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37341 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erling%20Haaland | Erling Haaland | Erling Braut Haaland né Håland an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 2000) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Norway wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Premier League Manchester City da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Norway An yi la'akari da daya daga cikin mafi kyawun 'yan wasa a duniya, an san shi da wasan motsa jiki, gudu da kuma kammalawa. Ya zo. A tsarin matasa, Haaland ya taka leda a babban matakin don ajiyar Bryne da manyan kungiyoyin. Ya kuma koma Molde a cikin shekarar 2017 (kuma yana wasa don ƙungiyar ajiyar su), wanda ya shafe shekaru biyu tare da shi. Haaland ya rattaba hannu tare da kungiyar Red Bull Salzburg ta Bundesliga a watan Janairun na shekara ta 2019, inda ya lashe kofunan lig biyu da Kofin Ostiriya daya. A cikin watan Disamba shekara ta2019, ya koma kulob din Bundesliga na Jamus Borussia Dortmund, inda ya ci DFB-Pokal a 2020-21 Haaland ya lashe kyaututtuka na mutum da yawa kuma ya karya tarihi daban-daban yayin aikinsa. A lokacin kakar 2019-20 tare da Salzburg, ya zama matashi na farko da ya ci kwallo a wasanni biyar na gasar zakarun Turai a jere. Ya kasance saman scorer na gasar zakarun Turai kakar A cikin shekarar 2020, Haaland ya lashe kyautar Golden Boy, yayin da a cikin shekara yan 021 aka nada shi dan wasan Bundesliga na kakar wasa kuma an saka shi cikin FIFA FIFPro World11 a shekarar 2021.
Haaland ya wakilci Norway a matakan matasa daban-daban. A cikin 2019 FIFA U-20 gasar cin kofin duniya, ya lashe gasar ta Golden Boot, bayan da ya zira kwallaye tara a raga a wasa daya. Ya yi babban wasansa na farko a duniya a watan Satumbar shekarar 2019.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Haaland a ranar 21 ga watan Yuli shekara ta2000 a Leeds, Ingila, yayin da mahaifinsa Alfie Haaland ke taka leda a Leeds United a gasar Premier a lokacin. A cikin shekarar 2004, yana ɗan shekara uku, ya ƙaura zuwa Bryne, garin mahaifansa a Norway. Tare da buga ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ƙarami, Haaland yana shiga cikin wasu wasanni daban-daban tun yana ƙarami, gami da ƙwallon hannu, golf, da waƙa da filin Har ila yau, an ba da rahoton cewa ya samu tarihin duniya a fannin shekarunsa na tsalle-tsalle na tsayin daka lokacin yana da shekaru biyar, tare da yin rikodi na nisan mita 1.63 a shekarar 2006.
Aikin kulob
Bryne Haaland ya fara a makarantar horar da kulob din Bryne na garinsu yana da shekaru biyar. A lokacin kakar shekara ta 2015–16, ya buga wa kungiyar ajiyar Bryne wasa kuma ya burge shi, inda ya zira kwallaye goma sha takwas a wasanni goma sha hudu. A watan Mayun shekara2016, an kori Gaute Larsen a matsayin kocin Bryne kuma kocin matasa Berntsen ya samu matsayi na kocin riko. Bayan ya yi aiki kafada da kafada da Haaland a wasu kungiyoyin matasa, kocin na rikon kwarya ya baiwa matashin farkonsa na farko, watanni uku kafin cikarsa shekaru sha shida. Wasan sa na farko shine wasa na biyu na 1. divisjon da Ranheim a ranar 12 ga Mayu 2016. Bayan da aka tura shi da farko a matsayin winger, Berntsen ya sanya Haaland a matsayinsa na tsakiya a matsayin dan wasan gaba bayan wasu wasanni. Ko da yake ya kasa zira kwallaye a kakar wasansa na Bryne, Haaland ya samu gwaji daga kungiyar ta Jamus Hoffenheim 1899 kafin daga bisani ya koma Molde don taka leda a karkashin Ole Gunnar Solskjær Haaland ya buga manyan wasanni goma sha shida a Bryne.
Molde A ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2017, Molde ta sanar da sanya hannu kan Haaland mai shekaru 16. Ya buga wasansa na farko a kulob din a ranar 26 ga watan Afrilu a gasar Kofin Norwegian da Volda TI, inda ya zira kwallo a wasansa na farko a nasara 3-2. Wasan farko na Haaland a cikin Eliteserien ya zo ne a ranar 4 ga watan Yuni, ana kawo shi azaman minti na 71 a madadin Sarpsborg 08 Bayan da ya karbi katin gargadi a cikin fiye da minti daya na wasa a filin wasa, Haaland ya ci wa Molde nasara a minti na 77, wanda shi ne kwallonsa ta farko a gasar. Yajin aikin sa na biyu na kakar wasa ya zo ne a ranar 17 ga watan Satumba, yayin da ya ci wa Viking FK nasara a wasan da ci 3-2. Bayan wasan, Haaland ya samu suka daga abokin wasansa Björn Bergmann Sigurɗarson saboda murnar burinsa ga magoya bayan Viking. Haaland ya kammala kakarsa ta farko a Molde da kwallaye hudu a wasanni ashirin. A ranar 1 ga watan Yuli shekarar 2018, Haaland ya zira kwallaye hudu a cikin mintuna 21 na farko da Brann, inda ya tabbatar da nasarar kungiyarsa da ci 4-0 akan shugabannin gasar da ba a doke su ba a lokacin. Bayan wasan, kocin Molde Ole Gunnar Solskjær ya kwatanta salon wasan Haaland da dan wasan gaban Belgium Romelu Lukaku, kuma ya ce kulob din ya yi watsi da tayin da dama kan dan wasan daga kungiyoyi daban-daban. A wasan da ya biyo bayan mako guda, Haaland ya ci gaba da zura kwallo a raga tare da zura kwallo a ragar Vålerenga a ci 5-1. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar UEFA a ranar 26 ga Yuli, inda ya mayar da bugun fanareti a wasan da Molde ta samu 3-0 a gasar cin kofin Europa da KF Lacii Sakamakon raunin idon sawun, Haaland bai shiga cikin wasannin lig na karshe na Molde na kakar wasa uku ba. Domin wasan kwaikwayonsa a cikin 2018 Eliteserien, Haaland ya sami lambar yabo ta Eliteserien Breakthrough of the Year Ya kammala kakar wasa ta 2018 a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallo a ragar Molde, inda ya zura kwallaye goma sha shida a wasanni talatin a duk gasa.
Red Bull Salzburg A ranar 19 ga watan Agusta 2018, zakarun Bundesliga na Austrian Red Bull Salzburg ta sanar da cewa Haaland zai koma kungiyar a ranar 1 ga watan Janairu 2019, inda ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar. Dan Athletic Phil Hay daga baya zai bayyana cewa kafin ya koma Salzburg, Haaland shima yana fuskantar tayin daga tsohuwar kungiyar mahaifinsa Leeds United. Ya buga wasansa na farko a kulob din a ranar 17 ga watan Fabrairu, 2018-19 Austrian Cup quarter final da Wiener Neustädter, kuma ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a ranar 12 ga Mayu a gasar Bundesliga ta Austrian ta ci LASK 2-1.A ranar 19 ga Yuli, ya ci hat-trick dinsa na farko ga kulob din a gasar cin kofin Austrian 7-1 da SC-ESV Parndorf kuma ya bi wannan tare da hat-trick dinsa na farko a gasar a ranar 10. Wayan Agusta, wanda ya zira kwallaye uku a cikin nasara da ci 5–2 da Wolfsberger AC Ya samu hat-trick na uku ga Salzburg a ranar 14 ga Satumba a cikin nasara da ci 7–2 a kan TSV Hartberg wannan shi ne karo na shida a jere da Haaland ya ci a gasar, tare da jimillar kwallaye goma sha daya a wannan lokacin. Kwanaki uku bayan haka, Haaland ya fara buga wasansa na farko a gasar zakarun Turai a gasar zakarun Turai da Genk, inda ya zira kwallaye uku a farkon rabin nasarar da suka yi da ci 6–2, ya kuma ci hat-trick dinsa na hudu a Salzburg. A cikin wasanni biyu na gaba na gasar zakarun Turai, Haaland ya ci kwallo a ragar Liverpool a Anfield da kuma kara biyu a kan Napoli, ya zama matashi na biyu bayan Karim Benzema a tarihin gasar da ya zura kwallo a kowane wasa uku na farko. Haka kuma kwallayen da ya zura a raga shi ne ya fi zura kwallo a raga a wasanni uku na farko na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai. Bayan da aka dawo da bugun fanareti a wasan da Salzburg ta yi da Napoli, Haaland ya zama matashi na farko da ya zura kwallo a wasanni hudu na farko a gasar, kuma dan wasa na hudu ne kawai na kowane zamani da ya cimma wannan nasarar, bayan Zé Carlos, Alessandro Del Piero da Diego Costa Daga nan ya zira kwallaye ukun a nasarar Salbzurg da ci 3–0 a Wolfsberger AC a ranar 10 ga watan Nuwamba, inda ya yi rikodin hat-trick dinsa na biyar a kakar wasa da kuma na biyu a kan Wolfsberg. A ranar 27 ga watan Nuwamba, Haaland ya fito daga benci ya sake zura kwallo a ragar Genk, inda ya hade da Del Piero, Serhii Rebrov, Neymar, Cristiano Ronaldo da Robert Lewandowski a matsayin 'yan wasan daya tilo da suka zura kwallaye a wasanni biyar na farko na matakin rukuni na gasar zakarun Turai, kuma ya zama. matashin da ya fara zira kwallo a wasanni biyar a jere a gasar. Sai dai ba zai iya zura kwallo a raga ba a wasan karshe na rukuni na karshe da Salzburg ta yi da Liverpool, saboda kungiyarsa ta yi rashin nasara da ci 2-0, aka fitar da ita daga gasar. Wannan zai tabbatar da zama wasan karshe na Haaland ga kulob din; Ya bar Salzburg yana da kwallaye 29, tare da 28 daga cikin waɗannan sun zo a cikin bayyanuwa 22 kawai da aka yi a lokacin kakar 2019-20 Borussia Dortmund
2019-20: Lokacin halarta na farko Duk da kasancewar Manchester United da Juventus suna zawarcinsa, kulob din Bundesliga na Borussia Dortmund ya tabbatar da siyan Haaland a ranar 29 ga watan shekarar Disamba 2019, kwanaki uku kafin bude kasuwar canja wuri na hunturu, kan farashin da aka ruwaito yana cikin yankin Yuro 20. miliyan, sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru hudu da rabi. Haaland ya fara buga wasansa na farko a Dortmund a FC Augsburg a ranar 18 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2020, ya zo ne a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin na biyu kuma ya ci hat-trick a cikin mintuna 23 da ci 5-3. Hakan ya sanya shi zama dan wasa na biyu a tarihin Dortmund bayan Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang da ya ci kwallaye uku a wasansu na farko a Bundesliga. Kwanaki shida bayan haka, Haaland ya sake fitowa daga kan benci, inda ya buga wasansa na biyu na kulob a wasan Dortmund da abokan hamayyar cikin gida 1. FC Koln Ya zura kwallo bayan mintuna goma sha biyu sannan ya samu kwallo ta biyu bayan mintuna goma, abin da ya taimakawa kungiyarsa ta samu nasara da ci 5-1. Haaland ya zama dan wasan Bundesliga na farko da ya ci kwallaye biyar a wasanni biyu na farko, da kuma dan wasa mafi sauri da ya kai wannan adadi (minti 56 da aka buga). Duk da cewa ya shafe sa'a daya kacal a filin wasa a gasar, ya lashe kyautar gwarzon dan wasan Bundesliga na watan Janairu. Haaland ya ci kwallo biyu a karawar da suka yi da Union Berlin a ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairu, inda ya zama dan wasa na farko a tarihi da ya ci kwallaye bakwai a wasanninsu uku na farko na Bundesliga. A ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairu, Haaland ya zira kwallaye biyu a ragar Dortmund a wasan farko da suka yi nasara a kan Paris Saint-Germain da ci 2-1 a gasar zakarun Turai zagaye na 16 Wannan ya kawo jimlar matashin dan kasar Norway zuwa kwallaye goma na gasar zakarun Turai don kamfen na shekarar 2019-20 a cikin bayyanarsa ta takwas a gaba daya a gasar, ya kara zuwa takwas da ya ci wa Salzburg a matakin rukuni. Dortmund za ta yi rashin nasara da ci 2-0 a karawar farko a ranar 11 ga Maris, yayin da Haaland ta ga an cire shi daga gasar a karo na biyu a kakar wasa guda. Bayan dawowar Bundesliga a ranar 16 ga Mayu a tsakiyar annobar COVID-19, Haaland ya zura kwallon farko da Dortmund ta ci Schalke 04 4-0 Revierderby, kwallonsa ta goma a gasar Bundesliga. A ranar 20 ga watan Yuni, ya zira kwallaye biyun a wasan da suka doke RB Leipzig da ci 2-0 don tabbatar da matsayi na biyu ga Dortmund, wanda zai kai ga buga gasar zakarun Turai a kakar wasa mai zuwa. Haaland ya kammala kamfen dinsa na shekarar 2019-20 da kwallaye 44 a wasanni 40 da ya buga a duk wasannin da ya buga a Salzburg da Dortmund.
Shekarar 2020-21: Gwarzon dan wasan Bundesliga kuma wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar zakarun Turai A ranar 19 ga watan satumba na shekara ta 2020, awasan farko na Dortmund na sabuwar kakar, Haaland ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Borussia Mönchengladbach da ci 3-0. Ya zura kwallo a ragar kungiyarsa a wasansu da Bayern Munich daci 2-3 Der Klassiker a gasar DFL-Supercup a ranar 30 ga watan Satumba, kuma ya sake jefa kwallo a ragar Bayern lokacin da kungiyoyin suka hadu a gasar a ranar 7 ga watan Nuwamba, inda Dortmund ta yi rashin nasara da ci 2. 3 sau daya. A ranar 21 ga Nuwamba, Haaland ya zira kwallaye hudu a cikin mintuna 32 na nasara 5–2 a waje da Hertha BSC Wadannan kwallaye biyar da aka zura a watan Nuwamba sun sa ya lashe kyautar gwarzon dan wasan Bundesliga na watan a karo na biyu. Haaland ya ci gaba da zura kwallo a raga a gasar zakarun Turai, inda ya zira kwallaye shida a wasanni hudu na farko na matakin rukuni na 2020-21, tare da zura kwallo a ragar Club Brugge da ci 3-0 a ranar 24 ga watan Nuwamba wanda ya sa ya zama dan wasa mafi sauri da ya yi rikodi goma sha biyar (15). sannan kuma sha shida) kwallayen gasar zakarun Turai; ya kai wannan matakin ne da wasanni goma sha biyu kacal a gasar. Sa’o’i kadan kafin wasan rukuni na biyar na Dortmund da Lazio a ranar 2 ga watan Disamba, kulob din ya sanar da cewa Haaland ya samu rauni a kafarsa, wanda hakan ya sa ba zai buga wasa ba har sai bayan sabuwar shekara. Ya koma gefe a wasansu da VfL Wolfsburg a ranar 3 ga Janairu 2021. Ya zura kwallaye biyu a waje da RB Leipzig a ci 3-1 a ranar 9 ga watan Janairu, kuma ya sake samun karin kwallaye biyu a wasan da Dortmund ta sha kashi a hannun Mönchengladbach da ci 2–4 a ranar 22 ga Janairu. A ranar 17 ga watan Fabrairu, Haaland ya zira kwallaye biyu kuma ya sami taimako a wasan da Dortmund ta doke Sevilla da ci 3-2 a wasan farko na gasar zakarun Turai zagaye na 16 A fafatawar da Dortmund ta yi da Bayern a filin wasa na Allianz Arena ranar 6 ga watan Maris, Haaland ya zura kwallaye biyu a cikin mintuna goma na farko wanda ya baiwa kungiyarsa damar ci 2-0. Sai dai kuma an sauya shi ne a karo na biyu bayan da ya samu bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida, yayin da Bayern ta yi yunkurin lashe wasan da ci 4-2. Kwallon da Haaland ta ci ta biyu ita ce ta 100 a cikin babban aikinsa, inda ya kai wannan matsayi a wasanni 146 kacal. Haaland ya sake zura kwallo a ragar Sevilla a wasan na biyu na Dortmund a ranar 9 ga watan Maris, yayin da kungiyarsa ta yi canjaras 2-2 kuma ta tsallake zuwa matakin kusa da na karshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai da ci 5-4. Tare da buga wasanni goma sha hudu kacal, hakan ya sanya shi zama dan wasa mafi sauri da kuma matashin dan wasa da ya ci kwallaye ashirin a gasar, kuma ya zama dan wasa na farko da ya ci sau da dama a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai hudu a jere. A wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe da Manchester City, ya ba da taimako ga burin Marco Reus a wasan farko, duk da haka, duka matches sun ƙare da ci 2-1.
Bayan da aka rasa wasanni biyu saboda rauni mai zurfi, Haaland ya koma cikin farawar Dortmund a ranar 13 ga watan Mayu don shekarar 2021 DFB-Pokal Final ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan da kungiyarsa ta doke Leipzig da ci 4-1, wanda hakan yasa ya samu nasarar lashe kofinsa na farko a kungiyar. Ya kawo karshen kakar wasa da kwallaye 41 a dukkan gasa, ciki har da 27 a gasar, wanda ya lashe kyautar gwarzon dan wasan Bundesliga da magoya bayansa suka zaba, kuma ya kammala kakar wasa a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar zakarun Turai da kwallaye goma. daga baya ana ba da kyautar mafi kyawun ci gaban gasar a kakar wasa ta bana 2021–22: Raunin rauni da kakar karshe tare da Dortmund Haaland ya fara kakar 2021-22 tare da hat-trick akan Wehen Wiesbaden a zagayen farko na DFB-Pokal a ranar 7 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2021. Mako guda bayan haka, a ranar wasa daya daga cikin Bundesliga, ya zira kwallaye biyu tare da taimakawa kwallaye biyu yayin da Dortmund ta doke Eintracht Frankfurt 5-2. A cikin watannin farko na kakar wasa ta bana, Haaland ya yi jinyar rauni, inda ya dawo ranar 16 ga watan Oktoba kuma ya zura kwallo a ragar Mainz a ci 3-1. watan Jim kadan bayan haka, Haaland ya samu rauni a kugunsa, wanda ya yi jinyar watanni biyu. Ya dawo ne a ranar 27 ga watan Nuwamba, inda ya ci kwallonsa ta 50 a gasar Bundesliga a wasan da suka doke Wolfsburg da ci 3-1, ya kafa sabon tarihi na wasanni kadan kuma ya zama dan wasa mafi karancin shekaru da ya ci kwallaye 50 a gasar. A ranar 10 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2022, Borussia Dortmund ta ba da sanarwar cewa Haaland zai bar kungiyar a karshen kakar wasa zuwa kulob din Premier na Manchester City. Bayan kwana hudu, ya yi bankwana da kulob din a Westfalenstadion kafin wasan karshe na Dortmund da Hertha BSC A wasansa na karshe a kungiyar, ya ci wa Dortmund kwallo ta farko a wasan da suka doke Hertha da ci 2-1.
Manchester City A ranar 10 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2022, kulob din Premier na Manchester City ya sanar da cewa sun cimma yarjejeniya don siyan Haaland bayan ya kunna Yuro 60. miliyan (£51.2 miliyan) sakin layi. An kulla yarjejeniyar ne a ranar 13 ga watan Yuni, inda City ta sanar da cewa Haaland zai koma kungiyar a ranar 1 ga watan Yuli kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar. Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar a ranar 30 ga watan Yuli, yana buga dukkan mintuna 90 a cikin rashin nasara da Liverpool da ci 3-1 a gasar FA Community Shield ta 2022 A ranar 7 ga watan Agusta, ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasansa na farko a gasar Premier a nasarar da suka yi a waje da West Ham United da ci 2-0. A ranar 27 ga watan Agusta, Haaland ya ci hat-trick dinsa na farko a gasar Premier a cikin nasara da ci 4-2 a kan Crystal Palace, kuma ya zira kwallaye na biyu, cikakkiyar hat-trick, bayan kwana hudu tare da trible a cikin 6- 0 ya ci Nottingham Forest, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama mutum mafi sauri a tarihin gasar Premier ya kai hat-tricks, inda ya doke tarihin da ya gabata da wasanni 14. A ranar 6 ga watan Satumba, ya fara buga gasar zakarun Turai a kulob din, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu a ragar Sevilla kuma ya zama dan wasa na farko da ya ci kwallaye 25 a wasanni 20 na gasar zakarun Turai. A ranar 16 ga watan Satumba, an zabe shi gwarzon dan wasan Premier na watan na Agusta, watan sa na farko da ya taka leda a gasar.
Ayyukan kasa da kasa
Matasa Haaland yana bugawa Norway wasa, kuma ya wakilce su a kungiyoyi daban-daban. A ranar 27 ga watan Maris shekarar 2018, yayin da yake tare da Norway a ƙarƙashin 19, Haaland ya ci hat-trica a kan Scotland a cikin nasara 5-4, yana taimaka wa ƙasarsa ta sami cancantar zuwa Gasar Cin Kofin Turai na 2018 UEFA Under-19 A ranar 22 ga watan Yuli 2018, Haaland ya ci bugun fanariti a kan Italiya a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 yayin wasan karshe na gasar. A ranar 30 ga watan Mayu 2019, Haaland ya zira kwallaye tara a cikin tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 ta Norway 12-0 ta doke Honduras a gasar cin kofin duniya na FIFA U-20 na 2019 a Lublin, Poland. Wannan ita ce nasara mafi girma da Norway ta taba samu a matakin 'yan kasa da shekaru 20, da kuma rashin nasara mafi girma da Honduras ta samu. Haaland ya kuma kafa sabon tarihi a gasar cin kofin duniya na 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 na mafi yawan kwallaye da dan wasa daya ya ci a wasa, inda sakamakon haka shi ne nasara mafi girma da kowace kungiya ta samu a tarihin gasar. Duk da cewa an fitar da 'yan Norway a matakin rukuni, kuma Haaland bai zura kwallo a wasu wasannin ba a gasar, har yanzu ya lashe kyautar takalmin zinare a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar.
Babban Manajan Lars Lagerbäck ya nada Haaland a cikin manyan tawagar Norway a ranar 28 ga watan Agusta, 2019, don karawa da Malta da Sweden a wasannin neman cancantar shiga gasar Euro 2020 ya buga wasansa na farko na babban tawagar kasar a ranar 5 ga watan Satumba 2019 da Malta. A ranar 4 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2020, Haaland ya zira kwallonsa ta farko ta kasa da kasa a Norway a cikin rashin nasara da ci 1-2 da Austria a gasar cin kofin UEFA Nations League B na 2020–21 Bayan kwana uku, ya zira kwallaye biyu a cikin nasara da ci 5–1 da Ireland ta Arewa A ranar 11 ga watan Oktoba, Haaland ya ci hat-trick dinsa na farko na kasa da kasa a wasan da Norway ta doke Romania da ci 4-0 a gasar Nations League B, wanda ya kawo yawan kwallayen da ya ci a babbar kungiyar a wasanni shida da ya buga. A lokacin hutun kasa da kasa na watan Satumba shekarar 2021, Haaland ya zira kwallaye biyar a wasanni uku na neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya, gami da hat-trick na biyu ga Norway a nasarar da suka yi da Gibraltar da ci 5-1.
Salon wasa ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, Haaland yana da dukkan halayen ɗan wasan gaba. Yana amfani da firam ɗinsa mai girman gaske don riƙe wasa yadda ya kamata kuma ya haɗa da wasu. Yana da taki da dabarar motsi don gudu a baya; yana iya dribble da halitta; kuma yana iya gamawa da ƙafafu biyu da kansa. Yawancin lokaci yakan zo da zurfi don tattara kwallon don taimakawa kungiyarsa ta buga wasa, sau da yawa yana neman yada kwallon a fili ga abokin wasansa, kafin ya juya da gudu zuwa raga. Wani lokaci yakan zo da zurfi don masu tsaron baya su bi shi, don haka yana da wayar da kan kunna kwallon da ƙirƙirar daga matsayi na gaba. A cikin filin wasan, yana yin ƙananan motsi masu kaifi don tabo wata dama ga abokin wasan don yin ƙoƙari ya same shi a sararin samaniya, kuma zai iya canza layin da yake gudana da sauri zuwa wannan sararin samaniya, yana mai da shi matukar wuya ga masu tsaron gida su karanta. Yana amfani da jikinsa sosai lokacin wasa da bayansa zuwa raga, yana kare kwallon yadda ya kamata yayin da yake kokarin sarrafa ta. Ganin cewa zai iya amfani da karfinsa wajen samun damar buga kwallo a lokacin da yake fuskantar matsin lamba, yana kuma da tasiri wajen baiwa ‘yan wasan baya na kungiyarsa dan jinkiri bayan an cire shi. Ƙirƙirar Haaland ta fi bayyana lokacin da ya shiga tashar hagu ta ciki. Babban burinsa koyaushe shine ya sami harbi, amma kuma yana da hangen nesa da fasaha don zabar jinkirin gudu daga tsakiyar tsakiya a tsakiya. Ƙarfinsa na ɗaukar ƙwallon a cikin sauri kuma yana taimakawa wajen ƙirƙira ga wasu, musamman ma a kan gaba. Haaland ya yi wa Zlatan Ibrahimović da Cristiano Ronaldo, amma kuma ya ambaci Michu, Jamie Vardy, Sergio Agüero da Robin van Persie a matsayin wahayi, kuma ya yaba Virgil van Dijk da Sergio Ramos a matsayin biyu daga cikin ’yan wasan baya mafi tsauri da ya taka leda.
Rayuwa ta sirri Haaland shine ɗan tsohuwar Nottingham Forest na Norway, Leeds United da mai tsaron bayan Manchester City Alfie Haaland, kuma tsohuwar 'yar wasan heptathlon ta mata Gry Marita Braut. Dan uwansa Jonatan Braut Brunes shima kwararren dan kwallon kafa ne. Brunes ya zama dan wasa mafi karancin shekaru da ya taba bugawa Bryne a wasa da KFUM Oslo a ranar 16 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2016 yana da shekaru 15, watanni 9, kwanaki 9, inda ya doke tarihin da Haaland ya kafa a baya kwanaki hudu da suka gabata. Kaninsa Albert Tjåland shi ma dan wasan kwallon kafa ne, wanda ya yi rajista sama da kwallaye sittin a wasanni kasa da arba'in da ya buga da kungiyar matasan Molde. A cikin watan Fabrairu shekarar 2017, a cikin wata hira da jaridar Norwegian Aftenposten, Haaland ya bayyana cewa "Mafarkin shine lashe gasar Premier tare da Leeds." A ranar 30 ga watan Agusta 2016, bidiyon kiɗan "Kygo Jo" an shigar da shi zuwa YouTube ta Flow Kingz, ƙungiyar da ta ƙunshi Haaland da abokan wasansa U-18 na Norway Erik Botheim da Erik Tobias Sandberg A shekarar 2020, bidiyon ya zarce 8.2 miliyan views da 250 dubu likes. Haaland ya ce yana jin daɗin bimbini Bayan ya ci kwallonsa ta biyu a wasan farko na Dortmund a gasar zakarun Turai da Paris Saint-Germain a watan Fabrairun shekarar 2020, ya yi bikin ta hanyar kwaikwayi wani "zen" dangane da ayyukansa na tunani. Duk da haka, Dortmund za ta ci gaba da yin rashin nasara kuma za a fitar da ita bayan wasan na biyu, inda dan wasan PSG Neymar ya kwaikwayi bikin Haaland bayan kwallon da ya ci, kuma yawancin 'yan wasan kulob din Faransa sun shiga cikin yin kwaikwayon "zen" a cikin bikinsu bayan kammalawa. na wasan. An bayar da rahoton cewa an yi hakan ne a matsayin tono ga Haaland saboda wani sako da ake zargin ya yi a dandalin sada zumunta da ya yi kafin wasan, inda ya kira wurin da ya karbi bakuncin Paris "birninsa". Duk da wasu majiyoyin da ke ba da shawarar cewa mukamin Haaland na bogi ne, har yanzu ya ce bikin na PSG bai damu ba, yana mai cewa: "Ina tsammanin sun taimaka mini da yawa don yin bimbini a duniya da kuma nuna wa duniya duka. wannan tunani abu ne mai mahimmanci don haka ina godiya".
Hotuna
Kididdigar sana'a
Kungiya
Ƙasashen Duniya Norway score listed first, score column indicates score after each Haaland goal
Girmamawa Red Bull Salzburg
Bundesliga ta Austria: 2018-19, 2019-20 Kofin Austria 2018-19 Borussia Dortmund
DFB-Pokal 2020-21 Norway U17
Kofin Syrenka: 2016 Mutum
Nasarar Eliteserien na Shekara 2018 Gwarzon dan kwallon Austria 2019 Dan wasan Bundesliga na Austriya: 2019-20 FIFA U-20 Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya 2019 Breakthrough XI 2019 Dan wasan Bundesliga na kakar wasa: 2020-21 Gwarzon dan wasan Bundesliga na watan: Janairu 2020, Nuwamba 2020, Afrilu 2021, Agusta 2021
Gasar Bundesliga na Watan: Janairu 2020, Fabrairu 2020 Manufar Bundesliga na Watan: Satumba 2021 Kungiyar Bundesliga ta kakar: 2020-21, 2021-22 Gwarzon dan wasan Premier na watan Agusta 2022 Ƙungiyar ESM na Shekara 2019-20 Kungiyar Matasan Duniya ta IFFHS (U20) 2020 Golden Boy 2020 Gullballen 2020 Kyautar Kniksen 2020 Gwarzon Wasannin Yaren mutanen Norway 2020 Tawagar UEFA Champions League na kakar wasa: 2020-21 Gasar Cin Kofin Zakarun Turai na kakar wasa 2020-21 Wanda ya fi zira kwallaye a gasar zakarun Turai 2020-21 Wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar UEFA Nations League 2020-21 FIFA FIFPro Duniya 11 2021
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Bayanan martaba a gidan yanar gizon Manchester City FC
Erling Haaland Rikodin gasar Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan |
24259 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel%20Charles%20Quist | Emmanuel Charles Quist | Sir Emmanuel Charles Quist, wanda aka fi sani da Paa Quist (21 ga Mayu 1880, a garin Christiansborg, Accra 30 ga Maris 1959) ya kasan d lauya, malami kuma alkali, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Kakakin Majalisar Dokokin Gold Coast na farko da Kakakin Majalisa na farko a majalisar dokokin kasar Ghana.
Tarihin Rayuwa
Rayuwar farko da zuriya An haifi Emmanuel Charles Quist a shekarar 1880 a garin Christiansborg, Accra. Shi ne ɗan Rev. Carl Quist (1843 99), ministan Ofishin Jakadancin Basel daga Osu, Accra. Mahaifiyarsa Ga-Danish, Paulina Richter, ta fito daga gidan sarautar Anomabo. Mahaifin Richter shine Heinrich Richter (1785–1849), fitaccen ɗan Yuro-Afirka daga Osu. Zuriyar Richter kuma sun haɗa da Philip Christian Richter (haihuwa 1903), masanin ilimi da ministan Presbyterian da Ernest Richter (haihuwa 1922), jami'in diflomasiyya. Carl Quist shima dan asalin Ga-Danish ne kuma ɗayan ɗayan 'yan uwan Kvist uku (anglicised to Quist) wanda ya zo Gold Coast ta Holland a 1840. 'Yan uwan, duk' yan asalin Danes, sun zauna daban a Cape Coast, Christiansborg da Keta. E. C. Quist kuma yana da alaƙa da sanannen magatakarda na Ma'aikata na Accra, ta hanyar ɗan uwansa, Anna Alice Meyer (1873 1934) wanda mijinta shine malamin addini da Basel, Nicholas Timothy Clerk (1862 1961).
Ilimi da aiki Daga 1889 zuwa 1896, E. C. Quist yana da ilimin firamare da na tsakiya a Makarantar Grammar Basel da makarantar kwana ta maza, Makarantar Salem bi da bi. Daga nan ya halarci Makarantar Taron Basel, makarantar tauhidi da kwalejin koyar da malamai a Akropong, Gundumar Akwapim inda ya sami horo a fannin ilimin addini da tauhidi sannan ya kammala karatunsa a matsayin malamin koyarwa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban makarantar almajiransa, Makarantar Salem, Osu daga 1899 zuwa 1902. Quist ya yi murabus daga aikin koyarwa don neman sana’ar kasuwanci. A takaice ya shiga kasuwanci tare da Kamfanin Sadarwar Ofishin Jakadancin Basel, ya shiga Haikali na Tsakiya a Ingila a cikin 1910 kuma an kira shi zuwa Bar a ranar 10 ga Afrilu 1913, tare da Sir James Henley Coussey wanda daga baya ya jagoranci Kwamitin Tsarin Mulki da aka kafa a watan Disamba 1949 don yin zane sabon Tsarin Mulki don Kogin Zinariya.
Bayan dawowarsa daga Landan, Quist ya yi rajista a matsayin lauya a cikin aikin sirri a Gold Coast Bar, inda ya kafa dakunansa a Accra. Quist ya zama Lauyan Afirka na farko a cikin Ma'aikatan farar hula na Gold Coast, daidai da matsayin Lauyan Jiha. Ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa na mai ba da shawara a cikin shekara guda don mayar da hankali kan aikinsa na lauya mai kare kansa. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Garin Accra daga 1919 zuwa 1929. Ya kasance memba na musamman na Majalisar Dokoki a 1925, yana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan shari'a ga Majalisar Sarakunan lardin Gabas. An zabe shi memba na Majalisar Dokoki, mai wakiltar lardin Gabas, daga 1934 zuwa 1948. An nada shi memba na Majalisar Kwalejin Achimota.
Alkalin puisne a shari'ar Cape Coast daga 1948 zuwa 1949, E. C. Quist shine Shugaban Afirka na farko na Majalisar Dokoki daga Mayu 1949 zuwa 1951, Shugaban Majalisar Dokokin Kasa na Gold Coast daga 1951 zuwa 1957, da Kakakin Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa. na Ghana daga Maris 1957 har zuwa ritayarsa a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba 1957. A cikin wannan lokacin, abokan aikinsa a majalisar sun sake zaɓensa a matsayin Kakakin Majalisa a lokacin babban zaɓen 1954 da 1956. Haɓaka Quist a 1949 ya faru ne bayan Gwamnan ƙarshe na yankin bakin tekun Gold Coast, Sir Charles Arden-Clarke ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa na ɗaya. Shugaban Majalisar Dokoki. Quist ya ziyarci Majalisar Wakilan Birtaniyya a 1950. A ranar 26 ga Oktoba 1950, ya shiga Tsarin Shugaban Majalisar a Fadar Westminster, a matsayin babban bako na Kakakin Majalisar na wancan lokacin, Douglas Clifton Brown, Viscount Ruffside na farko, yayin buɗe sabon zaman wannan shekarar. A cikin 1957, ya jagoranci bude majalisar dokoki ta musamman a ranar 'yancin kai ta Ghana, 6 ga Maris, wanda manyan mutane na duniya da suka ziyarta suka halarta ciki har da Gimbiya Marina, Duchess na Kent, wakiliyar Sarauniya Elizabeth ta II don bikin da kuma Amurka ta wancan lokacin. Mataimakin shugaban kasa Richard Nixon da dan rajin kare hakkin dan adam na Amurka, Martin Luther King Jr.
Rayuwa A ranar 27 ga Yuni 1929, Quist ya auri Dinah Nita Bruce na Christiansborg, Accra. Dinah Bruce ya kasance daga fitaccen dangin Bruce na Accra wanda membobinta sun haɗa da likitan Gold Coast da ɗan jarida, Frederick Nanka-Bruce da mawaƙin Ghana, King Bruce. Quist tana da 'ya'ya mata biyu Paulina Quist (Ma’aikacin Ma'aikata) da Dinah Quist (Uwargida Annang). Emmanuel Quist ya kasance majiɓinci wasu kungiyoyin kula da zamantakewa: Accra Turf Club, Rodger Club da Boy Scouts Movement.
Mutuwa Bayan rasuwar Quist a shekarar 1959, gwamnatin Ghana ta yi masa jana'izar ƙasa tare da cikakkiyar karrama sojoji. Bayan bikin a Cocin Presbyterian Ebenezer, Osu, an kai gawarsa a makabartar Osu da ke Accra.
Lamban girma An halicci Quist O.B.E. a cikin 1942, "don ayyukan jama'a a cikin Gold Coast," da Knighted a 1952. "Zauren Taro na Masu Magana" a Gidan Majalisar an sanya masa sunan Sir Emmanuel Charles Quist. An kafa wani abin tunawa, wanda uwargidansa, Lady Dinah Quist ta dauki nauyinsa, don tunawa da shi a cikin haikalin Ikilisiyar Presbyterian Ebenezer, Osu inda ya kasance mai taro. An ba wa sunan "Sir Emmanuel Charles Quist Street" da ke Accra don girmama shi.
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24040 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibatullah%20Akhundzada | Hibatullah Akhundzada | Mawlawi Hibatullah Akhundzada Pashto an haife shi a shekarar 1961), shi ne shugaban siyasa da addini wanda shi ne Babban Kwamandan Taliban na uku. An ba shi lambar girmamawa ta Emir-al-Mumineen (Amirul Muminin) ta Taliban wanda kuma shi ne taken da magabata biyu suka ɗauka. An ruwaito Akhundzada ya bayar da mafi yawan fatawowin Taliban, kuma shi ne shugaban kotunan musulunci na Taliban. Ba kamar shugabannin Taliban da yawa ba, Akhundzada an yi imanin ya kasance a cikin ƙasar yayin Yaƙin Afghanistan. Ya zama shugaban ƙungiyar masu fafutuka a watan Mayun shekarar 2016 bayan kashe shugaban da ya gabata, Akhtar Mansour, a wani harin jirgi mara matuƙi.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Akhundzada a shekarar 1961 a gundumar Panjwayi da ke lardin Kandahar a masarautar Afghanistan Pashtun, yana cikin dangin Noorzai ko ƙabila. Sunansa na farko, Hibatullah, na nufin “baiwar Allah a harshen Larabci Mahaifinsa, Mullah Mohammad Akhund, malamin addini ne kuma limamin masallacin ƙauyensu. Kasancewa ba su mallaki kowace ƙasa ko gonakin nasu ba, dangin ya dogara da abin da ikilisiya ta biya mahaifinsa da tsabar kuɗi ko kuma wani ɓangare na amfanin gona. Akhundzada ya yi karatu a gaban mahaifinsa. Iyalin sun yi ƙaura zuwa Quetta bayan mamayar Soviet kuma Akhundzada ya ci gaba da karatunsa a ɗayan manyan makarantun da aka kafa a unguwar Sarnan.
Yin gwagwarmaya da harkar siyasa
Farkon aiki A cikin shekarun 1980, Akhundzada ya kasance cikin gwagwarmaya kan yaƙin Soviet a Afghanistan. A shekarun 1990, Akhunzada na ɗaya daga cikin membobi na farko da suka shiga Taliban Bayan da 'yan Taliban suka ƙwace lardin Farah, aka sanya Akhundzada a matsayin mai kula da yaki da miyagun laifuka a yankin. Lokacin da 'yan Taliban suka kwace babban birnin Kabul a 1996, an nada Akhundzada a matsayin memba na Sashen Inganci nagarta da Rigakafin Mataimakin Daga baya ya koma Kandahar kuma an mai da shi malami a Madrasa, makarantar hauza ta dalibai kusan 100,000. Bayan ƙawance da Amurka ke jagoranta a shekarar 2001, Akhundzada ya zama shugaban majalisar malaman kungiyar. Daga baya aka nada Mawlawi Akhundzada a matsayin Babban Jojin Kotunan Shari'a na Masarautar Musulunci ta Afghanistan Maimakon sarkin yaki ko kwamandan soji, yana da suna a matsayin jagoran addini wanda ke da alhakin fitar da mafi yawan fatawowin Taliban da daidaita batutuwan addini tsakanin membobin Taliban. Dukansu Mullah Omar da Mullah Mansour an san sun tuntubi Akhundzada a kan al'amuran fatwa. Ba kamar magabatansa da suka yi karatu a Pakistan ba waɗanda kuma aka yi imanin sun ƙaura zuwa gabas gaba ɗaya bayan Durand Line bayan mamayar Amurka a 2001 da kuma lokacin yaƙin da ya haifar An yi imanin cewa Akundzada ya rayu a Afghanistan a cikin shekarun 2001-2016 tare da babu rikodin tafiye -tafiye, duk da cewa yana da alaƙa ta kut -da -kut da Shura mai tushen Quetta. Bayan ƙarin girma ga mataimakin shugaban kungiyar Taliban a shekarar 2015, Akhundzada ya sanya tsari wanda a karkashinsa za a kafa kwamiti karkashin gwamnan inuwa a kowane lardin da zai iya bincikar kwamandoji ko mayaka masu cin zarafi, a cewar Mullah Abdul Bari, kwamandan Taliban a Helmand Shugaban Taliban An naɗa Akhundzada a matsayin babban kwamandan Taliban a ranar 25 ga watan Mayun shekarar 2016 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Mullah Akhtar Mansour. Mansour da ɗan bindiga na biyu sun mutu lokacin da harsasai da aka harbo daga jirgi mara matuki suka afkawa motar da suke ciki. Shugaban Amurka Barack Obama ne ya amince da yajin aikin. A baya Akhundzada ya kasance mataimakin Mansour. A cewar majiyoyin Taliban, Mansour ya riga ya sanya Akhundzada a matsayin wanda zai gaje shi a cikin wasiyyarsa Mai magana da yawun ƙungiyar ta Taliban ya bayyana cewa an nada Sirajuddin Haqqani a matsayin mataimaki na farko sannan kuma an nada Mullah Mohammad Yaqoob, dan tsohon shugaban Taliban Mullah Omar a matsayin mataimaki na biyu. Mawlawi Akhundzada kaiwa wani yawan makarantu, ko addini makarantu, a Pakistan 's kudu maso yammacin Baluchistan lardin Masu sharhi na ganin akwai saɓani tsakanin 'yan Taliban kan wanda ya kamata a nada sabon shugaban. Sunayen da aka ba da shawarar sune Mullah Yaqoob da Sirajuddin Haqqani, na ƙarshen shine babban memba da ke da alaƙa da Haqqani Network Akhundzada, duk da haka, ya ci gaba da kasancewa tsaka tsaki tsakanin manyan 'yan Taliban. Don gujewa rikici yayin zaɓar Akhundzada a matsayin shugaba, Taliban sun yarda cewa Yaqoob da Sirajuddin Haqqani za su yi aiki a matsayin mataimakansa. Mullahs Abdul Razaq Akhund da Abdul Sata Akhund sun yi alƙawarin tallafawa Sarkin Akhundzada a watan Disambar 2016. Yousef Ahmadi, ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu magana da yawun Taliban, ya bayyana a ranar 20 ga Yuli 2017 cewa an kashe ɗan Akhundzada Abdur Rahman yayin da yake kai harin ƙunar baƙin wake kan sansanin sojojin Afghanistan da ke Gereshk a lardin Helmand Wani jami'in gwamnatin Afghanistan ya ce suna binciken lamarin amma ba su iya tabbatar da ko an kashe Rahman ba. A watan Mayu 2021, Akhundzada ya gayyaci mutanen Afganistan don ficewar sojojin Amurka da kuma ci gaban daular Musulunci. A watan Agustan 2021, sojojin da ke ƙarƙashin umarnin Akhundzada sun fara kai farmaki na neman samun nasara ta ƙarshe a yakin Bayan Janye Sojojin Amurka, kungiyar Taliban ta sami nasarar iko da Kabul, babban birnin ƙasar.
Yunkurin kashe shi
Yunƙurin kisa na shekarar 2012 A cewar Mullah Ibrahim, dalibin Akhundzada wanda The New York Times ta yi hira da shi, Akhundzada ya kasance batun yunkurin kisan gilla a Quetta wanda Taliban ta zargi Kwamitin Tsaro na Kasa, hukumar leken asirin Afghanistan. "'A lokacin daya gabatar da laccarsa a Quetta wata rana kimanin shekaru hudu da suka gabata, wani mutum ya tsaya a tsakanin daliban ya nuna Mawlawi Akhundzada bindiga daga nesa, amma bindigar ta makale,' 'Mullah Ibrahim ya tuno. "Yana kokarin harbe shi, amma ya kasa, kuma 'yan Taliban sun gaggauta tunkarar mutumin," in ji shi, ya kara da cewa Mawlawi Akhundzada bai motsa cikin tashin hankali ba. Saboda yunƙurin kisan da aka ruwaito ya faru a Quetta, ya sabawa rahotannin cewa Akhundzada bai yi tafiya a wajen Afghanistan ba bayan Satumba 2001.
Yunƙurin kisa na shekarar 2019 A lokacin sallar Juma'a a ranar 16 ga Agusta, 2019, wani fashewa mai ƙarfin gaske ya ratsa wani babban masallaci a Balochistan, lardin Pakistan. Harin da aka kai a masallacin, ya kashe dan uwan Akhundzada Hafiz Ahmadullah kuma mahaifin Akhundzada. Ahmadullah ya gaji Akhundzada a matsayin jagoran Masallacin Khair Ul Madarais, wanda ya kasance babban wurin taro na Quetta Shura, bayan da aka nada Akhundzada a matsayin sarkin Taliban. An tabbatar da ƙarin dangin Akhundzada sun mutu a fashewar. Babbar Majalisar Masarautar Musulunci ta Afganistan ta dauki alhakin kai harin, ta kara da cewa babban abin da aka kai wa hari shi ne Akhundzada.
Rubututtuka A matsayinsa na malamin addini, ya rubuta littattafai da labarai da yawa, gami da sakin Mujahedino ta de Amir ul-Mumenin Larshowene na Mayu 2017 (Umarni ga Mujahedeen daga Amirul Muminin).
Nassoshi Mutanen Afghanistan
Yan Taliban
Pages with unreviewed |
45210 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex%20Badeh | Alex Badeh | Alex Sabundu Badeh FSS (an haifeshi ranar 7 ga watan Nuwamba, a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da hamsin da bakwai (1957) miladiyya. ya mutu a ranar 18 ga watan Disamba ta shekarar ta dubu biyu da sha takwas 2018). Ya kasance jami'in rundunar sojojin saman Najeriya ne, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin babban hafsan sojin sama na 18 da kuma babban hafsan tsaron Najeriya na 15. Ya mutu ne sakamakon harbin bindiga da wasu ƴan bindigar da ba'a san ko su wanene ba, suka kai wa motar sa hari a kan hanyar Abuja zuwa Keffi a ranar Talata 18 ga watan Disamba, shekarata 2018.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Badeh a Vimtim, wani ƙaramin gari a cikin ƙaramar hukumar Mubi ta Jihar Adamawa, Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya, alhalin sa ko danginsa manoma ne.
Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Vimtim, bayan nan ya samu takardar shedar satifiket na sakandare daga makarantar sakandare ta Villanova a shekarar 1976 kafin ya wuce zuwa Kwalejin Tsaro ta Najeriya.
Aikin soja
Horaswa An shigar da Badeh a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Najeriya a matsayin memba na kwas na 21 na yau da kullun a ranar 3 ga Janairu 1977, kuma an ba shi muƙamin Pilot a ranar 3 ga watan Yuli 1979. Ya fara aikin a Makarantar Horon tashi-(tashin jirgi) na 301 akan jirgin Bulldog Primary Trainer a 1979. Tsakanin 1981 zuwa 1982 ya halarci horon matukin jirgi na farko a Vance Air Force Base na sojojin saman Amurka. Ya kasance a Makarantar Koyar da Jirgin Sama ta 301 (FTS) a matsayin matukin jirgi na squadron kuma daga baya ya zama matuƙin jirgi mai koyarwa a kan jirgin Bull Dog da DO-228.
Ya halarci kwas ɗin kananan ma'aikata a kwamandan sojoji da kwalejin ma'aikata a 1988. A tsakanin 1995 zuwa 1996 ya halarci kwas ɗin manyan ma'aikata a wannan cibiya dai. A 2005 ya kasance a National War College Nigeria a matsayin memba na Course 14 kuma ya kammala a watan Agusta 2006. Air Marshal Badeh ya yi kartun digiri na biyu, M.Sc. a fannin Dabaru daga Jami'ar Ibadan.
Air Marshal Badeh ya samu muƙamin Air Vice Marshal a ranar 3 ga watan Janairun 2008. A tsakanin shekarar 2008 zuwa 2009, ya kasance darakta a kwalejin tsaron ƙasa da ke Abuja, Najeriya, daga nan kuma ya zama daraktan dabarun soja na ƙasa a kwalejin. Bayan haka, ya koma hedikwatar tsaro a matsayin mataimakin darakta horo sannan kuma ya zama daraktan bincike a hedikwatar tsaro. Daga watan Oktoba 2010 zuwa Maris 2012, Air Marshal Badeh ya koma hedkwatar rundunar sojojin saman Najeriya a matsayin shugaban tsare-tsare da dabaru. Daga nan kuma, a watan Maris na shekarar 2012, aka naɗa shi kwamandan horar da sojojin sama, Kaduna. 4 Oktoba 2012.
Ya halarci Cibiyar Tsaro ta Ƙasa da Ƙasa da ke Teterboro a New York don wani kwas na maimaita na'urar kwaikwayo, wanda ya zurfafa iliminsa game da ayyukan kiyaye lafiyar iska.
Kwamandan Rundunar Sojojin Sama na Shugaban NAF (2002 2004) Badeh ya kasance Kwamandan Rundunar Sojojin Ƙasa, a lokacin mulkin Olusegun Obasanjo. Ma'aikatan jirgi na shugaban kasa sun yi ta yawo a duniya akai-akai kuma a shekara ta 2002, Badeh ya kwashe tsawon sa'o'i 6000 a sararin samaniya na tashi sama yana rufe VIPs, manyan jami'an gwamnati, manyan jami'an gwamnati da shugabannin jihohi. An ba shi damar tuka tsofaffin shugabannin Amurka, Bill Clinton da Jimmy Carter a lokuta daban-daban bayan bincike mai zurfi da hukumar leƙen asirin Amurka ta yi. Kwarewar Badeh a bakin aiki ya sa ya samu, yabo, da kuma daga bakin Kofi Annan babban sakatare na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a lokacin bayan ya kai shi wata ziyarar aiki a jirgi.
Babban Hafsan Sojan Sama (Oktoba 2012 Afrilu 2014) A matsayinsa na Babban Hafsan Sojojin Sama Badeh ya ƙaddamar da Inganta Injiniya na Gida (OLE 1 da 2) don mai da hankali kan haɓaka Motar Jirgin Sama mara Makami (UAV) da sauran tsarin makami. Tawagar ta OLE ta ƙunshi jami’an sojin saman Najeriya da suka yi digirin na biyu da digirin digirgir a fannoni daban-daban na ƙera jiragen sama da na makamai daga Jami’ar Cranfield da ke Birtaniya.
OLE 1 da 2 ya haifar da samar da aikin AMEBO (wanda aka fi sani da GULMA 1 UAV) wanda ya baiwa rundunar sojin sama damar yin bincike tare da kai hare-hare daga nesa ba tare da jefa rayuwar matuƙan jirgin cikin haɗari ba, kuma wannan shi ne jirgi mara matuƙi na farko da aka ƙera a cikin gida Najeriya. Badeh ya tabbatar da cewa an horar da matuƙan jirgin na UAV a cikin gida don inganta abubuwan cikin gida da kuma ceton al'umma da dimbin albarkatun da idan ba haka ba za a kashe su wajen gudanar da horo iri ɗaya da na ƙasashen waje. Ma’aikatan jirgin sama na UAV da aka horar a Najeriya sun yi amfani da karfin tuwo wajen yaƙi da ta’addanci a Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya. Ya ƙarfafa ayyukan R D masu tayar da hankali a duk sassan NAF, wanda ya kai ga baje kolin R&D na farko a Abuja wanda ya jawo mahalarta daga jami'o'in Najeriya da cibiyoyin bincike. Daga baya NAF ta sanya hannu kan MOUs tare da wasu cibiyoyi don ba da himma ga ƙoƙarin NAF na R&D. Wasu daga cikin jami'o'in sune Jami'ar Benin, Jami'ar Ibadan, Jami'ar Legas, Jami'ar Covenant, Ota; Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya, Minna Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria and Yaba College of Technology. Cibiyoyin binciken sun haɗa da Hukumar Kula da Kamfanonin Kimiyya da Injiniya ta Ƙasa, Hukumar Binciken Ci gaban Sararin Samaniya ta Ƙasa da Hukumar Masana'antu ta Tsaro.
Ci gaba da bincike da shirye-shiryen ci gaba na Badeh sun haifar da sababbin hanyoyin magance matsalolin, ɗaya daga cikin nasarar magance matsalar shine nasarar kammala na farko a cikin lokaci na Depot Maintenance (PDM) akan jirgin C-130H NAF913 da irin wannan atisayen don kan 2xG- Jirage 222 a Legas. Har ila yau lokacin da ya kasance Babban Hafsan Hafsoshin Sojan Sama ya shaida ƙirar gida da samar da diaphragm na hydraulic diaphragm na helikwafta harin Mi-35P yayin da kyamarar EOS da ke cikin jirgin helicopter Agusta 109 LUH aka gyara kuma an sake shigar da shi cikin nasara.
Yayin da yake aiki a matsayin Babban Hafsan Sojan Sama, ya ƙaddamar kuma ya kammala wasu mahimman ayyuka da suka haɗa da, hangar NAF a filin jirgin sama na Yola, haɗa hanyoyin daga hangar zuwa titin jirgin sama, wurin ajiyar makamai, ɗakin ma'aikatan jirgin na matukin jirgi da masu fasaha, masauki ga jami'ai da maza, Air Force comprehensive school, Yola, samar da ababen more rayuwa a 75 Strike Group Yola, matsugunan jiragen sama, wuraren ibada, ɗakunan kwanan dalibai 80 a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Sojan Sama ta Kaduna da sauran manyan ayyuka. A cikin wannan lokaci ne rundunar sojin saman ta ƙaddamar da wani haɗin gwiwa da hukumar kula da harkokin jiragen ruwa ta Najeriya NIMASA domin daƙile safarar miyagun ƙwayoyi ta hanyar samar da tallafin jiragen sama ga hukumar kuma aikin ya samu nasara matuƙa. Badeh ya kuma yi haɗin gwiwa da Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Najeriya (NEMA) wajen samar da kayayyakin agaji, da ayyukan jinya kyauta har ma a wasu lokutan ayyukan kwashe mutane. A matsayinsa na babban hafsan sojin sama, Badeh ya tabbatar da cewa duk ma’aikatan da suka haifi ‘ya’ya a makarantun firamare da sakandare na rundunar sojin sama za'a koyar da su kyauta.
Babban Hafsan Tsaro (Afrilu 2014 Yuli 2015) Badeh ya ƙaddamar da gina katafaren ginin hedkwatar tsaro (DHQ) wanda ya dace da ɗakin gudanar da ayyukan haɗin gwiwa, zauren taro, wuraren ofis da kuma gidan da zai karbi baki. A lokacin da sojoji ke yaƙi da ta'addanci a Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya, akwai buƙatar a ciyar da jama'a da sahihan labarai kuma masu dacewa don haka Badeh ya kafa gidan rediyon sojojin ƙasar Mogadishu a tashar FM 107.7 don tunkarar ƙalubalen yaɗa munanan labarai a kan sojojin Najeriya. Gidan rediyon ya baiwa sojojin Najeriya damar bayyana bangarensu, kan batutuwan da suka shafi tsaro da bayanai.
Kafin ayyukan da Badeh ya kammala a matsayinsa na babban hafsan tsaro, ayyukan sun haɗa da; ɗakin gwaje-gwaje na DNA na Sojoji, wanda ya ba da damar gano waɗanda suka mutu a cikin yaki cikin sauki, Hukumar Kula da Sararin Samaniya ta Tsaro, ƙaddamar da kwale-kwalen Bindiga 30 a yankin Neja Delta, da dai sauransu.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Matsalolin shari'a A watan Fabrairun 2016 an zargi Badeh da karkatar da kuɗaɗe da EFCC ta yi masa a lokacin da yake riƙe da muƙamin shugaban ma’aikata.
Badeh ya musanta hannu a duk wani rashin ɗa'a.
Harin ta'addanci a Vimtim A watan Oktoban 2014 mayaƙan Boko Haram sun mamaye garin Vimtim na Badeh a takaice, inda suka yi ta kashe rayuka da lalata dukiyoyi. An kashe ɗan uwansa da ke makwabtaka da gidansa yayin harin. Ƴan ta’addan sun kuma ƙona gidan Badeh da asibitin da ya gina wa al’umma. An yi ta yaɗawa a ƙafafen yaɗa labarai cewa babban hafsan tsaron ya aike da jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu domin ya kwashe iyayensa kafin harin duk da cewa bayanai sun nuna cewa a 2013 ya rasa mahaifinsa a shekarun 70s da mahaifiyarsa.
Ritaya daga rundunar sojojin saman Najeriya A watan Yulin 2015 ne hafsan hafsan sojin sama Air Marshal Badeh ya yi ritaya. A bisa al'adar Sojoji an gudanar da fareti na janyewa a birnin Mogadishu na Abuja inda babban hafsan sojin sama Air Marshal Badeh ya gabatar da jawabinsa na ban mamaki kafin ya wuce jiharsa.
Mutuwa An kashe Badeh ne a wani harin kwantan ɓauna da aka kai kan hanyar Keffi zuwa Abuja da yammacin ranar 18 ga watan Disamba 2018.
A ranar 23 ga watan Junairun 2019 ne aka yi jana’izar Badeh bayan jana’izar sa a cocin Pentecostal da ke sansanin sojin sama da ke Abuja. Daga cikin manyan baki da suka halarci jana’izar tasa sun haɗa da sakataren gwamnatin tarayya Boss Mustapha, gwamnonin Filato da Adamawa, Simon Bako Lalong da Bindow Jibrilla, da babban hafsan tsaron ƙasa, Janar Abayomi Olonisakin.
Manazarta
Mutuwan 2018
Haihuwan |
26058 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/CI | CI | CI ko Ci na iya nufin to:
Kalmomin kasuwanci Hankalin abokin ciniki, horo ne a talla
Hankali mai gasa
Shaidar kamfani
Ci gaba na cigaba
Bayanin sirri
Kasuwanci da ƙungiyoyi
Ilimi da ilimi Jami'ar Jihar California, Tsibirin Channel
Makarantar Sakandare ta Channel
Collegium Invisibile
Cibiyar Confucius
Addini Josephites na Belgium, ikilisiyar Katolika
Shaidar Kirista
Cibiyar Kirista, wata ƙungiya ce ta Biritaniya wacce ke haɓaka ƙimar Kirista
Sauran kasuwanci da ƙungiyoyi Sadaka Intelligence Kanada
Kamfanin jirgin saman China (lambar IATA)
Sabis na kiwon lafiya na Cigna (alamar NYSE)
Masu amfani da Ƙasa
Keke na Ireland
CI Records, alamar rikodin kiɗa
Cambria da Indiana Railroad
CANZUK International, ƙungiyar da ke haɓaka haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Kanada, Australia, New Zealand da Ingila
Conservation International, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta muhalli ta duniya
Communications International, tsohon ƙungiyar ƙwadago ta duniya
Kwaminisanci na Duniya
Children International, wata kungiya mai daukar nauyin kananan yara
Doka da soja Ƙwarewar fahimta
Mai ba da labari na sirri
Binciken Yarda, Binciken Sojojin Sama na Amurka
Babban sufeto, matsayin dan sanda
Takaddun shaida
Fararen hula Internee, matsayi na musamman na fursuna a lokacin yaƙin
Mai koyar da farar hula, balagaggen mai sa kai a cikin Rundunar Koyar da Jiragen Sama ta Burtaniya
Wurare Ci Ci, a Hebei, China
Tsibirin Cayman
Chile (lambar ƙasa ta FIPS, tsohuwar lambar ƙasar NATO)
Tsibirin Coney
Tsibirin Cocos (Keeling), yankin waje na Australia
Cote d'Ivoire (lambar ƙasa ta ISO)
Tsibirin Channel
Tsibirin Channel na California
Carbonia-Iglesias, lardin kudancin Italiya
Ilimin halitta da magani cI furotin, furotin mai danniya na Enterobacteria phage Rashin jituwa na cytoplasmic, tsarin haihuwa
Alamar zuciya
Ci furotin, Cubitus interruptus -protein
Rashin kwanciyar aure
Rashin haɗin kai
Ƙididdigar daidaituwa
Matsalar tarawa, da aka yi amfani da ita azaman ma'aunin mitar cuta a cikin annobar cutar
Cochlear implant
Ciwon rauni na sinadarai, haɓaka ƙima ga sunadarai na yau da kullun wanda kuma ake kira ƙwarewar sunadarai da yawa.
Rashin lafiya na yau da kullun, yanayin da ke dawwama ko sake faruwa
Contraindication
Kwamfuta .ci, lambar yankin ƙasar Intanet na babban matakin matakin (ccTLD) don Cote d'Ivoire
Haɗin Haɗin kai, don Module Samun Yanayi
CI+, Haɗin Haɗin Haɗin Haɗin
Ƙididdigar lissafi
Abun daidaitawa, sashin tsarin tsarin tsarin sarrafa sanyi
Core Image, fasahar sarrafa hoto mara lalacewa
Haɗin kai mai ɗorewa, aikin injiniyan software na haɗa lambar mai haɓakawa cikin babban lambar tushe akai-akai
CodeIgniter, tsarin PHP
Kimiyyar duniya Cirrus girgije
Rashin kwanciyar hankali
Lissafi Independenceancin 'yanci na yanayi, wani nau'in alaƙa na masu canjin canji a cikin ka'idar yiwuwa
Tazarar amincewa, kimanta tazara na ma'aunin yawan jama'a da aka yi amfani da shi a ƙididdiga
101 (lamba) (a cikin adadi na Romawa)
Ƙididdigar fili
Haɗin Cosine (daidaitattun alamomin lissafi "Ci" da "ci")
Physics Maƙallan madaidaiciya, wurin ɓarkewar ɓarna tsakanin jihohi biyu na lantarki
Curie (naúrar) (Alama: Ci), ma'aunin aikin rediyo mai suna bayan Marie Curie
Fassarar Copenhagen, fassarar makanikai masu ƙima
Cubic inch, naúrar girma
Sauran amfani a kimiyya da fasaha Ƙungiyar CI, wani nau'in carbonaceous chondrite meteorite
Interferometry mai ɗaukar hoto, rediyo da fasahar lambar sadarwa ta gani
Chemical ionization, wata dabara da ake amfani da ita a cikin taro spectrometry
Hulɗar daidaitawa, hanyar bayan-Hartree-Fock da ake amfani da ita a cikin ilmin lissafi
Tambayar mahallin, hanyar bincike mai ƙira mai amfani
Hankali na gama -gari, wani yanki na ilimin halayyar ɗan adam
Index Index International, bayanan bayanai na lambobin CI don fenti da aladu
Bavarian CI, locomotive tururi tare da Royal Bavarian State Railways
Injin ƙonewa matsawa, wani suna don injin dizal
Talabijin Canadian Idol, jerin talabijin na Kanada
Doka & Umarni: Nufin Laifi, jerin talabijin na Amurka
Cibiyar Laifi & Bincike
Cibiyar Sadarwar Laifi & Bincike (Ostiraliya), kebul na Australiya da cibiyar tauraron dan adam da ke mai da hankali kan Laifuka
Cibiyar Laifuka da Bincike (Turai), tashar talabijin ta pan-Turai
Cibiyar Sadarwar Laifi da Bincike (Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya)
Sauran amfani Ci (shayari), wani nau'in waƙoƙin waƙoƙin waƙoƙi na kasar Sin
Qi, babban tunani a cikin falsafancin gabas da yawa
Matsayi mai mahimmanci, a cikin falsafa
Index Index International, cibiyar bayanai
Cikakken bayani
Tuntuɓi haɓakawa, fasahar rawa
CI, bayan gida don Abokin oda na kambin Indiya
Ci, wani nau'in sunan mahaifiyar Qi, na mutanen Tungusic
Duba kuma C1 (rarrabuwa)
Cl |
26014 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si | Si | Si, SI ko si na iya nufin to:
Zane-zane ,nishaɗi, da kafofin watsa labarai
Adabi <i id="mwDg">Si</i> (labari), wani labari na 2014 na Bob Ong
<i id="mwEQ">Sí</i> (mujallar Peruvian), mujallar da ta shahara saboda rahotonta na yaƙi da cin hanci da rashawa
Skeptical Inquirer, wata mujallar Amurka ce da ta ƙunshi batutuwan kimiyya da shakku
Sports Illustrated, mujallar wasanni ta Amurka
Kiɗa <i id="mwHA">Sí</i> (Julieta Venegas album), wanda aka saki a 2003
<i id="mwHw">Sì</i> (kundin Andrea Bocelli), wanda aka saki a cikin 2018
"Sí" (waƙar Martin Jensen), waƙar 2015
Si (bayanin kiɗa), rubutu na bakwai a cikin tsayayyen do doffege
<i id="mwJg">Sì</i> (operetta), operetta ta mawaƙin Italiya Pietro Mascagni
"Sì" (waƙa), sunan shigar Italiya zuwa Gasar Waƙar Eurovision 1974
Sí, kundin Spanish na 2013 ta Malú
"Sì", waƙar 1985 da ɗan wasan Italiya Carmen Russo ya fitar
Sauran amfani a zane-zane, nishaɗi, da kafofin watsa labarai <i id="mwMg">Si</i> (fim), ainihin taken fim ɗin waƙar Koriya ta Kudu na 2010
Kamfanoni da kungiyoyi
Kwamfuta Ƙungiyar Informatics ta Switzerland, ƙungiyar Swiss ta masu ilimin kimiyyar kwamfuta, masu bincike, da ƙwararru
SI, tsohon sunan dan kwangilar tsaron Amurka Vencore
Ilimi Shirye -shiryen Kwalejin St. Ignatius, babbar makarantar Jesuit a San Francisco, California, Amurka
Cibiyar Silay, kwaleji ce mai zaman kanta a Philippines
Gwamnati Si, sashin gudanarwa na Koriya ta Kudu
Binciken Indiya, hukumar gwamnatin Indiya ce ke da alhakin sarrafa bayanan ƙasa
Cibiyar Sweden Svenska institutet wata hukuma ce ta Sweden wacce ke haɓaka Sweden a ƙasashen waje
Sarekat Islam, ƙungiya ce ta zamantakewa da siyasa a Indonesia ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka na Holland
Hadin gwiwar Catalan don 'Yancin Kai, wata jam'iyyar siyasa ta Catalan
Situationist International, ƙungiyar masu kawo sauyi na zamantakewa
Socialist International, ƙungiya ce ta duniya ta jam'iyyun siyasa
Hadin kai da Daidaitawa, jam'iyyar siyasa ta Argentina (Mutanen Espanya: Solidaridad e Igualdad Sufuri Tsibirin Blue (lambar jirgin saman IATA, SI)
Skynet Airlines (lambar jirgin saman IATA SI, ta daina aiki 2004)
Spokane International Railroad (alamar rahoton SI), tsohon layin dogo a Washington, Amurka
Sauran kamfanoni da kungiyoyi Samahang Ilokano, wata ƙungiya/sorority tushen a cikin Philippines
SÍ Sørvágur, ƙungiyar wasanni ta Faroese
Sports Interactive, wani kamfanin ci gaban wasannin kwamfuta na Burtaniya
Mutane masu suna Si (sunan mahaifi), sunan mahaifin Sinanci
Si (sunan da aka bayar)
Wurare Dutsen Si, wani tsauni a jihar Washington ta Amurka
Lardin Siena (lambar akwatin gidan waya da lambar rijistar abin hawa)
Si County, Anhui, China
Si River, China
Lambar ISO Slovenia ISO 3166-2
Kimiyya da fasaha
Ilimin halitta da kiwon lafiya Sacroiliac, taƙaitaccen tsarin jikin mutum don sacroiliac (haɗin gwiwa)
Cutar da kai, da gangan, raunin kai tsaye
Alamar girgiza, ma'aunin da ake amfani da shi don tantance idan mutum yana fama da girgiza
Kimiyya si, mai bayanin sinadarai; Dubi prochirality
Silicon (Si), sinadarin sinadarai
Kwamfuta da Intanet .si, lambar countryasa ta Intanet matakin babban matakin Slovenia
Shift In, halin sarrafa ASCII
Rijistar SI, ko jigon tushe, a cikin ginin kwamfuta na X86
Swarm hankali, dabarar fasaha ta wucin gadi
Hankali na roba, wata madaidaiciyar kalma don ko wani nau'in ilimin ɗan adam
Motoci Honda Civic Si, mota
Spark-ignition engine, wani nau'in injin konewa na ciki
Sauran amfani a kimiyya da fasaha Tsarin Ƙungiyoyi na Duniya Système international d'unités, taƙaice SI sigar daidaitaccen tsarin ƙasashen duniya na tsarin awo
Amintaccen sigina, kayan aikin kewaye na lantarki da dabaru waɗanda ke tabbatar da siginar lantarki suna da isasshen inganci
Ba tare da haɗin kai ba, Si (x)
Spectral Interferometry, dabarun ilmin kimiyyar lissafi
Lakabi da darajoji Si, bambancin Larabci na Maghrebi na Sidi, taken girmamawa
Si, bambance -bambancen Sri mai daraja na Thai
Sufeto na tashar, matsayi a cikin rundunar 'yan sandan Singapore
Sub-sufeto, matsayi a cikin rundunar 'yan sandan Indiya
Sauran amfani Sì (kayan zaki), kayan zaki na China
Sídhe ko Si, Halittun tarihin Celtic
si, harshen Sinhala ISO 639 alpha-2 code
Ƙarin koyarwa, shirin tallafi na ilimi galibi ana amfani da shi a cikin ilimi mai zurfi
Duba kuma S1 |
33102 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thievy%20Bifouma | Thievy Bifouma | Thievy Guivane Bifouma Koulossa (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Mayun 1992) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a kulob din Shenzhen FC na China da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Kongo.
Ya shafe yawancin aikinsa na wasan kwallon kafa na farko a Spain, jimlar wasanni 68 na La Liga da kwallaye takwas a Espanyol, Almería da Granada ban da kakar wasa a Las Palmas a Segunda División. Kazalika yayi taƙaitaccen lokaci a Ingila tare da West Bromwich Albion da Faransa tare da Reims da Bastia, ya wakilci kungiyoyi hudu a Süper Lig na Turkiyya.
Tsohon matashin dan wasan kasa da kasa na Faransa, Bifouma ya fara buga wasa a Kongo a shekarar 2014. Ya fafata a gasar cin kofin Afrika ta 2015, inda ya kasance mai yawan zura kwallaye tare.
Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya
Espanyol An haifi Bifouma a Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis. Ya shiga RCD Espanyol a Spain a farkon 2010, bai kai shekaru 18 ba, ya sanya hannu daga RC Strasbourg Alsace. A ranar 13 ga watan Maris 2011, ya fara buga wasa tare da ƙungiyar farko ta Catalans, bayan da ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Joan Verdú a cikin mintuna na mutuwa na 2-0 La Liga na gida da Deportivo de La Coruña. A ranar 10 ga watan Agusta 2011, a wasan karshe na Copa Catalunya, Bifouma ya yi i hat-trick a cikin nasara da ci 3-0 a kan kungiyar FC Barcelona da ke cike da ajiyewa da matasa 'yan wasa. A ranar 17 ga watan Disamba, ya zira kwallon farko tare da babban tawagar, inda ya zira kwallaye a raga a wasan karshe na 2-1 a Sporting de Gijón. A cikin watan Satumban 2012, an ba da Bifouma rance ga kulob ɗin UD Las Palmas na Segunda División. Bayan ya yi nasara, ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa da Espanyol har zuwa 2017. A ranar 31 ga watan Janairu 2014, Bifouma ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar lamuni ta West Bromwich Albion tare da ra'ayin canja wuri na dindindin, an ba shi riga mai lamba 50. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a gasar Premier kwanaki takwas bayan haka, yana wasa da rabi na biyu kuma ya zira kwallaye a cikin dakika 36 na daukar filin wasan a cikin rashin nasara da ci 3-1 da Crystal Palace. Bifouma ya koma babban ƙungiyar UD Almería a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta 2014, a cikin aro na tsawon kakar wasa. A ranar 19 ga Maris na shekara ta gaba, an dakatar da shi na tsawon wata guda saboda zargin karya kwangilar da tsohon wakilinsa; An dage haramcin kwanaki bayan haka, kuma ya ci gaba da bayyana a kai a kai ga Andalusians, wadanda ke fama da relegation. A ranar 19 ga watan Agusta 2015, an ba da Bifouma aron ga Granada CF na wannan gasar na shekara guda. Ya gama kakar wasa tare da Stade de Reims, kuma mallakar Espanyol.
Turkiyya A ranar 28 ga watan Yulin 2016, Bifouma ya rattaba hannu kan kungiyar SC Bastia ta Faransa Ligue 1. Ya kasance yana sake tafiya a cikin taga canja wuri mai zuwa, tare da Süper Lig 's Osmanlıspor akan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku da rabi. Ya zura kwallo daya kacal a cikin jimlar wasanni 22 na kungiyar daga Ankara, a wasan da suka ci 5-1 a Adanaspor a Süper Lig a ranar 19 ga watan Fabrairu 2017. Ci gaba da kasancewa a gasar, Bifouma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara guda tare da Sivasspor a ranar 9 ga watan Satumba 2017. Kwanaki takwas ne kawai ya zura kwallaye biyu a cikin nasara da ci 4–2 bayan ya dawo filin wasa na Osmanlı. Bifouma ya koma babban birnin Turkiyya a watan Yunin 2018, inda ya amince da yarjejeniyar shekaru uku a MKE Ankaragücü. Ya zira kwallaye sau ɗaya a cikin ɗan gajeren wa'adinsa, ƙarshen ta'aziyya a 2-1 rashin nasara a gida da Kasımpaşa a ranar 2 ga watan Satumba, kuma ya sake ci gaba a ranar 22 ga watan Janairu 2019 lokacin da ya sanya hannu tare da Yeni Malatyaspor na uku kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba. A ranar 15 ga watan Disamba na wannan shekarar, ya zura kwallo a ragar Beşiktaş JK da ci 2-0 wanda ya karya tarihin nasarar kulob din Istanbul na wasanni shida.
China A ranar 17 ga watan Yulin, 2020, Bifouma ya koma Shenzhen FC na Super League na kasar Sin kan kwantiragin da ba a bayyana ba kan kudi kusan Yuro miliyan uku. A ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu, an sake shi ta hanyar yarda da juna kuma ya sanya hannu kan Heilongjiang Ice City FC a matakin na biyu na kasar.
Ayyukan kasa Wani matashi na wanda ya iya yaren Faransanci na kasa da kasa, Bifouma ya zaɓi wakiltar Kongo a babban matakin, yana karɓar izinin FIFA a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta 2014. Ya buga wasansa na farko bayan kwana daya, inda ya maye gurbin Julsy Boukama-Kaya a minti na 68 na rashin nasara da ci 2-0 a waje da Rwanda a wasa na biyu na zagaye na biyu na neman shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika na 2015. A ranar 6 ga watan Satumba 2014, a gasar daya, Bifouma ya zura kwallaye biyu a ci 3-2 a Najeriya. A wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin Afrika a 2015, ya zura kwallon farko a ragar Congo a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Equatorial Guinea mai masaukin baki. Ya kuma zura kwallon farko a wasan da suka doke Burkina Faso da ci 2-1 a rukuninsu na farko, sakamakon da ya sa kasar ta kai wasan daf da na kusa da karshe a karon farko tun 1992, inda ya ci kwallonsa ta karshe a kan DR Congo, inda tawagarsa sun yi gaba da ci 2-0 amma daga karshe sun sha kashi da ci 4-2; da kwallaye uku, ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan masu cin kwallaye biyar na hadin gwiwa. Bayan da aka rasa fiye da shekaru biyu na wasanni saboda dalilai ciki har da hana tafiye-tafiye a China yayin bala'in COVID-19, an sake kiran Bifouma cikin tawagar Kongo a cikin watan Satumba 2020. A karshe ya sake taka leda a ranar 26 ga watan Maris, a wasan da suka tashi babu ci a gida da Senegal a gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika na 2021.
Kididdigar sana'a/Aiki
Kulob/Ƙungiya
Ƙasashen Duniya Scores and results list Congo's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Bifouma goal.
Manazarta Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
7334 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerin%20gidajen%20rediyo%20a%20Najeriya | Jerin gidajen rediyo a Najeriya | Wannan jeri ne na tashoshin rediyo a kasar Nijeriya. Nijeriya kasa ce da ta bunkasa sosai wajen kafafen yada labarai musamman ma dai tashoshin rediyo. Akwai gidajen rediyo masu matsakaici da dogon zango waton AM da FM kenan, Sannan kuma akwai kananan tashoshin wadanda ake kira da FM da kuma na Yanar gizo wadanda ake kira da Internet a turance.
Tashoshin Yanar gizo
Babban birnin taraiya Abuja
87.9 Best Afro FM, Abuja
88.9 Brilla FM, Abuja Tashar wasanni
92.1 Vision FM, Abuja
92.9 Kapital FM (FRCN), Abuja
93.5 ASO Radio, Abuja
94.7 Rhythm FM, Abuja
95.1 Nigeria info Abuja
96.1 Urban Radio, Abuja
96.9 Cool FM, Abuja
98.3 Hot FM, Abuja
99.5 Wazobia FM, Abuja
99.9 Kiss FM, Abuja
100.5 Ray power FM, Abuja
101.1 Human Rights Radio
104.5 Love FM, Abuja
105.7 Greetings FM, Abuja
106.3 WE FM
107.7 Armed Forces Radio, Mogadishu Cantonment, Asokoro,Abuja. Tashar rundunar sojojin Najeria
Jahar Abiya
88.1 Broadcasting Corporation, Umuahia
89.7 Buzz FM, Aba
93.3 Rhema FM, ABa
94.9 Flo FM, Umuahia
101.9 Absu FM, Uturu
102.9 MAGIC FM Aba
103.5 Pace Setter FM, Amakanma old Umuahia
103.9 Love FM, Aguiyi Ironsi layout, Umuahia
104.1 Vision Africa, Umuahia
107.1 Green FM, (MOUAU), Umudike[1]
Jahar Adamawa
917 AM Radio Gotel, Yola
91.1 FM Gotel Yola
95.7 ABC FM, Yola
1440 ABC AM, Yola
101.5 Fombina FM Yola
92.3 Pulaaku FM, Yola.
Jahar Akwa Ibom
101.1 Planet FM [1]
104.5 Atlantic FM
105.9 Inspiration FM
95.1 Comfort FM
90.5 AKBC
100.7 UNIUYO FM (University of Uyo)
104.9 Heritage FM (Heritage Polytechnic, Eket)
107.5 Gospel Revolution FM
Jahar Anambra
88.5 Anambra Broadcasting Service, Awka
88.9 Brilla FM, Onitsha Sports
89.4- Minaj FM Obosi
89.7- City Radio, Onitsha
90.7 Anambra Broadcasting Service, Onitsha
91.5 Blaze FM, Oraifite
93.3 Madonna Radio (Madonna University) FM, Okija
94.1 Unizik (Nnamdi Azikiwe University) FM, Awka
95.3 Radio Sapientia FM, Onitsha
95.7 Rhythm FM, Awka
98.3 Ogene FM, Awka
99.1 Odenigbo FM, Obosi
102.5 Purity FM, Awka(FRCN)
103.5 Gist FM, Ogidi
91.9 Authority FM Nnewi
106.5- Alpha FM Nnobi
90.1- Lumen FM,Uga
107.1 Tansian Radio (Tashar jami'ar Tansian FM, Umunya
Jahar Bauchi
94.6 Brc 2 FM, Bauchi
98.5 Globe FM (FRCN), Bauchi
95.7 Ray Power FM, Bauchi
97.5 Albarka Radio
Jahar Bayelsa
94.7 Silverbird Rhythm FM, Oxbow Lake Swali, Yenagoa
95.5 Royal FM, Yenagoa
97.1 Bayelsa State Broadcasting Corporation (BSBC) Glory FM, Radio Bayelsa, Ekeki Yenagoa
102.5 Ray Power FM, Elebele, Yenagoa
106.5 Creek FM, Radio Nigeria, Yenagoa
Jahar Binuwai
ASKiNG RADiO Online
Radio Benue 1, Makurdi
95.0 Radio Benue, Makurdi
96.5 Joy FM, Otukpo
103.5 Harvest FM, Makurdi
99.9 Ashiwaves FM, Katsina-Ala
89.9 Benue State University, BSU FM, Makurdi
Jahar Borno
94.5 BRTV Borno Radio Maiduguri
95.3 BRTV Metropolitan FM Maiduguri
99.5 Freedom Radio Maiduguri
102.5 Peace FM (FRCN)
90.7 GAME FM
97.7 Kanem FM 108.0 Lafiya dole FM
Al- Ansar FM 96.1
Jahar Kuros ribas
104.5 Cross River Broadcasting Corporation (CRBC)
92.3 Sparkling FM, Calabar
92.6 Cross River Radio
93.1 FAD FM, Calabar
95.9 Hit FM, Calabar
99.5 Canaan City FM, Calabar
89.7 CRBC Ikom
Jahar Delta
98.7 Bridge Radio, Asaba
88.6 Melody FM, Warri
89.9 Crown FM, Effurun
93.1 Quest FM, Ughelli-Patani Road, Ogor
95.1 JFM, Otu Jeremi
96.1 Ray power FM, Oghara
97.9 Voice of Delta Radio, Asaba
100.5 Kpoko FM, Warri (Pidgin Broadcast)
100.9 Trend FM, Asaba
106.7 Rize FM, Warri [4]
103.7 Delta State University (Delsu FM), Abraka
96.5 Hot FM, Asaba
Shockwave Radio (Internet Radio) www.shockwavefm.com
83.3 Demodelsnigeria fm
Jahar Ebonyi
98.1 Salt FM, Abakaliki
101.5 Unity FM, Abakaliki
Jahar Edo
94.1 Hillside FM (Auchi Polytechnic Radio), Auchi
95.775 Edo Broadcasting Service, Aduwawa
101.5 Bronze FM (FRCN), Aduwawa
92.3 Independent Radio, Benin city
105.5 RayPower FM, Ikhuen Niro, Benin city.
92.7 K-U FM, Benin-Auchi road, Enyea bypass Benin city-Edo state.
93.7 SilverBird Rhythm FM, Ugbowo, Benin city.
97.3 Vibes FM, Benin city
90.5 Okada Wonderland FM,(Igbinedion University Radio)Okada
100.1 Uniben FM (University of Benin Radio), Benin city
96.9 Speed FM, Benin City
94.3 -*Izibili FM, Ikpoba Hill
Jahar Ekiti
234Radio Internet Radio; broadcasts from Nigeria, UK, USA and Jamaica www.234radio.com. *234Radio Akwaita kuma a manhajar Android da iOS.
100.5 Progress FM (FRCN), Ado Ekiti
91.5FM Golden voice of Ekiti (BSES)...
89.9FM Voice FM, Ado-Ekiti
Jahar Enugu
92.5 Dream FM, Enugu
100.9 -Solid FM
91.1 Lion FM, Nsukka
92.9 Coal City FM (FRCN)
828 Radio Nigeria 1 Enugu Enugu
98.7 Caritas University FM Radio
106.9 Gouni FM (Godfrey Okoye University) Radio, Enugu
106.5 Stallion FM (Federal College of Education, Ehu-Amufu)
96.7 Voice FM, Nsukka (FRCN)
96.1 Sunrise FM, Enugu
94.5 Urban Radio, Enugu
106.5 ESUT RADIO, Enugu
107.2 IMT RADIO, Enugu
Jahar Gombe
97.3 MHz Progress Radio FM
91.9 MHz Gombe (GMC) FM
93.1 MHz Ray Power FM
98.1 MHz Amana radio FM
103.5 MHz Jewel (FRCN) FM
1404 kHz Gombe (GMC) AM
Jahar Imo
Fish FM 94.4 Orient FM, Owerri.
99.5 Hot FM, Owerri.
100.5 Heartland FM, Owerri.
105.7 Zanders FM, Owerri.
97.3 Megaband Fm, Owerri
103.2 Federal Polynek Owerri FM
90.90 IMSU STAR FM
100.9 My Radio FM Owerri
1.107.3-darlyn fm owetri
Jahar Jigawa
93.5 FM Andaza
1026MW Radio Jigawa AM
95.5 Dutse New world FM (JRC)
95.5 Radio FM Hadejia (JRC)
97.5 FM Radio Kaugama (JRC)
95.5 Community FM Birnin Kudu (JRC)
99.5 Freedom Radio, Dutse
100.5 Horizon F.M Dutse, FRCN.
104.9 Sawaba fm Hadejia
Jahar Kaduna
88.9 Brila FM
89.9 Kada 2 FM, Kaduna (KSMC)
89.9 Rockside FM, Kafanchan (KSMC)
90.9 Capital Sounds FM, Kaduna (KSMC)
91.7 Liberty Radio (English) Kaduna
92.1 Karama FM, Kaduna (FRCN)
92.9 Freedom Radio FM, Kaduna
94.3 Correct fm
94.1 Queen FM, Zaria (KSMC)
96.1 Supreme FM, Kaduna (FRCN)
97.7 Alheri Radio FM, Kaduna
98.5 KASU FM (mallakin jamilar jahar Kaduna)
98.9 Invicta FM, Kaduna
102.5 Teachers Radio (Mallakin Nigeria Institute of Teachers NTI)
102.7 Spider FM(KadPoly)
103.1 Liberty Radio (Hausa) Kaduna
106.5 Ray Power FM Kaduna
639 MW Kada 1 (KSMC)
747 MW Nagarta Radio
594 MW FRCN (Hausa), Kaduna
1107 MW FRCN (Turanci), Kaduna
Jihar Kano
AM
549 Manoma Radio AM
729 Radio Kano I
FM
234Radio Broadcasts from Nigeria, UK, USA and Jamaica. Access 234Radio on www.234radio.com; Google Play Store and iOS App Store.
88.5 Dala FM
89.3 Radio Kano II FM
90.3 Express Radio
90.7 Ammaso Radio FM
91.1 Gotel FM (not on air yet)
91.3 SoundCity FM
92.5 Vision FM
93.1 Arewa Radio
94.7 Guarantee Radio 95.1 Wazobia FM
96.9 Cool FM
97.3 Rahma Radio
98.1-- Jalla Radio
98.5 --Nasara Radio FM
98.9 B.U.K FM
99.5 Freedom Radio
100.3 Hikima Radio
100.7 Correct FM
101.1 ARTV FM
103.3 Liberty Radio Kano
103.5 Pyramid FM (FRCN)
103.9 Aminci Radio
104.1_ sunna fm
106.5 Ray Power FM
Jahar Katsina
104.5 Radio Nigeria Companion FM, Katsina (FRCN)
106.5 Ray Power FM, Katsina
972 MW Katsina State Radio, Katsina
98.7 Legend FM, Daura 92.9 Hamada FM, Katsina 92.1 Vision FM, Katsina
91.5 Alfijir FM, Katsina
Jahar Kebbi
945.0 Kebbi State Radio, Birnin kebbi
103.5 Equity FM, Birnin Kebbi
92.9 Vision FM, Birnin Kebbi
Jahar Kogi
94.0 Confluence FM, Lokoja
95.5 Grace FM, Lokoja
100.9 TAO FM, Okene
101.5 Prime FM (FRCN)
97.1 Kogi FM, Egbe
Jahar Kwara
89.3 Unilorin FM
95.1 Royal FM
99.0 Midland FM (Radio Kwara), Ilorin
103.5 Harmony FM FRCN (Radio Nigeria), Idofian
106.5 Raypower FM, Ilorin
612.8 Radio Kwara, Ilorin (www.radiokwara.com)
105.7 Okin FM, Offa
101.9 Sobi FM, Ilorin
89.9 Albraka FM
Jahar Legas
234Radio Rediyon Yanar gizo mai watsa shirye sheiryen sa daga Najeriya, Birtaniya, Amurika da Jamaika adireshi www.234radio.com. 234Radio akwai shi a manhajoji na Android da iOS.
633FM Tashar radiyon Kirista
Fish FM music and voice.
ENradio Tashar Rediyo ta Musulunci a Yanar gizo, akwai shi a manhajojin Android daiOS.[www.enradio.com]
88.9 Brila FM Tashar wasanni zalla
89.7 Eko FM, Ikeja (Lagos State Radio)
90.9 Top Radio FM
91.3 Lagos Talks FM
91.7 W FM
92.3 Inspiration FM 92.9 Bond FM (FRCN)
93.7 Rhythm FM
94.1 Rainbow FM
95.1 Wazobia FM
95.7 LASU Radio (Mallakin Jami'ar Lagos dake, Ojo, Lagos)
96.1 Lagos Traffic radio
96.5 Urban96 FM, Lagos
96.9 Cool FM
97.3 Classic FM
97.7 Metro FM FRCN
98.1 SMOOTH FM, Lagos
98.5 Soundcity FM, Lagos
98.9 Kiss FM, Lagos
99.3 Nigeria Info
99.9 The Beat FM, Ikoyi Lagos
100.5 RayPower FM, Alagbado
101.5 Star FM, Ikeja
102.3 Max FM, Ikosi Ketu, Lagos
102.7 Naija FM
103.1 Unilag FM (Jami'ar Lagos)
103.5 Choice FM now Radio One FRCN
104.1 Kennis FM (Kennis Radio)
105.1 CityFM, Oregun, Lagos
105.9 NOUN FM (Mallakin makarantar National Open University of Nigeria) Victoria Island
106.5 Faaji FM (Ana kuma kiran ta da Raypower FM)
107.5 Radio Lagos, Ikeja (ana kuma kiran ta da Eko FM)
Jahar Nasarawa
92.5 NBS Keffi
95.9 Maloney FM, Keffi
97.1 Nasarawa Broadcasting Service (Lafia)
101.1 Nasarawa State Mass Communication Department FM
102.5 Precious FM (Lafia,FRCN)
108 Kizito FM
92.3 Option FM (Akwanga)
91.1 Platinum Radio, Keffi
Jahar Neja
88.5 Zuma FM, Suleja
91.2 Crystal Radio, Minna
92.3 Search FM, Minna (Federal University of Technology, Minna)
100.5 Power FM, Bida FRCN
103.9 Ultimate FM (College of Education) Minna
89.1 Click FM (Ibrahim Babangida University, Lapai) Radio
90.5 Victory FM, Minna
Jahar Ogun
87.5 Arystocratz Radio (AR87.5fm) cele ijebu-ode
89.1 Hope FM (Na jami'ar Babcock University Radio station, Ilisan-Remo)
94.1 Rainbow FM
94.5 Paramount FM, FRCN, Abeokuta
101.9 Rockcity FM, Abeokuta
90.5 OGBC FM, Abeokuta
95.9 Hebron FM (Covenant University Radio Station, Ota)
91.7 Women FM (Tashar rediyo ta mata zalla a Najeriya) Arepo, Isheri, Jahar Ogun.
104.9- S.M.A FM, IJAGUN-IKOFA
107.1 Sweet FM, Ibadan-Abeokuta Expressway, Abeokuta.
92.1 OOU FM(Na jami'ar Olabisi Onabanjo university, Ago-Iwoye)
104.1 Kennis FM Radio
88.5 Family FM Radio kalak investment building Abeokuta
603 kHz-OGBC 1,ABEOKUTA
1*7.9 Liveway Radio, KM 46, Lagos-Ibadan Expressway, Redemption Camp Mowe Ogunstate.
106.1- RCCG Radio KM 46, Lagos-Ibadan Expressway, Redemption Camp Mowe Ogunstate.
Jahar Ondo
234Radio Tashar yanar gizo, mai watsa shirye shirye daga Najeriya, Birtaniya, Jamaika da Amurika. Tana kuda a mangajar Android da iOS. Adireahi www.234radio.com
88.9 Adaba FM, Ilara-Mokin via Akure
91.9 Breez FM, Ijoka, Akure
93.1 FUTA FM (Mallakin jami'ar Federal University of Technology, Akure)
96.5 OSRC FM, Orita-Obele, Akure
102.5 Positive FM (FRCN),
94.5 Orange FM, Akure
96.1 Raypower FM,Oba-ile,Akure
101.9 Sun City Radio, Ondo City.
100.9- Eki FM, Ondo city
100.1 Kakaki Ondo Community Radio, Ondo City, (First Community Radio in Southern Nigeria)
106.5 Music Culture FM, Ondo City
107.3 Varsity Radio (AMallakin jamilar dekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko)
91.1-Excel FM Ore
104.5- Empire FM Akure, your Hit music station
Jahar Osun
89.5 Orisun FM, Ile Ife
91.7 Rave FM, Oroki Estate, Osogbo
94.5 Great FM, Obafemi Awolowo University, OAU Ile-Ife)
95.1 Raypower FM, Oke Pupa, Osogbo
95.5 Gold FM, Iloko-Ijesa road, Ilesa. (FRCN)
96.3 Odidere FM, Reality Radio-Vision Service (RRS), Sky Limit area, Iwo.
90.9 Oodua FM, Toll Gate, Ile-Ife
101.5 Crown FM, Eleyele, Ile Ife
103.1 Uniq FM, Ara Station, Okesa, Ilesa
104.5 Living Spring FM, Ile-Awiye, Oke Baale, Osogbo.
Jahar Oyo
88.1 Gravity fm, Igboho
89.1 Lead City University Campus Radio FM, Ibadan Lagos Toll Gate, Ibadan
90.1 Space FM, 136, Liberty Road, Ibadan (1st Trilingual Radio Station in Nigeria)
91.5 Star FM, Secretariat, Ibadan
92.1 Ajilete FM, Gambari, Ogbomoso
92.5 Impact Business Radio, Akobo, Ibadan (Nigeria's first Business Radio)
92.9 Royal Root FM, Jericho Area, Ibadan
93.5 Premier FM (FRCN), Dugbe, Ibadan
94.9 Thirty-Two FM, cocoa house Dugbe, Ibadan
95.1 Raypower FM, Cocoa house Dugbe Ibadan
96.3 Oke-Ogun FM, Alaga
96.7 Lagelu FM
97.9 Beat FM, Bodija, Ibadan
100.1 Jamz FM, Lagelu Estate, Felele Area, Ibadan
101.1- Parrot FM, Ogbomosho
98.5 Oluyole FM, Old Ife Road, Ibadan
99.1 Amuludun FM, Moniya, Ibadan
101.1 Diamond FM, University of Ibadan, Ibadan
105.5 Splash FM, Felele, Ibadan
100.5 Inspiration FM
102.3 Petals FM, Old Bodija, Ibadan
102.7 Naija FM, Bodija, Ibadan
103.9 King FM, Ibadan
105.9 Fresh FM Ibadan, Yinka Ayefele Music House, lagos byepass, Challenge, Ibadan. Yanar gizo: www.fresh1059fm.com
106.3 Lead Radio, Ibadan.
Shafin Yanar gizo Wellsradio, Oluyole www.wellsradio.com
756 kHz Radio O.Y.O Ile-Akade Orita Bashorun (Radio AM)
99.9- mutual fm eruwa
Prince FM Radio (Online Radio)
Lomodogs FM Nigeria, Old Ife Road, Ibadan www.lomodogsfm.com (Internet Radio)
103.5 Thrill FM, Ibadan
Jahar Filato
101.9 Jay FM, Jos
88.65 Radio Plateau 1 AM 1224, Jos
90.5 Peace FM, Jos
93.7 Rhythm FM, Jos
100.5 Raypower FM, Jos
101.5 Highland FM, Jos (FRCN)
96.1 ICEFMUJ (jami'ar Jos)
93.3- Unity FM, Jos
98.9 Rock FM (mallakin kwalejin Plataeu Polytechnic)
104.3 Tin City FM, Jos
103.9 KT FM, Bukuru
Jahar Ribas
234Radio tashar rediyo ta yanar gizo ana watsata da Najeriya, Birtaniya, Amurika da Jamaika 95.9 Cool FM
89.9 Garden City FM
97.7 Family Love FM
92.3 Nigeria Info
91.7 Wave FM
99.1 Radio Rivers
106.5 RayPower FM
93.7 Rhythm FM
98.5 Treasure FM (FRCN)
95.1 Today FM
103.7 Radio UST FM (mallakin jami'ar kimaiyya da fasaha dake jihar)
88.5 Uniport Unique FM mallakin jami'ar Fatakwal)
94.1 Wazobia FM
99.9 Beat FM Port Harcourt
92.7 Naija Fm Port Harcourt
91.1 Classic Fm Port Harcourt
99.5 Wish Fm
Jahar Sokoto
95.5 Garkuwa FM
92.5 Vision FM
97.1 Rima FM
91.9 Caliphate radio/Nagari FM
97.1 Rima Internet FM
99.5 Freedom FM
94.3- ALU YA GODE FM
Jahar Taraba
88.6 TSBS Taraba radio Mararaba
90.6 TSBS Taraba radio Jalingo
97.6 TSBS Taraba radio Serti
104.5 Gift FM Jalingo
700.47-TSBS bali redio
Jahar Yobe
89.5 FM pride of the Sahel Damaturu
Jahar Zamfara
102.5 Pride FM Gusau
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42949 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasanni%20a%20%C6%98asar%20Kenya | Wasanni a Ƙasar Kenya | Wasanni muhimman bangare ne na al'adun Kenya Wasannin gargajiya iri-iri sun yi galaba a al'adun Kenya tun daga farkon tarihinsu. Wasu daga cikin wasannin gargajiya da aka yi a Kenya tun da daɗewa sun haɗa da kokawa, atisayen tsere, faɗan sanda, farauta (amfani da mashi da kibiyoyi), wasannin allo, fadan bijimi da raye-raye. Yawancin wasanni na zamani a Kenya suna da bashi ga mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya Ƙungiyoyin ƙwararrun ƴan ƙasar Biritaniya da ƴan kwangilar Asiya ne suka shirya su tun a shekarar 1922, kafin a kafa makarantu na yau da kullum. An gabatar da wasanni a makarantu a cikin shekarar 1925. An kuma samar da tsarin koyar da wasanni ta hanyar horar da jiki a makarantu (ayyukan karin karatu) a cikin shekarar 1935. Wasan ƙwallon ƙafa da wasannin motsa jiki (waƙa da filin wasa) bi da bi su ne wasanni na farko da aka tsara su cikin ƙwarewa.
A yau, wasanni da yawa sun shahara a Kenya, ana buga su a cikin fasaha da kuma ayyukan motsa jiki na nishaɗi. Wasan da ya fi shahara a Kenya shi ne ƙwallon kafa. Wasannin da ake yi a Kenya a yau sun haɗa da wasannin motsa jiki (waƙa filin sauran abubuwan da suka faru), wasan kurket, wasan hockey filin, wasanni na motsa jiki, Ƙwallon ƙafar, ƙwallon ƙafa, ƙungiyar rugby, wasan ƙwallon raga, ƙwallon kwando, ninkaya da ruwa, ƙwallon hannu, ƙwallon ƙafa, ƙwallon ƙafa, masu zagaye, ƙwallon baseball, harbi Softball, Keke, Martial Arts dambe, Shotokan karate, Goju Ryu karate, Shorin Ryu karate, kickboxing, judo, Mantis kenPo da taekwondo Lawn Tennis, Tebur Tennis, Squash, Badminton, Golf, Canoeing, Goalse, Chess Hawan doki/Dawaki, Polo, Kiwan nauyi, Kokawa, Archery, Wasannin Roller, Ice Hockey da Wasannin Dutse Kenya A duniya baki ɗaya, an san Kenya da rinjaye a tseren tsaka-tsaki da na nesa Wasannin guje-guje (waƙa filin wasa da abubuwan gudu) Wasan motsa jiki (waƙa da filin wasa) na ɗaya daga cikin wasanni na zamani guda biyu (tare da ƙwallon ƙafa) da za a shirya bisa ƙa'ida a Kenya. Kasar Kenya ta saba fitar da zakarun wasannin Olympics da na Commonwealth a wasannin nesa daban-daban, musamman a cikin 800 m, 1,500 m, 3,000 m steeplechase, 5,000 m, 10,000 m da marathon. 'Yan wasan Kenya (musamman Kalenjin na ci gaba da mamaye duniyar guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle, duk da cewa gasar daga Maroko da Habasha ta rage wannan matsayi. Shahararrun 'yan wasan Kenya sun hada da 'yar tseren gudun fanfalaki na Boston sau hudu na mata da Catherine Ndereba wacce ta zama zakara a duniya sau biyu, da Paul Tergat mai rike da kambun Marathon na duniya, da John Ngugi Tambayar dalilin da yasa 'yan Kenya suka mamaye tseren nesa ya haifar da bayanai daban-daban da suka shafi yanayin yanayi, ko tsarin kashi, ko abinci.
Bibiyar abubuwan da suka faru Zakaran Olympic da na Commonwealth Kipchoge Keino mai ritaya ya taimaka wajen kawo daular nesa ta Kenya a shekarar 1970 sannan kuma zakaran Commonwealth Henry Rono ya biyo bayan jerin wasannin da ya yi a duniya.
Kasar Kenya ta samu lambobin yabo da dama a lokacin gasar Olympics ta Beijing, da zinare 6, da azurfa 4 da tagulla 4, ta zama kasa mafi nasara a Afirka a gasar Olympics ta shekarar 2008. Sabbin 'yan wasa sun sami kulawa, irin su Pamela Jelimo, 'yar tseren zinare na mita 800 na mata wanda ya ci gaba da lashe kyautar zinare, da Samuel Wanjiru wanda ya lashe tseren gudun fanfalaki na maza.nayi gyara
Abubuwan da suka faru a filin Julius Yego ya zama dan wasa na farko na Kenya da ya lashe lambar zinare a gasar Commonwealth lokacin da ya lashe kambun mashi a gasar shekarar 2014 a Glasgow (dan uwan dan kasar Kenya John Makaya ya dauki tagulla a irin wannan taron shekaru arba'in da suka gabata a shekarar 1974 Commonwealths Christchurch A shekarar da ta biyo baya ya dauki zinare na farko na gasar cin kofin duniya na kasar Kenya a filin wasa na gasar wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle ta duniya na shekarar 2015 da aka yi a birnin Beijing, inda ya kafa sabon tarihi na Commonwealth na mita 92.72 a kan hanyarsa ta samun nasara.
Ketare kasa 'Yan tseren kasar Kenya sun mamaye gasar cin kofin kasashen duniya ta IAAF a cikin karnin da suka gabata, inda kasar Habasha ta yi kaca-kaca da gasar; daga shekarar 1986 zuwa ta 2011, shekarar da ta wuce ana gudanar da gasar a duk shekara, 'yan wasan Kenya sun lashe gasar cin kofin duniya sau 24, ciki har da 18 a jere, har Habasha ta lashe gasar a Shekarar shekarar 2004 zuwa 2005. Tawagar kananan maza ta lashe kofuna 23 tun daga shekarar 1988, kuma kungiyar mata ta samu nasara sau hudu a jere tun shekarar 2009. Kananan matan Kenya sun lashe gasar cin kofin duniya sau 15. Sau biyar a shekarar 1991 (Belgium), shekarar 1993 (Spain), shekarar 1995 (United Kingdom), shekarar 1996 (Afirka ta Kudu) da shekarar 2010 (Poland) Kenya ta kasance zakara a gasar maza da mata na manya da kanana.
Maza uku ne kacal a Kenya suka lashe kambun gasar cin kofin duniya a gasar ta maza, kuma biyu daga cikinsu sun lashe kambi da dama. John Ngugi ya zama mutum na farko da ya lashe gasar cin kofin duniya sau biyar (1986 zuwa 1989 da 1992). Paul Tergat dan kasar ya zama mutum na farko da ya yi nasara sau biyar a jere (1995 zuwa 1999). Edith Masai ta lashe gasar gajeriyar tseren mata mai tsawon kilomita 4 sau uku a jere (2003 zuwa 2004).
Marathon Masu tsere daga Kenya sun yi gudu bakwai daga cikin 10 mafi sauri na mil 26.2 Har ila yau, sun kasance daga cikin mafi daidaiton nasara a gasar Marathon ta Duniya Boston, New York, London, Berlin, Chicago da Tokyo. Yawan wadanda suka yi nasara a tseren marathon sune Kalenjin Marathon na Boston Ibrahim Hussein ya lashe gasar gudun Marathon na Boston na farko a karo uku a shekarar 1988, kasa da shekara guda bayan ya lashe tseren gudun hijira na birnin New York Hussein zai sami nasara baya-baya a Boston a shekarar 1991 zuwa 1992. Mutanen Kenya sun karya kaset a gasar Marathon ta Boston sau 20 tun daga shekarar( 1988) ciki har da sau 10 a jere daga shekarar (1991 )zuwa ta 2000. Matan Kenya sun samu nasara sau 10 a Boston, hudu daga cikinsu mace daya ce. Fitattun masu nasara:
Cosmas Ndeti, wanda ya ci uku a jere daga shekara ta 1993 zuwa 1995, yana gudanar da rikodin kwas 2:07:15 a shekarar 1994;
Moses Tanui, wanda ya lashe sau biyu a shekarar 1996 da shekarar 1998;
Robert Kipkoech Cheruiyot, wanda nasararsa guda hudu a shekarar (2003 zuwa 2006 da 2008) ta sa shi da Bill Rodgers su ne suka lashe gasar sau hudu kawai a bangaren maza;
Catherine Ndereba, wacce ta yi nasara sau hudu a budaddiyar rukunin mata;
Geoffrey Mutai, wanda 2:03:02 lokacin nasara a shekarar (2011) shine lokacin gudun marathon mafi sauri.
Rita Jeptoo, wanda ya yi nasara a shekarar 2013 kafin harin
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
28336 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inge%20Lehmann | Inge Lehmann | Inge Lehmann ForMemRS (13 Mayu 1888 21 Fabrairu 1993) ta kasance ƙwararren masanin ilimin ƙasa da ƙasa kuma ɗan ƙasar Denmark. A shekara ta 1936, ta gano cewa Duniya tana da ƙwaƙƙwaran cibiya a cikin narkakkar da ke waje. Kafin haka, masu binciken seismologists sun yi imanin asalin duniya ya zama narkakkar sarari guda ɗaya, da yake ba za su iya ba, duk da haka, su bayyana ma'aunin girgizar ƙasa a hankali daga girgizar ƙasa, waɗanda ba su dace da wannan ra'ayi ba. Lehmann yayi nazari akan ma'aunin igiyoyin girgizar kasa sannan ya kammala cewa dole ne Duniya ta kasance tana da tsayayyen tsakiya da narkakkar cibiya don samar da igiyoyin girgizar kasa wadanda suka yi daidai da ma'auni. Sauran masu binciken seismologists sun gwada sannan kuma sun yarda da bayanin Lehmann. Lehmann kuma ya kasance daya daga cikin masana kimiyyar da suka fi dadewa, wanda ya rayu sama da shekaru 104.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi Inge Lehmann an haife ta kuma ta girma a Østerbro, wani yanki na Copenhagen. Ta kasance tana jin kunya sosai tun tana ƙarama, halin da ya ci gaba a rayuwarta. Mahaifiyarta, Ida Sophie Tørsleff, matar gida ce; mahaifinta masanin ilimin halin dan Adam ne na gwaji Alfred Georg Ludvik Lehmann (1858-1921).
Ta sami iliminta na makaranta a Fælleskolen, makarantar sakandare mai ci gaba mai ilimin ilmantarwa wanda ke kula da 'yan mata da maza daidai, tare da sanya su cikin manhaja iri ɗaya da ayyukan karin karatu. Hanna Adler, kawar Niels Bohr ce ta jagoranci wannan makaranta. A cewar Lehmann, mahaifinta da Adler sun kasance mafi girman tasirin ci gaban tunaninta.
Tana da shekaru 18, ta sami maki na farko a jarrabawar shiga Jami'ar Copenhagen. A shekara ta 1907, ta fara karatun ta a fannin lissafi, chemistry da physics a jami'ar Copenhagen da jami'ar Cambridge. Rashin lafiya ya katse waɗannan karatun. Ta ci gaba da karatunta na lissafi a Cambridge daga shekara ta 1910 zuwa 1911 a Kwalejin Newnham. A cikin shekara ta 1911, ta dawo daga Cambridge tana jin gajiya daga aikin kuma ta ajiye karatunta na ɗan lokaci. Ta samu kwarewa mai kyau a fannin lissafi a wani ofishi da ta yi aiki na wasu shekaru har ta koma karatu a Jami'ar Copenhagen a shekarar 1918. Ta kammala digiri na candidata a fannin kimiyyar jiki da lissafi a cikin shekaru biyu, inda ta kammala a shekara ta 1920. Lokacin da ta dawo Denmark. a shekara ta 1923, ta karɓi matsayi a Jami'ar Copenhagen a matsayin mataimakiyar J.F. Steffensen, farfesa na kimiyyar actuarial.
Lehmann tana da ƙanwar, Harriet, wadda ta zama marubuciyar fina-finai kuma tana da iyali da 'ya'ya sabanin Lehmann, wadda ta rayu ita kaɗai a duk rayuwarta ta girma.
Aiki A cikin shekara ta 1925 Lehmann's seismology aikin ya fara yayin da ta zama mataimakiyar masanin geodesist Niels Erik Nørlund. An haɗa ta da wasu mataimaka guda uku waɗanda ba su taɓa ganin seismograph a baya ba. Ta fara aikin kafa wuraren lura da yanayin kasa a Denmark da Greenland. A halin da ake ciki, ta karanta seismology da kanta. Ta tafi kasar waje na tsawon watanni uku don yin nazarin ilimin yanayin kasa tare da manyan masana a fannin irin su Beno Gutenberg, wadanda suka tantance nisa zuwa ga iyakar da ke tsakanin kilomita 15 na darajar da aka yarda da ita a yanzu.
Dangane da karatun da ta yi a fannin ilimin kimiyyar yanayi, a cikin shekara ta 1928 ta sami digiri na magister scientiarum (daidai da MA) a cikin geodesy kuma ta karɓi matsayi a matsayin masanin ilimin geodesy na jiha kuma shugabar sashin ilimin girgizar ƙasa a Cibiyar Geodetical ta Denmark karkashin jagorancin Nørlund. Lehmann ta duba don inganta haɗin kai da nazarin ma'auni daga masu lura da yanayin ƙasa na Turai, da kuma sauran ƙoƙarin kimiyya. Wadannan gyare-gyare sun kasance a cikin zuciyar bincikenta daga baya.
A cikin wata takarda mai suna P' (1936), Lehmann ita ce ta farko da ta fara fassara masu isowar P-wave wanda ba a bayyana shi ba a cikin inuwar P na duniya a matsayin tunani daga ainihin ciki, misali daga girgizar kasa mai karfi a shekara ta 1929 Murchison. Sauran manyan masana kimiyyar yanayi na lokacin, irin su Beno Gutenberg, Charles Richter, da Harold Jeffreys, sun amince da wannan fassarar cikin shekaru biyu ko uku, amma sai a shekarar 1971 aka nuna fassarar daidai ta hanyar lissafin kwamfuta. Lehmann ta sami cikas sosai a aikinta da kuma ci gaba da tuntuɓar ƙasashen duniya a lokacin da Jamus ta mamaye Denmark a yakin duniya na biyu. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Danish Geophysical Society a cikin shekarar 1940 da 1944 bi da bi.
A cikin shekara ta 1952, Lehmann an dauke ta a matsayin farfesa a fannin ilimin lissafi a Jami'ar Copenhagen, amma ba a nada ta ba. A shekarar 1953, ta yi ritaya daga matsayinta a Cibiyar Geodetic. Ta ƙaura zuwa Amurka na shekaru da yawa kuma ta haɗa kai da Maurice Ewing da Frank Press kan binciken ɓawon ƙasa da rigar sama. A yayin wannan aikin, ta gano wani dakatarwar girgizar ƙasa, waɗanda ke zama haɓakar canjin mataki a cikin saurin igiyoyin girgizar ƙasa a zurfin tsakanin 190 zuwa 250 km. An sanya wa wannan dakatarwar suna bayanta, an ƙirƙira shi azaman dainawar Lehmann. Francis Birch ya lura cewa "An gano dakatarwar Lehmann ta hanyar bincikar bayanan girgizar kasa da wani masanin fasahar bakaken fata ya yi wanda babu wani adadin na'ura mai kwakwalwa da zai iya maye gurbinsa."
Kyaututtuka da karramawa Lehmann ta sami karramawa da yawa saboda fitattun nasarorin kimiyyar da ta samu, daga cikinsu akwai lambar yabo ta Gordon Wood (1960), Medal Emil Wiechert (1964), Medal na Zinare na Danish Royal Society of Science and Letters (1965), Tagea Brandt Rejselegat (1965). 1938 da 1967), zaɓenta a matsayin Fellow of the Royal Society a shekarar 1969, William Bowie Medal (1971, a matsayin mace ta farko), da Medal na Seismological Society of America a shekara ta 1977. An ba ta digiri na girmamawa daga Jami'ar Columbia. a shekarar 1964 kuma daga Jami'ar Copenhagen a shekarar 1968, da kuma yawan membobin girmamawa.
An ba wa Asteroid 5632 Ingelehmann suna a cikin girmamawarta kuma a cikin shekarar 2015 (wanda shine bikin cika shekaru 100 na zaben mata a Denmark) Lehmann ya samu, don sanin babban gwagwarmayar da ta yi da al'ummar binciken da maza suka mamaye da suka wanzu a Denmark a tsakiyar karni na 20. sabon nau'in ƙwaro mai suna bayanta: Globicornis (Hadrotoma) ingelehmannae sp. n., Jiří Háva Anders Leth Damgaard, 2015.
Saboda gudummawar da ta bayar ga kimiyyar kasa, a cikin shekarar 1997, Ƙungiyar Geophysical ta Amurka ta kafa Medal Inge Lehmann na shekara-shekara don girmama "fitattun gudunmawar gudummuwa ga fahimtar tsari, abun da ke ciki, da kuma motsin tufafi na duniya."
A bikin cika shekaru 127 da haihuwarta, Google ya sadaukar da Google Doodle na duniya a gare ta.
An shigar da sabon abin tunawa da aka sadaukar don Lehmann a kan Frue Plads a Copenhagen a cikin shekara ta 2017. Elisabeth Toubro ce ta tsara wannan abin tunawa.
Wallafe-wallafe
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21178 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlatan%20ibrahimovic | Zlatan ibrahimovic | Zlatan Ibrahimovic (An haifeshi ranar 3 ga watan oktoba, 1981) a garin malmo, ya kasance kwarraran ɗan kwallan kafa ne, ɗan kasar Sweden.
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80. a b "Nota Integrativa". FC Internazionale Milano SpA 2009–10 Bilancio (PDF) (in Italian). Italian C.C.I.A.A. 2011.
81. "Pedro goal wins Super Cup for Barcelona" CNN. 28 August 2009. Retrieved 1 September 2009.
82. a b "Player profile: Zlatan Ibrahimović" UEFA.
Rayayyun Mutane
Haifaffun |
57464 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda%20Fit | Honda Fit | Gabatarwa
Honda Fit Jafananci Hepburn Honda Fitto ko Honda Jazz karamar mota ce da Honda ke ƙera kuma ta sayar da ita tun 2001 sama da ƙarni huɗu. Yana da salon jikin ƙyanƙyashe kofa biyar kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin supermini a Burtaniya, motar da ba ta da ƙarfi a Amurka, da mota mai haske a Ostiraliya. An sayar da shi a duk duniya kuma aka kera shi a tsirrai goma a cikin ƙasashe takwas, tallace-tallace ya kai kusan miliyan 5 a tsakiyar 2013. Honda yana amfani da farantin sunan "Jazz" a Turai, Oceania, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Afirka, Hong Kong, Macau, Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya da Indiya; da "Fit" a Japan, Sri Lanka, China, Taiwan da Amurka.
Rarraba Honda ta duniya kananan mota dandamali tare da City, Airwave, na farko-ƙarni Mobilio, Freed da kuma HR-V Vezel, da Fit da aka lura da daya-akwatin ko monospace zane; Tankin mai da ke gaba; kujeru masu daidaitawa waɗanda ke ninka ta hanyoyi da yawa don ɗaukar kaya cikin sifofi daban-daban da girma dabam da ƙarar kaya gasa ga manyan motoci. Honda ya fito da nau'ikan nau'ikan wutar lantarki na Fit a Japan a cikin Oktoba 2010 da kuma a Turai a farkon 2011. A cikin 2012, Honda ya fito da Fit EV, ƙayyadaddun samfurin duk wani nau'in wutar lantarki wanda ya dogara da samfurin ƙarni na biyu a Amurka da Japan, kuma an ɗauke shi a matsayin mota mai dacewa Samfurin ƙarni na huɗu da aka saki a cikin 2019 a halin yanzu ana siyar dashi a Japan, Turai, China, Taiwan, Afirka ta Kudu, Brunei da Singapore. An fara daga 2020, samfurin ya ƙare a yawancin ƙasashen kudu maso gabashin Asiya da Latin Amurka don maye gurbin shi da babban City Hatchback, yayin da aka janye shi gaba ɗaya daga kasuwar Arewacin Amurka saboda faɗuwar buƙatu a cikin ɓangaren ƙaramin yanki.
ƙarni na farko (GD/GE; 2001) An fara halarta na farko Fit a cikin Yuni 2001 a Japan kuma daga baya an gabatar da shi a Turai (farkon 2002), Australia (karshen 2002), Kudancin Amurka (farkon 2003), Afirka ta Kudu da kudu maso gabashin Asiya (2003), Sin (Satumba 2004), da Mexico (karshen 2005). Abin mamaki, a Turai ana kiran wannan Jazz da Mark II Jazz, musamman ta hanyar masu samar da motoci, Mark I Jazz shine 1981-86 Honda City, mai suna 'Jazz' a Turai a lokacin.
Samfurin samarwa na Amurka da Kanada da aka yi muhawara a cikin Janairu 2006 a Nunin Mota na Kasa da Kasa na Arewacin Amurka a Detroit An saki motar a Kanada da Amurka a cikin Afrilu 2006 a matsayin shekara ta 2007.
Fit-tsarin ƙarni na farko yana amfani da dandamalin ƙananan ƙananan motoci na Honda, wanda kuma Fit Aria/City (wani nau'in Fit) ke amfani da shi, Airwave (nau'in wagon tasha na Fit Aria/City), Mobilio, da Mobilio Spike. Dangane da yankin, Fit yana samuwa tare da 1.2-, 1.3- (a Turai ana kiranta 1.4 L model), 1.5-lita i-DSI engine, ko 1.5-lita VTEC engine. Dukkanin injunan guda huɗu sun dogara ne akan dangin injin L-jerin na Honda.
Zamani na biyu (GE/GG; 2007) Fit/Jazz na ƙarni na biyu ya yi muhawara a kan 17 Oktoba 2007 a 40th Tokyo Motor Show A gabatarwar ta a cikin 2007, ta sami lambar yabo ta Motar Japan a karo na biyu. Motar ta ba da kafa mai tsayi fiye da wanda ya gabace ta kuma ta fi fadi da tsayi gaba daya.
An ba da injuna biyu a cikin Fit na ƙarni na biyu. A 1.3-lita i-VTEC samar 100 PS (99 hp; 74 kW) da 6,000 rpm da 127 ⋅m (13.0 kgm; 93.7 lb⋅ft) a 4,800 rpm. An kuma ba da injin i-VTEC mai lita 1.5 kuma yana samar da mafi girman fitarwa na 120 PS (118 hp; 88 kW) a 6,600 rpm da 145 ⋅m (14.8 kgm; 107 lb⋅ft) a 4,800 rpm. An ƙaddamar da sigar matasan a watan Oktoban 2010 a Japan. Fit Hybrid ya ƙunshi injin mai lita 1.3 da injin lantarki, tare da kiyasin tattalin arzikin mai na an auna daidai da zagaye na 10-15 na Jafananci. Honda ya kuma nuna wani ra'ayi na motar lantarki bisa ga ƙarni na biyu Fit a cikin 2010. An samar da shi da yawa azaman Fit EV a cikin 2013-2015. An gabatar da 2013 samfurin shekara samar Fit EV a Nuwamba 2011 Los Angeles Auto Show A karo na farko, an kuma samo shi a cikin salon motar motar tasha mai suna Fit Shuttle Bambancin yana samuwa ne kawai a kasuwannin gida na Japan.
Tsari na uku (GK/GH/GP; 2013) Fit/Jazz na ƙarni na uku yana riƙe da ra'ayin ƙira gabaɗaya na al'ummomin da suka gabata, musamman madaidaicin wurin tankin mai da ra'ayi mai daidaitawa da yawa, wanda aka tallata shi azaman "Magic Seat". Samfurin ya kuma yi muhawara da sabunta harshe na Honda wanda aka yiwa lakabi da "Exciting H Design". Sabon Tsarin Motar Mota na Duniya na Honda yana ɗaukar ƙarfi mai ƙarfi 780 MPa yana samar da ƙarfe don kashi 27 cikin ɗari na aikin jiki kuma yana da ɗan gajeren tsayi gaba ɗaya ta 4 cm (1.6 in), 3 cm (1.2 in) tsayin ƙafafu, haɓaka ƙafar baya ta 12.2 cm (4.8 in) kuma yawan fasinja ya karu da 136 L (4.8 ku ft) idan aka kwatanta da na baya. Bangarorin jiki duka suna welded kuma an kulle su zuwa firam a cikin wani nau'i na monocoque da kuma sararin sararin samaniya kuma dakatarwar torsion na baya ya fi ƙanƙanta, ba a ƙara yin amfani da mashaya mai hana ruwa gudu don haɓaka sararin ciki da kaya. HR-V na ƙarni na biyu yana raba dandamali tare da Fit/Jazz na ƙarni na uku.
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
38837 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafissatou%20Thiam | Nafissatou Thiam | Nafissatou "Nafi" Thiam (lafazin freance ya da ake kira: tʃam] an haife shi 19 ga Agusta 1994) ɗan wasan Belgium ne wanda ya kware a gasar gasa da yawa. Thiam ya kasance wanda ya lashe lambar zinare sau biyu a gasar Olympics, inda ya lashe gasar heptathlon a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2016 da 2020 Ita ce 'yar wasa daya tilo a Belgium, namiji ko mace, da ta samu nasarar kare kambun gasar Olympics, kuma mace ta biyu bayan Jackie Joyner-Kersee da ta lashe gasar wasannin Olympics a jere. Ta lashe lambobin zinare a gasar cin kofin duniya, na 2017 da 2022 da 2018 da 2022 na Turai da kuma lambar azurfa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2019 An zabe ta IAAF Gwarzon 'yan wasa na Duniya a shekarar 2017. Ta kasance mai rike da tutar Belgium a bikin bude gasar Olympics ta Tokyo 2020.
A cikin watan Mayu 2017, a taron Hypo-Meeting a Götsis, Ostiriya, ta zama mace ta hudu kawai da ta karya shingen heptathlon 7000. Tun daga Oktoba 2022, Thiam yana riƙe da rikodin Belgian a cikin heptathlon na mata, mashin mata da tsalle-tsalle na mata (fita da cikin gida). Ta kafa sabon tarihin duniya don horon tsalle-tsalle a cikin gasar heptathlon ta mata a 2019.
Junior sana'a An haifi Nafissatou Thiam a Brussels ga mahaifiyar Belgium kuma mahaifin Senegal. Ta fara shiga wasannin guje-guje ne tun tana shekara bakwai, inda ta lashe kambunta na rukuni na farko na kasa a shekara ta 2009, inda ta riga ta kware a gasar heptathlon 'Yar wasan da ta fi so a lokacin ita ce 'yar wasan Heptathle ta Sweden Carolina Klüft A Gasar Wasannin Matasa ta Duniya a 2011 a Lille, Faransa, Thiam ya ƙare na huɗu a Heptathlon da jimlar maki 5366. Sannan, a matsayinta na ƙaramar shekara ta farko, ta ƙare a mataki na 14 a Gasar Ƙwallon Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Duniya na 2012 a cikin heptathlon da jimlar maki 5384.
A ranar 3 ga watan Fabrairu 2013, Thiam ya karya rikodin ƙaramar cikin gida na duniya a cikin pentathlon a wani taro a Ghent tare da jimlar maki 4558, ta karya mafi kyawun ta a cikin 4 na abubuwan 5. Carolina Klüft, wacce daga baya ta zama zakara a gasar Olympics kuma zakaran duniya sau uku, ta rike rikodin tun 2002 da maki 4535. Yin hakan Thiam ya zama 'yar wasa ta farko 'yar Belgium da ta karya tarihin duniya. Duk da haka, a cikin Maris 2013, ba a amince da rikodin ba saboda rashin kula da magungunan kashe qwari a ranar da aka samu. An gudanar da gwajin ne washegari, wanda ya wuce wa'adin da IAAF, hukumar kula da wasannin motsa jiki ta kasa da kasa ta ayyana. A 18 Yuli 2013, Thiam ya lashe lambar zinare a cikin Gasar Heptathlon a gasar cin kofin 'yan wasan na Turai, cimma wani sabon tarihin Belgium na maki 6298.
Babban sana'a 2014, ta lashe lambar tagulla a gasar zakarun Turai, a Heptathlon.
2015, ta lashe lambar azurfa a gasar cikin gida ta Turai a Pentathlon da kuma Gasar U23 ta Turai a Babban Jump.
A ranar 13 ga watan Agustan 2016, Thiam ya lashe lambar zinare a heptathlon a gasar Olympics a Rio da maki 6810, inda ya samu mafi kyawun maki a cikin biyar daga cikin fannoni bakwai da kuma kayar da zakaran gasar Olympic da ta duniya Jessica Ennis-Hill ta Burtaniya da Arewacin Ireland Ita ce mafi karancin shekaru a gasar heptathlon ta zinare a tarihi. An zabe ta mai rike da tutar Belgium a bikin rufe gasar Olympics. A ranar 3 ga Maris 2017, Thiam ya lashe pentathlon a gasar cikin gida ta Turai ta 2017 a Belgrade tare da jimlar maki 4870.
A ranar 28 ga Mayu 2017, Thiam ya lashe heptathlon a Hypo-Meeting a Götsis, Austria tare da jimlar maki 7013, ta sake samun mafi kyawun maki na mutum a cikin biyar daga cikin fannoni bakwai, wanda ya sa ta zama mace ta huɗu da ta sami maki 7000 ko sama da haka a gasar. Tun daga watan Yuli 2017, Thiam shine na uku a jerin duk lokacin da Jackie Joyner-Kersee na Amurka da Carolina Klüft Ta jefa Javelin na mita 59.32 a cikin Hypo-Meeting heptathlon a Götsis ta karya tarihin Belgium na gasar mata. A ranar 6 ga watan Agusta 2017, Thiam ya shiga Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a London a matsayin wanda aka fi so, ya lashe kambun duniya na heptathlon kuma ya zama dan Belgium na farko da ya ci lambar zinare ta Gasar Wasannin guje-guje ta Duniya. A ranar 10 ga Agusta 2018, ta lashe lambar zinare a gasar cin kofin Turai ta 2018, ta zama mace ta uku kawai da ta lashe wasannin Olympics, Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya da Turai a heptathlon, bayan Carolina Klüft da Jessica Ennis-Hill A ranar 27 ga watanYuni 2019, Thiam ya ci gasar heptathlon a Decatar 2019 a Talence, inda ya kafa tarihin tsalle-tsalle na mata na heptathlon na 2.02m. A ranar 2 ga watan Oktoba 2019, Thiam ya sake shiga Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a matsayin jagorar duniya, kuma ya fi so don zinare, amma ana sa ran zai fuskanci gasa mai ƙarfi fiye da na 2017 daga abokin hamayyarsa na baya da 2018 na Turai, Katarina Johnson-Thompson ta Burtaniya. A cikin lamarin, Thiam ya mutu sakamakon raunin gwiwar gwiwar hannu wanda ya hana mashinta, yayin da Johnson-Thompson ya yi rikodin mafi kyawun sirri na maki 6981, rikodin ƙasa da maki na shida mafi girma na gasa a tarihi don samun nasara cikin kwanciyar hankali. Ayyukan Thiam har yanzu yana da kyau don samun lambar azurfa.
A ranar 5 ga Maris 2021, Thiam ya lashe pentathlon a Gasar Cikin Gida ta Turai ta 2021 a Torun tare da jimlar maki 4904. A ranar 5 ga Agusta 2021 ta lashe lambar zinare ta biyu a gasar Olympics da jimlar maki 6791.
A ranar 18 ga Yuli 2022 ta ci lambar zinare ta biyu a Gasar Wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle ta Duniya ta 2022 tare da jimlar maki 6947. Thiam memba ne na RFCL Athlétisme, ƙungiyar wasannin motsa jiki da ke aiki a ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar Fasaha da Sashen Wasanni na Royal Football Club de Liège Tsohon decathlete dan kasar Belgium Roger Lespagnard ya horar da ita tsawon shekaru 14 amma ta kawo karshen hadin gwiwarsu a watan Oktoba 2022. Bayan kasancewarsa ƙwararren ɗan wasa, Thiam ya yi nazarin yanayin ƙasa a Jami'ar Liège "Ina son climatology, ina son geomorphology yadda duniya ke siffata da koguna. Yawancin batutuwa, kamar heptathlon. Wataƙila shi ya sa nake son shi.” Ta ce Ta kammala karatun digiri a jami'a a watan Satumba 2019. Thiam shi ne jakadan fatan alheri, na UNICEF a Belgium.
filayen wasan gasar Wasannin Olympics
2016, heptathlon: waje, lambar zinare maki 6810)
2020, heptathlon: waje, lambar zinare maki 6791)
Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya
2017, heptathlon: waje, lambar zinare maki 6784)
2019, heptathlon: waje, lambar azurfa (6677 maki)
2022, heptathlon: waje, lambar zinare maki 6947)
Gasar Cin Kofin Turai
2014, heptathlon: waje, lambar tagulla maki 6423)
2015, pentathlon: na cikin gida, lambar azurfa (maki 4696)
2017, pentathlon: na cikin gida, lambar zinare (kishi 4870)
2018, heptathlon: waje, lambar zinare maki 6816)
2021, pentathlon: na cikin gida, lambar zinare maki 4904)
2022, heptathlon: waje, lambar zinare maki 6628)
Gasar Cin Kofin Ƙasa ta Belgium
2015, tsalle mai tsayi: waje, lambar zinare (6 m 40 cm)
2015, tsalle mai tsayi: na cikin gida, lambar zinare (1 m 85 cm)
2016, tsalle mai tsayi: na cikin gida, lambar zinare (6 m 51 cm)
2016, pentathlon: na cikin gida, lambar zinare maki 4678)
2017, Matsalolin mita 60: na cikin gida, lambar zinare (8.37 s)
2017, tsalle mai tsayi: na cikin gida, lambar zinare (1 m 90 cm)
2018, tsalle mai tsayi: waje, lambar zinare (6 m 60 cm)
2022, tsalle mai tsayi: waje, lambar zinare (6 m 63 cm)
Takaitacciyar nasarar sana'a
Mafi kyawun mutum
Girmamawa da kyaututtuka Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon RFCL: 2010 Kyautar Golden Spike mafi kyawun baiwar mata: 2012 lambar yabo ta Golden Spike: 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021 Ƙwararriyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Belgium 2013 'Yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Belgium: 2014, 2016, 2017 Knight a cikin 2014 Gwarzon Tauraron Wasan Kwallon Kafa Na Turai 2016 IAFF Ƙwararriyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Duniya 2016 Kyautar Kyautar Wasannin Belgian 2016 Kwamandan a cikin Walloon Order of Merit: 2016 Forbes 30 a ƙarƙashin 30 don Turai: 2017 IAFF Gwarzon 'Yan Wasan Mata na Duniya: 2017 </br>A cikin 2017, Thiam ya zama jakadan UNICEF a hukumance.
Magana
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Nafissatou Thiam European Athletics profile
Nafissatou Thiam Diamond League profile
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1994
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
32477 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah%20Lee%20Guthrie%20%26%20Johnny%20Irion | Sarah Lee Guthrie & Johnny Irion | Articles with hCards
Sarah Lee Guthrie (an Haife ta a Fabrairun shekarar 17, 1979) shi kuma Johnny Irion (an Haifa shi a Fabrairu 3, 1969) duo ne na kiɗa. Guthrie da Irion sun yi aure a ranar 16 ga Oktoban shekarata 1999 kuma sun fara yin wasa tare a matsayin duo mai sauti a cikin faɗuwar 2000. Waƙarsu ta haɗu da ƙaunar Irion na rock da blues tare da tushen Guthrie na jama'a da ƙasa Kuruciya
Guthrie Guthrie ita ce ƙaramar 'ya ga mawaki Arlo Guthrie kuma jikanyar Woody Guthrie A matsayin mawaƙa na ƙarni na uku Guthrie ta fito da kundi na farko mai taken kanta akan dangin mallakar Rising Son Records a cikin 2002. Tun tana karama ta shiga harkar wasan kwaikwayo da rawa. Sha'awarta ga kiɗa ya samo asali ne lokacin da ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da hanya na mahaifinta a kan yawon shakatawa na Ƙari na 1997 kuma ta ga sauran membobin ƙungiyar yawon shakatawa suna jin daɗi a cikin dare. Ta ɗauki guitar ta fara wasa a matsayin hanyar shiga cikin nishaɗin. "A koyaushe ina rubuta wakoki, don haka bai yi nisa ba don in mayar da waccan waƙa." "Mahaifi na ya yi farin ciki sosai, kuma yana koya mani kaya kowace rana idan muna kan hanya tare. Wannan hanya ce mai daɗi don sanin mahaifina, domin ban taɓa saninsa haka ba. Kuma wannan wani abu ne da ya sauƙaƙa: mahaifina yana ba da taimako sosai.”
Irion Irion ya samo asali ne daga dangin masu fasahar waka. Kawunsa marubuci ne Thomas Steinbeck, babban kawunsa marubuci ne John Steinbeck, kuma kakarsa, Rubilee Knight, ɗan wasan violin ne na gargajiya. Marigayi kakansa, Fred Knight, ya rera waka a wurare da dama. Irion da Guthrie sun hadu ta hanyar abokin juna Chris Robinson na Black Crowes yayin da su biyu ke aiki tare a Los Angeles. A cikin 1999 Guthrie da Irion sun haɗu da ɗan wasan jita wato Tao Rodríguez-Seeger, jikan Pete Seeger, kuma sun yi aiki azaman uku a ƙarƙashin sunan RIG.
Sana'a Guthrie da Irion sun bayyana a wasan Newport Folk Festival, Philadelphia Folk Festival, da kuma Hillside Festival, da kuma gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na kasa, dakunan sauraron, wuraren wasanni, da makarantu. Lokacin da ba su yin wasan kwaikwayon nasu ba, suna yawon shakatawa a cikin ƙasa tare da Arlo Guthrie, suna buɗe wasan kwaikwayon, sa'an nan kuma tare da shi a kan dandalin wasan kwaikwayo na iyali, kwanan nan tare da shi a Carnegie Hall tare da Pete Seeger da Dillards Go Waggaloo, CD ɗinsu na yara na farko, an sake shi ne a watan Oktoban shekara ta 2009 akan lambar yabo na Smithsonian Folkways. Sarah Lee Guthrie tana tare da Irion da 'ya'yansu mata biyu, da kuma abokai da dangi da yawa ciki har da Arlo Guthrie, Pete Seeger da Tao Rodriguez-Seeger. Kundin ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi guda uku waɗanda ke nuna waƙoƙin Woody Guthrie waɗanda ba a taɓa sanya wa kiɗa ba da waƙoƙi takwas waɗanda Sarah Lee da dangi suka rubuta. Gidauniyar Zaɓin Iyaye ta ba Go Waggaloo lambar yabo ta Zinariya. Shirin bayar da lambar yabo ta iyaye yana girmama mafi kyawun abu ga yara a cikin nau'ikan: littattafai, kayan wasan yara, kiɗa da ba da labari, mujallu, software, wasannin bidiyo, talabijin da gidajen yanar gizo. A shekara ta 2011, Sarah Lee da Johnny sun rattaba hannu tare da lakabin rikodin rikodin zaman kanta na Berkeley, Titin Titin Opus kuma sun fito da Misalai masu haske. Ayyukan haɗin gwiwarsu sun haɗa da furodusoshi Andy Cabic (jagorancin mawaƙa-mawaƙa a cikin ƙungiyar Vetiver (band) da Thom Monahan Devendra Banhart, Vetiver (band) A shekara ta 2012 an saki sabon albam dinsu wato Sabbin Multitudes A wani taron karramawa na shekara ɗari da aka gudanar a ranar 10 ga Maris, 2012, a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Brady a Tulsa, Oklahoma, Sarah Lee da Johnny sun yi tare da John Mellencamp, Arlo Guthrie, Del McCoury Band da Flaming Lips Jeff Tweedy ya samar da kundi na Sarah Lee Guthrie da Johnny Irion, Wassaic Way, wanda aka saki a shekara ta 2013. An yi rikodin shi ne a Chicago garin Tweedy kuma ya ba shi kyautar Grammy a matsayin furodusa. Guthrie da Irion sun daina yin wasa tare tun daga 2014. A cikin 2018, kowanne ya fara wakokinsa na daban, tare da Guthrie yana aiki a matsayin buɗe aikin mahaifinta Alice's Restaurant Back by Popular Demand" yawon shakatawa da Irion yana fitar da kundin dutsen Tuki Aboki Wakoki
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Sarah Lee Guthrie Johnny Ironion gidan yanar gizon
Sarah Lee Guthrie da Johnny Irion akan MySpace
Biography on Country Music Television (CMT)
Sarah Lee da Johnny Irion a Opus Street Opus
Iyalan Guthrie
Kungiyar mawaka daga South |
21379 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel%20Ferrer | Miguel Ferrer | Miguel José Ferrer (7 ga Fabrairu, 1955 Janairu 19, 2017) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne Ba'amurke. Babban rawar da ya taka ya kasance a fim din 1987 na RoboCop. Sauran rawar fim sun hada da Quigley a Blank Check (1994), Harbinger a Hot Shots! Sashe na Deux (1993), Shan Yu a cikin Mulan (1998), Eduardo Ruiz a cikin Traffic (2000) da Mataimakin Shugaban kasa Rodriguez a Iron Man 3 (2013).
Fitattun ayyukan talabijin na Ferrer sun hada da FBI Agent Albert Rosenfield akan Twin Peaks (1990-1991, 2017), Tarakudo akan Jackie Chan Adventures (2000-2005), Dr. Garret Macy akan Tsallaka Jordan (2001-2007) da Mataimakin Daraktan NCIS Owen Granger a kan NCIS: Los Angeles (2012-2017).
Rayuwar farko An haifi Ferrer ne a ranar 7 ga watan Fabrairun 1955 a Santa Monica, California, shine ɗan fari a cikin yara biyar na actoran wasan kwalejin da ya ci kyautuka a kwalejin José Ferrer José Ferrer da mawakiya Rosemary Clooney, wacce ta fito daga Ingilishi, Irish da Jamusanci. 'Yan uwan Ferrer sun kasance' yan uwa mata Maria da Monsita, kuma 'yan uwan Gabriel (daga baya mijin mawaƙa Debby Boone) da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Rafael. Har ila yau yana da 'yar'uwar' yar'uwa, Letty (Leticia) Ferrer, daga auren mahaifinsa José kafin Uta Hagen. Ya kasance dan uwan dan wasan kwaikwayo George Clooney kuma dan dan jarida Nick Clooney. Ferrer ya girma ne a Hollywood, California; yayin da yake matashi, abubuwan sha'awarsa sun karkata ga kiɗa. Ya buga ganga a Keith Moon Gefe Biyu na Wata.
Ayyuka Abokin Ferrer Bill Mumy ya jefa shi a matsayin ɗan ganga a cikin jerin Sunshine, rawar da ya fara a talabijin. Ferrer kuma abokin aikin Mumy ne a cikin lalata na Innocent, ƙungiyar da ta ƙunshi Steve Leialoha, da Max Allan Collins. Raba kaunar wasannin barkwanci Ferrer da Mumy sun kirkiro Comet Man da Trypto the Acid Dog tare da hadin gwiwar rubuta Marvel Graphic Novel The Dreamwalker.
Ferrer ya fara aikin wasan kwaikwayo ne a farkon 1980s yana gabatar da baƙi a gidan talabijin na episodic. Ya buga ƙaramin yanayin halin mahaifinsa a Magnum, P.I. a cikin 1981. A cikin 1983, an ba shi ɗan ƙarami a matsayin mai jiran gado a cikin Mutumin da Ba Ya Nan. Hakanan yana da ƙaramin matsayi a cikin Star Trek III: The Search for Spock (1984) a matsayin U.S.S. Babban jami'in helm. A cikin 1984, ya jagoranci wasan kwaikwayo na Mark Medoff "Lokacin da Ya dawo, Red Ryder?" a gidan wasan kwallon kwakwa na Grove a Miami, Florida. Yana da babban rawa a cikin fim din 1987 na RoboCop a matsayin mai haɗin gwiwar cocaine mai son zartar da Bob Morton. Matsayin da Ferrer ya taka muhimmiyar rawa daga baya ya hada da mai keken mugunta a cikin Valentino Returns, wani injiniya mai kishi a DeepStar shida (1989), mai kula da hankali a ramuwar gayya (1990), Kwamanda Arvid Harbinger a cikin wasan kwaikwayo Hot Shots! Sashe na Deux (1993), Lloyd Henreid a cikin Stephen King miniseries Tsayayyar (1994), da kuma mai ba da labarin ƙwayoyi a cikin Traffic (2000). Lokaci-lokaci kuma ya ɗauki ɓangarorin jagora, kamar The Harvest da The Night Flier.
A farkon 1990s, Ferrer ya fito a jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin sau uku a lokaci guda: kamar yadda DA Todd Spurrier a cikin Shannon's Deal (1989-1991), kamar yadda Cajun dan sanda Beau Jack Bowman a cikin Broken Badges (1990-1991), kuma a matsayin mai rainin hankali, masanin ƙwararrun masu binciken ƙididdigar FBI Albert Rosenfield a Twin Peaks (1990-91). Ferrer ya sake buga rawar Rosenfield a fim din Twin Peaks: Wuta tare da Ni (1992). Ferrer ya yi wasa da wani fitaccen mai mugunta da ake kira "The Weatherman" a cikin matukin jirgin TV na 1997 wanda bai yi nasara ba, Kungiyar League of America. Daga baya a cikin wannan shekarar, ya ba da murya don irin wannan halin, Wizard Weather, a cikin Superman: The Series mai rai episode "Aljanu masu sauri." A cikin 1999, Ferrer ya faɗi Aquaman a cikin wani fim ɗin Superman: Mai rai, "Labarin Kifi." A wannan shekarar, a Grammy Awards na 41, an zabi Ferrer don "Mafi Kyawun Kundin Kalma ga Yara" a cikin Disney's The Lion King II, "Simba's Pride Read-Along." Ya kuma kasance fitaccen jarumin fim din Amurka mai suna Toto na wakar da zan tuna, inda ya fito tare da dan wasa Edward James Olmos.
Ferrer ya sake buga wani mai binciken likita a karamin allo, Dokta Garret Macy, a cikin jerin laifuka wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin Tsallakawa Jordan (2001-07). A watan Agusta 2003, Ferrer ya fara wasan farko a New York a cikin aikin samar da Broadway na The Exonerated. A 2004, Ferrer ya yi muryar jagoran bidi'a a wasan bidiyo Halo 2. Ferrer ya ɗauki matsayin-a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen TV Robot Chicken (2006) da Ba'amurke Ba'amurke! (2007). Ya buga Jonas Bledsoe a cikin shirin NBC na Bionic Woman series sannan a cikin 2009 kuma ya fito a wani shirin NBC, Sarakuna, a matsayin kwamandan soja na Gath.
Ferrer ya buga Lieutenant Felix Valdez na 'Yan Sanda na Los Angeles a cikin wasan kwaikwayon tsarin rayuwar' yan sanda na 2011, Mai Kare. Hakanan a cikin 2011, yana da baƙo sau da yawa a cikin bakon ƙarshe na Matan Gida Marasa Tsira. An sanya hannu a cikin maimaitaccen rawa a cikin NCIS: Los Angeles a matsayin Mataimakin Daraktan Kula da Binciken Laifuka Naval Owen Granger, Ferrer ya sami matsayi na yau da kullun a karo na biyar a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, 2013. Ya kuma fito a cikin fim din 2013 Iron Man 3 a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaba. Ferrer ya sake maimaita matsayinsa na Albert Rosenfield a cikin farkawa ta 2017 na Twin Peaks.
Mutuwa da gado A ranar 19 ga Janairu, 2017, Ferrer ya mutu a gidansa na Santa Monica na ciwon daji na makogwaro yana da shekara 61. An binne shi a makabartar Santa María Magdalena de Pazzis a San Juan, Puerto Rico, kusa da mahaifinsa José Ferrer.
Miguel O'Hara, mai jujjuya ra'ayi na Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man 2099, an sa masa suna Ferrer ne ta hanyar abokinsa, marubuci Peter David, wanda ya kirkiro halayen.
Sashe na bakwai na kaka na uku na Matasan Adalci: Waje ya sadaukar da shi. Ferrer ya bayyana halin Vandal Savage a farkon yanayi biyu. Sakamakon mutuwarsa, David Kaye ya ɗauki matsayin Ferrer a matsayin Savage har ma da matsayinsa na Jonathan Rook Stretch Monster a Stretch Armstrong da Flex Fighters.
Lokacin Kasada: Kasashe masu Nisa na musamman "Tare kuma" an kuma sadaukar da shi, tare da Polly Lou Livingston, Michel Lyman da Maureen Mlynarczyk. Ferrer ya bayyana halin Mutuwa a cikin jerin.
Filmography
Fim
Wasanin bidiyo
Bidiyon kiɗa
Duba kuma Jerin Puerto Ricans
Bayani Pages with unreviewed |
22426 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%B3ancin%20mutuwa | Ƴancin mutuwa | Ƴancin mutuwa ra'ayi ne da ya dogara da ra'ayin cewa 'yan adam suna da ikon ƙare rayuwarsu ko kuma a yi musu euthanasia na son rai. Mallakar wannan haƙƙin galibi ana fahimtar cewa mutumin da ke fama da cutar ajali, ciwo mai wuyar warkewa, ko ba tare da niyyar cigaba da rayuwa ba, ya kamata a bar shi ya ƙare rayuwarsa, amfani da taimakon kashe kansa, ko ƙin jiyya mai tsawaita rayuwa. Tambayar wanene, idan wani, za a iya ba shi ikon yin wannan shawarar sau da yawa batun tattaunawa ne.
Wasu masana ilimi da masana falsafa, kamar su David Benatar, suna ganin mutane suna da tsananin fata a ra'ayinsu game da ingancin rayuwarsu, da kuma ra'ayinsu game da daidaituwa tsakanin abubuwa masu kyau da marasa kyau na rayuwa.Kuma ana iya yin la'akari da wannan ra'ayin dangane da rashin cin abinci da rashin wakilci game da haihuwar mutum kuma wanene ya kamata ya sami iko akan zaɓin mutum ya rayu ko ya mutu.
Masu goyon baya yawanci suna danganta haƙƙin mutu tare da ra'ayin cewa jikin mutum da ran mutum nasa ne, don zubar da yadda mutum yake ganin ya dace. Ko yaya, halattacciyar sha'awar ƙasa don hana kisan kai mara ma'ana galibi ana tattaunawa ne. Pilpel da Amsel sun rubuta:Masu goyon bayan zamani na "kashe kansa da hankali" ko "hakkin mutuwa" yawanci ana bukatar ta hanyar "hankali" cewa yanke shawarar kashe kansa ya kasance duka masu cin gashin kansu ne na wakilin (watau, ba saboda likita ko dangin da ke matsa musu su "yi ba abin da ya dace "kuma ku kashe kansa) da kuma" mafi kyawun zaɓi a ƙarƙashin yanayin "zaɓin da masu azanci ko masu amfani ke buƙata, da kuma wasu halaye na ɗabi'a kamar zaɓin ya tabbata, ba shawara mai zafin rai ba, ba saboda rashin hankalin ba, ya samu bayan bin diddigi, da sauransu Ra'ayoyin addini game da kashe kai sun banbanta da ayyukan Hindu da Jain na kisan kai ba tashin hankali ta hanyar azumi (Prayopavesa da Santhara, bi da bi) don yin la'akari da shi babban zunubi, kamar yadda yake a cikin Katolika Adanawa da ƙimar rayuwa sun haifar da cigaban likita da yawa idan ya zo ga kula da marasa lafiya. Sabbin na'urori da kuma cigaba da jinya sun ba mutane damar rayuwa fiye da da. Kafin wadannan cigaba na likitanci da kulawa, wadanda basu da hankali, ba su da hankali, kuma a cikin yanayin ciyayi sunyi gajere saboda babu ingantacciyar hanyar da zata taimaka musu da bukatu kamar su numfashi da ciyarwa. Tare da cigaba da ilimin likitanci, ya kawo tambaya game da ingancin rayuwar marasa lafiya lokacin da basu da hankali. 'Yancin cin gashin kai da na wasu sun bayyana kuma suna tambayar ma'anar inganci da tsarkin rayuwa; idan mutum yana da ikon rayuwa, to haƙƙin mutuwa dole ne ya bi sahu. Akwai tambayoyi a cikin ɗabi'a game da ko haƙƙin mutu na iya rayuwa tare da haƙƙin rayuwa. Idan an yi jayayya, 'yancin rayuwa ba za a iya rabuwa da shi ba, ba za a mika shi ba, saboda haka yana iya sabawa da' yancin mutuwa. Muhawara ta biyu ta wanzu a cikin tsarin ilimin halittu kan ko haƙƙin mutuwa na duniya ne, ana amfani da shi a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi (kamar rashin lafiya na ƙarshe ko kuma idan akwai shi. An kuma bayyana cewa yancin rayuwa 'ba shi da ma'anar' wajibcin rayuwa. Daga wannan ra'ayi, haƙƙin rayuwa na iya zama tare da haƙƙin mutu. Hakkin mutuwa ya sami goyon baya kuma ya ƙi da yawa. Hujjojin wannan haƙƙin sun haɗa da:
Idan mutum yana da 'yancin rayuwa, to dole ne mutum yana da ikon ya mutu, duka bisa ƙa'idodinsa.
Mutuwa hanya ce ta rayuwa don haka bai kamata a sami wata doka da zata hana ta ba idan mai haƙuri yana neman kawo ƙarshen sa.
Abin da muke yi a ƙarshen rayuwarmu bai kamata ya damu da wasu ba.
Idan ana sarrafa euthanasia sosai, zamu iya kauce wa shiga wani zamewa mai zamewa kuma hana marasa lafiya neman wasu hanyoyin da ƙila ba doka bane. Muhawara akan sun hada da:
Zai iya kai wa ga gangar zamewa; idan muka ƙyale marasa lafiya wannan haƙƙin, zai iya faɗaɗawa kuma yana da mummunan sakamako.
Ba da ƙarfi cikin matsa wa waɗanda su kawo ƙarshen rayuwarsu ko ta wasu; rashin da'a a cikin ƙa'idodin mutum da na likita.
"Yin amai" marasa lafiya wadanda ake ganin ba zasu iya zama cikin al'umma ba.
Ragewa cikin ƙarshen jinƙai na kulawa da rayuwa saboda tsammanin marasa lafiyar marasa lafiya don aiwatar da haƙƙinsu na mutuwa. Wata kotu a jihar Montana ta Amurka alal misali, ta gano cewa 'yancin mutuwa ya shafi wadanda ke da halin rashin lafiya na rayuwa. Likitan da ya taimaka wajan kashe kansa Ludwig Minelli, masanin euthanasia Sean W. Asher, da farfesa a fannin ilimin halittu Jacob M. Appel, akasin haka, suna jayayya cewa duk masu cancanta suna da 'yancin kawo karshen rayuwarsu. Appel ya ba da shawarar cewa 'yancin mutuwa jarabawa ce ga' yanci gaba daya na al'ummar da aka ba ta. Wani farfesa a cikin aikin zamantakewar al'umma, Alexandre Baril, ya ba da shawara don ƙirƙirar ɗabi'a ta ɗawainiya dangane da raunin cutarwa, ba da tilasta tilasta kashe kai. Ya bayar da shawarar cewa taimaka kashe kansa ya zama zaɓi ga mutanen da ke kashe kansu. ''Ya yi jayayya cewa ana kallon muryar mutane masu kisan kai a matsayin haramtacce kuma cewa akwai 'umarnin umarnin rayuwa da na gaba inda ake zaluntar mutane da yin shiru. Bari ya ba da shawarar kalmar suicidism don bayyana" tsarin danniya (wanda ya samo asali daga ra'ayoyin da ba za a kashe kansa ba) wanda ke aiki a cikin ka'idoji, rikice-rikice, likitanci, shari'a, zamantakewa, siyasa, tattalin arziki, da kuma matakan epistemic wanda mutane masu kisan kai ke fuskantar abubuwa da yawa siffofin rashin adalci da tashin hankali" Yana ba da shawarar ƙirƙirar sarari mafi aminci, saurari mutane masu kisan kai ba tare da tilasta 'nufin zama' a kansu ba. Dokar tabbatar da Abinda Kai na 1991 wanda Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta zartar bisa bukatar kungiyar kudi na Medicare ya ba tsofaffin marasa lafiya na Medicare/Medicaid (kuma ta hanyar hakan, duk majinin "m") don shirya umarnin gaba wanda suke zaba ko zabi ƙin tsawaita rayuwa da ko ceton rai a matsayin hanyar taƙaita rayukansu don rage wahalar da suke ciki zuwa wani mutuwa. Maganin ya ƙi a cikin umarnin gaba a ƙarƙashin dokar Amurka, saboda 1991 (PSDA) ba dole ba ne a tabbatar da cewa "aikin banza ne" a ƙarƙashin wasu hanyoyin da ake bi na haƙƙi ne wanda aka haɓaka a ƙarƙashin dokokin ƙasa, kamar (TADA) a Texas.
Ta ƙasa Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2016, wasu nau'ikan euthanasia na son rai halal ne a kasashe irin su Ostiraliya, Kanada, Kolumbia, Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands, da Switzerland Kasar Ostiraliya Kamar yadda euthanasia batun lafiya ne, a ƙarƙashin tsarin mulkin Australiya wannan ya faɗi ne ga gwamnatocin jihohi don yin doka da gudanarwa.
Euthanasia ya kasance doka a cikin Yankin Arewa a lokacin sassan 1996 zuwa 1997 sakamakon majalisar dokokin ƙasa da ta ba da haƙƙin Dokar Rashin Lafiya ta 1995. A matsayin yanki ba wata jiha ba, gwamnatin tarayya a karkashin Firayim Minista John Howard ta yi kwaskwarima ga Dokar Yankin Arewa (Gwamnatin Kai) ta shekarar 1978 (a tsakanin wasu) don tabbatar da cewa yankuna na Ostiraliya ba su da ikon yin doka a kan euthanasia. Wannan ya sauya matsayin doka ta euthanasia a cikin Yankin Arewa, inda ya cigaba da kasancewa ba bisa doka ba tun lokacin. Gwamnatin tarayya ba za ta iya yin doka a kan takunkumin kan batun kiwon lafiya na jihohin shida na Ostiraliya ba a cikin wannan hanyar. A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba Nuwamba 2017, Gwamnatin Victoria ta zartar da Dokar Mutuwa ta Agaji ta Baitulmalin 2017 (Victoria), halatta likita ya kashe kansa. Dokokin sun fara aiki ne a ranar 19 ga Yuni 2019 kuma suna da tsare tsare 68 da aka tsara don kare masu rauni. Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2020, Victoria ita ce kawai ƙasar Ostiraliya da ke da izinin taimakawa, duk da cewa nan ba da jimawa ba za a samu a Yammacin Ostiraliya bayan wucewar Dokar Mutuwa ta Taimako na Mutuwa na 2019 Kasar Belgium A cikin shekarar 2002, majalisar dokokin Beljiyam ta halatta euthanasia.
Kasar Kanada Tun daga watan Agusta na 2011 aka nemi alkalin Kotun Kolin Burtaniya na Kolombiya da ya hanzarta shari’ar ‘yancin-mutuwa don Gloria Taylor ta samu likita da zai taimaka mata wajen kashe kanta. Ta yi fama da cutar Lou Gehrig. Ta mutu ne sakamakon kamuwa da cutar a cikin 2012.
A British Columbia yancin walwala kara ne wakiltar shida masu kara da ƙalubalantar dokokin da cewa yin shi da wani laifi don taimaka tsanani da kuma incurably mutane su mutu tare da mutunci.
A ranar 6 ga Fabrairu 2015 Kotun Koli na Kanada ta yanke hukunci cewa hana 'yancin taimaka wa kan kansa ya saba wa tsarin mulki. Hukuncin kotun ya kayyade taimakon likitan kashe kansa ga "mutum baligi mai kwarewa wanda a fili ya yarda da karshen rayuwa kuma yana da mummunan yanayin rashin lafiya, wanda ya hada da rashin lafiya, cuta ko nakasa, wanda ke haifar da wahala mai daurewa wanda ba za a iya jure wa mutum ba a yanayin halin da yake ciki." An dakatar da hukuncin na tsawon watanni 12 don baiwa majalisar dokokin Kanada damar samar da wata sabuwar, dokar tsarin mulki don maye gurbin wacce ake da ita. Hukuncin kotun ya hada da bukatar cewa dole ne a sami tsauraran matakai wadanda "za a sa musu ido sosai". Wannan zai buƙaci takardar shaidar mutuwar da mai binciken likita mai zaman kansa ya kammala, ba likitan da ke kula da shi ba, don tabbatar da daidaito na yin rahoton dalilin mutuwar. Medicalungiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Kanada (CMA) ta ba da rahoton cewa ba duk likitoci ne suke son taimakawa a cikin mutuwar mai haƙuri ba saboda rikice-rikicen doka kuma sun saba wa abin da likita ya tsaya. Yawancin likitoci sun bayyana cewa ya kamata su sami murya idan ya zo ga taimaka wa mai haƙuri ƙarshen rayuwarsa. Koyaya, imani a ƙarshen 2015 shine cewa babu likita da za a tilasta masa yin hakan amma (CMA) tana ba da zaman ilimi ga membobin game da tsarin da za a yi amfani da shi. A ranar 17 ga Yuni 2016, doka ta zartar da duka majalisun biyu na Majalisar Kanada kuma sun sami Yarjejeniyar Masarauta don ba da izinin euthanasia a cikin Kanada.
Kasar Kolombiya A ranar 20 ga Mayu 1997, Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta Kolombiya ta yanke hukuncin kisan kai ga marasa lafiya, yana mai cewa "ba za a dauki marubucin likita da laifin taimaka wa wani mara lafiya da ya kashe kansa ba" kuma ya bukaci Majalisa da ta tsara euthanasia "a cikin mafi karancin lokaci mai yiwuwa." A ranar 15 ga Disambar 2014, Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta ba wa Ma’aikatar Lafiya da Kare Lafiyar Jama’a kwanaki 30 su buga jagororin da bangaren kiwon lafiya za su yi amfani da su domin tabbatar da marasa lafiyar da ke fama da cutar ajali, tare da fatan a yi musu euthanasia, ’yancinsu na mutuƙar girmamawa.
Kasar Jamus A cikin watan Fabrairun 2020, Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta Tsarin Mulki ta yanke hukuncin cewa 'Yancin mutum na mutum a cikin dokokin tsarin mulki na Jamusawa ya kunshi yancin yanke hukunci kai tsaye, wanda kuma ya kunshi 'yancin kashe kansa. Hakanan, wannan haƙƙin bai iyakance ga marasa lafiya marasa lafiya ba, maimakon haka gano iyakarsa a cikin buƙatun don zaɓin ya zama mai cin gashin kansa. Hukuncin ya haifar da cece-kuce, yayin da masu adawa ke jayayya cewa hukuncin na iya ba da damar matsin lamba daga abokan taimakawa kashe kansa.
Kasar Indiya Tun daga shekarar 2018, Kotun Koli ta Indiya ta halatta haramtacciyar euthanasia a Indiya yayin shari'ar da ta shafi Aruna Shanbaug a ƙarƙashin tsauraran halaye, wato ana buƙatar izinin mai haƙuri (ko danginsa), kuma cewa dole ne mara lafiyar ya kasance mai cutar ajali ko yanayin cin ganyayyaki.
Kasar Netherlands Netherlands ta halatta euthanasia na son rai a cikin 2002. A karkashin dokar Dutch ta yanzu, likitocin ne kawai za su iya aiwatar da euthanasia da taimakon kashe kansa, kuma hakan doka ce kawai a yanayin wahala "mara fata da kuma jurewa". A aikace wannan yana nufin cewa an iyakance shi ne ga waɗanda ke fama da mummunan yanayin rashin lafiya da ba za'a iya magance su ba (gami da cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwa) kuma a cikin babban wahala kamar ciwo, hypoxia ko gajiya. Taimaka wa wani ya kashe kansa ba tare da biyan cancantar dokar euthanasia ta Dutch ba ta bisa doka. Waɗannan ƙa'idodin sun shafi buƙatun mai haƙuri, wahalar mai haƙuri (wanda ba za a iya jurewarsa ba), ƙarancin hangen nesa (mara bege), bayanin da aka bayar ga mai haƙuri, rashin hanyoyin da suka dace, tuntuɓar wani likitan da kuma hanyar amfani da ƙarshen rayuwa.
Kasar NewZealand Euthanasia haramtacce ne a New Zealand. A cikin 2015, lauya kuma mai fama da cutar kansa Lecretia Seales ya kawo kara (Seales v Attorney-General) zuwa Babbar Kotun don kalubalantar dokar NewZealand game da 'yancinta na mutuwa tare da taimakon GP, yana neman a ba da sanarwar cewa GP din nata ba zai yi hadari ba tofin Allah tsine. Duk da haka dokar da za a halatta euthanasia don marasa lafiyar da ke fama da cutar za a jefa ƙuri'a a cikin babban zaɓen shekarar 2020.
Kasar Peru Peru ta doka ta hana euthanasia. A cikin 2020, Ana Estrada ta ƙaddamar da ƙalubalantar doka ga doka, da nufin yanke hukunci game da aikin.
Kasar Amurka An fassara kalmar dama don mutuwa ta hanyoyi da yawa, gami da batun kashe kansa, euthanasia mai wucewa, euthanasia mai aiki, taimaka kashe kansa, da taimakon likita kashe kansa.
Babban Haƙƙi na Shari'o'in Mutu'a
Karen Quinlan 'Yancin mutuwa a cikin Amurka ya fara da batun Karen Quinlan a cikin shekarar 1975 kuma yana cigaba da gabatar da tambayoyin ɗan Adam game da ingancin rayuwar mutum da tsarin shari'a na mutuwa. Karen Quinlan, ‘yar shekaru 21, ta suma bayan ta sha barasa da abubuwan kwantar da hankali a wajen wani biki. Ba da daɗewa ba ta fara fuskantar matsalolin numfashi, wanda hakan ya hana iskar oxygen zuwa cikin kwakwalwarta. Hakan ya sa ta zamewa cikin wani mawuyacin hali wanda aka yi amfani da na’urar numfashi da bututun ciyarwa don kiyaye ta da rai da numfashi. Quinlan ba ta da wakili ko wasiyyar rayuwa kuma ba ta bayyana burinta ba idan wani abu ya taɓa faruwa da ita ga waɗanda ke kusa da ita, wanda ya sa ya zama da wuya a yanke shawarar abin da mataki na gaba ya zama.
Iyayen Karen Quinlan sun fahimci cewa ɗiyar tasu ba za ta farka ba kuma tsawaita rayuwarta na iya zama mafi lahani kuma ba zai zama rayuwa mai inganci ba. Mahaifinta ya nemi haƙƙin zama majiɓincin Karen kuma ya roki a cire na'urar numfashi da ke rayar da ita. Kotun, duk da haka, ta yi iƙirarin cewa cire iska a iska, wanda zai kai ga mutuwar Karen, za'a ɗauka haramtacce ne, ba al'ada ba, kuma ba da da'a ba. Lauyan Quinlan ya yi magana kan batun cewa cire na’urar numfashi zai ba Karen damar samun mutuwar jiki, wanda yake na dabi’a da da’a. Quinlans sun sami nasara a kotu kuma an nada su a matsayin masu kula da diyarsu. An cire na’urar numfashi a shekarar 1976, amma Karen ta cigaba da rayuwa ba tare da injin iska ba har zuwa 1985. Shari'ar na cigaba da haifar da tambayoyin halittar mutum game da ingancin rayuwarsa da tsarin shari'ar mutuwa. Hakanan harka ta kawo muhimman batutuwa da yawa waɗanda har yanzu ana magana kansu. Daya daga cikin muhimman maganganun da batun Quinlan ya kawo shine haƙƙin mai haƙuri ya ƙi ko janye magani. Lamarin da mai haƙuri ya ƙi ko ya janye magani ba a taɓa jinsa ba kuma ya ci karo da ƙa'idodin likita wajen kiyaye rayuwar mutum. Tattaunawa kan baiwa marasa lafiya 'yancin cin gashin kansu sun kasance mai rikitarwa, kuma za'a kimanta su nan da shekaru masu zuwa daga jihar zuwa jiha. Har ila yau batun ya kawo ko an yarda da dangin da waɗanda ke kusa da mai haƙuri a cikin shawarar yanke shawara. Tunda Karen ba ta da rubutacciyar takarda, ba ta yanke shawara ba, kuma ba ta sanya wakili, an yi doguwar gwagwarmaya ta doka tsakanin dangin Quinlan da jihar don tantance mafi kyawun sha'awar Karen da yanke hukunci idan za ta so ta rayu ko ta mutu. Hakan yana da tasiri sosai a kan amfani da kafa umarnin gaba, umarnin baka, wakilci, da son rai.
Nancy Cruzan Wata babbar shari'ar da ta ƙara ba da haƙƙin mutuƙar motsi da amfani da wasiyyar rai, umarnin gaba da amfani da wakili shine Cruzan v. Darakta, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Missouri A shekarar 1983, Nancy Cruzan ta gamu da hatsarin mota, wanda ya bar ta har abada a cikin yanayin ciyayi. Matsayinta na babba da rashin umarnin gaba, nufin rai, ko wakili ya haifar da doguwar shari’a ga dangin Cruzan a cikin neman a cire mata bututun abincin, wanda ke rayar da ita tun lokacin hatsarin. Nancy ta taba fadawa wata kawarta cewa a wani yanayi ba za ta so ta cigaba da rayuwa ba idan har tana cikin yanayin ciyayi, amma ba ta da karfi sosai don cire bututun abincin. Daga ƙarshe, dangin Cruzan sun yi nasara a shari'ar kuma suka cire bututun diyar su. Shari'ar ta kawo babban muhawara idan za a yarda da haƙƙin mutu'a daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa ko kuma ɗaukacin ƙasa.
Terri Schiavo Shari'ar Terri Schiavo ta faru tsakanin 1990 da 2005. Wannan shari'ar ta kasance mai rikici saboda rashin jituwa tsakanin dangin Terri da mijinta. A cikin shari'o'in Quinlan da Cruzan, dangin sun sami damar yanke shawara baki ɗaya game da yanayin 'ya'yansu mata. Schiavo ta sha wahala daga bugun zuciya wanda hakan ya haifar da durkushewa kuma ba da daɗewa ba ta fara samun matsalar numfashi. Rashin iskar oxygen a cikin kwakwalwarta ya haifar da lalacewar kwakwalwar da ba za a iya sauyawa ba, ya bar ta cikin yanayin kuma tana buƙatar bututu na abinci da iska don kiyaye ta da rai. Terri ba ta ba da umarnin gaba ba ko kuma ta tattauna da iyayenta ko mijinta game da abin da wataƙila ta so idan wani abu ya same ta. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an nada mijinta a matsayin mai kula da ita na doka. Shekaru daga baya, mijinta ya yanke shawarar cire bututun abincin Terri tunda damar farkewarta ba ta da yawa. Iyalin Terri, duk da haka, sunyi jayayya game da wannan shawarar kuma sun gabatar da karar a kotu. Lamarin ya kasance mai matukar rikici kuma ya faru tsawon wasu shekaru kuma ya shafi jihar da ‘yan majalisarta kafin yanke hukunci. Wannan ya haifar da mahawara game da daina rayuwar Schiavo da kuma ba ta damar cigaba da rayuwa a cikin yanayin na dindin. Waɗanda ke tsare rayuwar Terri sun bayyana cewa cire bututun zai zama lalata ne tunda ba su san abin da za ta so ba. Sun kalubalanci yanayinta na zahiri da na hankali kuma sun bayyana cewa tana iya samun wani sani; don haka ta cancanci cigaba da rayuwa. Waɗanda ke cire bututun sun yi ta gardama don cin gashin kansu da kuma cewa rayuwarta ta ragu. Shari'ar Schiavo ita ce ta kwanan nan kuma muhimmiyar haƙƙin mutu'a wacce ke yada tunanin samun umarnin gaba ko nufin rai. Hakanan yana kara duba sauran rikitarwa da zasu iya faruwa, kamar rashin jituwa ta iyali, wanda yakamata ayi lissafin sa lokacin da ake batun haƙƙin mutuwa.
Dokoki Da yake ana ɗaukar lafiyar 'yan ƙasa a matsayin ikon' yan sanda da aka bar wa jihohi su tsara yadda ya kamata, sai a shekarar 1997 ne Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta yanke hukunci a kan batun taimakon kashe kai da 'yancin mutum ya mutu. A waccan shekarar, Kotun Koli ta saurari kararraki biyu da ke jayayya cewa dokokin New York da Washington da suka sanya likitocin-taimaka wa kansu kisan kai babban laifi ya karya dokar kariya daidai ta Kwaskwarimar ta Goma sha Hudu. A kuri’ar da aka kada baki daya, Kotun ta ce babu wani hurumin da kundin tsarin mulki ya ba shi na taimaka wa likitan ya kashe kansa kuma ya goyi bayan haramcin da jihar ta yi na taimaka wa mutum ya kashe kansa. Duk da yake a cikin New York wannan ya kiyaye ƙa'idodi na hana taimakon likita-kashe kansa, hukuncin Kotun kuma ya bar shi a buɗe ga sauran jihohi don yanke shawara ko za su ba da izinin taimakon likita ya kashe kansa ko a'a.
Tun daga 1994, jihohi biyar a Amurka sun zartar da dokokin kashe kai: Oregon, Washington, Vermont, California, da Colorado sun zartar da doka a 1994, 2008, 2013, 2015, da 2016, bi da bi, wanda ke ba da yarjejeniya don aikin likita- taimaka kashe kansa. Doka a cikin waɗannan jihohin biyar ta ba da izinin manya marasa lafiya da ke fama da cutar ajali su nemi magunguna na mutuwa daga likitocinsu. A cikin 2009, Kotun Koli ta Montana ta yanke hukunci cewa babu wani abu a cikin dokar jihar da ta hana taimakon-likita ya kashe kansa kuma ya ba da kariya ga doka ga likitoci idan suka ba da magani na mutuwa a kan buƙatar haƙuri. A cikin California, gwamnan ya sanya hannu kan wata takaddama mai ba da shawara game da likitan-kashe-kashe, dokar Karshen Rayuwa ta Option ta California, a cikin watan Oktoba na 2015 wanda ya wuce a yayin zaman majalisa na musamman da aka tsara don magance kudaden Medi-Cal, bayan an ci shi a lokacin zaman majalisa na yau da kullum. A farkon 2014, Alkalin Gundumar New Mexico na biyu Nan Nash ya yanke hukuncin cewa marasa lafiyar da ke fama da cutar ajali suna da 'yancin su taimaka wajen mutuwa a karkashin dokar kasa, watau sanya doka a kan likita ya rubuta wani magani na mutuwa ga mai cutar ajali. Za'a yanke hukunci mafi ƙaranci tare da sakamakon roƙon da Babban Mai Shari'a na Babban Mexico ya yi game da hukuncin. Kungiyoyi suna ci gaba da matsa kaimi don halatta hukuncin kai game da marasa lafiyar da ke fama da cutar ajali a cikin jihohin da aka hana haƙƙin kawo ƙarshen rayuwar mutum.
Addini Addinin Hindu ya yarda da hakkin mutuwa waɗanda ke fama da cututtuka ko waɗanda ba su da muradi, ba su da buri ko kuma wani nauyi da ya rage. Mutuwa, ana ba da izini ta hanyar rashin ƙarfi kamar azumi har zuwa yunwa (Prayopavesa). Jainism yana da irin wannan aikin mai suna Santhara Sauran ra'ayoyin addini game da kisan kai sun bambanta a cikin haƙurinsu kuma sun haɗa da ƙin haƙƙin tare da la'antar aikin. A cikin akidar Katolika, kashe kai ana daukar shi babban zunubi.
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50403 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufuri%20a%20Chadi | Sufuri a Chadi | Kayayyakin sufuri a kasar Chadi gaba daya ba su da kyau, musamman a arewaci da gabashin kasar. Jirgin ruwan kogi ya iyakance zuwa kusurwar kudu maso yamma. Ya zuwa shekarar 2011 Chadi ba ta da layin dogo duk da cewa an shirya layukan biyu daga babban birnin kasar zuwa kan iyakokin Sudan da Kamaru a lokacin damina, musamman a kudancin rabin kasar. A arewa, hanyoyi ne kawai ta hanyar hamada kuma nakiyoyin na ci gaba da haifar da haɗari. Dabbobin da aka zayyana dawakai, jakuna da raƙuma suna da mahimmanci a yawancin ƙasar.
Kayayyakin mai na iya zama marar kuskure, ko da a kudu maso yammacin kasar, kuma yana da tsada. A wani wurin kuma a zahiri babu su.
Layin dogo Ya zuwa shekara ta 2011 Chadi ba ta da layin dogo. An tsara layukan biyu zuwa Sudan da Kamaru daga babban birnin kasar, inda ake sa ran fara aikin a shekarar 2012. Babu layukan aiki da aka jera kamar na shekarar 2019. A shekarar 2021, an ba da kuɗin binciken ADB don wannan hanyar jirgin ƙasa daga Kamaru zuwa Chadi.
Manyan hanyoyi Kamar yadda a shekarar 2018 Chadi na da jimillar 44,000 kilomita na hanyoyi wanda kusan 260 km an shimfida. Wasu, amma ba duka hanyoyin da ke babban birnin N'Djamena ba ne. A wajen N'Djamena akwai wata titin da aka gina wadda ta taso daga Massakory a arewa, ta N'Djamena sannan ta kudu, ta biranan Guélengdeng, Bongor, Kélo da Moundou, tare da gajeriyar hanyar da ta bi ta hanyar Kousseri, Kamaru., kusa da N'Djamena. An ba da rahoton fadada hanyar zuwa Kamaru ta Pala da Léré a cikin matakan shirye-shiryen.
Hanyoyin ruwa Kamar yadda a cikin 2012, Chari da Logone Rivers sun kasance masu kewayawa ne kawai a lokacin damina (2002). Dukansu biyu suna gudana zuwa arewa, daga kudancin Chadi, zuwa tafkin Chadi.
Bututun Mai Tun a shekarar 2003, a 1,070 An yi amfani da bututun kilomita wajen fitar da danyen mai daga rijiyoyin mai da ke kusa da Doba zuwa wuraren da ake hako mai a gabar tekun Atlantika ta Kamaru a Kribi. Littafin Gaskiya na Duniya na CIA duk da haka ya ambaci 582 kawai km na bututun mai a Chadi kanta kamar yadda yake a shekarar 2013.
Tashoshin ruwa da tashar jiragen ruwa None Landlocked Manyan hanyoyin kasar Chadi zuwa teku sune:
Daga N'Djamena da kudu maso yammacin Chadi:
Ta hanyar zuwa Ngaoundéré, a Kamaru, sannan ta hanyar dogo zuwa Douala
Ta hanyar Maiduguri, a Najeriya, sannan ta hanyar jirgin kasa zuwa Fatakwal
Daga arewa da gabashin Chadi:
Ta hanyar hamadar Sahara zuwa Libya
A lokacin mulkin mallaka, babbar hanyar shiga ita ce ta hanyar zuwa Bangui, a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, sannan ta jirgin ruwa zuwa Brazzaville, sannan ta hanyar jirgin kasa daga Brazzaville zuwa Pointe Noire, a gabar Tekun Atlantika na Kongo. Wannan hanyar yanzu ba a yi amfani da ita kaɗan ba. Har ila yau, akwai hanyar da za ta bi ta Sudan, zuwa Tekun Bahar Maliya, amma kasuwanci kaɗan ne ke tafiya ta wannan hanyar.
Haɗin tare da Nijar, arewacin tafkin Chadi, kusan babu shi; yana da sauki a isa Nijar ta Kamaru da Najeriya.
filayen jiragen sama Ya zuwa shekarar 2012 kasar Chadi tana da filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama 58, 9 ne kacal daga cikinsu ke da shimfidar titin jiragen sama. A shekarar 2015, kamfanonin jiragen sama da aka tsara a kasar Chadi sun dauki fasinjoji kusan 28,332.
Filayen jiragen sama masu shimfidar titin jirgi Ƙididdiga kan filayen jirgin sama tare da shimfidar titin jirgin sama kamar na 2017: Jerin filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama masu shimfidar titin jirgin sama: Abeche Airport
Filin jirgin saman Bol
Faya-Largeau Airport
Moundou Airport
N'Djamena International Airport
Filin Jirgin Sama na Sarh
Filayen jiragen sama tare da titin jirgin da ba a buɗe ba Ƙididdiga kan filayen jirgin sama tare da titin jirgin sama maras kyau kamar na 2013:
Airline SAGA Airline na Chadi duba http://www.airsaga.com
Ma'aikatar Sufuri Wakilan Yanki ne ke wakiltar Ma'aikatar a matakin yanki, waɗanda ke da ikon mallakar wani yanki na ƙasa kamar yadda doka mai lamba 003 PCE CTPT 91 ta ayyana. An ayyana ƙungiyarsu da alhakinsu ta hanyar oda mai lamba 006 MTPT SE DG 92.
Wakilan Yanki su ne:
Wakilan Yanki na Cibiyar da ke rufe yankunan Batha, Guéra da Salamat tare da hedkwatar a Mongo;
Wakilan Yanki na Cibiyar-Ouest da ke rufe yankunan Chari Baguirmi da Hatier Lamis tare da hedkwatar Massakory;
Tawagar yankin Arewa-maso-Yamma da ke rufe yankunan Kanem da tafkin tare da hedkwata a Mao;
Tawagar Yankin Yamma da ta mamaye yankunan Mayo-East Kebbi, Mayo-West Kebbi da Tandjile mai hedikwata a Bongor;
Tawagar Yankin Gabas da ke rufe yankunan Wadi Fira da Ouaddai tare da hedkwata a Abéché;
Tawagar yankin Kudu-maso-Gabas da ke rufe yankunan Mandoul da Moyen Chari tare da hedikwata a Sarh;
Tawagar yankin Kudu maso Yamma da ke rufe yankunan Logone Occidental da Logone Orientai mai hedikwata a Moundou;
Tawagar yankin Arewa da ke rufe yankin BET mai hedikwata a Faya.
Kowanne Wakilan Yanki an shirya su cikin ayyukan yanki, wato: Ma'aikatar Hanyoyi na Yanki, Sabis na Sufuri na Yanki, Sabis na Yanki na Gine-ginen Farar Hula kuma, kamar yadda ake buƙata, ana iya kafa wasu ayyuka na yanki a ɗaya ko fiye da wakilai.
Duba kuma Chadi
Tattalin arzikin Chadi
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Réseaux des transports en République du Tchad (Transport networks in the Republic of Chad)" (PDF). comcec.org (in French). Ministère des Infrastructures et Equipements, Republique du Tchad (Ministry of Infrastructure and Equipment, Republic of Chad). September 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
2219 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson%20Mandela | Nelson Mandela | Nelson Mandela an haife shine a wani gari mai suna Qunu da ke a gabas da kogin Mbashe a yankin gabashin birnin Cap. A lokacin da ya samu shekara bakwai ya zama ɗan zuriarsa na farko da ya shiga makarantar boko.
Farkon rayuwa Mahaifinsa ya rasu sanadin cutar tarin fuka (TB) a yayin da Mandela ya kai shekara tara 9 a Duniya. Saidai duk da halin maraici da ya kuma tsinci kansa a ciki, Nelson Mandella ya ci gaba da karatu.
Ilimi Amma a lokacin da ya kammala shekararsa ta farko a jami´ar Fort Hare, an fidda shi daga makarantan a dalilin jagorancin da ya yi wa ´yan makarantar na tada tarzoma. Bayan haka Nelson Mandela ya yi ƙaurin suna a Jami´ar birnin Johannesburg, inda a nan ya ci gaba da karatunsa har sai da ya samu ya kammala karatunsa na digirin farko ta fannin Shari'a. A ɓangaren harkokin siyasa kuwa a shekara ta alif 1942 Nelson Mandela ya shiga Ƙungiyar ANC mai yaki da wariyar launin fata da ake nunawa baƙaƙen fatar Afrika ta Kudu.
Siyasa A shekara ta alif 1944 tare da haɗin gwuiwar Walter Sizulu da kuma OLivier Tambo, Mandela ya girka kungiyar matasan jam'iyyar ANC wadda daga nan ta duƙufa wajen neman 'yancin baƙaƙen fata da sauran al´ummomin da ake nunawa wariya a ko'ina a cikin Duniya. Don cimma wannan buri, Nelson Mandela ya sanya kafar wando daya da gwamnatin Daniel Malam wacce ta ƙaddamar da mulkin wariyar launin fata wato (Apartheid）a Afrika ta Kudu. Ta la´akari da yadda Ƙungiyar matasan yaƙi da Apartheid ke samun gindin zama sai gwamnati ta cafke Nelson Mandela tare da wasu muƙarrabansa guda 150 wanda aka jefa su a gidan kurkuku har tsawan shekaru biyar.
Gidan kaso A shekara ta 1960 Turawan da ke mulki a Afrika ta kudu, suka ƙaddamar da kisan kiyashi da aka fi sani da suna ta´adin wato (Sharpeville）, wanda a sakamakon sa mutane suka rasa rayukansu. Wannan ta´adi ya harzuƙa Nelson Mandela a game da haka, ya yi kira ga jama´a ta ƙaddamar da yaki ga haramtaciyar gwamnatin wariyar launin fata.
A dalilin haka aka ƙara ɗaure shi a kurkuku har tsawon shekaru biyar. A yayin da kotu ke gudanar da shari´a a kan al´amarin Mandela ƙarara yace kotun haramtacciya ce, domin ita ma ta nuna wariya.Wannan kalami ya sa aka kara ɗaure shi na shekaru biyar,ya rikiɗa zuwa ɗaurin rai da rai a gidan yari na Robben Island, inda ya share shekaru kussan 28 a ɗaure.
Ranar 11 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1990, rana mai dubun tarihi ga ƙasar Afrika ta Kudu da ma Afrika baki ɗaya, domin a wannan rana gwamnatin Afrika ta Kudu ta bada umurnin belin Nelson Mandela kamar yadda shugaba Fredrick Declerck ya bayyana a cikin wannan jawabi: "Gwamnati ta yanke shawarar sallamar Nelson Mandela ba tare da gitta wani sharaɗi ba, kuma za ta tabbatar da hakan take yanke".Kammala jawabin na shugaban ƙasa Declerck ke da wuya, sai aka sallami Mandela, inda dubban jama´a suka tarɓe shi cikin taɓi da harerewa. A lokacin da ya yi jawabin farko bayan belin nasa, Nelson Mandela ya bayyana matuƙar farin ciki, to saidai a ɗaya hannun ya bayyana baƙin ciki, ta la´akari da cewar har yanzu, ba ta cenza zani ba, a game da ƙuncin rayuwar baƙaƙen fata na Afrika ta Kudu.Bayan fitowarsa daga kurkuku,Mandela ya yi alƙawarin ci gaba da gwaggwarmaya har sai ya ga abunda ya turewa buzu naɗi.
Lamban girma A game da haka, ya samu lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya, wato kyautar Nobel Price, ko kuma "Prix Nobel de la Paix" tare da Fredrick De Clerck. Jam´iyarsa ta ANC ta tsaida shi, ɗan takara a zaɓen shugaban ƙasar Afrika ta Kudu ranar 27 ga watan Afirilun shekara ta 1994.
ANC ta sami gagarimin rinjaye da kashi 60 a game da haka,Mandela ya zama baƙar fata na farko da ya jagoranci Afrika ta Kudu, tare da mataimaka guda biyu, Thabon Mbeki shugaba mai ci na yanzu ,da kuma Fredrik De Clerck tsofan shugaban ƙasa.
Wasu daga cikin mahimman ƙudurorin da Mandela ya ƙadamar a zamanin mulkinsa sun haɗa da girka komitoci mussamman wanda ya tattara illahirin wulaƙanci da azabar da baƙaƙen fata suka yi fama da ita, a zamanin mulkin wariya, da zumar yafewa juna tare da ɗaukar matakan kau da wannan tsari daga dokokin Afrika ta Kudu.Mandela ya taka muhimmiyar rawa ta fannin farfaɗo da martaba da ƙimar Afrika ta Kudu a idanun duniya, sannan ya kasance tamkar uba ga sauran ƙasashen Afrika.Nelson Mandela, ya sauka daga karagar mulki a shekara ta 1999.Har bayan saukarsa daga karagar mulki, Nelson Mandela ya ci gaba da fafatawar ƙwato ´yancin bani Adama,a game da haka ne, Hukumar kare haƙƙoƙin dan Adam ta Amnesty International ta naɗa shi jakadan zaman lafiya na duniya, daga jami´ar Amnesty Bil Shipsey ya bayyana dalilan ɗorawa Mandela wannan nauyin.
Tun belin sa daga kurkuku a shekara ta 1990, ya zama tauraruwa sha kallo, kuma abun koyi ne a duk ko´ina cikin duniya.
A lokacin da ya yi shugabanci ya bada cikakkar shaida, cewar ana iya gudanar da mulki cikin adalci, sannan babu matsalar da za ta gagara a magance, muddun akwai kyakkyawar niyya. A lokacin da ya maida martani ga wannan nauyin da Amnesty ta ɗora masa, Mandela ya jaddada aniyarsa, ta ci gaba da gwagwarmaya muddun ya na raye.
Hutu A yanzu na yi ritaya daga harkokin mulki, amma muddun rashin adalci ya ci gaba a duniya nima zan ci gaba da fafatawar ƙwatar ´yancin jama´a, domin a duk lokacin da talauci ya mamaye jama'a, babu batun ´yanci. Nelson Madela ya taka rawar gani ta fannoni daban-daban hasali ma ta fannin yaƙi da cutar Sida.A shekara ta 2005, ya fito ƙarara ya bayyana cewar, ɗansa na cikinsa Makgatho Mandela, ya rasu a dalilin kamuwa da cutar Sida. Ya yi hakan domin taimakawa jama´a ta daina samun ɗaurin kai a game da wannan cuta da masu ɗauke da ita ke fama da ƙyama. Wannan bayani na Nelson Mandella ya taimaka mutuƙa, wajen rage ƙyamar masu cutar Sida. Bikin cikwan shekaru 90 da haifuwar Nelson Mandela
Manazarta
Haifaffun 1918
Mutuwan 2013
'Yan siyasan Afirka ta |
13340 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sameera%20Moussa | Sameera Moussa | Sameera Moussa Larabcin Maris, shekara ta alif ɗari tara da sha bakwai 1917 5 ga watan Agusta, 1952) ta kasance shahararriyar masaniyar kimiyyar nukiliya ƴar' ƙasar Masar, wadda ta sami digiri na uku a Ilimin atomic radiation kuma tayi aiki don ganin yin amfani a likitance da kimiyyar nukiliya ya kuma zama mai karɓuwa ga kowa. Ta shirya taron Atomic Energy for Peace Conferenc kuma ta dauki nauyin shirya taron kasa da kasa a karkashin tutar Atoms for Peace ita ce mace ta farko da ta fara aiki a Jami'ar Alkahira Samartaka da kwaleji An haifi Moussa a Masar a cikin birnin Gharbia Governorate a shekara ta 1917. Mahaifiyarta ta mutu sakamakon cutar kansa, mahaifinta sananne ne ɗan gwagwarmayar siyasa a garin, daga bisani ya koma tare da 'ƴarsa zuwa Alkahira da sanya jari a wani ƙaramin otel a yankin El-Hussein. A ƙoƙarin mahaifinta, Moussa ta halarci makarantar firamare ta Kaser El-Shok, ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin makarantu a Alkahira. Bayan da ta kammala karatun ta, ta shiga makarantar Banat El-Ashraf, mahaifinta ya gina shi kuma yake gudanar da shi. Duk da cewa Moussa ta sami babban matsayi a karatunta na sakandare, kuma zata iya shiga cikin gurbin karatun injiniya, amma ta dage kan shiga Kwalejin Kimiyya a Jami'ar Alkahira A cikin shekarar 1939, Moussa ta sami BSc a cikin aikin ilimin radiology, tare da lambar girmamawa ta farko (First Class) bayan binciken ta game da tasirin rayukan X-ray akan abubuwa daban-daban. Dokta Moustafa Mousharafa, shugaban sashen farko na jami'ar, ya yarda da dalibarsa wanda ya rika taimaka mata donta zama malama mai zurfi a fannin koyarwa. Bayan haka, ta zama mataimakiyar shugabar mata ta farko a wannan rukuni ɗaya kuma mace ta farko da ta riƙe matsayin jami'a, kasance farkon wanda ya sami digirin-digiri na uku a fitilar kwayar zarra.
Binciken nukiliya Moussa ta yi imani da Atoms for Peace An san ta da cewa "Burina shi ne a kula da warkar da cutar sankara kansa) kuma ta zama da arha kamar Aspirin Ta yi aiki tukuru don wannan manufa, kuma a ko'ina takan yi bincike mai zurfi, ta fito da wani tarihi lissafi da zai taimaka wurin raba sunadaran karafa masu rauni kamar tagulla, wanda zai bayar da damar gudanar da yin nukiliya bam mai sauki. Ta shirya taron Atomic Energy for Peace Conference kuma ta dauki nauyin shirya taron kasa da kasa a karkashin tutar "Atom for Peace", inda aka gayyaci manyan masana kimiyya. Taron ya ba da shawarwari da yawa don kafa kwamiti don kare kai daga barazanar makaman nukiliya, wanda ta yi kakkausar suka sosai. Har ila yau, Moussa ya ba da kansa don taimakawa wajen kula da marasa lafiya na kansa a asibitoci daban-daban musamman tun da mahaifiyarta ta shiga mummunan yaƙi da wannan cuta.
Ziyara zuwa Amurka Moussa ta karɓi malanta daga Fulbright Atomic domin ta zama sananniya tare da wuraren bincike na zamani a Jami'ar California An ba ta izinin ziyartar asirin injunan atom na Amurka. Ziyarar ta tayar da muhawara mai zafi a bangarorin ilimi da kimiyya na Amurka tun da ta kasance mace ta farko da ba haifaffen Amurka ba da aka ba ta wannan gatan.<ref name=":1"></ref Ta yi watsi da tayin da aka yi mata na bukatar zama a Amurka kuma an ba ta damar zama yar'kasar Amurka, amma takan ce, "Masar, ƙaunatacciyar ƙasata na jirana". <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2015)">Lissafi da ake bukata</span> wallafaffun Ayyuka Dr. Moussa ta samu kwarin gwiwa ne sakamakon gudummawar masana ilimin kimiyya na farkon musulmai, da malamin ta Dr. Moustafa Mashrafa Wanda hakan ya sanya ta rubuta kasida kan aikin da Muhammad bn Musa al-Khwarizmi ya yi wajen kafa (samar da) ilimin algebra. Ta kuma wallafa labarai da yawa waɗanda ke ba da labari game da abin da ke bayan ƙarfin makaman nukiliya, tasirinta, da amincin amfaninsu ta hanya mafi sauƙi. Ta kuma tattauna tarihin kwayar zarra da tsarinta, da kuma hatsarin fasahar fasahar nukiliya. Kazalika, da kaddarorin radiation da illolinsu na halitta.
Mutuwa A ranar 5 ga Agusta, 1952 bayan ziyarar farko da ta je Amurka ta yi niyyar komawa gida, amma an gayyace ta zuwa wani tafiya. A kan hanya, motar ta fadi daga tsayin ƙafa 40, wanda ya kashe ta nan da nan. Asirin abin da ya faru, tun bayan da aka gayyace ta zuwa California an nuna ba gaskiya ba ne daga baya, ban da bacewar direban motar wanda ya tsallake daga motar jim kadan kafin ya sauko, lamarin da ya sa wasu mutane suka yarda cewa kisan gilla ne aka kulla mata dan a kasha ta. An yi zargin cewa Mossad din Isra’ila na da hannu a kisan Sameera Moussa ta hannun wata mata mai suna Judeo -Egyptian, Raqya Ibrahim (Rachael Abraham).
Saboda mummunan yanayin kisan da ta yi da kuma wariyar launin fata a tsakanin tsarin kimiyya, ba a taɓa fitar da aikin Sameera ba kawai saboda yawancin su an rubuta sune cikin Larabci.
Kyautuka da girmamawa A ganin kokarinta, an ba ta kyautuka masu yawa saboda kokarin ta.. Daga cikinsu akwai: 1953, lokacin da Sojojin Masar suka girmama ta. 1981, lokacinda aka bashi kyautar Order of Science and Arts, First Class, daga baya-shugaba Anwar Sadat An sanya wa ɗakin bincike a Kwalejin Kimiyya da wata makaranta a ƙauyen nata suna. Gidan talabijin na Masar ya watsa wani jerin gwano mai taken Mutuwar Mutuwar batsa tarihin rayuwarta. A shekarar 1998, yayin bikin ranar Mace ta Misira, an yanke shawarar kafa kwanciyar hankali ta al'adu a wurin haihuwarta da ke dauke da sunanta. An buga wani littafi wanda ya nuna rayuwarta da gudummawar kimiyya.
Duba kuma Ali Moustafa Mosharafa Bedair yace
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Haifaffun 1917
Matattun 1952
Mutanen Misra na karni 20th
Tsoffin dalibai na jami'ar |
24508 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soong%20Mei-ling | Soong Mei-ling | Soong Mei-ling ko, a bisa doka, Soong May-ling Chinese Maris 5, 1898 -23 ga Oktoba, 2003), wanda kuma aka sani da Madame Chiang Kai-shek ko Madame Chiang fitaccen ƴar siyasan Sin ne wanda ita ce Uwargidan Shugaban Jamhuriyar Sin, matar Janarissimo kuma Shugaba Chiang Kai- shek Soong ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a siyasar Jamhuriyar Sin kuma ta kasance surukar Sun Yat-sen, wanda ya kafa kuma jagoran Jamhuriyar Sin. Ta kasance mai himma a rayuwar farar hula ta ƙasarta kuma ta riƙe mukamai na girmamawa da aiki da yawa, ciki har da shugabar Jami'ar Fu Jen Katolika A lokacin Yakin Sinanci da Japan na Biyu, ta tara jama'arta a kan mamayewar Japan; kuma a cikin 1943 sun gudanar da rangadin magana na watanni takwas na Amurka don samun tallafi. Rayuwar ta ta wuce karni uku.
Rayuwar farko An haife ta a gidan iyalinta, gidan gargajiya da ake kira Neishidi a Pudong, Shanghai An haife ta a ranar 5 ga Maris, 1898, kodayake wasu tarihin rayuwa sun ba da shekarar a matsayin 1897, tunda al'adar China tana ɗaukar mutum ya zama ɗan shekara ɗaya a haihuwa Ita ce ta huɗu cikin 'ya'ya shida na Charlie Soong, attajirin ɗan kasuwa kuma tsohon mishan na Methodist daga Hainan, da matarsa Ni Kwei-tseng 'Yan uwan Mei-ling sun kasance' yar uwa Ai-ling, 'yar'uwa Ching-ling, wacce daga baya ta zama Madame Sun Yat-sen, babban ɗan'uwan Tse-ven, wanda aka fi sani da TV Soong, da kanne Tse-liang (TL) da Tse-an TA Ilimi A Shanghai, May-ling ta halarci Makarantar 'Yan mata ta McTyeire tare da' yar uwarta, Ching-ling. Mahaifinsu, wanda ya yi karatu a Amurka, ya shirya su ci gaba da karatunsu a Amurka a cikin 1907. May-ling da Ching-ling sun halarci wata makaranta mai zaman kanta a Summit, New Jersey A cikin 1908, 'yar'uwar Ai-ling alma mater, Kwalejin Wesleyan, ta karɓi Ching-ling, tana ƴar shekara 15 kuma duka' yan uwan biyu sun koma Macon, Jojiya, don shiga Ai-ling. Duk da haka, ba za ta iya samun izinin zama a harabar makarantar a matsayin memba na iyali ba kuma ba za ta iya zama ɗaliba ba saboda ta yi ƙarami. May-ling ta shafe shekara a Demorest, Georgia, tare da abokin Wesleyan na Ai-ling, Blanche Moss, wanda ya yi rajista May-ling a matsayin aji 8 a Kwalejin Piedmont A cikin 1909, sabon shugaban Wesleyan, William Newman Ainsworth, ya ba ta izinin zama a Wesleyan kuma ya sanya masu koyar da ita. Ta halarci Kwalejin Fairmount a Monteagle, Tennessee a 1910. An yi rajistar May-ling a matsayin sabon shiga a Wesleyan a cikin 1912 yana ɗan shekara 15. Daga nan ta koma Kwalejin Wellesley bayan shekaru biyu don ta kasance kusa da babban ɗan uwanta, TV, wanda a lokacin yana karatu a Harvard A lokacin, 'yan uwanta mata biyu sun kammala karatu sun koma Shanghai. Ta sauke karatu daga Wellesley a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 33 "Durant Scholars" a ranar 19 ga Yuni, 1917, tare da babba a cikin adabin Ingilishi da ƙarami a falsafa Ta kuma kasance memba na Tau Zeta Epsilon, Wellesley's Arts and Music Society. A sakamakon ilmantar da ita cikin Ingilishi duk rayuwarta, ta yi magana da Ingilishi mai kyau, tare da lafazin kudanci wanda ya taimaka mata haɗi da masu sauraron Amurka.
Madam Chiang Soong Mei-ling ya sadu da Chiang Kai-shek a 1920. Tun yana ɗan shekara goma sha ɗaya dattijon ta, wanda ya riga ya yi aure, kuma ɗan addinin Buddha, mahaifiyar Mei-ling ta yi tsayayya sosai da auren tsakanin su biyun, amma a ƙarshe ta amince bayan Chiang ya nuna shaidar sakin sa kuma ya yi alƙawarin komawa addinin Kirista Chiang ya fadawa surukar sa ta gaba cewa ba zai iya musulunta nan take ba, domin addini yana bukatar a hankali a hankali, ba a hadiye shi kamar kwaya ba. Sun yi aure a Shanghai a ranar 1 ga Disamba, 1927. Yayin da masu ba da tarihin rayuwa suka ɗauki aure tare da kimantawa daban -daban na haɗin gwiwa, soyayya, siyasa da gasa, ya ɗauki shekaru 48. Ma'auratan ba su da 'ya'ya. A cikin 1928, Chiang ya sanya ta zama memba a kwamitin Yuans. Sun sabunta alkawuran auren su a ranar 24 ga Mayu, 1944 a Cocin St. Bartholomew da ke birnin New York. Polly Smith ya rera Addu'ar Ubangiji a bikin.
Madame Chiang ita ce ta fara sabon motsi na rayuwa kuma ta tsunduma cikin harkokin siyasar kasar Sin. Ta kasance mamba a majalisar dokokin Yuan daga 1930 zuwa 1932 da kuma babban sakataren hukumar kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama ta kasar Sin daga 1936 zuwa 1938. A cikin 1945 ta zama memba na Babban Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Kuomintang Yayin da mijinta ya tashi ya zama Generalissimo kuma jagoran Kuomintang, Madame Chiang ta zama mai fassara ta Ingilishi, sakatare kuma mai ba da shawara. Ita ce gidan tarihinsa, idanunsa, kunnuwansa, kuma gwarzonsa mafi aminci. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Madame Chiang ta yi ƙoƙarin tallata aikin Sinawa da gina abin gado ga mijinta a daidai daidai da Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill da Joseph Stalin Tana da ƙwarewa sosai a al'adun Sinawa da na Yammacin Turai, ta shahara a China da ƙasashen waje. Darajarta ta sa Janar Joseph Stilwell ya yi murabus cewa ya kamata a nada ta ministan tsaro.
1934, an ba Soong Mei-ling wani gida a garin Kuling, Mountain Lu Ita da mijinta Chiang Kai-shek duk suna ƙaunar villa sosai. Chiang Kai-shek ya sanya wa villa suna Mei Lu Villa don alamar kyawun Mountain Lu Ma'auratan galibi suna zama a wannan ƙauyen a cikin garin Kuling, Mountain Lu a lokacin bazara, don haka ana kiran dutsen da Summer Capital, kuma ana kiran ƙauyen Fadar bazara.
"Warphans" Duk da cewa da farko Soong Mei-ling ta guji kallon jama'a bayan ta auri Chiang, ba da daɗewa ba ta fara wani babban aikin jin dadin jama'a don kafa makarantu ga marayu na sojojin China. An tsara gidajen marayu da kyau: tare da filayen wasa, otal-otal, wuraren waha, wurin motsa jiki, azuzuwan samfuri, da dakuna. Soong Mei-ling ya shiga cikin aikin sosai har ma ya ɗauki dukkan malaman da kanta. Akwai makarantu guda biyu daya na samari da na 'yan mata wanda aka gina a kan wani yanki mai kadada dubu a gindin Dutsen Purple, a Nanjing. Ta ambaci waɗannan yaran a matsayin “kakannin yaƙin” kuma ta mai da su saniyar ware. Makomar yaran sojojin da suka mutu sun zama lamari mafi mahimmanci a China bayan fara yaƙi da Japan a 1937. Domin samar da wadata ga waɗannan yara ta kafa Ƙungiyar Agaji ta Ƙasar Sin ta Ƙasar.
Ziyara zuwa Amurka Soong Mei-ling ta
a yi balaguro da dama zuwa Amurka don neman goyan baya ga kokarinƙyakin 'yan kishin kasa. Ta jawo mutane da yawa kamar 30,000 kuma a cikin 1943 ta sanya murfin mujallar TIME a karo na uku. Tun da farko ta fito a kan murfin Oktoba 26, 1931 tare da mijinta kuma a ranar 3 ga Janairu, 1937 tare da mijinta a matsayin Namiji da Matar Shekara A bisa hujjar nuna tasirin ziyarar ta, a cikin 1943, Rundunar Sojojin Mata ta Amurka ta ɗauki wani rukunin matan Amurkawa don yin aiki tare da Sojojin Sama na Sojojin a matsayin "Air WACs", wanda ake kira "Madame Chiang Kai-Shek Air WAC" naúrar Dukansu Soong Mei-ling da mijinta sun kasance cikin kyakkyawar mu'amala tare da babban editan mujallar Time kuma mai haɗin gwiwa Henry Luce, wanda ya yi ƙoƙarin tattara kuɗi da tallafi daga jama'ar Amurka ga Jamhuriyar China A ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, 1943, ta zama 'yar kasar Sin ta farko kuma mace ta biyu da ta yi jawabi ga dukkan majalisun dokokin majalisar dokokin Amurka Bayan faduwar gwamnatin mijinta a yakin basasar kasar Sin a shekarar 1949, Madame Chiang ta bi mijinta zuwa Taiwan, yayin da 'yar uwarta Soong Ching-ling ta zauna a babban yankin kasar Sin, tana mai goyon bayan yan gurguzu Madame Chiang ta ci gaba da taka rawar gani a duniya. Ta kasance Majiɓinci ga Kwamitin Red Cross na Ƙasa, shugabar girmamawa ta Asusun Tallafawa Ƙasar Burtaniya ga Asusun China, kuma memba mai daraja ta farko ta Ƙungiyar Tunawa da Hakkokin 'Yan Adam.
Rayuwa ta baya Bayan rasuwar mijinta a shekarar 1975, Madame Chiang ta ɗauka ƙaramin martaba. An fara gano ta da cutar sankarar mama a 1975 kuma za ta yi mastectomies biyu a Taiwan Ita ma ta cire tumbin da aka cire a cikin 1991. Chang Hsien-yi ta yi iƙirarin cewa Soong Mei-ling da jami'an sojan da ke biyayya gare ta sun hanzarta haɓaka makaman nukiliya har ma sun kafa madaidaicin umarni don cimma burinsu. Babban ɗansa Chiang Ching-kuo, wanda ya yi aure a baya, wanda Madame Chiang ta yi mu'amala mai ƙarfi tsakaninsa. A cikin 1975, ta yi ƙaura daga Taiwan zuwa gidan iyayenta na kadada 36 (hectare 14.6) a Lattingtown, New York, inda ta adana hoton marigayiyar mijinta cikin cikakkiyar rigar soja a cikin falonta. Ta ci gaba da zama a Wolfeboro, New Hampshire, inda ta yi hutu a lokacin bazara. Madame Chiang ta koma Taiwan bayan rasuwar Chiang Ching-kuo a 1988, don samun tallafi tsakanin tsoffin kawayenta. Koyaya, magajin Chiang Ching-kuo, Lee Teng-hui, ya nuna ƙwarewar siyasa fiye da ita, kuma ya haɗa matsayinsa. Ta sake komawa Amurka kuma ta fito ba -zata a bainar jama'a a 1995 lokacin da ta halarci liyafar da aka yi a kan Capitol Hill don girmama ta dangane da bikin cika shekaru 50 na ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu. Madame Chiang ta kai ziyara ta ƙarshe a Taiwan a 1995. A Zaben Shugaban Kasa na 2000 a Taiwan, Kuomintang ta samar da wata wasika daga gareta inda a ciki ake cewa tana goyon bayan dan takarar KMT Lien Chan kan dan takara mai zaman kansa James Soong (babu wata alaka). James Soong bai taba jayayya da sahihancin harafin ba. Soong ta sayar da gadonta na Long Island a cikin 2000 kuma ta shafe sauran rayuwarta a cikin gidan Gracie Square a saman Gabashin Manhattan mallakar ɗan uwanta. Kallon gidan buɗe ido na kadarorin ya jawo 'yan kasashen waje da yawa na Taiwan. Lokacin da Madame Chiang ta cika shekaru 103, ta yi baje kolin zane -zanen nata na Sin a New York.
Mutuwa Madame Chiang ta mutu a cikin barcin ta a birnin New York, a cikin gidan ta na Manhattan a ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2003, tana da shekara 106. An saka gawarwakin ta a makabartar Ferncliff da ke Hartsdale, New York, har zuwa lokacin da za a yi jana'izar marigayiyar mijinta wanda aka saka a Cihu, Taiwan. Manufar da aka bayyana ita ce a binne su duka biyu a babban yankin kasar Sin da zarar an warware bambance -bambancen siyasa. Bayan mutuwarta, Fadar White House ta fitar da sanarwa:
Ƙididdiga ta manema labarai na ƙasashen duniya Jaridar New York Times ta rubuta:
Mujallar Life ta kira Madame "mace mafi ƙarfi a duniya." Mujallar Liberty ta bayyana ta a matsayin "haƙiƙanin ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙwaƙwalwa kuma shugabar gwamnatin China." Clare Boothe Luce ya kwatanta ta da Joan na Arc da Florence Nightingale Ernest Hemingway ya kira ta da "sarauniyar" kasar Sin.
Gallery
Bidiyo na Intanet Soong Mei-ling da Sojojin Sama na China
1995: Sanatocin Amurka sun gudanar da liyafar Soong Mei-ling don amincewa da matsayin China a matsayin kawancen Amurka a yakin duniya na biyu.
Duba kuma Yakin Sin da Japan na Biyu
Lamarin Xi'an
Tarihin Jamhuriyar China
Sojojin Jamhuriyar China
Shugaban Jamhuriyar China
Siyasar Jamhuriyar China
'Yan uwa mata
Soong Ai-ling
Soong Ching-ling
Claire Lee Chennault
Flying Tigers
Chiang Fang-liang
Sojojin Juyin Juya Hali na Kasa
Hadin gwiwar Sin da Jamus (1911-1941)
Adireshi ga Majalisa Cikakken rubutun adireshinta na 1943
Maimartaba na Ƙarshe: Madame Chiang Kai-shek da Haihuwar China ta zamani- Tarihin Soong Mei-ling na 2009
Manazarta While records at Wellesley College and the Encyclopædia Britannica indicate she was born in 1897, the Republic of China government as well as the BBC and the New York Times cite her year of birth as 1898.[clarification needed] The New York Times obituary includes the following explanation: "Some references give 1897 as the year because the Chinese usually consider everyone to be one year old at birth." cf: East Asian age reckoning. However, early sources such as the Columbia Encyclopedia, 1960, give her date of birth as 1896, making it possible that "one year" was subtracted twice.
a b c d Chitty, Arther and Elizabeth, Sewanee Sampler, 1978, p. 106; ISBN 0-9627687-7-4
St. Bartholomew's Church Marriage Registration 1944.
WANG, N. N., JIANG, Z. (2007). Usingnaturalwith ingenious ways, man and naturelive in harmony"——Simplyanalysis thedesign concepts of Mount Lushan" Meilu" villa to the inspirationofmodern ecological landscape design. Hundred Schools in Arts, 03.
Tyson Li 2006, pp. 87–88
TIME Magazine cover
Pakula 2009, p. 659
Pakula 2009, p. 670
Pakula 2009, p. 305
a b Fenby, Jonathan (2009), Modern China, p. 279
BibliographyEdit Preview at Google Books
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Hanyoyin waje Sautin ta tana magana a Hollywood Bowl, 1943 (awanni 3 cikin shirin)
Rubutun adireshinta ga Majalisar Amurka, 1943
Kamar yadda aka kawo kwafin rubutu, cikakken sauti, bidiyon bidiyo na adireshin ta ga Majalisar Dokokin Amurka, 1943
Wellesley College biography Mujallar Time ta "Mutum da Matar Shekara," 1937
Jagoran masu rinjaye na majalisar dattijan Amurka Robert Dole (na hagu) da Sanata Paul Simon (na tsakiya) sun karrama Madame Chiang a fadar Amurka da ke Washington, DC, ranar 26 ga Yuli, 1995
Madam Chiang Kai-shek, 1898–2003
Rayuwa cikin hotuna: Madam Chiang Kai-shek
Tarihin Muryar Amurka
CNN: Madam Chiang Kai-shek ta mutu
Gidan Meiling Song
Madame Chiang, 105, Uwargidan Shugaban China, Ta Mutu New York Times
Babban sirrin Madame Chiang Kai-shek
Madame Chiang Kai -shek Masanin tattalin arziki
Abin da Mataki na Shekaru 71 na Madame Chiang Kai-Shek ke gaya mana game da China a yau-Tekun Atlantika
Madame Chiang Kai-Shek, 1898-2003-LOKACI
Madame Chiang IMDb
Soong Mei -ling Britannica.com Rayuwar Madame Soong Mei-ling a Tsoffinta
Newspaper clippings about Soong Mei-ling Janarori
Janarori mata
Matan sin
Uwargidan shugabanni ƙasa
Pages with unreviewed |
25729 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houri | Houri | A cikin addinin addinin Islama, houri mata ne da za su raka muminai musulmai masu aminci a cikin Aljanna. Malaman Musulmai sun bambanta dangane da ko suna nufin matan muminai na wannan duniya ko wata halitta dabam, inda mafi rinjaye suka zaɓi na ƙarshen.
Etymology A cikin amfani da Larabci na gargajiya, kalmar ḥūr (Larabci: jam'in aḥwar ne (Larabci: (namiji) da (Larabci: (na mata) wanda za a iya fassara shi da "samun idanu masu tsananin bambanci na fari da baki".
Kalmar "houri" ta shiga yaruka da yawa na Turai daga kusan ƙarni na 17 da 18.
Siffantarwa An ambaci sa'o'i a wurare da dama na Al -Qur'ani, koyaushe cikin jam'i. Babu takamaiman lamba da aka taɓa bayarwa a cikin Alƙur'ani don adadin sa'o'i masu rakiyar kowane mai bi.
Bayanin Qur'ani A cikin tafsirai da tafsirin Alqur'ani, an siffanta Houris da:
36:55 "Sahabbai",
37:48 "da manyan idanu masu kyau",
38:52 "sahabban kallo mara kyau sun yi daidai (a shekaru talatin da uku bisa ga wasu masu sharhi)"
44:54 idanu masu fadi da kyau",
52:20 "kyawawan sa'o'i masu faɗi da kyawawan idanu",
55:56 "mutum ko aljani bai taɓa su ba", 55:58 "kyakkyawa kamar yaƙutu da murjani", 55:72 "'yan mata masu idanu masu haske a cikin mafaka a cikin rumfuna", 55:74 "kowane mutum bai taɓa su ba", "suna kwanciya a kan matashin koren kore. da kyawawan darduma",
56:8 56:22 "tare da idanu masu tsananin duhu da aka saita akan fari na irises", 56:35 "an halicce su ba tare da tsarin haihuwa ba",
78:31–33 kuma a matsayin "sahabbai masu kyau".
Ma'anar kalmar kawa'ib Masu fassara da yawa kamar Arberry, Palmer, Rodwell da Sale sun fassara sunan ka'ib a cikin Alƙur'ani 78:33 da "tare da kumburin ƙirji". Ibn Kathir, a cikin tafsirinsa, ya rubuta cewa an fassara kalmar don nufin "cikakken ci gaba" ko "zagaye nono suna nufin da wannan cewa ƙirjin waɗannan 'yan mata za su kasance cikakke -zagaye ba za su ragu ba, saboda za su kasance budurwai." Hakazalika, Lexicon na Ingilishi na Ingilishi na Edward William Lane ya fassara kalmar ka'ib a matsayin "Yarinyar da ƙirjinta ya fara kumbura, ko ya zama fitacce, ko mai yawan magana ko samun kumburi, shahararre, ko mai ƙyamar nono."
Koyaya, M. A. S. Abdel Haleem da wasu sun nuna cewa bayanin anan yana nufin amfani da na gargajiya zuwa ƙuruciya maimakon jaddada fasalin zahiri na mata. Wasu, irin su Abdullah Yusuf Ali, suna fassara ka'ib a matsayin "sahabbai", inda Muhammad Asad ya fassara kalmar da almara.
Bayanin Hadisi A cikin Hadisi, an bayyana Houris a matsayin "bayyananne ga kasusuwan kasusuwansu", "samari na har abada", "marasa gashi sai gira da kai", "tsarki" da "kyakkyawa". Malaman hadisi na Sunni kuma suna ba da labarai da yawa na Annabi Muhammad wanda aka ambaci sa'o'i a cikin su.
Ruwaya ta shafi Bukhari
Wani, wanda Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj Nishapuri ya ruwaito, ya ruwaito hakan Tirmizi ya ruwaito
Dangane da wani rahoto da Ibn Majah ya rawaito a cikin Sunansa:
Kungiya ta farko da za ta shiga Aljanna za ta kasance kamar cikakken wata a cikin dare, kuma wanda ke biye da wannan ƙungiya zai kasance kamar mafi haskaka taurarin taurarin sama masu haskaka taurari a sararin sama; kowane mutum daga cikinsu zai sami mata biyu, bargon da ƙusoshinsa za su haskaka daga ƙarƙashin jiki babu wanda zai kasance ba tare da mata a Aljanna.
Tirmizi ya ruwaito:
Al-Hasan Al-Basri yana cewa wata tsohuwa ta zo wurin manzon Allah ta tambaye ta, ya Manzon Allah ka yi addu’ar Allah ya ba ni shiga Aljanna. Manzon Allah ya amsa, "Ya Uwa, tsohuwa ba za ta iya shiga Aljanna ba." Wannan matar ta fara kuka ta fara tafiya. Manzon Allah ya ce, "Ka ce wa mace cewa mutum ba zai shiga cikin tsufa ba, amma Allah zai sanya dukkan matan Aljanna 'yan mata budurwai. halitta kuma ya sanya su budurwai, masoya, daidai da shekaru.' Dangane da rahoton da Ibnu Majah ya rawaito a cikin Sunan nasa: Mace ba ta ɓata wa mijinta rai amma matarsa daga cikin kuyangin da ke da manyan idanuwa masu tsananin fari da baƙar fata za su ce: “Kada ku ɓata masa rai, Allah Ya halakar da ku. Yana tare da ku a matsayin baƙo mai wucewa. rabu da ku ku zo mana."
Magana game da "budurwai 72" Malamin hadisi na Tirmizi ya nakalto annabi Muhammad yana cewa:
Duk da haka, wasu suna ƙin yarda cewa riwayar da ke baiwa dukkan maza mata saba'in da biyu tana da raunin riwaya.
Wani hadisi, kuma a cikin Jami`at-Tirmidhi kuma ana ɗaukarsa "mai kyau da sauti" (hasan sahih) yana ba da wannan ladan musamman ga shahidi:
Jima'i a Aljanna A cikin Alqurani, babu inda aka ambaci jima'i a Aljanna. Sai dai an samu wanzuwar sa a cikin hadisai, tafsirai da tafsirin musulunci.
Masu tafsirin Alqur'ani Majiyoyin Sunni sun ambaci cewa kamar dukkan maza da mata na Aljanna, masu sa'a ba sa fuskantar fitsari, najasa ko haila.
Ibn Kathir ya bayyana cewa aljanu za su sami sahabban aljannu mata a Aljanna.
Al-Qurtubi ya sulhunta hadisin da ya bayyana cewa mafi yawan mazaunan wuta (Jahannama) za su kasance mata ta hanyar ba da shawarar cewa da yawa daga cikin matan da za su zama masu rinjaye a cikin Jahannama za su kasance cikin masu zunubi waɗanda za su zauna a can na ɗan lokaci sannan kuma a fitar da su daga wuta zuwa Aljanna; bayan haka mafi yawan mutanen Aljanna za su kasance mata.
Jinsi da asali A al'adance an yi imani da cewa houris kyawawan mata ne waɗanda aka yi musu alƙawarin lada ga muminai maza, tare da ɗimbin hadisi da tafsirin Alƙur'ani waɗanda ke kwatanta su haka. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, duk da haka, wasu sun yi iƙirarin cewa kalmar ḥūr tana nufin duka tsarkakakkun maza da tsarkakakkun mata (kasancewa kalmar jam’i ce ga duka nau'ikan maza da na mata waɗanda ke nufin fari) da imani cewa kalmar houris tana nufin mata kawai wadanda suke cikin aljanna kuskure ne.
Alkur'ani ya yi amfani da sifofi na mata da na tsaka-tsakin jinsi don bayyana houri, ta hanyar kwatanta su da adjective mara iyaka wanda wasu suka ɗauka don nuna cewa wasu wurare suna nufin sahabban maza da mata. Bugu da kari, amfani da karin magana na maza ga sahabban sa’a baya nuna cewa wannan kawancen ya takaita ne ga maza, kamar yadda tsarin maza ya kunshi mace a cikin Larabci na gargajiya da na Al-Qur’ani-don haka yana aiki azaman jinsi duka gami da tsari na asali-kuma yana da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin Alƙur'ani don yin magana ga dukkan bil'adama da duk masu bi gaba ɗaya.
A cikin Sakon Alkur'ani, Muhammad Asad ya bayyana yadda ake amfani da kalmar inr a cikin ayoyin 44:54 56:22, yana mai jayayya da cewa "sunan ḥūr wanda na sanya shi a matsayin 'sahabbai tsarkaka' jam'i ne na duka biyun. aḥwār (namiji) da ḥawrā '(na mata) saboda haka, ma'anar mahaɗin īn tana nufin, kusan, 'tsarkakakku, mafi kyawun ido'."
Dangantaka ga matan duniya Dangane da matsayin tsinkaye na wannan mata ta duniya vis-a-vis houris, masu ilimin sun kiyaye cewa adalai na wannan rayuwar suna da matsayi mafi girma fiye da na houris. Masanin tauhidi na sunna Aḥmad al-Ṣāwī (shekara ta 1825), a cikin tafsirinsa kan aikin Ahmad al-Dardir, ya ce, “Matsayin da ya dace shi ne cewa matan wannan duniya za su fi budurwowi masu duhu duhu sau dubu saba'in (ḥūr īn)." Muḥammad ibn Umar Baḥraq (rasuwa 1524) ya ambaci a cikin littafin sa na farko ga yara cewa "Matan Adam sun fi 'yan mata masu duhu ido saboda addu'o'in su, azumin su, da ibadun su."
Sauran hukumomi suna nuna suna nuna cewa houris da kansu sune matan wannan duniyar da aka tashe su a cikin sabon salo, tare da Razi yayi sharhi cewa a cikin houris da aka ambata a cikin Alƙur'ani suma za su kasance "[har ma] waɗancan tsoffin mata na ku waɗanda Allah zai tayar da su a matsayin sabbin halittu." Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari ya ambaci cewa duk mata masu adalci, duk da tsufa da ruɓan da suka kasance a duniya, za a tashe su a matsayin budurwai kuma za su kasance, kamar takwarorinsu maza, su kasance matasa har abada a cikin aljanna.
Mata daidai Wasu suna jayayya cewa yayin da kalmar "houri" na iya nufin abokai mata, "wannan ba lallai bane ya hana wanzuwar kyakkyawan sahabban maza ga muminai mata".
An ambaci rashin ambaton wasu sahabbai na musamman ga mahallin zamantakewar Larabawa kafin Jahiliyya, inda aka ɗauki nassosin mata ba su dace ba.
Alama Muhammad Asad ya yi imanin cewa ya kamata a ɗauki nassosin sa'oi da sauran hotunan aljanna a matsayin almara maimakon na zahiri, yana mai nuni da "rashin yiwuwar mutum ya yi tunanin 'aljanna' Don goyon bayan wannan ra'ayi ya kawo ayar Alkur'ani aya ta 32:17 da hadisin da aka samu a cikin Bukhari da Muslim.
Masanin falsafar 'yan Shi'a Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai ya ambaci cewa mafi mahimmancin gaskiyar bayanin sa'ar shine cewa kyawawan ayyukan da muminai ke yi ana sake ramawa da sa'a, waɗanda su ne sifofin zahiri na sifofi masu kyau waɗanda ba za su shuɗe ba tsawon lokaci da wanda zai zama amintattun sahabbai ga waɗanda suke rakiya.
Rigima Nerina Rustjomi ta bayar da hujjar cewa rashin amfani da kalmar ''houri'' da 'yan ta'adda na Islama ke yi ya sa Amurkawa suna da karkatacciyar fahimta game da kalmar tare da kwatanta Musulunci a matsayin "addini wanda yake da halin son zuciya, tashin hankali, da rashin hankali".
A madadin haka, Annemarie Schimmel ta ce ya kamata a duba bayanin Al -Qur'ani na sa'o'i cikin yanayin soyayya; "duk mutumin kirki wanda yake rayuwa bisa tsarin Allah zai shiga Aljanna inda kogunan madara da zuma ke gudana cikin sanyi, lambuna masu kamshi da masoyan budurwa suna jiran gida".
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57596 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohd%20Isa%20Abdul%20Samad | Mohd Isa Abdul Samad | Mohd Isa bin Abdul Samad (Jawi; an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Nuwamba 1950) ɗan siyasan Malaysia ne. Ya kasance mafi tsawo a matsayin Menteri Besar na Negeri Sembilan na tsawon shekaru 22 daga Afrilu 1982 zuwa Maris 2004 kuma ya kasance Ministan Yankin Tarayya (2004-2005). Isa ya kasance memba kuma tsohon mataimakin shugaban kungiyar United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), wani bangare ne na hadin gwiwar Barisan Nasional (BN) har zuwa 2018 lokacin da ya bar ya zama mai zaman kansa.
Ya kuma kasance tsohon shugaban Hukumar Kula da Raya Kasa ta Tarayya (FELDA), Felda Global Ventures Holdings (FGV) da Hukumar Kula da Sufuri ta Jama'a (SPAD).
Rayuwar farko An haifi Isa a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba 1950 a Malacca, Malaysia kuma ta yi karatu a Sekolah Kebangsaan Bagan Pinang, Port Dickson sannan ta halarci Alam Shah School, Kuala Lumpur Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin ilimi daga Jami'ar Malaya kafin ya zama malami a Sekolah Datuk Abdul Razak, Seremban daga 1973-1978.
Ya fara auren Hazizah Tumin a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba 1977. Hazizah ya mutu a asibitin Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (HUKM) a Cheras, Kuala Lumpur a ranar 7 ga Disamba 2005 bayan ya sha wahala daga ciwon daji na shekaru 10 da suka gabata tun 1995. Yaran su sune Mohamad Najib, Megawati, Lelawati da Juhaida Daga baya ya sake yin aure ga tsohon shugaban Negeri Sembilan Puteri UMNO Bibi Sharliza Mohd Khalid (an haife shi a shekara ta 1971), wanda ya kasance gwauruwa tare da yara daga auren da ya gabata a ranar 14 ga Afrilu 2010 a gidanta a Taman Fatimah a Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan Siyasa Isa ya fara aikinsa na siyasa a shekarar 1978 ta hanyar lashe kujerar jihar Linggi. Lambar membobinsa ta UMNO ita ce No. 22. Daga nan aka nada shi dan majalisa na jihar (EXCO) na Negeri Sembilan har zuwa zaben 1982. A cikin ƙauyuka, ya kasance UMNO Teluk Kemang Shugaban Port Dickson har zuwa lokacin da ya yi murabus a 2018.
A shekara ta 1993, Isa ya yi takara a matsayin shugaban matasa na UMNO amma ya sha kashi a hannun Rahim Thamby Chik A cikin babban zaben 1999, Isa Samad ya kayar da Dokta Rosli Yaakop na PAS a yankinsa, Linggi A cikin Babban Taron UMNO na 2000, Isa ya tsaya takarar mukamin mataimakin shugaban UMNO amma ya rasa. Yawancin wadanda suka rasa sun kasance Abu Hassan Omar, Osu Sukam da Abdul Ghani Othman A cikin babban zaben 2004 Isa ta tsaya takara a mazabar majalisa ta Jempol Kafin wannan, Khalid Yunus na BN ne ya lashe kujerar majalisa ta Jempol.
Daga baya Firayim Minista na Yankin Tarayya ya nada Isa har zuwa shekara ta 2005.
Isa ya lashe mukamin mataimakin shugaban UMNO a shekara ta 2004-2007 tare da kuri'u 1,507, mafi girma a kan Babban Ministan Melaka Mohd Ali Rustam (ƙuri'u 1,329) da Ministan Kasuwanci da Masana'antu na Duniya a lokacin, Muhyiddin Yassin (ƙuri-ƙuri'a 1,234). Koyaya, an soke nasararsa yayin da aka yanke masa hukunci kan siyasar kuɗi.
Zaben Bagan Pinang Bayan rasuwar dan majalisa na Bagan Pinang Azman Mohammad Noor, an zabi Isa a matsayin dan takarar BN a kan dan takarar Pakatan Rakyat daga PAS, Zulkefly Mohamad Omar a zaben da aka yi a ranar 11 ga Oktoba 2008. Isa ya samu kuri'u 8,013, yayin da Zulkefly ke da kuri'u 2,578; ya ci nasara da mafi rinjaye, kuri'u 5,435.
Zabe na Port Dickson na 2018 Isa ya bar UMNO don yin takara a matsayin dan takara mai zaman kansa a zaben majalisar dokoki na Port Dickson da aka gudanar a ranar 13 ga Oktoba 2018 bayan da mai mulki Danyal Balagopal Abdullah ya bar shi don baiwa shugaban Jam'iyyar Adalci ta Jama'a (PKR) Anwar Ibrahim damar yin takara kuma a zabe shi a majalisar. Ya sami nasarar samun kuri'u 4,230 (9.7%) don kasancewa a matsayi na uku a gasar kusurwa bakwai da Anwar ya lashe kuma ya rasa ajiyar zabe.
Rashin jituwa
Mataimakin Shugaban UMNO Kwamitin horo na UMNO wanda Tengku Ahmad Rithauddeen Tengku Ismail ke jagoranta ya dakatar da zama memba na Isa na tsawon shekaru shida (2005 zuwa 2011) kan siyasar kudi a Babban Taron UMNO na 2004 bayan ya lashe mukamin mataimakin shugaban kasa saboda kasancewa da laifi biyar daga cikin tara na siyasa na kudi wanda ya shafi shirya tarurruka, shirya da bayar da kuɗi don sayen kuri'u. A ranar 6 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2005, Majalisar Koli ta UMNO (MT) ta ki amincewa da roko na Isa Samad amma ta rage dakatarwar daga shekaru 6 zuwa shekaru 3 kuma Sakataren Janar na UMNO Tengku Adnan Tengku Mansor ya aika da wasika ga Isa a ranar 23 ga Yuni 2008.
Shari'ar Isa tana da alaƙa da wata sanarwa ta Rais Yatim game da mutane 18 da za a tsare don bincike ta Hukumar yaki da cin hanci da rashawa ta Malaysia (MACC). A wannan lokacin Rais Yatim shine Ministan Shari'a na Malaysia Bayan dakatar da zama memba, Isa ya yi murabus a matsayin Ministan Yankin Tarayya a ranar 17 ga Oktoba 2005.
Shugabancin FELDA A ranar 27 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2010, Ofishin Firayim Minista ya ce Isa ya nada shugaban Hukumar Kula da Raya Kasa ta Tarayya (FELDA) daga ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2011, inda ya maye gurbin Dokta Mohd Yusof Noor da aka nada a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Ministan da ke da alhakin FELDA.
A ranar 20 ga Yuni, 2012, an gudanar da Babban Taron Kwadago na Kwadago (KPF) na 31 a Dewan Perdana FELDA, Kuala Lumpur tare da tsananin kula da 'yan sanda. Isa Samad a matsayin shugaban FELDA (kwangilar kawai) ba zai kasance ba saboda umarnin Babban Kotun Kuala Lumpur saboda ba shi da mazauni, ɗa mai kuzari ko ma'aikatan FELDA. Alkalin Abang Iskandar Abang Hashim ya bayyana cewa akwai cancanta a ba da damar mazauna FELDA guda huɗu su kalubalanci zama memba na Isa a cikin KPF da kuma zama memba a cikin hadin gwiwar daskarewa. Lauyan Mohamed Hanipa Maidin daga Mohamed Hanifa Associates wanda ke wakiltar masu neman Abdul Talib Ali, Abdul Mubin Abdul Rahman, Abdul Razak Mohammad da Muhamad Noor Atan yayin da Babban Lauyan Tarayya Shamsul Bolhassan ya wakilci masu amsawa wato Hukumar hadin gwiwa ta Malaysia (SKM), SKM da KPF. A ranar 23 ga Mayu 2012, kwamitin rikitarwa na SKM, SKM ya tabbatar da zama memba na Isa duk da yarda cewa nadin Isa ba bisa ka'ida ba ne.
Mazlan Aliman na National Felda Settlers' Children Association (ANAK) yana adawa da Felda Global Ventures Holdings Berhad (FGVH) a kan Bursa Malaysia. CHILD ECONOMIC DEVELOPER Dr Rosli Yaakop ya yi takaici da Minista Ismail Sabri Yaakob don ware dokoki a cikin Dokar Kwamitin hadin gwiwa don ware wasu mutane daga bin bukatun dokokin KPF (Yuni 5, 2012).
Shugabancin FGV Isa a matsayin shugaban Felda Global Ventures Holdings (FGV) Bhd ya kasance cikin rikici tare da babban jami'in zartarwa, Zakaria Arshad An sauya Isa daga FGV da zarar ya yi murabus don zama mukaddashin shugaban Hukumar Sufurin Jama'a ta Land (SPAD) a ranar 19 ga Yuni 2017.
Shugabancin SPAD Bayan babban zaben 2018 wanda ya ga faduwar gwamnatin BN, a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2018 sabon Firayim Minista na Pakatan Harapan (PH) Dr. Mahathir Mohamad ya sanar da cewa za a soke SPAD kuma Ministan Sufuri Anthony Loke ya gaya wa Isa ya yi murabus daga shugaban SPAD cikin mako guda. Isa ya yi murabus a matsayin shugaban SPAD a ranar 29 ga Mayu 2018.
FGV shari'a A ranar 23 ga Nuwamba 2018, FGV ta shigar da kara a kan tsohon shugaban kungiyar, Isa da tsohon shugaban kungiyar kuma babban jami'in zartarwa, Mohd Emir Mavani Abdullah da wasu 12 don RM514 miliyan da sauran lalacewa dangane da sayen Asian Plantations Ltd da aka jera a London a cikin 2014. A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 2018, FGV ta sake shigar da kara a kan Isa, Sarkin da ke neman taimako wanda ya kai RM7.69 miliyan dangane da sayen gidaje biyu na alatu a Troika, Persiaran KLCC a farashin da ya fi darajar kasuwa, ba tare da yin aiki da ko amfani da raka'a ba tare da izini ba.
FELDA CBT da cin hanci A ranar 14 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2018, Isa ta yi ikirarin shari'a a kan tuhumar cin amana (CBT) da kuma tuhume-tuhume tara na karbar cin hanci da ya shafi fiye da RM3mil a matsayin Shugaban FELDA a Kotun Sessions na Kuala Lumpur. Laifin farko, an yi zargin ya aikata CBT ta hanyar amincewa da sayen Merdeka Palace Suites Hotel ba tare da amincewa daga kwamitin daraktocin Felda ba a ranar 29 ga Afrilu 2014. An kuma tuhumi Mohd Isa da karɓar cin hanci na RM100,000; RM140,000; RM300,000; RM500,000; RM 500,000; RM300 000; 500,000; da RM500,000 jimlar RM3.09mil daga Gagasan Abadi Properties Sdn Bhd darektan Ikhwan Zaidel tsakanin Yuli 2014 da Disamba 2015 da kuma ta hanyar Muhammad Zahid Md Arip, wanda shine Sakataren siyasa na Firayim Minista a lokacin, a matsayin gamsuwa don taimakawa amincewa da sayen otal ɗin don RM160mil. Babban Kotun a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu 2021 ta yanke wa Isa hukunci kuma ta yanke masa hukuncin shekaru shida a kurkuku da tarar RM15.45 miliyan.
Sakamakon zaben
Daraja
Darajar Malaysia Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (PSM) Tan Sri (1990)
Knight Companion of the Order of Loyalty to Negeri Sembilan (DSNS) Dato' (1982)
Knight Babban Kwamandan Order of Loyalty to Negeri Sembilan (SPNS) Dato' Seri Utama (1990)
Grand Knight of the Order of the Territorial Crown (SUMW) Datuk Seri Utama (2013)
Manazarta Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1950
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
51549 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiragen%20saman%20Afirka | Jiragen saman Afirka | Jiragen sama sun karu a Afirka saboda, a kasashe da yawa, hanyoyin sadarwa na hanya da na dogo ba su da kyau saboda matsalolin kudi, ƙasa, da lokutan ruwan sama. Ben R. Guttery, marubucin Encyclopedia of African Airlines, ya ce "Ko da yake yawancin masu jigilar ba su taɓa zama babba bisa ka'idodin Turai ko Amurka ba, sun yi tasiri sosai ga tattalin arziki da mutane". Yawancin manyan kamfanonin jiragen sama na Afirka mallakar gwamnatocin ƙasa ne ko kuma gaba ɗaya. Wasu kamfanonin jiragen sama na Afirka sun kasance ko a baya suna da kamfanonin jiragen saman Turai a matsayin manyan masu hannun jari, kamar KLM wanda ke da kashi 7.8% a Kenya Airways da British Airways wanda a baya yana da kashi 18% a Comair.
Tarihi A tarihi, hukumomin Burtaniya sun kafa kamfanonin jiragen sama na cikin gida, yayin da kamfanonin jiragen saman Belgium, Faransa, Portugal, da Spain suka yi wa yankunansu hidima. Bayan kasashe na Afirka sun sami 'yanci, gwamnatocin kasa sun kafa kamfanonin jiragen sama na kansu. Yawancin sabbin kasashe masu zaman kansu suna so su sami masu ɗaukar tutar su don nuna 'yancin kansu, kuma waɗancan ƙasashe suna son manyan jiragen sama kamar DC-10s da 747s koda kuwa buƙatar iska ba ta ba da izini ga waɗancan jiragen ba. Wasu kamfanonin jiragen sama, kamar Air Afrique, gwamnatoci da yawa sun tallafawa tare. Wasu kamfanonin hadin gwiwa, kamar su Central African Airways, East African Airways, da West African Airways, an kafa su ne lokacin da Ingila ta mallaki sassan Afirka. An yi amfani da ilimin jirgin sama, masana'antar jirgin sama, da babban birnin kuɗi, wanda ya samo asali ne daga Turawa, don kafa sabbin masu jigilar Afirka.
mallakar gwamnati A lokuta da yawa kamfanonin jiragen sama na Turai suna da tasirin mulkin mallaka a kan kamfanonin jiragen saman Afirka, don haka batutuwan sun taso bayan masu mulkin mallaka sun bar Afirka kuma 'yan Afirka sun fara aiki da masu jigilar jiragen. Kamfanonin jiragen sama da yawa na gwamnati suna aiki da wadanda aka nada daga gwamnati kamar yadda kamfanonin jiragen sama masu yawa suka kasance wani ɓangare na tsarin gwamnatocin su na kasa. A cewar Guttery, sabili da haka, kamfanonin jiragen sama da yawa na Afirka ba a sarrafa su da kyau. Wannan ya haifar da kamfanonin jiragen sama da ke aiki a cikin asarar gaske da ko warwarewa.
Bugu da kari, ribar sau da yawa tana shiga cikin asusun aiki na ƙasashensu, yayin da gwamnatoci da yawa ke ba da isasshen kuɗi ga kamfanonin jiragen sama. Har ila yau, gwamnatoci da yawa suna sanya cibiyoyin kamfanonin jiragen sama don aiki da kuma yawan ma'aikata kamfanonin jiragen su, suna sa su marasa inganci. Guttery ya ce duk da cewa bambancin gudanarwar gwamnati da mallakar kamfanonin jiragen sama na Afirka "za a iya la'akari da cikas a kasuwar duniya da tattalin arziki ke jagoranta," saboda matsalolin da ke tattare da tara kudaden kuɗi da rashin ababen more rayuwa na gwamnati, shiga gwamnati yana da mahimmanci wajen kafa kamfanonin jiragen ruwa. Kamfanonin jiragen sama na Afirka sun dogara da hanyoyin kasa da kasa masu fa'ida don tallafawa hanyoyin cikin gida marasa fa'ida, da yawa daga cikinsu suna ba da sabis ga ƙananan al'ummomi.
Jirgin Ruwa Idan aka kwatanta da jirgin sama a wasu yankuna na duniya, jirgin sama a Afirka ya tsufa. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2010, kashi 4.3% na dukkan jiragen sama a duniya suna tashi a cikin Afirka. Daga cikin tsofaffin jiragen sama, [ƙididdige] 12% suna tashi a cikin Afirka. Duk da yake tsofaffin jiragen sama suna da ƙananan farashi, suna da ƙimar amfani da man fetur da farashin kulawa fiye da sababbin jiragen sama. Saboda yawancin kamfanonin jiragen sama na Afirka suna da ƙarancin ƙididdigar kuɗi, Afirka tana da ƙaranci na kwangilar haya. 5% na jirgin sama da aka hayar a duniya yana tashi a Afirka.
Kasancewar Alliance Haɗin gwiwar kamfanonin jiragen sama a cikin Afirka ya haɗa da yarjejeniyar codeshare tsakanin kamfanonin jiragen ruwa da yawa a cikin ƙungiya ɗaya, da kuma mai ɗaukar jirgin Afirka ɗaya wanda ke da daidaito a cikin wani mai ɗaukar jirgin ƙasa na Afirka. Kamfanonin jiragen sama na Afirka kalilan ne ke shiga cikin kawance tare da masu jigilar jiragen sama wadanda ba na Afirka ba, saboda ba su isa su iya jan hankalin zuba jari ba, sabili da haka ba su iya haɓaka hanyoyin sadarwar da ke da kyau ga haɗin gwiwar jirgin sama ba. Koyaya, yawancin masu ɗaukar tutar Afirka sun sami damar shiga cibiyoyin haɗin gwiwar jiragen sama na duniya: South African Airways ta zama memba na Star Alliance a ranar 10 ga Afrilu 2006. Kenya Airways ta zama memba na SkyTeam a ranar 4 ga Satumba 2007, kuma ta zama cikakken memba na Sky Team a cikin 2010. Egyptair ya zama memba na Star Alliance a watan Yulin 2008, kamar yadda kamfanin Ethiopian Airlines ya yi a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2011. Royal Air Maroc ta shiga Oneworld a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2020.
Tsaro Ya zuwa 1998, Ƙungiyar Jirgin Sama ta Duniya ta sanya Afirka da Latin Amurka a matsayin yankuna na duniya tare da mafi ƙarancin hanyoyin sufuri na iska. Cibiyar sadarwar jiragen sama ta Afirka ta kasa da kayan aiki. Ya zuwa 1998, tsarin kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na Afirka ba su da ci gaba kamar tsarin ATC a wasu sassan duniya; Ben R. Guttery ya ce rashin zirga-zane a Afirka ya biya tsarin ATC da ba a ci gaba ba. Har ila yau, idan aka kwatanta da filayen jirgin sama mafi girma, ƙananan filayen jirgin saman ba su da damar samun hanyoyi masu wuya. Guttery ya ce a cikin 1998 cewa manyan filayen jirgin saman Afirka "kusan ba za a iya rarrabe su ba daga waɗanda ke cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa". Ya kuma ce a cikin 1998 cewa "Matsalar tsaro ta filin jirgin sama ta ci gaba da zama matsala, amma ana magance su".
A shekara ta 2005, kusan kashi 25% na hadarin jirgin sama a duniya ya faru ne a Afirka, yayin da jiragen Afirka suka kai kashi 5% na zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a duniya. Jaridar Wall Street ta bayyana cewa "Shekaru da yawa, jirgin saman Afirka ya sha wahala daga tsofaffin jiragen sama, filayen jirgin sama masu rushewa, kayan aiki da matukan jirgi marasa horo" kuma Afirka tana da "rashin kulawa da yawa wanda ya sa sararin samaniya ya zama mafi haɗari a duniya". WSJ ta bayyana cewa rashin tilasta ka'idojin tsaro mafi ƙarancin gwamnatoci saboda rashin iko ko rashin gaskiya shine "mafi girman dalilin rikodin tsaro".
A shekara ta 2020 duk da haka, jirgin sama na Afirka ya inganta tsaro har zuwa lokacin da tashi a Afirka ya fi matsakaicin duniya lafiya dangane da haɗari a kowace jirgi miliyan.
Dubi kuma
Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su
Haɗin waje "Independence in the Air: African Aviation a cikin shekarun 1960". Nunin dijital. Cibiyar Nazarin Sufuri ta Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma.
Kamfanoni
Jirgin |
20608 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igede | Igede | Mutanen Igede ƙabilun Najeriya a Yankin Binuwai na Lower Nigeria .'Yan asalin ƙaramar hukumar Oju da Obi ne a Najeriya, inda alkaluman yawan mutane a shekarar 2006 suka kai kimanin mutane 267,198. Koyaya, yawancin mutanen Igede sun tarwatse a duk faɗin jihar da ƙasar. Misali, ana kuma amfani da yaren Igede a Jihar Kuros Riba ta Nijeriya, kuma yawancin al'ummomin Igede sun wanzu a Jihar Osun da Jihar Ogun Harshen Igede memba ne na rukunin Benuwe-Kongo a cikin yaren Nego-Congo.
Yanayin wuri An ƙirƙiro ƙaramar Hukumar Oju ne a shekarar 1976 kuma tana da iyaka tare da kananan hukumomin Obi na yanzu, Ado, Konshisha da Gwer ta Gabas ta Jihar Benuwai, Ebonyi da Izzi na kananan hukumomin Ebonyi, da Yala karamar Hukumar Kuros Riba Yana da hedikwata a Garin Oju.
An kirkiro karamar hukumar Obi ne a shekarar 1996 kuma tana da hedikwata a Obarike-Ito. Karamar hukumar ta samo sunanta ne daga rafin Obi wanda ke gudana a yankin kuma ya raba iyaka da kananan hukumomin Ado, Otukpo da Oju na jihar Benue.
Tarihi
Asali: Al'adar baka Igede sun gano asalinsu daga Sabon Gida Ora a cikin jihar Edo ta yanzu. An ce su zuriyar Agba ne, wani babban sarki a Sabon Gida Ora. Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Igede da ‘yan asalin Ora ya sa suka yi hijira daga wannan yankin zuwa jihar Benuwai ta yanzu ta hanyar Nsukka a jihar Enugu. Wannan labarin na tarihi a cikin tarihin Igede ana yawan ambata shi cikin waƙa da wasan kwaikwayo, misali rikodin wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo "Ego ny'Igede".
Asali: Bayanan tarihin Bayanan tarihin suna nuna su a matsayin 'yan cirani daga lardin Ogoja waɗanda suka ƙara karɓar al'adu da al'adun Idoma Gudanarwa da siyasa A siyasance, Igede ya faɗa ƙarƙashin gundumar sanatan Benue ta Kudu.
Al'adun Igede Igede galibi manoma ne da ke noma masara, rogo, gyada da dawa. Igede gida ne na shahararren bikin Igede-Agba, wani biki ne na shekara-shekara wanda kuma ke nuna lokacin girbin doya a watan Satumba. Tufafin gargajiya na Igede shuɗi ne masu launin shuɗi, baƙi, da fari.
Fitattun mutanen Igede Ode Ojowu, Babban Mashawarcin Shugaba Obasanjo da Shugaba mai kula da tsare-tsare na kasa Oga Okwoche, Tsohon Jakadan Najeriya a Faransa Peter Okwoche, mai masaukin baki na shirin BBC Focus on Africa TV na mujallar labarai ta labarai Sunayen Igede Da Ma'anar Haisa
Lissafin da ke ƙasa akwai sunayen Igede da ma'anar su na turanci. An tsara wannan jeri a rukuni biyu, duka Nau'in Maza da Mata, jerin sunaye a cikin 1-10 na na mata ne yayin da 11-20 na na maza ne bi da bi.
Adiya -Yana nufin sarauniya
Erima- ma'ana "Allah ya ji kukana"
Agbo Ma'ana mace mai iko Ohiama Ma'ana kyakkyawar yarinya
Omeje Ma'ana mace mai sarauta
Onwanyi -Yana nufin kyakkyawar budurwa Aladi Ma'ana sabon farawa Ojobo Ma'ana Allah mai girma Egbe -Yana nufin mace mai hayayyafa Inori Ma'ana mace mai kyau, mai laushi mai laushi Agocha mutum mara tsoro wanda ke yaƙi da makiyansa. Adegwu, Ukenya Babban firist na gari Oko Odugbo tsuntsu da ke ci gaba da cin 'ya'yan itacen dabino Onda abin al'ajabi, abin da mutum ba zai iya bayanin Onah ba shugaban gidan Adoga wanda kowa ya dogara da shi a gidan Akwuma wanda zai iya yin aure -da hannu sun kayar da kambin jarumai Edor mai kyau don saka jari ga yaro Edu Edeh wanda ke yaƙi da mutanensa Ogbaji ƙato wanda ake girmamawa a cikin al'umma
Sunaye da Sunaye Na Mata Igede
Iyaji Ma'anar tsoro don rayuwa Ogeyi Ma'ana karami mai girman kai amma ana girmama shi da babbar daraja Erima macen da duk Inori ke so Ma'ana mace kyakkyawa, mai fatar jiki mai santsi.
Odu Ma'ana mace mai kuɗi
Eko Ma'ana kira zuwa ga ɗaukan aiki Uduma Ma'ana mace mai aiki Abeyi Ma'ana mace mai hikima, wayo da kyau wacce ke kiyaye sirrin danginta Ocheri-Nuna wata mace mai kyau Onwaji -Yana nufin yarinyar da aka haifa bayan dogon lokaci na rashin haihuwa Ugwodenyi (Ugwo) -Bin bashi yana lalata abota Oganya Ma'ana shugabar mata Onyeje Ma'ana waye ya san gobe
Sunayen Igede da Ma'ana
Eje Ma'ana babban mafarauci wanda ya kashe damisa Ebah Ma'ana ƙwararren ɗan ganga Egiri Ma'ana wanda mahaifiyarsa ta daɗe a cikin ɗakin haihuwa kafin ta haihu. Ode Ma'ana mutum ne mai magani, mai maganin gargajiya Ominyi -Mai nufin wanda ya kashe giwa Akira -Mana ma'anar mai rikodin Eworo -Ma'anar masquerade Ajah Ma'ana da aka haifa yayin rashin fahimtar iyaye Ahonye -Maing da rago amma mai kyau Ajigo Ma'anarsa haifaffiyar mahaifiya yana nika kan nika dutse Ijeh Ma'ana daya a kan tafiya Abi Ma'ana daya da hangen nesa Ohiero Ma'ana babban manomi Ogireji Ma'ana wanda yake da doya da yawa kuma ya ci yunwa a cikin gidansa Omiragi -Ma'ana wanda ya kashe damisa Onwakpo Ma'ana wanda ya kashe bauna
Manazarta Al'ummomi
Al'ummomin Nijeriya
Al'umma
Kabila
Harsunan Nijeriya
Pages with unreviewed |
40426 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20Iheanacho | Eric Iheanacho | Eric Iheanacho "Acho" Nwakanma (an haife shi 26 Afrilu 1958) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne, ɗan kasuwa kuma mai taimakon jama'a, wanda ya yi aiki sau biyu a matsayin na 4th sannan kuma ya zama mataimakin gwamnan jihar Abia na 6, Nigeria a kan dandalin jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party (PDP), daga 2006 zuwa 2007 ƙarƙashin Gwamna Orji Uzor Kalu da kuma Gwamna Theodore Orji daga 2010 zuwa 2011.
Siyasarsa ta fara ne a shekarar 1999 lokacin da aka zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan majalisar dokokin jihar Abia don wakiltar mazabar Obingwa ta Gabas. A shekarar 2003 aka sake zaɓe shi sannan aka naɗa shi mataimakin shugaban majalisar har sai da Kalu ya zaɓe shi a matsayin mataimakin gwamna a shekarar 2006. Ya tsaya takarar Sanatan Abia ta Kudu a shekarar 2007 a ƙarƙashin jam’iyyar Progressive Peoples Alliance amma ya sha kaye a hannun Sanata Enyinnaya Abaribe a fafatawar da ya biyo bayan zabe. A ranar 18 ga Agusta, 2010, Orji ya sake naɗa shi a matsayin mataimakin gwamna wanda zai gaji Chris Akomas. Nwakanma ya ja kunnen burin zama gwamnan jihar Abia a ƙarshen wa'adin Orji a shekarar 2015. Ya yi rashin nasara ga surukinsa Okezie Ikpeazu A watan Afrilun 2013, Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan ya naɗa shi a matsayin shugaban hukumar kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa ta kasa, Enugu.
Rayuwar farko da kasuwanci An haifi Eric Acho Nwakanma a ranar 26 ga Afrilu 1958 ga dangin Sunday Nwakanma da Jemimah Nwakanma na Umorji Ohanze a Ohanze mai cin gashin kansa na karamar hukumar Obingwa ta jihar Abia. Bayan kammala karatunsa na firamare a St. Michael's Boys School Aba inda ya samu shaidar kammala karatunsa na farko a shekarar 1971, ya samu gurbin shiga makarantar Sakandare ta ƙasa, Aba inda ya yi karatun sakandire daga bisani ya wuce Community Secondary School Nbawsi inda ya samu makarantar West African. Certificate a shekarar 1976. Bayan haka, ya shiga Kwalejin Gwamnati Umuahia don yin babban digirinsa kuma ya kammala a 1978. Ya wuce Jami'ar Legas inda ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a Biochemistry a 1982.
Bayan shirinsa na bautar kasa na ƙasa a jihar Neja, ya ci gaba da neman ilimi a jami'ar Legas inda ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin kimiyyar kimiyya a Clinical Biochemistry a shekarar 1985. Nwakanma ya samu alƙawari a matsayin mataimaki na digiri na biyu a Sashen Nazarin Halittu na Kwalejin Magunguna, Jami'ar Legas daga 1985 zuwa 1986 wanda ke nuna farkon ɗan gajeren aiki na koyarwa. Daga baya ya yi aiki da Chemech Laboratories Nigeria Limited (yanzu Chemiron International) Victoria Island, Legas a matsayin wakilin tallace-tallace sannan kuma ya zama manajan shiyya (Gabas) daga 1986 zuwa 1989. Bukatun kasuwancinsa sun shafi sufuri, gidaje, shigo da kaya, da noma. Yana da wata katuwar gona a karamar hukumar Obingwa ta jihar Abia.
Siyasa da sadaka Nwakanma ya tsaya takarar shugaban karamar hukumar Obingwa na jihar Abia a wani juyin mulki da sojoji suka yi masa. A shekarar 1998, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa jam’iyyar PDP, kuma a shekarar 1999, ya zama dan majalisar dokokin jihar Abia don wakiltar mazabar Obingwa ta Gabas. An sake zaɓe shi a majalisar dokokin jihar Abia a karo na biyu a shekarar 2003.
Yayin da zama dan majalisar dokokin Abia ya dade, ya rike mukamai daban-daban na kwamitin majalisar da suka hada da:
Shugaban kwamitin Kuɗi da tattalin arziki
Shugaban Kwamitin Kasa da Tsaro
Memba kwamitin noma da raya karkara
Kwamitin Tsare-tsare na Ƙasa, Bincike da Birane; kuma
Wakilin Kwamitin Asusun Jama'a.
An zaɓe shi mataimakin kakakin majalisar dokokin jihar Abia a matsayin da ya rike na wasu shekaru kafin Kalu ya zaɓe shi a matsayin mataimakin gwamnan jihar Abia a watan Maris 2006. Ya tsaya takarar Sanatan Abia ta Kudu a shekarar 2007 amma ya sha kaye a hannun Enyinnaya Abaribe Orji ya sake naɗa Nwakanma a matsayin mataimakin gwamnan jihar Abia a watan Agustan 2010. Ya zama mataimakin gwamna na sauran wa'adin farko na Orji a matsayin gwamna, inda ya bar ofis a ranar 29 ga Mayu, 2011.
Acho Nwakanma Foundation An kafa gidauniyar Acho Nwakanma (TAN) a shekarar 1991, tana bayar da tallafin kudi ga mata marasa galihu don taimaka musu su fara kasuwanci da dogaro da kai. Ya ba da gudummawar babura, kekuna masu uku, da ababen hawa ga ɗimbin mutanen Abian. Ya taimaka wajen kafa tare da sake tsugunar da wadanda suka kammala karatun NDE su sittin da daya. Ta gidauniyar ya gina wa wasu zawarawa gidaje a sassa daban-daban na jihar.
Shi mai son wasanni ne na dabi'a kuma ya yi farin ciki wajen daukar nauyin wasanni a cikin shekaru goma da rabi da suka gabata. Ya ba da kyautar kofi don gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Inter Community a kowace shekara a karamar hukumar Obingwa. Gidauniyar Acho Nwakanma kuma a tsawon shekaru ta kasance mai jagorantar ci gaban wasanni a cikin jihar kuma ta haifar da ganowa da haɓaka ƙwararrun waɗanda a halin yanzu suna gudanar da kasuwancin su a Spain, Isra’ila, Ukraine, Afirka ta Kudu, kuma a fagen ƙwararru. duba abubuwan da ke faruwa a fadin Najeriya. Ya kuma kasance babban mai daukar nauyin kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Abia Comets wanda ba gwamnati ba, kuma farin cikinsa shi ne ganin kungiyar ta tashi tun daga farko a matsayin ta na mai son zama kwararrun kungiyar a gasar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya. Ya kuma dauki nauyin gasar kwallon kafa ta mata masu yiwa kasa hidima a jihar Abia.
Yana da rikodin sama da 30 na tallafin karatu na Jami'a waɗanda ke gudana a kowane lokaci. A lokuta daban-daban ya bayar da gudummawar kayayyakin ilimi ga makarantun firamare da na gaba da sakandare a karamar hukumar Obingwa da sauran su. A shekara ta 2012 ya shirya wani shirin kiwon lafiya na kyauta a fadin jihar.
Ya shirya ginin hanyar Acho Nwakanma Bypass mai tsawon kilomita 13, wani faffadan titin da aka gina da dutse da nailan-tar wanda ya hada Amuzu Ohanze-Ntighauzo-Ibeme a karamar hukumar Obingwa kuma ya zama babbar hanya ga matafiya tsakanin jihar Akwa-Ibom da Jihar Abia.
A halin yanzu yana nan fafutukar inganta haqqoqi da yanayin rayuwa ga masu tabin hankali ta hanyar gidauniyarsa. Yana neman kafa wata doka don kare masu tabin hankali da marasa galihu a Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa.
Rayuwa ta sirri Yana auren Joy Ezinwanyi Nwakanma kuma yana da ‘ya’ya hudu maza uku mace daya. Nwakanma Kirista ne kuma yana halartar Living Faith Church International aka Winners Chapel Nassoshi Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1958
Articles with hAudio microformats
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
21666 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tema | Tema | Tema birni ne, da ke a yankin Bight of Benin, da kuma Tekun Atlantika na ƙasar Ghana. Tana da nisan kilomita 25 (16 mi) gabas da babban birni; Accra, a cikin yankin Greater Accra, kuma shine babban birnin Tema. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2013, Tema ita ce ta goma sha ɗaya mafi yawan matsuguni a ƙasar Ghana, tare da mutane kusan 161,612 raguwar da aka samu daga adadin ta na 2005 wanda ya kai 209,000. Greenwich Meridian (Longitude 00) ya wuce kai tsaye ta cikin gari. Ana yiwa garin Tema lakabi da "Garin tashar jirgin ruwa" saboda matsayinta na babbar tashar jirgin ruwan Ghana. Ya ƙunshi al'ummomi daban-daban 25 waɗanda aka ƙidaya daidai da kowane ɗayansu yana da sauƙin isa ga abubuwan more rayuwa.
Tema birni ne da aka gina a kan ƙaramin ƙauyen kamun kifi. Shugaban kasar Ghana na farko, Kwame Nkrumah ne ya ba Tema aiki, kuma ya bunkasa cikin sauri bayan gina babbar tashar jirgin ruwa a 1961. Garin Tema an tsara shi, an tsara shi kuma an haɓaka shi ta hanyar mai ba da kyautar birni mai tsarawa kuma masanin gine-ginen ƙasar Ghana na farko, Theodore S. Clerk. Yanzu ta kasance babbar cibiyar kasuwanci, gida ga matatar mai da masana'antu da yawa, kuma tana da hanyar Accra da babbar hanyar jirgin ƙasa. Tema na daya daga cikin manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa biyu na kasar ta Ghana, dayan kuma ita ce Sekondi-Takoradi. Tema ya zama Kwamiti mai cin gashin kansa a cikin 1974 kuma an daukaka shi zuwa matsayin Majalisar Babban Birni a cikin Disamba 1990. Tema babban birni ne na Metananan biranen goma sha shida, Mananan hukumomi da Gundumomi a cikin yankin Greater Accra. Lardin Metropolitan ya raba iyaka da Ashaiman Municipal, Adenta Municipal District, da Ledzokuku-Krowor Municipal District zuwa yamma bi da bi, ta gabas da Gundumar Kpone Katamanso, zuwa Arewa tare da Yankin Dangme West da kuma Kudu tare da Gulf of Guinea.
Tarihi An gina Tema ne a wurin wani ƙaramin ƙauyen kamun kifi da ake kira Torman, wanda aka sa wa suna na yankin na tsiron calabash, Tor, wanda aka noma a can. "Tema" ya samo asali ne daga lalacin "Torman". Gwamnati ta gano wurin kafin samun 'yanci, kuma a cikin 1952 ta sayi murabba'in kilomita 166 (64 sq mi) na arewacin arewacin tashar, wanda aka damka wa Kamfanin Bunkasa Tema don sabon ci gaban masana'antu da na zama. Mazauna garin Torman sun yi kaura zuwa wani sabon wurin kamun kifi mai nisan kilomita 3 (kilomita 1.9) daga nesa, wanda suka kira Newtown.
An gina Babban Garin Tema, kuma tashar Tema ta buɗe a hukumance, a cikin 1962. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, Tema ya zama cibiyar masana'antu ta Ghana, tare da ingantaccen tsarin shimfidawa wanda ke dauke da shimfidar wuri da fitilun kan titi. Tana alfahari da cibiyoyin nishaɗin zamani da sauran abubuwan more rayuwa waɗanda ba safai a cikin biranen Afirka ba a lokacin. Shugaba Nkrumah ya nada Theophilus Asiaw Mills a matsayin Kwamishina na Gundumar na farko. Mahimmancin Tema a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa da masana'antar masana'antu ya bayyana ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa Ofishin 'yan sanda na Ghana yana kula da yanki na musamman na' yan sanda wanda aka keɓe ga birnin gaba ɗaya.
Yawan kwararar jama'a ya fara ne a cikin shekarun 1960 saboda damar samun aikin yi a garin, amma Kamfanin Raya Tema ya kasa gina gidaje da samar da wasu ayyuka don biyan bukatun baƙin haure. Girman gundumar Tema Newtown ya cika da hauhawar yawan jama'a, kuma ya zama ɗan uwan talaka na Tema Township, ba tare da karɓar ɗayan ingantattun gidajen ba, hanyoyin da aka shimfida, ko abubuwan more rayuwa. Bugu da ƙari, ba a yi amfani da kuɗin da kamfanonin Tema Newtown suka biya don korar ƙauyukan ba saboda wani rikicin shugabanci. Saboda haka ba a yi cikakken amfani da damar kamun kifi a yankin ba.
Yanayi Tema yana da yanayin mai zafi mai ƙarancin yanayi a ƙarƙashin ƙirar yanayi na Köppen (ƙirar yanayi na Köppen: BSh). Tana cikin yanki mafi bushewa na kudancin Ghana, ana samun ruwan sama kusan shekara daya kimanin milimita 750 (30 a cikin). Matsakaicin yanayin zafi yana da girma duk shekara, galibi yana wuce 30° Celsius.
Manyan kayayyakin masana'antu na garin sun hada da alminiyon, karafa, kifin da aka sarrafa, matatun mai, yadi, sinadarai, kayayyakin abinci, da siminti. Manyan kamfanoni dake aiki a Tema sun hada da Volta Aluminium (VALCO), matatar mai ta Tema (TOR), Nestlé Ghana Ltd., Wahome Karfe Ltd, Tema Shipyard. Hakanan akwai yankin yanki kyauta a Tema.
Tashar jiragen ruwa Tashar Tema, wacce aka bude a 1962, ita ce mafi girma daga tashoshin jiragen ruwa guda biyu a Ghana. Tana da yanki mai kewaye da ruwa na murabba'in kilomita 1.7 (0.66 sq mi) da kuma cikakken fili na murabba'in kilomita 3.9 (1.5 sq mi). Baya ga shigo da kayan da Ghana ke fitarwa da kuma fitar da su, hanya ce da ake hada-hadar zirga-zirgar ababen hawa, wacce ke hada-hadar jigilar kayayyaki zuwa kasashen Burkina Faso, Mali da Nijar. Tashar Tema tana daukar kashi 80% na kayan shigowa da shigo da kaya na Ghana, gami da babban kamfanin fitarwa na kasar, koko
Tashar tana da kilomita 5 (mil 3.1) na ruwa, da ruwa masu zurfin ruwa 12, da tashar tankar mai ta wuce gona da iri, da shinge, da wuraren adana kaya, da kuma wuraren da ake wucewa. Tashar tana da wuraren da aka rufe da kuma rufe wuraren adana kaya, gami da yankin da aka shimfida 77,200-m2 (hekta 7.72) don adana kwantena, kayayyakin karafa da sauran kayan na yau da kullun. Filin yadi na tashar yana iya ɗaukar sama da 8,000 TEUs a kowane lokaci. Rufe wurin da aka rufe, wanda ya kai kimanin 25,049 m2 (hekta 2.51) a yankin, ya kunshi sheda shida tare da jimlar damar daukar tan dubu 50 na kaya. Har ila yau, tashar jirgin ruwan ta hada da tashar busassun tashar jirgin ruwa da hanya mai sanyuwa ta 100,000. Ana gudanar da tashar jirgin ne ta Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa na Ghana.
Tashar kamun kifi Ghana ta dade tana da kamun kifi. Tashar kamun kifi ta Tema tana gefen gabashin tashar jirgin ruwan garin. Ya ƙunshi tashar jirgin ruwa na cikin gida, da mashigar ruwa, da tashar jirgin ruwa na waje, da kuma yankin kasuwanci tare da tallace-tallace da wuraren adana sanyi.
An gina tashar jirgin ruwa na kamun kifi tare da babbar tashar Tema a shekarar 1962 don samar da kayan sarrafawa ga jiragen ruwa na masarufi da masana'antu, da kuma karfafa ci gaban masana'antar kamun kifi na gida. A cikin 1965, an gina tashar jirgin ruwa na waje don manyan jiragen ruwa na masana'antu kamar trawlers, jiragen ruwa na tuna, da masu jigilar ruwa. Jiragen ruwan da ke aiki a yankin suna da tsawon mita 30-45 kuma suna iya sayan tan 55-65 na kifi (galibi kifin kifi da sandar kifi da sckere mackerel) a kowace tafiya kamun kifi. Jirgin ruwan tuna yana daga kananun jiragen ruwa kimanin 45-50 m a tsayi, iya saukar da tan 200-250 na kama, zuwa manyan sigar da tsawon 50-65 m da ikon sauka zuwa tan 650 a kowace tafiya kamun kifi. Mafi yawan jiragen ruwa na kamun kifi, masu jigilar ruwa mai zurfin (tare da tsayin 90-105 m), galibi jiragen ruwa ne da aka yi haya. Tun daga 1984, kamun ƙasa ya ƙaddara kimanin tan 200,000 zuwa 300,000 metric tonnes a shekara. Kamawar Tuna a Ghana ya ci gaba da samun daidaito na tan 30,000 a kowace shekara tun daga 1981.
Kogin Canoe yana kula da masunta. Kullum kwandon jirgin ruwa kusan 400 ne ke zaune. Waɗannan galibi nau'uka biyu ne: jiragen ruwa na katako, waɗanda ake kira da suna "Legelege", da kuma ƙarfe. Kwalejojin katako suna da tsayi a kan duka (LOA) tsakanin 30 zuwa 70 m, galibi mallakin byan asalin Ghanaan Ghana ne. Ayyukansu sun ƙaru a cikin watannin Yuni Satumba. Sana'ar kamun kifin gwangwani na da alhakin kusan kashi 70% na kamun.
Ilimi Kwalejin SOS-Hermann Gmeiner International (SOS-HGIC), wata makarantar haɗin kai mai zaman kanta wacce ke ba da maki 10 zuwa 13, tana Tema. A baya ta yi amfani da Takaddar Shaida ta Babban Sakandare ta Duniya (IGCSE) don maki 10 da 11 da kuma International Baccalaureate (IB) na aji 12 da 13 amma a yanzu haka tana gudanar da cikakken shirin IB Diploma na dukkan maki hudu. Margaret Nkrumah ce ke jagorantar makarantar sama da shekaru 15, kuma yanzu haka Mista Israel Titi Ofei da Nii Amaa Akita ke shugabanta. Tema kuma tana da makarantar duniya, Tema International School (TIS), wacce ke ta biyu ga HGIC, da kuma babbar makarantar sakandare, Tema Secondary School (TSS ko Temasco), wanda aka gina a ranar 22 ga Satumba 1961. Tema tana da manyan makarantun sikandire na gwamnati kamar su Chemu Senior High School a Community 4, Tema Methodist Day School, Mahean Senior High School, Our Lady of Merior Senior High School da Tema Technical Institute. Makarantun Shirye-shirye masu zaman kansu kamar Creator Schools, St Paul Methodist Primary and JHS, Marbs Preparatory School, Datus Complex, Deks Educational Institute, Naylor SDA School, Tema Christian Centre, Tema Parents Association, First Baptist School, Tema Regular Baptist School, Queen Esther School, Dorsons School, Adwenie Memorial, Creator School, New Covenant School, St Alban's School, Lorenz Wolf School, Bexhill School Complex, Life International School, Mazon Grace Academy, Santabarbera School, Angels Specialist School, First Star Academy, Pentecost School, Star School Complex, Tema Ridge, St John Bosco School da Rosharon Montessori School. Firamare na jama'a da na makarantun sakandare suna cikin Tema. Twedaase Primary School, Star School, Aggrey Road School, Republic Road School, Padmore School, Mante Din Drive, Amen Basic, Manhean SDA, School, Bethel Methodist School da sauransu.
Biranin Tagwaye
|
28384 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim%20ibn%20Saleh%20al-Hussaini | Ibrahim ibn Saleh al-Hussaini | Ibrahim ibn Saleh al-Hussaini Ibrahim Ibn Saleh al-Hussaini CON anfi sanin sa da Shaykh Sharif Saleh an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Mayun, shekara ta alif ɗari tara da talatin da takwas 1938) Miladiyya, ya kasance ɗan Najeriya ne, malamin addini, mai wa'azi da da'awa kuma mai fassara Alkur'ani. Shi ne babban limamin Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya. Shi ne ya kafa makarantar Kwalejin Annahda ta Kimiyya da Ilimin Addini Islama (wato Annahda college of science and Islamic studies) a shekara ta 1957 kuma a yanzu shi ne shugaban bada fatawa na Majalisar Ƙoli ta Harkokin Addinin Musulunci a Najeriya (wato ''Supreme Council for Fatwa and Islamic Affairs in Nigeria (NSCIA)).
Farkon rayuwa
An haifi Shehu Ibrahim ibn Sale al-Hussaini a ranar 12 ga watan Mayu na shekarar 1938 a garin fadhaa kusa da dikwa a jihar Borno a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya, mahaifinsa Shehu Saleh sannannen malamin addinin Muslunci ne.https://www.themuslim500.com/profiles/he-sheikh-ibrahim-salih/
https://twitter.com/nileuni/status/609693439517659136
Ilimi
al-Hussaini tun yana yaro karami ya fara karatu a gaban mahaifinsa, daya daga cikin sanannun makarantar addinin Musulunci a cikin Borno a wannan lokacin, daga nan ya tafi kasar Saudiyya, Egypt da Pakistan don ci gaba da karatunsa cike da sha'awar hadisai da Kur'ani. Wasu daga cikin malamansa su ne kamar Sheikh al-qadi abani borno, Abubakar al-waziri Borno, Sheikh Adam al-maharusa Borno, Ahmad Abdulfatahi, Sheikh tijjani usman(zangon bare-bari) Sheikh Abubakar Atik, Muhammad al-arabi bin kubbani, Muhammad Al-Hafiz, Mahmoud Khalil al-hussary, Shehu Ibrahim inyass yana daga cikinsu. Al-hussaini ya karanci harshen turanci a ƙasar London.https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/190963-%E2%80%8Bbuhari-sultan-saleh-listed-among-worlds-top-50-muslim-leaders.html) 3 October 2015.https://aminiya.dailytrust.com.ng/jibi-za-a-kaddamar-da-gidauniyar-cibiyar-sheikh-sharif-saleh/ Aminiya(in Hausa). Retrieved 2019-09-30.
Aiki
Al-hussaini shi ne shugaban majalisar malamai a zauren bada fatawa ta Najeriya, sannan mamba ne a zauren Majalisar dattawa na Musulmai, al-hussaini ya gama karatunsa a daya daga makarantun addini da ke ƙasar Najeriya. Sannan dalibi ne ga manya-manyan malamai da ke wasu ƙasashen duniya, al-hussaini yana gabatar da karatun tafsirin Kur'ani da hadisai da kimiyya a Muslunci.https://allafrica.com/stories/201301141069.html. "Annahada first aid group of Nigeria
http://www.fatwaacademy.org/viewmember.aspx?ID=46) Retrieved 2019-09-16
Matsayi
Ya rike matsayi da yawa amma ga wasu daga cikinsu;
1.Chairman of Financial Regulation Advisory Council of Experts (FRACE) Central Bank ofNigeria
2.Founder and mentor of the Islamic Renaissance Organization
3.Founding Member Association of Muslim Scholars in Africa (Morocco)[6]
4.Adviser to the Federal Government on Islamic Affairs 1992
5.Assistant Secretary-General for African Affairs in the World Islamic People's Leadership 1989
6.Chairman of Assembly of Muslims in Nigeria (AMIN)
7.Member of the Muslim Council of Elders.[8]
8.Founder of Sheikh Shariff Ibrahim Saleh Islamic Center (SHISIC)
Wallafa
Ya wallafa takardu fiye da dari shida(600) sannan ya wallafa rubutu a wajen tarurruka na addinin musulunci sama da dari biyu(200) dukkansu gaba daya da harshen larabci wanda yake dauke da ilimin kimiyya a musulunci, tarihin manzanni, da hikima.https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2017/12/235929/king-mohammed-vi-islam-modern-model-african-ulema/).MoroccoWorldNews(inHausa).Retrieved2019-09-18.https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-54645289).23October2020.
Lambar girma
Ya samu lambar girmamawa da takardar karramawa a wurare da yawa, wasu daga cikinsu;
1.Commander of the Order of the Niger (CON), presented to him by the President andCommander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, Abuja, 2008.
2.Doctorate Degree of Science (HNORIS COUSA) Conferred On him, at the 3RD Convocation Ceremony of the Nigerian Turkish Nile University, Abuja, On Saturday, 13TH June 2015.
3.Order of the Republic in Science and Arts Arab Republic of Egypt 1993.
4.Certificate of Merit from the National Union of Students of the State of Borno 1985.
5.Certificate of Merit from the Students Union of the Faculty of Sharia and Law 1995.
6.Certificate of Appreciation from the students of the Faculty of Law, University of Midogray 1995.
7.Certificate of Appreciation from the Ambulance Department of Jama'atu Nasr Al-Islam Group 1996
Manazarta
Mutane daga Jihar Borno Mutanen Najeriya
Rayayyun mutane
Mutanen ƙarni na |
19059 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manazarta | Manazarta | Manazarta ita ce dangantaka tsakanin abubuwa inda abu ɗaya ya tsara, ko kuma ya zama hanyar da za a haɗa ta ko danganta ta, da wani abin. Abu na farko a cikin wannan dangantakar ana cewa yana nufin abu na biyu. An kira shi suna don abu na biyu. Abu na biyu, shine wanda abu na farko yake nuni zuwa gareshi, ana kiran shi mai duba abu na farko. Suna yawanci magana ce ko magana, ko wasu wakilcin alama Mai yin fassarar na iya zama komai abu ne na abu, mutum, abin da ya faru, wani aiki, ko kuma ra'ayin da ba a fahimta.
References/Manazarta iya dauka a kan da yawa siffofin, ciki har da: a tunani, mai azanci shine ganewa cewa shi ne audible (onomatopoeia gani (rubutu), olfactory, ko tactile, wani tunanin jihar, dangantaka tare da sauran, spacetime daidaita, m, ko alpha-Tazarar, abu na zahiri ko samar da makamashi. A wasu lokuta, ana amfani da hanyoyi waɗanda suke ɓoye ambaton da gangan daga wasu masu lura, kamar yadda yake a cikin rubutun kalmomi Abubuwan da aka ambata a cikin fannoni da yawa na ayyukan ɗan adam da iliminsu, kuma kalmar tana ɗaukar tabarau na ma'ana musamman ga abubuwan da ake amfani da su. An bayyana wasu daga cikinsu a cikin sassan da ke ƙasa.
Etymology da ma'anarsa Kalmar reference an samo ta ne daga Turancin Ingilishi na daga Ma'anar Faransanci ta Tsakiya, daga Latin mai nunawa, "don ɗaukar baya", an ƙirƙira shi daga prefix re da ferre, "don ɗaukar". Da yawan kalmomi sun samo asali ne daga tushe guda, gami da miƙa wasiƙa, alƙali, mai ba da ra'ayi, rago, raba gardama Fi'ili da aka koma (zuwa) da maɓoɓansa na iya ɗaukar ma'anar "haɗi zuwa" ko "haɗa zuwa", kamar yadda yake a cikin ma'anonin isharar da aka bayyana a wannan labarin. Wata ma'anar ita ce "shawara"; wannan yana bayyana a cikin irin waɗannan maganganu kamar aikin tunani, teburin tunani, bayanin aiki, da dai sauransu
Semantics A ilimantance, galibi ana fassarashi azaman dangantakar dake tsakanin sunaye ko karin magana da abubuwa waɗanda aka sanya musu suna. Saboda haka, kalmar "Yahaya" tana nufin mutumin Yahaya. Kalmar "shi" tana nufin wasu abubuwan da aka ambata a baya. Abin da ake magana a kai ana kiran shi mai duba kalmar. Wasu lokuta ana kiran dangantakar kalma-abu lalatawa kalmar tana nuna abu. Dangantaka ta hira, dangantakar daga abu zuwa kalma, ana kiranta misali abun yana misalta abin da kalmar take nufi. A cikin nazarin aiki, idan kalma tana nufin kalmar da ta gabata, kalmar da ta gabata ana kiranta da antecedent Ma'ana Gottlob Frege yayi jayayya cewa ba za'a iya daukar isharar da ma'ana iri daya ba Hesperus (tsohon sunan Girka ne ga tauraron maraice) da Phosphorus (tsohon sunan Helenanci na tauraron asuba) duk suna nufin Venus, amma gaskiyar taurari cewa '"Hesperus" shine "Phosphorus"' har yanzu yana iya zama mai ba da bayani, koda kuwa an riga an san ma'anar "Hesperus" da "Phosphorus". Wannan matsalar ta haifar da Frege don rarrabe tsakanin ma'ana da bayanin kalma. Wasu shari'o'in suna da kamar suna da rikitarwa da baza a sanya su cikin wannan tsarin ba; yarda da ra'ayi na tunani na biyu na iya zama dole don cike gibin. Duba kuma Yanayin magana
Alamar yare Babban ma'anar alamar harshe shine haɗuwa da abun ciki da bayyanawa, na farkonsu na iya koma wa ƙungiyoyi a cikin duniya ko kuma nuna ƙarin ra'ayoyi marasa ma'ana, misali tunani. Wasu sassa na magana suna wanzuwa ne kawai don isharar magana, watau anaphora kamar karin magana Theungiyar rukunin abubuwan da ake nunawa suna nuna ishara game da mahalarta biyu a cikin jumla. Waɗannan na iya zama wakili (ɗan wasa) da haƙuri (aiki a kan su), kamar yadda yake a cikin "Mutumin ya wanke kansa", jigon da mai karɓa, kamar yadda yake a "Na nuna Maryamu ga kanta", ko wasu haɗuwa da dama da za a iya samu.
Kimiyyan na'urar kwamfuta A kimiyyar kwamfuta, nassoshi sune nau'ikan bayanai waɗanda suke nuni zuwa wani abu a wani wuri a cikin ƙwaƙwalwa kuma ana amfani dasu don gina nau'ikan tsarin bayanai iri-iri, kamar jerin jeri Gabaɗaya, tunani shine ƙimar da ke ba da damar shirin don kai tsaye ga takamaiman abun bayanan. Yawancin harsunan shirye-shiryen suna tallafawa wani nau'i na tunani. Don takamaiman nau'in bayanin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin harshen C duba bayanin (C Maganar tunani tana da mahimmanci a cikin ka'idar bayanan bayanai duba mutuncin magana Laburare da kimiyyar bayanai Bayani game da nau'ikan buga abubuwa da yawa na iya zuwa ta hanyar lantarki ko kuma na'urar da ake iya karantawa. Ga littattafai, akwai ISBN kuma don labaran labarai, mai gano abu na Dijital (DOI) yana samun dacewa. Bayani akan Intanet na iya isar zuwa ga Mai gano Kayan Kayayyaki (URI) Ilimin halin dan Adam A cikin sharuddan shafi tunanin mutum aiki, a kai-reference aka yi amfani da tunani don kafa ganewa da kwakwalwar a lokacin kai-bincike. Wannan yana neman bawa mutum damar ci gaba da gabatar da kansa ta hanyar wayewar kai. Koyaya, hakanan yana iya haifar da tattaunawa mai zagayawa, yana hana canjin tunani. Dangane da Ka'idar Sarrafawa (PCT), yanayin tunani shine yanayin zuwa ga abin da tsarin sarrafa ke fitarwa ya canza adadin da ake sarrafawa. Babban batun shine cewa "Duk halayyar tana daidaitacce duk lokacin da yake kusa da kula da wasu adadi game da takamaiman yanayin ishara."
Malanta A malamai da kuma malanta, wani tunani ko bibliographical tunani ne wani yanki na bayanai bayar a wani Nisan ko bibliography wata rubuta aikin kamar wani littafi, labarin, muqala, rahoton, oration ko wani rubutu irin, tantancewa da aka rubuta aiki na wani mutum amfani da halittar wancan rubutu. Bayanin kundin adana bayanai galibi ya hada da cikakken sunan marubucin, taken aikinsu da shekarar da aka buga su. Babban dalilin nassoshi shine bawa masu karatu damar bincika tushen rubutu, ko don inganci ko kuma karin sani game da batun. Irin waɗannan abubuwa galibi ana lasafta su a ƙarshen aiki a ɓangaren da aka yiwa alama na Nassoshi ko Bibliography Nassoshi suna da mahimmanci musamman don amfani da ƙididdiga, tunda yin kwafin kayan ta wani marubuci ba tare da ishara mai kyau ba da ko ba tare da izini da ake buƙata ana ɗauka sata ce, kuma yana iya zama daidai da keta haƙƙin mallaka, wanda zai iya zama batun batun shari'a Wani sashin tunani ya ƙunshi waɗancan ayyukan waɗanda aka ambata a cikin ainihin matanin aiki. A bambanci, a bibliographical sashe sau da yawa ya ƙunshi ayyukansu ba kawo sunayensu by marubucin, amma amfani da bango karatu ko jera a matsayin yiwuwar amfani ga mai karatu.
Riƙe littafin rubutu yana bawa mutum damar amfani da nassoshi don ƙungiya ta kansa, ko waninsa ya fahimci tsarin isharar amfani. Koyaya, malamai sunyi nazarin hanyoyin ishara saboda babbar rawar da suke takawa wajen sadarwa da aiki tare tsakanin mutane daban-daban, da kuma rashin fahimtar juna da ka iya tasowa. Nazarin ilimin zamani na nassoshi na kundin tarihi ya bunkasa tun karni na 19.
Doka A cikin dokar haƙƙin mallaka, ishara ita ce takaddar da za a iya amfani da ita don nuna yanayin ilimi a wani lokaci kuma saboda haka na iya sanya ƙirƙirar da'awar ta kasance bayyananne ko tsammani Misalan nassoshi haƙƙin mallakar kowace ƙasa ne, tallan mujallu, Ph.D. takaddun da aka lissafa kuma ta haka ne masu sha'awar samun bayanai game da batun suke samunsu, kuma zuwa wani abu na Intanet wanda ake samun saukin hakan.
Zane A cikin zane-zane, ma'ana abu ne wanda aka dogara da aiki. Wannan na iya haɗawa da:
wani zane mai zane
haifuwa (watau hoto)
wani abu da aka lura kai tsaye (misali, mutum)
ƙwaƙwalwar mai zane
Wani misalin abin misali shine samfuran ayyukan kide kide daban-daban ana hada su cikin sabo.
Duba kuma Tsoho (nahawu)
Kwatantawa
Hanyar gaba ɗaya
Hyperlink
Indexicality
ISO 690
Harafin Shawara
Alamar da alama
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Reference.com sabis ne na neman kundin bayanai da yawa, da mai ba da samfuran bincike na yare
References.net kundin adireshi na kayan aiki da yawa akan yanar gizo
Refmuseum.com Gidan adana kayan tarihin kan nassoshi
Manazarta Manazarta
Pages with unreviewed |
41358 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hari%20a%20Kaduna%20da%20Abuja%2C%20Yuni%202014 | Hari a Kaduna da Abuja, Yuni 2014 | A tsakanin ranakun 23 zuwa 25 ga watan yunin shekarar 2014, an kai wasu hare-hare a tsakiyar Najeriya. A ranakun 23-24 ga watan Yuni, wasu ƴan bindiga sun kai hari a wasu ƙauyukan jihar Kaduna, inda suka kashe mutane kusan 150. An ɗora alhakin kai harin kan ƴan ƙabilar Fulani. A ranar 25 ga watan Yunin 2014, wani bam ya tashi a Emab Plaza dake babban birnin tarayya Abuja, inda ya kashe aƙalla mutane 21. Dangane da harin bam din, sojojin Najeriya sun kai farmaki kan sansanonin 'yan bindiga biyu a ranar 26 ga watan Yuni, inda suka kashe fiye da mutane 100.
Wai-wa-ye
20,000
Sama da mutane 20,000 ne aka kashe a Najeriya tsakanin shekarar 2009 zuwa 2014 a hare-haren da ƴan ta'addar Boko Haram ke jagoranta. Ƙungiyar Boko Haram dai na adawa da mayar da Najeriya zuwa kasashen Yamma, wanda suke ganin shi ne ummul haba'isin aikata laifuka a ƙasar. Gwamnatin tarayya ta kafa dokar ta ɓaci a cikin watan Mayun 2013 a jihar Borno a yaƙin da take yi da masu tada ƙayar bayan. Sakamakon murƙushe ƴan ta’addan, ya kasa daidaita ƙasar.
Tsananta
Hare-haren mayaƙan Boko Haram sun ƙara tsananta a shekarar 2014. A watan Fabrairu, ƙungiyar ta kashe Kiristoci fiye da 100 a ƙauyukan Doron Baga da Izghe. Haka kuma a cikin watan Fabrairu, an kashe yara maza 59 a harin da aka kai a Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya a Jihar Yobe.
Zargi
A tsakiyar watan Afrilu, an zargin ƙungiyar Boko Haram da haddasa mutuwar mutane kusan 4,000 a shekarar 2014. Daga nan ne ƴan bindiga suka kai hari wata makaranta suka yi garkuwa da ƴan mata 276, waɗanda 57 daga cikinsu suka tsere a garin Chibok. Lamarin ya jawo hankalin duniya kan halin da ake ciki a Najeriya, kuma ƙasashen yammacin duniya sun yi alƙawarin taimakawa wajen yakar ƴan ƙungiyar Boko Haram. Sai dai an ci gaba da kai hare-hare. A ranar 20 ga watan Mayu, an kashe mutane 118 a wani harin bam da aka kai a birnin Jos. Washegari, an kashe mutane goma sha biyu a wani samame da aka kai wani ƙauye. Daga baya ƙungiyoyin ƴan banga sun kafu a ko’ina a Arewa, tare da samun nasarar daƙile wasu hare-haren.
Gwoza
Hare-haren da aka kai a karamar hukumar Gwoza da ke jihar Borno na da wuya a iya tabbatar da su saboda rashin kyawun ingantattun hanyoyin sadarwa.
MEND
Har ila yau, Najeriya na fuskantar hare-hare daga ƙungiyar MEND.
Hari a ƙauyukan Kaduna A ranar 23 ga watan Yunin 2014, wasu ƴan bindiga sun kai hari a ƙauyukan Kabamu da Ankpong a jihar Kaduna, inda suka kashe mutane 38 a cewar shugaban ƴan banga, Christopher Chisom. Gwamna Ramalan Yero, ya tabbatar da faruwar harin, kodayake rahotanni sun ce ƙauyukan sun kai harin kamar Fadan Karshi da Nandu. Ya ce an kashe mutanen ƙauyen 17 da misalin karfe 10 na dare a Fadan Karshi, tare da kama ko kashe mahara biyu. Da karfe 2 na safe wasu ‘yan bindigar kuma sun kashe mutane 21 a Nandu. “Da yawa” wasu kuma sun sami raunuka, kodayake ba a samu takamaiman adadi ba. Shugaban ƙungiyar ta (Ninzon Progressive Youths Organisation) ya ce wata wasiƙar barazana daga Fulani ta yi gargaɗi kai harin a farkon watan.
Ƙauyuka bakwai
A yammacin wannan rana, wasu ƴan bindiga sun kai hari wasu ƙauyuka guda bakwai: Dogon-Daji, Gani, Hayin-Kwanta, Kabani, Kabamu, Kobin, da Naidu. A cewar Chisom, an kashe ƙarin wasu mutane 123 a harin da aka kai cikin dare: 38 a Kobin, 30 a Kabamu, 21 a Dogon-Daji, 16 a Naidu, 9 a Gani, 5 a Hayin Kwanta, 4 a Kabani. Ƙungiyar kiristoci ta Najeriya CAN, ta kuma ruwaito cewa an kashe aƙalla mutane 100 a hare-haren. Rahotanni sun ce biyu daga cikin maharan suna sanye da kakin ƴan sanda. Ba a fitar da adaɗin waɗanda suka mutu a hukumance ba. Ba a dai san ko su waye waɗanda suka kai harin ba, duk da cewa an kama wasu Fulani makiyaya guda uku a harin da aka kai ranar 25 ga watan Yuni. Mai magana da yawun ƙungiyar ta CAN ya ce "Na yi imanin cewa su 'yan ta'adda ne saboda Fulanin da muke rayuwa da su ba za su iya yin wannan abu ba." Ya kuma ce wannan ya nuna cewa addini ne ya sa aka kai harin. An kuma samu bindiga ƙirar AK-47 guda uku da alburusai 158 a kamen. Karamar hukumar Sanga ta sanya dokar hana fita ta sa'o'i 24 sakamakon hare-haren.
Harin bom a Emab Plaza Wani abin fashewa ya fashe a Emab Plaza, cibiyar hada-hadar kasuwanci da ke birnin tarayya Abuja da misalin karfe 16:00 na ranar 25 ga watan Yuni kusa da ofisoshin gwamnatin tarayya. Fashewar wadda ta faru a lokacin da ake yawan samun cunkoso, ya haifar da hayaki mai yawa. Wani ganau ya ruwaito cewa: “Mun ji wata babbar hayaniya kuma ginin ya girgiza Mun ga hayaki da mutane cikin jini. Hargitsi ne kawai." A cewar rahotannin hukuma, an kashe aƙalla mutane 21 a harin. Jaridar Premium Times ta ruwaito an samu mutuwar mutane aƙalla 30 tare da yiyuwar samun karin wasu adadin. Sama da mutane 50 ne suka jikkata a harin.
An harbe wanda ake zargi da yunƙurin tserewa daga wurin. Wata jaka da yake ɗauke da ita na ɗauke da ƙarin wasu bama-bamai acikin jakar. A ranar 26 ga watan Yuni, rundunar hadin gwiwa ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta mayar da martani kan harin ta hanyar kai farmaki kan sansanonin ‘yan bindiga guda biyu. A cewar Ministan Tsaro, an kashe kusan mayaƙan 50 a kowane wuri. Sojoji biyu ne aka kashe a samamen. Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan ya dakatar da taron Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka domin ganawa da iyalan waɗanda fashewar ta shafa a ranar 27 ga watan Yuni. “’Yan Najeriya suna fafutuka, suna tunanin yadda za su bayar da tasu gudummawar ga ci gaban [al’umma] kuma suna aiki tukuru don kula da iyalansu [yayin da] wasu ke shagaltuwa da kashe mutane,” in ji shi.
Ba a ɗauki alhakin kai harin ba, amma rahotannin kafafen yaɗa labarai gaba ɗaya na alaƙanta tashin bam din da ƙungiyar Boko Haram. Mako guda kafin hakan, bayanan sirri na gwamnati sun nuna cewa ƙungiyar na shirin yin awon gaba da manyan motocin dakon mai tare da kai su cikin babban birnin ƙasar, waɗanda ke maƙare fam da bama-bamai.
Manazarta 2014 Kashe-kashe a Najeriya
Abuja
Boko Haram
Jihar Kaduna
Harin bam a |
14205 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leila%20Aboulela | Leila Aboulela | Leila Aboulela Larabci: an haife ta a shekarar 1964) marubuciya ce yar'asalin ƙasar Sudan wadda ke zaune a Birtaniya kuma tana yin rubutu cikin Turanci Litattafan da ta fitar kwanan nan su ne Birged Summons (2019) da kuma tarin gajerun labarai Elsewhere Home (Gida a wani wuri) wanda ya sami nasarar Kyautar Littattafan Duniya na Saltire na shekarar 2019. Kuma littafinta The Kindness of Enemies (Kyautatawar maƙiyi) (2015), wanda tasamu haske zuwa ga rayuwar Imam Shamil, wanda ya haɗa kabilun Caucasus don yaƙi da faɗaɗa mulkin mallaka na Rasha. Littafin labari na Abudela na 2011, Lyrics Alley, shine Fiction Winner na lambar yabo ta lambar yabon Scottish sannan kuma a takaice aka ba shi lambar yabo ta Yankin Commonwealth na Duniya. Ita ce kuma marubucin litattafan The Translator (Mai Fassara) New York Times 100 Littafin Sanannun Shekarar) da Minaret Dukkan littattafan tarihin guda uku an haɗe su cikin jerin sunayen lambar yabo ta Orange da kuma lambar yabo ta IMPAC Dublin. Leila Aboulela ta lashe kyautar Caine don Rubutun Afirka don gajeriyar labarinta mai suna "Gidan kayan gargajiya", wanda aka haɗu da tarin Coloured Lights, waɗanda aka ci gaba da kasancewa a jerin foran takarar na Macmillan Azurfa PEN An fassara aikin Aboulela cikin harsuna 15 kuma an haɗa su cikin wallafe-wallafe kamar Harper's Magazine, Granta, Washington Post da The Guardian Gidan Rediyon BBC ta daidaita ayyukanta sosai kuma tana yada wasanninnata da dama, wadanda suka hada da The Insider, The Mystic Life da kuma tarihin wasan zaki na Chechnya. Batun rediyo kashi biyar-biyar na littafinta na 1999 Mai fassarar ba shi cikin jerin gaisuwa na RIMA (Race A Media Award). Aboulela ta girma ne a Khartoum kuma yanzu tana zaune ne a Aberdeen.
Rayuwar mutum An haife ta a shekarar 1964 a Alkahira, Egypt, ga mahaifiyar Masar kuma mahaifinta dan Sudan, Aboulela ta koma tana da shekaru shida a Khartoum, Sudan, inda ta ci gaba har zuwa 1987. Tun tana yarinyarta ta halarci Makarantar Amurka ta Khartoum da Makarantar Sisters, makarantar sakandaren Katolika mai zaman kanta, inda ta karanci Turanci. Daga baya ta halarci Jami'ar Khartoum, inda ta kammala karatun digiri a 1985 tare da digiri a fannin tattalin arziki. An baiwa Aboulela wani M.Sc. da kuma digiri na biyu a MPhil a Statistics daga London School of Economics. A cikin 1990 Aboulela ta koma Aberdeen tare da mijinta da 'ya'yanta, yunƙurin da ta ambata shine komawarta shine hasken rubutun littafinta na, The Translator (Mai Fassara). Aboulela ta fara rubutu ne a shekarar 1992 yayin da take aiki a matsayin malama a kwalejin Aberdeen kuma daga baya ta kasance mataimaki na bincike a jami’ar Aberdeen Tsakanin 2000 da 2012, Aboulela ta rayu a Jakarta, Dubai, Abu Dhabi, da Doha. A shekarar 2012, ta koma ta zauna a garin Aberdeen. Aboulela Musulma ce mai ibada, kuma imanin ta ya sanar a yawancin aikinta na rubuce-rubuce.
Aikin wallafe-wallafen An ba ta lambar yabo ta Caine don Rubutun Afirka a 2000 saboda takaitaccen tarihinta mai suna "The Museum (Gidan kayan gargajiya)", wanda ya kunshi tarin gajerun labarun na Coloured Lights Littafin tarihinta An zabi The Translator mai Fassara don lambar yabo ta Orange kuma an zaɓi ta "Littafin Sananne na shekarar" wanda jaridar New York Times ta buga a 2006. Littafin tarihinta na biyu, Minaret, an zaɓi shi don Kyautar Orange da IMPAC Dublin Award. Littafin tarihinta na uku, Lyrics Alley, an saita shi ne a cikin Sudan na shekarun 1950 kuma an ba shi jerin gwano na 2011 na Orange Prize. Alley Lyrics shine almarar Labari na lambar yabo ta Scottish sannan kuma aka sa shi cikin jerin kyaututtuka na Commonwealth Writer -Europe da SE Asia. Aboulela ta ambaci marubutan larabawa Tayeb Salih da Naguib Mahfouz, da Ahdaf Soueif, Jean Rhys, Anita Desai, da Doris Lessing, a matsayin tasirintu a rubututtukanta. Ta kuma yarda da tasirin marubutan Scottish kamar su Alan Spence da Robin Jenkins. A cikin ayyukanta, littafinta na biyu Minaret (2005) ya jawo hankalin mafi mahimmanci. nuna alamar isowa Aboulela a matsayin mamba a cikin sabuwar kungiyar marubuta musulman Ingila. Tarin takaitattun gajerun Labarai Elsewhere (Gida a wani wuri) tasami lambar yabo na littafin Saltire Fiction na Year Award a shekara ta 2018. An fassara aikin ta cikin harsuna 15.
Ta kasance mai ba da gudummawa ga anthology na New Daughters of Africa (Sabbi ya'ya mata na Afirka), wadda Margaret Busby ce edita.
Littattafai 1999: The Translator (Mai Fassara), Grove Press, Black Cat (2006), fassara zuwa harshen Larabci ta Elkhatim Adl'an 2001: Coloured Lights Launin Fayiloli (tarin gajerun labaru 2005: Minaret, Grove Press, Black Cat (2005), fassara zuwa harshen Larabci ta Badreldin Hashimi 2011: Lyrics Alley, Grove Press (2011) An fassara shi zuwa Larabci ta Badreldin Hashimi Shekarar 2015: Rahamar Abokan gaba, Weidenfeld Nicolson (2015) wanda aka fassara zuwa Larabci ta Badreldin Hashimi 2018: Elsewhere Home (Wani wuri, Gida), Littattafan Telegram (2018) Shekarar 2019: Bird Summons, Weidenfeld Nicolson (2019)
Kyauta da lambobin yabo 2000: Kyautar Caine don Rubutun Afirka, don "Gidan kayan gargajiya" 2000: Saltire Society Scottish Littafin farko na Kyautar shekara (jerin mutane), "Mai Fassara" 2002: PEN Macmillan Macmillan Kyautar PEN Kyautar Kyauta (jerin )an takara), "Haske masu launuka" 2003: Race da lambar yabo ta Media (jerin mutane jigon rediyo serialization draination radio), Mai fassara 2011: An ba da sunayensu ga Prizealth Writer Prize- Turai da S. E Asia, Lyrics Alley 2011: Labaran Labarun ofabi'a na lambar yabo ta lambar yabo ta Scottish, Lyrics Alley 2018: Littafin Kundin Tarihi na Saltire na Kyautar Kyauta, Wani wuri, Gida
Manazarta
Karin karatu Dubawa Sufian, Abu (2014). "Aboulela's Minaret A New Understanding of Diasporic Muslim Women in the West". The Criterion. 5 (3). Retrieved 2015-04-24.
Haɗin waje Shafin yanar gizo Leila Aboulela ta rediyo tana wasa
Mutane daga Kairo
Mutanen Sudan
Marubutan Sudan
Marubutan Misra
Mutane daga Khartoum
Mata marubuta
Matan Misra
Matan |
19653 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed%20Seghir%20Boushaki | Mohamed Seghir Boushaki | Mohamed Seghir Boushaki (larabci: (an haife shi 27 ga watan Nuwamban shekara ta alif 1869, a Thénia, Lardin Boumerdès, Kabylie, Algeria; ya mutu a shekara ta alif 1959, a Thenia, Algeria) ɗan siyasar Abzinawa ne na Aljeriya bayan Faransa ta mamaye Algeriya.
Tarihin Rayuwa An haifi Mohamed Seghir Boushaki a shekara ta alif 1869, a ƙauyen Thala Oufella (Kabyle: O ana kiransa Soumâa (ana kiransa Larabci: saboda kango na Benian ntâa Soumâa.
Wannan tsohuwar katanga ta Berber ta Benian ntâa Soumâa ta Sarki Nubel [fr] ne ya gina ta lokacin da yankin na thenia ya kasance babban birnin Kabylie da Mitidja a Arewacin Afirka a lokacin tsufa.
Kasashen da suka fara daga Oued Boumerdès da Oued Meraldene a yamma zuwa Oued Isser zuwa gabashin ƙauyen "Thala Oufella (Soumâa)" na toabilar "Aïth Aïcha" wanda Mohamed ya kasance Seghir Boushaki kafin Faransa ta mamaye Algeria.
Shekaru biyu kacal da haihuwar Mohamecd Seghir, duk Kabylie sun yi gangami zuwa "Tawayen Mokrani" a ranar 16 ga watan Maris shekarar alif 1871, don korar sojojin mulkin mallaka na Faransa daga filin da tudu.
Bayan kayar da 'yan uwantaka ta Rahmaniya a wannan rikici na Kabyle, an tura shugabannin kabilun zuwa New Caledonia, daga cikinsu Cheikh Boumerdassi da "Ahmed Ben Belkacem" shugaban "Aïth Aïcha" wanda kuma ke kusa da Mohamed Seghir.
"Ahmed Ben Belkacem", an haife shi a shekarar alif 1837, kuma ɗan Ahmed ne, an tasa keyarsa ƙarƙashin "Lambar 18744".
Iyali Mohamed Seghir Boushaki ya girma a cikin babban iyali inda babban wansa "Ali Boushaki" (1855-1965) ya kasance abin koyi.
Mahaifinsu "Mohamed Boushaki" (1834-1889), wanda aka fi sani da "Moh Ouaâli" (Larabci: yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka tsira daga balaguron Faransawa zuwa garin Dellys daga 7 zuwa 17 ga watan Mayu shekarar 1844 kuma wanda ya lalace garuruwa da yawa na Kabylie, gami da "Thala Oufella (Soumâa)".
Don haka, kakan Mohamed Seghir, "Ali Boushaki" (1823-1846) wanda ya auri "Khdaouedj Dekkiche" daga ƙauyen Gueraïchene na Souk El-Had, yana ɗaya daga cikin shahidan Kabyle a lokacin yaƙi da Frenchasar Faransa na Kabylie, ya bar nasa ɗa "Moh Ouaâli" maraya.
Kisan gillar da aka yiwa Jacques Leroy de Saint Arnaud ya cika kuma ƙauyen "Thala Oufella (Soumâa)" ya lalace, kaka mai takaba "Khdaouedj Dekkiche" kawai zata iya kiyaye ɗanta "Moh Ouaâli" ta ɗauke shi tare da iyayenta a ƙauyen Gueraïchene (Larabci: a Souk El-Had har zuwa balagarta da sake gina garinsa na asali a cikin "Aïth Aïcha" kabilar.
Bayan dawowarsa zuwa "Thala Oufella" a cikin shekarar 1852 yana da shekara 18, "Mohamed Boushaki (Moh Ouaâli)" ya auri ɗan uwansa "Aïcha Ishak-Boushaki" daga ƙauyen Meraldene wanda ya haifa "Ali Boushaki" a shekarar 1855 sannan kuma daga "Mohamed Seghir Boushaki "a cikin shekarar 1869.
Karatu Mohamed Seghir Boushaki ya fara karatun Alkur'ani ne a cikin Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki da aka sake ginawa a ƙauyen "Thala Oufella" kusa da kabarin kakan kakansa Sidi Boushaki (1394–1453) wanda yana ɗaya daga cikin masanan da masu ilimin tauhidi kafin isowar Ottomans a Aljeriya.
A halin yanzu, filayen tsaunin Dutsen "Aïth Aïcha", arewacin ƙauyen "Thala Oufella", an mallake shi tun farkon shekarar 1871 ta hannun manoman Alsatian da Lorraine waɗanda suka zo daga Faransa don gano garin Ménerville..
Don haka, daga 1874 zuwa 1881, Mohamed Seghir ya yi kiwon garken garin tare da dan uwansa Ali da kuma dan uwan nasa yayin da yake ci gaba da karantarwar Musulmi a kauyensu.
Bayan kirkirar ofisoshin Larabawa a Kabylie da kuma kafa rajistar fararen hula da gwamna Louis Tirman ya yi, an jingina sabbin alamomin ga dangin "Aïth Aïcha", kuma an mika wa mazauna kauyukan takardun shaida, wanda ya ba Mohamed damar Seghir Boushaki don ci gaba da karatu a Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi da Zawiyet Sidi Amar Cherif, da kuma a Tizi Ouzou a cikin "Zawiya na Sheikh Mohand Ameziane" inda ya saba da yawancin mashahuran masu zuwa na Babban Kabylie.
Karatu mai zurfi da tafsirin da Mohamed Seghir ya karba a cikin Tizi Ouzou Zawiyas, da kuma yawan halartar baƙi na Faransawa, sun ba shi damar yin tsokaci a cikin al'adun Berber-Arab a gefe guda, kuma ya buɗe kan gaskiyar gaskiyar Kasancewar Turawa a Kabylie na wani gabar teku, saboda haka ba shi babban jari mai amfani da harsuna uku don neman tafiyarsa ta siyasa da zamantakewa.
Aiki Bayan shekaru goma na karatun addinin Islama a Great Kabylie, Mohamed Seghir Boushaki ya zauna a ƙauyensa "Thala Oufella (Soumâa)" a cikin 1891 kuma ya fara aiki a harkar noma da kasuwanci.
Ya kware a fannin noman bishiyar carob ta hanyar sakar wata cibiyar sadarwar danyar wake ta sayarwa a cikin jihar da kuma sarrafa shi cikin danko da kuma wake na moro.
Ba da daɗewa ba ya sami shahararrun riba wanda ya ba shi damar yin hayar gida a cikin mulkin mallaka na Faransa na Ménerville (Thénia) da ke iyaka da "Oued Arbia" inda ya yi aure a shekarar 1898 yana da shekara 29 tare da Fatma Cherifi, ɗiyar wani dangi mai arziki da ke zaune kusa da Zawiyet Sidi Amar Cherif a Sidi Daoud tare da Kogin Sebaou.
Mohamed Seghir ya sauya tsarin tattara danyen wake a Kabylie zuwa wani hadadden kawance tsakanin kauyuka ta hanyar aure a tsohuwar Sashin Algiers wanda ya sake hada wilayan Algiers, Boumerdes, Tizi Ouzou, Bouira, Blida da Tipaza.
Yayin da yake kasancewa mai cikakken goyon bayan Sufi Tariqa na Rahmaniyya, ya yawaita zuwa masallatai biyu na Sidi M'hamed Bou Qobrine a Bounouh (Boghni) da Hamma (Algiers), kuma da zaran ya haifi ɗa na farko a shekarar 1907, shi sanya masa suna "M'Hamed Boushaki" don tunawa da masanin ilimin kabyle "M'Hamed Ben Abderrahmane El Azhari".
Babban kasuwancin sa ya ba shi damar halartar kasuwannin mako a duk cikin Kabylie inda ake tattaunawa kan ma'amaloli da yarjejeniyar aure.
Yaƙin Duniya na 1 Mohamed Seghir Boushaki ya rasa matarsa ta farko "Fatma Cherifi" a shekara ta 1914 jim kadan kafin barkewar yakin duniya na daya lokacin da ya kai shekaru 45, ya bar masa yara marayu da dama a kansa.
Sannan ya sake yin aure da sauri tare da "Khdaouedj Tafat Bouzid" daga ƙauyen "Aïth Thafath" a cikin Chabet el Ameur, wanda ke kula da marayu sannan kuma ta haifa masa wasu sabbin yaran.
Faransawan da suka yi mulkin mallaka, wadanda sojojin Jamus da Stormtrooper suka kewaye shi, sun yi kira ga matasan Aljeriya da ke cikin rukunin dakarunta a cikin babban birni tare da alkawarin ba su a musayar wasu 'yan kasa da ke cikin Aljeriya kuma me zai hana a ba su cikakken' yanci.
Yawancin yara da yawa na Khachna da Great Kabylie an dauke su aiki a gaban Faransa a Turai, daga cikinsu akwai dangin Mohamed Seghir.
Daya daga cikin wadannan sojojin kabyle shine dan dan uwansa "Ali Boushaki", dan dan uwansa "Abderrahmane Boushaki" wanda ya kasance kofur a cikin "runduna ta 1 ta masu sharpshooters ta Algeria" daga shekara ta 1914 zuwa 1918.
Bambancin da kayan adon bayan dawowar dan dan uwan "Abderrahmane Boushaki" wanda aka yanka daga Faransa ya ba shi tare da danginsa da danginsa karin girma a cikin mulkin mallaka na Faransa a Algeria bayan 1918.
Hanyar 'yan bindiga Mohamed Seghir Boushaki ya fara gwagwarmayar gwagwarmaya a siyasa a matsayin wani bangare na mulkin mallaka na Faransa daga shekarar 1918 zuwa..
Manufar siyasa ta Mohamed Seghir ba ta koma Algiers don zama a can ba saboda ana samun jigilar kaya ta layin dogo da ya hada Tizi Ouzou zuwa Algiers wanda aka kammala shi a shekarar 1888 bayan an hade Bouira da Algiers a shekarar 1886.
Shekaru 49 a ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya tare da yara kusan goma a cikin kulawarsa da alhakinsa, Mohamed Seghir bai iya yunƙurin zama a cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin Algiers ba ta hanyar ɗaukar kasada na manta kansa da narkewa a cikin cikakkun bayanai game da rayuwar birni mulkin mallaka nesa da tsammanin mutanen ƙauyen Kabylian sun hau kan tsaunukan su kuma suna tunani game da Turawan zama waɗanda suka ɓata musu gonakinsu da makiyayarsu.
Sabon matsayin gatan dan dan uwansa "Abderrahmane Boushaki" a matsayinsa na tsohon soja ya ba wa "Arch of Aïth Aïcha" damar sake gina "Zawiya na Sidi Boushaki", wanda aka lalata a shekarar 1844 a ƙauyen "Thala Oufella (Soumâa)", tare da addu'a daki, makarantar koranta, ginshiki mai kyau, da gida ga malamin kur'ani. Wani magidanci dan kasar Faransa ya tsara Zawiya ta kauye cikin salon Berber-Moorish.
Zuwan attajirin mai gidan "Mohamed Naïth Saïdi" daga yankin Larbaâ Nath Irathen don ya zauna a garin Ménerville (Thenia) na mulkin mallaka ya kasance wani mahimmin juyi a yankin "Aïth Aïcha", saboda ya auri wani dan uwan Mohamed Seghir Boushaki, Kuma ya gina dukkan gundumomi a cikin salon Moorish a tsakiyar wanda aka gina masallaci na farko a Lower Kabylia bayan mulkin mallakar Faransa.
Hakan ya biyo bayan zuwan iyalai da yawa na Kabylian daga Djurdjura, kamar "Redjouani" da "Djennadi", don sasantawa tsakanin baƙi na Turai a Ménerville (Thenia) kuma don haka inganta bayyanar wayewar kai na ƙasa tsakanin Tizi Ouzou da Algiers.
Dokar Jonnart Babban labarin: Zaben kananan hukumomin Aljeriya na 1919
Duba kuma: Koken 'Yancin Siyasar Aljeriya na 1920
Theaddamar da tsarin sake tura jama'a, cibiyoyi da zamantakewar jama'a a Kabylie ta asalin mazauna sun sami keta doka ta hanyar Dokar Jonnart da Charles Jonnart ya yi shela a ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 1919 kuma ya ba wa 'yan Aljeriya damar zaɓa da zaɓaɓɓu a majalisun dokokin birni.
Don haka, zaɓen birni na farko bayan yaƙin bayan gari ya gudana a Algeria a ranar 30 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1919, wanda Mohamed Seghir Boushaki da Sarki Khaled suka halarci.
Gwagwarmayar Mohamed Seghir bayan shekara ta 1919 ta ta'allaka ne game da gwagwarmayar halaccin mulkin mallaka, yayin da yake kasancewa mai ƙiyayya ga ikon mallakar ƙasa amma har ila yau yana gwagwarmayar daidaito tsakanin 'yan asalin Algeria da masu mulkin mallaka na Faransa a cikin mawuyacin yanayi.
An gudanar da zaben Magajin garin Ménerville (Thenia) da mataimakansa a ranar Lahadi, 7 ga watan Disamba shekarar 1919, a zabukan Karamar Hukumar inda "César Boniface" a matsayin magajin gari, da mataimakansa "Auguste Schneider", "Georges Egrot" Da "Samuel Juvin an zabe su duka da kuri'u 23 daga cikin masu jefa kuri'a 24.
An zabi Mohamed Seghir a matsayin kansilan gari mai wakiltar Douar na "Thala Oufella (Soumâa)" a cikin Municipal na Ménerville a cikin ƙungiyar "César Boniface" na tsawon shekaru 5 daga shekarar 1920 zuwa shekarar 1925. Da yawa daga cikin 'yan majalissar Aljeriya sun zauna a zauren Ménerville Town Hall kusa da Mohamed Seghir kuma sun wakilci Douars daban-daban da suka kewaye garin mulkin mallaka.
Shigarwa Tun a shekarar 1920, Mohamed Seghir Boushaki tare da Sarki Khaled suka hada dabarun siyasa na kutsawa cikin tsarin mulki da al'adun mulkin mallaka, tare da kariyar da za ta ba su damar zuwa Sashin Algiers ba tare da wata matsala ba don saduwa da manyan masu kishin kasa. gefuna.
Wannan hukumar zaben ta baiwa Mohamed Seghir damar cin gajiyar dama da dama na matsayin kansila na gari kamar samun sassauci don gudanar da gonar hekta 70 da ke kudu maso gabashin birnin Merverville a gefen kauyen "Thala Oufella (Soumâa) "da kuma 'yar tazara daga Oued Isser.
"Sarki Khaled" ya yi amfani da wannan shigarwar da kutsawa ya kuma ziyarci kauyuka da kauyukan Sashin Algiers, kamar yadda kakansa sarki Abdelkader shi ma ya kasance yana wa'azin 'yanci ga' yan Aljeriya fiye da wadanda dokar Jonnart ta bayar.
Yawancin ayyukan siyasa na Mohamed Seghir tare da Sarki Khaled ya ci gaba har zuwa lokacin da wannan mulkin na shekarar 1923 ya yi ƙaura zuwa mulkin Misira zuwa Masar don ƙoƙari ya fusata haɓakar eancin Algeria da Kabyle.
A shekarar 1924, Mohamed Seghir ya sami izini don bude "Moorish Café" a cikin garin Ménerville wanda ke kallon titin Avenue de la Republique, inda dansa M'Hamed Boushaki (1907 1995) ya tafi Don yin aiki tare da 'yan uwansa har zuwa barkewar cutar Aljeriya juyin juya halin 'yanci a 1 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1954.
Kaɗan kadan Mohamed Seghir ya zama ɓangare na wasan siyasa na mulkin mallaka kuma ya fara sanya coan uwansa da danginsa a cikin ayyukan gudanarwa da sabis a cikin "Canton of Alma (Boudouaou)" da kuma cikin Algiers don ƙarfafa kasancewar Kabyle a babban birnin su lalatar da kakannin kakanni.
Sufanci Mohamed Seghir Boushaki bai fasa dangantakarsa ta ruhaniya da dangi ba tare da mabiyan Zawiyas Rahmaniyya na Tizi Ouzou wadanda sukan ziyarce shi a gidansa da ke Ménerville, suka yi hanya zuwa "Moorish Café" yayin motsinsu kuma suka zauna kamar shi a cikin Zagaye na 27 na Tizi Ouzou kamar shi a mazaba ta 29 na Alma (Boudouaou).
Yayin bukukuwan addini, ayarin motocin mutane na Kabyle Sufis sun haɗu da ƙauyukan "Aïth Aïcha" da na "Aïth Guechtoula" na Boghni tare da zabura, karatun da intonations duk a hanyar da ta kai kusan kilomita 40. Mahajjata da almajiran Kabyle sun fara daga Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki don isa Bounouh Zaouiya domin yin Maulidin kowace shekara. Bayan haka Mohamed Seghir ya gina gidan fasinjoji na sa kai a "Thala Oufella (Soumâa)" don maraba da wadannan almajiran Sufayen a lokacin da suke yawo a addini.
Ya taba tura dansa "M'Hamed Boushaki" tare da sauran 'yan uwansa don yin karatu a "Boumerdassi Zawiya" kudu da Tidjelabine. A halin yanzu, babban wansa "Ali Boushaki" (1855-1965) ya bi hanyar tauhidi don zama ɗayan muftin na Lower Kabylie bisa ga al'adar Maliki kuma an kira shi Mokaddem na tarika Rahmaniyya a yankin tsakanin Mitidja da Djurdjura da kuma matsayinsa na Limamin wa'azi a Masallacin Ménerville.
Amincewa Kansila Mohamed Seghir Boushaki ya yi fice daga shekarar 1920 zuwa shekarar 1925 a fagen siyasa, zamantakewa da addinai a yayin aikinsa na siyasa na farko bayan fitar da Dokar Jonnart.
Ta haka ne Mohamed Seghir ya tattara goyon bayan 'yan majalisun Aljeriya da yawa don yin da kuma sanya hannu a "Takardar Namba 30" mai kwanan wata 18 ga watan Yuli shekarar 1920, inda ya yi zanga-zanga tare da takwarorinsa da yawa zuwa Majalisar Dattawa game da tanadin wani kudirin doka da Gwamnatin Faransa game da tsara tsarin Indigénat a Aljeriya da karɓar asalin Aljeriya zuwa haƙƙin siyasa.
Wannan "Takaddama mai lamba 30" ta Mohamed Seghir da abokan aikin sa an binciki ta ne Sanatan Landes na lokacin wanda yake Charles Cadilhon a matsayin mai rubuta rahoton zaman majalisar dattijai a karkashin Jamhuriya ta Uku ta Faransa.
Mohamed Seghir ya yi karatun ta natsu game da yadda ake zartar da shawarwarin kwamitocin koke-koke a karkashin doka ta 100 ta dokokin aikin majalisar dattijan Faransa wanda ya tanadi cewa kowane sanata na iya neman rahoton a bainar jama'a a gaban koke ko wane irin rarrabuwa ne wanda Kwamitin ya ba shi a kan bukatarsa, ya rubuta a rubuce zuwa ga Shugaban Majalisar Dattawan, don a gabatar da wannan rahoton a zaman Majalisar Dattawa. Bayan ƙarewar lokacin da aka tsara don aiwatar da ƙararraki, ƙudurin Kwamitin zai zama na ƙarshe game da buƙatun waɗanda ba batun batun jama'a ba ne kuma za a ambata su a cikin Journal officiel de la République française.
Don haka "Takardar Noma 30" ta kasance kuma an tattauna sosai kafin a buga ta a cikin Jaridar Jaridar 20 watan Mayu shekarar 1921.
"Majalisar dattijai ta Jamhuriya ta Uku" ce ta yi muhawara game da wannan koke ƙarƙashin shugabancin Léon Bourgeois.
Sharuɗɗan ofis
Duba kuma Zaben kananan hukumomin Aljeriya na 1919
Koken 'Yancin Siyasar Aljeriya na 1920
Sidi Boushaki
Brahim Boushaki
Malikiyya
Sufiyya
Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki
Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi Zawiyet Sidi Amar Cherif
Majiya
Manazarta
Hanyoyin waje Yanar Gizo "www.thenia.net" game da Thénia Yanar Gizo na farko "http://menerville.free.fr" game da "Ménerville da Thénia" kafin 1962
Yanar Gizo na Biyu "http://menerville2.free.fr" game da "Ménerville da Thénia" kafin 1962
Haihuwan 1869
Mutuwan 1959
Iyalin Boushaki
Musulmai
Rahmaniyya
Sufiyya
'Yan siyasa
Pages with unreviewed |
7158 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulani | Fulani | Fulani ko Fulata (tilo: Bafulatani ko Bafillace) Mutane ne da ke a Yamma Maso Arewacin Afrika tun a tsawon lokaci. Mafi shaharar sana'ar Fulani shi ne kiwon dabbobi da kuma saida nono, kuma suna tatsan nonon dabbobinsu domin sayarwa, Fulani wasu mutane ne da ke da kyakkyawar fahimta, da zamantakewar sukan zauna da kowane kabilu lafiya kuma har su kulla aure a tsakaninsu.
Kididdiga ta nuna cewa akwai fulani akalla miliyan talatin da biyar a Najeriya.
Harshe
Harshe ko yaren da kuma Fulani suke magana da shi sunan sa Fulfulde. Haka ake kiran sa a kasashen Najeriya, Nijar, Sudan da Kamaru, amma a tushen inda suka fito, watau kamar 'kasashen Senegal, Mauritaniya,Gini, da sauransu ana kiran harshen da Pulaar ko 'Fula.
ASALIN KALMAR FULANI Da fari dai, masanin ya fada cewar tabbataccen tarihi shi ne wanda ya zo a Alkur'ani da Hadisai, amma duk wani abu wanda ba shi ba kan iya zamowa gurbatacce, don haka bai doru a kan cewa wajibin duk abinda ya faɗa shi ne na gaskiya ba.
A cewar sa asalin sunan Fulani shi ne Tuta (Futa Toro), kuma suna cikin tsoffin kabilun duniya ne. Shi sunan Futa din sun samo shi ne daga kakansu/uban su da ake kira Futa, kuma shi jika ne ga Annabi Nuhu. Ta wajensa aka samar da Samudawa da Adawa, don haka fadin Ta Ala a Alkurani (IRAMA ZA TUL IMAAD) da kabilar su yake, domin an samu cewa an taba kiran su da suna Iramawa.
Daga bisanin saboda yawaitar su ga yake-yake, sai aka rinka kiransu da suna Fatah, ma'ana Jarumai. Sannu a hankali kuma aka koma ambaton su da suna Futa.
Yanayin zaman su a wurare kuwa shi ne silar sauyawar sunayen su, ta yadda ake kiran wasu Futa Toro, ma'ana Futawa mazaunan Toro, da Futa Masina, Futa Jallo, Futa Falgo da sauran su
A cewar masanin, shi wannan sunan na FULANI, ya samo asali ne a Yammacin Afirka, sanda suka hadu da kabilar MANDINKA wajen zama, wadanda su ma kusan Fulani ne a halaye da dabi'u.
Malam Ahmad ya tafi a kan cewa Fulani kabilar farko ce da suka soma zaman Afirka, kuma su ne suka zo da addini Yammacin Afirka, amma fa addinin Yahudanci. Shi kuwa kowa ya sani addini ne na jinsi, ba na kowa da kowa ba.
Don haka idan Fulanin sun tara 'ya'yansu, su kan sanar musu da cewa 'Ana Hulbe (Fulbe) Allah'. Ma'ana mu masu tsoron Allah ne, kada kuyi abinda Mandinkawa abokan zaman mu suke aikatawa. Daga nan sai mandinkawa masu zuwa ganin su suka rinka kiransu da suna Fulah, kafin daga bisani sunan ya rinka sauyawa zuwa Fullata, da Fulbe.
ASALIN BAFILLATANI MAHANGA TA DAYA
Malam Ahmad ya sanar mana da cewa Bafillatani ya samu ne daga Annabi Nuhu A S.
Asalin zuriyarsa kuma a yankin durun Sinin take da zama. A nan ne har Annabi Musa A.S ya riske su a zamaninsa lokacin da aka saukar masa da Attaurah. A lokacin suna masu bautar shanu, don haka, sai ya kira iya kabilar sa Bani Israila zuwa bautar Allah makaɗaici.
Shi ya sa sai Bani Isra'ila suka yi kwadayin a sanya musu abin bauta kamar yadda Futawa suke yi, har kuma Musa Samiri ya shagaltar da su tare da sanya musu dan maraki a matsayin abin bautar Annabi Musa A .S.
Sai daga baya Annabin Allah Musa ya gane lamarin, sannan ya kira shugabansu mai suna Tori ya karbi addini, shi ne har aka yi bikin karbar sa ranar Asabar a jikin dutsen duri Sina. Fulani na kiran bikin 'Larki'. Har kuma sukan ce "RaduTori Sinin", watau ga Inda Tori ya musulunta wajen nuni da duri Sinin.
A wannan zamanin, sai kabilar Futah ta kasu. Wasu suka karbi addinin Annabi Musa bisa biyayya da shugaban su Tori, wasu kuma suka bijere, inda suka yi Hijira zuwa Afirka ta Kudu, daga jikin su kabilun Chusi da ake kira Totsi yanzu suka fita, da sauran kabilun da suka mamaye yankunan.
ASALIN BAFILLATANI MAHANGA TA BIYU
Aka ce asalin Fulani tare da Yahudawa suke da zama. Don haka kusancin su ke sanyawa ake kiransu da sunan Yahudawa. Kuma su mayaka ne mara sa tsoro, wadanda ba sa rabo da makami, sannan suna matukar daukaka ranar Asabar sama da sauran ranaku saboda tarayyar su da Yahudawa. Sannu a hankali suka famtsama yankin Afirka ta Yamma.
ASALIN FULANI MAHANGA TA UKU
Wannan mahangar kuma ta nuna cewa Fulani tsatso ne daga zuriyar Annabi Ayyuba A.S..
Aka ce a lokacin da ya zama dattijo yana wa'azi a gefen tekun Indiya, sai aka ba shi wata mace aure wadda ba ta son sa. Don hakan idan dare ya yi sai ta guje masa zuwa bayan daki, a can kuma sai shedan ya rinka zuwar mata yana tarawa da ita. A haka har ta samu rabon yaro namiji wanda baya magana da kowa.
Aka yi magana a kan yadda ta samu wannan yaro dube da rashin tarayyar ta da maigidanta, amma Annabi Nuhu ya ce a kyale ta a matsayin matarsa, daga bisani hakan ya cigaba da faruwa har ta sake haifar yarinya mace.
Don haka wadannan mace da namijin da suka girma su ne suka fara amfani da yaren su sabo na Fulatanci.
Tarihi
Arziki
Wasanni
Fannin tsarotsaro
Kimiya da Fasaha
Sifiri
Sifirin Jirgin Sama
Sifirin Jirgin Kasa
Al'adu
Mutane DURI
Abinci Daga cikin muhimman abincin Fulani akwai Fura.
Tufafi
Ilimi
Addinai
Musulunci
Hotuna
Maza
Mata
Manazarta
Al'ummomin |
57577 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufuri%20a%20Najeriya | Sufuri a Najeriya | Bayan shekaru da dama na tattaunawar siyasa gadar Nijar ta biyu na gab da kammalawa(ya zuwa watan Janairun 2022).
Mai fatauci Rundunar ‘yan kasuwan ruwa ta Najeriya ba wata hukuma ce da aka amince da ita ba, amma manyan hafsoshin na samun wakilcin jami’an ‘yan kasuwan ruwa da kungiyar manyan ma’aikatan sufurin ruwa. Hukumar kula da harkokin jiragen ruwa ta Najeriya NIMASA ce ke kula da harkar sufurin jiragen ruwa,wadda ke da alhakin ka’idojin da suka shafi sufurin jiragen ruwa na Najeriya,ma’aikatan ruwa da kuma ruwan teku.Haka kuma hukumar na gudanar da bincike tare da bayar da ayyukan bincike da ceto.
jimlar:jiragen ruwa 40(1,000 babban ton(GT)ko sama da haka)jimlar 360,505 GT 644,471 Mataccen nauyi </br>jiragen ruwa ta nau'in: babban mai ɗaukar kaya 1,jigilar kaya 12,tankar sinadarai 4,tankar mai 22,tanki na musamman 1(1999 est.)
Filin jirgin sama da kamfanonin jiragen sama Manyan filayen jiragen saman Najeriya sun hada da filin jirgin sama na Murtala Muhammed da ke Legas da filin jirgin Nnamdi Azikiwe da ke Abuja.Sauran filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama guda uku sun hada da filin jirgin Mallam Aminu Kano da ke Kano da filin jirgin saman Akanu Ibiam da ke Enugu da kuma filin jirgin sama na Fatakwal a Fatakwal.
Cutar ta fi shafa musamman ma harkar sufurin jiragen sama,saboda kasashe da dama sun rufe iyakokinsu a wurare daban-daban a duk shekara ta 2020 domin rage yaduwar cutar.Bangaren sufurin jiragen sama na Najeriya ya shiga cikin bala'in ne a wani matsayi mai karfi,a cewar FAAN. Wadanda suka isa filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama na Najeriya guda 30 sun kai miliyan 8.8 a shekarar 2019,yayin da aka yi jigilar masu tashi sama da 8.7m. Wannan yana wakiltar haɓaka 7.4% daga jimlar motsin fasinja na 16.4m da aka yi rikodin a cikin 2018.A halin yanzu,zirga-zirgar kaya ya girma a cikin 2019-daga 164.9m kg a cikin 2018 kg zuwa 174.9m kg-yayin da wasiku ta iska ya tashi daga 47.3m kg zuwa 55.6m kg.Tashoshin gida na filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama na Abuja da Legas sun kai kashi 25% na zirga-zirgar fasinja da kashi 30% na zirga-zirgar jiragen kowane a shekarar 2019, yayin da filin jirgin saman Murtala Muhammed(MMIA)da ke Legas ke daukar kashi 81% na dukkan kaya.
Ayyukan da aka sa gaba a cikin kasafin kudin 2021 sun hada da N10bn($ 26.7m) na titin jirgin sama na biyu a filin jirgin saman Nnamdi Azikiwe(NAIA)a Abuja, N1bn($2.7m)don sabon ginin tashar jirgin sama a Enugu,da N900m($ 2.4m)don tsawaitawa da gyara titin jirgin sama a MMIA.Kwantar da titin jirgi na biyu a NAIA ya biyo bayan budewar sabuwar tashar kasa da kasa a watan Disamba 2018.Tashar dai ita ce ta farko a kasar da aka hada da tsarin jirgin kasa,inda jirgin kasa na Abuja ke daukar fasinjoji zuwa tsakiyar birnin.
Nassoshi
Gabaɗaya nassoshi This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}Nigeria: A Country Study. Federal Research Division.
This article incorporates public domain material from .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}The World Factbook. CIA.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Taswirar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
Taswirar hanyoyin Najeriya Najeriya |
36998 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria%20Entertainment%20Awards | Nigeria Entertainment Awards | An kafa hukumar bada lambar yabo ta Nishaɗi ta Najeriya a Birnin New York a cikin Janairu shekarata 2006. Kyaututtukan suna bada gudummawar masu nishadantarwa na Afirka tare da mai da hankali na musamman ga 'yan Najeriya.
Jadawalin bukukuwa 2006 Nigeria Entertainment Awards
2007 Nigeria Entertainment Awards
2008 Nigeria Entertainment Awards
2009 Nigeria Entertainment Awards
2010 Nigeria Entertainment Awards
2011 Nigeria Entertainment Awards
2012 Nigeria Entertainment Awards
2013 Nigeria Entertainment Awards
2014 Nigeria Entertainment Awards
2015 Nigeria Entertainment Awards
2016 Nigeria Entertainment Awards
Rukunnai Waɗannan su ne nau'ikan na yanzu kamar na 2016.
Rukuni na kiɗa Mafi kyawun Album/Kundi na Shekara
Mafi cancanta na kundi mai waƙa ɗaya a Shekara
Mafi kyawun ƙiɗan da aka inganta (promote). Mafi kyawun Sabon aikin a Shekara
Mawaƙin Linjila na shekara
Fitaccen Mawaƙin Ƙasa na Shekara
Mafi kyawun mawaƙin na salon Pop/R&B a Shekara
Jarumar Mace wacce tayi fice a Shekara
Namijin Mawaƙin da yayi fice a Shekara
Mafi kyawun na salon Rap a Shekara
Gwarzo Mawallafin Kiɗa na Shekara
Mafi kyawun Bidiyon Kiɗa na Shekara (Mawaƙi da Darakta)
Mafi kyawun Haɗin gwiwa/ haɗaka.
Best promising act to watch
Gwarzon Mawaƙin Ƙasa
Gwarzon Mawakin na Nahiyar Afrika (Banda yan Najeriya)
Jarumar Matan Afirka Na Shekara (Ban da 'yar Najeriya)
Rukunin fina-finai Best supporting actor Best actress in a Lead Role
Best supporting actress
Gwarzon Darakta na Shekara
Hoto mafi kyawu a Shekara
Gajeren Fim na Shekara
Gwarzon Jarumin Shekara a ɓangaren watsa shirye-shirye a telebijin (TV)
Gwazuwar Jaruma a Shekara bangaren watsa shirye-shirye a telebijin (TV)
Gwarzon TV show a Shekara
Gwarzon Jarumin Shekara (Ban da Ɗan Najeriya)
Gwarzuwar Jarumar Shekara (Bands 'yar Najeriya)
Mafi kyawun Hoto (wanda aka ɗauka wata kasar Banda Najeriya Sauran nau'ikan Entertainment Personality of the year
Gudanar da Nishaɗi na Shekara
Mafi kyawun OAP
Gwarzon ɗan Barkwanci Na Shekara
Disk Jockey na Shekara (Namiji)
Disk Jockey na Shekara (Mace)
Haɗin gwiwar Disk Jockey na Shekarar
Disk Jockey of the Year (Banda ɗan Najeriya Mai Gabatar Da Talabijin Na Shekara (Salon Rayuwa)
Model Fashion na Shekara
2006-2008 NEA Awards
2006 NEA Awards An gudanar da bugu na farko a Cibiyar Clarice Smith Performing Arts a Jami'ar Maryland, Kwalejin Kwalejin a ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2006 kuma ɗan wasan barkwanci Michael Blackson ya shirya shi. Taron ya ƙunshi wasan kwaikwayo na Sauce Kid, Sammy Okposo, da Mike Okri. Tuface Idibia da Banky W na cikin wadanda suka yi nasara a bugun farko.
2007 NEA Awards An gudanar da bugu na biyu a cibiyar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta NYU da ke birnin New York a watan Yunin 2007 kuma ɗan wasan barkwanci Julius Agwu ne ya dauki nauyin shirya shi. Buga na 2007 ya nuna wasan kwaikwayon Banky W, Iceberg Slim, Blak Jesus, da Mike Aremu.
Masu nasara Mafi kyawun kundi na shekara Grass 2 Grace (Tuface Idibia)
Hottest single of the year "why Me" (Dbanj)
Mafi kyawun sabon aikin shekara Tosin Martin
Mawaƙin Kasa na shekara Lagbaja
Mafi kyawun haɗin-gwiwa/haɗaka na shekara P Square Weird Mc (Bizzy Body Remix)
Mafi kyawun wasan afro pop na shekara Dbanj
Mawaƙin Bishara na bana Sammy Okposo
Mawaƙin Neo afrobeat na shekara Femi Kuti
Mafi kyawun kundi na duniya na shekara 'Return of the king' ta eLDee
Mafi kyawun ƙundi (mai waƙa ɗaya) na shekara a duniya "Capable" (Banky)
Gwarzon furodusa na duniya na shekara Mic Tunes
Mafi kyawun mawakan bisharar duniya rccg Jesus house, DC
Gwarzon Mawallafin kiɗa na shekara Don Jazzy
Yaƙin DJS na Amurka DJ Zimo
Mai tallata nishadi na tushen Amurka na shekara Big Moose Entertainment
Gwarzon dan wasa na shekara Obafemi Martins
Mai zanen kayan sawa na shekarar Najeriya Kayayyaki Kayayyaki
Mafi ban dariya na shekara Julius Agwu
Fitaccen jarumin wasan duniya Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje
Fitacciyar jarumar duniya Adetoro Makinde
Mafi kyawun jarumin Nollywood Ramsey Nouah Twins masu haɗari Jarumar Nollywood Stella Damasus Aboderin Twins masu haɗari Daraktan Nollywood Tade Ogidan Twins masu haɗari 2008 NEA Awards An gudanar da bugu na uku a NYU Skirball Centre for Performing Arts a birnin New York a watan Yunin 2008 kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Raz Adoti Amistad da Tatiana ne suka shirya shi daga lokacin 2007 na Big Brother Africa Buga na 2007 ya nuna wasan kwaikwayon Dekunle Fuji da Tosin Martin. Har ila yau, taron ya nuna Ramsey Noah da Supermodel Oluchi sun gabatar da lambar yabo mafi kyau ga jarumi Olu Jacobs Masu nasara Mafi kyawun Album na Shekara: ASA ta Asa
Mafi Zafi Na Shekara: "Yahooze" na Olu Maintain
Mafi kyawun Sabon Dokar Shekara: TY Bello
Mafi kyawun Dokar Pop na Afro na shekara: 9ice
Mafi kyawun Dokar Bishara ta Shekara: Dekunle Fuji
Mawallafin Kiɗa na Shekara: Dr Frabs
Mafi kyawun Bidiyon Kiɗa na Shekara: "Ku Yi Ni" ta P Square
Mafi kyawun Single na Duniya na Shekara: "Fsa Ni Kuɗi" Remix by Oladele ft. Eldee
Mafi kyawun Kundin Duniya na Shekara: Babi na XIII na Keno
Mafi kyawun Mai samarwa na Duniya na Shekara: T Money
Mafi kyawun Bidiyon Kiɗa na Duniya na Shekara: "Wetin Man Go Do" na Amplyd Crew
Taron kasa da kasa na Shekara (wanda aka gabatar ga mai talla): Haɗuwar NRC
Mafi kyawun DJ na Duniya: DJ Tawali'u
Mafi kyawun barkwanci: Basorge
Mafi kyawun Fim: Mai Albarka A Cikin Mata
Mafi kyawun Jarumi: Olu Jacobs
Mafi kyawun Jaruma: Kate Henshaw
Babban Mai Tallafawa Na Shekarar Amurka: Kabilar X Nishaɗi
2009-na yanzu NEA Awards
2019 NEA Awards In 2009, the fourth edition of the NEA Awards was held at Howard University's Cramton Auditorium in DC. The event was hosted by comedian Basorge and co-hosted by actresses Omoni Oboli and Ebbe Bassey. The event also featured performances by YQ, Midnight Crew, Toba Gold, Bigiano and J Martins.
Masu nasara Mafi kyawun kundi na shekara Nishaɗi (D'Banj)
Mafi zafi guda na shekara "mai kyau ko mara kyau" (J Martins)
Mafi kyawun sabon aiki na shekara MI
Mawallafin Bishara na shekara Tsakar dare Crew
Mai shirya kiɗa na shekara ID Cabasa
Mafi kyawun rapper MI
Mafi kyawun bidiyo na kiɗa na shekara Ba Yarinya ba (Darey)
Mafi kyawun zane-zane na duniya Iceberg Slim
Mawaƙin ɗan asalin shekara 9ICE
Mafi kyawun furodusa na duniya na shekara Dapo Torimiro
Lamarin na shekara Wannan rana/Tashi NY fashion mako ta Wannan Rana
Mafi kyawun DJ na duniya DJ Neptune
Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan barkwanci Zan mutu
Mafi kyawun jarumi Jim Ikye
Fitacciyar jaruma Funke Akindele
2010 NEA Awards An gudanar da bugu na 2010 a bugu na uku a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2011 a BMCC Tribeca Performing Arts Center da ke New York kuma mawaki Omawumi ne ya dauki nauyin shirya shi. Taron ya gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo daga Lara George, Jesse Jagz, Omawumi, MI da Tuface Idibia. Lara George, Jesse Jagz, Omawumi, MI da Tuface Idibia suma sun sami lambobin yabo a wannan bikin.
Masu nasara Mafi kyawun Album na Shekara Superstar Wizkid
Mafi zafi a cikin shekara Dami Duro Davido
Mafi kyawun Sabon Dokar shekara Davido
Mawallafin Bishara/Rukunin shekara Tim Godfrey
Mafi kyawun mawaƙin pop/r&b na shekara Wizkid
Mafi kyawun wasan rap na shekara Vector
Mawallafin kiɗa na shekara Don Jazzy
Mafi kyawun mawaƙin duniya Tinie Tempah
Mafi kyawun bidiyo na kiɗa na shekara "Nawti" (Olu Maintain)
Mafi kyawun aiki don kallo Eva
Pan African artist ko rukuni na shekara Vivian Ndour
Mafi kyawun mawaƙin Amurka na shekara Awon Boyz
Mafi kyawun mawaƙin ɗan ƙasa/ƙungiyar -Flavour
Mafi kyawun haɗin gwiwa na shekara "Sauce Kid" ft. Davido (Carolina)
Mafi kyawun jarumi (fim) Wale Ojo Swap Phone Best actress (fim) Funke Akindele Troj Mafi kyawun hoto Musanya waya
Mafi kyawun Nunin TV Big Brother Africa
Best director film Kunle Afolayan Phone Swap Dan wasan Afrika Majid Michel Wani wuri a Afirka Pan African actress Yvonne Okoro Single Shida Duniya DJ Jimmy Jatt (Nijeriya)
Babban Manajan Nishaɗi na shekara Eldee
2020 NEA Awards An gudanar da bugu na bakwai ne a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 2012 a Cibiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Skirball ta Jami'ar New York da ke New York kuma AY yar wasan barkwanci kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Funke Akindele (aka "Jenifa") ta dauki nauyin shiryawa. Taron ya nuna wasan kwaikwayon na Brymo, Seyi Shay, Ice Prince, Vector, Waje, Banky W., Skales, WizKid Don Jazzy, Davido, Vivian Ndour, D'Prince, Sarkodie, Gbenga Akinnagbe, Uche Jumbo, Susan Peters, da Juliet Ibrahim ne suka bayyana.
Masu nasara Mafi kyawun Album na Shekara Superstar Wizkid
Mafi zafi a cikin shekara Dami Duro Davido
Mafi kyawun Sabon Dokar shekara Davido
Mawallafin Bishara/Rukunin shekara Tim Godfrey
Mafi kyawun mawaƙin pop/r&b na shekara Wizkid
Mafi kyawun wasan rap na shekara Vector
Mawallafin kiɗa na shekara Don Jazzy
Mafi kyawun mawaƙin duniya Tinie Tempah
Mafi kyawun bidiyo na kiɗa na shekara "Nawti" (Olu Maintain)
Mafi kyawun aiki don kallo Eva
Pan African artist ko rukuni na shekara Vivian Ndour
Mafi kyawun mawaƙin Amurka na shekara Awon Boyz
Mafi kyawun mawaƙin ɗan ƙasa/ƙungiyar -Flavour
Mafi kyawun haɗin gwiwa na shekara "Sauce Kid" ft. Davido (Carolina)
Mafi kyawun jarumi (fim) Wale Ojo Swap Phone Best actress (fim) Funke Akindele Troj Mafi kyawun hoto Musanya waya
Mafi kyawun Nunin TV Big Brother Africa
Best director film Kunle Afolayan Phone Swap Dan wasan Afrika Majid Michel Wani wuri a Afirka Pan African actress Yvonne Okoro Single Shida Duniya DJ Jimmy Jatt (Nijeriya)
Babban Manajan Nishaɗi na shekara Eldee
2012 NEA Awards An gudanar da bugu na bakwai ne a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 2012 a Cibiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Skirball ta Jami'ar New York da ke New York kuma AY yar wasan barkwanci kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Funke Akindele (aka "Jenifa") ta dauki nauyin shiryawa. Taron ya nuna wasan kwaikwayon na Brymo, Seyi Shay, Ice Prince, Vector, Waje, Banky W., Skales, WizKid Don Jazzy, Davido, Vivian Ndour, D'Prince, Sarkodie, Gbenga Akinnagbe, Uche Jumbo, Susan Peters, da Juliet Ibrahim ne suka bayyana.
Masu nasara Mafi kyawun Album na Shekara Superstar Wizkid
Mafi zafi na shekara Dami Duro Davido
Mafi kyawun Sabon Dokar shekara Davido
Mawallafin Bishara/Rukunin shekara Tim Godfrey
Mafi kyawun mawaƙin pop/r&b na shekara Wizkid
Mafi kyawun wasan rap na shekara Vector
Mawallafin kiɗa na shekara Don Jazzy
Mafi kyawun mawaƙin duniya Tinie Tempah
Mafi kyawun bidiyo na kiɗa na shekara "Nawti" (Olu Kula)
Mafi kyawun aiki don kallo Eva
Pan African artist ko rukuni na shekara Vivian Ndour
Mafi kyawun mawaƙin Amurka na shekara Awon Boyz
Mafi kyawun mawaƙin ɗan ƙasa/ƙungiyar -Flavour
Mafi kyawun haɗin gwiwa na shekara "Sauce Kid" ft. Davido (Carolina)
Mafi kyawun jarumi (fim) Wale Ojo Swap Phone Best actress (fim) Funke Akindele Troj Mafi kyawun hoto Musanya waya
Mafi kyawun Nunin TV Big Brother Africa
Best director film Kunle Afolayan Phone Swap Jarumin Pan African Majid Michel Wani wuri a Afirka Pan African actress Yvonne Okoro Single Shida Duniya DJ Jimmy Jatt (Nijeriya)
Babban Manajan Nishaɗi na shekara Eldee
2013 NEA awards
Masu nasara Mafi kyawun Album na Shekara: YBNL Olamide
Mafi Zafi Na Shekara: "Kukere" Iyanya
Mafi kyawun Sabon Dokar Shekara: Burna Boy
Mawallafin Bishara/Rukunin Shekara: Sammy Okposo
Mafi kyawun Mawaƙin Pop/R&B na Shekara: Davido
Mafi kyawun Dokar Rap na Shekara: Ice Prince
Mawallafin Kiɗa na Shekara: Spellz
Bidiyon Kiɗa na Shekara: Ghetto "Shank" (Patrick Ellis)
Dokar Maza Mafi Alƙawari don Kallon: Endia
Mafi Alkawari Dokar Mata don Kallon: Emma Nyra
Mawaƙin Gabashin Afirka ko Ƙungiya na Shekara: Navio
Mawaƙin Yammacin Afirka ko Ƙungiya na Shekara: Sarkodie
Mawaƙin Kudancin Afirka ko Ƙungiya ta Shekara: Zahara
Mafi kyawun Mawaƙin Duniya: JJC Skillz
Mafi kyawun Ƙungiya Ƙungiya: Olamide
Mafi kyawun Haɗin kai: Yanayin fatalwa Phyno ft. Olamide
Mafi kyawun Jarumi a Fim: OC Ukeje Alan Poza Mafi kyawun Jaruma a Fim: Rita Dominic Taron Jarumin da ya fi kowa Tallafawa a Fim: Ali Nuhu Blood and Henna Jaruma Mafi Taimakawa A Fim: Tunde Aladese (Rikicin Na Wa Best Director Film: Tunde Kelani Maami Mafi kyawun Hotuna (Mai Shirya Fim): Jirgin Karshe Zuwa Abuja (Obi Emelonye)
Mafi kyawun Nunin TV: Big Brother Africa
Mafi kyawun Jarumin Pan African: John Dumelo Wasika zuwa Mahaifiyata Mafi kyawun Jarumar Pan African: Nadia Buari Maɗaukaki da Aure Mafi kyawun DJ na Duniya: DJ Bayo (Birtaniya)
Mafi kyawun wasan barkwanci: Basketmouth
Mafi kyawun Mai Tallata Nishaɗi: Coko Bar
Mafi kyawun Halin Rediyo/TV: Daskare na CoolFM
Mafi kyawun halayen TV: Labi Layori
Mafi kyawun Blog ɗin Nishaɗi: NotJustOk
Mafi kyawun Gudanar da Nishaɗi: Ubi Franklin
Mafi kyawun Jarumin Duniya: Dayo Okeniyi
Mafi kyawun Jaruma ta Duniya: Hope Olaide Wilson
2014 NEA Awards Shekara ta 9 lambar yabo ta Nishaɗi ta Najeriya ta yi bikin tare da karrama membobin masana'antar nishaɗi ta Najeriya a New York, a Cibiyar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta NYU. Wasan kwaikwayo sun haɗa da na Wande Coal, Praiz, Oritsefemi, Master's 'Sekem' MCgalaxy, da kuma taron jama'a ShataWale. Har ila yau a kan dandalin akwai Patoranking, wanda ya yi shahararriyar wakarsa mai suna "Girlie O", da Skales tare da sabuwar wakarsa mai suna "Shake Body".
Masu masaukin baki Bovi da Funke Akindele sun sanya ’yan kallo su nishadantar da su da barkwanci, yayin da Gbemi Olateru-Olagbegi ta yi aiki da ’yan kallo ta hanyar yin mu’amala da tambayoyi domin su sa su shiga cikin shirin fiye da shekarun baya.
Masu nasara Rukunin kiɗa
Best Album of the Year Baddest Boy Ever Liveth (Olamide)
Mafi Kyau Na Shekarar "Jago" (Kcee ft. Wizkid) "Aye" (Davido) (tie)
Mafi kyawun Sabon Dokar Shekara Patoranking
Mawallafin Bishara na Shekara Frank Edwards
Fitaccen Mawaƙin Ƙasa na Shekara Oritshe Femi
Mafi kyawun Mawaƙin Pop/R&B na Shekara Tiwa Savage
Jarumar Mace Na Shekara Tiwa Savage
Namijin Mawaƙin Shekara Davido
Mafi kyawun Dokar Rap na Shekara Ice Prince
Mawallafin Kiɗa na Shekara Del B
Mafi kyawun Bidiyon Kiɗa na Shekara (Mai fasaha Darakta) "Rands Naira" (Emmy Gee Nick)
Mafi kyawun Haɗin kai "Gallardo" Runtown Ft. Davido)
Dokar da ta fi Alƙawari don kallo Ayo Jay
Mawaƙin Ƙasar Ƙasa na Shekara LAX
Gwarzon Mawaƙin Afirka (Ba ɗan Najeriya ba) Shata Wale
Rukunin fina-finai
Mafi kyawun Jarumi a Matsayin Jagora Tope Tedela Mile daga Gida Mafi kyawun Jarumi Yomi Fash Lanso Omo Elemosho Mafi kyawun Jaruma a Matsayin Jagora Funke Akindele a Agnetta O'Mpa Jaruma Mafi Taimakawa Genevieve Nnaji Rabin Rawar Rana Mafi Darakta Desmond Elliott Neman Rahama Mafi kyawun Hoto Rabin Rana Rana
Sauran nau'ikan
Halin Nishaɗi Na Shekara Denrele Edun (Channel O)
Babban Gudanar da Nishaɗi na Shekara E Money (Kiɗan Tauraro Biyar)
Mafi kyawun OAP Yaw (Wazobia FM)
Mafi Bakin Barkwanci Na Shekara Bovi da baske bakin kunne
Duniya DJ DJ Spinall
Mafi kyawun blog na nishaɗi Bella Naija 2015 NEA Awards A ranar Lahadi 6 ga Satumba, 2015 ne aka gudanar da bikin bayar da lambar yabo ta Nishadi a Najeriya karo na 10 a Cibiyar Kwallon Kafa ta NYU da ke New York. Fitacciyar jarumar fina-finan Nollywood Osas Ighodaro da mai fasahar Chocolate City, Ice Prince, ne suka tsayar da bikin cikin nasara.
Taron wanda aka siyar ya samu halartar manyan mashahuran mutane da suka hada da Pasuma, Jerry Wonder, Kevin Lyttle, Fally Ipupa, DJ Abass, Juliet Ibrahim, DJ Cuppy, Sunkanmi, Ayojay, Emma Nyra, Bimbo Thomas, Ruth Kadiri, Destiny Amaka, Sonia Ibrahim, Chiney Ogwumike, Gbenro Ajibade, Jimmie, Maria Okan, Swanky Jerry, Mimi Onalaja, Tjan, and Toby Grey.
Ayyukan sun haɗa da Yemi Alade, Praiz, MC Galaxy, Eddie Kenzo, Sheyman, Jaywon, Niniola, Mr. 2Kay, KAVHS, da Simi.
Nunin ya kuma sami halartar wasu shugabannin kasuwancin masana'antu, irin su Howie T (Baseline Records), Ayo Shonaiya, Jason Oshiokpekhai (Delta Airlines), Kobi Brew-Hammond (Arik Air), Dan Petruzzi (OkayPlayer), Abiola Oke (OkayAfrica), Chetachi Nwoga (Chibase), Jason Kpana (Tidal), Briant Biggs (Roc Nation), Roslin Ilori (Mtech), da Suilemana (Dama Ent).
Haka zalika akwai fitattun ‘yan Najeriya daga ‘yan siyasa har zuwa ‘yan kasuwa ciki har da Hon. Demola Seriki, Comrad Timi Frank, Cif Terry Wayas, da Bankole Omishore.
Masu nasara Rukunin kiɗa
Album na Shekara: Godiya (Flavour)
Mafi Zafi Na Shekara: "Ojuelegba" (Wizkid)
Namijin Mawaƙin Shekara: Wizkid
Mafi kyawun Kiɗa na Shekarar: Fredoo Perry
Jarumar Mace ta Shekara: Yemi Alade
Mafi kyawun Mawaƙin Pop na Shekara: Davido
Dokar Rap na Shekara: Olamide
Mafi kyawun Mawaƙin R&B na Shekara: Praiz
Mafi kyawun Haɗin kai na Shekara: "Bad Girl Special" Remix (Mr. 2 Kay)
Mafi kyawun Ayyukan Rawa Live: MC Galaxy
Mafi kyawun Bidiyon Kiɗa na Shekara (Director): Unlimited LA
Mafi kyawun Sabon Dokar Kallon: Kiss Daniel
Fitacciyar Mawaƙin Ƙasar Shekara: Pasuma
Mawaƙin Ƙasashen waje na Shekara: Styleez
Mawakin Bishara Na Shekara: Tope Alabi
Dokar da ta fi Alkawari: Simi
Mawallafin Kiɗa na Shekara: Shizzi
Gwarzon Mawaƙin Afirka (Ba ɗan Najeriya): Eddie Kenzo
Gwarzon Mawaƙin Afrobeat: 2face Idibia
Rukunin fim/TV
Gwarzon Jarumin Shekara (fina-finan cikin gida): Adekola Odunlade
Gwarzon Jarumin Shekara (Nollywood): Gabriel Afolayan
Jarumar Jarumar Shekara (fina-finan cikin gida): Toyin Aimakhu Johnson
Jarumar shekarar (Nollywood): Ruth Kadri
Gwarzon Jaruma (Nigeria in Hollywood): Adepero Oduye
Gwarzon Jarumin Shekara (Nigeria a Hollywood): Chiwetel Ejiofor
Gwarzon Jarumin Shekara (Afirka): Majid Michel
Jarumar Jarumar Shekara (Afirka): Sonia Ibrahim
Daraktan Fim na Shekara (fina-finan cikin gida): Olanrewaju Abiodun
Daraktan Fim na Shekara (Nollywood): Kunle Afolayan Oktoba 1 Daraktan Fim na Shekara (Afirka): Alex Konstantaras
Fim na Shekara (fim ɗin ƴan ƙasa): Alakada
Fim na Shekara (producer, Nollywood): 1 ga Oktoba
Fim na Shekara (Mai gabatarwa, Afirka): Rushe Ƙauna
Sauran nau'ikan
Mafi Matashin Mai Tallafawa Na Shekara: Yarima Fredoo Perry
Mafi kyawun Jockey na Shekara: DJ Prince
Jockey na Diaspora na Shekara: DJ Phemstar (US Jockey na Afirka: DJ Slick Stuat Roja (UG)
Shugaban Nishaɗi na Shekara: Tobi Sanni Daniel
OAP na Shekara: Big Tak (Urban FM)
Mai Gabatar Da Talabijin Na Shekara: Seyitan (The Sauce)
Best Comedy Act of the Year: Woli Arole Asiri
Gwarzon Mai Hoton Shekara: Kelechi Amadi
2016 NEA Awards Kyautar Nishadantarwa ta Najeriya ta 2016 ita ce bugu na 11 na kyautar Nishadi ta Najeriya. Richard Mofe Damijo da Ebbe Bassey ne suka dauki nauyin taron, an gudanar da taron ne a ranar 4 ga watan Satumba a dakin wasan kwaikwayo na BMCC Tribeca da ke birnin New York na Amurka.
Masu nasara Rukunin kiɗa
Album of the Year: Eyan Mayweather (Olamide)
Mafi Kyau Na Shekara: "Mama" (Kizz Daniel)
Waƙar Shekara: "Ɗauki" (Adekunle Gold)
Mawallafin Afroop na Shekara: Kizz Daniel
Mawaƙin R&B Na Shekara: Seyi Shay
Mawaƙin Rap na Shekara: Olamide
Bishara ta Shekara: Frank Edwards
Mawaƙin Dancehall na Shekara: Ketchup
Mawaƙin Ƙasa na Shekara: Flavor
Madadin Mawaƙin Shekara: Aramide
Mafi kyawun Sabon Dokar Kallon: Adekunle Gold
Dokar da ta fi Alƙawari don kallo: Mista Eazi
Gwarzon Mawaƙin Ƙasashen Waje: Ayojay
Mafi kyawun Haɗin kai na Shekara: "Mace ta, Komai na" Patoranking ft Wande Coal
Mafi kyawun Ayyukan Rayuwa na Shekara: 2Baba
Mafi kyawun Bidiyon Kiɗa na Shekara (Director): Unlimited LA Gaggawa (Dbanj)
Gwarzon Mawaƙin Nazari na Nahiyar Afirka (Ba ɗan Najeriya): Shata Wale
Jarumar Mace Na Afirka Na Shekara (Ba 'yar Najeriya): Efya
Mawallafin Kiɗa na Shekara: Masterkraft
Rukunin fim/TV
Jagoran Jarumin Shekara: Joseph Benjamin Rebecca Jarumar Jarumar Shekara: Fathia Balogun Ishanna Jarumin Tallafawa A Fim: Sambasa Nzeribe Labarin Soja Taimakon Jaruma a Fim: Osas Ighodaro Gbomo Gbomo Express Daraktan Fim na Shekara: Frankie Ogar Labarin Soja Mafi kyawun Hoton Shekara: Ishanna
Mafi kyawun Gajeren Fim na Shekara: Taxi mai Jini Folasakin Iwajomo Mafi kyawun Jarumin Shekara (TV): Folarin Falana Diary Jenifa Mafi kyawun Jaruma na Shekara (TV): Abimbola Craig Yarinya mai fatattaka da iska Nunin Talabijin Na Shekara: Yarinya Mai Fariya A Tafiya
Gwarzon Jarumin Shekara (Ba Dan Najeriya): Abraham Attah Beast of No Nation Jarumar Jarumar Shekara (Ba 'yar Najeriya): Nuong Faalong Freetown Mafi kyawun Hoton Shekarar (Ba Ba-Nijeriya): Dabbar Babu Al'umma
Sauran nau'ikan
Female Disc Jockey of the Year: DJ Mystelle
Male Disc Jockey of the Year: DJ Gravpop
Disc Jockey Collaboration of the Year: DJ Kaywise ft. Oritse Femi "Warn Dem"
Disc Jockey of the Year (Non-Nigerian): DJ Gravpop DJ Slick Stuart Roja
Music Executive of the Year: Don Jazzy (Mavin Records)
OAP of the Year: Tisan Jeremiah Bako (Raypower FM)
TV Presenter of the Year (Lifestyle): Daala (Ovation)
Comedy Act of the Year: Basketmouth
Fashion Model of the Year: Mayowa Nicholas
Online Comedy Act of the Year: Emmanuella
Mafi kyawun Jockey na Shekara: DJ Prince
Jockey na Diaspora na Shekara: DJ Phemstar (US Jockey na Afirka: DJ Slick Stuat Roja (UG)
Shugaban Nishaɗi na Shekara: Tobi Sanni Daniel
OAP na Shekara: Big Tak (Urban FM)
Mai Gabatar Da Talabijin Na Shekara: Seyitan (The Sauce)
Best Comedy Act of the Year: Woli Arole Asiri
Gwarzon Mai Hoton Shekara: Kelechi Amadi
2017 NEA Awards Kyautar Nishadantarwa ta Najeriya ta 2017 ita ce bugu na 12 na lambar yabo ta Nishadi ta Najeriya. Singer Emma Nyra ne ya dauki nauyin shirya taron, an gudanar da shi ne a ranar 25 ga watan Nuwamba a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Symphony Space Peter Sharp da ke birnin New York. Nunin ya nuna wasan kwaikwayo na Olamide aka Baddo sannan kuma Superstar Davido da mai kare shi Mayorkun sun halarta. Har ila yau, akwai sanannun sunaye da suka haɗa da Seyi Shay, Young Paris, Dremo, Sheyman, ID Cabasa, DJ Enimoney, Danagog, Dotman, D12, da dai sauransu.
Masu nasara Rukunin kiɗa
Album of the Year: Glory (Olamide)
Mafi Zafi Na Shekara: Idan (Davido)
Gwarzon Mawaƙin Namijin AfroPop: Davido
Mawaƙin Mata na Shekarar AfroPop: Seyi Shay
Dokar Rap na Shekara: Olamide
Mafi kyawun Mai haɓaka Kiɗa Blogger: Yarima Fredoo Perry
Mawaƙin Dancehall na Shekara: Patoranking
Best Collabo of the Year: Iskaba Wande Coal DJ Tunez Best Music Video of the Year (Director): Meji Alabi (Yolo, Seyi Shay)
Mafi kyawun Sabon Dokar Shekara: Mayorkun
Fitaccen Mawaƙin Ƙasa na Shekara: Phyno
Mafi kyawun Dokar Alkawari Na Shekara: Kaptain Kush
Mawaƙin Ƙasa na Shekara: Jidenna
Mawaƙin Ƙarfafawa na Shekara: Sinach
Dokar Mafi Alƙawari don Kallon: Deshinor
Mawallafin Kiɗa na Shekara: Krisbeatz
Gwarzon Mawakin Namijin Nahiyar Afrika (Ba Ba-Nijeriya): Toofan
Jarumar Matan Afirka Na Shekara (Ba 'yar Najeriya): Becca
Rukunin fim/TV
Mafi kyawun Jarumin Shekara: Ransey Noauh (76)
Mafi kyawun Jarumar Shekara: Funke Akindele (Tafiya zuwa Jamaica)
Jarumin Goyan bayan Shekara: AY (Tafiya zuwa Jamaica)
Jarumar Taimakawa Gwarzon Shekara: Kehinde Bankole (The Dinner)
Daraktan Fim na Shekara: Steve Gukas (kwana 93)
Mafi kyawun Hotuna na Shekara: Bikin Bikin aure
Mafi kyawun Matsayin Jagora a TV: Oreka Godis (Bikin Bikin Abokinmu)
Babban Matsayin Jagoranci a Fim (Ba Ba-Nijeriya Afirka): Korto Davies
Mafi kyawun Shirin Talabijin: Big Brother Naija
Sauran nau'ikan
Mafi Matashin Mai Tallafawa Na Shekara: Yarima Fredoo Perry
Mafi kyawun Jockey na Shekara: DJ Prince
Jockey na Diaspora na Shekara: DJ Phemstar (US Jockey na Afirka: DJ Slick Stuat Roja (UG)
Shugaban Nishaɗi na Shekara: Tobi Sanni Daniel
OAP na Shekara: Big Tak (Urban FM)
Mai Gabatar Da Talabijin Na Shekara: Seyitan (The Sauce)
Best Comedy Act of the Year: Woli Arole Asiri
Gwarzon Mai Hoton Shekara: Kelechi Amadi
2018 NEA Awards A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 2018 ne aka gudanar da lambar yabo ta Nishaɗi ta Najeriya ta 2018 a UDC Performing Art Center, Washington, DC.
2019 NEA Awards Tun da farko an shirya bayar da lambar yabo ta Nishaɗi ta Najeriya na 2019 a wajen Amurka a karon farko a birnin Johannesburg na Afirka ta Kudu a watan Nuwamba na 2019 amma an soke shi saboda karuwar lamurra na kyamar baki.
2020 NEA Awards An fara shirya kyaututtukan Nishaɗi na Najeriya na 2020 don Faɗuwar 2020 amma saboda cutar ta COVID19, an sake tsara lambobin yabo don 2021.
Ƙungiyar gudanarwa Masu Gudanarwa na Yanzu:
Tope Esan
Cosmas Collins
Azeem Jolasun
Masu Gudanarwaran da suka gabata:
Linda Ofukeme (2006-2006)
Joy Tongo (2006-2008)
Belinda Nosegbe (2006-2008)
Seun Tagh (2006-2009)
Dolapo OA (2006-2009)
Martin Fayomi (2006-2015)
Manazarta
Hanyoyin waje http://www.neaawards.com
Nigerian music awards
Nigerian awards
2006 establishments
Awards established in |
23941 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/LU%20ZISHEN | LU ZISHEN | Labarin ya nuna Lu Da wanda daga baya ya zama sufiri mai suna Zhishen, kamar yana da fuska mai zagaye, manyan kunnuwa, hanci madaidaiciya, bakin mazugi da gemu wanda kusan ya rufe fuskarsa. Ya fara aiki a matsayin babban sansanin sojoji a Weizhou kusa da Pingliang, Gansu na yau Wata rana Lu ya sadu kuma ya yi abota da Shi Jin da Li Zhong lokacin da ba ya aiki. Yayin da su ukun ke shaye -shaye a cikin masauki, sai suka ji mawaƙin Jin Cuilian yana kuka game da bala'inta. Wani attajirin mahauci, da aka fi sani da Butcher Zheng, ya jawo hankalin Jin, wanda ke makale a Weizhou tare da mahaifinta tsoho, don ya zama ƙwarƙwararsa a musayar kuɗi don binne mahaifiyarta, wacce ta mutu sakamakon rashin lafiya. Amma a gaskiya ba a mika kudi ba. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ta shiga gidan Zheng, matar mahauta, ta yi kishin ƙuruciyarta, ta kore ta. Koyaya, Zheng ya dage cewa dole ne Jin da mahaifinta su biya shi kuɗin, wanda ya tara manyan sha'awa. Ba a ba su izinin barin Weizhou ba har sai an warware "bashin". Bayan jin labarin, Lu Da ya ba wa uba da 'yar kuɗi kuma ya tabbatar sun bar Weizhou lafiya. Daga nan sai ya tafi rumfar Zheng da nufin koyar da chap darasi. Yana tsokani Zheng ta hanyar ba shi umarni ya yanyanka nama zuwa yanki mai kyau. Zheng ya rasa haƙuri kuma ya kai masa farmaki. Lu Da sauƙaƙe ya durƙusa shi kuma da ƙarfi uku a fuskarsa ya kashe shi ba da gangan ba. Da ya fahimci cewa mahauci ya mutu, Lu Da ya gudu daga Weizhou.
Yayin da yake gudu, Lu Da ba zato ba tsammani ya sadu da mahaifin Jin Cuilian, wanda ya zauna a gundumar Yanmen yayin da 'yarsa ta auri wani ɗan gida mai suna Zhao. Mafakar ta mafaka Lu a cikin gidansa amma wurin ba shi da cikakken tsaro. Zhao yana ba da shawarar Lu ya ɓoye asalinsa ta hanyar zama masanin addinin Buddha a gidan sufi na Manjusri a Dutsen Wutai kusa. Abban a gidan sufi ya karɓi Lu kuma ya ba shi suna "Zhishen", wanda ke nufin "sagacious". Daga yanzu ana kiran Lu Da da suna Lu Zhishen. Yana kuma samun laƙabin "Flowery Monk" saboda jikinsa yana yin tattoo da furanni.
Ganin rayuwar monastic dreary, rana daya Lu Zhishen ya sayi kuma ya hade duka giyan da mai saida giya ya tsallake tsauni. lokacin da ya dawo mashayar monastery, malamin bauta ya tsayar dashi daga shiga kofa. ya shiga da karfi kuma ya duke su. Ya dawo cikin Hankalinshi lokacin da masu lura suka bashi dogayen kaya. Ya samu dama ta biyu. Ba da daɗewa ba, saboda sake jin gajiya, Lu Zhishen ya sauka zuwa garin da ke kusa. Akwai ya tambaye wani maƙeri yi shi a m da ma'aikatan yin la'akari 62 jin da takobi. Daga nan ya ziyarci masauki inda yake cin abinci da sha ba tare da takurawa ba, ya yi watsi da haramcin Buddha. Lokacin da sufaye a Dutsen Wutai suka ga Lu Zhishen ya dawo cikin maye, nan take suka rufe masa ƙofar. Amma Lu ya fasa mutum -mutumi biyu masu tsayi jingang da ke gefen ƙofar, ya shiga cikin gidan sufi, ya bugi sufaye kuma ya lalata ɗakin tunani. A wannan karon, abban ya yanke shawarar tura shi zuwa Haikalin Babban Ministan a Dongjing babban birni.
Arangama da Zhou Tong da Li Zhong A tafiyarsa zuwa Dongjing, Lu Zhishen ya wuce ta ƙauyen Plum Blossom kuma an mai tayin ko kuma an ba shi masauki kyauta na dare a gidan Squire Liu. Ya ji dangin suna kuka kuma ya gano cewa Zhou Tong, jagoran 'yan fashi daga Dutsen Plum Blossom da ke kusa, yana zuwa cikin wannan daren don auri' yar Squire Liu da karfi. Lu Zhishen ya yi ƙarya ga maƙarƙashiyar cewa zai iya nisantar da ɗan fashi da iya maganarsa. Zhou Tong ya juya a cikin kayan ado na ango ya tafi dakin aure inda ya ji hanyar zuwa gado cikin duhu. Lu, wanda ke kwance a kan gado, ya yi tsalle zuwa gare shi kuma ya ba shi kyakkyawar fa'ida. Zhou Tong ya tsere ya nemi Li Zhong, sarkin Dutsen Plum Blossom, da ya koma wurin Lu. Li Zhong ya yi mamakin ganin cewa sufi Lu Lu ne.
Li Zhong ya gabatar da shi ga malamin, Zhou Tong ya kadu kuma ya yi alwashin ba zai sake damun Lius ba. Lu Zhishen ya ci gaba da tafiya. Ya sadu da Shi Jin, wanda ya zama ɗan fashin babbar hanya don samun kuɗi don tafiyarsa gida. Theungiyoyin biyu sun yi nasara don kashe da kashe wani malami da firist wanda ke bautar da sufaye na gidan sufi kuma ya riƙe mace a matsayin bawa.
Ganawa Lin Chong A Haikalin Babban Ministan a Dongjing, Lu Zhishen an sanya shi don kula da kayan lambu. A can ya rinjayi gungun masu satar kayan lambu. Ƙungiyar ta firgita da ƙarfinsa na zahiri da ƙwarewar yaƙi har suka yi masa hidima da son rai. Sun fi yi masa kauna yayin da ya ɗago wata itacen willow mai tushe mai ƙarfi tare da tsananin ƙarfi.
Wata rana Lin Chong, malamin gadin masarautar, ya gamu da Lu yana aiki tare da manyan ma'aikatansa kuma yana mamakin ƙwarewar sa ta yaƙi. Sun zama 'yan'uwa masu rantsuwa Lokacin da aka yi wa Lin Chong gudun hijira zuwa Cangzhou bayan Grand Marshal Gao Qiu ya tsara shi, wanda dan allahnsa ke kwadayin matar malamin, Lu a asirce shi da abokan rakiyarsa biyu. Ya ceci Lin lokacin da 'yan sandan biyu, da Gao ya ba su cin hanci, ke shirin kashe shi a dajin daji. An hana shi kashe mutanen biyu ta hanyar Lin, wanda ya ce su ƙananan ƙanana ne kawai ke aiwatar da oda. Lu yana tare da Lin har zuwa Cangzhou. Kafin ya bar Lin, ya farfasa wata bishiya tare da yajin aiki guda ɗaya don faɗakar da masu rakiya kada su yi wani abin ɓarna. Daga nan ya dawo Dongjing.
Zama haramun Lu Zhishen dole ne ya tsere daga Dongjing lokacin da aka gano cewa shi ne sufaye wanda ya lalata shirin Gao Qiu na kashe Lin Chong. Ya zo ta wani masauki a Cross Slope, inda ake shan miyagun ƙwayoyi kuma mai gidan sun Sun Erniang, wanda ke yin burodi da naman ɗan adam. Mijin Sun Zhang Qing ya cece shi cikin lokaci. Zhang ya ba da shawarar cewa ya shiga cikin haramtacciyar dokar Deng Long a kan Dutsen Dodanni biyu a Qingzhou Amma Deng yana ɗaukar shi a matsayin barazana kuma yana shinge hanyar kawai zuwa tudun. Lu ya tsere zuwa Yang Zhi, wanda shi ma ya zo don shiga Dutsen Twin Dragons. Yang ya ɗauki Lu zuwa Cao Zheng, mahauci wanda ya koyi fasahar yaƙi daga Lin Chong. Cao da Yang sun yi kamar an yi wa Lu magani kuma sun ɗauke shi zuwa Dutsen Dabo biyu don gabatar da shi ga Deng Long. Ba tare da zargin komai ba, Deng ya ba su damar shiga. Lu ya yi wa Deng kisan gilla yayin da ya gan shi kuma an zaɓe shi a matsayin babban birni.
Bayan shan kayen da 'yan bindigar Liangshan Marsh suka yi, babban sarki Huyan Zhuo ya tsere zuwa Qingzhou (a Shandong na yanzu da fatan zai fanshi kansa ta hanyar shafe' yan fashin a wurin. Ofaya daga cikin garuruwa masu ƙarfi shine Mount Twin Dragons, wanda, samun Huyan abokin hamayya mai ƙarfi, ya nemi taimako daga Liangshan. Song Jiang, babban kwamandan Liangshan a lokacin, ya zo Qingzhou da karfi ya kwace Huyan. 'Yan ta'adda na Dutsen Twin Dragons, wanda Lu Zhishen ke jagoranta, sun mamaye Liangshan.
Rayuwa a Liangshan Lu Zhishen ya tafi gundumar Huayin don gayyatar Shi Jin da ƙungiyarsa a Dutsen Shaohua don shiga Liangshan. A Dutsen Shaohua, an gaya masa cewa Prefect He na Huazhou ne ya kama Shi lokacin da ya yi ƙoƙarin ceton wata mata da jami'in ya yi garkuwa da ita don burin sanya ta ƙwarƙwararsa. Lu ya je Huazhou shi kaɗai don ceton Shi, amma shi ya ganshi yana yin baƙon abu a cikin taron jama'a lokacin da yake tunanin kashe jami'in yayin da ya shiga cikin tawagarsa. Prefect Ya ja shi zuwa ofishinsa inda aka yi masa kwanton bauna aka kuma kama shi. Dutsen Shaohua ya juya zuwa Liangshan don neman taimako. Lauyoyin Liangshan sun garzaya zuwa Huazhou, suna jan hankalin Prefect He daga garin su kashe shi. Sun shiga Huazhou kuma suka ceto Lu Zhishen and Shi Jin.
Mutuwa An nada Lu Zhishen a matsayin daya daga cikin jagororin sojojin Liangshan bayan Tauraruwar kaddara ta 108 sun hadu a cikin abin da ake kira Babban Taro. Yana daya daga cikin jarumai kalilan da ke adawa da neman Song Jiang na neman afuwa daga Sarki Huizong. Duk da haka yana cikin kamfen na yaƙi da mamayar Liao da sojojin 'yan tawaye a yankin Song bayan Liangshan ya sami afuwa. Ya ci nasara sosai lokacin da ya kama shugaban 'yan tawayen Fang La Lokacin da kamfen ɗin ya ƙare bayan tawayen Fang La ya ƙare, Lu Zhishen ya dage kan ci gaba da kasancewa a Liuhe Pagoda a Hangzhou maimakon komawa Dongjing da kuri'a. A daren kafin sauran su tashi zuwa babban birnin, Lu ya farka daga baccin sautin tsawar da igiyar ruwa ta yi a cikin Kogin Qiantang da ke kusa yayin da ta yi karo da igiyar ruwa a bayan bankin. A wannan lokacin, ya fahimci saƙon annabci da aka ɓoye a cikin ayar da abban Dutsen Wutai ya ba shi Ayar tana cewa:
A farko biyu Lines fa Lu ta kama daga Fang La kuma Fang ta dama hannunka mutumin Xiahou Cheng yayin da wadannan biyu koma zuwa Qiantang River ta tidal huda, wanda "da aminci ya isa" a kowace shekara a kan 18th ranar 8th Lunar watan. Sufaye na Liuhe Pagoda suna gaya wa Lu Zhishen cewa a cikin kalmomin kalmomin Buddha yuanji wanda ya ƙunshi haruffan yuan "kammala da'irar") da ji "shiga shiru") yana nufin mutuwa. Ganin cewa lokaci yayi da zai mutu, Lu Zhishen yayi wanka ya kunna wasu turare masu ƙamshi. Daga nan sai ya tsara wani ode kuma ya nemi Song Jiang ya zo ya gan shi. Amma ya riga ya wuce ya zauna akan kafafu akan zafu kafin Song ya iso. Waƙar tana karanta ode:
Da yake furtawa a cikin ode cewa bai taɓa karanta nassosi a matsayin sufi ba kuma a maimakon haka ya yi kisa, Lu Zhishen ya nuna ya sami wayewar Buddha tare da fahimtar cewa komai yana da dalili ko kuma sanadi na karmic. An yi masa jana'izar da ta dace da ta babban firist.
Duba kuma Lissafin Ƙananan haruffan haruffa#Labarin Lu Zhishen don jerin goyan bayan ƙananan haruffa daga labarin Lu Zhishen.
Bayanan kula
Nassoshi Pages with unreviewed |
7482 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayelsa | Bayelsa | Jihar Bayelsa jiha ce dake kudu maso kudancin Najeriya, tana nan a tsakiyar yankin Niger Delta. An kirkiri Jihar Bayelsa ne a shekara ta alif dubu daya dari Tara da casa'in da shida (1996), kuma an cire ta ne daga Jihar Rivers. Hakan yasa ta zamo daya daga cikin sabbin jihohin kasar. Ta hada iyaka da Jihar Rivers daga gabas, da kuma Jihar Delta daga yamma, inda tekun Tekun Atalanta ta mamaye yankin kudancin jihar. Jihar Bayelsa da fadin fili na kimani na kilomita 10,773kmaq, wanda yasa ta zamo jiha mafi karancin fili a Najeriya. Kuma tana da yawan jama’a kimanin mutum 2,394,725 (ƙiyasin shekara ta 2016), wanda ya sanya ta jiha mai mafi karancin mutane. Babban birnin jihar, itace Yenagoa. Douye Diri ne gwamnan jihar a shekara ta 2022, mataimakin shi kuma shine Lawrence Ewhrudjakpo. Dattijan jihar sun hada da: Goodluck Jonathan, David Clark, Ben Murray Bruce, Emmanuel Paulker Izibefien da Evan Foster Ogola. A sanadiyyar kasancewarta a yankin Niger Delta, Jihar Bayelsa mamaye take da kogi da koramu, kuma kusan duka garin cikin ruwa yake, hakan ya jawo rashin cigaba ta hanyar gina hanyoyi.
Ana amfani da harshen Ijaw a ko ina a jihar, tare da sauran harsuna kamar Isoko da Urhobo a tsaffin kyaukan jihar. Tana da kanan hukumomi 8: Ekeremor, Kolokuma/Opokuma, Yenagoa, Nembe, Ogbia, Sagbama, hi Brass da kuma Ijaw kudu. Bayelsa ta kasance gida ga Mutanen Urhobo a karamar hukumar Sagbama.
A dalilin kasancewarta a yanki mai arkin man-fetur wato Niger Delta, tattalin arzikin Jihar Bayelsa sun ta'allaka ne akan aka man-fetur da ma'aikatun tace su. Yankin Oloibiri Oilfield inda aka fara hako man fetur a Najeriya. Sannan zuwa shekara ta 2015, an kiyasta cewa tana samar da kusan kashi 30-40% na man fetur din Najeriya. Ana yiwa jihar lakabi da “Glory of all Lands” sannan ita ke da tafkin gas mafi girma a Najeriya (18 trillion cubic feet). Duk da cewa jihar ta mallaki manyan rijiyoyin mai kuma tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen cigaban tattalin arzikin kasa, talauci yayi wa jihar katutu, hadi da gurbacewar muhalli daga fesowar man fetur.
Siyasa Ya zuwa shekara ta 2022, zuwa shekara ta 2022 Douye Diri ne gwamnan jihar, a yayinda Lawrence Ewhrudjakpo ke matsayin mataimakinshi.
Kananan Hukumomi Jihar Bayelsa nada Kananan hukumomi guda takwas, Sune:
Brass
Ekeremor
Kolokuma/Opokuma
Nembe
Ogbia
Sagbama
Southern Ijaw
Yenagoa
Wuri Bayelsa na daga cikin jihohin kudancin Najeriya, jihar na nan a tsakiyar yanki Niger Delta. An cire Jihar Bayelsa daga Jihar Rivers, kuma tana daga cikin sabbin jihohin Najeriya.
Jihar Bayelsa ta hada iyaka da Jihar Rivers daga gabas, Jihar Delta (jiha) daga yamma, a yayin da ruwan Tekun Atalanta ya mamaye yankin kudancin Jihar.
Tarihi A karni na 20th, bukata na samar da sabuwar jiha da harshen Ijaw ke da rinjaye a yankin Niger Delta ya zamo sanannen abu. A tsakanin shekara ta 1941 zuwa ta 1956, an kafa kungiyoyi da dama dake goyon bayan samar da jiha na Mutanen Ijaw a yankin Kudancin Najeriya. Isaac Adaka Boro, wani shahararren dan gwagwarmayar Ijaw a shekara ta 1960 wanda aka haifa a Oloibiri yayi yinkurin ikirarin "Jimhoriyar Mutanen Niger Delta ("Niger Delta Peoples Republic") a shekara ta 1966. Shugaban kasa na mulkin mallaka ya Sani Abacha ne ya kirkiri Jihar Bayelsa daga Jihar Rivers a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoban, shekara ta 1966. An samo asalin sunan ne daga haruffan farko na sunayen kananan hukumomin ta: Brass LGA (BALGA), Yenagoa LGA (YELGA) da kuma Sagbama LGA (SALGA).
A ranar 20 ga watan Disamban shekara ta 1999 ne sojojin Najeriya suka kaddamar da abinda aka fi sani da Kisan Kiyashin Odi. Ana kokanta akan ainihin yawan mutanen da aka kashe, duk da cewa, Nnimmo Bassey, Babban Darekta na Hakkin Harkokin Muhalli, ya sanar cewa farar hula mutum 2500 ne suka rasa rayukansu.
Dangane da zaizayar kasa a jihar a dalilin ma'aikatun man fetur, anyi zanga-zanga da dama kamar "Rise for Bayelsa" da akayi don inganta samar da ruwan sha a kananan yankuna. A cikin shekara ta 2019 ne, gwamnatin jihar Bayelsa ta fara neman gwagwarmayar samar da mafita dangane da matsalolin gurbacewar muhalli a jihar.
Tattalin arziki Jihar na daya daga cikin jiha mafi albarkatun man fetur a Najeriya. A dalilin haka, akwai yawaitar man fetur a jihar. Duk da cewa jihar tana da arziki mai, jihar na samun karancin kudi daga kasafin man fetur a dalilin rashin daidaituwa a tsarin kasafi daga gwamnatin kasar.
Yanayin kasa Bayelsa na zagaye da ruwan kogi da kuma koramu. Yankunan jihar da dama suna kewaye ne da ruwa wanda haka yasa ba iya riskar su ta tituna. Akwai gandun daji na "Edumanom Forest Reserve" a jihar. Tun watan Yunin shekara ta 2008, inda aka ga birin chimpanzee na karshe itace Niger Delta. Sauran muhimman birane bayan Yenagoa sun hada da; Akassa, Lobia, Amassoma (the home of the Niger Delta University), Eniwari, Ekeremor, Aliebiri, Peretoru, Twon-Brass, Egwema-Brass, Kaiama, Nembe, Odi, Ogbia, Okpoama, Brass, Oporoma, Korokorosei, Otuan, Koroama, Okolobiri, Obunagha, Ogboloma, Sagbama, Olugbobiri, Peremabiri, Ekowe, da kuma Swali.
Akwai kuma ginin Akassa Lighthouse wanda ke nan tun shekara ta 1910.
Harsuna Asalin harshen da ake amfani dashi shin harshen Ijaw, tare da yaruka kaman Kolukuma, Mein, Bomu, Nembe, Epie-Atisa, da kuma Ogbia. Kamar dai a sauran jihohin Najeriya, Turanci ne harshen gwamnatin jihar.
Jerin harsunan Jihar Bayelsa dangane da kananan hukumomin LGA da ake amfani dasu:
Matsaloli na muhalli
Gurbacewar iska Wannan wani bakin hayaki ne da ke tashi a dalilin kona man fetur ba tare da ka'ida ba (ana kiransu a gargajiyance "wutan Kpo). Wadannan mugayen sinadirai kan jawo rashin lafiya kamar Ciwon huhu na daji, matsalolin fata, matsala ta mashakar iska da dai sauransu. Ana iya ganin sauran illolinta kamar gurbacewar iska, ruwa da kasa wanda hakan sun jawo mutuwan tsirrrai, mutane da kuma dabbobi.
Ambaliya Wannan sanannen matsala ne a Jihar Bayelsa saboda tana kan gabar Tekun Atalanta. Hauhawar igiyar ruwan teku ne muhimmin dalili na ambaliyar. Ambaliyar ta haifar da matsaloli ga al'ummomi da dama, dukiyoyi da kuma mutane. Kusan ko ina a Bayelsa na fuskantar matsalolin ambaliya, amma ambaliyar tafi tasiri a yankuna kamar Ekeremor, Ijaw ta kudu, Sagbama, Kolokuma/Opokuma da kuma Yenagoa wanda suke fuskantar barazanar duk shekara. Rashin bin tsarin gine-gine na daga cikin dalilan dake assasa ambaliya a Jihar Bayelsa.
Zubewar mai Wannan wani muhimmin al'amari ne dake kawo matsalar muhalli a Jihar Bayelsa a dalilin ayyukan kamfanonin man fetur a jihar. Zubewar mai na jwo illa ga gonaki, halittun ruwa da kuma mutane. Kusan duk rana ana sanarwa Udengs Eradiri labarin zubar mai a Jihar Bayelsa, Niger Delta.
Kamar yadda yake fadi, a da zaki iya yin noma ka samu girbi mai kyau, ko kuma kaje kamun kifi ka kamo da yawa, amma yanzu zaka iya kwashe tsawon yini baka kama kifi ko guda ba.
Wata matsala ta muhalli itace gurbacewar iska (Soot), wanda mafi akasarin mutanen Bayelsa na kukan cewa basu iya numfashi da kyau.
Amma a shekara ta 2018, masu hanu da shuni sunyi kamfe mai taken "Save Rivers from this soot of death" wato a kiyaye koguna daga mutuwar Soot, a yankunan dake kewaye da ruwa.
Ilimi Jihar Bayelsa nada makartu mataki daban daban wanda ke bayar da ilimi ga daukacin al'ummar jihar
Jami'o'i Makarantun gaba da sakandare a bayelsa sun hada da
Jami'ar Neja Delta
College of Health Science Bayelsa
Isaac Jasper Boro College of Education
College of Nursing Bayelsa
Bayelsa Medical University
Bayelsa State College of Art and Science
University of Africa
International Institute of Tourism and Hospitality
Sanannun Mutane Diepreye Alamieyeseigha, Tsohon dan siyasa a Najeriya kuma tsohon gwamnan Jihar Bayelsa.
Diezani Alison-Madueke,Ministan Ma'adanai, Sufuri da Albarkatun Man-fetur
MC Aproko, stand-up comedian
Owoye Andrew Azazi, Chief of Army Staff na (Nigeria), Chief of Defense Staff a lokacin mulkin shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo sannan kuma Mai ba wa shugaban kasa shawara akan harkar tsaron na shugaban kasa Goodluck Jonathan.
Noah Sarenren Bazee a professional footballer who plays for Bundesliga side Hannover 96.
Isaac Adaka Boro, Jarumi a yakin basasar Najeriya (Nigerian Army)
Timi Dakolo, mawaki
Edmund Daukoru, Ministan Najeriya na Jiha akan Makamashi kuma ya kasance Secretary General na Kungiyar Kasashe masu Fitar da Man Fetur a shekara ta 2006, HRM
Henry Seriake Dickson, tsohon gwamna kuma dan siyasa
Alfred Diete-Spiff, tsohon gwamnan Jihar Rivers, HRM
Honourable Douye Diri dan kasuwa, dan siyasa kuma mai zartarwa wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Yenagoa/Kolokuna/Opokuma na 'yan majalisu.
Tamara Eteimo wacce akafi sani da suna Tamara daga Angiama, karamar hukumar Ijaw ta kudu na Jihar Bayelsa. Mawakiyar R&B a Najeriya, marubuciyar waka kuma jaruma.
Dan Etete Ministan Man Fetur
Finidi George, Dan wasan kwallon kafa na Super Easgles
Daniel Igali, Canadian wanda ya lashe kyautar zinare a gasar Olympic gold kuma jarumin duniya na dambe
Ernest Ikoli, dan jarida kuma dan fafutukar neman 'yanci a lokacin mulkin mallaka.
Goodluck Jonathan, Tsohon shugaban kasan Najeriya
Heineken Lokpobiri, Ministan Jiha akan harkokin Noma
Senator Ben Murray-Bruce mai wakiltar mazabar Bayelsa East Senatorial District a Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa. daga Akassa na Jihar Bayelsa, Nigeria.
Ebikibina Ogborodi, rijistran NECO na rikon kwarya
Gabriel Okara, marubucin littafai kuma mahikayanci
Melford Okilo, gwamanan Jihar Rivers
Kemebradikumo Pondei, managing director na rikon kwarya a Niger Delta Development Commission
Ebinabo Potts-Johnson haifaffiyar Jihar Bayelsa, 'yar talla kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo.
Samson Siasia, dan wasan kwallon kafa na Eagles kuma Coach
Timipre Sylva, tsohon gwamnan Jihar Bayelsa, Ministan Najeriya mai ci na Jiha akan harkokin man fetur.
Timaya, mawaki
Patience Torlowei, mai tsara kwalliya kuma mawakiya
Manazarta
Jihohin |
19687 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chukwuma%20Kaduna%20Nzeogwu | Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu | Patrick Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1937 ya mutu a ranar 29 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1967) wani hafsan sojan Najeriya ne wanda ya taka rawar gani a juyin mulkin soja na farko da aka yi a ranar 15 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1966, wanda ya hambarar da Jamhuriyar Nijeriya ta Farko.
Rayuwar farko
Bayan Fage An haifi Patrick Chukwuma Nzeogwu a Kaduna babban birnin yankin Arewa ga iyayen Ibo na kabilar Anioma a Garin Okpanam na Yankin Yammacin Yamma (kusa da Asaba a cikin jihar Delta ta yanzu Nzeogwu ya halarci makarantar firamaren Katolika ta Saint Joseph da ke Kaduna don karatun firamare sannan kuma ya yi karatun sakandare ya halarci kwalejin da ke gasar tsere ta John da ke Kaduna, inda ya zama abokai na kud da kud da Christian Anufuro. A watan Maris na shekara ta 1957, Nzeogwu ya shiga soja a matsayin babban jami'in soja a rundinar Najeriya ta Yammacin Afirka sannan ya ci gaba da samun horo na watanni 6 a Kasar Ghana, sannan Gold Coast. Ya kammala karatunsa a Ghana kafin watan Oktoban shekara ta 1957 sannan ya wuce zuwa Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst inda aka ba shi izini a matsayin hafsan hafsoshi a shekara ta 1959. Daga baya ya halarci kwas na jami'in platoon a Hythe da kuma kwas ɗin kwamandan platoon a Warminster. Max Siollun, wani soja tarihi da aka bayyana Nzeogwu a matsayin "ibada Katolika, a teetotaler, wani maras smoker, kuma duk da kasancewa da takardun shaidar, bai ciyar da yawa lokaci ke bi mata".
Aikin soja Bayan dawowarsa Najeriya a watan Mayun shekara ta 1960, an tura Nzeogwu zuwa Bataliya ta 1 a Enugu inda Manjo Aguiyi-Ironsi ya kasance babban kwamanda na biyu a karkashin wani jami'in Birtaniyya. Daga baya aka lika shi zuwa Bataliya ta 5 a Kaduna inda ya zama abokai da Olusegun Obasanjo Abokan aikinsa na Hausa a Sojojin Najeriya sun ba shi suna Kaduna saboda kusancinsa da garin. Bayan ya yi aiki a Kongo a shekara ta 1961, an sanya Nzeogwu a matsayin jami’in horarwa a Depot na horar da Sojoji da ke Zariya na kimanin watanni 6 kafin a tura shi Legas don jagorantar sashin leken asirin soja a Hedikwatar Soja inda shi ne jami’in farko na Najeriya.
Wanda ya rigaya ya jagoranci rundunar ta Nigerian Intelligence Corps (NAIC) shi ne Sashin Tsaron Field (FSS) na Royal Nigerian Army, wanda aka kafa a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 1962 tare da Kyaftin PG Harrington (BR) a matsayin Babban Jami'in Ma'aikata na Biyu (GSO2 Int). FSS ta kasance kungiyar tsaro ce wacce ayyukanta suka hada da tantance sojojin Najeriya (NA), tattara bayanan tsaro da kuma dakile bayanan sirri Manjo Nzeogwu shi ne Babban Jami’in Nijeriya na farko da ya fara wannan nadin daga watan Nuwamban shekara ta 1962 zuwa shekara ta 1964. A matsayin sa na jami'in leken asirin soja, ya shiga binciken cin amanar kasa da laifi na Obafemi Awolowo da sauran membobin jam'iyyar Action Group. A cewar Olusegun Obasanjo, "Chukwuma yana da wasu kalamai masu zafi da zai yi game da tsaron kasa na (Nijeriya), da kuma wadanda ake bincika. Idan yana da yadda yake so, sai ya ce, yadda yake bi da duk lamarin zai kasance daban Nzeogwu an ba da rahoton adawa da wasu abokan aikinsa a matsayinsa na jami’in leken asirin soja har ma sun yi artabu da karamin Ministan Sojoji, Ibrahim Tako Sakamakon haka, an tura shi zuwa Kwalejin Horar da Sojojin Najeriya da ke Kaduna inda ya zama Babban Malami.
1966 juyin mulkin Najeriya
Shiryawa Shirye-shiryen juyin mulkin ya fara ne tare da wasu matasa masu ilimi a jami'a wadanda suka yi niyyar juyin juya halin soja ta kasa ta hanyar kwace iko a manyan biranen Kaduna (yankin Arewa) da Ibadan (Yankin Yammaci), sannan daga baya suka karbe ikon Lagos (Tarayya) Yankin ƙasa). Nzeogwu an ba shi aikin jagorantar juyin juya hali a yankin Arewa wanda ya fara da Operation Damisa a ranar 15 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1966 kuma, a matakai na gaba, Operation Kura, Operation Zaki da Operation Giwa wanda da a ce an kashe kisan kafa arewa. Nzeogwu ya fara shiri ne ta hanyar shirya atisayen dare biyu "Damisa" (Operation Tiger) don horar da sojoji sabbin dabarun fada. Atisayen ya samu amincewar ne daga mahukuntan runduna ta daya Brigade da alama ba su san ainihin manufar Nzeogwu da Birgediya Manjo, Alphonso Keshi ya aika da sakonni zuwa dukkan bangarorin da ke aiki a karkashin Birged don ba da gudummawar sojoji ga nasarar aikin. A lokacin da Manjo Keshi ya fahimci "Operation Damisa" haƙiƙa makircin sojoji ne ya yi latti don tunkarar aikin. Da sanyin safiyar ranar 15 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1966, Nzeogwu ya jagoranci wasu sojoji a wani atisayen soja, inda ya kai su hari a gidan firaministan arewa, Sir Ahmadu Bello a wani mummunan juyin mulki da ya kashe kisan gillar. Firimiyan Arewa da Yammacin Najeriya. Firayim Minista Abubakar Tafawa Balewa da wani ministan tarayya Festus Okotie-Eboh da manyan hafsoshin soja daga shiyyoyin Arewa da na Yammacin kasar su ma an kashe su da danyen aiki. Daga gwamnatin da ke akwai, Firayim Ministan yankin Gabas Michael Okpara Shugaban tarayyar Najeriya Nnamdi Azikiwe da Shugaban Sojojin Ibo Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi fitattu ne wadanda suka tsira.
Kisa Da sanyin safiyar ranar 15 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1966, Nzeogwu ya jagoranci wasu sojoji a wani atisayen soja, inda ya kai su harin gidan Firimiyan Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardaunan Sakkwato a wani juyin mulki da aka kashe kisan Firimiyan Arewa da Yammacin Najeriya. Firayim Minista Abubakar Tafawa Balewa da wani ministan tarayya Festus Okotie-Eboh da manyan hafsoshin soja daga shiyyoyin Arewa da na Yammacin kasar su ma an kashe su da danyen aiki. Daga gwamnatin da ke akwai, Firayim Ministan yankin Gabas Michael Okpara Shugaban tarayyar Najeriya Nnamdi Azikiwe da Shugaban Sojoji Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi fitattu ne wadanda suka tsira.
Tsarin aikin Nzeogwu a Arewa ba karamin gudummawa ya yi ba wajen nasarar juyin mulkin a Arewacin Najeriya.
A cewar wani rahoto na Musamman na Ofishin ‘yan sanda na Najeriya, Nzeogwu ya zartar da hukuncin kisa a kalla sojoji 4 da jami’an tsaro na‘ yan sanda ciki har da daya daga cikin mutanen da ke cikin tawagarsa (Sajan Daramola Oyegoke). Nzeogwu ya kuma halarci kisan Col. Raph Shodeinde, babban jami'insa a Kwalejin Horar da Sojojin Najeriya kuma an ba da rahoton ya yi ta harbi ba ji ba gani ga mata da yara da ke gudu. Bayan jiran sanarwar ta safiyar ranar ta rediyo daga Manjo Adewale Ademoyega a Legas wanda hakan ba ta faru ba saboda gazawar juyin mulki a Legas, Manjo Nzeogwu ya yi sanarwar tsakiyar rana, inda ya ayyana dokar soja a Arewacin Najeriya.
Kamu Biyo bayan sanarwar daga Kaduna, da kuma bayanin cewa Nzeogwu na tattara rundunoni don kai hari Legas wanda ya kasance babbar dama a lokacin, Kwamandan rundunar, Maj. Gen. Aguiyi Ironsi ya tura wakilai karkashin jagorancin wani mutum Maj. Nzeogwu an girmama shi sosai, Laftanar Kanar. Conrad Nwawo, zuwa Kaduna don sasantawa da tattaunawar sulhu da Maj. Nzeogwu da yiwuwar mika wuya. Maj. Nzeogwu ya gindaya sharudda wadanda Gen. Ironsi ya yarda. Aguyi Ironsi ya karbi mulki, sannan daga baya aka kama Nzeogwu a Legas a ranar 18 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1966 sabanin yarjejeniyoyin da aka kulla a baya tsakanin Nzeogwu da Ironsi. An tsare shi a kurkukun tsaro na Kirikiri Mafi Girma a Lagas kafin a canza shi zuwa gidan yarin Aba da ke yankin Gabas inda aka sake shi a watan Maris na shekara ta 1967 da Gwamnan yankin Gabas kuma Shugaban Biafra Chukwuemeka Ojukwu na gaba Yakin basasa da mutuwa A ranar 30 ga watan Mayun, shekara ta 1967, Biafra ta ayyana ’yancinta daga Nijeriya; Wannan ya samo asali ne daga yawan kashe-kashen da ake yi wa 'yan kabilar Ibo a Arewacin Najeriya da kuma kin shugaban mulkin soja na wancan lokacin Janar Yakubu Gowon don tattara jami'an tsaro don dakatar da kashe-kashen. A ranar 29 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1967, Nzeogwu wanda aka ciyar da su da daraja na wani Biafran Laftanar Kanar aka kama a tarko a wani dako kusa da gano haka yayin gudanar da wani dare bincike aiki da tarayya dakarun na 21st bataliya karkashin Captain Mohammed Inuwa Wushishi. An kashe shi cikin aiki kuma daga baya aka gano gawarsa; amma yayarsa ta dage cewa ya kashe kansa don gudun kada wulakanta shi daga sojojin tarayya. Bayan fatattakar umarnin Biafra da shugaban sojojin Najeriya Janar Yakubu Gowon ya bayar, cewa a binne shi a makabartar sojoji da ke Kaduna tare da cikakken girmamawar sojoji.
Legacy Wasu ra'ayoyi sun sanya Nzeogwu a matsayin mai neman sauyi amma duk da haka ayyukansa tare da wadanda suka yi juyin mulkin a ranar 15 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1966 sun haifar da da mai ido ga zababbiyar gwamnatin Najeriya ta dimokiradiyya. Juyin mulkin ya haifar da kisan manyan jami'an gwamnati kuma ya ba da damar yin shekaru 13 na mulkin soja (daga shekara ta 1966 zuwa shekara ta 1979), wanda gwamnatin dimokradiyya ta Najeriya ta yi wa alama daga shekara ta 1979 zuwa shekara ta 1983, wanda kuma wani tsoma bakin soja ya dakatar da shi wanda ya kara Shekaru 16 har zuwa Shekara ta 1999.
Manazarta Sojojin Najeriya
Mutane daga jihar Kaduna
Haifaffun 1937
Mutuwan 1967
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34957 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%27adun%20Nijar | Al'adun Nijar | Al'adun Nijar na da banbance-banbance, sai dai na madaidaicin hanyar al'adu da turawan mulkin mallaka na kasar Faransa suka kafa a matsayin dunkulalliyar kasa tun farkon karni na 20. Abin da ake kira Nijar a yanzu an halicce ta ne daga yankunan al'adu guda hudu a zamanin kafin mulkin mallaka: Djerma ta mamaye kwarin Neja a kudu maso yamma; yankin arewacin kasar Hausa, wanda ya kasance galibi daga cikin jihohin da suka bijire wa Daular Sakkwato, kuma sun ratsa kan iyakar kudu da Najeriya Basin Tafkin Chadi da Kaouar da ke gabas mai nisa, inda manoman Kanuri da makiyayan Toubou ke da yawa wadanda suka taba zama wani bangare na Daular Kanem-Bornu da kuma makiyayan Abzinawa na tsaunin Aïr da hamadar sahara a cikin sararin arewa. Kowace daga cikin waɗannan al'ummomi, tare da ƙananan kabilu kamar makiyaya Wodaabe Fula, sun kawo al'adun su zuwa sabuwar kasar ta Nijar.
A cikin addini, Musulunci, wanda ya yadu daga Arewacin Afirka tun daga karni na 10, ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'ummar Nijar. Tun lokacin da aka sami 'yancin kai, babban abin sha'awa ya kasance a cikin al'adun ƙasar, musamman game da gine-ginen gargajiya, sana'ar hannu, raye-raye da kade-kade.
Wakokin Nijar sun hada da kidan gitar Abzinawa na Agadez kamar yadda rukunin Inerane, Group Bombino da sauransu suka yi.
Al'adun kasa Yayin da gwamnatocin da suka biyo baya-bayan kammala karatun digirin-digirgir (BA) suka yi kokarin samar da al’adun gargajiya na kasa baki daya, hakan ya kasance a sannu a hankali, a wani bangare saboda manyan al’ummomin Nijar suna da tarihin al’adunsu, wani bangare kuma saboda kabilun Najeriya irinsu Hausawa, Abzinawa da Kanuri ne. amma wani bangare na manyan kabilun da ke ketare iyakokin da aka gabatar a karkashin mulkin mallaka. Har zuwa 1990s, Niamey da mutanen Djerma na yankin sun mamaye gwamnati da siyasa. Faransawa sun tallata sarautar Djerma a ƙarƙashin mulkinsu. Bayan sun fara sanya babban birninsu a ƙasar Hausa kafin mulkin mallaka a Zinder, Faransawa sun ƙaura zuwa wani ƙaramin ƙauye a Yamai, a wani ɓangare saboda tsoron ikon Hausawa ko tsarin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya a kudancin kasar Nijar. Wannan gwamnati ta mayar da hankali kan kudu maso yamma bayan samun 'yancin kai, kuma tare da wakilcin siyasa ya koma ga ƴan tsirarun ƴan gargajiya da masu ilimi. Duk da haka, makiyayan Abzinawa da Toubou ne kawai a arewa da gabas da ba su da yawa suka haifar da yunƙurin neman yancin kai, wanda ya kai ga tawaye a 1963, 1990s, da shekarar 2007 Musulunci, wanda kusan daukacin al'ummar kasar ke aiwatar da shi ya samar da muhimmiyar alaka tsakanin al'ummar kasar Nijar, kamar yadda tarihi ya nuna, tarihin bayan samun 'yancin kai, alamomin kasa, da bukukuwa.
Fasaha
Biki
Addini Musulunci shi ne addini mafi rinjaye a Nijar, kuma fiye da kashi 99% na al'ummar kasar ne ke yin su. Kusan kashi 95% na Musulmai Ahlus Sunna ne; 5% yan Shi'a ne. Akwai ƙananan Kiristoci, Bahá'í, da al'ummomin Animist, na farko mafi yawan ragowar tasirin Faransanci. Imaninsu sun haɗa da bukukuwa da al'adu (kamar al'adun Bori waɗanda wasu al'ummomin Musulmi masu haɗin kai ke aiwatarwa, sabanin ƙananan al'ummomi da yawa waɗanda ke kiyaye addininsu kafin zuwan Musulunci. Waɗannan sun haɗa da al'ummar Maouri/ Azna masu magana da Hausa a Dogondoutci a kudu maso kudu maso yamma, da Kanuri mai magana da Manga kusa da Zinder, sannan da kuma wasu ƙananan ƙauyukan Boudouma da Songhay a kudu maso yamma.
Harsuna Yayin da Faransanci ya kasance harshen al'adun gargajiyar da aka zaba tun bayan samun 'yancin kai, akwai wasu harsuna takwas na hukuma da ake magana da su a Nijar, wadanda suka hada da Hausa, Zarma Songhai, Tamajeq, Fulfulde, Kanuri, Larabci, Gurmantche, da Toubou Harshen Hausa, sannan kuma wanda kusan rabin yawan jama'a ke magana, sun zo ga kishiyantar Faransanci kamar yadda aka fi amfani da su a cikin al'ummomi.
Adabi
Abinci
Wasanni Yayin da wasanni na gargajiya kamar tseren doki, tseren raƙumi, da kokawa da sorro suka tsira, wasannin duniya kamar ƙwallon ƙafa sun mamaye yankunan birane. A gasar Olympics ta lokacin zafi a shekarar 1972, dan dambe Issake Dabore ya samu lambar tagulla, kuma Nijar ta tura 'yan wasa zuwa dukkan wasannin Olympics na lokacin rani da aka gudanar tun 1964, in ban da 1976 da 1980.
Duba wasu abubuwana Alkaluman Nijar
Kafofin yada labarai na Nijar
Hijira na zamani a Nijar
Manazarta James Decalo. Kamus na Tarihi na Nijar. Scarecrow Press/Metuchen. NJ London (1979) Finn Fuglestad. Tarihin Nijar: 1850-1960. Jami'ar Jami'ar Cambridge (1983) Kasa
Wasanni
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21646 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granddi%20Ngoyi | Granddi Ngoyi | Granddi N'Goyi Majundu (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Mayu shekarar 1988) shi ne ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa wanda ke taka leda a ƙungiyar Régional 1 Sénart-Moissy Ya kuma kasance tsohon dan wasan kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Faransa yan kasa da shekaru 21, kuma an kirashi har zuwa kasar DR Congo Yana taka leda a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya Klub din
Paris St. Germain da lamuni N'Goyi an haife shi ne ga iyayen DR Congo a Melun, wani yanki na babban birnin Faransa Paris Ya fara aikinsa a cikin samari na babban kulob din Paris Saint-Germain A cikin shekarar, 2007, ya kammala karatunsa zuwa kungiyar farko ta Paris Saint-Germain, inda ya buga wasanni 7 na farko a gasar Ligue 1 ga kungiyar, tare da shi galibi yana taka leda har zuwa Claude Makélélé da Jérémy Clément a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya mai tsaron baya.
A ranar 7 ga watan Janairu shekarar, 2009, ya tafi aro zuwa kungiyar Clermont Foot ta Ligue 2 Gaba ɗaya ya buga wasanni 19 kuma ya ciwa Clermont ƙwallo ɗaya.
Bayan ya nuna sha'awar aro, ya koma Paris Saint-Germain a kakar wasa ta shekarar, 2009 zuwa 2010, inda yake yawan buga wasanni akai-akai, yana buga wasanni 16 a wasannin Paris Saint-Germain Ligue 1 da kuma kara buga wasanni 4 a wasannin Kofin, kuma Ngoyi yawanci yawanci amfani dashi azaman ajiya zuwa Makélélé da Clément.
Ya shafe kakar wasanni ta shekarar, 2010 zuwa 2011 a matsayin aro a Brest yana buga wasanni 25.
Bayan da tsohon dan wasan Faransa U21, Blaise Matuidi ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar zuwa Paris Saint-Germain, Ngoyi ya tafi kungiyar Nantes ta Ligue 2 a matsayin aro zuwa kakar shekarar, 2011 zuwa 2012. Ya bayyana bayan sa hannun Matuidi, cewa ya koma Nantes ne saboda yana son buga wasan kwallon kafa na yau da kullun a wannan matakin na aikinsa maimakon zama dan wasa mai goyon baya a Paris Saint-Germain. A cikin duka, ya buga wasanni 20 yana zira ƙwallon daya 1 ga Nantes.
Troyes A ranar 28 ga watan Yuni shekarar, 2012, ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku tare da Troyes AC, wanda aka sabunta zuwa Ligue 1, a kan kyauta daga Paris Saint-Germain Bai sami damar rike Troyes AC ba a Ligue 1 tare da su wanda ya kare na 19 a lokacin kakar shekarar, 2012 zuwa 2013. A cikin duka ya buga wasanni 31 don Troyes ya ci ƙwallo 1.
Palermo A lokacin rani shekarar, 2013, bayan koma baya Troyes AC daga Ligue 1, ya koma zuwa Serie B na Italiya na Palermo a kwantiragin shekaru hudu. A ranar 11 ga watan Agusta shekarar, 2013, ya fara buga wasa na farko a Palermo a wasan Kofin Italiya da Cremonese A ranar 24 ga watan Agusta, ya fara wasan farko na Serie B lokacin da ya fara wasa a Palermo da Modena a wasan da suka tashi 1-1. A cikin kakarsa ta farko a kulob din, ya sami ci gaba zuwa Serie A bayan kulob dinsa ya bunkasa a lokacin kakar shekarar, 2013 zuwa 2014, Palermo ya kai matsayin ci gaba tare da wasanni 5 don ragewa, zuwa matsayin Champions.
Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar Serie A a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta shekarar, 2014, inda ya bayyana a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Sampdoria Leeds United A ranar 26 ga watan Janairun shekarar, 2015, N'Goyi ya koma Leeds United a matsayin aro har zuwa karshen kakar shekara ta, 2014 zuwa 2015, tare da zabin kulob din ya kammala yarjejeniyar dindindin ta miliyan 2. Da farko an bashi lambar 10 mai lamba. Koyaya, bayan siyar da Jason Pearce da sanya hannun Edgar Çani a ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairu, sai aka canza lambar tawagar N'Goyi zuwa lamba 6 tare da amincewar Kungiyar kwallon kafa. Çani daga baya ya ɗauki rigar lamba 10. Bayan ya sami rauni a daya daga cikin horo na farko a Leeds, shiga cikin N'Goyi da farko a kungiyar farko ta Leeds a ranar 6 ga watan Afrilu shekarar, 2015 a matsayin wanda ba a yi amfani da shi ba a karawar da aka yi da Wolverhampton Wanderers a rashin nasara 4-3. A ranar 14 ga watan Afrilu shekarar, 2015, ya fara zama na farko ga Leeds lokacin da ya fara karawa da Norwich City a wasan da aka doke su da ci 2-0.
Ayyukan duniya
Matasa Duk da kasancewar iyayen Congo, N'Goyi ya wakilci ƙasar haihuwarsa, Faransa a gasar zakarun Turai na European gasar Turai ta 19 An ba shi lambar lamba sha uku 13 don gasar kuma ya buga dukkan wasannin hudun da Faransanci suka shiga. Ya kasance daya daga cikin Faransawa da suka dauki fanareti a wasan dab da na karshe da Spain, kuma ya ci fanaretin nasa, duk da cewa Spain din ta ci 4-2. A watan Oktoba na shekarar, 2008 aka kira N’Goyi ya wakilci DR Congo, tare da takwaransa na Paris Saint-Germain Larrys Mabiala da Youssouf Mulumbu a wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar, 2010 da Malawi Ya amince da kiran, amma bai buga wasan farko ba, saboda abin mamakin da Malawi ta doke shi da ci 1-2, bayan da suka jagoranci farko da ci 1-0, ta hannun tsohon dan wasan Portsmouth da Newcastle United Lomana LuaLua A ranar 3 ga watan Agusta, an gayyace shi zuwa kungiyar Faransa ta 'yan kasa da shekaru 21 don wasan sada zumunci da Poland Ya fara zama na farko a wannan wasan a madadin. An sake kiran shi, makonni biyu bayan haka, don wasannin neman cancantar buga gasar U-21 Championship ta UEFA da Slovenia da Romania Babban An kira N'Goyi kuma ya fara bugawa DR Congo wasa a wasan sada zumunci da ci 3-0 da Gambia A ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamba na shekarar, 2013, N'Goyi ya sake yin wani kiran ga tawagar DR Congo, amma bayan tattaunawa da manajan Claude Le Roy don ya wakilce su, shi da dan wasan tsakiya na Stoke City Steven Nzonzi duk sun ki damar buga musu wasa. N'Goyi ya cancanci buga wa DR Congo da Faransa wasa, tunda ya buga wa DR Congo wasa ne kawai a wasan sada zumunta.
Daraja Paris Saint-Germain
Coupe de Faransa 2009–10 Palermo
Serie B 2013-14
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Granddi Ngoyi at L'Équipe Football (in French)
Granddi Ngoyi French league stats at LFP also available in French
Granddi Ngoyi at FootballDatabase.eu Granddi Ngoyi at the French Football Federation (in French)
Granddi Ngoyi at the French Football Federation (archived) (in French)
Pages with unreviewed |
43069 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20kwallon%20kafa%20ta%20Seychelles | Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Seychelles | Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Seychelles, wadda ake yi wa lakabi da Pirates, tana wakiltar Seychelles a wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na duniya kuma Hukumar kula da wasan Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Seychelles (SFF) ce ke tafiyar da ita. SFF ta kasance memba a Hukumar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Afirka (CAF) tun a shekarar 1986, kuma memba a FIFA tun a shekarar 1986. Filin wasan gida na ƙungiyar shi ne Stade Linité mai ɗaukar nauyi 10,000 da ke Roche Caiman a bayan Victoria, babban birnin Seychelles.
Tarihi An gabatar da ƙwallon ƙafa zuwa Seychelles a cikin shekarar 1930s. Gasar ta farko a hukumance, gasar ƙalubale, an shirya shi ne a cikin shekarar 1936 sannan, a cikin shekarar 1941, an kafa gasar tsakanin ƙungiyoyi biyar da wasannin mintuna 60, an buga babu takalmi. A shekara ta 1969, shugaban hukumar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Seychelles ya so ya kafa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa. An tsunduma cikin aikin sa kai, Adrian Fisher ya isa tsibirin a watan Satumba don sake tsara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Seychelles. Ya baiwa dukkan ‘yan wasan da takalma, ya tsara dabarun horas da ‘yan wasan na zamani da kuma tsawaita lokacin wasan zuwa mintuna 90. Sabbin tawagar kasar sun buga wasanninsu na farko a gasar sada zumunta da aka buga a Kenya a watan Afrilun shekarar 1970. A wasan farko da Seychelles ta buga a filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na gaske, sun tashi 2-2 da Feisal FC sannan suka yi rashin nasara 1-2 a hannun Mwengi a filin wasa na Mombasa Municipal Lokacin da Fisher ya bar Seychelles a shekarar 1973, ƙungiyar ta buga wasanni shida da kulake 4.
Seychelles ta buga taronsu na farko da wani zaɓi, a ranar 13 ga watan Maris, shekarar 1974, da Réunion A wannan wasan sada zumunci, "Pirates", sunan laƙabin ƙungiyar, sun sha kashi da ci 0-2. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, a wannan lokacin a matsayin ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta, Seychelles ta sake fuskantar Réunion, ta yi rashin nasara da ci 1-4. A watan Satumba na shekarar 1977, sun buga wata ƙungiya mai alaƙa da FIFA, Mauritius, yayin gasar da aka buga a Réunion, kuma sun sha kashi 1–2. Ƙungiyar ta ji daɗin nasararta ta farko a shekara mai zuwa ta hanyar yin nasara a gida da ci 1-0 da Réunion.
A cikin shekarar 1979, Seychelles ta buga gasa ta farko, Wasannin Tekun Indiya na shekarar 1979 Sun yi rashin nasara a wasansu na farko da ci 3-0 a hannun Réunion, kuma sun yi nasara a wasansu na biyu da ci 9-0 a Maldives A wasan kusa da na ƙarshe, sun doke Mauritius da ci 4-2 a bugun fenariti (1-1 bayan mintuna 90).
An fitar da Seychelles daga matakin rukuni a wasannin Tekun Indiya na shekarar 1985 amma, a ranar 31 ga Agusta, shekarar 1986, sun buga wasansu na farko na gasa da FIFA da CAF suka amince da su, sakamakon alaƙar su da ƙungiyoyin biyu, wasan neman cancantar da Mauritius na shekarar 1987 All- Wasannin Afirka, sun yi rashin nasara da ci 1-2. Sun halarci, a karon farko, a wasan neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika a shekarar 1988 da Mauritius amma sun sha kashi da ci 1-3 a wasannin biyu.
A wasannin tekun Indiya na shekarar 1990, tawagar ta sha kashi mafi muni a tarihinta da Madagascar a wasan kusa da na ƙarshe, inda ta yi rashin nasara da ci 0-6. A wasan lambar tagulla, sun yi nasara a kan Comoros da ci 3-1. Ƙungiyar ta kasa maimaita wannan wasan a cikin wasanni masu zuwa, ta buga a gida, ta yi rashin nasara a dukkan wasanni huɗu da kammala ƙarshe a gasar.
Bayan da aka cire daga matakin farko na gasar cin kofin Afrika ta shekarar 1996 ta Mauritius 2-1 a kan kafafu biyu, an ɗauki Vojo Gardašević don jagorantar tawagar. Bayan haka, yan fashin teku sun sake zama na uku a wasannin tekun Indiya na shekarar 1998, kuma bayan shekaru biyu, sun shiga gasar share fagen shiga gasar cin kofin duniya a karon farko. Wasan da Namibia ta yi sun tashi kunnen doki 1-1 a Stade Linité, godiya ga ƙwallo da Philip Zialor ya ci amma ta yi rashin nasara a wasa na biyu da ci 0-3. Ita ma Seychelles ta yi waje da ita a zagayen farko na gasar cin kofin Afrika ta 2000 da Zimbabwe ta yi 0-6 a wasanni biyu. Seychelles ta yi nasara a gasar neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika ta 2004 yayin da tawagar, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Dominique Bathenay sannan Michael Nees, ta zo ta uku kuma ta yi nasara a gida biyu masu daraja ta hanyar doke Eritrea 1-0 da Zimbabwe 2-1. Bayan sun samu lambar tagulla a gasar wasannin tekun Indiya ta shekarar 2003, sannan Zambiya ta yi waje da su a zagayen farko na gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar 2006 da Zambia da ci 1-5 a wasannin biyu.
Babbar nasara da Seychelles ta samu ta zo ne da Zimbabwe a wasan share fage na gasar cin kofin Afrika ta shekarar 2004 Ƙwallon da 'yan wasan gaba Alpha Baldé da Philip Zialor suka ci ne suka baiwa Seychelles nasara da ci 2-1 a Stade Linité da Zimbabwe wanda ƙwararren ɗan wasan Peter Ndlovu ya jagoranta. Kocin Jamus Michael Nees ne ke jagorantar tawagar a lokacin. Ƙarƙashin ɗan ƙasar Faransa Dominique Bathenay, Seychelles kuma ta doke Eritrea da ci 1-0 a Stade Linité da ci daya mai ban haushi da tsohon soja Roddy Victor ya ci a wasannin share fage.
A cikin shekarar 2011, Seychelles ta karɓi baƙuncin wasannin tsibirin Tekun Indiya na 2011 kuma ta lashe gasar a karon farko, inda ta doke Mauritius a wasan karshe a bugun fanareti. Sauran wasannin na shekarar 2010 ba su samu nasara ba ga Pirates tare da babban maki a lokacin neman shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika na shekarar 2017 inda suka yi nasarar doke Lesotho da ci 2-0 da kuma kunnen doki 1-1 da Habasha don zama na uku a rukunin kungiyoyin su hudu.
Shirin Goal na FIFA A cikin shekarar 2006, an buɗe sabuwar cibiyar fasaha a Mahé, tare da taimakon shirin FIFA Goal. Aikin yana da jimillar farashi kusan dalar Amurka 750,000. James Michel, shugaban Seychelles, ya halarci bikin rantsar da shi. Cibiyar fasaha tana dauke da hedkwatar SFF, dakin taro, ɗakuna 20, ɗakunan tausa biyu, ɗakunan canji da gidan abinci. Cibiyar tana kusa da filayen turf wanda kuma shirin Goal ya girka a shekarar 2003. Kwallon kafa da kwallaye daidai kamar na 31 Yuli 2022, bayan wasan da Madagascar Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Seychelles a FIFA.com
Seychelles a CAF.com
Hoton kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Seychelles
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
33342 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shacin%20Fannonin%20Akadamiya | Shacin Fannonin Akadamiya | Nau'in akadamiya ko fannin karatu wani reshe ne na ilimi da ake koyarwa da bincikawa a matsayin wani ɓangare na ilimi mai zurfi. Yawanci tsangayoyin Jami'a da ilimantattun al'umomin da suke ciki da mujallun akadamiya da suke wallafa bincikensu ke ƙayyade fannin karatun Masana.
Fannoni suna bambanta tsakanin kafaffun da ake samu a kusan dukkanin jami'o'i kuma suna da tsararrun rostoci na mujallu da tarurruka, da masu tasowa waɗanda wasu jami'o'i da wallafe-wallafe kaɗan ne kawai ke gudanar da su. Wani fanni na iya samun rassa, kuma ana kiran waɗannan sau da yawa ƙananan-fannuka.
An bayar da wannan shacin a matsayin bayyani na da kuma jagorar maudu'i ga fannukan akadamik. A kowane hali shigarwa a matakin mafi girma na matsayi (misali, Ilimin-Bil'adama) rukuni ne na faffaɗaɗɗun fannuka makusanta; shigarwa a matsayi mafi girma na gaba (misali, Musiƙa) fanni ne da ke da ɗan ƴancin kai da kuma kasancewa ainihin huwiyar asali da masanansa suke ji; da kuma ƙananan matakai na hairakin waɗanda mafi akasari ba su da wani tasiri a cikin tsarin gudanarwar jami'a.
Ilimin-Bil'adama
Wasannin Kwaikwayo <div class="div-col">
Musiƙa shaci Rakiya
Musiƙar camba
Musiƙar coci
Bishe
Kuralin bishe
Okistirar bishe
Tawagar bishe
Musiƙar farko
Karatun Jaz shaci Tsarawar musiƙa
Ilimin musiƙa
Tarihin musiƙa
Ilimin musiƙa
Tarihiyar musiƙalojiya
Tsare-tsaren musiƙalojiya
Musiƙalogiyar ƙabila
Nazarin musiƙa
Karatun okistira
Ilimin kayan kiɗa
Ogan da tarihiyar allonmukullai
Fiyano
Izgogi, hafi, udi, da jita shaci Waƙa
busar katako, tagulla, da kayan kaɗawa
Naɗi
Rawa shaci Korigirafiya
Alamar rawa
Korigirafiyar ƙabila
Tarihin rawa
Talabijin shaci Karatun talabijin
Tiyata shaci Kwaikwayo
Daraktanci
Diramatogiya
Tarihi
Tiyatar musiƙa
Rubutun wasa
Bubatanci
Sinogirafiya
Ƙagen fage
Maganar ciki
Fim shaci Animashiya
Sukar fim
Yin fim
Nazariyar fim
Kwaikwayon gaske
Ganannar Fasaha <div class="div-col">
Aiwatattar fasaha
Animashiya
Kaligirafiya
Fasahar ado
Midiyar gauraya
Yin bugu
Fasahar sutudiyo
Akitekca shacin akitekca Akitekcar ciki
Akitekcar shimfiɗar waje
ƙagen shimfidar waje
Tsarin shimfidar waje
Tahaliliyar akitekca
Alkinta tarihi
Ƙagen cikin gini akitekcar ciki Zanen teknikal
Salo
Kyakkyawar fasaha
Fasahar girafika
Zane shaci Fenti shaci Taswiriya shaci)
Sassaƙa shaci Tarihi <div class="div-col">
Tarihin Afirka
Tarihin Amurka
Daɗaɗɗen tarihi
Daɗaɗɗiyar Misira
Katej
Tarihin daɗaɗɗar Girka shaci Tarihin daɗaɗɗar Roma shafi Wayantakar Asiriya
Wayantakokin Zamanin jan-gaci
Tarihin Littafi Mai Tsarki
Tarihin Wayantakar Kwarin Indus
Maya kafin kilasikiya
Tarihin Masafotamiya
Zamanin Dutse
Tarihin wayantakar Yangse
Tarihin wayantakar Kogin rawaya
Tarihin Asiya
Tarihin ƙasar Sin
Tarihin Indiya shaci Tarihin Indonesiya
Tarihin Iran
Tarihin Astiraliya
Tarihin al'ada
Tarihin Ikklisiya na cocin Katolika
Tarihin tattalin arziki
Tarihin muhalli
Tarihin Yurofa
Tarihin intelekcuwali
Tarihin Yahudawa
Tarihin Amurka ta Latin Tarihin zamani
Tarihin falsafiya
Daɗaɗɗiyar falsafa
Falsafar kontanfurari
Falsafar ƙarni na tsakiya
Mutumtaka shaci Sikolastiya
Falsafar zamani
Tarihin siyasa
Tarihin tunanin siyasa
Tarihin erar magabaciyar-kolombiya
Tarihi
Tarihin jama'a
Tarihin Rasha
Tarihin kimiyya
Tarihin Taknolaji
Tarihin duniya
Harsuna da adabi <div class="div-col">
Ilimin yare Shacin ilimin yare)
Aiwattacen ilimin harshe
Karatun talifi
Lissafaffen ilimin yare
Nazarin zance
Karatun Turanci
Etimolojiya
Nahawu
Nahawiya
Tarihantaccen ilimin harshe
Tarihin ilimin harshe
Tsakanin ilimin harshe
Laksikolojiya
Rubutun ilimin harshe
Mofolojiya (ilimin harshe)
Sarrafawar jauharantaccen harshe
Filolugiya
Fonetika
Fonologiya
Firagmatika
Saikolugiya
Balaga
Semantika
Semiyotika shaci Ilimin zamantakewar yaruka
Ginin Jumla
Amfani
Amfani da kalma
Zanen barkwanci
Adabin kwatance
Rubutun ƙirƙira
Ƙagaggen rubutu shaci Rubutun gaskiya
Adabin Turanci
Tarihin adabi
Daɗaɗɗen Adabi
Adabin ƙarni na tsakiya
Adabin bayan mulkin mallaka
Adabin bayan zamani
Nazariyar adabi
Nazariyar suka shaci Sukar adabi
Rubutun waƙa
Waƙa
Adabin duniya
Adabin Baƙaƙen-Amurkawa
Adabin Amurka
Adabin Burtaniya
Doka <div class="div-col">
Dokar gudanarwa
Dokar kanasiya
Wayayyar Doka
Dokar Amiraliya
Dokar dabbobi Haƙoƙin dabbobi
Wayayyen ijira'i
Dokar gama gari
Dokar kwangila
Kamfanoni
Dokar muhalli
Dokar iyali
Dokar tarayya
Dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa
Dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa na jama'a
Dokar Sama da ƙasa
Dokar aiki
Dokar dukiya
Dokar haraji
Dokokin azabtarwa (shaci Dokar kwatance
Dokar gasa
Dokar tsarin mulki
Dokar laifuka
Adalci ga laifi shaci Ijira'in laifuka
Tahaliliyar laifi Shaci Kimiyyar 'yan sanda
Shari'ar Musulunci
Dokokin Yahudawa (shaci Fiƙihu Falsafar Doka)
Gudanar da doka
Dokar kasuwanci
Dokar kamfani
Dokokin ijira'i
Doka mai tushe
Falsafa <div class="div-col">
Kyakyawantaka shaci Aiwatattar falsafa
Falsafar tattalin arziki
Falsafar ilimi
Falsafar injiniyanci
Falsafar tarihi
Falsafar harshe
Falsafar doka
Falsafar ilimin lissafi
Falsafa na Musiƙa
Falsafar saikolojiya
Falsafar addini
Falsafar kimiyyar jiki
Falsafar ilmin halitta
Falsafa na ilmin sunadarai
Falsafar ilimin Fizika
Falsafar ilimin zamantakewa
Falsafar takanoloji
Falsafar linzamai
Efistimolojiya bayani Hujja
Nazartar kurakurai
Ɗa'a shaci Aiwatattar ɗa'a
Hakkokin dabbobi
Ɗa'ar ilimin lafiyar rayuwa
Ɗa'ar muhalli
Ɗa'ar-Meta
Saikolojiyar halin kirki, Siffantattar ɗa'a, Nazariyar daraja
Dacacciyar ɗa'a
Ɗa'ar nagarta
Mantiƙi shaci Mantiƙin ilimin lissafi
Mantiƙin Falsafa
Falsafar-Meta
Metafizikiya shaci Falsafar Aiki
Ƙayyadewa da ra'i
Ontolojiya
Falsafar hayyaci
Falsafar ciwo
Falsafar hankalin wucin gadi
Falsafar mahanga
Falsafar sararin samaniya da lokaci
Teliyolojiya
Teyizim and Ateyizim
al'adu da makarantun falsafa
Falsafar Afirka
Tahalilantattar Falsafa Aristoteliya
Nahiyantattar falsafa
Falsafar Gabas
Falsafar Feminista
Fulatoniya
Falsafar zamantakewa da falsafar siyasa
Anakiya shafi Falsafar feminista
Libartariya shaci Markisiya
Tiyoloji Nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki
Yahudancin Littafi mai tsarki Koinen Girka, Aramanci
Karatun addini
Tiyolojin Budi
Karatun fali
Tiyolojin Kiristanci
Tiyolojin Angilika
Tiyolojin Baftista
Tiyolojin Katolika
Tiyolojin otodoksiyar gabas
Tiyolojin furotastantaniya
Tiyolojin Hindu
Karatun Siniskiritiya
Karatun Dirabidiya
Tiyolojin Yahudawa
Tiyolojin musulmi
Karatun Larabci
Ilimin zamantakewa
Anturofolojiya Anturofolojiyar Ilimin halitta
Anturofolojiyar ilimin harshe
Anturofolojiyar al'ada
Anturofolojiyar Ilimin zamantakewa
Akiyolojiya Anturofolojiyar Biocultural
Anturofolojiyar Ebolushon
Akiyolojin feminista
Tahaliyantattar anturofolojiya
Akiyolojin ruwa
Faliyanturofolojiya
Ilimin tattalin arziki Tattalin arzikin noma
Anakiyantaccen tattalin arziki
Aiwataccen tattalin arziki
Tattalin arzikin halayya
Bio-tattalin arzuki
Tattalin arziki mai ruɗani
Lissafaffen tatalin arzuki
Tattalin arzikin mabuƙata
Tattalin arzikin ci gaba
Tattalin arzikin muhalliya
Aunin tattalin arziki
Jogirafiyar tattalin arziki
Ilimin zamantakewar tattalin arziki
Linzaman tattalin arziki
Tattalin arzikin ilimi
Tattalin arzikin makamashi
Tattalin arzikin kasuwanci
Tattalin arziki na muhalli
Ebolushonin tattalin arzuki
Gwajajjen tattalin arziki
Tattalin arzikin feminista
Al'amuran kuɗi na aunin tattalin arziki
Al'amuran kuɗi na tattalin arziki
Koren tattalin arziki
Tattalin arzikin ci gaba
Nazariyyar ci gaban ɗan adam
Ƙungiyar masana'antu
Tattalin arzikin bayanai
Tattalin arzikin insitushan
Harkokin tattalin arziki na duniya
Ilimin tattalin arziki na Musulunci
Ilimin tattalin arzikin ma'aikata
Doka da tattalin arziki
Macro-tattalin arzuki
Ilimin tattalin arziki na gudanarwa
Tattalin arzikin Markisiya
Tattalin arzukin issafi
Micro-tattalin arzuki
Tattalin arziki na kuɗi Neuro-tattalin arzuki
Harkokin tattalin arziki na haɗin gwiwa
Tattalin arzikin siyasa
Ilimin tattalin arzikin jama'a
Al'amuran kuɗin jama'a
Harkokin tattalin arziki na filaye da gine-gine
Tattalin arzikin albarkatu
Nazariyar ra'ayoyin zamantakewa
Socialist tattalin arziki
Socioeconomics
Tattalin arziki na sufuri
Tattalin arzikin welfiya
Jogirafiya Jogirafiyar ƙasa
Atmologjiya
Bio-jogirafiya
Kilamatojiya
Jogirafiyar bakin teku
Manajaman ɗin gaggawa
Jogirafiyar muhalli
Geobiology
Geochemistry
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Geomatics
Geomorphology
Geophysics
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Litojiya
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Jogirafiyar ɗan adam
Jogirafiyar hallaya
Cognitive geography
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Jogirafiyar ci gaba
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Jogirafiyar lissafi
Jogirafiyar tallace-tallace
Jogirafiyar soji
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Jogirafiyar sukkani
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JogirafiyarDabara
Jogirafiyar lokaci Jogirafiyar yawon shakatawa
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Katogirafiya
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Katogirafiyar duniyoyi
Tofogirafiya
Kimiyyar siyasa Siyasar Amurka
Siyasar Kanada
Tarbiyar birni
Siyasar kwatanci
Nazarin Turai
Geopolitics (Jogirafiyar Siyasa)
Alaƙar ƙasa da ƙasa
Ƙungiyoyin duniya
Karatun kishin ƙasa
Karatun zaman lafiya da rikici
Nazarin policy
Halin siyasa
Al'adun siyasa
Tattalin arzikin siyasa
Tarihin siyasa
Falsafar siyasa
Gudanarwar Jama'a
Dokar jama'a
Sefolojiya
Nazariyar zaɓin zamantakewa
Siyasar Singafo
Saikoloji Saikolojin garibi
Aiwataccen Saikoloji
Saikolojin biyolojiya
Nirosaikolojiyar kilinik
Saikolojin kilinik
Saikolojin kognishan
Saikolojin kwaminiti
Saikolojin kwatanci
Saikolojin alkinci
Saikolojin mabuƙata
Saikolojin nasiha
Ilimin halin laifi
Saikolojin al'ada
Saikolojin Asiya
Saikolojin baƙi
Saikolojin ci gaba
Saikolojin bambanci
Saikolojin ekolojiya
Saikolojin ilimi
Saikolojin muhalli
Saikolojin ebalushan
Saikolojin gwaji
Saikolojin rukuni
Saikolojin iyali
Saikolojin mata
Saikolojin ci gaba na forensic
Saikolojin forensic
Saikolojin lafiya
Saikolojin mutumtaka
Saikolojin ci gabaSaikolojin ɗan kasa
Saikolojin halal
Saikolojin lissafi
Saikolojin ci gabaSaikolojin midiya
Saikolojin likitanci
Saikolojin soji
Saikolojin kirki da siffantawar ɗa'a
Saikolojin musiƙa
Nirosaikoloji
Saikolojin lafiyar sana'a
Saikolojin ci gabaSaikolojin sana'a
Saikolojin ci gabaSaikolojin ƙungiyoyi (aka, Saikolojin Masana'antu)
Parapsychology Shaci Saikolojin yara
Pedology (nazarin yara)
Saikolojin halin mutum
Zawahiriya
Saikolojin ci gabaSaikolojin Siyasa
Positive saikoloji
tahaliliyarsaiko
Biyolijiyarsaiko
Saikolojin addini
Psycometrics
Saikofatolojiya
Saikofatolojiyar yara
Fiziyarsaiko
Quantitative psychology
Saikolojiyar gyara
Saikolojiyar makaranta
Saikolojiyar zamantakewa
Saikolojiyar wasanni
Saikolojiyar traffic
Saikolojiyar Transpersonal
Soshiyolojiya Soshiyolojin tahalili
Aiwataccen soshiyoloji
karatun nishaɗi
Soshiyolojin siyasa
Soshiyolojin siyasaSoshiyolojin jama'a
Soshiyolojin siyasaSoshiyolojin injiniyanci
Soshiyolojin Architectural
Karatun shiya
Karatun Afirka
Karatun Amurka
Appalachian studies
Karatun Kanada
Karatun Amurka ta latin
Karatun Asiya
Karatun Asiya ta tsakiya
EKaratun Asiya ta Gabas
Indology
Karatun Iraniya
Karatun Jafan
Karatun Koriya
Karatun Fakistan
Sindhology
Sinology (Shaci)
Karatun Asiya ta kudu maso gabas
Karatun Tai
Karatun Astiraliya
Karatun Yurofa
Karatun Celtic
Karatun Jamus
Soshiyoloji a Poland
SKaratun Sikandinebiya
Karatun Silabik
Karatun gaba ta tsakiya
Karatun Larabawa
Asiriyolojiya
Masarolojiya
Karatun Yahudu
Soshiyolojiyar yare
Haɗaɗɗen hali
Social movements
informatics na kwaminiti
Tahalilin Social network Soshiyolojin kwatanci
Nazariyar rikici
Criminology/Criminal justice (shaci)
Critical management studies
Critical sociology
Soshiyolojin al'ada
Karatun al'ada/karatun ɗa'a
Africana studies
Cross-cultural studies
Culturology
Karatun kurame
Ethnology
Utopian studies
Karatun faranci
Demography/Population
Soshiyolojin dijital
Dramaturgical sociology
Soshiyolojin tattalin arzuki
Soshiyolojin karatu
Empirical sociology
Soshiyolojin muhalli
Soshiyolojin muhalliSoshiyolojin ebalushan
Soshiyolojin muhalliSoshiyolojin feminista
Figurational sociology
Futures studies (shaci)
Karatun jinsi
Karatun maza
Karatun mata
Tarihantaccen Soshiyolojin
Human ecology
Mutumtaccen Soshiyolojin
Masana'antaccen Soshiyoloji
Interactionism
Interpretive sociology
Ethnomethodology
Phenomenology
Social constructionism
Symbolic interactionism
Soshiyolojin muhalliSoshiyolojin kishi
Soshiyolojin muhalliSoshiyolojinmakro
Soshiyolojin muhalliSoshiyolojin markisiya
Soshiyolojin lissafi
Medical sociology
Mesosociology
Soshiyolojin muhalliSoshiyolojinmaikro
Soshiyolojin muhalliSoshiyolojin soji
Soshiyolojin muhalliSoshiyolojin ma'adanan jauhari
Soshiyolojin muhalliSoshiyolojin ƙungiya
Phenomenological sociology
Policy sociology
Soshiyolojin muhalliSoshiyolojin tahalilinsaiko
Karatun kimiyas/Karatun kimiya da takanoloji
Seksolojiya
Seksimiyarhetro
sukjuwal hallayar ɗan adam
Sekjuwaliyar ɗan adam (shaci)
Karatun kuya/Nazariyar kuya
Ilimin sekjuwaliya
Jarin zamantakewa
Canji zamantakewa
Nazarin rikicin zamantakewa
Social control
Zallar soshiyolojiya
Tattalin arzukin zamantakewa
Falsafar zamantakewa
Social policy
Saikolojin zamantakewa
Social stratification
Nazariyar zamantakewa
Social transformation
Computational sociology
Soshiyolojin tattalin arzuki/Socioeconomics
Ci gaban tattalin arzuki
Ci gaban zamantakewa
Soshiyobayolojiya
Sociocybernetics
Sociolinguistics
Soshiyolajin manyanta
Soshiyolojin manya
Soshiyolojin fasaha Sociology of autism
Soshiyolojin yarinta
Soshiyolojin rikici
Soshiyolojin al'ada
Sociology of cyberspace
Soshiyolojin ci gaba
Soshiyolojin saɓawa
Soshiyolojin bala'i
Soshiyolojin ilimi
Soshiyolojin sosuwar rai
Soshiyolojin ubantaka
Soshiyolojin al'amuran kuɗi
Soshiyolojin cima
Sooshiyolojin jinsi
Sociology of generations
Soshiyolojin gulobalaziya
Soshiyolojin gwamnati
Soshiyolojin lafiya da rashin lafiya
Soshiyolojin hayyacin ɗan adam
Soshiyolojin immigration
Soshiyolojin ilimi
Soshiyolojin harshe
Soshiyolojin doka
Soshiyolojin nishaɗi
Soshiyolojin adabi
Soshiyolojin kasuwanni
Soshiyolojin aure
Soshiyolojin uwantaka
Soshiyolojin musiƙa Soshiyolojin ma'adanan jauhari
Soshiyolojin ƙungiyoyi
Soshiyolojin zaman lafiya, yaƙi, da rikicin zamantakewa
Soshiyolojin horo
Soshiyolojin ma'amalar jinsi da ƙabila
Soshiyolojin addini
Sociology of risk
Soshiyolojin kimiya
Soshiyolojin ilimin kimiya
Soshiyolojin canjin zamantakewa
Sociology of social movements
Soshiyolojin sarari
Soshiyolojin wasanni
Soshiyolojin takanoloji
Soshiyolojin ta'addanci
Soshiyolojin jiki
Soshiyolojin iyali
Soshiyolojin tarihin kimiya
Soshiyolojin yanar gizo
Soshiyolojin aiki
Sociomusicology
Structural sociology
Nazariyantaccen soshiyolojiya
Karatun birni or Soshiyolojin birni/Soshiyolojin ƙauye
Victimology
Ganannen soshiyoloji
Ayyukan zamantakewa Ayyukan zamantakewa na asibiti
Ayyukan al'umma
Lafiyar tunani
Psychosocial rehabilitation
Maganin da ya shafi mutum
Terafiya iyali
Ayyukan zamantakewa na kudi
Kimiyyar Jauhari
Bayolojiya Erobayolojiya
Anatomoiya
Anatomiyar kwatanci
Anatomiyar ɗan adam (outline)
Biochemistry (outline)
Bioinformatics
Fiziyarbayo (outline)
Taknolojinbayo (outline)
Ilimin tsirrai (outline)
Ethnobotany
Saikoloji
Bayolojiyar ƙwayoyin halitta (outline)
Chronobiology
Computational biology
Cryobiology
Bayolojin ci gaba
Embryology
Teratology
Ecology (outline)
Agroecology
Ethnoecology
Human ecology
Landscape ecology
Endocrinology
Epigenetics
Ethnobiology
Anthrozoology
Evolutionary biology
Genetics (outline)
Behavioural genetics
Molecular genetics
Population genetics
Histology
Human biology
Immunology (outline)
Limnology
Linnaean taxonomy
Marine biology
Mathematical biology
Microbiology
Bacteriology
Protistology
Molecular biology
Mycology
Neuroscience (outline)
Behavioral neuroscience
Nutrition (outline)
Paleobiology
Paleontology
Parasitology
Pathology
Anatomical pathology
Clinical pathology
Dermatopathology
Forensic pathology
Hematopathology
Histopathology
Molecular pathology
Surgical pathology
Physiology
Human physiology
Exercise physiology
Structural Biology
Systematics (Taxonomy)
Systems biology
Virology
Molecular virology
Xenobiology
Zoology (outline)
Animal communications
Apiology
Arachnology
Arthropodology
Batrachology
Bryozoology
Carcinology
Cetology
Cnidariology
Entomology
Forensic entomology
Ethnozoology
Ethology
Helminthology
Herpetology
Ichthyology (outline)
Invertebrate zoology
Mammalogy
Cynology
Felinology
Malacology
Conchology
Limacology
Teuthology
Myriapodology
Myrmecology (outline)
Nematology
Neuroethology
Oology
Ornithology (outline)
Planktology
Primatology
Zootomy
Zoosemiotics
Sinadariya Agrochemistry
Analytical chemistry
Astrochemistry
Atmospheric chemistry
Biochemistry (outline)
Chemical biology
Chemical engineering (outline)
Cheminformatics
Computational chemistry
Cosmochemistry
Electrochemistry
Environmental chemistry
Femtochemistry
Flavor
Flow chemistry
Geochemistry
Green chemistry
Histochemistry
Hydrogenation
Immunochemistry
Inorganic chemistry
Marine chemistry
Mathematical chemistry
Mechanochemistry
Medicinal chemistry
Molecular biology
Molecular mechanics
Nanotechnology
Natural product chemistry
Neurochemistry
Oenology
Organic chemistry (outline)
Organometallic chemistry
Petrochemistry
Pharmacology
Photochemistry
Physical chemistry
Physical organic chemistry
Phytochemistry
Polymer chemistry
Quantum chemistry
Radiochemistry
Solid-state chemistry
Sonochemistry
Supramolecular chemistry
Surface chemistry
Synthetic chemistry
Theoretical chemistry
Thermochemistry
Kimiyyar duniya Edaphology
Kimiyyar muhalli
Kimiyyar muhalli
Gemology
Geochemistry
Geodesy
Geography na zahiri shaci Kimiyyar yanayi Yanayin yanayi bayani Biogeography Phytogeography
Climatology Paleoclimatology Palaeogeography
Geography na bakin teku Oceanography
Edaphology Pedology ko Kimiyyar ƙasa
Geobiology
Geology bayani Geomorphology, Mineralogy, Petrology, Sedimentology, Speleology, Tectonics, Volcanology Geostatistics
Glaciology
Hydrology shaci Limnology Hydrogeology
Yanayin yanayin yanayi
Ilimin Quaternary
Geophysics shafi Ilimin burbushin halittu
Ilimin nazarin halittu
Ilimin nazarin halittu
Kimiyyar sararin samaniya Ilimin taurari
Astronomy shafi Binciken falaki
Gamma ray astronomy
Infrared astronomy
Microwave astronomy
Ilimin taurari na gani
Radio falaki
UV ilmin taurari
X-ray astronomy
Astrophysics
Ilimin taurarin nauyi
Baƙar fata
Cosmology
Ilimin sararin samaniya
Interstellar matsakaici
Simulators na lamba
Astrophysical plasma
Samuwar Galaxy da juyin halitta
Astrophysics mai ƙarfi
Hydrodynamics
Magnetohydrodynamics
Samuwar tauraro
Stellar astrophysics
Helioseismology
Juyin Halitta
Stellar nucleosynthesis
Ilimin taurari
Ilimin lissafi Acoustics
Aerodynamics
Aiwatar ilimin lissafi
Astrophysics
Atomic, molecular, and optical physics
Biophysics bayani Ilimin lissafi na lissafi
Matsakaicin ilimin lissafi
Cryogenics
Wutar Lantarki
Electromagnetism
Ilimin ilimin firamare na farko
Gwajin kimiyyar lissafi
Matsalolin ruwa
Geophysics shafi Kimiyyar lissafi
Makanikai
Ilimin kimiyyar likitanci
Ilimin kimiyyar kwayoyin halitta
Newtonian Dynamic
Ilimin kimiyyar nukiliya
Na'urorin gani
Plasma physics
Quantum physics
M makanikai
Harshen ilimin lissafi na jihar
Makanikan kididdiga
Ilimin ilimin lissafi
Ilimin kimiyyar thermal
Thermodynamics
Ilimi na yau da kullun
Kimiyyan na'urar kwamfuta Hakanan wani reshe na injiniyan lantarki
Logic in computer science
Formal methods (Formal verification)
Logic programming
Multi-valued logic
Fuzzy logic
Programming language semantics
Type theory
Algorithms
Computational geometry
Distributed algorithms
Parallel algorithms
Randomized algorithms
Artificial intelligence (outline)
Cognitive science
Automated reasoning
Computer vision (outline)
Machine learning
Artificial neural networks
Natural language processing (Computational linguistics)
Expert systems
Robotics (outline)
Data structures
Computer architecture
Computer graphics
Image processing
Scientific visualization
Computer communications (networks)
Cloud computing
Information theory
Internet, World Wide Web
Ubiquitous computing
Wireless computing (Mobile computing)
Computer security and reliability
Cryptography
Fault-tolerant computing
Computing in mathematics, natural sciences, engineering, and medicine
Algebraic (symbolic) computation
Computational biology (bioinformatics)
Computational chemistry
Computational mathematics
Computational neuroscience
Computational number theory
Computational physics
Computer-aided engineering
Computational fluid dynamics
Finite element analysis
Numerical analysis
Scientific computing (Computational science)
Computing in social sciences, arts, humanities, and professions
Community informatics
Computational economics
Computational finance
Computational sociology
Digital humanities (Humanities computing)
History of computer hardware
History of computer science (outline)
Humanistic informatics
Databases (outline)
Distributed databases
Object databases
Relational databases
Data management
Data mining
Information architecture
Information management
Information retrieval
Knowledge management
Multimedia, hypermedia
Sound and music computing
Distributed computing
Grid computing
Human-computer interaction
Operating systems
Parallel computing
High-performance computing
Programming languages
Compilers
Programming paradigms
Concurrent programming
Functional programming
Imperative programming
Logic programming
Object-oriented programming
Program semantics
Type theory
Quantum computing
Software engineering
Formal methods (Formal verification)
Theory of computation
Automata theory (Formal languages)
Computability theory
Computational complexity theory
Concurrency theory
VLSI design
Lissafi Tsabtataccen lissafi
Mathematical logic and Foundations of mathematics
Intuitionistic logic
Modal logic
Model theory
Proof theory
Recursion theory
Set theory
Algebra (outline)
Associative algebra
Category theory
Topos theory
Differential algebra
Field theory
Group theory
Group representation
Homological algebra
K-theory
Lattice theory (Order theory)
Lie algebra
Linear algebra (Vector space)
Multilinear algebra
Non-associative algebra
Representation theory
Ring theory
Commutative algebra
Noncommutative algebra
Universal algebra
Analysis
Complex analysis
Functional analysis
Operator theory
Harmonic analysis
Fourier analysis
Non-standard analysis
Ordinary differential equations
p-adic analysis
Partial differential equations
Real analysis
Calculus (outline)
Probability theory
Ergodic theory
Measure theory
Integral geometry
Stochastic process
Geometry (outline) and Topology
Affine geometry
Algebraic geometry
Algebraic topology
Convex geometry
Differential topology
Discrete geometry
Finite geometry
Galois geometry
General topology
Geometric topology
Integral geometry
Noncommutative geometry
Non-Euclidean geometry
Projective geometry
Number theory
Algebraic number theory
Analytic number theory
Arithmetic combinatorics
Geometric number theory
Aiwatar da lissafi
Aiwatar da kimiyya
Noma Aeroponics
Agroecology
Aikin noma
Ilimin aikin gona
Kiwon dabbobi Kiwon dabbobi Kiwon zuma Kiwo Ilimin ɗan adam
Tattalin arzikin noma
Injiniyan aikin gona
Injiniya Tsarin Halittu
Injiniyan abinci
Kiwo
Aquaponics
Enology
Entomology
Fogonics
Kimiyyar abinci
Fasahar dafa abinci
Gandun daji
Noman noma
Hydrology shafi Hydroponics
Ilimin ilimin likitanci
Kimiyyar shuka shaida Pomology
Kula da kwaro
Tsarkakewa
Viticulture
Gine-gine da ƙira Gine-gine shaci Gine-gine na ciki
Tsarin gine-ginen shimfidar wuri
Nazarin gine-gine
Adana tarihi
Zane na cikin gida gine-ginen ciki Tsarin gine-gine tsarin shimfidar wuri Tsarin shimfidar wuri
Shirye-shiryen birni tsarin birni Sadarwar gani
Zane mai hoto
Nau'in ƙira
Zane na fasaha
Tsarin masana'antu tsarin samfur Ergonomics shafi Kayan wasan yara da zane na nishaɗi
Ƙwarewar mai amfani
Tsarin hulɗa
Tsarin gine-ginen bayanai
Ƙirar mai amfani
Ƙimar ƙwarewar mai amfani
Ayyukan kayan ado
Zane-zane
Zane-zane
Kasuwanci Accounting
Binciken lissafin kudi
Tallafin lissafi
Gudanar da kasuwanci
Nazarin kasuwanci
Da'ar kasuwanci
Dokar kasuwanci
Gudanar da kasuwanci
E-Kasuwanci
Kasuwancin kasuwanci
Kudi shari'a Masana'antu da dangantakar aiki
ciniki gama gari
albarkatun ɗan adam
Karatun kungiya
Ilimin tattalin arziki
Tarihin aiki
Tsarin bayanai (Bayanan Kasuwanci Tsarin bayanan gudanarwa
Bayanan lafiya
Fasahar Sadarwa Tsarin Ciniki na duniya
Gudanarwa shari'a Marketing shaci Gudanar da ayyuka
Saye
Gudanar da haɗari da inshora
Kimiyyar tsarin
Allahntaka Dokar Canon
Tarihin Ikilisiya
Hidimar fili
Nasihar makiyaya
Tauhidin makiyaya
Dabarun ilimin addini
Homiletics
Liturgy
Kiɗa mai tsarki
Missiology
Hermeneutics
Nazarin Nassi da harsuna
Ibrananci na Littafi Mai Tsarki
Karatun Littafi Mai Tsarki Littafi Mai Tsarki
Nazarin Vedic
Sabon Alkawari Greek
Latin
Old Church Slavonic
Tiyoloji shaci Tiyolojin koyarwa
Ecclesiology
Sacramental tiyoloji
Tiyoloji na tsari
Da'a na Kirista
Dabi'un Hindu
Tauhidin halin kirki
Tauhidin tarihi
Ilimi Ilimin kwatance
Ilimi mai mahimmanci
Manhajar karatu da koyarwa
Madadin ilimi
Ilimin yara na farko
Ilimin firamare
Ilimin sakandare
Ilimi mafi girma
Ƙwararren ilmantarwa
Koyon haɗin gwiwa
Ilimin aikin gona
Ilimin fasaha
Ilimin harsuna biyu
Ilimin kimiyya
Ilimi mai ba da shawara
Ilimin harshe
Ilimin shari'a
Ilimin lissafi
Ilimin likitanci
Ilimin soja da horo
Ilimin kiɗa
Ilimin jinya
Ilimi na waje
Zaman lafiya ilimi
Ilimin Jiki Koyarwar Wasanni
Ilimin ilimin lissafi
Ilimin karatu
Ilimin addini
Ilimin kimiyya
Ilimi na musamman
Ilimin jima'i
Sociology na ilimi
Ilimin fasaha
Ilimin sana'a
Jagorancin ilimi
Falsafar ilimi
Ilimin ilimin halin dan Adam
Fasahar ilimi
Ilimi nesa
Injiniya da fasaha Chemical Engineering
Bioengineering
Biochemical engineering
Biomolecular engineering
Catalysis
Materials engineering
Molecular engineering
Nanotechnology
Polymer engineering
Process design
Petroleum engineering
Nuclear engineering
Food engineering
Process engineering
Reaction engineering
Thermodynamics
Transport phenomena
Civil Engineering
Coastal engineering
Earthquake engineering
Ecological engineering
Environmental engineering
Geotechnical engineering
Engineering geology
Hydraulic engineering
Mining engineering
Transportation engineering
Highway engineering
Structural engineering
Architectural engineering
Structural mechanics
Surveying
Educational Technology
Instructional design
Distance education
Instructional simulation
Human performance technology
Knowledge management
Electrical Engineering
Applied physics
Computer engineering (outline)
Computer science
Control systems engineering
Control theory
Electronic engineering
Instrumentation engineering
Engineering physics
Photonics
Information theory
Mechatronics
Power engineering
Quantum computing
Robotics (outline)
Semiconductors
Telecommunications engineering
Materials Science and Engineering
Biomaterials
Ceramic engineering
Crystallography
Nanomaterials
Photonics
Physical Metallurgy
Polymer engineering
Polymer science
Semiconductors
Mechanical Engineering
Aerospace engineering
Aeronautics
Astronautics
Acoustical engineering
Automotive engineering
Biomedical engineering
Biomechanical engineering
Neural engineering
Continuum mechanics
Fluid mechanics
Heat transfer
Industrial engineering
Manufacturing engineering
Marine engineering
Mass transfer
Mechatronics
Nanoengineering
Ocean engineering
Optical engineering
Robotics
Thermodynamics
Systems science
Chaos theory
Complex systems
Conceptual systems
Control theory
Affect control theory
Control engineering
Control systems
Dynamical systems
Perceptual control theory
Cybernetics
Biocybernetics
Engineering cybernetics
Management cybernetics
Medical cybernetics
New Cybernetics
Second-order cybernetics
Sociocybernetics
Network science
Operations research
Systems biology
Computational systems biology
Synthetic biology
Systems immunology
Systems neuroscience
System dynamics
Social dynamics
Systems ecology
Ecosystem ecology
Systems engineering
Biological systems engineering
Earth systems engineering and management
Enterprise systems engineering
Systems analysis
Systems psychology
Ergonomics
Family systems theory
Systemic therapy
Systems theory
Biochemical systems theory
Ecological systems theory
Developmental systems theory
General systems theory
Living systems theory
LTI system theory
Mathematical system theory
Sociotechnical systems theory
World-systems theory
Systems theory in anthropology
Nazarin muhalli da gandun daji Gudanar da muhalli
Gudanar da bakin teku
Gudanar da kamun kifi
Gudanar da ƙasa
Gudanar da albarkatun kasa
Gudanar da sharar gida
Gudanar da namun daji
Manufar muhalli
Duban namun daji
Ilimin yanayi na nishaɗi
Silviculture
Nazarin dorewa
Ci gaba mai dorewa
Toxicology
Ilimin halittu
Kimiyyar iyali da mabukata Ilimin mabukaci
Gidaje
Tsarin ciki
Gina Jiki shaci Gudanar da sabis na abinci
Yadi
Ayyukan jiki na ɗan adam da nishaɗi Biomechanics Wasanni biomechanics
Koyarwar wasanni
Escapology
Ergonomics
Lafiyar jiki
Wasannin motsa jiki
Mai horar da kai Koyarwar motsa jiki
Tsarin wasa
Motsa jiki
Kinesiology Exercise Physiology Kimiyyar Aiki
Karatun nishaɗi
Kewayawa
Ayyukan waje
Ayyukan jiki
Ilimin Jiki Ilimin Ilimi
Ilimin zamantakewa na wasanni
Ilimin Jima'i
Wasanni motsa jiki
Aikin jarida wasanni na wasanni
Gudanar da wasanni
Daraktan wasanni
Ilimin halin dan Adam
Magungunan wasanni
Horon 'yan wasa
Ƙwarewar rayuwa
Bato
Bushcraft
Scoutcraft
Woodcraft
Kayan wasan yara da zane na nishaɗi
Aikin jarida, karatun jarida da sadarwa Aikin Jarida shaci Watsa labarai
Aikin jarida na dijital
Aikin jarida na adabi
Sabon aikin jarida
Buga aikin jarida
Aikin jarida wasanni na wasanni
Karatun Media Mass Media Jarida
Mujallar
Rediyo shaci Television shari'a Karatun talabijin
Fim fim Karatun fim
Nazarin wasanni
Fan karatu
Labarin labari
Intanet shafi Nazarin Sadarwa
Talla
Sadarwar dabba
Tsarin sadarwa
Ka'idar makirci
Kafofin watsa labarai na dijital
Kafofin watsa labaru na lantarki
Sadarwar muhalli
Hoax
Ka'idar bayani
Sadarwa tsakanin al'adu
Marketing shaci Sadarwar jama'a
Sadarwar da ba ta magana ba
Sadarwar tsari
Shahararrun karatun al'adu
Farfaganda
Sadarwar Jama'a shaida Sadarwar magana
Rubutun fasaha
Fassara
Doka Gudanar da doka
Dokar kamfani
Dokar ciniki
Dokar kasuwanci
Dokar gudanarwa
Dokar Canon
Doka kwatanta
Dokar tsarin mulki
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Dokar laifuka
Hanyar aikata laifuka
Adalci na laifi shari'a Kimiyyar 'yan sanda
Ilimin shari'a fasalin Shari'ar Musulunci
Dokokin Yahudawa (shari'a Fikihu Falsafa na Doka Dokar farar hula
Dokar Admiralty
Dokokin dabbobi Haƙƙin dabbobi
Doka ta gama gari
Kamfanoni
Tsarin jama'a
Dokar kwangila
Dokar muhalli
Dokar iyali
Dokar tarayya
Dokokin kasa da kasa
Dokokin kasa da kasa na jama'a
Doka ta kasa
Dokar aiki
Nazarin Paralegal
Dokar dukiya
Dokar haraji
Dokokin azabtarwa (shari'a Tabbatar da doka shari'a Dokokin tsari
Doka mai mahimmanci
Laburare da karatun kayan tarihi Kimiyyar kayan tarihi
Archivist
Rubutun bayanai na Littafi Mai Tsarki
Littattafai
Wayar hannu
Kataloji
Binciken ambato
Rabewa
Rabewa
Rarraba ɗakin karatu
Rarraba Taxonomic
Rabewar kimiyya
Rabe-raben kididdiga
Rarraba tsaro
Rarraba fim
Kulawar tattarawa
Gudanar da tattarawa
Manufar Gudanar da Tarin Tari
Kimiyyar kiyayewa
Kiyayewa da maido da al'adun gargajiya
Curator
Adana bayanai
Gudanar da Database
Tsarin bayanai
Ajiyayyen dijital
Yadawa
Kiyaye fim
Dokoki biyar na kimiyyar ɗakin karatu
Adana tarihi
Tarihin kimiyyar ɗakin karatu
hulɗar ɗan adam da kwamfuta
Indexer
Masu ba da labari
Tsarin gine-ginen bayanai
Dillalin bayanai
Karatun bayanai
Maido da bayanai
Kimiyyar bayanai fita Tsarin bayanai da fasaha
Haɗin tsarin ɗakin karatu
Lamunin ɗakin karatu
Injiniyan ilimi
Gudanar da ilimi
Laburare
Dauren ɗakin karatu
Zagayen karatu
Umarnin ɗakin karatu
Portal na ɗakin karatu
Ayyukan fasaha na ɗakin karatu
Gudanarwa
Rashin rage yawan taro
Ilimin tarihi
Ilimin kayan tarihi
Gudanar da kayan tarihi
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Kiyaye
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Teburin Magana
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tilasta bin doka
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Gudanar da Jama'a
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Gudanar da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGO).
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Ka'ida
Amincin jama'a
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Manufar makamashin nukiliya
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Manufar muhalli
Manufar abinci
Manufar harkokin waje
Manufar lafiya
Manufar Pharmaceutical
Manufar rigakafin
Manufar gidaje
Manufar shige da fice
Manufar ilimi
Manufar harshe
Manufar soja
Manufar Kimiyya
Manufar sauyin yanayi
Manufar binciken kwayar halitta
Manufar sararin samaniya
Manufar fasaha
Manufar tsaro
Manufar zamantakewa
Manufar jama'a ta ƙasa
Ayyukan zamantakewa Jindadin yara
Ayyukan al'umma
Tsarin al'umma
Manufar zamantakewa
Ayyukan Dan Adam
Gyaran baya
Gerontology
Aikin zamantakewa na likita
Lafiyar tunani
Aikin zamantakewa na makaranta
Sufuri Tsaro na babbar hanya
Bayanan bayanai
Intermodal harkokin sufuri karatu
Dabarun dabaru
Jirgin ruwa
Gudanar da tashar jiragen ruwa
Teku
Binciken ayyuka
Tafiyar jama'a
Tafiya
Motoci
Duba kuma Ilimi shari'a Asalin ilimi
Tsarin karatu
Interdisciplinarity
Transdisciplinarity
Sana'o'i
Rarraba Shirye-shiryen Koyarwa
Tsarin Coding na Ilimin haɗin gwiwa
Jerin fannonin karatun digiri na uku a cikin Amurka
Jerin filayen ilimi
Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru
Manazarta US Department of Education Institute of Education Sciences. Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP). National Center for Education Statistics.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP 2000): Developed by the U.S. Department of Education's National Center for Education Statistics to provide a taxonomic scheme that will support the accurate tracking, assessment, and reporting of fields of study and program completions activity.
Complete JACS (Joint Academic Classification of Subjects) from Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA) in the United Kingdom
Australian and New Zealand Standard Research Classification (ANZSRC 2008) (web-page Chapter 3 and Appendix 1: Fields of research classification.
Fields of Knowledge, a zoomable map allowing the academic disciplines and sub-disciplines in this article be visualised.
Sandoz, R. (ed.), Interactive Historical Atlas of the Disciplines, University of Geneva
Ilimi
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40967 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades | Crusades | Crusades wani jerin yaƙe-yaƙe ne na addini da aka fara, da goyan baya, kuma wani lokacin Latin church ta jagoranta a lokacin na da. Wadanda aka fi sani da wadannan Yakukuwa su ne na kasa mai tsarki (Holy Land) a tsakanin shekara ta 1095 zuwa 1291 da aka yi niyyar kwato Kudus da kewayenta daga mulkin Musulunci. Tun daga yakin Crusade na farko, wanda ya haifar da dawo da Kudus a shekara ta 1099, an yi yaƙi da yan Salibiyya da dama, wanda ya ba da wani muhimmin batu na tarihin Turai tsawon ƙarni.
A cikin shekarar 1095, Paparoma Urban II ya yi shelar Crusade na Farko a Majalisar Clermont. Ya ƙarfafa goyon bayan soja ga Sarkin Byzantine Alexios Na yi adawa da Turkawa Seljuk kuma na yi kira da a yi pilgrimage da makamai zuwa Urushalima. A duk faɗin yanayin zamantakewa a yammacin Turai, an sami amsa mai daɗi. 'Yan Salibiyya na farko suna da dalilai iri-iri, gami da ceton addini, gamsuwar wajibai, damar yin suna, da fa'idar tattalin arziki ko siyasa. Daga baya an gudanar da yakin neman zabe ta hanyar runduna da ta dace, wani lokaci wani sarki ne ke jagoranta. Dukansu an ba su izinin Paparoma. Nasarorin farko sun kafa jihohin Crusader guda huɗu: gundumar Edessa; Mulkin Antakiya; Mulkin Urushalima; da kuma gundumar Tripoli. Kasancewar 'yan Salibiyya sun kasance a yankin ta wani nau'i har zuwa faduwar Acre a 1291. Bayan haka, ba a sake samun wasu hare-haren ta'addancin da za a kwato kasa mai tsarki ba.
Ayyukan soja na lokaci guda a cikin Iberian Peninsula a kan Moors da kuma a arewa maso gabashin Turai a kan arna West Slav, Baltic, da Finnic al'ummomin (Arewacin Crusades) kuma an kira su 'yan Salibiyya wani lokaci a sake dawowa, dogon bayan taron ya ƙare saboda gaskiyar cewa sun kuma sami amincewa ta tsakiya daga Cocin Katolika na Roman da kuma cewa an shirya kamfen na soja daidai gwargwado, tare da maganganu iri-iri, alamomi, da banners kamar yadda aka yi amfani da su yayin yaƙin neman zaɓe a Gabas ta Tsakiya. Sauran kamfen da Ikklisiya ta amince da su da ake kira crusades an yi yaƙi da ƙungiyoyin Kirista na bidi'a (maganganun proto-Protestantism), da Daular Ottoman, da kuma dalilai na siyasa. Ikilisiya ba ta ba da izini ba, akwai kuma Shahararrun Crusades da yawa na ƴan ƙasa.
A shekarar 1123 aka shelanta gwagwarmaya tsakanin kiristoci da musulmi a yankin Iberian Peninsula daga karshe aka fi sanin su da sunan Reconquista a tarihin nahiyar turai, kuma sai a shekara ta 1492 da faduwar Masarautar musulmi ta Granada. Daga 1147, campaigns a Arewacin Turai akan ƙabilun arna ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin yaƙin yaƙi. A shekara ta 1199, Paparoma Innocent III ya fara aikin shelar yaƙi da ‘yan bidi’a na Kirista. A cikin karni na 13, an yi amfani da yakin neman zabe a Cathars a Languedoc da kuma Bosnia; wannan al'ada ta ci gaba a kan Waldeniyawa a Savoy da Husites a Bohemia a cikin karni na 15thkarni kuma a Furotesta a cikin karni na 16th. Daga tsakiyar karni na 14th, amfani da lafazin ƙwazo don mayar da martani ga hawan Daular Ottoman, kuma ya ƙare a kusan 1699 tare da War of the holy league.
Kalmomi A cikin historiography na zamani, kalmar "crusade" ta fara magana ne game da balaguron soji da Kiristocin Turai suka yi a rana ta 11, 12, da 13.Karnuka zuwa Holy Land An tsawaita rikice-rikicen da aka yi amfani da kalmar don haɗawa da wasu kamfen da aka ƙaddamar, tallafi da kuma wani lokacin da Cocin Roman Katolika ke jagoranta a kan arna, ’yan bidi’a ko don zargin addini. Waɗannan ya bambanta da sauran yaƙe-yaƙe na addini na Kirista domin an ɗauke su a matsayin motsa jiki na tuba, don haka sun sami gafarar mahalarta ga duk ikirari na zunubai. An fahimci abin da ya zama “yan tawaye” ta hanyoyi dabam-dabam, musamman game da yakin Crusades na farko, kuma ma’anar ta kasance batun muhawara tsakanin masana tarihi na wannan zamani. Gabaɗaya ana kallon ma'anar "faɗaɗɗen yaƙi" ta ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyi huɗu. Masanan gargajiya suna kallon Crusades a matsayin waɗanda suke zuwa Holy Land daga 1095-1291 (kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Akwatin Bayani). Pluralists suna kallon Crusades balaguron soji ne da suka ji daɗin amincewar Paparoma, gami da waɗanda suka je Holy Land kafin da bayan 1291, zuwa Arewacin Turai da Iberia, da kuma kan Kiristoci. Shahararrun mashahuran sun fi mayar da hankali kan shahararriyar tushen sha'awar addini. Janarists suna mai da hankali kan ainihin abin da ya faru na yaƙe-yaƙe masu tsarki na Latin. Yawancin masana tarihi na Crusades na zamani sunyi la'akari da haɗuwa da jam'i da farin jini, wanda kuma shine abin da wannan labarin ya mayar da hankali. A lokacin Crusade na Farko, "tafiya", da kuma An yi amfani da "pilgrimage" da campaign. Kalmomin 'yan Salibiyya sun kasance ba a bambanta da na aikin pilgrimage na Kirista a lokacin karni na 12th. Takamammen lokaci na dan Salibiyya a cikin nau'in —"wanda giciye ya sa hannu"—,duk da haka, ya fito a farkon karni na 12. Wannan ya haifar da na Faransa—hanyar giciye. Zuwa tsakiyar karni na 13th na giciye ya zama babban mawallafin crusades tare da —"giciye a ketare"—ana amfani da shi don yakin cruade a gabashin Bahar Rum, da —"giciye wannan gefen teku"—ga waɗanda ke cikin Turai. Amfani da "Crossad" a cikin Turanci ta Tsakiya za a iya kwanan wata zuwa c.1300, amma Turanci na zamani "crusade" ya kasance a farkon 1700s. Kalmar Larabci don gwagwarmaya ko takara, musamman ɗaya da yada Musulunci——an yi amfani da shi wajen yakin addini na musulmi da kafirai, kuma wasu musulmi sun yi imani da cewa Alqur'ani da Hadisi sun sanya wannan aiki. "Franks" da "Latin" al'ummar Gabas ta Tsakiya ne suka yi amfani da su a lokacin yakin crusade na yammacin Turai, wanda ya bambanta su da Kiristocin Rumawa waɗanda aka fi sani da "Greek". An yi amfani da "Saracen" ga wani Balarabe musulmi, wanda aka samo daga sunan Girkanci da na Romawa ga mutanen makiyaya na hamadar Syro-Arabiya. Majiyoyin 'yan Salibiyya sun yi amfani da kalmar "Siriyawa" don kwatanta Kiristocin da ke magana da Larabci waɗanda suke membobin Cocin Orthodox na Girka, da kuma "jacobites" ga waɗanda suke membobin Cocin Orthodox na Siriya. Jihohin 'yan Salibiyya na Siriya da Falasdinu an san su da "Outremer" daga Faransa outre-mer, ko "ƙasar da ke bayan teku".
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
30661 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayesha%20Gaddafi | Ayesha Gaddafi | Ayesha Gaddafi an haife ta a ranar 25 ga Disambar shekara ta, 1977), kuma aka fi sani da Aisha Gaddafi, tsohuwar mai shiga tsakani ne kuma jami'in soja, tsohuwar jakadan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kuma lauya a cikin sana'a. Ita ce ɗa ta biyar kuma diyar tsohon shugaban Libiya Muammar Gaddafi da matarsa ta biyu Safiya Farkash.
Ilimi Gaddafi ta yi karatu a jami'ar Paris Diderot, kuma ta yi karatun lauya a jami'ar Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne.
Aikin soja Ta yi horo da sojojin Libya, inda ta kai matsayin Laftanar Kanar Diflomasiya A shekara ta 2000 bayan da aka kakabawa Iraki takunkumi, ta isa Baghdad tare da tawagar jami'ai 69. Jim kadan kafin mamaye kasar Iraki a shekara ta 2003, ta hadu da Saddam Hussein. A cikin shekara ta 2000, Ayesha ta ba da jawabi a Corner na Speakers' Corner a Hyde Park, London don nuna goyon baya ga Sojan Republican na Irish na wucin gadi, lokacin da aka tambaye ta game da goyon bayanta ga IRA a 2010 ta ce "Na kasance mai goyon bayan duk 'yantar da kai. ƙungiyoyi. Biritaniya ita ce Biritaniya kuma Ireland ita ce Ireland." Ta kuma goyi bayan yan ta'addar Iraki, inda ta ce "Idan kuna da sojojin mamaya da suke zuwa daga kasashen waje suna yi wa matanku fyade tare da kashe al'ummarku, to ya halatta ku yaki su." A cikin shekara ta 2011, ta yi kakkausar suka ga manufofin sakatariyar harkokin wajen Amurka Hillary Clinton da shugaban Amurka Barack Obama, inda ta yi kira da a shiga tsakani a yakin basasar Libya ta wata kungiya ta kasa da kasa wadda za ta ware su.
Ayesha ta yi aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani a madadin gwamnati tare da kamfanonin Tarayyar Turai Jakadan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya An nada Ayesha Gaddafi a matsayin jakadiyar fatan alheri ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a ƙasar Libya a ranar 24 ga Yuli, 2009, musamman don magance matsalolin HIV AIDs, talauci da 'yancin mata a Libya, dukkanin batutuwan da suka shafi al'adu a kasar. A watan Fabrairun 2011 Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta tube Ayesha daga mukaminta na jakadiyar fatan alheri..
Harkokin shari'a A watan Yulin 2004, ta shiga ƙungiyar kare shari'a ta tsohon shugaban Iraqi Saddam Hussein Gaddafi kuma shi ne shugaban wata kungiyar agaji ta Wa Attassimou, wadda ta kare Muntadhar al-Zaidi a lokacin da ya fuskanci tuhume-tuhumen da ya shafi jifa da takalmi Yaƙin basasar Libya An sanya ta a ƙarƙashin dokar hana tafiye-tafiye a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu 2011, a ƙarƙashin ƙudurin Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 1970 Koke na shari'a Gaddafi ya kai karar kungiyar NATO kan harin bam da aka kai kan wani gini a gidan mahaifinta wanda ta yi zargin kashe dan uwanta, Saif al-Arab Gaddafi, da kuma jaririyarta. Ta yi ikirarin cewa harin ya sabawa doka saboda an auna gine-ginen fararen hula. Lauyoyin Gaddafi sun shigar da kara a Brussels da Paris a watan Yunin 2011. Sai dai a ranar 27 ga watan Yulin 2011, an bayar da rahoton cewa, masu gabatar da kara na Belgium sun ki gudanar da bincike kan laifukan yaki da Gaddafi ya shigar a kan kungiyar tsaro ta NATO, tare da bayyana cewa kotunan Belgium ba su da hurumin tuntubar al'amarin. A ranar 3 ga watan Yunin 2012, ta hannun lauyanta Nick Kaufman, Ayesha Gaddafi ta kuma kai karar alkalan kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa, inda ta bukaci da su umurci mai gabatar da kara Fatou Bensouda da ta bayyana matakan da ta dauka na binciken kisan mahaifinta da dan uwanta Mutassim Gaddafi Mai gabatar da kara ya nuna adawa da wannan aikace-aikacen wanda ya bayyana cewa buƙatar ta ta bayyana bayanan da ake bukata zai iya kutsawa kan 'yancin kai na masu gabatar da kara da kuma iya hana binciken kansa.
Yaƙin Tripoli Yayin da yakin Tripoli ya kai kololuwa a tsakiyar watan Agusta, an tilastawa iyalan Gaddafi barin katangarsu. A ranar 22 ga watan Agusta, 'yan tawayen Libya sun kwace gidanta a yakin Tripoli. Daga cikin abubuwan da ta mallaka har da wata kujera ta zinare mai siffa kamar wata baiwar Allah da fuskar Ayesha, wanda wani dan kasar Masar ne ya tsara shi.
Jirgin zuwa Algeria A ranar 27 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2011, kamfanin dillancin labaran kasar Masar Mena ya bayar da rahoton cewa, mayakan 'yan tawayen Libya sun ga motocin kirar Mercedes-Benz masu sulke guda shida, masu yiwuwa dauke da manyan jami'an gwamnatin Gaddafi, suka tsallaka kan iyakar garin Ghadames da ke kudu maso yammacin Libya zuwa kasar Aljeriya, wanda a lokacin hukumomin Algeria suka musanta. A ranar 29 ga Agusta, gwamnatin Aljeriya a hukumance ta ba da sanarwar cewa Safiya Farkash tare da Ayesha da 'yan uwanta Muhammad da Hannibal (tare da matarsa Aline Skaf), sun tsallaka zuwa Algeria a farkon ranar 29 ga Agusta. Wani jami'in ma'aikatar harkokin wajen kasar Aljeriya ya ce dukkan mutanen da ke cikin ayarin a yanzu haka suna birnin Algiers, kuma dukkaninsu an sanya sunayensu a cikin sammacin da kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya ta bayar kan yiwuwar tuhume-tuhumen laifuffukan yaki. Mourad Benmehidi, wakilin Aljeriya na dindindin a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, daga baya ya tabbatar da cikakken bayanin. Iyalin sun isa wurin shiga hamadar Sahara, a cikin motar Mercedes da bas da karfe 8:45 lokacin gida ne. Ba a tabbatar da ainihin adadin mutanen da ke cikin jam'iyyar ba, amma akwai "yara da yawa" kuma ba su hada da Kanar Gaddafi ba. An ba wa kungiyar izinin shiga ne saboda dalilai na jin kai, saboda Ayesha na da juna biyu kuma tana kusa da wa’adinta. Tuni dai gwamnatin Aljeriya ta sanar da shugaban majalisar rikon kwarya ta kasar. ‘Yan tawayen Libya sun ce ba da mafaka ga ‘yan uwan Gaddafi na wuce gona da iri, inda suka bukaci a mika su. A ranar 30 ga Agustan shekara ta 2011 an sanar da cewa Ayesha ta haifi yarinya a birnin Djanet Rahotanni sun ce gwamnatin Aljeriya na tsare da su a wani katafaren gida da ke Staoueli kusa da Algiers, kuma ana katse su daga hanyoyin sadarwa na waje.
Daga Aljeriya zuwa Oman A cikin Oktoban shekara ta 2012 ita, tare da 'yan uwanta biyu da wasu 'yan uwa, sun bar Algeria don zuwa Oman, inda aka ba su mafakar siyasa EU ta yi gyara a jerin takunkumin da aka kakaba mata a shekarar 2014, amma ba ta hada da Ayesha ba, sannan ta yi watsi da bukatarta na a cire ta daga cikin jerin sunayen. Daga nan sai ta kai kara a kan cewa bayan rasuwar mahaifinta, a yanzu babu wani dalili na hana ta. A watan Mayun shekara ta 2016, an ba mahaifiyarta da wasu danginta izinin komawa Libya, har yanzu ba a yi watsi da su ba kuma sun koma Oman a matsayin mai neman mafaka amma Ayesha Gaddafi ta ci gaba da zama a Oman. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2017, babbar kotun Tarayyar Turai ta sanar da cewa daukaka kara ta yi nasara, kuma a yanzu an dage duk wasu takunkumi da hana tafiye-tafiye. Kotun ta umurci gwamnatocin EU su biya kuɗin kotu. A watan Afrilun 2021, Kotun Tarayyar Turai ta yanke hukuncin cire Aisha Gaddafi daga cikin jerin bakar fata na Turai. A cewar kotun, ta daina zama barazana ga zaman lafiya da tsaro a yankin.
Rayuwa ta sirri An yi wa Ayesha lakabi a cikin jaridun Larabawa a matsayin Claudia Schiffer na Arewacin Afirka," saboda launin gashinta. A shekara ta 2006, ta auri Ahmed al-Gaddafi al-Qahsi, kani ga mahaifinta kuma Kanar soja. An kashe mijinta a harin bam da aka kai a gidan Gaddafi a ranar 26 ga watan Yuli. Sun haifi ‘ya’ya uku kafin faduwar gwamnatin, daya daga cikinsu an kashe shi tare da daya daga cikin ‘yan uwanta a wani harin da NATO ta kai ta sama, yayin da daya kuma aka kashe tare da mijinta a harin bam da aka kai a harabar Gaddafi. Hukumomin Aljeriya sun tabbatar da cewa ta haifi danta na hudu, mace a ranar 30 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2011, jim kadan bayan ta isa can bayan ta tsere daga Libya tare da wasu 'yan gidan Gaddafi. Jim kadan da isar Aljeriya sai suka koma Oman. Tun daga Afrilu 2021, har yanzu tana zaune a cikin Sultanate of Oman.
Duba kuma Jadawalin yakin basasar Libya
Rayayyun mutane
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31387 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurbacewar%20Robobi | Gurbacewar Robobi | Gurbacewar Ledoji shine tarin abubuwa na filastik da ɓarɓashi (misali kwalabe na filastik, jakunkuna da microbeads a cikin muhallin duniya wanda ke cutar da mutane, namun daji da wuraren zama. Filastik da ke aiki azaman gurɓataccen abu ana rarraba su ta hanyar girma zuwa tarkace micro-, meso-, ko macro. Filastik ba su da tsada kuma masu ɗorewa suna sa su dace sosai don amfani daban-daban; Sakamakon haka masana'antun sun zaɓi yin amfani da filastik akan sauran kayan. Duk da haka, tsarin sinadarai na yawancin robobi yana sa su jure wa yawancin matakai na lalacewa kuma a sakamakon haka suna jinkirin raguwa. Tare, waɗannan abubuwa guda biyu suna ba da damar manyan ɗimbin robobi su shiga cikin muhalli a matsayin sharar da ba a sarrafa ba kuma don ta dawwama a cikin yanayin.
Gurɓacewar filastik na iya addabar ƙasa, magudanar ruwa da kuma tekuna. An ƙiyasta cewa tan miliyan 1.1 zuwa 8.8 na sharar robobi na shiga cikin teku daga al'ummomin da ke gabar teku a kowace shekara. An kiyasta cewa akwai tarin tarkacen ruwan robobi na tan miliyan 86 a cikin tekun duniya ya zuwa ƙarshen shekarar 2013, tare da hasashen cewa kashi 1.4% na robobin da ake samarwa a duniya daga 1950 zuwa 2013 sun shiga cikin tekun kuma sun taru a can. Wasu masu bincike sun nuna cewa nan da shekara ta 2050 za a iya samun robobi fiye da kifin da ke cikin teku da nauyi. Za a iya cutar da halittu masu rai, musamman dabbobin ruwa, ko dai ta hanyar injuna kamar cuku-cuwa a cikin abubuwan robobi, matsalolin da ke da alaƙa da sharar robobi, ko kuma ta hanyar fallasa sinadarai a cikin robobi waɗanda ke kawo cikas ga ilimin halittarsu Lalacewar sharar filastik na iya shafar mutane kai tsaye ta hanyar amfani da su kai tsaye (watau a cikin ruwan famfo), cinyewa kai tsaye (ta hanyar cin dabbobi), da kuma rushewar hanyoyin hormonal daban-daban.
Ya zuwa shekarar 2019, ana samar da tan miliyan 368 na Robobi a kowacce shekara, kashi 51% a Asiya, ƙasar Sin itace a gaba wajen samarwa Daga shekarun 1950 har zuwa 2018, anyi ƙiyasta cewa an samar da tan biliyan 6.3 na Robobi a fadin duniya. Inda aka ƙiyasta cewa ƙashi 9% ne kaɗai ake sake sabunta yayin da kashi 12% kuma yake yashe a bila. Wannan adadi na yasassun Robobi yana lalata muhalli yana kawo matsaloli. Ya zuwa shekarar 2020, yawan robobin da aka samar a duniya ya zarce ƙimar halittun dabbobin ƙasa da na ruwa a haɗe. Canje-canje a cikin watan Mayu na 2019 ga Yarjejeniyar Basel ta tsara fitarwa shigo da sharar robobi, wanda aka yi niyya don hana jigilar datti daga ƙasashe masu tasowa zuwa ƙasashe masu tasowa Kusan duk ƙasashe sun shiga wannan yarjejeniya. A ranar 2 ga Maris, 2022 a Nairobi, kasashe 175 sun yi alkawarin samar da wata yarjejeniya ta doka nan da ƙarshen shekarar 2024 da nufin kawo ƙarshen gurɓatar filastik.
Adadin sharar filastik da aka samar ya karu yayin COVID-19 saboda ƙaruwar buƙatun kayan kariya da kayan marufi. Yawan robobi ya ƙare a cikin teku, musamman filastik daga sharar magani da abin rufe fuska. Rahotannin labarai da yawa suna nuni ga masana'antar filastik da ke ƙoƙarin yin amfani da abubuwan da suka shafi lafiya da sha'awar abin rufe fuska da marufi don haɓaka samar da robobin amfani guda ɗaya.
Dalilai Akwai ƙididdiga daban-daban na yawan sharar robobi da aka yi a ƙarni na baya. A wani kiyasi, ton biliyan daya na sharar robobi an yi watsi da su tun shekarun 1950. Wasu kuma sun yi ƙiyasin cewa yawan amfanin ɗan adam ya kai tan biliyan 8.3 na robobi, wanda ton biliyan 6.3 daga ciki ya zama almubazzaranci, inda kashi 9 cikin ɗari ne kawai aka sake yin amfani da su.
An kiyasta cewa wannan sharar ta ƙunshi 81% Ledoji masu laushi, 13% polymer fibers da 32% additives. A cikin 2018 an samar da fiye da tan miliyan 343 na sharar robobi, kashi 90% na abin da ya ƙunshi sharar robobi bayan masu amfani da ita (sharar masana'antu, aikin gona, kasuwanci da kuma sharar filastik na birni). Sauran sharar da aka riga aka yi amfani da su sun kasance daga samar da guduro da kera samfuran robobi (misali kayan da aka ƙi saboda launin da bai dace ba, taurin, ko halayen sarrafawa). Babban kaso na sharar filastik bayan mai amfani ya ƙunshi marufi na filastik. A cikin fakitin filastik na Amurka an ƙiyasta zuwa kashi 5% na MSW. Wannan marufi ya haɗa da kwalabe na filastik, tukwane, tubs da trays, jakunan cinikin fina-finai na filastik, jakunkuna na shara, kumfa mai kumfa, da filastik ko shimfidawa da kumfa na filastik misali fadada polystyrene (EPS). Ana haifar da sharar robobi a sassa da suka haɗa da aikin gona (misali bututun ban ruwa, murfin greenhouse, shinge, pellets, ciyawa; gini (misali bututu, fenti, bene da rufi, masu ƙorafi da ƙulli); sufuri (misali tayoyin da ba a taɓa gani ba, saman titi da alamar hanya) Kayan lantarki da lantarki (e-sharar gida); da magunguna da kiwon lafiya. Ba a da tabbas game da jimillar sharar robobi da waɗannan sassan ke samarwa. Nazarin da yawa sun yi ƙoƙarin ƙididdige ɗigon robobi a cikin yanayi a matakan ƙasa da na duniya waɗanda suka nuna wahalar tantance tushe da adadin duk leak ɗin filastik. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a duniya ya yi ƙiyasin cewa tsakanin tan miliyan 60 zuwa 99 na sharar robobi da ba a sarrafa ba, an samar da su a shekarar 2015. Borrelle et al. 2020 ta ƙiyasta cewa tan miliyan 19-23 na sharar filastik sun shiga cikin yanayin ruwa a cikin 2016. yayin da Pew Charitable Trusts and SYSTEMIQ (2020) suka ƙiyasta cewa tan miliyan 9-14 na sharar filastik ta ƙare a cikin teku a wannan shekarar.
Duk da ƙoƙarin da duniya ke yi na rage samar da gurbataccen robobi, ana hasashen hasarar muhalli za ta karu. Samfuran ya nuna cewa, ba tare da manyan ayyuka ba, tsakanin tan miliyan 23 zuwa 37 a kowace shekara na sharar robobi na iya shiga cikin tekunan nan da shekarar 2040 kuma tsakanin tan miliyan 155 zuwa 265 a kowace shekara za a iya fitar da su cikin muhalli nan da shekarar 2060. A ƙarƙashin yanayin kasuwanci kamar yadda aka saba, irin wannan haɓakar na iya zama mai yiwuwa ga ci gaba da haɓaka samar da samfuran robobi, wanda buƙatun mabukaci ke haifar da shi, tare da rashin isasshen ci gaba a sarrafa sharar gida. Kamar yadda sharar robobi da aka saki a cikin muhalli ya riga ya yi tasiri sosai a kan yanayin halittu, haɓakar wannan girman na iya haifar da sakamako mai ban mamaki. An gano cinikin dattin filastik a matsayin "babban laifi" na sharar ruwa. Ƙasashen da ke shigo da robobin sharar gida galibi ba su da ikon sarrafa duk kayan. Sakamakon haka, Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta sanya dokar hana cinikin robobi sai dai idan ta cika wasu sharuɗɗa.
Nau'in tarkacen filastik Akwai manyan nau'ikan filastik guda uku waɗanda ke haifar da gurɓataccen filastik: micro-, macro-, da mega-robobi. Mega- da ƙananan robobi sun taru a cikin mafi girma a cikin Arewacin Hemisphere, sun tattara kewaye da cibiyoyin birane da wuraren ruwa. Ana iya samun robobi a gabar tekun wasu tsibiran saboda igiyar ruwa da ke ɗauke da tarkacen. Ana samun duka mega- da macro-robobi a cikin marufi, takalmi, da sauran kayan gida waɗanda aka wanke daga cikin jiragen ruwa ko kuma aka jefar da su a cikin wuraren ajiyar ƙasa An fi samun abubuwan da suka danganci kamun kifi a kusa da tsibirai masu nisa. Ana iya kiran waɗannan kuma a matsayin micro-, meso-, da macro tarkace.
An rarraba tarkacen filastik a matsayin na farko ko na sakandare. Robobi na farko suna cikin sigar su ta asali idan aka tattara su. Misalan waɗannan za su kasance kwalabe, bututun sigari, da microbeads. A gefe guda kuma, robobi na biyu, suna lissafin ƙananan robobi waɗanda suka haifar da lalacewa ta farko.
Microdebris Microdebris yanki ne na filastik tsakanin 2 mm da 5 mm a girman. tarkacen filastik da ke farawa a matsayin meso- ko macrodebris na iya zama microdebris ta hanyar lalacewa da haɗuwa da ke rushe shi zuwa ƙananan ƙananan. Microdebris an fi kira da nordles Ana sake yin amfani da nono don yin sabbin abubuwa na robobi, amma cikin sauƙi suna ƙarewa a cikin muhalli yayin samarwa saboda ƙananan girmansu. Sau da yawa sukan ƙare a cikin ruwan teku ta koguna da koguna. Microdebris da ke fitowa daga tsaftacewa da kayan kwalliya kuma ana kiran su masu gogewa. Saboda microdebris da scrubbers suna da ƙanƙanta a girman, ƙwayoyin ciyar da tacewa sukan cinye su. Nurdles suna shiga cikin teku ta hanyar zubewa yayin sufuri ko daga tushen ƙasa. Hukumar Conservancy ta Ocean Conservancy ta bayar da rahoton cewa, Sin, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, da Vietnam suna zubar da robobi a cikin teku fiye da sauran ƙasashen duniya. An kiyasta cewa kashi 10 cikin 100 na robobin da ke cikin tekun na noma ne, wanda hakan ya sa su zama daya daga cikin nau’ukan gurbatar muhalli da aka fi sani da su, tare da buhunan robobi da na abinci. Waɗannan micro-robobi na iya taruwa a cikin tekuna kuma suna ba da izinin tara abubuwan da ke tattare da abubuwan da ke tattare da ƙwayoyin cuta irin su bisphenol A, polystyrene, DDT, da PCB waɗanda ke da hydrophobic a yanayi kuma suna iya haifar da illa ga lafiya.
Adadi, wurare, bin diddigi da alaƙar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta Wani bincike na 2004 na Richard Thompson daga Jami'ar Plymouth, Birtaniya, ya sami adadi mai yawa na microdebris a kan rairayin bakin teku masu da ruwa a Turai, Amurka, Australia, Afirka, da Antarctica. Thompson da abokansa sun gano cewa ana ruguza pellet ɗin robobi daga gida da masana'antu zuwa ƙananan robobi, wasu suna da diamita fiye da gashin ɗan adam. Idan ba a sha ba, wannan microdebris yana yawo a maimakon a nutse a cikin yanayin ruwa. Thompson ya yi hasashen cewa za a iya samun abubuwa na robobi 300,000 a kowace murabba'in kilomita na saman teku da kuma ɓarɓashi na robobi 100,000 a kowace murabba'in kilomita na gadon teku International Pellet Watch ta tattara samfuran pellets na polyethylene daga rairayin bakin teku 30 a cikin ƙasashe 17 waɗanda aka bincika don ƙananan gurɓatattun ƙwayoyin cuta. An gano cewa pellets da aka samu a rairayin bakin teku a Amurka, Vietnam da kuma kudancin Afirka sun ƙunshi mahadi daga magungunan kashe qwari da ke nuna yawan amfani da magungunan kashe qwari a yankunan. A cikin 2020 masana kimiyya sun ƙirƙiri abin da zai iya zama ƙiyasin kimiyya na farko na nawa microplastic a halin yanzu ke zama a cikin tekun duniya, bayan binciken yankuna shida na ~3 km zurfin 300 km daga gabar tekun Ostireliya. Sun sami ƙididdige ƙididdiga na microplastic mai saurin canzawa ya yi daidai da filastik a saman da kusurwar gangaren teku. Ta hanyar ma'auni na microplastic mass da cm 3, sun kiyasta cewa tekun tekun duniya ya ƙunshi 14 ton miliyan na microplastic game da ninki biyu na adadin da suka kiyasta dangane da bayanai daga binciken da aka yi a baya duk da kiran duka kiyasin "mai ra'ayin mazan jiya" kamar yadda yankunan bakin teku sun san cewa suna dauke da yawa. fiye da microplastic. Waɗannan ƙididdiga sun kai kusan sau ɗaya zuwa biyu adadin tunanin filastik na Jambeck et al., 2015 don shiga cikin teku a halin yanzu kowace shekara.
Macrodebris Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images
Ana rarraba tarkacen filastik a matsayin macrodebris lokacin da ya fi 20 girma mm. Waɗannan sun haɗa da abubuwa kamar buhunan kayan abinci na filastik. Ana samun macrodebris sau da yawa a cikin ruwan teku, kuma yana iya yin tasiri mai tsanani a kan kwayoyin halitta. Tarun kamun kifi sun kasance manyan gurɓatattun abubuwa. Ko bayan an yi watsi da su, suna ci gaba da kama ƙwayoyin halittun ruwa da sauran tarkacen filastik. A ƙarshe, waɗannan tarunan da aka watsar sun zama masu wuyar cirewa daga ruwa saboda suna da nauyi sosai, suna girma har zuwa ton 6.
Samar da Filastik An yi ƙiyasin tan biliyan 9.2 na robobi tsakanin 1950 zuwa 2017. Fiye da rabin wannan filastik da aka samar tun 2004. A cikin dukkan robobin da aka jefar ya zuwa yanzu, an kona kashi 14% kuma an sake yin amfani da kasa da kashi 10 cikin ɗari.
Rushewar robobi Roba da kansu suna ba da gudummawar kusan kashi 10% na sharar da aka zubar. Yawancin nau'ikan robobi sun wanzu dangane da magabatan su da kuma hanyar yin polymerization Dangane da abun da ke tattare da sinadaran su, robobi da resins suna da kaddarorin mabanbanta da ke da alaƙa da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu da haɓakawa Lalacewar polymer yana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo a sakamakon yanayin saline da kuma sanyaya tasirin teku. Waɗannan abubuwan suna ba da gudummawar dagewar tarkacen filastik a wasu wurare. Bincike na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa robobin da ke cikin teku suna rubewa da sauri fiye da yadda ake zato, sakamakon kamuwa da rana, ruwan sama, da sauran yanayin muhalli, wanda ke haifar da sakin sinadarai masu guba irin su bisphenol A. Duk da haka, saboda ƙaruwar adadin robobi a cikin teku, bazuwar ya ragu. Hukumar kiyaye ruwa ta Marine Conservancy ta yi hasashen adadin ruɓewar samfuran filastik da yawa. An kiyasta cewa kofin kumfa mai kumfa zai ɗauki shekaru 50, mai robobin abin sha zai ɗauki shekaru 400, nap ɗin da za a iya zubar zai ɗauki shekaru 450, kuma layin kamun kifi zai ɗauki shekaru 600 yana raguwa.
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58199 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sliman%20na%20Maroko | Sliman na Maroko | Mawlay Sulayman bin Mohammed ),an haife shi a ranar 28 ga Yuni 1766 a Tafilalt kuma ya rasu a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 1822 a Marrakesh,ya kasance Sarkin Maroko daga 1792 zuwa 1822,a matsayin mai mulkin daular Alawi.An nada shi a matsayin sarki bayan rasuwar kaninsa al-Yazid. Sulaiman ya ci gaba da mayar da mulkin mahaifinsa da fadada masarautu,kuma musamman kawo karshen fashin tekun da ya dade yana aiki daga gabar tekun Maroko. A wani bangare na rikicin Maroko da Spain da Portugal,Sulayman ya dakatar da duk wata huldar kasuwanci da Turai.Duk da haka, ya ci gaba da manufofin mahaifinsa na kusanci da Amurka.Ya kasance mabiyin wahabiyanci.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Mawlay Sulayman a Tafilalt a ranar 28 ga Yuni 1766ga Sidi Mohammed III da daya daga cikin matansa macen kabilar Ahlaf. Mahaifinsa Sidi Mohammed ya ba da kulawa sosai a cikin iliminsa na addini,don haka Sulaiman ya haddace Alkur'ani a Zawiya a Safi kuma ya yi nazarin tarihin Annabi Muhammad a Ksar al-Kabir.Sulayman ya tafi Tafilat a shekara ta 1783 tare da wasu 'yan uwansa guda biyu inda aka ba su malamai na sirri,a nan ne yake da manyan malamai na Fes kamar Abdulkadir bin Shaqrun da Hamdun bin al-Hajj. Ya tafi Fes a cikin 1790,kuma a cikin Maris 1792,mutanen Fes. Sulaiman ya yarda,duk da haka ya yarda da sharadin cewa ba zai shiga yakar ’yan’uwansa a yakin basasa ba,duk da cewa bai shirya yin mulki ba.Ya kasance yana girmama Shari'a sosai.
Mulki
Mulkin farko Da zarar Mawlay al-Yazid ya mutu a Marrakesh a ranar 17 ga Fabrairun 1792,an fara gwagwarmayar neman mulki tsakanin 'ya'yan Mohammed III.Akwai Mawlay Hisham wanda ya yi mulki a Marrakesh,da Mawlay Maslama wanda ya yi mulki a arewa. Mawlay Sulayman ya yi nasara a cikin 1795,duk da haka akwai sauran juriya da yawa wanda ya zama dole don daidaitawa, musamman kabilar Berber na tsaunuka, da tariqas Nan da nan bayan haka, a shekara ta 1798,sarkin musulmi ya aika da wani balaguron soji zuwa birnin Oujda,wanda daular Usmaniyya ke kula da ita tun a shekarar 1792 a lokacin tashin hankalin da aka yi a Maroko.Sarkin bai gamu da wahala ba wajen kwato Oujda da lardunan gabas daga hannun Turkawa tare da kafa sabuwar iyaka a Wadi Kiss. A cikin 1800,mazaunan Tuat sun amince da biyan haraji ga sarki,wanda ya ba da ikon Makhzen kudu da ba wa sarkin damar kara kudaden shiga.Mulkin Mawlay Sulayman ya kasance mai wahala da hargitsi saboda rikicin da ake yi tsakanin kabilun da ya kasa kwantar da hankalinsa,inda aka samu rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin Larabawa da Berber,kamar yadda manyan tawaye guda biyu da suka nuna mulkinsa suka nuna.A birnin Marrakesh,ya sake gina masallacin Ali bin Yusef,ba tare da barin}aramar ginshikin tsarinsa na asali na Almoravid ko Almohad ba, wanda aka yi a farkon karni na 12,ya kammala gininsa a shekara ta 1819 ko 1820.
Manufar kasuwanci Da zarar labarin mamayewar da Faransa ta yi wa Masar da Siriya a shekara ta 1798 ya isa kasar Maroko tare da rahotannin sojojin Faransa na kwasar ganima,kashe-kashe, da cin zarafi ga al'ummar Masar,Mawlay Sulayman ya mayar da martani ta hanyar sauya tsarin kasuwanci na mahaifinsa Muhammad na uku.An rage huldar kasuwanci da kasashen Turai kuma an karfafa gwiwar ‘yan kasuwar kasashen waje su bar Maroko. Bayan haka, Sarkin Musulmi ya juya zuwa ƙasar Maroko,yana ciro harajin kur'ani na gargajiya daga cikin kabilu,Zakka da Ushr.Wannan manufar ta yi aiki na ɗan lokaci,amma bayan 1817,jerin bala'o'i sun lalata amfanin gona,wanda ya haifar da tawaye. Mawlay Sulayman ya gabatar wa Amurka da ginin laka da dutse mai hawa biyu a Tangier a cikin 1821, kadarorin farko da kasar ta samu. Zai zaunar da Majalisar Dokokin Amurka da Ofishin Jakadancin na shekaru 140.A lokacin yakin Tripoli tsakanin Amurka da Tripolitania,Maroko ta shelanta yaki a kan Amurka a watan Yunin 1802,duk da haka an samu zaman lafiya a watan Satumban 1803 lokacin da Edward Preble ya gana da Mawlay Sulayman a Tangier kuma ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya.
Rashin iko A cikin bazara na shekara ta 1819, a lokacin annoba ta annoba,sarkin ya yanke shawarar jagorantar wani gagarumin yaƙi a kan kabilar Ait Umalu kamar yadda Muhammad bin al-Ghazi, shugaban kabilar Zemur ya ba da shawara.An tara sojojin a Tadla kuma sun hada da kabilun Haouz,sojojin arewa, Larabawa na Azghar,Udayda,da Abid al-Bukhari.Dakarun Makhzen da suka taru a Tadla sun kai mutum 60,000,kuma a watan Mayun 1819,Mawlay Sulayman ya nufi Adekhsan inda aka kai wa Ait Umalu hari, kuma ba da dadewa ba bangarorin biyu suka fafata.Yakin ya yi tsanani, amma a rana ta biyu na yakin, Muhammad bin al-Ghazi ya yi watsi da sarkin ya shiga Ait Umalu.Dakarun Makhzen sun yi galaba a tsakanin ’yan tawayen tsaunuka da na kasa,kuma dukkan rundunar kabilun suka fice daga sarkin, wanda ya bar Udayda da Abid al-Bukhari.A ƙarshen yaƙin, an fatattaki sojojin Makhzen.An raunata Mawlay Ibrahim,kuma shi kansa Mawlay Sulayman yana kurkuku.Duk da haka,an nuna wa sarkin ko wanne irin girmamawa kasancewar shi Sharif ne (zuriyar Annabi Muhammadu kai tsaye), kuma aka sake shi bayan kwanaki uku.
Hakan ya biyo bayan tawaye a Fes a shekara ta 1820, kuma Ibrahim bin Yazid ya shelanta kansa a can. Daga Maris 1821 zuwa Afrilu 1822, Mawlay Sulayman ya mayar da hankalinsa ga murkushe tawaye a Fes da Tetuan, ya aika da sojoji 15,000 zuwa Tetuan. An kwashe kimanin shekara guda ana gwabzawa, kuma a cikin bazara na shekara ta 1821, 'yan tawayen sun sha kashi a hannun dakarun Makhzen, kuma a watan Yuli, sojojin sarkin sun yi wa Ait Umalu babbar asara. Daga baya, Mawlay Sulayman ya nufi arewa don duba sojojin da suka yiwa Tetuan kawanya kuma ya shafe mafi yawan lokutan hunturu yana jagorantar ayyukan soji daga Tangier Duk da samun ƙarfafan mutane 3,000 daga Dukkala waɗanda ɗan uwansa Mawlay Abd al-Rahman ya tattara su, sarkin ya kasa karya juriya na Tetuan, amma ya yi nasarar kame katangar Martil a cikin Janairu 1822. Mawlay Sulayman ya yanke shawarar wargaza wannan kawanya ya koma wa Fes. A cikin wata mai zuwa, Mawlay Sulayman ya daidaita yankunan arewa da gabashin Fes, kuma bayan dogon kewayen Fes, mutanen birnin sun bude kofa ga Sarkin da ya shiga cikin birnin a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 1822, kuma jama'a. na Tetuan ya yi haka nan ba da jimawa ba a ranar 3 ga Mayu 1822. Bayan haka, an ci shi da kansa a kusa da Marrakesh a cikin 1822 kuma yana da ƙaramin iko. Mawlay Sulayman ya baiwa Malamai na Fes amana su ayyana dan’uwansa Abd al-Rahman a matsayin sabon Sarkin Musulmi da zarar ya rasu. Mawlay Sulayman ya rasu a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 1822 kuma Abd al-Rahman bin Hisham ya gaje shi.
Wahabiyanci A zamanin mulkin Mawlay Sulayman kungiyar Wahabiyawa da Muhammad bin Abdulwahhab ya kafa a yankin Larabawa ta isa kasar Maroko. limamin Saudiyya na Masarautar Diriyah, Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, ya yanke shawarar aike da sako zuwa ga dukkan sarakunan kasashen musulmi na Larabawa, zuwa Iraki, Masar, Shafi da Magrib, yana mai bayyana manufofin kiransa, da kuma Wasikarsa ta isa ga Mawlay Sulayman a shekara ta 1811. Mawlay Sulayman ya samu kwarin gwiwa daga wannan yunkuri na farfado da Musulunci, ya kuma yi amfani da ikonsa wajen yin Allah wadai da amfani da kade-kade da raye-raye a cikin bukukuwan addini, da kuma hana zuwa wuraren ibada da bukukuwan addini, har ma da yin qubba a kan kabarin mahaifinsa da aka cire a 1812, yana jayayya cewa abin ado ne mai yawa. Mawlay Sulayman a fili ya yi adawa da bauta wa wadan da ake kira waliyyai musulmi ),kuma a shekara ta 1805,ya bada umarnin a cire wata makabarta a Rabat,in da aka binne mahaifin sa,sai kabari kawai. A cikin 1806, ya rubuta wata takarda yana sukar ayyu kan Sufaye, waɗanda baza a iya gaishe su da farin ciki a Maroko inda Musulunci ya mamaye Maraboutiism.A zamanin magadan Mawlay Sulayman, irin wannan tasirin ba ya nan, kuma bautar “Waliyai” Mawlay Hassan I bin Mohammed (1873-1894) ya fito fili ya yi adawa da shi.
Ayyuka Mulay Sulayman shima marubucin wasu ayyuka ne. Mafi shahararsa Inayat Ula li al-Majd.An sadaukar da shi ga ɗaya daga cikin malamansa,Mohammed ibn Abd al-Salam al-Fasi kuma yana magana akan asalin Fasi al-Fihris.Wani sanannen rubutunsa shine Hawashi 'ala Sharh al-Kharshi aiki akan addini.Wasu daga cikin sauran ayyukansa sune Taqayid fi Hukm al-Ghina da Risala fi Hukm al-Ghina (Wannan na baya an yi shi ne da Kitab al-Sama' wa al-Raqs na Ibn Taimiyya).Mulay Sulayman kuma shine marubucin wasiƙu da dama.
Tiyoloji “An-Nâsiri ya ce: Sultan Al moulay Souleymân (wato Moulay Slimane),Allah ya jikansa da wannan ra’ayi,shi ya sa ya rubuta littafin sa yana magana a kan Sufaye, inda ya yi gargadi a kan masu karyata Sunnah,a goyi bayan bidi'a,kamar yadda ya yi bayanin yadda ake ziyartar Awliya (masu nagarta) kuma ya yi kashedi a kan wuce gona da iri a kan ta,da nasiha ga musulmi.
Ya kuma ce Al-Mawla Suleyman ya rubuta hudu ba mai kwadai tarwa a kan kadai ta Allah da kuma yin Allah wadai da bidi’a,kuma ya bada umarnin a raba ta a dukkan masallatan Juma’a, kuma ya ba da umarnin rufe sahun Sufaye.
Farfesa Mohammad Kamal Joumouah ya lura daga littafin Encyclopedia na Musulunci cewa Al-Mawlâ Souleymân ya damu sosai bayan shekara ta 1810 a kan Waha biyanci ko kuma kiran Salafiyya da Sheikh Mohammad bn Abdil-Wahhâb ya yi,wanda ya san ya matsayi mai tsauri a kan Sufaye.
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57513 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah%20Copaken | Deborah Copaken | Deborah Elizabeth Copaken(an haife shi a shekara ta 1966)marubuciya ce kuma ɗan jarida ɗan Amurka.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Copaken a Boston, Massachusetts,'yar Marjorie Ann(née Schwartz)da Richard Daniel Copaken. Mahaifinta ɗan'uwan White House ne kuma lauya. Ta girma a Maryland,ta farko a Adelphi,sannan daga 1970 a Potomac.Tana da yaya uku.Ta sauke karatu daga Harvard University a 1988.
Sana'a Kafin fara aikin rubutu,Copaken ya kasance mai daukar hoto na yaki daga 1988 zuwa 1992,kuma mai shirya talabijin a ABC da NBC daga 1992 zuwa 1998. Ga tsohon,ta kasance a cikin Paris da Moscow,yayin da take harbi ayyukan tashe-tashen hankula a Zimbabwe, Afghanistan,Romania,Pakistan,Isra'ila, Tarayyar Soviet da sauran wurare.Ta fara aiki a matsayin mai gabatarwa a Day One a ABC News,inda ta sami Emmy, sannan a cikin Dateline NBC.
A cikin 2001,ta buga tarihin abubuwan da ta samu a cikin aikin jarida na yaki, Shutterbabe.An buga littafinta na farko tsakanin Nan da Afrilu a cikin 2008 kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta Elle Reader's Prize. A cikin 2009,ta fito da wani littafi na wasan kwaikwayo na ban dariya, Jahannama ne Sauran Iyaye,wasu daga cikinsu sun bayyana a cikin New Yorker da The New York Times. Littafinta na biyu,The Red Book (Hyperion/Voice,2012),ya kasance mai siyarwar <i id="mwRg">New York Times</i>.An dade ana jera littafin don Kyautar Mata ta 2013 don Fiction.A cikin 2016 da 2017,ta fitar da littattafai guda biyu marasa ƙima,The ABCs of Adulthood da ABCs of Parenthood,tare da haɗin gwiwar mai zane Randy Polumbo. Ta rubuta labarai da yawa don The New Yorker,The New York Times,Observer,The Atlantic,Business Insider,The Nation da sauransu.
Ta yi kuma ta tsara ba da labari kai tsaye ga Asu,Bayan Haihuwa,jerin Memoir na Kalmomi shida,Matan haruffa,da Kalmomi da kiɗa.Ta kuma shiga cikin rubutun allo,kuma an ba da rahoton cewa tana daidaita Shutterbabe a matsayin jerin talabijin na NBC a cikin 2014.Ta kasance mai ba da shawara a kan Matashin Darren Starkuma a halin yanzu marubucin ma'aikaci ne akan sabon shirinsa na Emily a Paris.An yi hira da ita da shirin labarai da dama da suka hada da Shirin Yau da Barka da Safiya.
A cikin 2013,Copaken ya rubuta makala don The Nation yana ba da cikakken bayani game da jima'i da ta ci karo da kuma lura a cikin aikinta. A cikin Nuwamba 2017 a Oprah.com,ta buga wani asusun 3,500-kalmomi na supracervical hysterectomy,adenomyosis da trachelectomy,da kuma sake dawowa a Nepal.A cikin watan Yuli na 2018 a cikin Atlantic,a cikin wata makala da ta shafi Roe V.Wade,ta rubuta cewa uku cikin biyar masu ciki biyar ba a shirya su ba kuma ta zubar da ciki biyu.
A cikin 2019,rubutunta na New York Times Modern Love,"Lokacin da Cupid ɗan Jarida ne na Prying,"an daidaita shi cikin Episode 2 na jerin soyayyar Zamani na Amazon,tare da Catherine Keener tana wasa Copaken.Ta kuma yi haɗin gwiwatare da Tommy Siegel na Jukebox the Ghost.Wakiliyar adabi Lisa Leshne ta wakilce ta.
Rayuwa ta sirri Ta zauna a Paris da Moscow kafin ta koma New York City a 1992.Ta yi aure kuma ta auri Paul Kogan a 1993.Suna da 'ya'ya uku:ɗan Yakubu(an haife shi 1995);'yar Sasha(an haifi 1997);da ɗan Leo(an haife shi 2006).A cikin 2018,ita da Kogan sun rabukamar yadda ta rubuta a cikin The Atlantic,sun yi haka ba tare da taimakon doka ba, a kan 626.50.
Copaken ta rubuta game da harin da aka kai mata a farkon shekarunta ashirin.Ta rubuta cewa ta jimre da yawan hare-haren bazuwar bazuwar,"[S]wasu sun kasance masu ban tsoro". A cikin Maris 2018 a cikin The Atlantic,ta rubuta game da Editan Observer na New York Ken Kurson yana lalata da ita.
Copaken ta kuma ba da labarin cewa an yi mata fyade da daddare kafin kammala karatun ta.Washegari ta kai rahoton lamarin ga ma’aikatan lafiya na jami’ar, amma an shawarce ta da kada ta kai rahoton fyaden ga ‘yan sanda da masanin ilimin halin dan Adam ya yi mata saboda doguwar shari’ar na iya shafar shirinta bayan kammala karatunta. Ta rubuta a cikin jaridar The Atlantic,shekaru 30 da faruwar lamarin,cewa kwanan nan ta rubuta wa wanda ya kai harin kuma wanda ya kai harin ya kira ta ya kuma ba ta hakuri.
Ayyuka Shutterbabe:Kasada a Soyayya da Yaki(2001)-abin tunawa
Tsakanin nan da Afrilu(2008)-labari
Jahannama Shin Sauran Iyaye:Da Sauran Tatsuniyoyi na Konewar Matasa(2009)-rubutu
Littafin Red(2012)-labari
ABCs na Balaga:Haruffa na Darussan Rayuwa(2016)-labaran karya,zane-zane na Copaken da Randy Polumbo
ABCs na Iyaye: Haruffa na Shawarar Iyaye(2017)-rashin almara,kwatanci ta Copaken da Polumbo
Ladyparts(2021)-abin tunawa
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan |
51657 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amira%20Yahyaoui | Amira Yahyaoui | Amira Yahyaoui (an haife ta a ranar 6 ga watan Agusta shekarata alif 1984),'yar kasuwa ce 'yar Tunisiya, marubuciya kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama. Ta kasance a baya wacce ta kafa kuma Shugaba na Al Bawsala, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka ba da gaskiya da rikon amana.
Yahyaoui ita ce Jagorar Matasa na Duniya na shekarar 2016 a Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya, mai ba da shawara ga Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka ga Amnesty International da kuma mamba na Hukumar Ba da Shawarwari ta UNHCR game da Jinsi, Ƙaurawar Tilasta, da Kariya. Ta samu lambobin yabo na kasa da kasa da yawa saboda gwagwarmayar ta, gami da lambar yabo ta Vital Voices Trailblazer Female Leadership, Kyautar Gidauniyar Chirac don Rigakafin Rikici, kuma an zaɓe ta sau da yawa a matsayin mace ɗaya mafi ƙarfi da tasiri a duniya Larabawa da matan Afirka.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Amira Yahyaoui a Tunis, daga dangin Ksar Hadada. Ita ce 'yar alkali dan kasar Tunisiya Mokhtar Yahyaoui.
Yahyaoui ta fito ne daga dangin masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama. Mahaifinta Mokhtar Yahyaoui ya kasance mai adawa da gwamnatin tsohon shugaban Tunisiya Ben Ali. An kore shi ne bayan ya rubuta game da rashin adalci a Tunisia, kuma an sanya shi cikin sa ido akai-akai na tsawon shekaru. Dan uwanta Zouhair Yahyaoui masanin tattalin arziki ne wanda ya kafa gidan yanar gizon satirical TUNeZINE. Ya rasu ne a shekara ta 2005 bayan da gwamnati ta tsananta masa tare da azabtar da shi saboda rashin amincewarsa na yin katsalandan a Tunisiya.
Aikin fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam
Masu adawa da gwamnatin Ben Ali Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, Yahyaoui ta fara wani shafin yanar gizo tana sukar gwamnatin Ben Ali tare da bayyana yadda take hakkin dan Adam. Ta yi suna a Tunisiya a matsayin mai adawa da cece-kuce kuma mai fafutukar 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki. Sakamakon hare-haren da take kaiwa gwamnati, hukumomin gwamnati sun sha kai mata hari. Yayin da take matashiya, jami’an ‘yan sandan sirri na jihar sun ka mata tare da lakada mata duka saboda fafutukar kare hakkin bil Adama.
Bayan da aka yi gudun hijira daga Tunisiya, tana da shekaru 18, Amira Yahyaoui ta gudu zuwa Faransa kuma ta yi karatu a can yayin da yake ci gaba da zanga-zangar adawa da shugabancin Ben Ali da kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da wuce gona da iri. A cikin waɗannan shekarun, ta kasance ba ta da ƙasa kuma ta zama ɗaya daga cikin 'yan gudun hijirar 'yancin ɗan adam' na Tunisiya.
juyin juya halin Tunisiya Yayin da take gudun hijira, Amira Yahyaoui ta kafa Nhar 3la 3mmar, zanga-zangar adawa da cece-kucen da aka yi a birane da dama na duniya a watan Mayun 2010. An dai shirya taron ne da nufin inganta hangen nesa kan batun ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki, kuma duk da cewa ba a fara gabatar da shi a matsayin wata zanga-zangar nuna adawa da gwamnati ba, ya zama wata kungiya mai fafutuka ta ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki a Tunisia. 'Yan sandan Tunisiya sun bi shi sosai, kuma an kama wasu masu fafutuka. A lokacin juyin juya halin Tunusiya da ya fara a ranar 17 ga watan Disamban shekarar 2010, Amira Yahyaoui ta yi amfani da dandalinta ta yanar gizo wajen wayar da kan jama'a game da take hakkin bil'adama da kisa a kasarta, inda ta yi mahawara a kan wakilan Ben Ali a gidan Talabijin, tare da yin kira ga kasashen duniya su goyi bayan masu zanga-zangar Tunisiya.
Yayin da Ben Ali ta tsere daga ƙasar a ranar 14 ga watan Janairu, 2011, Amira ta dawo da fasfonta daidai wannan rana kuma ta koma Tunisiya nan take.
An kira sabon zabe don kafa sabuwar majalisar dokokin Tunisiya da kuma rubuta kundin tsarin mulkin sabon tsarin dimokuradiyya. Watanni da dama bayan dawowarsa Tunisia, Yahyaoui ta tsaya takara a zaben majalisar dokokin kasar a shekara ta 2011 a matsayin 'yar takara mai zaman kanta domin wayar da kan jama'a game da muhimmancin muhawarar kundin tsarin mulkin kasar. Jerin yakin neman zabenta ya yi amfani da kafafen yada labarai da dama wajen yin kira ga rashin kulawar da jam'iyyun siyasa ke yi wajen rubuta sabon kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Tunisiya.
Al Bawsala Yahyaoui ta kafa kungiya mai zaman kanta Al Bawsala (wanda aka fassara zuwa "Compass" a cikin Larabci) a shekarar 2012., don sa ido kan ayyukan Majalisar Zartarwa. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, Al Bawsala ta zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a Gabas ta Tsakiya. Al Bawsala na amfani da fasaha don ci gaban zamantakewa ta sami karbuwa da yawa daga lambobin yabo daga kungiyoyin kasa da kasa kamar lambar yabo ta Duniya. Al Bawsala na inganta gaskiya da rikon amana na gwamnati, tana sa ido kan tsarin majalisar dokokin Tunusiya da kuma bayar da shawarwari ga 'yancin kai. A yayin gudanar da taron majalisar, Al Bawsala ta yi amfani da fasaha don ba da muhawara game da rubuta kundin tsarin mulkin Tunisiya ga kowane ɗan ƙasa a Tunisiya. Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun kasance a tsakiyar muhawara game da samun bayanai, daidaiton jinsi, da sauran muhimman batutuwan da suka shafi dimokuradiyyar Tunisiya.
Shugaban taron Davos na 2016 Amira Yahyaoui an nada ta mataimakiyar shugabar taron shekara-shekara na dandalin tattalin arzikin duniya na shekarar 2016, a karkashin taken juyin juya halin masana'antu na hudu. Ta jagoranci taron tare da shugabannin kasuwanci ciki har da Mary Barra (Shugaba, General Motors), Satya Nadella (Shugaba, Microsoft), Hiroaki Nakanishi (shugaban da Shugaba, Hitachi), da Tidjane Thiam (Shugaba, Credit Suisse).
Juyin juya halin masana'antu na huɗu ya zama jigon muhawara a cikin da'irar kasuwanci da manufofin bayan taron. An buga littattafai da yawa a kan batun, kuma a ranar 10 ga watan Oktoba, 2016, Cibiyar Tattalin Arziƙi ta Duniya ta sanar da buɗe sabuwar Cibiyar juyin juya halin masana'antu ta huɗu a San Francisco.
Girmamawa da kyaututtuka Amira Yahyaoui ta samu lambobin yabo da dama da kasashen duniya suka karrama ta dasu saboda ayyukanta na inganta hakkin dan Adam da dimokuradiyya a yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka.
A shekara ta 2012, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Global Trailblazers Award a 2012 Vital Voices Global Leadership Awards (an sake zaɓen ta a cikin 2015 don Kyautar Jagorancin Duniya). A shekara ta 2013 da 2014, an Zabe ta a cikin jerin Kasuwancin Larabawa na Manyan Matan Larabawa masu ƙarfi a Duniya. A shekara ta 2014, ya zama Meredith Greenberg Yale World Fellow. A shekara ta 2014, an ba da lambar yabo ta Conflict prevention Fondation Chirac. A shekara ta 2015, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Jagorancin Duniya a 2015 Vital Voices Global Leadership Awards. A shekara ta 2016, Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi ta Duniya ta nada shi a matsayin matashin Jagoran Duniya tare da dan majalisar dokokin Tunisiya Wafa Makhlouf. A shekara ta 2016, Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi ta Duniya ta nada ta a matsayin mai haɗin gwiwar taron Davos na shekarar 2016, jigo kan juyin juya halin masana'antu na huɗu.
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Haihuwan 1984
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
50505 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monique%20Bosco | Monique Bosco | Monique Bosco (watan Yuni ranar 8, shekara ta 1927 watan Mayu ranar 17, shekara ta 2007) 'yar jarida ce kuma marubuciya 'yar ƙasar Kanada haifaffiyar Austria Fage An haifeta a Vienna acikin dangin Yahudawa-Austriya kuma ta ƙaura zuwa Faransa inda ta zauna har zuwa shekara ta 1931. Acikin 1940, Bosco tayi shekara guda a Saint-Brieuc, sannan ta nemi mafaka a Marseilles, inda ta ɓoye kuma ta daina zuwa makaranta. A shekara ta 1948 tayi hijira zuwa Montreal don shiga mahaifinta. Nan ta cigaba da karatun ta. Bosco tayi rajista a Jami'ar Montreal a Faculty of Arts kuma ta sami Masters dinta a shekara ta 1951 da PhD a shekara ta 1953. Acikin shekara ta 1961 ta buga Ƙaunar Ƙauna, littafinta na farko, kuma bayan shekara guda annada ta Farfesa na Adabin Faransanci da Rubutun Ƙirƙira a Jami'ar Montreal. Ana ɗaukar Bosco ɗaya daga cikin majagaba na karatun Québécois na zamani. Tayi aiki da Radio Canada International daga shekara ta 1949 zuwa 1952, a matsayin mai bincike na Hukumar Fina-Finai ta Kanada daga 1960 zuwa 1962 kuma a matsayin mawallafin La Presse, Le Devoir da Maclean's Sanannen ayyuka An kwatanta aikin Bosco a matsayin guda ɗaya, mai tsanani, kuma cike da haruffa waɗanda ke ɗaukar nauyin rayuwarsu. Yawancin ayyukanta sun nuna ƙididdiga na al'ada daga bala'in Girkanci zuwa yanayin Quebec na zamani (kamar New Medea, shekara ta 1974). da Portrait de Zeus peint par Minerve, shekara ta 1982). Jigogi na kadaici da sadarwa suna da yawa kuma Monique Bosco ta gabatar dashi cikin tsari, a cikin ayyukan da suka haɗu da litattafai da shayari, "rarraba halittu na duniya" bisa ga furcin mawallafin Paulette Collet fama dajin zafi na keɓewa, kin amincewa, tawaye da kuma laifi.
Jigogi .Litattafan Bosco suna raba jigogi iri ɗaya de racination, jikin mace da aka keɓe, kaɗaici da haushi amma suna ƙaruwa cikin tsananin baƙin ciki da fushi daga maƙarƙashiyar Un amour maladroit (1961) da Les infusoires (1965) zuwa La femme de Loth (1970) Wannan labari jiremiad ne maiƙarfi da ɗaci, kukan macen da aka ƙi wanda har yanzu bata fasa sha'awarta da wani allahn mutum ba. Sabuwar Medea ashek ashekara ta (1974) tana ɗaukar wannan fushin zuwa matsayi mafi girma, bata sami dama sosai wajen tabbatar da Medea ko babban aikinta ba, amma tana ƙarfafa girmamawa ga ƙarfin sha'awarta. Charles Lévy MD shekara ta (1977), duk da banality na take da kuma sanin halin da akeciki (shi ne monologue na mutum mai mutuwa), aiki ne mai tausayi da dabara, ikirari na mai rauni wanda ke daure da nasa. mata da al'ada ta wasu asali rashin kuzari. Littattafai masu zuwa, Portrait de Zeus peinte par Minerve (1982) da Sara Sage (1986), suna amfani da tatsuniyoyi na gargajiya da na Littafi Mai-Tsarki, amma sun fi ɓullo da tsari da harshe. A cikin Portrait de Zeus salon waka-prose na raƙuman kalmomi da jumloli akai-akai tana haɗuwa tare da cakuɗar tatsuniyoyi da tarihin tarihi, adabi, da nassoshi na zamani don haifar da ɓarna daga darajar magabata. Sara Sage ta ɗauki labarin Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Sarah, tajefa shi a Faransa alokacin yakin duniya na biyu, kuma ta gabatar dashi daga hangen nesa na mutum na farko acikin waƙa, salon Littafi Mai-Tsarki wanda ke nuna fushi mai tsanani a kan dabi'un jinsin maza. Bosco ta juya zuwa tsarin gajeren labari a ƙarshen 1980s da 1990s. Ta buga ƴan tarin jigogi: Boomerang (1987), Clichés (1988), Remémoration (1991), da Éphémères (1993). Hakanan, Bosco ta buga labari Le jeu des sept familles (1995). Labarun suna da yanayi kuma galibi suna gabatar da haruffan ciki sosai amma masu jan hankali. A cikin Éphémères haruffan sun fi tsayi. Le jeu de sept familles yana kwatanta raƙuman ra'ayoyin halayensa a yayin taron dangi-rabin su bourgeois Québécois ne sauran kuma ƴan ƙasar Kanada ne masu aiki.
Littafi Mai Tsarki waka:
Jeriko (1971)
Shekaru 77-90 (1991)
Lamento 90-97 (1997)
Mai Girma (1998)
gajerun labarai:
Boomerang (1987)
Clichés (1988)
Tunatarwa (1991)
Ephémères (1993)
da novels:
Amour maladroit (1961)
Babban Shafi (1965)
New Media (1974)
Charles Levy (1977)
Shabbat 70-77 (1978)
Portrait de Zeus peint par Minerve (1982)
Sara Sage (1986)
Le jeu des sept familles (1995) Eh bin! da gure. 2005
Kyautattuka Monique Bosco ta sami lambar yabo tafarko a Amurka a shekara tacikin 1961 don littafinta na farko Un amour maladroit Ta sami lambar yabo ta Gwamna Janar don almara na harshen Faransanci a cikin shekara ta 1970 don littafinta mai suna La femme de Loth kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta Alain-Grandbois don aikinta Miserere Anba Bosco Prix Athanase-David a cikin shekara ta 1996 kuma ta karɓi Prix Alain-Grandbois don waƙar ta acikin shekara ta 1992. Tarasu a Montreal tana da shekaru 79.
Nassoshi Matattun 2007
Haifaffun |
29923 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illar%20gurbataccen%20mai%20ga%20kifi%20a%20ruwa | Illar gurbataccen mai ga kifi a ruwa | An lura da gubar gurbataccen mai ga kifin ruwa daga malalar mai kamar bala'in Exxon Valdez, da kuma daga maɓuɓɓugar da ba su da tushe, kamar zubar da ruwa, wanda shi ne mafi girma tushen gurɓatar mai a cikin ruwan teku.
Danyen mai yana shiga magudanar ruwa daga zubewa ko zubar da ruwa ya ƙunshi polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), mafi yawan abubuwan da ke cikin mai. Hanyar shan PAH cikin kifi ya dogara da yawancin abubuwan muhalli da kaddarorin PAH. Hanyoyi na gama gari sune ciki, samun iska na gills, da ɗaukar fata. Kifin da aka fallasa wa waɗannan PAHs yana nuna nau'ikan sakamako masu guba ciki har da lalata kwayoyin halitta, nakasasshen tsarin halittar jiki, canjin girma da haɓakawa, rage girman jiki, hana damar yin iyo da mace-mace Nakasar dabi'a ta bayyanar PAH, irin su fin da muƙamuƙi na muƙamuƙi, Kuma suna haifar da raguwar rayuwa a cikin kifaye sosai saboda raguwar iya yin iyo da ciyarwa. Duk da yake ba a san ainihin tsarin guba na PAH ba, akwai hanyoyi guda huɗu da aka tsara. Wahalar gano takamaiman hanyar mai guba ya fi yawa saboda nau'ikan mahaɗan PAH iri-iri tare da kaddarorin daban-daban.
Tarihi An fara bincike kan tasirin muhallin da masana'antar man fetur ke da shi, a tsakiyar karni zuwa karshen karni na 20, yayin da masana'antar mai ta bunkasa da fadada. Babban jigilar danyen mai ya karu a sakamakon karuwar bukatar mai a duniya, wanda daga baya ya kara yawan malalar mai. Zubewar mai ta ba da damammaki ga masana kimiyya don nazarin illolin da ɗanyen mai ke haifarwa ga muhallin ruwa, da ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Hukumar Kula da Tekun Ruwa da Yanayin Sama (NOAA) da Hukumar Tsaron Tekun Amurka ta haifar da ingantacciyar ƙoƙarin mayar da martani da cikakken bincike kan mai. illar gurbacewa. Zubewar mai na Exxon Valdez a shekarar 1989, da kuma malalar mai ta Deepwater Horizon a shekarar 2010, dukkansu sun haifar da karuwar ilimin kimiyya kan takamaiman illar gurbacewar mai ga kifin ruwa.
Exxon Valdez mai ya zube Binciken da aka mayar da hankali kan gurbacewar mai ga kifaye ya fara da gaske a cikin shekarata 1989, bayan da jirgin ruwa na Exxon Valdez ya bugi wani ruwa a cikin Prince William Sound, Alaska kuma ya zubar da kusan galan miliyan 11 na danyen mai a cikin ruwan da ke kewaye. A lokacin, malalar mai na Exxon Valdez ita ce mafi girma a tarihin Amurka. Akwai illoli da yawa da malalar ta haifar ciki har da asarar biliyoyin herring na Pacific da ƙwai mai ruwan hoda Dabbobin tekun Pacific ya fara haifuwa a ƙarshen Maris lokacin da malalar ta faru, wanda ya haifar da kusan rabin ƙwai na jama'a da aka fallasa ga ɗanyen mai. Pacific herring spawn a cikin intertidal da subtidal zones, sa da m qwai cikin sauƙi fallasa ga gurɓata.
Deepwater Horizon mai zubewa Bayan 20 ga Afrilu, shekarata 2010, lokacin da fashewa a kan dandalin hako mai na Deepwater Horizon Macondo ya haifar da malalar mai mafi girma a tarihin Amurka, an gabatar da wata dama ta bincike game da gubar mai. Kimanin galan miliyan kusan 171 na danyen mai ya kwarara daga tekun teku zuwa Tekun Mexico, wanda ya fallasa yawancin halittun da ke kewaye da su Zubewar mai na Deepwater Horizon shima ya zo daidai da taga mai haɗe-haɗe na nau'ikan kifaye daban-daban na muhalli da kasuwanci, gami da yellowfin da tuna bluefin Atlantic. Zubewar mai ta shafi tuna tuna bluefin Atlantika kai tsaye, saboda kusan kashi 12% na tsutsa tuna suna cikin ruwa mai gurbataccen ruwa, kuma Gulf of Mexico shine kawai sanannen wuraren haifuwa ga yawan yammacin tuna bluefin.
Fuskantar mai Zubewar mai, da kuma kwararar mai a kullum daga yankunan birane, na iya haifar da polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) shiga yanayin yanayin ruwa. Da zarar PAHs sun shiga cikin yanayin ruwa, ana iya fallasa kifaye zuwa gare su ta hanyar sha, samun iska na gills, da kuma ɗaukar dermal. Babban hanyar da za a ɗauka zai dogara ne akan halayen nau'in kifaye da kayan aikin sinadarai na PAH na damuwa. Mazauni na iya zama babban abin yanke shawarar hanyar fallasa. Alal misali, kifayen da ke cinye kifin demersal suna da yuwuwar shigar da PAHs waɗanda suka ɓata zuwa laka, yayin da kifayen da ke iyo a saman suna cikin haɗari mafi girma don bayyanar dermal. Bayan saduwa da PAH, bioavailability zai shafi yadda ake ɗaukar PAH a hankali. Sanna Kuma EPA tana gano manyan PAHs 16 masu damuwa kuma kowane ɗayan waɗannan PAHs yana da madaidaicin digiri na bioavailability. Alal misali, PAHs masu ƙananan nauyin kwayoyin halitta sun fi samuwa saboda suna narkar da su cikin ruwa kuma don haka sun fi samuwa ga kifi a cikin ruwa. Kuma Hakazalika, PAHs na hydrophilic sun fi samuwa don ɗaukar kifi. Kuma A saboda wannan dalili, yin amfani da masu rarraba mai, kamar Corexit, don magance zubar da man fetur na iya ƙara yawan PAHs ta hanyar ƙara yawan solubility a cikin ruwa da kuma sa su zama masu samuwa don ɗauka ta hanyar gills. Da zarar an ɗauki PAH, haɓakar kifin na iya rinjayar tsawon lokaci da ƙarfin bayyanar da kyallen takarda. Kifi suna iya saurin daidaita kashi kusan 99% na PAHs zuwa ƙarin hydrophilic metabolite ta tsarin hanta-biliary. Wannan yana ba da damar fitar da PAHs. Adadin metabolism na PAHs zai dogara ne akan jima'i da girman nau'in. Ƙarfin haɓaka PAHs zuwa ƙarin nau'i na hydrophilic zai iya hana haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta da dakatar da PAHs daga watsawa ga kwayoyin halitta suna haɓaka gidan yanar gizon abinci. Domin mai zai iya dawwama a cikin muhalli tsawon lokaci bayan malalar mai ta hanyar lalata, ana iya ci gaba da fallasa kifin demersal ga PAHs shekaru da yawa bayan malalar mai. An tabbatar da wannan ta hanyar kallon biliary PAH metabolites na kifin da ke zaune a ƙasa. Misali, kifayen da ke zaune a kasa har yanzu sun nuna madaidaicin matakan ƙananan nauyin kwayoyin halitta na PAH metabolites shekaru a ƙalla 10 bayan malalar mai na Exxon Valdez Abubuwan danyen mai Danyen mai yana kunshe da mahadi sama da 17,000. Daga cikin wadannan mahadi guda 17,000 akwai PAHs, wadanda ake la'akari da mafi yawan abubuwa masu guba na mai. PAHs an kafa su ta hanyar tsarin pyrogenic da petrogen. Petrogenic PAHs ana samun su ta hanyar haɓakar matsi na kayan halitta. Sabanin haka, PAHs na pyrogenic suna samuwa ta hanyar konewar abubuwan da ba su cika ba. Danyen mai a zahiri ya ƙunshi PAHs petrogen kuma waɗannan matakan PAH suna ƙaruwa sosai ta hanyar ƙona mai wanda ke haifar da PAHs pyrogenic. Matsayin PAHs da aka samu a cikin ɗanyen mai ya bambanta da nau'in ɗanyen mai. Misali, danyen mai daga Exxon Valdez mai zubewa yana da adadin PAH na 1.47%, yayin da adadin PAH daga Tekun Arewa yana da ƙarancin PAH na 0.83%.
Tushen gurbatar danyen mai Rashin gurɓataccen mai a cikin yanayin yanayin ruwa na iya haifar da pyrogenic da PAHs na petrogenic shiga cikinn dukkan waɗannan yanayin. Petrogenic PAHs na iya shiga cikin magudanar ruwa ta hanyar mai, manyan malalar mai, magudanar ruwa da malalar mai daga yankunan birane. Madogaran Pyrogenic PAH sun ƙunshi roba soot taya na dizal da ƙurar kwal. Ko da yake akwai tushen dabi'a na PAHs kamar ayyukan volcanic da ɓarkewar ajiyar kwal, tushen ɗan adam yana haifar da mafi mahimmancin shigar da PAHs cikin yanayi. Waɗannan tushen ɗan adam sun haɗa da dumama mazaunin gida, samar da kwalta, iskar gas, da amfani da man fetur. Rashin gurɓataccen mai na PAH ya fi zama ruwan dare daga zubewar ɗanyen mai irin su Exxon Valdez, ko tsintsayen mai; duk da haka, tare da raguwar pyrogenic PAHs kuma na iya zama babba. Ko da yake manyan zubewar mai irin su Exxon Valdez na iya gabatar da wani adadi mai yawa na ɗanyen mai zuwa wani yanki a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, zubar da ruwa na yau da kullun ya ƙunshi mafi yawan gurɓataccen mai ga yanayin ruwa. Sannan Kuma Zubar da yanayin yanayi kuma na iya zama tushen PAHs cikin yanayin yanayin ruwa. Zubar da PAHs daga yanayi zuwa cikin ruwa yana tasiri sosai ta hanyar rabon gas-barbashi na PAH.
Tasiri An lura da yawancin tasirin bayyanar PAH a cikin kifin ruwa. Musamman, an gudanar da bincike akan kifin amfrayo da tsutsa, haɓakar kifin da aka fallasa ga PAHs, da ɗaukar PAH ta kifin ta hanyoyi daban-daban na fallasa. Ɗaya (1) daga cikin binciken ya gano cewa ƙwai na Pacific herring da aka fallasa ga yanayin da ke kwaikwayon "Exxon Valdez" mai ya haifar da ƙyanƙyashe ƙwai, rage girman girman kifin da balagagge da kuma tasirin teratogenic, ciki har da kwarangwal, zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, fin da kuma yolk sac malformations. Edema jakar gwaiduwa ce ke da alhakin yawancin mace-macen tsutsa na herring. An lura da lalacewar teratogenic a cikin ƙwanƙwasa dorsal da kashin baya, da kuma a cikin muƙamuƙi don rage rayuwar kifaye masu tasowa yadda ya kamata, sannan kuma ta hanyar rashin iya yin iyo da kuma ciyarwa bi da bi. Ciyarwa da nisantar ganima ta hanyar ninkaya suna da mahimmanci ga rayuwar tsutsa da kifayen yara. Duk abubuwan da aka gani a cikin ƙwai na herring a cikin binciken sun yi daidai da tasirin da aka gani a cikin kwai kifin da aka fallasa sakamakon zubewar mai na Exxon Valdez An yi la'akari da embryos na Zebrafish da aka fallasa ga mai suna da mummunar lahani na teratogenic kamar waɗanda aka gani a cikin embryos na herring, ciki har da edema, rashin aikin zuciya, da zubar da jini na ciki. A cikin wani binciken da aka mayar da hankali kan ɗaukar PAHs ta kifaye, embryos na salmon an fallasa su ga ɗanyen mai a cikin yanayi daban-daban guda uku, ciki har da ta hanyar zubar da ruwa mai rufin mai. Matsakaicin PAH a cikin embryos kai tsaye da aka fallasa ga mai da waɗanda aka fallasa su da fitar da ruwa na PAH ba su da bambanci sosai. An lura da bayyanar PAH don haifar da mutuwa, ko da lokacin da PAHs suka fallasa zuwa kifi ta hanyar ruwa. Daga sakamakon, an ƙaddara cewa embryos kifaye kusa da Exxon Valdez ya zube a cikin Yarima William Sound waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da mai kai tsaye har yanzu suna iya tara matakan mutuwa na PAHs. Yayin da yawancin gwaje-gwajen gwaje-gwaje da na halitta sun lura da wasu mummunar tasirin PAH ga kifi, an kuma lura da rashin tasiri ga wasu mahadi na PAH, wanda zai iya zama saboda rashin haɓaka yayin da ake nunawa ga fili.
Tsarin tsari na aikin mai guba Duk da yake an tabbatar da cewa nau'o'in PAH daban-daban suna aiki ta hanyoyi daban-daban masu guba saboda bambancin nauyin kwayoyin su, shirye-shiryen zobe, da kaddarorin ruwa, sannan Kuma takamaiman hanyoyin PAH mai guba ga kifaye da ci gaban kifi har yanzu ba a san su ba. Guba ya dogara da gwargwadon irin sinadari da ke cikin mai zai haɗu da ruwa: ana kiran wannan a matsayin juzu'in ruwan da ke da alaƙa da mai. Hanyoyin da aka tsara na masu guba na PAHs sune guba ta hanyar narcosis, hulɗa tare da hanyar AhR, alkyl phenanthrene toxicity, da ƙari mai guba ta hanyoyi masu yawa. Samfurin narcosis bai iya yin hasashen daidai sakamakon tasirin PAH na fallasa herring da salmon ruwan hoda ba, a cewar wani bincike. An lura da rashin lafiyar farko na waɗannan PAH a cikin embryos na kifi don zama AhR mai zaman kanta, kuma tasirin su na zuciya ba shi da alaƙa da kunna AhR ko Cytochrome P450, iyali 1, memba A cikin endocardium An yi nazarin ƙirar alkyl phenanthrene ta hanyar fallasa herring da salmon ruwan hoda zuwa gaurayawan PAHs a ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce don fahimtar hanyoyin miyagu na PAHs. An samo samfurin gabaɗaya yana tsinkaya sakamakon fallasa mai lalacewa da mutuwa. Danniya na Oxidative da kuma tasiri akan morphogenesis na zuciya da jijiyoyin jini sune hanyoyin da aka tsara don maganin alkyl phenanthrene. Ba a san takamaiman hanyar ba.
Tun da PAHs sun ƙunshi bambance-bambance daban-daban na PAHs, ana iya bayyana guba ta hanyar amfani da wasu daga cikin hanyoyin aiki da yawa sosai.
Duba wasu abubuwan Likitan ruwa na ruwa
gurbacewar ruwa
tarkacen ruwa
Manazarta Tarihi
Ruwa
Mai
Kifi
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
57665 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiaret | Tiaret | Yawan jama'a Garin yana da yawan jama'a 178,915 a cikin 2008. Garin ya rufe kusan 20.086.62 Kamfanoni masana'antu Wani bincike na 1992 da Jami'ar Nice Sophia Antipolis ta gudanar ya ba da rahoton mahimman wuraren da gurɓataccen masana'antu suka gurɓata, da haɓaka ƙauyuka masu ɓarke a kan gefen.
Yankin dai na daya ne na noma. Akwai babban filin jirgin sama mai hasumiya da tasha a Abdelhafid Boussouf.
Cibiyar Nazarin Ƙasa ta Tiaret tana riƙe da kundin 25,000 a cikin ɗakin karatu.
Siyasa Lardin ya fuskanci kisan kiyashi (mafi girma shine kisan kiyashin Sid El-Antri a 1997),kashe-kashe,da tashin bama-bamai a lokacin yakin basasar Aljeriya,ko da yake kasa da yankunan da ke kusa da Algiers.Cibiyar Afirka ta ba da rahoto a cikin wani littafi na watan Mayu na 2004 cewa Tiaret ya fi "ƙasassun wuri mai faɗi da tsaunuka ya sauƙaƙe ayyukan ta'addanci".Cibiyar Ilimin Ta'addanci ta MIPT ta bayar da rahoton cewa Tiaret "wani wuri ne da ake yawan kai hare-hare daga kungiyar Salafist Group for Call and Combat (GSPC)"(wanda yanzu ake kira Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb ).An yi imanin cewa GSPC tana da dangantaka ta kut-da-kut da Osama bin Laden Paris AFX News Agency,Jul 13, 2005)da Abu Musab al-Zarqawi( Asharq Alaswat Jul 3 2005), kuma an ruwaito yana aiki a Italiya Deutsche Welle)., Jul 15 2005).
Tarihi Ana zaune lardin tun zamanin da,kuma akwai abubuwan tarihi masu yawa na megalithic.Ya yi aiki azaman tashar Roman da kagara,Tingartia Kusa da Tiaret akwai jedars,waɗanda tsoffin kaburbura ne.Gine-ginen sun nuna cewa ƙabilar Berber(s)ne ke zaune a yankin a zamanin Late Antiquity.
Tiaret ya taso ne a matsayin wani wuri a karkashin ikon kananan masarautun kabilar Berber;na farko daga cikin wadannan shine daular Rustamid tsakanin 761 da 909 lokacin da Tiaret ya zama babban birnin yankin. Koyaya, wannan babban birnin na iya zama 10 km (mil 6 ko 7) yamma da Tiaret na yau.Abd al-Rahman bn Rustam,masanin tauhidin Ibadi daga Babbar Iran ne ya kafa ta.An ce Tiaret yana da 'yancin tunani da dimokuradiyya,kasancewar cibiyar bayar da tallafin karatu wanda ya ba da damar ƙungiyoyi da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban, musamman Mu'tazila.Akwai Yahudawa da yawa da ke zaune a yankin har aƙalla karni na 10,ciki har da malami kuma likita Juda ibn Kuraish wanda ya zama likita ga Sarkin Fes.Fatimids sun kama Tiaret a cikin 909.
Tiaret ya mamaye hanyar wucewar tsauni mai ,don haka ya kasance mabuɗin mamaye tsakiyar Maghreb.Daga baya,daga farkon karni na 8, shine mabuɗin ƙarshen arewacin reshen kasuwancin bayi na yammacin Afirka.Don haka,ya ba da kuɗin shiga mai fa'ida daga haraji akan ciniki,kuma kyauta ce mai kyawawa.
Daular Rustamid,wacce a zamanin Abdurrahman(766-784)da dansa Abdul Wahab(784-823)suka mamaye mafi yawan al'ummar Aljeriya ta zamani,ana kiranta daular Ibadite daga Abdallah ibn Ibad,wanda ya kafa daular.darikar da Abdurrahman ya ke.Bakwai daga cikin sarakunan gidan Rustam sun gaji Abdul Wahab har sai da Janar Fatimiyya Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i ya hambarar da su a shekara ta 909.
Daga shekara ta 911 kabilu da dama ne suka yaki Tiaret,wanda Massala ibn Habbus na Miknasas ya fara kama shi a shekara ta 911,tare da kawance da Khalifanci Fatimid.Daga karshe,a shekara ta 933,ta kasance a hannun Fatimidu. Bayan 933 Tiaret ya daina zama babban birnin jihar daban.An kori yawancin jama'a zuwa Ouargla sannan suka tsere zuwa M'zab mara kyau. Daga shekarar 933 Tiaret ya jawo hankalin Khawarij musulmi da yawa daga Iraki.
Daga 933 an gudanar da shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Masarautar Tlemcen, kuma a cikin karni na 16 ya fada cikin Daular Ottoman.A shekara ta 1843 ta fada hannun Faransa bayan da suka fatattaki sarki Abdelkader El Djezairi An gina garin Tiaret na zamani a kusa da redoubt na Faransa na 1845.Sabon garin ya jawo mazauna da yawa daga Faransa kuma yankin ya bunkasa.A Titin dogo kunkuntar ya isa a cikin 1889,yana haɗa garin zuwa Mostaganem-a yau,wannan layin dogo ya lalace.
Abubuwan jan hankali na archaeological kilomita 30 (mil 18) SSW na Tiaret su ne abubuwan tunawa da kabari da aka sani da Jedars. An ba da sunan ga adadin abubuwan tunawa da kabari da aka sanya a kan tudu.Madaidaicin madauri na rectangular ko murabba'i yana cikin kowane yanayi wanda dala ya kewaye shi. Kaburburan sun kasance daga karni na 5 zuwa na 7,kuma sun kasance a cikin ƙungiyoyi biyu daban-daban tsakanin Tiaret da Frenda.
A Mechra-Sfa("ford of the flat stones"), wani yanki a cikin kwarin kogin Mina wanda ba shi da nisa da Tiaret,an ce "lambobi masu yawa"na abubuwan tunawa na megalithic.
Yanayi A Tiaret,akwai yanayi na Bahar Rum.A cikin hunturu ana samun ruwan sama fiye da lokacin rani.Tsarin yanayi na Köppen-Geiger shine Csa.Matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara a Tiaret shine .Kusan na hazo fadowa kowace shekara.
ToBayanan kula
Kara karantawa Bourouiba, Rachid (1982). Cités disparus: Tahert, Sedrata, Achir, Kalaâ des Béni-Hammad Tarin Art et Al'adu, 14. Ministan Algiers de l'information. (Game da fitattun kayan tarihi da gine-gine na al'adu) Belkhodja, A. (1998). Tiaret, memoire d'une ville Tiaret, A. Belkhodja. (Tsarin memoir na sirri) Blanchard, Raul. (1992). Amincewa Gestion Du Territoire, Ou, L'apport Des Images-Satellite, De La Geoinfographique et Du Terrain Aikace-aikace Aux Paysages Vegetaux De L'Algerie Steppique Substeppique (Wilaya De Tiaret) Et Aux Espaces Construits (Tiaret Et Alger) 1990-1992 Laboratoire d'analyse spatiale. Nice, Faransa. (Tsarin halittu na yankin Wilaya De Tiaret, shaida ta amfani da hotuna daga sararin samaniya) Cadan, Pierre. (1938). Indication de quelques stations préhistoriques de la région de Tiaret Société de géographie et d'archéologie de la Lardin d'Oran Extrait de son Bulletin, Tome 59, Fascule 209, 1938. (Littafin shafuka 12 game da abubuwan tarihi na tarihi a yankin) Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Tiaret gani daga iska
Tsarin birni na Tiaret
Tsofaffin hotuna da katunan Tiaret na Faransa |
32601 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onismor%20Bhasera | Onismor Bhasera | Onismor Bhasera (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga watan Janairu a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da tamanin da shida 1986A.c) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Zimbabwe wanda ke taka leda a matsayin baya na hagu don Super Sport United a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Afirka ta Kudu. Ya taba taka leda a gasar Premier ta Afirka ta Kudu a Bidvest Wits, Maritzburg United da Kaizer Chiefs, da kuma Kwallon kafa na Plymouth Argyle. Bhasera ya lashe kofuna a matakin kasa da kasa a Zimbabwe.
Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya
Rayuwar farko da aiki An haifi Bhasera a ranar (7) ga watan Janairu a shekara ta (1986) a Mutare, wani birni a lardin Manicaland na kasar Zimbabwe. Ya kasance cikin tawagar Lord Marlvern High School da ta lashe Coca-Cola Nash sau uku a jere tsakshekarar A shekarar 2001 da) kuma shi ne shugaban makaranta a wannan lokacin.Ya kasance yana wasa a makarantar matasa ta horar a Makarantar Sakandare ta Lord Marlvern, kafin ya shiga Harare United, kulob din da ya fafata a rukunin farko na Zimbabwe, gasar daya kasa da gasar Premier. Ayyukan da ya yi wa tawagar sun sa shi kula da kulob din Tembisa Classic na Afirka ta Kudu kuma ya shiga su don kakar a shekara ta 2004-05, yana haɗi tare da dan uwansa zuwa Sadomba. Bhasera ya bayyana sau 14 a cikin National First Division, yayin da suka ci nasara a gasar Premier ta Afirka ta Kudu. Kulob din, da kwangilolin 'yan wasansa, sai masu mallakar Maritzburg United suka saya. Kakarsa ta farko a matakin kololuwar wasan kwallon kafa na Afirka ta Kudu ya nuna matukar amfani; ya buga wasanni 27 na gasar, kuma kulob din ya tabbatar da matsayinsa a rukunin na shekara ta biyu. Ya sake fitowa akai-akai a kulob din a cikin kakar shekara ta 2006–07, ya buga wasannin gasar 26. Burinsa na farko a gasar ƙwararru ya zo ne a ranar 27 ga Afrilu a shekara ta 2007, a wasan waje da Moroka Swallows. Kulob din Bhasera sun tashi 3-0 lokacin da ya zura kwallo bayan mintuna 32. Wasan ya ƙare cikin rashin jin daɗi yayin da suka koma rukunin farko, inda suka sami nasarar lashe gasar lig huɗu kawai daga wasanni 30.
Kaiser Chiefs Ayyukansa a cikin fafitika sun kama Kaizer Chiefs, ɗaya daga cikin fitattun kulab ɗin ƙasar, kuma ya shiga gabanin kakar wasa ta shekarar 2007–08. Bhasera ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a sabuwar kungiyarsa a ranar 29 ga watan Satumba a shekara ta 2007, a zagayen farko na gasar cin kofin Telkom a gida da Moroka Swallows. Bhasera ya zura kwallo ta biyu a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 wanda Amakhosi suka ci da ci uku da biyu bayan bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. Ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar bayan wata daya a ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba a shekara ta 2007, a kan Free State Stars, inda ya zira kwallaye na biyu na Chiefs bayan mintuna 77 a cikin nasara 3-0 a gida. Ya ci gaba da taka leda a wasanni 26 yayin da kungiyar ta kare a matsayi na shida a gasar Premier. Bhasera ya karbi lambar yabo na farko da ya yi nasara tare da sabon kulob din a ranar 1 ga watan Disamba a shekara ta 2007, lokacin da aka nada shi a Kaizer Chiefs a matsayin zakaran gasar cin kofin Telkom na shekarar 2007. Kungiyar Amakhosi ta buga kunnen doki 0-0 da Mamelodi Sundowns a wasan karshe a filin wasa na Loftus Versfeld wanda hakan ya sa aka bukaci bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida domin raba kungiyoyin biyu. Bhasera ya zura bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida, kuma abokin wasansa Iumeleng Khune ya karyata Sundowns sau uku yayin da shugabannin suka ci bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida da ci uku da biyu.
Gabanin kakar shekara ta 2008–09, Shugabannin Kaizer sun shiga cikin bugu na shekarar 2008, na Kalubalen Vodacom, tare da Manchester United da Orlando Pirates. Bhasera ya fito a cikin 11 na farko a cikin dukkan wasanni uku na shugabannin. A lokacin farko, kunnen doki 1-1 da Manchester United, ya shiga cikin wani lamari da Wayne Rooney ya faru. Dan wasan na Ingila ya bayyana yana zura kwallo a ragar Bhasera bayan da ya fafata daga bangaren hagu na baya, amma alkalin wasa bai gano ta ba. Bhasera ya samu lambar yabo ta na biyu a gasar bayan da aka doke shugabannin da ci 4-0 a wasan karshe. Kungiyar ta lashe kambun MTN 8 a watan Satumbar a shekara ta 2008, a gasar shekara-shekara da ta kunshi kungiyoyi 8 da ke kan gaba a gasar Premier a kakar wasan da ta gabata. A wannan karon Bhasera bai samu bugun fanareti ba a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida da suka yi da Mamelodi Sundowns, bayan da aka tashi wasan 0-0, amma kulob din ya yi nasara da ci hudu da uku a filin wasa na Kings Park. Bhasera ya fito a wasanni 25 na gasar a lokacin kakar shekara ta 2008–09, yayin da Amakhosi ya gama na uku a teburin, maki biyar a bayan Supersport United, wanda ya ci taken gasar akan bambancin manufa. Ba za a sake yin wasan a gasar cin Kofin Telkom ba, yayin da shugabannin suka sha kashi da ci 4-1 a zagayen farko da Golden Arrows.
Rikicin kwangila Bhasera ya tafi Ingila a lokacin rani a shekara ta 2009, don horar da Portsmouth kafin kakar wasa, a karkashin imani cewa shi wakili ne na kyauta. Ya burge kulob din da har suka ba shi kwantiragi a watan Agustan a shekara ta 2009, kuma ya yi nasarar neman izinin aiki, kafin Kaizer Chiefs ya yi iƙirarin cewa har yanzu an ba shi kwangilar wata shekara. Portsmouth ta musanta cewa jinkirin da aka samu na sayen dan wasan shi ne saboda ba za su iya biyan kudin saye ba, maimakon haka ba sa son biyan fan 300,000, da kulob din Afirka ta Kudu ya nema. Hafsoshin sun mayar da martani da cewa, dalilin da ya sa ba a gudanar da aikin ba shi ne saboda Pompey na fama da matsalar kudi. Bobby Motaung, manajan kungiyar Kaizer Chiefs ya ce "Portsmouth na da matsalar kudi, kuma ina da wata takarda daga gare su, kuma sun ce suna bin Chelsea, suna bin wannan bashin, kuma matsalarsu ce ba tamu ba." “Ba za su iya biyan mu ‘yan canji ba, mun ce diyya ce ba kudin canja wuri ba. Har ma mun ce za mu ba su kyauta na watanni shida domin su rike dan wasan su biya mu a watan Janairu, ba tare da samun nasara ba.” Ya kara da cewa. Ba a warware komai ba a watan Janairun a shekarar 2010, amma Portsmouth har yanzu tana da begen kulla yarjejeniya. Bayan 'yan makonni baya ga alama Bhasera zai shiga Queens Park Rangers, bayan da Paul Hart ya gayyace shi don horar da kulob din, mutumin da ya fara kokarin shiga Bhasera don Portsmouth a farkon kakar wasa. Sagarin canja wuri ya sake daukar wani sabon salo yayin da ya bayyana cewa Sheffield Wednesday ya shiga gasar neman sa hannun sa. Owls sun kasance a fili suna son biyan kuɗin canja wuri zuwa Kaizer Chiefs, amma matsalar gwiwa ta nuna cewa Bhasera ya kasa yin gwajin likita a ƙarshen Janairu a shekarar 2010. Daga nan ya fara horo tare da Plymouth Argyle a watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010, bayan FIFA ta yanke hukuncin cewa Bhasera wakili ne na kyauta don haka ya cancanci shiga kulob a wajen taga canja wuri. Kulob din ya yi nasarar neman izinin aiki a cikin watan Maris a shekara ta 2010, amma canja wurin yanzu ya dangana ga dan wasan ya sami takardar bizar aiki a Burtaniya, gami da jarrabawar Ingilishi, da kuma samun izinin kasa da kasa.
Plymouth Argyle An kammala canja wurin bayan mako guda lokacin da Bhasera ya ci jarrabawar Ingilishi, kuma ya sami izini na duniya daga SAFA. Manajan mahajjata, Paul Mariner, ya cika da yabon sabon sa hannun sa. "Bayan kallon sa yana aiki a cikin 'yan makonnin da suka gabata, ya gan shi yana hulɗa da 'yan wasan, kuma ya ga kwarewar fasaha, ya zama mataki mai mahimmanci ga kulob din ya sanya hannu kan wannan matashin dan wasan," in ji tsohon dan wasan na Ingila. Ya buga wasansa na farko a kulob din a ranar 30 ga Maris a shekara ta 2010, lokacin da ya buga cikakken mintuna 90 da Barnsley, ya dawo kasar daga Afirka ta Kudu sa'o'i goma sha biyu da suka wuce. Bhasera ta ce "Lokaci ne mai yawan aiki, amma sunan wasan ke nan." "Na dan gaji bayan wasan, amma aikina kenan". Bayan buga wasan karshe a gasar fafatawa a ranar 9 ga Mayu a shekara ta 2009, Bhasera ya yi farin cikin sake sasantawa. "Gaskiya abin takaici ne," in ji shi. “Ban san abin da zai faru da ni ba, amma dole ne in ci gaba da yin karfi da kuma fatan cewa komai zai daidaita. Yanzu na yi nasarar daidaita abubuwa kuma na dawo wasa a ƙarshe. Na yi farin ciki da na zo nan." A wasansa na gaba, na biyu a cikin kwanaki hudu, Bhasera ya kafa dan wasan gaba Bradley Wright-Phillips don zira kwallon da ya ci nasara a nasarar da kulob din ya samu a Doncaster Rovers da ci 2-1. Argyle ya kasa kaucewa komawa zuwa League One, wanda ya haifar da wata sanarwa daga kulob din wanda ya bayyana shirin su na sake ginawa; kuma an ambaci Bhasera a cikin manyan ƴan wasan matasa waɗanda ke da "hanzari mai ban sha'awa". Zuwan Peter Reid a matsayin sabon manajan kulob din ya ga Bhasera ya koma matsayi mafi ci gaba kuma ya fara kakar shekara ta 2010-11, a gefen hagu na tsakiya. Ya sanya hannu a sabon kwantiragi a watan Agustan shekara ta 2010, wanda ya danganta shi da kulob din har zuwa lokacin bazara na shekara ta 2013. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kwallon kafa ta Ingila a wasan da suka doke Milton Keynes Dons da ci 3-1 a guje ta yadi 40 kafin ya doke mai tsaron gida. Ayyukan Bhasera a lokacin kakar shekara ta 2012–13, sun sa magoya bayan kungiyar suka zabe shi a matsayin Gwarzon dan wasan kungiyar. Manajan Argyle John Sheridan ya ba shi kwangilar tsawaita shi a karshen kamfen, amma ya kasa komawa horon tunkarar kakar wasanni a watan Yuni kuma ba a yi wata tuntuba da shi ba kafin ya kare a karshen wata.
Ayyukan kasa Bhasera ya fara buga wa Zimbabwe wasa a ranar 24 ga watan Yunin a shekara ta 2006, da Malawi a wani bangare na gasar sada zumunta a Mozambique. Ya samu kofuna biyar a matakin ‘yan kasa da shekara 17, goma sha tara na bangaren ‘yan kasa da shekaru 20, daya kuma a matakin ‘yan kasa da shekara 23 kafin ya samu kocinsa na farko a babban matakin. Ya shiga cikin dukkan wasanni shida na neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA na shekara ta 2010, da kuma gasar cin kofin Afrika na shekara ta 2008 da 2010. Jaruman sun yi rashin nasara a wasanninsu uku na gida, ciki har da nasarar da suka yi da Namibia da ci 2–0, amma sakamakon wasanninsu na waje yana nufin ba su cancanci zuwa matakin zagaye na uku ba.
Kididdigar sana'a/Aiki
Aikin kulob
Ayyukan kasa
Girmamawa Tembisa Classic
Gasar wasannin Premier League 2005
Shugaban Kaiser
Telkom Knockout Cup 2007
Super Takwas Cup 2008
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Onismor Bhasera at Soccerbase Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
29881 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyukan%20kare%20dussar%20%C6%99an%C6%99ara | Ayyukan kare dussar ƙanƙara | Kula da dusar ƙanƙara ko ayyukan kare kankara na rage haɗarin bala'in da ke haifar da rayuwar ɗan adam, ayyuka, da dukiyoyi. Kula da dusar ƙanƙara yana farawa ne da kimanta haɗarin da aka gudanar ta hanyar bincike don yuwuwar balaguron balaguro ta hanyar gano fasalin yanayin ƙasa kamar yanayin ciyayi, magudanar ruwa, da rarraba dusar ƙanƙara na yanayi na yanayi waɗanda ke nuni da ƙazamar ruwa. Daga abubuwan da aka gano kan dusar ƙanƙara, ana tantance haɗarin ta hanyar gano yanayin yanayin ɗan adam da ke barazana kamar hanyoyi, tudun kankara, da gine-gine. Shirye-shiryen sarrafa kankara suna magance haɗarin dusar ƙanƙara ta hanyar tsara tsare-tsare na rigakafi da ragewa, waɗanda ake aiwatar da su a lokacin hunturu. Tsare-tsare na rigakafi da ragewa sun haɗu da babban fakitin dusar ƙanƙara tare da manyan ƙungiyoyi uku na shiga tsakani: aiki, m da zamantakewa wani lokacin ma an fi bayyana shi a matsayin "fashewa", "tsari", da "fadakarwa" bisa ga mafi yawan fasahar da aka yi amfani da su a kowane. Dabarun sarrafa dusar ƙanƙara ko dai suna shiga tsakani kai tsaye a cikin juyin halittar fakitin dusar ƙanƙara, ko kuma rage tasirin dusar ƙanƙara da zarar ta faru. Don abin da ya faru na sa hannun ɗan adam, ƙungiyoyin kula da balaguron balaguro suna haɓakawa da horar da cikakken martani da tsare-tsare na farfadowa da kuma ingantawa.
Ƙimar haɗari da haɗari
Rigakafi da ragewa Rigakafi da raguwa yana farawa tare da lura da fakitin dusar ƙanƙara don yin hasashen haɗarin afkuwar ƙazamar ruwa. Haɗarin hasashen sai ya ƙayyade matakan da suka wajaba don rage haɗarin da ke a tattare da dusar ƙanƙara.
Kulawa da hasashen Duban fakitin dusar ƙanƙara suna nazarin shimfidawa da rarraba dusar ƙanƙara don ƙididdige rashin kwanciyar hankali na fakitin dusar ƙanƙara don haka haɗarin ƙazamar ƙazamar ruwa ta afku a wani yanayi na musamman. A wuraren da ɗan adam ke amfani da dusar ƙanƙara ana sa ido a duk lokacin hunturu don tantance juyin halittar sa a ƙarƙashin yanayin yanayin yanayi. Ya bambanta da yanayin dusar ƙanƙara da aka yi amfani da shi sosai inda yin hasashe shine manufar kallon dusar ƙanƙara, a cikin ƙasa mai nisa, ko kuma filin da ba a yawan ziyarta ba, lura da fakitin dusar ƙanƙara yana bayyana rashin kwanciyar hankali na fakitin dusar ƙanƙara.
Shisshigi masu aiki Dabaru masu aiki suna rage haɗarin bala'in girgizar ƙasa ta hanyar haɓaka kwanciyar hankali da dai-daita fakitin dusar ƙanƙara ta nau'ikan sa baki guda uku: tarwatsa raƙuman yadudduka a cikin fakitin dusar ƙanƙara, haɓaka daidaituwar fakitin dusar ƙanƙara, da rage yawan dusar ƙanƙara da ake samu a cikin dusar ƙanƙara. shirya don entrainment a cikin dusar ƙanƙara; Ana iya cimma wannan ko dai ta hanyar haifar da ƙananan ƙazamar ƙazamar ruwa, ko kuma ta hanyar yin tasiri kai tsaye ga tsarin shimfidar dusar ƙanƙara. Ana iya rarraba sarrafa ƙanƙara mai ƙarfi zuwa ko dai na inji ko hanyoyin fashewa. Ana amfani da hanyoyin injina galibi a cikin ƙasa mai nisa, ƙarami, ko ƙasa mai haɗari; yayin da ake amfani da hanyoyin fashewa a cikin babban filin haɗari mai girma, ko ƙasa tare da masana'antu, nishaɗin kasuwanci, birni, da amfani da sufuri.
A cikin ƙasa mafi ƙanƙanta yana da mafi sauƙin hanyar sarrafa dusar ƙanƙara wanda ke tarwatsa raƙuman dusar ƙanƙara ta hanyar tafiya kai tsaye ta hanyar su, dabarar da ake magana da ita azaman tattara kaya. Don manyan fasaloli wannan hanyar za a iya tsawaita ta hanyar sake rarraba dusar ƙanƙara ta injina ta amfani da manyan motocin da aka sa ido da ake kira masu yin dusar ƙanƙara Wadannan hanyoyin sadarwa guda biyu za a iya yin su cikin aminci yayin da dusar ƙanƙara ke ajiyewa kuma kafin ta haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali. A cikin filin da ba za a iya shiga ba kawai, ko kuma a cikin fakitin dusar ƙanƙara mai ɓullo da yawa wanda ke da zurfi don ɗaukar kaya, ana amfani da dabarun kwantar da kankara. Dabarar farko ta daidaitawar kankara hanya ce ta shiga wani gangare mai suna yankan kankara. A cikin wannan hanya wani skier yayi ƙoƙari ya haifar da ƙanƙarar ƙanƙara ta hanyar karya goyan bayan fakitin dusar ƙanƙara ta sama da sauri ta hanyar tafiya da sauri tare da saman gangaren, za a iya karkatar da skier akan igiya don ƙara kare su daga kama su a cikin dusar ƙanƙara. Za a iya ƙara daidaita fakitin dusar ƙanƙara, ko daidaitawa, ta hanyar ci gaba da zirga-zirgar kankara ta ƙasa. A ƙarshe Kuma za a iya amfani da igiyar ƙulli don gani ta cikin tushen cornices, yana haifar da cornice zuwa fakitin dusar ƙanƙara na gangaren ƙasa. Wannan yana da tasirin haɗin gwiwa na rage haƙiƙanin haɗarin da cornice ke haifarwa, da kuma samar da babban tasiri akan fakitin dusar ƙanƙara.
Dabarun fashewa sun haɗa da haifar da ƙananan ruɓar ruwa mai lalacewa, ta hanyar tayar da caji ko dai a sama ko a saman dusar ƙanƙara. Ana iya tura abubuwan fashewar ta hanyar jefawa da runtse hannu da hannu, Kuma ta hanyar jefa bam daga jirgi mai saukar ungulu, ko kuma ta harsashi da karamar bindiga, bindiga mara karko, ko bindigar iska A daidaita haɗari ga ma'aikata tare da tasirin hanyar turawa wajen samun dama da haifar da bala'in bala'i, kowace hanya tana da illa da fa'idodi. Daga cikin sabbin hanyoyin, dabarun sanya na'urori masu sarrafa nesa waɗanda ke haifar da fashewar iska ta hanyar tayar da fashewar iska mai fashewa a saman fakitin dusar ƙanƙara a cikin yankin farawa da bala'in bala'i, yana ba da amsa cikin sauri da inganci ga yanke shawara kan kawar da dusar ƙanƙara yayin da rage haɗarin ma'aikatan sarrafa kankara; wani siffa mai mahimmanci musamman don sarrafa kankara a cikin hanyoyin sufuri. Misali, Hasumiyar Avalanche (Sprengmast) Ostiriya, da Norway suna amfani da na'urori masu amfani da hasken rana don tura caji daga mujallu mai ɗauke da cajin rediyo kusan guda 12. Ana iya jigilar mujallu, lodawa, da cire su daga hasumiya ta jirgi mai saukar ungulu, ba tare da buƙatar mataimaki na jirgin ba, ko ma’aikatan wurin.
Sarrafa abubuwan fashewa ya tabbatar da yin tasiri a wuraren da ke da sauƙin shiga wuraren fara balaguron balaguro da kuma inda za a iya jure ƙananan ƙazamar ruwa. Yawancin abu ne wanda ba za a yarda da shi ba, duk da haka, a cikin yankunan da ke da mazaunin mutane da kuma inda akwai ma ƙananan yuwuwar bala'in ne mai girma.
Matsalolin dindindin Dabarun dindindin suna jinkiri, tsayawa, karkatar da su, ko hana dusar ƙanƙara daga motsi; ko dai gaba daya ko kuma isa ga yadda dakarun da ke lalata suka ragu sosai. Dabaru na dindindin sun haɗa da gina gine- gine da gyaggyarawa ƙasa don dalilai da aka ƙirƙira kamar haka: Tsarin riƙe dusar ƙanƙara (turunan dusar ƙanƙara, gadoji na dusar ƙanƙara, ragar dusar ƙanƙara), ana amfani da su a cikin babbar hanyar yuwuwar balaguron balaguro.
Barasa ƙanƙara: Babban ɓangaren shingen dusar ƙanƙara yana dogara ne akan doguwar igiyar ƙarfe mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi, wanda ke shimfiɗa gangaren gangaren kuma ya isa saman dusar ƙanƙara. Tasirin goyan bayan da saman riƙon ya haifar yana hana yuwuwar raƙuma a cikin murfin dusar ƙanƙara da zamewar murfin dusar ƙanƙara a saman ƙasa. Don haka ana hana wargajewar dusar ƙanƙara a yankin farawa, yayin da motsin dusar ƙanƙara ya keɓe har ya zama mara lahani. Sojojin da ke haifar da matsin dusar ƙanƙara tarun dusar ƙanƙara suna ɗaukar su a kan ginshiƙan jujjuyawar da igiyoyin anga su cikin wuraren anka.
Na'urorin tsaro na dusar ƙanƙara (an yi amfani da su don ƙara riƙe dusar ƙanƙara a kan rufin).
Tsarin sake rarraba dusar ƙanƙara (gurgin iska, shingen dusar ƙanƙara)
Tsarin karkatar da dusar ƙanƙara da aka yi amfani da shi don karkata da kuma tsare dusar ƙanƙara mai motsi a cikin hanyar dusar ƙanƙara. Kada su karkatar da dusar ƙanƙara da ƙarfi, domin a cikin yanayi na ƙarshe, dusar ƙanƙara za ta iya mamaye su cikin sauƙi.
Tsarin ja da baya na dusar ƙanƙara (misali masu fasa dusar ƙanƙara), galibi ana amfani da su a cikin ƙananan sassa na gangaren dutsen, don haɓaka jinkirin yanayi.
Tsarin kama dusar ƙanƙara
Kariyar kai tsaye ga abubuwa masu mahimmanci da sifofi, misali, ta hanyar zubar da dusar ƙanƙara zubar dusar ƙanƙara) ko schneekragens (a wuraren hakar ma'adinai).
Sashi ɗaya ɗaya na iya biyan buƙatun nau'o'in manufa da yawa, alal misali, madatsun ruwa, ramuka, tudun ƙasa, da terraces ana amfani da su don karkata, jinkirtawa, da kamawa. Sauran hanyoyin ma sun haɗa da:
reforestation, sama da na halitta itace line gandun daji bauta wa dukan ayyuka na wucin gadi avalanche kariya: riƙewa, sake rarrabawa, retardation da kama.
Ana amfani da kogon dusar ƙanƙara, da kuma wuraren da aka haƙa, da aka tona, da katangar dusar ƙanƙara da matsugunan bivouac don ɗan lokaci don kare masu hawan dutse da masu ski ta hanyar samar musu da sararin numfashi a yayin da bala'in girgizar ƙasa ke binnewa.
Gine-ginen gyare-gyaren gine-gine da gyaran gyare-gyare, kamar waɗanda aka samu a ƙauyukan tsaunuka masu tsayi na tarihi na Alps. Zubar da dusar ƙanƙara Wurin zubar da dusar ƙanƙara ko ƙwanƙwasa ƙanƙara nau'in tsari ne na tsayayyen tsarin dusar ƙanƙara don sarrafa dusar ƙanƙara ko don kiyaye wucewa a wuraren da kawar da dusar ƙanƙara ta zama kusan ba zai yiwu ba. Ana iya yin su da ƙarfe, firam ɗin siminti da aka riga aka ɗora, ko katako Ana iya rufe waɗannan sifofin gaba ɗaya, kamar rami na wucin gadi, ko sun ƙunshi abubuwa masu kama da lattice. Yawancin gine-gine ne masu ƙarfi idan aka yi la'akari da yanayin da dole ne su rayu a ciki.
Kariyar dusar ƙanƙara tana da mahimmanci musamman lokacin da hanyoyi ke ƙetare ƙeƙasasshiyar “gurguwa”, waɗanda raƙuman ruwa ne na halitta ko wasu sifofi waɗanda ke jagorantar ko mai da hankali kan balaguro Ko tagiyar ruwa.
Wuraren zubar da dusar ƙanƙara ko wuraren kallon dusar ƙanƙara abu ne da aka saba gani akan hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a yankunan tsaunuka, irin su Marias Pass da Donner Pass a ƙasar Amurka, ko kuma da yawa daga cikin layin dogo na tsaunukan Switzerland, inda waƙoƙi ke rufe da mil mil. Ko da yake ba a amfani da shi a yau, Babban Titin Jirgin ƙasa na Pacific yana da cikakken filin jirgin ƙasa a ƙarƙashin rufin Donner Pass. Ana kuma samun su a kan tsaunin tituna na musamman ma. Babban titin Trans-Canada tsakanin Revelstoke da Golden a British Columbia yana da wuraren zubar dusar ƙanƙara da yawa da ke rufe dukkan bangarorin tafiye-tafiye don tinkarar dusar ƙanƙara.
Gabashin Snoqualmie Pass a Washington a arewa maso yammacin Amurka, Interstate 90 mai iyakar yamma yana da dusar ƙanƙara ta zubar a tsakiyar hanya a gefen gabas na tafkin Keechelus mizani 57.7); an cire shi a cikin shekarata 2014 a shirye-shiryen gina gadoji don maye gurbinsa. Tsarin kankare ya rufe hanyoyi guda biyu akan lanƙwasa kuma an gina shi a cikin shekarata 1950 don Hanyar Amurka ta 10, sannan layi ɗaya a kowace hanya; ya kasance karo na farko da aka yi amfani da ginin da aka riga aka gina don tsarin babbar hanya a wani yanki mai tsaunuka kuma shine dusar ƙanƙara ta ƙarshe da ta saura akan babbar hanyar Interstate Dusar ƙanƙara gada Gadar dusar ƙanƙara, shingen ƙanƙara, ko shingen ƙanƙara, yayi kama da shingen dusar ƙanƙara, amma suna aiki daban. Ana gina shingen dusar ƙanƙara a tsaye kuma suna tara dusar ƙanƙara a gefensu na ƙasa, yayin da gadoji na dusar ƙanƙara ke kwance ko a kwance kuma suna riƙe dusar ƙanƙara a gefensu.
Ana haɗa gadoji na dusar ƙanƙara zuwa gangaren da ke gefen sama ta hanyar anguwar tashin hankali da kuma kan gangaren ƙasa ta hanyar matsawa.
Avalanche dam Dusar ƙanƙara madatsun ruwa dams na hana dusar ƙanƙara, madatsun ruwan ƙanƙara wani nau'in tsarin kula da ƙazamar ruwa ne da ake amfani da shi don kare wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, hanyoyi, layukan wutar lantarki da sauransu, daga ƙazamar ruwa Manyan nau'ikan nau'ikan guda biyu (2) sune karkatar da madatsun ruwa Dukkan nau'ikan madatsun ruwa guda biyu ana sanya su ne a cikin yankin da ba a gama gujewa ba na kankara da kuma cikin sassan da ke kan hanyar. A wasu sassa na dusar ƙanƙara ba su da tasiri saboda ana iya cika su cikin sauƙi ko kuma a cika su.
Avalanche net Rukunin dusar ƙanƙara ragar dusar ƙanƙara, ragar dusar ƙanƙara sassa ne masu sassaucin ra'ayi na dusar ƙanƙara don sarrafa dusar ƙanƙara, an gina su da ƙarfe ko igiyoyin nailan ko madauri waɗanda ke riƙe da sandunan ƙarfe, zaɓin ana ba da su tare da anka matsawa ƙasa. Ana shigar da su a cikin manyan sassa na yuwuwar balaguron balaguro don hana dusar ƙanƙara ta fara zamewa cikin dusar ƙanƙara, ko don jinkirta faifan. Rukunin dusar ƙanƙara yana da fa'idodi masu zuwa idan aka kwatanta da tsayayyen tsarin tallafi wato(shinge na dusar ƙanƙara, tudun dusar ƙanƙara, zubar dusar ƙanƙara):
ƙananan farashi
mafi kyau gauraye a cikin yanayi
sauki shigarwa
tsayayyen tsari sun fi saurin lalacewa a cikin wuraren da ba su da kwanciyar hankali (tare da girgizar ƙasa, zabtarewar ƙasa, faɗuwar ƙasa, ƙasa mai ratsawa ta permafrost kuma cikin yanayin ruwan sama mai ƙarfi da malalar laka Rukunin dusar ƙanƙara yana da wasu kura-kurai, saboda sun fi wahalar dagewa a ƙasa mara kyau. Harkokin zamantakewa Don rage haɗarin bala'in dusar ƙanƙara, sa kaimi ga zamantakewa yana rage aukuwar bala'in bala'in bala'in ɗan adam ta hanyar gyara ɗabi'un mutane, ta yadda amfanin da suke yi na ƙazamar ƙazamar ƙasa ya dace don hana shigarsu cikin ƙazamar ruwa. Ƙungiyoyin irin na kula da dusar ƙanƙara suna cim ma hakan ta hanyar niyya wayar da kan jama'a da shirye-shiryen ilimi a al'ummomin da ke yawan balaguron balaguro. Binciken da aka yi na hadurran dusar ƙanƙara ya nuna cewa mafi yawan ƙazamar da ta shafi mutane mutane ne ke haddasa su, kuma daga cikin waɗanda abin ya shafa da yawa ba su da masaniya game da haɗarin afkuwar ƙazamar. Don magance wannan abin lura, shirye-shiryen wayar da kan jama'a da ilimi na gabatarwa suna ba da koyarwa game da guje wa haɗarin balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguro ta hanyar sanin ƙazamar ƙazamar ƙazamar ƙasa, lura da rashin kwanciyar hankali na dusar ƙanƙara, da gano ayyukan ɗan adam da ke haifar da bala'i. Ƙungiyoyin kula da dusar ƙanƙara kuma suna yada jita-jita, taswirori, gargaɗi, da rahotannin ayyukan dusar ƙanƙara don taimakawa al'ummomin masu amfani da ƙasa.
Amsa da farfadowa Ƙungiyoyin kula da dusar ƙanƙara suna tsara, da kuma mayar da martani, ga bala'in balaguro Ko yawo. Amsoshi na yau da kullun sun taso daga share hanyoyin sufuri na tarkacen dusar ƙanƙara, zuwa gyara masana'antu da wuraren nishaɗi, don nema, ceto, da murmurewa. Don inganta sakamakon shigar ɗan adam ƙungiyoyin sarrafa dusar ƙanƙara suna ba da horo da ilimi ga ƙwararrun ƙwararru da masu sha'awar nishaɗi a cikin shirye-shiryen ƙazamar ƙazamar ruwa.
Shirye-shiryen sana'a Martanin ƙwararru game da balaguron balaguron balaguro ana niyya ne a kan bala'in da ya shafi jama'a da ba su shirya ba. Lokacin da aka yi hasashen za a yi balaguron balaguron balaguro, za a rufe wuraren da jama'a da ba su shirya ba, sannan bayan an yi bala'in za a kwashe tarkace, sannan a gyara. Lokacin da bala'in bala'in da ba zato ba tsammani ya faru wanda ya haɗa da jama'a da ba su shirya ba, ƙungiyoyin kula da balaguron balaguro suna amsawa tare da manyan ƙungiyoyin bincike ƙwararru waɗanda suka haɗa da layin bincike, da horar da karnuka bincike da ceto.
Shiri mai son Amsar nishaɗi ga balaguron balaguro ya haɗa da saurin samar da ƙungiyar bincike da ceto. Ƙungiyoyin bincike da ceto na ad hoc sun dogara ga dukan mahalarta da suka shirya don yuwuwar bala'i ta hanyar ɗaukar ingantattun kayan bincike da ceto, da kuma samun horon da ya dace fa shi.
Duba wasu abubuwan Daurewar salula
Rage zabtarewar ƙasa, sarrafa irin wannan nau'in bala'i
Manazarta Jaedicke, Kirista; Naaim-Bouvet, Florence; Granig, Matthias (2004) "Binciken ramukan iska na dusar ƙanƙara a kusa da tsarin tsaro na kankara", Abubuwan Glaciology, vol. 38, shafi na 325-330
Michael Falser: Historische Lawinenschutzlandschaften: eine Aufgabe für die Kulturlandschafts- und Denkmalpflege A: kunsttexte 3/2010, unter: http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/kunsttexte/2010-3/falser-michael-1/PDF/falser .pdf
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Cibiyar Dusar ƙanƙara ta ƙasa na sabis na gandun daji na Amurka
Ƙanƙara
Dusa
Ruwa
Yanayi
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
50834 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium%20Earl | Millennium Earl | The Millennium ,Sennen Hakushaku),also known as"the Creator" and "Adam",is a fictional character in the manga series DGray-man by Katsura Hoshino.Introduced as the series' main antagonist,the Earl's role is to help revive the dead and turn them into demons known as Akuma.With Akuma,a group known as the Noah Family plans to destroy humanity. The Earl takes an interest in the protagonist:young exorcist Allen Walker, who is connected to the Noah.When he learns that the exorcist Allen Walker is the successor of the 14th Noah,Nea D. Campbell he attempts to capture him.The character also appears in the second light novel based on the series.
Hoshino ya kafa wannan hali ne a kan wani sanannen wanda ta ki bayyana sunan sa.Da farko ɗan wasa a farkon bayyanarsa,daga baya ta bayyana siffar ɗan adam wanda zai yi tasiri da ba a bayyana ba a cikin jerin.Muhimmin martani ga Millennium Earl yana da kyau, tare da masu sukar yadda ya farfado da matattu da kashe mutane abin ban mamaki ne.Zurfinsa mai ban mamaki a cikin mabiyi,D.Gray-man Hallow,an kuma yaba masa.An saki kayayyaki iri-iri dangane da halayen.
Halitta da tunani The Millennium Earl aka asali featured a matsayin villain na Katsura Hoshino ta daya-shot comic,Zone,wanda featured wasu haruffa daga cikin D.Gray-man jerin, mafi musamman Lenalee Lee da kuma hali wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin tushen Allen Walker,Robin.Ya jarabci Lenalee ta hanyar dawo da masoyinta da ta bata amma Robin ya hana shi.[vol.8:40 Kamar yadda yake a D.Gray-man,Earl ya yi wa mutane alkawari cewa zai mai da ’yan’uwansu da suka mutu zuwa rai. Hoshino ta samo asali ne a lokacin kuruciyarta lokacin da take burin rubuta shi a matsayin babban jigon ayyukanta. Duk da haka,gano halin da bai dace da mujallar manga da ke nufin matasa ba, maimakon haka ta ƙirƙiri Allen ya zama babban jarumi.Da zarar D.Gray-man ya fara serialization,Hoshino yayi tsokaci cewa ta kafa Earl akan wani wanda ba a tantance ba,sanannen mutum. Ko da yake an san mutumin da fasaha, umarninsa na harsuna da yawa da annabce-annabcensa,ba a san lokacin da mutumin ya mutu ba.Ya kira kansa"masanin ilimin zamani",kuma lokacin da aka buga kundin farko D.Gray-man an yi imanin cewa yana raye.[vol. 1 :112]Zuwa farkon jerin, Hoshino ya sami hali a matsayin ɗaya mafi sauƙi ga zane ɗaya tare da Hevlaska. [vol.3:86] A wata hira da aka yi da shi daga baya,Hoshino ya sami kayan ado irin na Earl har yanzu yana da sauƙin kwatanta idan aka kwatanta da mafi “kyau”haruffa,irin su Yu Kanda.
A cikin zayyana Earl,Hoshino ya ba shi kyan gani don ya bambanta masu tsattsauran ra'ayi waɗanda suka sanya baƙar fata maimakon.Wannan kallon an yi shi ne don ba da ra'ayin wani ɗan adam mai alaƙa da bala'in da ya haifar yayin da Hoshino ya haɗa shi da fure mai guba. Hoshino ya riga ya tsara sifar ɗan adam na Earl kafin manga ya fara jeri.Ta sami siffar ɗan adam"gajiya"a matsayin babban abokin gaba na jerin wanda ya dace da masu karatun jerin kuma ɗayan jigoginsa:baƙin ciki.An tsara shi a sashin edita na Jump J-books,kuma dandanonta ya bayyana a cikinsa.Ko da yake yawancin masu karatu sun yi la'akari da Earl kiba, Hoshino cikin raha ya ci gaba da cewa ba haka ba ne;duk da haka,girmansa yana da mahimmanci ga makirci na gaba.
Lokacin da ta fara zana shi a matsayin ɗan adam ba tare da suturar sa mai kama da kyan gani ba,Hoshino ya yi ƙoƙari ya sa Kunnen ya zama mai hankali saboda ba ta yarda cewa maza masu matsakaicin shekaru sun shahara a cikin jerin ba.Ta yi mamakin yadda ya yi kasa a zaben fidda gwani na hudu(18),duk da kokarin da ta yi na ganin ya kara burge shi a wurin da yake kuka a cikin barcinsa bayan gazawar da ya yi na daukar tsohon abokinsa,Nea,cikin dangin Nuhu.Gamuwar da ke tafe tsakanin Earl da Nea an rubuta ta a hankali don jan hankali daga yawancin masu karatu saboda yadda Hoshino ya yi ƙoƙarin zana ganawar.Hoshino ya tafi bayyana cewa Earl shine halin da ta fi so a cikin jerin har ma fiye da Allen.
Junpei Takiguchi ne ya bayyana Millennium Earl a cikin jerin' karɓawar anime na farko na harshen Jafananci da Yutaka Aoyama a cikin mabiyi,D.Gray-man Hallow.Ayyukan Aoyama ya sami yabo daga Hoshino saboda gaskiyar cewa dole ne ya yi ɓangarorin Earl biyu:mai 'yanci mai kama da dabi'a da makoki na ɗan adam wanda ya ƙudura ya dawo da ɗan'uwansa,Nea.Aoyama ya yi mamakin furucin Hoshino yana mai cewa bai fahimci babban abin da ta yi ba.Aoyama ya kuma ji cewa wasa da siffar Earl na ɗan adam yana da wahala saboda yadda ya bambanta da halayensa a cikin wannan yanayin har ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi wuyar murya.Jason Liebrecht ne ya bayyana halin a cikin harsunan Ingilishi na jerin duka.
Bayyanuwa Babban mai adawa da manga,shi ne shugaban kabilan Nuhu kuma ya rayu tsawon shekaru7,000.Earl yana yaudarar mutanen da suke baƙin cikin abokansu ko danginsu da suka mutu don tada su, kuma ya mayar da su Akuma:makamai masu cinye jikin mutum kuma suna bin umarninsa.[ch.1 ]Mutum daya tilo da ya tsira daga wannan kaddara shine yaro, Allen Walker,wanda ya lalata Akuma na waliyyinsa( Mana Walker )kafin ya karbi jikinsa ta hanyar amfani da makamin da aka halicce shi ta hanyar rarrabuwar kawuna"Innocence"A farkon manga,Earl yayi ƙoƙari ya kashe wani ƙaramin yaro wanda mahaifiyarsa ta mutu Akuma ta kashe abokinsa;Allen ne ya tsayar da shi. [ch. 4 Earl sai ya umarci mabiyansa, Iyalin Nuhu, da su kashe janar-janar Baƙar fata (kungiyar masu fitar da fatara da ke adawa da su);[ch.29 ]wannan ya fara yaƙi da Order. Lokacin da ya san cewa memba na Black Order Lenalee Lee yana iya samun rashin laifi da aka sani da "Zuciya"wanda ke kawo nasara,Earl ya jawo gungun masu baƙar fata fata zuwa wani nau'i da aka sani da Jirgin Nuhu. [ch.88 ]Jirgin ya fara rushewa kuma Earl ya tsere daga yankin tare da Nuhu Tyki Mikk,wanda Janar Cross Marian ya kusa kashe shi.[ch.129 Earl sannan ya umarci Nuhu ya aika matakin-3 Akumas don kai hari kan hedkwatar Black Order kuma ya kashe masu tsattsauran ra'ayi.[ch.139 ]Kamar yadda masu korar fatara suka rinjayi mamaya,[ch.157 ]yana tsinewa kansa da rashin kashe Allen a lokacin da suka hadu.[ch.158 ]A wani yaƙin Earl ya gano cewa Nea,9almajirin Nuhu na 14, yana cikin Allen kuma yana ƙoƙarin ɗaukar shi a matsayin Nuhu.[ch.189 ]Ko da yake Nea ya yi ƙoƙari ya kashe shi shekaru da yawa da suka wuce,Earl yana so ya kasance kusa da shi kuma ya ba da umarnin sace Allen.[ch.196 Lokacin da Allen ya bar Umarni bayan ya rasa haƙƙinsa a matsayin mai fitar da rai,Earl da Nuhu suka bi shi.Kamar yadda kusurwoyin Earl Allen a cikin wani gari Nea ya mallaki mai fitar da wuta.[ch.218 ]Ya bayyana cewa Earl shine rabin rabin karni na Millennium Earl,wanda ya ɓace kuma ya sake dawowa a matsayin tagwaye Mana D. Campbell da Nea D.Campbell.Mana shine Kunnen yanzu).[ch.219,220 ]Mutuwar Nea ta sa Kunnen ya rasa tunaninsa.Cikin rudewa ana kiransa"Mana"yana cewa Mana "ya tafi",Earl ya watsar da Nea. [ch.221]
Har ila yau,halin ya bayyana a cikin Kaya Kizaki's D.Gray-man Reverse,na biyu D.Gray-man haske novel,wanda a cikinsa ya nemo mutane don ƙirƙirar Akuma.Earl ya sami da yawa amma ya keɓe ƙaramin yaro don wani dalili da ba a sani ba,yana rikitar da abokinsa Road Kamelot.Ya mayar da yaron wurin iyayensa,yana gaya masa ya kirkiro Akuma.
Halaye Earl na iya zama wani babban ɗan'uwan ɗan ƙasar Victoria:mai jujjuyawar siffa a cikin cape da babban hula(boye ƙahonsa),tare da ƙyalli na har abada da kuma abubuwan gani na pince-nez.Ko da yake halinsa sau da yawa yana fara'a, yana saurin bayyana abin da ya fi tsoratar da shi,ɓarna.[ch.3]Earl yana da golem mai suna Lero,laima mai ruwan hoda tare da ƙaramin jack-o-lantern mai magana a bakinsa.Yakan yi magana cikin jin daɗi ko kururuwa,yana ƙara sunansa zuwa ƙarshen kusan kowace jumla.Lero,wanda Earl ke amfani da shi azaman laima mai tashi irin na Mary Poppins,yana da aminci gare shi kuma yana tsare takobinsa. [ch.89 ]Hanya sau da yawa tana ɗaukar Lero ba tare da son rai ba,yana amfani da shi azaman tsintsiya madaidaci ko laima na yau da kullun.[ch.20,23,24]An yi amfani da shi azaman fitila don kiran Akuma, don jigilar masu fitar da mutane da yawa zuwa cikin Jirgin da kuma tsare Nuhu.[ch.4 Lero yana da takobi mai kama da takobin Allen Walker na zubar da jini, wanda ya ba shi mamaki lokacin da suka yi karo da jirgin Nuhu[130]Duk da rashin jin daɗinsa ga Nuhu Nea,Kunnen yana ƙara damuwa lokacin da yake magana game da shi.[ch.202 Reception The Millennium Earl ya sami karbuwa sosai daga manga,anime da sauran wallafe-wallafe.Da yake bitar juzu'in farko na manga,AE Sparrow na IGN ya kwatanta shi da uku daga cikin mugayen Batman Penguin,Joker da Fuska Biyu,waɗannan kamanceceniya.Bugu da ƙari,Sparrow ya kira Millennium Earl a matsayin"mugun abu mai ban tsoro da za ku so ku ƙi". Ross Liversidge na UK Anime Network kuma ya ji daɗin wannan hali,yana yaba da canjin ƙirarsa da ayyukan mugunta. Sheena McNeil ya yarda,yana mai cewa Earl yana aiki da kyau a matsayin muguwar jerin tare da"sautin ƙauna kamar yadda zukata suka nuna a cikin kumfa na magana da murmushi na har abada, dukansu biyun suna nan don sa shi ya ƙara yin zunubi ta hanyar ɓoye gaskiyarsa. dabi'a".Tom Tonhat na Escapist shi ma ya yaba da tsarin Earl na farfado da matattu a matsayin Akuma, yana ganin shi a matsayin jigo mai karfi da ke baiwa masu kallo damar tausayawa wadanda abin ya shafa.Ya kuma lura cewa farkon bayyanar wannan hali a matsayin "marasa barazana a matsayin ɗan wasa mai ɗaukar hankali"ya sa ayyukansa sun fi ƙiyayya.Todd Douglass,Jr.na DVD Talk ya kira Earl's canji na mutane zuwa Akuma"fiendish".Lynzee Loveridge na Anime News Network ya haɗa da shi a jerin9"7 Clowns to Haunt Your Nightmares"na gidan yanar gizon.Erin Finnegan na ANN ya sami wannan hali mai ban sha'awa saboda "ya rataye a cikin wani wuri mai girman gaske tare da jack-o'lanterns"kuma ya kwatanta shi da Mad Pierrot daga jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Cowboy Bebop.Neo ya bayyana cewa yayin da ƙirar Earl ke jin ba ta da wuri, ya dace da nau'in ƙira mai ban tsoro daga masu adawa.
Brian Henson na Mania Beyond Entertainment ya ji daɗin Earl da duhun labarin Nuhu a cikin labarun baya,da Yussif Osman na Japanator ya kira su mugaye amma abin so.Marubuciyar hanyar sadarwa ta Anime News Anne Lauenroth ta soki halin Earl a farkon abubuwan D.Gray-man Hallow;ko da yake ta yi la'akari da shi "bangaren buffoon, part mugun clown"(wanda ya sanya shi "giciye mai ban sha'awa tsakanin ban mamaki da ban tsoro"),"daskararre grin daga jahannama"bai fi tsoro ba.A cikin bita na baya,Lauenroth ya rubuta cewa Earl ya canza daga halin"mai ban sha'awa"a lokacin abubuwan Hallow kuma ba ta fahimci sha'awarsa da Nea ba. Chris Kirby na Fandom Post ya sami sabani na halin da Allen bayan mai fitar da shi ya bar Order a cikin baka na gaba mai tsawo,mai ban sha'awa cliffhanger;masu karatu sun jira sigar yaren turanci su cim ma na Jafananci.An yaba wa wahayin da ke bayan Earl ta ainihin ainihi yayin da jerin ke mayar da hankali kan yaƙe-yaƙe, ƙarar manga ya mayar da hankali kan shi kuma Nea ya mayar da hankali ne kawai a kansu tare da fasaha mai ban sha'awa kuma yana mamakin makomar Earl guda biyu la'akari da Mana ya mallaki Allen, Mana. dan reno.
Neo ya sami aikin Junpei Takiguchi a matsayin ɗan wasan Jafananci na Earl wanda ya fi wanda ya fito daga Turanci, Jason Liebrecht.An ba da shayin madara na Earl tapioca a 2016 D.Grey-man Halloween Cafe a Tokyo,da faci masu alaƙa,fara'a na wayar hannu da kayan kwalliyar kwalliya an sayar da su.
Nassoshi D.Gray-man manga juzu'i na Katsura Hoshino.Asalin sigar Jafananci ta Shueisha ta buga.Fassarar Turanci ta Viz Media ta |
50138 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwo%20Akerele | Taiwo Akerele | Taiwo Francis Akerele, (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Maris, 1976), masanin tattalin arzikin Najeriya ne, marubuci kuma ɗan siyasa, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ma'aikata, gwamnatin jihar Edo a Najeriya daga shekara ta 2016, a cikin Gwamna. Godwin Obaseki ya jagoranci gwamnatin har sai da ya yi murabus a ranar 25 ga watan Afrilu, 2020.
Ilimi da aiki Akerele yayi karatu a Jami'ar Harvard, Jami'ar Carleton, Jami'ar Stellenbosch, Cibiyar Bankin Duniya, Jami'ar Ibadan, da Jami'ar Benin kuma ya kasance memba a Cibiyar Dabaru a Jagoranci, Makarantar Kasuwancin Legas. Kafin a nada shi a matsayin shugaban ma'aikatan jihar Edo, Akerele ya kasance wakilin kungiyar Dabaru a bankin United Bank for Africa. Ya kuma yi aiki a bankin Monument na First City, da kuma tsohon bankin Fidelity Union Merchant Bank, inda ya yi aiki a tsarin aikin bautar kasa na tilas. Kafin nadin nasa a siyasance, Akerele ya kasance babban jami’in kula da harkokin kudi na bankin duniya da kuma shirin samar da aikin yi ga matasa na jihar Edo, inda ya kaddamar da shirye-shirye na gyara kasafin kudi, da kuma kafa dokokin kula da harkokin kudi da na tantancewa ga gwamnatin jihar. Akerele kuma shi ne wakilin kasa na Policy House International sannan kuma shi ne shugaban FCT na kungiyar marubuta ta Najeriya. A watan Yunin 2022, an nada Akerele a matsayin mai ba da shawara na fasaha ga mai ba da shawara kan ayyuka na kasa na shirin NGCares, aikin da Bankin Duniya ke taimakawa a Najeriya.
Siyasa A shekarar 2017, Akerele ya yi tir da yadda ake musgunawa 'yan Najeriya 'yan asalin Edo a kasar Libya, sannan ya sanar da shirin gwamnatin jihar Edo na tabbatar da dawowar su lafiya, da sake hadewa da kuma tsarin karfafa tattalin arzikin da jihar ke daukar nauyinta wanda zai inganta rayuwar wadanda suka dawo. A ranar 25 ga watan Afrilu, 2020, Akerele ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa na shugaban ma’aikata na jihar Edo, saboda rade-radin cewa yana da sabani da Godwin Obaseki ko kuma yana shirin sauya jam’iyyun siyasa. Sai dai Akerele ya ce ya yanke shawarar ne a kan "bangaren mulki da shugabanci". Ya kuma bayyana goyon bayan sa ga Gwamna Godwin Obaseki, tare da nuna jin dadinsa da damar da ya samu na yin aiki a gwamnatin jihar Edo. Bayan murabus din Akerele a matsayin shugaban ma’aikata, jami’an hukumar tsaron farin kaya ta Najeriya, wadda aka fi sani da Department of State Security, suka mamaye gidansa na kashin kansa, inda aka ce sun tafi da wasu fayil da takardu. A taron tunawa da ranar yara ta 2021, wanda a Najeriya ke bikin ranar 27 ga watan Mayu, Akerele ya yi gargadin cewa rufe makarantu a arewacin Najeriya, domin magance matsalolin tsaro da ke kara ta'azzara, zai kara yawan yaran da ba sa zuwa makaranta daga halin yanzu. Yara miliyan 10.5 za su kai miliyan 15 nan da karshen shekarar 2021 "idan ba a magance matsalolin tsaro a sassan Arewa ba, da kuma al'adar rufe makarantu." A watan Yulin 2021, Akerele ya ba da misali da tattara kudaden shiga na "rauni" a matsayin daya daga cikin kalubalen da Najeriya ke fuskanta, duk da cewa basusukan da ake bin kasar na dawwama. Kafin wannan lokacin, Akerele ya bukaci gwamnatin Najeriya da ta goyi bayan rancen kamfanoni masu zaman kansu daga abokan ci gaba, a matsayin mafita ga hanzarta ci gaban ababen more rayuwa. Akerele, yayin da yake mayar da martani kan sabbin abubuwan da ke faruwa a siyasar jihar Edo, ya gargadi jam’iyyar APC mai mulki a Najeriya da ta bi hanyoyin da kundin tsarin mulki ya gindaya, domin hana shigar da ‘yan takara a tunkarar babban zabe na 2023.
Rayuwa ta sirri Akerele is an indigene of Igarra, a cikin Akoko-Edo, Edo State, Nigeria. Yana auren Onayimi Akerele, yana da ‘ya’ya hudu.
Kyaututtuka da karramawa An karrama Akerele ne saboda gudunmawar da ya bayar wajen bunkasa jarin dan Adam a Najeriya a wajen bikin karramawa na Focus Africa Awards Expo. A cikin shekarar 2019, an ba wa Akerele lambar yabo ta hanyar sadarwa ta Afirka don Muhalli da Adalci na Tattalin Arziki don "zama Budaddiyar Hulɗar Gwamnati (OGP)" a Jihar Edo A shekarar 2017, Akerele wanda a lokacin shi ne shugaban ma’aikatan jihar Edo, an karrama shi da sunan “Omokhafe” (“child is home”) a garin Somorika, al’ummar garinsu Akoko Edo Wannan karramawa da HRH Oba Sule Idaiye ya yi, ta kasance ne don karramawa da kokarin ci gaban al’ummar Akerele na goyon bayan Akoko Edo.
Manazarta Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1976
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
24944 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam%20Sandler | Adam Sandler | Adam Richard Sandler (an haife shi a watan Satumba 9, shekarat a1966) ɗan wasan Amurka ne, ɗan wasan barkwanci, kuma mai shirya fim. Ya kasance memba na wasan kwaikwayo a ranar Asabar Night Live daga 1990 zuwa 1995, kafin ya ci gaba da fitowa a fina -finan Hollywood da yawa, waɗanda suka haɗu don samun sama da 2 biliyan a ofishin akwatin. Sandler yana da kimar kusan dala miliyan 420 a shekarar 2020, kuma ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fim guda huɗu tare da Netflix wanda ya zarce dala miliyan 250. Matsayin rawar barkwanci na Sandler sun haɗa da Billy Madison (1995), Happy Gilmore (1996), The Waterboy (1998), Singer Wedding (1998), Big Daddy (1999), Mr. Deeds (2002), 50 First Dates (2004), The Dogon Yard (2005), Danna (2006), Girma Girma (2010), Kawai Ku tafi tare da shi (2011), Grown Ups 2 (2013), Blended (2014), Murist Mystery (2019) da Hubie Halloween (2020). Ya kuma bayyana Dracula a cikin fina <i id="mwOA">-finai ukun farko na Otal ɗin Transylvania Hotel</i> (2012 18).
Wasu daga cikin fina -finansa, galibi fina -finan barkwanci irin su Jack and Jill (ashekarata 2011), an baje kolinsu sosai, kuma Sandler ita ce mai riƙe da lambar yabo ta Golden Raspberry Awards da nade -naden Kyautar Rasberi 37, fiye da kowane ɗan wasan kwaikwayo sai Sylvester Stallone Conversely, da ya sanã'anta yabo domin ban mamaki wasanni a cikin dramedy fina-finan Spanglish (shekarata 2004), sarautar Ni ashekarata (2007), Funny Mutane (ashekarata 2009), da kuma auteur kore fina-finai kamar Paul Thomas Anderson 's Punch-bugu Love ashehkarata 2002 Labarin Meyerowitz na Nuhu Baumbach (2017), da Gem ɗin Uncut Gems (2019). An haifi Sandler a Brooklyn, New York, a ranar 9 ga Satumba, 1966, ga Judith “Judy” née Levine), malamin makarantar gandun daji, da Stanley Sandler, injiniyan lantarki. Iyalinsa Yahudawa ne kuma sun fito ne daga bakin haure na Rasha-yahudawa daga bangarorin biyu. Sandler ya girma a Manchester, New Hampshire, bayan ya koma can yana ɗan shekara shida. Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Manchester ta tsakiya Tun yana matashi, Sandler yana cikin BBYO, ƙungiyar matasa ta Yahudawa. Sandler ya kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Fasaha ta Tisch ta Jami'ar New York a 1988. A farkon aikinsa, a cikin 1987, Sandler ya buga abokin Theo Huxtable, Smitty, a cikin The Cosby Show da Stud Boy ko Trivia Delinquent a cikin wasan MTV wasan Nunin Nesa Bayan fim ɗin sa na farko Going Overboard a cikin 1989, Sandler yayi a cikin kungiyoyin wasan kwaikwayo, tun da farko ya ɗauki matakin a cikin roƙon ɗan'uwansa lokacin yana ɗan shekara 17. Mai wasan barkwanci Dennis Miller ne ya gano shi, wanda ya kama aikin Sandler a Los Angeles kuma ya ba da shawarar shi ga mai gabatar da shirye -shiryen Night Night Lorne Michaels An ɗauki Sandler a matsayin marubuci na SNL ashekearata1990 kuma ya zama fitaccen ɗan wasa a shekara mai zuwa, yana yin suna don kansa ta hanyar yin waƙoƙin asali na nishaɗi, cikinsa har da Waƙar godiya da Waƙar Chanukah Sandler ya gaya wa Conan O'Brien akan The Tonight Show cewa NBC ta kori shi dakuma Chris Farley daga wasan kwaikwayon ashekaransa 1995, kuma ya buga wannan yayin dawowarsa wasan a matsayinsana mai masaukin baki a 2019. A cikin shekaratata 1993, Adam Sandler ya fito a fim ɗin Coneheads tare da Chris Farley, David Spade, Dan Aykroyd, Phil Hartman, da Jane Curtin A cikinshekarata 1994, ya yi tauraro a cikin fimdin Airheads tare da Brendan Fraser da Steve Buscemi 1995-2007 Sandler ya haska a cikin Billy Madison (shekarta 1995) yana wasa babban mutum yana maimaita maki 1-12 don dawo da martabar mahaifinsa da haƙƙin gadon daular otal ɗin miliyoyin daloli na mahaifinsa. Fim din ya yi nasara a ofishin akwatin duk da korafe -korafe marasa kyau. Ya bi wannan fim ɗin tare da Bulletproof (ashekaran1996), da mawakan da suka samu nasarar kuɗi Happy Gilmore (ashekaran1996) da Mawaƙin Mawaƙa (ashekarata1998). Da farko an jefa shi a cikin bachelor -party -themed comedy/thriller Very Bad Abubuwa (1998) amma dole ne ya fice saboda shigarsa The Waterboy (1998), ɗaya daga cikin nasarorinsa farko.
Sandler ya kafa kamfanin shirya fina -finansa, Happy Madison Productions, ashekarata 1999, wanda ya fara samar da ɗan'uwansa SNL alumnus Rob Schneider 'fim Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo Kamfanin ya samar da mafi yawan fina -finan Sandler na baya zuwa yau, kuma yana kan ƙimar Hotunan Sony/ Columbia a Culver City, California Galibin fina -finan kamfanin sun sami sake dubawa mara kyau daga masu sukarta, tare da ganin uku sun kasance cikin mafi munin da aka yi duk da haka mafi yawa sun yi kyau a ofishin akwatin. Sauran waɗanda ke yawan fitowa a fina -finan Sandler sun haɗa da David Spade, Kevin James, Steve Buscemi, Chris Rock, John Turturro, Peter Dante, Allen Covert, Jonathan Loughran, da Jon Lovitz Kodayake finafinan sa na farko ba su sami kulawa mai mahimmanci ba, ya fara samun ƙarin bita mai kyau, farawa daga Punch-Drunk Love a 2002. Binciken Roger Ebert na Punch-Drunk Love ya kammala cewa Sandler ya ɓata a cikin fina-finan da suka gabata tare da rubutattun rubutattun haruffa da haruffa ba tare da wani ci gaba ba. Sandler ya tashi a waje da nau'in wasan barkwanci don ɗaukar manyan ayyuka, kamar wanda aka ambata Punch-Drunk Love, wanda aka zaɓa don Golden Globe, da Mike Binder 's Reign Over Me (2007), wasan kwaikwayo game da mutumin da ya rasa danginsa gaba ɗaya yayin harin 11 ga Satumba, sannan ya yi fafutukar sake sabunta abota da tsohon abokin zama a kwaleji Don Cheadle Haifaffun |
41344 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance | Renaissance | Renaissance neɪsəns/rin-AYUSsənss, ns/ USREN-ə-sahnss) wani lokaci ne a cikin tarihin Turai wanda ke nuna alamar sauyi daga Middle age zuwa modernity da kuma ƙarni na 15 da 16, wanda ke da alaƙa da ƙoƙarin rayar da ra'ayoyi da nasarorin da aka samu. na gargajiya. Ya faru ne bayan Crisis of the late middle ages kuma yana da alaƙa da babban canjin zamantakewa. Baya ga ma'auni na lokaci-lokaci, masu goyon bayan "Long Renaissance" na iya sanya farkonsa a cikin karni na 14 da ƙarshensa a cikin karni na 17. Ra'ayin al'ada ya fi mayar da hankali kan al'amuran zamani na farko na Renaissance kuma suna jayayya cewa hutu ne daga baya, amma yawancin masana tarihi a yau sun fi mayar da hankali kan al'amuran da suka gabata kuma suna jayayya cewa ya kasance tsawo na tsakiyar zamanai. Koyaya, farkon lokacin-farkon Renaissance na karni na 15 da Proto-Renaissance na Italiya daga kusan 1250 ko 1300 sun mamaye sosai tare da Late Middle Ages wanda aka saba da shi zuwa da kuma tsakiyar zamanai su kansu dogon lokaci ne cike da sauye-sauye a hankali, kamar zamani na zamani; kuma a matsayin lokacin tsaka-tsaki tsakanin su biyun, Renaissance yana da kusancin kamanceceniya da duka biyun, musamman ma ƙarshen zamani da farkon farkon ko wannensu. Tushen hankali na Renaissance shine nau'in ɗan adam, wanda aka samo daga ra'ayi na ɗan adam na Roman da sake gano falsafar Girkanci na gargajiya, kamar na Protagoras, wanda ya ce "mutum shine ma'aunin kowane abu". Wannan sabon tunani ya bayyana a fasaha, gine-gine, siyasa, kimiyya da adabi. Misalai na farko sune haɓaka hangen nesa a Oil painting da kuma farfado da ilimin yadda ake yin kankare. Ko da yake ƙirƙirar nau'in nau'in motsi na ƙarfe ya haɓaka yada ra'ayoyin daga karni na 15 na baya, sauye-sauye na Renaissance ba su kasance daidai ba a fadin Turai: alamun farko sun bayyana a Italiya a farkon karni na 13, musamman tare da rubuce-rubucen Dante. da kuma zane-zane na Giotto.
A matsayin motsi na al'adu, Renaissance ya ƙunshi sababbin furanni na Latin da wallafe-wallafen harshe, farawa da farfadowa na 14th na karni na 14 bisa ga tushen al'ada, wanda masu zamani suka ba wa Petrarch; haɓaka hangen nesa na layi da sauran fasahohi na ba da ƙarin gaskiyar halitta a cikin zanen; da kuma gyara a hankali amma tartsatsin ilimi. A cikin siyasa, Renaissance ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban al'adu da tarurruka na diflomasiyya, kuma a cikin kimiyya don ƙarin dogara ga lura da tunani mai zurfi. Ko da yake Renaissance ya ga juyin juya hali a yawancin ilimin kimiyya da ilimin zamantakewa, da kuma gabatar da tsarin banki na zamani da kuma fannin lissafin kuɗi, watakila an fi sani da shi don ci gaban fasaha da kuma gudunmawar irin wannan polymaths kamar Leonardo da Vinci,Michelangelo, wanda ya yi wahayi zuwa kalmar "Mutumin Farko". Renaissance ya fara a Jamhuriyar Florence, daya daga cikin yawancin jihohin Italiya. An gabatar da ra'ayoyi daban-daban don yin la'akari da asalinsa da halayensa, suna mai da hankali kan abubuwa daban-daban ciki har da yanayin zamantakewa da zamantakewa na Florence a lokacin: tsarin siyasarta, goyon bayan danginsa masu rinjaye, Medici, da hijirar malaman Girka da nassosinsu zuwa Italiya bayan faduwar Konstantinoful zuwa Turkawa Ottoman. Sauran manyan cibiyoyin sune jihohin arewacin Italiya kamar Venice, Genoa, Milan, Bologna, Rome a lokacin Renaissance Papacy da Naples. Daga Italiya, Renaissance ya bazu ko'ina cikin Turai a Flanders, Faransa, Burtaniya, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Jamus, Poland, Hungary (tare da Beatrice na Naples) da sauran wurare.
Renaissance yana da tarihin tarihi mai tsawo da, kuma, a cikin layi tare da gaba ɗaya shakku game da lokaci mai mahimmanci, an yi muhawara da yawa a tsakanin masana tarihi da ke mayar da martani ga ɗaukaka na karni na 19 na "Renaissance" da kuma daidaikun jaruman al'adu a matsayin "maza masu farfadowa", suna tambaya. da amfani na Renaissance a matsayin lokaci da kuma a matsayin tarihin delineation. Wasu masu lura sun yi tambaya ko Renaissance ya kasance "ci gaba" al'adu daga tsakiyar zamanai, maimakon ganin shi a matsayin lokaci na rashin tausayi da rashin tausayi ga tsohuwar tarihi, yayin da masana tarihin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, musamman na longue durée, suna da maimakon mayar da hankali kan ci gaba tsakanin zamanin biyu, waɗanda ke da alaƙa, kamar yadda Panofsky ya lura, "ta hanyar thousand ties". Kalmar rinascita ('sake haifuwa') ya fara bayyana a cikin Giorgio Vasari 's Lives of the Artists (c. 1550), an fassara shi azaman Renaissance a cikin shekarar 1830s. Hakanan an fadada kalmar zuwa wasu ƙungiyoyin tarihi da al'adu, kamar Renaissance na Carolingian (ƙarni na 8 da 9), Renaissance na Ottonia (ƙarni na 10 da 11), da Renaissance na ƙarni na 12.
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50313 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda%20Bello | Linda Bello | He
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y Linda Ann Bellos OBE (an haife ta ah shekarar (1950) 13 ga watan Disamba 'yar kasuwa ce a kasar Biritaniya, mai ra'ayin bin mata ne kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin' yan luwadi.A cikin 1981 ta zama mace ta farko a Afirka da ta shiga ƙungiyar Spare Rib .An zabe ta a Majalisar Lambeth Borough Council a Landan a 1985 kuma ta kasance shugabar majalisar daga 1986 zuwa 1988.
kuruciya Bellos an haife shi ne a kasar Landan ga wata Bature Bayahudiya Bature, Renee Sackman, da dan Najeriya, mahaifin Yarbawa, Emmanuel Adebowale, wanda ya fito daga Uzebba kuma ya shiga sojan ruwa a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu.Renee Sackman ta kasance danginta sun yi watsi da ita saboda auren Kirista. An haife shi a Brixton, Bellos ya sami ilimi a Makarantar Sakandaren Mata ta Zamani ta Silverthorne, Dick Sheppard Comprehensive School, da Jami'ar Sussex (1978-81).
Sana'a
Ƙaunar mata Bellos ɗan mata ne mai tsattsauran ra'ayi kuma shine ɗan madigo na farko wanda ba farar fata ba ya shiga ƙungiyar mata ta Spare Rib a 1981. Ta kuma soki yadda harkar ta ke da “maki maki” da kuma yadda harkar mata ta kasance a ganinta, farare ne, mata masu matsakaicin matsayin. Ta ki amincewa da kalmar gaurayen kabilanci saboda ta yi la'akari da cewa duk wani ƙoƙari na bayyana launin fata an rage shi zuwa ma'anar launin fata.Ta yi amfani da kalmar "gaɗaɗɗen gado" maimakon. Bellos mutum ne na al'adun Yahudawa na Afirka da Gabashin Turai.Ta yi amfani da kalmar siyasa da ta haɗa ta "Black" don kwatanta kanta.
'Yar Siyasa Ta kasance mataimakiyar shugabar yakin neman zaben jam'iyyar Labour Party Black Sections don zabar 'yan majalisar dokoki na Afirka, Caribbean da Asiya da na cikin gida a cikin jam'iyyar Labour.
A cikin 1985 an zabi Bellos a matsayin kansilan Lambeth na Lambeth London Borough Council kuma ta kasance shugaban majalisar tsakanin 1986 zuwa 1988. Ita ce Bakar fata ta biyu da ta zama shugabar karamar hukumar Biritaniya, bayan Merle Amory a yankin arewa maso yammacin London na Brent .Bellos ta yi murabus a matsayin shugaba a ranar 21 ga Afrilun 1988, bayan takaddamar da ta kunno kai tsakanin jam’iyyar Labour a kan batun tsara kasafin kudin kansila.Ta kasance fitacciyar jigo a siyasar hagu a Landan a shekarun 1980 kuma jaridar The Sun ta yi mata lakabi da mamba na Loony Left". Bellos yayi yunƙurin zama yan takarar majalisa, ba tare da nasara ba, musamman na Vauxhall, kudancin Landan, a cikin gundumar Lambeth, inda aka yi zaɓe a 1989, bayan murabus ɗin dan majalisar Stuart Holland Mataimakiyar shugabar 'yan bakar fata Martha Osamor ta jam'iyyar cikin gida ne ta zaba a matsayin 'yar takarar majalisar dokoki amma shugaban jam'iyyar Labour Neil Kinnock ya ki amincewa da ita a matsayin ta hagu kuma jam'iyyar ta kasa ta dora Kate Hoey Bellos ta kasance ma'ajin kungiyar Reparations Movement (UK).Ta kasance shugabar Southwark LGBT Network har zuwa Fabrairu 2007 kuma mai ba da shawara ga Majalisar Southwark Daga 2000 zuwa 2003,ta kasance shugabar ƙungiyar shawara ta LGBT ga yan sanda na Biritaniya. Ta kasance yar gwagwarmayar al'umma.
Linda tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙira don Diversity tare da Dr Tony Malone a cikin 2004. Masu kafa biyu sunyi aiki tare da haɗin gwiwar akan ayyukan don shekaru 5. Linda ta ci gaba da abota ta kud da kud da Tony duk da bambancin ra'ayi game da haƙƙin mallaka.
Daidaito A matsayinta na 'yar madigo, Bellos ta yi gardama sosai a farkon shekarun 1980 cewa dole ne a yi la'akari da yanayin zamantakewa, 'yan tsiraru da mafi yawan kabilanci, nakasa, asalin jima'i da addini. Wannan hanya ba ta da farin jini a lokacin. Kwanan nan, Bellos tana koya wa ma'aikata aiki da ma'aikatansu yin amfani da Dokar Daidaito ta 2010, Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1998 da sauran dokokin daidaito. Musamman ta samo asalin watan Tarihin Baƙar fata a Burtaniya yayin da take shugabar Sashin Dabarun London.
Bellos ta yi aiki kan daidaito tsakanin ƙungiyoyin jama'a da yawa, gami da Sojojin Burtaniya da Sabis na 'Yan Sanda na Biritaniya.Ta kasance mai ba da shawara mai zaman kanta ga 'yan sanda na Biritaniya, Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Crown, da Ƙungiyar Manyan Jami'an 'yan sanda.
Ita mamba ce ta kafa kuma tsohuwar shugabar Cibiyar Daidaituwa da Ma'aikatan Diversity.
Nasiha Bellos tana ba da daidaito, bambance-bambancen da kuma shawarwari game da haƙƙin ɗan adam da sabis na horarwa ga sassan kasuwancin Burtaniya da na jama'a da ba don riba ba.Ana kiran kamfaninta Linda Bellos Associates Rediyo, TV, da rubutu Bellos bakuwa ce ne na yau da kullun a shirye-shiryen rediyo da talabijin, tana ba da gudummawa ga tattaunawa kan batutuwa da yawa da suka hada da daidaito, 'yancin ɗan adam da kuma mata.
A matsayinta na marubuciya, ta ba da gudummawa ga yawancin tarihi, ciki har da IC3: The Penguin Book of New Black Writing a Biritaniya Ta sirin rayuwa A 1970 ta auri Jonathan Bellos, sun haifi ‘ya’ya biyu, a shekara 1974 da 1976. Ta fito a matsayin 'yar madigo a 1980, kuma aurenta ya ƙare a cikin saki a 1983. Linda ta bar 'ya'yanta su zauna a cikin jama'ar kowa da kowa.
A ranar 21 ga Disamba 2005, Bellos da abokin aikinta, Caroline Jones, sun shiga haɗin gwiwar farar hula Caroline ta mutu a cikin 2015. A cikin 2020, Bellos ya shiga haɗin gwiwa tare da Marian Davis.
Kyauta A ranar Tara ga watan Disamba shekara 2002, an gabatar da Bellos (tare da Stephen Bourne tare da lambar yabo na 'yan sanda Metropolitan "saboda gudunmawar tallafawa al'ummar gari."da tayi A cikin shekaran 2006, an ba ta lambar yabo ta OBE a cikin sabuwar shekara ta Sarauniya don hidima ga bambancin. Ta jajirce wajen karbar lambar yabo saboda tana ganin alakarta da rusasshiyar Daular a matsayin bata lokaci kuma ya kamata a canza sunan mai martaba. Iyalan ta ne suka kwadaitar da ita. Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun |
29954 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel | Sahel | Sahel sə hɛl ħil], "coast, shore") shine yanayin da rayuwa na canjin Hamada a Afirka tsakanin Sahara zuwa arewa da savanna na Sudan zuwa kudu. Da yake da yanayi maras bushewa, ya ratsa tsakiyar kudu ta tsakiya na Arewacin Afirka tsakanin Tekun Atlantika da Kuma na Bahar Maliya Yankin Sahel na Afirka ya hada daga yamma zuwa gabas na arewacin ƙasarSenegal, kudancin ƙasar Mauritaniya, tsakiyar ƙasar Mali, arewacin ƙasar Burkina Faso, da matsananci kudancin ƙasashen Aljeriya, Nijar, matsananciyar arewacin ƙasar Najeriya, iyakar arewacin ƙasar Kamaru da Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, tsakiyar Afirka Chadi, tsakiya da kudancin Sudan, iyakar arewacin Sudan ta Kudu, Eritriya da kuma arewacin Habasha A tarihi, yankin yammacin Sahel wani lokaci ana kiransa yankin Sudan bilād as-sūdān "Ƙasashen Sudan"). Wannan bel ɗin yana kusa tsakanin Sahara da yankunan bakin teku na yammacin Afirka.
Geography Yankin Sahel ya daga Tekun Atlantika daga yamma zuwa Bahar Maliya a gabas, a cikin bel ɗin da ya bambanta daga ɗari da yawa zuwa kilomita dubu (c. 600 miles) a faɗinsa, wanda ke da Wani yanki ne na rikon kwarya na ciyayi maras bushewa, savannas, ciyayi, da ciyayi masu ƙaya da ke kwance tsakanin savanna na Sudan mai dazuzzuka zuwa kudu da Sahara a arewa. Hotunan yanayin yankin Sahel ya fi karkata ne; Yawancin yankin yana tsakanin kimanin a cikin girma. Tsaunukan tsaunuka da dama sun tashi daga yankin Sahel, amma kuma an sanya su a matsayin yankuna daban-daban saboda flora da namun daji sun bambanta da wuraren da ke kewaye. Ruwan sama na shekara ya bambanta daga kusan a arewacin Sahel zuwa kusan a kudu.
Flora da fauna Yankin Sahel galibi yana cike da ciyayi da savanna, tare da wuraren dazuzzuka da ciyayi. Murfin ciyawa yana ci gaba da ci gaba da kasancewa a duk faɗin yankin, wanda nau'ikan ciyawa na shekara-shekara ke mamaye su kamar Cenchrus biflorus, Schoenefeldia gracilis da Aristida stipoides Nau'in acacia sune manyan bishiyoyi, tare da Acacia tortilis sun fi kowa, tare da Acacia senegal da Acacia laeta Sauran nau'in bishiyoyi sun hada da Commiphora africana, Balanites aegyptiaca, Faidherbia albida, da Boscia senegalensis A arewacin yankin Sahel, yankunan hamada, da suka hada da Panicum turgidum da Aristida sieberana, madaidaicin wuraren ciyawa da savanna. A cikin dogon lokacin rani, Kuma bishiyoyi da yawa suna rasa ganye kuma galibin ciyawa a kowace shekara suna mutuwa.
Sahel ta kasance gida ne ga ɗimbin dabbobi masu kiwo, ciki har da scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah), dama gazelle (Gazella dama), Dorcas gazelle (Gazella dorcas), gazelle mai ja (Gazella rufifrons), ƙaton buffalo na prehistoric. Pelorovis da Bubal hartebeest (Alcelaphus busephalus buselaphus), tare da manyan mafarauta irin su kare daji na Afirka Lycaon pictus Arewa maso yammacin Afrika cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus hecki), Arewa maso gabashin Afrika cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus soemmeringii) thetheran leo) Kuma An rage nau'in nau'in da yawa ta hanyar farauta da gasa tare da dabbobi masu rauni Damazelle Dama Gazelle da Dog na Afirka ko kuma suka lalata Oryx mai ƙaho na Scimitar mai yiwuwa ya ɓace a cikin daji, kuma duka Pelorovis da Bubal hartebeest yanzu sun ɓace).
Dausayin yanayi na Sahel yana da mahimmanci sosai ga tsuntsaye masu ƙaura da ke tafiya a cikin Afirka da kuma kan titin Afirka-Eurasia Yanayi Yankin Sahel yana da yanayi mai raɗaɗi na wurare masu zafi Köppen yanayin rarrabuwa BSH Yanayin yawanci zafi, rana, bushewa da ɗan iska duk tsawon shekara. Yanayin yankin Sahel yana kama da, amma bai wuce yanayin hamadar Sahara da ke arewa ba.
Yankin Sahel yana samun ƙarancin hazo kaɗan zuwa rahusa kowace shekara. Takin yana da tsayi mai tsayi, lokacin rani mai yawa da kuma ɗan gajeren lokacin damina. Hazo kuma ba a saba da shi ba, kuma ya bambanta sosai daga yanayi zuwa yanayi. Yawancin ruwan sama yakan sauka a cikin watanni hudu zuwa shida a tsakiyar shekara, yayin da sauran watannin na iya zama bushewa. Gabaɗaya cikin yankin Sahel yana karɓar tsakanin kusan 200 mm da 700 mm na ruwan sama a shekara. Tsarin rarrabuwar kawuna da aka saba ɗauka don yanayin Sahel bisa ga ruwan sama na shekara shine kamar haka: yanayin Sahara-Sahelian, tare da ma'anar hazo tsakanin shekara a ƙalla 100 zuwa 200. mm (kamar Khartoum, Sudan), matsanancin yanayi na Sahel, tare da ma'anar hazo tsakanin 200 zuwa 700 na shekara-shekara. mm (kamar Niamey, Nijar) da yanayin Sahelian-Sudan, tare da ma'anar hazo tsakanin 700 zuwa 1,200 kowace shekara. mm (kamar Bamako, Mali). Dangantakar zafi a cikin ciyayi yana ƙasa da ƙasa sosai, yawanci tsakanin kashi 10% zuwa 25% a lokacin rani kuma tsakanin kashi 25% zuwa 75% a lokacin damina. Mafi ƙanƙanta danshi yana da dangi zafi ƙasa da 35%.
Yankin Sahel yana da yanayi na dindindin, mai tsananin zafi, tare da yanayin zafi maras bambanta. Sahel ba kasafai ke fuskantar yanayin sanyi ba. A lokacin mafi zafi, matsakaicin matsakaicin yanayin zafi yana tsakanin (har ma da ƙari a cikin yankuna mafi zafi), sau da yawa fiye da watanni uku, yayin da matsakaicin ƙananan yanayin zafi yana kusa da A lokacin "lokaci mafi sanyi", matsakaicin yanayin zafi yana tsakanin kuma matsakaicin ƙananan yanayin zafi yana tsakanin Ko'ina a cikin Sahel, matsakaicin matsakaicin zafin jiki ya wuce Yankin Sahel yana da tsayi zuwa tsayin daka sosai a duk shekara, tsakanin sa'o'i 2,400 (kusan kashi 55% na sa'o'in hasken rana da sa'o'i 3,600 (fiye da 80% na sa'o'in hasken rana). Tsawon lokacin hasken rana a yankin Sahel yana fuskantar matakan hamada, kuma yana kama da na hamadar Larabawa, alal misali, duk da cewa yankin Sahel yanki ne kawai ba hamada ba. Murfin girgije yana ƙasa da ƙasa sosai. Misali, Yamai, Nijar na da hasken rana na sa'o'i 3,082; Gao, Mali yana da kusan sa'o'i 3,385 na hasken rana; Timbuktu na kasar Mali yana da sa'o'i 3,409 na rana, kuma N'Djamena na kasar Chadi yana da hasken rana na sa'o'i kusan 3,205.
Al'adu A al'adance, yawancin mutanen yankin Sahel sun kasance ƴan ƙauye ne, noma da kiwon dabbobi a cikin tsarin da bai dace ba, wanda tabbas shine mafi ɗorewa hanyar amfani da yankin Sahel. Bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin busasshiyar Arewa mai yawan sinadiran kasa da kuma kudu mai dausayi mai yawan ciyayi, ana amfani da shi ne ta hanyar samun makiyayan suna kiwo abinci mai inganci a Arewa a lokacin damina, da tattakin kilomita dari zuwa Kudu don kiwo. akan mafi yawan abinci, amma ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki yayin lokacin bushewa.
A Yammacin Sahel, auren mata fiye da daya da kuma auren kananan yara ya zama ruwan dare. Ana kuma yi wa mata kaciya a wannan yankin Sahel.
Etymology An aro kalmar “Sahel” ne daga sunan yankin Larabci, a zahiri yana nufin "gabas, tudu", wanda aka bayyana a matsayin nuni na alama ga gefen kudu na babban yankin Sahara. Duk da haka, a irin wannan amfani ba a tabbatar da shi a cikin Larabci na gargajiya ba, kuma an yi nuni da cewa kalmar ta yiwu asalinta ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Larabci "a fili" maimakon.
Tarihi
Farkon noma Kusan kashi 4000 BC, yanayin Sahara da Sahel ya fara bushewa cikin sauri da sauri. Wannan sauyin yanayi ya sa tafkuna da koguna sun ragu sosai kuma ya haifar da karuwar hamada Wannan, ta biyun, ya rage yawan ƙasar da za ta iya zama matsuguni kuma ya haifar da ƙaura na al'ummomin noma zuwa yanayi mafi ɗanɗano a yammacin Afirka Masarautar Sahel Masarautun Sahel jerin masarautu ne da aka kafa a yankin Sahel tsakanin ƙarni na 9 da 18. Arzikin jihohin ya samo asali ne daga sarrafa hanyoyin kasuwanci da ke ratsa sahara a cikin hamada, musamman ma kasashen musulmi. Ƙarfinsu ya samo asali ne daga samun manyan dabbobi kamar raƙuma da dawakai waɗanda suke da sauri don kiyaye babbar daula a ƙarƙashin ikon tsakiya kuma suna da amfani a yaƙi. sannan Duk waɗannan masarautu an raba su sosai tare da manyan biranen da ke da ikon cin gashin kansu. Manyan masarautun Sahel na farko sun bayyana bayan AD 750 kuma sun tallafa wa manyan biranen kasuwanci a yankin Niger Bend, ciki har da Timbuktu, Gao da Djenné Jihohin Sahel dai an hana su fadada kudanci zuwa yankin dazuzzukan jihar Bonoman da ke arewacin kasar Akan da kuma kabilar Yarbawa kasancewar mayaƙan da suka hau duk ba su da wani amfani a cikin dazuzzukan kuma dawakai da raƙuma sun kasa tsira daga zafin rana da cututtuka na yankin.
Zaman mulkin mallaka Yammacin Sahel ya fada hannun Faransa a ƙarshen karni na 19 a matsayin wani yanki na Faransanci na Yammacin Afirka An ƙara Chadi a cikin shekarata 1900 a matsayin wani yanki na Faransa Equatorial Africa An raba yankunan Faransanci a cikin shekarata 1960.
Gabashin Sahel (bangaren da ake kira Sudan bai fada hannun turawan turai ba amma Muhammad Ali na Masar ya hade shi a shekara ta 1820. Ya kasance ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Burtaniya a matsayin wani ɓangare na Masarautar Masarautar Masar a cikin shekarar 1914. Yankin Sahel na Sudan ya zama wani yanki na Sudan mai cin gashin kansa a Shekarar 1956, kuma Sudan ta Kudu ta sami 'yancin kai daga Sudan a shekarar 2011.
Fari na baya-bayan nan Tsawon shekaru aru-aru, yankin Sahel yana fama da fari da fari a kai a kai. Daya megadrought ya kasance daga 1450 zuwa 1700, 250 shekaru. An yi wani babban fari a yankin Sahel a shekara ta 1914 wanda ruwan sama ya yi kasa da matsakaicin shekara, wanda ya haifar da yunwa mai yawa. Daga shekarun 1951 zuwa 2004, yankin Sahel ya fuskanci fari mai tsauri da tsanani a Afirka. A shekarun 1960 an sami karuwar ruwan sama mai yawa a yankin, wanda hakan ya sa yankin arewa mai busasshiyar ya fi samun sauki. Akwai turawa, da gwamnatoci suka goyi bayan mutane su koma arewa. Lokacin da dogon lokaci na fari daga shekarata 1968 zuwa 1974 ya fara, kiwo cikin sauri ya zama marar dorewa kuma babban sikelin ya biyo baya. Kamar fari a shekara ta 1914, wannan ya haifar da yunwa mai yawa, amma a wannan karon an ɗan husata da ganin duniya da kuma fitar da taimako. Wannan bala'i ya kai ga kafa asusun bunkasa noma na duniya 2010 fari Tsakanin Yuni da Agusta shekarata 2010, yunwa ta afkawa yankin Sahel. Noman Nijar sun kasa girma a lokacin zafi, 350,000 sun fuskanci yunwa, kuma 1,200,000 na fuskantar barazanar yunwa. A kasar Chadi zazzabi ya kai a ranar 22 ga watan Yuni a Faya-Largeau, ya karya tarihin da aka kafa a 1961 a wuri guda. Nijar ta yi daurin gindin mafi girman yanayin zafi a shekarar 1998, haka kuma a ranar 22 ga watan Yuni, a 47.1. °C a Bilma An karya wannan rikodin washegari, lokacin da Bilma ta ci An kai ga mafi zafi da aka yi rikodin a Sudan a ranar 25 ga Yuni, a a Dongola, ya karya tarihin da aka kafa a 1987. Nijar ta ba da rahoto a ranar 14 ga Yuli cewa zawo, yunwa, gastroenteritis, rashin abinci mai gina jiki da cututtukan numfashi sun yi rashin lafiya ko kuma kashe yara da yawa. Sabuwar mulkin sojan ya nemi agajin abinci na kasa da kasa tare da daukar kwararan matakai na kiran agajin kasashen waje. A ranar 26 ga Yuli, zafi ya kai kusan matsayi na tarihi a kan Chadi da Nijar, kuma a arewacin Nijar kimanin mutane 20 sun mutu sakamakon rashin ruwa a ranar 27 ga Yuli.
Hamada da asarar ƙasa Yankin Sahel na fuskantar matsalolin muhalli da ke haifar da dumamar yanayi Idan har sauyin yanayi a yankin Sahel "ba a yi tafiyar hawainiya ba kuma kwararowar hamada ta yiwu a koma ta hanyar ayyuka masu ɗorewa da kowane nau'i na dazuzzuka, lokaci kaɗan ne kawai" ƙasashe kamar Nijar sun rasa ƙasarsu gaba ɗaya zuwa hamada saboda rashin tsaro da ba a kula da su ba. ayyukan mutane. Fiye da noma, kiwo, yawan jama'a da yawa, da zaizayar kasa, sun haifar da hamada mai tsanani a yankin. Wannan ya shafi ginin matsuguni, wanda ya sa ya zama dole a canza kayan da aka yi amfani da su. An gabatar da aikin gine-ginen da babu itace a yankin Sahel a shekarar 1980 ta taron karawa juna sani na raya kasa, wanda tun a wancan lokaci ya sami babban tasiri a yankin. Wani babban shiri na yaki da kwararowar hamada a yankin Sahel ta hanyar dazuzzuka da sauran ayyukan shi ne Babbar Ganuwar Kore Manyan guguwar ƙura suma suna faruwa akai-akai. A cikin watan Nuwamban shekarar 2004, yawan guguwar ƙura da dama ta afkawa ƙasar Chadi, wadda ta samo asali daga Bala'in Bodélé Wannan yanki ne gama gari don guguwar ƙura, wanda ke faruwa akan matsakaita akan kwanaki 100 kowace shekara.
A ranar 23 ga Maris,Na shekarata 2010, wata babbar guguwa mai yashi ta afkawa Mauritaniya, da Senegal, da Gambiya, da Guinea-Bissau, da Gini, da Saliyo na cikin gida. Wani kuma ya afku a kudancin Aljeriya, da Mauritania na cikin gida, da Mali da kuma arewacin Ivory Coast a lokaci guda.
Rashin zaman lafiya da tashin hankali Kungiyoyin ta'addanci da suka hada da Boko Haram da Al-Qaeda a yankin Magrib (AQIM) da ke aiki a yankin Sahel sun taimaka wajen tashe-tashen hankula, tsatsauran ra'ayi da rashin zaman lafiya a yankin. A watan Maris din shekarar shekarata 2020, Amurka ta aika da wakili na musamman a yankin Sahel domin yakar tashe-tashen hankula daga kungiyoyin 'yan ta'adda. Manzo Peter Pham ya fara sabon aikinsa a ranar 1 ga Maris shekarar 2020. Ya kasance wakilin Amurka na musamman a yankin manyan tabkuna na Afirka tun watan Nuwamba shekarata 2018.
Rikicin makiyaya da manoma a Najeriya, Mali, Sudan da sauran kasashe a yankin Sahel ya ta'azzara saboda sauyin yanayi, gurbacewar kasa, da karuwar jama'a Ana kuma danganta fari da karancin abinci da rikicin Arewacin Mali A ranar 9 ga Yuli, shekarata 2020, Amurka ta nuna damuwa game da karuwar zarge-zargen take hakin bil'adama da cin zarafi daga jami'an tsaron jihar a Sahel. Amsar Amurka ta zo ne bayan Human Rights Watch ta fitar da wasu takardu dangane da hakan a ranar 1 ga Yuli. Rahotanni a watan Maris din shekarar 2022 sun nuna cewa mayakan na ci gaba da bazuwa a Kudancin Sahel.
Wurare masu kariya Yankunan da aka kare a Sahel sun hada da Ferlo Nord Reserve a Senegal, Sylvo-Pastoral and Partial Faunal Reserve na Sahel a Burkina Faso, Ansonga-Ménake Faunal Reserve a Mali, Tadres Reserve a Nijar, da Waza National Park a Kamaru.
Duba wasu abubuwan
Manazarta
Sources Azam (ed. Rikici da Ci gaban Afirka: Sahel, Kungiyar Hadin Kan Tattalin Arziki da Ci Gaba (1999), Lagha CHEGROUCHE, "L'arc géopolitique de l'énergie le croissant énergétique, in Le Soir d'Algérie, 19/12/2010
Ci gaba da karatu Rikicin da ke ci gaba da karuwa a yankin Sahel na Afirka: Saurari hadin gwiwa a gaban kwamitin kula da harkokin Afirka, da kiwon lafiya na duniya, da kare hakkin bil'adama na duniya, da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa da na gabas ta tsakiya da arewacin Afirka da kuma kwamitin kula da ayyukan ta'addanci, hana yaduwar makamai da cinikayya na kwamitin a kasashen waje. Al'amura, Majalisar Wakilai, Majalisa Dari Dari Sha Uku, Zama Na Farko, Mayu 21, 2013
Moseley, WG 2008. "Ƙarfafa Rayuwar Rayuwa a Sahelian Yammacin Afirka: Geography na Ci gaba da Rashin Ci gaba a Yanki na Gefe." Geographische Rundschau Bugu na Ƙasashen Duniya, 4(4): 44–50. Simon, L., A. Mattelaer da A. Hadfield (2012) "Tsarin Haɗin gwiwar EU don Sahel" Brussels: Majalisar Turai (DG don Manufofin Waje).
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
22573 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne%20LaBastille | Anne LaBastille | Anne LaBastille (An haife ta a ranar 20 ga watan Nuwamban, shekara ta 1933 ta mutu ranar 1 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta 2011) marubuciya ce Ba'amurkiya, masanin yanayin kasa, kuma mai daukar hoto. Ita ce marubucin littattafai fiye da goma, ciki har da Woodswoman, Beyond Black Bear Lake, da Matan Jeji Ta kuma rubuta labarai sama da 150 da kuma takardun kimiyya sama da 25. Asusun kula da namun daji na duniya da kungiyar masu binciken ne suka karrama ta saboda aikin da ta yi na farko a fannin kimiyyar halittu a Amurka da Guatemala. LaBastille ya kuma ɗauki hotuna da yawa na namun daji, da yawa daga cikin su an buga su a cikin wallafe-wallafen ɗabi'a.
Farkon rayuwa da aure LaBastille an haife shi ne a Montclair, New Jersey, ɗa ɗaya tilo na Ferdinand LaBastille, farfesa, da Irma Goebel, mawaƙin makada, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo da mawaƙa. Cikakken sunanta Mariette Anne LaBastille, duk da cewa ba ta taɓa amfani da sunanta na farko ba. Yayinda ake yawan rubuta ranar haihuwarta a matsayin Nuwamba 20, shekarar 1935, asalin haihuwarta shine a ranar 20 ga watan Nuwamban, shekara ta 1933, wanda Valerie J. Nelson na Los Angeles Times ta gano yayin shirya labulen LaBastille. LaBastille ya yi aure na shekaru bakwai zuwa CV "Manjo" Bowes (an haife ta 29 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1919; ya mutu a ranar 25 ga watan Oktoban shekara ta 2012), mai gidan Covewood Lodge a kan Big Moose Lake, New York Ba su da yara.
Ilimi da aiki LaBastille samu ta Ph.D. a cikin Kimiyyar Lafiyar Dabbobi daga Jami'ar Cornell a shekara ta 1969. Har ila yau, tana da MS a cikin Gudanar da Dabbobi daga Jami'ar Jihar Colorado a shekara ta (1958), da kuma BS a cikin Karewar Albarkatun Kasa daga Cornell shekara ta (1955). LaBastille ya fara ne a matsayin marubuci mai ba da gudummawa ga mujallu da yawa na namun daji, gami da Sierra Club da National Geographic Ta zama mai lasisin Jagoran Jihar New York a cikin shekara ta 1970 kuma ta ba da sabis na jagora don jakunkunan baya da kwale-kwale zuwa Adirondacks. Ta kuma ba da karatuna na jeji da laccoci sama da shekaru arba'in, ta shiga ƙungiyoyin kiyaye tsaunuka masu yawa na New York Adirondack Mountains, kuma ta kasance a kan Hukumar Kula da Wakilcin Hukumar Adirondack Park na Kwamishinoni na tsawon shekaru 17. Ta yi tafiya cikin duniya kuma tayi aiki tare da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da yawa don yin karatu da kuma rage tasirin lalata ruwan sama da gurɓataccen ruwa a tafkuna da namun daji.
Jerin Woodswoman Shahararrun littattafan LaBastille, jerin Woodswoman, saƙo ne guda huɗu waɗanda suka shafi shekaru arba'in na rayuwarta a cikin tsaunukan Adirondack kuma sun ba da labarin dangantakarta da jeji. Wahayi daga Henry David Thoreau 's Walden, LaBastille ta sayi ƙasa a gefen wani tabki na dutse a cikin Adirondacks, inda ta gina katako a cikin shekara ta 1964. A farkon littafinta na farko, Woodswoman a shekarar (1976), ta rubuta yadda ake samun kayan aiki da gina gidan tare da taimakon wasu masassaƙan gida. Don kaucewa yanke tsohuwar gandun daji mai girma a kan kadarorin, ta sayi katako da aka riga aka yanke daga injin dutsen gida kuma ta yi amfani da katako da aka siyo kantin sayar da katako a ciki, rufin, murfin ƙofofi, da taga taga. Ragowar Woodswoman ta rubuta abubuwan da ta faru a cikin wannan katako ba tare da jin daɗi ba kamar wutar lantarki ko ruwan famfo, da kuma binciken da ta yi a cikin jejin Adirondacks. A cikin littafinta na biyu, Bayan Lake Bear Black (1987), ta bayyana yadda ta gina ƙaramin gida na biyu, Thoreau II, a wani yanki mafi nisa na dukiyarta don samun ƙarin ƙwarewar Walden. Dukkan littattafan farko da na biyu sun binciki kawayenta, soyayyarsu, aurenta na baya, dankon zumuncinta da karninta makiyayan Jamusawa, yanayin yanayi da kwarararta, da kuma kokarin kiyayewa. Ta gudanar da bincike a kan hadari, kuma daga karshe ta mutu, katuwar farar fatar kudi mai suna grebe Littattafai biyu na ƙarshe na jerin, Woodswoman III (1997) da Woodswoman IV (2003), kamfanin buga LaBastille ne ya buga su, "West of the Wind Publications, Inc". A cikin duka matakan, LaBastille ta hada da labaran da ke nuna irin wahalar da ke tattare da juzu'in aiki mai yawan gaske wanda ya kunshi rubuce-rubuce na kai tsaye, koyarwar ilimi, da aikin tuntuba kan kiyayewa, tare da burin ta na neman komawa daji. A cikin Woodswoman III, ta kuma tattauna yadda gurɓatattun abubuwa ke gurɓata tafkin ta na nesa; ita kadai ce tushen ruwan sha. Saboda wannan, ta sayi gonar gona kusa da ƙauyen Wadhams a cikin Garin Westport kusa da gabar yamma na Tafkin Champlain Gidan gona yana da kayan aiki na zamani kamar waya da wutar lantarki, amma yana cikin iyakokin Adirondack Park Ta rubuta a cikin Woodswoman IV yadda matsayinta mai tsauri game da ci gaban Adirondack Park ya haifar da sabani da makiya. Ta sami barazanar mutuwa, an fasa gidan nata da ke nesa kuma an kone gidan ajiye kayayyakin Westport. Ta fara aiki a kan Woodswoman V jim kaɗan bayan wallafa Woodswoman IV Ta bayyana yadda buga kai da kai ya kasance mai fa'ida, amma ya kwashe lokaci mai mahimmanci da take buƙata don rubutu. Ba ta taɓa gama Woodswoman V ba Aikin Documerica LaBastille na daga cikin Documerica Project wanda Protectionungiyar Kare Muhalli ta haɓaka (EPA). Daga shekara ta 1971 zuwa shekara ta 1977, EPA ta ɗauki hayar masu ɗaukar hoto masu zaman kansu don ɗaukar hoto yankunan da ke da matsalolin mahalli, ayyukan EPA, da kuma a waje. Hotunan LaBastille galibi an ɗauke su ne a arewacin New York kuma ana nuna batutuwa daban-daban, gami da kyawawan dabi'u da namun daji, matsalolin muhalli, yaɗuwar birni, da rayuwar yau da kullun a cikin ƙananan ƙauyuka.
Daga baya rayuwa da mutuwa A cikin shekarun ta na baya, LaBastille ta fara rage ƙarancin lokaci a komawar dutsen ta. A cikin Woodswoman ta IV kuma a wata hira da mujallar tsofaffin ɗalibai ta Cornell, LaBastille ta lura cewa hauhawar yanayin duniya ya canza dukiyarta ta gefen tafki daga gida zagaye-zagaye zuwa shekara. A cikin shekara ta 1960s da farkon shekara ta 1970s, wani ɗan kankara mai kauri da aka kafa akan tafkin, don haka ya ba da damar yin dusar ƙanƙara a duk faɗin ta daga ƙarshen Nuwamba zuwa ƙarshen Afrilu. Amma a cikin shekaru masu zuwa yanayin zafi na hunturu da ruwan sama na watan Fabrairu sun kai ga kankara ƙanƙan da kankara, yin tafiye-tafiye a ƙetaren tafkin cin amana da rashin tabbas. Ba tare da maƙwabta shekara-shekara ko waya a cikin yanayin gaggawa, LaBastille ta zaɓa don dakatar da kashe lokacin hunturu a cikin gidan. A maimakon haka sai ta dau tsawon lokaci a gonar ta kusa da Lake Champlain. Koyaya, ta rubuta cewa ta ajiye dutsen ta koma matsayinta na "wurin fakewa, amintacce, wuri ne mai lumana don rubutu da tunani. A cikin shekara ta 2007, har yanzu tana zaune na ɗan lokaci a cikin gidan ta na gefen tafki. A cikin shekara ta 2008, LaBastille ta yi rashin lafiya kuma ta kasa kulawa da kanta a gida. John Davis, Daraktan Kiyayewa na Majalisar Adirondack, yana rubutu game da tafiyarsa ta cikin Adirondacks a shekara ta 2008 ta rubuta, "Ya ƙaunataccena abokiyar karatuna ta Park shekaru da yawa, Anne LaBastille ta kasance a karon farko cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar da ta ɓace lokacin rani a gidan ƙaunatacciyar ƙaunarta a arewacin nan, saboda ga damuwar lafiya. LaBastille ya mutu ne daga cutar Alzheimer a gidan kula da tsofaffi a Plattsburgh, New York a ranar 1 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta 2011.
Daraja 1974 Asusun Kula da Dabbobin Duniya lambar Zinare don Adanawa 1980 Doctorates na Adabi da Wasikun Mutum daga Kwalejin Union, Schenectady, NY
1984 Bayyana Daraja daga Kungiyar Masu Binciken 1986 Kyautar Tsoffin Daliban, Jami'ar Cornell, Kwalejin Aikin Gona da Kimiyyar Rayuwa 1987 Warner College of Natural Resources Daraja Alumnus Alumna Award, Jami'ar Jihar Colorado 1988 Jade of Chiefs Award daga Writungiyar Marubutan Waje ta Amurka 1990 Doctor na girmamawa na Haruffa daga Kwalejin Ripon, Wisconsin. 1990 Dakta Mai Digiri na Kimiyya daga Jami'ar Jiha ta New York a Albany Lambar Zinare ta 1993 daga ofungiyar Mace Masu Kula 1994 Roger Tory Peterson Award for National Nature Ilmantarwa.
2001 Wayne G. Basler Shugaban Kwarewa na Hadin Kai na Arts, Rhetoric and Science a East Tennessee State University. Kyautar Gwarzon Rayuwa ta 2008, Adirondack Awards Literary Awards 2008 Howard Zahniser Adirondack Award da theungiyar Kare Adirondacks ta bayar. Gwarzon girmamawa na watan Mata na Kasa na 2009, 2009: Mata Suna Kan Gaba Wajen Ceto Duniyarmu
Littattafai Mulkin Bird na Mayas. LaBastille-Bowes, Anne. Anita Benarde ya kwatanta. Van Nostrand, Princeton, NJ. 1967.
Farar Barewa. LaBastille, Anne. Wildungiyar namun daji ta kasa, 1973. Daji Bobcats. LaBastille, Anne. Wildungiyar namun daji ta kasa, 1973. ISBN 0-912186-07-0
Possarancin Gida, Babban Abokin Ranger Rick. LaBastille, Anne. Wildungiyar namun daji ta kasa, 1974. ISBN 0-912186-08-9
Iyalan Hatim. LaBastille, Anne. Wildungiyar namun daji ta kasa 1974. ISBN 0-912186-09-7
Yar Woods. LaBastille, Anne. EP Dutton, New York, 1976. ISBN 0-525-23715-1
Sanyawa: Namun Daji. LaBastille, Anne. Dutton, New York, 1980. ISBN 0-525-05910-5
Mata da Jeji. LaBastille, Anne. Littattafan Sierra Club, San Francisco, 1980. ISBN 0-87156-234-0
Beyond Black Bear Lake. LaBastille, Anne. Norton, New York, 1987. ISBN 0-393-02388-5
Mama Poc Lissafin masanin kimiyyar halittu game da bacewar wani jinsi. LaBastille, Anne. WW Norton, New York. 1990. ISBN 0-393-02830-5
Duniyar jeji ta Anne LaBastille. LaBastille, Anne. Yammacin Litattafan Iska, Westport, NY 1992. ISBN 0-9632846-0-6
Tsuntsaye na Mayas: Tatsuniyoyin Maya Jagoran filin zuwa tsuntsayen duniyar Maya Kammalallen jerin tsuntsayen. Written and illustrated by LaBastille, Anne. Yammacin Labarin Iska, Westport, NY 1993.
Woodswoman III: Littafin uku na abubuwan da Woodswoman ta yi. LaBastille, Anne. Yammacin Labarin Iska, Westport, NY 1997. ISBN 0-9632846-1-4
Jaguar Totem. LaBastille, Anne. Yammacin Labarin Iska, Westport, NY 1999. ISBN 0-9632846-2-2
Babban Balaguron Adirondack na Clarence Petty Jagorar jeji, matukin jirgi, kuma masanin kiyaye muhalli. Angus, Christopher; tare da gabatarwar LaBastille, Anne. Jami'ar Syracuse Press, Syracuse, NY 2002. ISBN 0-8156-0741-5
Woodswoman IIII: Littafi na huɗu na abubuwan da Woodswoman tayi. LaBastille, Anne. Yammacin Labarin Iska, Westport, NY 2003 Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Haifaffun 1935
Mutuwan |
34176 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulis | Sulis | A cikin mushrikan Celtic na gida da ake yi a Birtaniya Sulis wani abin bautawa ne da ake bautawa a wurin bazara na Bath (yanzu a Somerset Romano-British ne ya bauta mata a matsayin Sulis Minerva, wanda abubuwan da aka rubuta da kuma allunan dalma da aka rubuta sun nuna cewa an haife ta duka biyu a matsayin allahiya mai gina jiki, mai ba da rai kuma a matsayin wakili mai tasiri na la'anar da masu rinjayenta ke so.
Asalin kalma Ma'anar ainihin ma'anar sunan Sulis ya kasance batun muhawara, amma yarjejeniya mai tasowa tsakanin masana ilimin harshe game da sunan a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tare da tsohon Irish súil ("ido, gani"). Tushen Proto-Celtic gama gari *sūli-, masu alaƙa da ire-iren kalmomin Indo-Turai don “rana” (cf. Homeric Greek Sanskrit sūryah, daga c suh 2 lio-) kuma an ba da shawarar, kodayake kalmomin Brittonic na "rana" (Old Breton houl, Old Welsh heul) yana nuna diphthong wanda ba ya nan daga Sulis kuma suna ba a ba da shaida a matsayin nau'i na mata ko tare da -i- inflection Pierre-Yves Lambert yayi jayayya da sigar Proto-Celtic su-wli-, wanda ya ƙunshi prefix su- ("mai kyau") a haɗe zuwa jigon fi'ili na Celtic wel- ("gani"). Sunan sirri na tsakiyar Welsh Sulgen Sulien "an haife shi daga Sulis") da sunan sirri na Breton Sul, wanda wani waliyyi na gida ya haifa, suna da alaƙa.
Cult a Bath Sulis ita ce allahn gida na maɓuɓɓugan zafi wanda har yanzu ke ciyar da wuraren wanka a Bath, wanda Romawa suka kira Aquae Sulis ("ruwa na Sulis"). Wataƙila an girmama Sulis a matsayin allahntaka mai warkarwa, wanda maɓuɓɓugar ruwan zafi na iya warkar da wahala ta jiki ko ta ruhaniya. A cewar masanin Miranda Green, al'adun Sulis a Bath yana aiki har zuwa tsakiyar karni na huɗu AZ. Sunanta da farko ya bayyana a rubuce-rubucen da aka gano a wani yanki mai faɗi a wurinta a Bath, tare da misali guda ɗaya kawai a wajen Birtaniya a Alzey, Jamus. A haikalin Romawa da ke Bath, ƙarin daɗaɗɗen daɗaɗɗen da aka yi a wurin bagadin sun nuna cewa hadaya tana da babban sashe na bautar allahiya. Wataƙila an yi amfani da wurin da ke kewaye da bagadin don yin jerin gwano da hadayun nama da ruwaye na jama'a. Yawancin abubuwan da aka samo a cikin bazara sun ƙunshi tsabar kudi da allunan la'ana (duba: Allunan da aka rubuta), tare da tsabar kuɗin Roma sama da dubu goma sha biyu da rabi da tsabar Celtic goma sha takwas da aka samu a cikin tafki. Bugu da ƙari, an kuma dawo da abubuwa waɗanda wataƙila sun kasance na sirri, kamar kayan ado, duwatsu masu daraja, faranti, kwano, kayan soja, kayan katako da fata. Tasoshin Pewter da aka samu a cikin tafki na bazara ya sa wasu masana suka kammala cewa hulɗar jiki da ruwa na iya zama mahimmanci don canja wurin kayan warkarwa, tare da waɗannan tasoshin ana amfani da su don zubar da ruwa a kan jikin baƙi. Daga shaidar rubutun jana'izar da aka gano a wurin, ya bayyana cewa maziyartan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai tsarki na iya haɗawa da sojoji da suka yi ritaya, sojoji masu yin yawon buɗe ido, da/ko sojoji masu neman taimako daga rauni ko rashin lafiya. Domin samun kuɗin rubutun, waɗanda suka rubuta ziyararsu da bagadai ko duwatsun kaburbura wataƙila sun kasance suna da matsayi mafi girma. Haikali zuwa Sulis Minerva an san shi da ƙona gawayi a cikin bagadin wuta maimakon itace. Da bayi ko bayi ne suka kawo wannan gawayi, waɗanda kuma za su taimaka wajen tsaftacewa da hidimar abinci na ibada. Mutum mutumin al'adun gargajiya na Sulis Minerva "ya bayyana an lalata shi da gangan" wani lokaci daga baya Antiquity, watakila ta hanyar maharan barasa, masu kishin Kirista, ko wasu sojojin.
Allunan da aka rubuta Kimanin allunan la'ana guda 130, galibi ana magana da Sulis, a cikin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai tsarki a wuraren wanka na Romawa a Bath. Yawanci, rubutun akan allunan da aka miƙa wa Sulis yana da alaƙa da sata; misali, na ƴan kuɗi kaɗan ko tufafi daga gidan wanka. A bayyane yake, daga salon Latin da aka yi amfani da shi British Latin da aka yi amfani da shi, cewa yawancin allunan sun fito ne daga al'ummar ƙasar. A cikin tsari, sau da yawa na doka, yare, allunan sun yi kira ga allahn Sulis da ta hukunta waɗanda suka aikata laifin da aka sani ko ba a san su ba har sai an biya su. Ana buƙatar Sulis yawanci don cutar da lafiyar jiki da tunani na mai laifi, ta hanyar hana barci, ta hanyar sa ayyukan jiki na yau da kullun su ƙare ko ma mutuwa. Wadannan wahalhalu za su gushe ne kawai idan aka mayar da dukiyar ga mai shi ko kuma a zubar da ita yadda mai shi ke so, sau da yawa ta hanyar sadaukar da ita ga baiwar Allah. Wata saƙo da aka samu a kan kwamfutar hannu a cikin Haikali a Bath (da zarar an canza lambar) ta karanta: "Docimedis ya rasa safar hannu guda biyu kuma ya nemi barawon da ke da alhakin ya rasa tunaninsu [sic] da idanu a cikin haikalin allahiya." Ana yawan rubuta allunan a cikin lamba, ta hanyar haruffa ko kalmomi da ake rubuta su a baya; Za a iya jujjuya tsarin kalmomi kuma ana iya rubuta layi a madadin kwatance, daga hagu zuwa dama sannan dama zuwa hagu (boustrophedon). Duk da yake mafi yawan rubutu daga Roman Birtaniya suna cikin Latin, rubutun biyu da aka samo a nan, waɗanda aka rubuta akan zanen gado, suna cikin yaren da ba a sani ba wanda zai iya zama Brythonic. Su ne kawai misalan rubuce-rubuce a cikin wannan harshe da aka taɓa samu. Kwamfutar kwanan wata daya tilo na tarin ita ce kwamfutar hannu Bath 94, kodayake ba a bayar da shekara tare da ranar da wata ba. Ana iya fahimtar wannan, ko da yake, idan aka kwatanta da rubutun hannu da aka yi amfani da su a kan wasu allunan, wanda ya tashi daga 'Tsohon lankwasa' na Romawa na ƙarni na biyu da na uku AZ zuwa 'Sabuwar lasifikan Romawa' na ƙarni na huɗu AD. Kamar yadda Tomlin ya yi jayayya a cikin littafinsa na shekarar 2020, wannan yana nuna shaharar rubutun, sabili da haka yuwuwar yarda da ingancin su, na aƙalla ƙarni biyu.
Syncretism tare da Minerva A Bath, an keɓe haikalin Roman ga Sulis Minerva a matsayin babban abin bautar haikalin. Wataƙila sadaukarwa ga Sulis ta wanzu a Bath kafin kasancewar Roman a yankin, ta ƙabilar Celtic Dobunni na gida, waɗanda wataƙila sun yi imani cewa Sulis yana da ikon warkarwa. Kasancewar Sulis kafin zuwan Romawa kuma an ba da shawarar ta hanyar gano tsabar shekarun Celtic Iron Age goma sha takwas a mafi ƙanƙanta matakan rukunin yanar gizon, kamar yadda Barry Cunliffe ya rubuta a cikin 1988. Wannan shine ɗayan dalilan da yasa aka fara suna Sulis a cikin syncretic Sulis Minerva. Ta hanyar Roman Minerva syncresis, daga baya masana tatsuniyoyi sun gano cewa Sulis ma allahiya ce ta hikima da yanke shawara.
Daga cikin bagadai 17 na sadaukarwa da sansanonin da aka samu a haikalin Roman a Bath, 9 sun kori Sulis Minerva ta hanyar sunanta ɗaya ko biyu. Musamman, akwai bagadai guda biyu da aka samo a Cross Bath (RIB 146) da Hot Bath (RIB 150) shafukan bi da bi, waɗanda ke jera 'Sulis Minerva' a cikakke. Bagadin da aka samu a Bath mai zafi yana karanta "Ga gunkin Sulis Minerva Sulinus, ɗan Maturus, da son rai kuma ya cika alkawarinsa" (RIB 150). Sulis ba shine kawai allahn da ke nuna syncretism tare da Minerva ba. Sunan Senua ya bayyana a kan allunan zabe masu ɗauke da hoton Minerva, yayin da Brigantia kuma yana raba halaye da yawa da ke da alaƙa da Minerva. Gano gumakan Celtic da yawa tare da allahn Romawa ɗaya ba sabon abu bane (dukansu Mars da Mercury an haɗa su tare da yawan sunayen Celtic). A gefe guda, alloli na Celtic sun yi tsayayya da syncretism; Sulis Minerva yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan kaɗan da aka tabbatar da haɗin kai na allahn Celtic tare da takwararta na Romawa.
Sadaukarwa ga Minerva na gama-gari a cikin Birtaniya da nahiyar Turai, galibi ba tare da wani taswirar Celtic ko fassarar ba (cf. Belisama don banda ɗaya).
Ubangijin rana Dangane da ilimin asalin sunanta, da kuma wasu halaye da yawa, kamar haɗin gwiwa tare da gani, dokokin jama'a, da abubuwan da suka shafi haske, an fassara Sulis a matsayin allahntakar rana, aƙalla a zamanin Romawa.Wasu masu bincike sun kara ba da shawara a matsayin de facto Celtic hasken rana allahntaka, hade suna zama shaida na allahiya a wani wuri.
Ibadar zamani Sulis yana da adadin masu bauta na zamani a tsakanin al'ummomin Wiccan da arna. Tun daga shekarun 1998, wasu mutane har yanzu suna ajiye hadayu a cikin ruwan wanka na Romawa. Gidan kayan gargajiya na Roman Baths yana ƙarfafa baƙi su jefa tsabar kudi a cikin Bakin Da'ira, wanda aka tattara kuma ana amfani da shi don ba da kuɗin Bath Archaeological Trust.
Sulis a cikin Art da Epigraphy
Sulis Minerva shugaban An gano wani shugaban tagulla na allahiya Sulis Minerva a cikin Bath a cikin shekarar 1727 (duba saman dama), wanda mai yiwuwa ya fito ne daga wani mutum-mutumi na al'ada da ke tsaye a cikin haikalinta, kusa da Bahar Mai Tsarki. Wataƙila wannan mutum-mutumin an ajiye shi a cikin farfajiyar Haikali daga wurin bagaden hadaya. Mutum-mutumin na iya kasancewa samfuri na harsashin ginin Rum, tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na farko AZ. Akwai wasu sanannun gilt tagulla guda biyu ne kawai daga Roman Birtaniyya.
Haikali Pediment da Gorgon ta Head An gano shi a cikin shekarar 1790, wannan pediment daga Haikali na Sulis Minerva yana da babban kan Gorgon a tsakiyarsa. Wataƙila an sassaƙa shi a ƙarni na farko AZ, da ’yan fasaha daga arewacin Gaul. Asali a tsayin mita goma sha biyar, da ginshiƙai guda huɗu suna goyan bayan pediment ɗin. Har ila yau, akwai hotuna da yawa masu raka a kan pediment, irin su Tritons (masu bautar rabin kifi da rabin maza zuwa Neptune), hular fuska mai kama da kan dolphin, ƙaramin mujiya, da Nasarar mata da ke tsaye a kan globes. Ɗaya daga cikin fassarar hoton tsakiya, yana ba da sunan sunan, shine cewa kai yana wakiltar Gorgon na tatsuniya. Kamar yadda tarihin Girkanci ke da shi, jarumi Perseus ya kashe Gorgon kuma ya ba da kai ga Athena, wanda ya sa shi a kan sulke. Don haka, gidan kayan gargajiya na Roman Baths yana nuna yiwuwar haɗi tsakanin Gorgon zuwa gunkin Sulis Minerva (Minerva kasancewar Roman daidai da Girkanci Athena). Yayin da Gorgon a kan pediment namiji ne kuma Gorgon tatsuniya mace ce, an nuna cewa an canza hoton pediment don nuna haɗe-haɗe na salon Celtic da na gargajiya. Wani fassarar kuma ita ce shugaban tsakiya yana nuna allahn ruwa, saboda kamanceceniya da sauran alloli na ruwa daga Biritaniya. Alal misali, gidan kayan gargajiya na Roman Baths yana nuna wani tasa na azurfa daga Mindenhall wanda ke nuna allahn Oceanus. A cikin labarin 2016, Eleri H. Cousins sun yi jayayya cewa yawancin hotuna a kan pediment za a iya danganta su da alamar mulkin mallaka, ciki har da Nasara, itacen oak da kuma tauraron a koli. Bugu da ƙari, Cousins sun haskaka wasu misalan irin abubuwan gine-gine na ƙarni na farko da na biyu, musamman hotunan Gorgon da aka samu a Gaul da Spain, don nuna cewa an yi amfani da Forum na Augustus a Roma a matsayin babban nau'i na archetype. A cewar Cousins, pediment da hotunansa ba kawai 'Romawa' ko 'Celtic' ba ne, amma sun samo asali ne daga cakuda salo da ra'ayoyi daga "na gida zuwa daular".
Tushen Mutum-mutumi mai kama da Altar An sami ginin mutum-mutumi mai kama da bagadi a kan shimfidar da ke kusa da matakan Haikali na Sulis Minerva. Tushen yana karanta, "Ga gunkin Sulis, Lucius Marcius Memor, boka, ya ba (wannan) kyauta" (RIB III, 3049). Wannan shine kawai sanannen misali na haruspex, ko ƙwararriyar duba wanda ya fassara haƙoran dabbobi da aka sadaukar, daga Birtaniya. Rubutun asali ya yi amfani da gajarta 'HAR' don bambanta Memor a matsayin haruspex, amma ya bayyana akwai ƙarin haruffan 'VSP' daga baya. Wannan yana iya kasancewa ƙoƙari ne na bayyana matsayinsa fiye da 'boka' na yau da kullun, kuma yana nuna cewa Memor bazai kasance a haɗe da haikalin da kansa ba, amma mai yiwuwa ya kasance memba na ma'aikatan gwamna.
Altar-kamar Dutsen kabari Wannan kabari mai kama da bagadi (duba sama a hagu) an same shi tare da kayan cinerary guda biyu a wajen birnin Bath, a cikin Ikklesiya ta Bathwick, mita 800 arewa-gabas da wuraren wanka na Roman. Dutsen kabari ya karanta, "Ga ruhohin da suka tafi; Gaius Calpurnius Receptus, firist na allahiya Sulis, ya rayu shekaru 75; Calpurnia Trifosa, 'yar'uwarsa (da) matarsa, ya kafa wannan" (RIB 155). Sunan gwauruwa Receptus, Trifosa, Hellenanci ne kuma yana nufin 'De Luxe', kuma da alama an ba ta suna lokacin da take bawa, kafin ta 'yanta ta kuma auri tsohon mai gidanta, firist Receptus.
Sulis a Adabin Zamani Sulis ya dauki hankalin marubuta da masu ba da labari da yawa. Sulis da Roman Baths an sake yin tunani a cikin ayyukan almara na tarihi masu zuwa:
Ruwan Sul (1989) Moyra Caldecott
Sirrin Flavia (2008) Lindsay Townsend
Crown na Acorns (2010) Catherine Fisher
Mai La'anta (2011) Kelli Stanley
Memento Mori: Littafin Laifi na Daular Roma (2018) Ruth Downie
Duba kuma Jerin gumakan hasken rana
Dutsen Solsbury
Ruwa da addini
Manazarta
Littafi Mai Tsarki
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
29716 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix%20Sobolev | Felix Sobolev | home_townFelix Sobolev
Articles with hCards
Felix Mikhailovich Sobolev (1931-1984) wani jarumin fim ne na Soviet Ukraine mai shirya fim kuma wanda ya kafa kuma jagoran Makarantar Kiev na Cinema na Kimiyya. Ya sami lambar yabo da yawa don ayyukansa, ciki har da Mawallafin Mai Girma na Ukrainian SSR, Kyautar MV Lomonosov na Kwalejin Kimiyya na Tarayyar Soviet da lambar yabo ta USSR Tarihin Rayuwa An haifi Felix Sobolev a ranar 25 ga Yuli 1931 a Kharkiv, Ukraine SSR, ga wani ma'aikaci. Ya yi rajista a Kyiv National I.K. Karpenko-Kary Theatre, Cinema da Television University kuma ya sauke karatu daga aiki shirin a 1953 da kuma shiryarwa shirin a 1959. A cikin 1959, Sobolev ya fara aiki da Kievnauchfilm a.k.a. Kyiv Film Studio of Popular Science Films), gidan wasan kwaikwayo na jiha a Kyiv. A 1973, ya zama darektan fasaha na studiyo na kimiyyar silima a alma mater. Ya kasance daya daga cikin membobin Union of Cinematographers na USSR daga 1956. Sobolev ya mutu a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 1984 a Kyiv. An binne shi a Tasiri A tsakiyar shekarun 1960, Sobolev ya canza tsarin shahararren fim din kimiyya. Fina-finansa (1967), (1969) da (1968) sun shahara sosai, suna siyar da silima. Dabararsa ta "gwaji a cikin firam" ta sa mai sauraro ya zama shaida ga gwaje-gwajen da masana kimiyya suka gabatar. A cikin shekarun 1970, Sobolev ya damu da ilimin kimiyyar jiki, a cewar dalibinsa Alexander Rodnyansky, kuma ya fara yin fina-finai game da ilimin halin dan Adam. Mai tsattsauran ra'ayi don lokacinsa, fim ɗinsa na 1971 ya sanya masu sauraro wani bangare na gwaji kan dabi'un da suka dace da kuma matsin lamba na rukuni Hanyar aikinsa na bada umurni ya canza tare da gajeren fim na 1974 makalar fim kan duniya da matsayin mutum a cikinta. Hakan ya biyo bayan fim din Feat na mintuna 10 wanda aka harbe shi a kusa. Dukansu fina-finan sun yi amfani sosai wajen yin fim ɗin da aka haɗa kuma yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan ci gaban fina-finai marasa almara na lokacin.
Har ila yau, Sobolev ya rinjayi ƙungiyar dalibai na zamani a Cibiyar Gidan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma matasa masu gudanarwa a Kievnauchfilm, inda ya kasance jagoran da ba a yarda ba. Wadannan sun hada da Rodnyansky, Yosif Pasternak, and Andrei Zagdansky A fannin Cinema Art, Sergey Trimbach ya rubuta cewa Sobolev ya kasance a tsakiyar ɗayan manyan ƙungiyoyin fina-finai guda biyu a Kyiv a cikin 1960s da 1970s. Sauran da'irar ta kasance karkashin jagorancin mai shirya fina-finai na Armeniya Sergei Parajanov, wanda aka zarge shi kamar yadda salon wasan kwaikwayo ya saba wa ka'idodin Soviet. Sabanin haka, Sobolev ya ci gaba da al'adar masu fasaha na Rasha, yana yin imani da damar da ba ta da iyaka na iyawar ɗan adam, kamar yadda a cikin fim din 1978 Dare, kuna da basira Amma duk da haka ba shi da wata manufa ta siyasa, yana mai kafa Exploded Dawn a kan aikin ɗan adawa da yin kasada ta siyasa ta hanyar nazarin daidaito da tunani na 'yanci a Ni da sauransu Sobolev ya shiga rikici tare da kwamitin jam'iyyar kan Kyiv Symphony (1982), fim din karshe da ya kammala, wanda aka sake gyara sau bakwai don biyan bukatun siyasa kuma ya bar Sobolev ya yi fushi da kuma mummunar suna.
Fina-finai Fitattun ayyukan fim na Sobolev yayi sun haɗa da:
Kyaututtuka da karramawa An ba wat unguwa dake Kyiv sunan shi F. Sobolev Street, tare da allunan tunawa a titin 17 Franka. Wani plaque na tunawa a 19 a Kyiv ya furta: Anan a cikin shekarun 1964-1981 daya daga cikin hazaka na Ukrainian da cinema na duniya Felix Sobolev (1931-1984) ya rayu kuma ya yi aiki a nan. Kunguyar tallafi na Kievnauchfilm mai suna Sobolev. Asteroid 5940 Feliksobolev, wanda aka kikiro a 1981, an sanya masa sunan sa. Sobolev na daga cikin darussan na jerin shirye-shiryen shirye-shirye na kashi tara na 1998 Felix Sobolev, An Katse Ofishin Jakadancin (Ukrainian ta ɗalibinsa da abokin aikinsa Olender da na fim ɗin 12 na "2" 'Yan ƙasa" jerin Yulia Rudenko.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Hira da F. Sobolev, "Cinema Art". Na 9, 1971; Na 4, 1975; No. 2, 1982.
Manazarta
ambato
nassohin game-gari 3. [Mataki fiye da sararin sama: Fina-finai game da kimiyyar daraktan fim Felix Sobolev] 1987;
[Masu fasaha na Ukraine] K., 1992. .540;
[Art na Ukraine: Littafin tunani na rayuwa] 1997. .550;
3. [Felix Sobolev's Colossus] 1997. 1. .68-69;
[Universal Dictionary-encyclopedia] 1999. SC.1257.
Haihuwan 1931
Masu kirkiro film na Soviet
Mutuwar 1984
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
11214 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youcef%20Bela%C3%AFli | Youcef Belaïli | Mohamed Youcef Belaïli an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Maris shekara ta alif 1992) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Aljeriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin winger na hagu don ƙungiyar Brest ta Ligue 1 da kuma tawagar ƙasar Algeria.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Belaili a ranar 14 ga Maris din shekarar 1992 a Oran. Ya fara wasa a matsayi na matasa tare da RCG Oran sannan kuma tare da MC Oran.
Aikin kulob/ƙungiya
Farkon tafiya, sannan zuwa Espérance de Tunis Youcef Belaïli ya fara wasan kwallon kafa da RCG Oran, sannan ya koma kungiyar ajiyar MC Oran, Belaïli kakarsa ta farko a gasar Division 1 ta kasance tare da CA Bordj Bou Arreridj, kuma wasansa na farko ya kasance a ranar 6 ga Maris din shekarar 2010 da MC El Eulma a matsayin maimakon, kuma bayan kakar wasa daya kacal, Belaïli ya koma MC Oran na yanayi biyu. A farkon kakar wasa, Belaïli ya fara bayyana kansa kuma burinsa na farko shine a kan USM Alger a ranar 27 ga Nuwamban Shekarar 2010, kuma a cikin kakar wasa ta biyu Belaïli ya zama muhimmin wani yanki kuma kungiyoyi da yawa a ciki da wajen kasar ke bukata. A ranar 24 ga Mayu 2012, Belaïli ya tafi Tunisiya don tattaunawa game da tafiya zuwa kulob din Tunisiya na Espérance de Tunis. Bayan kwanaki biyu, ya sanar da cewa ya amince da yarjejeniyar sirri da kungiyar kuma zai rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku a cikin kwanaki masu zuwa. A ranar 5 ga Yuni, Belaïli ya koma Espérance bisa a hukumance, inda ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku na Yuro miliyan 2. A ranar 20 ga Yuli, Belaïli ya fara bugawa Espérance a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin ASO Chlef a matakin rukuni na 2012 CAF Champions League. A minti na 77 Belaïli ya ci bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida sannan kuma ya taimaka wa Yannick N'Djeng a lokacin da ya ji rauni a taimakawa Esperance ta lashe wasan. kuma duk da zuwansa a karshen wasan. 2011-12 kakar kuma ya buga wasanni uku kawai, amma ya lashe kambu na farko a tarihinsa kuma shine Tunisiya Ligue Professionnelle 1.
Komawa Algeria kuma CAF ta dakatar da ita A ranar 14 ga Yuni 2014, Belaïli ya shiga USM Alger a kwangilar shekaru biyu a albashi na kowane wata na dinari miliyan 5 a matsayin mafi girman albashi a cikin Aljeriya Ligue Professionnelle 1. Belaïli ya kasance daya daga cikin tauraro saboda kwarewarsa ta fasaha kuma ya jagoranci kungiyar zuwa ga nasara musamman a karawar da suka yi da JS Kabylie inda ya zura kwallo a ragar kungiyar a mintunan karshe a wasan da aka yi rashin nasara sakamakon rasuwar dan wasan Albert Ebossé. Bodjongo wanda wani makami da wani da ba a san ko wanene ba ya jefa a kai a lokacin da kungiyoyin ke barin filin. Belaïli saboda ya gwada tabbatacce ga Cocaine a lokacin anti-doping iko da za'ayi a lokacin wasan da MC El Eulma a kan 7 Agusta 2015 kirgawa ga CAF Champions League. Hukumar kwallon kafar Afirka ta dakatar da shi na tsawon shekaru hudu, kwantiraginsa da USM Alger ya kare a farke. A ranar 4 ga watan Nuwamban 2016 ne kotun sauraren kararrakin wasanni da ke Lausanne ta sanar da cewa ta yanke hukuncin rage hukuncin daurin Blaili zuwa shekaru biyu, inda ta kara da cewa dan wasan ya sha taba Hookah kwana biyu gabanin wasan ba tare da sanin abin da ke cikinsa ba, inda ta ce bai aikata laifin ba. duk wani kuskure ko gafala mai gani. Bayan shekara guda, Belaïli ya shiga Angers SCO a Ligue 1 amma kwarewar ba ta yi nasara ba yayin da ya buga wasa daya kawai a Coupe de la Ligue.
Tafiya zuwa Gulf sannan kuma zuwa Turai A kan 26 Janairu 2018, Belaïli ya yanke shawarar barin ya koma tsohon kulob dinsa na Esperance de Tunis. Komawarsa ta samu nasara bisa dukkan ka'idoji kuma ya kasance a bayan komawarsa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Aljeriya, ko dai a matakin lakabi ya lashe biyar daga cikinsu ciki har da lakabi biyu a jere a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta CAF. Bayan lashe gasar cin kofin Afrika da tawagar kasar. Belaïli ya yanke shawarar daukar sabon gogewa a wannan karon tare da Al Ahli na Saudi Arabia na tsawon yanayi uku a yarjejeniyar da ta wuce dala miliyan uku. amma bai yi nasara ba saboda bai dace da wurin ba don yanke shawarar barin shiga maƙwabcin Qatar SC A can Belaïli ya samu abubuwansa inda ya zura kwallaye 13 ciki har da hat-trick da ya zura a ragar Al-Ahli wanda shi ne na farko a fagen kwallon kafa. A gasar cin kofin kasashen Larabawa ta FIFA da kuma bayan kammala wasan da Morocco, mahaifin Youcef Belaïli, wanda shi ne manajansa, ya sanar da dakatar da kwantiragin ta hanyar amincewar juna.
Ayyukan kasa
Matasa An kira Belaili a Aljeriya U23 don shiga gasar UNAF U-23 na 2010. A ranar 13 ga Disamba, 2010, ya zura kwallo a raga a minti na 54 a kan Kamaru U23. A ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, 2011, an zabe shi a matsayin wani bangare na tawagar Algeria a gasar cin kofin CAF U-23 na 2011 a Morocco.
Babban Belaili ya kasance babban memba a cikin 'yan wasan Algeria da suka lashe gasar cin kofin Afrika na 2019.
A cikin shekarar 2021, Belaili ya kasance cikin jerin 'yan wasan da za su taka leda a gasar cin kofin Larabawa ta FIFA ta 2021 a Qatar. A wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe da Morocco Belaili ya zura kwallo a raga daga yadi 40 a cikin karin lokacin da ya ba kungiyarsa tazarar maki 2-1. A wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe da Qatar Belaili ya zura kwallo ta biyu a bugun fenareti bayan mintuna 15 na raunin da ya samu wanda hakan ya sa Aljeriya ta samu gurbin zuwa wasan karshe.
Haramta yin amfani da kwayoyi A watan Satumba na 2015, Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Afirka ta dakatar da Youcef Belaïli na tsawon shekaru 2 saboda ya gwada inganci ga Cocaine a lokacin da ake sarrafa maganin kara kuzari da aka yi a wasan da MC El Eulma a ranar 7 ga Agusta 2015 a gasar cin kofin CAF. Ya yarda da gaskiyar, Bellaili an gwada shi a karo na biyu tabbatacce a doping bayan cinye samfurin da aka haramta na (Cocaine a lokacin wasan da tawagarsa ta yi da CS Constantine na zagaye na biyar na Ligue Professionnelle 1, wanda aka buga a 19 Satumba 2015 a Constantine. An dakatar da shi na tsawon shekaru hudu, kwangilarsa da USM Alger ta ƙare. Duk da haka, a cikin Maris 2016, FIFA ta tabbatar da cewa tana ba da tsawaita dakatarwar shekaru hudu don yin aiki a duniya har zuwa 19 ga Satumba 2019.
Kididdigar sana'a
Ƙasashen Duniya Maki da sakamako ne aka jera yawan kwallayen da Aljeriya ta zura a raga, ginshikin maki ya nuna maki bayan kowacce kwallo Belaili.
Girmamawa Espérance de Tunis
Tunisiya Professionnelle 1 2011-12, 2013-14, 2017-18, 2018-19
CAF Champions League 2018, 2019
Tunisia Super Cup 2019
Algeria U23
Gasar UNAF U-23 2010
Aljeriya
FIFA Arab Cup 2021 Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka 2019 Mutum
Gwarzon dan wasan Inter-Club na Afirka 2019 Kwallon Azurfa ta FIFA Arab Cup: 2021
Manazarta
External links Youcef Belaïli at DZFoot.com (in French)
'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Aljeriya
Rayayyun |
26074 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice%20Krige | Alice Krige | Alice Maud Krige /k r Na ɡ ə an haife ta a ranar 28 ga watan Yuni shekarar 1954) ne a kasar Afrika ta Kudu jaruma da kuma m. Matsayin fim ɗin ta na farko ya kasance a cikin Chariots of Fire a shekarar (1981) a matsayin mawaƙin Gilbert da Sullivan Sybil Gordon. Ta taka rawar biyu na Eva Galli/Alma Mobley a cikin Labarin fatalwa, a shekarar(1981) da Sarauniyar Borg a cikin Star Trek: Saduwa ta Farko a shekarar (1996).
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Krige a Upington, Lardin Cape (yanzu Northern Cape Afirka ta Kudu, 'yar Patricia, farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, da Louis Krige, likita. Daga baya Kriges sun ƙaura zuwa Port Elizabeth, inda Alice ta girma a cikin abin da ta bayyana a matsayin "very happy family", tare da 'yan'uwa biyu, ɗayansu ya zama likita ɗayan kuma Farfesa na tiyata. Krige ta halarci Jami'ar Rhodes a Grahamstown, Afirka ta Kudu tare da shirye -shiryen zama likitan ilimin halin ɗabi'a Ta juya zuwa wasan kwaikwayo bayan ta ɗauki aji na wasan kwaikwayo a Rhodes, sannan ta kammala digirin digirgir na Arts da BA Hons a wasan kwaikwayo, tare da banbanci. Ta ci gaba zuwa London don halartar Babban Makarantar Magana da Wasan kwaikwayo.
Sana'a Krige ta fara wasanninta na farko a gidan talabijin na Burtaniya a shekarar 1979, kuma ta bayyana a matsayin Lucie Manette a cikin fim ɗin talabijin A Tale na Biranen Biyu Ta ci gaba da wasa Sybil Gordon a cikin Chariot of Fire da Eva Galli/Alma Mobley a cikin Labarin fatalwa, duka a cikin shekarar 1981. Ta sami lambar yabo ta Plays and Players, kazalika da Laurence Olivier Award don Mafi Sababbin Masu Sabon Alƙawari, bayan ta fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na shekarar 1981 West End na George Bernard Shaw 's Arms and the Man Daga nan ta shiga Kamfanin Royal Shakespeare, tana wasa Cordelia a King Lear da Edward Bond 's Lear, Miranda a The Tempest, Bianca a The Taming of the Shrew, da Roxanne a Cyrano de Bergerac Ta kuma bayyana a cikin wasannin kwaikwayo irin su Thomas Otway Venice Preserv'd a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Almeida a London da Toyer a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Arts a Yammacin Ƙarshe Krige ta buga Bathsheba a cikin Sarki David a shekarar(1985) da Mary Shelley a Haunted Summer a shekarar (1988), kuma ya fito a cikin fina -finai masu ban tsoro kamar Ghost Story, Sleepwalkers, Silent Hill da Gretel & Hansel A cikin Star Trek: Saduwa ta Farko, Krige ya buga Sarauniyar Borg, wacce ke ƙoƙarin haɗe Duniya cikin ƙungiyar Borg. Ta lashe Mafi Kyawun Jarumar Tallafawa a Kyautar Saturn ta shekarar 1997 don wannan rawar. Ta koma wannan halin a cikin wasan Star Trek Star Trek: Armada II da kuma a cikin Star Trek: Voyager jerin fina -finai "Endgame" a 200. Ayyukan almara na kimiyya sun faɗaɗa cikin talabijin, tare da manyan ayyuka a cikin miniseries sabawa na Dinotopia da Frank Herbert's Children of Dune Ta yi aiki tare da 'Yan'uwan Quay a cikin "Cibiyar Benjaminamenta, ko Wannan Mafarkin da Mutane ke Kira Rayuwa" kuma tare da Guy Maddin a "Twilight of Ice Nymphs".
A watan Afrilu shekarar 2004, an ba Krige lambar girmamawa Litt. D. digiri daga Jami'ar Rhodes Krige ta fito a cikin wasu fina-finai da aka yi don talabijin da miniseries. Ta fito a cikin fina -finan talabijin Baja Oklahoma shekarar(1988) da Ladykiller shekarar (1992) da miniseries Island Ellis (1984) da Scarlet and Black shekarar (1993). Ta buga mahaifiyar Natalie Wood a cikin Sirrin Natalie Wood shekarar (2004), kuma ta yi tauraro a matsayin Joan Collins a Daular: Yin Nishaɗin Laifi Tana da ayyuka masu maimaitawa akan Deadwood, kuma baƙo ya yi tauraro a kan Ƙafar ƙafa shida a ƙarƙashin, Doka & Umarni: Nufin Laifi, The 4400 da Dirty Sexy Money A cikin shekarar 2008, tana da babban matsayi kamar Sannie Laing, mahaifiyar Sandra, a Skin, tarihin rayuwar Sandra Laing Fim din ya bincika batutuwan yarinyar da hukumomin Afirka ta Kudu suka sanya wa suna “Mai launi” a lokacin wariyar launin fata, duk da cewa iyayenta farare ne. A cikin shekarar 2011, Krige ya fito a kakar wasan karshe ta BBC ta Spooks, tana wasa wakilin Rasha guda biyu Elena Gavrik. Krige ya kuma fito a cikin wasan karshe na wasan kwaikwayo na BBC Waking the Dead, a shekarar 2011. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, Krige ya fito a fina -finan Solomon Kane, Mai Koyar da Boka da Thor: Duniyar Duhu Ta taka rawar Amira a cikin jerin farko da na biyu na Mai Zalunci don F/X, kuma kwanan nan ta yi aiki da BBC akan jerin The Syndicate and Partners in Crime A cikin shekarar 2016, ta bayyana a jerin sirrin Netflix The OA A cikin shekarar 2012, Krige ya samar da fasalin da ya ci lambar yabo Jail Kaisar, bincike game da ƙaramin sanannen ƙuruciyar Julius Caesar, wanda aka yi fim a gidajen yari guda uku masu aiki tare da fursunoni masu hidima ɗari da ɗimbin ƴan wasan da suka haɗa da Derek Jacobi da John Kani. Paul Schoolman ne ya rubuta Jail Kaisar.
A cikin shekarar 2015, Krige ya karɓi Kyautar Jury ta Musamman a Bikin Fina-Finan Duniya don Zaman Lafiya, Zaburarwa da Daidaitawa a Jakarta, tare da Andy Garcia da Jimmy Carter don rawar da ta taka a fim ɗin Shingetsu, inda ta yi aikin likitan tiyata na Likitoci ba tare da Iyakoki, gaban Gunter Singer.
Rayuwar mutum Marigayiya Krige ta yi aure da marubuci kuma darakta Paul Schoolman a shekarar 1988.
Fina-finai
Fim
Talabijin
Manazarta
Hanyoyin waje Alice Krige Alice Krige Tattaunawar Alice Krige a www.sci-fi-online.com
Alice Krige a Wanene Wanene Kudancin Afirka
Mata
Mutanen Afrika ta Kudu
Pages with unreviewed |
24102 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shruti%20Haasan | Shruti Haasan | Shruti Haasan (an haife ta a ranar 28 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif 1986) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Indiya kuma mawaƙiya sake kunnawa wanda ke aiki galibi a fina -finan Telugu, Tamil da Hindi. An haife ta a cikin gidan Haasan, ita 'yar' yan fim ce Kamal Haasan da Sarika Thakur.
A matsayinta na ɗan ƙaramin yaro, Haasan ta rera waƙa a fina -finai kuma ta fito a matsayin babban bako a cikin jagorar mahaifinta Hey Ram shekara ta (2000), kafin ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo na farko a cikin fim ɗin Bollywood na shekara ta 2009 Luck Ta kuma sami karɓuwa tare da manyan mukamai a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na Telugu Oh Abokina shekara ta shekara ta (2011), fim ɗin almara na Telugu Anaganaga O Dheerudu shekara ta (2011), fim ɗin aikin almara na falsafar Tamil 7aum Arivu shekara ta (2011). Matsayin ta a cikin biyun na ƙarshe ya ba ta lambar yabo ta Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut South Haasan ta kuma ci gaba da kafa kanta a fina -finan Indiya ta Kudu tare da fina -finan da suka yi nasara a fannonin kasuwanci da dama, ciki har da Gabbar Singh shekara ta (2012), Vedalam shekara ta (2015), Srimanthudu shekara ta (2015), da Si3 shekara ta shekara ta (2017). Ta lashe kyautar Filmfare Award for Best Actress Telugu don wasan kwaikwayo Race Gurram shekara ta (2010). Matsayin fina-finan Hindi na Haasan sun haɗa da fim ɗin D-Day shekara ta (2013) mai girma, Ramaiya Vastavaiya shekara ta (2013), fim ɗin Gabbar Is Back shekara ta (2015), da wasan barkwanci maraba da dawowa shekara ta (2015).
Baya ga wasan kwaikwayo, Haasan kuma fitaccen mawaƙin sake kunnawa ne. Ta sami lambobin yabo na kyautar Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer Tamil don rera "Kannazhaga Kaalazhaga" a guda uku 3 a shekara ta (2012) da "Yendi Yendi" a Puli shekara ta (2015); da lambar yabo ta Filmfare for Best Female Playing Singer Telugu don Junction Lo a Aagadu a shekara ta (2014). Haasan ta fara aikinta a matsayin daraktan kiɗa tare da samar da mahaifinta Unnaipol Oruvan a shekara ta (2009) kuma tun daga lokacin ta kafa ƙungiyar mawaƙanta.
Rayuwar farko da iyali An haifi Shruti Haasan ga Kamal Haasan da Sarika Thakur a Madras Chennai na yanzu Mahaifinta dan asalin Tamil ne, yayin da mahaifiyarta Sarika mahaifin Maharashtrian ne kuma mahaifiyar Rajput. Kanwarsa Akshara Haasan ita ma jaruma ce. Jarumi kuma lauya Charuhasan kawunta ne. 'Yan uwan nata' yan fim ne Anu Hasan da Suhasini Maniratnam Haasan ya yi karatu a makarantar Lady Andal da ke Chennai sannan ya koma Mumbai don yin karatun ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a Kwalejin St. Andrew Haasan ya mayar da hankali kan sinima da kaɗe -kaɗe, daga ƙarshe ya yi tafiya zuwa Amurka don ci gaba da koyan kiɗa a Cibiyar Mawaƙa a California, kafin ya koma Chennai.
Aiki mai aiki
2009 zuwa shekara ta 2011: halarta ta farko da fara aiki Bayyanar Haasan ta farko a cikin wani fim ɗin fasali shine rawar zobe a matsayin 'yar Vallabhbhai Patel a cikin yarukan Tamil-Hindi Hey Ram, dangane da ƙoƙarin kisan Mahatma Gandhi, wanda mahaifinta Kamal Haasan ya jagoranta. Bayan ƙin bayar da fitattun fina -finai, musamman ma babban jagora a Venkat Prabhu 's Saroja, rahotanni sun ba da shawarar a ƙarshen shekara ta 2007 cewa Haasan an shirya za ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo na farko a shekara ta 2008 tare da fim a gaban Madhavan, wanda Nishikanth Kamat ya jagoranta. Wanda ake kira Endrendrum Punnagai, an dakatar da fim ɗin kafin a fara samarwa. Haasan daga ƙarshe ya yi rajista don fitowa a cikin fim ɗin Hindi na Soham Shah Luck, gaban Imran Khan, a cikin Yuli shekaran ta 2008, kuma ya harbe fim ɗin kusan shekara guda. Imran Khan, abokin ƙuruciyarta, ya ba da shawarar sunanta ga darakta kuma Haasan ya sanya hannu bayan ya saurari duka rubutun kuma ya yarda ya taka rawa biyu a fim ɗin aikin. Shruti ta shiga fagen wasan kwaikwayo yayin yin fim kuma ta yi aiki sosai. Fim ɗin ya buɗe a watan Yuli na shekara ta 2009 don sake dubawa mara kyau daga masu sukar kuma ya buɗe mara kyau a ofishin akwatin, tare da masu sukar cewa "ta cancanci mafi kyawun abin hawa". Masu yin sharhi suna sukar rawar da ta taka tare da Rajeev Masand na IBN yana mai cewa tana gabatar da "tattaunawa tare da maganganu marasa ma'ana", yayin da wani mai sukar ya ƙara da cewa wataƙila "ta roba ce kuma ta gaza burgewa". Daga nan Haasan ya ci gaba da fitowa tare da Blaaze a cikin bidiyon talla na Unnaipol Oruvan da Eenadu, fina -finan da ke yin magana da mahaifinta, wanda ta shirya waƙar. Ta sake fitowa a cikin bidiyon talla don fim mai ban tsoro na Hisss, wanda ya ƙunshi Mallika Sherawat, inda ita ma ta rera waƙar Dave Kushner Ta fara halarta na farko a Telugu a cikin Janairu shekara ta 2011, tare da Siddharth a cikin fim mai ban sha'awa na Anaganaga O Dheerudu, wanda Prakash Kovelamudi, ɗan darakta K. Raghavendra Rao ya jagoranta. Fim ɗin, wanda Walt Disney Pictures suka samar, ya ga Shruti yana wasan gypsy tare da ikon warkar da sihiri wanda mai takobi, wanda Siddharth ya buga. Fim ɗin ya buɗe don ingantattun bita, tare da yaba aikinta tare da mai sukar abin lura: "Shruti tana da kyau sosai kuma tana da ban mamaki gaban allo", yayin da mai yin sharhi daga Rediff.com ta rubuta cewa "tana da kyau kuma tana da sihiri game da ita. Fim dinta na biyu na Hindi, fim ɗin Madhur Bhandarkar na barkwanci mai ban dariya Dil Toh Baccha Hai Ji, ya gan ta ta bayyana a cikin babban baƙo tare da jerin gwanon Emraan Hashmi, Ajay Devgn da Shazahn Padamsee Fim ɗin ya nuna ta a matsayin Nikki Narang, 'yar gidan tsohuwar' yar Indiya Miss India, tare da halayen Hashmi ya faɗi ga uwa da 'ya. Ayyukan Shruti sun sami martani mara kyau daga masu sukar tare da mai yin bita yana mai nuni da cewa halinta ya "rage zuwa bayan-tazara, kyakkyawa ta ƙarshe", yayin da wani kuma ya sanya mata suna "karya ce da ta ba da takaici kawai"; duk da haka, fim ɗin ya ci gaba da zama nasarar kasuwanci a ofishin akwatin. A tsakiyar shekara ta 2010, AR Murugadoss ta sa hannu Shruti don yin fim tare da Suriya a fim dinsa na gaba 7aum Arivu, kuma an fara harbin fim din ne a watan Yuni na wannan shekarar. Daraktan ya sanya hannu bayan ya ji ta kalli bangaren masanin, inda ya ambaci cewa da alama "mai hankali ce kuma kyakkyawa". Shruti ta taka Subha Srinivasan, matashin masanin kimiyya a fim, wanda ke fatan sake kunna kwayoyin halittar Bodhidharma na addinin Buddha na karni na biyar 5, kuma rawar da ta taka a fim ta sami yabo daga masu suka. An buɗe fim ɗin don sake dubawa iri -iri, amma ya sami nasara a kasuwanci. Wani mai suka daga The Hindu ya lura: "ba kasafai ake ba jarumar da aka ba ta kusan daidai ba a fina-finan Tamil", inda ta kwatanta ta da "abin kyama amma yakamata ta yi aiki tukuru a kan son rai, da daidaita lafazin ta na Tamil", amma ta ƙare abin nufi shine ɗan wasan ya nuna alƙawarin Sakinta na Telugu na gaba shine Oh My Friend, fim mai ban dariya na soyayya tare da Siddharth kuma, wanda kuma ya hada Hansika Motwani da Navdeep Fim ɗin ya ba da labarin abokan ƙuruciya, da na abokantakarsu ta platonic wanda ya ci gaba da girma, kuma don rawar da Shruti Haasan ta ci gaba da koyon rawar Kuchipudi Fim ɗin ya buɗe don matsakaicin bita tare da masu suka da yawa da ke ikirarin cewa fim ɗin ya haifar da ma'anar "déjà vu", kodayake wani mai bita ya lura: "Shruti, a nata ɓangaren tana nuna irin wannan hukuncin."
2012 gabatarwa: Nasara da aikin kwanan nan Aishwarya Dhanush 's directorial halarta na farko 3, fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya tare Dhanush, wanda ya nuna canji a rayuwar Haasan. Aishwarya ta bayyana cewa ta rubuta rubutun ne tare da Shruti Haasan a zuciya, amma matsalolin kwanan wata na nufin fim ɗin ya fara yin fim ɗin tare da Amala Paul maimakon. Koyaya, a cikin abubuwan da suka faru, an sake sanya Shruti hannu don yin halayyar Janani, kuma fim ɗin ya sami fa'ida sosai kafin fitowar ta saboda haɗin gwiwar kanta da Aishwarya, kasancewar 'ya'yan manyan fitattun jaruman Tamil na zamani Kamal Haasan. da Rajinikanth, kamar yadda nasarar waƙar Me yasa Wannan Kolaveri Di An buɗe fim ɗin a cikin watan Maris shekara ta, 2012 don sake dubawa mai kyau, tare da mai sukar abin lura: "Shruti Hassan ya yi nisa", duk da cewa fim ɗin ya sami matsakaicin dawowa a ofishin akwatin. Fitowar ta ta biyu a shekara ta, 2012 ita ce fim ɗin Telugu na Harish Shankar Gabbar Singh, wanda aka sake fasalin fim ɗin Hindi Dabangg na shekara ta, 2010, tare da sigar da ke nuna ta tare da Pawan Kalyan Ta taka rawar Bhagyalakshmi, 'yar ƙauyen, wanda Sonakshi Sinha ta buga a sigar asali. Fim ɗin ya ci gaba da zama babban nasarar kasuwanci a akwatin akwatin kuma ya kawo ƙarin tayin fim don Haasan. Har ila yau, masu sukar sun ba ta kyakkyawan hukunci inda suka nuna cewa tana "ba da hujjar rawar da ta taka" kuma "duk da cewa ba ta da rawar da yawa, amma ta bar alamarta." A cikin shekara ta, 2013, ta fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayon Telugu Balupu kishiyar, Ravi Teja, wanda a ƙarshe ya zama "babban nasara" a ofishin akwatin Indiya. Haasan galibi ta sami kyakkyawan bita don rawar da ta taka, tare da masu sukar cewa "tana ba da nishaɗi a cikin fim tare da kyawu da annashuwa". Daga baya a waccan shekarar, Haasan ya fito a fina-finan Hindi guda biyu, Prabhu Deva 's Ramaiya Vastavaiya da Nikhil Advani 's D-Day A karshen, ɗan leƙen asirin ɗan leƙen asiri, ta yi aikin karuwanci da ke tare da jami'in sojan da aka dakatar. Ta kuma rera wakar fim din, mai taken "Alvida". Da yake bitar fim ɗin don Rediff.com, Palomi Sharma ta sami Haasan ta kasance "cikakke a matsayin karuwanci na Karachi tare da ɓacin rai game da ita". Ta kuma fito a cikin fim ɗin Telugu mai suna Ramayya Vasthavayya a gaban Jr. NTR a karon farko. Fim din ya sami matsakaicin martani daga masu suka. Sakinta na farko na shekaran ta, 2014, fim ɗin Telugu Yevadu, gaban Ram Charan Teja, ya fito a matsayin babbar nasarar kasuwanci. Fim na biyu na Telugu na shekara, Race Gurram, ya kasance tauraruwar Haasan ta yi gaba da Allu Arjun a karon farko a harkar ta. Fim din ya fito ne a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta, 2014, kuma a ƙarshe ya fito a matsayin nasarar “mai hana ruwa gudu”. Tare da sauran finafinan, Haasan ta sami ingantattun bita game da rawar da ta taka, tare da mai sukar daya lura cewa tana "taka rawa sosai kuma tana da kyau". Haasan kuma an saki Tamil; Poojai, gaban Vishal, kuma ta yi lambar abu na farko a cikin aikinta a cikin fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo na Telugu Aagadu, wanda ke nuna Mahesh Babu da Tamannaah a cikin manyan ayyuka.
A cikin shekara ta, 2015, Haasan ta yi lambar abu na biyu a cikin fim ɗin Hindi Tevar, tare da Arjun Kapoor da Sonakshi Sinha Next, ta bayyana a mahara fina-finai a irin wannan matsayin Hindi film Gabbar ne Baya gaban Akshay Kumar, Koratala Siva 's Telugu mataki film Srimanthudu gaban Mahesh Babu, Anees Bazmee s comedy Barka Back, dab da John Abraham, Anil Kapoor da kuma Nana Patekar da fina-finan Tamil Puli, tare suka hada Vijay da Vedhalam, gaban Ajith Kumar, wanda ke nuna alamar haɗin gwiwar ta na farko tare da dukkan jaruman.
A cikin shekara ta, 2016 ta fito a Rocky Handsome gaban John Abraham a karo na biyu kuma a cikin fim ɗin Telugu Premam, a gaban Naga Chaitanya wanda shine sake fasalin fim ɗin Malayalam Premam An sanya hannu a Haasan zuwa fim ɗin fantasy Sangamithra, wanda Sundar ya jagoranta. C, inda za ta taka jarumi. Duk da haka, yayin da ta ambaci batutuwan kwanan wata, ta fice daga fim ɗin. A cikin shekara ta, 2017, ta bayyana a Katamarayudu, wanda ke nuna alamar haɗin gwiwa ta biyu tare da Pawan Kalyan, Si3, tare da Suriya, a karo na biyu, da Behen Hogi Teri tare da Rajkummar Rao Ta fara halarta na farko a gidan talabijin na Amurka a cikin shekara ta, 2019 tare da wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo Treadstone wanda a ciki tana da rawar takawa.
Bayan shekaru uku 3 na hiatus a Indiya da fina-finan ta bayyana a shekarar, 2020 a cikin gajeren fim Devi, da ZEE5 film Nu gaban Vidyut Jammwal kuma a cikin Amazon Prime anthology film Putham Pudhu Kaalai a wadda ta bayyana a cikin kashi Coffee, kowa? dan uwanta Suhasini Maniratnam ne ya bada umarni A cikin shekara ta, 2021, ta fito a cikin fim ɗin aikin Telugu Krack a gaban Ravi Teja a karo na biyu bayan fim ɗin Balupu na shekarar, 2013. Ta kuma yi aiki a gaban Vidyut Jammwal a cikin fim ɗin Mahesh Manjrekar The Power Tun daga watan Janairun shekara ta, 2021, Haasan ya rattaba hannu don fitowa a cikin wani fim na fitowa a cikin tauraron Pawan Kalyan Vakeel Saab wanda ake shirin fitarwa a watan Afrilu shekara ta, 2021. Hakanan tana yin fim don fim ɗin Tamil Laabam tare da Vijay Sethupathi da mai wasan kwaikwayo Salaar a gaban Prabhas kuma za a gan ta a cikin Netflix na farko Pitta Kathalu a cikin ɓangaren Nag Ashwin mai taken Xlife.
Aikin kiɗa
A cikin kafofin watsa labarai Shruti Haasan an sanya hannu a matsayin jakadiyar alama ga kamfanin kayan lantarki Lloyd. Ta kuma amince da Emami Navratna cool talc. Ita jakadiyar alama ce ga agogon burbushin halittu a Indiya. A cikin zaben shekara ta, 2018 da Chennai Times ta gudanar, an sanya Haasan a matsayin daya daga cikin matan da ake so a Chennai.
Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa
Manazarta
Rayayyun Mutane
Haifaffun 986
Pages with unreviewed |
20898 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar%20Sadiq | Umar Sadiq | Umar Sadiq Mesbah (An haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairu a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da casa'in da bakwai 1997) dan Nijeriya ne kuma sana'ak ita ce kwallokafa kafa. Dan wasa ne mai taka leda a matsayin dan gaba na kulob din Spanish UD Almeria.
Sadiq ya wakilci kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekaru 23 ta Najeriya, kuma ya kasance muhimmin memba na ƙungiyar da ta lashe lambar tagulla a Gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 2016.
Klub/ƙungiya
Shekarun farko Haifaffen garin Kaduna ne, Sadiq ya fara wasan kwallon kafa a titunan garinsa tun yana karami. Daga baya ya buga wasa a ƙungiyar Kusa Boys ta gida, kafin ya shiga "Future of Africa Football Academy" kuma daga karshe ya zama babban dan Kwallon kafa ta Abuja. A watan Yunin shekara ta 2013, Sadiq ya yi tafiya tare da FCA zuwa Croatia kuma ya halarci gasar matasa ta Kvarnerska Rivijera. Ya zama dan wasan da ya fi kowa zira kwallaye a gasar kuma ya taimakawa tawagarsa ta zama zakara.
Spezia Bayan nasarorin da ya samu a Croatia, ƙungiyar Spezia ta Italiya ta sayi Sadiq. Ya kasa yin kowane wasa na farko, amma yana wasa akai-akai don saita matasa. A cikin kakar shekara ta 2014-15, Sadiq ya zama ɗan wasan da ya fi kowa zura kwallaye a Campionato Primavera, inda ya ci kwallaye 26 cikin wasanni 24.
Lamuni zuwa ga Lavagnese Ba da daɗewa ba da shiga Spezia, sannan kuma an ba da rancen Sadik zuwa ƙungiyar Lavagnese ta Serie D, sadiq shi ne ɗan wasa na farko a zagayen ƙarshe na kakar shekarar 2013-14.
Lamuni zuwa ga Roma A watan Yunin shekarar 2015, Sadiq ya koma Roma a matsayin aro na shekara guda. An canza shi tare da abokin wasansa kuma dan kasar su Nura Abdullahi a kan kudi €250,000 kowanne tare da siyan siyan €1,250 million ga kowane dan wasa. Bayan da ya ci kwallaye takwas a wasanni uku na farko da ya buga a Roma, Sadiq ya fara buga gasar Serie A a ranar 21 ga watan Nuwamba, ya maye gurbin Juan Iturbe bayan minti 88 a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Bologna. Ya zira kwallon sa ta farko ne a ranar 20 ga watan Disamba, inda ya zira kwallaye. a mintuna bakwai kacal bayan da ya shigo a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin Mohamed Salah a minti na 82, wanda ya taimaka wa tawagarsa ta doke Genoa da ci 2 da 0. A ranar 6 ga watan Janairu a shekarar ta 2016, Sadiq ya ci kwallonsa ta biyu a farkon wasaninsa a Roma, inda ya bude kwallon a minti na 7 na wasan da aka tashi canjaras 3-0 da Chievo. Ya kammala kakar wasanninsa da kwallaye biyu a wasanni shida da ya buga a gasar Serie A.
Roma A ranar 21 ga watan Yunin 2016, an ba da sanarwar cewa Roma ta yi amfani da zaɓin ta kuma ta sanya hannu a kan Sadik, da kuma Nura, har zuwa 30 ga Yunin 2020. Ya yi tafiya tare da kungiyar farko zuwa Amurka don gasar cin kofin zakarun duniya ta 2017, inda ya zira kwallaye a wasan daya buga da Paris Saint-Germain, yayinda Roma ta sha kashi bayan fenareti.
Lamuni zuwa ga Bologna A ranar 31 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2016, an aika Sadiq a matsayin aro zuwa Bologna har zuwa karshen kakar wasa tare da zabin sayensa. Ya bayyana a wasannin Serie A bakwai, kafin ya koma Roma.
Lamuni zuwa ga Torino A ranar 16 ga watan Agusta shekarar ta 2017, an ba da sanarwar cewa Sadik zai koma Torino a matsayin aro har zuwa ranar 30 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2018. Yarjejeniyar ta haɗa da zaɓi don sanya dindindin ta dindindin tare da sake siyarwa don goyon bayan Roma.
Lamuni zuwa ga NAC Breda A watan Janairun a shekarar 2018, Sadiq ya koma matsayin aro na wata shida zuwa NAC Breda ta Holland tare da zabin tsawaitawa. Ya taimaka wa klub din da kyar don guje wa faduwa, yana bayar da gudummawa sosai da kwallaye biyar a wasanni 12 na Eredivisie.
Lamuni zuwa ga Rangers A watan Yunin shekarar ta 2018, Sadiq ya shiga Scottish Firimiyan gefen Rangers a kan wani kakar-long aro. Bayan wasanni huɗu na ƙungiyar farko a duk gasa, an dakatar da ba da rancensa a ƙarshen shekara.
Lamuni zuwa ga Perugia A watan Janairun shekarar ta 2019, Sadiq ya koma kungiyar Perugia ta Serie B har zuwa karshen kakar wasan. Ya zira kwallaye uku a wasanni 17, inda ya taimakawa tawagarsa zuwa matsayi na takwas tare da damar lashe gasar zuwa Serie A ta hanyar wasan fidda gwani. Koyaya, Perugia ya sha kashi a zagayen share fage ga Verona bayan karin lokaci.
Lamuni zuwa ga Partizan A farkon watan Yunin shekarar ta 2019, Sadiq ya kammala komawar sa aro zuwa kungiyar Partizan ta Serbia wanda ya hada da zabin saya. Ya buga wasan farko ne a hukumance a wasan da suka doke Inđija da ci 1-1 a ranar 21 ga Yuli. A ranar 4 ga watan Agusta, Sadiq ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kulob din a wasan da suka doke Mačva Šabac daci hudu da nema. Daga baya ya zira kwallon a wasan karshe da ci 3-1 da kungiyar Yeni Malatyaspor ta Turkiya a karawar farko a wasan neman cancantar zuwa gasar Europa League. A ranar 3 ga Oktoba, ya zira kwallaye biyu don bai wa tawagarsa nasarar 2-1 a waje da Astana a rukunin L na Europa League. Pelé ya buga farko m kwallaye uku a wani 6-2 gida league nasara a kan Javor Ivanjica a ranar 22 ga watan Nuwamba.
Almería A ranar 5 ga watan Oktoba a shekarar ta 2020, Sadiq ya shiga kungiyar S Alinda ta Segunda División ta UD Almería kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyar.
Ayyukan duniya A watan Yunin a shekarar ta 2016, an saka Sadiq a cikin jerin 'yan wasa 18 na karshe a Najeriya don Gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 2016. Ya bayyana a duka wasannin kungiyar shida kuma ya zira kwallaye hudu a wasan, ciki har da kwallaye biyu a nasarar matsayi na uku akan Honduras. Bayan nasarori biyu dayayi a nasara da yayi a Partizan da komawa zuwa Almería mai tasowa, Sadiq ya sami kira ga kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya da aka kira don wasannin neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin Afirka na shekarar 2022 da Benin da Lesotho a ranar 27 da 30 ga watan Maris shekara ta 2021 bi da bi.
Kididdigar aiki
Daraja
Kulab Roma
Campionato Nazionale Primavera: 2015-16
Na duniya Najeriya
Wasannin Olympics: lambar tagulla ta 2016
Bayanan kula
Manazarta 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijeriya
Musulman Najeriya
Haifaffun 1997
Rayayyun mutane
Pages with unreviewed |
8385 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masallacin%20Annabi | Masallacin Annabi | Masallacin Annabi (Larabci Al-Masjid An-Nabawi) Masallaci ne a birnin Madina na kasar Saudiyya, wanda Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) ya kafa ginin shi, kuma shine mallaci na uku da aka gina a tarihi. Yana kuma ɗaya daga cikin masallatai da sukafi girma a duniya. Shine kuma waje mafi tsarki na biyu a Musulunci bayan masallacin Harami (ka'aba) dake birnin Makka na kasar ta Saudi Arabiya. Masallacin koda yaushe a bude yake domin aiwatar da aiyukan bauta ga musulmai.
Asalin wajen shine gidan Annabi (s.a.w) anan ya zauna bayan yayi hijira daga maka zuwa birnin na Madina a shekarar 623 Miladiyya. Shine kuma ya assasa gina shi. Asalin masallacin budadden gini ne. Masallacin ya kasance waje ne na rayuwar al'uma kuma wajen Shari'a sannan kuma Makaranta ta koyar da addinin Musulunci. Asannu a hankali sarakunan musulunci ne sukai ta kokari wajen fadada shi da kara masa gyara har yakai kyakkyawa kamar yadda yake a yanzu. Shine waje na farko a yankin larabawa da aka fara sakama hasken wutar lantarki. Masallacin na karkashin hukumar dake kula da masallatai biyu masu tsarki ta kasar Saudiyya. Masallacin yana a tsakiyar birnin Madina, akwai manyan Hotel-hotel da tsofaffin kasuwanni a kewaye da shi. Babban waje ne na aiwatar da aikin umara ga mahajjata da masu ziyarar Umara. Bayan fadada shi ne da daular Umaiya tayi karkashin sarkin daular Kalifa Al-Walid I, sai ya hado harda makwancin sa (S.A.W) da wasu Sahabbai nasa guda biyi (kalifofin Khulafa'hur-Rashidun na farko da na biyu). Daya daga cikin manyan sanannun gurare a masallacin shine babbar koyariyar Hasumiya wadda ananne daidai dakin Ummuna Ai'sha (matar Annabi (s.a w). A ranar 19 ga watan Maris ne hukumomi a kasar Saudiyya suka bayyana sanarwar rufe kofofin masallacin tare da hana yin dukkan wasu aiyuka na ibada da taruwar jama'a sakamakon kamari da annobar cutar Covid-19 tayi ma duniya.
Tarihi
Tarihin farko Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) ne ya gina masallacin a Madina bayan hijirar sa a shekarar 622miladiyya. Yana tafiya a kan dokin sa maisuna Qaswa sai ya zo daidai inda masallacin yake a yanzu. Asalin gurin mallakin wadansu mutanene Sahal da Suhail, wajene da ake busar da dabino, daga baya kuma aka maidashi makabarta. Annabi (s.a.w) yaki karbar filin a matsayi sadaka, sai ya sayi filin kuma yakai tsawon wata bakwai kafin a kammala ginin shi. Misalin tsawon masllacin shine, mita 30.5 35.62 kafa 100.1 kafa 116.9) an rufe shi da ganyen kwakwa sa kasa tsawon mita 3.60 (kafa 11.8). Kofofi ukun nasallacin sune Bab-al-Rahma daga kudu sai Bab-al-Jibril daga yamma sai kuma Bab-al-Nisa daga bangin gabas.
Bayan kammala yakin Khaibar an fadada masallacin da mita 47.32 (kafa 155.2) daga ko wanne bangare. A lokacin Kalifa na farko wato Sayyadina Abubakar yabar masallacin haka amma daga baya lokacin kalifancin Sayyadina Umar sai ya rusa sauran gidajen dake makotaka da masallacin banda gidan Ummuna Aisha domin kara fadadashi. Sabon gyaran ya kasance kamar haka, mita 57.49 mita 66.14 (kafa 188.6 217.0). Anyi amfani da busaaahen tabo da laka wajen gina katangar masallacin. Umar kuma ya kara da gina wadansu kofin ciki harda kofar Al-Bukaiha.
Kalifa na uku wato Sayyadina Usman, ya rushe masallacin a shekara ta 649miladiyya. Inda ya dauki tsawon wata goma domin gina masallacin, ananne kuma ya daidaita fuskar sa ta koma kallon Makka. Ga yadda nasa aikin ginin ya kasance, mita 81.40 mita 62.48 (kafa 167.1× kafa 205.3). Dukkan kofofin da sunayen su basu canza ba.
Shekarun tsaka tsakiya A shekara 707 Kalifa na daular Umayya Al-Walid Ibn Abdal-Malik ya sake gina masallacin. Ya dau shekara uku kafin aikin ya kammala. An kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya 5094. Kalifan Abbasiyya wato Kalifa Al-Mahdi ya kara tsawon masallacin daga arewa da mita 50 (kafa 160). An rubuta sunan sa a katangar masallacin. Ya kuma yi kokarin ya matsar da hawan mimbarin zuwa hawa shida amma daga bisani sai ya fasa. An gina babbar hasumaya a kan raudha da ta hado daga kudu maso gabashin kwanar masallacin. An gina ta a 1837m. Daga nan ake kiran ta da Koriyar Hasumiya
Sultan Abdul Majid I ya dauki shekaru goma sha uku wajen sake ginin masallacin, wanda aka fara a 1849. Anyi amfani da jan bulo wajen aikin sake ginin masallacin. An kara fadada daben da tsawon murabba'in sukwaya mita 1293. An kuma rubuta ayoyin Alkur'ani a kan katangun masallacin. An kuma gina makaranta wato Madrasah domin koyar da Alkur'ani.
Saudiyya Lokacin da Sarki Saud bin Abdul-Aziz ya karbe Madina, ya dauki kudiri tare da aiwatar dashi. Kudirin kuwa shine na sake gina Masallacin tare da gyara da goge dukkannin abubuwan da zasu kawo matsala ga tauhidi, wato bidio'in da akayi kamar gyra ginin da akayi akan kabarin annabi tare da hana mutane yin sallah da adduo'i a wajen.
Bayan kafa masarautar Saudi Arabiya a 1937, masallacin ya fuskanci gyare gyare da dama kamar samar da hanya inda aka yanki wani bangare na shi. Da kuma karin hasumayoyi da samar da dakin karatu na litattafan musulunci.
A shekara 1974, Sarki Faisal ya kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya mita 40,440. An kuma kara fadada harabar sa a zamanin sarki Fahad a 1985. Lokacin da aka kammala aikin masallacin ya kai fadin kafa miliyan 1.7. Anyi sanarwar fara aikin sabon gyara a masallacin na dalar Amurika biliyan $6b. a shekarar 2012. Idan an kammala aikin masallacin zai dauki adadin mutane miliyan 1.6.
Tsarin ginin
Raudah
Babbar Hasumaya
Mihirabi
Mimbari
Hasumaya
Hotunan masallacin Annabi |
21497 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Oron | Mutanen Oron | Mutanen Oron kabilu ne da ke a farko a kudancin Najeriya da Kamaru, a yankin Riverine na Akwa Ibom da Cross River Mutanen Oron wanda kuma aka fi sani da tsohuwar mayaƙa suna yin magana da yaren Oro wanda dangin Cross River ne na yaren Benuwe-Congo Kakanninsu suna da dangantaka da mutanen Efik a jihar Kuros Riba, Ibeno, Gabashin Obolo na Akwa Ibom da mutanen Andoni Ƙungiyar Oron, wanda aka fi sani da Oro Ukpabang ko Akpakip Oro ko Oro Ukpabang Okpo ta itsan asalin ƙasar, sun haɗu ne da dangi tara da aka fi sani da Afaha Su ne: Afaha Okpo, Afaha Ukwong, Ebughu, Afaha Ibighi, Effiat, Afaha Ubodung, Etta, Afaha Oki-uso, da Afaha Idua (Iluhe).
Sake fasalin tsarin mulki na Jihohi da Ƙirƙirar Ƙananan Hukumomi a Najeriya ya ga Oron ana rarrabuwarta a siyasance zuwa jihohi biyu na Najeriya, wadanda suka hada da Kuros Riba da jihar Akwa Ibom Tare da Ƙananan Hukumomi Oron guda biyar a cikin jihar Akwa Ibom wato Urue-Offong Oruko, Oron, Akwa Ibom, Mbo, Akwa Ibom, Udung Uko da Okobo, Akwa Ibom tare da ƙaramar hukumar Bakassi a jihar Cross River.
Tarihi Turawan farko da suka fara sanin mutanen Oron a matsayin mutanen Tom Shott kuma suna kiran mutanen Oron Nation a matsayin wuri kamar Tom Shotts Town. Oron sun wanzu a lokacin mulkin mallaka a Najeriya kuma ya kasance wani yanki ne na lardin da ake kira ƙasar Kudu maso Gabas 'Yan asalin wannan yankin suna magana da yaren wanda aka fi sani da Oron. Yawancin mutanen Oron suma suna magana da fahimtar yaren Efik sosai. Hakanan Oron yana da kamanceceniya da mutanen Ibibio da mutanen Annang, saboda haka sadarwarsu cikin Ibibio da yarukan Annang suna da ƙwarewa sosai.
Tarihi ya nuna cewa a shekara ta 2370 BC Oron wanda aka fi sani da {Ƙasar Oron} an riga an riga an daidaita shi a wurin da yanzu ake kira Jihar Akwa Ibom ta Nijeriya a gabar Yammacin sashen Afirka, Hanyar Tekun Akwa Ibom zuwa Tekun Gini na Tekun Atlantika Kudu, bayan Ruwan Tsufana (ambaliyar Nuhu). Al'umma kamar yadda yake a wancan lokacin har zuwa wannan lokacin har yanzu suna amfani da yarensu na yare wanda asalinsu ya samo asali tun shekaru 2370 BC.
Ƙungiyoyin jama'a da Bantus suka mamaye, cikin yawancin Al'ummomi ba ya nufin cewa mutanen Oron sun ƙaura daga Bantus, Kamaru ko Falasɗinawa. Babu tufafin Bantus ko wani kwatankwacin al'adu ko'ina yana nuna yaren Oron ko sunaye. Babu ɗayan al'adun al'ummar Oron ko sunaye da aka samo daga Bantu ko kowane yare a wani matsayin baƙi. Oron mutane ne na musamman, masu gwagwarmaya a yanayi a duk inda aka same su, tare da yabo 'Oron Ukpabang Okpo'. Fata mutumin Oron baya nuna wasu ƙabilu ko baƙin haure a wasu ƙauyuka na settleasar Oron. Fatarsu ba ta zama daidai ba kamar ta Falasdinawa ko Isra’ilawa haka kuma ba su da duhu kamar mutanen dutsen Kamaru daga lokacin da aka sami Oasar Oron; bayan halittar duniya, tun ma kafin mulkin mallaka ya wanzu, lokacin da Nijeriya da Kamaru ba su wanzu a matsayin kasa daya ba. Labarin gargajiya na Oron yana ba da labarin "Abang" wanda ya kasance jarumi mai ƙarfi kuma Babban mai kokawa da fasahar da ake kira Mbok Gwagwarmayar da aka fi sani da (Mbok) ta samo asali ne daga Abang kuma daga baya ya zama sananne ga sabuwar duniya ta bayin Afirka. Abang jarumi da ƙungiyarsa sun yi fahariya da fatattakar fataken bayi a yankin. Wata rana, an ba shi iko kuma an kama shi tare da wasu 'yan ƙungiyarsa kuma an kai su Israila ta yau, wanda ke lokacin ƙasar Masar. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa ya zama ba kawai daidaituwa ba cewa kawai al'ummomi biyu a duniya tare da wurare masu suna "Oron" su ne Isra'ila da Nijeriya.
Daga baya, ya tsere daga Misira a lokacin bikin Moslem tare da Kogin Nilu tare da 'yan maza kaɗan. Ya tashi zuwa Sudan, ya yi tafiya zuwa Tafkin Chadi kuma ya zauna a yankin da ake kira yanzu Jihar Jigawa, Najeriya. Abang ya sanyawa wannan yanki suna Oron wanda aka rubuta kuma aka kira shi da 'Oronny' daidai da hijirar sautunan Oros. Da yake bai ji daɗin Islama ba, sai ya tsere zuwa wani wuri da ake kira Usahadit a cikin Kamaru a yau. Can, Abang ya haifi Do, Do ya haifi Doni, Doni ya haifi Oro da Obolo. Wannan shine dalilin da yasa yawancin sunayen Kamaru kamar Akan, Ekang, Abang, Etong, Osung, da Etang a Oron a yau. Daga cikin Oroniyawa, akwai maganar cewa mafi nisan duniya shi ne Usahadit wanda ke cikin Kamaru. Bai san cewa an riga an kafa wasu mutane a wannan ƙasar ba kuma saboda takaddama kan ƙasar noma, daga baya ƙungiyar ta koma gida zuwa asalin ƙasar su ta Ƙasar Oron. Wannan dawowar ta Abang ce ta sanya wasu masana tarihi suka yarda cewa Oron Nation yana daya daga cikin kabilun Falasdinawa da na Bantu da suka yi kaura daga wani wuri a kusa da Isra'ila ta hanyar Masar (Arewacin Afirka) zuwa Arewacin Gabashin Afirka ta Habasha (Abyssinia) zuwa Afirka ta Tsakiya (a kusa da Jamhuriyar Congo da Jamhuriyar Demokiradiyyar Kwango ta yau) kuma ta yankin Kudancin Kamaru har zuwa yankin Neja Delta da ke Kudancin-Kudancin Najeriya a yanzu. Bayan dawowar su, Doni ya koma ya kafa Andoni a yanzu a cikin jihar Ribas yayin da Obolo ya kafa yau Obolo ta Gabas ta jihar Akwa Ibom. Mutanen Oron sun mallaki gaskiyar cewa Ibeno, waɗanda ke zaune a tsakanin Ekids suna raba irin wannan tarihin kakanninsu tare da su.
Wata taƙaddama ta ce dangantakar Oron da Ekid an ce ta yi tsami lokacin da Eket karkashin mulkin Birgediya Janar UJ Esuene ya bayyana kuma ya yarda a kira shi karamin rukuni na al'ummar Ibibio don samun dacewa da siyasa. An kuma ce UJ Esuene ya hana mutanen Oron damar bude tashar farko ta Exxon Mobile a yankunan Mbo da Effiat Oron na Oron.
Wani taƙaddama da aka saba da ita wacce ke bayanin yadda dangantaka ta yi tsami tsakanin Oron da Eket shi ne zargin da ake yi wa Janar Esuene wanda ya ba da umarnin jefa bama-bamai a Urue Oruko, wani yanki da ke tsakiyar garin Oron inda aka kashe wasu ɗaruruwan mutanen Oron (galibi ‘yan kasuwa da mata). a lokacin yakin basasar Najeriya a karshen shekarun 1960. An lura da wannan taron na rashin sa'a a Oron wanda shine mafi munin tarihi a tarihin Yaƙin basasar Najeriya.
Yawan jama'a Garin Oron shine gari na uku mafi girma a cikin jihar Akwa Ibom bayan Uyo da Eket Tana da mutane marasa kyau sama da mutane 250,000 da ke zaune a cikin birni, waɗanda a al'adance masunta ne, 'yan kasuwa ne da mashahurai, tare da yawan baƙin haure da ke shigowa cikin garin a kowace rana tare da mutane sama da 400,000 da ke zaune a ƙasan Oron Nation Harshe Mutanen Oron suna magana da yaren Oro da mutanen Oroni suka fi sani da "Örö", amma ana kiransa da yawa "Oron", lafazin fushin rubutu da furuci. Yawancin mutanen Oron suma sun ƙware a yaren Efik. Örö yana da kamanceceniya da yawa da mutanen Ibibio da na Annang, saboda haka yawancin Oronians zasu iya sadarwa cikin gwaninta cikin yarukan Ibibio da Annang.
Sashin sauti na Oron ya ƙunshi wasula bakwai na baka í, e, a, o, u, baƙaƙen magana huɗu b, kp, d, t, k, baƙaƙen hanci guda uku m, ŋ, n, baƙaƙe uku fric s, h, baƙaƙen wasalin wasali biyu w, y da baƙi ɗaya na gefe l Baƙin bakin baƙon abu ne mai ban mamaki na Oro kuma ba a samun shi a yawancin yawancin maƙwabta.
Harshen Oron bashi da wata alaƙa ko siffofin aiki don bayyana ayyukan wucewa 'an karbe shi' ya zama 'sun karbe shi'. Aƙarshe, za'a iya lura da cewa tsarin dangin hukuncin Oron mai sauki shine batun-fi'ili-abu.
Manazarta
Al'ada
Al'umma
Al'ummomi
Al'ummomin Nijeriya
Al'adun ƙasashen
Pages with unreviewed |
34162 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/L | L | L, ko l, shine harafi na goma sha biyu na haruffan Ingilishi na zamani da kuma ainihin haruffan Latin na ISO Sunanta a Turanci <i id="mwKA">el</i> (lafazi: ɛl jam'i Tarihi Wataƙila Lamedh ya fito ne daga hoton bijimin bijimi ko na shanu Wasu sun ba da shawarar sandar makiyayi.
Yi amfani da tsarin rubutu
Rubutun sauti da sauti A cikin fassarar sauti da sautin sauti, Haruffa na Harafin na Ƙasashen Duniya yana amfani da don wakiltar alveolar kusan Turanci A cikin rubutun Turanci, yawanci yana wakiltar sautin sauti /l wanda zai iya samun ƙimar sauti da yawa, dangane da lafazin lafazin mai magana, da kuma ko yana faruwa kafin ko bayan wasali. Matsakaicin gefen alveolar (sautin da aka wakilta a cikin IPA ta ƙananan haruffa yana faruwa a gaban wasali, kamar yadda yake a cikin lebe ko gauraya, yayin da madaidaicin alveolar na gefe (IPA yana faruwa a cikin kararrawa da madara Wannan bayanin ba ya faruwa a yawancin harsunan Turai waɗanda ke amfani da Har ila yau, wani abu ne da ke sa yin wahala ga masu amfani da harsunan da ba su da kuma suna da dabi'u daban-daban a gare shi, kamar Jafananci ko wasu yarukan kudancin kasar Sin Wani yanayi na likita ko matsalar magana da ke iyakance lafazin l⟩ A cikin rubutun Turanci, sau da yawa yana yin shiru a cikin kalmomi kamar tafiya ko iyawa (ko da yake kasancewarsa yana iya canza darajar harafin wasalin da ya gabata), kuma yawanci shiru ne a cikin kalmomi kamar dabino da zabura duk da haka, akwai wasu bambancin yanki.
Sauran harsuna ⟨l⟩ usually represents the sound or some other lateral consonant.
gama-gari sun haɗa da wanda ke da ƙima mai kama da cikin Ingilishi, amma yana da ƙima daban-daban na alveolar lateral fricative (IPA a cikin Welsh, inda zai iya bayyana a wuri na farko. A cikin Mutanen Espanya, yana wakiltar [ʎ], [j], [ʝ], [ɟʝ], ko [ʃ], ya danganta da yare.
A palatal lateral kusan ko palatal (IPA yana faruwa a cikin yaruka da yawa, kuma ana wakilta shi da a cikin Italiyanci, a cikin Mutanen Espanya da Catalan, a cikin Portuguese, da a A cikin Washo, ƙananan suna wakiltar sauti [l] na al'ada, yayin da babban harka yana wakiltar sauti maras murya, ɗan kama da ninki biyu a cikin Welsh Sauran amfani Babban harafin L ana amfani da shi azaman alamar kuɗi na Albanian lek da lempira Honduras An yi amfani da shi sau da yawa, musamman a rubuce-rubucen hannu, a matsayin alamar kuɗi na Lira Italiya Hakanan ba a saba amfani da shi azaman madadin alamar fam wanda ya dogara da ita.
Lambar Roman L tana wakiltar lamba 50 A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, haruffa L da W sun zama meme na intanet, bi da bi suna tsaye don asarar da nasara L, musamman, ana amfani da su a cikin shahararrun al'adu, sau da yawa yana nufin ma'anar ma'anar mallaka Ɗauki L, bi da bi, yana nufin karɓar wannan shan kashi na musamman.
Forms da bambance-bambancen karatu A wasu kalmomin sans-serif (watau nau'ikan nau'ikan rubutu), ƙananan harafin ell na iya zama da wahala a iya bambanta su daga babban harafin ido ko lamba ɗaya Don guje wa irin wannan ruɗani, wasu sabbin fonts suna da ƙarshen, lanƙwasa zuwa dama a kasan ƙaramin harafi el Wata hanyar rage irin wannan ruɗani, wanda ke ƙara zama ruwan a kan alamun tituna na Turai da tallace-tallace, yana amfani da lanƙwasa, rubutun ƙananan rubutun hannu el Alama ta musamman kamar harafi ana amfani da ita a wasu lokuta don wannan a fannin lissafi da sauran wurare. A cikin Unicode, wannan alamar ita ce
Wani bayani, wani lokaci ana gani a cikin rubutun Yanar Gizo, yana amfani da rubutun serif don harafi ell, kamar a cikin rubutun sans-serif.
Haruffa masu alaƙa
Zuriya da haruffa masu alaƙa a cikin haruffan Latin Alamun IPA na musamman masu alaƙa da L: ʟ ɫ ɬ ɭ ɺ ɮ ꞎ ˡ
Harafin Phonetic Uralic takamaiman alamomin da ke da alaƙa da L:
Alamun da aka samo, alamomi da gajarta Rubutun harafin L (babba da ƙananan haruffa, bi da bi)
alamar fam
alamar lira
Ꝉ ꝉ An yi amfani da nau'ikan L don gajerun rubutun na zamani
Magabata da 'yan'uwa a sauran haruffa Semitic letter Lamedh, from which the following symbols originally derive
Greek letter Lambda, from which the following letters derive
Cyrillic letter El
Coptic letter Lamda
Old Italic letter L, which is the ancestor of modern Latin L
Runic letter laguz, which might derive from old Italic L
Gothic letter laaz
Lambobin kwamfuta 1 Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.
Sauran wakilci
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
10386 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN | CNN | CNN (Cable News Network) tashar watsa labarai ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa mai hedikwata a Atlanta, Jojiya, Amurka. An kafa ta a cikin shekarata 1980 ta hannun mai mallakar kafofin watsa labarai na Amurka Ted Turner da Reese Schonfeld a matsayin tashar watsa labarai na tsawon sa'o'i 24 a kullum, kuma a halin yanzu mallakar kamfanin na watsa labarai na hannun Manhattan, Warner Bros. Discovery. CNN ita ce tashar talabijin ta farko da ta fara watsa labarai tsawon sa'o'i 24. Kuma tashar talabijin ta farko- da ta fara watsa labarai a Amurka.
Tun daga watan Satumba na shekarar 2018, CNN tana da masu mu'amala (subscribers) da tashar mutane miliyan 90.1 a matsayin masu biyan kuɗi (subscriptions), kuma (kashi 97.7% cikin 100 na masu mu'amala da tashar, na da tashar acikin akwatunan telebijin nasu a gidajen su). MSNBC, matsakaicin masu kallo 580,000 a ko'ina cikin yini, ya ragu da kashi 49% daga shekarar da ta gabata, a cikin raguwar masu kallo a duka hanyoyin sadarwar tashar (channels). Yayin da CNN ke a matsayi na 14 a cikin jerin tashoshin watsa labarai a shekara ta 2019, gidan telebijin ɗin yayi kukan kura inda ya zabura izuwa mataki na 7th daga mataki na 14 da yake abaya. Acikin manyan hanyoyin sadarwa da sukayi fice akwai; (Fox News a mataki na 5, da MSNBC a mataki na 6, a wannan shekarar), ta koma mataki na 11 a shekarar 2021.
A duk duniya, shirye-shiryen CNN ana watsawa ta hanyar CNN International, waɗanda masu kallo ke gani a cikin ƙasashe da yankuna sama da 212; tun daga watan Mayu 2019. Gidan talabijin ɗin mallakar Amurka, ana takaita sunan da CNN (US), Bugu da ƙari tana watsa shirye-shiryen ta a Kanada, wasu tsibiran Caribbean da kuma a Japan, inda aka fara watsa shirye-shirye a kafar yaɗa labarai ta CNNj a shekara ta 2003, tare da fassarar lokaci guda cikin harshen Jafananci.
Tarihi Kana iya karanta cikakken tarihin CNN anan
An kaddamar da Cable News Network da karfe 5:00 na yamma, a ranar 1 ga watan Yunin shekarar 1980. Bayan gabatarwa daga; Ted Turner, David Walker da matarsa Lois Hart sune na farko da suka fara jawabi/watsa shiri a tashar. Burt Reinhardt, mataimakin shugaban zartaswa na CNN, ya ɗauki mafi yawan ma'aikatan tashar su 200 na farko, ciki aka watsa shiri na faro da aka ma shirin laƙabi da, news anchor wanda, ɗan jarida Bernard Shaw ne, ya gabatar da shirin.
Tun farkon farawa, CNN ta faɗaɗa hanyar isar da shirye-shiryen ta izuwa sassa daban-daban ta hanyar tauraron ɗan adam, gidajen yanar gizo, da tashoshi na musamman na (kamar CNN Airport). Kamfanin yana da ofisoshi 42 (11 na cikin gida, 31 na ƙasashen waje), fiye da tashoshin gida na haɗin gwiwar 900 (wanda kuma ke karɓar labarai da abubuwan da ke ciki ta hanyar sabis na labarai na bidiyo na CNN Newsource), da kuma cibiyoyin sadarwa na yanki da na waje da dama a duniya. Nasarar tashar ya dogara kacokan akan babban wanda ya kafa ta Ted Turner, kamfanin Time Warner ada ana kiranta da WarnerMedia sai yayi maja da Discovery Inc. aka samar da Warner Bros. Discovery) Wanda a ƙarshe y mallaki kafofin Watsa Labarai na rukunin Turner Broadcasting System a shekarar 1996.
Shirye-shirye
Kana iya karanta cikakken jerin shirye-shiryen da CNN ke watsawa anan
Mako
Jadawalin ranar mako na CNN na yanzu ya ƙunshi mafi yawan shirye-shiryen labarai a cikin sa'o'i na rana, sannan kuma labarai masu zurfi da shirye-shiryen bayanai a lokacin yamma da sa'o'i na farko. Shirye-shiryen safiya na cibiyar sadarwa ya ƙunshi Early Start, shirin labarai na safiya wanda Christine Roman da Laura Jarrett suka shirya da ƙarfe 5-6 na safe agogon (ET), sai shirin CNN This Morning, dake biye a bayan shirin da ya gabata, shirin safiya morning show na cibiyar sadarwa, wanda Don Lemon, Poppy Harlow da kuma Poppy Harlow suka shirya. Shirin Kaitlan Collins a karfe 6-9 na safe a agogon (ET). Yawancin shirye-shiryen dare da rana na tashar CNN sun ƙunshi; CNN Newsroom, shirye-shiryen labarai na birgima wanda Jim Sciutto ke shiryawa da safe da kuma shiri da suka haɗa da; CNN anchor, Victor Blackwell, da Alisyn Camerota ko kuma maimaicin shirin CNN anchor da rana. A tsakanin wallafe-wallafe na Newsroom, At This Hour with Kate Bolduan da ƙarfe 11 na safe zuwa tsakar rana ET, sai kuma shirin Inside Politics, wanda John King ke shiryawa a tsakar rana-1, da rana.
La'asar
Shirye-shiryen CNN daga la'asar zuwa maraice ya ƙunshi, shirin; The Lead with Jake Tapper a karfe 4-5 na yamma agogon (ET) da shirin The Situation Room with Wolf Blitzer a ƙarfe 5-7 na yamma ET. Brianna Keilar da/ko John Berman Sune ke gabatar da shirye-shiryen a wasu lokuta, da idan Tapper da Blitzer basu zo ba. Labaran maraice dama wasu shirye-shirye na musamman, sun haɗa da; Erin Burnett OutFront adaidai karfe 7 na yamma a agogon ET, sai shirin Anderson Cooper 360° da karfe 8 na yamma ET, da shirin CNN Tonight ko wasu shirye-shiryen na CNN wanda Laura Coates, da/ko Alisyn Camerota ke gabatarwa da karfe 10 na dare ET.
Karshen mako
Lokacin farko na karshen mako-daga karfe 9 na yamma ET, ranar Asabar da 8 na yamma ET, ranar Lahadi an sadaukar da shi galibi ga shirye-shirye na Jadawalin factual programming, da ya ƙunshi shirin; documentary da miniseries, da jerin shirye-shirye na reality (kamar shirin Anthony Bourdain: Parts Unknown da United Shades of America), da kuma fina-finai na gaskiya waɗanda ake haskawa a CNN Films. Shirye-shiryen safiya na karshen mako ya ƙunshi CNN Newsroom (simulcast from CNN International) da karfe 4-6 na safiyar kowace Asabar da 3-6 na safiyar kowace Lahadi agogon ET, wanda ke biyowa bayan an gabatar da shirin fitowar ta CNN This Morning, wanda Amara Walker da Boris Sanchez suka gabatar. wanda ake nunawa a kowace Asabar da karfe 6 9 na safe da Lahadi a karfe 6 8 na safe agogon ET, da shirin Asabar na cibiyar sadarwa Smerconish tare da Michael Smerconish a karfe 9 na safe ET. Jerin shirye-shirye na safiyar Lahadi ya ƙunshi, da farko shirin political talk shows, gami da Inside Politics Sunday, wanda Abby Phillip ya shirya a karfe 8 na safe a agogon ET, shirin [State of the Union]], wanda Jake Tapper da Dana Bash suka shirya a karfe 9 na safe, ET kuma ake maimaita shirin da rana ET, sai kuma shirin al'amuran duniya Fareed Zakaria GPS, wanda Fareed Zakaria ya gabatar da karfe 10 na safe a agogon ET, kuma ana maimaita shi da karfe 1 na rana ET. Shirye-shiryen karshen mako ban da waɗanda aka ambata a sama, suna ciki jadawalin kundin CNN Newsroom wanda Fredricka Whitfield, Jim Acosta, Pamela Brown, da sauran ma'aikata ke gabatarwa.
A shekarar 2014-15, bayan soke shirin Piers Morgan Tonight (wanda, aka maye gurbin shirin mai tsawo, da shirin Larry King Live), CNN ta yi gwaji tare da gudanar da binciken ƙwaƙwaf ga shirye-shiryen karfe 9: 00 na yamma, masu tsawon awa ɗaya a agogon ET, kamar shirin da John Walsh ke gabatarwa na; The Hunt, This is Life with Lisa Ling, da kuma shirin da Mike Rowe yake gabatarwa na Somebody's Gotta Do It. Sai shugaban gidan jaridar Jeff Zucker ya bayyana cewa shirye-shiryen na kawo cikas don kawar da CNN daga dogaro da shirye-shiryen da suka shafi jadawalin shirye-shiryen (pundit-oriented programs), da kuma jawo hankalin matasa masu tasowa zuwa cibiyar sadarwar. Zucker ya bayyana cewa karfe 9:00 na dare, za a iya tafiya ɗan hutu na gajeren zango a yayin gabatar da manyan labarai don ƙarin lokacin alokacin shiri. Waɗannan canje-canjen sun zo daidai lokacin ƙaddamar da sabon kamfen game da hanyar sadarwa, mai ɗauke da taken "Go there". A cikin watan Mayun shekarar 2014, CNN ta ƙaddamar da The Sixties, shirye-shiryen masu gajeren zango da Tom Hanks da Gary Goetzman suka samar (Produced), shirin ya ba da tarihin Amurka a shekarun 1960s. Sakamakon nasarar shirin, CNN ta ba da umarnin bin diddigin abubuwan da ke jan hankali a cikin shirin. An ƙara tsawon shirin Anderson Cooper 360° izuwa sa'o'i biyu, daga karfe 8 na dare zuwa 10 na dare.
A shekarar 2019, CNN ta samar da aƙalla shiri masu dogon Zango kwara 35. Tare da shirin Hanks/Goetzman franchise (ciki har da 2018 spin-off 1968), CNN ta watsa wasu shirye-shirye masu gajeren zango (miniseries) na labaran da suka shafi labarai da manufofin Amurka, irin su The Bush Years, da (Daular Amurika)-American Dynasties: Kennedys shirin CNN mafi girman akan kowane shiri mai dogon Zango na farko, har zuwa yau-(shirin na matsayin na ɗaya mafi girma), shirin na da makallata miliyan ɗaya da dubu ɗari bakwai (miliyan 1.7). Shirin Parts Unknown an ƙare shi, bayan da mai gabatar da shirin Anthony Bourdain ya kashe kansa a shekarar 2018; CNN ta ba da sanarwar sabbin shirye-shirye masu gajeren zango-(miniseries), da docuseries don shekarar 2019, haɗi da shirye-shiryen; American Style (wani shiri mai gajeren zango-(miniseries) da kamfanin watsa labarai na Vox Media ya samar), The Redemption Project, tare da Van Jones, Chasing Life with Sanjay Gupta, Tricky Dick (wani shiri mai gajeren zango-(miniseries) na tarihin Richard Nixon), The Movies (wasan kwaikwayo masu gajeren zango na Hanks/Goetzman), da Once in a Great City: Detroit 1962-64.
Bayan, kamfanonin Chris Licht da Warner Bros. Discovery, suke iko da CNN, an sanar a cikin watan Oktoban shekarar 2022 cewar CNN za ta rage farashin saye da kwamitocin daga wasu kamfanoni a matsayin ma'auni na rage tsada, amma Licht ya jaddada cewa "shiri mai tsawo ya kasance mai mahimmanci a sauran shirye-shiryenmu", yayin da tashar ta ba da sanarwar bada guraben shirye-shirye na shekarar 2023 wanda zasu haɗa da shirye-shirye na Giuliani: What happened to American's Mayor?, United State of Scandal, da The 2010s.
On-air presentation
CNN ta fara watsa shirye-shirye a tsarin samfurin high-definition 1080i, a cikin Satumba 2007. Wannan tsari yanzu shine daidaitaccen tsari ga CNN kuma ana samunsa akan duk manyan kebul da masu samar da tauraron ɗan adam.
CNN tana ɗaukar hoto a tsarin HD (Wanda ake gani tartsatsai), an fara gabatar da bas ɗin CNN Election Express a watan Oktoban shekarar 2007. Motar (Election Express), na iya ɗaukar nau'in (HD kwara biyar a lokaci guda), an yi amfani da shi don muhawarar shugaban ƙasa ta CNN-YouTube na tashar da kuma tambayoyin ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa.
A cikin Disamban shekarata 2008, CNN ta gabatar da wani cikakken sake fasalin (on-air appearance), wanda ya maye gurbin salon da ake amfani da shi tun a shekarar 2004. Zane-zanen (On-air graphics) ya ɗauki tsari mai zagaye, lebur a cikin tsarin launi na baki, fari, da ja. da kuma gabatar da sabon akwati kusa da tambarin CNN don nuna tambura da ƙayyadaddun zane-zane na yanki, maimakon a matsayin babban allon talla (banner sama da ƙasan na uku. Sake fasalin ya kuma maye gurbin tikitin “flipper” a tsaye, wanda zai iya ko dai ya nuna kanun labarai (both manually inserted and taken from the RSS feeds of CNN.com), ko cikakkun bayanai na “topical” masu alaƙa da labari.
An gabatar da babban sake fasalin CNN na gaba a ranar 10 ga Janairun shekarar 2011, tare da maye gurbin duhu, yanayin kamannin 2008 tare da tsarin launi mai sheki, shuɗi da fari, da matsar da akwatin tambarin na biyu zuwa ƙarshen allo. Bugu da ƙari, hanyar sadarwar ta fara samar da shirye-shiryenta kawai a cikin (16:9 aspect ratio), tare da amfani da letterboxed tsari na HD, a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2013, an yi watsi da "flipper", asali yana nuna allon baya mai kalar shuɗih-(blue background) tare da farin rubutu, an gwada rubutun shuɗi akan allo baya mai kalar fari-(white background) don dacewa da kamannin 'flipper'.
A ranar 11 ga Agusta na shekarar 2014, CNN ta gabatar da sabon fakitin zanunnuka. Yanzu yana musanya tsakanin kanun labarai na gabaɗaya da labaran kuɗi daga CNN Business, kuma an maye gurbin akwatin tambari na biyu-(Secondary logo box) tare da wani ƙarami, wanda ke nuna ko dai ;take-(tittle), hashtag, ko (Twitter handle). A cikin Afrilu 2016, CNN ta fara gabatar da sabon nau'in kamfani, wanda aka sani da "CNN Sans", a duk faɗin dandamalinsa-(platforms). An sanar daga Helvetica Neue kuma an ba da izini bayan tattaunawa da (Troika Design Group), dangin (font) sun ƙunshi nau'ika 30 mabanbanta, tare da ma'aunin nauyi da faɗi daban-daban don sauƙaƙe amfani a cikin watsa shiri, talabijin, da hanyoyin dijital.
A watan Agusta 2016, CNN ta sanar da ƙaddamar da CNN Aerial Imagery and Reporting (CNN AIR), aikin tattara labarai da jirgi marar matuki (drone), ya rahoto don haɗa hotuna da rahotanni a dukan rassan CNN da dandamali, tare da Turner Broadcasting da Time Warner.
Ma'aikata
Manazarta CNN -Amurka
Gidajen |
29821 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallazawa | Gallazawa | Azabtarwa (Gallazawa) ita ce da gangan ajiwa mutum ciwo mai tsanani ko wahala. Dalilan azabtarwa Kuma sun haɗa da hukunci, cire ikirari, wata tambayoyi don bayani, ko tsoratar da wasu.
Jihohi sun sha azabtar da su a tsawon tarihi, tun daga zamanin baya har zuwa yau. A karni na sha takwas da na sha tara, kasashen yamma sun soke amfani da azabtarwa a hukumance a tsarin shari'a, amma ana ci gaba da amfani da azaba. Ana kuma amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban na azabtarwa, sau da yawa a hade; Mafi yawan nau'in azabtarwa na jiki shi ne duka. Tun daga karni na ashirin (20), masu azabtarwa da yawa sun gwammace hanyoyin da ba su da tabo ko na tunani don ba da ƙin yarda. Masu azabtarwa suna aiki a cikin muhallin ƙungiya mai izini wanda ke sauƙaƙe da ƙarfafa halayensu. Wadanda aka azabtar da su na farko su ne talakawa da marasa galihu da ake zargi da aikata laifuka na yau da kullun. A wasu lokuta kuma ana ganin hukuncin kotuna da hukunce-hukuncen kisa a matsayin nau'in azabtarwa, ko da yake wannan yana da cece-kuce a duniya.
Babban makasudin azabtarwa shine a lalata hukumar da halayen wanda aka azabtar; kowane nau'i na azabtarwa na iya yin mummunan tasiri na jiki ko na hankali ga wadanda abin ya shafa. Hakanan azabtarwa na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga mai aikata laifin da cibiyoyi. Binciken ra'ayin jama'a ya nuna gaba ɗaya adawa ga azabtarwa, koda yake wasu tsirarun mutane suna goyon bayan amfani da azabtarwa a wasu lokuta. An haramta azabtarwa a ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa ga duk jihohi a kowane yanayi, ƙarƙashin duka dokokin al'ada na duniya da yarjejeniyoyin daban-daban; sau da yawa wannan yana dogara ne akan hujjar cewa azabtarwa ta keta mutuncin ɗan adam. Yin adawa da azabtarwa ya taimaka wajen kafa ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam bayan yakin duniya na biyu, kuma azabtarwa na ci gaba da kasancewa muhimmiyar batun haƙƙin ɗan adam. Ko da yake lamarin ya ragu, yawancin ƙasashe har yanzu ana azabtar da su kuma ya yaɗu a duk faɗin duniya.
Ma'anoni Azaba (daga kalmar Latin murgudawa) an bayyana shi a matsayin ganganci na ciwo mai tsanani ko wahala ga wanda aka azabtar, wanda yawanci ana fassara shi a matsayin wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikon mai laifi. Dole ne a yi maganin don wata manufa ta musamman, kamar tilasta wa wanda aka azabtar ya yi ikirari, ba da bayanai, ko hukunta su. Ma'anar Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa kawai tana la'akari da azabtarwa da gwamnati ke yi. Yawancin tsarin shari'a sun haɗa da wakilai da ke aiki a madadin jihar, kuma wasu ma'anar za su ƙara ƙungiyoyin da ba na jiha ba, ƙungiyoyin laifuka, ko masu zaman kansu da ke aiki a wuraren kulawa na jihohi (kamar asibitoci). Mafi fa'idodin ma'anar sun ƙunshi kowa a matsayin mai yuwuwar mai yin laifi. Matsakaicin tsananin da za a iya rarraba a matsayin azabtarwa shine mafi yawan rikice-rikice na ma'anar azabtarwa; A tsawon lokaci, ƙarin ayyuka ana ɗaukar azabtarwa. Hanyar manufa, wanda masana irin su Manfred Nowak da Malcolm Evans suka fi so, ya bambanta azabtarwa da sauran nau'i na zalunci, rashin tausayi, ko wulakanci ta hanyar la'akari kawai manufar da aka yi amfani da ita ba don haka ba. tsanani. Sauran ma'anoni, irin su wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin Yarjejeniyar Inter-Amurka don Hanawa da azabtar da ko Kuma azaba, suna mayar da hankali kan manufar mai azabtarwa "don shafe halayen wanda aka azabtar."
Tarihi
sharewa A mafi yawan tsofi, na da, da farkon al'ummomin zamani, ana ɗaukar azabtarwa bisa doka da ɗabi'a kuma ana aiwatar da su. Akwai shaidar archaeological na azabtarwa a farkon Neolithic Turai, kimanin shekaru 7,000 da suka wuce. Ana yawan ambaton azaba a majiyoyin tarihi akan Assuriya da Achaemenid Farisa Ƙungiyoyi sun yi amfani da azabtarwa duka biyu a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin shari'a da kuma a matsayin hukunci, ko da yake wasu masana tarihi sun raba tarihin azabtarwa daga tarihin azabtarwa. A tarihi, ana ganin azabtarwa a matsayin amintacciyar hanya don fitar da gaskiya, hukunci da ya dace, da kuma hana laifukan da za a yi a gaba. An tsara azabtarwa bisa doka tare da tsauraran ƙuntatawa akan hanyoyin da aka yarda; Hanyoyi na yau da kullum a Turai sun haɗa da rack da strappado. Sannan Kuma A yawancin al'ummomi, ana iya azabtar da 'yan ƙasa ta hanyar shari'a kawai a ƙarƙashin yanayi na musamman don wani babban laifi kamar cin amana, sau da yawa kawai lokacin da wasu shaidun sun kasance. Sabanin haka, an sha gallazawa wadanda ba ’yan kasa ba kamar baki da bayi. azabtarwa ba kasafai ba ne a farkon tsakiyar Turai amma ya zama ruwan dare tsakanin 1200 zuwa 1400. Saboda alkalai na tsakiyar zamanai sun yi amfani da babbar ma'auni na musamman, wani lokaci sukan ba da izinin azabtarwa inda dalilai masu ma'ana suka ɗaure mutum da babban birni. laifi idan ba shaidu biyu ba, kamar yadda ake bukata a yanke wa wani laifi idan babu wani ikirari. Har yanzu azabtarwa wani tsari ne mai tsada da aiki wanda aka yi amfani da shi kawai don manyan laifuffuka. Yawancin wadanda aka azabtar da su an zarge su da kisan kai, cin amana, ko sata. Kotunan majami'u ta Tsakiya da Inquisition sun yi amfani da azabtarwa a ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin tsari iri ɗaya kamar kotunan duniya. Daular Usmaniyya da Qajar Iran sun yi amfani da azabtarwa a lokuta da dalilai masu ma'ana da suka daure wani da wani laifi, ko da yake a al'adance shari'ar Musulunci ta dauki shaidar da aka samu a karkashin azabtarwa a matsayin rashin yarda.
Sharewa da ci gaba da amfani A cikin ƙarni na sha bakwai, azabtarwa ta kasance doka, amma aikinta ya ƙi. A lokacin da aka soke shi, a cikin ƙarni na Sha takwas 18th da farkon 19th, azabtarwa ya riga ya zama mahimmanci ga tsarin shari'ar laifuka na ƙasashen Turai. Ka'idodin dalilin da yasa aka soke azabtarwa sun haɗa da haɓakar ra'ayoyin wayewa game da darajar ɗan adam, rage ma'aunin shaida a cikin shari'o'in laifuka, ra'ayoyin da suka fi dacewa da suka daina ganin zafi kamar yadda yake. fansa ta ɗabi'a, da faɗaɗa gidajen yari a matsayin madadin kisa ko hukunci mai zafi. Yin amfani da azabtarwa ya ragu bayan an shafe shi kuma an ƙara ganin shi a matsayin wanda ba a yarda da shi ba. Ba a sani ba idan azabtarwa kuma ta ragu a cikin jihohin da ba na Yamma ba ko Turawa a cikin karni na sha tara. A kasar Sin, an haramta azabtar da shari'a wanda aka yi fiye da shekaru dubu biyu, tun daga daular Han bulala, da lingchi rarrabuwa a matsayin hanyar kisa a 1905. karni na ashirin da ashirin da daya. Turawan mulkin mallaka sun yi amfani da azabtarwa sosai don shawo kan juriya; azabar mulkin mallaka ya kai kololuwa a lokacin yake-yaken ‘yan mulkin mallaka a karni na ashirin. An kiyasta cewa an azabtar da mutane 300,000 a lokacin Yaƙin 'Yancin Aljeriya (1954-1962), da Ingila da Portugal suma sun yi amfani da azabtarwa a yunƙurin ci gaba da daulolinsu. Ƙasashe masu zaman kansu a Afirka, Gabas ta Tsakiya, da Asiya sau da yawa suna amfani da azabtarwa a cikin karni na ashirin, amma ba a sani ba ko wannan karuwa ne fiye da matakan karni na sha tara. Amfani da azabtarwa a Turai ya karu saboda ƙirƙira ƴan sandan sirri, Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya da Yaƙin Duniya na II, da haɓakar ƙasashen gurguzu da na facist. Hakanan gwamnatocin gurguzu da masu adawa da kwaminisanci sun yi amfani da azabtarwa a lokacin yakin cacar baki a Latin Amurka, tare da kiyasin mutane Kimanin 100,000 zuwa 150,000 da gwamnatocin da Amurka ke marawa baya suka azabtar da su. Ƙasashen da ba a cika samun azabtarwa ba a cikin karni na ashirin, su ne tsarin dimokuradiyya masu sassaucin ra'ayi na yammacin duniya, to amma ko da a can an yi amfani da azabtarwa ga tsirarun kabilu ko wadanda ake zargi da aikata laifuka daga masu zaman kansu, da kuma lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na kasashen waje. Bayan harin 9/11, gwamnatin Amurka ta fara wani shirin azabtarwa a ketare a matsayin wani bangare na yakin ta da ta'addanci." An bayyana yadda Amurka ke azabtar da mutane a Abu Ghraib a fili, wanda ya ja hankalin duniya. Ko da yake gwamnatin George W. Bush ta yi watsi da haramcin azabtarwa na kasa da kasa, ta sanya wa hanyoyinta lakabi "ingantattun dabarun tambayoyi" kuma ta musanta cewa azabtarwa ne. Wani bincike na 2016 ya kammala cewa azabtarwa ta ragu a kasashe 16 tun daga 1985 amma yawanci a wasu ƙasashe ma, koda yake ya kara tsananta a wasu.
Yaduwa Ko da yake 'yan kaɗan ne idan kowace ƙasa ta yarda da azabtarwa, yawancin ƙasashe suna aikata shi. Haramcin azabtarwa bai hana jihohi azabtarwa gaba daya ba; maimakon haka, suna canza waɗanne fasahohin da ake amfani da su, ƙaryatawa, ɓoyewa, ko fitar da shirye-shiryen azabtarwa. Yin auna yawan azabtarwa yana da wahala saboda yawanci ana aikata shi a asirce, kuma ba da rahoton irin waɗannan lokuta yana shafar bayanan haƙƙin ɗan adam cin zarafi ya fi fitowa fili a cikin al'ummomi masu buɗe ido inda ake da niyyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam. Ko da yake an mayar da hankali a kwanan nan don haɗawa da wasu wuraren da ake tsare da su, irin su tsare-tsare na shige da fice ko wuraren tsare matasa, akwai ƙididdiga masu yawa a ƙarƙashin azabtarwa saboda ba su haɗa da mutanen da ba sa son bayar da rahoto. Azaba da ke faruwa a wajen tsarewa gami da hukuncin wuce gona da iri, tsoratarwa, da sarrafa taron jama'a a tarihi ba a ƙidaya su ba. Akwai ma karancin bayanai kan yawaitar azabtarwa kafin karni na ashirin. Dimokuradiyyar masu sassaucin ra'ayi ba sa iya cin zarafin 'yan kasarsu, amma suna cin zarafi, ciki har da azabtar da 'yan kasa da aka sani ko musamman wadanda ba 'yan kasa ba wadanda ba za su yi la'akari da dimokuradiyya ba. Masu jefa ƙuri'a na iya goyan bayan tashin hankali ga ƙungiyoyin da aka gani a matsayin barazana; manyan cibiyoyi ba su da tasiri wajen hana azabtarwa ga tsiraru ko baki. Yawancin canje-canjen siyasa, irin su sauyi zuwa dimokuradiyya, ana yawan ambaton su a matsayin dalilin canje-canje a cikin abin da ya faru na azabtarwa. Ana iya azabtar da azabtarwa lokacin da al'umma ke jin tsoro saboda yaƙe-yaƙe ko rikice-rikice, amma nazarin ya kasa zana alaka mai dacewa tsakanin amfani da azabtarwa da hare-haren ta'addanci. Ana azabtar da wasu sassa na jama'a, waɗanda aka hana su kariya daga azabtarwa da wasu ke jin daɗi. Ana azabtar da fursunonin siyasa ko a lokacin rikici na makamai sun sami kulawar da ba ta dace ba. Yawancin wadanda aka azabtar da su ana zargin su da laifuka; Adadin wadanda abin ya shafa sun fito ne daga matalautan al'ummomi ko marasa galihu, musamman samari marasa aikin yi, talakawan birni, da mutanen LGBT Talauci na dangi da rashin daidaiton da ya haifar musamman yana barin matalauta cikin mawuyacin hali. Sauran kungiyoyi musamman masu saurin azabtarwa sun hada da 'yan gudun hijira da bakin haure, kabilanci ko kabilanci, 'yan asali, da mutanen da ke da nakasa Ba a ganin cin zarafi na yau da kullun ga matalauta da marasa galihu a matsayin azabtarwa, kuma masu yin ta suna ba da hujjar tashin hankalin a matsayin halaltacciyar dabarar 'yan sanda, yayin da wadanda abin ya shafa ba su da kayan aiki ko kuma tsaye don neman mafita. Laifin rashin matsuguni, aikin jima'i, ko aiki a cikin tattalin arziki na yau da kullun na iya ba da uzuri ga cin zarafin 'yan sanda akan matalauta. Ana ganin azabtarwa a matsayin wani abu na musamman, rashin kula da wannan tashin hankalin na yau da kullum.
Yin zalunci Yawancin masu azabtarwa suna kallon ayyukansu a matsayin bautar babbar manufa ta siyasa ko akida wacce ke ba da hujjar azabtarwa a matsayin halaltacciyar hanya ta kare ƙasa. Al'adun azabtarwa suna da daraja kamun kai, horo, da ƙwarewa a matsayin kyawawan dabi'u, suna taimakawa masu azabtarwa su ci gaba da kasancewa mai kyau. Masu azabtarwa waɗanda ke yin wahala fiye da wajibi don karya wanda aka azabtar ko yin aiki ba bisa ka'ida ba (ramuwar gayya, jin daɗin jima'i) takwarorinsu sun ƙi su ko kuma sun sauke wani aiki. sau da yawa masu laifin suna kallon waɗanda ake azabtarwa da su a matsayin manyan barazana da maƙiyan ƙasa Masifa Jessica Wolfendale, ta yi jayayya cewa tun da "yanke hukuncin azabtar da mutum ya ƙunshi ƙin ganin matsayin wanda aka azabtar a matsayin mutum a matsayin ƙayyadaddun abin da za a iya yi musu", an riga an ga waɗanda abin ya shafa a matsayin waɗanda ba su kai cikakken ɗan adam ba a da. ana azabtar da su. Masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam Pau Pérez-Sales ya gano cewa mai azabtarwa zai iya yin aiki daga dalilai iri-iri kamar sadaukar da kai, riba, shiga rukuni, guje wa azabtarwa, ko guje wa laifi daga ayyukan azabtarwa na baya. Haɗin kai da ƙoƙarin halin da ake ciki yana kai mutum ya zama mai azabtarwa. A yawancin lokuta inda ake amfani da azabtarwa bisa tsari, masu azabtarwa ba su da hankali ga tashin hankali ta hanyar fallasa su ta jiki ko ta hankali yayin horo. Wolfendale ya bayar da hujjar cewa horon soja yana da nufin haifar da biyayya marar tambaya, don haka ya sa jami'an soji su zama masu azabtarwa. Ko da lokacin da gwamnati ba ta ba da umarnin azabtarwa ba, masu aikata laifuka na iya jin matsin lamba na tsara don azabtarwa saboda ana ganin ƙin a matsayin rauni ko rashin namiji. Manyan jami'an 'yan sanda da na musamman sun fi fuskantar azabtarwa, watakila saboda tsantsan yanayinsu da kuma kariya daga sa ido. azabtarwa na iya zama illa na karya tsarin shari'ar laifuka wanda rashin kudi, rashin 'yancin kai na shari'a, ko cin hanci da rashawa yana lalata ingantaccen bincike da shari'a na gaskiya ’Yan sandan da ba su da ma’aikata ko kuma ba su da horo sun fi fuskantar azabtarwa yayin da suke yi wa wadanda ake tuhuma tambayoyi. A wasu ƙasashe, irin su Kyrgyzstan, ana iya azabtar da wadanda ake zargi a ƙarshen wata saboda ƙimar aiki. Masu azabtarwa ba za su iya ci gaba ba in ba tare da goyon bayan wasu da ke goyon bayan faruwar ta ba da kuma da yawa daga masu kallo da suka yi watsi da azabtarwa. Soja, hankali, ilimin halin dan Adam, likitanci, da ƙwararrun shari'a na iya taimakawa wajen gina al'adar azabtarwa. Ƙarfafawa na iya ba da fifiko ga yin amfani da azabtarwa a matakin hukuma ko daidaikun mutane; wasu masu aikata laifin suna samun kwarin gwiwa ne da fatan ci gaban sana'a. Ofishin gwamnati ya rarraba alhakin azabtarwa, yana taimaka wa masu aikata laifuka su ba da uzuri ga ayyukansu. Ci gaba da ɓoyewa da kuma ɓoye cin zarafi daga jama'a yana da mahimmanci don kiyaye shirin azabtarwa, wanda za'a iya aiwatar da shi ta hanyoyi daban-daban, kama daga tantancewa kai tsaye, musun ko lalata azabtarwa a matsayin wani abu dabam, don kawar da cin zarafi daga waje. yankin jiha. Tare da musun hukuma, azabtarwa yana haifar da rashin jin daɗi daga waɗanda aka azabtar da kuma rashin hukunci (ba a gurfanar da su ba) ga masu laifi Laifukan laifuka don azabtarwa ba su da yawa. Azaba yana da wuya ko ba zai yuwu a ɗauka ba, yana miƙe zuwa mafi tsananin fasaha da manyan ƙungiyoyin waɗanda abin ya shafa sama da abin da manyan masu yanke shawara suke so. Haɓaka azabtarwa yana da wahala musamman a cikin ayyukan yaƙi da tawagar. azabtarwa da takamaiman dabarun azabtarwa sun yaɗu a tsakanin ƙasashe daban-daban, musamman ma sojojin da ke dawowa gida daga yaƙe-yaƙe na ketare, amma wannan tsari ba a fahimta ba.
Manufar
Hukunci Azabtarwa ta samo asali ne tun zamanin da, kuma har yanzu ana aiki a cikin karni na 21st. Lokacin da tsarin shari'a ya lalace ko kuma gidajen yari sun cika da yawa, 'yan sanda na iya hukunta samari nan take su sake su ba tare da wata tuhuma ba; wannan al'ada ta zama ruwan dare a kasashe da dama na duniya. Ana iya yin irin wannan azabtarwa a ofishin 'yan sanda gidan wanda aka azabtar, ko kuma wurin jama'a. A Afirka ta Kudu, an lura da 'yan sanda suna mika wadanda ake zargi ga 'yan banga. Ana yawan aikata irin wannan tashin hankali a bainar jama'a domin a hana wasu. Yana nuna wariya ga ƴan tsiraru da ƙungiyoyin wariya kuma yana iya samun goyon bayan ra'ayin jama'a, musamman idan mutane ba su amince da tsarin shari'a na hukuma ba. Rarraba hukuncin kotuna a matsayin azabtarwa yana da cece-kuce a duniya, ko da yake an hana shi karara a karkashin yarjejeniyar Geneva. Wasu marubuta, irin su John D. Bessler, sun yi iƙirarin cewa hukuncin kisa wani nau'i ne na azabtarwa da ake yi don hukunci. Ana iya aiwatar da hukuncin kisa ta hanyoyi na ban tausayi, kamar jifa, konewa, ko yanke gungu. A farkon Turai na zamani, kisa jama'a wata hanya ce ta nuna ikon gwamnati, da ba da tsoro da biyayya, da hana wasu yin haka. Cutarwar tunani na hukuncin kisa, alal misali, al'amarin jeri na mutuwa, wani lokaci ana ɗaukarsa nau'i na azabtarwa na tunani. Wasu kuma suna bambanta hukuncin jiki tare da tsayayyen hukunci daga azabtarwa, saboda ba ya neman karya nufin wanda aka azabtar.
Tsayawa Hakanan ana iya amfani da azabtarwa ba tare da nuna bambanci ba don tsoratar da mutane ban da wanda aka azabtar kai tsaye ko kuma hana adawa da gwamnati. An yi amfani da azabtarwa don hana bayi tserewa ko tawaye. masu kawo sauyi sun yi jayayya cewa saboda azabtarwa da aka yi a asirce, ba zai iya zama abin hanawa ba. A cikin karni na ashirin, sanannun misalan sun haɗa da Khmer Rouge da gwamnatoci masu adawa da gurguzu a Latin Amurka, waɗanda sukan azabtar da su da kuma kashe wadanda aka kashe a matsayin wani ɓangare na bacewar tilas Hukumomin da ba su da ƙarfi sun fi fuskantar azabtarwa don hana adawa; Yawancin gwamnatocin kama-karya ba su da tasiri wajen gano abokan hamayya, wanda ke haifar da danniya mara hankali. Ko da yake wasu masu tayar da kayar baya suna amfani da azabtarwa, da yawa sun rasa abubuwan da suka dace don shirin azabtarwa kuma a maimakon haka suna tsoratar da kisa. Bincike ya gano cewa azabtarwa na jihohi na iya tsawaita tsawon rayuwar ƙungiyoyin ta'addanci, da ƙara ƙarfafa masu tayar da kayar baya don yin amfani da tashin hankali, da kuma tayar da 'yan adawa. Masu bincike James Worrall da Victoria Penziner Hightower suna jayayya cewa tsarin azabtarwa na gwamnatin Siriya a lokacin yakin basasa na Siriya ya nuna cewa amfani da yaduwa na iya yin tasiri wajen sanya tsoro a cikin wasu kungiyoyi ko unguwannin lokacin yakin basasa. Wani nau'i na azabtarwa don hana shi shine cin zarafi ga baƙi, kamar yadda aka ruwaito a lokacin turawa a kan iyakokin waje na Tarayyar Turai
Ikirari A cikin tarihi, ana amfani da azabtarwa don cire furci daga fursunoni. A shekara ta 1764, dan kasar Italiya Cesare Beccaria ya yi tir da azabtarwa a matsayin "tabbatacciyar hanya ta wanke 'yan iska masu karfi da kuma la'antar raunana amma marasa laifi." An bayyana irin wannan shakku game da tasirin azabtarwa tsawon ƙarni a baya, ciki har da Aristotle. Yin amfani da azabtarwa don tilasta wa waɗanda ake tuhuma yin ikirari yana da sauƙi ta hanyar dokokin da ke ba da damar tsare da yawa kafin shari'a. Bincike ya gano cewa tambayoyin tilastawa ya fi tasiri fiye da tambayoyin tunani don fitar da ikirari daga wanda ake zargi, amma a cikin haɗari mafi girma na ikirari na ƙarya. Yawancin waɗanda aka azabtar za su faɗi duk abin da mai azabtarwa yake so ya ji don kawo ƙarshen azabtarwa. Wasu da suke da laifi sun ƙi yin ikirari a ƙarƙashin azabtarwa, musamman idan sun yi imanin cewa ikirari zai kawo ƙarin azabtarwa ko azabtarwa kawai. Tsare-tsaren shari'a na zamanin da sun yi ƙoƙarin kiyayewa daga haɗarin ikirari na ƙarya a ƙarƙashin azabtarwa ta hanyar buƙatar waɗanda suka yi ikirari su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da laifin da za a iya gurbata da kuma ba da izinin azabtarwa kawai idan an riga an sami wasu shaidu a kan wanda ake tuhuma. A wasu ƙasashe, ana azabtar da abokan hamayyar siyasa don tilasta su su yi ikirari a bainar jama'a a matsayin wani nau'i na farfagandar ƙasa. An yi amfani da wannan dabara a gwaje-gwajen nunin Gabashin Bloc da kuma a Iran.
Tambayoyi Yin amfani da azabtarwa don samun bayanai yayin tambayoyi yana da adadi kaɗan na azabtarwa a duniya; amfani da azabtarwa don samun ikirari ko tsoratarwa ya fi yawa. Ko da yake an yi amfani da azabtarwa ta tambayoyi a yaƙe-yaƙe na al'ada, ya fi zama ruwan dare a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe ko rikici na makamai na duniya Yanayin lokacin bam yana da wuyar gaske, idan ba zai yiwu ba a duniyar gaske, amma an kawo shi don tabbatar da azabtarwa don yin tambayoyi. Hotunan almara na azabtarwa a matsayin ingantacciyar hanyar tambayoyi sun haifar da rashin fahimta da ke tabbatar da amfani da azabtarwa. Gwaje-gwaje na gwada ko azabtarwa ta fi tasiri fiye da sauran hanyoyin tambayoyi ba za a iya yin su ba saboda dalilai na ɗabi'a da aiki. Yawancin malaman azabtarwa suna shakka game da ingancinsa wajen samun sahihin bayanai, ko da yake azabtarwa wani lokacin yana samun basirar aiki. wasu masu azabtarwa ba sa bambanta tsakanin tambayoyi da ikirari.
Hanyoyin An cim ma azabtarwa ta hanyar fasaha iri-iri da aka yi amfani da su a cikin tarihi da kuma a duk faɗin duniya. Duk da haka, akwai kamanceceniya masu kama da juna a cikin hanyoyin azabtarwa saboda akwai ƙayyadaddun hanyoyin da za a iya haifar da ciwo yayin da rage haɗarin mutuwa. Masu tsira sun ba da rahoton cewa ainihin hanyar da aka yi amfani da ita ba ta da mahimmanci. Yawancin nau'ikan azabtarwa sun haɗa da abubuwa na zahiri da na hankali, kuma a mafi yawan lokuta, ana haɗa hanyoyin da yawa. Hanyoyi daban-daban na azabtarwa sun shahara a ƙasashe daban-daban. An fi amfani da ƙananan hanyoyin fasaha fiye da na zamani kuma yunƙurin haɓaka fasahar azabtarwa ta kimiyya ta kasance gazawa. Haramcin azabtarwa ya sa an yi sauye-sauye zuwa waɗanda ba sa barin tabo don sanya azabtarwa ta fi jin daɗi ga mai azabtarwa ko jama'a, ɓoye ta daga kafofin watsa labarai, da hana wadanda aka azabtar da su daga shari'a. Yayin da suke fuskantar ƙarin matsin lamba da bincike, dimokuradiyya ta jagoranci sababbin abubuwa a cikin ayyukan azabtarwa. Duka ko rauni a fili shine mafi yawan nau'in azabtarwa na jiki. Suna iya zama ko dai ba su da tsari ko kuma su mai da hankali ga wani sashe na musamman na jiki, kamar yadda a cikin falanga tafin ƙafafu maimaita bugun kunne biyu, ko girgiza wanda aka tsare ta yadda kawunansu ya koma baya da baya. Sau da yawa, ana dakatar da mutane a wurare masu raɗaɗi kamar rataye Falasdinawa ko juye-juye tare da duka. kuma ana iya yi wa mutane wuƙa ko huda raunuka, a cire musu farce, ko kuma a yanke sassan jikinsu. Har ila yau ana yawan konewa, musamman konewar sigari, amma kuma ana amfani da wasu kayan aikin da suka haɗa da ƙarfe mai zafi, ruwan zafi, rana, ko acid. Ana amfani da tilastawa wasu abubuwa daban-daban, gami da ruwa, abinci, ko wasu abubuwa, ko allurai azaman nau'ikan azabtarwa. Ana amfani da wutar lantarki sau da yawa don azabtarwa, musamman don guje wa wasu hanyoyin da za su iya barin tabo. Ciwon asphyxiation (ciki har da hawan ruwa yana azabtar da wanda aka azabtar ta hanyar yanke isar da iskar su. azabtarwa ta ilimin halin ɗan adam ya haɗa da hanyoyin da ba su ƙunshi wani abu na zahiri ba, wasu waɗanda ba su haɗa da sarrafa jiki ba tare da taɓawa ba, da hare-hare na zahiri waɗanda a ƙarshe ke kai hari ga hankali. Barazanar kisa, kisa na izgili, ko tilastawa shaida azabtar da wani mutum yawanci ana ba da rahoton cewa sun fi muni fiye da azabtarwa ta jiki kuma suna da alaƙa da mummunan sakamako. Sauran dabarun azabtarwa sun haɗa da rashin barci, cunkoso ko kullewa kawai, hana abinci ko ruwa, rashin hankali (kamar sutura fallasa zuwa matsanancin haske ko amo (misali azabtarwa na kiɗa da kuma wulakanci (wanda zai iya zama). dangane da jima'i ko kuma a kan addinin wanda aka azabtar da shi ko kuma na kasa). Matsayin azabtarwa yana aiki ta hanyar tilasta wa mutum ya ɗauki matsayi, sanya nauyinsu akan wasu tsokoki, haifar da ciwo ba tare da barin alamar ba, misali tsaye ko tsutsa na tsawon lokaci. kuma ana amfani da fyade da cin zarafi azaman hanyoyin azabtarwa. Bambance-bambancen al'adu da daidaikun mutane suna shafar yadda hanyoyin azabtarwa daban-daban ke fahimtar wanda aka azabtar. Yawancin waɗanda suka tsira daga ƙasashen Larabawa ko na Musulmai sun ba da rahoton cewa tsiraici tilas ya fi duka ko keɓe.
Tasiri Azaba na ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da mutum zai iya fuskanta. azabtarwa na nufin karya nufin wanda aka azabtar da lalata hukumar da halin wanda aka azabtar. Jean Améry wanda ya tsira daga azaba ya yi jayayya cewa shi ne "mafi munin al'amari da ɗan adam zai iya riƙe a cikin kansa" ya dage cewa "duk wanda aka azabtar, ya zauna a azabtar da shi." Yawancin wadanda aka azabtar, ciki har da Améry, sun mutu ta hanyar kashe kansu. Masu tsira sukan fuskanci matsalolin zamantakewa da na kuɗi. Halin da ake ciki yanzu, kamar rashin tsaro na gidaje, rabuwar iyali, da rashin tabbas na neman mafaka a cikin ƙasa mai aminci, yana tasiri sosai ga jin dadin masu tsira. Mutuwa ba sabon abu bane sakamakon azabtarwa. Sakamakon kiwon lafiya na iya haɗawa da neuropathy na gefe, lalacewar hakora, rhabdomyolysis daga lalacewar tsoka mai yawa, raunin kwakwalwa, kamuwa da jima'i, da ciki daga fyade An ba da rahoton jin zafi na yau da kullun da nakasa da ke da alaƙa, amma akwai ɗan bincike kaɗan game da wannan tasiri ko yiwuwar jiyya. Abubuwan da aka fi sani da azabtarwa a kan waɗanda suka tsira sun haɗa da damuwa, damuwa, damuwa, da damuwa barci. Binciken da ba a kula da shi ba game da wadanda suka tsira daga azabtarwa sun gano cewa tsakanin 15 da 85 bisa dari sun hadu da ka'idojin bincike don cututtukan cututtuka na post-traumatic (PTSD), tare da haɗari mafi girma ga azabtarwa na tunani idan aka kwatanta da azabtarwa ta jiki. azabtarwa yana haifar da haɗari mafi girma na mummunan sakamako fiye da kowane sanannen ɗan adam. Ko da yake ra'ayi na al'ada shine tsoro yana haifar da rauni, Pérez-Sales yayi jayayya cewa asarar iko yana bayyana rauni a cikin wadanda suka tsira daga azabtarwa. Kamar yadda azabtarwa wani nau'i ne na tashin hankali na siyasa, ba duk masu tsira ba ko ƙwararrun gyare-gyare suna goyan bayan yin amfani da nau'ikan kiwon lafiya don ayyana kwarewarsu, da yawancin waɗanda suka tsira suna fuskantar juriya na tunani Wadanda suka tsira daga azabtarwa, iyalansu, da sauran mutane a cikin al'umma na iya buƙatar tallafi na dogon lokaci, magani, tunani da zamantakewa. Yawancin waɗanda suka tsira daga azabtarwa ba sa bayyanawa sai dai idan ma'aikacin kiwon lafiya ya tambaye su musamman. Abubuwan da suka shafi tunanin mutum sun nuna mahimmancin ƙididdiga amma ƙananan ƙananan asibiti a cikin alamun PTSD waɗanda ba su ci gaba da biyo baya ba. Sauran sakamakon, kamar damuwa na tunani ko ingancin rayuwa, ba su nuna wani fa'ida ba ko kuma ba a auna su ba. Yawancin karatu sun fi mayar da hankali kan alamun PTSD, kuma akwai rashin bincike kan hanyoyin haɗin kai ko haɗin kai. Ko da yake akwai ƙarancin bincike game da sakamakon azabtarwa a kan masu aikata laifuka, za su iya samun rauni na halin kirki ko alamun rauni kamar wadanda aka azabtar, musamman ma lokacin da suka ji laifi game da ayyukansu. azabtarwa yana da illa ga cibiyoyi da al'ummomin da suke aikata ta kuma suna lalata ƙwarewar sana'a. Masu azabtarwa suna manta da mahimman ƙwarewar bincike saboda azabtarwa na iya zama hanya mafi sauƙi don cimma ƙimar yanke hukunci ta hanyar tilastawa kuma galibi ikirari na ƙarya fiye da aikin ɗan sanda mai cin lokaci. Wannan deskilling yana ƙarfafa ci gaba da ƙara amfani da azabtarwa. Rashin amincewa da azabtarwa na jama'a na iya cutar da sunan kasa da kasa na kasashen da ke amfani da azabtarwa, tayar da 'yan adawa, ƙarfafa mummunar adawa ga jihar azabtarwa, da kuma ƙarfafa abokin gaba ga abokan gaba. kansu suna amfani da azabtarwa.
Ra'ayin jama'a Bincike ya gano cewa yawancin mutane a ƙasashe daban-daban na duniya suna adawa da amfani da azabtarwa gaba ɗaya amma wasu tsiraru suna son tabbatar da amfani da shi a wasu lokuta. Wasu mutane suna da ra'ayi dabam-dabam game da azabtarwa, yayin da wasu kuma yarda da azabtarwa ya dogara da mahallin, tare da ƙarin mutane da ke son ba da izini ga azabtarwa ga wani wanda aka bayyana a matsayin dan ta'adda, musulmi, ko mai laifi. Taimakawa ga azabtarwa a cikin takamaiman lokuta yana da alaƙa da imani mara kyau game da tasirin azabtarwa. Mutanen da ba addini ba sun fi goyon bayan amfani da azabtarwa fiye da masu addini. Ga mutanen da suke da addini, ƙara yawan addini yana ƙara adawa ga azabtarwa. Ra'ayin jama'a yana da mahimmancin ƙuntatawa game da amfani da azabtarwa ta jihohi, kuma adawa da azabtarwa na iya karuwa bayan kwarewa na danniya na siyasa. A gefe guda kuma, lokacin da jama'a suka goyi bayan azabtarwa ga wasu sassa na jama'a, kamar masu shan miyagun ƙwayoyi ko wadanda ake zargi da aikata laifuka, wannan zai iya sauƙaƙe amfani da azabtarwa.
Hani A cikin duniyar yau, kusan ko'ina ana ɗaukar azabtarwa a matsayin abin ƙyama. Ana sukar azabtarwa a kan dukkan manyan tsare-tsare na ɗabi'a, gami da deontology, consequentialism, da ɗabi'a masu kyau. Wasu masana falsafa na wannan zamani suna jayayya cewa azabtarwa ba a yarda da ita ta dabi'a ba, yayin da wasu ke ba da shawarar keɓance ga ƙa'idar gama gari a cikin rayuwa ta ainihi daidai da yanayin lokacin bam. Haramun da aka yi wa azabtarwa, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin dabbanci da zalunci, ya samo asali ne daga muhawarar da aka yi game da kawar da shi. A ƙarshen karni na sha tara, ƙasashe sun fara yin Allah wadai a duniya saboda amfani da azabtarwa. Saboda azabtarwa ta zama alamar banbance tsakanin wayewa da dabbanci, ƙa'idodin ƙasa da ƙasa sun buƙaci a hana azabtarwa da azabtarwa-ko da an yi wa mutanen mulkin mallaka. An ƙarfafa haramcin a cikin karni na ashirin don mayar da martani ga amfani da azabtarwa daga Nazi Jamus da Tarayyar Soviet, wanda aka yi Allah wadai da shi sosai duk da sirrin da gwamnatocin suka yi. An gigita da zaluncin Nazi a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta tsara 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, wanda ya haramta azabtarwa. azabtarwa ita ce al'amarin farko da ya tunzura samar da fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama A cikin 1969, shari'ar Girkanci shine karo na farko da wata kungiya ta kasa da kasa (Hukumar Turai ta Hakkokin Dan Adam ta gano cewa wata jiha ta aikata azabtarwa. A farkon 1970s, Amnesty International ta kaddamar da yakin duniya na yaki da azabtarwa, ta nuna yadda ake amfani da ita duk da haramcin kasa da kasa, kuma daga karshe ya kai ga Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa (CAT) a 1984 na iya hana amfani da shi ta gwamnatocin da ke da dalilai da dama na amfani da azabtarwa. azaba ta kasance tsakiyar ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a ƙarni na ashirin da ɗaya. Haramcin azabtarwa wani al'ada ne na yau da kullun a cikin dokokin duniya, ma'ana cewa an haramta shi ga duk jihohi a kowane yanayi. Yawancin malaman fikihu suna ba da hujjar cikakken hani na shari'a game da azabtarwa bisa keta mutuncinta CAT da Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta mayar da hankali kan rigakafin azabtarwa, wanda aka rigaya an haramta shi a cikin dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya a ƙarƙashin wasu yarjejeniyoyin kamar Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa akan 'yancin ɗan adam da siyasa. CAT ta ƙayyade cewa azabtarwa dole ne ya zama laifi na shaidar da aka samu a ƙarƙashin azabtarwa ba za a iya shigar da ita a kotu ba, kuma an haramta fitar da mutum zuwa wata ƙasa inda zai iya fuskantar azabtarwa. Ko da yake ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa, alkalai a ƙasashe da yawa suna ci gaba da amincewa da shaidar da aka samu ta hanyar azabtarwa ko cin zarafi. Wani bincike na 2009 ya gano cewa kashi 42 cikin 100 na jam'iyyun CAT suna ci gaba da yin amfani da azabtarwa a cikin tsari. A cikin dokokin jin kai na ƙasa da ƙasa da ke aiki a lokacin rikice-rikice na makamai, Dokar Lieber ta 1863 ta fara haramta azabtarwa. An gurfanar da azabtarwa a lokacin shari'ar Nuremberg a matsayin laifi ga bil'adama. An amince da azabtarwa ta duka Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta 1949 da Dokar Rome ta 1998 na Kotun Hukunta Manyan Laifukan Duniya a matsayin laifin yaki A cewar Dokar Roma, azabtarwa kuma na iya zama laifi ga bil'adama idan an aikata shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na harin da aka tsara a kan farar hula.
Rigakafi Azabtarwa laifi ne dama kuma yana yaduwa a cikin yanayin tsare mutane ba tare da izini ba. Ana iya kawar da haɗarin azabtarwa da kyau tare da kariya mai kyau, aƙalla a cikin kwanciyar hankali. Wani bincike na 2016 wanda Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun ta Ƙarfafa ta yi ya gano cewa ma'auni mafi karfi da ke da alaƙa da yawan azabtarwa shine ayyukan tsarewa. Ziyarar ƙungiyoyin sa ido masu zaman kansu zuwa wuraren da ake tsare da su na iya taimakawa wajen rage yawan azabtarwa. Saboda ba za a iya amfani da tanadin doka a aikace ba, yin aiki ya fi dacewa da abin da ya faru na azabtarwa fiye da haƙƙin doka. Canje-canje ga tsarin shari'a na iya zama marasa tasiri musamman a wuraren da doka ta iyakance haƙƙin mallaka ko kuma a yi watsi da ita akai-akai. A ilimin zamantakewa, azabtarwa yana aiki azaman al'ada, ƙoƙarin rigakafin takaici saboda masu azabtarwa na iya samun hanyar kewaye dokoki. Ana iya guje wa kariya daga azabtarwa a tsare ta hanyar lakada wa waɗanda ake tuhuma duka yayin zagaye ko kan hanyar zuwa ofishin 'yan sanda. Gabaɗaya horar da 'yan sanda don inganta ikonsu na bincikar laifuka ya fi tasiri wajen rage azabtarwa fiye da takamaiman horo da aka mayar da hankali kan 'yancin ɗan adam. gyare-gyaren 'yan sanda na ci gaba yana da tasiri lokacin da cin zarafi ya kasance cikin tsari. Masanin kimiyyar siyasa Darius Rejali ya soki binciken rigakafin azabtarwa don rashin gano "abin da za a yi idan mutane ba su da kyau; cibiyoyi sun karye, rashin ma'aikata, da cin hanci da rashawa; kuma tashin hankali na yau da kullum shine na yau da kullum."
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23039 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsarin%20Daidaiton%20Labarin%20Kasa | Tsarin Daidaiton Labarin Kasa | Tsarin daidaiton yanayin kasa GCS tsarine wanda yake kunshe da ainihin wurare a Duniya matsayin wuri GCS na iya ba da matsayi:
azaman tsarin daidaitawa mai amfani ta hanyar amfani da latitud, longitude, da kuma bisa kamar yadda taswirar taswirar da aka tsara akan jirgin, mai yiwuwa gami da tsayi; kamar yadda yake a duniya, mai daidaita duniya ECEF haɗin haɗin Cartesian a cikin 3-sarari azaman saitin lambobi, haruffa ko alamomi din n samar da geocode A geodetic da daidaito da kuma lambobin taswira tsarin daidato yana hawa kuka sai ya hade. and map coordinates, the coordinate tuple is decomposed such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position and two of the numbers represent a horizontal position.
A sabuwar dabara na wani yanayin daidaita tsarin da aka kullum yaba wa Eratosthenes na Bakurane, waɗanda suka haɗa da yanzu-rasa yanayin kasa a Library of Alexandria a cikin karni 3rd BC. Aarni ɗaya bayan haka, Hipparchus na Nicaea ya inganta akan wannan tsarin ta hanyar tantance latitude daga ma'aunin taurari maimakon tsawan rana da kuma ƙayyade tsawo ta hanyar lokutan fitowar wata, maimakon lissafin mutu'a A cikin karni na 1 ko na 2, Marinus na Taya ya kirkiro babban gazetteer da taswirar duniya ta hanyar lissafi ta hanyar amfani da daidaitattun hanyoyin da aka auna daga gabas daga Firayim Minista a yankin da aka fi sani da yamma, wanda aka sanya tsibirin Fortunate, kusa da gabar yammacin Afirka kusa da Canary ko Cape Tsibirin Verde, kuma ya auna arewa ko kudu na tsibirin Rhodes daga Asiya orarama Ptolemy ya yaba masa da cikakkiyar tallafi na latitude da latitud, maimakon auna latitude dangane da tsawon ranar tsakiyar lokacin bazara. Ptota 2nd-karni <i id="mwTA">yanayin kasa</i> amfani da wannan Firayim Meridian amma auna latitud daga mazauna maimakon. Bayan an fassara aikinsu zuwa larabci a karni na 9, littafin Al-Khwārizmī na bayanin Duniya ya gyara kurakuran Marinus da Ptolemy dangane da tsawon Tekun Bahar Rum, wanda ya haifar da zanen larabawa na zamani don amfani da Firayim Meridian kusa da 10 gabashin layin Ptolemy. Taswirar ilimin lissafi ta ci gaba a cikin Turai bayan Maximus Planudes 'dawo da rubutun Ptolemy kaɗan kafin 1300; an fassara rubutun zuwa Latin a Florence ta Jacobus Angelus a wajajen 1407.
A shekarar 1884, Amurka ta dauki bakuncin taron Meridian na Duniya, wanda ya samu halartar wakilai daga kasashe ashirin da biyar. Ashirin da biyu daga cikinsu sun amince da ɗaukar doguwar Royal Observatory a Greenwich, Ingila a matsayin layin nuna sifili. Jamhuriyar Dominica ta kada kuri’ar kin amincewa da kudirin, yayin da Faransa da Brazil suka kaurace. Faransa ta karɓi Lokacin Ma'anar Greenwich a maimakon ƙayyadaddun gida ta hanyar Paris Observatory a cikin 1911.
Datums na iya zama na duniya, ma'ana cewa suna wakiltar duk Duniya, ko kuma suna iya zama na gari, ma'ana cewa suna wakiltar ellipsoid mafi dacewa don kawai ɓangaren Duniya. Mahimman bayanai akan doron duniya suna dangi da juna saboda motsin farantin nahiyoyi, rashi, da kuma ambaton girgizar duniya wanda wata da Rana suka haifar. Wannan motsi na yau da kullun na iya zama kamar mita. Yunkurin ƙasa na iya zuwa 10 cm a shekara, ko 10 m a cikin ƙarni. Yankin yanayin yanayin matsin lamba na iya haifar da nitsewa na 5 mm Scandinavia tana hawa da 1 cm a shekara sakamakon narkewar kankara na zamanin dusar kankara na karshe, amma makwabtan Scotland yana tashi da 0.2 cm kawai. Waɗannan canje-canje ba su da mahimmanci idan aka yi amfani da datum na gida, amma suna da ƙididdiga idan aka yi amfani da datum na duniya. Datididdigar cikin gida da ƙungiyar zane-zanen ƙasa suka zaɓa sun haɗa da Datum ta Arewacin Amurka, Turai ta Turai50, da Burtaniya OSGB36 Bada wuri, datum din yana bada damar da kuma longitude A cikin Burtaniya akwai latitude, Longitude, da Tsarin tsayi guda uku da ake amfani da su. WGS84 ya banbanta a Greenwich da wanda akayi amfani dashi akan taswirar da aka buga OSGB36 da kimanin 112m. Tsarin soja na ED50 wanda NATO ke amfani da shi, ya bambanta da kusan 120m zuwa 180m. Latitude da longitude a kan taswirar da aka yi wa datti na gida bazai zama iri ɗaya da wanda aka samo daga mai karɓar GPS ba. Canza tsarawa daga wannan datum zuwa wani yana bukatar canjin datti kamar sauyawar Helmert, kodayake a wasu yanayi fassarar mai sauki na isa. A cikin mashahurin software na GIS, bayanan da aka tsara a cikin latitud longitude galibi ana wakiltar su azaman Tsarin Tsarin Geoasa Misali, bayanai a cikin latitude longitude idan datum din shine Datum ta Arewacin Amurka na 1983 yana nuna ta 'GCS North American 1983'.
"Latitude" (gajerun kalmomi: Lat., ko phi) na aya a saman duniya shine kusurwa tsakanin jirgin sama mai daidaitawa da layin da yake wucewa ta wannan wurin zuwa kuma (ko kusa da) tsakiyar duniya. Lines masu haɗuwa da wuraren da'irar alamun latitude a saman Duniya ana kiransu masu kamanceceniya, kamar yadda suke daidai da Equator da juna. Pole ta Arewa 90 ne N; Pole ta Kudu yana 90 S. Zangon 0 na latitude an ayyana shi ne Equator, babban jirgi ne na dukkanin tsarin daidaita yanayin ƙasa. Equator ya raba duniya zuwa Yankin Arewa da na Kudu "Longitude" (taƙaitawa: Long., ko lambda) na aya a saman duniya shine kusurwar gabas ko yamma na meridian da aka ambata zuwa wani meridian da ya ratsa ta wannan wurin. Duk 'yan meridians rabi ne na manyan ƙusoshin hannu (wanda ake kira manyan da'ira waɗanda ke haɗuwa a Poles na Arewa da Kudu. Meridian na British Royal Observatory a Greenwich, a kudu maso gabashin London, Ingila, shi ne Firayim Minista na duniya, kodayake wasu ƙungiyoyi-irin su French Institut national de l’information géographique et forestière ci gaba da amfani da wasu meridians don dalilai na ciki. Firayim Minista yana ƙayyade Hemispheres na Gabas da Yammacin da suka dace, kodayake taswira galibi suna rarraba waɗannan sassan zuwa yamma don kiyaye Tsohuwar Duniya a gefe ɗaya. Meridian antipodal na Greenwich duka 180 W da 180 E. Wannan ba za a haɗa shi da Layin Kwanan Duniya ba, wanda ya karkata daga gare shi a wurare da yawa saboda dalilai na siyasa da sauƙi, gami da tsakanin gabashin gabashin Rasha da tsibirin Aleutian da ke yamma mai nisa.
Haɗuwa da waɗannan abubuwan biyu ya bayyana matsayin kowane wuri a saman Duniya, ba tare da la'akari da tsawo ko zurfin ba. Grid din da aka kirkira ta layin latitude da longitude ana kiransa "kyauta". Tushen sifili na wannan tsarin yana cikin Tekun Guinea na kusan kudu da Tema, Ghana A kan GRS80 ko WGS84 spheroid a matakin teku a Equator, daya sakandare na biyu yakai mita 30.715, minti daya na latitudinal yakai mita 1843 kuma digirin latitudinal daya shine 110.6 kilomita. Da'irorin Longitude, meridians, sun haɗu a sandunan ƙasa, tare da faɗin yamma zuwa gabas na sakan na ɗabi'a yana raguwa yayin da latitude ke ƙaruwa. A kan Equator a matakin teku, dakika biyu a tsaye zaikai 30.92 mita, tsayin mintuna shine 1855 mita kuma digiri na biyu shine 111.3 kilomita. A 30 na biyu a tsaye shine 26.76 mita, a Greenwich (51 28′38 N) 19.22 mita, kuma a 60 yana da mita 15.42.
A kan WGS84 spheroid, tsayin a mitoci na digiri na latitude a latitude (ma'ana, adadin mitoci da za ku yi tafiya tare da layin arewa zuwa kudu don matsar da digiri 1 a latitude, lokacin da ke latitude shine game da
Mita da aka dawo na mitoci a kowane matakin latitude ya sha bamban tare da latitude.
Hakanan, ana iya lasafta tsayin a cikin mitoci na digiri na tsawo kamar yadda
(Waɗannan ma'aunin za a iya inganta su, amma yayin da suke tsaye nisan da suka bayar daidai ne a cikin santimita. Dabarun sun dawo da raka'a mita na digiri.
Wata hanya ta daban don kimanta tsawon karatun digiri a latitud shine ɗaukar Duniyar da ke kewaye (don samun faɗi a minti ɗaya da na biyu, raba ta 60 da 3600, bi da bi):
inda duniya ke matsakaiciyar radius ne 6,367,449 m Tunda Duniya ƙasa ce mai fa'ida, ba mai zagaye ba, wannan sakamakon yana iya kashe da kashi goma cikin ɗari na ɗari; mafi kyaun kusanci na dogon lokaci a latitud shine
inda radius na kasa da kasa yayi daidai da 6,378,137 m kuma ga GRS80 da WGS84 spheroids, b a lissafin ya zama 0.99664719. an san shi da ƙarancin latitude (ko ma'auni Baya ga zagayawa, wannan ita ce madaidaiciyar tazara tare da daidaiton latitude; samun nesa tare da gajeriyar hanya zai zama aiki mai yawa, amma waɗannan nisan biyu koyaushe suna cikin mita 0.6 na juna idan maki biyun suna mataki ɗaya na nesa da juna.
Grid tsarawa Don kafa matsayin wuri na wuri a kan taswira, ana amfani da tsinkayar taswira don sauya haɗin haɗin yanayin zuwa haɗin jirgin sama akan taswira; yana aiwatar da daidaitattun bayanan ellipsoidal da tsayi zuwa saman shimfidar taswira. Datum ɗin, tare da taswirar taswira da aka yi amfani da shi a layin wuraren bincike, ya kafa tsarin layin wutar lantarki don tsara wurare. Taswirar taswira ta gama gari a cikin amfani na yanzu sun hada da Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM), Tsarin Grid Reference Reference System (MGRS), United States National Grid (USNG), Global Reference System (GARS) da World Geographic Reference System (GEOREF) Abubuwan haɗin kai akan taswira galibi suna cikin lamuran ƙa'idodi na N da kuma biyan harajin E dangane da asalin asali.
Ka'idodin taswirar taswira sun dogara da joometry na tsinkayar da kuma sigogin da suka dogara da takamaiman wurin da aka tsara taswirar. Saitin sigogi na iya bambanta dangane da nau'in aikin da taron da aka zaba don tsinkayen. Don tsinkayen Mercator wanda aka yi amfani dashi a cikin UTM, sigogin da ke hade sune latitude da longitude na asalin halitta, al'adun karya da gabas ta karya, da kuma ma'aunin sikeli gaba daya. Idan aka ba da sigogi da ke alaƙa da wani wuri ko murmushi, abubuwan da ake tsammani don ƙetare Mercator haɗuwa ce ta aikin algebraic da trigonometric.
UTM da UPS tsarin Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) da Universal Polar Stereographic (UPS) suna daidaita tsarin dukansu suna amfani da layin Cartesi wanda aka shimfida akan waniy ma'auni wanda aka tsara shi don gano matsayin a saman Duniya. Tsarin UTM ba taswirar taswira guda bane amma jerin sittin, kowannensu yana dauke da makada mai digiri 6 na tsawo. Ana amfani da tsarin UPS don yankuna na polar, waɗanda tsarin UTM bai rufe su ba.
Tsarin daidaita yanayin sitiriyo A lokacin zamanin da, ana amfani da tsarin daidaita yanayin sitiriyo don dalilai na kewayawa. An tsara tsarin daidaita yanayin sitiriyo ta tsarin latitude-latitud. Kodayake ba a amfani da su a cikin kewayawa, ana amfani da tsarin daidaitaccen yanayin a cikin zamani don bayyana kwatancen kristal a fagen kristallography, ma'adinai da kimiyyar kayan.
Daidaito na tsaye Duk ma'anar da aka bayyana a cikin haɗin gwiwar ellipsoidal za'a iya bayyana ta azaman x y z Cartesian daidaitawa. Ididdigar Cartesian ta sauƙaƙe lissafin lissafi da yawa. Tsarin Cartesian na ɗakunan ajiya daban-daban basu dace ba.
-Asa-tsakiya, -aukakken duniya -Asar da aka kafa ta duniya (wanda aka fi sani da ECEF, ECF, ko tsarin daidaita yanayin duniya) yana juyawa tare da Duniya kuma yana da asalinsa a tsakiyar Duniya.
Tsarin daidaitawa na hannun dama na dama yana sanya:
Asali a tsakiyar duniyan,ma'ana kusa da cibiyar adadi na duniya
Z layin Z akan layin da ke tsakanin Poles ta Arewa da ta Kudu, tare da kyawawan dabi'u da ke kara arewa (amma bai yi daidai da tsarin juyawar Duniya ba) X da Y axes a cikin jirgin sama na Equator
Yanayin X yana wucewa ta hanyar fadadab daga digiri 180 a Equator (mara kyau) zuwa digiri na biyu digiri na farko firam meridian a Equator (tabbatacce)
Yankin Y yana wucewa ta hanyar fadada daga digiri 90 zuwa yamma a Equator (mara kyau) zuwa digiri 90 a gabashin gabas a Equator (tabbatacce)
Misali shine bayanan NGS don faifan tagulla kusa da taron Donner, a California. Ganin girman ellipsoid, jujjuyawar daga lat lon tsawo-sama-ellipsoid zuwa XYZ kai tsaye ne a kirga XYZ don lat-lon da aka bayar akan farfajiyar ellipsoid kuma ƙara vetocin XYZ wanda yake daidai da ellipsoid a can kuma yana da tsayi daidai da tsayin wurin sama da ellipsoid. Juyin juya baya ya fi wuya: idan aka ba XYZ nan da nan za mu iya samun tsawo, amma babu wata hanyar rufewa da kewayawa da tsawo. Duba "Tsarin yanayi Ta amfani da dabara ta Bowring a cikin 1976 Survey Review na farko iteration bada latitude daidai tsakanin 10 digiri muddin zance yana tsakanin mita 10,000 sama ko 5,000 mita kasa da ellipsoid.
Ana iya bayyana jirgin saman tangal na gida dangane da matakan tsaye da kwance Haɗin tsaye yana iya nunawa ko sama ko ƙasa. Akwai tarurruka iri biyu don hotunan:
Gabas, Arewa, sama (ENU), ana amfani dashi a cikin labarin kasa
Arewa, Gabas, ƙasa (NED), ana amfani dashi musamman a sararin samaniya
A cikin yawancin aikace-aikacen nema da bin diddigin tsarin daidaitaccen tsarin ENU Cartesian ya fi hankali da amfani fiye da ECEF ko haɗin gwiwar ƙasa. A gida ENU tsarawa an kafa daga wani jirgin saman tangent ga Duniya ta surface gyarawa zuwa wani takamaiman wuri kuma inganta shi ne, wani lokacin sani a matsayin mai gida tangent ko gida geodetic jirgin sama. Ta hanyar taron an sanya alamar gabas arewa da kuma sama A cikin jirgin sama, yawancin abubuwan sha'awa suna ƙasa da jirgin sama, saboda haka yana da kyau a ayyana a matsayin lamba mai kyau. Nungiyoyin NED sun ba da izinin wannan azaman madadin ENU. Ta hanyar yarjejeniya, ana yiwa arewa alama gabas da kasa Don kaucewa rikicewa tsakanin kuma da dai sauransu a cikin wannan labarin za mu ƙayyade tsarin haɗin gida zuwa ENU.
Duba kuma Decimal degrees Geographical distance Geographic information system Geo URI scheme
ISO 6709, daidaitaccen wakilcin wurin wuri ta hanyar tsarawa
Linear referencing
Primary direction
Tsarin daidaita tsarin
Tsarin daidaitawa na Selenographic
Spatial reference system
Bayanan kula
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Jujjuyi
Geofmdesy
Labarin kasa
Zanen duniya
Labarin daidaiton |
20429 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwalejin%20Kimiyya%20da%20Fasaha%20ta%20Tarayya%2C%20Nasarawa | Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Tarayya, Nasarawa | Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa, wanda aka ataƙaice FPN, babbar jami'a ce a Najeriya wacce ake kira FedPolyNas ko kuma FPN kawai. Gwamnatin Tarayya ta kafa makarantshekara ta 1 ga watan Yuli a shekara ta 1983 don inganta ci gaban fasaha a cikin al'umma. A shekara ta 2019, makarantar ta yi sama da dalibai 3,681, 2,361 na Diploma na kasa da kuma 1,320 kuma manyan daliban Diploma na kasa. Tun daga watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2020, Abdullahi Ahmed, ya bayyana wa maigidan Hukumar Fasahar Fasahohin Sadarwa ta Kasa (NITDA) a Abuja, muradin cibiyar ta zama abin kwatance dangane da isassun kayan aikin ICT da ingantattun wuraren horarwa da kuma nawa aka saka. A zuwa yanzu.
Ƙungiya Ana gudanar da duk laccoci na asali cikin yaren Ingilishi Kudade
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Tallafawa Makarantar tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙwararrun masanan kimiyya na tarayya da na jihohi 19 da suka sami tallafin kuɗi daga Asusun Ilimi Mai Girma (TETFund) a cikin watan Yuli a shekarar 2017. Kamar yadda The Guardian ta ruwaito, cibiyar ta samu Naira 43.5m daga cikin jimillar Naira 847.4m.
Hosting taron da kayayyakin more rayuwa
Wasanni Cibiyar ta samu damar inganta abubuwan more rayuwa na wasanni lokacin da aka zaɓe ta don karɓar bakuncin wasannin Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha na Najeriya na 19 (NIPOGA), wanda aka gudanar tsakanin 26 ga watan Afrilu zuwa 6 ga watan Mayu, a shekara ta 2017, taken "Nasarawa a shekara ta 2017", wanda kwalejin kimiyya da fasaha ta jihar Legas (LASPOTECH) ta fito da nasara. A cewar shugabanta tun daga lokacin, Prof. Shettima Abdulkadir Saidu, kayan aikin da aka gano sun haɗa da kasko na asali, mascot, rumfar da aka sanya wa sunan gwamnan jihar Nasarawa na lokacin, Umaru Tanko Al-Makura, tare da ƙaddamar da wani katafaren zauren mai ɗimbin yawa, wanda aka sanya wa sunan shugaban Najeriya, Muhammadu Buhari. Bugu da kari, an kaddamar da gidan rediyon FPN FM 88.5, wanda ke watsa dukkan ayyukan NIPOGA. Gidauniyar A3 ita ce ta inganta abubuwan. Makarantar ta shiga cikin Kwamitin Ilimi na Ƙasa na 19 (NBTE)/Nigerian Polytechnics Senior Staff Games (NIPOSSGA), wanda aka gudanar ranar 21 zuwa 28 ga watan Afrilu,a shekara ta 2018, a Enugu Abubuwan da suka faru A cikin shekara ta 2018, makarantar ta dauki bakuncin taro na 91 na Majalisar Zartarwa ta Kasa (NEC) na Kungiyar Ma'aikatan Kwalejin Kimiyya (ASUP).
Horo A cikin shekara ta 2008, kimanin ɗalibai 133 daga zaman karatun da suka gabata waɗanda aka zana daga dukkan sassan makarantar sun kasance, a cewar shugabanta na lokacin, Pius Salami, yayin bikin ƙaddamar da ɗalibin ɗalibai a shekara ta 2007/2008 da aka kora don takardar shaidar jabu da laifukan da suka danganci aikata laifuka.
Duba kuma Jerin kwalejojin kimiyya a Najeriya.
Manazarta
Jami'o'i da Kwalejoji a |
34738 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakin%20Anglo-Aro | Yakin Anglo-Aro | Yakin Anglo-Aro (1901-1902) rikici ne tsakanin kungiyar Aro Confederacy na Gabashin Najeriya a yau, da Daular Burtaniya. Yakin dai ya fara ne bayan karuwar fargaba tsakanin shugabannin Aro da turawan Ingila bayan shafe tsawon shekaru na tattaunawa ba tare da an samun maslaha ba.
Dalilin yakin Kungiyar Aro Confederacy, wacce ikonta ya mamaye yankin Gabashin Najeriya da kewaye, an kalubalancita a cikin shekarun karshe na karni na 19 ta hanyar kara shigar Turawan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya a cikin yankin. Mutanen Aro da kawayensu sun bijirewa shigar da Burtaniya take masu saboda wasu 'yan dalilai da suka hada da tattalin arziki, siyasa da addini.
Dalilan yakin da Sir Ralph Moor ya gabatar, babban kwamishinan Biritaniya mai kula da gabar tekun Najeriya, ya hada da:
A cewar wani malami dan kasar Amurka, Jeffrey Ian Ross, al’ummar Aro sun yi amfani da dubarun sihiri a wuraren ibadunsu da aka keɓe wa gunkin Ibin Ukpabi, wani abu ne mai mahimmanci a cikin al'amurran bautar da suke yi, wanda yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka haifar da barkewar yaƙin Anglo-Aro.
Bijirewar Aro Mutanen Aro dai sun dade suna adawa da shigar Turawan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya cikin kasarsu, dangane da wannan adawar ta wani bangare ta hada da al'amurran tattalin arziki. Har ila yau, sun bijirewa yunƙurin da malaman mishanari na Birtaniya suka yi na shigar da addinin Kiristanci, wanda ke yin barazana ga tasirin addininsu dangane da wahayin abun bautarsu Ibini Ukpabi. Mutanen Aro sun jagoranci hare-hare da mamaye al'ummomi domin dakile shigar Turawan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya tun daga shekarun 1890. Yayin da turawan ingila ke shirin kai wa Arochukwu hari a watan Nuwamba 1901, sai mutanen Aro suka kaddamar da gagarumin farmakin nasu na karshe kafin hari ga mutanen Aro da sojojin Birtaniya suka yi. Dakarun Aro karkashin jagorancin Okoro Toti sun kori Obegu (wani aminin Birtaniya) wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane 400. Wannan harin ta janyo Birtaniyya ta kai hari cikin gaggawa.
Balaguron Mutanen Aro Sir Ralph Moor da Royal Niger Company sun shirya kai hari ga mutanen Aro da Ibini Ukpabi oracle tun a watan Satumba na 1899 amma saboda rashin isassun kayan aiki, an jinkirta har zuwa Nuwamban 1901. A ranar 28 ga watan Nuwamba, Lt. Col. Arthur Forbes Montanaro ya jagoranci hafsoshi 87, sojoji 1,550 da motoci 2,100 a hanyaoyi hudu wanda suka nufi Arochukwu ta Oguta, Akwete, Unwana da Itu a wani gangamin yaki ga ‘yan tawaye. Kamar yadda ake tsammani, sojojin Aro sun yi tsayin daka da duk wani runduna, duk da cewa ba su da makamai na zamani. Sai dai kuma an kama Arochukwu a ranar 28 ga watan Disamba bayan shafe kwanaki hudu ana gwabza kazamin fada a cikin birni da kewaye. A dalilin haka ne aka ce an tarwatsa wurin ibadar Ibini Ukpabi. An ci gaba da gwabza fada tsakanin sojojin Burtaniya da na Aro a daukakin yankin har zuwa lokacin bazara na shekarar 1902 lokacin da aka ci galaba a kan sojojin Aro a babban yakin karshe na Bende. Mamaye Aro ta zo karshe bayan makonni uku.
Sakamakon yakin An kama wasu daga cikin shugabannin Aro, kamar Okoro Toti, an gurfanar da su gaban kotu, aka kuma rataye su. Karfin ikon da kungiyar Daular Aro ke rike da shi yayi gaggawar zaizayewa kuma Eze Kanu Okoro (sarkin Arochukwu), ya buya amma daga baya aka kama shi. Duk da cewa rinjayen Aro ya rushe a watan Maris na 1902, yawancin mutanen Aro sun shiga yakin neman 'yanci akan Birtaniya a yankin kamar a Afikpo (1902-1903), Ezza (1905), da sauran yankunan da mutanen Aro ke da rinjaye. Cin Aro da yaki ya taimaka wa Birtaniyya wajen bude kofar shiga garin, amma tsananin adawa da shigar Turawan mulkin mallaka kasar Inyamurai na nan a fili bai kare ba. A 'yan shekarun da suka biyo baya, Turawan mulkin mallaka sun sha fama da tashe-tashen hankula da yaƙe-yaƙe da dama a sassa daban-daban na ƙasar Inyamurai kamar Rikicin Nri (1905-1911), Yaƙin Ekumeku (1883-1914), Yaƙin Matan Igbo (1929), da dai sauransu.
Manyan fadace-fadace Yaƙuna a yankin Oguta/ Owerri (Nuwamba 1901)
Yaƙuna a Esu Itu (Disamba 1901)
Yakin Arochukwu (Disamba 1901)
Yaƙin Edimma (Janairu 1902)
Yaƙin Ikotobo (Janairu 1902)
Yaƙin Ikorodaka (Fabrairu 1902)
Yaƙin Bende (Maris 1902)
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje https://web.archive.org/web/20060216042659/http://www.aronetwork.org/
https://web.archive.org/web/20120728080216/http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/alpha/aro1901.htm
https://web.archive.org/web/20120722180453/http://www.britishcolonialafrica.com/PDFS/1_A_Falkland_Islander_DSO.pdf
https://books.google.com/books?id=WNwgU_0wQukC&pg=PA124&lpg=PA124&dq#v=onepage&q=&f=false
https://books.google.com/books?id=Hd-Jp1t2n4sC&pg=PT32&lpg=PT32&dq#v=onepage&q=&f=false
https://web.archive.org/web/20110610131138/http://www.army.forces.gc.ca/DLCD-DCSFT/pubs/bushwarfare/BushWarFare.pdf
Yakunan 1901
Mutanen |
48956 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehnert%20%26%20Landrock | Lehnert & Landrock | Lehnert Landrock ɗakin studio ne na daukar hoto wanda Rudolf Franz Lehnert da Ernst Heinrich Landrock ke gudanarwa a Tunisiya da Masar a farkon ƙarni na 20, an lura da su don samar da hotunan Gabas. Rudolf Franz Lehnert da Ernst Heinrich Landrock sun samar da hotunan mutanen Arewacin Afirka, shimfidar wurare, da gine-gine don masu sauraron Turai na farko. An rarraba waɗannan hotunan a cikin monographs, kodayake kuma a matsayin kwafi na asali, hotuna, da katunan wasikun lithographic.
Fage Rudolf Franz Lehnert (13 Yuli 1878-16 Janairu 1948) an haife shi a Gross Aupa, Bohemia (yanzu Velká Úpa, Jamhuriyar Czech), da Ernst Heinrich Landrock (4 Agusta 1878-30 Afrilu 1966) a Reindorf, Saxony, Jamus. Kawun nasa ne ya reni Lehnert a Vienna kuma ya yi karatun daukar hoto a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Vienna. Bayan kammala karatunsa ya yi amfani da kudin da ya gada daga iyayensa zuwa kasashen waje da kyamararsa kuma a shekarar 1903 ya yi balaguron farko zuwa Tunisia. A cikin shekarar 1904, lokacin da ya koma Turai, Lehnert ya hadu da Landrock, wanda ke karatu a Switzerland, kuma su biyun sun yanke shawarar zama abokan kasuwanci, sun kafa kamfanin Lehnert&Landrock, tare da Lehnert yana ɗaukar hotuna kuma Landrock shine mai kula da kasuwanci. Sun yi tafiya zuwa Tunisiya a cikin shekarar 1904 kuma sun bude kantin daukar hoto a Avenue de France, Tunis wanda Lehnert ya yi amfani da shi a matsayin tushe don balaguron daukar hoto daban-daban a cikin Maghreb yayin da Landrock ya shirya dakin gwaje-gwajen hoto, da kuma tallan sakamakon kwafi da katuna. A farkon WW1, an rufe shagon a lokacin da aka ayyana dokar ta-baci a cikin yankunan Faransa kuma, a ranar 4 ga watan Agusta 1914, an kama Lehnert, ya zama fursuna na yaƙi kuma aka aika shi zuwa sansanin horo a Corsica, yayin da Landrock ke riƙe a Switzerland. Bayan yakin, kuma bayan dawowar faranti na gilashin da aka kwace, da farko sun kafa kasuwanci a Leipzig. Ba da daɗewa ba Lehnert ya sake yin tafiya, yana tafiya zuwa Gabas ta Tsakiya; Masar, Falasdinu da Lebanon. A cikin shekarar 1924 abokan haɗin gwiwa sun koma Alkahira sun kafa irin wannan kasuwancin zuwa na Tunis amma sun reshe "zuwa cikin gamut ɗin hoto gabaɗaya katunan wasiƙa, hotuna masu girma, katunan gaisuwa da kwafin fasaha mai kyau" don kasuwannin Turai musamman ma'amala. zuwa ga al'adar gabas da shaharar katin waya. A cikin shekarar 1930 haɗin gwiwar ya rushe lokacin da Lehnert ya koma Tunis, kuma ya buɗe ɗakin studio a matsayin mai daukar hoto,. Landrock ya ci gaba da gudanar da sitidiyo da siyayya a titin Sherif, Alkahira har zuwa barkewar WW2, lokacin da ya koma Jamus a 1938. A wancan lokacin, Kurt Lambelet, ɗan'uwan Landrock, ya ɗauki nauyin kasuwancin ya mai da shi babban kantin littattafai a cikin shekarar 1950s. Shagon gudanar da iyali har yanzu yana nan a wurinsa na asali.
Legacy A cikin shekarar 1982, Dr. Kamar yadda Joseph Gareci ya fada a cikin labarinsa na 2015 'Lehnert da Landrock na Arewacin Afirka' a mujallar History of Photography, wanda a ciki ya bincika "bangaren Lehnert&Landrock oeuvre, jerin nazarin adadi na mutanen Arewacin Afirka da Lehnert ya yi daga shekarun 1904 zuwa 1914, da kuma daga 1930 zuwa 1939, a matsayin hanyar binciko mu'amala da tunanin Gabas da Yamma", an sami sabon sha'awar aikinsu daga malamai da masu tattarawa a cikin shekarar 1980s. Wikipedia Commons yana da adadi mai yawa na hotuna a ƙarƙashin nau'in 'Lehnert Landrock' wanda ya haɗa da ƙaramin rukuni' Hotunan tsiraicin 'yan Gabas ta Lehnert Landrock'. Duk da yake ana ɗaukar hotunan shimfidar wuri "mafi yawan hotuna masu rai na Gabashin Afirka ta Arewa a farkon karni na 20 waɗanda ke ba da kyakkyawar hangen nesa na soyayya Orientalism", da sau da yawa hotunan tsirara ko ɓarna mata. yaran sun fi rigima. Sabbin sha'awar hotunan ya haifar da wallafe-wallafe da yawa, na farko shine Lehnert Landrock. L'orient d'un Photographe a 1987 da Philippe Cardinal ya biyo bayan wasu, alal misali, Tunis 1900 Hotunan Lehnert Landrock na Michel Meguin, da kuma nune-nunen ayyukansu. Hotunan Lehnert Landrock kuma ana gudanar da su a cikin tarin da ba a ambata ba British Museum, London Conway Library, Cibiyar Fasaha ta Courtauld, London J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles Library of Congress, Washington, DC Jami'ar Pennsylvania Museum of Archeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia Royal Academy of Arts, London The Science Museum, London Victoria da Albert Museum, London
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57541 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda%20NSX | Honda NSX | Honda NSX, wanda aka sayar a Arewacin Amirka a matsayin Acura NSX, mota ce mai kujeru biyu, motar motsa jiki na tsakiya wanda Honda ke ƙerawa.
Asalin NSX ya koma 1984, tare da tunanin HP-X (Honda Pininfarina eExperimental) wanda shine tsakiyar injin 3.0. L V6 injin motar motar motsa jiki ta baya Honda ya jajirce wajen aikin, tare da niyyar saduwa ko ƙetare aikin injin Ferrari na injin V8, yayin da yake ba da aminci da ƙarancin farashi. Manufar ta haka ta samo asali kuma an canza sunanta zuwa NS-X, wanda ya tsaya ga N ew", S portscar" "e X perimental", ko da yake an ƙaddamar da samfurin samarwa a matsayin NSX Gordon Murray, mai zane na McLaren F1 supercar, ya bayyana cewa ya yi amfani da NSX a matsayin wahayi ga F1 bayan gwajin yin amfani da manyan motoci masu yawa da kuma gano NSX chassis ya yi mafi kyau. Murray ya bayyana cewa zanen ya kasance "abin ban mamaki" ga ƙirar motar motsa jiki. Ya gano cewa motar ta iya yin amfani da wutar lantarki cikin sauƙi kuma ta yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Honda don haɓaka injin da ya fi ƙarfin, amma sun ƙi. Wannan ya sa Murray ya kera F1 tare da injin BMW, amma yana da sha'awar NSX har ya sayi daya don amfanin kansa ya tuka ta Murray ya bayyana cewa NSX ya kasance "masoyi ga zuciyarsa".
Zamanin farko (NA1/NA2; 1990) NSX an tsara ta ne ta ƙungiyar da Babban Mai Zane Masahito Nakano da Babban Babban Injiniya Shigeru Uehara ya jagoranta. Ya ci gajiyar ci-gaban sararin samaniya da salo da aka yi wahayi ta hanyar jirgin saman jirgin sama na F-16 da kuma shigar da marigayi Formula One World Champion Ayrton Senna yayin matakan ci gaba na ƙarshe.
Wannan NSX ta zama mota ta farko da aka kera da jama'a a duniya da ta ƙunshi dukkan jikin aluminum An yi amfani da shi ta hanyar all-aluminium 3.0 Injin L V6, wanda ya nuna tsarin Honda's VTEC (Variable Valve Timeing and Lift Electronic Control) wanda aka kirkira a cikin shekarun 1980, watsawa mai saurin gudu 5, ko kuma farawa a cikin 1994 da SportShift 4-gudun atomatik watsa, kuma aka sani da F-Matic, wanda yana ba da damar zaɓi na al'ada ta atomatik ko canzawa da hannu tare da lever motsi na yatsa akan ginshiƙin tuƙi. An gabatar da shi a 1989 Chicago Auto Show kuma an gina shi a cikin masana'anta da aka yi niyya a Japan, don siyarwa daga 1990. An samo asali ne azaman coupé kuma, daga 1995, saman targa An sami haɓaka haɓakawa a cikin 1997, wanda ya ga zuwan mafi girma 3.2 Injin L V6, da gyaran fuska a cikin 2002 inda aka cire fitilun fitilun An dakatar da ƙarni na farko na NSX a cikin 2005. An sayar da samfuran Arewacin Amurka azaman Acura NSX.
Motoci masu injin 3.0 L C30A ana kiransu da ƙirar NA1, yayin da injinan 3.2 L C32B ana kiran su da ƙirar NA2.
Adadin tallace-tallacen Arewacin Amurka
Zamani na biyu (NC1; 2016) A cikin Disamba 2007, Acura ya sanar da shirye-shiryen ƙaddamar da magajin NSX ta 2010, dangane da salo na gaba na V10-engined Acura ASCC (Advanced Sports Car Concept). Duk da samfurori da ake gwada su don samarwa, shekara guda bayan haka, Honda ta sanar da cewa an soke tsare-tsaren saboda rashin yanayin tattalin arziki. Madadin haka, a cikin Maris 2010, Honda ya buɗe HSV-010 GT don shiga gasar Super GT ta Japan. Wannan motar ba ta kai ga samarwa a matsayin motar doka ta titi ba.
Rahotannin cewa Honda ya sake haɓaka magajin NSX ya sake fitowa a cikin Afrilu 2011. A watan Disamba 2011, Honda bisa hukuma ta sanar da ƙarni na biyu na NSX ra'ayi, wanda aka bayyana a wata mai zuwa a 2012 North American International Auto Show a matsayin Acura NSX Concept.
An nuna samfurin samarwa shekaru uku bayan haka a 2015 North American International Auto Show, don siyarwa a cikin 2016. Ko da yake an riƙe ainihin sunan, wannan lokacin an bayyana shi da New S ports e X perience". Ba kamar ƙarni na farko na NSX wanda aka kera a Japan ba, ƙarni na biyu NSX an tsara shi kuma an yi shi a Marysville, Ohio, a shukar Honda, wanda babban injiniya Ted Klaus ya jagoranta.
NSX na ƙarni na biyu yana da matasan wutar lantarki, tare da 3.5 L twin-turbocharged V6 engine da injin lantarki guda uku, biyu daga cikinsu sun zama wani ɓangare na tashar SH-AWD (Super Handling-All Wheel Drive), gabaɗaya tana iya Watsawa shine 9-gudun dual-clutch atomatik Jikinsa yana amfani da ƙirar ƙirar sararin samaniya -wanda aka yi daga aluminum, ƙarfe mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi, da sauran abubuwa masu ƙarfi da nauyi, wasu daga cikinsu sune aikace-aikacen farko na duniya.
Barrett Jackson ya yi gwanjon motar farko da ke da VIN #001 a ranar 29 ga Janairu 2016. Mai kungiyar NASCAR Rick Hendrick ya lashe gwanjon tare da tayin dalar US$1,200,000 An ba da kyautar duka ga ƙungiyoyin agaji na Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation da Camp Southern Ground. NSX na farko ya birge layi a Ohio akan 27 ga Mayu 2016. Hendrick yana can don fitar da shi. An yi rajistar tallace-tallace na farko na ƙarni na biyu na NSX a cikin Amurka a cikin Yuni 2016.
An bayyana nau'in NSX na S a ranar 12 ga Agusta, 2021, tare da karuwa zuwa 602 hp. Nau'in S shine sabuntawa na ƙarshe kafin dakatarwar Nuwamba 2022. Raka'a 300 na nau'in NSX Nau'in S ne kawai aka ƙaddara don Amurka, raka'a 30 don Japan, da raka'a 15 don Kanada. Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
Hotuna
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27175 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inch%27Allah%20Dimanche | Inch'Allah Dimanche | Inch'Allah Dimanche English: Sunday God Willing, Hausa; Lahadi Da yardar Allah) wani fim ne na Faransanci Aljeriya a shekara ta 2001 ta Yamina Benguigui game da rayuwar wata ƴar hijira ƴar Algeria a Faransa. Ko da yake wannan shi ne fim ɗin almara na farko mai tsayi na Beguigui, yana bayyana irin gogewar danginta zuwa Faransa da kuma gwagwarmayar neman ƴancin cin gashin kan matan Aljeriya har yau. Fim din ya lashe kyaututtuka daban-daban na kasa da kasa, ciki har da lambar yabo ta 2001 International Critics' Award a Toronto International Film Festival.
Ko da yake an bukaci Benguigui da ta canza sunan fim din bayan harin 11 ga Satumba, ta zabi ta ci gaba da rike ainihin taken, wani bangare na shi yana cikin Larabci na Aljeriya Wannan fim ya yi bayani ne kan sarkakiyar shige da fice da kuma rawar da mata ke takawa a cikin al’ummar Aljeriya..
Ƴam wasa Fejria Deliba Zouina
Rabia Mokeddem Aïcha, uwa
Amina Annabi Malika
Anass Behri Ali
Hamza Dubuih Rachid
Zinedine Sulemanu Ahmad
Mathilde Seigner Nicole Briat
Marie-France Pisier Manant
France Darry Mrs. Donze (makwabci)
Roger Dumas Mr. Donze (makwabci)
Jalil Lespert direban bas
Labari Mijin Zouina, Ahmed, ya bar Algeria a shekarun 1970 don yin aiki a Faransa. A wani ɓangare na dokar sake hade iyali da gwamnatin Faransa ta kafa da Firayim Minista Jacques Chirac a shekara ta 1974, an ba Zouina izinin ƙaura zuwa Faransa daga Aljeriya domin ta bi mijinta, Ahmed. Bayan ta bar mahaifiyarta da hawaye, Zouina, surukarta, Aicha, da ’ya’yansu uku suka ƙaura zuwa Faransa. Zouina ta yi gwagwarmaya don tinkarar rayuwa a sabuwar ƙasa da al'adu daban-daban amma ta zama fursuna ga zaluncin Aicha da gazawar mijinta na kare ta. Zouina ta kuma ci karo da ɗimbin maƙwabta, wasu daga cikinsu suna ƙara ƙauracewa da take ji a sabon gidanta amma da yawa suna miƙa hannunsu cikin abota. Lahadi, lokacin da Ahmednta yakan kai mahaifiyarsa zuwa ranar, Zouina da yaran sun sami damar bincike da neman wani dangin Aljeriya da kuma abokan hulɗa na ɗan adam. A ƙarshe Zouina ta sami wannan dangin bayan makonni uku amma ta sha fama da ƙin yarda cewa madubin da aka yaga daga gidanta a Aljeriya da kuma kin amincewa da sabon gidanta a Faransa. Ta hanyar tafiyarta Zouina ta sami ƙarfin kanta, tana murna a cikin al'ummar matan da ta samu gida a ciki kuma tana jin daɗin tattaunawar mata da ta kunno kai ta hanyar shirye-shiryen rediyo kamar Ménie Grégoire.
Kiɗa Fim ɗin ya ƙunshi nau'ikan kiɗan Faransanci, Larabci na Aljeriya, da kiɗan yaren Kabyl. Mawaƙin Aljeriya Idir ne ya yi yawancin waƙoƙin.
"Ageggig" Idir (A. Mouhed, Idir)
"Al Laïl" Alain Blesing (Alain Blesing)
Apache Shadows Jerry Lordan "Isefra" Idir (M. Benhammadouche, Idir)
"Djebel" Aziz Bekhti
"Cenud" Nourredine Chenoud
"Snitraw" Idir
"Le Premier Bonheur du Jour" Françoise Hardy (Franck Gerald, Jean Renard)
"Djin" Alain Blesing
"Temzi (Mon Enfance)" Hamou (Hamou, Ben Mohamed, Eric Amah, Caroline Pascaud-Blandin)
"Sssendu" Idir
"Raoul" Souad Massi
Kyauta Wanda ya ci nasara Kyautar FIPRESCI (Mafi kyawun Fim) Bikin Fim na Toronto Int'l
Nasara Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Bordeaux Int'l Festival na Mata a Cinema
Nasara Golden Star Marrakech Int'l Film Festival
Nasara Kyautar OCIC Amiens Int'l Film Festival
Zabin Aiki Reel Dame Film Festival
Zabin Aiki Crossroad Int'l Film Festival
Zaɓe Golden Pyramid Alkahira Int'l Film Festival
liyafa
Amsa mai mahimmanci Inch'Allah Dimanche ya samu ra'ayoyi daban-daban. Rotten Tomatoes ya ba fim ɗin maki 71% bisa bita daga masu suka 13, tare da matsakaicin maki 3.6/5. Yayin da wasu ƴan kallo suka ga ya zama wakilci mai ƙarfi na duka labarin shaƙatawa da kuma iyawar mace ta wuce cikas wasu sun gano cewa fim ɗin yana da ma'ana amma ya ɓoyayya.
A kan saƙon fim ɗin da ingancinsa, Don Houston na DVD Talk ya lura "Shige da fice ya shafe mu duka ta hanya ɗaya ko wata, ko da inda kuke zama ko aiki. Idan wannan fim ɗin zai iya haifar da tattaunawa mai zurfi a kan lamarin, da zai yi mana babban hidima. Ban tabbata ko na yarda da duk shawarar da darektan ya yi ba amma ina jin daɗin cewa ta yi tafiya kuma a yanzu tana magana har ta iya zayyana yawancin batutuwan da suka shafe mu duka."
Lisa Nesselson na Variety.com ta yaba wa fim ɗin da cewa "Labarin yana yawan daci amma ba ya jin tsoro. Kyakkyawan tsari na zamani ya sa mai kallo tare da tunatarwa cewa lardin Faransa a tsakiyar shekarun 70s har yanzu yana kusa da WWII fiye da na yanzu kuma cewa al'ummomin al'adu da yawa a yau sun sami nasara sosai."
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Fina-finai
Sinima a Afrika
Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba |
25907 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAX | VAX | VAX shine tsarin koyar da CISC da aka kafa gine-gine (ISA) da layin manyan injiniyoyi da wuraren aiki wanda Kamfanin Kayan Kayan Dijital (DEC) ya haɓaka a tsakiyar 1970s. VAX-11/780, wanda aka gabatar a ranar 25 ga watan Oktoba, a shekara ta 1977, shi ne na farko na kewayon mashahurai da manyan kwamfutoci masu aiwatar da VAX ISA. Fiye da samfura 100 aka gabatar a tsawon rayuwar ƙirar, tare da membobin ƙarshe da suka isa farkon shekarar 1990s. DEC Alpha ya ci nasarar VAX, wanda ya haɗa da fasali da yawa daga injin VAX don sauƙaƙe ɗaukar hoto daga VAX.
An tsara VAX a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin 16-bit PDP-11, ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙarancin minicomputers a cikin tarihi tare da misalai kusan 600,000 da aka sayar. An tsara tsarin don bayar da jituwa ta baya tare da PDP-11 yayin da ake fadada ƙwaƙwalwar zuwa cikakken aiwatar da 32-bit da ƙara buƙatun da aka tsara ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya Sunan VAX yana nufin manufar "Virtual Address eXtension wanda ya ba da damar shirye-shirye su yi amfani da wannan sabon ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar yayin da har yanzu suna dacewa da lambar PDP-11 da ba a canza ba. An zaɓi sunan "VAX-11", wanda aka yi amfani da shi a farkon samfuran, don haskaka wannan damar.
Daga baya samfuran a cikin jerin sun yi watsi da alamar -11 kamar yadda jituwa ta PDP -11 ba ta zama babbar damuwa ba. Layin ya faɗaɗa zuwa manyan injina biyu kamar VAX 9000 har ma da tsarin aiki -scale kamar jerin VAXstation Iyalin VAX a ƙarshe sun ƙunshi zane -zane iri daban -daban da sama da samfuran mutum 100 gaba ɗaya. Duk waɗannan sun dace da junansu kuma galibi suna gudanar da ingantaccen tsarin aikin VAX/VMS VAX an gane da matsayin quintessential CISC ISA, tare da manya-manyan yawan jama'ar-harshen-shirye-shiryen-friendly magance halaye da kuma inji umarnin, sosai orthogonal gine, da kuma umarnin for hadaddun ayyukan kamar jerin gwano sa ko shafewa, yawan tsarawa, da kuma polynomial kimantawa.
Suna Sunan "VAX" ya samo asali ne a matsayin acronym na Virtual Address eXtension, duka saboda an ga VAX azaman ƙara 32-bit na tsohuwar 16-bit PDP-11 kuma saboda (bayan Firayim Minista farkon mai ɗaukar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa don sarrafa wannan babban adireshin sarari.
Siffofin farko na injin VAX suna aiwatar da "yanayin dacewa" wanda ke kwaikwayon yawancin umarnin PDP-11, yana ba shi 11 a cikin VAX-11 don haskaka wannan jituwa. Sigogin baya sun sauke yanayin dacewa da wasu daga cikin umarnin CISC da ba a yi amfani da su ba don kwaikwayon software na tsarin aiki.
Saitin koyarwa An tsara saitin umarnin VAX don zama mai ƙarfi da daidaituwa Lokacin da aka gabatar da shi, an rubuta shirye-shirye da yawa cikin yaren taro, don haka samun tsarin koyar da "mai son shirye-shirye" yana da mahimmanci. Da shigewar lokaci, yayin da aka rubuta ƙarin shirye-shirye a cikin harshe mafi girma, tsarin koyarwar ya zama ba a bayyane, kuma abin da ya fi damun shi shine marubutan tattarawa.
Aspectaya daga cikin abubuwan da ba a saba gani ba na saitin umarnin VAX shine kasancewar abin rufe fuska a farkon kowane ƙaramin shirin. Waɗannan su ne tsarin saɓani na sabani wanda ke ƙayyade, lokacin da aka ba da iko ga shirin ƙasa, wanda za a kiyaye rajista. Tun da abin rufe fuska rajista ne nau'in bayanan da aka saka a cikin lambar aiwatarwa, za su iya yin saɓin layi na lambar injin da wahala. Wannan na iya rikitarwa dabarun ingantawa waɗanda ake amfani da su akan lambar injin.
Tsarin aiki Tsarin ɗan ƙasa VAX tsarin aiki shine VAX/VMS na Dijital (wanda aka sake masa suna zuwa OpenVMS a cikin shekara ta 1991 ko farkon shekara ta 1992 lokacin da aka tura shi zuwa Alpha, an canza shi don bin ƙa'idodin POSIX, da "alama" kamar yadda ya dace da XPG4 ta X/Open consortium) Gine -ginen VAX da tsarin aiki na OpenVMS an “ƙera su lokaci guda” don cin moriyar juna, kamar yadda aka fara aiwatar da ginin VAXcluster Sauran tsarin aiki na VAX sun haɗa da sakewa daban -daban na BSD UNIX har zuwa 4.3BSD, Ultrix -32, VAXELN, da Xinu Kwanan nan, NetBSD da OpenBSD sun goyi bayan nau'ikan VAX daban -daban kuma an yi wani aiki akan jigilar Linux zuwa ginin VAX. OpenBSD ta katse tallafi don gine -gine a watan Satumba na shekara ta 2016.
Tarihi Samfurin VAX na farko da aka sayar shi ne VAX-11/780, wanda aka gabatar a ranar 25 ga watan Oktoba,acikin shekara ta 1977, a Taron shekara-shekara na masu hannun jari. Bill Strecker, C. Gordon Bell dalibin digiri na uku a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon, shine ke da alhakin gine -gine. Yawancin samfura daban -daban tare da farashi daban -daban, matakan aiwatarwa, da iyawa daga baya an ƙirƙira su. VAX superminicomputers sun shahara sosai a farkon shekara ta 1980.
Domin a yayin da VAX-11/780 da aka yi amfani da matsayin misali a CPU asowar An bayyana shi da farko a matsayin injin MIPS ɗaya, saboda aikin sa yayi daidai da Tsarin IBM/360 wanda ke gudana a MIPS ɗaya, kuma aiwatar da Tsarin/360 a baya sun kasance ƙa'idodi na zahiri. Ainihin adadin umarnin da aka aiwatar a cikin daƙiƙa 1 ya kusan 500,000, wanda ya haifar da gunaguni na wuce gona da iri na talla. Sakamakon shine ma'anar "VAX MIPS," gudun VAX-11/780; kwamfutar da ke aiki a 27 VAX MIPS zata gudanar da wannan shirin kusan sau 27 da sauri fiye da VAX-11/780.
A cikin al'ummomin Dijital kalmar VUP VAX Unit of Performance ita ce mafi yawan lokuta, saboda MIPS ba sa kwatanta kwatankwacin gine -gine daban -daban. An yi amfani da VUPs gungu mai alaƙa ba tare da izini ba don bayyana jimlar aikin VAXcluster (Ayyukan VAX-11/780 har yanzu suna aiki azaman ma'aunin ma'auni a cikin BRL-CAD Benchmark, ɗakin nazarin ayyukan da aka haɗa a cikin rarraba software na ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar BRL-CAD. VAX-11/780 ya haɗa da madaidaiciyar madaidaiciyar LSI-11 kwamfutar da ta yi nauyin microcode, booting, da ayyukan bincike don kwamfutar mahaifa. An sauke wannan daga samfuran VAX masu zuwa. Sabbin masu amfani da VAX-11/780 saboda haka zasu iya gudanar da tsarin aiki daban-daban na Kamfanin Kayan Kayan Dijital guda uku: VMS akan injin VAX (daga rumbun kwamfutoci), kuma ko dai RSX-11S ko RT-11 akan LSI-11 (daga guda ɗaya kawai drive floppy disk).
VAX ta shiga aiwatar da ayyuka daban -daban. An aiwatar da VAX 11/780 na asali a cikin TTL kuma ya cika kabad mai ƙafa huɗu da biyar tare da CPU ɗaya. Ayyukan CPU waɗanda suka ƙunshi madaidaicin ƙofar ECL da yawa ko kwakwalwan tsararren macrocell sun haɗa da VAX 8600 da 8800 superminis kuma a ƙarshe injunan babban aji na VAX 9000. Ayyukan CPU waɗanda suka ƙunshi kwakwalwan al'ada na MOSFET da yawa sun haɗa da injinan aji 8100 da 8200. An gina VAX 11-730 da 725 ƙananan injuna ta amfani da abubuwan haɗin AMD Am2901 bit-slice don ALU.
MicroVAX I na wakiltar babban canji a cikin dangin VAX. A lokacin ƙirarsa, har yanzu bai yiwu a aiwatar da cikakken ginin VAX azaman guntu ɗaya na VLSI ba (ko ma chipsan kwakwalwan VLSI kamar yadda aka yi daga baya tare da V-11 CPU na VAX 8200/8300). Madadin haka, MicroVAX I shine farkon aiwatar da VAX don motsa wasu daga cikin mahimman umarnin VAX masu rikitarwa (kamar ƙuntataccen adadi da lambobi masu alaƙa) zuwa software na kwaikwayo. Wannan rabe -raben ya rage adadin microcode da ake buƙata kuma an kira shi da gine -ginen "MicroVAX". A cikin MicroVAX I, ALU da rijista an aiwatar dasu azaman guntu-madaidaicin guntu yayin da sauran sarrafa na'ura shine dabaru na al'ada.
Cikakken VLSI microprocessor aiwatar da ginin MicroVAX ya isa tare da MicroVAX II's 78032 (ko DC333) CPU da 78132 (DC335) FPU. A 78032 shi ne na farko microprocessor da wani a kan-jirgin memory management naúrar A MicroVAX II ya ginu ne kan guda, hudu-sized processor jirgin wanda ya kwashe processor kwakwalwan kwamfuta da gudu cikin MicroVMS ko Ultrix -32 tsarukan Na'urar ta ƙunshi 1 MB na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a kan jirgi da keɓaɓɓiyar tashar motar Q22 tare da canja wurin DMA. MicroVAX II ya ci nasara ta wasu samfuran MicroVAX da yawa tare da ingantaccen aiki da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.
Ƙarin masu sarrafa VLSI VAX sun bi ta hanyar V-11, CVAX, CVAX SOC ("System On Chip", CVAX guda ɗaya), Rigel, Mariah da aiwatar da NVAX. Na'urorin microprocessors na VAX sun haɓaka gine-ginen zuwa wuraren aiki masu arha kuma daga baya kuma sun maye gurbin manyan samfuran VAX. Wannan fannonin dandamali masu yawa (babba zuwa babban aiki) ta amfani da gine -gine guda ɗaya ya bambanta a masana'antar kwamfuta a wancan lokacin. An zana zane -zanen Sundry akan injin microprocessor na CVAX. Maganar CVAX lokacin da kuka damu sosai don yin sata mafi kyawun an rubuta shi a cikin Rashanci mai fashewa azaman wasa akan taken Hallmark Cards, wanda aka yi niyya a matsayin saƙo ga injiniyoyin Soviet waɗanda aka san su duka suna lalata komputa na DEC don aikace -aikacen soji da juyawa. aikin injiniyan su. A cikin abubuwan samarwa na DEC, fasahar RISC ta maye gurbin gine -ginen VAX. A cikin shekara ta 1989 DEC ta gabatar da kewayon wuraren aiki da sabar da ke gudana Ultrix, DECstation da DECsystem bi da bi, dangane da masu sarrafawa waɗanda suka aiwatar da ginin MIPS A cikin shekara ta 1992 DEC sun gabatar da nasu tsarin koyar da tsarin RISC, Alpha AXP (daga baya aka sake masa suna Alpha), da nasu microprocessor na tushen Alpha, DECchip 21064, babban ƙirar 64-bit mai iya gudanar da OpenVMS.
A watan ogusta a cikin shekara ta 2000, Compaq ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a daina sauran samfuran VAX a ƙarshen shekara. Zuwa shekarar 2005 duk kera kwamfutocin VAX sun daina aiki, amma tsofaffin tsarin suna ci gaba da amfani. A Stromasys CHARON-VAX da SIMH software-tushen VAX emulators zama samuwa da kuma VMS yanzu gudanar da VMS Software Incorporated, ko da yake sun kawai bayar da OpenVMS for Alpha tsarin da HPE Mutunci Servers, tare da x86-64 goyon bayan da ake ci gaba, da kuma ba bayar da shi don VAX.
Tsarin gine -gine
Taswirar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya VAX memory memory ya kasu kashi hudu. Kowane yana da gigabyte ɗaya (a cikin mahallin magana, 2 30 bytes) a girman:
Don VMS, an yi amfani da P0 don sararin sarrafa mai amfani, P1 don tari tsari, S0 don tsarin aiki, kuma an adana S1.
Yanayin gata VAX tana da hanyoyin gata guda huɗu waɗanda aka aiwatar:
Rijistar matsayin mai aiwatarwa Rijistar Matsayin Tsarin yana da ragowa 32:
Tsarin tushen VAX Tsarin farko na tushen VAX shine VAX-11/780, memba na dangin VAX-11 Babban VAX 8600 ya maye gurbin VAX-11/780 a cikin Oktoba shekara ta 1984 kuma ya haɗa shi da matakan shigarwa na ƙananan microVAX masu amfani da ƙananan tashoshin VAXstation a tsakiyar 1980s. VAX 4000 ya maye gurbin MicroVAX, VAX 8000 ya maye gurbin VAX 6000 a ƙarshen shekara ta 1980s kuma an gabatar da babban matakin VAX 9000 A farkon shekarun da 1990, an gabatar da VAXft mai haƙuri da laifi, kamar yadda Alpha ya dace VAX 7000/10000 An sayar da nau'ikan nau'ikan tushen tushen VAX azaman VAXserver.
SIMACS (ACceSs na Injin Sau ɗaya) Masana'antu na System sun haɓaka iyawa don samun fiye da ɗaya DEC CPU, amma ba a lokaci guda ba, suna da damar yin rubutu zuwa faifai da aka raba. Sun aiwatar da haɓakawa da ake kira SIMACS (SIm Sameous Machine ACceSs), wanda ya ba da damar mai sarrafa faifan su na musamman ya saita tutar semaphore don samun damar faifai, yana ba da damar RUBUTU da yawa zuwa fayiloli guda; an raba faifan ta tsarin DEC da yawa. Hakanan SIMACS ya kasance akan tsarin PDP-11 RSTS Tsarin da aka soke Soke tsarin hada da "BVAX", a high-karshen ECL tushen VAX, da kuma biyu sauran ECL-tushen VAX model: "Argonaut" da "Raven". An soke Raven a shekara ta 1990. An kuma soke wata VAX da aka sani da suna Gemini wacce ta kasance koma baya idan har Scorpio na tushen LSI ya gaza. Bai taba jigilar ba.
Clones An samar da adadin clones na VAX, duka masu izini da mara izini. Misalai sun haɗa da:
Kamfanin Systime Computers Ltd na Burtaniya ya samar da clones na samfuran VAX na farko kamar Systime 8750 (kwatankwacin VAX 11/750). Norden Systems ya samar da rudani, ƙayyadaddun tsarin sojan MIL VAX. A Hungarian Tsakiya Research Institute for Physics (KFKI) samar da wani jerin kwafi masu kunnen doki na farkon VAX model, da TPA-11/540, 560 da kuma 580. SM 52/12 daga Czechoslovakia, wanda aka haɓaka a VUVT Žilina (yau Slovakia kuma aka samar daga shekara ta 1986 a ZVT Banská Bystrica (yau Slovakia Gabashin Jamus VEB Robotron K<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAjw"> </span>1840 (SM 1710) clone ne na VAX-11/780 kuma Robotron K 1820 (SM 1720) kwafin MicroVAX II ne.
SM-1700 shine clone na Soviet na VAX-11/730, SM-1702 ya kasance mai ɗaukar hoto na MicroVAX II kuma SM-1705 ya kasance clone na VAX-11/785. NCI-2780 Super-mini, wanda kuma aka sayar da shi azaman Taiji-2780, shine clone na VAX-11/780 da Cibiyar Fasahar Kwamfuta ta Arewacin China ta samar a Beijing.
Kara karantawa
Manazarta
Hanyoyin waje HP: Tsarin VAX DEC Microprocessors
SimH VAX Open emulator wanda ke goyan bayan gine -ginen VAX
Cikakken Jaridun Fasaha na Dijital
Pages with unreviewed |
60876 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Hood | HMS Hood | HMS Hood lamba mai lamba 51) ɗan Jirgin yaƙin sojan ruwa ne na Royal Navy (RN). Hood shi ne na farko daga cikin shirye-shiryen da aka tsara Admiral-class s da za a gina a lokacin yakin duniya na farko Tuni da ake ginawa a lokacin da yakin Jutland ya faru a tsakiyar 1916, yakin ya bayyana manyan kurakurai a cikin tsarinta duk da tsattsauran bita da aka yi kafin a kammala ta bayan shekaru hudu. A saboda wannan dalili, ita ce kawai jirgi na ajin ta da aka kammala, yayin da Admiralty ya yanke shawarar zai fi kyau a fara da tsaftataccen tsari a kan jiragen ruwa masu nasara, wanda ke kaiwa ga G-3 da ba a taɓa ginawa ba. Duk da bayyanar sabbin jiragen ruwa da na zamani, Hood ta kasance jirgin ruwan yaki mafi girma a duniya tsawon shekaru 20 bayan kaddamar da aikinta, kuma darajarta ta bayyana a cikin laƙabin da ake mata, "The Mighty Hood".
Hood ta shiga cikin atisayen nunin tuta da yawa tsakanin aikinta a 1920 da barkewar yaƙi a 1939, gami da atisayen horo a cikin Tekun Bahar Rum da kewayar duniya tare da Squadron na Musamman a 1923 da 1924. Ta kasance maƙwabta a cikin tekun Mediterrenean bayan barkewar yakin Italo na biyu a 1935. Lokacin da yakin basasa na Spain ya barke a shekara mai zuwa, an sanya Hood bisa hukuma zuwa Rukunin Rukunin Rum har sai ta koma Biritaniya a 1939 don gyarawa. A wannan lokacin, ci gaban da aka samu a cikin bindigogin sojan ruwa ya rage Hood An shirya yi mata wani babban gini a shekara ta 1941 don gyara waɗannan batutuwa, amma barkewar yakin duniya na biyu a watan Satumba na 1939 ya sa jirgin ya ci gaba da aiki ba tare da an inganta shi ba.
Lokacin da aka ayyana yaki da Jamus, Hood tana aiki a yankin da ke kusa da Iceland, kuma ta shafe watanni da yawa masu zuwa tana farautar masu fafutuka na kasuwanci na Jamus da masu tsere tsakanin Iceland da Tekun Norway Bayan ɗan taƙaitaccen gyaran tsarin tafiyar da ita, ta yi tafiya a matsayin tutar Force H, kuma ta shiga cikin halakar sojojin Faransa a Mers-el-Kebir An canza shi zuwa Gidan Gidan Gida ba da daɗewa ba, an aika Hood zuwa Scapa Flow, kuma ya yi aiki a cikin yankin a matsayin masu rakiya kuma daga baya a matsayin kariya daga yuwuwar mamayewar Jamus A watan Mayun 1941, an umurci Hood da jirgin yakin Prince of Wales su shiga German battleship Bismarck da jirgin ruwa mai nauyi Prinz Eugen, wadanda ke kan hanyar zuwa Tekun Atlantika, inda za su kai hari kan ayarin motocin. A ranar 24 ga Mayu 1941, a farkon Yaƙin Denmark Strait, Hood ya buge da harsashi da yawa na Jamus, ya fashe, ya nutse tare da asarar duka 3 na ma'aikatanta na 1,418. Saboda rashin nasara da aka yi mata a bainar jama'a, asarar ta shafi halin Biritaniya.
Hukumar RN ta gudanar da bincike guda biyu kan dalilan da suka sa jirgin ya yi sauri. Na farko, wanda aka gudanar ba da daɗewa ba bayan asarar jirgin, ya da cewa mujallar Hood aft ta fashe bayan da ɗaya daga cikin harsashi Bismarck ya shiga cikin sulke na jirgin. An gudanar da bincike na biyu bayan korafin cewa hukumar ta farko ta kasa yin la’akari da wasu karin bayani, kamar fashewar guguwar jirgin. Ya kasance mai zurfi fiye da allon farko amma ya dace da ƙarshen hukumar ta farko. Duk da bayanin da aka yi a hukumance, wasu masana tarihi sun ci gaba da gaskata cewa guguwar ta yi sanadin asarar jirgin, yayin da wasu suka ba da shawarar fashewar bazata a cikin daya daga cikin harsashin bindigar jirgin da ya shiga cikin mujallar. Wasu masana tarihi sun mayar da hankali kan musabbabin fashewar mujallar. Gano tarkacen jirgin a shekara ta 2001 ya tabbatar da ƙarshen allunan biyu, ko da yake ba za a iya sanin ainihin dalilin da ya sa mujallun suka tarwatse ba, tun da fashewar wannan yanki na jirgin ya lalace.
Zane da bayanin An ƙera jiragen yaƙin Admiral-class don mayar da martani ga Jamusanci Mackensen -class s, waɗanda aka bayar da rahoton sun fi makamai da sulke fiye da na baya-bayan nan na jirgin ruwa na Burtaniya na Renown da CourageousJajircewa An sake fasalin tsarin bayan Yaƙin Jutland don haɗa manyan sulke kuma an ajiye dukkan jiragen ruwa huɗu An kammala Hood kawai, saboda jiragen suna da tsada sosai kuma suna buƙatar aiki da kayan da za a iya amfani da su don yin amfani da gine-ginen jiragen ruwa da ake bukata don maye gurbin wadanda suka rasa zuwa yakin U-boat na Jamus Admirals sun fi na magabata na ajin Renown girma sosai. Kamar yadda aka kammala, Hood yana da tsayin duka mafi girman katako na da kuma daftarin a zurfin kaya Wannan ya kasance tsayi da ya fi na tsofaffin jiragen ruwa. Ta raba a lodi da kuma a zurfin kaya, sama da fiye da tsofaffin jiragen ruwa. Jirgin yana da matsakaicin tsayin a cikin nauyi mai zurfi, wanda ya rage girman jujjuyawar ta kuma ya mai da ita tsayayyen dandalin bindiga. Ƙarin sulke da aka ƙara yayin gini ya ƙaru daftarin ta da kusan a cikin nauyi mai zurfi, wanda ya rage mata freeboard kuma ya sa ta jike sosai. Da cikakken gudu, ko kuma a cikin manyan tekuna, ruwa zai rinka kwararowa bisa kashin kwata na jirgin kuma sau da yawa yakan shiga cikin tarkace da wuraren zama ta hanyoyin samun iska. Wannan halayyar ta sa aka yi mata lakabi da "mafi girman jirgin ruwa a cikin ruwa". An daure damshin da ke daurewa, hade da rashin isashshen iskar da jirgin ke da shi, da yawan kamuwa da cutar tarin fuka a cikin jirgin. Kayan aikin jirgin ya bambanta sosai akan aikinta; a cikin 1919, an ba ta izini 1,433 maza a matsayin squadron flagship; a 1934, ta na da 81 jami'ai da 1,244 ratings a cikin jirgin. An yi amfani da Admirals ta hanyar injin tururi guda huɗu na Brown -Curtis, kowanne yana tuƙi tuƙi guda ɗaya ta amfani da tururi da 24 Yarrow boilers An yi amfani da turbines na yaƙi don samar da wanda zai motsa jirgin a amma yayin gwajin teku a 1920, injin turbin Hood ya ba da 151,280 shp (112,810 kW), wanda ya ba ta damar kaiwa Ta dauki isassun man fetur da zai ba ta kimani na ruwa a Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
26462 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why | Why | Me yasa na iya nufin to:
Dalili, alaƙa mai alaƙa tsakanin abubuwan biyu
Dalili (muhawara), wani jigo na goyon bayan hujja, akan wane dalili ko manufa
Ginin ƙasa (metaphysics), wani batu a cikin metaphysics game da yadda abubuwa ke wanzuwa saboda kyawawan abubuwa.
Me yasa ɗayan Ws guda biyar da ake amfani da su a aikin jarida
Kiɗa
Masu fasaha Me ya sa? (Ƙungiyar Amurka) ƙungiyar hip hop/indie rock band da aka kafa a Oakland, California, a cikin shekara ta 2004
Yoni Wolf, wanda aka fi sani da sunan mataki Me yasa?
Me ya sa ƙungiyar mutanen Burtaniya ta shekara ta 1990s, membobinta biyu daga baya suka kafa Quench a shekara ta dubu da ɗaya 2001
Me yasa (ƙungiyar Kanada), ƙungiyar dutsen da aka kafa a Winnipeg, Manitoba, a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da casa'in da Uku 1993
Kundaye <i id="mwIg">Me ya sa?</i> (Kundin album)
<i id="mwJQ">Me ya sa?</i> (Ginger Baker album)
<i id="mwKA">Me ya sa?</i> (Littafin Yakubu Whitesides)
<i id="mwKw">Me yasa</i> (Prudence Liew album)
<i id="mwLg">Me ya sa?</i> (Suna iya zama Kattai album)
<i id="mwMQ">Me yasa</i> (Taeyeon EP)
<i id="mwNA">Me yasa</i> (Baby VOX)
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Me yasa, me yasa, me yasa waƙar Billy Currington
"Me yasa", ta 4Minute daga Mafi kyawun 4Minute
"Me yasa", ta Air Supply daga Mumbo Jumbo
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"Me yasa", ta Matsakaicin Farin Band daga Yanke Cake
"Me yasa" ta Avril Lavigne, B-gefe zuwa guda "Mai rikitarwa "Me yasa", ta Ayaka daga guda "Tafawa & Ƙauna"/"Me yasa" da waƙar jigon wasan PSP Crisis Core: Final Fantasy VII
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Sauran kafofin watsa labarai <i id="mw-A">Me yasa</i> (wasan jirgi), wasan da ya danganci jerin talabijin Alfred Hitchcock Presents
<i id="mw_A">Me ya sa?</i> (fim), fim na Czech na shekara ta 1987
<i id="mw_w">Me ya sa?</i> (Fim na shekara ta 1971), ɗan gajeren fim na shekara ta 1971 wanda OJ Simpson da Tim Buckley suka yi
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"Me yasa?", Wani sashi na jerin shirye -shiryen TV Kamar yadda Lokaci Ya Wuce
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28372 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99o%C6%99in%20Mata | Haƙƙoƙin Mata | Haƙƙin mata, haƙƙoƙin da suke dashi a cikin al'umma mata da kuma 'yan mata a dukannin duniya. Sun kafa ginshikin yunƙurin ƴancin mata a ƙarni na 19 da ƙungiyoyin mata a ƙarni na 20 da kuma na 21. A wasu ƙasashe, waɗannan haƙƙoƙin ana kafa su ne ko kuma suna goyon bayan doka, al'adar gida, da ɗabi'a, yayin da a wasu, ake watsi da su kuma ana danne su. Sun bambanta da manyan ra'ayoyi game da haƙƙin ɗan adam ta hanyar iƙirarin nuna kyama na tarihi da na al'ada game da aiwatar da haƙƙin mata da 'yan mata, don goyon bayan maza da maza. Batutuwa fiye hade da notions na mata hakkin sun hada da 'yancin jiki mutunci da 'yancin kai, ya zama free daga jima'i cin zarafi, zuwa zabe, ya rike jama'a ofishin, shiga cikin shari'a kwangila, don samun daidai yancin a cikin dokar iyali, aiki, to daidaiton albashi ko daidaiton albashi, samun haƙƙin haifuwa, mallakar dukiya, da ilimi.
Tarihi
Tsohon tarihi
Mesopotamiya Mata a zamanin Sumer za su iya saya, mallaka, sayarwa, da gadon dukiya. Suna iya shiga cikin kasuwanci kuma su ba da shaida a kotu a matsayin shaidu. Duk da haka, mazajensu za su iya sake su don rashin kuskure, kuma mijin da ya sake aure zai iya sake auren wata mace cikin sauƙi, muddin matarsa ta farko ba ta haifa masa zuriya ba. Abubuwan bautar mata, irin su Inanna, sun kasance suna bauta wa ko'ina. Mawaƙin Akkadian Enheduanna, firist ɗin Inanna kuma 'yar Sargon, ita ce fitacciyar mawaƙi wanda aka rubuta sunansa. Tsohuwar dokokin Babila sun yarda miji ya saki matarsa a kowane hali, amma yin hakan yana bukatar ya mayar mata da dukiyoyinta, wani lokacin kuma ya biya ta tara. Yawancin dokoki sun hana mace ta nemi mijinta ya sake ta kuma sun tilasta wa macen da ta nemi saki kamar yadda aka kama ta tana zina Wasu dokokin Babila da na Assuriya, sun ba wa mata ’yancin kashe aure da maza, kuma suna bukatar su biya tarar daidai gwargwado. Yawancin alloli na Gabas Semitic maza ne.
Masar A zamanin d Misira, mata suna jin daɗin haƙƙoƙi ɗaya a ƙarƙashin doka kamar na namiji, duk da haka haƙƙin haƙƙin ya dogara da tsarin zamantakewa Dukiyoyin ƙasa sun gangaro ne a cikin layin mata daga uwa zuwa diya, kuma mata suna da damar gudanar da nasu dukiyar. Mata a Misira ta d a za su iya saya, sayarwa, zama abokin tarayya a kwangilar doka, zama masu zartarwa a cikin wasiyya da shaida ga takardun shari'a, kawo karar kotu, da kuma renon yara.
Indiya Mata a lokacin farkon zamanin Vedic jin daɗin matsayi daidai da maza a kowane fanni na rayuwa. Ayyuka na tsohuwar nahawu na Indiya irin su Patanjali da Katyayana sun nuna cewa mata sun sami ilimi a farkon zamanin Vedic. Ayoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun nuna cewa mata sun yi aure tun balagagge kuma suna da 'yancin zabar mazajen nasu a wata al'ada da ake kira swayamvar ko kuma dangantaka ta rayuwa mai suna Gandharva aure Girka Ana tsammanin matan Athens masu daraja su sa kansu cikin ayyukan gida kamar wanke tufafi (hagu); a gaskiya, da yawa sun yi aiki (dama).
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Ko da yake yawancin mata ba su da 'yancin siyasa da daidaito a cikin biranen ƙasar Girka ta dā, sun sami 'yancin yin motsi har zuwa zamanin Archaic Har ila yau, bayanan sun kasance na mata a zamanin d Delphi, Gortyn, Thessaly, Megara, da Sparta mallakar ƙasar, mafi girman nau'i na dukiya mai zaman kansa a lokacin. Duk da haka, bayan zamanin Archaic, 'yan majalisa sun fara kafa dokoki masu tilasta wariyar jinsi, wanda ya haifar da raguwar haƙƙin mata.
Mata a Athens na gargajiya ba su da mutuniyar doka kuma an ɗauka su zama wani ɓangare na oikos wanda kyrios namiji ke jagoranta. Har zuwa aure, mata suna ƙarƙashin kulawar mahaifinsu ko wani ɗan'uwan namiji. Da zarar ya yi aure, mijin ya zama kyrios mace Kamar yadda aka hana mata gudanar da shari'a, kyrios za su yi hakan a madadinsu. Matan Atinewa ba za su iya samun haƙƙoƙin dukiya ba ta hanyar kyauta, sadaki, da gado, kodayake kyrios ɗinta na da hakkin zubar da dukiyar mace. Matan Atinewa kawai za su iya shiga kwangilar da bai kai darajar ma’auni na sha’ir” (ma’auni na hatsi), ba da damar mata su shiga ƙananan ciniki. An cire mata daga tsohuwar dimokuradiyya ta Athens, a bisa manufa da kuma a aikace. Bayi za su iya zama ƴan ƙasar Atina bayan an 'yanta su, amma babu wata mace da ta taɓa samun zama ɗan ƙasa a tsohuwar Athens.
A Athens na gargajiya kuma an hana mata zama mawaƙa, masana, 'yan siyasa, ko masu fasaha. A lokacin Hellenistic a Athens, masanin falsafa Aristotle yana tunanin cewa mata za su kawo rikici da mugunta, don haka yana da kyau a ware mata daga sauran al'umma. Wannan rabuwa zai ƙunshi zama a cikin daki da ake kira gynaikeion, yayin da yake kula da ayyuka a cikin gida kuma yana da ɗan ƙaramin haske tare da duniyar namiji. Hakan kuma ya kasance don tabbatar da cewa mata sun sami halaltattun ‘ya’ya daga mazajensu. Matan Atinewa ba su sami ilimi kaɗan ba, in ban da koyar da gida don ƙwarewa na yau da kullun kamar su dunƙule, saƙa, girki, da wasu ilimin kuɗi.
Ko da yake an cire matan Spartan a hukumance daga aikin soja da na siyasa, sun sami babban matsayi na uwayen jaruman Spartan. Yayin da maza ke yin aikin soja, mata sun ɗauki nauyin tafiyar da gidaje. Bayan yaƙe-yaƙe da aka daɗe a ƙarni na huɗu BC, matan Spartan sun mallaki kusan kashi 35% zuwa 40% na duk filaye da kadarori na Spartan. A lokacin Hellenistic, wasu daga cikin mafi arziƙin Spartans mata ne. Matan Spartan sun mallaki dukiyoyin nasu, da kuma dukiyoyin dangin maza da ba su da sojoji. 'Yan mata, da maza, sun sami ilimi. Amma duk da ƴancin yancin motsi ga matan Spartan, rawar da suke takawa a fagen siyasa iri ɗaya ce da matan Athenia.
Plato ya yarda cewa ba wa mata yancin farar hula da na siyasa zai canza yanayin gida da na jihar sosai. Aristotle, wanda Plato ya koyar, ya musanta cewa mata bayi ne ko kuma suna ƙarƙashin dukiya, yana mai cewa "dabi'a ta bambanta tsakanin mace da bawa", amma ya ɗauki mata a matsayin "sayi". Ya kara da cewa babban abin da mata ke yi a fannin tattalin arziki shi ne na kiyaye dukiyoyin gida da maza suka kirkira. A cewar Aristotle, aikin da mata ke yi bai ƙara wani amfani ba saboda "fasahar sarrafa gida ba ta kama da fasahar samun arziki ba, domin ɗayan yana amfani da kayan da ɗayan ke bayarwa".
Sabanin ra'ayin Plato, masana falsafa na Stoic sunyi jayayya akan daidaiton jinsi, rashin daidaiton jima'i yana cikin ra'ayinsu ya saba wa dokokin yanayi. A yin haka, sun bi ’yan Cynics, waɗanda suka yi jayayya cewa maza da mata su sanya tufafi iri ɗaya kuma su sami ilimi iri ɗaya. Har ila yau, suna ganin aure a matsayin abokantaka na ɗabi'a a tsakanin daidaikun mutane maimakon larura ta halitta ko zamantakewa kuma suna aiwatar da waɗannan ra'ayoyin a rayuwarsu da kuma koyarwarsu. Stoics sun karɓi ra'ayoyin Cynics kuma sun ƙara su cikin ra'ayoyinsu na dabi'ar ɗan adam, don haka sanya daidaiton jima'i akan tushen falsafanci mai ƙarfi.
Roma Dokokin Romawa, kwatankwacin dokar Atheniya, maza ne suka ƙirƙira su don goyon bayan maza. Mata ba su da muryar jama'a kuma ba su da wani matsayi na jama'a, wanda ya inganta bayan karni na farko zuwa karni na 6 KZ. Matan da aka haifa a Roma ta dā ’yan ƙasa ne da suke more hakki na doka da kuma kāre da ba su kai ga waɗanda ba ’yan ƙasa ba ko kuma bayi Al'ummar Romawa, duk da haka, ta kasance ta ubangida, kuma mata ba za su iya yin zabe ba, ba za su iya rike mukaman gwamnati, ko kuma su yi aikin soja ba. Matan manyan mutane sun yi tasiri a siyasance ta hanyar aure da uwa. A lokacin Jamhuriyar Roma, an lura da iyayen ’yan’uwan Gracchus da na Julius Kaisar a matsayin mata masu kyau da suka ci gaba da aikin ’ya’yansu. A lokacin daular mulkin mallaka, matan dangin sarki na iya samun iko na siyasa da yawa kuma ana nuna su akai-akai a cikin fasahar hukuma da kuma tsabar kuɗi. Babban jigon al’ummar Romawa shi ne ’yan uwa uba ko kuma shugaban gidan da yake ba da ikonsa bisa dukan ’ya’yansa, bayinsa, da matarsa. 'Yan mata suna da hakkin gado daidai da maza idan mahaifinsu ya mutu ba tare da barin wasiyya ba. Hakazalika da matan Athenia, matan Romawa suna da mai kula da su ko kuma kamar yadda ake kira "masu koyarwa" wanda ke kula da duk ayyukanta. Wannan horon yana da iyakacin ayyukan mata amma a ƙarni na farko zuwa karni na shida KZ, koyarwa ya zama mai annashuwa sosai kuma an karɓi mata don shiga ƙarin ayyukan jama'a kamar mallaka ko sarrafa dukiya ko kuma yin aiki a matsayin masu kula da birni don wasannin gladiator da sauran ayyukan nishaɗi Jiha ta samu kwarin gwiwar haihuwa. A shekara ta 27-14 KZ, ius tritium liberorum ("haƙƙin doka na 'ya'ya uku") ya ba da daraja ta alama da gata na shari'a ga macen da ta haifi 'ya'ya uku kuma ta 'yantar da ita daga kowane matsayi na namiji. A farkon lokacin Jamhuriyar Romawa, amarya ta wuce daga ikon mahaifinta zuwa "hannu" (manus) na mijinta. Daga nan sai ta zama mai biyayya ga potestas mijinta, ko da yake zuwa wani karami mataki fiye da 'ya'yansu. An yi watsi da wannan babban nau'i na auren manus a zamanin Julius Kaisar, lokacin da mace ta kasance ƙarƙashin ikon mahaifinta ta doka ko da ta koma gidan mijinta. Wannan tsarin yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka sa matan Romawa suka sami ’yancin kai. Duk da cewa mata sai sun amsa wa ubanninsu a cikin al’amuran shari’a, amma ba su da cikakken bincikensa a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullum, kuma mazajensu ba su da ikon shari’a a kansu. Lokacin da mahaifin mace ya rasu, sai ta sami 'yanci a shari'a sui iuris Matar aure tana riƙe da mallakar duk wata dukiya da ta kawo cikin auren. 'Yan mata suna da hakkin gado daidai da maza idan mahaifinsu ya mutu ba tare da barin wasiyya ba. A karkashin dokar Romawa na gargajiya, miji ba shi da ikon cin zarafin matarsa ta jiki ko tilasta mata ta yi jima'i. Dukan matar ya isa dalilin rabuwar aure ko wani hukunci na shari'a akan mijin. Domin matsayinsu na doka na ’yan ƙasa da kuma matakin da za su iya ’yantar da su, mata a Roma ta dā za su iya mallakar dukiya, su shiga kwangila, da kuma yin kasuwanci. Wasu sun samu kuma sun zubar da dukiya mai yawa, kuma an rubuta su cikin rubuce-rubuce a matsayin masu amfana wajen ba da gudummawar manyan ayyukan jama'a. Matan Romawa suna iya zuwa kotu kuma su yi gardama, ko da yake al’ada ce mutum ya wakilce su. A lokaci guda kuma an yi watsi da su a matsayin jahilci da raunan hankali don aiwatar da doka, kuma masu aiki da tasiri a cikin al'amuran shari'a wanda ya haifar da wata doka da ta iyakance mata zuwa gudanar da shari'o'i a madadin kansu maimakon wasu'. Amma ko da bayan an sanya wannan takunkumin, akwai misalai da yawa na mata suna ɗaukar matakai na sanin yakamata a cikin lamuran shari'a, gami da faɗar dabarun shari'a ga mazajensu. Dokar Roma ta amince da fyade a matsayin laifi wanda wanda aka azabtar ba shi da wani laifi da kuma babban laifi. An dauki fyaden da aka yi wa wata mata a matsayin hari ga danginta da mutuncin mahaifinta, kuma an kunyata wadanda aka yi wa fyade saboda sun bar sunan mahaifinta. A matsayin doka, za a iya yin fyade ga ɗan ƙasa kawai. Za a iya gurfanar da fyaden da aka yi wa bawa ne kawai a matsayin lalacewa ga dukiyar mai ita. Sarkin Roma na farko, Augustus, ya tsara hawansa zuwa ikonsa kawai a matsayin komawa ga ɗabi'a na al'ada, kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya daidaita halin mata ta hanyar dokokin ɗabi'a Zina, wanda ya kasance al'amarin iyali mai zaman kansa a ƙarƙashin jamhuriyar, an yi masa laifi, kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin haramtacciyar jima'i stuprum wanda ya faru tsakanin ɗan ƙasa da matar aure, ko tsakanin matar aure da kowane namiji. fiye da mijinta. Saboda haka, mace mai aure za ta iya yin jima'i da mijinta kawai, amma mai aure bai yi zina ba sa'ad da ya yi jima'i da karuwa, bawa, ko wani mutum mai daraja infamis Yawancin karuwai a Romawa ta dā bayi ne, ko da yake wasu bayi an kare su daga tilasta yin karuwanci ta hanyar wani sashe na kwangilar tallace-tallace. Mace mai 'yanci da ta yi aiki a matsayin karuwa ko mai shayarwa ta rasa matsayinta na zamantakewa kuma ta zama maras kyau, "marasa mutunci"; ta hanyar ba da gawarta a bainar jama'a, ta yadda ta mika hakkinta na kare ta daga cin zarafi ko cin zarafi ta jiki. Falsafar Stoic ta rinjayi ci gaban dokar Romawa. Stoics na zamanin Imperial kamar Seneca da Musonius Rufus sun haɓaka ka'idodin alaƙa kawai Duk da yake ba suna ba da shawarar daidaito a cikin al'umma ko a ƙarƙashin doka ba, sun ɗauka cewa yanayi yana ba wa maza da mata daidaitattun iyawa ga nagarta da kuma daidaitattun wajibai don yin aiki nagari, don haka maza da mata suna da bukata daidai ga ilimin falsafa. Ana ganin wadannan dabi’un falsafa a tsakanin masu mulki sun taimaka wajen inganta matsayin mata a karkashin Daular. Roma ba ta da tsarin makarantun da gwamnati ke tallafawa, kuma ilimi yana samuwa ga waɗanda za su iya biya kawai. Da alama 'ya'yan yan majalisar dattawa da na dattawa sun sami ilimin firamare akai-akai (shekaru 7 zuwa 12). Ba tare da la'akari da jinsi ba, mutane kaɗan ne suka sami ilimi fiye da wannan matakin. Ana iya koyar da ’yan mata da ba su da tawali’u don su taimaka da sana’ar iyali ko kuma su koyi karatu da zai taimaka musu su yi aiki a matsayin marubuta da sakatarori. Matar da ta samu matsayi mafi girma a zamanin d a don koyonta ita ce Hypatia 'yar Iskandariya, wacce ta koyar da samari darussa da suka ci gaba da kuma ba da shawara ga sarakunan Romawa na Masar kan harkokin siyasa. Tasirinta ya sa ta yi rikici da bishop na Iskandariya, Cyril, wanda wataƙila ya kasance yana da hannu wajen mutuwarta ta tashin hankali a shekara ta 415 a hannun ’yan gungun Kiristoci.
Daular Byzantine Tun da ainihin dokar Byzantine ta dogara ne akan dokar Romawa, matsayin shari'a na mata bai canza sosai ba daga ayyukan ƙarni na 6. Amma har yanzu ana ci gaba da takura wa mata a rayuwar jama'a da kuma kiyayya ga mata masu zaman kansu. Babban tasiri na al'adun Girkanci ya ba da gudummawa ga tsauraran halaye game da matsayin mata na cikin gida maimakon zama na jama'a. Haka kuma an samu karuwar mata wadanda ba karuwai ba, bayi ko masu nishadantarwa da ake lullube su gaba daya. Kamar dokar Roman da ta gabata, mata ba za su iya zama shaidu na doka ba, gudanar da mulki ko gudanar da aikin banki amma har yanzu suna iya gadon kadarori da mallakar filaye. A matsayinka na mai mulki, an yi amfani da tasirin ikkilisiya don goyon bayan kawar da nakasa da tsohuwar doka ta gindaya game da rashin aure da rashin haihuwa, na ƙarin wurare don shiga rayuwar addini, da kuma tanadin da ya dace ga matar. Ikklisiya ta kuma tallafa wa ikon siyasa na waɗanda suke abokantaka da limaman coci. Justinian ya ba da izini nadin iyaye mata da kakanni a matsayin masu koyarwa.
Constantine ya tsawaita dokar hana auren 'yan majalisar dattawa da wasu mazan da ke da mata masu karamin karfi amma Justinian ya cire shi gaba daya An hana aure na biyu, musamman ta hanyar sanya doka ta sanya sharadin cewa hakkin gwauruwa na mallakar dukiya ya daina yin aure, kuma kundin tsarin mulkin Leonine a karshen karni na 9 ya sanya hukuncin auren uku. Haka tsarin mulki ya sa kyautar firist ya zama abin da ya dace na bikin aure.
China Mata a cikin tarihi da tsohuwar kasar Sin ana daukar su a matsayin kasa kuma suna da matsayi na doka bisa ka'idar Confucian. A cikin Imperial China, Biyayya ta Uku ta ciyar da 'ya'ya mata su yi biyayya ga ubanninsu, mata su yi biyayya ga mazajensu, da gwauraye su yi biyayya ga 'ya'yansu. Mata ba za su iya gadon kasuwanci ko dukiya ba kuma dole ne maza su ɗauki ɗa don irin waɗannan dalilai na kuɗi. Marigayi dokar daular ta kuma ƙunshi nau'ikan saki bakwai daban-daban. Ana iya korar mace idan ta kasa haifi ɗa, ta yi zina, ta yi rashin biyayya ga surukanta, ta yi magana fiye da kima, ta yi sata, ta yi kishi mai yawa, ko kuma ta yi fama da wata cuta da ba za ta warke ba ko kuma ta sha wahala. Amma kuma akwai iyakoki ga miji misali, ba zai iya saki ba idan ta lura da wuraren makokin surukanta, idan ba ta da iyali da za ta koma, ko kuma dangin miji sun kasance matalauta kuma tun daga lokacin sun zama matalauta. mai arziki.
Matsayin mata a kasar Sin ma ya yi kadan, saboda al'adar daure kafa Game da 45% na kasar Sin da mata ya daure ƙafãfunsu a cikin karni na 19th. Ga manyan azuzuwan, kusan 100%. A shekara ta 1912, gwamnatin kasar Sin ta ba da umarnin dakatar da daurin kafa. Haɗin ƙafa ya haɗa da canza tsarin kashi ta yadda ƙafafu suka kasance kusan inci huɗu kawai. Ƙafafun da aka ɗaure sun haifar da wahalar motsi, don haka ya iyakance ayyukan mata sosai.
Saboda al'adar zamantakewar jama'a cewa maza da mata kada su kasance kusa da juna, matan kasar Sin sun ƙi yarda da jinya daga likitocin likitocin Yammacin Turai. Wannan ya haifar da babbar buƙata ga likitocin mata na likitancin Yammacin Turai a China. Don haka, mace mai wa'azin likitanci Dr. Mary H. Fulton (1854-1927) ta aiko da Hukumar Ofishin Jakadancin Kasashen Waje na Cocin Presbyterian (Amurka) don samo kwalejin likitanci na farko ga mata a China. An san shi da Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Hackett na Mata an ba da kwalejin a Guangzhou, China, ta babban gudummawa daga Edward AK Hackett (1851-1916) na Indiana, Amurka. Makasudin kwalejin an yi shi ne don yada addinin Kiristanci da likitancin zamani da daukaka martabar matan Sinawa a cikin al'umma. A zamanin jamhuriyar Sin (1912-49) da kuma gwamnatocin kasar Sin da suka gabata, an sayo mata da sayar da su bauta bisa ka'ida ta hanyar bautar gida. Waɗannan matan an san su da Mui Tsai Wata 'yar kasar Amurka Agnes Smedley ce ta rubuta rayuwar Mui Tsai a cikin littafinta na Hotunan Matan Sinawa a cikin juyin juya hali Duk da haka, a shekarar 1949 da kasar Sin da aka kifar da kwaminisanci guerillas jagorancin Mao Zedong, da kuma Jamhuriyar Jama'ar kasar Sin da aka kafa a wannan shekara. A watan Mayu na shekarar 1950, Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin ta kafa sabuwar dokar aure don magance sayar da mata cikin bauta. Wannan ya haramta auren ta hanyar wakili kuma ya sanya auren ya zama halal muddin ma'auratan biyu sun yarda. Sabuwar dokar aure ta ɗaga shekarun aure zuwa 20 ga maza da 18 na mata. Wannan wani muhimmin bangare ne na sake fasalin filaye na karkara domin ba za a iya sayar da mata bisa doka ba ga masu gidaje. Taken a hukumance shi ne "Maza da mata daidai suke; kowa ya cancanci gishirin sa".
Duba kuma Female education
Wahre und Falsche "Frauen-Emanzipation", an early essay
Gender apartheid
Gender Inequality Index
Gendercide
History of feminism
Index of feminism articles
Legal rights of women in history
List of civil rights leaders
List of feminists
List of suffragists and suffragettes
List of women's organizations
List of women's rights activists
Men's rights movement
Misogyny
Pregnant patients' rights
Sex workers' rights
Simone de Beauvoir Prize
Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)
Timeline of women's suffrage
Women's rights in 2014
Women's Social and Political Union
Manazarta Haƙƙoƙin Mata
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
42631 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alissa%20Healy | Alissa Healy | Alyssa Jean Healy (an Haife ta 24 ga watan Maris ɗin 1990), ƴar wasan kurket ce ta Australiya wacce ke taka leda a ƙungiyar mata ta Ostiraliya da New South Wales a wasan kurket na gida, da kuma Sydney Sixers a cikin WBBL Ta yi wasanta na farko a duniya a watan Fabrairun 2010. Mace mai hannun dama kuma mai tsaron wicket, ita 'yar Greg Healy ce, wacce ke cikin tawagar Queensland, yayin da kawunta Ian Healy ya kasance mai tsaron gora na Gwajin Ostiraliya kuma ya riƙe tarihin duniya na korar Gwajin. Healy ta fara yin fice ne a ƙarshen shekarar 2006 lokacin da ta zama yarinya ta farko da ta fara wasa tsakanin maza a gasar makarantu masu zaman kansu a New South Wales Ta hau matsayi na rukunin shekarun jihar kuma ta fara zama na farko ga babbar kungiyar New South Wales a kakar 2007 2008. Ta buga mafi yawan lokutan wasanninta na farko a matsayin ƙwararrun batir saboda kasancewar Leonie Coleman kuma mai tsaron wicket na Ostiraliya a ɓangaren jihar. Coleman ya bar New South Wales a farkon kakar 2009 2010 kuma Healy ta ɗauki aikin safar hannu na cikakken lokaci ga jiharta. A lokacin wannan kakar, ta rubuta mafi girman maki na 89 ba a cikin sauri fiye da wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ba, kuma ta yi mafi yawan korar duk wani mai tsaron gida a gasar kurket ta Mata ta ƙasa Bayan raunin da kyaftin ɗin Australiya da mai tsaron raga Jodie Fields ya samu, an ba Healy wasanta na farko na ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin jerin 2010 Rose Bowl da New Zealand Ta taka leda a cikin biyar na farko Day Internationals (ODI) da biyar Twenty20 (T20) na kasa da kasa, amma an jefar da ita don ODI uku na ƙarshe yayin wasan New Zealand na jerin. Healy ta buga kowane wasa na 2010 World Twenty20 yayin da Ostiraliya ta lashe gasar bayan fafatawar da ba a doke ta ba. A watan Oktoban 2018, an saka sunan Healy a cikin 'yan wasan Australia na gasar mata ta duniya Twenty20 ta 2018 ICC a yammacin Indies, ta kammala a matsayin jagorar gasar da ke jagorantar gasar da gudu 225 kuma ta lashe 'yan wasan gasar.
A cikin watan Disambar 2018, Majalisar Cricket ta Duniya (ICC) ta sanya mata suna T20I Player of the Year. A cikin watan Satumbar 2019, yayin jerin gwanon Ostiraliya da Sri Lanka, Healy ta buga wasanta na 100 na WT20I. A cikin wannan jerin, Healy ta kafa sabon rikodin don mafi girman maki na mutum a cikin wasan T20I na Mata, tare da 148 ba a fita ba A cikin watan Janairun 2020, an sanya sunan ta a cikin tawagar Ostiraliya don gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta ICC ta 2020 a Ostiraliya. Healy ta kare ta biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a gasar da gudu 236. A wasan karshe, ta zura kwallaye 75 a ragar India kwallaye 39 don taimakawa Australia ta lashe kambunta na biyar kuma ta lashe dan wasan da ya fi fice a wasan. A cikin watan Satumbar 2020, a wasa na biyu na WT20I da New Zealand, Healy ta ɗauki sallamarta ta 92 a matsayin mai tsaron ragar wicket Sakamakon haka, ta tsallake rikodi na MS Dhoni na korar mutum 91, inda ta kafa sabon tarihi na yawan korar da aka yi a matsayin mai tsaron raga, namiji ko mace, a gasar kurket ta duniya Twenty20.
Shekarun farko An haife ta a gabar tekun Gold Coast, Queensland, Healy diyar Greg ce, wacce memba ce a cikin tawagar Queensland, yayin da kanin Greg Ian ya kasance mai tsaron ragar gwajin gwanjo na Ostiraliya tun daga karshen 1980s har zuwa 1999 kuma shi ne ya fi kowa riko a duniya. Gwajin korar. Wani kawu, Ken, ya buga wa Queensland wasa. Duk da gadon iyali, da kuma kallon kawun nata yana wakiltar Ostireliya, ta ce ba ta zama mai sha'awar wasan cricket ba har sai da ta ƙaura daga Queensland zuwa Sydney tun tana yarinya kuma wata kawarta ce ta tura ta shiga wasan. Ta halarci makarantar sakandare a MLC School daga baya Barker College Zaɓenta yana da shekaru 16 a ƙarshen shekarar 2006 a matsayin mai tsaron ragar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Barker College First XI, karo na farko da aka zaɓi yarinya don yin wasa a tsakanin yara maza a gasar cricket ta manyan makarantu masu zaman kansu a New South Wales, ta jawo sharhin manema labarai daban-daban. kafofin. Hakan ya faru ne bayan wani da ba a bayyana sunansa ba, wanda ake kyautata zaton tsohon dalibi ne, ya yada sakon imel mai taken "Ajiye Cricket Yanzu" a cikin jama'ar makarantar inda ya kai hari kan zabin a matsayin "abin kunya" tare da yin kira da a ware jinsi na kungiyar wasan kurket. Masanin wasanni na Kwalejin Barker ya la'anci marubucin da ba a bayyana sunansa ba a matsayin "marasa hankali" kuma ya kiyaye cewa zaɓin Healy ya dogara ne akan cancanta. Ian Healy da Alex Blackwell, dan wasan cricketer na kungiyar mata ta Australiya da tsohon dalibin Barker, kuma sun kare zabin kuma sun soki marubucin imel. An kuma soki mai imel ɗin, kuma Alyssa Healy ta yaba, ta masu sharhi kan zamantakewa a jaridu.A cikin 2010, ta yi tunani "Zan sake yin duka. Na ji daɗin buga wasan kurket na makaranta tare da yaran kuma tabbas hakan ya taimaka mini in ɗaga gwaninta da ƙarfafa dabarata." Ita da takwararta ta Ostiraliya Ellyse Perry sun ba da shawara ga 'yan mata a bainar jama'a game da maza. Sannan ta buga wasanni shida don XI na Biyu a cikin mako guda, galibi a matsayin babban batir, wani lokacin buɗewa kuma azaman mai tsaron gida. New South Wales ta lashe dukkan wasannin sai dai wanda aka yi watsi da shi saboda rashin kyawun yanayi. Ta zira kwallaye 120 a cikin 40.00, ta ɗauki kama shida kuma ta yi kututturewa uku, kuma an sake kiranta zuwa babbar ƙungiyar bayan mako guda a cikin kayan kirtani na biyu. A wasanninta uku na farko da ta dawo, an sanya Healy a cikin tsaka-tsaki kuma ba a buƙatar ta jemage ko ci gaba da wickets. A wasan karshe na gasar, ta zira kwallaye 59 daga kwallaye 55 a cikin kawancen gudu 89 a cikin sauri fiye da wasan kwallon da Lisa Sthalekar da Victoria New South Wales ta yi nasara da ci uku-uku duk da rashin nasarar da Healy ta yi da bugun fanareti uku da suka biyo baya a matakin rufe gasar. A wasan karshe da kungiyar ta yi a mako mai zuwa, Healy ya yi 11 daga kwallaye 22 kafin a kare shi, amma New South Wales ta ci nasara da ci shida da fiye da 15 don neman taken. Healy ta kawo karshen gasar ta kwana daya da gudu 79 a 26.33. An nada ta cikin jerin masu karfi 30 na Ostiraliya don gasar cin kofin duniya ta Cricket ta mata na 2009, amma ba ta cikin tawagar karshe na 15. A farkon lokacin 2007 08, ta yi babban wasanta na farko don New South Wales Breakers a gasar cikin gida ta kwana ɗaya ta Australiya An yi amfani da ita azaman ƙwararren batter a cikin babban tsari, kamar yadda Leonie Coleman, mai tsaron ragar wicket a cikin tawagar Australiya, kuma ta taka leda a New South Wales. Ta fara wasanta na farko da South Australia kuma ba ta yi nasarar fara wasan ba, inda ta zira kwallaye 24 kawai a cikin innings biyar na farko. Bayan wata daya a matakin babban jami'a, ta tsallake rijiya da baya tare da yin nasara a wasa a babban wasanta na shida. Bayan Queensland ta yi 170, Healy ta shigo da maki a 5/99 bayan 32 overs, tare da wuce 18. Ta haɓaka ƙimar gudu, inda ta zira kwallaye 41 ba daga ƙwallaye 50 ba, tare da huɗu huɗu, tana kiwon wutsiyar wutsiya tare da jagorantar jiharta zuwa cin nasara biyu-wicket tare da kwallaye 17 don adanawa. New South Wales ta kai wasan karshe kuma an ba ta kambun ne saboda ta zo na daya a wasannin share fage bayan ruwan sama ya share wasan da aka yi. Healy ya ƙare kakar tare da gudu 78 a 11.14. Ta kuma taka leda a wasanni Twenty20 guda biyu. Ta ci biyu kuma ta yi tagumi a wasan farko, kuma ba ta yi bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a karshen ba. New South Wales ta yi nasara a duka biyun. A karshen kakar wasa ta bana, an zabe ta ga kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekara 23 ta Australia don buga wasa da manyan kungiyoyin Ingila da Australia. Ta ci 45, 1 da 41 ba a buga wasanni uku ba. A cikin wasa na uku, ta haɗu don haɗin gwiwa na biyu na wicket na 52 tare da Elyse Villani, ta buge iyakoki shida a cikin kwallaye 62 kuma ta jagoranci tawagarta zuwa nasara takwas-wicket a kan tawagar Australia. Wasa a matsayin ƙwararren batter, ita ma ta ɗauki kama uku. Sabuwar kakar 2008 09 ta fara haka, tare da tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 23 suna wasa da Australia da Indiya Wasan farko, da Indiya, an wanke shi kuma Healy ya yi agwagwa [sifili] da 9 a sauran wasannin. Wasa-wasa ta yi, ba ta yi kama ba. Healy ya sake taka leda a matsayin batter, tare da Coleman ya haye a bayan kututturen. A wasanni hudu na farko na sabuwar kakar wasannin cikin gida, ta yi bajinta sau daya kacal, inda ta ci tara. A cikin wadannan matches an sanya ta a cikin ƙananan tsari kuma ba ta kwano. An jefar da ita bayan wadannan wasanni hudu. Har ila yau Healy ta buga wasanni biyu Twenty20 a jiharta a kakar wasa ta bana, inda ta ci 35 daga kwallaye 27 da South Australia da kuma 16 daga kwallaye 21 da Victoria. Ita ce 'yar New South Wales ta biyu da ta fi cin kwallaye a dukkan wasannin biyu; na farko ya ci nasara amma na biyu ya sha kashi.
Mai tsaron wicket na cikakken lokaci
Manazarta Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1990
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
43098 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/OmotoyossiRazak | OmotoyossiRazak | Razak Omotoyossi (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga Oktoban 1985), tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba ga JA Cotonou An haife shi a Najeriya, ya fito a tawagar ƙasar Benin a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa. Ya buga wasa a Najeriya da Masar da Sweden da Saudiya da kuma Faransa.
Aikin kulob
Farkon aiki An haife shi a Legas, Omotoyossi ya fara aikinsa ne a ƙasarsa ta Najeriya, amma ya kusa ɓata lokacin da hukumar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya ta yi fatali da dakatar da shi na tsawon shekaru biyar bisa zargin cin zarafin alkalin wasa a wasan Premier tsakanin ƙungiyarsa, Sunshine Stars da ziyartar Enyimba Ko da yake ya riga ya bar wasa a makwabciyarta Benin. Daga baya ya koma zama ɗan ƙasar Benin a wannan shekarar.
Ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru a Benin tare da JS Pobè Kulab ɗin Ƙwallon Kafa na Sheriff Omotoyossi ya rattaba hannu a kungiyar FC Sheriff ta Moldovan a watan Nuwamba 2005.
A ranar 26 ga Yuli, shekarar 2006, ya zira kwallo a ragar Sheriff a minti na 92 na daidaitawa da Spartak Moscow a zagaye na biyu na cancantar shiga gasar zakarun Turai na shekarar 2006-07 A cikin watan Maris na shekarar 2007 ya tafi a kan gwaji tare da Isra'ila Hapoel Kfar Saba gefen Premier League Ya zira ƙwallaye a wasan Toto Cup, amma bai sanya hannu a kansu ba saboda ya sami kalubalen Allsvenskan na Sweden ya fi dacewa.
Helsingborg Omotoyossi ya sanya hannu don Helsingborgs IF a lokacin rani shekarar 2007. A matsayin abokin wasan Henrik Larsson, Omotoyossi ya kammala kakar wasa ta shekarar 2007 a matsayin wanda ya fi zura ƙwallaye tare da zura ƙwallaye 14 a wasanni 23. A gasar cin kofin Uefa na shekarar 2007–2008, ya zura ƙwallaye biyu a zagaye na biyu na cancantar farko Ƙwallonsa ta farko ta zo ne a wasan farko na zagayen farko na neman shiga gida da ƙungiyar Narva Trans ta Estoniya Meistriliga a ranar 19 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2007, sannan ya zura kwallo a zagaye na biyu na share fage, wasa na biyu, da ci 3-0 a gida a kan League of Ireland Premier. Kungiyar Drogheda United Ya kara ƙwallaye huɗu a matakin rukuni yayin da Helsingborg ta zo ta biyu a rukunin H. Omotoyossi ya zura ƙwallaye shida a wasanni shida: ƙwallaye uku a kan SC Heerenveen, biyu a kan Austria Wien da daya a kan Galatasaray wanda ya sa ya zama babban ɗan wasa tare da abokin wasansa Henrik Larsson da Luca Toni na Bayern Munich Maƙasudinsa shida sun kasance masu mahimmanci a Helsingborgs suna ba da izinin wucewa zuwa 32 na ƙarshe. Da ƙwallaye shida a jimillar wasanni takwas, Omotoyossi ya kare a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye na hudu a gasar. Duk da kasancewarsa wanda ya fi zura ƙwallaye a Helsingborg.
Ya kuma bayyana a waccan shekarar a Guerin Sportivo na Italiya a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan taurari 50 na duniya nan gaba kaɗan. Wannan rikodin ya kama idon kungiyar Eredivisie SC Heerenveen, kuma ana raɗe-raɗin cewa suna son dan wasan a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin ɗan wasan Brazil Afonso Alves wanda ke shirin barin ƙungiyar Middlesbrough ta Ingila.
Bayan an rufe kasuwar musayar 'yan wasa ta watan Janairu, an bayyana cewa Omotoyossi ya ki komawa ƙungiyar Eredivisie ta Holland, FC Groningen, a cikin yarjejeniyar da ta kai dala miliyan 2.5.
Al-Nasr A cikin watan Yulin 2008 Omotoyossi ya rattaba hannu kan Al-Nassr a Saudi Arabiya akan dala miliyan 3. Yana da ɗan gajeren lokaci a kulob ɗin Larabawa wanda ya bayyana a wasanni tara, inda ya zira ƙwallaye huɗu a kakar 2008 09 yayin da Al-Nassr ya ƙare 5th a cikin Saudi Professional League Metz A ranar 9 ga watan Yunin 2009, Omotoyoissi ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku tare da ƙungiyar Ligue 2 ta Faransa FC Metz Ya zira ƙwallaye biyu a wasanni 8 da kuma 14 a matsayin dan wasa wanda zai maye gurbin Metz ya kare na hudu a kakar 2009-10, kawai ya rasa ci gaba zuwa Ligue 1 GAIS A ranar 30 ga watan Maris ɗin 2011, ƙungiyar GAIS ta Sweden ta tabbatar da cewa sun sanya hannu kan Omotoyossi, an sanya hannu kan kwangilar ɗan gajeren lokaci har zuwa Yuli.
Syria FC A ranar 21 ga watan Yulin 2011, Omotoyossi ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar ɗan gajeren lokaci tare da Syrianska FC inda ya buga wasanni 5 kawai kafin ya bar Masar ɗin Zamalek SC Zamalek SC A ranar 15 ga watan Satumbar 2011, Omotoyossi ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku tare da kulob din Zamalek SC na Masar. Ya buga wasansa na farko a kungiyar a wasan laliga da El-Entag El-Harby Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Profile at hif.se at the Wayback Machine (archived 2007-04-28) Just-Football.com Good Player Guide #4: Razak Omotoyossi at the Wayback Machine (archived 2008-05-01)
Razak Omotoyossi at FootballDatabase.eu
'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Benin
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1985
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
25012 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ese%20Brume | Ese Brume | Ese Brume (an haife ta a ranar 20 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1996) 'yar wasan Najeriya ce wanda ta ƙware a tsalle tsalle Ita ce babbar zakara a Afirka sau uku a cikin Jump Jump kuma tana da mafi kyawun 7.17 m (ba
Brume tana dogon tsalle zinariya medalist a 2013 Afirka Junior da tsalle-tsalle Championships, 2014 wasannin Commonwealth, 2014 Afirka Senior da tsalle-tsalle gasar da kuma 2015 Afirka Junior da tsalle-tsalle gasar Ta kuma wakilci Najeriya a gasar matasa ta duniya a wasannin guje -guje a 2014.
Brume ta wakilci Najeriya a Gasar Olympics ta 2016 inda ta zo na 5 a wasan karshe na Long Jump tare da tsallake Brume ta lashe tagulla a wasan dogon tsalle a Gasar Wasannin Duniya ta 2019 a Doha, tare da tsallake mita 6.91 da wasannin Olympics na bazara na 2020 a Tokyo, tare da tsalle 6.97 m.
Sana'a An haife ta a Ughelli, Jihar Delta, Brume ya fara fitowa a matakin ƙasa a Gasar Wasannin na Ƙasa na Najeriya na 2012 tare da tsoffin ƙananan 'yan wasa Dakolo Emmanuel da Fabian Edoki. Ta sanya matsayi na shida a cikin tsalle mai tsayi, ta share sama da mita shida. Ita ce kuma ta yi nasara a bikin wasanni na kasa na 18 da aka yi a Legas. A shekara mai zuwa ta saita mafi kyawun 6.53 m (21 ba ft 5 a) don sanya matsayi na biyu a cikin ƙasa, bayan Blessing Okagbare.| Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan da suka yi nasara a Gasar Wasannin Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Afirka na 2013 ta lashe gasar tsalle tsalle, ta ɗauki azurfa a tsalle uku, kuma tana cikin ƙungiyar' yan wasan tseren mita 4 100 na Najeriya. Ta kuma sanya ta hudu a daidaiku a cikin mita 100 Brume ta yi nasarar kare kambun ta na tsalle tsalle a bugu na gaba na gasar wasannin tsere na matasa na Afirka a Addis Ababa A wannan karon, ta fi samun nasara yayin da ta kara tsalle-tsalle sau uku da taken relay 4 x 100m, da lambar tagulla a cikin mutuum dari 100 zuwa tarin ta.|
A watan MAyun 2014 tayi gudun 100m mafi kyau na dakika 11:84 sannan ta bi wannan tare da dogon tsalle mafi kyau sabon rikidin ƙaramin ɗan Afirka na 6.60 m (ba don cin nasara a Warri Relays. Ta inganta zuwa 6:68 (ba a Gasar Cin Kofin Najeriya don lashe taken ta na farko na farko na ƙasa. An zaɓe ta don horo a Gasar Matasa ta Duniya ta 2014 a Wasannin Wasanni amma, bayan ta tashi zuwa Eugene, Oregon kwana ɗaya kacal kafin fafatawar, ta yi rashin nasara kuma ta kasance ƙasa ta cancanta. Tawagar 'yan gudun hijira ta kananan mata ta Najeriya ma ba ta yi nasara ba, inda aka fitar da ita a gasar neman cancantar shiga gasar.
Bayan kwana biyar kacal, ta wakilci Najeriya a wasannin Commonwealth na 2014 Blessing Okagbare opted don gasa a cikin sprints haka Brume ya Najeriya ta tafin kafa entrant ga taron. Dan wasan mai shekaru 18 ya yi fice a wasannin tsalle tsalle na Commonwealth, inda ya share 6.56 m (ba a ƙarshe don lashe lambar zinare. Brume ta sadaukar da nasarar ta ga Emmanuel Uduaghan, gwamnan jihar Delta wanda ya saka hannun jari a fagen tsere da tallafi a yankin. Okagbare, wacce taci gasar Commonwealth a karo na biyu, ita ma ta samo asali ne daga tsarin Kuma Brume ta bayyana cewa abubuwan da tsoffin 'yan wasan suka samu sun yi mata kwarin gwiwa. Sakamakon nasarorin da ta samu na lashe lambar yabo, an baiwa Brume tallafin karatu don yin karatu a Amurka, tare da tallafin karamar hukuma.
2016 Bayan riga kulla da cancantar misali ga Rio Olympics da ta sirri rikodin Jump a watan Yuni 2016 a Akure Golden League, Brume gangarawa zuwa Durban na Afirka ta tsalle-tsalle ta Championships a matsayin shugaban Afrika a ta taron. Ta yi nasarar kare taken ta daga gasar da ta gabata.
Brume Brume ta cancanci shiga gasar tsalle -tsalle ta tsalle -tsalle na Rio a matsayin na uku mafi kyawun 'yan wasa a tafkin ta. Wannan ya sanya ta a matsayi na shida tana shiga wasan karshe. Daga karshe ta kawo karshen gasar a matsayi na biyar tana tsallen nisan mita 6.81 wanda ya kai santimita 2 kacal da rikodin nata wanda ta kafa a farkon shekarar.
2018 Brume ta zama zakara na Jami'o'in Turkiyya sau biyu a Wasannin Jami'o'in Turkiyya Koç Fest, wanda ke wakiltar jami'arta, Jami'ar Gabashin Bahar Rum Ta kafa rikodin taro da jagorar Afirka na 6.82 m a farkon kafa na 2018 Kalubalen Duniya a Kingston Jamaica. Wannan alamar ta kasance mafi kyawun tsalle daga ɗan wasan Afirka har zuwa Gasar Wasannin na 2018 na 2018 da aka gudanar a Asaba A can, ta ƙara karkatar da Afirka ta santimita ɗaya don samun nasara a matsayi na uku a jere. Sannan ta wakilci Afirka a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Ostrava inda ta zama ta hudu. 2018 kuma ga Brume tsare ta title a 19th Nijeriya National Sports Festival a Abuja, a wani sabon festival rikodin na 6,62 mita.
2019 An zabi Brume a matsayin wanda aka zaba a cikin lambar yabo ta StarQt a rukunin 'yan wasan Afirka na bana. Ita kadai ce 'yar wasan Najeriya da aka zaba a cikin kowane fanni. An gudanar da taron a watan Oktoba a Johannesburg.
Ta zama zakara a wasannin Afirka a Long Jump a ranar 29 ga Agusta 2019. Wannan shine taken ta na farko na wasannin Afirka. A ranar 24 ga Yuli, 2019, a Erzurum, ta inganta mafi kyawun abin ta zuwa 6.96m duk da tsananin iska (−2.1m/s). A gasar zakarun Turai da aka yi a Bursa a ranar 4 ga watan Agusta, ta karya katangar mita 7 a karon farko a cikin aikinta wanda ya zarce wannan alamar sau biyu a gasar. Tsallen nata ya kai 7.05 m 0.9m/s) a matsayi na biyu mafi kyawun wasan Afirka a tarihi. A ranar 6 ga Oktoba, ta lashe lambar tagulla a Gasar Duniya tare da tsallake mita 6.91.
Lakabi na ƙasa Tsawon Jump: 2014, 2016, 2017
Mafi kyawun mutum Mita 100 11.41 sec Bursa 2019) Dogon tsalle 7.17 m (ba (Chula Vista, 2021) Sau uku tsalle 13.16 m (43 ba ft 2 a) Addis Ababa 2015)
Rikodin gasa na duniya
Hanyoyin waje Ese Brume at Olympics at Sports-Reference.com |
29992 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%B3ancin%20mallakar%20hannun%20jari | Ƴancin mallakar hannun jari | Haƙƙin Mallakar hannun jari, ko ma'aikaci rabon hannun jari, shi ne inda ma'aikatan kamfani ke da hannun jari a cikin wannan kamfani (ko a cikin iyayen kamfanin gungun kamfanoni). Ma'aikatan Amurka yawanci suna samun hannun jari ta hanyar tsarin zaɓin rabo. A Burtaniya, Tsare-tsaren Sayen Raba Ma'aikata ya zama ruwan dare, inda ake cirewa daga albashin ma'aikaci don siyan hannun jari akan lokaci. A Ostiraliya ya zama ruwan dare a sami duk da tsare-tsaren ma'aikata waɗanda ke ba wa ma'aikata ƙimar hannun jarin $1,000 akan tsarin haraji. Irin waɗannan tsare-tsaren na iya zama zaɓaɓɓu ko tsare-tsaren ma'aikata duka. Yawancin tsare-tsaren zaɓaɓɓun ana ba da su ga manyan jami'ai kawai. Duk tsare-tsaren ma'aikata suna ba da haɗin kai ga duk ma'aikata (bisa ga wasu sharuɗɗan cancanta kamar ƙaramin tsayin sabis).
Yawancin kamfanoni suna amfani da tsare-tsaren mallakar hannun jari azaman nau'in fa'idar ma'aikaci Tsare-tsare a cikin kamfanonin jama'a gaba ɗaya suna iyakance jimillar lamba ko yawan adadin hajojin kamfanin da ma'aikata za su iya samu a ƙarƙashin tsari. Idan aka kwatanta da ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwar ma'aikata ko ƙaddamarwa, ikon mallakar hannun jari na ma'aikaci bazai ba da wani iko mai ma'ana ko tasiri daga ma'aikata a cikin gudanarwa da gudanar da kamfani ba.
Wasu kamfanoni, musamman ma kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, suna amfani da hannun jari na ma'aikata don tallafawa al'adun kamfani. Mallakar ma'aikata shi ne lokacin da duk ma'aikata tare suka mallaki babban hannun jari kuma suna da murya mai ma'ana a cikin kamfani (ko rukuni) da ke ɗaukar su aiki.
Ƙasashe da yawa sun gabatar da kaso mai fa'ida na haraji ko raba tsare-tsaren zaɓi don ƙarfafa ikon rabon ma'aikata.
Nau'in shirin Don sauƙaƙe ikon mallaka na ma'aikata, kamfanoni na iya rarraba ma'aikatansu da hannun jari, wanda ƙila ba shi da tsadar farashi ga ma'aikaci, baiwa ma'aikaci damar siyan haja, wanda zai iya kasancewa a ragi, ko baiwa ma'aikata zaɓuɓɓukan hannun jari. Hannun jarin da kuma aka keɓe ga ma'aikata na iya samun lokacin riƙewa kafin ma'aikaci ya mallaki hannun jarin (wanda aka sani da saka hannun jari). Bayar da hannun jari da aikin zaɓin hannun jari na iya kasancewa ƙarƙashin yanayin aikin mutum ɗaya ko kasuwanci.
Daban-daban na tsare-tsaren mallakar hannun jari na ma'aikata sun zama ruwan dare a yawancin masana'antu da wasu ƙasashe masu tasowa. Ana tsare-tsaren zartarwa don ɗauka da ba da lada ga manya ko manyan ma'aikata. A cikin Amurka da Burtaniya akwai al'ada da yawa na raba irin wannan mallakar gabaɗaya tare da ma'aikata ta hanyar tsare-tsaren da ake ba da gudummawa ga duk ma'aikata. Dokokin haraji don mallakar rabon ma'aikata sun bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa. Kadan ne kawai, musamman Amurka, Burtaniya, da Ireland suna da manyan dokokin haraji don ƙarfafa ikon mallakar babban ma'aikaci. Misali, a Amurka akwai takamaiman dokoki don Tsare-tsaren Mallakar Ma'aikata (ESOPs). A cikin ƙasar Burtaniya akwai tsare-tsare masu fa'ida na harajin ma'aikata guda biyu waɗanda ke ba wa ma'aikata damar samun hannun jari: Tsarin Raba Incentive Plan da shirin zaɓi na Sharesave Daban-daban na shirin rabon ma'aikata (gami da tsare-tsare masu ƙarfafa kuɗi masu alaƙa) sun haɗa da:
Shirye-shiryen siyan kai tsaye Shirye-shiryen sayan kai tsaye suna ba wa ma'aikata damar siyan hannun jari a cikin kamfani da kuɗin kansu. A cikin ƙasashe da yawa, akwai tsare-tsare na musamman na cancantar haraji waɗanda ke ba wa ma'aikata damar siyan haja ko dai a ragi ko tare da hannun jarin da ya dace da kamfani. Misali, a ƙasar Amurka, tsare-tsaren sayan hannun jari na ma’aikata suna baiwa ma’aikata damar ajiye biyan bayan-haraji na wani lokaci (yawanci watanni 6-12) sannan a yi amfani da kudaden da aka tara don siyan hannun jari har zuwa ragi kaso 15% a ko dai farashin a lokacin saye ko lokacin da suka fara ajiye kuɗin a gefe, ko wanne ya ragu. A cikin Burtaniya, Tsare-tsaren Raba Ƙarfafawa suna ba da damar siyan ma'aikata waɗanda kamfani zai iya daidaitawa kai tsaye.
Zaɓuɓɓukan hannun jari Zaɓuɓɓukan hannun jari suna ba ma'aikata 'yancin siyan hannun jari da yawa a farashin da aka kayyade a kyauta na ƙayyadadden adadin shekaru a nan gaba. Zaɓuɓɓuka, da duk tsare-tsaren da aka jera a ƙasa, ana iya ba kowane ma'aikaci ƙarƙashin kowace ƙa'idar da kamfani ya ƙirƙira, tare da iyakancewar keɓancewa a ƙasashe daban-daban na Duniya.
Ƙuntataccen hannun jari Ƙuntataccen haja da ɓangarorin hannun jari na kusa suna ba ma'aikata haƙƙin mallaka ko karɓar hannun jari, ta kyauta ko siya, da zarar an cika wasu ƙayyadaddun hani, kamar yin wasu adadin shekaru ko cimma burin aiki.
Hannun fatalwa Hannun jarin fatalwa yana biyan kari na tsabar kuɗi na gaba daidai da ƙimar takamaiman adadin hannun jari.
Haƙƙoƙin ƙima na hannun jari Haƙƙin ƙayyadaddun adadin hannun jari, yawanci ana biyan su da tsabar kuɗi amma lokaci-lokaci ana sasantawa a cikin hannun jari (wannan ana kiransa “Sam-Settled” SAR).
Mallakar ma'aikata Mallakar ma'aikata wata hanya ce ta gudanar da kasuwanci wacce za ta iya yin aiki ga manyan kamfanoni daban-daban a sassa daban-daban. Mallakar ma'aikata na buƙatar ma'aikata su mallaki wani muhimmin hannun jari mai ma'ana a kamfaninsu. Girman rabon dole ne ya zama mahimmanci. Ana karɓar wannan azaman ma'ana inda kashi 25 ko fiye na mallakin kamfani ke riƙe da kowa ko galibin ma'aikata (ko a madadinsu ta hanyar amana Akwai nau'ikan asali guda uku na mallakar ma'aikata: ikon mallakar hannun jari kai tsaye ta duk ma'aikata a matsayin daidaikun mutane;
mallakin kai tsaye (ko amana) a madadin duk ma'aikata ta amintaccen amintaccen ma'aikaci kuma
samfurin matasan wanda ya haɗa duka kai tsaye da kuma mallakin kai tsaye.
Bugu da kari, hannun jarin ma'aikata dole ne ya baiwa ma'aikata damar yin magana mai ma'ana a cikin harkokin kamfanin ta hanyar karfafa tsarin kungiya da ke inganta shigar ma'aikata a cikin kamfanin. Ana iya ganin ikon mallakar ma'aikata a matsayin tsarin kasuwanci na kansa, sabanin ikon rabon ma'aikata wanda zai iya ba wa ma'aikatan da aka zaɓa kawai hannun jari a cikin kamfaninsu da kuma babban rabon da ba shi da ƙima.
A cikin ƙungiyoyin Burtaniya irin su Ƙungiyar Mallakar Ma'aikata (EOA), Kasuwancin Scottish, Cibiyar Haɗin gwiwar Wales da Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasar Birtaniya suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen inganta ikon mallakar ma'aikata.
Kamfanin sarrafa ma'aikata shine mafi yawan ma'aikata mallakar ma'aikata. Wannan na iya tasowa ta hanyar siyan ma'aikaci. Ana iya saita wannan ta hanyar amintaccen mallakar ma'aikaci Kamfanonin mallakar ma'aikata gabaɗaya ko kuma mahimmanci (kai tsaye ko a kaikaice ne) na ma'aikatansu.
Daban-daban nau'ikan ikon mallakar ma'aikata, da ka'idodin da ke ƙarƙashin su, sun ba da gudummawar fitowar ƙungiyoyin kasuwancin zamantakewa na duniya. Sabis na jama'a, bisa ma'anarsa, yana da ma'ana mai mahimmanci na ikon mallakar ma'aikata, tasiri ko sarrafawa, amma yawancin ma'aikatan jama'a suna bayyana kansu a matsayin kamfanoni na zamantakewa maimakon ma'aikata. Ƙungiyar ma'aikata ƙungiya ce ta haɗin gwiwar ma'aikatanta kuma suna sarrafa kanta. Wani nau'in kamfani ne na ma'aikaci wanda ke aiki bisa ga ƙimar haɗin kai na kasa da kasa kuma yana bin wani ƙarin lamba, fiye da ainihin ƙa'idodin duniya, mai da hankali kan dimokiradiyya da shiga cikin aiki. Mafi girman bikin (kuma nazari) Kuma shari'ar ƙungiyar kamfanoni gabaɗaya bisa ƙa'idodin haɗin gwiwa shine Kamfanin Haɗin gwiwar Mondragon na Spain. Dokokin Mutanen Espanya, duk da haka, na buƙatar membobin Kamfanin Mondragon su yi rajista a matsayin masu zaman kansu kuma ba ma'aikata ba. Wannan yana ƙara bambanta irin wannan nau'in ikon haɗin gwiwar (wanda masu zaman kansu masu zaman kansu kowannensu ke da rabon kada kuri'a guda ɗaya, ko kuma hannun jarin da wata ƙungiya ta doka ce ke sarrafa shi) daga mallakar ma'aikata (inda galibi ana gudanar da mallakar a matsayin toshe. hannun jari a madadin ma'aikata ta amfani da amintaccen ikon mallakar ma'aikaci, ko dokokin kamfani sun haɗa hanyoyin rarraba hannun jari ga ma'aikata da tabbatar da kasancewa masu rinjaye).
Ta ƙasa
jihohin Baltic Ƙasar Baltic ba ta ba da cikakkun ƙa'idodi kan sa hannun kuɗin ma'aikata ba sai don wasu tsare-tsare masu tallafi. Koyaya, kwatancen cikin ƙa'idodin ƙasa game da tsare-tsaren sa hannun kuɗi na ma'aikata sun nuna ƙarancin yawa. A wasu kalmomi kuma, akwai ƴan dokoki da suka danganci tsare-tsaren mallakar ma'aikata kuma babu wata doka ta musamman kan raba riba. Jihohin Baltic suna amfani da nau'ikan tsare-tsaren mallakar ma'aikata iri ɗaya. To Amman A aikace, ana ba da tsare-tsaren mallakar ma'aikata da yawa ga ma'aikata ko za'a iya siyan su daga kasuwannin musayar hannun jari na Lithuania, gami da hannun jari na aiki (a cikin kamfani mai iyaka na jama'a), zaɓuɓɓukan hannun jari da hannun jarin da ba su da tushe. Babban matsalolin suna da alaƙa da cancantar zaɓuɓɓukan hannun jari ta ma'aikata. Wata matsala kuma tana da alaƙa da rashin Batun Estoniya na tsare-tsare na shari'a na musamman (ka'idar zaɓuɓɓukan hannun jari ko wani), madaidaitan shari'a (tsararriyar ƙa'ida, ƙuntatawa don ƙaddamar da tsare-tsaren zaɓi na hannun jari) ko ƙa'idodin cancantar hannun jari.
Ƙasar Ingila Tsare-tsare na Raba Ma'aikata (ESOPs) ya zama tartsatsi na ɗan gajeren lokaci a Burtaniya a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Margaret Thatcher, musamman bin Dokar Sufuri ta shekarar 1985, wacce ta ɓata sannan kuma ta ba da sabis na bas. Majalisun da ke neman kare ma’aikata sun tabbatar da cewa ma’aikata sun shiga hannun jari yayin da aka mayar da hannun jari, amma ba da jimawa ba masu ma’aikata sun yi asarar hannun jarin su yayin da aka sayo su aka kwace kamfanonin bas. Bacewar tsare-tsaren hannun jari ya kasance mai ban mamaki.
Amurka A ƙasar Amurka, akwai al'adar mallakar hannun jari ga ma'aikata. Ya fara ne da kamfanonin masana'antu kuma a yau ya zama ruwan dare a fannin fasaha amma har da kamfanoni a wasu masana'antu, irin su Kasuwancin Abincin Abinci da Starbucks A cikin yakin neman zabensa na Shugaban kasa shekarata na 2020, Bernie Sanders ya ba da shawarar cewa kashi 20% na hannun jari a cikin kamfanoni masu sama da dala miliyan 100 a cikin kudaden shiga na shekara su zama mallakar ma'aikatan kamfanin.
Duba wasu abubuwan
Manazarta
Ci gaba da karatu Curl, John (2009) For All The People: Uncovering the Hidden History of Cooperation, Cooperative Movements, and Communalism in America, PM |
22136 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kare%20Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20%C6%8Aan%20Adam%20na%20Duniya | Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam na Duniya | Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Duniya GHRD kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta kasa da kasa (NGO) da ke Hague, Netherlands. GHRD ya mai da hankali musamman kan ingantawa da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a duk duniya. GHRD sanya girmamawa a yankunan da jama'a na duniya inda mai tsanani da kuma m keta hakkin dan Adam na kabilanci, da ilimin harsuna da kuma addinin 'yan tsiraru sun sun ci gaba a kan dogon lokaci na lokaci, da kuma inda tsarin taimako da kuma duniya hankalin Gwamnatoci da kuma na kasa da kasa cibiyoyin sun kasa isar GHRD yana gudanar da aikinsa ta hanyar ginshiƙai guda uku sune kamar haka:
Rahoton 'yancin ɗan adam: masu sa ido na cikin gida ne suka yi shi
Taimakon jin kai da nufin wadanda aka ci zarafinsu na take hakkin dan adam
Ilimin haƙƙin ɗan adam a Kudancin Asiya, Netherlands da Turai.
'Yan tsiraru GHRD yana mai da hankali kan haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙananan ƙungiyoyi kamar haka:
wadanda ke da rinjaye ta fuskar zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da siyasa;
waɗanda aka hana su samun kariya mai tasiri daga manyan keta doka da ƙeta;
waɗanda aka hana samun damar albarkatu kawai saboda asalinsu da imaninsu.
Aikin GHRD ya dogara ne da Sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Hakkokin oran Marasa rinjaye a shekarar (1992), sabili da haka tana aiki tare da yare, addini da ƙananan kabilu.
"Manufofin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kamar yadda aka ayyana a cikin Yarjejeniyar, shi ne karfafawa da karfafa girmamawa ga 'yancin dan adam da kuma' yanci na gari ga kowa, ba tare da banbancin launin fata, jinsi, yare ko addini, cigaba da tabbatar da haƙƙoƙin mutane waɗanda ke cikin nationalan ƙasa ko ƙabilu, addinai da yare, a matsayin wani ɓangare na ci gaban al'umma gaba ɗaya kuma a cikin tsarin dimokiradiyya da ke kan doka, zai taimaka wajen ƙarfafa abota da haɗin kai tsakanin mutane da Jihohi "Babban Taron Majalisar 47/135, 18 ga Disamba n shekara ta 1992.
Taimako na Jin kai don Gangamin Nepal (2019) Nepal ta yi mamakon ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya a cikin daren 31 Maris 2019. Har yanzu ba a bayyana adadin mutanen ba, amma kamfanonin dillancin labarai sun kiyasta cewa akwai aƙalla rayukan 31, da raunuka 400 da kuma gidaje sama da 2,400 da aka lalata. An ba da rahoton cewa kayayyakin agajin ba su isa don biyan bukatun waɗanda bala'in ya shafa ba. Mutane da yawa har yanzu ba su sami abinci ko tanti na tanti ba da za su fake.
A dalilin haka ne GHRD ya fara wannan kamfen na neman kudi. GHRD Nepal yana da ƙungiyar likitoci waɗanda ke buƙatar kayan aiki da magunguna don amsa wannan rikicin cikin sauri da kuma yadda ya kamata. Bugu da ƙari, ana buƙatar samar da abinci, tufafi, ruwa mai tsabta da matsuguni da ke da mahimmanci don rayuwa ga yankunan da abin ya shafa. Kamar yadda GHRD Nepal ke aiki a cikin gida, suna iya nuna abin da ake buƙata musamman don taimakawa yadda ya kamata. Ta haka ne za a yi amfani da kuɗin kai tsaye kuma a raba shi zuwa inda aka fi buƙata.
GHRD ya sanya manufar 3000, wanda ya dogara da ƙididdigar yawan kuɗin magungunan asibiti, abinci da tufafin da ake buƙata a yankin da abin ya shafa. Tabbas, yayin da adadin raunin ya ci gaba da ƙaruwa, gwargwadon yadda muke ɗagawa za mu iya kasancewa na taimako. Kuna iya samun shafin tallafi a: https://www.geef.nl/nl/actie/humanitarain-aid-to-nepal/donateurs
Hakkokin Mata Maris (2019) Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Duniya (GHRD) ya shirya wani taro a ranar 7 ga Maris na shekara ta 2019 don nuna fitinar da ake yi wa tsirarun addinai a Pakistan.
'Yancin Dan Adam na Nirmala (2018) GHRD ta taimaka shirya wani shiri a Nepal don kare hakkin mata. Malama Sukomal Bhattarai ta gabatar da jawabi a kan lamarin Nirmala, yarinya ‘yar shekara 13 da aka yi wa fyade da kisan kai. Ta yi amfani da wannan shari'ar ne wajen isar da sako wanda ke nuna yaduwar jinsi da tashe-tashen hankula na addini. A jimla an gabatar da jawabai guda 8 kuma kwamitin mashahurai da baƙi guda 80 sun halarci taron.
Sanarwa ta Sanarwa: Ranar Duniya don Kawar da Cin zarafin Mata (2018) A ranar 24 ga Nuwamban shekara ta 2018, ƴancin ɗan adam Focus Pakistan (HRFP) tare da haɗin gwiwar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Duniya (GHRD) sun shirya wani taron a ranar Mata ta Duniya ta Shekara ta 2018 don Kawar da Tashin Hankalin Mata. Wakilan kungiyoyin farar hula, mata masu fafutuka, ma'aikatan siyasa, masu rajin kare hakkin jama'a, na HRD, lauyoyi, malamai, matasa da dalibai sun halarci kawo karshen take hakkin mata.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Kare hakkin Dan-Adam na Duniya
GHRD Bangladesh Gangamin: Dakatar da Fyade Gang!
Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Duniya
Ƴancin ɗan adam
Ƴancin muhalli
Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki
Kungiyoyi
Pages with unreviewed |
13274 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilkisu%20Yusuf | Bilkisu Yusuf | Bilkisu Yusuf, wacce aka fi sani da Hajiya Bilkisu Yusuf,an haife ta a ranar 2 ga watan Disamban shekarar alif 1952) yar jaridar Najeriya ce, marubuciya kuma edita ga manyan jaridu a Abuja, Kano da Kaduna, Najeriya. An san ta a Najeriya da kasancewa mace ta farko da ta jagoranci aikin jaridar kasa, kuma ta zama edita don ƙarin mutane biyu. Ta kasance Bahaushiya ce, musulma, mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata, kuma mai ba da shawara ga al'ummomin addinai, wanda aka san ta da kasancewa mai ba da shawara ga Shugaban Najeriya a kan Harkokin Kasa da kafa kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, kamar Mata A Najeriya (WIN) da kungiyar Matan Musulmai (FOMWAN). Bilkisu Yusuf ta rasu a shekara ta 2015 yayin da take kan aikin Hajjji a Makkah, Saudi Arabiya.
Tarihin Rayuwa An haifi Bilkisu Yusuf a ranar 2 ga watan Disamban shekara ta alif 1952. Ta yi karatun sakandare a makarantar firamare ta Ansar, Kano a shekarar 1964 zuwa makarantar sakandare a Kwalejin 'Yan Matan Gwamnati, Dala, Kano.
Babban ilimin Bilkisu Yusuf ta kasance ne a bangaren kimiyyar siyasa da aikin jarida. Ta yi karatun digirin digirgir a cikin ilimin kimiyyar siyasa a Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya, Nijeriya; digiri na biyu (2) a cikin ilimin kimiyyar siyasa da dangantakar kasa da kasa daga Jami'ar Wisconsin Madison a Madison, Wisconsin, Amurka da kuma babban digiri a aikin jarida daga Makarantar Jarida ta Kasa da Kasa a Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Kasa da Kasa ta Moscow a Moscow, Rasha, a cikin shekara ta 1986.
Ta fara aure da Alhaji Sanusi Ciroma Yusuf, wanda daga karshe ya zama Babban Alkalin jihar. Ma’auratan sunada ‘ya’ya biyu, daya Moshood Sanusi Yusuf da‘ yarsa Nana Fatima. Daga baya suka sake shi. Mijinta na farko ya mutu yana da shekara 73. Ta auri mijinta na biyu, Mustapha Bintube. An baiwa Hajiya Bilkisu Yusuf lakabi mai daraja ta Hajiya bayan kammala aikin hajji a Makka (Haji ita ce siffar maza). Ta mutu yayin da take shugabar mata a madadin Hukumar Kula da Aikin Hajji ta Najeriya. They later divorced. Her first husband died at the age of 73.
Aiki Bilkisu Yusuf yar Jarida ce ga Aminiya da Leadership jaridu a Abuja, Nigeria. Bayan da ta dawo daga Jami’ar Wisconsin-Madison, sai ta zama editan mace ta farko a Jaridar Sunday, Kano, daga shekara ta alif 1983-zuwa alif 1987. Ta kuma rike mukamin edita a New Nigerian, Kaduna, a cikin shekara ta alif 1987 da Citizen Magazine, Kaduna, a cikin shekarar 1990. An santa da sashin layi na "Civil Society Watch". Ta kasance mai aiki a kungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Najeriya (NAWOJ), wacce ke ba da jagoranci ga matasa mata' yan jarida a Najeriya.
Yusuf ta zama mai bada shawara ga shugaban Nigeria akan harkokin waje.Kuma shahararriyar yar kare hakkin mata ce. Ta kafa kungiyoyin da dama na NGO, kamar su, Women In Nigeria (WIN), which was one of the earliest feminist organizations in Nigeria, Federation of Muslim Women's Associations in Nigeria (FOMWAN), the Nigerian Interfaith Action Association Against Malaria (NIFAAM), and Health Reform Foundation of Nigeria (HERFON), Ta zama babbar darekta na Advocacy Nigeria. Kuma ta taka rawa sosai a fafutukar Bring Back Our Girls, which was aimed at the safe return of the Chibok girls.,
Mutuwa Wani tambarin ya faru ne a wani shinge a Mina, Saudi Arabia a ranar 24 ga watan Satumba, a shekara ta 2015, da misalin karfe 9 na safe Jama'ar suna kan hanyarsu ne daga Muzdalifah zuwa Jaramat, inda mahajjata ke jifa da duwatsu a jikin ginshiƙi domin nuna alamar jifan shaidan a lokacin aikin hajji. Daga nan za su nufi Babban Masallaci a Makka. Fiye da mahajjata 2,000 ne aka tattake yayin turmutsutsu kuma kusan an tantance su 200 a matsayin 'yan Najeriya. An gano Bilkisu Yusuf daga cikin wadanda tambarin ya kashe. Sauran manyan 'yan Najeriya da aka tattake su cikin turbar sun hada da Farfesa Tijjani El-Miskin. Saudi Arabia kasa ce ta Gabas ta Tsakiya wacce ke da yawan jama'a 27,752,316. Gida ne zuwa ga masallatai biyu masu tsarki a cikin addinin musulinci. Ofaya daga cikin waɗannan shi ne Masallacin Harami a cikin Makkah wanda shine makasudin aikin hajji. Dayan kuma shi ne Masallacin An-Nabawi, Masallacin Annabi Muhammad Aikin hajji a Makkah shi ne rukuni na biyar na Musulunci kuma bisa ga imaninsa yakamata a gudanar da shi a kalla sau daya a rayuwar kowane musulmi. Dubun-dubatar mutane ne ke yin wannan aikin hajji a kowace shekara daga duk fadin duniya. Najeriya kasa ce da ke Yammacin Afirka. Al’ummarsu tana da alaƙa mai ƙarfi na shugabanci, wanda ke haifar da wariya da yawa ga mata. Suna kuma da matsala da matsanancin talauci da magunguna. Kungiyar Boko Haram a shekarar alib 2014 ta sace yan matan makarantar Chibok 219, lamarin da ya jawo hankalin duniya a kokarin da ake na kubutar da‘ yan matan. Koyaya, an sami kusan 100 a cikin watan Afrilu a shekara ta alib 2017.
Yanayin aiki Ofishin Shugaban Najeriya Muhammadu Buhari ya fitar da wannan sanarwa sakamakon tambarin: “Shugaba Buhari ya yi hadin gwiwa da kungiyar‘ Guild of Editors na Najeriya da kungiyar ’Yan Jaridu ta Najeriya game da rasuwar Hajiya Bilkisu, abin misali, sadaukarwa, masani, mai sahihanci, sosai wanda ake tsammani, fitaccen edita kuma jadawalin labarai, wanda har ma ya mutu, zai ci gaba da zama abin koyi ga 'yan jaridu, a ciki da wajen Najeriya. Jibrin Ibrahim, darektan Cibiyar Demokradiyya da ci gaba ya bayyana Yusuf a matsayin "babban mutum, mai bayar da shawarwari, dan jarida, cibiyar sadarwa da fifikon musulinci mai kishin kasa, wanda ya mutu a lokacin bautar Allah." Dr Oby Ezekwesili, darektan kamfanin Bring Back Our Girls' kuma tsohuwar ministar ilimi a Najeriya, ta ce, "Bilkisu ta yi yakinin rayuwarta gaba daya a kan ilimin yara. Ta kasance mai dacewa kan shawarwarin da ta bayar. Ba ta gajiya ba har lokaci ya yi. Muna murnar manyan hanyoyin 'yar uwanmu. Mun yi farin ciki da kasancewar ta a danginmu na dangi.
Aliyu Muktar, tsohuwar edita a jaridar Triumph wanda ya yi aiki tare da Yusuf, ya ce, "Ta kasance ta kasance abin koyi gare ni; kyakkyawar mace mai aiki, mai kwazo da kwazo. Ka sani, jarunta ce, mai gaskiya kuma koyaushe tana gwagwarmayar raunana. Ka san sane da cewa; Hajia wani da ba zai yarda da zalunci a ko ina ba. Bayyanannun al'adu Bilkisu Yusuf na ɗaya daga cikin ƴan jaridar 42 da aka yi hira da su don nazarin ƙungiyar yan jarida'Yan Jarida ta Najeriya wacce Mike Awoyinfa da Dimgba Igwe suka rubuta.
Dubi kuma Mutanen Hausawa Abunda ke faruwa yayin aikin Hajji Mata a Najeriya
Manazarta Hausawa
Pages with unreviewed translations
__LEAD_SECTION__ Bilkisu Yusuf, wacce aka fi sani da Hajiya Bilkisu Yusuf, (an haifeta a ranar 2 ga watan Disamba shekarata alif 1952 –zuwa ranar 24 ga watan Satumba shekarata 2015), yar jarida ce a Najeriya, marubuci kuma editan fitattun jaridu a Abuja, Kano da Kaduna, Nigeria |
26094 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsarin%20Darasi | Tsarin Darasi | Tsarin darasi, shine cikakken bayanin malami kan darasin koyarwa ko “yanayin koyarwa” na karatu. Malami yana tsara jadawalin darasi na yau da kullum don jagorantar koyar da dalibai. Bayanai kan bambanta dangane da fifikon malamin, darasain da ake nazari, da kuma buƙatun ɗalibai. Za a iya samun ka'idodi da makaranta suka gindaya dangane da jadawalin. Jadawalin darasi wani tsari ne na musamman da malami ke bi don gudanar da wani darasi, wanda kuma ya kunshi manufa (abin da ɗalibai yakamata su koya), yadda za'a cimma wannan manufa (hanya, salo) da kuma hanyar auna fahimtar dalibai gwaji, takardar aiki, aikin gida da dai sauransu).
Muhimman Sassan Jadawalin Darasi Duk da yake akwai hanyoyi da yawa wajen tsara jadawalin darasi, yawancin sun ƙunshi wasu ko duka waɗannan sassan, yawanci a cikin wannan tsari sun haɗa da:
Taken darasin
Lokaci da ake buƙata don kammala darasin
Jerin kayan koyarwa
Jerin manufofi, wanda na iya zama manufofin ɗabi'a (abin da ɗalibi zai iya yi a kammala darasi) ko manufofin ilimi (abin da ɗalibin ya sani a kammala darasi)
A sa (ko gubar-a, ko gada-in) cewa mayar da hankali dalibai a kan darasi ta basira ko Concepts wadannan sun hada da nuna hotuna, ko kuma model, tambayar manyan tambayoyi, ko bita da darasin da ya gabata
Sashin koyarwa wanda ke bayyana jerin abubuwan da suka haɗa darasin, gami da shigar da koyarwar malami kuma, inda ya dace, ɗalibin da ɗalibai ke jagoranta don ƙarfafa sabbin dabaru da dabaru
Independent yi da damar da dalibai mika basira ko ilimi a kan nasu
Taƙaitaccen bayani, inda malamin ya ƙare tattaunawar kuma ya amsa tambayoyi
Bangaren kimantawa, gwaji don ƙwarewar ƙwarewar da aka koya ko dabaru kamar saitin tambayoyi don amsawa ko saitin umarnin da za a bi
Ana tantance kimar haɗarin inda aka rubuta haɗarin darasin da matakan da aka ɗauka don rage su
Bangaren bincike da malamin ke amfani da shi don yin tunani kan darasin da kansa kamar abin da ya yi aiki da abin da ke buƙatar haɓaka
Wani ɓangaren ci gaba yana yin bita da tunani akan abun ciki daga darasin da ya gabata
Hanyar Herbartian: Fredrick Herbart (1776-1841) A cewar Herbart, akwai matakai na shirin darasi guda takwas waɗanda aka tsara don samar da "dama ga malamai don ganewa da gyara kuskuren ɗalibai yayin fadada fahimtar darussan gaba." Waɗannan matakai sune: Gabatarwa, Gidauniya, Kunnawar Ƙwaƙwalwa, Jiki na Sabuwar Bayani, Bayyanawa, Aiki da Bita, Aiki Mai zaman kansa, da Rufewa. Shiri/Koyarwa: Yana da alaƙa da shirya da motsa yara zuwa abubuwan da ke cikin darasi ta hanyar haɗa shi da ilimin ɗalibin da ya gabata, ta hanyar tayar da sha'awar yara da kuma yin kira ga hankalinsu. Wannan yana shirya tunanin yaron don karɓar sabon ilimi. "Sanin inda ɗaliban suke da kuma inda yakamata suyi ƙoƙarin kasancewa sune muhimman abubuwa biyu na koyarwa mai kyau." Za a iya fara darasi ta hanya mai zuwa: a. Tambayoyi biyu ko uku masu ban sha'awa amma masu dacewa b. Nuna hoto/s, jadawali ko samfurin c. Bayanin Halin da ake ciki: Sanarwar abin da darasi ya mayar da hankali a cikin bayyananniyar sanarwa kamar "Yau, za mu yi nazarin karatun. Gabatarwa/Haɓakawa: Ainihin darasi yana farawa anan. Wannan matakin yakamata ya ƙunshi aiki mai kyau daga ɓangaren ɗalibai. Malamin zai ɗauki taimakon na'urori daban -daban, misali, tambayoyi, zane -zane, bayani, fallasawa, nunawa da kayan taimako, da sauransu. Ana iya ba da bayanai da ilimi, bayyana, bayyana ko ba da shawara. Yakamata a kiyaye waɗannan ƙa'idodin. a. Ka'idar zaɓi da rarrabuwa: Wannan batun yakamata a raba shi zuwa sassa daban -daban. Haka kuma malami ya kamata ya yanke shawarar nawa zai faɗa da kuma nawa ne almajiran za su bincika da kansu. b. Ka'idar jeri na gaba: Malami ya tabbatar cewa ilimin da ya biyo baya ya bayyana ga ɗalibai. c. Ka'idar sha da haɗin kai: A ƙarshe rabuwa da sassan dole ne a bi ta haɗarsu don haɓaka fahimtar gaba ɗaya.
Kwatancen ƙungiya: A koyaushe yana da kyau a haɗa sabbin dabaru ko ilimi a haɗe da yanayin rayuwar yau da kullun ta hanyar ba da misalai masu dacewa da kuma yin kwatancen kwatancen da ke da alaƙa. Wannan matakin yana da mahimmanci yayin da muke kafa ƙa'idoji ko keɓance ma'anoni.
Gabatarwa: Wannan manufar ta shafi tsarin tsarin ilimin da aka koya. Kwatantawa da bambanci suna haifar da gama gari. Ya kamata a yi ƙoƙari don tabbatar da cewa ɗaliban sun zana ƙarshen da kansu. Yakamata ya haifar da tunanin ɗalibai, tunani da ƙwarewa.
Aikace -aikacen: Yana buƙatar kyakkyawan aiki na tunani don tunani da amfani da ƙa'idodin da aka koya zuwa sababbin yanayi. Ilimi, lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi kuma aka tabbatar da shi, ya zama bayyananne kuma ya zama wani ɓangare na gyaran tunanin ɗalibi.
Recapitulation: Mataki na ƙarshe na shirin darasi, malamin yayi ƙoƙarin tabbatar da ko ɗalibai sun fahimci ko sun fahimci batun ko a'a. Ana amfani da wannan don tantancewa/kimanta tasirin darasin ta hanyar yiwa ɗalibai tambayoyi akan abubuwan da darasin ya ƙunsa ko ta ba da gajerun manufofi don gwada matakin fahimtar ɗalibi; misali, yiwa lakabi sassa daban -daban akan zane, da dai sauransu.
Bayar da Shirye -shiryen Darasi Majalisar Kanada kan Ilmantarwa ta tsara waɗannan jagororin don haɓaka tasirin aikin koyarwa sune kamar haka:
A farkon koyarwa, ba wa ɗalibai cikakken hoton kayan da za a gabatar. Lokacin gabatar da kayan, yi amfani da abubuwan gani da yawa da yawa da kuma misalan da aka saba da su. Shirya kayan don a gabatar da shi ta hanya mai ma'ana kuma a cikin raka'a masu ma'ana. Yi ƙoƙarin amfani da sharuɗɗa da ra'ayoyin da ɗalibai suka saba da su.
Ƙara kamanceceniya tsakanin yanayin koyo da yanayin tantancewa da samar da isasshen horo. Ba wa ɗalibai dama su yi amfani da sabbin ƙwarewar su kai tsaye lokacin da suka dawo gida ta hanyar ayyukan da aka ba su. Sadar da saƙon game da mahimmancin darasi, ƙara matakin motsa su, da sarrafa halayen gefe ta hanyar tsara lada ga ɗaliban da suka yi nasarar kammalawa da haɗa sabon abun ciki. Don ci gaba da aikin koyo, ƙimomin dole ne su kasance masu adalci kuma ana iya samun su.
Motsawa yana shafar sakamakon koyarwa ba tare da wani ƙaruwa na iya fahimta ba. Dalilan ilmantarwa yana shafar halaye na mutum kamar lamiri da yanayin koyo. Sabili da haka, yana da mahimmanci a yi ƙoƙarin samar da ayyukan da za su iya yiwuwa. Dalibai suna koyan mafi kyawun yadda suke so kuma lokacin da aka ƙarfafa amsoshi daidai gwargwado, wataƙila tare da sauri "An yi kyau." Ga ɗaliban Generation Z da yawa, amfani da fasaha na iya motsa ilmantarwa. Kwaikwaiyo, wasanni, duniyoyin kama -da -wane, da sadarwar yanar gizo sun riga sun kawo sauyi kan yadda ɗalibai ke koyo da yadda aka tsara da isar da ƙwarewar ilmantarwa. Lealiban da suka nutse a cikin zurfin ilmantarwa na ƙwarewa a cikin yanayin gani sosai da mu'amala sun zama masu ƙwarewa cikin ƙwarewa.
Bincike ya nuna cewa yana da mahimmanci ƙirƙirar ƙira don koyo (Me yasa zan koya, haƙiƙanin haƙiƙanin haƙiƙa) a cikin zukatan ɗalibai. Sannan ɗalibai ne kawai za su iya fahimtar ɓangaren "yadda da abin da za a koya" daga ɓangaren malamin. Hakanan, bayar da isasshen bayani wanda zai taimaka wajen saita tsammanin ɗalibai game da abubuwan da suka faru da kuma sakamakon ayyukan da wataƙila za su iya faruwa a cikin yanayin koyo. Misali, ɗaliban da ke koyon ƙwarewa kan daidaitattun bambance -bambancen na iya fuskantar yanayi mai wahala, ɗimbin karatu, da mawuyacin yanayi. Nazarin ya ba da shawarar cewa ana iya rage mummunan tasirin irin waɗannan yanayi ta hanyar sanar da ɗalibai kafin abin da zai iya faruwa da samar musu da dabarun sarrafawa.
Tsarin darasi da gudanar da aji Samar da ingantaccen tsarin darasi muhimmin sashi ne na gudanar da aji. Yin hakan yana buƙatar ikon haɗa dabaru masu tasiri a cikin aji, ɗalibai da mahalli gaba ɗaya. Akwai nau'ikan tsare -tsaren darasi iri -iri da hanyoyin ƙirƙirar su. Malamai na iya ƙarfafa tunani mai mahimmanci a cikin saiti na ƙungiya ta hanyar ƙirƙirar tsare -tsare waɗanda suka haɗa da ɗaliban da ke shiga tare. Dabarun gani shine wani ɓangaren da aka haɗa cikin tsare -tsaren darasi waɗanda ke taimakawa gudanar da aji. Waɗannan dabarun na gani suna taimaka wa ɗalibai iri -iri don haɓaka tsarin ilmantarwarsu da yiwu fahimtar su gaba ɗaya na kayan ko abin da ke cikin shirin darasin da kansa. Waɗannan dabarun kuma suna ba ɗaliban nakasassu zaɓi don koyo ta yiwu mafi inganci. Malamai suna buƙatar fahimtar ɗimbin dabaru waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don kula da gudanar da aji da ɗalibai. Yakamata su nemo mafi kyawun dabarun da za su haɗa cikin tsarin darasi don takamaiman darajarsu, nau'in ɗalibi, salon koyarwa, da sauransu kuma su yi amfani da su don amfanin su. Thean ajin yakan yi kwarara da kyau lokacin da malami ya tsara darasi da ya dace, saboda yana samar da tsari ga ɗalibai. Samun damar yin amfani da lokacin aji yadda yakamata yana zuwa tare da ƙirƙirar tsare -tsaren darasi a ainihin su.
Ayyuka Aikace-aikacen ko dai a cikin aji ne ko aikin gida-gida da za a kammala don lokacin aji na gaba. Waɗannan ayyuka suna da mahimmanci saboda suna taimakawa tabbatar da cewa koyarwar tana ba ɗalibai maƙasudi, ikon zuwa can, da sha'awar shiga cikin mawuyacin yanayin ilimi yayin da suke samun abun ciki da ƙwarewar da ake buƙata don samun damar shiga cikin aikin koyarwa. Masana sun ba da misali cewa, don samun tasiri da cimma manufofin, dole ne haɓaka waɗannan ayyukan ɗawainiyar ya yi la’akari da hasashen ɗaliban saboda sun bambanta da na malamin. Ana iya magance wannan ƙalubalen ta hanyar ba da misalai maimakon naƙasassun ra'ayoyi ko umarni. Wata dabarar ta ƙunshi haɓaka ayyuka waɗanda ke da alaƙa musamman da buƙatun ɗalibai, abubuwan sha'awa, da jeri na shekaru. Akwai kuma kwararru waɗanda ke ba da mahimmancin koyar da ɗalibai game da tsara aikin. An ce wannan don sauƙaƙe haɗin gwiwar ɗalibai da sha'awar aikin su. Wasu dabaru sun haɗa da yin tunani game da tsarin aikin da ƙirƙirar yanayin koyo,. Akwai nau'ikan aiki da yawa don haka dole ne malamin ya yanke shawarar ko ayyukan aji aji ne, ƙaramin ƙungiyoyi, bita, aiki mai zaman kansa, koyon tsara, ko kwangila:
Whole-aji malamin laccoci ga aji a matsayin dukan, kuma yana da aji tare shiga a cikin aji tattaunawa.
Ƙananan ƙungiyoyi ɗalibai suna aiki akan ayyuka cikin ƙungiyoyi uku ko huɗu.
Taron bita ɗalibai suna yin ayyuka daban -daban lokaci guda. Ayyukan bita dole ne su dace da tsarin darasi.
Aiki mai zaman kansa ɗalibai suna kammala ayyukan ɗaiɗaikunsu.
Koyon takwarorina ɗalibai suna aiki tare, fuska da fuska, don su koya daga juna.
Aikin kwangila malami da ɗalibi sun kulla yarjejeniya cewa dole ne ɗalibin ya yi wani adadi na aiki ta wa'adin ƙarshe. Ana iya amfani da waɗannan nau'ikan aikin (misali koyon takwarorina, masu zaman kansu, ƙananan ƙungiyoyi) don jagorantar zaɓin matakan koyarwa wanda zai iya ba da bayani game da ɗalibi da fahimtar kayan. Kamar yadda Biggs (1999) ya tattauna, akwai ƙarin tambayoyin da malami zai iya yin la’akari da su yayin zaɓar wane irin aiki zai ba da fa’ida ga ɗalibai. Wadannan sun hada da:
Wane matakin koyo ne ɗaliban ke buƙata kafin su zaɓi ayyukan da ke da matakan wahala daban -daban?
Menene adadin lokacin da malamin yake so ɗalibai su yi amfani da su don kammala aikin?
Nawa ne lokaci da ƙoƙari malami zai bayar da ƙimar ɗalibi da martaninsa?
Menene manufar aikin? (misali don bin diddigin ɗalibin ɗalibai; don ba ɗalibai lokaci don aiwatar da dabaru; don yin ƙwarewar da ba ta dace ba kamar tsarin kungiya ko bincike mai zaman kansa)
Ta yaya aikin ya dace da sauran tsarin darasi? Shin aikin yana gwada ilimin abun ciki ko yana buƙatar aikace -aikace a cikin sabon mahallin? Shin tsarin darasi ya dace da wani tsari? Misali, Tsarin Darasi Na Musamman Duba kuma Manhaja
Manhaja
Tsarin Harajin Bloom
Abubuwan Koyarwa
Babu Yaro Da Aka Bari A Baya
Manazarta
Kara karantawa Ahrenfelt, Johannes, da Neal Watkin. Manufofi 100 don Muhimman Kwarewar Koyarwa (Ci Gaba Dari). New York: Ci gaba, 2006.
978-0-673-15122-3
978-0-03-008171-2
Serdyukov, Peter, da Ryan, Mark. Shirya Shirye-shiryen Darasi Mai Amfani: Hanyar 5-Star. Boston: Allyn Bacon, 2008.
Salsbury, Denise E., da Melinda Schoenfeldt. Tsarin Darasi: Samfurin-tushen Samfura don Azuzuwa K-12. Alexandria, VA: Prentice Hall, 2008.
Skowron, Janice. Ƙarfafa Ƙarfafa Darasi: Kowane Malami Jagora zuwa Ingantaccen Koyarwa. Dubban Oaks, CA: Corwin Press, 2006.
Thompson, Julia G. Jagorar Tsirar Malami ta Farko: Shirye-shiryen Amfani, Kayan aiki Ayyuka Don Haɗuwa Kalubalen Kowace Ranar Makaranta (JB Ed: Jagoran Tsira). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2007.
Tileston, Donna E. Walker. Abin da Kowane Malami Ya Kamata Ya Sani Game da Shirye -shiryen Koyarwa Dubban Oaks, CA: Corwin Press, 2003.
Wolfe, Shoshana. Mafi kyawun Shekara Duk da haka! Jagora ga Tsari Mai Ƙarfafawa da Ƙarfafa Ƙungiyar Aji (Dabarun Koyarwa). New York: Dabarun Koyarwa, 2006.
Koyarwa
Ilimi
Ilimi a Najeriya
Ilimin Fasahan shuke-shuke
Ilimin Kimiyyar ruwa
Makarantu
Darusa
Pages with unreviewed |
13280 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sian%20Williams | Sian Williams | Sian Mary Williams, (;an haife ta 28 Nuwamba 1964) yar jaridar Welsh ce kuma mai gabatar da al'amuran halin yanzu, wacce aka fi sani da aikinta da BBC. Daga 2001 har zuwa 2012, Williams a kullun tana gabatar da labaran safe na BBC Breakfast da kuma dukkanin manyan labarai a BBC One Ta gabatar da shirye-shiryen tattauna shirin guda biyu na BBC One Sunday Morning Live daga 2014 har zuwa 2015. Tun daga watan Janairun 2016, ta kasance mai gabatar da Labari na 5 a 5.
Farkon rayuwa An haife Williams a Paddington, London, ga iyayen Welsh kuma an haife shi ne a Eastbourne, East Sussex. Mahaifiyarta, Katherine Rees, ta fito ne daga Llanelli kuma ta ƙaura zuwa London don zama ma'aikaciyar jinya. Mahaifin Williams ya fito ne daga Swansea, kuma danginsa manoma ne a Glamorgan. Ya kasance ɗan jarida, yana aiki da farko a buga kuma daga baya a rediyo. Ta sami digiri na biyu a cikin Ingilishi da Tarihi daga Oxford Polytechnic (yanzu Jami'ar Oxford Brookes), tayi karatun rubuce-rubuce mai mahimmanci a Jami'ar tsibirin Rhode, kuma ta sami digiri tare da MSc a Psychology daga Jami'ar Westminster.
Aiki Williams ta shiga cikin BBC a 1985 kuma ta fara aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto da kuma mai gabatarwa ga tashoshin Rediyon Gida na BBC a Liverpool, Sheffield, Leeds da Manchester Daga 1990 zuwa 1997 Ta kasance edita ne a shirin Rediyon BBC 4 na Duniya a Tsakanin Daya da PM Williams ya kasance editan shirye-shirye don labarai da dama da kwararru kan zaben a Rediyon 4 da Rediyon BBC 5 Live Kafin fara tashoshin tashar a 1997, Williams ta shiga cikin BBC News 24 a matsayin edita. Yayin gwaje-gwaje na allo don masu gabatarwa, ɗayan mai nema ya sami lafiya kuma an nemi Williams ya shiga cikin rawar. Masu gabatar da shirye-shiryen sun gamsu da irin rawar da suka taka kuma sun ba ta fara gabatarwar da karfe 4:00 pm zuwa 7:00 dare tare da Gavin Esler Ta kasance tare da tashar kusan shekara biyu kafin ta shiga BBC One's O OCC News a 1999 a matsayin yar sako ta Musamman. Ta zama mai gabatar da kayan agaji ne game da bullar labarin kuma a shekara ta 2001 ta zama babban mai gabatar da ita Juma'a yayin hutun haihuwa na Fiona Bruce Williams kuma ya zama babban mai gabatar da shirin labarai na mako-mako na BBC. Williams ta shiga cikin Breakfast a ranar 12 ga Janairu 2001 a matsayin mai ba da agaji, da farko gabatar da ranar Jumma'a-Lahadi tare da Darren Jordon, don gabatarwa ga babban mai gabatarwa, Sara Montague, daga baya kuma tare da Jeremy Bowen, don kare Sophie Raworth Hakanan a kai a kai tana dauke da labarai biyu na labarai na 'O'Clock' da kuma Labarin O'Clock daya' a wannan lokacin. A shekara ta 2004, Williams ta yi wa Raworth bayani akan Labaran 'O'Clock shida''' a lokacin haihuwarta, tare da George Alagiah, sannan a shekara mai zuwa, an ba da rahoto daga Sri Lanka da Thailand game da girgizar Indiya ta 2004 da Pakistan daga girgizar Kashmir. A watan Mayun 2005 ne aka tabbatar da ita a matsayin babbar mai gabatar da shirin Breakfast na BBC, wanda ya fara gabatar da Dermot Murnaghan sannan kuma Bill Turnbull daga 2008. Williams ta bar karin kumallo ta BBC a ranar 15 ga Maris 2012 bayan an sauya rukunin masu samar da shirye-shirye zuwa Salford Ta ɗan koma cikin Rediyon BBC 4 don gabatar da shirye- shiryen Asabar Live Williams ta gabatar da shirye-shirye a waje da labarai da al'amuran yanzu wadanda suka hada da The Show daya, Babban Wahalar Welsh, Yanzu Kuna Magana da Asibitin City A shekara ta 2010, Williams ɗan rahoton rahoto ne na Watchdog A cikin 2013, ta karbi bakuncin Kuɗin ku, Kayan dabarun su tare da Nicky Campbell da Rebecca Wilcox Williams ya kuma gabatar da jerin tambayoyin bangarori uku ga BBC One Wales wacce ake wa lakabi da Hirar Sian Williams wanda ke nuna Tanni Gray-Thompson, Suzanne Packer da Siân Phillips A watan Yuni na 2014, Williams ta zama sabon mai gabatar da shirin Lahadi Morning Live, shirin BBC na muhawara ta addini da da'a. Ta gabatar da shirin ne a cikin jeri biyu kafin Naga Munchetty ta maye gurbin ta a watan Yuni na 2016. A ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 2015, Williams ta sanar da cewa za ta bar BBC ta zama sabon mai gabatar da labarai na 5 News Ta gabatar da bayaninta na farko 5 News a kan 4 Janairu 2016. A shekara ta 2017, ta gabatar da Ajiye Adana Kudi: Kyakyawan Lafiya tare da Ranj Singh akan ITV. <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">Lissafi da ake bukata</span> Wasu aiki Williams ita ne shugaban kungiyar TRIC (Gidan Talabijan da Gidan Rediyon Masana Gidan Rediyo) na 2008 zuwa 2001. Ta zama ellowan Han jami'ar girmamawa na Jami'ar Cardiff a watan Yuli 2012. A cikin 2014, ta fara karatu don digiri na biyu a ilimin halin dan Adam a Jami'ar Westminster, ta ƙware game da tasirin rikicewar damuwa bayan tashin hankali a kan 'yan jarida da masu ba da rahoto. Rayuwar ta A watan Fabrairu 1991, Williams ta auri Neale Hunt, wani tsohon darektan kamfanin tallata McCann Erickson, wanda yake da 'ya'ya maza guda biyu. Bayan rabuwar ma'auratan, Williams ta auri Paul Woolwich a 2006 kuma ta haifi ɗanta na uku a watan Oktoba na 2006, daga baya ta bayyana a cikin wata hira cewa ta sami lita biyu na jini sakamakon rikice-rikice. Williams ta haifi 'ya mace a cikin Maris 2009. <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">Lissafi da ake bukata</span> Williams ta shiga gudun tseren fanfalaki na New York City a 2001, kuma ta kwashe kwanaki da dama tana murmurewa a asibiti daga cutar sankarar mahaifa Bayan shekaru da yawa ba ta shiga cikin yin tsere ba, sai ta kammala tseren fanfalaki na London a 2013. Lafiya A watan Mayun 2016, Williams ta bayyana cewa ta sami lasisin aikin mastectomy sau biyu bayan ta kamu da cutar kansa. Ma'aikacin labarai na Channel 5 ya gaya wa mujallar Mata da Gida cewa an gano ta dashi a 2014, mako daya bayan cikar haihuwar ta shekara 50. Ta ce koyaushe tana tunanin cewa tana da ƙoshin lafiya kamar yadda "ta yi duk abubuwan da suka dace Ni mai shan shayi ne, mai shan salmon, mai tsere". Ta ce babban abin da take ji ba shi ne ganin yayanta biyu sun girma. Filmography Asibitin garin Karin kumallo na BBC (2001 2012) Mai gabatarwa Watchdog (2010) Mai ba da rahoto Crimewatch (2012, 2015) Mai gabatarwa Kudi Kuzarinsu (2013) Mai gabatarwa Hirar Sian Williams Mai gabatarwa Lahadi Morning Live (2014–2015) Mai gabatarwa Labaran 5 a 5 (2016 –da ke nan) Anga Ajiye Kudi: Asarar nauyi (2017) Mai gabatarwa Adana Kudi: Kyakkyawan Lafiya'' (2017 yanzu) Mai gabatarwa
Manazarta Pages with unreviewed |
32003 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambroise%20Oyongo | Ambroise Oyongo | Ambroise Oyongo Bitolo (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 1991) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Kamaru wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan baya na hagu ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Kamaru. Yana karkashin kwangila tare da Faransa a kulob ɗin Montpellier.
Aikin kulob/ƙungiya
Coton Sport Ambroise Oyongo ya fara aikinsa da Moussango FC na Yaoundé a cikin shekarar, 2008. Wasansa da Moussango ya jawo sha'awar babban kulob din Coton Sport FC wanda ya sanya hannu a cikin watan Yulin shekara ta, 2010. Ya yi sauri ya kafa kansa a kulob din ya lashe kofin gasar a shekararsa ta farko tare da Coton Sport. A cikin Shekarar, 2011, ya taimaka wa kulob din zuwa gasar lig da kofin sau biyu. A cikin shekarar, 2013, ya ci wani taken gasar kuma ya taimaka ya jagoranci Coton Sport zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe na shekarar, 2013 CAF Champions League.
New York Red Bulls A kakar wasa ta shekarar, 2013, Oyongo ya gurfana a gaban kuliya da kungiyar Lille ta Faransa kuma an bayyana cewa zai koma kungiyar ta Ligue 1 a lokacin kasuwar musayar 'yan wasa ta watan Janairun shekarar, 2014. Yunkurin bai taɓa faruwa ba kuma a cikin Janairu shekarar, 2014 Oyongo ya ci gaba da shari'a tare da New York Red Bulls. Ya burge yayin shari'arsa kuma a ranar 7 ga watan Maris a shekara ta, 2014, ya sanya hannu a hukumance tare da kulob din. A kakar wasansa ta farko tare da New York, Oyongo mai ƙwaƙƙwalwa ya kasance babban ɗan wasa a ƙungiyar a rabi na biyu na kakar wasa yayin da ya fara wasa a duka biyun hagu da kuma a tsakiya inda ya taimaka wa ƙungiyarsa ta samu tikitin shiga gasar. A ranar 30 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta, 2014, Oyongo ya taimaka wa Bradley Wright-Phillips ya ci nasara a raga a cikin minti na ƙarshe na wasan yana taimakawa New York ta doke Sporting Kansas City kuma ta wuce zuwa Gasar Gabas ta Tsakiya.
Montreal Impact A ranar 27 ga watan Janairu shekara ta, 2015, Oyongo an yi ciniki da shi zuwa Montreal Impact tare da Eric Alexander, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasa da ƙasa da rabon kuɗi don Felipe kuma zaɓi na 1 a cikin ƙimar rabon MLS.
Montpellier Kwantiragin Oyongo ya kare ne a karshen kakar wasa ta shekarar, 2017, kuma ya zabi komawa Turai maimakon sabunta kwantiraginsa da Montreal. Ya sanya hannu tare da kulob din Faransa Montpellier HSC a watan Disamba shekara ta, 2017. A ranar 22 ga Fabrairu shekara ta, 2021, ya koma kan aro zuwa Krasnodar a gasar Premier ta Rasha har zuwa karshen kakar shekara ta, 2020 zuwa 2021. Ya buga wasansa na farko a Krasnodar a ranar 28 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta, 2021 a wasan Premier na Rasha da FC Ural Yekaterinburg, lokacin da ya maye gurbin Yevgeni Chernov da ya ji rauni a cikin minti na 33. Sai dai kuma da aka tafi hutun rabin lokaci ne aka sauya Oyongo saboda raunin da ya samu. A ranar 4 ga watan Maris shekara ta, 2021, wakilinsa ya sanar da cewa dole ne a yi masa aiki a Spain kuma ba zai iya buga wasa a Krasnodar na tsawon lokacin aro ba kuma ba zai koma kulob din ba. Krasnodar ya biya duk albashin da ya kamata a gaba a lokacin.
Ayyukan kasa Oyongo ya buga wa Kamaru wasa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA U-20 na shekarar, 2011. A ranar 28 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 2013 ya fara buga wasansa na farko tare da babban tawagar Kamaru, inda ya fara wasan da nasara da ci 1-0 a Gabon a Stade Ahmadou Ahidjo.
A gasar cin kofin Afrika ta shekarar, 2015, Oyongo ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a duniya a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Mali a ranar 20 ga watan Janairu shekara ta, 2015. An sanya sunan shi cikin tawagar Kamaru a gasar cin kofin zakarun nahiyoyi na shekarar, 2017 amma daga baya aka cire shi daga gasar bayan da ya yi fama da rauni a wasan da suka doke Morocco da ci 1-0 a ranar 10 ga watan Yuni.
Kididdigar sana'a
Ƙasashen Duniya Maki da sakamako jera kwallayen Kamaru na farko, shafi na nuna maki bayan kowace kwallon Oyongo Girmamawa Coton Sport
Elite Daya 2010, 2011, 2013
Kofin Kamaru 2011
Ƙasashen Duniya Kamaru
Gasar cin kofin Afrika 2017
Gasar cin kofin Afrika tagulla: 2021
Hanyoyin hadin waje
Ambroise Oyongo Bayanan martaba na WestAfricanFootball.com
Manazarta "Coton Sport book semifinal berth" .westafricanfootall.com. Archived from the original on 7 March 2014.
"Ambroise Oyongo a Lille" (in French). westafricanfootall.com. Archived from the original on 7 March 2014.
"Red Bulls Sign Ambroise Oyongo" New York Red Bulls Archived from the original on 28 October 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
"Red Bulls defeat Sporting" mlsscoccer.com .Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
"L'Impact effectue une transaction majeure avec les Red Bulls" 27 January 2015. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
"Impact exercises options for six players" 16 November 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
"Cameroon's Ambroise Oyongo agrees to Montpellier switch" BBC. 23 December 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
(in Russian). FC Krasnodar 22 February 2021.
"Official Montpellier send Ambroise Oyongo on loan to Krasnodar" getfootballnewsfrance. 22 February 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
(in Russian). Sport Express. 4 March 2021.
'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Kameru
Haifaffun 1991
Rayayyun |
25502 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y | Y | Y, ko y shine harafi na ashirin da biyar kuma na ƙarshe na harafin haruffan Latin na ISO da na shida (ko na bakwai idan sun haɗa da W) harafin wasali na haruffan Ingilishi na zamani A tsarin rubuce -rubucen Ingilishi, galibi yana wakiltar wasali kuma ba kasafai ake samun baƙaƙe ba, kuma a cikin wasu rubutun na iya wakiltar wasali ko baƙaƙe. Its sunan Turanci ne <i id="mwHQ">wye</i> (furta waɪ) jam'i wyes.
Suna A cikin Latin, an kira Y I graeca (Girkanci) tunda sautin Girkanci na gargajiya kama da Jamusanci na zamani ü ko Faransanci u, ba sautin asali bane ga masu magana da Latin, kuma da farko an yi amfani da harafin rubuta kalmomin waje. Wannan tarihin ya haifar da daidaitattun sunaye na harafi a cikin yaren Romance i grego a Galician, i grega a Catalan, i grec a Faransanci da Romanian, i greca a cikin Italiyanci duk ma'anar "Greek I". Sunayen igrek a Yaren mutanen Poland da a cikin Vietnamese duka biyun aro ne na sunan Faransanci. A cikin Yaren mutanen Holland, ana amfani da duka Griekse ij da i-grec A cikin Mutanen Espanya, ana kuma kiran Y da i griega Duk da haka, a cikin karni na ashirin, da gajeriyar suna ye aka samarwa da aka hukumance gane kamar yadda ta sunan a shekara ta 2010 da Real masana ilimi da Española, ko da yake ta asali sunan karbuwa har yanzu. Asalin sunan Girkanci upsilon shima an daidaita shi zuwa yaruka da yawa na zamani. Misali, ana kiranta Ypsilon a Jamusanci, ufsilon i a Icelandic. Ana amfani da duka sunaye biyu a Italiyanci, ipsilon ko i greca haka nan a Fotigal, ípsilon ko i grego A cikin Faroese, kawai ana kiran harafin seinna i (daga baya i) saboda matsayinta na baya a cikin haruffa.
Tsohuwar Ingilishi ta aro Latin Y don rubuta ɗan asalin tsohuwar Ingilishi sauti (wanda aka rubuta a baya tare da rune yr Sunan harafin yana da alaƙa da 'ui' (ko 'vi) a cikin yaruka daban -daban na da; a cikin Ingilishi na Tsakiya shine 'wi' wanda ta hanyar Babban Wasali Shift ya zama Ingilishi na zamani 'wy' Tarihi Tsohon tsoffin kakannin harafin Ingilishi Y shine harafin Semitic waw (wanda ake kira wanda daga ciki kuma F, U, V, da W suka fito Duba F don cikakkun bayanai. Haruffan Helenanci da na Latin sun samo asali ne daga nau'in Fonisiya na farkon haruffan nan.
Tun daga Ingilishi na Tsakiya na Tsakiya, an fara amfani da harafin Y a cikin kalmomi da yawa inda rubutun haruffan Ingilishi na farko ya ƙunshi harafin yogh (Ȝȝ) wanda ya samo asali daga harafin G, daga ƙarshe daga gimel Semitic kamar yadda aka bayyana a ƙasa (azaman bayanin gefe Modern Greek Ƙaramin baki gamma ne da ɗan kamar wancan dimbin yawa da Ƙaramin baki harafin <y>)
Wasali Siffar harafin Y ta zamani ta samo asali ne daga harafin Girkanci upsilon Romawa da farko sun aro wani nau'in upsilon kai tsaye daga haruffan Helenanci, ko daga haruffan Etruscan azaman harafi guda ɗaya na V, wanda ke wakiltar duka sautin wasalin da (A cikin Latin da aka rubuta na zamani, yawanci V ana rarrabe shi daga U.) Wannan lamuni na farko na upsilon zuwa Latin ba shine asalin Ingilishi na Y na Y ba (a maimakon haka, shine tushen Ingilishi na zamani U, V, da W Amfani da nau'in Y Greek na upsilon sabanin U, V, ko W, ya samo asali ne zuwa Latin na ƙarni na farko BC, lokacin da aka gabatar da upsilon a karo na biyu, wannan lokacin tare da "ƙafarsa" don rarrabe ta. Yana da aka yi amfani da su rubũtunsa loanwords daga babbar ɗaki ƙarƙashin marufi yare na Greek, wanda ya cikin wadanda ba Latin wasali sauti (kamar yadda samu a zamani Faransa cru (raw) ko Jamus grün (kore)) a cikin kalmomin da aka furta da a farkon Girkanci. Saboda ba sautin asalin Latin bane, galibi ana furta shi ko Wasu kalmomin Latin na asalin Italic suma sun kasance an rubuta su da 'y': Latin silva (gandun daji) galibi an rubuta shi sylva, a kwatancen tare da ma'anar Girka da ma'anar Sarkin Roma Claudius ya ba da shawarar gabatar da sabon harafi (Ⱶ) a cikin haruffan Latin don rubuta abin da ake kira sonus medius (gajeriyar wasali kafin haruffan labial wanda a wasu lokutan ana amfani da rubutun don Greek upsilon maimakon.
An yi amfani da harafin Y don wakiltar sautin a cikin tsarin rubutun wasu wasu yarukan da suka karɓi haruffan Latin. A cikin Tsohon Ingilishi da Tsohon Norse, akwai sauti, don haka Latin U, Y da ni duk an yi amfani da su don wakiltar sautunan wasali daban. Amma, ta hanyar lokacin Tsakiya English, ya rasa ta roundedness, kuma ya kasance m zuwa na da Don haka, kalmomin da yawa waɗanda da farko an rubuta su tare da Y, kuma akasin haka. Bambanci tsakanin da ya kuma ɓace a cikin Icelandic da Faroese daga baya, yana mai rarrabe tsattsauran ra'ayi da tarihi, amma ba a cikin manyan yarukan Scandinavia ba, inda aka riƙe bambancin. Ana iya lura cewa irin wannan haɗuwar cikin ya faru a Girkanci a farkon farkon karni na 2, yana yin bambanci tsakanin iota da upsilon zance na haruffan tarihi kawai. can kuma. A cikin yarukan Slavic na Yammaci, an daidaita Y a matsayin alama don wasali na tsakiya mara iyaka daga baya, hade da a cikin Czech da Slovak, yayin da Yaren mutanen Poland ke riƙe da shi tare da Hakanan, a cikin Welsh ta Tsakiya, an zo amfani da Y don ƙera wasula da a hanyar da ake iya hango daga matsayin wasalin a cikin kalmar. Tun daga wannan lokacin, ya haɗu da a yarukan Kudancin Welsh, amma an riƙe.
A cikin Ingilishi na zamani, Y na iya wakiltar sautin wasali iri ɗaya kamar harafin I. Yin amfani da harafin Y don wakiltar wasali ya fi ƙuntatawa a cikin Ingilishi na zamani fiye da yadda aka yi a tsakiyar da farkon Ingilishi na zamani. Yana faruwa galibi a cikin mahalli uku masu zuwa: don haɓakawa a cikin kalmomin aro na Girkanci s y stem Greek a ƙarshen kalma hatsin rai, birni kwatanta birane, inda S yake ƙarshe) kuma a wuri na I kafin kawo karshen -ing (DY-yin, gaskata-ing)
Baƙaƙe A matsayin baƙaƙe a cikin Ingilishi, Y yawanci yana wakiltar kusancin sarauta, y ear, Jamusanci J ahr )A cikin wannan amfani, harafin Y ya maye gurbin yogh (Ȝȝ) na Ingilishi na Tsakiya, wanda zai iya wakiltar (Yogh kuma yana iya wakiltar wasu sautuna, kamar wanda aka fara rubuta shi gh a Turanci ta Tsakiya. Rikici a rubuce tare da ƙaya harafi Lokacin da aka gabatar da bugu zuwa Burtaniya, Caxton da sauran firintar Ingilishi sun yi amfani da Y a maimakon Þ ƙaya Turanci na zamani th )wanda babu shi a cikin nau'ikan nahiyoyi. Daga wannan babban taron ya zo da haruffan sa kamar yadda kuke cikin archaism mai ban dariya Ye Olde Shoppe Amma, duk da kuskure, pronunciation shi ne guda kamar yadda na zamani da (jaddada unstressed Bayyana labarin ku a matsayin yee kalma ce kawai ta furta haruffan zamani.
Furuci da amfani
Turanci Kamar yadda /j a farkon wata kalma kamar yadda a cikin a
a farkon harafi kafin wasali kamar a bayan, lauya, kanyon
Kamar yadda ba syllabic bayan wasu wasali a diphthongs, kamar a wasa, launin toka, yaro
Kamar yadda /i ba tare da damuwa ba a ƙarshen kalma da yawa kamar a cikin farin ciki, jariri, sa'a, daidaito
amfani dashi a hade tare da e a ƙarshen kalmomi, kamar a cikin kuɗi, maɓalli
Kamar yadda /ɪ a cikin rufaffiyar syllable ba tare da damuwa ba kuma tare da damuwa kamar yadda a cikin tatsuniya, tsarin, gymnastics
a cikin rufaffiyar haruffa a ƙarƙashin damuwa kamar yadda aka saba, waƙa
a cikin harafin da ba a buɗe ba tare da damuwa ba kamar na jiki, fanjama
Kamar yadda /aɪ a ƙarƙashin damuwa a cikin ƙaramin harafi kamar yadda na, nau'in, hatsin rai, kwance, pyre, taya, guguwa
a cikin murfin buɗe murya mai ƙarfi kamar a cikin jan layi, sake zagayowar, cylon
a cikin pretonic bude syllable kamar yadda a hypothesis, psychology
kalma-a ƙarshe bayan baƙaƙe, kamar a cikin abokin tarayya, haɗa kai
Sauran:
hada da kamar yadda r karkashin danniya (irin a tsuntsu), kamar yadda a ci-zaƙin, mur
as /ə schwa cikin kalmomi kamar shahidi
A cikin ilimin halittar turancin Ingilishi, -y sigar karin magana ce Y shine harafi na tara da ake yawan amfani da shi a cikin yaren Ingilishi (bayan P, B, V, K, J, X, Q, da Z tare da mitar kusan 2% cikin kalmomi.
Wasu harsuna ⟨y⟩ represents the sounds or (sometimes long) in the Scandinavian languages. It can never be a consonant (except for loanwords)
(A Yaren mutanen Holland da kuma Jamus) bayyana ne kawai a loanwords da ya dace sunayen A cikin Yaren mutanen Holland, yawanci yana wakiltar Yana iya, wani lokacin za a bar daga cikin Dutch haruffa da kuma maye gurbinsu da digraph. Bugu da kari da an lokaci-lokaci amfani maimakon Dutch da albeit sosai da wuya.
A cikin rubutun harshen Jamusanci, ya kasance tun ƙarni na 19 a cikin kalmomin aro na gargajiya misali a cikin kalmomi kamar typisch 'hankula', Hyäne, Hysterie, mysteriös, Syndrom, System, Typ Hakanan ana amfani dashi don sautin a cikin kalmomin aro, kamar Yacht (haruffan bambancin: J acht), Yak, Yeti duk da haka, misali yo-yo an rubuta J o- J o a Jamusanci, da yoghurt/yogurt/yoghourt J og (h) urt [galibi an rubuta shi da h Harafin aka kuma yi amfani da yawa Gwargwadon sunayen, misali Bayern Bavaria, Ägypten Misira, Libyen Libya, Paraguay, Syrien Syria, Uruguay, Zypern Cyprus (amma: J emen Yemen, J ugoslawien Zimbabue) Musamman ma a Jamus sunayen, da lafazai ko faruwa da misali a cikin sunan Meyer, inda shi hidima a matsayin wani bambanci na gwama Meier, wani haruffan gama gari na sunan. A cikin Jamusanci ana adana y a cikin nau'in wasu kalmomin aro kamar Bab y s bab watau s da Sashe na y sashe watau s, bukukuwa.
A cewa ya sami asali daga ligature auku a cikin Afirkanci harshe, zuriyar Dutch, kuma a Alemannic Jamus sunayen. A cikin Afirkaans, yana nuna diphthong A cikin sunayen Jamusanci na Alemannic, yana nuna dogon misali a Schnyder dər] ko Schwyz ts]-ƙwaƙƙwaran sunayen Jamusanci ba na Alemannic ba Schneider Ʃnaɪdər] ko Schweiz [ʃʋaɪts] suna da diphthong wanda ya haɓaka daga dogon A Icelandic rubutu, saboda asarar da Old Norse Ƙididdigar da wasali da haruffa da yanzu furta identically da haruffa da wato kamar yadda da bi da bi. Bambancin haruffan ta haka ne kawai na asali. A Faroese, ma, da bambanci da aka rasa, da kuma ne ko da yaushe ya furta alhãli kuwa da accented versions da designate guda diphthong (taqaitaccen zuwa a wasu wurare) A cikin duka harsuna, shi kuma iya samar da wani ɓangare na diphthongs kamar (a duka harsunan), pronounced kuma ya furta (Faroese kawai)
A Faransa orthography, ne da sunan kamar yadda lokacin da wani wasali (as a cikin kalmomi sake zagayowar, y) da kuma kamar yadda a matsayin baƙi (as a yeux, voyez). Yana jujjuyawa da wasu fi'ili, yana nuna sauti A mafi yawan lokuta idan haka wani wasali, shi modifies da pronunciation na wasali: Harafin yana da biyu aiki (gyaggyarawa da wasali kazalika ana furta a matsayin ko a cikin kalmomi payer, balayer, moyen, essuyer, yana biya, da dai sauransu, amma a wasu kalmomi da shi yana da kawai wani aiki ɗaya: a bayer, mayonnaise, coyote gyara wasali a ƙarshen sunaye masu dacewa kamar Chardonnay da Fourcroy A Faransa iya samun diaeresis (tréma) kamar yadda a Moÿ-de-l'Aisne A Spain, aka yi amfani a matsayin kalma-farko nau'i na cewa ya fi bayyane. (Jamus ya yi amfani da a irin wannan hanya. Saboda haka, <i id="mwAyU">el yugo y las flechas</i> wata alama ce ta raba farkon Isabella I na Castille Ysabel da Ferdinand II na Aragon Royal Academy Academy ta gyara wannan haruffan kuma a halin yanzu ana samun sa ne kawai a cikin sunaye masu dacewa waɗanda aka rubuta da archaically, kamar Ybarra ko CYII, alamar Canal de Isabel II Bayyana shi kadai a matsayin kalma, da wasika ne nahawu tare da tare da ma'anar da kuma a Spain da kuma aka furta A matsayin baƙi, wakiltar ʝ in Spanish. Ana kiran harafin i/y griega, a zahiri ma'anar "Girkanci I", bayan harafin Girkanci ypsilon, ko ku A Portuguese, (kira ípsilon a Brazil, da kuma ko dai ípsilon ko i grego a Portugal ya, tare da da kwanan nan reintroduced matsayin 25th wasika, da kuma 19th baƙi, da Portuguese haruffa, a Sakamakon Yarjejeniyar Harshen Harshen Fotigal na 1990 An fi amfani da shi cikin kalmomin aro daga Ingilishi, Jafananci da Spanish. Kalmomin aro gabaɗaya, musamman gallicisms a cikin iri biyu, sun fi yawa a cikin Fotigal na Brazil fiye da na Fotigal na Turai Koyaushe ya zama ruwan dare ga 'yan Brazil su yi wa sunayen' ya'yansu tasirin Tupi tasiri tare da harafin (wanda ke cikin yawancin Rumunar Tsohon Tupi misali Guaracy, Jandyra, Mayara ko placenames da loanwords samu daga 'yan asalin asalin yana da harafin sauya for kan lokaci misali Nictheroy ya zama Niterói Karin lafazi na yau da kullun shine /i j ɪ da /ɨ (na biyun ba su da daɗi a cikin nau'ikan Fotigal na Turai da na Brazil bi da bi, ana maye gurbinsu da /i a wasu yaruka). A haruffa da ana daukarsa a matsayin phonemically ba jũna, ko da farko dace don wani wasali da kuma karshen zuwa baƙi, da kuma duka Can dace a semivowel dangane da wuri a cikin wata kalma.
Italian, ma, yana da (ipsilon) a cikin wani karamin yawan loanwords. Har ila yau, wasiƙar ta zama ruwan dare a wasu sunaye na asali ga lardin Bolzano mai magana da Jamusanci, kamar Mayer ko Mayr.
A cikin Guaraní, yana wakiltar wasalin ɨ A cikin Yaren mutanen Poland, yana wakiltar wasali ɘ (ko, bisa ga wasu kwatancen, )wanda a sarari ya bambanta da i misali na (mu) da mi (ni). Babu 'yan qasar Polish kalma ta fara da sosai 'yan kasashen waje kalmomi ci gaba a farkon, misali yeti (furta A Czech da kuma Basulake, bambanci tsakanin vowels bayyana ta da an rasa, amma baƙaƙe D, t, n (ma l a Basulake) kafin orthographic (da tarihi) ba palatalized, alhãli kuwa sun kasance kafin A cikin Welsh, galibi ana furta shi ə a cikin baƙaƙe na ƙarshe da ɨ ko i (gwargwadon lafazi) a cikin haruffan ƙarshe.
A cikin Siffar Rubutun Ingilishi na Harshen Cornish, yana wakiltar ɪ da na Farfaɗɗen Masarautar Tsakiya da ɪ da na Farfaɗɗen Ƙarshen Cornish Yana kuma iya wakiltar Tudor da kuma farfado Late Cornish ɛ da E da kuma saboda haka za a maye gurbin a cikin rubutu da Hakanan ana amfani dashi don ƙirƙirar adadin diphthongs A matsayin baƙaƙe yana wakiltar j A Finnish da Albanian, ne ko da yaushe ya furta y A Istoniyanci, da ake amfani a waje dace sunayen da aka furta kamar yadda a cikin tushen harshe. Haka kuma an unofficially amfani da matsayin maimakon da aka furta guda kamar yadda a Finnish A Lithuanian, ne 15th harafin (wadannan da kuma gabanin a cikin haruffa) da kuma shi ne mai wasali. Ana kiranta doguwar i kuma ana furta ta kamar a Turanci duba Lokacin amfani da wani wasali a {asar Vietnam, da wasika wakiltar sauti a lokacin da shi ne a monophthong, shi ne aikin daidai da K'abilan Biyetnam harafi Akwai sun kasance kokarin maye gurbin duk irin amfani da gaba ɗaya, amma sun kasance sun fi mayar da m. A matsayin baƙaƙe, yana wakiltar kusancin palatal A babban birnin kasar wasika aka kuma yi amfani da Vietnam a matsayin ba sunan A cikin Aymara, Indonesiyan Malaysian, Baturke, Quechua da romanization na Jafananci, Y koyaushe baƙaƙe ne na sarauta, yana nuna j kamar a cikin Ingilishi.
A Malagasy, da wasika wakiltar karshe bambancin A Harshen Turkmen, wakiltar ɯ A Washo, runtse-hali wakiltar wani hali wye sauti, yayin da sama-hali wakiltar wani voiceless wye sauti, a bit kamar baƙi a Turanci ya dafa.
Sauran tsarin A International karin lafazi Alphabet, dace da kusa gaban taso wasali, da kuma related hali dace da kusa-kusa kusa-gaban taso wasali Gabatarwar SI na 10 <sup id="mwA70">24</sup> shine yotta, taƙaice ta harafin Y.
Haruffa masu alaƙa
Zuriyar da haruffa masu alaƙa a cikin haruffan Latin Y tare da diacritics Ý ý Ỳ ỳ ỳ Ŷ ŷ Ÿ ÿ Ỹ ỹ Ẏ ẏ Ỵ Ỵ ỵ ẙ ẙ Ỷ ỷ Ȳ Ȳ ȳ Ɏ Ɏ ɏ Ƴ ƴ ƴy daʎ.
ʎ da ʏ ake amfani a cikin International karin lafazi Alphabet
Kakanni da 'yan uwan juna a wasu haruffa Harafin Semitic Waw, wanda daga baya alamomin ke samo asali
Harafin Girkanci Upsilon, wanda Y ya samo asali
Harafin 'yan Koftik epsilon/shi (kada a ruɗe shi da wasiƙar Girkanci mara alaƙa da ake kira epsilon Ƙari Tsohon Italic U/V, wanda shine kakan Latin V na zamani
Harafin Gothic uuinne/vinja, wanda aka fassara shi kamar w
Harafin Cyrillic U, wanda ya samo asali daga Greek upsilon ta digraph omicron-upsilon da aka yi amfani da shi don wakiltar sautin /u Harafin Cyrillic izhitsa, wanda ya samo asali daga upsilon na Girka kuma yana wakiltar sautukan /i /ko /v Wannan wasiƙar tana da arha a cikin tsarin rubuce -rubucen zamani na yarukan Slavic masu rai, amma har yanzu ana amfani da ita a cikin tsarin rubutu na Slavic liturgical language Slavonic Harafin Cyrillic Ue (ko madaidaiciya U Kazakh Short U
Alamu da aka samo, alamomi da gajarta Ƙari Yen alamar
Ƙari A Japan, alama ce da aka yi amfani da ita don kiyaye farashin farashi Lambobin kwamfuta A kan injin buga rubutu na Jamus da madannai na kwamfuta (idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ake amfani da su a Burtaniya da Amurka) an canza matsayin haruffan Y da Z, duba QWERTZ A cikin Jamusanci, ana amfani da Y galibi cikin kalmomin aro da sunaye.
Bayanan kula
Manazarta
Hanyoyin waje Pages with unreviewed |
50885 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varnette%20Honeywood | Varnette Honeywood | Articles with hCards
Varnette Patricia Honeywood (Disamba 27, 1950 Satumba 12, 2010) yar amurkace,mai zane-zane kuma mai rubutuce, kuma yar kasuwace mai zane-zane da ke kolejin hoton na African rayuwar Afirka da amurka ta rataye a bango a cikin saitunan Cosby Show bayan Camille da Bill Cosby sun gan ta. fasaha kuma ta fara tattara wasu ayyukanta. Har ila yau, zane-zanenta sun bayyana a talabijin a kan Cosby Show spin-off Duniya daban-daban,da kuma a cikin jerin talabijin Amin da 227.
Shekarun farko An haifi Honeywood a ranar 27 ga Disamba, 1950,a Los Angeles. Iyayenta, Stepney da Lovie Honeywood, malaman firamare ne da suka zo California daga Louisiana da Mississippi. Honeywood ta sami digiri na farko a Art a cikin 1972 daga Kwalejin Spelman da ke Atlanta, makarantar mata bakar fata ta farko ta manyan makarantu a Amurka. (Za ta nuna a can a cikin 1987. Ta sami digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Kudancin California a 1974,inda ta sami ilimi.
Farkon sana'a A matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin wayar da kan jama'a da USC ta gudanar, Honeywood ta yi amfani da horon karatun ta don koyar da zane-zanen al'adu da shirye-shiryen sana'a ga tsirarun yara a makarantun gwamnati. Lokacin da ta yi ziyarar ’yan uwa a Kudu a lokacin ƙuruciyarta, ƙwarewarta ta kwaleji a Spelman da kuma balaguron 1977 zuwa Najeriya duk sun ba da jigogi na zane-zane.
A cikin 1970s, ita da 'yar uwarta Stephanie sun kafa kamfanin katin gaisuwa Black Lifestyles. Sun samar da bugu,da abubuwa masu tsayuwa da ke nuna hotunan aikin Varnette, wanda ta sa ta zama kamfani na farko da ta kware kan jigogi na Black. ’Yan’uwa mata na Honeywood sun yi fatan su sa aikin Varnette ta fi dacewa ta hanyar kamfaninsu.
Salon fasaha da jigogi Honeywood sananniya ce don ayyukanta na ban mamaki da ke nuna rayuwar afirka da amurka. Ƙididdiganta, waɗanda suka haɗa da sifofin sauƙaƙan lebur suna rinjayar William H. Johnson. Sau da yawa takan nuna alkalummanta a bayanan martaba kuma ta wuce gona da iri. Honeywood tayi aiki tare da acrylic fenti kuma a cikin haɗin gwiwa, ayyukan haɗin gwiwarta suna tunawa da Romare Bearden. Ta zana wahayi daga al'ummarta don ƙirƙirar hotunan rayuwar Afirka da amurka ta yau da kullun, tare da batutuwa da suka kama daga taron dangi da na zamantakewa har zuwa saitunan coci. Honeywood ta yi amfani da launuka masu haske don nuna fa'ida da kuma launi da aka samu a cikin al'ummomin Amurkawa na Afirka.
Hollywood aikin fasaha Camille Cosby ta gano aikin Honeywood akan katunan rubutu kuma ita da mijinta Bill Cosby sun fara tattara ayyukanta. Wannan ya haifar da hada kayan fasaha na Honeywood, ciki har da zane-zane na 1974 "Birthday", a kan bangon ɗakin Huxtable akan saitin The Cosby Show. An nemeta tayi zanen da za a saka wa matukin wasan kwaikwayon kuma an bi ta da misalan zane-zane daban-daban a lokacin wasan kwaikwayon. Daga baya ta ƙirƙira wani bango a matsayin bangon gidan talabijin na Cosby Kids Say the Darndest Things,kuma fasaharta ta fito a cikin jerin talabijin na matata da yara,Smart Guy,The Steve Harvey Show, Gullah Gullah Island, ;Golden Girls, Melrose Place,Amin, 227 da Duniya daban-daban. Ta yi aiki tare da Bill Cosby don ƙirƙirar haruffa da zane-zane a cikin jerin littafin Little Bill,wanda tq zama tushen jerin shirye-shiryen TV na suna iri ɗaya. Cosby ta yabawa Honeywood da kyawawan hotunan rayuwar Ba-Amurke wanda "zaku iya ganin matasa suna aikin gida, iyali suna dafa abinci, 'yan mata suna yin gashin kansu", maimakon nuna "raguwa, yunwa da rashin matsuguni". An fito da ita a cikin fim din Varnette Honeywood nazarin wani matashi mai fasaha,a cikin littafin tarihin Baƙar fata na zamani. Juzu'i na 54 (2006).
Daga baya rayuwa da gado Honeywood ta mutu tana da shekaru 59 a ranar 12 ga Satumba, 2010,a Los Angeles bayan ta yi fama da ciwon daji tsawon shekaru biyu. Iyalinta, Tiffany Allen (Daraktan Bincike na Ciwon daji), Joyce Allen (Darakta Shugaban kasa),Jennell (Mataimakin Shugaban kasa),da Carolyn Allen (Sakatariya) tare da Edward Hamilton Jr da Sherice Roper sun fara Gidauniyar Varnette P. Honeywood zuwa Gidauniyar Varnette P. Honeywood. tallafa wa waɗanda ke fama da su kuma suna da saurin kamuwa da cutar kansar haihuwa. Gidauniyar Varnette P. Honeywood ta samu kwarin gwiwa daga shuwagabannin na samar da fahimtar juna a tsakanin dukkan mutane,da inganta rayuwa ga kowane memba na dangin dan adam,da kuma himma wajen samar da al'umma mai wayewa domin amfanin al'umma. tsararraki masu zuwa. Gidauniyar Varnette P. Honeywood tana mai da hankali kan abubuwan da suka fi dacewa: Shirye-shiryen tallafin karatu don ƙwararrun ɗaliban fasaha da masu fasaha a duk nau'ikan waɗanda aikinsu ke ba da gudummawa mai kyau ga al'umma.
Har yanzu ana iya ganin zane-zane na Honeywood akan raye-raye masu yawa kamar Amin, The Steve Harvey Show, Matata da Yara,Smart Guy,Melrose Place,Golden Girls da sauran shirye-shiryen talabijin daban-daban, fina-finai da murfin littattafai. Masu fasaha na zamani sun gane ta a yau don gagarumar gudunmawar da ta bayar, suna taimakawa wajen hangowa da kuma tsara al'adun gani na Black.
Labarai Kamar yadda yawancin ayyukan da aka buga na Honeywood na jerin littafin Little Bill ne, waɗanda ke da alamar(*) suna tsara wallafe-wallafen ba daga jerin ba.
Girgiza shi ga wanda kuke so mafi kyau kunna waƙoƙi da lullabies daga al'adun kiɗa na Baƙar fata, 1989*
Bari mu sami rhythm na band gabatarwar yaro ga kiɗa daga al'adun Ba'amurke na Afirka tare da tarihi da waƙa, 1993*
Hanya mafi kyau don yin wasa, 1997
Mafi kyawun abin da za a ce, 1997
Aikin farauta, 1997
Matsalar kudi, 1998
Valentine, 1998
Jirgin ruwa ya fadi ranar Asabar, 1998
Babban karyata, 1999
Mafi munin ranar rayuwata, 1999
Hooray ga Dandelion Warriors!, 1999
Mafi kyawun abin da za a ce, 1999
Daya duhu da ban tsoro dare, 1999
Ranar da na yi arziki, 1999
Ranar da na ga mahaifina yana kuka, 2000
"Na makara" labarin LaNeese da Moonlight da Alisha wadda ba ta da kowa nata, 2006*
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Haifaffun |
24188 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/LG%20Corporation | LG Corporation | Kamfanin LG (ko LG Group) Korean tsohon Lucky-Goldstar daga shekarar alif ta 1983 zuwa shekarar alif ta 1995 (Koriya: Leokki Geumseong Korean Shi ne a Kudu Korean manyan conglomerate kamfani kafa ta Koo In-hwoi da kuma gudanar da m ƙarnõni na iyalinsa. Ita ce chaebol na huɗu mafi girma a Koriya ta Kudu. Hedikwatar ta tana cikin ginin LG Twin Towers a Yeouido-dong, Gundumar Yeongdeungpo, Seoul LG yana kera kayan lantarki, sunadarai, da samfuran sadarwa kuma yana aiki da rassa kamar LG Electronics, Zenith, LG Display, LG Uplus, LG Innotek, LG Chem, da LG Energy Solution a cikin ƙasashe sama da guda tamanin 80.
Tarihi An kafa LG Corporation a matsayin Lak Hui Chemical Industrial Corp. a shekarar alif ta 1947 ta Koo In-hwoi. A cikin shekarar alif ta 1952, Lak Hui (mai suna "Sa'a"; yanzu LG Chem) ya zama kamfani na Koriya ta Kudu na farko da ya shiga masana'antar robobi Yayin da kamfanin ke fadada kasuwancinsa na robobi, ya kafa GoldStar Co. Ltd. (yanzu LG Electronics Inc.) a cikin shekarar alif ta 1958. Dukansu kamfanonin Lucky da GoldStar sun haɗu don ƙirƙirar Lucky-Goldstar a shekarar alif ta 1983. GoldStar ya samar da rediyon ƙasar Koriya ta Kudu na farko. An sayar da kayan lantarki da yawa masu amfani a ƙarƙashin sunan GoldStar, yayin da wasu sauran samfuran gida (babu su a wajen Koriya ta Kudu) an sayar da su ƙarƙashin sunan Lucky. Alamar Lucky ta shahara da kayayyakin tsafta kamar sabulun sabulun wanki da sabulun wanki na HiTi, amma galibin alamar tana da alaƙa da man goge baki na Lucky da Perioe. LG yana ci gaba da kera wasu waɗannan samfuran don kasuwar Koriya ta Kudu, kamar kayan wanki.
Koo In-hwoi ya jagoranci kamfanin har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekarar alif ta 1969, a lokacin, dansa Koo Cha-kyung ya hau kan karagar mulki. Daga nan ya ba da jagoranci ga ɗansa, Koo Bon-moo, a shekarar alif ta 1995. Koo Bon-moo ya sake sunan kamfanin zuwa LG a shekarar alif ta 1995. Kamfanin kuma yana alakanta haruffan LG tare da alamar kamfanin "Rayuwa Mai Kyau". Tun daga shekara ta 2009, LG ya mallaki sunan yankin LG.com.
Koo Bon-moo ya mutu sakamakon bugun kwakwalwa a ranar 20 gawatan Mayu shekara ta 2018. A watan Yulin Shekara ta 2018, an ba da sanarwar cewa Koo Kwang-mo, dan dan uwan kuma dan Koo Bon-moo, zai zama sabon Shugaba na LG. Koo Bon-moo ya karɓi ɗan ɗan'uwansa a cikin shekara ta 2004, bayan ya rasa ɗansa guda ɗaya a shekarar alif ta 1994, yana ambaton "al'adar iyali ta maye gurbin maza kawai".
Hadin gwiwa LG da Hitachi sun kirkiro haɗin gwiwa mai suna Hitachi-LG Data Storage a shekarar ta 2000 da LG Hitachi Water Solutions a shekara 2011; tsakanin sauran haɗin gwiwar da ta yi, LG yana da dangantaka mai tsawo tare da Hitachi tun farkon shekarun Goldstar. Tun daga wannan lokacin Hitachi ya canza fasaha don samfuran LG kamar rediyo, wayoyi, talabijin, kayan gida, semiconductors, da sauransu. JV na farko tsakanin su biyun shine LG Hitachi, wanda ya kasance tun shekara ta 1980s lokacin da aka kafa shi don shigo da kwamfutoci zuwa Koriya. LG yana da haɗin gwiwa guda biyu tare da Royal Philips Electronics LG Philips Display da LG Philips LCD, amma Philips ya sayar da hannun jarinsa a ƙarshen shekara ta 2008. A cikin shekara ta 2005, LG ya shiga haɗin gwiwa tare da Nortel Networks, ƙirƙirar LG-Nortel Co. Ltd.
a cikin shekara ta 2020, LG da kamfanin samar da motoci na Kanada Magna International sun ƙaddamar da haɗin gwiwa wanda aka sani da LG Magna e-Powertrain. Sabuwar haɗin gwiwar za ta ƙera abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin motocin lantarki kamar injin lantarki, inverters da caja na cikin ruwa.
Kasashen duniya A ranar 30 gawatan Nuwamba shekara ta 2012, comScore ya fitar da rahoto na Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Wayar Wayar hannu na Oktoba na shekara ta 2012 wanda ya gano LG ya rasa matsayinsa a matsayi na biyu a cikin kasuwar wayar hannu ta Amurka ga Apple Inc. A ranar 20 gawatan Janairu shekara ta 2013, Binciken Counterpoint ya ba da sanarwar cewa LG ya wuce Apple don zama na biyu mafi girma a cikin kasuwar Amurka. A ranar 7 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2013, comScore ya fitar da rahoto na Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Wayar Wayar Wayar salula na watan Yuni na shekara ta 2013 wanda ya sami LG ya faɗi zuwa matsayi na biyar a cikin kasuwar kasuwancin Amurka. GS Group
Kamfanin LS
Kungiyar LIG
Group Heesung
Kamfanin SPC
Tsarin da matsayin kuɗi LG Corporation kamfani ne mai riƙewa wanda ke aiki a duk duniya ta hanyar kamfanoni sama da guda talatan 30 a filayen lantarki, sinadarai, da filayen sadarwa. Kamfanoni na lantarki suna kera da siyar da samfura daga kayan lantarki na gida da na dijital zuwa talabijin da wayoyin hannu, daga Nunin-fim-transistor ruwa-crystal nuni zuwa na'urorin tsaro da semiconductors A sinadaran masana'antu, rassa tsirar da sell kayayyakin ciki har da kayan shafawa, masana'antu Textiles, sauya baturin da Toner kayayyakin, polycarbonates, magunguna, da kuma surface ado kayan. Kayayyakin sadarwarsa sun haɗa da sabis na waya mai nisa da na ƙasa da ƙasa, sabis na sadarwa ta wayar hannu da ta wayar hannu, da sabis na tuntuba da tallan tallan. LG kuma yana aiki da Coca-Cola Korea Bottling Company, yana sarrafa kadarori, yana ba da shawarwari na gudanarwa, kuma yana gudanar da ƙwararrun kungiyoyin wasanni.
Iyalan ƙungiya
Masana'antar lantarki
Masana'antun sinadarai
Sadarwa
Jayayya
Hardware Ƙoƙarin magudi na akwati A watan Yuni shekara ta 2021, tashar YouTube Hardware Unboxed ta buga bidiyon da ke zargin yunƙurin wakilin LG don yin amfani da bita na ɗaya daga cikin masu saka ido na caca na LG. Wakilin, a cikin imel ɗin da aka nuna a bidiyon, yana ƙoƙarin yin tasiri ga sakamakon edita na bita ta hanyar nuna hanyoyin gwaji da fannonin nuni da tashar za ta bi. Wannan ya zo 'yan watanni bayan irin wannan lamari tsakanin masu kirkira da Nvidia inda Nvidia ya gargaɗe su cewa idan sun ci gaba da mai da hankali kan rasterization maimakon raƙuman ruwa a cikin katunan zane na Nvidia, ba za su ƙara samun samfuran bita ba.
Tallafin wasanni LG ya mallaki LG Twins kuma shine babban mai tallafawa Changwon LG Sakers kuma abokin tarayya na Texas Rangers Jakadu na alama David Warner shekara ta (2014)
Nassoshi Pages with unreviewed |
19965 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masarautar%20Adamawa | Masarautar Adamawa | Masarautar Adamawa (German; jihar gargajiya ce da ke Fombina, yankin da yanzu ya dace da yan kunan jihar Adamawa da jihar Taraba a Kasar Najeriya, kuma a baya ma a lardunan Arewa uku na Kamaru (Far North, North, da Adamawa), gami da minorananan sassa na Chadi da Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya. Modibo Adama, kwamandan Sheikh Usman dan Fodio, mutumin da ya fara jihadin Fulani a shekara ta 1809 ne ya kafa ta. An motsa babban birnin sau da yawa har sai da ta zauna a Yola, Nijeriya a gefen Kogin Benuwai a Nijeriya a kusa da shekara ta 1841. A lokacin mutuwar Adama masarautar sa ta game wasu sassan Najeriya ta zamani da kuma Arewacin Kamaru. Yana daga cikin fasaha a zamanin Khalifanci na Sakkwato, kuma dole ne ta jinjina wa shugabannin da ke Sakkwato.
Tarihin farko Fula ta fara zama a yankin a cikin karni na 14. Masarautar Adamawa karni na goma sha tara ta kasance a kudu da Tafkin Chadi, da kuma gabashin kasar Hausa, a tsakanin lattoci 6 da 11 na Arewacin, da kuma masu tsawon 10 da 14 na Gabas. Iyakokin waje suna da wuyar daidaitawa dai-dai, saboda yana da wahala a bambance tsakanin mutanen da Fulanin suka yiwa mulkinsu, da kuma wadanda kawai suka afkawa don bayi, ba tare da kafa wata hanyar alaƙa ta gudanarwa ba. Dangane da wasu ƙididdiga, a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, bayi sun kasance kusan kashi 50% na yawan Masarautar Adamawa da ke Fulɓe, inda ake kiransu jeyaɓe (jeyado ɗaya). Dangane da yankin da ke karkashin mulkin Fulani, masarautar ta shimfida daga yankunan kudu da jihar Adamawa kusa da Tibati, a Kudu, zuwa Diamare, a arewa, daga gangaren Bamenda-Adamawa-Mandara Highlands a yamma, zuwa masarautar Baya, Laka, Mundang da kasar Musgum ta gabas. Masu gudanarwa na Burtaniya na farko da suka kawo rahoto daga Yola, sun sanya yankin na Adamawa tsakanin murabba'in kilomita 35,000 zuwa 40,000 ko tsakanin kilomita 90,650 da 103,600. Sakamakon yarjejeniyoyin Turai a cikin shekara ta 1893 da shekara ta 1894, ana iya samun wasu sassan Masarauta a yau a Chadi, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Najeriya da Kamaru, waɗanda suka riƙe kusan kashi uku cikin huɗu na jimlar yankin Masarautar.
Tsawon yawancin ƙasar yana kusan sama da matakin teku. Yankin Adamawa da kansa duk da haka, ana kiran shi Lesdi Hossere ta Fulbe, ya tashi zuwa sama da kuma ya samar da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, daga inda rafukan ruwa ke kwarara zuwa cikin kogin Benuwai, da kuma cikin tafkin Tafkin Chadi. Babban tsaunuka tsakanin 5,000 da 7,000 ft ko tsakanin mita 1,525 zuwa 2,150 sama da matakin teku, ana samunsu zuwa yankin iyakar yamma na masarautar tare da wasu yankuna na Kasar Najeriya da Kamaru, wadannan sune sassan yankin Kamaru-Bamenda-Adamawa-Mandara masu tsaunuka wadanda suke da tsayi kusan sama da matakin teku kusa da bakin teku kuma a hankali yana raguwa arewa, zuwa kusan kusa da Yola, babban birin masarautar. Arewacin Yola, waɗannan tsaunuka na tsaunuka suna ci gaba da tsaunukan Mandara sama da kafin daga baya a zagaye Balma, zuwa cikin tafkin chad. A kudancin yankunan da masarautu ne halin bakin ciki da gandun daji na m Leaved Savannah Woodland ko gona da ciyayi da irin. Kasar ta zama ƙara yawan filayen buɗe ciyawa zuwa arewa. Ciyawar wani abu ne mai matukar tasiri ga mazaunin Fulani a Adamawa, kuma a lokacin jihadi, hakan bai ba da wata babbar matsala ba ga fadada ikon soja bisa doki da doki.
Farkon zuwan Fulbe zuwa Adamawa ya fito ne daga kasar Bornu, amma kokarin da Kurt Strümpell, mai kula da mulkin mallaka na Jamus a Garoua (a shekara ta 1906-1910), don sake gina hanyoyin yin hijira daga al'adun gargajiya, ya nuna cewa Fulani da yawa sun shigo Adamawa, ta hanyar kasar Hausa, da kuma kamar kwarin Benue. Waɗannan ƙaura sun koma rukuni ɗaya na dangi ɗaya ko ƙananan kabilu, kuma lambobin sun bambanta sosai, dangane da dalilan ƙaura. Wasu sun yi tafiyar tazara kaɗan, yayin da wasu suka yi haka, a kan tazara mai nisa a cikin ƙarnoni. Manyan dangin Fulani, da suka shigo Adamawa, su ne Mbewe ko Beweji, Ngara'en ko FeroBe, WollarBe, Yillaga, Ba'en, da Kiri'en. Kowane rukuni na da'awar suna da halaye na musamman, amma na kowa ga Fulanin, su ne siffofinsu na zahiri: launin fata mai kyau, hancin ruwa, leɓɓaɓɓen lebe, madaidaicin gashi, da yarensu na Fulfulde, wanda ke nuna su daga yawan mutanen Sudan. mutanen da ke kusa da su.
Sarakuna Sarakunan masarautar Adamawa, wadanda suka dauki taken "Baban-Lamido" sune kamar haka:
Manazarta Passarge, Adamaua, (Berlin, 1895)
Adamawa Encyclopædia Britannica akan layi. 28 ga Agusta, 2005.
Masarautu a Nijeriya
Sarakuna
Sarakunan |
54811 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Bell%20%28an%20wasan%20%C6%99wallon%20%C6%99afa%2C%20an%20haife%20shi%20a%20shekara%20ta%201976%29 | Peter Bell (an wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, an haife shi a shekara ta 1976) | Don bayani game da tsohon dan wasan St Kilda mai suna Peter Bell, duba Peter R. Bell Peter Francis Bell (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1976) tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa ne na Australiya wanda ya buga wa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Fremantle da kungiyar kwallon kafa ce ta Arewacin Melbourne a gasar kwallon kafa ta Australiya Ya yi wasa a matsayin mai tafiya (ko mai bi). Tsohon kyaftin din kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Fremantle, an ambaci Bell sau biyu a matsayin memba na kungiyar All-Australian Team. Ya kasance sanannen mai cin nasara kuma yana da fiye da dukiya 30 a wasan a lokuta 39 a cikin aikinsa.
Bell ya buga wasanni da yawa kuma na uku mafi yawan burin kowane dan wasan AFL da aka haifa a waje da Ostiraliya.
Rayuwa ta farko An haifi Bell a tsibirin Jeju, Koriya ta Kudu, ɗan mahaifiyar Koriya, Kyung Ae kuma mahaifin 'yan asalin Amurka na zuriyar Navajo. A shekara ta 1979, wasu ma'aurata na Australiya waɗanda ke Koriya ta Kudu a matsayin masu wa'azi na Kirista sun karbe shi. Bell ya shafe shekarunsa na farko a Kojonup, Yammacin Ostiraliya kuma ya fara buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa yana da shekaru 10 tare da Kojonup Cougars Junior Football Club Kazalika da wasa, ya kasance mai kula da allon kwallaye na yau da kullun kuma mai iyaka. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 13, ya karye kafa wanda ke da rikitarwa kuma yana buƙatar ƙarin sakewa.
Ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Aquinas, Perth inda ya kasance mai shiga gida. A Aquinas, ya ci gaba da buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana da shekaru 15 inda ya yi fice, inda ya sami zaɓi a cikin ƙungiyar wakilan WA. A shekara ta 1994, ya shiga kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Kudu Fremantle kuma yana da tasiri nan take ana kiransa mafi kyau da adalci. Duk da cewa an dauke shi takaice ta hanyar AFL a lokacin an zaba shi ba da daɗewa ba bayan an zaba shi a cikin jerin kulob din Fremantle Dockers AFL da aka samo daga kungiyoyin gida.
Bell ya zama daya daga cikin 'yan wasa biyu na farko da Fremantle Dockers suka sanya hannu, wanda ya fara bugawa a gasar kwallon kafa ta Australia a shekara mai zuwa.
Ayyukan AFL
Fremantle (1995) Duk da zira kwallaye biyu tare da kwallaye guda biyu na farko a kwallon kafa na AFL, Bell ya kasa yin tasiri ga kocin Dockers Gerard Neesham, wanda ya dauke shi a matsayin mai jinkiri sosai don zama dan wasan AFL mai nasara. An zaɓi Bell don wasanni biyu kawai a shekarar 1995.
Arewacin Melbourne (1996-2000) An cire shi a ƙarshen wannan kakar, ya yi aiki tuƙuru don inganta saurin ƙafafunsa, kuma an ɗauke shi a cikin shirin Pre-season na 1996, ta Arewacin Melbourne, inda ya sami zaɓi na yau da kullun da yabo saboda ƙarfin hali, kuzari da ƙwarewa a ƙarƙashin kocin Denis Pagan. Bell ya kasance dan wasan firaminista tare da Kangaroos a cikin 1996 da 1999, kuma an kira shi All-Australian a kan benci a cikin 1999. Ya zira kwallaye hudu kuma yana da dukiya 31 a 1999 Grand Final don zama daya daga cikin Roos mafi kyau a ranar. A shekara ta 2000, ya lashe lambar yabo mafi kyau da mafi kyau ta Arewacin Melbourne, lambar yabo ta Syd Barker Fremantle (2001-2008) A ƙarshen shekara ta 2000, Fremantle ya nemi dawowarsa kuma an sake sayar da Bell zuwa kulob dinsa na asali. Kamar yadda ya faru, shekara ta 2001 ta kasance mummunan lokaci ga Dockers, inda ta lashe "saki na katako" kuma ta kai ga korar kocin Damian Drum. Bell ya lashe lambar yabo ta Doig don dan wasan Dockers mafi kyau da kuma mafi kyau a wannan shekarar, kuma yana daya daga cikin 'yan fitilu masu haske a cikin kakar inda Dockers suka samu nasara biyu kawai. Wadannan nasarori biyu sun kasance a wani bangare saboda kyawawan wasanni daga Bell, wanda ya tara dukiya talatin da takwas da kwallaye biyu a kan Hawthorn a zagaye na 18, da kwallayoyi arba'in da hudu da kwallayi uku a kan Adelaide a zagaye ya 22. A shekara mai zuwa an nada shi kyaftin kuma a shekara ta 2003 kulob din ya kai wasan karshe a karon farko. Bell ya sake zama dan Australia, a wannan lokacin a matsayin mai bi.
Ya ci gaba da kyakkyawan yanayinsa har zuwa shekara ta 2004, inda ya lashe wata lambar yabo ta Doig. Koyaya, wasan kwaikwayon tawagar Fremantle ba su da kyau, kuma a cikin 2004 da 2005 sun kusan rasa yin wasan karshe. 2006 ya fara da kyau, amma Bell ya kasance babban dan wasa a cikin rikodin Freo wanda ya kafa wasanni 9 don kammala a cikin manyan hudu a karo na farko, kuma memba ne na ƙungiyar da ta doke Melbourne a wasan kusa da na biyu na karshe don yin rikodin nasarar wasan karshe na Fremantle.
Duk da bayar da kyaftin din ga Matthew Pavlich a shekara ta 2003, ya kasance kyaftin din na tsawon shekaru biyar har zuwa karshen kakar 2006.
A Subiaco Oval, magoya baya masu himma sun buga kararrawa (wasan da aka yi a kan sunansa) a duk lokacin da Bell ya sami mallaka. Bell yana da ainihin kararrawa wanda aka buga da farin ciki a kan allon sa a gidansa na yanzu. Ya kasance shugaban kungiyar 'yan wasa ta AFL daga 2003 har zuwa farkon 2007.
Bell ya sanar da ritayar sa nan da nan a ranar 7 ga Yulin 2008, bayan ya buga wasan karshe a wasan da kulob din ya yi da Essendon. Ya buga wasanni 286 tare da Arewacin Melbourne da Fremantle Kididdigar wasa
Ayyukan ɗan wasa na post Bell ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Western Australia, inda ya sami digiri na farko a fannin shari'a Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1976
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
21140 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makarantar%20Kimiyya%20ta%20Najeriya | Makarantar Kimiyya ta Najeriya | Makarantar Kimiyya ta Nijeriya ita ce makarantar kimiyya ta jami'ar Nijeriya An kafa makarantar kimiyya a ranar 18 ga Janairun shekara ta 1977, a matsayin hadaddiyar kungiyar manya-manyan masana kimiyya a Nijeriya, amma aka kafa ta a shekara ta 1986. Ita ce kungiyar kimiyyar koli a Najeriya. Makarantar tana aiki ne a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga kimiyya ga Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya, tana ba da kuɗaɗen haɗin gwiwar bincike, da kuma kamfanonin fara kimiyya. Kwalejin ke kula da ita ta majalissarta, wanda ke karkashin jagorancin shugaban makarantar, bisa ga jerin Dokoki da Bye-laws Membobin majalisa da shugaban ƙasa zaɓaɓɓe ne daga, da byan uwanta. Hakanan membobin makarantar suna zaɓaɓɓe ta hanyar Fellowan uwan da ke akwai. A halin yanzu akwai Membobi 233 da aka yarda su yi amfani da taken FAS, ba tare da kuma an nada sabbin Fellowan Uwa 10 ba kowace shekara. Shugaban kasar na yanzu shi ne Farfesa Kalu Mosto Onuoha, farfesa a fannin Pure da Applied Geophysics Makarantar Kimiyya ta Najeriya ita ce wakiliyar kasa ta Najeriya a kan irin wadannan kungiyoyi kamar majalisar kimiyyar kasa da kasa (ICSU) kungiyar lamuran dukkan kungiyoyin kimiyyar da kungiyoyin kwadago da kuma Inter-Academy Partnership (IAP) kungiyar ce ta dukkanin makarantun kimiyya na kasa. a duniya. Makarantar kuma memba ce ta Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Kimiyya ta Afirka (NASAC).
Tsari da mulki Kwalejin ke kula da ita ta majalissarta, wanda ke karkashin jagorancin shugaban makarantar, bisa tsarin dokoki da na Bye-laws. Membobin majalissar, shugaban da sauran hafsoshi an zabe su daga kuma ta hanyar Kungiyarta.
'Yan uwa Manyan membobin makarantar sune kamar haka: masana kimiyya da injiniyoyi daga Nijeriya waɗanda aka zaɓa su zama abokan aikin makarantar bisa la’akari da cewa sun bayar da “gagarumar gudummawa wajen haɓaka ilimin ilimin halitta, gami da Injiniya, Kimiyya, Lissafi da Kimiyyar Likita”. Hanyar zama ɗan'uwan makarantar kwazo shine tsari. Ya fara ne ta hanyar zaɓar ɗan takarar da ya cancanta ta hanyar ɗan takarar makarantar, sau da yawa ana magana da shi a matsayin babban ɗan takarar da dole ne ya kasance a cikin fagen ilimi iri ɗaya da ɗan takarar. Zai gabatar da fom din takara a madadin dan takarar da aka tsayar kuma lokacin gabatarwar ya kare na tsawon wata daya, daga Yuni zuwa Yuli. Bayan haka, kwamitocin sashe za su gayyace dan takarar don tantancewa kafin a ba da shawara ga majalisar da shugaban kasa ya jagoranta don takaitaccen jerin sunayen. Ana gabatar da candidatesan takarar da aka zaɓa ga babban taron don zaɓe. Don samun nasara, dole ne 'yan takara su sami akalla rabin yawan kuri'un da aka jefa. An zaɓi zaɓaɓɓu ne har tsawon rai, kuma suna da haƙƙin amfani da taken na baya na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Nijeriya (FAS). Hakkoki da nauyi na Fellow suma sun haɗa da nauyin ba da gudummawar kuɗi ga makarantar kimiyya, haƙƙin tsayawa takarar mukaman kansila, da haƙƙin zaɓar sabbin Fellowan Uwa. Ba a zaɓi Fellowan Uwa goma (10) a kowace shekara ba.
Majalisar Majalisar kungiya ce ta membobi guda17, wadanda suka hada da jami'ai (shugaban kasa, ma'aji, Sakatarori uku-daya daga ilimin kimiyyar jiki, daya daga ilimin kimiyyar halittu- Sakataren harkokin waje da sakataren harkokin jama'a). Majalisar an dora mata alhakin daidaita manufofin makarantar gaba daya, kula da duk harkokin kasuwanci da suka shafi makarantar, yin kwaskwarima, yin ko soke Dokokin Tsaya na makarantar. Ana zaɓar membobi kowace shekara ta hanyar zaɓen gidan waya. Shugaban kasa, mataimakin shugaban kasa, sakatarori 3, da kuma ma'aji dukkansu jami'ai ne na makarantar. Jami'an a cikin shekara ta 2020 sune:
Shugaba: Farfesa Kalu Mosto Onuoha, FAS
Mataimakin Shugaban kasa: Farfesa Ekanem Braide, FAS
Ma'aji: Farfesa Olukayode Adebowale, FAS
Sakataren Halittu: Farfesa Timothy Obi, FAS
Sakataren Jiki: Farfesa Abubakar Sambo, FAS
Sakataren Harkokin Waje: Farfesa Olusegun Ekundayo, FAS
Sakataren Harkokin Jama'a: Farfesa Olatunde Farombi, FAS
Shugaba Farfesa Ekanem Ikpi Braide ya zama shugaban kasa a watan Janairun 2021. Ita ce Pro-Chancellor na Jami'ar Arthur Jarvis kuma ita ce mace ta farko da za ta shugabanci.
Shugabannin da suka gabata Farfesa Victor Adenuga Oyenuga (1977- 1978)
Farfesa Farfesa Cyril Agodi Onwumechili (1979 1980)
Farfesa Umaru Shehu (1981- 1982)
Farfesa Emmanuel Emovon (1983 1984)
Farfesa Augustine Njoku Obi (1985- 1986)
Farfesa Ifedayo Oladapo (1987 1988)
Farfesa Caleb Olaniyan (1989 1990)
Farfesa Akpanoluo Ikpong Ikpong Ette (1991 1992)
Farfesa Anthony Afolabi Adegbola (1993 1994)
Farfesa Awele Maduemezia (1995 1996)
Farfesa Lateef Akinola Salako (1997 1998)
Farfesa Anya Oko Anya (1999 2000)
Farfesa Alexander Animalu (2001- 2002)
Farfesa Gabriel Babatunde Ogunmola (2003 2006)
Farfesa David Okali (2006 2008)
Farfesa Oyewusi Ibidapo Obe (2008- 2013)
Farfesa Oyewale Tomori (2013- 2017)
Farfesa Kalu Mosto Onuoha (2017-2020)
Duba kuma Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Nijeriya
Makarantar Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Nijeriya karo na 5
Jerin abokan aikin kwalejin kimiya ta Najeriya
Manazarta Masana ilimi a Najeriya
Masana Ilimi
Kungiyoyi a Najeriya
Makarantu
Makarantun Gwamnati
Pages with unreviewed |
30872 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnie%20Byanyima | Winnie Byanyima | Winifred Byanyima (an haifeta ranar 13 ga watan Janairu, 1959) injiniyan jirgin sama ce na Uganda, 'yar siyasa, mai fafutukar kare hakkin ɗan adam, ɗan mata kuma jami'in diflomasiyya.Ita ce babbar darektan UNAIDS, mai tasiri daga Nuwamba 2019.
Kafin haka, daga Mayu 2013 har zuwa Nuwamba 2019, ta yi aiki a matsayin babban darektan Oxfam International. Ta yi aiki a matsayin darektan kungiyar jinsi a ofishin manufofin raya kasa a shirin raya kasashe na MDD (UNDP) daga 2006.
Fage An haifi Byanyima a Gundumar Mbarara a Yankin Yamma na Yuganda, wata mamaya ta Burtaniya a lokacin.Iyayenta sune Marigayi Boniface Byanyima, shugaban jam'iyyar Democratic Party na kasa a Uganda, da marigayi Gertrude Byanyima, tsohon malamin makaranta wanda ya rasu a watan Nuwamba 2008.Winnie Byanyima ta halarci Makarantar Mount Saint Mary's College Namagunga a gundumar Mukono.Ta ci gaba da samun digiri na farko a fannin injiniyan jiragen sama daga Jami'ar Manchester, inda ta zama mace ta farko 'yar Uganda da ta zama injiniyan jiragen sama.Daga baya ta sami digiri na biyu a injiniyan injiniya, wanda ya kware a fannin kiyaye makamashi daga Jami'ar Cranfield.
Kwararren aiki Bayan kammala horon ta a matsayin injiniyan jiragen sama, Byanyima ta yi aiki a matsayin injiniyan jirgin sama na Uganda Airlines. Lokacin da Yoweri Museveni ya fara yakin Bush na Ugandan 1981-1986, Byanyima ta bar aikinta ta shiga cikin tawaye masu dauke da makamai. Museveni da Byanyima sun girma tare a gidan Byanyima tun suna yara, tare da dangin Byanyima suna biyan duk wani ilimi na Museveni da bukatun ilimi.
Museveni, Byanyima, da mijinta Kizza Besigye ƴan gwagwarmaya ne a cikin National Resistance Army (NRA) a lokacin wannan yaƙin. Tuni dai Byanyima da mijinta suka yi takun-saka da shugaban na Uganda saboda danniya da mulkinsa na rashin bin tafarkin demokradiyya duk da hukuncin da aka yanke masa a baya.
Bayan da NRA ta ci wannan yaki, Byanyima ta zama jakadan Uganda a Faransa daga 1989 zuwa 1994. Daga nan ta koma gida ta zama mai taka rawar gani a siyasar Uganda. Ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Zartarwa wanda ya tsara kundin tsarin mulkin Uganda na 1995. Sannan ta yi wa'adi biyu a jere a matsayin 'yar majalisa, wacce ke wakiltar Mbarara Municipality daga 1994 zuwa 2004. Daga nan aka nada ta shugabar hukumar kula da harkokin mata, jinsi da ci gaba a hedkwatar kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da ke Addis Ababa, kasar Habasha. Ta yi aiki a wannan matsayi har sai da aka nada ta a matsayin darektan kungiyar mata a ofishin raya manufofin raya kasa a UNDP a watan Nuwamba 2006.
Babban Darakta na Oxfam, 2013-2019 A cikin Janairu 2013, an sanar da Byanyima a matsayin babban darektan Oxfam International na gaba, ta maye gurbin Jeremy Hobbs.Byanyima ta fara shugabancinta na shekaru biyar a Oxfam a ranar 1 ga Mayu 2013. A cikin Disamba 2017, ta sanar da amincewa da tayin daga Hukumar Kula da Oxfam don yin wa'adi na biyu na shekaru biyar a matsayin Babban Darakta na Oxfam International.
A watan Janairun 2015, Byanyima ta jagoranci taron tattalin arzikin duniya a Davos. Ta yi amfani da dandalin wajen matsa lamba don ganin an takaita tazarar da ke tsakanin masu hannu da shuni. Binciken da kungiyar agajin ta gudanar ya yi ikirarin cewa kaso 1 cikin 100 na masu hannu da shuni na duniya mallakar dukiyar duniya ya karu zuwa kusan kashi 50 cikin 100 a shekarar 2014, yayin da kashi 99 cikin 100 ke da sauran rabin. Alkaluman Oxfam suna da karfi sosai daga masana tattalin arziki da yawa.
A watan Nuwambar 2016, Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Ban Ki-Moon ya nada Byanyima a cikin Babban Kwamitin Samar da Magunguna, wanda Ruth Dreifuss, tsohon shugaban kasar Switzerland, da Festus Mogae, tsohon shugaban kasar Botswana ke jagoranta.
Babban Daraktan UNAIDS, 2019 yanzu An nada Byanyima a matsayin babban darektan hukumar UNAIDS a watan Agustan 2019, ta hannun Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, António Guterres, biyo bayan cikakken tsarin zaɓe wanda ya ƙunshi kwamitin bincike wanda membobin Hukumar Gudanar da Shirin UNAIDS suka kafa. A sabon matsayinta kuma tana aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar Sakatare-Janar ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.
Baya ga rawar da ta taka a UNAIDS, Byanyima ta kuma yi aiki na tsawon shekaru biyu a matsayin memba na Majalisar Ba da Shawarwari ta Rukunin Bankin Duniya (WBG) kan Jinsi da Ci gaba.
Sauran ayyukan Asusun Duniya don Yaki da AIDS, tarin fuka da zazzabin cizon sauro, Memba na Hukumar
Equity Now, Memba na Hukumar Shawara
Gasar Cin Kofin Jinsi na Duniya (IGC), Memba
Rayuwa ta sirri A ranar 7 ga Yuli 1999, Byanyima ya auri Kizza Besigye a Nsambya, Kampala. Besigye shi ne tsohon shugaban jam'iyyar siyasa ta Forum for Democratic Change (FDC) a Uganda.Iyayen ɗa guda ne mai suna Anselm. Byanyima mamba ce a jam'iyyar FDC, ko da yake ta rage yawan shiga harkokin siyasar Uganda tun lokacin da ta zama jami'ar diflomasiyyar Uganda a 2004. Tana da 'yan'uwa biyar: Edith, Anthony, Martha, Abraham, da Olivia.
Manazarta Rayayyun Mutane
Haifaffun |
21382 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhai%20proper | Songhai proper | The Songhai dace Songhay, Songhoy, Sonrai ƙabila ce a cikin arewa maso yammacin kusurwar Tillaberi ta Nijar, yankin da tarihi ya san ƙasar da suna Songhai Ƙananan rukuni ne na ƙungiyar Songhai mafi fa'ida. Dukda cewa Songhay suna da alaƙa sosai da mutanen Zarma ta yadda wasu Songhai zasu iya magana kansu da yarensu kamar "Zarma", dukansu suna ganin kansu a matsayin mutane biyu daban.
Songhai sune zuriya da bangaranci na daular Sonni waɗanda suka koma wannan yankin na Niger a yanzu bayan juyin mulkin shekarar 1493 da na Daular Askia wanda shima daga baya ya koma wannan yankin bayan mamayewar daular Songhai ta Daular Saadi ta Morocco Tarihi Dangane da tarihin baka, an san mashahuran Songhai da suna "Songhai" a lokacin mulkin Sonni Ali Ber, sunan ya samo asali ne daga sunansa ya kuma zama sunan ƙabila. Don haka, ba kamar sauran mutanen Songhai da ke amfani da sunaye daban-daban kamar su Zarma, Gaawo da Kurtey ba, wannan rukunin suna kawai da sunan "Songhai" saboda su zuriyar masu mulki ne na daular Songhai wanda masarautar ta samo sunanta daga ita. Su ne zuriyar dukkanin sarakunan daular Songhai (watau daular Sonni da suka koma wannan yankin na Niger ta yanzu bayan juyin mulkin shekarar 1493 da Askia Mohammad I da kuma daular Askia wadanda kuma suka koma daga baya zuwa wannan yankin bayan shan kashi a yakin Tondibi Don haka, Songhai suna can ta hanyar rarraba zuwa rukuni biyu; zuriyar daular Sonni waɗanda aka fi sani da "Si" da zuriyar gidan masarautar Askia da ake kira "Mamar" ("Mamar" kasancewar sunan da ake kira Askia Mohammad a yare a yare) Suna magance kansu ta hanyar ƙara kalmar "Hamey" raira waƙa."Hama") wanda ke nufin zuriya (s) a ƙarshen sunayen ƙungiyoyinsu; "Si Hamey da Mamar Hamey ko Si Kassey Hamey Hakanan ya cancanci a lura da duka rukunin biyu suna amfani da sunan mahaɗa "Maiga" (ma'ana, Sarki ko Yarima).
Tarihi Sonni Si Hamey
Si Hamey sun kasance zuriya da membobin wanda ya kafa kuma sarki na farko na Daular Songhai, Sonni Ali Ber Bayan mai mulki kuma wanda ya kafa daular Songhai Sonni Ali ya mutu a 1492, tsohon janar din soja kuma ɗan ɗan uwansa Askia Mohammad ya yi tawaye ga dansa kuma magajinsa, Sonni Baru kuma suka kayar da shi a yakin a Shekarar 1493 Sonni Baru ya tsere zuwa Ayorou kuma ya kafa ƙaramar jiharsa wacce aka sake kayar da ita a cikin 1500 bayan kai hare-hare akai-akai kuma an saka ta cikin daular Songhai.
Mãmar Hamey Si Kassey Hamey
Mamar Hamey waɗanda kuma ake kiransu Si Kassey Hamey sune zuriyar 'ya'yan Si ko Sonni Ali Ber ƙanwar Kassey (Bilkis) da' ya'yanta maza waɗanda suka haɗa da Askia Mohammad I (Mamar) da 'yan uwansa.
Bayan shan kashi a yakin Tondibi a 1591, dan Askia Dawud, Askia Muhammed Gao (wanda aka fi sani da Wayki ya hambarar da dan uwansa Askia Ishaq II kuma a takaice ya jagoranci rundunar sojojin adawa. Da goyan bayan ragowar sojojin da aka wargaza, suka yi hijira zuwa rafin kogi daga Gao (A halin yanzu-Nijar, yankin da aka sani da Songhay inda zuriyar Sonni Ali Ber suka riga suka nemi mafaka daidai a yankin Anzourou (ma'ana "kun gudu" a arewacin Tillabéri a Nijar 'Yan Si (zuriyar Sonni Ali Ber) na Anzourou sun kusan haɗaka tare da coan uwansu Zarma (Zarma sune zuriyar tsohuwar daular Za waɗanda suka tsere daga Dirma a Macina zuwa wannan yankin na Niger na yanzu wanda yarima Mali Bero ya jagoranta bayan kisan gillar. na ɗan Peul ta ɗaya daga cikin asalinsa. Ainihin, Zarma sune zuriyar gidan daular Songhay na farko wadanda suka yi tawaye kan zuwan musulinci kuma suka yi ƙaura don mamaye sabbin ƙasashe) Askia Wayki (Muhammed Gao) ya kafa sansaninsa a gabar kogin Neja a cikin yankin Sikié na yanzu yana fatan ba zai yiwu wata hanya ta sojojin Morokawa ba. Askia Muhammed Gao ya mutu a 1632 ba tare da ya iya sake tattara mutanensa don kwato Gao ba, wanda ya faɗa ƙarƙashin ikon Judar Pasha Sonansa, Fari Monzon Fari Mondyo wanda ya kasance Inspektan tattara haraji a lokacin mulkin Askia Ishaq I ya gaje shi kuma a 1661 ya yi ƙoƙari karo na biyu don sake haɗa Songhai ciki har da theiran uwansu ɗan kishiya Si Hamey don ɗaukar dawo da garin Gao. Tare, sun kasance iya tsiwurwurin da goyon bayan da Zarmas da Abzinawan daga Imanan kuma Azawad.
Fahimtar ƙarfin sojojin Morocco, daga baya suka yanke shawarar yin watsi da gwagwarmayar sake kafa Daular Songhai Ɗan Fari Monzon, Tabari ya jagoranci Karma, masarauta wacce aka kafa tun wucewar Askia Mohammad I a lokacin aikin hajjinsa zuwa Makka Sauran brothersan uwansa da ɗan uwan nasa sun ƙirƙiri masarautun Namaro, Gothèye, Dargol, Téra, Sikié, Kokorou da Say A tarihi, lokacin da aka ci masarauta, babu wani basarake ko mai martaba da zai yarda ya zauna a yankin da suka ci da yaƙi. Ko dai a halaka su ko kuma su gudu. Wannan ya wofintar da Gao da Timbuktu na 'ya'yan sarakunan Songhai da gimbiya da sauran mashahurai waɗanda suka sami kansu a yau sun watse a cikin yankuna da aka ambata a sama (galibi a kudu maso yammacin Niger Wannan shine ƙarshen ƙarshen Daular wanda ya haskaka saboda girmanta da ƙarfin zuciyar shugabanninta duk da yawan rikice-rikice na cikin gida na maye gurbin. Waɗannan masarautun, ba su sami haɗin kansu ba har zuwa Maris 1906, yayin yaƙin mulkin mallaka na Karma Boubon wanda Oumarou Kambessikonou (Morou Karma) ya jagoranta, ɗan zuriyar Askia Daoud kuma ɗan'uwan Askia Muhammed Gao.
Tattalin arziƙi da al'umma Mafi yawan mutanen Songhai Manoma ne (Mafi yawanci suna shuka shinkafa da gero), mafarauta, masunta da masu shanu wanda suka bar Fulani su bi.
Manazarta Mutanen Nijar
Al'ummomi
Ƙabilun Nijar
Al'umma
Al'ada
Pages with unreviewed |
48391 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20J.%20Hudner%20Jr. | Thomas J. Hudner Jr. | Thomas Jerome Hudner Jr. (Agusta 31, 1924 Nuwamba 13, 2017) wani jami'in sojan ruwan Amurka,ne kuma ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa Ya kai matsayin kyaftin, kuma ya sami lambar yabo ta girmamawa saboda ayyukan da ya yi na kokarin ceton rayuwar dan wasansa, Ensign Jesse L. Brown, a lokacin yakin Chosin Reservoir a yakin Koriya An haife shi a Fall River, Massachusetts Hudner ya halarci Kwalejin Phillips a Andover, Massachusetts,da Kwalejin Sojojin Ruwa ta Amurka Da farko bai sha'awar jirgin sama ba, daga ƙarshe ya tashi ya shiga Fighter Squadron 32, ya tashi da F4U Corsair a lokacin barkewar yakin Koriya. Lokacin da ya isa kusa da Koriya a watan Oktoba 1950, ya tashi ayyukan tallafi daga jirgin saman USS Leyte A ranar 4 ga watan Disamba na shekarar, 1950, Hudner da Brown na daga cikin gungun matukan jirgi da ke sintiri a kusa da tafkin Chosin, lokacin da sojojin kasar Sin suka bude wuta kan jirgin ruwan Corsair na Brown, kuma ya yi hadari. A yunƙurin ceto Brown daga jirgin da ya kona, da gangan Hudner ya yi karo da nasa jirgin a kan wani dutse mai dusar ƙanƙara a cikin yanayin sanyi don taimakawa Brown. Duk da wannan yunƙurin, Brown ya mutu sakamakon raunin da ya samu kuma Hudner ya tilasta wa barin jikin Brown a baya, saboda helikwafta mai ceto ba zai iya tashi a cikin duhu ba kuma Hudner ya ji rauni a cikin saukowa.
Bayan faruwar lamarin, Hudner ya rike mukamai a cikin jiragen ruwa na sojojin ruwan Amurka da dama tare da na'urorin sufurin jiragen sama da dama, gami da takaitaccen lokaci a matsayin babban jami'in USS Kitty Hawk yayin yawon shakatawa a yakin Vietnam, kafin ya yi ritaya a 1973. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, ya yi aiki da ƙungiyoyin tsoffin sojoji a Amurka. The Arleigh Burke -class jagorar lalata makami mai linzami USS Ana kiransa USS Rayuwar farko da ilimi, An haifi Hudner 31 ga Agusta 1924 a Fall River, Massachusetts Mahaifinsa, Thomas Hudner Sr., dan kasuwa ne dan asalin Irish wanda ke gudanar da jerin shagunan kayan abinci, Kasuwan Hudner. Daga baya aka haifi 'yan'uwa uku, suna James, Richard, da Phillip. ,Hudner ya shiga babbar makarantar Phillips a Andover, Massachusetts, a cikin 1939. Iyalinsa suna da dogon tarihi a makarantar, tare da mahaifinsa ya kammala karatunsa a 1911 kuma kawunsa,Harold Hudner, ya kammala karatunsa a 1921. A ƙarshe, ƙananan yara uku na Hudner za su halarci makarantar; James a 1944, Richard a 1946 da Phillip a 1954. A lokacin da yake cikin makarantar sakandare, Thomas ya kasance mai aiki a kungiyoyi da yawa, yana aiki a matsayin kyaftin na ƙungiyar a cikin ƙungiyar waƙa ta makaranta da kuma memba na kungiyoyin kwallon kafa da lacrosse, jami'in aji, memba na majalisar dalibai, kuma mataimaki. mashawarcin gida.
Sana'a Bayan, harin da aka kai kan Pearl Harbor da shigar Amurka yakin duniya na biyu, Hudner ya ji jawabin shugaban makarantar Claude Fuess wanda daga baya ya ce ya zaburar da shi shiga aikin soja. Ɗaya daga cikin 10 daga Phillips, don a yarda da shi a makarantar kimiyya daga ajinsa, ya shiga Kwalejin Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka a Annapolis, Maryland, a 1943 kuma ya sauke karatu a 1946. A lokacin da aka ba shi izini, duk da haka, Duniya Yaƙin II ya ƙare. Hudner ya halarci Kwalejin Naval tare da wasu manyan abokan karatunsa, ciki har da Marvin J. Becker, James B. Stockdale, Jimmy Carter, da Stansfield Turner Ya buga wasan kwallon kafa a makarantar kimiyya, daga karshe ya zama dan wasa na farko a baya ga karamar kungiyar varsity Bayan kammala karatun, Hudner ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'in sadarwa a cikin jiragen ruwa da yawa. A cikin shekarunsa na farko a soja, Hudner, ya ce ba shi da sha'awar jirgin sama. Bayan rangadin aiki na shekara guda a cikin jirgin ruwa mai nauyi na USS na <i id="mwXQ">Baltimore</i> Helena, wacce ke aiki a bakin tekun Taiwan, ya koma mukamin jami'in sadarwa a tashar jiragen ruwa na Naval Base Pearl Harbor inda ya yi aiki na wata shekara. A 1948, Hudner ya zama mai sha'awar sufurin jiragen sama, kuma ya nemi makarantar jirgin sama, yana ganinsa a matsayin "sabon kalubale". An yarda da shi zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na Naval Air Pensacola a Pensacola, Florida, inda ya kammala horon jirgin sama na asali, kuma an tura shi zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na Naval Air Corpus Christi a Texas, inda ya kammala horar da jirgin sama mai zurfi kuma ya cancanta a matsayin jirgin ruwa a watan Agusta 1949. Bayan taƙaitaccen posting a Lebanon, an sanya Hudner zuwa VF-32 a cikin jirgin dakon jirgin USS Leyte, yana tuka F4U Corsair. Daga baya ya ce ya ji daɗin wannan aikin, saboda yana ɗaukar Corsair a matsayin "aminci da kwanciyar hankali".
Yaƙin Koriya A daren ranar 25 ga watan Yunin 1950, sassa goma na sojojin Koriya ta Arewa sun kaddamar da wani gagarumin farmaki kan makwabciyar kasar a kudu, Jamhuriyar Koriya. Sojojin na 89,000 sun yi tafiya cikin ginshiƙai shida, sun kama sojojin Jamhuriyar Koriya da mamaki, wanda ya haifar da cin zarafi. Ƙananan sojojin Koriya ta Kudu sun yi fama da rashin tsari da kayan aiki, kuma ba su shirya yaki ba. Sojojin Koriya ta Arewa mafi girma a lambobi sun lalata tsayin daka daga sojojin Koriya ta Kudu 38,000 da ke gaba kafin ta fara tafiya a hankali zuwa kudu. Yawancin sojojin Koriya ta Kudu sun ja da baya a fuskantar mamaya. Koriya ta Arewa sun yi nisa kan hanyarsu ta zuwa birnin Seoul na Koriya ta Kudu cikin sa'o'i, lamarin da ya tilasta wa gwamnati da sojojinta da suka ruguza ja da baya zuwa kudu. Don hana rugujewar Koriya ta Kudu Kwamitin Sulhun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya kada kuri'ar tura dakarun soji Rundunar Sojojin Amurka ta Bakwai ta aika Task Force 77, karkashin jagorancin jirgin ruwan USS Valley Forge, da British Far East Fleet sun aika da jiragen ruwa da yawa, ciki har da HMS Triumph, don samar da tallafin iska da na ruwa. Ko da yake sojojin ruwa sun tare Koriya ta Arewa tare da harba jirgin sama don jinkirta sojojin Koriya ta Arewa wannan kokarin kadai bai hana sojojin Koriya ta Arewa juggernaut a kudu. Daga baya shugaban Amurka Harry S. Dukkanin rukunin sojojin ruwa na Amurka da jiragen ruwa ciki har da Leyte an sanya su cikin faɗakarwa. Jirgin yana cikin Tekun Bahar Rum, kuma Hudner bai yi tsammanin za a tura shi zuwa Koriya ba, amma a ranar 8A watan Agusta wani jirgin agaji ya isa yankin kuma an umurci Leyte zuwa Koriya. Kwamandojin sojan ruwa sun ji matukan jirgin a Leyte sun fi horarwa da shirye-shirye fiye da na sauran masu jigilar kaya, don haka suna cikin wadanda aka fara aika zuwa gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Leyte ya tashi daga mashigin Gibraltar ƙetare Tekun Atlantika da Quonset, sannan ta hanyar Canal Panama da San Diego, California, Hawaii, da Japan kafin ya isa tekun Koriya a kusa,da 8.Oktoba. Jirgin ya hade da Task Force 77 a arewa maso gabashin gabar tekun Koriya, wani bangare ne na wasu jiragen ruwa 17 na rundunar sojojin Amurka ta Bakwai,ciki har da jirgin saman USS Tekun Philippine, jirgin yakin USS Missouri, da jirgin ruwa USS Juneau. Hudner ya yi jigilar mishan 20 a cikin ƙasar. Waɗannan ayyukan sun haɗa da hare-hare akan layukan sadarwa, yawan adadin sojoji, da kayan aikin soja a kusa da Wonsan, Chongpu, Songjim, da Senanju Bayan shigar jamhuriyar jama'ar kasar Sin cikin yakin a karshen a watan Nuwamban shekarar 1950, an aike da Hudner da tawagarsa zuwa tafkin Chosin, inda aka gwabza kazamin yakin tsakanin X Corps (Amurka) da sojojin sa kai na jama'a na 9. Sojoji. Kusan dakaru 100,000 na kasar Sin sun yi wa sojojin Amurka 15,000 kawanya, kuma matukan jirgin da ke Leyte suna ta shawagi da dama a kowace rana don hana Sinawa mamaye yankin.
Medal of Honor action A ranar 4 ga watan Disamban shekarar 1950, Hudner na cikin wani jirgin sama guda shida da ke tallafawa, sojojin kasa na Amurka da sojojin kasar Sin suka makale A 13:38, ya tashi daga Leyte tare da babban jami'in squadron Laftanar Kwamandan Dick Cevoli, Laftanar George Hudson, Laftanar Junior Grade Bill Koenig, Ensign Ralph E. McQueen, da kuma Na farko Naval Aviator na Amurka, Ensign. Jesse L. Brown, wanda shi ne wingman na Hudner. Jirgin ya yi tafiya daga wurin Task Force 77 zuwa Tafkin Chosin, yana tashi daga mintuna 35 zuwa 40 a cikin tsananin lokacin sanyi zuwa kusancin kauyukan Yudam-ni da Hagaru-ri. Jirgin ya fara nemo wuraren da ake hari a gefen yammacin tafkin, inda ya rage tsayin su zuwa a cikin tsari. Sa'o'i uku da aka gudanar da bincike da lalata aikin, wani yunƙuri ne na binciken ƙarfin sojojin kasar Sin a yankin. Ko, da yake jirgin bai ga wani dan kasar Sin ba, da karfe 14:40 Koenig ya yi wa Brown rediyo da alama yana bin mai Watakila lalacewar ta samo asali ne ta hanyar kananan bindigogi daga sojojin kasar Sin, wadanda aka san su suna buya a cikin dusar ƙanƙara da kuma yi wa jiragen da ke wucewa kwanton bauna ta hanyar harbi da bindiga. Aƙalla harsashi ɗaya ya fashe layin mai. Brown, ya rasa karfin man fetur kuma ya kasa sarrafa jirgin, ya jefar da tankunan man fetur dinsa na waje da rokoki kuma ya yi yunkurin saukar da jirgin a wani wuri mai dusar ƙanƙara a gefen dutse. Brown ya fado a cikin wani kwari mai siffar kwano a kusan, kusa da Somong-ni, a bayan layin Sinanci, kuma a cikin yanayin 15-digiri 10 C). Jirgin ya watse da ƙarfi a kan tasiri kuma ya lalace. A cikin hatsarin, ƙafar Brown ta makale a ƙarƙashin fuselage na Corsair, kuma ya tube kwalkwali da safar hannu a ƙoƙarin 'yantar da kansa, kafin ya yi wa sauran matukan jirgin hannu, waɗanda ke zagawa kusa da sama. Hudner da sauran matukan jirgin sama sun yi tsammanin Brown ya mutu a cikin hatsarin, kuma nan da nan suka fara rediyo na ranar maya ga duk wani jirgin sama mai nauyi a yankin yayin da suke mamaye dutsen don kowane alamar sojojin kasa na kasar Sin na kusa. Sun sami alamar cewa helikwafta mai ceto zai zo da wuri, amma jirgin Brown yana shan taba kuma gobara ta tashi kusa da tankunan mai na ciki. Hudner ya yi ƙoƙari a banza don ceto Brown ta hanyar koyarwa ta rediyo, kafin da gangan ya yi karo da jirginsa, ya gudu zuwa gefen Brown yana ƙoƙarin yin kokawa da shi daga tarkace. Yayin da yanayin Brown ke kara ta'azzara da minti daya, Hudner ya yi yunkurin nutsar da gobarar jirgin cikin dusar ƙanƙara kuma ya janye Brown daga cikin jirgin, duk a banza Brown ya fara zamewa a cikin hayyacinsa, amma duk da cewa yana cikin matsanancin zafi, bai yi kuka ga Hudner ba. Wani jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu ya isa da misalin karfe 15:00, kuma Hudner da matukinsa, Laftanar Charles Ward, sun kasa kashe wutar injin da na’urar kashe gobara. Sun yi ƙoƙari a banza don su 'yantar da Brown da gatari na mintuna 45. Sun yi la'akari a taƙaice, bisa ga buƙatar Brown, yanke ƙafarsa da ta kama. Brown ya rasa hayyacinsa na ƙarshe jim kaɗan bayan haka. Kalmominsa na ƙarshe da aka sani, waɗanda ya gaya wa Hudner, shine "ka faɗa wa Daisy ina sonta." Jirgin mai saukar ungulu, wanda bai iya aiki a cikin duhu ba, an tilasta masa barin da dare tare da Hudner, ya bar Brown a baya. An yi imanin cewa Brown ya mutu jim kadan bayan raunin da ya samu da kuma tsananin sanyi. Babu wani sojan kasar Sin da ya yi barazana ga wurin, watakila saboda yawan iska da matukan VF-32 ke da shi. Hudner ya roki manyan jami'an da su ba shi damar komawa cikin tarkacen jirgin don taimakawa wajen fitar da Brown, amma ba a ba shi damar ba, saboda wasu jami'an sun tsoratar da wani harin kwantar da tarzoma na helikwafta masu rauni wanda ya haifar da ƙarin hasarar rayuka. Domin kare gawar da jirgin sama daga fadawa hannun China ko Koriya ta Arewa, sojojin ruwan Amurka sun yi ruwan bama-bamai da napalm a wurin da jirgin ya fado bayan kwanaki biyu; Ma'aikatan jirgin sun karanta Addu'ar Ubangiji ta rediyo yayin da suke kallon yadda harshen wuta ke cinye jikin Brown. Matukin jirgin sun lura cewa gawarsa ta damu kuma an sace masa tufafi, amma har yanzu yana makale a cikin jirgin. Ba a taɓa gano ragowar Brown da jirgin ba. Brown shine jami'in sojan ruwa na Amurka na farko da aka kashe a yakin. Lamarin da ya faru a ranar 4 ga Disamba ya hana Hudner gida na tsawon wata guda, yayin da ya ji rauni a bayansa a sauka, raunin da ya ce ya ci gaba har tsawon 6.ku 8shekaru. Ya tashi ayyukan yaƙi 27 a lokacin yaƙin, yana aiki a can har zuwa 20 ga Janairu 1951, lokacin da aka juya Leyte, zuwa Tekun Atlantika. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu 1951, Hudner ya karɓi Medal of Honor daga Shugaba Harry S. Truman, ya sadu da gwauruwar Brown, Daisy Brown, a cikin wannan tsari. Su biyun sun kasance suna tuntuɓar juna na yau da kullun na akalla shekaru 50 bayan wannan taron. Shi ne memba na farko da ya sami lambar yabo a lokacin yakin Koriya, kodayake wasu da yawa za su sami lambar yabo don ayyukan da suka faru kafin 4.Disamba 1950. [lower-alpha 1]
Hudner ya ce lokaci-lokaci ana sukarsa saboda abin da ya aikata, kuma "kusan 90" mutane sun gaya masa cewa ya yi sakaci. Kwamandojinsa sun lura cewa matakin nasa na iya jefa matukin jirgin sama cikin hatsari kuma ya sadaukar da jirgin sama, sukar Hudner daga baya ya ce bai sa ya yi nadamar shawarar da ya yanke ba, domin yana jin hakan wani yunkuri ne na lokaci-lokaci. Duk da haka, daga baya kwamandojin sun ba da umarnin hana matukan jirgi sauka a irin wannan hanya don kokarin ceton ’yan bindiga da suka fadi. A cikin tunani daga baya, Hudner ya nuna bai dauki kansa a matsayin jarumi ba saboda ayyukansa.
Daga baya aikin Navy Bayan samun lambar yabo ta girmamawa, an mayar da Hudner zuwa Amurka kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai koyar da jirgin sama a tashar jirgin ruwa na Naval Air Corpus Christi a Texas, a 1952 da 1953. Bayan haka, ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaci na Kamfanin Carrier Division 3, wanda a lokacin yana cikin Task Force 77 kuma yana aiki a kusa da Japan, a 1953 da 1954. A cikin 1955 da 1956, ya yi aiki a Squadron Development Squadron 3 a tashar jiragen ruwa na Naval Air Atlantic City a New Jersey, inda ya tashi da jirage masu tasowa da na gwaji. A wannan lokacin, an horar da shi a kan jirgin sama mai amfani da injin jet Tun daga watan Oktoba na 1957, Hudner ya yi aiki a cikin shirin musaya tare da Sojan Sama na Amurka, yana tashi tsawon shekaru biyu tare da Squadron na Fighter-Interceptor na 60 a Otis Air Force Base a Barnstable County, Massachusetts A lokacin wannan aikin, ya tashi F-94 Starfire da F-101 Voodoo Daga nan sai aka kara masa girma zuwa kwamanda kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimaki ga Babban Hafsan Sojan Ruwa har zuwa 1962, lokacin da ya halarci Kwalejin Yakin Sojan Sama a sansanin sojojin sama na Maxwell a Montgomery, Alabama Bayan kammala karatunsa a watan Yuli 1963, ya koma aikin tashi sama kuma aka nada shi babban jami'in Fighter Squadron 53, ya tashi da F-8E Crusader a cikin USS Ticonderoga Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin babban jami'in gudanarwa, Hudner ya zama kwamandan VF-53. Bayan wannan aikin, an mayar da shi matsayi a matsayin Jami'in Horar da Jagoranci a ofishin Kwamanda, Rundunar Sojan Ruwa, a Tashar Jirgin Ruwa ta Naval Air Island a Coronado, California An, kara Hudner mukamin kyaftin a cikin 1965, yana karbar umarni na Training Squadron 24 a Filin Jirgin Sama na Naval Air Chase Field a gundumar Bee, Texas, wanda ya ba da umarni a 1965 da 1966. A 1966 ya aka sanya zuwa USS Kitty Hawk, na farko a matsayin mai kewayawa, sannan a matsayin jami'in gudanarwa na jirgin. Kitty Hawk ya tura a bakin tekun Kudancin Vietnam a cikin 1966 da 1967, yana ƙaddamar da ayyuka don tallafawa Yaƙin Vietnam, kuma ya yi aiki a cikin jirgin yayin wannan balaguron amma bai ga yaƙi ba kuma bai tashi da kansa ba. A cikin 1968, an sanya shi a matsayin jami'in gudanarwa na sashin ayyukan ayyukan jiragen sama na kudu maso gabashin Asiya na sojojin ruwa na Amurka. A wannan shekarar, ya auri Georgea Smith, wata gwauruwa mai 'ya'ya uku, wadda ya hadu da ita a San Diego. Su biyun suna da ɗa daya tare, Thomas Jerome Hudner III, an haife shi a 1971. Hudner's karshe Navy posting shine shugaban Horar da Fasahar Jirgin Sama a Ofishin Babban Hafsan Sojan Ruwa a Washington, DC, post wanda ya rike. har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya a watan Fabrairun 1973. A ranar 17 ga Fabrairun 1973, kwanaki kafin Hudner ya yi ritaya, sojojin ruwa sun ba da umarnin Knox -class. jirgin USS Jesse L. Brown, jirgin ruwa na uku na Amurka da aka sanya sunansa don girmama Ba’amurke Ba’amurke. Wadanda suka halarta a bikin ba da izini a Boston, Massachusetts, sune Daisy Brown Thorne, wanda ya sake yin aure, 'yarta Pamela Brown, da Hudner, waɗanda suka ba da sadaukarwa. An kori jirgin a ranar 27 ga Yuli 1994 kuma an sayar da shi zuwa Masar Daga baya rai da mutuwa Bayan' ya yi ritaya, Hudner ya fara aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan gudanarwa, kuma daga baya ya yi aiki tare da Ƙungiyoyin Sabis na United Saboda lambar yabo da ya samu, ya yi aiki akai-akai tare da kungiyoyin tsoffin sojoji a lokacin da ya yi ritaya a matsayin jagora a cikin al'ummar tsoffin sojoji, in ba haka ba yana rayuwa cikin nutsuwa. Daga 1991 zuwa 1999, ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Sashen Massachusetts na Sabis na Tsohon soji, har sai da ya bar wannan mukamin ga Thomas G. Kelley, wani mai karɓar Medal of Honor. Ya samu karramawa da dama a rayuwarsa ta baya. A cikin 1989, Shirin Gathering of Eagles na Rundunar Sojan Sama ya karrama shi a sansanin sojojin saman Maxwell. A cikin 2001, Hudner ya gabatar da Daisy Brown Thorne tare da yawancin lambobin yabo na Jesse Brown a Jami'ar Jihar Mississippi A cikin Mayu 2012, Sakataren Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a sanya wa wani mai lalata makami mai linzami na Arleigh Burke -class mai suna USS Thomas Hudner An yi baftisma jirgin a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2017, tare da Hudner a wurin, kuma an ba da izini a Boston a kan 1 Disamba 2018. Bayan 1991, Hudner ya zauna a Concord, Massachusetts, tare da matarsa, Georgea. A cikin Yuli 2013, ya ziyarci Pyongyang, Koriya ta Arewa, a wani yunƙuri na maido gawar Jesse Brown daga wurin da jirgin ya fado. Hukumomin Koriya ta Arewa sun gaya masa cewa ya dawo a watan Satumba lokacin da yanayi zai fi iya hangowa. Tarihin Hudner na hukuma- Ibada: Babban Labari na Jarumi, Abota, da Sadaukarwa an sake shi a watan Oktoba 2015, bayan shekaru bakwai na haɗin gwiwa tare da marubuci Adam Makos. Hudner ya mutu a gidansa a Concord, Massachusetts, a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, 2017, yana da shekaru 93. An tsare shi a makabartar Arlington ta kasa a ranar 4 ga Afrilu, 2018, a wani bikin da Janar Joseph Dunford, Shugaban Hafsan Hafsoshin Soja ya halarta. An nuna Hudner a cikin fim ɗin 2022 Devotion ta Glen Powell Kyauta da kayan ado
Medal of Honor ambato Hudner yana daya daga cikin maza 11 da aka baiwa lambar yabo a lokacin yakin Chosin Reservoir. Shi ne na farko a cikin bakwai na sojojin ruwa na Amurka, kuma shi ne kawai jirgin ruwa na ruwa, da aka ba shi Medal of Honor a yakin Koriya.
A cikin fim da adabi Fim: Ibada (2022)
Littafi: Ibada: Babban Labari na Jarumi, Abota, da Hadaya (2015) Jerin sunayen wadanda suka samu lambar yabo na Yakin Koriya
ambato
Bayanan kula
manazarta
Sources This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Army Center of Military History. Thomas Hudner discusses his Medal of Honor action. on YouTube
Historic footage of Thomas Hudner receiving Medal of Honor from President Harry Truman.
Interview at the Pritzker Military Museum Library
Arlington National Cemetery Tsoffin sujojin |
30706 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virlana%20Tkacz | Virlana Tkacz | Articles with hCards
Virlana Tkacz (an haife ta a watan Yuni 23, 1952 a Newark, New Jersey ita ce darektan kafa na "Yara Arts Group", wani kamfani mai zama a shahararren gidan wasan kwaikwayo na La MaMa na a New York. Ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Bennington da Jami'ar Columbia, inda ta sami Master of Fine Arts a cikin jagorancin wasan kwaikwayo.
Tare da kungiyar 'Yara' ta ƙirƙira sama da gidajen wasan kwaikwayo 30 waɗanda ke haɗa gajerun waƙoƙi na zamani da waƙoƙin gargajiya, waƙoƙi, almara da tarihi daga Gabas don ƙirƙirar ƙirar ƙima tare da ba da labari. Gwaji a cikin sigar su da ainihin su, suna amfani da bidiyo, hotuna da aka tsara, da makin kida masu rikitarwa don bincika dangantakarmu da lokaci da wayewa. Yankunan Yara na baya-bayan nan, "Mafarkan Ƙarƙashin Ƙasa" da "Bugawa Bedrock," sun dogara ne akan hira da matasan birane da 'yan gudun hijira, yayin da "1917-2017: Tychyna Zhadan Dogs" ya kasance game da tashin hankali na yaki kuma sun sami lambar yabo ta New York Innovative Theater Awards.
Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo Ms. Tkacz ta ƙirƙira gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na asali sama da guda ashirin da biyar na waɗanda suka kasance haɗin gwiwa tare da kamfanonin wasan kwaikwayo na gwaji daga Gabashin Turai. An yi waɗannan sassa a La MaMa a New York, a manyan gidajen wasan kwaikwayo a Kyiv, Kharkiv da Lviv da kuma a bukukuwan wasan kwaikwayo na duniya, da kuma a cibiyoyin al'adu na ƙauye. Yara 'yan kwanan nan Dark Night, Bright Stars, ya kasance game da taron mawaƙin Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko da ɗan bala'i na Amurka Ira Aldridge, wanda NY Theater Wire ya kira "mai ban mamaki," yana rubuta: "A kan matakin ƙasa, wannan wasan kwaikwayo labari ne game da biyu. Abokan da ke da irin wannan tarihin suna da musayar al'adu, amma ku zurfafa bincike kuma ku gano jigogi na kabilanci da talauci, zalunci da 'yanci, ɓangarorin waje da kuma burin gida. Ta ƙirƙira "Opera GAZ" tare da Nova Opera daga Kyiv da aka yi a La MaMa a New York a watan Disamba 2019 kuma ana kiranta da "kyakkyawa," "ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun wasan operas na zamani" da "dole ne a kalla." A shekarar 1996 ta fara aiki tare da mawakan asalin garin Buryat na Siberiya. Tare suka kirkiro guda shida na asali na wasan kwaikwayo. Dangane da kayan gargajiya, al'adu da rera waƙoƙin shaman an yi waɗannan guntu a La MaMa, a Ulan Ude a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Buryat, da ƙauyukan Aga-Buryat, waɗanda suka haɗa da Circle, wanda ya shiga cikin repertoire na Buryat National Theater kwanan nan bayan wasan kwaikwayonsa na 330 ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na kamfanin. The Village Voice ya rubuta: "Aiki mai ban sha'awa mai ban sha'awa, Circle, gaugawa a hankalinku, yana sa zuciyar ku ta buga, kuma tana girgiza jin ku." A cikin 2005 Ms. Tkacz ta yi aiki a kan fassarar Janyl Myrza, wasan almara na Kyrgyzstan na karni na 17 game da mace jarumi. Bayan tafiya zuwa Dutsen Celestial, ta kirkiro Janyl, tare da masu fasaha daga Yara da Sakhna Nomadic Theatre na Kyrgyzstan. An yi wasan kwaikwayon a La MaMa a shekara ta 2007, babban birnin Bishkek, cibiyar yankin Naryn da kuma cikin tsaunukan Celestial, inda labarin Janyl ya faru. Hotuna daga Janyl an nuna su a Kyrgyzstan Epic Theater a New York: Hotunan Margaret Morton da Jami'ar Tsakiyar Asiya ta buga a 2008. A cikin 2008 Virlana ta ƙirƙiri Er Toshtuk bisa ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin almara na Kyrgyzstan game da balaguron sihiri da duhu mai ban dariya a cikin duniyar ƙasa. An yi wasan kwaikwayon a La MaMa a cikin 2009 kuma yana ci gaba da yin wasa a Kyrgyzstan. Backstage ya kira shi "ƙaramin dutse mai daraja," "cike da ban dariya da yanayin jiki." Baya ga aikinta tare da Yara, Ms. Tkacz ta jagoranci shirin Return of the Native don Bikin Bikin Wave na gaba na BAM tare da mawaki Peter Gordon da mai zanen bidiyo Kit Fitzgerald. Aikin da aka yi a Tucano Arts Festival a Rio de Janeiro da kuma Het Muziektheater a Amsterdam. Ta kuma yi aiki tare da su a kan Blue Lights a cikin Basement, abin tunawa ga Marvin Gaye a BAM Opera House. A zauren Aaron Davis ta shirya Sekou Sundiata's Mystery of Love, ETC. Ta yi aiki tare da David Roussève akan Mana Goes to the Moon, sannan kuma ta jagoranci wasan kwaikwayo don Ƙungiyar 'Yan Asalin Amirka, Aikin Mata da kuma a Tsibirin Coney.
Ms. Tkacz ta kasance babban Malama na Fulbright a Cibiyar wasan kwaikwayo a Kyiv a 2002 da kuma a Bishkek a 2008, da kuma a Kurbas gidan wasan kwaikwayo Center a Kyiv (2016). Ta gudanar da bitar wasan kwaikwayo don Cibiyar bazara ta Harvard har tsawon shekaru goma sha ɗaya kuma ta yi lacca a Makarantar Yale na Drama da Tisch School of Arts a NYU. Ta taimaka wa daraktoci irin su Andrei Serban, Ping Chong, George Ferencz da Wilford Leach a La MaMa, da kuma Sir Peter Hall a Broadway da Michael Bogdanov a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa a London.
Littattafai da fassarori Tun daga 1989 ta yi aiki tare da mawaki ba-Amurke "Wanda Phipps" akan fassarorin wakokin Ukrainian. Ayyukansu sun zama ginshiƙan ɓangarorin wasan kwaikwayo na Yara da yawa kuma sun bayyana a cikin mujallun adabin Amurka da yawa, tarihin tarihi da abubuwan da aka saka CD. An buga fassarorin su da aka yi amfani da su a cikin abubuwan samarwa na Yara a cikin 2008 azaman tarihin tarihin harsuna biyu a cikin wani haske daban-daban Tare sun sami lambar yabo ta Agni, tallafin fassarar NYSCA guda bakwai da lambar yabo ta National Theater Translation Fund don aikin da suka yi akan wasan kwaikwayo na baiti Forest Song Tkacz da Phipps suma sun dukufa wajen fassara kayan gargajiya da suka haɗa da: tatsuniyoyi, waƙoƙi, waƙoƙi da almara. A cikin 2005 an ba Tkacz lambar yabo ta NEA Fassara Fassarar Waƙoƙi don aiki akan waƙar Serhiy Zhadan na zamani. Kwanan nan Jarida ta Jami'ar Yale ta buga Abin da Muke Rayuwa Don/Abin da Muka Mutu Don: Zaɓaɓɓun Waƙoƙi na Serhiy Zhadan a cikin fassararsu. Mai bitar Karin Adabin Times ya kira Zhadan “mawaƙi mai daraja ta duniya” da fassarorinsu “masu ƙwarewa.” An zabi littafin ne don Kyautar Fassarar Waqoqin (Poetry Translation Award) PEN.
Ayyukan ta da kungiyar "Yara" tare da masu fasaha na Buryat sun jagoranci Tkacz da Phipps don yin aiki tare da Sayan Zhambalov akan fassarar Buryat Mongolian. Ayyukansu akan waƙoƙin shaman sun sami karɓuwa daga Gidauniyar Witter Bynner don Kyautar Fassarar Waƙa kuma ta jagoranci buga littafinsu Shanar: Dedication Ritual of a Buryat Shaman ta Parabola Books a 2002. An buga littafin a cikin takarda a matsayin Siberian Shamanism: The Shanar Ritual of the Buryats in 2015 da kuma a cikin Faransanci kamar yadda Chamanisme Siberien: Le Rituel du Shanr des Bouriates" a cikin 2017.
Tkacz ta buga labarai a cikin Nazarin Tarihin Gidajen wasan kwaikwayo, Jaridar Nazarin Yukren, Takardun Slavonic na Kanada, da Nazarin Slavic na Kanada-Amurka kuma ya rubuta game da nata aikin a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka A cikin 2010 ta haɗa haɗin gwiwa tare da Irena Makaryk Modernism a Kyiv: Gwajin Jubilant, wani babban littafi kan fasahar Kyiv a cikin 1920s wanda Jami'ar Toronto Press ta buga a 2010. Uilliam Blacker ya yi bitar littafin kwanan nan don Nazarin Yukren Harvard kuma ya rubuta: “Ƙararren Irena Makaryk da Virlana Tkacz game da rayuwar al’adun kyiv mai ƙarfi a zamanin zamani yana wakiltar babbar nasara a cikin karatun Ingilishi kan al’adun Ukraine. Ƙirar ta dawo da al'adun zamani na zamani da aka yi watsi da su na Ukraine ga mai karatu mai magana da Ingilishi, amma mahimmancinsa shine, ta hanyar girman girman aiki da tsarin aikin, kuma ya fi wannan: a cikin hankalinsa ga yanayin al'adu na kasa da kasa da (neo) Tsarin mulkin mallaka da halaye, ƙarar tana wakiltar gyara ga madaidaicin babban birni na malanta kan al'adun zamani." A shekara ta 2007, anyiwa Virlana Tkacz lakabi da muhimmiyar mawakiyar Ukraine wato “Honored Artist of Ukraine." A cikin 2021, an yi waƙar Virtual Forest Song yayin bala'in cutar ta Covid akan layi ta amfani da fasahar Zoom don wasa da hotunan bishiyoyi (oak, sycamore, birch da willow) suna haɗe da ƴan wasan kwaikwayo, kiɗa, da hotuna na gidajen 'ƙone da ruguza' daga yankunan da ake rikici a gabashin Ukraine.
Shirye-shiryen da Virlana Tkacz ta ƙirƙira tare da kungiyar Yara Arts Group 2021 Virtual Forest Song 2019 Opera GAZ
2019 Winter Songs on Mars 2018 Following the Milky Way 2017 1917/2017: Tychyna, Zhandan and the Dogs 2016 Dark Night, Bright Stars 2015 Hitting Bedrock 2014 Capt. John Smith Goes to Ukraine 2014 Winter Light 2014 Underground Dreams 2013 Fire, Water, Night
2013 Midwinter Night 2012 Dream Bridge
2011 Raven
2010 Winter Sun
2010 Scythian Stones
2009 Er Toshtuk
2008 Still the River Flows
2007 Janyl
2005 Koliada: Twelve Dishes
2004 The Warrior's Sister
2003 Swan
2002 Howling
2002 Kupala 2001 Obo: Our Shamanism
2000 Song Tree
2000 Circle
1998-99 Flight of the White Bird
1996-1997 Virtual Souls
1995 Waterfall/Reflections
1994 Yara's Forest Song
1993 Blind Sight 1992 Explosions
1990-91 A Light from the East/In the Light
For more information on Yara Arts Group and photographs see Yara Arts Group
Littattafai What We Live For/What We Die For: Selected Poems, by Serhiy Zhadan, translated by Virlana Tkacz and Wanda Phippps, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2019.
Modernism in Kyiv: Jubilant Experimentation edited by Irena R. Makaryk and Virlana Tkacz, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010.
In a Different Light: A Bilingual Anthology of Ukrainian Literature Translated into English by Virlana Tkacz and Wanda Phipps as Performed by Yara Arts Group, edited by Olha Luchuk, Lviv: Sribne Slovo Press, 2008
Kyrgyz Epic Theatre in New York: Photographs by Margaret Morton edited by Virlana Tkacz, Bishkek: University of Central Asia, 2008.
Shanar: Dedication Ritual of a Buryat Shaman by Virlana Tkacz, with Sayan Zhambalov and Wanda Phipps, photographs by Alexander Khantaev, New York: Parabola Books, 2002.
Ten Years of Poetry from the Yara Theatre Workshops at Harvard twenty of the best Ukrainian poems from the Yara Workshops in award-winning translations by Virlana Tkacz Wanda Phipps. The hand-made book was designed by Carmen Pujols in 1998. Each book is numbered and signed by the person who assembled it.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Yara Arts Group
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1952
Darektocin gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka
Darektocin gidajen wasan kwaikwayo
Mutane daga Newark, New Jersey
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
25910 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDD%20%28Koda%20Kumi%20song%29 | DDD (Koda Kumi song) | DDD waka ce da mawaƙiyar rikodin Jafananci Kumi Koda ta ɗauka, wanda aka ɗauko daga kundin wakokinta mafi girma na biyu, Mafi zama na biyu (A cikin shekara ta 2005) Ya ƙunshi muryoyin baƙi daga duo na kiɗan Jafananci Soulhead. Membobin Soulhead da 'yan uwan Yoshika da Tsugumi ne suka rubuta shi, tare da Octopussy ke yin samarwa. Waƙar ita ce ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwa na farko da Kumi ta yi tun lokacin da take Hot Stuff tare da mawaƙin Japan KM-MARKIT, wanda aka saki wata guda kafin hakan. A matsayin wani bangare na fitowar Kumi Singles 12, "DDD" ya fara a ranar 21 ga watan Disamba, A cikin shekara ta 2005 a matsayin na uku daga cikin kundin. A CD cover hannun riga yana Kumi sanye da baki mini-dress da headdress Hannun murfin shine don wakiltar ƙasar Burtaniya, da alamar Britannia Da kida, "DDD" waƙar rawa ce wacce ta aro abubuwa da yawa na kiɗa kamar R&B. Waƙar tana ɗaukar karin waƙa 4-mashaya daga Missy Elliott da sake fasalin Rockwilder na "Lady Marmalade Ana rera waƙar da rabin Jafananci da rabi Turanci. Waƙar ta sami kyakkyawar yabo daga masu sukar kiɗa, waɗanda suka yaba da yadda waƙar take da rubuta waƙa. Abun haɗin da haɗin gwiwar Soulhead shima an yaba.
An ƙuntata shi zuwa raka'a 50,000, "DDD" ya kai #5 akan Jadawalin Singles na Oricon Singles, kuma ya sayar da raka'a 48,000 a wannan yankin. Waƙar kuma ta kai lamba biyar akan Chart Singles TV na Count Count TV na Japan. An harbe bidiyon kiɗan da ke tare don "DDD" a Japan: yana kunshe da Kumi da Soulhead suna rawa a cikin kogo, tare da al'amuran su daban -daban tare da maza a cikin gidan yari. Don haɓaka ɗayan, an nuna shi a cikin rangadin kide -kide da dama da Kumi ta gudanar, gami da yawon buɗe ido don <i id="mwGg">Mafi kyawun zama na biyu ~</i> da yawon shakatawa na <i id="mwHA">Japonesque na</i> 2013 Bambanci na guda ɗaya, mai taken "XXX," SOULHEAD ya sake shi a kan addu'arsu guda ɗaya Addu'a/XXX a cikin shekara ta 2006.
Fage da abun da ke ciki Membobi da 'yan uwan mawakan Japan Soulhead, Yoshika da Tsugumi ne suka rubuta "DDD", tare da Octopussy ke yin samarwa. Avex ya kusanci Yoshika da Tsugumi don yin haɗin gwiwa tare da Koda Kumi, wanda suka karɓa. The song ne Kumi ta farko hadin baki kokarin tun ta guda Hot Stuff wanda ya kasance tare da Japan rapper KM-MARKIT, wanda aka saki a watan kafin. "DDD" yana ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙi guda uku daga mafi girman Kumi album mafi kyau zaman na biyu don haɗawa da masu fasaha sauran waƙoƙin sune Candy wanda ke nuna Mr. Blistah daga rap duo Clench Blistah, da Kamen tare da Tatsuya Ishii "DDD" shima ɗayan waƙoƙi huɗu ne daga Mafi kyawun zaman na biyu wanda Kumi bai rubuta ba. Sauran sune Ba Nadama Ima Sugu Hoshii da "Kamen". An yi rikodin shi a tsakiyar shekara ta 2005 a Avex Studio a Tokyo, Japan. Da kida, "DDD" waƙar rawa ce wacce ta aro abubuwa da yawa na kiɗa kamar R&B Waƙar ta karɓi karin waƙa 4-mashaya daga Missy Elliott da sake fasalin Rockwilder na "Lady Marmalade wanda ya ƙunshi mawaƙa Elliott, Mya, Pink, Lil 'Kim da Christina Aguilera Ana yin waƙar a cikin rabin Jafananci da rabin Ingilishi, duka Kumi da Soulhead sun yi daidai. Lakabin "DDD" taƙaice ne ga lu'u-lu'u uku, wanda 'yan jarida da yawa suka faɗi lokacin da aka fitar da shi. A watan Fabrairun A cikin shekara ta 2006, Soulhead ya aiwatar da bambancin guda ɗaya, mai taken "XXX", don yin addu'ar su/XXX Wannan sigar tana yaba Kumi a matsayin fitaccen mai zane kuma ana yin wahayi ne da kiɗan tsagi Saki da zane -zane A matsayin wani ɓangare na Kumi's 12 Singles Collection, "DDD" ya fara a ranar 21 ga watan Disamba, a cikin shekara ta 2005, a matsayin na uku daga cikin kundin Mafi kyawun zaman na biyu An saki guda ɗaya a cikin tsari guda biyu: CD guda ɗaya mai tsayawa ɗaya da sakin dijital. CD ɗin CD ɗin ya ƙunshi ainihin abun da ke ciki da sigar kayan aiki. A CD cover hannun riga yana Kumi sanye da baki mini-dress kuma donning wani baki headdress.
Don tarin, an ba kowannensu fasahar fasaha ta musamman, wacce kowacce ta wakilci riguna daga al'adu daban -daban. Don murfin murfin "DDD", Kumi ya zaɓi ya wakilci Ƙasar Ingila da alamar Britannia Ayyukan kasuwanci A Japan, "DDD" an yi muhawara a #5 akan Jadawalin Mako -mako na Oricon na Japan tare da kimanta raka'a 42,548 a makon farko. "DDD" ya yi nasarar isa sama da Hauwa'ar Haihuwar wacce aka zana a #6, amma yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙarancin mawaƙan mawaƙa. Waƙar ta kasance tsawon makwanni biyar akan ginshiƙi, kuma an sayar da raka'a 48,000. Wannan shine ɗayan mafi kyawun siyarwar iyakance mara iyaka daga Mafi kyawun zaman na biyu tare da "Hauwa'ar Haihuwa", ji da "Candy". "DDD" shima ya shiga #5 akan Jadawalin Ƙididdigar TV na Jafananci. Ya faɗi zuwa #49 makon da ya biyo baya, kuma ya ɗauki makonni biyu a saman taswirar 100.
Jerin waƙa Japanese CD single
"D.D.D feat. Soulhead" 4:15
"D.D.D feat. Soulhead" (Instrumental) 4:15
Best: Second Session digital download
"D.D.D feat. Soulhead" 4:15
Ma'aikata Ƙididdiga sun daidaita daga bayanan layi mafi kyau: Zama na Biyu. Kumi Koda muryoyi, sautin baya
Yoshika (memba na Soulhead) muryoyi, sautin baya, rubutun waƙa
Tsugumi (memba na Soulhead) muryoyi, sautin baya, rubutun waƙa
Octopussy samarwa, tsarawa, tsari
Avex Trax Lambar rikodin Koda da Soulhead, gudanarwa
Avex Music Creative Inc. Labarin rarraba Koda da Soulhead
Yankin Rhythm Lambar rikodin Koda da Soulhead, gudanarwa
SM Nishaɗi Labarin rarraba Koda da Soulhead
An yi rikodin a Tokyo, Japan, a cikin shekara ta 2005
Charts da tallace -tallace
Charts
Sales
scope="row"| Japan (RIAJ)
48,000
Madadin Ayoyi A halin yanzu, akwai fassarar DDD guda uku. SOULHEAD DDD feat. SOULHEAD An samo akan guda (2005) da kundi mai dacewa BEST zaman na biyu DDD feat. SOULHEAD [Kayan aiki] An samo akan guda (2005)
DDD feat. SOULHEAD [Pink Chameleon's Remix] An samo a kan Teku Mix (2012)
Bayanan kula da nassoshi
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin waje "DDD" a gidan yanar gizon hukuma na Koda Kumi, wanda Rhythm Zone ke tallafawa.
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