƙa'idodin da ba na shari'a ba waɗanda ke tsara doka da ƙa'idodin shari'a waɗanda doka ta haifar kuma suna jagorantar aikin ɗan adam. Fikihun nazari Ƙididdigar fikihu na neman samar da cikakken bayani game da yanayin doka ta hanyar kayan aikin bincike na ra'ayi Asusu na gabaɗaya ne a ma'anar niyya ga fasalulluka na shari'a na duniya waɗanda ke riƙe a kowane lokaci da wurare. Ganin cewa lauyoyi suna da sha'awar abin da doka ta ke kan wani lamari na musamman a wani yanki na musamman, masana falsafa na sha'awar gano fasalin dokar da aka raba a cikin al'adu, lokuta, da wurare. A dunkule, waɗannan abubuwan tushe na doka suna ba da nau'in ma'anar falsafar duniya. Tsarin gaba ɗaya yana bawa masana falsafa damar yin tambayoyi game da, alal misali, abin da ya raba doka da ɗabi'a, siyasa, ko dalili mai amfani. Sau da yawa, masana a fannin suna kyautata zaton cewa doka tana da sifofi na musamman da suka raba ta da sauran al’amura, ko da yake ba duka suke da ra’ayi iri ɗaya ba. Yayin da a al'ada filin ya mayar da hankali kan bayar da lissafin yanayin doka, wasu malaman sun fara nazarin yanayin yankunan da ke cikin doka, misali dokar azabtarwa, dokar kwangila, ko dokar laifuka. Wadannan malamai suna mayar da hankali kan abin da ya sa wasu sassa na doka suka bambanta da yadda wani yanki ya bambanta da wani. Wani yanki na bincike na musamman shine banbance tsakanin dokar azabtarwa da dokar laifuka, kuma wanda gabaɗaya ya shafi bambanci tsakanin dokar farar hula da na laifuka. Mazhabobi da dama sun taso a kan yanayin shari'a, wadanda suka fi tasiri su ne: Ka'idar shari'a ta dabi'a, wanda ke tabbatar da cewa doka ta kasance a cikin yanayi kuma tana da halin kirki, aƙalla a wani ɓangare. A kan wannan ra'ayi, yayin da 'yan majalisa za su iya kafawa har ma da samun nasarar aiwatar da dokokin lalata, irin waɗannan dokokin ba su da inganci. Ra'ayi yana kama da maxim: doka ta rashin adalci ba doka ta gaskiya ba ce, inda 'zalunci' na nufin 'saɓani da ka'idar halitta.' Ka'idar ka'idar dabi'a ta samo asali ne a cikin falsafar Thomas Aquinas .to A ƙarshen karni na 20, John Finnis ya farfado da sha'awar ka'idar kuma ya ba da sake fasalin zamani. Legal positivism, wanda shine ra'ayi cewa doka ta dogara da farko akan abubuwan zamantakewa. A al'adance an haɗa ƙwaƙƙwaran shari'a tare da koyaswar koyarwa guda uku: ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodi, ƙayyadaddun rabewa, da ƙa'idar hankali. Ƙididdigar ƙa'idar ta ce hanyar da ta dace don sanin ko umarni doka ce ita ce duba tushen umarnin. Ƙididdigar ta yi iƙirarin cewa gaskiyar cewa jami'in da ya dace ya bayar da umarnin a cikin halaltacciyar gwamnati, alal misali, shine ke ƙayyade ingancin umarnin na shari'a-ba cancantar ɗabi'a ko aiki na umarnin ba. Ƙididdigar rabuwa ta bayyana cewa doka ta bambanta da ɗabi'a. Duk da yake doka na iya ƙunsar ɗabi'a, ƙayyadaddun rabe-raben ya ce "ba lallai ba ne gaskiya ce da dokoki ke sake haifarwa ko kuma gamsar da wasu buƙatun ɗabi'a, kodayake sun sha yin haka." Masu ra'ayin shari'a ba su yarda ba game da iyakar rubutun rabuwa. Keɓaɓɓen masu fa'ida na shari'a, musamman Joseph Raz, sun wuce ma'auni na ƙididdiga kuma sun musanta cewa yana yiwuwa ɗabi'a ta zama wani ɓangare na doka kwata-kwata. Ƙididdigar hankali ta bayyana cewa alkalai suna ƙirƙirar sabuwar doka lokacin da aka ba su hankali don yanke hukunci a kan shari'o'in inda dokar da ta kasance ta kasa tantance sakamakon. Wanda ya fara ba da goyon bayan shari'a shine John Austin wanda rubutun Jeremy Bentham ya rinjaye shi a farkon karni na 19. Austin ya yi imanin cewa dokar ita ce umarnin sarki mai goyon bayan barazanar azabtarwa. Kyakkyawar shari'a ta zamani ta daɗe ta watsar da wannan ra'ayi. A cikin karni na ashirin, masu ra'ayi guda biyu suna da tasiri sosai a filin: Hans Kelsen da HLA Hart Kelsen ya fi tasiri ga ra'ayinsa na Grundnorm ƙa'ida ta ƙarshe kuma ta asali, wanda wasu masana, musamman a Turai, suka yarda da su a yau. A cikin duniyar Anglophone, Hart ya kasance malami mafi tasiri. Hart ya yi watsi da da'awar farko na cewa takunkumi yana da mahimmanci ga doka kuma a maimakon haka ya bayar da hujjar cewa doka ta dogara ne akan ka'ida. A cewar Hart, doka wani tsari ne na ka'idoji na farko da ke jagorantar tafiyar da batutuwan doka, da kuma ka'idoji na biyu waɗanda ke tsara yadda za'a canza ƙa'idodin farko, tantancewa da yanke hukunci. Ka'idar Hart, ko da yake ana sha'awar ta, ta haifar da muhawara mai karfi tsakanin masana falsafa na karni na ashirin da suka hada da Ronald Dworkin, John Rawls, Joseph Raz, da John Finnis. Haƙiƙanin shari'a, wanda ke tabbatar da cewa doka ta samo asali ne daga yanke shawara da kotuna, tilasta bin doka, da lauyoyi suka yi, waɗanda galibi ana yanke hukunci akan sabani ko dalilai na sabani. Bisa ga gaskiyar shari'a, doka ba tsarin hankali ba ne na ka'idoji da ka'idoji. Haƙiƙanin shari'a yana da mahimmanci ga ra'ayin cewa doka tana da yanayin da za'a iya yin nazari a cikin ƙayyadaddun bayanai. Madadin haka, masu sahihancin shari'a suna ba da shawarar wata hanya ta ƙwaƙƙwaran fikihu da aka kafa a cikin ilimin zamantakewa da ainihin aikin doka a duniya. Don haka, sau da yawa ana danganta gaskiyar shari'a da ilimin zamantakewa na doka A cikin Amurka, gaskiyar shari'a ta sami shahara sosai a ƙarshen karni na 19 tare da Oliver Wendell Holmes da John Chipman Gray Gaskiyar doka ta zama tasiri a cikin Scandinavia a cikin karni na 20 tare da Axel Hägerström Tafsirin shari'a, wanda ya musanta cewa doka ta samo asali ne saboda doka dole ne ta dogara da fassarar ɗan adam wanda ke jagorantar ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a na al'ummomi. Ganin cewa alkalai suna da ikon yanke hukunci ta hanyar fiye da ɗaya, fassarar shari'a ta ce alkalai suna yanke hukunci bisa ga dabi'un da suka dace ta hanyar da ta fi dacewa da kiyaye ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a, hujjojin hukumomi, da ayyukan zamantakewa na al'ummomin da suke cikin su. Ya yi daidai da tafsirin shari’a wanda ba zai iya sanin ko al’umma tana da tsarin shari’a da ake aiki da su ba, ko kuma mene ne daga cikin dokokinta, har sai an san wasu haqiqanin gaskiya na kyawawan halaye game da dalilan da suka shafi ayyuka a cikin wannan al’umma. Sabanin yadda shari’a ta tabbata ko haqiqanin shari’a, mai yiyuwa ne mai tafsirin shari’a ya yi iƙirarin cewa babu wani a cikin al’umma da ya san mene ne dokokinta (saboda babu wanda zai iya sanin mafi kyawun hujjar ayyukanta. Tafsirin shari'a ya samo asali ne daga Ronald Dworkin a ƙarshen karni na 20 a cikin littafinsa na Daular Shari'a A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, muhawara game da yanayin shari'a ya zama mafi kyau. Muhawara ɗaya mai mahimmanci ta wanzu a cikin kyakkyawan yanayin shari'a game da rabuwar doka da ɗabi'a. Keɓaɓɓen masu fa'ida na shari'a suna da'awar cewa ingancin doka na ƙa'ida ba zai taɓa dogaro da daidaitaccen ɗabi'arsa ba. Masu fafutukar tabbatar da doka da suka hada da sun yi iƙirarin cewa la'akari da ɗabi'a na iya ƙayyadad da ingancin doka ta ƙa'ida, amma ba lallai ba ne haka lamarin yake. Positivism ya fara a matsayin ka'idar haɗawa; to amma Kuma ƙwararrun masu fafutukar tabbatar da doka, gami da Joseph Raz, John Gardner, da Leslie Green, daga baya sun yi watsi da ra'ayin. Muhawara ta biyu mai mahimmanci, wacce galibi ake kira Muhawarar Hart-Dworkin ta shafi yaƙi tsakanin manyan makarantu biyu a ƙarshen 20th da farkon karni na 21st, fassarar shari'a da tabbataccen doka. Fikihu na al'ada Baya ga fikihu na nazari, falsafar shari'a kuma ta shafi ka'idodin doka. "Hukunce-hukuncen shari'a na al'ada sun haɗa da na al'ada, kimantawa, da kuma wasu abubuwan da aka rubuta game da doka." Misali, Menene manufa ko manufar doka? Waɗanne dabaru na ɗabi'a ko na siyasa ne ke ba da tushe ga doka? Hanyoyi guda uku (3) sun yi tasiri a falsafar ɗabi'a da ta siyasa ta wannan zamani, kuma waɗannan hanyoyin suna nunawa a cikin ka'idodin doka: Utilitarianism shine ra'ayin cewa ya kamata a tsara dokoki don samar da sakamako mafi kyau. A tarihi, tunanin mai amfani game da doka yana da alaƙa da masanin falsafa Jeremy Bentham Sannan A cikin ka'idar shari'a ta zamani, ƙwararrun masana waɗanda ke aiki a cikin doka da al'adar tattalin arziƙi suna yin nasara akai-akai akan tsarin amfani. Deontology shine ra'ayi cewa ya kamata dokoki su nuna nauyin da ke wuyanmu na kiyaye 'yancin kai da haƙƙin wasu. A tarihi, tunanin deontological game da doka yana da alaƙa da Immanuel Kant, wanda ya ƙirƙira ɗaya fitacciyar ka'idar deontological na doka. Ana iya samun wata hanyar deontological a cikin aikin masanin falsafa na zamani Ronald Dworkin Ka'idodin ɗabi'a na Aretaic kamar ɗabi'un kyawawan halaye na zamani sun jaddada matsayin ɗabi'a a cikin ɗabi'a. Shari'a ta gaskiya ita ce ra'ayin cewa ya kamata dokoki su inganta haɓaka halayen kirki ta 'yan ƙasa. A tarihi, wannan hanyar tana da alaƙa da Aristotle Fikihun kyawawan dabi'u na zamani ya samo asali ne daga aikin falsafa a kan kyawawan dabi'u su. Akwai wasu hanyoyin da yawa na al'ada ga falsafar doka, gami da nazarin shari'a mai mahimmanci da ka'idodin 'yanci na doka Hanyoyi na falsafa don matsalolin shari'a Masana falsafa na shari'a sun damu da matsalolin falsafa iri-iri da suka taso musamman batutuwa na shari'a, kamar dokar tsarin mulki, Dokar Kwangila, Dokar Laifuka, da Dokar Ta'addanci. Don haka, falsafar doka tana magana game da batutuwa daban-daban kamar ka'idodin dokar kwangila, ra'ayoyin hukunci mai laifi, ka'idodin azabtarwa, da tambayar ko nazarin shari'a ya dace Akai. Fitattun malaman falsafa na doka Duba wasu abubuwan Manazarta Ci gaba da karatu Thomas Aquinas, Summa Contra Al'ummai bugu da yawa). Hadley Arkes, Abubuwan Farko (Princeton, New Jersey: Jami'ar Princeton Press, 1986). Ronald Dworkin, Ɗaukar Haƙƙin Mahimmanci (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Jami'ar Harvard Press, 1977). Ronald Dworkin, Matsalolin Ka'ida (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Jami'ar Harvard Press, 1986). Ronald Dworkin, Daular Shari'a (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Jami'ar Harvard Press, 1986). Ronald Dworkin, Dokar 'Yanci: Karatun halin kirki na Tsarin Mulki na Amurka (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Jami'ar Harvard Press, 1997). Lon L. Fuller, Halin Doka (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1965). John Chipman Gray, Yanayin da Tushen Doka (Peter Smith, 1972, sake bugawa). HLA Hart, The Concept of Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1961). HLA Hart, Hukunci da Nauyi (Oxford: Jami'ar Oxford Press, 1968). Sterling Harwood, Ayyukan Shari'a: Ƙarfafa Tsaro (London: Austin Winfield Publishers, 1996). Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Falsafa na Dama (Jami'ar Oxford 1967) Ian Farrell Morten Ebbe Juul Nielsen, Falsafar Shari'a: Tambayoyi 5, New York: Latsa Kai tsaye, Afrilu 2007 Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., The Common Law (Dover, 1991, sake bugawa). Immanuel Kant, Metaphysics of Morals (Rukunan Dama) (Jami'ar Cambridge Press 2000, sake bugawa). Hans Kelsen, Pure Theory of Law (Lawbook Exchange Ltd., 2005, sake bugawa). Catharine MacKinnon, Zuwa Ka'idar Mata ta Jiha. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989). Duncan Kennedy, A Critique of Adjudication (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1998). David Lyons, Da'a Dokokin Doka (Cambridge: Jami'ar Cambridge University Press, 1984). David Lyons, Halin halin kirki na Ka'idar Shari'a (Cambridge: Jami'ar Jami'ar Cambridge, 1993). Neil MacCormick, Hukuncin Shari'a da Ka'idar Shari'a (Oxford: Jami'ar Oxford Press, 1979). Joseph Raz, The Authority of Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983, sake bugawa). Robert S. Summers, Instrumentalism da Ka'idar Shari'a ta Amurka (Ithaca, NY: Jami'ar Cornell Press, 1982). Robert S. Summers, Lon Fuller (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1984). Roberto Mangabeira Unger, The Critical Legal Studies Movement (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1986). Jeffrie G. Murphy da Jules L. Coleman, Falsafar Doka: Gabatarwa ga Shari'a (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1989). Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Intanet Encyclopedia na Falsafa: Falsafa na Doka Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filin%20jirgin%20saman%20N%E1%BB%99i%20B%C3%A0i

Filin jirgin saman Nội Bài

Filin jirgin saman Nội Bài (Vietnamese a Hanoi, babban birnin Vietnam, shine filin jirgin sama mafi girma a kasar Vietnam dangane da jimlar iya aiki.Hakanan shine filin jirgin sama mafi girma a cikin ƙasar don jigilar kayayyaki, kuma filin jirgin sama na biyu mafi cunkoson jama'a don zirga -zirgar fasinjoji, bayan Filin Jirgin Sama na Tan Son Nhat. A halin yanzu Nội Bài, shine babban filin jirgin sama da ke hidimar Hanoi, ya maye gurbin rawar filin jirgin saman Gia Lam. Filin jirgin saman ya ƙunshi tashoshin fasinjoji guda biyu. Terminal 1, yana hidimar jiragen sama na cikin gida (Domestic Flight). Sai kuma Terminal 2, (wanda aka ƙaddamar a ranar 4 ga watan Janairun 2015) yana hidimar duk jiragen sama na duniya (International). Filin jirgin saman a halin yanzu shine babban cibiyar jigilar tutar Vietnam Airlines, da masu ɗaukar kasafin kuɗi Bamboo Airways, Pacific Airlines da Vietjet Air. Filin jirgin yana cikin Phu Minh Commune a gundumar Sóc Sơn, kimanin kilomita 35 (mil 21) arewa maso gabas na tsakiyar Hanoi, ta hanyar sabon gadar Nhật Tân (wanda kuma aka ƙaddamar a ranar 4 ga watan Janairun 2015). Hakanan ana iya isa gare shi ta hanyar National Road 3, wacce ta haɗa ta da gabashin unguwar Hanoi. Filin jirgin saman yana kusa da wasu biranen Hanoi na tauraron dan adam kamar Vĩnh Yên, Bắc Ninh da Thái Nguyên Filin jirgin saman yayi jigilar fasinjoji miliyan 13 a shekarar 2013, duk da yana da karfin miliyan 9 a lokacin. Sabuwar tashar ta kasa da kasa, wadda keda jirgin kasuwanci na farko a ranar 25 ga watan Disamban 2014, kuma ta fara aiki cikakke a ranar 31 ga Disamba shekara ta 2014, ta kara yawan karfin tashar jirgin zuwa fasinjoji miliyan 20 a kowace shekara. A cikin shekara ta 2018, filin jirgin saman yayi wa fasinjoji miliyan ashirin da takwas 28 aiki. Kuma Lambar IATA ta filin jirgin sama,HAN, ta samo asali ne daga sunan garin na yanzu Hanoi. Daga cikin hanyoyin da filin jirgin sama ke bayarwa,hanyar Hanoi-Ho Chi Minh City ita ce mafi cunkoson jama'a a kudu maso gabashin Asiya kuma ta shida mafi cunkoson jama'a a duniya, inda take hidimar abokan ciniki 6,867,114 a shekara ta 2018. Tarihi An haɓbaka filin jirgin saman nan da nan kudu da Phúc Yên Air Base kuma an buɗe shi a ranar 2 ga watan Janairun 1978. An kammala ginin tashar ta daya 1 kuma ta fara aiki a shekara ta 2001. A cikin shekara ta 2005, Tiger Airways, ya fara zirga-zirgar jiragen sama sau uku tsakanin Hanoi da Singapore, bayan ƙaddamar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama kai tsaye tsakanin Hồ Chí Minh City da Singapore ya zama jirgin farko na kasafin kuɗi da zai fara aiki a Vietnam. Daga baya kamfanin AirAsia mai rahusa ya hada shi lokacin da suka fara zirga-zirgar jiragen sama kai tsaye tsakanin Hanoi da Bangkok da Kuala Lumpur An buɗe titin jirgin sama na biyu (1B 11R/29L) a cikin shekara ta 2006 kuma shekara 1 bayan haka, filin jirgin saman ya karɓi Airbus A380 a karon farko, koda yake ba'a gudanar da ayyukan A380 da aka shirya daga tashar jirgin ba. A shekara ta 2013, ya ga farkon isowar Cargolux Boeing 747-8F. A cikin 2014 filin jirgin ya karɓi sabis na farko da aka tsara tare da sabon ƙarni na jirgin sama na kasuwanci lokacin da All Nippon Airways suka fara amfani da Boeing 787-8 akan sabis tsakanin Tokyo-Haneda kuma daga baya a wannan shekarar tashar jirgin ta sami ziyarar farko ta Airbus A350 XWB. ta Airbus a lokacin Yawon shakatawa na Duniya. A cikin 2015, Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na Vietnam ya fara aiki da Airbus A350 XWB don tashin jiragen cikin gida na kasuwanci. Filin jirgin ya kasance tashar SkyTeam tun tsakiyar 2010, bayan da kamfanin jirgin saman Vietnam ya shiga hanyar sadarwa a waccan shekarar. Tashoshi da wurare A hekta 650, Noi Bai shine filin jirgin sama na biyu mafi girma a Vietnam, bayan filin hectare 800 na Tan Son Nhat International Airport. Terminal 1, wanda aka kammala a 2001, yana da babban sashi na jiragen sama na duniya tare da sabon ƙaramin tashar (wanda ake kira Lobby E) don jiragen cikin gida (Domestic Flight), wanda aka kammala a ƙarshen 2013. Tare da haɓakawa, tashar 1 tana da ikon sarrafa fasinjoji miliyan 9 a kowace shekara. Bayan kaddamar da Terminal 2 a watan Janairun 2015, Terminal 1 ana amfani da itane kawai don zirga-zirgar cikin gida. A halin yanzu ana haɓaka tashar don kula da fasinjoji miliyan 15 kowace shekara bayan kammalawa a cikin Maris, 2018. Ginin sabon tashar (Terminal 2) kusa da wanda ake da shi wanda ke da ikon tsara fasinjoji miliyan 10 a kowace shekara ya fara a watan Maris na 2012. Farashin 996 M dogon sabon tashar jirgin sama, wanda Hukumar Hadin gwiwar Kasa da Kasa ta kasar Japan ta bada rancen ODA wanda masu ba da shawara na tashar jirgin saman Japan suka tsara kuma Kamfanin Taisei ne ya gina shi. Jimlar jarin da aka kashe don aikin ya kai billion 75.5 biliyan (dalar Amurka miliyan 645.35). Taimakon ci gaban da Japan ta bayar a hukumance ya kai Dala billion 59 na Amurka (dala miliyan 504.27) na jarin, yayin da sauran kudaden suka rufe da kudaden gida. An kaddamar da sabuwar tashar ta kasa da kasa a ranar 4 ga Janairun 2015 tare da sabuwar hanyar mota da ta hada tashar jirgin sama zuwa cikin garin Hanoi ta gadar Nhật Tân Filin jirgin yana da titin jirgin mai nisan mita 3,800 (CAT II-11R/29L) wanda aka buɗe a watan Agustan 2006, da kuma tsohon titin mai mita 3,200 (CAT I-11L/29R). An rufe tsohuwar hanyar jirgin sama don haɓakawa na tsawon watanni 4 daga watan Agusta zuwa Disamban 2014. Nisa tsakanin hanyoyin jirgin sama guda biyu mita 250 ne kacal, don haka a halin yanzu filin jirgin saman ya taƙaita iyakar fasinja daidai da ƙa'idojin aminci na Ƙungiyar Kula da Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Duniya. Kyaututtuka Bayan kaddamar da sabuwar tashar ta kasa da kasa, filin jirgin saman Noi Bai ya karbi lambar yabo, ta mafi kyawun filin jirgin sama na duniya daga Skytrax Aikin ginin sabuwar tashar jirgin kasa ta Noi Bai kuma ya samu lambar yabo ta Shugaban JICA na 2015. Wucewa Gabaɗaya mutum na iya yin jigilar ƙasa da ƙasa ta tashar jirgin sama ba tare da biza ba muddin mutum baya buƙatar barin yankin tsaro. Akwai ikon ɗaukar fasfunan jirgi a cikin yankin tsaro ciki har da na wasu ƙananan kamfanonin jiragen sama kamar VietJet. Jiragen sama da wurare Fasinja Kaya Jirgin ƙasa An tsara layin gaba na 6 na Hanoi Metro zuwa filin jirgin sama. Ƙididdiga Gallery Duba kuma Da Nang International Airport Filin Jirgin Sama na Tan Son Nhat Jerin filayen jirgin sama a Vietnam Phu Quoc International Airport Nassoshi Hanyoyin waje Airport information for VVNB Sabis ɗin Canja Filin Jirgin Sama na Noi Bai Pages with unreviewed

20799

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibo%20Bakary

Djibo Bakary

Djibo Bakary wanda aka haifeshi a shekarar 1922, ya rasu a ranar 16 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 1998 a Niamey ɗan siyasan Nijar (ƙasa) ne mai ra'ayin gurguzu, muhimmin mutum ne a cikin gwagwarmayar neman 'yanci a Nijar. Ya kasance daya daga cikin jagororin babbar jam'iyar Afirka ta RDA. Ya kasance kwararren dan siyasa, dan jarida da kuma dan gwagwarmaya a cikin tarihin Nijar da kuma ta Afirka ta yamma (bangaren kasashen mulkin mallakar Faransa). Ya kasance mai tsatsauran ra'ayi akan Mulkin mallakar Farsansa a Afirka inda ya nuna rashi gowon bayansa da zaman Nijar a matsayin wata karamar hukumar Faransa. Ya shugabanci Jam'iyar Sawaba wadda aka yiwa ma makalkashiya tare da durkusar da ita. Ya kasance magajin garin birnin yamai na farko a tarihin kasar Nijar. Tarihin Rayuwa An Haifi Djibo Bakary a Soudouré, wani kauye da ke kilometa 12 daga Niamey a shekarar 1922. Mahaifinshi shine maigarin Soudouré a wannan lokacin. Yan da shakara 7 aka bada shi riko ga kawunshi wanda yake aiki Fassara a garin Tahoua. Sunan kawun nashi Bakary kuma da wannan sunan ne ya sa Djibo a makarantar firamare. Uwayensa sun cenja masa takardun haihuwa inda aka nuna an haifeshi ne a shekarar 1921 domin ya samu ya shiga jarawar shiga kwalejin koyarwa na William Ponty. Bakary dan uwa (wato Cousin) yake ga abokin hamayyarsa wato Hamani Diori. Ilimi Bakary yayi karatu a makarantar firamare dake Tahoua inda kafin ya karasa da ya dawo hutu a garinsu da ke kusan Niamey a ka maida shi a makarantar Gundumar Niamey don ya karasa matakin karshe na firamare. Daga nan kuma yayi sakandare amma kafin ya kammala aka canja masa takardu inda ya shika matakin gaba sa sakandare; daga bisani ya shiga jarabawar shiga kwalejin koyarwa ta William Ponty da ke a Sébikhotane ta kasar Senegal. Bayan yayi karatun shakara uku (3) an tura shi a matsayin malamin makaranta a Niamey. Ya kaddamar da wani gungu na masu wayar da kanun jama'a da ya ba suna "Monteil" ama suna karkashin ikon Vichy wani shugaba daga en Mulkin mallaka. Ganin cewar wannan gungun nasu baya bin abin da en mulkin mallaka ke koyarwa, sai aka fara tsangwamarsu. Ganin haka aka aika shi a makarantar firamare da ke Birni N'Konni; kuma bayan wani dan karamin lokaci aka tura shi Agadez. Siyasa Kafin Samun Yancin kai (Kafin-1960) Bakary ya shiga siyasa ne daidai lokacin da Yakin Duniya na Biyu ya ida. A shekarar 1946, Djibo Bakary ya zama sakatare na farko na jam’iyyar Progressive Party (PPN), jam’iyyar da ke da alaka da African Democratic Rally wadda aka fi sani da RDA. Ya kasance jigo a wajen kalubalantar Gwamnatin Mulkin mallaka da ke Cote d'Ivoire (1949-1950); amma ya karkatar da siyasarsa a Kasar Nijar bayan 1950 inda ya samu tagomashi saboda goyon bayan da yake ba manoman gyada na yammacin Nijar (inda Hausawa suka fi yawa). Bakary, wanda mai akidar burguzu ne, ya taimaka wajen tura jam'iyyar PPN da aka riga aka sani a matsayin mai kin Faransawa zuwa wata kafa ta nuna ra'ayi. PPN a asali jam'iya ce mai goyon bayan babbar Jam'iyar RDA mai ra'ayin masu mulkin mallaka. Amma bisa jagorancin Bakary sai ta goya ma Jam'iyar kominisanci ta Frecn Communist Party a Majalissar Dokoki. Wannan abun bai yi ma mahukuntan RDA (kamar su Félix Houphouët-Boigny) dadi ba, sai aka samu rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin PPN inda wasu suka goya ma Bakary baya, wasu kuma suka bi ra'ayin RDA. A 1951, RDA wadda ke adawa da gurguzu ganin ma mallakiyarta wato Faransa ma bata yi, ta umarci PPN da ta raba gari da Communist Party (PCF). An kori Djibo Bakary daga RDA saboda ya ki bin umarnin rabuwa da PCF, kuma ya fita daga PPN ya kafa UDN (Jam'iyar Hadakar Demokradiyyar Nijar) a 1954. Ya tsaya takarar majalisar dokoki a 1951, kamar yadda dan uwansa Hamani Diori ya yi. Bayan ya sha kayi sai ya bar jam'iyyar PPN, ya shiga cikin hadaddiyar kungiya sannan kuma ya kirkiro kungiyar siyasarsa, wacce daga baya ta zama Sawaba. A watan Oktoba 1956, shi ne zaɓaɓɓen magajin garin Yamai na farko Sannan ya kasance mataimakin shugaban majalisa a 1957 sannan, a watan Yulin 1958, shugaban majalisar, wato matsyin shugaban gwamnati a wannan lokacin. A amtsyin shi na wanda ke ra'ayin cikakken yancin kan Nijar kai tsaye, yana goyon bayan "a'a" a zaben raba gardama na 28 ga Satumba, 1958 da Faransa ta shirya da nufin samar da Hadaddiyar Daular Faransa Ya yi murabus a ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 1958 bayan an bayyana nasarar wadanda suka ce "na'am" sakamakon magudi da en mulkin mallakar Faransa su ka yi. Hamani Diori ne ya maye gurbinsa, mai goyon bayan Ee Bayan dakatarwa da kuma rusa jam’iyyarsa ta Sawaba a ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 1959, Djibo Bakary ya yi hijira inda ya sami mafaka a Ghana (wanda Kwame Nkrumah ke jagoranta a lokacin), sannan ya je Mali da Guinea. A cikin watan Yuni na 1960 an tsare en jam'iyar Sawaba goma sha takwas (18) da zargin yi ma kasa zagon kasa, wadanda suka hada Abdoulaye Mamani, Amadou Sekou da Issaka Koke. Bayan Yancin Kai zuwa Rasuwarsa Daga Mali, Bakary ya sha ƙoƙari rusa mulkin Diori. A cikin 1963-64 wani yunƙurin juyin mulki wanda ya biyo bayan wani harin tawaye a kan iyakokin Nijar ya haifar da tashin hankali a Yamai, duk da cewa harin na gaba da gaba ne. An barshi ya koma Nijar a 1974 bayan juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi kalkashin jagorancin Seyni Kountche. Saboda rashin lafiya ya dauki alkawarin cewar zai bar siyasa. Amma bai cikan wanna alkawarin ba, domin jim kaɗan bayan haka an samu Bakary da wasu mambobin tsohuwar jam’iyyarsa ta SAWABA da hannu a yunƙurin juyin mulkin Manjo Sani Souna Sido. An kama Bakary kuma an saka shi a kurkuku har zuwa watan Afrilu na shekarar 1984. An tsare shi ne a cikin keɓaɓɓun bataliyar sojojin N'Guigmi kusa da Tafkin Chadi. Bayan fitowar sa daka kurkuku, Bakary bai kara komawa siyasa ba har zuwa farkon Babban taron kasa na Conférence Nationale wanda aka fara a 1991. Kodayake da shekarun kimanun saba'in da uku a wannan lokacin, ya kafa sabuwar jam'iyyar siyasa, Union Démocratique des Force Progressistes (UDFP-SAWABA), amma tare da wani karamin bangare na makarrabansa, sauran magoya bayansa sun kirkiro "wanta" kungiyar SAWABA, Union Décracratique de Forces Révolutionnaires (UDFR SAWABA). Bakary ya fafata a zaben shugaban kasa da na majalisar dokoki a shekarar 1993, amma ya samu kashi daya da digo 68 kacal (wato 1.68%) daga cikin dari na kuri'un da aka saka. Ya sha kaye ne daga hadakar jam'iyu ta AFC Alliance wadda wacen jam'iyar ta UDFR-SAWABA ta goya ma baya. Wato wannan jam'iyyar, kishiyar ta Bakary ta koma tare da babbar makiyar ta wato PPN, abinda masu nazarin suke gani kamar al'mara ganin cewar sun jima basa ga maciji da juna. Shi kuma Djibo Bakary ya goyama Jam'iyyar MNSD baya inda suka ci gaba da zama cikin hadaka guda har zuwa rasuwar Bakary a 1998. Bibiliyo Djibo Bakary, Silence On décolonise Itinéraire politique et syndical d'un militant africain, Harmattan, janvier 1993 (ISBN 978-2-296-26319-2, lire en ligne) Manazarta Ƴan siyasar Nijar Tarihin

29611

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shehu%20Ahmadu

Shehu Ahmadu

Sheikhu Ahmadu (an haife shi a shekara ta 1776 20 Afrilu 1845) shine Fulbe wanda ya kafa daular Massina (Diina na Hamdullahi) a cikin Neja Delta ta ciki, yanzu yankin Mopti na Mali Ya yi mulki a matsayin Almami daga shekara ta 1818 har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1845, kuma ya dauki taken Cisse al-Masini Shekarun farko Aḥmad bin Muḥammad Būbū bin Abi Bakr bin Sa'id al-Fullānī an haife shi a shekara ta 1776 kuma Hamman Lobbo, kanin mahaifinsa ne ya rene shi. Amadu ya kasance almajirin malamin Sufi na Kadiriyya Sidi Mukhtar al-Kunti A yankin Neja Delta na cikin gida, kawancen ’yan kasuwar Fulbe ne ke mulkin garuruwan kamar Djenné, amma mutanen Bambara ba Musulmi ba ne ke iko da kogin. Fulbe ardo'en sun kasance yankin Bambara na Ségou, kuma sun yi wani nau'i na Musulunci wanda ba shi da tsarki. Wataƙila Seku Amadu ya yi jihadin Sakkwato kafin ya koma yankin Massina. Ya zauna a wani ƙauye a ƙarƙashin ikon Djenné. Sa’ad da koyarwarsa ta kawo masa ɗimbin mabiya aka kore shi, aka ƙaura zuwa Sebera, ƙarƙashin Massina Ya sake gina wata babbar magoya baya aka sake kore shi. Shaihu Usman dan Fodio, wanda ya assasa Daular Sokoto a kasar Hausa a shekara ta 1809, ya ba shi izinin gudanar da jihadi a yankin. Asalin yakokin nasa sun kasance a yammacin Daular Sakkwato karkashin Abdullahi dan Fodio na Gwandu Kamar sauran jagororin jihadi, Seku Amadu ya sami tuta daga Usman dan Fodio a matsayin alama ta zahiri ta ikonsa. Jihadi Ra’ayin Amadu ne ya jawo masa rikici da Sarkin Fulanin arna na yankinsa, wanda ya nemi agaji daga Suzerainsa, Sarkin Bambara na Segu. Sakamakon ya kasance wani babban bore a karkashin Amadou wanda ya kafa Masarautar Massina, jihar Fulanin musulmi ta addini a duk fadin yankin Neja Delta na cikin gida har zuwa duka tsoffin cibiyoyin musulmi na Djenné da Timbuktu. Jihadin Amadu tabbas ya ci gaba daga shekara ta 1810 zuwa shekara ta 1818. Koyaya, wasu majiyoyi suna ba da shawarar abubuwan da suka faru guda biyu, ɗaya a cikin shekara ta 1810 da wani a cikin shekara ta 1818. Wani kiyasi ya nuna jimillar mutuwar mutane 10,000 sakamakon wannan jihadi. Seku Amadu ya zargi dokokin Fulbe na gida da bautar gumaka, kuma da farko jihadi aka yi musu. Ba da dadewa ba aka fadada aikin har zuwa Bambara da sauran kungiyoyin maguzawa na yankin. Seku Amadu ya samu goyon bayan Tukolors da sauran ’yan Fulbe a Massina, bayi da suka tsere da sauran su suna neman ’yanci daga iyayengijinsu na Bambara. A cikin Fulbe, Seku Amadu ya samu goyon bayan musulmi masu ilimi, a da, makiyaya ne, wadanda farfad'un Sufaye suka rinjayi su kuma suna da sha'awar gyara Musulunci. A cikin jihadinsa ya fara fatattakar sojojin Segu, sannan ya kama Djenné, wanda malamansa suka maraba da shi. An gayyace shi ya mallaki Massina bayan tawayen Fulbe a wannan garin. A shekara ta 1818 ya sami nasarar sarrafa Djenné da Massina. A Djenné, kuma daga baya a Timbuktu, an hambarar da shugaban na wucin gadi aka maye gurbinsa da malamai, yayin da dangin Fulba Dikko suka zama ikon yanki. Seku Amadu ya kafa babban birnin sabuwar Masarautar Massina mai suna Hamdullahi ("Godiya ga Allah!"), arewa maso gabashin Djenné, kudu da birnin Mopti na yanzu. An kafa babban birnin kasar a shekara ta 1819. Ya kafa kansa a matsayin mai mulki mai zaman kansa. Masarautar Jihar Seku Amadu ta mulkin kama karya ne ke iko da Neja Delta na cikin gida, kuma ta yi wani iko a kan Timbuktu, Ségou da Kaarta Daya daga cikin manyan malaman jihadi a Massina shi ne Muḥammad al-Tāhir, shi ma dalibin al-Mukhtār al-Kunti. Ya fitar da wata takarda inda ya bayyana cewa Seku Amadu shine magajin ruhin Askia Mohammad I, mai mulkin karni na sha shida na daular Songhai An yarda da wannan gaba ɗaya a yankin Timbuktu. An sami 'yar tsayin daka ga shigar Timbuktu na yau da kullun cikin sabuwar daular Massina, wacce ba da jimawa ba ta zama cibiyar koyon addinin Musulunci. Sai dai a hankali Seku Amadu ya raba kan shugabannin Timbuktu da na Sakkwato ta hanyar tsattsauran tauhidinsa, kuma da rashin ganinsa yana girmama manyan shugabannin Qadiriyya da mutuntawa da suke ganin hakkinsu ne. Ya kuma riki mukamin Amirul Muminina a Sudan, wanda halifan Sokoto ya ɗauka a matsayin damansa. Ya yi illa ga kasuwancin Jenne da Timbuktu. Shugaban limaman Timbuktu, Sidi Muḥammad bin al-Mukhtār al-Kunti, ya rasu a shekara ta 1825/6. Seku Amadu ya nemi a amince masa a hukumance a kan birnin. Ya aika da manzo da dakaru masu tarin yawa zuwa ga al-Q’id Usman bin Bābakr, shugaban riko, yana roqonsa da ya daina amfani da ganguna da sauran nau’o’in biki, wanda Usman ya yarda. A shekara ta 1833 Usmanu ya yi watsi da mubaya'arsa ya yi wa Hamdullahi yaki, amma aka ci shi. Sai dai, Sidi al-Muhtar al-Saghir, shugaban ruhin Timbuktu, ya shirya sulhu tsakanin Abzinawa da Ahmadu Lobbo, wanda a karkashinsa sojojinsa na Fulbe ba za su mamaye Timbuktu ba. An ci tarar wadanda suka shiga harin Hamdullahi. Seku Amadu Lobbo ya rasu a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 1845, ya bar daular Massina ga dansa, Amadu II A karkashin dansa, Timbuktu ya kasance cikin daular na wani lokaci. Ahmadu bin Aḥmadu Lobbo ya yi sarautar Massina daga shekara ta 1844 zuwa 1852. Tsawon zaman lafiya ya kasance har zuwa lokacin da Jihadin da El Hadj Umar Tall ya jagoranta a shekara ta 1862 ya kifar da jikan Ahmadu, Amadu III, ya kuma jefa yankin cikin rudani. Siyasa da tasiri Seku Amadu ya yi mulki ne ta tsarin gwamnonin larduna, galibin danginsa, da majalisar tsakiya mai dattijai arba'in. A cikin tsarin mulkin Seku Amadu dokar ta ginu ne bisa tsananin kiyaye tafsirin malikiyya na sharia Qadis sun gudanar da shari’a a kowace lardi, suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a jihar. Tsare-tsare na bin doka ya sa wata hukuma ta kira Masina "kamar yadda take kusa da tsarin mulkin dimokradiyya kamar yadda ake iya cimmawa." Seku Amadu ya bi manufar daidaita makiyayan da a da. Ya yi kokari matuka wajen inganta addinin Musulunci. A karkashin Seku Aḥmadu Lobbo da magadansa, yankin Neja ya lankwashe kuma ya bunkasa kasuwanci. Duk da haka, an samu wasu tashe-tashen hankula sakamakon tsaftar ɗabi'ar masu mulki, kamar hana shan taba da kuma buƙatar ware mata da maza, sabanin al'adar Abzinawa. A lokacin da daular ta kara karfi sai dakaru 10,000 aka jibge a birnin, sannan Seku Ahmadu ya ba da umarnin a gina madrasa dari shida don ci gaba da yada addinin Musulunci. Ya kuma ba da umarnin haramta shaye-shaye, taba, kade-kade da raye-raye kamar yadda shari’ar Musulunci ta tanada, sannan ya gina tsarin jin dadin jama’a domin a samar wa zawarawa da marayu da gajiyayyu. Daya daga cikin mafi dauwamammen sakamakon mulkinsa shi ne ka’idar makiyaya da ke kula da shiga da kuma amfani da yankin Neja delta daga hannun Fulani makiyaya da al’ummomin manoma daban-daban. Manazarta Tarihin Mali Mutanen Mali na karni 21 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

14977

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canjin%20yanayi

Canjin yanayi

Canjin yanayi, ya haɗa da dumamar yanayi wanda hayakin dan Adam na iskar gas, da kuma sauye-sauye masu yawa na yanayi. Koda yake canjin yanayi ya gabata a baya, tun daga tsakiyar karni na ashirin 20, yawan girman tasirin dan Adam kan tsarin yanayi na duniya da kuma girman tasirin wannan tsarin ba a taba yin irin sa ba. CanjCanjin yanayi; aɗan adam ya haifar da canjin yanayi ba wata ƙungiyar kimiyya ta ƙasa ko ta ƙasa ke jayayya ba. Babban direba shine fitarwa na iskar gas, wanda sama da 90% shine carbon dioxide (CO2) da methane. Kone burbushin mai don amfani da makamashi shine asalin tushen fitar da wannan hayaƙin, tare da kuma ƙarin gudummawa daga harkar noma, sare bishiyoyi, da kuma matakan masana'antu. Hawan zafin jiki yana haɓaka ko zafin rai ta hanyar bayanin yanayi, kamar asarar dusar ƙanƙara mai nuna hasken rana da murfin kankara, ƙarar tururin ruwa (iskar gas mai ɗari da kanta), da canje-canjen zuwa ƙasa da tekun. Saboda yanayin samaniya yayi zafi fiye da na teku, hamada tana faɗaɗa kuma zafi da wutar daji sun fi zama ruwan dare. Hawan zafin sararin samaniya ya fi girma a cikin Arctic, inda ya ba da gudummawa ga narkewar dusar ƙanƙara, da kuma komawar kankara da kankara a teku. yawan kuzarin yanayi da ƙimar kuzarin yanayi suna haifar da guguwa da tsananin yanayi, wanda ke lalata kayayyakin more rayuwa da aikin gona. Karuwar yanayin zafi yana iyakance yawan ruwan teku da kuma illa ga hannayen jari a yawancin sassan duniya. Abubuwan da ake tsammani yanzu da waɗanda ake tsammani daga rashin abinci mai gina jiki, tsananin zafi da cuta sun sa Kungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya ta bayyana canjin yanayi mafi haɗari ga lafiyar duniya a cikin ƙarni na 21. Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli sun haɗa da ƙarewa ko ƙaura daga yawancin jinsuna yayin da tsarin halittunsu ya canza, mafi akasari nan da nan cikin murjani, dutsen, da Arctic. Ko da kuwa kokarin rage dumamar yanayi na gaba ya yi nasara, wasu tasirin za su ci gaba har tsawon karnoni, gami da hauhawar matakan teku, karuwar yanayin zafi na tekun, da kuma narkon ruwan daga tekun CO2. Yawancin waɗannan tasirin an riga an lura dasu a halin yanzu kuma na zafin jiki, wanda yake kusan 1.1°C (2.0°F). Kungiyar Gwamnati kan Canjin Yanayi (IPCC) ta ba da jerin rahotanni waɗanda ke nuna ƙimar girma a cikin waɗannan tasirin yayin da ɗumamar yanayi ke ci gaba zuwa 1.5°C (2.7°F) da kuma bayan. A karkashin yarjejeniyar ta Paris, kasashe sun amince da ci gaba da dumamar yanayi "sosai a karkashin 2.0°C (3.6°F)" ta hanyar rage hayaki mai gurbata yanayi. Koyaya, a ƙarƙashin waɗannan alƙawura, ɗumamar yanayi zai kai kimanin 2.8°C (5.0°F) a ƙarshen karnin, kuma manufofin yanzu zasu haifar da kusan 3.0°C (5.4°F) na dumamar yanayi. Iyakan ɗumamar yanayi zuwa 1.5°C (2.7°F) na buƙatar rabin fitar da hayaƙi a cikin 2030, sa'annan ya kai matakin kusan sifili ta 2050.. Yunkurin ragewa ya hada da bincike, cigaba, da kuma tura fasahohin masu amfani da makamashi mai kara kuzari, ingantaccen ingancin makamashi, manufofi na rage hayakin mai, burbushin lamura, da kuma adana gandun daji. Fasahar aikin injiniya na yanayi, mafi yawan fitowar hasken rana da kuma cire carbon dioxide, suna da iyakantattun abubuwa kuma suna ɗaukar manyan rashin tabbas. Kungiyoyi da gwamnatoci kuma suna aiki don daidaitawa da tasirin ɗumamar yanayi na yanzu da kuma nan gaba ta hanyar ingantaccen kariya ta bakin teku, kyakkyawan kula da bala'i, da haɓaka albarkatun gona masu tsayayya. Hawan yanayin da aka lura Masana da yawa da aka samar da kayan aikin sun nuna cewa tsarin yanayi yana dumama, tun da ga shekarun 2009-2018 kasancewar 0.93 0.07°C (1.67 0.13 F) ya fi tsarin farko na masana'antu (1850-1900) zafi. A halin yanzu, yanayin zafi yana tashi da kusan 0.2°C (0.36°F) a shekaru goma. Tun daga shekarar 1950, adadin ranakun sanyi da dare sun ragu, kuma yawan kwanaki masu dumi da dare sun ƙaru. Abubuwan tarihi na ɗumama da sanyaya, kamar yanayin zamanin da Little Ice Age, basu kasance daidai ba a duk yankuna kamar ɗumamar yanayin yanzu, amma ƙila sun kai yanayin zafi kamar na ƙarshen karni na 20 a cikin iyakokin yankuna. Akwai lokuttan da suka gabata na dumamar yanayi, kamar su Paleocene Eocene Thermal Maximum. Ko yaya, haɓbakar da aka lura a cikin zafin jiki da CO2 kididdigar yana da sauri har ma abubuwan da suka faru a bayyane waɗanda suka faru a tarihin duniya ba su kusan faruwa yanzu ba. Rikodin wakili na yanayi ya nuna cewa bambancin yanayi yana daidaita farkon tasirin Juyin Masana'antu, don haka akwai ɗan ƙaramin ɗumamar yanayi tsakanin ƙarni na 18 da tsakiyar karni na 19. Ma'aikatar Gwamnati kan Canjin Yanayi (IPCC) ta karɓi lokacin ƙayyadaddun lokacin aiki zuwa 1850-1900 a matsayin kusancin yanayin zafin duniya na kafin masana'antu, lokacin da rikodin ma'aunin zafi da sanyi ya fara ba da yanayin duniya. Duk da yake ma'aunin dumamar yanayi yana kusa da canjin yanayin zafin yanayi, ana auna waɗannan ma'aunin da nau'ikan sauran abubuwan lura. An sami ƙaruwa a cikin yanayi da ƙarfi na hazo mai yawa, narkewar dusar ƙanƙara da kankara ta ƙasa, da ƙaruwar yanayin yanayi. Fure da fauna suna yin halin da ya dace da ɗumama ɗumi; misali, tsire-tsire suna fure a farkon bazara. Wani mahimmin alama shine sanyaya yanayi na sama, wanda ke nuna cewa iskar gas masu dumama yanayi suna kama zafi a kusa da doron ƙasa kuma suna hana shi watsawa zuwa sararin samaniya. Kodayake shekaru masu rikodin rikodin suna jawo hankalin manyan kafofin watsa labaru, shekarun mutum ba su da mahimmanci fiye da yanayin yanayin duniya mai tsawo. Misali na gajeriyar matsala shine saurin karuwar yanayin zafin daga 1998 zuwa 2012, wanda aka yiwa lakabi da "dumamar yanayin duniya". A duk tsawon wannan lokacin, ajiyar zafin ruwan teku ya ci gaba da tafiya a hankali zuwa sama, kuma a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, yanayin yanayin ƙasa ya yi sama sama. Za'a iya danganta saurin saurin ɗumamar yanayi da haɗuwa da sauyin yanayi, rage ayyukan hasken rana, da ƙara hasken hasken rana ta abubuwan da ke fitowa daga aman wuta. Mafita game da canjin yanayi Maganin canjin yanayi Misali, makamashin da ake iya sabuntawa, kamar hasken rana da wutar lantarki, shine mafita daya da ake amfani da ita don rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata yanayi. Makamashi mai sabuntawa shine ainihin mahimmancin maganin sauyin yanayi. Hanya ce ta samar da wutar lantarki ba tare da fitar da iskar gas ba. Ikon hasken rana babban misali ne na makamashi mai sabuntawa. Masu amfani da hasken rana suna canza hasken rana zuwa wutar lantarki, wanda za'a iya amfani da su don samar da wutar lantarki da gidaje da kasuwanci. Wannan yana rage bukatar wutar lantarki daga tashoshin wutar lantarki da ke kona albarkatun mai, kamar gawayin kwal da iskar gas. Ikon hasken rana shine tushen makamashi mai tsabta da sabuntawa. Hakanan yana ƙara samun araha yayin da fasahar ke inganta. Bambancicakjini Dumamar yanayi na nufin matsakaita na duniya, tare da yawan ɗumamar yanayi ta bambanta da yanki. Abubuwan da ke sanya ɗumi-dumi ba su da 'yanci daga wuraren da hayaƙin haya ke gurɓata, saboda iskar gas ɗin ta daɗe sosai don yaɗuwa a duniya; Koyaya, baƙar adibas da aka saka a kan dusar ƙanƙara da kankara suna taimakawa dumamar yanayi. Tun kafin lokacin masana'antu, matsakaiciyar yanayin duniya ya karu kusan ninki biyu kamar na yanayin duniya. Hakan ya faru ne saboda girman karfin zafi na tekuna, kuma saboda tekuna suna rasa karin zafi ta hanyar danshin. Fiye da kashi 90% na ƙarin makamashi a cikin tsarin yanayi a cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata an adana su a cikin teku, suna dumama da shi. Ragowar ƙarin makamashin ya narkar da kankara kuma ya dumi nahiyoyi da yanayi. Hawan zafi a cikin teku yana haifar da fadada yanayin zafi wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga lura da haɓakar tekun. Yankin Arewa da pole na Arewa sun dumamau da sauri fiye da pole na Kudu da Kudancin Kudu. Yankin Arewacin duniya ba wai kawai yana da yanki mai yawa ba, har ma yana da yankin dusar kankara da kankara a teku, saboda yadda aka tsara dimbin mutanen da ke kewayen Tekun Arctic. Yayinda wadannan saman suke jujjuyawa daga nuna haske da yawa zuwa duhu bayan kankara ta narke, sai su fara daukar wutar da zafi. Hasashen Kudancin duniya sun riga sun sami ɗan kankara a lokacin bazara kafin ta fara ɗumi. Yanayin Yankin Arctic ya karu kuma ana hasashen zai ci gaba da karuwa a wannan karnin sama da sau biyu na sauran kasashen duniya. Narkewar kankara da katifun kankara a cikin Arctic ya lalata zirga-zirgar teku, gami da raunin Ruwan Tekun, yana haifar da karin dumamar yanayi a wasu yankuna.. Direbobin motsa jiki na canjin yanayi na kwanan nan Da kanta, tsarin yanayi yana fuskantar wasu zagaye daban-daban waɗanda zasu iya ɗaukar shekaru (kamar El Niño Southern Oscillation) zuwa shekaru gommai ko ƙarni. Sauran canje-canje ana haifar dasu ne ta hanyar rashin daidaiton kuzari wanda yake "waje" ga tsarin yanayi, amma ba koyaushe yake waje da Duniya ba. Misalan abubuwan karfafa na waje sun haɗa da canje-canje a cikin yanayin sararin samaniya (misali ƙarar haɓakar iskar gas), hasken rana, fitowar dutsen dutse, da kuma bambancin da kewayar duniya da ke kewaye da Rana. Yanayin canjin yanayi shine kokarin nuna ilimin kimiyya wadanne hanyoyin suke da alhakin canje-canjen da aka lura a cikin yanayin duniya. Don ƙayyade halayen anthropogenic, sanannen canjin yanayin cikin gida da tilas da ƙirar waje na halitta ana buƙatar fitar da su. Saboda haka, babbar hanya ita ce yin amfani da samfurin kwamfuta ta tsarin sauyin yanayi don tantance "zanan yatsun hannu" na musamman don duk dalilan da ke iya haifar da shi. Ta hanyar kwatanta waɗannan zanan yatsun hannu tare da alamun da aka lura da kuma canjin canjin yanayi, da kuma tarihin da aka kiyaye na tilastawa, ana iya ƙayyade dalilan sauyin da aka lura. Misali, tilasta yin amfani da hasken rana ba zai zama babban dalili ba saboda yatsan yatsa yana dumamawa a cikin yanayi duka, kuma ƙananan yanayi ne kawai ya warmed, wanda shine abin da ake tsammani daga iskar gas mai zafi (wanda ke kama tarkon zafin da yake fitowa daga sama). Bayanin canjin yanayi na kwanan nan ya nuna cewa babban abin da ke haifar da hakan shine gas mai dumama yanayi, kuma na biyun sauyin amfani da ƙasa, da aerosol da ƙoshin lafiya. Iskar gas Duniya na daukar hasken rana, sannan ta haskaka shi azaman zafi. Wasu daga cikin wannan hasken infrared yana sharar iskar gas mai guba a cikin sararin samaniya, kuma saboda sake fitar da shi ta kowane bangare wani ɓangare na zafin yana kamawa a cikin Duniya maimakon tserewa zuwa sararin samaniya. Kafin Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu, yawan iskar gas mai gurɓataccen yanayi ya sa iska kusa da farfajiya ta kasance kusan 33°C (59°F) dumi fiye da yadda zai kasance a rashi. Ba tare da yanayin duniya ba, da matsakaita zafin duniya zai yi kasa da daskarewa na ruwa. Duk da yake tururin ruwa (~50%) da gajimare (~25%) sune manyan masu ba da gudummawa ga tasirin koren yanayi, suna ƙaruwa azaman aiki na yanayin zafin jiki kuma saboda haka ana ɗaukar su ra'ayoyi. A gefe guda, yawan gas kamar CO2 (~20%), ozone da nitrous oxide basu da dogaro da yanayin zafin jiki, kuma saboda haka ake ɗaukar su da tilastawa waje. Ozone yana aiki a matsayin iskar gas a cikin mafi ƙasƙantar layin sararin samaniya, yanayin sararin samaniya (sabanin yanayin ozone na stratospheric). Bugu da ƙari, ozone yana aiki sosai kuma yana hulɗa tare da sauran iskar gas da aerosols. Ayyukan mutane tun daga Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu, galibi cirewa da ƙone man burbushin (kwal, mai, da iskar gas), ya kara yawan iskar gas a cikin yanayi. Wadannan suna ƙaruwa a matakan gas kamar CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, da nitrous oxide sun haɓaka tilasta radiative. A cikin 2018, ƙididdigar CO2 kuma methane ya karu da kusan kashi 45% da 160%, bi da bi, tun shekara ta 1750. A cikin 2013, karatun CO2 da aka ɗauka a shafin farko na duniya a Mauna Loa ya zarce 400 ppm a karo na farko (matakan pre-masana'antu na yau da kullun sun kasance ~270ppm). Wadannan CO2 Matakan sun fi yadda suka kasance a kowane lokaci a cikin shekaru 800,000 da suka gabata, lokacin da aka tattara ingantattun bayanai don iska da aka makale a cikin dusar kankara. Ananan shaidar ilimin ƙasa kai tsaye suna nuna cewa CO Valuesimomi 2 ba su da yawa wannan tsawon miliyoyin shekaru. Haɗaɗɗen iskar gas na anthropogenic na duniya a cikin 2018, ban da waɗanda daga canjin amfani da ƙasa, sun yi daidai da tan biliyan 52 na CO2. Daga cikin waɗannan hayakin da aka fitar, kashi 72 cikin ɗari ya kasance CO2, 19% shine methane, 6% sunadarin nitrous, kuma 3% sunadarin gas ne. Haɗin CO2 da farko ya fito ne daga ƙona burbushin mai don samar da haske mai amfani da makamashi mai zafi don jigilar kayayyaki, ƙera masana'antu, dumama wutar lantarki. Emarin fitar da CO2 ya fito ne daga sare dazuzzuka da kuma masana'antun masana'antu, waɗanda suka haɗa da CO2 da aka fitar ta halayen sunadarai don yin suminti, ƙarfe, aluminum, da takin zamani. Haɗin methane yana zuwa ne daga dabbobi, taki, noman shinkafa, wuraren shara, ruwa mai ƙaya, hakar kwal, da kuma hakar mai da gas. Haɗakar da ke cikin iska mai ƙoshin lafiya ta fito ne daga bazuwar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta da takin gargajiya..

34288

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tee%20Martin

Tee Martin

Tamaurice Nigel Tee Martin (an haife shi a watan Yulin shekarar 25, 1978) kocin ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Amurka kuma tsohon ɗan wasan kwata-kwata wanda shine babban kocin masu karɓa na Baltimore Ravens na National Football League (NFL). Ya taba zama mataimakin koci a Jami'ar Tennessee, Jami'ar Kudancin California, Jami'ar Kentucky, Jami'ar New Mexico, Arewacin Atlanta HS, North Cobb HS da Kwalejin Morehouse Martin ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a Tennessee kuma Pittsburgh Steelers ne suka tsara shi a zagaye na biyar na 2000 NFL Draft A lokacin wasanni shida na wasa a cikin National Football League (NFL) da kuma Canadian Football League (CFL), Martin ya taka leda a Pittsburgh Steelers, Rhein Fire, Philadelphia Eagles, Oakland Raiders da Winnipeg Blue Bombers Shekarun farko Martin ya halarci kuma ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa a makarantar sakandare a Williamson High School Sana'ar wasa Kwalejin Yayin da yake Jami'ar Tennessee, Martin ya buga wasan kwallon kafa na kwaleji a karkashin babban koci Phillip Fulmer daga shekarar 1996 zuwa 1999. Martin ya kasance mataimaki ga Peyton Manning a lokacin sabon saurayi da na biyu a Jami'ar Tennessee A lokacin ƙaramar kakarsa, Martin ya jagoranci ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta 1998 Tennessee Volunteers zuwa rikodin 13 0 da nasarar Fiesta Bowl akan Jihar Florida, inda ya lashe makarantar NCAA Division IA na farko na gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa tun 1951 Ya kasance abokan aiki tare da gudu Jamal Lewis a farkon shekarunsa a Tennessee da kuma mai karɓa na Peerless Price, wanda kowannensu ya ci gaba da yin wasa a cikin NFL. A cikin lokacin 1998, Martin ya karya rikodin NCAA don kammala a jere. A kan South Carolina, Martin ya kammala wucewa 23 na farko. Haɗe tare da kammalawa a kan izininsa na ƙarshe a makon da ya gabata a kan Alabama, layin Martin na 24 a jere da kammala kashi 95.8% ya kafa sababbin bayanai. Martin ya karya rikodin taron Kudu maso Gabas na Ole Miss Kent Austin, wanda ya kasance 20 a jere. Ya karya rikodin NCAA don kammala wasanni da yawa tare da 23 a jere sama da wasanni biyu, wanda Southern Cal 's Rob Johnson da Scott Milanovich na Maryland suka raba. Bugu da kari, ya karya rikodin wasa daya na kammala 22 kai tsaye wanda Chuck Long na Iowa ya kafa a 1984. A ƙarshe, kashi 95.8% ɗinsa na kammalawa ya karya mafi kyawun kaso na ƙarshe na wasa ɗaya na baya na 92.6% wanda Rick Neuheisel na UCLA ya kafa a 1983. A cikin 1999, Martin ya jagoranci Vols zuwa kwanon BCS na biyu a jere, asarar 31–21 zuwa #3 Nebraska a cikin Fiesta Bowl A cikin shekaru biyu na Martin a matsayin mai farawa a Tennessee, Vols sun kasance 11-1 sama da manyan abokan gaba shida, (2-0 vs. Alabama, 2-0 vs. Auburn 2-0 vs. Jojiya, 2-0 vs. Vanderbilt 2-0 vs. Kentucky, da 1-1 vs. Florida Ƙididdiga na kwalejin Kwararren An tsara Martin a zagaye na biyar tare da zaɓi na 163 na gaba ɗaya a cikin 2000 NFL Draft ta Pittsburgh Steelers A cikin 2004, an sake Martin a matsayin memba na Oakland Raiders bayan yanayi huɗu na NFL. Martin ya shafe kakar wasa daya a gasar zakarun Turai ta NFL A lokacin lokacin 2002, ya taimaka ya jagoranci Rhein Fire zuwa mafi kyawun rikodin 7–3. Wuta ta yi hasarar a cikin kwano na Duniya, ta faɗo 20–26 zuwa Tsawa ta Berlin Aikin koyarwa Morehouse College Martin ya fara aikinsa na koyarwa a matsayin mai kula da wasan wucewa a Kwalejin Morehouse a 2006. North Cobb HS A cikin 2007, Martin ya shiga Makarantar Sakandare ta Arewa Cobb a matsayin mai gudanar da wasan su na wucewa da kocin kwata-kwata. North Atlanta HS A cikin 2008, Martin ya shiga Makarantar Sakandare ta Arewa a matsayin mai gudanar da ayyukansu na cin zarafi da kocin kwata-kwata. New Mexico A cikin 2009, Jami'ar New Mexico ta dauki Martin a matsayin kocin kwata-kwata a karkashin kocin Mike Locksley Kentucky A cikin 2010, Martin ya shiga a matsayin babban kocin masu karɓa a Jami'ar Kentucky a ƙarƙashin babban kocin Joker Phillips A cikin 2010, an ba Martin ƙarin matsayi a matsayin mai gudanar da wasan wucewa. USC A watan Fabrairun 2012, an ɗauki Martin a matsayin babban kocin masu karɓa a Jami'ar Kudancin California a ƙarƙashin babban kocin Lane Kiffin An danganta shi da ayyuka a duka Alabama da Oregon a baya. Labarin da ya dauka a USC ya karye ta hanyar tweet by quarterback Matt Barkley Martin ya maye gurbin Ted Gilmore wanda ya bar aiki a Oakland Raiders A ranar 18 ga Disamba, 2015, an ƙara Martin zuwa babban mai gudanarwa na Trojans a ƙarƙashin kocin Clay Helton A ranar 27 ga Disamba, 2018, bayan lokacin 5-7, Martin ya zama mai rauni na girgiza ma'aikatan kuma an kore shi daga mukamin. Tennessee A ranar 15 ga Janairu, 2019, Martin ya shiga Jami'ar Tennessee, almater, a matsayin mataimakin babban kocinsu kuma kocin masu karbar baki a karkashin kocin Jeremy Pruitt Baltimore Ravens A ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, 2021, Baltimore Ravens ya ɗauki Martin a matsayin babban kociyan masu karɓar su a ƙarƙashin babban kocin John Harbaugh, ya maye gurbin David Culley, wanda ya tashi ya zama babban kocin Houston Texans Rayuwa ta sirri An haifi Martin kuma ya girma a Mobile, Alabama Ya auri matarsa, Toya Rodriguez, mai rikodin rikodi da aka sani da sana'a kamar Toya. Babban ɗansa, Amari Rodgers, yana wasa a matsayin mai karɓa mai yawa ga Green Bay Packers kuma shi ne tsohuwar jami'ar Clemson, inda ya rubuta fiye da 1,000 yana karɓar yadudduka a lokacin babban kakarsa. Yaron tsakiya na Martin, Kaden, ƙwararren ƙwallon ƙafa ne da kuma mai son wasan ƙwallon baseball wanda ya jajirce zuwa Jami'ar Miami a matsayin ɗan wasan ƙwallon baseball amma kuma zai shiga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa. An haifi ƙaramin ɗan Martin, Cannon, a cikin 2012. Martin ya mallaki Playmakers Sports, kamfani mai ƙwarewa a cikin shirye-shiryen wasanni na wasanni, horo na kwata-kwata, da haɓaka basira kuma ƙwararren ƙwallon ƙafa ne na kwaleji a kan shirin Comcast Sports kudu maso gabas Talkin' Football Shi kocin kwata-kwata ne na Nike Elite 11 Quarterback Camps, Nike Football Training Camps, kuma ya horar da yawancin makarantun sakandare da na 1 na kwata-kwata. A cikin 2008, Martin ya ƙirƙiri "Dual Threat" Quarterback Camp da Academy a Atlanta, Jojiya. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Bayanan Bayani na Baltimore Ravens Winnipeg Blue Bombers bayanin martaba (daga 2005) Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun

58280

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Graves%20Simcoe

John Graves Simcoe

John Graves Simcoe (25 Fabrairun shekarar 1752 26 Oktoba 1806)ya kasance janar na Sojojin Burtaniya kuma babban laftanar gwamna na Upper Canada daga 1791 har zuwa 1796 a kudancin Ontario da magudanar ruwa na Georgian Bay da Lake Superior .Ya kafa York,wanda a yanzu ake kira Toronto, kuma ya taka rawa wajen gabatar da cibiyoyi kamar kotunan shari'a,shari'a ta juri,dokar gama gari ta Ingilishi,da mallakar filaye mai 'yanci,sannan kuma a cikin kawar da bauta a Upper Canada Burinsa na dogon lokaci shi ne ci gaban Upper Canada(Ontario)a matsayin al'umman abin koyi da aka gina bisa ka'idodin aristocratic da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya,wanda aka tsara don nuna fifikon waɗannan ka'idodin zuwa jamhuriyar Amurka.Ƙoƙarinsa mai ƙarfi ya sami nasara kaɗan kawai wajen kafa ƴan ƙasa,Cocin Ingila mai bunƙasa,da haɗin gwiwar adawa da Amurka tare da zaɓaɓɓun ƙasashe na asali.Yawancin mutanen Kanada suna ganin shi a matsayin wanda ya kafa tarihin Kanada,musamman ma waɗanda ke Kudancin Ontario.Ana tunawa da shi a Toronto tare da Simcoe Day. Rayuwar farko Simcoe shine kawai ɗan Cornishman John (1710–1759)da Katherine Simcoe (ya mutu 1767).Iyayensa sun haifi ’ya’ya hudu,amma shi kadai ne ya rayu bayan yarinta;Percy ya nutse a cikin 1764,yayin da Paulet William da John William suka mutu suna jarirai.Mahaifinsa shi ne kyaftin a cikin Rundunar Sojan Ruwa na Royal wanda ya ba da umarnin HMS <i id="mwJg">Pembroke</i> mai harbi 60 a lokacin da aka kewaye Louisbourg,tare da James Cook a matsayin mai kula da jirgin ruwa.Ya mutu da ciwon huhu a ranar 15 ga Mayu 1759 a cikin jirginsa a bakin kogin Saint Lawrence 'yan watanni kafin kewayen Quebec,kuma an binne shi a teku.Iyalin sai suka koma gidan iyayen mahaifiyarsa a Exeter.Kakanninsa su ne William da Maryamu (née Hutchinson)Simcoe. Ya yi karatu a Exeter Grammar School da Eton College.Ya yi shekara guda a Kwalejin Merton, Oxford ;daga nan aka shigar da shi a Lincoln's Inn,amma ya yanke shawarar bin aikin soja wanda mahaifinsa ya nufa da shi.An ƙaddamar da shi zuwa Freemasonry a Union Lodge,Exeter akan 2 Nuwamba 1773. Aikin soja a yakin juyin juya halin Amurka A cikin 1770,Simcoe ya shiga Rundunar Sojan Burtaniya a matsayin alama a cikin Runduna ta 35 na ƙafar ƙafa,kuma an tura ƙungiyarsa zuwa Mallaka goma sha uku .Daga baya,ya ga aiki a cikin Yaƙin Juyin Juyin Halitta na Amurka a lokacin da aka kewaye Boston.Bayan kewaye,a cikin Yuli 1776,an ba shi mukamin kyaftin a cikin 40th Regiment of Foot .Ya ga aiki tare da kamfanin grenadier na Kafa na 40 a cikin yakin New York da New Jersey da yakin PhiladelphiaSimcoe ya umarci Grenadiers na 40 a yakin Brandywine a ranar 11 ga Satumba 1777, inda ya ji rauni. Labarin yana da cewa Simcoe ya umarci mutanensa a Brandywine da kada su yi luguden wuta kan 'yan tawaye uku da suka gudu, cikinsu har da George Washington. A cikin 1777,Simcoe ya nemi ya samar da tsarin masu aminci na baƙar fata kyauta daga Boston amma a maimakon haka an ba da umarnin Sarauniya Rangers da aka kafa a Tsibirin Staten a ranar 15 ga Oktoba 1777.Ya kasance ingantacciyar horarwa ta runduna mai haske wacce ta ƙunshi kamfanoni 11 na maza 30,grenadier 1,da hussar 1,da sauran runduna masu haske.Sarauniyar Rangers ta ga ayyuka da yawa a lokacin yaƙin neman zaɓe na Philadelphia,gami da nasarar kai hari mai ban mamaki(shirya da aiwatar da Simcoe)a Yaƙin Crooked Billet. A cikin 1778,Simcoe ya jagoranci kai hari kan gidan Alkali William Hancock a lokacin balaguron neman abinci wanda 'yan tawayen Patriot suka yi adawa da shi.Harin ya kashe ‘yan bindiga 10 a cikin barci tare da raunata wasu biyar. An,ko da yake baya tare da Amurkawa.An kai harin ne da daddare tare da bayonets.A ranar 28 ga Yuni na waccan shekarar,Simcoe da Rangers na Sarauniya sun halarci yakin Monmouth,a ciki da kusa da Freehold, New Jersey Ranar 31 ga Agusta,1778,Lieut.Col.Simcoe ya jagoranci kisan kiyashi na ’yan asalin Amirka arba’in,waɗanda ke da alaƙa da Sojojin Nahiyar,a cikin abin da yake a yau Bronx,New York.Ana kiran wannan wurin da Filin Indiya a cikin Van Cortlandt Park, Bronx,New York. A ranar 26 ga Oktoba 1779,Simcoe da maza 80 sun kaddamar da hari a tsakiyar New Jersey daga kudancin Jihar Staten Island da aka sani da Simcoe's Raid, daga abin da aka sani a yau da Gidan Taro, wanda ya haifar da kona kayan Patriot a cikin Cocin Reformed Dutch a Finderne.ciki har da hay da hatsi;sakin fursunoni masu aminci daga Kotun Somerset County;da kama Simcoe ta Armand Tuffin de La Rouërie .An sake Simcoe a ƙarshen 1779 kuma ya koma sashinsa a Virginia .Ya shiga cikin Raid on Richmond tare da Benedict Arnold a cikin Janairu 1781 kuma yana da hannu a wani rikici kusa da Williamsburg kuma ya kasance a kewayen Yorktown.An sake bata shi zuwa Ingila a watan Disamba na waccan shekarar a matsayin Laftanar-Kanar,bayan da aka kara masa girma a cikin Maris 1782. Simcoe ya rubuta littafi game da abubuwan da ya samu tare da Sarauniyar Rangers,mai suna A Journal of Operations of the Queen's Rangers daga ƙarshen shekara ta 1777 zuwa ƙarshen ƙarshen yakin Amurka,wanda aka buga a 1787.Ya yi aiki a takaice a matsayin Sufeto Janar na daukar ma'aikata na Sojan Burtaniya,daga 1789 har zuwa tashinsa zuwa Upper Canada shekaru biyu bayan haka. Aure da iyali Simcoe ya yi nasara a gidan Devon na ubangidansa,Admiral Samuel Graves .A cikin 1782,Simcoe ya auri Elizabeth Posthuma Gwillim,unguwar ubangidansa. Elizabeth mace ce mai arziƙi, wadda ta sami Estate a Honiton a Devon kuma ya gina Wolford Lodge. Wolford ita ce wurin zama dangin Simcoe har zuwa 1923. Simcoes suna da 'ya'ya mata biyar kafin a buga su a Kanada.An haifi Son Francis a shekara ta 1791. 'Yar su haifaffen Kanada,Katherine,ta mutu tun tana karama a York An binne ta a filin shakatawa na Victoria Square da ke Portland Avenue,Toronto.Francis ya koma Ingila tare da mahaifinsa lokacin da wa'adinsa ya kare kuma ya shiga aikin soja.An kashe shi a cikin wani cajin soja a lokacin Yaƙin Peninsular a 1812. Son Henry Addington Simcoe ya zama masanin tauhidin Ingilishi. Dan majalisa Simcoe ya shiga siyasa a 1790.An zabe shi dan majalisa mai wakiltar St Mawes a Cornwall,a matsayin mai goyon bayan gwamnati (wanda William Pitt the Younger ya jagoranta). A matsayinsa na dan majalisa,ya ba da shawarar samar da rundunar soji kamar Sarauniya Rangers.Ya kuma ba da shawarar jagorantar mamayar Spain.Amma a maimakon haka za a nada shi Laftanar gwamna na sabon lardin Upper Canada masu aminci. Ya yi murabus daga majalisar a shekara ta 1792 a kan karbar sabon mukaminsa. Laftanar Gwamna na Upper Canada Dokar Tsarin Mulki ta 1791 ta raba Kanada zuwa Lardunan Sama na Kanada (Ontario) da Ƙananan Kanada (Quebec).Dokar ta kafa gwamnatoci daban-daban da majalisun dokoki na kowane lardi. Ƙasar Kanada ita ce yankin gabas masu magana da Faransanci,wanda ke riƙe da dokokin faransanci da kariyar da aka kafa ga Cocin Katolika na Roman da aka kafa lokacin da Biritaniya ta mamaye yankin bayan cin nasarar Faransa a yakin shekaru bakwai .Upper Canada ita ce yankin yamma,sabon zama bayan Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka .Mazauna galibi masu magana da Ingilishi ne,ciki har da masu aminci daga Turawan Mulki goma sha uku,da kuma Ƙasashe shida na Iroquois,waɗanda suka kasance ƙawayen Burtaniya a lokacin yaƙin. Masarautar ta sayi filaye daga Mississauga da sauran Ƙasashen Farko don ba wa masu aminci tallafin filaye a cikin wani yanki na diyya na dukiyoyin da aka rasa a Amurka,da kuma taimaka musu su kafa sabbin al'ummomi da haɓaka wannan yanki. An nada Simcoe Laftanar-Gwamna a ranar 12 ga Satumba 1791,kuma ya tafi Kanada tare da matarsa Elizabeth da 'yarsa Sophia,ya bar 'ya'ya mata uku a Ingila tare da innarsu.Sun bar Ingila a watan Satumba kuma sun isa Kanada a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba.Saboda tsananin yanayi,Simcoes sun yi hunturu a birnin Quebec A ƙarshe Simcoe ya isa Kingston, Upper Canada, a ranar 24 ga Yuni 1792. A cikin shela akan 16 Yuli 1792,ya sake suna tsibirai da yawa a bakin tsibiran da ke kan kogin St.Lawrence don tunawa da janar-janar na Burtaniya na Yaƙin Shekaru Bakwai Amherst Island,Carleton Island, Gage Island, Wolfe Island) da Howe Island A karkashin Dokar Tsarin Mulki,gwamnatin lardi ta ƙunshi Laftanar-Gwamna,Majalisar Zartarwa da Majalisar Dokoki da aka naɗa,da Zaɓaɓɓen Majalisar Dokoki .Taron farko na Majalisar Wakilai mai wakilai tara da Majalisar Dokoki mai wakilai goma sha shida ya faru a Newark (yanzu Niagara-on-the-Lake a ranar 17 ga Satumba

29730

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olena%20Chekan

Olena Chekan

Articles with hCards Olena Vasilivna Chekan (kuma Yelena Chekan 'yar Ukraine; Polish; Serbian, 26 Afrilu 1946 21 Disamba 2013, Kyiv, Ukraine yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Soviet da Ukrainian, marubuciyar fim kuma ɗan jarida. Kuruciya An haifi Chekan a ranar 26 ga Afrilu 1946 a Kyiv. Mahaifinta shi ne Vasily Ioannovich Chekan (28 Disamba 1906 23 Nuwamba 1986), mahaifiyar Lyubov Pavlovna Chekan Tarapon (15 Yuni 1914 19 Yuli 1994). A 1972, ta sauke karatu daga Boris Shchukin Theatre Institute a Moscow. Daraktan fasaha na kwas din shine Vladimir Etush. Chekan ta yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a cikin shekaru guda, tare da Natalya Gundareva da Konstantin Raikin Sana'a Ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a Moscow Drama Theater a kan Malaya Bronnaya, a Moscow Pushkin Drama Theater, a Studio Theater na wani Film actor na Alexander Dovzhenko Film Studios (Kyiv), a Studio Theater "Suzirya" ("Constellation"). in Kyiv. Ta kuma yi aiki a kan Ukrainian TV, a Broadcast Studio 1+1 (TV Channel) a matsayin m edita na "Takardu" aikin. Chekan ta yi aiki a mujallar Ukrainsky Tyzhden The Ukrainian Week a matsayin ɗan jarida kuma mataimakin babban editan tun ranar kafuwar mujallar a shekara ta 2007. Aikinta Chekan na farko a cinema shine a cikin Solaris na Andrei Tarkovsky Ta kasance shahararriyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma shahararriyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a tsakiyar shekarun 1980 kuma tana da ayyuka sama da 50 a fina-finai da suka hada da matsayin jagora da na sakandare kuma. Chekan ya kuma yi aiki a kan ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo fiye da 30 waɗanda ke yin manyan ayyuka da na sakandare. Chekan memba ne na ƙungiyar masu yin fim na USSR da Ukraine kuma memba na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na USSR da Ukraine. Chekan kuma an san ta a matsayin marubucin allo kuma mai yin wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na mutum daya da aka sadaukar don aikin kirkire-kirkire na Taras Shevchenko, Lesya Ukrainka, Vasyl Stus, Marina Tsvetaeva, Osip Mandelstam, Mikhail Bulgakov, Anna Akhmatova, Maximilian Voloshin, Alexander Blok, Borisa Joseph Brodsky, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, Federico García Lorca, tare da kyawawan zane-zane masu ban sha'awa da ban mamaki (gutsuniyoyi na abubuwan da aka tsara na Bach, Vivaldi, Haydn, Mozart, Chopin Ayyukanta da yawa za a iya gani a kan mumbari na Cinema House, Central House of Artists, Actors House, Studio Theatre "Constellation", a cikin Memorial House na Marina Tsvetaeva a Moscow, a Ukrainian Cultural Cibiyoyin a Moscow da kuma Saint Petersburg, a cikin wallafe-wallafe. Gidan Tunawa zuwa Mikhail Bulgakov a Kyiv Mikhail Bulgakov Museum a cikin Memorial House na Maximilian Voloshin a Koktebel, a Alexander Grin gidan kayan gargajiya a Stary Krym (Old Crimea). An bude kakar 73 na kungiyar masana kimiyya ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ukraine a Kyiv tare da maraice na kade-kade da wake-wake. Chekan ta yi rawar gani a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar fasaha ta ƙungiyar ƴan wasan fina-finai ta Jihar USSR a wasanta na mutum ɗaya a gaban sojoji a Kabul da Bagram a Afghanistan a 1981-1982. An bata kyautar tunawa da USSR Border Forces "For Merit ga Fatherland". Chekan ya karanta wakoki tare da shahararriyar mawakiya 'yar kasar Ukraine Lina Kostenko a gaban 'yan kwana-kwana da jami'an soji a lokacin da aka kawar da matsalar gaggawa a tashar samar da makamashin nukiliya ta Chernobyl a shekarar 1986. Ta kuma ba da rahoto daga Grozny a matsayin ɗan jarida mai zaman kansa kuma mai zaman kansa na Rediyo Free Europe/Radio Liberty lokacin Yaƙin Checheniya na Farko a 1994–1996. Har ila yau, ta kasance marubuci, mai gudanarwa da kuma mai gabatarwa na TV-shirin "Hanyoyin dawwama" a kan Inter, a cikin 2000 da kuma editan m na "Takardu" TV-shirin samar da Broadcast Studio 1+1 (TV Channel) 1+1 Rukunin Media. Chekan da Yuriy Makarov suka rubuta wasan kwaikwayo kashi na 4 na fim din "My Shevchenko" wanda shine aikin 1+1 An zabi fim din "My Shevchenko" tare da haɗin gwiwar Yuriy Makarov don kyautar Shevchenko a 2002 Shevchenko National Prize Ta kasance marubucin ra'ayi kuma mawallafin marubucin wasan kwaikwayo na fim din "Ivan Mazepa: Love. Girma." (2005, directed by Yuriy Makarov, aikin 1+1 (TV Channel) Ivan Mazepa Chekan ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yar jarida kuma 'yar jarida a Ukrainsky Tyzhden The Ukrainian Week Mujallar mako-mako tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a 2007 a matsayin mataimakin babban editan Yuriy Makarov. Ta zama marubucin labarai da tambayoyi da yawa, ciki har da hirar da ta yi da Václav Havel, André Glucksmann, Natalya Gorbanevskaya, Boris Nemtsov, Krzysztof Zanussi, Igor Pomerantsev, Akhmed Zakayev, Tomas Venclova, Valentyn Sylvestrov, Serna Kronvsky, Serna Koron da sauran fitattun mutane. A cikin bazara na 2012, an gano cewa Chekan tana da ciwon daji na kwakwalwa (brain cancer) na mataki na hudu. Ta mutu a ranar 21 ga Disamba, 2013. Rayuwa ta sirri Chekan ta yi aure Stanyslas Rodyuk (1937-2003), m aure Chekan tana da ɗa, Bohdan Rodyuk Chekan (an haife shi 1978) daga aurenta da Stanislas Rodyuk. Fina-finai Chekan ta yi aiki a matsayin yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin fina-finai da yawa daga 1980 zuwa 1990, ciki har da: Mutumin da ya damu (1978) Da'irar Iyali (1979) Mata Suna Barkwanci A Cikin Ƙaunar Ƙarfafa (1981) Zuwa Wurin Harsashi (1981) Shekara (1982) Asirin St. George's Cathedral (1982) Harsashi uku na bindigar Ingilishi (1983) Haunted By Ghosts (1984) Rayuwa Bridge (1986) Farko a Sosnovka (1986) Gabatowa Gaba (1986) Ta gefen ku (1986) Fara Binciken (fim na biyu, Smear (1987) Gypsy Aza (1987) Blue Rose (1988) Mai zunubi (1988) Yadda Maza suke Magana Game da Mata (1988) Kama daga Château d'If (1988) Gargadin Guguwa (1988) Hanyar Ta hanyar Ruins (1989) Ina so in yi ikirari (1989) Shekara (1990) Doping Ga Mala'iku (1990) Niagara (1991) Wallafe-wallafe Chekan ta buga littafin hira Etoile d'Alex Moscovitch (Tauraron Alex Moscovitch). Chekan ne ya rubuta wannan littafi a cikin 1990-1991 a Moscow a kan tattaunawar sirri da tunanin siyasa daga Alex Moscovitch, abokin Janar de Gaulle An buga hirar littafin a Moscow a gidan wallafe-wallafen NORD a cikin 1992 tare da tarihin tarihin Moscovitch Le Temps Des Punaises a cikin Rashanci. Ɗanta, Bohdan Rodyuk-Chekan, ya fara buga fassarar Turanci na ayyukanta da kuma ayyukanta mafi kyawu da aka buga a baya a cikin Makon Ukrainian Mawallafin Austrian ya buga littafin mai suna The Quest for a free Ukraine in Vienna a edita gidan Der Konterffei a 2015. Littafi na biyu, Waƙoƙin Ukrainian Art, wanda aka buga a cikin 2016, ya haɗa da ƙarin tambayoyin da aka buga a cikin Makon Ukrainian da kuma babi game da yin aiki da wallafe-wallafen. Manazarta Ci gaba da karatu Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Contains images, biography and filmography of Olena Chekan in Russian Contains the all journalistic interviews and publications on Ukrainian by Olena Chekan in The Ukrainian Week (Ukrainian: Ukrainskyi Tyzhden's official website Contains the audio recording interview Igor Pomerantsev with Olena Chekan in the studio of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, RFE/RL on Russian Contains the interview Olena Chekan with Natalya Gorbanevskaya from The Ukrainian Week (Ukrainian: date of publication 15 October 2010 Contains images of the book presentation "OLENA CHEKAN The Quest for a Free Ukraine Contains image of the book "OLENA CHEKAN The Quest for a Free Ukraine Contains last lifetime interview by Olena Chekan with noted French pianist Alain Planès from Olena Chekan's personal archives. The Ukrainian Week publishes it for the first time Contains images information in Russian about the concert of Yuri Shevchuk and the orchestra DDT which was dedicated to Olena Chekan to help her in the fight against brain cancer Contains images and information in Ukrainian about the funeral and farewell with cultural journalist, actress, screenwriter Olena Chekan Contains image of Olena Chekan (Elena Chekan) Haifaffun 1946 Jarumai daga Kyiv Mutuwar 2013 Marubutan shirye-shiryen talebijin 'yan Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

52924

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilar%20Khoury

Pilar Khoury

Pilar Tony Khouri an haife ta a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta shekarar 1994) ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba ga ƙungiyar Féminine ta Division 2 ta Faransa da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Lebanon Khoury ya taka leda a matakin kwaleji don Ottawa Gee-Gees, ƙungiyar Jami'ar Ottawa Ta bar a 2016 a matsayin wanda ya fi zira kwallaye a raga da kwallaye 58. Khoury ta koma Faransa a wannan shekarar, inda ta shiga Albi a cikin Division 1 Féminine Daga nan ta taka leda a kungiyoyin Division 2 Grenoble, Saint-Étienne da Nantes. An haife shi a Kanada, Khouri dan asalin Labanon ne kuma ya wakilci Lebanon a duniya tun 2021. Ta taimaka wa Lebanon ta lama ta biyu a Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta WAFF ta 2022, inda ta ci kwallonta ta farko a duniya. Rayuwar farko An haifi Khoury a Kanada ga iyayen Lebanon Ta yi nuni da cewa, al'ummar Lebanon da al'adun da suka girma sun kewaye ta, saboda yawan 'yan kasar Lebanon da ke yankinta. Aikin kulob Matasa da jami'a A shekaru 10, Khoury ta fara aikin samartaka a kulob din Ottawa Gloucester Hornets na gida, inda ta zauna tsawon shekaru bakwai. Ta fara ne a matsayin mai tsaron gida, kafin a motsa ta zuwa gaba a shekarar da ta gabata a kulob din. Daga nan Khoury ya koma ƙungiyar Jami'ar Ottawa, Ottawa Gee-Gees Ta yi nasarar samun nasararta a kakar wasa ta uku a kulob din, inda ta karya tarihin zura kwallaye a jami'a har sau biyu tare da lashe kofuna da dama. Khoury ta kammala aikinta tare da 'yar wasan Ottawa Gee-Gees a matsayin wacce ta fi kowa zura kwallo a raga, da kwallaye 58. Albi Khoury ta fara babban aikinta a cikin Shekarar 2016, inda ta koma Division 1 Féminine side Albi a Faransa a ranar 1 ga Agusta. Bayan kasancewa ajiyar farko na farkon kakar 2016-17, ta zama na yau da kullum a cikin rabi na biyu kuma ta taimaka wa gefenta don kauce wa relegation. Kakar ta na biyu ta ga Koury ya rasa gmatches da yawa saboda raunin da ya faru, kuma an mayar da kulob din zuwa Division 2 Féminine Grenoble Ta koma Grenoble don lokacin 2018 19 a cikin Division 2. Bayan da aka tashi a hankali, inda ta ci sau daya a farkon kakar wasa ta bana, Koury ta ci kwallaye 10 a wasanni 10 na gaba. Ta kuma ci kwallaye uku a wasanni hudu na Coupe de France féminine Saint-Étienne A cikin shekara 2019, Khoury ta shiga rukunin na biyu na Saint-Étienne inda, a cikin kakar 2019-20, ta zira kwallaye shida a wasanni 11. Ta kuma zura kwallo daya tilo a wasanta na Coupe de France. A cikin 2020-21, Khouri ya zira kwallaye hudu a wasanni hudu, kafin a soke kakar wasa saboda annobar COVID-19 a Faransa Ta kammala da kwallaye 11 a wasanni 18 a dukkan gasa. Nantes A ranar 27 ga Yuli 2021, Khouri ya koma Nantes Ta fara wasanta na farko a ranar 5 ga Satumba, a cikin nasara da ci 3-0 da Lens A ranar 10 Oktoba, Koury ta zira kwallonta ta farko ga Nantes, inda ta taimaka wa kungiyar ta lashe 3-0 da Orléans Ta ƙare kakar 2021 22 tare da kwallaye shida a cikin wasannin gasar 20, ta rasa ci gaban Division 1 da maki ɗaya. Khoury ta kuma ci kwallo daya a wasanni biyar na Coupe de France, ta taimaka wa kungiyar ta kai wasan kusa da na karshe. Ayyukan kasa da kasa An haife shi a Kanada, Khouri dan asalin Labanon ne. Ta bayyana sha'awarta ta taka leda a Lebanon fiye da Kanada, tana mai cewa ta yi mafarkin wakiltar gwagwalad Lebanon tun tana karama. An fara kiran Khoury ne zuwa kasar Lebanon a watan Afrilun 2021, gabanin wasan sada zumunci da za a yi a Armenia. Game da kiran da aka yi mata na farko, ta ce: “Ina da wahalar bayyana ma’anar hakan a gare ni. Don in wakilci ƙasar iyayena bayan duk sadaukarwar da suka yi don harkar ƙwallon ƙafata.” Koyaya, saboda sakamakon tabbatacce ga COVID-19, ta kasa tafiya. Ta fara wasanta na farko a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, inda ta taimakawa Lebanon ta doke Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa da ci 1-0 a gasar cin kofin Asiya ta mata ta AFC ta 2022 An kira Khoury don wakiltar gwagwalad Lebanon a Gasar Mata ta WAFF ta 2022 ta taimaka wa gefenta ya zo na biyu, inda ta ci kwallonta ta farko a gwagwalad duniya a kan Syria a ranar 4 ga Satumba. Salon wasa Da farko dan wasan gaba, Khouri ya dan wasan winger yayin zamanta a Nantes. Rayuwa ta sirri Kakan mahaifiyar Khoury, Louis Saad, shi ma dan kwallon kafa ne; ya mutu a shekara ta 2013. Khoury ya bayyana cewa ya koya mata yadda ake buga kwallo. Kwanaki kadan kafin rasuwarta, kakanta ya mika mata takardar shaidar zama dan kasar Faransa, wanda ya taimaka mata wajen taka leda a Faransa shekaru uku bayan haka. Yayin wasa don Ottawa Gee-Gees, Khouri ya gkammala digiri na farko a kimiyyarlafiya tare da ƙarami a cikin ilimin halin ɗan adam Khoury ita ma daliba gwagwalad ce a lokacin da take Albi. Kididdigar sana'a Kulob Ƙasashen Duniya Maki da sakamako jera kwallayen Lebanon na farko, ginshiƙin maki yana nuna maki bayan kowane burin Khouri Girmamawa Lebanon Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta WAFF 2022 Mutum Gwarzon Dan Wasan OUA 2014–15, 2015–16 Tauraro na Farko na OUA: 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16 Tawagar farko ta U SPORTS Duk-Kanada: 2014–15, 2015–16 Rubuce-rubuce Ottawa Gee-Gees duk wanda ya zira kwallaye: kwallaye 58 Duba kuma Jerin sunayen 'yan wasan kwallon kafa na duniya mata na Lebaon Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

6975

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekiti

Ekiti

Jihar Ekiti Jiha ce da take kudu maso yammacin Najeriya, ta haɗa iyaka daga arewa da Jihar Kwara, da arewa maso gabas ta Jihar Kogi, daga kudu maso gabas kuwa da Jihar Ondo, sannan daga yamma da Jihar Osun. Ta kuma samo sunanta daga mutanen Ekiti ɓangare na Ƙabilar Yarbawa waɗanda suka mamaye mafi yawan yankunan Jihar. An ƙirƙiri Jihar Ekiti daga wani sashe na Jihar Ondo a shekarar alif 1996 sannan babban birnin jihar ita ce Ado-Ekiti. Tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananun jihohi a Nijeriya ta fuskar faɗin ƙasa, Ita ce jiha ta 31 a girma a Najeriya, tare da kimanin mutum 3.3 a bisa ƙiyasin shekara ta 2016. Dangane da yanayin ƙasa kuwa, Jihar tana da dazuzzuka masu kwari, a Najeriya a mafi yawancin yankunan Jihar tare da bushashiyar yanayi na Guinea forest Savanna mosaic daga arewacin jihar. A cikin watan Mayu na shekara ta 2022, Jihar Ekiti ta zamo jiha ta farko da ta fara ƙaddamar da bishiya a matsayin tambarinta na gwamnati. A ranar Tunawa da Dajikan Duniya (World Forest Day) ne, Gwamna Kayode Fayemi ya sanar cewa sun zaɓi Icen Obeche a matsayin bishiyar Jihar dangane da muhimmancinta na muhalli, tattalin arziƙi da sauran amfani na gargajiya. Mazauna Jihar Ekiti ta yau sun kasance tun tsawon lokaci daga Kabilar Ekiti wani sashe na yaren yarbanci, da tsiraru daga sashin yaren Akoko-Yoruba. Mafi akasarin mutanen jihar (80%) mabiya addinin kiristanci ne tare da tsiraru daga musulmai (10%) da kuma mabiya addinan gargajiya (5%). A zamanin da kafin zuwan turawan mulkin mallaka, yankin Jihar Ekiti ta yau ta kasance a ƙarƙashin daular Masarautar Oyo, Masarautar Benin sannan daga bisani Jihohin Ekiti wanda suka samar da Masarautar Ekiti a shekarar 1800. A tsakanin shekarun 1877 zuwa 1893, yankin sun kafta Yakin Kirji tare da sauran yarbawa na gabas don yakar Masarautar Ibadan da kuma sauran Kungiyoyin Yarbawa na Yamma; ya ƙin ya ƙare ne bayan da Turawan mulkin mallaka suka shiga tsakani kuma suka haɗe yankin acikin Yankin mulkin Mallaka na Kudancin Najeriya wacce daga bisani ta zamo Najeriya Turawa a alif 1914. Bayan samun 'yancin kai a 1960, yankin Jihar Ekiti ta yau na daga cikin yankin Yammacin Najeriya kafin zuwa 1967 lokacin da ka raba yankin kuma jihar ta fada karkashin Jihar Yammacin Najeriya. A cikin shekarar 1976 ne aka raba yankin kuma gabashin yankin ta zamo Jihar Ondo. Shekaru ashirin bayan hakan, an raba yankin arewa maso yammacin Ondo (inda ake kira da Ekiti Zone) inda ta zamo Jihar Ekiti. Tattalin arzikin Jihar Ekiti sun ta'allaka ne akan noma, inda suka fi shukan shinkafa, doya, cocoa, da rogo. Muhimman masana'antu sun hada da masana'antun katakai da wuraren bude idanu. Jihar Ekiti itace ta 19 a cikin Jerin Jihohi Najeriya dangane da Ma'aunin Cigaban Jama'a kuma ana daukar ta a matsayin cibiyar mutanen Ekiti. Tana da yawan fili kimani na kilomita araba’i 6,353 da yawan jama’a milyan biyu da dubu dari uku da tisa'in da takwas ta da dari tara da hamsin da bakwai (ƙidayar yawan jama'ca shekara 2006). Babban birnin jahar ita ce Ado Ekiti. Kayode Fayemi shine gwamna a Jihar ayanzu bayan yasamu nasara a zaben da ya nema a takarar gwamna a Jihar karo na biyu,ya karba a hannun Ayo Fayose Wanda yazama gwamnan jihar tun zaben shekara ta 2014. Mataimakin gwamnan shi ne Kolapo Olubunmi Olusola. Dattijan jihar sun hada da: Fatimat Raji-Rasaki, Duro Faseyi da Biodun Olujimi. Jihar Ekiti tana da iyaka da misalin jihohi biyar, su ne: Kogi, Kwara, Ondo kuma da Osun. Tarihi Jihar Ekiti jiha ce mai zaman kanta kafin zuwan turawan mulkin mallaka. Tana daga cikin muhimman garuruwan Yarbawa a Najeriya. Ekiti a matsayin gari kuma alƙaryar ƙabilar yarbawa ta samo asalinta ne daga Oduduwa, wanda shine ya samar da asalin ƙabilar yarbawa duk da cewa akwai labari mai karfi na wanzuwar yarbawa 'yan asalin Ekiti tun kafin kafuwar masarautar Ile Ifẹ. Akwai muhimman labarai guda biyu dangane da tarihin Ekiti. Na farko ya ƙunshi asalin Ekiti daga Ife. Labarin ya nuna cewa Olofin, daya daga cikin 'ya'yan Oduduwa na da 'ya'ya 16 wanda suka fito tare da sauran mutanensa don neman sabon muhalli suka ratsa ta Iwo Eleru (Kogon Toka) da ke Isarun kuma suka tsaya a Igbo-Aka da ke kusa da Ile Oluji/Okeigbo. Olofin da 'ya'yansa da kuma sauran jama'a sun ci gaba da tafiya har sai da suka isa wani kyakyawan waje mai shimfidadden fili Owa-Obokun (Mausarautar kasar Ijesha) sannan kuma Orangun sannan daga bisani suka yanke shawarar tsayawa a Ijesha da Igbomina na Jihar Osun. A yayin da sauran 'ya'yansa 14 suka cigaba da tafiya har suka iso yankin kasar Ekiti ta yau. Sun lura cewa akwai tsaunuka da dama kuma suka kira ta da yarensu "Ile olokiti" wato kasar tsaunuka. A dalilin haka aka sauya kalmar Okiti zuwa Ekiti. Ta haka Ekiti ta samo asalin sunanta daga tuddai/tsaunuka. Har wayau, ana iya lura da cewa wannna tarihi ta ƙunshi wasu daga cikin masarautun Ekiti amma ba duka kasar Ekiti ba wacce ta kunshi manya manyan birane guda 131, kowacce da masarautar ta da kuma sauran dumbin garuruwan da ke zaman kansu. Labari na biyu ya ta'allaƙa ne a kan tarihin gaske. An zayyano cewa Oduduwa kakan yarbawa ya yi tafiya zuwa garin Ife (Ife Ooyelagbo) inda ya iske mutane da ke rayuwa a wurin. Daga cikin mutanen da ya iske a yankin sun hada da; Agbonniregun [Stetillu], Obatala, Orelure, Obameri, Elesije, Obamirin, Obalejugbe. An sanar cewa tsatson Agbonniregun [Baba Ifa] sun zauna a yankin, misali kuwa shine Alara da Ajero wadanda sun kace 'ya'yan Ifa. A ta dalilin hakan aka samu kalmar ‘Ado ni ile Ifa’ wato [Ado ita ce gida ga Ifa]. Tun daga lokacin mutanen suke zaune a yankin. Babu wanda zai iya bada tsayayyen lokacin da waɗannan abubuwa suka faru saboda rashin rubutaccen hujja, amma mutane sun wanzu a Ekiti na tsawon ƙarnuka da dama. Yana nan a rubuce cewa sarakunan Ekiti sun wanzu tun daga ƙarni na 13. Misalin hakan shine zamanin Ewi Ata na Ado-Ekiti a ƙarni na 1400. Dangane da mutanen Ekiti, Samuel Johnson ya fada cewa: A tarihance, mutanen Ekiti na daga cikin al'amuran asali na Najeriya waɗanda masu kai farmaki daga gabas suka mamaye (Yarbawa daga Ile Ife). Kalmar Ekiti na nufin "laka/taɓo, kuma ya samo asali ne daga hanyoyi marasa dadin bi na gefen tsaunuka na cikin yankunan kasar. Daula ce mai matukar tsari wacce ke da albarkar ruwaye, wanda ke dauke da harsuna da yaruka da dama a daidai iyakar Neja daga gabas. Mutanen na da bambanci da mutanen Ijesa, musamman ta fuskar "harkokin siyasa" (Samuel Johnson, The History of the Yoruba, 1921). An amince da cewa kakanni na farko na Mutanen Ekiti sun taso ne daga yankin Ile Ife, asalin alkaryar yarbawa zuwa yankin Ekiti ta yau. Dangane da labaran baka da rubuce-rubuce akan tarihin Yarabawa, Oduduwa sarkin Yarbawa yayi tafiya zuwa garin Ife [Ife Ooyelagbo] inda ya iske mutane wadanda ke zaune a wajen. Daga cikin tsofaffin da ya iske a lokacin sun haɗa da; Agbonniregun [Stetillu], Obatala, Orelure, Obameri, Elesije, Obamirin, Obalejugbe. An sani cewa jikokin Agbonniregun [Baba Ifa] sun zauna a Ekiti, misali kuwa shine Alara da Ajero waɗanda sun kasance 'ya'yan Ifa ne. Shi kanshi Orunmila [Agbonniregun] ya kwashe mafi akasarin rayuwarsa a Ado. A dalilin haka ake cewa ‘Ado ni ile Ifa’ [Ado gida ne ga Ifa]. Tun daga lokacin mutanen Ekiti basu kara zama a wannan wuri ba na yanzu. Kasar Ekiti ta farko ta kasu zuwa gundumomi 16 (kuma suna nan har zuwa yau), kowacce da sarkinta watau Owa (wanda kalma ne na gama gari ga mutanenta). Wadanda guda hudu sune madaukaka: (1) Owore na Otun, (2) Ajero na Ijero, (3) Ewi na Ado da kuma (4) Elekole na Ikole. Ƙananan sarakunan Ekiti kuma sun haɗa da (5) Alara na Aramoko, (6) Alaye na Efon Alaye, (7) Ajanpanda na Akure, (8) Alagotun na Ogotun, (9) Olojudo na Ido, (10) Attah na Aiyede, (11) Oloja Oke na Igbo Odo, (12) Oloye na Oye, (13) Olomuwo na Omuwo, (14) Onire na Ire, (15) Arinjale na Ise and (16) Onitaji na Itaji. A wasu lokutan akan sanya Orangun na Ila a cikinsu. An cire Jihar Ekiti ta yau daga sashin Jihar Ondo a shekarar 1996. Kafin hakan, ta kasance daga cikin yankin gundumar Ondo na Yankin Yammacin Najeriya. Yanayin ƙasa Mafi akasarin ƙasar jihar na kan tudu ne, mai tsawon mita 250 daga matakin teku. Jihar na yankin dake ƙarƙashin "dutsen metamorphic" Kananan Hukumomi Jihar Ekiti nada Kananan hukumomi guda goma sha shida (16). Sune: Ado-Ekiti Ikere Oye Aiyekire (Gbonyin) Efon Ekiti ta Gabas Ekiti ta Kudu maso Yamma Ekiti ta Yamma Emure Ido-Osi Ijero Ikole Ilejemeje Irepodun/Ifelodun Ise/Orun Moba Hotuna Galerry Manazarta Jihohin

51224

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Svanikier

Thomas Svanikier

Thomas Swaniker (an haife shi a watan Janairu 1960 babban ɗan kasuwan Ghana ne kuma mai ba da taimako. Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban zartarwa na Svani Group, wani kamfani na kera motoci, da kuma wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban kwamitin ba da shawara na bankin Fidelity, wata cibiyar hada-hadar kudi ta kasa da kasa. Svanikier ya kasance kan gaba wajen sabuntar tattalin arzikin Ghana tsawon shekaru 25 da suka gabata, musamman a bangaren motoci da hada-hadar kudi. Labarin kasuwanci Aikin farko na Thomas Svanikier shine kasuwancin shigo da motoci. Svani Limited, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1990, ya ba da motocin Lada na Rasha ga masana'antun Ghana, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da hukumomin gwamnati, da masu amfani da su a yammacin Afirka. Dangane da rashin kasancewar motocin Arewacin Amurka, Svani Limited ya sake fitar da motocin Ford da Lincoln Mercury zuwa kasuwar Ghana a shekarar 1994. Svanikier yayi sauri ya fadada kamfaninsa kuma ya sake masa suna Svani Group. Kamfanin yana shigo da motoci, ba da haya, haya da sayar da motoci, kuma shi ne mai rarraba janareta da sauran kayan aiki masu nauyi a yammacin Afirka. Svani ya sayar da motocin sulke ga ofishin shugaban kasar Ghana, hukumar leken asirin Amurka a Najeriya, gwamnan jihar Legas, da gwamnatocin kasashen Laberiya da Togo. Ƙungiyar ta kuma ba da kulawar motoci da na'urori na musamman ga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka a Ghana. A halin yanzu Svani yana sarrafa kusan kashi 20% na kasuwar motocin duniya a Ghana kuma yana da cibiyoyin sabis a Accra, Takoradi, Koforidua da Kumasi. Har ila yau Svani shi ne mai shigo da kaya da rarraba motocin Mahindra, sannan kuma shi ne mai rabon motocin Toyota Land Cruisers da Ford a Ghana. Tare da haɗin gwiwa da kamfanin Svanikier, Mahindra ya gina wata masana'antar hada-hadar babur da motocin daukar kaya a Accra, Ghana. Kamfanonin biyu a halin yanzu suna aiki don haɓaka aikin hada motoci da cibiyar sabis mai girman eka 9.6 a kan babbar hanyar Accra-Tema. Motoci da dama da aka raba wa Svani sun samu nadin nadi a gasar karramawar motoci ta Ghana. Svanikier ya shiga cikin masu zaman kansu tare da ƙirƙirar Africa Capital LLC, wanda ke saka hannun jari a harkokin sufuri, makamashi, kuɗi, da ayyukan gidaje. A shekarar 2010, reshen makamashi na Africa Capital, Atholl Energy, ya samu yabo daga shugaban kasar na lokacin John Evans Atta Mills, bisa aikin hadin gwiwa da kungiyar Siemens, na gina tashar samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin megawatt 180, wanda ya kara habaka wutar lantarkin Ghana. Babban bankin Afrika shine mafi girman hannun jarin bankin Fidelity. A halin yanzu dai Fidelity shine na hudu mafi girma a banki a Ghana, kuma yana girma cikin sauri. Bankin Fidelity yana da rassa 98 a Ghana kuma yana shirin kara yawan adadin a shekaru masu zuwa. A cikin Yuli 2020, jimlar kadarorin bankin sun tsaya a GHC biliyan 10.2. A watan Yulin 2015, an gayyaci Svanikier da matarsa da su kasance cikin tawagar shugaban Amurka Barack Obama a ziyarar aiki da ya kai Kenya. An kuma bukaci Svanikier da ya halarci taron kasuwanci na duniya da ma'aikatar kasuwanci ta Amurka ta shirya a birnin Nairobi na kasar Kenya, inda shugaban ya gana da jiga-jigan 'yan kasuwa a Afirka. Tun daga shekarar 2015, Svanikier yana aiki a matsayin babban mai ba da shawara ga Afirka don Ƙungiyar Dabarun Tsare-tsare, wani kamfani na Washington, DC wanda ke ba da sabis na shawarwari ga gwamnatoci da kamfanoni kan batutuwan tattalin arziki da siyasa. Tallafawa Svanikier sanannen mai ba da agaji ne a Ghana. Yana aiki a matsayin jagora ga Cibiyar Masana'antu Opportunities (wanda kuma aka sani da OIC International). OIC ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta a Pennsylvania wacce ke ba da horon fasaha da ƙwarewar sana'a ga manya da matasa marasa galihu. Shi ne kuma shugaban hukumar kawar da talauci a Afirka da ke birnin Accra. An san Svanikier a matsayin mai ba da tallafi ga ilimi da shirye-shiryen ci gaban matasa, kuma ya ba da gudummawar motar bas mai kujeru 35 da kudinta ya kai dala 64,000 ga fitacciyar kungiyar mawakan Winneba ta Ghana. Har ila yau, mai ci gaba ne na tallafawa makarantun Presbyterian da ke unguwar Accra a Osu. Ya bayar da tallafin samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli, da gina makarantar firamare ta ‘yan mata da dakin karatu na zamani mai dakin gwaje-gwajen kwamfuta. An sadaukar da wuraren Makarantar 'Yan Mata don tunawa da marigayiyar mahaifiyarsa, Agnes Federica Svanikier. A cikin watan Disamba, 2014, a tsakiyar barkewar cutar Ebola a yammacin Afirka, kungiyar Svani ta hada gwiwa da hukumar raya kasashe ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP) a yaki da cutar Ebola. Kungiyar Svani ta ba da gudummawar motoci masu nauyi guda takwas da kuma na'urorin samar da wutar lantarki da dama ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke ba da agajin gaggawa na Ebola. A shekarar 2015, Svanikier da matarsa sun kafa Shirin Jagorancin Siyasa na Jama'a na Svanikier, wanda ya ba da gudummawar $100,000 ga Makarantar Gwamnati ta Jami'ar Oxford. Kudaden sun tafi ne domin daukar nauyin wasu jami’an gwamnati shida ‘yan Ghana don halartar kwasa-kwasai a Jami’ar da aka mayar da hankali kan harkokin mulki da sarrafa albarkatun kasa. Na sirri Svanikier ya yi aure kuma yana da ɗa da ’ya’ya mata biyu. Matarsa, Johanna Odonkor Svanikier, ƙwararriyar masaniyar Fulbright ne wacce ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Oxford da Jami'ar Harvard. Johanna Odonkor-Svanikier ita ce Jakadiyar Ghana a Faransa, Portugal da UNESCO. Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1960 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba