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49339	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yawon%20Bu%C9%97e%20Ido%20a%20Somaliya	Yawon Buɗe Ido a Somaliya	Ma'aikatar yawon bude ido ta gwamnatin tarayyar Somaliya ce ke kula da harkokin yawon bude ido a Somaliya. An lura da masana'antar bisa ga al'ada don wuraren tarihi da yawa, rairayin bakin teku, magudanan ruwa, tsaunuka da wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa. Bayan fara yakin basasa a farkon shekarun 1990, ma'aikatar yawon bude ido ta rufe ayyuka. An sake kafa shi a cikin shekarar 2000s, kuma yana sake kula da masana'antar yawon bude ido ta kasa. Ƙungiyar yawon buɗe ido ta Somaliya (SOMTA) da ke Mogadishu tana ba da sabis na tuntuɓar ƙasa. Tarihi A zamanin kafin samun ‘yancin kai, masu binciken Turai a wasu lokuta kan yi balaguro zuwa Somaliya da wasu sassa na Horn of Africa don ziyartar wuraren tarihi masu yawa na yankin da aka bayyana a cikin tsoffin takardu kamar karni na 1 AZ Periplus na Tekun Erythraean. Bayan da Somaliya ta samu 'yancin kai a shekarar 1960, an kafa ma'aikatar yawon bude ido domin daidaita masana'antar yawon bude ido ta kasa. A cikin shekarar 1969, an zartar da Dokar Fauna (Farauta) da Kare daji, wacce ta ayyana kuma ta tanadar don kafa wuraren sarrafawa, ajiyar wasa da wuraren ajiyar wasa. Daga baya aka gyara shi a cikin shekarar 1978. A karkashin Mire Aware Jama, daga baya Ma'aikatar ta zartar da dokar yawon buɗe ido a shekarar 1984. Kudirin ya kuma zayyana ka’idoji a hukumance don bunkasa da zamanantar da bangaren yawon bude ido. Daga cikin manufofinta da aka bayyana har da mallakar filaye a ciki da bakin teku da kuma kadarori na bakin teku da nufin gina ko fadada kayayyakin yawon bude ido. Dokar ta kuma hada da tanade-tanade don "kariya, adanawa da amfani da albarkatun tarihi, al'adu da na fasaha; kariya da kiyaye muhalli da muhalli; da tsantsar tsare-tsare na birane da yanki na yankunan masu yawon bude ido da suka hada da wuraren shakatawa na wasanni, wuraren shakatawa na kasa da na teku., wurare masu tsarki, da sauransu." Ma'aikatar yawon shakatawa ta nemi cibiyar masana'antar a kusa da Kudancin Lag Badana National Park, tare da rafukan murjani na kusa da tsibiran da ke bakin teku su ma an yi hasashen zama wani ɓangare na ci gaban. Bugu da kari, an tsara shirye-shiryen kafa wurin shakatawa na yawon bude ido a daya daga cikin rairayin bakin teku da ke kusa da babban birnin Mogadishu, a yankin Banaadir ta kudu ta tsakiya. A shekara ta 1989, an samar da sabbin dokoki da za su tafiyar da kafa wuraren shakatawa na kasa, ajiyar wasa da tanadi na musamman. Ma’aikatar kiwon dabbobi da gandun daji da kiwo ta kasa ce ta kula da aikin kiyaye namun daji a wannan lokaci. Sashen kula da namun daji kuma yana gudanar da wani yanki mai zaman kansa na tabbatar da doka, wanda aka kirkireshi ta hanyar dokar shugaban kasa. Bayan barkewar yakin basasa a shekara ta 1991, yawon bude ido a Somaliya ya tsaya. Daga baya hukumomin duniya daban-daban sun fara ba da shawarwarin balaguro suna ba da shawarar cewa masu yawon bude ido su guji ziyartar yankin saboda dalilai na tsaro. Baya ga ƴan masu neman kasada, ƴan matafiya kaɗan ne suka yunƙura zuwa lardunan kudanci masu rikice-rikice. Galibi a maimakon haka sun iyakance ziyararsu zuwa yankin arewacin Somaliland mai kwanciyar hankali. Bayan da sojojin Somaliya suka fatattaki mayakan Al-Shabaab daga Mogadishu a tsakiyar shekarar 2011, a hankali babban birnin kasar ya fara samun farfadowa. 'Yan kasuwa na cikin gida da 'yan asalin Somaliya da suka dawo sun gina tare da buɗe wasu sabbin otal-otal da gidajen baƙi, galibi suna ba da abinci ga wasu Somaliyawa da kuma wasu 'yan Yammacin Turai. Sabbin wuraren shakatawa da aka gina a gefen rairayin bakin teku kuma sun sami masaukin iyalai masu yawon bude ido na farko cikin shekaru da yawa. Ka'ida Ma'aikatar yawon bude ido ta kasa da aka sake ginawa a Somaliya ne ke kula da harkokin yawon bude ido a Somaliya. Jamhuriyar Somaliland mai cin gashin kanta ta kula da ofisoshin yawon bude ido. Kungiyar yawon bude ido ta Somaliya (SOMTA) kuma tana ba da sabis na tuntuba daga cikin kasar kan masana'antar yawon bude ido ta kasa. Saboda rashin ka'idojin gwamnati na dadewa, ba a tabbatar da yawan masu yawon bude ido na kasa da kasa da ke zuwa Somaliya a kowace shekara ba. Koyaya, biza da izinin zama a yanzu sun zama tilas ga duk 'yan ƙasashen waje. Tun daga watan Afrilun 2013, Ma'aikatar Shige da Fice ta Somaliya da aka sake kafa ta na buƙatar duk baƙi da ba su da takardun izini su yi rajista a ofisoshinta da ke babban birnin. Abubuwa masu jan hankali Somaliya tana da abubuwa masu jan hankali da dama, da suka haɗa da wuraren tarihi, rairayin bakin teku, magudanan ruwa, tsaunuka da wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa. Tun a watan Maris din shekarar 2015, ma’aikatar yawon bude ido da namun daji ta jihar Kudu maso Yamma ta sanar da cewa, an shirya tsaf don samar da karin wuraren ajiyar namun daji da na namun daji. Wuraren tarihi Arewa Aluula Tsohon babban birnin Majeerteen Sultanate (Migiurtinia). Bargal Tsohon babban birnin yanayi na masarautar Majeerteen. Yana dauke da rugujewar daya daga cikin katangar sarki Osman Mahamuud. BOSASO-Periplus na Tekun Erythraean na nuni da cewa ‘yan kasuwan Girka na da sun yi tafiya zuwa birnin Bosaaso, inda suka ba da bayanai game da dabaru da yanayin wurin da yankin na Bosaaso yake a halin yanzu, wanda aka fi sani da Mosylon a zamanin da. Garuruwan da ke kewaye kamar Biyo Kulule da Bacaad da Karin wanda Italiya ke da tushe na biyu mafi girma a cikin ƙasar Somaliya duk wuraren kayan tarihi ne Damo-Da alama "Kasuwa da Cape na kayan yaji" da aka kwatanta a cikin Periplus na Tekun Erythraean. Dhambalin wurin binciken kayan tarihi a arewacin Somaliya, tare da zane-zanen dutse a cikin salon Habasha-Arabiya yana nuna shaidar farko na dabbobi. Eyl Wurin kayan tarihi da kayan tarihi da yawa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin tushe ga sojojin Derwish, tare da gasasshen Dhulbahante da yawa daga wannan lokacin. Har ila yau, ya haɗa da wasu gine-ginen da turawan mulkin mallaka suka gina. Hafun-Gidan tsohuwar necropolis. Haylaan–Wurin daɗaɗɗen kango da gine-gine. Ya hada da kabarin Sheikh Darod da matarsa Dobira. Laas Gaal–Rukunin kogo a arewa maso yammacin Somaliya wanda ke dauke da wasu sanannun fasahar dutsen da aka sani a yankin. An kiyasta zane-zanen kogon nasa a tsakanin 9,000-3,000 KZ. Las Khorey Tsohon babban birnin Warsangali Sultanate. Ita ce wurin zama na tsohon fadar Sarkin Musulmi, mai hawa biyu, kagara, da sauran rugujewar tarihi da dama. Maydh Wurin wani tsohon tashar tashar jiragen ruwa a yankin Sanaag na Somaliya. Ya hada da kabarin Sheikh Isak. Qa'ableh–Tsohon garin da ke da tsoffin gine-ginen binnewa. An yi imani cewa za a iya ɗaukar kaburburan tsoffin sarakuna tun farkon tarihin Somaliya. Ya hada da kabarin Sheikh Harti. Qombo'ul Garin mai tarihi a yankin Sanaag. Rukunan sun haɗa da tsaffin kango, gine-gine da gine-gine. Taleex Tsohuwar babban birnin jihar Dervish. Yana da babban hadadden Dhulbahante garesa. Zeila tashar kasuwanci ta Avalites a zamanin da, kuma babban birnin farko na Adal Sultanate na da. Kudu Afgooye Tsohuwar babban birnin masarautar Geledi Sultanate Barawa Muhimmin birni na kasuwanci na tsakiyar zamani. Gondal Mazauni mai tarihi a kudancin Somaliya. Wurin da ya lalace, ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin magabata na Kismayo. Gondershe Garin dutse na zamanin da da aka gina akan tudu mai nuna gidaje na murjani, garu, kaburbura da masallatai Wurin fim ɗin La Conchiglia (1992) wanda daraktan Somaliya mai lambar yabo Abdulkadir Ahmed Said ya yi. Hannassa Garin tarihi da aka gina akan ƙawance. Yana da kaburbura ginshiƙai, tsoffin gidaje masu manyan hanyoyi da tsakar gida, da masallaci mai ingantaccen mihrab ɗin da ke kallon Tekun Indiya Hobyo Tsohuwar hedkwatar Sarkin Musulmi Kismayo Wurin rugujewar masarautar Geledi da sauran masarautu. Luuq Wani gari a kudu maso yammacin lardin Gedo na Somalia. Yana ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin ƙauyuka a yankin. Merca Wani tsohon birni mai tashar jiragen ruwa a kudancin Lower Shebelle (Shabellaha Hoose) yankin Somaliya. Mogadishu Tsohon babban birnin Sultanate na Mogadishu Wataƙila yana haɗuwa tare da tsohuwar tashar jiragen ruwa na Sarapion, kamar yadda Ptolemy ya bayyana. Nimmo Wani gari mai tarihi da ke kudancin Mogadishu, ya ƙunshi rusassun gidaje na duwatsu da masallatai. Warsheikh Daya daga cikin manyan matsugunan daular Sultanate na Mogadishu a lokacin tsakiyar zamanai. Rairayin bakin teku Gezira Beach Mogadishu Boosaaso Boosaaso Bathela Berbera Batalaale Berbera Liido Mogadishu Waterfalls Iskushuban Lamadaya Tsawon tsaunuka Cal Madow Dutsen Golis Dutsen Ogo wuraren shakatawa na kasa Dutsen Daallo Hargaisa National Park Tsibirin Hobyo da ciyayi Jilib National Park Kisman National Park Lag Badana National Park Duba kuma Gine-ginen Somaliya Fasfo na Somaliya Sufuri a Somaliya Tarihin Maritime na Somaliya Manufar Visa na Somaliya Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Ƙungiyar yawon bude ido ta Somaliya (SOMTA) Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
13345	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya%20Angelou	Maya Angelou	Maya Angelou /æ n dʒ ə l oʊ link=\| Game da wannan sauti haihuwa Marguerite Annie Johnson Afrilu 4, shekarar 1928 28 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2014) mawaƙiya Ba'amurkiya ce, mawaƙiya, mai ba da labari, mai fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a Ta wallafa tarihin rayuwa (autobiographiesa0 guda bakwai, littattafai uku na tatsuniyoyi, littattafai na adabi da yawa, an kuma lasafta ta cikin jerin wasannin kwaikwayo, fina-finai, da kuma wasannin talabijin da ke gudana cikin sama da shekaru 50. Ta samu lambobin yabo da darajoji sama da 50. Angelou sanannu sanannu ne ga jerin batutuwa guda bakwai, waɗanda suka mayar da hankali ga ƙuruciyarta da kuma abubuwan da suka fara samu a kanta. Na farko, Na san Dalilin da yasa aka Saka Tsuntsu Tsuntsu (1969), tayi bayanin rayuwarta tun tana shekaru 17 wanda ya janyo mata yabo a duniya da daukaka. Ta zama mawakiya, marubuciya bayan wasu ayyukan data yi ayayin samartakar ta wanda suka hada da dafa abinci, ma'aikaciyar jima'i, yar rawa, yin wasan kwaikwayo, memba na opera Porgy da Bess, mai gudanarwa a Taron Shugabannin Kiristocin Kudancin, da kuma 'yar jarida a Masar da Gana a lokacin mulkin Afirka Ta kasance mai wasan kwaikwayo, marubuci, darekta, kuma mai gabatar da wasannin kwaikwayo, fina-finai, da shirye-shiryen talabijin na jama'a. A shekarar 1982, aka sanya mata suna Farfesa Reynolds na farko na Farfesa a Jami'ar Wake da ke Winston-Salem, North Carolina Tana aiki a cikin Rightsungiyoyin Rightsungiyoyin andungiyoyin kuma ta yi aiki tare da Martin Luther King Jr. da Malcolm X. Tun daga shekarun 1990s, ta yi bayyani sau 80 a shekara a kan karatun lacca, wani abu da ta ci gaba har zuwa shekarun ta. A cikin shekarar 1993, Angelou ta karanta mawaƙinta mai taken A kan Morning of Morning (1993) a lokacin buɗe Bill Clinton na farko, wanda ya ba ta waka ta farko da ta fara karatun boko tun Robert Frost a lokacin buɗe John F. Kennedy a shekarar 1961. Da wallafa (I know Why The Caged Bird Sings) Na Na San Abin da Ya Sa Tsararrun Tsuntsayen Birni, Angelou ta tattauna a fili dangane da rayuwar ta. An mutunta ta a matsayin kakakin baƙar fata ga baki da mata, kuma ayyukanta an ɗauke ta a matsayin kariya ga al'adar baƙar fata. Ayyukanta suna da amfani sosai a makarantu da jami'o'i a duk duniya, kodayake an yi ƙoƙarin hana littattafan ta daga wasu ɗakunan karatu na Amurka. Abubuwan da aka fi girmamawa na Angelou an sanya su azaman almara, amma masu sukar da yawa suna ɗauka cewa masu ra'ayin kansa ne. Ta yi yunƙurin yin ƙoƙari don ƙalubalanci tsarin rayuwar ɗabi'a ta hanyar zargi, canzawa da faɗaɗa nau'in sifa. Littattafan nata suna kan batutuwa kamar su wariyar launin fata, asalinsu, dangi da balaguro. Farkon rayuwa Marguerite Annie Johnson an haife ta ne a St. Louis, Missouri, ranar 4 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 1928, itace ta biyun yayan Bailey Johnson, ma'aikacin gadi, mai dafa abincin sojojin ruwa, da matarsa Vivian (Baxter) Johnson, ma'aikaciyar jinya ce kuma dilla ce. dan uwan Angelou, Bailey Jr., wanda ake wa lakabi da Marguerite "Maya", an samo shi ne daga "My" ko "Mya Sister". Lokacin da Angelou ta kasancean shekara uku da ɗanuwanta huɗu, "aure mai wahala" ya ƙare, kuma mahaifinsu ya tura su zuwa Stamps, Arkansas, shi kaɗai ta jirgin ƙasa, don zama tare da kakanin mahaifinsu, Annie Henderson. A cikin "ban mamaki mai ban mamaki" ga matsanancin tattalin arziƙin Baƙin Amurkawa na lokacin, tsohuwar uwargidan Angelou ta sami wadatar kuɗi yayin Babban Bala'i da Yaƙin Duniya na II saboda babban shagon da ta mallaka ya buƙaci kayayyaki na yau da kullun kuma saboda "ta sanya hikima da gaskiya saka jari [bayanin kula 2] Shekaru huɗu bayan haka, mahaifin yaran "ya zo Stamps ba tare da gargadi ba" mayar da su zuwa kulawar mahaifiyarsu a St. Louis. Lokacin tana da shekara takwas, yayin da suke zaune tare da mahaifiyarta, Angelou ta fuskanci zarafi da yin lalata da ita daga wurin saurayin mahaifiyarta, wani mutum mai suna Freeman. Ta gaya wa dan uwanta, wanda ya gaya wa sauran danginsu. An samu Freeman da laifi amma kwana guda kawai aka daure shi. Kwana hudu bayan sakinsa, an kashe shi, mai yiwuwa ga iyayen Angelou. Angelou ta zama bata iya magana kusan shekara biyar, tana ganin, kamar yadda ta bayyana, “Na yi tunani, muryata ta ce ta kashe shi; Na kashe wannan mutumin, saboda na fada sunansa. Kuma a lokacin na yi tunanin ba zan sake yin magana ba, saboda muryata za ta kashe kowa. A cewar Marcia Ann Gillespie da takwarorinta, waɗanda suka rubuta tarihin rayuwar game da Angelou, a wannan lokacin ne lokacin shiru yayin da Angelou ta bunkasa ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ta, da ƙaunar littattafai da adabi, da kuma iya saurarenta da lura da duniyar da ke kewayenta. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kisan Freeman, an sake dawo da Angelou da ɗanuwanta zuwa ga kakansu wurin kakansu. Angelou ta yaba wa malama kuma abokiyar dangin ta, Mrs. Bertha Furanni, tare da taimaka mata da sake yin magana. Furanni sun gabatar da ita ga marubuta kamar su Charles Dickens, William Shakespeare, Edgar Allan Poe, Douglas Johnson, da James Weldon Johnson, marubutan da zasu shafi rayuwarta da ayyukanta, gami da bakaken mata mata kamar Frances Harper, Anne Spencer, da Jessie Fauset Lokacin da Angelou ta kasance 14, ita da ɗan'uwanta sun sake komawa tare da mahaifiyarsu, wanda tun daga nan suka koma Oakland, California A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II, Angelou ta halarci Makarantar Kwadago ta California Lokacin da ta kai shekara 16, ta zama mace ta farko mace mai baƙon keken mota a San Francisco. Tana son aikin da bai dace ba, tana sha'awar rigar masu aiki har mahaifiyarta ta kirata da "aikin mafarkinta." Mahaifiyarta sun ƙarfafa shi don bin matsayin, amma ya gargaɗe ta cewa lallai tana buƙatar zuwa da wuri kuma ta yi aiki sosai fiye da sauran. A shekarar 2014, Angelou ta sami lambar yabo ta rayuwa a wurin taron na Ma’aikatan Harkokin Sufuri na oran tsira a zaman wani zaman da aka gabatar da taken "Matan da suka theaura Al'umma." Makonni uku bayan kammala makaranta, a lokacin tana da shekara 17, ta haifi ɗanta, Clyde (wanda daga baya ya canza sunansa zuwa Guy Johnson). Aiki Balaganta da aikin farko: 1951-1961 A shekara ta 1951, Angelou ta auri Tosh Angelos, mai gyaran wuta dan Girka, mai aikin injiniya, kuma mai son kide-kide, duk da la'antar dangantakar da ke tsakanin kabilu a lokacin da kuma rashin amincewa da mahaifiyarsa. [bayanin kula 3] Ta dauki azuzuwan rawa na zamani a wannan lokacin, kuma ta hadu da masu rawa da mawaka Alvin Ailey da Ruth Beckford. Ailey da Angelou sun kirkiro ƙungiyar rawa, suna kiran kansu "Al da Rita", kuma sun yi rawar zamani a ƙungiyoyin baƙar fata a cikin San Francisco amma ba su taɓa yin nasara ba. Angelou, sabon mijinta, da ɗanta suka ƙaura zuwa New York City don ta yi nazarin rawar Afirka tare da ɗan wasan Trinidadiya Pearl Primus, amma sun sake komawa San Francisco bayan shekara guda. Bayan da auren Angelou ta kare a shekara ta 1954, ta yi rawar gani a kungiyoyi da ke kusa da San Francisco, gami da kidan da ake yi a gidan mai suna 'Purple Onion', inda ta rera waka da rawa da kida na calypso Har zuwa wannan lokacin ta kasance da sunan "Marguerite Johnson", ko "Rita", amma a cikin babbar shawarar kwastomominta da mataimakan ta a cikin Purple Onion, ta canza sunanta na zamani zuwa "Maya Angelou" (ta sunan barkwanci da sunan mahaifan aure da suka gabata). Wata 'sananniyar suna' ce ta banbance ta kuma ta ji irin rawar da wasanninta na calypso ke yi. A tsakanin shekarar 1954 da shekarar 1955, Angelou ta zagaya Turai tare da samar da opera Porgy da Bess Ta fara karatun ta na koyon yare na kowace ƙasa da ta ziyarta, kuma cikin yearsan shekaru kaɗan ta sami ƙwarewa a cikin yaruka da yawa. A shekarar 1957, hawa a kan shahararsa ta calypso, Angelou rubuce ta farko album, Miss calypso, wanda aka sa a fitar a matsayin wani CD a 1996. Ta bayyana a wani Off-Broadway review cewa wahayi zuwa fim din Calypso Heat Wave na shekarar 1957, wanda Angelou ta rera kuma ta yi waƙoƙin nata. [bayanin kula 4] [bayanin kula 5] Angelou ta hadu da mawaki John Oliver Killens a cikin 1959 kuma, bisa ga roƙonsa, ta koma New York don mai da hankali kan ayyukan rubuce-rubucen ta. Ta shiga cikin Harlem Writrs Guild, inda ta sadu da manyan marubutan Afirka-Ba-Amurka, wadanda suka hada da John Henrik Clarke, Rosa Guy, Paule Marshall, da Julian Mayfield, kuma an buga shi a karon farko. A shekarar 1960, bayan haduwa da shugaban kare hakkin dan Adam Martin Luther King Jr. da sauraren shi yayi magana, ita da Killens sun shirya "almara" Cabaret for Freedom don amfana da Taron Shugabannin Kungiyar Kiristocin Kudancin (SCLC), kuma aka sanya mata suna mai gudanarwa na Arewa. A cewar masanin Lyman B. Hagen, gudummawar da ta bayar ga haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa da kuma mai tsara SCLC ya kasance mai nasara kuma "a hankali har abada". Ita ma Angelou ta fara gwagwarmayar Castro ne da kuma nuna wariyar launin fata a wannan lokacin. Afirka to Caged Bird 1961-69 A cikin shekarar 1961, Angelou ta yi wasa a cikin wasan kwaikwayon na Jean Genet The Blacks, tare da Abbey Lincoln, Roscoe Lee Brown, James Earl Jones, Louis Gossett, Godfrey Cambridge, da Cicely Tyson Hakanan a shekarar 1961, ta hadu da mai gwagwarmayar 'yanci na Afirka ta Kudu Vusumzi Make ba su yi aure bisa hukuma ba. Ita da ɗanta Guy sun ƙaura tare da Make zuwa Alkahira, inda Angelou ta yi aiki a matsayin editan edita a jaridar Turanci na mako-mako The Arab Observer A 1962, dangantakarta da Make ta ƙare, ita da Guy suka koma Accra, Ghana don ya halarci kwaleji, amma ya ji rauni sosai a wani hatsarin mota. [bayanin kula 6] Angelou ya ci gaba da zama a Accra don murmurewa kuma ya ƙare ya ci gaba da zama a nan har zuwa shekarar 1965. Ta zama ma'aikaciya a Jami'ar Gana, kuma ta kasance mai aiki a cikin kasashen Afirka da baƙi na kasashen waje. Ta kasance edita ne mai taken The African Review, marubuci mai zaman kansa ga Jaridar Ganawa, rubuta da watsa shirye-shiryen Rediyo Gana, kuma ta yi aiki da kuma yi wa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kasa. Ta yi ne a cikin farfadowa da The Blacks a Geneva da Berlin. A Accra, ta kasance abokiya na kud da kud da Malcolm X a yayin ziyarar tasa a farkon shekarun 1960. Angelou ta dawo Amurka a shekarar 1965 don ta taimaka masa wajen kafa sabuwar kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam, Kungiyar Hadin kan Amurkawa An kashe shi ba da daɗewa ba. Cikin takaici da rashin yarda, sai ta hada kai da dan uwanta a Hawaii, inda ta fara aikinta na raye-raye. Ta koma Los Angeles ne domin ta mai da hankali kan aikinta na rubutu. Yin aiki a matsayin mai binciken kasuwa a Watts, Angelou ya shaida tarzoma a lokacin bazara na 1965. Tana cikin rubuce-rubuce da wasannin kwaikwayo, sannan ta dawo New York a shekarar 1967. Ta sadu da abokiyar rayuwar ta Rosa Guy kuma ta sake sabunta abokantaka da James Baldwin, wanda ta sadu da ita a Paris a cikin shekarun 1950 kuma ta kira "ɗan'uwana", a wannan lokacin. Abokiyarta Jerry Purcell sun ba wa Angelou wani tallafi don tallafa wa rubuce-rubucen ta. A shekarar 1968, Martin Luther King Jr. ya nemi Angelou da ta shirya wata tafiya. Ta yarda, amma "sake jinkirtawa", kuma a cikin abin da Gillespie ya kira "macabre karkatar da makoma", an kashe shi ranar haihuwar ta 40 (Afrilu 4). [bayanin kula 8] Jin daɗin sake, abokinta James Baldwin ya ƙarfafa ta saboda baƙin ciki. Kamar yadda Gillespie yake faɗi, "Idan 1968 shekara ce ta babban raɗaɗi, rashi, da baƙin ciki, wannan ma shekarar ce da America ta fara ganin zurfin zurfin ruhun Maya Angelou da hazikanci". Duk da kasancewa kusan babu gogewa, sai ta rubuta, samarwa, kuma aka ruwaito baƙar fata, Blues, Black!, a goma-kashi jerin Documentaries game da dangantaka da take tsakanin Blues music kuma baki Amirkawa 'Afirka al'adunmu, da kuma abin da Angelou da ake kira "Africanisms har yanzu halin yanzu a Amurka" don National Educational Television, da precursor na PBS Hakanan a shekarar 1968, wacce aka yi wahayi a wajen cin abincin dare da ta halarta tare da Baldwin, mai rubutun katuun Jules Feiffer, da matar sa Judy, kuma sun qalubalanci edita Random House Robert Loomis, ta rubuta tarihinta na farko, Na san Dalilin da yasa aka Kama Tsarin Bird Sings, wanda aka buga a shekarar 1969. Wannan ya kawo fitowar ta duniya da yabo. Aikin baya An sake a shekarar 1972, kamfanin Georgia na Georgia, Georgia, wanda kamfanin fina-finai na kasar Sweden ya kirkira kuma yayi fim a Sweden, shine fim din farko da wata mace bakuwa tayi. Ta kuma rubuta sautin fim din, duk da cewa ba karamin shigar da kara a cikin fim din ba. [bayanin kula 9] Angelou ta auri Paul du Feu, maƙeran gidan Welsh kuma tsohon mijin marubuci Germaine Greer, a San Francisco a 1973. [bayanin kula 10] A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, kamar yadda Gillespie ya bayyana, "Ta [Angelou sun cimma abubuwan da masana fasaha da yawa ke fatan cimma cikin rayuwarsu. Angelou ta yi aiki a matsayin mawaki, tana yin rubutu don mawaƙa Roberta Flack, da kuma shirya finafinai. Ta rubuta kasidu, gajerun labarai, rubutun TV, rubuce-rubuce, tarihin rayuwa, da waƙoƙi. Ta samar da wasannin kwaikwayo kuma an ba ta suna farfesa a cikin kwalejoji da jami'o'i da yawa. Ita yar wasan kwaikwayo ce mai son jan hankali kuma an ba ta lambar yabo ta Tony Award a 1973 saboda rawar da ta taka a Look Away A matsayinta na darektan gidan wasan kwaikwayo, a 1988 ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayon Errol John na wasan Moon a kan bakan-gizon gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Almeida a London A 1977, Angelou bayyana a cikin wani wasan rawa a cikin talabijin mini-jerin Roots amatsayin mai taimako An ba ta lambobin yabo da yawa a wannan lokacin, gami da sama da digiri talatin na girmamawa daga kwalejoji da jami'o'i daga duk duniya. A ƙarshen 1970s, Angelou ta sadu da Oprah Winfrey lokacin da Winfrey ya kasance mai amfani da telebijin a Baltimore, Maryland; Daga baya Angelou ta zama babban aminiyar Winfrey kuma mai ba da shawara. [bayanin kula 12] A shekara ta 1981, Angelou da du Feu sun sake su. Ta dawo Kudancin Amurka a 1981 saboda tana jin dole ne ta zama abin da ta gabata a can kuma, duk da cewa ba ta da digiri na farko, ta yarda da rayuwar Farfesa a fannin Nazarin Amurka na Jami’ar Wake Forest a Winston-Salem, North Carolina, inda ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin esan furofesoshin Ba-Amurkan na cikakken lokaci. Daga nan, ta dauki kanta a matsayin "malami mai rubutawa". Angelou ta koyar da batutuwa da dama da suka nuna sha'awar ta, gami da falsafa, ɗabi'a, tiyoloji, kimiyya, wasan kwaikwayo, da rubutu. Jaridar Winston-Salem Journal ta ba da rahoton cewa duk da cewa ta sami abokai da yawa a harabar jami'ar, "ba ta taba yin watsi da sukar da mutane suka yi mata ba. karshen karatun da ta koya a Wake Forest shine a shekarar 2011, amma tana shirin koyar da wani darasi a ƙarshen 2014. Kasancewarta ta karshe game da zancen jami'a a ƙarshen 2013. Tun daga shekarun 1990s, Angelou ta kasance cikin sahun gaba a cikin laccar koyarwa a cikin wata motar bas wacce aka saba, wani abu da ta ci gaba har zuwa shekarun ta. A shekarar 1993, Angelou ta karanta waken ta mai taken On the Pulse of Morning a lokacin bikin rantsar da Bill Clinton, ta zama mawaƙiya na farko da ta yi wake a bikin rantsar da shugaban kasa tun Robert Frost a ƙaddamarwar John F. Kennedy a 1961 Karatunta ya haifar da karin suna da girmamawa ga ayyukanta na baya, da kuma fadada karatunta "a fagen kabilanci, tattalin arziki, da ilimi". Rikodin waka ta lashe lambar yabo ta Grammy A watan Yuni na 1995, ta ba da abin da Richard Long ya kira shi da "waƙar jama'a na biyu" na jama'a mai taken" Braar Amfani da Gaskiya wanda ke bikin tunawa da shekaru 50 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Angelou ta cimma burinta ne na jagorantar fim din fasali a shekarar 1996, Down a cikin Delta wanda ya fito da 'yan wasa kamar su Alfre Woodard da Wesley Snipes Hakanan a cikin 1996, ta yi aiki tare da masu fasahar R&B Ashford & Simpson akan waƙoƙi goma sha ɗaya na kundin su Been Find Kundin kundin alhakin shi ne na uku na hotunan <i id="mwAX0">Billboard</i> kawai na Angelou. A cikin 2000, ta ƙirƙiri samfuran nasara don Hallmark, gami da katunan gaisuwa da abubuwa na kayan ado na gida. Ta amsa wa masu sukar da suka tuhume ta da cewa sun yi ciniki sosai ta hanyar cewa "kamfanin ya yi daidai da kiyaye matsayinta na 'mawakan mutane'". Fiye da shekaru talatin bayan da Angelou ta fara rubuta tarihin rayuwarta, ta kammala tarihinta na shida.A Song Flung Up to Heaven Wani Waƙa ya Zuwa Sama, a 2002. Angelou ta yi kamfe na Jam’iyyar Democrat a zabubbukan shugaban kasa na shekarar 2008, inda ta ba ta goyon bayan jama'a ga Hillary Clinton A zagayen farko na zaben watan Janairu a South Carolina, yakin neman zaben Clinton ya gabatar da tallace-tallacen da ke nuna goyon baya ga Angelou. Tallace-tallacen wani angare ne na yun} urin da aka yi na tattara goyon baya a cikin ba} ar fata; amma Barack Obama ya lashe ta Kudancin Carolina, inda ya kammala maki 29 a gaban Clinton da kuma samun kashi 80% na Bakar ƙuri'a. Lokacin da yaƙin neman zaɓe Clinton ya ƙare, Angelou ta ba da goyan bayanta ga Obama, wanda ya ci gaba da lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa kuma ya zama shugaban Afirka na farko na Amurkan. Bayan bikin rantsarwar Obama, ta bayyana cewa, "Mun girma fiye da yadda ake magana kan wariyar launin fata da kuma luwadi." A ƙarshen 2010, Angelou ta ba da takaddun takardarta da abubuwan tunawa da aikinta ga Cibiyar Binciken Masana'antar Ba da Fata ta Al'adu ta Harlem Sun ƙunshi akwatunan sama da 340 na takardu waɗanda ke nuna bayanan rubutun hannunta na rubutu akan aljihun doka don na san Me yasa Cged Bird Sings, wayar tarho daga 1982 daga Coretta Scott King, wasiƙar fan, da wasiƙar sirri da ƙwararru daga abokan aiki kamar edita Robert Loomis. A shekara ta 2011, Angelou ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga Martin Luther King, Jr Memorial a Washington, DC Ta yi magana da hamayya da wani kwatancin abin da King ya fada a lokacin tunawa, inda ta ce, "Faɗin ya sa Dr. Martin Luther Sarki yayi kama da mai girman kai nemi da a canza shi. A ƙarshe, an cire fasalin. A cikin 2013, yayin da yake da shekaru 85, Angelou ta wallafa girma na bakwai na tarihin rayuwar kansa a jerin ta, mai taken Mama Me Mama, wanda ke mayar da hankali kan alaƙar da ke tsakanin mahaifiyarta. Rayuwarta Shaida ta nuna cewa Angelou yar wani bangare ne daga mutanen Mende na Yammacin Afirka. [b A shekara ta 2008, gwajin DNA ya nuna cewa a cikin dukkan magabatan Afirka, kashi 45 sun fito ne daga Kongo yankin Angola kuma kashi 55 daga cikin Afirka ta Yamma ne Wani bayanin da aka yi na PBS a 2008 ya gano cewa mahaifiyar mahaifiyar Angelou Mary Lee, wacce ta sami 'yanci bayan yakin basasa, ta sami juna biyu ta hannun tsohon maigidan nata, John Savin. Savin ya tilasta Lee ya sa hannu a wata sanarwa ta karya wacce ke zargin wani mutum da kasancewa mahaifin ɗanta. Bayan an tuhumi Savin da tilasta wa Lee yin zagon kasa, kuma duk da gano cewa Savin ya kasance uba, sai masu yanke hukunci suka same shi da laifi. An tura Lee zuwa gidan marassa kyau na Clinton County da ke Missouri tare da diyarta, Marguerite Baxter, wanda ya zama kaka ga uwar Angelou. Angelou ta bayyana Lee a matsayin "karamar yarinyar baƙar fata, a jiki da ta hankali". Angelou tana da ɗa guda ɗaya, Guy, wanda haihuwar ta bayyana a tarihinta na farko; daya jikan, jikoki biyu, kuma, a cewar Gillespie, babban rukunin abokai da dangi. [bayanin kula 14] Mahaifiyar Angelou Vivian Baxter ta mutu a 1991 da dan uwanta Bailey Johnson Jr., ta mutu a shekara ta 2000 bayan wasu jerin raunuka; Dukansu muhimman mutane ne a rayuwarta da littafanta. [bayanin kula 15] A cikin 1981, mahaifiyar jikan ta ta bace tare da shi; neman shi ya ɗauki shekara huɗu. [bayanin kula 16] A shekara ta 2009, gidan yanar gizon TMZ da ke tseguntawa ya ba da rahoton cewa an kwantar da Angelou asibiti a Los Angeles lokacin da take da rai kuma a cikin St. Louis, wanda ya haifar da jita-jita game da mutuwarta kuma, a cewar Angelou, damuwa tsakanin abokai da danginta a duk duniya. A cikin 2013, Angelou ta gaya wa kawarta Oprah Winfrey cewa ta yi karatuttukan darussan da Cocin Unityungiyar Unity ta ba da, waɗanda ke da mahimmanci a cikin ruhaniya. Ba ta sami digiri na digiri ba, amma a cewar Gillespie shi ne abin da Angelou ta fi son mutane su kira shi "Dr. Angelou" daga wajen iyalinta da kuma abokanta. Ta mallaki gidaje biyu a Winston-Salem, North Carolina, da kuma "lordly brownstone" a Harlem, wanda aka saya a 2004 kuma yana cike da "ɗakunan karatu" masu girma na littattafan da ta tattara a duk faɗin ta. rayuwa, zane-zane da aka tara tsawon shekarun da suka gabata, da kuma dafaffen abinci. Marubucin Guardian Gary Younge ya ba da rahoton cewa, a cikin gidan Harlo na gidan Angelou akwai wasu katangar bango na Afirka da tarin zane-zanenta, ciki har da na wasu mawaƙa da yawa, da mai ruwa na Rosa Parks, da kuma wani aiki mai suna Faith Ringgold mai suna "Maya's Quilt Of Life". A cewar Gillespie, ta gudanar da bukukuwan da yawa a kowace shekara a babban gidanta na Winston-Salem; "Kwarewar da take dashi a girkin itace tatsuniya-daga abinci mai kyau har zuwa abinci mai ta'aziyya zuwa gida". A Winston-Salem Journal ya fada cewa: "kullawa wani gayyatar zuwa daya daga Angelou ta Thanksgiving cin abinci, Kirsimeti itace Popular jam'iyyun ko ajon yana daga cikin mafi coveted gayyata a gari." Jaridar New York Times, wacce ke bayyana tarihin gidan Angelou a New York City, ta bayyana cewa ta saba yin bakuncin manyan ranar bikin Sabuwar Shekara. Ta haɗu da dafa abincirta da ƙwarewar rubuce-rubucenta a cikin littafanta 2004 Hallelujah! Teburin Maraba da aka gabatar, wanda ya ƙunshi girke-girke na 73, wanda yawancinsu suka koya daga kakarta da mahaifiyarta, tare da kayan maye 28. Ta bi sahu a cikin 2010 tare da littafinta na biyu, Babban Abinci, Duk Rana Ta Tsawon Lokaci Cook Da Nishaɗi, Ku Ci Smart, wanda ya mayar da hankali kan asarar nauyi da kulawar yanki. Farawa daga Na san Dalilin da yasa Tsararrun Tsuntsayen Birni, Angelou tayi amfani da "rubutun rubutun al'ada" tsawon shekaru. Da sanyin safiya ta farka ta shiga ɗakin otal, inda aka umarci ma'aikatan su cire duk hotuna daga bangon. Tana yin rubutu a kan allunan doka yayin da take kwance a kan gado, tare da kwalbar sherry, da katunan katunan don wasa solitaire, Roget's Thesaurus, da kuma Littafi Mai-Tsarki, kuma za ta tashi da yamma. Tana yin matsakaita shafi na 12-12 na rubuce rubuce a rana, wanda ta yi rubutu sau uku ko hudu a maraice. [bayanin kula 17] Ta ci gaba da wannan hanyar don "yi maita" da kanta, kuma kamar yadda ta ce a cikin tattaunawa ta 1989 tare da Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Burtaniya, "sake dawo da azabar, damuwa, Sturm und Drang Ta sanya kanta a cikin lokacin da ta rubuta game da, har ma da wahalhalu irin su fyade a cikin Cged Bird, don "faɗi gaskiyar ɗan adam" game da rayuwarta. Ita dai Angelou ta bayyana cewa ta buga katunan ne domin samun damar zuwa wannan wurin da ake sihiri kuma don samun damar tuno abubuwan tuna ta. Ta ce, "Ana iya ɗaukar sa'a ɗaya don shiga ciki, amma da zarar na kasance a ciki ha! Yana da dadi sosai! Ta ba ta sami cathartic tsari; a maimakon haka, ta sami kwanciyar hankali a “gaya gaskiya”. Mutuwa Angelou ta mutu a safiyar ranar 28 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2014 yana da shekara 86. Mahaifinta ne ya same ta. Kodayake an bayar da rahoton cewa Angelou tana cikin ƙoshin lafiya kuma ta soke wasannin da aka shirya kwanan nan, amma tana aiki a wani littafi, wani tarihin tarihin game da abubuwan da ta samu tare da shugabannin ƙasa da na duniya. Lokacin bikin tunawa da ita a Jami'ar Wake Forest, danta Guy Johnson ya bayyana cewa duk da kasancewa cikin azaba a koda yaushe saboda rawar rawa da gazawar numfashi, ta rubuta littattafai hudu a cikin shekaru goma na rayuwarta. Ya ce, "Ta bar wannan jirgi mai rai ba tare da asara mai wahala ba kuma ba asara a fahimta." Kalamai ga Angelou da ta'aziyar da aka bayar ta hanyar masu zane-zane, masu ba da shawara, da shugabannin duniya, ciki har da Obama, wacce 'yar uwanta ta sanya wa suna Angelou, da Bill Clinton. Harold Augenbraum, daga Asusun Littattafai na kasa, ya ce "Gadoji na Angelou ɗaya ne wanda duk marubuta da masu karatu a duk faɗin duniya za su iya sha'awar su. Makon da ya mutu bayan mutuwar Angelou, Na san Dalilin da yasa Siyar Bird Sings ya tashi zuwa lamba 1 a jerin masu sayar da kayan sayarwa na Amazon.com A 29 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2014, Dutsen Sihiyona Baptist Church a Winston-Salem, wanda Angelou ta kasance memba na shekaru 30, ta gudanar da bikin tunawa da jama'a don girmama ta. A ranar 7 ga watan Yuni, an gudanar da wani taron tunawa da masu zaman kansu a cikin Dutsen Sitel a harabar Jami'ar Wake da ke Winston-Salem. An nuna wannan bikin ne a tashoshin cikin gida a yankin Winston-Salem Triad kuma an gabatar da jawabai kai tsaye a shafin yanar gizon jami'ar tare da jawabai daga danta, Oprah Winfrey, Michelle Obama, da Bill Clinton. A ranar 15 ga watan Yuni, an gudanar da taron tunawa a Cocin Glide Memorial da ke San Francisco, inda Angelou memba ce tsawon shekaru. Rev. Cecil Williams, Magajin gari Ed Lee, da tsohon magajin garin Willie Brown sun yi magana. Ayyuka Angelou ya rubuta jimlar tarihin rayuwa guda bakwai. A cewar masanin Mary Mary Lu Lupton, littafin tarihin Angelou na uku Singin 'da Swingin' da Gettin 'Merry Kamar Kirsimeti alama ce ta farko da sanannen ɗan Afirka-Amerikaniya ya rubuta littafi na uku game da rayuwarta. Littattafan "suna shimfidawa a kan lokaci da wuri", daga Arkansas zuwa Afirka da kuma komawa Amurka, suna faruwa daga farkon Yaƙin Duniya na II zuwa kisan Martin Luther King, Jr. A cikin tarihinta na biyar “Duk Allah Yara suna Bukatar Kayan tafiya Ta buga tarihinta na bakwai Mama Me Mama a cikin shekarar 2013, yana da shekaru 85. Masu sukar sun ci gaba da yin hukunci a kan abubuwan tarihin mai zuwa na Angelou "ta la'akari da farko", tare da Cged Bird suna karɓar yabo mafi girma. Angelou ta rubuta tarin littatafai guda biyar, wanda marubuciya Hilton Als ta kirata "littattafan hikima" da "girmamawa tare da rubuce-rubucen tarihin kansu". Angelou tayi amfani da edita iri ɗaya a duk lokacin aikinta na rubutu, Robert Loomis, editan zartarwa a Gidan Random ya yi ritaya a shekarar 2011 kuma an kira shi "daya daga cikin zauren wallafa mashahurin editocin." Angelou ya ce game da Loomis: "Muna da alaƙar da ta shahara a tsakanin masu wallafa." Dogo da tsufa na Angelou sun hada da wakoki, wasan kwaikwayo, allon hoton talabijin da fim, jagoranci, aiki, da kuma yin magana da jama'a. Ta kasance marubuciya mai salo ta shahara; herarata Kawai Kawo min Abincin Ruwa na Ruwa 'Nan aka Diiie (1971) aka ba ta lambar yabo ta Pulitzer, kuma Shugaban Amurka Bill Clinton ya zaɓe ta don ta maimaita wannan waka mai taken "On the Pulse of Morning" yayin bikin rantsuwarsa a shekarar 1993. Angelou ta nasara addashin aiki hada da matsayin su a cikin da yawa kwaikwaiyo, fina-finai, da kuma talabijin shirye-shirye, ciki har da ta bayyanar a cikin talabijin mini-jerin Roots, a shekarar 1977. Hotunan wasan kwaikwayo, Georgia, Georgia (1972), ita ce rubutun farko da wata baƙar fata ta fito da ita, kuma ita ce mace ta farko ɗan ba-Amurke da ta jagoranci wani hoto mai motsi, Down a Delta, a cikin shekarar 1998. Na san Dalilin da yasa Sihirin Tsage Bird (1969): Zuwa shekarar 1944 (shekara 17) Haduwa Tare Da Sunana (1974): 1944–48 Singin 'da Swingin' da Gettin 'Merry Kamar Kirsimeti (1976): 1949-1955 Zuciyar Mace (1981): 1957-1962 Dukkan 'Ya'yan Allah suna Bukatar takalmin Balaguro (1986): 1962-665 Waƙar da Aka Jefa Sama (aya (2002): 1965-1968 Mama & Ni & Mama (2013): dubawa Lokacin da Na san Me Ya sa aka buga Siyar Bird Sings a cikin shekarar 1969, an yaba wa Angelou a matsayin sabon abin tunawa, ɗaya daga cikin matan Ba-Amurkan farko da suka sami damar tattauna rayuwarsu ta jama'a. A cewar masanin Hilton Als, har zuwa wannan lokacin, matan marubutan bakaken fata sun karkata ga lamarin har ya kai ga sun kasa gabatar da kansu a matsayin jigo a cikin littattafan da suka rubuta. Masanin ilimin harshe John McWhorter ya yarda, yana ganin ayyukan Angelou, wanda ya kira "tatsuniyoyi", a zaman "rubuce-rubuce na neman afuwa". Ya sanya Angelou a cikin al'adun adabin Baƙin Amurkan a matsayin kariya ga al'adun baƙar fata, wanda ya kira "bayyananniyar wallafe-wallafen alamomin da ke da tasiri a cikin malamin baƙar fata na lokacin". Marubuci Julian Mayfield, wanda ya kira Caged Bird "aikin fasaha ne wanda ya ɓace da kwatanci", yi ishara da cewa tarihin rayuwar Angelou ya ba da misali ga baƙar fata marubutan mata kawai, har ma da baƙon tarihin Afirka-Ba'amurke gaba ɗaya. Als ya ce Caged Bird alama ce ta farkon lokacin da baƙar fata mai ba da izini zai iya, kamar yadda ya sanya shi, "rubuta game da baƙi daga ciki, ba tare da afuwa ko kariya ba". Ta hanyar rubuce-rubucen tarihinta, Angelou ta sami karbuwa sosai a matsayin mai magana da yawun bakaken fata da mata. Hakan ya sanya ta "ba tare da wata shakka ba, Baƙon da aka fi sani da muryar Amurka ta Amurka wacce za a iya gani da kanta da “babbar muryar magana ta zamani”. Kamar yadda marubuci Gary Younge ya ce, "Wataƙila fiye da kowane marubuci da rai, rayuwar Angelou a zahiri aikinta ce." Als ce cewa Caged Bird ya taimaka kara baki dandalin mata rubuce-rubucen a cikin 1970s, kasa ta hanyar da asali fiye da "ta rawa a cikin rinjaye zeitgeist ko a lokacin da aka rubuta cewa, a karshen da American Civil Rights Movement Als ta kuma ce rubuce-rubucen Angelou, wadanda suka fi nuna sha'awar bayyana kansu fiye da siyasa ko mace, sun ‘yanto wasu marubutan mata don" buɗe kansu ba tare da kunya ga idanun duniya ba Mai sukar lamirin Angelou Joanne M. Braxton ta bayyana cewa Caged Bird "wataƙila ya fi dacewa da tarihin rayuwar" wacce mace Ba-Amurke ta rubuta a zamanin ta. Labarin wakokin Angelou ya rinjayi al'umman kiɗan zamani na hip-hop, gami da masu zane-zane kamar Kanye West, Common, Tupac Shakur, da Nicki Minaj Liyafar maraba Mai duba Elsie B. Washington, wataƙila sakamakon zaɓin Shugaba Clinton na Angelou ne don ta maimaita waka mai taken "A kan Mako na Morning" a lokacin bikin buɗe taron nasa na shekarar 1993, ya kira ta "baƙar fata mace baƙi". Sayar da talifin litattafai na litattafai da na waƙoƙi ya karu da kashi 300-600 cikin sati bayan karatun Angelou. Random House, wacce ta buga waka daga baya a waccan shekarar, dole ne ta sake buga kwafen 400,000 na dukkan litattafan nata domin ci gaba da biyan bukatar. Sun sayar da mafi yawan litattafan nata a watan Janairu na 1993 fiye da yadda suka yi a duk shekarar 1992, wanda ke karuwa da kashi 1200%. Ita dai Angelou ta ce, a martani ga zargi game da amfani da cikakken bayani game da rayuwarta a cikin ayyukanta, "Na yarda da Balzac da marubutan karni na 19, baki da fari, waɗanda suka ce, 'Na rubuta don kuɗi'." Younge, yayin da yake magana bayan buga littafin littatafai na uku na Angelou, Harafi ga 'yata (2008), ta ce, "A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, ta yi amfani da baiwarta ta fannoni daban-daban a wani fannin wasan kwaikwayo na bayar da sakon sirri da inganta rayuwa ta hanyar hada wakoki, wakoki da hira. Littattafan Angelou, musamman Na san Dalilin da yasa Siyar Bird Sings, iyaye da yawa sun soki su, suna haifar da cire su daga tsarin makarantu da kuma ɗakunan ajiyar laburare. A cewar Kungiyar Hadin Kai ta Kasa, Sanatoci, iyaye da makarantu sun yi adawa da hotunan Cged Bird na yan madigo, da yin aure kafin aure, batsa, da kuma tashin hankali. Wasu sun yi Allah-wadai da yanayin bayyanar da labarin game da jima'i, amfani da yare, da kuma alamuran addini. Birgediya mai tsayi ya fito na uku akan jerin Libraryungiyar Makarantar Amurka (ALA) cikin Litattafai 100 Mafi Challeungiyoyin Matsaloli na 1990 2000 da na shida akan jerin ALA 2000-2009. Kyauta da girmamawa Jami'o'i, kungiyoyi masu rubuce-rubuce, hukumomin gwamnati, da kungiyoyin kungiyoyi na musamman sun girmama Angelou. Ta karrama hada da wani Pulitzer Prize gabatarwa domin ta littafin wakoki, bani Cool sha ruwa 'fore na Diiie, wani Tony Award gabatarwa domin ta rawa a cikin 1973 play duba bãya, kuma uku Grammys mata magana maganar kundi. Ta yi aiki a kan kwamitocin biyu na shugaban kasa, kuma an ba ta lambar yabo ta Spingarn a 1994, lambar yabo ta kasa da kasa a 2000, da kuma lambar yabo ta shugaban kasa a shekarar 2011. An baiwa Angelou sama da digiri na daraja hamsin. Yana amfani da ilimi Anyi amfani da tarihin tarihin Angelou ta hanyar labarai da kuma hanyoyin al'adu da yawa na ilimin malamai Jocelyn A. Glazier, malami a Jami'ar George Washington, ya horar da malamai yadda ake "magana game da tsere" a cikin ɗakunan karatun su tare da Na san Dalilin da Ya Sa Tsararrun Tsuntsu Tsararru da Haduwa Tare da Suna A cewar Glazier, amfanin Angelou na rashin gaskiya, izgili, walwala, da baƙin ƙarfe ya sa masu karanta labarin tarihin Angelou ba su da tabbacin abin da ta bari da kuma yadda ya kamata su amsa ga abubuwan da ta bayyana. Misalin Angelou na abubuwan da ta samu game da wariyar launin fata sun tilasta wa masu karatu farat ɗaya ko dai su gano yadda suke ji game da tsere da kuma "matsayinsu na musamman", ko kuma a guji tattaunawar a matsayin wata hanya ta riƙe gatan su. Glazier ta gano cewa masu sukar sun mayar da hankali kan yadda Angelou ta dace da yanayin tarihin Afirka-Ba-Amurke da kuma dabarun rubuce-rubucen ta, amma masu karatu sun yi kokarin amsa tatsar labarinta tare da "mamaki, musamman idan suka shiga rubutu tare da wasu fata game da nau'in tarihin rayuwa Mai Koyar da Daniyel kalubalanci, a cikin littafinsa na Tarihi na Resilience a cikin Yara, ya bincika abubuwan da suka faru a cikin Cged Bird don nuna kwatanci a cikin yara. Ya bayar da hujjar cewa littafin Angelou ya samar da "tsari mai amfani" don bincika matsalolin da yara da yawa kamar Maya suka fuskanta da kuma yadda al'ummominsu suka taimaka musu wajen samun nasara. Masanin ilimin halayyar dan Adam Chris Boyatzis ya ba da rahoton amfani da Caged Bird don haɓaka ka’idar kimiyya da bincike a cikin koyarwar batutuwan haɓaka yara kamar haɓakar akidar mutum da mutuncin kai, jigilar mutum, masana'antar da ƙaranci, illolin zagi, salon iyaye, ƙannen ɗan uwan da alakar abota, batutuwan da suka shafi jinsi, ci gaban wayewa, balaga, da kuma asalin zama cikin samartaka. Ya samo Caged Bird ya zama "ingantacciyar hanya" kayan aiki don samar da misalai na ainihi na waɗannan ra'ayoyin tunani. ƙa An san Angelou sanannun tarihin rayuwa guda bakwai, amma kuma ta kasance mawakiya ce mai nasara kuma mai nasara. An kira ta da "lafazin baƙar fata mace", kuma waƙoƙinta an kira shi da waƙoƙin Americansan Afirka na Afirka. Angelou tayi karatu kuma ta fara rubuta waƙoƙi tun yana ƙarami, kuma tayi amfani da waƙoƙi da sauran manyan littattafai don shawo kan fyaderta a matsayin yarinya, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin Birgediya Birged A cewar masanin Yasmin Y. DeGout, wallafe-wallafen su ma sun shafi kwarewar Angelou yayin mawaƙinta da marubucin da ta zama, musamman ma "jawabcin kwatancen da zai canza asali a cikin littafin tarihin wakoki." Da yawa daga masu sukar suna ganin tarihin Angelou da muhimmanci fiye da wakarta. Duk da cewa duk litattafan ta masu siye ne, amma ba a san adabinn ta da muhimmanci kamar yadda take ba kuma ba a kula da ita ba. Waƙoƙin wakokinta sun fi ban sha'awa idan ta karanta da yin su, kuma masu sukar da yawa sun jaddada yanayin jama'a na waƙinta. Rashin nuna yabo mai mahimmanci na Angelou an danganta shi ga yanayin jama'a na yawancin wakafuttukan nasa da kuma nasarar da Angelou ta samu, da kuma fifikon masu sukar larabci a matsayin rubutaccen rubutu maimakon magana ta baki, wanda aka yi. Zofia Burr ta gurfanar da masu sukar Angelou ta hanyar la’antar su da rashin yin la’akari da manyan manufofin Angelou a cikin rubuce-rubucen ta: "zama wakili maimakon mutum, mai iko maimakon rikon amana". Salo da salo iri-iri a tarihin rayuwa Amfani da Angelou na amfani da dabarun rubuta rubutu kamar tattaunawa, nunawa, da haɓaka jigo, saiti, tsari, da harshe sun haifar da sanya litattafan ta cikin yanayin almara na ainihi Angelou tayi wani yunƙuri da gaske a cikin litattafanta don ƙalubalanci tsarin tsarin rayuwar ta ɗabi'a, canji, da fadada nau'in. Maryamu Mary Jane Lupton ta ce duk tarihin rayuwar Angelou sun dace da tsarin nau'ikan al'adu: marubuta guda ne suka rubuta su, suna cikin jerin abubuwan tarihi, kuma suna ɗauke da abubuwan halaye, fasaha, da jigo. Angelou ta fahimci cewa akwai fannoni na almara zuwa litattafanta; Lupton ya yarda, yana mai bayanin cewa Angelou ya nuna "banbanci daga ra'ayi na al'ada game da tarihin rayuwa kamar gaskiya", wanda ya yi daidai da babban taron tarihin Afirka-Ba'amurke wanda aka rubuta a lokacin ɓarnar tarihin tarihin Amurka, lokacin da Lupton da Afirka- Masanin Amurka Crispin Sartwell ya saka shi, an rufe gaskiya daga buƙatun kariyar kai. Masanin kimiyya Lyman B. Hagen ya sanya Angelou a cikin tsohuwar al'adar tarihin Bahaushe da Ba-Amurke, amma ya ce Angelou ta ƙirƙiri wata fassara ta musamman game da tarihin tarihin kansa. A cewar masanin adabin Afirka bahaushe Pierre A. Walker, kalubalen galibin tarihin wallafe-wallafen Ba-Amurke shi ne cewa marubutan sa dole ne su tabbatar da matsayinsa a matsayin wallafe-wallafe kafin su cim ma burinsu na siyasa, wanda hakan ya sa editan Angelou Robert Loomis ya sami ikon yin iya ƙoƙarin ta don rubuta Caged Bird ta hanyar ƙalubalantar ta ta rubuta wani littafin tarihin da za a iya ɗauka a matsayin "babban fasaha". Angelou ta yarda cewa ta bi al'adar bahaushe ta "magana da mutum-mutumin da ya fara magana game da jam'i na farko, koyaushe yana cewa Ina ma'anar 'mu'". Masanin kimiyya John McWhorter ya kira littattafan Angelou "tatsuniyoyi" waɗanda ke kare al'adun Afirka da baƙi kuma suna yaƙar raini. A cewar McWhorter, Angelou ta tsara litattafanta, wanda ga alama kamar an rubuta shi fiye da yara fiye da na manya, don tallafawa kare al'adun bakaken fata. McWhorter tana ganin Angelou yayin da take bayyana kanta a cikin tarihin rayuwar ta "a matsayin wani babban mutum-mutun-mutumin-ba-Amurke a cikin Matsalar McWhorter yana kallon ayyukan Angelou a matsayin kwanan wata, amma ya fahimci cewa "ta taimaka ta ba da hanya ga masu baƙar fata na zamani waɗanda suka sami damar jin daɗin jin daɗin kasancewa kawai mutane, ba wakilan tsere ba, kawai kansu". Masanin Lynn Z. Bloom ya kwatanta ayyukan Angelou da rubuce-rubucen Frederick Douglass, yana mai cewa duka sun cika ɗayan manufa ɗaya: don bayyana al'adun baƙar fata da fassara shi don mafi yawan masu sauraronsu. A cewar masanin Sondra O'Neale, ana iya sanya waƙar Angelou a cikin al'adar bakaken fata ta Afirka da baƙi, kuma takenta "yana bin wata dabara ta al'ada ce ta nau'ikan yammacin Afirka". O'Neale ya bayyana cewa Angelou ta guji amfani da "harshen baƙar fata na duniya", kuma an cimma shi, ta hanyar tattaunawa kai tsaye, abin da O'Neale ya kira "mafi tsammanin bayyanar ghetto". McWhorter ya ga yaren da Angelou tayi amfani da ita a tarihin rayuwar ta da kuma mutanen da ta nuna mara gaskiya ne, wanda ya haifar da rabuwa tsakanin ta da masu sauraro. Kamar yadda McWhorter ke faɗi, "Ban taɓa karanta rubuce-rubuce na kaina ba inda na sami irin wannan wahalar wajen tattaro ma'anar yadda tattaunawar take, ko kuma ma'anar wanene batun yake". Misali, McWhorter ya ba da tabbaci, alal misali, manyan adadi a cikin littattafan Angelou, kamar ita, ɗanta Guy, da mahaifiyarta Vivian ba sa magana kamar yadda mutum zai zata, kuma cewa kalaman nasu “an tsaftace su” ne ga masu karatun ta. Misali, Guy, wakiltar ƙaramar baƙar fata maza, yayin da Vivian wakiltar adadi na mahaifiyar da ta dace, da mahimmin yaren da suke amfani da shi, da kuma harshe a cikin rubutun Angelou, an yi niyya don tabbatar da cewa baƙar fata na iya amfani da ingantaccen Ingilishi daidai. McWhorter ya fahimci cewa yawancin dalilin salon salon Angelou shine yanayin "rashin yarda" na rubuce-rubucen ta. Lokacin da Angelou ta rubuta Caged Bird a ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ɗayan abubuwan da ake buƙata da kuma karɓar littattafai a lokacin shine "haɗin kwayoyin", ɗayan burinta shine ƙirƙirar littafin da ya gamsar da wannan ra'ayin. Abubuwan da suka faru a littattafanta sunyi kyau kuma an tsara su kamar jerin gajerun labarai, amma shirye shiryen su baya bin tsarin tarihi. Madadin haka, an sanya su don jaddada jigon littattafan ta, waɗanda suka haɗa da wariyar launin fata, asalinsu, dangi, da balaguro. Wani malamin koyar da adabin Ingilishi Valerie Sayers ya ba da tabbacin cewa "Waƙar da baƙon Angelou sun yi kama da juna". Dukansu suna dogara da “muryarta kai tsaye”, wacce ke canza launin madaidaiciya tare da tsarin da aka daidaita tare da amfani da misalai da metaphors (misali, tsuntsu da aka girka). A cewar Hagen, ayyukan Angelou sun rinjayi duka rubuce-rubucen al'ada da al'adun gargajiyar al'umman Afirka-Amurkan. Misali, ta yi rubutu kan haruffa rubuce-rubuce sama da 100 a cikin littattafanta da wakoki. Kari akan haka, ta yi amfani da abubuwa na kade-kade, wadanda suka hada da aikin shaida yayin da ake maganar rayuwar mutum da gwagwarmaya, rashin fahimta, da kuma amfani da kalmomi na dabi'a, kida, da kuma fahimta. Angelou, maimakon ta dogara da tarko, ta yi amfani da abubuwan tarihi da na tarihi don tsara littattafanta. Manazarta Citations Ayyuka da aka lakaitu Haɗin waje Official website Maya Angelou Maya Angelou Maya Angelou Maya Angelou Maya Angelou takardu a Laburaren Jama'a na New York Maya tuna tunawa da Maya Angelou a Jami'ar Wake Forest Maya Angelou (wasu tsofaffin lambobin yabo) a Aveleyman.com Spring, Kelly. "Maya Angelou" Dandalin Tarihin Matan Kasar. 2017. Mayakan Post na Maya Maya Angelou, 'Caged Bird Songs,' Debuts Pages with unreviewed
20884	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdallah%20Kallel	Abdallah Kallel	Abdallah Kallel (an haife shi 7 Disamba shekarar 1943, Sfax wanda aka fi sani da dan siyasan Tunisia ne. Ya kasance shugaban majalisar mashawarta daga ranar 16 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2005 har zuwa ranar 25 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2011. Tarihin rayuwa Ya fito daga dangin dangi biyar (mahaifinsa manomi ne kuma mahaifiyarsa a gida), ya shiga aji na farko na Makarantar Gudanarwa ta Kasa (ENA) bayan digiri na biyu a fannin tattalin arziki daga Kwalejin Shari'a da Tattalin Arziki na Tunis. Siyasa A lokacin shugabancin Habib Bourguiba, ya kasance a hade yana rike da mukamin minista tare da ma'aikatar cikin gida da kayan aiki (1972), shugaban ma'aikatan ministocin tsaro Abdallah Farhat da Rachid Sfar. An dakatar da shi a 1980, ya koyar na tsawon watanni goma sha uku a ENA sannan ya zama Shugaba na wani kamfani da ya kware a gini. A ranar 11 ga Afrilu 1988, ya zama Ministan Tsaro kafin ya maye gurbin Janar Abdelhamid Escheikh a shugaban Ma’aikatar Cikin Gida daga 17 ga Fabrairu 1991 zuwa 24 ga Janairun 1995, a wani yanayi na gwagwarmaya da Islama. Ya zama mai ba da shawara ga Shugaba Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali, ya sami Ma'aikatar Tsaro daga 13 ga Yuni, 1996 zuwa 22 ga Janairun 1997, ya koma Ma'aikatar Shari'a a 1997-1999 kafin ya zama Ministan Cikin Gida a karo na biyu Nuwamba 17, 1999. A ranar 23 ga Janairun 2001, bayan shigar da korafin gallaza masa, Shugaba Ben Ali ya yanke shawarar tsige shi na wani lokaci daga siyasa. Shekaru uku bayan haka, an nada shi a cikin Janairu 2004 a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki. Bayan kirkirar majalisar mashawarta da kafata, an zabe shi a ranar 16 ga watan Agusta. Ma'ajin Rally of Constitutional Rally (RCD) daga 1988, memba ne na ofishin sa na siyasa da kwamitin ta [1] har zuwa lokacin da aka cire shi daga jam'iyyar a ranar 18 ga Janairun 2011. A ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 2001, ya kasance a Asibitin Cantonal na Geneva inda aka yi masa aiki sau uku na rashin lafiyar jiki bayan ya sami damuwa. Yayin da wani ma'aikacin asibitin ke ganin Hatem Ben Salem, sai ya kira Abdennacer Nait-Liman, ɗan gudun hijirar siyasar Tunisiya da ke zaune a Geneva tun 1995 kuma shugaban wata ƙungiya ta waɗanda aka zalunta a Tunisia. Ya sanar da Éric Sottas, darektan Worldungiyar Duniya game da Azabtarwa a Geneva, da lauya François Franisoisz, kuma ya shigar da ƙara a kan Kallel don "mummunan lahani na jiki, satar mutane, zagi, da jefa lafiyar cikin haɗari, ƙuntatawa da kuma amfani da iko"; Naït-Liman hakika an azabtar dashi a cikin harabar Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida tsakanin 22 ga Afrilu da 1 ga Yuni, 1992. Idan ya ba da shaidar watanni takwas da suka gabata a cikin littafin Azaba a Tunisia. 1987-2000. Neman taimako don sokewa da kuma rashin hukunci, ba a ambaci sunan Kallel ba. An kori korafin a watan Fabrairun 2001 sannan aka daukaka kara a ranar 22 ga Mayu, 2007. Wannan shirin shine na farko ga ofishin mai gabatar da kara na Switzerland amma Kallel ya bar yankin a kan lokaci saboda fasfo na diflomasiyya wanda ya bashi matsayinsa na minista. Sottas na zarginsa da cewa "shi ne ya dauki nauyin azabtar da dubban mutane". A ranar 23 ga Janairun 2011, bayan juyin juya halin, an sanya shi a cikin tsarewar gida [5] kafin ya sauka daga shugabancin Majalisar Wakilai bayan kwana biyu. An kama shi a ranar 12 ga Maris, bayan wani korafi da gungun lauyoyi 24 suka shigar don tuhumar satar kudi a cikin RCD. A ranar 14 ga Maris aka kwace dukiyarsa ta hanyar doka; sannan an yi masa tambayoyi a ranar 14 ga Mayu, an kammala shi da izinin sallamawa. A ranar 21 ga watan Mayu, Jami’in shigar da kara na Jiha ya shigar da kara na gaggawa don daskarar da kadarorin kadarorin Kallel; an raba kayansa bayan kwana uku. Abdallah Kallel yana kwance a asibiti a ranar 22 ga watan Yulin a asibitin soji na Tunis, a cikin jihar da danginsa suke ganin da matukar damuwa, sakamakon ciwon zuciya; wannan yana nuna yanayinta na tsare don bayyana tabarbarewar yanayin lafiyarta. A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta Kotun din-din-din ta Sojan Tunusiya ta Farko ta yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru hudu a shari’ar Barraket Essahel [13], an rage shi zuwa shekaru biyu a kurkuku kan daukaka kara a ranar 7 ga Afrilu 2012. A ranar 10 ga Yulin, 2013, an sake shi a ƙarshen hukuncinsa. Manazarta Haifaffun 1943 Rayayyun mutane Minista Mutanan Tunusiya
52419	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27anar%20Aure	Ma'anar Aure	MA'ANAR AURE Aure wani zama ne halastacce tsakanin mace da namiji a matsayin mata da miji wanda al’ada da Addini suka yarda da shi. Babban dalilin da yasa ake yin aure shi ne domin yaɗa iri tare da fatan al’umma ta wanzu. Aure baya inganta sai da rukunai kamar haka: sadaki, waliyi, shaidu. Bisa wannan dalili, duk wanda ya ketare iyaka ya kutsa wata mace ba tare cika wadancan rukunai ba. Hakkka ya sabawa shari’a da kuma al’ada, saboda ladabtarwa shari’a tace ba aure. Al’ada ta bashi sunaye, sannan kuma ta kira aikin da ya yi da sunaye kamar haka: Za’a kira shi Kwarto, ya yi kwartanci, ko shige, ko fyade. Ita matar kuma a kira ta farka, ko dadaro. Matar da kuma ta sallamar da kanta ga kowa, ana kiranta karuwa. Shi kuwa dan ko da aka haifa ba ta hanyar aure ba, akan kira su da shege, ko shegiya, dan rariya, ko dan gaba da Fatiha, ko dan dakan-kuka da sauransu. FALALAR YIN AURE Tabbas akwai falala a kan aure mara iyaka wadda ba za'a iya bayyana su ba sai dai a ɗand tsakuro kamar yadda shari’a ta yi umarni da a yi aure tare da nuna muhimmancinsa, to haka ita ma al’ada ta bayyana falalar aure ga al’umma. Falalar aure da dan Adam ke samu sun hada da:- 1.Cikar mutunci 2.Natsuwa 3.Kamun kai 4.Runtse idanu 5.Yada zuriyya (haihuwa) UMARNIN YIN AURE: Bayan wannan falala kuma, sai maganar umarni da shari’a ta yi a kan yin aure a Al-}ur’ani aka ce: “Ku auri abin da ranku yake so daga bibbiyu, uku-uku, ko hur-hudu, in kunji ba za ku yi adalci ba, to ku tsaya a guda daya”. Abin nufi shi ne ku auri mata 2 ko 3 ko 4 in ba za ku iya adalci ba mata daya (1). Wani hadisi yace ku yi aure ku hayayyafa ranar qiyama in yi alfahari da ku. Ko wani hadisin da yace: “Ku yi aure samari shi yafi runtse idanu. GIRMAMA MACE SABODA MATSAYINTA Duk inda ka ga mace ka girmama ta saboda wasu dalilai kamar haka: matsayin da Allah Ya bata na Uwa ga dukkan mahaluki kuma makarantar farko ga dukan mahaluki. 1. Matar wani 2. Uwar wani 3. Kakar wani. Da farko dai ya zama wajibi a girmama mace bisa wasu dalilai, na farko shi ne duk in da ka ga mace kamila to dole ne ta kasance cikin dayan uku ko dai matar wani ko uwar wani ko kakar wani, ko da yake wannan na karshe ya danganci shekarunta. An karbo daga Anas (R.A) yace Annabi (S.A.W) ya ce idan mutum ya yi aure to ya sami rabin Addinin sa sauran rabin sai ya ji tsoron Allah ya cika sauran. (Jami’ul hadis: Imamus-suyuɗi). GIRMAMA MACE A MATSAYIN MATAR AURE Akwai dalilai masu yawa da suka sa mutum dole zai girmama mace ko ba don komai ba, ko saboda wani matsayi da take da shi a al’umma na farko a matsayin matar aure, wani babban mataki ne na rayuwa ga duka dukkan namiji. Babu wani wanda rayuwar sa za ta kammala in ba shi da aure. To ashe kuwa in har haka ne to mace ta zama abokiyar rayuwa, kuma abokiyar rufin asiri ga mai ita. Wata hujja itace Allah (S.W.T) yace a cikin Al-qur’ani cikin Suratul Bakara aya ta 237 ya ce miji da mata tufa ne ga juna, sannan yace a Suratul Baƙara aya ta 228, 29-30 cewa mata da miji a yi karamci ga juna. Bayan wannan kuma, irin gudunmuwar da mace take bayarwa a fagen aure wanda ba za su lissafu ba, kaɗan daga ciki sun haɗa da: 1- Kula da miji shi kansa. 2- Kula da gida da iyali. 3- Karewa da karawa mutum mutunci a cikin al’umma. 4- Tsare kai daga fadawa cikin wasu munanan ayyuka. 5- Runtse idanunsa daga wasu matan daban. 6- Taimakawa wajen samun zuriyya (yaɗa iri). 7- Matar kwarai na sanya miji ya yi alfahari. 8- ƙulla zumunci da sauransu. Wani sirri kuma abin mamaki game da dangantakar aure, ga ma’auratan nan biyu. Watau mata da miji, shi ne kula da juna musamman aka ce auren farko tsakanin saurayi da budurwa. Matukar an yi shi bisa so da ƙauna kuma an amincewa juna. To za ka iske babu mai son ya rabu da juna, domin samun kulawa. Akwai wata magana da masana dabi’ar dan Adam suka yi na cewa duk wanda ya rasa matar farko ko mace ta rasa mijin farko to da wuya ya/ta sake samun dai-dai sai kawai haƙuri.kai ko da wajen ba shi shawara mai kyau. A mafi yawan lokutta akan samu a inda mata ke kula da miji kuma har ta rinƙa lallashi da tattalinsa da kayansa kamar ɗanta ko na ƙaramin yaro ko da baya nan kuwa. Ban da wannan kuma, mata kan kula da gida tare da iyali kai a wani lokaci har da dangi. Tun daga yi mu su abinci raino, tsabtar jiki da ta tufafi (wanka da wanki) tarbiyya. Mace ga mijinta takan zama ƙyaure da kuma ado ko garkuwa ta mtunci a cikin al’umma. Game da wannan babu jayayya bisa ga wasu dalilai kamar haka: ko ba shari’a a ɗabi’a ma kawai ya isa hujja a mutane musamman Hausawa matuƙar aka ce ga namiji ya kai wani matsayi na minzalin isa aure aka ce bai yi ba, har suna akan bashi da cewar “tuzuru”, ko “gwadankwarƙi”,/”goriyo”, shi kuwa wanda matar ta fita watau ya taɓa yin aure amma suka rabu to shi akan kira shi da “gwauro”. Haka ita ma macen akan ce “karfa” ko kuma ta rabu mijin a ce “bazawara” ko a tsokaneta da “gwauruwa”. Wata daraja da Allah (S.W.T) ya baiwa matar aure ga miji ba ƙarama ba ce, saboda falalar da miji kan samu a dalilin yin aure, kamar a inda wani hadisi ya nuna ko da kallon fuskar matarsa kawai ya yi, za a rubuta ma sa lada. Ga hadisin kamar haka: “An karɓo daga Abu Hurairah (R.A) cewa: Ya ji Manzon Allah (S.A.W) idan namiji ya dubi fuskar matarsa, Allah (S.W.T) zan rubuta masa ladan kyawawan ayyuka guda ɗari a cikin littafinsa na lada, idan ya kama hannunta, kuma ya sadu da ita, Allah Zai rubuta masa lada a kan kowanne silin gashin da ke jikinsa, idan ya yi wankan janaba Allah Zai halicci Mala’ika a kan kowanne ɗigon ruwan da ya ɗiga a ƙasa a lokacin da yake yin wankan. Kowane Mala’ika zai rinƙa yi wa Allah tasbihi, kuma yana roƙa masa uban giji tun daga wannan lokacin da ya yi wankan har zuwa ranar lahira. Kuma ladan dukkan tasbihin da Mala’ikun za su yi za a rubuta masa ne a cikin littafinsa na lada. Idan matar ta yi sa a ta ɗauki ciki a wannan saduwar, dukkan mala’ikun da ke cikin Al’arshi da kifayen dake cikin ruwa za su rinƙa roƙa masa lahira gurin ubangiji. Ita matar kuwa za a rinƙa rubuta mata lada guda dubu a kankare mata zunubai dubu, kuma a bata ladar da mutane suka fita yaƙi (jihadi). ZAƁARWA ƳAƳA UWA TA GARI Wajibi ne ga dukkan mahaluki mai hankali da yayi niyyar yin aure, to ya yi ƙoƙarin zaɓarwa ƴaƴansa uwa ta gari, ma'ana mai tarbiyya da son addini. Kar ya bi son zuciya ya auro mace don kyau, watau kyakkyawa, ko Ƴar wane, watau mai nasaba (mai kuɗi, sarauta, muƙami). Wannan magana ta yi dai-dai da wani bayani da Manzon Allah (S.A.W) ya yi cewa ku auri mace ma'abuciyar addini. Domin yace in ka aura don kyau to lallai kyau kan ƙare in ta tsufa, ko nasaba don mulki na iya ƙarewa, amma shi addini ba ya ƙarewa. Bayan haka, zaɓarwa ƴaƴa uwa ta gari kamar hutar da kai ne, domin in ka haifi yara da mace ta ƙwarai. To kamar ita ce makarantar su don zasu koyi komai na ƙwarai daga wurinta. Saboda masu hikima sun ce uwa itace makarantar farko ga yaro. Haka kuma in mutum ya kurkure ya auri Ballagazar mace mara tarbiyya, To ya kashe kansa da kansa, kuma yaransa sun shiga uku. Babban dalili shi ne, ita ba ta da tarbiya, ba ilimi balle addini, to a nan ina makarantar farko take? Sai dai su koyi zagi da miyagun halaye. KOWA NA DA HAƘƘIN DA YA RAYATA A WUYANSA. Akwai haƙƙini na ƙasa ko ƙarami ko mai rauni ko talaka, akan na sama, shugaba, iyaye da duk wani jagora. Wajibi ne a tsare-tsare da lura da waɗannan haƙƙoƙi ta kowacce fuska. Wani hadisi wanda Bukhari da Muslim suka ruwaito, wanda yayi bayani a kan cewa duk wani jagora akan al'amari to lallai ne ya tsare amana da aka bashi. Domin kuwa za a tambaye shi ranar lahira. Ga yadda hadisin yake kamar haka:- An karɓo daga Ibn Umar (R.A) yace: Naji Manzon Allah (S.A.W) yace: "Dukkan ku makiyaya ne, kuma dukkan ku abin tambaya ne a kan abin da aka bashi kiwo. Shugaba abin tambaya ne a kan na ƙarƙashin sa. Kowane mutum mai kiwo ne a kan iyalan sa, kuma abin tambaya ne, ita kuma mace mai kulawa ce a kan dukiyar (gida) mijinta, kuma abin tambaya ce a kan su. Mai yin hidima (bara), mai kulawa ne ga dukiyar uban gidansa, kuma abin tambaya ne a kan su. Dukkan ku makiyaya ne kuma abin kulawa ne. An yi ittifaki a kan wannan hadisin. (Bukhari da Muslim suka ruwaito shi). Shari'ar musulunci ta tsoratar da cewa duk wanda ya take haƙƙin wani ɗan'uwansa na kusa ko nesa, musulmi ne ko wanda ba musulmi ba? Kai hatta dabbobi su ma an yi hanin a cutar da su haka kurum. Haka kuma shari'ar musulunci ta kwaɗaitar tare kuma da yin albishir ga duk wani mahaluki da ya tsare tare da sauke haƙƙin wani da yake kansa, baya ga tarin lada da falala da ƙauna da zai samu a nan duniya, sannan kuma ga tanajin gidan aljannah. Misali a cikin Al-}ur'ani a cikin Suratul Zilzilat inda Allah (S.W.T) yace: "To, wanda ya aikata (wani aiki) gwargwadon nauyin zarrah, na alheri, to zai gan shi". "Kuma wanda ya aikata gwargwadon nauyin zarrah na sharri, zai gan shi". HAƘƘIN MATA A KAN MIJINTA Matar aure da na haƙƙoƙi masu yawa da suka zama tilas mijinta da yake aurenta ya tsare su. Tun daga farko dai shari'a ta sharɗanta babu aure sai da abubuwa uku, sune waliyyi, sadaki, sai kuma shaidu. Daga cikin waɗannan abubuwa guda uku to ɗaya shine mafi ƙarfi a cikinsu a matsayin haƙƙi na ita matar, shi ne sadaki, domin kuwa wajibi a baiwa mace sadakin ta a hannun ta, ko kuma a saya mata wani abu muhimmi wanda za ta rinƙa amfani da shi. Bayan waɗannan kuma, sai maganar wasu haƙƙoƙin kuma, bayan an ɗaura aure, wajibi ne miji ya tsare su, sune ciyarwa, shayarwa, tufatarwa, ɗakin kwana, sannan da biya mata buƙata wajen kwanciya. Matuƙar aka rasa ɗaya daga cikinsu, to ana iya raba aure. Bisa ga maganar magani kuwa, baya cikin sharaɗin aure, cewar mutum ya yi wa matarsa magani ba ta da lafiya, sai dai in ya yi mata maganin to ya kyautata, amma ba dole ba ne. Sai dai kuma malamai sun yi Ijtihadin cewar in miji ya yi wa matarsa magani to ya kyautata, haka ita ma ba dole ne ta yi masa girkin abinci ba, amma in ta yi to ta kyautata. An karɓo daga Amru Ɗan Ahwas, Aljushami (R.A), yaji Annabi (S.A.W) a hajjinsa na bankwana bayan ya yi yabo da godiya ga Allah, kuma ya yi wa'azi, kuma ya yi gargaɗi, sannan yace: "Ku saurara! Ku karɓi wasiyyar alheri dangane da al'amarin mata, lallai su (mata) kamar kamammu ne, a wurinku baku mallaki komai ba a kan su in ban da (igiyar aure), sai dai in sun zo da alfasha bayyananniya. Idan sun aikata (alfasha), ku ƙaurace musu a wurin kwanciya, ku buge su duka ba mai tsanani ba. Idan suka yi muku biyayya kada ku nemi wata hanyar kama su da laifi." "Ku saurara! Lallai kuna da haƙƙi a kan matan ku, kuma matanku suna da haƙƙi a kan ku. Haƙin ku a kan su shi ne kada su zaunar da wanda baku so a kan shimfiɗar ku, kuma kada suyi wanda baku so izinin shiga gidajen ku. Ku saurara! Haƙƙin su a kan ku shi ne ku kyautata musu, tufatarwa da ciyarwa." Imam Tirmiziy ya ruwaito. An karɓo daga Mu'awuya Ɗan Haida (R.A) yace: Ya Manzon Allah! Mene ne haƙƙin matar Ɗayan mu a kan sa? Sai yace: "Idan ka ci, kaciyar da ita, ka tufatar da ita idan ka tufatu, kuma kada ka doke ta a fuska, kuma kada ka musguna mata, kuma kada ka ƙaurace mata sai a cikin ɗaki." An ruwaito daga Abdullahi Ɗan zama'a (R.A) cewa: Annabi (S.A.W) yayi wa'azi dangane da al'amarin mata, yace yanzu ɗayanku zai tasarwa matarsa ya yi mata duka irin dukan bawa, sannan kuma idan dare ya yi ya kwanta da ita? Bukhari da Muslim suka ruwaito. HAƘƘIN MIJI A KAN MATARSA Akwai haƙƙi mai nauyi kuma mai girma da miji ke da shi a kan matarsa wanda ya shafi na girmamawa na, bin umarni ko hani. Haƙƙin biyayya ga miji ba ƙaramin al'amari ba ne, saboda ko da sha'awa ta taso wa miji in ya buƙaci matarsa to dole ne ta masa kira, domin kuwa matuƙar taƙi to lallai za ta shiga fushin Allah, saboda in har mijinta na fushi to sai ta bashi haƙuri sannan za ta kuɓuta. An karɓo daga Abu-Hurairah (R.A), yace Manzon Allah (S.A.W) yace: Idan miji ya kira matar sa zuwa shimfiɗarsa, watau ya nufi ya kwanta da ita amma ta ƙi, ma'ana ta ƙi yarda da shi, har shi mijin ya yi fushi da ita, Mala'iku zasu yi ta tsine ma ta har zuwa asuba. Bukhari da Muslim suka ruwaito. A wata ruwayar, an ce Manzon Allah (S.A.W) yace: Na rantse da wanda raina ke hannun sa, babu wani miji wanda zai kira matar sa zuwa shimfiɗarsa don su kwanta amma ta ƙi, har sai waɗanda suke sama (Mala'iku) sun yi fushi da ita har sai ya yafe ma ta. Akwai wani hadisi ya ƙara nuna ƙarfin yin biyayya ga miji, kamar inda Manzon Allah (S.A.W) ya ce da zan yi umarnin wani ya yi wani sujada da na umarci mata ta yi wa mijinta sujada. Bayan wannan kuma akwai wani hadisi kuma da yake nuna matsayin haƙƙin miji kamar inda aka yi bayanin cewa Aljannar mace tana ƙarƙashin duga-dugin mijin ta in ta bi shi, ta shiga Aljannah. Bugu da ƙari, akwai inda aka nuna cewa ko da ibada ce mace za ta yi, sai ta nemi izinin mijin ta, kamar misalin azumin nafila, hadisi ya nuna cewa ta sanar da miji, ko ta nemi izini sannan ta ɗauka. Duk dai a kan nuna girman biyayya ga miji, inda aka nuna ko da mace tana tuya gurasa ko waina, in har miji ya nuna yana buƙatar ta, wato sha'awa, manufa yana so ya kwanta da ita, to dole ta amsa kira, ta je su kwanta, ya biya buƙatarsa ko da kuwa gurasar ko wainar za su ƙone. Akwai bayani da ya zo da ya nuna a lokacin Manzon Allah (S.A.W) yana raye a zamanin wata matar wani sahabi ya yi tafiya sai aka aiko cewa mahaifin ta bashi da lafiya, don haka sai ta aika tana neman izini daga wurin Annabi (S.A.W) don ta tafi ta dubo shi, Annabi yace shin mijin ta ya bata izini? Sai tace a'a, sai yace to ta haƙura. Bayan haka sai kuma aka aiko cewa mahaifinta ya rasu, duk da haka ba ta fita ba, ta haƙura har sai da mijin ta ya dawo. A kan wannan ne Annabi (S.A.W) ya aiko cewa an sanar da shi cewa an gafarta wa mahaifinta, saboda biyayyar da ta yi, duk da mijin ta baya nan, kuma ta haƙura har ya dawo. BIYAYYA GA MIJIN TA Biyayyar mace ga mijinta wajibi ne, saboda wani hadisin da Annabi (S.A.W) yai umarni cewa: Da mutum zai iya yiwa wani mutum sujada da an umarci mata ta yi wa mijinta sujada. To amma da yake ba zai yiwu ba, ba a yi wa kowa sujada sai Allah (S.W.T), amma shari'a ta yi umarni mace ta yi wa mijin ta biyayya matuƙar dai bai umarce ta da ta yi saɓon Allah ba. Da Wani Zai Iya Yiwa Wani Sujada, DaMata Ta Yi Wa Mijin Ta. An karɓo daga Abu hurairah (R.A), daga Manzon Allah (S.A.W) yace: Da mutum zai iya yiwa wani mutum sujada da an umarci mata ta yi wa mijinta sujada. Tirmiziy ne ya ruwaito shi. MACE BA ZA TAYI AZUMIN NAFILA BA SAI DA IZININ MIJIN TA An karɓo daga Abu hurairah (R.A) yace: Manzon Allah (S.A.W) yace: "Bai halatta ba ga mace ta yi azumin nafila ba kuma mijin ta na nan, sai da izinin sa. Kuma ba za ta shigar da wani cikin gidansa ba sai da izinin mijinta. Bukhari da Muslim suka ruwaito. HAƊARIN BUTULCEWA MIJI. An karɓo daga Ɗan Askar, daga Aisha (R.A) tace: Annabi (S.A.W) yace: "Duk macen da ta cewa mijinta bata taɓa ganin alheri daga wurin sa ba, to haƙiƙa ta ɓata ayyukan ta. ADADIN MATAN ZA A IYA AURA A tsari irin na shari'ar musulunci, ba a bar komai haka ba, sai da aka yi masa iyaka tare da ƙa'idoji. A kan wannan ne, aure ma ba a bar shi haka ba, sai da aka shimfiɗa ƙa'idoji da hukunce-hukunce. Allah (S.W.T) a cikin Al-ƙur'ani ya ƙayyade ko iyakance adadin mata da za a iya aura tun daga mata biyu ko uku ko huɗu, amma sai aka yi gargaɗi in mutum ya san ba zai yi adalci a tsakanin matansa ba, to ya auri mace ɗaya. MATAN DA SUKA HALASTA A AURA Allah (S.W.T) ya baiwa mata wani irin matsayi a ƙarƙashin inuwar shari'ar Musulunci, wanda babu wani tsari da aka taɓa samu a kafin musulunci da kuma nan gaba. Wannan irin matsayi ya sanya dole a girmama mata. Allah (S.W.T) cikin hikimar sa ya halasta yin aure, to amma duk da haka, sai ya tsara mata kashi biyu, kashi na farko ya haramta aurensu ga dukkan mutum musulmi, kashi na biyu kuwa waɗanda basu faɗa cikin waɗancan da aka ambata ba da farko, ya halasta su, watau za a iya auren su. MATAN DA SUKA HARAMTA A AURA Shari'ar musulunci ta haramta auren wasu mata ga musulmai maza. Wannan haramci ya dogara ne bisa ga wasu dalilai, sannan kuma an kasa kashi huɗu kamar haka:- 1- Akwai mata waɗanda dangantaka ta jini (haihuwa). 2- Akwai mata waɗanda alaƙar auratayya ta hana (surukai). 3- Akwai mata da alaƙar shayarwa ta hana (mariƙiya). 4- Akwai mata da saɓanin addini ya hana (mushirikai). 1. Haramci a dalilin nasabar jini (haihuwa). a. Kaka (mahaifiyar uwa ko uba. b. Uwa. c. Inna (yar uwa, ƙanwar uwa). d. Gwaggo (Ƴar uba, ƙanwar uba) e. Ƴar tsatso. f. JikanyG. g. Ƴar jia. h. Yaya da Ƴaƴanta mata. i. Ƙanwa da Ƴaƴanta mata. 2. Haramci a dalilin auratayya. a. Matan uba (kishiyoyin uwa). b. Uwar mata (Suruka). c. Ɗiyar mata (agola). d. Matar ]a (suruka). e. Ƙanwar ko Ƴar mata (idan tana da rai), ba a haɗa su a lokaci ɗaya. 3. Haramci a dalilin shayarwa (raino). a. Matar da ta shayar da mutum nonon ta. b. Ƴaƴan ta. 4. Haramci a dalilin saɓanin Addini (waɗanda ba musulmi ba, ba kiristoci ba, ba Yahudawa ba). a. Maguzawa. b. Riddaddu (waɗanda suka yi ridda). c. Matsafa. HARAMCIN ƘAURACEWA MIJI A SHIMFIƊA Shari'ar Musulunci ta yi hani ko haramta mace ta ƙauracewa mijinta a shimfiɗa, watau lokacin kwanciya in ya buƙaceta, ma'ana ya kirata saboda haka zata shiga fushin Allah, mala'iku zasu yi ta tsine mata har sai gari ya waye. An karɓo daga Abu-Hurairah (R.A), yace Manzon Allah (S.A.W) yace: Idan miji ya kira matar sa zuwa shimfiɗarsa, watau ya nufi ya kwanta da ita amma ta ƙi, ma'ana ta ƙi yarda da shi, har shi mijin ya yi fushi da ita, Mala'iku zasu yi ta tsine ma ta har zuwa asuba.Bukhari da Muslim suka ruwaito. JIRWAYEN AURE A ADABIN BAKA Tabbas an samu jirwayen jigon a adabin bakan Bahaushe, musamman a rassansa guda biyar. Kamar Karin Magana, da take da kirari, da tatsuniya, da almara, da maganganun azanci da sauransu.Wannan ya ƙara nuna matsayin aure a al’adar Bahaushe. KARIN MAGANGANU: Game da karin maganganu a kan aure da al’adar Bahaushe ta yi, suna da yawa, kamar haka: 1- Idan da rai saurayi ma Ango. 2- Da kamar wuya tsohuwa da auren nesa. 3- Yakamata auren na gida. 4- Amarya ba kya laifi ko ta kashe Ɗanmasu gida. 5- Ango hana gaɗa. 6- Ango baka ji asalatu. 7- Allah ya yi aure da mara wuri(kuɗi). 8- Biki na farar kaza belbela ba gayya ba. 9- Biki wan shagali. 10- Biki-biki da zani kowa ya raina biki ba nashi ba ne. KIRARIN AURE: Game da kirarin aure da al’adar Bahaushe ta yi, suna da yawa, kamar haka: 1.Aure jibadau kayan nauyi. 2.Auren fari na dakushe haukar balaga duk wanda aka yi wa zai yi hankali. 3.Auren fari dabaibayi ga tuzuru. 4.Aure yaƙin Ƴanmata. 5. Na guga marmari daga nesa. 6. Aure kafi ƙarfin yaro. IRE-IREN AURE Aure dai kalma ɗaya ce manufa ɗaya, sai dai kuma yana da rabe-rabe kamar kashi goma sha biyu. Duk da rabe-raben zaka samu ƙudurin su ɗaya ne, ko da za a samu bambanci, sai dai kaɗan abin da ba a rasa ba. Don kuwa zaka sami mata da miji suna ƙaunar juna da girmama juna ko da haihuwa ko babu. Muna da aurarraki kamar haka: 1- Auren Kuɗi.(wanda aka biya sadaki, da sauran Ɗawainiya.) 2- Auren Sadaka.( wanda aka sadaukar da sadakin) 3- Auren Zumunci.(aure na Ƴan uwa, dangin uwa ko na uba.) 4- Auren Dole/ƙi.(an yi bisa tilas, ko ango, ko amaryar wani bai so.) 5- Auren Ɗauki sandar ka/takalmi.(a auri mace tana gidanta daban) 6- Auren Jeka da kwarinka.(a auri mace tana wani gari daban.) 7- Auren Jari.(a auri mace saboda kuɗinta ko na iyayanta.) 8- Auren Ɗaukar buta.(auren tsoho da tsohuwa,don ta zuba mai ruwa). 9- Auren ɓoyon wata.(auren da akan yi kafin azumi, in ya wuce a fita). 10- Auren kashe wuta.(auren da akan yi don a koma gun tsohon miji). 11- Auren huce takaici.( auren da akan yi don a share hawaye) 12- Auren kangara. (auren da masu arziki kan yi, a tayar baikon wasu). TATSUNIYA:Akwai tatsuniyoyi da dama da aka samu jirwayen jigon aure a a cikinsu.misali: 1.Tatsuniyar Barewa ta auri mutum. 2.Tatsuniyar auren gaurakiya da biri. 3.Tatsuniyar shaida kurciya. 4.Tatsuniyar kaza ta mazuru. 5.Tatsuniyar Gizo da ƙoƙi. KAMMALAWA A ƙarshe wannan muƙala ta taɓo, wani abu da ya shafi rayuwar aure da matsayinsa. Haka nan an nazarci matsayin aure da muhimmancinsa ga dukkan wani abu mai rai. Tun daga mutum har dabbobi, da tsuntsaye, ƙwari, da tsirrai. An kuma fito da dalilai da suka sanya Bahaushe ya bai wa aure babban matsayi. An bayyana yadda Bahaushe ke kallon duk namijin da ya riƙa (balaga), ma’ana ya isa aure amma bai yi ba, a matsayin mai rauni kuma ba cikakken mutum ba. Bugu da ƙari kuma, an kawo yadda Bahaushe ya karkasa mutane marasa aure zuwa gida uku ko huɗu. Kowane daga cikinsu akwai irin matsayinsa a al’adar Bahaushe, tare da dalilai da suka sa aka bashi suna. Haka kuma, an kawo falalar dake tare da aure, sannan ga jirwayen adabin bakan Bahaushe da sauransu. Domin haka,ina fatan wannan muƙala, ta zama kamar matashiya ce ga masu hankali daga cikinmu maza da mata. MADOGARA A SuyuɗI Jami’ul Hadisi. Bargery G.F.(1993)A Hausa-English Dictionary English-Hausa Vocabulary Ahmadu Bello University Zaria Yaro Y.I.(1971)Tatsunniyoyi da Wasanni.Oxford University Press, Ibadan. S.Aliyu (2001) Addu’a’u min kibabi was’sunnah Maktabatu Anwaru Abdullahi, Kurmi Market, Kano. Abdullahi Fodiyo( )Sabiblil Najati. Jafaru Bin Alhaji, Hussaini Alkamawa Sakkwato. Zaid A.A Risala Fassarar Hausa. Kurmi Market, Kano. Gumi A M. (1980) Al-ƙur’ani mai girma,Tarajamar Hausa. Hadimil haramaini, Sharifaini Makkah. Malik I.(1970) Muwaɗɗa Malik. Darul fikri, Beirut Lebanon. Annawawi I. Riyadus salihin. Darul fikri, Beirut Lebanon. Ladan Y.(1980)Zaman Duniya Iyawa ne.Northern Nigerian Publication Company, Zaria. East R.(1966)Ikon Allah (Dabbobi). 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24713	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam%20Smith	Adam Smith	Adam Smith Yakasance mutum ne me tattali an haife shi ne a cikin shekara ta alif ɗari bakwai da ashirin da uku (06-1723) miladiyya. Ana masa lakabi da Father of Economics. Haihuwa An haifa Adam Smith shekarar alib (06-1723) United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Mutuwa Ya mutu shekara ta (17-07-1790) a garin Panmure House, Edinburgh United Kindom. Manazarta Smith is identified as a North Briton and Scot. [5] b. In Life of Adam Smith Rae writes: "In his fourth year, while on a visit to his grandfather's house at Strathendry on the banks of the Leven, [Smith] was stolen by a passing band of gypsies, and for a time could not be found. But presently a gentleman arrived who had met a Romani woman a few miles down the road carrying a child that was crying piteously. Scouts were immediately dispatched in the direction indicated, and they came upon the woman in Leslie wood. As soon as she saw them she threw her burden down and escaped, and the child was brought back to his mother. [Smith] would have made, I fear, a poor gypsy." [15] c. During the reign of Louis XIV the population shrunk by 4 million and agricultural productivity was reduced by one-third while the taxes had increased. Cusminsky, Rosa, de Cendrero, 1967, Los Fisiócratas, Buenos Aires: Centro Editor de América Latina, p. 6 d. 1701–1714 War of the Spanish Succession, 1688–1697 War of the Grand Alliance, 1672–1678 Franco-Dutch War, 1667–1668 War of Devolution, 1618–1648 Thirty Years' War e. The 6 editions of The Theory of Moral Sentiments were published in 1759, 1761, 1767, 1774, 1781, and 1790, respectively. [75] Citation 1. a b "Adam Smith (1723–1790)" BBC Archived from the original on 15 March 2007. Retrieved 20 December 2019. "Adam Smith's exact date of birth is unknown, but he was baptised on 5 June 1723." 2. Nevin, Seamus (2013). "Richard Cantillon: The Father of Economics". History Ireland 21 (2): 20–23. JSTOR 41827152. 3. Billington, James H. (1999). Fire in the Minds of Men: Origins of the Revolutionary Faith Transaction Publishers. p. 302. 4. Stedman Jones, Gareth (2006). "Saint-Simon and the Liberal origins of the Socialist critique of Political Economy". In Aprile, Sylvie; Bensimon, Fabrice (eds.). La France et l'Angleterre au XIXe siècle. Échanges, représentations, comparaisons Créaphis. pp. 21–47. 5. Williams, Gwydion M. (2000). Adam Smith, Wealth Without Nations London: Athol Books. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-85034-084-6 Archived from the original on 19 July 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2020. 6. "BBC History Scottish History" www.bbc.co.uk Archived from the original on 10 April 2001. Retrieved 20 December 2019. 7. *Brown, Vivienne (5 December 2008). "Mere Inventions of the Imagination': A Survey of Recent Literature on Adam Smith" Cambridge University Press 13 (2): 281–312. doi 10.1017/S0266267100004521 Archived from the original on 21 July 2020. 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The Historical Journal 57 179–198. doi :10.1017/S0018246X13000101 S2CID 159524069 Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2020. Rae, John (1895). Life of Adam Smith London New York: Macmillan. ISBN 0-7222-2658-6 Retrieved 14 May 2018 via Internet Archive. Ross, Ian Simpson (1995). The Life of Adam Smith Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-828821-2 Ross, Ian Simpson (2010). The Life of Adam Smith (2 ed.). Oxford University Press. Skousen, Mark (2001). The Making of Modern Economics: The Lives and Ideas of Great Thinkers M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 0-7656-0480-9 Smith, Adam (1977) [1776]. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-76374-9 Smith, Adam (1982) [1759]. D.D. Raphael and A.L. Macfie (ed.). The Theory of Moral Sentiments Liberty Fund. ISBN 0-86597-012-2 Smith, Adam (2002) [1759]. Knud Haakonssen (ed.). The Theory of Moral Sentiments Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-59847-8 Smith, Vernon L. (July 1998). "The Two Faces of Adam Smith". Southern Economic Journal 65 (1): 2–19. doi 10.2307/1061349 JSTOR 1061349 S2CID 154002759 Tribe, Keith; Mizuta, Hiroshi (2002). A Critical Bibliography of Adam Smith Pickering Chatto. ISBN 978-1-85196-741-4 Viner, Jacob (1991). Douglas A. Irwin (ed.). Essays on the Intellectual History of Economics Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-04266-7 Further reading Wikisource has the text of A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature 's article about Smith, Adam Butler, Eamonn (2007). Adam Smith A Primer Institute of Economic Affairs ISBN 978-0-255-36608-3 Cook, Simon J. (2012). "Culture Political Economy: Adam Smith Alfred Marshall" Tabur Copley, Stephen (1995). Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations: New Interdisciplinary Essays Manchester University Press ISBN 0-7190-3943-6 Glahe, F. (1977). Adam Smith and the Wealth of Nations: 1776–1976 University Press of Colorado ISBN 0-87081-082-0 Haakonssen, Knud (2006). The Cambridge Companion to Adam Smith Cambridge University Press ISBN 0-521-77924-3 Hardwick, D. and Marsh, L. (2014). Propriety and Prosperity: New Studies on the Philosophy of Adam Smith Palgrave Macmillan Hamowy, Ronald (2008). "Smith, Adam (1723–1790)". Smith, Adam (1732–1790) The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; Cato Institute pp. 470–72. doi :10.4135/9781412965811.n287 ISBN 978-1412965804 LCCN 2008009151 OCLC 750831024 Hollander, Samuel (1973). Economics of Adam Smith University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-6302-0 McLean, Iain (2006). Adam Smith, Radical and Egalitarian: An Interpretation for the 21st Century. Edinburgh University Press ISBN 0-7486-2352-3 Milgate, Murray Stimson, Shannon. (2009). After Adam Smith: A Century of Transformation in Politics and Political Economy. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14037-7 Muller, Jerry Z. (1995). Adam Smith in His Time and Ours. Princeton University Press ISBN 0-691-00161-8 Norman, Jesse (2018). Adam Smith: What He Thought, and Why It Matters. Allen Lane. O'Rourke, P.J. (2006). On The Wealth of Nations Grove/Atlantic Inc. ISBN 0-87113-949-9 Otteson, James (2002). Adam Smith's Marketplace of Life Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-01656-8 Otteson, James (2013). Adam Smith Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1-4411-9013-0 Phillipson, Nicholas (2010). Adam Smith: An Enlightened Life Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-16927-0 352 pages; scholarly biography McLean, Iain (2004). Adam Smith, Radical and Egalitarian: An Interpretation for the 21st Century Edinburgh University Press Pichet, Éric (2004). Adam Smith, je connais French biography. ISBN 978-2843720406 Vianello, F. (1999). "Social accounting in Adam Smith", in: Mongiovi, G. and Petri F. (eds.), Value, Distribution and capital. Essays in honour of Pierangelo Garegnani London: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-14277-6 Winch, Donald (2007) [2004]. "Smith, Adam". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi 10.1093/ref:odnb/25767 (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) Wolloch, N. (2015). "Symposium on Jack Russell Weinstein's Adam Smith's Pluralism: Rationality, Education and the Moral Sentiments". Cosmos Taxis "Adam Smith and Empire: A New Talking Empire Podcast," Imperial Global Forum 12 March 2014. Mutanen
18215	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed%20ben%20Zamoum	Mohamed ben Zamoum	Mohamed ben Zamoum (an haife shi a Boghni a shekara ta 1795, ya mutu kuma a Boghni a shekarar 1843) ya Kabyle marabout da suka halarci zuwa Algeria juriya da da Faransa ci na Algeria Iyali An haifi Mohamed ben Zamoum a shekara ta 1795 a yankin Boghni a cikin babbar ƙabilar Kabyle ta Flissas a matsayin ɓangare na ƙungiyar Berber Igawawen, wanda a tarihi ya yi aiki a matsayin sojoji a ƙarƙashin Deylik na Algiers Ya kasance wani ɓangare na ɗaukakar gidan Ben Zamoum wanda ya mallaki ƙabilar Flissas a matsayin ɓangare na masarautar Koukou Mohamed yana da 'ya'ya da yawa, wadanda aka fi sani da su Hocine ben Zamoum da Omar ben Zamoum wadanda suka gaje shi a shekarar 1848 a kan shugabancin kabilar Flissas. Ya jikan Ali ben Zamoum kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Kabyle juriya da Faransa troupes coloniales, tun 1844 har 1848. Turawan Faransa sun mamaye Algeria Ya yi aiki a rundunar Deylik a lokacin mamayewar Algiers a 1830 da Faransa. Da yawa daga cikin danginsa sun mutu a yayin yaƙi da sojojin Faransa. Bayan mika wuya na Dey Hussein a ranar 5 ga watan Yuli, shekarar 1830 da murfin Casbah na Algiers, Sheikh Mohamed ben Zamoum ya shirya tare da marabouts na Kabylia da Mitidja taron shugabannin zawiyas a cikin Bordj Tamentfoust a ranar 26 ga watan Yuli. Wannan taron, wanda aka fara a ranar 23 ga watan Yuli kuma ya ƙare a ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, ya yanke shawara kan zaɓi na adawa ga kasancewar Faransa a cikin wani yunƙuri mai ƙarfi na ƙabilun da shugabanninsu, kamar Mohamed ben Zamoum, suka haɗu da rundunarsu suka tattara kansu a cikin martanin da aka samu bayan faduwar Algiers. Wannan taron ya faru ne lokacin da Janar Victor de Bourmont bai bi shawarar Mohamed ben Zamoum ba a cikin wasikar da ya aike masa da nufin shawo kansa daga fara balaguron soja na Yaƙin Farko na Blida Shehun ya so ya bukaci Faransawa da su guji ci gaba zuwa cikin kasar a cikin yankunan Algiers, a kalla har sai an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya wacce za ta daidaita yanayin dangantakar da ke tsakanin Turawan Faransa masu mulkin mallaka da yan asalin Algeria Amma de Bourmont ba ya son bin shawarar Shaikh, kuma ya fara kamfen dinsa a kan Blida a ranar 23 ga watan Yuli bayan ya kulla yarjejeniya da bey na Titteri a Médéa, mai suna Mustapha Boumezrag. Rashin nasarar sojoji 1,200, da mahayan dawakai 100, da kuma manyan bindigogi wadanda Janar de Bourmont ya dogara da su yayin ziyarar da ya kai wa Blida da kewayenta, ya gamsar da Sheikh ben Zamoum cewa adawa da Faransa tana yiwuwa kuma yakin ne zai daidaita matsayin masu fada. Biyayya ga Ben Zamoum Daga nan ne kabilun Mitidja da Kabylia suka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar yin mubaya'a ga Sheikh ben Zamoum a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin 1830 inda aka shelanta shi a matsayin shugaban gwagwarmayar fitina da sojojin Faransa Don haka, daga 2 ga Satumba 1830, Shaikh ya kara zafafa kai hare-hare kan sojojin Faransa wanda sabon Janaral Bertrand Clauzel ya ba da umarni, wanda aka nada babban kwamandan askarawan tafiya don maye gurbin de Bourmont. Yakin Blida Na Biyu A lokacin da 18 ga Nuwamba 1830, rukuni na biyu na sojojin Faransa dubu bakwai suka mamaye garin Blida, kuma suka same ta kusan ba kowa saboda yawancin mutanen sun gudu zuwa dutsen Chréa bisa umarnin Sheikh ben Zamoum. Amma yayin da gungun Kanar Rulhière ke kan hanya zuwa Médéa bayan sun mallaki Blida, Shehun ya aika da wata tawaga ta Kabyles daga kabilar Flissas karkashin jagorancin dansa Hocine ben Zamoum don hada Faransawa a Mitidja Bayan da Hocine ben Zamoum ya sami labarin mamayar garin Blida da sojojin Faransa suka yi, ya kirayi masu karfafa gwiwa na Kabyle daga Khachna, da Col des Beni Aïcha, da Beni Moussa da Beni Misra don yin maci da garin Blida domin kwato ta. Juriya na Kabylia Sheikh Mohamed Ben Zamoum ya kasance yana kawance da Sarki Abdelkader a shekara ta 1837, kuma ya yi aiki tare da masarautarsa ta Abdelkader aikin gina kasar Aljeriya mai inganci wacce za ta hada da tsohon yankin masarautar Koukou, kuma wannan musamman bayan sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniyar Tafna a ranar 30 ga Mayu na wannan shekarar. A tsawon shekaru bakwai wanda zai biyo bayan kawancen tsakanin Kabylia da jihar Abdelkader har zuwa shekarar 1843, yaƙe-yaƙe da dama sun gwabza da masu aminci na Sheikh ben Zamoum da sojojin Faransa a cikin tsaunuka da filayen gabas daga Algiers. Sarki Mustapha ne sannan ya fara kai wa Turawan mulkin mallaka na Mitidja hari a lokacin harin farko a Reghaïa a ranar 8 ga Mayu 1837, kuma wannan shi ne yadda aka ƙone Col des Beni Aïcha da filin Issers har zuwa inda aka kewaye shi. birnin Dellys Mutuwa Mohamed ben Zamoum ya mutu a shekara ta 1843 a yankin Boghni a Kabylia yana da shekara 48 bayan shekaru goma sha uku na juriya da mamayar Faransa a kan Algeria Hotuna Duba kuma Hanyoyin haɗin waje Manazarta Pages with unreviewed
20916	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashique%20Kuruniyan	Ashique Kuruniyan	Muhammed Ashique Kuruniyan (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1997), da aka sani da Ashique Kuruniyan dan kasar indiya ne, Dan sana'an kwallon da ke taka leda a matsayin dan wasan hagu na bangaren baya ga kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Indian, Super League kulob da ke Garin Bengaluru da kuma tawagar kungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Indiya dake buga wasan ƙasa da ƙasa. Kulub Haihuwarsa da fara kwallonsa An haife shi a Malappuram, Kerala, Kuruniyan shine na biyar ga mahaifin sa wanda yake da shago da kuma uwa wacce take matar gida ce. Don taimakawa tallafawa iyalinsa, Kuruniyan ya daina zuwa makaranta lokacin da yake a kan mizani na takwas kuma ya fara aiki a shagon dawa na mahaifinsa. Lokacin da ya gama aikinsa da yamma, zai yi wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin filayen. Ba kuma da daɗewa ba Vision India ta zaɓa shi, wani shiri wanda Footballungiyar Kwallan Kwallan ta fara, kuma yana tare da makarantar har zuwa shekara ta 2014, lokacin da ya shiga makarantar koyar da ƙungiyar I-League ta wancan lokacin, Pune FC Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kammala Pune FC a matsayin wanda ya zo na biyu a kakar shekarar 2014 da shekara ta 2015 I-League U19 A cikin shekara ta 2016, lokacin da aka sayar da makarantar Pune FC ta FC Pune City, suka sake sanya sunan kungiyar zuwa FC Pune City Academy, wanda Kuruniyan zai shiga tare. A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2016, an sanar da cewa Kuruniyan zai koma Villarreal C, rukuni na uku na Villarreal na La liga a matsayin aro daga Pune City Koyaya, bayan samun horo a Spain tsawon watanni hudu, Kuruniyan ya koma Indiya a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2017, bayan ya ji rauni a cinyarsa. Birnin Pune A watan Yulin shekara ta 2017 an tabbatar da cewa Kuruniyan ya sanya hannu kan wata kwantiragin kwararru tare da Pune City kuma kulob din ya ci gaba da rike shi a fafatawar da za su yi na Indian Super League. Ya fara zama dan wasa na farko a kungiyar a ranar 10 Disamban shekara ta 2017 a wasansu da Jamshedpur Ya shigo ne a matsayin wanda ya sauya minti na 83 don Emiliano Alfaro yayin da Pune City tayi nasara da ci 1-0. Ya zira kwallon sa ta farko ta kwararru a ranar 30 ga Disamba, lokacin da ya ci kwallon farko a minti na takwas na nasarar 5-0 a kan NorthEast United FC Ya zauna a kulob din don lokacin ISL na shekarar 2018-19, kuma ya buga wasansa na farko na kakar a ranar 3 ga watan Oktoban shekara ta 2021 a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Delhi Dynamos Odisha FC na yanzu). Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kakar bana a kan Chennaiyin FC a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, inda Kuruniyan ya buda bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a minti na tara, amma daga karshe aka tashi wasan da ci 2 da 4. Kuruniyan ya ci kwallonsa ta biyu a kakar kuma kwallon karshe a Pune City a karawar da suka yi da Jamshedpur a ranar 16 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2019, inda ya ci wa Pune City kwallo ta karshe, yayin da suka ci wasan a kan babban tazara na 1-4. Bayan kakar shekarar 2018-19, FC Pune City ta watse, kuma Kuruniyan ya sanya hannu kan Bengaluru FC Bengaluru FC A watan Agustan shekara ta 2019, an ba da sanarwar cewa Bengaluru FC ya kulla Kuruniyan a karkashin yarjejeniyar shekaru hudu. Ya buga wasan sa na farko a kungiyar da kungiyar NorthEast United FC a ranar 21 ga watan Oktoba, shekara ta 2019, wanda ya kare da ci 0-0. Bengaluru ya cancanci zuwa wasan zagayen gaba na gasar kuma ya fuskanci kulob din ISL ATK a kafafu biyu. Kuruniyan ne ya fara ci wa Bengaluru kwallo a karawa ta biyu a wasan dab da na karshe a minti na 5 na wasan a ranar 8 ga Maris, na shekara ta 2020, wanda suka tashi 3-1. An fitar da Bengaluru daga buga wasan bayan ATK ta ci gaba da jimillar ci 3-2. Tsakanin kakar wasa ta yau, Kuruniyan ya fara buga wasan farko a nahiyoyin farko a wasan farko a gasar cin kofin AFC na shekara 2020, a ranar 5 ga Fabrairun shekara ta 2020 akan Paro FC, wanda Bengaluru ya ci 0-1. Kuruniyan ya fara kakar wasannin Super League ta shekarar 2020 zuwa 2021 a wasan da suka buga da FC Goa a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba, shekara ta 2020, wanda shine wasan farko na kungiyar a kakar wasan wanda ya kare da kunnen doki ci 2-2 bayan wani jinkiri da FC Goa tayi. Yayin wasan da kungiyar Odisha FC a ranar 17 ga watan Disamba, Kuruniyan ya sami karaya da yawa a fuskarsa bayan wani rikici da Odisha's Jerry Mawihmingthanga ya yi Nan take motar daukar marasa lafiya ta dauke shi zuwa asibiti. Ya kasance kusan watanni biyu bayan an yi masa tiyata mai nasara kuma ya dawo filin wasa tare da abin rufe fuska. Kuruniyan ya dawo cikin fili tare da tabo fuska a karawar da suka yi da Mumbai City FC a ranar 15 ga Fabrairun shekara ta 2021, wanda ya kare da nasarar Bengaluru da ci 2-4. Bayan an kammala kakar wasa ta yau da kullun, Kuruniyan ya buga wasan farko na nahiyoyi na wannan kakar a wasan Bengaluru na shekarar 2021 AFC Cup Preliminary zagaye na 2 da Nepal Army Club a ranar 14 ga watan Afrilu, wanda ya ƙare 5-0 zuwa Bengaluru. Ayyukan duniya Kuruniyan sun wakilci Indiya a matakan ‘yan kasa da shekaru 18 da 19. Ya samu kiran babbar kungiyar sa ta kasa, lokacin da aka zaba shi cikin tawagar Indiya don gasar cin kofin Intercontinental ta shekarar 2018 biyo bayan fitaccen rawar da ya taka a kakar wasa ta shekara ta 2017–18 ISL. Ya fara buga wasan farko na kasa a wasan bude gasar da China Taipei a madadin Halicharan Narzary a ranar 1 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2018, wanda ya kare da ci 5-0 mai ban mamaki ga Indiya. Ya taka leda a wasan karshe na shekara ta 2018 Intercontinental Cup da Kenya a matsayin maimakon Udanta Singh a ranar 10 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 2018, wanda India da ci 2-0, game da shi ya lashe farko edition na Intercontinental Cup da kuma taimaka Kuruniyan lashe farko da na kasa da kasa suna Kuruniyan yana cikin yan wasan da zasuyi tafiya zuwa Bangladesh don Gasar SAFF ta shekarar 2018 Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko ga kungiyar kasa a karawar da suka yi da Sri Lanka a wasan farko na Indiya na gasar a ranar 5 ga Satumbar shekara ta 2018, inda ya ci kwallon farko yayin da Indiya ta ci wasan 2-2 a cikakken lokaci. Ya kuma taka rawar gani a wasan da India ta doke ta da ci 2-1 a wasan karshe da Maldives a ranar 15 ga Satumba. Kuruniyan yana daga cikin tawagar Indiya don fafatawa a Gasar cin Kofin Asiya ta AFC na 2019 Ya buga dukkan wasannin rukuni-rukuni uku, gami da wasan budewar Indiya da Thailand ranar 6 ga Janairun 2019, wanda Indiya ta ci 1-4, don haka ya ga nasarar farko da Indiya ta samu a gasar cin Kofin Asiya a cikin shekaru 55, sannan kuma ya zama wani bangare na Indiya mafi girma. lashe a tarihin su na Kofin Asiya. Ya kuma buga wasan-ko-mutu a ranar 14 ga Janairu da Bahrain, wacce Indiya ta buge 0-1 bayan Bahrain ta sauya hukuncin lokacin raunin rauni zuwa buri, wanda hakan ya sa aka fitar da Indiya daga gasar. Watanni bayan haka, Indiya ta bayyana sunayen 'yan wasanta don buga wasannin neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2022, inda aka hada Kuruniyan. Ya buga wasan farko a wasannin share fage da Oman a ranar 5 ga Satumba, wanda ya kare 1-2 zuwa Oman. Salon wasa Kuruniyan ne winger wanda kuma iya wasa a matsayin reshe-baya Ya taka leda a bangaren hagu a cikin kakar wasa ta shekara ta 2020 zuwa 21 ISL karkashin Carles Cuadrat 'Yan wasa da manajoji sun yaba da shi saboda saurin da yake da shi a cikin filin. Har ila yau, ana girmama shi don kwarewar sa. Kuruniyan saboda wani dalili ana ɗaukar shi a matsayin ɗayan taurari masu zuwa na ƙwallon ƙafa ta Indiya. Rayuwar mutum An haifi Kuruniyan a Chungathara, Malappuram, Kerala a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1997. Ya auri Aseela, wacce ita ma daga Malappuram ce a ranar 5 ga Satumbar shekara ta 2020 a cikin cutar COVID-19 Matar sa dalibar B.Pharm ce. Kididdigar aiki Kulab Na duniya Manufofin duniya Sakamako da sun lissafa yawan kwallayen India. Daraja Na duniya Indiya Intercontinental Cup: 2018 Gasar SAFF 2018 (ta biyu) Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Ashique Kuruniyan a gasar Super League ta Indiya Rayayyun mutane Kungiyoyin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa Wasannin FIFA Wasanni 'Yan wasan Kashmir Pages with unreviewed
20496	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masarautar%20Dosso	Masarautar Dosso	Masarautar Dossa masarauta ce kafin zuwan turawa na mulkin mallaka wadda a yanzu take a yankin ƙasar Nijar yanzu wacce ta wanzu har zuwa wannan lokaci. Tarihin farko An yi imanin cewa mutanen Djerma ko Zabarmawa na Nijar sun yi ƙaura daga yankin Fulani dake kusa da Lac Debo, Mali a lokacin daular Songhai, kuma suka fara zama a Zarmaganda a ƙarni na 16. A cikin karni na 18, Djerma da yawa sun sake zama a kudu zuwa kwarin Kogin Neja, Fakara da Zigui a cikin yankin da ake kira Kudu maso Yamma a yanzu kusa da Niamey Irƙirar wasu ƙananan al'ummomi, kowannensu ƙarƙashin jagorancin Djermakoy, waɗannan zaɓuɓɓuka ba da daɗewa ba suka sami matsin lamba daga arewa ta Abzinawa da Fula daga kudu maso gabas, da Kuma ma sauran ƙabilun yankin. Yayin da Djermakoy Aboubacar ya kafa jihar Dosso daga danginsa na Taguru a kusa da 1750, ta kasance ƙaramar tarin ƙauyuka a cikin kwarin Dallol Bosso har zuwa shekarar 1820s, lokacin da ta jagoranci yawancin juriya ga Halifancin Sokoto Yayin da Dosso ya fada karkashin ikon Amir na Gando (wani yanki na Sakkwato) tsakanin shekarata 1849 da 1856, sai suka ci gaba da rike Djermakoy dinsu da kuma gabatar da mulki na wani babban yankin Djerma, kuma suka musulunta A ƙarƙashin Djermakoy Kossom (r. 1856-65), Dosso ya haɗa dukkanin Djerma ta gabas, kuma ya bar karamar karamar kasa daga Tibbo da Beri a arewa, zuwa Gafiadey a kudu, da kuma Bankadey da Tombokware a gabas. Mulkin mallaka na Faransa Sojojin mulkin mallaka na Faransa sun fara shiga yankin a cikin shekarar 1890s kuma sun tarar da Dosso yana kawance da al'umomin Fula da kananan jihohi kamar Kebbi da sauran jihohin Djerma, da Dendi, da Gourounsi (a cikin Burkina Faso ta zamani) jihohin Hausa zuwa gabas (a cikin yanzu Kudancin Nijar), kuma har yanzu tana fafutukar ƙwato yankin da ta riƙe a 1865. Zarmakoy Attikou (r.1897-1902) ya ɗauki taimakon soja da sojojin Faransa suka bayar a Karimama (yanzu Benin amma ya gano cewa bayan nasarar da sojoji suka yi da magabtansa a 1898, sojojin Faransa sun kasance a Dosso, inda zasu zauna har shekaru 60 masu zuwa. Attikou ya wakilta tattaunawar ga yariman sa Awta, kuma wannan makomar Zarmakoy ya cilla tauraron sa ga ikon Faransa. Duk da tashin hankali, Faransawa sun sami ɗaya daga cikin ƙawayensu kaɗan a yankin, kuma wannan ƙawancen larurar ta zo ta amfani Dosso kamar yadda ya cutar da su. Tare da taimakon Faransa, Zarmakoy Awta (r.1902-13) ya riƙe duk abin da ke Sashen Dosso na zamani, kuma tare da taimakonsa, Faransawan sun kawar da tawayen da jagorancin Marabout mai kwarjini a yankin Dosso Zarmakoy na Dosso an haɗa shi cikin tsarin Mulkin Mallaka na Faransa ta hanyar nau'ikan Dokar Kai tsaye wanda ba kasafai yake da girma da ci gaba a Afirka ta Yamma ta Faransa ba A mafi yawan wurare Faransawa sun kafa sarakuna a ƙauye Chef du Canton waɗanda Faransa ta fifita su a kan sarakunan gargajiya, don haka suka dogara gaba ɗaya da Faransanci. A Dosso, Faransanci ya ba Zarmakoy izinin ci gaba da faɗaɗa yankinsa kawai da faɗaɗa yankinsa da zaɓan nasa magaji, ci gaba da kasancewa tare da mulkin kafin mulkin mallaka, da tsayawa sama da nasa Chefs du Canton a matakin yanki. Faransawa sun dogara da Zarmakoy na Dosso, cewa a cikin 1923 sun ƙaura da babban birnin ƙasar na lokacin daga Nijar daga Zinder, gidan masarautar Damagaram mai mulkin mallaka zuwa wani ƙauye a yankin Dosso wanda zai zama Yamai Ƴanci Yayin da 'yancin kai ya kusanto a cikin shekarun 1950, Nijar na ɗaya daga cikin yan tsirarun yankuna na Afirka ta Yamma ta Faransa ba tare da haɓaka rukunin siyasa ba. Zarmakoy na Dosso, a matsayin mai kula da yankin Djerma, ya zama mai ikon mallakar sarki na siyasa don tsari mai zuwa. Jam’iyyun siyasa sun yi fafutukar neman goyon bayan Zarmakoy da manyan shugabannin Hausawa na gabas kuma Zarmakoy na wancan lokacin, Issoufou Seydou, sun taka rawa a siyasar Nijar a lokacin ‘yanci. Zarmakoy Seydou shi ne wanda ya kafa PPN, sannan daga baya ya zama jam'iyyun UNIS, kuma ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban kasa kuma Ministan Shari'a daga Disamba 1958-Oktoba 1959. A yau masarautar Dosso na ci gaba da rike mukamai masu tasiri a duk fadin gwamnatin ta Nijar, tare da yawancin shugabannin da suka zo bayan samun ‘yanci daga Djerma. Har yanzu Dosso ya kasance wuri mai mahimmanci, tare da ɗimbin ɗaruruwan masu fada aji waɗanda suka dogara da taimakon Zarmakoy, yayin da masu mulkin gargajiya suka fi yarda da ayyukan zamani. Sarakunan tarihi c.1750 Zarmakoy Aboubacar Zarmakoy Laouzo Zarmakoy Gounabi Zarmakoy Amirou 1856 1865; Zarmakoy Kassam Kossom Baboukabiya 1865 1890; Zarmakoy Abdou Kyantou Baba 1890 1897; Zarmakoy Alfa Atta 1897 1902; Zarmakoy Attikou 1902 1913; Zarmakoy Aoûta Awta 1913 1924; Zarmakoy Moussa 1924 1938; Zarmakoy Saidou 1938 1953; Zarmakoy Moumouni 1953 1962; Zarmakoy Hamani 1962 1998; Zarmakoy Abdou 1998 2000; Zarmakoy Issoufou 2000 yanzu; Zarmakoy Maïdanda Saidou Manazarta Hoton Djermokay na Dasso, 1936 Nijar Sarakuna na Afrika Masarautu
19920	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyar%20Jirgin%20Kasa%20ta%20Hejaz	Hanyar Jirgin Kasa ta Hejaz	A Hejaz (ko Hedjaz ko hijazi) Railway ya kasance babbar hanyar jirgin ƙasa mai tsayi 1,050 mm track ma'auni wanda ya tashi daga Damaskus zuwa Madina, ta yankin Hejaz na Saudiyya ta zamani, tare da layin reshe zuwa Haifa a kan Bahar Rum. Wannan wani bangare ne na layin dogo na Ottoman kuma asalin manufar ita ce ta shimfida layin daga tashar Haydarpaşa da ke Kadikoy har zuwa Damascus zuwa garin Makka mai alfarma. Ko yaya, an katse gine-gine saboda ɓarkewar Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, kuma bai kai ga Madina ba, gajere daga Makka. Yankin Damascus zuwa Madina da aka kammala ya kai Babban manufar da jirgin ya na haxi tsakanin Istanbul, babban birnin kasar na Ottoman Empire da wurin zama daga cikin Islamic Khalifanci, kuma Hejaz a Arabia, shafin na wuraren yin tsafin na Musulunci da kuma birni mai tsarki na Makka, da makõma na aikin hajji na shekara-shekara. Wani muhimmin dalili shi ne inganta tattalin arziki da siyasa hadewar lardunan larabawa masu nisa cikin kasar Ottoman, da saukaka jigilar sojojin soja. Tarihi Layin dogo yana fuskantar haɓakar gini a ƙarshen shekara ta 1860s, kuma yankin Hejaz yana ɗaya daga cikin yankuna da yawa don hasashe. Irin wannan shawarar ta farko ta shafi hanyar jirgin ƙasa da ta tashi daga Damascus zuwa Bahar Maliya Ba da daɗewa ba aka rushe wannan shirin, amma Amir na Makka ya tayar da ƙyama game da dorewar nasa aikin jigilar raƙumi idan za a gina layi. Shiga cikin daular Usmaniyya wajen kirkirar hanyar jirgin kasa ya fara ne daga Kanal Ahmed Reshid Pasha, wanda, bayan ya binciki yankin a kan balaguron zuwa Yemen a cikin 1871-1873, ya kammala da cewa hanya daya tilo da za a iya amfani da ita ta zirga-zirga ga sojojin Ottoman da ke tafiya can ita ce ta jirgin kasa. Sauran jami'an Ottoman, kamar su Osman Nuri Pasha, suma sun ba da shawarwarin layin dogo a Hejaz, suna masu ba da hujjar wajibcin ta idan ana son a tabbatar da tsaro a yankin na Larabawa. Da yawa a duniya ba su yi imanin cewa Daular Ottoman za ta iya ɗaukar nauyin wannan aikin ba: an yi ƙididdigar cewa layin dogo zai ci kusan lira miliyan 4 na Turkiyya, yanki mai girman kasafin. Bankin Ziraat Bankasi, bankin jihar wanda ya ba da gudummawar bukatun noma a Daular Ottoman, ya ba da rancen farko na lira 100,000 a cikin shekara ta 1900. Wannan rancen na farko ya ba da izinin fara aikin daga baya a cikin shekarar. Abdulhamid na II ya yi kira ga dukkan musulmin duniya da su ba da gudummawa don aikin titin jirgin kasa na Hejaz. Aikin ya ɗauki sabon mahimmanci. Ba wai kawai layin dogo ne da za a dauka a matsayin wani muhimmin fasalin soja ga yankin ba, ya kuma kasance alama ce ta addini. Hajji, mahajjata akan hanyarsu ta zuwa Makka mai alfarma, galibi ba su isa inda suke yayin tafiya a kan hanyar Hejaz. Ba a iya gwagwarmaya da mawuyacin yanayi, yanayin tsaunuka, har zuwa 20% na hajis sun mutu a hanya. Abdulhamid ya kafe kan cewa layin dogo ya tsaya a matsayin wata alama ta karfi da hadin kan Musulmai: wannan layin dogo zai sa aikin hajji cikin sauki ba kawai ga Ottoman ba, har ma da dukkan Musulmai. A sakamakon haka, ba za a amince da saka hannun jari daga kasashen waje a cikin aikin ba. An kafa Hukumar ba da gudummawa don tsara kudaden yadda ya kamata, kuma an bayar da lambobin yabo ga masu bayarwa. Duk da kokarin farfaganda kamar katunan gaisuwa na jirgin kasa, kusan gudummawa 1 cikin 10 ne suka zo daga Musulmai a wajen Daular Ottoman. Daya daga cikin wadannan masu ba da gudummawar, shi ne Muhammad Inshaullah, attajirin editan jaridar Punjab i. Ya taimaka wajen kafa kwamitin tsakiya na Railway na Hejaz. Samun albarkatu ya kasance babban turɓaya yayin gina hanyar Railway Hejaz. Ruwa, mai, da aiki sun kasance da wahalar samu musamman a mafi nesa da Hejaz. A yankunan da babu kowa, an yi amfani da jigilar raƙumi ba kawai don ruwa ba, har ma da abinci da kayayyakin gini. An kawo mai, galibi a cikin kwal, an kawo shi daga ƙasashen da ke kewaye an adana shi a Haifa da Damascus Tabbas Labour itace babbar matsala a cikin aikin layin dogo. A cikin yankunan da suka fi yawan jama'a, yawancin aikin sun cika ne daga mazauna yankin da kuma musulmin yankin, wadanda doka ta wajabta bayar da hannayensu ga ginin. Wannan aikin tilasta shi galibi ana aiki dashi a cikin ƙoƙarin haƙa ramin haƙa wanda ke cikin aikin jirgin ƙasa. A cikin yankunan da ke nesa da hanyar jirgin kasa za ta isa, an yi amfani da ingantacciyar hanyar magance ta. Mafi yawan wannan aikin an kammala shi ne ta hanyar jirgin ƙasa na sojoji, waɗanda a madadin aikin layin jirgin, an keɓance su daga kashi ɗaya cikin uku na aikin soja. Yayin da layin dogo ya bi ta kasa mai yaudara, dole ne a gina gadoji da gadar ruwa da yawa. Tunda samun damar kankare ya iyakance, da yawa daga cikin waɗannan hanyoyin an yi su ne da dutsen dutsen kuma suna tsaye har zuwa yau. The Emir Hussein bin Ali, Sharif Makka kyan gani, da layin dogo a matsayin barazana ga Arab suzerainty, tun da shi bayar da Ottoman da sauki damar zuwa su ƙungiyoyin sojoji a Hejaz, Asir, da kuma Yemen. Tun daga farkonta, layin dogo ya kasance abin da ƙabilar Larabawa na cikin gari ke hari. Waɗannan ba su taɓa yin nasara ba musamman, amma kuma ba Turkawa ba su iya sarrafa yankunan da ke nisan sama da mil ɗaya ko ma kowane layi na layi. Saboda al'adar mazauna yankin na jan masu bacci na katako don rura wutar wutar sansaninsu, wasu sassan waƙar an ɗora su a kan masu yin baƙin ƙarfe. A watan Satumbar shekara ta 1907, yayin da jama'a suka yi bikin layin dogo zuwa tashar Al-'Ula, wani tawayen da ƙabilar Harb suka shirya ya yi barazanar dakatar da ci gaba. 'Yan tawayen ba su yarda da layin dogo da ya shimfida zuwa Makka ba; suna tsoron za su rasa abin da za su ci saboda safarar raƙumi ta zama ta tsufa. Daga baya Abdulhamid ya yanke shawarar cewa hanyar jirgin za ta wuce zuwa Madina ne kawai A karkashin kulawar babban injiniya Mouktar Bey, titin jirgin ya isa Madina a ranar 1 ga Satumbar shekara ta 1908, ranar tunawa da hawan Sarki. Koyaya, dole ne ayi sulhu da yawa don gamawa zuwa wannan kwanan wata, tare da sanya wasu ɓangarorin waƙa a kan shinge na wucin gadi a ƙetaren wadis A cikin shekara ta 1913 an buɗe tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Hejaz a tsakiyar Dimashƙu a matsayin farkon layin. Yaƙin Duniya na 1 Don amfani da locomotives masu aiki akan layin dogo a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, Sojojin na Jamusawa sun samar da man shale daga ajiyar ɗanyen mai Yarmouk. Turkawan sun gina layin dogo na soja daga layin Hejaz zuwa Beersheba, wanda aka buɗe a ranar 30 ga watan Oktoban shekara ta 1915. An sha kaiwa layin Hejaz hari kuma an lalata shi, musamman a lokacin Tawayen Larabawa lokacin da rundunar mayaƙan da Law Law ya jagoranta suka yi wa jiragen Ottoman kwanton bauna. A ranar 26 ga Maris, 1917, TE Lawrence (wanda aka fi sani da Lawrence na Arabiya) ya jagoranci kai hari kan Tashar Aba el Naam, inda suka dauki fursunoni 30 tare da yi wa mutum 70 rauni. Ya ci gaba da cewa, “An ci gaba da zirga-zirgar ababen hawa har tsawon kwanaki uku na gyara da bincike. Don haka ba mu gaza gaba daya ba A watan Mayu 1917, 'yan Boma-bomai sun jefa bam a tashar Al-' Ula A cikin watan Yulin 1917, Stewart Newcombe, injiniyan injiniya dan Burtaniya kuma abokin tarayya na Lawrence, ya haɗa baki da sojoji daga sojojin Masar da na Indiya don ɓata jirgin. An kai hari kan tashar Al-Akhdhar inda aka kame sojojin Turkiyya 20. A cikin watan Oktoba 1917, daular Usmaniyya ta Tabuk ta fada hannun ‘yan tawayen Larabawa. An kuma kame tashar Abu-Anna'em. A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1917, Sharif Abdullah tare da kabilar Harb sun kai hari tashar Al-Bwair inda suka lalata manyan motocin shiga biyu. A watan Disamba na shekarar 1917, wasu gungun maza karkashin jagorancin Ibn Ghusiab sun bi hanyar jirgin kasa zuwa layin kudu da Tabuk. Tare da Tawayen Larabawa da rusa Daular Ottoman, ba a san wanda ya kamata hanyar jirgin ta kasance ba. An rarraba yankin tsakanin Birtaniyya da Faransanci, dukansu suna ɗokin karɓar iko. Koyaya, bayan shekarun kulawa da ba a kula da su, yawancin sassan hanyar sun faɗi cikin lalacewa; an yi watsi da hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta hanyar 1920. A cikin 1924, lokacin da Ibn Saud ya karbe ikon yankin teku, shirye-shiryen farfado da hanyar jirgin kasan ba su kasance kan batun ba. Yaƙin Duniya na II A yakin duniya na biyu, layin Samakh (daga Haifa zuwa Deraa a iyakar Siriya da Dimashƙu) an yi shi ne don sojojin haɗin gwiwa ta Rukunin Jirgin Ruwa na New Zealand Rukunin 17th ROC, daga Afula (tare da bita a Deraa da Haifa). Abubuwan locomotives sune 1914 Borsig da shekara ta 1917 Hartmann samfura daga Jamus. Layin, wanda Vichy Faransanci ya sarrafa shi, ya lalace. Jiragen kasa da ke kan tsaunin tsakanin Samakh (yanzu Ma'agan) da Derea sun kai nauyin tan 230, inda aka kwashe tan 1,000 cikin awanni 24. Har ila yau, kungiyar ta yi tafiyar mil 60 (95 km) na layin reshe, gami da Afula zuwa Tulkarm. Shekarun 1960 Jirgin kasan da ke kudu da kasar Jordan na wannan zamani Saudi Arabiya ya kasance a rufe bayan faduwar Daular Ottoman a shekara ta 1920. An yi ƙoƙari don sake gina shi a tsakiyar shekara ta 1960, amma sai aka watsar saboda Yakin kwana shida a shekara ta 1967. Matsayin yanzu Wasu bangarorin haɗin jirgin biyu na Hejaz suna cikin sabis: daga Amman a cikin Jordan zuwa Dimashƙu a Siriya, kamar Railway Hedjaz Jordan da Chemin de Fer de Hedjaz Syrie daga ma'adinan phosphate kusa da Ma'an zuwa Tekun Aqaba, a matsayin Railway Railway Ma'aikata a kan layin dogo sun dawo da da yawa daga locomotives na asali: akwai locomotive tara a Siriya yayin da bakwai a Jordan cikin aiki. Tun bayan hawan Sarki Abdullah II, dangantaka tsakanin Jordan da Syria ta inganta, wanda ya haifar da farfado da sha'awar layin dogo. Jirgin kasan ya taso ne daga tashar Qadam da ke wajen birnin Damascus, ba daga tashar Hejaz ba, wacce aka rufe a shekarar 2004, har zuwa lokacin da wani babban ci gaban kasuwanci zai kasance. A ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2009 Ministan Sufuri na Turkiyya Binali Yildirim ya ce a Riyadh game da shirin sake gina layin jirgin kasa: Sectionsananan ɓangarorin da ba sa aiki da hanyar jirgin ƙasa, gine-gine da kayayyakin da ke jujjuya har yanzu ana kiyaye su a matsayin abubuwan jan hankalin masu yawon buɗe ido a Saudi Arabia, gami da Medina Terminus, waɗanda aka maido da su a cikin 2005 tare da hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa da shimfidar locomotive. Tsohuwar gadar jirgin ƙasa da ke kan kwarin Aqiq duk da cewa an rushe ta a shekara ta 2005 saboda lalacewar ruwan sama mai yawa shekara da ta gabata. Har yanzu ana iya ganin jiragen kasa da suka lalace a lokacin tawayen Larabawa na shekara ta 1916-1918 inda suka faɗi. Railways na Israila sun sake sake gina tsayayyen aikin Haifa, hanyar jirgin Jezreel Valley, ta amfani da ma'auni mai kyau, tare da yuwuwar wata rana ta tsawaita shi zuwa Irbid a Jordan. Layin da aka sake ginawa ya buɗe daga Haifa zuwa Beit She'an a cikin watan Oktoban shekara ta 2016. A cikin shekara ta 2009, ma'aikatar sufuri ta Kasar Jordan ta ba da shawarar kafa hanyar jirgin kasa mai nisan mil 990 (1590-km) dala biliyan 5, wanda za a iya fara shi a farkon zangon shekara ta 2012. Hanyar sadarwar zata samar da hanyoyin jirgin kasa daga Jordan zuwa Syria, Saudi Arabia da Iraq. Ana iya fadada layukan dogo na fasinjoji zuwa Lebanon, Turkiyya da sauran wurare. Gwamnati, wacce za ta dauki nauyin wani bangare na aikin, tana gayyatar masu neman takara daga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don kara sauran kudin aikin. A shekara ta 2008, an bude "gidan kayan tarihin kayan layin dogo na Al-Hejaz" a tashar Khadam ta Damascus bayan manyan gyare-gyare don baje kolin wuraren locomotives. Jiragen ƙasa suna tashi daga tashar Khadam akan buƙata (yawanci daga ƙungiyoyin Jamusanci, Burtaniya ko Switzerland). Yankin arewacin waƙar Zabadani ba shi da damar shiga. Akwai karamin gidan kayan gargajiya na jirgin kasa a tashar a Mada'in Saleh da kuma wani aiki mafi girma a Hejaz Railway Museum a Madina, wanda aka buɗe a shekara ta 2006. A cikin watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2018, Gabas ta Tsakiya ya bayyana shirye-shiryen hadin gwiwar Saudiyya da Isra'ila don farfado da hanyar jirgin kasa daga Haifa zuwa Riyadh Hoton hoto Duba kuma Arab Mashreq International Railway Haramain babban titin jirgin kasa Makamantan ma'auni Kai a cikin Jordan Sufuri a cikin Kungiyar Kasashen Larabawa Manazarta Kara karantawa 0-905878-05-1 1-900988-81-X Judd, Brendon Railway Rail: Theungiyar Railway ta New Zealand a Arewacin Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu (2003, 2004 Auckland, Penguin) Hanyoyin haɗin waje Kwasfan fayiloli guda huɗu game da titin jirgin ƙasa Hejaz daga sabis na BBC na duniya hotuna da rahoton balaguro a Sashen Saudiyya na hanyar jirgin Hejaz BBC: "Wani yanki na tarihin layin dogo" BBC: "Layin dogo ya dawo kan hanya" http://www.hejaz-railroad.info/Galerie.html Yawancin hotuna daga tashoshin jirgin ƙasa na Hidjaz daga wata tafiya ta 2008 a cikin Siriya Shafaffen gidan yanar gizon kan hanyar jirgin Hejaz Gadojin hanyar jirgin Yarmuk River, hotunan jirgin sama na 1933. Taswirar Hoton Jirgin Sama don Archaeology a Gabas ta Tsakiya National Archives, London. Hejaz layin dogo akan Google Maps Tashar jirgijin kasa Tashar jirgin kasa ta Hejaz Pages with unreviewed
48827	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambaliyar%20Angola%2C%20Namibiya%20da%20Zambiya%20ta%202009	Ambaliyar Angola, Namibiya da Zambiya ta 2009	Ambaliyar Angola, Namibiya da kuma Zambiya ta 2009 annoba ce da ta fara a farkon watan Maris shekara ta 2009 kuma ta yi sanadiyar mutuwar aƙalla mutum 131 kuma ta shafi kusan mutane 445,000. Ambaliyar ruwa ta shafi yankuna bakwai na Namibiya, larduna uku na Zambia, yankuna biyu na Angola da kuma wani bangare na Botswana. Ruwan ya lalata gine-gine da ababen more rayuwa tare da raba akalla mutane 300,000 da muhallansu. An kafa dokar ta baci a arewacin Namibiya a yayin da ake fargabar barkewar cututtuka. Hukumomin Red Cross da gwamnatocin kasashen biyu sun dauke matakai game da annobar, kuma Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta raba tallafi. Dalilai Yankunan kan iyaka na Angola, Namibiya da Zambia sun mamaye kananan koguna da ke ambaliya akai-akai a lokacin damina daga Disamba zuwa Afrilu. Ambaliyar ruwa a shekarar 2008 ta kasance daga watan Fabrairu zuwa Maris kuma ta shafi mutane 250,000 a Namibiya inda mutane 42 suka rasa rayukansu. Ambaliyar ruwa a bana ta samo asali ne sakamakon ruwan sama mai yawa; An samu ruwan sama mai yawa a yankin tun daga watan Disamba fiye da yadda aka samu a duk lokacin damina na watanni biyar na bara. Sakamakon haka, ambaliyar ruwa a bana ta yi muni fiye da yadda aka saba fuskanta. An bayyana cewa ambaliyar ruwan na iya zama mafi muni a yankin tsawon shekaru arba'in. Cibiyar nazarin yanayi ta kasar Angola ta sanya dalilin ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya wanda ake sa ran zai ci gaba da kasancewa a kasar har zuwa watan Afrilu da zai fara tafiya kudu. Wani rahoto ya dora alhakin ci gaba da ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya kan illolin yanayi na La Niña Illoli Angola Ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa Angola a cikin larduna biyu: Cuando Cubango da Cunene Lardin da abin ya fi shafa shi ne Cunene, wanda ke kan kogin Cuvelai A cikin Cunene kadai mutane 125,000 ambaliyar ruwan ta shafa kuma 25,000 sun rasa muhallansu. A duk fadin kasar sama da mutane 30,000 ne ambaliyar ta raba da gidajensu. Akwai fargabar cewa ambaliyar za ta iya ta'azzara cututtukan da ake da su a yankin, musamman kwalara da zazzabin cizon sauro An kuma bayar da rahoton bullar cutar kwalara guda uku a Ondjiva, babban birnin yankin Cunene, kuma jami'an yankin na sa ran adadin zai karu. Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta ce kawo yanzu an samu asarar rayuka 19 sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa a Angola. Botswana Tsawon kogin Okavango ya shafi Botswana zuwa 8.62 m, zurfi mafi girma na biyu da aka rubuta kuma mafi girma tun 1969. Okavango ya ƙare a Botswana a cikin Okavango Delta kuma gwamnatin Botswana ta ba da sanarwar gargadi ga waɗanda ke zaune a gefen kogin su tashi zuwa tudu. Gwamnati ta kori iyalai 63 a cikin fargabar cewa ambaliyar ruwan za ta tsananta musamman a gundumar Chobe Sama da mutane 400 ne suka rasa matsugunansu sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa kuma rundunar tsaron Botswana na kokarin taimakawa wadanda abin ya shafa. Namibiya Yankuna bakwai na Namibiya ambaliyar ta shafa: Omusati, Ohangwena, Oshana, Oshikoto, Zambezi, Kavango da Kunene Yankunan da abin ya fi shafa sun hada da Omusati, Ohangwena, Oshana da Oshikoto wadanda ke kan kogin Cuvelai. A yankin Zambezi ruwan ambaliya ya kai wurare 20 km daga inda kogin ya saba gudana. Mutane 300,000 ne ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa a Namibiya wanda ya raba kusan mutane 276,000 da muhallansu. Ambaliyar ruwan ta lalata amfanin gona, gidaje, makarantu, cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da kuma tituna a kasar wanda shugabanta, Hifikepunye Pohamba, ya ce zai iya fuskantar daya daga cikin bala'o'i mafi muni a tarihin rayuwa. Hanyoyin tsakuwa sun shafi musamman inda kusan kashi 85% na wadanda ke yankunan da abin ya shafa suka lalace tare da yankewa mutane taimako. An dai tafi da mutane da dabbobi kuma an samu wasu kadawa da 'yan doki da ke ninkaya a cikin ruwan da ke kai hare-hare tare da kashe mutane. An samu bullar cutar kwalara a yankin Kunene da ambaliyar ruwan ta kara ta’azzara ta hanyar mamaye kayayyakin tsaftar muhalli da kuma rage samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha. Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro kuma ta karu, inda mutane 2,000 suka kamu da cutar inda 25 daga cikinsu suka mutu. Gwamnatin Namibiya ta bayyana cewa kawo yanzu mutane 112 ne suka mutu sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa. Shugaba Pohamba ya bayyana cewa matsalar karancin abinci na iya biyo bayan ambaliyar ruwa kuma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi kiyasin cewa noman amfanin gona a Namibia zai ragu da kashi 63 cikin 100 nan da shekara mai zuwa kuma mutane kusan 500,000 za su fuskanci matsalar karancin abinci. Farashin kayan abinci na gida ya riga ya tashi da kashi 37% saboda bala'in. Zambiya Zambiya ta fuskanci ambaliyar ruwa a Lardunan Yamma, Arewa maso Yamma da kuma Kudu Lalacewar ababen more rayuwa kadai ya kai sama da dala miliyan 5 kuma gundumomi guda daya, Shangombo, ya rage daga taimakon waje gaba daya. Ambaliyar ruwan ta shafi gidaje 20,000 tare da lalata gidaje 5,000 a Lardin Kudu kadai. Wani wuri Ko da yake wannan lamari na musamman na ambaliya ya fi muni fiye da yadda aka fuskanta a baya a Namibiya da Angola, an sami raguwar ambaliyar ruwa a wasu wurare a yankin, kamar a kogin Zambezi, kuma ana sa ran damina za ta wuce makonni hudu kacal. Ana sa ran madatsar ruwan Kariba da ke Zimbabwe da kuma madatsar ruwan Cahora Bassa a Mozambique za su kare kasashen da ke yankin Zambezi na kasa daga ambaliya da ruwan sama a kogin sama ya haifar. Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross tana kuma sa ido kan guguwar ruwan zafi mai tsanani Izilda wacce ke kan hanyar zuwa gabar tekun gabashin Mozambique kuma za ta iya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa a can. Martani Shugaba Pohamba ya kafa dokar ta baci a yankuna shida na arewacin kasar, kuma ya bukaci taimakon kasashen duniya. Asusun bayar da agaji na jihar Namibiya ya dukufa a yankin inda yake kai ruwa da abinci da tantuna da sauran kayayyaki zuwa yankunan da ambaliyar ruwa ta yi kamari ta jirgin helikwafta da kwale-kwale. Sai dai kuma ana samun cikas sakamakon karancin jiragen sama da na kwale-kwale, kuma ana fama da karancin kudade. Hukumomin agaji na Red Cross a Angola da Namibiya sun mayar da martani kan bala'in. Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta Angola tana rarraba gidajen sauro, allunan tsaftace ruwa da kuma buhunan ruwa na Rehydration kuma kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta Namibia tana rarraba allunan chlorine tare da inganta tsafta a wuraren da abin ya shafa. Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta kuma mayar da martani tare da kai tan biyar na kayayyakin kiwon lafiya da kuma samar da ruwan sha. Akwai fargabar cewa rikicin kudi na shekara ta 2007-2008 na iya takaita tasirin kungiyoyin agaji wadanda tuni suka yi kaurin suna a fadin Afirka. An kafa sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira a Oshana, Oshikoto, Ohangwena da Omusati a Namibia kuma a halin yanzu suna dauke da mutane kusan 4,500 duk da cewa an ce sun cika makil da rashin ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli. Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta aike da kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya da dama zuwa yankin domin horar da ma'aikatan gaggawa da kuma samar da kwararru kan rigakafin cututtuka. Ambaliyar ta zo dai-dai da ziyarar da Paparoma Benedict na 16 ya kai Angola, wanda ya bayyana goyon bayansa ga wadanda ambaliyar ta shafa tare da karfafa yunkurin sake gina kasar. Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na kasar Namibia, NamPower, ya ba da gudummawar kayan abinci na Naira 50,000 ga wadanda suka rasa matsugunansu a yankunan da ke kusa da tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Ruacana wanda ya kai kashi 70% na bukatun wutar lantarkin kasar. Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross da Red Crescent ta kasa da kasa ta kaddamar da neman dalar Amurka miliyan 1.3 don tallafawa ayyukan agaji don taimakawa mutane 20,000 a Namibiya. Duba kuma 2008-2009 Cutar kwalara ta Zimbabwe 2008 Ambaliyar Namibiya
21586	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami%27ar%20Neja%20Delta	Jami'ar Neja Delta	Jami'ar Niger Delta (NDU) tana cikin tsibirin Wilberforce, jihar Bayelsa a Najeriya Jami'a ce ta gwamnatin Bayelsa. An kafa ta a shekara ta 2000 ta Cif DSP Alamieyeseigha, lokacin gwamnan jihar Bayelsa. Yana da manyan makarantu guda biyu, daya a cikin babban birnin jihar, Yenagoa, wanda ya ƙunshi malanta, ɗayan kuma a Amassoma. Hakanan tana da asibitin koyarwa wanda aka fi sani da Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami’ar Niger Delta (NDUTH) a cikin Okolobiri.}. Jami'ar Neja Delta ta yi tafiya mai nisa tun bayan kafuwarta, Babban harabarta a Amassoma yana cikin wani wuri na wucin gadi, kuma ana ci gaba da aiki a kan gurbinta na dindindin. Jami'ar na ba da ilimi a matakai na digiri na farko, digiri na biyu da kuma matakan digirin digirgir. Memba ce ta kungiyar Jami'o'in Commonwealth. Kwamitin Jami'o'in Kasa (NUC) ya amince da ita. Tsangayoyi Jami'ar tana da tsangayoyi goma sha biyu (12). Tsangayoyin su ne kamar haka: Fannin Fasahar Noma Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arzikin Noma da Ilimin zamantakewar karkara Ma'aikatar Samar da Amfanin gona Ma'aikatar Masunta Sashen Kula da Kiwo Fannin Fasahar Zane Sashen Nazarin Turanci da Adabi. Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Aiyuka. Ma'aikatar Tarihi diflomasiyya. Sashen Falsafa. Sashen Nazarin Addini. Ma'aikatar Gidan wasan kwaikwayo Arts. Fannin Koyon Aikin Jinya Ma'aikatar Biochemistry Ma'aikatar kimiyyar dakin binciken lafiya Sashin tiyata Ma'aikatar Ilimin Jiki Ma'aikatar Pathology Ma'aikatar Magunguna. Fannin Kula da Lafiya Ma'aikatar Magunguna ta Jama'a da Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a Ma'aikatar Magungunan Iyali Ma'aikatar Radiology Ma'aikatar Ilimin hakora Ma'aikatar Tiyata Ma'aikatar Magunguna Sashen kula da lafiyar mata da maza Sashen ilimin likitan yara. Fannin Aikin Injiniya Ma'aikatar Injiniyan Noma Ma'aikatar Kimiyyar Man Fetur Injin Injiniya Ma'aikatar Injin Injiniya Ma'aikatar Lantarki Injin Injiniya Ma'aikatar Injiniyan Ruwa Ma'aikatar Injin Injiniya. Sashen Ilimi Sashen Ilmi da Umarni tare da zaɓuɓɓuka a cikin Biology, Chemistry, Tattalin Arziki, Harshen Ingilishi, Ingantaccen Fasaha da Aiyuka, Faransanci, Geography, Ilimin Kiwon Lafiya, Tarihi, Lissafi, Jiki, Ilimin Jiki, Kimiyyar Siyasa da Nazarin Addini. Tare da zaɓuɓɓuka a cikin Ilimin Al'umma na Manya, Gudanar da Ilimi, Jagora da Nasiha da Ilimin Firamare Ma'aikatar Kwarewa Ilimin Masana'antu tare da zaɓuɓɓuka a cikin Ilimin Noma, Ilimin Kasuwanci, Ilimin Sakatariya da Ilimin Fasaha. Faculty of Law Faculty of Kimiyya Ma'aikatar Akawu Ma'aikatar Banki, Kudi da Inshora Ma'aikatar Kasuwancin Kasuwanci Ma'aikatar Talla Ma'aikatar Fasahar Gudanar da Ofishi Faculty of Pharmacy Ma'aikatar Clinical Pharmacy da Pharmacy Practice Ma'aikatar Magunguna da Kimiyyar Magunguna. Ma'aikatar Pharmacognosy Magungunan Magunguna Ma'aikatar Magunguna da Fasaha. Ma'aikatar Kimiyyar Magunguna da Kimiyyar Fasaha Ma'aikatar Magunguna da Toxicology. Fannin Kimiyyar Zamani Ma'aikatar Kimiyyar Halittu Ma'aikatar Kimiyyar Kwamfuta Ma'aikatar ilimin kasa Sashen Lissafi Ma'aikatar Ilimin Halittu Sashen ilimin lissafi. Ma'aikatar Tsaro da Inganci. Fannin Kimiyyar Zamani Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki. Sashen Nazarin Kasa da Gudanar. da Muhalli. Sashen Kimiyyar Siyasa Sashen ilimin halayyar dan adam Ma'aikatar Sadarwa. Tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Kwaleji Farfesa John Cecil Buseri {Majagaba VC}. Farfesa Chris Ikporukpo. Farfesa Humphrey Ogoni. Farfesa Samuel Gowon Edoumiekumor {current}. Tarihi Kafa jami'ar ta hanyar doka a shekara ta 2000 ya kasance wani gagarumin sauyi a tarihin ilimi da zamantakewar tattalin arziki na jihar Bayelsa musamman Najeriya baki daya.. Jami'ar, wacce ta fara ayyukanta na ilimi a cikin zangon shekara ta 2001/2002, tana da sahun farko na daliban da suka kammala karatu a shekarar karatu ta shekara ta 2004/2005. Koda yake, yawan ɗaliban guda 1,039 ne kawai a farkon, wannan ya ƙaru zuwa 4,636 a 2003/2004 kuma daga baya guda 10,294 a shekara ta 2006/2007. Jami’ar na kula da adadin da Hukumar Kula da Jami’o’i ta Kasa (NUC) ta bayar. An sami gagarumin ƙaruwa a cikin yawan ma'aikatan ilimi da waɗanda ba na koyarwa ba. Cibiyoyin karatu Jami'ar tana cikin tsibirin Wilberforce, kimanin 32 kilomita daga babban birnin jihar Yenagoa kuma ya kunshi cibiyoyi uku: Gloryland (babban harabar), Kwalejin Kimiyyar Kiwon Lafiya, da kuma kwalejin wucin gadi na Faculty of Law a Yenagoa. Wani sabon harabar, wanda ƙari ne na harabar Gloryland, ana ci gaba da shi tare da gine-ginen Faculty na Makaranta, Makarantar Nazarin Postgraduate, DOCERAD, Ginin Majalisar Dattawa (Karkashin Gini), da sauransu.. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Uofar Babban Gateofar NDU NDU kasar daukaka (Sabuwar Wuri) Gateofar Gateofar Yanar gizo Jami'ar Delta Delta Kungiyar Membobin Jami'o'in Tarayyar a cikin Nijeriya Najeriya Makarantun Gwamnati Makarantun Najeriya Ilimi a Najeriya Ilimin Lissafi Pages with unreviewed
25114	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masallacin%20S%C3%BCleymaniye	Masallacin Süleymaniye	Masallacin Süleymaniye (Baturke: Süleymaniye Camii, furta nije]) masallaci ne na daular Usmaniyya da ke kan Tudun Uku na Istanbul, Turkiyyah. Suleiman Mai Girma ne ya ba da umarnin masallacin kuma masanin gine gine na Mimar Sinan ne ya tsara shi. Wani rubutu ya bayyana ranar kafuwar a matsayin 1550 da ranar da za a kaddamar da ita a matsayin 1557. Bayan bangon alkibla na masallacin akwai wani fili mai dauke da kabilu daban -daban na Suleiman Mai Girma da na matarsa Hurrem Sultan (Roxelana). Tsawon shekaru 462, Masallacin Süleymaniye shine masallaci mafi girma a cikin birni, har zuwa lokacin da Masallacin Çamlıca ya zarce shi a shekarar 2019. Masallacin Süleymaniye yana daya daga cikin sanannun abubuwan gani na Istanbul, kuma daga inda yake akan Tudun Uku, shi yana ba da umarni ga ra'ayi mai faɗi game da garin kusa da ƙahon zinare. Tarihi Masallacin Süleymaniye, an gina shi ne bisa umurnin Sultan Süleyman (Süleyman the Magnificent), kuma masanin gine -gine na Mimar Sinan ne ya tsara shi. Rubutun harsashin Larabci da ke saman ƙofar arewa na masallacin an zana shi a rubutun thuluth akan bangarori uku na marmara. Yana ba da ranar kafuwar shekara ta 1550 da ranar kaddamar da 1557. A zahirin gaskiya an fara shirin masallacin kafin shekarar 1550 kuma ba a kammala sassan ginin ba sai bayan 1557. Tsarin S theleymaniye kuma yana wasa akan wakilcin Süleyman na kansa a matsayin 'Sulemanu na biyu.' Ya ambaci Dome na Dutsen, wanda aka gina a wurin Haikalin Sulemanu, da kuma alfahari da Justinian bayan kammala Hagia Sophia: "Sulemanu, na zarce ku!". Süleymaniye, mai kama da ƙima ga sifofin da suka gabata, yana tabbatar da mahimmancin tarihin Süleyman. Duk da haka tsarin yana da ƙanƙanta da girma fiye da tsoffin archetype, Hagia Sophia. Süleymaniye ya lalace a cikin babban gobara na 1660 kuma Sultan Mehmed IV ya maido da shi. Wani ɓangare na kumburin ya rushe yayin girgizar ƙasa na 1766. Gyaran gyare -gyare na gaba ya lalata abin da ya rage na asalin adon Sinan (tsaftacewa na baya -bayan nan ya nuna cewa Sinan ya gwada farko da shuɗi, kafin ya sanya ja ya zama babban launi na dome). A lokacin yakin duniya na 1 an yi amfani da farfajiyar a matsayin wurin ajiye makamai, kuma lokacin da wasu harsasai suka kunna wuta, masallacin ya sake samun wata gobara. Ba har zuwa 1956 aka sake dawo da shi cikakke. Gine -gine Na waje Kamar sauran masallatan masarautar da ke Istanbul, ƙofar Masallacin da kanta an riga ta gaban ƙofar tare da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ta tsakiya. Farfajiyar gidan tana da girma na musamman tare da madaidaiciyar madaidaiciya tare da ginshiƙan marmara, granite da porphyry. An yi wa facade na arewa maso yamma na masallaci ado da kayan cin abinci na fale -falen fale -falen fale -falen buraka na Iznik. Masallaci shine gini na farko inda fale -falen Iznik suka haɗa da yumbu mai launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi ƙarƙashin gilashi. A kusurwoyi huɗu na farfajiyar akwai minare huɗu. Manyan minarets biyu masu tsayi suna da tashoshi uku (serifes) kuma suna hawa sama da 63.8 m (209 ft) ba tare da murfin jagoran su da 76 m (249 ft) gami da iyakoki. An yi amfani da ministoci guda huɗu don masallatan da sarkin musulmi ya ba su (sarakuna da sarakuna za su iya gina minina biyu; wasu guda ɗaya). Minarets ɗin suna da manyan gidajen tarihi 10, waɗanda bisa ga al'ada suna nuna cewa Suleiman I shine sarkin Ottoman na 10. Babban dome yana da tsayin mita 53 (ƙafa 174) kuma yana da diamita na mita 26.5 (ƙafa 86.9) wanda shine daidai rabin tsayinsa. A lokacin da aka gina shi, dome ya kasance mafi girma a Daular Usmaniya, lokacin da aka auna shi daga matakin teku, amma har yanzu yana ƙasa daga gindinsa kuma ƙaramin diamita fiye da na Hagia Sophia. Ciki Ciki na masallacin kusan murabba'i ne, tsayin mita 59 (ƙafa 194) da faɗin mita 58 (ƙafa 190), yana yin sarari guda ɗaya. Ƙananan gidaje suna gefen dome, kuma zuwa arewa da kudu arches tare da tagogin tympana, waɗanda ke tallafawa da manyan rufin asiri. Sinan ya yanke shawarar yin wani sabon tsarin gine-gine don rufe manyan buttresses na arewa-kudu da ake buƙata don tallafawa waɗannan ginshiƙan tsakiyar. Ya shigar da bututresses ɗin a cikin bangon ginin, tare da rabi yana yin ciki ciki kuma rabi yana nunawa a waje, sannan kuma ya ɓoye tsinkayen ta hanyar gina manyan ɗakuna. Akwai taswirar guda ɗaya a cikin tsarin, da gidan mai hawa biyu a waje. An ƙawata kayan ado na ciki tare da tagogin gilashi masu ƙyalli waɗanda aka ƙuntata ga bangon alƙibla. Ana amfani da murfin tile Iznik kawai a kusa da mihrab. Fale-falen faranti masu maimaitawa suna da tsarin fure kamar stencil akan farar ƙasa. Furannin galibi shuɗi ne tare da turquoise, ja da baƙi amma ba a amfani da kore. A kowane gefe na mihrab akwai manyan da'irar kiran kira ta Iznik tayal tare da rubutu daga suratul Al-Fatiha na Alqur'ani (1:1-7). Farin marmara mihrab da mimbar suma suna da sauƙi a ƙira, kuma an ƙuntata aikin katako, tare da zane mai sauƙi a cikin hauren giwa da uwar lu'u -lu'u. Makabartu A cikin katangar bango a bayan bangon alƙibla na masallacin akwai mausoleums daban -daban (türbe) na Sultan Suleiman I da matarsa Hurrem Sultan (Roxelana). An binne kabarin Hurrem Sultan a ranar 1558, shekarar mutuwarta. An ƙawata ciki mai gefe 16 tare da fale -falen Iznik. Gilashin kusurwoyi guda bakwai an mamaye su da fale -falen buraka da faranti. Tsakanin tagogin akwai wasu alfarma huɗu irin na mihrab. Rufin rufin yanzu an yi masa farar fata amma wataƙila an taɓa fentin shi cikin launuka masu haske. Babban kabarin da ya fi girma na Suleiman Mai Girma yana ɗauke da ranar 1566, shekarar mutuwarsa, amma wataƙila ba a kammala ba sai shekara ta gaba. Mausoleum yana kewaye da peristyle tare da rufi mai goyan bayan ginshiƙai 24 kuma yana da ƙofar yana fuskantar gabas maimakon arewa da aka saba. A ƙarƙashin baranda a kowane gefen ƙofar akwai bangarori masu tayal na Iznik. Waɗannan su ne fale -falen faranti na farko waɗanda aka yi wa ado da launin koren emerald mai haske wanda zai zama fasali na kayan yumɓun Iznik. Ciki yana da dome na ƙarya da aka tallafa a kan ginshiƙai takwas a cikin harsashin waje. Akwai tagogi 14 da aka saita a matakin ƙasa da ƙarin windows 24 tare da gilashin da aka saka a cikin tympana ƙarƙashin arches. An rufe ganuwar da abin rufe fuska da fale -falen polychrome Iznik. A kusa da ɗakin sama da tagogin akwai ƙyallen fale -falen buraka. Nassin ya kawo ayar Al'arshi da ayoyi biyu masu zuwa daga Al-Qur'ani (2: 255-58). Baya ga kabarin Suleiman mai girma, kabarin yana binne kaburburan 'yarsa Mihrimah Sultan da na sarakuna biyu daga baya: Suleiman II (wanda ya yi mulkin 1687 1691) da Ahmed II (wanda ya yi mulkin 1691–1695). Hadaddun Kamar sauran masallatan masarautu a Istanbul, Masallacin Süleymaniye an ƙera shi azaman külliye, ko hadaddun tare da tsarin kusa don biyan bukatun addini da al'adu. Ginin na asali ya ƙunshi masallacin da kansa, asibiti (darüşşifa), makarantar firamare, wanka na jama'a (hamam), caravanserai, makarantun Kur'ani huɗu (medrese), makarantar musamman ta koyon hadisi, kwalejin likita, da kicin na jama'a (imaret) wanda ke ba wa talakawa abinci. Yawancin waɗannan gine -ginen har yanzu suna nan, kuma tsohon imaret yanzu sanannen gidan abinci ne. Tsohuwar asibitin yanzu ita ce masana'antar buga littattafai mallakar Sojojin Turkiyya. Kusa da bangon masallacin, a arewa akwai kabarin masanin gine -ginen Sinan. An maido da shi gaba daya a 1922. Gallery Manazarta Majiyoyi Kara
45518	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie%20Llewellyn	Charlie Llewellyn	Charles Bennett Buck Llewellyn (an haife shi a y 29 ga watan Satumbar 1876 ya rasu a ranar 7 ga watan Yunin 1964), shi ne ɗan wasan kurket na Afirka ta Kudu na farko wanda ba farar fata ba. Ya bayyana a wasannin gwaji 15 don Afirka ta Kudu tsakanin shekarar 1895 zuwa ta 1912, kuma ya buga wasan kurket na Ingilishi a matsayin ƙwararren ɗan Hampshire tsakanin shekarar 1899 da ta 1910. Rayuwa da aiki An haife shi ba ta hanyar aure ba a Pietermaritzburg ga mahaifin Welsh da mahaifiyar Saint Helenan baƙar fata, Llewellyn mai duhu ido da duhu yana da ƙarancin girma a Natal, ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ruwa biyu. Ya nuna duk bajintar wasan kurket tun yana ƙarami a matsayin ɗan wasan basman na hagu mai wuya, mai jinkirin ɗaukar hannu na hagu (tare da isar da hagun mai haɗari a matsayin wani ɓangare na arsenal ɗinsa) da kuma babban ɗan wasa, musamman a tsakiya. Yayin da wariyar launin fata a ƙarshen ƙarni na goma sha tara na Afirka ta Kudu ya haifar da wasu manyan 'yan wasan da ba farar fata ba a cire su daga sassan wakilai, ikon Llewellyn ya ba da kansa a matsayin farar fata a wasu lokuta Wilfred Rhodes ya bayyana shi a matsayin "kamar dan wasan Ingila mai tsananin rana" ya taimaka wajen kawar da matsalar launin fata ga zaɓi kuma an zaɓe shi don yin wasansa na farko a Natal da Transvaal a ranar 13 ga watan Afrilun 1895, inda ya ɗauki wiki huɗu. Duk da yake yanzu an yarda da shi a matsayin ɗan wasan kurket, Llewellyn za a kira shi "launi" a duk tsawon rayuwarsa kuma akwai rahotanni na cin zarafi da suka shafi tsere daga wasu 'yan wasan Afirka ta Kudu. Da yake burge shi da fasaha na wasan kurket, masu zaɓen suka zaɓe shi a fafatawa a Natal da Lord Hawke na Ingila XI, daga baya kuma suka zaɓi Llewellyn don yin gwajinsa na farko a Afirka ta Kudu da Ingila a Johannesburg a ranar 2 ga watan Maris, 1896, yana da shekaru 19 da kwanaki 155. Llewellyn ya kasa shan wicket a wannan gwaji na farko kuma nan da nan aka cire shi daga ragowar jerin amma ya amsa ta hanyar yin ban sha'awa a gasar cin kofin Currie na shekarar 1897-1898 da 1898-1899, wanda ya kai ga kiransa ga tawagar kasar don gwajin farko na shekarar 1898-1899 da Ingila Llewellyn ya burge ta da shan wikiti biyar amma abin mamaki an bar shi daga gwaji na biyu. A ƙarshen shekarar 1898-1899 Llewellyn, wanda ayyukan waɗanda aka zaɓa suka damu da kuma neman tsaro na kuɗi, ya bar Afirka ta Kudu don buga wasa a ƙungiyar Cricket Club ta Hampshire County na Ingilishi a matsayin ƙwararren, bisa shawarar abokin wasan Afirka ta Kudu Manjo Robert Poore, tsohon ɗan wasan kurket na Hampshire akan aikin soja. Zai yi tauraro a Hampshire sama da shekaru goma, inda ya zira ƙwallaye 8772 yana gudana a 27.58 kuma yana cin wickets 711 a 24.66. Siffar sa ta kasance kamar a cikin shekarar 1902 Llewellyn ya kasance mai suna a cikin rukunin Gwajin Farko na Ingilishi a kan masu yawon shakatawa na Australiya, ya ɓace a gefen ƙarshe. Duk da haka an haɗa shi a cikin kaftin ɗin Ingilishi mai ƙarfi Ranjitsinhji don rangadin Amurka wanda ya haɗa da Jessop, Sammy Woods, Archie MacLaren, Stoddart, Bosanquet da Townsend A cikin 1902–1903 Llewellyn ya koma Afirka ta Kudu don yin wasa a cikin jerin Gwaji uku da Ostiraliya Ya zura ƙwallaye 90 a Jarrabawar Farko, mafi girman makin gwajinsa, da kuma cin ƙwallaye tara a wasan. Llewellyn ya ɗauki wickets goma a gwaji na biyu da shida a cikin na uku don saman matsakaicin matsakaicin wasan a 17.92; Nasara mai ban mamaki idan aka yi la'akari da cewa Ostiraliya ta yi nasara da ci 2-0. Llewellyn ya ci gaba da haskakawa ga Hampshire, wanda aka zaɓa ta zaɓinsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 'yan Cricketers biyar na Wisden a cikin shekarar 1910, shekararsa ta ƙarshe a Hampshire. Daga nan ya zagaya Ostiraliya tare da tawagar Afirka ta Kudu, inda wasan tasa ya zama abinci ga Victor Trumper, kafin ya koma Ingila a shekarar 1911 don shiga kulob ɗin Accrington, ta haka ya zama dan wasan kurket na farko da ya fara taka leda a gasar Lancashire A cikin shekarar 1912, Afirka ta Kudu ta fitar da shi daga matakin ritaya na farko don taka leda a gasar Triangular, inda ya zira ƙwallaye 75 a gwaji na farko da Ingila a Lord's da kuma karin rabin karni da Australia a Ubangiji. Llewellyn ya yi ritaya daga wasan kurket na gwaji bayan gasar triangular, bayan ya buga gwaje-gwaje 15 (biyar da Ingila da goma da Australia), ya ci 544 a guje a 20.14 da 48 a 29.60. Duk da haka ya ci gaba da yin tauraro a wasan kurket, a ƙarshe ya yi ritaya a cikin shekarar 1938 yana da shekaru 62. Llewellyn ya karya cinyarsa a shekara ta 1960, wanda ya shafi motsinsa na tsawon rayuwarsa kuma ya mutu a Chertsey, Surrey a shekarar 1964, yana da shekaru 87. Ko da bayan mutuwarsa, Llewellyn ya kasance mai jayayya, kamar yadda 'yar Llewellyn, mazaunin Ingila, a cikin shekarar 1976, ya fito fili ya yi jayayya cewa shi ba farar fata ba ne, yana mai cewa mahaifiyarsa farar fata ce haifaffen Ingila. Gadon Llewellyn a matsayin ɗan wasan kurket na Afirka ta Kudu na farko wanda ba farar fata ba ya kasance babba. A lokacin mulkin wariyar launin fata an yi amfani da shi wajen nuna cewa ’yan wasan kurket waɗanda ba farar fata ba za su iya taka rawar gani kamar yadda takwarorinsu farar fata suke yi, yayin da masu sharhi na zamani suka yi nuni da zaɓen da aka yi na rashin gaskiya da aka yi wa Llewellyn na Afirka ta Kudu a duk tsawon rayuwarsa sakamakon wariyar launin fata saboda launin fatarsa. Yayin da Llewellyn ya kasance dan wasan kurket na Afirka ta Kudu na farko wanda ba farar fata ba, sai da Omar Henry ya shiga filin wasa da Indiya a watan Nuwambar 1992 Afrika ta Kudu ta samu ta biyu. Manazarta Duba kuma Merret, C. (2004) "Wasanni da Race a cikin Natal Natal: CB Llewellyn, Cricketer Baƙi na Farko na Afirka ta Kudu", Ƙididdiga na Cricket, Ƙungiyar Ƙididdiga ta Cricket da Tarihi, Winter 2004, No. 128, Nottingham. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Charlie Llewellyn at ESPNcricinfo Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
51422	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/FirstRand	FirstRand	FirstRand Limited, wanda kuma ake kira FirstRand Group shine kamfanin riƙe Bankin FirstRand, kuma mai ba da sabis na kuɗi ne a Afirka ta Kudu. Yana daya daga cikin masu ba da sabis na kuɗi da Bankin Tsaro na Afirka ta Kudu, mai kula da banki na ƙasa ya ba da lasisi. Bayani na gaba ɗaya An lissafa shi a kan JSE da Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Namibian, FirstRand Limited yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin kuɗi a Afirka ta Kudu, kuma yana ba da banki, inshora da samfuran saka hannun jari da sabis ga masu siyarwa, kasuwanci, kamfanoni da abokan ciniki na jama'a. Baya ga Afirka ta Kudu, kungiyar tana aiki a manyan kasashe takwas na Afirka, wato, Botswana, Namibia, Swaziland, Lesotho, Zambia, Mozambique, Tanzania, Ghana da Najeriya. Bankin FirstRand yana da rassa a London, Guernsey da Indiya. FirstRand yana aiwatar da dabarun ta ta hanyar fayil na manyan kamfanonin sabis na kuɗi; Rand Merchant Bank (RMB), bankin kamfanoni da saka hannun jari; First National Bank (FNB), bankin tallace-tallace da kasuwanci; WesBank, mai ba da kuɗi; da Ashburton Investments, kasuwancin kula da kadarorin kungiyar. Kungiyar tana da hedikwatar ta a Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu. FirstRand na ɗaya daga cikin manyan rukunin banki guda biyar a Afirka ta Kudu da Afirka ta Kudu. Tarihi Tarihin kungiyar FirstRand ya koma shekarun 1970s a matsayin bankin saka hannun jari. Kungiyar kamar yadda aka kafa a halin yanzu a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 1998, ta hanyar haɗuwa da ayyukan kuɗi na Anglo American Corporation of South Africa Limited (yanzu Anglo American plc) da RMB Holdings (RMBH) don cimma burin haɗin gwiwar sabis na kuɗi. Wadannan ayyukan kudi sun kasance Bankin Kasa na Farko, Momentum Life Assurers Limited ("Momentum" yanzu wani ɓangare na MMI Holdings) da Southern Life Association Limited ("Southern Life") dukansu an jera su a kan JSE. An kafa FNB da Southern Life a matsayin cikakkun rassa na Momentum wanda shine abin hawa don shafar haɗuwa. Momentum ya canza sunansa zuwa FirstRand Limited kuma an jera shi a kan Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Johannesburg a ranar 25 ga Mayu 1998 tare da Anglo American da RMB Holdings da ke riƙe da 20.43% da 25.03% na babban birnin da aka ba da izini na FirstRand bi da bi. Anglo American tun daga lokacin ya zubar da dukkan hannun jarinsa. Bayan abubuwan da suka faru sun ga haɗuwa da Bankin Rand Merchant da FNB don samar da Bankin FirstRand Limited, tare da raka'a biyu da suka rage don kasuwanci a matsayin bangarori na Bankin FirstLand Limited da kuma canja wurin kasuwancin inshora na Momentum zuwa na Southern Life, don samar da FirstRand Insurance Limited. FirstRand an jera shi a matsayin "banki mai sarrafawa" ta Bankin Tsaro na Afirka ta Kudu, mai kula da banki na kasa. Kungiyar tana da rassa a Afirka ta Kudu da kuma kasashen Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, Lesotho, Tanzania, Ghana, Zambia, Najeriya da Burtaniya. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2012, Babban Bankin Najeriya ya ba da lasisin banki na farko a cikin sama da shekaru goma ga RMB Najeriya da wani kamfani na gida. Kamfanoni membobin Kungiyar FirstRand tana riƙe da saka hannun jari ta hanyar manyan rassa biyar. Wadannan rassa da rassa don haka mambobi ne na FirstRand Group sun hada da, amma ba a iyakance su ga masu zuwa ba: FirstRand Bank Limited Afirka ta Kudu yana ba da cikakken kewayon dillalai, kasuwanci, kamfanoni da ayyukan banki na saka hannun jari a Afirka ta Kudu kuma yana ba da samfuran ƙima a wasu kasuwannin duniya. FirstRand Bank yana da manyan sassa guda uku waɗanda aka yi musu alama daban, watau: Bankin Kasa na Farko FNB shine sashin dillali da bankin kasuwanci na FirstRand Bank. Rand Merchant Bank RMB shine sashin kamfanoni da saka hannun jari na Bankin FirstRand. WesBank Shine sashin kuɗin kuɗi na FirstRand Bank. WesBank shi ne babban mai ba da lamuni na motoci a Afirka ta Kudu. Baya ga sassan uku, FirstRand Bank yana da rassa a London, Indiya da Guernsey, da ofisoshin wakilai a Kenya, Angola, Dubai da Shanghai. FirstRand Investment Holdings Proprietary Limited (FREMA) 100% Shareholding Afirka ta Kudu Kamfanin riko da kamfanonin sabis na kudi na FirstRand Group a sauran Afirka da sauran kasuwanni masu tasowa. Ƙungiyoyin da aka gudanar ta hanyar FREMA sun haɗa da: FirstRand International (Mauritius) Raba hannun jari 100% Mauritius Kamfani mai riƙe da hannun jari na Afirka. First National Bank Botswana Limited 69% Raba hannun jari Botswana Bankin kasuwanci wanda ke samar da dillalai da banki na kamfanoni. An jera bankin a kan musayar hannun jarin Botswana First National Bank of Ghana Limited 100% Shareholding Ghana Bankin kasuwanci wanda ke ba da tallace-tallace da banki na kamfanoni. First National Bank Lesotho Limited 100% Raba hannun jari Lesotho Bankin kasuwanci wanda ke ba da dillali da banki na kamfani. First National Bank Mozambique Limited 90% Raba hannun jari Mozambique Bankin kasuwanci wanda ke ba da dillali da banki na kamfanoni. First National Bank Namibia Limited 58% Shareholding Namibia Bankin kasuwanci wanda ke samar da dillalai da banki na kamfanoni. An jera bankin a kan Namibia Stock Exchange OUTsurance Namibia 51% Shareholding Namibia Kamfanin inshora a Namibia. An gudanar da shi ta hannun bankin First National Bank Namibiya yana bawa ƙungiyar gabaɗayan iko da kashi 30%. OUTsurance Holdings yana riƙe da 49% na kamfani. First National Bank Swaziland Limited 100% Shareholding Swaziland Bankin kasuwanci wanda ke samar da dillalai da banki na kamfanoni. First National Bank Tanzaniya Limited 100% Raba hannun jari Tanzaniya Bankin kasuwanci wanda ke ba da dillali da banki na kamfani. First National Bank Zambia Limited 100% Shareholding Zambia Bankin kasuwanci wanda ke ba da dillalai da banki na kamfanoni. Rand Merchant Bank Nigeria 100% Shareholding Nigeria Bankin kamfanoni da zuba jari a Najeriya. FirstRand International Limited (Guernsey) 100% Raba hannun jari kamfani mai riƙe don kasuwancin banki na Burtaniya: Aldermore Bank Plc 100% Raba hannun jari Bankin ƙwararrun Burtaniya FirstRand Investment Holdings Proprietary Limited (FRIHL) 100% Shareholding Afirka ta Kudu Kamfanin mallakar FirstRand Group na sauran ayyukan da ba na banki ba. Ƙungiyoyin da aka gudanar ta hanyar FRIHL sun haɗa da: Direct Axis SA (Pty) Ltd 100% Raba hannun jari Afirka ta Kudu ƙwararrun sabis na kuɗi RMB Private Equity Holdings (Pty) Ltd Kashi 96% Raba hannun jari Afirka ta Kudu RMB Private Equity (Pty) Ltd Kashi 93% Raba hannun jari Afirka ta Kudu RMB Securities (Pty) Ltd Raba hannun jari 100% Afirka ta Kudu RMB Morgan Stanley (Pty) Ltd 50% Raba hannun jari Afirka ta Kudu Haɗin gwiwa tare da Morgan Stanley RMB Australia Holdings Limited 100% Raba hannun jari Ostiraliya Bankin saka hannun jari a Ostiraliya. FirstRand Investment Management Holdings Limited 100% Raba hannun jari Afirka ta Kudu Wannan shine kamfani mai riƙe da ayyukan sarrafa kadarorin ƙungiyar. Ashburton Fund Managers (Pty) Limited Raba hannun jari 100% Afirka ta Kudu Ashburton Investor Services (Pty) Limited Raba hannun jari 100% Afirka ta Kudu Kamfanin Gudanarwa na Ashburton (Pty) Limited Raba hannun jari 100% Afirka ta Kudu Ashburton Investments International Holdings Limited 100% hannun jari Afirka ta Kudu Kamfanin Gudanarwa na RMB CIS (Pty) Limited 100% Raba hannun jari Afirka ta Kudu FirstRand Insurance Holdings (Pty) Ltd 100% Raba hannun jari Afirka ta Kudu Wannan shine kamfani mai riƙe da kasuwancin inshora na FirstRand. Ƙungiyoyin da aka gudanar ta hannun FirstRand Insurance Holdings sun haɗa da: Tabbacin Rayuwa na FirstRand Raba 100% Afirka ta Kudu FirstRand Short-Term Insurance Limited 100% Raba hannun jari Afirka ta Kudu Kamfanin Sabis na Assurance na FirstRand (FRISCOL) Raba hannun jari 100% Afirka ta Kudu Mallaka An jera FirstRand a kan Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Johannesburg da Kasuwancin Namibian. Manyan masu hannun jari sun hada da: 1→ RMB Holdings manyan masu hannun jari sun hada da Daraktoci da gudanarwa na RMBH tare da 10.4%, Remgro tare da 28.2% hannun jari a RMBH da Royal Bafokeng Holdings tare da 15% hannun jari a cikin RMBH. 2→ Dangane da hannun jari kai tsaye da kai tsaye a cikin FirstRand, tasirin Remgro na kungiyar shine 13.36% Kyaututtuka Mafi kyawun Mai Yin Bankin, Afirka ta Kudu a cikin 2016 ta Global Brands Magazine Award. Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su Haɗin waje Bankuna Bankuna a Najeriya Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
29400	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciwon%20Daji%20Na%20Ovarian	Ciwon Daji Na Ovarian	Ciwon daji na Ovarian ciwon daji ne wanda ke samuwa a ciki ko akan kwai Yana haifar da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke da ikon mamayewa ko yada zuwa wasu sassan jiki. Lokacin da wannan tsari ya fara, ba za a iya samun bayyanar cututtuka ba ko kawai. Alamun suna zama ana gani yayin da ciwon daji ke ci gaba. Wadannan bayyanar cututtuka na iya haɗawa da kumburi, zafi na pelvic, kumburi na ciki, maƙarƙashiya, da asarar ci, da sauransu. Wuraren gama gari waɗanda ciwon daji zai iya yaɗuwa sun haɗa da rufin ciki, ƙwayoyin lymph, huhu, da hanta Hadarin ciwon daji na kwai yana karuwa a cikin matan da suka fi yin kwai a tsawon rayuwarsu. Wannan ya kuma haɗa da waɗanda ba su taɓa haihuwa ba, waɗanda suka fara ovulation tun suna ƙanana da waɗanda suka kai ga al'ada tun lokacin da suka tsufa. Sauran abubuwan haɗari sun haɗa da maganin hormone bayan menopause, maganin haihuwa, da kuma kiba Abubuwan da ke rage haɗari sun haɗa da maganin hana haihuwa na hormonal, ƙwayar tubal, da shayarwa Kimanin kashi 10% na lokuta suna da alaƙa da haɗarin gadon gado; Mata masu maye gurbi a cikin kwayoyin halitta BRCA1 ko BRCA2 suna da kusan kashi 50% na damar kamuwa da cutar. Ciwon daji na Ovarian shine nau'in ciwon daji na ovarian da aka fi sani, wanda ya ƙunshi fiye da kashi 95% na lokuta. Akwai manyan nau'o'in nau'in ciwon daji na ovarian guda biyar, waɗanda carcinoma mai girma mai daraja (HGSC) ya fi yawa. Wadannan ciwace-ciwacen ovarian an yi imanin suna farawa a cikin sel da ke rufe kwai, ko da yake wasu na iya samuwa a cikin tubes na Fallopian Mafi qarancin nau'ikan ciwon daji na kwai sun haɗa da ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayoyin cuta da ciwace-ciwacen jima'i Ana tabbatar da ganewar cutar kansar kwai ta hanyar biopsy na nama, yawanci ana cirewa yayin tiyata. Ba a ba da shawarar dubawa a cikin matan da ke cikin matsakaicin haɗari ba, kamar yadda shaida ba ta goyi bayan raguwar mutuwa ba kuma yawan adadin gwaje-gwajen ƙarya na iya haifar da tiyata maras buƙata, wanda ke tare da haɗarinsa. Wadanda ke cikin hatsarin gaske na iya cire ovaries a matsayin ma'aunin rigakafi. Idan an kama shi kuma a bi da shi a farkon mataki, ciwon daji na ovarian sau da yawa ana iya warkewa. Jiyya yawanci ya haɗa da wasu haɗin tiyata, maganin radiation, da chemotherapy Sakamakon ya dogara da girman cutar, nau'in ciwon daji da ke da shi, da sauran yanayin kiwon lafiya. Jimillar adadin tsira na shekaru biyar a Amurka shine kashi 49%. Sakamakon ya fi muni a ƙasashe masu tasowa. A cikin 2012, sabbin maganganu sun faru a cikin kusan mata 239,000. A cikin 2015 ya kasance a cikin mata miliyan 1.2 kuma ya haifar da mutuwar 161,100 a duniya. A cikin mata shi ne na bakwai-mafi yawan kamuwa da cutar kansa kuma na takwas-mafi yawan sanadin mutuwar cutar kansa. Yawan shekarun ganewar asali shine 63. Mutuwa daga ciwon daji na kwai ya fi yawa a Arewacin Amurka da Turai fiye da Afirka da Asiya. Alamomi da alamomi Alamun farko Alamun farko da alamun ciwon daji na kwai na iya zama ba a nan ko a hankali. A mafi yawan lokuta, alamun bayyanar suna wanzu na watanni da yawa kafin a gane su kuma a gano su Ana iya kuskuren bayyanar cututtuka kamar ciwon hanji mai fushi Matakin farko na ciwon daji na kwai yakan zama mara zafi. Alamun na iya bambanta dangane da nau'in ƙasa. Ciwon daji na ovarian, wanda kuma aka sani da ƙananan ƙwayar cuta (LMP) ciwon daji na ovarian, ba sa karuwa a cikin matakan CA125 kuma ba a iya ganewa tare da duban dan tayi. Alamun alamun ciwon daji na LMP na iya haɗawa da kumburin ciki ko ciwon ƙashin ƙugu. Musamman manya-manyan talakawa sun kasance marasa kyau ko iyaka. Mafi yawan bayyanar cututtuka na ciwon daji na ovarian sun hada da kumburi, ciki ko pelvic zafi ko rashin jin daɗi, ciwon baya, rashin daidaituwa na al'ada ko kuma zubar da jini na al'ada postmenopausal, zafi ko zubar da jini bayan ko lokacin jima'i, asarar ci, gajiya, zawo, rashin narkewa, ƙwannafi, maƙarƙashiya tashin zuciya, jin koshi, da yiwuwar bayyanar cututtuka na fitsari (ciki har da yawan fitsari da fitsarin gaggawa Daga baya alamomin Yawan girma na iya haifar da ciwo idan hargitsin kwai ya taso. Ana iya haifar da alamun ta hanyar matsi da yawa akan sauran gabobi na abdominopelvic ko daga metastases. Idan waɗannan alamun sun fara faruwa sau da yawa ko mafi tsanani fiye da yadda aka saba, musamman bayan babu wani tarihin tarihi na irin wannan bayyanar cututtuka, ana la'akari da ciwon daji na ovarian. Metastases na iya haifar da Sister Mary Joseph nodule Da wuya, teratomas na iya haifar da ci gaban teratoma ciwo ko peritoneal gliomatosis Wasu sun fuskanci menometrorrhagia da zubar da jini na al'ada na al'ada bayan menopause a mafi yawan lokuta. Sauran bayyanar cututtuka na yau da kullum sun hada da hirsutism, ciwon ciki, virilization, da kuma adnexal taro Yara A cikin matasa ko yara masu ciwace-ciwacen ovarian, alamu na iya haɗawa da ciwon ciki mai tsanani, haushi na peritoneum, ko zubar jini Alamun ciwon igiyar jima'i-stromal ciwace-ciwace suna samar da hormones waɗanda zasu iya shafar haɓaka halayen jima'i na biyu. Ciwon daji na jima'i-stromal a cikin yara masu tasowa na iya bayyana ta farkon balaga ciwon ciki da tashin hankali suma suna da yawa. Matasa masu ciwon ciwace-ciwacen jima'i na iya samun amenorrhea Yayin da ciwon daji ke ƙara girma, yana iya haifar da tarin ruwa a cikin ciki. Idan ba a gano cutar ba ta lokacin da yake haifar da ascites, yawanci ana gano shi ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka. Ciwon daji na ci gaba kuma na iya haifar da ƙwayar ciki, ƙwayar lymph nodes, ko zubar da jini Abubuwan haɗari Ciwon daji na Ovarian yana da alaƙa da adadin lokacin da ake kashe kwai. Don haka, rashin haihuwa abu ne mai haɗari ga ciwon daji na ovarian, mai yiwuwa saboda an danne ovulation ta hanyar ciki. A lokacin ovulation, sel suna motsawa koyaushe don rarraba yayin da hawan ovulation ke ci gaba. Don haka, matan da ba su haihu ba suna fuskantar haɗarin cutar kansar kwai sau biyu fiye da waɗanda ke da. Tsawon lokacin ovulation wanda farkon hailar farko da marigayi menopause ke haifarwa shima abu ne mai haɗari. Dukansu kiba da maganin maye gurbin hormone suma suna haɓaka haɗarin. Haɗarin kamuwa da ciwon daji na ovarian ya ragu ga matan da ke da ƙarancin hawan haila, babu hawan haila, shayarwa, shan maganin hana haihuwa, suna da ciki da yawa, kuma suna da ciki tun suna ƙanana. Haɗarin kamuwa da ciwon daji na kwai yana raguwa a cikin matan da suka yi fama da tubal ligation (wanda aka fi sani da suna "tubun da aka ɗaure"), duka biyun an cire su, ko kuma hysterectomy (aikin da mahaifa, da kuma wani lokacin mahaifa, ake cirewa). Shekaru kuma abu ne mai haɗari. Hormones Yin amfani da magungunan haihuwa na iya taimakawa ga samuwar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta ovarian, amma alaƙar da ke tsakanin su biyu tana da sabani kuma tana da wuyar yin nazari. Magungunan haihuwa na iya haɗawa da haɗarin ciwace-ciwacen kan iyaka. Wadanda aka yi wa jinyar rashin haihuwa amma sun kasance marasa amfani suna cikin haɗari mafi girma ga ciwon daji na ovarian epithelial; duk da haka, wadanda aka yi nasarar yi musu maganin rashin haihuwa kuma daga baya suka haihu ba su da wani hadari. Wannan na iya zama saboda zubar da ƙwayoyin da ke da riga-kafi a lokacin daukar ciki, amma har yanzu ba a san dalilin ba. Matsalolin haɗari na iya zama rashin haihuwa da kanta, ba magani ba. Yanayin hormone kamar ciwon ovary polycystic da endometriosis suna da alaƙa da ciwon daji na ovarian, amma ba a tabbatar da haɗin gwiwa gaba ɗaya ba. Maganin maye gurbin hormone na postmenopausal (HRT) tare da isrogen yana iya ƙara haɗarin ciwon daji na ovarian. Ba a tabbatar da ƙungiyar ba a cikin wani babban bincike, amma sanannun binciken ciki har da Nazarin Mata Miliyan sun goyi bayan wannan haɗin gwiwa. Postmenopausal HRT tare da haɗin estrogen da progesterone na iya ƙara haɗarin zamani idan aka yi amfani da shi sama da shekaru 5, amma wannan haɗarin ya dawo al'ada bayan an daina jinya. Estrogen HRT tare da ko ba tare da progestins yana ƙara haɗarin endometrioid da ciwace-ciwacen daji ba amma yana rage haɗarin ciwace-ciwacen mucinous. Yawan adadin isrogen yana haɓaka wannan haɗarin. Endometriosis wani abu ne mai haɗari ga ciwon daji na ovarian, kamar yadda yake jin zafi tare da haila. Endometriosis yana da alaƙa da bayyanannun tantanin halitta da ƙananan nau'ikan endometrioid, ƙananan ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayar cuta, ciwace-ciwacen mataki na I da II, ciwace-ciwacen sa na 1, da ƙananan mace-mace. Kafin al'ada, kiba na iya ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da ciwon daji na ovarian, amma wannan haɗarin ba ya samuwa bayan al'ada. Wannan haɗarin kuma yana da alaƙa ga waɗanda ke da kiba kuma ba su taɓa amfani da HRT ba. Irin wannan haɗin gwiwa tare da ciwon daji na ovarian yana bayyana a cikin mata masu tsayi. Genetics Tarihin iyali na ciwon daji na ovarian abu ne mai haɗari ga ciwon daji na ovarian. Mata masu ciwon daji marasa polyposis na gado (Lynch Syndrome), da waɗanda ke da BRCA-1 da BRCA-2 suna cikin haɗarin haɗari. Babban haɗarin kwayoyin halitta don ciwon daji na ovarian shine maye gurbi a cikin kwayoyin halittar BRCA1 ko BRCA2, ko a cikin kwayoyin gyara rashin daidaituwa na DNA, wanda ke cikin kashi 10% na cututtukan daji na ovarian. Allele guda ɗaya kawai ake buƙatar mutated don sanya mutum cikin haɗari mai girma. Za a iya gadon kwayar halittar ta hanyar layin uwa ko na uba, amma yana da matsananciyar shiga Ko da yake maye gurbi a cikin waɗannan kwayoyin halitta yawanci yana da alaƙa da haɓakar cutar kansar nono, suna kuma ɗaukar haɗarin ciwon daji na ovarian na rayuwa, haɗarin da ke kai kololuwa a cikin 40s da 50s. Mafi ƙarancin haɗarin da aka ambata shine 30% kuma mafi girman 60%. Maye gurbi a cikin BRCA1 suna da haɗarin rayuwa na haɓaka ciwon daji na ovarian na 15-45%. Maye gurbi a cikin BRCA2 ba su da haɗari fiye da waɗanda ke tare da BRCA1, tare da haɗarin rayuwa na 10% (mafi ƙarancin haɗari) zuwa 40% (mafi girman haɗari da aka ambata). A matsakaita, cututtukan daji masu alaƙa da BRCA suna tasowa shekaru 15 kafin takwarorinsu na lokaci-lokaci saboda mutanen da suka gaji maye gurbi a kwafin kwayar halittarsu guda ɗaya kawai suna buƙatar maye gurbinsu don fara aiwatar da cutar sankara, yayin da mutanen da ke da kwayoyin halitta guda biyu na al'ada zasu buƙaci samun maye gurbi biyu. A Amurka, biyar daga cikin 100 mata masu dan uwan digiri na farko masu ciwon daji na kwai daga ƙarshe za su sami kansar kwai da kansu, wanda ke sanya waɗanda ke da dangin da abin ya shafa cikin haɗarin matan da ba su da lafiya. Bakwai daga cikin 100 mata masu dangi biyu ko fiye da ciwon daji na kwai za su sami kansar kwai. Gabaɗaya, 5-10% na cututtukan daji na ovarian suna da sanadin kwayoyin halitta. Maye gurbi na BRCA yana da alaƙa da babban matakin serous mara cin nama na ciwon daji na kwai. Ƙarfafa tarihin iyali na ciwon daji na endometrial, ciwon daji na hanji, ko wasu cututtuka na gastrointestinal na iya nuna kasancewar ciwon da aka sani da ciwon daji na nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (wanda kuma aka sani da Lynch syndrome), wanda ke ba da haɗari mafi girma don bunkasa yawan ciwon daji, ciki har da ovarian. ciwon daji. Ciwon daji na Lynch yana haifar da maye gurbi a cikin ƙwayoyin gyare-gyaren rashin daidaituwa, ciki har da MSH2, MLH1, MLH6, PMS1, da PMS2 Hadarin ciwon daji na ovarian ga mutumin da ke da cutar Lynch yana tsakanin kashi 10 zuwa 12. Matan zuriyar Icelandic, zuriyar Yahudawa Yahudawa Ashkenazi zuriyar Yahudawa, da zuriyar Hungarian suna cikin haɗari mafi girma ga ciwon daji na ovarian epithelial. Estrogen receptor beta gene ESR2 alama ya zama mabuɗin don pathogenesis da amsawa ga farfadowa. Sauran kwayoyin halittar da aka danganta da ciwon daji na ovarian sune BRIP1, MSH6, RAD51C da RAD51D CDH1, CHEK2, PALB2 da RAD50 kuma an danganta su da ciwon daji na ovarian. Cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta da ba kasafai da yawa suna da alaƙa da takamaiman nau'ikan ciwon daji na kwai. Peutz-Jeghers ciwo, cuta ce mai wuyar gaske, kuma tana sa mata su kamu da cutar ta hanyar jima'i tare da tubules na annular Cutar Ollier da Ciwon Maffucci suna da alaƙa da ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayoyin cuta na granulosa a cikin yara kuma ana iya haɗa su da ciwace-ciwacen Sertoli-Leydig. Benign fibromas suna hade da ciwon basal cell carcinoma nevoid Abinci Shaye-shaye ba ya da alaƙa da ciwon daji na kwai. Ƙungiyar Ciwon daji ta Amirka ta ba da shawarar tsarin cin abinci mai kyau wanda ya haɗa da yalwar 'ya'yan itatuwa, kayan lambu, dukan hatsi, da kuma abincin da ke kaucewa ko iyakance ja da nama da aka sarrafa da kuma sarrafa sukari. Yawan amfani da jimillar jimillar kitse da kitsen mai yana kara haɗarin ciwon daji na kwai. Wani bita na laima na 2021 ya gano cewa kofi, kwai, da cin mai yana ƙara haɗarin cutar kansar kwai. Akwai gaurayawan shaida daga bincike kan hadarin kansar kwai da kuma amfani da kayan kiwo Abubuwan muhalli Kasashe masu ci gaban masana'antu, ban da Japan, suna da yawan ciwon daji na ovarian na epithelial, wanda zai iya kasancewa saboda abinci a waɗannan ƙasashe. Matan farar fata suna cikin 30-40% mafi girman haɗari ga ciwon daji na ovarian idan aka kwatanta da matan Black da matan Hispanic, mai yiwuwa saboda dalilai na zamantakewa; Mata farare suna da karancin yara da nau'ikan aikin tiyata na gynecology daban-daban waɗanda ke shafar haɗarin kansar kwai. Shaidu na yau da kullun sun nuna cewa talc, magungunan kashe qwari, da magungunan ciyawa suna ƙara haɗarin ciwon daji na ovarian. Cibiyar Cancer ta Amurka ta lura cewa, ya zuwa yanzu, babu wani bincike da ya iya danganta duk wani sinadari guda daya a cikin muhalli, ko kuma a cikin abincin dan Adam, kai tsaye ga maye gurbi da ke haifar da ciwon daji na kwai. Sauran Sauran abubuwan da aka bincika, irin su shan taba, ƙananan matakan bitamin D a cikin jini, kasancewar shigar da cysts na ovarian, da kamuwa da kwayar cutar papilloma na mutum (dalilin wasu lokuta na ciwon daji na mahaifa), an musanta su a matsayin abubuwan haɗari. ciwon daji na kwai. Ciwon daji na perineal talc yana da rigima, saboda yana iya zama mai ban sha'awa idan yana tafiya ta hanyar haihuwa zuwa ovaries. Nazarin kula da shari'ar ya nuna cewa amfani da perineal talc yana ƙara haɗarin ciwon daji na ovarian, amma yin amfani da talc sau da yawa ba ya haifar da haɗari mafi girma. Amfani da talc a wani wuri a jiki baya da alaƙa da ciwon daji na kwai. Zauna akai-akai na tsawon lokaci yana da alaƙa da yawan mace-mace daga ciwon daji na ovarian epithelial. Ba a kawar da haɗarin ta hanyar motsa jiki na yau da kullum, kodayake an saukar da shi. Ƙara yawan shekaru (har zuwa 70s) abu ne mai haɗari ga ciwon daji na ovarian epithelial saboda yawancin maye gurbi a cikin sel na iya tarawa kuma a ƙarshe ya haifar da ciwon daji. Wadanda suka haura 80 suna cikin dan karamin hadari. Shan taba yana da alaƙa da haɗari mafi girma na ciwon daji na ovarian mucinous bayan daina shan taba, haɗarin ƙarshe ya koma al'ada. Matsayi mafi girma na furotin C-reactive yana da alaƙa da haɗarin haɓakar ciwon daji na ovarian. Abubuwan kariya Rushewar ovulation, wanda in ba haka ba zai haifar da lalacewa ga epithelium na ovarian kuma, saboda haka, kumburi, yana da kariya gabaɗaya. Ana iya samun wannan tasiri ta hanyar samun yara, shan hadewar maganin hana haihuwa, da kuma ciyar da nono, duk waɗannan abubuwan kariya ne. Tsawon lokacin shayarwa yana da alaƙa da raguwa mai girma a cikin haɗarin ciwon daji na ovarian. Kowace haihuwa tana rage haɗarin ciwon daji na kwai, kuma ana ganin wannan tasirin tare da haihuwa har biyar. Haɗaɗɗen maganin hana haihuwa na baka yana rage haɗarin ciwon daji na ovarian har zuwa kashi 50%, kuma tasirin kariya na haɗe-haɗe na baka zai iya ɗaukar shekaru 25-30 bayan an daina su. Yin amfani da aspirin na yau da kullun ko acetaminophen (paracetamol) na iya haɗuwa da ƙananan haɗarin ciwon daji na ovarian; sauran NSAIDs ba su da irin wannan tasirin kariya. Tubal ligation yana da kariya saboda carcinogens ba sa iya kaiwa ga ovary da fimbriae ta farji, mahaifa, da tubes na fallopian. Tubal ligation kuma yana da kariya ga mata masu maye gurbin BRCA1, amma ba maye gurbin BRCA2 ba. Hysterectomy yana rage haɗari, da kuma cire duka tubes na fallopian da ovaries salpingo-oophorectomy na biyu) yana rage haɗarin ba kawai ciwon daji na ovarian ba amma ciwon nono. Wannan har yanzu batu ne na bincike, kamar yadda haɗin kai tsakanin hysterectomy da ƙananan ciwon daji na ovarian yana da rikici. Dalilin da cewa hysterectomy na iya zama kariya ba a bayyana su ba kamar na 2015. Abincin da ya haɗa da adadin carotene, fiber, da bitamin tare da ƙananan kitse-musamman, abinci tare da kayan lambu marasa sitaci (misali broccoli da albasa na iya zama kariya. Fiber na abinci yana da alaƙa da raguwar haɗarin ciwon daji na ovarian. Wani bita na 2021 ya gano cewa kayan lambu masu ganye, kayan lambu na allium, fiber, flavanoids da shan shayi na iya rage haɗarin cutar kansar kwai. Pathophysiology Ciwon daji na Ovarian yana samuwa lokacin da kurakurai a cikin ci gaban kwayoyin ovarian na al'ada ya faru. Yawancin lokaci, lokacin da sel suka tsufa ko suka lalace, suna mutuwa, kuma sabbin sel suna zama wurinsu. Ciwon daji yana farawa ne lokacin da sabbin sel suka yi ba tare da buƙata ba, kuma tsofaffi ko ƙwayoyin da suka lalace ba su mutu kamar yadda ya kamata. Ƙirƙirar ƙarin sel sau da yawa yakan haifar da tarin nama da ake kira ƙwayar ƙwayar ovarian ko girma. Wadannan kwayoyin cutar kansa marasa al'ada suna da nakasu na kwayoyin halitta da yawa wadanda ke sa su girma da yawa. Lokacin da ovary ya saki kwai, ƙwayar kwai ya buɗe kuma ya zama corpus luteum Wannan tsarin yana buƙatar gyara ta hanyar rarraba sel a cikin kwai. Ci gaba da ovulation na dogon lokaci yana nufin ƙarin gyaran ovary ta hanyar rarraba kwayoyin halitta, wanda zai iya samun maye gurbi a kowane bangare. Gabaɗaya, yawancin maye gurbi a cikin ciwon daji na ovarian yana faruwa a cikin NF1, BRCA1, BRCA2, da CDK12 Nau'in I ciwon daji na ovarian, wanda ya kasance ba shi da karfi, yana da rashin zaman lafiya na microsatellite a cikin kwayoyin halitta da yawa, ciki har da duka oncogenes (mafi mahimmanci BRAF da KRAS da kuma ciwon daji (mafi mahimmanci PTEN Mafi yawan maye gurbi a cikin nau'in ciwon daji na Nau'in I sune KRAS, BRAF, ERBB2, PTEN, PIK3CA, da ARID1A. Nau'in ciwon daji na II, nau'in nau'i mai tsanani, suna da nau'i-nau'i daban-daban da suka canza, ciki har da p53, BRCA1, da BRCA2 Ƙananan ciwon daji suna da maye gurbi a cikin KRAS, yayin da ciwon daji na kowane nau'i wanda ke tasowa daga ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta masu haɗari suna da maye gurbi a cikin p53. Nau'in I na ciwon daji yakan tasowa daga raunuka na farko, yayin da Nau'in ciwon daji na II na iya tasowa daga ciwon daji na intraepithelial carcinoma Ciwon daji masu rauni waɗanda ke da maye gurbi na BRCA suma babu makawa suna da maye gurbi na p53, wanda ke nuna cewa kawar da ƙwayoyin halittar aiki guda biyu yana da mahimmanci don haɓakar kansa. A cikin kashi 50 cikin 100 na manyan cututtukan daji na serous, gyaran DNA na haɗin gwiwar haɗin gwiwa ba shi da aiki, kamar yadda manyan hanyoyin sigina da FOXM1 suke Hakanan kusan koyaushe suna da maye gurbi na p53. Baya ga wannan, maye gurbi a cikin ƙwayar cutar sankara mai girma yana da wuyar ganewa fiye da babban matakin rashin kwanciyar hankali BRCA1 da BRCA2 suna da mahimmanci don gyaran DNA na sake haɗe da juna, kuma ana samun maye gurbin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin waɗannan kwayoyin halitta a kusan kashi 15% na mata masu ciwon daji na ovarian. Mafi yawan maye gurbi a cikin BRCA1 da BRCA2 sune sauye-sauyen sauye- sauyen da suka samo asali a cikin ƙaramin adadin Yahudawan Ashkenazi. Kusan 100% na carcinomas na mucinous da ba kasafai suna da maye gurbi a cikin KRAS da haɓakawa na ERBB2 (wanda kuma aka sani da Her2/neu Gabaɗaya, 20% na ciwon daji na ovarian suna da maye gurbi a cikin Her2/neu Ciwon daji na iya tasowa daga serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma, maimakon tasowa kwatsam daga naman kwai. Sauran carcinomas suna tasowa daga ƙwayoyin cuta na cortical inclusion cysts, waɗanda ƙungiyoyi ne na sel na ovarian epithelial a cikin stroma Bincike jarrabawa Binciken ciwon daji na ovarian yana farawa tare da gwajin jiki (ciki har da jarrabawar pelvic gwajin jini (ga CA-125 da wasu lokuta wasu alamomi), da kuma duban dan tayi na transvaginal Wani lokaci ana amfani da jarrabawar rectovaginal don taimakawa tsara aikin tiyata. Dole ne a tabbatar da ganewar asali tare da tiyata don duba kogon ciki, ɗaukar biopsies (samfurin nama don nazarin microscopic da kuma neman kwayoyin ciwon daji a cikin ruwan ciki. Wannan yana taimakawa wajen sanin ko adadin ovarian yana da kyau ko m. Matakan farko na ciwon daji na Ovarian (I/II) suna da wuyar ganewa saboda yawancin alamun bayyanar cututtuka ba su da takamaiman kuma don haka ba su da amfani sosai wajen ganewar asali; a sakamakon haka, ba kasafai ake gano ta ba har sai ta yadu kuma ta ci gaba zuwa mataki na gaba (III/IV). Bugu da ƙari, alamun ciwon daji na ovarian na iya bayyana kama da ciwon hanji mai ban haushi A cikin matan da ciki zai iya yiwuwa, ana iya auna matakin BHCG yayin tsarin ganewar asali. Serum alpha-fetoprotein, neuron-specific enolase, da kuma lactate dehydrogenase za a iya auna a cikin matasa 'yan mata da matasa da ake zargi da ciwon ciwace-ciwacen daji kamar yadda ƙananan mata masu ciwon daji na ovarian suna iya samun ciwon ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta. Binciken jiki, ciki har da jarrabawar pelvic, da kuma duban dan tayi (transvaginal ko in ba haka ba) duka suna da mahimmanci don ganewar asali: jarrabawar jiki na iya nuna ƙarar girth na ciki da ko ascites (ruwa a cikin rami na ciki), yayin da jarrabawar pelvic na iya bayyana wani ovarian. ko yawan ciki. Matsakaicin adnexal wani muhimmin bincike ne wanda sau da yawa yana nuna ciwon daji na ovarian, musamman ma idan an gyara shi, nodular, wanda ba daidai ba, mai ƙarfi, da/ko biyu. 13-21% na adnexal talakawa suna lalacewa ta hanyar malignancy; duk da haka, akwai wasu m dalilai na adnexal talakawa, ciki har da ovarian follicular cyst, leiomyoma, endometriosis, ectopic ciki, hydrosalpinx, tuboovarian abscess, ovarian torsion, dermoid cyst, cystadenoma (serous ko mucinous), diverticular ko appendice jijiya ciwon daji koda pelvic, urethra ko mafitsara diverticulum, benign cystic mesothelioma na peritoneum, peritoneal tarin fuka, ko paraovarian cyst Ovaries da za a iya ji su ma alama ce ta kansar kwai a cikin matan da suka shude. Sauran sassan gwajin jiki don zargin ciwon daji na ovarian na iya haɗawa da gwajin nono da jarrabawar duburar dijital Palpation na supraclavicular, axillary, da inguinal lymph nodes na iya bayyana lymphadenopathy, wanda zai iya zama alamar metastasis. Wani mai nuna alama na iya kasancewa kasancewar kumburin pleural, wanda za'a iya lura dashi akan auscultation Lokacin da aka haɗa rashin lafiyar kwai a cikin jerin yuwuwar ganowa, ana nuna iyakataccen adadin gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje. Ana samun cikakken ƙididdigar jini da gwajin jini na electrolyte yawanci; lokacin da ciwon daji na ovarian ya kasance, waɗannan gwaje-gwajen suna nuna yawan adadin platelets (20-25% na marasa lafiya) da ƙananan matakan sodium na jini saboda siginar sinadarai da ƙwayar cuta ta ɓoye. Gwaji mai kyau na inhibin A da inhibin B na iya nuna ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta granulosa. Gwajin jini don ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta mai suna CA-125 yana da amfani a cikin ganewar asali daban-daban da kuma bibiyar cutar, amma shi da kansa ba a nuna shi ya zama hanya mai mahimmanci don nunawa ga ciwon daji na ovarian na farko ba saboda rashin yarda da shi. hankali da kuma takamaiman. Matakan CA-125 a cikin matan da suka riga sun wuce 200 U ml na iya nuna ciwon daji na ovarian, kamar yadda kowane girma a CA-125 sama da 35 U mL a cikin mata bayan mazaopausal. Matakan CA-125 ba daidai ba ne a farkon matakin ciwon daji na ovarian, kamar yadda rabin mataki na masu ciwon daji na ovarian suna da matakin CA-125 na al'ada. CA-125 kuma za a iya haɓakawa a cikin yanayi mara kyau (marasa ciwon daji), ciki har da endometriosis, ciki, mahaifa fibroids, haila, ovarian cysts, tsarin lupus erythematosus, cututtuka na hanta, cututtuka na ƙwayar cuta, cututtuka na pelvic, da leiomyoma. HE4 wani ɗan takara ne don gwajin cutar kansar kwai, kodayake ba a gwada shi sosai ba. Sauran alamun ciwon daji na ciwon daji na ovarian sun hada da CA19-9, CA72-4, CA15-3, immunosuppressive acidic protein, haptoglobin-alpha, OVX1, mesothelin, lysophosphatidic acid, osteopontin, da fibroblast girma factor 23 Amfani da sassan gwajin jini na iya taimakawa wajen gano cutar. Ƙungiyar OVA1 ta ƙunshi CA-125, beta-2 microglobulin, transferrin, apolipoprotein A1, da transthyretin OVA1 da ke sama da 5.0 a cikin matan da suka rigaya kafin haihuwa da 4.4 a cikin matan da suka shude suna nuna babban haɗarin ciwon daji. Ana amfani da saitin gwaje-gwaje daban-daban don gano ciwace-ciwacen jima'i-stromal. Babban matakan testosterone ko dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, haɗe tare da sauran alamun bayyanar cututtuka da matakan inhibin A da inhibin B na iya zama alamar SCST na kowane nau'i. Binciken na yanzu yana duba hanyoyin da za a yi la'akari da ƙwayoyin cuta masu alamar ƙari a hade tare da wasu alamun cututtuka (watau rediyo da/ko alamun cututtuka) don inganta daidaiton bincike. Kalubalen da ke cikin irin wannan tsarin shi ne yadda cutar sankarar mahaifa ke yaduwa yana nufin cewa ko da gwaji tare da kulawa mai zurfi da takamaiman aiki zai haifar da sakamako mai kyau na ƙarya, wanda hakan na iya haifar da al'amura kamar yin hanyoyin tiyata da kansa. ba a samun shi a ciki.Har yanzu ba a samar da hanyoyin nazarin halittu don ciwon daji An fi son yin sikanin CT don tantance girman ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta a cikin rami na ciki, kodayake ana iya amfani da hoton maganadisu Binciken CT kuma yana iya zama da amfani don gano caking omental ko bambance ruwa daga ƙaƙƙarfan ƙari a cikin ciki, musamman a cikin ƙananan ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayar cuta. Koyaya, bazai iya gano ƙananan ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayoyi ba. Wani lokaci, ana amfani da x-ray na ƙirji don gano metastases a cikin ƙirji ko zubar da jini Wani gwaji don cututtukan ƙwayar cuta, ko da yake ba a yi amfani da shi akai-akai ba, shine barium enema, wanda zai iya nuna idan ciwon rectosigmoid yana cikin cutar. Positron emission tomography, sikanin kashi, da paracentesis suna da iyakacin amfani; a gaskiya ma, paracentesis na iya haifar da metastases don samuwa a wurin saka allura kuma bazai samar da sakamako mai amfani ba. Duk da haka, ana iya amfani da paracentesis a lokuta inda babu ƙwayar pelvic kuma ascites yana nan. Likitan da ke zargin kansar kwai yana iya yin mammography ko biopsy na endometrial (a yanayin zubar jini mara kyau) don tantance yiwuwar cutar ƙirjin nono da ciwon daji na endometrial, bi da bi. Ultrasonography na farji sau da yawa shine binciken hoton layi na farko da aka yi lokacin da aka sami taro na adnexal. Yawancin halaye na yawan adadin adnexal suna nuna rashin lafiyar ovarian; yawanci suna da ƙarfi, marasa daidaituwa, masu yawa, da/ko babba; kuma yawanci suna da siffofi na papillary, tasoshin tsakiya, da/ko ɓarna na ciki marasa daidaituwa. Koyaya, SCST ba shi da takamaiman halaye akan binciken rediyo. Don tantance ainihin ciwon daji na ovarian, ana buƙatar hanyar tiyata don duba ciki. Wannan na iya zama hanyar buɗewa laparotomy, incision ta bangon ciki ko tiyatar maɓalli laparoscopy A lokacin wannan hanya, ana cire nama da ake tuhuma kuma an aika da shi don nazarin microscopic Yawancin lokaci, wannan ya haɗa da salpingo-oophorectomy ɗaya, cire kwai guda ɗaya da ya shafa da tube na fallopian. Hakanan za'a iya bincikar ruwa daga rami na ciki don ƙwayoyin kansa. Idan an sami ciwon daji, wannan hanya kuma za a iya amfani da ita don sanin iyakar yaduwarsa (wanda shine nau'i na ciwon daji An nuna Pafolacianine don amfani a cikin manya da ciwon daji na ovarian don taimakawa wajen gano ciwon daji a lokacin tiyata. Wani ma'aikacin bincike ne wanda ake gudanarwa ta hanyar allurar cikin jijiya kafin a yi masa tiyata. Hadari A widely recognized method of estimating the risk of malignant ovarian cancer is the risk of malignancy index (RMI), calculated based on an initial workup. An RMI score of over 200 or 250 is generally felt to indicate high risk for ovarian cancer. Ana ƙididdige RMI kamar: RMI makin duban dan tayi maki menopause x matakin CA-125 a U/ml. Ana iya amfani da hanyoyi guda biyu don tantance ƙimar duban dan tayi da maki menopause, tare da sakamakon sakamakon da ake kira RMI 1 da RMI 2, bi da bi, ya danganta da wace hanya ake amfani da ita. Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba Cutar
33510	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith%20Taylor%20%28%C9%97an%20siyasa%20Birtaniya%29	Keith Taylor (ɗan siyasa Birtaniya)	Keith Richard Taylor (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1953) ɗan siyasa ne ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar Green Party wanda ya kasance MEP mai wakiltar Kudu maso Gabashin Ingila kuma shine mai magana da yawun haƙƙin dabbar Jam'iyyar har sai da ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 2019. Babban dan siyasar Green ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan shugabannin jam'iyyar biyu daga Agusta shekara ta 2004 zuwa Nuwamba shekara ta 2006. Daga baya Taylor ya yi fice saboda kasancewarsa, a lokacin, dan takarar majalisar dokoki mafi nasara a jam'iyyar Green Party a Birtaniya, bayan ya lashe kashi 22% na kuri'un da aka kada a mazabar Brighton Pavilion a babban zaben shekara ta 2005. A babban zaben shekarar 2010, Caroline Lucas ya sauka a matsayin MEP saboda an zabe shi MP na Brighton Pavilion; Taylor, a matsayinsa na dan takara na gaba a jerin 'Yan takarar Green, an nada shi zuwa Majalisar Turai don zama tare da Greens-European Free Alliance. Ƙuruciya Kafin ya zama ɗan gwagwarmayar Jam'iyyar Green, Taylor ya zauna a Brighton a yayin da yake gudanar da kasuwanci na gida. Taylor "ya shiga gwagwarmayar siyasa yana mai adawa rashin da cigaban gida", wanda ya kai shi shiga jam'iyyar Green Party. Taylor ya kasance dan takara a yakin BUDD, yana adawa da ci gaban da ake kira New England Quarter wanda ke kusa da tashar jirgin kasa na Brighton. Dan majalisar jam'iyyar Green Party kuma dan takarar majalisa A shekarar 1999 ne, aka zaɓi Taylor a matsayin kansila a Majalisar Birnin Brighton and Hove, mai wakiltar gundumar St. Peters da North Laine. Ya zama Convenor (sunan ƙungiyar ga shugabanta) na ƙungiyar 'yan majalisa na Green a Majalisar Birni. A lokacin da ya zama dan majalisa Taylor ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Manufofin Albarkatu, Kwamitin Kula da Lafiyar Jama'a Lafiya na Adult, Kwamitin Gidaje, Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Haɗin gwiwa, Kwamitin Haɗin gwiwar Filin Jirgin Sama na Shoreham, Kwamitin Binciken Hukunce-hukuncen Gidaje da Lasisi Lasisi Karamin Kwamitin Ayyukan Gudanarwa. Taylor ya tsaya takara a zaben shekarar 2001 da kuma 2005 a matsayin dan takarar majalisa karkashin jam'iyyar Green Party a mazabar Brighton Pavilion. Taylor ya samu kaso 9.3% a shekara ta 2001 da kaso 21.9% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada a shekara ta 2005. A cikin watan Agusta a shekara ta 2004, an nada Taylor a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Mike Woodin a matsayin Babban Kakakin Namiji a Jam'iyyar Green Party tare da Caroline Lucas. JaridarThe Guardian ta bayyana cewa Taylor "ya bijire wa ra'ayin 'yan siyasar Green a matsayin malamai masu kishin kasa ko kuma masu karatu". An tabbatar da Taylor a kan mukamin bayan zaben da aka yi a watan Nuwamba shekara ta 2005, inda ya doke Derek Wall da kuri'u 851 zuwa 803; sake, yin hidima tare da Lucas. A cikin Nuwamba shekara ta 2006, Taylor ya yi rashin nasara a zaben Wall da kuri'u 767 zuwa 705. A cikin shekara ta 2007 ne, Taylor ya fuskanci Lucas a takarar majalisar dokoki na jam'iyyar Green Party a wajen babban zabe a yankin Brighton Pavilion na shekarar 2010. Taylor, a lokacin da yake bayyana yakin neman zabensa, ya ce, “Wannan shi ne karo na uku da na tsaya takarar wannan kujera. Na gaji 2.6% na jam'iyyar Greens kuma na gina hakan har zuwa kashi 22%. Lokaci na gaba, idan aka sake zaɓe ni, masu jefa ƙuri'a na Brighton za su kafa tarihi wajen zaɓe ni ɗan majalisa mai launin kore na farko a ƙasar". Lucas, a cikin wata wasika da ya aike wa mambobin jam’iyyar na yankin, ta ce an gayyace ta ne domin ta tsaya tare da ‘yan yankin da dama kuma ta bayyana shi a matsayin “shawarar da ta fi kowanne wahala a rayuwata” saboda irin sadaukarwar da ta yi na kashin kai da na iyali da kuma “amincinta da jajircewarta. zuwa Keith Taylor, wanda mutum ne kuma dan siyasa wanda nake matukar yabawa da kuma girmama shi". Dan Majalisar Tarayyar Turai A ranar 18 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 2007, an sanar da cewa an zaɓi Lucas a maimakon Taylor matsayin dan takarar Brighton a karkashin jam'iyyar Green Party. Lucas ya lashe kashi 55% na kuri'un jam'iyyar yayin da Taylor ya samu kashi 45%. Taylor ya taya Lucas murna kuma ya yi alkawarin goyan bayan shi a wajen yakin neman zabe. A ranar 5 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 2010 an zaɓi Lucas a matsayin Memba na Majalisar Dokokin Brighton Pavilion kuma bayan yin haka an buƙace ta da ta yi murabus a matsayinsa MEP na Kudu maso Gabashin Ingila. Taylor kasancewa sa na biyu a jerin 'Yan takarar Green Party an nada shi a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Lucas don cika sauran wa'adin har zuwa shekara ta 2014. An kuma bukaci Taylor ya yi murabus a matsayin dan majalisa a karkashin dokokin majalisar Turai kan wa'adi biyu. An sake zabar Taylor a matsayin MEP na yankin Kudu maso Gabas a zaben Turai na shekara ta 2014, da kashi 9.05% na kuri'un. Taylor ya zamo daya daga cikin mutane na farko da suka fara amincewa da manufar International Simultaneous Policy (SIMPOL) wacce ke neman kawo karshen matsalalolin da aka saba tunkara a duniya. Taylor ya zama fitacce a shirin SIMPOL a watan Mayu shekara ta 2009. Manazarta Littafi Mai Tsarki Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafin Yanar Gizo na Keith Taylor Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1953 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
26904	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinima%20a%20Tunisiya	Sinima a Tunisiya	Sinima a Tunisiya na nufin masana'antar finafinai ta Tunisia ta fara ne a cikin Shekarar 1896, lokacin da 'yan'uwan Lumière suka fara nuna fina-finai masu rai a titunan Tunis. Tarihi A cikin 1919, an yi fim ɗin farko mai tsayin fasali a Arewacin Afirka: Les Cinq gentlemen maudits The Five La'ananne Gentlemen a Tunisiya. A cikin 1924, Samama-Chikli ya ba da umarnin wani fim mai matsakaicin tsayi mai suna Ain Al-Ghazal Yarinyar daga Carthage don haka ya sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin masu shirya fina-finai na farko a Arewacin Afirka. A cikin 1966, fim ɗin farko na Tunisiya (minti 95) Al-Fajr The Dawn Omar Khlifi ne ya ba da umarni kuma ya shirya shi; an haska shi akan fim ɗin 35 mm Tunisiya kuma ta karbi bakuncin bikin fina-finai na Carthage wanda ke gudana tun 1966. Bikin dai ya ba da fifiko ga fina-finai daga kasashen Larabawa da na Afirka. Shi ne bikin fina-finai mafi daɗewa a nahiyar Afirka. A cikin 1927, kamfanin farko na rarraba fina-finai na Tunisiya, Tunis-Film, ya fara ayyukansa. Bayan samun ƴancin kai, Société Anonyme Tunisienne de Production et d'Expansion Cinématographique (SATPEC) ne ke shirya fina-finai na musamman waɗanda ke sarrafa fina-finai da shirya fina-finai a ƙasar a lokacin. Duk da haka, a cikin shekarun 1980s, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu sun fito kuma suna so su mayar da Tunisiya Hollywood Hollywood. Furodusa Tarak Ben Ammar, ɗan wasila Bourguiba, ya yi nasarar jawo wasu manyan kamfanoni masu samarwa don yin harbi a cikin ɗakin studio ɗinsa a Monastir An yi fim ɗin manyan fina-finai na ƙasashen waje a Tunisia ciki har da Roman Polanski 's Pirates da Franco Zeffirelli 's Jesus of Nazareth. Bayan da ya ziyarci Tunisiya George Lucas ya yaudare shi ta hanyar kyawawan dabi'u da tsoffin gine-gine na wasu garuruwan Kudancin Tunisiya inda ya yanke shawarar yin fina-finai masu mahimmanci na Star Wars, da kuma Indiana Jones. Haka kuma, Anthony Minghella ya yi fim ɗin wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Academy The Patient a cikin yankin kudu maso yamma na ƙasar. Shirye-shiryen cikin gida ba su da yawa: ƴan fina-finan da aka yi tun 1967 sun yi ƙoƙari su nuna sabon yanayin zamantakewa, ci gaba, bincike na ainihi, da girgizar zamani. Wasu daga cikinsu sun sami nasarar dangi a wajen Tunisiya, kamar La Goulette Halq El-Wadi 1996) wanda Ferid Boughedir ya jagoranta wanda ya nuna yanayin rayuwar al'umma a cikin ƙaramin yanki na La Goulette a lokacin da Musulmai, Yahudawa da Kirista suka zauna tare. cikin haƙuri da zaman lafiya. Halfaouine: Yaron Filaye Asfour Stah 1990), kuma na Boughedir, mai yiyuwa ne babban nasara a tarihin sinimar Tunisiya. Fim ɗin ya nuna rayuwar ɗan yaro daga yankin Halfaouine na Tunis a cikin shekarun 60s, akan neman fahimtar alaƙa, duniyar mata, da yadda ake zama namiji. A wani fim din da ya gabata mai suna Man of Toka Rih Essed 1986) Boughedir ya sake nuna al'ummar Tunisiya ba tare da tsoro ko son rai ba, wanda ya shafi karuwanci, ilimin yara, da alakar addinai tsakanin Musulmin Tunisiya da Yahudawan Tunisiya. A cikin fim din 1991 Bezness, ya yi magana game da yawon shakatawa na jima'i da ke tasowa a cikin kasar. Jakadun (As-Soufraa 1975) wanda Naceur Ktari ya jagoranta sun bayyana rayuwar baƙi Maghrebins a Faransa da kuma gwagwarmayarsu da wariyar launin fata. Fim din ya lashe lambar yabo ta Golden Tanit don mafi kyawun hoto a lokacin bikin fina-finai na Carthage a cikin 1976, kyautar juri na musamman daga Locarno International Film Festival a cikin wannan shekarar kuma an rarraba shi a cikin nau'in Un Certain Regard a lokacin 1978 Cannes Film Festival Ƴar wasan Tunisiya ta farko ita ce Haydée Chikly, wacce ta fito a cikin gajeren fim, Zohra a 1922. Fim ɗin farko da mace ta shirya shine Fatma 75 (1975) ta Selma Baccar Fina-finan da suka biyo baya kamar su Néjia Ben Mabrouk 's Sama (1988) da Moufida Tlatli 's The Silences of Palace (1994). A cikin 2007, an shirya fina-finai da yawa kuma sun ɗaukar hankalin jama'a, irin su Making Of, wanda Nouri Bouzid ya ba da umarni da VHS Kahloucha na Nejib Belkadi. A cikin 2013, Abdellatif Keshishi shine darektan Tunisia na farko da ya lashe kyautar Palme D'Or. A fim ɗinsa mai suna Blue Is the Dumest Color ya raba kyautar da jaruman fina-finansa guda biyu. A ranar 21 ga Maris, 2018, ƙasar ta buɗe birnin al'adu na farko, wani aiki irinsa a Afirka da ƙasashen Larabawa, dake tsakiyar birnin Tunis Rukunin ya ƙunshi gidajen wasan kwaikwayo da yawa, gidajen sinima, allo, wuraren zane-zane da tarihin tarihi, dakunan baje koli, gidan kayan gargajiya na zamani da na zamani, cibiyar littattafai ta ƙasa da cibiyar saka hannun jari na al'adu. An buɗe Cineplex na farko a Tunisiya a cikin kantin Tunis City a Tunis a cikin Disamba 2018, ya ƙunshi fuska 8 kuma Les Cinémas Gaumont Pathé ne ke sarrafa shi. Les Cinémas Gaumont Pathé an saita wasu nau'i-nau'i guda biyu don buɗewa a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, wanda ke dauke da allon 8 a sabon mall na birnin Azur a Banlieu Sud na Tunis da kuma ɗayan 6 fuska a Sousse Sarkar otal La cigale ta sanar a cikin 2017, cewa tana gina otal tare da kantin sayar da kayayyaki da mahara na fuska 10 a Gammarth, Banlieue Nord na Tunis kuma an saita shi don buɗewa a cikin 2020. Tun daga Nuwamba 2019, akwai allo 41 a duk faɗin Tunisiya Zaɓen naɗin na kyauta ta Academy Award Tunisiya ta ƙaddamar da fina-finai don lambar yabo ta Academy don Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Harshen Waje ba bisa ƙa'ida ba tun 1995. Cibiyar Nazarin Hotunan Hoto da Kimiyya ta Amurka ce ke ba da lambar yabo a kowace shekara ga hoton fim mai tsayi da aka samar a wajen Amurka wanda ke kunshe da tattaunawar da ba ta Ingilishi ba. Tun daga shekarar 2021, an gabatar da fina-finan Tunisiya guda bakwai don lambar yabo ta Academy don Mafi kyawun Fim na Duniya. An zabi mutumin da ya sayar da fatarsa a matsayin lambar yabo ta Academy Award for Best International Feature Film kuma shine fim na farko na Tunisia da aka zaba don kyautar Oscar. Manazarta Ƙara karantawa Robert Lang, Sabon Cinema na Tunisiya: Alamomin Resistance, Jami'ar Columbia Press, 2014, Florence Martin, "Cinema da Jiha a Tunisiya" a cikin: Josef Gugler (ed. Fim a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka: Rarraba Ƙirƙira, Jami'ar Texas Press da Jami'ar Amirka a Alkahira Press, 2011, shafi 271-283 Sinima a Afrika
51852	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edna%20Ferber	Edna Ferber	Rayuwa da aiki Shekarun farko An haifi Ferber a watan Agusta 15,1885,a Kalamazoo,Michigan,ga wani ma'ajiyar Bayahude haifaffen Hungarian,Jacob Charles Ferber,da Milwaukee,haifaffen Wisconsin matarsa,Julia (Neumann) Ferber,wanda ya kasance daga zuriyar Bayahude Bajamushe.Ferbers sun ƙaura zuwa Kalamazoo daga Chicago,Illinois don buɗe kantin sayar da busassun kayayyaki,kuma an haifi 'yar uwarta Fannie a can shekaru uku da suka wuce. Mahaifin Ferber bai ƙware a harkokin kasuwanci ba, kuma dangi suna motsawa sau da yawa a lokacin ƙuruciyar Ferber.Daga Kalamazoo,sun dawo Chicago na tsawon shekara guda, sannan suka koma Ottumwa,Iowa inda suka zauna daga 1890 zuwa 1897 (shekaru 5 zuwa 12 don Ferber).A Ottumwa,Ferber da danginta sun fuskanci mummunar kyamar Yahudawa,ciki har da manya maza suna zaginta, ba'a da tofa mata a ranakun da ta kawo abincin rana ga mahaifinta,galibi suna yi mata ba'a cikin lafazin Yadish. A cewar Ferber,shekarunta a Ottumwa "dole ne a yi la'akari da duk wani abu a cikina da ke gaba da duniya." A wannan lokacin,mahaifin Ferber ya fara rasa ganinsa, yana buƙatar jiyya masu tsada da kuma rashin nasara. Lokacin da yake da shekaru 12,Ferber da danginta sun koma Appleton, Wisconsin, inda ta sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare kuma daga baya ta halarci Jami'ar Lawrence a takaice. Sana'a Bayan kammala karatun,Ferber ta yi shirin yin nazarin ilimin balaga,tare da tunani mara kyau na wata rana ya zama dan wasan kwaikwayo,amma danginta ba za su iya samun damar tura ta zuwa jami'a ba.A lokacin,ta ɗauki aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto a Appleton Daily Crescent kuma daga baya ta koma Milwaukee Journal. A farkon 1909 Ferber ya sha fama da anemia kuma ya koma Appleton don murmurewa. Ba ta taɓa ci gaba da aikinta a matsayin mai ba da rahoto ba,kodayake daga baya ta rufe Babban Taron Jam'iyyar Republican na 1920 da Babban Taron Dimokuradiyya na 1920 na Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta United. Yayin da Ferber ke murmurewa,ta fara rubutawa da sayar da gajerun labarai zuwa mujallu daban-daban,kuma a cikin 1911 ta buga littafinta na farko, Dawn O'Hara, Yarinyar da ta yi dariya.A cikin 1912,an buga tarin gajerun labarunta a cikin kundin mai suna Buttered Side Down.A cikin tarihin rayuwarta,Ferber ya rubuta: Ferber never Imarried, had no children, and is not known to have engaged in a romance or sexual relationship. In her early novel Dawn O'Hara, the title character's aunt even remarks, "Being an old maid was a great deal like death by drowning a really delightful sensation when you ceased struggling." Ferber did take a maternal interest in the career of her niece Janet Fox, an actress who performed in the original Broadway casts of Ferber's plays Dinner at Eight (1932) and Stage Door (1936). An san Ferber don yin furuci da kuma saurin wayo.A wani lokaci,ta ja-goranci sauran baƙi Yahudawa wajen barin liyafar gida bayan ta san mai masaukin baki yana adawa da Yahudawa. Wata rana bayan wani mutum ya yi ba'a game da yadda kwat dinta ya yi kama da namiji,sai ta amsa da cewa, "Haka ma naku." Muhimmancin shaidar Yahudawa Tun daga 1922,Ferber ta fara ziyartar Turai sau ɗaya ko sau biyu a shekara don shekaru goma sha uku ko goma sha huɗu. A wannan lokacin kuma ba kamar yawancin Amurkawa ba,ta shiga cikin damuwa saboda hayewar jam'iyyar Nazi da kuma yada kyamar baki da ta fuskanta a lokacin kuruciyarta.Ta yi tsokaci game da wannan na cewa, “Abu ne mai ban tsoro ka ga wata nahiya–wayewa–tana rugujewa a idon mutum.Tsari ne mai sauri kuma da alama babu makawa wanda babu wanda ya ba da wata kulawa ta musamman.” Tsoronta ya yi tasiri sosai a aikinta, wanda galibi yana nuna jigogi na wariyar launin fata da al'adu. Tarihin tarihinta na 1938, A Peculiar Treasure,asali ya haɗa da sadaukarwa ga Adolf Hitler wanda ya ce:Ga Adolf Hitler, wanda ya sanya ni zama Bayahude mafi kyau kuma mutum mai fahimta, kamar yadda yake da miliyoyin sauran Yahudawa, wannan littafin an keɓe shi cikin ƙiyayya da raini. Yayin da aka canja wannan sa’ad da aka buga littafin,har yanzu yana nuni ga barazanar Nazi. Ta yawaita ambaton nasarar Yahudawa a cikin littafinta,tana ishara da kuma son nuna ba kawai nasarar yahudawa ba,amma Yahudawa suna iya amfani da hakan kuma suna yin nasara. Algonquin Round Table Ferber lta ta kasance memba na Algonquin Round Table,ƙungiyar masu hankali da suka hadu da abincin rana kowace rana a Algonquin Hotel a New York.Ferber da wani memba na Round Table, Alexander Woolcott,sun kasance abokan gaba na dogon lokaci,rashin amincewarsu har zuwa mutuwar Woolcott a 1943,ko da yake Howard Teichmann ya bayyana a cikin tarihinsa na Woolcott cewa rashin fahimtar juna ya kasance saboda rashin fahimta.A cewar Teichmann,Ferber ta taɓa kwatanta Woolcott a matsayin Nero na New Jersey wanda ya yi kuskuren pinafore na toga Ferber ta haɗu tare da memba na Round Table George S.Kaufman akan wasan kwaikwayo da yawa da aka gabatar akan Broadway:Minick (1924), The Royal Family (1927), Dinner At takwas (1932),The Land Is Bright (1941), Stage Door (1936),da Bravo! (1948). Ra'ayin Siyasa A wata kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a da wata jaridar ta Asabar Review of Literature ta gudanar,inda ta tambayi marubutan Amurka wane dan takarar shugaban kasa ne suka goyi bayan zaben 1940,Ferber yana cikin marubutan da suka amince da Franklin D. Roosevelt. Halayen ayyuka Litattafan litattafan Ferber gabaɗaya sun ƙunshi ƙwararrun jarumai mata, tare da ɗimbin arziki da tarin haruffa masu goyan baya. Ta kan bayyana aƙalla ƙaƙƙarfan hali guda ɗaya wanda ya fuskanci wariya, ƙabila ko waninsa. Ayyukan Ferber sukan shafi ƙananan al'adun Amurkawa,kuma wani lokaci suna faruwa a wurare masu ban sha'awa da ta ziyarta amma ba ta saba da su ba,kamar Texas ko Alaska.Ta haka ta taimaka wajen nuna bambancin al'adun Amurka ga waɗanda ba su da damar dandana shi.An saita wasu litattafai a wuraren da ba ta ziyarta ba. Legacy Art, nishaɗi, da kafofin watsa labarai Jarumar Lili Taylor ce ta bayyana Ferber a cikin fim din Mrs. Parker da Muguwar Circle (1994). A cikin 2008, Laburare na Amurka ya zaɓi labarin Ferber "Miss Ferber Views 'Vultures' at Trial" don haɗawa a cikin abubuwan da ya faru na karni na biyu na Laifukan Gaskiya na Amurka. A ranar 29 ga Yuli, 2002, a garinsu na Appleton, Wisconsin, Ma'aikatar Wasikun Amurka ta fitar da tambarin buga tambarin 83 Distinguished Americans na girmama ta. Mawallafin Mark Summers, sananne ne don fasaha na katako, ya ƙirƙiri wannan hoton don tambarin da ke nuna hoton Ferber baƙar fata da fari da aka ɗauka a 1927. Sigar almara ta Edna Ferber ta bayyana a taƙaice azaman hali a littafin Philipp Meyer 's The Son (2013). Wani ƙarin ƙagaggen sigar Edna Ferber, tare da ita a matsayin jarumar, ya bayyana a cikin jerin litattafai masu ban mamaki ta Ed Ifkovic kuma ta buga Poisoned Pen Press, gami da Downtown Strut: An Edna Ferber Mystery, wanda aka rubuta a cikin 2013. A cikin 2013, an shigar da Ferber a cikin Zauren Adabin Adabin Chicago na Fame. Mutuwan 1968 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
41273	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suharto	Suharto	Suharto rtoʊ/; Lafazin Indonesiya; 8 Yunin shekarar 1921-27 Janairu 2008) wani hafsan sojan Indonesiya ne kuma ɗan siyasa, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Indonesia na biyu kuma mafi dadewa a kan mulki. Suharto wanda masu sa ido na kasa da kasa ke kallonsa a matsayin mai mulkin kama karya, Suharto ya jagoranci Indonesiya a matsayin mulkin kama-karya na tsawon shekaru 31, tun daga faduwar magabacinsa Sukarno a shekara ta 1967 har zuwa nasa yayi murabus a shekara ta 1998 bayan wani tashin hankali a fadin kasar. Har yanzu ana muhawara a kan gadon mulkinsa na shekaru 31, da dukiyarsa ta dalar Amurka biliyan 38 a gida da waje. An haifi Suharto a ƙaramin ƙauyen Kemusuk, a yankin Godean kusa da birnin Yogyakarta, a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Holland. Ya girma cikin tawali’u. Iyayensa Musulmi 'yan Javan sun sake aure ba da dadewa da haihuwarsa ba, kuma ya zauna tare da iyayen da suka yi renonsa tsawon lokacin kuruciyarsa. A lokacin mulkin Jafananci, Suharto ya yi aiki a cikin jami'an tsaron Indonesiya da Japan ta tsara. A lokacin fafutukar samun yancin kai na Indonesiya ya shiga cikin sabuwar rundunar sojojin Indonesiya. A can, Suharto ya kai matsayin Major-General bayan samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Indonesiya. An yi yunkurin juyin mulki a ranakun 30 ga watan Satumba da 1 ga watan Oktoba 1965 da sojojin da Suharto ke jagoranta. Bisa tarihin hukuma da sojojin suka yi, wannan yunkurin ya samu goyon bayan jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Indonesiya (PKI). Daga baya sojojin sun jagoranci wani tashin hankali na kawar da gurguzu a fadin kasar kuma Suharto ya kwace mulki daga hannun shugaban Indonesia wanda ya kafa Sukarno. An nada shi shugaban riko a shekarar 1967 kuma ya zabe shi a shekara mai zuwa. Sannan ya kaddamar da yakin neman zabe da aka fi sani da "de-Sukarnoization" don rage tasirin tsohon shugaban. Suharto ya ba da umarnin mamaye Gabashin Timor a cikin shekarar 1975, sannan wani mummunan mamayar shekaru 23 ya biyo baya. Taimakon shugabancin Suharto ya kasance yana aiki a cikin shekarar 1970s da 1980s. A cikin shekarun 1990s, new order ya ƙara ƙarfin iko da cin hanci da rashawa ya kasance tushen rashin jin daɗi kuma, bayan rikicin kuɗin Asiya na 1997 wanda ya haifar da tarzoma mai yawa, ya yi murabus a watan Mayu 1998. Suharto ya mutu a cikin watan Janairu 2008 kuma an yi jana'izar jiha. Karkashin gwamnatinsa ta "Sabuwar oda", Suharto ya gina gwamnati mai karfi, mai zaman kanta kuma wacce sojoji suka mamaye. Abin da ya fara a matsayin mulkin kama-karya na sojan oligarchic ya samo asali ne zuwa tsarin mulkin kama-karya wanda ke kewaye da Suharto. Ƙarfin tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali a kan ƙasar Indonesiya dabam-dabam da kuma nuna adawa da gurguzu ya ba shi goyon bayan tattalin arziki da diflomasiyya na yammacin duniya a lokacin yakin cacar baka. Domin yawancin shugabancinsa, Indonesiya ta sami gagarumin masana'antu, haɓakar tattalin arziki, da ingantattun matakan samun ilimi. Gwamnatin Indonesiya tana la'akari da shirye-shiryen bayar da matsayin Gwarzon Jarumin Ƙasa ga Suharto kuma an yi ta muhawara sosai a Indonesia. A cewar Transparency International, Suharto ya kasance daya daga cikin shugabannin da suka fi cin hanci da rashawa a tarihin zamani, bayan da ya yi almubazzaranci da dalar Amurka 15-35. biliyan a lokacin mulkinsa. Suna Kamar yawancin Javanese, Suharto suna da suna ɗaya kawai. Abubuwan da suka shafi addini a cikin 'yan shekarun nan wani lokaci suna kiransa da "Haji "ko "Al-Haj Mohammed Suharto", amma waɗannan sunaye ba sa cikin sunansa na yau da kullun kuma ba a yi amfani da su ba. Rubutun "Suharto" yana nuna rubutun Indonesiya na zamani, ko da yake gaba ɗaya tsarin a Indonesia shine dogara ga rubutun da wanda abin ya shafa ya fi so. A lokacin haihuwarsa, daidaitaccen rubutun shine "Soeharto", kuma ya yi amfani da ainihin rubutun a duk rayuwarsa. Harshen Ingilishi na duniya gabaɗaya yana amfani da harafin 'Suharto' yayin da gwamnatin Indonesiya da kafofin watsa labarai ke amfani da 'Soeharto'. Ƙuruciya An haifi Suharto a ranar 8 ga watan Yuni 1921 a cikin wani gida mai katangar bamboo a cikin hamlet na Kemusuk, wani yanki na babban ƙauyen Godean, sannan wani ɓangare na Indies Gabas ta Holland. Ƙauyen yana da yammacin Yogyakarta, cibiyar al'adu ta Javanese. An haife shi kuma iyayensa 'yan kabilar Java, shi ne ɗa tilo na auren mahaifinsa na biyu. Mahaifinsa, Kertosudiro, yana da ’ya’ya biyu daga auren da ya yi a baya kuma jami’in ban ruwa ne na kauye. Mahaifiyarsa, Sukirah, wata mace ta gari, tana da alaƙa da Hamengkubuwono V ta ƙwarƙwararsa ta farko. Makonni biyar bayan haihuwar Suharto, mahaifiyarsa ta sami raguwar damuwa; An sanya shi a cikin kulawar babban uwarsa, Kromodirjo a sakamakon haka. Kertosudiro da Sukirah sun sake aure tun farkon rayuwar Suharto kuma dukkansu sun sake yin aure. Yana da shekara uku aka mayar da Suharto wurin mahaifiyarsa, wadda ta auri wani manomi na gida wanda Suharto ke taimakawa a cikin kayan shinkafa. A cikin shekarar 1929, mahaifin Suharto ya kai shi ya zauna tare da 'yar uwarsa, wadda ta auri wani mai kula da aikin gona, Prawirowihardjo, a cikin garin Wuryantoro a cikin wani yanki mai talauci da rashin samun albarkatu kusa da Wonogiri. A cikin shekaru biyu da suka biyo baya, mahaifinsa ya mayar da shi wurin mahaifiyarsa da ke Kemusuk sannan mahaifinsa ya dawo da shi Wuryantoro. Prawirowihardjo ya dauki renon yaron a matsayin nasa, wanda ya samar wa Suharto siffar uba da kwanciyar hankali a Wuryantoro. A shekarar 1931, ya koma garin Wonogiri don halartar makarantar firamare, inda ya fara zama tare da ɗan Prawirohardjo Sulardi, daga baya kuma tare da dangin mahaifinsa Hardjowijono. Yayin da yake zaune tare da Hardjowijono, Suharto ya saba da Darjatmo, dukun ("shaman") na fasahar sufanci na Javanese da warkar da bangaskiya. Abin da ya faru ya shafe shi sosai kuma daga baya, a matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, Suharto ya kewaye kansa da harshe na alama mai ƙarfi. Matsalolin biyan kuɗin karatunsa a Wonogiri ya haifar da sake komawa ga mahaifinsa a Kemusuk, inda ya ci gaba da karatu a ƙananan kuɗi Schakel Muhammadiyah (makarantar tsakiya) a cikin birnin Yogyakarta har zuwa 1938. Tarbiyar Suharto ya bambanta da na manyan masu kishin Indonesiya irin su Sukarno a cikin abin da ake ganin ba shi da sha'awar adawa da mulkin mallaka, ko kuma matsalolin siyasa fiye da kewayensa. Ba kamar Sukarno da da’irarsa ba, Suharto ba ta da wata alaka da Turawa ‘yan mulkin mallaka. Saboda haka, bai koyi yaren Dutch ko wasu harsunan Turai ba a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa. Ya koyi magana da Yaren mutanen Holland bayan shigarsa cikin sojan Dutch a 1940. Manazarta Articles with hAudio microformats Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
22383	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yancin%20Kungiya	Yancin Kungiya	Yancin ƙungiya ya ƙunshi duka haƙƙin ɗan adam na shiga ko barin ƙungiyoyi da son rai, da 'yancin ƙungiyar don ɗaukar matakan gama kai don biyan bukatun membobinta, da haƙƙin ƙungiya ta karɓar ko ƙi memba bisa wasu sharuɗɗa. Ana iya bayyana shi a matsayin haƙƙin mutum wanda yake haɗuwa tare da wasu mutane don bayyana gaba ɗaya, inganta, bi da ko kare muradin gama gari. 'Yancin kafa kungiyoyi ne duka wani mutum dama da kuma wani na gama dama, tabbas da duk zamani da mulkin demokaraɗiyya] doka tsarin, ciki har da Amurka da Dokar' Yancin, labarin 11 na Turai Yarjejeniyar a kan Human Rights, da Canada, da Yarjejeniya na 'yancinsu da walwalarsu, da kuma na kasa da kasa doka, gami da shafuffuka 20 da 23 na Sanarwar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Duniya da kuma labarin 22 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa Sanarwa kan Ka'idoji da Hakkokin Aiki na Laborungiyar Laborasashen Duniya ma sun tabbatar da waɗannan haƙƙoƙin akan yancin kungiyoyi. An bayyana ofancin ƙungiya ta hanyar haƙƙin shiga ƙungiyar ƙwadago, don shiga cikin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki ko shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin muhawara, jam'iyyun siyasa, ko wata ƙungiya ko ƙungiya, gami da kima ƙungiyoyin addinai da ƙungiyoyi, yan uwantaka, da kungiyoyin wasanni da ba Tilas ya kasance daga wata ƙungiya. Yana da alaƙa sosai da 'yancin taro, musamman a ƙarƙashin Dokar' Yancin Amurka 'Yancin taro galibi yana da alaƙa da abubuwan siyasa. Koyaya, (misali Tsarin Mulki na Amurka, kayan haƙƙin ɗan adam, da sauransu) 'yancin walwala da haɗuwa na iya haɗawa da yancin walwala A Amurka, tun da an taƙaita dokar 'Yancin Civilasa ta shekarar 1968 na yanci na tarayya game da gidaje, ilimi, da kasuwanci idan ya zo ga launin fata ko ƙabila Kotuna da wakilai na kananan hukumomin na iya sanya takunkumi kan duk wani hakki na wanda aka yankewa hukunci a matsayin sharadin doka. 'Yanci ga ofishin ƙungiya da damar yancin haɗuwa ana tabbatar da su a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi, kamar yarda da laifi ko yanke hukunci, umarnin hanawa da hanyoyin bincike da kamewa. Tarihi Yancin kungiyoyi ta amince yin tarayya da ƙungiyoyi gwargwadon zaɓin mutum, kuma don ƙungiyoyin su ɗauki matakin inganta buƙatunsu, ya kasance sifa ce da ake buƙata ga kowace al'umma ta demokraɗiyya. Saboda yancin ƙungiya dole ne ya yarda da tushen iko da ƙungiya da yawa, ba tare da gwamnati ba, ya kasance babban makircin danniya ga duk al'ummomin kama-karya. A cikin Burtaniya, an haramta duk nau'ikan "haɗuwa" kuma masu aikata laifi, musamman ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata, har zuwa Dokar haɗuwa ta 1825 Bayan wannan, har yanzu bai kasance ba har sai Dokar Kamfanoni 1856, Unionungiyar Tradeungiyar Ciniki ta 1871 da Dokar Laifin Laifi da Kariyar Kayan Gida ta 1875 cewa kamfanoni sannan ƙungiyoyin kwadago suka zama halal gaba ɗaya. A cikin Jamus, an kafa irin wannan dokokin danniya ga kungiyoyin kwadago da kungiyoyin dimokiradiyya na gwamnatin Bismarck karkashin Sozialistengesetze ("Ayyukan Socialist") a cikin 1878. Wadannan sun kasance cikin karfi har zuwa 1890. A shekara ta 1933, kwadago da aka sake haramta ta farkisanci mulkin kama karya na Hitler 's National Socialist Party, da kuma da ta kasance kungiya ta kashin da aka nationalized da kuma a hade a cikin wani yunkuri gwamnatin ta sarrafawa Jamus Labor Front A Yammacin Jamus bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago masu zaman kansu sun tashi da sauri kuma Grundgesetz na Jamhuriyar ta ba da tabbaci. A Amurka, kotunan jihohi daban-daban sun rarraba kungiyoyin kwadagon, a lokuta daban-daban, a matsayin masu takaita kasuwanci A karkashin dokar Clayton ta 1914, an ba kungiyoyin kwadago 'yanci gaba daya don tsarawa tare da yin aiki tare don tabbatar da yarjejeniyoyin gama gari, duk da haka an cigaba da fuskantar cikas har zuwa lokacin da Dokar Hulda da Ma'aikata ta Kasa ta 1935 ta kirkiro da cikakkiyar lambar kwadago. Doka Yarjejeniyar Turai Tsarin mulkin Italiya A Italiya an kafa yancin ƙungiya a cikin Mataki na gama Sha takwas 18 na Tsarin Mulki, wanda ke cewa: Dokar 'Yancin Afirka ta Kudu Dokar 'yancin Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Afirka ta Kudu ta kafa' yancin walwala a Sashe na goma Sha takwas 18, wanda ya ce "Kowa na da 'yancin walwala." Bugu da kari, Sashe na sha bakwai 17 ya ce "Kowane mutum na da hakkin ya zauna lafiya ba tare da makami ba, don ya hallara, ya yi zanga-zanga, ya gabatar da koke-kokensa", don haka ya kafa 'yancin yin taro 'Yancin ma'aikata na' yancin walwala da haɗin kai dangane da haƙƙin kafa ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago da kuma yarjejeniyar gama gari an yarda da su daban, a cikin Sashe na 23. Tsarin Mulkin Amurka Yayinda Kwaskwarimar Tsarin Mulki ta Tsarin Mulki ta Amurka ta bayyana haƙƙin tattarawa da kai ƙara ga gwamnati, rubutun na da Kwaskwarimar Farko bai faɗi takamaiman haƙƙin haɗi ba. Koyaya, Kotun Koli ta Amurka da aka gudanar a NAACP v. Alabama (1958) cewa 'yancin yin ƙungiya wani muhimmin bangare ne na yancin faɗar albarkacin baki saboda, a yawancin lokuta, mutane na iya yin magana mai ma'ana kawai lokacin da suka shiga tare da wasu. Sauran kararrakin Kotun Koli da ke tattare da batun ‘yancin yin tarayya sun hada da: 'Yan uwantaka na Railroad Trainmen v. Virginia 377 US 1 (1964) Mineungiyar Ma'aikata ta vasa v. Barungiyar Lauyoyi ta Jihar Illinois 389 US 217 (1967) Healey v. Yakubu 408 US 169 (1972) NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co. 458 US 898 (1982) Yaron Scouts na Amurka v. Dale 530 US 640 (2000) Janus v. AFSCME A'a. 16-1466, 585 US (2018) Batutuwa M tarayya Babban jigon 'yanci na mutum shine haƙƙin zaɓi don shiga da kiyaye wasu alaƙar ɗan'adam. Wadannan alaƙar ɗan adam suna ɗauke da nau'ikan "m tarayya." Misalin misali na "kusanci na tarayya" shine dangi. Ya danganta da ikon shi kuma yana iya kaiwa ga zubar da ciki, hana haihuwa da kuma masu zaman kansu, baligi, ba kasuwanci da kuma haɗin jima'i. Amincewa da ma'amala A Amurka, ƙungiyoyi masu bayyana ra'ayi ƙungiyoyi ne waɗanda ke shiga cikin ayyukan da Kwaskwarimar Farko ta kiyaye magana, taro, latsawa, roƙo ga gwamnati don magance korafe-korafe, da aiwatar da addini kyauta A cikin Roberts v. Amurka Jaycees, Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta ce ƙungiyoyi ba za su iya ware mutane ba saboda dalilan da ba su da alaƙa da furucin ƙungiyar. Koyaya, a cikin yanke shawara na gaba na Hurley v. 'Yan Luwadi Ba'amurke,' Yan Madigo, da Bisexual Group na Boston, Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa wata kungiya na iya ware mutane daga kasancewa membobin su idan kasantuwar su zai shafi karfin kungiyar wajen bayar da shawarwarin wani ra'ayi. Gwamnati ba za ta iya, ta hanyar amfani da dokokin yaki da nuna wariya ba, tilasta kungiyoyi su hada da sakon da ba sa son isarwa. Koyaya, wannan ra'ayin ba ya aiki yanzu a cikin tsarin Jami'ar saboda hukuncin Kotun Supremeoli a cikin Legungiyar Shari'a ta Kirista v. Martinez (2010), wacce ta goyi bayan manufofin Kwalejin Shari'a ta Hastings cewa yanayin makarantar game da fahimtar ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai ra'ayi ne na tsaka-tsaki da tunani. Wannan dai da nifin wasu Manufofin na buƙatar ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai su ba da izinin "kowane ɗalibi ya shiga, ya zama memba, ko neman matsayin jagoranci, ba tare da la'akari da matsayinsu ko imaninsu ba" don haka, ana iya amfani da shi don ƙin yarda da ƙungiyar a matsayin ƙungiyar ɗalibai ta hukuma saboda ta buƙaci ta mambobi su tabbatar a rubuce cewa "Na yi imani da: Baibul a matsayin hurarriyar maganar Allah; Allahn Ubangijinmu, Yesu Kristi, dan Allah; Mutuwar mutuwar Yesu Kiristi saboda zunubanmu; Tashin jikinsa da dawowar kansa; Kasancewa da ikon Ruhu Mai Tsarki a cikin aikin sabuntawa; da kuma Yesu Almasihu, ɗan Allah, shine Ubangijin rayuwata. Kotun ta yi tunanin cewa saboda wannan binciken na tsarin mulki yana faruwa ne a mahallin ilimi iƙirarin da suka sa Kotun ta yi amfani da matakin ƙuntatawa na yin magana a cikin iyakantattun tarurruka na jama'a. Don haka, manufofin duk-masu zuwa kwaleji abu ne mai kyau, yanayin tsaka-tsakin ra'ayi game da samun damar tattaunawar kungiyar daliban na fadin duniya. Ayyadewa Hakkin mallakar Kwaskwarimar Farko na tarayya a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka an iyakance shi da hukuncin kotuna. Misali, haramun ne a Amurka a yi la’akari da launin fata wajen aiwatarwa da kwangiloli masu zaman kansu banda aure domin ba'a San nuna wariya, Wannan iyakance akan 'yanci na kungiya ya samu sakamako ne daga Sashe na 1981 na Take na 42 na Dokar Amurka, kamar yadda yayi daidai da Kwaskwarimar Farko a shawarar 1976 ta Runyon v. Mallaka Gwamnatoci galibi suna buƙatar kwangila na mannewa tare da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don dalilai na lasisi, kamar su tare da Hukumar Kula da Masana'antu ta Kuɗi don cinikin kasuwar hannayen jari a cikin dokar Maloney ta 1938 da aka yi kwaskwarima ga Dokar Musayar Tsaro ta 1934 Waɗannan kwangila galibi suna hana haɗuwa tare da mambobin da aka hana, kamar yadda ake gani a Amurka v. Merriam, 108 F.3d 1162. Kungiyoyin kwadago ta kasance yawan adawa da ƙarfi yayin ƙarni na sha tara 19, tare da ma ƙasashe masu sassaucin ra'ayi kamar su Ingila sun hana ta tsawon lokuta (a batun Burtaniya, tsakanin 1820 da 1824). A cikin kungiyar kwadago ta kasa da kasa, 'yancin yin tarayya wani hakki ne da aka bayyana a karkashin ka'idojin kwadago na kasa da kasa a matsayin' yancin ma'aikata na tsara da ciniki baki daya 'Yancin kafa kungiyoyi, a cikin wannan ma'ana, yana gane a matsayin muhimman hakkokin adam dama da dama da takardun ciki har da hakkokin yan-adam da International Labor Organization Yarjejeniyar C87 da Yarjejeniyar C98 biyu na takwas na asali, core kasa da kasa aiki nagartacce. Ofancin ƙungiya 'na iya komawa zuwa hana doka a kan kwangila masu zaman kansu waɗanda aka yi yarjejeniya tsakanin masu ba da aiki mai zaman kansu da ma'aikatansu da ke buƙatar ma'aikata a wani wurin aiki su shiga ƙungiya a matsayin wa'adi da yanayin aiki. Magoya bayan wannan nau'in 'yanci na kungiya na zaman kansu sun yi iƙirarin cewa' yancin shiga ƙungiya ya haɗa da haƙƙin shiga ƙungiyar. A Amurka, kalmar yancin yin aiki 'ta fi dacewa ga irin wannan dokar a ko ina. "Kotun Koli a yau (1-21-1997) ta takaita iyawar masu shirya kungiyar kwadago na zuwa dukiyar wani ma'aikaci don rarraba wallafe-wallafe ko neman ma'aikata su shiga kungiyar kwadagon. A cikin ra’ayi daga 6 zuwa 3 da Mai Shari’a Clarence Thomas ta rubuta, Kotun ta ce Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kwadago ta Kasa ta kasa ba da cikakkiyar kariya ga ’yancin mallakar ma’aikata a lokacin da ta zartar da dokar shekaru hudu da suka gabata da ke bai wa masu shirya kungiyar kwarin gwiwar samun dama zuwa yankunan kamar filin ajiye motoci na cibiyoyin cin kasuwa ko masana'antu a ko ina. -New York Times Ka'idar Dimokiradiyya da kungiyoyin jama'a Jeremy McBride ya bayar da hujjar cewa girmama 'yancin yin tarayya da dukkan hukumomin gwamnati da yin amfani da wannan' yanci ta kowane bangare na al'umma suna da mahimmanci duka don kafa dimokiradiyya ta gaskiya" da kuma tabbatar da cewa, da zarar an cimma hakan, ya kasance "mai lafiya da bunkasa". Dangane da wannan yana ganin kafa jam’iyyun siyasa a matsayin babbar alama ta ‘yancin walwala da jindaɗin. 'Yancin ƙungiya ba kawai ana aiwatar da su ba ne kawai a ma'anar siyasa ba, har ma don yawancin abubuwan sha'awa kamar al'adu, shakatawa, wasanni da taimakon jama'a da jin kai. Jeremy McBride ya bayar da hujjar cewa kafa kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu wadanda ya yi daidai da na kungiyoyin farar hula, shi ne "'ya'yan aikin hadin gwiwa". 'Yan Liberiyanci 'Yanci masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun yi amannar cewa yayin da' yancin yin ƙungiya ya haɗa da haƙƙin ma'aikata don yin ƙungiya ƙungiya da kuma janye aikinsu hakan kuma ya amince da haƙƙin mai ba da aiki don maye gurbin wannan aikin. Sun kuma yi imanin cewa inda ƙungiyoyin kwadagon ke yin amfani da karfi ko dabaru na tayar da hankali, irin waɗannan halayen za su kasance cikin keta haƙƙin mutum da haƙƙin mallaka. Wasu masu sukar kungiyar kwadagon suna zargin cewa irin wannan keta haddin lamarin ya saba faruwa da ayyukan kungiyar kwadago. Duba kuma 'Yancin jama'a Associationungiyar kyauta (Markisanci da rashin tsari) Aikin Jiha na Kyauta Gurguzu mai ra'ayin gurguzu Hakkin yin aiki Dogaro da kai Mai ba da rahoto na Musamman na Majalisar oninkin Duniya kan 'yancin walwala da haɗuwa cikin lumana Ba da son rai
6494	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogun	Ogun	Jihar Ogun Jiha ce dake kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. Wacce aka ƙirƙira a ranar 3 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 1976 daga yankin jihar yammacin Najeriya. Jihar Ogun tana da iyaka da jihar Lagos daga kudu, jihar Oyo da Osun daga arewa, jihar Ondo da kuma Jamhuriyar Benin daga yamma. Babban birnin jihar ita ce Abeokuta, kuma ita ce birni mafi girma ta fuskar yawan jama'a. Sauran muhimman birane sun haɗa da, Ijebu Ode babban birnin Daular Ijebu, sai kuma Sagamu (inda aka fi samun goro a Najeriya). Ogun na da yanayi na rain forest da kuma manyan itace daga arewa maso yamma. Tana da yawan fili kimanin kilomita arba’in 16,980.55 da yawan jama’a 3,751,140 (a bisa ƙidayar shekarar 2006). Inda jihar ta zamo ta 16 a yawan jama'a a Najeriya. Gwamnan jihar shi ne Dapo Abiodun na jam'iyyar APC, wanda aka rantsar a ranar 29 ga watan Mayun, 2019 a babban filin wasan ƙwallon kafa na MKO Abiola Stadium dake Kuto, Abeokuta. Ana mata laƙabi da "Mashigar Najeriy" wato (Gateway of Nigeria), kuma garin ya yi fice da manyan gidajen masana'antu da kuma zama tushen ƙere-ƙere a Najeriya. Sanannun masana'antun jihar sun haɗa da Kamfanin Simintin Dangote dake Ibese, Kamfanin Nestle, Kamfanin siminti na Lafarge dake Ewekoro, Kamfanin Memmcol dake Orimerunmu, Kamfanin Coleman Cables dake Sagamu da Arepo, Kamfanin Procter Gamble dake Agbara da dai sauransu. Mafi akasarin mutanen Ogun Yarbawa ne, inda suke amfani da harshen yarbanci a matsayin yaren garin. Addinai dake da mafi yawan mabiya sune Musulunci da Kiristanci, duk da akwai sauran mabiya addinan gargajiya a Jihar. Jihar Ogun ta yi fice a wajen samar da Shinkafar Ofada. Har wayau, jihar Ogun ta kasance gida ga taurari da manyan mutane daban daban a Najeriya da sassan Afurka gaba daya. Iyakoki Jihar Ogun tana da iyaka da jihohi huɗu: Lagos, Ondo, Osun da kuma Oyo. Ƙananan Hukumomi Jihar Ogun nada ƙananan hukumomi guda ashirin (20). Su ne: Abeokuta ta Arewa Abeokuta ta Kudu Ado-Odo/Ota Ewekoro Ifo Ijebu ta Gabas Ijebu ta Arewa Ijebu ta Arewa maso Gabas Ijebu Ode Ikenne Imeko Afon Ipokia Obafemi Owode Odogbolu Odeda Ogun Waterside Remo ta Arewa Sagamu(Shagamu) Yewa ta Arewa(formerly Egbado North) Yewa ta Kudu(formerly Egbado South) Asalin yarukan Jihar Ogun sun hada da Ẹgba, the Ijebu, the Remo, the Egbado, the Awori da kuma Egun. Akwai kuma sauran ƙananan yaruka da kamar su Ikale, the Ketu, the Ohori da kuma Anago. Jihar Ogun ta rabu zuwa mazaɓu guda uku Ogun ta Tsakiya, Ogun ta Gabas da kuma Ogun ta Yamma. Ogun ta Tsakiya ta ƙunshi mutanen Egba wanda ta mamaye ƙananan hukumomi shida: Abeokuta ta Arewa (Akomoje), Abeokuta ta Kudu (Ake), Ewekoro (Itori), Ifo (Ifo), Obafemi owode (Owode ẹgba) da kuma Odeda (Odeda). Ogun ta Gabas ta ƙunshi mutanen Ijebu da kuma mutanen Remos wanda ta mamaye ƙananan hukumomi tara: Ijebu ta Gabas (Ogbẹrẹ), Ijebu ta Arewa (Ijebu Igbo), Ijebu ta Arewa maso Gabas (Attan), Ijebu ode (Ijebu ode), Ikenne (Ikenne remo), Odogbolu (Odogbolu), Ogun waterside (Abigi), Remo ta Arewa (Ilisan Remo) da kuma Sagamu (Sagamu). Ogun ta Yamma ta kunshi mutanen Yewa (wanda aka sani da mutanen Egbado a da) wacce ta mamaye ƙananan hukumomi biyar: Ado odo Ota (Otta), Imeko Afon (Imeko), Ipokia (Ipokia), Yewa ta Arewa (Ayetoro) da kuma Yewa ta Kudu (Ilaro). Ruwa (kogi) Ogun River Yewa River Ilimi da gine-gine Jihar Ogun tana da manyan Makarantun sakandare na gwamnatin Tarayya waɗanda suka haɗa da Federal Government Girls' College, Sagamu da kuma Federal Government College, Odogbolu da Federal Science da kuma Technical College, Ijebu-Imushin. A Jihar Ogun akwai Jami'a ta Gwamnati Tarayya guda ɗaya watau the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (FUNAAB) da kuma kwalejin ilimi na Gwamnatin Tarayya guda ɗaya, FCE Osiele wanda duka suna nan a ƙaramar hukumar Odeda. Sannan akwai kwalejin ilimi ta jiha watau Tai Solarin College of Education (TASCE) wacce aka fi sani a da da Kwalejin Jihar Ogun. Akwai kuma Moshood Abiola Polytechnic (MAPOLY), wacce aka fi sani ada da Polytechnic ta jihar Ogun, Ojere, Abeokuta. Sai kuma Gateway Polytechnic Saapade, Remo (GAPOSA), Abraham Adesanya Polytechnic, Ijebu-Igbo (Aapoly) (wanda aka sani ada da 'The Polytechnic Ijebu-Igbo) Har wayau, akwai kuma jam'oi ƙarƙashin Gwamnatin jihar Ogun: Jami'ar Olabisi Onabanjo, Ago Iwoye (wacce aka fi sani da Jami'ar Jihar Ogun), da kuma Jami'ar Tai Solarin University of Education (TASUED) Ijebu Ode. Jihar Ogun tana da Jami'oi har guda tara waɗanda suke da rijista da ƙungiyar jami'oin Najeriya, wanda hakan yasa ta zamo jiha mafi yawan jami'i a Najeriya. Sannan akwai jami'oi masu zaman kansu da dama, kamar su Chrisland University, Abeokuta Bells University of Technology a Ota, Covenant University da kuma Babcock University dake Ilisan-Remo, wa ce itace Jami'a ta yan kasuwa ta farko a Najeriya. Jihar tana da asibitoci da dama waɗanda suka hada da Federal Medical Center dake babban birnin Abeokuta, da kuma Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital a Sagamu. Har ila yau akwai wurin horar masu bauta kasa wato National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) wanda ke karamar hukumar Sagamu. Makarantun gaba da sakandare Babcock University, Ilisan Remo Bells University of Technology, Ota Chrisland University, Abeokuta Christopher University, babban titin Lagos Ibadan Makun, Sagamu Covenant University, Ota Crawford University, Igbesa Crescent University, Abeokuta Federal Polytechnic, Ilaro Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta Hallmark University, Ijebu Itele McPherson University, Seriki-Sotayo Moshood Abiola Polytechnic, Ojere Mountain Top University, Babban titin Lagos-Ibadan National Open University of Nigeria, Kobape, Abeokuta Ogun State College of Health Technology, Ilese, Ijebu Ode Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago Iwoye Tai Solarin University of Education, Ijagun, Ijebu-Ode Federal College of Eduation, Osiele, Abeokuta Gateway ICT Polytechnic, Saapade, Lagos- Ibadan Expressway, Ogun State. Sanannun wuraren bauta Wurin bauta na Bilikisu Sungbo Shrine, Oke-Eiri, kusa da Ijebu-Ode. Cocin Lord (Aladura), Ogere Remo. Redemption Camp (babban titin Lagos zuwa Ibadan) Cocin 'Living Faith Church Worldwide', (akan babban titin Abeokuta zuwa Ibadan, Gbonagun, Obantoko) Sanannun mutane Abraham Adesanya (1922-2008), ɗan siyasa Adebayo Adedeji (1930-2018), ɗan kashwa Adebayo Ogunlesi (b. 1953), lauya, ma'aikacin banki Adegboyega Dosunmu Amororo II, mai shirya fina-finai, Olowu na Daular Owu kingdom Adewale Oke Adekola Afolabi Olabimtan Anthony Joshua Babafemi Ogundipe Babatunde Osotimehin Bisi Onasanya Bola Ajibola Bola Kuforiji Olubi Olu Oyesanya Cornelius Taiwo Dapo Abiodun David Alaba, ɗa ga George Alaba, yariman [Ogere Remo], wanj tsohon gari mai dadadden tarihi. Dimeji Bankole Ebenezer Obey, jùjú mawaƙi Ernest Shonekan Fela Kuti (1938-1997), mawaƙi, shugaban gungun mawaƙa, makaɗi, mai fafutukar siyasa, mabiyin shirin Pan-African Fireboy DML, singer Femi Okurounmu, ɗan siyasa Fola Adeola, ɗan kasuwa kuma ɗan siyasa Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti (1900-197 malami, mai fafutukar 'yancin mata Funke Akindele (b. 1977), 'yar wansa kwaikwayo Gbenga Daniel (b. 1956), ɗan siyasa Hannah Idowu Dideolu Awolowo (1915-2015), 'yar kasuwa kuma 'yar siyasa Hubert Ogunde (1916-1990), jarumin fim, marubucin shiri, manajan fage kuma mawaƙi. Ibikunle Amosun (b. 1958), ɗan kasuwa, Sanata, tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Ogun tsakanin 2011-2019 Idowu Sofola (1934-1982), alkali, Shugaban ƙungiyan Lauyoyin Najeriya daga 1980-1982 Joseph Adenuga (b. 1982), wanda akafi sani da Skepta, mawakin burtaniya kuma mai shirya wakoki. Jubril Martins-Kuye (b. 1942), ɗan siyasa K1 De Ultimate (b. 1957), mawaƙin Fuji Kehinde Sofola (1924-2007), alkali Kemi Adeosun (b. 1967), tsohon ministan Kuɗi na Najeriya Laycon (b. 1993), sananne ne mai suna Olamilekan Moshood Agbeleshe, dan wasan kwaikwayo na shirin talabijin, mawakin rap, mawaki kuma marubucin wakoki Mike Adenuga Moshood Abiola Oba Otudeko (b. 1943), ɗan kasuwa Obafemi Awolowo (1909-1987) Ola Rotimi Olabisi Onabanjo Oladipo Diya Olamide Olawunmi Banjo Olusegun Obasanjo Olusegun Osoba Paul Adefarasin Peter Akinola Salawa Abeni Sara Forbes Bonetta Tai Solarin (1922-1994), mai koyarwa, mawallafin littafai, mai fafutukar yancin 'yan kasa Thomas Adeoye Lambo (1923-2004), malami, mai gudanarwa, masanin lafiyar kwakwalwa, mataimakin shugaban kungiyar World Health Organization Tunde Bakare (b. 1954), Pasto Apostolika, ɗan siyasa Tunji Olurin (b. 1944), genar mai ritaya Wole Soyinka (b. 1934), 1986 mai lambar yabo na rubutu wato Nobel Prize for Literature laureate Yemi Osinbajo (b. 1957), ɗan siyasa, lauya Bosun Tijani (b. 1977), ɗan kasuwa Wuraren ziyara a Jihar Ogun Olumo Rock Olusegun Obasanjo Presidential Library Ma'adanan Jihar Ogun Ma'adanan da ake iya samu a Jihar Ogun sun haɗa da: Taɓo Limestone da Phosphate Bitumen Kaolin Gemstone Feldspar Manazarta Jihohin
34297	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff%20Fisher	Jeff Fisher	Jeffrey Michael Fisher (an haife shi ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu, 1958). kocin ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Amurka wanda shine babban koci kuma babban manaja na Michigan Panthers na Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Amurka (USFL). Shi tsohon kwararre ne kuma kwararre na dawowa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin babban koci a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa (NFL) na lokutan 22, da farko tare da ikon amfani da sunan Houston Tennessee Oilers Titans. Ya horar da Oilers Titans daga 1994 zuwa 2010 da St. Louis Los Angeles Rams daga 2012 zuwa 2016. Bayan buga kwallon kafa na kwaleji a Jami'ar Kudancin California, an tsara shi a zagaye na bakwai na 1981 NFL Draft ta Chicago Bears, kuma ya taka leda tare da Bears na yanayi biyar. Fisher ya zama kocin Titans zuwa ƙarshen lokacin 1994 a lokacin da suke aiki a matsayin Houston Oilers kuma shine kocin farko na ƙungiyar lokacin da suka ƙaura zuwa Tennessee. Ya ci gaba da horar da Titans har zuwa ƙarshen lokacin 2010 lokacin da Titans da Fisher suka yarda da juna don rabuwa. Bayan kakar wasa daga kwallon kafa, Fisher ya hayar a matsayin babban kocin Rams a 2012 kuma ya horar da tawagar a cikin shekaru hudu na karshe a St. Louis. Ya kasance babban kocin Rams a lokacin dawowar ikon mallakar kamfani zuwa Los Angeles a cikin 2016, amma an kore shi kusa da ƙarshen kakar wasa. Lokacin mafi nasara na Fisher shine a cikin 1999, lokacin da ya jagoranci Titans zuwa fitowar farko ta Super Bowl a cikin XXXIV, wanda ya ƙare a kusa da cin nasara ta St. Louis Rams don taken Super Bowl na farko. Koyaya, duk da tattara rikodin cin nasara a matsayin babban koci, an lura da aikin Fisher don ƙarancin nasara gabaɗaya, bayan samun nasarar wasanni shida kawai da bayyanar bayan kakar wasanni sama da shekaru ashirin a cikin NFL. Yana riƙe da rikodin don mafi yawan asarar-lokaci na yau da kullum ta hanyar wani kocin NFL a 165, daura da Dan Reeves. Rayuwar farko Ɗan asalin Kudancin California, Fisher ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Pop Warner a matsayin memba na Reseda Rams kuma ya kasance mai farawa ta 2 a cikin ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta 1972. Sannan ya yi tauraro a matsayin babban mai karɓar duk Ba-Amurke a makarantar sakandare ta Taft a Woodland Hills. Sana'ar wasa Fisher ya ci gaba da taka leda a USC, karkashin koci John Robinson. A lokacin aikinsa na kwalejin (1977–80), ya taka leda tare da irin waɗannan taurarin tsaro kamar Ronnie Lott, Dennis Smith, da Joey Browner. Fisher's USC takwarorinsu kuma sun hada da star m lineman Bruce Matthews, wanda zai horar da shekaru daga baya tare da Oilers da Titans. Fisher da Trojans sun lashe gasar zakarun kasa a lokacin kakar 1978, kuma a cikin 1980 an karrama shi a matsayin zaɓin Pac-10 All-Academic. An tsara Fisher a zagaye na bakwai na 1981 NFL Draft ta Chicago Bears. Ya bayyana a cikin wasanni 49 a matsayin mai tsaron baya da dawowar ƙwararren a cikin lokutansa biyar tare da Bears. Fisher yana da babban aiki a gasar Chicago Bears 'Mako 14 da Minnesota Vikings. Tare da 7-6 Vikings suna gwagwarmaya don taken NFC Central, Bears sun shiga wasan a 3-10. A cikin kwata na 4th, Fisher ya yi tsalle-tsalle mai tsalle-tsalle a layin tsaga sannan ya ci nasarar Chicago ta hanyar dawo da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida da gangan da Bears suka yi, inda suka yi nasara da ci 10-9. A cikin 1983, Fisher ya sami karyewar ƙafa a kan dawowarsa lokacin da ɗan wasan Philadelphia Eagles Bill Cowher ya tunkare shi. Kwatsam su biyun sun zama abokan hamayya a matsayin manyan kociyan da suka fara a AFC Central a 1995; Tawagar Fisher's Oilers/Titans sun fito da rikodin 11-7 akan Cowher's Pittsburgh Steelers. A cikin 1984, ya kafa rikodin ikon amfani da sunan kamfani na Bears tare da dawowar punt takwas a wasa ɗaya da Detroit, yana taimaka masa ya ɗaure tare da rikodin kulob na Lew Barnes na dawowar 57 a cikin kaka ɗaya. Fisher ya sami zoben Super Bowl bayan Chicago's 1985 Super Bowl kakar, duk da kashe shekara a wurin da ya ji rauni tare da raunin idon sawun wanda ya ƙare da taka leda. Fisher ya zauna tare da Bears a matsayin mataimaki na tsaro yayin da yake wurin ajiyar rauni don kakar wasa. Aikin horarwa na farko A lokacin 1985, Fisher ya yi amfani da lokacinsa akan ajiyar Bears da suka ji rauni don taimakawa mai gudanarwa Buddy Ryan. Bayan Bears sun lashe Super Bowl a waccan kakar, an dauki Ryan a matsayin kocin kungiyar Philadelphia Eagles kuma Fisher ya koma matsayin kocin masu tsaron baya. A cikin 1988, an ƙara Fisher zuwa mai gudanarwa na tsaro yana da shekaru 30, ƙaramin kocin a cikin gasar. Tsaron Eagles na 1989 ya jagoranci NFL a cikin tsaka-tsaki (30) da buhu (62). Tawagar ta 1990 ta jagoranci gasar cikin gaggawar tsaro kuma ta kare a matsayi na biyu a buhu. A cikin 1991, an ɗauki Fisher a matsayin mai kula da tsaro na Los Angeles Rams, wanda ya sake haɗa shi da kocin kwalejinsa John Robinson. Shekaru biyu masu zuwa, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai horar da masu tsaron baya na San Francisco 49ers. Waɗannan shekarun a matsayin mataimaki ga George Seifert ya sanya Fisher a cikin bishiyar koyawa ta Bill Walsh. A ranar 9 ga Fabrairu, 1994, Fisher ya sake zama mai gudanarwa na tsaro, wannan lokacin ga Houston Oilers karkashin Jack Pardee. Fisher ya gaji Ryan, wanda ya bar mukamin ya zama babban kocin Cardinal Arizona. Shugaban koci Houston Tennessee Oilers Titans (1994-2010) Ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 1994, an kori Pardee, kuma an ciyar da Fisher don maye gurbinsa a wasanni shida na karshe na kakar wasa. Masu Oilers sun riƙe Fisher a matsayin babban koci, kuma Oilers sun tsara kwata-kwata Steve McNair a cikin 1995 NFL Draft Sabon kocin bai yi takaici ba, yana jagorantar kungiyar zuwa rikodin 7-9 a 1995, wanda aka daura zuwa matsayi na biyu a cikin rukuni. A shekara mai zuwa, Oilers sun kara da Heisman Trophy wanda ya lashe Eddie George, kuma sun sami rikodin 8-8. Duk da haka, rashin samun sabon yarjejeniyar filin wasa a Houston ya sa mai shi Bud Adams ya sake mayar da tawagar zuwa Tennessee don kakar 1997. A cikin yanayi biyu na farko na ƙungiyar a Tennessee Oilers sun tattara rikodin 16–16. A cikin 1998, wasannin gida na ƙungiyar sun tashi daga Memphis zuwa Nashville. A cikin 1999 kakar, sabon sake suna Tennessee Titans ya ƙare tare da rikodin 13-3 na yau da kullum, yana tafiya har zuwa Super Bowl XXXIV, a wani ɓangare saboda Mu'ujiza na Music City Titans sun fadi ga St. Louis Rams, 23–16; Fadi Kevin Dyson ya fuskanci yadi daya ga karshen yankin ba tare da sauran lokaci ba, a cikin abin da aka fi sani da The Tackle Tennessee ta samu irin wannan rikodin a shekara mai zuwa, amma Baltimore Ravens ta ci nasara a gasar AFC da za ta ci gaba da lashe Super Bowl XXXV. Lokacin 2001 ya kasance abin takaici ga Titans, saboda kawai suna iya tattara nunin 7-9. Farkon kakar wasa ta gaba ya zama mafi muni, tare da ikon ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da sunan kamfani wanda ya fara da rikodin 1-4. Bayan asarar gida guda daya, mai shi Bud Adams ya yi tsokaci ga manema labarai cewa watakila Titans "ana samun kwarewa." Wannan ya ba da haske da ƙungiyar ke buƙata, kuma sun gama kakar tare da rikodin 11–5 kuma sun sanya shi zuwa Wasan Gasar AFC. Lokaci na 2003 ya sami ƙarin nasara, tare da wani tafiya zuwa wasan kwaikwayo da McNair tying don kyautar MVP League (tare da Peyton Manning Bugu da ƙari, sun yi rashin nasara ga zakarun Super Bowl na ƙarshe, New England Patriots, amma ci gaban tawagar bai tafi ba a sani ba. Duk da haka, lokacin 2004, yana fama da raunuka daga farkon, kuma sun ƙare a 5-11. Bayan kakar wasa, an yanke 'yan wasa da yawa (irin su Samari Rolle da Derrick Mason a ƙoƙarin biyan albashi mai tsauri. Matasan dangi na ƙungiyar sun haifar da yanayi mara kyau na 2005 kuma. Kafin lokacin 2005, Fisher ya yi hayar Norm Chow daga USC don zama mai gudanar da ayyukan sa. A cikin 2006, Titans sun gama mafi kyau fiye da yadda ake tsammani 8-8. Quarterback Steve McNair an yi ciniki da Baltimore Ravens kuma an tsara Vince Young, amma ya fara kakar a matsayin madadin Billy Volek da Kerry Collins Lokacin ya fara sannu a hankali a 0 3 kafin Kerry Collins ya maye gurbin Volek kuma, daga baya, Young. A ƙarshe ƙungiyar ta fara 2 7, amma bayan asarar 27 26 ga Baltimore Ravens da McNair, Titans sun fashe don lashe wasanni shida madaidaiciya a ƙarƙashin Matasa, gami da taron maki 24 don doke New York Giants Tare da wannan rikodi mai ban sha'awa, Titans sun yi amfani da haƙƙin su don tsawaita kwangilarsa ta shekara guda, suna riƙe shi a matsayin kocin kocin ta hanyar 2007 NFL kakar A cikin 2007, ya jagoranci Titans zuwa rikodin 10 6 kuma ya sanya wasannin AFC a matsayin iri na 6, amma ya ɓace a zagayen buɗewa zuwa San Diego Chargers. A cikin 2008, Fisher ya jagoranci Titans zuwa 10 0 da ba a ci nasara ba kawai don jin haushin Brett Favre da Jets na New York a tsakiyar lokacin 2008. Titans sun gama 13–3 kuma sun sami lambar lamba 1 a cikin AFC, duk da haka sun yi rashin nasara a zagaye na biyu na 2008 NFL Playoffs zuwa Baltimore Ravens. A cikin 2009 Titans sun yi rashin nasara a kan kari ga Pittsburgh Steelers a farkon wasan kakar. Asarar ta fara zane-zanen wasanni shida wanda ya kai nadir a cikin wani kisa da ci 59-0 da New England Patriots suka yi. Collins, a shawarwarin jama'a na mai shi Titans Bud Adams, an benci kuma ya maye gurbinsa da Young; Titans sun amsa ta hanyar cin nasara takwas daga cikin wasanni goma na gaba, wanda aka nuna ta hanyar nasara mai ban mamaki a kan Cardinal Arizona, dawowar kakar wasa a kan Seattle Seahawks, da kuma nasara mai tsanani a kan Miami Dolphins. Haskakawa wannan kakar shine wasan tsere na baya Chris Johnson a cikin shekararsa ta biyu na ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwallon ƙafa (an zana shi na 24th a cikin 2008 NFL Draft) Johnson ya karya rikodin Marshall Faulk 's NFL don jimlar yadudduka daga scrimmage tare da 2,509 kuma ya zama na shida baya a tarihin NFL don yin gaggawar yadi 2,000. A cikin 2010, dangantaka tsakanin Fisher da Vince Young ta ƙara yin tsami. A cikin wasan gida da Washington Redskins, An cire matashin bayan raunin da ya samu a babban yatsansa kuma daga baya ba a yarda ya sake shiga wasan ba. Cikin bacin rai ya fara cire kayan aikin sa yana can gefe, daga karshe ya jefar da kafadarsa a cikin tasoshin. Ya fice daga filin yayin da ake ci gaba da fafatawa. Matashi bai taba fitowa a wani wasa na Titans ba kuma an sake shi a ƙarshen kakar wasa. Da farko ya bayyana cewa zaman Fisher tare da Titans zai tsira daga wannan yanayin; duk da haka, a ranar 27 ga Janairu, 2011, kusan makonni huɗu bayan ƙarshen lokacin 2010 na yau da kullun, an sanar da shi a hukumance cewa Fisher da Titans sun amince da juna don raba hanya bayan siyan sauran lokacin da ya rage kan kwangilar Fisher. A fiye da cikakkun lokutan 16, Fisher ya kasance kocin NFL mafi dadewa tare da ƙungiya ɗaya tsakanin manyan masu horarwa. Louis Los Angeles Rams (2012-2016) Bayan hutu a cikin 2011, Fisher ya amince ya zama babban kocin St. Louis Rams a ranar 13 ga Janairu, 2012. A kakar farko ta Fisher a St. Louis, ƙungiyar ta ƙare da rikodi 7–8–1, ci gaban nasara-biyar daga shekarar da ta gabata. A cikin 2013, Rams sun ƙare da rikodin 7-9. A lokacin kakar 2014, Rams sun tafi 6-10. Ya kasance mafi munin rikodin ƙungiyar a ƙarƙashin Fisher, da kuma rashin nasara na 4 a jere na Fisher a matsayin koci. A kakar wasan karshe na kungiyar a St. Louis a shekarar 2015 sun kammala da ci 7–9. Rams sun fara kakar 2016 3-1 amma sun rasa 6 daga cikin wasanni 7 na gaba wanda ya kai ga sanarwar Rams, a ranar 4 ga Disamba, cewa sun sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyu zuwa 2018; duk da haka, sama da mako guda bayan haka, a ranar 12 ga Disamba, Rams sun kori Fisher sakamakon rashin nasarar 42 14 ga zakaran NFC na Atlanta Falcons wanda aka gudanar da su ba tare da ci ba har sai sun zura kwallaye 2 marasa ma'ana a cikin kwata na 4. Wannan asarar ya taimaka masa ya ɗaure rikodin don asarar mafi yawan lokuta na yau da kullum na kowane Kocin NFL na kowane lokaci. Michigan Panthers A ranar 27 ga Janairu, 2022, an sanar da cewa Fisher zai zama Babban koci kuma Janar Manaja na Michigan Panthers na Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Amurka, ya zama aikin horaswa na farko na Fisher cikin shekaru shida. Hi Rikodin koyawa shugaban NFL Kocin riko USFL Kwamitin gasar Fisher ya kasance mataimakin shugaban kwamitin gasar NFL tare da Shugaban Atlanta Falcons Rich McKay har sai da ya yi murabus a watan Agusta 2016. Rayuwa ta sirri Fisher yana da yara uku. Ɗaya daga cikin ɗa, Brandon, ya taka leda a Jami'ar Montana kuma ya kasance kocin baya na baya ga Rams a kan ma'aikatan mahaifinsa. Wani ɗa, Trent, ya kasance mai tsaron baya a Jami'ar Auburn. Duba kuma Jerin sunayen masu horar da kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa tare da nasara 50 Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Los Angeles Rams bio Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
40119	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem	Jerusalem	Jerusalem sələm/; Urushalima; Al-Quds Al-Sharif birni ne, da ke a Yammacin Asiya.Tana kan tudun Yahudawa tsakanin Tekun Bahar Rum da Tekun Gishiri, tana ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin birane a duniya kuma ana ɗaukarsa birni mai tsarki ga manyan addinan Ibrahim guda uku: Yahudanci, Kiristanci, da Musulunci. Isra'ilawa da Falasdinawan duka suna ikirarin birnin Kudus a matsayin babban birninsu, yayin da Isra'ila ke rike da cibiyoyin gwamnatinta na farko a can kuma kasar Falasdinu a karshe ta yi hasashen cewa ita ce ke da kujerar mulki. Saboda wannan takaddama, ba a san da'awar ba a duniya. A cikin dogon tarihinta, an halaka Urushalima aƙalla sau biyu, an kewaye ta sau 23, an kama ta kuma an sake kama ta sau 44, an kuma kai hari sau 52. Sashen Urushalima da ake kira birnin Dauda ya nuna alamun farko na zama a cikin ƙarni na 4 K.Z., a cikin siffar sansani na makiyaya. A lokacin Kan'aniyawa (ƙarni na 14 KZ), ana kira Urushalima da sunan Urusalim akan allunan Masarawa na da, mai yiwuwa ma'anar "Birnin Shalem bayan gunkin Kan'aniyawa. A lokacin Isra’ilawa, an soma gagarumin aikin gine-gine a Urushalima a ƙarni na 9 K.Z. (Age II), kuma a ƙarni na 8 K.Z., birnin ya zama cibiyar addini da gudanarwa na Mulkin Yahudawa A cikin shekarar 1538, an sake gina ganuwar birnin a karo na ƙarshe a kewayen Urushalima a ƙarƙashin Suleiman Mai Girman Daular Usmaniyya. A yau waɗancan ganuwar suna bayyana Tsohon birni, wanda aka raba bisa al'ada zuwa kashi huɗu-wanda aka sani tun farkon ƙarni na 19 a matsayin yankin Armeniya, Kiristanci, Bayahude, da Musulmai. Tsohon birni ya zama Gidan Tarihi na Duniya a cikin shekarar 1981, kuma tana cikin jerin abubuwan tarihi na duniya cikin haɗari. Tun daga shekara ta 1860, Urushalima ta yi girma fiye da iyakokin Tsohon birnin. A cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da sha biyar 2015, Kudus tana da mazauna kusan 850,000, wanda ya ƙunshi Yahudawan Isra'ila kusan 200,000, Yahudawan Haredi 350,000 da Falasɗinawa 300,000. A cikin shekarar 2016, yawan jama'a ya kai 882,700, wanda yahudawa sun ƙunshi 536,600 (61%), Musulmai 319,800 (36%), Kirista 15,800 (2%), da 10,300 waɗanda ba a tantance su ba (1%). Bisa ga Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci, Sarki Dauda ya ci birnin daga hannun Yebusiyawa kuma ya kafa ta a matsayin babban birnin Ƙasar Ingila na Isra’ila, kuma ɗansa, Sarki Sulemanu, ya ba da umarnin gina Temple na Farko. Masana na zamani suna jayayya cewa Yahudawa sun fito daga al’ummar Kan’aniyawa da al’adunsu ta wurin haɓaka addini guda ɗaya—da kuma daga baya na tauhidi—addini da ke kan El/Yahweh. Waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru a farkon karni na 1 K.Z., sun ɗauki babban mahimmancin alama ga mutanen Yahudawa. Sobriquet na birni mai tsarki Wataƙila an haɗa shi da Urushalima a lokacin da aka yi hijira. Tsarkin Urushalima a cikin Kiristanci, wanda aka kiyaye shi a cikin fassarar Hellenanci na Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci, wanda Kiristoci suka ɗauka a matsayin nasu "Tsohon Alkawari", an ƙarfafa ta da labarin Sabon Alkawari na gicciye Yesu da tashinsa daga matattu a can. A cikin Islama na Sunna, Kudus ita ce birni na uku mafi tsarki, bayan Makka da Madina. Birnin shi ne alqibla ta farko, madaidaicin alkiblar musulmi (salah), kuma a cikin al'adar Musulunci, Annabi Muhammadu (SWA) ya yi Tafiyar Dare a can a shekara ta 621, ya je al'arshi inda yayi magana da Allah, bisa ga yadda Alkur'ani ya bayyana. A sakamakon haka, duk da samun yanki na kawai Tsohon birni gida ne ga wurare da yawa na mahimmancin addini, daga cikinsu akwai Dutsen Temple tare da bangonsa na Yamma, Dome na Rock da Masallacin al-Aqsa, da Cocin Mai Tsarki. A yau, matsayin birnin Kudus ya kasance daya daga cikin batutuwan da ke cikin rikicin Isra'ila da Falasdinu. A lokacin yakin Larabawa da Isra'ila a shekara ta 1948, yammacin birnin Kudus na daga cikin yankunan da Isra'ila ta kwace daga bisani kuma ta mamaye gabashin birnin Kudus, ciki har da tsohon birnin kasar Jordan daga baya. Isra'ila ta kwace Gabashin Kudus daga kasar Jordan a lokacin yakin kwanaki shida na 1967 sannan daga bisani ta mamaye birnin na Kudus, tare da karin yankunan da ke kewaye. Ɗaya daga cikin Dokokin Isra'ila, Dokar Kudus ta 1980, tana nufin Urushalima a matsayin babban birnin ƙasar da ba a raba. Dukkan sassan gwamnatin Isra'ila suna birnin Kudus, ciki har da Knesset (majalisar dokokin Isra'ila), da gidajen Firayim Minista (Beit Aghion da kuma shugaban kasa (Beit HaNassi), da kuma Kotun Koli. Kasashen duniya sun yi watsi da mamayen a matsayin haramtacce kuma suna daukar Gabashin Kudus a matsayin yankin Falasdinawa da Isra'ila ta mamaye. Hotuna Manazarta Articles containing Hebrew-language text Articles with hAudio microformats Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba Biranen
48539	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masana%27antar%20sinadarai%20a%20kasar%20Sin	Masana'antar sinadarai a kasar Sin	Masana'antar sinadarai a ƙasar Sin na dayya daga cikin manyan masana'antun ƙasar Sin. Ya kai kusan dala tiriliyan 1.44 a shekarar 2014, kuma a halin yanzu kasar Sin ita ce ƙasa mafi ƙarfin tattalin arzikin masana'antar sinadarai a duniya. Masana'antar sinadarai ita ce cibiyar tattalin arzikin kasar Sin ta zamani. Yana amfani da hanyoyi na musamman don canza tsari, abun da ke ciki ko haɗin abubuwa don samar da sababbin kayayyaki, kamar karfe, filastik, da ethyl. Masana'antar sinadarai tana ba da kayan gini don ababen more rayuwa na kasar Sin, ciki har da jirgin karkashin kasa, jirgin kasa mai sauri, da babbar hanya. Kafin shekarar 1978, yawancin kayayyakin kasuwancin mallakar gwamnati ne ke samar da su, kuma rabon kayayyakin da ‘yan kasuwar suka fitar ya ragu a shekarar 2002. Har ila yau, masana'antar sinadarai ta kasar Sin tana daya daga cikin manyan masu samar da sinadarai na farko da ake sarrafawa da kuma wadanda ba a sarrafa su ba da aka yi amfani da su a cikin cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi na duniya ba bisa ka'ida ba, musamman a cikin Golden Triangle, Mexico, Latin America da Turai, tare da manyan kundin waɗannan. abubuwan da ake siyar da su ta hanyar haɓakar masana'antar sinadarai (RC) akan layi ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarun da kan dandamali na B2B da gidan yanar gizo mai duhu. Tarihi An haifi masana'antar sinadarai ta zamani bayan juyin juya halin masana'antu wanda ya faru a cikin 1760 zuwa wani lokaci tsakanin 1820 zuwa 1840. Wannan juyin juya halin ya haɗa da canji daga hanyoyin samar da hannu zuwa injuna, hanyoyin samar da ƙarfe da sabbin masana'antar sinadarai. Kafin haka, an fi samar da kayayyakin sinadarai na kasar Sin ne ta hanyar bitar hannu. Kimiyyar likitanci Articles with hCards No local image but image on Wikidata Shennong ya gwada ɗaruruwan ganye don gano ƙimar lafiyar su, kuma ya rubuta "The Divine Farmer's Herb-Root Classic". Wannan littafi ya rubuta ingancin magunguna 365 da aka samu daga tsirrai, dabbobi, da ma'adanai kuma ya ba da ƙima da ƙima. Aikin Shennong ya jagoranci hanyar zuwa likitancin kasar Sin. A daular Ming, Li Shizhen ya rubuta "Compendium of Materia Medica" wanda ya ƙunshi fiye da nau'ikan magunguna 1,800. Hakanan ya bayyana yanayi, dandano, tsari, nau'in da kuma amfani da shi wajen warkar da cututtuka sama da 1000 ganye. Ana ɗaukar littafin a matsayin aikin tunani na farko don shirye-shiryen ganye. Wadannan ayyuka sun kasance masu muhimmanci ga bunkasa magungunan gargajiya na kasar Sin, kuma sun kafa harsashin kimiyyar likitancin kasar Sin na zamani. Tu Youyou kwararre ne a fannin harhada magunguna na kasar Sin. Ta gano qinghaosu artemisinin kuma ta nemi maganin zazzabin cizon sauro. Qinghaosu ya ceci miliyoyin rayuka a Kudancin China, Amurka ta Kudu, Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, da Afirka. Yana da muhimmin ci gaba a fannin likitanci a karni na karshe, kuma Tu Youyou ta sami lambar yabo ta Nobel ta 2015 a fannin ilimin halittar jiki ko magani da kuma Lasker Award a Clinical Medicine don aikinta. Ita ce mace ta farko ta kasar Sin da ta samu lambar yabo ta Nobel a fannin ilimin halittar jiki ko kuma magani. Kimiyyar Noma Aikin noma na kasar Sin ya bunkasa a karni na 20, saboda amfani da magungunan kashe kwari da takin zamani. A cikin 1909, Franklin Hiram King, Farfesa na Aikin Noma na Amurka, ya yi rangadin kasar Sin. Littafinsa mai suna "Manoma na Karni Arba'in" ya bayyana noman kasar Sin. Wannan littafi ya zaburar da manoman kasar Sin da dama wajen gudanar da aikin noman muhalli da amfani da takin zamani. Tun daga shekarar 1978, gwamnatin kasar Sin ta kirkiro tsarin daukar nauyin samar da iyali tare da karfafa gwiwar manoma da su yi amfani da taki. Sinadarin taki na iya kara yawan abin da ake samarwa da kashi 50% zuwa 80%. Masana'antar sinadarai suna samar da takin mai gina jiki wanda ya ƙunshi nitrogen, phosphorus da potassium, wanda zai iya biyan buƙatun amfanin gona daban-daban da tsarin ƙasa. A halin yanzu kasar Sin ita ce kasar da ta fi kowacce kasa amfani da takin nitrogen. Kayayyakin sinadarai Bisa kididdigar da aka yi, a shekarar 1984, akwai kusan sinadarai miliyan 9 a duniya, wanda kusan kashi 43% na kayan aiki ne. Ko da yake adadin kayan yana da yawa, idan aka rarraba shi bisa ga tsarin sinadarai, ana iya taƙaita shi zuwa nau'i uku: kayan ƙarfe, kayan da ba na ƙarfe ba da kuma kayan haɗin gwiwa. Ƙarfe Karfe wani muhimmin karfe ne a masana'antar sinadarai ta kasar Sin. A shekarar 2016, yawan karafa na duniya a duk shekara ya kai tan miliyan 1621, daga ciki ana samar da ton miliyan 804 a kasar Sin (49.6%), ton miliyan 105 a Japan (6.5%), an samar da tan miliyan 89 a Indiya 5.5%), ton miliyan 79 ana samarwa a Amurka (4.9%). Yawan karafa na kasar Sin ya karu daga tan miliyan 100 a shekarar 2000 zuwa tan miliyan 250 a shekarar 2004. Ya haifar da karuwar buƙatun albarkatun ƙasa waɗanda suka zama dole don samar da ƙarfe, sun haɗa da baƙin ƙarfe na alade, ƙarfe na ƙarfe, ƙura, lemun tsami da dolomite, coke da kwal. Farashin baƙin ƙarfe ya ƙaru da sama da kashi 70 cikin 100 daga 2004 zuwa 2005. Don haka, a cikin watan Disamba na shekarar 2005, kasar Sin ta yanke shawarar takaita samar da karafa zuwa tan miliyan 400 a kowace shekara cikin shekaru biyar, domin rage karuwar farashin albarkatun kasa. Wanda ba karfe ba A cikin 2016, China ethyl barasa da sauran kasuwannin sinadarai na yau da kullun da kayan filastik da kasuwar resins an kimanta su akan dala biliyan 137 da dala biliyan 184 bi da bi, wanda ke da ƙimar girma 9% da 10%. Kasar Sin ita ce kasuwa mafi girma wajen samarwa da fitar da kayayyakin robobi a duniya. Babban direban wannan kasuwa shine fadada aikace-aikacen ethanol a China. Bukatar ethanol a China ya kai tan miliyan 2.3 yanzu. Kasar Sin tana da mahimmin sashin aiki, Cibiyar Chenguang, wacce ta ɓullo da adadin ci-gaba na resin epoxy, silicone Organic, kayan polymer da robobi na injiniya na musamman. Ya rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya ta JV tare da babban aikin polymer na DuPont, don samarwa da siyar da robar da aka riga aka gama da shi da ɗanyen roba-roba. Yarjejeniyar JV ta haɗa da kafa wata masana'antar roba da aka riga aka haɗa ta zamani a Shanghai kuma ta fara aiki a cikin 2011. Abun haɗaka Abubuwan da aka haɗa sabbin kayan gini ne. Yana da alaƙa da haɗuwa da ƙarfin ƙarfi, ƙarfin ƙarfi da juriya na lalata akan kayan ƙarfe. Ya ƙunshi kayan matrix kamar guduro na roba, ƙarfe ko yumbu, da kayan ƙarfafawa wanda ya ƙunshi zaruruwan inorganic ko na halitta. Akwai nau'i-nau'i iri-iri da kayan ƙarfafawa ta yadda za a iya yin zaɓi mai dacewa don samar da nau'i-nau'i daban-daban tare da aiki mai gamsarwa, wanda ke da fa'ida ga kayan sinadarai. Sinochem da Cibiyar Masana'antu ta Shanghai sun kafa dakin gwaje-gwaje don kayan haɗin gwiwa. Bangarorin biyu za su bunkasa fasaha tare, da canza sakamakon da kuma amfani da su a cikin masana'antar fiber carbon da resins na warkarwa, don haɓaka fasahohi da samfuran kayan haɗin gwiwar manyan ayyuka da sauƙaƙe masana'antu da tallata su. A halin yanzu, wannan dakin gwaje-gwaje ya ƙaddamar da wani aiki don yin bincike da haɓaka kayan haɗin fiber na carbon fiber maras feshi. Da farko, za a yi amfani da wannan kayan zuwa sababbin motocin makamashi, wanda ba zai iya rage nauyin motoci kawai ba amma kuma ya rage farashin yin amfani da kayan haɗin gwiwa tare da inganta ingantaccen samarwa. Kamfanoni Ƙasar Sin tana da kamfani wanda shi ne manyan kamfanonin sinadarai 3 a duk duniya. Wato Sinopec. Yana da dala biliyan 43.8 a cikin siyar da sinadarai a cikin 2015. Jerin manyan kamfanonin sinadarai 20 na kasar Sin ta hanyar canji a cikin 2018 ya nuna a kasa. Kamfanonin kasar Sin sun yi shirin shiga bangaren sana'o'i na kasuwa, kuma tuni wasu daga cikinsu suka zama daya daga cikin 'yan wasa a kasuwar, kamar Zhejiang NHU, mai samar da bitamin; Yantai Wanhua, mai yin isocyanates; da Bairun, shugaba a kasuwar kamshi da kamshi na kasar Sin. Halin ci gaba Dubawa Darajar kasuwar sinadarai ta kasar Sin ta karu a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata. A cikin 2015, yana wakiltar kusan 30% na sinadarai da ake buƙata a duk faɗin duniya. Bukatar da kasar Sin ta samu na masana'antar sinadarai ya ragu daga adadin lambobi biyu a cikin shekaru 10 da suka gabata, amma har yanzu tana da karuwar kashi 60% na bukatun duniya daga shekarar 2011 zuwa 2020. Ya zuwa karshen watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2011, akwai kamfanoni 24,125 sama da girman da aka kayyade a cikin masana'antar sinadarai ta kasar Sin, jimlar kudin da aka fitar ya kai yuan triliyan 6.0, wanda ya karu da kashi 35.2 cikin dari a duk shekara, wanda ya kai kashi 58.61% na jimilar. ƙimar fitarwa na dukan masana'antu. A cikin watanni 11 na farko na shekarar 2011, an zuba jarin tsayayyen kadarorin da aka zuba a masana'antar sinadarai ya kai yuan biliyan 861.721, wanda ya karu da kashi 26.9 cikin dari a duk shekara, wanda ya kai kashi 5.5 bisa madaidaicin matsakaicin masana'antu, wanda ya kai kashi 70.12%. A cikin watanni 10 na farko na shekarar 2011, jimilar ribar da masana'antar kemikal ta samu ya kai yuan biliyan 320.88, wanda ya kai kashi 44.4 bisa dari a duk shekara, wanda ya kai kashi 47.1% na yawan ribar da masana'antu ke samu. Ana sa ran darajar fitar da masana'antar sinadarai a kowace shekara zai kai yuan tiriliyan 6.58, wanda zai karu da kashi 32 cikin 100 a duk shekara, kuma jimilar ribar ta kai yuan biliyan 350, wanda ya karu da kashi 35%. A cikin 2011, ƙarin darajar masana'antar sinadarai ta karu da kashi 14.8% a duk shekara, kuma yawan ci gaban ya ragu da kashi 1% kowace shekara. Jerin manyan samfuran masana'antar sinadarai ta China a cikin 2011 ya nuna a ƙasa. Manufar manufofin gwamnati Gwamnatin kasar Sin ta tsara manufofin warware matsalar rashin aikin yi, da bunkasa tattalin arziki, domin fuskantar karuwar yawan jama'a. Manufofin gwamnati da manufofin gwamnati sun ci gaba yayin da aka bude tattalin arzikin a shekarar 1978. Ana iya raba shi zuwa lokuta uku: 1978-1990: An bude kasuwar kasar Sin ga duniya a shekarar 1978, kuma gwamnati ta san mahimmancin masana'antar sinadarai, don haka ta ba da damar zuba jari kai tsaye daga kasashen waje shiga cikin gida amma sarrafa sosai. A halin da ake ciki, bukatun sinadarai na cikin gida na kasar Sin ya karu, don haka yawancin kamfanoni sun yanke shawarar zuba jari a cikin kayayyakin noma. 1990-2000: An ba wa 'yan ƙasa damar shiga kasuwannin kasar Sin, don shiga cikin samar da sinadarai tare da kamfanonin kasar Sin. 2000-2011: Ba za a iyakance zuba jari kai tsaye na waje a wannan lokacin ba, yayin da al'ummomin kasa da kasa ke karuwa saboda kasar Sin ta zama babbar mai fitar da sinadarai a duniya. gurbacewar muhalli Masana'antar sinadarai ta kasar Sin ta samu bunkasuwa cikin shekaru 40 da suka gabata, daga koma bayan tattalin arziki zuwa mafi girman tattalin arzikin masana'antun sarrafa sinadarai, masu amfani da albarkatun kasa da makamashi. Wannan sauyi ya taimaka wa daruruwan miliyoyin Sinawa daga kangin talauci amma ya gurbata iska da ruwan kasar Sin a lokaci guda. Gwamnatin kasar Sin ta yi kokarin yaki da gurbatar yanayi. An hana buhunan siyayya na filastik kyauta a cikin 2008. Samar da buhunan robobi na haifar da almubazzaranci na albarkatu da makamashi da gurbacewar muhalli saboda ba za a iya sake yin amfani da su ba. Masana'antun sinadarai a kasar Sin sun fara bincike da bunkasa fasahohin kore bisa shawarar gwamnati kamar amfani da madadin mai don samar da sinadarai. Wasu masana'antu suna amfani da carbon dioxide da wasu na halitta don samar da samfuran masana'antu, mai da sauran abubuwa. Misali, wani kamfani na ƙwararrun sinadarai mai suna Elevance Renewable Sciences yana samar da abubuwan wanke -wanke sosai ta hanyar amfani da koren fasaha metathesis, wanda ke rage yawan kuzari da rage gurɓata yanayi. Nassoshi Masana'antu Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
30107	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciwon%20Kwayoyin%20Halitta	Ciwon Kwayoyin Halitta	Ciwon kwayoyin halitta matsala ce ta kiwon lafiya ta hanyar daya ko fiye da rashin daidaituwa a cikin kwayoyin halitta Ana iya haifar da shi ta hanyar maye gurbi a cikin kwayar halitta guda daya (monogenic) ko wasu kwayoyin halitta masu yawa (polygenic) ko ta rashin daidaituwa na chromosomal Ko da yake cututtukan polygenic sun fi na kowa, ana amfani da kalmar mafi yawa lokacin da ake magana da cuta tare da dalili guda ɗaya, ko dai a cikin kwayar halitta ko chromosome Maye gurbin da ke da alhakin zai iya faruwa ba da jimawa ba kafin haɓakar amfrayo (a de novo maye gurbi), ko kuma ana iya gadonsa daga iyaye biyu waɗanda suke ɗauke da ƙwayar cuta mara kyau autosomal recessive inheritance ko kuma daga iyaye masu fama da cuta autosomal rinjaye gado). Lokacin da cutar ta gado ta gado ɗaya ko duka biyun, ana kuma rarraba ta azaman cuta ta gado. Wasu cututtuka ana haifar da su ta hanyar maye gurbi a kan X chromosome kuma suna da gado mai alaƙa da X. Cututtuka kaɗan ne ake gado akan Y-chromosome ko DNA mitochondrial (saboda girmansu). Akwai sanannun cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta sama da 6,000, kuma ana bayyana sabbin cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta koyaushe a cikin littattafan likitanci. Fiye da cututtukan kwayoyin halitta 600 ana iya magance su. Kusan 1 a cikin 50 mutane suna fama da sanannen rashin lafiya-kwayoyin halitta, yayin da kusan 1 cikin 263 ke fama da cutar chromosomal Kusan kashi 65% na mutane suna da wata irin matsalar lafiya sakamakon maye gurbi na haihuwa. Saboda babban adadin cututtukan kwayoyin halitta, kusan 1 cikin mutane 21 suna fama da cutar ta kwayoyin halitta da aka rarraba a matsayin rauni (wanda aka fi sani da yana shafar ƙasa da 1 cikin mutane 2,000). Yawancin cututtuka na kwayoyin halitta ba su da yawa a kansu. Ciwon kwayoyin halitta yana samuwa kafin haihuwa, kuma wasu cututtuka na kwayoyin halitta suna haifar da lahani na haihuwa, amma kuma nakasa na iya zama ci gaba maimakon gado Kishiyar cuta ta gado cuta ce da aka samu Yawancin ciwon daji, ko da yake sun haɗa da maye gurbin kwayoyin halitta zuwa ƙaramin adadin sel a cikin jiki, an samu cututtuka. Wasu cututtukan ciwon daji, duk da haka, irin su maye gurbi na BRCA cututtukan gado ne na gado. Single-gene Ciwon kwayar halitta guda daya (ko rashin lafiya na monoogenic shine sakamakon maye gurbi guda daya. Za'a iya yada cutar ta kwayar halitta guda ɗaya zuwa tsararraki masu zuwa ta hanyoyi da yawa. Bugawa na al'ada da rashin aikin yi, duk da haka, na iya shafar tsarin gado. Rabe-raben da ke tsakanin nau'ikan koma-baya da masu rinjaye ba "masu wahala ba ne", ko da yake rarrabuwa tsakanin nau'ikan autosomal da nau'ikan X sun kasance (tunda nau'ikan na ƙarshe an bambanta su zalla bisa ga yanayin chromosomal na kwayar halitta). Alal misali, nau'i na dwarfism na kowa, achondroplasia, yawanci ana la'akari da rashin lafiya mai mahimmanci, amma yara masu kwayoyin halitta guda biyu don achondroplasia suna da mummunar cuta mai tsanani kuma yawanci mai kisa, wanda achondroplasics za a iya la'akari da masu ɗaukar hoto. Sickle cell anemia kuma ana la'akari da yanayin koma baya, amma masu ɗaukar heterozygous sun ƙara juriya ga zazzabin cizon sauro a farkon ƙuruciya, wanda za'a iya kwatanta shi a matsayin yanayin da ya fi girma. Lokacin da ma'auratan da ɗaya ko duka biyu ke fama da cutar ko kuma masu ɗauke da kwayar cutar kwayar halitta guda ɗaya suna son haifuwa, za su iya yin hakan ta hanyar hadi a cikin vitro, wanda ke ba da damar tantance ƙwayoyin halittar preimplantation don bincika ko tayin yana da cutar ta kwayoyin halitta. Yawancin rikice-rikice na rayuwa na haihuwa da aka sani da kurakuran haifuwa na metabolism suna haifar da lahani guda ɗaya. Yawancin irin waɗannan lahani guda ɗaya na iya rage dacewar mutanen da abin ya shafa kuma saboda haka suna cikin yawan jama'a a ƙananan mitoci idan aka kwatanta da abin da za a sa ran bisa ƙididdige ƙididdiga masu sauƙi. Autosomal rinjaye Kwafi guda daya kawai da aka canza na kwayar halitta zai zama dole don mutum ya shafe shi ta hanyar rashin lafiyar da ta mamaye. Kowane mutumin da abin ya shafa yawanci yana da iyaye ɗaya da abin ya shafa. Damar da yaro zai gaji maye gurbi shine kashi 50%. Yawancin yanayi na autosomal wasu lokuta sun rage shiga cikin jiki, wanda ke nufin ko da yake ana buƙatar kwafi ɗaya kawai, ba duk mutanen da suka gaji wannan maye gurbin suna ci gaba da haɓaka cutar ba. Misalan irin wannan cuta sune cutar Huntington, neurofibromatosis nau'in 1, neurofibromatosis type 2, Marfan ciwo, hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal ciwon daji, hereditary mahara exostoses (wani sosai shiga autosomal rinjaye cuta), tuberous sclerosis, Von Willebrand cuta, da kuma m intermittent porphyria Ana kuma kiran lahanin haihuwa. Autosomal recessive Dole ne a canza kwafi biyu na kwayar halitta don mutum ya shafa ta hanyar rashin bacci. Mutumin da abin ya shafa yawanci yana da iyayen da ba su shafa ba waɗanda kowannensu ke ɗauke da kwafin kwayar halittar da ta canza kuma ana kiranta da masu ɗaukar kwayoyin halitta Kowane iyaye da ke da lahani na kwayoyin halitta yawanci ba su da alamun cutar. Mutane biyu da ba su kamu da cutar ba wadanda kowannensu ke dauke da kwafin kwayar halittar da aka canza suna da hadarin kashi 25% tare da kowane ciki na haihuwa da cutar ta shafa. Misalan irin wannan cuta sune albinism, matsakaicin sarkar acyl-CoA dehydrogenase rashi, cystic fibrosis, sikila cell cuta, Tay-Sachs cuta, Niemann-Pick cuta, spinal muscular atrophy, da kuma Roberts ciwo Wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan dabi'u, kamar rigar da bushewar kunun kunne, ana kuma ƙaddara ta cikin yanayin koma baya na autosomal. Wasu cututtuka na autosomal recessive sun zama ruwan dare gama gari saboda, a da, ɗaukar ɗaya daga cikin kuskuren kwayoyin halitta ya haifar da ɗan kariya daga cututtuka masu yaduwa ko guba kamar tarin fuka ko zazzabin cizon sauro Irin waɗannan cututtuka sun haɗa da cystic fibrosis, cutar sikila, phenylketonuria da thalassaemia X mai alaƙa da rinjaye Rikicin da ke da alaƙa da X yana haifar da maye gurbi a cikin kwayoyin halitta akan X chromosome 'Yan cuta kaɗan ne kawai ke da wannan tsarin gado, tare da babban misali shine rickets hypophosphatemic mai alaƙa da X. Maza da mata duka suna fama da wannan cuta, yayin da maza suka fi fama da cutar fiye da mata. Wasu yanayi masu rinjaye na X-linked, irin su Rett syndrome, incontinentia pigmenti type 2, da Aicardi syndrome, yawanci suna mutuwa a cikin maza ko dai a cikin mahaifa ko jim kadan bayan haihuwa, sabili da haka ana ganin su a cikin mata. Keɓancewa ga wannan binciken sune lokuta masu wuyar gaske waɗanda yara maza masu fama da cutar Klinefelter (44+xxy) suma suka gaji yanayin da ke da alaƙa da X kuma suna nuna alamun kama da na mace dangane da tsananin cutar. Damar kamuwa da cuta mai alaƙa da X ta bambanta tsakanin maza da mata. 'Ya'yan mutumin da ke da cutar da ke da alaka da X, duk ba za su sami matsala ba (tun da sun karbi chromosome na mahaifinsu na Y), amma 'ya'yansa mata duk za su gaji yanayin. Matar da ke da babbar cuta mai alaƙa da X tana da damar kashi 50% na samun ɗan tayin da ya shafa tare da kowane ciki, kodayake a lokuta irin su incontinentia pigmenti, zuri'ar mata ne kawai ke iya yiwuwa. Recessive mai alaƙa da X Halin koma bayan da ke da alaƙa da X shima yana haifar da maye gurbi a cikin kwayoyin halitta akan X chromosome. Maza sun fi mata yawa akai-akai, saboda kawai suna da X chromosome da ake bukata don yanayin ya bayyana. Damar kamuwa da cutar ta bambanta tsakanin maza da mata. 'Ya'yan mutumin da ke da matsalar koma baya mai alaka da X ba za a shafa ba (tun da sun karɓi chromosome na mahaifinsu na Y), amma 'ya'yansa mata za su kasance masu ɗaukar kwafi ɗaya na kwayar halittar da ta canza. Matar da ke dauke da cutar ta koma baya (X R X r tana da kashi 50% na samun 'ya'ya maza da abin ya shafa da kuma damar samun 50% na 'ya'ya mata masu dauke da kwafin kwayar halittar da aka canza. Halin da ke da alaƙa da X sun haɗa da cututtuka masu tsanani na hemophilia A, Duchenne Muscular dystrophy, da Lesch-Nyhan ciwo, da kuma yanayi na yau da kullum da marasa mahimmanci kamar gashin gashi na namiji da kuma ja-kore launi makanta Halin rikice-rikice masu alaƙa da X na iya bayyana a wasu lokuta a cikin mata saboda skewed X-inactivation ko monosomy X Turner syndrome Raunin da ke da alaƙa da Y yana faruwa ne ta hanyar maye gurbi akan Y chromosome. Ana iya yada waɗannan sharuɗɗan ne kawai daga jima'i na heterogametic (misali maza) zuwa zuriyar jinsi ɗaya. Mafi sauƙaƙa, wannan yana nufin cewa cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da Y a cikin ɗan adam ba za a iya yada su kawai daga maza zuwa 'ya'yansu ba; Mata ba za su taɓa yin tasiri ba saboda ba su mallaki Y-allosomes ba. Cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da Y suna da wuya sosai amma sanannun misalan yawanci suna haifar da rashin haihuwa. Haihuwa a cikin irin waɗannan yanayi yana yiwuwa ne kawai ta hanyar hana haihuwa ta hanyar taimakon likita. Mitochondrial Wannan nau'in gadon, wanda kuma aka sani da gadon uwa, shine mafi ƙarancin kuma ya shafi kwayoyin halitta 13 da DNA mitochondrial ke ɓoye. Domin ƙwayoyin ƙwai ne kaɗai ke ba da gudummawar mitochondria ga amfrayo masu tasowa, uwaye (waɗanda abin ya shafa) kaɗai za su iya ba da yanayin DNA na mitochondrial ga 'ya'yansu. Misalin irin wannan rashin lafiya shine Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy Yana da mahimmanci a jaddada cewa mafi yawan cututtukan mitochondrial (musamman lokacin da alamun bayyanar cututtuka suka tasowa a farkon rayuwa) suna haifar da lalacewa ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta, kamar yadda mitochondria ya fi girma ta DNA wanda ba mitochondrial ba. Wadannan cututtuka galibi suna bin gadon gado na autosomal. Multifactorial cuta Cututtukan kwayoyin halitta na iya zama hadaddun, multifactorial, ko polygenic, ma'ana ana iya danganta su da tasirin kwayoyin halitta da yawa a hade tare da salon rayuwa da abubuwan muhalli. Cututtuka masu yawa sun haɗa da cututtukan zuciya da ciwon sukari Kodayake rikice-rikice masu rikitarwa sukan taru a cikin iyalai, ba su da tsayayyen tsarin gado. Wannan yana da wahala a iya tantance haɗarin da mutum ke da shi na gado ko kuma kamuwa da wannan cuta. Cututtuka masu rikitarwa suma suna da wahalar nazari da kuma magance su domin har yanzu ba a gano takamaiman abubuwan da ke haifar da mafi yawan wadannan cututtuka ba. Nazarin da ke nufin gano dalilin rikice-rikice masu rikitarwa na iya amfani da hanyoyi da yawa don ƙayyade ƙungiyoyin genotype phenotype Hanya ɗaya, tsarin genotype-farko, yana farawa ta hanyar gano bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta a cikin marasa lafiya sannan kuma ƙayyade alamun bayyanar cututtuka. Wannan ya saba wa mafi al'ada phenotype-farko hanya, kuma zai iya gano dalilan haddasawa da a baya an rufe su da asibiti iri -iri, shiga, da kuma bayyanawa. A kan ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun cututtuka, cututtuka na polygenic sun kasance suna "gudu a cikin iyalai", amma gadon bai dace da tsari mai sauƙi ba kamar cututtukan Mendelian Wannan baya nufin cewa kwayoyin halitta ba za a iya gano su a ƙarshe kuma su yi nazari ba. Hakanan akwai wani bangaren muhalli mai ƙarfi ga yawancin su (misali, hawan jini Sauran abubuwan sun haɗa da: asma cututtuka na autoimmune irin su sclerosis ciwon daji ciliopathies tsinke baki ciwon sukari cututtukan zuciya hauhawar jini cutar kumburin hanji rashin hankali rashin lafiyan yanayi kiba Kuskure mai karɓuwa rashin haihuwa Cutar chromosomal Rashin lafiyar chromosomal wani yanki ne na chromosomal ɓatacce, ƙari, ko mara daidaituwa na DNA. Yana iya kasancewa daga adadi mai ƙima na chromosomes ko rashin daidaituwar tsari a cikin ɗaya ko fiye da chromosomes. Misalin waɗannan cututtuka shine trisomy 21 Down syndrome wanda a ciki akwai ƙarin kwafin chromosome 21. Bincike Saboda nau'ikan cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta da aka sani, ganewar asali ya bambanta kuma ya dogara da cutar. Yawancin cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta ana gano su kafin haihuwa, a lokacin haihuwa, ko kuma lokacin ƙuruciyar yara duk da haka wasu, irin su cutar Huntington, na iya tserewa ganowa har sai majiyyaci ya fara girma. Abubuwan asali na rashin lafiyar kwayoyin halitta sun dogara ne akan gadon kayan gado. Tare da zurfin tarihin iyali, yana yiwuwa a hango yiwuwar rashin lafiya a cikin yara wanda ke jagorantar ƙwararrun likitocin zuwa takamaiman gwaje-gwaje dangane da rashin lafiya da ba da damar iyaye su shirya don canje-canjen salon rayuwa, tsammanin yiwuwar haihuwa, ko tunanin ƙarewa Ciwon ciki na iya gano alamun rashin daidaituwa a cikin ci gaban tayin ta hanyar duban dan tayi, ko gano kasancewar sifofin halayen ta hanyoyin ɓarke waɗanda suka haɗa da shigar da bincike ko allura a cikin mahaifa kamar na amniocentesis Hasashen Ba duk cututtukan kwayoyin halitta ba ne kai tsaye ke haifar da mutuwa; duk da haka, babu wasu sanannun magunguna na cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta. Yawancin cututtuka na kwayoyin halitta suna shafar matakan ci gaba, irin su Down syndrome, yayin da wasu ke haifar da bayyanar cututtuka na jiki kawai kamar dystrophy na muscular Sauran cututtuka, irin su cutar Huntington, ba su nuna alamun ba har sai sun girma. A lokacin aiki na rashin lafiyar kwayoyin halitta, marasa lafiya galibi suna dogara ne akan kiyayewa ko rage jinkirin lalacewar ingancin rayuwa da kiyaye ikon kai na haƙuri. Wannan ya haɗa da jiyya na jiki, kula da ciwo, kuma yana iya haɗawa da zaɓi na madadin shirye-shiryen magani Magani Maganin cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta yaƙi ne da ke gudana, tare da fiye da 1,800 na gwajin asibiti da aka kammala, ana ci gaba, ko kuma an amince da su a duk duniya. Duk da haka, yawancin zaɓuɓɓukan magani sun haɗa da magance alamun rashin lafiya a ƙoƙarin inganta rayuwar marasa lafiya. Maganin kwayoyin halitta yana nufin wani nau'i na magani inda aka gabatar da kwayar halitta mai lafiya ga majiyyaci. Wannan ya kamata ya rage lahani da ke haifar da kuskuren ƙwayar cuta ko rage ci gaban cutar. Babban cikas shine isar da kwayoyin halitta zuwa ga tantanin halitta, nama, da gabobin da cutar ta shafa. Masu bincike sun bincika yadda za su iya shigar da kwayar halitta a cikin yuwuwar triliyoyin sel waɗanda ke ɗauke da gurɓataccen kwafin. Samun amsar wannan ya kasance shingen hanya tsakanin fahimtar cutar kwayar halitta da kuma gyara matsalar kwayoyin halitta. Epidemiology Kusan 1 a cikin 50 mutane suna fama da sanannen rashin lafiya-kwayoyin halitta, yayin da kusan 1 cikin 263 ke fama da cutar chromosomal Kusan kashi 65% na mutane suna da wata irin matsalar lafiya sakamakon maye gurbi na haihuwa. Saboda babban adadin cututtukan kwayoyin halitta, kusan 1 cikin mutane 21 suna fama da cutar ta kwayoyin halitta da aka rarraba a matsayin rauni (wanda aka fi sani da yana shafar ƙasa da 1 cikin mutane 2,000). Yawancin cututtuka na kwayoyin halitta ba su da yawa a kansu. Akwai sanannun cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta sama da 6,000, kuma ana bayyana sabbin cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta koyaushe a cikin littattafan likitanci. Tarihi Sanannen yanayin kwayoyin halitta na farko a cikin hominid yana cikin nau'in burbushin halittu Paranthropus robustus tare da sama da kashi uku na mutane suna nuna amelogenesis imperfecta Duba kuma FINDbase (Mai yawan bayanai na cuta na gado) Kwayoyin cututtuka na kwayoyin halitta Jerin cututtukan kwayoyin halitta Ƙungiyoyin jama'a a cikin kwayoyin halitta Kuskuren Mendelian Manazarta Cutar daji Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
19766	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadia%20Murad	Nadia Murad	Nadia Murad Basee Taha (Larabci An haife ta a shekarar 1993) mutuniyar Iraqi mabiyan Yazidi mai rajin kare hakkin Yan Adam, wanda take zaune a Jamus A shekarar 2014, an sace ta daga garinsu na Kocho Iraƙi, kuma ƙungiyar IS ta riƙe ta tsawon watanni uku. Murad itace wadda ta ƙirƙiro ƙungiyar na Nadia, ƙungiyar da ta himmatu wajen "taimakawa mata da yara ƙanana waɗanda aka yiwa kisan ƙare dangi, cin zarafin jama'a, da fataucin mutane domin samar masu da waraka da sake gina rayuwarsu da al'ummominsu". A shekarar 2018, ita da Denis Mukwege an ba su kyautar lambar yabo ta Nobel ta Zaman Lafiya saboda "ƙoƙarin da suka yi na kawo ƙarshen amfani da lalata da juna a matsayin makamin yaƙi da rikici Ita ce 'yar Iraƙi ta farko mabiyar addinin Yazidi da aka bawa kyautar lambar yabo ta Nobel. A halin yanzu, ita mai bayar da shawara ce kan Manufofin Cigaba Mai Dorewa na Majalissar dinkin duniya wanda Babban Sakatare na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya nada. Farkon rayuwa da kamawar Kungiyar ISIS An haifi Murad a ƙauyen Kocho da ke gundumar Sinjar, Iraki Iyayenta, na yan kabilar Yazidi, manoma ne. a da shekara 19, Murad dalibi ne da ke zaune a ƙauyen Kocho a Sinjar, arewacin Iraki lokacin da mayaƙan Daular Islama suka kewaye garin Yazidi da ke ƙauyen, inda suka kashe mutane 600 ciki har da 'yan uwan Nadia shida da' yan'uwan miji da ɗaukar ƙaramin mata da 'yan mata cikin bautar. A waccan shekarar, Murad na ɗaya daga cikin mata da 'yan matan Yazidi sama da 6,700 wadandada Stateungiyar Islama a Iraki ta kama a fursuna. An kama ta a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2014. An rike ta a matsayin bayi a garin Mosul, inda aka buge ta, aka kona ta da sigari, sannan aka yi mata fyade akai-akai. Ta samu nasarar tserewa bayan wanda ya kama ta ya bar gidan a kulle. Iyalan da ke makwabtaka da ita ne suka dauki Murad din, wadanda suka iya fitar da ita daga yankin daular Islama da ke karkashinta, wanda ya ba ta damar zuwa sansanin 'yan gudun hijira a Duhok, Yankin Kurdistan Ta kasance daga cikin ISISsis a farkon Satumba ko a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2014. A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2015, ta ba da shaidar ta ta farko ga manema labarai na jaridar Landan ta yau da kullun La Libre Belgique yayin da ta ke zaune a sansanin Rwanga, da ke zaune a cikin wani kwantena da aka sauya. A shekarar 2015, tana daya daga cikin mata da yara kanana dubu daya da suka ci gajiyar shirin 'yan gudun hijira na Gwamnatin Baden-Württemberg, Jamus, wanda ya zama sabon gidanta. Ayyuka da gwagwarmaya A ranar 16 ga watan Disambar shekarar 2015, Murad ya yi magana da Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da fataucin mutane da rikice-rikice. Wannan shine karo na farko da aka taba yiwa Majalisar bayani kan safarar mutane. A matsayinta na wani matsayinta na jakadiya, Murad zata shiga cikin shawarwari na duniya da na gida don ba da sanarwa game da fataucin mutane da 'yan gudun hijira. Murad ya isa ga 'yan gudun hijirar da al'ummomin da suka tsira, yana sauraron shaidu na waɗanda ke fataucin mutane da kisan kare dangi A watan Satumbar shekarar 2016, Lauya Amal Clooney ta yi magana a gaban Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Magunguna da Laifuka (UNODC) don tattauna shawarar da ta yanke a watan Yunin shekarar 2016 don wakiltar Murad a matsayin abokin harka a shari’a kan kwamandojin ISIL. Clooney ya bayyana kisan kare dangi, fyade, da fataucin da ISIL ta yi a matsayin "aikin hukuma na sharri a kan sikeli na masana'antu", yana mai bayyana shi a matsayin kasuwar bayi da ke kan layi, a Facebook da kuma a Mideast da ke aiki har yanzu. Murad ta sami mummunar barazana ga amincinta sakamakon aikinta. A watan Satumba na shekarar 2016, Murad ya ba da sanarwar Injiniyar Nadia a taron da Tina Brown ta shirya a Birnin New York. Shirin yana da niyyar bayar da shawarwari da taimako ga wadanda aka yi wa kisan kare dangi. A waccan watan ne, aka sanya mata sunan Ambasada ta farko mai martaba don mutuncin wadanda suka tsira daga fataucin bil adama na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya UNODC A ranar 3 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2017, Murad ya sadu da Paparoma Francis da Akbishop Gallagher a cikin Vatican City A yayin ganawar, ta "nemi taimako ga Yazidis wadanda har yanzu ke hannun ISIS, ta amince da goyon bayan Vatican ga tsiraru, tattauna batun ikon mallakar yankuna marasa rinjaye a Iraki, ta nuna halin da ake ciki yanzu da kuma kalubalen da tsirarun addinai ke fuskanta a Iraki da Syria musamman wadanda abin ya shafa da mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu da kuma bakin haure Tarihin Murad, Yarinyar Lastarshe: Labarina na ofaure, da Yaki Na da Stateasar Islama ƙungiyar Crown Publishing Group ce ta buga shi a ranar 7 ga watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2017, wanda wani littafin tarihin rayuwa ne wanda ta bayyana kamawa da bautar da Daular Islama. A cikin shekarar 2018, darekta Alexandria Bombach ta samar da wani fim mai suna A kan Kafadunta wanda ke dauke da tarihin rayuwar Murad da gwagwarmaya. A cikin shekarar 2019, Murad ta gabatar da a karo na biyu na Minista na shekara-shekara don ci gaban 'Yancin Addini inda ta yi magana game da labarinta da kuma kalubalen da ke gaban Yazidis da ke fuskanta kusan shekaru biyar bayan hare-haren 3 ga watan Agustan na shekarar 2014 kuma ta gabatar da "tsari mai matakai biyar" don magance kalubalen da suke fuskanta a Iraki. Murad ya kasance cikin tawagar waɗanda suka tsira daga zalunci na addini daga ko'ina cikin duniya waɗanda aka ba da labarinsu a taron. A matsayin daya daga cikin wakilan, a ranar 17 ga watan Yulin na shekarar 2019, Murad ya sadu da Shugaba Donald Trump a Ofishin Oval wanda ta ba ta labarin ta na sirri na rashin dangin ta, ciki har da mahaifiyarta da 'yan uwanta shida, kuma ta roƙe shi ya yi wani abu. Rayuwar mutum A watan Agusta na shekarar 2018, Murad ya shiga tsakani da takwaransa Yazidi mai rajin kare hakkin dan Adam Abid Shamdeen. Sun riga sun yi aure. Kyauta da girmamawa 2016: Da farko lumanar jakadan ga Mutuncin na tsira daga fataucin Human na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 2016: Majalisar Tarayyar Turai Václav Havel Award for Human Rights 2016: Kyautar Glamour don Matan da suka Tsaya wa ISISsis 2016: Sakharov Kyauta don 'Yancin Tunani (tare da Lamiya Haji Bashar 2018: Nobel Peace Prize (tare da Denis Mukwege 2019: Bambi Award 2019: Kyautar Filayen Zinare na Kwalejin Nasarorin Amurka Bibiyar Tarihi Nadia Murad: Yarinya Ta :arshe: Labarina na tivityaure, da Yaki Na da Islamicasar Islama (Virago eBook, 7 Nuwamba 2017), (Turanci) Nadia Murad: Ich bin eure Stimme: Das Mädchen, das dem Islamischen Staat entkam und gegen Gewalt und Versklavung kämpft (Knaur eBook, 31 Oktoba 2017), (Jamusanci) Finafinai Akan Kafadunta Shafuka, wanda kamfanin Garai Gold Production ke samarwa a Maroko Kisan kare dangin Yazidis daga ISIL Jerin sace-sacen mutane Jerin maganganun mutum da aka rasa Manazarta Pages with unreviewed
33977	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C5%AB%20Lahab	Abū Lahab	Articles with hCards Abd al-Uzza bn Abdil-Muṭṭalib wanda aka fi sani da Abū Lahab 549 624) shi ne kawun Muhammadu rabin mahaifinsa. Ya kasance daya daga cikin shugabannin Kuraishawa na Makka wadanda suka sabawa Annabi Muhammad da mabiyansa kuma an yi Allah wadai da shi a cikin surar Lahab Suratul Massad ta Alkur'ani saboda adawa da Musulunci Rayuwar farko da Iyali An haife shi a Makka a shekara ta 549 miladiyya dan Abdul Muttalib shugaban gidan Hashim kuma kawun Annabi Muhammadu Don haka ya kasance kane ga Abdullahi baban Annabi Muhammadu. Mahaifiyarsa, Lubna bint Hajar, ta fito daga kabilar Khuza'a Mutanen kabilar Khuza’a sun kasance masu kula da dakin Ka’aba tsawon shekaru aru-aru, kafin Kuraishawa su karbi wannan nauyi ta hannun kakansu Qusai ibn Kilab. Abu Lahab kuma yana da dangantaka da Annabi Muhammad a matsayin kawunsa ta wata hanya, tun da kakar Annabi Muḥammad ita ce Fāṭimah bint 'Amr ta dangin Banu Makhzum Makwafta suke da Muhammad suka raba katanga da gidansa. Sunansa na asali shi ne 'Abd al-'Uzza, ma'ana bawa/mai bautar Uzza, allahn Larabawa na makamashi. Amma mahaifinsa ya ce masa Abū Lahab ("Baban Harshe") "saboda kyawunsa da fara'arsa" saboda jajayen kuncinsa. An bayyana shi a matsayin "kwararre mai ƙwanƙwasa mai ƙwanƙwasa gashi biyu, sanye da alkyabbar Aden" kuma a matsayin "mai yawan karimci". Ya auri Arwā Umm Jamil bint Harb, 'yar'uwar Abu Sufyan (Sakhr), wadda mahaifinta Harb shi ne shugaban gidan Umayya 'Ya'yansu sun hada da Utbah, Utaybah, Muattab, Durrah (Fakhita), 'Uzza da Khālida. Abu Lahab ya haifi wani da, shi ma Durrah, wanda wata kila wata mace ta haife shi. Wataƙila kuma shi ne mahaifin da bawansa Thuwayba ya haifa. 'Yarsa Durrah ta musulunta kuma ta zama mai riwayar Hadisi. Daya tana cikin Musnad na Ahmad, inda ta ruwaito cewa wani mutum ya tashi ya tambayi Annabi Muhammadu, wane ne mafificin mutane? Ya ce: "Mafi alherin mutane shi ne mafi ilimi, mafi tsoron Allah, mafi yawan umarni da kyawawan ayyuka, mafi yawan hani da alfasha, kuma mafi kusancin zumunta. Ita ma Utbah ta musulunta bayan da aka ci Makkah kuma ta yi mubaya'a ga Muhammad. Wa Sahabāh (c. 613). Lokacin da Annabi Muhammadu ya sanar da cewa Allah ne ya umarce shi da ya yaɗa saƙon Musulunci a fili, Alƙur'ani ya gaya masa ya gargaɗi danginsa game da azabar Ubangiji. Don haka sai ya hau Dutsen Safā ya yi ihu: Wa sabahah! Ma'ana: "Ya safiya!" A cikin Larabawa wannan ƙararrawa ta al'ada ce ta al'ada duk mutumin da ya lura da ƙabilar abokan gaba suna gaba da kabilarsa da wayewar gari. Da jin haka sai mutanen Makka suka taru a kan dutsen. Daga nan Annabi Muhammad ya yi wa ’yan uwa suna. "Ya Banū Hāshim, Ya Banū 'Abd al-Muṭallib... [da dai sauransu], da na gaya muku cewa bayan wannan tudun akwai maƙiyi da zai kawo muku hari, shin za ku gaskata ni?" Mutanen sun amsa cewa za su yi, tun da Annnabi Muhammadu an san shi da gaskiya sosai kuma an ba shi lakabin Al Amin Ya ci gaba da cewa: "To, ina yi muku gargadi cewa kuna shirin zuwa ga azaba." Ana nan sai Abu Lahab ya katse da cewa: “Kaitonka sauran yini! Shin abin da kuka kira mu ne a kansa?” Wata al’ada kuma ta tuna da Abu Lahab ya ɗauko dutse da zai jefa wa ɗan’uwansa. Abu Lahab ya yi watsi da da’awar Muhammadu, ya ce: “Annabi Muhammad ya yi mini alkawarin abubuwan da ba na gani ba. Ya yi zargin cewa za su faru bayan mutuwata; me ya saka a hannuna bayan haka?” Sa'an nan ya busa hannuwansa, ya ce, "Ka iya halaka. Ba zan iya ganin komai a cikin ku ba na abubuwan da Annabi Muhammadu ya ce.” Suratul Abu Lahab Sakamakon wannan lamari kai tsaye, an saukar da wata sura ta Al-Masad ("The Dabino Fibre", sura ta 111), game da shi. Fassarar Sahih International ta Turanci tana karanta: Hannayen Abu Lahab ya halaka, kuma ya halaka. Dukiyarsa ba za ta wadatar masa da abin da ya samu ba. he will [enter to] to ƙone a cikin wata wutã mai ƙuna. Matarsa (kuma) mai ɗaukar itace (ƙayan Shaidan wanda ta kasance tana sanya shi a tafarkin Annabi). A wuyanta akwai igiya na murɗaɗɗen zaren masadd Ana kiran Umm Jamil “mai ɗaukar itace” saboda an ce ta ɗauki ƙaya ta jefar da su a tafarkin Annabi Muhammadu. Kasancewar makwabcin Annabi Muḥammad, ita ma ta jefar da shara a bango cikin gidan Annabi Muhammad. Abu Lahab ya auri 'ya'yansa maza biyu ga 'ya'yan Annabi Muhammad, 'Utbah ga Ruqayyah, 'Utaibah ga Ummu Kulthum Duk da haka, ba a gama daura auren ba. Bayan sanarwar Al-Masad, Abu Lahab ya gaya wa 'ya'yansa maza: "Kaina ya halatta a gare ku idan ba ku saki 'ya'yan Muhammadu mata ba." Don haka suka sake su. ’Yar Abu Lahab Durrah ta yi aure a wani mataki na auren Zaid bn Harīthah, wanda a lokacin ake kallonsa a matsayin dan Annabi Muhammadu, daga baya aka sake su; amma ba a san lokacin daurin wannan aure da saki ba. Daga baya kuma ta auri Ḥārith ibn Naufal na Banu Hashim; kuma bayan rasuwarsa ta auri Dihya bn Khalifa. Wasu ayyukan adawa (613–619) A lokacin da Kuraishawa suka fara azabtar da musulmi, dan uwan Abu Lahab Abu Talib ya yi kira ga iyalan Hashim da Al-Muddalib da su tsaya tare da shi wajen kare dan uwansa. Al'ada ce a tsakanin Larabawa su goyi bayan danginsu. Duk da rashin jituwar da ke tsakanin Muhammad da wasu daga Banu Hashim da Banu Muṭṭalib, mafi yawansu sun tsaya masa a cikin halin da yake ciki, sun ba shi kariya da tsaro sai Abu Lahab. Yayin da Annabi Muhammadu ke addu'a a kusa da dakin Ka'aba, Abu Jahl ya taba jefo masa hanjin rakumi da aka yanka. Daga baya Muhammad ya gaya wa Aisha “Na kasance tsakanin mugayen maƙwabta biyu, Abu Lahab da Uqba ibn Abu Mu’ayt Suka kawo najasa suka jefar a gaban k'ofa na, suka kawo wani abu mai ban haushi suka jefar a gaban k'ofa." Muhammad ya ce ya fito daga gidansa yana cewa: “Ya ‘ya’yan Abdumanaf! Dabi’ar makwabci ne?” Sai ya jefar da shara. A shekara ta 7 da yin wa'azin Musulunci, Kuraishawa suka kakabawa Banu Hāshim da Banu Muṭṭalib kauracewa birnin, tare da tilasta musu zama a cikin wani kwazazzabon dutse a wajen birnin. Yawancin mutanen Banu Hāshim ba su karɓi Musulunci a lokacin ba. Amma duk da haka sun tsaya gun Annabi Muhammad sun sha wahala kamar yadda ya sha. Abu Lahab shi kadai ne dan Banu Hāshim wanda ya goyi bayan kaurace wa kuma bai shiga cikin danginsa ba. Ta hanyar tsananin kiyayya, Abu Lahab ya keta wannan al'ada ta Larabawa, ya kuma bi sahun dangin Kuraishawa wadanda ba musulmi ba. Abu Lahab ya yi watsi da alakarsa da dangin Hashim ya ci gaba da zama a Makka. Ba da daɗewa ba, sai ya sadu da surukarsa, Hind bint Utbah, ya ce mata: "Shin ban taimaki Al-Lat da Al-Uzza ba, kuma ban yi watsi da waɗanda suka yi watsi da su ba, kuma na taimaki abokan gābansu. Sai ta ce: E, kuma Allah ya saka maka da alheri Ya Abu Utba. Tsakanin Kauracewa Badar (619-624) Bayan an dage kauracewar sai wani dan uwa Abu Salama ya zo wajen Abu Talib yana neman kariya. Lokacin da dangin Makhzum suka nuna rashin amincewa da haka, Abu Lahab ya goyi bayan ɗan'uwansa. Ya gaya wa Makhzumiyawa cewa: “Ya Kuraishawa, kun ci gaba da kai wa wannan shehin hari saboda ya ba shi kariya a tsakanin mutanensa. Wallahi ko dai ku daina wannan ko kuma mu tsaya tare da shi har sai ya samu abinsa”. Makhzumawa sun so su ci gaba da goyon bayan Abu Lahab, don haka suka amince kada su bata wa Abu Salama rai. Abu Talib ya rasu a shekara ta 620, Tun daga wannan lokaci, Muhammadu ya zagaya wuraren baje kolin kasuwanci da kasuwanni don ya shaida wa kabilun Larabawa cewa shi Annabi ne kuma ya kira su zuwa ga bauta wa Allah Abu Lahab ya kasance yana biye da shi wajen baje kolin, yana mai cewa, “Wannan xan’adam yana nufin ku tube Al-Lat da Al-Uzza daga wuyan ku, da waxanda ke tare da ku na qabilar Malik xan Uqaish saboda bidi’ar bata da ya zo da ita. Kada ku yi masa biyayya, kada kuma ku kula shi.” Wani ya ruwaito cewa: “Kafin Musuluncina na kasance ina ganin Annabi a kasuwanni a wajen Makkah yana kira da cewa: “Ya ku mutane ku ce babu abin bautawa da gaskiya sai Allah, kuma za ku rabauta. Mutane sukan taru a kusa da shi sai wani mutum, mai fuska mai haske, mai hankali, mai gashi guda biyu (yana rataye) ya fito daga baya ya ce: ‘Wannan mutumin ya bar addinin (na kakanninsa). Shi maƙaryaci ne. Yana bin Annabi duk inda yaje. Sai mutane su tambayi wane ne shi, su ji cewa baffansa (Annabi) ne.” {Musnad Ahmed 492/3} </br>Annabi Muhammad da mafi yawan musulmai sun bar Makka a shekara ta 622, kuma Abu Lahab bai da wata mu'amala kai tsaye da dan'uwansa. Mutuwa Kamar yadda majiyoyin Musulunci suka ruwaito, a lokacin da sauran Kuraishawa suka je Badar domin kare ayarin ‘yan kasuwa da ke dauke da dukiyoyinsu daga wani hari da ake tsammanin za su kai musu, Abu Lahab ya ci gaba da zama a Makka, inda ya aika da dan’uwan Abu Jahal al-’ṣ bn Hisham a madadinsa wanda ya bi bashi. Dirhami dubu hudu da ya kasa biya. Don haka sai ya dauke shi aiki tare da su da sharadin a cire masa bashi. Farkon mutanen da suka isa Makka da labarin cin nasarar Kuraishawa a yakin Badar, su ne al-Haysuman da Abdullahi bn al-Khuza’ī, wadanda suka yi ta kukan cewa da yawa daga cikin hakimansu sun fada fagen fama. Abu Lahab ya tafi babban tantin Zamzam, "fuskarsa baƙar fata kamar tsawa". Ba a jima ba sai ga dan uwansa Abu Sufyan bn al-Harith ya iso, don haka sai ya kira shi ya kawo labari. Wasu ƴan tsiraru ne suka taru a kusa da su biyun yayin da Abū Sufyan ya gaya wa kawunsa, “Haƙiƙa, kuraishawa sun haɗu da abokan gabanmu kuma suka juya baya. (Musulmi) suka kore mu, suna kama fursuna yadda suka ga dama. Ba zan iya zargin ’yan kabilarmu ba domin sun fuskanci ba su kaɗai ba, amma mutane sanye da fararen riguna masu hawa dawakai, waɗanda suke tsakanin sama da ƙasa. Ba su bar kome ba, kuma babu wanda ya sami dama." (A.Guillaume, Rayuwar Muhammad, 2007, shafi na 310) A can karshen tantin, wani musulmi mai ‘yantacce mai suna Abu Rafi’ da matar Abbas Lubaba suka zauna suna zazzage kibau. Da suka ji labarin mutanen da suke cikin farare na hawa tsakanin sama da ƙasa, sai suka daina jin daɗinsu, sai Abu Rafi'u ya ce: Mala'iku ne!" Abu Lahab ya fusata har ya tilasta wa Abu Rafi’ mai rauni kasa ya yi masa duka. Lubaba ta dakko sandar tanti da ke kusa, ta buga kan surikinta, tana kuka tana cewa: "Kana tunanin za ka iya zaginsa don kawai Abbas ba ya nan?" Majiyar muslunci ta ce Lubaba ya raunata Abu Lahab sosai, har ta kai ga tsaga kansa, inda ya kwanta da wani bangare na kokon kansa. Rauni ya rikide ya zama najasa, gaba dayan jikinsa ya barke ya zama budadden pustules. Ya rasu bayan mako guda. Wannan zai kasance a ƙarshen Maris 624. Kamshin raunin da Abu Lahab ya ji yana da ban tsoro har babu wanda zai iya zuwa kusa da shi. Iyalinsa sun bar jikinsa da ya rube yana bazuwa a gidansa na tsawon dare biyu ko uku har wani makwabcinsu ya tsawata musu. “Abin kunya ne. Kaji kunyar barin mahaifinka ya rube a gidansa, kada ka binne shi daga idon mutane! Sai suka aika da bayi su cire gawarsa. An shayar da shi daga nesa, sannan aka tura shi da sanduna a cikin wani kabari a wajen Makka, aka jefe shi da duwatsu. Wata ruwaya ta Muslim ta ce bayan rasuwar Abu Lahab, wasu daga cikin ‘yan uwansa sun yi mafarki, suka gan shi yana shan azaba a cikin wuta. Ya gaya musu cewa bai sami jin daɗi a Lahira ba, amma an gafarta masa wahalhalun da ya sha "hakan" (yana nuna sarari tsakanin babban yatsan yatsa da ɗan yatsa) saboda aikin kirki guda ɗaya na lalata bawansa Thuwayba, wanda ya ɗan ɗanyi kaɗan. reno Muhammad a matsayin uwar reno. Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
17719	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Pence	Mike Pence	Michael Richard Pence (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga watan yuni, a shekara ta alif 1959) Miladiyya (A.c)ɗan siyasan Amurka ne. Ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Amurka na 48 tsakanin shekarar 2017 zuwa shekarar 2021. Ƙwararren Lauya, ya yi aiki a matsayin Gwamnan Indiana daga shekarar 2013 zuwa shekara ta 2017 kuma a matsayin memba na Majalisar Wakilan Amurka daga shekarar 2001 zuwa shekara ta 2013. Dan Republican ne, ya shugabanci Taron Majalisar Wakilai daga shekarar 2009 zuwa shekara ta 2011. Pence ya kasance mai goyon baya ga motsi na Jam’iyyar Tea Party A ranar 14 ga watan Yulin, shekarar 2016, yaƙin neman zaɓen Donald Trump ya ce Pence ne zai zaɓi Trump a matsayin abokin takara a zaɓen shugaban ƙasar na shekarar 2016 Kamfen din Trump-Pence ya ci gaba da kayar yaƙin neman zaɓen Clinton-Kaine a babban zaɓen ranar 8 ga watan Nuwamba, a shekarar 2016. An rantsar da Pence a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Kasar Amurka a ranar 20 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2017. A ranar 7 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 2020 tikitin Trump-Pence ya kayar da sake takarar su ga tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban kasar Joe Biden da Sanatan Amurka Kamala Harris zaben na shekarar 2020 Rayuwar farko An haifi Pence a yankin Columbus a Asibitin a Columbus, Indiana Ya kasance ɗaya daga shida yara na Nancy Jane (nee Cawley) da kuma Edward J. Pence, Jr. Iyalinsa sun Irish Katolika Democrats. Pence ya kammala karatu a makarantar sakandaren Columbus North a shekarar 1977. Ya sami BA a Tarihi daga Kwalejin Hanover a shekarar 1981 da JD daga Jami'ar Indiana Robert H. McKinney School of Law a shekarar 1986. Bayan kammala karatunsa daga makarantar koyon aikin lauya a shekarar 1986, Pence yayi aiki a matsayin lauya a cikin aikin sirri. Ya ci gaba da yin aikin lauya bayan fafatawarsa ta biyu ba tare da nasara ba ga Majalisar. Majalisar Wakilan Amurka (2001–2013) A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2000, an zaɓi Pence a majalisar wakilan Amurka a gundumar Indiana ta 2 bayan da dan shekaru shida mai ci David M. McIntosh.a shekara ta (1995 zuwa 2001) ya zaɓi tsayawa takarar gwamnan Indiana A ranar 8 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 2006, Pence ya sanar da takararsa ta shugaban jam'iyyar Republican shugaban marasa rinjaye a Majalisar Wakilan Amurka Sakin Pence wanda ya sanar da takararsa na shugaban marasa rinjaye ya mai da hankali ne kan "komawa ga dabi'u" na Juyin Juya Hali na shekarar 1994. A ranar 17 ga watan Nuwamba, Pence ya sha kaye ga Wakilin John Boehner na Ohio ta hanyar kuri’ar 168 27–11 (kuri’a daya ta koma ga Wakili Joe Barton na Texas). Pence ya yi aiki na wani lokaci a matsayin shugaban kwamitin Nazarin Jamhuriya Ayyukansa na Kwamiti a Gidan Amurka sun haɗa da: Harkokin Kasashen Waje, Kwamiti na Gabas ta Tsakiya da Kudancin Asiya (Mataimakin Shugaban kujera); Sashin shari'a, karamin kwamiti a kan Kundin Tsarin Mulki (Mataimakin Shugaban kujera), da kuma karamin kwamiti a kan mallakar fasaha, Gasa, da Intanet Yayinda yake cikin Majalisa, Pence ya kasance daga uungiyar aungiyar Shayi Pence ya kasance na toungiyar Intanet na Majalisar Wakilai, uungiyar Kula da Internationalasashen Duniya, da uungiyar 'Yan Wasanni. Bayan zaɓen watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2010, Pence ya ba da sanarwar cewa ba zai sake tsayawa takarar Shugabancin Taron Jam’iyyar ba. A ranar 5 ga watan Mayu, a. shekara ta 2011, Pence ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai nemi takarar Jam’iyyar Republican ta Gwamnan Indiana a shekarar 2012 Gwamnan Indiana (2013-2017) A ranar 6 ga watan Nuwamba, a shekarar 2012, Pence ya ci zaɓen gwamna, kayar da ɗan takarar Democrat John R. Gregg da dan takarar Libertarian Rupert Boneham Pence ya zama Gwamna na 50 na Indiana a ranar 14 ga watan Janairu, shekarar 2013. Pence ya yi garambawul kan haraji, wato yanke kashi 10% na kudin shiga-haraji, babban fifiko ne ga 2013. A ranar 26 ga watan Maris, shekarar 2015, Pence ya sanya hannu kan kudurin Majalisar Dattawa Indiana Bill 101, wanda aka fi sani da kudurin "adawa da addini" na Indiana (RFRA), ya zama doka. Sa hannu kan dokar ya gamu da suka da suka daga mutane da kungiyoyi wadanda suke ganin an yi doka da kyau ta hanyar da za ta ba da damar nuna wariya ga 'yan LGBT Ya zuwa watan Maris din shekarar 2016, Pence ya yi yunƙurin hana nasarar sake tsugunar da 'yan gudun hijirar Siriya a Indiana. Pence na sake tsayawa takarar gwamna a karo na biyu. Ba shi da abokin hamayya a cikin 3 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2016, zaben fidda gwani na dan takarar gwamna. Ya kara da dan takarar Democrat John Gregg, tsohon kakakin majalisar wakilai ta Indiana, a sake fafatawa a zaben shekarar v2012. Rahotannin farko a ranar 14 ga watan Yuli sun nuna cewa mai yiwuwa a sanar da Pence a matsayin dan takarar VP a ranar 15 ga watan Yuli Neman takarar mataimakin shugaban ƙasa a 2016 A watan watan Yulin shekarar 2016, Trump ya ce akwai mutane uku a jerin wadanda za su tsaya masa takara: Chris Christie, Newt Gingrich da shi kansa Pence. A ranar 14 ga watan Yulin, shekarar 2016, an ba da rahoton cewa Trump ya zabi Pence a matsayin abokin takararsa. A ranar 15 ga watan Yulin, shekarar 2016, Trump ya sanar a shafinsa na Twitter cewa Pence zai kasance abokin takarar sa. Ya gabatar da sanarwa a hukumance a cikin Birnin New York a ranar 16 ga watan Yulin, shekarar 2016. Trump zai ci gaba da kayar da Clinton a babban zaben da zai sa Pence ta zama zababben Shugaban Amurka Mataimakin Shugaban Amurka (tun daga 2017) An rantsar da Pence a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Amurka na 48 bayan da Mataimakin Lauya Clarence Thomas ya rantsar da shi a ranar 20 ga watan Janairun shekarar (2017). A ranar 27 ga watan Janairu, a shekara ta (2017) Pence ya yi jawabi a Maris don Rayuwa a Washington DC, ya zama mataimakin shugaban kasa na farko kuma babban jami'in Amurka wanda ya taba yin magana a taron shekara-shekara. Biyo bayan mai goyon bayan Trump ya afkawa majalisar dokokin Amurka a ranar 6 ga watan Janairun shekarar (2021) yawancin ‘yan siyasa da lauyoyi sun so Pence yayi amfani da sauye-sauye 25 na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka don tsige Trump daga mukaminsa. Rayuwar mutum Pence da matarsa Karen Pence sun yi aure tun a shekarar 1985. Suna da yara uku: Michael, Charlotte, da Audrey. Pence haifaffen kirista ne Dan uwansa, Greg, dan majalisar wakilai ne na Amurka Manazarta Sauran yanar gizo Mike Pence na Gwamna Pence Appearances Profile a Ballotpedia Wasu maƙaloli Tattara labarai da sharhi a Indianapolis Star Bayanin dan takara daga Kamfen din mu Majalisa Profile at SourceWatch Mutane Mutanen Amurka Turawa Pages with unreviewed
57901	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Thomas%20Galbaud%20du%20Fort	François-Thomas Galbaud du Fort	François-Thomas Galbaud du Fort (ko Dufort; 25 ga Satumba 1743 21 Afrilu 1801)wani janar na Faransa ne wanda ya kasance gwamna-janar na Saint-Domingue a taƙaice.Ya zo ne a lokacin da masu shukar suka kasance masu adawa da sabuwar Jamhuriyyar Faransa ta Farko tare da manufofinta na daidaito na kowa da kowa, lokacin da bayi da yawa suka bar gonaki kuma suna gwagwarmaya don samun 'yanci,kuma lokacin da Mutanen Espanya da ke makwabtaka da Santo Domingo suka yi yaƙi da su.Faransa Ya fara tawaye a birnin Cap-Français da ke arewacin kasar,kan kwamishinonin da ke wakiltar Jamhuriyar.Bayan tashe-tashen hankula tsakanin farar fata magoya bayan Galbaud da mulattoes da kuma sabbin’yantattun bayi da ke goyon bayan kwamishinonin an tilasta masa yin gudun hijira zuwa Amurka tare da da yawa daga cikin’yan tawayen da iyalansu. Shekarun farko An haifi François Thomas Galbaud du Fort a ranar 25 ga Satumba 1743 a Le Fort,Nantes .Ya yi baftisma a Notre Dame,Nantes,a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 1743.Iyayensa sune François Galbaud Dufort da Agnès Dubreuil (1717-1793).Mahaifinsa shi ne conseiller du roy maître ordinaire des comptes de Bretagne.Yana daya daga cikin 'ya'ya hudu maza shida mata.Galbaud ya zama almajiri a makarantar manyan bindigogi a 1760,an nada shi laftanar a 1762,kyaftin a 1772.Ya kasance kawai tsayi.A cikin 1775 ya auri Marie-Alexis Tobin de Saint-Aubin. Matarsa yar Creole ce wacce danginta suka mallaki dukiya mai yawa a Saint-Domingue.'Ya'yansu uku duk sun shiga soja. Galbaud ya yi yaƙi a lokacin Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka.Bayan haka ya kasance a cikin sansanin soja a Strasbourg har zuwa juyin juya halin Faransa na 1789.An ba shi shawarar ga giciye na Order of Saint Louis a 1788 a kan dogon sabis,kawai ado da ya samu.Ya goyi bayan juyin juya hali,kuma yana daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kulob din Jacobin na Strasbourg a cikin Janairu 1790.Daga baya ya kasance a cikin kulob din Jacobin a Metz.Lokacin da ya rasa gabatarwa a cikin bazara na 1791 ya koka da nuna bambanci saboda ra'ayinsa na juyin juya hali. Galbaud ya zama Laftanar-Kanar a 1791.Louis na 16 ya ɗaukaka shi zuwa sansanin maréchal de a 1792,matsayi na ƙarshe da sarki ya yi.A 1792 ya yi aiki a karkashin Janar Charles François Dumouriez Galbaud yayi ƙoƙari ya jagoranci sojoji 1,500 don ƙarfafa sansanin Verdun,amma ya mika wuya kafin ya isa.Duk da haka,ya dakatar da abokan gaba a wani mataki a kan Biesme ridge,kuma ya shiga yakin Valmy a ranar 20 ga Satumba 1792.An aika shi don yin shawarwari tare da sojojin Prussian,kuma ya yi magana da kwamandan su Duke na Brunswick,ta hanyar asusunsa yana ba da kariya ga Faransa.An lura Galbaud,kuma da yawa masu tasiri na Saint-Domingue a Paris suna tunanin zai zama gwamnan da ya dace da mulkin mallaka. An nada Galbaud Gwamna Janar na Tsibirin Windward,sannan a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu 1793 aka canza wannan zuwa Gwamna Janar na Saint-Domingue a madadin Jean-Jacques d'Esparbes Mahaifiyarsa,wadda ta mallaki dukiya a Saint-Domingue, ta mutu bayan ƴan kwanaki,kuma Galbaud abokin gādo ne.A karkashin dokar Afrilu 4th,1792 wannan ya hana Galbaud zama gwamna.Ya sanar da Ministan Sojojin ruwa matsalar, amma da bai samu amsa ba sai ya bar Brest a farkon watan Afrilu a kan jirgin ruwan Concorde ya isa Cap-Français (Cap-Haïtien) a ranar 7 ga Mayu 1793. Saint-Domingue Saint-Domingue ya kasance cikin tashin hankali a wannan lokacin,tun lokacin da fararen fata suka kasance masu adawa da kwamishinonin farar hula Léger-Félicité Sonthonax da Étienne Polverel.Wasu daga cikin turawan sun so a maido da sarautar.A halin yanzu,bayi a cikin gida sun yi tawaye.Janar Étienne Maynaud de Bizefranc de Laveaux yana ƙoƙarin kiyaye zaman lafiya a Cap-Français a arewa.Ya kamata Galbaud ya jira a tabbatar da shi a matsayin gwamna da kwamishinonin farar hula,waɗanda ke Port-au-Prince.A maimakon haka sai ya yi rantsuwar mulki a ranar da ya zo ya yi jawabin da ya yi kamar ya shaida wa Turawan mulkin mallaka cewa za su iya dogaro da goyon bayansa.A ranar 8 ga Mayu 1793 ya rubuta wasiƙa zuwa Polvérel da Sonthonax yana sanar da zuwansa,amma bai tura sako daga gwamnatin da ta ba su umarnin yaƙi da Spain da Biritaniya ba. Kwamishinonin sun isa Cap-Français a ranar 10 ga Yuni 1793,inda mutane masu launi suka yi maraba da su amma sun sami liyafar sanyi daga fararen fata.Sun ji cewa Galbaud yana abokantaka ne da bangaren da ke adawa da hukumar,kuma ba su da niyyar yin biyayya ga kwamishinonin. Dangantaka tsakanin Galbaud da kwamishinonin ta yi tsami sosai tun daga farko.Galbaud ba zai yarda da"'yan ƙasa na 4 ga Afrilu" cikin tawagarsa ba, ko kuma ya sa "dukkan ƙwaraƙwaran garin zama daidai da matarsa." Polvérel da Sonthonax sun nemi Galbaud ya yi murabus,kuma lokacin da ya ƙi,suka kore shi a ranar 12 ga Yuni 1793.Kwamishinonin sun yi hira da Galbaud,wanda ya tabbatar da cewa ba zai bi umarninsu ba kuma zai iya nuna cewa an yafe masa cikas na mallakar kadarorinsa. A ranar 13 ga Yuni 1793 Polvérel da Sonthonax sun yi shelar cewa sun kori Galbaud kuma sun umarce shi da ya hau kan Normande,ya tashi zuwa Faransa kuma ya ba da labarin halinsa ga Babban Taron Kasa.An adana doguwar wasiƙar da Galbaud ya rubuta wa taron ƙasa daga kurkuku yana nuna rashin amincewa da kama shi.Kwamishinonin sun gudanar da fete a ranar 19 ga Yuni 1793 wanda suka gayyaci mata masu yawa masu kyauta,ko dai sun auri maza masu launi ko fararen fata. Turawan mulkin mallaka sun tada ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa a tashar jiragen ruwa na Cap-Français kan kwamishinonin.A ranar 20 ga Yuni 1793 Galbaud ya yi shelar cewa yana ci gaba da aiki kuma ya yi kira da a taimaka wajen korar kwamishinonin farar hula.Ya sauka a karfe 3:30 na yamma a kan shugaban mazaje 3,000,wadanda ba su gamu da turjiya ba da farko.Kanar Antoine Chanlatte ya dauki kwamandan sojojin fararen fata da masu launin da suka zo taimakon kwamishinonin.Jean-Baptiste Belley,baƙar fata mai’yanci wanda daga baya ya zama memba na taron ƙasa ya taimaka masa.An yi gumurzu a kan titi,inda magoya bayan kwamishinonin,duk da cewa sun fi yawa,sun yi galaba a kansu,suka kama dan'uwan Galbaud da wasu hafsoshin ruwa da dama.> Gobara ta tashi a garin.Galbaud ya yi ritaya tare da ƙarfinsa zuwa jiragen ruwa,amma ya sake sauka da asuba a ranar 21 ga Yuni 1793 kuma ya kama arsenal daga masu kare launin fata. Kwamishinonin da maza masu launin fata sun ja da baya zuwa ƙaƙƙarfan wurin Haut-du-Cap. Ma’aikatan jirgin ruwa da sauran turawa suka fara washe garin, suna watsi da umarnin Galbaud.An hada su da wasu‘yan ta’addan bakaken fata dari da dama wadanda kwamishinonin sun‘yantar da su amma ba su da makamai,kuma suka shiga cikin halaka tare da bayin da ke garin.Baƙar fata da aka 'yantar da bayin birni,waɗanda Pierrot,Macaya da Goa suka jagoranta,sun fahimci cewa kwamishinoni suna gefensu. Ɗalibai suka jagorance su suka far wa ma’aikatan jirgin ruwa da farar fata da suka tare su. Bayan gwagwarmayar tashin hankali turawan suka firgita suka koma cikin jiragen ruwa,ciki har da Galbaud,amma sun ci gaba da kula da makaman. Kwamishinonin sun sami kansu a cikin tsaka mai wuya,tun da sun dogara da goyon bayan ’yan tada kayar baya,kuma Mutanen Espanya suna ba da kyauta mai ban sha'awa na 'yantar da su idan bayin suka zo wurinsu.A ranar 21 ga Yuni 1793 sun yi shelar cewa duk baƙar fata da za su yi yaƙi da su Spain da sauran abokan gaba za a ba su 'yancinsu. Wannan manufar ta sake farfado da dokar da sarki ya bayar a shekara ta 1784 amma ba a aiwatar da hakan ba saboda juriya daga masu shukar.Sanarwar 21 ga Yuni ta zama sauyi a cikin gwagwarmaya,kuma a cikin faɗuwar motsi don 'yantar da bayi.A cikin majalisar yaki a ranar 22 ga Yuni 1793 Galbaud ya yanke shawarar lalata bindigogin dukkanin batura da za su iya cutar da jiragen ruwa,ta haka ne ya lalata garkuwar birnin da turawa.Daga nan aka yanke shawarar cewa dukkan jiragen za su tashi zuwa Amurka,kuma daga nan zuwa Faransa. 'Yan ta'addan da aka 'yantar sun bi sahun sojojin farar fata da na mulatto masu biyayya ga kwamishinonin tare da fatattaki ma'aikatan ruwa daga cikin makamai da kuma birnin a ranakun 22-23 ga watan Yuni.Yawancin Cap Francais an kona su a ranar 23 ga Yuni 1793.Galbaud ya gudu zuwa Baltimore a cikin jerin jiragen ruwa 120 dauke da 'yan gudun hijira 10,000.Jirgin ya tashi zuwa Amurka a ranar 24-25 ga Yuni.A wannan dare Rear Admiral Joseph de Cambis ya sake samun iko a kan ma'aikatan jirgin Jupiter,inda Galbaud ya fake,kuma ya kama Galbaud.Duk da haka,jim kaɗan bayan isa Amurka Galbaud ya sami nasarar sa ma'aikatan su sake yin tawaye ga Cambis,wanda dole ne ya bar jirgin ya fake a ofishin jakadancin Faransa.Kwamishinonin farar hula sun koma Cap-Français a ranar 4 ga Yuli 1793,inda suka cire jami'ai marasa aminci daga ofis kuma suka maye gurbinsu da amintattun maza.A ranar 10 ga Yuli 1793 sun rubuta wa Babban Taron Kasa suna kwatanta abin da ya faru,da kuma yadda Galbaud ya bar lardin arewa ba tare da kariya ba.An zarge Gilbaud da 'yan uwansa "masu tayar da hankali" da haɗa kansu "a lokacin mulkin tarayya, tare da dukan 'yan mulkin mallaka,ko 'yan kasuwa na sarakuna da sarakuna,a cikin manyan biranen kasuwancin mu."A ranar 29 ga Agusta da 31 ga Oktoba 1793 Sonthonax da Polverel sun ba da umarni waɗanda suka 'yantar da duk bayi a lardunan arewa da kudanci bi da bi. Daga baya aiki Lokacin da Galbaud ya isa birnin Paris a cikin bazara na 1794,nan take aka jefa shi cikin kurkukun Abbaye bisa zarginsa da zama dan sarauta.Matarsa ta yi aiki don a sake shi,kuma an yi masa afuwa bayan wata takwas.Ba zai iya komawa soja ba,amma ya sami aiki a ofishin Kwamitin Tsaron Jama'a.Wata daya bayan juyin mulkin Napoleon na Nuwamba 1799 ya koma soja, kuma aka tura shi Masar, inda ya kasance tare da matarsa. Ya isa Masar a shekara ta 1800 tare da mukamin birgediya-janar.Galbaud ya mutu da annoba a cikin 1801 a
51866	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibylle%20Boden-Gerstner	Sibylle Boden-Gerstner	Articles with hCards Sibylle Boden-Gerstner (17 ga Agusta 1920-25 Disamba 2016)ɗan ƙasar Jamus ce mai zanen kaya,mai zane da marubucin kayan ado. A cikin 1956 ta kafa mujallar fasaha da fasaha ta Jamus ta Gabas wacce ta ɗauki sunanta,Sibylle,tana aiki tare da ɗaba'ar a matsayin editan ta a babban har zuwa 1961. Rayuwa Shekarun farko Sibylle Boden an haife shi a Breslau (tun 1945 da aka sani da Wroclaw) cikin dangin Jamus-Yahudawa.Mahaifinta ɗan kasuwa ne kuma ɗan kasuwa wanda mai yiwuwa daga baya ya mutu a kurkukun Silesiya a lokacin Shoah. Mahaifiyarta 'yar kasuwa ce. Kakanta,Moritz Boden,Bayahude ne kuma matarsa ta koma Yahudanci saboda mijinta.A cikin 1930s wannan yana nufin Sibylle Boden an rarraba shi a matsayin "jüdischer Mischling" (wani lokaci ana fassara shi,sako-sako, a matsayin "Basaraken Yahudawa" Tsakanin 1926 zuwa 1936 ta fara karatu a makarantar masu zaman kansu sannan kuma a Realgymnasium (makarantar sakandare ta gargajiya) a Breslau.A shekara ta 1936 ta koma Berlin inda ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha.Malamanta sun haɗa da Maria May da Erna Hitzberger. Ta halarci Kwalejin Arts na Berlin a takaice inda ta karanta zane-zane da zane-zane.Duk da haka,gwamnatin Nazi ta hau kan karagar mulki a farkon shekara ta 1933.A cikin shekarar 1936 ya zama ba zai yiwu ba Boden ta ci gaba da karatunta saboda asalinta na Yahudawa. Ta sami damar ci gaba da karatun ta a takaice a Kwalejin "Arts and Crafts" a Vienna, inda karatunta ya mayar da hankali kan zane-zane,zane-zane da zane-zanen wasan kwaikwayo,har sai da Ostiriya ta hade da kasar Nazi mai girma a cikin Maris 1938.sannan ta tafi. Shekarun yaki Gerstner had joined the Nazi Party in 1933. By 1945 it is apparent from his active support for the French Resistance and rescuing of Jewish families ahead of scheduled deportation that he was no longer a Nazi supporter, but in 1940 he was seen as a member of the Nazi establishment. The son of a diplomat, and already fluent in French, since July 1940 he had been working as a legal and economic assistant at the German embassy in Paris, and through his intervention Boden was able to escape, illegally, to Paris in autumn of 1940. In Paris she was able to resume her study of painting, now at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts, where her attendance is described in one source as "undercover". Nevertheless, when in 1942 she took part in an exhibition produced by the Beaux-Arts academy, two of her works won a first and a third prize. Ta raba yawancin rayuwarta a Paris tare da Gerstner;tare sun halarci nunin kayan kwalliya na Parisian Haute,inda Boden-Gerstner ta sami damar zana sabbin kayayyaki na masu zanen kaya irin su Christian Dior da Jacques Fath,ta aika da zanenta ga wakili a Netherlands. Ita da Gerstner kuma sun ziyarci jama'a ga babban mai tsara kayan ado Jacques Fath.A lokacin rani na 1944 yawancin jami'an diflomasiyyar Jamus an kira su zuwa Berlin. Boden ya dawo tare da Gerstner,wanda aka ba shi aiki a babban birnin kasar tare da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje.Sun shiga cikin ayyukan siyasa na adawa da mulkin Nazi a Berlin-Wilmerdorf. Bayan yakin Yaƙin ya ƙare a watan Mayun shekarar 1945.A karkashin sharuɗɗan yarjejeniyar London,da aka rattaba hannu a watan Satumba na 1944,manyan ƙawance na yakin duniya na biyu sun amince da rabuwar Berlin bayan yaƙi tsakanin su zuwa yankuna huɗu daban-daban na mamaya;amma kai tsaye bayan yakin sojojin Soviet sun mamaye birnin gaba daya.A cikin kwata na Wilmersdorf na Berlin kwamandan Soviet ya nada Gerstner mataimakin magajin gari.A watan Mayu na wannan shekarar,ma'auratan sun iya,a ƙarshe,su yi aure.Boden-Gerstner ya ɗauki aikin koyarwa a makarantar koyar da sana'o'i mai zaman kansa kuma ya ba da gudummawar shafukan sayayya na jarida,da kera tufafi. Jim kadan bayan haka,an gudanar da wani nune-nune a cikin birnin a karkashin taken "Befreite Schwingen" (sake:"Swing free" inda aka baje kolin hotunanta tare da na Carl Hofer,Max Pechstein da Gustav Seitz A shekara ta 1946,'yan sandan sojan Burtaniya sun isa Wilmersdorf suka kama Gerstner,suna ganin cewa aikinsa a birnin Paris yana nufin cewa lallai ya kasance babban jami'in Nazi.Birtaniya ta mika shi ga sojojin Soviet. Boden-Gerstner ya sami damar samun bayanai daga tsaffin 'yan adawa a Faransa da ke ba da shaida kan aikinsa na sirri a lokacin yaƙi tare da Resistance na Faransa da kuma gudummawar da ya bayar wajen ceto iyalan Yahudawan da aka shirya kaisu zuwa sansanonin mutuwa.Waɗannan takaddun sun isa don tabbatar da sakin Gerstner daga "sansanin musamman" na Soviet a Berlin-Hohenschönhausen. A cikin tarihin Gerstner na 1999 ya yi ishara da hujjojin da Boden-Gerstner ya tattara don a sake shi, yana mai cewa "Ina bin ta rayuwata" ("Ich verdanke ihr mein Leben"). Yankin mamayar Soviet/Jamhuriyar Demokaradiyyar Jamus Gidan Wilmersdorf na ma'auratan yana cikin yankin da Birtaniyya ta mamaye na Berlin, amma daga baya suka koma Zeuthen a kudu maso gabashin birnin, wanda aka gudanar a matsayin wani yanki na mamayar Soviet har zuwa Oktoba 1949, lokacin da aka sake dawo da yankin Soviet gaba daya. Tarayyar Soviet ta dauki nauyin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Jamus (Jamus ta Gabas)
51529	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalia%20Haj-Omar	Dalia Haj-Omar	Dalia Haj-Omar (wani lokaci ana rubuta Haj Omar) 'yar fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam kuma kwararriya kan harkokin yaki da tashe-tashen hankula wacce ta yi aiki da yawa a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Afirka. Ta sarrafa, tsarawa, kulawa, da kimanta ayyukan Hukumar Ci Gaban Ƙasashen Duniya ta Amurka/ Ofishin Ƙaddamarwa na Transition Initiatives a Sudan, kuma an bayyana ta a hukumance a matsayin Babbar Jami'in Raya Ci Gaba a Alternatives, Inc., kuma kamar yadda yake. hadewa da GIRIFNA, the Sudanese Non-Volent Resistance Movement. Ta kuma yi aiki da Human Rights Watch, Doctors Without Borders, UNICEF, Bankin Duniya, da Chemonics. Rahotonta da ra'ayoyinta sun bayyana a cikin wallafe-wallafen kamar The New York Times da Foreign Affairs. Haj-Omar tana zaune a Faransa. A cewar wata majiya, "ta ji cewa dole ne ta bar" Sudan "saboda gwamnatin tana kallon aikinta." Tana jin Larabci da Ingilishi kuma tana ƙware a Faransanci. Ilimi Ta samu digirin digirgir a fannin raya kasa da ci gaban tattalin arziki daga jami'ar Johns Hopkins da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin zaman lafiya na ƙasa da ƙasa daga jami'ar Notre Dame. Ayyukan aiki da rubutu Haj-Omar ta rubuta a watan Yunin 2009 cewa "Kore juyin juya halin Musulunci na Iran ya nuna cewa 'yanci da 'yancin zama 'yan kasa na duniya ne, kuma hatta gwamnatin Musulunci da ta zo ta hanyar halaltacciyar zabuka na iya yin tambaya da watsi da wadanda suka dora ta." Duk da haka, "Sudan ta yi nisa sosai daga yanayin siyasar Iran da kuma samun cibiyoyin siyasa da ke aiki." A cikin muƙalar watan Maris na shekarar 2010, Haj-Omar ta koka da cewa Sudan ba ta yi kama da kasar da ke shirin gudanar da zabukan kasa na farko a cikin shekaru 24 ba, duba da yadda ake ci gaba da tantance jaridu da kuma "cikakkiyar rashin halartar jama'a daga jam'iyyun siyasa." Da take lura da cewa yanayin siyasa yana da matukar tauyewa, ta ci gaba da cewa "dole ne jam'iyya mai mulki ta bude fagen siyasa ga dukkan manyan mahalarta taron," in ba haka ba "zaben zai fuskanci rashin amincewa sosai tun kafin a yi shi." Ta ba da misali da kalaman da jam'iyyar National Congress Party (NCP) mai mulki ta yi game da taimakon kasashen waje daga Amurka da Norwegian Church Aid a matsayin shaida cewa "NCP na kokarin yin kira ga al'ummar Sudan ta hanyar nuna tsoma bakin kasashen yamma ko na kasashen waje a matsayin wata alama. cewa ana kai wa kasar hari kuma su ne jam’iyyar da ta fi dacewa da kare martabar kasar.” Ta yarda cewa zaben ba "kwayoyin sihiri bane," amma ta kara da cewa "zaben da aka gudanar cikin gaskiya da adalci zai iya kawar da kasar daga tashe-tashen hankula masu nasaba da zabe da kuma mika mulki cikin lumana zuwa dimokuradiyya." Haj-Omar ta rubuta wa gidan yanar gizon TechChange a cikin watan Oktoba 2011 akan batun "Mene ne Matasan Sudan ta Kudu ke Koyi daga Harkar Intanet?" Ta yi gardama a cikin muƙalar watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2011 cewa lokacin tarihin Sudan na yanzu, wanda ya fara daga hawan mulki na Jam'iyyar National Congress Party, shine "mafi duhu, ba ga 'yan Sudan kawai ba amma ga bil'adama gaba daya," an ba da cewa "bayan Hitler, Stalin da Mao Omar Al Bashir ne ya jagoranci kisan gilla mafi girma a tarihin bil'adama." Duk da haka, yawancin 'yan Sudan ba su ga wata hanya ba, an rufe tunaninsu "a cikin akwati yana hana su yin tunani mai zurfi da kirkire-kirkire[,] musamman idan ya zo ga tambayar alakar da ke tsakanin gwamnati da addini." Haj-Omar ta rubuta a cikin jaridar The New York Times a ranar 1 ga watan Maris, 2012, cewa gwamnatin Sudan da ke mulkin Sudan “ta damu da ci gaba da rike madafun iko kawai” don haka za ta “yi wani abu don murkushe sabuwar tawaye a tsaunin Nuba.” Ta yi kira ga Amurka da "ta yi la'akari da farashi da fa'idar hadin gwiwarta da NCP kan harkokin tsaron kasa da kuma yaki da ta'addanci, da kuma yin la'akari da tattaunawa mai mahimmanci da himma tare da kungiyoyin adawa na Sudan game da makomar ba tare da NCP ba" Da take rubutawa a ranar 16 ga watan Satumba, 2013, game da kama jami'an 'yan sanda na jama'a (POP) na 'yar gwagwarmaya kuma injiniya Amira Osman a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta, "saboda kin cire rigarta," Haj-Omar ta lura cewa POP ta samo asali ne daga abin da ake kira "Ayyukan Wayewa", shirin Musulunci na gwamnati "wanda ya kai ga kowane bangare na rayuwar zamantakewar Sudan, kuma ya sanya takunkumi kan ka'idojin gargajiya da aka dade ana amfani da su kamar masu zaman kansu da kiɗa, cakuɗe tsakanin jinsi da yin giya da shan barasa.” Haj-Omar ta bayyana cewa, mafi munin irin wannan takunkumin da aka sanya mata shine na tufafin mata, wadda ta bayyana cewa al'amura sun kara tabarbarewa tun bayan ballewar Sudan ta Kudu a shekarar 2011. Haj-Omar ta yarda a cikin wata kasida a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 2013, cewa ita da sauran 'yan adawar gwamnati a baya ba su shirya ba "don girman zanga-zangar da ake bukata don yin kira ga sauyin gwamnati yadda ya kamata," "Tare da aka yi" na ƙarshen watan Satumba 2013 "ya canza sauye-sauyen madafun iko a Sudan,” tare da kokarin da gwamnati ke yi na murkushe turjiya da ya haifar da fushin jama’a. Ko da yake Amurka, EU, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, da sauran gwamnatoci sun yi Allah wadai da zaluncin Khartoum ga masu zanga-zangar, "al'ummar kasa da kasa," in ji Haj-Omar, da alama "ba su koyo daga dogon lokaci da ta yi da Sudan," a cewar ta ci gaba da "don shiga kawai a matakin sarrafa rikice-rikice na kwaskwarima," yana ba da lada ga NCP "don aiwatar da rabin zuciya" na Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya (CPA). A wata hira da aka yi da ita a ranar 14 ga watan Nuwamba, 2013, Haj-Omar ta lura cewa "matakin shiga" a zanga-zangar Sudan ta baya-bayan nan ta "firgita gwamnati," saboda abin da ya kasance "motsi na zanga-zangar matasa" ya zama "motsi na yau da kullun a ko'ina. kasar,” tare da manyan matakan fushi. "Sun yi tunanin za su iya tsoratar da mutane ta hanyar amfani da tashin hankali, amma hakan ya sa mutane suka fusata sosai," in ji ta. Haj-Omar ta rubuta a watan Maris na 2014 cewa: "Hakikanin nasarar da gwamnatin Sudan ta samu ita ce ta katse huldar 'yan kasa ta hanyar sanya labaransu ba a ganuwa ga junansu, don haka wahalarsu ta ragu; kuma tare da wannan ƴan adam gamayya. Don haka muna buƙatar motsa jiki na ƙasa don dawo da mutuntakarmu da sanin ɗayan. Kuma ba za a iya yin hakan ba tare da ba wa ’yan gudun hijira ba, musamman ma wadanda ke fama da yake-yake da gwamnati ke yi, sararin bayyana labaransu ta yadda suka ga dama.” Ta ce wannan bangare na gwagwarmayar Sudan "shine inda muke rabuwa da juyin-juya-halin baya-bayan nan a yankin Larabawa," domin akwai "kabilanci ko kabilanci ya kebanta da Sudan." Don haka "Babban kalubalen da ke fuskantar masu neman sauyi a yau shi ne yadda za a samar da wata kungiya mai fafutukar tabbatar da dimokuradiyya da za ta magance korafe-korafen dukkan 'yan kasar Sudan maimakon yin garkuwa da su ga tsattsauran ra'ayi na akida da kuma wani lokaci na utopian." Sharhin littafin da Tsokaci A ranar 23 ga watan Mayu, 2013, ta yi bitar marubuciyar 'yar Najeriya Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s novel Americanah, tana mai cewa "zai yi tasiri tare da ɗimbin masu karatu saboda ta bayyana tunanin al'ummomi da yawa daga nahiyar Afirka daga Sudan tamu. ciki har da wadanda suka tafi da wadanda suka zauna da kuma wadanda suka dawo bayan dogon shekaru a kasashen waje.” A cikin nazarin littafin Amir Ahmad Nasr na watan Yuli 2013 na My Isl@m: Yadda Asali Ya Sace Hankalina-Da Shakku Ya 'Yantar da Raina, Haj-Omar ta kira shi a matsayin misali na cewa sabuwar tsara a Sudan ta ƙarshe tana tattaunawa "dangantakar da ke tsakanin Musulunci da kuma asali." Da take lura da tattaunawar da ya yi kan yadda Musulunci na “hankali” da ‘yancin son rai” ya rasa ga Musulunci na “al’ada” da kuma ilimin Kur’ani, ta kira littafinsa “kyauta ga tsararrakin da suka girma a karkashin duhun mulkin kisa na Sudan. (ko a ciki ko wajen Sudan), jam'iyyar National Congress Party. Waka ce ga 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, 'yancin tunani da bincike mai zurfi, da 'yanci daga tsarin addini. Zai girgiza ginshikan musulmi da dama wadanda ba su taba fuskantar falsafar Musulunci ko na Turawa ba; zai haifar da rudani a cikin rufaffiyar al'umma kamar Sudan inda aka dakile muhawarar addini, da mulkin da ba ruwansu da addini, da kuma asalinsu." Sauran ayyukan sana'a Haj-Omar ta zauna a kan wani kwamiti game da tattara kudade a RightsCon a Silicon Valley a cikin Maris 2014, kuma an shirya yin magana a Dandalin 'Yanci na Oslo a watan Mayu 2014. Kafofin watsa labarai Haj-Omar tana yawan aika sakon twitter a @daloya, yana rubutawa a ranar 2 ga watan Mayu, 2014, misali: "Idan mun kasance kasa ta gaza a da, menene muke yanzu?" Ta yi rubutun ra'ayin kanka a yanar gizo a "Tunani, Fata, da Hasashe" da kuma a "The Udhiya Project Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
41095	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarihin%20Habasha	Tarihin Habasha	Habasha na ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin ƙasashe a Afirka, bayyanar civilization na Habasha ta samo asali ne tun dubban shekaru. Saboda ƙaura da faɗaɗa masarautu, ya ƙaru ya haɗa da yawancin al'ummomin da ke magana da Afro-Asiatic, da suka haɗa da Amhara, Oromos, Somalia, Tigray, Afars, Sidama, Gurage, Agaw da Harari, da sauransu. Daya daga cikin masarautun farko da suka hau mulki a yankin ita ce daular D'mt a karni na 10 BC, wacce ta kafa babban birninta a Yeha. A karni na farko miladiyya Masarautar Aksumite ta hau karagar mulki a yankin Tigray mai hedkwata a Aksum kuma ta zama babbar kasa a Tekun Bahar Maliya, ta mamaye Yemen da Meroe. A farkon ƙarni na huɗu, lokacin mulkin Ezana, an ayyana Kiristanci a matsayin addinin gwamnati. Sarautar Ezana kuma ita ce lokacin da Aksumiyawa suka fara bayyana kansu a matsayin "Habashawa", kuma ba da dadewa ba, Philostorgius ya zama marubuci na farko daga waje da ya kira Aksumites Habashawa. Daular Aksumite ta fada cikin durkushewa tare da bullowar Musulunci a yankin Larabawa, wanda sannu a hankali ya sauya kasuwanci daga Aksum na Kirista.Daga karshe ya zama tattalin arzikinta ya durkushe sannan aka kawo karshen mamayar kasuwancin Aksum na yanki Aksumites sun ba da damar zuwa daular Zagwe, wanda ya kafa sabon babban birni a Lalibela kafin ya ba da damar daular Sulemanu a karni na 13. A lokacin zamanin Sulemanu na farko, Habasha ta yi gyare-gyaren soja da faɗaɗa masarautu wanda ya ba ta damar mamaye Horn of Afirka. Mishan na Portugal sun zo a wannan lokacin. A cikin shekarar 1529, Adal Sultanate yayi ƙoƙari ya ci Abyssinia kuma ya sami nasara ta farko; Daular Ottoman ne suka kawo Adal yayin da Abyssinia ta sami ƙarfafan Portuguese. A shekara ta 1543, Abyssinia ta sake kwace yankunan da aka rasa amma yakin ya raunana bangarorin biyu. Mutanen Oromo sun sami damar faɗaɗa zuwa tsaunukan tsaunuka, inda suka ci duka Adal Sultanate da Abyssinia. Kasancewar Portuguese kuma ya karu, yayin da Ottoman suka fara turawa zuwa cikin kasar Eritrea a yanzu, suna haifar da Habesh Eyale. Turawan Portugal sun kawo makamai na zamani da gine-ginen baroque zuwa Habasha, kuma a shekara ta 1622 sun mayar da sarki Susenyos I zuwa Katolika, wanda ya haifar da yakin basasa wanda ya ƙare a kawar da dukan Katolika daga Habasha. An kafa sabon babban birnin kasar a Gonder a shekara ta 1632, kuma an samu zaman lafiya da ci gaba har sai da kasar ta raba gari da sarakunan yaki a karni na 18 a zamanin Zemene Mesafint. Kasar Habasha ta sake hadewa a shekara ta 1855 karkashin Tewodros II, inda ta fara tarihinta na zamani sannan kuma ya biyo bayan mulkinsa Yohannes IV wanda aka kashe a 1889. A karkashin Menelik na biyu Habasha ta fara sauye-sauye zuwa ingantaccen tsarin ci gaban fasaha da tsarin da kasar ke da shi a yanzu. Habasha ta zaci kan iyaka na zamani zuwa kudu da gabas bayan yaki da maharan da suka fito daga kudu, wanda ya haifar da iyakokin Habasha ta zamani. Habasha ta yi galaba a kan mamayewar Masar a 1876 da kuma mamayar Italiya a 1896 wanda ya kashe Habashawa 17,000, kuma ta zama halastacciyar ƙasa ta turawa. Sabon zamani ya yi sauri a karkashin Menelik II da Haile Selassie. Italiya ta ƙaddamar da mamayewa na biyu a cikin shekarar 1935. Daga 1935 zuwa 1941, Habasha tana karkashin mulkin Italiya a matsayin wani yanki na Italiyan Gabashin Afirka. Ƙungiyoyin ƙawance sun yi nasarar korar Italiyawa daga ƙasar a shekara ta 1941, kuma Haile Selassie ya koma kan karagar mulki daga shekaru 5 da ya yi gudun hijira a Biritaniya. Habasha da Eritiriya sun haɗu a cikin tarayya, amma lokacin da Haile Selassie ya kawo karshen tarayyar a shekara ta 1961 ya mayar da Eritrea lardin Habasha, shekaru 30 na yakin 'yancin kai na Eritrea ya barke. Eritrea ta sake samun 'yancin kai bayan kuri'ar raba gardama a shekarar 1993. An hambarar da Haile Selassie a shekara ta 1974 kuma gwamnatin mulkin soja ta Derg ta hau kan karagar mulki. A cikin shekarar 1977 Somaliya ta mamaye, tana ƙoƙarin mamaye yankin Ogaden, amma sojojin Habasha, Soviet, da Kuba suka fatattake su. A cikin shekarar 1977 da 1978 gwamnati ta azabtar da ko kashe dubban daruruwan da ake zargin makiya a cikin Red Terror. Kasar Habasha ta fuskanci yunwa a shekarar 1984 da ta kashe mutane miliyan daya da yakin basasa wanda ya yi sanadin faduwar mulkin Dergi a shekarar 1991. Wannan ya haifar da kafuwar Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Tarayya karkashin Meles Zenawi. Kasar Habasha ta kasance tana fama da talauci sosai, duk da cewa tattalin arzikinta ya zama daya daga cikin kasashe masu saurin bunkasa a duniya. Rikicin basasa a kasar, da suka hada da rikicin Metekel da yakin Tigray, na ci gaba da gudana. Tarihi Sai a shekara ta 1963 ne aka gano shaidar kasancewar tsohon hominids a Habasha, shekaru da yawa bayan an yi irin wannan binciken a makwabciyar Kenya da Tanzaniya. Gerrard Dekker, masanin kimiyyar ruwa dan kasar Holland ne ya gano wannan binciken, wanda ya gano kayan aikin dutse na Acheulian da suka wuce shekaru miliyan daya a wurin Kella, kusa da Awash. Tun daga wannan lokaci muhimman abubuwan da aka gano da yawa sun sa Habasha ta zama kan gaba a fannin ilimin burbushin halittu. Hominid mafi tsufa da aka gano har zuwa yau a Habasha shine Ardipithicus ramidus (Ardi) mai shekaru miliyan 4.2 wanda Tim D. White ya samo a 1994. Sanannen binciken hominid shine Lucy, wanda aka samo a kwarin Awash na yankin Afar a cikin shekarar 1974 ta Donald Johanson, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi cika kuma mafi kyawun adanawa, manyan burbushin Australopithecine da aka taɓa ganowa. Sunan taxonomic na Lucy, Australopithecus afarensis, yana nufin 'biri na kudancin Afar', kuma yana nufin yankin Habasha inda aka gano. An kiyasta Lucy ta rayu shekaru miliyan 3.2 da suka wuce. An sami wasu fitattun binciken burbushin halittu da yawa a cikin ƙasar. A cikin Gona kayan aikin dutse an gano a cikin shekarar 1992 waɗanda ke da shekaru miliyan 2.52, irin waɗannan kayan aikin mafi dadewa da aka gano a ko'ina cikin duniya. A cikin shekarar 2010 burbushin kasusuwan dabbobi, waɗanda ke da shekaru miliyan 3.4, an same su da alamun dutse-kayan aikin da aka yi musu a cikin Lower Awash Valley ta wata ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa, karkashin jagorancin Shannon McPherron, wanda shine mafi tsufa shaidar amfani da kayan aikin dutse da aka taɓa samu. a ko'ina a duniya. A cikin shekarar 2004 burbushin da Richard Leakey ya gano kusa da kogin Omo a Kibbish a cikin shekarar 1967 an canza su zuwa shekaru 195,000, mafi tsufa kwanan wata a Gabashin Afirka ga Homo sapiens na zamani. Homo sapiens idaltu, wanda aka samu a tsakiyar Awash a Habasha a 1997, ya rayu kimanin shekaru 160,000 da suka wuce. Wasu daga cikin sanannun shaidun farko na makamai masu linzami na farko (wani kayan aiki na Homo sapiens), ƙwanƙolin dutse na javelins ko jifar mashi, an gano su a cikin shekarar 2013 a wurin Gademotta, kuma kwanan wata zuwa kusan 279,000 shekaru da suka wuce. A cikin shekarar 2019, an sami ƙarin shaida game da haɗaɗɗun makamai masu linzami a Aduma, kuma a cikin Habasha, shekaru 100,000-80,000 da suka gabata, a cikin nau'ikan maki da ake ganin na iya zama na darts da masu jefa mashi suka kawo. Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
21820	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Makain	John Makain	John Sidney McCain (29 ga Agusta, 1936 25 ga Agusta, 2018) ɗan siyasan Ba’amurke ne, ɗan ƙasa kuma hafsan sojan ruwa na Amurka wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sanatan Amurka na Arizona daga 1987 har zuwa rasuwarsa a 2018. Ya yi aiki sau biyu a cikin Majalisar Wakilan Amurka kuma ta kasance dan takarar Republican na shugaban Amurka a zaben 2008, wanda ya kayar da Barack Obama. Karatu da Aiki McCain ya kammala karatun sa ne daga Kwalejin Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka a 1958 kuma ya sami kwamiti a Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka. Ya zama matukin jirgin ruwa kuma ya tashi daga jirgin sama daga jiragen dako. A lokacin Yaƙin Vietnam, McCain ya kusan mutuwa a cikin wutar 1967 USS Forrestal. Yayinda yake cikin aikin jefa bama-bamai a lokacin Operation Rolling Thunder akan Hanoi a watan Oktoba 1967, an harbe shi, an ji masa mummunan rauni, kuma Vietnam ta Arewa ta kama shi. McCain ya kasance fursunan yaƙi har zuwa 1973. Ya sha fama da azabtarwa kuma ya ƙi sakin cikin-tsari da wuri. A lokacin yakin, McCain ya ci gaba da raunuka wanda ya ba shi nakasa ta jiki tsawon rai. Ya yi ritaya daga rundunar sojan ruwa a matsayin kaftin a 1981 ya koma Arizona, inda ya shiga siyasa A 1982, an zabi McCain a Majalisar Wakilan Amurka, inda ya yi wa'adi biyu. An zabe shi zuwa Majalisar Dattijan Amurka a 1986, wanda ya gaji dan asalin Arizona, mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, da kuma dan takarar shugaban kasa na Republican a shekarar 1964 Barry Goldwater a kan ritayar Goldwater, kuma McCain cikin sauki ya sake zaban sau biyar. Yayin da gaba ɗaya ke bin ƙa'idodi masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, McCain shima ya yi suna a matsayin "maverick" saboda yarda ya keɓe daga jam'iyyarsa kan wasu batutuwa. Matsayinsa kan haƙƙin LGBT, ka'idojin bindiga, da garambawul kan kuɗaɗen yaƙi ya fi na tushen jam'iyyar sassauƙa. An binciki McCain kuma an cire shi gaba ɗaya a cikin abin kunya na tasirin siyasa na 1980s a matsayin ɗayan Keating Five; daga nan ya sanya tsara yadda za a kashe kudaden kamfen din siyasa daya daga cikin abubuwan da ya sanya hannu, wanda a karshe ya haifar da zartar da Dokar McCain Feingold a 2002. An kuma san shi da aikinsa a shekarun 1990 don dawo da huldar diflomasiyya da Vietnam. McCain ya shugabanci Kwamitin Kasuwanci na Majalisar Dattawa daga 1997 zuwa 2001 da 2003 zuwa 2005, inda ya yi adawa da kashe gangar naman alade da alamar kasuwa. Ya kasance daga kungiyar 'yan daba ta 14 wadanda suka taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen rage rikici a kan nade-naden alkalai. McCain ya shiga takarar neman Republican ta tsayar da shi takarar shugaban kasa a shekarar 2000 amma ya sha kaye a zaben fidda gwani na gwamna ga George W. Bush na Texas. Ya sami nasarar tsayar da dan takarar shugaban kasa na jam'iyyar Republican a shekarar 2008 amma ya fadi a babban zaben ga Barack Obama. Daga baya McCain ya fara daukar tsauraran ra'ayi da halaye masu ra'ayin gargajiya da kuma adawa da ayyukan gwamnatin Obama, musamman ma game da al'amuran siyasar kasashen waje. A 2015, ya zama Shugaban Kwamitin Ayyuka na Majalisar Dattawa. Ya ki goyon bayan dan takarar shugaban kasa na Republican a lokacin Donald Trump a 2016; McCain [1] ya sake cin zabe zuwa karo na shida kuma na karshe a waccan shekarar. McCain ya kasance mai sukar gwamnatin Trump. Duk da yake McCain ya yi tsayayya da Dokar Kulawa Mai arha, sai ya jefa kuri'a a kan ACA da ta soke Dokar Kula da Lafiya ta Amurka ta 2017. Bayan an same shi da cutar sankarar kwakwalwa (Glioblastoma) a shekarar 2017, sai ya rage matsayinsa a Majalisar Dattawa domin mayar da hankali kan jiyya, sannan ya goyi bayan zartar da Dokar Yanke Haraji da Aiki na shekarar 2017. Ya mutu a ranar 25 ga Agusta, 2018 yana da shekara 81. Bayan mutuwarsa, McCain ya kasance a cikin jihar Arizona State Capitol rotunda sannan kuma a Amurka Capitol rotunda. An nuna jana'izar sa daga Washington National Cathedral, tare da tsoffin shugabannin George W. Bush da Barack Obama suna yin yabo. Farkon rayuwa da Aikin soja John Sidney McCain III an haife shi ne a ranar 29 ga Agusta, 1936, a Coco Solo Naval Air Station a cikin yankin Canal Canal, ga jami’in sojan ruwa John S. McCain Jr da kuma Roberta (Wright) McCain. Yana da kanwa Sandy da wani kane Joe.A wancan lokacin, Hanyar Panama tana karkashin ikon Amurka. Itacen dangin McCain ya haɗa da kakannin Scots-Irish da Ingilishi.Kakannin sa-da-kakanni sun mallaki Babban Rock Farm, gonaki a Rockingham County, North Carolina. Mahaifinsa da kakan mahaifinsa, John S. McCain Sr., su ma sun kammala karatun Naval Academy kuma dukansu sun zama masu sha'awar tauraro hudu a Jirgin Ruwa na Amurka.Iyalan McCain sun koma tare da mahaifinsu yayin da yake daukar sakonnin jiragen ruwa daban-daban a Amurka da Pacific. Sakamakon haka, ya halarci duka makarantu kusan 20. A 1951, dangin suka zauna a Arewacin Virginia, kuma McCain ya halarci makarantar Episcopal High School, makarantar share fage mai zaman kanta a Alexandria. Ya yi fice a gwagwarmaya kuma ya kammala a 1954. Ya kira kansa a matsayin Episcopalian kwanan nan kamar yadda aka yi a watan Yunin 2007, bayan wannan kwanan wata sai ya ce ya zo ne don ya bayyana a matsayin Baptist. A bin tafarkin mahaifinsa da kakansa, McCain ya shiga Kwalejin Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka, inda ya kasance aboki kuma jagora mara tsari ga yawancin abokan karatunsa kuma wani lokacin yakan tashi tsaye don tursasawa. Ya kuma yi yaƙi a matsayin ɗan dambe mai nauyin nauyi. McCain ya yi kwazo a fannonin ilimi wadanda suka ba shi sha’awa, kamar adabi da tarihi, amma ya yi karatun ne kawai don ya samu damar cinye darussan da ke ba shi wahala, kamar lissafi. Ya shiga cikin rikici tare da manyan ma'aikata kuma baya biyayya ga dokoki, wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga ƙaramin matsayi (894 na 899), duk da Babban IQ.] McCain ya kammala karatu a shekarar 1958. Aikin soja na farko McCain ya fara aikin soja na farko lokacin da aka ba shi izini a matsayin dan kasuwa, kuma ya fara horo na shekaru biyu da rabi a Pensacola don zama matukin jirgin ruwan ruwa. Yayin da yake can, ya sami suna a matsayin mutumin da yake ba da fatawa. Ya kammala makarantar tukin jirgi a cikin 1960, kuma ya zama matukin jirgin ruwa na jirgin sama mai kai hari ta kasa; an sanya shi ne zuwa ga A-1 Skyraider squadrons a cikin masu jigilar jiragen sama USS Intrepid da USS Enterprise a cikin Tekun Caribbean da Bahar Rum. McCain ya fara ne a matsayin karamin mai fada a ji wanda a wasu lokuta ba a kula da shi; manyan raunuka. Kwarewar jirginsa ya inganta a tsawon lokaci, kuma an gan shi a matsayin matukin jirgin sama mai kyau, duk da cewa wanda ya “ture ambulan” a cikin tashi. Matukan jirgin soja huɗu sun nuna, a, ko a gaban, jirgin azurfa tare da alamun Amurka Lieutenant McCain (a dama daga dama) tare da tawagarsa da mai koyar da T-2 Buckeye, 1965 Ranar 3 ga watan Yulin 1965, McCain yana da shekaru 28 lokacin da ya auri Carol Shepp, wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin matattarar titin jirgin ruwa da sakatariya. McCain ta dauki yaranta biyu, Douglas da Andrew. Shi da Carol sannan suna da 'ya mace wacce suka sanya mata suna Sidney. McCain ya nemi a ba shi aikin fada, kuma aka sanya shi ga jirgin dakon mai USS Forrestal mai tashi A 4 Skyhawks. Aikinsa na fada ya fara ne tun yana dan shekara 30 a tsakiyar 1967, lokacin da aka sanya Forrestal zuwa yakin bama-bamai, Operation Rolling Thunder, a lokacin Yaƙin Vietnam. An tsayar da shi a cikin Tekun Tonkin, McCain da sauran abokan aikin sa matukan jirgin sun fusata da micromanagement daga Washington, kuma daga baya ya rubuta, "A cikin dukkanin maganganun gaskiya, mun yi zaton kwamandojin mu na farar hula cikakkun wawaye ne wadanda ba su da ra'ayin abin da ya kai su ci yaki A ranar 29 ga Yuli, 1967, McCain ya kasance kwamandan laftana lokacin da yake kusa da tsakiyar wutar USS Forrestal. Ya tsere daga jirgin da yake konewa kuma yana kokarin taimakawa wani matukin jirgin ya tsere a lokacin da wani bam ya fashe; McCain ya buge shi a ƙafafu da kirji da gutsure-gutsure. [35] Wutar da ta biyo baya ta kashe matuƙan jirgin ruwa 134 kuma ta ɗauki awanni 24 tana sarrafawa. Tare da Forrestal daga kwamiti, McCain ya ba da kansa don yin aiki tare da USS Oriskany, wani jirgin jigilar sama da ke aiki a Operation Rolling Thunder. A can, aka ba shi lambar yabo ta Navy da Bronze Star Medal don ayyukan da aka yi a arewacin Vietnam. Fursunan yaƙi An kama McCain a matsayin fursunan yaki ne a ranar 26 ga Oktoba, 1967. Yana tuka jirgi ne karo na 23 da ke ruwan bama-bamai a kan Arewacin Vietnam lokacin da makami mai linzami ya harbo jirgin nasa mai lamba A 4E Skyhawk a kan Hanoi. McCain ya karye hannu biyu da kafa a lokacin da yake fitarwa daga jirgin, kuma ya kusan nutsar da shi bayan ya yi wa parachshe a cikin Tekun Trúc Bạch. Wasu 'yan Vietnam ta Arewa sun ja shi zuwa gaɓar teku, sa'annan wasu sun murƙushe kafadarsa da bindiga da bayonet shi. Daga nan aka kwashe McCain zuwa babban gidan yarin Hanoi na Hỏa Lò, wanda ake wa lakabi da "Hanoi Hilton Kodayake McCain ya ji rauni mai tsanani kuma ya ji rauni, waɗanda suka kame shi sun ƙi kula da shi. Sun buge shi kuma sun yi masa tambayoyi don su sami bayanai, kuma an ba shi kulawar likita ne kawai lokacin da Vietnam ta Arewa ta gano cewa mahaifinsa babban jami’i ne. Matsayinsa na fursunan yaƙi (POW) ya sanya a gaban manyan jaridun Amurka. McCain ya shafe makonni shida a asibiti, inda ya samu kulawar kaɗan. Ya bata fam 50 (kilogiram 23), yana cikin kirjin kirji, kuma furfurarsa ta zama fari. An aika McCain zuwa wani sansani daban a wajen garin Hanoi.A cikin Disamba 1967, an saka McCain a cikin ɗaki tare da wasu Amurkawa biyu, waɗanda ba su yi tsammanin zai rayu fiye da mako ba.A watan Maris 1968, an sanya McCain a cikin kurkuku, inda ya kasance na shekaru biyu A tsakiyar 1968, an nada mahaifinsa John S. McCain Jr. kwamandan dukkan sojojin Amurka a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Vietnam, kuma Vietnam ta Arewa ta ba da McCain da wuri saboda suna so su bayyana jinkai don manufar farfaganda, da Har ila yau don nuna wa wasu POWs cewa fitattun fursunoni sun yarda a bi da su fifiko. McCain ya ki mayar da shi sai dai idan duk mutumin da aka dauka a gabansa shi ma aka sake shi. An dakatar da irin wannan sakin da wuri ta hanyar fassarar POWs game da Dokar ofa’a ta soja, wanda ya ce a cikin Mataki na III: “Ba zan karɓi sharaɗi ko fifiko na musamman daga abokan gaba ba. Don hana maƙiyi amfani da fursunoni don farfaganda, jami'ai su yarda su sake su bisa tsarin da aka kama su. Farawa daga watan Agusta 1968, McCain ya kasance cikin shirin azabtarwa mai tsanani. An daure shi kuma an doke shi duk bayan awa biyu; wannan ukubar ta faru ne a daidai lokacin da yake fama da zafin zafin jiki da zazzabi. Arin raunin da ya samu ya kawo McCain “batun kashe kansa,” amma masu tsaro sun katse shirye-shiryensa. A ƙarshe, McCain ya yi adawa da Amurka. furofaganda "ikirari Ya kasance yana jin cewa furucin nasa ba shi da daraja, amma kamar yadda ya rubuta daga baya, "Na koyi abin da duk muka koya a can: kowane mutum yana da bakin maganarsa. Na kai ga nawa Sojojin Amurka da yawa sun gallaza musu kuma an wulakanta su domin cire “furci” da maganganun farfaganda;kusan dukkansu daga baya sun ba da wani abu ga wadanda suka kama su.McCain ya sha duka sau biyu zuwa uku duk mako saboda ci gaba da kin sanya hannu da ya yi karin bayani. McCain ya ki haduwa da kungiyoyin yaki da yaki daban-daban da ke neman zaman lafiya a Hanoi, yana son ba su ko Arewacin Vietnam nasarar farfaganda. Daga ƙarshen 1969, maganin McCain da sauran sauran POWs sun zama masu haƙuri,yayin da McCain ya ci gaba da adawa da hukumomin sansanin.McCain da sauran fursunoni sun yi farin ciki da yakin Amurka "Bombom na Kirsimeti" na Amurka na Disamba 1972, suna kallon ta a matsayin wani karfi mai karfi don ingiza Arewacin Vietnam zuwa yarjejeniyar Farawa daga watan Agusta 1968, McCain ya kasance cikin shirin azabtarwa mai tsanani. An daure shi kuma an doke shi duk bayan awa biyu; wannan ukubar ta faru ne a daidai lokacin da yake fama da zafin zafin jiki da zazzabi. Arin raunin da ya samu ya kawo McCain “batun kashe kansa,” amma masu tsaro sun katse shirye-shiryensa. A ƙarshe, McCain ya yi adawa da Amurka. furofaganda "ikirari. Ya kasance yana jin cewa furucin nasa ba shi da daraja, amma kamar yadda ya rubuta daga baya, "Na koyi abin da duk muka koya a can: kowane mutum yana da bakin maganarsa. Na kai ga nawa." Sojojin Amurka da yawa sun gallaza musu kuma an wulakanta su domin cire “furci” da maganganun farfaganda; kusan dukkansu daga baya sun ba da wani abu ga wadanda suka kama su. McCain ya sha duka sau biyu zuwa uku duk mako saboda ci gaba da kin sanya hannu da ya yi karin bayani.McCain ya ki haduwa da kungiyoyin yaki da yaki daban-daban da ke neman zaman lafiya a Hanoi, yana son ba su ko Arewacin Vietnam nasarar farfaganda. Daga ƙarshen 1969, maganin McCain da sauran sauran POWs sun zama masu haƙuri, yayin da McCain ya ci gaba da adawa da hukumomin sansanin. McCain da sauran fursunoni sun yi farin ciki da yakin Amurka "Bombom na Kirsimeti" na Amurka na Disamba 1972, suna kallon ta a matsayin wani karfi mai karfi don ingiza Arewacin Vietnam zuwa yarjejeniyar McCain ya kasance fursunan yaki ne a Arewacin Vietnam tsawon shekaru biyar da rabi, har sai da aka sake shi a ranar 14 ga Maris, 1973, tare da wasu fursunonin yakin 108.Raunin da ya samu a lokacin yaƙi ya sa ba zai iya ɗaga hannuwansa sama da kansa ba har abada. Bayan yakin, McCain, tare da danginsa da matar sa ta biyu Cindy, sun sake komawa shafin a wasu lokuta a kokarin kokarin fahimtar abin da ya faru da shi a wurin yayin kama shi. McCain ya kasance fursunan yaki ne a Arewacin Vietnam tsawon shekaru biyar da rabi, har sai da aka sake shi a ranar 14 ga Maris, 1973, tare da wasu fursunonin yakin 108. Raunin da ya samu a lokacin yaƙi ya sa ba zai iya ɗaga hannuwansa sama da kansa ba har abada. Bayan yakin, McCain, tare da danginsa da matar sa ta biyu Cindy, sun sake komawa shafin a wasu lokuta a kokarin kokarin fahimtar abin da ya faru da shi a wurin yayin kama shi. Kwamandan kwamanda, mai hulda da majalisar dattijai, da kuma aure na biyu McCain ya sake saduwa da danginsa lokacin da ya koma Amurka. Matarsa Carol ta yi mummunan rauni sakamakon hatsarin mota a cikin Disamba 1969. Daga nan ta fi inci huɗu gajarta, a cikin keken guragu ko kuma a kan sanduna, kuma tana da nauyi sosai fiye da lokacin da ya gan ta na ƙarshe. Kamar yadda POW ya dawo, ya zama shahararre iri-iri. Farin gashi mai shekaru talatin yana zaune kan kujera, akwai sigarin sigari a sauƙaƙe An yi hira da Laftanar Kwamanda McCain bayan dawowarsa daga Vietnam, Afrilu 1973 Laftanar Kwamanda McCain yana gaishe Shugaba Nixon, Mayu 1973 McCain ya sami jinya saboda raunin da ya samu wanda ya hada da watanni na gyaran jiki. Ya halarci Kwalejin Yaƙin Kasa a Fort McNair a Washington, D.C. a lokacin 1973 1974. An sake gyara shi a ƙarshen 1974, kuma an dawo da matsayin jirgin sa. A shekarar 1976, ya zama kwamandan kwamandan rundunar horarwa wacce aka kafa a Florida. Ya inganta shirye shiryen jirgin da kuma bayanan kariya, kuma ya sami nasarar sashin karrama karramawar ta farko-farko. A wannan lokacin a cikin Florida, yana da lamuran karin aure, kuma auren nasa ya fara tabarbarewa, game da abin da daga baya ya ce: "Laifin gabadayan nawa ne" McCain ya kasance mai magana da yawun rundunar sojan ruwa zuwa Majalisar Dattawan Amurka wanda ya fara a shekarar 1977. Idan aka waiwaya baya, ya ce wannan yana wakiltar "ainihin shigowarsa duniyar siyasa, da kuma fara aiki na na biyu a matsayin mai yi wa jama'a hidima." fatawar gwamnatin Carter. A watan Afrilu 1979, McCain ya sadu da Cindy Lou Hensley, malami daga Phoenix, Arizona, wanda mahaifinsa ya kafa babban kamfanin sayar da giya. Sun fara soyayya, kuma ya bukaci matarsa, Carol, da ta ba shi saki, wanda ta yi a watan Fabrairun 1980; sakin da ba a fafata ba ya fara aiki a watan Afrilun 1980. Yarjejeniyar ta hada da gidaje biyu, da kuma tallafin kudi don ci gaba da jinyar ta saboda hatsarin motar ta na 1969; sun kasance a bisa kyakkyawan yanayi. McCain da Hensley sun yi aure a ranar 17 ga Mayu, 1980, tare da Sanata William Cohen da Gary Hart da suka halarci a matsayin ango. Ya’yan McCain ba su halarci ba, kuma shekaru da yawa sun shude kafin su sasanta. John da Cindy McCain sun kulla wata yarjejeniya mai rikon sakainar kashi wacce ta rike mafi yawan dukiyar iyalinta da sunanta; sun kiyaye kudadensu daban, kuma sun gabatar da takardun haraji na kudaden shiga daban. Bayan fage Gidan John da Cindy McCain a Phoenix, Arizona. McCain ya yanke shawarar barin Sojojin Ruwa. Yana da shakkar ko za a taɓa ɗaga shi zuwa cikakken babban mukaddashin sarki, tunda yana da ƙarancin ƙarfi na shekara-shekara kuma ba a ba shi babban umarnin jirgin ruwa ba.Damar da yake da ita ta ciyar da shi zuwa mukamin mashawarci ya fi kyau, amma ya ki yarda da wannan fatawar, tunda ya riga ya yi shirin yin takarar dan majalisar kuma ya ce zai iya "kyautatawa a can. McCain ya yi ritaya daga rundunar sojan ruwa a matsayin kaftin a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1981. An sanya shi a matsayin nakasasshe kuma an ba shi fansho na nakasa. Bayan ya bar soja, ya koma Arizona. Kyaututtukansa na soja da kyaututtukansa sun haɗa da: Star Star, Legion of Merits, Distinguished Flying Cross, Bronze Star Medals guda biyu, Zukatan Zukata biyu, Lambobin yabo biyu na Ruwa da na ruwa da na Jirgin Ruwa. Wakilin Amurka McCain ya sanya niyyarsa ta zama wakili saboda yana da sha'awar abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu, ya kasance a shirye don sabon kalubale, kuma ya ci gaba da burin siyasa a lokacin da yake mai cudanya da Majalisar Dattawa. Da yake zaune a Phoenix, ya tafi aiki ga Hensley Co., sabon surukarsa Jim Hensley na babbar mai rarraba giyar Anheuser-Busch. A matsayinsa na mataimakin shugaban hulda da jama'a a wurin rabon kayayyakin, ya sami goyon bayan siyasa a tsakanin kungiyoyin kasuwancin yankin, yana ganawa da manyan mutane kamar banki Charles Keating Jr., mai kirkirar gidaje Fife Symington III (daga baya Gwamnan Arizona) da kuma mawallafin jaridar Darrow "Duke" Tully. A shekarar 1982, McCain ya yi takara a matsayin dan takarar Jam’iyyar Republican don neman kujerar zama a gundumar majalisa ta 1 a Arizona, wanda dan shekaru 30 mai ci John Jacob Rhodes ya bar shi. Wani sabon shiga ne ga jihar, aka tuhumi McCain da zargin kasancewa mai takalmin kafet. McCain ya ba da amsa ga mai jefa kuri'a da ke wannan tuhumar tare da abin da marubucin marubuta na Phoenix Gazette ya bayyana daga baya a matsayin "amsar da ta fi barna kan wata matsala ta siyasa da na taba ji Saurara, aboki. Na yi shekaru 22 a rundunar sojan ruwa. Mahaifina yana Sojan Ruwa. Kakana yana Sojan Ruwa. Mu a cikin aikin soja muna da motsi sosai. Dole ne mu zauna a duk sassan ƙasar, a duk sassan duniya. Ina fata da na sami wadata, kamar ku, na girma da rayuwa da kuma ciyar da rayuwata gaba ɗaya a wuri mai kyau kamar Gundumar Farko ta Arizona, amma ina yin wasu abubuwa. A zahirin gaskiya, idan nayi tunani a yanzu, wurin da na fi dadewa a rayuwata shine Hanoi. McCain ya lashe zaben fidda gwani na farko da aka yi ta fafatawa tare da taimakon goyon bayan siyasa na cikin gida, alakar sa ta Washington, da kuma kudin da matar sa ta ba shi yakin neman zabe. Sa'annan ya sami saukin lashe babban zaben a gundumar Republican mai yawan gaske. McCain a 1983, a lokacin wa’adin sa na farko a Majalisar Wakilai A shekarar 1983, an zabi McCain don ya jagoranci kungiyar wakilan da ke shigowa na wakilan Republican,kuma aka sanya shi a cikin Kwamitin Majalisar kan Harkokin Cikin Gida. Har ila yau a waccan shekarar, ya yi adawa da ƙirƙirar ranar Martin Luther King Jr. Day na tarayya, amma ya yarda a cikin 2008: "Na yi kuskure kuma daga ƙarshe na fahimci cewa, a lokacin da za a ba da cikakken goyon baya [a cikin 1990] don hutun jihar a Arizona." 84 A wannan lokacin, siyasar McCain ta kasance daidai da ta Shugaba Ronald Reagan; wannan ya hada da tallafi ga Reaganomics, kuma ya kasance mai himma kan kudin da ya shafi lamuran Indiya.Ya goyi bayan yawancin bangarorin manufofin ƙasashen waje na gwamnatin Reagan, gami da tsattsauran ra'ayi game da Tarayyar Soviet da siyasa game da rikice-rikicen Amurka ta Tsakiya, kamar tallafawa Contras a Nicaragua.McCain ya nuna adawa da barin sojojin ruwan Amurka da aka tura a Lebanon, yana mai fadin manufofin da ba za a iya cimma su ba, kuma daga baya ya soki Shugaba Reagan saboda fitar sojojin da wuri. a cikin rikon kwarya, tashin bam din barikin barikin Beirut na 1983 ya kashe daruruwan mutane.McCain ya sake samun nasarar zama dan majalisar cikin sauki a shekarar 1984, kuma ya samu mukami a kwamitin kula da harkokin waje na majalisar.A shekara ta 1985, ya sake yin ziyarar dawowa ta farko zuwa Vietnam,sannan kuma ya tafi Chile inda ya gana da shugaban mulkin sojan ta, Janar Augusto Pinochet. Iyali mai girma A shekarar 1984, McCain da Cindy sun haifi da na fari, diya Meghan, bayan shekaru biyu daga dan su John IV da kuma a 1988 dan su James. A 1991, Cindy ta kawo yar da aka yi watsi da ita ‘yar wata uku da ke bukatar jinya zuwa Amurka daga gidan marayu na Bangladesh da Uwargida Teresa ke gudanarwa. McCains ya yanke shawarar ya karbe ta ne aka sa mata suna Bridget. Ka'idodi biyu na farko a majalisar dattijan Amurka Aikin majalisar dattijan McCain ya fara ne a watan Janairun 1987, bayan ya kayar da abokin hamayyarsa na Democrat, tsohon dan majalisar jihar Richard Kimball, da maki 20 a zaben 1986. McCain ya gaji dan asalin Arizona ne, mai ra'ayin rikon kwarya, kuma dan takarar shugaban kasa na Republican a shekarar 1964 Barry Goldwater kan ritayar Goldwater a matsayin dan majalisar dattijan Amurka daga Arizona na tsawon shekaru 30. A watan Janairun 1988, McCain ya nuna goyon baya ga Dokar Maido da 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1987, kuma ya jefa kuri'a don yin watsi da veto na Shugaba Reagan na waccan dokar a watan Maris mai zuwa Sanata McCain ya zama memba na Kwamitin Ayyuka na Soja, wanda ya taɓa yin aikinsa na tuntuɓar sojojin ruwa; ya kuma shiga Kwamitin Kasuwanci da Kwamitin Harkokin Indiya.Ya ci gaba da tallafawa ajandar Asalin Amurkawa. A matsayina na farko dan majalisar sannan kuma dan majalisar dattijai-kuma a matsayin dan wasa na rayuwa mai kusanci da masana'antar caca [100] -MCCain na daya daga cikin manyan marubutan Dokar Dokokin Indiya ta 1988, wacce ta tsara dokoki game da masana'antun caca na Amurka. McCain ya kasance kuma babban mai goyon bayan dokar Gramm-Rudman wacce ta tilasta rage kashe kudade kai tsaye dangane da gibin kasafin kudi. Ba da daɗewa ba McCain ya sami ikon gani na ƙasa. Ya gabatar da jawabin da ya samu karbuwa sosai a taron Jam’iyyar na Republican na 1988, ‘yan jaridu sun ambace shi a matsayin jerin sunayen mataimakan mataimakin shugaban kasa na takarar dan takarar Republican George H. W. Bush, kuma an nada shi shugaban Tsohon Sojoji na Bush. Keating Five McCain ya shiga cikin wani abin kunya yayin shekarun 1980, a matsayin daya daga cikin sanatocin Amurka biyar da suka hada da abin da ake kira Keating Five. sakanin 1982 da 1987, McCain ya karɓi 112,000 ta halal na siyasa daga Charles Keating Jr. da abokan aikinsa a Lincoln Savings and Loan Association, tare da tafiye-tafiye a jiragen Keating waɗanda McCain ya biya bashin jinkiri, a 1989. A shekarar 1987, McCain yana daya daga cikin sanatoci biyar da Keating ya tuntuba domin hana gwamnati kame Lincoln, kuma McCain ya hadu sau biyu tare da masu kula da gwamnatin tarayya don tattaunawa kan binciken da gwamnati ta yi wa Lincoln. A cikin 1999, McCain ya ce: "Bayyanar shi ba daidai ba ne. Ba daidai ba ne lokacin da rukunin sanatoci suka bayyana a cikin taro tare da rukuni na masu kula, saboda yana ba da ra'ayi na tasirin da bai dace ba da rashin dacewa. Kuma ba daidai ba ne ya yi. A karshe, Kwamitin Da'a na Majalisar Dattawa ya wanke McCain daga aikata ba daidai ba ko kuma keta wata doka ko dokar majalisar dattijai, amma an tsawata masa a hankali saboda nuna" rashin adalci na hukunci A cikin sake neman zabensa a 1992, batun Keating Five bai kasance wani babban batun ba, kuma ya ci nasara cikin hanzari, ya sami kashi 56 cikin 100 na kuri’un da ya kayar da al’ummar Demokaradiyya da mai rajin kare hakkin jama’a, Claire Sargent da tsohon gwamna mai zaman kansa, Evan Mecham. Fagen Siyasa McCain ya shahara da samun ‘yanci a lokacin shekarun 1990.Ya yi alfahari da kalubalantar shugabancin jam’iyya da karfin kafawa, yana mai wahala a kasa siyasa. Mutum mai fararen fata, tsohuwa mai gashi fari, saurayi, yarinya, ƙaramar mace mai riƙe da wardi, duk a gaban alamar da ke nuna sillar jirgin Kirkirar USS John S. McCain a 1992 a Bath Iron Works, tare da mahaifiyarsa Roberta, dan Jack, 'yar Meghan, da matar Cindy A matsayina na memba na kwamitin Majalisar Dattawa na 1991-19993 kan POW/MIA Affairs, karkashin jagorancin takwaransa na Vietnam War kuma dan Democrat, John Kerry, McCain ya binciki batun Yakin Vietnam POW/MIA, don sanin makomar ma'aikatan bautar Amurka da aka lissafa a matsayin wadanda suka bata a aikace yayin Yaƙin Vietnam. Rahoton kwamitin baki daya ya bayyana cewa "babu wata kwakkwarar hujja da ta tabbatar da cewa duk wani Ba'amurke yana raye a tsare a yankin kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Taimakon McCain ya taimaka, a cikin 1995 Amurka ta kulla huldar jakadanci da Vietnam. Wasu masu fafutuka na POW/MIA sun caccaki McCain wanda duk da rahoton daya gabatar na kwamitin, ya yi amannar cewa akwai Amurkawa da dama da suke tsare da su ba da son ransu ba a kudu maso gabashin Asiya.Daga watan Janairun 1993 har zuwa rasuwarsa, McCain shi ne Shugaban Cibiyar International Republican Institute, kungiyar da gwamnatin Amurka ke daukar nauyinta da ke tallafawa fitowar demokradiyyar siyasa a duniya. Acikin 1993 da 1994, McCain ya kada kuri’ar tabbatar da wadanda Shugaba Clinton ya zaba Stephen Breyer da Ruth Bader Ginsburg wadanda yake ganin sun cancanci zuwa Kotun Koli ta Amurka. Daga baya ya bayyana cewa "a karkashin Tsarin Mulkinmu, kiran shugaban kasa ne ya yi. McCain ya kuma kada kuri'ar tabbatar da wadanda aka zaba na Shugabannin Ronald Reagan da George H.W. Bush, ciki har da Robert Bork da Clarence Thomas Gyara Kudin Kamfen McCain ya auka wa abin da yake gani a matsayin gurbatacciyar tasirin babbar gudummawar siyasa daga hukumomi, kungiyoyin kwadago, sauran kungiyoyi, da attajira kuma ya sanya wannan batun sa hanun sa. Farawa a cikin 1994, ya yi aiki tare da Sanata Wisconsin na Democratic Russ Feingold kan sake fasalin kuɗin kamfen; kudirinsu na McCain Feingold ya yi kokarin sanya iyaka kan "kudi mai sauki. Effortsoƙarin McCain da Feingold sun yi adawa da wasu daga cikin sha'awar da aka sa niyya, ta hanyar masu rike da madafun iko a ɓangarorin biyu, da waɗanda ke jin ƙuntata kashe kuɗi ya faɗi game da faɗan siyasa na 'yanci kuma mai yiwuwa ya saba wa tsarin mulki, da kuma waɗanda suke so su daidaita ikon abin da suka gani a matsayin son zuciya ta kafofin watsa labarai. Duk da nuna jin dadi a kafofin watsa labarai, an sake jujjuya sigar farko ta Dokar McCain-Feingold kuma ba su zo jefa kuri'a ba. Kalmar "maverick Republican" ta zama lakabi da ake yawan amfani da shi ga McCain, shi ma ya yi amfani da shi da kansa. A shekarar 1993, McCain ya yi adawa da ayyukan soja a Somalia. Wani abin da aka sa a gaba shi ne kashe ganyen alade da Majalisa ta yi, kuma ya goyi bayan Dokar Line Item Veto ta 1996, wacce ta ba shugaban kasa ikon hana duk wani abu da ake kashewa amma Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin ya saba wa tsarin mulki a 1998. A zaben shugaban kasa na 1996, McCain ya sake kasancewa a cikin jerin wadanda za a iya zaba a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa, a wannan karon ga dan takarar Republican Bob Dole. A shekara mai zuwa, mujallar Time ta ambaci McCain a matsayin ɗayan "Mutum 25 Mafi Tasiri a Amurka"A cikin 1997, McCain ya zama shugaban Kwamitin Kasuwanci na Majalisar Dattawa mai karfi; an soki shi da karbar kudade daga hukumomi da 'yan kasuwa a karkashin kwamitin, amma a martanin da ya bayar ya ce karamin gudummawar da ya samu ba ya daga cikin irin makudan kudaden da ke fama da matsalar yakin neman zabe. McCain ya hau kan masana'antar taba sigari a 1998, yana ba da doka da za ta kara harajin sigari domin daukar nauyin yakin da ake yi na yaki da shan sigari, hana matasa masu shan sigari, kara kudi don binciken binciken lafiya, da kuma taimakawa jihohi su biya kudin kiwon lafiya masu nasaba da shan sigari. Gwamnatin Clinton ta goyi bayansa amma masana'antun da mafi yawan 'yan Republican ke adawa da ita, kudirin ya gaza samun tabin jini. Fara wa'adi na uku a Majalisar Dattijan Amurka A watan Nuwamba 1998, McCain ya sake cin zabe a karo na uku na Majalisar Dattawa; ya yi nasara a gagarumin gagarumin rinjaye akan abokin hamayyarsa na Democrat, lauyan kare muhalli Ed Ranger. A shari’ar da Majalisar Dattawa ta yi a watan Fabrairun 1999 bayan tsige Bill Clinton, McCain ya kada kuri’ar yanke wa shugaban hukunci ne a kan karya da kuma toshe hanyoyin shari’a, yana mai cewa Clinton ta karya rantsuwar da ya yi. A watan Maris na 1999, McCain ya kada kuri’ar amincewa da yakin bam din da kungiyar tsaro ta NATO ta yi wa Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Yugoslavia, yana mai cewa dole ne a dakatar da kisan kiyashin da ke gudana a yakin Kosovo tare da sukar gwamnatin Clinton da ta gabata. Daga baya a cikin 1999, McCain ya raba bayanin martaba a cikin lambar yabo ta jaruntaka tare da Feingold saboda aikin da suka yi a kokarin kafa kudirinsu na sake fasalin kudin yakin neman zabe, duk da cewa kudirin har yanzu yana kasawa a kokarin da yake na samun kwalliyaA watan Agusta na 1999, littafin McCain na Faith of My Fathers, wanda marubuci ya rubuta tare da Mark Salter, an buga shi; wani mai sharhi ya lura cewa bayyanarta "da alama an sanya ta ne ga yakin neman zaben Shugaban kasa.Mafi nasara rubuce-rubucensa, ya sami ingantattun bayanai, ya zama mafi kyawun kasuwa, uma daga baya aka mai da shi fim na TV. Littafin ya faɗi asalin McCain da asalinsa, ya ba da lokacinsa a Annapolis da kuma hidimarsa kafin da lokacin Yaƙin Vietnam, yana kammalawa da sakinsa daga bauta a 1973. A cewar wani mai bita, ya bayyana "irin ƙalubalen da yawancinmu za mu iya Tarihi ne mai ban sha'awa na dangin sojoji masu ban mamaki 2000 yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa Babban labarin: John McCain 2000 yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa McCain ya sanar da tsayawarsa takarar shugaban kasa ne a ranar 27 ga Satumbar, 1999, a garin Nashua, na New Hampshire, yana mai cewa yana nan yana “yakin don ganin mun dawo da gwamnatinmu daga masu neman madafun iko da muradun musamman, tare da mayar da ita ga mutane da kuma kyakkyawar hanyar‘ yanci. an halicce shi ne don ya yi aiki Wanda ke kan gaba a zaben fitar da gwani na Jam’iyyar Republican shi ne Gwamnan Texas George W. Bush, wanda ke da goyon baya ta fuskar siyasa da kudi a akasarin kafuwar jam’iyyar, yayin da McCain ke samun goyon baya daga ‘yan Jamhuriyyar masu sassaucin ra’ayi da kuma wasu‘ yan Jam’iyyar masu ra’ayin rikau.McCain ya mai da hankali ne kan zaben share fage na New Hampshire, inda sakon nasa ya yi kira ga masu zaman kansu. a yi tafiya a motar bas din kamfen mai suna Straight Talk Express. Ya yi tarurruka na zauren gari da yawa, yana amsa duk tambayoyin da masu jefa kuri'a suka yi, a cikin kyakkyawan misali na "siyasar sayar da kayayyaki", kuma ya yi amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa na kyauta don biyan diyyar rashin kudi. Daga baya wani dan jarida ya ba da labarin cewa, "McCain ya yi magana tsawon rana tare da 'yan jarida a motarsa ta Straight Talk Express; ya yi magana sosai har wani lokaci yana fadin abin da bai kamata ba, kuma shi ya sa kafafen yada labarai ke kaunarsa. On 1 ga Fabrairun 2000, ya lashe zaben fidda gwanin da aka yi a New Hampshire da kashi 49 na kuri’un da aka jefa yayin da Bush ya samu kashi 30. Yaƙin neman zaɓe na Bush da kafuwar Jamhuriyar Republican sun ji tsoron nasarar McCain a babban zaɓen fidda gwani na Kudancin Carolina na iya ba wa kamfen ɗin nasa damar ci gaba. Jamhuriyar Arizona ta rubuta cewa takarar farko ta McCain Bush a South Carolina "ta shiga cikin siyasar siyasa a matsayin alamar ruwa a yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa", yayin da The New York Times ta kira shi "alama ce mai raɗaɗi na zaluncin siyasar Amurka". [135] [147] [148] Kungiyoyi masu ban sha'awa iri-iri, wadanda McCain ya ƙalubalance su a baya, sun gudanar da tallace-tallace marasa kyau. [135] [149] Bush ya ari yaren McCain na canjin garambawul, [150] kuma ya ki raba kansa da wani tsohon soja mai fafutuka wanda ya zargi McCain (a gaban Bush) da cewa ya "yi watsi da tsoffin soji" kan batun POW MIA da Agent Orange. Cikin fushi,McCain ya gudanar da tallace-tallace yana zargin Bush da yin karya da kuma kwatanta gwamnan da Bill Clinton, wanda Bush ya ce "yana da kusan rauni kamar yadda za ku iya bayarwa a zaben fidda gwani na Republican. An fara kamfen ɓoye sunan McCain, wanda aka gabatar da shi ta hanyar jefa ƙuri'a, faks, imel, wasiƙa, da tsire-tsire masu sauraro.Masu fashin bakin sun yi ikirarin cewa McCain ya haifi bakar fata ne ba tare da aure ba (an dauki 'yar McCains mai duhu daga Bangladesh), cewa matarsa Cindy ta kasance mai shan kwaya, cewa shi dan luwadi ne, kuma shi "Dan takarar Manchurian ne "wanda ko dai ya ci amana ko kuma ya kasance cikin rashin nutsuwa daga kwanakinsa na Yammacin Vietnam POW.Yakin neman zaben na Bush ya musanta cewa yana da hannu a hare-harenMcCain ya sha kashi a Kudancin Carolina a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu, tare da kashi 42 cikin 100 na kuri’un zuwa Bush kashi 53, a wani bangare saboda Bush ya tattara masu jefa kuri’a a jihar kuma ya fi McCain karfi.Nasarar ta baiwa Bush damar sake samun karfin gwiwa. [154] McCain ya ce game da masu yada jita-jitar, "Na yi imanin cewa akwai wuri na musamman a cikin gidan wuta ga mutane irin wadannan. A cewar wani sananne, abin da ya faru a Kudu Carolina ya bar shi a "wuri mai duhu. Kamfen din McCain bai taba murmurewa daga kayen da ya sha a South Carolina ba, duk da cewa ya sake samun nasara ta hanyar cin nasara a Arizona da Michigan 'yan kwanaki kadan. Ya gabatar da wani jawabi a Virginia Beach wanda ya soki shugabannin Kirista, ciki har da Pat Robertson da Jerry Falwell, a matsayin masu ra'ayin kawo sauyi,suna cewa mun rungumi kyawawan membobin kungiyar masu ra'ayin mazan jiya. Amma wannan ba yana nufin cewa za mu yi ba ya nuna damuwa ga shugabannin da suka nada kansu. McCain ya fadi a zaben fidda gwani na Virginia a ranar 29 ga Fabrairu,kuma a ranar 7 ga Maris ya sha kashi tara daga cikin 'yan takara goma sha uku a ranar Super Tuesday a hannun Bush.Tare da karancin fata na cin nasarar wakilcin Bush, McCain ya janye daga takarar a ranar 9 ga Maris, 2000.Ya amince da Bush bayan watanni biyu,kuma ya riƙa yin wasu lokuta tare da gwamnan Texas a lokacin yakin neman zaɓen gama gari Aikin majalisar dattijai (2000-2008) Babban labarin: Ayyukan Majalisar Dattijan Amurka na John McCain, 2001–2014 Ya rage wa'adin sa na uku a majalisar dattawa McCain ya fara 2001 ne ta hanyar watsewa da sabuwar gwamnatin George W. Bush kan batutuwa da dama, wadanda suka hada da sake fasalin HMO, canjin yanayi, da dokar sarrafa bindiga; McCain Feingold shima Bush yayi adawa dashi. A watan Mayu na 2001, McCain yana daya daga cikin 'yan majalisar dattijan Republican biyu da suka kada kuri'ar kin amincewa da rage harajin Bush. Baya ga bambance-bambance da Bush a kan dalilai na akida, akwai adawa a tsakanin mutane biyun da suka rage daga yakin shekarar da ta gabata. Daga baya, lokacin da wani dan majalisar dattijai na Jamhuriya, Jim Jeffords, ya zama mai cin gashin kansa, ta yadda ya jefa ragamar Majalisar Dattawa ga Democrats, McCain ya kare Jeffords a kan "wadanda aka nada da kansu masu tilasta biyayya ta jam'iyyar". Tabbas, akwai jita-jita a lokacin, kuma a cikin shekaru tun, game da McCain da kansa ya bar Jam’iyyar Republican, amma McCain ya sha musantawa koyaushe cewa ya taba tunanin yin hakan. Tun daga 2001, McCain ya yi amfani da ribar siyasa da ya samu daga takararsa ta shugaban ƙasa, tare da haɓaka ƙwarewar doka da alaƙa da sauran membobin, don zama ɗayan manyan membobin Majalisar Dattawa. Bayan harin 11 ga Satumba, 2001, McCain ya goyi bayan Bush da yakin da Amurka ta jagoranta a Afghanistan. Shi da dan majalisar dattijai Joe Lieberman sun rubuta dokar da ta kirkiro Hukumar 9/11, yayin da shi da sanata Democrat Fritz Hollings suka dauki nauyin Dokar Tsaro ta Jiragen Sama da Sufuri wanda ya sanya tsaro a filin jirgin sama. A watan Maris na 2002, McCain Feingold, wanda a hukumance aka sani da dokar sake fasalin yakin neman zaben Bipartisan na 2002, ya samu nasara a majalisun biyu kuma Shugaba Bush ya sanya hannu kan doka. Shekaru bakwai da yin hakan, shine babbar nasarar da McCain ya samu a harkar doka.A halin yanzu, yayin tattaunawa game da matakin da Amurka za ta dauka kan Iraki, McCain ya kasance mai goyon bayan matsayin gwamnatin Bush. Ya bayyana cewa Iraki "hatsari ne bayyananne kuma na yanzu ga Amurka", kuma ya jefa kuri'a daidai da kudurin yakin Iraki a watan Oktoba 2002. Ya yi hasashen cewa da yawa daga cikin mutanen Iraki za su dauki sojojin Amurka a matsayin 'yanci. A watan Mayu 2003, McCain ya kada kuri’ar kin amincewa da zagaye na biyu na rage harajin Bush, yana mai cewa hakan bai dace ba a lokacin yaki. A watan Nuwamba na 2003, bayan tafiyarsa zuwa Iraki, yana yi wa Sakataren Tsaro Donald Rumsfeld tambayoyi a bainar jama'a, yana mai cewa ana bukatar karin sojojin Amurka; a shekara mai zuwa, McCain ya ba da sanarwar cewa ya daina amincewa da Rumsfeld. A watan Oktoba na 2003, McCain da Lieberman suka hada hannu kan dokar kula da yanayin da za ta bullo da tsarin kasuwanci da nufin mayar da hayaki mai gurbata muhallin zuwa matakan 2000; kudirin ya fadi ne da kuri’u 55 zuwa 43 a majalisar dattijai. Sun sake dawo da sigar dokar da aka gyaru sau biyu, a karo na karshe a watan Janairun 2007 tare da daukar nauyin Barack Obama, da sauransu. Shugaban Amurka George W. Bush tare da Sanata McCain, 4 ga Disamba, 2004 A yakin neman zaben shugaban kasar Amurka na 2004, an sake ambaton McCain a matsayin dan takarar mataimakin shugaban kasa, a wannan karon kawai a matsayin wani bangare na tikitin dimokuradiyya a karkashin dan takarar John Kerry.McCain ya ce Kerry bai taba bashi mukamin a hukumance ba kuma da ba zai karba ba idan ya samu.A taron Jam’iyyar Republican na 2004, McCain ya goyi bayan Bush don sake tsayawa takara, inda ya yaba da yadda Bush ya gudanar da Yakin a kan Ta’addanci tun bayan harin 11 ga Satumba. A lokaci guda kuma, ya kare tarihin Kerry na yakin Vietnam da Awatan Agusta na 2004, McCain ya sami kyakkyawan sakamako mai kyau-da mara kyau (kashi 55 cikin ɗari zuwa 19 cikin 100) na kowane ɗan siyasa na ƙasa; abokai. McCain shi ma an sake zabarsa a matsayin sanata, a 2004. Ya kayar da sanannen malamin makarantar dimokuradiyya Stuart Starky da babbar tazarar nasara, inda ya sami kashi 77 na kuri'un. Farkon wa'adin majalisar dattijai na hudu A watan Mayu na 2005, McCain ya jagoranci wadanda ake kira Gang na 14 a Majalisar Dattawa, wanda ya samar da sulhu wanda ya kiyaye ikon sanatoci na gurfanar da masu zartar da hukunci, amma sai a "yanayi na musamman. Tattaunawar ta fitar da tururi daga harkar filibuster, amma wasu 'yan Republican ba su ji dadin cewa sulhun bai kawar da masu gurɓatar da waɗanda aka zaɓa a cikin shari'a a kowane yanayi ba. Daga baya McCain ya jefa kuri’ar tabbatar da Kotun Koli inda ya nuna goyon baya ga John Roberts da Samuel Alito, yana mai kiransu “biyu daga cikin alkalai masu kyau da aka taba nadawa a Kotun Koli ta AmurkaKomawar daga kuri’un sa na 2001 da 2003, McCain ya goyi bayan kara harajin Bush a watan Mayun 2006, yana mai cewa rashin yin hakan zai kai ga karin haraji. Aiki tare da sanata Democrat Ted Kennedy, McCain ya kasance mai karfin fada aji game da kawo sauye-sauye game da shige da fice, wanda zai kunshi halatta doka, shirye-shiryen ma'aikatan baki, da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi aiwatar da kan iyaka. Dokar Tsaro ta Amurka da Tsarin Shige da Fice ba ta taɓa kaɗa ƙuri'a ba a 2005, yayin da Dokar Gyara Tsarin Shige da Fice na 2006 ta wuce Majalisar Dattijai a cikin Mayu 2006 amma ta gaza a Majalisar. A watan Yunin 2007, Shugaba Bush, McCain, da wasu suka yi yunƙurin turawa har yanzu game da irin wannan ƙudurin, Dokar Gyara Tsarin Shige da Fice na 2007, amma hakan ya haifar da adawa mai ƙarfi tsakanin masu sauraron rediyo da sauransu, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu cikin fushinsu suka nuna shawarar kamar wani shirin "afuwa. kuma kudirin sau biyu ya kasa samun suturar majalisar dattijai. A tsakiyar shekarun 2000 (shekaru goma), karuwar wasan kwaikwayon Indiya wanda McCain ya taimaka ya kawo shine masana'antar dala biliyan 23. Ya taba zama shugaban kwamitin Majalisar Dattawa kan Harkokin Indiya, a 1995 1997 da 2005-2007, kuma Kwamitin nasa ya taimaka wajen tona asirin badakalar neman shiga Indiya ta Jack Abramoff. Zuwa 2005 da 2006, McCain yana matsawa don yin kwaskwarima ga Dokar Gudanar da Wasannin Indiya wacce za ta iyakance kirkirar gidajen caca, da kuma takaita zirga-zirgar kabilu a duk sassan jihar don yin gidajen caca. Mutum mai matsakaicin shekaru sanye da kayan soja yana magana da dattijo cikin kayan farar hula, da daddareSaboda lokacinsa na POW, an san McCain ne saboda haushin sa na tsarewa da tambayoyin wadanda ake tsare da su a yakin Yaki da ta'addanci. Wani mai hamayya da yadda gwamnatin Bush ta yi amfani da azaba da tsarewa ba tare da gurfanar da shi a Guantánamo Bay ba, yana mai cewa: "wasu daga cikin wadannan mutane mugaye ne, masu kisan kai da kuma mummunar dabi'ar 'yan adam. shari’u har ma da Adolf Eichmann ya sami fitina. A watan Oktoba na 2005, McCain ya gabatar da kudurin gyaran da aka yiwa McCain Detinee a cikin kudirin sanya hannu kan harkokin tsaro na shekarar 2005, kuma Majalisar Dattawa ta zabi 90-9 don nuna goyon baya ga gyaran.Ya hana zaluntar fursunoni, ciki har da fursunoni a Guantánamo, ta hanyar rufe tambayoyin soja zuwa dabarun cikin Manhajan Filin Sojan Amurka kan Yin tambayoyi. Duk da cewa Bush ya yi barazanar kin amincewa da kudirin idan har aka hada da gyaran na McCain, Shugaban kasar ya sanar a watan Disambar 2005 cewa ya amince da sharuddan McCain kuma zai "bayyana wa duniya cewa wannan gwamnatin ba ta azabtar da mu kuma muna bin kasashen duniya taron azabtarwa, walau a nan gida ko a waje. Wannan matsayin, da sauransu, ya sa McCain ya zama mai suna a cikin 2006 a matsayin daya daga cikin Sanatocin Amurka Guda 10.McCain ya jefa kuri'a a watan Fabrairun 2008 a kan kudirin da ke dauke da dokar hana sanya ruwa, wanda daga baya Bush ya zartar da kudirin da kyar. Koyaya, kudirin da ake magana a kai ya kunshi wasu tanade-tanade wadanda McCain ya nuna adawa da su, kuma mai magana da yawunsa ya ce: "Wannan ba kuri'a ba ce a kan ruwa. Wannan kuri'a ce a kan amfani da ka'idojin littafin [Sojojin] filin aikin ga ma'aikatan CIA.A halin yanzu, McCain ya ci gaba da tambayar ci gaban yakin Iraki. A watan Satumbar 2005, ya yi tsokaci kan Shugaban gamayyar Manyan Hafsoshin Richard Myers game da kyakkyawan fata game da ci gaban yakin: "Abubuwa ba su tafi kamar yadda muka tsara ko muka yi tsammani ba, ko kuma kamar yadda kuka gaya muku, Janar Myers." [199] A watan Agusta 2006, ya caccaki gwamnatin kan yadda take ci gaba da nuna tasirin tashe-tashen hankula Ba mu [fada] wa jama'ar Amurka irin tsananin da wahalar da hakan za ta fuskanta ba. Tun daga farko, McCain ya goyi bayan Yawan sojojin Iraki na 2007. Abokan hamayyar dabarun sun yi mata lakabi da "shirin McCain kuma farfesan kimiyyar siyasa na Jami'ar Virginia Larry Sabato ya ce, "McCain ya mallaki Iraki kamar yadda Bush yake da shi a yanzu.Guguwa da yakin ba su da karbuwa a lokacin mafi yawan shekara, har ma a cikin Jam’iyyar Republican, yayin da yakin neman zaben McCain ke gudana; saboda sakamakon, McCain ya amsa akai-akai, "Zai fi kyau in rasa kamfen fiye da yaƙi. A watan Maris na 2008, McCain ya yaba da dabarun haɓaka tare da rage tashe-tashen hankula a Iraki, yayin da ya yi tafiyarsa ta takwas zuwa wannan ƙasar tun yakin ya fara. 2008 yakin neman zaben shugaban kas yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa Fari mai launin fari yana magana a wurin taron, tare da gungun mutane a bayansa, wasu suna riƙe da shuɗi "McCain" mai shuɗi McCain a hukumance ya sanar da takarar sa a Portsmouth, New Hampshire, 2007.McCain a hukumance ya bayyana aniyarsa ta tsayawa takarar Shugabancin Amurka a ranar 25 ga Afrilun 2007, a Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Ya bayyana cewa: "Ba na tsayawa takarar shugaban kasa don na zama wani, amma don yin wani abu; don yin abubuwa masu wuya amma masu cancanta, ba abubuwa masu sauki da marasa amfani ba.Ainarfin da McCain ya ambata a matsayin ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa a shekara ta 2008 ya haɗa da amincewa da sunan ƙasa, tallafawa na manyan shawarwari da yunƙurin sake fasalin kuɗin kamfen, ikonsa na isa ko'ina ta hanyar, sanannen aikin soja da gogewarsa a matsayin POW, kwarewarsa daga Yaƙin neman zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2000, da kuma tsammanin zai kama manyan masu ba da kuɗi Bush. A lokacin zagayen zaben 2006, McCain ya halarci taruka 346 kuma ya taimaka ya tara sama da dala miliyan 10.5 a madadin ‘yan takarar na Republican. Hakanan McCain ya kasance mai son tambayar kamfanoni da masana'antu don gudummawar kamfen, yayin da yake ci gaba da cewa irin wannan gudummawar ba zai shafi duk wata shawarar hukuma da zai yanke ba. Duk da cewa ana ganin dan takarar da ke kan gaba wajen zaben fitar da gwani ta hanyar masana tun 2007 aka fara, McCain ya kasance a matsayi na biyu a bayan tsohon Magajin Garin New York Rudy Giuliani a zabukan Jam’iyyar na kasa yayin da shekarar ke ci gaba.McCain yana da matsalolin tara kudi a farkon rabin shekarar 2007, sakamakon wani tallafi da yake bayarwa kan dokar sake fasalin bakin haure ta 2007, wacce ba ta da karbuwa a tsakanin masu jefa kuri’a na Jam’iyyar. An fara rage yawan ma'aikatan yakin neman zabe a farkon Yuli, amma McCain ya ce ba ya tunanin ficewa daga takarar. Daga baya a wannan watan, manajan yakin neman zaben kuma babban mai tsara dabarun yakin neman zaben duk sun tashi. McCain ya faɗi ƙasa warwas a zaɓen ƙasa, galibi yana takara na uku ko na huɗu tare da kashi 15 ko lessasa da tallafi. Daga baya sanatan na Arizona ya ci gaba da matsayin da ya saba da shi a matsayin mara karfi a siyasance, [213] yana hawa kan madaidaiciyar magana ta Express da kuma cin gajiyar kafofin watsa labarai na kyauta kamar muhawara da abubuwan da suka shafi daukar nauyi. [214] Ya zuwa watan Disamba na 2007, an tsayar da takarar Republican, ba tare da wani daga manyan ‘yan takarar da ya mamaye zaben kuma dukkansu suna da manyan matsaloli tare da abubuwa daban-daban na masu jefa kuri’a na Jam’iyyar. [215] McCain yana nuna farfadowar, musamman tare da sabunta karfi a New Hampshire wurin da ya ci nasara a 2000 kuma an kara karfafa shi da amincewa da The Boston Globe, da New Hampshire Union Leader, da kuma kusan wasu dozin biyu jaridun jihar, [216 haka kuma daga Sanata Lieberman (yanzu ɗan Democrat mai zaman kansa). [217] [218] McCain ya yanke shawarar kin yakin neman zabe sosai a watan Janairu 3, 2008, na Iowa, wanda ya ga nasarar da tsohon Gwamnan Arkansas Mike Huckabee ya yi. Tsarin komowar McCain ya biya lokacin da ya lashe zaben fidda gwani na New Hampshire a ranar 8 ga Janairu, inda ya kayar da tsohon Gwamnan Massachusetts Mitt Romney a fafatawar da suka yi, ya sake zama daya daga cikin wadanda ke kan gaba a tseren.A tsakiyar watan Janairu, McCain ya zama na farko a zaben fidda gwanin South Carolina, inda ya doke Mike Huckabee da kyar.Masana sun yaba wa wanda ya zo na uku, tsohon dan majalisar dattijan Amurka na Tennessee Fred Thompson, tare da samun kuri’u daga Huckabee a South Carolina, wanda hakan ya ba McCain nasara kadan. Mako guda bayan haka, McCain ya lashe zaben fidda gwani na Florida,ya sake doke Romney a fafatawar da ta yi kusa; Giuliani daga nan ya fadi ya amince da McCain. A ranar 5 ga Fabrairu, McCain ya lashe yawancin jihohi da wakilai a zaben fidda gwani na Jam’iyyar Super Tuesday, wanda ya ba shi jagorancin jagora zuwa takarar Republican. Romney ya fice daga takarar ranar 7 ga FabrairuNasarar da McCain ya samu a zaben fitar da gwani na ranar 4 ga Maris ya kai ga yawancin wakilai, kuma ya zama dan takarar da ke gaba na jam'iyyar Republican.An haifi McCain a cikin Yankin Canal na Panama. Da an zabe shi, da ya zama shugaban kasa na farko wanda aka haifa a waje da jihohin arba'in da takwas. Wannan ya haifar da batun shari'a, tunda Tsarin Mulkin Amurka ya buƙaci shugaban ƙasa ya kasance ɗan asalin ƙasar Amurka. Sanarwar shari’a tsakanin bangarori biyu, [226] da kuma kudurin Majalisar Dattawa gaba daya amma ba a tilasta shi ba, [227] duk sun yanke hukuncin cewa shi dan kasa ne na asali. Idan aka rantsar da shi a shekara ta 2009 yana da shekaru 72 da kwanaki 144, da ya kasance shi ne mafi tsufa da ya zama shugaban kasa. [228] McCain ya yi magana game da damuwar sa game da shekarun sa da kuma matsalolin kiwon lafiyar sa na baya, inda ya bayyana a cikin 2005 cewa lafiyar sa "kyakkyawa ce". An yi masa jinyar melanoma kuma an yi masa aiki a 2000 saboda wannan yanayin ya bar sananniyar alama a gefen hagu na fuskarsa.Batun hangen nesan McCain ya zama mai kyau, a cewar masana masu zaman kansu, musamman saboda ya rigaya ya rayu ba tare da sake faruwa ba sama da shekaru bakwai.A watan Mayu 2008, yakin neman zaben McCain a takaice ya bar manema labarai su duba bayanan likitocinsa, kuma an bayyana shi da cewa ba shi da cutar kansa, yana da karfin zuciya, kuma gaba daya yana cikin koshin lafiya. McCain ya samu isassun wakilai don zaben sannan hankalinsa ya karkata ga babban zaben, yayin da Barack Obama da Hillary Clinton suka yi ta gwagwarmaya tsawanin neman takarar Democrat.McCain ya gabatar da dabaru iri daban-daban na manufofi, kuma ya nemi inganta hanyoyin neman kudi.Cindy McCain, wacce ta dauki nauyin dukiyar ma'auratan da kimanin dala miliyan 100, ta bayyana wani bangare na kudaden harajin ta a bainar jama'a a watan Mayu.Bayan fuskantar zargi game da masu son shiga cikin ma'aikata, yakin neman zaben McCain ya fitar da sabbin dokoki a watan Mayun 2008 don kauce wa rikice-rikicen sha'awa, wanda ya sa manyan mataimaka biyar suka tafi. Lokacin da Obama ya zama dan takarar jam'iyyar Democrats a farkon watan Yuni, McCain ya ba da shawarar taron tarurruka na gari, amma a maimakon haka sai Obama ya nemi karin muhawara ta gargajiya don faduwa.A watan Yuli, girgiza ma'aikata ya sanya Steve Schmidt a cikin cikakken ikon gudanar da yakin McCain.Rick Davis ya ci gaba da kasancewa manajan kamfen amma tare da rage rawar da yake takawa. Davis ya kuma jagoranci yakin neman zaben McCain a shekarar 2000; a cikin 2005 da 2006, leken asirin Amurka sun gargadi ma’aikatan Majalisar Dattawan McCain game da alakar Davis ta Rasha amma ba su ba da wani gargadi ba.A duk lokacin bazarar shekarar 2008, Obama galibi ya jagoranci McCain a zaɓen ƙasa ta hanyar tazara mai lamba ɗaya,sannan ya kuma yi jagoranci a cikin wasu mahimman jihohi masu juyawa. McCain ya sake maimaita aikin da ya saba da shi, wanda ya kasance a kalla a wani bangare na irin kalubalen da gaba daya 'yan Republican suka fuskanta a shekarar zabe.McCain ya yarda da kudin jama'a don yakin neman zabe na gama gari, da kuma takunkumin da ke tare da shi, yayin da yake sukar abokin hamayyarsa na Democrat kan zama dan takarar babbar jam’iyya na farko da ya fice daga irin wannan kudin don babban zaben tun lokacin da aka aiwatar da tsarin a shekarar 1976.Babban taken yakin neman zaben na Republican ya maida hankali ne kan kwarewarsa da kuma iya jagoranci, idan aka kwatanta da na Obama.Todd Palin, Sarah Palin (a bayan farfajiya), Cindy McCain, John McCain tare a filin waje da rana, taron mutane dauke da alamun shuɗi da fari "McCain Palin" kewaye da su Palins da McCains sun yi kamfen a Fairfax, Virginia, bayan Babban Taron Jam’iyyar Republican na 2008 a ranar 10 ga Satumba. A ranar 29 ga Agusta, 2008, McCain ya bayyana Gwamnan Alaska, Sarah Palin a matsayin zabin sa na ban mamaki ga abokin takara. McCain ne kawai dan takarar shugabancin Amurka na babbar jam’iyya na biyu (bayan Walter Mondale, wanda ya zabi Geraldine Ferraro) don zaban mace a matsayin abokiyar takararsa kuma dan Republican na farko da ya yi hakan. A ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2008, McCain da Palin sun zama 'yan takarar shugaban kasa da mataimaki na Jam'iyyar Republican a Babban Taron Jam'iyyar Republican na 2008 a Saint Paul, Minnesota. McCain ya zarce gaban Obama a zabukan kasa bayan taron, yayin da Palin ke zabar manyan masu jefa kuri'a na Republican wadanda a baya suka yi taka tsantsan da shi.Koyaya, ta hanyar shigar da yakin neman zaben daga baya, fitowar Palin zuwa ga kafofin watsa labarai na kasa ya tafi da kyau,kuma halayen masu jefa kuri'a ga Palin ya kara zama mara kyau, musamman tsakanin masu zaman kansu da sauran masu jefa kuri'a.An soki shawarar da McCain ya yanke na zabi Sarah Palin a matsayin abokiyar takararsa; Dan jaridar New York Times David Brooks ya ce "ya dauki wata cuta da ke gudana a cikin jam'iyyar Republican adawa da hankali, rashin girmama gaskiya kuma ya sanya shi a tsakiyar jam'iyyar".Laura McGann a cikin Vox ta ce McCain ya ba da "siyasar TV ta gaskiya" da ƙungiyar Tea Party mafi cancantar siyasa, tare da ƙarfafa "ta'azantar da Jam’iyyar Republican tare da ɗan takarar da zai ce wauta sakin salon siyasa da tsarin dabi'u wanda ya motsa kungiyar Shayi Party kuma ya aza tubalin shugabancin Trump.Ko da yake daga baya McCain ya nuna nadamar rashin zabar Sanata mai zaman kansa Joe Lieberman (wanda a baya ya kasance abokin takarar Al Gore a 2000, yayin da har yanzu aka zaba a matsayin Democrat) a matsayinsa na dan takarar VP a maimakon haka, ya ci gaba da kare ayyukan Palin a abubuwan da ya faruA ranar 24 ga Satumba, McCain ya ce yana dakatar da ayyukan yakin neman zabensa na dan lokaci, ya yi kira ga Obama da ya kasance tare da shi, ya kuma ba da shawarar a jinkirta farkon tattaunawar da za a yi da Obama, domin yin aiki da shirin bayar da rancen kudi na Amurka a gaban Majalisar, wanda niyya don magance matsalar ƙananan jinginar gidaje da rikicin kuɗi na 2007-2008.Tsoma bakin da McCain ya yi ya taimaka wajen bai wa ‘yan Jam’iyyar Republican House da basu gamsu ba damar gabatar da sauye-sauye a shirin da ya kasance kusa da yarjejeniya.Bayan da Obama ya ki amincewa da shawarar dakatar da McCain, McCain ya ci gaba da mahawara a ranar 26 ga Satumba.A ranar 1 ga Oktoba, McCain ya kada kuri’ar amincewa da wani shiri na ceto dala biliyan 700.An sake yin wata muhawara a ranar 7 ga Oktoba; kamar na farko, zaben bayan haka ya nuna cewa Obama ne ya ci shi. An yi muhawarar shugaban kasa ta ƙarshe a ranar 15 ga Oktoba Daga kasa-kasa, Obama ya samu nasara da ratar hudu da daya. A yayin da kuma bayan muhawarar ta karshe, McCain ya kwatanta manufofin da Obama ya gabatar da akidar gurguzu kuma ya kan kira "Joe the Plumber" a matsayin alama ta kananan burin kasuwancin Amurka wanda shugabancin Obama zai hana.Ya hana yin amfani da takaddama ta Jeremiah Wright a cikin talla a kan Obama,amma yaƙin neman zaɓe ya soki Obama akai-akai game da alaƙar da ke tsakaninsa da Bill Ayers. [268] Taron nasa ya zama mai matukar muhimmanci,tare da masu halarta masu tozarta Obama da nuna karuwar nuna kyamar Musulmi da Afirka ta Amurka.A yayin taron yakin neman zabe a Minnesota, Gayle Quinnell, wani mai goyon bayan McCain, ta gaya masa cewa ba ta amince da Obama ba saboda "Balarabe ne McCain ya amsa da cewa, "A'a. Maamu. Mutum ne mai mutunci a cikin dangi, dan kasa ne, kuma kawai ina samun rashin jituwa da juna a kan muhimman lamura." Shekaru da dama daga baya a matsayin alama ta wayewa a siyasar Amurka, musamman dangane da kyamar Musulmai da bakin haure na shugabancin Donald Trump.Meghan McCain ta ce ba za ta iya "tafi wata rana ba tare da wani ya kawo (wannan) lokacin ba," kuma ta lura cewa a lokacin "akwai mutane da yawa da gaske suke ƙoƙarin sa mahaifina ya tafi (da Obama) tare da ku 'kai Musulmi ne, kai ba Ba'amurke ba ne game da wannan, "amma cewa mahaifinta ya ƙi. "Zan iya tuna tunanin cewa lokaci ne mai ban mamaki da kyawawan halaye, amma watakila a samu mutanen da ke cikin Jam’iyyar Republican da za su yi fushi sosai," in ji taAn gudanar da zaben ne a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, kuma an ayyana Barack Obama a matsayin wanda ya yi hasashen ya lashe da misalin karfe 11:00 na dare agogon Gabas ta Tsakiya; McCain ya gabatar da jawabin nasa ne a Phoenix, Arizona kimanin mintuna ashirin bayan haka.A ciki, ya lura da mahimmancin tarihi da na musamman na kasancewar Obama zaɓen shugaban Afirka ta Kudu na farko.A karshe, McCain ya samu kuri'u 173 yayin da Obama ya samu kuri'u 365; McCain ya samu kashi 46 na kuri’un da aka kada a duk fadin kasar, idan aka kwatanta da na Obama da kashi 53 cikin dari Ayyukan Majalisar Dattijai bayan 2008 Ya rage wa'adin majalisar dattawa na hudu Bayan kayen da ya sha, McCain ya koma Majalisar Dattawa a cikin ra'ayoyi mabanbanta game da irin rawar da zai iya takawa a can. A tsakiyar Nuwamba 2008 ya sadu da zababben shugaban Obama, kuma sun tattauna batutuwan da suka yi tarayya a kansu. Kusan a daidai wannan lokacin, McCain ya nuna cewa yana da niyyar sake tsayawa takarar kujerar Majalisar Dattawa a shekarar 2010.Yayin da bikin rantsar ke gabatowa, Obama ya tuntubi McCain kan batutuwa daban-daban, wanda ba a cika ganin sa tsakanin zababben shugaban kasa da abokin hamayyarsa da ya sha kaye, kuma jawabin rantsar da Shugaba Obama na dauke da ishara ga taken McCain na gano wata manufa da ta fi da kansa.Barack Obama yana magana a gaba a taron cikin gida tare da tutar Amurka a bango; John McCain a bayansa, da ɗan mayar da hankali Shugaban Amurka Barack Obama da McCain a wani taron manema labarai a cikin Maris 2009 Amma duk da haka, McCain ya fito ne a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar adawa ta Republican kan shirin karfafa tattalin arzikin Obama na shekarar 2009, yana mai cewa ta sanya sauye-sauyen manufofin tarayya wadanda ba su da nasaba da samar da ayyukan yi na kusa da lokaci kuma zai fadada gibin kasafin kudin tarayya. McCain ya kuma kada kuri’ar kin amincewa da Kotun Koli ta nadin Sonia Sotomayoryana mai cewa duk da cewa babu makawa ya cancanta, "Ban yi imani da cewa ta yarda da abin da na yi imani da shi ba game da batun hana shari'a" rabe kuri'u fiye da kowane lokaci a aikin sanata. McCain ya sake tabbatar da cewa yakin Afganistan abu ne mai nasara kuma ya soki Obama kan tafiyar hawainiya wajen yanke shawara ko za a tura karin sojojin Amurka zuwa can. McCain ya kuma soki Obama da kakkausar harshe game da rushe ginin rukunin tsaron makami mai linzami na Amurka a Poland, ya ki shiga tattaunawar kan dokar sauyin yanayi irin wacce ya gabatar a baya, kuma ya yi matukar adawa da shirin kula da lafiyar Obama. McCain ya jagoranci kirkirar wani matakin da zai ba da damar soke manufofin sojoji na "Kada ku tambaya, kada ku fada" game da 'yan luwadi. [288] Abubuwan da ke cikin sabuwar alkiblar McCain sun hada da ma’aikatan majalisar dattijai da za su tafi, da sake nuna damuwa kan matakan bashin kasa da kuma ikon gwamnatin tarayya, da yiwuwar fuskantar kalubalen farko na Jam’iyyar Republican daga masu ra’ayin mazan jiya a shekarar 2010, kuma yakin neman zaben McCain ya yi jinkirin karewa. Kamar yadda wani mai ba McCain mai ba da shawara ya ce, "Mutane da yawa, ciki har da ni, sun yi zato cewa zai iya kasancewa gadojin da ke karkashin gwamnatin Republican ga Gwamnatin Obama. Amma ya fi kama da mutumin da ke hura gadojin.A farkon 2010, babban kalubale daga mai gabatar da jawabi a gidan rediyo kuma tsohon dan majalisar dokokin Amurka J. D. Hayworth ya bayyana a zaben majalisar dattijan Amurka na 2010 a Arizona kuma ya sami goyon baya daga wasu amma ba dukkanin abubuwan da ke cikin kungiyar Tea Party ba. are da Hayworth ta amfani da taken yakin neman zaben "Consistent Conservative", McCain ya ce duk da yadda ya yi amfani da kalmar a baya a lokuta da dama Ban taba daukar kaina a matsayin maverick ba. Ina daukar kaina a matsayin mutumin da ke aiki mutanen Arizona gwargwadon iyawarsa. Babban kalubalen ya zo daidai da McCain yana juyawa ko juya murya a kan wasu batutuwa kamar bayar da rance ta banki, rufe sansanin Guantánamo Bay, hana kudaden kamfe, da luwadi a sojoji.Lokacin da shirin kula da lafiya, wanda a yanzu ake kira Dokar Kariya da Kariya da Kulawa Mai Amfani, ya wuce Majalisa kuma ya zama doka a watan Maris na 2010, McCain ya yi matukar adawa da dokar kasa ba kawai a kan cancanta ba har ma da hanyar da aka bi da ita a Majalisa. Sakamakon haka, ya yi gargadin cewa 'yan jam'iyyar Republican ba za su yi aiki tare da Democrats a kan wani abu ba: "Ba za a sami hadin kai ba har zuwa karshen shekara. Sun sanya guba a rijiyar cikin abin da suka aikata da yadda suka yi ta. McCain ya zama kakkarfan mai kare Arizona SB 1070, dokar haramtacciyar doka ta shige da fice ta watan Afrilun 2010 wacce ta tayar da cece-kuce na kasa, yana mai cewa an tilasta wa jihar daukar mataki ganin yadda gwamnatin tarayya ta kasa ikon iyakokin. A zaben share fage na ranar 24 ga watan Agusta, McCain ya doke Hayworth da tazarar kashi 56 zuwa 32. McCain ya ci gaba da kayar da dan majalisa mai wakiltar Democratic Tucson Rodney Glassman a babban zabenA cikin gurguwar taron agwagwa na Majalisa ta 111, McCain ya zabi don sassaucin Haraji, Ba da inshorar Rashin aikin yi, da Dokar Kirkirar Aiki na 2010, amma a kan Dokar MAFARKI (wacce ya taba daukar nauyinta) da kuma Sabuwar yarjejeniyar fara. Mafi mahimmanci, ya ci gaba da jagorantar yaƙin da aka yi na ƙarshe da "Kar a tambaya, kar a faɗi" sokewa. A cikin hamayyarsa, wani lokacin yakan fada cikin fushi ko gaba a zauren majalisar dattijai, kuma ya kira sautin "wata rana ta bakin ciki" da za ta kawo cikas ga yakin soja. Karo na biyar na majalisar dattijai Yayin da ikon Majalisar Wakilai ya koma hannun ‘Yan Jam’iyyar a Majalisar Dattawa ta 112, Majalisar Dattawa ta ci gaba da zama ta Democrat kuma McCain ya ci gaba da kasancewa babban memba na Kwamitin Ayyukan Majalisar Dattawa. A yayin da juyin juya halin Larabawa ya kasance a tsakiyar taron, McCain ya bukaci shugaban Masar din da ke cikin rikici, Hosni Mubarak, ya sauka daga mulki kuma yana ganin ya kamata Amurka ta yunkuro don sake fasalin dimokiradiyya a yankin duk da irin hadarin da ke tattare da masu tsattsauran ra'ayin addini na samun iko.McCain ya kasance mai matukar bayar da goyon baya ga shiga soja a shekarar 2011 a Libya. A watan Afrilun wannan shekarar ya ziyarci sojojin Anti-Gaddafi da majalisar rikon kwarya ta kasa a Benghazi, Ba’amurke mafi girman mukami da ya yi hakan, ya ce dakarun ‘yan tawayen“ jarumtana ne A watan Yuni, ya shiga tare da Sanata Kerry wajen bayar da kudurin da zai ba da izinin shiga soja, sannan ya ce: "Rashin kulawar da gwamnati ta yi wa zababbun wakilan jama'ar Amurka kan wannan lamarin ya kasance abin damuwa da rashin amfani. A cikin watan Agusta, McCain ya zabi Dokar Dokar Kula da Kasafin Kudi ta shekarar 2011 wacce ta warware rikicin rufin bashin Amurka. A watan Nuwamba, McCain da Sanata Carl Levin sun kasance shugabanni a kokarin hada kai a cikin Dokar Bayar da Tsaro ta Kasa don Kudin Kasafin Kudin shekarar 2012 cewa wadanda ake zargi da ta'addanci, duk inda aka kama, sojojin Amurka da tsarin koton ta na iya tsare su; biyo bayan adawa da masu sassaucin ra’ayi na farar hula, da wasu ‘yan Democrat, da Fadar White House, da McCain da Levin suka amince da yare inda suka bayyana karara cewa kudirin ba zai shafi‘ yan Amurka ba.A zaben share fage na takarar shugaban kasa na Jam’iyyar Republican a shekarar 2012, McCain ya goyi bayan tsohon abokin hamayyarsa na shekarar 2008 Mitt Romney ya kuma yi masa kamfen, amma ya kwatanta gasar da masifar Girka saboda dabi’arta da aka samu tare da tallata manyan kudaden talla na PAC da ke lalata dukkan masu fafatawa. [307 Ya bayyana hukuncin da Kotun Koli ta yanke game da hukuncin da Kotun Koli ta 2010 ta yanke game da Citizens United da Hukumar Zabe ta Tarayya a matsayin "mara bayani, mai girman kai, mara hankali", kuma, ya yi tir da illolinta da kuma badakalar da ya yi tsammanin za ta kawo, ya ce za a dauki hukuncin "mafi munin hukuncin a cikin karni na 21 [308] McCain ya jagoranci gaba da adawa da tsarin kashe kudi na tsaro wanda dokar kula da kasafin kudi ta shekarar 2011 ta kawo kuma ta samu kulawa don kare mataimakiyar ma’aikatar harkokin wajen kasar Huma Abedin game da tuhumar da wasu ‘yan majalisar wakilai ta Republican suka gabatar mata cewa tana da dangantaka da kungiyar‘ Yan Uwa Musulmi. [309] Wasu rukuni na kimanin maza goma suna tafiya a hanya "Amigos Uku" suna tafiya a Lardin Kunar da ke gabashin Afghanistan a watan Yulin 2011: McCain (na biyu daga hagu), Lindsey Graham (na biyu daga dama a gaba), Joe Lieberman (a dama a gaba) McCain ya ci gaba da kasancewa daya daga cikin bakin da suka saba fitowa a shirye-shiryen tattaunawa na safiyar Lahadi.Ya zama daya daga cikin masu sukar yadda gwamnatin Obama ta yi amfani da harin 11 ga Satumba, 2012, kan ofishin jakadancin Amurka a Benghazi, yana mai cewa "tabarbarewar" da ke nuna ko dai "rufin asiri ko rashin iya aiki wanda ba karɓaɓɓu "kuma cewa ya fi abin da aka ɓata na Watergate muni. A matsayin karuwar wannan kakkarfar adawar, shi da wasu ‘yan majalisar dattijai sun sami nasarar hana shirin nadin Ambasada a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Susan Rice don maye gurbin Hillary Rodham Clinton a matsayin Sakatariyar Harkokin Wajen Amurka; An zabi abokin McCain kuma abokin aikinsa John Kerry a maimakon haka.game da yakin basasar Siriya da aka fara a cikin 2011, McCain ya sha yin ikirarin cewa Amurka za ta shiga tsakani a cikin rikici a bangaren sojojin adawa. Ya gudanar da ziyarar ne ga sojojin 'yan tawaye a cikin Syria a cikin watan Mayun 2013, sanata na farko da ya yi hakan, ya kuma yi kira da a bai wa Free Syrian Army makamai da manyan makamai tare da kafa wani yanki na hana shawagi a kasar. Bayan rahotanni da suka nuna cewa biyu daga cikin mutanen da ya dauki hoto da su sun yi alhakin sace mahajjata ‘yan Shi’an‘ yan kasar Lebanon su goma sha daya a shekarar da ta gabata, McCain ya yi sabani kan daya daga cikin bayanan kuma ya ce bai sadu da dayan kai tsaye ba. Bayan harin makami mai guba na Ghouta na 2013, McCain ya sake yin jayayya game da daukar matakin sojan Amurka mai karfi kan gwamnatin shugaban Syria, Bashar al-Assad, kuma a watan Satumba na 2013 ya jefa kuri’ar amincewa da bukatar Obama ga Majalisar da ta ba da izini a martani na soja.McCain ya jagoranci jagora wajen sukar wani yunkuri na rashin shiga tsakani a cikin Jam’iyyar Republican, wanda ya buga misali da sharhinsa na Maris 2013 cewa sanata Rand Paul da Ted Cruz da Wakilin Justin Amash “tsuntsayen wacko” ne.A shekarar 2013, McCain ya kasance memba na kungiyar sanatoci biyu, "Gang na Takwas", wanda ya ba da sanarwar ka'idojin da za a sake gwadawa game da batun sake fasalin bakin haure.Sakamakon Tsaron kan iyaka, Damar Samun Tattalin Arziki, da Tsarin Zamani na Shige da Fice na shekara ta 2013 ya wuce Majalisar Dattijan da tazarar 68-32, amma ya fuskanci makoma mara tabbas a majalisar.A watan Yulin 2013, McCain ya kasance a kan gaba a yarjejeniyar da aka kulla tsakanin sanatoci don sauke filipi a kan wadanda shugaba Obama ya zaba masu zartarwa ba tare da ‘yan Democrats sun yi amfani da“ zabin nukiliya ”wanda zai hana irin wadannan masu tacewa gaba daya. Duk da haka, za a sanya zabin daga baya a cikin shekara ta wata hanya, don rashin jin dadin sanatan. [320] Wadannan ci gaban da wasu tattaunawar sun nuna cewa a yanzu McCain ya inganta dangantaka da gwamnatin Obama, gami da shugaban da kansa, da kuma shugaban masu rinjaye na majalisar dattijai Harry Reid, kuma ya zama shugaban wata cibiyar cibiyar wutar lantarki a majalisar dattijan kulla yarjejeniya a cikin wani yanayi mai ban tsoro na bangaranci. [321] [322] [323] Sun kuma jagoranci wasu masu sa ido cewa "maverick" McCain ya dawo. [319] [323] McCain ya nuna shakku a bainar jama'a game da tsarin Jamhuriyar Republican wanda ya haifar da rufe gwamnatin tarayyar Amurka ta 2013 da rikicin bashin Amurka na 2013 don kare ko jinkirta Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauki; a watan Oktoba 2013 ya kada kuri'ar amincewa da Dokar Ci gaba da Kasafin Kudi, 2014, wacce ta warware su ta ce, "'Yan Republican su fahimci cewa mun yi rashin nasara a wannan yakin, kamar yadda na yi hasashen makonnin da suka gabata, cewa ba za mu iya yin nasara ba saboda muna nema wani abu da ba a iya cimmawa.Hakazalika, ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin sanatocin Republican guda tara da suka zaɓi Dokar Kasafin Kudin Bipartisan na 2013 a ƙarshen shekara.A farkon 2014, ridda ta McCain ta isa cewa Jam’iyyar Republican Republican ta Arizona ta tsawata a hukumance saboda samun abin da suke gani a matsayin rikodin ‘yanci wanda ya kasance“ masifa da cutarwa.McCain ya ci gaba da nuna adawa da yawancin bangarorin manufofin Obama na kasashen waje, duk da haka, kuma a cikin Yunin 2014, biyo bayan manyan nasarorin da kungiyar Islamic State a Iraki da Levant ta samu a harin 2014 na Arewacin Iraki, ya yi tir da abin da ya gani a matsayin gazawar Amurka ta kare abubuwan da suka gabata nasarorin da aka samu a Iraki tare da yin kira ga ilahirin tawagar shugaban ƙasa da su yi murabus. McCain ya ce, "Shin da za a iya guje wa duk wannan? Amsar ita ce kwata-kwata. Idan na ji haushi saboda na fusata ne McCain ya kasance mai goyon bayan zanga-zangar Euromaidan da aka yi wa shugaban Ukraine Viktor Yanukovych da gwamnatinsa, kuma ya bayyana a dandalin Independence da ke Kyiv a watan Disambar 2013.Bayan hambarar da Yanukovych da kuma shiga tsakani na sojan Rasha a shekarar 2014 a Ukraine, McCain ya zama mai goyon bayan bayar da makamai ga sojojin sojan Ukraine, yana mai cewa takunkumin da aka kakaba wa Rasha bai isa ba. A shekarar 2014, McCain ya jagoranci masu adawa da nadin Colleen Bell, Noah Mamet, da George Tsunis zuwa jakadun kasashen Hungary, Argentina, da Norway, bi da bi, yana masu jayayya da cewa wadanda ba su cancanta ba da aka ba su lada saboda tara kudi na siyasa.Ba kamar 'yan Republican da yawa ba, McCain ya goyi bayan sakin da abin da kwamitin leken asiri na Majalisar Dattawa ya fitar game da azabtarwar CIA a watan Disambar 2014, yana mai cewa "Gaskiya wani lokacin kwaya ne mai wuyar hadiyewa. Wani lokaci yana haifar mana da matsala a gida da waje. Wani lokaci ana amfani da shi Makiyanmu a kokarin cutar da mu, amma mutanen Amurka suna da hakki a kanta, amma duk da haka.Ya kara da cewa ayyukan CIA bayan harin 11 ga Satumba sun" bata mana mutuncin kasarmu "yayin da suke yin" cutarwa da kuma rashin amfani kadan. kuma cewa" Abokan gabanmu suna aikatawa ba tare da lamiri ba. Ba za mu yi hakan ba.Ya yi adawa da shawarar da gwamnatin Obama ta yanke a watan Disambar 2014 na daidaita dangantaka da Cuba.Majalisar Wakilan Amurka karo na 114 ta haɗu a watan Janairun 2015 tare da 'yan Republican da ke kula da majalisar dattijai, kuma McCain ya cimma ɗaya daga cikin burin da ya sa a gaba lokacin da ya zama shugaban kwamitin kula da ayyukan soja. [334] A wannan matsayin, ya jagoranci rubutun da aka gabatar game da dokar Majalisar Dattawa da ke neman gyara sassan Dokar Goldwater-Nichols ta 1986 domin dawo da alhakin manyan kayan makamai da suka mallaka kan ayyukan masu dauke da makamai da sakatarorinsu kuma daga wajen Sakatariyar. na Tsaro don Samun, Fasaha da Kayan aiki. A matsayina na kujera, McCain ya yi kokarin kula da tsarin bangarorin biyu kuma ya kulla kyakkyawar alaka da babban memba Jack Reed. A watan Afrilu na shekarar 2015, McCain ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai sake tsayawa takara a karo na shida a zaben majalisar dattijan da ake yi a Arizona a shekarar 2016. Duk da yake har yanzu akwai masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da kuma Jam’iyyar Shayi a kansa, ba a sani ba ko za su kawo babban kalubale na farko a kansa. A lokacin 2015, McCain ya yi matukar adawa da shawarar da gwamnatin Obama ta gabatar game da shirin nukiliyar Iran (wanda daga baya aka kammala shi a matsayin Hadadden Shirye-shiryen Aiki (JCPOA)), yana mai cewa Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Kerry "yaudara ce" kuma "yana jin dadi" adana "a tattaunawar da Iran. McCain ya goyi bayan tsoma bakin sojoji karkashin jagorancin Saudi Arabiya a Yemen kan Houthis Shia da dakaru masu biyayya ga tsohon shugaban kasar Ali Abdullah Saleh, yana cewa: "Na tabbata farar hula sun mutu a yakin. Ba kusan wadanda Houthis suka kashe ba. Shugabar Taiwan Tsai Ing-wen ta gana da McCain, wanda shi ne jagoran wakilan Majalisar Dattijan Amurka, Yuni 2016 McCain ya zargi Shugaba Obama da cewa "kai tsaye ke da alhakin" harbin kulob din dare na Orlando "saboda lokacin da ya fitar da kowa daga Iraki, al-Qaeda ta tafi Syria, ta zama ISIS, kuma ISIS ita ce abin da take a yau saboda gazawar Barack Obama.A lokacin zaben fidda gwani na jam’iyyar Republican a shekarar 2016, McCain ya ce zai goyi bayan dan takarar na Republican ko da kuwa Donald Trump ne, amma bin Mitt Romney na jawabin nuna adawa da Trump a shekarar 2016, McCain ya goyi bayan kalaman da aka bayyana a cikin jawabin, yana mai cewa yana da matukar damuwa game da Trump din “wanda ba shi da labari kuma hakika maganganu masu hadari kan al'amuran tsaron kasa Dangantaka tsakanin mutanen biyu ta tabarbare tun farkon yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na Trump a shekarar 2016, lokacin da McCain ya ambaci wani daki cike da magoya bayan Trump a matsayin "mahaukata", sannan attajirin da ya mallaki gidaje ya ce na McCain: "Ya zageni, kuma ya zagi kowa a ciki wancan dakin Jarumin yaki ne saboda an kama shi, Ina son mutanen da ba a kama su ba watakila shi jarumin yaki ne, amma a yanzu haka ya fadi munanan abubuwa da yawa game da mutane da yawa.McCain ya kuma nuna adawar sa game da lamunin bada lamuni na tarayya don wani aikin ci gaba da Trump yake tunani a kan Yammacin Manhattan a shekarar 1996. Bayan Trump ya zama dan takarar da za a zaba a ranar 3 ga Mayu, McCain ya ce masu jefa kuri’a na Jam’iyyar Republican sun yi magana kuma zai goyi bayan Trump.McCain da kansa ya gamu da kalubale na farko daga Kelli Ward, mai goyon bayan Trump, sannan kuma ana sa ran zai fuskanci kalubale mai karfi daga 'yar Majalisar Demokuradiyya Ann Kirkpatrick a babban zaben.Sanatan a cikin sirri ya nuna damuwa kan tasirin da rashin farin jinin Trump a tsakanin masu jefa kuri'ar na Hispanic zai iya yi a kan nasa damar amma kuma ya damu da masu jefa kuri'a masu goyon bayan Trump; don haka ya ajiye amincewarsa da Trump a wurin amma yayi kokarin magana game da shi kadan-kadan saboda rashin jituwarsu. Koyaya McCain ya kayar da Ward a zaben fidda gwani da tazarar kashi biyu kuma ya sami irinsa a kan Kirkpatrick a zabukan gama gari, kuma lokacin da rikicin Donald Trump Access Hollywood ya karye, ya sami kwanciyar hankali har zuwa ranar 8 ga watan Oktoba ya janye amincewarsa da Trump. McCain ya bayyana cewa "kalaman wulakanta Trump game da mata da kuma gorin da yake yi game da cin zarafin mata" ya sanya "ba zai yiwu a ci gaba da bayar da ko da goyon baya na sharadi ba" ya kuma kara da cewa ba zai zabi Hillary Clinton ba, amma a maimakon haka "zai rubuta da sunan wani abu mai kyau dan jam'iyyar Republican mai ra'ayin mazan jiya wanda ya cancanci zama shugaban kasa.McCain, yana da shekaru 80 a duniya, ya ci gaba da kayar da Kirkpatrick, yana mai neman wa'adi na shida a matsayin Sanatan Amurka daga ArizonaA watan Nuwamba na 2016, McCain ya sami labarin kasancewar wata takarda game da alakar kamfen din yakin neman zaben Shugaban kasa zuwa Rasha wanda Christopher Steele ya tattara. McCain ya tura wakili don tattara karin bayani, wanda ya samo kwafin takaddar.A watan Disambar 2016, McCain ya ba da bayanan ga Daraktan FBI James Comey a taron 1-on-1. Daga baya McCain ya rubuta cewa yana jin "zargin da ake yi masa ya tayar da hankali" amma ba a iya tantancewa da kansa, don haka ya bar FBI ta yi bincike. A ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2016, a Tbilisi, Georgia, McCain ya bayyana cewa ya kamata Amurka ta karfafa takunkumin da ta kakaba wa Rasha. Bayan shekara guda, a ranar 23 ga Disamba, 2017, Ma’aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta ba da sanarwar cewa Amurka za ta bai wa Ukraine “ingantattun hanyoyin kariya. Na shida kuma karshe na majalisar dattijai Tattakin Kasa akan NRA a watan Agusta 2018. NRA ta kashe dala miliyan 7.74 don tallafawa John McCain. McCain ya jagoranci sauraron kararrakin ranar 5 ga Janairun 2017, na Kwamitin Kula da Ayyukan Soji na Majalisar Dattawa inda sanatocin Republican da Democrat da jami’an leken asiri, ciki har da James R. Clapper Jr., Daraktan Leken Asiri na Kasa, Michael S. Rogers, shugaban Hukumar Tsaron Kasa. kuma Kwamandan Intanet na Amurka ya gabatar da "hadin kai" wanda "da karfi ya sake tabbatar da matsayar cewa gwamnatin Rasha ta yi amfani da kutse da kutse don kokarin yin tasiri a zaben shugaban kasa. A watan Yunin shekarar 2017, McCain ya kada kuri’ar goyon bayan yarjejeniyar makamai da Shugaba Trump ya yi da Saudiyya. Sokewa da maye gurbin Obamacare (Dokar Kariya da Mai Kulawa da Kulawa) ya kasance cibiyar yakin neman sake zaben McCain a 2016,kuma a watan Yulin 2017, ya ce, "Kada ku yi shakka: Dole ne majalisa ta maye gurbin Obamacare, wacce ta addabi Arizonans tare da wasu daga cikin mafi girman darajar da aka samu a cikin kasar kuma ya bar ƙananan hukumomi 14 na ƙananan hukumomi 15 na Arizona tare da zaɓin mai ba da hanya ɗaya kawai a kan musayar a wannan shekara. Ya kara da cewa yana goyon bayan kiwon lafiya mai sauki kuma mai inganci, amma ya nuna adawa cewa kudirin majalisar dattijan da ke jiran bai yi abin da zai kare tsarin Medicaid a Arizona ba.Dangane da mutuwar Liu Xiaobo, mutumin da ya sami lambar yabo ta Nobel ta zaman lafiya, wanda ya mutu sakamakon gazawar sassan jikinsa yayin da yake tsare a hannun gwamnati, McCain ya ce "wannan shi ne kawai misali na karshe na cin zarafin 'yan kwaminisanci na China kan' yancin dan adam, dimokiradiyya, da 'yanci. A watan Satumbar 2017, yayin da rikicin Rohingya a Myanmar ya zama batun tsarkake kabilun tsirarun musulmin Rohingya, McCain ya sanar da yunkurin kawar da shirin hadin gwiwar soji da Myanmar a gaba. A watan Oktoban 2017, McCain ya yaba da shawarar da Shugaba Trump ya yanke na yin watsi da yarjejeniyar Iran din (JCPOA) yayin da har yanzu ba ta janye Amurka daga yarjejeniyar ba, yana mai cewa manufofin zamanin Obama sun gaza "don saduwa da barazanar da Iran ke fuskanta ta fuskoki da dama. Shugaba Trump da aka gabatar a jawabinsa na yau suna maraba da canjin da aka dade ba a yi ba. Binciken kwakwalwa da tiyata Fayil: John McCain ya dawo Majalisar Dattawa kuma ya gabatar da jawabai a ranar 25 ga Yuli, 2017.webm McCain ya dawo Majalisar Dattawa a karo na farko bayan gano cutar kansa kuma ya gabatar da jawabai a ranar 25 ga Yulin, 2017, bayan jefa kuri'a mai mahimmanci kan Dokar Kula da Lafiya ta Amurka. A ranar 14 ga Yulin, 2017, McCain ya sami aikin craniotomy mai rauni a Mayo Clinic Hospital a Phoenix, Arizona, don cire daskarewar jini a saman idonsa na hagu. Rashin sa ne ya sanya Shugaban Masu Rinjaye na Majalisar Dattawa, Mitch McConnell jinkirta kada kuri'a a kan Dokar sasantawa mafi kyawu. Bayan kwana biyar, sai likitocin asibitin Mayo suka sanar da cewa sakamakon binciken da aka yi a dakin tiyatar ya tabbatar da kasancewar glioblastoma, wanda ke da matukar cutar kansa ga cutar kansa. Zaɓuɓɓukan magani na yau da kullun don wannan ƙwayar sun haɗa da chemotherapy da radiation, kodayake koda tare da magani, matsakaicin lokacin rayuwa kusan watanni 14. McCain ya rayu ne daga cututtukan da suka gabata, ciki har da melanoma. Shugaba Donald Trump ya fito fili ya yi wa Sanata McCain fatan alheri, kamar yadda wasu suka yi, ciki har da tsohon Shugaba Obama. A ranar 19 ga watan Yulin, ofishin sanata na McCain ya ba da wata sanarwa cewa "yana jin dadin yadda aka ba shi goyon baya a 'yan kwanakin nan. Yana cikin farin ciki yayin da yake ci gaba da murmurewa a gida tare da danginsa a Arizona. Yana mai godiya ga likitoci da ma'aikata a Mayo Clinic saboda irin kulawa da suka nuna, kuma suna da yakinin cewa duk wani magani na gaba zai yi tasiri. A ranar 24 ga Yuli, McCain ya sanar ta Twitter cewa zai koma Majalisar Dattijan Amurka washegari.Koma majalisar dattawa McCain bai yarda da soke Dokar Kulawa mai Sahau ta hanyar bada babban yatsu ba. McCain ya koma Majalisar Dattawa ne a ranar 25 ga Yulin, kasa da makonni biyu bayan an yi masa aiki a kwakwalwa. Ya jefa kuri'a mai yanke shawara wanda ya baiwa Majalisar Dattawa damar fara nazarin kudirin da zai maye gurbin Dokar Kulawa mai Saukin Kudi. Tare da wannan kuri'ar, ya gabatar da jawabi inda yake sukar tsarin zaben fitar da gwani na jam’iyya da ‘yan Republican suke amfani da shi, da kuma na‘ yan Democrat wajen zartar da Dokar Kulawa Mai Amfani don farawa, kuma McCain ya kuma bukaci a “koma ga tsari na yau da kullun” ta hanyar amfani da sauraren kwamitin da tattaunawa. A ranar 28 ga watan Yulin, ya jefa kuri’ar yanke kauna kan kudirin karshe na ‘yan Jam’iyyar na wancan watan, abin da ake kira“ fatarar fata wanda ya gaza 49-51. McCain ya goyi bayan zartar da Dokar Yanke Haraji da Aiki na 2017. McCain bai jefa kuri'a ba a Majalisar Dattawa bayan Disamba 2017, ya ci gaba da zama a Arizona don shan maganin kansa. A watan Afrilu 15, 2018, an yi masa tiyata don kamuwa da cutar da ta shafi diverticulitis kuma washegari an bayar da rahoton cewa yana cikin kwanciyar hankali. Ayyukan kwamiti Sakataren Tsaro na Amurka Ash Carter da Sanatoci Joni Ernst, Daniel Sullivan, John McCain, Tom Cotton, Lindsey Graham, da Cory Gardner da ke halartar taron kasa da kasa na 2016 na Nazarin Harkokin Siyasa na Asiya a Taron Tsaro a Singapore Kwamitin Kula da Makamai (kujera) a matsayin shugaban cikakken kwamiti na iya yin aiki a matsayin tsohon memba na kowane karamin kwamiti Kwamitin Tsaron Cikin Gida da Harkokin Gwamnati Kwamitin dindindin kan bincike Karamin kwamiti kan Kula da Hada-hadar Kuɗi da Kwangila Kwamitin kan Harkokin Indiya Kwamitin Leken Asiri (tsohon-hukuma) Membobin kungiyar Caucus Consungiyar Kare Internationalasashen Duniya Majalisar Dattawa Ciwon Suga Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dattawa (Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa) 'Yan Wasannin' Yan Wasannin Majalisar Dattawan daji da andasashen Jama'a kungiyar Sanatocin Ukraine [Kawancen Babban titin Republican. Mutuwa da Binnewa A ranar 24 ga Agusta, 2018, kwanaki biyar kafin ranar haihuwarsa ta 82, dangin McCain sun ba da sanarwar cewa ba zai kara karbar maganin cutar kansa ba. Ya mutu washegari da karfe 4:28 na yamma. MST (23: 28 UTC), tare da matarsa da danginsa a gefensa, a gidansa da ke Cornville, Arizona. John McCain ya ta'allaka ne da jihar a Arizona State Capitol rotunda. Mambobin Sojojin sun tsaya tsayin daka kan akwatin gawar John McCain a babban ginin Washington National Cathedral. McCain ya kasance a cikin jihar a cikin Arizona State Capitol a Phoenix a ranar 29 ga Agusta, wanda zai zama ranar haihuwarsa ta 82. Wannan ya biyo bayan hidimomi ne a Cocin North Phoenix Baptist Church a ranar 30 ga Agusta. Daga nan aka kwashe gawarsa zuwa Washington, DC don kwance a jihar a cikin rotunda na Capitol na Amurka a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta, wanda sabis ya biyo baya a da Washington National Cathedral a ranar Satumba 1. Ya kasance "Episcopalian na tsawon rayuwa" wanda ya halarci, amma bai shiga ba, cocin Baptist na Kudancin aƙalla shekaru 17; an tsara bukukuwan tunawa a dukkanin mazhabobin biyu. Kafin rasuwarsa, McCain ya nemi tsoffin shugabannin kasar George W. Bush da Barack Obama su gabatar da jawabai a wurin jana’izarsa, sannan ya nemi Shugaba Donald Trump da tsohon Gwamnan Alaska da kuma mataimakiyar dan takarar shugaban kasa a shekarar 2008, Sarah Palin da kada su halarci wani daga cikin hidimomin. McCain da kansa ya tsara shirye-shiryen jana'izar kuma ya zabi wadanda za su dauke shi zuwa hidimar a Washington; wadanda ke dauke da sakonnin sun hada da tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasar Joe Biden, tsohon sanata Winsconsin Russ Feingold, tsohon sakataren tsaro William Cohen, dan wasan kwaikwayo Warren Beatty, da kuma dan adawar Rasha Vladimir Vladimirovich Kara-Murza. Shugabannin kasashen waje da dama sun halarci aikin na McCain: Sakatare Janar na NATO Jens Stoltenberg, Shugaban Ukraine Petro Poroshenko, Kakakin Majalisar Wakilai ta Taiwan Su Jia-chyuan, Ministan Tsaron Kasa na Kanada Harjit Sajjan, Ministan Tsaro Jüri Luik da Ministan Harkokin Wajen Sven Mikser na Estonia, Kasashen Waje Ministan Latvia Edgars Rinkēvičs, Ministan Lithuania Linas Antanas Linkevičius, da Ministan Harkokin Wajen Saudiyya Adel al-Jubeir.Manyan mutane da suka yi yabo a taron Tunawa da Mutuwar a Washington National Cathedral sun hada da Barack Obama, George W. Bush, Henry Kissinger, Joe Lieberman, da 'yarsa Meghan McCain. Jaridar New Yorker ta bayyana hidimar a matsayin taro mafi girma na masu adawa da Trump a lokacin shugabancinsa. Yawancin mashahuran siyasa na Amurka sun ba da gudummawa a jana'izar. Wadanda suka halarci taron sun hada da tsoffin shugabannin Amurka Obama, Bush, Clinton, Carter; Matan Matan Farko Michelle, Laura, Hillary, Rosalyn; da tsoffin mataimakan shugaban kasa Biden, Cheney, Gore, da Quayle. Tsohon shugaban kasa George H.W. Bush (wanda ya mutu watanni 3 da kwanaki 5 bayan McCain) ba shi da lafiya don halartar hidimar, kuma ba a gayyaci Shugaba Trump ba. Adadi da yawa daga rayuwar siyasa, na yanzu da na baya da na duka jam'iyyun siyasa, sun halarci. Alkaluman sun hada da John F. Kelly, Jim Mattis, Bob Dole, Madeleine Albright, John Kerry, Mitch McConnell, Paul Ryan, Nancy Pelosi, Chuck Schumer, Mitt Romney, Lindsey Graham, Jeff Flake, Elizabeth Warren, da Jon Huntsman. 'Sar Shugaba Trump kuma surukin Ivanka Trump da Jared Kushner sun halarci rashin jin daɗin Meghan McCain. [393] 'Yan jarida Carl Bernstein, Tom Brokaw, da Charlie Rose, da' yan wasan kwaikwayo Warren Beatty da Annette Bening da 'yan wasan barkwanci Jay Leno da Joy Behar suma sun halarci jana'izar. A ranar 2 ga watan Satumba, gawar jana'izar ta tashi daga Washington, D.C ta Annapolis, Maryland, inda tituna suka yi layi tare da cincirindon mutane, zuwa Kwalejin Naval. An gudanar da sabis na sirri a Makarantar Kwalejin Naval, wanda ya sami halartar brigade na tsakiyar sahu da abokan karatun McCain. Bayan hidimar sujada, an binne McCain a Makabartar Naval Academy ta Amurka, kusa da abokin karatunsa na Naval Academy kuma abokin rayuwa Admiral Charles R. Larson. Yawancin mashahuran mutane sun yi wa marigayi sanata a Twitter. Waɗannan sun haɗa da, Tom Hanks wanda ya wallafa a shafinsa na Tweeter "Duty. Honor. Kasa. Al'ummarmu na gode muku, John McCain. Babu wani ɗan Amurka mafi kyau". Su ma Whoopi Goldberg, Ellen DeGeneres, Reese Witherspoon, Jimmy Kimmel, da Khloe Kardashian su ma sun wallafa sakonnin tuna marigayi Sanata. Gwamnan Arizona Doug Ducey ya sami ikon nada McCain na rikon kwarya har sai an gudanar da zabe na musamman a shekarar 2020 don tantance wanda zai yi amfani da ragowar lokacin McCain, wanda zai kare a watan Janairun 2023 kuma don haka ya nada tsohon dan majalisar dattijan Amurka na Arizona a lokacin Jon Kyl ya cika gurbi.A karkashin dokar Arizona, maye gurbin da aka nada dole ne ya kasance na jam’iyya daya da McCain, dan Republican. Jita-jitar jaridu game da wadanda za a nada mukaman sun hada da bazawar McCain Cindy, tsohon Sanata Jon Kyl, da tsohon Wakilai Matt Salmon da John Shadegg.Ducey ya ce ba zai yi alƙawari ba har sai bayan jana'izar ƙarshe da jana'izar McCain; a ranar 4 ga Satumba, kwana biyu bayan binne McCain, Ducey ya nada Kyl don cike kujerar McCain.A ranar 2 ga watan Satumba, gawar jana'izar ta tashi daga Washington, D.C ta Annapolis, Maryland, inda tituna suka yi layi tare da cincirindon mutane, zuwa Kwalejin Naval. [395] An gudanar da sabis na sirri a Makarantar Kwalejin Naval, wanda ya sami halartar brigade na tsakiyar sahu da abokan karatun McCain. Bayan hidimar sujada, an binne McCain a Makabartar Naval Academy ta Amurka, kusa da abokin karatunsa na Naval Academy kuma abokin rayuwa Admiral Charles R. Larson. Yawancin mashahuran mutane sun yi wa marigayi sanata a Twitter. Waɗannan sun haɗa da, Tom Hanks wanda ya wallafa a shafinsa na Tweeter "Duty. Honor. Kasa. Al'ummarmu na gode muku, John McCain. Babu wani ɗan Amurka mafi kyau". Su ma Whoopi Goldberg, Ellen DeGeneres, Reese Witherspoon, Jimmy Kimmel, da Khloe Kardashian su ma sun wallafa sakonnin tuna marigayi Sanata. Gwamnan Arizona Doug Ducey ya sami ikon nada McCain na rikon kwarya har sai an gudanar da zabe na musamman a shekarar 2020 don tantance wanda zai yi amfani da ragowar lokacin McCain, wanda zai kare a watan Janairun 2023 kuma don haka ya nada tsohon dan majalisar dattijan Amurka na Arizona a lokacin Jon Kyl ya cika gurbi.A karkashin dokar Arizona, maye gurbin da aka nada dole ne ya kasance na jam’iyya daya da McCain, dan Republican.Jita-jitar jaridu game da wadanda za a nada mukaman sun hada da bazawar McCain Cindy, tsohon Sanata Jon Kyl, da tsohon Wakilai Matt Salmon da John Shadegg. Ducey ya ce ba zai yi alƙawari ba har sai bayan jana'izar ƙarshe da jana'izar McCain; a ranar 4 ga Satumba, kwana biyu bayan binne McCain, Ducey ya nada Kyl don cike kujerar McCain. Shugaban Marasa Rinjaye na Majalisar Dattawa Chuck Schumer (D-NY) ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai gabatar da kudurin sauya sunan Gidan Majalisar Dattawan Russell da sunan McCain. Thean wasan da suka buga kararraki na Grandsire Caters don tunawa da McCain sun buge da bellers na Washington National Cathedral washegari bayan mutuwarsa. An sake buga wani kwatankwacin tunawa da kwata 6 ga Satumba a kan Karrarawar Majalisar a Old Post Office a Washington.A watan Maris na shekarar 2019 watanni bakwai bayan mutuwar McCain Trump ya fitar da jerin bayanan jama'a wanda ya soki McCain a kalla sau hudu a cikin kwanaki biyar. Trump ya kuma yi ikirarin cewa ya amince da jana’izar McCain amma ba a gode masa ba. Koyaya, Washington National Cathedral ta amsa cewa babu buƙatar gwamnati ko shugaban ƙasa da ake buƙata don jana’izar McCain saboda shi ba tsohon shugaban ƙasa ba ne. Kwancen McCain a cikin ƙasa ya sami amincewar Majalisar Dattawa, yayin da Trump ya amince da jigilar gawar McCain. Trump ya kuma bayyana kansa a matsayin "an gama aikin" a kan Dokar Zabi Tsoffin Sojoji yayin da yake ikirarin McCain ya gaza a kan batun daya. Koyaya, McCain ya kasance ɗayan manyan marubutan biyu, waɗanda Shugaba Barack Obama ya sanya hannu a kan doka a cikin 2014. Trump ya sanya hannu kan VA MISSION Act na 2018 (S. 2372), faɗaɗa wannan dokar da McCain ya yi aiki da ita ya hada da sunan McCain a cikin cikakken taken. Trump ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa McCain ya kammala karatunsa "na ƙarshe a ajinsa", duk da cewa a zahiri McCain ya kasance na biyar daga na ƙarshe Matsayin siyasa Manyan labarai: Matsayin siyasa na John McCain da Kwatanta 'yan takarar shugabancin Amurka, 2008 Chart, tare da lagwadon lemu mai ruwan shuɗi da shuɗi Yawan kuri'un da McCain ya jefa a majalisa, daga kungiyar Conservative ta Amurka (layin lemu; 100 shi ne mafi ra'ayin mazan jiya) da Amurkawa na 'Yan Demokrat (layin shudi; 100 mai sassaucin ra'ayi) Kungiyoyi masu fafutuka daban-daban sun baiwa McCain maki ko maki kan yadda kuri'un sa suka yi daidai da matsayin kowace kungiya. CrowdPac, wanda yake kimanta 'yan siyasa bisa gudummawar da aka samu da kuma karba, ya baiwa Sanata McCain maki 4.3C inda 10C ya kasance mai ra'ayin mazan jiya sannan 10L ya kasance mai sassaucin ra'ayi. Jaridar da ba ta da bangaranci ta tantance kuri'un dan majalisar Dattawa da kashi nawa ne na Majalisar Dattawa suka fi shi yarda da 'yanci fiye da shi ko ita, kuma wane kashi ya fi ra'ayin mazan jiya, a fannoni uku na siyasa: tattalin arziki, zaman jama'a, da na waje. A tsakanin 2005 2006 (kamar yadda aka ruwaito a 2008 Almanac na Siyasar Amurka), Matsakaicin kimantawar McCain ya kasance kamar haka: manufofin tattalin arziki: kashi 59 cikin dari na masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da kashi 41 masu sassaucin ra'ayi; manufofin zamantakewar al'umma: kashi 54 cikin dari masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da kuma kashi 38 cikin dari masu sassaucin ra'ayi; da kuma manufofin kasashen waje: kashi 56 cikin dari masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da kuma kaso 43 masu sassaucin ra'ayi. [438] A shekara ta 2012, National Journal ya ba McCain adadin kashi 73 na masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da kashi 27 cikin ɗari, yayin da a 2013 ya sami kashi 60 na masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da kashi 40 cikin ɗari. Daga karshen shekarun 1990 har zuwa 2008, McCain ya kasance mamba a kwamitin Project Vote Smart wanda Richard Kimball, abokin hamayyarsa na Majalisar Dattawa a 1986 ya kafa. [445] Aikin ya samar da bayanan da ba na bangaranci ba game da mukaman siyasar McCain da sauran ‘yan takarar mukamin siyasa. Bugu da kari, McCain ya yi amfani da gidan yanar gizon sa na Majalisar Dattawa don bayyana matsayin sa na siyasa. A jawabinsa na shekara ta 2008 ga CPAC McCain ya bayyana cewa ya yi imani da "karamar gwamnati; da ladabi, da karancin haraji; da kariya mai karfi, da alkalai wadanda suke tilastawa, kuma ba sa yin, dokokinmu; da dabi'un zamantakewar da sune ainihin tushen karfinmu; kuma, gabaɗaya, tsayawa tsayin daka kan haƙƙoƙinmu na rayuwa, yanci da kuma neman farin ciki, waɗanda na kare dukkan aikina kamar yadda Allah ya yi wa mai haihuwa da wanda ba a haifa ba. A cikin littafinsa mai taken 'The Restless Wave' na shekarar 2018, McCain ya bayyana ra'ayinsa kamar haka: "Na ƙarshe amma ba mafi ƙaranci ba, na kasance a lokacin shiga Majalisar] ɗan Republican, Reagan Republican. Duk da haka ni. Ba Jam'iyyar Republican Tea ba ce. Ba Breitbart Ba Republican bane, ba Dan Rediyo mai magana bane ko kuma Fox News Republican, ba mai kebewa bane, mai ba da kariya, mai shigowa bakin haure, dan cin amana, babu abinda-zai iya yi a Jamhuriya. Jamhuriya a Sunan Kawai Ni Dan Reagan Republican ne, mai goyon bayan rage haraji, karancin gwamnati, kasuwanni masu 'yanci, kasuwanci mai' yanci, shirye-shiryen tsaro, da kuma kasashen duniya na dimokiradiyya. Hoton al'adu da siyasa Babban labarin: Hoton al'adu da siyasa na John McCain Fari mai gashi fari yana tsaye a kan dakalin magana yana magana yana mai nuni da mika hannu da wani waje McCain yayi magana a cikin Albuquerque, New Mexico, a Ranar Tunawa, 2008, yayin da yake Sanya Zuciya mai Tsada. Mutane hudu a daki McCain da matarsa Cindy suna kallo a cikin 2011 yayin da ɗansu Jimmy ya fika fikafikan ɗansu Ensign John Sidney McCain IV. Ra'ayoyin jama'a na John McCain Halin McCain na daga cikin sifofin mutane a fili. Wannan hoton ya hada da aikin soja shi da danginsa, yanayi da rikice-rikicen da suka dabaibaye karshen aurensa na farko da farkon na biyu, mai nuna halin ko in kula a siyasa, fushinsa, nasa ya yarda da matsalar maganganun da ba a yi la'akari da su ba a wasu lokuta, da kuma kusancinsa da yaransa daga duk aurensa. Rokon siyasa na McCain ya kasance ba na bangaranci ba ne kuma ba shi da akida idan aka kwatanta shi da sauran 'yan siyasar kasar da yawa. Matsayinsa da martabarsa sun samo asali ne daga hidimarsa a Yaƙin Vietnam. Ya kuma dauki nauyin jikinsa na raunukan yaki, da kuma tiyatar melanoma. Lokacin da yake yakin neman zabe, sai ya ce: "Na girme datti kuma ina da tabo fiye da Frankenstein. Marubuta galibi marubuta suna yabawa McCain saboda ƙarfin zuciya ba kawai a yaƙi ba amma a siyasa, kuma sun yi rubutu cikin tausayawa game da shi. [63] [449] [453] [456] Sauyin ra'ayi da halayen siyasa da kuma dabi'un McCain suka nuna a lokacin da kuma musamman bayan yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na 2008, gami da kin yarda da lakabin maverick, ya bar marubuta da dama suna bayyana bakin ciki da mamakin abin da ya faru da McCain da suke tsammanin sun sani. [457] [458 [459] [460] Zuwa shekara ta 2013, wasu fannoni na tsoffin McCain sun dawo, kuma hotonsa ya zama na wani kaidoscope na halaye masu karo da juna, gami da zama dan jam'iyyar Republican In Name Only ko kuma "mai cin amana" ga jam'iyyarsa kuma, kamar yadda wani marubuci ya lissafa, maverick, tsohon maverick, curmudgeon, maginin gada, jarumin yaki da ya doshi sama da kiran da ake yi na son rai don yin aiki da wani al'amari wanda ya fi shi, mai hasara, tsoffin bijimi, zaki na karshe, sako sako, jarumi mai farin ciki, dattijo dan kasa, zaki a lokacin sanyi. A nasa kimantawa, McCain ya kasance kai tsaye kuma kai tsaye, amma ba shi da haƙuri. Sauran halayensa sun hada da son yin layya,son yin yawo,da kuma barkwanci wanda wani lokacin ya zama abin birgewa, kamar lokacin da ya yi barkwanci a 1998 game da Clintons wanda ake ganin ba zai iya bugawa ba a cikin jaridu: "Shin kun san dalilin da ya sa Chelsea Clinton ta kasance mai banƙyama? Saboda Janet Reno mahaifinta ne.Daga baya McCain ya nemi afuwa sosai,kuma Clinton White House ta karɓi afuwarsa.McCain bai kauda kai ba wajen magance gazawarsa, kuma ya ba su hakuri.Ya kasance sananne ne a wasu lokuta ya kasance mai wayo da zafin rai tare da takwarorinsa na Majalisar Dattawa, amma alaƙar da ke tsakaninsa da ma'aikatansa na Majalisar Dattawa ta fi kyau, kuma ta kasance da aminci gareshi.Ya kulla kawance mai karfi da sanatoci biyu, Joe Lieberman da Lindsey Graham, a kan manufofin kasashen waje na balaguro da tafiye-tafiye zuwa ƙasashen ƙetare, kuma har aka ba su suna "Amigos UkuMcCain ya yarda da fadin abubuwan da basu dace ba a shekarun baya, [474] duk da cewa ya kuma ce labaran da yawa sun wuce gona da iri. [475] Comparisonaya daga cikin kwatancen tunanin ɗan adam ya ba da shawarar cewa McCain ba shi ne ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na farko da ya yi fushi ba, [476] kuma mai sukar al'adu Julia Keller ta jayayya cewa masu jefa ƙuri'a suna son shugabannin da ke da sha'awa, masu shiga tsakani, masu zafin rai, da masu nuna adawa. [451] McCain ya yi amfani da maganganun ɓatanci [477] da ihu a wasu lokuta, kodayake irin waɗannan abubuwan ba su cika faruwa ba tsawon shekaru. [478] [479] Lieberman ya yi wannan tsokaci: "Ba irin fushin ne rashin samun iko ba. Mutum ne mai cikakken iko." [478] Sanata Thad Cochran, wanda ya san McCain shekaru da yawa kuma ya yi ta fama da shi a kan alamun saiti, [480] [481] ya nuna damuwarsa game da shugabancin McCain: "Ba shi da ma'ana. Yana da zafin rai. Yana fushi kuma yana damu na.Amma duk da haka Cochran ya goyi bayan McCain a matsayin shugaban kasa lokacin da ya bayyana cewa zai ci zaben. Kwamitin editocin jaridar Chicago Tribune ya kira McCain dan kishin kasa, wanda kodayake wani lokacin ba daidai ba ya kasance ba shi da tsoro, kuma ya cancanci a yi tunanin sa a cikin ‘yan majalisar dattijan Amurka da ke tarihi, wadanda sunayensu suka fi na wasu shugabannin kasar ganewa. Duk dangin McCain suna cikin kyakkyawar dangantaka da shi, kuma ya kare su daga wasu illolin mummunan salon rayuwarsa na siyasa.Al'adar soja ta danginsa ta kai har zuwa zamani mai zuwa: dan John Sidney IV ("Jack") ya kammala karatunsa daga Kwalejin Naval na Amurka a 2009, ya zama tsara ta huɗu John S. McCain da ya yi haka, kuma matukin jirgi ne mai saukar ungulu; dan James ya yi tafiya sau biyu tare da Sojojin Ruwa a yakin Iraki; kuma dan Doug ya tashi da jirage a cikin sojojin ruwa.'Yarsa Meghan ta zama mai yin rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo da shafin Twitter a cikin muhawarar game da makomar Jam’iyyar Republican bayan zaben 2008, kuma ta nuna wasu daga cikin halayensa na rashin da’a.A cikin 2017 Meghan ya shiga cikin shahararrun 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na tattaunawa na ABC The View a matsayin mai haɗin gwiwa.Shi ma Sanata McCain da kansa ya bayyana a matsayin bako a shirin.McCain ya fito a cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin da fina-finai da yawa yayin da yake sanata mai ci. Ya gabatar da bayyanar zuwan bazata a cikin Crashers na Wedding da 24 kuma yana da hotunan bazata guda biyu a Parks da Recreation. McCain ya kuma dauki bakuncin Asabar Night Live a 2002 kuma ya fito a lokuta biyu a 2008. Kyauta da girmamawa Duba kuma: Rayuwa ta farko da aikin soja na John McCain awards Kyautar soja Shugaba Mikheil Saakashvili na Georgia ya ba da lambar girmamawa ta gwarzo ta Georgia ga McCain a Batumi, Janairu 2010. Baya ga girmamawar soja da kayan adonsa, an ba McCain lambar yabo da girmamawa ta farar hula. A shekarar 1997, mujallar Time ta sanya sunan McCain a matsayin daya daga cikin "Mutane 25 da suka fi tasiri a Amurka. A cikin 1999, McCain ya raba bayanin martabar gwarzo tare da Sanata Russ Feingold saboda aikin da suka yi na sake fasalin kudin yakin neman zabe. Shekarar da ta gaba, ɗayan ɗayan sun raba lambar girmamawa ta Paul H. Douglas don Ethabi'a a Gwamnati. A shekarar 2005, Cibiyar Eisenhower ta baiwa McCain lambar yabo ta jagorancin Eisenhower. Kyautar ta san mutanen da aikinsu na rayuwa ke nuni da gadon mutunci da jagoranci Dwight D. Eisenhower. A 2006, Hukumar Kula da Gandun Daji ta kasa ta ba McCain lambar yabo ta hidimar Jama'a Bruce F. Vento. A wannan shekarar, Cibiyar Nazarin yahudawa ta yahudawa ta bai wa McCain lambar girmamawa ta hidimar Henry M. Jackson, don karrama Sanata Henry M. "Scoop" Jackson. A 2007, Taron Shugabancin Duniya ya ba McCain kyautar Kyautar Manufa ta Shekara; ana bayar da shi ga ƙasashen duniya ga wanda ya "ƙirƙira, wahayi ko kuma tasiri mai ƙarfi game da mahimman manufofi ko dokoki. A shekara ta 2010, Shugaba Mikheil Saakashvili na Georgia ya ba McCain kyautar gwarzo na kasa, kyautar da ba a taba bayarwa ba ga Bajamushe. A shekarar 2015, Kyiv Patriarchate ya baiwa McCain nasa tsarin na Order of St. Vladimir. [499] A shekarar 2016, Kwalejin Allegheny ta ba McCain, tare da Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa Joe Biden, Kyaututtukkan Tattalin Arziki a Rayuwar Jama’a. A watan Agustan 2016, Petro Poroshenko, Shugaban Ukraine, ya ba McCain lambar yabo mafi girma ga baƙi, Order of Liberty. A shekarar 2017, Hashim Thaçi, Shugaban Kosovo, ya bai wa McCain lambar yabo "Urdhër i Lirisë" (Umurnin 'Yanci) saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga' yanci da 'yancin Kosovo, da kuma kawancen da ta yi da Amurka McCain ya kuma sami Lambar Yanci daga Cibiyar Tsarin Tsarin Mulki ta Kasa a shekarar 2017. A lokacin bazarar 2018 An yiwa McCain kwalliya da Grand Cordon na Order of the Rising Sun daga Sarkin Japan domin 'karfafa alakar kasashen biyu da inganta dankon zumunci tsakanin Japan da Amurka'. [504] McCain ya sami digirin girmamawa da yawa daga kwalejoji da jami’o’i a Amurka da kuma na duniya. Waɗannan sun haɗa da waɗanda daga Jami'ar Colgate (LL.D 2000),The Citadel (DPA 2002),Wake Forest University (LL.D May 20, 2002),the University of Southern California (DHL Mayu 2004),Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma (LL.D Yuni 17, 2005),Jami'ar Liberty (2006),Sabuwar Makaranta (2006),da Royal Military Kwalejin Kanada (D.MSc 27 ga Yuni, 2013).Sannan kuma ya zama Maigirma Mai Girma na Jami’ar Falsafa ta Jami’ar Trinity College Dublin a shekarar 2005. A ranar 11 ga watan Yulin, 2018, USS John S. McCain, wanda asalinsa aka sanya shi don girmama mahaifin da kakan Sanatan, an sake sake shi da sunan Sanatan shima. A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, 2017, Majalisar Karamar Hukumar Phoenix ta kaɗa ƙuri'a don sanya sunan Terminal 3 a Filin jirgin saman Phoenix Sky Harbor a Darajan Sanatan wanda aka buɗe a ranar 7 ga Janairu, 2019 bayan mutuwarsa a watan Agusta 2018. A ranar 4 ga Afrilu, 2019, Kyiv City Council ta sake suna wani titi wanda a baya aka sa masa sunan wakilin NKVD Ivan Kudria zuwa "titin John McCain Tarihin zabe Babban Labari: Tarihin Zabe na John McCain Ayyuka Littattafai Bangaskiyar Iyayena ta John McCain, Mark Salter (Random House, Agusta 1999) ISBN 0-375-50191-6 (daga baya aka sanya shi cikin fim ɗin talabijin na 2005 Bangaskiyar Mahaifina) John McCain ne mai gwagwarmaya, Mark Salter (Random House, Satumba 2002) ISBN 0-375-50542-3 Dalilin Dalilin Jaruntaka: Hanyar zuwa Rayuwar Jarunta ta John McCain, Mark Salter (Gidan Random, Afrilu 2004) ISBN 1-4000-6030-3 Hali Destaddara ce: Labaru masu ban sha'awa Duk Matashin da Ya Kamata Ya Sanar kuma Kowane Babban Ya Kamata Ya Tuna da John McCain, Mark Salter (Random House, Oktoba 2005) ISBN 1-4000-6412-0 Kira Mai Kyau: Babban Shawara da Mutanen da Ba a San su ba waɗanda John McCain, Mark Salter (Hachette, Agusta 2007) ISBN 0-446-58040-6 suka yi Sojoji goma sha uku: Tarihin Sirrin Amurkawa a Yakin da John McCain, Mark Salter (Simon Schuster, Nuwamba 2014) ISBN 1-4767-5965-0 Waaƙƙarfan Hutawa: Lokaci Mai Kyau, Dalili Kaɗai, Babban Yaƙe-yaƙe, da Sauran Yabo da John McCain, Mark Salter (Simon Schuster, Mayu 2018) ISBN 978-1501178009 Labarai da gabatarwa Ta yaya POW ta Koma Baya", na John S. McCain III, Lieut. Kwamanda, Navy na Amurka, US News World Report, 14 ga Mayu, 1973 (wanda aka sake buga shi don yanar gizo a ƙarƙashin take daban-daban a cikin 2008). An sake buga shi a cikin rahoton Vietnam, Kashi na biyu: Jaridar Amurka 1969-1975 (Laburaren Amurka, 1998) ISBN 1-883011-59-0 "Thea'idar Aiki da Fursunonin Yaƙin Vietnam", na John S. McCain, Kwamandan USN, Kwalejin Yaƙin ,asa, Afrilu 8, 1974 (ainihin takarda) Gabatarwar da John McCain ya yi wa Lamarin da Ya Kiyaye: Labarin Gaskiya na OWasar Farar Hula mafi Americaarancin Amurka a Vietnam da Ernest C. Brace (St. Martin's Press, 1988) ISBN 0-7090-3560-8 Jawabin John McCain, 1988-2000 John McCain ya gabatar da magana game da ɗaukakarsa: Saga na Jim Thompson, Fursunoni mafi tsayi a Amurka da Tom Philpott (W. W. Norton, 2001) ISBN 0-393-02012-6 Gabatarwar John McCain ga Mafi Kyawun haske da David Halberstam (Gidan Random, bugun 2001) ISBN 1-58836-098-9 Gabatarwar da John S. McCain ya gabatar game da Kasuwancin da Ba a Kammala ba: Afghanistan, Gabas ta Tsakiya da Bayan Rage Haɗarin da ke barazana ga Tsaron Amurka ta Harlan Ullman (Citadel Press, Yuni 2002) ISBN 0-8065-2431-6 Gabatarwar John McCain da Max Cleland zuwa Odysseus a Amurka: Combat Trauma da Jarabawar Zuwan gida da Jonathan Shay (Scribner, Nuwamba 2002) ISBN 0-7432-1156-1 Gabatarwar da John McCain ya bayar game da tatsuniyoyin 9/11: Me yasa Ra'ayoyin Makirci Ba za su iya tsayawa kan Gaske ba daga Editocin Manyan Ma'aikata (Hearst, Agusta 2006) ISBN 1-58816-635-X Gabatarwa daga John McCain zuwa Pearl Harbor, the Day of Infamy, a Illustrated History by Dan van der Vat (Black Walnut Books, 2007) ISBN 1-897330-28-6 "Aminci Mai Dorewa da Aka Gina Kan 'Yanci: Tabbatar da Makomar Amurka" ta John McCain Harkokin Kasashen Waje, Nuwamba Disamba 2007 Duba kuma Jerin sunayen mambobin majalisar dokokin Amurka da suka mutu a ofis Jerin sanatocin Amurka da aka haifa a wajen Amurka Bayanan kula Shaidar John McCain Ta Wuce Tsohon Dan Takarar Republican Na Takarar Shugabancin Amurka". Satyagraha (a yaren Hindi). An dawo da Agusta 27, 2018. Stevenson, Peter W. "Bincike Gasar fitowar manyan yatsu wanda ta takaita aikin John McCain". Jaridar Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. An sake dawo da Maris 5, 2021. Bankwana ta ƙarshe ga John McCain tare da girmamawa ta ƙasa, Obama, Bush yabi a taron Amar Ujala (a yaren Hindi). An dawo da Satumba 1, 2018. "Jarumin yakin Amurka John McCain baya nan, buri na karshe shi ne Kada Trump ya halarci jana'izar". Jagran (a yaren Hindi). An dawo da Agusta 26, 2018. Timberg, Robert (1999). "The Punk". John McCain, Ba'amurke Odyssey. Simon da Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-86794-6. An dawo a watan Agusta 4, 2015 ta The New York Times. Morison, Samuel Eliot (2007). Yaƙin Tekun Biyu: Tarihin Shortan Ruwa na Navy na Amurka a Yakin Duniya na Biyu. Cibiyar Nazarin Naval. shafi na. 119. Roberts, Gary (Afrilu 1, 2008). "Game da Tarihi, Tsarin Sarauta, da Ingilishi da Mashahurin Kin na Sanata John Sidney McCain IV". Sabuwar Englandungiyar Tarihin Tarihi ta Ingila. An adana daga asali ranar 15 ga Satumba, 2008. An dawo da shi a ranar 19 ga Mayu, 2008. Burritt, Maryamu (Oktoba 16, 2016). "Tarihin Rockingham County Bob Carter Ya Haɗa Hankali, Malanta." Labarai Rikodi (Greensboro.com). An dawo da Afrilu 29, 2020. Nowicki, Dan da Muller, Bill. "Rahoton John McCain: A Kwalejin Naval", Jamhuriyar Arizona (Maris 1, 2007). An sake dawo da Nuwamba 10, 2007; "Yadda aka tsara tarihin rayuwar tare", Jamhuriyar Arizona (Maris 1, 2007). An sake dawo da shi a ranar 18 ga Yuni, 2008. ("Makarantun McCain a [Naval Academy] sun yi kyau a cikin batutuwan da ya ji daɗi, kamar adabi da tarihi. Gamboa ya ce McCain ya gwammace ya karanta littafin tarihi fiye da aikin gida na lissafi. ya wuce azuzuwan da bai samu motsawa ba. 'Ya tsaya a cikin darasinsa,' Gamboa ya ce. 'Amma hakan ta hanyar zabi ne, ba zane ba.') Alexander, Mutumin Mutane, p. 19. Woodward, Calvin. "WMD na McCain Baki ne da Ba Zai Daina ba". Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai. USA Yau (Nuwamba 4, 2007). An sake dawo da Nuwamba 10, 2007. Alexander, Mutumin Mutane, p. 22. McCain ya yi baftisma kuma ya girma Episcopalian Bayani Alexander, Paul. Mutumin Mutane: Rayuwar John McCain (John Wiley Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey 2002). ISBN 0-471-22829-X. Brock, David da Waldman, Paul. Free Ride: John McCain da Media (Litattafan Anchor, New York 2008). ISBN 0-307-27940-5. Drew, Elizabeth. Citizen McCain (Simon Schuster, New York 2002). ISBN 0-641-57240-9. Feinberg, Barbara Silberdick. John McCain: Bautar Kasar sa (Millbrook Press, Brookfield, Connecticut 2000). ISBN 0-7613-1974-3. Hubbell, John G. P.OW: Tarihin Tabbatacce na Fursunonin Amurka na Yaƙin-Yaƙin a Vietnam, 1964-1973 (Reader's Digest Press, New York 1976). ISBN 0-88349-091-9. Karaagac, John. John McCain: Labari a Tarihin Soja da Siyasa (Litattafan Lexington, Lanham, Maryland 2000). ISBN 0-7391-0171-4. McCain, John da Salter, Mark, Bangaskiyar Iyayena (Random House, New York 1999). ISBN 0-375-50191-6. McCain, John da Salter, Alamar. Ya cancanci Yaƙin (Random House, New York 2002). ISBN 0-375-50542-3. Rochester, Stuart I. da Kiley, Frederick. Daraja Mai Girma: Fursunonin Yakin Amurka a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, 1961-1973 (Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland 1999). ISBN 1-55750-694-9. Schecter, Cliff. Hakikanin McCain: Me yasa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya basu Amince da shi ba kuma me yasa masu neman yancin kansu (PoliPoint Press, Sausalito, California 2008). ISBN 0-9794822-9-1. Timberg, Robert. John McCain: Odyssey na Amurka (Littattafan Touchstone, New York 1999). ISBN 0-684-86794-X. Babi na 1 akwai akan layi. Timberg, Robert. Waƙar Nightingale (Simon Schuster, New York 1996). ISBN 0-684-80301-1. Babi na 1 akwai akan layi. Welch, Matt. McCain: Labarin Maverick (Palgrave Macmillan, New York 2007). ISBN 0-230-60396-3. Hanyoyin haɗin waje John McCain a ayyukan yar'uwar Wikipedia Media daga Wikimedia Commons Labari daga Wikinews Bayani daga Wikiquote Rubutu daga Wikisource Bayanai daga Wikidata Sanata John McCain shafin yanar gizon majalisar dattijan Amurka John McCain na Majalisar Dattawa Sean Wilentz: John McCain. A cikin: Encyclopædia Britannica, 15 ga Fabrairu, 2018 John McCain a Curlie Bayyanar akan C-SPAN Tarihin Tarihi a Tarihin Tarihin Tarihi na Majalisar Amurka Bayani a Zabe Mai Kyau Bayanin kudi (ofishin tarayya) a Hukumar Zabe ta Tarayya Dokar da aka dauki nauyi a dakin karatu na Majalisar Gates, HL John McCain's Tsarin Ilimin Iyali. PBS. Fabrairu 11, 2016. An shiga Fabrairu 17, 2017
29919	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magudanar%20ruwa	Magudanar ruwa	Magudanar ruwa shi ne wurin wucewar ruwa ko na wucin gadi cire ruwan saman da ruwan da ke ƙasa daga wurin da ke da ruwa. Magudanar ruwa na cikin gida na mafi yawan ƙasar noma yana da kyau don hana ruwa mai tsanani (yanayin anaerobic da ke cutar da ci gaban tushen), amma yawancin ƙasa suna buƙatar magudanar ruwa na wucin gadi don inganta samarwa ko sarrafa kayan ruwa. Tarihi Tarihin farko Wayewar Kwarin Indus tana da tsarin magudanar ruwa da magudanar ruwa. Kuma Dukkan gidaje a manyan biranen Harappa da Mohenjo-daro sun sami damar samun ruwa da wuraren magudanar ruwa. An kai ruwan sharar gida zuwa magudanar ruwa da aka rufe, wanda ke kan manyan tituna. Karni na 18 da 19 Ƙirƙirar magudanar ruwan bututun da aka ƙirƙira ga Sir Hugh Dalrymple, wanda ya mutu a shekara ta 1753. Ayyuka na yanzu Geotextiles Sabbin tsarin magudanar ruwa sun haɗa da tacewa na geotextile waɗanda ke riƙe da hana kyawawan hatsi na ƙasa shiga da toshe magudanar. Geotextiles su ne yadudduka na roba da aka kera musamman don aikace-aikacen injiniyan farar hula da muhalli Geotextiles an ƙera su don riƙe kyakkyawan barbashi na ƙasa yayin barin ruwa ya wuce. A cikin tsarin magudanar ruwa na yau da kullun, za a shimfiɗa su tare da rami wanda za'a cika su da ƙaƙƙarfan kayan granular tsakuwa, harsashi na teku, dutse ko dutse Sannan Daga nan sai a naɗe geotextile a saman dutsen sannan a rufe ramin da ƙasa. Ruwan cikin ƙasa yana ratsa ta cikin geotextile kuma yana gudana ta cikin dutsen zuwa fashewa. Kuma A cikin babban yanayin ruwa na ƙasa an shimfiɗa bututu mai raɗaɗi PVC ko PE tare da gindin magudanar don ƙara yawan ruwan da ake ɗauka a cikin magudanar ruwa. A madadin, ana iya yin la'akari da tsarin magudanar ruwa na filastik da aka riga aka yi da HDPE, galibi yana haɗa geotextile, fiber na koko ko fil fil Kuma Amfani da waɗannan kayan ya ƙara zama ruwan dare saboda sauƙin amfani da su wanda ke kawar da buƙatun jigilar kaya da shimfidar magudanar ruwa wanda a koyaushe ya fi tsada fiye da magudanar ruwa da siminti. A cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata geotextile, masu tace PVC da masu tace HDPE sun zama mafi yawan amfani da kafofin tace ƙasa. Suna da arha don samarwa da sauƙin kwanciya, tare da kaddarorin sarrafa masana'anta waɗanda ke tabbatar da aikin tacewa na dogon lokaci ko da a cikin yanayin ƙasa mara kyau. Madadin karni na 21 Ayyukan Jama'a na Seattle sun ƙirƙiri shirin matukin jirgi mai suna Street Edge Alternatives (SEA Streets) Project. Aikin yana mai da hankali kan zayyana tsarin "don samar da magudanar ruwa wanda yafi kwaikwayi yanayin yanayin kasa kafin a ci gaba fiye da tsarin bututun gargajiya". Titunan suna da ramuka a gefen titin, tare da ƙera shuke-shuken a duk faɗin yankin. Ƙaddamar da matakan da ba a tare da su ba yana ba da damar ruwa ya ɓullo da yardar rai zuwa wuraren da ba za a iya jurewa a gefen tituna ba. Saboda dashen shuka, ruwan da ke gudu daga cikin birni ba ya shiga cikin ƙasa kai tsaye, amma kuma yana iya shiga cikin yanayin da ke kewaye. To Amman Kuma Sa ido da Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jama'a ta Seattle ta yi rahoton raguwar kashi 99 na ruwan guguwa da ke barin aikin magudanar ruwa Magudanar ruwa ya yi wani babban nazari na muhalli a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan a Burtaniya. Tsarukan Magudanar Ruwa na Birane (SUDS) an ƙera su don ƙarfafa ƴan kwangila don shigar da tsarin magudanar ruwa wanda ya fi kwaikwayi yanayin kwararar ruwa a yanayi. Tun da shekarata 2010 na gida da na yanki a Burtaniya ana buƙatar doka don sanya SUDS cikin kowane ayyukan ci gaba da suke da alhakinsa. Magudanar ruwan ramuka ya tabbatar da mafi kyawun samfuri a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata azaman zaɓin magudanar ruwa. Kuma A matsayin tsarin magudanar ruwa ta tashar an tsara shi don kawar da buƙatar ƙarin tsarin aikin bututun da za a girka daidai da magudanar ruwa, rage tasirin muhalli na samarwa tare da inganta tarin ruwa. Bakin karfe, tashar kankare, PVC da HDPE duk kayan da ake samu don magudanar ruwa waɗanda suka zama matsayin masana'antu akan ayyukan gini. Magudanar ruwa a cikin masana'antar gini Injiniyan farar hula ne ke da alhakin magudanar ruwa a ayyukan gine-gine. Daga cikin tsare-tsaren sun zayyana dukkan hanyoyin, magudanan titi, magudanun ruwa, magudanan ruwa da magudanan ruwa da ke aikin gine-gine Yayin aikin ginin zai tsara duk matakan da ake bukata don kowane abubuwan da aka ambata a baya. Injiniyoyin farar hula da manajojin gine-gine suna aiki tare da masu gine-gine da masu kulawa, masu tsarawa, masu binciken adadi, ma'aikata gabaɗaya, da kuma ƴan kwangila. Yawanci, sannan yawancin hukunce-hukuncen suna da wasu dokoki na magudanar ruwa don yin hukunci gwargwadon matakin mai mallakar ƙasa zai iya canza magudanar ruwa daga fakitinsa. Zaɓuɓɓukan magudanar ruwa don masana'antar gini sun haɗa da: Magudanar ruwa, wanda ke katse ruwa a gullies (maki). Gullies suna haɗawa da bututun magudanar ruwa a ƙarƙashin ƙasa kuma ana buƙatar haƙa mai zurfi don sauƙaƙe wannan tsarin. Ana buƙatar goyon bayan ramuka masu zurfi a cikin siffar katako, strutting ko shoring. Magudanar ruwa ta tashar, wanda ke hana ruwa tare da duk hanyar tashar. Magudanar ruwa yawanci ana kera ta ne daga siminti, karfe, polymer ko abubuwan da aka haɗa. Matsakaicin tsaka-tsakin magudanar ruwa ya fi girma fiye da magudanar ruwa kuma aikin tono da ake buƙata yawanci ba shi da zurfi sosai. Fuskar buɗaɗɗen magudanar ruwa yawanci yana zuwa ne ta hanyar gratings (polymer, filastik, ƙarfe ko ƙarfe) ko rami ɗaya (magudanar ruwa) wanda ke tafiya tare da saman ƙasa (wanda aka kera daga karfe ko ƙarfe). Tsarin bita Magudanar ruwa a cikin ganuwar riƙewa Tsarin riƙon ƙasa kamar riƙon bango shima yana buƙatar yin la'akari da magudanar ruwa na ƙasa. Dan haka Ganuwar rikowa na yau da kullun ana gina su ne da kayan da ba za a iya jurewa ba wanda zai iya toshe hanyar ruwan ƙasa. Lokacin da ruwan karkashin kasa ya toshe, matsa lamba na ruwa na hydrostatic yana tasowa a bango kuma yana iya haifar da babbar lalacewa. Idan ba a zubar da matsa lamba na ruwa yadda ya kamata ba, ganuwar da ke riƙewa na iya yin ruku'u, motsawa, karaya da raguwa. Matsin ruwa kuma yana iya lalata ɓangarorin ƙasa waɗanda ke kaiwa ga ɓata bayan bango da ramukan nutse a cikin ƙasan da ke sama. Sannan Tsarin magudanar magudanar ruwa na gargajiya na iya haɗawa da, Magudanar ruwa na Faransa, magudanar ruwa ko ramukan kuka. Don hana zaizayar ƙasa, ana shigar da yadudduka tace geotextile tare da tsarin magudanar ruwa. Dalilan magudanar ruwa na wucin gadi Ƙasa mai dausayi na iya buƙatar magudanar ruwa don a yi amfani da su wajen noma A Arewacin Amurka da Turai, glaciation ya haifar da ƙananan tafkuna masu yawa waɗanda a hankali suka cika da humus don yin marshes Wasu daga cikinsu an zubar da su ta hanyar amfani da buɗaɗɗen ramuka da ramuka don yin ciyayi, waɗanda galibi ana amfani da su don amfanin gona masu daraja kamar kayan lambu Mafi girman aikin wannan nau'in a cikin duniya yana gudana tsawon ƙarni a cikin Netherlands Yankin da ke tsakanin Amsterdam, Haarlem da Leiden ya kasance, a zamanin da kafin tarihin fadama da kananan tafkuna. Yanke Turf (Haka ma'adinan Peat rangwame da zaizayar ruwa a hankali ya haifar da samuwar babban tabki guda, Haarlemmermeer, ko tafkin Haarlem. Ƙirƙirar injunan bututun iska a ƙarni na 15 ya ba da izinin magudanar ruwa daga wasu yankunan bakin teku, amma magudanar ruwa na ƙarshe na tafkin dole ne ya jira ƙirar manyan famfunan tururi da yarjejeniya tsakanin hukumomin yankin. Kawar da tafkin ya faru tsakanin shekarar 1849 zuwa shekarata 1852, wanda ya haifar da dubban kilomita 2 na sabuwar ƙasa. Filayen bakin teku da ɓangarorin kogin na iya samun ruwan tebur na lokaci ko na dindindin kuma dole ne su sami ingantaccen magudanar ruwa idan za a yi amfani da su don aikin gona. Misali shine yankin citrus na citrus na Florida Bayan an sami ruwan sama mai yawa, ana amfani da famfunan magudanar ruwa don hana lalacewa ga tsire-tsire na citrus daga ƙasa mai jika sosai. Noman shinkafa yana buƙatar cikakken sarrafa ruwa, saboda filayen suna buƙatar ambaliyar ruwa ko magudanar ruwa a matakai daban-daban na zagayowar amfanin gona. Har ila yau, Netherlands ta jagoranci hanya a cikin irin wannan magudanar ruwa, ba wai kawai don zubar da ƙasa a bakin teku ba, to amma a zahiri tana tura tekun har sai an ƙara yawan al'ummar asali. A cikin yanayi mai ɗanɗano, ƙasa na iya zama isasshiyar noman noma in ban da cewa takan zama ruwa na ɗan lokaci kowace shekara, daga narke dusar ƙanƙara ko kuma daga ruwan sama mai yawa. Ƙasar da aka fi sani da yumbu za ta wuce ruwa a hankali a hankali, yayin da tushen tsiron ya shaƙa saboda yawan ruwan da ke kewaye da tushen yana kawar da motsin iska a cikin ƙasa gaba data.</br> Sauran ƙasan na iya samun ƙasa mara nauyi na ƙasa mai ma'adinai, wanda ake kira da ƙarfi ko ɗumbin dutsen da ba ya da ƙarfi zai iya ƙarƙashin ƙasa mara zurfi. Magudanar ruwa yana da mahimmanci musamman wajen samar da 'ya'yan itace Ƙasar da ba ta da kyau ba za ta iya shayar da ruwa ba har tsawon mako guda na shekara, wanda ya isa ya kashe itatuwan 'ya'yan itace da kuma tsadar amfanin ƙasa har sai an sami maye gurbin. A cikin kowane ɗayan waɗannan yanayin magudanar ruwa da ya dace yana ɗaukar zubar da ruwa na ɗan lokaci don hana lalacewa ga amfanin gona na shekara ko na shekara. Wurare masu bushewa galibi ana noma su ta hanyar ban ruwa, kuma mutum ba zai ɗauki magudanar ruwa ya zama dole ba. Duk da haka, ruwan ban ruwa ko da yaushe yana dauke da ma'adanai da gishiri, wanda za'a iya tattara shi zuwa matakan mai guba ta hanyar evapotranspiration Sannan Ƙasar da ke da ban ruwa na iya buƙatar ɗigon ruwa na lokaci-lokaci tare da yawan ruwan ban ruwa da magudanar ruwa don sarrafa gishirin ƙasa Duba wasu abubuwan Hanyoyin haɗin waje Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
19445	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan%20Masterson	Dan Masterson	Dan Masterson (An haife shi ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairu, 1934), mawaƙi, Ba'amurke ne wanda aka haifa a Buffalo, New York, Amurka (US). Ya zama mawaƙi bayan ayyuka da yawa a matsayin mai wasan kwaikwayo wato dan pim, mai ba da labari, wasan motsa jiki (DJ), mai aikin mishan, mai rubutun talla, da kuma daraktan hulɗa da jama'a na wasan kwaikwayo. Tarihin rayuwa da Karatu Dan Masterson an haife shi a Stephen da Kathleen Masterson a shekara ta 1934, a lokacin ɓacin rai, kuma shi ne ƙarami a cikin yara uku. Ya halarci Makarantar Parochial ta St. Paul a yankin Buffalo da ke wajen Kenmore, sannan ya kammala makarantar sakandaren ta Kenmore a 1952; Masterson shi ne shugaban ajin karatunsa. Masterson yayi karatu a Kwalejin Canisius kuma ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Syracuse a 1956, a cikin abin da daga baya ya zama SI Newhouse School of Public Communications. Bayan kwaleji, ya yi aiki azaman diski na jockey, ya dawo Buffalo, a WBNY, yana karɓar "Mystic Midnight," wani wasan jazz, daga tsakar dare zuwa 3 na safe Bayan ya yi aiki a cikin Signal Corps, ya yi hayar don inganta wasannin Broadway da kade-kade da ya shafi biranen 110, yayin da matarsa ta fara aiki a matsayin Madison Avenue marubucin rubutu. Sun koma gundumar Rockland inda Dan ya zama mai maye gurbin malamin makarantar sakandare, sannan ya zama cikakken malami, kafin ya shiga jami'ar Ingilishi a Rockland Community College, inda ya kasance tun a tsakiyar shekarun sittin. Shi da Janet sun raba lokacinsu tsakanin gidansu a cikin Pearl River da kuma gidansu a cikin babban yankin na Adirondacks. Aikin adabi Littafin farko na Dan Masterson, AKAN DUNIYA KAMAR YADDA YAKE, an buga shi ashekara ta1978, daga Jami'ar Illinois Press. Ya kasance tarihin rayuwa a cikin CONTEMPORARY AMERICAN AUTHORS, kuma an nuna shi sau biyu a cikin "The Writers Almanac" tare da Garrison Keillor, haka kuma a cikin jerin fina-finai da aka hada baki daya, The Christophers, wanda NBC-TV ta samar; jerin sun ba da shirye-shirye guda biyar a gare shi da aikinsa. A shekarar 1986, aka zabi Masterson ya zama memba a kungiyar Pen International saboda karnoninsa na farko guda biyu na ayoyi: A DUNIYA KAMAR YADDA TAKE- da kuma wadanda suka yi tawakkali. Ana samun cikakkun matani na waɗannan kundin guda biyu akan layi a cikin dindindin tarin The American American Poetry Archives http://capa.conncoll.edu Ya kasance alƙalin rubutun hannu na Associwararren Rubutun Shirye-shiryen 'gasar rubutun hannu na ƙasa, kuma ya ci gaba a matsayin edita mai ba da gudummawa ga shekara-shekara PUSHCART PRIZE ANTHOLOGY. Ya kuma kasance mai karɓar abokantaka biyu na rubutu daga Jami'ar Jiha ta New York, kuma shi ne Marubuci-farkon-Mazauna a The Chautauqua Writers Center. Shi ne editan jaridar ENSKYMENT POETRY ANTHOLOGY http://www.enskyment.org wacce ya kafa a 2005. A shekarar 2006, dakin karatun Bird na Jami'ar Syracuse ya zama jagorantar "The Dan Masterson Papers" don Cibiyar Bincike Ta Musamman. Koyarwa Mai karɓa na SUNY's Cansalar ta Gimamamawa na kwarewa da fice wajen koyarwa, Masterson ya koyar a Rockland Community College (RCC), Jami'ar Jiha ta New York, tun a tsakiyar shekarun sittin. A cikin shekaru goma sha takwas na waɗannan shekarun, ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin babban masanin farfesa a Kwalejin Manhattanville na Westchester County, yana jagorantar shirye-shiryen waƙa da rubutun rubutu. Bayan ya yi ritaya daga Manhattanville, Kwamitin Amintattun kwalejin sun kafa Kyautar Dan Masterson a cikin Rubutun allo. Ayyuka Tarin Shayari A Duniya Kamar yadda yake Jami'ar Illinois Latsa 1978 Wadanda suka yi kuskure Jami'ar Arkansas Latsa 1985 Duniya Ba tare da Endarshe ba Jami'ar Arkansas Latsa 1991 Duk Abubuwa, Gani da Gaibu Jami'ar Arkansas Press 1997 Anthologies Wakoki na Zamani a Amurka Gidan Bazuwar Mafi kyawun Wakoki na 1976 Littattafan Fasifik The Pushcart Prize Anthology III Pushcart Latsa Hasken Shekara Bits Press Alamu na Shayari LSU Press The Pushcart Priho Anthology XIII Pushcart Latsa Alamomin Mahimmanci Jami'ar Wisconsin Press Bayan Guguwar Maisonneuve Press Sabon labarin kasa na Mawaka Jami'ar Arkansas Press Interasar Al'adu daban-daban McGraw Hill Zuciya Zuwa Zuciya: Sabbin Waƙoƙi waɗanda Hikimar Artarni na 20 Wahayi Abubuwan Adabi Houghton-Mifflin Harshen Harshen Holt Holt Mawaka game da Yaƙin tarihin kan layi An kama a cikin Net Kit ɗin Shayari UK Cikakke A Cikin Zanensu: Wakoki daga Homer zuwa Ali Kudancin Illinois University Press Jagoran Mawaka ga Tsuntsayen Anhinga Press Lambobin yabo Wakar Arewa maso yamma Bullis Prize Kyautar Waƙar Borestone Mountain Kyautar Pushcart 1978 Kyautar Pushcart 1988 Kyautar CCLM Fels Rockland County (NY) Mawaki Mawaki 2009-2011 Rockland County (NY) Mawaki Mawaki 2011-2013 Hanyoyin haɗin waje KYAUTA KYAUTA: Dan Masterson eratio WAKAR KITE ANTHOLOGY BayaninPress.com R.kv.ry lokacin hunturu bazara 2007 "Ajiye kasusuwa ga Henry Jones" "Layin jini" Manazarta Pages with unreviewed
41915	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amman	Amman	Amman English: ə n pronounced n] Ammonawa Rabat `Amān babban birni ne kuma yana a tsakiyar Jordan, kuma cibiyar tattalin arziki, siyasa, da al'adu ta ƙasar Jordan. Tare da yawan jama'a 4,061,150 kamar na 2021, Amman shine babban birni na Jordan kuma shine birni mafi girma a yankin Levant, birni na biyar mafi girma a cikin duniyar Larabawa, kuma yanki na tara mafi girma a cikin Gabas ta Tsakiya Shaidar farko ta zama a Amman ta kasance a cikin karni na 8 BC, a cikin rukunin Neolithic da aka sani da 'Ain Ghazal, inda aka gano tsoffin mutum-mutumi na siffar ɗan adam a duniya. A lokacin Iron Age, an san birnin da Rabat Aman kuma ya zama babban birnin Masarautar Ammonawa A karni na 3 BC, Ptolemy II Philadelphus, Fir'auna na Ptolemaic Masar, an sake gina birnin kuma an sake masa suna "Philadelphia", yana mai da shi cibiyar yanki na al'adun Hellenistic A karkashin mulkin Romawa, Philadelphia na ɗaya daga cikin biranen Greco-Roman guda goma na Decapolis kafin a yi masa sarauta kai tsaye a matsayin wani yanki na lardin Arabiya Petraea Halifancin Rashidun ya mamaye birnin daga hannun Rumawa a karni na 7 miladiyya, ya maido da tsohon sunansa na Semitic sannan ya kira shi Amman. Amman an yi watsi da shi sosai tun daga karni na 15 har zuwa 1878, lokacin da hukumomin Ottoman suka fara daidaita Circassians a can. Asali Garin Amman ya samo sunansa daga tsoffin mutanen Ammonawa, wanda babban birninsu ya kasance tun ƙarni na 13 KZ. Ammonawa sun ba shi suna Rabat `Ammān, tare da kalmar Rabat ma'ana "Babban birni" ko "King's Quarters". A cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci, ana kiran Rabat `Amman da “Rabbat Bnei Ammon” Ibrananci na Littafi Mai Tsarki Tiberian Hebrew Rabbaṯ Bəne Ammôn an gajarta a cikin Ibrananci na zamani zuwa "Rabbat Ammon", kuma ya bayyana a cikin fassarorin Turanci kamar "Rabbath Ammon". Ptolemy II Philadelphus, Sarkin Makidoniya na Masarautar Ptolemaic wanda ya yi sarauta daga 283 zuwa 246 BC, ya sake kiran birnin "Philadelphia" Ancient Greek a zahiri: ƙaunar 'yan uwantaka bayan kansa, bayan shagaltar da ita. A zamanin Musulunci, Halifancin Rashidun ya maido da sunansa na dadadden tarihi kuma ya kira shi Amman a karni na 7 miladiyya. Tarihi Gidan Neolithic na Ain Ghazal a yau yana kwance a bayan Amman. A tsayinsa, kusan shekara 7000 BC (shekaru 9000 da suka gabata), tana da fadin kuma CA. 3000 mutane (hudu zuwa sau biyar yawan jama'ar Jericho na zamani). A lokacin, wurin ya kasance ƙauyen Neolithic na al'ada Gine-ginen gine-ginen gine-gine ne masu tubalin laka guda huɗu waɗanda suka haɗa da babban falo falo, wanda bangonsa ya kasance da filastar lemun tsami. An gano wurin ne a shekara ta 1974 yayin da ma'aikatan gine-gine ke aiki a kan hanyar da ta ratsa yankin. A shekara ta 1982, lokacin da aka fara tonon sililin, kusan na hanya ta bi ta wurin. Duk da barnar da fadada birane ya haifar, ragowar Ain Ghazal ya ba da bayanai masu yawa. 'Ain Ghazal sananne ne ga wasu ƙananan mutum-mutumin da aka samu a cikin 1983, lokacin da masu binciken kayan tarihi na gida suka yi tuntuɓe a gefen wani babban rami mai ɗauke da su. Wadannan mutum-mutumin mutane ne da aka yi da farar filasta, masu fentin idanu. An samu adadi talatin da biyu a cikin caches guda biyu, goma sha biyar daga cikinsu cikakkun adadi, busts goma sha biyar, da kawuna guda biyu. Uku daga cikin bust ɗin sun nuna haruffa masu kai biyu, waɗanda ba a bayyana mahimmancin su ba. Ƙarfe: Ammonawa A cikin karni na 13 BC, Amman shine babban birnin Masarautar Ammonawa, kuma an san shi da "Rabat Amman". Rabat Amman ya samar da albarkatun kasa da dama ga yankin, da suka hada da dutsen yashi da dutsen farar kasa, tare da fannin noma mai albarka wanda ya mayar da shi muhimmin wuri a kan titin Sarki, tsohuwar hanyar kasuwanci da ta hada Masar da Mesopotamiya, Siriya da Anatoliya Kamar yadda Edomawa da Mowabawa suka yi, cinikin da ke kan wannan hanya ya ba wa Ammonawa kuɗi mai yawa. Ana kiran Milcom a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci a matsayin Shugaban Kasa na Rabat Amman. Wani tsohon Shugabanci, Moloch, yawanci yana hade da yin amfani da yara a matsayin hadaya, kuma an ambace shi a cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki a matsayin Shugaban Ammonawa, amma wannan tabbas kuskure ne ga Milcom. Duk da haka, binciken da masana ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi suka yi a kusa da filin jirgin saman Amman ya gano wani haikali, wanda ya hada da bagadi mai dauke da gutsuttsuran kashi na mutane. Kasusuwan sun nuna shaidar konewa, wanda ya haifar da zato cewa bagadin yana aiki a matsayin pyre kuma ana amfani dashi don hadayar ɗan adam
22354	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Kariya%20Ta%20Duniya	Kungiyar Kariya Ta Duniya	Kungiyar Kariya ta Duniya (PI) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta duniya wacce aka keɓe don kare masu kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam (HRDs). Manufarta ta bayyana shi ne dan inganta tsaro da kariya daga "'yan kungiyar farar hula da aka yi wa barazana da hanyoyin da ba na tashin hankali ba, musamman ma wadanda ke gwagwarmayar neman hakkokinsu da na wasu kamar yadda dokar jin kai ta duniya da ta' yancin dan adam ta tabbatar da su. taro Kungiyar Kare Kariya ta fara ayyukanta a shekarata 1998 a matsayin tsohon Ofishin Turai na Peace Brigades International (PBI-BEO) kuma tana da hedikwata a Brussels. Tama Yin aiki a kan ka'idar cewa "masu kare hakkin dan'adam suna daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan da ke yaki da rashin hukunci da sunan adalci", PI tana gudanar da ayyukan filaye a kasashe da dama Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Congo, Uganda, Nepal, Thailand, Colombia, Guatemala, Honduras da yankuna masu fama da rikici kamar Gabas da kusurwar Afirka tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyi masu haɗin gwiwa na cikin gida. Tana bai wa masu kare hakkin dan Adam (watau kungiyoyin kwadago, 'yan jarida, yan madigo, 'yan luwadi, masu jinsi biyu da masu kare kansu, mambobin kungiyoyin yaki da cin hanci da rashawa, da sauransu) horo, ilimi da kayan aiki, kamar Dokar Kariya ga Masu Kare Hakkin Dan Adam don samar da matakan kariya a cikin aikinsu tare da basu damar "kare dukkan haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam". Kungiyar kare hakkin dan'adam ta kasa da kasa tana da niyyar tattara jama'ar kasa da na duniya (majalisu, gwamnatoci, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kafofin yada labarai da ra'ayoyin jama'a Tarihi Kariya ta Duniya ita ce tsohon ofishin Tarayyar Turai na Peace Brigades International (PBI-BEO). A watan Oktoba shekarata 2007, PBI-BEO a hukumance ta zama Kariya ta Duniya, bayan rabuwa da kungiyar PBI da aka aiwatar ta yarda daya. Koyaya, kuma ayyukan yau da kullun da kungiyoyi Kariya ta Duniya ke gudanarwa sakamako ne mai ma'ana na shirye-shiryen kariyar waɗanda suka fara sama da shekaru goma da suka gabata. A shekarata 1998, ta shirya sauraro a zauren Majalisar Tarayyar Turai inda masu kare hakkin dan'Adam daga kasashen Colombia da Guatemala suka halarta. Tun daga wannan lokacin, PI na tallafawa ci gaba da aiwatar da "sabbin dabaru da kayan aiki don kariya ga HRDs ta hanyar inganta dabarun tsaro nasu, don haka kuma ba su damar inganta kariyar wasu" (ƙungiyoyin da abin ya shafa, shaidu, Mutanen da suka rasa muhallansu al'ummomi, matan HRD's, LGBTI, da sauransu). Daga shekarata 1999 zuwa shekarata 2002, PI ta shirya taron karawa juna sani game da Dabarun Lura da Kasashen Duniya don kungiyoyin INGOs da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki a duk Turai. A lokaci guda, ana gudanar da ayyukan horo kan tsaro da kariya na HRD a cikin kasashe sama da ashirin (a tsakanin wasu, Mexico, Guatemala, Colombia, Brazil, Peru, Honduras, Bolivia, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Uganda, Kenya, Ingushetia, Serbia, Indonesia, Nepal, Sri Lanka, India da Thailand Daga shekarar 2004, kungiyar ta ƙaddamar da ayyukan gajere da na dogon lokaci a cikin Asiya, Afirka da Latin Amurka Abin lura, ya buɗe a cikin shekarata 2006 na farko #Protection Desks a Nepal, wanda shine tsari na gari na dindindin wanda makasudin sa shine bincika barazanar da ke tattare da haƙƙin ɗan adam, horar da ƙungiyoyin masu kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na cikin gida da kuma lura da ayyukansu. Tun daga wannan lokacin, an bude teburin #Protection a kasashen Colombia, Guatemala, Uganda da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Congo Yayin haɓaka gabanta a cikin yankuna masu mahimmanci, PI ta fara aiki a shekarata 2003 tare da mambobin majalisar dokoki a cikin ƙasashen Turai daban-daban kan zartar da ƙudiri da motsi game da kariyar masu kare su. Sakamakon haka, PI ta taimaka wa Majalisar Beljam da Majalisar Dattawa wajen tsarawa da kuma zartar da su a watan Yulin shekarata 2003, wani ƙuduri na kaiwa ga duniya wanda ya nemi Gwamnatin Beljiyam da ta "buƙaci ofisoshin jakadancinta da su kula sosai da kuma tsara yanayin masu kare haƙƙin ɗan'Adam a cikin ƙasashen da suke na sake aiki. A shekara ta 2004, majalisar dokoki ta Bundestag ta zartar da irin wannan kudurin kuma Spain ta bi shi a 2007 ta hanyar zabar nata dokokin. A cikin mafi yawan shekarun da suka gabata, kungiyar Kariya ta Duniya ta haɓaka kanta cikin sauri. Daga Agusta na shekarata 2008 zuwa Disamba na shekarata 2009, ta ba da horo game da matakan tsaro da kariya ga kusan 1500 HRD a cikin ƙasashe masu aiki. Bugu da ƙari, ana bayar da shawarwari na yau da kullun ga HRDs 600 da ƙungiyoyin su ta hanyar Daraktan Tsaron ta na dindindin da kuma yin hulɗa da cibiyoyin duniya kamar Hukumar Kula da 'Yancin Bil'adama da Jama'a ta Afirka (ACHPR) da Wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Musamman game da halin masu kare haƙƙin bil'adama. domin tsarawa da aiwatar da sabbin hanyoyin kariya. A cikin shekarata 2009, PI kuma ta bayar da rahotonta na shekara-shekara na farko wanda ke wakiltar "shekarun kwarewa a cikin kariya ta filin". Manufofi A magana gabaɗaya, manufar kungiyar Kariya ta Duniya ita ce "ba da gudummawa don tabbatar da cika alkawurra na ƙasa da ƙasa don kare masu kare haƙƙin ɗan'adam mutanen da, ɗayansu ko kuma tare da wasu, suke ɗaukar matakai don haɓaka ko kare haƙƙin ɗan'adam". A ƙarshe yana mai da hankali kan manufofi biyu Don inganta ilimi mai zurfi, ingantaccen yanke shawara da haɓaka ingantaccen amfani da dabarun kiyaye filin don kuma ta manyan masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin kariya. Don tallafawa aikin kai tsaye ga dukkan masu ruwa da tsaki cikin ingantaccen amfani da kariyar filin. A cikin kowane aiki, Layin Kariya yana bin ƙa'idodin ƙasashen duniya a cikin dokar haƙƙin ɗan adam ta duniya da musamman Sanarwar Majalisar oninkin Duniya kan Masu Kare 'Yancin Dan Adam (1998), Sharuɗɗan EU game da HRD da Ka'idodin Jagora na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ga' Yan Gudun Hijira Ka'idodin Deng Yayinda yake sanya fifikon inganta ingantattun masu kare hakkin bil'adama game da kula da tsaro, kariya da kuma koyar da ilimin halayyar dan'adam, da kansu da kuma wadanda suka amfana da aikinsu, shirin Kariya na Duniya na PI shima ya maida hankali ne kan ayyukan siyasa da shawarwari, domin hukumomin kasa da na kasa da kasa da sauran manyan masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin lamuran kariya suna aiwatar da ayyukansu dangane da kariya ga masu kare hakkin dan adam. Aikin Kariya na Duniya Dangane da gabatarwar shekara-shekara ta 2008, rawar International ba ta "maye gurbin gwamnatoci" a cikin nauyin da ke kansu na kare masu kare hakkin bil'adama ba amma don "ba da shawara ga masu karewa kan inganta tsaronsu ta bin hanyoyin da aka gwada-da-gwaji" da kuma haɓaka aikin da sauran ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da cibiyoyin duniya ke yi a wannan fagen. Sabili da haka, PI yana ɗaukar fannoni da yawa na ayyuka Karfafa karfin Kariya da Horarwa ta hanyar nazarin haɗarin da HRDs ke fuskanta a cikin fannoni daban-daban, gudanar da tsaronsu da canja wurin ilimi da kayan aiki Binciken kariya wallafe-wallafen littattafai da bayanai don haɓaka kyawawan halaye Shawara yada bayanai tsakanin manyan masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin lamuran kare hakkin dan adam shirya muhawara da shigar da kafafen yada labarai, majalisun dokoki da kungiyoyin kwadago, suna yin abin fadakarwa ga hukumomin yankin lokacin da suka manta da alkawuransu na duniya da alkawurran da suka shafi kiyaye HRDs. Ba da Shawara kan Bidiyo samar da shaidu da hotunan HRDS, nuna yanayin aikin su, gogewar aiki (barazanar da ƙalubalen da aka fuskanta, nasarorin da aka cimma) Saitin Sabin Kariyar waɗanda za'a yi amfani dasu azaman cibiyoyin gida tare da haɗin gwiwar cibiyoyin sadarwar abokan tarayya da ƙungiyoyi. Gudanar da www.protectionline.org, gidan yanar gizon aikin da ke ba da bayanai, takardu, wallafe-wallafe, fitowar manema labarai da haɓaka matakan gaggawa don kariya ga HRD. Teburin Kariya A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, Kungiyar Kare Kariyar Kasa da Kasa ta karkata akalarta zuwa saiti da cigaba na asali da kuma dogon zango teburin kariya (PDs). PDs tsari ne na dindindin wanda ke baiwa masu kare haƙƙin ɗan adam sani da kayan aiki masu mahimmanci don fifita batutuwan tsaro da kariya a cikin shirin su na aiki (watau a cikin jarida ko ƙungiyar kwadago) kuma don haɓaka nasu tsarin tsaro dangane da horon da masu horar da PI suka bayar a filin. An haɓaka PDs tare da wasu ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da ke aiki a cikin ƙasar da aka yi niyya da ƙungiyoyin abokan tarayya na cikin gida. An buɗe Teburin Kariyar farko a Nepal a cikin shekarata 2006 kuma ya yi aiki tare da "ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na NGO a yankuna masu rikici tare da ƙananan kabilu, waɗanda abin ya shafa da kwamitocin al'umma da kan batutuwan da suka shafi tsaro kamar fataucin mutane". Tun daga wannan lokacin, International Protection ta bunkasa sosai kuma ta buɗe sabon PD a cikin Uganda, Colombia, Guatemala da Jamhuriyar Demokiradiyar Congo. Haka kuma, kungiyar na shirye-shiryen kafa sabon Teburin Kariya a Thaïland wanda ya kamata ya kasance mai aiki a kasashe daban-daban na yankin, daga Pakistan zuwa Indonesia. Afirka Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo A shekara ta 2004, Kungiyar Kare Kariya ta kasa da kasa ta jagoranci aikin lura a DRC kuma ta shirya tarurrukan karawa juna sani guda biyu kan Jagororin EU akan HRDs. Daga shekarata 2006 har zuwa shekarata 2007, ya ci gaba tare da horar da masu kare su: daga cikin wadanda suka amfana, akwai kungiyoyi 185 na kungiyoyin farar hula da suka fito daga yankuna 13 na rikici. Tare da wannan, Kungiyar Kare Kariya ta kasa da kasa ta bunkasa ayyukan bayar da shawarwari na yau da kullun don inganta kariya ga HRDs, galibi ana nufin ofisoshin jakadancin Turai, da MONUC da kuma masu ruwa da tsaki na kasa da na cikin gida, musamman wadanda ke da hannu a sake fasalin bangaren shari'ar Congo. A watan Yulin shekarata 2006, PI ta shirya wani taro tare da 30 Congo HRDs, Michael Matthiessen, Javier Solana 's sirri wakilin domin yancin yan Adam da kuma wahala s Special Duniya, Reine Alapini. A shekarata 2006, PI ta samar da "Les armes de l'impunité" ("Makamai na Rashin Hukunci"), shirin fim wanda ya ba da labarin kisan Pascal Kabungulu, wani mai kare haƙƙin bil'adama na ƙasar Kwango, wanda ya yi aiki a "Ligue des Droits de l'Homme dans la Région des Grands Lacs "(kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Babban Lakes) da NGOungiyar Furotesta ta" Héritiers de la Justice "(Magadan Adalci), kuma suna yin tir da tsoratar da kai tsaye ko cin zarafin zahiri ga masu kare waɗanda suka yi rubuce-rubucen cin zarafin da aka yi yakin Congo na biyu A watan Mayun na shekarata 2009, Kungiyar Kare Kariya ta nemi a sake yi masa shari'ar Maheshe. Serge Maheshe dan jaridar Kwango ne da ke aiki da Rediyon Okapi, rediyon da Monuc ke tallafawa, wanda aka kashe a Bukavu a watan Yunin na shekarata 2007. A cewar kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta International, shari'ar "wacce ta gudana a gaban Sojojin da ke Bukavu a matakin farko da kuma daukaka kara, ba ta mutunta ka'idojin adalci da adalci ba ballantana a kai ga bayyanar da gaskiya. Duk da wannan, an yankewa farar hula uku hukuncin kisa a cikin Mayu 2008 kungiyarta sake bayyana duk abin da aka gani game da shari'ar ɗaukaka ƙara a cikin cikakken rahoto mai taken Rapport d'observation du procès d'appel «Maheshe» devant la cour militaire du Sud-Kivu (RD Congo) da kuma suivi des recours 'Yar jaridar Beljiyam Colette Braeckman, kwararriyar DRC ce ta dauki nauyin aikin da kiran sake-jarrabawa da sake fitinar, "duk sun fi dacewa kamar Didace Namujimbo, wani dan jarida daga Bukavu wanda shi ma ya yi aiki da Monuc— wanda bai dauki wani mataki na farar hula ba ga duk wadanda suka bayar da gudummawar nasa an kashe shi a irin wannan yanayi a shekarar 2008 A cikin watan Agusta na 2009, bayan kisan Bruno Koko Chirambiza, dan jarida a gidan Bukavu mai zaman kansa Radio Star Protection International, tare da wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu guda hudu (Action des chrétiens pour l'abolition de la azaba, Fédération de l'action des chrétiens pour l abolition de la azaba, Frontline et Diakonie), ta nemi hukumomin Congo da su kawo karshen rashin hukunta masu laifi, tana mai cewa "halin da 'yan jarida da masu kare hakkin dan Adam ke ciki a DRC ya fi damuwa". Duba kuma Masu kare hakkin dan adam Bayanan kula a. Wannan kudurin ya yi la’akari da kirkirar wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Musamman na Sakatare Janar a kan masu kare hakkin Dan-Adam (wanda Hina Jilani ke zaune a lokacin, wanda Margaret Sekaggya ta gaje ta a shekarar 2008) a matsayin “babbar nasara ga dukkan mutanen da ke yakar kowace rana don aiwatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam "kuma sun gane cewa masu kare haƙƙin bil'adama" a ƙasashe da yawa sun fi fuskantar cin zarafi saboda ayyukansu, suna buƙatar kariya daga al'ummomin duniya b. Daga cikin wadannan masu ruwa da tsaki Jami'an Gwamnati da na Jiha, mambobin majalisar dokoki, 'yan jarida,' yan kasa, kungiyoyin duniya da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, kungiyoyin cikin gida na HRDs, IDPs, 'yan gudun hijira da sauran kungiyoyin masu rauni. Bayani Manazarta Kariya ta Duniya Layin Kariya Pages with unreviewed translations Tarihi Manufofi
32525	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dare	Dare	Dare (wanda kuma aka siffanta shi da lokacin dare, wanda ba a saba rubuta shi da nite shine lokacin duhun yanayi daga faɗuwar rana zuwa fitowar rana a cikin kowace rana ta sa'o'i 24, lokacin da Rana ke ƙasa da sararin sama. Daidai lokacin da dare ke farawa da ƙare ya dogara da wurin kuma ya bambanta a cikin shekara, bisa dalilai kamar yanayi da latitude Ana iya amfani da kalmar ta wata ma'ana ta dabam a matsayin lokaci tsakanin lokacin kwanciya barci da safe A cikin sadarwar gama gari, ana amfani da kalmar dare a matsayin bankwana (“barka da dare”) wani lokaci kuma ana rage shi zuwa “dare”, musamman idan mutum zai yi barci ko zai tafi. Misali: "Na ji daɗin ganin ku. Barka da dare!", saɓanin "barka da safiya "barka da yamma ","barka da dare" (ko "barka da dare") ba a amfani dashi azaman gaisuwa Daren taurari shi ne lokacin da ke tsakanin faɗuwar falaqi da faɗuwar alfijir a lokacin da Rana ke tsakanin digiri 18 zuwa 90 a ƙarƙashin sararin sama kuma ba ya haskaka sararin sama. Kamar yadda aka gani daga latitudes tsakanin kusan 48.56 da 65.73 arewa ko kudu na Equator, cikakken duhu ba ya faruwa a kusa da lokacin rani saboda, ko da yake Rana ta faɗi, ba ta wuce 18 a ƙarƙashin sararin sama a ƙananan ƙare ba, -90. kusurwar rana suna faruwa a Tropic of Cancer a kan Disamba solstice da Tropic of Capricorn a kan Yuni solstice, da kuma a equator akan equinoxes Kishiyar dare shine [rana don bambanta shi da "rana" yana nufin lokacin sa'o'i 24). Faɗuwar rana shine lokacin dare bayan faɗuwar rana ko kuma kafin fitowar rana lokacin da har yanzu Rana ta haskaka sararin sama lokacin da take ƙasa da sararin sama. A kowane lokaci, wani ɓangare na duniya yana wanka da hasken rana (rana) yayin da ɗayan ɓangaren kuma yana cikin duhu wanda duniya ta toshe hasken rana. Babban ɓangaren inuwa ana kiransa umbra, inda dare ya fi duhu. Har ila yau ana samar da hasken halitta da dare ta hanyar haɗin hasken wata, hasken duniya, hasken tauraro, hasken zodiacal, gegenschein, da iska A wasu yanayi, aurorae, walƙiya, da bioluminescence na iya samar da wasu haske. Hasken da hasken wucin gadi ke bayarwa wani lokaci ana kiransa gurɓatuwar haske saboda yana iya tsoma baki tare da nazarin taurari da yanayin muhalli Duration da labarin ƙasa A duniya, matsakaicin dare ya fi gajarta rana saboda abubuwa biyu. Da fari dai, faifan da ke bayyana Rana ba batu ba ne, amma yana da diamita na kusurwa kusan 32 arcminutes (32'). Na biyu kuma, yanayin yana kau da hasken rana ta yadda wasu daga ciki su kan isa ƙasa a lokacin da Rana ke ƙasa da sararin sama da kusan 34'. Haɗin waɗannan abubuwa guda biyu yana nufin haske yana isa ƙasa lokacin da tsakiyar fayafan hasken rana ke ƙasa da sararin sama da kusan 50'. Idan ba tare da waɗannan tasirin ba, rana da dare za su kasance tsayi iri ɗaya akan duka equinoxes, lokacin da Rana ta bayyana tana tuntuɓar ma'aunin sararin samaniya A kan ma'auni, lokacin rana yana ɗaukar kusan mintuna 14 fiye da yadda dare yake yi a Equator, har ma ya fi tsayi zuwa sanduna Lokacin bazara da lokacin hunturu suna nuna mafi guntu kuma mafi tsayi dare, bi da bi. Mafi kusancin wurin shine ko dai Pole ta Arewa ko Kudancin Kudu, mafi girman kewayon bambancin dare. Ko da yake dare da rana sun kusan daidaita tsayin daka a kan ma'auni, rabon dare zuwa rana yana canzawa da sauri a manyan latitudes fiye da ƙananan latitudes kafin da bayan equinox. A Arewacin Hemisphere, Denmark na ɗan gajeren dare a watan Yuni fiye da Indiya. A cikin Kudancin Hemisphere, Antarctica yana ganin tsawon dare a watan Yuni fiye da Chile. Dukansu sassan biyu suna samun yanayin tsayin dare iri ɗaya a latitudes iri ɗaya, amma zagayowar suna tsakanin watanni 6 ne ta yadda ɗayan ɓangarorin ke fama da tsawon dare lokacin hunturu yayin da ɗayan yana fuskantar gajerun dare rani A cikin yankin da ke tsakanin ko dai da'irar polar, bambancin sa'o'in hasken rana yana da matsananciyar gaske cewa wani ɓangare na lokacin rani yana ganin wani lokaci ba tare da dare ya shiga tsakani a tsakanin kwanakin jere ba, yayin da wani ɓangare na lokacin hunturu yana ganin lokaci ba tare da tsaka-tsakin rana tsakanin dare a jere ba. Akan sauran jikunan sama Lamarin da ke faruwa a dare da rana yana faruwa ne saboda jujjuyawar da jikin sama ya yi game da kusurwoyinsa, yana haifar da tunanin fitowar rana da faɗuwarta. Jikuna daban-daban suna jujjuyawa a farashi daban-daban, duk da haka. Wasu na iya yin juyi da sauri fiye da Duniya, yayin da wasu ke yin juzu'i a hankali, wanda ke haifar da tsawon kwanaki da dare. Duniyar Venus tana jujjuyawa sau ɗaya a cikin kwanaki 224.7 zuwa yanzu mafi girman lokacin jujjuyawa na kowane ɗayan manyan taurari. Sabanin haka, ranar jupiter kato mai iskar gas shine awa 9 kawai da mintuna 56.Duk da haka, ba kawai lokacin juyawa na gefe ba ne ke ƙayyade tsawon lokacin zagayowar rana-dare na duniya amma tsawon lokacin da take kewayawa Venus tana da lokacin jujjuyawa na kwanaki 224.7, amma zagayowar rana da dare kawai kwanaki 116.75. saboda jujjuyawar da yake yi da jujjuyawar ta a kewayen Rana. Mercury yana da mafi tsayin zagayowar rana da dare sakamakon sautinsa na 3:2 tsakanin lokacin da yake kewaye da shi da lokacin jujjuyawa wannan ra'ayin yana ba shi zagayowar dare mai tsawon kwanaki 176. Duniya na iya fuskantar babban yanayin zafi tsakanin dare da rana, kamar Mercury, duniyar da ke kusa da rana. Wannan la'akari ɗaya ne dangane da zama na duniya ko yuwuwar rayuwa ta waje. Tasiri akan rayuwa Halittu Ɓacewar hasken rana, tushen makamashi na farko don rayuwa a duniya, yana da tasiri mai ban mamaki akan ilimin halittar jiki, ilimin halittar jiki da halayyar kusan kowane ƙwayoyin halitta. Wasu dabbobin suna barci da daddare, yayin da sauran dabbobin dare da suka hada da asu da crickets ke aiki a wannan lokacin. Ba a ganin illar dare da rana a cikin dabbobi kawai; Tsirrai kuma sun sami sauye-sauye don jure rashin hasken rana a wannan lokacin. Misali, crassulacean acid metabolism wani nau'in na musamman ne na gyaran carbon wanda ke ba da damar shuke-shuken photosynthesis don adana carbon dioxide a cikin ƙyallen su azaman ƙwayoyin acid a cikin dare, wanda za'a iya amfani dashi da rana don haɗa carbohydrates Wannan yana ba su damar kiyaye stomata a rufe da rana, yana hana haɓakar ruwa mai daraja. Zamantakewa An ƙirƙiri hasken lantarki a lokacin 1835. Kamar yadda hasken wucin gadi ya inganta, musamman bayan juyin juya halin masana'antu, ayyukan dare ya karu kuma ya zama wani muhimmin bangare na tattalin arziƙi a mafi yawan wurare. Cibiyoyin da yawa, irin su wuraren shaƙatawa na dare, mashaya, shagunan sauƙaƙawa, gidajen abinci masu sauri, gidajen mai, wuraren rarrabawa, da ofisoshin ƴan sanda yanzu suna aiki awanni 24 a rana ko kuma a buɗe har ƙarshen 1 ko 2 na safe. Ko da ba tare da hasken wucin gadi ba, hasken wata wani lokaci yana ba da damar yin tafiya ko aiki a waje da dare. Rayuwar dare kalma ce ta gama gari don nishaɗi wacce ke akwai kuma gaba ɗaya ta fi shahara tun daga ƙarshen maraice zuwa farkon safiya. Ya haɗa da mashaya, wuraren shaƙatawa na dare liyafa, kiɗan raye -raye, kiɗe-kiɗe, cabarets, gidan wasan kwaikwayo, sinima, da nunin nuni. Waɗannan wuraren sau da yawa suna buƙatar cajin murfin don shiga. Nishaɗin rayuwar dare galibi ya fi dacewa da manya fiye da nishaɗin rana. Abubuwan al'adu da na tunani Yawancin lokaci dare yana haɗuwa da haɗari da mugunta, saboda haɗin kai na tunani na dare mai yalwaci duhu ga tsoron abin da ba a sani ba da duhu na toshewar babban tsarin azanci (hangen gani Dare a ɗabi'ance yana da alaƙa da rauni da haɗari ga rayuwar jikin ɗan adam. Masu laifi, dabbobi, da sauran haɗari masu haɗari na iya ɓoye ta duhu. Tsakar dare yana da muhimmiyar mahimmanci a cikin tunanin ɗan adam da al'ada. An samo zane-zane na Upper Paleolithic don nuna (ta Leroi-Gourhan wani tsari na zatbi inda hoton dabbobin da suka fuskanci haɗari suna samuwa a nesa daga ƙofar wani kogo da ke zaune a wurare daban-daban na kogo. Imani da sihiri yakan haɗa da ra'ayin cewa sihiri da masu sihiri sun fi ƙarfin dare. Seances na ruhaniya yawanci ana gudanar da shi kusa da tsakar dare. Hakazalika, an siffanta halittun tatsuniyoyi da na al'ada irin su vampires da wolves da cewa sun fi aiki da dare. An yi imanin cewa fatalwowi suna yawo kusan lokacin dare. A kusan dukkan al'adu, akwai labarai da tatsuniyoyi masu gargaɗi game da haɗarin lokacin dare. A gaskiya ma, Saxon sun kira duhun dare da 'hazo mutuwa'. Muhimmancin dare a Musulunci ya sha bamban da al'adun Turawa. An saukar da Al'ƙur'ani a cikin daren lailatul ƙadari, dare mafi muhimmanci a Musulunci. Annabi Muhammadu ya yi shahararriyar tafiyarsa daga Makka zuwa ƙudus sannan zuwa sama cikin dare.. annabi, Ibrahim ya zo ga fahimtar mafificin halitta mai kula da sararin samaniya da dare. A yammacin al'adun yammacin dare yana da alaƙa da al'adun Gothic Mutanen da suka fi son yin aiki a lokacin dare ana kiran su mujiyoyin dare Duba kuma Inuwar duniya Dokokin zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a Amurka Dare sama dare Olbers' paradox Manazarta Ci gaba da karatu Al'adu Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
59573	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamanin%20Al%27ajibai	Zamanin Al'ajibai	The Age of Miracles: shine littafi na farko na marubucin Amurka Karen Thompson Walker.An buga shi a watan Yunin 2012 ta Random House a Amurka da Simon Schuster a Ingila.Littafin ya bada labarin abin da ya faru na "slowing", wanda rana ɗaya ta Duniya ta fara shimfiɗa kuma tana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo don kammalawa.Littafin ya sami bita mai kyau da yarjejeniyar bugawa wanda yakai fam miliyan 1.12(£1.41 miliyan a yau),kuma an fassara shi cikin harsuna da yawa.An zaɓi littafin amatsayin wani ɓangare na kyautar wallafe-wallafen Waterstones 11 a shekarar 2012. Tarihi Tunanin "slowing" ya fara zuwa Walker lokacin da ta karanta cewa tsunami na Indonesia na 2004 yasa juyawa na Duniya ya ragu da wasu raguwa na daƙiƙa.Walker ya fara bincike kan tasirin raguwa mai yawa,galibi akan Intanet,amma kuma masanin kimiyyar taurari ya tabbatar dashi.Yayinda take aiki na cikakken lokaci a matsayin edita a Simon Schuster, ta fara rubutu da safe.Koda yake ya ɗauke ta shekaru huɗu don kammala littafin,Walker taji daɗin rubuta ta wannan hanyar, tana kiranta "irin tunani". Walker tace Blindness na José Saramago yana ɗaya daga cikin littattafan da sukayi mata wahayi zuwa ga rubuta The Age of Miracles Makirci Labarin ya fara ne da Julia,yarinya mai shekaru goma sha ɗaya,wacce ke zaune a California.Bayan 'yan watanni kafin ranar haihuwarta,duniya tana fuskantar wani abu da ba a bayyana ba wanda aka sani da "slowing",inda kammala kowane juyin juya halin duniya a kan axis yana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo.Alokacin da masana suka tabbatar da shi,"ranar" ita ce awanni 24 da minti 56.Sa'o'i suna ƙaruwa kuma suna canza rayuwa a Duniya.Halin ya bambanta:yayin da wasu ke ƙoƙarin daidaitawa da shi, wasu, kamar kakan Julia,sun yi imanin "slowing" ya zama yaudara ce ta gwamnati kuma har yanzu wasu,kamar dangin aboki mafi kyau na Julia Hanna,sun yi imani da cewa fushin Allah ne kuma sun koma garuruwansu. Bayan makonni na rikici, gwamnatin Amurka ta sanar da karɓar "lokacin agogo", inda duniya ke aiki kamar yadda aka saba bisa ga agogo na sa'o'i 24,ba tare da la'akari da ko rana ko dare ne a waje ba.Wasu mutane sun ƙi lokacin agogo gaba ɗaya,kamar maƙwabciyar Julia Sylvia,kuma sun sa rayuwarsu bisa ga rana,sun yi watsi da lokacin agogo baki ɗaya.Wadannan mutane ana kiransu"masu sa'a na ainihi"kuma suna fuskantar nuna bambanci.Ahalin yanzu,kwanakin da suka fi tsayi sun fara samun tasirin tunani a kan mutane: mahaifiyar Julia ta fara fama da rashin lafiya mai alaƙa da raguwa,wanda ake kira "ciwon",tasirinsa ya bambanta daga mutum zuwa mutum.Yawan laifuka ya fara karuwa kuma mutane suna da'awar zama masu saurin motsi, uzuri da Julia ke amfani da ita don shawo kan kanta lokacin da ta sami mahaifinta yana da alaƙa da Sylvia. Bugu da ƙari, kakan Julia ya ɓace a ranar haihuwarta ta goma sha biyu. Julia ta yi ƙoƙari ta saba da sabuwar rayuwarta. Da yake jin kaɗaici tun lokacin da Hanna ta tashi da kuma rashin kulawa da ta biyo baya, ta fara abota da ƙaunarta ta dogon lokaci, Seth Moreno, kuma daga ƙarshe sun fara dangantaka. A ƙarshe, an sami kakan Julia, ya mutu, bayan ya yi tuntuɓe kuma ya faɗi cikin ɗakinsa mai hana nukiliya. Wannan shine abin da ya sa mahaifin Julia ya kawo karshen dangantakarsa da Sylvia kuma ya samar da kyakkyawar dangantaka da matarsa. A halin yanzu, raguwar magnetosphere na Duniya saboda jinkirin juyawa yana haifar da hadari na rana don buga Duniya. Sakamakon radiation yana haifar da "ciwon" ya zama mafi tsanani. A sakamakon haka, Seth ya zama wanda ya kamu da cutar da ta kusan kashe shi. Mahaifin Seth ya yanke shawarar kai shi Mexico, inda alamun ba su da kisa. Julia ta karɓi imel na ƙarshe daga Seth bayan ya isa Mexico, amma ba da daɗewa ba, Amurka ta sami baƙar fata na sa'o'i 72 saboda yawan amfani da wutar lantarki don shuka amfanin gona. Daga baya, gwamnati ta ba da izinin amfani da wutar lantarki kawai don ayyukan tallafawa rayuwa. Julia ba ta iya isa Seth ba duk da wasiƙu da yawa zuwa adireshin da ya bar ta. Babi na ƙarshe ya tsallake zuwa shekaru masu zuwa. A wannan lokacin, rana ta kai makonni kuma ba da daɗewa ba za a ƙare tseren ɗan adam. Gwamnati ta kaddamar da The Explorer, jirgin sararin samaniya wanda ke dauke da abubuwan tunawa da rayuwa a Duniya. Julia ta bayyana cewa ba ta taɓa jin labarin Seth ba tun lokacin da ya yi imel na ƙarshe, amma har yanzu tana da fatan cewa za su sake haduwa wata rana. Littafin ya ƙare da tunatar da ita game da kalmomin da ita da Seth suka rubuta a kan siminti mai laushi a ranar bazara: "Mun kasance a nan". Karɓar baƙi The Age of Miracles ya sami mafi yawan bita mai kyau daga masu sukar. Michiko Kakutani na The New York Times ya yaba da littafin a matsayin "mai basira na bala'i mai ban sha'awa tare da labarin matasa masu mahimmanci, masu zuwa" duk da lura da "slickness-for-Hollywood" da wasu abubuwan da suka faru. A cikin Entertainment Weekly Melissa Maerz ta amince da Kakutani game da ƙarfin littafin, ta ba shi "A−" kuma ta yaba da shi a matsayin "mai kyau, saboda rubuce-rubucensa mai sauƙi da lokutan shiru". Maureen Corrigan ta NPR ta kuma ji daɗin littafin, tana rubuta cewa:"The Age of Miracles mai juyawa ne mai tunani wanda ke yin tunani game da asarar da rashin ƙarfi na tsarin halittu na duniya da na mutum."Mai sukar Daily Telegraph Claudia Yusef ya mayar da hankali kan yanayin motsin rai na littafin,yana mai cewa jinkirin shine "tushen hoto mai ban mamaki game da kyakkyawa da tsoro na matasa" kuma cewa "mai ban mamaki tare da kimiyyar lissafi, ya zama banza."A rubuce-rubuce don The Huffington Post, Abigail Tarttelin ya yaba da littafin"haske, ɗan lokaci", yana kiransa"littafi mai daɗi sosai",amma ya ji cewa littafin bai kasance mai ban mamaki ba kamar yadda ake buƙata.Becky Toyne na The Globe and Mail ya ji sakamakon jinkirin karantawa "kamar kundin littattafai" kuma mai ba da labari ya maimaitawa,amma duk da haka ya taƙaita littafin a matsayin "mai taɓawa da damuwa, amma sama da duka sihiri".Acikin bita na Washington Post, Jackie Stewart,taji dabarun wallafe-wallafen littafin su kasance "mai nauyi"da kuma bayanin "marasa kyau",amma ya ƙare da:"Acikin duka,'The Age of Miracles' littafi ne mai duhu da kyau wanda ke bin gwaje-gwaje da ƙunci na yaro ɗaya ...kuma yana bin diddigin martani na al'umma ga bala'i mai ban mamaki". Koyaya, a rubuce-rubuce ga The Guardian,Christopher Priest ya zargi littafin saboda "cikakken rashin ba'a,wayar da kan jama'a game da duniya mafi girma [da] halayyar da lambobi suka yi" kuma ya kara nuna kuskuren kimiyya a cikin littafin.
29847	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20Abinci	Haƙƙin Abinci	Haƙƙin abinci, da bambance-bambancensa, haƙƙin ɗan Adam ne na kare Haƙƙin mutane don ciyar da kansu cikin mutunci, yana nuna cewa akwai isashshen abinci, cewa mutane suna da hanyoyin samun damar yin amfani da shi, kuma ya dace daidai da buƙatun mutum na abinci. Ƴancin abinci yana kare ƴancin ɗan Adam na samun 'yanci daga yunwa da ƙarancin abinci da rashin abinci mai gina jiki. Haƙƙin abinci ba ya nufin cewa gwamnatoci suna da wajibcin raba abinci kyauta ga duk wanda yake so, ko kuma hakkin a ciyar da shi. To sai dai idan aka hana mutane abinci saboda wasu dalilai da suka fi ƙarfinsu, misali, saboda ana tsare su, a lokacin yaki ko bayan bala’o’i, hakkin ya bukaci gwamnati ta samar da abinci kai tsaye. An samo haƙƙin daga Yarjejeniyar Ƙasa ta Duniya akan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu wanda ke da jam'iyyun jihohi guda 170 tun daga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2020. Jihohin da suka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar sun amince da daukar matakai zuwa iyakar albarkatun da suke da su don cimma ci gaba da samun cikakkiyar damar samun isashshen abinci, na kasa da kasa. A cikin jimlar ƙasashe guda 106, ana aiwatar da haƙƙin abinci ta hanyar shirye-shiryen tsarin mulki na nau'i daban-daban ko kuma ta hanyar zartar da doka kai tsaye a cikin yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa daban-daban waɗanda aka kare haƙƙin abinci. A taron kolin abinci na duniya na shekara 1996, gwamnatoci sun sake tabbatar da ‘yancin abinci tare da sadaukar da kansu don rage rabin adadin masu fama da yunwa da tamowa daga miliyan 840 zuwa miliyan 420 nan da shekara ta 2015. Koyaya, adadin ya karu a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, wanda ya kai wani babban tarihi a cikin shekara ta 2009 na sama da mutane biliyan 1 da ba su da abinci a duniya. Bugu da ƙari kuma, adadin da ke fama da ɓoyayyun yunwa ƙarancin ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki wanda zai iya haifar da ci gaba a jiki da haɓakar hankali a cikin yara ya kai sama da mutane biliyan 2 a duniya. Duk da yake a karkashin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa wajibi ne ƙasashe su mutunta, karewa da kuma cika Haƙƙin abinci, matsalolin da ake fuskanta wajen cimma wannan hakkin dan Adam ana nuna su ta hanyar rashin abinci mai yawa a duniya, da ci gaba da shari'a a kasashe irin su Indiya. A cikin nahiyoyin da ke da manyan matsalolin da suka shafi abinci Afirka, Asiya da Kudancin Amirka ba wai kawai ana samun karancin abinci da rashin kayan more rayuwa ba har ma da rashin rarrabawa da rashin isashshen abinci. Ma'anarsa Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa kan Haƙƙoƙin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu ta amince da yancin samun isasshiyar ma'aunin rayuwa, gami da isasshen abinci", da kuma "haƙƙin ƴanci daga yunwa". Ɗangantakar da ke tsakanin ra'ayoyin biyu ba ta kai tsaye ba. Alal misali, "'yanci daga yunwa" (wanda Janar Comment 12 ya ayyana a matsayin mafi latsawa da gaggawa ana iya auna shi ta yawan mutanen da ke fama da rashin abinci mai gina jiki da kuma matsananciyar mutuwar yunwa. "Haƙƙin samun isasshen abinci" shine ma'auni mafi girma, ciki har da ba kawai rashin abinci mai gina jiki ba, amma zuwa cikakkiyar halaye masu alaƙa da abinci, ciki har da aminci, iri-iri da mutunci, a takaice duk waɗannan abubuwan da ake buƙata don ba da damar aiki da lafiya. rayuwa. An yi wahayi zuwa ga ma’anar da ke sama, Wakilin Musamman kan Haƙƙin Abinci a cikin shekara ta 2002 ya ayyana shi kamar haka: Haƙƙin samun dama na yau da kullum, dindindin da ba tare da iyakancewa ba, ko dai kai tsaye ko ta hanyar siyan kuɗi, zuwa adadi da ƙima da isasshen abinci daidai da al'adun al'adun mutanen da mabukaci ke da shi, kuma waɗanda ke tabbatar da jiki da tunani, daidaikun mutane da kuma na gama gari, rayuwa mai cikawa da mutunci ba tare da tsoro ba.Wannan ma'anar ya ƙunshi duk abubuwan al'ada da aka bayyana dalla-dalla a cikin Babban Magana 12 na ICESCR, wanda ya ce: ‘yancin samun isasshen abinci yana tabbata ne a lokacin da kowane namiji, mace da yaro, shi kaɗai ko a cikin jama’a, ke da damar ta jiki da ta tattalin arziki a kowane lokaci don samun isassun abinci ko hanyoyin sayan sa. Girma Tsohon mai ba da rahoto na musamman akan ƴancin cin abinci, Jean Ziegler, ya bayyana ma'auni uku zuwa haƙƙin abinci kamar haka: Samuwar tana nufin yuwuwar ko dai don ciyar da kai kai tsaye daga ƙasa mai albarka ko sauran albarkatun ƙasa, ko don rarrabawa, sarrafawa da tsarin kasuwa mai aiki mai kyau wanda zai iya motsa abinci daga wurin da ake samarwa zuwa inda ake buƙata daidai da buƙata. Samun dama yana nuna cewa dole ne a ba da garantin samun abinci na tattalin arziki da ta jiki. A gefe guda, samun damar tattalin arziki yana nufin abinci ya zama mai araha don isassun abinci ba tare da lalata wasu buƙatu na yau da kullum ba. A gefe guda kuma, masu raunin jiki, kamar marasa lafiya, yara, nakasassu ko tsofaffi suma ya kamata su sami abinci. Dama yana nuna cewa dole ne abinci ya biya buƙatun kowane mutum, la'akari da shekaru, yanayin rayuwa, lafiya, sana'a, jima'i, al'adu da addini, misali. Dole ne abincin ya kasance lafiyayye kuma isassun matakan kariya ta hanyar jama'a da masu zaman kansu dole ne a ɗauki su don hana gurɓatar kayan abinci ta hanyar zina da/ko ta hanyar rashin tsabtar muhalli ko rashin dacewa a matakai daban-daban a cikin jerin abinci; Hakanan dole ne a kula don ganowa da gujewa ko lalata gubar da ke faruwa ta yanayi. Bugu da ƙari kuma, duk wani nuna bambanci wajen samun abinci, da kuma hanyoyin da haƙƙoƙin sayan sa, dangane da launin fata, launi, jinsi, harshe, shekaru, addini, siyasa ko wani ra'ayi, asalin ƙasa ko zamantakewa, dukiya, haihuwa ko wani ra'ayi. wani matsayi ya ƙunshi take Haƙƙin abinci. Yarjejeniya kan ƙa'idojin abinci Dangane da haƙƙin abinci, al'ummomin duniya kuma sun ƙayyade ƙa'idojin da aka saba yarda da su, kamar a cikin taron Abinci na Duniya na shekara ta 1974, Yarjejeniyar shekarar 1974 na Duniya kan Tsaron Abinci ta Duniya, Ƙa'idojin shekarar 1977 Mafi ƙanƙanta na Kula da Fursunoni, Sanarwa ta shekarar 1986 akan Haƙƙin haɓakawa, ƙudurin ECOSOC 1987/90, sanarwar Rio na shekarar 1992 kan muhalli da haɓaka, da sanarwar 1996 Istanbul kan matsugunan ɗan Adam Tarihi Haƙƙi mara kyau ko tabbatacce Akwai bambancin al'ada tsakanin nau'ikan haƙƙin ɗan Adam adam guda biyu. A gefe guda, haƙƙoƙin da ba daidai ba ko mara kyau waɗanda aka mutunta ta hanyar rashin shiga tsakani. A gefe guda, haƙƙoƙin tabbatacce ko na zahiri waɗanda ke buƙatar albarkatu don tabbatar da shi. Duk da haka, a zamanin yau ana jayayya ko zai yiwu a rarrabe tsakanin waɗannan nau'ikan haƙƙoƙi biyu a fili. Haƙƙin abinci don haka za a iya raba haƙƙin abinci zuwa mummunan haƙƙin samun abinci ta hanyar ayyukansa, da ingantaccen haƙƙin samar da abinci idan mutum ya kasa samunsa. An gane mummunan haƙƙin abinci a farkon a cikin Magna Carta na Ingila na shekara ta 1215 wanda ya karanta cewa: "Babu wanda za a ci shi" (tarar) har ya kai ga hana shi hanyar rayuwa." Ci gaban duniya daga shekara ta 1941 zuwa gaba Wannan sashe yana ba da taƙaitaccen bayani game da ci gaban ƙasa da ƙasa da suka shafi kafawa da aiwatar da haƙƙin abinci daga tsakiyar karni na 20 zuwa gaba. 1941 A cikin jawabinsa na 'Yanci huɗu, Shugaban Amurka Franklin D. Roosevelt ya haɗa da ɗayan 'yanci: "'Yanci daga bukata." Daga baya wannan 'yancin ya zama wani ɓangare na Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 1945 (Mataki na 1 (3)). 1948 Bayanin Duniya na Haƙƙin Dan Adam ya amince da haƙƙin abinci a matsayin wani ɓangare na haƙƙin ingantaccen tsarin rayuwa “Kowa yana da ‘yancin samun irin yanayin rayuwarsa da lafiyarsa da lafiyarsa da na iyalansa da suka hada da abinci da tufafi da muhalli da kula da lafiya da ayyukan jin daɗin jama’a da ya kamata a yi, da kuma ‘yancin samun tsaro idan aka samu rashin aikin yi. cuta, tawaya, takaba, tsufa ko sauran rashin rayuwa a cikin yanayi da ya fi karfinsa” (Sashe na 25). 1966 Yarjejeniya ta Duniya akan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu, ta sake nanata Yarjejeniya ta Duniya game da 'yancin ɗan adam game da haƙƙin daidaitaccen ma'auni na rayuwa kuma, ƙari, musamman ya amince da 'yancin samun 'yanci daga yunwa. Alkawari, ya ce ɓangarorin sun gane: “Haƙƙin kowa na samun isasshen yanayin rayuwa ga kansa da iyalinsa, gami da isasshen abinci” (Mataki na 11.1) da kuma “Haƙƙin kowa na ‘yantacce daga yunwa” (Mataki na 11:2). 1976 Shiga cikin aiki na alkawari. 1987 Kafa Kwamitin Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu da ke sa ido kan aiwatar da Alƙawari da fara ƙarin fassarar shari'a na Alkawari. 1999 Kwamitin ya amince da Gabaɗaya Comment No. 12 'Haƙƙin Samun Isasshiyar Abinci', yana kwatanta wajibcin Jiha iri-iri da aka samu daga Alkawari game da haƙƙin abinci. 2009 Amincewa da Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka zuwa Yarjejeniya ta Duniya kan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu, yin haƙƙin cin abinci mai adalci a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa. 1974 Amincewa da sanarwar Duniya kan Kawar da Yunwa da Tamowa a taron Abinci na Duniya 1988 Amincewa da haƙƙin abinci a cikin Ƙarin yarjejeniya zuwa Yarjejeniyar Amurka akan Haƙƙin Dan Adam a fannin Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a, da Al'adu ("Protocol of San Salvador"). 1996 Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma (FAO) ta shirya taron kolin Abinci na Duniya na 1996 a Rome, wanda ya haifar da sanarwar Rome kan Tsaron Abinci ta Duniya 2004 FAO ta ɗauki Haƙƙin Jagoran Abinci, tana ba da jagora ga Jihohi kan yadda za su aiwatar da wajibcinsu kan haƙƙin abinci. An fara rubuta ƙa'idojin ne sakamakon taron kolin abinci na duniya na 2002. 2000 An kafa wa'adin mai ba da rahoto na musamman kan haƙƙin abinci 2000 Amincewa da Burin Ci gaban Ƙarni, gami da Buri na 1: don kawar da matsanancin talauci da yunwa nan da 2015. 2012 An amince da Yarjejeniyar Taimakon Abinci a sakamakon Yarjejeniyar Bayar da Tallafin Abinci (1985?), wanda ya mai da ita yarjejeniya ta farko da ta ɗaure bisa doka kan taimakon abinci. Amartya Sen ya lashe kyautar Nobel ta shekarar 1998 a wani ɓangare na aikinsa na nuna cewa yunwa da yunwa a zamanin yau ba yawanci sakamakon rashin abinci ba ne; a maimakon haka, yawanci yana tasowa ne daga matsalolin cibiyoyin rarraba abinci ko kuma daga manufofin gwamnati. Matsayin doka Ana kiyaye haƙƙin abinci a ƙarƙashin haƙƙin ɗan Adam da dokar ɗan Adam ta duniya. Dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa An amince da haƙƙin abinci a cikin 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Mataki na 25) a matsayin wani ɓangare na haƙƙin samun isasshiyar ma'aunin rayuwa, kuma an sanya shi a cikin 1966 Alkawari na Duniya kan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu (Mataki na 11). Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta 2009 zuwa Yarjejeniya ta Duniya kan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu ta sa haƙƙin cin abinci ya zama daidai da matakin ƙasa da ƙasa. A cikin 2012, an amince da Yarjejeniyar Taimakon Abinci, wanda ya zama yarjejeniya ta farko ta ƙasa da ƙasa kan taimakon abinci bisa doka. Kayan aiki na duniya Hakanan ana gane ta a cikin takamaiman ƙayyadaddun kayan aikin ƙasa da ƙasa daban-daban kamar Yarjejeniyar kisan ƙare dangi ta shekarar 1948 (Mataki na 2), Yarjejeniyar shekarar 1951 da ta shafi Matsayin 'Yan Gudun Hijira (Mataki na 20 da 23), Yarjejeniyar shekarar 1989 kan 'Yancin Yara (Mataki na 20 da 23). Mataki na 24 (2) (c) da 27 (3)), Yarjejeniyar shekarar 1979 kan kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata (Mataki na 12 (2)), ko Yarjejeniyar shekarar 2007 kan haƙƙin nakasassu (Mataki na 25) (f) da 28 (1)). Kayan aikin yanki Hakanan ana sanin haƙƙin abinci a cikin kayan aikin yanki, kamar: Ƙarin Yarjejeniya ta 1988 zuwa Yarjejeniyar Amirka kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam a fannin Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a, da Al'adu ko "Protocol of San Salvador" (Mataki na 12); Yarjejeniya Ta Afirka ta 1990 Kan Hakki da Jin Dadin Yara Yarjejeniya ta Afirka game da Haƙƙin Dan Adam da Jama'a, a fakaice a cikin hakkin rayuwa (Mataki na 4), 'yancin samun lafiya (Mataki na 14), da haƙƙin ci gaban tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu (Mataki na 22), a cewar Hukumar Kula da ɗan Adam ta Afirka. da shawarar 'Yancin Jama'a a SERAC v Nigeria Yarjejeniya ta 2003 ga Yarjejeniya Ta Afirka Kan Hakkokin 'Yan Adam da Jama'a Kan 'Yancin Mata a Afirka ko "Maputo Protocol" (Sashe na 15); Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta ASEAN (Mataki na 28). Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'yancin ɗan adam ko Yarjejeniya ta zamantakewar Turai ba ta ambaci haƙƙin abinci ba. Haka nan akwai irin waɗannan kayan aikin a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasa da yawa. Kayan aikin da ba na doka ba Akwai da yawa ka'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda ba bisa doka ba waɗanda suka dace da haƙƙin abinci. Sun haɗa da shawarwari, jagorori, kudurori ko sanarwa. Mafi cikakken bayani shine Haƙƙin Haƙƙin Abinci na 2004. Kayan aiki ne mai amfani don taimakawa aiwatar da haƙƙin isasshen abinci. Haƙƙin Sharuɗɗan Abinci ba su da ƙarfi bisa doka amma sun zana kan dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa kuma jerin shawarwari ne ƙasashe da suka zaɓa kan yadda za su aiwatar da wajibcinsu a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 11 na Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa kan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki da Jama'a da Al'adu. A ƙarshe, jigo na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na shekara ta 1945 na Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tanadi cewa: Kasashen da suka amince da wannan kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, suna da niyyar inganta jin dadin jama'a ta hanyar ci gaba da aiwatar da ayyuka daban-daban da na gamayya a bangarensu domin: bunkasa matakan abinci mai gina jiki da ka'idojin rayuwa don haka tabbatar da 'yancin dan Adam daga yunwa. .Ƙungiyoyin Yarjejeniyar Ƙasashen Duniya kan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu dole ne su yi duk abin da zai tabbatar da isasshen abinci mai gina jiki, gami da yin doka kan hakan. Wa'adin ya zama wani ɓangare na dokokin ƙasa a cikin ƙasashe sama da 77. A cikin waɗannan ƙasashe ana iya ba da izinin samar da abinci a cikin Alkawari a kotu. Wannan ya faru a Argentina (a cikin yanayin 'yancin samun lafiya). Ƙungiyoyin Yarjejeniyar Ƙasashen Duniya kan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu dole ne su yi duk abin da zai tabbatar da isasshen abinci mai gina jiki, gami da yin doka kan hakan. Wa'adin ya zama wani ɓangare na dokokin ƙasa a cikin ƙasashe sama da 77. A cikin waɗannan ƙasashe ana iya ba da izinin samar da abinci a cikin Alkawari a kotu. Wannan ya faru a Argentina (a cikin yanayin 'yancin samun lafiya). Ƙaddamarwa ta hanyar ICESCR ICESCR Koyaya, ƴan ƙasa yawanci ba za su iya yin shari'a ta amfani da Alkawari ba, amma za su iya yin hakan kawai a ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa. Idan kasa ba ta zartar da irin wadannan dokokin ba dan kasa ba zai yi gyara ba, duk da cewa kasar ta karya alkawari. Ana kula da aiwatar da Alkawari ta hanyar kwamitin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu Gaba ɗaya, ƙasashe guda 160 ne suka amince da yarjejeniyar. Wasu ƙasashe 32 ba su amince da wannan alkawari ba, ko da yake guda 7 daga cikinsu sun sanya hannu a kan yarjejeniyar. Yarjejeniya ta zaɓi Ta hanyar sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka zuwa ICESCR, jihohi sun amince da cancantar kwamitin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu don karɓa da la'akari da korafe-korafe daga mutane ko ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ke da'awar haƙƙinsu a ƙarƙashin Alkawari. Duk da haka, dole ne masu korafin sun gama da duk magungunan gida. Kwamitin na iya "nazarta", yana aiki zuwa sulhuntawa abokantaka a cikin yanayin kabari ko kuma keta alkawari na tsari, yana iya "gayyatar jam'iyyar Jiha don yin haɗin gwiwa" kuma, a ƙarshe, na iya "haɗa da takaitaccen bayanin sakamakon zaman a cikin rahotonta na shekara-shekara". Kasashe bakwai masu zuwa sun amince da Yarjejeniyar Zabin zuwa Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Hakkokin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu: Bolivia, Bosnia da Herzegovina, Ecuador, El Salvador, Mongolia, Slovakia, da Spain. Wasu kasashe 32 kuma sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar zabin. Hanyoyi don cimma haƙƙin abinci Wakilin musamman kan ‘yancin cin abinci, Mista De Schutter, ya bukaci kafa dokar ‘yancin cin abinci, ta yadda za a iya fassara shi zuwa dabaru da cibiyoyi na kasa. Bugu da kari, ya ba da shawarar kasashe masu tasowa don kare hakkin masu amfani da filaye, musamman na tsiraru da marasa galihu. Ya kuma ba da shawarar tallafa wa kananan manoma ta fuskar ayyukan raya kasa, da kuma dakatar da gurbacewar kasa da ruwa ta hanyar sauye-sauye ga ayyukan noma. A ƙarshe, kwararre na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ba da shawarar yin amfani da dabarun magance hauhawar kiba Mataki na 11 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'yancin samun isasshen Abinci ya nuna hanyoyin aiwatar da abubuwa da dama. Labarin ya yarda cewa mafi dacewa hanyoyin da hanyoyin aiwatar da haƙƙin isasshen abinci ba makawa za su bambanta sosai daga wannan Jiha zuwa waccan. Dole ne kowace Jiha ta zabi hanyoyin da za ta bi, amma a fili Alkawari ya bukaci kowace jam’iyya ta dauki matakin da ya dace don tabbatar da cewa kowa ya tsira daga yunwa kuma da zarar an samu damar samun isasshen abinci. Labarin ya jaddada cewa 'yancin cin abinci yana buƙatar cikakken bin ka'idodin lissafi, bayyana gaskiya, shigar da jama'a, rabe-raben mulki, ikon zartarwa da 'yancin kai na shari'a. Dangane da dabarun aiwatar da ‘yancin cin abinci kuwa, labarin ya bukaci Jihohi su tantance tare da magance muhimman batutuwan da suka shafi tsarin abinci, da suka hada da samar da abinci da sarrafa su, adana abinci, rarraba kayayyaki, tallan da kuma yadda ake amfani da shi. Ya kamata dabarun aiwatarwa ya ba da kulawa ta musamman ga buƙatun hana wariya wajen samun shagunan abinci da cibiyar sadarwar dillalai, ko madadin albarkatun noman abinci. A matsayin wani ɓangare na wajibcinsu na kare tushen albarkatun abinci na mutane, yakamata jihohi su ɗauki matakan da suka dace don tabbatar da cewa ayyukan kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da ƙungiyoyin jama'a sun dace da yancin abinci. Makalar ta yi nuni da cewa, a duk lokacin da wata Jiha ta fuskanci matsananciyar matsalar albarkatu, walau sakamakon wani tsari na daidaita tattalin arziki, koma bayan tattalin arziki, yanayin yanayi ko wasu dalilai, ya kamata a dauki matakan da suka dace don ganin an cika ‘yancin samun isasshen abinci musamman ga gungun jama’a masu rauni. daidaikun mutane. Dangantaka da sauran hakkoki Tunanin dogaro da juna da rashin rarraba dukkan yancin ɗan adam wata ƙa'ida ce ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya An gane wannan a cikin sanarwar Vienna da Shirin Aiki na 1993 wanda ke karanta "dukkan 'yancin ɗan adam na duniya ne, ba za a iya raba su ba kuma suna dogara da juna kuma suna da alaƙa." Haƙƙin abinci ana ɗaukarsa yana da alaƙa da haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam masu zuwa: yancin rayuwa, 'yancin rayuwa, 'yancin lafiya, 'yancin mallakar dukiya, 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, 'yancin ilimi, 'yancin haɗin gwiwa, da haƙƙin haƙƙin ƴan Adam da ruwa Sauran haƙƙoƙin da suka dace sun haɗa da: yancin yin aiki, yancin zamantakewar jama'a, yancin jin dadin jama'a, da yancin samun isasshen yanayin rayuwa Alal misali, bisa ga kwamitin da ke kula da aiwatar da ICESCR, haƙƙin ruwa shine abin da ake bukata don tabbatar da sauran haƙƙin ɗan adam." Bukatar samun isasshen ruwa domin samun isasshen abinci ya bayyana musamman a bangaren manoma. Ana buƙatar tabbatar da samun albarkatun ruwa mai ɗorewa don noma don tabbatar da haƙƙin abinci. Wannan ya shafi aikin noma mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi. Duba kuma Bayanan kula ambato Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Musamman kan Haƙƙin Abinci Gidan yanar gizon tsohon mai ba da rahoto na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Haƙƙin Abinci, Jean Ziegler Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, 'Yancin Abinci Haƙƙin Abinci akan Humanium. Haƙƙin Abinci, Duniya da Gida: Tattaunawar Tattaunawa, Nuwamba 12, 2013 Roosevelt House Public Policy Institute a Hunter College. An shiga 2020-01-12. Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam Haƙƙoƙin Mata Abinci Abincin Hausawa Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
6402	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed%20Musa	Ahmed Musa	Ahmed Musa (an haife shi a ranar goma sha hudu (14) ga watan Oktoba (10), shekara ta alib dubu daya da dari tara da cassa'in da biyu "1992") ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba da hagu zuwa ƙungiyar Süper Lig ta Turkiyya Fatih Karagümrük da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya. Musa ya zama dan Najeriya na farko da ya ci fiye da sau daya a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA, bayan da ya ci Argentina kwallaye biyu a gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekara dubu biyu da goma sha huɗu (2014). Musa shi ne dan Najeriya na farko da ya zura kwallo a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA guda biyu, bayan ya zura kwallaye biyu a ragar Iceland a matakin rukuni na gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2018. Musa ya kasance memba na kungiyar Al Nassr da ta lashe gasar Premier ta Saudiyya da kuma Super Cup na Saudiyya, duka a shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha tara (2019). Aikin Kulob/ƙungiya Farkon aiki Musa ya fara aiki a GBS Football Academy. Cigaba/nasara a Najeriya A shekarar 2008, Musa ya kasance am bada aron sa zuwa JUTH FC inda ya buga wasanni 18, inda ya ci kwallaye hudu a kakar wasa biyu na farko na kwararrun masu warkarwa. Daga baya an ba da aronsa zuwa Kano Pillars FC, a kakar wasa ta shekarar 2009-10 inda ya kafa tarihin zura kwallaye masu mahimmanci yayin da Pillars ta kare a matsayi na biyu. Musa ya kafa tarihin zura kwallaye mafi yawa da aka taba ci a kakar wasa daya a tarihin gasar Firimiya ta Najeriya har zuwa watan Nuwambar 2011, lokacin da Jude Aneke na Kaduna United FC ya kafa sabon tarihi na zura kwallaye 20. VVV-Venlo An koma Musa zuwa kulob din VVV-Venlo na Holland a lokacin rani na shekarar 2010, amma an ci gaba da tafiya saboda yana da shekaru 17 kawai don haka bai cancanci samun ITC ba bisa ga dokokin FIFA na yanzu. Ya cancanci a hukumance ya buga wa VVV-Venlo a ranar 14 ga watan Oktoba shekarata 2010 lokacin da ya cika shekara 18 a ƙarshe. Kasa da mako guda da isowarsa kulob din, Musa ya fara buga wa kungiyar VVV-Venlo karawa da FC Groningen a ranar 30 ga watan Oktoba. Ya fara wasan VVV-Venlo, an yi masa rauni a cikin minti na 50th kuma ya sami bugun fanareti. Goal.com ta ƙididdige shi a cikin ƴan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa 100 masu zafi a duniya don kallo a cikin shekarata 2011, Lolade Adewuyi na Goal.com ya sanya shi cikin jerin Manyan 'Yan Wasan Najeriya Goma na shekarar 2010 kuma an haɗa shi cikin Jerin IFFHS na mafi kyawun 'yan wasa 140 a duniya. A ranar 8 ga watan Maris shekarata 2011, Ahmed Musa ya lashe kyautar gwarzon dan wasan kwallon kafa ta AIT (na kasa). An gudanar da bikin ne a otal din shugaban kasa dake Fatakwal a jihar Ribas. Taron ya samu halartar gwarzon dan kwallon Afrika na BBC na bana, dan Ghana Asamoah Gyan da manyan jami'an hukumar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya ciki har da shugaban kasar Aminu Maigari. A watan Afrilu, darektan kwallon kafa na Venlo Mario Captien ya ce wakilan Tottenham Hotspur sun ziyarci kulob din game da dan wasan, kuma dan wasan Ajax Tijani Babangida ya ce Ajax na zawarcin Musa amma za a yanke hukuncin a karshen kakar wasa ta bana. A ranar 1 ga watan Mayu shekarata 2011, Musa ya buga takalmin gyare-gyare don nutsewa Feyenoord 3–2 kuma ya kawo karshen duk wani fargabar faduwa ta atomatik daga Eredivisie. A watan Agustan shekarata 2011, bayan da ya dawo daga gasar cin kofin duniya na FIFA U-20 a shekarata 2011 a Colombia, Musa ya buga wasansa na farko a kakar shekarar 2011-12 a gida da AFC Ajax kuma ya ci kwallaye biyu. A watan Satumba shugaban VVV-Venlo Hai Berden ya bayyana akan Eredivisie Live cewa VVV-Venlo ya ki amincewa da tayin karshe na €10. Yuro miliyan Musa daga Bundesliga Ba a bayyana sunan kulob din na Bundesliga ba. CSKA Moscow A ranar 7 ga watan Janairu shekarata 2012, Musa ya rattaba hannu a kungiyar CSKA Moscow ta Rasha kan kudin da ba a bayyana ba. A ranar 17 ga watan Satumba shekarata 2014 ya zira kwallo a ragar ta'aziyyar minti na 82 a 5-1 UEFA Champions League a waje da AS Roma. A ranar 1 ga watan Yuni shekarata 2015, Musa ya rattaba hannu kan sabuwar kwangilar shekaru hudu tare da CSKA har zuwa karshen kakar shekarar 2018-19. Ya kammala kakar gasar Premier ta Rasha ta shekarar 2015-16 a matsayin na 5 mafi yawan zura kwallo a raga, inda ya zama daya daga cikin 'yan wasa bakwai masu shekaru 23 ko kuma kasa da haka da suka kai adadin kwallaye biyu a kowane kakar wasanni biyu da suka gabata a manyan gasa bakwai na Turai. Leicester City A ranar 8 ga watan Yuli shekarata 2016, Musa ya koma Leicester City kan rikodin kulob din £16.6 miliyan. Ya zura kwallayen sa na farko da kungiyar a wasan sada zumunci da kungiyar ta yi da Barcelona a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta shekarar 2016 da aka tashi da ci 4-2. Ya fara buga gasar Premier a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta shekarata 2016 a ranar bude kulob din da ci 2–1 a hannun Hull City. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar Premier da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a wasan da suka doke Crystal Palace da ci 3–1 a ranar 22 ga watan Oktoba shekarata 2016. Ya zuwa watan Janairun shekaran 2017, Musa har yanzu bai yi rajistar mai taimakawa kulob din ba, inda ya bayar da gudunmawar matsakaita 0.5 key, 0.3 da kuma dribbles 1.2 na nasara a kowane wasa. Ya koma a matsayin aro CSKA Moscow A ranar 30 ga watan Janairu shekarata 2018, Musa ya koma CSKA Moscow a kan aro don sauran kakar shekaran 2017-18. A ranar 4 ga watan Agusta shekarata 2018, Musa ya koma Al Nassr ta Saudi Arabiya kan yarjejeniyar dindindin. A cikin watan Oktoba shekarata 2020, Al Nassr ya ba da sanarwar cewa Musa zai tafi. An ruwaito cewa ana sa ran kulob din West Bromwich Albion na Premier zai kammala siyan Ahmed Musa a kasuwar musayar 'yan wasa ta Janairu na kakar 2020-21. Ya Koma Kano Pillars A ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu shekarata 2021, Musa ya koma kungiyar Kano Pillars ta Najeriya har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta 2020-21. Ayyukan kasa A watan Afrilun shekaran 2010 a karkashin Koci Lars Lagerbäck, an kira shi don shiga sansanin 'yan wasan kwallon kafa na Najeriya kafin gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2010 a Afirka ta Kudu bayan ya taimaka wa tawagar Najeriya ta lashe gasar cin kofin WAFU na shekarar 2010 inda ya zira kwallo a raga. da Benin. A karawar da suka yi da Burkina Faso, kwallon da Musa ya zura a raga har zuwa karin lokaci ya jefa Najeriya a wasan karshe na gasar a Abeokuta. Sai dai an tilasta masa fita daga cikin jerin ‘yan wasa 30 na Super Eagles na gasar cin kofin duniya saboda rauni a idon sawun sa. A ranar 5 ga watan Agustan 2010, yana da shekaru 17, Musa ya fara buga wa babbar tawagar Najeriya wasa a wasan neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka da Madagascar, inda ya maye gurbin Mikel John Obi da ci 2-0. nasara Musa ya ci wa Super Eagles kwallo ta farko a wasan sada zumunta da Kenya a watan Maris 2011. A watan Afrilun shekaran 2011, Ahmed Musa ya kasance cikin tawagar ‘yan wasan kwallon kafa ta Najeriya ‘yan kasa da shekaru 20, domin ya wakilci kasar a wasannin neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin matasa na Afrika a shekarar 2011, duk da cewa VVV Venlo ya bayyana cewa ba zai buga gasar ba saboda alkawurran da kungiyar ta yi. Bayan tattaunawa mai zafi da hukumar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya VVV Venlo da wakilan Musa an amince da cewa Musa zai buga wasa tsakanin Netherlands da Afirka ta Kudu domin shiga gasar tare da tawagar kasar. Bayan wasan farko da Ghana mai rike da kofin gasar, Musa ya lashe kyautar dan wasa mafi daraja kuma ya hau jirgi na gaba ya koma Netherlands. A watan Agustan 2011, Musa ya wakilci Najeriya U20 a gasar cin kofin duniya na 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 da aka gudanar a Colombia, inda ya ci kwallaye uku a wasanni biyar. FIFA ta saka Musa a cikin jerin ‘yan takara 10 da za su fafata a gasar Adidas Golden Ball, wadda aka baiwa fitaccen dan wasan kwallon kafa na FIFA U-20. A ranar 7 ga watan Disamba shekarata 2011, Ahmed Musa yana daya daga cikin 'yan wasa hudu da aka zaba a matsayin lambar yabo ta Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Afirka, amma kyautar ta tafi ga Souleymane Coulibaly na Ivory Coast. Musa ya samu wakilcin ‘yan wasan Najeriya 23 da za su wakilci kasar a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afrika na 2013. Ya zura kwallo a ragar Mali da ci 4-1 a wasan dab da na kusa da na karshe kuma ya bayyana a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Burkina Faso a wasan karshe, yayin da Super Eagles ta lashe kofin nahiyar na uku. Gabaɗaya, ya bayyana a wasanni biyar cikin shida na ƙungiyar. A shekarata 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup, ya fara a cikin dukkanin wasanni uku na tawagar yayin da aka kawar da su a cikin rukuni. Bayan ya bayyana a dukkan wasannin share fage na Najeriya, Musa yana cikin tawagar Stephen Keshi a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2014. Ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan karshe na rukunin F, inda Argentina ta doke su da ci 3-2. A watan Oktoban 2015, bayan da Vincent Enyeama ya yi ritaya daga buga kwallo a duniya, kocin Najeriya, Sunday Oliseh ya nada Musa a matsayin kyaftin din kungiyar. Sai dai an sauya wannan shawarar a shekarar 2016 yayin da aka nada Mikel John Obi a matsayin kyaftin din tawagar Najeriya sannan Musa ya koma mataimakin Kyaftin. A watan Mayun 2018 an saka shi cikin jerin ‘yan wasa 30 na farko da Najeriya za ta buga a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2018 a Rasha. Duk da cewa wasan da ya yi da Iceland ya yi fice, bai ma isa ya ajiye 'yan Afirka ta Yamma a gasar ba saboda Argentina ta fitar da su A ranar 22 ga Yuni 2018, Musa ya ci sau biyu a wasan da suka doke Iceland da ci 2-0 a rukuninsu na biyu. wasan gasar cin kofin duniya. A watan Yunin 2019 ya zama dan wasa na uku da ya fi taka leda a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya, inda ya zarce Nwankwo Kanu, bayan ya bayyana a wasan sada zumunci da Zimbabwe. Babban koci Gernot Rohr ya nada shi a gasar cin kofin kasashen Afrika ta 2019. Ya kuma kasance cikin tawagar 'yan wasan Najeriya a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka (AFCON) na shekarar 2021 da aka gudanar a kasar Kamaru. Rayuwa ta sirri An haife shi ne daga dangi masu yawan addini, mahaifiyarsa Sarah Musa (wato Musa) Kirista ce daga jihar Edo da ke Kudancin Najeriya. A watan Afrilun shekara ta 2017 ne Musa ya samu sabani da matar sa Jamila, wanda hakan ya sa aka kira ‘yan sanda zuwa gidansa. Ba da jimawa ba, ma'auratan sun rabu saboda "bambance-bambancen da ba za a iya sulhuntawa ba". A ranar 23 ga Mayu, Musa ya auri Juliet Ejue a Abuja A watan Oktoban, shekara ta 2017, Musa ya sayi gidan mai na biyu a Najeriya. A ranar 24 ga Janairu, shekara ta 2019, Musa ya tabbatar da labarin rasuwar mahaifiyarsa Sarah Musa a shafinsa na Twitter. A baya ta yi rashin lafiya. Kididdigar sana'a/Aiki Kulob/ƙungiya Ƙasashen Duniya Scores and results list Nigeria's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Musa goal. Girmamawa Kulob/Aiki CSKA Gasar Premier ta Rasha 2012–13, 2013–14, 2015–16 Kofin Rasha 2012–13 Rasha Super Cup 2013, 2014 Al-Nasr Saudi Professional League 2018-19 Saudi Super Cup 2019 Ƙasashen Duniya Najeriya U20 Gasar Matasan Afrika 2011 Najeriya WAFU Nations Cup 2010 Gasar cin kofin Afrika 2013 Mutum Gasar Firimiya ta Najeriya 2009–10 A cikin jerin 33 mafi kyawun wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na gasar zakarun Rasha: 2012-13 Gasar Cin Kofin Rasha 2012–13 Ƙungiyar CAF ta Shekara 2014 Bayanan kula Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijeriya Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
31354	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilimin%20muhalli%20na%20gargajiya	Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya	Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya (TEK), yana bayyana ilimin mutanen asalin gari da sauran ilimin gargajiya na albarkatun kasa. A matsayin fannin nazari a cikin ilimin ɗan adam na Arewacin Amurka, Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya yana nufin "ɗaɗɗen ilimin ilimi, imani, da aiki, haɓakawa ta hanyar tarin Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya kuma ana ba da su ta cikin tsararraki ta hanyar waƙoƙin gargajiya, labarai da imani. Ya shafi alakar rayayyun halittu (ciki har da mutum) da kungiyoyin su na al’ada da muhallinsu.” Yana da kyau a lura cewa ilimin asali ba ra'ayi ba ne na duniya a tsakanin al'ummomi daban-daban, amma ana magana da shi ga tsarin al'adu ko ayyuka na ilimi waɗanda suka dogara ga "wuri. Ana amfani da irin wannan ilimin a cikin sarrafa albarkatun ƙasa a madadin tushen bayanan muhalli a lokuta inda babu ƙaramin bayanan kimiyya da aka yi rikodin, ko kuma yana iya nufin hanyoyin kimiyyar Yammacin Turai na sarrafa muhalli. Aiwatar da Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya a fagen kula da muhalli da kimiyya har yanzu yana da rigima, kamar yadda hanyoyin samun da kuma tattara ilimi-ko da yake sau da yawa ya haɗa da nau'ikan bincike da gwaje-gwaje ya bambanta da waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don ƙirƙira da tabbatar da ilimin muhalli na kimiyya daga hangen nesa na yamma. Hukumomin gwamnati da ba na kabilanci ba, irin su US EPA, sun kafa shirye-shiryen haɗin kai tare da wasu gwamnatocin kabilanci don haɗa Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya cikin tsare-tsaren muhalli da bin diddigin sauyin yanayi. Akwai muhawara ko ƴan asalin ƙasar suna riƙe da haƙƙin mallakar fasaha akan ilimin gargajiya da kuma ko amfani da wannan ilimin yana buƙatar izini da lasisi kafin aiki da shi. Wannan yana da rikitarwa musamman saboda ana kiyaye TEK akai-akai azaman al'adar baka kuma don haka na iya rasa ingantattun takaddun takaddun. Don haka, hanyoyin da za su iya warware batun takardun shaida don biyan bukatun yammacin Turai na iya yin illa ga yanayin ilimin gargajiya. Ana amfani da ilimin gargajiya don kula da albarkatun kasa wadanda ake bukata don rayuwa. Yayin da Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya ita kanta, da kuma al'ummomin da ke da alaƙa da al'adar baka, na iya zama cikin barazana saboda saurin sauyin yanayi ko lalacewar muhalli, TEK yana nuna mahimmanci don fahimtar tasirin waɗannan canje-canje a cikin yanayin muhalli. Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya na iya komawa zuwa ilimin muhalli na gargajiya wanda ke jaddada sassa daban-daban da mu'amalar muhalli. Ci gaban fannin ilimin An gudanar da karatun farko na tsarin Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya a cikin nazarin ɗan adam. An yi nazarin ilimin halittu ta hanyar ruwan tabarau na ethnoecology, "hanyar da ke mai da hankali kan tunanin dangantakar muhalli da mutane ko al'adu ke gudanarwa," a fahimtar yadda tsarin ilimi ya samo asali ta hanyar al'ada. Harold Colyer Conklin, wani Ba’amurke ƙwararren ɗan adam wanda ya fara nazarin ilimin ƙabilanci, ya jagoranci tattara bayanan ƴan asali hanyoyin fahimtar duniyar halitta. Conklin da sauransu sun rubuta yadda al'ummomin gargajiya, irin su masu sana'ar noma na Philippine, suka nuna na ban mamaki da cikakken cikakken sani game da tarihin yanayin wuraren da suka zauna. Shiga kai tsaye cikin tarawa, kera kayayyaki daga, da amfani da tsire-tsire da dabbobi na gida ya haifar da wani tsari wanda duniyar halittu da duniyar al'adu ke da alaƙa da juna. Kodayake filin Tek ya fara da takardun jerin nau'ikan halittun da kungiyoyi daban-daban da kuma "biyan haraji daga cikin ƙasa don la'akari da la'akari da dangantakar dangantaka da hanyoyin da aka bayar tashi zuwa filin kamar yadda ake gane shi a yau. A cikin ƙarfafa nazarin hanyoyin daidaitawa, wanda ke ba da hujjar cewa ƙungiyar zamantakewa kanta amsa ce ta daidaita yanayin muhalli ta ƙungiyar zuwa yanayin gida, dangantakar ɗan adam da dabarun aiki waɗanda waɗannan alaƙa da al'adu suka dogara, filin TEK na iya yin nazari kan Tambayoyi masu yawa da suka shafi yanayin al'adu da ilimin halin ɗan adam. A tsakiyar 1980s, an rubuta ɗimbin wallafe-wallafen da ke haɓaka ilimin muhalli na gargajiya duka ilimin muhalli da ƴan asali daban-daban suke da shi da kuma dangantakarsu ta muhalli. Nazarin ya haɗa da nazarin "nama da kiyaye halittu masu rai a cikin yanayin yanayi na wurare masu zafi, da ilimin gargajiya da tsarin gudanarwa a cikin kamun kifi na bakin teku da lagoons, yankunan da ba su da ruwa, da kuma Arctic." Abin da waɗannan binciken ya kwatanta shi ne cewa "al'ummar gargajiya iri-iri suna da nasu fahimtar dangantakar muhalli da al'adun sarrafa albarkatun." Haɓaka ilimin ilimin muhalli na gargajiya a wannan lokacin ya haifar da fahimtar duniya game da yuwuwar aikace-aikacen sa a cikin ayyukan sarrafa albarkatun da ci gaba mai dorewa. Rahoton na 1987 na Hukumar Kula da Muhalli da Ci gaba ta Duniya ya nuna yarjejeniya a lokacin. Rahoton ya yi nuni da cewa nasarorin da aka samu a karni na 20 (raguwar mace-macen jarirai, da karuwa a tsawon rayuwa, da karuwar karatu, da samar da abinci a duniya) sun haifar da al’amuran da suka haifar da gurbacewar muhalli “a cikin duniya da ta fi gurbace a tsakanin abada. rage albarkatun." Fata, duk da haka, ya wanzu don salon rayuwa na gargajiya. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa al'ummomin kabilu da na asali suna da salon rayuwa da za su iya samar wa al'ummomin zamani darussa kan sarrafa albarkatun da ke cikin dazuzzuka masu sarkakiya, da tsaunuka, da kuma juji. Bambance-bambance daga kimiyya Fulvio Mazzocchi na Cibiyar Italian National Research Council na ma'aikatar kula da gurbacear yanayi ya bambanta ilimin gargajiya daga ilimin kimiyya kamar haka: Abubuwan suka shafi ilimin muhalli na gargajiya Abubuwan da ke tattare da ilimin muhalli na gargajiya suna ba da nau'o'i daban-daban ta yadda ake amfani da su da fahimtarsa. Waɗannan alamu ne masu kyau game da yadda ake amfani da shi ta fuskoki daban-daban da kuma yadda suke da alaƙa da juna, suna ba da ƙarin fifiko kan "Gudanar da haɗin gwiwa don mafi kyawun gano wuraren da ke da bambanci da haɗuwa yayin ƙoƙarin kawo hanyoyin tunani da sanin juna biyu." Binciken gaskiya Houde ya gano fuskoki shida na ilimin muhalli na gargajiya. Bangaren farko na ilimin ilimin halitta na gargajiya ya haɗa da ainihin, takamaiman abubuwan lura da aka samar ta hanyar tantancewa, suna, da rarrabuwa na sassa daban-daban na muhalli. Wannan al'amari shine game da fahimtar alaƙar da ke tsakanin nau'o'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i da kuma kewaye da su. Har ila yau, saiti ne na duka abubuwan lura da bayanai da ke jaddada al'amuran dabbobi da dabi'unsu, da muhallinsu, da sifofin zahiri na nau'in, da yawan dabbobi. Wannan ya fi amfani don kimanta haɗarin haɗari da gudanarwa wanda ke ba ƙasashe damar yin tasiri akan sarrafa albarkatun. To sai dai idan al'umma ba ta yi aiki ba, to kasa za ta iya aiwatar da muradun kanta. Irin wannan "ilimin ƙwaƙƙwara ya ƙunshi jerin abubuwan lura da aka gudanar na dogon lokaci kuma an ƙarfafa su ta hanyar asusun wasu masu riƙe TEK." Tsarin gudanarwa Fuska ta biyu tana nufin yin amfani da albarkatu cikin ɗa'a da dorewa dangane da tsarin gudanarwa. Ana samun wannan ta hanyar dabarun tsare-tsare don tabbatar da kiyaye albarkatu. Musamman ma wannan fuskar ta ƙunshi ma'amala da sarrafa kwari, sauya albarkatu, tsarin noman noma da yawa, da hanyoyin ƙididdige yanayin albarkatun. Hakanan yana mai da hankali kan sarrafa albarkatu da yadda ya dace da yanayin gida. Amfani na baya da na yanzu Fuska ta uku tana nufin girman lokaci na Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya, yana mai da hankali kan amfani da muhallin da ake yadawa ta hanyar tarihin baka, kamar amfani da ƙasa, zama, zama, da matakan girbi. Musamman tsire-tsire na magani da wuraren tarihi suna da matukar damuwa. Ana amfani da tarihin baka don isar da al'adun gargajiya daga tsara zuwa tsara, kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga fahimtar dangi da al'umma. Da'a da dabi'u Fuska ta huɗu tana nufin maganganun ƙima da alaƙa tsakanin tsarin gaskatawa da kuma tsara gaskiya. Game da Ilimin gargajiya akan muhalli yana nufin xa'a na muhalli wanda ke kiyaye ikon amfani da bincike. Har ila yau, wannan fuska tana nufin bayyanar da dabi'u game da dangantaka da wuraren zama na nau'i da kuma kewaye da su yanayin dangantakar mutum. Al'adu da asali Fuska ta biyar tana nufin rawar da harshe da hotunan da suka gabata ke bunkasa ga al'adu. Dangantaka tsakanin Aboriginal (mazaunan asali) da muhallinsu na da mahimmanci don dorewar abubuwan al'adu da ke ayyana su. Wannan fuskar tana nuna labaru, dabi'u, da alakar zamantakewa da ke zaune a wuraren da ke ba da gudummawa ga rayuwa, haifuwa, da haɓakar al'adun ƴan asalin, da kuma ganewa. Hakanan ya jaddada "fa'idodin maidowa na shimfidar al'adu a matsayin wuraren sabuntawa" Ilimin sararin samaniya Fuska ta shida ita ce ilmin sararin samaniya ta al'ada wacce ita ce ginshikin sauran bangarorin. Ilimin sararin samaniya wato Cosmology shine ra'ayi na yadda duniya ke aiki don al'adu da yawa. Wannan na iya bambanta sosai daga al'ada ɗaya zuwa na gaba. Misali a Amurka, akwai sama da kabilu 577 da gwamnatin tarayya ta amince da su tare da nasu al'adu, harsuna da tsarin imani. Yawancin waɗannan kabilun sun fahimci kansu a matsayin haɗin gwiwa da ƙasar. Kalmar 'cosmology' tana da alaƙa da zato da imani game da yadda al'amura ke gudana, kuma yana bayyana hanyar da abubuwa ke haɗuwa, kuma yana ba da ƙa'idodi waɗanda ke daidaita dangantakar ɗan adam da dabba da kuma matsayin ɗan adam a duniya. Daga hangen nesa na ɗan adam, ilmin sararin samaniya yana ƙoƙarin fahimtar dangantakar ɗan adam da dabba da kuma yadda waɗannan ke tasiri kai tsaye alaƙar zamantakewa, wajibai ga membobin al'umma, da ayyukan gudanarwa. A cikin A Yupiaq Worldview: Hanya zuwa Ilimin Halittu da Ruhi na Angayuqaq Oscar Kawagley, masanin ilimin ɗan adam ɗan asalin ƙasar, ya ce "Ma'auni na yanayi, ko hangen nesa na muhalli, yana da matuƙar mahimmanci ga Yupiaq. Tarihi da binciken archaeological na kabila daban-daban a duniya yana da alama suna nuni da zaren falsafa ko muhalli guda ɗaya a tsakanin dukkan mutane, kuma wannan haɗin kai da ke bayyana yana haifar da tunanin haɗin kai na kowane abu na sararin samaniya. Mutanen Yupiaq sun kasance, kuma har yanzu, masu goyon bayan wannan ra'ayi na duniya ne, duk da raunin yanayin da ake samu ta hanyar kutse na zamani." Kawagley yayi karin bayani akan Ilimin gargajiya akan muhalli a cikin mahallin duniya na Yupiaq da cewa, “Hanyoyin mutum na Yupiaq sun hada da lura, gogewa, hulɗar zamantakewa, da sauraron tattaunawa da tambayoyi na duniyar halitta da ta ruhaniya tare da hankali. Mutum ko da yaushe mai halarta-mai kallo ne." Gudanar da yanayin muhalli Kula da yanayin muhalli hanya ce mai fuskoki da dama kuma cikakke hanya na sarrafa albarkatun ƙasa. Ya ƙunshi duka ilimin kimiyya da ilimin muhalli na gargajiya don tattara bayanai daga matakan dogon lokaci waɗanda kimiyya ba za su iya ba. Ana samun wannan ta hanyar masana kimiyya da masu bincike tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da ƴan asalin ƙasar ta hanyar yanke shawara tare da biyan bukatun zamantakewa, siyasa da al'adu na zamani da na gaba. Ilimin 'yan asali ya samar da hanyar da za ta magance sarkakiya yayin da kimiyyar yamma ke da dabaru da kayan aiki. Wannan dangantaka ce mai kyau don samun wanda ke haifar da kyakkyawan sakamako ga ɓangarorin biyu da muhalli. Hatsarin da ke tattare da yin aiki tare shi ne, kasashe ba sa cin moriyar adalci ko kwata-kwata. Sau da yawa an yi amfani da ilimin ɗan asalin waje a wajen al'umma ba tare da izini ba al'adar al'adu amincewa, ko ramuwa. Ilimin ƴan asali na iya kiyaye muhalli, duk da haka yana iya zama ilimi mai tsarki. Maido da ingancin muhalli Maido da ingancin muhalli shine al'adar maido da gurbataccen muhalli ta hanyar sa hannun ɗan adam. Akwai haɗe-haɗe da yawa tsakanin maido da muhalli da ayyukan sarrafa yanayin muhalli da suka shafi Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya, duk da haka sarrafa yanayin muhallin Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya ya fi zurfi ta hanyar alakar tarihi da wurin. Saboda rashin daidaiton iko da aka ambata a baya tsakanin ƴan asali da kuma waɗanda ba na asali ba, yana da mahimmanci cewa haɗin gwiwa ya daidaita don dawo da rashin adalci na zamantakewa kuma wannan ya tabbatar da samun nasara lokacin da ƴan asalin ƙasar suka jagoranci ayyukan maido da muhalli. Ilimin gargajiya da Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka ta kasance daya daga cikin hukumomin tarayya na farko da suka samar da tsare-tsare na yau da kullun da ke bayanin yadda za ta hada kai da gwamnatocin kabilu da kuma amincewa da muradun kabilanci wajen aiwatar da shirye-shiryenta "don kare lafiyar dan adam da muhalli." A cikin fahimtar alaƙar ƙabilanci da mahalli, EPA ta nemi haɓaka shirye-shiryen muhalli waɗanda ke haɗa ilimin muhalli na gargajiya a cikin "kimiyyar muhalli, manufofin, da hanyoyin yanke shawara." Ko da yake a halin yanzu ba a san Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya a matsayin muhimmin sashi na yanke shawarar muhalli na yau da kullun ba, masana kimiyya suna aiki kan haɓaka shirye-shiryen ƙwarewar kimiyya waɗanda suka dace da Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya da haɓaka wadatar kai da azama. Rashin sanin ilimin muhalli na gargajiya wajen tantance hanyoyin magance matsalolin muhalli shine wakilcin ɗabi'ar ƙabilanci don ƙima kimiyya akan ƙirar gargajiya. Don haka, hukumomin da ke haɗa kimiyya da Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya dole ne su amince da ƙimar hanyoyin koyarwa na musamman don yin cikakken amfani da fa'idodin kimiyya da Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya. Misali, dole ne hukumomin Amurka su koyi game da Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya ta hanyar ruwan tabarau na ƙungiyoyin ƴan asalin ta hanyar yin aiki kafada da kafada da dattawan 'yan asalin, tattara bayanai na hannu daga takamaiman wurin da ake tambaya, da haɗa ƙimar 'yan asalin cikin ƙimar su ta kimiya. A cikin Nuwamban 2000, Shugaban Amurka Bill Clinton ya ba da umarnin zartarwa mai lamba 13175, wanda ke buƙatar sassan tarayya da hukumomin tarayya su tuntuɓi gwamnatocin ƙabilun Indiya don haɓaka manufofin da za su sami tasirin kabilanci. Tasirin kabilanci ana bayyana ta EPA da cewa yana da "tasirin kai tsaye ga ɗaya ko fiye da kabilun Indiya, akan dangantakar da ke tsakanin gwamnatin tarayya da kabilun Indiya, ko kuma akan rabon iko da nauyi tsakanin gwamnatin tarayya da kabilun Indiya." A matsayin hukumar tarayya ta gwamnatin Amurka, an buƙaci EPA ta kafa ƙa'idodin tsarin tuntuɓar. A matsayin martaninta na farko, hukumar ta samar da wasu ka’idoji da za su ba da damar yin sadarwa mai ma’ana da daidaitawa tsakanin hukumar da jami’an kabilanci kafin hukumar ta dauki matakai ko aiwatar da shawarwarin da ka iya shafan kabilu. Ka'idojin sun kuma tsara lambobin tuntuɓar EPA don haɓaka daidaito da daidaita tsarin tuntuɓar, da kafa kulawar gudanarwa da bayar da rahoto don tabbatar da gaskiya da gaskiya. Wani nau'i na tuntuɓar Majalisar Ƙabila ta EPA. A cikin 2000, Ofishin Bincike da Ci gaba na EPA ya kafa Majalisar Kimiyyar Kabilanci ta EPA. Majalisar, wadda ta kunshi wakilai daga kabilu a fadin kasar, ana nufin samar da tsari don shigar da kabilu cikin kokarin kimiyya na EPA, da kuma zama abin hawa wanda ta hanyar EPA za ta iya samun fahimtar batutuwan kimiyya wadanda suka fi fifiko ga kabilu. a matakin kasa. Majalisar kuma tana ba wa kabilu dama don yin tasiri akan ajandar kimiyya ta EPA ta hanyar ɗaga waɗannan batutuwan da suka fi fifiko ga ƙungiyar EPA mai fa'ida. Muhimmanci ga membobin kabilanci a farkon taron Majalisar Kimiyyar Kabilanci ta EPA shine bambance-bambancen da ke cikin al'adun gargajiya na kabilanci da kuma kimiyyar yamma. Waɗannan hanyoyin rayuwa sun haɗa da "haɗin ruhi, tunani, jiki, da tunani da mahalli; alaƙa waɗanda suka dogara akan ƙima mai ƙima da ƙima"; da kuma fahimtar cewa albarkatun ƙasa za su samar da duk abin da ya dace don cigaban rayuwar ɗan adam. Majalisar Kimiyyar Kabilanci ta EPA, duk da haka, ana nufin yin aiki a matsayin wurin taro inda ƙungiyoyin biyu za su iya "raba bayanan da za su iya ba da gudummawa ga kare muhalli ga duk al'ummomin da ba al'adar da ke barin asalinta ba." A ƙoƙari na kare TTL Majalisar ta gano zama a matsayin yanki mai mahimmanci don bincike. Majalisar Kimiyyar Kabila ta EPA ta ayyana rayuwa a matsayin: “dangantaka tsakanin mutane da muhallinsu, hanyar rayuwa. Rayuwa ta ƙunshi haɗin kai na ruhaniya da ƙasa, kuma ya haɗa da fahimtar cewa albarkatun ƙasa za su samar da duk abin da ya dace don rayuwar ɗan adam. Mutanen da suke rayuwa daga tushen albarkatun ƙasa sun kasance suna da alaƙa da waɗannan albarkatun, suna rayuwa a cikin da'irar rayuwa. Rayuwa ta kasance game da rayuwa a hanyar da za ta tabbatar da amincin albarkatun ƙasa don amfanin tsararraki masu zuwa." Saboda TTL ko TEK ya keɓanta da wuri kuma ya haɗa da alaƙa tsakanin tsire-tsire da dabbobi, da alaƙar rayayyun halittu da muhalli, amincewa da rayuwa a matsayin fifiko yana ba da damar ilimi da ayyukan TTL su sami kariya. Misali, a wani bangare na shawarwarin da suka yi game da abin da za su ci, Majalisar ta amince da gano gurbacewar albarkatu a matsayin "batun kimiyyar kabilanci mafi mahimmanci a wannan lokacin." Domin mutanen ƙabilun da ke da salon rayuwa sun dogara da muhalli don dabarun gargajiya na noma, farauta. kamun kifi, gandun daji, da magunguna, da bukukuwa, gurɓatattun abubuwa suna yin tasiri daidai gwargwado kuma suna jefa TTL ɗinsu cikin haɗari. Kamar yadda Majalisar EPA ta bayyana, "Yawan cin abinci na kabilanci ya ninka sau da yawa fiye da na yawan jama'a, yana sa tasirin gurɓataccen albarkatun ƙasa ya fi damuwa nan da nan." Yayin da ‘yan asalin kasar ke kokawa da gurbacewar albarkatu, majalisar ta samu ci gaba wajen binciken illolinta. Duk da irin wannan ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce, har yanzu akwai shingaye don ci gaba a cikin Majalisar Kimiyyar Kabila ta EPA. Misali, daya cikas shine yanayin hanyoyin rayuwar gargajiya. Hanyoyin Rayuwa na Gargajiya na kabilanci ana ba da su ta hanyar labari, daga zamani zuwa zamani, tsara zuwa tsara, yayin da kimiyyar yammacin duniya ta dogara da rubutacciyar kalma, sadarwa ta hanyar ilimi da ilimi. Ƙoƙarin tattara masana kimiyya na yammacin duniya da mutanen ƙabilanci su ma sun sami cikas ta hanyar fahimtar ƴan asalin ƙasar Amirka cewa ana sanya nazarin kimiyya a cikin "baƙar akwatin" na misalta wanda ke hana shigar da kabilanci. Ko da kuwa, EPA ta fahimci ikon ilimin ɗan asalin don haɓaka fahimtar kimiyya da samar da sabbin bayanai da ra'ayoyi waɗanda za su iya amfanar yanayi da lafiyar ɗan adam. Inganta hanyoyin rayuwar gargajiya cikin tsarin kimanta haɗarin EPA misali ɗaya ne na yadda Majalisar Kimiyyar Kabila ta EPA ta sami damar aiwatar da canji a al'adun EPA. Tsarin tantance haɗarin haɗari shine "tsarin tsara don nazarin kimiyya na yuwuwar tasirin cutarwa ga lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli sakamakon kamuwa da gurɓatawa ko wasu matsalolin muhalli." EPA ta yi amfani da kimar haɗari don kafa "matakan tsaftacewa a wuraren sharar gida masu haɗari, ingancin ruwa da ka'idojin iska, shawarwarin kifi, da hana ko ƙuntata amfani da magungunan kashe qwari da sauran sinadarai masu guba." Mutanen ƙabilanci sun damu, duk da haka, hanyoyin tantance haɗarin na yanzu ba su da cikakkiyar ƙima ga al'adun kabilanci, dabi'u, da/ko hanyoyin rayuwa. Majalisar Kimiyyar Kabilanci tana neman haɗa TTL cikin tunanin fallasa wanzuwa a cikin tsarin tantance haɗarin EPA. Maƙasudin dogon lokaci don Majalisar Kimiyyar Kabilanci ta EPA, duk da haka, cikakken canji ne a kimanta yanke shawara daga haɗari zuwa kiyaye mutane da muhalli masu lafiya. Kamar yadda aka fada a sama, mutanen kabilanci ba sa yarda da rabuwa da yanayin ɗan adam da muhalli lokacin da suka nuna haɗari. Ta hanyar EPA da aka ƙaddamar da taron karawa juna sani, tarurrukan bita, da ayyuka, ƙabilun sun sami damar yin tattaunawa game da haɗa hanyoyin rayuwa ta al'ada ta kabilanci cikin kimanta haɗarin EPA da yanke shawara. Wannan ya faru ta hanyoyi da yawa: haɗa ayyukan al'adu na musamman na ƙabilanci kamar kwando na asali, mahimmancin kifin kifi da sauran kifaye, magungunan tsire-tsire na gida, cin kifi da nama mai yawa, da wuraren gumi a matsayin fallasa don ƙididdige haɗarin haɗari. ga mutane ko ga al'umma. Kodayake ana iya haɗa waɗannan nau'ikan takamaiman ayyuka na ƙabilanci a cikin kimanta haɗarin EPA, babu tabbacin cewa za a haɗa su kuma babu daidaito kan yadda za a iya amfani da su a wurare daban-daban a duk faɗin ƙasar. A cikin Yulin 2014, Kungiyar EPA ta ba da sanarwar "Manufa kan Adalci na Muhalli don Yin Aiki tare da Ƙabilun Ƙabilu da 'Yan Asalin Ƙasar Tarayya," suna gabatar da ka'idodinta don shirye-shiryen da suka danganci kabilu da 'yan asalin tarayya da aka amince da su don "goyi bayan aiwatar da gaskiya da inganci na tarayya. dokokin muhalli, da kuma ba da kariya daga tasirin da bai dace ba da kuma manyan haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli." Daga cikin ka'idoji 17 akwai 3 ("EPA tana aiki don fahimtar ma'anar lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli daga mahangar ƙabilun da aka amince da tarayya, 'yan asali a duk faɗin Amurka, da sauran waɗanda ke zaune a ƙasar Indiya"); #6 ("EPA tana ƙarfafa, kamar yadda ya dace kuma gwargwadon iya aiki kuma doka ta ba da izini, haɗa ilimin muhalli na gargajiya a cikin ilimin muhalli na hukumar, manufofin, da hanyoyin yanke shawara, don fahimta da magance matsalolin adalci na muhalli da sauƙaƙe shirin. aiwatarwa"); da kuma #7 ("EPA tana la'akari da abubuwan da suka shafi sirri game da bayanai akan wurare masu tsarki, albarkatun al'adu, da sauran ilimin gargajiya, kamar yadda doka ta yarda." Yayin da wannan manufar ke gano jagorori da matakai na EPA dangane da ka'idodin adalci na muhalli kamar yadda suke da alaƙa da ƙabilu da ƴan asalin ƙasar, hukumar ta lura cewa ba su da wata hanyar da za a iya amfani da su azaman dokoki ko ƙa'idodi Ba za a iya amfani da su ga wani yanayi na musamman ba ko canza ko musanya kowace doka, ƙa'ida, ko duk wani abin da ake buƙata na doka kuma ba a aiwatar da doka ba. Illolin lalacewar muhalli dangane da ilimin gargajiya A wasu yankuna, gurɓacewar muhalli ya haifar da raguwar ilimin halittu na gargajiya. Misali, a al'ummar Aamjiwnaang na Anishnaabe First Nations mutane a Sarnia, Ontario, Canada, mazauna suna fama da "nasarawar raguwar yawan haihuwar namiji wanda mazauna ke danganta su ga kusancinsu ga tsire-tsire masu guba": Canjin yanayi Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya yana ba da bayanai game da sauyin yanayi a cikin tsararraki da labarin ƙasa na ainihin mazauna yankin. Ilimin muhalli na al'ada yana jaddada kuma ya sanya bayanai game da lafiya da hulɗar muhalli su zama cibiyar bayanan da yake ɗauka. Canjin yanayi yana shafar ilimin ilimin halittu na gargajiya ta nau'ikan asalin ƴan asalin ƙasar da yadda suke rayuwa. Ilimin al'ada yana yada daga tsara zuwa tsara kuma yana ci gaba a yau. ’Yan asalin ƙasar sun dogara da waɗannan al’adu don rayuwarsu. Don lokutan girbi da yawa, ƴan asalin ƙasar sun canza ayyukansu watannin kadan saboda tasirin sauyin yanayi. Haɓakar yanayin zafi yana kara zama barazana ga yanayin halittu saboda yana cutar da rayuwar wasu bishiyoyi da nau'ikan tsire-tsire. Haɗin haɓakar yanayin zafi da canjin yanayin hazo yana shafar wuraren tsiro. Hakanan ɗumamar yanayi na shafar kwari da dabbobi. Canjin yanayin zafi zai iya shafar abubuwa da yawa tun daga lokacin da kwari ke fitowa a cikin shekara zuwa canje-canjen mazaunin dabbobi a cikin canje-canjen yanayi. Yayin da zafin yanayi ke ƙara zafi, gobarar daji ta zama mai yiwuwa. Wata al'umma ta asali a Ostiraliya kwanan nan an ba su ƙasa kuma suna dawo da al'adarsu ta al'ada na sarrafa konewa. Wannan ya haifar da karuwar bambancin halittu da kuma rage tsananin gobarar daji. Ba wai kawai nau'o'i daban-daban na yanayin ya shafa ba, amma tare, lafiyar muhalli na shafar sauyin yanayi don haka albarkatun muhalli da ke samuwa ga 'yan asali na iya canzawa a cikin adadin da ake da su da kuma ingancin albarkatun. Yayin da matakan kankarar teku ke raguwa, mutanen Alaska na fuskantar canje-canje a rayuwarsu na yau da kullun; kamun kifi, sufuri, zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙin rayuwarsu sun zama marasa aminci. Daskarewar ƙasa ya haifar da lahani ga gine-gine da hanyoyin titi. Rashin gurɓataccen ruwa yana ƙara tsananta yayin da albarkatun ruwa mai tsabta ke raguwa. Canjin yanayi na lalata rayuwar yau da kullun na 'yan asalin ƙasar a matakai da yawa. Canjin yanayi da ƴan asalin ƙasar suna da alaƙa daban-daban dangane da yankin yanki wanda ke buƙatar daidaitawa daban-daban da ayyukan ragewa. Misali, don tunkarar waɗannan yanayi nan da nan, ƴan asalin ƙasar sun daidaita lokacin girbi da abin da suka girbe sannan kuma su daidaita amfani da albarkatun su. Canjin yanayi na iya canza daidaiton bayanan ilimin ilimin muhalli na gargajiya. Mutanen ƴan asalin ƙasar sun dogara sosai kan alamu na yanayi don tsara ayyuka har ma da hasashen yanayi na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Sakamakon karuwar rashin jin daɗi, ƴan asalin ƙasar suna ƙaura don nemo wasu hanyoyin tsira. A sakamakon haka, an yi asarar alakar al'adu da kasashen da suka taba zama a kai, haka kuma an yi hasarar ilmin ilmin muhalli na gargajiya da suka yi da kasar a can. Sauye-sauyen yanayi da ba a tsara su yadda ya kamata ko aiwatar da su ba na iya cutar da ƴan asalin ƙasar. Kungiyar EPA ta ambaci cewa za ta ɗauki ilimin ilimin muhalli na gargajiya cikin la'akari wajen tsara daidaitawa ga canjin yanayi. Hukumar Kula da Albarkatun Kasa ta Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka ta yi amfani da hanyoyin ƴan asalin ƙasar wajen yaƙar yanayin sauyin yanayi. Nazarin bincike: Savoonga da Shaktoolik, Alaska A wani bincike, mazauna kauyukan Savoonga da Shaktoolik, Alaska, sun ba da rahoton cewa, a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka wuce na rayuwarsu, yanayi ya yi wuya a iya hasashensa, lokacin sanyi ya ragu, ana samun matsala wajen hasashen yawan shuke-shuken da za a girbi., akwai bambance-bambance a cikin hijirar dabbobi, an sami ƙarin ganin sabbin nau'in halittu, wanda ake gani fiye da baya, kuma ayyukan farauta da tarawa ba su zama abin da ake iya gani ba kuma ba su faru ba sau da yawa saboda ƙarancin samun damar yin hakan. Mazauna garin sun ga wani sauyi a yanayinsu wanda kuma ya shafi rayuwarsu. Tsirrai da dabbobin ba su yi daidai da samuwarsu ba wanda ya shafi farauta da tara jama’a saboda babu abin da za a yi farauta ko tarawa. Bayyanar sabbin nau'ikan tsire-tsire da dabbobi kuma abin damuwa ne na lafiyar jiki da abinci mai gina jiki saboda ba a al'adance suke cikin ƙasa ba. Kungiyar harsunanTEK Karuk da Yurok Burning a matsayin TEK A cewar masanin zamantakewar muhalli Kirsten Vinyeta da mai binciken canjin yanayi na kabila Kathy Lynn, "Karuk Tribe na California sun mamaye ƙasar ƴan asali a tsakiyar tsakiyar Klamath da Salmon Rivers a Arewacin California. Yankin ƙabilar ta ƙabilar ta ƙunshi kimanin eka miliyan 1.38 a cikin Kogin Klamath. Ayyukan ƙonawa na al'ada sun kasance masu mahimmanci ga Karuk tun a tarihi. Ga Kabila, wuta tana aiki azaman kayan aikin sarrafa ƙasa mai mahimmanci da kuma aikin ruhaniya." A cewar farfesa nazarin muhalli Tony Marks-Block, mai bincike kan muhalli Frank K. Lake da ƙwararrun gandun daji na wurare masu zafi Lisa M. Curran, "kafin manufofin keɓancewar wuta, Indiyawan Amurka sun yi amfani da watsar da gobarar da ba ta da tushe ko konewar al'adu don haɓaka albarkatun da ke da alaƙa don rayuwarsu da al'adunsu. ayyuka. Don dawo da albarkatun al'adun da suka lalace daga shekarun da suka gabata na keɓe gobara da kuma rage haɗarin gobarar daji, ƙabilar Karuk da Yurok na Arewa maso yammacin California suna jagorantar ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwa na yanki don faɗaɗa gobarar watsa shirye-shirye da rage yawan man fetur a kan jama'a, masu zaman kansu, da ƙasashen kabilanci a cikin yankunan kakanninsu. Tony Marks-Block, Frank K. Lake da Lisa M. Curran suma sun bayyana cewa "a yankin Karuk, gwamnatin tarayya ba ta kafa wani wurin kebabbe ba, inda ta bar murabba'in kilomita 3.83 na Karuk a cikin yankin kakanninsu, saura kuma ya kasance karkashin kasa. ikon dazuzzukan Klamath da koguna shida na ƙasa da kuma watsewar gidaje masu zaman kansu. Sakamakon haka, membobin kabilar Karuk da hukumomin gudanarwa dole ne su kewaya da'awar sabis ɗin gandun daji na USDA akan yankin kakanninsu kuma suna da iyakataccen zaɓi don faɗaɗa tushen ƙasarsu ta hanyar mallakar filaye masu zaman kansu. A cikin yankin Yurok, hukunce-hukuncen da suka haɗa da juna sun faru ciki har da gandun daji na Redwood da gandun daji na Kogin shida a wajen ajiyar da gwamnatin tarayya ta kafa. Ajiye yana ƙarƙashin mallakar kamfanin katako mai zaman kansa. Saboda haka, kabilar Yurok dole ne ko dai su daidaita ko yin hulɗa tare da ƴan wasan kwaikwayo da yawa a cikin yankin kakanninsu, amma a halin yanzu suna da zaɓi mafi girma don samun kadarori masu zaman kansu fiye da kabilar Karuk." A cewar farfesa a fannin zamantakewar zamantakewa Kari Norgaard da dan kabilar Karuk William Tripp, "wannan tsari za a iya maimaita shi kuma a fadada shi zuwa sauran al'ummomi a yammacin Klamath Mountains da kuma bayansa. Hoopa da Yurok tanoak sun tsaya cewa gogaggun gobarar da aka maimaita sun fi jure wa cutar kan lokaci. Wasu bincike sun nuna bambance-bambancen ban mamaki game da kamuwa da cututtuka nan da nan bayan gobarar daji (sau 72 ba a iya samunta a konewa ba tare da wuraren da ba a kone ba a wuri guda), kodayake an nuna cewa tana ci gaba da warkewa idan ba a sake samun gobara ba, domin cutar na iya rayuwa. a cikin rundunonin da wuta ba ta kashe su ba.” Kiyaye Muhalli na Anishinabe a matsayin TEK A cewar mawallafa Bobbie Kalman da Niki Walker, "'yan asalin wuri, ko 'yan ƙasa, mutane sun zauna a yankin Great Lakes na dubban shekaru. Mutanen al'ummar Anishinabe (Anishinabe) sun zauna a yankuna a yankin Babban Tafkuna na yamma. Bisa ga al'adar baka, mutanen Anishinabe sun taɓa rayuwa ta wurin wani katon ruwan gishiri, wanda watakila ya kasance Tekun Atlantika ko Hudson's Bay. Mutanen sun sami annabci, ko annabci cewa idan sun yi tafiya cikin ƙasa, za su sami wurin da abinci ke tsiro a kan ruwa. Wasu sun tafi yamma, suna bin hangen nesa na megis, ko harsashi na cowrie, wanda ya jagorance su zuwa Babban Tafkuna na yamma. Mutanen sun rabu gida biyu suka zauna a wurare daban-daban wadanda suka hada da al'ummar Anishinabe. Anishinabe yana da dangantaka ta kud da kut da wasu al'ummomi biyu a yankin Manyan Tafkuna na yamma kasancewar Odawa (Ottawa) da Potawatomi. Mutanen waɗannan al’ummai uku sukan auri juna, suna fatauci, kuma su yi aiki tare don sasanta rigingimu. Sun kuma taru a majalisu, inda suka yanke shawara tare.” A cewar masanin falsafar ɗan asalin ƙasashe kuma masanin shari'a na yanayi muhalli Kyle Powys Whyte, "Mutanen Anishinabe a ko'ina cikin yankin Great Lakes sune kan gaba wajen kiyaye nau'in asali na asali da kuma maido da muhalli. Nmé shine mafi girma kuma mafi tsufa kifaye mai rai a cikin Babban Tekuna, wani lokacin yana wuce shekaru 100. Nmé ya yi hidima ga mutanen Asnishinabe a matsayin tushen abinci mai mahimmanci, nau'in nuna alama don sa ido kan muhalli, da kuma lachlan, yana taka rawa a cikin bukukuwa da labarai. Kenny Pheasant, wani dattijo ya ce, “Rashin sturgeon ya yi daidai da raguwar dangin sturgeon. Iyalan dangin sturgeon kaɗan ne kawai aka san su a nan" (Little River Band). Sashen Albarkatun Halitta na Indiyawan Ottawa sun fara rukunin mahallin al'adu, wanda ya ƙunshi nau'ikan ƴan kabilu da masana ilimin halitta, waɗanda suka haɓaka maƙasudai da manufofin maidowa. Manufar ita ce a dawo da jituwa da haɗin kai tsakanin Nmé da mutanen Anishinabe kuma a dawo da su duka zuwa kogin. Daga ƙarshe, sashen ya ƙirƙiri wurin renon farko na rafi don kare matasa sturgeon kafin a sake su a kowace faɗuwa don kiyaye asalin mahaifarsu. Shinkafar daji, ko manoomin, tana tsirowa a cikin magudanan ruwa, bayyanannu, da tafiyar hawainiya kuma ana iya girbe su a farkon kaka. Bayan girbi, ana sarrafa manoomin ta hanyar ayyuka kamar bushewa, bushewa, ƙwanƙwasa, bushewa, da tsaftacewa. Bayan Anishinabe ya yi hijira daga Gabas kuma ya isa yankin Great Lakes inda za su iya noman amfanin gona a kan ruwa, ƙungiyoyin maƙwabta na Amurka da Kanada da kamfanoni suna gudanar da ayyuka kamar hakar ma'adinai, damming, noma na kasuwanci da motsa jiki na nishaɗi. Waɗannan ayyukan suna shafar manoomin kai tsaye da wurin zama. A yau al’ummar Anishinabe sune jagororin kula da noman shinkafar daji. Taron Nibi (ruwa) da Manoomin Symposium, wanda ke gudana kowace shekara biyu, yana kawo masu girbin shinkafa na kabilanci a cikin manyan tabkuna, masana na asali, masu noman shinkafa na paddy, wakilai daga kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai da hukumomin jihohi, da masu binciken jami'o'i da ke sha'awar canjin kwayoyin halittar shinkafa. tare. Dattawa suna ba da labarunsu game da manoomin kuma matasa suna raba ra'ayinsu kan yadda manoomin ya dace da makomarsu. ’Yan asalin ƙasar da ke aiki a matsayin masana kimiyya a cikin ƙabilunsu suna ba da gogewar aiki tare da dattawa don fahimtar zurfin abubuwan tarihi na aikin da suke yi don nazari da adana manoomin. Ana gayyatar sauran ’yan asalin ƙasar don ba da labarin abubuwan da suka faru na maidowa da kiyaye sauran nau’in ’yan asali, irin su taro da masara.” Kiyaye Killer Whales dake kudancin Ƙasar Lummi ta Jihar Washington a matsayin matakinTEK A cewar masana ilimin muhalli Paul Guernsey, Kyle Keeler da kuma mamban Lummi Jeremiah Julius, “Al’ummar Lummi ta Jihar Washington, ƙabilar Amurka ce ta Tekun Salish. A cikin 2018, Ƙasar Lummi ta sadaukar da kanta ga Tafiya ta Totem Pole a duk faɗin Amurka suna kira ga dawowar 'yan uwansu "Lolita" (wani mazaunin Kudancin Killer Whale) zuwa ruwan gida. A cikin yaren Salish, ana kiran killer whales da qwe 'lhol mechen, ma'ana 'dangantakar mu a ƙarƙashin raƙuman ruwa', amma Lummi ba wai kawai 'dangantaka' ne da kifin kifin a cikin wani nau'i na nau'in kifin ba, kifayen suna da alaƙa a ma'ana. cewa danginsu ne. Lokacin da NOAA ta fara sanya Killer Whale na Kudancin Kudancin wani yanki mai hatsarin gaske (DPS) a cikin 2005, bisa doka sun kawar da "Lolita" a matsayin dan uwa. Shawarar ta karanta, "Mazaunin Kudancin Killer Whale DPS bai haɗa da kifayen kifaye daga J, K ko L kwaf ɗin da aka sanya su cikin bauta kafin a jera su ba, kuma baya haɗa da 'ya'yan da aka haifa a fursuna" (NOAA, 2005). Lummi suna neman NOAA don hada kai wajen ciyar da kifin har sai chinook na sautin Puget zai iya kiyaye su. Lummi sun fara ciyar da danginsu biki, amma NOAA ta gaya musu cewa babban yunƙuri na buƙatar izinin tarayya da haɗin gwiwa. Ko da yake ɗaya daga cikin manufofin kiyayewa na ƙungiyar shine tabbatar da 'isasshen adadi, inganci da samun damar nau'in ganima', NOAA ta fahimci wannan manufar sosai a matsayin batun wurin zama. Sun bayyana karara cewa yanzu ba lokacin jin dadi ba ne saboda 'karancin bayanai' ko rashin tabbas. Lummi na ci gaba da Tafiya na Totem Pole na shekara-shekara don kare ƴan'uwansu mazan, kifin baki, da kuma kiyaye gawayi, mai da sauran barazana daga cikin Tekun Salish. An tsara waɗannan ayyukan warkaswa don magance abin da Maria Yellow Horse Brave Heart da Lemyra M. DeBruyn suka kira "bakin ciki na tarihi wanda ba a warware ba har yau". Duba kuma Agroecology Braiding Sweetgrass Samfurin gandun daji ba na katako ba Ilimin gargajiya Afirka Insect TEK Manazarta Bayanan kula Ci gaba da karatu Robin Wall Kimmerer (2013) Braiding Sweetgrass: Hikimar 'Yan Asalin Kasa, Ilimin Kimiyya, da Koyarwar Tsirrai (Bugu na Milkweed) Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Ilimin Muhalli na Gargajiya: Kula da Tsare-Tsare na Uwar Duniya, Sabis na Kula da Wuta na Ƙasa Cibiyar Jama'ar Ƙasa da Muhalli, a Jami'ar Jihar New York, Kwalejin Kimiyyar Muhalli da Gandun daji Restoration Network (IPRN) Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve da Haida Heritage Site Teburin Fuskoki Shida na TEK Muha Ilimin gargajiya Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
40326	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Nwaoboshi	Peter Nwaoboshi	Peter Onyeluka Nwaoboshi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1958 a jihar Delta, Najeriya ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne Shi ne sanata mai wakiltar yankin Delta ta Arewa a majalisar dattawan Najeriya. Dan majalisar dattawa ne na majalisar wakilai ta 8 da ta 9. An sauke shi ne jim kadan bayan da wata babbar kotun tarayya da ke Abuja ta sanar da zama zababben Sanata a zaɓen 2019 a matsayin zaɓaɓɓen Sanata bisa zargin cewa jam’iyyarsa ta siyasa ba ta zaɓe shi ba. Kotun daukaka kara da ke Abuja ta soke hukuncin a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2019. Alkalin kotun ya ce babbar kotun tarayya da ta soke zaɓensa ba ta da hurumin shari’ar. Rayuwa ta sirri da ilimi An haifi Peter Nwaoboshi a shekarar 1958 a jihar Delta ta Najeriya Kwalejin Malamai ta St.Thomas inda ya samu takardar shedar Makaranta ta Yammacin Afirka a 1976. 1986, ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Benin inda ya sami digiri na farko a fannin shari'a. Har ila yau yana da digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Jihar Delta Sana'a Nwaoboshi ya fara aikinsa ne a shekarar 1979 a matsayin mataimaki ga Samuel Ogbemudia, gwamnan rusasshiyar jihar Bendel Bayan haka, an naɗa shi Shugaban Kamfanin Jiragen Ruwa na Najeriya A 1999, ya kasance mai ba Gwamna James Ibori shawara kan harkokin siyasa. A shekarar 2000 aka naɗa shi kwamishinan noma da ayyuka na musamman a jihar Delta inda ya rike mukamin har zuwa 2006. A shekarar 2008, an nada shi shugaban jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party a jihar Delta Ya yi wa’adi na biyu a matsayin shugaban jiha a shekarar 2012 sannan a shekarar 2014 ya yi murabus ya tsaya takarar majalisar dattawa. A shekarar 2015, an zaɓe shi a matsayin Sanata mai wakiltar Delta ta Arewa a majalisar dattawa Daga nan aka naɗa shi shugaban kwamitin majalisar dattawa kan yankin Neja Delta. A 2019, an sake zabe shi a majalisar dattawa a karkashin jam’iyyar People’s Democratic Party A ranar 23 ga watan Yuni, 2021, jam'iyyar PDP ta jihar Delta ta dakatar da Nwaoboshi saboda "ayyukan cin mutuncin jam'iyya bayan wata takun saka tsakanin Nwaoboshi da Gwamna Ifeanyi Okowa Nwaoboshi ya kira dakatarwar “abin dariya ne” kuma “ba bisa ka’ida ba” kafin ya fice daga PDP bayan kwanaki biyu ya koma APC a wata ganawa da shugaba Buhari da Sanatan Delta ta tsakiya Ovie Omo-Agege Jaridar Punch ta ruwaito cewa Nwaoboshi ya sauya sheka ne a shirye-shiryen tsayawa takarar mataimakin gwamnan jihar Delta. Rikicin zabe A ranar 3 ga Afrilu, 2019 wata babbar kotun tarayya da ke Abuja ta kori Nwaoboshi a matsayin zaɓaɓɓen sanata mai wakiltar mazabar Delta ta Arewa bisa hujjar cewa ba shi da inganci a zaɓen fidda gwani na jam’iyyar da jam’iyyar People’s Democratic Party ta gudanar a jihar Delta Haka kuma mai shari’a Ahmed Mohammed ya umarce shi da ya daina bayyana kansa a matsayin zaɓaɓɓen Sanata. A cewar sammacin da abokin hamayyar sa a zaɓen fidda gwani na jam’iyyar Prince Nwoko ya aike masa ya bayyana cewa ba bisa ka’ida ba jam’iyyar People’s Democratic Party ta sanar da shi wanda ya lashe zaɓen bayan da ya sha kaye a zaɓen fidda gwani, an kuma yi zargin cewa Nwoboshi ya dauki ƴan baranda ne domin ya haifar da firgici. ya fashe a lokacin da ya sami labarin shan kayen da ya sha. A ranar 4 ga Afrilu, 2019, Nwaoboshi ya daukaka kara kan hukuncin tsige shi a matsayin zaɓaɓɓen Sanata. A ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 2019, wata babbar kotun tarayya da ke Abuja ta ki amincewa da karar Nwaoboshi na bayar da umarnin dakatar da hukumar zaɓe mai zaman kanta ta kasa cewa ba ta da hurumin ta domin kotun daukaka kara ta riga ta yanke hukunci kan karar, saboda haka mai shari’a Mahmud Mohammed ya ba da umarnin cewa Yakamata hukumar zaɓe mai zaman kanta ta janye takardar shaidar cin zabe da aka baiwa Nwaoboshi sannan ta sake baiwa Prince Ned Nwoko sabon satifiket. Ko da yake yanzu shi ne Sanatan Delta ta Arewa A ranar 11 ga Mayu, 2019, Hukumar Zaɓe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Ƙasa ta janye takardar shaidar cin zaɓe da ta ba Nwaoboshi. An dawo da takardar shaidar lokacin da aka soke hukuncin kotu. Kudi ya dauki nauyin A cikin 2016, Peter Nwaoboshi ya ɗauki nauyin lissafin Dokar da'a ta Cap C15 LFN 2004 (gyara) Bill, 2016 (SB 248) Kudirin ya tsallake karatu na farko amma ba a taba sanya hannu ba ko aiwatar da shi ya zama doka. Zargin cin hanci da rashawa A watan Afrilun 2018, Hukumar Yaki da Yiwa Tattalin Arzikin Kasa Ta’annati ta gurfanar da Nwaoboshi a gaban kuliya bisa zargin zamba da karkatar da kudade. Masu gabatar da kara sun ce kamfanonin Nwaoboshi sun sayi wani gini a Legas a kan kudi Naira miliyan 805 a shekarar 2014 tare da sanin cewa za a yi amfani da miliyan 322 na kudin da aka biya ba bisa ka'ida ba; Nwaoboshi ya musanta zargin kuma ya shigar da karar ba da laifi ba. A watan Yunin 2021, an wanke Nwaoboshi daga tuhume-tuhume na zamba da kuma karkatar da kudade bayan da alkalin kotun mai shari’a Chukwujekwu Aneke ya ce EFCC ta gaza tabbatar da tuhumar da ake yi mata, kuma ta dogara ne da jita-jita. Hukumar EFCC ta ce za ta daukaka kara kan hukuncin. Bayanin Kadari na Ƙarya A watan Afrilun 2016, labarin da Sahara Reporters ya wallafa ya zargi Nwaoboshi da samunsa a cikin yanayi na tuhuma sannan kuma ya kasa bayyana wata kadara ta Legas da ya mallaka. Gidan mallakin gwamnatin jihar Delta ne kafin a sayar wa Nwaoboshi kan farashi mai rahusa kuma Nwaoboshi bai bayyana mallakar sa ba kamar yadda doka ta tanada. Rahoton ya zo ne a daidai lokacin da Nwaoboshi ya dauki nauyin gyara da nufin raunana dokokin yaki da cin hanci da rashawa, kuma labarin ya yi ikirarin cewa goyon bayansa na iya kasancewa a yunkurin hana hukumar da'ar ma'aikata ta yi masa shari'a. A watan Yunin 2019, an gurfanar da Nwaoboshi bisa laifin kin bayyana hakikanin kadarorinsa bayan wani bincike da kwamitin binciken shugaban kasa na musamman kan kwato dukiyar jama’a (SPIP) ya yi wanda ya zargi Nwaoboshi da kin bayyana mallakin asusun bankin Sterling guda uku. A watan Yulin 2018, SPIP ta rufe wasu kadarorin Nwaoboshi na wani dan lokaci da suka hada har zuwa kadarori 14 da asusun banki 22. Badakalar kwangilar NDDC A watan Yunin 2020, Hukumar Raya Yankin Neja Delta ta zargi Nwaoboshi da yin amfani da wasu kamfanoni 11 na gaba wajen damfarar Hukumar daga cikin kwangilolin da suka kai Naira biliyan 3.6 a watan Satumban 2016. Zargin ya zo ne ba da dadewa ba Nwaoboshi ya zargi ministan Neja Delta Godswill Akpabio da laifin samun kudaden ayyukan da bai dace ba a lokacin da Akpabio ke shugaban marasa rinjaye na majalisar dattawa. Yayin da zargin wani bangare ne na takun saka tsakanin Akpabio da majalisar dokokin kasar, zargin da ake yi wa Nwaoboshi an kira shi da "babban shari'a guda daya na wawure dukiyar hukumar" da kakakin NDDC, Charles Odili ya yi. Hukunci Kotun daukaka kara a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2022, ta samu Nwaoboshi da laifin karkatar da kudade sannan ta yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru bakwai a gidan yari tare da wasu kamfanonin sa guda biyu Golden Touch Construction Project Ltd da Suiming Electrical Ltd. Hukuncin ya biyo bayan daukaka karar hukuncin da wata babbar kotun tarayya ta yanke a baya na yin watsi da karar da hukumar yaki da masu yi wa tattalin arzikin kasa zagon kasa ta yi Kotun daukaka kara ta yanke hukuncin cewa akwai cancanta a shigar da hukumar EFCC kuma Nwaoboshi ya kasa gamsar da kotun cewa bai aikata laifin ba. Manazarta Haihuwan 1958 Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
30522	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurbataccen%20ruwa%20a%20India	Gurbataccen ruwa a India	Gurbacewar ruwa Sauran hanyoyin gurbatar yanayi sun hada da kwararar ruwa a noma da kananan masana'antu marasa tsari. Galibin koguna da tafkuna da ruwan sama a Indiya sun gurbace saboda masana'antu da najasa da ba a kula da su da kuma datti. Batutuwa Najasa mara magani Akwai babban tazara tsakanin tsarawa da maganin sharar gida a Indiya. Kuma Matsalar ba wai kawai Indiya ba ta da isassun ƙarfin jiyya har ma da cewa masana'antar kula da najasa ba sa aiki kuma ba a kula da su. Galibin cibiyoyin kula da najasa na gwamnati na ci gaba da kasancewa a rufe a mafi yawan lokuta saboda rashin tsari ko rashin kulawa ko rashin ingantaccen wutar lantarki da za a iya sarrafa ta, tare da ma’aikatan da ba sa aiki da kuma rashin kulawa. Sannan Kuma Ruwan sharar da ake samu a waɗannan wuraren yakan shiga cikin ƙasa ko ƙafewa. Sharar da ba a tattara ba tana taruwa a cikin birane yana haifar da rashin tsafta da fitar da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwa da ke shiga cikin ruwa da ƙasa. Najasa da ake fitarwa daga birane, garuruwa da wasu kauyuka shine babban abin da ke haddasa gurbatar ruwa a Indiya. Ana buƙatar saka hannun jari don cike gibin da ke tsakanin najasar da Indiya ke samarwa da kuma ƙarfin sarrafa najasa a kowace rana. Manyan biranen Indiya suna samar da lita miliyan 38,354 a kowace rana (MLD) na najasa, amma ikon kula da najasa na birni shine kawai 11,786 MLD. Yawancin kogunan Indiya sun gurɓata sosai sakamakon fitar da najasa a cikin gida. Hukumar Kula da Gurbacewar Ruwa ta Tsakiya, Ma'aikatar Muhalli Dazuzzuka ta Gwamnatin Indiya, ta kafa cibiyar kula da ingancin ruwa ta kasa da ta kunshi tashoshi 1,429 na sa ido a cikin jihohi 28 da 6 a cikin Tarayyar Turai a kan koguna da wuraren ruwa daban-daban a fadin kasar. Kuma Wannan ƙoƙarin yana kula da ingancin ruwa a duk shekara. Cibiyar sa ido ta hada da koguna 293, tafkuna 94, tankuna 9, tafkuna 41, koguna 8, magudanan ruwa 23, magudanan ruwa 18 da rijiyoyi 411 da aka rarraba a fadin Indiya. Ana nazarin samfuran ruwa akai-akai don sigogi 28 ciki har da narkar da iskar oxygen, ƙwayoyin cuta da sauran sigogin da aka kafa na duniya don ingancin ruwa. Bugu da ƙari 9 alamar karafa da ragowar magungunan kashe qwari guda 28 ana nazarin su. Hakanan ana yin sa ido kan yanayin halitta akan takamaiman wurare. Binciken kimiyya na samfuran ruwa daga shekarata 1995 zuwa 2008 ya nuna cewa gurɓataccen kwayoyin halitta da ƙwayoyin cuta yana da tsanani a cikin ruwa na Indiya. Wannan ya faru ne saboda fitar da ruwan sharar gida ta hanyar da ba a kula da shi ba, galibi daga cikin biranen Indiya. kwayoyin halitta A cikin shekarar 2010 sa ido kan ingancin ruwa ya gano kusan dukkan koguna da manyan matakan BOD (ma'auni na gurɓataccen abu tare da kwayoyin halitta). An sami mafi munin gurɓataccen gurɓataccen yanayi, a cikin tsari mai raguwa, Kuma a cikin kogin Markanda (490 mg/l BOD), sai kogin Kali (364), kogin Amlakhadi (353), canal Yamuna (247), kogin Yamuna a Delhi (70) da kogin Betwa (58). Don mahallin, samfurin ruwa tare da BOD na kwanaki 5 tsakanin 1 da 2 mg O/L yana nuna tsaftataccen ruwa, 3 zuwa 8 mg O/L yana nuna tsaftataccen ruwa mai matsakaici, 8 zuwa 20 yana nuna ruwan iyaka, kuma sama da 20 MG O/L yana nuna rashin lafiya ga muhalli, gurbataccen ruwa. Matakan BOD sun yi tsanani a kusa da birane da manyan garuruwa. Kuma A yankunan karkara na Indiya, matakan kogin BOD sun wadatar don tallafawa rayuwar ruwa. Matakan Coliform Rivers Yamuna, Ganga, Gomti, Ghaghara, Chambal, Mahi, Vardha da Godavari, suna daga cikin mafi yawan gurɓataccen ruwa na coliform a Indiya. Kuma Don mahallin, coliform dole ne ya kasance ƙasa da 104 MPN/100 ml, zai fi dacewa ba ya cikin ruwa don a yi la'akari da shi lafiya ga amfanin ɗan adam, da kuma ban ruwa inda coliform na iya haifar da barkewar cuta daga gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin aikin gona. A cikin shekarata 2006, kashi 47 cikin ɗari na kula da ingancin ruwa sun ba da rahoton adadin coliform sama da 500 MPN/100 ml. A cikin shakarar 2008, kashi 33 cikin 100 na duk tashoshin sa ido kan ingancin ruwa sun ba da rahoton jimlar matakan coliform da suka wuce waɗannan matakan, suna ba da shawarar ƙoƙari na baya-bayan nan don ƙara kayan aikin sarrafa gurɓataccen gurɓatawa da haɓaka masana'antar jiyya a Indiya, na iya canza yanayin gurbatar ruwa. Magance najasa a cikin gida da kuma yin amfani da najasar da aka gyara don ban ruwa na iya hana gurɓacewar ruwa, rage buƙatar ruwa mai daɗi a fannin ban ruwa da kuma zama hanyar ban ruwa. Tun daga shekara ta 2005, kasuwar masana'antar sarrafa ruwan sha ta Indiya tana haɓaka kowace shekara a ƙimar kashi 10 zuwa 12 cikin ɗari. {Asar Amirka ita ce mafi girma da ke ba da kayan aikin jiyya da kayayyaki zuwa Indiya, tare da kashi 40 cikin 100 na kasuwa na sabon shigarwa. A wannan adadin na fadada, da kuma ɗauka cewa gwamnatin Indiya ta ci gaba da yin gyare-gyare, manyan zuba jari a masana'antun sarrafa magudanar ruwa da samar da kayan aikin wutar lantarki, an kiyasta Indiya za ta kusan rubanya karfin maganin ruwa har sau uku nan da shekarata 2015, kuma karfin samar da magani zai dace. Bukatun kula da ruwan najasa na Indiya na yau da kullun nan da shekarata 2020. Magani Kula da ruwa a Indiya yana samun taki. Yunkurin farfado da Ganga da gwamnatin kungiyar kwadago ta yi, na tsaftace Yamuna na daga cikin kokarin da gwamnati ta fara. Yunkurin dawo da kogin Chennai na tsaftace kogin Cooum, Adyar da ke Chennai da ƙoƙarin ƙungiyoyin jama'a da ƙungiyoyi irin su Gidauniyar Muhalli ta Indiya (EFI) ke jagoranta na tsabtace tafkuna da tafkuna a ƙasar ana ganinsu a matsayin gagarumin ci gaba wajen kiyaye ruwa. Wasu matsalolin Wani bincike na hadin gwiwa da PRIMER da hukumar kula da gurbatar yanayi ta Punjab suka yi a shekarar 2008, Kuma ya nuna cewa a kauyukan da ke kusa da Nullah, fluoride, mercury, beta-endosulphan da kuma maganin kashe kwari na heptachlor sun wuce iyaka da aka halatta (MPL) a cikin kasa da ruwan famfo. Bugu da ƙari, ruwan yana da babban taro na COD da BOD (sunadarai da buƙatun oxygen na biochemical), ammonia, phosphate, chloride, chromium, arsenic da chlorpyrifos pesticide. Ruwan ƙasa kuma ya ƙunshi nickel da selenium, yayin da ruwan famfo yana da yawan gubar dalma, nickel da cadmium. Ambaliyar ruwa a lokacin damina na kara tabarbare matsalar gurbatar ruwa a Indiya, yayin da take wanke-wanke da fitar da datti da gurbatacciyar kasa zuwa cikin kogunanta da dausarta. Matsakaicin hazo na shekara-shekara a Indiya ya kai kimanin murabba'in cubic biliyan 4000. Daga wannan, tare da yanayin gine-ginen Indiya a cikin shekarata 2005, albarkatun ruwa da ake da su a cikin koguna sun kai kimanin mita biliyan 1869. Bisa kididdigar da aka yi wajen rarraba ruwan sama a kasar a kowace shekara, albarkatun ruwa da ake amfani da su, ciki har da ruwan kasa, an yi iƙirarin ya kai kimanin mita biliyan 1122. Yawancin wannan ruwa ba shi da lafiya, saboda gurbatar yanayi yana lalata ingancin ruwa. Gurbacewar ruwa ta iyakance adadin ruwan da ake samu ga masu amfani da Indiya, masana'anta da kuma noma. Musamman koguna Ganges Fiye da 500 mutane miliyan suna zaune a gefen kogin [Ganges]. Kimanin mutane 2,000,000 ne suka saba yin wanka a kowace rana a cikin kogin, wanda mabiya addinin Hindu ke daukarsa mai tsarki. Gurbacewar kogin Ganges babban haɗari ne ga lafiya. Gwamnatin Tsakiyar Indiya ta kafa NRGBA, akan 20 Fabrairu shekarar 2009 ƙarƙashin Sashe na 3 (3) na Dokar Kare Muhalli, a shekarata 1986. Ya kuma ayyana Ganges a matsayin "Kogin Kasa" na Indiya. Kujerar ta hada da Firayim Ministan Indiya da manyan ministocin jihohin da Ganges ke bi ta cikin su. The Yamuna Bisa kididdigar da aka yi a shekarar 2012, kogin Yamuna mai tsarki na Delhi yana dauke da kwayoyin cutar coliform 7,500 a cikin 100cc na ruwa. Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da dama, kungiyoyin matsa lamba, kungiyoyin kula da muhalli, da kuma ’yan kasa, sun dukufa wajen gudanar da ayyukansu na tsaftace kogin. Ko da yake Indiya ta sake sake fasalin manufofinta na ruwa na kasa a cikin shekarata 2002 don ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwar al'umma da kuma daidaita tsarin kula da ruwa, tsarin tsarin mulkin ƙasar yana tabbatar da cewa ta kasance "bayani na niyya kawai." Alhakin kula da harkokin ruwa ya rabu tsakanin ma'aikatu da sassa daban-daban guda goma sha biyu ba tare da hadin kai ba. Kuma Ma’aikatun gwamnati da sashen ayyuka na jiha sun kasa shawo kan matsalar, duk da cewa ta kashe shekaru da dama da dala miliyan 140 wajen gudanar da wannan aiki. Sauran Buddha Nullah, rafi na ruwa na yanayi, wanda ke ratsa yankin Malwa Kogin Mithi, wanda ke ratsa cikin birnin Mumbai, ya gurbace sosai. Gurbacewar Kogin Mithi Gurbacewar Kogin Mula Gurbacewar Kogin Gomti Gurbacewar kogin Vrishabhavati Duba wasu abubuwan Kasa Alkali Tasirin muhalli na ban ruwa Matsalolin muhalli a Indiya Jihohin Indiya da yankunan ƙungiyar sun sami matsayi ta hanyar yawaitar bayan gida Ruwan ƙasa a Indiya Dokar Rikicin Ruwan Kogin Interstate Ban ruwa a Indiya Siyasar Ruwa ta Kasa Albarkatun ruwa a Indiya Karancin ruwa a Indiya Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Indiya Yamuna Mission Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Indiya Ruwa Portal Rahoton Shekara-shekara na Ruwa, Tsaftar Tsafta da Tsaftar UNICEF na 2010 https://www.hindutamil.in/news/tamilnadu/84986-.html Yamuna Mission Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
47745	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%27ab%20al-Ahbar	Ka'ab al-Ahbar	Ka'b al-Ahbar cikakken suna Abū Isḥāq Ka'b ibn Mani' al-Ḥmyarī Bayahude ne a ƙarni na 7 ɗan ƙasar Yaman daga ƙabilar Larabawa ta "Dhī Ra'īn" wanda ya musulunta. An yi la'akari da shi a matsayin farkon ikon Isra'iliyya da Larabawa ta Kudu. Kamar yadda addinin Musulunci ya nuna, ya kasance tare da Umar a tafiyarsa daga Madina zuwa Kudus, sannan ya zama mai goyon bayan Usman. Ya rasu a cikin Hims a shekara ta 652-6 AD. Suna Tarihin Rayuwa Ba a san komai ba game da Ka'ab, amma bisa ga al'ada, ya zo Madina a zamanin Umar. Sannan ya raka Umar a tafiyarsa zuwa Kudus. An ruwaito cewa, lokacin da Umar ya shiga birnin Kudus da runduna, ya tambayi Ka’b: “A ina kake ba ni shawarar in gina wurin ibada? Ka'b ya nuna Dutsen Haikali, yanzu babban tulin kango daga haikalin Jupiter. Yahudawa, Ka'b ya bayyana, a taƙaice sun yi nasarar mayar da tsohon babban birninsu kwata kwata (lokacin da Farisa suka mamaye Siriya), amma ba su sami lokacin share wurin da Haikalin yake ba, domin Rumawa (Rūm) sun sake kwacewa. birnin. Daga nan ne Umar ya umarci Nabatawa su kwashe dattin da ke cikin Dutsen Haikali, bayan ruwan sama mai karfi uku ya wanke dutsen, sai ya gabatar da addu'o'i a wurin. An ce Umar ya yi shingen, kuma bayan wasu shekaru, Halifan Umayyawa Abd al-Malik ya gina Dome of the Rock a bisa wurin a matsayin wani muhimmin bangare na harabar Aqsa. Har wala yau, ana kiran wurin da Qubbat al-Sakhra (Kubbat na Dutse). A bisa al’ada, Ka’b ya yi imani da cewa “Duk wani abin da ya faru ko zai faru a kowace kafa na duniya, an rubuta shi a cikin Tourat (Attaura), wanda Allah ya saukar wa Annabinsa Musa An ce ya yi hasashen mutuwar Umar ta hanyar amfani da Attaura. A wata ruwaya, Ka'b ya ce wa Umar "kamata ka rubuta wasiyyarka domin zaka mutu nan da kwana uku." Umar ya amsa da "Bana jin zafi ko ciwo". Abu Lulu ya kashe Umar bayan kwana biyu. A cewar majiyoyin Shi'a Ka'ab malamin Yahudawa ne, wanda ya tashi daga Yemen zuwa Bilad al-Sham (Syria). Ya kasance daga dangin Dhu Ra'in ko Dhu al-Kila. Ka'b ya zo Madina a zamanin Umar inda ya musulunta. Ya rayu a can har zamanin Usman Ra'ayin Sunna Ibn Hajar Asqalani, malamin Sunna na mazhabar Shafi'i na ƙarni na 14, ya rubuta cewa;Ka`b Ibn Mati` al-Himyari, Abu Ishaq, wanda aka fi sani da Ka`b al-Ahbar, amintacce ne thiqah Yana daga [tabaqah] ta 2. Ya rayu a zamanin Jahiliyya da Musulunci Ya zauna a Yemen kafin ya koma Sham [~Syria]. Ya rasu a zamanin khalifancin Usman yana da shekara 100. Babu wani rahotonsa a cikin Bukhari. Yana da ruwaya guda a cikin Muslim daga Abu Huraira daga gare shi, daga al-A`mash daga Abu Salih Al-Tabari ya nakalto sosai game da Ka'b a cikin Tarihin Annabawa da Sarakuna Sauran marubutan Sunna kuma sun ambaci Ka’b da ƙissoshinsa tare da Khalifofi Umar da Uthman da Mu’awiyah. A wani gidan yanar gizon da Ma'aikatar Awka da Harkokin Musulunci (Katar) ta ƙasar Qatar ke gudanarwa kuma mallakarta, ana iya samun fatawa akan Ka'ab al-Ahbar. Ambato a cikin littattafan hadisi An ambaci Ka’ab al-Ahbar a cikin wasu littattafan hadisi kamar Sahih Muslim da Muwatta Malik, da sauransu. An ruwaito hadisi cewa halifa Umar bn Khattab ya naɗa shi a matsayin amir a kan musulmi. Ra'ayin Shi'a goma sha biyu A cikin al'adar Shi'a ana kallon Ka'b a matsayin wani mutum wanda ba shi da tabbas. Muhammad al-Tijani malamin Shi'a a ƙarni na 20 ya rubuta cewa "Shi Bayahude ne daga ƙasar Yemen wanda ya yi kamar ya musulunta sannan ya tafi Madina a zamanin Umar bn al-Khattab." Muhammad Jawad Chirri ya rubuta, bayan ya kawo wani hadisi cewa, “Ya kamata wannan tattaunawa ta fadakar da mu game da yunkurin Ka’b na yaudara da nasara na yin tasiri ga abubuwan da zasu faru nan gaba ta hanyar shawarwarin shaiɗan. Yana tattare da ha’inci mai yawa wanda ya haifar da illoli masu yawa ga Musulunci da Musulmi.” Tasirin Ka'b ya lalace a cikin al'adar Shi'a ta Musulunci. Zargin son zuciya na Yahudawa An zarge shi a wasu hadisai da shigar da Yahudawa a cikin Musulunci. Misali, Abd Allah bn Abbas ya yi saɓani a kan wani ra’ayi da aka jingina wa Ka’ab cewa “ranar kiyama za a fito da rana da wata kamar bijimai guda biyu da ba su sani ba, a jefa su wuta”. Al-Tabari ya ce Ibn Abbas ya ce "Kaab ya fadi karya!" sau uku, ya nakalto Alqur'ani cewa rana da wata suna biyayya ga Allah. Ya zargi Ka'b da ƙoƙarin shigar da tatsuniyoyi na Yahudawa cikin Musulunci. Tatsuniyoyi na Yahudawa-Kirista A cewar na ƙarni na 19, an danganta shi da raya al'adun Sunna. Liran Yagdar na Jami’ar Yale ya ce Ka’b ba shi da wani tasiri sosai a al’adar ‘yan Sunna, kuma ya ce “Kiristoci da Yahudawa sun ɗauki Ka’b a cikin tatsuniyoyinsu na bayyanar Musulunci, suna son su ƙaryata ingancin Alkur’ani ta hanyar yin ishara ga Yahudawa masu tuba. kamar Ka’b wanda ya gurɓata littafin Ƙasa daga ciki.” Duba kuma Abdullahi bin Saba' Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
30037	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99o%C6%99in%20bayyana%20harshe	Haƙƙoƙin bayyana harshe	Haƙƙoƙin bayyana harshe ko REL harshe ne mai sarrafa na'ura da ake amfani da shi don bayyana haƙƙin mallaka (kamar haƙƙin mallaka) da sauran sharuɗɗan amfani da abun cikin Magana. Ana iya amfani da RELs azaman maganganu na tsaye (watau metadata da ake amfani da ita don bincike, bin diddigin dacewa) ko cikin tsarin DRM Ana iya bayyana RELs a cikin yaren inji (kamar XML, RDF, RDF Schema, da JSON). Ko da yake ana iya sarrafa RELs kai tsaye, ana kuma iya saduwa da su idan an saka su azaman metadata a cikin wasu takardu, kamar littattafan eBooks, hoto, fayilolin odiyo ko bidiyo. Sanannen RELs Fitattun RELs sun haɗa da: ccREL Tsarin RDF wanda aikin Creative Commons ke amfani dashi don bayyana lasisin su Hakanan GNU Project ya karɓi wannan ƙamus ɗin don bayyana Babban Lasisin Jama'a (GPL) a cikin sigar da za a iya karantawa na inji. W3C Buɗe Harshen Haƙƙin Dijital ODRL W3C Izini da Maganar Wajibi (POE) Ƙungiyar Aiki ta haɓaka shawarwarin ODRL don bayyana izini da bayanan wajibai don abun ciki na dijital. Samfurin Bayani na W3C ODRL yana ba da tsari don mahimman ra'ayoyi, ƙungiyoyi, da alaƙa waɗanda suka samar da tushen tushe don tarukan tarukan maganganun ODRL. Manufar Samfurin Bayanin ODRL shine don tallafawa sassauƙan maganganun Manufofi ta hanyar kyale marubucin ya haɗa da yawa, ko kaɗan, cikakkun bayanai game da sharuɗɗa da sharuɗɗan amfani da kadari, ɓangarorin da abin ya shafa, da wajibai. Kamus na W3C ODRL Bayyanawa yana bayyana yuwuwar kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin maganganun Manufofin ODRL da yadda ake tsara su. Sharuɗɗan sun zama wani ɓangare na ODRL Ontology kuma suna tsara ilimin tarukan. Faɗin tsarin ƙamus a cikin ƙamus yana ba da tallafi ga Kuma al'ummomi don amfani da ODRL a matsayin harshe na farko don bayyana shari'o'in amfani gama gari. XrML XrML ya fara da aiki a Xerox a cikin shekarar 1990s. Bayan wucewa ta da dama iri da ayyuka daban-daban, daga baya ya kafa tushen REL ga MPEG-21 MPEG-21 Sashe na 5 na wannan MPEG misali hada da wani REL. METSRrights METSRights wani tsari ne na tsawaitawa zuwa ma'aunin metadata na METS Amfani da REL Ayyukan REL shine ayyana lasisi, da kuma siffanta waɗannan lasisin dangane da izini ko hani waɗanda suke nuni ga yadda za'a iya amfani da abun a ciki mai alaƙa. "Lasisi" a nan na iya nufin ko dai: "sanannen lasisi", kamar GFDL, Lasisin Apache ko Creative Commons CC-by-sa-3.0 da dai sauransu. Lasisin da aka riga aka ayyana wanda yake kamar waɗannan, amma ba sananne sosai ba. Misalai zasu zama lasisin “shrinkwrap” na mallakar mallaka. Takamammen lasisi wanda aka ƙirƙira tare da ɗaiɗaikun sharuɗɗa da sharuɗɗa, don abun ciki lasisi daga wannan ƙungiya zuwa wani. Sanannun lasisi Ana zaɓi amfani da sanannen lasisi galibi don sauƙi mara ma'ana: GFDL yana nufin iri ɗaya ko wanene ke amfani da shi. Yin amfani da lasisin da ke akwai kuma yana guje wa matsalolin yaɗuwar lasisi Hakanan yana da amfani a yi amfani da irin wannan lasisin, da kuma bincika cewa aikin yana aiki da shi, ba tare da fahimtar cikakken bayani game da abin da ya kunsa ba. Sanin cewa "GFDL abin karɓa ne ga wannan aikin" da "Dukkan waɗannan albarkatun da ke cikin wannan aikin suna amfani da GFDL" ya wadatar. A wannan ma'anar, sanannun lasisi hanya ce don guje wa buƙatar amfani da REL don yin ƙira da cikakkun bayanai na lasisi, sunansa kaɗai ya isa. Duk da wannan, REL na iya kasancewa da amfani tare da waɗannan lasisi. Yana ba da hanyar da za a iya sarrafa na'ura don gano lasisin da ake amfani da shi, guje wa batutuwan suna da yuwuwar shubuha tsakanin "Lasisi na Apache" ko "Lasisi har 2.0 Apache". Marubutan waɗannan lasisin kuma suna buƙatar hanyar bayyana bayanan cikin su. lasisin da aka rigaya ya bayyana Waɗannan suna kama da sanannun lasisi, domin an ayyana su kafin amfani da su kuma ana iya amfani da su a lokuta da yawa na lasisi. Bambancinsu shi ne kasancewar ba a san su ba, ya zama dole a bayyana abin da kowannen su ya kunsa, domin mai amfani zai iya haduwa da kowannen su a karon farko. REL yana ba da hanyoyin yin wannan. Yin amfani da abun ciki mai lasisi a cikin aikin yanzu yana buƙatar kimanta bayanin, "Shin akwai wasu albarkatu a cikin wannan aikin wanda lasisinsa ya hana yanayin da aikin ke buƙata, ko yana buƙatar sharadi wanda aikin ba zai iya ba da izini ba?" To amman Waɗannan na iya haɗawa da mahimmancin ikon rarraba kwafin aikin daga baya, ko kuma sharadi don tantancewa akan allon fantsama wanda ƙila ba za a yarda da wasu ayyukan ba. A cikin buɗaɗɗen software na haɓakawa, ya zama ruwan dare ga ayyuka don ƙirƙirar lasisin nasu a ƙarƙashin sunan aikin nasu, amma don cikakkun bayanai na wannan lasisin ya zama kwafin tukunyar jirgi daga sanannen lasisi, ko ma nuni ga wannan lasisi. REL yakamata ya goyi bayan wannan, yana ba da hanyar lasisi don fayyace su ta hanyar rarraba lasisin da ke akwai da yuwuwar canza halayensu. Yawancin waɗannan lasisin sun fi lasisin banza, Kuma kodayake sauran ayyukan dogaro dole ne su sami damar yin aiki tare da su. Takamaiman lasisi Waɗannan lasisi ne waɗanda aka ƙirƙira kamar yadda ake buƙata, don takamaiman yanki na abun ciki, ko takamaiman masu amfani da ƙarshen. Yawancin lokaci ana yin hakan ne domin su sami takamaiman sharuɗɗan amfani da aka makala a kansu, kamar kwanakin ƙarewa. Kodayake waɗannan lasisin na iya dogara ne akan madaidaicin tukunyar jirgi, kowannensu na musamman ne. Nuna musu da suna ba zai iya aiki ba saboda babu guda ɗaya, tsayayye suna. Don haka yana da mahimmanci a yi amfani da REL don bayyana kowane ɗaya dangane da kaddarorin sa. Misalai na iya haɗawa da kwangilar ƙayyadaddun lokaci don kallon wasanni na TV na wata ɗaya, kamar yadda kwangilar da ke gudana ta biya, da kuma kallon wannan a cikin gida amma ba don nuna shi a cikin gidan jama'a ba. Tsarin REL A jerin gwano na iya amfani da ƙirar ƙirar ƙimar-iri, kamar yadda RDF, don tsara bayanin ƙirar haƙƙin mallaka. Irin wannan samfurin yana bayyana kansa azaman lissafin: Ƙungiyoyi Kankare "abubuwa" ko "classes", misali: Aiki Kadari Abun da ake ba da lasisi. Lasisi Lasin, musamman lokacin da wannan shine ko dai “sanannen lasisi” (inda Ayyuka da yawa za su yi amfani da lasisi mai kama da ƙima, kamar GFDL ko kuma misalin a takamaiman lasisi, kamar haƙƙin sake kunna abun ciki wanda mai amfani ɗaya ya saya. Ƙarshen-mai amfani/Ƙungiyoyi Hanya ce ta gano ƙarshen mai amfani, lokacin da lasisin takamaiman kwangila ne tare da mutum ɗaya ko jiki, da kuma ƙungiyar masu ba da lasisi. Hukunci Ba kasafai aka bayyana a sarari ba, amma muhimmiyar cancanta lokacin da akwai bambance-bambancen doka na gida a cikin dokar IP Halaye "Properties", ko sassan kowane ɗayan waɗannan Abubuwan, misali don lasisi: ƙuntatawa Ayyukan da aka halatta, ko haramun Wasu RELs sun raba waɗannan ƙuntatawa zuwa ƙungiyoyi, saboda ƙima ga kowane ɗayan gaba ɗaya sashe ne na gaba ɗaya (ayyukan da za a iya hana su wani lokaci ba sa zama dole ba) izini haramta bukatu/ wajibai (ko ayyuka) Darajoji Ƙimar waɗannan kaddarorin, daga ƙamus da aka riga aka ayyana, misali 'Yanci huɗu Amfani da Aiki Karatu da gyaggyarawa Aikin Ana sake rarraba kwafi Ana sake rarraba kwafi da aka gyara Buga kadari REL tana fayyace jerin mambobi ga kowane ɗayan waɗannan ƙungiyoyi uku, da alaƙar da aka halatta a tsakanin su. A cikin misalin da ke sama ana iya samun ra'ayoyi na Lasisi, izini da sake rarraba kwafin Sannan Kuma Hakanan ana iya samun alaƙar, Lasisi na iya bayyana hani, kuma ana iya ba da izini daban don sake rarraba kwafin Ana iya yin bayani ta amfani da REL (waɗannan za su kasance a wajen REL kanta) kamar:Wannan yana bayyana sabon lasisi mai ƙima, kuma wanda ke ba da izinin sake rarraba kwafi. Ayyuka na iya amfani da wannan Lasisi ta hanyar komawa gare shi,<p>This web page is licensed under <a rel="license" href="http://example.org/licenses/distribution/" >FooCo's Distribution Permitted Licence</a>. Lura cewa ko da yake an bayyana wannan hasashen lasisin "An halatta Rarrabawa" ta amfani da Creative Commons REL, ba lasisin Ƙirƙirar Commons ba ne. Yana amfani ne kawai da ra'ayoyin "Lasisi", "izni" da "Rarrabawa". Sai dai Ko da yake ba ɗaya daga cikin lasisin Ƙirƙirar Commons da aka ayyana ta wannan aikin ba, yana raba ainihin gama gari na waɗannan sharuɗɗan: "Rarraba" yana da ma'ana ɗaya daidai da ma'anar shari'a a tsakanin su. Misalin W3C ODRL da ke ƙasa yana nuna Yarjejeniya (Lasisi) daga ƙungiyar masu ba da izini don kadari wanda mutum ɗaya zai iya Nunawa (mai amfani), da kuma wani don Buga kadarar.{ "@context": "odrl": "http://www.w3.org/ns/odrl/2/" "@type": "odrl:Agreement", "@id": "http://example.com/policy:4444", "target": "http://example.com/asset:5555", "assigner": "http://example.com/MyPix:55", "permission": "assignee": "http://example.com/guest:0001", "action": "odrl:display" "permission": "assignee": "http://example.com/guest:0002", "action": "odrl:print" Yin aiki tsakanin lasisi Ƙara sha'awar mashups da ayyukan haɗin gwiwa yana haifar da buƙatar haɗa abun ciki, da kuma fasahar ba da lasisi wanda zai iya tallafawa wannan. Hanya mafi sauƙi ita ce haɗa abun ciki kawai a ƙarƙashin sanannun lasisi ɗaya. Wannan yana da wuce gona da iri ko da yake, kuma yawancin lasisi masu jituwa na iya ba da izinin haɗa abun cikin su Duk da haka yana da wahala a yanke hukunci akan wannan, ko an ba shi izini da kuma yadda ya kamata a ba da lasisin abun ciki na sakamakon. Har ila yau ana iya samun tatsuniyoyi lokacin da akwai buƙatu masu ruɓani ko al'amurran da suka shafi Kwafi. Musamman Creative Commons 'sanannen-sharealike' da 'sanannen-ba kasuwanci-sharealike' ba su dace ba. Haɗa lasisi ya fi sauƙi idan duk lasisin da abin ya shafa ana iya bayyana su ta hanyar REL iri ɗaya. A wannan yanayin yana da sauƙin ganin lokacin da izini ko hani ya shafi idan sun yi aƙalla shafi ma'anar "Rarrabawa". Misali a bayyane na wannan shine lasisin Creative Commons, inda dangin lasisi duk an ayyana su cikin sharuddan REL iri ɗaya Ko da an bayyana lasisi daban-daban ta asali ta hanyar REL daban-daban, yana iya yiwuwa a sake yin rikodin lasisi lokaci guda a cikin wani REL da aka raba, Kuma yana mai da su kwatankwacinsu. An bayyana GPL kwanan nan a cikin ccREL, yana ba da wannan fa'ida. Matsalolin aiki tsakanin lasisi Baya ga batutuwan buƙatu masu karo da juna (a sama), akwai kuma batutuwan fasaha wajen kwatanta lasisi. Yawancin waɗannan ana rage su idan ana iya amfani da REL iri ɗaya, koda kuwa lasisin ya bambanta. Harsuna Matsala ta yau da kullun tare da fassarar ma'anar kalma tsakanin tsarawa (kamar RELs) shine a tabbatar da cewa ma'anar kalmomi iri ɗaya ne. Kodayake gidan yanar gizo na ma'anar ya fara amfani da kayan aikin ontology kamar OWL don bayyana ma'ana, yanayin fasaha na REL na yanzu bai wuce wannan ba. Sauƙaƙan aiki, da yuwuwar ƙarar ƙara mai tsada in ba haka ba, yana nufin cewa ma'anar tarukan RELs dole ne su kasance iri ɗaya a sarari, ba wai kawai an faɗi hakan ta hanyar mai tunani ba. Matsalolin yau da kullun suna cikin nuna daidaiton azuzuwan, kadarori da misalai Ga RELs babbar matsala ita ce ga misalan, watau ma'anar ma'anar "Rarraba", "Share-alike" da dai sauransu. Azuzuwan da kaddarorin yawanci ra'ayoyi ne masu sauƙi kuma kama da juna. Ba duk RELs ke goyan bayan duk azuzuwan ba: wasu suna watsi da Hukunci ko ma mai amfani na ƙarshe, gwargwadon buƙatun kasuwar da aka haɓaka su baki ɗaya. Sharuɗɗan pre-shiru Matsalolin da ba a bayyana ba a kwatanta RELs ita ce lokacin da suke da tushe daban-daban. Tushen yana bayyana sharuɗɗan lasisin lokacin da babu takamaiman bayanai da aka haɗa. Wasu RELs suna ɗaukar hanyar "Duk abin da ba a yarda ba haramun ne", wasu (kamar ccREL) Kuma suna amfani da Yarjejeniyar Berne azaman tushen su. Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
31369	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruwan%20gurabatattun%20Robobi	Ruwan gurabatattun Robobi	Ruwan gurbatattun robobi wani nau'i ne na gurɓataccen ruwa ta hanyar robobi, wanda ya bambanta da girman girman daga manyan kayan asali kamar kwalabe,da jaka, har zuwa microplastics da aka samo daga rarrabuwar kayan filastik. tarkacen ruwa an fi zubar da dattin ɗan adam wanda ke yawo a kai, ko kuma aka dakatar da shi a cikin teku. Kashi tamanin na tarkacen ruwa robobi ne. Matsalolin Microplastics da nanoplastics suna haifar da lalacewa ko lalatawar sharar filastik a cikin ruwan saman, koguna ko tekuna. Kwanan nan, masana kimiyya sun gano nanoplastics a cikin dusar ƙanƙara mai yawa, musamman game da tan 3000 da ke rufe Switzerland kowace shekara. An yi kiyasin cewa akwai tarin tarkacen ruwan robobi na tan miliyan 86 a cikin tekun duniya ya zuwa karshen shekarar 2013, inda aka yi zaton kashi 1.4% na robobin da ake samarwa a duniya daga 1950 zuwa 2013 sun shiga, cikin tekun kuma sun taru a can. An ƙiyasta cewa tan miliyan 19-23 na robobi na zubewa cikin halittun ruwa a cikin shekara. Taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na Tekun 2017 ya kiyasta cewa tekuna na iya ƙunsar nauyi a cikin robobi fiye da kifi nan da shekara ta 2050. Tekuna suna gurɓatar da ɓarbashi na robobi masu girma daga manyan kayan asali kamar kwalabe da jakunkuna, har zuwa microplastics da aka samu daga rarrabuwar kayan filastik. Wannan abu yana raguwa a hankali ko kuma an cire shi daga cikin teku don haka barbashi na robobi a yanzu sun yaɗu a ko'ina cikin tekun kuma an san suna da illa ga rayuwar halittun ruwa. Jakunkuna na robobi da aka jefar, zoben fakiti guda shida, buhunan sigari da sauran nau'ikan sharar robobi da suka ƙare a cikin teku suna ba da haɗari ga namun daji da kamun kifi. Ana iya yin barazana ga rayuwar ruwa ta hanyar ruɗewa, shaƙewa, da sha.ref>Six pack rings hazard to wildlife helpwildlife.com</ref> Tarun kamun kifi, wanda yawanci aka yi da filastik, masunta za su iya barin ko ɓace a cikin teku. An san shi da ragamar fatalwa, waɗannan kifaye masu haɗaka, dolphins, kunkuru na teku, sharks, dugongs, crocodiles, tsuntsayen teku, kaguwa, da sauran halittu, suna hana motsi, haifar da yunwa, laceration, kamuwa da cuta, kuma, a cikin waɗanda suke buƙatar komawa saman zuwa ga numfashi, shaƙewa. Akwai nau'ikan robobin teku daban-daban da ke haifar da matsala ga ruwa. An gano kwalabe a cikin kunkuru da tsuntsayen teku, waɗanda suka mutu saboda toshewar hanyoyin numfashi da na narkewar abinci. Rukunin fatalwa kuma nau'in robobin teku ne mai matsala saboda suna iya ci gaba da kama rayuwar ruwa a cikin tsarin da aka sani da "fatalwa kifi". Mafi girma 10 da ke fitar da gurɓacewar filastik teku a duniya, daga mafi ƙanƙanta, China, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Masar, Malaysia, Nigeria, da Bangladesh, sun fi girma ta cikin kogin Yangtze, Indus., Yellow, Hai, Nile, Ganges, Pearl, Amur, Niger, and the Mekong, da kuma lissafin kashi 90 cikin 100 na dukkan robobin da ke isa tekunan duniya. Asiya ita ce kan gaba wajen samar da sharar robobi da ba a sarrafa ba, inda China kaɗai ke da nauyin metric ton miliyan 2.4. Filastik suna taruwa ne saboda ba sa lalacewa kamar yadda sauran abubuwa ke yi. Za su yi photodegrade a kan fallasa rana, amma suna yin haka da kyau kawai a ƙarƙashin yanayin bushe, kuma ruwa yana hana wannan tsari. A cikin mahalli na ruwa, robobin da aka lalatar da su yana tarwatsewa zuwa ƙananan ƙananan guda yayin da sauran polymers, har zuwa matakin ƙwayoyin cuta. Lokacin da ɓarbashi na filastik masu iyo suna yin hoto zuwa girman zooplankton, jellyfish yayi ƙoƙarin cinye su, kuma ta wannan hanyar filastik ta shiga cikin sarkar abinci na teku. Magani ga gurɓataccen filastik na ruwa, tare da gurɓataccen filastik a cikin yanayin gaba ɗaya za a haɗa su tare da canje-canje a cikin masana'antu da ayyukan marufi, da raguwar amfani, musamman, samfuran filastik guda ɗaya ko gajere. Akwai ra'ayoyi da yawa don tsaftace robobi a cikin tekuna ciki har da tarko ɓarɓashi na robobi a bakin kogi kafin shiga cikin teku, da kuma tsaftace magudanar ruwa. Iyakar matsalar Ana gane gurɓacewar ruwa da abubuwan filastik ke haifarwa a matsayin batu mafi girman girma, daga yanayin ƙazanta. Yawancin robobin da ake amfani da su a rayuwar yau da kullun na mutane ba a sake yin amfani da su, har zuwa kashi 90% kuma sama da tan miliyan 8 na sharar filastik ana jefa su cikin teku duk shekara. Idan aka ci gaba da haka, to nan da shekara ta 2050 za a samu robobi fiye da kifaye a duniya da nauyi. A cikin shekaru goma na farko na ƙarni, an ƙirƙiri ƙarin robobi fiye da duk filastik a tarihi har zuwa shekara ta 2000 kuma yawancin robobin ba a sake sarrafa su ba. Akwai kimanin nau'in filastik tiriliyan 15 zuwa 51 a cikin dukkan tekunan duniya da suka tashi daga saman teku zuwa benen teku. Tekuna su ne mafi zurfi a duniya kuma mafi fa'ida ta ruwa tare da matsakaicin zurfin filayen abyssal yana da kusan kilomita 4 ƙarƙashin matakin teku. Ƙarƙashin nauyi zai motsa a dabi'a da canja wurin kayan daga ƙasa zuwa teku, tare da tekun ya zama wurin ajiyar ƙarshe. Ɗaya daga cikin kiyasin samar da filastik na tarihi ya ba da adadi na metric tonnes (Mt) miliyan 8300 don samar da robobi na duniya har zuwa 2015, wanda kashi 79 cikin 100 an tara a cikin wuraren zubar da ruwa ko kuma yanayin yanayi. Kimanin tan miliyan 8 na sharar filastik na shiga cikin tekunan kowace shekara. A cewar ICUN, wannan adadin ya ƙaru zuwa tan miliyan 14 na filastik. Rashin gurɓataccen filastik na teku yana da ban mamaki don girman kasancewarsa, daga ramukan teku, a cikin zurfin ruwa mai zurfi, a kan tekun teku da ƙwanƙolin teku zuwa saman teku da gaɓar teku. Ko da tsibirin atolls masu nisa na iya samun rairayin bakin teku masu cike da robobi daga tushe mai nisa. A saman teku, tarkacen filastik yana mai da hankali a cikin sifofin madauwari na babban yanki, wanda ake kira da gyres ocean. Gine-ginen teku suna samuwa a cikin dukkan tekuna, saboda mu'amalar igiyoyin tekun na duniya. Magudanar ruwa na teku suna tattara sharar filastik a cikin gyres. Ana ƙara ƙera robobi saboda sassauƙansu, gyare-gyare da halaye masu ɗorewa, wanda ke ba da filastik tare da ɗimbin aikace-aikace masu amfani. Filastik suna da matuƙar juriya ga tsarin yanayin yanayi wanda ke rushe wasu abubuwa da yawa a saman duniya. Tsarin teku, gami da guguwa, aikin igiyar ruwa, magudanar ruwa, hydration, da fallasa saman ga tsarin yanayin yanayi (misali iskar shaka) da hasken ultraviolet, ayan karya ɓarɓashi filastik cikin girma masu raguwa (sakamakon microplastics), maimakon organically narkewa. ko sinadarai canza kayan filastik. Ƙididdiga na jimlar adadin da nauyin robobi a cikin yankuna biyar na tekun gyre filastik sun kasance na tsari na ɓarɓashi tiriliyan 5.25 masu nauyin kusan tan 300,000. Rage girman ƙwayoyin filastik zuwa millimita da ƙananan ma'auni suna ba da damar filastik don daidaitawa a cikin ruwan teku mai zurfi, tare da watakila sau hudu fiye da filastik da ke ƙarewa a cikin sediments idan aka kwatanta da ruwan teku. Filastik yanzu wani bangare ne na hadaddun kemikal na kwayoyin halitta tare da rayayyun halittu, irin su cetaceans, tsuntsun teku, dabbobi masu shayarwa, da ƙwayoyin cuta, masu shigar da robobi. Fiye da tan miliyan 300 na robobi ake samar da su kowace shekara, rabinsu ana amfani da su a cikin samfuran amfani guda ɗaya kamar kofuna, jakunkuna, da marufi. An kiyasta cewa tan miliyan 19-23 na robobi na zubewa cikin halittun ruwa a shekara. Ba shi yiwuwa a san tabbas, amma an kiyasta cewa akwai kimanin tan miliyan 150 na robobi a cikin tekunan mu. Gurbacewar robobi na samar da kashi 80% na duk tarkacen ruwa daga saman ruwa zuwa magudanan ruwa mai zurfi. Saboda robobi suna da haske, yawancin wannan gurɓacewar ana ganin su a ciki da wajen tekun, amma a halin yanzu ana samun sharar filastik da barbashi a mafi yawan wuraren zama na ruwa da na ƙasa, gami da teku mai zurfi, Manyan Tafkuna, murjani reefs, rairayin bakin teku, koguna, da rairayin bakin teku. Shaidar da ta fi daukar hankulan jama’a kan matsalar robobin teku ita ce tarkacen datti da ke taruwa a yankunan gyale. Gire shine madauwari mai da'ira ta hanyar iskar duniya da kuma ƙarfin jujjuyawar duniya. Akwai manyan ginshiƙan teku guda biyar: Arewa da Kudancin Pacific Subtropical Gyres, Arewa da Kudancin Tekun Atlantika Gyre, da Gyre Subtropical Tekun Indiya. Akwai mahimman facin datti a kowanne ɗayan waɗannan. Manyan sharar robobi za a iya cinye su ta hanyar nau'in ruwa, suna cika cikinsu kuma ya kai su ga yarda cewa sun cika yayin da a zahiri ba su da wani abu na abinci mai gina jiki. Wannan na iya kawo tsuntsayen teku, Whales, kifi, da kunkuru su mutu saboda yunwa tare da cike da robobi. Hakanan ana iya shaƙa nau'in magudanar ruwa ko kuma a haɗa su cikin dattin filastik. Babbar barazanar gurɓacewar filastik teku ta fito ne daga microplastics. Waɗannan ƙananan tarkace ne na tarkacen filastik, wasu daga cikinsu an samar da su don zama wannan ƙananan kamar microbeads. Sauran microplastics sun fito ne daga yanayin babban sharar filastik. Da zarar manyan sharar filastik sun shiga cikin teku, ko kowace hanyar ruwa, hasken rana, yanayin zafi, zafi, raƙuman ruwa, da iska suna fara karya robobin zuwa guntu mai tsayi fiye da millimita biyar. Hakanan za'a iya rushe robobi ta hanyar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda za su ci tarkacen robobi, su wargaje su ƙanƙanta, ko dai su fitar da waɗannan microplastics ko kuma su tofa su. A cikin gwaje-gwajen gwaje-gwaje, an gano cewa amphipods na nau'in Orchestia gammarellus na iya cinye guntuwar buhunan robobi cikin sauri, tare da tarwatsa buhu ɗaya zuwa gaɓoɓin ɓangarorin microscopic miliyan 1.75. Duk da cewa robobin ya karye, amma har yanzu wani abu ne da mutum ya yi wanda ba ya lalacewa. An ƙiyasta cewa kusan kashi 90% na robobi a cikin mahallin marine pelagic sune microplastics. Wadannan microplastics ana yawan cinye su ta hanyar ƙwayoyin ruwa a gindin sarkar abinci, kamar plankton da tsutsa na kifi, wanda ke haifar da tarin filastik da aka ci sama da sarkar abinci. Ana samar da robobi ne da sinadarai masu guba, don haka wadannan abubuwa masu guba suna shiga cikin sarkar abinci na ruwa, ciki har da kifin da wasu mutane ke ci. Nau'in tushe da adadin kuɗi Sharar da robobin da ke shiga cikin teku yana karuwa kowace shekara tare da yawancin robobin da ke shiga cikin tekun suna cikin barbashi kasa da milimita 5. an kiyasta cewa akwai kusan tan miliyan 150 na gurbacewar filastik a cikin tekunan duniya, wanda aka ƙiyasta ya kai tan miliyan 250 a shekarar 2025. Wani bincike ya kiyasta cewa a cikin 2012, ya kai kusan tan miliyan 165. A shekara ta 2020 wani bincike ya gano cewa Tekun Atlantika ya ƙunshi robobi kusan sau goma fiye da yadda ake zato. Mafi girman nau'in gurɓataccen filastik guda ɗaya (~10 kuma yawancin manyan robobi a cikin teku ana watsar da su kuma ana asarar gidajensu daga masana'antar kamun kifi. Hukumar Conservancy ta Ocean Conservancy ta bayar da rahoton cewa, Sin, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, da Vietnam suna zubar da robobi a cikin teku fiye da sauran ƙasashen duniya. Wani bincike da aka yi kiyasin cewa akwai fiye da tiriliyan 5 na robobi (wanda aka siffanta su zuwa nau'o'i huɗu na ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, manyan microplastics, meso- da macroplastics) suna shawagi a teku. A cikin 2020, sabbin ma'auni sun sami fiye da ninki 10 na filastik a cikin Tekun Atlantika fiye da yadda aka yi ƙiyasin a can. A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2019, lokacin da bincike ya nuna yawancin gurbatar robobin teku suna fitowa ne daga jiragen dakon kaya na kasar Sin, mai magana da yawun tsaftar teku ya ce: “Kowa yana magana ne game da ceton tekunan ta hanyar dakatar da amfani da jakunkuna, bambaro da marufi guda daya. Wannan yana da mahimmanci, amma idan muka tashi a kan teku, ba lallai ba ne abin da muke samu ba." Kusan kashi 20% na tarkacen filastik da ke gurbata ruwan teku, wanda ke fassara zuwa tan miliyan 5.6, ya fito ne daga tushen teku. MARPOL, yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa, "ta sanya cikakken hana zubar da robobi a teku". Jiragen ƴan kasuwa suna korar kaya, najasa, kayan aikin likita da aka yi amfani da su, da sauran nau'ikan sharar da ke dauke da robobi a cikin teku. A Amurka, Dokar Bincike da Kula da Gurɓatar Ruwa ta Ruwa ta 1987 ta hana fitar da robobi a cikin teku, gami da jiragen ruwa na ruwa. Jiragen ruwa da na bincike suna fitar da sharar gida da kayan aikin soja waɗanda ake ganin ba lallai ba ne. Sana'ar jin daɗi tana sakin kayan kamun kifi da sauran nau'ikan sharar gida, ko dai da gangan ko ta hanyar sakaci. Mafi girma tushen tushen gurbataccen robobi a cikin teku ana jefar da kayan kamun kifi (ciki har da tarkuna da taruna), an ƙiyasta ya kai kashi 90% na tarkacen filastik a wasu wurare. Litattafan roba na nahiyoyi na shiga cikin tekun ta hanyar guguwar ruwa, da ke kwarara cikin magudanan ruwa ko kuma a watsar da su kai tsaye zuwa cikin ruwan bakin teku. An nuna robobi a cikin teku yana bin magudanar ruwa wanda a ƙarshe ya zama abin da ake kira Great Garbage Patches. Sanin hanyoyin da robobi ke bi a cikin magudanan ruwa na zuwa ne daga fadowar kwantena na bazata daga masu jigilar kayayyaki. Alal misali, a watan Mayun 1990 Jirgin Hansa, wanda ya tashi daga Koriya zuwa Amurka, ya rabu saboda guguwa, wanda ya haifar da dubban takalma da aka zubar; Waɗannan daga ƙarshe sun fara nunawa a gabar tekun yammacin Amurka, da Hawaii. Tasirin microplastic da macroplastic a cikin teku ba a fuskantar kutse kai tsaye ta hanyar zubar da robobi a cikin halittun ruwa, amma ta gurbatattun koguna waɗanda ke kaiwa ko ƙirƙirar hanyoyin shiga tekuna a duk faɗin duniya. Koguna na iya yin aiki azaman tushen tushe ko nutsewa dangane da mahallin. Koguna suna karɓa kuma suna tattara yawancin filastik amma kuma suna iya hana kaso mai kyau shiga cikin teku. Koguna sune tushen gurɓacewar filastik a cikin yanayin ruwa suna ba da gudummawa kusan 80% a cikin binciken kwanan nan. Adadin robobin da aka rubuta yana cikin teku ya yi ƙasa da adadin robobin da ke shiga cikin teku a kowane lokaci. A cewar wani binciken da aka yi a Burtaniya, akwai manyan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan macroplastic "manyan goma" waɗanda ke da alaƙa da mabukaci kawai (wanda ke cikin teburin da ke ƙasa). A cikin wannan binciken, an ƙidaya abubuwa 192,213 da aka ƙidaya tare da matsakaita na 71% kasancewa filastik kuma 59% sune abubuwan macroplastic masu alaƙa da mabukaci. Ko da yake gurbatar ruwa shine babban abin da ke haifar da gurbatar ruwan robobi a cikin ruwa, babu wani bincike da aka yi da kuma tattara bayanai na yawan gurbacewar da ke fitowa daga ruwa zuwa ruwa. Yawancin takardu sun kammala cewa akwai ƙarancin tattara bayanai na tarkacen filastik a cikin ruwa mai tsabta da kuma yanayin ƙasa, kodayake waɗannan sune manyan masu ba da gudummawa. Bukatar canjin manufofi a cikin samarwa, amfani, zubarwa, da sarrafa sharar gida yana da mahimmanci don rage adadin da yuwuwar filastik don shiga wuraren ruwa mai tsabta. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 1994 a kan gadon teku ta hanyar amfani da tarunan kwalwa a arewa-maso-yammacin Bahar Rum a kusa da gaɓar tekun Spain, Faransa, da Italiya, ya ba da rahoton ma'anar tarin tarkace na abubuwa 1,935 a kowace murabba'in kilomita. tarkacen filastik ya kai kashi 77%, wanda kashi 93% na buhunan filastik ne. Tushen tushen gurɓacewar filastik teku Ƙididdiga don gudummawar robobi na tushen ƙasa sun bambanta sosai. Yayin da wani bincike ya yi kiyasin cewa sama da kashi 80 cikin 100 na tarkacen robobi a cikin ruwan teku sun fito ne daga tushen ƙasa, wanda ke da alhakin kowace shekara. A cikin 2015, an ƙididdige cewa na sharar filastik an samar da shi a cikin ƙasashe 192 na bakin teku a cikin 2010, tare da shiga cikin teku kashi na kawai har zuwa 5%. A cikin wani binciken da Kimiyya ta buga, Jambeck et al (2015) ya kiyasta cewa 10 mafi girma masu fitar da gurɓata ce filastik na teku a duniya, daga mafi girma zuwa mafi ƙanƙanta, China, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Masar, Malaysia, Najeriya, da Bangladesh. Wata majiya da ta haifar da damuwa ita ce zubar da ƙasa Yawancin sharar gida a cikin nau'in filastik a cikin wuraren da ake zubar da ƙasa abubuwa ne masu amfani guda ɗaya kamar marufi. Yin watsi da robobi ta wannan hanya yana haifar da tarawa. Ko da yake zubar da sharar robobi a cikin wuraren shara yana da ƙasa da haɗarin hayaƙin iskar gas fiye da zubarwa ta hanyar ƙonawa, tsohon yana da iyakokin sarari. Wani abin damuwa shi ne cewa masu layin da ke aiki a matsayin matakan kariya tsakanin wuraren da ake zubar da ƙasa da muhalli na iya karyewa, ta haka za su zubar da guba da kuma gurɓata ƙasa da ruwa da ke kusa. Wuraren da ke kusa da teku sukan ba da gudummawa ga tarkacen teku saboda abubuwan cikin sauƙi ana share su kuma ana jigilar su zuwa teku ta hanyar iska ko ƙananan magudanan ruwa kamar koguna da koguna. Har ila yau, tarkacen ruwa na iya haifar da ruwan najasa wanda ba a kula da shi yadda ya kamata ba, wanda a ƙarshe ake kai shi cikin teku ta koguna. Hakanan ana iya ɗaukar abubuwan robobin da aka jefar ba daidai ba zuwa cikin tekuna ta cikin ruwa da mai haɗari. Nurdles Ƙananan Robobis Babban damuwa game da gurɓataccen filastik a cikin yanayin yanayin ruwa shine amfani da microplastics. Microplastics gefe ne na filastik ƙasa da faɗin milimita 5, kuma galibi ana samun su a cikin sabulun hannu, masu wanke fuska, da sauran abubuwan cirewa. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da waɗannan samfuran, ƙwayoyin microplastics suna bi ta hanyar tsarin tace ruwa zuwa cikin teku, amma saboda ƙananan girmansu da alama za su iya tserewa kamawa ta hanyar allon jiyya na farko akan tsire-tsire na ruwa. Waɗannan gefen suna da illa ga halittun da ke cikin teku, musamman masu tace abinci, domin suna iya shiga cikin sauki cikin robobi kuma su yi rashin lafiya. Microplastics suna da matuƙar damuwa saboda yana da wuya a tsaftace su saboda girmansu, don haka mutane na iya ƙoƙarin guje wa amfani da waɗannan robobi masu cutarwa ta hanyar siyan samfuran da ke amfani da abubuwan da ba su dace da muhalli ba. Saboda ana amfani da filastik sosai a duk faɗin duniya, microplastics sun zama tartsatsi a cikin yanayin ruwa. Misali, ana iya samun microplastics akan rairayin bakin teku masu yashi da ruwan saman da kuma a cikin ginshiƙin ruwa da zurfin ruwan teku. Ana kuma samun nau'ikan halittun ruwa kamar matattun kayan halitta (nama da harsashi) da wasu barbashi na ƙasa (waɗanda iska ke hura su kuma a kai su cikin teku ta koguna). Bayan isa ga mahalli na ruwa, makomar microplastics tana ƙarƙashin direbobin da ke faruwa a zahiri, kamar iskoki da igiyoyin ruwa na saman teku. Samfuran ƙididdiga suna iya gano ƙananan tarkacen filastik (micro- da meso-robobi) da ke yawo a cikin teku, don haka yin hasashen makomarsu. Microplastics suna shiga hanyoyin ruwa ta hanyoyi da yawa da suka haɗa da lalacewar fenti na titi, lalacewar taya da kurar birni da ke shiga magudanan ruwa, pellet ɗin robobi da suka zubo daga kwantena na jigilar kayayyaki, tarun fatalwa da sauran yadudduka na roba da aka zubar a cikin teku, kayan kwalliya da kayan wanki da ke shiga cikin ruwan najasa da kayan rigunan ruwa. a kan jirãge wulãkanci. Wasu microplastics suna barin teku suna shiga iska, kamar yadda masu bincike daga Jami'ar Strathclyde suka gano a cikin 2020. Wasu sun kasance a saman teku; Microplastics suna da kashi 92% na tarkacen filastik a saman teku, a cewar wani bincike na 2018. Wasu kuma suna nutsewa zuwa saman teku. Hukumar kimiya ta kasa ta Ostiraliya CSIRO ta kiyasta cewa tan miliyan 14 na microplastics sun riga sun kasance a saman teku a cikin 2020. Wannan yana wakiltar ƙaruwa daga ƙiyasin 2015 cewa tekunan duniya sun ƙunshi metric ton dubu 93-236 na microplastics da kuma kiyasin 2018 na tan dubu 270. Hukumar Conservancy ta Ocean Conservancy ta bayar da rahoton cewa, Sin, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, da Vietnam suna zubar da robobi a cikin teku fiye da sauran ƙasashen duniya. Nazarin rarraba tarkacen filastik saman gabashin tekun Pacific (ba musamman microplastic ba, ko da yake, kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, yawancin yuwuwar microplastic) yana taimakawa wajen kwatanta karuwar yawan robobi a cikin teku. Ta hanyar yin amfani da bayanai akan ƙwayar filastik ta saman (yankuna na filastik a kowace km 2 daga 1972 zuwa 1985 (n=60) da 2002-2012 (n 457) a cikin yanki ɗaya na tara filastik, binciken ya gano ma'anar ƙimar ƙwayar filastik tsakanin saitin bayanai guda biyu, gami da haɓakar ninki 10 na 18,160 zuwa 189,800 na filastik a kowace kilomita 2 Microplastics na Arctic Ocean sun fito ne daga tushen Atlantic, musamman Turai da Arewacin Amurka. Wani bincike ya gano cewa, an gano wasu na'urorin da ake kira da microplastics daga tekuna a cikin iskar teku. An tabbatar da shigar da robobi ta halittun ruwa a cikin zurfin teku. An samo microplastic a cikin ciki na amphipods na magana da aka samo daga Japan, Izu-Bonin, Mariana, Kermadec, New Hebrides da kuma ramukan Peru-Chile. Amphipods na Mariana Trench an gwada su a 10,890 m kuma duk sun ƙunshi microfibres. Microplastics na iya maida hankali a cikin gills da hanji na rayuwar ruwa kuma suna iya tsoma baki tare da halayen ciyar da su, yawanci yana haifar da mutuwa. Ƙirƙirar ƙwayoyin microplastics na iya yin babban tasiri akan hanyar samun abinci, don haka canza yanayin muhalli da ba da gudummawa ga asarar bambancin halittu
30297	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin%20zarafin%20ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20mallaka	Cin zarafin haƙƙin mallaka	Cin zarafin haƙƙin mallaka shine ƙaddamar da wani haramtaccen aiki game da ƙirƙira haƙƙin mallaka ba tare da izini daga mai riƙe da haƙƙin mallaka ba. Ana iya ba da izini yawanci ta hanyar lasisi Sannan Kuma Ma'anar ƙetare haƙƙin mallaka na iya bambanta ta hanyar hurumi, amma yawanci ya haɗa da amfani ko siyar da ƙirƙirar haƙƙin mallaka. A cikin ƙasashe da yawa, ana buƙatar amfani don zama kasuwanci (ko don samun manufar kasuwanci don zama ƙetare ikon mallaka. An ayyana iyakar ƙirƙirar haƙƙin mallaka ko iyakar kariya a cikin iƙirarin da aka ba da haƙƙin mallaka. Kuma Ma'ana, sharuɗɗan da'awar suna sanar da jama'a abin da ba a yarda da shi ba tare da izinin mai haƙƙin mallaka ba. Halayen haƙƙin mallaka yanki ne, kuma cin zarafi ba zai yiwu ba ne kawai a cikin ƙasar da ake aiki da haƙƙin mallaka. Misali, idan an ba da haƙƙin mallaka a Amurka, sannan Kuma to duk wani mutum a ƙasar Amurka an hana shi yin, amfani, sayarwa ko shigo da abin da aka mallaka, yayin da mutane a wasu ƙasashe na iya samun ’yancin yin amfani da ƙirƙirar ƙirƙira a ƙasarsu. Iyakar kariyar na iya bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa, saboda ana bincika alamar haƙƙin mallaka ko a wasu ƙasashe ba a bincikar su sosai ta ofishin haƙƙin mallaka a kowace ƙasa ko yanki kuma yana iya kasancewa ƙarƙashin buƙatun ikon mallaka daban-daban. Bayanin Yawanci, ƙungiya (banda mai haƙƙin mallaka ko mai lasisi na mai mallakar haƙƙin mallaka) wanda ke kera, shigo da shi, amfani, siyarwa, ko bayar da siyar da fasahar haƙƙin mallaka ba tare da izini/lasisi Kuma daga mai haƙƙin mallaka ba, a cikin wa'adin haƙƙin mallaka da kuma cikin ƙasar da ta bayar. patent, ana la'akari da keta haƙƙin mallaka. Gwajin ya bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa, amma gabaɗaya yana buƙatar samfurin ɓangaren da ya keta (ko hanya, sabis, da sauransu) ya faɗi cikin ɗaya ko fiye na iƙirarin ikon mallaka. Tsarin da ake amfani da shi ya ƙunshi "karanta" da'awar akan fasahar sha'awa. Idan an sami duk abubuwan da'awar a cikin fasaha, sannan da'awar an ce "karanta" fasahar; idan kashi ɗaya daga cikin da'awar ya ɓace daga fasaha, da'awar ba ta karanta a zahiri akan fasaha ba kuma fasahar gabaɗaya ba ta keta haƙƙin mallaka dangane da waccan da'awar, sai dai idan an yi la'akari da koyaswar daidaitawa Dangane da zarge-zargen cin zarafi, wanda ake zargi da laifin keta haddi yakan tabbatar da ɗaya ko fiye daga cikin masu zuwa: cewa ba ta aiwatar da ƙirƙirar haƙƙin mallaka ba, watau ƙirƙirar da aka yi da'awar a cikin haƙƙin mallaka (da'awar ta fayyace iyakar kariyar da wani haƙƙin mallaka ke bayarwa); cewa ba ta yin duk wani aiki na cin zarafi a cikin yankin da ke ƙarƙashin ikon mallaka (hakika haƙƙin mallaka na yanki ne); cewa haƙƙin mallaka ya ƙare (tun da ikon mallaka yana da ƙayyadaddun ikon mallaka, watau iyakacin rayuwa); cewa haƙƙin mallaka (ko takamaiman da'awar da ake zargin an keta) ba shi da inganci, saboda ƙirƙirar da ake magana a kai ba ta cika buƙatun haƙƙin mallaka ba ko kuma ya haɗa da nakasu na yau da kullun, wannan yana mai da ikon mallakar ya zama mara inganci ko ba a iya aiwatar da shi; cewa ya sami lasisi a ƙarƙashin patent. Hakanan ɓangarorin na iya warware takaddamarsu a cikin sulhu, wanda zai iya haɗa da yarjejeniyar lasisi, kamar yarjejeniyar ba da lasisi Kuma Masu zaman kansu ƙauyuka na iya ba ko da yaushe bauta wa jama'a sha'awa, "saboda shari'ar lamban kira rigingimu zuwa kammala o ƙarin tabbatar da samar da tabbatacce externalities, sannan ta bayyana da iyaka da lamban kira kariya idan da lamban kira da aka kiyaye ko karfafa fadi amfani da bidi'a idan lamban kira ya lalace". Cin zarafi kai tsaye A cikin wasu hukunce-hukuncen, akwai wani lamari na musamman na keta haƙƙin mallaka wanda ake kira "indirect infringement." Kuma Za a iya cin zarafi kai tsaye, misali, lokacin da aka yi da'awar na'ura a cikin haƙƙin mallaka kuma wani ɓangare na uku ya ba da samfur wanda za'a iya amfani da shi kawai don yin na'urar da'awar. Doka Ostiraliya A Ostiraliya, cin zarafin haƙƙin mallaka yana faruwa ne lokacin da mutum, wanda ba shi ba, sannan ya yi amfani ko ba da izini ga wani mutum ya yi amfani da haƙƙin mallaka da ake tambaya. 'Amfani' a cikin wannan mahallin ya haɗa da: (i) Yi, hayar, siyarwa ko kuma zubar da wani haƙƙin mallaka; ko (ii) Bayar don yin, siyarwa, hayar ko in ba haka ba zubar da samfur mai haƙƙin mallaka; ko (iii) Yi amfani ko shigo da samfurin haƙƙin mallaka; ko (iv) A kiyaye shi don dalilai na yin (i), (ii) ko (iii); ko (v) Yi amfani da haƙƙin mallaka ko tsari; ko (vi) Yi duk wani aiki da aka ambata daga (i) zuwa (iv) a sama dangane da samfurin da ya samo asali daga amfani da wata hanya ko tsari. Kanada A Kanada, Ƙididdiga ta Patent tana gudanar da haƙƙin mallaka, kuma an taƙaita haƙƙoƙin mai haƙƙin mallaka a s. 42: Ta hanyar samar da kayan aikin mallaka na musamman, sannan gata da 'yanci na yin, gini ne da cewa duk wani mutum yin, ko kuma sayar da sabuwar hali na da ke haifar da cewa yana nuna cewa patent. Ko an sami keta haƙƙin mallaka yawanci tambaya ce ta gaskiya Ana ɗaukar Kanada a matsayin mafi abota ga masu haƙƙin mallaka fiye da na Amurka, saboda babban bambance-bambance tsakanin hukunce-hukuncen biyu: Patents a Kanada suna ƙarƙashin wani m gini, wanda ya dogara a kan karanta biyu da'awar da kuma bayani dalla-dalla domin sanin ikon yinsa, da ikon mallakar, da extrinsic shaida ba a yarda, kai ga rashi na tuhuma tarihi estoppel Yayin da alkalai ke sauraron shari'ar mallakar haƙƙin mallaka na Amurka, alkali ne kawai ke sauraren shari'ar Kanada, don haka ana yin iƙirarin iƙirarin haƙƙin mallaka na Kanada sau ɗaya kawai a matsayin wani ɓangare na hukuncin da alkali mai shari'a ya yanke kan ingancin shari'ar gaba ɗaya. Dangane da haka, Kotun daukaka kara ta Tarayya ta yanke hukuncin cewa ba a yarda da kararrakin Markman a karkashin dokar Kanada. A Kanada, mai nema ba shi da wani takalifi don bayyana kayan kafin fasaha, don haka ba za a iya ɓarna abubuwan haƙƙin mallaka ba akan haka. Irin wannan rashin takalifi kuma yana nufin cewa dokar gasa ba za ta shigo cikin wasa ba, sabanin abin da ke faruwa tare da dokar hana amana a Amurka. Tsarin gano Kanada ya fi tsarin tsarin Amurka, wanda ya haifar da ƙarancin farashi da lokaci wajen aiwatar da ƙarar, kuma yana da wata ƙa'idar aiki mai ma'ana, hana amfani da bayanan da aka samarwa ko bayyana a cikin ganowa daga kowace manufa banda shari'ar da ake ciki yanzu banda izinin kotu). Dokokin Kanada sun ba mai ƙara damar zaɓar don neman ko dai diyya ko lissafin riba, wanda zai iya zama ko dai ya zama abin hana cin zarafi ko kuma abin ƙarfafawa don cimma matsaya kafin shari'a. Samuwar farashi a kotunan Kanada babbar fa'ida ce ga mai shigar da kara yana da kwarin guiwar samun nasara, amma kuma yana hana bin wasu kararraki masu hasashe. Ba a bayar da lamuni na kututture a kotunan Kanada, kuma ba a yi yuwuwar bayar da diyya ta hukunci ba. Turai A cikin Turai, cin zarafin haƙƙin mallaka na haƙƙin mallaka na ƙasa da haƙƙin mallaka na Turai da gaske ne kotunan ƙasa ke aiwatar da su. Sannna Ko da yake ana ba da haƙƙin mallaka na Turai ta Ofishin Ba da Lamuni na Turai, waɗannan jagorar haƙƙin mallaka na Turai ana aiwatar da su a matakin ƙasa, watau a kowace ƙasa. Yawancin ƙasashe memba na Tarayyar Turai sun amince su kafa tsarin ikon mallakar ƙasa (wanda a da ake kira Community patent Kuma bisa ga abin da haƙƙin mallaka za su kasance a tsakiya a gaban Kotun Haɗin Kan Haɗin Kai Koyaya, rubutun doka masu dacewa ba su fara aiki ba tukuna. Japan An bayyana cin zarafi a ƙarƙashin dokar haƙƙin mallaka a Japan ta hanyar Mataki na ashirin da 101 na Dokar Haɓaka (Dokar 121 ta shekarata 1959), wanda ke nuna waɗannan ayyukan za a ɗauka su zama cin zarafi na haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka ko keɓaɓɓen lasisi: (i) inda aka ba da izinin ƙirƙira samfur, ayyukan samarwa, sanyawa, da dai sauransu, shigo da kaya ko bayar da aiki, da dai sauransu duk wani samfurin da za a yi amfani da shi kawai don samar da wannan samfurin a matsayin kasuwanci; (ii) inda aka ba da izinin ƙirƙira samfur, ayyukan samarwa, sanyawa, da dai sauransu, shigo da ko bayar da aiki, da dai sauransu kowane samfur (ban da waɗanda aka rarraba a cikin Japan) don amfani da su don samarwa samfurin da aka ce kuma ba makawa don magance matsalar ta hanyar ƙirƙira a matsayin kasuwanci, sanin cewa ƙirƙirar da aka ce ƙirƙira ce ta haƙƙin mallaka kuma samfurin da aka faɗi ana amfani da shi don aikin ƙirar; (iii) inda aka ba da haƙƙin mallaka don ƙirƙirar tsari, Kuma ayyukan samarwa, sanyawa, da dai sauransu, shigo da kaya ko bayar da aiki, da dai sauransu duk wani samfurin da za a yi amfani da shi na musamman don amfani da wannan tsarin azaman kasuwanci; kuma (iv) inda aka ba da izini don ƙirƙirar tsari, ayyukan samarwa, sanyawa, da dai sauransu, shigo da ko bayar da aiki, da dai sauransu kowane samfur (ban da waɗanda aka rarraba a cikin Japan) don amfani da su don amfani da Hanyar da aka fada kuma ba makawa don magance matsalar ta hanyar kirkirar da aka ambata, sannan sanin cewa wannan ƙirƙirar ƙirƙira ce ta haƙƙin mallaka kuma samfurin da aka faɗi ana amfani da shi don yin aikin ƙirƙira azaman kasuwanci. Ƙasar Ingila An fayyace cin zarafi a ƙarƙashin dokar mallakar mallaka ta United Kingdom ta Sashe na 60 na Dokar Ba da Lamuni ta Burtaniya 1977 (kamar yadda aka gyara), wanda ya tsara nau'ikan cin zarafi masu zuwa: Inda abin ƙirƙira wani samfuri ne, ta hanyar yin, zubarwa, miƙawa don zubar, amfani, shigo da ko adana haƙƙin mallaka. Inda ƙirƙira wani tsari ne, ta amfani, ko tayin amfani inda aka san cewa amfani da tsarin zai zama ƙeta. Hakanan, ta hanyar zubar, tayin zubar, amfani ko shigo da samfurin da aka samu kai tsaye ta hanyar wannan tsari, ko kiyaye kowane irin wannan samfur na zubarwa ko akasin haka. Ta hanyar samarwa, sannan ko tayin bayarwa, a cikin Burtaniya, mutumin da ba shi da ikon yin aikin ƙirƙira, tare da kowace hanya, da ta shafi wani muhimmin abu na ƙirƙira, don sanya abin da aka ƙirƙira ya fara aiki, lokacin da aka sani ko yana da kyau a yi tsammanin irin wannan ilimin) cewa waɗannan hanyoyin sun dace don sanyawa, kuma ana nufin sanya, ƙirƙira ta fara aiki a cikin Burtaniya. Amurka A cikin dokar Amurka, Kuma za a iya cin zarafi a inda wanda ake tuhuma ya yi, yayi amfani, ko ya sayar, ko yayi tayin siyarwa, ko shigo da wata ƙirƙira mai cin zarafi ko makamancinta Har ila yau, wani yana aikata laifin cin zarafi a kaikaice idan da gangan ya sa wani ya yi laifi, kuma yana da alhakin wannan laifin. Nau'o'in "cin zarafi na kai tsaye" sun haɗa da "cin zarafin gudummawa" da "cin zarafin da aka jawo." Ba za a iya fara wani ƙeta ba har sai an ba da haƙƙin mallaka. Koyaya, kariya ta riga-kafi tana samuwa ƙasa 35 USC 154 (d), wanda ke ba mai mallakar haƙƙin mallaka damar samun madaidaicin diyya na sarauta don wasu ayyukan cin zarafi waɗanda suka faru kafin ranar bayar da haƙƙin mallaka. Kuma Wannan haƙƙin samun diyya na ɗan lokaci yana buƙatar mai riƙe da haƙƙin mallaka don nuna cewa (1) ayyukan cin zarafi sun faru bayan buga aikace-aikacen haƙƙin mallaka, (2) da'awar haƙƙin mallaka sun yi daidai da da'awar a cikin aikace-aikacen da aka buga, da (3) ƙetare yana da "ainihin sanarwa" na aikace-aikacen patent da aka buga. A cikin Amurka akwai amintattun tanadin tashar jiragen ruwa don amfani da ƙirƙirar ƙirƙira don dalilai na tattara bayanai don ƙaddamar da tsari Binciken sharewa da ra'ayi Binciken izini, wanda kuma ake kira neman 'yancin yin aiki (FTO) ko binciken cin zarafi, bincike ne da aka yi akan haƙƙin mallaka ko kan aikace-aikacen haƙƙin mallaka don sanin ko samfur ko tsari ya keta kowane ɗayan da'awar haƙƙin mallaka ko aikace-aikacen haƙƙin mallaka. Kuma Binciken sharewa yana iya haɗawa da fasahar da ta ƙare wanda ke aiki azaman 'tashar ruwa mai aminci' wanda ke ba da izinin samfur ko tsari don amfani da shi dangane da haƙƙin mallaka a cikin jama'a. Sannan Ana yin waɗannan binciken sau da yawa daga ɗaya ko fiye da ƙwararrun masu binciken haƙƙin mallaka waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin lauyoyin ɗaya ko fiye da haka. Hakanan ana iya yin binciken sharewa akai-akai (misali, kowane wata) idan mutum ya damu da ayyukan haƙƙin mallaka a wata masana'anta ko game da wani samfur. Binciken izini na iya bin ra'ayi na izini, watau ra'ayin doka wanda ɗaya ko fiye da lauyoyin ƙirƙira suka bayar game da ko samfur ko tsari da aka bayar ya keta iƙirarin ɗaya ko fiye da aka bayar da haƙƙin mallaka ko aikace-aikacen haƙƙin mallaka. Kuma Ana iya yin ra'ayoyin sharewa a haɗe tare da ra'ayi "inganci da tilastawa". Ingantacciyar ra'ayi da tilastawa ra'ayi ne na doka dangane da ko takardar shaidar da aka bayar tana da inganci da/ko ana iya aiwatarwa. A wasu kalmomi, ra'ayi ingantacce ra'ayi ne ko wasiƙa na shari'a wanda lauyan haƙƙin mallaka ko wakilin haƙƙin mallaka ya yi nazarin abin da aka bayar tare da ba da ra'ayi kan yadda kotu za ta yanke hukunci kan ingancinsa ko aiwatar da shi. Ana yawan neman ingantaccen ra'ayi kafin shari'ar da ke da alaƙa da haƙƙin mallaka. Matsakaicin farashi na ingantaccen ra'ayi (bisa ga binciken shekarata 2007 ɗaya) ya haura $15,000, tare da binciken cin zarafi yana ƙara $13,000. Farashin waɗannan ra'ayoyin don haƙƙin mallaka na Amurka na iya gudana daga dubun zuwa ɗaruruwan dubunnan daloli (ko fiye) dangane da takamaiman ikon mallaka, adadin kariya da nassoshi na fasaha na farko, tsawon tarihin fayil ɗin gabatar da ƙara, da sarkar da fasahar da ake tambaya. Wani ra'ayi na ban mamaki (bayyana dalilan da ba a keta haƙƙin mallaka ba, ko samar da wasu kariya kamar amfani da farko, haƙƙoƙin shiga tsakani, ko kuma ƙirƙira da ta gabata) Hakanan yana yiwuwa. Inshorar keta haƙƙin mallaka Inshorar keta haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka wata manufar inshora ce ɗaya ko fiye da kamfanonin inshora ke bayarwa don kare ko dai mai ƙirƙira ko Kuma wani ɓangare na uku daga haɗarin keta haƙƙin mallaka ba da gangan ba. A watan Yuni Shekarata 2006, an buga wani nazari ga Hukumar Tarayyar Turai game da yuwuwar tsarin inshorar inshora game da haɗarin haƙƙin mallaka. Rahoton ya kammala da cewa ci gaba da halin da ake ciki tare da ƙarancin kuɗi kaɗan, rashin daidaituwa, inshorar ƙira ta ba da izini (PLI) ba zai cimma wata manufa ta tsarin inshora mai yuwuwa ba. Madadin haka, kawai wani tsari na tilas ne kawai aka yi la’akari da cewa zai iya yiwuwa don samar da fa'idodin tattalin arziki da fasaha ga EU da masu haƙƙin mallaka na kowane mutum wanda zai taso daga tsarin PLI mai yaɗuwa. "Piracy" Tun daga shekarun 1840, an yi amfani da kalmar "dan fashin teku" a matsayin wani lokaci mai ƙaranci don kwatanta waɗanda suka keta haƙƙin mallaka kuma suka ƙi amincewa da fifikon mai ƙirƙira Samuel FB Morse, mai ƙirƙira na telegraph, alal misali, ya yi gunaguni a cikin wasiƙa zuwa aboki a shekarata 1848 An kuma yi amfani da kalmar "dan fashin teku" don bayyana masu mallakar haƙƙin mallaka waɗanda ke ƙwaƙƙwaran aiwatar da haƙƙin mallaka. Don haka ko da yake gangan mutum ya keta haƙƙin mallaka ko kuma da ƙarfi ya aiwatar da haƙƙin mallaka, waɗanda ke jin sun zarce iyakokinsu na iya kiransu da ƴan fashin teku. Barazanar kawo matakin keta haƙƙin mallaka "Tsarin kawo wani matakin keta haƙƙin mallaka na iya yin tasiri sosai kan harkokin kasuwanci na mutumin da aka yi barazanar, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa dokar wasu ƙasashe, Kuma ciki har da Burtaniya, ta tanadi cewa yin barazanar da ba ta da tushe ba ta da tushe, a cikin wasu a hankali. iyakokin da aka tsara, kuskuren da za a iya aiwatarwa a kanta." Duk da haka ba haka lamarin yake ba a Amurka. Duba wasu abubuwan Anton Piller odar (hanyar gama gari a wasu ƙasashe don samun hujjojin keta) Tsaida kuma daina oda Cin zarafin haƙƙin mallaka Rarraba cin zarafi Leken asirin masana'antu Rashin adalci Kotun mallaka Haɗin kai (lalata) Lasisin lasisin wayar hannu da ƙararraki Saisie-contrefaçon IP mai laushi Haɗin software Bayar da lasisi Sanannun lamuran cin zarafi Monsanto Canada Inc. Schmeiser Wani manomi dan kasar Canada ya kai kara kan noman canola da Monsanto ya mallaka. Apple Inc. v. Abubuwan da aka bayar na Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Microsoft Corp. v. Motorola Inc. nutsewa v. Sony Manazarta Ci gaba da karatu Kesan, Jay P. da Ball, Gwendolyn G., Ta yaya Ake Magance Matsalolin Ƙira? Jarabawar Ƙwararren (2005). Jami'ar Illinois Dokar Takardun Bincike na Tattalin Arziki Dubi Phillips Don ra'ayin da'irar tarayya na baya-bayan nan game da ginin da'awar (Dokar mallakar mallaka ta Amurka). Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
12058	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%20Ghana%20A%20Jamus	Yan Ghana A Jamus	Iansan Ganawa a Jamus su baƙi ne da ke a cikin Jamus da zuriyarsu da ke zaune da aiki a Jamus. 'Yan Ghana a Jamus an ce su ne na biyu mafi girma a cikin yawan ƙabilun ƙasashe a Turai, bayan Ingila. Tarihi Tun kafin samun 'yancin kan kasar Ghana a 1957, akwai dangantaka tsakanin Ghana da Jamus. Yankin Volta na Gana ya kasance wani yanki na ƙasar ta Jamhuriyar Togo kafin yakin duniya na ɗaya. A shekara ta 1957, an yi wa ɗalibai 'yan kasar Ghana 44 rajista a cikin jami'o'in Yammacin Jamus ta hanyar ƙa'idar da ke ba' yan Afirka damar ƙwarewa a jami'o'in Jamus. A shekarun 1960 zuwa 70s, galiban 'yan Ghana da suka yi kaura zuwa Jamus sun kasance baki ne. Sun kafa ƙungiyoyi a cikin garuruwa da biranen Jamusanci, wanda hakan ya zama ofungiyar daliban Ghanaan a Jamus (UGSG). A shekara ta 2009, a cewar Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), akwai yan Ghana kusan 40,000 da ke ƙaura daga Jamus'; inda 'Ghanaan Ganawa da ke ƙaura yin ƙaura' ke nufin 'mutanen asalin asalin Gana' da kuma 'ƙarni na biyu da na uku na mutanen Ghana da suka sami asali a Jamus da yaran daga kawancen haɗin gwiwar da ba su yi ƙaura ba da kansu Kimanin yara 9,729 ne aka haife su ga ma'auratan Jamusawa da Ghana tsakanin shekarar 1965 zuwa 2006. A shekara ta 2007, an yiwa mutane 20,329 da ke zama citizensan kasar Gana a hukumance a cikin Jamusanci, 8,194 Ghanaan kasar Ghana sun zama Jamusawa tsakanin 1980 da 2007. A yanzu haka, Ghana tana da kyakkyawar alaƙa da Jamusawa kuma akwai babbar al'ummar Ghana a Jamus, yawancinsu suna zuwa can don ƙaura ilimi, ƙaura neman mafaka da haɗuwa da dangi. Rarraba Ghanaan kasar Ghana a Jamus galibi suna zaune ne a biranen Hamburg, Berlin da Bremen, yankin Ruhr, da kuma yankin babban birni na Frankfurt Main. Kashi 22.7% na migan gudun hijirar Ghana, mafi kaso mafi yawa, suna zaune ne a Hamburg. Hakanan, kashi 23.8% na 'yan Ghana da ke zaune a Jamus suna zaune a Arewacin Rhine-Westphalia. Kashi 9.2 na Ghanaan ƙasar Ghana a Jamus suna zaune a Berlin. Kashi 9.8% suna zaune ne a jihar Hesse ta tarayya. Akwai wani tsohuwar al'adar 'yan kasar Ghana da ke yin ƙaura zuwa Hamburg, daga nan ne ake ɗaukar hankalin Ghanaan ƙasar Ghana. A kasar Ghana, kalmar 'booga' ko 'burger', wacce ake amfani da ita wajen nufin baki, ta samo asali ne da sunan 'Hamburg'. Kungiyoyi A watan Yuni na 2004, ta hanyar himmar ofishin jakadancin Ghana da ke Jamus, aka kafa Kungiyar Hadin gwiwar Ghana a Jamus (UGAG) don hada dukkan kungiyoyin Ghana a Jamus. Yunkurin farko a 1996 ya gaza. Al'ummomin cocin suna daga cikin ingantattun tsari kamar yadda Kiristanci shine addinin mafi girma a Ghana. Ofishin Jakadancin Katolika na Ghana-Hamburg, Ikklisiyar Betel-Stuttgart da kuma cocin Presbyterian na Cologne sune sanannun majami'un Ghana da ke Jamus. Kudaden Kasar Ghana tana daya daga cikin manyan masu karbar kudin shigowa daga kasashen waje na duniya. Kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe masu zaman kansu suna sama da kashi ɗaya cikin shida na manyan ƙasashen da suke samarwa a cikin gida. A cikin binciken, kashi 90% na 'yan kasar Ghana suna tura kuɗi zuwa Gana ga iyalansu. Wasu ma suna aika sama da rabin abin da suke samu kuma suna shiga bashi. Al’adu Kiɗa Daga ƙarshen shekarun 1970 zuwa farkon 1980, wani nau'in kide-kide na kide-kide da ake kira a Jamus da Gana da ake kira Burger Highlife haɗuwar babban kide kide da kuma nau'ikan kiɗa na kiɗa. Baƙi 'yan asalin Jamus a Jamus ne suka kirkireshi. Rayuwa a Jamus Ilimi Ga 'yan ƙasar Ghanan da ke fatan yin karatu a Jamus, ba za a iya amfani da jarrabawar Sakandare ta Makarantar Sakandare ta Yammacin Afirka (WASSCE) ba don shiga jami'a ta kai kamar yadda za a yi amfani da shi a Ghana. Ya kamata ɗalibi ya kammala shekara ɗaya na karatun sakandare a Ghana ko kuma ya kammala karatun shekara ɗaya (Studienkolleg) a Jamus. Hakanan, babu matakan koyon Hund na Hund a Jamus. 'Yan ƙasar Ghanan za su nemi takardar shaidar digiri a cikin jami'a da ke karatun sakandare. Sauran bangarorin rayuwa da aiki Baƙin Yan Kasar Gana da baƙi kamar sauran ƙasashe dole ne su yin littafin otel don ɗan gajeren lokaci ko haya ko saya gida don ƙarin tsawaita zaman. Koyan Jamusanci ana buƙata don ƙwararru kamar aikin jinya da kiwon lafiya. Iansan Ganawa waɗanda ke fara kasuwancin kansu a Jamus, kamar kowa, suna buƙatar yin rajista tare da ofishin kasuwanci idan suna da kansu da kansu ko ofishin haraji idan suna son yin aiki a matsayin masu zaman kansu. Hanyoyin sadarwa na waje Sadu da Jamusawa: Menene ra'ayin dan kasar Ghana game da Jamus? Deutsche Welle
20692	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Anaang	Mutanen Anaang	Anaang (kuma an rubuta shi da Annang ƙabilanci ne na Kudancin Najeriya wanda filayen shi ya kasance cikin kananan hukumomi 8 daga cikin 31 na yanzu a jihar Akwa Ibom Abak, Essien Udim, Etim Ekpo, Ika, Ikot Ekpene, Obot Akara, Oruk Anam, Ukanafun a jihar Akwa Ibom, da kuma 3 daga cikin ƙananan hukumomi 17 a jihar Abia Ugwunagbo, Obi Ngwa, da Ukwa ta Gabas na jihar Abia. Sun kasance a cikin tsohuwar Abak da Ikot Ekpene yanki na Lardin Anaang, da kuma wani ɓangare na tsohuwar Opobo yanki na Lardin Uyo, a cikin tsohon Yankin Gabashin Najeriya. Sunan da ya dace da Ika na Akwa Ibom shine Ika-Annang. Dangane da ƙididdigar shekarar 2018, akwai kimanin masu magana da Annang miliyan 4 a Akwa Ibom, jihar Abia da sama da masu magana da magana sama da miliyan da ke zaune a wajen waɗannan jihohin. Wuri Mutanen Anaang suna cikin Kudancin Najeriya sannan kuma musamman jihar Akwa Ibom da jihar Kuros Ribas da Abia (Ikwuano, ukwa). Annangs sun rayu a kudu maso gabashin ƙasar, yankunan bakin ruwa na Najeriya tun shekaru aru aru kafin zuwan Turawa. Babban birnin siyasa na mutanen Anaang ita ce Karamar Hukumar Ikot Ekpene. Al'adu Ƙungiyar al'ummar Anaang ta uba ce Kowane mutum yana gano matsayinsa a cikin zamantakewar duniya daga Ilip, wanda a zahiri aka fassara shi "mahaifar". Don haka ɗan'uwa 'yar'uwa daga Ilip ɗaya yana nufin cewa zasu iya gano asalinsu zuwa uwa ɗaya ko uba ɗaya. Wadanda zasu iya gano asalinsu ga iyaye daya sunada Ufok (a zahiri gida ko mahadi). Yawancin ufoks sune Ekpuks ko dangi da yawa kuma Ekpuks (dangin dangi) sunada "Ilung" (ma'ana ƙauye) kuma ƙauyuka da yawa sun zama abie ko dangi. Wannan yana cikin hanyoyi da yawa kwatankwacin tsarin da sauran mutanen kudu maso gabashin Najeriya ke amfani da shi amma ya fi karko. Jagoranci a iyali, nasaba, kauye, ko matsayin dangi ya kasance hakki ne na maza, kuma dangin nasaba ya shafi mata koda bayan aure. Akwai al'ummomi da ƙungiyoyi da yawa Ulim wanda ake kira "udim") ga maza da mata waɗanda ke da mahimmanci a rayuwar ƙauyukan gargajiya. Mutane suna da auna ta biyu da lambar kuma iri mambobin a Ulim da kuma ta da nasarorin da daya ko fiye Ulims. Gudanar da mulki ne ta hanyar tsofaffin maza waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin ɓangaren majalisar dokoki da ake kira Afe Ichong, wanda Abong Ichong (Shugaban ƙauye da Clan Cif) ke jagoranta wanda ke shugaban da shugaban zartarwa amma ba tare da ikon da ya wuce abin da Afe Ichong ya bayar ba. Za'a iya nada shugaba ta hanyar Afe ko kuma iya zama ofishin gado. Anang suna magana da yaren Annang kuma suna yin masarufi bayan girbin yam don alamar ziyarar ruhohin kakanni, ko ekpo Wannan kuma shine sunan ƙungiyoyin maza waɗanda suka taɓa yin tasiri sosai tsakanin ƙungiyoyin Ibibio. Abubuwan da aka sassaka Anang tare da manyan abubuwa, waɗanda aka sani da iliok, waɗanda ake ɗauka masu haɗari kuma membobin ekpo ne kawai za su iya kallon su. Sauran masks suna nuna kyakkyawan ruhu, ko mfon Ofarfin kowane mutum, dangi (ko rukuni game da wannan al'amari) yawanci ya dogara ne da yarda da ƙauye ko dangi ta hanyar wannan tsarin zamantakewar hadadden. A cikin wannan duka, matan Anang ba su da cikakken iko ga maza. Maimakon haka matan Anaang abokan aiki ne kuma shugabanni a fannoni da yawa na al'adun Anaang, gami da yin aiki a matsayin manyan mata firistoci "Abia Iyong" a cikin bautar Eeng ko kuma masu warkarwa a cikin rukunin warkarwa. Mace ta farko da aka fi sani da Aliaha tana da mahimmanci kuma tana umarnin girmamawa cikin dangi da nasaba. Wasu al'adun sun yarda da cewa haihuwar fari mace ta kasance a cikin gidan mahaifiyarta. Kungiyoyin mata kamar su "abi-de" da "Nyaama", da "Isong Iban" suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen baiwa mata murya da matsayi a cikin al'umma. Babu wasu shingaye na al'ada ko na al'ada wadanda ke hana mata samun manyan mukamai ko mukamai. Anaangs suna darajar ikon yin magana da kyau da iya magana ta amfani da karin magana abin so ne sosai, musamman tsakanin shugabannin. Masanin halayyar ɗan Adam na Amurka, Peter Farb, ya bayyana cewa sunan "Anaang" a cikin wannan rukunin yana nufin "waɗanda suke magana da kyau". Mutumin da yake da baiwar iya magana yana iya yabawa sau da yawa kamar Akwo Anaang, ma'ana "Mutumin Anaang". Ɗakin kitso Ɗakin kitso a gargajiyance inda ake yiwa 'yan mata' yan mata budurwa cikin shirin aure. Yarinya mai kiba an santa da suna mbobo Wannan lokaci ne na babban bikin kauye. A wani bangare na shirye shiryen aurenta an kuma umarci yarinyar kan yadda zata zama matar aure. Zata zauna a daki a tsirara don a lura da kitson da take yi, kuma zata kwana akan gadon gora wanda ake tunanin zai mata kitso. Hakanan an yi shi ne don ya sauƙaƙa mata cikin sauƙaƙa. Hakanan an yi amfani da wannan don dalilai na haihuwa a lokacin don matan da ba su haihuwa kuma a matsayin abin da ake buƙata na shiga cikin al'ummomin ɓoye. Tarihi Tarihin baka Dangane da al'adar baka, Abiakpo ya zo yankin arewacin Anaang ne daga Eka Abiakpo. Iyalan Ukana, Utu, Ekpu, Ebom da Nyama sun bi su cikin sauri Turawan ingila sun haɗu da waɗannan rukunin kuma suka ba su suna Otoro), da sauran dangin Anaang. Anaang da dukkan mutanen Akwa Ibom da Kuros Ribas na Jihohin Najeriya (mutanen AkwaCross) sun mallaki yankinsu a yankin kudu maso gabashin Najeriya na gabar teku tsawon dubunnan shekaru. Isungiyar tana da alaƙa da Efiks da Ibibios Hijira ta kawo kungiyoyin zama a tsakanin Twi na Ghana inda sunan Anaang ke nufin "ɗa na hudu". Daga Ghana, kungiyar ta koma gabas zuwa Kamaru ta yanzu A cikin tsaunukan Kamaru ne ƙungiyar ta ɓarke amma daga baya suka isa wannan yankin a yankin Kudu Maso Gabashin Najeriya An yarda da jinsi kuma kungiyoyin sun tsara kansu zuwa dangi bisa ga asalin danginsu wanda aka fi sani da Iman, irin wannan tsarin ya faɗaɗa har zuwa yankin makwabtansu na arewa, Igbo Rubutaccen tarihi Ba ayi rubutu ba sosai game da mutanen Anaang ba kafin tsakiyar ƙarni na 19. Tradersan kasuwar Turai na farko da suka isa yankin ƙetara kogin suna kiran ƙungiyoyin da ke zaune a wajen yankunan bakin teku a matsayin mazaunan gboasar Egbo-Sharry. Rubutun farko da aka ambata game da Anaang shine a cikin asusun Sigismund Koelle game da bayi da aka 'yanta a Saliyo Ya ambaci wani bawa mai suna Ebengo wanda ya fito daga Nkwot a Abak An kama Ebengo kuma an sayar da shi ga Fotigal amma daga baya wani jirgin ruwan yaƙi na Burtaniya ya sake shi kuma daga baya ya zauna a Waterloo, Saliyo Sojojin Burtaniya sun lissafa yarukan da bayi suka yi magana a cikin jirgin da aka kama da suna "Anaang". Ambaton na biyu shi ne bayanin abin da ake kira da Yaƙin Ikot Udo Obong. Baturen ingila ya bayyana kashe mutanen Anaang da Sarki Jaja na Opobo ya yi a matsayin hukunci na bijirewa umarnin sa da kuma cinikin dabinon kai tsaye da ‘yan kasuwar na Burtaniya maimakon su bi ta kansa a matsayin mutum na tsakiya. A yakin da ya biyo baya, turawan ingila sun shiga tsakani kuma tare da taimakon Anaangs, sun kame Sarki Jaja tare da tura shi zuwa West Indies Ingilishi ya kafa matsayi na soja a Ikot Ekpene a cikin 1904. Bayan bin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya tare da canje-canje da hana su a cikin ayyukan farauta na da, Anaang ya ga hare-haren da namun daji. Yayin da mazaje suka tafi yaki a yakin duniya na biyu wadannan hare-hare sun tsananta. Hukumomin Burtaniya sun kira hare-haren kisan kai kuma sun dora alhakin hakan kan "dabbancin 'yan Afirka". Ana zargin Anaang da kasancewa cikin kungiyar asiri da ake kira Ekpeowo The Human Leopards Society An yi jayayya cewa kashe-kashen da aka haifa sakamakon tawaye ga Turawan Burtaniya a wasu wurare a Afirka ya haifar da bayyana hare-haren damisa a matsayin kisan da hukumomin Burtaniya suka yi tsakanin Anaang. Tsakanin 1945 da 1948 kusan mutane 196 aka kashe a cikin yankin Ikot Okoro a cikin ƙaramar Hukumar Oruk Anam ta yanzu; an kafa ofishin ‘yan sanda na Ikot Okoro ne saboda wannan dalilin. Burtaniya ta yanke wa mutane 96 hukunci tare da kashe mutane 77 da ba su ji ba ba su gani ba. An hana addinin Anaang mai suna Idiong kuma an kama firistocin. An kona labarai da kayan bautar a bainar jama'a kuma waɗanda ba su musulunta ba sun zama abin zargi. Anaangs suna da tarihi da suna na rashin tsoro da damar ƙauyuka da dangi su haɗa kai don yaƙar abokin gaba. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa suka sami damar rayuwa kusa da cibiyar Aro, Arochukwu tare da mashahurin Ibini Ukpabi oracle Wani rukuni na musamman mai ban sha'awa, ko "Warrior cult", shahararrun mayaƙan Oko ne. Wannan rukunin yaƙin yana aiki sosai a cikin shekarun 1950. Waɗannan jarumawan an dauke su da rauni ga shigar wukake, mashi, da kibiyoyi. A lokuta daban-daban an gwada adduna masu kaifi a sassan jikin mambobin. Anaang sun sha wahala kisan ƙare dangi a lokacin yaƙin basasar Najeriya Yaƙin ya ɗauki tsawon shekaru uku (1967-1970) kuma Anaang ya rasa adadi mai yawa na mutanenta. Tasirin yaƙin da kuma sakaci da Anaang yanzu ya zama batun siyasa mai mahimmanci kuma tushen tashin hankali a yankin. Rubutun yare ɓangarorin yaren Annang na iya fahimta ga masu magana da harshen Efik, Ibibio, Oron, Eket (wanda aka fi sani da Ekid na Tsohuwar Masarautar Calabar Kodayake ba a rubuta tsarin magana ta Anaang ba, amma masana ilimin harshe yanzu sun samar da rubutun yadda ake magana wanda ke ba da damar samar da rubutattun abubuwa cikin yaren (Idem-Agozino Udondata, 2001). A yaren Annang, kalmar "ilung" na nufin ƙauye yayin da a Ibibio ana kiranta "Idung". Babban bambancin yare tsakanin Annang da sauran yaruka shine babban amfani da harafin "L" a maimakon "r" ko "d", da kuma amfani da "g" a maimakon "w". Yaren Annang yana da sauti sosai amma yare ne na son rai, watau kalmomin suna fita cikin sauƙi daga harshenku fiye da Ibibio. Yawan jama'a Najeriya Jihar Akwa Ibom Jihar Kuros Riba Binuwai (Mutanen Efik-Ibibio sune na huɗu mafi yawan kabilu na asalin asalin Binuwai na Najeriya) Equatorial Guinea (a da Fernando Po Kamaru Ghana Ƙasashen waje: Cuba Yammacin Indiya Lambobin Annang Lambobi daga sifili zuwa goma sha biyu: Manazarta Brink, PJ (1989) Dakin Kiba a tsakanin Annang na Najeriya. Anthropology na Kiwon Lafiya 12 (1) p. 131 143. Ekanem, JB (2002) lasungiyoyi Masu Fuskantarwa: Annang Ba (tare da) Kiristanci na tsaye ba: An Ethnography (Alloli, Mutane, da Addini, A'a. 3), Peter Lang Publishing: Brussels ISBN 0-8204-4687-4 Enang, K. (1987) Wasu mahimman ra'ayoyin Addini game da Annang. A cikin Afirkaana Marburgensia: Cross River Religion, Hackett, RIJ (ed) Sonderheft 12 (12) 21 34. Koelle, W. (1854) Polyglotta na Afirka da aka ambata a Udo, EU (1983) Tarihin Mutanen Annang, Apcon Press Ltd. Calabar, Najeriya. Livingstone, WP (1916) Mary Slessor na Calabar: Majagaba Mishan, BiblioBazaar, Meek, CK (1937) Doka da Iko a cikin Triabilar Najeriya. Oxford, Ingila. Jami'ar Oxford ta Latsa Nuhu, Litinin Effiong (1988) Shari'ar Ibibio Union 1928-1937. Nair, Kaanan. K. (1972) Siyasa da zamantakewa a Kudu Maso Gabashin Najeriya, 1841–1906 Nazarin iko, diflomasiyya da kasuwanci a Old Calabar (Cass laburare na nazarin Afirka. Janar karatu), London, Frank Cass, Pratten, D. (2007) Kisan Kai-Damisa: Tarihi da Jama'a a Mulkin Mallaka na Najeriya. Indianapolis, Jami'ar Jami'ar Indiana. ISBN 978-0-253-34956-9 Udondata, J Idem-Agozino, U. (2001) Annang Orthography, Uyo, Masana Latsa. Udo, EU (1983) Tarihin Mutanen Annang, Calabar, Nijeriya. Kamfanin Apcon Press Ltd. Umoh, E. (2004) Taswirar Annang tare da kan iyaka, Plano TX. Amurka. Waddell, HM (1893) Shekaru Talatin da tara a Afirka ta Yamma da Yammacin Indiya. London. Frank Cass Ltd. Hanyoyin haɗin waje Nanungiyar Gado ta Annang Al'ummomi Al'ummomin Nijeriya Kabila Harsuna Pages with unreviewed
13763	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adeola%20Fayehun	Adeola Fayehun	Adeola "Eunice" Oladele Fayehun (an haife ta ne a 6 Yuli, 1984) yar' jaridar Najeriya ce wanda ta ƙware wajen tattauna batutuwan da suka shafi yanayin yanzu, zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙi waɗanda ke shafar rayuwar yau da kullun na African Afirka da ke zaune a nahiyar. Sanannen sanata ne ga wata rigima a kan hirar 2015 akan titi inda ita da takwararta ta gidan talabijin din Sahara Omoyele Sowore sun tambayi shugaban kasar Zimbabwe Robert Mugabe game da lokacin da zai sauka daga mukamin nasa. A shekarar 2013, ta yi hira da tsohon shugaban Najeriya Goodluck Jonathan a titunan New York, inda ta tambaye shi me yake yi game da ta'adancin Boko Haram da ke tafe a lokacin. Fayehun tana aiki ne daga New York City don Sahara Reporters wacce ta rubuto game da siyasar Afirka. Ta kan shirya wasannin kwaikwayo na yau da kullun akan YouTube da ake kira Keeping It Real tare da Adeola wanda aka kirkiri kuma aka buga shi a tashar Youtube don SaharaTV Farkon rayuwa Fayehun an haife ta da suna Adeola Eunice Oladele a Nigeria Iyayenta, Rev. Dr. Solomon Ajayi Oladele da Margaret Ibiladun Oladele (ean Abolarin), sun yi aiki a matsayin masu wa’azi a Nijeriya. Tana da siban’uwa biyar maza, kuma itace ƙarama. Ta fito ne daga kabilar Yarbawa na kudu maso yammacin Najeriya kuma suna magana da harshe. Adeola ta fara kwaleji a Najeriya tana aiki har zuwa digiri a fannin ilimin harsuna. A shekara ta 2003, a lokacin tana da shekara 19, ta koma Amurka don ci gaba da kwaleji saboda godiya daga malanta da ta samu daga Kungiyar Hadin Kan Kiristocin Kasa Ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Olivet a Olivet, Michigan tare da digiri na farko a Mass Communications da Jarida a 2007. A lokacin da take a Olivet ta yi aiki a rediyo kuma marubuciya ce ga jaridar Olivet College. A matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin makaranta, Fayehun kuma ta kafa gidan talabijin na Olivet College Studio. A shekara ta 2008, Fayehun ta sami digiri na biyu a aikin watsa labarai daga makarantar CUNY Graduate School of Journalism Kulawa Bayan kammala karatun digiri, Fayehun tayi aiki a CUNY TV a matsayin mai gabatar da labaran Talabijin. A wannan lokacin ta rubuta kuma ta samar da wani fasali akan Omohara Sowore na Sahara Reporters, wanda daga baya ta ci gaba da aiki tare da zartarwar bayan-bayan a Sahara Reporters A cikin Nuwamba 2011, Fayehun ta fara shirin satire labarai, Ci gaba da Gaskiya tare da Adeola! Nunin yana da tsawon mintuna 30 kuma yana dauke da rahoton Fayehun, galibi a halayya, akan al'amuran labarai na Afirka daban-daban. Abinda aka fi maida hankali a kai shine gabatar da rahoto kan al'amuran siyasa da suka shafi Afirka da kuma ba da sha'awa ga al'ummomin kasashen waje na Afirka Don farkon abubuwan wasan kwaikwayon na 150 wanda aka kirkira a cikin tsawon shekaru uku, Fayehun itace mai gabatarwa, marubuci, kuma editan wasan kwaikwayon. Sau da yawa idan aka kwatanta da mashahuri mai ban dariya Jon Stewart, Fayehun tana amfani da satire da mai ban dariya don bayyana abubuwan da suka faru na labarai a cikin bidiyon kai-tsaye. Fayehun ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin wakilin waje na jaridar The Nation, jaridar jaridar Daily Nigerian dake zaune a Legas, Nigeria Fayehun ta kafa tushen yanar gizo, Spotlight na Afirka. Sanannun tambayoyi 2013: Tsohon Shugaban Najeriya Goodluck Jonathan a kan Boko Haram da Asusun dukiya mai martaba 2015: Shugaban Najeriya Muhammadu Buhari kan magance rashawa, tattalin arzikin Najeriya 2015: Mataimakin Shugaban Najeriya Yemi Osinbajo Shekarar 2015: Shugaban kasar Zimbabwe Robert Mugabe lokacin da ya kawo karshen shugabanci, yayin da ya halarci bikin rantsar da shugaban Najeriya Muhammadu Buhari a ranar 29 ga Mayu. Girmamawa 2008: Pressungiyar Jarida ta Foreignasashen waje, New York, NY, ""wararren Ilimi da Nasarar Awararru" 2014: Habasha Labaran Tauraron Dan Adam (ESAT), Washington DC, "Kyakkyawar Aikin Jarida Don Kyautar Dimokiradiyya" 2015: Makarantar koyon aikin Jarida ta CUNY, "Mafi Kyawun Onear Mace ta Nuna" Rayuwar mutum A shekarar 2011, Fayehun ta auri Victor Fayehun a Najeriya. Fayehun da mijinta sun kirkira wata ƙungiya wanda bana riba ba da ake kira KIRWA Foundation wacce ke ba da taimako ga marasa lafiya na rashin lafiya a Afirka. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Adeola Fayehun Rike Shi Gaskiya tare da Adeola! Rayayyun Mutane Haifaffun
60807	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takaitaccen%20Tarihin%20Ka%E2%80%99idojin%20Rubutun%20Hausa%20%28II%29	Takaitaccen Tarihin Ka’idojin Rubutun Hausa (II)	Dukkan abubuwan da suka faru a baya za a ga daidaikun mutane ne ke yi da kulawar hukuma, sai dai hukumar ba ta sa baki ba sosai da sosai sai a shekarar 1955 da aka kafa Hukumar Kula Da Lamurran Hausa, (Hausa Language Board) wadda hukuma ce da ta yi kokarin daidaita Hausa da samar da ka’idojin rubuta Hausar. Hukumar ta yi abubuwa da dama, ita ce ta gyara da tantance duk wadansu kalmomin aro da na kimiyya da fasaha. Wannan hukuma ce kuma ta waiwayi aikin da Hans Bischer ya yi domin daidaita tunani da zamani, ta samar da kundin da ta kira Rules for Hausa Orthography a 1958. A daidai wannan lokaci ne aka tsayar da karin Hausar Kano a matsayin Daidaitacciyar Hausa, sai dai an shelanta cewa duk inda aka sami kalmomi da a cikin garin Kano kadai ake furta su, ana iya maye gurbinsu da wadansu daga kare-karen Hausa can daban da suka fi karbuwa. Bayan da Turawan mulkin mallaka suka bar kasar Hausa, an yi ta kokari daga ‘yan gida a daidaita rubutun Hausa. Taro na farko da aka yi shi ne a birnin Bamako na kasar Mali a shekarar 1966, karkashin jagorancin Hukumar UNESCO, inda aka tattauna yadda za a daidaita rubutun Hausa a Yammacin Afrirka. A wannan taron ne aka amince a rubuta Hausa kamar haka: Haruffa masu lankwasa /b/ da /k/ da /d/ kamar yadda suke yanzu. Aka samar da tagwayen haruffa /sh/ da /ts/ da /gy/ da /ky/ da /ky/ da /gw/ da /kw/. A kuma raba /su/ da /na/ wato /su na/ ko /ka na/ ko /ki na/ da /ya na/ dss. A shekarar 1970 kuma an yi wani taron a jami’ar Ahmadu Bello, Zaria inda aka sake kallon aikin da Hukumar Kula Da Lamurran Hausa ta yi a 1958, aka samar da sababbin bayanai kamar haka: A dinga rubuta /ko’ina/ ba /ko ina/ ba Haka a rubuta /yake/ ba /ya ke/ ba, ko /yakan/ ba /ya kan/ ba, /suna/ ba /su na/ ba. Da kuma /mutum/ ba /mutun/ ba Da /malam/ ba /malan/ ba /Ranar kasuwa/ ba /ranak kasuwa/ ba. A shekarar 1972 kuma an sake gudanar da wani taro a a jami’ar Bayero Kano, wanda shi ma ya yi kokarin daidaita ka’idojin rubutun Hausa, an amince da ‘yan gyare-gyare da dama, wadanda za iya cewa su ne har yau ake amfani da su a duk fadin duniyar Hausa. Ga kadan daga abubuwan da aka amince da su a wurin taron, kamar yadda Farfesa M.K.M.Galadanci ya kattaba: Universal nouns are written as one word: /komai/ ba /ko mai/ ba /kowa/ ba /ko wa/ ba /koyaushe/ ba /ko yaushe/ ba. Where the pre-berbal pronoun precedes the tense marker it is written as one word: /yakan/ ba /ya kan/ ba /yana/ ba /ya na/ ba. Where the tense marker precedes the pre-berbal pronoun it is written separately: /za mu/ ba /zamu/ ba. /za su/ ba /zasu ba. A short possessibe is joined to the preceding nominal: /dokina/ ba /doki na/ ba /rigarsa/ ba /rigar sa/ ba /zanenta/ ba /zanen ta/ ba. But the long possessibe is written separately: /wani doki nawa/ ba /wani dokinawa/ ba /wata riga tawa/ ba /wata rigatawa/ ba /wani zane nata/ ba /wani zanenata/ ba. The pronoun object is written separately: /ya ba ni/ ba /ya bani/ ba. /mun sa shi/ ba /mun sashi/ ba /ana kiran ka/ ba /ana kiranka/ ba. Haka kuma an jaddada cewa /saboda/ da /watakila/ kalmomi ne a cure wuri guda, ba a rubuta su a ware ba, wato /sabo da/ ko /wata kila/ ba da sauran su. Taron karshe da aka yi na daidaita rubutun Hausa shi ne wanda aka yi a Niamey, a kasar Nijar a shekarar 1980, karkashin jagorancin Kungiyar Hada Kan Afirka, (OAU). An shirya wannan taro ne don a mayar da hankali wajen daidaita rubutun Hausa a Nijeriya da Nijar, shi ma wannan taro ya amince da muhimman bayanai da suka hada da: Tabbatar da gajerun wasullan Hausa: i,e,a,o,u. Tabbatar da dogayen wasullan Hausa: ii,ee,aa,oo,uu. Da kuma bakaken Hausa kuda 33. Daga lokacin da aka rushe Hausa Language Board (Hukumar Kula Da Lamurran Hausa) da aka kafa a 1958 sai aka mayar da yawancin ayyukanta ga Cibiyar Nazarin Harsunan Nijeriya da ke karkashin Jami’ar Bayero, Kano, ita ce mai kula da ka’idoji da daidaita rubutun Hausa, kuma tun daga 1982 ta yi iyakacin kokarinta na yin wannan aiki tukuru. Ita ce ke shirya tarurrukan inganta harsunan Nijeriya (musamman na Hausa da Fulfulde da Kanuri). Ta kuma samar da aikin fassara kalmomin zamani zuwa Hausa da kuma Kamusun Hausa cikin Hausa da ta buga a shekarar 2007, bayan sama da shekara 30 ana bincike da nazari da bita. Haka batun Daidaitacciyar Hausa ya kasance a cikin tsawon tarihi, sai dai an gudanar da ‘yan kwarya-kwaryan tarurruka nan da can domin jawo hankali kan sake zama na musamman game da yadda za a sake bitar halin da ake ciki game da sababbin da tsofaffin matsaloli da ke jibge a tsawon zamani, sai dai da yake ba tarurrukan a-zo-a-gani ba ne ba a cimma matsaya a hukumance ba. Domin ganin an shawo kan wannan lamari, Sashen Harsunan Nijeriya Da Kimiyyar Harshe na Jami’ar Jihar Kaduna a shekarar 2019 ya shirya taron kasa da kasa domin sake bitar batutuwan da suka shafi daidaitacciyar Hausa da ka’idojin rubutun Hausa don sake samar da matsaya. Taron da ya samu halarcin masana daga sassa daban-daban na duniya, an kuma kawo batutuwa da ake ganin matsaloli ne aka tattauna su. An kuma gabatar da makaloli daban-daban da suka shafi lamurran da ke ci wa fagen tuwo a kwarya. Kamar yadda aka saba game da tarurruka irin wadannan, an sake zama na musamman a shekarar 2021 a NTI, Kaduna, karkashin jagorancin Sashen Harsunan Nijeriya Da Kimiyyar Harshe na Jami’ar Jihar Kaduna, inda aka zakulo masana da malamai da dalibai daga sassa daban-daban domin yin matsaya bisa ga abubuwan da aka tattauna a taron Kaduna na 2019, game da ka’idojin rubutun Hausa a karni na 21. Taron ya yi armashi, domin Farfesoshi da Daktoci sama da 40 suka yi wa batutuwan da aka zo da su daga taron 2019 turgeza, aka samar da matsaya da za a iya kiran ta da matsayar taron KASU, KADUNA 2021! Inda muke ke nan a halin yanzu, sai dai abin da zan kara a nan shi ne, a wadannan tarurruka biyu na 2019 da 2021 da aka yi a Kaduna, kusan dukkan wadanda ke da ra’ayi da ya saba wanda ake da shi a hukumance ba wanda ya zo ko suka taro domin wakiltar su, don jin me ya jawo adawa da matsayar da ake da ita, da su, suke da ita. Duk da haka wannan bai hana an tattauna matsalolin da ra’ayoyin masu adawar da su, an kuma yi matsaya, a ilmance ba!
26495	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barkewar%20Covid-19%2C%20Rashin%20Abinci	Barkewar Covid-19, Rashin Abinci	A yayin barkewar COVID-19, rashin abinci ya tsananta a wurare da yawa-a cikin kwata na biyu na 2020 an yi gargadin yunwa da yawa daga baya a cikin shekarar. Dangane da hasashen farko, akwai yuwuwar daruruwan dubunnan mutane su mutu kuma miliyoyin ƙarin suna fuskantar yunwa ba tare da ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwa don magance matsalolin samar da abinci ba. waɗannan ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarcen na rage haɗarin yunwa mai yaɗuwa saboda barkewar COVID-19. Ana fargabar karancin abinci sakamakon koma bayan tattalin arziki na COVID-19 da wasu matakan da aka ɗauka don hana yaduwar COVID-19.Bugu da ƙari, ɓarnar 2019–2021, yaƙe -yaƙe da rikice -rikicen siyasa a wasu ƙasashe suma ana ɗaukar su a matsayin abubuwan da ke haifar da yunwa. A yayin bude taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Gabatar da Tsarin Abinci a Rome, Firayim Ministan Italiya Mario Draghi ya ce "Rikicin kiwon lafiya (COVID-19) ya haifar da matsalar abinci," yana ambaton bayanan da ke nuna cewa rashin abinci mai gina jiki ya zama babban dalilin rashin lafiya. lafiya da mutuwa a duniya. A cikin watan Satumbar 2020, David Beasley, babban darektan Shirin Abinci na Duniya, ya yi jawabi ga Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, inda ya bayyana cewa matakan da kasashen da ke bayar da agaji suka dauka cikin watanni biyar da suka gabata, gami da samar da dala tiriliyan 17. a cikin kuɗaɗen kasafin kuɗi da tallafin babban bankin, dakatar da biyan bashin da IMF da ƙasashen G20 suka kafa don amfanin ƙasashe matalauta, da tallafin masu ba da gudummawa ga shirye -shiryen WFP, sun hana yunwa mai zuwa, ta taimaka wa mutane miliyan 270 cikin haɗarin yunwa. Koyaya, ya yi gargadin cewa, duk da cewa ya hana yunwa mai yawa a cikin ƙasashe matalauta, za a buƙaci ƙarin ayyukan masu ba da gudummawa don hana yunwa a cikin 2021 yayin da barkewar cutar da rikice -rikicen yanki ke ci gaba da raguwa. Bayan Fage Ciwon fara Tsarin yanayi na musamman a cikin 2018, gami da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi, ya haifar da haɓaka ƙimar yawan fararen hamada a Tsibirin Larabawa da Kahon Afirka yayin 2019. Farar fara yin yawa wanda daga nan ya ci gaba da lalata amfanin gona, yana rage wadataccen abinci ga dabbobi da mutane. Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma da Bankin Duniya sun bayyana cewa kasashe 23 ne cutar ta fara kamawa kuma an kiyasta asarar dalar Amurka biliyan 8.5 na kadarori kadai. An kiyasta kimanin mutane miliyan 24 a yankuna masu alaƙa da ƙarancin abinci a cikin Yuli 2020. Sabuwar guguwar ta fara yaɗuwa a duk faɗin Afirka a watan Yunin 2020 ita ma ta haifar da fargabar cewa ƙarancin wadata, musamman a ƙasashe kamar Siriya, Yemen, Indiya da Habasha, na iya haɓaka yunwa a yankunansu. Annobar cutar covid-19 Biyo bayan yaduwar cutar SARS-CoV-2 na coronavirus na duniya, kuma ta haka ne cutar coronavirus cuta ta 2019, gwamnatocin ƙasashe da yawa sun aiwatar da kulle-kullen ƙasa da ƙuntatawa balaguron ƙasa don hana yaduwar cutar. A sakamakon wadannan riƙi shirinsu da tsoro buying, karancin alaka da COVID-19 cutar AIDS da yawa tashi alhãli kuwa taimakon ceto damar da remittances daga high-samun kudin shiga al'ummai fadi. A lokaci guda, da yawa daga cikin matalautan ma’aikata a cikin ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi da na matsakaita ma sun rasa ayyukansu ko ikon yin noma sakamakon waɗannan kulle-kullen, yayin da yara ba za su iya samun abincin makaranta ba saboda rufe ilimin a duk faɗin duniya. An tabbatar da 4,906,104 sun mutu kai tsaye daga COVID-19, amma Oxfam ya nuna a cikin rahoton su na Yuli 2020 cewa lokacin da ya haɗa da waɗanda suka mutu sakamakon rashin abinci, wannan adadin ya fi yawa. Oxfam ya yi hasashen a watan Yulin 2020 cewa zuwa ƙarshen shekara "mutane 12,000 a kowace rana na iya mutuwa daga COVID-19 da ke da alaƙa da yunwa", tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayyana cewa jimillar mutane miliyan 265 ke fuskantar matsanancin rashin abinci-karuwar Mutane miliyan 135 sakamakon barkewar cutar. Shugaban shirin samar da abinci na duniya ya yi gargadin a cikin watan Afrilu na 2020 cewa ba tare da ci gaba da tallafin kuɗi daga ƙasashen yamma ba, mutane miliyan 30 da shirin ke tallafawa suna cikin haɗarin mutuwa sakamakon ƙarancin abinci a 2020. A ranar 9 ga watan Yuli, Oxfam ta fitar da wani rahoto da ke nuna fannoni goma na "matsananciyar yunwa" tare da "wuraren da ke fitowa" na yunwa, gami da yankuna a Kudancin Amurka, Afirka, Gabas ta Tsakiya da Kudancin Asiya. A cikin kwata na uku, an sake maimaita damuwar a cikin New York Times kuma duka Shirin Abinci na Duniya da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya sun buga bayanan lura da tasirin kulle-kullen COVID-19 akan rayuwar rayuwa da amincin abinci, tare da New York Times da ke cewa: "The bala'in da ke bayyana ya kasa yunwa Ana ci gaba da samun abinci a yawancin duniya, kodayake farashin ya hau a ƙasashe da yawa. Ã'a, tare da tattalin arzikin duniya da sa ran kwangilar kusan kashi 5 cikin dari a wannan shekara aruruwan miliyoyin mutane dake fama da wani intensifying rikicin kan yadda za a amince da asali da ake ci bukatun. Rikicin makamai Da dama dauke da makamai rikice-rikice da kuma kawar da crises suna gudana, ciki har da wadanda dangantaka da Yemen yakin basasa, Syria yakin basasa, tayar da kayar baya a Maghreb, Russo-Ukrainian War kuma Afghanistan rikici Samar da abinci da sufuri ta yankunan da ke fama da tashe -tashen hankula ba shi da kyau, kuma rikice -rikicen makamai da na siyasa yana haifar da manyan matsuguni ciki har da 'yan gudun hijirar yakin basasar Siriya da rikicin' yan gudun hijira na Venezuela Sakamakon haka, wadannan yankunan sun fi fuskantar barazanar yunwa kuma karancin abinci ya yi yawa. Rahoton Duniya kan Rikicin Abinci A ranar 21 ga Afrilu, Hukumar Abinci ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi gargadin cewa ana tsammanin za a yi fama da yunwa "na ma'aunin Littafi Mai Tsarki" a sassa da dama na duniya sakamakon barkewar cutar. Sanarwar Rahoton Duniya na 2020 game da Rikicin Abinci ya nuna cewa ƙasashe 55 suna cikin haɗari, tare da David Beasley ya ƙiyasta cewa a cikin mafi munin yanayi "ƙasashe kusan dozin" za su faɗa cikin yunwa.</br> Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi hasashen cewa kasashe membobi masu zuwa za su sami manyan wurare tare da karancin wadataccen abinci wanda aka rarrabe a karkashin "danniya" IPC phase 2), "rikicin" IPC phase 3), "emergency" (IPC phase 4) ko "m gaggawa "(IPC phase 5) a 2020: Hakanan yana tayar da faɗakarwa a kusa: Alamar tana nuna cewa Oxfam tana ɗaukar ƙasar a matsayin "matsananciyar yunwa", kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin rahoton Oxfam na Yuli 2020. Waɗannan muhimman wurare goma na "matsananciyar yunwa" waɗanda ke lissafin kashi 65% na jimlar yawan jama'a da ke fuskantar matsananciyar yunwa (IPC phase 3 ko sama) sun haɗa da Afghanistan, DR Congo, Habasha, Haiti, Sudan ta Kudu, Sudan, Siriya, Venezuela, Yemen da Sahel na Yammacin Afirka (da suka hada da Burkina Faso, Chadi, Mali, Mauritania, Nijar, Najeriya da Senegal).Har ila yau, ta lura da "wuraren da ke fitowa" na yunwa, tare da yankunan da ke fama da yunwa, a Brazil, Indiya, Yemen, Afirka ta Kudu da Sahel. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi “kiran gaggawa” don inganta nazarin bayanai a kasashe da dama wadanda ke iya fuskantar hadari, da suka hada da Congo, Koriya ta Arewa, Eritrea, Kyrgyzstan, Nepal, Philippines da Sri Lanka, Tasiri ta yanki Amurka Brazil Kungiyar agaji ta Oxfam ta ayyana Brazil a matsayin tushen barkewar cutar Mutane miliyan 38 a Brazil suna cikin ɓangaren tattalin arziƙin da ba na yau da kullun ba, tare da mafi yawan shiga aikin rashin aikin yi sakamakon kulle -kullen cikin gida. Favelas da yawa sun yanke ƙarancin samar da ruwa ko samar da ruwa yayin bala'in, wanda hakan ke ƙara tsananta damuwar samun abinci da ruwa. A cikin Maris 2020, Majalisar Kasa ta Brazil ta amince da tsarin biyan kuɗi na 600 reais (dalar Amurka 114) ga ma’aikata na yau da kullun. Koyaya, Caritas ya soki wannan, tare da babban daraktan Brazil ya bayyana "yanzu, kawai game da abinci ne". Haiti Oxfam ta ware Haiti a matsayin "matsananciyar yunwa". Haiti ta kasance cikin koma bayan tattalin arziki na shekaru 1.5, tare da farashin shinkafa ya ninka tun shekarar 2019. Raguwar kuɗin da ake aikawa, wanda ya kai kashi 20% na GDP na ƙasar, sakamakon karuwar rashin aikin yi a Amurka da sauran ƙasashen yamma tare ya ƙara tsananta rikicin. Rabin dukkan ayyukan Haiti suna aikin noma, wanda cutar ta yi wa illa. Kafin barkewar cutar, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi hasashen cewa kashi 40% na mutanen Haiti za su dogara da taimakon kasa da kasa don abinci, kuma ana tsammanin wannan adadin zai karu. Amurka Samun abinci Bayan zanga -zangar adawa da cin zarafin 'yan sanda da tashin hankalin jama'a, wasu biranen sun fuskanci karancin abinci. Wannan tashin hankalin na iya hanzarta tashiwar harkokin kasuwanci a wuraren da ake tsammanin yin aiki lafiya. Alal misali, a Chicago 's Kudu Side al'ummomi, akwai' yan zabi ga sayar da kayayyakin lambu kamar yadda mafi Stores rufe domin hana looting. A Minneapolis lokacin da aka fara zanga -zangar adawa da ta'asar 'yan sanda, wasu unguwanni sun ga kwace da barna. Lake Street ta sha wahala daga hamada na abinci tare da kantunan kantin kayan miya kaɗan, kantin magani da sauran mahimman kasuwancin buɗe. Waɗannan batutuwan sun haɗu da kulle -kullen gida, tare da rufe kasuwanni da yawa saboda barkewar cutar. Masu aikawa da kudi Amurka ita ce babbar hanyar da ake tura kudi a duniya, kuma kudaden da ake aikawa daga ma’aikata a Amurka zuwa kasashen waje zuwa kasashe masu karamin karfi da matsakaita na da matukar muhimmanci ga tattalin arzikin kasashe masu karba. A cikin 2019, aikawa daga Amurka da sauran ƙasashen yamma suna lissafin babban adadin darajar GDP na ƙasa, musamman Tonga (37.6%), Haiti (37.1%), Sudan ta Kudu (34.1%), Kyrgyzstan (29.2%), da Tajikistan (28.2%). Koyaya, Bankin Duniya ya yi hasashen cewa ana sa ran aikawar da ake fitarwa daga ƙasashen waje za ta ragu da kashi 19.7% zuwa dala biliyan 445, wanda ta ce tana wakiltar "asara mai mahimmancin kuɗaɗen rayuwa ga gidaje da yawa masu rauni" wanda ke buƙatar mutane da yawa su tura ajiyar nesa daga ilimi zuwa magance ƙarancin abinci. Wataƙila wannan raguwar kuɗin yana da alaƙa da kulle -kullen da koma bayan tattalin arziƙin ƙasashen yamma, kamar Amurka, wanda ke haɓaka rashin aikin yi kuma yana hana mutane da yawa aikawa da kuɗi ga iyalai a ƙasashensu. Wannan yana iya ƙara ƙarin damuwa a yankunan da ke cikin haɗarin karancin abinci, musamman a cikin ƙasashen da ke fuskantar sauran rikice -rikice. Venezuela Oxfam ta ware Venezuela a matsayin "matsananciyar yunwa". Rikicin siyasa mai tsananin gaske da matsanancin karancin abinci ya haifar da rikicin 'yan gudun hijira mafi girma a Amurka. Duk wadanda ke cikin Venezuela da wadanda ke tserewa zuwa makwabtan kasashe, kamar Colombia da Ecuador, an gano cewa suna cikin hatsarin karancin abinci. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta gano cewa akalla kashi daya bisa uku na sauran mutanen Venezuela da ba su da isasshen abincin da za su ci da kansu. Waɗannan ƙarancin sun haɓaka tattalin arziƙin ta hanyar faduwar farashin mai sakamakon yaƙin farashin mai na Rasha -Saudi Arabia na 2020. 74% na dangin Venezuelan sun karɓi dabarun magancewa don magance ƙarancin abinci, gami da cin ƙasa da karɓar abinci azaman biyan kuɗi. Gabashin Afirka Gabashin Afirka a matsayin shiyya na da matukar rauni saboda cinkoson fararen da suka addabi yankin kwanan nan. Kasashe irin su Habasha, Sudan, Sudan ta Kudu suna fama da matsalar karancin abinci tun lokacin da farawar fararen fararen fararen fararen hula na shekarar 2019-20 ta fara a watan Yunin 2019 kuma su ne wuraren "matsananciyar yunwa". Inaya daga cikin biyar na duk mutanen da ke fama da rashin wadataccen abinci suna zaune a yankin Ƙasashe na Ƙasashe. Habasha Kungiyar agaji ta Oxfam ta ayyana Habasha a matsayin "matsananciyar yunwa". Kusa da cunkoso da annoba, Habasha na fuskantar rashin tsaro saboda rikici, matsanancin yanayi da girgizar tattalin arziki mai ɗorewa. Uganda A cewar IPC statistics aka buga a watan Oktoba 2020, akwai fiye da 400,000 'yan gudun hijira a Uganda a rikicin yunwa matakan, tare da kara 90,000 fuskantar matsananci yunwa da 135,000 sa samun abinci mai gina jiki yara bukata da gaggawa magani, saboda lockdowns da sauran COVID-related hani da cewa sun yi mummunan tasiri a rayuwar, yayi dai -dai da rage tallafin abinci. Turai Ƙasar Ingila Bankunan abinci a Burtaniya sun ba da rahoton karuwar haɓaka yayin bala'in a cikin 2020, musamman a tsakanin iyalai masu matsakaicin matsakaici a baya, bayan asarar aiki da gibi a cikin tsarin walwala. UNICEF kuma ta raba abinci a Burtaniya a karon farko a tarihin ta na shekaru 70. Gabas ta Tsakiya Siriya 'Yan Siriya na fuskantar matsanancin karancin abinci sakamakon yakin basasar Siriya, wanda aka fara a shekarar 2011. Kimanin mutane miliyan 17 a Siriya sama da kashi 50% na sauran mutanen ana ɗaukar su da ƙarancin abinci, tare da ƙarin miliyan 2.2 cikin haɗari. 'Yan gudun hijirar yakin basasar Siriya suma suna cikin haɗarin haɗarin rashin wadataccen abinci, inda sansanonin' yan gudun hijira a maƙwabtancin Turkiyya da Lebanon suka nuna cewa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na cikin haɗarin gaske. A watan Yuni na 2020, taron masu ba da gudummawa na duniya ya tara dalar Amurka biliyan 5.5 don agajin jin kai a Siriya. Yemen Yemen na daya daga cikin kasashen da ke fama da karancin abinci a duniya, inda aka kiyasta kimanin yara miliyan 2 da ke kasa da shekaru biyar ke fama da matsananciyar yunwa. An zargi masu tayar da kayar baya da shiga ko toshe abinci ga fararen hula, mai yiwuwa sakamakon karancin albarkatu gaba daya. Har ila yau cutar ta fara shafar Yemen da barkewar cutar kwalara tare da cutar COVID-19. Haɗuwar illar waɗannan bala'o'i ya haifar da rikicin jin kai na musamman. Kafin barkewar cutar a cikin shekarar 2019, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kiyasta 'yan Yemen miliyan 20 na fama da karancin abinci kuma wasu miliyan 10 na cikin hadarin gaske. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta nemi dalar Amurka biliyan 2.4 don taimakawa hana yaduwar yunwa a Yaman, inda ake sa ran adadin wadanda suka mutu saboda yunwa zai zarce mutuwar da yaki, kwalara da COVID-19 suka haifar. Sahel da Yammacin Afirka Kungiyar agaji ta Oxfam ta bayyana a matsayin matsalar yunwa da ta fi saurin girma, da kuma "matsananciyar yunwa", yankin Sahel na Yammacin Afirka yana da mutane miliyan 13.4 da ke buƙatar taimakon abinci na gaggawa. Barkewar cutar ta kara tsananta damuwar rashin abinci da tashin hankali ya haddasa a Maghreb da Sahel da kuma matsanancin yanayin yanayi. A ranar 23 ga Yuli 2020, Bankin Raya Afirka (ADB), Babban Kwamishinan 'Yan Gudun Hijira na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNHCR) da G5 Sahel sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya a Geneva, Abidjan da Nouakchott A karkashin yarjejeniyar, kasashe biyar na yankin Sahel, Burkina Faso, Chadi, Mali, Mauritania da Nijar, za su karɓi dala miliyan 20 don ƙarfafa martanin cutar ta COVID-19. Kudu maso gabashin Asiya Kambodiya A lokacin da Kambodiya ta kulle Phnom Penh a matsayin martani ga barkewar cutar a cikin kasar a watan Afrilu 2021, dubunnan mazauna babban birnin sun ba da rahoton neman agajin abinci na gaggawa, musamman a “jajayen yankunan” inda aka rufe kasuwannin abinci. Gwamnati ta gudanar da rabon abinci yana kokawa don biyan bukatar a cikin birni. Kudancin Asiya Afghanistan Kungiyar Oxfam ta nuna Afghanistan a matsayin "matsananciyar yunwa". Daga tsakanin Janairu zuwa Mayu 2020, 'yan Afghanistan 84,600 sun tsere daga gidajensu sakamakon rikicin makamai a yankin, tare da wadannan' yan gudun hijirar da ke cikin mawuyacin hali na karancin abinci. Kusa da wannan, sakamakon barkewar cutar a kasashen makwabta ya haifar da bakin haure na Afganistan da ke komawa gida, tare da kiyasta bakin haure 300,000 da suka tsallaka kan iyaka daga Iran, inda da yawa suka zama marasa aikin yi. Waɗannan baƙin hauren kuma suna cikin haɗari kuma suna da ƙarancin wadataccen abinci. Barkewar cutar ta kuma yi tasiri kan dabaru da bayar da agaji wanda in ba haka ba za a iya kasancewa. Bangladesh Kafin barkewar cutar, an yi la'akari da Bangladesh a matsayin ƙasa mai ƙarancin wadataccen abinci, tare da mutane miliyan 40 da ake ganin ba su da abinci kuma mutane miliyan 11 suna fama da matsananciyar yunwa. Baya ga wannan, Shirin Abinci na Duniya ya ba da taimako ga 'yan Rohingya 880,000 da ke tserewa daga kisan kare dangi na Rohingya da ke gudana a Myanmar, tare da Firayim Minista Sheikh Hasini ya kiyasta cewa aƙalla' yan gudun hijira miliyan 1.1 suka tsere zuwa Bangladesh. Yawancin waɗannan 'yan gudun hijirar suna dogaro ne da agajin abinci, ruwa, ilimi da mafaka waɗanda bala'in cutar coronavirus da barkewar fari suka jefa su cikin hadari, a cikin ƙasar da tuni ta dogara da taimakon waje ga yawan mutanen da ba su ƙaura ba. Rashin abinci mai gina jiki, tsaftar muhalli da samun ruwan sha mai tsafta matsaloli ne a yawancin waɗannan sansanin. Musamman, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a cikin Rahotonta na Duniya kan Rikicin Abinci ya keɓe Cox's Bazar inda sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira na gwamnati guda biyu-sansanin' yan gudun hijira na Kutupalong da sansanin 'yan gudun hijira Nayapara. Indiya Oxfam ta bayyana Indiya a matsayin "cibiyar barkewar yunwa". Kimanin yara miliyan 90 waɗanda a koyaushe za su sami abincin makaranta ba za su iya yin hakan ba bayan rufe ilimin a duk Indiya. Ya zama ƙalubale na kayan aiki don isar da abinci, duk da cewa a cikin 2019 Indiya tana da tan miliyan 77.72 a cikin rarar hatsi. TM Isaac Isaac, ministan kudi na Kerala ya bayyana cewa "cikakken ƙarancin" kayan masarufi na iya tasowa. Bangaren da ba na yau da kullun yana wakiltar kashi 81% na ma'aikata a Indiya, tare da yawancin waɗannan ma'aikatan na yau da kullun sun zama marasa aikin yi sakamakon kulle -kullen. Wannan ya sa da yawa sun kasa biyan kudin abinci don ciyar da iyalansu. Dangane da hakan, gwamnatin Indiya ta kafa “sansanonin agaji” don samar da mafaka da abinci ga ma’aikata na yau da kullun da baƙi. Koyaya, yawancin waɗannan sun cika da yawan mutanen da ke buƙatar abinci da mafaka. Samun damar shiga unguwannin marasa galihu don isar da muhimman ayyuka da taimako shima ya kawo cikas ga buƙatun nisantar da jama'a A cewar The Telegraph, kusan kashi 90% na ma’aikatan Indiya ma’aikata ne na yau da kullun, waɗanda suka sami kansu ba tare da samun kuɗi ba a cikin watanni na kulle -kullen; don mayar da martani gwamnati ta bullo da wani shiri na fan biliyan 200 don samar da abinci kyauta ga 'yan kasar miliyan 800. Amsar masana'antu Rahoton Oxfam na Yuli 2020 akan yunwa na coronavirus ya lissafa cewa tsakanin Janairu zuwa Yuli 2020, tafarkin barkewar cutar coronavirus, manyan kamfanonin abinci guda takwas The Coca-Cola Company, Danone, General Mills, Kellogg's, Mondelez, Nestlé, PepsiCo da Unilever ya bai wa masu hannun jarin dalar Amurka biliyan 18 a cikin ribar, ninki goma na girman ƙimar Majalisar forinkin Duniya don agajin da ake buƙata don rage ƙarancin abinci a yankunan da yunwa ta yi kamari. Da dama daga cikin wadannan kamfanoni, ciki har da Nestle da PepsiCo rubuta tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kuma da dama manoma yan kungiya da G20 ga goyon baya a abinci rarraba da kuma wadata abinci, to low albashi al'ummai. Martanin kasa da kasa Na ƙwarai The Union issued a declaration, describing "deep concern" in the continent, urging member states to prioritise farmers and food production as essential services and called upon "UN agencies, multilateral development banks, donor countries and other partners to consider the emergency as urgent and step up and provide financial and other resources to help countries that do not have the resources to adequately respond to this crisis". The EU supported the release of the Global Report on Food Crises by the UN, and said it was "working to address the root causes of extreme hunger" as part of an "international alliance". Dominique Burgeon, director of the Food and Agriculture Organization called for increased support for poorer and high-risk nations, stating "This is a matter of international solidarity, and humanity, but also a matter of global security... The world community needs to come together. We can avoid food shortages if we are able to support countries across the globe." Na kasa Foreign Secretary Dominic Raab announced a £119 million fund to tackle coronavirus and famine, stating "coronavirus and famine threaten millions in some of the world's poorest countries, and give rise to direct problems that affect the UK, including terrorism and migration flows." Duba kuma Cutar COVID-19 a Afirka Cutar COVID-19 a Asiya Cutar COVID-19 a Kudancin Amurka Sikelin yunwa Duniya da cuta Manazarta Covid-19 Pages with unreviewed
40442	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukuncin%20Kisa	Hukuncin Kisa	Hukuncin kisa, wanda kuma aka sani da hukuncin kisa, shine tsarin da state ta amince da shi na kashe mutum da gangan a matsayin hukunci na ainihin ko laifin da ake zato, yawanci bin tsari mai izini, tsarin mulki da kammala cewa mutumin yana da alhakin saba ka'idoji. wannan warrant ɗin ya ce hukunci. Hukuncin da ke ba da umarnin a hukunta wanda ya yi laifi irin wannan shi ne hukuncin kisa, kuma aikin aiwatar da hukuncin kisa ne. Fursunan da aka yanke wa hukuncin kisa kuma yana jiran kisa an yanke masa hukuncin kisa kuma ana kiransa da "mai hukuncin kisa". Laifukan da ake yanke wa hukuncin kisa ana san su da manyan laifuffuka, ko kuma sun bambanta dangane da hukunce-hukuncen hukumci, amma yawanci sun haɗa da manyan laifuffuka a kan mutum, kamar kisan kai, kisan kai na jama'a, ƙarar laifukan fyade (sau da yawa ciki har da yara). cin zarafin jima'i), ta'addanci, fashin jiragen sama, laifuffukan yaki, laifuffukan cin zarafin bil'adama, da kisan kare dangi, tare da laifuffukan da suka shafi gwamnati kamar yunkurin kifar da gwamnati, cin amanar kasa, leken asiri, tayar da zaune tsaye, da satar fasaha, da dai sauransu. Har ila yau, a wasu lokuta, ayyukan sake maimaitawa, da fashi da makami, da yin garkuwa da su, baya ga fataucin muggan kwayoyi, da fataucin muggan kwayoyi, da mallakar muggan kwayoyi, manyan laifuka ne ko ingantawa. Duk da haka, jihohi sun kuma sanya hukuncin kisa, na ɗabi'a mai yawa, don akidar siyasa ko addini da ayyuka, don matsayi fiye da ikon mutum, ko kuma ba tare da yin amfani da wani muhimmin tsari ba. Kisan shari'a shi ne da gangan kashe wanda ba shi da laifi ta hanyar hukuncin kisa. Misali, kisa da aka yi bayan gwaje-gwajen wasan kwaikwayo a Rasha a lokacin The great purge na 1937-1938 wani kayan aikin danniya ne na siyasa. Asalin, kalmar capital (lit. "na kai", wanda aka samo ta hanyar great na Latin daga "kai") yana nufin kisa ta hanyar fille kai, amma ana aiwatar da hukuncin ta hanyoyi da yawa, ciki har da rataya, harbi, allurar mutuwa, jifa, wutar lantarki, da iskar gas. Kamar yadda na 2022, 55 kasashe suna riƙe da kisa, 109 kasashe sun gaba daya soke shi de jure ga dukan laifuffuka, bakwai sun soke shi saboda na yau da kullum laifuffuka (yayin da kiyaye shi ga musamman yanayi kamar laifukan yaki), da kuma 24 abolitionist a aikace. Ko da yake yawancin ƙasashe sun soke hukuncin kisa, sama da kashi 60% na al'ummar duniya suna rayuwa ne a ƙasashen da ake ci gaba da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa, kamar China, Indiya, Amurka, Singapore, Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nigeria, Masar, Saudiya, Iran, Japan, da Taiwan. Hukuncin kisa na da cece-kuce a kasashe da jihohi da dama, kuma matsayi na iya bambanta tsakanin akidar siyasa ko yankin al'adu daya. Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Amnesty International ta bayyana cewa hukuncin kisa ya keta hakkokin bil'adama, yana mai cewa "'yancin rayuwa da 'yancin rayuwa ba tare da azabtarwa ko rashin tausayi, rashin mutunci ko wulakanci ko hukunci ba." Ana kiyaye waɗannan haƙƙoƙin ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya, wadda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta karbe a 1948. A cikin Tarayyar Turai (EU), Mataki na 2 na Yarjejeniya ta Muhimman Hakki na Tarayyar Turai ya hana yin amfani da hukuncin kisa. Majalisar Turai, mai kasashe 46, ta nemi soke amfani da hukuncin kisa daga mambobinta kwata-kwata, ta hanyar yarjejeniya ta 13 ta Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙin Bil Adama. Koyaya, wannan ya shafi ƙasashe membobin da suka sanya hannu kuma suka amince da shi, kuma ba su haɗa da Armeniya da Azabaijan ba. Babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya amince da shi, a tsawon shekaru daga 2007 zuwa 2020, kudurori guda takwas wadanda ba su da alaka da su da ke kira da a dakatar da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa a duniya, da nufin soke hukuncin kisa. Tarihi Kusan dukkanin al'ummomi suna amfani da kisan gilla na masu laifi da 'yan adawa tun farkon wayewar duniya. Har zuwa karni na sha tara, ba tare da inganta tsarin gidan yari ba, yawanci babu wata hanyar da za ta iya aiki don tabbatar da hana masu aikata laifuka. A zamanin da ake aiwatar da hukuncin kisa da kansu sau da yawa sun haɗa da azabtarwa da hanyoyi masu raɗaɗi da raɗaɗi, irin su karyewar dabaran, keelhauling, sawing, rataye, zane, da kwata, konawa a kan gungumen azaba, flaying, yankan jinkirin, tafasa mai rai, gicciye, mazzatello, busa daga bindiga, schwedentrunk, da scaphism. Sauran hanyoyin da ke bayyana a cikin almara kawai sun haɗa da mikiya na jini da bijimin jarumtaka. Amfani da kisa na yau da kullun ya kai zuwa farkon tarihin da aka yi adana. Yawancin bayanan tarihi da al'adun gargajiya daban-daban na nuna cewa hukuncin kisa wani bangare ne na tsarin shari'arsu. Hukunce-hukuncen jama'a don aikata ba daidai ba gabaɗaya sun haɗa da diyya na kuɗin jini daga wanda ya yi kuskure, hukuncin jiki, gujewa, kora da kisa. A cikin al'ummomin kabilanci, ramuwa da kauracewa galibi ana daukar su isa a matsayin wani nau'i na adalci. Amsar laifuffukan da ƙabilu, dangi ko al'ummomi maƙwabta suka aikata sun haɗa da neman uzuri na yau da kullun, diyya, rikicin jini, da yaƙin kabilanci. Rikicin jini ko vendetta yana faruwa ne lokacin da sasantawa tsakanin iyalai ko ƙabila ya kasa ko kuma tsarin sasantawa bai kasance ba. Wannan nau'i na adalci ya kasance ruwan dare kafin bayyanar tsarin sasantawa bisa tsarin addini ko tsarin addini. Yana iya haifar da laifi, jayayyar ƙasa ko ka'idar girmamawa. "Ayyukan ramuwar gayya suna nuna ikon haɗin gwiwar zamantakewa don kare kansu da kuma nunawa abokan gaba (da kuma abokan haɗin gwiwa) cewa rauni ga dukiya, hakkoki, ko kuma mutum ba zai kasance ba tare da hukunci ba." A yawancin ƙasashen da ke aiwatar da hukuncin kisa, yanzu an keɓe shi don kisan kai, ta'addanci, laifuffukan yaƙi, leƙen asiri, cin amanar ƙasa, ko kuma wani ɓangare na shari'ar soja. A wasu ƙasashe laifuffukan jima'i, irin su fyaɗe, fasikanci, zina, lalata, luwaɗi, luwaɗi, da na dabba suna ɗaukar hukuncin kisa, haka kuma laifukan addini kamar Hudud, Zina, da Qisas, irin su ridda (wasu ƙin bin addini na hukuma)., sabo, moharebeh, hirabah, Fasad, Mofsed-e-filarz da maita. A cikin ƙasashe da yawa waɗanda ke amfani da hukuncin kisa, fataucin muggan ƙwayoyi da galibi mallakar muggan ƙwayoyi ma babban laifi ne. A kasar Sin, ana yanke hukuncin kisa kan fataucin mutane da manyan laifuka na cin hanci da rashawa da kuma laifukan kudi. A cikin sojoji a duniya kotunan soji sun zartar da hukuncin kisa saboda laifuffuka kamar su tsoro, ja da baya, rashin biyayya, da kuma tada zaune tsaye. Manazarta Webarchive template wayback links Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
61421	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Wansbrough	John Wansbrough	John Edward Wansbrough (Fabrairu 19, 1928 Yuni 10, 2002) ɗan tarihi ne Ba'amurke kuma farfesa wanda ya koyar a Makarantar Gabas da Nazarin Afirka ta Jami'ar London (SOAS), inda ya kasance mataimakin shugaban gwamnati daga 1985 zuwa 1992. Wansbrough an yaba da kafa wata makarantar da ake kira Revisionist School of Islamic Studies ta hanyar sukar da ya yi kan ingancin tarihi na kur'ani da sauran matani na Musulunci na farko, musamman dangane da labaran Musulunci na gargajiya da suka shafi tarihin farko na Musulunci da kuma yunkurinsa na samar da wata hanya ta daban., a tarihi mafi ingantaccen sigar Musulunci na farkonsa. Ya yi gardama a gabaɗaya game da shakku game da marubucin tushen Musulunci na farko, kuma mafi shaharar cewa an rubuta Kur'ani kuma an tattara shi a cikin shekaru 200, kuma bai kamata a rubuta shi ba daga Hijaz na 1st karni, Yammacin Larabawa, amma daga karni na 2/3 bayan hijira a kasar Abbasiyawa Rayuwa An haifi Wansbrough a Peoria, Illinois Ya kammala karatunsa a Jami'ar Harvard, kuma ya yi sauran karatunsa na ilimi a SOAS. Ya mutu a Montaigu-de-Quercy, Faransa Daga cikin dalibansa akwai Andrew Rippin, Norman Calder, Gerald R. Hawting, Patricia Crone da Michael Cook. Bincike da nazari Aikin Wansbrough ya jaddada abubuwa biyu—cewa adabin musulmi ya makara, wanda ya shafe sama da karni daya da rabi bayan mutuwar Muhammadu, kuma Musulunci wani lamari ne mai sarkakiya wanda tabbas ya dauki al’ummomi da dama don ci gaba. Lokacin da Wansbrough ya fara nazarin rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce na farko na Islama da kur'ani, ya fahimci cewa nassosin Islama na farko sun yi magana da masu sauraro waɗanda suka saba da rubutun Yahudawa da na Kirista, kuma an tattauna matsalolin tauhidin Yahudawa da Kirista. Sukar “kafirai” a cikin wannan wallafe-wallafen da ya yi tsokaci ba a yi magana da su ba ga masu bautar gumaka da arna ba ne, amma ga masu tauhidi wadanda ba su yi tauhidi ba “tsallaka”.[ lura ba su dace da ruwayoyin Musulunci kan farkon Musulunci ba, wadanda suka nuna Musulunci ya zo a cikin al'ummar mushrikai. Wansbrough ya kuma gano cewa hujjojin shari'a na farko na musulmi ba su yi nuni da Kur'ani ba, tare da wasu alamun cewa babu "tsayayyen nassi" a zamanin Rashidun da Umayyawa, wanda ke nuni da cewa Kur'ani a matsayin tushen shari'a ya kasance baya baya. Wansbrough ya yi nazari ne kan labaran Musulunci na gargajiya wadanda aka rubuta shekaru 150 zuwa 200 bayan rasuwar Annabin Musulunci Muhammad da hanyar tarihi mai mahimmanci musamman sukar adabi Don haka, ya yi da’awar hujjoji marasa adadi cewa nassosin ba lissafin tarihi ba ne amma daga baya gine-ginen adabi a ma’anar “tarihin ceto” Heilsgeschichte na Tsohon Alkawari, wanda ainihin ainihin ainihin tarihinsa kaɗan ne kuma ba za a iya gano shi ba. A kan haka, Wansbrough ya kirkiro sassan ka'idar da ya cancanta a matsayin "conjectural "na wucin gadi" da kuma "na wucin gadi kuma mai mahimmanci", kamar yadda yake nunawa (a cikin kalmomin ɗan tarihi Herbert Berg. cewa “Al-Qur’ani ko Musulunci ba na Muhammad ba ne ko ma Larabawa”, haka nan Larabawa na asali wadanda ci daular Banu Umayya ba su kasance Musulmi ba. amma an samo shi daga rikice-rikice na ƙungiyoyin Yahudawa da Kiristanci daban-daban da kuma buƙatun nassi mai tsarki (kafafi) wanda zai dogara da ka'idar dokokin Abbasiyawa: "Aikin shawahid na nassi a cikin gardama na halak yana buƙatar ƙayyadaddun nassi mara ma'ana. wahayi... sakamakon haka shi ne kur'ani mai tsarki. An rubuta Alqur'ani kuma an tattara shi cikin dogon lokaci sama da shekaru 200 don haka ba za a iya jingina shi ga Muhammadu ba, kasancewar kwanan baya fiye da tarihin gargajiya. Mutumin Muhammadu zai zama sabon ƙirƙira daga baya, ko aƙalla, Muhammadu ba zai iya dangantaka da Alƙur'ani ba. A zamanin baya, Muhammadu yana da aikin samar da ainihin kansa ga sabon motsin addini bisa ga abin koyi na Annabin Tsohon Alkawari. Tarba da suka Ka'idodin Wansbrough ba a "karɓi sosai" ba kuma ba a ƙi su ba, a cewar Gabriel Said Reynolds Ta hanyar sukar da ya yi na sahihancin tarihi na kididdigar Musulunci na gargajiya game da farkon Musulunci da kuma kokarinsa na samar da wani madadin, mafi inganci a tarihi na farkon Musulunci, Wansbrough ya kafa makarantar da ake kira "mai bita" na Nazarin Musulunci. A cewar masanin tarihi Andrew Rippin da malamin addini Herbert Berg rashin sha'awar malaman da ba musulmi ba a ra'ayin Wansbrough za a iya gano shi da cewa Wansbrough ya kauce daga tafarkin mafi karancin kokari da tsayin daka wajen neman ilimi ta hanyar tambayar mafi girman kungiyar Musulunci. adabi akan tarihin Musulunci, Alqur'ani, da Muhammadu; “Rusa” abubuwan da suka kasance abubuwan tarihi ba tare da maye gurbinsu da sababbi ba; kira don amfani da dabarun zargi na Littafi Mai-Tsarki, yana buƙatar cancanta a cikin wasu harsuna fiye da Larabci, sanin "tsarin addini" wanin Musulunci, da wurare dabam dabam "ban da Larabawa a jajibirin Islama". da kuma taka kasa mai tsarki a Musulunci. Ka'idar Wansbrough game da dogon tsari (sama da shekaru 200) na rubuce-rubuce da tarin Alqur'ani a yau ana ɗaukarsa da yawa ba za su iya jurewa ba saboda binciken da aka yi na rubuce-rubucen kur'ani na Farko da yawa daga cikinsu an gwada su da bincike na radiocarbon (a kusa da 2010- 2014) kuma an yi kwanan wata zuwa karni na bakwai CE.
21204	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarukan%20Chadi	Yarukan Chadi	Yarukan Chadi suna kafa reshe na dangin yare na Afroasiatic Ana magana da su a sassan Sahel. Sun haɗa da harsuna 150 da ake magana da su a arewacin Nijeriya, da kudancin Nijar, da kudancin Chadi, da Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, da arewacin Kamaru. Harshe Chadic wanda akafi magana da shi shine harshen Hausa, babban harshen tarayyar al'umma na da yawa daga mutanen gabashi da Yammacin Afrika Abinda ke ciki Newman shekarar (1977) ya rarraba harsunan zuwa rukunoni huɗu waɗanda aka yarda da su a cikin dukkan wallafe-wallafe masu zuwa. Subarin ƙaddamar da yanki, duk da haka, bai kasance mai ƙarfi ba; Blench (2006), misali, kawai yana karɓar rabe-raben A B na Gabashin Chadi. An kara Kujargé daga Blench (2008), wanda ke ba da shawarar Kujargé na iya rabuwa kafin ɓarnatar da Proto-Chadic sannan daga baya ya sami tasiri daga Gabashin Chadi. Aiki na gaba da Lovestrand yayi jayayya da ƙarfi cewa Kujarge memba ne na Gabashin Chadi. Sanya Luri a matsayin farkon raba yankin Yammacin Chadi kuskure ne. Caron (2004) ya nuna cewa wannan yaren shi ne a Kudancin Bauchi kuma da wani ɓangare ne na tarin Polci. Yammacin Chadi Rassa biyu, wadanda suka hada da (A) harsunan Hausa, Ron, Bole, da Angas kuma (B) harsunan Bade, Warji, da Zaar. Biu Mandara (Chadi ta Tsakiya) sassa uku, waɗanda suka haɗa da (A) yaren Bura, Kamwe, da Bata, a tsakanin sauran rukunoni; (B) yaren Buduma da Musgu; kuma (C) Gidar Gabashin Chadi sassa biyu, waɗanda suka haɗa da (A) harsunan Tumak, Nancere, da Kera kuma (B) harsunan Dangaléat, Mukulu, da Sokoro Masa Kujargé Asali Nazarin kwayar halittar zamani na yankin Arewa maso Yammacin Kamaru masu magana da harshen Chadi sun lura da yawan mitar Y-Chromosome Haplogroup R1b a cikin waɗannan yawan jama'ar (nau'ikan R1b-V88 Wannan alamar ta uba ta zama gama gari a sassan Yammacin Eurasia, amma in ba haka ba ba safai a Afirka ba. Cruciani et al. (2010) don haka aka gabatar da cewa masu magana da yaren Proto-Chadic a lokacin tsakiyar Holocene shekaru 7,000 da suka gabata) sun yi ƙaura daga Levant zuwa Sahara ta Tsakiya, kuma daga can suka zauna a Tafkin Chadi Koyaya, wani bincike na baya-bayan nan a cikin 2018 ya gano cewa haplogroup R1b-V88 ya shiga Chadi sosai kwanan nan yayin "Baggarization" (hijirar Larabawan Baggara zuwa Sahel a cikin ƙarni na 17 AD), ba tare da samun wata hujja ta tsoffin ƙwayar Eurasia ba. Kalmomin aro Harsunan Chadi suna ƙunshe da kalmomin aro na Nilo-Sahara da yawa daga ɗayan rassan Songhay ko Maban, suna nuna alaƙar farko tsakanin masu yaren Cadi da Nilo-Saharan yayin da Chadic ke yin ƙaura zuwa yamma. Kodayake ana magana da harsunan Adamawa kusa da harsunan Chadic, hulɗa tsakanin Chadi da Adamawa tana da iyaka. Karin magana Karin magana a cikin Proto-Chadic, idan aka kwatanta da karin magana a cikin harsunan Proto-Afroasiatic (Vossen Dimmendaal 2020: 351): Kwatanta ƙamus Samfurin kalmomin asali a cikin rassa daban daban na Chadi da aka jera daga yamma zuwa gabas, tare da sake gina wasu rassa na Afroasiatic kuma an basu don kwatancen: Kalmomin Proto-Chadic Kalmomin Proto-Chadic: Kalmomin Proto-Ron Kalmomin Proto-Ron: Kalmomin Proto-North Bauchi Kalmomin Proto-North Bauchi: Kalmomin Proto-Masa Kalmomin Proto-Masa: Bibiyar Tarihi Caron, Bernard 2004. Le Luri: quelques notes sur une langue tchadique du Najeriya. A cikin: Pascal Boyeldieu Pierre Nougayrol (eds. Langues et Al'adu: Terrains d'Afrique. Gidaje a Faransa Cloarec-Heiss (Afrique et Langage 7). 193-201. Louvain-Paris: Peeters. Lukas, Johannes (1936) 'Halin ilimin harshe a yankin Tafkin Chadi a Afirka ta Tsakiya.' Afirka, 9, 332 349. Lukas, Johannes. Zentralsudanische Studien, Hamburg 1937; Newman, Paul da Ma, Roxana (1966) 'Kwatancen Cadiic: salon magana da kalmomi.' Jaridar Harsunan Afirka, 5, 218 251. Newman, Paul (1977) 'Tsarin Chadi da sake ginawa.' Harsunan Afroasiatic 5, 1, 1 42. Newman, Paul (1978) 'Chado-Hamitic' adieu sabbin tunani kan rabe-raben harshen Chadi', a Fronzaroli, Pelio (ed. Atti del Secondo Congresso Internazionale di Linguistica Camito-Semitica Florence: Instituto de Linguistica e di Lingue Orientali, Jami'ar di Firenze, 389 397. Newman, Paul (1980) Theididdigar Chadic a cikin Afroasiatic. Leiden: Jami'ar Pers Leiden. Herrmann Jungraithmayr, Kiyoshi Shimizu: Tushen lafazin Chadic. Reimer, Berlin 1981. Herrmann Jungraithmayr, Dymitr Ibriszimow: Tushen lafazin Chadic. 2 kundin. Reimer, Berlin 1994 Schuh, Russell (2003) 'Tsinkayen Chadic', a cikin M. Lionel Bender, Gabor Takacs, da David L. Appleyard (eds. Zaba Comparative-Historical Afrasian ilimin harsuna Nazarin a Memory of Igor M. Diakonoff, LINCOM Europa, 55 60. Bayanin bayanai Robert Forkel, Tiago Tresoldi. (2019). lexibank kraftchadic: Chadic Wordlists (Shafin v3.0) [Saitin bayanai]. Zenodo. Manazarta Harsunan Chadic Harsunan Nijeriya
53819	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulkin%20Soja	Mulkin Soja	mulkin soja gwamnati ce ƙarƙashin jagorancin shugabannin sojoji. Yanzu ana amfani da kalmar don yin nuni ga tsarin mulkin kama-karya dake kama da mulkin kama-karya na soja na oligarchic, kamar yadda aka bambanta da sauran nau'ikan mulkin kama-karya, musamman mai ƙarfi (mulkin mulkin kama-karya na soja); na'ura jam'iyyar kama-karya ta oligarchic da mulkin kama-karya mulkin kama-karya na jam’iyya). Junta ya kan hau karagar mulki sakamakon juyin mulki Gwamnatin mulkin soja na iya ko dai ta dauki madafun iko a matsayin hukumar mulkin kasa, tare da ikon yin mulki ta hanyar doka, ko kuma tana iya yin amfani da iko ta hanyar amfani da iko (amma na yau da kullun) akan gwamnatin farar hula. Wadannan nau'o'i biyu na mulkin mulkin soja wani lokaci ana kiran su budaddiyar mulki da mulkin kamawa Ƙa'idar ɓarna na iya ɗaukar nau'in ko dai na wayewa ko mulkin kai tsaye Wayewa yana faruwa ne lokacin da mulkin soja ya ƙare a fili a fili na soja, amma ya ci gaba da mamaye shi. Misali, mulkin soja na iya kawo karshen dokar soji, barin kakin soja don neman farar hula, "mallaka" gwamnati tare da tsoffin jami'an soja, da yin amfani da jam'iyyun siyasa ko ƙungiyoyin jama'a. "Dokar kai tsaye" ta ƙunshi ƙoƙarin da gwamnatin mulkin soja ke yi na ɓoyayye, a bayan fage a kan ɗan tsana farar hula Tsarin mulki na kai tsaye na sojoji na iya haɗawa da ko dai babban iko a kan gwamnati ko kuma kula da wasu yankuna masu kunkuntar, kamar batutuwan soja ko tsaro na ƙasa A cikin karni na 20, ana yawan ganin sojojin soja a Latin Amurka, yawanci a cikin nau'i na "cikakkun hukumomi, manyan kamfanoni ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru" wanda manyan hafsoshin soja na sassan soja daban-daban (sojoji, sojan ruwa, da sojojin sama ke jagoranta, kuma a wasu lokuta shugaban 'yan sanda na kasa ko wasu manyan jami'o'i. Masanin kimiyyar siyasa Samuel Finer, a rubuce a cikin 1988, ya lura cewa juntas a Latin Amurka sun kasance sun fi ƙanƙanta fiye da juntas a wasu wurare; mulkin soja na tsakiya yana da mambobi 11, yayin da juntas na Latin Amurka ke da uku ko hudu. An bambanta juyin mulkin soja na "kamfanoni" da juyin mulkin soja na "bangi". Na farko dai sojoji ne ke aiwatar da su a matsayin cibiya, karkashin jagorancin manyan kwamandojin da ke kan manyan mukamai na soja, na biyu kuma suna gudanar da wani bangare na rundunar ne kuma galibin manyan hafsoshi ne ke jagorantar su. Wani bincike na shekara ta 2014 da aka buga a mujallar Nazarin Kimiyyar Siyasa ta Shekara-shekara ya gano cewa gwamnatocin soja sun nuna hali daban da na farar hula na kama-karya da na sojan mulkin kama karya. Gungun manyan hafsoshi ne ke mulkin mulkin soja, yayin da wani mai mulkin kama-karya daya ke mulkin soja. Binciken ya gano cewa (1) "masu karfi da gwamnatocin sojoji sun fi fuskantar take hakkin bil'adama da kuma shiga cikin yakin basasa fiye da mulkin kama-karya na farar hula"; (2) "Jaruman soja sun fara yaƙe-yaƙe na duniya fiye da gwamnatocin soja ko masu mulkin kama-karya, watakila saboda suna da ƙarin dalilin tsoron gudun hijira, kurkuku, ko kisan gilla" da (3) gwamnatocin soja da mulkin kama-karya na farar hula sun fi kusan ƙarewa a cikin tsarin mulkin demokraɗiyya, ya bambanta da mulkin sojan soja, wanda sau da yawa ya ƙare ta hanyar tawaye, tashin hankalin jama'a, ko kuma a cikin tawaye. Misalai Ƙarfi yana nuna mulkin soja na yanzu. Afirka Ƙungiyar Kishin ƙasa don Karewa da Maidowa (2022-yanzu) Majalisar Sojoji ta Rikon kwarya (2021-2022), Gudanar da Mulki (2022-yanzu) Majalisar Koli na Sojoji (2011-2012) Dergi (1974-1987) Kwamitin sulhu da ci gaba na kasa (2021-yanzu) Majalisar Fansa ta Jama'a (1980-1984) Majalisar kwamandan juyin juya halin Libiya (1969-1977) Kwamitin Ceto na Jama'a na kasa (2020-2021), Gudanar da Mulki (2021-yanzu) Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa (2023-zuwa yau) mulkin soja (1966 1979 da 1983 1998) Majalisar Sojoji ta Rikon kwarya (2019), Majalisar Mulkin Rikon kwarya (2021-yanzu) Amurkawa Juyin juya halin (1966–1973), Tsarin Sake Tsari na Ƙasa (1976–1983) ojojin Bolivia na 1970-1982 (1970–1971 and 1980–1982) Mulkin Sojojin Brazil na 1930 da Sojojin Brazil na 1969 Mulkin Soja na Chile (1973–1990) Sojojin Colombian (1957-1958) Jagoran Jama'a (1931), Gwamnatin mulkin soja na ƙasar El Salvador) (1960–1961), (1961–1962), Gwamnatin mulkin soja ta El Salvador (1979–1982) Juyin mulkin Guatemala na 1954 Juyin mulkin Haiti na 1991 da kuma na 1994 (1991–1994) Juyin mulkin soja na Nicaragua (1979–1985) Juyin mulkin Peruvian (1962-1963) da na 1968-1980 (1968–1980) Juyin mulkin soja da kama-karya na Uruguay (1973-1985) Mulkin soja a Venezuela (1948-1958) Asiya Shugabannin soji Ziaur Rahman (1975–1981) da Hussaini Muhammad Ershad (1982–1990) Majalisar Soja Eduard Shevardnadze Ya mulki kasar daga ranar 6 ga Janairu zuwa 10 ga Maris 1992. Majalisar Jiha ta maye gurbinsa. Military government of Suharto, also called “New Order” that lasted for 32 years (1966–1998). State Peace and Development Council (1988–2011), known as the State Law and Order Restoration Council from 1988 to 1997 and State Administration Council (2021–present) Gwamnatin soja ta Ayub Khan (1958–1969) Yahya Khan (1969–1971), Muhammad Zia'ul-Haq (1977–1988), Pervez Musharraf (1999–2008) Majalisar koli ta sake gina kasa (1961–1963) Tanadi na ɗan lokaci akan Tawayen Kwaminisanci (1948–1991) na Kuomintang bayan juyin juya halin gurguzu na kasar Sin na Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta kasar Sin Majalisar kiyaye zaman lafiya ta kasa (1991-1992) Majalisar Tsaron Ƙasa (2006-2008) da Majalisar zaman lafiya da oda ta kasa (2014–2019) Kwamitin hadin kan kasa (1960–1961) da Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa (Turkiyya, 1980) (1980–1983) Turai Bulgaria Juyin mulkin Bulgaria na 1934 (1934–1935) mulkin Girka na "Kwamitin Juyin Juya Hali" (1967–1974) Poland Majalisar Soja ta Ceto ta Kasa (1981–1983) Mulkin Soja na Ceton Kasa (1974–1975) Oceania Fiji Gwamnatin Mulkin Soja na Frank Bainimarama (2006–2014) Nassoshi Mulki
29903	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magudanar%20muhalli	Magudanar muhalli	Magudanar muhalli suna bayyana adadi, lokaci, da ingancin magudanar ruwa da ake buƙata don dorewar ruwa mai kyau da tsabta da muhallin halittu da rayuwar ɗan adam da jin daɗin rayuwa waɗanda suka dogara da waɗannan yanayin. A cikin mahallin Indiya kogin da ake buƙata don buƙatun al'adu da na ruhaniya yana ɗaukar mahimmanci. Ta hanyar aiwatar da kwararar muhalli, masu kula da ruwa suna ƙoƙari don cimma tsarin gudana, ko tsari, wanda ke ba da amfanin ɗan adam da kiyaye mahimman hanyoyin da ake buƙata don tallafawa yanayin yanayin kogin lafiya. Magudanar muhalli ba lallai ba ne ace ya buƙaci maido da dabi'un dabi'un da za su iya faruwa ba tare da ci gaban ɗan adam ba, amfani, da karkatar da su amma, a maimakon haka, an yi niyya ne don samar da fa'ida mai fa'ida da fa'ida daga koguna fiye da kulawa da aka mai da hankali kan samar da ruwa. makamashi, nishaɗi, ko sarrafa ambaliya. Koguna sassa ne na tsarin haɗin gwiwar da suka haɗa da filayen ambaliya da magudanan ruwa. Gaba ɗaya waɗannan tsarin suna ba da babban fa'idodi. Duk da haka, ana ƙara samun canjin kogunan duniya ta hanyar gina madatsun ruwa, karkatar da ruwa, da magudanan ruwa. Fiye da rabin manyan koguna na duniya ne aka datse su, adadi da ke ci gaba da karuwa. Kusan madatsun ruwa kimanin 1,000 ne ake shirin ginawa ko kuma ana gina su a Kudancin Amurka, kuma ana shirin gina sabbin madatsun ruwa guda 50 a kogin Yangtze na kasar Sin kadai. Dams da sauran gine-ginen kogin suna canza yanayin kwararowar ruwa kuma saboda haka suna shafar ingancin ruwa, zafin jiki, motsin ruwa da jibgewa, kifaye da namun daji, da kuma rayuwar mutanen da suka dogara da ingantaccen yanayin kogin. Magudanar muhalli na neman kula da waɗannan ayyukan kogin yayin da a lokaci guda ke ba da fa'idodin gargajiya na waje. Juyin Halittu na kwararar muhalli da kuma ganewa Tun daga farkon karni na 20 zuwa shekarata 1960, kula da ruwa a cikin kasashen da suka ci gaba sun fi mayar da hankali kan kara yawan kariyar ambaliyar ruwa, samar da ruwa, da samar da wutar lantarki. A cikin shekarun 1970s, tasirin muhalli da tattalin arziƙin waɗannan ayyukan ya sa masana kimiyya su nemi hanyoyin da za a gyara ayyukan dam don kula da wasu nau'in kifin. Farkon abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a kai shi ne tantance mafi ƙarancin magudanar ruwa da ake buƙata don adana nau'in ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗai, kamar kifi, a cikin kogi. Wasu daga cikin Matsalolin muhalli sun samo asali ne daga wannan ra'ayi na "mafi ƙarancin magudanar ruwa" da kuma, daga baya, "gudanar ruwa", wanda ya jaddada buƙatar kiyaye ruwa a cikin magudanar ruwa. A cikin shekarun 1990, masana kimiyya sun fahimci cewa tsarin halittu da zamantakewar da koguna ke tallafawa suna da wahala sosai don a taƙaice su da ƙaramin buƙatun ruwa guda ɗaya. Tun daga shekarun 1990s, maidowa da kuma kula da matsugunan muhalli masu fa'ida sun sami ƙarin tallafi, kamar yadda ƙarfin masana kimiyya da injiniyoyi ke da ikon ayyana waɗannan kwararar ruwa don kiyaye cikakkiyar nau'ikan nau'ikan kogi, matakai da ayyuka. Bugu da ƙari kuma, aiwatarwa ya samo asali ne daga sake aikin madatsar ruwa zuwa haɗin kai ga duk wani nau'i na kula da ruwa, ciki har da ruwa na kasa da ruwa da kuma dawowa, da kuma amfani da ƙasa da kuma kula da ruwa na guguwa. Ilimin kimiyya don tallafawa ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun kwararar muhalli na yanki da gudanarwa shima ya ci gaba. A wani bincike na duniya na kwararru kan ruwa da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2003 don auna hasashen kwararar muhalli, kashi 88% na 272 da suka amsa sun amince da cewa manufar tana da matukar muhimmanci ga dorewar sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kuma biyan bukatun mutane na dogon lokaci. A cikin shekarata 2007, sama da ma'aikata 750 daga ƙasashe sama da 50 ne suka amince da sanarwar Brisbane akan kwararar muhalli. Sanarwar ta sanar da yin alkawarin yin aiki tare don kare da dawo da koguna da tafkunan duniya. A shekara ta 2010, manyan ƙasashe da yawa a duk faɗin duniya sun amince da manufofin kwararar muhalli, kodayake aiwatar da su ya kasance ƙalubale. Misalai Ɗaya daga cikin ƙoƙarin da ake yi a halin yanzu don maido da kwararar mahalli shine Tsarin Ruwa mai Dorewa, haɗin gwiwa tsakanin The Nature Conservancy (TNC) da US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), wanda shi ne babban manajan ruwa a Amurka. Tun daga shekarata 2002, TNC da USACE suna aiki don ayyana da aiwatar da kwararar muhalli ta hanyar canza ayyukan madatsun ruwa na USACE a cikin koguna 8 a cikin jihohi 12. Sake aikin madatsar ruwa don sakin matsugunan muhalli, tare da dawo da ambaliya, a wasu lokutan ya kara yawan ruwan da ake samu don samar da wutar lantarki tare da rage hadarin ambaliya. Kogin Bill Williams na Arizona, wanda ke gudana daga kogin Alamo Dam, ɗaya ne daga cikin kogunan da aka nuna a cikin Aikin koguna masu dorewa. Bayan tattaunawa game da gyara ayyukan madatsar ruwa tun farkon shekarun 1990, masu ruwa da tsaki na cikin gida sun fara aiki tare da TNC da USACE a cikin shekarata 2005 bisa bincike don gano takamaiman dabaru don inganta lafiyar muhalli da nau'ikan halittu na rafin rafi daga madatsar ruwa. Masana kimiyya sun tattara mafi kyawun bayanan da ake samu kuma sun yi aiki tare don ayyana kwararar muhalli don kogin Bill Williams Duk da yake ba za a iya aiwatar da duk abubuwan da aka ba da shawarar kwararar muhalli nan da nan ba, USACE ta canza ayyukanta na Dam na Alamo don haɗa ƙarin ƙananan kwararar ruwa da ambaliyar ruwa. Ci gaba da sa ido yana ɗaukar sakamakon sakamakon muhalli kamar sake sabunta gandun daji na willow-cottonwood, murkushe tamarisk masu cin zarafi da waɗanda ba na asali ba, maido da ƙarin yawan halittu na madatsun ruwa na beaver da wuraren zama masu alaƙa, canje-canje a cikin yawan kwari na ruwa, da haɓaka ruwan ƙasa yi caji Manya Daga cikin Injiniyoyin USACE na ci gaba da tuntubar masana kimiyya akai-akai kuma suna amfani da sakamakon sa ido don kara inganta ayyukan dam. Wani shari'ar da masu ruwa da tsaki suka samar da shawarwarin kwararar muhalli shine aikin samar da wutar lantarki na Honduras Patuca III Kogin Patuca, kogi na biyu mafi tsayi a Amurka ta tsakiya, ya tallafawa yawan kifin, da ciyar da amfanin gona, kuma ya ba da damar kewayawa ga al'ummomin ƴan asali da yawa, gami da Indiyawan Tawahka, Pech, da Miskito, na ɗaruruwan shekaru. Don kare lafiyar muhalli na mafi girma dajin dajin da ba a daɗe ba a arewacin Amazon da mazaunanta, TNC da Empresa Nacional de Energía Eléctrica (ENEE, hukumar da ke da alhakin aikin) sun amince da yin nazari da ƙayyade kwararar ruwa masu mahimmanci don kiyaye lafiyar ɗan adam da na halitta. al'ummomin da ke gefen kogin. Saboda karancin bayanai da ake da su, an samar da sabbin dabaru don kimanta bukatu masu kwarara bisa gogewa da lura da mutanen yankin da suka dogara da wannan kusan tsaftataccen ruwan kogin. Hanyoyi, kayan aiki, da samfura Fiye da hanyoyi guda 200 ana amfani da su a duk duniya don tsara magudanar ruwa da ake buƙata don kula da koguna masu lafiya. Koyaya, kaɗan daga cikin waɗannan suna da cikakkun bayanai kuma cikakke, suna lissafin yanayin yanayi da bambancin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara da ake buƙata don tallafawa duk sabis na tsarin halittu waɗanda koguna masu lafiya suke bayarwa. Irin waɗannan ingantattun hanyoyin sun haɗa da DRIFT (Amsa na ƙasa don Canjin Canjin Ruwa), BBM (Tsarin Tsarin Ginin Ginin), da "Tsarin Savannah" don ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun yanayin muhalli, da ELOHA (Iyakokin Muhalli na Canjin Hydrologic) don tsarawa da sarrafa albarkatun ruwa na yanki. Hanyar "mafi kyau", ko mafi kusantar, hanyoyin, don yanayin da aka ba da shi ya dogara da adadin albarkatun da bayanai da ake samuwa, batutuwa mafi mahimmanci, da matakin tabbacin da ake bukata. Don sauƙaƙe takaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun muhalli, ƙira da kayan aikin kwamfuta da yawa sun ƙirƙira ta ƙungiyoyi kamar USACE's Hydrologic Engineering Center Archived don kama buƙatun kwarara da aka ayyana a cikin saitin bita (misali, HEC-RPT ko don kimanta abubuwan da ke tattare da aiwatar da kwararar muhalli (misali, HEC-ResSim HEC-RAS da HEC-EFM Bugu da ƙari, an ƙirƙira ƙirar 2D daga ƙirar tashin hankali na 3D dangane da Smagorinsky babban rufewar eddy zuwa mafi dacewa da ƙira babban sikelin muhalli. Wannan samfurin ya dogara ne akan jinkirin ɗimbin ɗabi'a na rikice-rikice na Smagorinsky babban rufewar eddy maimakon ace matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin kwarara. Sauran hanyoyin tantance kwararar muhalli da aka gwada da kuma gwadawa sun haɗa da DRIFT (King et al. A shekarata 2003), kuma wanda kwanan nan aka yi amfani da shi a rikicin Kishenganga HPP tsakanin Pakistan da Indiya a Kotun Ƙarƙashin Ƙasa ta Duniya. A Indiya A Indiya, bukatuwar kwararar muhalli ta samo asali daga daruruwan manyan madatsun ruwa da ake shiryawa a cikin kogin Himalayan don samar da wutar lantarki. Rikicin madatsun ruwa da aka tsara a fadin Lohit, Kogin Dibang a cikin kogin Brahmaputra, kogin Alaknanda da kogin Bhagirathi a cikin Ganga basin da Teesta a Sikkim alal misali, za su ƙare a cikin kogunan da ke gudana ta hanyar ramuka da hannun jari na alkalami maimakon kogin. tashoshi. Akwai wasu shawarwarin da hukumomi daban-daban suka bayar (Kotu, Kotuna, Kwamitin Tattalin Arziki na Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Dazuzzuka (Indiya) game da sakin hanyoyin lantarki daga madatsun ruwa. Koyaya, waɗannan shawarwarin ba su taɓa samun goyan baya daga maƙasudai masu ƙarfi ba game da dalilin da yasa ake buƙatar wasu sakin e-flow. Duba wasu abubuwan Ruwan da ke shigowa Rashin ruwa Manazarta Muhalli Yanayi Indian Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
60189	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria%20Herrmann	Victoria Herrmann	Articles with hCards Victoria Herrmann yar Amurka ce mai ba da labarin ƙasa kuma mai magana, da canjin yanayi Ita ce shugabar gudanarwa na Cibiyar Arctic, National Geographic Explorer, da Mataimakin Farfesa a Jami'ar Georgetown ta Walsh School of Foreign Service, inda bincikenta ya mayar da hankali kan haɗin gwiwar Arctic da siyasa da yanayi canza karbuwa a cikin Amurka da Yankunan Amurka. Herrmann Har ila yau, Ƙungiyar Amirka ce don Ci gaban Kimiyya (AAAS) IDAN TO Jakadan kuma yana aiki don ƙarfafa 'yan mata da mata a cikin STEM An ba ta suna a cikin Forbes 30 Under 30 list, National Trust for Historic Preservation 's 40 under 40 list, Shugaban Matasan Arewacin Amurka ta Abokan Turai, ɗaya daga cikin 100 Mafi Tasirin Mutane a cikin Manufofin yanayi a duk duniya ta hanyar Apolitical, kuma a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙaddamar da "CAFE 100 masu canza canji masu ban mamaki waɗanda ke ɗaukar mataki don magance wasu matsalolin da suka fi dacewa a Amurka da kuma a duniya" na tsohon lauyan Amurka Preet Bharara Rayuwa da ilimi An haife shi a Paramus, New Jersey,Herrmann ya fara sha'awar al'amuran muhalli Ta girma Bayahudiya kuma ta ambaci kwarewar kakaninta a matsayin wadanda suka tsira daga Holocaust a matsayin wahayin bincikenta da bayar da shawarwari kan tasirin sauyin yanayi a kan al'ummomin da ba su da hakki. Ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta Paramus A cikin 2012 ta kammala BA a cikin dangantakar kasa da kasa da tarihin fasaha a Jami'ar Lehigh kuma daga baya aka ba ta lambar yabo ta Junior Fellowship na shekara guda a Carnegie Endowment for International Peace a Washington, DC, inda ta yi aiki kan sufuri mai dorewa da manufofin yanayi a birane. Herrmann ya koma Kanada a cikin 2013 a matsayin Fulbrightgrantee, ya kammala MA a Harkokin Kasa da Kasa a Makarantar Harkokin Kasa da Kasa ta Norman Paterson ta Jami'ar Carleton A cikin 2014 an ba ta lambar yabo ta Gates Cambridge don karatun digiri na uku a Cibiyar Binciken Scott Polar A cikin 2017 Herrmann an ba shi lambar yabo ta Bill Gates Sr. Award don sadaukar da kai don inganta rayuwar wasu, kuma a cikin 2019 ta sami PhD dinta daga Jami'ar Cambridge A cikin shekarar karshe ta PhD, Herrmann ya shafe watanni uku a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa, Injiniya, da Magunguna a matsayin abokin tarayya a cikin Shirin Harkokin Kimiyya da Fasaha na Christine Mirzayan. Manufar Arctic da bincike na ƙaura Herrmann ya shiga Cibiyar Arctic a cikin 2015, kuma a cikin 2016 ya zama Shugaban kungiyar kuma Daraktan gudanarwa. Tana jagorantar tsare-tsare don cimma manufarta don sanar da manufofin don adalci, dorewa, da amintaccen Arctic Herrmann yana kula da aiwatar da haɗin gwiwar bincike na duniya kuma yana kula da wata ƙungiya a fadin Arewacin Amirka da Turai. Karkashin lokacin Herrmann, Cibiyar Arctic ta ci gaba da matsayi a matsayin babban-75 na tunani ta Jami'ar Pennsylvania 's Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program kuma mujallar Prospect ta zaba a matsayin mafi kyawun Makamashi da Muhalli na Amurka. Ita ƙwararriyar ƙwararriya ce a manufofin Arctic, kuma ta ba da shaida a gaban Kwamitin Tsaron Cikin Gida na Majalisar Wakilan Amurka kuma ta yi wa Kwamitin Harkokin Waje na Majalisar Wakilan Amurka bayani da Kwamitin Majalisar Dattijan Amurka kan Makamashi da Albarkatun Kasa akan Arctic. tsaro da sauyin yanayi. A cikin 2017-2018 ta yi aiki a matsayin Editan Bita na Alaska don Ƙididdigar Yanayi na Ƙasa na huɗu kuma a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Wakilan Amurka guda biyu zuwa Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙasa ta Duniya Herrmann ya zauna a Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Ƙungiyar Bincike ta Arctic na Amurka tun daga 2019 kuma a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin mai haɗin gwiwa na Hukumar Gudanarwa ta Matasa ta Arctic. Binciken Herrmann yana mai da hankali kan ƙaura da sauyin yanayi ya jawo, ƙaura, da ƙaura a cikin Arctic, Kudancin Pacific, da Amurka. A cikin 2016–2017, ta yi aiki a matsayin jagorar mai bincike don aikin Eroding Edges na Amurka, aikin bincike na ƙasa-da-ƙasa na ƙasa. Ta zagaya ko'ina cikin kasar inda ta yi hira da shugabannin kananan hukumomi 350 don gano abin da ake bukata don kare al'ummomin bakin teku daga illolin sauyin yanayi da ba za a iya kaucewa ba. Tare da haɗin gwiwar National Trust for Historic Preservation kuma tare da goyon baya daga JMK Innovation Prize, wani aiki na gaba zuwa Eroding Edges yana kawo taimakon fasaha kai tsaye ga ƙananan garuruwa da matsakaitan ƙananan yankuna waɗanda ke da nisa daga yanki da tattalin arziki. Aikin bincikenta na National Geographic na yanzu, Al'adu Kan Motsawa: Sauyin yanayi, Matsuguni, da Matsuguni a Fiji, yana bincikar sakamakon yanayin da ya haifar da alaƙar al'adun gargajiya Ita ce Babban Mai Binciken Na Bincika Na Bincika Haɗin Kan Cibiyar Hijira ta Arctic a cikin Harmony: Cibiyar Sadarwar Tsare-tsare Kan Littattafai, Matsuguni, da Al'adu akan Motsi wanda Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta ƙasa ta ba da tallafi. Herrmann ya haɓaka hanyar sadarwa ta ƙasa da ƙasa memba na 700+ don sauƙaƙe buɗe hanyar sadarwa, haɓaka musayar ladabtarwa, da gina sabbin ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwar masana kimiyya, masu ruwa da tsaki, da masu aiki don bincika hanyoyin da direbobi da sakamakon ƙaura na bakin tekun Arctic ke haɗuwa tare da yin hulɗa tare da ɗayan. wani da kuma gano abubuwan da ke faruwa ga al'umma. Sadarwar canjin yanayi Herrmann yana aiki duka a matsayin mai sadarwa na kimiyya don masu sauraron jama'a kuma a matsayin mai binciken ilimi da ke nazarin hanyoyin sadarwa na canjin yanayi Ta buga labarai sama da 20 na bita na mujallu da surori na littattafan ilimi. Binciken nata yana mai da hankali kan yadda hotunan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin kafofin watsa labarai ke gina dabi'u, ganowa, da ra'ayoyin iko game da ƙaurawar sauyin yanayi, al'ummomi masu rauni, da manufofin Arctic. Herrmann ya bayar da hujjar cewa malanta canjin yanayi na iya kuma yakamata ya sanar da takamaiman aiki, da kuma yadda aiki zai iya wadatar da malanta. A cikin tattaunawa game da binciken da ta yi a jami'o'i, ta ƙarfafa sauran masu bincike don gano muryar jama'a tare da auna mahimmancin labarun don ƙarfafa ayyukan sauyin yanayi. Herrmann ya ba da jawabai sama da 50 na jama'a, gami da mahimman bayanai a National Trust for Historic Preservation 's PastForward, Cibiyar Smithsonian 's Stemming the Tide: Dabarun Duniya don Dorewa Al'adu Ta Hanyar Canjin Yanayi, da Hugh O 'Brian Youth Leadership Foundation Congress World Leadership Congress. Herrmann ya ba da shawarar cewa "canjin yanayi labari ne game da rasa abubuwan da suka sa mu zama mu", kuma "kowa yana da rawar da zai taka a cikin hanyoyin magance yanayi." A matsayin National Geographic Explorer, Herrmann ya ba da jawabai da yawa na jama'a game da manufofin canjin yanayi, ba da labari, da ayyukan al'umma. Tattaunawarta daga matakin National Geographic Society sun haɗa da Zaɓin Kaddamar da Kayi wahayi zuwa gabatarwa don CreativeMornings da kuma wata mahimmin kwamiti a bikin Explorers, inda aka nuna ta a cikin tattaunawa tare da Andrew Revkin, Emma Marris, Leland Melvin, da Ian Stewart don tattaunawa. duniyar da ke cikin hadari. Ta kuma gabatar da abubuwan balaguro na ƙasa kamar National Geographic On Campus. Herrmann yana da sha'awar ƙarfafa matasa, kuma ya yi aiki tare da National Geographic Education don ƙara fahimtar yanayi da damar yin aiki na gida. Ta taimaka wajen samarwa kuma an nuna ta a cikin karatun kan layi Koyar da Canjin Yanayi na Duniya a cikin Ajin ku, ya gabatar da labarun yanayi a duk faɗin Amurka don shirin Classroom na Explorer, kuma ya sauƙaƙe da kuma ba da jagoranci ga matasa masu ba da labari a sansanin Hotuna na National Geographic don matasa a Louisiana A cikin 2021, Herrmann ya kasance fitaccen Explorer a cikin Tashoshin Talabijin Na ABC Mallakar Mu Amurka: Yanayi na Bege tare da haɗin gwiwar National Geographic Partners Ta akai-akai rubuta ra'ayi guda game da canjin yanayi da manufofin Arctic don The Guardian, Scientific American, da CNN Har ila yau, Herrmann ya bayyana sau da yawa a matsayin gwani a cikin labarai, ciki har da NPR's Science Jumma'a, On Point, Duk Abubuwan da aka La'akari, da Ƙarshen Ƙarshe Labaran ABC da BBC, da sauransu. A cikin 2019 Herrmann an nada shi Ƙungiyar Amirka don Ci gaban Kimiyya (AAAS) IF THEN Ambassador, kuma mai ba da shawara ne don ganin mata a cikin binciken canjin yanayi da 'yan mata masu shiga cikin STEM An nuna Herrmann a matsayin abin koyi ga 'yan mata a cikin STEM ta Gidan Tarihi na Yara na Ƙasa Ad Council s She Can STEM campaign. Zaɓaɓɓen littafin littafi Labaran jarida 2020 Herrmann, V. "Hanyoyin Sadarwar Dabaru na Majalisar Arctic: Shekaru 20 na Hoton Da'irar." Jaridar Dabarun Sadarwa. doi.org/10.1007/s10767-020-09384-2 2020 Marchman, P., Siders, AR, Leilani Main, Kelly, Herrmann, V., Butler, Debra. "Shirya Matsar Matsugunin Matsuguni don Amsa Canjin Yanayi: Matsalolin Dabaru Da yawa." Ka'idar Tsara da Ayyuka. 2020 Raspotnik, A, Groenning, R., da Herrmann, V. "Tale na Biranen Uku: Ma'anar Garuruwan Smart Ga Arctic." Polar Geography. Karba 2019 Herrmann, V. "Haihuwar Hanyar Man Fetur Dogara: Labaran Mai da Ci Gaba a Arewa." Binciken Amirka na Nazarin Kanada, 49: 2, 301-331, 2019 Herrmann, V. "Rushewar ƙauyuka a cikin Labari na Canjin Yanayi na Amurka: Aikin Jarida, Hankali, da Hukuma a Shishmaref, Alaska." Littattafai na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Geofuri na Amirka, 109:3, 857-874, 2017 Herrmann, V. "Tsaron Al'umma na Arctic a COP21: Bambance-bambancen Maganar Tsaro da Kayan aiki a Tattaunawar Yanayi." SIYASA, 20:3, 65–82, DOI: https://doi.org/10.7146/politik.v20i3.97174 2017 Herrmann, V. "Al'adu Kan Motsawa: Zuwa Tsarin Tsarin Maɗaukaki don La'akarin Abubuwan Al'adun Al'adu a cikin Manufofin Hijira masu Alaƙa da Sauyi, Matsuguni da Matsuguni." Binciken Archaeological daga Cambridge, 32 (2), 182-196. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.23647 2017 Herrmann, V. "'Yan Gudun Hijira na Canjin Yanayi na Farko na Amirka: Cin Hanci da Ƙarfafawa a cikin Bayar da Labarun Jarida." Binciken Makamashi da Jaridar Kimiyyar zamantakewa, 31, 205-214. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2017.05.033 2016 Herrmann, V. "Sa hannun jari a cikin Al'umma: Ƙirƙirar Ƙirar Makarantun Makarantu don Arctic na Amurka." Yanayin Geography, 39:4, 239–257, 2016 McCorristine, S. da Herrmann, V. "'The Old Arctics': Sanarwa na Franklin Search Expedition Veterans in British Press: 1876-1934." Rikodin Polar, 39: 4, 215-229, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0032247415000728 2016 Herrmann, V. "Yaƙin Yaƙin Duniya na Warming: Labarun Kayayyakin da Aka Sake Fa'ida Daga Saman Duniya." Polar Geography, 38:4, 289–305, 2015 Herrmann, V. "Cujin Yanayi, Arctic Aesthetics, and Indigenous Agency in the Age of the Anthropocene." Littafin Shekara na Dokar Polar, 7: 1, 375-409, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/2211-6427_015 manazarta Rayayyun mutane Chajin yanayi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
19030	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magani	Magani	Magani abu ne ko tsari wanda yake kawo ƙarshen yanayin rashin lafiya, kamar amfani da magani, aikin tiyata, canjin yanayin rayuwa ko ma tunanin falsafa wanda ke taimakawa kawo ƙarshen wahalar mutum ko rage raɗaɗi ko yanayin warkewa, ko warkarwa. Yanayin aiki ne akan cuta, kamar su cutar taɓin hankali, nakasa, ko kuma kawai yanayin da mutum yake ganin maras kyau a zamantakewarsa a karan kansa. Cutar da ba ta jin magani tana iya zama cutar ajali; akasin haka, rashin lafiya mai warkewa na iya haifar da mutuwar mai haƙuri. Adadin mutanen da ke da cutar da aka warkar da su ta hanyar bada magani, da ake kira warkar juzu'i ko ƙimar warkewa, ana ƙaddara ta hanyar kwatanta rayuwar marasa lafiya a kan ƙungiyar kula da ta dace da ba ta taɓa samun cutar ba. Wata hanyar tantance kashi-kashi na magani da ko "lokacin warkarwa" shi ne ta hanyar auna lokacin da haɗarin da ke cikin ƙungiyar mutane masu cuta ya dawo zuwa haɗarin da aka auna a cikin yawan ja [1]. Mahimmanci a cikin tunanin magani shi ne ƙarshen dawwamammen takamaiman yanayin cutar. Lokacin da mutum ya kamu da ciwon sanyi, sannan kuma ya warke daga gare shi, ana cewa mutumin ya warke, duk da cewa wata rana mutum zai iya kamuwa da wani mura. Akasin haka, mutumin da ya sami nasarar sarrafa wata cuta, irin su ciwon sukari( wanda akafi sani da Diabetes mellitus a turance), don haka ba ta samar da alamun bayyanar da ba a so a halin yanzu, amma ba tare da kawo karshenta ba har abada, ba a warkewa. Misalin ilimin lissafi A cikin cututtuka masu rikitarwa, irin su ciwon daji, masu bincike sun dogara da ƙididdigar ƙididdigar rashin rayuwa (DFS) na marasa lafiya a kan ƙungiyoyi masu kula da lafiya. Wannan mawuyacin tsari yana kuma da mahimmanci gafara mara iyaka tare da magani. Yawanci ana yin kwatancen ne ta hanyar tsarin kimantawa na Kaplan-Meier Joseph Berkson da Robert P. Gage ne suka buga samfurin magani mafi sauki cikin 1952. A cikin wannan samfurin, rayuwa a kowane lokaci yayi daidai da waɗanda aka warke tare da waɗanda basu warke ba, amma waɗanda basu mutu ba ko kuma, game da cututtukan da ke dauke da rashi na asymptomatic, har yanzu ba su sake nuna alamun ba alamomin cutar. Lokacin da duk wadanda basu warke ba suka mutu ko kuma suka sake kamuwa da cutar, sai kawai wadanda suka warke har abada zasu ci gaba, kuma murfin DFS zai zama daidai. Matsakaicin farko a lokacin da hankulan ya daidaita shine wurin da za'a ayyana dukkan wadanda suka tsira daga masu cutar ba tare da cuta ba har abada. Idan karkatarwar ba ta taɓarɓarewa ba, to ana ɗauka cewa cutar ba ta da magani (tare da magungunan da ake da su) Daidaitaccen Berkson da Gage shine ina shi ne adadin mutanen da ke rayuwa a kowane lokaci a lokaci, shine kason da aka warke har abada, kuma sigar karkace ce mai wakiltar rayuwar mutanen da basu warke ba. Za'a iya ƙayyade raƙuman kwalliyar cuta ta hanyar nazarin bayanan. Binciken ya ba wa mai ilimin lissafi damar tantance yawan mutanen da ke warkewa ta dindindin ta hanyar ba da magani, da kuma tsawon lokacin bayan jiyya ya zama dole a jira kafin a bayyana wani mutum mai cutar da zai warke. Yawancin samfuran ƙarancin warkaswa suna wanzu, kamar su tsaran-tsinkayen algorithm da samfurin Markov na Monte Carlo. Zai yiwu a yi amfani da ƙirar saurin warkarwa don kwatanta ingancin magunguna daban-daban. Gabaɗaya, ana daidaita hanyoyin rayuwa don tasirin tsufa na al'ada akan mace-mace, musamman lokacin da ake nazarin cututtukan tsofaffi. Daga hangen nesa na mai haƙuri, musamman wanda ya sami sabon magani, ƙirar ƙirar na iya zama takaici. Yana iya ɗaukar shekaru da yawa don tara isassun bayanai don sanin ma'anar da DFS ke lanƙwasa (sabili da haka ba a tsammanin sake dawowa). Wasu cututtukan na iya gano cewa ba za a iya magance su ta hanyar fasaha ba, amma kuma ana bukatar magani ta yadda ba za a iya bambanta da kayan magani ba. Sauran cututtukan na iya tabbatar da cewa suna da tarin filaye da yawa, don haka abin da aka taɓa yabawa a matsayin "magani" yana haifar da ba zato ba tsammani a cikin ƙarshen sake dawowa. Sakamakon haka, marasa lafiya, iyaye da masana halayyar dan adam sun kirkiro da ra'ayin warkewar halayyar dan adam, ko kuma lokacin da mara lafiyan ya yanke hukuncin cewa maganin ya isa ya zama waraka kamar yadda ake kira magani. Misali, mara lafiya na iya shelanta kansa cewa "ya warke", kuma ya yanke shawarar yin rayuwarsa kamar dai tabbas an tabbatar da warkewar, nan da nan bayan jiyya. Sharuɗɗa masu alaƙa Amsa shi ne rage raunin bayyanar cututtuka bayan jiyya. Farfadowa da na'ura shine maido da lafiya ko aiki. Mutumin da ya warke ba zai iya warkewa sosai ba, kuma mutumin da ya warke ba zai warke ba, kamar yadda yake a yanayin mutumin da ya sami gafara na ɗan lokaci ko kuma wanda ke ɗauke da alamun cutar rashin lafiya. Rigakafin hanya ce ta gujewa rauni, rashin lafiya, nakasa, ko cuta da fari, kuma gabaɗaya ba zai taimaki wanda ya riga ya kamu da rashin lafiya ba (kodayake akwai keɓaɓɓun). Misali, jarirai da yara kanana da yawa suna yin allurar rigakafin cutar shan inna da sauran cututtuka masu yaduwa, wanda ke hana su kamuwa da cutar shan inna. Amma allurar rigakafin ba ta aiki ga marasa lafiyar da suka riga sun kamu da cutar shan inna. Ana amfani da magani ko magani bayan an riga an fara matsalar lafiya. Far yana magance matsala, kuma mai yiwuwa ko bazai haifar da maganinta ba. A cikin yanayin da ba shi da magani, magani yana inganta yanayin kiwon lafiya, sau da yawa kawai idan dai an ci gaba da maganin ko na ɗan lokaci bayan an gama jiyya. Misali, babu maganin cutar kanjamau, amma ana samun magunguna don rage cutar da kwayar cutar HIV ta yi kuma tsawaita rayuwar mutumin da aka kula da shi. Jiyya ba koyaushe ke aiki ba. Misali, chemotherapy magani ne na kansar, amma bazai yuwu ga kowane mara lafiya ba. A cikin sauƙin warkewar cututtukan kansa, kamar cutar sankarar bargo a yara, cutar sankarau da kuma Hodgkin lymphoma, adadin warkarwa na iya kusanci kashi 90% A wasu siffofin, magani na iya zama da gaske ba zai yiwu ba. Kulawa bazai buƙaci cin nasara a cikin 100% na marasa lafiya don ɗauka mai warkewa ba. Maganin da aka bayar na iya warkar da wasu marasa lafiya kalilan har abada; Matukar dai wadanda suka warke suka warke, to ana daukar maganin a matsayin mai warkarwa. Misalai Magunguna na iya ɗaukar nau'in maganin rigakafi na halitta (don cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta maganin rigakafi na roba kamar sulphonamides, ko fluoroquinolones, antivirals (don ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta masu saurin kamuwa da cuta antifungals, antitoxins, bitamin, kwayar halittar jini, tiyata, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, da da sauransu. Duk da yawan maganin da ake ci gaba da yi, jerin cututtukan da ba sa jin magani sun kasance masu tsayi. 1700s Scurvy ya zama mai warkewa (kamar yadda za'a iya hana shi) tare da ƙwayoyin bitamin C (alal misali, a cikin lemun tsami) lokacin da James Lind ya wallafa A Yarjejeniyar kan Scurvy (1753). 1890s Emil Adolf von Behring da abokan aikin sa ne suka samar da Antitoxins zuwa diphtheria da tetanus toxins daga 1890 zuwa gaba. A amfani da diphtheria antitoxin domin lura da diphtheria an ɗauke ta The Lancet a matsayin "mafi muhimmanci gaba da [19th] Century a cikin magani daga m cutar". 1930s Sulphonamides ya zama magani na farko da aka samo asali sosai don cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta. An fara kirkirar magungunan Antimalarials sa zazzabin cizon sauro ya zama warkarwa. 1940s Kwayoyin cuta sun zama warkarwa tare da ci gaban maganin rigakafi. Shekarar 2010 Hepatitis C, kamuwa da cuta mai saurin kamuwa da cuta, ya zama mai warkarwa ta hanyar magani tare da magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta. Duba kuma Kawar da cututtuka masu yaduwa Jerin cututtukan da basu da magani Maganin rigakafin Gafara (magani) Rushewa, sake bayyanawar cuta Gafara maras lokaci Manazarta Pages with unreviewed
16681	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutuwa	Mutuwa	Mutuwa, wani al'amari ne na dindindin, wanda ba'a iya maido shi baya a lokacin da rayuwa ta tsaya (ƙare) ga duk wata halitta wadanda ke rayuwa. Ana amfani da Kalmar mutuwa da kuma rashin iya yin aiki na kwakwalwa na dindin din a matsayin ma'anar mutuwa a hukunce. Gawar mamaci kan fara rubewa jim kadan bayan mutuwa. Mutuwa abu ne da babu makawa, tsari ne na rayuwar duniya wanda daga qarshe yake faruwa ga dukkan wani abu mai rai. Mutuwa ta kuma jibanci duk wani abu mai rai, gaba ɗaya tun daga ƙwayoyin halitta, da sassan jiki, raunin kwayoyin halitta. Wani abu ne da ba'a ɗauka a matsayin abu mai rai ba, kamar ƙwayar cuta, ana iya lalata ta amma ba a ce ta mutu ba. Ya zuwa farkon karni na 21, sama da mutane 150,000 ke mutuwa a kowace rana a duniya. Yawancin al'adu da addinai suna da fahimtar rayuwa bayan mutuwa, kuma suna riƙe da ra'ayin cewa akwai hukunci da lada don kyawawan ayyuka ko hukuncin zunubi don munana. Fahimtar sila Matsalolin ma'ana Fahimtar silar mutuwa mabuɗin fahimtar ɗan Adam ne game da abin da ya faru kafin ya mutu. Akwai hanyoyin kimiyya daban-daban na gano sanadin mutuwa. Bugu da kari, bullowar magungunan tsawaita rayuwa da ƙa'idodi gano dalilan mutuwa daban-daban daga mahangar likitanci da shari'a, sun sanya wahala wajen ƙirƙirar ma'anonin silar mutuwa guda ɗaya. Daya daga cikin kalubalen bayyana ma'anar mutuwa shi ne rarrabe ma'anarta da rayuwa. A wasu lokutan, mutuwa kamar tana nufin lokacin da rayuwa ta ƙare. Tabbatar da lokacin da mutuwa ta faru na da wuya, saboda daina ayyukan rayuwa galibi ba abu ɗaya bane a tsarin sassan jiki. Sabili da haka, irin wannan ƙuduri, yana buƙatar zana ainihin iyakokin fahimta tsakanin rayuwa da mutuwa. Wannan yana da wahala, saboda kasancewar akwai yar yarjejeniya kan yadda za'a ayyana rayuwa. Sannan ana iya nuna ma’nar mutuwa ta hanyar ayyana rayuwa dangane da hankali/hayyaci. Lokacin da hankali ko hayyaci ya gushe, za a iya cewa an mutu. Daya daga cikin kuskuren wannan ma'anar shi ne cewa akwai halittu da yawa waɗanda suke raye amma mai yiwuwa hankalinsu ya gushe (misali, halittu masu kwayoyin halitta kwaya ɗaya tak). Wata matsalar ita ce ta bayyana ainihin ma'anar hankali wanda ke da ma'anoni daban-daban da masana kimiyyar zamani, masana halayyar dan Adam da masana falsafa suka bayar. Bugu da ƙari, da yawa addini hadisai, ciki har da Ibrahim da kuma Dharmic hadisai, rike cewa mutuwa ba (ko iya ba) kunsa karshen sani. A wasu al'adu, mutuwa ta fi tsari sau ɗaya. Yana nuna jinkirin sauyawa daga yanayin ruhaniya zuwa wani. Sauran ma'anoni dangane da mutuwa suna mai da hankali ne akan halin daina wani abu ko karshen wani abu. Musamman, mutuwa tana faruwa yayin da rayayyen abu ya gamu da dakatarwar kowane aiki. Kamar yadda ya shafi rayuwar mutum, mutuwa abu ce da ba za a iya juyawa ba inda wani ya rasa kasancewar su mutum. A tarihance, yunƙurin ayyana ainihin lokacin da ɗan Adam ya mutu ba su da wata ma'ana ko kuma lokaci. An bayyana mutuwa sau ɗaya azaman dakatar da bugun zuciya kamun zuciya da numfashi, amma ci gaban CPR da saurin ruɓewa sun sanya wannan ma'anar ba ta isa ba saboda ana iya sake numfashi da bugun zuciya a wasu lokuta. Wannan nau'in mutuwa inda yaduwar jini da kamawar numfashi an san shi da ma'anar zagayawa na mutuwa (DCDD). Magoya bayan DCDD sun yi amannar cewa wannan ma'anar tana da ma'ana saboda mutumin da ke da asarar dindindin na aikin jini da na numfashi ya kamata a ɗauka cewa ya mutu. Masu sukar wannan ma'anar sun bayyana cewa yayin dakatar da waɗannan ayyukan na iya zama na dindindin, ba yana nufin halin ba zai yiwu ba, domin idan aka yi amfani da CPR, ana iya farfaɗo da mutumin. Don haka, hujjojin don da kuma adawa da DCDD sun tafka har zuwa batun ma'anar ainihin kalmomin "madawwami" da "ba za a iya sauyawa ba," wanda ya ƙara rikitar da ƙalubalen ayyana mutuwa. Bugu da ƙari, abubuwan da suke da alaƙa da mutuwa a da can baya daina kashe rayuka a kowane yanayi; ba tare da zuciya ko huhu mai aiki ba, rayuwa wani lokaci ana iya dorewa tare da haɗin na'urorin tallafi na rayuwa, dashen sassan jiki da kuma abubuwan bugun zuciya na wucin gadi. A yau, inda ake buƙatar ma'anar lokacin mutuwa, likitoci da masu binciken gawa yawanci suna komawa zuwa "mutuwar kwakwalwa" ko "mutuwar ƙirar halitta" don ayyana mutum cewa ya mutu; mutane ana daukar su matattu lokacin da aikin lantarki a kwakwalwar su ya daina. An ɗauka cewa ƙarshen aikin lantarki yana nuna ƙarshen sani Dakatar da hankali dole ne ya kasance na dindindin, kuma ba mai jinkiri ba, kamar yadda yake faruwa yayin wasu matakan bacci, kuma musamman coma Game da bacci, EEGs na iya faɗan bambanci Jinsin na "mutuwar kwakwalwa" wasu masana suna ganin matsala ce. Misali, Dr. Franklin Miller, babban malamin jami'a a Sashin Bioethics, Cibiyoyin Kiwon Lafiya na Kasa, ya lura cewa: "A ƙarshen shekarun 1990 ƙididdigar mutuwar kwakwalwa da mutuwar ɗan adam ya gamu da ƙalubalantar masana, bisa akan hujjoji game da tsarin aikin nazarin halittu wanda marasa lafiya suka nuna daidai suna da ciwon wannan yanayin waɗanda aka kiyaye su akan iska na injina na wasu lokuta. Wadannan marassa lafiyar sun kiyaye ikon ci gaba da zagayawa da numfashi, sarrafa zafin jiki, fitowar almubazzaranci, warkar da raunuka, yakar cutuka kuma, mafi yawan gaske, yiwa 'yan tayi ciki (dangane da mata masu "ƙwaƙwalwar da ta mutu"). Yayinda "mutuwar kwakwalwa" wasu malamai ke kallonta a matsayin matsala, tabbas akwai masu goyon bayanta wadanda suka yi imani da cewa wannan ma'anar mutuwa ita ce mafi dacewa ga bambance rayuwa da mutuwa. Dalilin bayan goyan baya ga wannan ma'anar shine mutuwar kwakwalwa tana da wasu ƙa'idodi waɗanda za a dogara da su kuma za'a iya sake fitarwa. Hakanan, kwakwalwa tana da mahimmanci wajen tantance asalinmu ko kuma mu mutane ne. Ya kamata a rarrabe cewa "mutuwar kwakwalwa" ba za a iya daidaita ta da wanda ke cikin yanayin ciyayi ko suma ba, a cikin cewa yanayin da ya gabata ya bayyana yanayin da yafi karfin warkewa. Waɗannan mutane suna riƙe da cewa neo-cortex na ƙwaƙwalwa kawai ke da muhimmanci don sanin wani lokacin suna jayayya cewa aikin lantarki ne kawai ya kamata a yi la’akari da shi yayin bayyana mutuwa. Daga qarshe zai yuwu cewa ma'aunin mutuwa zai zama dawwamamme kuma ba za'a iya sakewarsa aikin aiki na fahimi ba, kamar yadda aka nuna mutuwar mutuwar kwakwalwar Duk wani fata na dawo da tunani da halin mutum ya tafi kenan idan aka bashi fasahar yanzu ta zamani da kuma hangowa. A halin yanzu, a mafi yawan wurare ma'anan ma'anar mutu'a daina dakatar da aikin lantarki a cikin kwakwalwa baki daya, sabanin kawai a cikin neo-cortex an karɓe shi (alal misali Dokar Tabbataccen Yanayin Mutuwa a Amurka). A cikin 2005, shari'ar Terri Schiavo ta kawo batun mutuwar ƙwaƙwalwa da wadatar ɗan adam a gaban siyasar Amurka Ko da ta hanyar ma'aunin kwakwalwa duka, ƙaddarar mutuwar kwakwalwa na iya zama mai rikitarwa. EEGs na iya gano ɓataccen motsi na lantarki, yayin da wasu kwayoyi, hypoglycemia, hypoxia, ko hypothermia na iya dannewa ko ma dakatar da aikin kwakwalwa na ɗan lokaci. Saboda wannan ne asibitoci suna da ladabi don ƙayyade mutuwar ƙwaƙwalwar da ke tattare da EEGs a cikin ratayoyi da yawa a cikin ƙayyadaddun yanayi. A da, ɗaukar wannan ma'anar cikakkiyar ƙwaƙwalwar ita ce ƙarshen Kwamitin Shugaban forasa don Nazarin Matsalolin icalabi'a a Magunguna da Bincike na Bioabi'a da Beabi'a a 1980. Sun yanke shawarar cewa wannan hanyar don bayyana mutuwa ta wadatar wajen isa ga ma'anar bai ɗaya a ƙasar. An gabatar da dalilai masu yawa don tallafawa wannan ma'anar da suka haɗa da: daidaitattun ƙa'idodin shari'a don kafa mutuwa; amfani da albarkatun cikin iyali don tallafawa rayuwar wucin gadi; da kafa doka don daidaita mutuwar kwakwalwalokacin da mutuwa don ci gaba da ba da gudummawar sassan jiki. Ba’a ga batun tallafawa ko jayayya game da mutuwar kwakwalwa, akwai wata matsala ta daban a cikin wannan ma'anar rarrabuwa: bambancin aikace-aikacenta a aikin likita. A cikin 1995, Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Neurology ta Amurka (AAN), ta kafa wasu sharuɗɗa waɗanda suka zama ƙa'idar likita don bincikar mutuwar ƙwayoyin cuta. A wancan lokacin, dole ne a gamsar da sifofi na asibiti guda uku domin a tantance "ƙarewar da ba za a iya sakewa ba" na jimlar ƙwaƙwalwa da suka hada da: coma tare da bayyananniyar ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, dakatar da numfashi, da kuma rashin karfin kwakwalwa. Wannan sabunta ka'idojin an sake sabunta shi kwanan nan a cikin 2010, amma har yanzu akwai bambancin ra'ayi tsakanin asibitoci da fannoni na likita. Matsalar ayyana mutuwa yana da mahimmanci musamman kamar yadda ya shafi dokar mai bayarwa ta mutu, wanda za'a iya fahimtarsa ɗayan fassarorin masu zuwa ne na ƙa'idar: dole ne a sami sanarwar mutuwar mutum a hukumance kafin fara sayan ɓangarori ko kuma siyan kayan gaɓa ba zai iya haifar da mutuwar mai bayarwa ba. Babban rikice-rikice ya kewaye ma'anar mutuwa da mutuwar mai bayarwa. Masu fafutukar kafa dokar sun yi imanin cewa dokar ta halatta wajen kare masu ba da gudummawa yayin da kuma suke adawa da duk wata halayya ko doka da ke hana sashin kayan aiki. Masu sukar lamiri, a daya bangaren, sun yi amannar cewa dokar ba ta kula da bukatun masu ba da gudummawa kuma dokar ba ta inganta bayar da sassan jiki yadda ya kamata. Alamomin mutuwa Alamomin mutuwa ko alamu masu karfi da ke nuna cewa dabba mai jini-jini ba ta da rai lokacin, sun hada da: Kama numfashi (babu numfashi Kama Cardiac (ba bugun zuciya Mutuwar kwakwalwa (babu aikin jijiyoyi) Matakan da zasu biyo bayan mutuwa sun hada da: Pallor mortis, paleness wanda ke faruwa a cikin mintuna 15-120 bayan an mutu Algor mortis, raguwar yanayin zafin jiki bayan mutuwa. Wannan gabaɗaya kwata-kwata raguwa har sai yayi daidai da yanayin zafin yanayi Rigor mortis, gabobin gawar sun zama masu tsauri (Latin rigor kuma suna da wahalar motsi ko sarrafa su Livor mortis, saitin jini a cikin ƙananan (dogaro) ɓangaren jiki Dogaro, alamun farko na ruɓewa Bazuwar, raguwa cikin siffofin abu mafi sauki, tare da karfi, wari mara dadi. Skeletonization, ƙarshen bazuwar, inda duk kayan laushi suka bazu, suka bar kwarangwal kawai. Kasuwa, adana halittar kasusuwan kasusuwan da aka samu tsawon lokaci Doka Mutuwar mutum tana da sakamako na shari'a wanda zai iya bambanta dangane da yanayim tsarin mulki daban-daban. Ana bayar da takardar shaidar mutuwa a yawancin yankuna, ko dai daga likita ko kuma ta ofishin gudanarwa bayan gabatar da sanarwar mutuwar likita. Ba a Tantanceshi da kyau ba Akwai matsaloli dangane da tabbatar da mutuwan mutane ana ayyana matattu da likitoci sa'an nan "dawo rayuwa", wani lokacin kwanaki baya a nasu akwatin gawa, ko a lokacin da hanyoyin ne game da fara. Tun daga tsakiyar karni na 18 zuwa gaba, an sami wani tashin hankali game da tsoron jama'a na kuskuren binne su da rai, da kuma muhawara da yawa game da rashin tabbas na alamun mutuwa. An gabatar da shawarwari daban-daban don gwada alamun rai kafin binnewa, tun daga zuba ruwan tsami da barkono a cikin bakin gawar zuwa sanya jan zafin masu tsaka a ƙafa ko cikin dubura Da yake rubutu a 1895, likita JC Ouseley ya yi iƙirarin cewa kusan mutane 2,700 ne ake binnewa ba tare da lokaci ba a kowace shekara a Ingila da Wales, duk da cewa wasu sun kiyasta adadin ya kusan 800. Dangane dai da yanayin girgizar wutar lantarki, sake farfado da zuciya (CPR) na awa ɗaya ko fiye zai iya ba da damar jijiyoyi su dimauce, su bar wanda ya mutu da alama ya rayu. Mutanen da aka samu a sume a ƙarƙashin ruwan sanyi suna iya rayuwa idan fuskokinsu suna ci gaba da yin sanyi har sai sun isa ɗakin gaggawa Wannan "amsar ruwa", wanda aikin motsa jiki da bukatun oxygen suke kadan, wani abu ne da mutane suke rabawa tare da dabbobi masu suna wanda ake kira mahaifa mai nutsuwa. Yayinda fasahohin likitanci ke gaba, ra'ayoyi game da lokacin da mutuwa ta auku na iya zama dole a sake yin la'akari da ikon dawo da mutum zuwa ga rayuwa bayan tsawon lokaci na bayyane na mutuwa (kamar yadda ya faru lokacin da CPR da defibrillation suka nuna cewa dakatar da bugun zuciya bai isa ba kamar Mai yanke hukunci game da mutuwa). Rashin aikin kwakwalwar lantarki bazai isa ya dauki wani ya mutu a kimiyance ba. Sabili da haka, an ba da shawarar batun mutuwar-bayani game da ilimin a matsayin mafi kyawun hanyar bayyana lokacin da mutuwar gaskiya ta faru, kodayake manufar ba ta da wasu aikace-aikace kaɗan a wajen fannin kyanikiya. There have been some scientific attempts to bring dead organisms back to life, but with limited success. In science fiction scenarios where such technology is readily available, real death is distinguished from reversible death. Dalilan Mutuwa Babban abunda yafi kashe mutane a kasashen waje sune cututtuka da ke yaduwa a Kasashen dake tasowa kuwa cututtkan zucia da Stroke da cancer da cttuka da kiba da sekaru ke kawowa sunfi kashen mutane ..Avunda afi Kase mutame a kasashen da suka ci gaba shine tsfa, A kowane mutum 150,000 da suka mutu a kullum a iya, kusan kasi biyu dda raibi suna mutuwa ne saboda tsufas. In industrialized nations, the proportion is much higher, approaching 90%. With improved medical capability, dying has become a condition to be managed. Home deaths, once commonplace, are now rare in the developed world. A cikin kasashe masu tasowa, yanayin rashin tsafta da rashin damar amfani da fasahar likitanci ta zamani ya sanya mutuwa daga cututtuka masu yaduwa ya zama ruwan dare fiye da kasashen da suka ci gaba Oneaya daga cikin irin wannan cutar ita ce tarin fuka, cuta ce ta kwayan cuta wacce ta kashe mutane 1.8M a shekarar 2015. Zazzabin cizon sauro na haifar da kusan mutane 400-900M na zazzaɓi da mutuwar 1-3M a kowace shekara. Adadin mutanen da suka mutu kanjamau a Afirka na iya kaiwa 90-100M zuwa 2025. Acewar Jean Ziegler (United Nations Special Reporter on the Right to Food, 2000 Mar 2008), mutuwa sabofa rasinQ kuZari a kwase kashi 58% a shekara ta 2006 ya kuma kara da cewa acikin mutum miliyan 62 da suke mutuwa daga kowanne irin fye da milyan36 suna mtuwa ne daa tyunwa da kuma cutukato malnutrition accounted for 58% of the total mortality rate in 2006. Ziegler says worldwide approximately 62M people died from all causes and of those deaths more than 36M died of hunger or diseases due to deficiencies in micronutrients. Shan taba sigari ya kashe mutum 100 mutane miliyan a duniya a karni na 20 kuma zasu iya kashe 1 biliyan biliyan a duniya a cikin karni na 21, wani rahoton Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ya yi gargadin. Mafi yawancin kasasen da suka cigaba rayuwa na qara tsawo a idan akwai abinci e kyau da kwanciyar hankali da motsia Selye yace wata sa'in ba'a sanin takamaiman dalilin mtuwa He demonstrated that stress decreases adaptability of an organism and proposed to describe the adaptability as a special resource, adaptation energy. The animal dies when this resource is exhausted. Selye assumed that the adaptability is a finite supply, presented at birth. Later on,n. In recent works, adaptation energy is considered as an internal coordinate on the "dominant path" in the model of adaptation. It is demonstrated that oscillations of well-being appear when the reserve of adaptability is almost exhausted.akia In 2012, kashe-kai dakai ya overtoo ya quce hatsarin mota a sanadiyyar mutuwar utane a Amurka, se shan guba, faduwa, da kisan kai. Causes of death are different in different parts of the world. In high-income and middle income countries nearly half up to more than two thirds of all people live beyond the age of 70 and predominantly die of chronic diseases. In low-income countries, where less than one in five of all people reach the age of 70, and more than a third of all deaths are among children under 15, people. prdiseases. Gwajin gawa Ana autopsy wato gwajin gawa, kuma an sanshi a matsayin gwajen jikin mamaci, shi ne wani likita hanya da ta ƙunshi cikakken jarrabawa na wani mutum gawar domin gano dalilin da iri na mutum mutuwa da kuma kimanta wani cuta ko rauni da cewa zai iya zama ba. Yawancin lokaci ana yin sa ne daga ƙwararren likitan likita wanda ake kira masanin ilimin cututtuka Ana yin autopsies ko don doka ko sanin dalilai na lafiya. Ana gudanar da bincike kan gawa yayin da musabbabin mutuwar na iya zama batun laifi, yayin da ake gudanar da bincike na asibiti ko kuma na ilimi don gano dalilin mutuwar kuma ana amfani da shi a cikin yanayin mutuwar da ba a sani ba ko rashin tabbas, ko don dalilai na bincike. Za'a iya kara rarraba autopsies a cikin yanayin inda gwajin waje ya wadatar, da kuma waɗanda aka rarraba jiki kuma ana yin gwajin ciki. Ana iya buƙatar izini daga dangi na kusa don yin bincike na ciki a wasu yanayi. Da zarar an kammala tantancewar cikin jiki gabaɗaya za a sake sake jiki ta hanyar dinke shi tare. Autopsy yana da mahimmanci a cikin yanayin likita kuma ƙila ya ba da haske kan kurakurai kuma ya taimaka inganta ayyukan. Necropsy, wanda ba koyaushe ake daukar ma'anan kalmar magani ba, kuma kalma ce da aka yi amfani dashi a baya don bayyana gwajin gawa bayan mutuwa. A zamanin yau, ana danganta wannan kalmar da gawawwakin dabbobi. Yawan tsufa Shekaru na tsufa na nufin yanayi lokacin da mutum zai iya tsira daga dukkan masifu, amma daga ƙarshe ya mutu saboda abubuwan da suka shafi tsufa. Kwayoyin dabbobi da na tsire-tsire suna haihuwa kuma suna aiki a duk tsawon lokacin kasancewar yanayin, amma tsarin tsufa yana samu ne daga lalacewar ayyukan salula da lalata ayyukan yau da kullun. Kwarewar kwayoyin halitta don saurin lalacewa da macewar rayuwa yana nufin cewa a dabi'ance ana yankewa kwayoyin rai hukuncin dorewa da asarar lokaci na karfin rayuwa, koda kuwa duk da ci gaba da tasirin rayuwa da iya aiki. Misali a kasar Burtaniya, kashi tara cikin goma na yawan mace-macen da ake samu a kowace rana ya danganta da tsufa, yayin da a fadin duniya yake dauke da kashi biyu bisa uku na mutuwar mutane 150,000 da ke faruwa a kullum (Hayflick Moody, 2003) Mafi yawan dabbobin da suka tsira daga haɗarin waje don gudanar da rayuwarsu suna mutuwa savboda tsufa, wanda aka sani da ilimin rayuwa kamar tsufa Wasu kwayoyin halitta suna fuskantar karancin tsufa, harma suna nuna rashin rayuwa na rayuwa Wadannan sun hada da jellyfish Turritopsis dohrnii, da hydra, da kuma mai tsarawa Abubuwan da ba na al'ada ba na mutuwa sun haɗa da kashe kansa da farauta Daga dukkan dalilai, kusan mutane 150,000 ke mutuwa a duniya kowace rana. Daga cikin wadannan, kashi biyu bisa uku suna mutuwa kai tsaye ko a fakaice saboda tsufa, amma a kasashe masu ci gaban masana'antu kamar Amurka, Ingila da Jamus adadin ya kusan zuwa 90% (watau kusan tara cikin goma na dukkan mace-mace suna da dangantaka da tsufa). Yanzu ana ganin mutuw kamar tsari, fiye da abin da ya faru: yanayin da a da ake ɗauka mai alamun mutuwa a yanzu ana iya canza shi. Inda a yayin aiwatar da layin rarrabawa tsakanin rayuwa da mutuwa ya dogara da abubuwan da suka wuce gaban kasancewar ko rashi alamun mahimmanci Gabaɗaya, mutuwar asibiti ba lallai ba ce kuma ba ta isa ga yanke hukuncin mutuwar doka ba Mai haƙuri da zuciya mai aiki da huhu wanda aka ƙaddara ya mutu ya mutu ana iya bayyana shi a mace ba tare da mutuwa ba. Kamar yadda ilimin kimiyya da magani ke ci gaba, kirkirar ma'anonin likitanci na mutuwa ya zama da wahala. Ajiyar Gawa Cryonics (daga Greek 'kryos-' meaning 'icy cold') anayi na sanyi da ake ajye gawa don ta dade ba tare da ta lalace ba don bincike. Ajiyar gawar e mutane ko dabbobi yana da bambamcin da na zamani..The stated rationale for cryonics is that people who Wasu daga cikin rubce rubucen kimiyya sun hoyi bayan gwajin gawas. Masana lafa su muna cewa gwaijin gawa a matsayiin kwarewa. Maido da sheshheka "Daya daga cikin sababbin bincike sun nuna cewa idan zciya ta kai tsawon minti biyar ba tare da isakan oxygen ba ake mutuwa saboda haka sun nuna cewa rage yawan iska na kara wanzuwar iska da ruwa da jini a jiki na karawa jiki ikon shakan iska. Jinkirin mutuwa Jinkirin mutuwa na nufin karin tsawon rayuwa akan ainufin shekarun mutuwa or iya tsawon shekarun rayuwa musamman a mutane ta hanya jinkirta tsufa. Tsawon rayuwa na da hadi da yanayin rayuwa hatsarin da shekaru da cututtuka kamna cancer da sauransu. Za'a iya samunjikirin mutuwa ta hanyar abici mai kyau motsa ini da udun duk wanu abu da zae iya ctarwa kamar shan taba. Akasarin tsawon rayuwa kuwa ya danganta d shekrun tsufa a owacce al'umma dangane da kwayoyin halitta. A yanzu, hanyan jinkirta mutuwa shine ta hanya tsaida ci/shan Calorie ko ta hanya rage illar tsufa ta hanya canza gurbatattun gabobi kamar jijiyoyida suransu. A kasar Amurka kuri'u sun nuna cewa babu banbanci a tsakanin masu addini da marasa addinai, ko maza ko mata, ko talaka da mai kudi a wjen son jinkirin mutuwa, bayan haka mutanen Afrka sunfi kwa son jinkirin mutuwa. Masu bincike sun nuna cewa jinkirin mutuwa na samuwa ta sanadiyar wasu abubuwa da ake kira "biomedical gerontologists". Sunyi kokari faimtar tsarin tsfa and cifgaban.binciken tsawaita rayuwa ta hanyan samun cikakken lapia da ingata kurucia. Wuri Kafin 1930 mutane da yawa suna mutuwa a gidaensu ne ksa da iyalansu da kuma makwatansu da masu kiwon lapiya. A tsakiar karni na 20, rabinkutaen Amrka suna mutuwa a asibitoci ne. A farkom karnina 21 kuwa kashi 20-25% kawai kekutuwa a wani wurin dda ba wurin kiwon lafiya ba.A Canin wajen mutuwa daa gidaje zuwa wuraren kiwon lafya ake kira Invisible Death". wanda hakan ya faru a lokuta dabn. Ra'ayoyi Mutane da yawa basu son labarin mutuwansu. Tsoron mutuwa na sana wasu su tamadi kudi ko barin wasiya kan arzikisu ko su ema taimako waje mas. Kiwaon lafiya don kada su mutu. Mutane na da bambancin ra'yi akan mutwa Philosopher Galen Strawson ya rubta cewa mutwa da mutane da yawa suka fi so sine mutuwar fuji'a, mara zafi ko rasa wani sashen. A wanann yanayin myum anamutuwa ba tareda ya sani kuma a tare da yaji tsoro ba Mutane da Aladu A zamantakewar mutane, yanayin mutuwa da sanin mutane cewa zas mutu ya dade matsayi abun damuwa a al'umma a addiace da gargajiance da hikauance. Wannan ya hada da imani akan cewa za'a tasi bayan mutuwa ko kuma baza'a tashi ba Mutuwa (secular humanism) Zaman mutuwa bayan mamaci a rasu ya hada da koke-koke, jana'iza da kuma tunawa da mamacin. Ana sanya gawar mamaci a cikin makara o akwatin gawa se akai shi a binne a makabarta danane da al'ada. A turance anayi masa addua da Rest in Peace wato ka huta cikin Aminci, a hausance ana cewa Allah jikan mamaci. Mutuwa wani alamari ne daban a kowacce al'ada da mutane; al'adun. Sun bambamta tsakanin wurare a duniya. Yawanci ya hada da kulawa da harkokin£ Da iyalensa da kuma abunda ya barir Akwai shariar da kunshi kowacce irin mutuwa ta maganan muhallin da rabbon gadon abunda mamaci ya bari. hukuncin kisa na daya daga Capital punishment cikin sanadin mutuwa. A shariance ana ba wanda aka yankewa kisa lokaci don ya gana da yanuwansa da kuma ubaniinsa. Ana kisan ta hanyoyi daban daban kamar hangin, allura wutar klantarki sauransu. Mutwa a fanin yaki da hari ya hada da jana'izan bakidaya, da tunawa da mamatan soji. Sai kuma mutuwae kunar bakin wake suna da banbancin jana'iza a alqaryu. kisan kai da kai har wayau sn kasance abubwa lura ttun tuni. Kuma duka suna da banbancin fahimta a sassa na duniya dabandaban, a Japan a msali, daukan rai da kai daraja ce a yaren Seppuku wanda abu kauna ne A kasar Brazil, ana kirga mamatas sannan a rubuta ma'aji na gwamnatin Kasan Magana akan yadda ake daukan rai ya banbanta a wurare daban dabn, da al'adu. lking Tunani Akwai ra'ayoyi daban daban akan abunda ke faruwa da mutum bayan ya mutu. Imani cewa mutum na rasa tunanimsa bayan ya mutu shi ake kira da 9 eternal oblivion. A biologi Bayan mutuwa, ragowar wata kwayar halitta zaata zama wani ɓangare ta sake zagayowar biogeochemical, a lokacin da dabba zai iya cinye ta ta mai farauta ko mai satar abubuwa Organic abu iya sa'an nan za a kara bazu zuwa detritivores, kwayoyin wanda maimaita detritus, ya dawo da shi zuwa ga yanayi domin sake amfani a cikin abinci sarkar, inda wadannan sunadarai zai iya ƙarshe ƙarasa ana cinye kuma assimilated cikin sel wani rai gabar. Misalan abubuwan banƙyama sun haɗa da tsutsotsi na ƙasa, katako da ƙwarin dung kanan halitu suma sunataka rawa wajen rubewar jikin mamaci. Zaba Ka'idar juyin halitta ta zamani tana ganin mutuwa a matsayin wani muhimmin bangare na tsarin zabin yanayi. Ana la'akari da cewa ƙwayoyin da basu dace da yanayi su ba zasu iya mutuwa kasancewar basu da produceda offspringan da suka haifa, ta haka zasu rage gudummawar da suke bayarwa ga kwayar halittar Kwayar halittar su ta ƙarshe an haife su daga cikin jama'a, wanda ke haifar da mafi munin lalacewa kuma, mafi mahimmanci, samar da aikin mai yiwuwa, wanda ake kira ƙwarewa Yawan saurin haihuwa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajan tabbatar da rayuwa mai rai: kwayar halittar da ta mutu tana saurayi amma ta bar zuriya da yawa, bisa ga ka'idojin Darwiniyanci, mafi dacewa fiye da kwayar halittar da ta dade tana barin guda daya. Bacewa Bacewa a nan na nufn karewar kalan -halita baki daa a doro kasa. Cigaba a fannin tsufa da mutuwa Bimcike ciknbayanin cigaba a fannin tsufa Halittu masu haiuwa su kadai (kaman bakteriya, protist) Ra'ayin addinai Addinin Buddhi A addinin Buddhist Mutuwa na cikin abu mafi Mahi Kiristanci Addinin Hindu A cikin rubutun Hindu, an bayyana mutuwa na matsayin ruhin ruhu madawwami (mai hankali) yana fita daga jikin kayan ɗan lokaci na yanzu. Ruhi yana fita daga wannan jikin lokacin da jiki ba zai iya riƙe kai (rai) mai hankali ba, wanda zai iya zama saboda dalilai na tunani ko na zahiri, ko mafi daidai, rashin iya aiki da sha'awar mutum. A lokacin daukar ciki, rai yana shiga cikin sabon jiki mai jituwa bisa ragowar karma da yanayin tunanin mutum (tunanin karshe) a lokacin mutuwa. Galibi wannan sauyin yakan sa mutum ya manta da duk wata tunanin rayuwar da ta gabata. Saboda babu abin da ya mutu da gaske kuma ciikin ɗan lokaci yana canzawa, a cikin rayuwar duniya da lahira, mutuwa kawai na nufin mantawa da abubuwan da mutum ya gabata ne (asalin abin da ya gabatu). An bayyana wanzuwar abu mai cike da baƙin ciki wanda ya samo asali daga haihuwa, cuta, tsufa, mutuwa, hankali, yanayi, da sauransu Don cin nasarar zagayowar mutuwa da sake haihuwa kuma ya cancanci ɗayan nau'ikan 'yanci, dole ne mutum ya fara cin nasara da sha'awar abin duniya kuma ya sami kansa Yanayin rayuwar mutum ya fi dacewa da wannan tafiya ta ruhaniya, musamman tare da taimakon sadhu (mutane masu gane kansu), sastra (littattafan ruhaniya da aka saukar), da kuma guru (masanan da suka fahimci kansu na ruhaniya), an ba duka ukun suna cikin yarjejeniya. Islam Judaiziyya Akwai imani iri-iri game da rayuwa bayan addinin Yahudanci, amma babu ɗayansu da ya saɓa da fifikon rayuwa akan mutuwa. Wannan wani bangare ne saboda mutuwa tana sanya dakatar da yuwuwar cika kowane umarni Harsuna game da mutuwa Kalmar mutuwa (death) ta fito ne daga Tsohon Turanci dēaþ, wanda kuma hakan ya fito ne daga Proto-Germanic dauþuz (wanda aka sake gina shi ta hanyar nazarin yanayi Wannan fito ne daga tushen Proto-Indo-Turai kuma ma'anar "tsari, aiki, yanayin mutuwa". Tunani da alamomin mutuwa, da nau'ikan nau'ikan abincin da ake amfani da su wajen tattaunawa a tarurruka na jama'a, sun haifar da maganganu da yawa na kimiyya, shari'a, da zamantakewar da za a yarda da su ko kuma maganganu na mutuwa. Lokacin da mutum ya mutu, ana kuma cewa sun shuɗe, sun wuce, sun ƙare, ko sun tafi, a tsakanin sauran al'ummomin da aka yarda da su, takamaiman addini, lafazi, da rashi mutunci. A matsayin sharar da aka yi wa mutumin da ya mutu, ya zama gama gari a yi amfani da sigar "yaudara", kamar yadda ake yi wa mamacin wani nau'in suna yana lalacewa Rashin rai, da mutumin da ya mutu ne sai wata gawa, cadaver, a jiki, wani sa na saura, da kuma lokacin da dukan jiki ya rotted tafi, wani kwarangwal The sharuddan mũshe da kuma gawa kuma za a iya amfani, ko wadannan more sau da yawa connote ragowar wadanda ba mutum dabbobi. A toka barin toa bayan ani ƙonawa wani lokaci ana kira su da neologism cremains. Kara dubawa Kara Nazari Best, Ben. "Causes of Death". BenBest.com. Retrieved 10 June 2016. Marques, Susana Moreira Sanches, Julia (Translator) (13 October 2015). Now and At the Hour of Our Death. And Other Stories. ISBN 978-1-908276-62-9.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) Rosenberg, David Rosenberg (17 August 2014). "How One Photographer Overcame His Fear of Death by Photographing It (Walter Schels' Life Before Death)". Slate. Sachs, Jessica Snyder (2001). Corpse: Nature, Forensics, and the Struggle to Pinpoint Time of Death (270 pages). Perseus Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7382-0336-2. Schels, Walter (Photographer) Lakotta, Beate (Interviewer). "Before and After Death". LensCulture.com. Archived from the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 19 September 2016.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Interviews with people dying in hospices, and portraits of them before, and shortly after, death. "The Odds of dying from various injuries or accidents". National Safety Council. United States. 2001. U.S. Census AntiqueBooks.net (Scanned by). "Causes of Death 1916". Archived from the original on 18 September 2004. Retrieved 19 September 2016.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) How the medical profession categorized causes of death Wald, George. "The Origin of Death". ElijahWald.com. A biologist explains life and death in different kinds of organisms, in relation to evolution. Manazarta N Mutuwa Mukalan Wikipedia masu buqatan tantancewa Duka shafuka masu bukatar tantancewar hujja Tsufa Pages with unreviewed
51127	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace%20Paley	Grace Paley	Grace Paley (Disamba 11,1922-Agusta 22,2007) marubuciyar gajeriyar labari ce Ba'amurke,mawaƙiya,malami,kuma ɗan gwagwarmayar siyasa. Paley ya rubuta tarin gajerun labarai guda uku waɗanda aka yaba da su,waɗanda aka haɗa su a cikin lambar yabo ta Pulitzer da lambar yabo ta ƙasa ta ƙarshe The Tattara Labarun a 1994. Labarunta suna daɗaɗawa game da rikice-rikice na yau da kullun da raunin zuciya na rayuwar birni,wanda ya sanar da ita sosai ta ƙuruciyarta a cikin Bronx. Bayan aikinta a matsayin marubuciya kuma farfesa a jami'a,Paley ta kasance 'yar gwagwarmayar mata kuma mai adawa da yaki, tana kwatanta kanta a matsayin "mai son zaman lafiya da haɗin kai." Rayuwar farko da ilimi haifi Grace Paley Grace Goodside a ranar 11 ga Disamba,1922, a cikin Bronx,ga iyayen Yahudawa,Isaac Goodside da tsohon Manya Ridnyik,waɗanda suka fito daga Ukraine,kuma sun kasance masu ra'ayin gurguzu-musamman mahaifiyarta. Sun yi hijira shekaru 16-17 da suka shige (a cikin 1906,ta lissafin daya bayan wani lokaci,a ƙarƙashin mulkin Ukraine ta Czar Nicholas II da aka yi hijira,mahaifiyarta zuwa Jamus da mahaifinta zuwa Siberiy tare da canza suna daga Gutseit yayin da suka fara sabuwar rayuwarsu a New York. Iyalin suna magana da Rashanci da Yiddish a cikin gida,kuma a ƙarshe Ingilishi (wanda mahaifinta ya koyi "ta karatun Dickens"). Isaac ya horar kuma ya zama likita a New York,kuma ma’auratan sun haifi ’ya’ya biyu da wuri,na uku kuma,Grace,sa’ad da suka kusa shiga tsaka-tsaki. Shekaru goma sha huɗu da ƙanwarta,Jeanne,da ɗan'uwanta,Victor,shekaru goma sha shida,an kwatanta Grace a matsayin yarinya tun tana yarinya.Tun tana yarinya tana sauraron muhawarar hankali na manya da ke kewaye da ita,kuma ta kasance memba na Falcons,ƙungiyar matasa masu ra'ayin gurguzu. Bayan ta bar makarantar sakandare a sha shida, Grace Goodside ta halarci Kwalejin Hunter na tsawon shekara guda (wanda ya kai 1938-1939 ),sannan ta auri mai daukar hoto Jess Paley,lokacin tana 19, a watan Yuni 20.,1942. Paleys suna da 'ya'ya biyu,Nora (an haife shi 1949)da Danny (an haife shi a 1951),amma daga baya suka sake su. Rubutun don gabatar da hira a cikin Binciken Paris,Jonathan Dee,Barbara Jones,da Larissa MacFarquhar lura cewaRubutun lokaci-lokaci shine babban aikin Paley.Ta shafe lokaci mai yawa a filin wasa lokacin da 'ya'yanta suna kanana.Ta kasance koyaushe tana aiki sosai a cikin ƙungiyoyin mata da zaman lafiya.. Paley ta yi karatu a taƙaice tare da WH Auden,a Sabuwar Makaranta,lokacin da take da shekaru goma sha bakwai, tana neman bege na zama mawaƙiya. Ba ta sami digiri daga kowace cibiya ba. Rubutu A farkon aikinta na rubuce-rubuce,Paley ta sami ƙin yarda da ayyukanta da aka ƙaddamar. Ta buga tarin ta na farko,Thearamin Damuwa na Mutum(1959) tare da Doubleday. Tarin ya ƙunshi labaru goma sha ɗaya na rayuwar New York,da dama daga cikinsu tun daga lokacin an yi la'akari da su sosai, musamman "Barka da Sa'a" da "The Used-Boy Raisers,"da kuma gabatar da wani ɗan gajeren hali "Faith Darwin" (a cikin "The The Used-Boy Raisers".Used-Boy Raisers" da "Batun Yaro")-wanda daga baya ya bayyana a cikin labarai shida na Babban Canje-canje a Minti na Ƙarshe da tara na Daga baya Rana ɗaya. Ko da yake a matsayin tarin labari na marubucin da ba a san shi ba,ba a sake nazarin littafin ba, waɗanda suka yi bitarsa,ciki har da Philip Roth da shafin littafin The New Yorker,sun kasance suna kimanta labarun sosai. Duk da rashin bayyanar da farko,Ƙananan Disturbances sun haɓaka isassun abubuwan da za a sake fitar da su ta Viking Press a 1968. Bayan nasarar da aka samu na Ƙananan Ƙwararrun,Mawallafin Paley ya ƙarfafa ta ta rubuta wani labari,amma ta daina ƙoƙari bayan da ta yi amfani da zane-zane na shekaru biyu.A maimakon haka ta ci gaba da mai da hankali kan gajerun labarai. Tare da ƙarfafawar abokinta da maƙwabcinta Donald Barthelme, Barthelmtattatarin almara na biyu a cikin 1974,Babban Canje-canje a Minti na Ƙarshe,wanda Farrar,Straus Giroux ya buga. Wannan tarin labarai goma sha bakwai ya ƙunshi haruffa masu maimaitawa da yawa daga Ƙananan Damuwa (mafi mahimmanci mai ba da labari "Imani,"amma har da John Raftery da mahaifiyarsa),yayin da yake ci gaba da binciken Paley game da launin fata,jinsi,da al'amurran aji. Dogon labarin "Imani a cikin Bishiya," wanda aka ajiye a tsakiyar tarin,ya kawo haruffa da jigogi da dama daga labarun tare a ranar Asabar da yamma a wurin shakatawa;A cikinta,bangaskiya, mai ba da labari,ta hau bishiya don samun hangen nesa mai zurfi game da maƙwabtanta da kuma "duniya mai faɗi" kuma,bayan ta ci karo da masu zanga-zangar yaƙi da dama,ta bayyana wani sabon alkawari na zamantakewa da siyasa. Muryar ba da labari mai jujjuya tarin tarin,halaye masu ma'ana da rarrabuwar kawuna,makircin da ba su cika ba sun sa wasu masu suka suka rarraba ta a matsayin aikin zamani.. A cikin Daga baya The Same Day (1985)wanda kuma Farrar,Straus Giroux suka buga. Paley ta ci gaba da labarun Bangaskiya da maƙwabta-amma da ɗan faɗaɗa,tare da ƙarin baƙar fata da muryoyin madigo. An sake tattara labarun Paley a cikin juzu'i daga Farrar,Straus a cikin 1994,<i id="mwoQ">Labarun Tattara</i>,wanda ya kasance dan wasan karshe na Pulitzer Prize da lambar yabo ta kasa. An kwatanta aikinta a matsayin ma'amala da nasarorin yau da kullun da bala'o'in "mata galibi Yahudawa, galibin New Yorkers." Kamar yadda wani editan da ya yi aiki tare da Paley ya rubuta, "Halayenta mutane ne masu kamshin albasa, yi wa juna ihu, makoki a cikin dafa abinci masu duhu." Ta rubuta abin da ta sani:“Ba zan iya taimaka da cewa ban je yaki ba, kuma ban yi aikin maza ba. Na yi rayuwar mace kuma abin da na rubuta ke nan.” Tattaunawarta mai kaifi tana da alamar kaɗe-kaɗe na Yiddish,kuma labaran nata sun kasance suna nuna "ihu da gunaguni na Yiddishkeit Duk da cewa an fi saninta da ɗan gajeren almara,Paley ta kuma buga wakoki da yawa ciki har da Leaning Forward (1985) da Sabbin Waƙoƙin Tattara (1992). A cikin 1991 ta buga Dogayen Tafiya da Tattaunawa Mai Kywanda ya haɗu da wakoki da rubuce-rubucen batsa kuma a cikin 2001 ta fitar da tarin Fara Again:Waƙoƙin Tattara,wanda ya haɗu da aiki daga duk rayuwarta. Pa..ley ya buga tarin muqal,Kamar yadda na yi tunani,a cikin 1999. Ta kuma ba da gudummawar yanki "Me ya sa Aminci Ya kasance (Fiye da Har abada) Batun Mata"zuwa 2003 anthology Sisterhood Is Forever:The Women's Anthology for a New Millennium, edited by Robin Morgan. Littafinta na tarin waƙoƙin Fidelity,an buga shi bayan mutuwa a cikin 2008. Aikin ilimi Paley ya fara koyar da rubutu a Kwalejin Sarah Lawrence a cikin 1966 (har zuwa 1989) kuma ya taimaka wajen samun Haɗin gwiwar Malamai & Marubuta a New York a ƙarshe. Daga baya ta yi aiki a faculty a City College kuma ta koyar da kwasa-kwasan a Jami'ar Columbia. Ta kuma koyar a Jami'ar Syracuse kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar Cibiyar Amurka ta PEN, ƙungiyar da ta yi aiki don haɓakawa a cikin 1980s. Paley ta taƙaita ra'ayinta game da koyarwa a yayin taron tattaunawa kan "Iliman Ilimin Hasashen,"wanda Ƙungiyar Malamai da Marubuta suka dauki nauyin a 1996:"Ra'ayinmu shi ne cewa yara -ta hanyar rubuce-rubuce,ta hanyar rubuta kalmomi, ta hanyar karantawa, ta hanyar fara son wallafe-wallafe,ta hanyar kirkiro sauraron juna-za su iya fara fahimtar duniya da kyau kuma su fara samar da duniya mafi kyau ga kansu.Wannan ko da yaushe yana kama da ni irin wannan ra'ayi na dabi'a wanda ban taɓa fahimtar dalilin da ya sa ya ɗauki tsangwama ba da lokaci mai yawa don farawa." Harkar siyasa Paley an san ta da son zaman lafiya da gwagwarmayar siyasa. Abokan gwagwarmayar mata Robin Morgan ya bayyana gwagwarmayar Paley a matsayin mai da hankali sosai kan adalci na zamantakewa: "'yancin farar hula,yaki,yaki da nukiliya,mata,duk abin da ake bukata na juyin juya hali." FBI ta ayyana ta a matsayin 'yar gurguzu kuma ta ajiye mata fayil tsawon shekaru talatin. Manazarta Matattun 2007 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
29262	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abinci%20da%20ciwon%20daji	Abinci da ciwon daji	An gano abubuwan da ake amfani da abinci a matsayin suna da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan hadarin ciwon daji, tare da nau'o'in abinci daban-daban suna karuwa da rage haɗari. Abinci da kiba na iya kasancewa da alaƙa da kusan kashi 30-35% na mutuwar ciwon daji, yayin da rashin aikin jiki ya bayyana yana da alaƙa da 7% haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansa. Ɗaya daga cikin bita a cikin 2011 ya ba da shawarar cewa jimlar caloric ci yana rinjayar ciwon daji da kuma yiwuwar ci gaba. Duk da yake an ba da shawarwarin abinci da yawa don rage haɗarin ciwon daji, kaɗan suna da muhimmiyar shaidar kimiyya. An danganta kiba da shan barasa tare da faruwa da ci gaban wasu cututtukan daji. Ana ba da shawarar rage shan abubuwan sha masu zaki da sukari a matsayin ma'auni don magance kiba. Abincin da ke da ƙarancin 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari da jan nama yana da tasiri amma ba a tabbatar da shi ba, kuma tasirin na iya zama ƙanana ga mutanen da ke da abinci mai gina jiki waɗanda ke kula da lafiyayyen nauyi. Wasu takamaiman abinci suna da alaƙa da takamaiman cututtukan daji. Nazarin ya danganta cin ja ko naman da aka sarrafa zuwa ƙarin haɗarin ciwon nono, ciwon hanji, ciwon prostate, da ciwon daji na pancreatic, wanda za a iya bayyana shi a wani bangare ta kasancewar carcinogens a cikin abincin da aka dafa a yanayin zafi. Aflatoxin B1, mai yawan gurɓataccen abinci, yana ƙara haɗarin ciwon hanta, yayin shan kofi yana hade da raguwar haɗari. Taunar goro na haifar da ciwon daji na baki Ciwon daji na ciki ya fi zama ruwan dare a Japan saboda yawan abincin da yake ci.Al'ummomin baƙi suna haɓaka haɗarin sabuwar ƙasarsu, galibi a cikin tsararraki ɗaya, suna ba da alaƙa mai mahimmanci tsakanin abinci da ciwon daji. Shawarwari na abinci don rigakafin ciwon daji yawanci sun haɗa da sarrafa nauyi da cin "mafi yawan kayan lambu, 'ya'yan itace, dukan hatsi da kifi, da rage cin nama ja, kitsen dabba, da ingantaccen sukari." Nau'in abinci Abincin ƙuntatawa Yawancin abinci da tsarin tsarin abinci ana da'awar suna da amfani ga cutar kansa. Shahararrun nau'ikan abincin "anti-cancer" sun haɗa da abincin Breuss, Jiyya na Gerson, ka'idar Budwig da kuma abincin macrobiotic. Babu daya daga cikin wadannan nau'ikan abincin da aka gano yana da tasiri, kuma an gano wasu daga cikinsu suna da illa. Tsarin abinci Masu ilimin cututtuka na abinci mai gina jiki suna amfani da ƙididdiga masu yawa, irin su manyan abubuwan da suka shafi bincike da bincike na mahimmanci, don auna yadda tsarin halayen abinci ya shafi hadarin bunkasa ciwon daji. (Mafi kyawun tsarin abincin da aka yi nazari akai shine abincin tsakiyar teku Bisa la'akari da tsarin abincin da suke ci, masu ilimin cututtuka sun rarraba mutane zuwa ƙididdiga. Don ƙididdige tasirin halayen cin abinci akan haɗarin ciwon daji, suna auna haɗin kai tsakanin ƙididdiga da rarraba yawan ciwon daji (a cikin nazarin nazarin shari'ar da kuma ciwon daji (a cikin binciken dogon lokaci Yawancin lokaci sun haɗa da wasu masu canji a cikin ƙirar ƙididdiga don lissafin sauran bambance-bambance tsakanin mutanen da ke da ciwon daji da ba tare da ciwon daji ba confounders Ga ciwon nono, akwai wani replicated Trend ga mata da mafi "m ko lafiya" rage cin abinci, watau mafi girma a cikin 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu, don samun ƙananan hadarin ciwon daji. “Tsarin abincin mai sha” kuma yana da alaƙa da haɗarin kansar ƙirjin nono, yayin da ƙungiyar ba ta da daidaituwa tsakanin tsarin abinci na yammaci da haɓakar haɗarin kansar nono. Abincin da aka ɗora yana da alaƙa da ciwon daji. Abubuwan abinci Barasa Barasa yana da alaƙa da ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansa. 3.6% na duk cututtukan daji da 3.5% na mutuwar ciwon daji a duniya ana danganta su da shan barasa. Ciwon daji na nono a cikin mata yana da alaƙa da shan barasa. Barasa kuma yana ƙara haɗarin ciwon daji na baki, esophagus, pharynx da larynx, ciwon daji mai launi, ciwon hanta, ciki da ovaries Hukumar Bincike Kan Kansa ta Duniya (Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer) ta Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta ware barasa a matsayin wani nau'in ciwon daji na rukuni na 1 Ƙimar ta ta ce, "Akwai isassun shaidun da ke nuna cutar sankara na barasa a cikin mutane. …Abin shaye-shaye yana da cutar kansa ga mutane (Rukunin 1)." Nama mai sarrafawa da ja A ranar 26 ga Oktoba, 2015, Hukumar Bincike Kan Kansa ta Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta bayar da rahoton cewa cin naman da aka sarrafa (misali, naman alade, naman alade, karnuka masu zafi, tsiran alade) ko jan nama na da alaƙa da wasu cututtukan daji. Fiber, 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari Shaida akan tasirin fiber na abinci akan haɗarin ciwon daji na hanji yana haɗuwa tare da wasu nau'ikan shaidar da ke nuna fa'ida kuma wasu ba. Duk da yake cin 'ya'yan itace da kayan marmari yana da fa'ida, yana da ƙarancin fa'ida akan rage ciwon daji fiye da sau ɗaya ana tunani. Soya yana da wadata a cikin phytoestrogens. Phytoestrogens suna da raunin estrogenic sakamako, amma abubuwan da ke faruwa ne ta halitta. Nazarin meta-biyu na 2020 sun gano cewa yawan cin fiber yana da alaƙa da ƙaramin haɗarin duka premenopausal da cututtukan nono na baya da ƙimar rayuwa mafi girma a cikin marasa lafiya da ciwon nono. Wani bincike na 2014 ya samo 'ya'yan itace amma ba kayan lambu ba da aka kare daga ciwon daji na gastrointestinal na sama. Yayin da 'ya'yan itace, kayan lambu da fiber ke da kariya daga ciwon daji na colorectal da fiber da aka kare daga ciwon hanta. Flavonoids Flavonoids (musamman flavonoids irin su catechins) sune "kungiyoyin polyphenolic da aka fi sani da su a cikin abincin ɗan adam kuma ana samun su a ko'ina cikin tsire-tsire." Duk da yake wasu nazarin sun nuna flavonoids na iya yin tasiri a rigakafin ciwon daji, wasu sun kasance marasa mahimmanci ko kuma suna nuna cewa suna iya zama cutarwa. Namomin kaza A cewar Cancer Research UK, "a halin yanzu babu wata shaida cewa kowane nau'in naman kaza ko naman kaza zai iya hana ko warkar da ciwon daji", kodayake bincike kan wasu nau'in ya ci gaba. Sauran Bisa ga Ƙungiyar Ciwon daji ta Amirka, babu wani tabbataccen shaida game da tasirin maganin ciwon daji na cinye kayan waken soya Koren shayi ba shi da wani tasiri a kan hadarin ciwon daji. Nazarin meta-bincike na 2016 ya nuna cewa mata da maza waɗanda suka sha kofi suna da ƙarancin haɗarin cutar kansar hanta Binciken laima na meta-bincike ya gano cewa kofi yana hade da ƙananan haɗarin hanta da ciwon daji na endometrial. Binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2014 ya gano, "babu tabbataccen shaida cewa karin bitamin D yana shafar ciwon daji a cikin mata masu zama tsofaffi." Hanyoyin aiki Methionine metabolism Kodayake yawancin hanyoyin salula suna da hannu a cikin cin abinci, yawancin bincike a cikin shekarun da suka gabata sun nuna lahani a cikin hanyar methionine na rayuwa a matsayin dalilin ciwon daji. Misali, kasawa na manyan hanyoyin abinci na masu ba da gudummawar methyl, methionine da choline, suna haifar da samuwar ciwon hanta a cikin rodents. Methionine wani muhimmin amino acid ne wanda dole ne a samar da shi ta hanyar cin abinci na sunadaran gina jiki ko masu ba da gudummawar methyl choline da betain da ake samu a naman sa, qwai da wasu kayan lambu). Assimilated methionine yana canzawa a cikin S-adenosyl methionine SAM) wanda shine maɓalli mai mahimmanci don haɗin polyamine, misali spermidine, da samuwar cysteine (duba adadi a hannun dama). Hakanan ana sake sake yin fa'ida samfuran methionine zuwa methionine ta homocysteine remethylation da methylthioadenosine (MTA) juyawa (duba adadi a hannun dama). Vitamins B6, B12, folic acid da choline sune mahimman abubuwan haɗin gwiwa don waɗannan halayen. SAM shine madaidaicin halayen methylation wanda DNA, RNA da furotin methyltransferases ke daidaitawa. Samfuran waɗannan halayen sune DNA methylated, RNA ko sunadarai da S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). SAH yana da mummunan ra'ayi akan samar da kansa a matsayin mai hana methyltransferase enzymes Saboda haka, SAM: SAH rabo kai tsaye yana daidaita salon salula methylation, yayin da matakan bitamin B 6, B 12, folic acid da choline suna daidaita yanayin methylation a kaikaice ta hanyar sake zagayowar methionine Halin da ke kusa da ciwon daji shine rashin daidaituwa na hanyar methionine na rayuwa don mayar da martani ga kwayoyin halitta ko yanayin muhalli wanda ya haifar da raguwar SAM da ko SAM-dogara methylation Ko yana da rashi a cikin enzymes kamar methylthioadenosine phosphorylase, methionine -dogara na ciwon daji Kwayoyin, babban matakan polyamine kira a cikin ciwon daji, ko shigar da ciwon daji ta hanyar rage cin abinci da ke hana masu ba da gudummawar methyl na waje ko haɓakawa a cikin masu hana methylation, ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta yana da dangantaka da karfi. raguwar matakan SAM a cikin mice, berayen da mutane. A cewar wani bita na 2012, tasirin hana methionine akan ciwon daji har yanzu ba a yi nazari kai tsaye a cikin mutane ba kuma "har yanzu akwai ƙarancin ilimin da zai ba da ingantaccen shawarwarin abinci mai gina jiki". Sadarwar Kimiyya Kafofin watsa labarai suna taka rawa sosai a fannin sadarwa na kimiyyar abinci mai gina jiki A cikin 1996, a kan Oprah Winfrey's talk show, wani baƙo ya yi iƙirarin cewa sarrafa nama daga Amurka zai iya haifar da BSE, spongiform encephalopathy na bovine. Manoman naman sa na Texas sun kai ƙarar wasan kwaikwayon Oprah daga baya waɗanda suka yi iƙirarin nunin nata ya haifar da raguwar farashin naman sa Sadarwar kimiyyar da ke tattare da abinci mai gina jiki na iya zama abin dogaro saboda gaskiyar cewa babu isasshen bincike da zai iya ba da tabbataccen ƙarshe ga idan wasu abinci. haifar da ciwon daji ko a'a. Wannan yana ba da dama ga masu wallafawa su sanya kanun labarai masu ɓarna kamar "Mafi Girman Abincin Carbohydrate yana Haɗe da Babban Haɗarin Jimillar Mutuwa". Bincike ya nuna cewa shirye-shiryen talabijin na kasa sun fi kashe lokaci wajen bayar da labaran da suka shafi cutar kansa fiye da gidajen talabijin na cikin gida. Bugu da ƙari, tashoshi na gida suna ɗaukar ɗan ƙaramin lokaci suna magana game da yadda mutum zai iya hana ciwon daji. Wannan ya faru ne saboda matsalolin lokaci da kasafin kuɗi maimakon rashin sha'awa. Har ila yau, tallace-tallacen abinci yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen danganta abinci da ciwon daji kamar yadda kamfanoni da nau'o'i daban-daban ke tallata abincin su da abin sha da ba su da kyau yana sa mutane su kasance masu aminci. Haɗe tare da ƙananan farashi da tallace-tallacen da aka biya yana da wuya a magance waɗannan abincin da ke haifar da ciwon daji. Duba kuma Alcohol and cancer Alcohol and breast cancer Acrylamide Bovine Meat and Milk Factors Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective List of ineffective cancer treatments List of topics characterized as pseudoscience Microplastics ingested through diet Zero waste supermarket Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Manazarta Cutar daji Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
40844	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra	Cleopatra	Cleopatra VII Philopator (Greek, "Cleopatra Yar' lelen babanta"; [5] 69 BC10 ga Agusta 30 BC) Ita ce sarauniyar masarautar Ptolemaic ta Masar daga 51 zuwa 30 BC, wadda tayi mulki na ƙarshe a zuriyarta. Tana cikin daular Ptolemaic, kasan cewar ta fito daga tsatson Ptolemy I Soter, wanda ya kafa daular. Janar ne na Macedonia dake Girka kuma abokin Alexander the Great. Bayan mutuwar Cleopatra, Masar ta zama lardin daular Roma, wanda ya nuna ƙarshen mulkin Hellenisanci a Bahar Rum, mulkin da ya daɗe tun zamanin Alexander (336-323 BC). Yarenta na asali shine Girkancin Koine, kuma ita kaɗai ce cikin wadanda sukayi mulki a daular Ptolemaic da ta koyi yaren Masar. A 58 BC, anyi hasashen cewa Cleopatra ta yiwa mahaifinta, Ptolemy XII Auletes, rakiya zuwa Roma lokacin da aka koreshi daga Misira sakamakon tawaye, (Misira na karkashin mulkin Roma a wancan zamanin) ya ƙyale 'yar kishiyarsa Berenice IV ta ɗauki throne dinsa. An kashe Berenice a shekara ta 55 BC sa’ad da Ptolemy ya koma Masar da taimakon sojan Roma. Lokacin da ya mutu a shekara ta 51 BC, mulkin haɗin gwiwa na Cleopatra da ɗan'uwanta Ptolemy XIII ya fara, amma faɗowa tsakanin su ya kai ga buɗe yakin basasa. Bayan ya yi rashin nasara a yakin Pharsalus na shekara ta 48 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa a Girka da abokin hamayyarsa Julius Kaisar (mai mulkin kama-karya na Roma kuma mai kula da shi) a yakin basasa na Kaisar, dan siyasar Roma Pompey ya gudu zuwa Masar. Pompey ya kasance abokin siyasa na Ptolemy XII, amma Ptolemy XIII, bisa ga roƙon eunuchs na kotu, Pompey ya yi kwanton bauna ya kashe shi kafin Kaisar ya zo ya mamaye Alexandria. Sai Kaisar ya yi ƙoƙari ya sulhunta ’yan’uwan Ptolemaic, amma babban mashawarcin Ptolemy, Potheinos, ya ɗauki sharuɗɗan Kaisar a matsayin fifita Cleopatra, don haka sojojinsa suka kewaye ta da Kaisar a fada. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan da aka ɗage kewaye ta hanyar ƙarfafawa, Ptolemy XIII ya mutu a yakin Nilu na 47 BC; An kai ’yar’uwar Cleopatra Arsinoe IV zaman talala zuwa Afisa saboda rawar da ta taka wajen kai harin. Kaisar ya bayyana Cleopatra da ɗan'uwansa Ptolemy XIV masu mulkin haɗin gwiwa amma sun ci gaba da zaman sirri tare da Cleopatra wanda ya haifar da ɗa, Caesarion. Cleopatra ta yi tafiya zuwa Roma a matsayin sarauniyar abokin ciniki a cikin 46 da 44 BC, inda ta zauna a gidan Kaisar. Bayan kisan Kaisar da (a kan umarninta) Ptolemy XIV a cikin 44 BC, ta kira Kaisar co-mulkin a matsayin Ptolemy XV. A cikin Yaƙin basasa na 43-42 BC, Cleopatra ta goyi bayan Triumvirate na Biyu na Roman wanda kakan Kaisar kuma magaji Octavian, Mark Antony, da Marcus Aemilius Lepidus suka kafa. Bayan ganawarsu a Tarsos a shekara ta 41 BC, sarauniyar ta sami sabani da Antony. Ya aiwatar da hukuncin kisa na Arsinoe bisa buƙatarta, kuma ya ƙara dogara ga Cleopatra don duka kudade da taimakon soja a lokacin da ya mamaye Daular Parthia da Masarautar Armeniya. Gudunmawar Alexandria ta ayyana 'ya'yansu Alexander Helios, Cleopatra Selene II, da Ptolemy Philadelphus masu mulki a kan wasu yankuna daban-daban a ƙarƙashin ikon Antony na nasara. Wannan taron, aurensu, da kisan auren Antony na 'yar'uwar Octavian Octavia Minor ya kai ga yakin karshe na Jamhuriyar Roma. Octavian ya tsunduma cikin yakin farfaganda, ya tilasta wa abokan Antony a Majalisar Dattawan Roma su gudu daga Roma a shekara ta 32 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, kuma suka shelanta yaki a kan Cleopatra. Bayan cin nasarar Antony da Cleopatra na jiragen ruwa a yakin Actium na 31 BC, sojojin Octavian sun mamaye Masar a 30 BC kuma suka ci Antony, wanda ya kai ga Antony ya kashe kansa. Lokacin da Cleopatra ya sami labarin cewa Octavian ya shirya ya kawo ta cikin jerin gwanon cin nasara na Romawa, ta kashe kanta ta hanyar guba, sabanin abin da aka sani cewa asp ya cije ta. Gadon Cleopatra ya rayu a cikin ayyukan fasaha na zamani da na zamani. Tarihin Romawa da waƙar Latin sun haifar da ra'ayi mai mahimmanci game da sarauniya wanda ya mamaye wallafe-wallafen Medieval da Renaissance daga baya. A cikin zane-zane na gani, tsoffin hotunanta sun haɗa da busts na Romawa, zane-zane, da sassaka-tsalle, sassaƙaƙen cameo da gilashin, Ptolemaic da tsabar kudin Roman, da abubuwan walwala. A Renaissance da Baroque art, ta kasance batun ayyuka da yawa da suka hada da wasan kwaikwayo, zane-zane, wakoki, sassakaki, da wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo. Ta zama alamar al'adun gargajiya na Egyptomania tun zamanin Victorian, kuma a cikin zamani na zamani, Cleopatra ya bayyana a cikin zane-zane da zane-zane, burlesque satire, fina-finai na Hollywood, da hotuna masu alama don samfuran kasuwanci. Etymology Sigar Latinized Cleopatra ta fito ne daga tsohuwar Girkanci ma'ana "darajar mahaifinta", [6] daga "Daukaka") da "baba"). Da an rubuta sigar namiji ko dai a matsayin ko Cleopatra shine sunan 'yar'uwar Alexander the Great, da kuma Cleopatra Alcyone, matar Meleager a cikin tarihin Girkanci. Ta hanyar auren Ptolemy V Epiphanes da Cleopatra I Syra (yar sarki Seleucid sunan ya shiga daular Ptolemaic. Babban taken yana nufin "bautawa mai son mahaifinta". Tarihin Rayuwa Fage Ba Limamin Ptah na Masar ya naɗa wa Ptolemaic rawani a Memphis, amma suna zaune a cikin al'adu da yawa kuma galibin birnin Girkanci na Alexandria, wanda Alexander the Great na Macedon ya kafa. Suna jin Girkanci kuma suna mulkin Masar a matsayin sarakunan Hellenanci na Girka, sun ƙi koyon harshen Masar na asali. Sabanin haka, Cleopatra na iya magana da harsuna da yawa ta hanyar girma kuma itace farkon Ptolemaic mai mulkin da ya koyi harshen Masar. Plutarch yana nuna cewa ita ma tana magana da Habasha, yaren "Troglodytes", Ibrananci (ko Aramaic), Larabci, Harshen Siriya (watakila Siriyac), Median, da Parthian, kuma da alama tana iya magana da Latin, ko da yake ƴan zamaninta na Romawa sun gwammace su yi magana da ita a ƙasarta ta Koine Greek. [21] [19] [22] Baya ga Girkanci, Masarawa, da Latin, waɗannan harsuna sun nuna sha'awar Cleopatra na mayar da yankunan Arewacin Afirka da Yammacin Asiya waɗanda suka kasance na Masarautar Ptolemaic. Shisshigin Romawa a Masar ya kasance kafin zamanin Cleopatra. Lokacin da Ptolemy IX Lathyros ya mutu a ƙarshen 81 BC, 'yarsa Berenice III ta gaje shi. Duk da haka, tare da ginin 'yan adawa a gidan sarauta a kan ra'ayin sarauta na mace mai mulki, Berenice III ya yarda da mulkin haɗin gwiwa da aure tare da dan uwanta da stepson Ptolemy XI Alexander II, wani tsari da mai mulkin Roma Sulla ya yi. Ptolemy XI ya sa aka kashe matarsa ba da daɗewa ba bayan aurensu a shekara ta 80 BC, amma an lalata shi ba da daɗewa ba a sakamakon tarzoma a kan kisan. Ptolemy XI, kuma watakila kawunsa Ptolemy IX ko mahaifinsa Ptolemy X Alexander I, ya ba da Mulkin Ptolemaic zuwa Roma a matsayin lamuni don lamuni, don haka Romawa suna da dalilai na doka don karɓar Masar, abokin ciniki. jihar, bayan kashe Ptolemy XI. Romawa sun zaɓi maimakon su raba mulkin Ptolemaic a tsakanin 'ya'yan Ptolemy IX na shege, suna ba da Cyprus ga Ptolemy na Cyprus da Masar a kan Ptolemy XII Auletes. Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
20918	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata%20a%20Najeriya	Mata a Najeriya	Matsayin zamantakewar mata a Najeriya ya banbanta bisa lamuran addini, al'adu da kuma yanayin ƙasa. Matsayin mata ya fi zama ne a matsayin iyaye, yayye mata, ko kuma matan aure. Bugu da ƙari, matsayin mata ya dace da bambancin kabila da asalin addini, tare da matan Arewacin Najeriya wadanda za a iya warewa a cikin gida, fiye da matan da ke Kudancin Najeriya, wadanda ke shiga cikin rayuwar jama'a. Kalubalen zamani ga matan Najeriya sun haɗa da auren yara da kaciyar mata Matsalolin zamantakewa Auren yara Auren yara ƙanana ya zama ruwan dare a Najeriya, inda kashi 43% na ƴan mata ke yin aure kafin su cika shekara 18, sannan kuma kashi 17% kafin su cika shekaru 15 Yaɗuwar, duk da haka, ya bambanta sosai da yanki. Adadin haihuwa na Najeriya shi ne yara 5.07 mata. Yawan haihuwa a Najeriya yana haifar da matsalolin zamantakewar tattalin arziƙi da kuma haifar da ci gaban ƙasa. Siyasa Shiga cikin siyasa Rahoton Ƙungiyar tattalin arziki ta duniya daga ɓangaren rahotanni na cike gurbi tsakanin jinsi na shekarar 2018 ya saka Najeriya a ƙasa ta 139 th daga cikin adadin 149 ƙasashe cikin sharuɗɗan jinsi rata a 'yan siyasa karfafawa'. A lokacin zaɓen Najeriya na shekara ta 2015, Najeriya na da mata 20 cikin 359 a ƙaramar majalisar ta (5.6%) da 7 cikin 109 a majalisar dattijai (6.4%). A zaɓen shekarar 2019 kaso 7.3% na Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya da kashi 3.1% na Majalisar Wakilai mata ne. Babu wasu gwamnonin jihohi da suke mata. Babu wasu dokoki da aka aiwatar don inganta bambancin jinsi. A shekarar 2014, Cibiyar Raya Mata da Ba da Tallafi ta Mata (WARDC) da Asusun Kula da Matan Najeriya (NWTF) sun tsara “Yarjejeniyar Neman Matan Najeriya” da ta bukaci a samar da 35% na mata a cikin dukkan bangarorin gwamnati. Abubuwan da ke kawo cikas ga shigar mata cikin siyasa halaye ne daban-daban game da jinsi, mummunan ra'ayi game da mata a cikin jagoranci musamman, 'yan takarar mata galibi suna fama da tashin hankalin zaɓe, barazana ko maganganun ƙiyayya kuma jam'iyyun siyasa sun keɓe mata kawai, ba su da ƙarfin ƙarfafa sa hannu. Don taimakawa haɓaka yawan mata da ke aiki a cikin gwamnati, Asusun Amincewar Mata na Nijeriya (NWTF) yana amfani da kudade, hanyoyin sadarwa, jagoranci, horo don shugabanci, da shawarwari. Ma'aikatar Harkokin Mata da Ci Gaban Jama'a (MWASD) ce ke tallafawa, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Mata. Ilimi Kaciyar mata Yanke al'aura na mata (wanda aka fi sani da kaciyar mata a Nijeriya shi ne ya haifar da mafi yawan al'aurar mata (FGM C) a duk duniya. Ana ɗaukar wannan dabi'a mai cutarwa ga 'yan mata da mata da kuma take Haƙƙin ɗan Adam FGM yana haifar da rashin haihuwa, mutuwar mata, cututtuka, da rasa jin daɗin jima'i. A cikin ƙasa, kashi 27% na matan Najeriya masu shekaru tsakanin 15 zuwa 49 an yi musu kaciya, tun daga shekarar 2012. A cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata, yaɗuwar wannan dabi'a ta ragu da rabi a wasu sassan Najeriya. An ba da rahoton cewa kimanin kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na matan Najeriya sun ba da rahoton cewa sun taɓa fuskantar tashin hankali na abokan tarayya (IPV) kamar na shekarar 2013. Nazarin ya ci gaba da yaɗuwar IPV a yankuna huɗu na Yankin-siyasa na Najeriya ya nuna cewa Kudu maso Gabas na da 78.8%, Arewa na da 42%, Kudu ta Kudu na da 41%, kuma Kudu maso Yamma na da 29%. Auren mace fiye da dayya 12 daga cikin jihohin Najeriya 36 sun amince da auren mata fiye da ɗaya daidai yake da auren mata daya. Dukkanin jihohi goma sha biyu ana gudanar da su ne da Shari'ar Musulunci Jihohin, wadanda dukkansu ‘yan arewa ne, sun hada da jihohin Bauchi, Borno, Gombe, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Niger, Sokoto, Yobe, da Zamfara wanda ke ba da damar mutum ya auri sama da mata daya. A wani wurin, duka al'adun Krista da na gargajiya a cikin ƙungiyoyin auren mata da yawa sun yarda da su ta hanyar al'adun gargajiya Wadannan kungiyoyin kwadagon sun dogara ne kan rashin yin aure na farko, kamar yadda ake amfani da babbar hanyar masaniya, amma ko da a halin yanzu, ba kasafai ake gurfanar da maza a gaban babbar mace a Najeriya ba. Bambancin yanki Arewacin Najeriya A arewa, ayyuka da aka gabatar cikin sharuddan mata matsayi a cikin al'umma sun kasance yafi a sakamakon mulkin mallaka da kuma gabatarwar salafanci da wahhabiyanci da tunanin su a cikin al'ada sufistregion Wannan tsari yana nufin, gabaɗaya, ƙarancin ilimi na yau da kullun; auren wuri na samari, musamman a yankunan karkara; da tsare mutane a cikin gida, wanda galibi ba shi da addini, sai dai ziyarar dangi, shagulgula, da wuraren aiki, idan akwai aikin yi kuma dangi ko mijinta sun yarda da hakan. A mafi yawan lokuta, matan Hausawa ba sa aiki a gona, yayin da matan Kanuri ke yi; dukkansu sun taimaka da girbi kuma suna da alhakin duk aikin sarrafa abinci na gida Matan birni suna siyar dafaffun abinci, galibi ta hanyar aika ƴan mata talla akan tituna ko aiki da ƙaramin matsugunni. Bincike ya nuna cewa wannan al'adar tana daga cikin manyan dalilan da matan birni ke bayarwa don adawa da karatun yara mata. Ko da a cikin fitattun gidaje tare da mata masu ilimi, kasancewar mata a taron jama'a ko babu su ko kuma takura su. A ɓangaren zamani, wasu kaɗan daga mata suna bayyana a dukkan matakai a ofisoshi, bankuna, sabis na zamantakewar jama'a, aikin jinya, rediyo, talabijin, da kuma ƙwarewa, (koyarwa, injiniya, ƙirar muhalli, doka, kantin magani, magunguna, har ma da aikin gona da magungunan dabbobi. Wannan yanayin ya samo asali ne daga makarantun sakandare na mata, kwalejojin malamai, kuma a cikin shekaru ta alif 1980 mata suna riƙe da kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na guraben jami'a ninki biyu na na shekaru ta alif 1970. Bincike a cikin shekaru ta alif 1980 ya nuna cewa, ga musulmin arewa, ilimin da ya wuce makarantar firamare ya taƙaita ne ga 'ya'yan' yan kasuwa da kwararrun kwararru, kuma kusan a kowane hali, dangi ne suka zaɓi kwasa-kwasai da sana'oi, ba mace da kansu ba. Koyaya, a cikin yawan shekarun nan, ƙimar aikin mata ya ƙaru kamar yadda aka ƙara wa mata aiki a ɓangaren zamani. Ka same su a matsayin masu karɓar kuɗi a bankuna, malamai a makarantun firamare da sakandare na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu, da masu jinya a asibitoci da kuma masu ɗaukar nauyin shirye-shiryen talabijin daban-daban. Kodayake, batun mata ba sa samun manyan mukamai har yanzu yana ci gaba da kasancewa babban kalubale a duk fadin kasar da ma dukkan bangarorin saboda yawancin wadannan mukamai maza ne ke shagaltar da su da kananan dama na mata masu cancanta. Bugu da kari, samari mata da ke yanke shawara kan kwasa-kwasan da sana'o'in da za su zaba daga yanzu suna da 'yancin cin gashin kansu na yin hakan a wasu gidajen musamman a kudancin ƙasar. Koyaya, arewa tana baya a cikin waɗannan canje-canje bayyane saboda dokokin al'adu. Kudancin Najeriya A kudu, a al'adance mata suna da mahimman matsayi na tattalin arziki a kasuwancin dangi da kasuwanni, suna aiki a gonaki a matsayin manyan kafofin Ƙwadago, kuma suna da matsayi mai tasiri a tsarin gargajiya na ƙungiyar gida. Kudu, kamar arewa, ya kasance yana da polygynous; a cikin shekara ta alif 1990 har yanzu yana ga gidaje da yawa, gami da waɗanda ke da'awar Kiristanci. Mata a kudu, sun sami ilimi irin na yamma tun ƙarni na goma sha tara, don haka suka mallaki mukamai a cikin sana'oi kuma har zuwa siyasa. Bugu da ƙari, mata ne ke jagorantar gidaje, wani abu da ba a yi la’akari da shi sosai ba a cikin tsare-tsaren ci gaban Nijeriya. Irin waɗannan gidajen sun fi yawa a kudu, amma suna kan hauhawa ko'ina. Ganewa da hukumomi Gabaɗaya, a cikin Nijeriya, tsarin ci gaba yana nufin "mazan da suka manyanta," "gidaje," ko "dangi". Mata sun kasance a cikin irin waɗannan rukunin amma ba a matsayin rukunin daban ba. Har zuwa 1980s, kalmar "manomi" ana ɗauka ta maza ce kawai, duk da cewa a wasu yankuna na ƙasa mata suna yin yawancin aikin gona. A al'adar Nijeriya, kusan kowane lokaci ana fassara mace a matsayin ɗiyar wani, matar sa, mahaifiyarsa, ko bazawara. Ana zargin mata marasa aure, kodayake sun zama babban rukuni, musamman a biranen, saboda yawan sakin aure. A al'ada, kuma har zuwa wani lokaci wannan ya kasance gaskiya a cikin al'adun gargajiya, ana ganin matan da ba su da aure a matsayin abokan hulɗa na jima'i idan sun yi ƙoƙari don samun 'yanci kuma a matsayin waɗanda ke fama da sauƙi don cin zarafin tattalin arziki. A Jihar Kaduna, alal misali, binciken da aka yi game da kwace filaye ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ya nuna cewa shugabannin kananan hukumomi da ke son sayar wa ga masu zagin birane da kuma manoma 'yan kasuwa, sun kwace gonakin mata kusan ba tsammani. Sanannu a Mata Siyasa Amina J. Mohammed Mataimakiyar Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Gbemisola Ruqayyah Saraki 'Yar siyasa kuma mai son taimakon jama'a Florence Ita Giwa ‘Yar Siyasa Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala Masaniyar Tattalin Arziki, Mace ta farko a Ministar Kudi Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti, mai fafutuka Dora Akunyili Tsohuwar Ministan Yada Labarai da Sadarwa, Tsohuwar Darakta Janar, Hukumar Kula da Abinci da Magunguna da Kulawa (NAFDAC) ta Nijeriya. Kemi Adeosun Ministan Kudi (Nuwamba 2015 2018) Beni Lar, 'yar majalisar wakilan Najeriya kuma mai rajin kare hakykin mata Kasuwanci Bilikiss Adebiyi Abiola Babbar Shugaba ta Wecyclers Folorunsho Alakija, 'Yar Kasuwa Hajiya Bola Shagaya 'Yar Kasuwa kuma Mai Kishin Kayan Zamani Sola David-Borha, Babbar Jami'ar (Yankin Afirka) na Bankin Standard Nishaɗi Agbani Darego Misali da Kyawawan Sarauniya Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Marubuciya Chioma Akotha Jaruma da Fina-Finan fim Folake Coker Mai tsara Zane, Daraktan kirkira na Tiffany Amber Funke Akindele Jaruma Genevieve Nnaji Jaruma Helen Paul 'Yar wasan barkwanci Ireti Doyle Jaruma Kiki Mordi 'Yar jarida da' yar jarida Aisha Salaudeen 'Yar jaridar gidan talabijin na Multimedia Krystal Okeke Ms. Illinois USA Universal 2016 kuma wacce ta kirkiro Nunin Yara Na Yammacin Yammacin Yammacin Duniya da Sarauniyar kyau ta Miss Nation Nation Mercy Chinwo Mawakiya, Marubuciya Jaruma Onyinye Ough, marubuci kuma mai fafutuka Osonye Tess Onwueme Marubucin wasan kwaikwayo Mo Abudu, mutuniyar yada labarai Tiwa Savage Mai Nishadantarwa Ufuoma McDermott Jaruma Mafificin fim Yemi Alade Mai nishadantarwa Kimiyya Masana kimiyya sun haɗa da: Ameyo Adadevoh likitan Najeriya Farfesa Grace Alele-Williams Masanin lissafi Francisca Nneka Okeke Physicist Deborah Ajakaiye Masana ilimin lissafi Olabisi Ugbebor Masanin lissafi Adenike Osofisan Masanin Kimiyyar Kwamfuta Folasade Ogunsola Masaniyar Kimiyyar Likita Chinedum Peace Babalola Likitan magunguna Lucy Jumeyi Ogbadu Masanin Kimiyyar Microbiology Eucharia Oluchi Nwaichi, Ph.D Masanin ilimin Stella Ifeanyi Smith, Ph.D Masanin Kimiyyar Halitta Manazarta MataMa Mata Yan Najeriya Mata Mata a Najeriya Matan Najeriya Pages with unreviewed
42355	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshen%20Hamer	Harshen Hamer	Hamer ko Hamer-Banna (Hamer: hámar aapó harshe ne a cikin reshen Kudancin Omotic na dangin harsunan Afroasiatic Mutanen Hamar da Banna da masu magana da Karo suna magana ne a kudancin Habasha Akwai nau'in pidginized a cikin amfanin gida. Fassarar sauti Consonants Hamer yana da wuraren magana guda shida na baƙaƙe, da kuma ɗabi'u goma sha ɗaya na magana, ko da yake tsarin ba gaba ɗaya ne ba. /p/ na iya kasancewa a matsayin [ɸ] a kowane matsayi, sai dai a matsayin /pp/ da /mp/, wanda a kowane lokaci ana gane shi azaman [p]. Wayoyin wayoyi da yawa suna da abubuwan da suka faru na tsaka-tsaki ko kuma na prevocalic: /VbV/: /Vka/: [x] /#qa/: /#qo, #qu/: [ʔ] /VɓV/: [b], /VɗV/: [d], [ʔ] a, i/: V/: [tʃ] /n/ assimilates to a following velar (i.e., as [ŋ]). Consonant length is distinctive non-initially. Long /ɾ/ is realized as a trilled /r/. /n/ yana kamanceceniya da maɓalli mai zuwa (watau kamar [ŋ]). Tsawon baka yana bambanta ba da farko ba. Dogon /ɾ/ ana gane shi azaman trilled /r/. Wasula Akwai wasula na asali guda biyar An ƙara raba wasulan zuwa manyan nau'i biyu (tare da na ukun kasancewar yanayin "umlaut" saman (duba ƙasa)). Rukunin I wasalan sun fi guntu, an sanya su cikin pharyngealized, kuma sun ja da baya tushen harshe. Rukunin rukuni na II sun fi tsayi, suna da girma, kuma suna da tushen harshe na gaba. Wasili Harmony ya wanzu a cikin cewa kowace tushen kalma da kowane kari yana cikin ko dai nau'in I ko II. Lokacin da nau'in tushensa ba su yarda ba, wani nau'i na umlauting yana faruwa. Wasan wasali maras kyau yana riƙe ainihin wurin faɗar sa, kuma ana furta shi tsakanin madaidaicin nau'in wasali na I da na II, watau matsakaicin tsayi, da mara alamar pharyngealization, glottalization ko tushen harshe. Gabaɗaya, wasulan (s) na suffix suna yin umlauting, amma akwai wasu nau'ikan kari na "ƙarfi" waɗanda ke riƙe nau'in su, kuma suna haifar da wasulan tushen yin umlauting. Akwai wasali na shida mara sauti, /ə/, wanda ke bayyana a cikin magana ta zahiri don "karye" in ba haka ba tari mara inganci. Babu buƙatar ɗaukar wannan sautin waya, kuma babu takamaiman dalilin da zai sa ya buƙaci grapheme, saboda yana faruwa gabaɗaya a matsayin wani ɓangare na abin da ke ainihin tsarin allophonic. Sillable da tsarin kalma Tsarin silsilar shine kawai (C)V(C), ko da yake baƙaƙe-ƙarshen ba safai ba ne. Zaɓuɓɓukan aƙalla wasula uku an rubuta su. Ba a rubuce-rubucen igiyoyi fiye da baƙaƙe biyu. Akwai ƙa'idodi masu yawa (mafi yawa masu sauƙaƙa) waɗanda ke tafiyar da metathesis da epenthesis lokacin da gungu masu haɗaka suka bayyana. A taƙaice, akwai nau'ikan tari guda uku: "mai inganci", "na musamman", da "marasa inganci". Ingantattun tagulla ba sa samun canji tsakanin sifofin su na asali da na sama. Tari na musamman suna fuskantar wani nau'in canji (gaba ɗaya metathetic) a cikin sifofin su. Rukunin da ba daidai ba suna saka sautin mara waya /ə/ tsakanin baƙaƙe biyu domin ƙirƙirar sifofin su. Rubutun Rubutu Babu wani tsarin rubutu na hukuma don Hamer, kodayake an gabatar da tsarin boko da yawa, tare da rubutun Gə'əz Har yanzu, babu wani motsi don amincewa da kowane ɗayan waɗannan tsarin a hukumance. "Lydall" romanization Wannan shine boko da Jean Lydall yayi amfani dashi. Watakila ma'auni ne na gaskiya, kawai ta kasancewarsa wanda aka gabatar da mafi yawan abubuwan da ke akwai. Consonants Kashi na I wasula Kashi na II wasula Wasulan wasali Waɗanda aka ƙera ana rubuta su ta amfani da harafin don ainihin sautinsu, haɗe da layi. Asalin Gə'əz Ana ba da wasiƙu a ƙasa tare da sunayen Amharic na gargajiya. Layukan da aka yiwa alama da jajayen duhu suna da ma'anoni na musamman waɗanda ba za a iya yin cikakken bayanin su a cikin tebur ba: ana amfani da layin Älf don wasalan Rukuni na II ba tare da baƙaƙen da ya gabata ba, yayin da layin Äyn ake amfani da shi don nau'in wasali na I ba tare da baƙon wanda ya gabata ba. Ilimin Halitta Sunaye Sunaye ba su da jinsi ko adadi na asali, amma suna iya zama na miji, na mace, da jam’i, dukkansu ukun suna da bambanci (wato ba za a iya sanya suna ga jinsi da jam’i ba). Duk da yake waɗannan ɓangarori ba su zama wajibi ba, suna haifar da yarjejeniya akan sifa da fi'ili. Alamun juzu'i sune: Siffofin da suka fara da "t" ana iya haɗa su kai tsaye zuwa tushen, kuma yawanci ana amfani da su tare da sunaye masu rai. Sauran nau'ikan za a iya haɗa su zuwa tushen ko zuwa tushe. Ga sunayen da ba su da rai, alamar namiji yawanci rahusa ne, yayin da alamar mace tana ƙara girma. Misali, tukunyar yumɓu daa. Daatâ (namiji) yana nufin ƙaramin tukunyar yumbu, yayin da dáano (mace) babbar tukunya ce. Canje-canje a cikin harshe, yin amfani da namiji a matsayin raguwa ba sabon abu ba ne, kamar yadda yake jujjuya jinsi na kyauta. Bayanan kula Nassoshi Lydall, Jean (1976): "Hamer" a cikin: Bender, M. Lionel (ed. Harsunan da ba na Yahudawa ba na Habasha East Lansing: Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka, Jami'ar Jihar Michigan. pp. 393-438. Lydall, Jean (1988): Jinsi, Lamba da Girma a Hamar. a cikin: Bechhaus-Gerst, Marianne da Fritz Serzisko (eds. Cushitic-Omotic: Takardu daga Taron Taro na Duniya akan Harsunan Cushitic da Omotic, Cologne, Janairu 6-7, 1986 Hamburg. shafi na 77-90. Lydall, Jean (2005): Tarin yare na Hamär. in: Uhlig, Siegbert (ed. Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, Vol. 2 Wiesbaden. shafi 981-982. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Duniya Atlas na Tsarin Harshe bayanai akan Hamer Aikin Rosetta: Jerin Hamer-Banna Swadesh Harsuna Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
30122	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukunin%20kare%20muhalli%20%28ECG%29	Rukunin kare muhalli (ECG)	Rukunin Kare Muhalli (ECG) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce ke a Coimbatore, Indiya Ƙungiyar tana aiki tun a Shekarar 2009 kuma tana aiki don kiyaye muhalli da namun daji. Kungiyar namun daji da masu kishin muhalli ne suka kafa ECG karkashin jagorancin mai fafutukar kare muhalli Mr. Mohammed Saleem, Mista Stephen Joseph shine Co-kafa kuma mataimakin shugaban kasa. Ƙungiyar tana da hannu wajen sa ido kan wuraren dausayi na Coimbatore game da zubar da tarkace da ɓarna. Har ila yau ECG na da hannu wajen kiyaye namun daji da kuma ceto tsuntsaye daga cinikin namun daji ECG na da hannu wajen dakatar da sare bishiyoyi da gudanar da shirye-shiryen wayar da kan jama'a. Danna Hoton ku 2011 Click Your Pic wani nunin hoto ne na matakin kasa wanda ECG ta shirya don yada wayar da kan jama'a game da wadataccen kayan gado na Indiya. An shirya taron ne tare da Cibiyar Nazarin Ornithology da Tarihin Halitta ta Sálim Ali da Cibiyar Nazarin Gandun Daji ta Jiha daga 3rd 9 ga Janairun shekarar 2011 a harabar CASFOS. Wasu daga cikin fitattun mutanen da suka yi jawabi a yayin taron sun hada da Dr. Azeez- Daraktan SACON, Mista Marudachalam na Photo centre, Mista TNA Perumal da kuma Mista K.Jayaram. Danna Hoton ku 2012 An gudanar da wannan nunin shekara-shekara na biyu akan Disamba 27–30, shekarata 2012 a Hindusthan College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore Ya samu kyakkyawar amsa daga masu daukar hoton namun daji a fadin kasar. Mista Perumal da Mista Balan Madhavan ne suka gudanar da zaman daukar hoto. Mista Bittu Sahgal na daya daga cikin manyan baki. Kuma Alkalin taron shine TNA Perumal da Balan Madhavan Savithri Photo House da GLO ne suka dauki nauyin taron. Danna Hoton ku 2014 Danna Hoton ku a shekarata 2014 da aka gudanar a Brookefields Mall daga Nuwamba 14-19, a shekarata 2014. Baje kolin hoton mega ya jawo baƙi da yawa daga ko'ina cikin yankin, kuma an nuna hotunan da fitattun masu daukar hoto na namun daji na Indiya suka haɗa da TNA Perumal, Rathika Ramasamy, Kalyan Varma, Balan Madhavan da Sudhir Shivaram Alkalin taron shine Mista TNA Perumal Panasonic ne ya dauki nauyin taron HANYA SEEK2016 Kungiyar masu kare namun daji guda biyar daga ECG karkashin jagorancin shugabanta R. Mohammed Saleem sun yi tafiya kusan kilomita 20,000 a cikin jahohi 22 na Indiya domin yin nazari kan kashe- kashen hanyoyi da yada wayar da kan jama'a kan illar hanyoyi kan namun daji, a watan Fabrairun shekarar 2016. Tawagar ta zagaya ta manyan wuraren ajiyar namun daji kuma ta ziyarci manyan cibiyoyi kamar IIT Guwahati, Jami'ar Jammu, Kwalejin Amurka, Madurai da Jami'ar Calicut don yada wayar da kan dalibai. Hewlett Packard, Sanctuary Asia ne ya dauki nauyin balaguron SEEK2017 Wani balaguron kasa da kasa na biyu mai suna Save Endangered, Endemic and Key Species (SEEK) ya kasance karkashin jagorancin R. Mohammed Saleem, Shugaba kuma Manajan Aminta na kungiyar. Mambobin tawagar Sisir, Srini, Abishek da Anirudha sun yi tafiya ta Mahindra Scorpio, Kuma sun ziyarci wurare daban-daban na namun daji a fadin Indiya. Sun yada wayar da kan jama'a a Dhaka, Bangladesh, Jami'ar Tribhuvan da Kwalejin Duniya ta Golden Gate Kathmandu Nepal, IIT Guwahati da sauran Cibiyoyin ilimi da yawa. Mambobin hudu sun yi balaguro na kwanaki 60 a fadin Indiya da makwaftan kasashen Bangladesh, Bhutan da Nepal. WWF, Mahindra Scorpio, Wulf Pro, MapmyIndia da Pumps na CRI ne suka dauki nauyin balaguron. NEMAN 2019 An shirya balaguro na uku SEEK2019 don tattara bayanai kan tsuntsayen Indiya da ke fuskantar barazana tare da wayar da kan jama'a kan mahimmancin tsuntsaye. Mambobin ƙungiyar SEEK shekarar 2019 guda huɗu sun ƙunshi Dr. PA Azeez, tsohon darekta Cibiyar Salim Ali for Ornithology and Natural History, Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Canjin yanayi, Gwamnatin Indiya, Dr. Ravi Rishi likita, Mista Makathan, wanda ke karkashin jagorancin. R. Mohammed Saleem. Tawagar ta yi tafiya a fadin Indiya na tsawon kwanaki 79 don neman tsuntsayen da ba su da tabbas. Tawagar ta yi nasara wajen gano bullar cutar a karon farko a Indiya. A yayin ziyarar tawagar ta ziyarci cibiyoyin ilimi da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Carl Zeiss, Coimbatore City Round Table 31, NM Co., Wulf Pro, MapmyIndia, Pricol, Sulochana Mills da Twin Birds ne suka dauki nauyin tafiyar. Ajiye Coimbatore Racecourse ECG ta jagoranci motsin kwas na Ajiye Coimbatore Race Ya girma ya zama motsi na jama'a cikin kankanin lokaci. ECG tare da sauran ƙungiyoyi, masu ruwa da tsaki da tallafin jama'a sun sami damar dakatar da saren bishiyu a kan hanyar tsere da sunan ci gaban Smart City, saboda ƙoƙarin da suka yi an sami nasarar kwato wuraren koren a Coimbatore Racecourse. Ajiye motsi kwas na tsere Tallafi Tallafawa Ayyukan ECG suna yiwuwa saboda tallafi mai karimci daga kamfanoni da daidaikun mutane; wasu daga cikinsu akwai: National Geographic WWF Karl Zais Google HP Panasonic Mahindra Mahindra Wuri Mai Tsarki Asiya Wuta Bird Institute MapmyIndia Teburin Zagaye na Coimbatore Coleman Tagwayen Tagwayen N Mahalingam Co Sulochana Mills Tayoyin Apollo Pricol CRI Pumps ECG ta sami goyon baya na son rai daga mashahuran masana'antar fina-finai, ciki har da Nassar (actor) Shahararren Fim Star Nazar yayi magana a kan Kare namun daji, Vijay Sethupahi, Vivek (dan wasan kwaikwayo), Ponvannan da Singamuthu Tamil tauraron fim Singamuthu yana gayyatar ku Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
22483	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhuyi%20Magaji%20Rimin%20Gado	Muhuyi Magaji Rimin Gado	Muhuyi Magaji wani ɗan siyasa ne kuma ɗan gwagwarmaya mai rajin yaƙi da cin hanci da rashawa a jihar Kano da kare hakkin dan Adam. Bayyanar Muhuyi Magaji Al’ummar jihar Kano sun fara sanin sunan Muhuyi Magaji Rimin Gado, a cikin shekarar 2010 lokacin da ya gurfanar da gwamnatin jihar Kano ƙarƙashin jagorancin Gwamna Malam Ibrahim Shekarau a gaban kuliya, bisa nuna ƙin amincewarsa da naɗin ƴan siyasa a matsayin kantomomin riƙo, wanda hakan ya saɓa da kuma doka. Muhuyi Magaji ya shigar da ƙarar ne yana neman kotu ta yi fassara kan sashi na Hamsin da Takwas karamin sashi na daya wanda ya baiwa gwamna da majalisa damar nada shugabannin kananan hukumomi, wanda a cewar mai karar, ta ci karo da sashi na Bakwai karamin sashi na daya a kundin tsarin mulkin Nigeria na shekarar 1999. Muhuyi Magaji ya yi nasara akan gwamnatin jihar Kano, inda mai shari’a Muhammad Sadi Mato ya umarci gwamnan jihar Kano da kwamishinan shari’a da su nada mutanen da za su riki ragamar kananan hukumomin jihar Kano 44 har zuwa lokacin da hukumar zaben jihar za ta iya gudanar da zabe nan da dan lokaci.Ya taɓa dakatar da rantsar da shugabannin ƙananan hukumomi na riƙo a jihar Kano bayan da ya kai ƙorafi kotu, lokacin dai da yake matsayin mataimakin shugaban ƙaramar hukumar. Bayan da Gwamna Rabi'u Musa Kwankwaso ya koma mulki a shekarar 2015, Muhuyi ya zama jami'in ƙaramar hukuma na farko da ya mayar da motar gwamnati, wanda hakan ya tilasta wa sauran shugabannin ƙananan hukumomi mayar da nasu. Ya ce ya yi hakan ne don tsayawa a kan gaskiya. Sai dai hakan ya jawo masa matuƙar baƙin jini a wajen takwarorinsa a lokacin. Siyasa A lokacin gwamnatin Malam Ibrahim Shekarau tsakanin 2003 zuwa shekarar 2011 yayin da Muhuyi yake matsayin mataimakin shugaban ƙaramar hukumar Rimin Gado, ya taɓa kai ƙorafi ga hukumar EFCC ta ƙasa kan wasu kuɗaɗen ƙaramar hukumar da suka maƙale. A lokacin da kuɗin suka fito yana riƙon shugabacin ƙaramar hukumar, kasancewar shugaban ƙaramar hukumar ya yi tafiya. Kuma nan take ne ya fara gudanar da wasu ayyukan cigaba da kuɗaɗen a ƙaramar hukumar, lamarin da ya ja babu shiri shugaban ƙaramar hukumar ya dawo daga wata tafiyar da ya yi. Wannan abu ya jawo saɓani tsakaninsa da shugaban ƙaramar hukumar ta Rimin Gado. Lamarin nan ya fara fito da Muhuyi a idon al'umma a matsayin mai yaƙi da cin hanci da rashawa. Gwagwarmaya Ya kafa wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta wacce ke yaƙi da cin hanci da rashawa, kuma bayan nan ne Gwamna Abdullahi Umar ganduje ya naɗa shi shugaban hukumar yaƙi da cin hanci da rashawa ta jihar Kano a shekarar 2016. Shugabancin hukumar yaki da cin hanci da rashawa da karbar koke-koken al'umma Bayan Abdullahi Umar Ganduje ya zama gwamnan jihar Kano a shekarar 2015, ya naɗa Muhuyi Magaji Rimin Gado a matsayin shugaban hukumar karbar korafi da yaƙi da karɓar rashawa ta jihar Kano. Wannan muƙami da ya samu ya sanya masu sharhi akan al’amuran yau da kullum su ke kallon an ajiye ƙwarya a gurbinta la’akari da yadda aka naɗa jarumi kuma marar tsoro, matashi mai zuciyar ƴaki da rashawa da cin hanci da ƙoƙarin ganin an kakkaɓe dukkanin wata rashawa. A lokacin da yake shugabantar hukumar ya koma ya yi karatun shari'a inda ya zama lauya. Lokuta da dama ya sha nanata cewa Ba za mu ragawa duk wanda mu ka samu da karɓa ko bayar da cin hanci ba Wasu masu sharhi kan al'amuran yau da kullum sun ce Muhuyi ya matukar ɗaga darajar hukumar ta cin hanci da rashawa ta jihar Kano, har ta zama hukumar da jami'an gwamnati da attajirai da 'yan kasuwa da sarakai suke tsoronta. A lokacin da yake riƙe da wannan muƙami ya janyo ce-ce-ku-ce sosai inda ya dinga rigima da ɓangarori daban-daban. Ya yi rigima da ma'ikatan kotu, ya binciki alƙalai, ya binciki manya-manyan ƴan siyasa, ya binciki Masarautar Kano har sau biyu duk kan zargin almundahana da ɓarnata kudaɗen gwamnati. Sai dai wasu na yi masa zargin cewa ana amfani da shi don cimma wasu burikan siyasa, zargin da ya sha musantawa inda yake cewa yana aikinsa tsakaninsa da Allah. Tsaka Mai Wuya Rawar Da Ya Taka A Rikicin Masarautar Kano Da Gwamnatin Jihar Kano (I) A lokacin rikicin masarautar Kano (zamanin Sarkin Kano Muhammadu Sanusi II) da gwamnatin jihar Kano akan zargin badaƙalar cin hanci da rashawa da ya dabaibaye masarautar Kano, a nan ma sunan Muhuyi Magaji ya ƙara fitowa domin sai dai shafukan sada zumunta na zamani su ka cika su ka batse da sunan wannan ɗan taliki, la’akari da irin rawar da ya taka akan wannan rikici. Muhuyi Magaji ya karci ƙasa tare da shan alwashin zai aikinsa akan wannan batu babu siyasa ko son ran gwamnati, inda ya fara da gayyatar wasu daga cikin manyan hakiman fadar Kano, da matan marigayi Sarkin Kano Ado Bayero, a ƙarshe ma mai gaba ɗaya ya yi inda ya buƙaci Sarkin Kano Muhammadu Sanusi II da ya bayyana a gaban hukumar karɓar ƙorafi da yaƙi da cin hanci da rashawa ta jihar Kano, domin ya kare kan sa akan zargin cin hanci da ake masa. Rawar Da Ya Taka A Rikicin Masarautar Kano Da Gwamnatin Jihar Kano (II) Batun Gayyatar Iyalan Marigayi Dr. Ado Bayero Rawar Da Ya Taka A Rikicin Masarautar Kano Da Gwamnatin Jihar Kano (III) Hukumar Yaƙi Da Rashawa Ta Kama Wasu Ma’aikatan Masarautar Kano Muhuyi Magaji Da Ƴan Kasuwar Jihar Kano Bayan da aka samu ɓullar annobar cutar nan ta Korona birus a jihar Kano, gwamnatin jihar Kano ta yanke shawarar sanya dokar hana zirga-zirga da nufin hana yaɗuwar wannan cuta. Mutane sun bi wannan doka sau da ƙafa, ta hanyar zamansu a gida. Amma katsam sai ƴan kasuwar jihar Kano su ka tashi farashin kayan masarufi, al’ummar jihar Kano sun nuna takaicinsu game da yadda suka samu farashin kayayyaki a kasuwannin, inda ya yi tashin gwauron zabi, yayin da suka dora alhakin hakan akan ƴan kasuwa Jin halin da al’umma su ka tsinci kan su a halin ƴan kasuwar jihar Kano, ya sanya hukumar karɓar ƙorafin jama’a da yaƙi da cin hanci da rashawa, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Muhuyi Magaji Rimin Gado, ya kafa kwamitin yaƙi da masu ɓoye kayan masarufi da nufin cin ƙazamar riba. Biyo bayan fara ƙwace kayan da ‘yan kasuwar suka ɓoye da nufin cin ƙazamar riba da Hukumar Karɓar Ƙorafe-Ƙorafe da Yaƙi da Cin Hanci ta Jihar Kano ta yi, ƴan kasuwar Kano sun amince su rage farashin buhun sukari daga N28,000 zuwa N16,000. Hakazalika, hukumar karɓar korafi da yaƙi da karɓar rashawa ta jihar Kano, ta sake waiwayar masu sayar da shinkafa inda aka cimma matsaya akan yarjejeniyar sayar da buhun shinkafa akan naira 16,000. A cikin irin jajircewar Muhuyi Magaji Rimin Gado ya kai ziyarar bazata zuwa katafareren shagon nan na Jifatu da ke kan hanyar Zaria, a cikin birnin Kano, inda ya tarar da suna daga cikin wadanda su ka yi kunnen ƙashi da yarjejeniyar da aka cimma, inda nan ta ke ya sanya aka garƙame wannan katafareren sahgon na Jifatu, tare kuma da yin sammacin babban manajan shagon sayar da kayan masarufi na Sahad da ya bayyana a gaban hukumar. Muhuyi Magaji Da Ƴan Siyasa Gwamnatin Jihar Kano ƙarƙashin jagorancin Gwamna Abdullahi Umar Ganduje, ya ƙaddamar da rabon kayan abinci ga masu ƙaramin ƙarfi a jihar Kano, da nufin ragewa al’umma halin raɗaɗin da su ka tsinci kan su. Amma abin takaici da Allah wadai sai gashi an samu wani shugaban ƙaramar hukuma a jihar Kano ya yi abin da bai dace ba, ya canza tsarin da gwamna Abdullahi Umar Ganduje ya yi na taimakawa masu ƙaramin ƙarfi, inda ake zargin ya rabawa jami’an ƴan sanda, jami’an shige da fice, da kuma jami’an ƴan sandan farin kaya da kuma ƴan hisba tallafin da aka ce a baiwa masu ƙaramin ƙarfi. Jin wannan labari ya sanya hukumar da Muhuyi ke jagoranta ya yi sammaci tare da tsare shugaban wannan ƙaramar hukuma ta Kumbutso, wato Sagir Abdulkadir Panshekara. An Kama Shugaban Ƙaramar Hukumar A Kano Saboda Karkatar Da Kayan Tallafi Mataimakin gwamnan Kano Nasiru Gawuna ya faɗa komar zargi Dakatarwa daga shugabancin hukumar PCAC Aranar 5 ga watan Yuli na 2021, majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kano ta dakatar da Barista Muhyi Magaji Rimin Gado saboda kin karbar sabon akantan da Akanta Janar na Jihar Kano ya tura wa hukumar. Amma sai dai wasu majiyoyin sun bayyana babban dalilin dakatar da Muhuyi Magaji Rimin Gadon duk kuwa da cewa a nata bangaren majalisar jihar Kano wacce ta sanar da dakatarwar, ta ce, daukar matakin ya biyo bayan kin yin ladabi ga ofishin babban akantan jihar, ta hanyar kin amincewa da wani ma'aikaci da aka turawa hukumar yakin da cin hancin a matsayin babban akanta mai kirga lisaafi, daga bisani ,ma har shi Muhyi Magajin ya rubutawa akantan nadin takardar cewa An ki karbarka kuma ka kama gabanka' Manazarta BBC Hausa
25936	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami%27ar%20Sarki%20Abdulaziz	Jami'ar Sarki Abdulaziz	Jami'ar Sarki Abdulaziz (Kau) jami'a ce ta jama'a a Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. An kuma kafa ta a shekarar 1967 a matsayin jami'a mai zaman kanta, ta gungun 'yan kasuwa karkashin jagorancin Muhammad Abu Bakr Bakhashab har da marubuci Hamza Bogary. A shekara ta 1974, Jami'ar Sarki Abdulaziz ta koma jami'ar gwamnati ta hanyar shawarar Ministocin Majalisar kasar Saudi Arabia karkashin umarnin Sarki Faisal na lokacin. A cikin shekara ta 2021, an sanya ta a matsayin jami'ar Larabawa ta #1 ta Babban Ilimi na Times. An sanya Jami'ar King Abdulaziz a cikin manyan jami'o'i guda 200 a duniya ta manyan tebura huɗu. Tarihi Jami'a mai zaman kanta A cikin shekara ta 1964, Mohammed Ali Hafiz ne ya gabatar da manufar kafa jami'a mai zaman kanta a birnin Jidda. A cikin wannan shekarar, an kafa kwamitin shirya mambobi guda 6, da suka hada da Mohamed Ali Hafiz da Muhammad Abu Bakr Bakhashab. Jim kaɗan bayan haka, Yarima Faisal na sarauta a lokacin ya amince da ra'ayin. A shekara ta 1965, an kafa kwamitin zartarwa na jami'ar. A cikin shekara ta 1966, KAU ta yi gasa don tsara tambarin su. Abdul-Halim Radwi, wani mawaƙi na cikin gida daga Jeddah ne ya ƙaddamar da ƙirar nasara. A cikin shekarar 1967, an kafa Jami'ar Sarki Abdulaziz a matsayin jami'a mai zaman kanta, tare da burin yada ilimi mai zurfi a yankin yammacin Saudi Arabia Kafin wannan ranar babu manyan makarantun ilimi a Jidda. An kuma cimma wadannan manufofi ta hanyar kokarin manyan 'yan kasuwa da fitattun mutanen Saudiyya; kuma bugu da kari tare da taimakon karfafawa Sarki Faisal da tallafin kudi. Jami'ar ta fara shekarar ilimi ta farko a 1968, tare da ɗimbin ɗaliban ɗalibai (68 namiji 30 mace). A 1969, na farko baiwa aka kafa (Faculty of Economics and Administration). A cikin 1970, an kafa Faculty of Arts and Humanities. Jami'ar jama'a (1974-present) A shekara ta 1974, Majalisar Ministocin Saudiya ta yanke shawarar hade jami’ar da gwamnati; maida shi zuwa jami’ar gwamnati. tana da ɗalibai kusan 31,000, wanda 28% na ƙasashen duniya ne. Fazlur Rahman Khan mai zanen gine-gine dan asalin kasar Bangaladesh ne ya tsara ginin. A cikin shekarar 2018, an sanya ta a matsayin jami'ar Larabawa ta 1st ta Babban Ilimi na Times saboda tasirin tasiri mai ƙarfi da hangen nesa na duniya. Har ila yau, ba ta da daraja. 1 a yawan jimlar wallafe -wallafe tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙasashen duniya, bisa ga martabar Labaran Amurka. Shirye -shiryen bincike Tsakanin shekarata 2004 da 2014, Jami'ar Sarki Abdulaziz ta kafa wani shiri don jawo hankalin ƙasashen duniya kuma ta yi maraba da kusan bincike 150 ko fannoni daban -daban. Jami'ar ta haɓaka abokan bincike na ƙasa da ƙasa, ciki har da a Maroko inda ta haɓaka shirin bincike na wata tare da Masana'antar Oukaïmeden Jami'ar tana da cibiyoyin bincike daban -daban guda 13, galibi a fannonin magani (kwayoyin halittar jinya da osteoperosis), muhalli da makamashi, canjin yanayi, da lalata abubuwa. An kafa shi a cikin shekara ta 1970s ta Sami Angawi, cibiyar bincike kan aikin hajji a Makka (Cibiyar Binciken Aikin Hajji) tana gudanar da jerin ayyuka a kusa da taron addini, musamman kan bangarorin dabaru da ke kewaye da aikin hajji. The university has 13 different research centers, predominantly in the fields of medicine (medical genomes and osteoperosis), environment and energy, climate change, and desalination. Tsangayoyin Ilimi Ilimin Injiniya ABET ta amince da waɗannan shirye -shiryen a matsayin Shirye -shiryen Daidaita Tun daga shekara ta 2003. Kwalejin Tattalin Arziki da Gudanarwa Kwalejin Tattalin Arziki da Gudanarwa ita ce kwaleji ta farko da aka kafa a Jami'ar Sarki Abdulaziz, kuma har zuwa yau ana kiran ta "The Base of the Founder's University," tana nufin wanda ya kafa ƙasar. Sashen Gudanar da Kasuwanci Ma'aikatar Kudi Sashen Kasuwanci Ma'aikatar Kula da Albarkatun Dan Adam Ma'aikatar Lissafi Ma'aikatar Bayanai na Gudanarwa Sashen Kimiyyar Siyasa Ma'aikatar Kula da Lafiya Ma'aikatar Gudanar da Jama'a Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki Ma'aikatar Shari'a (ta ƙare a 2012; rabu cikin sabon baiwa) A cikin shekara ta 2015, FEA ta sami lambar yabo ta duniya ta huɗu, AACSB ta mai da ita ɗaya daga cikin manyan kwalejojin kasuwanci a gabas ta tsakiya da kuma duniya baki ɗaya. Ilimin Shari'a An kafa Faculty of Law a cikin shekara ta 2012 kamar yadda aka ware daga kwalejin Tattalin Arziki da Gudanarwa. Dokar Jama'a Dokar sirri Wasu ikon tunani Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine Faculty of Arts da 'Yan Adam Faculty of Communication da Media Faculty of Computing da Information Technology Faculty of Meteorology, Muhalli da Aikin Gona Ƙasa Faculty of Nursing Ilimin Kimiyya Faculty of Pharmacy Faculty of Dentistry Ilimin Kimiyyar Duniya Faculty of muhalli Designs Faculty of Home Tattalin Arziki Faculty of Marine Kimiyya Faculty of Tourism Faculty of Nazarin Maritime Matsayi Jami'ar King Abdulaziz tana matsayi tsakanin 101 zuwa 150 tun daga shekara ta 2020 ta Matsayin Ilimi na Jami'o'in Duniya Bugu da ƙari, a cewar US News & World Report Best Global Ranking Ranking, Jami'ar Sarki Abdulaziz tana matsayi na 51 a 2020. Kuma bisa ga martabar Jami'ar QS ta Duniya, Jami'ar King Abdulaziz tana matsayi na 143 a shekara ta2021 a cikin manyan jami'o'in duniya da Quacquarelli Symonds (QS) na London ke jagoranta. KAU ta fuskanci suka kan zargin biyan manyan masu binciken da aka ambata daga ko'ina cikin duniya don ambaci KAU a matsayin "alaƙar karatun sakandare" don haɓaka martabarsu. Sanannen tsoho Nahed Taher, wanda ya kafa Saudiyyan kuma babban jami'in bankin zuba jari na Gulf One, wanda ke da hedikwata a Bahrain. A cikin 2006, mujallar Forbes ta sanya Taher a matsayi na 72 a cikin jerin mata 100 mafi ƙarfi a duniya. Sulaiman Abdul Aziz Al Rajhi, hamshakin attajirin dan kasar Saudiyya, ma'abocin bankin Al Rajhi, mutum na 38 mafi kudi a duniya Adel Fakeih, hamshakin attajirin Saudiyya kuma tsohon magajin garin Jidda. Manal al-Sharif, mai rajin kare hakkin mata na Saudiyya. Abdallah Bin Bayyah, malamin musulmi, yana koyarwa a jami'a; Bin Bayyah yana da zama dan kasar Mauritania Adel Al-Hussain, BS, Digiri na farko a fannin lissafi tare da girmamawa, (1992) Amr Dabbagh, masanin tattalin arzikin Saudiyya kuma dan kasuwa. Memba na Dandalin Tattalin Arzikin Duniya kuma wanda ya kafa Dandalin Tattalin Arzikin Jidda Shalimar Sharbatly, ɗan zane mai zane Said Aqil Siradj, shugaban Nahdlatul Ulama, babbar kungiyar musulunci a duniya a Indonesia Duba kuma Jerin jami'o'i a Saudi Arabia Jami’ar Musulunci ta Imam Muhammad ibn Saud Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madina Jami'ar Sarki Saud Jami’ar Ummul Qura Manazarta Hanyoyin waje KAU ranking from Times Higher Education World University Rankings. Faculty of Design and Arts Makaranta Makarantu Makaranta masu zaman kansu Ilimi Jami'a Jami'o'i Pages with unreviewed
20456	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasuwar%20Hannun%20Jari%20ta%20Najeriya	Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta Najeriya	Kasuwar hannun jari ta Najeriya (NSE) ita ce kasuwar hadahadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya da aka kafa ta, a shekara ta 1961 a Legas Ya zuwa watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2019, yana da jimillar kamfanoni 161 da aka jera, tare da kamfanoni na gida 8 a kan babban kwamiti, kamfanoni guda 144 a kan babban jirgi, da kuma 4 a kan Hukumar Sauran Kasuwancin Tsaro (ASeM). A cikin Kafaffen Income market, NSE tana da jarin FGN 84, jarin jihohi 21, jarin kamfanoni 27, jakar kudi 1 da kuma jerin abubuwan rubutu 53. Tarihi An kafa kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya a matsayin kasuwar hannun jari ta Legas, a ranar 15 ga watan Satumbar, shekara ta 1960. Akwai masu biyan kuɗi guda bakwai zuwa Memorandum na Exchangeungiyar Exchange: RSV Scott, wakiltar CT Bowring da Co. Nigeria Ltd.; Cif Theophilus Adebayo Doherty John Holt Ltd Kamfanin Zuba jari na Nig. Ltd. (ICON); Yallabai. Odumegwu Ojukwu Cif Akintola Williams da Alhaji Shehu Bukar. An fara aiki a hukumance a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1961 tare da kuma lambobin tsaro 19 da aka jera don ciniki. Koyaya, ayyuka na yau da kullun sun fara a farkon watan Yuni, shekara ta 1961. An fara gudanar da ayyuka a cikin ginin Babban Bankin tare da kamfanoni hudu a matsayin dillalan kasuwa: Inlaks, John Holt, CT Bowring da ICON (Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Nijeriya). Thearin watan Agusta, shekara ta 1961, ya kai kimanin fam 80,500 kuma ya tashi zuwa kusan fam 250,000 a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar tare da yawancin saka hannun jari a cikin sha'anin tsaro na gwamnati. A watan Disamba shekara ta 1977 ya zama sananne da Kamfanin Kasuwancin Najeriyar, tare da rassa a wasu manyan biranen kasuwancin ƙasar. Ayyuka Kasuwar hadahadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya tana aiki da wani tsarin kasuwanci kai tsaye (ATS) tun a ranar 27 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 1999, tare da dillalai da ke kasuwanci ta hanyar sadarwar komputa. A cikin shekara ta 2013, NSE ta ƙaddamar da dandalin ciniki na ƙarni na gaba, X-Gen, da nufin ba da damar cinikin lantarki don ɓangarori da ƙungiyoyi. Ciniki akan Musayar yana farawa daga 9.30 na safe kuma yana rufewa da 2.30 na yamma kowane Litinin Jumma'a. Ana fitar da farashin kasuwa, tare da Fihirisar Duk-Share, NSE 30, da ctorididdigar Bangarori a kowace rana a cikin Jerin kididdigar Kasuwanci, Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Nijeriya na CAPNET (kayan intanet), jaridu, da kuma a shafin kasuwar hannun jari na Kamfanin Gudummawar Lantarki na Reuters. Hakanan ana sanya farashin tarihi da bayanan aiwatarwa akan gidan yanar gizon NSE Don karfafa gwiwar saka jari daga kasashen waje zuwa Najeriya, gwamnatin ta soke dokar hana kwararar kudaden kasashen waje zuwa cikin kasar. Wannan ya yarda da kasashen waje dillalai zuwa enlist kamar dillalai a kan Nijeriya Stock Exchange, da kuma masu zuba jari na wani kabila ne free su zuba jari. Hakanan an ba kamfanonin Najeriya dama kuma suna ƙetare kan iyaka a kasuwannin ƙasashen waje. A wani yunkuri na inganta nuna gaskiya da amana a kasuwar babban birnin kasar, NSE ta sake kirkirar Asusun Kariyar Masu saka jari a shekara ta 2012 Asusun an ba da umarnin ne don ramawa ga masu saka hannun jari wadanda ke fama da asarar kudi wanda ya samo asali daga sokewa ko soke rajistar memba na kasuwanci; rashin kuɗi, fatarar kuɗi ko sakacin memba na ma'amala; ko lalatawa da memba na ma'amala ko wani daraktocinsa, jami'anta, ma'aikata ko wakilai suka aikata. Dokar Hukumar Tsaron Tsaro da Kasuwanci ta Nijeriya ta tsara NSE. Indices Musayar tana riƙe da kididdigar Allimar Duk-Raba mai nauyi wanda aka tsara a watan Janairu shekara ta 1984 (Janairu 3, ga watan shekara ta 1984 100). Darajarta mafi girma na 66,371.20 an rubuta ta a ranar 3 ga Maris, shekara ta 2008. Hakanan musayar yana amfani da Fihirisar NSE-30, wanda shine ƙididdigar ƙididdigar ƙididdigar ƙididdiga, da ƙididdigar sassa biyar. Waɗannan su ne Shafin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin NSE, NSE na Bankin NSE, NSE na Inshorar Inshora, NSE na Masana'antu, da NSE Mai Gas. Kungiyoyi Kasuwancin Najeriya memba ne na Kungiyar Hadin Gwiwar Duniya (FIBV). Har ila yau, mai sa ido ne a tarurrukan theungiyar Hukumomin Tsaro ta Duniya (IOSCO) da memba mai kafa Kungiyar Masu Sayayya ta Afirka (ASEA). A ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba Oktoba shekara ta 2013, ya shiga cikin Kaddamarwar Canji na karin Kasuwanci (SSE) Duba kuma Jerin musayar hannayen jari na Afirka Jerin musayar hannun jari Jerin musayar hannayen jari a cikin Kungiyar Kasashe Manazarta Masu saka hannayen jari Najeriya Hannayen jari a Najeriya Tattalin arziki Kasuwanci
21222	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata	Wikidata	Wikidata wani jadawalin ilimi ne na harsuna daban-daban wanda ake gyararraki na haɗin gwiwa a cikinsa wanda kuma Wikimedia Foundation ke daukar nauyinsa. Wikidata tushe ne na buɗaɗɗun bayanai na yau da kullum wanda shafukan Wikipidiya kamarsu Wikipedia, da kowa da kowa, za su iya amfani da su a ƙarƙashin lasisin yankin jama'a na CC0. Wikidata wiki ne wanda manhajar (software) na MediaWiki ke karfafa shi, sannan kuma, ana amfani da shi ne ta hanyar kafa jadawalin ilimin MediaWiki wanda aka fi sani da Wikibase. Tsari Wikidata wata matattarar bayanai ce, wacce aka maida hankali akan abubuwa, wadanda kuma suke wakiltar kowane irin maudu'i ko ra'ayi ko ko abubuwa. Kowane abu an ba shi keɓaɓɓen abu, mai ganowa mai ɗorewa, ingantaccen adadi mai ɗorewa tare da babban harafin Q, wanda aka sani da QID Wannan yana bawa ainihin bayanin da ake buƙata don gano batun da abun ya rufe da za a fassara shi ba tare da fifita kowane yare ba. Misalan abubuwa sun haɗa da shekarar 1988 Summer Olympics Gasar bazara na 1988 (Q8470), love (Q316), Elvis Presley (Q303), da Gorilla (Q36611) Alamomin abu ba zai zama na musamman ba. Misali, akwai abubuwa guda biyu masu suna "Elvis Presley": Elvis Presley (Q303), wanda ke wakiltar mawaƙin Amurka kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, da Elvis Presley (Q610926), wanda ke wakiltar kundin waƙoƙin kansa. Koyaya, haɗuwa da lakabi da bayaninsa za su kasance dole ne su zama na musamman. Don kauce wa shubuha, saboda haka, an danganta mai gano abu na musamman QID) da wannan haɗin. Nau'ikan nau'ikan janar ne da na lexemes. Babban sassan Mahimmanci, abu ya ƙunshi: Dole ne, mai ganowa (QID), mai alaƙa da lakabi da kwatancen. Zabin, sunayen laƙabi da yawa da wasu maganganun (da dukiyoyinsu da darajojinsu). Bayani Bayani sune yadda ake rikodin duk wani bayanin da aka sani game da abu a cikin Wikidata. A ƙa'ida, sun ƙunshi nau'i-nau'in masu darajar nau'i-nau'i, waɗanda suka dace da kadara (kamar "marubuci", ko "kwanan watan fitarwa") tare da ƙimar ɗayan ko fiye (kamar Sir Arthur Conan Doyle ko "1902"). Misali, bayanin Ingilishi na yau da kullun "madara fari ne" za'a sanya shi ta hanyar sanarwa mai haɗa color (P462) tare da ƙimar farashi white ƙarƙashin abun milk (Q8495) Bayani na iya tsara taswira zuwa ƙima fiye da ɗaya. Misali, mallakar "sana'a" ga Marie Curie na iya kasancewa yana da alaƙa da ƙimomin "masanin kimiyyar lissafi" da "mai ilimin kimiya", don nuna gaskiyar cewa ta tsunduma cikin ayyukan biyu. Daraja na iya ɗaukar nau'ikan da yawa ciki har da wasu abubuwa na Wikidata, kirtani, lambobi, ko fayilolin mai jarida. Gidaje suna tsara nau'ikan ƙimar da za'a iya haɗa su. Misali, gidan official website sadarwar mallakar kadara (P856) za a iya haɗa shi kawai da ƙimar nau'in "URL". Dukiya da daraja Hanyar Wikidata ta tsara bayanai ta ƙunshi manyan abubuwa biyu: kaddarori da ƙimar abubuwan da aka faɗi (waɗanda ake kira "abubuwa" a cikin kalmomin Wikidata). Wata kadara tana bayanin darajar bayanai na sanarwa kuma ana iya tunanin ta azaman rukunin bayanai, alal misali, color (P462) don ƙimar bayanan blue (Q1088) ko ilimi ga abin mutum. Kamar yadda aka fada, kadarori, idan aka haɗasu da ƙimomi, suna yin sanarwa a Wikidata. Dukiyar da aka yi amfani da ita ita cites work (P2860), wanda aka yi amfani da shi akan fiye da shafukan abubuwa 210,000,000 Gidaje suna da nasu shafuka akan Wikidata kuma kamar yadda abu zai iya haɗawa da kaddarori da yawa, wannan yana haifar da tsarin haɗin yanar gizo na shafuka, a ƙarƙashin bayanin guda. Hakanan ƙayyadaddun abubuwa na iya bayyana mahimman ƙa'idodi masu rikitarwa game da amfanin da aka nufa da su, wanda ake kira ƙuntatawa Misali, capital (P36) ta ƙunshi "ƙuntataccen ƙima guda", wanda ke nuna gaskiyar cewa yankuna (galibi) yankuna suna da babban birni guda kawai. Ana ɗaukar takurai azaman faɗakarwa da alamu, maimakon ƙa'idodin keta doka. Zabi, ana iya amfani da masu cancanta don tsaftace ma'anar bayani ta hanyar samar da ƙarin bayani wanda ya shafi yanayin bayanin, a cikin ƙimomin. Misali, ana iya sauya "yawan" dukiyar tare da masu cancanta kamar "na 2011". Mayimomi a cikin maganganun kuma ana iya bayyana su tare da nassoshi, suna nuna mabuɗin da ke tallafawa bayanan bayanin. Lexemes A ilimin harshe, lexeme yanki ne na ma'anar lafazi Hakanan, lexemes na Wikidata abubuwa ne tare da tsari wanda zai basu damar dacewa da adana bayanan lafuzza. Bayan adana harshen da lexeme yake nufi, suna da sashi na siffofi da sashin azanci Ci gaba Kirkirar kirkirar wannan aikin an samu tallafi ne daga gudummawa daga Cibiyar Allen ta Artificial Intelligence, Gidauniyar Gordon da Betty Moore, da kuma Google, Inc., wadanda suka kai Euro miliyan 1.3. Ci gaban aikin yafi gudana daga Wikimedia Deutschland ƙarƙashin jagorancin Lydia Pintscher, kuma asalinsa ya kasu kashi uku: Tsara hanyoyin haɗin yare haɗin kai tsakanin labaran Wikipedia game da batun iri ɗaya a cikin yare daban-daban. Bayar da wuri na tsakiya don bayanan akwatin saƙo don duk Wikipedias. Irƙira da sabunta abubuwan jerin dangane da bayanai a cikin Wikidata da haɗawa da sauran ayyukan 'yar'uwar Wikimedia, gami da Meta-Wiki da Wikidata nasu (interwikilinks). Fitar farko An fara Wikidata a ranar 29 ga watan Oktoba 2012 kuma shi ne sabon aikin farko na Gidauniyar Wikimedia tun 2006. A wannan lokacin, kawai rarraba hanyoyin haɗin harshe kawai aka samu. Wannan ya ba da damar ƙirƙirar abubuwa da cika su da asali: lakabi suna ko suna, laƙabi madadin kalmomin lakabin, bayanin, da hanyoyin haɗi zuwa labarai game da batun a cikin dukkan bugun yare daban-daban na Wikipedia (hanyoyin interwikipedia) A tarihance, labarin Wikipedia zai hada da jerin hanyoyin hada yarukan duniya, kasancewa yana kasancewa ne zuwa kasidu kan batun daya a cikin wasu bugu na Wikipedia, idan suna nan. Da farko, Wikidata ya kasance matattarar kayan haɗin kai ta hanyar amfani da yare. Bugun harsunan Wikipedia har yanzu ba su sami damar shiga Wikidata ba, don haka suna buƙatar ci gaba da kula da jerin sunayen hanyoyin haɗin yarensu, galibi a ƙarshen shafukan shafukan. A ranar 14 ga watan Janairun 2013, Wikipedia ta Hungary ta zama ta farko don ba da damar samar da hanyoyin cudanya da juna ta hanyar Wikidata. Wannan aikin an fadada shi zuwa ga Wikipedias na Ibrananci da Italiyanci a ranar 30 ga watan Janairu, zuwa Wikipedia na Ingilishi a ranar 13 ga watan Fabrairu da kuma duk sauran Wikipedias a ranar 6 ga Maris. Bayan ba a cimma matsaya ba a kan shawarar takaita cire hanyoyin harshe daga Wikipedia na Ingilishi, ikon share su daga Wikipedia na Ingilishi an bai wa editocin atomatik bots A ranar 23 ga watan Satumba Satumba 2013, hanyoyin haɗin harsuna sun kasance kai tsaye a kan Wikimedia Commons. Bayani da samun damar bayanai A ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairu 2013, an gabatar da bayanai ga shigarwar Wikidata. Abubuwan da ke iya yiwuwa ga kaddarorin an fara iyakance su da nau'ikan bayanai guda biyu (abubuwa da hotuna akan Wikimedia Commons tare da ƙarin nau'ikan bayanai (kamar tsarawa da kwanan wata) da za a bi nan gaba. Nau'in sabon nau'in, zaren, an tura shi ne a ranar 6 ga Maris. Ikon buga harsuna daban-daban na Wikipedia don samun damar bayanai daga Wikidata ya fara aiki a hankali tsakanin 27 ga watan Maris zuwa 25 ga watan Afrilu 2013. A ranar 16 ga watan Satumbar 2015, Wikidata ya fara ba da izinin abin da ake kira samun dama, ko samun dama daga wani labarin da aka bayar na Wikipedia ga bayanan da ke kan abubuwan Wikidata da ba su kai tsaye hade da shi ba. Misali, ya zama mai yiwuwa a karanta bayanai game da Jamus daga labarin Berlin, wanda a da ba mai yiwuwa ba ne. A ranar 27 ga watan Afrilu 2016 samun damar shiga ba tare da izini ba a kan Wikimedia Commons. A cewar wani bincike na 2020, babban adadi na bayanan akan Wikidata ya kunshi shigarwar da aka shigo da su gaba daya daga wasu rumbunan adana bayanai ta hanyar yanar gizo, wanda ke taimakawa wajen "rushe [garun" na silos din. Sabis ɗin tambaya da sauran ci gaba A ranar 7 ga Satumbar 2015, Gidauniyar Wikimedia ta sanar da sakin Wikidata Query Service, wanda ke ba masu amfani damar gudanar da tambayoyi kan bayanan da ke cikin Wikidata. Sabis ɗin yana amfani da SPARQL azaman harshen tambaya. Ya zuwa Nuwamba 2018, akwai aƙalla kayan aiki daban-daban 26 waɗanda ke ba da izinin bincika bayanan ta hanyoyi daban-daban. A gefe guda, a cikin layin Wiktionary, kayan aikin yanzu sun haɗa "abun Wikidata" don taimakawa ƙirƙirar sabon abu da haɗi zuwa sababbin shafuka Misali, wannan yana da amfani yayin da abun yake kawai a cikin Wiktionary na Ingilishi kuma yana buƙatar haɗa shi da wani aikin Wikimedia, maimakon Wiktionaries a cikin wasu yarukan. Da ke ƙasa akwai misalin SPARQL don bincika misali na (P31) jerin telebijin (Q5398426) tare da babban batun (P921) game da tsibiri (Q23442) da haɗarin jirgin sama (Q744913). Duk da haka ana iya samun irin wannan sakamakon kai tsaye akan Wikipedia ta amfani da mahadar rukuni idan rukunnan da suka dace suka wanzu kuma an basu izinin.SELECT ?item ?itemLabel WHERE ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q5398426. ?item wdt:P921 wd:Q23442. ?item wdt:P921 wd:Q744913. SERVICE wikibase:label {bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "[AUTO_LANGUAGE],en".} }Da ke ƙasa akwai wani misali na SPARQL don nemo misalin jerin (P31) na talabijin (Q5398426) inda memba na ƙungiyar (P161) ya haɗa da Daniel Dae Kim (Q299700) da Jorge Garcia (Q264914). Yanayin jerin talabijin yana hana nuna jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin (Q21191270) ɓangarori biyu (Q21664088) kuma baya nuna sakamako wanda shine fim (Q11424).SELECT ?item ?itemLabel WHERE ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q5398426. ?item wdt:P161 wd:Q299700. ?item wdt:P161 wd:Q264914. SERVICE wikibase:label {bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "[AUTO_LANGUAGE],en".} Tambari Sandunan da ke jikin tambarin suna ɗauke da kalmar "WIKI" wanda aka sanya cikin lambar Morse Arun Ganesh ne ya kirkireshi kuma aka zaba ta hanyar shawarar al'umma. Yanayin aiki A watan Nuwamba 2014, Wikidata ta karɓi kyautar Open Data Publisher Award daga Cibiyar Bude Bayanai "don girman sikelin, da buɗewar ciki". Tun daga watan Satumba 2018 [sabuntawa], an yi amfani da bayanan Wikidata a cikin kashi 58.4% na duk labaran Wikipedia na Turanci, galibi don masu gano waje ko wuraren daidaitawa. A jimilce, ana nuna bayanai daga Wikidata a cikin kashi 64% na dukkan shafukan Wikipedias, 93% na duk bayanan Wikivoyage, 34% na dukkan Wikiquotes 32% na duk Wikisources', da 27% na Wikimedia Commons. Amfani da sauran ayyukan Gidauniyar Wikimedia shaida ce. Ya zuwa Disamba 2020 [sabuntawa], bayanan Wikidata an kalla ta akalla wasu kayan aikin waje 20 kuma an buga takardu sama da 300 game da Wikidata. Mataimakan kama-da-wane irin su Apple's Siri da Amazon Alexa sun yi amfani da tsarin bayanan Wikidata. Aikace-aikace Fadada Mwnci na iya shigo da bayanai daga Wikidata zuwa maƙunsar bayanai na LibreOffice Calc Akwai tattaunawa (a watan Oktoba na 2019) game da amfani da abubuwan QID dangane da abin da ake kira QID emoji Wiki Explorer Aikace-aikacen Android don gano abubuwan da ke kusa da ku da kuma gyara Wikidata na micro Hanyar KDE mai buɗe sirrin buɗe ido wanda ke amfani da bayanai daga Wikidata, Duba kuma Abstract Wikipedia BabelNet DBpedia Freebase Semantic MediaWiki SPARQL Kara karantawa Claudia Müller-Birn, Benjamin Karran, Janette Lehmann, Markus Luczak-Rösch: Tsarin samar da takwarorin juna ko kokarin haɓaka ilimin haɗin kai: Menene Wikidata? A cikin, OpenSym 2015 Taro kan Buɗaɗɗen Haɗin gwiwa, San Francisco, US, 19 21 Aug 2015 (preprint). Hanyoyin haɗin waje Shafin yanar gizo] Bidiyo: WikidataCon akan media.ccc.de Manazarta Ƴan Uwan
40434	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng%20He	Zheng He	Articles with hCards Zheng He simplified Chinese; 1371-1433 ko 1435) ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa ne na kasar Sin, mai bincike, jami'in diflomasiyya, babban jami'in sojan ruwa, da eunuch na kotu a zamanin daular Ming ta farko ta kasar Sin. An haife shi a matsayin Ma He a cikin dangin musulmi kuma daga baya ya karɓi sunan Zheng da Sarkin Yongle ya ba shi. Sarkin Yongle kuma daga baya Sarkin Xuande ya ba da umarni, Zheng ya ba da umarnin balaguron balaguron balaguro guda bakwai zuwa kudu maso gabashin Asiya, Kudancin Asiya, Yammacin Asiya, da Gabashin Afirka daga 1405 zuwa 1433. A cewar almara, manyan jiragen ruwansa sun ɗauki ɗaruruwan ma’aikatan jirgin ruwa a kan benaye huɗu kuma sun kusan ninki biyu idan aka taɓa yin rikodin kowane jirgin katako. A matsayinsa na wanda sarki Yongle ya fi so, wanda Zheng ya taimaka wajen hambarar da Sarkin Jianwen, ya hau kan kololuwar sarauta kuma ya zama kwamandan babban birnin Nanjing na kudancin kasar. Rayuwar farko da iyali An haifi Zheng He Ma He ga dangin musulmi na Kunyang, Kunming, Yunnan, a lokacin daular Ming ta kasar Sin.[3] Yana da babban yaya da kanne mata hudu. [4] Zheng He akidar addini ta yi tasiri sosai a lokacin da yake balaga.[5] Rubutun Liujiagang da Changle sun nuna cewa sadaukar da kai ga Tianfei, allahn majiɓinci na matuƙan ruwa da na teku, shi ne babban bangaskiyar da ya yi riko da shi, yana nuna babban matsayin allahntaka ga rundunar jiragen ruwa. John Guy ya ambaci cewa, “Lokacin da Zheng He, shugaban musulmin eunuch na manyan balaguro zuwa ‘Tekun Yamma’ (Tekun Indiya) a farkon karni na goma sha biyar, ya fara tafiye-tafiyensa, daga wajen macen Allah ne ya nemi kariya, kamar yadda haka kuma a kaburburan waliyyai musulmi da ke kan tsaunin Lingshan, sama da birnin Quanzhou." Zheng He ya kasance babban jikan Sayyid Ajjal Shams al-Din Omar, wanda ya yi mulki a daular Mongol kuma shi ne gwamnan Yunnan a lokacin daular Yuan ta farko Watakila kakansa Bayan yana zaune ne a sansanin Mongol a Yunnan. Kakan Zheng He ya ɗauki laƙabin hajji, [11] kuma mahaifinsa yana da laƙabi da sunan hajji, wanda ke nuna cewa sun yi aikin hajji [12] A cikin kaka na shekara ta 1381, sojojin Ming sun mamaye Yunnan tare da mamaye yankin, wanda a lokacin yarima Basalawarmi na Mongol ne yariman Liang ya mulki. A shekara ta 1381, Ma Hajji, mahaifin Zheng He, ya mutu a yaƙi tsakanin sojojin Ming da sojojin Mongol. Dreyer ya bayyana cewa mahaifin Zheng He ya mutu yana da shekaru 39 a lokacin da ya ki amincewa da mamayar Ming, yayin da Levathes ya ce mahaifin Zheng He ya mutu yana da shekaru 37, amma ba a sani ba ko yana taimakon sojojin Mongol ne ko kuma an kama shi a harin yaki. Wenming, ɗan fari, ya binne mahaifinsu a wajen Kunming. A matsayinsa na Admiral, Zheng He yana da wani almara da aka zana don girmama mahaifinsa, wanda Ministan Rites Li Zhigang ya tsara a bikin Duanwu na shekara ta uku a zamanin Yongle (1 Yuni 1405). Ɗauka, simintin gyare-gyare da sabis Sojojin Ming sun kama Zheng He a Yunnan a shekara ta 1381. Janar Fu Youde ya ga Ma He a kan hanya, ya tunkare shi don neman wurin da dan Mongol din yake. Ma Ya mayar da martani da kakkausar murya da cewa, dan Mongol din ya yi tsalle ya shiga tafki. Daga nan sai Janar din ya kai shi fursuna. An jefa shi a wani lokaci tsakanin shekaru 10 zuwa 14, kuma an sanya shi cikin hidimar Yariman Yan. Ma An aika shi aiki a gidan Zhu Di, Yariman Yan, wanda daga baya ya zama Sarkin Yongle [18] Zhu Di ya girmi Ma shekaru goma sha ɗaya. An bautar da shi a matsayin bawan eunuch, Ma He ya sami amincewar Zhu Di, wanda a matsayinsa na mai taimakonsa, zai sami amincewa da amincin saurayin bābā. Tun daga 1380, yariman ya kasance yana mulkin Beiping (daga baya Beijing wanda ke kusa da iyakar arewa, tare da kabilun Mongol masu adawa. [21] Ma zai yi rayuwarsa ta farko a matsayin soja a kan iyakar arewa.[22] Ya sha shiga yakin soja na Zhu Di a kan Mongols. [23] A ranar 2 ga Maris 1390, Ma ya raka Yarima a lokacin da ya ba da umarnin tafiyarsa ta farko, wadda babbar nasara ce, yayin da kwamandan Mongol Naghachu ya mika wuya da zarar ya gane cewa ya fadi don yaudara. Daga karshe dai ya samu kwarin gwiwa da amincewar yarima. An kuma san Ma da "Sanbao" a lokacin hidimarsa a gidan Yariman Yan. Wannan sunan yana nuni ne ga Buddhist Jewels Uku kuma aka sani da triratna Hakanan ana iya rubuta wannan a zahiri "Kariya Uku." Ma ya sami ingantaccen ilimi a Beiping, wanda da ba zai samu ba idan an sanya shi a babban birnin daular, Nanjing, saboda Sarkin Hongwu bai amince da eunuchs ba kuma ya yi imanin cewa zai fi kyau a sa su jahilai. Sarkin Hongwu ya wanke tare da kawar da yawancin shugabannin Ming na asali kuma ya ba ya'yansa maza da suka yi wa kisan gilla ikon soja, musamman na arewa, kamar Yariman Yan. Tunawa da juna A jamhuriyar jama'ar kasar Sin, ranar 11 ga watan Yuli ita ce ranar Maritime Zhōngguó Hánghǎi Rì) kuma yana mai da hankali ga tunawa da balaguron farko na Zheng He. Da farko an sanya wa filin jirgin sama na Kunming Changshui suna Zheng He International Airport. A cikin 2015, Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Emotion ya sadaukar da wasan kwaikwayo na musamman na multimedia "Zheng He is coming" don shakatawa na Romon U-Park (Ningbo, China). Nunin ya zama ɗan wasan ƙarshe na masana'antar nishaɗi mai daraja Brass Rings Awards ta IAAPA. Zheng He shi ne magajin jirgin ruwan ROCS na <i id="mwA4A">Cheng Ho</i> a Taiwan. Jirgin ruwan sojojin ruwan 'yantar da jama'ar kasar Sin Zheng He (AX-81) wani jirgin ruwan horar da Sinawa ne da aka sanya masa suna. Kamar mai sunanta, ta kasance jakadiyar fatan alheri ga kasar Sin, inda ta zama jirgin ruwan sojan ruwan kasar Sin na farko da ya ziyarci Amurka a shekarar 1989, kuma ta kammala zagayen duniya a shekarar 2012. Jirgin samfurin Tianwen-2 da aka yi niyyar dawo da shi an fara sa masa suna ZhengHe. Manufarta ta gano asteroid asteroid 2016 HO3 an shirya ƙaddamar da shi a cikin 2024. Gallery Manazarta Mutanen Kunming Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
30477	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauyin%20yanayi%20a%20nahiyar%20Africa	Sauyin yanayi a nahiyar Africa	Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli na Afirka suna haifar da tasirin ɗan adam a kan yanayin Afirka, kuma suna da babban tasiri ga mutane da kusan kowane nau'in rayuwa mai lalacewa. Batutuwa sun haɗa da misali sare itatuwa, lalata ƙasa, gurɓataccen iska, sauyin yanayi da ƙarancin ruwa (sakamakon matsaloli tare da samun ingantaccen ruwa mai tsafta). Kusan duk matsalolin muhalli na Afirka suna da sauyin yanayi kuma mutane ne suka jawo su. sare itatuwa Yawan sare itatuwa da raguwar da ake samu a yankunan dazuzzuka su ne manyan batutuwan muhalli na Nahiyar Afrika. Ana cigaba da saran gandun daji da jujjuyawar ƙasa don noma, matsuguni da buƙatun mutane. Kashi 90 cikin 100 na al'ummar Afirka na da bukatar itace da za su yi amfani da su a matsayin makamashi don dumama da dafa abinci. Sakamakon haka, wuraren dake dazuzzuka suna raguwa a kullum, alal misali, a yankin dazuzzukan da ba a taba gani ba. A cewar Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, yawan kwararowar hamada a Afirka ya ninka na duniya. Yawan sare itatuwa ba bisa ka'ida ba, wanda shine babban dalilin sare dazuzzuka, ya bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa, kamar kashi 50% a Kamaru da kashi 80% a Laberiya. Kuma A Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango, bukatun talakawa ne ke haifar da sare dazuzzuka, tare da saran itatuwa da hako ma'adinai ba tare da kulawa ba. A kasar Habasha, babban abin da ya jawo shi ne karuwar al'ummar kasar, wanda ke haifar da karuwar noma, da noman dabbobi, da kuma itacen mai. Sannan Kuma Karancin ilimi da kuma karancin sa hannun gwamnati suma suna taimakawa wajen sare itatuwa. Asarar dazuzzukan Madagaskar dai na faruwa ne a wani bangare sakamakon ‘yan kasar da ke amfani da dabarun sara da konewa bayan samun ‘yancin kai daga turawan Faransa. A shekarar 2005, Najeriya ce tafi kowacce kasa yawan sare itatuwa a duniya, a cewar hukumar abinci da noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya FAO. Sace dazuzzuka a Najeriya na faruwa ne sakamakon saren itatuwa, noman noma, da kuma tarin itacen da ake amfani da shi don samun mai. Kuma A cewar gfy, sare dazuzzuka ya shafe kusan kashi 90% na dazuzzukan Afirka. Afirka ta Yamma ce kawai kashi 22.8% na dazuzzukan dazuzzukan suka rage, kuma kashi 81% na dazuzzukan da suka tsufa a Najeriya sun bace cikin shekaru 15. Sake sare dazuzzuka kuma yana rage yiwuwar samun ruwan sama; Habasha ta fuskanci yunwa da fari saboda haka. Kashi 98% na dazuzzukan Habasha sun bace cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata. Sannan Kuma A cikin shekaru 43, yawan gandun daji na Kenya ya ragu daga kusan kashi 10% zuwa 1.7%. Sake sare dazuzzuka a Madagaska ya kuma haifar da kwararowar hamada, da asarar kasa, da gurbacewar ruwa, wanda ya haifar da kasa samar da albarkatun da ake bukata domin yawan al'ummarta. Kuma A cikin shekaru biyar da suka wuce, Najeriya ta yi asarar kusan rabin dazuzzukan da ta ke da su. Gwamnatin Habasha, tare da kungiyoyi irin su Farm Africa, sun fara daukar matakan hana sare itatuwa fiye da kima Batun sare itatuwa al'amari ne, kuma gandun daji na da matukar muhimmanci a Afirka, saboda al'umma sun dogara da su wajen samar da bukatu. Kuma Ana amfani da itace don matsuguni, tufafi, abubuwan noma, da dai sauransu. Hakanan ana amfani da kayan aikin itace don ƙirƙirar magunguna da abinci iri-iri. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan abincin sun haɗa da 'ya'yan itatuwa, goro, zuma, da ƙari mai yawa. Itace na da matukar muhimmanci wajen samun ci gaban tattalin arziki a Afirka, musamman a kasashe masu tasowa. Dazuzzuka kuma suna taimakawa muhalli. Kuma An kiyasta cewa koren bel na Afirka ya ƙunshi sama da 1.5 nau'in miliyan. Idan ba tare da mazaunin gandun daji don kare nau'in ba, yawan jama'a na cikin haɗari. Rayuwar miliyoyin mutane da nau'ikan halittu suna cikin haɗari tare da sare bishiyoyi. Dokar wani tasiri ne na domino wanda ke shafar bangarori da yawa na al'umma, yanayin muhalli, da tattalin arziki. Kasashe da dama na Afirka sun fara aiwatar da ayyukan farfado da su domin magance illar sare itatuwa. Sannan Kuma An nuna wadannan ayyuka na inganta muhalli ta hanyoyi da dama da kuma rayuwar mutanen da ke kusa da su. Misali "Tsarin gyaran gandun daji da noman dazuzzuka na iya taimakawa, alal misali, sarrafa carbon, hana ambaliya, haɓaka nau'ikan halittu, gyara gurɓataccen ƙasa, samar da wadataccen makamashi na gida ga talakawan karkara da inganta amfani da filaye da sarrafa magudanan ruwa." Lalacewar ƙasa Yazawar ruwan sama da koguna da iska da kuma yawan amfani da kasa wajen noma da rashin amfani da taki ya sa kasa ta zama mara haihuwa, misali a filayen kogin Nilu da kogin Orange Kuma Babban abin da ke haifar da gurɓacewar ƙasa shi ne rashin samar da takin zamani da ake amfani da shi, tunda ƙasar Afirka ba ta da tushen sinadarai masu gina jiki. Ƙaruwar yawan jama'a kuma ya ba da gudummawa lokacin da mutane ke buƙatar noman noma, a matsayin tushen samun kudin shiga, amma ba a dauki matakan kare ƙasa ba, saboda ƙarancin kuɗi. Hanyoyin da ake amfani da su a halin yanzu suna haifar da matsin lamba a kan sauran abubuwan muhalli, kamar gandun daji, kuma ba su da dorewa. Hakanan akwai abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙarancin ingancin ƙasa. Sannan Yawancin ƙasa suna da duwatsu ko yumbu daga ayyukan volcanic. Sauran dalilan sun hada da zaizayar kasa, kwararowar hamada, da sare itatuwa. Wani abin da ke haifar da gurɓacewar ƙasa shi ne rashin kula da sharar da ba ta dace ba, rashin kayan aiki da dabarun da za a bi don zubar da shara a cikin ƙasa, kuma don haka yana haifar da gurɓacewar ƙasa ta hanyar sarrafa irin wannan leaching. Lalacewar ƙasan Afirka yana haifar da raguwar samar da abinci, da lalata tasirin muhalli, da raguwar ingancin rayuwa gabaɗaya a Afirka. Wannan batu zai ragu idan takin zamani da sauran kayan amfanin gona sun fi araha kuma don haka ana amfani da su sosai. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kaddamar da wani bincike na duniya kan lalata kasa da dan Adam ya haifar da shi (GLASOD) don ci gaba da binciken musabbabi da yanayin kasa. Kuma Ana samun damar samun bayanan da aka tattara cikin 'yanci, kuma ana fatan za a wayar da kan 'yan siyasa a yankunan da ake fuskantar barazana. Gurbacewar iska Iskar da ke cikin Afirka tana ƙazanta sosai saboda dalilai da yawa da aka ambata a ƙasa. Sannan Kuma Hanyar noma ta farko da ke faruwa a mafi yawan yankuna a Afirka tabbas abu ne mai haddasawa. Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (FAO) ta yi kiyasin cewa hekta miliyan 11.3 na kasa na asarar duk shekara sakamakon noma, kiwo, kone-kone da kuma cin itacen mai. Ana amfani da konewar itace da gawayi don dafa abinci kuma wannan yana haifar da sakin carbon dioxide a cikin yanayi, wanda shine gurɓataccen iska a cikin yanayi. Haka kuma, saboda rashin wadataccen wutar lantarki, yawancin gidaje sai sun dogara da man fetur da dizal a cikin janareta don ci gaba da gudanar da wutar lantarki. Gurbacewar iska a Afirka na zuwa kan gaba kuma bai kamata a yi watsi da su ba. Misali, a Afirka ta Kudu matakan mercury sun yi tsanani saboda konewar kwal da hakar gwal. Mercury yana tsotse daga iska zuwa cikin ƙasa da ruwa. Ƙasar tana ba da damar amfanin gona su sha mercury, wanda ɗan adam ke sha. Dabbobi suna cin ciyawar da ta sha mercury kuma mutane na iya shiga cikin waɗannan dabbobin. Kifi yana shakar mercury daga cikin ruwa, haka nan mutane su kan sha kifin su sha ruwan da ya sha mercury. Sannan kuma Wannan yana ƙara matakan mercury a cikin mutane. Wannan na iya haifar da mummunar haɗari ga lafiya. Ana sa ran cewa, Afirka za ta iya wakiltar rabin gurbacewar da ake fitarwa a duniya nan da shekarar 2030, in ji Cathy Lousse darektan bincike na sautin yanayi na CNRS, tare da sauran masu bincike. Rahoton ya ce, yankin kudu da hamadar sahara na fama da gurbacewar yanayi cikin sauri, kuma wanda ya samo asali daga dalilai da dama, kamar kona itace don dafa abinci, bude konewar sharar gida, zirga-zirga, masana'antun sarrafa kayayyakin abinci da sinadarai, kurar sahara da ke dauke da ita. iska ta ratsa yankin Sahel, duk da wannan ya karfafa da karuwar yawan jama'a da kuma zama birane. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta bayar da rahoton bukatar shiga tsakani lokacin da aka rasa fiye da kashi bisa uku na jimlar shekarun da aka daidaita na nakasa sakamakon kamuwa da gurbatar iska a cikin gida a Afirka. Ana buƙatar man fetur don kunna fitulu da dare. Sannan Kuma Man da ake konawa yana haifar da fitar da iskar carbon dioxide a sararin samaniya. Saboda karuwar birane a Afirka, mutane suna ƙara kona mai tare da amfani da motoci masu yawa don sufuri. Haɓaka hayaƙin ababen hawa da haɓakar haɓaka masana'antu na nufin ingancin iskar birane a nahiyar na ƙara ta'azzara. Haka kuma lamarin yana faruwa a manyan biranen Najeriya da dama inda manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin ingancin iskar sun hada da hayakin motoci da hayakin masana'antu da kona shara. Kuma Bambance-bambancen yanayi na yanayi kuma yana kasancewa tare da mafi girman matakan gurɓataccen iska da ke faruwa a lokacin rani (Nuwamba zuwa Maris a arewa, Mayu zuwa Satumba a kudu). A kasashe da dama, har yanzu amfani da ledar man fetur na yaduwa sosai, kuma babu yadda za a iya sarrafa hayakin motoci. Gurbacewar iska a cikin gida ta yadu, galibi daga kona gawayi a kicin don girki. Abubuwan da ake fitarwa daga gidajen mai da nitrogen da hydrocarbon da ake fitarwa daga filayen jirgin sama suna haifar da gurɓataccen iska. Carbon dioxide sauran iskar gas a cikin iska yana haifar da karuwar mutanen da ke da al'amuran numfashi. Akwai alakar gama gari tsakanin gurbacewar iska da yawan jama'a. Sannan Afirka ta bambanta tsakanin yankunan da ke da yawan jama'a da yankunan da ba su da yawa. A yankunan da babu ci gaban masana'antu kaɗan da mutane kaɗan, ingancin iska yana da girma. Kuma Akasin haka, a yankuna masu yawan jama'a da masu masana'antu ingancin iska ba ya da yawa. Magance gurbacewar iska a manyan birane galibi shine babban fifiko, duk da cewa nahiyar gaba daya tana samar da gurbatacciyar iska bisa ka'idojin kasa da kasa. Duk da haka, gurɓataccen iska yana haifar da matsalolin lafiya da muhalli iri-iri. Wadannan gurbacewar yanayi barazana ce ga al'ummar Afirka da muhallin da suke kokarin dorewa. A cikin shekarata 2019, gurɓataccen iska ya kashe mutane miliyan 1.1 a duk faɗin Afirka, in ji wani bincike da aka buga a cikin Lafiyar Duniya na Lancet a cikin Oktoba shekarar 2021. Fiye da yara miliyan 350 na Afirka suna rayuwa a gidajen da ke amfani da makamashi mai ƙarfi, galibi itace da gawayi, don dafa abinci da dumama. Fitowar da ake samu daga wadannan tsattsauran mai sune manyan abubuwan da ke haddasa gurbatar iska a cikin gida. Canjin yanayi Rashin ruwa Lalacewar filastik Kamar sauran kasashen duniya masu tasowa, sannan gurbacewar robobi na haifar da matsaloli kamar gurbacewar hanyoyin ruwa, datse hanyoyin sarrafa ruwan sama, da karuwar cututtuka sakamakon sauro da kwarin da ke zaune a cikin robobi. Rashin sarrafa robobi duka haɗin gwiwa ne na samar da arha daga kowane nau'in masana'anta, misali ta hanyar samar da ruwa da ake buƙata ta hanyar ruwan kwalba da buhunan ruwa, da rashin kula da sharar bayan amfani. Wasu wurare a Afirka kuma sun kasance ana samun zubar da sharar robobi daga Arewacin Duniya. Wasu gwamnatoci suna mayar da martani, sannan kuma nahiyar na kan gaba a sauran kasashen duniya a haramcin robobi wanda ya rage izinin amfani da kuma kera robobin amfani guda daya kamar buhunan robobi da kayayyakin abinci. Duba wasu abubuwan Muhalli na Afirka (Bulletin) Africover (aikin UN) Saukewa: AFR100 Manazarta Hillstrom, Kevin, da Laurie Collier Hillstrom. Yanayin Duniya. wani bayyani na nahiyar game da batutuwan muhalli. Santa Barbara, CA, ABC-CLIO, 2003. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Fleshman, Michael Ceto dazuzzuka na Afirka, 'huhun duniya' Janairu 2008 Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
22246	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20%C9%97an%20Adam%20a%20Najeriya	Haƙƙin ɗan Adam a Najeriya	Haƙƙin ɗan adam a Nijeriya an kiyaye a ƙarƙashin kundin tsarin mulki na yanzu na shekara ta 1999. Duk da yake Najeriya ta samu cigaba sosai game da ƴancin ɗan adam a ƙarƙashin wannan kundin tsarin mulki, Rahoton Yancin Dan Adam na Amurka na Shekara ta 2012 ya lura da wurare da yawa da ake buƙatar ƙarin haɓaka, wanda ya haɗa da: cin zarafin da Boko Haram, kashe-kashe daga sojojin gwamnati, rashin daidaito tsakanin jama'a da batutuwa tare da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki. Rahoton Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Duniya na Shekara ta 2015 ya kuma nuna cewa tsananin tashin hankali daga kungiyar Boko Haram, takaita hakkokin LGBTIQ da cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati na ci gaba da lalata matsayin 'yancin dan adam a Najeriya. Tarihi tun daga samun 'yancin kai A tsakanin Ƴancin ta a shekara ta 1960 da dawowar mulkin dimokiraɗiyya a Shekara ta 1999, Nijeriya ta sami zaɓaɓɓun Shugabannin ƙasashe biyu, ɗayan da aka nada, magajin soja ɗaya da juyin mulki sau 7 watau mulkin soja. Juyin mulki a cikin sauki yana nufin yakin da aka yi tsakanin shugabannin sojoji da ke jagorantar wata jiha don kwace ko hambarar da shugaban kasa mai ci, ko dai saboda mai ci ya kasance mai cin hanci da rashawa ko kuma ba zai iya cika duk abubuwan da yake ganin ya dace da kasar a ciki ba lokacin aikinsa. A cikin Shekara ta 1979, Najeriya ta amince da tsarin shugaban kasa domin a tabbatar da daman zaben wadanda za su mulke su da sabon kundin tsarin mulki Wannan kundin tsarin mulki ya ba da tabbaci game da 'yancin ɗan adam wanda ke taɓarɓarewa ko yaushe. Gwamnatin Janar Ibrahim Babangida, da sauransu, an lura da ita wajen keta haddin dan adam. Kodayake Nijeriya ta himmatu wajen rattaba hannu tare da rattaba hannu kan yarjeniyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya, to amma ta ga kalubale lokacin da ake kokarin aiwatar da wadannan yarjejeniyoyi a cikin gida. Najeriya tana aiki ne a karkashin tsari biyu kuma ba za ta iya amfani da yarjeniyoyin kasa da kasa ba sai dai idan majalisun dokokin Najeriya sun amince da su. Bugu da kari, kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya ya kare hakkokin jama'a da siyasa, amma yarjeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa kamar Yarjejeniyar Afirka suma sun fadada kariya ga al'adu, tattalin arziki, da 'yancin kungiyoyi. Saboda kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya doka ce mafi girma, Kotun Koli ta Najeriya sau da yawa takan warware rikice-rikice don nuna goyon baya ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki, don haka take takaita fadada yiwuwar 'yancin dan Adam. 'Yancin faɗar albarkacin baki Lokacin da Janar Babangida ya hau mulki a shekara ta 1985 ya soke Dokar mai lamba 4 na Shekara ta 1984, dokar da ta sanya aikata laifi a buga duk wani abu da ake ganin abin kunya ne ko kuma ya saba wa bukatun gwamnati, akwai sabon fata na 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da jama'a da kafofin watsa labarai. A cikin mulkin Babangida, haƙuri na siyasa ya faru na ɗan lokaci. Ko yaya, wannan taƙaitacciyar hanyar neman 'yancin ɗan adam ta ɓarke lokacin da gwamnatin ta fara kulle masu sukarta da korar ma'aikata waɗanda ba su inganta ra'ayoyinsu da manufofinsu. Wannan gwamnatin ta rufe jaridu da haramtattun kungiyoyi fiye da kowane a tarihin Najeriya bayan mulkin mallaka. Paparazzi a Najeriya galibi ya kasance yana fuskantar dabarun tsoro da tursasawa. An yi wa ‘yan jarida“ tattaunawa ”tare da Hukumar tsaron Jiha wanda ya shafi barazanar da kuma yiwuwar ɗaure shi. Ana cigaba da rufe jaridar. A cikin Shekara ta 1990, Jamhuriyar, Newbreed, Lagos Daily News, The Punch, da sauran jaridu daban-daban gwamnatin tarayya ta rufe su a wani lokaci. A shekara ta 1999, sabon kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya ya sami kariya daga faɗin albarkacin baki Sai dai kuma daga baya aka zartar da dokokin A ranar 26 ga Afrilu, 2020, rahoton ‘Yan Jarida ba tare da Border World Press Freedom Index ya fitar da Nijeriya 115 cikin kasashe 180 da aka gudanar da bincike ba. Masu rahoto ba tare da iyaka ba sun ba da misali da kashewa, tsarewa da kuma cin zarafin ‘yan jarida tare da kokarin rage gwamnatin da ke yankin a matsayin dalilin da ya sa aka kara darajar. Koyaya, wannan darajar ta fi ta 146 wacce Transparency International ta baiwa Najeriya a farkon wannan shekarar dangane da cin hanci da rashawa Rahoton Reporters without Border ya kuma cigaba da cewa “Tare da sama da jaridu masu zaman kansu sama da 100, kasar da ta fi kowace kasa yawan jama’a a Afirka na jin dadin kafafen yada labarai na gaske amma bayar da labaran da suka shafi siyasa, ta’addanci ko satar kudade daga masu karfi yana da matukar matsala. Take hakkin Gwamnati Sojoji A watan Maris na shekara ta 2020, ya bayyana cewa wasu sojojin Najeriya sun yi amfani da damar karancin abinci a sansanonin ‘yan gudun hijirar da ke cikin jihar Borno tare da yi wa mata fyade a sansanonin yan gudun hijira da aka tanadar mata don ba su abincin. Wadannan karancin abinci na yan gudun hijirar suma sun haifar da mutuwar "dubunnan mutane" tun daga shekara ta 2015. A ranar 4 ga Afrilu, Shekara ta 2020, an kame wasu Sojoji uku a jihar Legas saboda bayar da barazanar fyade ga mata. A ranar 21 ga Mayun, shekara ta 2020, an kame wasu ‘yan gudun hijirar da ke jihar Legas, Kehinde Elijah da Ezeh Joseph saboda samun su da hannu a kisan wani dan sanda mai mukamin sajan a ranar 10 ga Mayun shekara ta 2020. Masu harbe-harben, wadanda daga baya aka tsare su a hannun sojoji, wani jami'in 'yan sanda na Najeriya ya taimaka ma su kuma ana neman su da "laifukan ta'addanci." Ƴan sanda A Nijeriya ana kallon Yan Sandan Najeriya a matsayin marasa inganci da cin rashawa. Rundunar Hadin Gwiwa ta Najeriya (JTF) ta ba da isasshen martani da karfi wajen kai hare-hare na ƙungiyar Boko Haram. JTF na da hannu wajen kashe wadanda ake zargi ba tare da fuskantar shari'a ba tare da kashe bazuwar al'ummomin da ake zargi da tallafawa ƙungiyar Boko Haram. Duba kuma Hukumar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta Kasa (Najeriya) Fataucin mutane a Najeriya Binciken yanar gizo da sa ido a Najeriya Hakkokin (LGBT) a Najeriya Siyasar Najeriya Rikicin gama gari a Najeriya Ajiye Childrenananan Witan mayu na Afirka Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Wakokin GQOM Fakaz A Song Mai yiwuwa Télécharger Rahoton shekara-shekara na 2012 na Amnesty International Rahoton 'Yanci a cikin Rahoton Duniya na 2011 na Freedom House Rahoton Duniya na 2012, na Human Rights Watch Tsarin Ayyuka na Kasa don Ingantawa Kare 'Yancin Dan Adam a Nijeriya, 2006 Ƴancin Ɗan Adam Ƴancin muhalli Muhalli Yanayi Rajin Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki Pages with unreviewed
26092	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsarin%20Aiki	Tsarin Aiki	Tsarin aiki bayyana tsari da abun cikin darussan ilimi. Yana raba tsarin koyarwa na shekaru da yawa zuwa sassan aikin da ake iya isar da su, kowane na tsawon gajerun makonni (misali makonni biyu ko uku). Sannan ana yin nazarin kowane sashin aikin zuwa batutuwan da mutum zai iya koya har ma kuma ya fi guntu (misali sa'o'i biyu ko ƙasa da haka). Ingantattun tsare-tsaren taswirar aiki sun bayyana dalla-dalla yadda za a yi amfani da albarkatu (misali littattafai, kayan aiki, lokaci) da ayyukan aji (misali magana-malami, aikin ƙungiya, aikace-aikace, tattaunawa) da kuma dabarun tantancewa (misali gwaje-gwaje, tambayoyi, Tambaya, Aikin gida koyar da kowane fanni da tantance ci gaban ɗalibai wajen koyan abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da kowane batu, sashi da tsarin aikin gaba ɗaya. Yayin da ɗalibai ke ci gaba ta hanyar tsarin aikin, akwai tsammanin za a inganta fahimtar su game da alaƙa tsakanin batutuwa da raka'a. Shirye-shiryen aiki na iya haɗawa da lokuta da kwanakin (kwanakin ƙarshe) don isar da abubuwa daban -daban na manhajar. A ilimin falsafa, wannan yana da alaƙa da imani cewa duk ɗalibai yakamata a fallasa su ga duk abubuwan manhaja kamar waɗanda waɗanda ke iya "ci gaba" ("mafi kyau" fitattu) kada su rasa kowane abun ciki kuma zasu iya cimma mafi daraja. Ana iya bayyana wannan a matsayin ra'ayi na "gargajiya". Akwai ra'ayin falsafanci mai karo da juna wanda ya kamata a guji lokacin karewa kuma kowane aji ya ci gaba da yadda ya dace: don haka kuma babu wani ɗalibi da aka “bari a baya”. Yayin da sauran ɗaliban suka “kama”, waɗancan ɗaliban da suka fahimta da sauri yakamata a sanya su cikin “tsarin riƙewa” cike da rikice-rikice da tambayoyin da ke ƙalubalantar su don haɗa ilmantarwa ta kwanan nan tare da ingantaccen ilmantarwa (ana iya ƙarfafa su su kashe ɗan ƙaramin abu yawan lokacin haɓaka fahimtar su ta hanyar tallafawa ma'aikatan koyarwa a cikin gano kurakurai/tambayoyin ɗaliban da ba su fahimci ra'ayoyin kwanan nan da sauri ba). Ana iya bayyana wannan ra'ayi a matsayin hanyar "Mastery". A cikin koyar da ilimin lissafi a Ingila yana da goyan baya mai ƙarfi daga Cibiyar Kula da Ilimin Lissafi ta Ƙasa da Gwamnatin ta ba da tallafi dangane da binciken da aka yi ta jagoranta na duniya-na musamman na makarantu a Singapore da Shanghai. Manhaja Dabarun aikin yawanci fassarar takamaiman tsari ne ko manhaja kuma ana iya amfani da shi azaman jagora a duk lokacin karatun don sa ido kan ci gaba akan ainihin shirin. Ana iya raba tsare -tsaren aiki tare da ɗalibai don su sami taƙaitaccen tafarkin su. Babban tushen takamaiman ko manhaja shine manhaja. Manyan ka'idoji galibi Gwamnati ce ke bayyana su kuma saboda haka ta doka da/ko ƙa'ida. Dangane da haka, kowace ƙasa tana da nata (duk da cewa wasu ƙasashe sun zaɓi ɗaukar manhajojin da wasu ƙasashe suka ayyana). Lokacin ƙirƙirar tsarin aiki, yana da mahimmanci a sami cikakkun bayanai game da tsarin karatun da ake buƙata na ƙasar da za a ba da tsarin aikin Waɗannan galibi an ayyana su, daki -daki, ta batun. Fahimtar dabaru da nuances na gabatarwar su yana da mahimmanci yayin da ake bayyana mafi kyawun tsare -tsaren aiki Ingila Ga makarantun da aka kula da su da allon jarrabawa ne ya kafa Manhajar karatu ta kasa don haka duk yaran da ke girma a Ingila suna da ilimi iri ɗaya. Manhajar karatun firamare (shekaru 4 zuwa 5 zuwa 11) da ilimin sakandare (shekaru 11 zuwa 18) a Ingila an raba su zuwa Mahimman Matakai guda biyar. Ana kawo manyan matakai 1 da 2 a Makarantun Firamare. Ana gabatar da Mahimman Matakai 3, 4 da 5 a Makarantun Sakandare. Ingila Lissafi Makarantun Firamare na Ingilishi: Matakan Mahimmanci 1 2 [shekaru 5 zuwa 11] Abubuwan da ake tsammanin don isar da Manhaja ta Ƙasa don lissafi a Ingila a Mahimman Mataki na 1 da 2 an ƙulla su sosai tare da bayyanannun manufofin da ke da alaƙa da lokaci. Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta ba da tsarin aikin shekara -shekara na farko (ko saita tsammanin) ga kowace makaranta/shekarar ilimi daga Shekarar 1 (shekaru 5/6) zuwa ciki har da Shekara ta 6 (shekaru 10/11). Wannan baya ƙayyade tsarin koyar da kowane fanni a cikin kowace shekara; amma yana ba da jagora kuma yana fitar da tsammanin abin da za a koyar da koya a ƙarshen kowace shekara na ilimin firamare na ɗalibai. Makarantun Sakandare na Ingilishi: Matakan Maballin 3 da 4 [shekarun 11 zuwa 16] An kuma ba da cikakken tsarin Manhaja na Ƙasa don lissafi a Ingila a Mahimman Matakai 3 da 4. Koyaya, kowane sashen ilimin lissafi na makarantar Ingilishi ana ba shi babban 'yanci don yanke shawara lokacin da yadda za a isar da abun ciki. Sabanin manhajar karatu na kasa na makarantun firamare na Ingila, babu tsammanin shekara -shekara. Madadin haka, an saita jagora ta hanyar yin nuni ga abin da za a koyar da koya a ƙarshen Maɓallin Maɓallin 3 [ƙarshen shekara 9 (shekaru 13/14)] da ƙarshen Maɓallin Mataki na 4 [ƙarshen shekara 11 (ƙarshen shekara 11) shekarun 15/16)]. Sanannen abu ne cewa Manhaja don Maɓallin Mataki na 4 Ma'aikatar Ilimi ce ta yi niyyar bincika duk ilmantarwa daga Matakan Maballin 1 zuwa 4. Musamman, batutuwan da aka jera a Mataki Na Farko 3 a bayyane sun zama wani ɓangare na manhajar don Mataki na 4 (kamar ana ƙarfafa tushen ilmantarwa na farko yayin gini akan su). Dangane da haka, ɗaliban da suka yi gwagwarmaya da kuma abubuwan da ke da wuyar fahimta a baya an ba su damar ƙware abun ciki na Mataki na 3 yayin da wasu ke gina mafi girma, a layi ɗaya. Makarantun Sakandare na Ingilishi: GCSEs [yawanci shekarun 15/16+] Ya zama tilas a ƙasar Ingila ɗalibai su ɗauki GCSE a cikin ilimin lissafi kafin sukai shekara goma sha shida da haihuwarsu. Sanannen abu ne cewa an haɗa abun cikin batun da aka amince tsakanin Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Ofishin Kwarewa da Dokokin Gwaji (Ofqual) [mai kula da hukumar jarrabawar GCSEs, AS-Levels da A-Levels] an haskaka ta hanyoyi daban-daban zuwa abubuwan da ke ƙunshe cikin manhajar karatu ta ƙasa don Mataki Na Farko 4. Na ƙarshen yana da matakan jira biyu (rubutu mara kyau akan {m da 'braces'} tsoffin fasalulluka guda uku (rubutu mara kyau, rubutun da aka ja layi a ƙasa da rubutu mai ƙarfi Hankalin rarrabewa ya ba da damar ɗalibai masu fahimta, iyaye da malamai su ƙaddara (ko yin hasashe game da) hanyar da aka rarraba abun ciki (ko yakamata a rarraba) tsakanin sahu biyu daban -daban na gwajin lissafin GCSE (Gidauniya da Mafi Girma): waɗannan jeri biyu haɗa kai (yana ba da shawarar batutuwa da aka ja layi a ƙarƙashinsu tsakanin jigon batutuwan biyu). Har ila yau, sananne ne cewa manhajar karatun GCSE Sashen Ilimi ce ta yi niyyar bincika duk ilmantarwa daga Matakan Mataki 1 zuwa 4. Musamman, batutuwan da aka jera a Mataki Na Farko 3 a sarari sun zama wani ɓangare na manhajar don Mataki Na Farko 4 da GCSE (kamar yadda ake ƙarfafa tushen ilmantarwa na farko yayin gini akan su). Dangane da haka, ɗaliban da suka yi gwagwarmaya da abubuwan da ke da wuyar fahimta a baya an ba su damar ƙware abun ciki na Mataki na 3 yayin da wasu ke gina mafi girma, Makarantun Sakandare na Ingilishi: AS da A-Levels [yawanci shekarun 17+] AS da A-Levels a cikin lissafi ba tilas bane. Dangane da haka, babu tsarin karatun ƙasa don AS da A-Level lissafi a Ingila. Koyaya, akwai abubuwan da aka yarda da su waɗanda Ma'aikatar Ilimi ke buƙata don ƙayyadaddun matakin AS da A a cikin lissafi. Abubuwa Mahimman sassan “tsarin aiki” na iya haɗawa da waɗannan abubuwan: Misalin tsarin aiki mai sauƙi Duba kuma Shirye -shiryen Darasi Manazarta Koyarwa Makaranta Makarantu Makarantun Gwamnati Makaranta masu zaman kansu Ilimi Pages with unreviewed
29876	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwararar%20ruwa	Kwararar ruwa	Rushewar saman (wanda kuma aka sani da kwararar ƙasa shi ne kwararar ruwa da ke faruwa a saman ƙasa lokacin da yawan ruwan sama, ruwan narkewa, ko wasu hanyoyin, ba zai iya shiga cikin ƙasa cikin sauri ba. Wannan na iya faruwa ne lokacin da ƙasa ta cika da ruwa gwargwadon ƙarfinta, kuma ruwan sama ya zo da sauri fiye da yadda ƙasa za ta iya sha Sau da yawa zubar ruwan saman yana faruwa ne saboda. wuraren da ba su da kyau (kamar rufin da pavement ba sa barin ruwa ya jiƙa cikin ƙasa. Bugu da ƙari, zubar da ruwa na iya faruwa ko dai ta hanyar tsarin halitta ko na mutum. Zubar da ruwan sama babban sashi ne na zagayowar ruwa Ita ce wakili na farko na zaizayar ƙasa ta ruwa. Yankin ƙasar da ke samar da magudanar ruwa wanda ke malalawa zuwa wuri guda ana kiransa magudanar ruwa Guduwar da ke faruwa a saman ƙasa kafin isa tashar na iya zama tushen gurɓatawar da ba ta dace ba, Dan haka kuma saboda tana iya ɗaukar gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu da mutum ya yi ko kuma nau'ikan gurɓataccen yanayi (kamar ganyaye mai ruɓe). Abubuwan da mutum ya kera a cikin ruwa sun haɗa da man fetur, magungunan kashe qwari, takin zamani da sauransu. Baya ga haifar da zaizayar ruwa da Kuma gurbacewar ruwa, kwararar ruwa a cikin birane shine babban dalilin ambaliya a birane, wanda zai iya haifar da lalacewar dukiya, da daskarewa da gyale a cikin ginshiki, da ambaliyar ruwa. Tsari Ana bayyana kwararar ruwan saman a matsayin hazo (ruwan sama, dusar ƙanƙara, guguwa, ko ƙanƙara wanda ke kaiwa ga kogin ƙasa ba tare da ya taɓa wucewa ƙasa da ƙasa ba. Ya bambanta da zubar da ruwa kai tsaye, wanda ke kaiwa ga kogunan saman kasa nan da nan bayan ruwan sama ko narkewar dusar ƙanƙara kuma ya keɓance kwararar ruwan da ke haifar da narkar da dusar ƙanƙara ko glaciers. Dusar ƙanƙara suna narke ne kawai a wuraren sanyi da ya isa ya zama na dindindin. Yawanci dusar ƙanƙara tana narkewa a cikin bazara kuma glacier yana narkewa a lokacin rani, yana haifar da maxima maxima a cikin kogunan da suka shafa. Ƙayyadaddun adadin narkar da dusar ƙanƙara ko dusar ƙanƙara shine yanayin zafin iska da tsawon lokacin hasken rana. A yankuna masu tsayin tsaunuka, Kuma ƙoramu kan tashi a cikin ranakun rana kuma suna faɗowa kan gajimare saboda irin wannan dalili. A wuraren da babu dusar ƙanƙara, ruwan sama zai fito daga ruwan sama. Duk da haka, ba duk ruwan sama ba ne zai haifar da zubar da ruwa saboda adanawa daga ƙasa na iya ɗaukar ruwan sama mai haske. A kan daɗaɗɗen ƙasa na ƙasar Ostiraliya da Kudancin Afirka, tushen furotin tare da manyan hanyoyin sadarwar tushen gashin su na iya ɗaukar ruwan sama mai yawa don hana kwararar ruwa ko da a lokacin yawan ruwan sama. A cikin waɗannan yankuna, har ma a kan ƙasan yumbu mai fashe ƙasa da ƙasa, ana buƙatar yawan ruwan sama da yuwuwar ƙanƙara don haifar da zubar da ruwa daga sama, wanda ke haifar da gyare-gyare na musamman zuwa magudanan ruwa masu canzawa (yawanci ephemeral). Kutsawa wuce gona da iri Hakan na faruwa ne a lokacin da yawan ruwan sama a saman sama ya zarce adadin da ruwa ke iya kutsawa cikin kasa, kuma an riga an cika duk wani ajiyar bakin ciki. Wannan kuma ana kiransa Hortonian overland flow (bayan Robert E. Horton ko kwararar ƙasa mara kyau. Wannan ya fi faruwa a wasu yankunan da ba su da ɓarke da ɓarke, inda ruwan sama ya yi yawa kuma ana rage ƙarfin shigar ƙasa saboda rufe saman ƙasa, ko kuma a cikin biranen da shingen shinge na hana ruwa shiga. Lokacin da ƙasa ta cika kuma aka cika ajiyar baƙin ciki, kuma ruwan sama ya ci gaba da faɗuwa, ruwan sama zai haifar da zubar da jini nan da nan. Matsayin damshin ƙasa na farko shine abu ɗaya da ke shafar lokaci har sai ƙasa ta cika. Wannan guguwar ana kiranta saturation wuce gona da iri, cikakkar kwararar kan kasa, ko ruwan Dunne. Danshin kasa na gaba Ƙasa tana riƙe da ɗanɗano kaɗan bayan ruwan sama Wannan saura danshin ruwa yana rinjayar iyawar shigar ƙasa. Sannan A yayin taron ruwan sama na gaba, ƙarfin shigar da ƙasa zai sa ƙasa ta cika da ƙima daban-daban. Mafi girman matakin danshin ƙasa na farko, da sauri ƙasa ta zama cikakke. Da zarar ƙasa ta cika, zubar ruwa yana faruwa. Don haka, zubar da ruwa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sarrafa danshi na ƙasa bayan guguwa mai matsakaici da ƙarancin ƙarfi. Komawar da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa Bayan ruwa ya kutsa cikin ƙasa a kan wani yanki mai hawa sama na tudu, ruwan zai iya gudana a kaikaice ta cikin ƙasa, kuma ya fitar (fitowa daga cikin ƙasa) kusa da tashar. Wannan shi ake kira kwararar dawowar karkashin kasa ko kuma kwarara Yayin da yake gudana, za'a iya rage yawan zubar da ruwa ta hanyoyi da yawa: karamin sashi na iya ƙafewa Ana iya adana ruwa na ɗan lokaci a cikin ɓacin rai na microtopographic; kuma wani yanki nasa yana iya kutsawa yayin da yake gudana a kan kasa. Duk sauran ruwan saman da ya rage daga ƙarshe yana gudana zuwa cikin ruwa mai karɓa kamar kogi, tafki, bakin ruwa ko teku Tasirin dan Adam Urbanization yana ƙara zubar da ruwa ta hanyar samar da ƙarin wuraren da ba su da kyau kamar shinge da gine-gine waɗanda ba sa ƙyale ruwa ya gangara ta cikin ƙasa zuwa maɓuɓɓugar ruwa A maimakon haka sai a tilasta shi kai tsaye cikin rafuka ko magudanar ruwa na guguwa, inda zaizayar kasa da siltation na iya zama manyan matsaloli, ko da ambaliya ba. Kuma Yawan zubar da ruwa yana rage yawan ruwan da ke karkashin kasa, ta yadda za a rage yawan ruwan da ake fama da shi da kuma kara tsananta fari, musamman ga manoman noma da sauran wadanda suka dogara da rijiyoyin ruwa Lokacin da gurɓataccen ɗan adam ya narke ko dakatar da shi a cikin ruwa mai gudu, tasirin ɗan adam yana faɗaɗa don haifar da gurɓataccen ruwa Wannan gurɓataccen nauyi na iya isa ga ruwa daban-daban kamar rafuka, koguna, tafkuna, tudu da kuma tekuna tare da sakamakon sauye-sauyen sinadarai na ruwa ga waɗannan tsarin ruwa da abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da su. Wani rahoto na shekarata 2008 na Majalisar Binciken Ƙasa ta Amurka ya gano ruwan guguwar birni a matsayin babban tushen matsalolin ingancin ruwa a cikin Amurka Yayin da mutane ke ci gaba da canza yanayin yanayi ta hanyar haɓakar iskar gas zuwa sararin samaniya, ana sa ran yanayin hazo zai canza yayin da ƙarfin sararin samaniya na tururin ruwa ke ƙaruwa. Wannan zai haifar da sakamako kai tsaye akan adadin zubar da ruwa. Sakamakon zubar da ruwa Yazawa da kuma sakawa Zubar da ruwan sama na iya haifar da zazzagewar saman duniya; Za'a iya ajiye kayan da ya lalace nesa da nisa. Akwai manyan nau'ikan zaizayar ƙasa guda huɗu: zaizayar ƙasa, zaizayar ƙasa, zaizayar ƙasa da zaizayar gully Yazawar ruwan sama shine sakamakon karo na inji na ɗigon ruwan sama tare da saman ƙasa: barbashi ƙasa waɗanda tasirin ya wargaza sannan su motsa tare da zubar da ruwa. Rushewar takarda shine jigilar ruwa ta kan ƙasa ta ruwa ba tare da ƙayyadaddun tashoshi ba. Ƙunƙarar saman ƙasa yana iya haifar da zubar da ruwa ya tattara cikin kunkuntar hanyoyin ɓuɓɓuga: kamar yadda waɗannan ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun tashoshi suna da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun tashoshi waɗanda aka kafa da suna rills Waɗannan tashoshi na iya zama ƙanana kamar faɗin santimita ɗaya ko girma kamar mita da yawa. Idan zubar da ruwa ya ci gaba da toka kuma ya kara girma, za su iya girma a karshe su zama gullies Yazawar guly na iya jigilar abubuwa da yawa da suka lalace Duk a cikin kankanin lokaci wato a ƙurataccen lokaci Rage yawan amfanin gona yakan haifar da zaizayar ƙasa, kuma ana nazarin waɗannan tasirin a fagen kiyaye ƙasa Barbashin ƙasa da ke ɗauke da ruwa ya bambanta da girman daga kimanin .001 millimeter zuwa kimanin milimita 1.0 a diamita. Manyan ɓangarorin suna daidaita kan ɗan gajeren nisa na sufuri, yayin da ƙananan ƙwayoyin za a iya ɗaukar su ta nisa mai nisa an dakatar da su a cikin ginshiƙi na ruwa Rushewar ƙasa maras nauyi wanda ke ɗauke da ƙananan ɓangarorin yana haifar da turɓaya kuma yana rage watsa haske, wanda ke rushe yanayin yanayin ruwa Duk sassan ƙasashe sun zama marasa amfani ta hanyar zaizayar ƙasa. A kan babban tudun ƙasar Madagaska, kusan kashi goma na ƙasar ƙasar, kusan dukkan faɗin ƙasar ba ta da ciyayi, tare da ɓangarorin gully mai ƙazantawa yawanci fiye da zurfin mita 50 da faɗin kilomita ɗaya. Juyawa noma tsarin noma ne wanda wani lokaci yakan haɗa hanyar yanke yankan rago da ƙonawa a wasu yankuna na duniya. Zaizayar kasa yana haifar da asarar ƙasa mai albarka kuma yana rage yawan amfanin gonarta da Kuma ingancin amfanin gona. Noman masana'antu na zamani wani babban abin da ke haifar da zaizayar kasa. Fiye da kashi uku na Masara Belt ta Amurka gaba ɗaya ta yi asarar samanta Sauya ayyukan noma zai rage zaizayar ƙasa daga filayen noma na Amurka da fiye da kusan kashi 70 cikin ɗari. Tasirin muhalli Muhimman batutuwan muhalli masu alaƙa da kwararar ruwa sune tasirin ruwa, ruwan ƙasa da ƙasa ta hanyar jigilar gurɓataccen ruwa zuwa waɗannan tsarin. A ƙarshe waɗannan sakamakon suna fassara zuwa haɗarin lafiyar ɗan adam, rikicewar yanayin muhalli da tasirin kyawawan abubuwa ga albarkatun ruwa. Wasu daga cikin gurɓatattun abubuwan da ke haifar da babban tasiri ga ruwan saman da ke tasowa daga zubar da ruwa sune abubuwan da ake amfani da su na man fetur, maganin ciyawa da takin mai magani. An yi nazari kan yawan adadin kuzari ta hanyar fitar da magungunan kashe qwari da sauran gurɓatattun abubuwa tun daga shekarata 1960, kuma farkon tuntuɓar magungunan kashe qwari da ruwa an san yana haɓaka phytotoxicity A cikin yanayin ruwan saman, tasirin yana fassara zuwa gurɓataccen ruwa, tun da koguna da koguna sun sami zubar da ruwa mai ɗauke da sinadarai daban-daban ko laka. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da ruwan sama a matsayin samar da ruwan sha, za a iya lalata su game da haɗarin lafiya da ƙayatattun ruwan sha (wato, wari, launi da tasirin turbidity gurɓataccen ruwan saman ƙasa yana haɗarin canza tsarin rayuwa na nau'in ruwan da suke ɗaukar nauyi; Dukkanin waɗannan sauye-sauye na iya haifar da mutuwa, kamar kifin kisa, ko canza ma'auni na yawan jama'a. Sai Dai Sauran takamaiman tasirin su ne kan dabbar dabbar dabba, haifuwa, kwai da yuwuwar tsutsa, tsirar yara da yawan amfanin shuka. Wasu bincike sun nuna kwararar magungunan kashe qwari, irin su DDT, na Kuma iya canza jinsin nau'in kifi ta hanyar dabi'a, wanda ke canza namiji zuwa kifin mace. Rushewar ruwa da ke faruwa a cikin dazuzzuka na iya samar da tafkuna masu tarin yawa na ma'adinai na nitrogen da phosphorus wanda ke haifar da eutrophiation Ruwan da ke gudana a cikin gandun daji na coniferous shima yana wadatar da acid humic kuma yana iya haifar da ƙasƙantar da jikin ruwa Bugu da ƙari, tsayin tsayi da tsibiran matasa a cikin wurare masu zafi da na wurare masu zafi na iya fuskantar ƙimar zaizayar ƙasa kuma suna ba da gudummawar manyan abubuwan jan hankali ga tekun bakin teku. Irin wannan ƙasa da aka samu ta hanyar sinadarai na sinadarai, carbon, da gurɓatawa na iya yin tasiri mai yawa akan zagayowar nazarin halittu na Duk duniya da yanayin ruwa da na bakin teku. Dangane da ruwan karkashin kasa, babban lamarin shi ne gurbatar ruwan sha, idan an shafe magudanar ruwa don amfanin dan Adam. Game da gurɓacewar ƙasa, ruwan da ke gudana zai iya samun mahimman hanyoyi guda biyu na damuwa. Na farko, ruwa mai gudu zai iya fitar da gurɓataccen ƙasa kuma ya ɗauke su a matsayin gurɓataccen ruwa zuwa matsugunan ruwa masu mahimmanci. Na biyu, zubar da ruwa na iya sanya gurɓataccen abu a kan ƙasa mai tsabta, haifar da lafiya ko sakamakon muhalli. Batun noma Sauran abubuwan da suka shafi aikin gona sun haɗa da jigilar sinadarai na noma (nitrates, phosphates, magungunan kashe qwari, maganin ciyawa, da sauran makamantan su) ta hanyar zubar da ruwa. Wannan sakamakon yana faruwa ne lokacin da amfani da sinadarai ya wuce kima ko rashin lokacin da ya dace dangane da hazo mai yawa. Sakamakon gurɓataccen ruwan da ya biyo baya yana wakiltar ba wai kawai ɓarna na sinadarai na noma ba ne, har ma da barazanar muhalli ga yanayin ƙasa. Yawancin lokaci ana amfani da bambaro don kare ƙasa daga zaizawar ƙasa da ci gaban ciyawa. Koyaya, girbi waɗannan amfanin gona na iya haifar da haɓakar zaizayar ƙasa. Batun Tattalin Arziki. Gudun gudu na saman yana haifar da babban adadin tasirin tattalin arziki. Pine bambaro hanyoyi ne masu tasiri masu tsada don mu'amala da gushewar ƙasa. Bugu da ƙari, za a iya sake amfani da runfunan da ke ƙasa ta hanyar haɓakar giwaye. A ƙasar Najeriya ana daukar ciyawa ta giwa hanya ce ta tattalin arziki wacce za a iya rage gudu da zaizayar kasa. Har ila yau, kasar Sin ta samu gagarumin tasiri daga kwararar ruwa zuwa ga mafi yawan amfanin gonakinsu na tattalin arziki kamar kayan lambu. Don haka, an san sun aiwatar da tsarin da ke rage asarar abubuwan gina jiki (nitrogen da phosphorus) a cikin ƙasa. Ambaliyar ruwa Ambaliyar ruwa tana faruwa ne lokacin da magudanar ruwa ta kasa isar da adadin ruwan da ke gudana a ƙasa. Mitar abin da wannan ke faruwa ana bayyana shi ta lokacin dawowa Ambaliyar ruwa wani tsari ne na dabi'a, wanda ke kula da tsarin halittu da tsari, amma kuma ana iya canza shi ta hanyar sauye-sauyen amfani da ƙasa kamar injiniyan kogi. Ambaliyar ruwa na iya zama da amfani ga al'umma ko kuma ta yi barna. Noma da ke gefen kogin Nilu sun yi amfani da ambaliyar ruwa na yanayi wanda ke tanadin abubuwan gina jiki masu amfani ga amfanin gona. Duk da haka, yayin da adadi da lalurar ƙauyuka ke ƙaruwa, ambaliya na ƙara zama haɗari na halitta. A cikin birane, kwararar ruwa daga saman ƙasa shine farkon abin da ke haifar da ambaliya na birane, wanda aka sani da maimaitawa da kuma tasiri mai tsada ga al'ummomi. Mummunan illar da ke tattare da asarar rayuka, hasarar dukiya, gurbacewar ruwan sha, haka Kuma asarar amfanin gona, da tarwatsa jama'a da rashin matsuguni na wucin gadi. Ambaliyar ruwa na daga cikin bala'o'in da suka fi yin barna. An kuma san yin amfani da ƙarin ban ruwa a matsayin wata muhimmiyar hanya wadda amfanin gona irin su masara za su iya riƙe takin nitrogen a cikin ƙasa, wanda ke haifar da haɓaka samar da ruwan amfanin gona. Ragewa da magani Rage illolin da ke haifar da zubar da jini na iya ɗaukar nau'i da yawa: Irƙirar haɓaka amfani da ƙasa da nufin rage abubuwan da ba su da kyau a cikin birane Gudanar da zaizayar ƙasa ga gonaki da wuraren gine- gine Kula da ambaliyar ruwa da shirye-shiryen sake fasalin, kamar kayan aikin kore Amfani da sinadarai da sarrafa sarrafawa a cikin aikin gona, kiyaye shimfidar wuri, amfani da masana'antu, da sauransu. Land use controls. Many world regulatory agencies have encouraged research on methods of minimizing total surface runoff by avoiding unnecessary hardscape. Many municipalities have produced guidelines and codes (zoning and related ordinances) for land developers that encourage minimum width sidewalks, use of pavers set in earth for driveways and walkways and other design techniques to allow maximum water infiltration in urban settings. An example of a local program specifying design requirements, construction practices and maintenance requirements for buildings and properties is in Santa Monica, California. Kula da zaizayar kasa ya bayyana tun zamanin da lokacin da manoma suka fahimci mahimmancin noman kwane-kwane don kare albarkatun ƙasa. Tun daga shekarata 1950 waɗannan hanyoyin noma sun ƙara haɓaka. A cikin shekarun 1960 wasu gwamnatocin jahohi da na kananan hukumomi sun fara mai da hankali kan kokarinsu wajen rage kwararar gine-gine ta hanyar bukatar magina su aiwatar da matakan hana zaizayar kasa da nakasa ESCs Wannan ya haɗa da irin waɗannan fasahohin kamar: yin amfani da bas ɗin bambaro da shinge don rage gudu a kan gangara, shigar da shinge na silt, gina shirye-shirye na watanni waɗanda ba su da ƙarancin ruwan sama da raguwa da tsawon wuraren da aka fallasa. Lardin Montgomery, Maryland ta aiwatar da shirin kula da tsatsauran ra'ayi na karamar hukuma a cikin shekarar 1965, kuma wannan ya biyo bayan shirin a duk faɗin jihar Maryland a cikin shekarata 1970. Shirye-shiryen shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa tun farkon rabin farkon karni na ashirin ya zama mai ƙima a cikin hasashen kololuwar tsarin kogi An samar da dabarun ci gaba don rage kololuwar ruwa da kuma rage saurin tashoshi. Wasu fasahohin da aka saba amfani da su sune: samar da riƙon tafkuna (wanda ake kira dakunan ajiyar ruwa ko daidaita tafkuna don hana kololuwar kogi, yin amfani da na'urorin watsa makamashi a cikin tashoshi don rage saurin magudanan ruwa da sarrafa amfani da ƙasa don rage kwararar ruwa. Amfani da sinadarai da kulawa. Bayan aiwatar da dokar kiyaye albarkatu da dawo da albarkatun Amurka (RCRA) a cikin shekarata 1976, daga baya kuma Dokar Ingancin Ruwa ta 1987, jihohi da biranen sun ƙara yin taka tsan-tsan wajen sarrafa ƙunshe da adanar sinadarai masu guba, don haka hana fitar da zubewa. Hanyoyin da aka saba amfani da su sune: buƙatu don ninki biyu na tankunan ajiya na ƙarƙashin ƙasa, rajistar amfani da kayan haɗari, raguwar adadin magungunan kashe qwari da aka yarda da shi da ƙarin tsauraran ƙa'idodin takin zamani da ciyawa a cikin kiyaye shimfidar wuri. A yawancin masana'antu, ana buƙatar gyaran sharar gida, don rage gudu daga gurɓataccen ruwa zuwa magudanar ruwa ko ruwan sama. Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa ta Amurka (CWA) ta buƙaci ƙananan hukumomi a cikin birane (kamar yadda Ofishin Kidayar Jama'a ta ayyana) su sami izinin fitar da ruwan sama don tsarin magudanar ruwa. Mahimmanci wannan yana nufin cewa yankin dole ne ya yi aiki da shirin kula da ruwan guguwa don duk kwararar ruwan sama da ke shiga tsarin magudanar ruwa na daban na birni MS4 Dokokin EPA da na jihohi da wallafe-wallafen da ke da alaƙa sun zayyana abubuwan asali guda shida waɗanda kowane shiri na gida ya ƙunshi: Ilimin jama'a (sanar da mutane, gidaje, kasuwanci game da hanyoyin gujewa gurɓacewar ruwa) Shiga jama'a (tallafawa jama'a shiga cikin aiwatar da shirye-shiryen gida) Gano fitar da ba bisa ka'ida ba kawarwa (cire magudanar ruwa ko wasu hanyoyin haɗin ruwan da ba na guguwa ba zuwa MS4 Gudanar da zubar da ruwa na wurin gini (watau zaizayar ƙasa da sarrafa laka) Bayan gini (watau dindindin) sarrafa ruwan guguwa Rigakafin gurɓatawa (misali ingantattun sarrafa sinadarai, gami da sarrafa man fetur da mai, takin zamani, magungunan kashe qwari da injinan titi da matakan “kyakkyawan kula da gida” (misali kula da tsarin). Sauran masu mallakar kadarori waɗanda ke gudanar da tsarin magudanar ruwa mai kama da gundumomi, kamar tsarin babbar hanyar jiha, jami'o'i, sansanonin soja da gidajen yari, suma suna ƙarƙashin buƙatun izinin na MS4. Aunawa da ƙirar lissafi Ana nazarin runoff ta amfani da ƙirar lissafi a haɗe tare da hanyoyi daban-daban na samfurin ingancin ruwa Ana iya yin ma'auni ta amfani da ci gaba da sarrafa kayan aikin bincike na ingancin ruwa mai sarrafa kansa wanda aka yi niyya akan gurɓatattun abubuwa kamar ƙayyadaddun sinadarai na Organic ko inorganic, pH, turbidity da dai sauransu ko aka yi niyya akan alamomi na biyu kamar narkar da iskar oxygen Hakanan za'a iya yin ma'auni a cikin tsari ta hanyar cire samfurin ruwa guda ɗaya da gudanar da kowane adadin sinadarai ko gwaje-gwaje na zahiri akan wannan samfurin. A cikin shekarata 1950s ko kuma samfuran jigilar ruwa na farko sun bayyana don ƙididdige yawan zubar da ruwa, musamman don hasashen ambaliyar ruwa. Tun daga farkon shekarun 1970s an ƙirƙira samfuran kwamfuta don nazarin jigilar kwararar ruwa da ke ɗauke da gurɓataccen ruwa, waɗanda ke yin la'akari da adadin narkar da sinadarai daban-daban, kutsawa cikin ƙasa da babban nauyin gurɓataccen ruwa da aka kai ga ruwa Ɗaya daga cikin samfuran farko da ke magance rushewar sinadarai a cikin guguwa da kuma abin hawa an haɓaka shi a farkon 1970s ƙarƙashin kwangilar Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA). Wannan ƙirar kwamfuta ta samar da ginshiƙi na yawancin binciken ragewa wanda ya haifar da dabarun amfani da ƙasa da sarrafa sinadarai. Ƙwarai, masu aikin ruwa na guguwa sun fahimci buƙatar ƙirar Monte Carlo don daidaita tsarin tafiyar da ruwa saboda bambance-bambancen yanayi a cikin sauye-sauye masu yawa waɗanda ke shafar inganci da yawan zubar da ruwa. Amfanin nazarin Monte Carlo ba shine don rage rashin tabbas a cikin kididdigar shigarwa ba, amma don wakiltar haɗuwa daban-daban na masu canji waɗanda ke ƙayyade haɗarin balaguron ingancin ruwa. Ɗaya daga cikin misalan irin wannan nau'in samfurin ruwan guguwa shine stochastic empirical loading da dilution model SELDM shine samfurin ingancin ruwan hadari An ƙirƙira SELDM don canza haɗaɗɗun bayanan kimiyya zuwa bayanai masu ma'ana game da haɗarin mummunan tasirin kwararar ruwa a kan karɓar ruwa, yuwuwar buƙatar matakan ragewa, da yuwuwar tasirin irin waɗannan matakan gudanarwa don rage waɗannan haɗarin. SELDM yana ba da hanya don kimanta bayanai cikin sauri waɗanda ke da wahala ko kuma ba za a iya samu ba saboda yana ƙirƙira ma'amala tsakanin masu canjin yanayi (tare da rabe-raben yuwuwar mabambanta) wanda ke haifar da yawan ƙima waɗanda ke wakiltar yiwuwar sakamako na dogon lokaci daga matakan gudu da kuma Na yuwuwar tasirin matakan raguwa daban-daban. Har ila yau, SELDM yana ba da hanyoyin yin bincike mai zurfi cikin hanzari don tantance tasirin zato daban-daban game da haɗarin balaguron ingancin ruwa. Other computer models have been developed (such as the DSSAM Model) that allow surface runoff to be tracked through a river course as reactive water pollutants. In this case the surface runoff may be considered to be a line source of water pollution to the receiving waters. Duba wasu abubuwan Agricultural wastewater Agricultural nutrient runoff Catchwater Ambaliyar ruwa Flood forecasting Hydrological model Nationwide Urban Runoff Program Bincike na Amurka Nonpoint source pollution Rain garden Runoff curve number Runoff model (reservoir) Soil conservation Soil contamination Stochastic_empirical_loading_and_dilution_model Stormwater Trophic state index Urban flooding Water pollution Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje USDA NRCS Littafin Jagoran Injiniya na Kasa, Dangantakar Zubar da Mataki, Ch. 14 NutrientNet, kayan aiki na sinadarai na kan layi wanda Cibiyar Albarkatun Duniya ta haɓaka, wanda aka tsara don magance matsalolin ingancin ruwa da ke da alaƙa da zubar da ruwa da sauran gurɓataccen ruwa. Duba kuma gidan yanar gizon PA NutrientNet wanda aka ƙera don shirin ciniki na sinadirai na Pennsylvania. Bioretention a matsayin ƙananan tasiri ci gaban hanyar magance zubar da ruwa Samfuran Ruwan Guguwar Ruwa na USGS Ƙwararren Ruwa Muhalli Noma Yanayi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
7011	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bola%20Tinubu	Bola Tinubu	Bola Ahmed Adekunle Tinubu (An haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Maris a shekara ta alif dubu daya da Dari Tara da hamsin da biyu (1952) Miladiyya. Bola Ahmed Adekunle Tinubu ya kasance gwararren dan siyasar Najeriya ne, kuma shugaban kasar Najeriya tun daga ranar 29 ga watan mayun shekara ta 2023. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Gwamnan jihar Legas daga shekarata alif dubu daya da Dari Tara da casa'in da Tara (1999) zuwa shekarata dubu biyu da bakwai (2007), haka yayi Sanata mai wakiltar Legas ta yamma na wani gajeren lokaci a jamhuriya ta uku (Third republic). Bola Ahmed Tinubu shahararran dan siyasa ne a Najeriya wanda ke da sarautar Asiwaju a kasar Yarabawa, kuma Jagaban a Borgu ta Jihar Neja, ya shahara a fagen siyasa da mulki a Najeriya baki daya. Ana kallon Asiwaju a matsayin wanda ya dade yana jan zarensa tun daga dawowar Najeriya kan mulkin demokaradiyya ta alif dubu daya da dari Tara da casa'in da Tara (1999), Tinubu ya kasance a matsayin uba a fagen siyasa sakamakon karfin fada a ji da yake da shi a siyasar kasar ta Yarbawa da ma Najeriya baki daya. Haka kuma ya kafa mutane da dama a Najeriya inda ya yi musu hanya suka samu mukamai a tarayya da jihohi. (Ihayatu talk) 21:37, a ranar 30 ga watan Mayu shekarata 2023 (UTC)) Tarihin Rayuwar Tinubu An haife shi a Jihar Legas, cikin iyalin Tinubu da suka yi fice a jihar ta legas a ranar 29 ga watan Maris shekarar alif dubu daya da dari Tara da hamsin da biyu(1952). Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta St. John's da ke Aroloya da makarantar Children's Home a Ibadan, da ke kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. Daga nan sai ya wuce Kwalejin Richard Daley a Birnin Chicago da ke kasar Amurka, bayan samun gurbin yin karatu a Kwalejin. Daga baya ya zarce zuwa Jami'ar jihar Chicago, a Illinois inda ya kammala ya kuma fito da Digiri a Harkokin Kasuwanci. Tinubu ya kuma samu kyautar dalibi da yafi kwazo a Jami'ar da kuma shaidar karramawa a bangaren Akanta da Hada-Hadar kudi. Da zuwansa Amurka a shekarar 1975 da taimakon mahaifiyarsa, matashin mai hazaka, da kuma ke da himmar ganin ya cimma burinsa. Ya shiga yin ayyuka da za su kawo masa kudi kamar wanke tukwane a gidajen sayar da abinci da aikin gadi da kuma tuka motar-haya domin taimaka masa a bangaren karatunsa. Baiwar da yake da ita ce ta sa ya shiga jerin dalibai masu hazaka na Kwalejin Richard Daley da kuma ta kai har ya kammala karatu a Jami'ar jihar Chicago a shekarar 1979 inda ya fito da digiri a bangaren Kasuwanci. A shekararsa ta farko a Jami'ar Chicago, an karrama shi da mukamin malami mai taimakawa (tutor), domin taimakon wasu 'yan uwansa dalibai da ke wananan ajuzuwa. Yan uwansa dalibai da dama sun yaba taimakonsa a bangaren karatunsu wanda har ta kai su ga samun sakamako mai kyau. A tsawon shekaru da ya yi a jami'a, Tinubu ya kasance dalibi mafi hazaka wanda ya yi ta samun kyautar dalibi mai gwazo da kuma shaidar karatu a bangaren Akanta da hada-hadar kuɗi, inda kuma ya kare digirinsa da sakamako mai daraja ta sama. A matsayinsa na mai hankoron abubuwa masu kyau da za su zo, Bola ya tsaya tare da yin nasara a takarar shugaban ɗaliban nazarin Akanta da Hada-hadar kuɗi na jami'ar jihar Chicago a shekarar sa ta karshe. Iyali Asiwaju Bola Tinubu yana da mata ɗaya mai suna Oluremi Tinubu, wadda sanata ce mai wakiltar Jihar Legas ta tsakiya. Ta kasance mai fafutikar kare Hakkin jama'a da kuma mai ilimi da ake mutuntawa. Tana kuma gudanar da ayyukan jinkai wanda aka karrama da lambar girmamawa ta kasa ta Officer of the Order of the Niger (OON). Suna da 'ya'ya da kuma jikoki. Aiki da kasuwanci Kafin kammala karatunsa na digiri, Bola Tinubu ya samu aiki da kamfanin harkar akantanci na Arthur Anderson. Daga bisani kamfanin Deloitte Haskins (wanda ake kira da deloitte Haskins and Touche a yanzu) suka dauki hayarsa, bayan nan kuma sai ya yi aiki da GTE Service Corporation, wani babban kamfanin sadarwa a kasar Amurka. A kamfanin Deloitte Haskins and sells, matashi kuma kwararre Bola ya fadada kwarewarsa ta hanyar shiga ayyukan dubawa da gudanarwa na General Motors da yin aiki a Babban Bankin Kasa na Chicago da kamfanin Procter and Gamble da International Harvester da General Electric da sauran kamfanoni. Bayan ganin kwarewarsa, kamfanin Deloitte sal ya dauki hayar Bola a matsayin jagoran mambobi da ke sa ido a kamfanin. Dawowarsa Najeriya Bayan dawowarsa Najeriya da kuma samun gogewa a bangaren hada-hadar kudi, Tinubu ya fara aiki da Kamfanin Mai na Mobil a matsayin babban mai bincike wanda ta kai har ya zama ma'ajin kamfanin. A matsayinsa na mutumin da ba ya manta mafararsa da kuma alakarsa da al'umma, Asiwaju Bola Ahmed Tinubu ya kasance mutumin da ya dauki hidimtiwa al'umma da muhimmanci. Ko da a Mobil, ya jagoranci hada-hada daban-daban na tara-kudi domin tallafa wa shirye-shiryen ci-gaban al'umma a Jihar Legas. Ya kuma jagoranci kungiyar Primrose, wata kungiyar siyasa da ke hankoron kawo canji a siyasar Jihar Lagos. Haka nan, Bola Tinubu ya yanke shawarar shiga aikin hidimar al'umma gadan-gadan ta hanyar ajiye babban matsayi da yake da shi a kamfanin Mobil. Fara Harkokin Siyasa Shigarsa ta farko fagen siyasa, ya fara ne da shiga sahu wajen kafa jam'iyyar SDP da shi. A shekarar 1992, aka zabe shi a matsayin Sanata da ke wakiltar Yammacin Jihar Legas. A Majalisar Dattijai, ya samu nasarar zama shugaban kwamitin da ke kula da bankuna, kuɗi da kasafi na Majalisar Dattawa wanda babban kwamiti ne na Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya. Bayan soke zaben shugaban kasa na ran 12 ga watan Yunin, 1993 da Gwamnatin Mulkin Soja Ta IBB tayi da kuma kara wa'adin mulkin soja, Asiwaju Bola Ahmed Tinubu ya Shiga sahun gaba cikin wadanda suka kafa kungiyar masu rajin kare dimokradiyya da aka fi sani da NADECO. Sun tunkari gwamnatin mulkin soji na wancan lokaci wajen ganin an dawo da tsarin dimokuradiyya a Najeriya. Bola Tinubu ya sha barazana ga rayuwarsa da musgunawa wanda har ta kai ga kamawa tare da tsare shi wanda hakan ya sa ya gudu ya bar kasar. Duk da haka bai karaya ba a gwagwarmayarsu ta neman tsarin dimokradiyya inda ya zama shugaban kungiyar ta NADECO da ke gudun hijira, inda ya ci gaba da hankoron ganin mulkin dimokradiyya da tsarin shugabanci a Najeriya. Neman da kungiyar NADECO ke yi daga baya ta sami yin nasara. Yayin da mulkin soja yazo karshe, Bola Tinubu ya dawo Najeriya a shekarar 1998 domin shiga sahun gaba na kawo cigaba da fahimtar juna. Tinubu ya shiga sahun mutane da suka kafa jam'iyar siyasa mai son ci gaba ta Alliance for Democracy (AD), inda ya samu nasarar zamantowa mai yi wa jam'iyyar takarar kujerar gwamna a jihar Legas. Zama Gwamnan Legas Bayan samun nasarar zama gwamnan Jihar Legas a zabukan 1999, Tinubu ya jagoranci jihar har na tsawon shekara 8. Bayan shigar sa ofis a watan Mayun 1999, Bola Tinubu ya jawo hazikan mutane a cikin gwamnatinsa, wanda tare suka tsara kyakkyawan shiri na shugabancin Jihar lagos. Ajanda 10 da gwamnatinsa ta mayar da hankali a kai sun kunshi bangaren ilimi da lafiya da samar da ayyukan yi da rage talauci, da samar da wutar lantarki da ruwan sha da tsarin zirga-zirga mai kyau da kula da muhalli da doka-da-oda da samar da abinci da kuma farfado da bangaren aikin gwamnati. Gwamnatin Tinubu, ta inganta tare da gyara tsarin mulki ta hanyar kirkiro da sabbin ma'aikatu irinsu ma'aikatar gidaje da ma'aikatar wasanni da ci gaban matasa da kuma ta harkokin mata da rage talauci. A tsawon mulkinsa, Asiwaju Tinubu ya kawo hazikai da kuma kwararru a cikin gwamnatinsa a matsayin kwamishinoni da kuma masu ba shi shawara a bangarori da suka kware. Ta hanyar tsare-tsare da aiwatarwa, gwamnatin Asiwaju Tinubu ta kara kasafin kudin Jihar Legas daga naira biliyan 14.200 a shekarar 1999 zuwa Naira biliyan 240.866 a shekarar 2007 domin Jihar ta samar da karin ababen more rayuwa ga al'ummarta. Gwamnatin Tinubu ta ci gaba da kiyaye rabon kasafin kudi na shekara da akalla kashi 60-40 bisa dari a kan kudin da ake kashewa na manyan ayyuka don tabbatar da an samar da ababen more rayuwa ga al'umma. Asiwaju Tinubu, ta hanyar kirkire-kirkire da sabbin tsare-tsare ya cire Jihar Lagos daga samun kudaden shiga na shekara-shekara na Naira biliyan 14.64 a shekarar 1999 zuwa Naira biliyan 60.31 a shekarar 2006. Ya zuwa watan Maris din 2007, jihar ta samu kudin haraji a wata da ya kai naira biliyan 8.2. Wannan gagarumin kokari da gwamnatinsa ta samu a jihar Lagos ya biyo bayan bijiro da tsare-tsare da kuma aiwatar wa kamar kirkiro da tsarin bankin laturoni da tsarin sa ido a kudaden da ake tarawa da kaddamar da tsarin a na'ura mai kwakwalwa. Sannan akwai tsarin biyan haraji na laturoni da sake tsara gudanar da ma'aikatar kula da kudaden haraji na jihar da sake fasalta tsarin karbar kuɗin haraji da samar da bayanan masu biyan haraji. Jihar Legas karkashin jagorancin Bola Ahmed Tinubu ta zama abin koyi a bangaren tafiyar da aikin gwamnati da kirkire-kirkire da harkokin kudi. A watan Satumban, 2002, Legas ta kasance jiha ta farko a Najeriya da ta tara kudaden shiga masu yawa don bunkasa ababen more rayuwa. Jihar ta samu kudade ta hanyar karbo takardun lamuni domin aiwatar da ayyukan ci gaba kamar gyara hanyoyi da gina rukunin gidajen milenia da gina harkokin samar da ruwa da gyara kotuna da samar da wuraren zubar da shara da gina azuzuwa da sauran su. Jajircewar Tinubu da taimakon baiwar sa ta siyasa, Bola Tinubu ya hangi barazanar magudin zabe a 2003 daga Jam'iyyar PDP mai Mulki, inda abokansa a yankin kudu-maso-yamma suka saduda da kin yin kamfe na sake zabarsu, amma Tinubu ya bijiro da wani yakin neman zabe mai ma'ana kan irin nasarori da ya samu. Sauran gwamnonin Jam'iyar AD a jihohin Ondo da Osun da Ekiti da Ogun da kuma Oyo dukkansu sun gamu da cikas wajen sake zabarsu a shekarar 2003, a inda jam'iyyar PDP ta samu nasara. Bola Tinubu ya kasance mutum daya tilo da ya samu nasara a karkashin jam'iyar AD. Da irin nasarorin da ya samu a shugabancin Jihar Lagos, ya samu nasarar kalubalantar gwamnatin tarayya ta fuskar siyasa da kuma shari'a. Saboda jajircewarsa a wannan lokaci, Bola Tinubu ya kasance mutum daya tilo da ya tsaya tsayin daka wajen hana Najeriya zama kasa mai tsarin jam'iyya daya.Ya kasance gwamnan jam'iyyar AD daya tilo a cikin jihohi 36 na Najeriya. Duk da haka, bai karaya ba, inda ya shiga sahun gaba wajen karfafa 'yan siyasa da ke son ci gaba. A 2007, 'yan siyasar da ke son ci gaba a kudu-maso-yammacin Najeriya suka dawo da martabarsu. Don sake zama babban dan siyasa na bangaren adawa, Bola Tinubu ya taka rawa wajen kirkiro da sabuwar jam'iyar ci gaba mai suna Action Congress (AC), wadda daga baya ta koma Action Congress of Najeriya (ACN). Jajircewar Tinubu ce ta kare Jihar Legas daga mamayar Jam'iyyar PDP, sai dai tsarin da ya bullo da shi ya taimaka masa wajen sake farfado da akidar siyasa wanda daga baya ya dawo da ci gaban shugabanci a fadin kudu maso yamma da kuma Jihar Edo. Idan za a rubuta tarihin wannan lokaci, Tinubu zai kasance a matsayin mutumin da ya tsaya tsayin daka wajen kawo tsarin siyasar ci gaba a yankin kudu-maso-yamma da kuma Najeriya. Za a san shi a matsayin mutumin da ya jajirce wajen hana jam'iyar PDP cimma burinta na gudanar da tsarin jam'iyya daya a kusa. Wadanda suke da ra'ayin mulkin dimokuradiyya a Najeriya, tilas ne su jinjina gudummawar da Asiwaju Tinubu ya bayar. Kafa jam'iyyar APC A zaɓen 2015, Asiwaju ya zama babban mai goyon bayan haɗewar jam'iyyarsa da wasu jam'iyyun adawa biyu Jam'iyyar CPC da kuma Jam'iyar ANPP domin kawo karshen mulkin Jam'iyar PDP. Jam'iyyun guda uku sun hade daga baya inda suka samar da jam'iyar All Progressive Congress (APC). Duba da rawa da ya taka wajen kafa jam'iyyar, an bai wa Tinubu mukamin jagoran jam'iyyar na kasa. A nan ma, ya sadaukar da burinsa na siyasa, domin karfafa jam'iyyar da ba ta fifiko a kasa baki daya. A shekarar 2015, jam'iyyar ta APC ta samu nasarar lashe zaben shugaban ƙasa na shekarar 2015, wanda karon farko da jam'iyyar adawa ta kada shugaba mai mulki a Najeriya. Tinubu ya taimaka wa Jam'iyyar ta APC wajen samun nasara. Takarar shugabancin Najeriya a jam'iyyar APC A Ranar 22 Ga Watan Yuni Na Shekarar 2022 Bola Tinubu Yayi Sa'ar samun Tikitin takarar a Jam’iyyarsa Ta APC Bola Ahmed Tinubu ya samu nasarar ce da kuri'u dubu 1271 da masu zabe sama da dubu 2300 suka kwashe dare suna kadawa. Tsohon gwamnan Rivers Rotimi Amaechi ya zo na biyu da kuri'u 316, sai Mataimakin shugaban Najeriya Yemi Osinbajo a matsayi na uku da kuri'u 235 sai kuma shugaban Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya Ahmed Lawan da ya samu kuri'u 152. 'Yan takara 14 da suka fafata a zaɓen sun haɗa da Mista Chukwuemeka Nwajuba, Fasto Tunde Bakare, Mista Ahmed Rufa’i, Sanata Rochas Okorocha, Mista Jack Rich, Gwamna Ben Ayade, Gwamna David Umuahi, Asiwaju Bola Tinubu, Sen. Ahmed Yarima, Dr Ahmed Lawal, mataimakinsa. -Shugaban kasa Yemi Osinbajo, Mista Rotimi Amaechi, Gwamna Yahaya Bello da Mista Ogbonnaya Onu. Lashe Zaben Shekarar 2023 A ranar 1 ga Watan Maris 2023, Shugaban hukumar INEC, Farfesa Mahmood Yakubu ya sanar da tsohon gwamnan jihar Legas, Bola Tinubu a matsayin wanda ya lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2023 da kuri'a miliyan 8,794,726. Tsohon matainmakin shugaban Najeriya, Atiku Abubakar ne ke biye masa da kuri'u miliyan 6,984,520. Sai kuma ɗan takarar jam'iyyar Labour, Peter Obi wanda ya samu kuri'a miliyan 6,101,533. Tsohon gwamnan jihar Kano, Sanata Rabi'u Musa Kwankwaso ne ya zo na hudu da kuri'u miliyan 1,496,687. Amma Sai Dai Jam'iyyun adawa na PDP da LP sun ce ba za su karbi sakamakon ba bisa zargin tafka magudi a mazabu da dama, inda kuma suka ce za su garzaya kotu. An Rantsar da Ahmed Bola Tinubu a Ranar Litinin Ashirin da tare ga watan Mayu a Shekara ta Dubu biyu da a Shirin da Ukku. Manazarta Rayayyun Mutane Haifaffun 1952 Gwamnonin Jihar
58501	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe%20Leclerc%20de%20Hauteclocque	Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque	Philippe François Marie Leclerc de Hauteclocque (22 Nuwamba 1902 28 ga Nuwamba 1947)Janar ne na Faransanci a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu.Ya zama Marshal na Faransa bayan mutuwarsa a cikin 1952,kuma an san shi a Faransa kawai a matsayin le maréchal Leclerc ko kawai Leclerc Ɗan gidan aristocratic,Hauteclocque ya sauke karatu daga École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr,makarantar soja ta Faransa,a 1924.Bayan ya yi aiki tare da Faransanci na Ruhr da kuma a Maroko,ya koma Saint-Cyr a matsayin malami.An ba shi kyautar croix de guerre des théâtres d'opérations extérieures don jagorantar goumiers a harin da aka kai kan kogo da kwaruruka a Bou Amdoun a ranar 11 ga Agusta 1933.A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu ya yi yakin Faransa.Ya kasance daya daga cikin na farko da suka bijirewa gwamnatinsa ta Armistice don yin hanyarsa ta zuwa Burtaniya don yin yaki da Faransanci mai 'yanci a karkashin Janar Charles de Gaulle,tare da yin amfani da nom de guerre na Leclerc don kada matarsa da 'ya'yansa su kasance cikin haɗari idan ya kasance.suna ya bayyana a cikin takardun. An tura shi zuwa Afirka Equatorial na Faransa,inda ya tara shugabannin yankin don yakar 'yan tawayen Faransa mai 'yanci,ya kuma jagoranci wata rundunar yaki da Gabon,wadda shugabanninta ke goyon bayan gwamnatin Faransa.Daga Chadi ya jagoranci kai hare-hare zuwa Libya Italiya.Bayan da dakarunsa suka kwace Kufra,ya sa mutanensa suka rantse da rantsuwar da aka fi sani da suna Serment de Koufra a yau,inda suka yi alkawarin ci gaba da yaki har sai tutarsu ta tashi a kan babban cocin Strasbourg. Dakarun da ke karkashinsa,wadanda aka fi sani da L Force,sun yi yakin neman zabe a kasar Libya a shekarar 1943,sun rufe gefen tekun na Sojoji na takwas a lokacin da suka shiga kasar Tunusiya,kuma sun shiga cikin harin da aka kai kan layin Mareth Daga nan aka canza L Force zuwa 2e Division Blindée,kodayake galibi ana kiranta da La Division Leclerc.Ya yi yaƙi a ƙarƙashin umarnin Leclerc a yakin Normandy,kuma ya shiga cikin 'yantar da Paris da Strasbourg. Bayan karshen yakin duniya na biyu a Turai a watan Mayun 1945,an ba shi umarni na Rundunar Yakin Gabas ta Tsakiya( Corps expéditionnaire français en Extrême-Orient, CEFEO).Ya wakilci Faransa a mika wuya daular Japan a Tokyo Bay a ranar 2 ga Satumba 1945.Nan da nan ya fahimci wajabcin warware rikicin siyasa a Indochina,amma ya sake kasancewa a gaban 'yan kasarsa,kuma an kira shi zuwa Faransa a 1946.An kashe shi a wani hatsarin jirgin sama a Aljeriya a shekara ta 1947. Rayuwar farko An haifi Philippe François Marie de Hauteclocque a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba 1902 a Belloy-Saint-Léonard a sashen Somme,Faransa.Shi ne na biyar cikin yara shida na Adrien de Hauteclocque, comte de Hauteclocque (1864 1945),da Marie-Thérèse van der Cruisse de Waziers (1870 1956).An ambaci sunan Philippe don girmama wani kakan da sojojin Croatia suka kashe a hidimar masarautar Habsburg a lokacin Yaƙin Shekaru Talatin a 1635. Hauteclocque ya fito ne daga tsohuwar layin masu martaba na ƙasa .Kakanninsa kai tsaye sun yi aiki a Crusade na biyar a kan Masar,da kuma a Crusade na takwas na Saint Louis da Tunisia a 1270.Sun kuma yi yaƙi a Yaƙin Saint-Omer a 1340 da Yaƙin Fontenoy a 1745.Iyalin sun yi nasarar tsira daga juyin juya halin Faransa .Membobi uku na iyali sun yi hidima a Grande Armée na Napoleon kuma na huɗu,wanda ya yi fama da rashin lafiya, ya yi hidima a cikin jirgin. Ɗan na uku,Constantin,wanda ya yi aiki a Yaƙin Rasha na Napoleon,Sarki Louis XVIII ne ya ƙirƙira shi a matsayin chevalier,da Papal ɗin Paparoma Pius IX a 1857. Constantin yana da 'ya'ya maza biyu.Babban, Alfred François Marie (1822-1902), ya mutu bai haihu ba.Ƙananan, Gustave François Marie Joseph (1829-1914), ya zama sanannen Masanin ilimin Masar. Shi kuma Gustave yana da ‘ya’ya maza uku.Na farko, Henry (1862-1914),na uku,Wallerand (1866-1914),ya zama hafsoshi a cikin sojojin Faransa,suna aiki a lokacin yakin mulkin mallaka,ciki har da yaki da Samory a Sudan. An kashe su duka a farkon yakin duniya na farko.Dan na biyu shine Adrien,wanda ya shiga cikin watan Agusta 1914 a matsayin soja a cikin ,tsarin mulkin da dansa Guy yake a cikinsa Daga baya aka ba Adrien izini,kuma sau biyu ana ba shi kyautar Croix de Guerre don gallantry.Ya tsira daga yakin,kuma ya gaji sarautar iyali da dukiya a Belloy-Saint-Léonard. Farkon aikin soja Philippe de Hauteclocque yana karatun gida har sai ya kasance 13,lokacin da aka tura shi zuwa L'école de la Providence,makarantar Jesuit a Amiens .A cikin 1920,yana ɗan shekara 17,ya tafi Lycée privé Sainte-Geneviève,wanda aka sani da Ginette, makarantar share fage a Versailles Daga nan ya shiga École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr,makarantar sojan Faransa. Kowane aji yana da suna; Nasa shine Metz et Strasbourg bayan garuruwan Alsace da Lorraine sun koma Faransa ta yarjejeniyar Versailles .Ya sauke karatu a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1924, kuma an ba shi mukamin babban laftanar sojan Faransa .Bayan ya zaɓi reshen sojan doki,sai ya halarci makarantar sojan doki a Saumur,wanda daga nan ne ya sauke karatu a ajinsa a ranar 8 ga Agusta 1925. Babban ɗan'uwan Hauteclocque Guy ya auri Madeleine de Gargan,'yar Baron de Gargan.Philippe ya zama mai yawan ziyartar gidan Gargan,kuma ƙanwar Madeleine Thérèse ta burge shi.Su biyun sun yi zawarcin lokacin yana Saint-Cyr.A cikin al'adar tsofaffin iyalai masu daraja,Count Adrien ya tambayi Baron de Gargan izinin Philippe ya auri Thérèse.An yi bikin aure a Cocin St Joan na Arc a Rouen a ranar 10 ga Agusta 1925. Don kyautar bikin aure,Adrien ya ba su gidan caca a cikin Tailly Suna da 'ya'ya shida: Henri (1926-1952),wanda aka kashe a yakin Indochina na farko Hubert (1927-),wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin magajin garin Tailly daga 2001 zuwa 2008;Charles (1929-);Jeanne (1931-);Michel (1933–2014); da Bénédicte (1936-).Philippe da Thérèse sun yi hayar wata ’yar gwamnatin Ostiriya,kuma suna magana da Jamusanci a gaban ’ya’yansu don inganta harshensu. Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Saumur, Hauteclocque ya shiga tsarinsa, wanda a lokacin yana aiki a Trier a matsayin wani ɓangare na mamayar Franco-Belgian na Ruhr .Aikin Garrison bai yarda da shi ba, don haka ya ba da kansa don hidima tare da tushen a Taza a Maroko.An kara masa girma zuwa laftanar a watan Oktoba 1926. A cikin 1927,an sanya shi a matsayin malami a Makarantar Soja ta Dar El-Beida a Meknes,makarantar soja ta Faransa Maroko. A nan, ya sadu da ,tsohon sojan yakin duniya na farko yana da shekara takwas da haihuwa,wanda daga baya zai ba da kai don yin hidima a karkashin umarninsa.A cikin 1929, an haɗa shi da 38e Goum Mixte Marocains,rukunin Goumier na Moroccan a M'Zizel a cikin tsaunukan Atlas Ya ga an dauki mataki a yakin da ake yi da mayakan Ait Hammou. A wani mataki, an harbi dawakai biyu daga karkashinsa. Bayan haka, an buga shi zuwa babban rundunan sojan doki na Armée d'Afrique,da ke Rabat A cikin Fabrairu 1931, Hauteclocque ya koma Saint-Cyr a matsayin malami,amma yana so ya koma hidima mai aiki.Alokacin hutun bazara a cikin 1933,ya tashi zuwa kudu zuwa Afirka,inda ya ba da rahoto ga Général de brigade Henri Giraud a ranar 11 ga Yuli.Giraud ya aika shi cikin filin a matsayin jami'in haɗin gwiwa tare da goum An ba shi lambar yabo ta croix de guerre des théâtres d'opérations extérieures don jagorantar goumiers a harin da aka kai kan kogo da kwaruruka a Bou Amdoun a ranar 11 ga Agusta. Babban Kwamandan a Maroko, Général de division Antoine Huré, ya ji cewa Hauteclocque bai kamata ya kasance a can ba, kuma ya rike kyautar har tsawon shekaru uku.Wasu sun ji daban,kuma an ba Hauteclocque shiga da wuri a cikin kwas don haɓakawa ga capitaine .Ya sanya na hudu a cikin aji, kuma an kara masa girma a ranar 25 ga Disamba 1934. Ƙaddamarwa ya kasance a hankali a cikin yakin tsakanin sojojin Faransa,musamman ma a cikin sojan doki,kuma shi ne kawai na biyu a cikin ajin Saint-Cyr zuwa.kai wannan matsayi.Yawancin sun jira har zuwa 1936.An kuma yi shi Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur Ko da yake sun kasance Katolika masu aminci,Hauteclocque da Thérèse sun yi rajista ga Action Française,mujallar wata ƙungiyar siyasa ta dama mai suna iri ɗaya,duk da hukuncin da Paparoma ya yi a kansa,kuma ya ci gaba da yin haka ko da bayan Thérèse ya ƙi amincewa .Sabanin haka,dan uwansa ɗan jarida ne da ya sami lambar yabo wanda ya ba da rahoto game da haɓakar Jam'iyyar Nazi a Jamus,ya ziyarci sansanin taro a Dachau, kuma ya rubuta game da Daren Dogon Wuka.Xavier ya mutu a cikin Afrilu 1935,yana da tabbacin cewa 'yan Nazi sun kashe shi guba. Bayan yakin duniya na biyu,Hauteclocque ya lalata kwafinsa na Action Française Hauteclocque ya karya ƙafarsa a wurare biyu a faɗuwar dokinsa a 1936.Ya shaida wa kamfaninsa cewa laifinsa ne na hawa kafadar hanya.Bayan haka ya yawaita tafiya da sanda.Bayan wani mummunan hatsarin da ya shafi rasa hanyarsa a lokacin motsa jiki da kuma makale a filin da aka killace da igiya,ya gaya musu cewa idan kun yi wani abu na wauta,yana da kyau ku yarda. A cikin Nuwamba 1938,Hauteclocque ya shiga École supérieure de guerre,Kwalejin ma'aikatan Sojojin Faransa, a matsayin wani ɓangare na aji na 60th.Bayan kammala karatunsa a watan Yuli 1939,an umarce shi da ya kai rahoto ga (4e DI)a matsayin shugaban
23892	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami%20Yusuf	Sami Yusuf	Sami Yusuf (An haifeshi a ranar 21 ga watan Yulin shekara alif 1980) ne wani Iran -born Birtaniya Musulmi ne kuma marubucin wakoki sannan kuma mai rerawa Multi-instrumentalist, mawaki, rikodin m, da kuma agaji na Azerbaijani lõkacin saukarsa. Yusuf ya samu hankalin duniya tare da fitar da faifan sa na farko, Al-Mu`allim, a shekara ta 2003. Yanzu tare da sayar da kundin album sama da guda miliyan 34, yana yin wasanni a wurare a duniya. Yawancin manyan kafafen yada labarai, ciki har da BBC, CNN, Reuters, da sauransu sun rufe aikinsa da farin jini. Kamar yadda na shekarar 2020, Yusuf ya saki 8 studio albums, 5 live albums, 1 tari album, kuma mahara maras aure a ko'ina ya aiki. Galibin kundin studio ɗin sa Andante Records ne suka fitar da su, tare da na farko na Farkawa. Bayan Ingilishi na asali, Sami ya yi yaren Larabci, Azerbaijani, Farisanci, Baturke, da Urdu, wani lokacin a cikin aiki ɗaya, kamar yadda ya faru da bugunsa, Hasbi Rabbi. An yiwa aikinsa alama ta hanyar haɗa salo daban -daban na kiɗa, gami da abubuwa daga Sufi, jama'a, da kiɗan Rock. Ya yi amfani da salon sa na harsuna da yawa da yawa don magance matsalolin zamantakewa, na ruhaniya, da na jin kai. Dangane da jin daɗinsa, a cikin shekara ta 2014, an nada Yusuf a matsayin Jakadan Majalisar Globalinkin Duniya na Shirin Abinci na Duniya. Rayuwar farko An haifi Sami Yusuf a ranar 21 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 1980 a Tehran ga iyayen Azerbaijan. Kakanninsa sun fito ne daga Baku, Azerbaijan, wanda suka bar wa Iran lokacin da Bolsheviks suka kama ta bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Farko Kuma iyayensa sun isa Ealing, West London, kuma a farkon shekarun 1980, bayan juyin juya halin Musulunci a Iran Tun yana ƙarami, Yusuf ya nuna sha’awar waƙa. Ya sha bamban da nau'ikan nau'ikan kiɗan da ake samu a garin Ealing da ke Yammacin London, yana dulmiyar da kansa musamman a cikin kiɗan gargajiya na Yammacin Turai da kiɗan Gabas ta Tsakiya. Ya koya da piano da goge, kazalika da gargajiya kida ciki har da oud, Setar, kuma tonbak Lokacin da yake da shekaru 16, Yusufu ya sami farfaɗo da ruhaniya wanda ya sa ya zama "musulmin da ya fi himma". A cikin shekara ta 2003, kodayake yana la'akari da neman aikin doka, ya samar kuma ya fitar da kundi na farko. Nan da nan ya zama nasara ta duniya kuma ya ƙaddamar da ƙwararren mawaƙin Yusuf. Yusuf ya karanci kida a matsayin ɗalibin kida a babbar makarantar Royal Academy, haka kuma a Jami'ar Salford da ke arewa maso yammacin Ingila. Aikin kiɗa Spiritique shine sunan da Yusuf ya ba wa salo na kiɗansa na musamman wanda ke haɗa abubuwan sauti na Yammacin da Gabas. Babban jigon kalmomin Yusuf yana ɗaya daga cikin ruhaniya mai haɗawa. Kundinsa na farko, Al-Mu'allim, cikin Turanci tare da wasu kalmomin Larabci, ya zama babban nasara musamman a duk faɗin Arewacin Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya. Umma ta biyo ta, kuma tare da siyar da kundin album ɗin ya kai miliyan 10 da sauri. Yusuf ya yi wasanni a nahiyoyi biyar. Wakokin kide -kide nasa gami da wadanda aka yi a Babban Majami'ar Shrine a Los Angeles, Wembley Arena a London, da Velodrome a Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu an sayar da su. Mutane dubu 250,000 ne suka zo don jin yadda ya yi wasan a dandalin Taksim da ke Istanbul Lokaci ya kira Yusuf "Babban Tauraron Rock na Musulunci", yayin da The Guardian ya rubuta game da shi, "Babban Babban Tauraruwa a Gabas ta Tsakiya ɗan Burtaniya ne". Kundaye 2003 2014 A shekarar ta 2003, Yusuf ya fitar da faifan sa na farko, Al-Mu`allim, wani faifan da ya shirya, ya rubuta, ya kuma yi. Waƙar fasalinta, Al-Mu'allim, ya zama abin shahara a Gabas ta Tsakiya, Arewacin Afirka, da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, yana kan gaba a cikin Masar da Turkiyya na makwanni goma sha biyu a jere, yana sayar da miliyoyin kwafi a duk duniya kuma ya isa ga masu sauraro daban-daban. An yi amfani da waƙar ƙarshe na kundi, Addu'a, a cikin fim ɗin da aka zaɓi lambar yabo ta Golden-Globe, The Kite Runner Yusuf ya samu karbuwa a duniya baki daya bayan fitar da kundi na biyu, My Ummah, a shekara ta 2005. Kundin, ta amfani da sautin Gabas da Yamma, ya yi amfani da kayan kiɗa iri-iri. An yi la'akari da kundin fa'ida, ya sayar da kwafi sama da miliyan huɗu a duniya kuma matasa sun karɓe shi sosai, waɗanda suka yi daidai da jigogin waƙoƙin Yusuf. Duk Inda kuke, kundi na uku na hukuma na Yusuf, an sake shi a cikin Maris shekara ta 2010. Rolling Stone ya kira album ɗin "wanda aka samar da kyau". Da fitowar ta, Yusuf ya yi marhabin da abin da ya kira "sabon babin" a cikin sana'arsa da waƙa. An fitar da kundi na hudu na Yusuf, Salaam, a watan Disambar shekara ta 2012. A cikin watanni huɗu da ƙaddamar da shi ya sami matsayin platinum a kudu maso gabashin Asiya kuma ya kasance mafi kyawun kundin siyarwa a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka. Kundin ya kunshi wakar “Ji Kira”, wanda Yusuf ya shirya don jawo hankali ga halin da mutanen da bala’o’i ke addabar su. 2014 Cibiyar An fito da Cibiyar a cikin shekara ta 2014 kuma tarin waƙoƙi guda 13 ne wanda Yusuf ke fatan masu sauraronsa za su sami wahayi don neman cibiyoyin ruhaniya daban -daban. Sabon sauti ne wanda ke da tasirin al'adu iri -iri, yana amfani da na gargajiya har da na Gabas ta Tsakiya, Arewacin Afirka, da waƙoƙin Turai, kayan kida, da waƙoƙi. 2015 Wakokin Hanya Kundin kundi na shida na Yusuf, Waƙoƙin Hanyar, an sake shi a cikin Janairu shekara ta 2015. Duk wakokin na shahararren masanin falsafa Seyyed Hossein Nasr ne kuma daga litattafan wakokinsa ne, Waƙoƙin Hanya da Tattakin Rayuwa Sai dai waƙoƙi biyu cikin Farisanci da Larabci, waƙoƙin suna cikin Turanci. 2016 Baraka Barakah, kundi na bakwai na Yusuf, an sake shi a watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2016 ta Andante Records. Sakamakon bincike mai zurfi ne kan kiɗan gargajiya da waƙoƙin da ke cikin kundin. Yusuf ya ce wannan martani ne na kiɗansa ga karuwar hargitsi da hayaniyar duniyar yau, kuma burinsa shine waɗannan waƙoƙin da waƙoƙin su ba da taga a cikin sararin zaman lafiya da jituwa. Waƙar "Mast Qalandar" daga Barakah ta kai #1 akan sigogin Kiɗan Duniya akan iTunes da BBC Music. A cewar Yusuf, sabon kundin yana da niyyar "mayar da martani ga karuwar tsattsauran ra'ayi a duniyarmu tare da yin kira da a dawo cikin jituwa da daidaituwa." 2018 SAMi (EP) Yusuf ya fito da sabon EP SAMi a matsayin wani aiki na gefe ta wannan kwararren mai fasaha wanda ya taso daga sha'awar sa na kaɗe -kaɗe na Burtaniya. Tarin waƙar, tare da sautinta masu sauƙaƙe da waƙoƙin waƙoƙi kai tsaye, sun gano Yusuf yana bincika sautin yamma wanda ke fitowa daga ƙuruciyarsa yana girma a London. SAMi ya sayar sosai kuma ya hau kan wasu sigogi na iTunes tun lokacin da aka fitar da shi, kuma Yusuf ya ce yana godiya kuma yana ɗan mamakin yadda ba a kushe shi da yanayin kasuwancin aikin ba. 2020 Azerbaijan: Kasancewa maras lokaci "Azerbaijan: Kasancewar Ba da Lokaci" shine odyssey na kiɗa ta hanyar kyawawan kayan fasaha da al'adu. Sami Yusuf ne ya shirya, ya shirya kuma ya ba da umarni don bukin buɗe taro na 43 na Kwamitin Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO a Baku ranar 30 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 2019. Sanannen yawon shakatawa da wasannin kide -kide Yin wasa a Farum Arena, Denmark, Grugahalle a Jamus, da De Doelen a Netherlands, Yusuf ya gabatar da faifan sa mai zuwa, Duk inda kuke Ya yi wasan kwaikwayo a Azerbaijan a karon farko a 2006, a karo na biyu a shekara ta 2015 (14-15 ga watan Maris), da 22 ga Maris 2017 a Fadar Heydar Aliyev da ke Baku, mutane 250,000 sun halarci wasan kwaikwayon da ya yi a dandalin Taksim da ke Istanbul don ganin Yusuf ya yi a shekara ta 2013. Yusuf ya taka leda a nahiyoyi hudu, inda ya shirya wuraren shakatawa kamar Wembley Arena a London, Shrine Auditorium a Los Angeles da The Velodrome a Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu. Yana yin waka da Turanci, Larabci, Baturke, Farisanci, Azerbaijani, Malay da Urdu kuma yana goyan bayan nau'ikan kayan gargajiya da na kabilu. Yusuf ya kuma yi wasan kwaikwayo a Washington DC Yusuf yayi wasan farko a Dubai a watan Disambar shekara ta 2016. Ya fara gabatar da waƙar "ɗaukaka", wanda waƙar Mai Martaba Shaikh Mohammad Bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Mataimakin Shugaban ƙasa kuma Firayim Minista na UAE kuma Sarkin Dubai. Aikin agaji Tun farkon sana'arsa, Yusuf ya shiga ayyukan jin kai ta hanyar yin kide -kide na fa'ida, sakin waƙoƙin sadaka, da yin aiki a madadin ƙungiyoyin da ke aiki don rage wahala da talauci. Dangane da ambaliyar ruwan Pakistan a shekara tas 2010 wanda ya yi barna a cikin kasar kuma ya shafi rayuka guda miliyan 20 a lokacin bazara na shekara ta 2010, cikin hanzari ya saki wata sadaka mai taken "Ji Kiran ku", wanda aka yi cikin Ingilishi da Urdu, don tara kuɗi ga 'yan Pakistan da suka yi hijira. a cikin hadin gwiwa tare da kungiyar agaji ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Save the Children A cikin shekara ta 2014, an nada shi "Jakadan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Duniya" don Shirin Abinci na Duniya. Rayuwar mutum Sami ya bayyana cewa ya rungumi addinin Sunni yayin girma. Sami ya yi magana game da asalinsa a matsayin “mai banbanci” kuma ya kawo wannan a matsayin shaida ga “halin haɗe mutane”. Sami Yusuf yayi aure a Matar tasa 'yar asalin Jamus ce kuma ta musulunta kafin ta hadu da Yusuf. Ra'ayin addini da siyasa Sami Yusuf ya sami karbuwa sosai a duk fadin duniyar musulmi saboda wakokinsa na ruhaniya. Amma masu zane -zane kamar shi da Maher Zain sun fuskanci adawa daga Musulmai masu ra'ayin mazan jiya waɗanda ke ganin kida ba ta halatta. A shekara ta 2006, Yvonne Ridley, 'yar jaridar Burtaniya kuma wacce ta musulunta, ta rubuta labari mai cike da hamayya ga abin da ta ɗauka a matsayin al'adar pop da ke wulakanta Musulunci. Ta yi la'akari da kasancewar Sami a bayyane na kasa ba shi da komai game da rikice -rikicen da ke faruwa a yankin Islama wanda Biritaniya ke shiga ciki, kamar yakin Iraki A martaninsa, Sami ya rubuta budaddiyar wasika yana tattaunawa mai zurfi kan matsayinsa kan kiɗa da masana'antar fasahar zamani gabaɗaya daga mahangar fikihu ta Musulunci da ta zamantakewa. Masu sharhi da dama sun yaba da martanin. A cikin hirar da ta gabata, Yusuf ya bayyana kansa a matsayin ɗan siyasa gaba ɗaya. Daga baya a cikin shekara ta 2017, ya rubuta budaddiyar wasika yana sukar haramcin Musulmin Trump Da yake ambaton shahararren waƙar Da farko sun zo Yusuf ya jaddada haɗin kai tsakanin Turawan Yamma da na Musulmai tare da adawa da Trumpism. Daraja da kyaututtuka A cikin shekara ta 2009, an ba Yusuf lambar yabo ta Doctor of Letters don karrama “gudummuwar da ta bayar a fagen waka” ta Jami'ar Roehampton, London. Silatech ta nada shi a matsayin Jakadansu na Duniya na farko a cikin wannan shekarar, daga baya ya shiga Ahmad Al Shugairi a matsayi daya. An yi la'akari da shi a matsayin babban mawaƙin Musulmi a Burtaniya, Yusuf yana fitowa kowace shekara tun daga shekara ta 2010 a cikin jerin "Musulmai 500 Mafi Shakara ta Duniya". A cikin shekara ta 2014, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta nada shi Jakadan Duniya kan Yunwa, kuma a cikin shekara ta 2015 Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta nada shi a matsayin "Jakadan Elite" don Makon Addinin Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. A cikin shekara ta 2016, Yusufu ya karɓi lambar yabo ta yabo saboda gudummawar da ya bayar wajen inganta saƙon zaman lafiya da haƙuri a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin samar da zaman lafiya na duniya Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum. A cikin shekara ta 2019, Yusuf ya karɓi difloma na girmamawa daga Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa na Azerbaijan saboda gudummawar da ya bayar wajen haɓaka kiɗan da al'adun Azerbaijan. A cikin kafofin watsa labarai "Babban Tauraron Dutsen Musulunci" Mujallar Time (2006) "Babban tauraro a Gabas ta Tsakiya" The Guardian (2006) "Sarkin Pop na Musulunci" Al Jazeera (2007) IOL Star na 2009 (2009) Shahararrun Burtaniya 30 na BBC (2009) Binciken hoto Albums ɗin Studio Albums masu rai Albums na tattarawa Marasa aure Nassoshi Hanyoyin waje Shafin Yanar Gizo na Sami Yusuf Facebook Sami Yusuf Instagram Sami Yusuf Pages with unreviewed
43326	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad%20Musa	Ahmad Musa	Ahmad Musa (an haife shi ne a ranar 14 ga watan October a shekara ta 1992), kwararren dan kwallon Nigeria ne wanda yake buga gaba da gefen hagu a filin kasar Turkish super lig a club din Sivasspor kuma shine Captain din Club din kasar Nageriya Musa ya zama dan Nageriya na farko da yaci kwallo sama da daya a gasar kofin duniya ta FIFA, hakan ya samo asali ne bayan cin kasar Argentina kwallaye biyu a gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar, 2014 Musa kuma shine dan Nageriya na farko da ya ci kwallaye biyu a gasar kofin duniya ta FIFA bayan yaci Iceland kwallaye har sau biyu a matakin grup na shekarar, 2018, yana da fitowa 107, ya kasance dan kwallo dan nageriya dayafi kowa tun watan Nuwanba 201, Musa mamba ne na kungiyar kwallo ta Al-Nassr wadda ta ci gasar kwallo ta Saudiya da Saudi Super Cup duka a shekarar, 2019. Aiki a Club Kaiminsa a Nageriya A shekara ta, 2008 musa ya shiga club JUTH F.C inda ya buga wasanni 18 yaci kwallaye hudu a shekarar biyu daya buga wasanni, An bada shi bashi ga kungiyar kwallo ta kano pillars a shekarrar, 2008 zuwa 2010. Musa ya zama dan wasa mafi anfani ni a kulub din. Musa ya rike tarihin zura kwallaye mafi yawa da aka taba ci a kakar wasa daya a tarihin gasar Firimiya ta Najeriya har zuwa watan Nuwamba a shekarar, 2011, lokacin Jude Aneke na Kaduna United F.C. ya kafa sabon tarihi na kwallaye 20. VVV-Venlo VVV-Venlo Gyara Musa an canja shi zuwa kulob din VVV-Venlo na Holland a lokacin rani na shekarar, 2010, amma an ci gaba da tafiya saboda yana da shekaru 17 kawai don haka bai cancanci samun ITC ba bisa ga dokokin FIFA na yanzu. Ya cancanci a hukumance ya buga wa VVV-Venlo a ranar 14 ga watan Oktoba a shekara ta, 2010 lokacin da a ƙarshe ya cika shekara 18. Kasa da mako guda da isowarsa kulob din, Musa ya fara buga wa kungiyar VVV-Venlo karawa da FC Groningen a ranar 30 ga watan Oktoba. Ya fara wasan da VVV-Venlo, an yi masa keta a minti na 50 kuma ya samu bugun fanariti Goal.com ta ƙididdige shi a cikin manyan taurarin ƙwallon ƙafa 100 masu zafi a duniya don kallo a cikin shekarar, 2011, Lolade Adewuyi na Goal.com ya sanya shi cikin jerin Manyan 'Yan Wasan Najeriya Goma na shekarar, 2010 kuma an haɗa shi cikin Jerin IFFHS na mafi kyawun 'yan wasa 140 a duniya. A ranar 8 ga watan Maris a shekara ta, 2011, Ahmed Musa ya lashe kyautar gwarzon dan wasan kwallon kafa ta AIT (na kasa). An gudanar da bikin ne a otal din shugaban kasa dake Fatakwal a jihar Ribas. Taron ya samu halartar gwarzon dan kwallon Afrika na BBC na bana, dan Ghana Asamoah Gyan da manyan jami'an hukumar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya ciki har da shugaban kasar Aminu Maigari. A watan Afrilu, darektan kwallon kafa na Venlo Mario Captien ya ce wakilan Tottenham Hotspur sun ziyarci kulob din game da dan wasan, kuma dan wasan Ajax Tijani Babangida ya ce Ajax na son Musa amma za a yanke hukuncin a karshen kakar wasa ta bana. A ranar 1 ga watan Mayu a shekara ta, 2011, Musa ya buga takalmin gyare-gyare don nutsar da Feyenoord 3–2 kuma ya kawo karshen duk wani fargabar faduwa ta atomatik daga Eredivisie. A watan Agustan shekarar, 2011, bayan da ya dawo daga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA U-20 a shekarar, 2011 a Colombia, Musa ya fara bayyanarsa a kakar wasa ta shekarar, 2011 zuwa 2012 a gida da AFC Ajax kuma ya ci kwallaye biyu. A watan Satumba shugaban VVV-Venlo Hai Berden ya bayyana a Eredivisie Live cewa VVV-Venlo ya ki amincewa da tayin Yuro miliyan 10 a minti na karshe na Musa daga Bundesliga. Ba a bayyana sunan kulob din na Bundesliga ba. CSKA Moscow A ranar 7 ga watan Janairu a shekara ta, 2012, Musa ya rattaba hannu a kungiyar CSKA Moscow ta Rasha kan kudin da ba a bayyana ba. A ranar 17 ga watan Satumba a shekara ta, 2014 ya zira kwallo ta ta'aziyyar minti na 82 a 5-1 UEFA Champions League a waje da AS. Roma. A ranar 1 ga watan Yuni a shekara ta, 2015, Musa ya rattaba hannu kan sabuwar kwangilar shekaru hudu da CSKA har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta shekarar, 2018 zuwa 2019. Ya gama kakar gasar Premier ta Rasha ta shekarar, 2015 zuwa 2016 a matsayin 5th mafi yawan zura kwallaye, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasa bakwai kawai masu shekaru ashirin da uku ko sama da haka don isa adadi biyu don zira kwallaye a cikin kowane yanayi biyu da suka gabata a cikin manyan gasa bakwai na Turai. Leicester City A ranar 8 ga watan Yuli a shekara ta, 2016, Musa ya koma Leicester City kan rikodin kulob din fam miliyan 16.6. Ya zura kwallayen sa na farko a kungiyar a wasan sada zumunci da kungiyar ta Barcelona a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na shekarar, 2016 wanda aka tashi da ci 4-2. Ya fara buga gasar Premier a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta a shekara ta, 2016 a ranar bude kulob din da ci 2–1 a hannun Hull City. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar Premier tare da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a wasan da suka doke Crystal Palace da ci 3–1 a ranar 22 ga watan Oktoba a shekara ta, 2016. zuwa watan Janairun shekara ta, 2017, Musa har yanzu bai yi rajistar mai taimakawa kulob din ba, inda ya bayar da gudunmawar kusan 0.5 key Passes, 0.3 Crosse da 1.2 nasara dribbles a kowane wasa. Koma CSKA Moscow a haya A ranar 30 ga watan Janairu a shekara ta, 2018, Musa ya koma CSKA Moscow a matsayin aro na sauran kakar shekarar, 2017 zuwa 2018. A ranar 4 ga watan Agusta a shekara ta, 2018, Musa ya koma Al Nassr ta Saudi Arabiya kan yarjejeniyar dindindin. A cikin watan Oktoba a shekara ta, 2020, Al Nassr ya ba da sanarwar cewa Musa zai tafi. An ruwaito cewa ana sa ran kulob din West Bromwich Albion na Premier zai kammala siyan Ahmed Musa a kasuwar musayar 'yan wasa ta watan Janairu na kakar shekarar, 2020 zuwa 2021. Manazarta Rayayyun Mutane Haifaffun
29746	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%B3ancin%20Kannabis	Ƴancin Kannabis	Haƙƙin Kannabis ko haƙƙin marijuana (wani lokaci musamman musamman haƙƙin masu amfani da Kannabis ko haƙƙin dutse ƙungiyoyin jama'a ne na mutum da haƙƙin ɗan adam waɗanda suka bambanta ta ikon hukuma. Haƙƙoƙin mutanen da ke shan wiwi sun haɗa da 'yancin samun 'yanci daga wariyar aiki da nuna wariyar gidaje Tarihi a Amurka Har zuwa karni na ashirin, babu wani hani a Amurka game da girma da cinye tabar wiwi. A tsakiyar karni na ashirin, mallakar marijuana laifi ne a kowace jiha ta Amurka (da yawancin sauran ƙasashe). A cikin 1996, ƙaddamar da Shawarar 215 ta masu jefa ƙuri'a na California sun dawo da iyakacin haƙƙin marasa lafiya na kannabis a cikin jihar. Sauran jihohi da ƙasashe tun daga lokacin sun shiga California don kiyaye haƙƙin masu amfani da tabar wiwi. A cikin Amurka, da yawa ba a sani ba game da haƙƙin cannabis saboda duk da dokokin jihohi, kannabis ya kasance ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. Saboda haka, masu amfani da kannabis ba sa cikin aji mai kariya Kotuna za su magance batutuwan da suka shafi dokar gidaje da aikin yi, da kuma wariyar nakasa Amfani da likitanci A cikin Amurka, amfani da tabar wiwi don dalilai na likita doka ne a cikin jihohi 33, huɗu (cikin biyar) yankuna na Amurka na dindindin da kuma Gundumar kolumbiya [11] Ƙarin ƙarin jihohi 14 suna da ƙarin ƙayyadaddun dokoki waɗanda ke ba da izinin amfani da ƙananan samfuran THC. [11] kannabis ya kasance ba bisa ka'ida ba a matakin tarayya ta hanyar Dokar Kayayyakin Abubuwan Kulawa, wanda a ƙarƙashinsa an rarraba cannabis azaman Jadawalin I magani tare da babban yuwuwar cin zarafi kuma babu yarda da amfani da likita. A cikin Disamba 2014, duk da haka, an sanya hannu kan gyaran Rohrabacher-Farr a cikin doka, wanda ya haramta Ma'aikatar Shari'a daga gurfanar da mutanen da ke aiki daidai da dokokin kannabis na likita. Hujja ta ƙasa da ƙasa don amfani da likita ta haɗa da haƙƙin lafiya, kamar yadda yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa kan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a, da Al'adu suka tabbatar. Koyaya, abin da ke ƙayyade "lafiya" ko "lafiya" ana jayayya tsakanin mutane da hukumomin gwamnati. Shari'a An haramta amfani da tabar wiwi don dalilai na nishaɗi a yawancin ƙasashe; duk da haka, mutane da yawa sun yi amfani da manufar yanke hukunci don yin sauƙaƙan mallaka wani laifi mara laifi (sau da yawa kama da ƙaramin cin zarafi). Wasu kuma suna da hukuncin da ya fi tsanani kamar wasu ƙasashen Asiya da Gabas ta Tsakiya inda mallakar ko da ƙananan kuɗi ake azabtar da su ta hanyar ɗaurin shekaru da yawa. Jiha da tarayya Ya zuwa 2019 a Amurka, jihohi goma sha ɗaya da Gundumar Columbia sun halatta maganin kannabis na likita da na nishaɗi, tare da ƙarin jihohi 25 da suka haramta maganin. Duk da haka, jihohi goma sha huɗu da dokar tarayya har yanzu suna rarraba tabar wiwi a matsayin doka, suna sanya tabar wiwi a matsayin magani na "shirin farko". Kasancewa ba bisa ka'ida ba na tarayya, ba za a iya sarrafa riba ta bankunan da ke da inshora na tarayya (ciki har da cak ko adibas), don haka ana tilasta masu siyar da kannabis yin amfani da tsabar kudi ko kuma su kasance cikin duhu game da ayyukan kasuwanci. Amfanin addini Addinai daban-daban suna da ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da amfani da tabar wiwi, a tarihi da kuma a halin yanzu. A cikin tarihin da, wasu addinai sun yi amfani da tabar wiwi azaman entheogen, musamman a cikin yankin Indiya inda al'adar ta ci gaba a kan iyaka. A zamanin yau Rastafari na amfani da tabar wiwi azaman tsiro mai tsarki. A halin yanzu, addinan da ke da hani game da abubuwan sa maye, irin su Islama, Buddha, Bahai, Waliyyai na Ƙarshe (Mormons), da sauransu sun yi adawa da amfani da tabar wiwi da membobi, ko kuma a wasu lokuta suna adawa da 'yantar da dokokin kannabis. Wasu ƙungiyoyi, kamar wasu ƙungiyoyin Furotesta da Yahudawa, sun goyi bayan amfani da tabar wiwi na magani Motsi na zamantakewa Motsi game da dokokin cannabis da haƙƙin yana haɓaka tun farkon shekarun 1960. An ƙirƙiri ƙungiyoyi da yawa don amfani da kannabis kuma an haɗa su cikin shekaru 60 da suka gabata yayin da ƙasar ta canza kuma fahimtar haƙƙin marijuana ya canza. Ƙungiya ɗaya mai goyon bayan marijuana ita ce NORML (Ƙungiyar Ƙungiya ta Kasa don Gyara Dokokin Marijuana). Tattaunawa game da haƙƙin cannabis ya canza daga alamun tsinkaya da ke bayyana "Pot yana da daɗi," zuwa kasancewa game da lafiya da adalci na zamantakewa. An lura cewa al'ummomin Ba-Amurke na iya shan wahala mafi yawa daga ci gaba da haramcin tabar wiwi, kodayake yawan amfani da su ya yi daidai da ƴan ƙasa farare. Kama mutanen Afirka-Amurka ya ninka sau 3.73 idan aka kwatanta. Masu fafutuka suna fatan ganin waɗancan lambobin sun ragu tare da samun haƙƙoƙi. Indoneshiya Akwai kusan masu amfani da tabar wiwi miliyan biyu a Indonesiya a cikin 2014, in ji Hukumar Yaƙi da muggan kwaya ta ƙasa Badan Narkotika Nasional BNN Wannan ya sa tabar wiwi ta zama sanannen magani a Indonesiya sai kuma nau'in amphetamine-stymulants (ATS) kamar methamphetamine (shabu) da ecstasy Yawancin tabar wiwi ana rarraba su ne daga yammacin lardin Indoneshiya mai suna Aceh An daure mutane 37,923 saboda cannabis tsakanin 2009 da 2012. An daure mutane 26, a matsakaita, kowace rana. Domin tabar wiwi ita ce maganin da aka fi amfani da shi, shan tabar wiwi ya kai kashi 66 bisa dari fiye da sauran kwayoyi a kasar. Ana ba da hukuncin kisa ga mutanen da ke noman tabar wiwi, ko kuma tarar dalar Amurka 550,000 mafi ƙanƙanta, bisa ga dokar hana shan tabar wiwi (BNN). Manazarta Anders, Melissa (Maris 1, 2012). Kungiyoyin marijuana na likitanci sun bukaci 'yan majalisar Michigan da su kare haƙƙin haƙuri MLive Caiuby Labate, Beatriz, and Cavnar, Clancy (2014), Hana, 'Yancin Addini, da 'Yancin Dan Adam: Gudanar da Amfani da Magungunan Gargajiya Bugawar Springer Clark Davis, Joshua (Janairu 6, 2015). The Long Marijuana-Rights Movement Hoton Huffington Edwards Staggs, Brooke (15 ga Fabrairu, 2017). Haɗin gwiwar yana nufin kare masu amfani da kannabis daga gwajin magunguna bazuwar a wurin aiki Cannifornia Gatenio Gabel, Shirley (2016). Tsarin Tushen Hakki ga Binciken Manufofin Jama'a: Mugun Magani ko Mu'ujiza? Wanene Ya yanke shawara kuma Ta yaya? pp. 60-61. Bugawar Springer Liquori, Francesca (Fabrairu 18, 2016). Illar Halaccin Tabar wiwi akan Dokar Aiki Jaridar NAGTRI, Juzu'i na 1, Lamba 2 M Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
17948	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad%20Abu%20Zahra	Muhammad Abu Zahra	Muhammad Abu Zahra (1898–, 974), ya kasan ce mutum ne masani a cikin Masarawa kuma masanin shari'ar Hanafiyya ne. Ya kasan ce kuma ya mallaki mukamai da dama; kuma ya kasance malamin koyar da shari’ar Musulunci a jami’ar Al-Azhar sannan farfesa a Jami’ar Alkahira Ya kuma kasance memba na Cibiyar Nazarin Addinin Musulunci. Ayyukansa sun hada da Abu Hanifa, Malik da al-Shafi'i Tarihin rayuwa An haifi Abu Zahra a ranar 29 ga watan Maris, 1898 a El-Mahalla El-Kubra, a birni na biyu mafi girma a cikin Kogin Nilu A cikin 1913, ya kammala makarantar sakandare kuma ya shiga Madrasa Ahmadi a Tanta A cikin 1916, ya ci mafi girma a jarrabawar shiga makarantar shari'a a cikin Gharbia Governorate duk da cewa shekarunsa da yawa ba su da ƙwarewa fiye da takwarorinsa. Kasancewar yana da tushe a ilimin Azharite na gargajiya, kuma bai taba yin karatu a Turai ba ko kuma a makarantun Yammacin Masar, Abu Zahra ya sha suka daga masu ra'ayin Oriental a matsayin yana da masaniya ta hanyoyin yamma. Kuma Ya karantar a bangaren ilimin tauhidin na al-Azhar sannan daga baya, a matsayin farfesa a shari’ar Musulunci a Jami’ar Alkahira Tsakanin 1933 da 1942, ya koyar da kwasa-kwasan kan tarihin addinai, mazhabobi da mazhabobi a Azhar, a wannan lokacin an ba da laccansa a kan addinin kwatantawa da Kiristanci, duk da cewa ba a buga na biyun ba sai 1965. Littattafan nasa sun hada da tarihin Abū īanīfa, Malik bn Anas, Al-Shafi'i, Ahmad bn Hanbal, Zayd bn Ali, Ali bin al-Husayn Zayn al-'Abidin, Ja'far as-Sadik, Dawud al-Zahiri, Ibn Hazm da Ibnu Taimiyyah, kamar yadda kuma suke aiki a kan matsayin mutum, baiwa waqf dukiya, da aikata laifi da hukunci a cikin shari’ar Musulunci. Ra'ayoyi game da harkar Salafi da Tauhidin Salafi Dangane da akidar Wahabiyanci, Abu Zahra ya ce: “Wahabiyawa sun yi karin gishiri [kuma sun tabbatar da matsayin Ibn Taimiyya. Wahabiyawa ba su kame kansu kawai ba zuwa ga musuluntar da addini, amma sun koma ga yin fada da duk wanda ya saba musu bisa hujjar cewa suna yaki da bidi'a (bid`a), kuma bidi'a mugunta ce da dole a yaki ta. Duk lokacin da suka sami damar kwace wani gari ko birni sai su zo makabarta su mai da su kango da hallakarwa kuma suna rusa duk masallatan da ke tare da kabarin suma. Zaluncinsu bai tsaya anan ba amma kuma sunzo duk inda kaburbura suke suka gani suka rusa su suma. Kuma lokacin da mai mulkin yankunan Hijaz ya yi musu kawanya sai suka rusa dukkan kaburburan Sahabbai suka yi kaca-kaca da su. A zahiri, an lura cewa Malaman Wahabiyawa suna daukar ra'ayinsu daidai kuma ba mai yuwuwa bane, yayin da suke ganin ra'ayin wasu kuskure ne kuma bazai yuwu ba. Fiye da haka, suna la'akari da abin da wasu fiye da kansu suke yi ta hanyar kafa kaburbura da kewaye su, kusa da bautar gumaka. Ta wannan fuskar suna kusa da Khawarij wadanda suka kasance suna bayyana wadanda suka saba musu tare da cewa sun yi ridda kuma suna yakar su kamar yadda muka ambata. Ra'ayoyi akan Harkar Ahmadiyya A cewar Muhammad Abu Zahra, Ghulam Ahmad ya kauce daga babbar aqidah ta Musulunci saboda irin ra'ayoyin da yake da su wanda wasu Makarantun tauhidin Islama ba su da shi Da farko dai, Ghulam yayi da'awar cewa ya sami kabarin Yesu wanda duk wata makarantar Islamiyya ba ta yarda da shi ba. Bugu da kari, Ghulam Ahmad ya yarda cewa kurwa da ikon Masihi sun shiga cikin jikinsa saboda gano kabarin Yesu. Saboda wannan dalilin, maganganunsa ba za a iya jayayya da su ba <i id="mwVQ">(Haqq)</i> Bugu da ƙari, Ahmad ya bayyana cewa Allah <i id="mwWA">(Jalla Jalaalahoo) ne</i> ya ba shi izini ya yi duk wani gyare-gyare da zamanintar da Dīn tunda shi Mahadi ne Bugu da ƙari kuma, Ghulam ba ka yi izni ga Ahmadi-mata yin aure tare da sauran Musulmi -Men na ba-Ahmadi Musulmi ƙungiya-ƙungiya Wannan a bayyane yake shigar musulman sauran mazhabobin azaman wadanda ba musulmai ba. Saboda haka, ya zama hujja cewa ana ɗaukar waɗanda ba Ahmadis ba a matsayin waɗanda ba Musulmi ba (bisa ga maganganun tauhidin da aka haɓaka) na Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Ayyuka Abu Zahra ya rubuta littattafai sama da goma, daga cikinsu: Tarikh al-Madhahib al-Islamiyya (Tarihin Makarantun Islamiyya) al-'Alaqat al-Dawliyah fi al-Islam (Dangantaka ta Duniya a Musulunci) Zahrat al-Tafasir Al-Jarīmah wa al-‛Uqūbah fī al-Fiqh al-Islāmī Al-Mujtama ‛al-Insānī fī Zill al-Islām (Humanungiyar 'Yan Adam a Inuwar Musulunci) Sīrah Khātam al-Nabiyyīn Tanzīm al-Islām lil-Mujtama Ilm Usul al-Fiqh Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Muhammad Abu Zahrah International Institute of Advanced Islamic Studies (IAIS) Malaysia Malami sananne: Muhammad Abu Zahrah Labaran Larabawa Bibliography a
19957	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai%20Central%20railway%20station	Mumbai Central railway station	Mumbai ta Tsakiya (a da Bombay ta Tsakiya, lambar tashar: MMCT) ita ce babbar tashar jirgin ƙasa a layin Yammaci, wanda yake a Mumbai, Maharashtra a yankin da aka sani da suna iri ɗaya. Yana aiki azaman babbar tashar jirgin ƙasa na gida da kuma na cikin gari-City Express tare da wasu dandamali daban don su. Hakanan filin jirgin ƙasa ne don jiragen ƙasa da yawa da suka haɗa da Mumbai Rajdhani Express Ita ce ɗayan manyan tashoshin Terminal biyar a cikin Mumbai yayin da wasu ke kasancewa Mumbai CST, Mumbai LTT, Mumbai BDTS da Mumbai Dadar Jiragen ƙasa sun tashi daga tashar da ke haɗa wurare da yawa galibi a cikin jihohin arewa, yamma da arewa maso yammacin sassan Indiya. An sauya tashar daga Bombay Central zuwa Mumbai Central a shekarar 1997, biyo bayan canjin Bombay zuwa Mumbai A cikin shekara ta 2018, an zartar da ƙuduri don canza lambar tashar zuwa MMCT, tare da aiwatarwa yana gudana. Tarihi Masanin gine-ginen Burtaniya Claude Batley ne ya tsara shi, kuma Shapoorji Pallonji ya gina shi a cikin 1930 a cikin rikodin lokacin watanni 21. An kashe aikin cikin INR miliyan 15.6. Lokacin da aka buɗe tashar a cikin 1930, The Times of India ta ba da shawarar cewa sunan Bombay Central ya samo asali ne daga Grand Central Terminal a cikin Birnin New York. Jaridar tayi jayayya cewa ya kamata ace ana kiran tashar Kamathipura, bayan yankin da take. Takardar ta nuna cewa mai yiwuwa ba a cire sunan Kamathipura ba, saboda yankin yanki ne mai haske da haske Bombay, Baroda da Railway na Indiya ta Tsakiya sun faɗaɗa isa daga Baroda zuwa Pathankot ta hanyar Delhi Tashar jirgin kasa ta Colaba-Ballard Pier ba ta wadatar ba wajen biyan bukatun karuwar jama'a wanda ya sa gwamnatin ta yi shirin gina Bombay ta Tsakiya. Hanyar kewayen birni wanda ya taba gudu har zuwa Colaba ya kasance tashar tashar Bellasis. An sake canza sunan zuwa Bombay Central (na gida) bayan an gina dogon Bombay Central Terminus (BCT) a gefen gabas. A ranar 1 ga watan Feb shekara ta 2018, an zartar da ƙuduri don canza lambar tashar daga BCT zuwa MMCT. Kayan more rayuwa Dandamali da shimfidawa Tashar ta kasu kashi biyu. Rabin gabashin tashar yana ba da jiragen kasa masu nisa wadanda Western Railways ke aiki yayin da rabin yamma ke ba da jiragen kasa da ke zirga-zirga a kan titin Churchgate Virar na kewayen birni na Western Railways. Babban layin yana da manyan dandamali guda biyar masu ƙarewa a cikin babban taro a ƙarshen kudu. Bangaren kewayen birni yana da manyan dandamali huɗu. Duk dandamali an haɗa ta da manyan ƙafafun kafa kuma manyan dandamali ana samun sukunin keken hannu daga ƙarshen kudu. Tikiti da ajiyar wuri Babban Cibiyar Ajiyar fasinjoji tare da tagogin tikiti da yawa suna gefen gabas na babbar tashar tashar. Tikiti tsakanin kowane tashoshi biyu a Indiya akan kowane jirgin da ke ba da masauki za'a iya siye shi daga wannan wurin. Akwai ersididdigar Ticket da yawa waɗanda ba a kiyaye su ba a cikin babban filin taron don siyan tikiti mara izini don tafiya kai tsaye kan jiragen kasa da ke jigilar fasinjoji daga Mumbai Central. Kofofin yamma da kudu na ɓangaren kewayen tashar tashar suna da tagogin tikiti don siyan tikiti don tafiya akan jiragen ƙasa na kewayen birni. Hakanan ana iya siyan tikitin jirgin ƙasa na cikin gari daga injunan sayar da tikiti na atomatik (ATVMs) wanda yake a wurare da yawa a cikin harabar tashar. Abinci da sauran kayan aiki Kungiyoyin da ke gefen babban layi suna da hanyar gidan abinci na Rajdhani waɗanda ke ba da ingantaccen abincin Kasar Indiya. Bellasis Rail Café a Mumbai Central yana kan hawa na farko kusa da Bellasis Road overbridge wanda ke haɗa tashar tashar Mumbai kusa da ofishin ajiyar kudu. Ana samun abubuwa a cikin wannan cafe ɗin a cikin fakiti na abinci, tare da shirye don ɗaukar kayan aiki. Akwai shaguna da yawa a cikin filin taron kuma a dandamali na kewayen birni waɗanda ke ba da burodi, kwakwalwan kwamfuta, ruwan kwalba da ruwan sha mai sanyi (soda). Akwai shagunan littattafai a cikin babban filin taron kuma a dandamali na kewayen birni masu sayar da jaridu, mujallu da sauran kayan karatu. Hakanan ana samun jadawalin jirgin ƙasa a rumfunan littafin. Akwai dakunan wanka (bandakuna) a cikin kwalliyar da ke gefen babban layi. Lambuna Akwai lambuna biyu da suke a wajen tashar. Ofayan daga cikin lambunan yana da locomotive mai tarihi, wanda aka fi sani da "Littlearamin jan doki". Kamfanin Kerr Stuart da Co. na Ingila ne suka gina locomotive a shekara ta 1928. Injin din ya yi aiki a layin Jirgin Kasa na Devgarh-Baria, wanda mallakar Yariman Jihar Devgarh-Baria. Layin ya hade zuwa Bombay, Baroda da Central India Railway (BB&CI) a watan Agustan shekara ta 1949, daga baya kuma ya zama wani bangare na Railway Western. Injin ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru 61, kafin a sauya shi zuwa wurin bitar Pratapnagar don farautar ayyuka a shekara ta 1990. An sanya shi a lambun da ke gaban tashar Mumbai ta Tsakiya a shekara ta 1991 don tunawa da jubili na platinum. RailTel, kamfanin sadarwa na layin dogo na Indiya, a ranar 22 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2016 ya ƙaddamar da sabis na Wi-Fi na jama'a kyauta a tashar tashar Mumbai tare da haɗin gwiwar Google. "Muna farin cikin ƙaddamar da sabis ɗin Wi-Fi na jama'a mai sauri na Indiya tare da haɗin gwiwar Railways na Indiya", Google South East Asia da Indiya VP Manajan Darakta Rajan Anandan ya ce. Manazarta Tashar jirgijin kasa Tashoshin Jirgin Kasa a Kasar indiya Pages with unreviewed
20624	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dambazawa	Dambazawa	Dambazawa (ko Danbazawa) dangin Fulani ne da ke zaune a jihar Kano, Nijeriya. Suna daga cikin manyan masu tallatawa, masu tsarawa da aiwatarwa na Jihadin Fulani a Kano, wanda ya gudana tsakanin shekarun 1804 da 1807 ƙarƙashin jagorancin Shehu Usuman dan Fodiyo. An ce dangin su ne manyan masu kudin jihadi saboda an ce suna da matukar arziki a lokacin jihadi. Sauran Kabilar Fulani da suka halarci Jihadin sun hada da: na Jobawa, da Yolawa, da Sullubawa, da Danejawa da sauransu, da kuma wata tawaga ta 'yan asalin kasar Hausa karkashin jagorancin Malam Usuman bahaushe. Tare suka kafa babbar runduna suka rusa daular Kutumbawa ta shekara 158 karkashin jagorancin mai mulkinta na karshe Muhammad Alwali dan Yaji dan Dadi bakutumbe wanda ya yi mulki tsakanin shekarun 1781 da 1806. Tarihi da asali Asalin Dambazawa bai fito fili kamar yadda asalin Fulani yake ba, amma majiyoyi a cikin dangin sun yi imanin cewa daga ƙungiyar Fulani ta Dayebe ce. Ya kasance a lokacin Sundiata Keita (c. 1217-1255 AD) Fulbe na wancan zamanin sun fara amfani da sunayen da suka dace da ƙungiyoyinsu na tattalin arziki. A wannan zamanin, ana iya gano rukunin zamantakewar tattalin arziki na Pullo ta hanyar la'akari da sunan mahaifinsa Ba a san yadda wannan tsari ya kasance ba, amma gaskiya ne cewa duk Fulbe na ɗaya daga cikin ƙabilu huɗu: Ururungbe (Ba, Diakite), Dialloube (Diallo), Ferrobe (Sow) da Dayebe (Barry, Sangare). Ana ɗaukar Ba a matsayin ƙungiyar mayaƙa; masu basirar Diallo; da Shuka, wanda aka san shi da addini, masu kula da haikalin; da Barry su ne manyan Fulbe. Dangin Dambazawa sun yi amannar cewa sun yi ƙaura daga Futa Tooro a cikin ƙasar Senegal ta yanzu, tare da dukkanin danginsu da suka ƙunshi shugabanninsu, da malaman addini, da manoma da kuma masu kira (leyyi) da suka haɗa da; Jaawamɓe (courtesans mashawarta), Maabuɓe (masaƙa), Wayilɓe Baleeɓe sayakooɓe (maƙera Maƙeran zinariya), Buurnaaɓe (ceramists), Sakkeeɓe (tanners), Lewɓe (woodworkers), Awluɓe (laudators), Wambaaɓe (jita) da kuma Maccuɓe (bayi Zaman da sukayi a gabas, ya dauke su ta Jamhuriyar Mali, Niger, Chadi da Kamaru Tafiyar ƙaurarsu ta kasance ta yanayin zama a cikin yanki na tsawon watanni ko shekaru kafin ci gaba. Zasu kiwon shanunsu, kasuwanci na kasuwanci, samu da kuma yada ilimin addinin musulunci a yankunan da suka zauna ko suka ratsa. Fiye da ƙarni biyu suka yi ta yawo har suka iso masarautar Kanem da ke Borno Nigeria suka zauna. A farkon karni na 16, suka bar Borno suka zauna na ɗan wani lokaci a Damban a cikin garin Bauchi ta yanzu, Nijeriya). Daga Damban suka koma Gasakoli (wani wuri a cikin Jigawa, Nijeriya), sannan suka koma wani yanki a yankin da ke gabashin Masarautar Kano wanda ake kira yau da Dambazau a cikin Takai Sun kasance a wannan yankin na ɗan lokaci. Daga nan, suka ci gaba da tafiya zuwa yamma, suna gujewa garin Kano kuma suka sauka a wani yanki mai mil goma sha uku (kilomita ashirin da daya) arewa da katangar garin Kano. A yau ana kiran wannan yanki da suna Dambazau Bayan da garin kano ya fada hannun sojojin fulani a shekarar 1806, sai manyansu, malamai da akasarin Jaawando da Maccube suka shigo cikin garin ganuwa. A can suka mamaye gidan Sarkin Bai, wani katafaren gida ne da ke arewacin birnin, bayan kasuwar garin da ake kira Jakara. A yau ana kiran wannan fili Dambazau a cikin bangon birni. Bayan dangin sun zauna dindindin a Kano, wasu membobinta suka ƙaura zuwa wasu yankuna. Duk inda suka zauna sai suka sanyawa wannan yankin suna Dambazau. Dambazawa suna da al'adar barin wasu danginsu da garkensu, a duk lokacin da suka yanke shawarar barin wani yanki sai suka zauna. Mafi yawan lokuta ana kiran wannan yankin Dambazau ma'ana: "Gidan Dambazawa". Dambazawa sun yi imani da cewa duk inda suka zauna, a Najeriya ko daga can, ana kiran yankin Dambazau. Yau a Najeriya kadai akwai kauyukan Dambazau a jihohin Kano, Katsina, Sokoto, Bauchi, Gombe da Muri (Taraba). Dambazawa yayin Jihadi a Kano (1804–1807) Kano ta kasance mafi yawan mutane da arziki a cikin Masarautun Hausa, kuma babban birninta kusan shine mafi girman birni a cikin Sudan a ƙarshen ƙarni na 18. Yanayin kano ya dace da kiwon shanu. Tuni dai wasu daga cikin dangin Fulani suka zauna a kano, wadanda suka riga sun kafa kansu shekaru aru aru kafin Jihadi. Kamar yadda yake a tarihin Kano, Fulanin farko sun fara shigowa Kano ne a lokacin Sarki na 19, Sarki Yakubu Ɗan Abdullahi Bar-ja wanda ya yi sarauta tsakanin 1452 da 1463 Mazaunan Fulanin Kano sun bazu a cikin Masarautar ta Kano ta yadda suka kafa zoben zagaye babban birni mai katanga. Yankin Dambazawa yana arewacin bangon birni kuma shugabansu a ƙarshen karni na 18 shine Modibbo Muhammadu (Dabo) Yunusa bii Ummaru wanda aka fi sani da Dabon Dambazau. Fulanin Kano sun riga sun yi mu'amala da Shehu (Usman dan Fodiyo) tun kafin ya saba da Gobir Sarkin Yunfa (sarauta: 1802-1808), Shugaban Dambazawa tare da wasu fitattun dangin Fulani guda biyu, Modibbo Sulemanu bii Abuhama na dangin Mundubawa, kuma Modibbo Muhammadu Ummaru wanda aka fi sani da Mallam Bakatsine na dangin Jobawa, tuni suna karatu a ƙarƙashin Shehu kuma suna tare da shi a lokacin da ya ke guduwa zuwa Gudu, bayan haka, ya sake tura su zuwa Kano tare da aikin tattara masu aminci. Abu na farko da Malam Dabo ya yi bayan dawowarsa daga Gudu shi ne ya tattara danginsa na Dambazawa, sannan ya ci gaba, tare da sauran shugabannin kabilun Fulanin, don tara kano, Fulani da Hausawa amintattu. Dambazawa sun halarci cikakken yaƙin Jihadi a Kano daga farkonta a shekarar 1804 zuwa ƙarshe ta a shekarar 1807, suna ba da gudummawa ta kowace fuska, musamman ta fuskar kayan aikin soja da bayanan sirri Dukan rundunar jihadi sun yada zango a arewacin masarautar Kano (watau Tomas yanki ne da ke da kududdufi na ruwa a halin yanzu a gundumar Danbatta kusan shekara guda kafin a kai hari na ƙarshe a kan babban birni mai shinge na Kano a shekarar 1806 Wannan yanki na masarautar (Danbatta) ya kasance yanki ne da Dambazawa suke tattaunawa sosai saboda mazaunin su Dambazau yana can. Dambazawa bayan Jihadi a Kano An ce Dambazawa sun kasance dangin Fulani ne masu matuƙar haɗin kai kuma suna matuƙar sadaukarwa ga shugaban su Malam Dabo. Sun bi shi, sun yi masa biyayya sun kuma ba shi kariya a ko'ina, kowane lokaci. Bayan jihadi ya yi nasara, Fulanin sun ƙarfafa ikonsu ta hanyar fatattakar ragowar sojojin Kano karkashin jagorancin hambararren sarki King Alwali a garin Burumburum mai katanga a 1807. Kusan shekaru uku (1806-1808 9) Kano ba ta da shugabanci na tsakiya Sarki Shuwagabannin Jihadin kano suka gudanar dashi hadaddiyar kungiyar; Malam Jibir da Malam Abdurrahman na dangin Yolawa, Malam Bakatsine na dangin Jobawa, Malam Jamo na Sullubawa, Malam Usman Bahaushe na Hausawa masu aminci da kuma Malam Dabo na dangin Dambazawa. A ƙarshen 1808 ko farkon 1809, Fulanin Kano sun yanke shawarar ziyartar Shehu Usman kuma sun tayar da batun shugabanci a Kano. Ya kamata su hadu da Shehu a Birnin Gada da ke Zamfara, amma Shehu bai samu damar tafiya ba sai dansa Sheik Muhammadu Bello (wanda daga baya ya zama sarki bayan rasuwar Shehu a 1817) ya wakilce shi wanda ya nada Modibbo Sulemanu na gidan Munduɓawa. a matsayin Amir na Kano. Kodayake Sulemanu na dangin Munduɓawa ne, kuma an ce yana tare da Shehu a lokacin da zai tashi zuwa Gudu, bai yi Hijra zuwa Kwazazzabon ´yar-kwando ba (wanda kuma ake kira Fagoje: mil talatin da takwas (kilomita sittin da ɗaya) yamma da garin Kano, inda Fulani suka yada zango kafin fara jihadi a Kano). Haka kuma bai shiga gwagwarmayar Jihadin Kano ba. Ya rayu tsawon lokaci a cikin garin Kano yana Imami. Nadin nasa bai yi wa ‘Yan Jihadin Kano dadi ba. Bayan dawowar su daga Birnin Gada, abubuwa sun lafa zuwa wani lokaci, amma salon shugabancin Amir Sulemanu na Kano bai yi wa mafi yawan mashahuran shugabannin kabilun Fulani dadi ba, wadanda ke ganin ayyukan sa rashi na rage nasarorin da Jihadi suka samu. a Kano. Sun yi adawa da yawancin manufofinsa kuma Malam Dabo ya zama asalin wannan adawar. Daga baya Malam Dabo ya nemi auren diyar Shehu kuma aka ba shi. Wannan ya zurfafa dangantakar da tuni ta rikice tsakanin Dambazawa da Sarki Sulemanu. Sulemanu ya ga wannan a matsayin cin fuska ga ikon Dabo, kamar yadda aka ce shi ma zai auri wata 'yar Shehu. A lokacin da wannan rikici ya kaure, Sulemanu ya kame wasu sassa na garin Dabo (gundumar Kunya a tsakanin wasu kauyuka) kuma ya tsare Malam Dabo a gidan yarin masarauta, amma Dambazawa suka je gidan yarin da daddare suka sake shi. Haka nan kuma Sarki Sulemanu, ya yi aiki da shawarar tsoffin mashawarta (Alwali) na mashawarta, ya fara yaɗa farfaganda cewa za a kashe Malam Dabo a cikin wani lokaci. Amma wannan ranar ta zo kuma ta wuce babu abin da ya sami Malam Dabo. Sannan za'a sanar da wata rana. Wannan jerin maganganun ya firgita yawancin Dambazawa, amma Dabo bai damu ba kuma ya ci gaba da kwantar musu da hankali yana cewa "babu abin da zai faru". Amma tsoronsu ya ci gaba da ƙaruwa kullum, don haka suka ci gaba da roƙonsa ya bar zuwa Sakkwato (ga Shehu). Daga baya suka fi shi nasara sai Dabo ya bar Kano ya tafi Sakkwato. Da jin cewa Dabo ya tafi Sokoto, sai Sarki Sulemanu ya bi shi zuwa Sakkwato, yana tsoron abin da Dabo zai fada wa Shehu. Bayan dukkansu sun iso gaban Shehu, ya sasanta tsakaninsu ya sasanta tsakaninsu, sannan suka dawo kano. Wannan ya faru ne tsakanin 1810-1811 AD Tun daga wannan ranar, Dabo da Dambazawa suka cire kansu daga ayyukan masarautar, amma Dabo ya ci gaba da zama a majalisar malamai (Malamai) wanda ya kunshi dukkan shugabannin dangi. Shehu Usman ya yi ritaya daga ba da shugabancin a shekarar 1815 ya kuma mika ragamar shugabancin ga dan uwansa Abdullahi Fodiyo da dansa Muhammadu Bello Daga baya ya mutu a 1817 AD kuma a kan mutuwarsa Muhammadu Bello ya gaje shi a matsayin kwamandan muminai (Sultan). Sarki Sulemanu ya mutu a 1819, amma ba kafin ya rubuta wasika zuwa ga Sultan Muhammadu Bello yana neman a nada Modibbo Ibrahim Dabo daga dangin Sullubawa a matsayin Sarki a yayin mutuwarsa. A cikin wasikar tasa, ya zargi Malam Dabon Dambazau da girman kai da kuma Malam Dikko (na dangin Jobawa da son nuna zalunci sannan ya bukaci Sultan Bello da kada ya nada daya daga cikinsu idan mutuwarsa ta kasance. Ya ba da shawarar nada Malam Ibrahim Dabo na Sullubawa, wanda ya kasance dalibinsa a wani lokaci. Iyayensu, Modibbo Abuhama da Modibbo Mahmudu (wanda ake kira da Malam Mai Dan Gwado) sun kasance amintattu sosai. A lokacin da Sarki Sulemanu ya mutu a cikin 1819, Dambazawa tuni suka kafa kansu a matsayin masu ƙarfi da za a yi wa aiki. Sun yi ta harbin bindiga don neman a nada shugabansu Amir na Kano na gaba kuma yana da goyon baya ba kawai daga yawancin dangin Fulani ba har ma da manoma Hausawa. Amma kamar yadda ƙaddara za ta samu, lokacin da kujerar Sarki ta zama fanko aka tura sunan Dabon Dambazau zuwa ga Sarkin Musulmi, Muhammed Bello, amma ya riga ya yanke shawara don ba da fata ga marigayi Sarki Sulemanu ta hanyar nada Malam Ibrahim Dabo na dangin Sulluɓawa a matsayin magajinsa. Sarkin Musulmi ya manta da Malam Dabo ya ce ya kamata Malam Dabo ya zama Sarkin Baya Har zuwa yau, babu wanda ya san ainihin abin da sultan yake nufi da wannan saboda jimlar tana da ma’anoni daban-daban a cikin harshen hausa Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa magoya bayan Malam Dabo da masu kaunarsa ke kiransa Sarkin Baya ko Sarkin bai (kamar yadda duka baya da bai ke da ma'ana iri daya a harshen Hausa) wanda ke fassara shi da; "Sarki mai zuwa bayan" (watau bayan Ibrahim Dabo). Kodayake abokan adawarsa, da wadanda suka ki shi, sun kuma kira shi Sarkin bai, amma sun kira shi hakan a matsayin abin izgili, kamar yadda kuma yana iya nufin; "Sarkin da ya zo na ƙarshe" (watau wanda ya rasa zaɓaɓɓe don a nada shi sarki) ko "Sarkin bayi" (kamar yadda Bai ma na iya nufin "bawa" a cikin harshen gargajiya na Hausa). Wasu masana tarihi sun yi amannar cewa, kafin sanarwar da Muhammad Bello ya yi ana kiran Malam Dabo a matsayin Sarkin Bai ta hanyar kasancewar shi gidan Habe Sarki Bai, amma ba a sa masa rawani a zahiri. Don haka suka yi imanin cewa Muhammad Bello ya ce ya kamata ya zama "Sarkin baya" dangane da sunan da ya rigaya ya riga ya kafa "Sarkin Bai", kuma wannan hanyar da aka shimfiɗa ce don a nada Dabo a hukumance a matsayin sarautar Sarkin Bai. Lokacin da Malam Ibrahim Dabo ya hau karagar mulkin Kano, ya yanke shawarar ba zai sami wani rikici da Dambazawa ba. Ya bi wata hanya daban da ta Sarki Sulemanu. A hukumance ya nada Dabo a ofishin Sarkin bai, kuma ya sanya shi ya kula da dukkan yankuna daga Ungogo 2 to 4 mi (3.2 zuwa 6.4 km) daga arewacin garin Kano zuwa Kunchi kusa da iyakar arewa maso yamma na masarautar Kano tare da masarautar Katsina da Daura da kuma Babura kusa da kan iyakar arewa maso gabashin Kano tare da Damagaran (yanzu Zinder a cikin Jamhuriyar Nijar) a matsayin mafi kyawu. Kuma ya dawo masa da Kunya da sauran kauyukan, wadanda Sarki Sulemanu ya kwace daga hannunsu a lokacin da suka samu sabani. Don daidaita sabon yanayin tare da Dambazawa, sai ya nada 'yarsa Fatsumatu Zara yar babbar matar sa Shekara) a matsayin Magajiya (Fulani Magajiya ta farko a Kano). Sannan ya ba Fatsumatu ga Dabo a matsayin amarya, tare da ƙunchi a matsayin kyautar aure, don haka a fili ya nuna sulhu da Dambazawa. Farin garin Dambazawa ya haɗa da garin Danbatta, wanda a wancan lokacin shine hedikwatar wani shugaban dangin Fulani mai tawaye mai suna Ibrahim Dan Tunku na dangin Fulani na Yarimawa na Shiddar Dan Tunku ya fara yin tawaye ga Masarautar Kano a lokacin Sarki Sulemanu, ta hanyar Cinyewa da gallazawa ƙauyuka a arewacin Kano, ya yi wa kansa babbar sarauta a masarautar ta Kano Wani bangare na sojojin Dambazawa sune sojojin da suka yi fada da Dan Tunku kuma suka hana shi yayin da sojojin na Kano ke bakin cikin fada da tayar da kayar baya wanda ya ɓarke a wasu yankuna na masarautar ta Kano bayan nadin Ibrahim Dabo a matsayin Sarki. Bayan da aka shawo kan tawayen, sojojin Kano karkashin jagorancin Sarki Ibrahim Dabo da kansa, suka shiga cikin sojojin Dambazawa sannan suka ci gaba da shiryawa tare da aiwatar da farmakin karshe a kan Dan Tunku a garin Danbatta, inda suka ci shi da yaki. Amma, Dan Tunku ya sami damar tserewa ta ƙofar arewa na Garin Danbatta. Sojojin Kano sun bi shi har suka isa wani tafki da ya raba Danbatta da tsaunukan Kazaure Sarki ya sauko daga kan dokinsa ya ba da umarnin kafa sansani. Wani labari na cikin gida ya nuna cewa yayin da Sarkin ke bacci a cikin tanti nasa, ya yi mafarkin Shehu Usman, kuma a wannan mafarkin Shehu ya gaya masa cewa "wannan korama ita ce iyakar tsakaninka da Dan Tunku". Lokacin da Sarkin ya farka, sai ya nemi sojojinsa su janye zuwa Danbatta, inda gidan Dantunku ya baci da kasa. Daga nan Sarki ya tashi zuwa Kano kuma Dambazawa suka bar wasu daga cikin danginsu don kawo garin cikin tsari. Sun gina gida kusa da gidan da aka lalata Dan Tunku kuma suka nada dan uwan Dantunku (wanda ya riga ya mika wuya) a matsayin Sarkin Fulanin Danbatta Daga nan Dambazawa ya mai da Danbatta babban birni mafi girma da kuma sansaninsu na yaƙi da Dan Tunku. Danbatta ya zama kagara na arewacin Kano inda suke mulki tare da kare Kano daga duk wani zaluncin arewa. Har zuwa yanzu, Dambazawa sune ke mulkin Danbatta da kewayenta, duk da cewa ba su da ikon mallakar masarautar Kano ta arewa. Har yanzu suna aiki a matsayin manyan masu mallakar Danbatta da Makoda. Modibbo Muhammadu Yunusa Ummaru Ba-dambaje ya mutu a 1845 kuma an binne shi a ƙarƙashin itacen dabino a gidansa da ke Dambazau, a cikin birnin Kano mai katanga. Ya mutu kafin wata daya zuwa uku kafin Sarki Ibrahim Dabo (Ibrahim Dabo ya mutu a shekarar 1846) kuma bai rayu ya zama Sarkin Kano ba. Bayan rasuwarsa, an nada dansa Muhammadu Kwairanga a matsayin Sarkin Bai na Kano kuma ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai mallakin Arewacin Kano. Muhammadu Kwairanga, bayan zama Sarkin bai na Kano kuma jagoran dangin Dambazawa, ya yanke shawarar zaban mutane goma daga cikin Dambazawa don taimaka masa gudanar da aikin. Ya basu mukamai da ofisoshi kuma ya kira su Yan goma (yan majalisa goma). Laƙabin sun haɗa da: Waziri, Madaki, Makama, Galadima, Wanbai, Ciroma, Tafida, Muƙaddas, Dawaki da Santali. Dambazawa a masarautar Kano ta zamani A yau, Dambazawa sune ke kula da gundumomin Danbatta da Makoda Shugabansu, wanda koyaushe ke rike da sarautar Sarkin Bai, ya kasance mamba na dindindin a Majalisar Masarautar ta Kano kuma sakataren Majalisar Masarautar Kano (watau Kwalejin Zabe ta Masarautar Kano wacce ta ƙunshi Madakin Kano daga dangin Ba'awa (Yolawa) a matsayin shugaban kansila, Sarkin Ban Kano daga dangin Dambazawa a matsayin sakatare, Makaman Kano daga dangin Jobawa da Sarkin Dawaki mai Tutar Kano daga Sullubawa dangi (wadanda su ne zuriyar Malam Jamo shugaban Sulluɓawa a lokacin Jihadi kuma mai kula da tutar Jihadin Kano) a matsayin membobi. Wannan majalisar tana da alhakin zabar sabon Sarki a duk lokacin da kujerar ta kasance ba kowa. Sun tura sunansa ga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Kano don samun amincewar ta gaba. Lakabin Sarkin Ban Kano Sarkin Bai laƙabi ne a Masarautar Kano wanda aka keɓance shi kawai don shugaban Fulanin Dambazawa. Duk wanda aka zaɓa a matsayin Sarkin Ban Kano kai tsaye ya zama shugaban gidan Danbazawa, Sakataren majalisar masu yin Sarki na Kano kuma Hakimin ƙaramar hukumar Danbatta Tarihin Sarkin Bais na Kano Sarkin Bai Modibbo Muhammad Yunusa Dabo bii Ummaru (1819-1845). Sarkin Bai Modibbo Muhammad Kwairanga bii Modibbo Dabo (1845-1886). Sarkin Bai Muhammad Bashari (Alhaji) dan Kwairanga dan Dabo (1845-1894). Sarkin Bai Abdussalam dan Zailani dan Dabo (1894-1907). Sarkin Bai Abdulqadir dan Abuba dan Dabo (1908-1938). Sarkin Bai Umar Dikko dan Abdurrahman (Goshi) dan Dabo (1938-1942). Sarkin Bai Muhammad Adnan dan Aliyu dan Kwairanga dan Dabo (1942-1954). Sarkin Bai Muktar dan Adnan dan Aliyu dan Kwairanga dan Dabo (1954- to date). Fitattun membobin dangin Dambazawa Laftanar Janar Abdulrahaman Bello Dambazau, tsohon babban hafsan hafsoshin soja, Tarayyar Najeriya (2008-2010), da tsohon mai girma Ministan Cikin Gida (2015-2019), Tarayyar Najeriya. Dr. Mansur Mukhtar, masanin tattalin arzikin Najeriya, tsohon Ministan Kudi na Tarayyar Najeriya (2008 -2010), tsohon darakta a Bankin Duniya, a yanzu mataimakin shugaban Bankin Raya Musulunci. Air Marshal Muhammad Dikko Umar, tsohon babban hafsan sojojin sama, Nigerian Air-Force (2010-2012). Alh. (Dr.) Mukhtar Adnan shugaban Dambazawa na yanzu, Sarkin bai na Kano, Sakataren Majalisar Sarakunan Kano kuma hakimin Danbatta daga 1954 zuwa yau, dan lokaci daya kɗan babban bulala na Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya a jamhuriya ta farko, sannan kuma kwamishinan ilimi na farko. tsohuwar jihar Kano. Marigayi Mal. Lawan Dambazau, yana daga cikin wƙungiyaruka kafa kungiyar cigaban cigaban arewacin kasar (NEPU) a lokacin mulkin kai, daga baya aka zabe shi ya zama dan majalisar dokokin "Peoplesano a ƙar,ƙashin jam’iyyar Peoples Redemption Party". Marigayi Alh. Maje Adnan, tsohon Wanbai na Dambazawa, tsohon sakataren Kano masarauta da kuma daga baya Majidadin Kano shugaban Madobi kafin mutuwarsa a 1995. Marigayi Alh. Umar Dikko Sarkin Fulanin Ja'idanawa, hakimin Garki, Jigawa Marigayi Alh. (Dr.) Wada Waziri Ibrahim, tsohon Waziri na Dambazawa kuma tsohon Sa'i na Kano District shugaban Makoda Alh. Muhammad Maje Adnan, Wanbai na yanzu daga dangin Dambazawa kuma tsohon manajan gudanarwa na Kamfanin Mita Mota na Najeriya (EMCON) Zaria Arc. Aminu Dabo tsohon kwamishina a Ma’aikatar Kasa da Tsara Jiki ta jihar Kano sannan kuma tsohon manajan darakta na hukumar kula da tashoshin jiragen ruwan Najeriya. Birgediya Janar Idris Bello Dambazau, tsohon kwamishinan ayyuka na musamman na jihar Kano Manazarta Al'ummomin Nijeriya Harsunan Nijeriya Sarakuna na Afrika Mutane Jihar kano Fulani yan
34841	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C6%99in%20basasar%20Najeriya	Yaƙin basasar Najeriya	Yaƙin basasar Najeriya (wanda ya fara daga 6 watan Yuli 1967 har zuwa 15 ga Janairu 1970), wanda kuma aka fi sani da Yakin Najeriya da Biafra ko yakin Biafra, yakine da aka gwabza tsakanin Najeriya da Jamhuriyar Biyafara, kasa ce mai ballewa wacce ta tabbatar 'yancin kanta daga Najeriya. a shekarar 1967. Janar Yakubu Gowon ne ya jagoranci Najeriya, yayin da Laftanar Kanar Chukwuemeka "Emeka" Odumegwu Ojukwu ya jagoranci kasar Biafra Biafra dai na wakiltar kishin kasa ne na kabilar Ibo, wadanda shugabancinsu ke ganin ba za su iya zama tare da gwamnatin tarayya karkashin muradun Hausa-Fulani Musulmi na Arewacin Najeriya ba. Rikicin ya samo asali ne daga tashe-tashen hankula na siyasa, tattalin arziki, kabilanci, al'adu da addini wanda ya biyo bayan mayar da Najeriya mulkin mallaka daga Birtaniya a hukumance daga 1960 zuwa 1963. Abubuwan da suka haifar da yakin a 1966 sun hada da juyin mulkin soji, juyin mulki, da kuma masu kyamar Igbo a Arewacin Najeriya Gudanar da ayyukan hakar mai da ake samun riba a yankin Neja Delta shi ma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa, kuma ya kasance wani bangare na goyon bayan Faransa ga Biafra. A cikin shekara guda, sojojin gwamnatin Najeriya sun yi wa kasar Biafra kawanya, inda suka kuma kame cibiyoyin mai a gabar teku da kuma birnin Fatakwal An sanya shingen ne a matsayin manufar da aka yi niyya a lokacin da aka samu tashe-tashen hankula wanda ya haifar da yunwar da fararen hular Biafra ke yi. A cikin shekaru biyu da rabi da aka yi ana yakin, an sami asarar rayukan sojoji kusan dubu dari 100,000 gaba daya, yayin da tsakanin 500,000 zuwa 2 Miliyoyin fararen hula na Biafra sun mutu saboda yunwa. A tare da Yaƙin Vietnam na lokaci ɗaya, Yaƙin basasar Najeriya na ɗaya daga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe na farko a tarihin ɗan adam da aka tallata ta hanyar talabijin zuwa sassa na duniya. A tsakiyar shekarar 1968, hotunan yaran Biafra masu fama da tamowa da yunwa sun cika kafafen watsa labarai na kasashen Yamma Halin da masu fafutukar kafa kasar Biafra ke fama da shi ya zama sanadin ci gaba a kasashen ketare, lamarin da ya ba da damar samun karuwar kudade da kuma shaharar kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kasa da kasa. Biafra ta sami tallafin jin kai na kasa da kasa daga fararen hula a lokacin tashin jirgin saman Biafra, lamarin da ya karfafa kafa kungiyar likitocin da ba su da iyaka bayan karshen yakin. Birtaniya da Tarayyar Soviet su ne manyan masu goyon bayan gwamnatin Najeriya, yayin da Faransa, Isra'ila (bayan 1968) da wasu kasashe suka goyi bayan Biafra Matsayin Amurka a hukumance daya ne na tsaka-tsaki, la'akari da Najeriya a matsayin "hakin Biritaniya", amma wasu na fassara hakan akan ƙin amincewa da Biafra da fifita gwamnatin Najeriya. Fage Bangaren kabilanci Ana iya danganta yakin basasa da hadewar turawan mulkin mallaka a shekarar 1914 na Northern protectorate, Lagos Colony da Southern Nigeria protectorate (daga baya aka sake masa suna Gabashin Najeriya wanda aka yi niyya don ingantacciyar gwamnati saboda kusancin wadannan guraben Duk da haka, canjin bai yi la’akari da bambance-bambancen al’adu da addinan mutanen kowane yanki ba. Gasa don neman iko na siyasa da tattalin arziki ya ta'azzara tarzoma. Najeriya ta samu 'yancin kai daga kasar Burtaniya a ranar 1 ga Oktoban 1960, da yawan jama'a 45.2 miliyan daya kunshi fiye da 300 kabilu da al'adu daban-daban Lokacin da Najeriya ta yi mulkin mallaka, manyan kabilun ta uku su ne Igbo, wadanda suka kafa kusan kashi 60-70% na al'ummar Kudu maso Gabas; Hausa-Fulani na Masarautar Sarkin Musulmi, wadanda suka kasance kusan kashi 67% na al'ummar yankin arewacin kasar; da Yarbawa, wadanda suka kasance kusan kashi 75% na al'ummar yankin Kudu maso Yamma. Duk da cewa wadannan kungiyoyi suna da nasu na asali, amma a shekarun 1960, jama’a sun watsu a fadin Najeriya, inda dukkanin kabilun uku suka samu wakilci a manyan biranen kasar. Lokacin da yakin ya barke a 1967, har yanzu akwai 'yan kabilar Igbo 5,000 a Legas Sarakunan gargajiya da Musulmi Hausa-Fulani a Arewa sun kasance mazan jiya da suka hada da sarakuna da suka hada da Sarkin Musulmi. An dauki wannan Sultan a matsayin tushen duk wani iko na siyasa da ikon addini. Tsarin siyasar Yarbawa a kudu maso yamma, kamar na Hausa-Fulani, shi ma ya kunshi jerin sarakuna, Oba Sarakunan Yarbawa kuwa, ba su da mulkin kama-karya fiye da na Arewa. Tsarin siyasa da zamantakewa na Yarbawa saboda haka ya ba da damar haɓaka motsi sama, bisa ga abin da aka samu maimakon dukiya da mukami da aka gada. Siyasa da tattalin arzikin tarayya Turawan mulkin mallaka sun raba Najeriya gida uku Arewa, Yamma da Gabas—wani abu ne da ya kara ta’azzara bambance-bambancen da aka samu na tattalin arziki da siyasa da zamantakewa a tsakanin kabilu daban-daban na Najeriya. An raba kasar ta yadda Arewa ta fi yawan al’umma da yawa fiye da sauran yankuna biyu idan aka hade. Har ma a yau yawan jama'a ya kasance babban batu na siyasa a Najeriya. A kan haka ne aka bai wa yankin Arewa mafi yawan kujeru a Majalisar Tarayya da Turawan mulkin mallaka suka kafa. A cikin kowace shiyya guda uku, kabilun da suka fi rinjaye, Hausa-Fulani, Yarbawa, da Igbo, sun kafa jam’iyyun siyasa wadanda duk asalinsu na yanki ne kuma suka dogara da kabilanci Jam’iyyar NPC ta Arewa; Kungiyar Action a Yamma (AG); da Majalisar Tarayyar Najeriya da Kamaru (NCNC) a Gabas. Duk da cewa wadannan jam’iyyu ba su kasance daya kadai ba ta fuskar kabilanci ko yankinsu, tarwatsewar Nijeriya ya yi sanadin kasancewar wadannan jam’iyyu da farko sun kasance a yanki daya da kabila daya. Hotuna
20363	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyu%20Aziz	Aliyu Aziz	Aliyu Aziz Abubakar, kwararren Injiniya ne mai Kwarewa a fannoni daban-daban tare da sama da shekaru 30 bayan samun cancantar- cancanta, mutum ne mai kwazo tare da dabaru iri-iri da suka hada da Fasahar Bayanai, Gudanarwa da Gudanarwa. Shi ne Darakta Janar na yanzu kuma Babban Jami'in Hukumar Kula da Shaida ta Kasa (NIMC). Ya kuma taba yin aiki tare da wasu Cibiyoyin Gwamnati masu cigaba a Najeriya a lokacin da suke canjin canji. Aziz ya kammala karatun sa ne a Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya inda ya samu digiri na biyu na B.Eng a bangaren Injiniyanci da kuma M.Sc a bangaren Injiniyan Gini tare da kwararru a fannin Kayan Na’ura mai kwakwalwa. Ya fara aiki a matsayin Mataikin Digiri na biyu a Sashen Injin Injiniya na Jami'ar. Ya ci gaba da zama Babban Abokin Hulda da Hadakar Injiniya Associates (IEA), inda ya tsara tare da lura da wasu manyan gine-gine da gadoji a yankin Kaduna da Abuja, ciki har da Sakatariyar NUC, Hedikwatar PHCN, AP Plaza, ofishin NACB, da Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa ta Najeriya. Hedikwata. da sauransu da yawa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga kungiyoyi da dama na kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu kan harkokin Injiniya da Fasahar Sadarwa da suka hada da Afri Projects Consortium, NAPEP da kuma ‘Yan Sandan Najeriya. Ya haɓaka aikace-aikacen software da yawa n Tsarin Gida da Tsarin zane-zane na kwalliyar kwalliyar kwalliya. Ya ƙware sosai a cikin harsunan shirye-shirye masu ɗimbin yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da BASIC, FORTRAN, APL, C LISP, TCL TK, PYTHON, kuma a halin yanzu yana hulɗa da JAVA a ɓangaren abokin ciniki da kuma PHP a gefen uwar garke. Ya yi ritaya a matsayin Darakta mai kula da Fasahar Sadarwa da Bayanan Bayani a Hukumar Gudanar da Shaida ta Kasa kafin nada shi a matsayin DG Shugaba. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan Fasahar Sadarwa na Ministan, Babban Birnin Tarayya, inda ya fara ai watar da mafita ta farko ta hanyar e-government wanda ya ci lambar Microsoft a 2006. Ya kuma kasance Shugaban Fasaha kan Kwamitin Shugaban Kasa kan daidaita ICT wanda ya haifar da samuwar Galaxy Backbone. Ya kasance Mataimakin Darakta, Fasahar Watsa Labarai tare da Ofishin Harkokin Kasuwancin Jama'a (BPE) wanda ya yi nasarar sake fasalin da aiwatar da manufar Gwamnatin Nijeriya ta cinikin kamfanoni. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Darakta a Sakatariyar Kwamitin Aiwatar da Shugaban Kasa kan Aiwatar da Hukunce-hukuncen Gwamnati kan Tsarin Karbar Masarufi, Tsarin Ba da Gudanar da Ba da Lamuni na Kasa da kuma Daidaita Manufofin Shaida a Najeriya. Kafin ya shiga Gwamnati, ya kasance Babban Mashawarci, Sashin Bada Bayani na Bayanin Gudanarwa (MIS), Afri-Projects Consortium (APC), wani kamfani mai bada shawara na gudanarwa na 'yan asalin ƙasa wanda ya ci ɗayan manyan ayyukan tuntuba a Nijeriya. Mai koyarwa kuma kwararre a fannin injiniya, yana koyar da daliban injiniya ta yanar gizo ta hanyar www.aliyuaziz.com a cikin Injiniyan Injiniya na Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello, Zariya da Makarantar Horar da ACEN, Abuja. Aziz ya kasance dan takarar kungiyar Injiniyan gine-gine ta Najeriya (NIStructE) inda mataimakin shugaban kasa na yanzu yake ya kuma kasance memba a kungiyoyin kwararru da dama da suka hada da kungiyar Injiniyoyin Najeriya (NSE), Kungiyar Injiniyoyin Amurka (ASME), kungiyar Kwamfuta ta Nijeriya (CAON) da Kamfanin Intanet (ISOC). Yayi balaguro sosai kuma ɗalibin sanannen Harvard, Stanford, IMD da Makarantun Kasuwanci na Legas. Aliyu Abubakar Aziz injiniya ne wanda ya hayar da fiye da shekaru 30 bayan kammala karatunsa a fannin fasahar sadarwa, gudanarwa, da gudanarwa. Shi ne Darakta Janar na yanzu kuma babban jami’in gudanarwa na Hukumar Kula da Shaida ta Kasa (NIMC).[1][2][3][4] A baya ya yi aiki da wasu ci gaba da ci gaba a cikin Cibiyoyin Gwamnati a Najeriya a tsawon shekarun da suka samu. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Aziz a Gembu, yankin Mambilla Plateau na jihar Taraba, Najeriya. Yayi karatun sa na farko a makarantar firamare ta Ganye 1 da kuma makarantar sakandaren gwamnati ta Ganye, jihar Adamawa Ya shiga Makarantar Koyon Karatun Fasaha ta Zariya inda ya samu cancantar 'A' kafin ya koma Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya, jihar Kaduna don yin karatun Injiniya. Ya kammala karatu tare da B.Eng. a cikin Injiniyan Injiniyoyi tare da Babban aji na biyu a 1983. A cikin 1985 ya sami NCC Certificate of System Analysis da Design sannan daga baya ya nemi M.Sc a cikin Tsarin Injiniya, a Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello, Zariya inda ya kammala a 1987. Aziz yanzu haka yana karatun digirin digirgir a cikin Dogara da Tsarin Gine-gine a Jami’ar Fasaha ta Tarayya, Akure, Jihar Ondo, Najeriya. Aziz tsohon dalibi ne na jami'o'in Harvard da Stanford, IMD, da Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Legas, inda ya sami horo na musamman da takardun shaida a fannoni da yawa, a Makarantun Kasuwanci na Duniya da Injiniyan Injiniyoyi a Sweden, Switzerland, Afirka ta Kudu, Birtaniya, Amurka, Australia, Nijeriya, da dai sauransu kuma a halin yanzu yana akan layi. Wasu daga cikin horarwarsa ta ƙwarewa sun haɗa da: Tattalin Arziki da Takaddun Zane (1985), Zaria Gudanar da aikin Kwamfuta (1996), Lagos Shirye-shiryen Ayyuka, Jadawalin Aiwatarwa da Aiwatarwa (1998), Abuja Tsarin Intanet da Ci Gaban ISOC'1998, Geneva Cryptography da Tsaro na hanyar sadarwa ISOC'1999, San Jose Accounting na wadanda ba Accountant ba, LBS'2000, Lagos Kasuwanci, LBS'2001, Lagos eBusiness Planning da Ci gaban ISOC'2001, Stockholm Java da XML, ISOC'2001, Stockholm Lotus eGovernment Global Forum (2002), London Tushen zane na zane na Domino (2002), Afirka ta Kudu Kula da Masu Amfani da Kamfanin Domino (2002), Afirka ta Kudu Kula da kayan aikin Domino Server (2002), Afirka ta Kudu Gabatarwa zuwa Domino. Doc 3.0, (2002), Afirka ta Kudu Domino. Gudanar da Tsarin Doc 3.0 (2002), Afirka ta Kudu Ci gaban Aikace-aikace ta amfani da Lotus Workflow 3.0, (2002), Afirka ta Kudu Taimakawa Taimakon Shafuka (2002), Afirka ta Kudu Tsaro na Yanar Gizon I: Manufa, Gudanarwa da Firewalls (2002), New York Tsaro na Yanar Gizo II: Haɗuwa da Aiwatarwa (2002), New York Gudanar da Cisco Network Security MCNS, (2002), Boston Isar da Ayyukan Bayanai, Makarantar Kasuwancin Harvard, (2003), Boston VSAT Gyarawa, Ayyuka, Fasaha da Taron Maimaitawa (2003), Ibadan IBM eServer, pSeries, GRID Linux Jami'ar Kimiyya, (2003), Sydney Autodesk Revit 7 Abubuwa masu mahimmanci, (2005), Abuja LS-DYNA, Cigaban Tasirin Tasiri, Kan Arup Abokan Hulɗa, Solihull, UK (2006) LS-DYNA, Binciken Farko na Finarshe (FE), Binciken Arup Abokan Hulɗa, Solihull, Burtaniya (2006) LS-OPT, Ingantawa da Amintaccen Tattaunawa a cikin itearancin mentaƙƙarfan Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Layi, Livermore, CA, Amurka (2007) Dabarar Amfani da Fasahar Sadarwa, Jami'ar Stanford, Palo Alto, CA, Amurka (2007) Babbar Jagora, Makarantar Kasuwancin Legas, Lagos, Nijeriya (2007) Canza Dabara zuwa Ayyuka, Makarantar Kasuwancin Legas, Lagos, Najeriya (2007) Kankare Tsarin Zamani tare da LS-DYNA, Alyotech, Velizy, Paris (2008) LS-DYNA Model and Simulation of Blast Penetration, Alyotech, Velizy, Paris (2008) Ingantawa tare da LS-OPT, Over Arup Partners, Solihull, UK (2008) Nazarin Tsaro tare da LS-OPT, Arup Partners, Solihull, UK (2008) Lineididdigar Finarshen linearshe mara Layi, Cibiyar Injin Injin Kwakwalwa, Austin, Texas, Amurka (2009) ANSYS AQWA Hydrodynamic Analysis don bambancin raƙuman ruwa da radiation, ANSYS Horsham, UK (2009) ANSYS ASAS-OFFSHORE Babban ƙayyadadden ƙayyadaddun abubuwan bincike tare da ƙarni mai sarrafa kansa na lodi; hulɗar tsarin ƙasa; haɗe tare da ƙarewa da ƙwarewar ƙayyadaddun ƙirar ƙira da gajiyar jiki, ANSYS Horsham, UK (2009) Shirye-shiryen Gudanarwa a cikin Dabara da Tsarin Mulki, Jami'ar Stanford, Palo Alto, CA, Amurka (2010) Ingantaccen Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin FE el013, Agencyungiyar Nationalasa ta forarshe ta Hanyoyi da Ka'idoji (NAFEMS) e-Learning, Oktoba 2010 Dynamic FE Analysis el015, NAFEMS e-Learning, Disamba 2010 -Ididdigar FE marar layi el014, NAFEMS e-Learning, Fabrairu 2011 Hadadden FE Analysis el016, NAFEMS e-Learning, Afrilu 2011 Mahimmin Bayanan FE el020, NAFEMS e-Learning, Mayu 2011 Gabatarwa Mai Amfani da Farfin putididdiga (CFD) el027, NAFEMS e-Learning, Oktoba 2011 Mahimmancin Kayan Gudun Ruwa el033, NAFEMS e-Learning, Disamba 2011 NVH Nazarin Yankin Yanayi a cikin LS-DYNA, Over Arup Partners, Solihull, UK 2013 Professionalwararren Manajan Cibiyar Gudanar da Bayanan Bayanai (CDCMP®), C-Net, London, UK 2013 Gabatarwa ga Babban Darakta, IMD Lausanne, Switzerland, 2014 da ƙari. <ref>https://punchng.com/buhari-approves-reappointment-of-nimc-boss/</ref> Injiniya da fasahar fasahar kere-kere Aziz ya fara aikin injiniyan ne a cikin Ma’aikatar Jama’a a matsayin mataimakin mai kammala karatun digiri a bangaren Injiniya na Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello, Zariya. A shekarar 1987, Aziz ya bar ABU Zariya ya koma wani kamfani mai zaman kansa, Mai da Associates a matsayin Injiniyan Dalibi kuma ya kai matsayin Injiniyan Injiniya. Bayan barin Mai da Associates, Aziz ya haɗu da ƙungiyar abokai a 1992 don kafa Kamfanin Injiniya, Hadakar Injiniyan Injiniya kuma ya zama Babban Abokin Abokin Hulɗa ke da alhakin Aikace-aikacen Kwamfuta don Tsarin Injiniyan Gini da Zane. An yaba wa Aziz don tsara shirye-shiryen kwamfuta na musamman kamar ɗakunan rubutu, bayanai, AutoCAD, AutoLISP da Tsarin Bayanai na Gudanarwa don amfanin kamfanin kawai. Aziz mai tsara shirye-shiryen komputa ne kuma yana yin rubutu a cikin yarukan shirye-shirye da dama da suka hada da BASIC, FORTRAN, APL, C LISP, JAVA, PYTHON da R. Daga nan Aziz ya zama Babban Mashawarci kan Hadin gwiwar Hadin gwiwa tare da Afri-Projects Consortium, yana mai tuntuɓar Asusun Man Fetur (Musamman) na Asusun (PTF) na Gwamnatin Nijeriya kuma ya kasance Shugaban Sashin Ba da Bayanan Bayanai na Tsarin Mulki. A can, ya kula da duk ayyukan Komputa da Bayanan da ke cikin ƙungiyar. A shekarar 2000, an soke Asusun Amintaccen Man Fetur kuma an dakatar da kwantiragin shawarwarin Afri-Projects Consortium. Aziz ya bar kamfanin kuma ya kafa Hadadden Tsarin Magani mai Iyakantacce wanda ya mai da hankali kan bayar da mafita ga Fasahar Sadarwa (IT). Ya kasance Injiniyan Tattaunawa kan manyan ayyuka da suka hada da: A cikin 2002, Ofishin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Jama'a, BPE Aziz ya shiga Ofishin Harkokin Kasuwancin Jama'a BPE a matsayin Mataimakin Darakta (Shugaban sashin IT) mai kula da Fasahar Sadarwa kuma an yi masa aiki tare da tsara tsarin dabarun Fasahar Bayanai na Hukumar. sake fasalin manufofin gwamnati mai zaman kansa. Aziz ya ba da hangen nesa da jagoranci don haɓakawa da aiwatar da ƙirar fasahar sadarwa. Ya haɗu da jagorancin IT tare da kulawa akan gudanar da duk tsarin IT da aiwatarwa ta hanyar tabbatar da shirye-shiryen aiki da manufofi da kasafin kuɗi. Ya kuma tsara, ya ba da umarni da haɓaka tsarin IT, manufofi da hanyoyin BPE kuma ya taimaka a cikin ayyukan sake fasalin ƙungiyoyi na manyan sassa sassan Gwamnatin. A shekarar 2006, an nada Aziz a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Ministan Babban Birnin Tarayyar Najeriya, (FCT) Nasir Elrufai An amince da Aziz a matsayin wanda ya fara aiwatar da tsarin e-government a cikin FCT minister wanda ya lashe kyautar Microsoft a 2006. Aziz ya kuma kasance Darakta a ofishin Sakataren Gwamnatin Tarayya (SGF) inda ya yi aiki a Kwamitin Aiwatar da Shugaban kasa, wanda aka dora wa alhakin aiwatar da hukuncin da Gwamnati ta yanke a kan Tsarin Karbar Abokan Cinikayya, Tsarin Ba da Gudanar da Ba da Lamuni na Kasa da kuma Daidaita Tsarin Shaida a Nijeriya. Kwamitin ya lura da kafa Hukumar Kula da Shaida ta Kasa NIMC a 2007. Daga baya Aziz ya zama ma'aikacin farko na NIMC kuma ya kai matsayin Darakta, Fasahar Sadarwa Bayanan Bayani (IT IDD); mukamin da ya rike har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya a 2014. DG Hukumar Kula da Shaida ta Kasa A watan Nuwamba 2015, Aziz ya nada Darakta Janar Babban Jami'in Hukumar Kula da Shaidun Kasa ta Kasa (NIMC) da Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ya yi na tsawon shekaru hudu. A shekarar 2019, an sake nada Aziz a karo na biyu. A watan Afrilun 2019, Aziz ya samu, mafi girman matsayin duniya na Tsarin Tsaro na Tsaron Bayanai (ISMS) na NIMC, a cikin kudurin ta na tabbatar da tsaron bayanan 'yan kasa. A watan Maris na shekarar 2019 Aziz ya bayyana cewa hukumar na bude cibiyoyin yin rajista a kasashen waje don shigar da ‘yan Najeriya mazauna kasashen waje cikin Tashar Asusun Kasa (NIDB). Aziz yana kan aiki don tabbatar da cewa an ba dukkan Nigeriansan Najeriya da Mazaunan Shari'a takamammen takaddun dijital. A lokacin aikinsa na farko, NIMC ta sami ci gaba mai yawa duk da cewa ta fuskanta kuma har yanzu tana fuskantar ƙalubalen kuɗi. Wasu daga cikin nasarorin ana iya ganin su a yankuna masu zuwa: Shiga ciki Inara bayanan rajista daga miliyan 7 a 2015 zuwa miliyan 41.6 a cikin Q1 2020. Daidaita rikodin BVN miliyan 11. An fara yin rajista a jihohin Borno Yobe. Fara rajista na kananan yara (yara ƙasa da shekaru 16). Rajistar Diasporaasashe a cikin ƙasashe 22 a duk nahiyoyi 5 (UAE, UK, USA, India da Afirka ta Kudu, Austria, China, Saudi Arabia, Benin Republic, da sauransu. Ara Cibiyoyin Rajista daga 431 a 2015 zuwa kusan 1100 a cikin 2020. Haɓaka kayan haɓakawa na ƙarshe Haɓaka Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Hanya (ABIS) zuwa sabuwar fasaha (MORPHO BSS) Sake-takardar shaidar ISO. (2016, 2017, 2018 da 2019). Ofaddamar da lambar USSD 346 don dawo da NIN. Kashe API don tabbatarwa da rajista, kusan hukumomin gwamnati 30 ne suka cinye har zuwa yanzu. Tsarin halittu Amincewa da Majalisar Zartarwa ta Tarayya (FEC) don Aiwatar da Taswirar Taswirar Hanyar Kare Lafiyar Yan Adam na Dijital a Najeriya, ta hanyar abokan hadin gwiwar samar da kudade (Bankin Duniya, Agence Francaise de Developement da Tarayyar Turai). An yi talla don lasisin kama bayanai a kan ID ɗin Dijital tare da ci gaba da kimantawa. Hadin gwiwa Yin aiki tare da Ofishin Shige da Fice na Nijeriya PKI Embossed NIN a Fasfon Najeriyar. Yin aiki tare da Gwamnatin jihar Kaduna akan Katin zama, haka kuma jihohin Lagos, Kano da Delta Yin aiki tare da PenCom, NHIS, NCC, CAC, FIRS JTB da INEC Yin aiki tare da Ofishin Gidan waya na Najeriya kan tsarin magance dijital. Yin aiki tare da Hukumar UNHCR kan rajistar 'yan gudun hijira a Jihar Borno Hadin gwiwa da Matan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a jihar Kaduna. Hadin gwiwa da Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe kan tabbatar da NIN ga Ma’aikatan Gwamnati. Haɗin gwiwa tare da Bankuna, PFAs, da sauran cibiyoyi masu zaman kansu don ƙara yin rajista Jama'a sani Dabarun kawance da NOA, FRCN, NAN, da NTA kan wayar da kai game da aikin NIMS. Gwamnatin Tarayya ta sa baki An shirya taron ID4AFRICA a Nijeriya a cikin 2018. Majalisar Zartarwa ta Tarayya Amincewa da FEC don aiwatar da tilasta amfani da NIN a matsayin ingantacciyar hanyar ganowa. Gazette na Dokokin NIMC Biyar (5): Lasisin lasisin ayyukan Frontend na dokar NIMC ta 2017 Amfani da Dokokin Lambar Neman Lambar 2017asa ta 2017 Dokokin Tsarin Tsarin Na'urar Na'ura na Nijeriya 2017 Rajistar Mutane da Abubuwan Dokokin NIDB 2017 Samun dama ga Bayanan da aka Yi Rijista a cikin Dokokin NIDB 2017 Kayan more rayuwa Gina ofisoshin jihar NIMC guda biyu (2) a Abakaliki da Katsina. Gyaran ofisoshin jihar NIMC guda 10 a fadin shiyyoyin siyasa shida (6) na kasar. Kano, Sokoto, Enugu, Ribas, Kwara, Benue, Adamawa, Taraba, Ondo, da kuma ofisoshin jihar Oyo. Gyaran wurin: Ginin Hedikwatar Hedikwatar Bungalow Hedikwatar Cafeteria Ginin lamba, wanda yanzu aka sani da Cibiyar Tsarin Yanayi Cibiyar Horarwa da Kayan Kwarewa Arfafa shinge na kewaye tare da waya da lantarki Cibiyar Rubuta Hedikwatar Gine-ginen Cibiyar Rubuta horo ta Kaduna Ingantaccen CCTV don kula da yanayin waje na HQ Sayiwa da girka dasfunoni masu ƙarfi guda biyu (2) 250KVA a cikin HQ don tabbatar da samar da tsabtace da ba tare da yankewa ba ga Datacenter. Wannan ya rage yawan amfani da Diesel da kimanin kashi 60% tare da shirye-shiryen ƙara ragewa zuwa ƙasa da 5% ta amfani da MG System da Autonomous Power Systems. Haɓaka hanyar sadarwa na HQ Connectivity da Datacenter da GBB ke aiwatarwa wanda kusan 90% ya cika Samun kayan aikin rajista da na kayan haɗi waɗanda suka haɗa da amma ba'a iyakance ga: 138 KA Bands biyan kuɗi na shekara 1. 138 duk a cikin tsarin rajista ɗaya. 138 4-4-2 Scanners yatsa. 138 Masu buga takardu da sikanan hoto. Kayan daki daban don ma'aikata a HQ da Jihohi. 2 X 360 KVA Janareto don HQ. Haɓaka Cibiyoyin Sadarwa a Ofishin Babban Darakta, Taro da Dakunan Jirgi. Sayen Motoci 15 (15) don Aikace-aikacen aikin. Sauran Ci Gaban NIMC da aka zaba a kan Kwamitin Buɗe Takaddun Shaida API (OSIA) DG NIMC an nada shi a matsayin Shugaban OSIA na farko a watan Yunin 2019 An nada DG NIMC a matsayin jakadan ID4Africa Kwararrun Littattafai Injiniya. Aziz ya buga kuma ya gabatar da takardu da yawa na ƙwararru. Wasu taken masu sana'a sun haɗa da: Kalubale na Karni na 21 da Kayayyakin Dabaru don Mai kara kuzari, Gabatarwa a Taron Kasa, Lagos don Kungiyar Injiniyoyin Tattaunawa (ACEN), Nuwamba 2000. Ci gaban Intanet a cikin Projectungiyar Kasuwanci, Taron Intanet na Duniya ISOC (Nig) '99 don Internetungiyar Intanet, babin Najeriya, Janairu 1999. Sake sanya Injiniyan Tattaunawa a cikin Millennium na Uku, Gabatar da PowerPoint a Taron Kasa na ofungiyar Injiniyoyin Tattaunawa (ACEN), Nuwamba 1999. Tattaunawa da Tsara tsararren slabs zuwa BS8110, Rubutun Maƙunsar Bayani akan Ayyukan Ofis na Kwamfuta, Taron Bita na ofungiyar Injiniyoyin Nijeriya, Fabrairu, 1995. Shirye-shiryen Tsarin Tsarin AutoCAD, Bayyanawa da Buga Shirye-shiryen Jadawalin shirye-shirye, Sabbin Ka'idoji da Ayyuka a cikin Taron Bita na forungiyar Injiniyan Najeriya, Satumba, 1994. Makarantar Taimakawa Ilimin Injin Injiniya a Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello a Taron Kasa na 1 kan Aikace-aikacen Kwamfuta, Fabrairu 1985 (Co-authored with Abatan, AO Addamar da Software a cikin Injin Gine-gine ta hanyar samfurin tsarin, a Taron Duniya akan Ka'idar, Hanyoyi da Aiwatar da Shirye-shirye ta Computerungiyar Kwamfuta ta Nijeriya (CAON) Afrilu 1985 (Co-authored Abatan, AO Gano Lalacewa a Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin ta Hanyoyin Gano Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Kulawa da Kula da Kiwan Lafiya (SHM), Cibiyar Injiniyan Gini ta Nijeriya, Taron Kasa, Sheraton Hotel, Abuja Oktoba 2015 Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Mutanen
32639	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%27adun%20Ghana	Al'adun Ghana	Ghana ƙasa ce mai mutane miliyan 28.21 da ƙungiyoyin asali da yawa, kamar: Akans a tsakiya da Kudancin kasar Ga da Adangbe da ke kewaye da Gabashin Accra Mutanen Guan a cikin dajin ruwan sama Dagombas, Mamprusi da sauran al'ummar Arewa Harsunan Gurunsi da ke magana da al'ummomin yankin Arewa mai nisa Gonjas dake yankin Arewa Turanci shine harshen hukuma, amma Twi na asali na Ashantis, yaren Fante, Frafra, Dangme, Ga, Dagbani, Mampruli, Gonja da Ewe suma suna da matsayi na hukuma kuma ana koyar da su a makarantu a matsayin yarukan ƴan asalin (na gida) a yankuna daban-daban. inda suka fi yawa. Mutanen Akans Mutanen Akan suna zaune a Akanland, kuma suna ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan al'ummomin mata a yammacin Afirka. Tsarin matrilineal na Akan ya ci gaba da kasancewa da mahimmancin tattalin arziki da siyasa. Kowace zuriya ta mallaki ƙasar da membobinta suke noma, tana aiki a matsayin ƙungiyar addini don girmama kakanni, suna kula da auratayya, da sasanta rikicin cikin gida a tsakanin membobinta. Sarakunan Akan, waɗanda a da suka yi suna don ƙawa da dukiyarsu, sun ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayin masu daraja bayan mulkin mallaka. Bikin sarakunan Akan yana rayuwa a cikin al'adar Golden Stool. Ana lura da Akan don gwanintarsu a nau'ikan sana'a da yawa, musamman saƙa, sassaƙan itace, yumbu, ƴan tsana na haihuwa, ƙarfe da kente). Tufafin kente na al'ada ana saƙa a waje, na musamman na maza, a cikin rikitattun alamu na haske, kunkuntar tsiri. Kera sana'o'in Akan da yawa an iyakance ga ƙwararrun maza. Yin tukwane ita kaɗai ce sana'a wacce ta farko aikin mata ne; Maza yawanci ke yin tukwane ko bututu masu nuna siffofi na anthropomorphic ko zoomorphic. Ƙungiyoyin Akan daban-daban suna magana da yare daban-daban na harshen Akan, harshe mai yawan karin magana, kuma amfani da karin magana alama ce ta hikima. Har ila yau, furucin ya zama ruwan dare, musamman game da abubuwan da suka shafi mutuwa. 'Yan Akan da ke bakin teku su ne na farko da suka fara hulda da Turawa a lokacin "Scramble for Africa". Sakamakon wannan doguwar haɗin gwiwa, waɗannan ƙungiyoyin sun rungumi al'adun Biritaniya da harshe. Misali, ya zama al'ada a tsakanin waɗannan mutane yin amfani da sunayen sunayen Birtaniyya. Akans na bakin teku suna zama mafi yawa a Yankin Tsakiya da Yankin Yammacin Akanland. Ga-Adangbe Mutanen Ga-Adangbe ko kuma kawai Ga mutanen (mai suna ga yaren kakanni na gama-gari na Ga-Adangbe) suna zaune a yankin Greater Accra. Ga-Adangde suna da yaruka daban-daban amma gama-gari, Ga, Krobo, Sh3, Osudoko, Shai, Gbugblaa, da Ada, Ningo in ambaci kaɗan. Kabilar Adangbe suna zaune a filin gabas, yayin da kungiyoyin Ga suka mamaye yammacin gabar tekun Accra. Dukansu harsunan sun samo asali ne daga tushen harshe na gama-gari, kuma harsunan Ga da Adangbe na zamani suna kama da su a yau. Duk da shaidar archaeological da ke nuna cewa masu magana da hotuna-Ga-Adangbe sun dogara da noman gero da dawa, Ga-Adangbe na zamani suna zaune ne a cikin al’ummomin da ake kamun kifi a da, kuma fiye da kashi 75 na Ga-Adangbe suna zaune ne a cikin birane. Kasancewar manyan cibiyoyi na masana'antu da kasuwanci da na gwamnati a cikin birni da garuruwa da kuma karuwar ƙaura da sauran jama'a ke yi a yankin, bai hana al'ummar Ga kiyaye al'adun gargajiyar su ba, duk da cewa Twi wata muhimmiyar ƙaura ce. harshe a kasashensu. A sakamakon haka, suna da ƙarfi Dagomba Dagomba suna magana da yaren Dagbani kuma suna zaune a cikin Masarautar Dagbon. Masarautar ita ce ta farko a Ghana. Tsawon shekaru aru-aru, yankin da al'ummar Dagomba ke zaune, ya kasance wurin da jama'a ke ci gaba da yin mamaya, da fadada kasuwanci, da kasuwancin arewa-maso-kudu da gabas-maso-yamma. Kalmomi da dama daga Larabci da Hausa da Dyula ana ganinsu a yaren Dagbani, saboda muhimmancin cinikayyar sahara da kasuwancin yammacin Afirka da kuma tasirin tarihi da addinin Musulunci ya yi a yankin. Ewé Mutanen Ewe sun mamaye kudu maso gabashin Ghana da wasu sassa na makwabciyarta Togo da Benin. Ewe na bin tsarin kakanni ne, ma'ana cewa wanda ya kafa al'umma ya zama sarki kuma dangin ubansa ne suka gaje shi. An tsara addinin Ewe a kusa da mahalicci ko allah, Mawu, da wasu alloli fiye da 600. Ewe sun fi karkata a al'ada ta fuskar addini da imani. Yawancin bukukuwa da bukukuwan ƙauye suna yin su don girmama gumaka ɗaya ko fiye. Ewe Coastal ya dogara da cinikin kamun kifi, yayin da Ewe na cikin ƙasa galibi manoma ne kuma suna kiwon dabbobi. Bambance-bambancen gida na ayyukan tattalin arziki sun haifar da ƙwararrun sana'a. Har ila yau, Ewe yana saƙa zanen kente, sau da yawa a cikin sifofin geometric da ƙira na alama waɗanda aka yi amfani da su tun shekaru da yawa. Matsayi da matsayin mata Mata a al'umma kafin zamani ana ganin su a matsayin masu ɗaukar yara, masu sayar da kifi, da manoma. A al'adance, ana ganin iyawar mata ta haihu a matsayin hanyar da za a sake haifuwar kakanni na zuriya. A zamanin mulkin mallaka, auren mata fiye da daya yakan samu kwarin gwiwa, musamman ma masu hannu da shuni. A cikin al'ummar uba, ana kallon sadakin da ake samu daga aurar da 'ya'ya mata a al'adance a matsayin amincewa ga iyaye don tarbiyyar 'ya'yansu mata da kyau. A cikin ma'auratan da suka gabata na shekarun da suka gabata, matsayin jinsin mata ya sami ci gaba sosai. Matan Ghana a yanzu sun kai kashi 43.1% na masu aiki a Ghana. Mata sun hau kan manyan shugabannin siyasa, sana’a, kasuwanci, da sauran sassa. Fitattun mutane na siyasa sun haɗa da Joyce Bamford-Addo (Shugaban Zama na 5 na Majalisar), Georgina Theodora Wood (Babban Shari'a) da kuma masu rike da mukaman siyasa da yawa a baya da na yanzu. Bikin Mutanen Ashanti da sarakunan Ashanti ne suke gudanar da bikin Akwasidae (madaidaicin, Akwasiadae) da kuma al'ummar Ashanti. Ana yin bikin ne a ranar Lahadi, sau ɗaya a kowane mako shida. Panafest na murna da tushen, kuma Amurkawa-Amurka masu tushe daga yankin, sukan ziyarci kuma suna bikin al'adun su. Ana gudanar da bikin Doyan na Ashanti na kwanaki biyar daga ranar Talata, kamar yadda babban firist na yankin ya umarta. Yana nuna farkon girbin doya a lokacin kaka, bayan damina. Wannan biki yana da ma'ana ta addini da tattalin arziki. A addinance, ana amfani da bikin ne don gode wa alloli da kakanni saboda sabon girbi da kuma al'adar waje da sabon doya. Al'ummar Dagbon da sauran kabilun kasar Ghana ne suka gudanar da bikin Damba. A yayin wannan biki, an sha baje kolin kayan shaye-shaye na Ghana da sauran rigunan gargajiya. Har ila yau, ana gudanar da bikin Wuta ne a watan farko na kalandar Dagomba. Ana gudanar da wannan biki ne da daddare, kuma ya hada da jerin gwanon wuta da buge-buge da raye-rayen wakokin yaki. A lokacin da aka fara girbin dawa na farko, mutanen garin Dagbon suna gudanar da bukin bayyana bukin dawa. Kiɗa Akwai nau'ikan kiɗan iri uku: kiɗan kabilanci ko na gargajiya, waɗanda aka saba yin su a lokacin bukukuwa da kuma lokacin jana'iza; kiɗan "highlife", wanda ke haɗakar da kiɗan gargajiya da na 'shigo'; da kade-kade da wake-wake, wadanda ake yin su a dakunan wake-wake, coci-coci, makarantu, da kwalejoji.° Rawa Kowace kabila tana da nasu raye-rayen gargajiya, tare da takamaimai raye-raye na lokuta daban-daban. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan raye-rayen na musamman ana yin su ne don jana'izar, bukukuwa, ba da labari, yabo da bauta. Akwai raye-raye daban-daban a kasar Ghana da yankuna goma a fadin kasar ke gudanar da su, galibi a lokutan bukukuwa da bukukuwa kamar jana'iza, bukukuwan aure da sauransu. These dances are performed to entertain and educate people.( e.g. The 'Gome' dance, as performed by the Gas of the Greater Accra region of Ghana during the Homowo festival in August). Other dances in Ghana includes kpalongo performed by the Gas, Agbadza by the Ewes, Adowa by the Akans, Bambaya by the Northeners, Patsa by the Ga-Adangbes, and many others. There are many dances that have originated from Ghana and their ethnic groups. Kwastam Ana zuba jana'iza da liyafa. Ana aiwatar da lokacin Afirka. Ba a maganar jima'i a Ghana. Kasancewar Hannun Hagu yana jin haushi. Camfi Imani na sihiri yana da ƙarfi. Ikklisiyoyi na Ghana sun fito fili suna haɓaka ra'ayin cewa cututtuka da bala'i na iya haifar da ƙarfin allahntaka. Camfi yana da ƙarfi sosai matan da ake zargi da maita ana kora su zuwa sansanonin matsafa. Addini Ghana kasa ce mai yawan addini inda annabawan bishara suka shahara sosai. Abinci Abincin yana da jita-jita na gargajiya iri-iri daga kowace kabila. Gabaɗaya, yawancin jita-jita sun ƙunshi ɓangaren sitaci, da miya ko miya, tare da kifi, katantanwa, nama ko namomin kaza. Wasanni Ƙwallon ƙafar ƙungiyoyi shine wasanni mafi shahara a ƙasar. Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta maza ta kasa ana kiranta da Black Stars, tare da kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 da ake kira Black Satellites. Kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 ana kiranta da Black Starlets, yayin da kungiyar maza ta Olympics ake kiranta da Black Meteors. Sun halarci gasa da dama da suka hada da gasar cin kofin Afrika, da gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA da kuma na FIFA U-20. A ranar 16 ga Oktoba, 2009, Ghana ta zama kasa ta farko a Afirka da ta lashe gasar cin kofin duniya ta 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 ta FIFA bayan ta doke Brazil da ci 4-3 a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. A ranar 13 ga watan Yunin 2010, Ghana ta doke Serbia da ci 1-0 a wasan zagaye na farko a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2010 ta zama tawaga ta farko a Afirka da ta taba lashe gasar cin kofin duniya da aka shirya a kasar Afirka, sannan ta zama tawaga daya tilo daga Afirka da ta tsallake zuwa rukunin. mataki zuwa buga fitar lokaci a taron 2010. A ranar 26 ga watan Yunin 2010 Ghana ta lallasa Amurka da ci 2 da 1 a wasan zagaye na 16 da suka yi, inda ta zama kasa ta uku a Afirka da ta kai matakin daf da na kusa da karshe a gasar cin kofin duniya bayan Kamaru a 1990 da Senegal a 2002. Rashin nasara a hannun Uruguay Johannesburg a ranar 2 ga Yuli, 2010 da bugun fanariti ya kawo karshen yunkurin Ghana na kaiwa wasan kusa da na karshe a gasar. Yayin da wasan kwallon kafa na maza ya fi bibiyar wasanni a Ghana, kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta kasa na kara fitowa fili, inda ta shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata na FIFA da kuma na CAF na mata. Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Ghana ana kiranta da Black Queens, yayin da kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 ta Ghana ake kira Black Princesses. Akwai kungiyoyin kwallon kafa da dama a Ghana, wadanda ke buga gasar firimiya ta Ghana da kuma na rukuni na daya, wadanda hukumar kwallon kafar Ghana ke gudanarwa. Sanannu a cikin waɗannan akwai Accra Hearts of Oak SC da Asante Kotoko, waɗanda ke taka leda a matakin firimiya kuma su ne kan gaba a gasar. Fitattun ‘yan wasan kwallon kafa da aka sansu a matakin kasa da kasa sun hada da Tony Yeboah, Michael Essien, Kevin-Prince Boateng, Emmanuel Agyemang-Badu, Abedi Pele, Asamoah Gyan, Anthony Annan, Quincy Owusu-Abeyie, John Pantsil, Samuel Osei Kuffour, Richard Kingson, Sulley Muntari, Laryea Kingston, Stephen Appiah, André Ayew, John Mensah da Dominic Adiyiah. Ghana kuma ita ce mahaifar Wrestling Entertainment Kofi Kingston (an haife shi Kofi Sarkodie-Mensah), wanda ke kokawa akan alamar Smackdown. Haka kuma Kwame Nkrumah-Acheampong wanda ya fafata a gasar Olympics ta lokacin sanyi na Vancouver. Haka kuma an samar da ’yan dambe masu inganci irin su Azumah Nelson ta zama zakaran duniya sau uku, Nana Yaw Konadu shi ma zakaran duniya sau uku, Ike Quartey, da kuma dan dambe Joshua Clottey da zakaran IBF na bantamweight Joseph Agbeko.
50497	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astri%20Aasen	Astri Aasen	Astri Aasen (3 Satumba 1875 10 Oktoba 1935) 'Yar ƙasar Norway ne mai zane. Ta shafe yawancin rayuwarta a birnin Trondheim, kuma a farkon karni na 20, Harriet Backer ta koya mata fenti a Oslo Ta ƙirƙiri jerin hotuna na waɗanda suka halarci taron Sami na farko a 1917 Sámediggi (majalisar ta samo hotunan a ƙarshen karni na 20, inda suka ci gaba da kasancewa har na 2021. Bayan rasuwarta, danginta ne suka samar da tallafin karatu ga matasa masu fasaha. Rayuwar farko An haifi Aasen a ranar 3 ga Satumba 1875 ga Anna Christine Næss da Nils Aasen.[1] Mahaifinta mai kayan ado ne, kuma mahaifiyarta ta mutu da tarin fuka lokacin da Aasen tana da shekaru biyu. Bayan mutuwar mahaifiyarta, mahaifinta ya auri 'yar'uwar Næss, kuma sun kula da 'yan'uwa hudu. Biyu daga cikin ƴan uwanta sun rasu tana ɗan shekara 17 a duniya. Sana'a A cikin rayuwar matashiyar Aasen, ta zama mai sake gyarawa a cikin birnin Ålesund, kuma ta fara koyon fenti a Bergen lokacin tana da shekara 25 (wajen shekara ta 1900). Na ɗan gajeren lokaci a kusa da 1903, kuma ta ci gaba tsakanin 1907 da 1909, mai zane Harriet Backer ya horar da ita a (sannan Kristiania ).[3] A cewar marubuci Glenny Alfsen, aikinta na fasaha ya ƙunshi "ƙaddarawar dabi'a ta ƙirƙiri hotuna ba tare da fassarori ba. Bayan mutuwar iyayenta, ta yi amfani da yawancin rayuwarta a birnin na Norway, inda ta yi aƙalla nuni guda ɗaya kuma ta zauna tare da 'yar uwarta.[3] Ta baje kolin a birane da yawa tsawon rayuwarta ciki har da Paris, Capri, Florence, da Naples amma a kai a kai takan dawo Trondheim. Tsakanin 1900 zuwa 1912, masu fasaha ma sun koya mata., Viggo Johansen, Christian Krohg, Halfdan Strøm, da Léon Bonnat A tsakanin 6 ga Fabrairu zuwa 10 ga Fabrairu, 1917, an yi taron Sami na farko, taron ƙasa da ƙasa na Sámi na Norway, Sweden, Rasha, da Denmark. Taron ya kasance mai mahimmanci a fahimtar siyasar Sámi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin masu ba da shawara na farko don haɗakar ƙasar Sami. Aasen ta ziyarci taron don ƙirƙirar jerin hotuna na pastel na masu halarta, wasu daga cikinsu suna da suna bayan takamaiman mutane (kamar ɗaya don Daniel Mortensen), wasu kuma ba su da rubutun (irin su Tsohuwar Hotunan galibi suna nuna ƙirji da shugabannin mahalarta taron, kuma an zana su da sauri. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan hotuna shi ne na Marie Finskog, wadda ta rayu daga 1851 zuwa 1927. Finskog wani mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin siyasar Sami ta Kudu ne wanda ya yi magana game da halin da ake ciki na tattalin arziki na Sámi a matsayin ba saboda kowane talauci na kungiyar ba, amma a matsayin mai fafutuka. sakamakon wani "yanayin zalunci". A cikin hoton Aasen, Finskog yana sanye da koren gákti, irin riga. A tarihi, fastoci Lars Levi Laestadius reshe na kiristanci Laestadianis) ya hana sanya kodayake sun karu cikin shahara a cikin 1840s. Bart Pushaw, masanin tarihi na yankin circumpolar, ya ce Aasen yana sane da ayyukan tashin hankali da ke da alaƙa da Laestadianism-kamar tawayen Kautokeino na 1852 a cikin hamlet na wannan suna lokacin da ta zana Finskog. Tun da guntuwar zane mai launin rawaya ya nuna ta cikin zanen (kamar a cikin gákti na Finskog) da alama an kammala zanen jim kaɗan bayan fara Aasen. Wannan fasaha mai sauri da mara kyau ta ba ta damar zana yawancin mahalarta taron, kuma a cewar Pushaw, ya ba ta hoton Finskog "mafi kyawun tunani har ma da na zamani" ta hanyar ƙin "daidaitaccen verisimilitude". Har ila yau, ta ba da wasu daga cikin hotunanta ga al'ummominsu; yayin da ta kirkiro zane-zane uku na dan gwagwarmayar Thorkel Jonassen, ta ba shi daya. Yawancin Hotunan Aasen na masu fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a yawancin aiyukun ta sun hallarane akan tsare hakkin Dan adan na Sami. Alal misali, Jonassen, ɗan gwagwarmaya ne wanda ya yi imanin cewa Sami ba su da wani aikin ɗabi'a na biyan haraji ga gwamnatocin mulkin mallaka. Bayan taron, Valdemar Lindholm na mujallar Idun ya rubuta cewa zane-zanen "nau'i ne masu ban sha'awa" ra'ayin da Pushaw ya gani yana kawar da Sámi kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga rashin sanin al'adun su. Pushaw ya ce alkalumman kamar Finskog ba "masu shiga ba" ba ne a cikin majalisa ko hotunansu, amma masu kawo sauyi na zamantakewa a duk yankin Nordic. Mutuwa da gado A ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 1935, kusan wata guda bayan cikarta shekaru 60, Aasen ta mutu sakamakon bugun jini. [13] Bayan shekaru takwas, ƙungiyar fasaha ta Trondheim ta ƙirƙira wani abin tunawa na aikinta, kuma danginta sun kafa guraben karatu na shekara-shekara ga matasa masu zane-zane da sunanta: (Kyautar Astri Aasen) wanan Abu da dangin aaesen sukayi na ƙafa kungiya amata ya fara ta ran masu koyon zane zane ta ban garen fasaha kyauta ga al'umma su Yawancin zane-zanenta na majalisar Sami an dawo dasu a cikin 1995; Majalisar (majalisar Sami) ta same su a bayan shekaru biyu. [14] Hotonta mai hazaka na Jonassen shima Sámediggi ya samu; daya daga cikin hotunanta nasa ya zama katin waya, wani kuma ya samu ta wurin gidajen tarihi na Norway a Lierne, wani kuma an saka shi a makarantar matasa Sámi a Snåsa Bayan taron, jihohin Nordic sun fara tsarin tashe-tashen hankula da rikice-rikice wanda ya dakatar da ci gaba da yawa; Aikin Aasen a Snåsa, a cewar Pushaw, "ci gaba da hangen nesa" na gwagwarmayar siyasa ta Sámi ga dalibanta, kuma ya nuna cewa ci gaba na iya yiwuwa. Littattafan zane na ƙuruciyarta, tare da zane ɗaya daga lokacin da take da shekaru 14, Ƙungiyar Fasaha ta Trondheim tana riƙe da ita har zuwa 2018. A cewar mai kula da zane-zane Rebeka Helena Blikstad, sun nuna cewa, kamar yawancin mata masu fasaha na lokacin, ta ya kasance mai sha'awar hoto da zanen ciki, amma har ma da siffofi na geometric na siffa ta zahiri Tun daga 2021, zane-zanenta na majalisa ya kasance a cikin tarin Sámediggi.
24341	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Asafu-Adjaye	Edward Asafu-Adjaye	Sir Edward Okyere Asafu-Adjaye (1903–1976) ɗan siyasan Ghana ne, lauya kuma jami’in diflomasiyya. Shi ne lauyan Ashanti na farko kuma Babban Kwamishinan Ghana na farko a Burtaniya tare da ba da izini ga Faransa a lokaci guda. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haife shi a ranar 14 ga Yuli, 1903 a Calabar, Najeriya, inda mahaifinsa ke aiki a matsayin mashahurin ɗan kasuwa. Bayan ya gaji da kasuwancinsa a Calabar, mahaifinsa; Opanyin Asafu Adjaye ya kawo shi Kumasi inda ya fara karatunsa a Makarantar Samari ta Kumasi. Daga nan ya ci gaba zuwa Kwalejin Adisadel, Cape Coast inda ya samu takardar shedar cambridge. Daga nan ya wuce zuwa Jami'ar London. A can ya ci lambar yabo ta "Profumo Prize" saboda kasancewar sa ƙwararren masanin shari'a, sakamakon rawar da ya taka a jarrabawar ƙarshe ta Jami'ar (LLB). Aiki An kira shi zuwa mashaya a Haikali na ciki, United Kingdom a 1927, a cikin wannan shekarar ya koma Kogin Zinariya don yin aikin doka. Ya shiga ɗakin Sir Henley Kobina Coussey don hidimar ɗalibin lauya, kafin ya fara aikin sa na kansa. Ya kafa dakunansa: E.O.Asafu Adjaye Co a Accra a 1927. Dakunan suna da hedikwata a Kumasi daga 1934 zuwa 1951. Ya yi aiki a wasu kamfanoni masu zaman kansu; ya yi aiki a matsayin darakta na Bankin Barclay (Ghana) Ltd, Mobil Oil (Ghana Ltd), Consolidated African Selection Trust Ltd., Shugaban Majalisar Masu sassaucin ra'ayi na Afirka, memba na Majalisar zartarwa na Gwamna na Kwalejin Adisadel da sauran kwamitoci da kungiyoyi da yawa. ciki har da Jami'ar Ghana. Siyasa Bayan ɗan lokaci a cikin aikin sirri ya shiga siyasar Kogin Zinariya. Ya fara aiki a matsayin babban memba na Ashanti Kotoko Society da Ashanti Confederacy Council (yanzu Asanteman Council) a 1934. Ya kasance memba na tawagar Kogin Zinariya da ta sadu da Sakataren Gwamnatin Burtaniya na yankuna don yin zanga -zangar adawa da Dokar Ayyukan Ruwa da Dokar Sedition. Shi, tare da Dr J. B. Danquah, sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen cimma haɗin gwiwar Ashanti Colony Collaboration wanda ya haifar da Tsarin Mulki na 1946. An nada shi a matsayin memba na majalisar dokoki a 1946 kuma a cikin 1951, an zabi shi a matsayin wakilin Asanteman. A wannan shekarar kuma ya yi aiki a majalisar ministocin farko ta Dr.Kwame Nkrumah ta 195PP CPP. A shekarar 1954 aka nada shi ministan kasuwanci da kwadago. Alƙawura da alƙawura na duniya Bangaren kasa da kasa, an aiko shi ya wakilci kasar a lokacin Sarautar Sarki George VI a 1937 da Sarauniyar Ingila ta yanzu; Sarauniya Elizabeth ta biyu a shekarar 1953. Ya yi aiki a kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan hanyoyin zaman lafiya. Ya kuma yi hidima a kan th Bayan samun 'yancin kai na Ghana a 1957 an nada shi Babban Kwamishina na farko a Burtaniya tare da amincewa da Faransa a lokaci guda Dr. Kwame Nkrumah. Abubuwan da suka yi nuni da zamansa a wannan ofishin sun haɗa da farmakin da aka kai masa wanda ya yi kanun labarai na duniya wanda aka yi ayyuka masu yawa na ilimi; a cikin Janairu 1959, Patrice Lumumba, Firayim Minista na Jamhuriyar Demokraɗiyyar Kongo, ya zauna a The Ritz Hotel, London kuma ya sadu da Adjaye da wasu a cikin gidan abincin. 'Yan kabilar Mosley ne wadanda suka damu da al'amuran haƙƙin ɗan adam a Kongo a lokacin, suka yi zanga -zanga a wajen otal ɗin, tare da nuna tutoci kamar "YAN FYADEN YARA TAFI GIDA" tare da fitar da fatar launin fata. An kai wa Adjaye hari ne lokacin da yake barin otal din, duk da cewa ana hasashen cewa ya yi kuskure da Lumumba. Mai Martaba Sarauniya Elizabeth ta II ta karrama shi a yayin da ya amince da nasarorin da ya samu a cikin gida da na duniya. A cikin 1962 ya kasance memba na mutum uku (wanda ya haɗa da Sir Henry Wynn Parry da Adalci Gopal Das Khosla na Indiya) kwamitin da aka sani da Wynn-Parry Commission of Enquiry da aka kafa a ranar 11 ga Mayu 1962 don bincika musabbabin tashin hankalin siyasa. a Guyana wanda ya faru a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu, 1962, wanda aka fi sani da tarihin Guyana da "Black Friday". Hakanan yana ɗaya daga cikin membobi huɗu waɗanda suka haɗa da Alva Myrdal na Sweden (Shugaban,) Josip Djerdja na Yugoslavia (wanda ya yi murabus daga Kungiyar a watan Maris 1964), Ahmed Ould Sidi Baba na Morocco da Sir. Hugh Foot na Burtaniya, wanda babban sakataren Majalisar Uinkin Duniya U Thant ya nada don bincika matsalar fashewar manufofin ƙabilun Afirka ta Kudu daidai da ƙudurin Kwamitin Sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 4 ga Disamba 1963. Mutuwa Ya mutu a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu 1976.
30875	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanjiru%20Kamau-Rutenberg	Wanjiru Kamau-Rutenberg	Wanjiru Kamau-Rutenberg ita ce Babban Darakta na Rise, haɗin gwiwa na Schmidt Futures da Rhodes Trust. Kafin haka ta kasance Daraktar Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Noma ta Mata ta Afirka (AWARD). Wanjiru ita ce kuma wanda ta kafa kuma tsohon Darakta na Akili Dada, mai ba da jagoranci ga 'yan matan Afirka da mata matasa kuma tsohon Mataimakin Farfesa a Harkokin Siyasa a Jami'ar San Francisco. Ilimi Kamau-Rutenberg ta samu digirin a fannin kimiyyar siyasa daga Jami'ar Minnesota ta Minneapolis, inda ta mai da hankali kan huldar kasa da kasa, nazarin jinsi da tarihin Afirka. Kundin karatunta na shekarar, 2008 kan Impact of Ethnic Politics on Women’s Rights legislation during Kenya’s Democratic Transition tsokaci game da cudanya tsakanin jinsi, (sake) samar da asalin kabilanci da tsarin dimokaradiyya a cikin kasashe masu tasowa. Rubuce-rubucenta ta yin amfani da ruwan tabarau na jinsi don gano kaciyar da aka tilasta wa maza a lokacin rikicin ƙabilanci na Kenya na shekarar, 2007 zuwa 2008 Bayan Zaɓe na ɗaya daga cikin irinsa na farko don amfani da abubuwan da maza na Afirka suka fuskanta na tashin hankalin siyasa a matsayin hanyar tashi don yin la'akari da tsaka-tsakin jinsi da siyasa kuma an buga shi a cikin Jadawalin Aiki na Takardun Adalci na Jami'ar Oxford. An kuma ba ta lambar yabo ta Doctorate of Humane Letters (Honoris Causa) ta Kwalejin Whitman, Washington.Wannan Doctorate na Daraja ta gane aikinta na ilimi da himma ga daidaiton jinsi musamman a Afirka. Ta gabatar da jawabin farawa ga daliban da suka kammala karatun digiri na shekarar, 2017 a matsayin wani bangare na bikin karramawar. Kamau-Rutenberg kuma tana da digiri na biyu a fannin fasaha a Kimiyyar Siyasa daga Jami'ar Minnesota, Minneapolis da aka bayar a shekarar, 2005, da Bachelor of Arts a cikin Politics daga Kwalejin Whitman, Walla Walla, Washington da aka bayar a cikin shekara, 2001. Aiki A cikin Shekarar, 2005, Kamau-Rutenberg ta kafa Akili Dada, mai ba da jagoranci ga 'yan mata da mata matasa da ke Nairobi, Kenya don magance rashin wakilcin mata a matsayin jagoranci a Afirka. Kamau-Rutenberg kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Farfesa a Jami'ar San Francisco, San Francisco, California, daga Agusta shekara ta, 2008 zuwa Maris 2014.A lokacin aikinta na ilimi ta mayar da hankali kan siyasar taimakon agaji da ci gaban kasa da kasa, Siyasar Tallafin Duniya, Siyasar Afirka, Hulda da Kasa da Kasa, Siyasar Kabilanci da Kabilanci. Kamau-Rutenberg ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin malami a fannin hulda da kasa da kasa a Kwalejin Jami'ar Hekima, Kwalejin Mazabu ta Jami'ar Katolika ta Gabashin Afirka, Nairobi, Kenya, daga Agusta shekara ta, 2013 zuwa Janairu 2014. A watan Maris na shekarar, 2014 aka nada ta a matsayin darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Aikin Noma ta Mata ta Afirka (AWARD) wadda Cibiyar Noma ta Duniya (ICRAF) ke da hedkwata a Nairobi, Kenya. AWARD tana saka hannun jari a masana kimiyyar noma, cibiyoyin bincike, da kasuwancin noma, suna ƙarfafa ikonsu na isar da sabbin abubuwan aikin gona mai dacewa da jinsi don wadatar da aikin noma a duk faɗin Afirka. A cikin shekarar, 2017 AWARD ta sanar da Ƙungiyar Planet One, $20M, shirin shekara 5 don saka hannun jari a cikin ayyukan masana kimiyya 600 da ke aiki don bincike don taimaka wa ƙananan manoman Afirka su dace da yanayin canjin yanayi. Matsayin hukumar Wanjiru tana da, kuma tana ci gaba da aiki a Hukumomi da yawa. A cikin Shekarar, 2021 an nada ta zuwa Hukumar Landesa, babbar kungiyar kare hakkin filaye ta duniya, da Hukumar Gidauniyar Syngenta. Har ila yau, tana aiki a Kwamitin Zaɓar Kyautar Abinci na Afirka, Hukumar Gidauniyar Wangari Maathai, da Kwamitin Ba da Shawarar Shugaban na Kwalejin Whitman. Har ila yau, tana zama a Majalisar Dokokin Gidauniyar Climate Foundation da Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba a Jami'ar Bonn. Ita memba ce ta Malabo Montpellier Panel, wani babban kwamiti na kwararru masu zaman kansu da ke tallafawa gwamnatocin Afirka da kungiyoyin farar hula gano da aiwatar da manufofin da ke inganta aikin noma, abinci da abinci mai gina jiki a duk fadin nahiyar. Tana kuma hidima a Hukumar Twaweza, Babban dandalin tattaunawa tsakanin jama'a da siyasa a gabashin Afirka. Kyaututtuka da karramawa 2003: MacArthur Doctoral Fellow], Shirin Tsare-tsare kan Canjin Duniya, Dorewa da Adalci, Fellowship Research Fellowship, Jami'ar Minnesota 2010: Mai nasara, Kasuwar Ra'ayoyin, Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Jama'a ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 2011: Kyautar Thomas I. Yamashita, Cibiyar Nazarin Canjin Jama'a, Jami'ar California a Berkeley 2012: 100 Mafi Tasiri a Afirka, Sabuwar Mujallar Afirka 2012: Champion of Democracy a cikin East Africa, Ford Foundation 2012: White House Champion of Change, United States White House da United States Department of State 2013: Mafi Tasirin Matan Afirka a Kasuwanci da Gwamnati, Nasara, Rukunin Ƙungiyoyin Jama'a, Nairobi. 2014: Manyan mata 40 da ke ƙasa da shekara 40, Business Daily, Nairobi, Kenya. 2016: Africa's Most Influential Women, New African Magazine, London, U.K 2017: Doctor na Haruffa na Humane (Honoris Causa), Kwalejin Whitman, WA Amurka 2018: Archbishop Desmond Tutu Leadership Fellow, Cibiyar Shugabancin Afirka, Jami'ar Oxford, Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu 2018: 20 Fuskokin Kimiyya, Makon Kimiyyar Afirka, Kenya 2021: Matan Afirka 100 Mafi Tasiri, Avance Media 2021: 27 Ƙarfafa Mata Masu Sake Tsarin Abinci 2021: 100 Mafi Tasirin Mata a Siyasar Jinsi, Siyasa
15998	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel%20Ifeajuna	Emmanuel Ifeajuna	Emmanuel Arinze Ifeajuna (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Satumba shekarar 1935 ya mutu a shekara ta 1967). Ya kasance babban hafsan sojan Najeriya kuma babban jumper Shi ne Baƙin Afirka na farko da ya ci lambar zinare a taron wasanni na duniya lokacin da ya ci nasara a 1954 na Biritaniya da Wasannin Kasashe Alamar nasararsa da mafi kyawun mutum na 6 ft. 8 a cikin (2.03 m) rikodin wasanni ne da rikodin masarautar Biritaniya a lokacin. Ba’amurke ne daga Onitsha, ya kasance ya kammala karatun sa na kimiyya a Jami’ar Ibadan sannan ya tsunduma cikin siyasa, daga baya ya shiga aikin soja. Ya taka rawa a wajen juyin mulkin Najeriya na shekarar 1966 Rayuwa da aiki Babban tsalle Haihuwar Onitsha, ya halarci Dennis Memorial Grammar School a garin sa kuma ya nuna halaye da zasu bayyana rayuwarsa daga baya. Ya yi horo a tsalle tsalle a ƙarƙashin malamin wasanninsa, kuma shi ma ya shiga cikin zanga-zangar da ta rufe makarantar na ɗan lokaci. Ya kammala karatun sakandare a shekarar 1951. Makarantar Grammar ta Ilesa ita ma ta yi ikirarin cewa shi tsohon dalibi ne.Wannan ana jayayya dashi, kodayake yayi koyarwar bazara a makarantar. Gasar wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle ta 'Najeriyar ta shekara ta 1954 ta gan shi ya kafa kansa a cikin manya-manyan masu tsalle-tsalle a kasar. Tsalle na 6 ƙafa 5.5 inci (1.97 m) yana nufin an zabi Ifeajuna ne don ya wakilci kasarsa a masarautar Birtaniyya ta 1954 da wasannin Commonwealth, tare da Nafiu Osagie Nijeriya ta yi rawar gani a duniya a cikin tsalle a wancan lokacin Joshua Majekodunmi shi ne ya zo na biyu a Wasannin Masarautar Birtaniyya na shekarar 1950, kuma ‘yan tsalle-tsalle uku na Nijeriya sun sami damar zuwa na ashirin a gasar tsalle-tsalle ta Olympics ta shekarar 1952 A Wasannin shekarar 1954 a Vancouver, ya yi gasa sanye da takalmin hagu kawai amma har yanzu ya sami nasarar share 6 ft. 8 a cikin (2.03 m), wanda ya kasance rikodin Wasanni da kuma rikodin Masarautar Burtaniya don horo. Sakamakon lambar zinare ya sanya shi dan Afirka ta Farko na farko da ya ci nasara a wata babbar gasar wasanni ta duniya. Babban tsallen ya samu damar daukar nauyin lambobin yabo a Afirka a wannan shekarar, inda Patrick Etolu na Uganda ya kare a bayan Ifeajuna sannan Osagie na Najeriya ya zama na uku. Ifeajuna ya sami tarba ta gwarzo bayan dawowarsa Legas kuma an baje shi kan tituna kafin yayi magana a wani bikin farar hula. Daga baya an yi amfani da hoton nasa don murfin gaban littafin motsa jiki na ɗaliban makarantun firamare da sakandare a Najeriya. Siyasa da jami'a Bayan nasarar da ya samu ta zinare, ya daina samun horo a tsalle mai tsayi kuma bai koma wasan ba. Ya shiga cikin karatun kimiyya a Kwalejin Jami'ar Ibadan a 1954 kuma ya shiga cikin harkar siyasar ɗaliban makarantar Ya kuma kasance memba na mashahurin Sigma Club, na Jami'ar Ibadan, kungiyar dalibai masu kishin zamantakewar al'umma, masu shirya bikin Havana Musical Carnival a cikin makarantar. Yayin da yake can ya zama abokai na kud da kud da Christopher Okigbo da JP Clark, wadanda dukkansu za su ci gaba da zama fitattun mawaƙan Nijeriya. Ifeajuna shi ma babban aboki ne ga Emeka Anyaoku, daga baya ya zama Sakatare Janar na Commonwealth Ya tsunduma cikin Kungiyar Daliban Ibadan kuma ya zama Daraktan yada labarai na kungiyar, yana karfafa zanga-zanga. Ya kasance yana da alaka da Dynamic Party, karkashin jagorancin masanin lissafi Chike Obi Uche Chukwumerije, wanda ya yi zamani da shi kuma daga baya ya zama sanata, ya tuna Ifeajuna yana da himma a cikin hargitsi na siyasa, amma kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa ba shi da sha'awar shiga cikin zanga-zangar da kansu. Clark ya kuma tabbatar da hakan, yana ba da misalin wata zanga-zanga kan rufe gidan kwanan dalibai. Rufe rufewar ta biyo bayan shari’ar kisan kai ne na Ben Obumselu, shugaban kungiyar daliban kuma aboki na Ifeajuna. Ifeajuna ta shirya zanga-zangar amma ba ta kasance ba yayin rikicin da ya biyo baya. Bayan ya kammala karatun digirinsa na kimiyya sai ya shiga koyarwa, ana sanya shi a makarantar Ebenezer Anglican Grammar da ke Abeokuta Ifeajuna ya kasance cikin tuntuɓar yau da kullun tare da Okigbo, wanda shi ma ya ci gaba da koyarwa, kuma su biyun sun ci gaba da tattauna batun siyasar juyin juya hali. Wannan ya kawo karshen Ifeajuna ya bar aikin koyarwa ya shiga soja a 1960. Ya samu horo a makarantar Mons Officer Cadet School a Aldershot, United Kingdom. A matsayinsa na wanda ya kammala karatunsa, ya tashi cikin sauri a cikin mukamin soja ya kai matsayin Manjo a watan Janairun 1966. Ya kasance babban birgediya a Legas Juyin mulki Rashin gamsuwa da alkiblar da kasarsa ta bi a lokacin Jamhuriyyar Najeriya ta Farko a karkashin Firayim Minista Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Ifeajuna ya zama makarkashiya a wani shiri na kifar da gwamnatin. Ganin karatun da ya yi, ana daukar Ifeajuna a matsayin daya daga cikin hazikan masu hankali na makircin kuma ya rubuta wani rubutu da ba a buga ba kan dalilin yunkurin juyin mulkin Najeriya na shekarar 1966 Ya yi tir da rashawa da rashin tsari wanda ya haifar da rashin kyakkyawan shugabanci na gwamnati. Manjo Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu shi ne fuskar yunkurin juyin mulkin, wanda ya hada da wasu manyan sojoji biyar: Timothy Onwuatuegwu, Chris Anuforo, Don Okafor, Adewale Ademoyega da Humphrey Chukwuka Ademoyega, Okafor, Anuforo da Chukwuka sune sauran manya a Legas, inda Ifeajuna suka jagoranci motsi. Ifeajuna ya jagoranci tawagarsa zuwa gidan Firaminista Balewa kuma suka kama shi. A halin yanzu, Nzeogwu ya fito fili ya bayyana sunayen wadanda suka yi yunkurin juyin mulkin da kuma Balewa a matsayin babban rashi. Okafor ya nemi cafke Birgediya Zakariya Maimalari, babban kwamandan Ifeajuna. Maimalari ya tsere kuma da ya sami Ifeajuna ya nemi taimako. Ifeajuna ya kashe Maimalari, wanda hakan ya haifar da rashin jituwa a tsakanin jiga-jigan Ifeajuna, kasancewar shi babban jami’i ne mai matukar daraja. Ifeajuna ya kuma harbe Laftanar Kanar Abogo Largema a wani otal da ke gundumar Ikoyi a Legas. Daya daga cikin manyan mutanen da aka yi yunkurin juyin mulkin, Manjo-Janar Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi, ya kama makircin kuma ya tsere daga kama shi. Daga nan ya fara matsawa kan wadanda suka yi masa juyin mulki. Daga karshe Ironsi ya sami nasarar hana juyin mulkin sannan ya karbi mulki da kansa. A yayin wadannan abubuwan, Firayim Minista Balewa ya mutu yayin da yake tsare da Ifeajuna. Jami'an 'yan sanda sun ba da rahoto game da yanayin mutuwarsa (wanda har yanzu ba a sake bayani ba) suna iƙirarin cewa Ifeajuna ya harbe Balewa yayin da yake tuki zuwa Abeokuta kuma ya bar gawar a hanya. Wasu na ikirarin cewa ba da gangan aka kashe Balewa ba (ganin cewa shi ba ya daga cikin wadanda aka yi yunkurin juyin mulkin), amma dai ya mutu ne sakamakon cutar asma ko bugun zuciya a lokacin tsananin. Wannan batun har yanzu ba a warware shi ba na tarihin yunƙurin juyin mulkin shekarar 1966. Kisa da gado Bayan matakin da Ironsi ya yi game da juyin mulkin, abokan Ifeajuna Christopher Okigbo da JP Clark sun taimaka masa ya tsallaka kan iyaka zuwa Dahomey (yanzu Benin) sannan ya wuce zuwa Ghana inda shugabanta Kwame Nkrumah ya yi masa maraba.An kifar da mulkin Nkrumah jim kaɗan bayan haka kuma Ifeajuna ya dawo Najeriya bayan tabbatarwa daga Emeka Ojukwu cewa rayuwarsa ba za ta kasance cikin haɗari ba. Ya sake shiga aikin soja, a wannan karon a cikin Sojojin Biyafara Jamhuriyyar Biafra ta ayyana ballewa daga Najeriya, ta fara yakin basasar Najeriya Ifeajuna, Victor Banjo, Phillip Alale da Sam Agbam da Ojukwu ya zarga da sasantawa da jami’an gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya, ta hanyar wakilan Burtaniya, da fatan za su kawo tsagaita wuta, su hambarar da Ojukwu, su sami manyan mukamai da kansu. An hanzarta yi musu shari'a kuma an yanke musu hukuncin kisa ta hanyar harbi saboda cin amanar ƙasa. Ifeajuna ya yi ikirarin cewa shirin shi ne don kare rayukan fararen hula a Enugu daga farmakin da sojojin tarayya za su kawo musu. An kashe Ifeajuna da abokan hadin gwiwar sa uku a ranar 25 ga watan Satumba shekarar 1967. Sojojin tarayyar Najeriya sun kame Enugu, babban birnin Biafra bayan kwana biyu. Ifeajuna ya sami gado mai hade. Wannan rubutun nasa da ba a buga ba ya ja hankali sosai, ciki har da na Olusegun Obasanjo, janar din soja kuma yanzu tsohon Shugaban Najeriya Mutane da yawa suna ganin yunkurin juyin mulkin na shekarar 1966 a matsayin wani shiri ne na Ibo, duk da cewa wadanda suka yi makircin sun hada da wadanda ba ‘yan kabilar Igbo ba, wasu wadanda aka yi yunkurin juyin mulkin‘ yan kabilar Ibo ne, kuma Janar Ironsi wanda ya hana juyin mulkin shi kansa dan Ibo ne. Ana ganin rubutun a matsayin tushe na tarihi mai yiwuwa don kimanta duk launin fatar har zuwa juyin mulki da rawar da Ifeajuna ke ciki, wanda ya kasance daga mai haɗa kai zuwa shugaban masu ilimi. Ifeajuna bai yi fice ba ko kuma nuna fifiko a tarihin yakin basasar Najeriya. Yayin da dan uwansa Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu wanda ya yi juyin mulki a shekarar 1966 aka kawata shi a matsayin jarumin yaki kuma an kafa mutum-mutumi a garinsu, Ifeajuna bai samu karbuwa ba sosai. Bayan rasuwarsa a shekara ta 2011, tsohon shugaban Biafra Ojukwu ya samu yabo mafi girma daga Najeriya kuma jana’izarsa ya samu halartar Shugaban Najeriya Goodluck Jonathan. A wata hira da aka yi da shi a shekarar 1992, Ojukwu ya yi watsi da ikirarin cewa Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu shi ne jagoran wannan makarkashiyar, kamar yadda aka yi amannar. Wani rahoto na Musamman na Ofishin ‘Yan Sanda na Najeriya, sashinta na farko an sake shi wani bangare kuma an rasa na biyun, ya bayyana cewa Ifeajuna, Don Okafor da Kyaftin Ogbu Oji su ne suka kirkiro kuma suka nuna goyon baya ga yunkurin juyin mulkin a shekarar 1965, inda kawai Ojukwu ya shiga cikin wani mataki na makara. Wasu na ganin Ifeajuna a matsayin wanda ya kashe Firayim Minista Balewa, wanda ya durkusar da Jamhuriya ta Farko kuma ya haifar da yakin basasa.Babu wani bincike da aka yi a jikin Balewa kuma babu tabbacin cewa an harbe shi. Rahotannin da aka bayar game da rahoton sun gano gawarsa a zaune kusa da wata bishiya, kusa da gawar ministan kudi Festus Okotie-Eboh, wanda aka harbe kuma yana tsakiyar zargin cin hanci da rashawa. Ayyukan siyasa na bin ƙa'idodin wasan kwaikwayon sun mamaye tasirin Ifeajuna a cikin tarihin wasanni na Black Africa. Rayuwar mutum A lokacin da yake jami'a, Ifeajuna ya sadu da matarsa Rose a shekara ta 1955. Bayan shekara huɗu sai ma'auratan suka yi aure kuma suka ci gaba da samun 'ya'ya maza biyu. Rikodin gasar ƙasa da ƙasa Manazarta Sojojin Najeriya Pages with unreviewed
20926	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali%20Abu%20Nuwar	Ali Abu Nuwar	Ali Abu Nuwar (sunan laƙabi da ake kira Abu Nuwwar, Abu Nawar ko Abu Nowar an haife shi a shekara ta 1925 ya mutu a ranar 15 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1991) hafsan sojan Kasar Jordan ne, yana aiki a matsayin shugaban ma'aikata a watan Mayun shekara ta 1956 Afrilu 1957. Ya halarci yakin Larabawa –Isra'ila na shekara ta 1948 a matsayin jami'in kera bindigogi a magabatan sojojin Jordan, Arab Legion, amma adawar da ya nuna game da tasirin Birtaniyya a Jordan ya sa aka yi masa kaura zuwa Paris a matsayin jami'in soja a shekara ta 1952. A can ne ya kulla kyakkyawar alaka da yarima mai jiran gado na kasar Jordan Hussein, wanda ya tallata Abu Nuwar bayan hawan shi karagar mulki. Niyayyar Abu Nuwar da Glubb Pasha, babban hafsan hafsoshin sojan Burtaniya, sannan kuma nacewarsa kan kafa dokar larabawa a kan sojoji da tasirinsa da Hussein ya sa wannan ya kori Glubb Pasha ya naɗa Abu Nuwar a madadinsa. Duk da haka, Abu Nuwar ta mabiyin goyon baya ga kwanon rufi-Arabist manufofin Masar shugaba Gamal Abdel Nasser gudummawar Jordan ta kara kadaici daga Birtaniya da Amurka, wanda sun manyan kafofin na waje agaji ga Jordan. A lokaci guda, rashin gamsuwa da shugabancin Abu Nuwar da jami'an fadar da tsofaffin rundunonin sojojin Bedouin suka yi ya haifar da mummunan artabu a babban barikin sojoji da ke Zarqa tsakanin rukunin masarauta da na Larabawa. Manyan-manyan labarai guda biyu sun bayyana game da abubuwan da suka faru a Zarqa, tare da sigar masarautar da ke nuna cewa lamarin ya kasance juyin mulki ne mai ban tsoro da Abu Nuwar ya yi wa Hussein, kuma wanda ya nuna rashin amincewarsa yana tabbatar da cewa an yi shi ne, juyin mulkin da Amurka ke marawa baya da Hussein ya yi da kwanon rufi -Gwagwarmayar Larabawa a Jordan. Ala kulli halin, Abu Nuwar ya yi murabus kuma aka ba shi izinin barin Jodan zuwa Siriya Daga baya aka yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 15 ba tare da shi ba Abu Nuwar ya kwashe tsawon lokacinsa yana gudun hijira tsakanin Siriya da Masar yana shirya adawa da Hussein da masarauta, duk tare da tabbatar da rashin laifinsa a cikin lamarin na Zarqa. Ya koma Kasar Jordan a shekara ta 1964 bayan Hussein ya gafarta masa a matsayin wani bangare na kokarin sasantawa na karshen tare da adawarsa da ke gudun hijira. A shekara ta 1971, Abu Nuwar ya zama jakada a Faransa sannan daga baya aka naɗa shi Majalisar Dattawan Majalisar Jordan a shekara ta 1989. Ya mutu ne daga cutar kansa a asibitin Landan yana da shekara 66, shekara guda bayan wallafa littafin tarihinsa, Wani Lokaci na Balaguwar Larabawa: Tunawa da Siyasar Larabawa (1948-1964) Rayuwar farko An haifi Ali Abu Nuwar a shekara ta 1925 a al-Salt, Transjordan, wanda a lokacin yake karkashin ikon Burtaniya Iyalin mahaifinsa, Abu Nuwar, sanannen dangi ne na Larabawa a cikin Salt. Mahaifiyarsa ta kasance daga zuriyar Circassian. A cikin matasa, Abu Nuwar aka rinjayi da tattaunawa da cewa mahaifinsa da dangi da aka gudanar game da sakamakon da shekara ta 1916 Arab haddin shari'a, da shekara ta 1917 Balfour Declaration da shekara ta 1920 Syrian Arab sha kashi a yakin Maysalun da a kan rabo daga Gabas ta Tsakiya. A cikin shekarun ƙarshe na Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, ƙawancen rebelsan tawayen Larabawa da sojojin Biritaniya da ke karkashin jagorancin Hashemite suka fatattaki Ottomans daga yankunansu na Larabawa, kuma daga baya Birtaniyya da Faransawa suka maye gurbinsu, waɗanda suka mamaye yankunan Larabawa yadda ya kamata. 'Yan tawaye da mashahurin adawa ga mulkin Turai a Falasdinu, Transjordan da sauran wurare a yankin sun fito a cikin shekara ta 1920s da shekara ta 1930s. A cikin bayanan da ya rubuta, Abu Nuwar ya tunatar da cewa malamansa a al-Salt za su gaya masa da abokan karatuttukansa cewa "Al'ummar Larabawa sun yi mulkin mallaka kuma sun wargaje kuma cewa yana kan kafadun tsarayenmu su dauki nauyin 'yanci da hadin kai". Aikin soja Abu Nuwar ya shiga cikin rundunar Larabawa kuma an sanya shi a matsayin jami'in yaki a shekara ta 1946, a zamanin Sarki Abdullah I. A lokacin Yaƙin Larabawa –Isra'ila na shekara y 1948, ya yi aiki a matsayin Laftana. Bayan haka, ya sami horo a kwalejin ma'aikata ta Kasar Burtaniya ta Camberly na tsawon shekaru biyu kafin ya koma Jordan, wanda aka kafa daga Transjordan da Yammacin Gabar a sakamakon yakin shekara ta 1948. Nasarorin da Isra’ila ta samu a lokacin yakin ya haifar da tashin hankali a cikin adawa da mulkin-mallaka da kuma nuna kishin kasa tsakanin Larabawa da yawa a cikin sojojin Larabawa wadanda suka zargi shugabancin siyasarsu da soja kan nasarorin Isra’ila. Sun dauki tsoffin masu tsaron ba su da kwarewa, gurbatattu ne kuma suna kallo ga ikon mulkin mallaka. Daga cikin wadannan hafsoshin da suka harzuka akwai Abu Nuwar. Duk da cewa ba shi ne ya kirkiro "Jami'an 'Yanci" ba, wata kungiyar Baathist wacce ke da alaka da kungiyar karkashin mulkin jam'ian Jordan masu adawa da Burtaniya, ya shiga kungiyar ne bayan da aka gayyace shi a shekara ta 1950, bayan dawowarsa Kasar Jordan. Abu Nuwar ya zama mai yawan sukar taimakon da Kasar Birtaniyya ta ba wa Jordan, yana kallon ta a matsayin wani nau'i na dogaro ga tsohon mai mulkin mallaka na Jordan, da kuma Glubb Pasha, babban jami'in Burtaniya da ke kula da kungiyar kasashen Larabawa wanda 'yan bautar Larabawa suka yi wa izgili a matsayin alama ta dorewar mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya a Jordan. Lokacin da aka kashe Abdullah na daya a shekara ta 1951, Glubb da Firayim Minista Tawfik Abu al-Huda na gwamnatin sun tattauna kan hana dan Abdullah kuma mai jiran gado, Sarki Talal, mai tausaya wa Jami'an 'Yanci, da aka nada; An duba Talal a cibiyar kula da masu tabin hankali a Switzerland, amma da yawa daga Jami’an ‘Yan Sanda sun yi imanin cewa Birtaniyya ce ke kirkirar cutar rashin hankalin ta Talal don hana shi zuwa Jordan. A martanin da ya mayar, Abu Nuwar ya nemi ya dora Talal akan karagar mulki da karfi, don haka ne ya nemi tallafi daga Jami’an ‘Yan Sanda ya kuma tura Awni Hannun, wani likitan sojan Jordan, don ya kawo Talal zuwa Jordan. Koyaya, an hana Hannun haduwa da Talal saboda takunkumin ziyarar kuma Glubb ya kore shi saboda zargin tunzurawar da bukatun Burtaniya. Duk da haka, an nada Talal, kuma daga baya Abu Nuwar ya bukace shi da ya kori Glubb. Wanda ke biye da shi yana tsoron kokarin Abu Nuwar ya zama barazana ga bukatun Burtaniya a Kasar Jordan, don haka ya umurci gwamnatin Abu al-Huda da ta kori Abu Nuwar daga kasar. Gwamnati ta yi biyayya, ta aike da Abu Nuwar zuwa Paris don zama mukamin hadimin Jordan a watan Satumbar shekara ta 1952. Daga baya ne majalisar ta yanke hukuncin darewa Talal bisa gazawar tunaninsa. A lokacin da yake aiki a Kasar Faris, Abu Nuwar ya sadu da dan Sarki Talal kuma magajinsa, Yarima mai jiran gado Hussein, wanda yakan ziyarci garin a lokacin hutun karshen mako daga horon da ya samu a Kwalejin Soja ta Sandhurst Abu Nuwar ya kasance mai matukar sha'awar samun yardar Hussein tare da yada masa dabarun kishin kasa da ke neman a kawo karshen tasirin Birtaniyya a cikin sojojin na Jordan. Abu Nuwar ya yi wa Hussein din dadi, kuma bayan an nada shi a watan Mayun 1953, Hussein ya yi kokarin ganin Abu Nuwar ya koma Jordan duk da shakku na Glubb. A watan Agusta, Hussein ya ziyarci Landan inda ya gayyaci Abu Nuwar da sauran jami’ai masu irin wannan ra’ayi, ciki har da Free Officer Shahir Abu Shahut, don ganawa da shi. A can, Abu Shahut ya sanar da Abu Nuwar game da shirin Jami’an ‘Yanci na“ Arabize ”da Larabawan Larabawa, watau cire shugabannin rundunar Birtaniyya, gami da Glubb. Bayan haka, Abu Nuwar ya sanar da Hussein a wani taron bikin murnar nadin nasa cewa shi babban memba ne na Jami'an 'Yanci (duk da cewa ba shi ba) kuma ya sanar da burin kungiyar na tabbatar da umarnin Larabawa a kan Balaraben Larabawa, manufar da Hussein ya yarda da ita. Hussein ya gamsu da Abu Nuwar wanda ya yi kakkausar suka game da kasancewar Burtaniya a Jordan a lokacin bikin, wanda ya sa jami'an na Kasar Jordan suka yi farin ciki da Abu Nuwar. Manazarta Pages with unreviewed
17641	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khamis%20Gaddafi	Khamis Gaddafi	Khamis Gaddafi (An haife shi ne a ranar a 27 ga watan Mayun 1983 29 August 2011) shi ne na bakwai kuma ƙarami a ɗa ga tsohon shugaban Libya Muammar Gaddafi, kuma kwamandan soja mai kula da Khamis Brigade na Sojojin Libya Ya kasance wani ɓangare na mahaifinsa na ciki. A lokacin yakin basasar Libya a shekara ta 2011, ya kasance wata babbar manufa ga sojojin adawa da ke kokarin kifar da mahaifinsa. Ilimi da aiki Yana dan shekara uku, Khamis Gaddafi ya ji rauni a harin bam din Amurka na 15 ga watan Afrilu 1986 a Libya, yana fama da rauni a kansa lokacin da aka kai hari kan sansanin soja na Bab al-Azizia a matsayin ramuwar gayya game da harin bam din na 1986 a Berlin. Ya kammala karatunsa a makarantar sojan da ke Tripoli, inda ya samu digiri na farko a fannin kere kere da kimiyya, sannan ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Kwalejin Soja ta Frunze da ke Moscow da Kwalejin Soja ta Janar na Sojojin Rasha A shekarar 2008, Gaddafi ya ziyarci Algeria, inda Shugaba Abdelaziz Bouteflika ya tarbe shi A watan Afrilu na 2010, ya fara karatun digiri na biyu a IE Business School (wanda a da ake kira Instituto de Empresa a Madrid Koyaya, ma'aikatar ta kore shi a watan Maris na 2011 saboda "alakar sa da kai hare-hare kan al'ummar Libya". A farkon shekarar 2011, Gaddafi yayi aiki a matsayin horon koyon aiki a Kamfanin Fasaha na AECOM A cewar Paul Gennaro, Babban Mataimakin Shugaban AECOM na Sadarwar Duniya, Gaddafi yana rangadin Amurka ne a watan Fabrairun 2011 a wani bangare na atisayensa, gami da ziyartar wuraren sojoji da wuraren tarihi. An katse wannan tafiya a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu bayan yakin basasa na Libya, sannan Gaddafi ya koma Libya. Daga baya jami'an gwamnatin Amurka sun musanta duk wata rawa a cikin tsarawa, ba da shawara ko biyan kudin tafiyar. Matsayi a yakin basasar Libya Bayan sauri baya zuwa Libya don taimakon da mahaifinsa a cikin yakin basasa, Khamis Gaddafi umarci hari a kan Zawiya, abu Khamis Brigade, wani musamman sojojin birged na kasar Libya Armed Forces masu biyayya ga Muammar Gaddafi Yakin ya haifar da dakarun da ke goyon bayan Gaddafi sake kwace birnin. Ya kuma taimaka wajen murkushe zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati a ciki da wajen babban birnin Tripoli a karshen watan Fabrairu-farkon Maris. Dakarunsa kuma sun halarci Yaƙin Misrata A watan Yunin 2011, an ba da rahoton cewa yana ba da umarni ga sojojin da ke goyon bayan Gaddafi a Zliten ta wani soja da aka kama daga rundunarsa wanda shi ma ya ba da rahoton cewa Khamis Gaddafi ya gaya wa sojojinsa cewa "ku dauki Misrata ko kuma in kashe ku da kaina. Idan ba ku dauki Misrata ba, mun gama. Jita-jita game da mutuwa Yakin basasar Libya 13 Maris 2011: Zargin harin kunar bakin wake kan Bab al-Azizia A ranar 20 ga watan Maris din 2011, kafar watsa labarai ta Al Manara mai adawa da Gaddafi ta ba da rahoton cewa Khamis Gaddafi ya mutu daga raunin da ya samu lokacin da ake zargin matukin jirgin sama Muhammad Mokhtar Osman ya fado da jirginsa zuwa Bab al-Azizia mako guda da ya gabata. Ba a tabbatar da hakan ba daga wata majiyar labarai mai zaman kanta. Har ila yau, ba a bayar da rahoton faduwar jirgin da kansa ba ko kuma ta wata kafar watsa labarai mai zaman kanta ba ta tabbatar da shi ban da Al Manara da jaridar Shuruk ta Algeriya, wacce ke da alaka ta kut da kut da Al Manara, kuma da shi akwai yiwuwar rahotannin na daga cikin ayyukan farfaganda na 'yan adawa. Daga baya gwamnatin Libya mai goyon bayan Gaddafi ta musanta cewa an kashe shi a ranar 21 ga Maris. Sakatariyar Harkokin Wajen Amurka Hillary Clinton ta bayyana cewa tana sane da rahotannin da ke cewa an kashe daya daga cikin 'ya'yan Gaddafi a wasu hare-hare ta sama da ba na hadin gwiwa ba, bayan da ta ji su daga "majiyoyi daban-daban", amma "shaidar ba ta isa ba" tabbatar da wannan. A ranar 25 ga Maris 2011, gidan talabijin na Al Arabiya ya ba da rahoton cewa wata majiya ta tabbatar da mutuwar Khamis Gaddafi, duk da cewa wasu har da Al Jazeera sun ci gaba da kiran shi jita-jita. A ranar 29 ga watan Maris din 2011, gwamnatin Libya ta nuna hotunan da ta ce kai tsaye Khamis Gaddafi ne ya ke gaisawa da magoya bayansa a Tripoli, a kokarin karyata ikirarin, duk da cewa ta yi amfani da hotunan karya kai tsaye a da kuma ba a tabbatar da wadannan hotunan ba. A ranar 9 ga watan Yunin 2011, wani sojan da ke goyon bayan Gaddafi a Misrata ya gaya wa ‘yan tawayen cewa Khamis Gaddafi na raye a Zliten, kuma shi ke jagorantar sojoji a wurin. 5 ga Agusta 2011: Kai harin sama a Zliten A ranar 5 ga watan Agustan 2011, inda ya ambaci 'yan leken asirin da ke aiki a tsakanin sojojin da ke biyayya ga Muammar Gaddafi, Mohammed Zawawi, mai magana da yawun rundunar juyin juya halin United, ya fada wa kamfanin dillacin labarai na Agence France Press cewa an kashe Khamis Gaddafi cikin dare, yana mai cewa "akwai wani harin da NATO ta kai wa dakin ayyukan Gaddafi a Zliten kuma akwai kusan sojojin Gaddafi 32 da aka kashe. Daya daga cikinsu shi ne Khamis. Wannan rahoto a hukumance ya fito ne daga bakin kakakin gwamnatin Libya Moussa Ibrahim "Labarin karya ne. Sun kirkiri labari ne game da Mista Khamis Gaddafi a Zliten don rufe kashe su, ”in ji Ibrahim a hirarsa da Reuters a Tripoli. "Wannan wata dabara ce ta kazanta don rufe laifin da suka aikata a Zliten da kisan dangin al-Marabit." NATO ma ba ta iya tabbatar da rahotannin mutuwar Khamis ba. A ranar 9 ga watan Agusta, wani mutum da ya bayyana kamar Khamis Gaddafi yana cikin gidan talabijin din Libya yana magana da wata mata da ake zargin cewa jirgin saman NATO ya ji mata mummunan rauni. 22 ga Agusta 2011: Rahotannin gawawwaki a Tripoli A ranar 22 ga watan Agusta, Al Jazeera ta ruwaito cewa mai yiwuwa an gano gawawwakin Khamis Gaddafi da shugaban leken asirin mahaifinsa Abdullah Senussi a Tripoli yayin yakin birnin Koyaya, wani kwamandan 'yan tawaye daga baya ya bayyana cewa ya yi imanin Khamis Gaddafi yana cikin Bab al-Azizia An sami Senussi da rai kuma an kama shi a cikin Mauritania a ranar 17 ga watan Maris 2012, kuma an miƙa shi ga Libya a ranar 5 ga Satumba don a yi masa shari'a. 29 ga Agusta 2011: Harin jirgin sama kusa da Tarhuna A ranar 29 ga watan Agusta, an ba da rahoton cewa mayaƙan adawa da Gaddafi 60 kilomita kudu da Tripoli ya yi ikirarin cewa wani jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu na NATO Apache ya yi harbi kan Khamis Gaddafi na Toyota Land Cruiser, inda ya lalata motar. Wani mutum da ya ce shi mai tsaron lafiyar Khamis Gaddafi ne ya ce an kashe shi. Babu tabbaci na gani nan da nan. Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan haka, jaridar The Guardian ta yi hira da wani tsohon mai gadi da ake tsare da shi a Tarhuna Jami'in tsaron sa, Abdul Salam Taher Fagri, dan shekaru 17 daga Sabha, wanda aka dauka a Tripoli, daga baya ya tabbatar da cewa da gaske an kashe Khamis Gaddafi a wannan harin. Ya fada wa jaridar "Ina cikin babbar motar a bayansa lokacin da aka buge motarsa. Ya kone. Sauran masu gadin guda uku da ake tsare da su a cikin sel daban daban sun ba da irin wannan asusun, wanda ya sa masu garkuwar su yi imani da asusun duk su hudun ya zama abin yarda. Majalisar wucin gadin kasar ta yi ikirarin a ranar 4 ga watan Satumba cewa yanzu ta tabbata Khamis Gaddafi ya mutu kuma an binne shi a kusa da Bani Walid. A tsakiyar watan Satumbar 2011, wani rahoto ya nuna cewa Gaddafi yana Bani Walid, amma ya bar garin da mutanensa zuwa makomarsu. Koyaya, Jaridar Kasuwanci ta Duniya ta ruwaito a ranar 15 ga Satumba cewa Khamis Gaddafi har yanzu ana zaton ya mutu. A ranar 15 ga Oktoba, gidan talabijin na Syria mai goyan bayan Gaddafi Arrai TV ya aike da sakon makokin mutuwarsa a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta. A watan Afrilu na shekarar 2012, dan jaridar New York Times Robert Worth ya gana da tsohon fursunan gidan yarin Tripoli Yarmouk Marwan Gdoura, wanda ya amsa cewa bayan kisan kimanin fursunoni 100 ya tsere daga garin tare da wasu masu biyayya 200 karkashin jagorancin Khamis Gaddafi, wanda aka kashe da bindiga. Bayan haka, ya ga dan uwansa Saif al-Islam Gaddafi yana karbar ta'aziyya a Bani Walid. A ranar 17 ga watan Oktoba 2012, wani rahoto daga kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Human Rights Watch ya ce "Khamis Gaddafi, dan Muammar wanda ya ba da umarni ga kwamandan runduna ta 32" Khamis "ta sojojin Libya, an kashe shi a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta yayin da yake tserewa daga Tripoli, a wani abin da ake jin yana da shi kasance jirgin saman NATO a kan ayarin motocinsa. Bayan yakin Akalla rahoto daya da aka wallafa bayan kame Saif al-Islam Gaddafi ya tabbatar da cewa tsohon Gaddafi ya fada wa masu binciken cewa Khamis Gaddafi na nan da ransa kuma watakila yana buya a Tarhuna A ranar 25 ga Fabrairun 2012, Stratfor ya ba da rahoton kame Khamis Gaddafi da mayaƙa daga Zintan suka yi. NTC din ya karyata wannan. A yayin yakin neman zabe kan masu biyayya ga Gaddafi a Bani Walid, Mataimakin Firayim Ministan Libya ya yi ikirarin a wani sakon Tweeter cewa an kashe Khamis Gaddafi a yayin fada a garin a ranar 20 ga Oktoba 2012, shekara guda zuwa ranar da 'yan tawaye suka kama mahaifin Gaddafi kuma suka kashe shi. sojoji a Sirte Wata sanarwa daga mai magana da yawun Majalisar Dokokin Libya, Omar Hamdan, ta yi ikirarin cewa an kashe Gaddafi "a cikin yaki", amma bai ba da wani karin bayani ba. An yi zargin cewa an gano gawarsa ne bayan an kwashe kwana guda ana gwabza fada tsakanin rundunar garin da ke goyon bayan Gaddafi da kuma wasu dakaru da ke kawance da gwamnatin Libya. Wani mai magana da yawun gwamnatin ya musanta cewa babu wani tabbaci a hukumance game da kame Mussa Ibrahim ga kamfanin dillancin labaran Faransa, kuma bai ma yi magana game da jita-jitar mutuwar Khamis Gaddafi ba. Kamfanin dillacin labarai na Associated Press ya bayyana rahoton kisan Gaddafi a matsayin jita-jita da ba a tabbatar da shi ba. Musa Ibrahim, tsohon kakakin Muammar Gaddafi, da kansa ya karyata sakon game da kamun yana mai cewa shi ma ba ya Libya kuma ya musanta rahotanni na baya-bayan nan game da mutuwar Khamis. A ranar 24 ga Oktoba, mai magana da yawun gwamnati Nasser Al-Manaa ya ja da baya tare da neman gafara kan rahotannin karya daga gwamnati da Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa game da kisan Gaddafi da kama Ibrahim. Manazarta Libya Pages with unreviewed
26077	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20Okon	Samuel Okon	Samuel Godwin Okon (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Disamba shekarar 1996 ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na kasar Najeriya wanda ke bugawa ƙungiyar Bayelsa United ta Najeriya wasa. A bar-baya wanda kuma iya wasa a tsakiya na tsaro, ya sanya sunansa a lokacin da ya zama 2013 FIFA U-17 gasar cin kofin duniya zakara tare da Najeriya. Aikin kulob An haife shi a Legas, Okon ya samo asali ne daga Babbar Gobe Academy inda yake wasa har zuwa shekara ta 2014. A cikin shekarar 2015, ya riga ya sanya sunan sa a cikin ƙungiyar Najeriya da ta lashe gasar cin kofin duniya ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 shekara guda da ta gabata, ya koma Akwa United FC, ƙungiyar da a wancan lokacin ke haɓaka buri. Zai yi wasa tare da masu tsaron alƙawarin jimlar yanayi 4. Nan da nan bayan isowarsa, Akwa ya lashe kambunsa na farko, Kofin FA na Najeriya na shekarar 2015. Don ba da taken har ma mafi girma, nasarar Kofin Federation ɗin yana haifar da cancantar nahiyoyinsu, kuma don ɗaukaka shi duka, Akwa ta ƙaddamar da sabon filin wasa na gida. Koyaya, shauki bai isa ya yi nasara ba a farkon wasan su na nahiyar a gasar cin kofin CAF na 2016, rashin ƙwarewar su ya sa sun kasa shawo kan matakin farko, duk da haka, hakan ya sanya kulob ɗin ya mai da hankali a cikin gida, inda jarin su ya biya abin mamaki, ya sa su sun ci Super Cup na farko a Najeriya, kuma sun kara lashe Super Super na Najeriya Lokaci na gaba ya kasance kakar 7 a jere na Akwa a cikin manyan jirage na Najeriya, yana ba kulob din, sannan Okon da sauran manyan 'yan wasa, sun zama membobi na yau da kullun na fitattun kungiyoyin Najeriya. Akwa ta lashe kofin FA na biyu, kuma ta kare a matsayi na 6 a 2017 Kwararrun Kwallon Kafa ta Najeriya don haka ya zama sabon cancantar shiga gasar zakarun nahiyoyi. A wannan karon, duk da sanya su cikin jerin wasannin share fage na ban mamaki, sun sami nasarar zuwa zagaye na uku, na karshe kafin matakin rukuni, kuma, a matsayin halayyar masu tsaron Alƙawari, an buga zagaye na ban mamaki, kawai wannan lokacin, Al-Hilal na Sudan ya ci gaba da cin kwallaye a raga, inda ya bar Akwa daga gasar nahiyoyi. Koyaya, kamar yadda ya faru yanayi 2 da suka gabata, rashin jin daɗi a matakin nahiya ya sa ƙungiyar ta nemi ɗaukar fansa a gasa ta ƙasa, kuma hakan ya haifar da wasan Akwa a cikin gida, ta kammala gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya ta shekarar 2018 tare da mafi kyawun sakamako har abada, matsayi na 2 kawai 2 maki a bayan zakarun Lobi Stars FC Somuel Godwin Okon yana cikin wani bangare na tsaka mai wuya na rabin-shekaru goma inda a kwanan nan wani babban kulob din Najeriya da aka inganta ya yi nisa da fitilun fitila, ya zama hamayya ta ainihi da karfin da za a yi la’akari da shi sosai. A cikin wannan yanayin ne Okon ya ɗauki lokacinsa a kulob ɗin wataƙila ya ƙare kuma ya gwada sabbin ƙalubale. A lokacin hutun hunturu na SuperLiga na Serbia na 2018-19, Okon ya tafi Turai ta hanyar sanya hannu tare da FK Dinamo Vranje A daidai lokacin canja wurin, wani dan Afirka ne, Seydou Bocar Seck na Senegal. An cire Dinamo Vranje a karshen kakar wasa ta bana, kuma Okon ya bar kulob din bayan ya buga wasanni biyu 2 a cikin shekarar 2018-19 na Serbian SuperLiga Aikin duniya Okon shi ne kyaftin na kungiyar Najeriya da ta ci zinare a salo a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA U-17 ta 2013 Ba tare da cin nasara ba, kuma tare da banbancin zira kwallaye na 26: 5, Okon ya kasance mai farawa, wanda ya buga dukkan mintuna na duk wasannin 7 a gasar, har ma ya zira kwallaye a lokuta biyu. Okon a lokacin yana cikin ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa da shekaru 20 ta Najeriya da ta lashe Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20 Gasar ta cancanci Najeriya kai tsaye zuwa gasar cin kofin duniya ta 'yan kasa da shekara 20 kakar 2015 da za a buga a karshen wannan shekarar, duk da haka, Okon yana cikin' yan wasan da aka bari idan aka kwatanta da 'yan wasan da suka lashe kofin Afirka watanni da suka gabata. Daraja Kulob Akwa United Kofin FA na Najeriya 2015, 2017 Super Cup na Najeriya 2016 Super Super na Najeriya 2016 Ƙungiya ta ƙasa Najeriya U-17 FIFA U-17 World Cup 2013 Najeriya U-20 Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka ta 'yan kasa da shekara 20 2015 Manazarta Samuel Okon at FK Finamo Vranje official website, retrieved 13-7-2019 a b c d Samuel Okon at Soccerway a b c d Samuel Godwin Okon at srbijafudbal.com (in Serbian) Akwa United sign ex-U20 star, Samuel Okon by Kolade Oni, at goal.com, 3-8-2015, retrieved 19-1-2020 Samuel Godwin Okon: 1996 Nigeria at Andrea Bracco, 31-10-2013, retrieved 13-7-2019 (in Italian) Samuel Okon at zerozero.pt NIGERIA NAME FINAL AYC SQUAD at africanfootball.com, 26-2-2015, retrieved 13-7-2019 Man City duo named in Nigeria U-20 World Cup squad at BBC.com, 16-5-2015, retrieved 13-7-20199 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijeriya Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun
20910	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masarautar%20Oyo	Masarautar Oyo	Masarautar Oyo masarautar Yarbawa ce wacce ke gabashin Benin yau da yammacin Najeriya (gami da yankin Kudu maso yamma da kuma yammacin rabin yankin Arewa ta tsakiya). Masarautar Oyo ta zama mafi girma a kasar Yarbawa. Ya kuma tashi ne ta hanyar kwarewar tsari da tsarin mulki na Yarbawa, arzikin da aka samu daga kasuwanci da kuma mahayan dawakai masu ƙarfi. Masarautar Oyo tana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman jihohin siyasa gabaɗaya a duk Yammacin Afirka daga tsakiyar 7th zuwa ƙarshen karni na 18, mamaye ba kawai a kan mafi yawan sauran masarautun da ke ƙasar Yarbawa ba, har ma da jihohin Afirka na kusa., musamman Masarautar Fon ta Dahomey a Jamhuriyar Benin ta yanzu ta yamma. Asalin almara Asalin masarautar Oyo ya ta'allaka ne da Oranyan (wanda kuma ake kira Oranmiyan), basaraken ƙarshe na Masarautar Yarbawa ta Ile-Ife Ife Oranyan ya kulla yarjejeniya tare da dan uwansa don kaddamar da farmaki a kan makwabtansu na arewa saboda cin mutuncin mahaifinsu Oduduwa, Ooni na farko na Ife. A hanyar zuwa yaƙin, ’yan’uwa sun yi faɗa kuma sojojin sun rabu. Oarfin Oranyan yayi ƙanƙanta don yin nasarar kai hari, don haka kuma ya yi ta yawo zuwa gabar kudu har ya isa Bussa. Can babban basaraken yankin ya nishadantar da shi sannan ya samar da wani katon maciji mai dauke da tsafin sihiri hade da makogwaronsa. Shugaban ya umarci Oranyan da ya bi macijin har sai da ya tsaya a wani wuri har tsawon kwanaki bakwai sannan ya bace a cikin kasa. Oranyan ya bi shawarar kuma ya kafa Oyo inda macijin ya tsaya. Ana tuna shafin kamar Ajaka Oranyan ya sanya Oyo sabuwar masarautarsa kuma ta zama ta farko "oba" (ma'ana 'sarki' ko 'mai mulki' a yaren Yarbanci da take da Alaafin na Oyo (Alaafin na nufin 'mai gidan sarauta' a Yarbanci). Ya bar duk dukiyar da ya mallaka a cikin Ife kuma ya ba wani sarki damar yin mulkin can. A wani lokaci, Oyo-ile tana cikin yaƙi da Bariba na Borgu, waɗanda ke son su mallaki sabon garin da har yanzu ake kan gini. Orangun Ajagunla na Ila, babban yayan Oranmiyan, ya kutsa kai tare da mutanensa don taimakawa. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan nasarar yaƙi, Oranmiyan ya sami ɗa, Ajuwon Ajaka; da yawa daga baya Arabambi matar ta haifa daga Tapa Nupe An yi imanin cewa sunan "Sango" mahaifinsa ne ya ba shi ko kuma ya karɓa ne daga sunan gida na Allah na tsawa. Ko ta yaya gidan sarauta ya keɓe ga Ruhohin aradu (Jakuta) da Yaƙi (Ogun). Zamanin farko (ƙarni na 12 1535) Oranyan, sarki na farko (sarki) na Oyo, sai Oba Ajaka, Alaafin na Oyo suka gaje shi. An cire Ajaka daga mulki, saboda ba shi da halayyar soja ta Yarbawa kuma ya ba wa kananan shugabanninsa 'yanci sosai. Bayan haka an ba jagoranci ga ɗan'uwan Ajaka, Shango, wanda daga baya aka mai da shi allahn tsawa da walƙiya. Ajaka ya sake dawowa bayan mutuwar Sango. Ajaka ya sake komawa kan karagar mulki sosai yafi son yaƙi da zalunci. Magajinsa, Kori, ya sami nasarar cinye sauran abin da masana tarihi na gaba za su kira da babban birnin Oyo. Ibadan Zuciyar birnin Oyo ita ce babban birninta a Oyo-Ile (wanda kuma aka sani da Oyo Katunga ko Old Oyo ko Oyo-oro Manya-manyan gine-gine biyu a cikin Oyo-Ile sune 'Afin,' ko kuma fadar Oba, da kuma kasuwar sa. Fadar tana tsakiyar gari kusa da kasuwar Oba da ake kira 'Oja-Oba'. Kewayen babban birnin katangar katuwar kasa ce don tsaro tare da ƙofofi 17. Mahimmancin manyan gine-ginen biyu (fada da Oja Oba) sun nuna mahimmancin sarki a Oyo. Mamayar Nupe Oyo ta zama babbar karfaffiyar ikon ruwa a karshen karni na 14. Fiye da ƙarni ɗaya, ƙasar Yarbawa ta faɗaɗa ta hanyar biyan kuɗin maƙwabta. A lokacin mulkin Onigbogi, Oyo ta sha kashi a hannun sojoji a hannun Nupe wanda Tsoede ya jagoranta. Wani lokaci a kusan 1535, Nupe sun mamaye Oyo kuma suka tilasta wa daularta mai mulki mafaka a masarautar Borgu Nupe ta kori babban birni, ta lalata Oyo a matsayin ikon yanki har zuwa farkon karni na 17. Lokacin mulkin mallaka (1608-1800) Yarabawan Oyo sun shiga tsararrun shekaru 80 a matsayin daula da ke gudun hijira bayan da Nupe ta kayar da su. Sun sake kafa Oyo a matsayin mafi karko da fadada fiye da kowane lokaci. Mutane sun ƙirƙiri gwamnatin da ta kafa ikonta a kan babbar daula. A cikin karni na 17, Oyo ta fara dogon layi na girma, ta zama babbar daula. Oyo bata taba mamaye dukkan masu jin yaren Yarbanci ba, amma ita ce masarauta mafi yawan mutane a tarihin Yarbawa. Sake hukunci da fadadawa Babban mabuɗin sake gina Yarbawa na Oyo ya kasance mai ƙarfi sojoji da kuma tsarin mulkin ƙasa. Karɓar hanya daga abokan gaba na Nupe (waɗanda suke kira "Tapa"), Yarbawa sun sake yin yaƙi da makamai da mahayan dawakai. Oba Ofinran, Alaafin na Oyo, ya yi nasarar dawo da asalin yankin Oyo daga Nupe. An gina sabon babban birni, Oyo-Igboho, kuma asalin ya zama ana kiran sa Tsohon Oyo. Oba na gaba, Eguguojo, ya mamaye kusan duk ƙasar Yarbawa. Bayan wannan, Oba Orompoto ya jagoranci kai hare-hare don shafe Nupe don tabbatar da Oyo ba ta sake fuskantar barazanar su ba. A lokacin mulkin Oba Ajiboyede, ya gudanar da bikin Bere na farko, taron bikin murnar zaman lafiya a masarautar. Ana yin bikin akai-akai, zai riƙe mahimmancin gaske tsakanin Yarbawa tun bayan faɗuwar Oyo. A karkashin magajinsa, Abipa, Yarbawa sun sake mamaye Oyo-Ile tare da sake gina babban birni na asali. Duk da gazawar yunƙurin mamaye Daular Benin wani lokaci tsakanin 1578 da 1608, Oyo ta ci gaba da faɗaɗa. Yarbawa sun ba da ikon cin gashin kai a kudu maso gabashin birnin Oyo, inda yankunan da ba Yarbawa ba za su iya zama buffa tsakanin Oyo da Imperial Benin. A ƙarshen karni na 16, jihohin Ewe da Aja na Benin na yau suna girmama Oyo. Yaƙe-yaƙe Dahomey Masarautar Oyo da aka dawo da ita ta fara zuwa kudu tun a shekarar 1682. A ƙarshen fadada aikin soja, iyakokin Oyo zasu isa bakin teku kusan kudu maso yamma na babban birninta. Ya ɗan fuskanci adawa mai tsanani har zuwa farkon karni na 18. A cikin 1728, Masarautar Oyo ta mamaye Masarautar Dahomey a cikin wani babban kamfen na dakarunta. Jaruman Dahomey, a gefe guda, ba su da mahayan dawakai amma bindigogi da yawa. Bindigar su ta tsoratar da dawakan Oyo dawakai da hana caji. Sojojin Dahomey sun kuma gina katanga kamar ramuka, wanda ya tilasta sojojin Oyo yin yaƙi a matsayin ƙanana. Yaƙin ya ɗauki kwana huɗu, amma Yarabawa sun sami nasara bayan ƙarfafawa sun zo. Dahomey an tilasta shi girmamawa ga Oyo. Yarbawa sun mamaye Dahomey har sau bakwai kafin daga karshe su mallaki karamar masarauta a shekarar 1748. Cin nasara daga baya Tare da mahayan dawakai, Oyo ta yi kamfen cikin nasara da fatattaka daga nesa. Sojojin Oyo sun sami damar kai farmaki katanga na kariya, amma samar da sojoji ke da wuya, sai suka janye lokacin da kayan suka kare. Oyo ba ta yi amfani da bindiga a cikin manyan nasarorinta ba. Sojoji sun jira har karni na 19 don karban su. A cikin 1764, rundunar hadin gwiwa ta Akan (Akyem) -Dahomey-Oyo ta karya rundunar Asante Nasarar kawancen ta bayyana iyakoki tsakanin jihohin makwabta. Oyo ta jagoranci kamfen mai nasara cikin yankin Mahi a arewacin Dahomey a ƙarshen karni na 18. Yarbawa ma sun yi amfani da sojojin ruwan kwarinsu; Misali, sun cimma nasarar toshe jirgin ruwa na Badagri na 1784 tare da rundunar Oyo-Dahomey-Lagos. Kungiya Da farko, mutane sun maida hankali ne a cikin babban birnin Oyo. Tare da fadada masarauta, Oyo ta sake tsari don inganta kyakkyawan tsarin mallakar ta a ciki da wajen kasar Yarbawa. Ya kasu kashi hudu wanda aka ayyana shi dangane da asalin masarautar. Wadannan layukan sune Metropolitan Oyo, kudu na yankin Yarbawa, hanyar Egbado da Ajaland. Birnin Oyo Birnin Oyo ya yi daidai, fiye ko lessasa, zuwa jihar Oyo kafin mamayewar Nupe. Wannan shi ne matattarar masarauta, inda Yarbawa ke magana da yarukan Oyo. Metropolitan Oyo an raba shi zuwa larduna shida, tare da uku a gefen yamma na Kogin Ogun da uku zuwa gabashin kogin. Kowane lardi yana karkashin kulawar gwamnan da Alaafin na Oyo ya nada kai tsaye. Kasar Yarbawa Fasali na biyu na masarautar ya kunshi garuruwan da ke kusa da Oyo-Ile, waɗanda aka san su a matsayin 'yan uwan juna. Wannan yankin yana kudu da babban birnin Oyo, kuma mazauna Yarbawa suna magana da yarurruka daban daban da na Oyo. Wadannan jihohin masu fada-aji sun sami jagorancin shugabanninsu, mai taken Obas, wadanda Alaafin na Oyo ya tabbatar da su. Egbado Corridor Tsarin mulkin na uku shine hanyar Egbado da ke kudu maso yammacin kasar Yarbawa. Egba da Egbado suna zaune wannan yankin, kuma ya ba da tabbacin kasuwancin Oyo da bakin teku. An ba wa rarar Egba da Egbado, kamar takwarorinsu na Yarbawa, su mallaki kansu. Duk da haka, Ajele ya kula dasu. Wadannan wakilai ne wadanda Alaafin na Oyo ya nada domin kula da maslaharsa da kuma lura da kasuwanci. Babban wakilin Oyo a cikin hanyar shine Olu, mai mulkin garin Ilaro. Aja Ajaland ita ce layin karshe da aka kara wa masarautar. Ya kasance mafi kwanciyar hankali da nesa, kuma ya kasance daidai da barazanar balaguro akan sa. Wannan yankin ya faro ne daga yankunan da ba Yarbawa ba da ke yamma da Hanyar Egbado har zuwa yankin da ake sarrafawa ta Ewe a cikin Togo ta zamani. Wannan yanki, kamar sauran jihohin da ke yankin, an ba su dama ta cin gashin kai muddin ana biyan haraji, ana bin umarni daga Oyo sosai, kuma an ba da dama ga kasuwannin cikin gida ga 'yan kasuwar Oyo. Oyo sau da yawa suna neman haraji a cikin bayi. Manyan hafsoshin sojojin wani lokacin sukan yi yaƙi da wasu mutane don kama bayi saboda wannan dalili. An san Oyo da azabtar da rashin biyayya ta hanyar kashe-kashen jama’ar da suka kuskure, kamar yadda aka yi a Allada a 1698. Tsarin siyasa Masarautar Oyo ta haɓaka ingantaccen tsarin siyasa don sarrafa yankunanta. Masana ba su tantance nawa wannan tsarin ya kasance ba kafin mamayewar Nupe. Bayan sake dawowa daga gudun hijira a farkon karni na 17, Oyo ta kasance da kyakkyawar halayyar mayaƙa. An nuna tasirin al'adun Yarbawa mai zafin rai a cikin matsayin da aka sanya akan oba (sarki) da kuma matsayin majalisar sa. Alaafin Oyo Oba (ma'ana 'sarki' a cikin harshen Yarbanci) a Oyo, wanda ake kira da Alaafin na Oyo (Alaafin yana nufin 'mai gidan sarauta' a Yarbanci), shi ne shugaban masarautar kuma mai iko da mutane. Ya kasance mai alhakin kiyayewa raƙuman ruwa daga hari, sasanta rikice-rikicen cikin gida tsakanin masu mulki, da sasantawa tsakanin waɗancan ƙananan sarakunan da jama'arsu. Alaafin na Oyo kuma ana sa ran zai ba wa wadanda ke karkashinsa karramawa da kyaututtuka. A sakamakon haka, duk wasu shugabannin kananan hukumomi sun yi mubaya'a ga Oba tare da sabunta biyayyarsu a bukukuwan shekara-shekara Mafi mahimmancin waɗannan shine bikin Bere, wanda ke nuna shelar samun nasarar mulki ta Alaafin. Bayan bikin Bere, zaman lafiya a ƙasar Yarbawa ya kamata ya ɗauki tsawon shekaru uku. Ba za a iya zubar da sarki ba amma ana iya tilasta shi ya kashe kansa idan ba a son shi kuma. Wannan ya yi ta aika Bashorun (Firayim ministan) zuwa yanzu dai an komai calabash ko tasa na aku 's qwai to shi kuma wuce jumla kin amincewa, da aka sani da Awon Eniyan Koo (watau cikin mutane ƙaryata ka, duniya kuwa ya ƙaryata game da ku kuma alloli sun ƙi ku ma). Bisa ga al'ada, ana sa ran Alaafin ya kashe kansa daga baya bayan haka. Zabin Alaafin The Oyo Empire was not a purely hereditary monarchy, nor was it an absolute one. The Oyo Mesi selected the Alaafin. He was not always closely related to his predecessor, although he did have to be descended from Oranmiyan, a son of Oduduwa, and to hail from the Ona Isokun ward (which is one of the three royal wards). At the beginning of the Oyo Empire, the Alaafin's eldest son usually succeeded his father upon the throne. This sometimes led the crown prince, known as the Aremo, to hasten the death of his father. In order to prevent this occurrence, it became traditional for the crown prince to be made to commit ritual suicide upon his father's death. Independent of the succession, the Aremo was quite powerful in his own right. For instance, by custom the Alaafin abstained from leaving the palace, except during the important festivals, which in practice curtailed his power. By contrast, the Aremo often left the palace. This led the noted historian S. Johnson to observe: "The father is the king of the palace, and the son the king for the general public". The two councils which checked the Alaafin had a tendency to select a weak Alaafin after the reign of a strong one to keep the office from becoming too powerful. Ilari Alaafin na Oyo ya nada wasu jami'ai na addini da na gwamnati, wadanda galibi babba ne Waɗannan jami'an an san su da suna ilari ko rabin kawuna, saboda al'adar aske rabin kawunansu da amfani da abin da aka yi imanin cewa sihiri ne a cikinsu. Daruruwan Ilari sun kasu kashi biyu tsakanin maza da mata. Membersananan membobin Ilari sun yi ƙananan ayyuka, yayin da tsofaffi suka yi aiki a matsayin masu gadi ko wani lokacin manzo zuwa wata duniyar ta hanyar sadaukarwa. Lakabinsu da ke da alaƙa da sarki, kamar su oba l'olu ("sarki shi ne babba") ko ("kar a yi adawa da shi"). Sun ɗauki magoya da ja da kore a matsayin takardun shaida na matsayin su. Duk kananan kotunan Oyo suna da Ilari wanda ya kasance 'yan leken asiri da masu karbar haraji. Oyo ta nada wadannan ne don su ziyarci wasu lokuta kuma suna zaune a Dahomey da kuma hanyar Egbado Corridor don karbar haraji da kuma leken asirin nasarorin da Dahomey ya samu, ta yadda Alaafin na Oyo zai sami abin yi. Majalisar Yayin da Alaafin na Oyo ya kasance mai cikakken iko da mutane, ba a duba ikon sa ba. Oyo Mesi da Yarbawan Duniyar Yarbawa da aka sani da suna Ogboni sun tsare ikon Oba Oyo Mesi sun yi magana ne don ‘yan siyasa yayin da Ogboni ya yi magana don mutane kuma ikon addini ya goyi bayan su. Alaarfin Alaafin na Oyo dangane da Oyo Mesi da Ogboni ya dogara da halayen kansa da wayewar siyasa. Oyo Mesi Oyo Mesi sun kasance manyan kansiloli bakwai na jihar. Sun kafa Majalisar Zabe kuma suna da ikon yin doka. Bashorun ke jagoranta, suna aiki a matsayin firaminista, kuma sun hada da Agbaakin, Samu, Alapini, Laguna, Akiniku da Ashipa, sun wakilci muryar al'umma kuma suna da babban nauyin kare muradun masarautar. An bukaci Alaafin ya dauki shawara daga wurin su a duk lokacin da wani muhimmin abu da ya shafi jihar ya faru. Kowane sarki yana da aikin jiha na yin sa a kotu kowace safiya da maraice. Kowannensu ma yana da mataimaki wanda za su tura zuwa Alaafin idan ba a iya gujewa rashi. Oyo Mesi ta ci gaba a matsayin binciken ikon Alaafin, yana hana Alaafin zama mai mulkin kama-karya sun tilastawa Alaafiyawa da yawa kashe kansu yayin ƙarni na 17 da 18. Shugaban majalisar Oyo Mesi, da Bashorun, ya nemi shawarar Ifa kafin magajin masarauta don neman yardar daga gumakan. Sabili da haka ana ganin sabbin alloli na Oyo kamar alloli ne suka nada su. Ana ɗauke su a matsayin Ekeji Orisa, ma'ana "mataimakin alloli." Bashorun suna da magana ta karshe game da nadin sabon Alaafin, karfin da yake da shi da na shi kansa sarki. Misali, Bashorun ya tsara bukukuwa da yawa na addini; ya yi wannan ban da kasancewarsa babban kwamandan askarawan soja, wanda ya ba shi babban ikon addini mai zaman kansa. Babban cikin ɗawainiyar Bashorun shine duk wani muhimmin biki na sama. Wannan duba na addini, da ake gudanarwa a kowace shekara, shine don tantance idan membobin Mesi har yanzu suna goyon bayan Alaafin. Idan majalisar ta yanke hukunci kan rashin amincewar Alaafin, Bashorun sun gabatarwa da Alaafin da wani dunkulen marmara, ko kwai aku, a matsayin alama cewa lallai ne ya kashe kansa. Wannan ita ce kadai hanyar da za a cire Alaafin saboda ba a iya sauke shi bisa doka. Da zarar an ba su calabash ko kwan aku, Alaafin, babban dansa Aremo, da mai ba shi shawara a cikin Oyo Mesi, Asamu, duk sai sun kashe kansu don sabunta gwamnati. An yi bikin kashe kansa a lokacin bikin Sama. Ogboni Oyo Mesi ma ba ta more cikakken iko ba. Yayin da Oyo Mesi ke da tasirin siyasa, Ogboni ya wakilci mashahuran ra'ayin da ke da goyon bayan ikon addini, saboda haka Ogboni na iya daidaita ra'ayoyin Oyo Mesi. Akwai dubawa da daidaito kan ikon Alafin da Oyo Mesi kuma saboda haka babu wanda ya yi girman kai cikakken iko. Ogboni ya kasance babbar kungiyar asiri mai karfi wacce ta kunshi 'yanci na gari wadanda aka ambata da shekarunsu, hikimarsu da mahimmancinsu a cikin al'amuran addini da siyasa. Membobinta suna jin daɗin cikakken iko akan talakawa saboda tashar addininsu. Shaida ga yadda yaduwar makarantar ta kasance kasancewar akwai (kuma har yanzu) shuwagabannin Ogboni a kusan dukkanin kananan kotunan cikin kasar Yarbawa. Ban da aikinsu game da bautar duniya, suna da hakkin yanke hukunci game da duk wani abu da ya shafi zubar da jini. Jagoran Ogboni, Oluwo, yana da cancantar isa kai tsaye zuwa Alaafin na Oyo kan kowane lamari. Soja Akwai babban ƙwarewar ƙwarewa a cikin rundunar masarautar Oyo. Nasarorinta na soja ya kasance saboda yawancin dawakai da kuma jagoranci da ƙarfin gwiwar hafsoshin Oyo da mayaƙa. Saboda babban yankin da take mayar da hankali shi ne arewacin dajin, Oyo ta fi jin daɗin noma kuma don haka ci gaba da ƙaruwa a cikin jama'a. Wannan ya ba da gudummawa ga ikon Oyo don fitar da babbar runduna koyaushe. Hakanan akwai al'adun soja da suka kafu a Oyo inda cin nasara ya zama tilas kuma cin nasara ya ɗauki nauyin kashe kansa. Babu shakka wannan manufar ta-ko-mutuwa ta ba da gudummawa ga tsokanar soja na janar-janar na Oyo. Sojan doki Masarautar Oyo ita ce kadai kasar Yarbawa da ta dauki dawakai ta yi haka ne saboda yawancin yankunanta yana cikin arewacin savannah Asali mahayan dawakai suna sabani; duk da haka, Nupe, Borgu da Hausa a cikin yankuna makwabta suma sunyi amfani da mahayan dawakai kuma wataƙila sun samo asalin tarihinsu. Oyo ta iya siyan dawakai daga arewa kuma ta kula dasu a cikin babban birin Oyo saboda 'yanci na ɗan tsako daga tsuntsun tsetse Sojan doki doguwar hannu ce ta Daular Oyo. Atearshen balaguron ƙarni na 16 da 17 ya ƙunshi sojojin dawakai gaba ɗaya. Akwai nakasu ga wannan. Oyo ba za ta iya kula da dakarunta masu dawakai a kudu ba amma suna iya kai hari yadda suke so. Sojoji masu dawakai a cikin al'ummomin da suka ci gaba sosai kamar Oyo sun kasu zuwa haske da nauyi. Tã sojan doki a kan ya fi girma shigo da dawakai da aka dauke da makamai nauyi thrusting lances ko māsu da ma tare da takuba Sojojin dawakai masu haske a kan ƙaramar farar fata 'yan asalin ƙasar suna da makamai da jifa da mashi ko baka. Antananan yara Ananan sojoji a yankin da ke kusa da Masarautar Oyo sun kasance iri ɗaya cikin kayan yaƙi da na yaƙi. Duk sojojin ƙanana a yankin sun ɗauki garkuwa, takuba da mashi iri ɗaya ko wata. Garkuwa na da tsayi ƙafa huɗu da faɗi ƙafa biyu kuma an yi ta giwar giwa ko ta sa. Tsawon kafa takobi mai nauyi shi ne babban makamin yaƙi. Yarabawa da maƙwabta sun yi amfani da mashi sau uku waɗanda za a iya jefa su daidai daga taku 30. Tsarin Masarautar Oyo, kamar daulolin da yawa kafinta, sunyi amfani da dakaru na gida da na masu fadada fadada yankunanta. Tsarin rundunar sojan Oyo gabanin masarautarta ta kasance mai sauki kuma tana kusa da gwamnatin tsakiya a cikin babban birinin Oyo. Wannan na iya isa a cikin karni na 15 lokacin da Oyo ke iko da yankin kasar ta kawai, amma don ci gaba da ci gaba da ci gaba, tsarin ya sami canje-canje da yawa. Eso Oyo ta ci gaba da kasancewa da sojoji na kwararru na sojan doki wadanda ake kira Eso, da Esho ko kuma, bisa tsari, Eso na Ikoyi Waɗannan su ne ƙananan shugabannin yaƙi 70 waɗanda Oyo Mesi ta zaɓa kuma Alaafin na Oyo ya tabbatar da su. An nada Eso don ƙwarewar aikin soja ba tare da la'akari da al'adun gargajiya ba, duk da cewa daulolin Eso suma an san su da zama. Eso sun kasance ƙarƙashin jagorancin Are-Ona-Kakanfo, kuma sun shahara da rayuwa ta hanyar lambar yaƙi wanda ya yi daidai da Latin dictum infra dignitatem Shin Ona Kakanfo Bayan dawowar Oyo daga gudun hijira, aka kafa mukamin Are-Ona-Kakanfo a matsayin babban kwamandan sojoji. An bukace shi da zama a lardin da ke da matukar muhimmanci don sanya ido kan makiya da kuma hana shi kwace mulkin. A lokacin masarautar Oyo, Are-Ona-Kakanfo da kanshi sun yiwa sojojin da ke filin daga dukkan yakin neman zabe. Sojojin birni Tun da Are-Ona-Kakanfo ba zai iya zama kusa da babban birni ba, dole ne a yi tsare-tsaren don kare wannan a yayin gaggawa. Bashorun, babban memba na Oyo Mesi ne ya ba da umarni ga sojojin da ke cikin birnin na Oyo. Kamar yadda bayani ya gabata, an raba garin Metropolitan Oyo zuwa larduna shida da aka raba su daidai da kogi. Ta haka aka tara sojojin lardi zuwa rundunoni biyu, karkashin Onikoyi da Okere na gabas da yamma na kogin bi da bi. Knownananan shugabannin yaƙi an san su da Balogun, taken da sojojin da suka gaji jihar Oyo suka gaje shi, wato Ibadan Sojojin Rarraba Shugabannin kabilu da gwamnonin larduna ne ke da alhakin tara haraji da bayar da gudummawar sojoji a ƙarƙashin janar na cikin gida ga sojojin sarki a lokacin gaggawa. Lokaci-lokaci, ana ba shugabannin da ke ba da fatawa damar kai hari ga maƙwabta koda ba tare da goyon bayan babbar rundunar mulkin mallaka ba. Waɗannan rundunonin ana amfani da su sau da yawa a cikin kamfen na Oyo mai nisa a bakin kogi ko wasu jihohi. Kasuwanci Oyo ta zama masarautar kudu ta kasuwancin Trans-Saharan. An yi musaya da gishiri, fata, dawakai, goro kola, hauren giwa, zane da bayi. Yarabawa na babban birnin Oyo suma sun kware sosai a aikin kere kere da aikin karafa. Baya ga haraji kan kayayyakin kasuwanci da ke shigowa da fita daga masarautar, Oyo ta kasance mai wadata daga harajin da aka sanya wa rarar ta. Haraji akan masarautar Dahomey kadai ya kawo adadin da aka kiyasta akan dalar Amurka dubu 638 a shekara. Zenith Zuwa 1680, Masarautar Oyo ta fadada fiye da murabba'in kilomita 150,000. Ya kai maɗaukakiyar ƙarfinsa a ƙarni na 18. Duk da rikice-rikicen da aka kirkira, an gudanar da shi tare don son kai. Gwamnati ta sami damar samar da haɗin kai ga yanki mai faɗi ta hanyar haɗakar ikon cin gashin kai da ikon masarauta. Ba kamar manyan daulolin savannah ba, wanda Oyo ba za a kira shi magaji ba tunda magaji ne na Ife, babu wani abu idan akwai tasirin Musulunci a daular. Sananne ne cewa aƙalla an ajiye wasu jami'ai musulmai a cikin Metropolitan Oyo, kuma mazaje masu iya rubutu da lissafi cikin larabci 'yan kasuwar Faransa sun ba da rahoton su a 1787 Ragewa Da yawa suna ganin faduwar masarautar Oyo ta fara ne tun a shekarar 1754 tare da dabarun sarauta da juyin mulkin fada da Firaminista Oyo Gaha ya dauki nauyi. Gaha, a kokarinsa na samun cikakken iko, ya hada baki da Oyo Mesi kuma watakila har ila yau Ogboni ya tilasta Alaafiyawa hudu da suka biyo baya don kashe kansu ta hanyar ibada bayan an gabatar da su da alamar kwaron aku. Tsakanin Yuni da Oktoba 1754 kawai, Gaha ya tilasta Alaafins biyu su kashe kansu. Saboda wannan, Alaafin Awonbioju ya kwashe kwanaki 130 a kan karagar mulki, yayin da Alaafin Labisi ya shafe kwanaki 17 kawai a kan karagar. Ba a kawo karshen ha'incin Gaha ba sai a shekarar 1774 a lokacin mulkin Alaafin Abiodun, Alaafin na biyar da ya yi aiki. Daga baya Abiodun ya kashe Gaha amma rashin zaman lafiyar da wadannan dabarun suka haifar ya kara raunana Oyo. Alaafin Abiodun a lokacin mulkin shi ma ya gudanar da kamfen na rashin nasara a kan Borgu a 1783 da Nupe a 1789, rasa kwatankwacin janar-janar 11 da 13 da mazajen su bi da bi. Daga baya dansa Awole ya kashe Abiodun, wanda daga baya ya hau gadon mahaifinsa. Abubuwan da suka haifar da ballewar garin Ilorin sun fara ne a shekarar 1793. Ilorin sansanin yaki ne karkashin jagorancin Are-Ona Kakanfo Afonja. Afonja ya shiga takun-saka da Awole lokacin da shi kuma ya umarce shi da ya afkawa gidan Alaafin Abiodun, Iwere-Ile. Afonja, wanda ke daure da rantsuwa kuma yana son kada ya fada cikin la'ana daga Alaafin da ta gabata ya nuna cewa duk wani Aare Ona Kakanfo da ya kai hari Iwere-Ile (mahaifinsa) zai mutu matuka, ya ki bin umarnin. An kuma bayar da wani dalilin a shekarar 1795, lokacin da Awole ya umarci Afonja da ya afkawa garin kasuwar Apomu, wani yanki na Ile-Ife. Duk Alaafins, saboda imanin Yarbawa cewa Ife gida ne na ruhun Yarbawa, a baya an sanya su da rantsuwa cewa ba za su far wa Ife ba. Afonja ya aiwatar da umarnin Awole kuma ya kori Apomu, amma bayan dawowar sojoji daga kamfen din sai ya dunguma zuwa Oyo-Ile babban birnin kasar (wanda ita kanta haramun ce), kuma ya bukaci Awole ya sauka. Awole daga baya ya kashe kansa ta hanyar tsafi. Bayan rasuwar Awole, akwai masu fafutuka don neman kursiyin daga masu fafutuka da yawa; wasu an ruwaito cewa sun yi kasa da watanni shida a kan karagar mulki; akwai kuma wani lokaci na rikice-rikice na kusan shekaru ashirin inda bangarori daban-daban ba su yarda da dan takara ba. Wannan rashin ikon ya haifar da hawan manyan sojoji da kwamandojin yanki kamar Adegun, da Onikoyi da Solagberu, da Otun Are-Ona Kakanfo. Shehu Alimi, wani basaraken Fulani wanda shi ne shugaban karuwar yawan musulmai a Oyo, shi ma ya hau mulki a wannan lokacin. Waɗannan sabbin abubuwan sun rasa daraja ga ofishin Alaafin saboda rikice-rikicen siyasa daban-daban da kuma rashin ikon hukuma a lokacin; wannan halin ya haifar da Afonja balle Ilorin daga Oyo a 1817 tare da taimakon Musulman Oyo. A cikin 1823, bayan da abokan aikinsa na farko Shehu Alimi da Solagberu suka kashe Afonja (wanda shi kuma ɗan Alimi ya kashe shi), Ilorin ya zama wani ɓangare na Kalifancin Sokoto. A lokacin da Kyaftin Hugh Clapperton ya ziyarci Oyo-Ile a 1825 lokacin mulkin Alaafin Majotu, masarautar ta riga ta kasance cikin yanayi na koma baya. Bangaren Clapperton sun nadar wasu kauyukan Oyo da Fulani na Ilorin suka kona yayin da Majotu kuma ya nemi taimakon sarkin Ingila da Oba na Benin wajen kawar da tawayen Ilorin. Shima Clapperton ya lura da karancin dawakai, duk da cewa Oyo ta shahara da karfin sojan doki; wannan na iya zama yana da nasaba da cewa galibin sojojin daular da kuma mahayan dawakai an ajiye su a Ilorin karkashin umarnin Afonja (kuma daga baya magajin Alimi). Daga nan sai Ilorin ya kewaye Offa ya fara mamayewa, konawa tare da kwasar ganima a Oyo, daga karshe ya rusa babban birnin Oyo-Ile a 1835. Rashin Hanyar Egbado Yayin da Oyo ta tsinke kanta ta hanyar dambarwar siyasa, masu kula da ita suka fara amfani da damar don matsawa ga yanci. Egba, a karkashin jagorancin wani shugaban yaki da ake kira Lishabi, sun yiwa Ilari kisan gilla a yankin su sannan suka fatattaki wata rundunar azaba ta Oyo. Tawayen Dahomey A cikin 1823 Dahomey aka ruwaito ya afkawa kauyukan da suke karkashin kariyar Oyo ga bayi saboda tsananin bukatar da ake musu. Nan da nan Oyo ta bukaci babbar kyauta daga Sarki Gezo saboda kutse ba da izini ba, wanda Gezo ya tura mataimakinsa dan kasar Brazil, Chacha Francisco Félix de Sousa, zuwa Alaafin da ke Oyo don yin sulhu. Tattaunawar sulhun daga baya ta wargaje, daga baya Oyo ta far wa Dahomey. Sojojin Oyo sun ci nasara sosai, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen mulkin Oyo akan Dahomey. Bayan samun 'yancinta, Dahomey ya fara farfaɗo da hanyar. Ago d'Oyo Bayan lalata Oyo-Ile, sai aka matsa babban birnin zuwa kudu, zuwa Ago d'Oyo. Oba Atiba ya nemi kiyaye abin da ya rage na Oyo ta hanyar dorawa Ibadan aikin kare babban birnin daga Ilorin a arewa da arewa maso gabas. Ya kuma yi ƙoƙari ya sa Ijaye su kare Oyo daga yamma da Dahomeans. Cibiyar ikon Yarbawa ta ci gaba zuwa kudu zuwa Ibadan, sansanin yakin Yarbawa wanda kwamandojin Oyo suka kafa a 1830. Rushewar ƙarshe Wasan Atiba ya gaza, kuma Oyo ba ta sake dawo da martabarta a yankin ba. The Oba, in ba haka ba ana kiransa Atiba Atobatele, ya mutu a 1859; Hisansa Adeyemi I, Alaafin na uku da ya yi sarauta a Oyo ta yanzu, ya mutu a 1905. A lokacin mulkin mallaka, Yarabawa sun kasance ɗayan ƙungiyoyin birni a Afirka. Kimanin 22% na yawan jama'a sun zauna a cikin manyan yankuna tare da yawan mutane fiye da 100,000, kuma sama da 50% suna zaune a cikin biranen da ke da mutane 25,000 ko fiye. Lissafin biranen birni a shekarar 1950 ya kusa da na Amurka, ban da Ilorin. Yarbawa suna ci gaba da kasancewa ƙabilun Afirka mafi birni a yau. Manyan biranen zamani sun hada da Oyo, Ibadan, Osogbo, da Ogbomoso, wadanda wasu manyan garuruwa ne da suka bunkasa bayan tsohuwar Oyo ta ruguje. Ragowar masarautar na ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayin ɗayan jihohin gargajiya na wannan zamani na Nijeriya. Duba kuma Oyotunji African Village Sarakunan jihar Yarbawa na Oyo Tarihin Najeriya Bayanan kula Easley, Dr. Larry. "The Four Forest States of Africa." Oyo Empire. Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau. 2 Mar. 2009. Kehnide Salami, Yunusa Ph.D. "The Democratic Structure of Yoruba Political-Cultural Heritage." Department of Philosophy Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife. 29 Apr. 2009. Shillington, Kevin. History of Africa. 2nd ed. New York: Macmillan Limited, 1995 Fasanya, Akin (2004). "The Original Religion of the Yorubas". http://www.laits.utexas.edu/africa/2004/database/fasanya.html Kabilun Larabawa Tarihin Najeriya Al'adun Najeriya Pages with unreviewed
17380	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umaru%20Mutallab	Umaru Mutallab	Alhaji Umaru Abdul Mutallab (An haife shi a 15 ga watan Disamba 1939) ɗan kasuwa ne kuma mai kuɗi, wanda ya yi aiki a ƙarƙashin mulkin gwamnatin soja ta Janar Murtala Mohammed da Olusegun Obasanjo Mutallab ya bayyana a jaridar, The New York Times a matsayin daya daga cikin "jerin manyan attajiran Najeriya, kuma mashahurai", ta jaridar The Telegraph da cewa "ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu hada-hadar banki a Najeriya", da kuma jaridar The Guardian a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin ƴan ƙasar mafi yawan 'yan kasuwa masu daraja Ɗansa, Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab (ɗan harin bam ɗin Kirsimeti) ya yi ƙoƙari ya tayar da bama-baman roba a cikin jirgin Northwest Airlines Flight 253 a ranar 25 ga watan Disamba 2009 kuma a halin yanzu yana ɗaurin shekaru huɗu tare da shekaru 50 ba tare da sharaɗi ba a ADX Florence, babban gidan yarin tarayya na supermax a Amurka Tarihin rayuwa Mutallab an haife shi ne ga dangin Abdul Mutallab Barade, jami'i a kamfanin Funtua Works Dept.ne Yana zaune ne a Funtua, a cikin Jihar Katsina a Arewacin Nijeriya, duk da cewa rahotanni suna da gidan suna da gidaje a Landan da Ghana kuma. Iyalin suna da aƙalla gidaje uku a cikin Nijeriya (a cikin Abuja, Funtua, da Kaduna Ilimi Ya halarci Kwalejin Barewa, Zariya, Achimota College, Accra, Ghana, da South West London College, London. Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo da ke Ile-Ife ta ba shi digirin digirgir na girmamawa Ayyuka Bayan kammala jarrabawar sa ta makaranta a cikin watan Disambar 1959, Mutallab ya fara aiki a matsayin magatakarda tare da kamfanin Pannell, Fitzpatrick da Kamfani a Kaduna a watan Janairun 1960. Daga nan ya yi tafiya don ci gaba da karatu, nasa ne ya dawo Nijeriya a 1968, lokacin da aka naɗa shi Babban Akanta na Kamfanin Masana’antun Tsaro na Nijeriya A cikin 1971, ya zama mai kula da harkokin kuɗin na kamfanin New Nigerian Development Company a Kaduna, kafin ya zama babban manajan kamfanoni a 1975. Mutallab ya yi aiki a matsayin ministan gwamnati a ƙarƙashin Janar Murtala Mohammed da Janar Olusegun Obasanjo tsakanin 1975 zuwa 1978. Na farko a matsayin Kwamishinan Tarayya watau, Ministan) Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki a(1975), an sauke shi daga mukatmin bayan yunƙurin juyin mulkin soja na 1976 wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar Janar Murtala Mohammed Koyaya, daga baya aka nada shi sabon Ministan Haɗin Kai da Kaya a(1976). A shekarar ta 1978, ya bar majalisar minista kuma ya zama mataimakin shugaban zartarwa, sannan yazama manajan darakta,ne kuma Shugaba a Babban Bankin Afirka (UBA). Ya riƙe ofis din har zuwa 1988, kuma shi ne babban mai bayar da kudi a zaben shugaban kasa na 1979, wanda ya kawo Jam’iyyar Nijeriya ta Ƙasa a Jamhuriya ta Biyu ƙarƙashin jagorancin Shugaba Shehu Shagari Mutallab ya kuma yi aiki a kan muƙamin daraktocin wasu kamfanoni da dama, wadanda suka hada da Arewa Textile Limited, NEPA, NACB, NCC, Nigeria Agip Oil, da kuma Cement Company of Nigeria, Daga 1999 zuwa 2009, ya kasance shugaban bankin First Bank of Nigeria Plc, babban banki ne a Najeriya kuma mafi girma. A shekarar ta 2009 ya kasance shugaban wasu kamfanoni, ciki har da Impresit Bakolori Plc, Incar Nigeria Plc, da kuma Spring Waters Nigeria Limited (SWAN). Shine babban mai hannun jari a kamfanin Barade Holdings da Barumark Investment and Development Company. Muttalab ya taka rawa wajen shigowa da bankin Musulunci a cikin Najeriya, kuma shi ne shugaban bankin Musulunci na farko a Najeriya, Jaiz Bank International Plc, wanda aka kafa a 2003. Mutallab shi ne shugaban ƙungiyar Aiki na nafar ko a ƙungiyar hangen nesa 20: 2020 a Nijeriya, kuma shugaban kungiyar Boan Maza da Kwalejin Barewa yana cikin kungiyoyi biyu na Association of Chartered Certified bincike (FCCA) da kuma Cibiyar Chartered bincike na Najeriya (FCA). Mutallab ya samu lambar yabo ta Kwamandan Umurnin Nijar, ɗaya daga cikin manyan karramawa a Najeriya. Rayuwar mutum Duk da cewa mai matuƙar bin addini ne, Mutallab bai ɗauki kansa a matsayin mai tsattsauran ra'ayin addini ba, inda ya bayyana cewa ya koyi yadda za a yi haƙuri yayin da ya halarci kwalejin Barewa wacce ke da ɗalibai daga sassa da dama na ƙasar kuma tana ba da jin da kasancewa tare. Shi ma memba ne na Mafia na Kaduna, ƙungiyar 'yan kasuwa ta Nijeriya, ma'aikatan gwamnati, masu ilimi da hafsoshin soja daga Arewacin Nijeriya, waɗanda ke zaune ko gudanar da ayyukansu a Kaduna, tsohon babban birnin yankin zuwa ƙarshen Jamhuriya ta Farko. Mutallab babban aboki ne kuma aboki ne ga mai kuɗin mafia ɗin Hamza Zayyad, wanda ya shawo kansa ya ɗauki aikin lissafi a matsayin sana'a. Ɗan sa Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab Mutallab ya amince a watan Yulin 2009 don barin ɗansa, Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab, ƙaramin a cikin yaransa 16 kuma dan na biyu ne daga cikin matansa biyu (wanda ya fito daga Yemen don komawa Cibiyar a don Harshen Larabci a Yemen don karatun larabci daga watan Agusta zuwa Satumba 2009. Da alama ɗansa ya bar Cibiyar bayan wata ɗaya, yayin da ya kasance a Yemen. A watan Oktoba, dansa ya aiko masa da sakon tes cewa yana son karatun sharia da Larabci a kwas din shekara bakwai a Yemen. Mahaifinsa ya yi barazanar yanke masa tallafi, inda dansa ya ce "tuni yana samun komai kyauta". Mutallab ya ba da rahoto ga jami'an CIA biyu a Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka da ke Abuja, Najeriya, a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2009, game da "tsattsauran ra'ayin addini" na dansa, kuma ya gaya wa ofishin jakadancin cewa watakila yana Yemen. An kara sunan dan nasa a watan Nuwamba na shekarar ta 2009 a cikin Amurka mai suna 550,000 na 'Yan Ta'addan Datamart Muhalli, wani matattarar bayanai ta Cibiyar Yaki da Ta'addanci ta Amurka Ba a soke bizarsa ta Amurka ba. A ranar 25 ga watan Disambar 2009, Umar na da hannu a yunƙurin tayar da bama-bamai a jirgin na Northwest Airlines Flight 253 Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Mutallab, fitaccen ma'aikacin banki Bayanin banki Egene, Goddy, Mutallab: Profile in Courage ThisDay via AllAfrica.com, 28 Disamba 2009 Mutane daga Jihar Katsina Mutanen Najeriya Pages with unreviewed
29776	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokokin%20Gandun%20Daji	Dokokin Gandun Daji	Dokokin gandun daji suna gudanar da ayyuka a yankunan dazuzzukan da aka keɓe, galibi game da kula da gandun daji da girbin katako Dokokin gandun daji gaba ɗaya sun ɗauki manufofin gudanarwa don albarkatun gandun daji na jama'a, kamar yawan amfani da yawan amfanin ƙasa Gudanar da gandun daji ya rabu tsakanin masu zaman kansu da na jama'a, tare da gandun daji na jama'a mallakar gwamnati. Dokokin gandun daji ana daukar su a matsayin al'amuran duniya baki daya. Hukumomin gwamnati gaba ɗaya suna da alhakin tsarawa da aiwatar da kafa dokokin gandun daji akan filayen gandun daji na jama'a, kuma ƙila su shiga cikin ƙirƙira gandun daji, tsarawa, da kiyayewa, da sa ido kan tallace-tallacen katako. Dokokin gandun daji kuma sun dogara da yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na yankin da ake aiwatar da su. Haɓaka aikin kula da gandun daji na kimiyya ya dogara ne akan ma'auni na daidaitaccen rabo da girman itace a cikin wani yanki da aka ba da shi, da sare itatuwan tsari, da maye gurbinsu bisa ma'auni, a tsanake jeri na gonakin al'adu guda ɗaya waɗanda za a iya girbe su a lokaci zuwa lokaci. Manufar Dokokin gandun daji an yi niyya ne don kare albarkatu da hana fasa gandun daji, saren daji, farauta, da tattara ciyayi. Koyaya, babu takamaiman ƙayyadaddun yankewa ko iyakancewa, jujjuyawar girbi, da mafi ƙarancin diamita na girbi. Gudanar da gandun daji yana tsara manufofin jihohi don kula da ƙasa, da kuma matakan cimma su. gandun daji suna ƙirƙirar tsare-tsaren gudanarwa waɗanda ke lissafin kowane gandun daji daban da kansa. A wasu lokuta, ana yin tsare-tsare tare da tsammanin cewa halittun da ke cikin dajin suna riƙe da tsayayyen yanayi, dabam da dajin da ke kewaye da su. Yawancin gandun daji waɗanda ke cikin ƙasashen duniya na uku ba su da ilimi ko horo don bin duk ƙa'idodin lokacin yin tsarin gudanarwa. Manufofi da dokoki da suka dace na jama'a suna taimaka wa ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewa mai dorewa a yankunan karkara da birane. Waɗannan manufofin suna aiki don kiyaye muhalli da kare flora, fauna da al'adun gargajiya A al'adance, kare muhalli ya kasance wani yanki na gandun daji ta hanyar jaddada kiyaye gandun daji da lissafin tasirin muhalli akan ƙasa da ruwa. Dangane da sauran sassa, dazuzzukan ya shafi gandun daji sakamakon bullowar wayar da kan muhalli da dokoki a ƙarni na baya. Wannan ya kawo babban fifiko kan kariyar jeji da kyawawan dabi'un sa. Tasiri Bambance-bambancen halittu da sauyin yanayi sun yi tasiri musamman kan dokar gandun daji. Lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri tsare-tsaren kula da gandun daji, ana wakilta bambancin halittu a cikin ma'auni don dorewa. Saboda Yarjejeniyar Kyoto, rage sauyin yanayi ya zama makasudin dokar gandun daji da manufofi, wanda ke cike da faffadan manufofin yanayi da shirye-shirye. Duk da haka, Rosenbaum da abokan aiki sun bayyana cewa akwai 'yan dokoki da suka ƙunshi takamaiman tanadi don magance sauyin yanayi na asalin tushen gandun daji. Dangantaka tsakanin gandun daji da sauran wuraren shari'a sun zama masu rikitarwa yayin da suka girma cikin buri da fa'ida da kuma yadda sauran yankuna ke ba da ka'idoji kai tsaye da a kaikaice kan yadda ake sarrafa ko amfani da gandun daji. Don haka alaƙar da ke tsakanin dokokin gandun daji na ƙasa da Kuma dokokinta na muhalli gabaɗaya suna zama mafi mahimmanci yayin da yanayin dokokin gandun daji ya ƙaru cikin sarƙaƙƙiya. Dokokin gandun daji a yanzu sun amince da matsayin gandun daji a matsayin wurin zama na namun daji, albarkatun kiwo da noma, da kuma mai ba da gudummawar ruwa da kiyaye ƙasa. Kwanan nan, gabaɗayan ƙa'idodin dokar muhalli da ƙarin ƙayyadaddun dabi'u na bambancin halittu sun zama wani yanki na fili na dokar gandun daji. Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan gandun daji, wani dandalin manufofin gwamnatocin da aka kirkira a cikin shekarata 2000, ya zartar da kuduri kan ci gaban dazuzzuka masu dorewa, musamman wadanda suka shafi al'amuran zamantakewa da al'adu na gandun daji da na gargajiya da ke da alaƙa da gandun daji. Ƙasashen Duniya Saboda bambancin yanayi, mahimmanci, rawar albarkatun gandun daji da tsarin doka da hukumomi, dokar gandun daji ba ta da sauƙi a daidaita tsakanin ƙasashe. Bankin Duniya ya bayyana cewa, duk da kwatankwacin binciken da aka yi na yadda ake tafiyar da dokokin gandun daji, akwai karancin jagora mai amfani kan yadda za a tantance inganta dokar. Ainihin ayyuka sun bambanta daga wannan ƙasa zuwa na gaba, duk da haka, a kowane hali ana kallon gandun daji na jama'a a matsayin albarkatun kasa, wato, mallakar ƙasa. Misali, ko da yake mafi yawan filayen daji a Amurka da Kanada mallakar sirri ne, wani adadi mai yawa na gwamnati a matsayin "kayan amfanin jama'a" amma bisa tsari na hayar ga masu kera katako. A Indiya, Raj ya mallaki kusan dukkanin gandun daji, yana bayyana su a matsayin "lalacewa" kuma, saboda haka, ba a mallaka ba. A Indonesiya, gandun daji mallakin gwamnati ne bisa doka amma ana kula da su a matsayin masu zaman kansu, yayin da a Brazil, rashin gwamnatin ƙasa ke sa gandun daji su buɗe hanyar shiga. A cikin wannan rawar, kiyaye gandun daji yana da alaƙa da samar da katako da sauran kayayyaki waɗanda ke samar da jari da ayyukan yi, kuma tattalin arzikin manyan yankuna kusan ya dogara ga samar da albarkatun ƙasa daga waɗannan dazuzzuka na duniya. An amince da sabbin dokokin gandun daji a kasashen Gabashin Turai a matsayin wani bangare na sauya sheka zuwa tattalin arzikin kasuwa. Waɗannan dokokin sun yi tasiri sosai kan tsarin mallakar filaye na gandun daji, da inganta ƙa'idojin gudanarwa, da sabunta tsarin hukumomin dajin. An kuma ɓullo da sabbin dokokin gandun daji a ƙasashe da dama a Yammacin Turai don dacewa da sauyin yanayin tattalin arziki, buƙatun zamantakewa, da ƙarin shiga siyasa na ƙungiyoyi masu sha'awa da 'yan ƙasa a matakan gida da yanki. Yanayin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa Juyin dokokin gandun daji a cikin ƙasashen Turai ya nuna cewa fahimtar yadda za a yi amfani da albarkatun ƙasa ta hanyar dorewa ya dogara da yanayin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Ma'anar dazuzzuka masu ɗorewa ana ƙaddara ta yanayi na gida kuma mahimmancin su ya canza sosai akan lokaci. A yau ana fahimtar kulawa mai ɗorewa azaman ayyukan gandun daji waɗanda ke mutunta abubuwan da aka ba su ta halitta da kuma kula da bambancin gandun daji a cikin yanayin yanayin su. Suna barin zaɓuɓɓuka masu yawa don haɓakar samar da itace, kare muhalli, da nishaɗi dama more rayuwa. Amfanin dokokin Tallace-tallacen jama'a da ke magana game da amfani da gandun daji sama da ƙarni ɗaya suna daga cikin tsofaffin nau'ikan manufofin muhalli na dogon lokaci. Doka ta al'ada, wanda aka tsara a cikin karni na 14, an tsara tsarin amfani da gandun daji daidai da buƙatu da zaɓuɓɓukan lokutansu. Ƙara yawan ka'idodin gandun daji da katako, waɗanda aka bayar tun daga karni na 16 zuwa gaba, sun biyo baya. Cimma buƙatun gida, samar da albarkatun ƙasa na dogon lokaci da makamashi, da ƙarin abubuwan da aka samu ta hanyar ingantattun ayyukan gandun daji su ne batutuwan da ke tafe. Doka ta kafa buƙatun ci gaba da gudana na samar da itace, wanda ke nufin dakatar da amfani da abin da ke akwai. Ya fahimci yanayin dazuzzukan na dogon lokaci, kuma ya inganta shigar al'ummomi da dama cikin ayyukan gandun daji. Bugu da ƙari, ya tanadar don tsarawa da gudanarwa, da kuma matakan sake farfadowa da sake gina gandun daji DA abubuwan SA Wannan ya gabatar da ƙa'idodin amfani da albarkatun ƙasa masu sabuntawa a matsayin abin da ake buƙata don dorewa kamar yadda muka fahimta a yau. Dokar gandun daji ta Amurka A Amurka Gwamnatin Tarayya tana kula da kusan kashi 33% na gandun daji, kuma kashi 9% na kananan hukumomi ne ke sarrafa su. Wannan ya ƙunshi kadada 343,901,880 (kilomita 1391722) na ƙasar daji. Yawancin wannan ƙasa an yi su ne da wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa ko dazuzzuka na ƙasa waɗanda suka fara tare da kafa filin shakatawa na Yellowstone a 1872. Bayan haka, a cikin 1891, an ƙaddamar da Dokar Reserve Forest National Park Service (NPS) ne ke kula da wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa, wanda shine ofishin Sashen Cikin Gida (DOI). Hukumar kula da gandun daji ta Amurka (USFS), wata hukuma ce ta Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka (USDA). Ilimin tattalin arziki Sabbin manufofi suna sanya nauyi ga, da iko akan, sarrafa man itace a hannun mutane masu sha'awar tattalin arziki da kuma sabis na gandun daji Sabis na gandun daji yana kula da cikakken ikon duk abubuwan samarwa da yanke shawara ta hanyar amincewa da ake buƙata kuma ta hanyar sarrafa ka'idodin da samarwa da gudanarwa zasu iya faruwa. Aikin gandun daji masu zaman kansu ya kai sama da kashi 80 cikin 100 na noman gandun daji a wasu kasashe. Koyaya, a cikin ƙasashe da yawa, gandun daji masu zaman kansu ba su taɓa yin mahimmanci ba kuma, ko da lokacin da aka mai da ƙasa mai zaman kansa, jihar ta kan riƙe dazuzzuka. A yawancin Afirka, mallakar ƙasar mutum ɗaya yana da iyakancewa ta yadda mafi kusancin kusanci ga gandun daji masu zaman kansu galibi shine gandun daji na al'umma (ko da yake Afirka ta Kudu da Swaziland, a tsakanin sauran ƙasashe, suna da gonaki masu zaman kansu). Kwanan nan, darajar gandun daji na gonaki da na jari mai zaman kansa da gudanarwa sun haɓaka sha'awar hukuma game da gandun daji masu zaman kansu. Ayyukan gandun daji ba bisa ka'ida ba suna hana gwamnatocin biliyoyin daloli na kudaden haraji, tare da haifar da lalacewar muhalli da barazana ga dazuzzuka. Cin hanci da rashawa da ke da alaka da gandun daji da kuma keta dokokin gandun daji yana lalata tsarin doka, yana hana saka hannun jari na halal, yana ba da fa'ida mara kyau. Har ma an yi amfani da kudaden da ake samu daga ayyukan gandun daji ba bisa ka'ida ba wajen daukar nauyin fadan makamai. Damuwa game da irin yadda saran dazuzzuka ba bisa ka'ida ba ke haifar da asarar gandun daji ya karu sosai tun a shekarun 1980. An samu shiga, girbe, jigilar kayayyaki da kuma yin ciniki da yawa daga cikin kaso mai yawa na katakon da ke shiga kasuwannin ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin ƙasashe kamar Bolivia, Brazil, Cambodia, Kamaru, Colombia, Honduras, Indonesia, Nicaragua, Peru, Philippines, da kuma Rasha dama sauran su. Bankin Duniya a shekarata (2002) ya yi kiyasin cewa yin amfani da katako ba bisa ka'ida ba yana haifar da asarar kusan dalar Amurka biliyan 10-15 a shekara a kasashe masu tasowa a duniya. Ko da yake ana hasashen cewa, ingantacciyar shugabanci, da karin kudin hayar da jihar ke yi, da inganta gandun daji, duk za su iya amfanar da talakawa a fakaice, illar da ake yi ba bisa ka’ida ba da kuma tabbatar da dokar gandun daji a yankunan karkara ba shi ne abin da ya fi daukar hankali a yau. Rayuwa Hanyoyin da mutane ke amfani da su da kuma darajar gandun daji suna canzawa. Haɓaka yawan jama'a, canza al'adu, fasaha, da kimiyya suna ƙara buƙatar albarkatun gandun daji. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan an yi bitar dokokin gandun daji a duniya sosai don mayar da martani ga waɗannan canje-canje. Duk da haka, rashin samun bayanai game da wanene da gaske yake amfani da gandun daji yana haifar da babbar matsala ga masu tsara manufofin gandun daji da hukumomin ci gaba masu tallafawa waɗanda aka ba da izinin yin amfani da tsarin tallafawa marasa galihu. Ba tare da bayyananniyar bayanai ba zai zama da sauƙi a yi watsi da muradun ƴan ƙasa da ƙasa yayin zayyana tsare-tsare na manufofi da nufin inganta sarrafa gandun daji ko tabbatar da dokar gandun daji. Wasu dokokin gandun daji sun ba da fifiko musamman ga matalauta gidaje na karkara da kuma tsirarun kabilu. A cikin ƴan shekarun baya-bayan nan, gwamnatoci da yawa a Latin Amurka sun amince da haƙƙin ƴan asalin ƙasar akan manyan yankuna, amma ƴan asalin ƙasar galibi suna samun wahalar kare waɗannan yankuna daga mamayewa daga masu saran bishiyoyi da sunan neman katako masu hakar ma'adinai, da manoma. A cewar Bankin Duniya, “fiye da mutane biliyan 1.6 sun dogara ga dazuzzuka daban-daban don rayuwarsu. Kusan ƴan asalin ƙasar miliyan 60 sun dogara ga gandun daji. Kimanin mutane miliyan 350 da ke zaune a ciki ko kusa da dazuzzukan dazuzzukan sun dogara da su sosai don samun abin dogaro da kai. A cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa kimanin mutane biliyan 1.2 sun dogara ga tsarin noma a cikin gandun daji wanda ke taimakawa wajen ci gaba da haɓaka aikin noma da samun kudin shiga." Schmithüsen et al., Masu ba da shawara ga tsarin tushen haƙƙoƙi game da lalata gandun daji tare da ba da fifiko kan ƙarfafa cibiyoyin haƙƙin ɗan adam, haɓaka 'yancin kai na shari'a, haɓaka ilimin shari'a tsakanin al'ummomin karkara, da ba da taimakon doka; maimakon mayar da hankali kan dokokin gandun daji. Sun bayyana cewa ya kamata a danganta tsarin da ya danganci hakki da shirye-shiryen sake fasalin tsarin mulki da nufin samar da daidaiton jama'a da kuma nuna gaskiya a cikin kula da albarkatun kasa kuma ya kamata a samar da shi ta hanyar yin cudanya da kungiyoyin farar hula tare da la'akari da alkawurran gwamnatocin kasa na yin kwaskwarima ga doka. Babban yanki na dokokin gandun daji yana mai da hankali kan buƙatun gudanarwa, kudade, haraji, da haƙƙin mallaka. Amincewa da haƙƙoƙin rukuni na gargajiya ga wuraren da ake amfani da su tare, kamar gandun daji ko kiwo har yanzu ba a samu ba, duk da gwamnatoci ko turawan mulkin mallaka sun amince da iƙirarin ɗaiɗaikun mutane, dangane da al'ada ko amfani, zuwa ƙasar da ake amfani da su don noma ko gidaje. a cewar bankin duniya. Ta hanyar ɗaukar irin wannan ƙasa a matsayin "mara kyau" yayin aiwatar da aiwatar da haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka, gwamnatoci a duniya sun ba da izinin mallakar jihohi na faɗuwar filayen gandun daji. tilastawa Doka ita ce hanya ta ƙarshe don samun bin doka. Akwai aƙalla hanyoyin guda uku don shawo kan matsalolin tabbatar da laifukan da suka faru a wurare masu nisa. Ɗayan shine a mai da hankali kan aiwatar da ayyukan da ake iya gani, kamar sufuri. Wani kuma, wanda aka saba da shi a cikin dokar farar hula, shine sanya rahoton jami'in da aka rantse a matsayin shaida a cikin ci gaba da shari'a. Wannan yana jujjuya nauyin hujja sosai ga wanda ake tuhuma. Na'ura ta uku ita ce yin amfani da zato na shaida, wanda hakanan yana jujjuya nauyin hujja ga wanda ake tuhuma. A ƙasashe da yawa bambanci tsakanin abin da dokar gandun daji ta tsara da aiwatarwa na iya bambanta. Ko da a inda doka ke da ƙarfi, ɗabi'a ba bisa ƙa'ida ba daga jama'a da masu zaman kansu sukan ci gaba. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi bayanin ayyukan da ba bisa ka'ida ba saboda karancin kudi da na mutane don sa ido da sarrafa ayyukan gandun daji a sassan dazuzzukan. Yayin da waɗannan ayyukan gandun daji ke faruwa a wurare masu nisa, jami'an gwamnati na iya fuskantar matsananciyar matsin lamba don su amince da cin zarafi, ko kuma su shiga cikin cin zarafi; tsarin kotuna sun koma baya ko kuma sun lalace; wahalhalun rayuwar yau da kullum ga talakawan karkara na iya mamaye duk wata kasadar da ke tattare da keta doka; da dai sauransu Waɗannan bayanan suna jaddada batun cewa yayin da kyawawan dokokin gandun daji ya zama dole, amma a fili bai wadatar ba. Dokokin a ƙasashe da yawa sun kasance marasa amfani ko rashin amfani da su saboda dalilai kamar gazawar nufin siyasa, raunin cibiyoyi, ko ma rashin mutunta doka. Hanyoyi biyu na masu zaman kansu da kuma tsare-tsaren dokokin jama'a na iya zama mai ban sha'awa ga tsarin zamani mai ban sha'awa hadewar inganta aiwatarwa: tsare-tsaren takaddun shaida na doka na iya tallafawa dokokin jama'a (fi). DDS, tsarin ƙwazo, kamar EU Dokokin katako). Tarihi da cigaba Gudanar da gandun daji ya samo asali ne daga dokar al'ada da aka tsara a karni na 14. A shekara ta 1992, wakilan ƙasashe 180 sun yi taro a Rio de Janeiro, don la'akari, da dai sauransu, amincewa da Yarjejeniyar Ka'idodin Gandun daji. Sun amince da Yarjejeniyar kan ka'idojin gandun daji, mai taken "Bayanin ka'idoji marasa doka don yarjejeniya ta duniya kan gudanarwa, kiyayewa da ci gaba mai dorewa na kowane nau'in gandun daji." Dazuzzuka na kimiyya ya dogara ne akan ma'aunin rarraba da girman itace a cikin wani fakitin da aka bayar, tsarin sare bishiyu, da maye gurbinsu bisa ma'auni, a tsanake, jeri na gonakin al'adu guda ɗaya waɗanda za a iya girbe a lokutan da aka tsara. Halin da ke bayyana a fili daga canje-canjen kwanan nan a cikin dokokin gandun daji da ƙa'idodi a cikin ƙasashen Turai da yawa suna nuna hanyoyi iri-iri kuma ana iya yin hukunci daga ra'ayoyi daban-daban. Sharuɗɗan da suka dace don bincike kan ci gaban doka sune daidaito, cikakkiya, haɗin kai, da kuma zartarwa. Daidaituwa yana buƙatar dacewa da ka'idojin gandun daji tare da kimar tsarin mulki da dokokin dimokiradiyya, tare da manufofin ƙasa da suka shafi amfani da ƙasa, bunƙasa tattalin arziki da kare muhalli, tare da alkawurran kasa da kasa da yarjejeniyoyin bangarori daban-daban. Fahimta yana nufin manufofin dokar dazuzzuka dangane da kare gandun daji da raya gandun daji, da nau'ikan dazuzzuka daban-daban, da hakki da alhakin da ya rataya a wuyan masu gandun daji daban-daban. Ƙungiya tana da alaƙa da aikin gandun daji a matsayin albarkatun ƙasa, yanki da na gida. Hakanan yana da alaƙa da nau'in gandun daji ninki biyu a matsayin noma na zaman kansa wanda za'a iya amfani dashi bisa ga shawarar masu mallakar filaye da kuma albarkatun da ke samar da fa'idodi masu yawa ga al'umma. Ƙarfafawa yana nuna har zuwa nawa shirye-shiryen jama'a ke tallafawa ayyukan masu mallakar filaye. Aiwatar da ita tana nufin tsarin tsari na gwamnatocin gandun daji na jama'a dangane da canza nauyi da ayyuka, da kuma nau'ikan da suka dace na sa hannu na masu gandun daji da ƙungiyoyin sha'awa wajen daidaita amfani da gandun daji da ayyukan gudanarwa. Haɗin kai na iyawa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin jama'a muhimmin al'amari ne a cikin kimanta aikin sabbin ƙa'idoji ko gyara. Sauran abunuwa Jerin nau'ikan dazuzzukan da aka keɓe bisa ƙa'ida Dajin sarauta Manazarta Daji Doka Tattalin arziƙin Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
53298	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saad%20Albazei	Saad Albazei	Saad Abdulrahman Albazei hamshakin dan kasar Saudiyya ne wanda ya yi fice wajen sukar al'adun larabawa da nazarce-nazarce da ke nuna alakar gabas da yamma ta al'adu da adabi. Rayuwa An haifi Albazei a kasar Saudiyya a shekara ta 1953. Ya kammala karatunsa na jami'a a Riyadh sannan ya samu digirin digirgir (Ph.D). daga Jami'ar Purdue, a Amurka a 1983. Kundin karatunsa ya yi magana ne game da “Addini Orientalism a cikin adabin Turawa. A halin yanzu mamba ne a Majalisar Tuntuba ta Saudiyya Har kwanan nan, ya kasance farfesa na Turanci da Adabin Kwatancen a Dept. na Turanci, Jami'ar King Saud, Riyadh. Ayyukansa na baya sun hada da: babban editan The Global Arabic Encyclopedia (30 vols.), da kuma babban editan jaridar Riyadh Daily, jaridar Turanci. Dr. Albazei ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kungiyar adabi ta Riyadh, babbar cibiyar al'adu a babban birnin Saudiyya daga 2006 zuwa 2010. Tun daga nan ya shiga Majalisar Shura (wacce majalisar dokokin Saudiyya ta nada) bayan ya yi ritaya daga mukaminsa na Farfesa a fannin Turanci da adabi a Jami’ar Sarki Saud. Ayyuka Ya buga ko'ina kan adabin Larabci, gami da ɗimbin sukar adabi da bincike. Littafinsa Languages of Poetry: Poems and Readings ya lashe lambar yabo ta shekarar 2011 ta ma'aikatar al'adu ta Saudiyya. Ya kuma gyara littafin Encyclopedia na Larabci mai juzu'i 30. Ya jagoranci kwamitin alƙalai don lambar yabo ta Larabci ta 2014. Littattafansa a Turanci sun haɗa da: Tashin hankali a cikin Gidan: Waƙoƙin Zamani na Larabawa," Littattafan Duniya A Yau (Spring, 2001), Oklahoma, Amurka: Jami'ar Oklahoma. "Damuwa 'yan tsiraru: Malaman Mata a Cibiyar Al'adu," Babu Gabas ko Yamma: Rubuce-rubucen Bayan Mulki a kan Adabi, Al'adu da Addini, (Stockholm, Sweden: Sodertorns Hogskola University College, 2008). "Hasken Hankali: Yahudawa Haskalah da Balarabe-Musulmi Nahda," (Göttingen, Jamus: Vandenhoeck Ruprecht, Simon Dubnow Institute Yearbook, 2008). Masu zuwa: Ganawar Al'adu: Rubuce-rubucen Adabi da Al'adu (a Turanci). A tsawon shekaru, Prof. Albazei ya karantar da kuma halartar taro a kasashe da dama da suka hada da: Amurka, Japan, Poland, Jamus, UK, Faransa, Spain, UAE, Bahrain, Oman, Kuwait, Masar, Aljeriya, Tunisia. Kwanan nan ya yi jawabi a taron UNESCO kan harsuna a Paris, Maris, 2009. Prof. Albazei yana buga kasidu a jaridun Saudiyya da kuma kasidun ilimi a cikin jaridu daban-daban. Littattafansa na Ingilishi sun bayyana a cikin mujallu da littattafai da yawa a ƙasashen Larabawa, Jamus, Sweden, da Amurka. Littattafansa a cikin Larabci sun haɗa da: Thaqafat Assahra (Al'adun Hamada), 1991. Dalil Annakid Aladabi (Jagora ga Mawallafin Adabi), 2002. Shurufat lialru'yah (Office for Vision: on Identity, Globalization, and Culture interaction), 2004. Almukawin Alyahudi fi Alhadharah Algharbiyyah (The Jewish Component in Western Civilization), 2007. [An duba shi a mujallar Siyasar Harkokin Waje na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka, Dec. 2008] Alikhtilaf Aththaqafi wa Thaqafat Alikhtilaf (Bambancin Al'adu da Al'adun Banbanci), 2008. Sard Almudun: fi Alroyah wa Alsinama (Cities Narrative: Fiction and Cinema), 2009. Qalaq al-Ma'rifah (Damuwar Ilimi): Matsalolin Tunani da Al'adu (2010). Lughat Ashi'r (Language of Poetry): Wakoki da Karatu (2011). Mashaghil Annass da Ishtighal Al-Qira'ah (Tsarin Rubutu da Ayyukan Karatu) (2014) Muajahat Thaqafiyyah/Haɗuwar Al'adu (Rubutun Larabci da Turanci akan Al'adu da Fasaha) (2014). Fassara zuwa Larabci: Musulmai a Tarihin Amurka (na Jerald Dirx) (2010) Globalectics (na Ngugi wa Thiong'o) (2014) Takardun da aka buga a Turanci: "Maganar Gabas a cikin Ƙwararrun Adabin Anglo-Amurka," Mujallar Alef, 9, (1989), Jami'ar Amirka a Alkahira, Alkahira, Masar. Sarakunan Basarake: Hijazi da Metropolis, Adabin Duniya A Yau, Jami'ar Oklahoma, Oklahoma, Amurka, (Spring, 1993) 67:2. "Majalisa a cikin Al'adu: Auden da Abu Risha," Abubuwan da aka gabatar na taron kasa da kasa: Adabin Kwatancen A cikin Duniyar Larabawa, Cibiyar Nazarin Harsuna da Adabi, Faculty of Arts, Jami'ar Alkahira, 20-22 Disamba 1995 (Cairo, Masarautar Masar na Adabin Kwatancen, 1998) "Larabcin Antithetical: Leo Africanus and Yeats," (1996) Nazarin Turanci, (Riyadh: Cibiyar Bincike, Kwalejin Fasaha, Jami'ar Sarki Saud). "Littattafai da Ta'addanci: Damuwa na Ƙarshe a cikin Wordsworth, Borges da Stevens," Jaridar Larabawa don Humanities, Jami'ar Kuwait, Kuwait, (Autumn, 1997) a'a. 60. "The Revulsion against Islam: Romanticist Critics and the East," Abhath Al-Yarmouk Journal, Jordan (1997), 15: 1. "Wani Fyade na Tatsuniyoyi: Rilke, Yeats, Abu-Risha," Mujallar Alef, Jami'ar Amurka a Alkahira, (1999), No. 19. "Tashin hankali a cikin Gidan: Waƙoƙin Zamani na Larabawa," Adabin Duniya A Yau, Jami'ar Oklahoma, Oklahoma, Amurka, (Spring, 2001) 75:2. Nassoshi Adabin Duniya A Yau (Juzu'i na 75: 2; bazara 2001 (Amurka); Jahrbuck. Littafin Yearbook/Simon-Dubnow-Institut (Juzu'i 7: 2008) (Jamus); Yaya Osten-ein Teil Europas? (Ex Oriente Lux, 2006) (Jamus); Babu Gabas Ko Yamma: Rubutun Bayan Mulkin Mallaka akan Adabi, Al'adu da Addini (Sweden) Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun
36623	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikin%20ART%20X%20Legas	Bikin ART X Legas	ART X Lagos bikin baje kolin fasaha ne a Lagos, Nigeria. Ita ce bikin baje koli na kasa da kasa na farko a yammacin Afirka, da aka kirkiro kuma aka kaddamar a cikin 2016, kuma an gudanar da karo na shida na ya zuwa yanzu. Za a gudanar da bikin baje kolin karo na bakwai daga ranar 4 zuwa 6 ga watan Nuwamba 2022 a Legas. Kafuwa da tsari Tokini Peterside ne ya kirkiri ART X Legas a cikin 2016 ta, ɗan kasuwa ne dan Najeriya, don nunawa da tallafawa fasahun zamani na Afirka da ƙasashen waje. Bikin na jawo majiɓintan gida da ɗimbin masu tara kuɗi na ƙasa da ƙasa, masu kula, da masu suka kowace shekara. ART X Legas al'amari ne na kwanaki hudu, wanda ke nuna wuraren zane-zane a Afirka da kuma baje kolin 'yan kasashen waje da aka kafa da kuma masu fasaha masu tasowa. Baje kolin ya kuma hada da shirin tattaunawa, Tattaunawar ART X, da ke nuna masu magana a cikin gida da na kasashen waje, da kuma ayyukan mu'amala don jan hankalin masu sauraronsa daban-daban, zane-zane da wasan kwaikwayo na kida. A shekara ta 2020, an gudanar da bikin ART X Legas ta yanar gizo. ART X Legas ta dawo da bikin baje koli a shekarar 2021, baje kolin na zahiri na farko a Afirka tun bayan barkewar cutar Covid 19. The seventh edition will be held from 3 to 6 November 2022 in Lagos, Nigeria, with an extension online. Karo na farko An gudanar da bikin ART X Legas a karo na farko daga 4 zuwa 6 ga Nuwamba 2016. Ya nuna fasahar zamani ta fiye da 60 da aka kafa da masu fasaha daga kasashe 10 na Afirka, ciki har da Najeriya, Afirka ta Kudu, Ghana da Mali, kuma Bisi Silva ne ya ba da umarni da fasaha. Baje kolin na farko ya tarbi maziyarta 5,000 daga sassan Najeriya da ma duniya baki daya. Fitattun mawakan da suka yi wasa a karo na farko sun hada da William Kentridge, Barthelemy Togou, Sokari Douglas-Camp, Ghana Amer, Victor Ehikhamenor, Gerald Chukwuma, Amadou Sanogo, Owusu Ankomah, Jeremiah Quarshie, da Obiageli Okigbo da sauransu. Masu magana a ART X Talks sun hada da El Anatsui, Bruce Onobrakpeya, Prince Yemisi Shyllon, da Zoé Whitley Karo na biyu An gudanar da karo na biyu daga ranar 3 zuwa 5 ga Nuwamba 2017 kuma an yi maraba da maziyarta fiye da 9,000 don ganin ayyukan masu fasaha daga kasashe sama da 15 na Afirka. Bikin baje kolin ya hada da manyan hotuna daga Najeriya da Afirka ta Kudu da Ghana da Senegal da Kamaru da Ivory Coast da Mali da kuma Birtaniya. Fitattun mawakan sun hada da Yinka Shonibare (MBE), Zanele Muholi, Modupeola Fadugba, Nandipha Mntambo, Virginia Chihota, Boris Nzebo, Babatunde Olatunji, Pamela Phatsimo Sunstrum, Portia Zvavahera da Lakin Ogunbanwo da sauransu. Baje kolin ya kuma hada da nune-nunen ayyuka na musamman na masu fasahar solo, wanda Missla Libsekal ta shirya, wanda ya yi fice a ciki akwai baje kolin zane-zanen katako guda bakwai da babban dan zamani na Najeriya Ben Enwonwu ya yi, don tunawa da cikarsa shekaru dari. Masu magana a ART X Talks sun hada da Njideka Akunyili Crosby, Lemi Ghariokwu, Peju Alatise, Stacy Hardy da Wura-Natasha Ogunji. Karo na uku An gudanar da bikin a karo na uku daga ranar 2 zuwa 4 ga Nuwamba 2018, inda aka sake yin maraba da baƙi daga ko'ina cikin duniya, tare da baje kolin ayyuka daga ƙasashe 18. A karon farko, baje kolin ya kunshi nuna masu fasaha da masu baje koli na gabashin Afirka, daga kasashe irin su Kenya, Uganda, da Habasha. Wani muhimmin abin burgewa a bikin baje kolin na 2018 shi ne baje koli na musamman da Yinka Shonibare CBE ya yi, inda ya binciko muhimman ayyukansa, wanda Missla Libeskal ta shirya. Fitaccen zane na Ben Enwonwu "Tutu" (1974), zane da aka fi siya a wurin gwanjo na Afirka, an kuma nuna shi a wurin taron, ta kasance baje kolinsa na farko a Legas bayan sama da shekaru 40. Sauran fitattun mawakan sun hada da Cyrus Kabiru, Sokari Douglas Camp CBE, Zanele Muholi, Paul Onditi, Victor Butler, Nike Davies-Okundaye, Tadesse Mesfin, Aboudia, da dai sauransu. Wadanda suka yi jawabi a muhawara na ART X Talks, sun hada da Yinka Shonibare CBE, Chika Okeke-Agulu, Aboubakar Fofana, Peju Layiwola, HRM Igwe Nnaemeka Alfred Achebe, gami da Meskerem Assegued. Karo na hudu An gudanar da bikin a karo na huɗu daga ranar 1 zuwa 3 ga watan Nuwamba 2019, kuma an karbi baƙi daga ko'ina cikin duniya, tare da zanuka sama da 90 daga ƙasashe 25. Bikin na 2019 ya gabatar da ART X Modern, wani sashe na baje kolin da aka sadaukar don majagaba na fasahar zamani na Afirka daga tsakiyar karni na 20, da kuma Wasanni, wanda ya hada da wasanni uku a karshen makon. Wani muhimmin al'amari na bajekolin na 2019 shine muhawarar ART X Talks, wanda ya ƙunshi babban jawabi daga Wangechi Mutu. Sauran fitattun masu magana sun hada da Emeka Ogboh, N'Goné Fall, Kathryn Weir, Joel Benson da Reni Folawiyo Yusuf Grillo, Ablade Glover, Joy Labinjo, Sam Nhlengethwa, Nelson Makamo, Titza Berhanu, Jems Koko Bi, Demas Nwoko, Lady Skollie, da Uche Okeke na daga cikin fitattun mawakan da aka gabatar a wannan bikin. Bikin baje kolin ya kunshi ayyuka da dama da suka hada da ayyukan Emeka Ogboh, wanda Tayo Ogunbiyi ya shirya, da kuma wasanni uku da Wura-Natasha Ogungi ya shirya. Karo na biyar An gudanar da bikin a karo na biyar daga 2 zuwa 9 ga watan Disamba 2020, bikin ya karbi baƙunci mutane daga ƙasashe 101 don nuna ayyukansu na zane-zane sama da 200. An gabatar da baje kolin ne akan yanar gizo bisa ARTXLAGOS da aka sake buɗewa. COM kuma an ƙarfafa shirin da kayataccen shirin kallo na kai tsaye a sassa 13 na shirin. karo na 2020 ya gabatar da New Nigeria Studios, nunin kan yanar gizo wanda ya baje kolin ayyukan wasu zaɓaɓɓun masu daukar hoto, masu shirya fina-finai da masu zanga-zangar da suka fito kan titunan Najeriya a watan Oktoba 2020, da kuma ART X Review Shirin Wrap Up with Njideka Akunyili Crosby, babban darasi ga masu zane masu tasowa sun tattaunawa game da bunkasawa, wuri da abubuwan da mai zane ke iya yi a duniyar yau. Wani muhimmin lokaci na bikin 2020 shine muhawara ART X Talks, wanda ya nuna fitaccen mai fasaha Hank Willis Thomas da Opal Tometi, wanda ya kirkiri Black Lives Matter. Sauran fitattun masu magana sun haɗa da Folarin "Falz" Falana, Lola Ogunnaike, Freda Isingoma, Lemi Ghariokwu, Yagazie Emezi and Kelechi Amadi-Obi. Masu zane da suka halarci taron sun hada da Ouattara Watts, Ben Osawe, François-Xavier Gbré, Ablade Glover, Nike Okundaye Davies, Boris Nzebo, Aboudia, Abe Odedina, Angele Etoundi Essamba, Olu Ajayi, Wole Lagunju da Tiffanie Delune da sauransu. Shirin baje kolin ya kuma kunshi ART X Live! Inda ya gabatar da "Like Someone's Watching", aikin na musamman akan ra'ayoyin, da kuma "minti 40 tare da...". Karo na shida An gudanar da bikin a karo na shida daga 4 zuwa 7 ga watan Nuwamba 2021 a Fadar Tarayya ta Legas, kuma an tsawaita shirin ta kafar yanar gizo har zuwa 21 ga Nuwamba a ARTXLAGOS. COM Ta yi maraba da manyan gidajen tarihi guda 30, tare da gabatar da zane-zane daga masu fasaha 120 daga Afirka da na kasashen waje. Shirin ya gabatar da nau'ikan ayyukan da aka tsara, waɗanda suka haɗa da "Future Africa" da "Unfolding Layers of Time" wanda Aude Christel Mgba ya tsara, da kuma wani aikin hulɗar "Muna nan" wanda AWCA ta tsara. Tattaunawar ART X Talks ya fito da manyan mashahuran masu jawabai ciki har da tattaunawa tare da haɗin gwiwar gidan tarihi na Smithsonian National Museum of African Art. Manyan masu jawabi sun haɗa da Prince Yemisi Shyllon, Kavita Chellaram, Osinachi, Hakeem Adedeji, Bonaventure Soh Bejeng Ndikung, Kelani Abass, Emmanuel Iduma gami da Nengi Omuku Mahimman bayanai na baje kolin 2021 sun haɗa da "Reloading...", wani nunin NFT wanda ke nuna 10 daga cikin mafi kyawun zanukan zamani na dijital a Afirka tare da haɗin gwiwar SuperRare, wanda babban mashahurin mai zane-zane na Afirka Osinachi ya tsara, tare da Maurice Chapot da Ayo Lawson da "Art of Yusuf Grillo", gabatarwa ta musamman ta kó don murnar rayuwa da gadon fitaccen ɗan wasan Najeriya Yusuf Grillo. Masu zane a bikin sun hada da Amoako Boafo, Aboudia, JD 'Okhai Ojeikere, Mous Lamrabat, Benji Reid, Ouattara Watts, Nike Okundaye Davies, Joana Choumali, Boris Nzebo, Anjel (Boris Anje), Dmitri Fagbouhoun da sauransu. Kyautar Bankin Access a Bikin ART X Kamfanin ART X Lagos ne ya kaddamar da lambar yabo ta ART X, tare da hadin gwiwar bankin Access, domin ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban bunkasar fannin fasahar nune-nune a Najeriya. Karo na 2016 da 2017 na kyautar sun ta'allaka ne kan matasa masu fasaha, kuma Patrick Akpojotor da Habeeb Andu ne suka lashe gasar. A shekara ta 2018, lambar yabo ta samo asali ne don ƙarfafa ƙoƙarin masu zane masu taso waɗanda suka nuna himma ga ayyuka a matsayin ƙwararrun masu fasahar gani. Bolatito Aderemi-Ibitola, mai fasaha da dama, ya zama zakara a matsayin wanda ya lashe kyautar, inda ya karbi kyautar kudi don aiwatar da wani shiri mai ban sha'awa da kuma gabatar da shi kadai a bugu na ART X Legas na 2018, da kuma zama na watanni uku a Gas Works. a London a 2019. A cikin shekara ta 2019, an canza sunan lambar yabo zuwa Gasar Bankin Access na Art X wato Access Bank ART X Prize. Mai daukar hoto na labarai wato Etinosa Yvonne ne ya ci nasarar lashe gasar. Bayan tsagaitawa na dan lokaci a dalilin Covid-19, lambar yabo na bankin Access ART X ta dawo a shekara na 2021, tare da mai zane na zamani Chigozie Obi ta yi nasarar lashe gasar. Shirin ART X na Kai-Tsaye! ART X na Kai-Tsaye! wani dandali ne na bayyanawa da gwadawa daga ƙwararrun matasa masu ƙirƙira na Afirka, wanda ya kunshu kaɗe-kade da fasaha na zamani, wanda ART X Collective ya ƙaddamar a shekara ta 2016 waɗanda suka kirkiri ART X Lagos, babban bikin baje kolin fasaha na duniya na yammacin Afirka. ART X na Kai-Tsaye! wani baje koli ne mai nishadantarwa, wanda ke gudana a yayin bikin baje kolin fasaha na ART X Legas kowace shekara, yana nuna hadin gwiwa mai kayatarwa tsakanin wasu masu hazaka da suka fi saurin tasowa a nahiyar Afirka. 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8462	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan	Ramadan	Ramadan (Larabci Watan Musulunci ne na tara, kuma a cikin sa ne aka saukar da Alqur'ani ga Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w). Azumin Musulunci a watan Ramadan na daya daga cikin shika shikan Musulunci guda biyar. Musulmi kan azumci watan iyakar tsayin sa kullum tun daga fitowar alfijir har ya zuwa faduwar rana. Musulmi sunyi imani da fadin an saukar da Alkur'ani ne a watan na ramadan wanda ake yin wahayin sa a hankali a hankali daga Allah zuwa ga Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) ta hannun dan aiken Allah Mala'ika Jibrilu. Annabi ya fada ma musulmai "Ana bude dukkannin kofofin Aljannah kuma ana kulle kofofin Jahannama tare da daure shaidanu a watan na Ramadan". Daga karshen watan ana gabatar da bikin karamar sallah.kuma wata ne da ake gabatar da sallah asham, raka goma. Ana yawaita sadaka da ayyukan alheri musamman musulmai masu neman rabauta da Duniya da lahira. Lokuta Lokuta a watan Ramadan. Watannin Musulunci A kowani goma karshen watan Ramadan Ana saran samun rana daya wanda ake kira da lailai tolkadari a larabce. Wannan rana alqur'an mai girma yayi bayanin cewa wannan ranar ko kuma dAren yafi rana ko dare dubu. Domin kuwa duk wanda yayi sa'ar wannan dAren lailai duk Addu'ar da yayi ta amsu Asali Kalmar Ramadan ta samo asali ne daga tushen Larabci RM-Ḍ "zafi mai zafi", wanda shine kalmar fi'ili na Larabci ramiɗa ma'ana "zama zafi sosai zama mai konewa; zama mai zafi; ku kasance kuna haskakawa; mai haske" Wasu suna ganin watan Ramadan a matsayin daya daga cikin sunayen Allah a Musulunci, don haka ya zo a cikin hadisai da dama cewa an hana fadin “Ramadan” kawai dangane da watan kalandar kuma ya wajaba a ce “wata”. na Ramadan", kamar yadda aka ruwaito a Sunna, Shi’a da Zaidi kafofin. Duk da haka, an yiwa rahoton daraja (an ƙirƙira) kuma ba shi da inganci A cikin harshen Farisa, harafin Larabci Ḍād ana kiransa da /z/. Al'ummar Musulmi a wasu kasashe masu tasirin Farisa na tarihi, irin su Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Iran, Indiya, Pakistan da Turkiyya, suna amfani da kalmar Ramazan ko Ramzan Ana amfani da kalmar Romzan a Bangladesh Tarihi Musulmai sun yarda cewa an saukar da dukkan nassosi a cikin watan Ramadan, littattafan Ibrahim, Attaura, Zabura, Injila, da Alqur'ani an saukar da su a na farko, na shida, da sha biyu, da na goma sha uku (a wasu kafofin, na sha takwas) da ashirin da hudu. Ramadan, bi da bi. An ce Muhammad ya samu wahayinsa na farko kur'ani a ranar Lailatul Kadr, daya daga cikin darare biyar da suke fadowa a cikin kwanaki goma na karshen watan Ramadan. Duk da cewa an fara umurtar musulmi da yin azumi a shekara ta biyu ta Hijira (624 Miladiyya), sun yi imanin cewa yin azumi a haqiqanin gaskiya ba bidi'a ce ta tauhidi ba sai dai ya zama wajibi ga muminai su samu takawa Tsoron Allah [Quran 2:183 Suna nuni da cewa maguzawan Makka kafin musulunci sun yi azumi a ranar goma ga watan Muharram don kankare zunubi da gujewa fari Philip Jenkins ya bayar da hujjar cewa kiyaye azumin Ramadan ya girma ne daga "tsattsarin horo na Lenten na Ikklisiya na Siriya sakon da wasu malamai suka tabbatar, ciki har da masanin tauhidi Paul-Gordon Chandler, amma jayayya da wasu malaman musulmi. Dangantaka da Yahudawa da Yom Kippur Kamar yadda Al-Bukhari ya ruwaito, Muhmmad da farko ya zabi ranar azumi ne a matsayin ranar Ashura (ranar 10 ga wata na daya), watakila Yom Kippur na Yahudawa ne. Daga baya an maye gurbin wannan azumi da azumin watan 9 (Ramadan). Muhimman kwanaki Kwanakin farko da na karshen watan ramadan ana kayyade su ne bisa kalandar Musulunci ta wata. Saboda jinjirin wata na Hilāl, ko kuma jinjirin wata, yana faruwa kusan kwana ɗaya bayan jinjirin wata, yawanci Musulmai na iya ƙididdige farkon watan Ramadan; duk da haka, da yawa ya fi son tabbatar da buxewar watan Ramadan ta hanyar kallon jinjirin watan. Daren Lailatul kadari Daren lailatul kadari ana daukar dare mafi tsarki na shekara. An yi imani da cewa ya faru ne a wani dare mai adadi a cikin goman karshe na Ramadan; Dawud Bohra sun yi imanin cewa Lailatul Kadr ita ce dare na ashirin da uku na Ramadan. Hukuncin Eid al-Fitr (Larabci: wanda ke nuna karshen watan Ramadan da farkon Shawwal, wata mai zuwa, ana ayyana shi ne bayan an ga jinjirin wata ko kuma bayan cika kwanaki talatin. na azumi idan ba a ga wata ba. Idi na murnar dawowar dabi'ar dabi'a fitra na ci, sha, da kusancin aure Ayyukan addini Al'adar gama gari ita ce yin azumi daga fitowar alfijir zuwa faduwar rana. Ana kiran abincin da ake yin sahur kafin azumin suhur, yayin da ake kiran abincin da ke karya azumi a lokacin faduwar rana Muslims devote more time to prayer and acts of charity, striving to improve their self-discipline, motivated by hadith: "When Ramadan arrives, the gates of Paradise are opened and the gates of hell are locked up and devils are put in chains." Azumi Ramadan lokaci ne na tunani na ruhaniya, inganta kai, da daukaka ibada da ibada. Ana sa ran Musulmi za su kara himma wajen bin koyarwar Musulunci Azumi sawm yana farawa ne da alfijir kuma yana ƙarewa da faduwar rana. Baya ga nisantar ci da sha a wannan lokaci, musulmi kan kaurace wa jima'i da maganganun zunubai da dabi'u a cikin azumi ko wata na Ramadan. An ce aikin azumi yana nisantar da zuciya daga ayyukan duniya, manufarsa ita ce tsarkake ruhi ta hanyar 'yantar da ita daga kazanta. Musulmai sun yi imani da cewa Ramadan yana koya musu horon kai, kamun kai, sadaukarwa, da tausaya wa wadanda ba su da wadata, don haka yana karfafa ayyukan karimci da zakka Musulmai kuma sun yi imanin cewa azumi yana taimakawa wajen haifar da tausayi ga matalauta da ba su da abinci.