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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%AEra%20Kwara

Ȯra Kwara

Jihar Kwara (da yaren Yoruba: Ȯra Kwara), Jiha ce a Yammacin Najeriya, tana iyaka da Gabas da Jihar Kogi, daga arewa kuma ta yi iyaka da Jihar Neja, daga kudu kuma ta yi iyaka da jihohin Ekiti, Osun, da Oyo, yayin da iyakarta ta yamma ke da iyaka da kasar Benin Jamhuriyar Babban birninta haske Ilorin kuma jihar tana da kananan hukumomi 16 A cikin jihohi 36 na Najeriya, Kwara ita ce ta tara mafi girma a yankin, amma ta shida mafi karancin al'umma, tana da kimanin mutane miliyan 3.2 kamar yadda aka yi a shekarar 2016. A geographically, jihar Kwara ta rabu tsakanin savanna ta yammacin Sudan a gabas, da gandun daji na Guinea-savanna mosaic ecoregion a sauran jihar. Muhimman abubuwan da jihar ke da shi sun hada da koguna, inda Nijar ke bi ta kan iyakar arewa zuwa tafkin Jeba, kafin a ci gaba da zama kan iyaka, yayin da kogunan Awun, Asa, Aluko, da Oyun ke bi ta ciki. A arewa maso yammacin jihar akwai yankin Borgu na gandun dajin Kainji, wani babban wurin shakatawa na kasa wanda ke dauke da al'umman jarumtaka masu launin toka, kob, hippopotamus, giwar daji na Afirka, babin zaitun, da kututtuwa, tare da wasu na karshe da suka rage. Zakunan Afirka ta Yamma a Duniya. A kudu maso yamma mai nisa, wani karamin yanki na Old Oyo National Park yana dauke da mikiya mai rawani, mikiya, baffa na Afirka, oribi, da yawan birai na patas Jihar Kwara dai ta shafe shekaru da dama tana zaune da kabilu daban-daban, musamman Yarbawa mafi rinjaye da ke zaune a fadin jihar, amma akwai ’yan tsirarun ’yan kabilar Nupe a arewa maso gabas, Bariba (Baatonu) da Busa (Bokobaru) a yamma, da kananan Fulani ne a Ilorin, suna tafiya a cikin jihar a matsayin makiyaya. A zamanin mulkin mallaka, yawancin yankin da a yanzu yake jihar Kwara yana cikin Daular Oyo, tare da wani yanki na yamma a Masarautar Borgu ta mutanen Bariba, Boko da Bissa, da Masarautar Nupe (1531-1835). A tsakiyar shekarun 1800, jihadin fulani suka mamaye wani yanki na jihar Kwara a yanzu tare da sanya yankin karkashin yankin Gwandu na Daular Sokoto A cikin shekarar 1890s da 1900s, balaguron Burtaniya ya mamaye yankin kuma ya shigar da shi cikin Arewacin Najeriya Protectorate Daga baya Arewacin Najeriya ya hade da Najeriyar Burtaniya a shekarar 1914, kafin ta samu 'yancin kai a matsayin Najeriya a shekarar 1960. Asali, jihar Kwara ta zamani tana cikin yankin Arewa bayan samun ‘yancin kai har zuwa shekarar 1967, lokacin da yankin ya rabu, yankin ya zama jihar yamma ta tsakiya A shekarar 1976, jihar ta koma jihar Kwara, kuma sunan ya ci gaba har zuwa shekarun 1990, lokacin da aka raba yankin kudu maso gabas ta jihar Kogi, aka mayar da yankin Borgu mai nisa zuwa yankin Borgu na jihar Neja Ta fannin tattalin arziki, jihar Kwara ta fi dogara ne akan aikin noma, galibin kofi, auduga, gyada, koko, dabino, da noman kola Sauran manyan masana’antu sun hada da ayyuka, musamman a birnin Ilorin, da kiwo da kiwo na shanu awaki, da tumaki Jihar Kwara tana da haɗin gwiwa na ashirin da ashirin mafi girma na ci gaban ɗan adam a cikin ƙasar da cibiyoyin ilimi masu yawa. Tarihi An kirkiro jihar Kwara ne a ranar 27 ga Mayun shekarar 1967, lokacin da gwamnatin mulkin soja ta tarayya ta Janar Yakubu Gowon ta karya yankuna hudu da suka zama Tarayyar Najeriya zuwa jihohi 12. A lokacin da aka kirkiro jihar, ta kunshi tsoffin lardunan Ilorin da Kabba na yankin Arewa a lokacin, kuma da farko an sanya mata suna Jihar Yamma ta Tsakiya amma daga baya ta koma “Kwara”, sunan da ake kira kogin Neja a cikin harshen Hausa Jihar Kwara tun a shekarar 1976 ta ragu sosai a sakamakon kara yin atisayen samar da jihohi a Najeriya. A ranar 13 ga Fabrairun 1976, an sassaka yankin Idah Dekina na jihar tare da hadewa da wani yanki na jihar Benue/Plateau a lokacin don kafa jihar Benue A ranar 27 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1991 kuma an fitar da kananan hukumomi biyar da suka hada da Oyi, Yagba, Okene, Okehi da Kogi don zama wani bangare na sabuwar jihar Kogi, yayin da ta shida karamar hukumar Borgu ta hade da jihar Neja Manyan kananan hukumomi masu yawan jama'a sune Ilorin da Offa Jihar Kwara na da albarkatun ma'adinai masu yawa kamar su tourmaline, tantalite, da ma'adanai masu yawa a yankin arewa. Cocoa da Kolanut a Kudancin Oke Ero, Ekiti da Isin LGA Yanayi Yanayin babban birnin jihar Kwara, Ilorin, yana da zafi da bushewa kuma yana da ruwan sama a shekara, wanda kuma ke tsakanin 990.3 mm zuwa 1318mm ma'ana Garin yana da yanayin zafi dabam dabam daga 33 0 C zuwa 37 0 C, tare da wata na uku na shekara, Maris, shine mafi zafi. Mafi ƙanƙanta da matsakaicin zafin jiki, da kuma yanayin zafi na babban birnin jihar, yana ƙaruwa tsakanin shekarun 1978 da 2017. Iskar da ke kadawa a wannan yanki ta kunshi Kudu-maso-Gabas da kuma Arewa-maso-gabas iskar nahiyar. Yawan jama'a Kamar yadda a shekarar 2006, yawan mutanen Kwaran ya kai miliyan 2.37, bisa ƙidayar jama'a ta Najeriya a shekarar 2006 Wannan girman yawan jama'a ya ƙunshi kusan kashi 1.69% na jimlar yawan al'ummar ƙasar bayan sun dogara da ƙaura don haɓaka yawan jama'a da ci gaban tattalin arziki Manyan kabilun su ne Yarbawa, Nupe, Fulani da Baruba. A wani lokaci ana kiran mazauna jihar a matsayin Kwaran. Harsuna Harsunan Jihar Kwara da LGA ta lissafa: Kananan Hukumomi Jihar Kwara ta kunshi kananan hukumomi goma sha shida Su ne: Asa Baruten Edu Ekiti Ifelodun Ilorin East Ilorin South Ilorin West Irepodun Isin Kaiama Moro Offa Oke Ero Oyun Pategi Gwamnan jihar Kwara Gwamnan jihar Kwara na yanzu shine Gwamna Abdulrazaq Abdulrahman, wanda ya yi nasara a zaben gwamnan jihar da aka gudanar a ranar 9 ga Maris, 2019, tare da jam'iyyar siyasa ta APC. An rantsar da AbdulRahman AbdulRazak ne a ranar 29 ga Mayu, 2019, wanda ya zama gwamnan jihar Kwara na dimokuradiyya na 4 sannan kuma na 20 a jihar Kwara gaba daya. Kayode Alabi yana rike da mukamin mataimakin gwamnan jihar Kwara a karkashin gwamnatin AbdulRahman. Ilimi Jihar Kwara tana da jami'ar tarayya, Jami'ar Ilorin, jami'ar jiha, Jami'ar Jihar Kwara da sauran Jami'o'i masu zaman kansu: Jami'ar Al-Hikmah, Jami'ar Landmark, Jami'ar Summit, Jami'ar Crown Hill, Jami'ar Thomas Adewumi, Jami'ar Ahman Pategi da Jami'ar Offa. Jihar Kwara kuma tana da makarantun kimiyya da fasaha guda biyar; Polytechnics na tarayya, Federal Polytechnic Offa, Polytechnic na jihar, Kwara State Polytechnic da masu zaman kansu guda uku: The Polytechnic Igbo Owu, Lens Polytechnic da Graceland Polytechnic. Daga cikin kwalejojin ilimi goma sha biyar a jihar Kwara, goma sha daya mallakin kamfanoni ne masu zaman kansu: College of Education Ilemona, Muhyideen College of Education, Kinsey College of Education, Ilorin, Jihar Kwara, Moje College of Education, Erin-Ile, Imam Hamzat College of Ilimi, ECWA College of Education, College of Education Offa, Nana Aisha College of Education, Adesina College of Education da Pan African College of Education. Kwalejoji hudu na ilimi a jihar Kwara suna samun tallafin gwamnatin star: Kwara State College of Education Ilorin, College of Education Oro, Kwara State College of Education (Technical) Lafiagi da kuma wata cibiyar gwamnatin tarayya daya bayar da NCE, Nigerian Army School of Education. Akwai kuma makarantar sojan ruwa, Makarantar Kimiyyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Sojojin Ruwa ta Najeriya, Irra Road, Offa da kwalejin jiragen sama, Kwalejin Jiragen Sama ta Duniya, Ilorin Yawon shakatawa Muhimman wuraren shakatawa na yawon bude ido a jihar Kwara sun hada da gidan kayan tarihi na Esie, Waterfalls Owu, daya daga cikin mafi girma da kuma ban mamaki a yammacin Afirka. Imoleboja Rock Shelter, Ogunjokoro, Kainji Lake National Parks, now in Niger state and Agbonna Hill-- Awon Mass Wedding in Shao. Hakanan akwai tudun Sobi da sauransu, wanda shine mafi girma a cikin Ilorin, babban birnin jihar. Katafaren ajiyar yanayi kuma ya raba jihar zuwa Gabas da Yamma. Ruwan Ero Omola shi ma wuraren shakatawa ne Sufuri Hukumar kula da sufurin jiragen kasa ta Najeriya na kara zirga-zirga daga Legas zuwa jihar zuwa yankin arewacin kasar. Filin tashi da saukar jiragen sama na Ilorin babbar cibiya ce ta zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na cikin gida da na waje kuma a yanzu an gina shi a matsayin cibiyar jigilar kayayyaki Tattalin Arziki Noma shine babban tushen tattalin arzikin jihar kuma manyan kayan amfanin gona sune: auduga, koko, kofi, kolanut, taba, benieed da dabino. Jihar Kwara gida ce ga gonakin Shonga wanda ya samo asali ne daga aikin Komawa zuwa gona na daya daga cikin tsofaffin shugabannin jihar, Dakta Abubakar Bukola Saraki Farms na Shonga ya ƙunshi manoma 13 na kasuwanci. Albarkatun ma'adinai a jihar sun hada da man fetur, Zinariya, farar ƙasa, marmara, feldspar, yumbu, kaolin, quartz da dutsen granite Kayan aiki Tsafta da Tsafta Gwamnatin Najeriya na kara fahimtar matsalolin da ke fitowa daga rashin tsaftar muhalli, kuma jihar Kwara na kokarin inganta muhallinta da tsaftar muhalli. A ranar 22 ga Satumba, 2020, gwamnan jihar Kwara ya fara gangamin ‘Clean Kwara’ a hukumance domin kawo karshen bayan gida da kuma inganta tsafta a jihar. Gwamnatin jihar na kokarin gyara dukkan hanyoyin da magudanan ruwa don tabbatar da kwararar ruwa kyauta, da yin kokarin tabbatar da tsaftar ruwa, gina bandaki da samar da ruwa mai tsafta. Wannan kuma shi ne don haɓaka Manufofin Ci Gaba mai Dorewa 3 6 (babban damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai araha da samun isassun tsaftar tsafta, tsafta ga kowa da kowa, da kawo ƙarshen bayan gida nan da 2030 Wasanni Hukumar wasanni ta Jiha ce ke tafiyar da harkokin wasanni. Muhimmancin da aka baiwa wasanni ya kai ga gina filin wasa, mai suna Kwara State Stadium Complex. Kayayyakin da ake da su a hadaddun filin wasa sune babban kwanon kwando, dakin wasanni na cikin gida, dakunan kwanan dalibai, cibiyar yada labarai na nishadi da kuma wurin ninkaya girman Olympics. Ana wakilta jihar sosai a wasan ƙwallon ƙafa da ƙwallon kwando. Jihar ita ce gidan kungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Kwara United, ABS FC da Kwara Falcons Basketball Club Fitattun mutane AbdulRahman AbdulRazaq, politician Bukola Saraki, politician David Abioye, cleric Cornelius Adebayo, politician Femi Adebayo, actor and film producer Tunde Adebimpe, musician Kemi Adesoye, screenwriter Abdulfatah Ahmed, banker and politician Simon Ajibola, politician Mustapha Akanbi, lawyer Sheik Adam Abdullah Al-Ilory, Islamic scholar Sarah Alade, former CBN governor Lola Ashiru, architect and politician Adamu Atta, politician Kunle Afolayan, actor, film director and producer Ayeloyun, musician Joseph Ayo Babalola, cleric David Bamigboye, soldier Theophilus Bamigboye, soldier and politician Salihu Modibbo Alfa Belgore, jurist and former Chief Justice of Nigeria Oga Bello, actor and producer (real name Adebayo Salami) Ibrahim Gambari, diplomat Yusuf Gobir, administrator Ola Ibrahim, naval officer Rafiu Adebayo Ibrahim, politician Tunde Idiagbon, soldier Ahmed Mohammed Inuwa, politician Joana Nnazua Kolo, Commissioner for Youth and Sports Development Farooq Kperogi, journalist Mohammed Shaaba Lafiagi, politician Lágbájá, musician Salaudeen Latinwo, soldier Mohammed Lawal, naval officer Lai Mohammed, lawyer and politician Ibrahim Yahaya Oloriegbe, politician Abdulkadir Orire, first Grand Khadi of the Kwara State Sharia Court of Appeal David Oyedepo, cleric Wasiu Alabi Pasuma, musician Gbemisola Ruqayyah Saraki, politician Olusola Saraki, politician Toyin Saraki, healthcare philanthropist Abdulfatai Yahaya Seriki, politician AbdulRazzaq Ibrahim Salman, cleric Bola Shagaya, businessman Tony Tetuila, musician Rashidi Yekini, soccer player Abimbola Abolarinwa, urologist Duba kuma Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Kwara Nassoshi Jihohin

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98ungiyar%20Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20%C6%8Aan%20Adam%20ta%20Farko

Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam ta Farko

Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Farko HRFS, ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce ke neman haɓaka haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin masarautar Saudiyya Tana ɗaya daga cikin ƴan tsirarun ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a Saudi Arabiya masu sa'ido kan ƴancin ɗan adam, tare da Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Jama'a da Siyasa ta Saudi Arabia, Ƙungiyar Ci Gaba da Sauye da Ƙungiyar Kariya da Tsaro na Mata. Hakkoki a Saudiyya An kaddamar da HRFS ne a matsayin wata ƙungiya mai sadaukar da kai don kare haƙƙin dan Adam a Saudiyya bisa koyarwar addinin Musulunci HRFS tana tsaye ne don aiwatar da doka, ƴancin faɗar albarkacin baki da tarayya, da kuma kawar da duk wata wariya a cikin al'ummar Saudiyya bisa tushen jinsi ko addini. Kafa da matsayi A shekara ta 2002, Ibrahim al-Mugaiteb ya ƙirƙiro kuma ya jagoranci ƙungiyar Human Rights First Society (HRFS) wanda ya nemi gwamnatin Saudiyya don amincewa da ƙungiyar a doka. Duk da haka, an hana aikace-aikacen. Koda yake ba a ba HRFS matsayin gwamnati ba, ya kasance ba a san shi ba, amma gwamnati ta yarda ya wanzu ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. Dokar asali ta Saudiyya ba ta yi magana game da 'yancin yin tarayya ba, kuma gwamnati ta iyakance wannan haƙƙin a aikace. Gwamnati ta haramta kafa jam’iyyun siyasa ko duk wata ƙungiya da take ganin tana adawa da gwamnatin ko kuma tana ƙalubalantar ikon Sarki. Dole ne duk ƙungiyoyi su sami lasisi kuma su bi ƙa'idodinta da ƙa'idodinta. HRFS ba su sami amsa ga buƙatarsu ta lasisin gwamnati ba, duk da haka, sun ci gaba da aiwatar da manufarsu. Da yake ƙungiyar ba ta da lasisi a hukumance, har yanzu ba a san ko wane irin ayyukan ƙungiya ne aka halatta ba kuma wanda zai iya fuskantar hukunci daga gwamnati. Bugu da ƙari, ba tare da lasisi ƙungiyar ba za ta iya tara duk wani kuɗin aiki wanda saboda haka ya iyakance ayyukanta. Duk da haka, ya zuwa shekara ta 2016, HRFS na ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukanta na zaman kanta a matsayin ƙungiya mai zaman kanta kuma har yanzu ƙungiyoyin gwamnati suna sane da su. Manufar Manufar HRFS ita ce a ƙarshe ta kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a Saudi Arabiya. HRFS ta yi imani da ƴancin faɗin albarkacin baki da tarayya, tare da yin Allah wadai da duk wani wariya ga jinsi ko akidar addini a cikin al'ummar Saudiyya. Ƙungiyar Kare Haƙƙoƙin Bil'adama ta Farko na da nufin sanya ido kan take hakkin bil'adama da tallafawa waɗanda ake take haƙƙin ɗan Adam, ta hanyar amfani da "dukkan hanyoyin lumana don bayar da shawarar cewa gwamnatin Saudiyya tana mutuntawa da kare dukkan haƙƙoƙin bil'adama." A cikin cika aikin HRFS na kare ƴancin faɗin albarkacin baki da tarayya da kuma yin Allah wadai da nuna wariya, HRFS na iya fitar da rahotanni ga jami'an Saudiyya a matsayin shawara. Ainihin rahotannin sun zama 'taswirar hanya' kan ko wasu dokoki a Saudiyya sun sabawa yarjejeniyoyin kare haƙƙin bil'adama na ƙasa da ƙasa, ko kuma cewa waɗannan dokokin idan akwai su, hukumomin Saudiyya ba sa mutunta su. Kazalika ba da shawarwari ga jami'ai, HRFS na iya yin maraba da matakan da jami'an gwamnati ke yi don ƙirƙirar wasu ƙarin dokoki. Tsari da jagoranci Ibrahim al-Mugaiteeb is the head of HRFS. al-Mugaiteeb is a leading human rights activist and the founder and president of the Human Rights First Society (Saudi Arabia). Despite being previously imprisoned for political activism and barred from travel, al-Mugaiteeb continues to condemn human rights abuses and speak out against discrimination. Although al-Mugaiteeb was denied a licence permitting his organisation to function as a government organisation, he continues to operate the HRFS in the Kingdom at his own risk and has done so since the introduction of the HRFS in 2002. Tushen Dokar Mulkin Mulki Mai kula da Masallatan Harami guda biyu, Sarki Fahd Bin Abdulaziz Al-Saud ya ba da sanarwar Sarauta da ke ƙunshe da Babban Dokokin Mulki na Saudiyya. Bayan yin la'akari da muradun jama'a da nufin ci gaban jihar, 'Basic Law of Governance' ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Maris 1992. Asalin Dokokin Mulki Ƙa'ida ce mai kama da tsarin mulki bisa fahimtar Salafiyya ta Shari'a kuma ba ta ketare dokokin Musulunci ba Mataki na 26 na Babban Dokokin Mulki ya yi nuni da cewa "Kasar za ta kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam kamar yadda Shari'a ta tanada". Sharia ita ce tsarin shari'ar addini da ke tafiyar da mabiya addinin Musulunci Wannan labarin ya dace da manufar HRFS inda za ta yi amfani da duk hanyoyin lumana don ba da shawarar cewa gwamnatin Saudiyya ta mutunta wannan labarin a cikin yanayi da keta haƙƙin bil'adama na iya bayyana. Sanarwa da rahotanni Zaɓen kananan hukumomi na shekara ta 2005 shi ne na farko da aka gudanar a Saudiyya tun a shekara ta 1960. A zaɓen, ƴan ƙasa maza da suka haura shekaru 21 sun sami damar kaɗa kuri'ar rabin ƴan majalisun ƙananan hukumominsu. A ranar 11 ga Oktoban shekara ta 2004, Yarima Nayef bin Abd al-Aziz, ministan harkokin cikin gida na Saudiyya, ya sanar da wata jarida ta Kuwait cewa mata ba za su iya tsayawa takara ba ko kaɗa kuri'a a zaɓen. A martanin da jami'an hukumar zaɓen ƙasar Saudiyya suka yi kan wannan shigar sun nuna damuwarsu ta hanyar amfani da kayan aiki bisa wannan dalili kamar rashin rumfunan zaɓe daban-daban ga mata, kuma mata ba su da katin shaida. Hatoon al-Fassi yana jin cewa gaskiyar jami'an sun ba da dalilai masu amfani na wannan rashin shiga ba tare da dalilai na addini ko jinsi ba shine nasara ga yaƙin neman zaɓe na mata Shugaban hukumar ta HRFS, Ibrahim al-Mugaiteeb, ya bayyana cewa zaben kananan hukumomin Saudiyya na shekara ta 2011 ba zai yi matukar tasiri ba idan har aka gudanar da zaɓen kamar yadda aka gudanar a shekarar 2005, ta yadda ba za a bar mata su shiga ba. Ya ce mafi ƙarancin ƙa’idojin zaɓen ya haɗa da duk membobi da masu zaɓe za su zaɓa, mata su shiga, sannan a rage shekarun zaɓe daga 21 zuwa 18.” zanga-zangar Saudiyya ta 2011 An gudanar da zanga-zanga da dama kan haƙƙin ɗan Adam a gaban gine-ginen ma'aikatar gwamnati a ƙasar Saudiyya a tsawon shekara ta 2011 zuwa shekara ta 2012. Ana ci gaba da zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati na neman a saki fursunonin da ake tsare da su ba tare da gurfanar da su gaban kuliya ba, ba tare da gurfanar da su gaban kotu ba a garuruwa daban-daban da kuma zanga-zangar neman lardin Gabashin ƙasar ya samu kundin tsarin mulki da majalisa A tsawon lokacin da aka shafe ana zanga-zangar, mahukuntan Saudiyya sun bindige wasu masu zanga-zangar sakamakon rera taken nuna adawa da majalisar Saudiyya da ministan harkokin cikin gida, Nayef, inda suka kira su ƴan ta'adda", "masu yanka" da "masu aikata laifuka". A ranar 24 ga Maris, shekara ta 2011, yayin zanga-zangar Saudiyya ta 2011, HRFS ta ce an kama masu zanga-zangar 100 bayan zanga-zangar 15-18 ga watan Maris a ciki da kusa da Qatif kuma an azabtar da wasu. Tare da HRFS, ƙungiyar kare hakkin jama'a da siyasa ta Saudi Arabiya (ACPRA) ta yi kira da a saki wanda ya kafa ACPRA Mohammed Saleh al-Bejadi bayan kama shi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a Buraidah a ranar 21 ga watan Maris da Hukumar Tsaron Cikin Gida ta yi. Zanga-zangar ta ci gaba da yin kira da a saki waɗannan fursunonin, da a janye rundunar tsaron gabar tekun Bahrain daga Bahrain, don samun daidaiton wakilci a manyan ofisoshi da kuma yin gyare-gyare a muƙaman siyasa, kamar yadda suke jin an ware su. Rahoton Ketare Mara Kyau A kokarin inganta da kare doka da kare ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki da tarayya da kuma kawar da nuna wariya a cikin al’ummar ƙasar Saudiyya, ƙungiyar HRFS ta shirya wani rahoto kan yadda ake tafiyar da harkokin shari’a a ƙasar Saudiyya da kuma tasirinta ga ƴancin al’ummar Saudiyya mai take. "Cikin Zalunci: Yadda Ka'idar Dokokin Saudiyya Ke Cin Haƙƙoƙin Ɗan Adam na Duniya" (Rahoton). Rahoton ya ce da yawa daga cikin dokokin da ba a rubuta ba a Saudi Arabiya "suna da matukar bijirewa" kuma suna "kashewa" ga 'yancin ɗan adam. Ƙasar ƙasa tana da haƙƙin doka don yin biyayya da kafa doka da ta dace da yarjejeniyoyin da ta ƙulla. Bugu da ƙari, bisa ga dokar yarjejeniyoyin, ƙasar da ta rattaba hannu amma ba ta amince da wata yarjejeniya ba, wajibi ne ta guji "ayyukan da za su karya manufa da manufar" wannan yarjejeniya. Rahoton ya yi cikakken bayani kan wuraren da kundin dokokin Saudiyya ya saɓa wa dokar kare haƙƙin bil'adama da suka haɗa da: Sa ido da kuma mamaye gidaje, da laifukan yancin fadin albarkacin baki da tarayya, kamawa ba bisa ka'ida ba da tsawaita tsarewa, shari'ar sirri da rashin adalci, azabtarwa da hukuncin kisa da kuma hukuncin kisa. hana mata haƙƙin shari'a daidai gwargwado Daga nan kuma rahoton ya tattauna kan yadda waɗannan dokokin ke baiwa gwamnatin Saudiyya babban iko na cin zarafin ƴan ƙasar Saudiyya, tare da ba da kulawa ta musamman ga raunin mata, tsirarun addinai, ma'aikatan ƙaura da yara A ƙarshe rahoton ya nuna inda gwamnatin Saudiyya ta gaza wajen bin dokokinta na cikin gida wajen gudanar da ayyukanta na musgunawa 'yan ƙasar ta Saudiyya, da take haƙƙin bil'adama wanda ita kanta ta yi ikirarin kare haƙƙin bil'adama da ta yi ikirarin kare dokokinta wanda kuma ke samun kariya a ƙarƙashin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa. Duba kuma Hakkin Dan Adam a Saudiyya Basic Law of Saudi Arabia Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Farko (Turanci) Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Farko (Larabci) Cin Zarafi Mai Kyau: Yadda Ka'idar Dokokin Saudiyya ke keta Haƙƙin Dan Adam na Duniya Human Rights Watch: Saudi Arabia Haƙƙoƙi Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam Haƙƙoƙin Mata Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki Ƴancin muhalli Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon%20Ikeazor

Sharon Ikeazor

Sharon Ikeazor (an haife ta a watan Agusta 28,na shekara ta alif ɗari tara da sittin da daya 1961A.C) lauya ce ƴar Najeriya, ƴar siyasa kuma mashawarciyar gudanarwa. Ita ce tsohuwar sakatariyar zartarwa ta Hukumar Kula da Tsarin Mulki ta Fansho. A watan Agusta 2019, an naɗa Sharon a matsayin ministar muhalli. Ilimi Ikeazor ta fara karatun firamare ne a makarantar St. Mary's Convent da ke Legas. Bayan haka, ta halarci Sarauniyar Kwalejin Rosary, Onitsha kuma ta wuce Makarantar Godolphin, Salisbury, Ingila inda ta sami matakin GCE A'. Ta kammala karatun ta na Sakandare a Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya a shekarar 1981 sannan ta kammala karatun digiri a Jami'ar Benin da digirin farko a fannin shari'a (LL. B Hons.), a cikin 1984. A shekarar 1985, ta samu takardar shedar aiki a makarantar koyon aikin lauya ta Najeriya Sana'a Ƙwarewar farko ta Ikeazor ta shafi muƙamai na shawarwari a bankunan ƙasa da ƙasa iri-iri; Bankin Kasuwancin Najeriya, Nerderlansce Middenstandbank da Midas Merchant Bank, bi da bi. Sannan ta yi aiki a Shell Petroleum a matsayin lauyan kamfani kafin ta kafa nata aikin shari'a a 1994. A shekarar 1999, ta kasance sakatariyar shari'a kuma mai kula da ayyuka na Fluor Daniel Nigeria Ltd, wani reshe na Kamfanin Injiniya na Amurka. Ta kasance mai himma wajen aiwatar da aikin gona na Atlas Cove Tank Farm Project wanda haɗin gwiwar fasaha ne tsakanin Fluor Daniel da Kamfanin Injiniya da Fasaha (NETCO), kamar yadda Hukumar Kula da Man Fetur ta Najeriya (NNPC) ta tsara. Daga baya, Ikeazor ta zama Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa don Ci gaban Kasuwanci da Hulɗar Gwamnati na Kamfanin Ba da Shawarwari na Amurka, Good Works International (GWI) Consulting, daga 2003 zuwa 2008. A lokacin, ta ba da shawarwari ga masu ruwa da tsaki a ɓangaren mai da iskar gas a Najeriya. Musamman ma ta kasance babbar mai ba da shawara ga kamfanin General Electric (GE) kan tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na ƙasa (NIPP) tare da gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya. Ta kuma lura da ci gaban sauran damar kasuwanci na gaggawa a Afirka a lokacin ta a GWI. A ƙarshe Ikeazor ta kasance wakiliyar doka a Aso Energy Resources, Ltd, Abuja na tsawon shekaru biyu, 2008-2010, kafin ta shiga siyasa. Siyasa A shekarar 2011, ta tsaya takara tare da lashe muƙamin shugabar mata ta ƙasa ta jam'iyyar Congress for Progressive Change (CPC). Ta yi amfani da dandalin ta wajen ganin ta zama zakaran gwajin dafi ga mata ta hanyar haɗa gwiwa da Cibiyar Raya Jama'a ta Duniya (IRI) da Hukumar Bunƙasa Ci Gaban Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UNDP) wajen horar da mata kan jagoranci da kuma matsayin siyasa a Najeriya. Bayan haɗewar jam’iyyun siyasa uku a Najeriya a shekarar 2013, Sharon ta zama shugabar mata ta jam’iyyar APC mai rikon kwarya har zuwa lokacin da aka nada ta a kwamitin amintattu na jam’iyyar APC a shekarar 2014, mukamin da take rike da shi har zuwa yau. A lokacin da take rike da mukamin shugabar mata, ta kafa kungiyar Matasan Mata ta APC domin ba da shawara da daukar nauyin matasan ‘yan siyasa mata. A shekarar 2016, ta zama ‘yar takarar Sanata na APC a shiyyar Anambra ta tsakiya. A ranar Laraba, 21 ga Agusta, 2019, Shugaba Buhari ya nada ta a matsayin karamar ministar muhalli. Sadaka Ikeazor ta ci gaba da tsarawa da shiga cikin jagoranci, horarwa da jagoranci ga mata matasa da sauran marasa galihu. Ta ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukan jin kai na mahaifinta, Chimezie Ikeazor (SAN), wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar masu zaman kan ta (NGO), Free Legal Aid for the Poor a Najeriya. Ƙungiyar da a yanzu ta ke kula da ita tana ba da lada ga ayyukan shari'a da aka yi wa ƴan ƙasa da ba su yi wa ƙasa hidima ba. Haka zalika, ta gudanar da wani shiri na wayar da kan jama'a a gidan yari da ke biyan tarar waɗanda ke jiran shari'a tare da bayar da wakilcin shari'a kyauta ga wasu daga cikin fursunonin. Ta kafa wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta mai suna The Wakiliyan Mata Empowerment Initiative, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta mai kula da mata masu gudun hijira, wadda ke basu lamuni marar ruwa domin fara kananan sana’o’i. Sharon ita ce mataimakiyar shugabar kungiyar mata a fagen siyasa (WIPF) wacce ita ma ta kafa ta don gina mata ‘yan siyasa a fagen siyasa. Sabis na Jama'a Ikeazor ta kasance babbar sakatariyar PTAD daga shekarar 2016 zuwa 2019 a lokacin da aka dora mata alhakin tafiyar da kungiyar zuwa aikin ta na ci gaba da walwala ga masu karbar fansho. A shekarar 2017, an zaɓe ta a matsayin Gwarzon Mutane na LEADERSHIP. Ta kuma sami lambar yabo ta Kyautar Ayyukan Jama'a daga Businessday a cikin 2017. A ranar 21 ga Agusta, 2019, Barr. An rantsar da Ikeazor a matsayin Ƙaramin Ministan Muhalli na Gwamnatin Muhammadu Buhari, bayan nasarar tantancewar da Majalisar ta gudanar. Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99o%C6%99in%20Ma%27aikata%20a%20cikin%20Masana%27antar%20Tattara%20Nama%20ta%20Amurk

Haƙƙoƙin Ma'aikata a cikin Masana'antar Tattara Nama ta Amurk

Haƙƙoƙin ma'aikata a cikin masana'antar tattara nama ta Amurka ana tsara su ne ta Hukumar Kula da Ma'aikata ta Ƙasa (NLRB), wacce ke tsara ƙungiyar Tsaro da Lafiya ta Ma'aikata tana tsara yanayin aminci da lafiyar da ya dace ga ma'aikata a cikin masana'antar tattara nama ta Amurka. A cewar masana masana'antar tattara nama ta Amurka, duk da ka'idojin tarayya ta hanyar OSHA da sa ido kan masana'antu, ma'aikata a masana'antar samar da nama ba su da ƙarancin hukuma da ƙarancin kariya. Ma'aikata a cikin masana'antu suna yin ayyuka masu wuyar gaske a cikin yanayi masu haɗari, kuma suna cikin haɗari mai mahimmanci don cutar da jiki da ta hankali. Baya ga yawan raunin da ake samu, ma'aikata na cikin haɗarin rasa ayyukansu lokacin da suka ji rauni ko don ƙoƙarin tsarawa da yin ciniki tare. Yawancin bincike na masana'antar sun gano ma'aikatan baƙi "yawan kaso na yawan ma'aikata a cikin masana'antar" musamman a cikin haɗarin rashin samun cikakkiyar kariya ta haƙƙin aikinsu. Halayen masana'antar samar da nama ta Amurka A cikin masana'antar samar da nama, an ayyana "cin nama" a matsayin "dukkan samar da kayan nama ciki har da sarrafa dabbobi." Wannan ya haɗa da samar da naman sa, naman alade, kaji, da kifi. Iyakar masana'antar samar da nama ta Amurka tana da girma; tana yanka da sarrafa dabbobi sama da biliyan 10 a kowace shekara. Tun daga 2004, kamfanoni huɗu suna sarrafa masana'antar samar da nama ta Amurka da gaske. Rushewa, kamfanoni sun gudanar da 81% na samar da naman sa, 59% na samar da naman alade da 50% na kasuwar kaji. A cikin masana'antar kiwon kaji, Tyson da Perdue suna sarrafa kowane mataki na samar da kaji, daga kiwon kajin zuwa jigilar nama zuwa shagunan kayan abinci. Da alama adadin dabbobin da aka yanka a masana'antar noman nama na karuwa. A cikin shekara ta 2010, an yanka kusan dabbobin kasa biliyan 10.2 da kuma kiwon su don abinci a Amurka. A cewar rahoton da Farm Animal Rights Movement, bisa bayanai daga Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka (USDA), waɗannan lambobi sun nuna karuwar 1.7% daga bayanan shekara ta 2009. An sami karuwar 0.9% a yawan jama'ar Amurka tsakanin shekara ta 2009 da shekara ta 2010, "ma'ana dabbobi [yanka] kowane mutum ya karu kadan" da 0.8%. Kididdigar alƙaluma na Meatpacker Yayin da aikin noma na Amurka ya dogara da ma'aikatan ƙaura a ƙarnin da ya gabata, dubban baƙi, galibi daga Mexico, Guatemala, da El Salvador, yanzu suna tafiya arewa don yin aiki a wuraren yanka da masana'antar sarrafa nama. A cewar wani bincike a cikin Drake Journal of Agricultural Law, "mafi yawan ma'aikatan da suke yin nama matalauta ne, da yawa baƙi ne da ke gwagwarmayar rayuwa, kuma yawancin yanzu suna aiki a yankunan karkara." A cikin shekara ta 1998, Ma'aikatar Shige da Fice da Bayar da Halittu ta ƙiyasta cewa kusan kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na ma'aikatan tattara nama a Nebraska da Iowa baƙi ne ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. USDA ta buga irin waɗannan lambobi, tana ƙididdige adadin ma'aikatan sarrafa nama na Hispanic sun tashi daga ƙasa da 10% a cikin 1980 zuwa kusan 30% a cikin shekara ta 2000. Rashin haƙƙin ma’aikatan da ba su da takardun aiki ya sa jama’a ba za su iya ganin su ba. Bugu da kari, bin hukuncin Kotun Koli na 2002 a Hoffman Plastic Compounds, Inc. v. Hukumar Kula da Kwadago ta Kasa Adadin ma'aikatan gidan yanka yakan yi yawa sosai. Ɗaya daga cikin kamfani, ConAgra Red Meat, ya ba da rahoton adadin canjin shekara 100% a cikin 1990s. Irin wannan yawan canjin kuɗi yana sa ya zama da wahala ga ma'aikata su haɗu kuma, saboda haka, mafi sauƙi ga masana'antu don sarrafa ma'aikatanta. Ofishin Kididdiga na Ma’aikata ya bayar da rahoton cewa, a shekarar 2000, mutane 148,100 ne suka yi aikin hada-hadar nama kuma sama da 250,000 sun yi aikin sarrafa kaji. Duk da bunkasuwar masana'antar noman nama, albashin ma'aikatan gidan yanka yana raguwa cikin sauri. A tarihi dai albashin ma'aikatan gidan yanka ya fi matsakaicin albashin masana'anta. Wannan yanayin ya koma baya a cikin 1983 lokacin da albashin ma'aikata ya faɗi ƙasa da matsakaicin albashin masana'anta. A shekara ta 2002, albashin mayankan ya kai kashi 24% kasa da matsakaicin albashin masana'antu. A cewar Ofishin Kididdiga na Ma'aikata, a cikin 2006, matsakaicin albashin ma'aikatan gidan yanka shine $10.43 a kowace awa wanda ke fitowa zuwa $21,690 a shekara. Haƙƙoƙin ma'aikata a masana'antu Mahallin tarihi A cikin ƙarni na 19, gefen kudu na Chicago ya zama babban gidan mahauta na Amurka. Don gujewa biyan ƙarin albashi ga ƙwararrun ma'aikata, manyan wuraren yanka a Chicago sun kafa tsarin layin taro; tsarin samar da yawa ya kawar da buƙatar ƙwararrun ma'aikata. Asalin mayankan sun kasance bakin haure na Irish, Jamusanci, da asalin Scandinavia. A cikin mahauta, sun yi aiki a cikin mawuyacin yanayi. Ba wai kawai an buƙaci su yanka da kuma wargaza dabbobi masu yawan gaske a kowace rana ba, amma suna fuskantar rashin kyawun yanayi, gami da ɗigon gurɓataccen ruwa, sharar ruwa da najasa a saman benaye, da rashin haske, dakunan sanyi. Dukansu raunuka da rashin lafiya sun zama ruwan dare tsakanin ma'aikata. Bugu da kari, yawancin ma'aikata suna zama a cikin unguwannin marasa galihu da ke kusa da mayankan. A farkon shekara ta 1880, ma'aikata sun yi ƙoƙarin tsarawa, suna kira don ƙarin albashi da ingantaccen yanayin aiki. Dangane da mayar da martani, masu gidan yanka sun yi amfani da bambance-bambancen kabilanci don kula da su: "sun dauki 'yan sanda masu rauni, Serbs, Croatians, Slovaks, da sauran 'yan gudun hijira na Kudancin da Gabashin Turai a matsayin ma'aikata." Lokacin da ma'aikatan farar fata suka sami damar shiryawa tare da shiga yajin aikin a 1894, masu gidajen yanka a maimakon haka sun fara daukar ma'aikatan Amurkawa 'yan Afirka don karya yajin aikin. Upton Sinclair 's polemical novel 1906 The Jungle ya bayyana zargin cin zarafi na masana'antar samar da nama, kuma ya kasance wani abu a cikin zartar da Dokar Abinci da Magunguna ta Tsabta (1906) da Dokar Kula da Nama ta Tarayya (1906). Koyaya, wakilan Ofishin Masana'antar Dabbobi ta Tarayya sun ba wa Majalisa rahoto cewa littafin Sinclair bai yi daidai ba ta wasu bayanai dalla-dalla, "da gangan yaudara ne da karya", sannan kuma ya tsunduma cikin "karkatar gaskiya da gangan". Jama'ar Amurka "ba su mai da hankali sosai ga yanayin aiki na cin zarafi da kulawa" wani lokaci ana fuskantar ma'aikata. Ya ɗauki babban haɗin kai ta sabuwar Majalisar Ƙungiyoyin Masana'antu (CIO) da aka kafa da kuma tasirin Dokar Harkokin Ma'aikata ta Ƙasa (1935) don inganta yanayin aiki ga ma'aikatan gidan yanka. Daga shekarun 1930 zuwa shekara ta 1970, an inganta albashi da yanayin ma'aikatan dakon nama. A cewar wani rahoto na Human Rights Watch, "manyan kwangilolin da suka shafi masana'antu sun haɓaka albashi da matakan tsaro." Koyaya, ma'auni sun fara raguwa a cikin shekara ta 1980s yayin da kamfanoni suka fara ƙaura zuwa yankunan karkara kuma wasu kamfanoni sun zama "masu ƙarfi na masana'antu." Iowa Beef Processors (IBP) musamman ya canza tsarin samar da nama ta yadda, a kowane mataki, ma'aikata suna da rashin tunani, maimaita motsi don kammala "a cikin abin da masana'antu ke kira tsarin rarraba-layi." IBP da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu sun kara saurin layin da rage albashi. Ko da kamfanoni sun zaɓi ba za su ƙaura ba, kamfanoni da yawa suna rufe tsire-tsire su kawai, sun bar ma'aikatansu da suka kafa da tsare-tsaren su tafi, kuma sun sake buɗewa tare da ma'aikatan da ba na tarayya ba, masu hijira. Masu ɗaukan ma'aikata sun yi tsayayya da yunƙurin da ma'aikatan suka yi na haɗa kai a cikin tsire-tsire da aka ƙaura ko aka sake buɗewa; tarihin kwanan nan na rufewar tsire-tsire ya ba wa ma'aikata barazana ga ingantaccen tabbaci. Rahoton Human Rights Watch kan yanayin nama da kaji ya tabbatar da cewa "yayin da karni na ashirin ya koma na ashirin da daya, Yanayin aiki na masana'antu Yanayin wurin aiki sun sanya tara nama aiki mai haɗari sosai. Matsakaicin motsi yana sanya damuwa mai tsanani akan hannayen ma'aikata, wuyan hannu, hannaye, kafadu da baya. Bugu da ƙari, layukan tarwatsa suna tafiya da sauri sosai; a cewar dan jarida mai bincike Eric Schlosser, "daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke tabbatar da raunin raunin da ya faru a gidan yanka a yau shine saurin layin rarraba." Da sauri layi yana motsawa, mafi wahalar da ma'aikaci ya ci gaba kuma yana haɓaka damar rauni. Don daidaita saurin layukan tarwatsawa a yau, tsoffin tsire-tsire masu tattara nama a Chicago za su sarrafa kimanin shanu guda 50 a sa'a guda. Sabbin tsire-tsire a cikin shekara ta 1980s zasu sarrafa kimanin shanu 175 a sa'a guda. A yau, a cikin 2018s, wasu tsire-tsire suna sarrafa shanu guda 400 a cikin awa ɗaya. Ba wai kawai layukan tarwatsawa suna tafiya cikin sauri ba, har ma ma'aikata sun ba da rahoton matsin lamba daga masu kula da su don ci gaba da tafiya a kan layin. A cewar kungiyar kare haƙƙin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch, ka'idojin tarayya na saurin rarraba layin yana la'akari da abubuwa biyu kawai: guje wa lalata nama da kaji, da kuma hana amfanin shuka. A cikin littafinsa Fast Food Nation, Schlosser kuma ya tabbatar da cewa an matsa wa ma'aikata don kada su ba da rahoton raunin da ya faru. Saboda alawus na manajoji da masu aikin hajji ana danganta su da yawan raunin da ake samu a shukar su, masu kula da mahauta ba su da kwarin gwiwa don ba da rahoton abubuwan da suka faru. Sauran haɗarin da ke tattare da rauni na zuwa daga wuraren da ma'aikata ke yanke naman da nau'ikan ayyukan da suke yi. Tazarar da ke tsakanin ma'aikata, da kuma tsayin layin tarwatsawa da saman aikin, iri ɗaya ne duk da bambance-bambancen nau'ikan jikin ma'aikaci. Ga wasu ma'aikata, wannan yana tilasta musu yin ƙarin ƙoƙari don kammala aikin da aka ba su kuma yana haifar da ƙarin haɗarin rauni. Bugu da ƙari, duk da haɓaka injina ta atomatik a cikin mahauta, yawancin ayyukan sun haɗa da ɗaga nauyi, kora, da juya dabbobi, sassan dabbobi, ko kayan aiki. Ko da yake an ba wa ma’aikatan yanka kayan kariya, yanayin da ba makawa na wuraren aikin na nufin ma’aikata suna fuskantar “jini, maiko, najasar dabbobi, ingesta (abinci daga tsarin narkewar dabbar), da sauran lahani daga dabbobin da suke yanka.” 2020 COVID-19 annoba Dubi Tasirin cutar ta COVID-19 akan masana'antar nama a Amurka Amsar masana'antu Ƙungiyoyi masu goyon bayan masana'antu, irin su Cibiyar Harkokin Nama ta Amirka (AMI), sun nuna cewa yawan raunin da ma'aikata ke samu a wuraren sarrafa nama ya ragu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. A cewar wani labarin na 2005 a cikin The New York Times, "masana'antar [nama] ta kuma tabbatar da cewa kamfanonin tattara kaya ba su keta dokokin da ke ba ma'aikata damar haɗin gwiwa ba kuma ba su kula da ma'aikata da tsanani saboda matsayin su na shige da fice." Labarin ya ambato Patrick Boyle shugaban Cibiyar Nama ta Amurka yayi watsi da rahoton Human Rights Watch na 2005 da cewa "cike da karya da da'awar da ba ta da tushe." Wakilan kamfanonin sarrafa kayayyakin sun kuma mayar da martani kan zargin take hakkin ma'aikata. Wani mai magana da yawun Tyson Foods ya ce, "mun ji takaicin sakamakon da rahoton [Human Rights Watch] ya yi na yaudara, amma ba mamaki idan aka yi la'akari da dangantakar da marubucin ya yi da kungiyoyin kwadago." Mataimakin shugaban Smithfield, Dennis Treacy, shima ya soki rahoton, yana mai zarginsa da bayar da rahoto kan cin zarafi daga shekaru goma da suka gabata maimakon yanayin kwanan nan da kuma dacewa. Lokacin da aka tambaye shi game da saurin sarrafa kaji a shukar su, jami'in Tyson Foods ya gaya wa Human Rights Watch cewa saurin layinsu ya dace da dokokin tarayya. A cewar jami'ai, "gudun layin ya bambanta dangane da nau'in samfurin," kuma USDA ce ke tsara shi. Yayin da ma'auni na tarihi ya kasance a hankali, ya karu tare da sarrafa kansa wanda jami'an Tyson suka ce yana haifar da "ƙananan aikin hannu." Tasiri ga ma'aikata Masana'antar samar da nama na ɗaukar dubban ma'aikata masu ƙarancin albashi waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin fuskantar haɗarin jiki da na tunani. Na zahiri Bukatar nama mai mahimmanci ya sanya kaso mai yawa ga ma'aikatan gidan yanka. Aikin yana da wuyar jiki kuma yana da wahala, bisa ga maimaita motsi. Ma'aikatan tattara nama na iya buƙatar yanke kowane daƙiƙa biyu zuwa uku: wannan yana fitowa zuwa kusan yanke dubu goma a cikin awanni takwas. Baya ga yin aiki da wukake, ma'aikatan da ke yin nama sukan yi ta ɗagawa akai-akai da motsa abubuwa masu nauyi yayin motsi kuma suna fuskantar injuna masu haɗari. Wani ma'aikaci a Excel (rashin nama na Cargill Meat Solutions ya ba da rahoton ɗaga buhunan nama mai nauyin kilo arba'in a kowane daƙiƙa uku, yayin da wasu asusun daga ma'aikatan nama ke nuna cewa wasu ayyukan da suka haɗa da jujjuya duk wani hog. Wani manajan shuka na yankan alade ya ci gaba da yin rikodi yayin gwajin aikin ma'aikata na rashin adalci yana mai cewa, "akwai nauyi mai yawa da kuma maimaita aiki." Sakamakon haka, bisa ga bayanan da Drake Journal of Agricultural Law ya buga, kusan 25% na ma'aikatan da ke yin nama sun ji rauni ko kuma suna rashin lafiya kowace shekara. Bayanan raunin da aka samu a wurin aiki a Iowa ya nuna matsakaicin raunin 9.8 kowace shekara a kowane rukuni na ɗaruruwan ma'aikata na cikakken lokaci; akwai matsakaicin rauni ko cututtuka 51 a cikin ɗari ma'aikatan tattara nama kowace shekara. Yayin da nau'ikan raunin da ya faru sun bambanta, lacerations sun fi yawa. Ma'aikata sukan yi bazata ko dai kansu ko kuma abokan aikin da ke kusa. Sauran matsalolin kiwon lafiya na yau da kullun sun haɗa da ma'aikata masu tasowa na tendonitis, cututtuka masu tarawa, ramin carpal, matsalolin baya da kafada, da "matsalar yatsa" yanayin da yatsa ya daskare a wuri mai lanƙwasa. Bugu da kari, wukake maras kyau ko sawa suna sanya ƙarin matsin lamba akan tendons, gidajen abinci, da jijiyoyi. Wani "haɗari na gama gari da tushen rauni" shine jigon benaye na tsire-tsire masu samar da nama. Wani ma'aikacin kiwon lafiya wanda ke hidimar ma'aikatan masana'antar kiwon kaji a Arewa maso yammacin Arkansas ya shaida wa Human Rights Watch." Ilimin halin dan Adam Mayanka na yau da kullun suna tafiya cikin sauri. Ana samar da kayan aiki da sauri kuma baya bada lokaci don tabbatar da dabbobin ba su sha wahala ba. A cewar wani bincike na 2008 a cikin Jarida na Georgetown a kan Dokar Talauci da Manufofin, dabbobi masu raɗaɗi da ta'addanci suna shiga cikin lokutan su na ƙarshe suna haifar da "yanayin aiki wanda ya dace da matsalolin tunani." Wani binciken da Rachel McNair (2002) ya yi ya nuna cewa ma'aikatan gidan yanka na iya zama masu saurin kamuwa da damuwa mai raɗaɗi da raɗaɗi, kuma halin da suke ciki ya cancanci yin nazari sosai. Perpetration-induced traumatic stress (PITS) wani nau'i ne na rashin lafiya na damuwa (PTSD) wanda lalacewa ta hanyar tunani ya taso "daga yanayin da zai zama mai ban tsoro idan wani ya kasance wanda aka azabtar, amma yanayin da mutum ya kasance mai shiga tsakani." Dangane da binciken shekara ta 2008 a cikin Jarida na Georgetown akan Doka da Manufofin Talauci, akwai isassun shaidun anecdotal na ma'aikatan gidan yanka da ke nuna alamun PITS. Na farko, binciken ya tabbatar da cin zarafi wanda shine halayen PITS ya zama ruwan dare tsakanin ma'aikatan gidan yanka. Na biyu, ya ba da rahoton rahotannin da ma'aikatan suka ba da labarin mafarki mai ban tsoro game da aikin yanka. "Virgil Butler, ma'aikacin mayanka na dogon lokaci." Kariyar siyasa Matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam Akwai kariyar haƙƙin ɗan adam da yawa na ƙasa da ƙasa don wurin aiki. Yarjejeniya ta Duniya ta 'Yancin Dan Adam da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa akan Hakkokin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu duka sun yi kira ga adalci da aminci yanayin aiki. A cikin shekara ta 1981, Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya (ILO) ta rubuta Yarjejeniyar Tsaro da Lafiya ta Ma'aikata mai lamba 155, wacce ke kira ga manufofin kasa waɗanda ke rage haɗarin yanayin aiki. Sauran bangarorin ka'idojin aminci na wurin aiki na ILO suna kiyaye ka'idodin diyya na ma'aikata idan aka samu rauni; ILO ta yi kira ga kariyar doka da ka'idoji waɗanda ke ba da cikakkiyar kulawar likita da gyarawa ga ma'aikatan nakasassu ko suka ji rauni yayin da suke kan aiki, da kuma biyan diyya na lokacin da aka kashe saboda raunin da aka samu a wurin aiki. A cewar wani binciken da Human Rights Watch ta yi, "ka'idar kare haƙƙin bil'adama don kare lafiyar wuraren aiki da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a kan ka'idar cewa ma'aikata suna da hakkin yin aiki a cikin yanayin da ya dace ba tare da tsinkaya ba, hanawa, haɗari mai tsanani." Duk da yake irin waɗannan ƙa'idodin ba sa buƙatar ƙasashe su kawar da duk wani haɗari babba ko ƙanana ma'aikata suna da 'yancin sanin cewa idan sun je aiki kuma suka kammala ayyukansu, "za su iya barin wurin aiki a ƙarshen rana. tare da rayuwa da gaɓoɓinsa. Dokokin kare wuraren aiki na Amurka gaba ɗaya sun dace da ƙa'idodin ƙwadago na duniya. Dokar Tsaro da Kiwon Lafiyar Ma'aikata ta shekara ta 1970 ta kafa Hukumar Tsaro da Lafiya ta Ma'aikata (OSHA), wata hukuma ce ta Ma'aikatar Ma'aikata ta Amurka wacce ta tsara da kuma ba da izini ga ƙa'idodin ƙasa don amincin wurin aiki. Dokar ta ba OSHA iko masu mahimmanci da yawa ciki har da ikon bincika wuraren aiki don rashin bin doka, zartar da hukunci don cin zarafi na aminci, da cire haɗari ko lafiya. Lokacin yanke hukunci, hukumar tana da hankali sosai: OSHA tana la'akari da abubuwa da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da biyayyar mai aiki a baya tare da ƙa'idodin aminci, girman, imani mai kyau, da tsananin cin zarafi. Ma'auni na OSHA sun shafi duk ma'aikata, sun haɗa da waɗanda ba su da takardun shaida ko ba ƴan ƙasa ba. An sami ƙarin martanin majalisa na baya-bayan nan game da damuwar masu neman aiki. A cikin shekara ta 2000, tsohon Gwamnan Nebraska Michael Johanns (wanda daga baya ya zama Sakataren Aikin Noma na Amurka) ya ba da Bill of Rights Ma'aikatan Masana'antar Meatpacking na Nebraska wanda ya amince da haƙƙin ma'aikaci don tsarawa, aiki a cikin yanayi mai aminci da samun damar fa'idodin jihohi da tarayya. A cikin 2001, Majalisa ta soke wasu ka'idodin ergonomics na OSHA waɗanda gwamnatin Clinton ta amince da su. Shugaba Bush ya rattaba hannu kan sokewar. Duba kuma Tasirin cutar ta COVID-19 akan masana'antar nama a Amurka Manazarta Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam Haƙƙoƙin Mata Naman daji Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

50742

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther%20Farbstein

Esther Farbstein

Esther Farbstein an haife ta a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da shida) 'yar tarihi ne na Isra'ila, mai bincike, marubuciya, kuma malama. An yi la'akari da babban malamin Haredi na Holocaust, ta mai da hankali kan martanin ruhaniya na Yahudawa ga zalunci na Nazi. Ta kuma gabatar da sabbin hanyoyin bincike na ilimi akan Holocaust, sannan kuma ta kula da shigar da ilimin Holocaust a makarantun 'yan mata na Haredi. A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da hudu, ta kafa kuma ta zama shugabar Cibiyar Nazarin Holocaust a Michlalah–Jerusalem College a Bayit Vegan, Jerusalem Ita ce marubuciya litattafai da yawa, labarai, da litattafai a cikin Ibrananci da Ingilishi. Rayuwa da ilimi An haifi Esther Heine a cikin dangin Gerrer Hasidic a Urushalima a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da shida. 'Yar Rabbi Yehuda Leib Heine, babbar jika ce ta Rebbe na huɗu na daular Ger Hasidic, Rabbi Avraham Mordechai Alter, wanda aka fi sani da Imrei Emes Ta girma a cikin shekaru daidai bayan yakin duniya na biyu, gidanta na ƙuruciyarta yakan ba da masauki ga waɗanda suka tsira daga Holocaust waɗanda ba su da wurin zama. Ta kammala karatun digirinta na farko a Jami'ar Bar-Ilan kuma ta sami digiri na biyu a Contemporary Jewry daga Jami'ar Hebrew ta Kudus Ta rubuta karatun digirinta na shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da takwas a karkashin jagorancin masanin Holocaust na Isra'ila Yehuda Bauer, kan batun "Ceto Shugabannin Hasidic a zamanin Holocaust". Ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru a matsayin babbar malama a makarantar ’yan mata ta Horeb da ke Urushalima. A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da tara, ta kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Holocaust a Kwalejin Michlalah-Jerusalem, ta zama shugabanta. Holocaust malanta Ana daukar Farbstein a matsayin jagoran Haredi masanin Holocaust. Hanyar iliminta, wanda ta dogara da cikakkun bayanai na tarihi da takaddun shaida, ya bambanta da tsawon shekaru da yawa na dogara da duniyar Haredi akan al'adun baka, tatsuniyoyi, da hagiography Farbstein ta ce: "Lokacin da na koyar da tarihin Holocaust a cikin al'ummata, na ce, 'Kada ku yi karatu ba tare da tushe ba, ba tare da cikakkun bayanai ba'. Babu dakin wasan kwaikwayo a nan. Idan na ba da lacca sai na ga masu sauraro suna kuka, ina ganin laccar ta kasa” Binciken Farbstein ta mayar da hankali kan martanin ruhaniya na Yahudawa ga zalunci na Nazi. Juriya ta ruhaniya-kamar ci gaba da kiyaye mitzvah a cikin ghettos da sansanonin tattarawa, ƙoƙarin riƙe ɗan adam koda yayin da ake bi da su a matsayin ɗan adam, da kuma gabatar da tambayoyi a cikin dokar Yahudawa she'ilot kan batutuwan rayuwa da mutuwa—an yi watsi da su da yawa ta hanyar zaman lafiya. malamai suna goyon bayan nazarin juriya na jiki. Farbstein ta nuna niyyar ƙalubalantar ƙarshen masana tarihi na duniya da na addini a cikin bincikenta. Misali na farko shine nazarinta na jawabin da Rabbi Mordechai na Bilgoray ya yi kafin ya bar Hungary tare da Belzer Rebbe Masu bincike na duniya sun kammala cewa wannan jawabin ya tabbatar da cewa malamai sun yi watsi da al’ummarsu sa’ad da suke fuskantar barazanar Nazi, ko kuma aƙalla sun yi ƙoƙari su yaudare su game da haɗarin da ke tafe. Farbstein yana haɓaka zaɓi na uku: cewa shugabannin rabbin da kansu ba su da masaniya game da babban haɗarin da ke rataye a kan Yahudanci na Turai. Misali na karshen shine labarin da aka yaɗa na ɗaliban Bais Yaakov 93 a Kraków Ghetto waɗanda suka kashe kashe kansa maimakon waɗanda Jamusawa suka yi garkuwa da su, suna bayyana shawararsu a cikin wata wasika mai kwanan wata ranar Sha daya ga watan ga Agusta shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da biyu. Yayin da aka maimaita wannan labarin a cikin tarurrukan jama'a a Isra'ila kuma ana koyar da su a makarantun addini a matsayin misali na shahadar Yahudawa, Farbstein ta yi nazarin sahihancin takardun da nauyin shaida akasin haka kuma ya kammala da cewa "Labarin da wasiƙar duka adabi ne. -halitta ilimi maimakon tarihi”. Judith Kalik ta kwatanta tsarin Farbstein a matsayin "bincike na tushen tushe da kaifi sukar binciken da ake yi". Marubucin Haredi Jonathan Rosenblum ya kira Farbstein "masanin tarihi mai fada". Farbstein ta kuma gano sabbin hanyoyin bincike na ilimi akan Holocaust. Wata sabuwar hanya ita ce ayyukan rabbin da marubucin ya rubuta game da nasa gogewar Holocaust a gabatarwa. Tun da sefer kanta ba ta da alaƙa da Holocaust, masu binciken Holocaust na baya sun yi watsi da shi. Tare da Dr. Nathan Cohen na Jami'ar Bar-Ilan, Farbstein ta samo fiye da ayyukan rabbin 100 waɗanda suka haɗa da asusun Holocaust na sirri a cikin gabatarwar, kuma ya shigar da su a cikin bayanan da ake kira Rabbis' Memoirs Project. An fitar da wannan bayanan ga jama'a akan CD a cikin Janairu 2007. A cikin rashin takardun, Farbstein ta bi sababbin kafofin don tabbatar da labarin da Rabbi Zvi Hirsch Meisels ya buga game da shi yana busa shofar a kan Rosh Hashana a Auschwitz don gungun yara maza da matasa 1,400 da aka yanke wa hukuncin da za a yi musu gas a washegari. Ta tambayi kowane ɗayan masu sauraron karatunta na tsawon shekaru ko sun san wani wanda ya ji wannan busa. A haka ta gano wasu shaidu goma da suka tabbatar da faruwar lamarin. Tasiri kan ilimin makarantun Haredi Farbstein ta kasance mai ƙwazo a bayan haɗa karatun Holocaust cikin tsarin karatun makarantun 'yan mata na addini. Tana gudanar da tarurrukan horar da malamai a tsarin makarantar Bais Yaakov, da wasu tsarin makarantun Hasidic kamar Vizhnitz da Belz, da kuma makarantar Yad Vashem na malamai na Holocaust. Ta samar da nau'ikan karatu da gajerun fina-finai na gaskiya don taimakawa a cikin ilimin Holocaust. Shekaru da dama, ba a koyar da wannan batu a makarantun Haredi, a babban bangare saboda adawar al'umma ga ra'ayin yahudawan sahyoniya da suka yi watsi da rubuce-rubucen, sun soki malaman Turai don ƙarfafa garken tumakinsu su ci gaba da zama a Turai maimakon ƙaura zuwa Falasdinu, kuma suna da'awar. wadanda abin ya shafa sun tafi ajalinsu kamar tumakin yanka "Ba tare da shakka ba, a farkon shekarun da suka gabata, akwai fargabar cewa idan suka yi maganin Holocaust, tambayoyi da yawa za su taso," in ji Farbstein. Ta yi imanin tsarinta na ilimi yana ɗaukar nazarin Holocaust daga fagen "hankali", kuma zuwa "ilimin tarihi cikin tsari". A cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da goma Sha biyu, Farbstein ta ƙirƙiri gasa ta kan layi don gwada ɗaliban makarantar sakandare na Isra'ila kan iliminsu na abubuwan da suka faru na Holocaust. Gasar farko ta dogara ne akan tarihin Warsaw Ghetto Farbstein akai-akai tana gabatar da laccoci akan batutuwan Holocaust a cikin taron kasa da kasa da karawa juna sani ga jama'a. Ta sirin rayuwa Ta auri Rabbi Moshe Mordechai Farbstein, a halin yanzu rosh yeshiva na Hebron Yeshiva Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya bakwai. Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1946 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

9770

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harsunan%20Najeriya

Harsunan Najeriya

Harsunan Najeriya sun kai harsuna guda 525 na gargajiya da ake amfani dasu a Najeriya. Turanci shine harshen da ake magana dashi a harkokin gwamnati, harshen turawan mulkin mallaka na kasar Birtaniya. Kamar yadda aka ruwaito a shekara ta 2003, mutane kimanin miliyan 100 suke magana da harshen Turanci da harshen Pidgin na Najeriya a matsayin harshensu na biyu. Harshen turanci yafi shahara a yankunan biranen kasar fiye da yadda ake amfani dashi a yankunan karkara, saboda cigaba a birane. Shararren harshe dangane da yawan masu amfani da harshen shine Hausa, mutum akalla (fiye da miliyan 49, idan kuma an hada da masu amfani dashi a matsayin harshe na biyu, ko L2), Yarbanci (fiye da mutum miliyan 42), Igbo (kimanin miliyan 30), Fulfulde (miliyan 15), Ibibio (miliyan 10), Kanuri (8) miliyoyin), Tiv (miliyan 4), da kimanin. Miliyan biyu kowane Edo, Igala, Nupe,ishekiri, Izon da Berom. Tarin harsuna daban daban na Najeriya yana da dangantaka da wasu harsunan Afirka, kuma harsunan kasar sun samo asali ne daga manyan-manyan harsunan Afirka guda uku: Afroasiatic, Nilo-Saharan da Nijar-Congo. Har ila yau Najeriya tana da harsuna da dama da kuma ba a kasafta ba, irin su Centúúm, wanda kuma zai iya wakiltar wata mahimmancin bambanci kafin a yada harshe na yanzu. Zababbun Harsuna Harsunan Afroasiatic Harsunan Afroasiatic Harsunan Afroasaitiatic sun rarrabu zuwa Chadic, Semitic da kuma Berber. Acikin wadannan rabe-raben, harsunan Chadic sunfi yawa wanda ke da yaruka akalla 700 a karkashinsa. Semitic ya kunshi harsunan Larabawa da ake amfani dasu a sassa daban-daban na yankin Arewacin Afurka. Sannan kuma Berber ya kunshi al'ummomi dake amfani da harsunan Tuareg dake can arewa-maso-yammacin Afurka. Harshen Hausa shine mafi sanannen harshe daga cikin harsunan Chadic duk da har yanzu babu takamaiman adadin masu amfani da harshen a Najeriya, akalla mutum miliyan 24 ke amfani da harshen a yankunan Afurka ta yamma, musamman a yankunan Sahel. Ainihin masu amfani da harshen suna zaune a yankin arewacin Najeriya kuma mafi akasarin masu yaren a Najeriya da sauran sassa Afurka musulmai ne. An sanya Hausa a kashin harsunan yammacin Chadi na rabe-raben harsunan Chadi wanda jigo ne daga cikin harsunan Afroasiatic. Al'adun Hausawa yayi kamaiceceniya kwarai da na Fulani tun bayan jihadin Shehu DanFodio a karni na 19. Hausa ya kasance harshen asali na jihohi daban daban na arewacin Najeriya sannan daga ciki akwai muhimmi wanda shine Hausa garuruwan Hausa Bakwai. Har wayau akwai bambamce-bambamce harshe a tsakanin wadannan garuruwa na Hausa. Akwai Kananci wanda ake amfani da ita a Kano, akwai harsunan gabacin kasar Hausa wanda ake magana da ita a Zaria "Zazzaganci" da Bauchi; sannan akwai na yammacin yankin wanda ake amfani da ita a Sokoto "Sakkwatanci da kuma Katsinanci a Katsina. Sai kuma Arewanci wanda ake magana da ita a yankin Gobir "Gobiranci", Azara, Kebbi da kuma Zamfara "Zamfaranci". Sannan daga karshe akwai sabon samfuri da ya samo asali daga barikin soji watau "Barikanchi". Yawancin kalmomi da sautukan hausa sun samo asali ne daga kalmomin aro na Larabci. Wasu daga cikin sanannun harsunan Chadi sun hada da Mupun, Ngas, Goemai, Mwaghavul, Bole, Ngizim, Bade da kuma Bachama. Yankunan gabacin Najeriya da kuma cikin Cameroon sune aihin harsunan Chadi kamarsu Bura, Kamwe and Margi. Wadannan yarukann na da yawa matuka kuma akwai karancin bayanai akansu. Mafi akasarin Yarukan sun bace; bincike da Bernard Caron yayi a kudancin Bauchi ya nuna cewa mafi yawancin harsuna har da wadanda aka shigar da bayanansu a shekara ta 1970's sun bace. Duk da haka akwai sabbin yaruka Chadic da ake bayani akansu; kamar bayanin harshen Dyarim. Tarihi ya nuna cewa harshe Hausa dangane da sauran harsuna Afroasiatic kamarsu Kanuri, Margi da Bade an fara rubutasu ne yaren Larabci da Hausa da ake kira [[ajami]. Amma daga baya an canza zuwa sabon tsari na turawa wato boko wanda turawan mulkin mallaka suka kawo a shekara ta 1930s. Rassa da kuma Wurare A kasa akwai jerin rassan yarukan Chadi dangane da wuraren da suke kamar yadda Blench (2019) ya zayyano. Kamar dai yankin Adamawa da Bantu, ana amfani da bakaken sirri a maimakonsu. Harsunan Nijar-Congo Nijar-Congo ta fi rinjaye a yankunan tsakiya, gabas da kudancin Nijeriya; manyan rassan da aka wakilta a Nijeriya sune Mande, Atlantic, Gur, Kwa, Benue-Congo da Adamawa-Ubangi. Mande yana wakiltar busa da Kyenga a arewa maso yamma. Fulatanci ne guda Atlantic harshe, na Senegambian asalin amma yanzu magana da dabbõbin ni'ima da makiyaya a fadin yankin Sahel da kuma sun fi mayar a cikin jihohin Najeriya, musamman Adamawa. Ana magana da harsunan Ijoid a fadin Niger Delta kuma sun hada da Iuniw, Kalabari, da kuma sauran 'yan kungiyoyi masu ban mamaki na Defaka. Ana magana da harshen Efik a fadin kudu maso gabashin sashin Najeriya kuma ya hada da harsunan Ibibio, Annang, da kuma Efik daidai. Maganin Gur guda guda ne ake magana da ita ita ce Baatunun, a cikin matsanancin Arewa maso yamma. Ana magana da harshen Adamawa-Ubangi tsakanin tsakiyar Najeriya da Jamhuriyar Afrika ta Tsakiya. Ma'aikatan su na yammaci a Nijeriya su ne harshen Tula-Waja. Kwararren Kwaran suna wakiltar su ne a yankin kudu maso yammaci, wanda ke da alaqa da harshen Turanci a Benin da Togo. Kayyadewa sauran sauran harsuna yana da rikici; Joseph Greenberg ya rubuta wadanda ba tare da sunaye ba, irin su Yoruba, Igbo, da Ibibio (Efik, Ibibio, da Annang), 'Eastern Kwa da wadanda ke da nau'o'in Benue-Congo Wannan ya sake komawa cikin littafi mai tasiri na shekara ta 1989 kuma ya nuna a kan taswirar harsuna a shekara ta 1992, inda dukkanin wadannan aka dauke Benue-Congo. Kwanan nan ra'ayi, duk da haka, ya sake komawa ga bambancin Greenberg. Ya kamata a karanta wallafe-wallafen tare da kulawa da kuma kulawa da kwanan wata. Akwai kananan gungiyoyin harshe a yankin Neja Confluence, musamman Ukaan, Akpes, Ayere-Ahan da kuma Magoya, wanda ba a taba jayayya da shiga cikin wadannan rukuni ba. Tsohon Eastern Kwa, watau Daga yammacin Benue-Congo za su hada da Igboid, watau Harshen Turanci daidai, Ukwuani, Ikwerre, Ekpeye da sauransu, Yoruboid, watau Yar'Adua, Itsekiri da Igala, Akokoid (kananan harsuna takwas a Ondo, Edo da Kogi), Edoid ciki har da Edo (wani lokaci ana kiran su) Bini a Jihar Edo, Ibibio-Efik, Idomoid Idoma da Nupeid Nupe kuma watakila sun hada da da sauran harsuna da aka ambata a sama. An rarraba harshen Idoma a cikin rukunin Akweya na harsunan Idomoid na gidan Volta-Nijar, wanda ya hada da alago da Alago, Agatu, Etulo da Yala na Benue, Nasarawa da jihohin arewacin Cross Cross. Kudancin Benue-Congo sun hada da Kainji, Filato (harsuna 46, kamar harshen Gamai Jukunoid, Dakoid da Cross River. Baya ga wadannan, akwai harsunan Bantoid da yawa, wanda shine harsunan nan da nan kakanninmu zuwa Bantu. Wadannan sun hada da harsunan Mambiloid, Ekoid, Bendi, Beboid, Grassfields da Tivoid. Kasuwanci na rarraba harsunan Niger-Congo a Najeriya ba ta iyakance ne a tsakiyar gabas da tsakiyar kudancin Nigeriya ba, yayin da gudun hijirar ya ba da damar yadawa zuwa ƙasashen Afro-Asia a arewacin Najeriya, da kuma a ko'ina cikin Yammacin Afirka da kasashen waje. Harshen kalmomi kamar "ku" don'ku' sooso 'don' kawai obia 'don' 'likita' da dai sauransu. harshe a cikin ƙungiyoyi irin su Santeria a cikin Caribbean da Kudancin Tsakiya ta Tsakiya, da harshen Berbice Dutch a Surinam ya dogara da harshen Ijoid. Har ma da bambancin harshe da aka ambata a cikin Nijar-Congo a cikin Najeriya yana da iyakancewa, saboda waɗannan harsuna na iya ƙara ƙunshi harsunan yanki wanda bazai zama daidai da juna ba. Kamar yadda irin wa] annan harsuna, musamman wa] anda ke da yawancin masu magana, an daidaita su kuma sun karbi rubutun asalin. Kusan dukkanin harsuna suna bayyana a cikin haɗin Latin lokacin da aka rubuta. Rassa da Wurarensu A kasa akwai jerin harsunan Niger–Congo dangane da ainihin wurarensu kamar yadda Blench a shekara ta (2019) ya zayyano. Harshen Nilo-Saharan A Najeriya harsunan dangin Nilo Saharan na wakilai kamar haka: Harsunan Sahara Kanuri da [[Kanembu] a Arewa maso gabashin Najeriya a jihar Borno, Yobe da kuma wasu jihohi kamar Jigawa da Bauchi. Harshen Teda a arewacin Najeriya. Harsunan Songhai: Zarma ko Zabarma da Dendi a jihar Kebbi dake kusa da iyakar Ƙasar Nijar. Harshen Lau Laka: harshen da aka gano kwanannan a yankin jihar Taraba. Sunayen harsuna Sunayen harsunan Nijeriya (Blench 2019; Ethnologue 22): Duba kuma Harsunan Nijar-Congo Ƙungiyoyin kabilanci na Nijeriya Manazarta Karin bayani Blench, Roger (2002) Bincike a kan Maganar Magana a Nijeriya a shekara ta 2001. Ogmios. Chigudu, Theophilus Tanko (2017); 'Yan asalin Arewa na Arewacin gundumar Najeriya: Yan gudun hijira. Blench, Roger (1998) 'Matsayin Harsunan Tsakiyar Nijeriya', a Brenzinger, M. (ed. Harshen hasara a Afirka. Köln: Köppe Verlag, 187-206. shafin intanet Crozier, David Blench, Roger (1992) Harshen Turanci na Harsunan Harsuna (na biyu). Dallas: SIL. Hanyoyin waje Rahoton Ethnologue na Harsunan Nijeriya Blench, Roger (2012). Atlas na Harsunan Nijeriya, ed. III (sabuntawa da gyara edition of Crozier Blench 1992) Lamle, Elias Nankap, Coprreality da mazaunin wurare a Tarokland. NBTT Latsa. Jos Nijeriya a cikin "Labarin" Ngappak "na Tarok Nation

28847

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamu

Lamu

Garin Lamu ko Lamu ƙaramin gari ne a tsibirin Lamu, wanda kuma wani yanki ne na tsibiran Lamu a ƙasar Kenya. Yana da nisan kilomita 341 (212 mi) ta titin arewa maso gabashin Mombasa wanda ya ƙare a Mokowe Jetty, daga inda za a ketare tashar teku don isa tsibirin Lamu. Ita ce hedkwatar gundumar Lamu kuma Cibiyar Tarihi ta UNESCO. Garin ya ƙunshi katangar Lamu da ke bakin teku, wanda aka gina a ƙarƙashin Fumo Madi ibn Abi Bakr, sarkin Pate, kuma an kammala shi bayan rasuwarsa a farkon shekarun 1820. Lamu kuma yana da masallatai 23 da suka hada da masallacin Riyadha da aka gina a shekarar 1900, da kuma wurin jaki. Tarihi Tarihin farko Asalin sunan garin Amu, wanda larabawa suke kira Al-Amu da kuma Portuguese "Lamon". Portuguese sun yi amfani da sunan ga dukan tsibirin saboda Amu shine babban mazaunin. Garin Lamu da ke tsibirin Lamu shi ne birni mafi tsufa a Kenya da ake ci gaba da zama, kuma ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin asalin matsugunan Swahili da ke gabar tekun gabashin Afirka. An yi imani da cewa an kafa shi a cikin 1370. A yau, yawancin mutanen Lamu Musulmi ne. Wani Balarabe matafiyi Abu-al-Mahasini ne ya fara ba da shaidar garin a rubuce, wanda ya gamu da wani alkali daga Lamu da ya ziyarci Makka a shekara ta 1441. A shekara ta 1506, jiragen ruwa na Portuguese karkashin Tristão da Cunha sun aika da jirgin ruwa don tarewa Lamu, bayan 'yan kwanaki sauran jiragen ruwa sun isa inda ya tilasta wa sarkin garin da sauri ya amince ya biya musu haraji na shekara-shekara tare da Meticals 600 nan da nan. Matakin na Portuguese ya samo asali ne sakamakon nasarar nasarar da al'ummar kasar suka yi na kula da harkokin kasuwanci a gabar tekun Indiya. Tsawon lokaci mai tsawo, Portugal tana da ikon jigilar kayayyaki a gabar tekun gabashin Afirka kuma ta sanya harajin fitar da kayayyaki a kan hanyoyin kasuwanci na cikin gida da suka kasance a baya. A cikin 1580s, sakamakon hare-haren Turkiyya, Lamu ya jagoranci tawaye ga Portuguese. A cikin 1652, Oman ta taimaka wa Lamu don tsayayya da ikon Portuguese. "Shekarun Zinariya" Shekarun Lamu a matsayin kariyar Omani daga karshen karni na 17 zuwa farkon karni na 19 sun nuna tarihin garin na zinare. An gudanar da mulkin Lamu a matsayin jamhuriya a karkashin majalisar dattawa da aka fi sani da Yumbe wanda ya yi mulki daga wani fada a garin; kadan daga cikin fadar a yau in banda rugujewar fili. A wannan lokacin, Lamu ta zama cibiyar wakoki, siyasa, fasaha da fasaha gami da kasuwanci. Yawancin gine-ginen garin an yi su ne a wannan lokacin cikin salo na gargajiya na musamman. Baya ga bunkasuwar kasuwancinta na fasaha da fasaha, Lamu ta zama cibiyar adabi da ilimi. Marubutan mata irin su mawaƙiya Mwana Kupona wacce ta shahara saboda Advice on the Wifely Duty tana da matsayi mafi girma a Lamu fiye da taron da aka yi a Kenya a lokacin. A shekara ta 1812, sojojin hadin gwiwa na Pate-Mazrui sun mamaye tsibirin a lokacin yakin Shela. Sun sauka ne a Shela da nufin kame Lamu tare da kammala ginin katangar da aka fara ginawa, amma mutanen yankin sun danne musu karfi a cikin kwale-kwalen da suke gabar teku a lokacin da suke kokarin guduwa. A cikin fargabar hare-haren da ake kaiwa nan gaba, Lamu ya roki 'yan Omani da su samar da wani sansanin Busaidi da zai yi aiki a sabon sansanin tare da taimakawa wajen kare yankin daga 'yan tawayen Mazrui da ke gabar tekun Kenya. Zaman mulkin mallaka A tsakiyar karni na 19, Lamu ya shiga karkashin siyasar Sarkin Zanzibar. Jamusawa sun yi iƙirarin Wituland a watan Yuni 1885. Jamusawa sun ɗauki Lamu a matsayin muhimmiyar dabara kuma wuri ne mai kyau don tushe. Daga 22 ga Nuwamba 1888 zuwa 3 Maris 1891, akwai ofishin gidan waya na Jamus a Lamu don sauƙaƙe sadarwa a cikin ma'aikatar tsaron Jamus a cikin sultanate. Ita ce gidan waya na farko da aka kafa a gabar tekun gabashin Afirka; a yau akwai gidan tarihi a Lamu da aka keɓe don shi: Gidan adana kayan tarihin gidan waya na Jamus. A cikin 1890, Lamu ta shiga ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin yarjejeniyar Heligoland-Zanzibar. Kenya ta samu 'yancin kai a siyasance a shekarar 1963, ko da yake tasirin gwamnatin tsakiyar Kenya bai yi kadan ba, kuma Lamu na ci gaba da samun 'yancin cin gashin kai na cikin gida. Lamu na zamani A cikin wani rahoto na 2010 mai suna Saving Our Vanishing Heritage, Global Heritage Fund ya bayyana Lamu a matsayin daya daga cikin shafuka 12 na duniya da suka fi "Gaba" na asara da lalacewa da ba za a iya gyarawa ba, yana mai nuni da rashin isasshen kulawa da matsin lamba na ci gaba. Yayin da kungiyar ta'addanci ta Al Shabaab ta sanya dokar hana fita a Lamu a watan Satumbar 2011, a farkon shekarar 2012 ana daukar tsibirin a cikin hadari. A ranar 4 ga Afrilu, 2012, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta dage takunkumin tafiye-tafiyen Lamu. Sai dai wasu hare-hare guda biyu da aka kai a kusa da Lamu a watan Yulin 2014, wanda kungiyar Al Shabaab ta dauki alhakinsu, ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane 29. Yanayi Lamu tana da yanayi mai bushewa na savanna (Köppen climate classification As). Tattalin Arziki Tattalin arzikin Lamu ya dogara ne kan cinikin bayi har zuwa shekarar 1907. Sauran kayayyakin da aka saba fitar da su na gargajiya sun hada da hauren giwa, da mangoro, harsashi na kunkuru da kahon karkanda, wadanda ake jigilar su ta tekun Indiya zuwa Gabas ta Tsakiya da Indiya. Baya ga kawar da bautar, gina titin dogo na Uganda a shekarar 1901 {wanda aka fara daga tashar jiragen ruwa ta Mombasa} ya kawo cikas ga tattalin arzikin Lamu. Yawon shakatawa ya kara habaka tattalin arzikin kasar a 'yan kwanakin nan, kuma wuri ne da ya shahara ga masu safarar kaya. Yawancin mazauna wurin suna ba da tafiye-tafiye a kan tafiye-tafiye zuwa masu yawon bude ido. Harambee Avenue an santa da kayan abinci, kuma tana da shaguna da dama da suka haɗa da shagon halwa da ake siyar da kayan abinci masu daɗi da ƙananan kebabs na naman naman da ake sayar da su da daddare. Kwakwa, mango da innabi da abincin teku kamar kaguwa da lobster kayan abinci ne na gama gari. Garin ya ƙunshi babbar kasuwa, kantin Gallery Baraka da Shagon Zane na Shumi, da kantin sayar da Littattafai na Mwalimu. Otal mafi tsufa a garin, Petley's Inn, yana bakin ruwa. Sauran otal din sun hada da Amu House da Amurka ta mayar da su, otal din Bahari mai daki 20, Doda Villas, gidan Jannat mallakar Sweden, da Lamu Palace Hotel mai hawa 3 mai daki 23, da Petley's Inn, da Stone House mai daki 13, wanda An canza shi daga wani gida na ƙarni na 18, da Otal ɗin Sunsail mai daki 18, gidan tsohon ɗan kasuwa a bakin ruwa mai tsayi. Ana girbe itatuwan Mangroves don gina sanduna, kuma Lamu tana da ɗimbin al'umma masu sana'a, gami da kafintoci waɗanda ke yin aikin ginin kwale-kwale da yin ƙofofi da kayan daki. Asibitin Lamu ne ke kula da garin a kudancin babbar cibiyar, wanda ma’aikatar lafiya ke gudanarwa. An kafa ta a cikin 1980s, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun asibitocin da ke gabar tekun Kenya. Kasar Sin ta fara nazarin yiwuwar sauya Lamu zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa mafi girma a gabashin Afirka, a wani bangare na dabarunta na String of Pearls. Fitattun alamomin ƙasa An kafa garin a ƙarni na 14 kuma yana ɗauke da kyawawan misalai da yawa na gine-ginen Swahili. An rubuta tsohon birnin a cikin jerin abubuwan tarihi na duniya a matsayin "mafi tsufa kuma mafi kyawun mazaunin Swahili a gabashin Afirka". Da zarar wata cibiya ce ta cinikin bayi, al’ummar Lamu na da kabilu daban-daban. Lamu na kan manyan hanyoyin kasuwanci na Larabawa, kuma a sakamakon haka, al'ummar musulmi ne. Don mutunta mazaunan musulmi, ana sa ran masu yawon bude ido a garin su sanya wando fiye da guntun wando ko bikini. Akwai gidajen tarihi da yawa, ciki har da gidan kayan tarihi na Lamu, gidan ƙaho na bikin tsibirin (wanda ake kira siwa); sauran gidajen tarihi an sadaukar da su ga al'adun Swahili da sabis na gidan waya na gida. Manyan gine-gine a garin Lamu sun hada da: Kagara Lamu Garin Lamu kagara ne a garin. Fumo Madi bn Abi Bakr, sarkin Pate, ya fara gina katanga a bakin teku, domin kare ’yan gwamnatinsa da ba ta da farin jini. Ya mutu a shekara ta 1809, kafin a kammala rukunin farko na katangar. An kammala katangar a farkon shekarun 1820. Masallacin Riyadh Habib Salih, Sharif mai alaƙar dangi da Hadramaut, Yemen, ya zauna a Lamu a cikin 1880s, kuma ya zama babban malamin addini da ake girmamawa. Habib Salih ya samu gagarumar nasara wajen tara dalibai a kusa da shi, kuma a shekarar 1900 aka gina masallacin Riyadha. Ya gabatar da Habshi Maulidi, inda dalibansa suka rera baituka tare da tambura. Bayan rasuwarsa a shekara ta 1935 'ya'yansa maza sun ci gaba da makarantar sakandare, wadda ta zama daya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin karatun addinin Musulunci a gabashin Afirka. Masallacin dai shi ne cibiyar Maulidi da ake gudanarwa duk shekara a cikin makon karshe na watan Maulidin Manzon Allah (saww). A yayin wannan biki, mahajjata daga kasashen Sudan, Kongo, Uganda, Zanzibar da Tanzaniya sun bi sahun jama'ar yankin domin rera wa Muhammad yabo. Masallacin Mnarani shima abin lura ne. Wurin jaki Tun da tsibirin ba shi da ababen hawa, ana yin sufuri da sauran manyan ayyuka tare da taimakon jakuna. Akwai jakuna kusan 3000 a tsibirin. Dokta Elisabeth Svendsen na Gidan Jakin Jaki a Ingila ya fara ziyartar Lamu a 1985. Don damuwa da yanayin jakuna, an buɗe Wuri a 1987. Wurin yana ba da magani ga duk jakuna kyauta. Al'adu Lamu ne ake gudanar da bikin Maulidi, wanda ake gudanarwa a watan Janairu ko Fabrairu, wanda ake bikin haihuwar Mohammed. Yana fasalta ayyuka iri-iri tun daga "tseren jakuna zuwa wasan tuƙi da kuma gasar ninkaya". Bikin al'adun Lamu, bikin karnival kala-kala, ana gudanar da shi ne a cikin makon da ya gabata na watan Agusta, wanda tun shekara ta 2000 ake gudanar da raye-rayen gargajiya, da sana'o'in hannu da suka hada da kwalliyar kofia, da kuma tseren jiragen ruwa. Kyautar Donkey, tare da kyaututtukan da aka ba wa jakuna mafi kyau, ana bayar da su a cikin Maris/Afrilu. Kade-kaden mata a garin ma sun shahara kuma suna yin chakacha, rawan aure. Maza suna yin hanzua (rawar takobi) kuma suna sa kanzus. An sanya tsohon garin Lamu a matsayin wurin tarihi na UNESCO a cikin 2001, bisa sharudda 3: Tsarin gine-gine da tsarin birane na Lamu a hoto yana nuna tasirin al'adu da suka taru a can sama da shekaru ɗari da yawa daga Turai, Larabawa, da Indiya, suna amfani da dabarun Swahili na gargajiya don samar da al'adu daban-daban. Haɓaka da faɗuwar tashoshin jiragen ruwa a gabar tekun gabashin Afirka da hulɗar da ke tsakanin Bantu, Larabawa, Farisa, Indiyawa, da Turawa suna wakiltar wani gagarumin al'adu da tattalin arziki a tarihin yankin wanda ya fi yin fice a garin Lamu. Babbar rawar da take takawa ta kasuwanci da kuma jan hankalin malamai da malamai sun baiwa Lamu wani muhimmin aiki na addini a yankin, wanda har ya zuwa yau. Sufuri A cikin 2011, an ƙaddamar da shawarwari don gina tashar ruwa mai zurfin ruwa wanda zai fi ƙarfin gaske ta fuskar zurfin ruwa, adadin wuraren kwana, da ikon jiragen ruwa na isa da tashi a lokaci guda fiye da babbar tashar ruwa ta ƙasar a Mombasa. Filin jirgin saman Manda yana tsibirin Manda a cikin tsibiran Lamu na gundumar Lamu a yammacin gabar tekun Indiya, a gabar tekun Kenya yana hidimar Lamu da lardin. Wurin da yake wurin yana da kusan kilomita 450 (280 mi) ta iska, kudu maso gabas da filin jirgin saman Nairobi, filin jirgin saman farar hula mafi girma a ƙasar. Kamfanonin jiragen sama da yawa suna hidimar yankin da suka hada da, Air Kenya, Safari Link da Fly 540 akwai jirage na yau da kullun zuwa Malindi, Mombasa da Nairobi. A cikin shahararrun al'adu Waƙar "Lamu" ta mawakin Kirista Michael W. Smith ta samu wahayi daga tsibirin. A cikin waƙar, Smith ya kira Lamu a matsayin "maɓoyar tsibiri wurin da za mu sake haifuwa nan ba da jimawa ba daga halakar rayuwa inda duniya ta kasance har yanzu". Wakar tana magana ne akan gujewa matsalolin rayuwa. Lamu shine saitin gajeren labari na Anthony Doerr mai suna "The Shell Collector" daga tarin labaransa mai suna. Wani ɓangare na abubuwan da suka faru a cikin littafin Our Wild Sex in Malindi (Babi na 14 da 15) na Andrei Gusev yana faruwa a Lamu da kuma tsibirin Manda maƙwabta. Hari na 2022 Kwanan nan gundumar Lamu ta kasance wurin wani laifi inda wasu da ba a san ko su waye ba suka kashe mutum shida a ranar 3 ga watan Janairun 2022. An caka wa daya daga cikin mutanen wuka aka fille kansa sannan aka harbe daya, hudu daga cikin gawarwakin sun kone. Manazarta Littafi Mai Tsarki Allen, James de Vere: Lamu, with an appendix on Archaeological finds from the region of Lamu by H. Neville Chittick. Nairobi: Kenya National Museums. Beckwith, Carol and Fisher, Angela, Text: Hancock, Graham: "African Ark, People and Ancient Cultures of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa," New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc, 1990. ISBN 0-8109-1902-8 Couffer, Jack: "The Cats of Lamu." New York: The Lyons Press, c1998. ISBN 1-85410-568-X Ghaidan, Usam: Lamu: A study of the Swahili town. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau, 1975. Naipaul, Shiva: North of South, An African Journey, 1978. Page 177 ff, Penguin Travel, Prins, A.H.J.: Sailing from Lamu: A Study of Maritime Culture in Islamic East Africa. Assen: van Gorcum Comp., 1965. Romero, Patricia W.: Lamu: history, society, and family in an East African port city. Princeton, N.J.: Markus Wiener,

42218

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yobiko

Yobiko

Yobikō makarantu ne masu zaman kansu da ake sayar da takardar shigansu ga ɗaliban da ke yin jarrabawar da ake yi kowace shekara a Japan daga Janairu zuwa Maris don tantance shigar koleji. Mafiya yawancin daliban dake shiga makarantungaba daya sun kammala karatun sakandare amma sun kasa shiga makarantar da suke so. Gwajin, ba kamar irin na baccalauréat na Faransa da Kwalejin Koriya ta Kudu ba, yana da nau'i daban-daban, tare da makarantu daban-daban suna neman sakamako daga jarrabawa daban-daban. A Japan, ana ɗaukar gwajin a matsayin mafi mahimmanci a cikin ilimin yara. Daliban da suka gaza suna iya ɗaukar shekara ɗaya ko fiye suna karatu don sake jarabawar. Ire-iren wadannan daliban ana kiran su da suna ronin. Yobiko suna kama da juku sai dai banbance-banbance kamar tsarin karatu, matsayin doka, da manyan nau'ikan ɗaliban da suke halarta. Matsayin doka Su kamfanoni ne masu zaman kansu na riba waɗanda Ma'aikatar Ilimi, Al'adu, Wasanni, Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Japan ta jera su a matsayin makarantu a hukumance. A matakin gundumomi, ana kula da su ne daga hukumomin ilimi. Duk da haka, suna ƙarƙashin kulawa kaɗan, saboda bin ƙa'idodin yanayin jiki abin da aka fi bincikawa, kuma ba a duba tsarin karatu da albashin malamai. Nau'ukan Yobiko ya bambanta da yawan ɗaliban da suka yi rajista. Mafi yawa sune na kowane birni, kuma kowannensu yana da ƙasa da ɗalibai 500. Yobiko na ƙasa, wanda ake kira mammoth Yobiko, yana da ɗalibai 10,000 ko fiye. Wasu kuma suna shirya ɗalibai don cin jarabawar shiga na musamman kamar na makarantun likitanci da na fasaha kuma suna da ɗalibai ƙasa da 100 kuma galibi suna karɓar kuɗin koyarwa fiye da sauran nau'ikan. Tsarin Tsarin karatu An shirya tsarin karatun Yobiko ne don shirya ɗalibai suci jarabawar shiga jami'a, kuma manhajar tana da tsarin hadda da koyon dabarun jarabawa. Wani bincike na yobiko na yau da kullun ya gano cewa tsarin karatun ya ƙunshi nazarin tambayoyin da ke kan jarrabawar da ta gabata, takamaiman hanyoyin inganta amsoshi, da takamaiman batutuwan da za a tattauna a cikin jarrabawar. Ma'aikata Ma’aikatan koyarwa na malamai iri-iri ne, galibinsu masu aikin yi da kuma malamai na wucin gadi kamar malaman da suka yi ritaya da malaman da ke da alaƙa da wata makaranta. Wasu kaɗan ne malamai na cikakken lokaci na yau da kullun. Dalibai Akwai tazarar da ke tsakanin shekarun ɗaliban da ke zuwa yobikō. Daliban manyan makarantun gaba da sakandare an san su da halartar Makarantun bayan sa'o'in karatunsu na yau da kullum da kuma ranar Lahadi amma yawancin ɗalibai rōnin, waɗanda suka kammala karatun sakandare waɗanda suka fadi jarrabawar shiga kwaleji kuma suna shirye-shiryen zuwa kwaleji. Sai kuma a matsayin ɗaliban ronin, suna halartar azuzuwan yobiko cikakken lokaci. Saka idanu Ana lura da kuma tantance ingancin koyarwa ta hanyoyi amfani da wasu abubuwa kamar kyamarori a cikin ajujuwa da bincike mai alaƙa da ingancin wasan kwaikwayon malamai da ɗalibai ke ɗaukar karatu. Jarabawa (Mock Exams) Dalibai suna yin jarrabawar a duk shekara. Ana bayyana makin ga jama'a don ɗalibai su sami damar kwatanta maki da sauran ɗalibai don samun matsayinsu na ilimi. Dangane da makinsu, ɗalibai sun san ko za su iya cika makin gwajin shiga kwalejin da suke shirin nema. Halarta da shahara Kashe Kudade akan manyan makarantu masu zaman kansu ya zama ruwan dare kamar na manyan makarantun gwamnati. OECD ta ba da rahoton cewa a cikin 2013, kashe kuɗi a makarantu masu zaman kansu ya kai kusan kashi sittin da shida (66%) cikin ɗari (100%) na tsadar ilimi kuma kusan kashi tamanin (80%) na wannan adadin ya fito ne daga hannun al'umma. (shafi na 24). 2-3). Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun Yobikō shine Kawaii Juku. Ko da yake ana kallonta a matsayin juku, daga cikin kwasa-kwasan da take bayarwa akwai azuzuwan musamman na shirye-shiryen jarrabawa, suna ba ta siffa irin ta Yobikō. Ba wai kawai ɗaliban rōnin ba ne har ma ga bangarorin shekaru daban-daban, kamar yadda ake ba da azuzuwan ga ɗalibai daga makarantar firamare zuwa kwaleji (Kungiyar Kawaijuku, 2012). Amfani Ana iya samun ƙarancin laifuffukan yara na Japan a wani ɓangare saboda yaran da ke zuwa Yobikō ko juku, ban da makaranta na yau da kullun, suna da ƙarancin lokacin yin wasu aiyukan. Yobiko zai iya inganta damar ɗalibai na karɓuwa zuwa kwalejin mai inganci. Hakanan, gaba ɗaya ronin waɗanda ke halartar manyan kwalejoji suna samun ƙarin kudin shiga (Ono, 2007, p. 282). Rashin amfani Yobiko ba sa bada dama daidai ga ɗalibai. Wani bincike na kasa da bincike kan reshen Hiroshima na Yobikō, wanda za a iya la'akari da shi na yau da kullun, ya gano cewa yawancin maza suna zuwa Yobiko fiye da mata. Dalili ɗaya shine cewa rōnin mace tana jin haushi a cikin al'ummar Japan. Hakanan, ba duka ɗalibai ne ke iya samun damar halartar makarantun ba. Matsanancin kuɗin shiga ya haifar, ta hanyar kuɗin tura yara zuwa Yobiko ko juku na kuma iya haifar da raguwar adadin haihuwa a Japan. Duba kuma Makarantar Cram Juku Tarihin ilimi a Japan Ilimi a Japan Makarantar share fagen jami'a Jaesueng Sundai Preparatory School Manazarta Kawaijuku Group. (2012). Details about our businesses. Retrieved from http://www.kawaijuku.jp/en/education/college/detail.html#college02 OCED. (n.d.). Education at a glance 2013: Country note for Japan. Retrieved from OCED url; http://www.oecd.org/japan/educationataglance2013-countrynotesandkeyfacttables.htm Tsukada, M. (1988b). The yobiko, the institutionalized supplementary educational institution in Japan: A study of the social stratification process (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10125/10289 Makarantun Japan Ilimin Kasar Japan Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarihin%20Dangantakar%20Najeriya%20da%20Amurka

Tarihin Dangantakar Najeriya da Amurka

Dangantakar dake tsakanin Tarayyar Najeriya da kasar Amurka ta kasance a hukumance lokacin da Najeriya ta samu ƴancin kai daga ƙasar Birtaniya a shekarar alif 1960. A cikin ƙarni na 21st, sun haifar da ƙawance mai mahimmanci, a wani lokacin kuma basa jin daɗi, bayan wani ɗan lokaci na diflomasiyya da aka bincika. A al'adance Najeriya na ɗaya daga cikin manyan abokan huldar Amurka a Afirka, kuma tare da yawan al'ummar ƙasashen sun kai sama da rabin biliyan. Duk da cewa Najeriya ta samu ’yancin kanta ne tare da fa’ida, ko da yake ba bisa ka’ida ba, a ra’ayin kasashen yamma, dangantakarta ta farko da Amurka ta yi matukar taɓarɓarewa sakamakon tallafin jin kai da Amurka ke baiwa masu fafutukar neman kafa ƙasar Biafra a lokacin yakin basasar Najeriya, da kuma yakin cacar baka a wasu wurare a Afirka. A ƙarƙashin gwamnatin shugaban Amurka Gerald Ford, an tada hankali ne sakamakon goyon bayan da ƙasashen ke baiwa ɓangarorin da ke adawa da juna a yakin basasar Angola, da kuma yadda Amurka ke ci gaba da nuna goyon bayanta ga gwamnatin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu, wadda ta kasance mai ɗaukar hankali a tsawon shekarun 1980. Dangantaka ta inganta sosai a tsakiyar shekarun 1970, saboda tsare-tsaren manufofin harkokin waje na gwamnatin Jimmy Carter da kuma yadda Najeriya ta ƙara yawan man fetur da take fitarwa ga Amurka bayan rikicin OPEC na 1973 Ziyarar da Carter ya kai Legas a shekarar 1978 ita ce ziyarar aiki ta farko da wani shugaban Amurka ya kai a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara A cikin shekarun 1980, dangantakar kasuwanci da zuba jari da ke ci gaba da gudana tare da tashe-tashen hankula na diflomasiyya kan gazawar gwamnatin Najeriya wajen dakile laifuffukan kan iyaka da safarar miyagun kwayoyi, da kuma ƙarin rahotanni na take hakkin dan Adam a cikin Najeriya. Duk da cewa a baya Amurka ba ta cika nuna adawa da mulkin sojan Najeriya ba, amma haƙurinta ya ƙare a lokacin mulkin Janar Sani Abacha wanda ya karbi mulki a lokacin juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi a shekarar 1993 Tsawon shekaru biyar masu zuwa Najeriya na fuskantar ƙarin takunkumai da kuma kusan wargaza huldar diflomasiyya. Sai dai Amurka ta yi gaggawar maraba da komawar Najeriya mulkin farar hula a shekarar 1999. A zamanin mulkin shugaban Najeriya Olusegun Obasanjo, huldar kasuwanci da taimako ta ƙara haɓɓaka, kuma alaƙar ƙasashen ta dawo da zafi a baya. Dangantakar da ke tsakanin ƙasashen biyu ta ta'allaka ne kan haɗin gwiwar soji, da tsaro, da yaki da ta'addanci a yammacin Afirka, musamman shirye-shiryen da suka shafi ɓangarori daban-daban a mashigin tekun Guinea da ISIS da Boko Haram A yayin gudanar da wadannan tsare-tsare, tashe-tashen hankula da rashin yarda da juna a tsakanin sojojin Amurka da na Najeriya, wasu lokuta kan shiga cikin rikicin diflomasiyya. Da yake fitowa daga al'adar diflomasiyyar mai tsakanin kasashen biyu a baya, ƙasashen biyu sun bunƙasa cinikin mai a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, amma Amurka ta kasance babbar kasuwa don fitar da ɗanyen man Najeriya zuwa kasashen waje, kusan gaba ɗaya na danyen mai Har ila yau, Amurka ita ce ta farko da ke saka hannun jari daga ketare a Najeriya kuma babbar hanyar samun agaji daga ketare. Sama da 'yan Najeriya miliyan ɗaya da Amurkawa 'yan Najeriya suna zaune, karatu, aiki a Amurka. Yayin da sama da Amurkawa 25,000 ke zaune, kuma suna aiki a Najeriya. Akwai ƙungiyoyin ƙasashen Nijeriya da dama a ƙasar Amirka, da ke taimaka wa harkokin siyasa da tattalin arzikin al’ummar Nijeriya, a wajen Nijeriya. Haɓaka waɗannan hanyoyin haɗin gwiwar tattalin arziƙi na yau da kullun shine adadi mai yawa na kuɗi ga iyalai daga yawancin al'ummar Amurkawa mazauna Najeriya Amma duk da haka albarkatun man fetur na Najeriya da muhimmancinsa ga zaman lafiyar yankin sun yi ƙoƙarin dakile duk wani karfi na dogaro ga Amurka, tare da rage karfin da ake samu da kuma kulla alaƙa da mutunta juna da kuma cin moriyar juna. Dangane da kuri'ar 2019 daga Cibiyar Bincike ta Pew, kashi 62% na 'yan Najeriya suna da ra'ayi mai kyau game da Amurka. Tarihi 1960–1966: Farkon dangantakar diflomasiyya An kulla huldar diflomasiyya ta yau da kullum tare da bude ofishin jakadancin Amurka a Legas da na ofishin jakadancin Najeriya a Washington, a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoban 1960, a daidai lokacin da Najeriya ta samu 'yancin kai daga Turawan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya. Shugaban ƙasar Amirka, Dwight D. Eisenhower, ya wakilce shi a bukukuwan 'yancin kai daga Nelson Rockefeller, Gwamnan New York. A cikin sakonsa ga sabuwar gwamnati a ranar 2 ga Oktoba, Eisenhower ya yi wa Najeriya alƙawarin goyon bayan Amurka (Amurka), amma kuma ya yi gargadin game da barazanar da za a iya samu daga wajen iyakokinta wanda aka fahimta a matsayin abin rufe fuska ga Tarayyar Soviet., don haka ne majibincin yanayin yaƙin cacar -baki wanda zai daidaita dangantakar Najeriya da Amurka a farkon wannan lokacin. Bayan shigar Najeriya Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) daga baya a cikin 1960, Firayim Minista Abubakar Tafawa Balewa ya sanar da cewa, a fagen siyasa, Najeriya za ta ci gaba da kasancewa cikin tsaka mai wuyar shiga tsakani na yakin cacar baka, kuma ba za ta sadaukar da ‘yancinta ga Gabas ba. –Kishiyoyin Yamma. Duk da haka, cewa gwamnatin farar hula ta Jamhuriyar Farko ta Najeriya ba ta kasance a hukumance ba, amma ta kasance "a bayyane, ko da yake ba bautar ba, mai goyon bayan Yamma". Wannan wani ɓangare ne na tsarin diflomasiyya da tattalin arziki, sakamakon ci gaba da kusancin Najeriya da Birtaniya, amma kuma ya shafi alakar akida. Kamar yadda Balewa ya nuna a cikin jawabin 1961 ga 'yan majalisar dokokin Najeriya, "Mun yaba da salon rayuwar Amurka, kuma muna girmama mutanen Amurka saboda son 'yanci". Baya ga ɗaukar yaɗuwar tsarin gurguzu na Tarayyar Soviet, wani daga cikin manufofin farko na Amurka a Najeriya shi ne ƙarfafa dangantakar tattalin arziki tsakanin kasashen biyu. Ta nuna sha'awarta ga ci gaban tattalin arzikin Najeriya kafin 1960, ta ba da taimakon raya kasa ta hanyar Biritaniya, kuma, a shekarar 1958, ta ba da gudummawar dala 700,000 don samar da ayyuka goma a Najeriya, galibi a fannin noma. Jim kadan bayan 'yancin kai na Najeriya, an aika da wata manufa ta musamman ta tattalin arziki mai mutum biyar domin ta yi nazari kan shirin ci gaban Najeriya da kuma neman hanyoyin da za a iya hada kan tattalin arziki. A shawarar manufa, Amurka ta himmatu wajen samar da dala miliyan 225 a cikin taimakon raya ƙasa sama da shekaru biyar, farawa daga 1962 tare da dala miliyan 25 na lamuni da tallafi. A cikin 1964, wata takardar manufofin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta bayyana cewa, "Babban sha'awar Amurka a Najeriya ita ce ganin ta girma da ci gaba, a cikin ƴancin Duniya, a matsayin jagora kuma kyakkyawan misali ga sauran kasashen Afirka." Duk da haka, wannan shirin ya wargaje a 1966, lokacin da sojoji suka yi juyin mulki a Najeriya ya kawar da kwanciyar hankali na siyasa. A cikin hargitsin da ya biyo baya, an kori rundunar zaman lafiya ta Amurka gaba daya daga Najeriya. 1967–1970: Yakin Basasa na Najeriya A watan Yulin shekarar 1967, yakin basasa ya barke a Najeriya, sakamakon yunkurin ballewar kasar Biafra. Nan da nan Amurka ta ɗauki "tsakiyar tsaka-tsaki mai ban sha'awa", ko da yake duka 'yan awaren Biafra da gwamnatin mulkin soja ta tarayya ta Janar Jack Gowon sun nemi taimakon sojan Amurka da diflomasiyya. Kwanaki huɗu bayan barkewar rikici, Amurka ta ba da sanarwar cewa ba za ta sayar ko ba da makamai ga kowane ɓangare ba, "don kada a zurfafa rikici". A bisa ga al'ada yana mai da hankali ga rawar da tsoffin turawan mulkin mallaka suka taka a Afirka, kuma ya shiga cikin Vietnam sosai, Shugaba Lyndon B. Johnson ya ɗauki yakin a matsayin "al'amarin Biritaniya" wanda ba a keɓance muradun Amurkawa ba. Ko da yake wannan manufar ta fusata jami'an Najeriya, gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta yi wata sanarwa ta sasantawa, inda ta sake jaddada matsayinta na rashin hadin kai a yakin cacar-baka tare da bayyana cewa Amurka da Birtaniya "har yanzu sun kasance a matsayin farko na Najeriya. zabi don siyan makamai saboda dalilai da yawa" ko da yake kuma yana gargadin cewa yana sa ran "abokanta, musamman a Yamma" ba za su kawo cikas ga kokarinta na yaki ba. Ba tare da goyon bayan Amurka ba, gwamnatin tarayya ta nema, kuma ta karɓi taimakon sojan Soviet. Duk da haka, Amurka ba ta kallon wannan ƙawance a matsayin mai barazana musamman ga muradunta wani ɓangare saboda kasancewar tarayyar Soviet ta kawar da kasancewar Birtaniyya, kuma wani ɓangare saboda manyan 'yan Najeriya sun nuna ra'ayin mazan jiya: a cikin taƙaitaccen bayanin Oye Ogunbadejo, "Janar Gowon ya kasance. da wuya Bolshevik Wannan kiyasi ya tabbata: ko da a lokacin da Tarayyar Soviet ta ba da taimako, kuma ko da yake Najeriya ta ci gaba da ba da taimako da haɗin gwiwar kasuwanci tare da Tarayyar Soviet bayan an gama yaƙin, aƙidar Tarayyar Soviet ba ta taɓa mamaye shugabannin Najeriya sosai ba. A lokacin da shugaban kasar Amurka Richard Nixon ya shiga ofis a shekarar 1969, ya goyi bayan shiga tsakani kai tsaye a Najeriya domin tallafawa masu fafutukar kafa kasar Biafra. Wannan tallafin ya ragu, duk da haka mai yiyuwa ne saboda Henry Kissinger da sauran jami'an Ma'aikatar Jiha sun nuna goyon baya ga gwamnatin tarayya, kuma mai yiyuwa, kamar yadda a cikin tunawa da Kissinger, saboda Firayim Ministan Burtaniya Harold Wilson ya karkatar da ra'ayoyin Nixon. Duk da haka, ko da ba tare da tsoma baki kai tsaye ba, Amurka ta gaza a yunƙurinta na kiyaye "ƙananan bayanan martaba". A wani kwarin gwiwa na wata babbar fage mai fafutukar kafa kasar Biafra a Washington, ƙasar Amirka ta ba da taimako mai mahimmanci, wanda aka kiyasta fiye da dala miliyan 9, don magance rikicin bil adama da ya taso daga dogon lokaci na hana Biafra. Jakadan Amurka a Najeriya, ya ce a cikin wata sanarwa da ya fitar, Amurka na fatan ganin an samu “haɗin kai kuma ba za a raba” Nijeriya ba. Duk da haka, gwamnatin sojan tarayya ta yi fushi da goyon bayan Amurka ga Biafra, wanda ya kasance siyasa ba tare da wata shakka ba a kai tsaye ta amince da ikon gwamnatin Biafra. Har ila yau, ta ji haushin Amurka don ba da izini har ma, wasu jami'an Najeriya da ake zargi, da haɗa kai yakin farfagandar Biafra a Yamma. Sakatariyar Harkokin Wajen ta amince a cikin rahoton 1971 cewa takunkumin makamai da ayyukan agaji na Biafra ya "dagula" dangantakar Najeriya da Amurka. 1970–1977: Sabani akan Kudancin Afirka Lokacin da kasar Biafra ta ruguje a watan Janairun 1970, Nixon na daga cikin shugabannin duniya na farko da suka taya gwamnatin mulkin sojan tarayya murnar nasarar da ta samu. Sakataren harkokin wajen kasar, William Rogers, ya ziyarci Najeriya a ranakun 19 zuwa 20 ga watan Fabrairu, kuma ya mika wata wasika ta sirri daga Nixon, inda ya nuna jin daɗin shugabancin Gowon. Duk da haka, lokacin da Gowon ya ziyarci Amurka na kwanaki biyar a 1973, bai gana da Nixon ba. Gabaɗaya, dangantakar Amurka da Najeriya ta kasance "ta yi kyau sosai" a yawancin shekarun 1970, kuma ta haɗa da lokacin "ɓangarorin" a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin shugaban Amurka Gerald Ford (1974-1977). Wannan ya faru ba kawai don bacin rai da ya rage daga yakin basasar Najeriya ba, har ma da karuwar rashin jituwar da ke tsakanin kasashen game da yadda ya kamata a tunkari tashe-tashen hankula a kasashen Kudancin Afirka a karkashin mulkin fararen fata. Duk da cewa Amurka ba ta dauki Najeriya da kanta a matsayin mai rauni ga yaduwar gurguzu ba, manufofinta na kamewa a wasu wurare a Afirka sun haifar da tashin hankali a shekarun 1970, musamman yadda kasancewar Tarayyar Soviet da Cuban ke karuwa a Kudancin Afirka, sabuwar kan iyaka da Afirka ta koma mulkin mallaka. Akwai dalilai masu karfi da yawa game da wannan: Juriya da Najeriya ta yi wa mulkin Afirka ta Kudu da dabarun Afirka ta Kudu na neman kafa gwamnatocin abokan ciniki a cikin jihohin da ake kira gaba yunƙurinsa na akida na gaske don kwato Afirka gaba ɗaya daga mulkin mallaka da mulkin farar fata masu rinjaye; da kuma imaninta cewa ya kamata a samu 'yantar da Afirka tare da mutunta diyaucin kasashen Afirka, wanda ke nuna fifiko kan tsarin kungiyar hadin kan Afrika (OAU) da kuma 'yancin cin gashin kai na jihohi don gayyatar taimako daga duk wani kawaye na yunƙurin 'yantar, ciki har da Tarayyar Soviet. Union da Kuba. Taimakon Najeriya ga Angolan a yakin yancin kai na Angolan, sannan ga Movimento Popular da Libertação de Angola (MPLA) a yakin basasar Angolan, ya yi kira ga wannan cakuda na motsa jiki. Matsayin Najeriya gaba daya game da Kudancin Afirka da Angola ya kasance a bayyane, amma a karkashin Janar Murtala Muhammed wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 1975 Najeriya ta kaddamar da farmakin diflomasiyya na goyon bayan MPLA, wanda ya kai ga amincewa da gwamnatin karshen a hannun yawancin kasashe mambobin kungiyar, na OAU. Bugu da ƙari, Nijeriya ta ba da taimako ga ƙungiyoyi masu 'yanci, ta hanyar OAU da kuma taimakon soja da tattalin arziki kai tsaye, wanda aka kiyasta kimanin dala miliyan 5 a kowace shekara a tsakiyar shekarun 1970. Wannan agajin ya haɗa da samar da makamai da kuma amfani da jiragen sojin Najeriya, kuma a shekara ta 1977 gwamnati ta sanar da aniyarta ta tura sojojin Najeriya don tallafawa 'yantar da yankin kudancin Afirka, ko da kuwa cikin haɗarin da za a iya fuskanta na ramuwar gayya daga Afirka ta Kudu. A Angola kamar yadda ake yi a wasu lokuta a ƙarni na 20 wannan matsayi ya sa Najeriya ta yi hannun riga da Amurka, saboda manufofin kame na karshen, kusanci da tsoffin ‘yan mulkin mallaka, da alaka da gwamnatin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin Janairu 1976, Ford ya rubuta wa Muhammad wasika a cikinta ya yi alkawarin karfafa Afirka ta Kudu don kawo karshen shisshigin da take yi a yakin basasar Angola, amma sai idan Muhammad ya gaya wa MPLA ya nemi ficewar sojojin Soviet da Cuban. "Ba za mu iya... tsaya kyam ba idan Tarayyar Soviet da Cuban suka ci gaba da sa baki," Ford ya kammala. An bayar da rahoton cewa ya rubuta irin wannan wasiƙu zuwa ga wasu shugabannin ƙasashen Afirka, yana matsa musu don kada su goyi bayan ko amincewa da MPLA da kuma ba da shawarar cewa 'yancin kai na Afirka ta Kudu maso yammacin Afirka Namibiya mai mulkin Afirka ta Kudu) zai kasance da sharadi ga janyewar Cuba. daga Angola. Muhammed ya mayar da martani da vitriol, a cikin wata sanarwa a hukumance yana kwatanta wasikar a matsayin "cin mutunci ga shugabannin Afirka". Ƴan Jaridu da jama'a a Najeriya ma sun fusata sosai: Daily Times (Nigeria) ta gudanar da labarin a karkashin taken "Shut Up", yayin da shafin farko na jaridar Najeriya Nigerian Herald ya rubuta, "To Hell With America", a farkon shafin jaridar. Tuni dai ra'ayin jama'a a Najeriya ya bijire wa Amurka a lokacin, musamman saboda shigo da sinadarin chromite daga kasar Rhodesia karkashin mulkin Byrd, wanda ya kaucewa takunkumin da aka kakaba wa Rhodesia. Kuma a cikin Fabrairun 1975, alal misali, sojojin Najeriya sanye da tankokin yaki sun tilasta wa Hukumar Raya Cigaban Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka daga ofisoshinta a tsibirin Legas. Amma, a watan da ya biyo bayan wasiƙar Ford, a cikin Fabrairu 1976, tashin hankali ya ƙara tsananta lokacin da aka kashe Muhammed a wani yunƙurin juyin mulkin da gwamnatin Najeriya ta yi zargin cewa akwai hannun hukumar leƙen asiri ta Amurka. An yi zanga-zangar kyamar Amurkawa da dalibai suka yi a Legas da sauran wurare a Najeriya: masu zanga-zangar sun kona tutocin Amurka, sun kai hari kan ofisoshin diflomasiyya na Amurka, kuma sun bukaci a mayar da man fetur na Gulf na Amurka kasa. Wannan ya haifar da "barkewar dangantakar diflomasiyya" tsakanin ƙasashen biyu. Sau biyu a cikin 1976, gwamnatin mulkin soja ta tarayya ta ki amincewa Sakataren Gwamnati Kissinger ya ziyarci Legas, jaridar (New York Times) sun ruwaito zargin cewa ita ma ta matsa wa Ghana ta soke ziyarar da Kissinger ya shirya zuwa Accra. A cikin Oktoba 1976, Najeriya ta yi watsi da shawarar Anglo-Amurka don sasantawa na Rhodesian, kuma, a cikin Maris 1977, an kama wakilin jaridar New York Times na Afirka ta Yamma, John Darnton a Legas, sannan aka kore shi daga Najeriya. a cikin ci gaba da jin daɗin hukuma da jama'a game da 'yan leƙen asirin Amurka. 1977-1981: Haɗin kai a ƙarƙashin Carter Dangantakar Najeriya da Amurka ta inganta sosai tun daga shekarar 1977, musamman saboda zaben Jimmy Carter a matsayin shugaban kasar Amurka. Manufofin Carter na waje game da Afirka an kwatanta su da bambanta sosai da na magabata ba wai kawai a cikin mahimmancin Afirka ba, amma har ma da tsayin daka ga yakin cacar baka a Angola. na zamanin Kissinger, wanda, a cikin kalmomin Cyrus. Vance, Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Carter, ya ɗauki Afirka "a matsayin filin gwaji na gasar Gabas da Yamma". Maimakon haka, Carter ya nemi ya zayyana hoton 'yancin kai na Amurka a waje, yana mai da hankali kan ka'idodin adalci na duniya da 'yancin ɗan adam; ya kuma yi tir da wariyar launin fata a bainar jama'a, ya kuma soki dabarun gwamnatin Ford a yakin basasar, Bugu da ƙari, Carter ya nada a matsayin jakadan Amurka a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wani matashi bakar fata dan majalisa, Andrew Young, wanda ke abota na sirri da Laftanar Janar Olusegun Obasanjo, shugaban Najeriya, da Birgediya Joe Garba, kwamishinan harkokin waje na Najeriya. Gabaɗaya, ƙasar Amirka, da Jakadanta a Nijeriya, Donald B. Easum, sun jaddada aniyar ƙasar Amirka, na tuntubar Nijeriya sosai, game da manufofinta na ƙetare, a wasu wurare a Afrika. Tasirin sauye-sauyen biyu shine "damar sake farawa" a cikin dangantakar Najeriya da Amurka. Bugu da ƙari, yanayi na iya sa shugabannin Najeriya su sake yin la'akari da matsananciyar manufofinsu na ketare: duka tabarbarewar tattalin arzikin Najeriya, da kuma rashin ci gaban yunƙurin 'yantar da Afirka ta Kudu, sun sanya dangantakar diflomasiyya da Amurka ta zama abin sha'awa kuma har ma da mahimmanci. Ƙudurin da Carter ya yi na hana dogaro da shigo da mai daga ƙasashen waje, haɗe da faɗuwar faɗuwar da ake samu a cikin man Nijeriya saboda ƙarancin wadatar da man fetur a duniya, ya sa ya zama mahimmanci don haɓaka dangantakar tattalin arzikin Najeriya da Amurka (Kuma, lalle ne. a 1977, fiye da kashi 80% na man da Najeriya ke fitarwa ya tafi Amurka Dangantakar diflomasiyya tsakanin kasashen biyu ta inganta cikin sauri, kuma shugabannin kasashen sun yi musanyar ziyarar aiki. Obasanjo ya ziyarci Washington a watan Oktoba 1977, kuma Carter ya ziyarci Legas a watan Maris zuwa Afrilu 1978. Ziyarar ta Obasanjo ita ce ta farko da wani shugaban Najeriya ya kai Amurka tun bayan samun 'yancin kai, yayin da Carter's ita ce ziyarar farko da wani shugaban Amurka ya kai wata kasa da ke kudu da hamadar Sahara. alfanun waɗannan ziyarce-ziyarcen ita ce Yarjejeniyar Horar da Ma'aikata ta Najeriya da Amurka, wadda a ƙarƙashinta dubban 'yan Najeriya za su sami horon fasaha a Amurka; da yarjejeniyoyin kafa ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa guda huɗu, game da zuba jari da ciniki, fasaha, noma, da haɓaka karkara da ilimi. A cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, tawagogin kasuwanci na hukuma sun yi tafiya akai-akai tsakanin kasashen don shawarwari masu girma. Har ila yau, a cikin 1977, gwamnatin Najeriya ta sanya hannu kan manyan kwangiloli guda biyu tare da kamfanonin Amurka don tsara sabon babban birninta a Abuja, sanannen ficewa daga al'adar haɗin gwiwar Najeriya da Birtaniya kan irin waɗannan batutuwa. Har ila yau, taimakon soja ya karu: yayin da Amurka ta sayar wa Najeriya kayan aikin soja kusan na dala miliyan 12.6 ne kawai tsakanin 1950 zuwa 1976, a 1977 Amurka ta amince da dala miliyan 45.5 a irin wannan siyayyar. A karshe, Carter da Obasanjo sun yi gaggawar cimma matsaya na wani bangare na sabanin da ke tsakanin kasashensu kan Kudancin Afirka. A cikin watan Satumba na 1977, Obasanjo ya fito fili kuma ya amince da sabon shawarwarin Anglo-Amurka na sasantawa a Rhodesia, kuma ya zaburar da su a wani taro a Lusaka tare da shugabannin jihohi. Wannan ya biyo bayan ganawa da matasa da gwamnatin Amurka game da cikakkun bayanai game da shawarwarin, kuma, bayan haka, an shawarci Najeriya sosai game da abubuwan da suka faru bayan da tattaunawar ta rushe a cikin Janairu 1978, Amurka da sauran wakilan yammacin Turai sun tashi zuwa Legas don shawarwari. da gwamnatin Najeriya. Lokacin da Najeriya ta koma kan tsarin dimokuradiyya a karkashin jamhuriya ta biyu, dangantakar diflomasiyya ta kasance cikin kwanciyar hankali. Hakika, kundin tsarin mulkin dimokaradiyyar Najeriya na 1979 ya yi sako-sako da tsarin tsarin shugaban kasa na tarayya na Amurka, da 'yan majalisar dokokin Najeriya goma sha shida sun ziyarci majalisar dokokin Amurka domin nazarin yadda tsarin ya gudana a karkashin hadadden al'ada na kabilanci da addini wanda ya haifar da rikici. Amurka da Najeriya sun yi daya. Mataimakin shugaban kasa Walter Mondale ya ziyarci Najeriya a watan Yulin 1980 a wani ɓangare na rangadin Afirka, kuma ya jaddada muradin Amurka na karfafa alaƙar tattalin arziki da Najeriya. Shugaban Najeriya Shehu Shagari ya ziyarci Amurka a watan Oktoba 1980. Koyaya, ra'ayin cikin gida na Najeriya game da haɗin gwiwar Najeriya da Amurka ya bambanta. Wasu mazabu na cikin gida, ciki har da sassan 'yan jaridu, sun nuna rashin amincewa da ci gaban da aka samu tare da adawa da goyon bayan gwamnati ga shirin Anglo-Amurka a Rhodesia. A matakin hukuma, Afirka ta Kudu ta kasance abin da ya dace. Ayyukan gwamnatin Carter na manufofinta na Afirka wani lokaci yana bayyana "rashin kuskure" ga jami'an Najeriya, yana nuna shakku game da gaskiyar alkawurran Amurka na yin adalci da 'yancin kai a Kudancin Afirka. Kwanciyar hankalinta game da faɗaɗa tsarin gurguzu bai kawar da tunanin Amurka ba a idanun 'yan Najeriya don "masu fushi". A ziyarar da Carter ya kai a birnin Legas, Obasanjo ya “ki yarda” gayyatar da Carter ya yi masa na yin Allah wadai da shigar Tarayyar Soviet da Cuba a Afirka. Najeriya ba ta goyi bayan shigar Amurka a Shaba II ko, daga baya, a cikin Horn of Africa, kuma dangantakarta da Afirka ta Kudu ba ta da farin jini musamman. A cikin Oktoba 1977, alal misali, ko da yake Amurka ta goyi bayan takunkumin takunkumin makamai na tsawon watanni shida a Afirka ta Kudu a kwamitin sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ta kuma shiga cikin Birtaniya da Faransa wajen yin watsi da daftarin kudurin Afro-Asiya wanda ya bukaci takunkumin tattalin arziki da na soja. A ziyarar da Carter ya kai Legas a watan Afrilun 1978, Obasanjo ya fito fili ya caccaki Amurka da kasashen Yamma saboda ra'ayinsu na lumana a kan wariyar launin fata da kuma ci gaba da hadin gwiwa da Pretoria kan harkokin soji da tattalin arziki. Irin wannan tashe-tashen hankula sun ta'azzara a ƙarƙashin magajin Carter, Ronald Reagan, wanda gwamnatinsa ta yi "hankali mai ma'ana" tare da Pretoria tare da yin watsi da kudurin Kwamitin Tsaro kan takunkumi. Mai goyon bayan takunkumin da aka kaƙaba wa Afirka ta Kudu, Najeriya ta yi maraba da rashin amincewar Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ga Reagan na kin amincewa da dokar hana wariyar launin fata ta 1986. 1981-1993: Rashin jin daɗi A shekarun 1980, yayin da tattalin arzikin cikin gida ya tabarbare, Najeriya ta zama cibiyar safarar miyagun kwayoyi ta kan iyaka da kuma zamba, musamman abin da ake kira damfarar yan 419. Ko da yake ba babban mai samar da narcotics ba ne, babban wurin jigilar kayayyaki ne a kan da'irar narcotics na duniya, musamman ga opiates da hodar iblis da ake jigilar su zuwa Arewacin Amurka da Turai a tsakiyar 1990s, hukumomin tilasta yin amfani da kwayoyi na Amurka, sun kiyasta cewa cibiyoyin sadarwa na Najeriya sun kai fiye da rabin maganin tabar (heroin) da ake samu a Amurka Wannan ya ba da ingiza hadin gwiwa tsakanin kasashen biyu da kuma tushen tada hankali. A shekarar 1987, kasashen sun rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya ta tabbatar da doka da oda, sannan kuma yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna ta musamman kan yaki da miyagun kwayoyi. Jami'an tsaron Najeriya suma sun sami horon yaki da miyagun kwayoyi na Amurka. Duk da haka, ƙasar Amirka ma ta ƙara jin takaici game da abin da ta ɗauka a matsayin "halayen halattar da gwamnatin Najeriya ta yi game da cin hanci da rashawa da rashin bin doka". A shekarar 1985 ne Janar Ibrahim Babangida na Najeriya ya karɓi mulki ta hanyar juyin mulki, ya kuma yi alkawarin kyautata alaka tsakanin kasashen biyu, yana mai nuni da irin horon da ya samu a fannin soji a Amurka Hasali ma, a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Babangida, an kara nuna damuwa a Amurka game da take hakkin dan Adam da ake tafkawa. gwamnatin soja. A watan Disambar 1989, gwamnatin Amirka ta janye bashin dala miliyan 80.5 daga Nijeriya, duk da cewa an soke ziyarar da Babangida ya shirya zuwa Amirka a wata mai zuwa. 1993–1998: Tsamin dangantakar diflomasiya a mulkin Abacha Martanin diflomasiyya Daga karshen shekarun 1980, kamar yadda Najeriya ke shirin komawa mulkin farar hula a karkashin jamhuriya ta Uku da ake sa ran, Amurka ta goyi bayan wadannan yunƙurin, na kuɗi ta hanyar tallafawa lamuni na Bankin Duniya da kuma diflomasiyya. Ƙasar Amirka ta kasance abokiyar tarayya ga Nijeriya wajen tsara wannan sauyi, saboda tsarin mulkin dimokraɗiyya na ƙarshe na Nijeriya an yi shi ne da kansa, da kuma saboda shugaban Amirka Bill Clinton ya shiga ofis a 1993 da nufin aiwatar da manufofin shiga tsakani a Afirka. da kuma wanda, a cikin yanayin duniya bayan yakin cacar baka, zai inganta kyakkyawan shugabanci da dimokuradiyya. A watan Yuni 1993, duk da haka, an gudanar da zaɓen dimokuradiyya a Najeriya, sannan Janar Babangida ya soke nan da nan. Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta soki soke sokewar a matsayin "abin takaici", sannan ta kuma nuna damuwa game da "ci gaba da danniya da 'yan jaridu da dakarun dimokuradiyya" a cikin rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da ya biyo baya. Yayin da yake gargaɗin cewa za ta ɗauki ƙarin matakai idan sojoji ba su mika wuya ga farar hula ba, Amurka ta aiwatar da wasu matakai na farko don "yi rijistar damuwa da rashin jin daɗinta", ciki har da soke tallafin dala miliyan 11 na kasafin kuɗi ga ma'aikatar Najeriya. na Lafiya dakatar da duk wasu taimakon raya kasa, sai dai taimakon jin kai da ake bi ta hanyar kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu; da kuma dakatar da duk wani taimako da horon soji na ƙasashen biyu, sai dai horon da ya shafi yaki da muggan kwayoyi. An janye jami'in dake ba da taimakon tsaro na Amirka daga Najeriya, yayin da jami'in tsaro na Amurika ya dakatar da tafiyarsa zuwa Najeriya, sannan aka buƙaci hadimin sojin Najeriya ya bar birnin Washington. A ƙarshe, gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da bita-bi-uku, "tare da zato na ƙaryatawa", don duk sabbin takardun lasisi don fitar da tsaro na kasuwanci zuwa Najeriya. Wanda ake kyautata zaton ya lashe zaben watan Yuni, Moshood Abiola, ya je Amurka da Biritaniya domin samun goyon bayan ƙasashen waje kan shugabancinsa. A cikin Nuwamba 1993, amma, aka naɗa Janar Sani Abacha a matsayin shugaban ƙasa a juyin mulkin da ba a zubar da jini ba. A wata mai zuwa, Shugaba Clinton ta fitar da wata shela a karkashin Dokar Shige da Fice da Kasa, inda ta takaita shiga Amurka ga "'yan Najeriya da suka tsara, aiwatarwa, ko kuma amfana daga manufofin da ke hana Najeriya sauya sheka zuwa dimokuradiyya" da kuma ga dangin wadannan mutane. A farkon 1994, an kuma haramta wa Najeriya takardar shedar a ƙarƙashin Dokar Taimakawa Waje ta Amirka saboda gazawa wajen shawo kan fataucin muggan kwayoyi a cikin iyakokinta, tare da yin tasiri mai tsanani ga taimakon ƙasashen waje da za ta iya samu. An ci gaba da aiwatar da ƙarin takunkumi a cikin watanni da shekaru masu zuwa, musamman ma dangane da rahotannin da ake samu na tauye hakkin ɗan adam a cikin Najeriya. Gwamnatin Amurka ta yi Allah-wadai da hukuncin kisa da aka yankewa tsohon shugaban kasa Obasanjo, da wasu, bisa zargin yunkurin juyin mulki. Ta fitar da abin da jami'in diflomasiyyar George E. Moose ya kira "bayyani mai kakkausar murya" inda ya bukaci a yi hakuri, kuma an ce Clinton ta yi waya da Abacha da kansa don ya gargade shi kan aiwatar da hukuncin kisa. Bayan takaita hukuncin kisa na Ken Saro-Wiwa da sauran mutanen Ogoni Nine a watan Nuwamba 1995, an karfafa takunkumi da hana tafiye-tafiye, gami da hana zirga-zirgar jami'an diflomasiyya da jami'an Najeriya da ke ziyartar Amurka. Amurka kuma ta kira Jakadanta a Najeriya. An gabatar da kudurori guda biyu masu ba da izinin ƙarin takunkumi a cikin Majalisar Dattawa da ta Wakilai, amma ba su sami ƙuri'a ba. Ya zuwa farkon shekarar 1996, dangantakar Najeriya da kasashen Yamma ta kasance "mafi ƙarancin lokaci". Wannan ya kasance duk da ƙoƙarin Donald McHenry, jami'in diflomasiyya da ake mutuntawa sosai a Najeriya, wanda aka naɗa shi a matsayin wakilin Clinton a 1994 kuma wanda ya kai ziyara Najeriya akai-akai don tattaunawa da Abacha ta hanyar tashoshi. Jakadan Amurka mai ci a Najeriya Walter Carrington, ya kasance mai sukar gwamnatin Abacha, kuma ya zama "virtually persona non grata" a Najeriya. Duk da haka, duk da ci gaba da aikace-aikacenta na "cakudadden diflomasiyya mai natsuwa da kuma takunkumi mai iyaka", masu sharhi sun lura cewa Amurka ba ta son yankewa ko lalata dangantakarta da Najeriya ba tare da gyarawa ba, musamman dangantakar tattalin arziki da tsaro. Ko da yake an yi la'akari da dakatar da kadarorin gwamnatin Najeriya, shawarar ta ci tura lokacin da Najeriya ta yi barazanar mayar da martani ta hanyar dakatarwa ko bata kadarorin Amurka a Najeriya. Watakila mahimmanci, takunkumin Amurka bai kai ga ɓangaren man Najeriya ba. A wani ra'ayi, wannan ya faru ne saboda Amurka ta ƙididdige cewa babu isassun tallafin siyasa musamman a Turai don takunkumin hana mai na bangarori daban-daban, kuma takunkumin bai ɗaya ba zai yi tasiri ba. A wani ra'ayi kuma, ƙasar Amirka ta ci gaba da cinikin man fetur don kare muradunta na ƙasa da na kasuwanci. Kamfanonin mai na Amurika da wasu da ke da manyan jari a Najeriya rahotanni sun nuna cewa, sun yi adawa da tsauraran takunkumai, musamman ma na batun hana man fetur. Martanin jama'a Goyon bayan da jama'a ke baiwa Abacha saniyar ware a duniya ya samo asali ne daga tarin 'yan fafutuka, wadanda a tsakanin 1993 zuwa 1999, suka jagoranci fafutukar tabbatar da dimokuradiyyar Najeriya mai dorewa, daga cikin ƴan Najeriya da yan gudun hijira. Ƙungiyar National Democratic Coalition (Nadeco), ƙungiyar adawa ta Najeriya, ta yi aiki musamman a Amurka, inda da dama daga cikin shugabanninta ke gudun hijira. Amurka ta karɓi irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi tare da "taimako da maraba". A cikin watan Yulin 1997, ‘yan sandan Nijeriya sun bayyana aniyarsu ta yi wa jami’an diflomasiyyar Amurka tambayoyi dangane da wasu hare-haren bama-bamai da aka kai a cikin Nijeriya da ƙungiyar (Nadeco) ke da hannu a ciki. Sauran ƙungiyoyin masu aiki sun haɗa da Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, TransAfrica, wani yanki na Congressional Black Caucus, da kuma wasu kungiyoyi na Najeriya-Amurka, Waɗanda suka ɗauki nauyin "siyasa ta adawa", ciki har da samun mashahuran mutane sun amince. A cikin 1997, masu fafutuka sun yi nasarar lallasa majalisar birnin New York don sanya sunan wani kusurwar titin Second Avenue, a wajen ofishin jakadancin Najeriya, bayan Kudirat Abiola, mai fafutukar tabbatar da dimokuradiyya wanda aka danganta kisan gillar da gwamnatin Abacha ta yi. (Bayan makonni biyu, Abacha ya mayar da martani ta hanyar canza sunan titin karamin ofishin jakadancin Amurka da ke Legas zuwa sunan Louis Farrakhan, sunan wani mai sukar gwamnatin Amurka.), baya ga haka yan siyasar Amerika masu goyan bayan mulkin Abacha, kamar irin su Carol Moseley Braun, ya ce ganganci ne zagin jama'a. 1998-2000s: Taimakawa ga dimokradiyyar Najeriya Bayan mutuwar Abacha a watan Yunin 1998, dangantakar Najeriya da Amurka ta daidaita cikin sauri. Magajin Abacha, Janar Abdulsalami Abubakar, ya sassauta takunkumin siyasa na cikin gida tare da bayyana kudurinsa na tabbatar da dimokradiyya. Amurka ta bude huldar diflomasiyya da Abubakar da gwamnatin mulkin soja, sannan kuma ta tuntubi Abiola mai fatan shugaban kasa, duk da cewa ya fadi ya mutu yayin ganawarsa da jami’an ma’aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka. kuma ta dage takunkumin hana zirga-zirgar tafiye-tafiyen Najeriya, agaji, kasuwanci, da haɗin gwiwar sojoji. Jim kaɗan bayan Najeriya ta gudanar da zabukan dimokuradiyya a watan Fabrairun 1999, Sakataren Yada Labarai na Clinton ya sanar da cewa za a sake tabbatar da Najeriya a ƙarƙashin Dokar Taimakon Kasashen Waje. Wannan ba domin Najeriya ta samu ci gaba a fannin sarrafa muggan kwayoyi ba, amma saboda “muhimman muradun kasa” na Amurka, ganin cewa, “muhimmancin Najeriya ga zaman lafiyar yankin, da kuma yuwuwar misali na sake fasalin siyasa da tattalin arziki a Afirka, yana ba da muhimmiyar ma'ana ta musamman. zuwa canji a halin yanzu yana gudana". Daga baya a cikin 1999, ƙasar Amirka ta sassauta wani oda, wanda, tun lokacin da aka kafa shi a 1993, ta haramta duk wani zirga-zirga a tsakanin Amurika zuwa Legas ko legas zuwa Amurika daga filin jirgin saman Murtala Muhammed saboda rashin tsaro. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya hau kan karagar mulki a watan Mayun wannan shekarar, tawagar Amurka ta halarci bikin rantsar da shi. Shugaba Clinton ya ziyarci Najeriya ba da dadewa ba ziyarar farko da wani shugaban kasar Amurka ya kai tun lokacin Carter a 1979, lokacin da, a kwatsam, Obasanjo ya kasance shugaban kasa, duk da cewa ba a zaɓe shi ta hanyar dimokradiyya ba. Dangantaka ta sirri tsakanin Obasanjo da Clinton ta haifar da kyakkyawar dangantaka tsakanin kasashen biyu, kuma yanayin ya ci gaba a karkashin magajin Clinton, George W. Bush, daga 2001 Obasanjo shi ne shugaban Afrika na farko da Bush ya karɓi bakuncin a Fadar White House, kuma ya ci gaba da yin ziyara bayan haka. Lallai Obasanjo ya ziyarci Amurka sau tara tsakanin 1999 zuwa 2006. Wani muhimmin batu a dangantakar ƙasashen biyu a lokacin Bush da Obasanjo na farko shi ne muradin Najeriya na samun abin da ake kira ("democracy dividend"), ta hanyar taimako da soke bashi ko raguwa. A cikin 2001, da jaridar Los Angeles Times ta tambaye ta yadda Amurka za ta goyi bayan dimokradiyyar Najeriya, Obasanjo ya lura da cewar: “Mun amince da dimokuradiyya ba wai don ainihin kimar dimokuradiyya ba ne, a’a, domin mutanenmu sun yi imanin cewa dimokuradiyya na iya inganta rayuwarsu. Suna tsammanin, daidai, rabon dimokradiyya. Idan hakan bai zo ba, za su ji bacin rai. Amurka za ta iya taimaka mana da hakan.” Obasanjo ya ci gaba da maganganu don a soke basussuka a ganawarsa da gwamnatin Amurka, kuma al'amarin a wasu lokuta ya zama "mai rikitarwa". Clinton ba ta “karɓi” wannan shawara ba, kuma Amurka a ƙarƙashin Bush ta ci gaba da ƙudiri aniyar ba za ta ba da yafe bashi ba tare da ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙwaƙƙwaran Nijeriya na sake fasalin tattalin arziki ba. A wa'adi na biyu na mulkin Obasanjo, daga 2003, ya ƙara habaka manufofin cikin gida da yunƙurin yaki da cin hanci da rashawa, kuma ta haka ne ya tabbatar da yarjejeniyar da Paris Club ta yi na soke bashi mai yawa. Duk da haka, masu lura da al'amura sun lura cewa rabe-raben dimokuradiyyar Amurka ga Najeriya ba shi da kyau a cikin 'yan shekarun farko bayan zaɓen 1999 Taimakon da Amurka ke baiwa Najeriya daga ƙasashen waje ya ƙaru tsakanin 1998 zuwa 2001, daga kasa da dala miliyan 7 zuwa dala miliyan 109, amma ya sake raguwa a shekarun baya, kuma a shekarar 2004 an kiyasta ya kai dala miliyan 65. Har ila yau, an ƙara yawan fakitin agaji ta hanyar ƙara kayan agajin jin kai da ake bayarwa, da kuma sauye-sauyen siyasa da tattalin arziki, gami da mulki, noma, da dimokuradiyya. Bugu da ƙari, kusantar dangantakar Najeriya da Amurka ta gamu da wani gagarumin liyafa a cikin Najeriya. Kamar yadda suka yi a lokacin gwamnatin Carter, masu sukar sun yi zargin sahihancin goyon bayan da Amurka ke ba wa ‘yancin ɗan adam da dimokuradiyya a Afirka, suna zargin cewa hakan ya kasance abin fakewa da muradun ƙasa da ba su dace ba, kuma suna jayayya cewa Nijeriya ta zama wata ƙasa ta Yammacin Turai, ba ta bambanta da ita ba. bin manufofin kasashen waje karkashin jagorancin Afirka da masu adawa da mulkin mallaka. Duk da haka, a cikin shekarun baya, Amurka ta kasance a shirye ta ba da tallafi na siyasa don tabbatar da mulkin farar hula na dimokuradiyya a Najeriya. Tun bayan zaben Muhammadu Buhari a matsayin shugaban Najeriya a 2015, wannan ya hada da babban goyon baya ga yunƙurin Buhari na yaki da cin hanci da rashawa a cikin gida cin hanci da rashawa na ɗaya daga cikin ajandar taron da Buhari ya yi a fadar White House da shugaban Amurka Barack Obama, Yuli 2015. Buhari ya yi kira ga gwamnatin Amurka da ta maido da kuɗaɗen almundahana da jami'an gwamnatin Najeriya suka yi, kuma a watan Afrilun 2016 Ibrahim Magu shugaban hukumar yaki da masu yi wa tattalin arzikin kasa zagon kasa, ya ziyarci Washington domin mika bukatarsa ga, gwamnatin Amurka don ƙarin taimakon fasaha, horo, da musayar bayanan sirri. 1998-zuwa yau: Alaƙa Haɗin gwiwar tsaro Shugaba Clinton da mai ba shi shawara kan harkokin tsaro, Anthony Lake, sun fi mayar da hankali ne kan magance tashe-tashen hankula a Afirka, kuma suna sane da irin tasirin da Najeriya ke da shi a fannin tsaro. Najeriya ta dade tana zama ɗan wasan tsakiya a cikin ayyukan wanzar da zaman lafiya na Afirka, kuma ta ɗauki nauyin jagoranci a tare da samar da mafi yawan dakarun ayyukan ECOMOG waɗanda suka kasance masu mahimmanci a farkon yaƙin basasar ƙasar Laberiya da Saliyo a cikin shekarun 1990. Bayan an zabi Obasanjo, ƙasar Amirka ta yi ƙoƙarin ba Nijeriya damar ci gaba da taka wannan rawar: Ma'aikatar tsaron ƙasar Amirka, ta ƙaddamar da wani shirin horar da bataliyoyin sojan Nijeriya biyar, kan ayyukan wanzar da zaman lafiya,, kuma a cikin 2000 Amurka ta ba wa Najeriya sama da dala miliyan 10 na taimakon soja da sama da dala miliyan 30 na sayar da makamai. Wani muhimmin abu na hadin gwiwar sojojin Najeriya da Amurka shi ne magance tashe-tashen hankula da aikata laifuka a mashigin tekun Guinea. buƙatun Wannan yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci ga mai na Amurka: a cikin 2003, alal misali, rikici a yankin Neja Delta ya tilasta wa kamfanin mai na Amurka Chevron, dakatar da yawancin albarkatun da yake haƙowa a Najeriya. Wani muhimmin abu shi ne kokarin yaki da ta'addanci. Bayan harin ta'addanci na ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2001, Amurka ta kara kaimi wajen yaki da ta'addanci da kasancewar sojojinta a Afirka, tare da ƙaddamar da haɗin gwiwar tsaro da Najeriya. A cewar wasu rahotanni, goyon bayan da Najeriya ke bawa yakin da Amurka ta yi da ta'addanci musamman bayan da Amurka ta mamaye Afganistan ba ta da farin jini ga wasu sassan cikin gida, wanda yawancinsu musulmi ne; sannan an samu munanan fadan addini a zanga-zangar da aka gudanar a Najeriya domin nuna adawa da hare-haren da Amurka ke kaiwa a Afghanistan. Haka kuma an samu wasu turjiya daga cikin sojojin Najeriya, waɗanda aka ce manyan hafsoshinsu sun gwammace su yi aiki tare da Biritaniya. Victor Malu ya yi iƙirarin cewa Obasanjo ya kore shi a matsayin babban hafsan soji ne saboda kakkausan harshe da adawa da haɗin gwiwar soja da Amurka. Saka Dokar Leahy Tun a farkon shekarun 2010, hadin gwiwar yaki da ta'addanci ya mayar da hankali ne kan hadin gwiwa wajen yaki da ta'addancin Boko Haram da ke addabar Najeriya a yammacin Afirka, musamman bayan sace 'yan matan makarantar Chibok da aka yi a shekarar 2014. A ƙarƙashin Amurka. Shugaba Obama, wannan haɗin gwiwar ya iyakance ne ta hanyar zargin cin zarafin bil adama da sojojin Najeriya suka yi, ciki har da kan fararen hula, wanda ya haifar da Dokar Leahy don haka ya iyakance sayar da makamai na Amurka ga Najeriya. Wannan ya haifar da tashin hankali a Najeriya. Gwamnatin Najeriya da jakadan Amurka a Amurka sun fito fili sun soki shawarar Amurka, a tsakiyar shekarar 2014, don toshe sayar da jiragen sama masu saukar ungulu na Cobra da Amurka suka yi zuwa Najeriya daga Isra'ila saboda damuwar da ake yi game da take hakkin Dan-Adam jakadan Najeriya ya zargi Washington da kawo cikas a yaki da ta'addanci. A takaice, jami'an Amurka sun fito fili sun soki mutuncin da karfin sojojin Najeriya yayin sauraron ƙarar majalisar dattijai, sannan jami'in diflomasiyyar Amurka Johnnie Carson ya amince da shi a karshen shekarar 2014 cewa, "Tashin hankali a cikin Amurka Dangantakar Najeriya tabbas suna da mafi girman matakin su a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. Akwai babban matakin takaici a ɓangarorin biyu. Ya zuwa watan Agusta na 2015, an ba da rahoton cewa Amurka tana yunƙuri don cire takunkumin Dokar Leahy a Najeriya. Haramcin tafiye-tafiye da saka ido akan 'yancin addini A ranar 18 ga Disamba, 2019, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta saka Najeriya a cikin jerin gwamnatocin da suka tsunduma ko kuma suka jure "mummunan take hakkin 'yancin addini". An cire shi daga jerin a cikin Nuwamba 2021, kwanaki kafin Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka Antony Blinken ya isa Najeriya a wani bangare na rangadinsa na Afirka. Korar da Najeriya ta yi ya saba wa shawarar da Hukumar Yaki da ‘Yancin Addinai ta Amurka ta bayar, inda ta ce ta yi matukar kaduwa da matakin. A cikin Janairu 2020, makonni kacal bayan sanarwar Special Watch List, an ba da sanarwar cewa Najeriya na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe da yawa da aka ƙara wa dokar hana tafiye-tafiye na Shugaban Amurka Donald Trump a ƙarƙashin Dokar Zartaswa mai lamba 13780. Trump ya bayyana matsalolin tsaro, ciki har da cewa Najeriya "tana gabatar da babban hadari, dangane da sauran kasashen duniya, na balaguron ta'addanci zuwa Amurka", amma majiyoyi sun shaida wa jaridar New York Times cewa gwamnatinsa ta damu da hakan. 'Yan Najeriya da suka tsallaka zuwa can ba bisa ka'ida ba. Wannan ya tuna da kalaman Trump a wani taro a watan Yunin 2017, inda rahotanni suka ce 'yan Najeriya ba za su taɓa "komawa zuwa gidan su na asali ba" bayan sun ziyarci Amurka. Ministan Harkokin Wajen Najeriya, Geoffrey Onyeama, ya ce nasa Sanarwar ta yi watsi da gwamnatin Amurka ta bayar da bizar bakin haure sama da 7,920 ga 'yan Najeriya a cikin kasafin kuɗin shekarar 2018, wanda shi ne na biyu a kowace kasa a Afirka amma tana kokarin magance matsalolin tsaron Amurka. Alaƙar tattalin arziki Wani muhimmin abin da ya shafi dangantakar Amurka da Najeriya shi ne zaman lafiyar hadin gwiwar tattalin arziki tsakanin kasashen biyu, wanda akasarin ya yi tsayin daka kan tabarbarewar diflomasiyya da siyasa. Zamanin mafi sanyi na dangantakar diflomasiyya musamman tsakiyar shekarun 1970 da tsakiyar 1990 ba abin mamaki ba ne ya haifar da illa ga dangantakar tattalin arziki, kuma, hakika, jarin Amurka a Najeriya ya fadada a wasu sassa a ƙarƙashin Janar Abacha. Ɗaya daga cikin bayanin shi ne cewa dangantakar ba ta da zurfin akida ko tushen tashin hankali, wanda ya ba da damar kasashen su gyara rashin jituwa cikin sauri ko kuma su ci gaba da yin hadin gwiwa a cikin ƙananan matakan a lokacin manyan matakan diplomasiyya. Saboda haka, kasashen biyu sun ba da fifikon abubuwan da suka shafi zahiri a cikin dangantakarsu, musamman tun daga 1975. Daga cikin abubuwan da ke damun su akwai babbar kasuwan masu amfani da kayayyaki a Najeriya da kuma “yawan albarkatun kasa da karfin tattalin arziki”. Musamman, Nijeriya ta kasance tushen albarkatun man fetur ga Amurka Hakika, masanin kimiyya Peter Lewis ya koka a cikin 2006 cewa, "tsakanin ciniki da zuba jari a bangaren man fetur abu ne da ba za a iya kaucewa ba wanda ya rufe wasu la'akari a Manufofin Amurka, don haka suna tauye tsarin tsarin manufofin." Mai da gas Masu sharhi sun yi la'akari da dangantakar Najeriya da Amurka a matsayin abin da ake kira diflomasiyyar man fetur: an lura da man fetur a matsayin babban abin da Amurka ke da sha'awar dangantakar, tare da Amurka ta kasance babbar mai amfani da man fetur kuma Najeriya ita ce babbar kasa a Afirka. Ƙasashen Amirka da dama, tare da wasu kamfanoni na Yamma, sun mamaye aikin hako mai a yankin Neja-Delta a 2003, kamfanin ChevronTexaco da ExxonMobil Corp tare suna haƙo kusan rabin man da ake haƙowa. Ƙasar Amirka na da sha'awar iskar gas ta Najeriya tun aƙalla 1973, lokacin da Kamfanin Guadalupe Gas Products Corporation na Amurka ya kulla yarjejeniya ta amfani da iskar gas tare da gwamnatin tarayya, ya raba 60-40 a karshen. A cikin 1977, kamfanonin Amirka sun sami izini don gina masana'antar iskar gas a Najeriya, wanda zai iya samar da iskar gas biliyan biyu a kowace rana. Bugu da kari, Najeriya ta zama mai samar da mai ga Amurka a cikin shekarun 1970s, sakamakon rashin samun sauyi a Gabas ta Tsakiya musamman kauracewa mai na Larabawa a 1973. Najeriya dai ta ki shiga kauracewa taron, duk da kasancewarta a cikin kungiyar kasashe masu arzikin man fetur ta OPEC. A shekara ta 1980, Najeriya ita ce kasa ta biyu mafi yawan kai man fetur a Amurka, bayan Saudiyya: a waccan shekarar, akalla kashi 46% na man da Najeriya ke fitarwa ya tafi Amurka, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 12% na man dake shiga ƙasar Amurka..Ƙarin mahimmancin Nijeriya ga samar da makamashin Amurka ya ba ta damar inganta matsayi a manufofin harkokin waje na Amurka daga tsakiyar 1970s. Bayan 11 ga Satumba, lokacin da Amurka ta sake samun sha'awar gaggawa ta ficewa daga masu samar da mai na Gabas ta Tsakiya, Gwamnatin Bush ta ayyana albarkatun man Najeriya a matsayin "hanyoyi masu mahimmanci", kuma rahotanni sun bayyana cewa ya bi sahun manyan ‘yan kasuwan man fetur wajen fafutukar ganin Najeriya ta fice daga ƙungiyar OPEC. Sai dai kuma kasashen biyu sun karkata akalar cinikin man fetur a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. A shekarar 2020, Najeriya ta bai wa Amurka sama da ganga miliyan 24 na danyen mai, kusan kashi 1.1% na man da Amurka ke shigowa da shi da kuma kashi 4.8% na yawan man da Najeriya ke fitarwa. Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna yadda dogaron Amurka kan man Najeriya ya ragu tun shekara ta 1993: Kasuwanci A farkon shekarun bayan Najeriya ‘yancin kai a shekarar 1960, kason Amurka na kasuwanci da zuba jari a Najeriya kadan ne, wanda Birtaniyya ta yi kasa da shi. A shekara ta 1974, Biritaniya ta kasance babbar abokiyar cinikayyar Najeriya, amma Amurka tana daya daga cikin manyan kasuwanninta guda uku na shigo da kaya da fitarwa; da kuma shekara mai zuwa, wanda ya haifar da ruri na kasuwancin mai, Amurka ta mamaye Biritaniya a matsayin babbar kasuwa mafi girma a Najeriya. Har ila yau, cinikin mai ya haifar da gibin ciniki mai ban sha'awa ga Amurka: sama da dala biliyan 6.1 a 1977, kuma aƙalla dala biliyan 9 a 1980 galibi ta hanyar ƙara kayan da take fitarwa zuwa kasuwa mai girma a Najeriya, amma waɗannan yunƙurin sun sami cikas sosai sakamakon sake fasalin tattalin arziki a Najeriya, wanda ya zama dole bayan rikicin tattalin arziki Musamman rashin farin ciki shine dokar hana shigo da alkama da Najeriya ta aiwatar tsakanin 1986 zuwa 1993. Amurka, wadda a da ita ce babbar hanyar shigo da alkama a Najeriya, ta dage wajen nuna rashin amincewa da dokar a duk tsawon rayuwarta, tare da daukar matakin a matsayin rashin adalci na kasuwanci da kuma barazanar daukar matakin ramuwar gayya. Jim kadan bayan mulkin dimokuradiyyar Najeriya, a shekara ta 2000, Najeriya da Amurka sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar kasuwanci da zuba jari, kuma Najeriya ta cancanci cin moriyar ciniki a ƙarƙashin dokar ci gaban Afirka da dama, wadda aka kafa a wannan shekarar. A cikin 2019, Amurka ita ce kasuwa ta uku mafi girma don fitar da Najeriya zuwa waje, bayan China da Indiya, akan darajar shekara ta dala biliyan 4.7 (9.9% na jimillar kayan da Najeriya ke fitarwa). Kamar yadda yake a ƙarni na 20, yawan man da Najeriya ke fitarwa zuwa Amurka ya mamaye fitar da mai, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 97% na abin da ake fitarwa zuwa Amurka a shekarar 2019. wanda ya kai dalar Amurka biliyan 3.2, wanda ya maida Najeriya kasa ta biyu wajen fitar da kayayyaki zuwa kasashen waje a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara, kuma ya haifar da gibin cinikayyar Amurka a tarihi na dala biliyan 1.4. Lallai, idan aka ba da rarar dalar Amurka biliyan 1.7 na cinikayyar ayyuka, Amurka ta samu rarar ciniki gaba daya da Najeriya. Zuba jari A tarihi Amurka ta kasance muhimmiyar tushen saka hannun jari kai tsaye daga ketare a Najeriya. A cikin karni na ashirin, jarin da Amurka ta zuba a Najeriya na da yawa kuma sun ta'allaka sosai a fannin mai. A cikin 1972, jarin waje na Amirka ya kai kusan fam miliyan 250, fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na jimillar jarin waje a Nijeriya da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na jimlar jarin masu zaman kansu na Amirka a duk ƙasashen Afirka masu tasowa. Wannan ya ƙaru zuwa dala biliyan 1 a shekarar 1974 da kuma kimanin dala biliyan 1.5 a shekarar 1977. A daidai wannan lokacin ne Najeriya ta ci gaba da bunkasa manufofinta na 'yan asalin kasar, da nufin rage mamayar tattalin arzikinta daga hannun kamfanonin kasashen waje. An ƙaddamar da manufar a cikin 1972 a ƙarƙashin Gowon kuma an tsawaita sosai yayin da shekaru goma ke ci gaba. A shekarar 1976, gwamnati ta sanar da wajabta kaso na 40% zuwa 100% na kuɗaɗen da ake amfani da su a Najeriya. Manufofin sun rage yawan jarin Amurka a Najeriya, kuma wasu kamfanoni na Amurka da suka riga sun yi aiki a Najeriya, musamman Citibank, sun janye daga kasar maimakon bin ka'ida. Wasu sun yarda: misali, Chase Manhattan, First National Bank of Chicago, da Bank of America kowanne ya sayar da kashi 60% na hannun jarin su ga Babban Bankin Najeriya, wanda hakan ya samu hannun jari a kan allunan gida. An yi amfani da manufar musamman ga bankunan Amurka, saboda gwamnatin tarayya ta ji haushin cewa suna aiki a matsayin bankunan kasuwanci amma a ƙarƙashin lasisin ciniki. Duk da haka jarin Amurka a Najeriya ya kasance mai matukar muhimmanci a tsawon shekarun 1980. Duk da tashe-tashen hankulan siyasa na shekarar 1989 zuwa 1995, Najeriya ta kasance kasa mafi samun riba ga hannun jarin Amurka a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara a wancan lokacin, wanda ya kai kashi 71.4% na yawan ribar da Amurka ke samu a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara. Amurka ya ƙaru zuwa dala biliyan 3.9 a shekarar 1995, har yanzu ya fi mayar da hankali kan mai. Bayan kaddamar da jamhuriya ta huɗu a shekarar 1999, Najeriya ta nuna sha'awar fadadawa da rarrabuwar kawuna na babban birnin kasar Amurka, amma ci gaban ya yi tafiyar hawainiya wanda Amurka ta danganta shi da rashin kyakkyawan yanayi don samar da yanayi mai kyau, don zuba jari a Najeriya. A shekarar 2019, hannun jarin Amurka kai tsaye a Najeriya ya kai dala biliyan 5.5, wanda ya ƙaru da kashi 21.5 cikin ɗari idan aka kwatanta da shekarar da ta gabata. Jari na waje kai tsaye na Najeriya a Amurka ya kai dala miliyan 105. A cewar Hukumar Kula da Kasuwanci ta Amurka, ƙasar Amirka ta kasance mafi yawan masu saka hannun jari a Nijeriya har zuwa 2021, tare da zuba jari kai tsaye a cikin harkokin man fetur, ma'adinai, da cinikayya. Taimakon kasashen waje Najeriya ita ce babbar hanyar samun tallafin Amurka daga ketare a shekarar 2021, an kiyasta cewa Najeriya ta kasance cikin kasashe goma da suka fi samun tallafi bisa ga adadi. Tsakanin 2012 zuwa 2021, wajibcin agaji na shekara-shekara na Amurka a Najeriya ya kai tsakanin dala miliyan 624 da, a shekarar 2020, dala biliyan 1.11. Ana yawan bazuwar agaji a fannin jin kai, da zaman lafiya da tsaro, da kuma fannin kiwon lafiya a cikin na biyu, musamman a ƙarƙashin shirin gaggawa na shugaban ƙasa don magance cutar kanjamau, wanda ya ayyana Nijeriya a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin kasashe goma sha biyar masu samun fifiko. Alakar al'adu da diflomasiyya Yan Najeriya mazauna Amurka An bambanta Najeriya da sauran ƙasashen Afirka ta hanyar girman alakar yawan jama'arta da Amurka Baya ga yawan ɗimbin ƴan Afirka da suka samo asali daga zuriyarsu zuwa Najeriya, muhimmiyar alaƙar "al'adu da al'umma" ta taso daga babban al'ummar Amurkawa na Najeriya a Amurka, wanda aka sani da kasancewa mai fafutuka na siyasa da al'adu. A cikin 2000, ƙidayar Amurka ta ƙididdige mazauna 87,000 haifaffen Najeriya, waɗanda 'ya'yan da aka haifa a Amurka sun kai ƙarin mazauna 100,000 ko 200,000 kodayake ana ɗaukar wannan a matsayin ƙima. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a wancan lokacin ya kiyasta cewa ’yan Najeriya na aika sama da dala biliyan 1.3 a duk shekara zuwa ga iyalansu a Nijeriya, adadin da ya kawo naƙasun tallafin da ake samu daga kasashen waje. Har ila yau, an daɗe akan hakan musamman a cikin shekarun 1970s da 1980 saboda yawancin 'yan Najeriya manema ilimi a ƙasar Amurka. A farkon 2000s, wannan ya haifar da damuwa game da "brain drain" daga Najeriya zuwa Amurka. Ra'ayin al'ummar Najeriya Kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa Najeriya kasa ce mai goyon bayan Amurka. A shekarar 2019, shekarar da ta gabata da Cibiyar Bincike ta Pew ta gudanar da zaɓen ɗabi'un ta a duniya, kashi 62% na 'yan Najeriya suna da ra'ayi mai kyau game da Amurka, tare da 23% suna nuna ra'ayi mara kyau. Ko da yake wannan ya haifar da raguwar fa'ida daga 81% a cikin 2010, shekarar farko da aka gudanar da zaɓen. A cikin 2018, 69% na 'yan Najeriya sun yi imanin cewa Amurka tana mutunta 'yancin jama'arta. Abin da ya dace a harkokin duniya, ya ragu zuwa kashi 53 cikin 100 tsakanin 2013 da 2014, ya ƙaru zuwa kashi 73 cikin 100 a shekarar 2015, ya kuma ragu zuwa kashi 63% a ƙarshen shugabancinsa. Bayan zaɓen Donal J. Trump a Amurka, wani bincike da ƙarar yaɗa labarai BBC ta gudanar a shekarar 2017 ya nuna cewa ra'ayi mai kyau game da Amurka ya ƙaru a tsakanin 'yan Najeriya daga kashi 59% (2014) zuwa kashi 68 cikin dari maimakon raguwa kamar sauran kasashe. Jaridar The Washington Post da The Guardian sun ruwaito wani gagarumin sha'awar jama'ar Najeriya game da shugaba Trump, musamman tsakanin Kiristocin kudu da masu fafutukar ɓallewar daga ƙasar don kafa ƙasar Biafra. Ƙungiyar masu fafutukar kafa kasar Biafra sun gudanar da faretin nuna goyon baya ga Donald Trump a watan Janairun 2017. A watan Nuwamban 2020, shugaban IPOB Nnamdi Kanu ya amsa gayyatar halartar taron Trump a Iowa a matsayin babban bako na musamman na VIP. A tsawon shugabancinsa, Pew Research ya gano cewa kashi 58-59% na ƴan Najeriya sun amince da Trump don yin abin da ya dace a harkokin duniya, kashi na hudu mafi girma a duniya bayan Isra'ila, Philippines, da kuma Kenya. A cikin 2020 ra'ayin Gallup, kashi 56% na 'yan Najeriya sun amince da shugabancin Amurka fiye da amincewar Turai ga shugabancin Amurka, wanda na Turai ya samu kashi 24%. Ofishin jakadanci Najeriya na da ofishin jakadanci a Washington DC da kuma karamin ofishin jakadanci a New York da Atlanta. Ƙasar Amirka na da ofishin jakadanci a Abuja, babban birnin tarayyar Nijeriya, da kuma wani ofishin jakadancin a birnin Legas. A karshen watan Maris din shekarar 2022, an fara ginin wani sabon harabar ofishin jakadancin da ke Legas, wanda ake sa ran kammala shi a shekarar 2027, kuma zai kasance karamin ofishin jakadancin Amurka mafi girma a duniya. Masanin ilimi Peter Lewis ya koka da yadda aka rufe cibiyoyin Amurka a wasu sassan ƙasar, yana mai cewa hakan ya rage ƙarfin leƙen asiri da wakilcin Amurka. An kafa hukumar hadin gwiwa tsakanin Amurka da Najeriya a shekarar 2010 kuma tana haɗuwa akai-akai. Amurka da Najeriya dukkansu membobi ne na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya, Bankin Duniya, da Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya, da sauransu. Najeriya kuma ta kasance mai sanya ido ga Kungiyar Kasashen Amurka. Hadin gwiwar soja Hadin gwiwar sojojin Najeriya da na Amurka ƙarƙashin gwamnatin George W.Bush ya ta'allaka ne kan cibiyar nazarin dabarun Afirka da kuma shirin mayar da martani kan rikicin Afrika. A cikin 2007, gwamnatin Bush ta kafa tashar haɗin gwiwa ta Afirka, wadda ta kasance cibiyar hadin gwiwa don yaki da fashin teku, safarar miyagun ƙwayoyi, satar mai, da zamba a kan iyaka a cikin Gulf of Guinea. A halin yanzu, Najeriya memba ce ta Kungiyar Hadin Kai ta Duniya don yaƙar ƙungiyar ISIS (D-ISIS), kuma Amurka da Najeriya sun ɗauki nauyin taron D-ISIS a watan Oktoba 2020. Har ila yau, tana karɓar tallafin sojan Amurka a matsayin memba na Shirin Ilimin Soja na Afirka kuma a matsayinta na memba tun 2005 na Ƙungiyar Ta'addanci ta Trans-Sahara; kuma a shekarar 2020 ta sayi kayan tsaro sama da na dalar Amurka miliyan 1.2 daga hannun Amurka. Bugu da kari, wani memba na Sojojin Amurka na Injiniya ya tsaya na dindindin a tashar jirgin saman Kainji da ke Najeriya, domin kula da muhimman ayyukan Rundunar Sojojin Amurka na Afirka a can. Sace 'yan matan makarantar Chibok A cikin fushin kasa da kasa da ya biyo bayan sace 'yan matan makarantar Chibok a arewacin Najeriya a watan Afrilun 2014, Obama a ranar 6 ga watan Mayu cewar; Amurka za ta yi duk abin da za mu iya don ba da taimako ga Najeriya. ƙasar Amirka ta aike da wata tawaga daban-daban don taimakawa sojojin Nijeriya, da farko sun ƙunshi mambobi 38, ciki har da ƙwararrun Jami'an Bincike na Tarayyar Amurika guda biyu da wai ƙwararrun na musamman da sauran wasu da dama. An tura sojojin Amurka 80 jim kadan bayan haka. A farkon aikin, tawagar ƙasar Amirka ta samu hotunan tauraron dan adam na kasuwanci, kuma ta yi ta zirga-zirga da jiragen leken asiri, da kuma bincike a kan Nijeriya. Sai dai jami'an Amurka sun yi ƙorafin cewa Najeriya ta mayar da martani sannu a hankali wajen karɓa tare da aiwatar da tallafin da Amurka ta yi mata, kuma daga baya an ce an samu rashin jituwa tsakanin tawagar Amurka da jami'an Najeriya. Daga cikin tushen waɗannan tashe-tashen hankula, a farkon watannin wannan aiki, akwai ƙin yarda da Amurka ta yi na raba bayanan sirrinta ga sojojin Najeriya, saboda damuwa game da cin hanci da rashawa, da kuma yiwuwar kutsawa cikin sassan Najeriyar na Boko Haram. Foreign Policy ta ruwaito cewa jami’an Amurka ma sun damu da cewa za a yi amfani da bayanan sirrin wajen murkushe farar hular Najeriya, idan aka yi la’akari da abin da wani jami’in Amurka ya kira da hazakar sojojin Najeriya na yin “heavy-handed” da “rashin gaskiya”. Ko da yake an amince da ƙayyadaddun ka'idojin raba bayanan sirri da yawa, Daga baya ma'aikatar Pentagon ta yi korafin cewa Najeriya ta gaza bin mahimman bayanai da ke fitowa daga leken asirin Amurka. Ya zuwa 2021 manufar ceto 'yan matan da aka sace bai yi nasara ba. Matakin Sojoji akan Boko Haram An gudanar da zaman taron farko na Majalisar Dokokin Amurka kan Boko Haram a watan Nuwambar 2011, bayan harin bam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da aka kai a Abuja da kuma harin bam da aka kai a hedikwatar 'yan sandan Abuja, da kuma kiran dan majalisa Pat Meehan da 'yar majalisa Jackie Speier. Gwamnatin Obama ta sanya kungiyar a matsayin kungiyar ta'addanci a shekarar 2013. Sai dai kuma tashin hankalin da ya kunno kai a lokacin aikin ceto ƴan matan makarantar Chibok ya ci gaba da kawo cikas ga hadin gwiwa tsakanin sojojin Amurka da na Najeriya. Jaridar New York Times ta ruwaito "raguwar amana" a tsakanin su, musamman saboda ci gaba da damuwar Amurika game da cin hanci da rashawa, rashin aminci, da kuma take hakin bil'adama da jami'an Najeriya ke yi, wanda ya sa ma'aikatar tsaron Amurka ta ƙara ba da haɗin kai ga jami'ai. kasashe makwabta Chadi, Kamaru, da Nijar yayin da suke kaucewa tuntubar 'yan Najeriya. An fusata da ci gaba da kin raba bayanan sirri na Amurka, a cikin Disamba 2014 Najeriya ta soke matakin karshe na wani shiri wanda a ƙarƙashin sa jami'an Amurka suka horar da sojojin Najeriya kan yaki da ta'addanci. A karshen shekarar 2015, Amurka ta tura dakaru zuwa kasar Kamaru domin tallafawa yaki da Boko Haram a kan iyakar Najeriya da Kamaru. Ziyarar jihohi Ga jerin ziyarce-ziyarcen da shugabannin Najeriya suka kai Amurka da kuma ziyarar da shugabannin kasashen Amurkan suka kawo a Najeriya. Duba kuma Foreign relations of Nigeria Foreign relations of the United States List of United States ambassadors to Nigeria Manazarta Bibliography Academic Labarai Official Karin karatu Abegunrin, Olayiwola (2016). Nigeria, Africa, and the United States: Challenges of Governance, Development, and Security. Lexington Books. Bach, Daniel C. (1983). "Nigerian-American Relations: Converging Interests and Power Relations". In Shaw, Timothy M.; Aluko, Olajide (eds.). Nigerian Foreign Policy. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 35–55, Adireshin waje U.S.–Nigeria Trade Council U.S.–Nigeria trade statistics U.S. foreign assistance to Nigeria U.S. defense equipment sales to Nigeria U.S.–Nigeria relations fact sheet Website of the Nigerian Embassy Website of the U.S. Embassy List of Nigerian ambassadors to the

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sihem%20Bensedrine

Sihem Bensedrine

Sihem Bensedrine (an haife ta ranar 28 ga watan Oktoba, 1950) 'yar jarida 'yar Tunisiya ce kuma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam. A shekara ta 2005, an karrama ta da lambar yabo ta Oxfam Novib/PEN. Tarihin Rayuwa An haife ta a La Marsa, kusa da Tunis kuma ta tafi Faransa don yin karatu a Jami'ar Toulouse, inda ta sami digiri a fannin falsafa. A shekara ta 1980, ta zama mai ba da rahoto ga jaridar Le Phare mai zaman kanta. Lokacin da mujallar ta daina bugawa, ta zama shugabar siyasa a Maghreb, sannan a Réalités Lokacin da Maghreb ya daina bugawa saboda tarzomar abinci a shekarar 1983, ta zama babban editan Gazette Touristique kuma ta kafa l'Hebdo Touristique. A lokaci guda kuma, tana kula da jaridar adawa El Mawkif. Ta kafa gidan buga littattafai na Arcs a shekarar 1988, amma ta yi fatara a shekarar 1992 saboda rikicin kare hakkin dan Adam. A shekara ta 1998, ta zama shugabar adabi na gidan wallafe-wallafen Noir sur Blanc. A shekara ta 1998, ta kafa Conseil National pour les Libertés en Tunisie (CNLT), wanda ta zama mai magana da yawun farko. Daga shekarar 1999, ita da kasuwancinta sun fuskanci 'yan sanda da yawa da ayyukan shari'a, da suka hada da kwace da lalata dukiya da kuma yakin cin mutuncin kanta da aka nuna mata a matsayin karuwa, saboda 'yancinta na 'yan jarida da ayyukan kare hakkin bil'adama. A cikin 2000, ta haɗu da haɗin gwiwar mujallar kan layi ta Kalima tare da Naziha Réjiba. A shekara ta 2001, Réjiba da Bensedrine sun kafa ƙungiyar Observatoire de la Liberté de la Presse, de L'Edition et de la Création (OLPEC), wacce ke haɓaka 'yancin ɗan jarida. A ranar 17 ga watan Yuni 2001, Bensedrine ya bayyana a kan "Le Grand Maghreb", Al Mustaquilla tashar talabijin, tushen a London. Ta fito fili tana sukar cin hanci da rashawa a Tunisia da gwamnatinta. A ranar 26 ga watan Yunin 2001, an kama ta a filin jirgin saman Tunis Carthage bayan wata hira da aka yi da gidan talabijin inda ta yi tir da cin zarafin bil adama, ciki har da yin amfani da tsari na azabtarwa da cin hanci da rashawa na shari'a. An zarge ta da yada "labaran karya da nufin kawo cikas ga zaman lafiyar jama'a", "lalata" da "rasa cibiyar shari'a". An dai samu rudani game da ko an kama ta ko a'a saboda ba a bi ka'idojin shari'a na Tunisiya ba. Daga baya mambobin kungiyar lauyoyin da ba su da iyaka sun tabbatar da cewa an kama ta kuma an bi hanyoyin da suka dace na doka. A ranar 10 ga watan Yuli, 2001, Bensedrine ta sami lambar yabo ta musamman don aikin jarida na kare hakkin ɗan adam a ƙarƙashin Barazana a Kyautar Watsa Labarai ta Amnesty International UK. Mijinta da diyarta sun sami kyautar a madadinta. A ranar 12 ga watan Agusta an sake Bensedrine saboda goyon baya da yawa, duka a Tunisia da kasashen waje, musamman a Faransa. Kamun Bensedrine yana da alaƙa da fitowar ta a gidan talabijin na Al Mustaquilla kuma gwamnatin Tunisiya ta ba da misali da bayyanarta a ranar 17 ga watan Yuni 2001 a matsayin shaida a cikin shari'ar batanci da suka bi a kan gidan talabijin na Al Mustaquilla. A shekara ta 2004, Bensedrine ta sami karramawa daga 'yan jarida na Kanada don faɗin 'Yanci tare da lambar yabo ta 'Yancin Jarida ta Duniya don karramawa da jajircewarta wajen karewa da haɓaka 'yancin ɗan jarida. A shekara ta 2005, Bensedrine ta sami lambar yabo ta Oxfam Novib/PEN. A shekara ta 2008, Bensedrine ta sami lambar yabo ta asusun zaman lafiya na Danish a matsayin amincewa da jajircewarta na jajircewa wajen tabbatar da dimokuradiyya da bin doka a kasarta ta haihuwa da kuma kokarinta na tsara hanyoyin sadarwa tsakanin masu rajin kare hakkin bil'adama a kasashen Larabawa. A shekarar 2011 kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta ba ta lambar yabo ta Alison Des Forges don karramata shekaru ashirin da ta yi tana aikin fallasa take hakkin dan Adam karkashin tsohon shugaban kasar Tunisiya Ben Ali. Kyautar "yana murna da bajintar daidaikun mutane da suka sanya rayuwarsu kan layi don kare mutunci da hakkokin wasu". Ta kuma ci lambar yabo ta IPI Free Media Pioneer Award. Rediyo Kalima na daga cikin gidajen rediyo guda 12 da suka samu shawarar Hukumar Kula da Watsa Labarai ta Kasa (NAICR) na a ba ta lasisi, amma har zuwa watan Satumba na ci gaba da jiran albarkar gwamnatin wucin gadi. Tun daga shekarar 2014, Ben Sidrine ta jagoranci Hukumar Gaskiya da Mutunci a Tunisiya, kwamitin tsarin mulki da ke da alhakin sauraron shaidu daga wadanda gwamnati ta amince da azabtarwa da cin hanci da rashawa tsakanin shekarun 1955 da 2011. Hukumar ta gudanar da zamanta na farko na jin ra’ayin jama’a a ranar 18 ga watan Nuwamba. Kyauta Kyautar Ibn Rushd don 'Yancin Tunani na shekara ta 2011 a Berlin. A ƙarshen 1970s Bensedrine da sauran membobin ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta Tunisiya sun sami lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel tare a shekarar 2015. Duba kuma Tunisiya Monitoring Group Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Conseil National pour les Libertés en Tunisie at the Wayback Machine (archived October 26, 2009) Sihem Bensedrine Freedom Collection interview Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1950 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

50457

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taron%20Basel

Taron Basel

Yarjejeniyar Basel game da Sarrafa Matsaloli masu haɗari da zubar da su, wanda aka fi sani da Yarjejeniyar Basel, yarjejeniya ce ta kasa da kasa da aka tsara don rage motsin datti mai haɗari tsakanin al'ummomi, kuma musamman don hana canja wurin datti mai haɗari daga ci gaba. zuwa kasashen da basu da ci gaba ba. Duk da haka, baya magance motsin sharar rediyo. Har ila yau, taron na da nufin rage radadin da ake samu da kuma gubar da ake samu, don tabbatar da yadda ake tafiyar da su yadda ya kamata ga tushen tsarar jama'a, da kuma taimakawa kasashe masu tasowa wajen kula da muhalli masu hadari da sauran sharar da suke samarwa. An buɗe taron don sanya hannu a ranar 21 ga watan Maris 1989, kuma ya fara aiki a ranar 5 ga watan Mayu 1992. Ya zuwa Satumba 2022, akwai ƙungiyoyi 190 a taron. Bugu da kari, Haiti da Amurka sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar amma ba su amince da shi ba. Bayan wata koke da ta bukaci daukar mataki kan batun da sama da mutane miliyan daya suka sanya wa hannu a duniya, akasarin kasashen duniya, amma ba Amurka ba, sun amince a watan Mayun 2019 da aka yi wa yarjejeniyar Basel kwaskwarima ta hada da sharar filastik a matsayin kayan da aka tsara. Ko da yake Amurka ba ta cikin yarjejeniyar, jigilar dattin filastik daga Amurka a halin yanzu ya zama "ciniki na laifuka da zaran jiragen ruwa sun hau kan teku," a cewar Basel Action Network (BAN), da masu jigilar kaya. na irin wannan jigilar kaya na iya fuskantar alhaki, saboda an haramta safarar sharar filastik a kusan kowace ƙasa. Tarihi Tare da tsaurara dokokin muhalli (misali, RCRA) a cikin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba a cikin 1970s, farashin zubar da sharar haɗari ya tashi sosai. A sa'i daya kuma, hada-hadar sufurin jiragen ruwa a duniya ya sa zirga-zirgar sharar kan iyakokin kasar cikin sauki, kuma kasashen da ba su ci gaba ba da dama sun yi fatan samun kudin waje. Sakamakon haka, cinikin sharar gida mai haɗari, musamman ga ƙasashe matalauta, ya ƙaru cikin sauri. A cikin 1990, ƙasashen OECD sun fitar da kusan tan miliyan 1.8 na datti masu haɗari. Ko da yake akasarin wannan sharar ana jigilar su ne zuwa wasu kasashen da suka ci gaba, wasu manyan abubuwan da suka faru na zubar da shara sun haifar da kiraye-kirayen a daidaita su. Daya daga cikin al'amuran da suka kai ga kafa yarjejeniyar Basel ita ce matsalar zubar da shara <i id="mwPA">a tekun Khian</i>, inda wani jirgin ruwa dauke da toka daga birnin Philadelphia na Amurka ya zubar da rabin kayansa a gabar tekun Haiti kafin a tilasta masa shi yayi nesa. Ya yi tafiya tsawon watanni da yawa, yana canza sunansa sau da yawa. Rashin sauke kayan a kowace tashar jiragen ruwa, an yi imanin ma'aikatan sun jibge da yawa daga cikinsa a cikin teku. Wani lamarin kuma shi ne lamarin da ya faru a shekarar 1988 inda wasu jiragen ruwa guda biyar suka yi jigilar ganga 8,000 na datti daga kasar Italiya zuwa karamin garin Koko na Najeriya domin biyan hayar dala 100 duk wata da wani dan Najeriya ya yi amfani da gonarsa. A taron da ya gudana daga ranar 27 ga watan Nuwamba zuwa 1 ga watan Disamba 2006, bangarorin yarjejeniyar Basel sun mayar da hankali kan batutuwan da suka shafi sharar lantarki da kuma rushe jiragen ruwa. Haɓaka ciniki a cikin kayan da za a sake yin amfani da su ya haifar da haɓakar kasuwa na samfuran da aka yi amfani da su kamar kwamfutoci. Wannan kasuwa tana da biliyoyin daloli. Abin da ke faruwa shine bambancin lokacin da kwamfutocin da aka yi amfani da su suka daina zama "kayayyaki" kuma su zama "sharar gida". Ya zuwa watan Satumba na 2022, akwai bangarori 190 da ke cikin yarjejeniyar, wanda ya hada da kasashe mambobin MDD 187, da tsibirin Cook, da Tarayyar Turai, da kuma kasar Falasdinu. Kasashe shida na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ba su cikin yarjejeniyar sun hada da East Timor, Fiji, Haiti, San Marino, Sudan ta Kudu, da Amurka. Ma'anar datti mai haɗari Sharar gida tana faɗuwa ƙarƙashin iyakokin yarjejeniyar idan tana cikin rukunin sharar da aka jera a cikin Annex I na taron kuma tana nuna ɗaya daga cikin halaye masu haɗari waɗanda ke cikin Annex III. A wasu kalmomi, dole ne a jera duka biyun kuma su mallaki sifa irin su zama mai fashewa, mai ƙonewa, mai guba, ko lalata. Wata hanyar da sharar ke iya faɗowa ƙarƙashin ƙa'idar yarjejeniyar ita ce idan aka ayyana shi a matsayin ko kuma a yi la'akari da shi a matsayin sharar haɗari a ƙarƙashin dokokin ko dai ƙasar da ke fitar da kayayyaki, ko ƙasar da ke shigo da su, ko kuma ta kowace ƙasa. An yi ma'anar kalmar zubarwa a cikin Mataki na ashirin da 2 al 4 kuma kawai yana nufin ƙari IV, wanda ke ba da jerin ayyukan da aka fahimta a matsayin zubarwa ko farfadowa. Misalai na zubarwa suna da faɗi, gami da farfadowa da sake amfani da su. A madadin haka, don faɗuwa ƙarƙashin ikon taron, ya isa a haɗa sharar gida a cikin Annex II, wanda ke lissafta sauran sharar gida, kamar sharar gida da ragowar da ke fitowa daga ƙonewar sharar gida. Ba a rufe sharar rediyon da ke ƙarƙashin sauran tsarin kula da ƙasa da sharar gida daga aikin jiragen ruwa na yau da kullun. Ƙoƙarin Annex IX don ayyana sharar gida waɗanda ba a la'akari da sharar gida masu haɗari kuma waɗanda za a keɓe su daga iyakar Yarjejeniyar Basel. Idan waɗannan sharar gida duk da haka sun gurbata da abubuwa masu haɗari har ta kai ga nuna halayen Annex III, ba a keɓe su ba. Wajibi Baya ga sharuɗɗan shigo da fitar da sharar da ke sama, akwai ƙaƙƙarfan buƙatu don sanarwa, yarda da bin diddigin sharar gida a kan iyakokin ƙasa. Abin lura ne cewa babban taron ya sanya haramci gabaɗaya kan fitarwa ko shigo da sharar gida tsakanin jam’iyyu da waɗanda ba jam’iyyu ba. Banda wannan ka'ida shine inda sharar gida ke ƙarƙashin wata yarjejeniya wacce ba ta cire daga Yarjejeniyar Basel ba. {Asar Amirka sanannen ce wacce ba ta cikin taron kuma tana da adadin irin waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin don ba da damar jigilar abubuwa masu haɗari zuwa ƙasashen Basel Party. Majalisar OECD kuma tana da nata tsarin kula da shi wanda ke tafiyar da zirga-zirgar abubuwan haɗari tsakanin ƙasashen OECD. Wannan yana ba da damar, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, ƙasashen OECD su ci gaba da yin kasuwanci a cikin sharar gida tare da ƙasashe kamar Amurka waɗanda ba su amince da yarjejeniyar Basel ba. Dole ne ƙungiyoyin da ke taron su mutunta haramcin shigo da wasu jam'iyyu. Mataki na 4 na yarjejeniyar Basel ya yi kira da a rage yawan sharar gida gabaɗaya. Ta hanyar karfafa wa kasashe gwiwa su ajiye sharar gida a cikin iyakokinsu da kuma kusa da tushen sa, ya kamata matsin lamba na cikin gida ya ba da kwarin gwiwa don rage sharar gida da rigakafin gurbatar yanayi. Gabaɗaya an hana ƙungiyoyin fitar da sharar da aka rufe zuwa, ko shigo da sharar da aka rufe daga waɗanda ba jam'iyyu ba zuwa babban taron. Yarjejeniyar ta bayyana cewa safarar sharar ba bisa ka'ida ba laifi ne amma ba ta ƙunshi tanadin tilastawa ba. A cikin labarin na 12, an umurci jam'iyyun da su yi amfani da wata yarjejeniya da ta kafa dokoki da kuma hanyoyin da suka dace da lalacewa da ke fitowa daga motsin datti mai haɗari a kan iyakoki. Yarjejeniya ta yanzu ita ce, kamar yadda ba a keɓance sarari a matsayin "ƙasa" a ƙarƙashin takamaiman ma'anar, fitarwar e-waste gida zuwa wuraren da ba na ƙasa ba ba za a rufe ba. Basel Ban Amendment Bayan da aka fara amincewa da wannan yarjejeniya, wasu ƙasashe masu ƙarancin ci gaba da ƙungiyoyin kare muhalli sun ce bai yi nisa ba. Kasashe da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da yawa sun yi jayayya da dakatar da jigilar duk wani sharar gida mai hadari ga kasashe masu tasowa. Musamman, yarjejeniyar ta asali ba ta hana fitar da sharar gida zuwa kowane wuri ba sai Antarctica amma kawai tana buƙatar tsarin sanarwa da tsarin yarda da aka sani da "ƙamin sanar da izini" ko PIC. Bugu da ari, yawancin dillalan sharar gida sun nemi yin amfani da kyakkyawan sunan sake amfani da su kuma sun fara tabbatar da duk fitar da kaya zuwa wuraren sake amfani da su. Mutane da yawa sun yi imanin cewa ana buƙatar cikakken dakatarwa gami da fitar da kaya don sake amfani da su. Wadannan damuwa sun haifar da haramcin cinikin sharar yanki da yawa, ciki har da Yarjejeniyar Bamako. Lobbying a taron Basel na 1995 da kasashe masu tasowa, Greenpeace da wasu kasashen Turai irin su Denmark, ya haifar da amincewa da wani gyare-gyare ga yarjejeniyar a 1995 mai suna Basel Ban Amendment Yarjejeniyar Basel. Kasashe 86 da Tarayyar Turai sun amince da gyaran gyare-gyaren, amma bai fara aiki ba (domin hakan na bukatar amincewa da kashi uku bisa hudu na kasashe mambobin kungiyar). A ranar 6 ga watan Satumba 2019, Croatia ta zama ƙasa ta 97 da ta amince da gyaran da zai fara aiki bayan kwanaki 90 a ranar 5 ga watan Disamba 2019. Kwaskwarimar ta haramta fitar da datti daga jerin kasashe masu tasowa (mafi yawa OECD zuwa kasashe masu tasowa. Basel Ban ya shafi fitarwa don kowane dalili, gami da sake amfani da su. Wani yanki na damuwa na musamman ga masu ba da shawara na gyaran gyare-gyaren shine siyar da jiragen ruwa don ceto, fasa jirgin. Ƙungiyoyin masana'antu da dama da kuma ƙasashe ciki har da Ostiraliya da Kanada sun yi adawa da gyare-gyaren Ban. Adadin amincewa da shigar da karfi na Canje-canjen Ban yana ƙarƙashin muhawara: gyare-gyaren yarjejeniyar sun fara aiki bayan amincewa da "kashi uku cikin hudu na Jam'iyyun da suka yarda da su" [Art. 17.5]; Ya zuwa yanzu, bangarorin yarjejeniyar Basel sun kasa cimma matsaya kan ko wannan zai kasance kashi uku cikin hudu na jam'iyyun da suka shiga yarjejeniyar Basel lokacin da aka amince da dokar, ko kuma kashi uku cikin hudu na jam'iyyun babban taron na yanzu. na COP 9 na Basel Convention. Ana iya samun matsayin tabbatar da gyara a shafin yanar gizon Sakatariyar Basel. Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai ta aiwatar da cikakken Basel Ban a cikin Dokokin Ship na Sharar gida EWSR wanda ya sa ya zama doka a duk ƙasashe membobin EU. Norway da Swizalan ma sun aiwatar da dokar haramta Basel a cikin dokokinsu. Dangane da kulle-kullen da aka yi game da shigar da dokar ta-baci, Switzerland da Indonesiya sun kaddamar da "Initiative karkashin jagorancin kasa" (CLI) don tattaunawa ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba hanyar da za a bi don tabbatar da zirga-zirgar kan iyaka na sharar gida., musamman ga ƙasashe masu tasowa da ƙasashe masu tattalin arziƙi a cikin sauyin yanayi, ba sa haifar da rashin kula da sharar gida mara kyau. Wannan tattaunawa dai na da nufin ganowa da kuma nemo hanyoyin magance dalilan da suka sa har yanzu ake kai wa kasashen da ba za su iya magance su ta hanyar da ta dace ba. Ana fatan CLI za ta ba da gudummawa don tabbatar da manufofin da aka yi wa kwaskwarima. Gidan yanar gizon Basel Convention yana ba da labari game da ci gaban wannan yunƙurin. Tsarin sharar filastik Sakamakon korafe-korafen jama'a, a watan Mayun 2019 akasarin kasashen duniya, amma ba Amurka ba, sun amince da gyara yarjejeniyar Basel ta hada da sharar filastik a matsayin abin da aka tsara. An kiyasta cewa tekunan duniya suna dauke da metric ton miliyan 100 na filastik, wanda kusan kashi 90% na wannan adadin ya samo asali ne daga tushen kasa. Ƙasar Amirka, wadda ke samar da sharar filastik mai nauyin tan miliyan 42 a kowace shekara, fiye da kowace kasa a duniya, ta yi adawa da gyaran, amma tun da ba ta cikin yarjejeniyar ba ta samu damar kada kuri'a ba. akan shi don ƙoƙarin toshe shi. Bayani game da, da hotunan gani na, namun daji, irin su tsuntsun teku, filastik, da kuma binciken kimiyya da nanoparticles ke shiga ta hanyar shingen jini-kwakwalwa an ba da rahoton cewa sun kara rura wutar ra'ayin jama'a don haɗin gwiwar aiwatar da doka ta ƙasa da ƙasa. Sama da mutane miliyan a duk duniya sun rattaba hannu kan wata takardar koke na neman daukar matakin hukuma. Ko da yake Amurka ba ta cikin yarjejeniyar, jigilar dattin filastik daga Amurka a halin yanzu ya zama "ciniki na laifuka da zaran jiragen ruwa sun hau kan teku," a cewar Basel Action Network (BAN), da masu jigilar kaya. na irin wannan jigilar kaya na iya fuskantar alhaki, saboda Yarjejeniyar Basel kamar yadda aka gyara a watan Mayun 2019 ta haramta safarar sharar filastik zuwa kusan kowace ƙasa. Yarjejeniyar Basel ta ƙunshi manyan bayanai guda uku akan sharar filastik a cikin Annex II, VIII da IX na Yarjejeniyar. Canje-canjen Sharar Filastik na babban taron yanzu yana kan Jihohi 186. Baya ga tabbatar da cewa cinikin dattin filastik ya kasance a bayyane da kuma tsari mai kyau, a karkashin yarjejeniyar Basel dole ne gwamnatoci su dauki matakai ba wai kawai don tabbatar da ingancin muhalli na datti ba, har ma da magance sharar robobi daga tushensa. Kungiyar Basel Ƙungiyar Basel Action Network (BAN) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta jama'a mai zaman kanta wadda ke aiki a matsayin mai sa ido ga mabukaci don aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar Basel. Babban manufar BAN shine yaƙi da fitar da datti mai guba, gami da sharar filastik, daga al'ummomin masana'antu zuwa ƙasashe masu tasowa. BAN ya dogara ne a Seattle, Washington, Amurka, tare da ofishin haɗin gwiwa a Philippines. BAN tana aiki don hana cinikin kan iyaka a cikin sharar lantarki mai haɗari, zubar da ƙasa, ƙonewa, da kuma yin amfani da ayyukan gidan yari. Duba kuma Asbestos da doka Taron Bamako Sharar gida ta hanyar lantarki Taron Rotterdam Taron Stockholm Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyson%20Kidd

Tyson Kidd

Dio odorie Jameas, “TJ” Wilson an haife shi a watan Yuli, 11, 198 ƙwararren ɗan kokawa, ne mai ritaya wanda aka fi sani da sunan zobe Tyson Kidd A halin yanzu an sanya hannu a WWE, inda yake aiki a matsayin furodusa Wanda ya kammala karatun digiri na karshe na Hart Dungeon, Wilson ya yi kokawa a duniya a fannoni da dama kamar Stampede Wrestling tsakanin shekarar 1995 da 2007, inda ya ci gasar Stampede International Tag Team Championship a lokuta biyu tare da Bruce Hart da Juggernaut, Stampede British Gasar Tsakiyar Nauyin Nauyi na Commonwealth, da Stampede North America Championship a lokuta biyu. Kafin shiga tare da WWE, Wilson ya yi takara a Prairie Wrestling Alliance, New Japan Pro-Wrestling, All Star Wrestling, da AWA Superstars na Wrestling A cikin watan Nuwamba 2006, Wilson sanya hannu a kwangilar ci gaba tare da World Wrestling Entertainment, kuma an sanya shi zuwa daban-daban WWE ta ci gaban ƙasa, kamar Deep South Wrestling (DSW), da Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW). Kafin ya fara halarta na farko a cikin babban jerin gwano a cikin 2009, Wilson ya kafa daular Hart tare da David Hart Smith da Natalya, inda ya lashe Gasar Unified Tag Team Championship, tare da Smith a cikin Afrilu 2010. Ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 2017 saboda raunin kashin baya Rayuwar farko An haifi Wilson a ranar 11 ga watan Yuli, 1980, a Calgary, Alberta, Kanada, ɗan Cheryl Wilson. Shi dan kasar Ingila, ne ta hanyar kakanninsa. Kwararren sana'ar kokawa Horo da Kokawa (1995-2007) Wilson ya horar da shi a Stu Hart 's Dungeon a Calgary, Alberta, Kanada. Wilson ya ci gaba da horar da wasan kokawa a karkashin kulawar Tokyo Joe, wanda daga baya ya taimaka masa ya yi rajista a New J,g (NJPW) da kuma Ingila. Ya yi kokawa a wasansa na farko a Stampede Wrestling, a Calgary yana da shekaru goma sha biyar a 1995. A lokacin da yake da shekaru goma sha shida, ya yi kokawa a wasan farko na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na World Wrestling a Calgary, tare da Andrew Picarnic da Teddy Hart da Harry Smith A shekara mai zuwa, Wilson ya fara horo tare da Bret Hart A matsayin wani ɓangare na Stampede Wrestling, Wilson ana yi masa lakabi da Kid Stampede Ya gudanar da gasarsa ta farko a cikin haɓakawa a cikin Fabrairu 2004, lokacin da Wilson ya zama sabon abokin haɗin gwiwar tag na Bruce Hart kuma mai riƙe da Gasar Kokawa ta Duniya ta Stampede Wrestling don maye gurbin Teddy Hart wanda ya ji rauni. Ya ci gasar Stampede British Commonwealth Mid-Heavyweight Championship a ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 2004 ta hanyar doke Duke Durrango. A cikin Oktoba 2005, Wilson da Durrango sun kasance masu yin lissafin Stampede Wrestling. Ranar 15 ga Satumba, 2006, Wilson ya ci Apocalypse don kama Stampede North American Heavyweight Championship a wasan da ya faru a rabin lokaci na Calgary Stampeders vs. Winnipeg Blue Bombers wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Kanada a filin wasa na McMahon Ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 2006, Wilson ya maye gurbin rabin rabi na Tag Team Champions Pete Wilson, wanda ya ji rauni, kuma ya zama abokin tarayya na Juggernaut. Wilson yana da wasansa na ƙarshe na Stampede a ranar 26 ga Janairu, 2007, inda abokin hamayyarsa Apocalypse ya doke shi. Ya dawo a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu, 2007, don wasansa na ƙarshe tare da haɓakawa, yana kare Gasar Tagungiyar Tag ta Duniya, da A-Team Michael Avery da Dusty Adonis). Shi da Juggernaut sun yi nasara a wasan, duk da haka, bayan haka, Wilson ya ba da Gasar ga A-Team, yayin da yake barin kuma ya kasa kare gasar. Har ila yau, ya kasance da hannu sosai tare da horar da ƙananan taurari na haɓakawa a wani sansanin da ake kira BJ's Gym. Matsayi daban-daban (2002-2006) Kamar yadda Stampede Kid, ya kammala yawon shakatawa da yawa na Japan, yana fafatawa a New Japan Pro-Wrestling, Ya fafata a wasan tag na mutum shida a watan Nuwamba inda ya hada kai da GOKU-DO da Super Crazy kuma ya sha kashi a hannun Heat, Masahito Kakihara da Masayuki Naruse Nasarar farko ta zo ne bayan 'yan kwanaki, lokacin da ya haɗu tare da Super Crazy don kayar da El Samurai da Jushin Thunder Liger, kuma ya gama rangadinsa a ƙarshen Disamba. Ya dawo a cikin Maris 2003, kuma galibi ya haɗu tare da Dodon Amurka Tsakanin watannin Mayu da Yuni ya fafata a cikin mafi kyawun Super Juniors, yawanci ya yi rashin nasara a wasanninsa duk da haka ya doke El Samurai da Jado, wanda ya ba shi maki hudu gaba daya. Ya dawo a 2004 don wani yawon shakatawa na tsawon wata guda. A cikin 2005, ya shiga cikin Mafi kyawun Super Juniors, kuma ya sake rasa yawancin wasanninsa, amma ya doke Jado da Minoru Tanaka don samun maki huɗu gabaɗaya. Na karshe a ranar 16 ga Yuni, 2005 inda ya hada kai da Hirooki Goto inda suka sha kashi a hannun Akiya Anzawa da El Samurai. A cikin shekara ta 2005 ya fara yawon shakatawa na Turai kuma galibi ya yi kokawa don kokawa ta All Star, Ya doke Five Star Flash a wasansa na farko a ASW. Ya halarci Gasar Dare Daya kuma Douglas Williams, ya fitar da shi daga gasar. Yayin da yake nahiyar turai ya yi kokawa a ko'ina cikin kasar Ingila amma kuma ya yi kokawa a wasu kasashe kamar Jamus da Netherlands Ya dauki GSW Breakthrough Champion Murat Bosporus, don gasar kuma ya sha kashi. Wilson ya shafe lokaci mai yawa a Kanada a AWA Superstars of Wrestling Ya hada kai da Harry Smith don shiga gasar cin kofin Grapple inda suka doke Cadillac Caliss da WildCard a wasan karshe. A cikin 2006 ya doke Harry Smith don gasar AWA Pinnacle Heavyweight Championship kuma ya rike ta tsawon watanni biyar kafin ya rasa ta a hannun Laramie Lexow. Duniyar Wrestling Entertainment/WWE Yankuna masu tasowa (2006-2008) Wilson ya sanya hannu tare da Nishaɗi na Wrestling na Duniya, a cikin Nuwamba 2006 bayan ya karɓi bita mai ban sha'awa daga tsohon mai horar da WWE Bill DeMott Ya koma WWE yankin ci gaba Deep South Wrestling (DSW) a cikin Fabrairu 2007 tare da abokin sa hannu da budurwa Nattie Neidhart Lokacin da DSW da WWE suka rabu, Wilson ya ƙaura zuwa Tampa, Florida don horar da su a cikin WWE na ci gaba a gasar Kokawa ta Florida A ƙarshen 2007, ya yi aiki tare da Harry Smith, Nattie Neidhart, Teddy Hart, da Ted DiBiase Jr. a matsayin Gidauniyar Hart na gaba A ranar 1 ga Disamba, 2007, ya ci gasar FCW Southern Heavyweight Championship ta hanyar doke Afa Jr. a wasan tsani Ya rasa shi ga Ted DiBiase Jr. a ranar 18 ga Disamba. A tsakiyar 2008, ya sake fara haɗin gwiwa tare da Smith, kuma Natalya (Nattie Neidhart) ya sarrafa su biyun. A ranar 30 ga Oktoba, sun ci FCW Florida Tag Team Championship, amma sun rasa ta ga Tyler Reks da Johnny Curtis a ranar 11 ga Disamba, 2008 a taping talabijin na FCW. Daular Hart (2009-2010) Wilson ya fara wasansa na farko a gidan talabijin na,, WWE a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 200, shirin ECW wanda budurwar budurwa Natalya ke gudanarwa, a ƙarƙashin sunan Tyson Kidd, ta doke ɗan kokawa na gida, Bao Nguyen, kuma ya kafa kansa a matsayin diddige Kodayake Natalya tana sarrafa Kidd akan ECW, har yanzu tana matsayin memba na alamar SmackDown har zuwa Afrilu 15, 2009, lokacin da aka tsara ta zuwa ECW a matsayin wani ɓangare na 2009 Supplement Draft don shiga Kidd. A ranar 28 ga Afrilu bugu na ECW, Kidd ya ci Fit Finlay, a ranar 5 ga Mayu na ECW, Kidd ya sha kashi a hannun Evan Bourne ,A ranar 12 ga Mayu ECW, DH Smith ya katse wasan Kidd tare da Finlay, yanzu yana amfani da sunan David Hart Smith, wanda ya kai hari ga Finlay don taimakawa Kidd. Kidd, Smith da Neidhart sun kafa The Hart Trilogy, wanda daga baya aka canza zuwa Daular Hart a kan Mayu 26 ECW A bugu na Mayu 26 na ECW, Kidd, Jack Swagger David Hart Smith sun doke Tommy Dreamer Christian a wasan nakasassu 3 akan 2. A bugu na Yuni 2 na ECW, Kidd ya yi rashin nasara a hannun Kirista. A ranar 9 ga Yuni na ECW, Daular Hart ta ci Kirista da Jack Swagger. A bugu na Yuni 23 na ECW, Kidd ya yi rashin nasara a hannun Evan Bourne a wasan karshe na Kidd a matsayin wani bangare na jerin sunayen ECW A ranar 29 ga Yuni, an sayar da Daular Hart zuwa alamar SmackDown Sun fara rikici da Cryme Tyme a watan Yuli kuma rikicin ya ƙare a watan Oktoba. A Bragging Rights pay-per-view a watan Oktoba, Kidd da Smith sun yi takara a cikin wasa bakwai-on-bakwai tare da Chris Jericho, Kane, Finlay, Matt Hardy da R-Gaskiya a matsayin Team SmackDown don kayar da Team Raw Daular Hart ta sami wasa mai taken Unified WWE Tag Team Championship a kan Disamba 25 SmackDown da D-Generation X, amma ba su yi nasara ba. Sun fara rikici tare da Matt Hardy da Babban Khali a kan Janairu 22, 2010 SmackDown Rikicin ya ƙare tare da kowace ƙungiya ta cinikin nasara da juna. Daular Hart ta juya fuska a WrestleMania XXVI, yana taimaka wa Bret Hart a lokacin wasansa da Vince McMahon, kuma a daren da ya biyo baya a Raw sun ci nasara da Unified WWE Tag Team Champions ShoMiz Big Show da The Miz a cikin wasan da ba na lakabi ba bayan The Miz zagi Hart. Sun sami Gasar Gasar Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwaƙwalwa na Ƙadda ta yi ta hanyar kayar da ShoMiz a wasan gauntlet na tag (wanda ya hada da tawagar John Morrison da R-Truth da tawagar Montel Vontavious Porter da Mark Henry A 2010 WWE Draft a ranar 26 ga Afrilu, Daular Hart, tare da Natalya da Hart, sun ci ShoMiz don lashe Gasar Tagungiyar Tagungiyar Haɗin Kai, lokacin da Kidd ya ba da Miz Miz ga Sharpshooter Washegari, duk membobi uku na Daular Hart an ƙaura zuwa alamar Raw a matsayin wani ɓangare na Ƙarin Daftarin A ranar 10 ga Mayu Raw, ya doke The Miz don samun Bret Hart a wasa don Gasar Amurka ta Miz ta WWE, kuma mako mai zuwa Daular Hart ta taimaka wa Hart don lashe gasar. A Over the Limit, sun riƙe Haɗin kai WWE Tag Team Championship da Chris Jericho da The Miz. Dare mai zuwa, a ranar 24 ga Mayu, Raw, an kai musu hari ta hanyar fafatawar biyu na The Usos (Jimmy Uso da Jey Uso) da Tamina Snuka bayan wasa, wanda ya haifar da jayayya tsakanin 'yan wasan biyu. A Fatal 4-Way, sun doke The Usos da Tamina a wasa shida-mutum mix tag tawagar wasa a lokacin da Natalya pinned Tamina, da Smith da Kidd doke The Usos a Money a Bank don rike gasar. A daren gasar zakarun Turai, Daular Hart ta rasa WWE Tag Team Championship zuwa Cody Rhodes da Drew McIntyre a cikin Tag Team Turmoil wasa wanda ya hada da Usos, Vladimir Kozlov da Santino Marella da tawagar Evan Bourne da Mark Henry Bayan wani yunƙuri na sake samun gasar, inda Kidd ya ture ma'auni yayin tafiyar ƙungiyarsu ta Hart Attack biyu, Kidd da DH Smith sun fara samun sabani da juna. Wannan ya ƙare a kan Nuwamba 15 episode na Raw, lokacin da Kidd ya sake komawa diddige, bayan ya ƙi yin alama kuma ya kai hari ga Smith a lokacin wasa na WWE Tag Team Championship da Nexus Justin Gabriel da Heath Slater A mako mai zuwa, Kidd ya fuskanci John Morrison a wasan share fage na King of the Ring, amma bai yi nasara ba. A kan Disamba 2 WWE Superstars, Kidd ya yi rashin nasara ga Smith a cikin wasan guda ɗaya. Bayan haka, Smith ya ba da musafaha, amma Kidd ya mari Smith a maimakon haka. A Raw na gaba, Kidd ya ci Smith a cikin sakewa, a lokacin da ya kasance tare da mai gadi, daga baya ya bayyana a matsayin Jackson Andrews Andrews ya daina fitowa a matsayin mai tsaron lafiyar Kidd bayan Mark Henry ya yi nasa na ƙarshe, Slam Mafi ƙarfi a Duniya, akan Andrews a lokacin Raw 27 ga watan Disamba. NXT (2011-2012) A Royal Rumble, Kidd ya kasance dan takara a wasan Rumble inda John Cena ya kawar da shi. A WrestleMania XXVII, Kidd ya kasance mai fafatawa a cikin wani wasa mai duhu na mutum ashirin da uku wanda Babban Khali ya lashe. A ranar 26 ga Afrilu, 2011, Kidd ya koma alamar SmackDown a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙarin daftarin 2011 Ya dawo wasansa na farko don alamar a ranar 6 ga Mayu SmackDown, amma ya yi rashin nasara a hannun Sin Cara A ranar 12 ga Mayu Superstars, Kidd debuted Michael Hayes a matsayin manaja yayin da ya ci Trent Barreta Ƙawancen su ya kasance ɗan gajeren lokaci duk da haka, kamar yadda a kan Superstars masu zuwa, Hayes ya buge Kidd bayan Kidd ya rasa Yoshi Tatsu. Armando Estrada da Matt Striker sun gudanar da Kidd a ranar 26 ga Mayu da Yuni 2 na shirye- shiryen Superstars bi da bi, kuma Kidd ya ci Barreta a lokuta biyun. A kan Yuni 9 Superstars, Kidd ya bayyana tare da mai sarrafa na hudu a cikin makonni masu yawa, Vickie Guerrero amma ya rasa Yoshi Tatsu. A kan Superstars na gaba, Kidd ya karbi wani manajan a JTG, amma ya sake rasa, wannan lokacin zuwa Kane Kidd shine Lucky Cannon 's Pro akan NXT Redemption An kawar da Cannon a kan Yuni 14 NXT, Rookie na uku ya shafe. Mako guda bayan haka, Kidd ya aske gashin sa hannun sa. Kidd sa'an nan feuded da Yoshi Tatsu a kan NXT, wanda ya samo asali daga wata gardama ta bayan fage lokacin da Kidd ya karya siffar wasan wasan wasan kwaikwayo na Tatsu na kansa kuma ya sace ƙafar wani. A lokacin jerin matches na su, ma'auratan sun yi nasara, kuma Tatsu ya yi ikirarin mayar da ƙafar siffa ta sata ta hanyar lashe abin wuya a kan Pole a kan Yuli 26 NXT Bayan wasan, Kidd ya kai hari ga kafar dama ta Tatsu; mako guda bayan haka, Kidd ya yi iƙirarin cewa babu sauran Yoshi Tatsu a WWE. Tatsu ya dawo fiye da wata guda a kan Satumba 6 NXT don kayar da Kidd kuma ya kawo karshen rikici. A kan SmackDown na Oktoba 14, Kidd ya kasance a cikin mafi girma a cikin Battle Royal a tarihi, wanda mai nasara zai sami lakabin lakabi, amma ya kasa samun nasarar. A cikin Janairu 2012, Kidd ya fara juyowar fuska a karon farko tun 2010. Bayan kayar da Trent Barreta sau biyu akan NXT, Kidd ya ba da shawarar cewa su sanya ƙungiyar tare. A ƙarshen Fabrairu 2012, Kidd ya fara jayayya da Michael McGillicutty bayan McGillicutty ya yi ba'a game da rashin gadonsa na kokawa. Kidd sannan ya yi rashin nasara a hannun McGillicutty a ranar 29 ga Fabrairu NXT Bayan McGillicutty ya zagi Kidd ta hanyar iƙirarin cewa Kidd ba zai taɓa zama gaskiya ba Hart Kidd ya sami rematch a kan Maris 21 NXT, inda ya ci McGillicutty har ma da maki a nasara daya. Kidd da McGillicutty sun fuskanci wasa na uku a kan Afrilu 11 NXT, wanda ya haifar da Kidd nasara akan McGillicutty. Kidd ya karfafa rinjayen 'yan uwansa a cikin NXT ta hanyar doke Johnny Curtis na farko a ranar 25 ga Afrilu, sannan ya doke McGillicutty da Derrick Bateman a wasan barazana sau uku a ranar 16 ga Mayu. Ƙwallon ƙafa na (2012-2014) A kan Maris 29 Superstars, Kidd ya fuskanci Justin Gabriel amma ya yi rashin nasara a wasan, bayan haka Duo ya nuna girmamawa ga juna kuma sun yarda su kafa ƙungiyar tag don kalubalanci Primo &amp; Epico don gasar WWE Tag Team Championship a cikin duhu Triple Threat tag tawagar wasan WrestleMania XXVIII, kuma ya haɗa da Usos, Sai dai ba su yi nasara ba yayin da Primo Epico suka yi nasarar cin wasan tare da rike kambunsu. A yayin wasan, Gabriel ya kara kaimi tare da murza masa gwiwar gwiwarsa, lamarin da ya sa ba ya taka leda na tsawon makonni. A Over the Limit Pay-per-view, Kidd ya shiga cikin yaƙin mutum 20 na sarauta tare da wanda ya yi nasara ya sami zaɓi na wasan Amurka ko Intercontinental Championship amma David Otunga ya kawar da shi. Kidd ya sake haɗuwa da Jibra'ilu a kan Yuni 6 NXT Redemption, inda suka ci nasara da duo na Johnny Curtis da Heath Slater. Tyson ya kuma doke PAC a fadar da ke Las Vegas. A No Way Out Pay-per-view, Kidd da Gabriel sun ci nasara da The Prime Time Players Titus O'Neil da Darren Young a lamba daya contender Fatal Four-Way tag tawagar wasan, kuma ya shafi Primo Epico da The Usos. A kan Yuni 29 SmackDown, Kidd ya ci Jack Swagger don samun cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya mai nauyi a wasan tsani na Bankin. Dan wasan cancantar Tensai daga nan ya fara rikici da Kidd bayan Kidd ya lika shi a cikin dakika 19 a ranar 2 ga Yuli Raw, wanda ya jagoranci Tensai ya kai hari ga Kidd a harin bayan wasa. A Kudi a cikin Bankin, Dolp Ziggler ya lashe wasan tsani na Kidd. A ranar 30 ga Yuli Raw, Kidd ya yi rashin nasara a hannun Tensai, amma bayan Tensai ya ci gaba da kai wa Kidd hari bayan wasan, alkalin wasa ya sauya shawararsa kuma ya bai wa Kidd nasara. A daren farko na gasar zakarun Turai a ranar 16 ga Satumba, Kidd yana cikin #1 Contender Battle Royal don harbi a gasar cin kofin Amurka inda Tensai ya kawar da shi. Kidd da Gabriel sa'an nan kuma sun fafata a cikin jerin wasannin tag a kan Superstars da Curt Hawkins da Tyler Reks, suna cin nasara kowane wasa. A karon farko na Babban Event a ranar 3 ga Oktoba, Kidd da Gabriel, wanda yanzu ake kira International Airstrike ba bisa ka'ida ba, sun sha kashi a hannun Santino Marella da Zack Ryder a zagayen kusa da na karshe na gasar don yanke hukunci na daya daga cikin masu neman shiga gasar zakarun kungiyar. A ranar 31 ga Oktoba NXT, Kidd ya yi rashin nasara ya kalubalanci Antonio Cesaro don gasar WWE ta Amurka A Survivor Series pay-per-view, Kidd ya yi nasara a wasan 10 na kawar da tag wasan tare da Justin Gabriel, Rey Mysterio, Sin Cara, da Brodus Clay da Titus O'Neil, Darren Young, Primo, Epico, da Tensai; tare da Kidd pinning O'Neil da Epico. A cikin Janairu 2013, Kidd yaga meniscus na gwiwa kuma an kiyasta yana buƙatar hutun watanni 6-12 don murmurewa. Duk da raunin da ya samu, Kidd ya bayyana a bikin Bret Hart Appreciation Night na Mayu 27. A ƙarƙashin abin rufe fuska don ɓoye ainihin sa, ya koma talabijin a kan Oktoba 11 SmackDown a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyar tag na Los Locales tare da El Local (Ricardo Rodriguez) tare da asarar Los Matadores Wani Kidd wanda ba a rufe shi ya koma Raw a ranar Nuwamba 4, tare da matarsa Natalya tare da nasara akan Fandango da Summer Rae Duk da haka, Kidd nan da nan ya ci gaba da rasa matches zuwa Fandango, Jack Swagger da tsohon abokin tarayya Justin Gabriel a kan Babban taron da Superstars na sauran 2013. A Wrestlemania XXX, Kidd ya kasance a cikin André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal wanda Cesaro ya lashe. Bayan dawowarsa daga rauni, Kidd ya fara bayyana akai-akai akan NXT, wanda yanzu shine reshe na ci gaba na WWE. Ya fara cin nasara a cikin NXT a cikin Disamba 2013 ciki har da nasara akan Leo Kruger da Mason Ryan A ranar 1 ga Mayu na NXT, Kidd ya ci Bo Dallas A kan May 8, 2014 episode na NXT, Kidd ya shiga cikin yakin basasa na 20-man don harbin gasar NXT Championship, tare da shi yana shiga cikin taye uku. A sakamakon haka, Kidd ya fuskanci sauran masu nasara biyu, Tyler Breeze da Sami Zayn a cikin wasa uku-barazana a kan gaba na NXT, inda Kidd ya ci nasara don zama 1 dan takara don wasa a NXT TakeOver A TakeOver, Kidd ya kasa lashe taken da Adrian Neville A cikin watan Yuni 12 na NXT, Kidd ya fuskanci Adrian Neville a cikin sake dawowa don taken NXT amma ya kasa cin nasara a matsayin bayan da ya ba da hankali daga Natalya. A ranar 19 ga Yuni na NXT, Kidd ya haɗu tare da Sami Zayn don kalubalanci hawan hawan zuwa NXT Tag Team Championship, sun yi rashin nasara a wasan lokacin da Kidd ya fita a kan Zayn a tsakiyar wasan, yana juya diddige a cikin tsari na farko. tun 2012. A NXT TakeOver: Fatal 4-Way, Kidd ya fafata a wasan Fatal 4-Way don gasar NXT, wanda Adrian Neville ya samu nasarar rike shi. Haɗin kai tare da Cesaro (2014-2015) Daga ƙarshen Satumba 2014, Kidd ya fara cin nasara mafi yawan matches masu mahimmanci, yayin da Natalya ke gefensa, ya ci nasara akan Babban Event da Superstars a kan irin su Kofi Kingston, Jack Swagger, R-Gaskiya, da Sin Cara An sami tashin hankali tsakanin Kidd da Natalya, saboda Kidd a wasu lokuta ya yi watsi da matarsa, kuma a wasu lokuta yana amfani da Natalya a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam ko kuma tsammanin ta yi kutse ba bisa ka'ida ba a wasanninsa. A kan Nuwamba 3 episode na Raw, Kidd ya sake amfani da Natalya don cin nasara wata nasara, wannan lokacin ta hanyar kirgawa a wasan da ba na take ba da Sheamus na Amurka. A cikin watan Nuwamba 14 na SmackDown, Kidd ya sami damar samun dama ga WWE Intercontinental Championship a wasan kawar da Cesaro da kuma mai tsaron gida Dolph Ziggler, duk da haka bai yi nasara ba. Kidd ya fara ƙungiyar tag tare da Cesaro a ranar 1 ga Disamba na Raw kuma an kawar da su daga wasan gauntlet don taken taken da Usos ya harba. Sun sami nasara a kan Los Matadores, kuma sun ci gaba da haɗin gwiwa tare da Adam Rose a cikin rikici da Sabuwar Rana Big E, Kofi Kingston, da Xavier Woods a cikin Janairu. A kan Royal Rumble pre-show, Kidd da Cesaro sun ci Sabuwar Rana. Daga baya a wannan dare, Kidd ya shiga wasan Rumble a lamba 12, duk da haka Daniel Bryan ya kawar da shi. A Fastlane a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, Kidd da Cesaro sun ci Usos don kama WWE Tag Team Championship, taken da bai yi kusan shekaru 5 ba. Sun ci gaba da rike kambunsu a karawar da suka yi a daren jiya a Raw bayan Natalya ta haifar da rashin cancantar. Kidd da Cesaro sun yi nasarar rike kambunsu a gasar WrestleMania 31 da suka gabata a wasan da ya hada da wasu kungiyoyi uku. Kidd kuma ya yi takara a cikin André the Giant memorial Battle Royal, amma Mark Henry ya kawar da shi. A cikin Afrilu, Kidd da Cesaro sun yi mulki a kan Sabuwar Rana, inda aka yi sau biyu; Kidd da Cesaro sun zama fuskar jarirai ta hanyar nuna ruhin fada, yayin da Sabuwar Rana ta juya diddige ta hanyar amfani da dabarar da ba ta dace ba yayin wasansu. A Extreme Dokokin, Kidd da Cesaro sun rasa WWE Tag Team Championship zuwa Sabuwar Rana (Big E da Kofi Kingston), suna kawo karshen mulkin su a makonni tara. Sun kasa sake samun gasar zakarun Turai a ranar 30 ga Afrilu na SmackDown, da kuma a Payback a cikin 2-out-of-3 falls match, tare da Xavier Woods yana tsoma baki a cikin wasanni biyu. A Elimination Chamber, Kidd da Cesaro sun fafata a wasan farko na tag Team Elimination Chamber wasan amma sun kasa lashe taken. Wannan ya zama wasansa na ƙarshe na WWE a talabijin. Rauni mai ƙarewar aiki da rawar mai samarwa (2015-yanzu) A ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2015, Kidd ya sami rauni na kashin baya daga Samoa Joe 's "Muscle Buster" na kammala aikin motsa jiki yayin wasan duhu akan Raw Makonni da yawa bayan haka, WWE ya bayyana cewa ba zai yi aiki ba fiye da shekara guda. a shafinsa na twitter cewa kashi 5% na mutane ne kawai ke tsira daga raunin da ya samu kuma yana da 16 screws, screws hudu, da kuma sanda a wuyansa. Da yake magana game da raunin, dan jarida Dave Meltzer ya ce "Ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa Tyson Kidd ya zo kamar yadda ya yi", kuma ya lura cewa yawancin mutanen da suka tsira daga raunin sun ƙare har zuwa quadriplegic, kwatanta shi da raunin Christopher Reeve A Yuni 29, 2017, Kidd an hayar a matsayin cikakken ma'aikaci don WWE a matsayin mai samarwa, don haka ya ƙare aikinsa na zobe. WWE ta motsa Kidd zuwa sashin tsofaffin ɗalibai na gidan yanar gizon su. Rayuwa ta sirri Wilson ya yi abokantaka da Teddy Hart da Harry Smith yana da shekaru goma; ta hanyar su, ya zama kusa da sauran dangin Hart kokawa, waɗanda ya zauna tare da su shekaru da yawa. A cikin watan Yuni 2013, Wilson ya auri ɗan gidan Hart kuma ɗan ƙwararren ɗan kokawa Natalya, wanda ya kasance tare da zama tun Nuwamba 2001. An nuna dangantakar su da bikin aure a kan WWE ta gaskiya jerin talabijin Total Divas Wilson da abokin aikinsa Claudio Castagnoli (wanda aka fi sani da Cesaro) ya bayyana cewa duk da cewa WWE ta hada su da asali ba tare da shigar da su ba, sun danna kansu kuma daga baya sun zama abokai na gaske na rayuwa. Gasar da nasarori AWA Pinnacle Wrestling Gasar Nauyin Nauyin AWA Pinnacle (lokaci 1) Gasar Nauyin Nauyin AWA Washington (Sau 1) Wrestling na Florida Championship FCW Florida Tag Championship Championship lokaci 1 tare da DH Smith Gasar Nauyin Nauyin Kudancin FCW sau 2 Babban kokawar Kanada GCW National Championship (lokaci 1) Wrestling Major League Gasar Carnival GTC (2004) tare da Harry Smith Prairie Wrestling Alliance Gasar PWA (sau biyu) PWA Tag Team Championship (lokaci 1) tare da Harry Smith An kwatanta Pro Wrestling Matsayi na 53 daga cikin manyan kokawa guda 500 a cikin PWI 500 a cikin 2015 Kokawar Stampede Gasar Tsakiyar Nauyi Tsakanin Nauyi na Ƙasar Commonwealth na Burtaniya lokaci 1 Stampede International Tag Team Championship sau 2 tare da Bruce Hart (1) da Juggernaut (1) Stampede Gasar Nauyin Nauyin Arewacin Amurka sau 2 Duniyar Wrestling Entertainment/WWE Gasar Ƙungiyar Tag ta Duniya lokaci 1, ƙarshe tare da David Hart Smith WWE Tag Team Championship sau 2 tare da David Hart Smith (1) da Cesaro (1) Ƙwallon Ƙarƙashin Ƙarfafa (2009) tare da Ƙungiyar SmackDown Chris Jericho, Kane, Matt Hardy, R-Gaskiya, Finlay da David Hart Smith Jaridar Wrestling Observer Mafrancin ƙarancin (2012) Zauren kokawa ta Kanada Darasi na 2016 Duba kuma Dungeon Hart Daular Hart Hart Foundation Tyson Kidd da Cesaro manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Tyson Kidd on WWE.com T.J. Wilson at IMDb Tyson Kidd's profile at Cagematch.net, Wrestlingdata.com, Internet Wrestling Database Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashin%20Hankalin%20Taliban

Tashin Hankalin Taliban

Bayan da aka fara yaki a Afghanistan a shekara ta 2001, ƙungiyar Taliban, ta fara tayar da ƙayar baya, wanda aka fi sani da ƙungiyar Taliban Ƴan Taliban sun fara kai hari kan dakarun ISAF da NATO, a Afghanistan, kuma sun kai hare -haren ta'addanci da dama. A cikin rikicin, ƙungiyar Taliban tana yaki da gwamnatin Afghanistan da kawayenta. Al-Qaeda na da alaka da Taliban. da wannan ne rikicin yankin ya bazu zuwa Pakistan Rikicin da ke da alaƙa a Pakistan shine tawaye a Khyber Pakhtunkhwa saboda Afghanistan ta ga rikice -rikice da yaƙe -yaƙe da yawa a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, tattalin arzikinta, ya canza, kuma mutane da yawa suna dogaro da noman amfanin gona, kamar su tsirrai da ake amfani da su don samar da magunguna ba bisa ƙa'ida ba kamar opium, ko heroin Mutane da yawa a Afganistan ba sa tunanin matsalolin da Taliban ke haddasawa. Don haka warware matsalar wataƙila ya ƙunshi ƙarin ƙoƙari fiye da cin nasara akan Taliban. Hakan kuma na nufin akwai bukatar a samu sauye -sauye a tattalin arziki, da kuma yadda ake tafiyar da kasar. Cinikin opium A halin yanzu, Afghanistan na ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana'antun opium. Duk da yake opium shima yana da amfanin sa azaman magani na yau da kullun, galibi ana amfani dashi azaman miyagun ƙwayoyi A cikin 2001, Afghanistan ta samar da kashi 11% na opium na duniya, a yau tana samar da sama da kashi casa'in cikin ɗari. A shekara ta 2007, 93% na wadanda ba pharmaceutical-sa opiates a kasuwannin duniya sun samo asali ne a Afghanistan. Wannan ya kai darajar fitarwa kusan dala biliyan 4; manoma na opium suna samun kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na wannan adadin, sauran suna zuwa ga jami'an gundumar, masu tayar da ƙayar baya, sarkin yaƙi, da masu fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi Cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi ya kai rabin GDP na Afghanistan. Kididdigar da Ofishin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan Magunguna da Laifuka UNODC ya yi a shekarar 2006 ya nuna cewa kashi 52% na GDP na kasar, ko kuma dala biliyan 2.7 a kowace shekara, ana samun ta ne ta fataucin miyagun kwayoyi. Yankunan da yanayin tsaro ya fi muni yana samar da ƙarin Opium; yankunan da suka fi karko da alama suna samar da ƙasa. Manoma da yawa a yankunan karkara sun dogara da sayar da tsaba. Opium ya fi riba fiye da alkama kuma lalata filayen opium na iya haifar da rashin jin daɗi ko tashin hankali tsakanin mutanen da abin ya shafa. Wasu 'yan Afghanistan miliyan 3.3 ne ke da hannu wajen samar da opium. A saboda wannan dalili, wasu mutane suna cewa kawar da amfanin gona na poppy ba zaɓi bane mai yuwuwa. Wasu shirye -shiryen kawar da poppy sun tabbatar da inganci, musamman a arewacin Afghanistan. Shirin kawar da tsirrai na opium na gwamnan Balkh Ustad Atta Mohammad Noor tsakanin 2005 zuwa 2007 yayi nasarar rage noman poppy a lardin Balkh daga kadada 7,200 a 2005 zuwa sifili zuwa 2007. Ƙididdigar Haɗarin Opium na Afganistan na 2013, wanda Ofishin Majalisar Nationsinkin Duniya kan Magunguna da Laifuka ya bayar, ya nuna cewa tun daga shekarar 2008 Taliban ke tallafa wa manoma da ke tsiro da tsiro, a matsayin hanyar samun kuɗi ga masu tayar da kayar baya. Ba a ganin Taliban a matsayin musabbabin matsalar An yi yaƙe -yaƙe da rikice -rikice a Afghanistan sama da shekaru talatin. Sakamakon haka, ƙasar tana cikin mafi talauci, kuma mafi ƙarancin ƙasashe a duniya. Har ila yau, yana daga cikin mafi almundahana Kashi talatin da biyar cikin dari na rudani ba su da aikin yi, kuma fiye da rabin mutanen suna rayuwa a ƙasa da layin talauci Ƙungiyar agaji ta ƙasashen yamma Oxfam ta wallafa wani ra’ayin jin ra’ayin da suka gudanar a Afghanistan, a shekarar 2010. Dangane da wannan ƙuri'ar, kashi 83 cikin ɗari na jama'ar Afghanistan ba sa ɗaukar Taliban a matsayin mayaƙa. Ana ganin talauci, rashin aikin yi da cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati a matsayin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da yaƙi a ƙasarsu. Lokacin da sojojin Afghanistan da Amurka ke marawa baya suka fatattaki 'yan Taliban a karshen 2001, matakin tashin hankali ya karu. Kusan rabin wadanda aka gudanar da binciken sun ce cin hanci da rashawa da rashin kyakkyawan gwamnati sune manyan dalilan yakin da ake yi. Kashi goma sha biyu cikin dari sun ce tawayen Taliban ne abin zargi. Bayan 'yan Taliban, dalilin da ya sa mafi yawan mutane suka bayar don ci gaba da fada shine katsalandan na kasashen waje, inda kashi ashirin da biyar cikin dari na waɗanda suka amsa suka ce wasu ƙasashen ne ke da laifi. Haɓakar 2006 Tun farkon shekara ta 2006 Afghanistan ke fuskantar guguwar hare -hare ta hanyar fashewar bama -bamai da ƴan ƙunar baƙin wake, musamman bayan da NATO ta dauki umurnin yaki da masu tayar da kayar baya a lokacin bazara na 2006. Shugaban Afghanistan Hamid Karzai ya fito fili yayi Allah wadai da hanyoyin da ƙasashen yamma ke amfani da su. A watan Yuni 2006 ya ce: An kuma soki masu tayar da kayar baya saboda halin su. A cewar Human Rights Watch, bama-bamai da sauran hare-haren da ƴan Taliban suka kai kan fararen hular Afganistan (kuma zuwa ga ƙaramin matakin Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin), an ba da rahoton cewa sun "ƙaru sosai a cikin 2006" tare da "aƙalla fararen hula 669 na Afghanistan aka kashe a cikin. aƙalla hare -hare 350 da makami, mafi yawansu da alama da gangan aka ƙaddamar da su kan fararen hula ko abubuwan farar hula. 131 na hare -haren masu tayar da kayar baya sune hare -haren kunar bakin wake wanda ya kashe fararen hula 212 (732 suka ji rauni), sojojin Afghanistan da 'yan sanda 46 (101 suka ji rauni), da sojojin kasashen waje 12 (63 da suka jikkata). Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kiyasta cewa a farkon rabin shekarar 2011, mutuwar fararen hula ta karu da kashi 15% kuma ta kai 1462, wanda shi ne adadi mafi muni tun farkon yaƙin, duk da karuwar sojojin Ƙasashen waje. Manazarta Pages with unreviewed

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gur%C9%93acewa

Gurɓacewa

Gurbacewa ita ce shigar da gurbataccen abu a cikin yanayin yanayi wanda ke haifar da mummunan canji. Gurbacewa na iya daukar nau'in kowane abu (solid, ruwa, ko gas) ko makamashi (kamar rediyo, zafi, sauti, ko haske). Masu gurbatawa, abubuwan da ke tattare da gurbatawa, na iya zama ko dai abubuwa/makamashi na waje ko gurbataccen yanayi. Ko da yake ana iya haifar da gurbacewar muhalli ta abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi, kalmar gurbatawa gabadaya tana nuna cewa gurbataccen abu yana da tushen dan adam-wato tushen da ayyukan dan Adam suka kirkira. Ana lasafta gurbataccen abu a matsayin tushen wuri ko gurbataccen tushe. A shekara ta 2015, gurbataccen yanayi ya kashe mutane miliyan 9 a duniya. Nau'ikan gurbataccen yanayi sun hada da gurbataccen iska, gurbataccen haske, datti, gurbataccen hayaniya, gurbataccen filastik, gurbataccen kasa, gurbataccen radiyo, gurbataccen yanayi, gurbacewar gani, da gurbacewar ruwa. Siffofin gurbatar yanayi An jera manyan nau'ikan gurbatawa a kasa tare da takamaiman gurbatattun abubuwan da suka dace da kowannensu: Gurbacewar iska: sakin sinadarai da barbashi cikin yanayi. Abubuwan gurbataccen iskar gas na yau da kullun sun hada da carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) da nitrogen oxides wadanda masana'antu da motocin ke samarwa. Photochemical ozone da smog an halicce su yayin da nitrogen oxides da hydrocarbons ke amsawa ga hasken rana. Kakkarfan kwayoyin halitta, ko kura mai laushi yana da alamar girman su na micrometer PM 10 zuwa PM 2.5. Electromagnetic pollution da yawa daga electromagnetic radiation a cikin wadanda ba ionizing siffar, kamar rediyo waves, da dai sauransu, cewa mutane kullum fallasa su, musamman a manyan birane. Har yanzu ba a san ko wadancan nau'ikan radiation suna da wani tasiri ga lafiyar dan adam ba ko a'a. Lalacewar haske: ya hada da keta haske, yawan haske da tsangwama a sararin samaniya. Littering: mai laifi jefa abubuwan da ba su dace da mutum ba, ba a cire su ba, kan kadarorin jama'a da na sirri. Gurbacewar amo: wanda ya kunshi hayaniyar hanya, hayaniyar jirgin sama, hayaniyar masana'antu gami da karar sonar. Gurbacewar filastik: ya hada da tarin samfuran filastik da microplastics a cikin mahallin da ke cutar da namun daji, mazaunin namun daji, ko mutane. Gurbataccen kasa yana faruwa ne lokacin da aka fitar da sinadarai ta hanyar zubewa ko zubar da ƙasa. Daga cikin mafi mahimmancin gurbataccen kasa akwai hydrocarbons, ƙarfe masu nauyi, MTBE, herbicides, magungunan kashe qwari da chlorinated hydrocarbons. Gurbataccen rediyo, wanda ya samo asali daga ayyukan karni na 20 a cikin ilimin kimiyyar atomatik, kamar samar da makamashin nukiliya da binciken makaman nukiliya, kira da turawa. (Dubi alpha emitters da actinides a cikin muhalli.) Gurbacewar yanayi, shine canjin zafin jiki a jikin ruwa na halitta wanda tasirin ɗan adam ke haifarwa, kamar amfani da ruwa azaman sanyaya a cikin tashar wutar lantarki. Gurbacewar gani, wanda zai iya nuni ga kasancewar layukan wutar lantarki na sama, allunan talla na babbar hanya, tarkacen filayen kasa (kamar daga ma'adinan tsiri budadden ajiyar shara, kakkarfan sharar gida ko tarkacen sararin samaniya. Gurbacewar ruwa, ta hanyar fitar da ruwan sha na masana'antu daga sharar kasuwanci da masana'antu (da gangan ko ta zube) cikin ruwan saman; fitar da najasa da ba a kula da su ba, da gurbatattun sinadarai, irin su chlorine, daga najasar da aka yi da ita; sakin sharar gida da gurɓataccen abu a cikin ruwan sama da ke kwarara zuwa saman ruwa (ciki har da ɓarkewar birane da na noma, wadanda za su iya gunshi takin sinadari da magungunan kashe qwari; gami da najasar dan adam daga bayan gida a bude har yanzu babbar matsala ce a yawancin kasashe masu tasowa); gurbatar ruwan karkashin kasa daga zubar da sharar gida da zubewa cikin kasa, ciki har da daga latrine na rami da tankunan ruwa; eutrophication da sharar gida. Masu gurbatawa Gurbataccen abu ne da ke lalata iska, ruwa, ko kasa. Abubuwa uku ne ke tabbatar da tsananin gurbataccen abu: yanayin sinadaransa, yawan tattarawa, wurin da abin ya shafa da kuma dagewa. Sources da Sanadin Gurbacewar iska ta fito daga tushe na halitta da na dan adam (anthropogenic). Koyaya, gurbataccen gurbataccen yanayi a duniya daga konewa, gine-gine, hakar ma'adinai, noma da yaki suna kara yin tasiri a cikin ma'aunin gurbataccen iska. Fitar da ababen hawa na daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haddasa gurbatar iska. China, Amurka, Rasha, Indiya Mexico, da Japan sune jagororin duniya wajen fitar da hayaki mai gurbata iska. Babban tushen gurɓataccen gurbataccen abu sun hada da tsire-tsire masu guba, masana'antar wutar lantarki ta kwal, matatun mai, tsire-tsire na petrochemical, aikin zubar da sharar nukiliya, incinerators, manyan gonakin dabbobi (sanan kiwo, aladu, kiwon kaji, da sauransu.), masana'antun PVC, masana'antar samar da karafa, masana'antar filastik, da sauran masana'antu masu nauyi. Gurbacewar iska ta noma ta fito ne daga al'adun zamani wadanda suka hada da saran sarewa da kona ciyayi da kuma fesa magungunan kashe qwari da maganin ciyawa Kimanin metric ton miliyan 400 na sharar gida masu hadari ana samarwa kowace shekara. Amurka kadai tana samar da kusan tan miliyan 250. Amirkawa sun kunshikasa da kashi 5% na yawan mutanen duniya, amma suna samar da kusan kashi 25% na CO na duniya, kuma suna samar da kusan kashi 30% na sharar duniya. A cikin 2007, China ta mamaye Amurka a matsayin babbar mai samar da CO, yayin da har yanzu ta yi nisa a baya bisa la'akari da gurbatar muhalli (wanda ke matsayi na 78 a cikin al'ummomin duniya). Wasu daga cikin mafi yawan gurbataccen kasa sune chlorinated hydrocarbons (CFH), karfe masu nauyi (kamar chromium, cadmium-samuwa a cikin batura masu caji, da gubar-ana samun su a cikin fenti na gubar, man jirgin sama da har yanzu a wasu kasashe, man fetur), MTBE, zinc, arsenic da benzene. A shekara ta 2001 jerin rahotannin manema labaru da suka kare a cikin wani littafi mai suna Fateful Harvest sun bayyana wata al'ada da ta yadu ta hanyar sake sarrafa kayayyakin masana'antu zuwa taki, wanda ya haifar da gurbata kasa da karafa daban-daban. Wuraren shara na yau da kullun na birni sune tushen yawancin abubuwan sinadarai da ke shiga cikin kasa (kuma galibi ruwan kasa), wadanda ke fitowa daga nau'ikan kima iri-iri, musamman abubuwan da aka jefar da su ba bisa ka'ida ba a can, ko kuma daga wuraren da ake zubar da kasa kafin 1970 wadanda watakila ba su da iko sosai a ciki. Amurka ko EU. Hakanan an sami wasu abubuwan da ba a saba gani ba na dibenzodioxins na polychlorinated, wadanda aka fi sani da dioxins don sauki, kamar TCDD. Gurbacewar yanayi kuma na iya zama sakamakon bala'i. Misali, guguwa sau da yawa kan hada da gurbacewar ruwa daga najasa, da zubewar sinadarin petrochemical daga fashewar jiragen ruwa ko motoci. Babban ma'auni da lalacewar muhalli ba bakon abu ba ne lokacin da ake hada ma'aikatan man fetur ko matatun mai a bakin teku. Wasu hanyoyin gurbatawa, kamar tashoshin makamashin nukiliya ko tankunan mai, na iya haifar da yaɗuwa da yuwuwar sakin hadari lokacin da hatsari suka faru. A cikin yanayin gurbatar amo babban tushen ajin shine abin hawa, wanda ke samar da kusan kashi casa'in na duk hayaniya maras so a duniya. Fitar da iskar gas Carbon dioxide, yayin da yake da muhimmanci ga photosynthesis, wani lokaci ana kiransa gurbatacce, saboda yawan iskar gas a cikin yanayi yana shafar yanayin duniya. Rushewar muhalli kuma na iya nuna alaqar da ke tsakanin wuraren gurbacewar muhalli waɗanda galibi za a kebe su daban, kamar na ruwa da iska. Nazarin kwanan nan sun bincika yuwuwar hadakar matakan hadakar carbon dioxide na yanayi na dogon lokaci don haifar da dandano kadan amma hadaka mai mahimmanci a cikin acidity na ruwan teku, da yuwuwar tasirin wannan akan yanayin yanayin ruwa. A cikin watan Fabrairun 2007, wani rahoto da Hukumar Kula da Canjin Yanayi (IPCC) ta yi, wanda ke wakiltar aikin masana kimiyya, masana tattalin arziki, da masu tsara manufofi 2,500 daga kasashe fiye da 120, ya tabbatar da cewa mutane ne suka zama sanadin dumamar yanayi tun shekara ta 1950. Wani babban rahoton yanayi ya kammala, mutane suna da hanyoyin da za su rage hayaki mai gurbata yanayi da kuma guje wa illar dumamar yanayi. Amma don sauya yanayin, sauyin yanayi daga albarkatun mai kamar kwal da mai na bukatar faruwa cikin shekaru da dama, bisa ga rahoton karshe na wannan shekara daga kwamitin sulhu na MDD kan sauyin yanayi (IPCC). Tasiri Lafiyar dan Adam Rashin ingancin iska na iya kashe kwayoyin halitta da yawa, gami da mutane. Gurbacewar Ozone na iya haifar da cututtukan numfashi, cututtukan zuciya, kumburin makogwaro, ciwon kirji, da cunkoso Gurbacewar ruwa na janyo mutuwar mutane kusan 14,000 a kowace rana, akasari saboda gurbatar ruwan sha ta hanyar najasa da ba a kula da su ba a kasashe masu tasowa. Kimanin Indiyawa miliyan 500 ba su da damar shiga bandaki mai kyau, Sama da mutane miliyan goma a Indiya sun kamu da rashin lafiya ta ruwa a cikin 2013, kuma mutane 1,535 suka mutu, yawancinsu yara. Kusan Sinawa miliyan 500 ba su da tsaftataccen ruwan sha. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2010 ya nuna cewa mutane miliyan 1.2 ne ke mutuwa da wuri kowace shekara a kasar Sin saboda gurbacewar iska. Yawan hayakin da kasar Sin ta dade tana fuskanta na iya yin illa ga jikin fararen hula tare da haifar da cututtuka daban-daban. Hukumar ta WHO ta yi kiyasin a shekara ta 2007 cewa gurbacewar iska na janyo mutuwar rabin miliyan a kowace shekara a Indiya. Bincike ya yi kiyasin cewa adadin mutanen da ake kashewa kowace shekara a Amurka zai iya wuce 50,000. Zubewar mai na iya haifar da haushin fata da rashes. Gurbacewar amo yana haifar da asarar ji, hawan jini, damuwa, da tashin hankali barci. An danganta Mercury da raunin ci gaba a cikin yara da alamun cututtukan neurologic. Tsofaffi sun fi kamuwa da cututtuka da gurbacewar iska ke haifarwa. Wadanda ke da cututtukan zuciya ko huhu suna cikin karin hadari. Yara da jarirai kuma suna cikin hadari mai tsanani. An nuna gubar da sauran karafa masu nauyi na haifar da matsalolin jijiyoyin jiki. Abubuwan sinadarai da rediyoaktif na iya haifar da ciwon daji da kuma lahani na haihuwa. Wani bincike da hukumar Lancet ta gudanar a watan Oktobar 2017 da hukumar kula da gurbatar yanayi da lafiya ta gudanar ya gano cewa gurbacewar yanayi a duniya, musamman iska mai guba, ruwa, kasa da wuraren aiki, na kashe mutane miliyan tara a duk shekara, wanda ya ninka adadin mace-macen da cutar AIDS, tarin fuka da zazzabin cizon sauro ke haddasawa a hade, da kuma Sau 15 ya fi yawan mace-macen da yaƙe-yaƙe ke haifarwa da sauran nau'ikan tashin hankalin dan adam. Binciken ya kammala da cewa "gurbata yanayi na daya daga cikin manyan kalubalen da ake fuskanta a zamanin Anthropocene. Gurbacewar yanayi na barazana ga zaman lafiyar tsarin tallafi na duniya kuma yana barazana ga ci gaba da rayuwar al'ummomin bil'adama." Muhalli An gano gurbataccen abu a cikin muhalli. Akwai illoli da dama na wannan: Biomagnification yana kwatanta yanayi inda gubobi (kamar karfe mai nauyi na iya wucewa ta matakan trophic, ya zama mai da hankali sosai a cikin tsari. Fitar da iskar carbon dioxide yana haifar da acidification na teku, raguwar ci gaba a cikin pH na tekunan Duniya yayin da CO ke narkewa. Fitar da iskar iskar gas na haifar da dumamar yanayi wanda ke shafar yanayin halittu ta hanyoyi da dama. Nau'in cin zarafi na iya ketare nau'ikan 'yan kasa da rage bambancin halittu. Tsire-tsire masu cin zarafi na iya ba da gudummawar tarkace da kwayoyin halittu allelopathy wadanda za su iya canza ƙasa da abubuwan hadin sinadarai na yanayi, galibi suna rage gasa ga nau'in 'yan asalin. Ana cire sinadarin Nitrogen oxides daga iska ta ruwan sama da kuma takin ƙasa wanda zai iya canza nau'in halittun halittu. Smog da hazo na iya rage yawan hasken rana da tsire-tsire ke karɓa don aiwatar da photosynthesis kuma yana haifar da samar da ozone mai zafi mai zafi wanda ke lalata tsire-tsire. Kasa na iya zama marar haihuwa kuma ba ta dace da tsire-tsire ba. Wannan zai shafi sauran kwayoyin halitta a cikin gidan yanar gizon abinci. Sulfur dioxide da nitrogen oxides na iya haifar da ruwan sama na acid wanda ke rage darajar pH na ƙasa. Gurbacewar yanayi na magudanan ruwa na iya rage matakan iskar oxygen da rage bambancin nau'in. Wani bincike na 2022 da aka buga a Kimiyyar Muhalli &amp; Fasaha ya gano cewa matakan gurɓatar sinadarai na ɗan adam sun wuce iyakokin duniya kuma yanzu suna yin barazana ga duk yanayin halittu a duniya. Bayanan lafiyar muhalli Shirin Toxicology and Environmental Health Information Programme (TEHIP) a Cibiyar Nazarin Magunguna ta Amurka (NLM) tana kula da cikakkiyar ilimin guba da gidan yanar gizon lafiyar muhalli wanda ya haɗa da samun damar samun albarkatun da TEHIP ke samarwa da kuma wasu hukumomi da kungiyoyi na gwamnati. Wannan rukunin yanar gizon ya kunshi hanyoyin hadin yanar gizo zuwa bayanan bayanai, litattafai, koyawa, da sauran albarkatun kimiyya da mabukaci. TEHIP kuma ita ce ke da alhakin Cibiyar Bayanan Toxicology (TOXNET) tsarin hadin gwiwar toxicology da bayanan lafiyar muhalli wadanda ke samuwa kyauta akan gidan yanar gizon. TOXMAP shine Tsarin Bayanan Kasa (GIS) wanda ke cikin TOXNET. TOXMAP yana amfani da taswirori na Amurka don taimakawa masu amfani su gano bayanai na gani daga Hukumar Kariyar Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) Abubuwan Sakin Guba da Shirye-shiryen Bincike na Musamman na Superfund. Laifi Wani bincike na 2021 ya gano cewa fallasa gurɓata yanayi yana haifar da haɓakar laifukan tashin hankali. Sakamakon makaranta Wata takarda ta 2019 ta danganta gurbacewar yanayi da sakamako mara kyau ga yara. Yawan aiki na ma'aikata Yawancin bincike sun nuna cewa gurbatar yanayi yana da mummunar tasiri akan yawan aiki na ma'aikata na cikin gida da waje. Ka'ida da saka idanu Domin kare muhalli daga illar gurbacewar yanayi, kasashe da dama a duniya sun kafa doka don daidaita nau'o'in gurbatar yanayi tare da rage illar gurbatar yanayi. Kula da gurbataccen yanayi Kula da gurbata yanayi kalma ce da ake amfani da ita wajen sarrafa muhalli. Yana nufin sarrafa fitar da hayaki da magudanar ruwa a cikin iska, ruwa ko kasa. Idan ba tare da kula da gurbata yanayi ba, abubuwan sharar gida daga cunkoson jama'a, dumama, noma, ma'adinai, masana'antu, sufuri da sauran ayyukan dan adam, ko sun taru ko kuma sun watse, za su lalata muhalli. A cikin tsarin sarrafawa, rigakafin gurbatawa da rage sharar gida sun fi sha'awa fiye da sarrafa gurɓatawa. A fannin raya kasa, samar da karamin tasiri, irin wannan dabara ce ta rigakafin kwararar ruwa a birane. Ayyuka Sake yin amfani da su Sake amfani da shi Rage sharar gida Ragewa Rigakafin gurbatawa Takin Na'urorin sarrafa gurbatar yanayi Kula da gurbataccen iska Thermal oxidizer Tsarin tarin kura Baghouses Cyclones Electrostatic precipitators Masu gogewa Baffle goge goge Cyclonic sprayer Ejector venturi scrubber Taimakon injin goge goge Hasumiyar fesa Mai goge goge Maganin najasa Sedimentation (maganin farko) Ayyukan sludge biotreaters (jiyya na biyu; kuma ana amfani da shi don ruwan sharar masana'antu) Ruwan iska Gina dausayi (kuma ana amfani dashi don zubar da ruwa a birane) Maganin sharar gida na masana'antu API mai raba ruwa-ruwa Biofilters Narkar da iska (DAF) Maganin carbon da aka kunna foda Ultrafiltration Tsarin dawo da tururi Phytoremediation Kudin gurbatar yanayi Gurbacewa yana da tsada. Ayyukan masana'antu da ke haifar da gurɓataccen iska yana ɗaukar nauyin lafiya da tsaftacewa ga dukkanin al'umma. Ayyukan masana'antu wanda ke haifar da gurbataccen iska shine misali na mummunan waje a cikin samarwa. Wani mummunan waje a cikin samarwa yana faruwa "lokacin da samar da kamfani ya rage jin dadin wasu waɗanda kamfanin bai biya su ba." Misali, idan kamfanin wanki yana kusa da kamfanin kera karafa masu gurbata muhalli, za a kara farashin kamfanin wanki saboda datti da hayakin da kamfanin kera karafa ke samarwa. Idan farashin waje ya wanzu, kamar waɗanda kazanta suka kirkira, masana'anta za su zabi samar da karin samfuran fiye da yadda za a kera idan ana buƙatar masana'anta su biya duk farashin muhalli da ke da alaqa. Domin alhaki ko sakamakon aikin kai-kai ya ta'allaka wani bangare a wajen kai, wani bangare na waje yana shiga. Idan akwai fa'idodin waje, kamar a cikin amincin jama'a, ƙasan mai kyau na iya samarwa fiye da yadda lamarin zai kasance idan mai samarwa ya karɓi biyan kuɗi don fa'idodin waje ga wasu. Koyaya, kayayyaki da sabis waɗanda ke haɗa abubuwan waje mara kyau a cikin samarwa, kamar waɗanda ke samar da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu, galibi ana yin su da yawa kuma ba su da tsada tunda ba a saka farashin waje a kasuwa. Gurbacewar yanayi na iya haifar da farashi ga kamfanonin da ke samar da gurbatar yanayi. Wani lokaci kamfanoni suna zaɓar, ko kuma an tilasta musu su ta hanyar ƙa'ida, don rage yawan gurɓacewar da suke samarwa. Haɗin kuɗin yin wannan ana kiran kuɗaɗen ragewa, ko ƙimar ragewa ta gefe idan an auna ta kowane ƙarin raka'a. A shekara ta 2005 yawan kashe-kashen kashe-kashe na gurɓacewar muhalli da kuma farashin aiki a Amurka ya kai kusan dala biliyan 27. Al'umma da al'adu Yawancin masana'antu masu gurbata muhalli The Pure Earth, wata kungiya ce ta kasa da kasa mai zaman kanta da ta sadaukar da kai don kawar da gurbacewar rayuwa a kasashe masu tasowa, ta fitar da jerin sunayen wasu masana'antu mafi gurbata muhalli a duniya. A ƙasa akwai jerin abubuwan 2016: Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted%20Bundy

Ted Bundy

Theodore Robert Bundy (an haifi Cowell a ranar 24 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1946; ya mutu a Janairu 24, 1989) Ba'amurke ne dan ta'adda da ya aikata manyan laifukan da suka shafi kisan kai, yin garkuwa, yi wa fyade, da kashe mata da 'yan mata da yawa a cikin shekarar 1970. Bayan sama da shekaru goma na takadda, ya furta kisan kai talatin 30, wanda aka yi a jihohi bakwai tsakanin shekara1974 zuwa shekara ta 1978. Ba a san adadin wanda aka kashe na gaskiya ba, kuma yana iya zama mafi girma. An dauki Bundy a matsayin kyakkyawa da kwarjini, halayen da ya yi amfani da su don samun amincewar wadanda abin ya shafa da al'umma. Ya kan kusanci waɗanda abin ya shafa a wuraren taruwar jama'a, da nuna rauni ko naƙasa, ko yin kama da wani mutum mai iko, kafin ya buga su a sume ya kai su wurare na biyu don yi musu fyaɗe da wuƙaƙe. Wani lokaci yana sake ziyartar waɗanda abin ya shafa, yana yin ado da yin lalata da gawarwakin da suka ruɓe har sai ɓacin rai da lalata dabbobin daji ya sa duk wani ƙarin hulɗa ba zai yiwu ba. Ya decapitated akalla 12 wadanda kuma kiyaye wasu daga cikin warware shugabannin matsayin mementos a cikin Apartment. A 'yan lokuta, ya shiga cikin gidaje da dare kuma ya ruɓe waɗanda abin ya shafa yayin da suke barci. A cikin shekara ta 1975, an kama Bundy kuma aka daure shi a Utah saboda tsananin satar mutane da ƙoƙarin kai hari. Daga nan ya zama wanda ake tuhuma a cikin jerin ci gaba mai tsawo da ba a warware ba a jihohi da dama. Yana fuskantar tuhumar kisan kai a Colorado, ya ƙera tsere masu ban mamaki guda biyu kuma ya ci gaba da kai hare -hare a Florida, gami da kisan kai uku, kafin a sake kama shi a shekara1978. Ga kisan na Florida, ya sami hukuncin kisa guda uku a gwaji biyu. An kashe shi a gidan yari na jihar Florida a Raiford a ranar Ashirindahudu 24 ga Janairu, shekara ta 1989. Marubucin tarihin rayuwar Ann Rule ya bayyana shi a matsayin ɗan adam sociopath wanda ya ji daɗi daga zafin wani ɗan adam da ikon da yake da shi akan waɗanda abin ya shafa, har zuwa mutuwa, har ma bayan." Ya taba bayyana kansa a matsayin "ɗan sanyi mafi ƙanƙanta na ɗan iska da za ku taɓa haɗuwa da shi". Lauyan Polly Nelson, memba na ƙungiyar tsaro ta ƙarshe, ya yarda. Ta rubuta, "Ted, shine ainihin ma'anar muguntar zuciya". Rayuwar farko Yara An haifi Ted Bundy Theodore Robert Cowell a ranar ashirindahudu24 ga Nuwamba, shekara1946, ga Eleanor Louise Cowell (1924 2012; wanda aka sani da suna Louise) a Gidan Elizabeth Lund don Uwayen Uwa marasa aure a Burlington, Vermont Ba a taba tabbatar da asalin mahaifinsa ba. Ta wasu asusun, takardar haihuwarsa ta ba da uba ga mai siyarwa da tsohon sojan sama mai suna Lloyd Marshall, kodayake a cewar wasu an jera uban a matsayin wanda ba a sani ba. Louise ta yi iƙirarin cewa wani mayaƙin yaƙi mai suna Jack Worthington, wanda ya watsar da ita jim kaɗan bayan ta ɗauki ciki da Ted. Wasu membobin dangi sun nuna shakkun cewa wataƙila mahaifin Louise, Samuel Cowell ne ya haifi Bundy. A cikin shekaru ukun farko na rayuwarsa, Bundy ya zauna a cikin gidan Philadelphia na kakannin mahaifiyarsa, Samuel (1898 1983) da Eleanor Cowell (1895 1971), waɗanda suka tashe shi a matsayin ɗansu don gujewa kyamar zamantakewa da ke tare da haihuwa a waje. na aure. An gaya wa dangi, abokai, har ma da matashi Ted cewa kakanninsa iyayensa ne kuma mahaifiyarsa babbar yayarsa ce. Daga ƙarshe ya gano gaskiya, duk da tunaninsa na yanayi ya bambanta. Ya gaya wa budurwar cewa wani dan uwansa ya nuna masa kwafin takardar haihuwarsa bayan ya kira shi da "dan iska", amma ya gaya wa masanin tarihin Stephen Michaud da Hugh Aynesworth cewa ya sami takardar shaidar da kansa. Tarihin rayuwa da marubucin laifi na gaskiya Ann Rule, wanda ya san Bundy da kansa, ya yi imanin cewa bai gano ba har zuwashekara 1969, lokacin da ya sami asalin asalin haihuwarsa a Vermont. Bundy ya nuna bacin ransa ga mahaifiyarsa na rashin yi masa magana game da ainihin mahaifinsa, da kuma barinsa don gano ainihin iyayensa ga kansa. A wasu hirarraki, Bundy ya yi magana da kakanninsa kuma ya gaya wa Dokar cewa ya "san da", "girmama", kuma "ya manne" kakansa. A cikin shekara1987, duk da haka, shi da sauran membobin dangi sun gaya wa lauyoyi cewa Samuel Cowell ya kasance mai zaluntar danniya kuma babban mutum wanda ya ƙi baƙar fata, Italiyanci, Katolika, da Yahudawa, ya bugi matarsa da karen dangi, kuma ya karkatar da kyanwa. wutsiyoyi. Ya taɓa jefa ƙanwar Louise Julia ƙasa a kan matakala don yin bacci. Wani lokaci ya yi magana da ƙarfi ga abubuwan da ba a gani ba, kuma aƙalla sau ɗaya ya tashi cikin tashin hankali lokacin da aka taso batun mahaifin Bundy. Bundy ya bayyana kakarsa a matsayin mace mai jin kunya da biyayya wacce a lokuta -lokaci ake yin amfani da wutar lantarki don baƙin ciki kuma tana tsoron barin gidansu har ƙarshen rayuwarta. Bundy lokaci -lokaci yana nuna halin damuwa tun yana ƙarami. Julia ta tuno farkawa daga bacci don ta tsinci kanta da wuƙaƙe daga kicin, kuma Ted ɗan shekara uku yana tsaye kusa da gado yana murmushi. Waɗannan bayanin bayanin kakannin Bundy an yi musu tambayoyi a cikin ƙarin binciken kwanan nan. Manazarta Haifaffun 1946 Pages with unreviewed

24157

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Klir

George Klir

George Jiří Klir (Afrilu 22, 1932-Mayu 27, 2016) masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta ne ɗan ƙasar Czech-Amurka kuma farfesa a kimiyyar tsarin a Jami'ar Binghamton a Binghamton, New York Tarihin Rayuwa An haifi George Klir a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da uku 1932 a Prague, Czechoslovakia. A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da hamsin da bakwai 1957 ya sami digiri na MS a injiniyan lantarki a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Czech a Prague A farkon shekarun dubu daya da dari tara da sittin 1960 ya koyar a Cibiyar Binciken Kwamfuta a Prague. A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da hudu 1964 ya sami digiri na uku a kimiyyar kwamfuta daga Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Czechoslovak A shekarar 1960, Klir ya tafi Iraki don koyarwa a Jami'ar Bagadaza na tsawon shekaru biyu. A ƙarshe ya sami nasarar yin ƙaura zuwa Amurka Ya fara koyar da kimiyyar kwamfuta a UCLA da kuma a Jami'ar Fairleigh Dickinson A shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da tara 1969 ya zo Jami'ar Binghamton, inda daga baya ya zama farfesa na kimiyyar tsarin Shekara ɗaya (1982–1983) ya ci gaba da zama a matsayin ɗan uwansa a Cibiyar Nazarin Ci Gaban Jama'a ta Dutch Netherlands (NIAS), inda ya kammala rubutun littafinsa Architecture of Systems Problem Solving A 2007 ya yi ritaya bayan shekaru talatin da bakwai 37 a Jami'ar. Ayyuka da muƙamai Daga shekara ta 1974 zuwa 2014 Klir shi ne editan Jaridar Duniya na Janar Systems, kuma daga shekara ta dubu daya da tamanin da biyar 1985 zuwa shekara ta dubu biyu da sha sha shida 2016 na Jerin Littattafan Duniya akan Kimiyyar Tsarin Tsarin Injiniya. Daga 1980 zuwa 1984 George Klir shi ne shugaban farko na Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya don Binciken Tsarin (IFSR). A cikin shekarun 1981–1982 ya kuma kasance shugaban Society for General Systems Research, yanzu International Society for the Systems Sciences. Ya ci gaba da zama shugaban kungiyar sarrafa bayanai ta Arewacin Amurka daga 1988 zuwa 1991 da International Fuzzy Systems Association (IFSA) daga 1993 zuwa 1995. Bincike An san George Klir don bincike na karya hanya sama da shekaru arba'in. Aikinsa na farko ya kasance a fannonin tsarin ƙira da kwaikwayo, ƙirar dabaru, gine -ginen kwamfuta, da lissafin lissafi Ƙarin bincike na yau da kullun tun daga shekarun 1990 sun haɗa da fannonin tsarin fasaha, ka'idar bayanai gabaɗaya, ka'idar saɓo da haziƙanci, ka'idar matakan gaba ɗaya, da ƙididdigar taushi Lambar yabo da Karramawa Klir ya sami lambobin yabo da karramawa da yawa, gami da digirin digirgir na girmamawa 5, Lambar Zinariya ta Bernard Bolzano, Kyautar Takardar Kyauta mafi kyau ta Lotfi A. Zadeh, Lambar Zinariya ta Kaufmann, SUNY Chancellor's Award for Excellence in Research and IFSA Award for Exchievement Achievement. A cikin 2007 an ba shi lambar yabo ta Fuzzy Systems Pioneer Award na IEEE Computational Intelligence Society (CIS). Duba kuma Ka'idar ma'aunin m M dabaru Subalgebra mai kauri Tsarin Kwayoyin Halittu Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya don Binciken Tsarin Klir shine marubucin littattafai 23, sama da labarai 300, kuma ya kuma shirya littattafai 10: Littattafai (zaɓi): 1967, Cybernetic Modeling, Iliffe, London. 1969, Hanyar zuwa Tsarin Ka'idojin Janar, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. 1972, Trends in General Systems Theory, (ed.) 462 pp. 1972, Gabatarwa ga Hanyar Hanyar Canja Yanayi, 573 pp. 1979, Tsarin Hanya a Tsarin Modeling da Simulation, tare da BP Zeigler, MS Elzas, da TI Oren (ed. North-Holland, Amsterdam. 1978, Aikace -aikacen Janar Tsarin Bincike, (ed. Plenum Press, New York. 1985, Gine -ginen Matsalolin Matsalolin Tsarin, tare da D. Elias, Plenum Press, New York, 354 pp. 1988, Shirye -shiryen Ruwa, Rashin tabbas da Bayani, tare da T. Folger, Zauren Prentice. 1991, Fuskokin Kimiyyar Tsarin, Plenum Press, New York, 748 pp. 1992, Ka'idar Maɗaukaki, tare da Zhenyuan Wang, Plenum Press, New York, 1991. 1995, Fuzzy Sets and Fuzzy Logic: Theory and Aikace -aikace, tare da Bo Yuan, Prentice Hall, 592 pp. 1996, Fuzzy Sets, Fuzzy Logic, da Fuzzy Systems, tare da Lotfi Asker Zadeh (marubuci) Bo Yuan (ed. Zaɓaɓɓun Takardu, 840 pp. 1997, mai hazo Kafa Theory: Harsashen da kuma Aikace-aikace, tare da U. St. Clair kuma B. Yuan, Prentice Hall, 257 pp. 1998, Bayanai Masu Tabbatacce: Abubuwa na Ka'idar Bayanai Gabaɗaya, tare da M. Wierman, Springer Verlag, Heidelberg. 2000, Shirye -shiryen Rarrabawa: Bayani na Asali da Ra'ayoyin Mutum, Jami'ar Al'ada ta Beijing, Beijing. 2005, Rashin tabbas da Bayani: Tushen Ka'idar Bayanai Gabaɗaya, John Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, 499 pp. 2009, Ka'idar Ma'anar Gabaɗaya, tare da W. Zhenyuan, Springer Verlag, New York. 2011, Ka'idoji da Rikicin Rikici, tare da Radim Belohlavek, MIT Press, 2011. 2017, Ƙarfi Mai ƙima da lissafi: Harshen Tarihi, tare da Radim Belohlavek da Joseph W. Dauben, Jami'ar Oxford. Danna, 2017. Nassoshi Hanyoyin waje DJaridar International Systems of General Systems, Jaridar inda George Klir ya kasance edita tun farkon 1974 zuwa 2014. Mutuwan

28623

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutar%20zuciya

Cutar zuciya

Cutar zuciya (CVD) rukunin cututtuka ne waɗanda suka shafi zuciya ko tasoshin jini. CVD ya haɗa da cututtuka na jijiyoyin jini (CAD) irin su angina da infarction na zuciya (wanda aka fi sani da ciwon zuciya). Sauran CVDs sun haɗa da bugun jini, raunin zuciya, cututtukan zuciya na hauhawar jini, cututtukan zuciya na rheumatic, cardiomyopathy, rhythms na zuciya mara kyau, cututtukan zuciya na haihuwa, cututtukan zuciya na valvular, carditis, aortic aneurysms, cututtukan jijiyoyin gefe, cututtukan thromboembolic, da thrombosis na venous. Hanyoyin da ke ciki sun bambanta dangane da cutar. Cutar na jijiyoyin jini, bugun jini, da cututtukan jijiyoyin jini sun haɗa da atherosclerosis. Ana kuma iya haifar da haka ta hanyar hawan jini, shan taba, ciwon sukari mellitus, rashin motsa jiki, kiba, hawan jini, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan shan barasa, da sauransu. An kiyasta hawan jini ya kai kusan 13% na mutuwar CVD, yayin da taba ke da kashi 9%, ciwon sukari 6%, rashin motsa jiki 6% da kiba 5%. Ciwon zuciya na rheumatic na iya biyo bayan strep makogwaro ba tare da magani ba. An kiyasta cewa har zuwa 90% na CVD na iya yin rigakafi. Rigakafin CVD ya haɗa da haɓaka abubuwan haɗari ta hanyar: cin abinci lafiya, motsa jiki, guje wa hayakin taba da iyakance shan barasa. Yin maganin abubuwan haɗari, kamar hawan jini, lipids na jini da ciwon sukari shima yana da fa'ida. Yin maganin mutanen da ke da strep makogwaro tare da maganin rigakafi na iya rage haɗarin cututtukan zuciya na rheumatic. Amfani da aspirin a cikin mutane, waɗanda ba su da lafiya, ba shi da fa'ida mara tabbas. Cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini sune kan gaba wajen mutuwa a duk sassan duniya in banda Afirka. Tare CVD ya haifar da mutuwar mutane miliyan 17.9 (32.1%) a cikin 2015, daga 12.3 miliyan (25.8%) a cikin 1990. Mutuwar, a wani shekaru da aka ba da, daga CVD ya fi kowa kuma yana karuwa a yawancin ƙasashe masu tasowa, yayin da rates ke karuwa. sun ragu a yawancin kasashen da suka ci gaba tun daga shekarun 1970. Cututtukan jijiyoyin jini da bugun jini suna lissafin 80% na mutuwar CVD a cikin maza da 75% na mutuwar CVD a cikin mata. Yawancin cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini suna shafar tsofaffi. A cikin Amurka 11% na mutane tsakanin 20 zuwa 40 suna da CVD, yayin da 37% tsakanin 40 da 60, 71% na mutane tsakanin 60 da 80, da 85% na mutane sama da 80 suna da CVD. Matsakaicin shekarun mutuwa daga cututtukan jijiyoyin jini a cikin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba ya kai kusan 80 yayin da yake kusan 68 a ƙasashe masu tasowa. Ganewar cututtuka yawanci yana faruwa shekaru bakwai zuwa goma a baya a cikin maza idan aka kwatanta da mata. Ire-ire Akwai ire-iren cututtuka da ke da alaka da tashoshin jini iri-iri. Ana kiransu da cututtukan vascular diseases. Cutar Coronary artery (kuma ana kiranta da cutar zuciya wato coronary heart disease ko kuma ischemic heart disease) Cutar Peripheral arterial cutar tashoshin jini da suke kai jini zuwa hannu da kafa. Cutar Cerebrovascular disease cutar tashoshin jini da suke kai jini zuwa kwakwalwa (kamar Bugun jini) Cutar Renal artery stenosis Aortic aneurysm Har ila yau, akwai cututtukan cardiovascular wanda suke da alaka da zuciya Cutar Cardiomyopathy cutar da ke da alaka da tsokar cardiac Cutar Hawan jini na zuciya cutar zuciya da ke da alaka da Blood pressure ko kuma Hawan jini. Heart failure wani yanayi na cuta wanda ke faruwa yayinda zuciya ta gaza watsa jini zuwa sauran gabobin jiki don gudanar da harkokin metabolism. Pulmonary heart disease gazawar barin dama na zuciya wanda ke da alaka da tsarin numfashi. Cardiac dysrhythmias rashin natsuwar bugun zuciya Cutar kumburewar zuciya Endocarditis shine [[kumburi]n sashin cikin zuciya, wato endocardium. Sassan da suke fi alaka da ita sune heart valves. Kumburin zuciya cardiomegaly Myocarditis shine kumburin myocardium, sashin tsoka na zuciya wanda ke yawan faruwa a dalilin kamuwa da kwayoyin cutan virus viral infection ko kuma a wasu 'yan lokuta a dalilin kamuwa da kwayoyin cuta na bacteria bacterial infection, ko wasu magunguna, ko abubuwan da zuciya bai so, ko kuma matsalar kwayoyin kare jiki daga kamuwa da cuta. Eosinophilic myocarditis kumburin myocardium a dalilin cututtukan Eosinophilic a cikin fararen kwayoyin jini wato white blood cell Valvular heart disease Congenital heart disease lalacewar surar zuciya da ke faruwa a lokacin haihuwa Rheumatic heart disease lalacewar tsokokin zuciya a dalilin zazzabin rheumatic wanda ke faruwa a dalilin Streptococcus pyogenes. Abubuwan da ke iya janyo cutar zuciya Akwai abubuwa da dama da ka iya janyo cutar zuciya, kamar; shekaru, jinsi, amfani da taba/sigari, rashin motsa jini, cutar non-alcoholic fatty liver, yawam shan barasa, rashin cin abinci mai kyau, kiba, gado ko kuma tarihin dangi akan cututtukan zuciya, hawan jini, diabetes mellitus, yawan maiko acikin jini hyperlipidemia, cutar celiac wacce ba ai mata magani ba, matsalolin zamantaewar rayuwa, talauci da karancin ilimi, gurbacewar Iska, da kuma rashin samun isasshen cacci Kariya Za'a iya kiyaye kusan kaso 90% na kamuwa daga cutar zuciya matukar an kiyaye wadannan abubuwan da ke janyo cutar. Hanyoyin da ake gwada wajen magance kamuwa da cutar zuciya su ne; Kiyaye cin kayan abinci nagina jiki, irinsu kayan abinci na Mediterranean, cin ganyayyaki kawai, haramtawa kai cin nama ko kuma kiyaye cin kayan abinci na shuke-shuke kawai. Maye kayan abinci masu yawan maiko ko kitse na dabbobi da mai da aka cire daga jikin itace ko tsirrai: Bincike na lafiya ya nuna cewa sauya cin abinci daga masu maiko na dabbobi zuwa mai da ake cirewa daga shuke-shuke na rage illar kamuwa da cutar zuciya da kaso 30%. Bincike sun nuna cewa wannan dabi'a na rage cin maiko na daga dabbobi zuwa mai da aka sarrafa daga jikin itace kan rage hadarin kamuwa da cutukan zuciya matuka. Rage kiba idan mutum ya cika kiba. Illar rage kiba na da kusancin alaka ga illar sauya nau'in kayan abinci, sannan hujjoji akan nau'in kayan abinci na rage kiba kadan ne. Acikin wani bincike na nazari da aka gano akan mutane masu kiba sosai, rage kiba bayan aikin tita na bariatric surgery kan rage hadarin kamuwa da cututtukan zuciya da kaso 46%. Rage shan barasa zuwa wasu 'yan lokuta a duk rana. Mutanen da basu shan abubuwan da ke dauke da giya na da kaso 25–30% na karancin kamuwa da cututtukan zuciya. Haka zalika, mutanen da basuyi gadon shan barasa da yawa ba na da karancin hadarin kamuwa da cututtukan zuciya. Yawan shan barasa na kara hadarin kamuwa da cutar zuciya, sannan kuma shan barasa kan inya janyo faruwar cutar zuciya a rana ta gaba daga shan ta. Rage cin abinci da ke dauke da maiko na HDL cholesterol. Magungunan Statin kan rage mace-mace ta hanyar cutar zuciya da kusan kaso 31%. Daina shan sigara da sauran kayan hayaki na taba. Dena shan taba gabaki daya kan rage hadarin kamuwa da kas 35%. Motsa jini akalla na mintuna 150 (sa'anni 2 da minti talatin) a duk mako. Rage hauhawan jini, idan jinin ya hau. Rage hawan jini da 10 mmHg na rage hadarin kamuwa da cutar zuciya da kaso 20%. Saukar da hawan jini da amfani ko da ace hawan jinin na tafiya daidai yadda ya kamata. Rage damuwar zuci. Wannan mataki na da wuyan kiyaye saboda ba lallai a iya bayyana abubuwan da suka shafi tunani ba. Yawan damuwa yana da hadarin kara kamuwa da cutar zuciya, musamman ga masu tarihin matsalolin zuciya. Rashin samun isasshen bacci ma na iya haifar da hawan jini. Baligi na bukatan akalla sa'anni 7-9 na bacci a duk rana. Mafi akasarin masana kiwon lafiya sun bada shawara kiyaye wadannan ka'idoji baki daya. Manazarta Translated from

23327

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamu%20Chiroma

Adamu Chiroma

Adamu Chiroma (An haifeshi a shekara ta 1938). Ya kasance ɗan siyasa Najeriya ne. Farkon rayuwa da Karatu An haife shi a shekarar 1934 a garin Pika da ke cikin tsohuwar jahar Borno, yanzu kuma ya koma jahar Yobe. 1943 1947: Makarantar elimantare ta Pika daga baya kuma ya koma Potiskum. 1947 1949: Makarantar midil ta Borno da ke Maiduguri. 1950 1955: Kwalejin Barewa da ke Zariya. 1955 1958: Nigerian College of Art Zaria, wacce yanzu ta koma ABU. 1958 1961: Jami’ar Ibadan (Ibadan University) inda ya yi karantun digiri a fannin tarihi (Bachelor of History). Gogayyar Aiki “A lokacin duk wanda ya je makaranta ana jiransa da aiki, saboda haka ina fitowa sai aka bani aiki a ofishin Sardauna, inda na yi aiki na tsawon shekaru biyu. Daga baya kuma aka yi min DO (District Officer) a Mambila da kuma Lardin Sardauna (Sardauna Province); wannan lardi ta haɗa da Mubi, Goza, Ganye, da kuma Mambila. Sai dai, Mubi ita ce Helikwatar wannan lardi; Ganye da Mubi su ne Lardin Sardauna, amma da can baya, a cikin Kamaru (Cameroon) suke, Marigayi Sir Ahmadu Bello Sardauna ne ya yi ƙoƙari suka dawo Najeriya, saboda haka ake kiransu da sunansa, wato Lardin Sardauna (Sardauna Province)”. Marigayi Alhaji Adamu Ciroma (2017). Sai kuma a cikin shekarar 1965 ya koma zuwa gwamnatin tarayya da aiki, inda aka tura shi hukumar kula da ma’aikata (civil service). Suna cikin wannan aiki sai aka yi juyin mulkin 1966. A wannan guri ya yi aiki da Federal Ministry of Mines and Power (Lokacin Marigayi Ɗanmasanin Kano ne Ministan Ma’aikatar). Yana cikin wannan aiki sai gwamnatin Arewa ta kafa Jarida mai suna New Nigerian Newspaper. Sai aka yi masa Editan farko na wannan kamfanin jarida. Bayan edita ya riƙe janaral manaja, sai kuma manajan darekta na wannan kamfani. “Kamar yadda aka sani, gwamnoni suna son a yi abu yadda suke so, ni kuma ina son yin abu bisa doka da ƙa’ida da bin gaskiya, saboda haka sai muka samu saɓani da gwamnonin Arewa a lokacin, abin da ya haifar da bari na aiki kenan a wannan kamfani na jarida”. Sai kuma daga baya ya koma kamfanin masaƙa na United Nigerian Textile. Ya yi aiki a wannan kamfani na tsawon shekara biyu. Sai kawai aka yi juyin mulki na Murtala. Haka nan kuma a lokacin da yake kamfanin New Nigerian Newspaper, ya riƙe muƙamin darakta a Babban Banki Najeriya har zuwa ƙarshen zamansa na textile. Sannan kuma bayan juyin mulkin sojojin na farko, an zaɓe shi a matsayin wakili mai wakiltar Borno, zaɓen da aka yi shi ba tare da saninsa ba, sai dai kawai an sanar da shi cewa ya je Lagos don wakiltar jaharsa ta Barno a wajen taron sake tsara Kundin Mulkin Najeriya wanda aka kammala shi a shekarar 1979. “Muna tsaka da wannan aiki na tsarin mulki, sai maganar siyasa ta shigo ciki, saboda mutane suna cewa idan aka yi wannan tsarin mulki su waye za su gudanar da shi? Saboda haka a wannan zama aka kafa jama’iyyun siyasa da suka haɗa daNPN, PRP, da sauransu”. Bayan an kafa waɗannan jama’iyyu sai aka yi zaɓen da ya ɗora Alhaji Shehu Shagari a kan mulki. Alhaji Adamu Chiroma yana daga cikin waɗanda aka zaɓa don su tsaya takarar shugabanci ƙasa daga Arewa. Sunan sa shi ne na uku a wajen babban taron NPN da aka yi a Lagos (Convention). Bayan da aka kai waɗannan sunaye Lagos sai wasu ‘yan arewa suka ce basu yarda ba suma sai an saka sunansu. Daga irin waɗannan mutane akwai Bukola Saraki da Iya Abubakar. Faruwar wannan sai aka ce to a sake zaɓe. Da aka sake zaɓe sai da aka sake saka sunayensu su uku da farko sannan kuma aka ƙara sunayen mutane uku. Bayan wannan kuma sai aka sake buga zaɓe. A karon farko sai aka sake watsar da waɗancan ukun aka sake fitar da ukun farko. Daga nan kuma sai aka shiga yarjejeniyar musamman tsakanin mutanen Barno da Kano. A wannan sulhu aka ce idan aka sake gudanar da wannan zaɓe na fitar da gwani kuma aka dace aka fitar da gwani guda ɗaya, akwai yiwuwar samun matsala, saboda haka sai shi Chiroma da Ɗanmasanin Kano suka janye wa Shagari. Saboda haka daga baya sai aka naɗa Adamu Chiroma ya zama sakataren jama’iyya, shi kuma Alhaji Shehu Shagari ya zama ɗantakara. Daga nan sai aka shiga hidimar kamfe, inda bayan an kaɗa zaɓe sai Shagari ya ci zaɓe. Gwamnan Babban Bankin Najeriya Bayan da ya bar aiki a New Nigerian Newspaper, gwamnati ta naɗa shi ya zama darakta na Babban Bankin Najeriya (CBN). Muƙamin da ya riƙe tsawon shekaru biyu. Barin Aiki da Shiga Siyasa Alhaji Adamu Chiroma ɗan siyasa ne tun daga jamhuriya ta farko. A jamhuriyar farko ya yi jama’iyyar NPC, jamhuriya ta biyu kuma da shi aka kafa jama’iyyar NPN, sai kuma jamhuriya ta huɗu da aka kafa jama’iyyar PDP da shi. Alhaji Adamu Chiroma ya ce, “Ina cikin riƙe da wannan kujera, sai na samu saƙo daga jahata ta Barno cewa an zaɓe ni na wakilci Barno a wajen taron Tsarin Mulkin Ƙasa. Kuma a dokance bai halasta ba mutum yana Gwamnan Babban Banki ya riƙe wani muƙami, sabod haka sai na rubuta takardar barin aiki. Tun daga wannan lokaci na shiga siyasa”. Zamowarsa Minista Bayan da aka ci zaɓen da ya ɗora Alhaji Shehu Shagari a kan kujerar shugabancin Najeriya, sai shi Shagari ya kira Adamu Chiroma cewa wanne muƙami yake so a cikin gwamnati. Shi kuma sai ya amsa masa da cewa, shi tun farko umarni aka bashi kuma ya bi, saboda haka duk aikin da aka bashi ko na kwasar shara ne zai iya yi. Saboda haka, sai aka yi masa ministan masana’antu (Minister of industry). Bayan shekara biyu kuma aka mayar da shi ma’aikatar gona (Ministry for Agriculture). Bayan sake sabon zaɓe kuma sai aka yi masa Ministan kuɗi (Minister of Finance). Haka nan ma a zamanin mulkin soja na shugaba Abacha ya riƙe ministan aikin gona (Agriculture). Kafa Jama’iyyar PDP Bayan an sake mu, wata rana ina Kaduna sai Marigayi Rimi da Sule suka zo suka same ni a Kaduna. Suka ce yanzu an sake sabuwar siyasa, kuma mun zauna a kurkuku mun fahimci juna. Menene abin yi? Sai na ce mu yi siyasar haɗin kai. Daga nan sai Rimi ya kira su Jerry Gana, su Solomon Lar, da sauran yaran ‘Yar’aduwa. Muma sai muka kira abokan siyarmu. Sai muka ce da su to, ga siyasa, sannan kuma abubuwan da aka yi mana na cin mutunci har zuwa lokacin Abacha. Saboda haka mu, bamu yarda soja su dama da mu ba. Mu faɗa mu cewa mu bamu yarda a yi siyasar cutar jama’a ba. Saboda haka sai muka rubutawa Abacha cewa lallai bamu yarda ba sai ya sauka. Bayan faruwar waɗannan abubuwa sai muka kafa PDP. Da muka kafa jama’iyyar ta PDP sai muka ɗebo dukkan tunanin gyara ƙasa, haɗa kai, da kula da jama’a, muka yarada cewa: 1. Najeriya tana buƙatar mutane daga kowane gefe da kowane shahi su haɗa kai; 2. Mutane su girmama juna; 3. Su tabbata cewa sun yi abin da zai haɗa kan ƙasa, saboda an yi juye-juyen mulki duk bai haifar da ɗa mai ido ba. Sannan mun lura cewa lokacin da aka yi juyin mulkin Buhari, duk baki ɗayanmu aka tattara mu aka zuba a ƙiri-ƙiri ba tare da bambacin jamaiyya ba. Saboda haka a nan muka ɗauki darasi da kuma zama da juna. A nan muka fahimci junanmu a sannu, sannan muka zauna lafiya da juna. Kyaututtukan Girmamawa An ƙayatar da marigayi Alhaji Adamu Chiroma da lambar yabo ta ƙasa mai taken CFR, a zamanin shugaba Obasanjo. Mutuwa Alhaji Adamu Chiroma, “Ya rasu ne a ranar Alhamis da rana a Abuja, bayan ya sha fama da rashin lafiya. An yi jana'izar marigayi Malam Adamu Ciroma a masallacin Al Noor da ke Abuja.

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ala%C6%99ar%20China%20da%20Najeriya

Alaƙar China da Najeriya

kulla alakar da ke tsakanin Tarayyar Najeriya da Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 1971 shekaru goma bayan da Najeriya ta samu 'yancin kai daga Daular Burtaniya Dangantaka tsakanin Najeriya da China ta fadada kan bunkasa kasuwanci tsakanin kasashen biyu da dabarun hadin gwiwa. Ana daukar China a matsayin daya daga cikin makusantan Najeriya da abokan huldar ta. Haka kuma kasar Sin na daya daga cikin muhimman abokan huldar kasuwanci da fitar da kayayyaki na Najeriya. Dangane da binciken BBC na 2014 na Duniya, kashi 80% na 'yan Najeriya suna kallon tasirin China da kyau, inda kashi 10% ne kawai ke nuna ra'ayi mara kyau, wanda ya sa Najeriya ta kasance mafi yawan masu goyon bayan China a duniya. Kodayake Najeriya tana ci gaba da huldar kasuwanci da Taiwan, kuma tana da ofishin wakilci a Taipei, ta ba da sanarwar hadin gwiwa tare da China a 2005, inda ta sake tabbatar da cewa Beijing "ita kadai ce halattacciyar gwamnatin da ke wakiltar kasar Sin baki daya kuma Taiwan wani yanki ne da ba za a iya daidaita ta ba" Manufofin diflomasiyya Najeriya tana da ofishin jakadanci a Beijing, karamin ofishin jakadancin Guangzhou, da kuma karamin ofishin jakadanci a Shanghai da Hong Kong China tana da ofishin jakadanci a Abuja da karamin ofishin jakadancinta a Legas Bunkasa alakar kasashen biyu Najeriya da Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin sun kulla dangantakar diplomasiyya a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 1971. Dangantaka tsakanin kasashen biyu ta kara kusantowa sakamakon saniyar ware da kasashen duniya suka yi tare da Allah wadai da mulkin kama-karya na sojojin Najeriya (1970s-1998). Tun daga lokacin Najeriya ta zama muhimmiyar hanyar samar da mai da man fetur ga tattalin arzikin China da ke haɓaka cikin sauri kuma Najeriya na neman taimakon China don samun babban ci gaban tattalin arziki; Kasar Sin ta ba da tallafin tattalin arziki, soja da siyasa sosai. A cikin 1996, yayin da gwamnatin Clinton ta nuna adawa da takunkumin da aka sanya wa Najeriya, China, tare da kasashen Yammacin Turai, ba su dace da daskarar da kadarorin Najeriya a duniya ba. A shekarar 2004 da kuma a shekarar 2006, shugaban kasar Sin Hu Jintao ya kai ziyarar aiki a Najeriya inda ya gabatar da jawabi a zauren majalisar dokokin Najeriya Kasashen biyu sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna kan kulla kawancen dabarun. Kasar China ta goyi bayan kudirin Najeriya na samun kujera a kwamitin sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Tun daga watan Fabrairun 2013, Jakadan China a Najeriya shine Deng Boqing. Dangane da jinkirin da Amurka da wasu ƙasashen Yammacin Turai ke yi na taimakawa Najeriya a ƙoƙarin da suke yi na yaƙi da masu tayar da kayar baya a yankin Neja Delta mai arzikin man fetur, gwamnatin Najeriya ta haɓaka haɗin gwiwa na soji da China, wacce ke ba da makamai, kayan aiki, horo. da fasaha ga sojojin Najeriya. Kasashen biyu sun kuma rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar dalar Amurka miliyan 311 don haɓaka hadin kai a cikin shirye -shiryen sadarwa da shirye -shiryen sararin samaniya Kasar Sin ta taimaka wajen bunkasa da harba tauraron dan adam na sadarwa na Najeriya NigComSat-1 zuwa 2007 don fadada hanyoyin sadarwar salula da intanet a Afirka ta Tsakiya A Janairu 2017, gwamnatin Najeriya ta ba da umarnin Taiwan don motsawa ta unofficial ofishin jakadancin daga Abuja, jayayya da cewa kasar ya kare wannan Daya Sin hangen nesa. Wannan umarni ya zo ne bayan Najeriya ta samu alkawarin zuba jarin dala biliyan 40 daga China. A shekarar 2021, kasashen biyu na murnar cika shekaru 50 da kulla alakar hukuma. Zuwa shekarar 2100, an kiyasta cewa yawan mutanen Najeriya zai zarce yawan mutanen China. Dangantaka mai ƙasƙanci A watan Afrilun shekara ta 2020, ministan harkokin waje Geoffrey Onyeama ya yi Allah wadai da halin wariyar launin fata da China ke nunawa ‘yan Najeriya, bayan da wani faifan bidiyo ya fito a yanar gizo wanda ke nuna mazauna Najeriya a China ana nuna musu wariya. Yayin da jami'an China suka ce sun dauki batun da mahimmanci, sun kuma zargi kafofin watsa labarai na Yammacin Turai don jaddada abubuwan da suka keɓe don ciyar da kamfen ɗin ɓarna na PR akan muradun Najeriya. A watan Nuwamba na Shekara ta 2020, gwamnatin China ta hana shigowar China ga dukkan baki, ciki har da ‘yan Najeriya kan damuwar COVID-19, ban da“ muhimman ayyuka ”gami da hidimar diflomasiyya. Soja A shekara ta 2015, wani jirgi mara matuki na ƙasar China ya yi haɗari a cikin karkara na Najeriya. An yi imanin cewa jirgin yana da hannu a gwagwarmayar da Najeriya ke yi da kungiyar masu fafutukar Islama, Boko Haram Kasar China ta baiwa gwamnatin Najeriya samfurin CH-3 kafin shekarar 2014, tare da bama-bamai masu linzami samfurin YC-200 da makami mai linzami samfurin AR-1. A cikin shekara ta 2020, Babban Hafsan Sojojin Saman Najeriya (NAF), Air Marshal Sadique Abubakar, ya bayyana cewa NAF ta kammala sayan jirage guda takwas Wing Loong II, CH-4 da CH-3. Ciniki Kasuwancin juna ya kai dalar Amurka biliyan 3 a shekara ta 2006 daga dala miliyan 384 a shekara ta 1998. A yayin ziyarar da shugaban ƙasar Sin Hu Jintao ya kai a shekarar 2006, kasar Sin ta samu lasisin hako man fetur guda hudu kuma ta amince ta zuba jarin dala biliyan 4 a ayyukan raya mai da kayayyakin more rayuwa a Najeriya, kuma dukkan kasashen biyu sun amince da wani shiri mai maki hudu don inganta alakar kasashen biyu-muhimmin bangarensa shine fadada kasuwanci da saka hannun jari a harkar noma, sadarwa, makamashi da ci gaban ababen more rayuwa. Bugu da kari, China ta amince ta sayi hannun jarin sarrafa matatun mai na Kaduna wanda zai samar da Najeriya ta kuma yi alkawarin ba da fifiko ga kamfanonin mai na China kan kwangilolin aikin hakar mai a yankin Neja -Delta da yankin tafkin Chadi A shekarar 2006, kasar Sin ta kuma amince da baiwa Najeriya bashin dala biliyan daya don taimaka mata wajen inganta da kuma inganta hanyoyin sadarwa na jiragen kasa. A Shekara ta 2005 Najeriya ta amince ta baiwa PetroChina na mai na dala miliyan 800. A shekara ta 2006 CNOOC ta sayi wani kaso na dala biliyan 2.3 a wani shingen binciken mai wanda tsohon ministan tsaro ya mallaka. China ta kuma yi alkawarin zuba jarin dala miliyan 267 don gina yankin kasuwanci kyauta na Lekki kusa da Legas Koyaya, “ambaliyar” kasuwannin Najeriya da kayayyaki masu arha na China ya zama lamari na siyasa mai mahimmanci, kamar yadda-haɗe da shigo da kayayyakin Turai masu hannu da shuni-ya yi mummunan tasiri ga masana'antun cikin gida, musamman a masana'anta, kuma ya kai ga rufe 65 masana'antun masaku da shimfida ma'aikatan saƙa 150,000 a cikin shekaru goma. Mayakan na Najeriya sun kuma yi barazanar kai hari kan ma’aikatan China da ayyukan su a yankin Neja Delta. A shekara ta 2010, ciniki tsakanin kasashen biyu ya kai dalar Amurka biliyan 7.8. A shekara ta 2011 Najeriya ta kasance ta 4 mafi girman abokin huldar cinikayya ta kasar Sin a Afirka kuma a cikin watanni 8 na farkon shekarar 2012 ita ce ta 3. A watan Afrilun Shekara ta 2018, Najeriya ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar musanya dalar Amurka biliyan 2.4 da ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru 3. A shekara ta 2019, cinikayya tsakanin China da Najeriya ta kai dala biliyan 19.27. Kudin ci gaban ƙasar Sin ga Najeriya Daga shekarar 2000 zuwa Shekara ta 2011, akwai kimanin ayyukan china 40 na ayyukan raya kasa da aka gano a Najeriya ta hanyar rahotanni daban -daban. Waɗannan ayyukan sun haɗa da rancen dala biliyan 2.5 don ayyukan layin dogo na Najeriya, wutar lantarki, ko sadarwa a cikin Shekara ta 2008, zuwa MoU akan gina dala biliyan 1 na gina gidaje da samar da ruwa a Abuja a shekara ta 2009, da kuma hanyoyin sadarwa na jirgin ƙasa da yawa. Tun daga shekarar 2000, dangantakar kasuwanci ta karu sosai. An samu karuwar yawan cinikin sama da dala miliyan 10,384 tsakanin kasashen biyu daga shekara ta 2000 zuwa shekara ta 2016. Koyaya tsarin tsarin dangantakar cinikayya tsakanin Sin da Najeriya ya zama babban batun siyasa saboda fitar da kayayyaki na kasar Sin ya kai kusan kashi 80 na jimillar yawan cinikayyar kasashen biyu. Wannan ya haifar da rashin daidaiton kasuwanci sosai tare da Najeriya ta shigo da sau goma fiye da abin da take fitarwa zuwa China. Tattalin arzikin Najeriya yana dogaro da shigo da kaya daga ƙasashen waje masu arha don ci gaba da wanzuwa wanda hakan ke haifar da raguwar masana'antun Najeriya a ƙarƙashin irin wannan shiri. A watan Satumbar shekara ta 2018, Najeriya ta rattaba hannu kan lamunin dala miliyan 328 tare da China don bunkasa ci gaban kayayyakin aikin sadarwa a Najeriya. Ƙasar Sin ta ba da kudin gudanar da ayyukan da za a gudanar a Najeriya: Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Abuja zuwa Kaduna, Tashar Jirgin Ruwa ta Abuja, Tashar Jiragen Sama ta Abuja da Fatakwal Yankunan Kasuwanci na Lekki, Ogun Guangdong Dam din Zungeru Hydro Power Jami'ar Sufuri, Daura A musaya, Najeriya sau da yawa/tana hayar wani kamfani na China don kula da ayyukan ci gaban ta, kamar tashar wutar lantarki ta Mambilla 3,050 Mambilla. Duba kuma 'Yan Afirka a Guangzhou, China Manazarta Kara karantawa Ademola, Oyejide Titiloye, Abiodun-S. Bankole, da Adeolu O. Adewuyi. "Alakar kasuwanci tsakanin Sin da Afirka: Buga daga nazarin AERC." Ikon dragon na kasar Sin Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2016. 69–97. Odeh, Lemuel Ekedegwa. "Dynamics of China-Nigeria Economic Economic Tun 1971." Jaridar Kungiyar Tarihi ta Najeriya (2014): 150–162. a cikin JSTOR Oke, Muritala, Oluseyi Oshinfowokan, da Olubunmi Okonoda. "Alakar kasuwanci tsakanin Najeriya da China: Hasashe don Ci gaban Kasa da Ci Gabansa." Jaridar Kasuwanci da Gudanarwa ta Duniya 14.11 (2019). Osakwe, Adanma, "Binciko sarkakiyar dangantakar China da Najeriya: Shin China tana da kyau ga Afirka?" Binciken Al'amuran Ƙasa, v.1 n.4, Maris 2012, Iyakokin kasashe Iyakan kasa da kasa Iyakar Najeriya da Cana Pages with unreviewed

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timi%20Alaibe

Timi Alaibe

Timi Alaibe (an haife shi a watan Yuni 10, 1962) ɗan Najeriya ne mai fasaha, ɗan kasuwa kuma ɗan siyasa daga jihar Bayelsa. Tsohon Manajan Darakta ne, Hukumar Raya Yankin Neja Delta (NDDC) Rayuwar farko da iyali Ndutimi (Timi) Alaibe ɗan Najeriya technocrat ne, ɗan kasuwa kuma ɗan siyasa daga jihar Bayelsa, Najeriya. Shi ne tsohon Manajan Darakta na Hukumar Raya Yankin Neja Delta (NDDC).</br> An haife shi a ranar 10 ga Yuni, 1962 a ƙauyen Ijaw na Igbainwari a Opokuma, Jihar Bayelsa, Najeriya, ga iyalan marigayi Pa Emmanuel Mmadu Alaibe. Shi ne na uku a cikin yara biyar. Rayuwarsa ta farko ta kasance cikin tashin hankali da wahala domin iyayensa sun kasance masu tawali'u, amma masu aiki tuƙuru. Duk da haka, duk da tawali'u na farko, matashi Timi iyayensa sun ƙarfafa shi. Idan ba a makaranta ba, Timi ya kan raka iyayensa zuwa gona, balaguron da ya shafi ketare kogin a cikin ɗanyen kwale-kwalen katako. Wannan gogewa ce ta koya wa matashi Timi mahimmancin aiki tuƙuru, tun yana ƙarami. Wannan ɗabi'ar aiki mai kima ta yi masa jagora a tsawon rayuwarsa. Lokacin da ba ya zuwa ayyukan ayyuka ko taimaka wa iyayensa a gona, matashi Timi ya yi yawancin lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, tare da abokan aikinsa, yana yawo a cikin kogin ƙauyen, kuma yana yin kamun kifi da sandunan kamun kifi da ƙugiya. Dangantakar abokantakar da ya kulla da abokan wasansa na yara a lokacin farkon shekarun rayuwarsa tana da karfi a yau.</br> Manyan shekarunsa ya yi a garuruwan Warri Fatakwal da Legas. kuma a kowane ɗayaa daga cikin Waɗannan garuruwan, Timi cikin sauri ya samu karɓuwa a tsakanin yaran unguwar saboda ƙwarewarsa ta ninƙaya.</br> Duk da nasarar da ya samu a rayuwa, Timi Alaibe mutum ne da bai taɓa mantawa da inda ya fito ba [6][8]. An yi zargin ya fi jin daɗi a gida a ƙauyensa na Igbainwari a Opokuma. Ilimi Ilimi na farko Timi Alaibe ya fara karatun firamare a Isoko Primary School, Marine Beach, Apapa, Legas daga 1967 zuwa 1970. Lokacin da iyayensa suka ƙaura zuwa Fatakwal a 1970, ya shiga makarantar Christ the King School, Oromenike, Fatakwal tsakanin 1970 zuwa 1973. A nan ne ya sami takardar shedar kammala karatun sa na farko. Bayan kammala karatun firamare, matashi Timi ya koma ƙauyensa Igbanwari a Opokuma. Ilimin sakandare Ya shiga Sakandaren Gwamnati da ke Kaiama da ke Jihar Bayelsa domin yin karatunsa na Sakandare daga 1974 zuwa 1979, inda ya samu shaidar kammala karatunsa na Makaranta a Yammacin Afirka. A ilimi, Timi Alaibe ɗalibi ne na musamman mai hazaƙa wanda ya bambanta kansa a cikin Ingilishi da lissafi.</br> Har yanzu Timi ya samu nasarar kammala karatunsa da karramawa, duk da cewa sai da ya haye kogin unguwar a kan kwale-kwale don halartar makaranta a Kaiama—wanda hakan ke nuna jajircewarsa wajen koyo. Bai taɓa bari rashin galihu ya hana shi ci gaban ilimi ba. Waɗanda suka san shi sosai a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa sun ba da labarin cewa, tun yana ƙarami. Timi ya goyi bayan azama guda ɗaya don samun nasara a rayuwa. Ilimin gaba da sakandare Ba da jimawa ba Timi Alaibe ya samu gurbin shiga Jami’ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Riba, inda daga nan ya kammala digirinsa na farko a fannin Kimiyyar Kimiya (BSc) a fannin Accounting. Bayan ɗan taƙaitaccen aiki na ƙwararru, Timi Alaibe ya ji buƙatar haɓaka ƙwarewar karatunsa. Ya yi hasashen cewa digirin digirgir zai ƙara ba shi kayan aiki a duniyar kamfanoni.</br> Ya nemi, kuma ya sami gurbin shiga Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo (OAU) Ile Ife, Nigeria don karatun digiri na biyu a fannin Kasuwancin Kasuwanci. Ya samu digirin digirgir a fannin harkokin kasuwanci (MBA) a jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo. Sana'a Timi Alaibe ƙwararren ma'aikacin banki ne wanda ke da gogewar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu sama da shekaru ashirin da biyar yana hidima. hamshaƘin ɗan kasuwa ne wanda ya kafa tare da gudanar da sana’o’in samun nasara wanda ya samar wa dubban ‘yan Najeriya ayyukan yi a faɗin ƙasar nan. Ƙwarewarsa ta hidimar jama'a ta shafe fiye da shekaru goma. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin kwamitin gudanarwa a hukumar raya yankin Neja Delta (NDDC) daga 2001 zuwa 2004. Sashin masu zaman kansu Bayan kammala karatun digirinsa na biyu, Timi Aaibe ya koma rayuwa ta ƙwararru a Peat Marwick Ani Ogunde da Co (yanzu KPMG) da farko a matsayin akawu mai horarwa.</br> A shekarar 1986, ya shiga bankin nahiyar Afrika. Ya fara ne a matsayin Shugaban Ayyuka, kuma ya zama manajan reshe a reshen Okrika, a Jihar Riba, ya yi aiki a mukamai daban-daban a Bankin na tsawon shekaru, kafin ya yanke shawarar ci gaba da wasu kalubalen sana’a. Daga nan sai ya samu mukami a Bankin Amintattun Jihohi a shekarar 1991, a matsayin Mataimakin Manaja mai kula da kasada da kula da bashi.</br> Bayan shekara guda, a cikin 1992, an nada shi a matsayin mataimakin shugaban Cosmopolitan Bancshares Ltd babban kamfani na kuɗi da saka hannun jari.</br> A 1994, ya shiga Societe Generale Bank Ltd (yanzu Bankin Heritage PLC) a matsayin manaja, Rukunin Bankin Kasuwanci. Ba da daɗewa ba ya kai matsayin Babban Manaja. Daga baya ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin aikin sake fasalin ayyukan bankin, a cikin 1996. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin babban manaja na bankin a shekarar 1998 sannan ya taba zama babban manajan bankin na kamfanoni da bankin zuba jari a shekarar 2000. A halin yanzu shi ne Shugaban Kamfanin Zomay Group of Companies, wani kamfani na Najeriya gaba ɗaya da ke da sha’awar Dredging, Civil Construction da Offshore Marine Logistics, da sabis na Tallafawa. Kuma shi ne Shugaban Otal din Juanita da ke Fatakwal. Ɓangaren jama'a A tsawon shekarun da ya yi a kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, Timi Alaibe ya san cewa a wani lokaci sai ya kutsa kai cikin ma’aikatun kasar nan domin bayar da gudunmawarsa wajen gyara matsalolin kasar nan. Ya shiga harkar gwamnati a shekara ta 2001, lokacin da Shugaban Najeriya na lokacin, Olusegun Obasanjo ya lura da iya tafiyar da harkokinsa da shugabancinsa, ya naɗa shi a matsayin Babban Darakta mai kula da harkokin kuɗi da gudanarwa, a sabuwar gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya da aka kafa a yankin Neja Delta. Hukumar (NDDC). Ofishinsa ya kafa tsarin mulki mai inganci kuma wanda ya jagoranci gudanar da hukumar. Ya taka rawar gani wajen samar da tsarin kasafin kuɗi na gaskiya wanda ya tabbatar da gudanar da ingantaccen tsarin kula da kuɗaɗen da aka ware wa hukumar.</br> Tare da takwarorinsa, ya gabatar da tsarin mayar da martani na haɗin gwiwa don magance gajeru, Matsaƙaita da kuma dogon lokaci na kalubalen Neja Delta. Wadannan sun hada da hadaddiyar tsare-tsare na ci gaban yanki Tsarin Ayyuka na wucin gadi don manyan ayyuka a cikin jihohin Neja Delta, da kuma shirye-shirye na koyon fasaha da sake daidaitawa da karfafawa matasa a yankin. Saboda himma da jajircewarsa na kawo karshen tashe-tashen hankula a yankin Neja Delta ta hanyar karfafawa Timi Alaibe fiye da sau daya aka nada shi a matsayin riko (mukaddashin) Manajan Darakta na NDDC, a lokacin yana hukumar.</br> Sannan a watan Afrilun 2007, daga karshe aka nada shi a matsayin Manajan Darakta kuma Babban Jami’in Hukumar a matsayin da ya rike har zuwa Afrilun 2009 lokacin da wa’adinsa ya kare. Shigar siyasa Tun kafin ya shiga harkokin siyasa, Timi Alaibe an san shi a cikin da'irar siyasa a matsayin kwararre kuma kwararre mai fasaha wanda ya yi aiki tukuru don tabbatar da lafiyar kasafin kudin kasar. Ya kasance mai fafutukar ganin an magance matsalolin yankin Neja-Delta na Najeriya ba tare da tashin hankali ba. Nagartaccen rawar da ya taka wajen ganin an warware rikicin ‘yan bindigar Nijar cikin lumana, ya sa ya samu yabo da yabo ga ƙasa baki daya, kuma ya yi fice a cikin al’ummar mazaɓarsa musamman a jiharsa ta Bayelsa. Ayyukan zamantakewa Ƙaddamarwa An lulluɓe shi da wani aiki mai wuyar sha'ani na kula da Rushewa, Gyara da Sake haɗa tsoffin mayaƙan cikin al'umma. Waɗanda suka zaɓe shi sun kasance matasa 20,192 masu faɗa da juna waɗanda suka amince da ayyana afuwa a shekarar 2009. Ya ɗauki ƙalubalen da ƙwazo na matsayin firist. Duk da cewa ya riƙe ofishin na kusan shekara guda, amma ya sanya tsarin na tsawon shekaru biyar don gudanar da ingantaccen tsarin tafiyar da ayyukan ta'addanci da sake haɗewa. A yau, yayin da Gwamnatin Tarayya ta yi la'akari da wasu nasarorin farko na wannan shirin, Timi Alaibe ya tsaya tsayin daka a matsayin ungozoma na wannan tsari. Babban Tsarin Raya Yankin Neja-Delta Timi Alaibe ya yi imanin cewa hanyar samar da zaman lafiya da tsaro ga yankin Neja-Delta da kuma ƙasarmu mai daraja shi ne mu fuskanci juna tare da sulhunta kanmu da saɓani na tsarinmu. Ya yi imanin cewa tsarin Marshall Plan na babban tsarin samar da ababen more rayuwa da bunƙasuwar tattalin arziƙin yankin Neja Delta daidai da Babban Tsarin Raya Yankin Neja Delta da Rahoton Kwamitin Fasaha na 2008 da ke goyon bayan wata manufa ta Neja-Delta mai ma'ana za ta magance wasu daga cikin abubuwan. koke-koke. Ya kasance mamba a kwamitin fasaha na Neja-Delta da gwamnatin Shugaba 'Yar'aduwa ta naɗa don tattarawa, bita da kuma wargaza rahotanni, shawarwari da shawarwari daban-daban daga Rahoton Hukumar Willlinks (1958) zuwa yanzu, da kuma ba da shawara. taƙaitaccen shawarwarin da za su baiwa Gwamnatin Tarayya damar samun ci gaba mai ɗorewa, zaman lafiya, tsaron ɗan adam da muhalli a yankin Neja Delta. Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Ƴan siyasan Najeriya Haifaffun

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokar%20Biro

Bokar Biro

Bokar Biro Barry (ko Boubacar Biro (ya mutu a ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamban shekarata 1896)ya kuma kasan ce shi ne sarki na ƙarshe mai zaman kansa na Imamancin Futa Jallon a cikin ƙasar Guinea ta yanzu. Ya mutu a yakin Porédaka, lokacin da manyan bindigogin Faransa suka lalata sojojinsa. Bayan Fage Imamancin Futa Jallon ya kasance ɗayan jihohi na ƙarshe masu zaman kansu a Senegambiya, a cikin tsaunuka inda kogin Gambiya da Kogin Senegal duk suka hau. An kuma kafa ta a matsayin tsarin mulkin mallaka a cikin jihadi wanda Karamokho Alfa ya kuma ƙaddamar a 1725, kuma magajinsa Ibrahim Sori ya ƙarfafa shi. Yankin ya kasance tarayyar larduna tara, kowannensu shugaba ke shugabanta. Bangarorin siyasa biyu sun fito, Alfaya da Soriya, masu goyon bayan zuriyar shugabannin biyu na farko. Tsarin raba iko ya samo asali wanda a karkashinsa wani dan takarar Alfaya ko Soriya suka cike matsayin almami, shugaban kasa. A ƙarshen karni na sha tara, Faransawa sun kuma kasan ce masu ikon mallaka a yankin, kuma suna da haƙuri da ƙiyayya ta Futa Jallon. Sun fusata da goyon bayan da Futa Jallon ke baiwa Samori Ture na Masarautar Wassoulou, wanda kuma yake adawa da ikon Faransa. A shekarar 1889 turawan ingila suka kulla yarjejeniya da turawan faransa wadanda suka gane cewa Futa Jallon yana cikin yankin faransan. Duk da haka, Turawan ingila a Freetown, Saliyo, sun ci gaba da ba da tallafin ga Futa Jallon har zuwa 1895. Almami na Futa Jallon Bokar Biro na cikin kungiyar Soriya. Tushen sa kuma shi ne Timbo, babban birnin tarayyar Futa Jallon. A cikin shekarar 1890, dogon mulkin Almami Ibrahima Sori Dongolfella ya ƙare da mutuwarsa, wanda ya kuma haifar da gwagwarmayar iko. Majalisar dattawa ta zabi babban wansa Bokar Biro a matsayin mai mulki. Bokar Biro ya karbi mulki a wani juyin mulki bayan kashe dan uwansa, kuma ya fara sanya maza masu biyayya gare shi a mukamai. Bokar Biro dole ne ya jimre da gwagwarmaya tsakanin bangarorin siyasa na Alfaya da Soriya, da yunƙurin da shuwagabannin laré na Labé, Timbi da Fugumba suka yi don samun ikon cin gashin kai. Hakanan, duka bayi da talakawa masu 'yanci suna barin ƙasar zuwa yankuna da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Faransa. A watan Yulin 1892 Bokar Biro an tilasta shi ya ba da mulki ga Amadu na ɓangaren Alfaya Ya kuma sake darewa karagar mulki a watan Yunin shekarata 1894. Wasu daga cikin shugabannin sun nemi taimakon Faransa don kawar da shi. Alfa Yaya na Labé ya fara motsa jiki don samun cikakken yanci na lardin sa. A ranar 13 ga watan Disamba 1895 sarakunan da suka fusata karkashin jagorancin Modi Abdoullaye Dhokhiré suka kai hari tare da kayar da Bokar Biro a Bantignel, kuma da kyar ya samu ya tsere. Makonni da yawa bayan haka, lokacin da yawancin mutane suka yi tunanin cewa Bokar Biro ya mutu, sai ya fito a Keebu, da ke kan iyakar yamma da lardin Timbi, wanda shugabanta ya ba shi taimako wajen komawa Timbo. Ya sami nasarar tara sabuwar runduna wacce ta kunshi sojoji 1,500 wanda ya doke abokan gabarsa a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu 1896. Manyan sarakunan sun shiga buya. Tsoma bakin Faransa A ƙarshen shekarar 1894 Faransanci sun aika Raoul de Beeckman a matsayin wakilin su don ganawa da Bokar Biro kuma shirya yarjejeniya. A watan Maris 1895 de Beeckman ya share kusan watanni uku a kan iyakar Futa Jallon kuma yana ba da begen shirya taro. Ba tare da izini ba, mai kula da Faransa ya tsallaka kan iyaka ya afkawa ƙauyen Nanso, kusa da Demukulima, wanda ya yi zargin cewa ya wawushe wani ayari na ƙawancen Faransa. An kashe ɗaya daga cikin dattawan ƙauyen. Wannan lamarin ya rura wutar rashin jituwa ta Bokar Biro, wanda ya zargi Faransawan da wasu ayyukan nuna kiyayya, gami da danne cinikin bayi tare da Sudan, da kuma kin dawo da bayin da suka gudu. Ya kuma kasance mai shakkun ziyarar da wakilan Faransa suka kai wa Futa Jallon bisa dalilan cinikayya ko yin nazarin kasa, wanda yake tunanin shirye-shiryen shiga soja ne. De Beeckman ya koma Futa Jallon shekara mai zuwa. A ranar 18 ga watan Maris 1896 de Beeckman ya isa Timbo, babban birnin Futa Jallon, tare da rundunonin sojoji. Faransawa sun nemi ‘yancin gina hanyoyi ta hanyar Futa Jallon, don kafa wakili a Timbo, don tantance duk nadin sarakunan larduna da mamayar kasuwanci. Bokar Biro ya ƙi, amma daga ƙarshe ya nuna kamar ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniya don kawar da Faransanci daga hanya yayin da yake ma'amala da abokan hamayyarsa. Lokacin da aka bincika takaddar yarjejeniyar a cikin Saint Louis, ya zama cewa a madadin sa hannu Bokar Biro ya rubuta "Bismillah", ma'ana "da sunan Allah". Da zarar ta bayyana cewa Bokar Biro ba ya nufin mika wuya ga bukatun Faransa, sai suka yanke shawarar zuwa amfani da makami idan da hali da zarar damina ta wuce. Sojojin Faransa sun janye na wani lokaci zuwa Sangoya. Bokar Biro ya dauki ficewar Faransa a matsayin nasara. Ya kuma ƙaddamar da manufar ƙiyayya da Faransa. Lokacin da wa'adinsa na Almami ya kare a watan Afrilu 1896 ya ki mika mulki. Yaƙin neman iko ya haɓaka, tare da rikice-rikicen tashin hankali, yana zuwa gab da yaƙin basasa kai tsaye, tare da kira don neman taimako ga Faransanci a cikin Satumba da Oktoba. Faransawan sun yanke shawarar lokaci ya yi da za su yi tafiyarsu, inda suka raba Futa Jallon zuwa kananan jihohin abokan ciniki, tare da abokin kawancensu Umar Bademba a matsayin Almami na abin da ya rage na jihar da ke Timbo. Mutuwa An tura sojoji daga Senegal, Guinea da Sudan, inda suka hadu kan Futa Jallon. Wani shafi na Faransa ya kama Timbo a ranar 3 Nuwamban shekarar 1896. Bokar Biro bai sami damar neman goyon bayan shugabannin ba don tsayayya da Faransanci ba. A ranar 13 ga Nuwamba Nuwamba 1896 Bokar Biro suka yi wani fage a filin Porédaka Bindigogin Faransa sun lalata sojojinsa. Wani mawaki wanda ya bayyana yakin yace Bokar Biro ya cika maganarsa. Bai gudu daga Faransa ba, amma fashewar igwa ya kashe shi. A zahiri, Bokar Biro ya sami damar tserewa amma ba da daɗewa ba wasu sojoji na abokan gabarsa, Sori Illili suka kama shi, kuma suka yanke jiki. Ban Bokar Biro ya mutu tare da shi. Tare da mutuwar Bokar Biro, Faransawa suka zama masu kariya. A watan Yunin 1897 Ernest Noirot, tsohon mai tsara zane na Folies Bergère, ya zama mai gudanarwa kuma ya fara shirin kawar da bautar. A cikin shekarar 1904 Faransawa suka cire ikon shugabannin. A cikin 1905 sun kame babban abokin hamayyar Bokar Biro Alfa Yaya kuma suka tura shi gudun hijira.

30556

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanayin%20gur%C9%93atar%20muhalli%20a%20Toronto

Yanayin gurɓatar muhalli a Toronto

Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli a Toronto sun ƙunshi duk waɗan su abubuwan damuwa da damar da muhallin Toronto ya gabatar. Da yawa suna da illa, kamar gurbacewar iska da ruwa, yayin da wasu kuma abubuwan, da abubuwan more rayuwa na birane kamar manyan tituna da sufurin jama'a ke da tasiri. Sakamakon yawan jama'ar birnin, ana samar da sharar gida mai yawa a kowace shekara. Ana iya samun gurɓataccen iska a ko'ina cikin birni tare da fitattun wurare masu zafi da suka haɗa da Cibiyar Garin Scarborough, Babbar Hanya 427 mai haɗa babbar hanyar 401, da kuma yankin cikin gari. Wannan yana barin mazaunan waɗannan yankuna cikin haɗarin haɓaka al'amuran numfashi da sauran yanayin kiwon lafiya. Gurbacewar ruwa daga birni yana shafar muhallin da ke kusa. Najasa da hayaki mai cutarwa suna haifar da kasancewar gurɓatattun abubuwa kamar su mercury, guba, da kuma wuta a cikin ruwan tafkin Ontario Akwai shaidar cewa hayaki mai cutarwa daga birni ya ragu cikin shekaru da yawa sakamakon ayyukan gida da na Ontario. A cikin shekarata 2014, birnin Toronto ya yi bikin shekara guda ba tare da faɗakar da hayaki ba a karon farko cikin shekaru 20. Ana alakanta ingantuwar iskar da aka samu da rufe tashoshin wutar lantarki da kuma rage bukatar wutar lantarki a birnin. Ƙaddamarwa kamar Ƙungiyar Muhalli ta Toronto da Greening Greater Toronto suna ci gaba da magance matsalolin muhalli a cikin birni. Gurbacewar iska Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a na Toronto ya kiyasta cewa gurɓataccen iska a Toronto daga dukkan tushe a halin yanzu yana haifar da mutuwar mutane 1,300 da ba a kai ba da kuma asibitoci 3,550 a cikin birni kowace shekara. Sama da rabin gurbacewar iska na Toronto ana fitarwa ne a cikin iyakokin birni tare da mafi girman tushen gida shine zirga-zirga gami da kowane nau'ikan motocin kan hanya. Sannan Na biyu mafi girma tushen hayaki da ke shafar ingancin iska na gida shine makamashin da ake amfani da shi don zafi da sanyaya gidaje da kasuwanci. Binciken da aka gudanar a Jami'ar Toronto ya nuna gurɓataccen iska mai zafi kusa da manyan tituna da manyan mahadar da za su iya samun matsakaicin adadin ultrafine sau uku zuwa hudu na birni daga iskar abin hawa. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ake fitarwa daga motoci shine NOx (nitrogen oxide) wanda ke canzawa a cikin iska zuwa NO2 (nitrogen dioxide), Kuma wanda shine daya daga cikin mafi yawan gurɓataccen abu wanda ke da alaka da tasirin lafiya. Babban taro na NOx yana faruwa tare da manyan manyan tituna na Toronto ciki har da Babbar Hanya 427, Babbar Hanya 401, Babbar Hanya 400, Don Valley Parkway, da Gardiner Expressway, da kuma cikin gari. Wadannan iskar gas suna taimakawa wajen samuwar smog, ozone, da ruwan sama na acid. Smog Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a na Toronto ne ke ba da faɗakarwar smog lokacin da yanayin iska a cikin birni bai da kyau da zai iya cutar da lafiyar mazaunin. Sannna Kuma Ana ba da faɗakarwar don ƙarfafa mazauna yankin da su yi taka tsantsan don kare lafiyarsu, yawanci ta hanyar iyakance adadin lokacin da ake kashewa a waje a wuraren da hayaƙi mai nauyi. Wani binciken da Jami'ar Toronto ta jagoranta ya sami ci gaba na ban mamaki a cikin gurɓataccen iska a cikin birni tun 2000. Don kwatanta, akwai kwanakin smog 53 a cikin shekarata 2005, kuma a cikin 2014 da 2015 babu kwanakin smog da aka rubuta. Abubuwan da aka tattara na mahaɗar ƙwayoyin halitta masu canzawa (VOCs) da nitrogen oxides, abubuwan da aka riga aka gyara na smog, suna ta raguwa a hankali a cikin birni. Wani bincike na shekarar 2006-2016 ya nuna cewa yawan gurɓataccen iska na gama gari ya ragu, kuma an lura da raguwar 31% a cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da raguwar 42% na nitrogen dioxide. Koyaya, ozone, wani ɓangaren smog, yana ci gaba da dawwama a matakan da suka saba ma ƙa'idodin Kanada. An lura da inganta hayaki da gurɓacewar iska sakamakon raguwar hayaki a cikin birnin. Kwararru daga ma’aikatar muhalli da sauyin yanayi sun danganta wannan raguwar hayaki da rufe tashoshin samar da kwal, da rage bukatar wutar lantarki a duk fadin birnin, da kuma tsare-tsare irin su Drive Clean. Yanayin yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da hayaki kuma. Lokacin zafi yana taimakawa wajen ƙara yawan amfani da wutar lantarki a cikin birni, da kuma yanayin dumi da bushewa. Kuma Duk da raguwar hayaki a cikin birni, hayaki ya kasance mai yuwuwa saboda yanayin zafi yana ba da damar gurɓata yanayi da sauri. Wannan yana haifar da yuwuwar girman matakan ozone duk da raguwar gurɓataccen abu wanda yawanci ke haifar da samar da ozone. A cikin zafi, bushewar lokacin rani na shekarata 2012, an rubuta wasu daga cikin mafi girma na lokacin rani a cikin birni. Tare da waɗannan abubuwan da aka tattara na ozone sun zo shawarwari guda takwas na smog duk da ƙananan matakan ozone da aka gani a cikin shekarun da suka kai har zuwa Shekarar 2012. Iska mai guba Guba mai guba, wanda kuma aka sani da gurɓataccen iska, sune gurɓatacce wanda bayyanar dogon lokaci na iya haifar da mummunar illar lafiya kamar ciwon daji, tasirin haihuwa, lahani na haihuwa, ko wasu yanayi masu cutarwa da tasirin muhalli. A Toronto, gaba ɗaya nauyin rashin lafiya daga gubar iska ba a san shi ba; duk da haka, bayanan gida sun nuna cewa alamun benzene, tetrachlorethylene, da gubar suna nan a cikin iskar Toronto, suna haifar da haɗarin lafiya a wuraren da ke da babban taro. A halin yanzu ana aiwatar da ka'idoji don rage fitar da hayaki mai cutarwa daga iska. Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Rahoton Muhalli na Birnin Toronto da Ƙwararren Ƙwararru na shekarata 2011, amfani da tetrachlorethylene, wanda kuma aka sani da perchlorethylene ko PERC, yanzu ana bin sa sosai, yana buƙatar masu busassun wuraren tsaftacewa don yin rikodin cikakkun bayanai na yadda ake amfani da shi da sake yin fa'ida. Wannan yana da mahimmanci kamar yadda aka saba amfani da PERC a wuraren tsaftace bushewa, kuma masu yawa da yawa sun keta ka'idoji a baya lokacin amfani da wannan sinadari mai guba. A cewar Jami'in Lafiya na Toronto, PERC tana cikin manyan sinadarai takwas da suka fi damuwa a cikin birni. Gurbacewa daga tushen masana'antu Tushen masana'antu babban mai ba da gudummawa ne ga sakin gurɓatattun abubuwa a cikin Toronto. Masu ƙona najasa da sauran masana'antar jiyya a duk faɗin birni galibi babban tushen gurɓataccen abu ne kamar nitrogen oxide, chromium mercury, da carbon dioxide (CO2). Cibiyar Kula da Jiyya ta Highland Creek tana kula da duk najasar Scarborough kuma tana hidima kusan mutane 500,000. Ita wannan shuka tana daya daga cikin manyan gurbacewar muhalli a Toronto, tana fitar da hayakin iskar gas da ya kai ton 38 (GHG) a kowace rana sakamakon tsohuwar injin ta. A halin yanzu birnin yana muhawara akan yadda za'a inganta kayan aikin mafi kyawu. Kuma Yiwuwar sun haɗa da ci gaba da kona biomass a wurin ta hanyar haɓaka injin incinerator mai kusan shekaru 40, ko jigilar biomass daga wurin don adanawa wani wuri. Har ila yau, kasuwancin gida yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga adadin gurɓatattun abubuwan da ake samarwa daga masana'antu. Inventory Release Inventory (NPRI) na bincike da bayar da rahoto game da fitar da gurɓataccen abu a duk faɗin Kanada. Kuma A halin yanzu NPRI ba ta bin ƙanana da matsakaitan wurare kamar busassun bushes, shagunan gyaran motoci, da kamfanonin bugu, waɗanda ke wakiltar galibin wurare a Toronto. Wannan ya sa Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a na Toronto yanke shawarar cewa cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da tsarin masana'antu a cikin birni ba a la'akari da su. Don magance wannan, Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a na Toronto ya jagoranci haɓaka Rahoton Muhalli da Bayyanawa Bylaw wanda ke buƙatar kasuwancin gida su bibiyi da bayar da rahoto kan ƙira, tsari, amfani da sakin abubuwan fifiko 25. A matsayin wani ɓangare na dokar, an ƙirƙiri shirin ChemTRAC, wanda ke taimaka wa 'yan kasuwa gano manyan hanyoyin sinadarai a cikin wuraren su tare da yin nazarin abubuwan da suka fito. ChemTRAC yanzu ya fara aiki sosai kuma an yi niyya don rage gurɓacewar masana'antu da masana'antu ta hanyar haɓaka wayar da kan jama'a. Gurbacewar ruwa Masu bincike sun samo abubuwa kamar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), masu hana wuta, da gurɓataccen konewa a tafkin Ontario Ana wanke magudanan magunguna, samfuran tsaftacewa da sauran gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwa, yana barin tasiri mai tasiri akan adadin gurɓatattun abubuwan da aka samu a cikin tafkin Ontario. Yawancin kasuwancin Toronto da cibiyoyi suna zubar da tsattsauran sinadarai masu tsafta, masu gurɓata ruwa, da karafa masu nauyi ta hanyar magudanar ruwa. Ruwan Toronto na iya cire wasu daga cikin waɗannan gurɓatattun abubuwa lokacin da aka kula da ruwan datti a ɗaya daga cikin masana'antar sarrafa su; duk da haka, Kuma yawancin sinadarai masu guba sun rage kuma galibi ana fitar dasu cikin tafkin Ontario. A cikin shekarata 2011, an saki sama da tan 7 na cadmium, mercury, gubar, da nickel zuwa tafkin Ontario daga wuraren Toronto. Wani binciken da aka gudanar a cikin 2009 kuma an buga shi a cikin shekarata 2014 ta Jami'ar Toronto da Muhalli na Kanada sun gwada magudanar ruwa na Toronto da kuma kula da ruwan sha don PCBs, masu ɗaukar wuta (ciki har da polybrominated diphenyl ethers ko PBDEs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) da polycyclic musks (PCMs). Binciken ya gano cewa Toronto tana aika kimanin fam 5,000 na PAHs, fam 1,500 na PCMs, fam 55 na PCBs, da fam 40 na PBDEs kowace shekara zuwa gabar tekun Ontario, kusan mil 25 daga cikin tafkin. Bayyanawa ga PCBs na iya haifar da ɗimbin illolin kiwon lafiya da suka haɗa da ciwon daji da rushewar hormone. Gudanar da sharar gida Gidan shimfidar ƙasa na Green Lane yana ɗaukar sharar da Toronto ke samarwa. Birnin ya sayi rumbun a cikin Afrilu shekarar 2007, kuma ya zama wurin zubar da shara na farko a birnin a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2011. Birnin Toronto ya samar da kusan tan 1,000,000 na sharar gida a cikin shekarata 2013, tare da kowane ɗan Toronto yana samar da kusan fam 15 na sharar gida a mako guda. Tare da karuwar yawan jama'a da ƙarancin sarari a wurin zubar da shara, ana ganin tsarin kula da sharar birnin a halin yanzu ba zai dore ba. The Green Lane Landfill ana sa ran zai dawwama har shekarar 2029; duk da haka, an riga an tattauna dabarun sharar gida na dogon lokaci ta birnin Toronto. Majalisar Birni ta amince da Dabarun Sharar Tsawon Lokaci a ranar 15 ga Yuli, shekarata 2016 kuma tana neman jagorantar sarrafa sharar gida a Toronto na shekaru 30-50 masu zuwa. Dabarar za ta mayar da hankali ne wajen rage sharar gida da kuma rage yawan adadin da ake aika wa a wuraren da ake zubar da shara ta hanyar jaddada cudanya da al’umma da karfafa rigakafin sharar gida. Toronto a halin yanzu ba ta da wani shiri na dogon lokaci don ƙaura daga wuraren sharar ƙasa, amma a maimakon haka tana mai da hankali kan ƙoƙarin rage sharar gabaɗaya ta hanyar karkatar da shara. Ƙaddamarwa da ƙungiyoyin muhalli Kungiyoyin muhalli da yawa a Toronto sun yi aiki don magance ɗimbin al'amuran muhalli a Toronto. Ƙungiyar Muhalli ta Toronto (TEA) tana yin kamfen a cikin gida tun 1988 don magance matsalolin muhalli na birane. TEA yana hulɗa tare da 'yan majalisa na birni kuma ya yi tasiri wajen sauya manufofin zuwa shirye-shirye masu dorewa na muhalli. A cikin Fabrairun shekarata 2017, TEA ta shawo kan Majalisar Birni don bincika dalilin da yasa farashin karkatar da sharar ya yi ƙasa a wuraren da ake tara shara. Greening Greater Toronto yana aiki don rage hayakin iskar gas, rage sharar gida, inganta sarrafa sharar gida, da cimma tsaftataccen iska da ruwa a cikin birnin Toronto da Babban yankin Toronto. Greening Greater Toronto yana aiki don cimma shirin sayayyar kore na kamfani, da kuma wani tsari na yanki baki ɗaya na haɓaka ƙarfin ginin kasuwanci a Babban yankin Toronto. hangen nesa The Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA) shine don mafi tsafta, kore, da lafiya Toronto. Yana ba da kariya da haɓaka albarkatun ƙasa, bayanan muhalli da shawarwari don haɓaka kyawawan ayyukan sarrafa ƙasa, da ayyukan al'umma kan ayyukan muhalli, a tsakanin sauran ayyukan. Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin%20gayayyaki%20domin%20muhalli

Cin gayayyaki domin muhalli

Cin ganyayyaki domin muhalli shi ne aikin cin ganyayyaki lokacin da sha'awar ƙirƙirar abinci mai ɗorewa wanda ke guje wa mummunan tasirin muhalli na samar da nama Dabbobi gaba ɗaya an ƙiyasta su ke da alhakin kusan kashi 18% na hayaƙin da ake fitarwa a duniya. Sakamakon haka, an ba da shawarar rage yawan amfani da nama, a tsakanin sauran, Kwamitin Tsare-tsare kan Canjin Yanayi a cikin rahotonsu na musamman na shekarata 2019 kuma a matsayin wani ɓangare na Gargadin Masana Kimiyya na Duniya na shekarata 2017. Ban da sauyin yanayi, damuwar muhalli game da samar da kayayyakin dabbobi na iya danganta da asarar rabe-raben halittu, gurbatar yanayi, sare itatuwa, rashin dorewa da amfani da ruwa da ƙasa. Tasirin muhalli na samfuran dabbobi Kashi hudu cikin biyar na hayakin noma yana fitowa ne daga bangaren kiwo. A cewar rahoton shekarar 2006 Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) rahoton Dabbobin Dogon Inuwa, noma na dabba yana ba da gudummawar "madaidaicin ma'auni" ga dumamar yanayi, gurɓataccen iska, lalata ƙasa, amfani da makamashi, sare gandun daji, da raguwar rayayyun halittu Rahoton na FAO ya yi kiyasin cewa sashen kiwon dabbobi (ciki har da kiwon kaji) (wanda ke ba da daftarin ikon dabbobi, fata, ulu, madara, kwai, taki, magunguna, da sauransu, baya ga nama) ya ba da gudummawar kusan kashi 18 cikin 100 na hayakin GHG a duniya da aka bayyana a matsayin 100. -shekara CO <sub id="mwSw">2</sub> daidai. Wannan ƙididdiga ta dogara ne akan nazarin sake zagayowar rayuwa, ciki har da samar da abinci, sauye-sauyen amfani da ƙasa, da dai sauransu, kuma sun yi amfani da GWP yuwuwar dumamar yanayi na 23 don methane da 296 don nitrous oxide, don canza fitar da waɗannan abubuwa. iskar gas zuwa shekaru 100 CO 2 daidai. Rahoton na FAO ya kammala da cewa "bangaren kiwo ya fito a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan kasashe biyu ko uku da suka fi bayar da gudunmawa ga matsalolin muhalli mafi tsanani, a kowane ma'auni daga gida zuwa duniya". Rahoton ya nuna cewa gudunmawar da dabbobi ke bayarwa wajen fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli ya fi na bangaren sufurin duniya; An soki wannan ƙaddamarwa a cikishekarata n 2010 ta Frank Mitloehner na Jami'ar California, Davis, wanda ya lura cewa marubutan ba su yi irin wannan binciken na rayuwa ba don sufuri, yana haifar da gudunmawar dangi na noma na dabba. Wani bincike da Cibiyar Worldwatch ta gudanar a shekara ta 2009 ya bayar da hujjar cewa rahoton na FAO ya yi watsi da tasirin methane, amfani da kasa da numfashi, inda ya sanya dabbobi zuwa kashi 51% na jimillar hayakin da ake fitarwa a duniya. A cewar wata takarda ta shekarar 2002:Tsarin aikin noma na masana'antu yana cinye mai, ruwa, da ƙasa a cikin ƙimar da ba za ta dore ba. Yana ba da gudummawa ga nau'o'i masu yawa na lalata muhalli, ciki har da gurɓataccen iska da ruwa, raguwar ƙasa, rage bambance-bambancen halittu, da kashe kifi. Noman nama yana ba da gudummawar da bai dace ba ga waɗannan matsalolin, a wani ɓangare saboda ciyar da hatsi ga dabbobi don samar da nama maimakon ciyar da shi kai tsaye ga ɗan adam yana haifar da asarar makamashi mai yawa, yana sa aikin noman dabbobi ya fi ƙarfin albarkatun fiye da sauran nau'ikan samar da abinci. Wani aiki na sirri wanda zai iya yin tasiri mai zurfi akan waɗannan batutuwa shine rage cin nama Don samar da fam 1 na naman sa abinci yana buƙatar kusan galan a ƙalla 2,400 na ruwa da fam 7 na hatsi (42). Idan aka yi la'akari da cewa matsakaicin Amurkawa na cinye kilo 97 na naman sa (da kuma fam 273 na nama a duk shekara) a kowace shekara, ko da rage girman nama a cikin irin wannan al'ada zai rage nauyi a kan albarkatunmu. Tasirin muhalli na samar da dabbobi ya bambanta da hanyar samarwa, kodayake "tasirin [gaba ɗaya] na samfuran dabbobi mafi ƙanƙanta ya wuce na kayan maye". Matsakaicin fitar da iskar gas a kowane abinci Methane Wani bincike na shekarata 2017 da aka buga a cikin mujallar Carbon Balance and Management ya gano hayakin methane na noma na dabbobi a duniya ya kai kashi 11% sama da kiyasin da aka yi a baya, bisa bayanai daga Kwamitin Tsare-tsare kan Sauyin Yanayi Amfani da magungunan kashe qwari A cewar wani rahoto na shekarar 2022 daga Kariyar Dabbobi ta Duniya da Cibiyar Bambancin Halittu kusan fam miliyan 235 na magungunan kashe qwari ana amfani da su a kowace shekara don ciyar da dabbobi a cikin Amurka kaɗai, wanda ke barazana ga dubban nau'ikan ciyayi da dabbobi da ke cikin haɗari. Rahoton ya yi nuni da cewa, ya kamata masu amfani da su su rage cin kayayyakin da suke amfani da su na dabbobi, su kuma canza zuwa tsarin abinci mai gina jiki domin dakile ci gaban noman masana'antu da kare nau'in namun daji da ke cikin hadari. Amfanin ƙasa Wani takarda na shekarar 2003 da aka buga a cikin <i id="mwfw">Jarida na Amurka na Clinical Nutrition</i>, bayan da aka ƙididdige tasirin makamashi, ƙasa, da amfani da ruwa, ya kammala cewa abincin da ake amfani da nama yana buƙatar ƙarin albarkatu kuma ba su da dorewa fiye da abincin cin ganyayyaki na lacto-ovo "Ruwan da ake buƙata don cin nama ya ninka sau biyu don cin ganyayyaki na lita 2,000 a rana". A cewar masana kimiyya na Jami'ar Cornell "Dogara mai nauyi akan makamashin burbushin halittu yana nuna cewa tsarin abinci na Amurka, ko nama ne ko tushen shuka, ba ya dorewa". Koyaya, sun kuma rubuta: “Tsarin abinci na tushen nama yana buƙatar ƙarin kuzari, ƙasa, da albarkatun ruwa fiye da abincin lactoovogetarian. A cikin wannan ƙayyadadden ma'anar, abincin lactoovogetarian ya fi ɗorewa fiye da matsakaicin abincin naman Amurka." Daya daga cikin wadannan masana kimiyya na Cornell "ya kwatanta noman dabbobin da ake ciyar da hatsi a matsayin hanya mai tsada kuma mara dorewa don samar da furotin na dabba", amma Kuma "bambance-bambancen samar da nama daga kiwo da kiwo, ya kira kiwo da kiwo a matsayin mafi ma'ana ta amfani da fili." Yin amfani da filaye mai yawa don noman nama da kiwo maimakon tsire-tsire da hatsi don abincin ɗan adam, a cewar masanin zamantakewa David Nibert, "babban sanadin rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yunwa, da yunwa a duniya." Lalacewar ƙasa Wani tasirin noma kuma shi ne kan gurɓacewar ƙasa. Shanu sun kasance sanannen sanadin zaizayar ƙasa ta hanyar tattake ƙasa da kiwo Yawancin amfanin gonakin duniya ana amfani da su wajen ciyar da dabbobi. Tare da kusan kashi 30 na ƙasar duniya da aka keɓe don kiwon dabbobi, ana buƙatar babban raguwa don ci gaba da haɓakar yawan jama'a. Kuma Ana sa ran neman nama zai ninka nan da shekarar 2050; a kasar Sin, alal misali, inda abinci na kayan lambu ya kasance da al'ada, buƙatar nama zai ci gaba da kasancewa mai girma a cikin cikakkiyar ma'auni, ko da yake ci gaban buƙatar zai ragu. Yayin da kasashe ke tasowa, samun kudin shiga na karuwa, kuma cin kayayyakin dabbobi yana da alaƙa da wadata. Wannan buƙatu mai girma ba ta dawwama. Ƙarfin ƙasa don sha ruwa ta hanyar kutsawa yana da mahimmanci don rage zubar da ruwa da zaizayar ƙasa. Kuma Masu bincike a Iowa sun ba da rahoton cewa ƙasa da ke ƙarƙashin ciyawar kiwo na shekara-shekara da dabbobi ke kiwo ta iya shan ruwa fiye da irin ƙasa a ƙarƙashin amfanin gona guda biyu na shekara: masara da waken soya. Asarar rayayyun halittu Rahoton kimantawa na duniya na shekara ta 2019 IBES akan Ayyukan Halittar Halittu da Muhalli ya gano cewa babban abin da ke haifar da hasarar rayayyun halittu shine amfani da ƙasa na ɗan adam, wanda ke hana sauran nau'ikan filayen da ake buƙata don rayuwa, tare da masana'antar nama suna taka rawa sosai a cikin wannan tsari. Ana amfani da kusan kashi 25% na ƙasar da ba ta da ƙanƙara don kiwon shanu. Sauran nazarin sun kuma yi gargadin cewa cin nama na kara bazuwar jama'a a duniya. Wani bincike na shekarata 2017 da Asusun Kula da namun daji na Duniya ya danganta kashi 60% na asarar rayayyun halittu ga ƙasar da ake buƙata don kiwon dubun dubatar dabbobin noma. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a watan Mayun shekarar 2018 ya bayyana cewa, yayin da namun daji ke raguwa tun farkon wayewar dan Adam, inda dabbobi masu shayarwa ke raguwa da kashi 83 cikin 100, yawan dabbobin da mutane ke kiwon su don ci sun karu. Dabbobi sune kashi 60% na halittu masu shayarwa a duniya, sannan mutane (36%) sai namomin daji (4%). Dangane da tsuntsaye kuwa, kashi 70 cikin 100 na gida ne, kamar kaji, yayin da kashi 30 ne kawai na daji. Ruwa Samar da dabba yana da babban tasiri akan gurɓataccen ruwa da amfani. A cewar Gidauniyar Ilimin Ruwa, tana daukar lita 2,464 na ruwa don samar da fam guda na naman sa a California, yayin da ake daukar galan na ruwa 25 kawai don samar da fam guda na alkama. Kiwon dabbobi masu yawa yana haifar da taki da fitsari mai yawa, wanda zai iya gurɓata albarkatun ƙasa ta hanyar canza pH na ruwa, yana gurɓata iska, da fitar da iskar gas mai yawa wanda ke shafar dumamar yanayi kai tsaye. Yayin da ake kiwon yawancin dabbobi a cikin ƙananan wurare don rage farashi, wannan yana ƙara matsalar yawan sharar gida. Dabbobi a Amurka suna samar da fam tiriliyan 2.7 na taki a kowace shekara,Kuma duk wanda ya ninka fiye da abin da al'ummar Amurka ke samarwa har sau goma. Akwai batutuwan da suka shafi yadda ake zubar da sharar dabbobi, yayin da wasu ake amfani da su a matsayin taki yayin da wasu manoma ke yin takin ruwa da ke ajiye miliyoyin galan na sharar dabbobi wanda ke da matukar hadari da kuma illa ga muhalli. Dangantaka da wasu gardama Ko da yake motsa jiki akai-akai kan zoba, masu cin ganyayyaki na muhalli da masu cin ganyayyaki za a iya bambanta su da waɗanda suka fi dacewa da damuwa game da jindadin dabbobi (nau'in cin ganyayyaki iri ɗaya), lafiya, ko kuma waɗanda ke guje wa nama don ceton kuɗi ko don larura cin abinci na tattalin arziki Wasu kuma sun yi imanin cin ganyayyaki zai inganta samar da abinci a duniya, ko kuma magance yunwa Lafiya Wani bincike a kan Canjin yanayi ya kammala "idan matsakaicin abinci tsakanin manya na Burtaniya ya bi shawarwarin WHO, za a rage fitar da hayakin GHG da kashi 17%. Ana iya samun ƙarin raguwar hayaƙin GHG na kusan kashi 40% ta hanyar yin gyare-gyare na gaskiya ga abubuwan abinci don su ƙunshi ƴan samfuran dabbobi da kayan abinci da aka sarrafa da ƙarin 'ya'yan itace, kayan lambu da hatsi." Wani bincike a cikin The Lancet ya kiyasta cewa "raguwar kashi 30 cikin 100 na noman dabbobi" nan da shekara 2030 da ake bukata don saduwa da kwamitin kula da harkokin noma na Burtaniya zai haifar da raguwar kusan kashi 15% na cututtukan zuciya na ischemic Wani rahoto na shekarata 2018 da aka buga a PNAS ya tabbatar da cewa manoma a Amurka za su iya ciyar da mutane fiye da ninki biyu fiye da yadda suke yi a halin yanzu idan suka yi watsi da kiwon dabbobin noma don amfanin ɗan adam, maimakon haka su mai da hankali kan shuka tsire-tsire. Ga ƙasashen da suka ci gaba, rahoton CAST ya ƙiyasta matsakaicin kilo 2.6 na abincin hatsi a kowace fam na naman naman sa da ake samarwa. Ga ƙasashe masu tasowa, ƙididdigewa shine 0.3 fam kowace fam. (Ana ganin wasu alkaluman da ba su da kamanceceniya a wasu lokuta; Rahoton CAST ya tattauna hanyoyin gama gari na kurakurai da kuma sabani a tsakanin irin wadannan alkaluma. A cikin shekarata 2007, cin naman sa kowane mutum US shine fam 62.2 a kowace shekara, kuma Amurka kowane nama (jajayen nama da kifi da kaji) yawan amfani da shi ya kai fam 200.7 (tushen nauyi mara ƙashi). Taimako Zamantakewar duniya da zamani ya haifar da al'adun mabukaci na Yamma suna yaduwa zuwa ƙasashe kamar China da Indiya, gami da abinci mai yawan nama waɗanda ke maye gurbin abincin gargajiya na tushen tsire-tsire Kusan 166 zuwa fiye da biliyan 200 na filaye da dabbobin ruwa ne al'ummar duniya sama da biliyan 7 ke cinyewa a duk shekara, Duk wanda masanin falsafa kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin dabbobi Steven Best ya ce "ba shi da tabbas". Wani bincike da aka yi a shekarar 2018 da aka buga a Kimiyya ya bayyana cewa, cin naman nama zai karu da kusan kashi 76 cikin 100 nan da shekara ta 2050 sakamakon karuwar yawan jama'a da karuwar wadata, wanda hakan zai kara fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli da kuma kara rage yawan halittu Wani rahoto na shekarata 2018 a cikin yanayi ya gano cewa raguwa mai mahimmanci a cikin cin nama yana da mahimmanci don rage sauyin yanayi, musamman yayin da yawan jama'a ya haura zuwa biliyan 10 a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. A cewar wani rahoto na shekarar 2019 a cikin The Lancet, ana buƙatar rage cin naman duniya da kashi 50 cikin ɗari don magance sauyin yanayi. A cikin Nuwamba shekarata 2017, 15,364 masana kimiyya na duniya sun sanya hannu kan Gargaɗi ga Bil'adama suna kira, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, da rage yawan cin naman kowane mutum. Wani rahoto na shekara ta 2010 daga Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEP) ta kasa da kasa na kwamitin kula da albarkatun mai dorewa ya bayyana cewa:Ana sa ran tasirin aikin gona zai karu sosai saboda karuwar yawan jama'a da karuwar amfani da kayayyakin dabbobi. Ba kamar burbushin mai ba, yana da wahala a nemi mafita: dole ne mutane su ci abinci. Matsakaicin raguwar tasirin zai yiwu ne kawai tare da gagarumin canjin abinci na duniya, nesa da samfuran dabbobi. Rahoton kimantawa na duniya da aka ambata a baya kan bambancin halittu da ayyukan muhalli ya kuma ba da shawarar cewa za a buƙaci rage yawan cin nama don taimakawa wajen kiyaye bambancin halittu. Dangane da rahoton Yuli na shekarar 2019 na Cibiyar Albarkatun Duniya, yawan al'ummar duniya zai karu zuwa kusan biliyan 10 a tsakiyar karni, tare da bukatar naman nama ya karu da kashi 88%. Rahoton ya nuna cewa Amurkawa da Turawa za su bukaci rage cin naman sa da kashi 40% da 22% bi da bi domin ciyar da mutane da yawa a lokaci guda kuma don gujewa bala'in muhalli. A watan Nuwamba na shekarata 2019, gargadi kan "gaggawa yanayi" daga masana kimiyya sama da 11,000 daga kasashe sama da 100 sun ce "cin abinci galibi na tushen shuka tare da rage yawan amfani da kayayyakin dabbobi a duniya, musamman ma naman dabbobi, na iya inganta lafiyar dan Adam da rage GHG sosai. fitar da hayaki (ciki har da methane a cikin "Mataki na Gudun Gudawa")." Gargadin ya kuma ce hakan zai 'yantar da filayen noma don noman shukar da mutane ke bukata maimakon abincin dabbobi, kuma tare da sakin wasu filayen kiwo don tallafawa hanyoyin magance yanayi. Wani bincike na shekarar 2020 da masu bincike daga Jami'ar Michigan da Tulane suka gudanar, wanda Cibiyar Nazarin Halittu ta ba da izini, ya tabbatar da cewa idan Amurka ta rage yawan naman da take ci da rabi, zai iya haifar da raguwar hayakin GHG mai alaƙa da abinci da kashi 35%, raguwar tan biliyan 1.6. Suka Bill Mollison ya yi gardama a cikin Course ɗinsa na Ƙira cewa cin ganyayyaki yana ƙara ƙarar ƙasa. To Domin cire tsiron daga gona yana kawar da duk wani sinadari da yake samu a cikin kasa, yayin da cire dabba ya bar gonar. A ƙasar noma ta Amurka, ƙarancin zaizayar ƙasa yana da alaƙa da filin kiwo da ake amfani da shi don kiwo fiye da ƙasar da ake amfani da ita don noman amfanin gona. Har ila yau Robert Hart ya haɓaka aikin lambun daji, wanda tun daga lokacin an karɓi shi azaman nau'in ƙirar permaculture gama gari, azaman tsarin samar da abinci mai ɗorewa. A cewar wani binciken da aka buga a PNAS, hayakin GHG na Amurka zai ragu da kashi 2.6% (ko kashi 28% na hayakin GHG na noma) idan an cire dabbobi gaba daya daga noma da abinci na Amurka. Zato na wannan binciken duk da haka an yi suka sosai. A cikin wasiƙar da ta biyo baya marubutan sun mayar da martani ga sukar da kuma kare aikinsu. Hakanan ana ba da shawarar mafi daidaiton abinci ta ƙungiyoyi da yawa a matsayin madadin da ba shi da lahani ga muhalli ba tare da barin nama gaba ɗaya ba. Wannan yana nuna haɗin kai tsakanin ma'auni na abincin jagorar abinci na dala da dorewar muhalli sosai. Duba wasu abubuwan Bayanin bayani Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Eco-Cin: Cin abinci kamar Duniya yana da mahimmanci (yana yi! Cikakken tushe tare da nau'o'i da hanyoyin haɗi da yawa. Cin Nama da Dumamar Duniya jerin labaran da ke yin alaƙa mai mahimmanci tsakanin nama da sauyin yanayi Kalkuletattarar sawun muhalli Fage biyu abubuwan abinci ne. Dokta Ruth Fairchild na rahoton UWIC game da cin ganyayyaki da CO 2 -wai The Vegetarian Society UK bayanai portal DuniyaAjiye Vegan Society Muhalli Tashi na eco-veganism Labaran NBC Yuli 4, 2019. Masu fafutuka na yanayi waɗanda ke watsi da cin nama ba daidai ba ne Sabuwar Jamhuriyya, Agusta 31, 2020 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkin%20Dan%27adam%20Na%20Ruwa%20Da%20Tsafta

Hakkin Dan'adam Na Ruwa Da Tsafta

Hakkin Dan Adam na Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (HRWS), ƙa'ida ce wacce ta yarda cewa tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli suna da mahimmanci ga rayuwar kowane mutum. Majalissar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shi a matsayin 'yancin dan adam a ranar 28 ga watan Yulin a ta shekarar 2010. HRWS an amince da ita a cikin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa ta yarjejeniyoyin haƙƙin ɗan adam, sanarwa da sauran ƙa'idojin. Da Wasu masu sharhi sun samo 'yancin ɗan adam na ruwa fiye da ƙudurin Babban Taro daga Mataki na 11.1 na Yarjejeniyar Tattalin Arziƙi, Tattalin Arziki da Al'adu (ICESCR), suna mai da ita dokar data zama ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa. Sauran yarjejeniyoyin da suka amince da HRWS a fili sun hada da Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wasu nau'ikan nuna wariya ga mata (CEDAW) da kuma 1989 na 'yancin yara (CRC). Kudurin farko game da HRWS an zartar da shi ne daga Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekarar 2010. Sun yarda cewa akwai haƙƙin ɗan adam na tsaftar da ke da nasaba da haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa, tun da rashin tsafta na rage ingancin ruwa a ƙasashen, saboda haka tattaunawar da ta biyo baya ta cigaba da jaddada haƙƙin biyu tare. A watan Yulin shekarata 2010, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (Majalisar Dinkin Duniya) Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Resolution 64/292 sun amince da 'yancin dan Adam na karbar ingantaccen, mai araha, da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da ayyukan tsafta. A lokacin waccan Babban Taron, ta yarda da hakan don fahimtar jin daɗin rayuwa da duk haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam, lafiyayye da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da kuma tsabtace muhalli a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam. Yarda da samun damar tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsafta a matsayin 'yancin ɗan adam na kyauta a cikin Babban Taron Majalisar (64/292) ya kawo mahimmancin kulawar gwamnati a duk duniya. Cikan rayuwa mai amfani da lafiya zai gudana ta hanyar fahimtar muhimmancin samun ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli. Wani sabon kudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da aka yi wa kwaskwarima a shekarar 2015 ya nuna cewa hakkokin biyu sun banbanta da juna to amma sun daidaita. Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Tattalin Arziki da Al'adu a cikin Babban Sharhi na 15 ne ya fitar da ma'anar' yancin ɗan adam na ruwa a cikin sharhi 15 wanda aka tsara a shekarata 2002. Fassara ce ba ta ɗaure ba cewa samun ruwa sharadi ne na jin daɗin haƙƙin samun daidaituwar rayuwa, ba tare da rarrabuwa dangane da haƙƙin babban matakin samun lafiya, don haka haƙƙin ɗan adam. Sanarwar ta ce: "'Yancin mutum na ruwa ya ba kowa damar wadatacce, amintacce, karfin iko, mai isa ga jiki da kuma arha don amfanin kansa da na gida." HRWS ts tilastama gwamnatoci su tabbatar da cewa mutane za su iya jin daɗin inganci, wadatacce, karɓa, mai sauƙi, da ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli. domin samun rahusa ta amfani da ruwa yayi la’akari da yadda tsadar ruwa ya zama mai hana ruwa gudu har ya buƙaci mutum ya sadaukar da kai ga wasu kayayyaki da aiyuka masu mahimmanci. Gabaɗaya, ƙa'idar babban yatsa don wadatar ruwa ita ce kada ta wuce 3-5% na kuɗin shigar iyalai. Samun ruwa yana la'akari da lokacin da aka ɗauka, na dacewa don isa tushen da haɗarin da ke ciki yayin isa ga asalin ruwa. Ruwa dole ne ya kasance mai isa ga kowane ɗan ƙasa, ma'ana cewa bai kamata ruwa ya wuce mita dubu 1,000 ko ƙafa 3,280 ba kuma dole ne ya kasance cikin minti 30. Samuwar ruwa yayi la'akari da cewa shin ana samun wadatar ruwa a wadatacce, abin dogaro da cigaba. Ingancin ruwa yana la'akari da gane ko ruwa mai lafiya ne don amfani, gami da sha ko wasu ayyukan. Don karɓar ruwa, dole ne ya kasance yana da ƙanshi kuma bai kamata ya ƙunshi kowane launi ba. ICESCR tana buƙatar ƙasashe masu rattaba hannu don samun cigaba da girmama duk haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam, gami da na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli dasu tabbatar da suna tsabbace dukkanin abinda ya dace na ruwa da muhallin su. Yakamata suyi aiki cikin sauri dan inganci don haɓaka samun dama da haɓaka sabis. dama wasu abubuwan more rayuwa Yanayin duniya Hukumar Kula da Kula da Lafiya ta Duniya ta WHO UNICEF don samar da Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli ta ba da rahoton cewa mutane kimanin miliyan 663 ba su sami ingantattun samun ruwan sha ba kuma sama da mutane biliyan 2.4 ba su da damar samun ayyukan tsabtace muhalli a shekarar 2015. Samun ruwa mai tsafta babbar matsala ce ga sassan duniya da dama. Kafofin da za a yarda da su sun hada da "hanyoyin sadarwar gida, bututun jama'a, rijiyoyin burtsatse, rijiyoyin da aka tona, kare maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da tattara ruwa. Kodayake kashi 9 cikin 100 na yawan mutanen duniya ba su da ruwa, amma akwai "yankuna da aka jinkirta musamman, kamar Saharar Afirka". Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kara jaddada cewa "kimanin yara miliyan 1.5 'yan kasa da shekaru biyar ke mutuwa a kowace shekara kuma an rasa ranakun zuwan su makaranta miliyan 443 saboda cututtukan da suka shafi ruwa da tsafta." Tushen shari'a da amincewa Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Tattalin Arziki da Al'adu (ICESCR) na shekarar 1966 ta tsara haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewar jama'a, da al'adujin wanda aka samo a cikin Sanarwar Duniya kan' Yancin Dan Adam (UDHR) ta shekarar 1948. Babu ɗayan waɗannan takardu na farko da aka yarda da haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsafta. Manyan yarjejeniyoyin kare haƙƙin bil'adama na ƙasa da ƙasa daga baya, duk da haka, suna da tanaji waɗanda suka bayyana haƙƙin samun ruwa da tsafta. Yarjejeniyar kawar da dukkan nau'ikan nuna wariya ga mata ta 1979 (CEDAW) tana da Mataki na 14.2 da ke cewa "bangarorin za su dauki duk matakan da suka dace don kawar da nuna wariya ga mata a yankunan karkara don tabbatar da, bisa daidaito tsakanin maza da mata, cewa suna shiga tare da fa'idantar da cigaban karkara kuma, domin zasu tabbatarwa da mata yancin kan su day suke da shi dama wasu mahimman hakkokin su… (h) Don jindaɗin yanayin rayuwa, musamman dangane da gidaje, tsaftar muhalli, wutar lantarki da samar da ruwa, sufuri da sadarwa. Yarjejeniyar ta shekarar 1989 game da haƙƙin yara (CRC) tana da Mataki na 24 wanda ya ba da cewa "ƙungiyoyi sun amince da haƙƙin yara don jin daɗin mafi girman matsayin kiwon lafiya da kuma wuraren kulawa da rashin lafiya da kuma gyara lafiyar… 2 Bangarorin Jihohi za su nemi cikakken aiwatar da wannan 'yancin kuma, musamman, za su dauki matakan da suka dace (c) Don yaki da cututtuka da rashin abinci mai gina jiki, gami da tsarin kula da lafiya na farko, ta hanyar, tsakanin suna iya samar da isasshen abinci mai gina jiki. da tsaftataccen ruwan sha. Yarjejeniyar 2006 kan 'yancin nakasassu (CRPD) tana da Mataki na ashirin da takwas 28 (2) (a) wanda ya bukaci "bangarorin su amince da' yancin nakasassu na kariya ta zamantakewa da kuma cin gajiyar wannan 'yancin ba tare da nuna bambanci ba naƙasa, kuma za ta ɗauki matakan da suka dace don kiyayewa da haɓakar wannan haƙƙin, gami da Samar da daidaito tsakanin nakasassu da sauran mutane, da kuma tabbatar da samun dama ga ayyuka masu dacewa da arha, na'urori da sauran taimako don alaƙanta da nakasa bukatun su. "Dokar 'Yancin Dan-Adam ta Duniya" wacce ta kunshi yarjejeniya ta shekarar 1966: Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan' Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa (ICCPR); 1966: Labari na 11 da na 12 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa da Tattalin Arziki, Tattalin Arziki, da Al'adu (ICERS); a shekarar 1948: Mataki na ashirin da biyar 25 na Bayyanar da Duniya game da 'Yancin Dan Adam (UDHR) sun yi rubuce-rubucen canjin' yancin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli da sauran haƙƙoƙin da ke da alaƙa da ruwa da za a amince da su a cikin dokar duniya. Har ila yau, masanan sun yi kira ga muhimmancin yiwuwar amincewa da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da 'yancin bil'adama ga ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a ƙarshen karni na ashirin. Yunkuri biyu na farko don ayyana 'yancin ɗan adam na ruwa ya fito ne daga farfesa masanin shari'a Stephen McCaffrey na Jami'ar Pacific a 1992 da Dokta Peter Gleick a 1999. McCaffrey ya bayyana cewa "Irin wannan haƙƙin ana iya yin tunaninsa a matsayin wani ɓangare na haƙƙin abinci ko abinsha, haƙƙin lafiya, ko mafi mahimmanci, haƙƙin rayuwa. Gleick ya kara da cewa: "samun damar samun ruwa na asali hakki ne na dan'adam a fili kuma a bayyane yake da goyon bayan dokokin kasa da kasa, ayyanawa, da kuma aikin Gwamnati." Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Tsarin Al'adu da Al'adu (CESCR) wanda ke kula da bin ka'idojin ICESCR ya zo ga yanke shawara iri ɗaya kamar yadda waɗannan masanan suka yi da Babban Sharhi na 15 a 2002. Ya gano cewa haƙƙin ruwa a fakaice ɓangare ne na haƙƙin samun daidaito na rayuwa kuma yana da alaƙa da haƙƙin babban matakin samun lafiya da haƙƙin samun isassun gidaje da isasshen abinci. Ya bayyana cewa "'Yancin ɗan adam na ruwa ya ba kowa damar wadatacce, amintacce, karɓa, mai wadataccen jiki da kuma araha don amfanin kansa da na gida. Adadin ruwa mai lafiya ya zama dole don hana mutuwa daga rashin ruwa, don rage haɗarin kamuwa da cutar da ruwa da kuma samar da amfani, girki, buƙatun tsafta na mutum da na gida. Countriesasashe da yawa sun amince kuma bisa ƙa'ida sun yarda da haƙƙin ruwa don kasancewa wani ɓangare na wajibai na yarjejeniyarsu a ƙarƙashin ICESCR (misali, Jamus; United Kingdom; Netherlands bayan wallafa Babban Magana 15. Wani tsohon mataki na karamin kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Karewa da Kare Hakkokin Dan-Adam ya sake daukar wani mataki a 2005 wanda ya ba da ka'idoji don taimaka wa gwamnatoci don cimmawa da mutunta ‘yancin dan Adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Waɗannan ƙa'idodin sun jagoranci Majalisar Rightsungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sanya Catarina de Albuquerque a matsayin ƙwararriyar masaniya kan batun haƙƙin ɗan adam da ya shafi samun ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli a shekarar 2008. Ta rubuta cikakken rahoto a cikin 2009 wanda ya bayyana wajibcin hakkin dan adam na tsaftace muhalli, kuma CESCR ta amsa ta hanyar bayyana cewa ya kamata dukkan jihohi su amince da tsaftar muhalli. Bayan tattaunawa mai karfi, kasashe 122 a hukumance sun amince da "'Yancin Dan Adam na Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli" a Babban Kudurin Majalisar 64/292 a ranar 28 ga Yulin 2010. na gida (tsakanin lita 50 zuwa 100 na ruwa ga kowane mutum a kowace rana), duk wasu na ganin shifa ruwa kawai kayi amfani da shi ne a inda ka tsinci kan wanda dole ne ya kasance mai aminci, karɓa kuma mai araha (farashin ruwa bai wuce 3% na kudin shiga na gida), da kuma samun karfin jiki (tushen ruwan ya kasance tsakanin mita 1000 na gida kuma lokacin tarawa bai kamata ya wuce minti 30 ba). Babban taron ya ayyana cewa tsabtataccen ruwan sha yana da "mahimmanci ga cikakken jin daɗin rayuwa da sauran 'yancin ɗan adam". A watan Satumban 2010, Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya zartar da wani kuduri wanda ya amince da cewa 'yancin dan Adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na daga cikin yancin samun cikakken yanayin rayuwa An kara wa'adin Catarina de Albuquerque a matsayin "Kwararren masani kan batun hakkin dan adam da ya shafi samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli" an fadada shi kuma an sauya masa suna zuwa "Mai ba da rahoto na Musamman kan 'yancin dan Adam na samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli" bayan shawarwari a 2010. Ta hanyar rahotonninta ga Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ta ci gaba da bayyana fili da abin da ke tattare da hakkin dan Adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A matsayinta na mai ba da rahoto na Musamman, ta yi magana kan batutuwa kamar: bautar da Jama'a domin hakkim samun ruwa da tsafface muhalli(2010); Kudade don Gano Hakkokin Ruwa da Tsafta (2011); Gudanar da ruwa a cikin haƙƙin haƙƙin ruwa da tsafta (2013); da Dorewa da rashin komawa baya a cikin haƙƙin haƙƙin ruwa da tsafta (2013). An nada Léo Heller a cikin 2014 don zama na biyu Rapporteur na Musamman kan haƙƙin ɗan adam zuwa tsabtataccen ruwan sha da tsafta. Resoludurin da ya biyo baya ya faɗaɗa aikin Wakilin Musamman kuma ya bayyana matsayin kowace jiha a cikin girmama waɗannan haƙƙoƙin. A mafi yawan 'yan Majalisar Resolution 7/169 na 2015 da aka kira wani furucin da "The Human Rights zuwa Safe Shan Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli. Ya fahimci bambanci tsakanin haƙƙin ruwa da haƙƙin tsaftace muhalli. An yanke wannan shawarar ne saboda damuwa game da haƙƙin kula da tsafta da aka manta da shi idan aka kwatanta da haƙƙin ruwa. Fikihun duniya Kotun Tsakanin Amurka da 'Yancin Dan Adam An yi la’akari da haƙƙin ruwa a cikin Kotun Tsakiyar Amurka da ke Yancin Dan Adam na Humanungiyar Asalin Sawhoyamaxa v. Paraguay Batutuwan sun shafi jihohi ne na rashin amincewa da haƙƙin mallakar communitiesan asalin overan asalin yankin kakanninsu. A cikin 1991, jihar ta cire 'yan asalin garin na Sawhoyamaxa daga ƙasar wanda hakan ya haifar da asarar hanyoyin samun muhimman ayyukan su, kamar ruwa, abinci, makaranta da kuma ayyukan kiwon lafiya. Wannan ya faɗi ne tsakanin theungiyar Yarjejeniyar Amurka akan 'Yancin Dan Adam shigar da hakkin rayuwa. Ruwa yana cikin wannan haƙƙin, a zaman wani ɓangare na samun damar ƙasa. Kotuna sun bukaci a mayar da filayen, a bayar da diyya, sannan a aiwatar da kayan masarufi da aiyuka, yayin da al'umma ke cikin shirin dawo da filayensu. Cibiyar Duniya don sasanta rikice-rikicen saka jari Shari'un da ke tafe daga Cibiyar International Settlement of Settlement of Disputes ICSID sun shafi kwangilolin da aka kafa tsakanin gwamnatoci da hukumomi don kula da hanyoyin ruwa. Kodayake shari'o'in suna la'akari da tambayoyin saka hannun jari, masu shiri na taka rawa sosai wajen ganin an tabbatar da adalci a kotuna game da filayen mutane. Bayanai na Bankin Duniya sun nuna cewa harkar ba da ruwa ta fara daga 1990s kuma ci gaba mai yawa a harkar cinikayyar ya ci gaba zuwa 2000s. Azurix Corp v. Ajantina Babban sananne na farko game da haƙƙin ruwa a cikin ICSID shine na Azurix Corp v. Ajantina Rikicin ya kasance tsakanin Jamhuriyar Ajantina da Kamfanin Azurix dangane da sabanin da ya taso daga kwantiragin shekaru 30 tsakanin bangarorin don gudanar da aikin samar da ruwa na larduna daban-daban. An yi la'akari game da haƙƙin ruwa a bayyane yayin lokacin sasantawa don biyan diyya, inda aka gudanar da cewa Azurix na da haƙƙin dawo da adalci kan ƙimar kasuwa na saka hannun jari. Wannan ya kasance maimakon dala miliyan 438.6 da aka nema, yana mai ambaton cewa dan kasuwa mai hankali ba zai iya tsammanin irin wannan dawowar ba, idan aka yi la’akari da iyakokin karin farashin ruwa da ci gaban da za a bukata don tabbatar da kyakkyawan aiki, tsarin ruwa mai tsafta. Biwater Gauff Ltd v. Tanzania Abu na biyu, irin wannan karar da ICSID ta fuskanta shine na Biwater Gauff Ltd v. Tanzania Wannan ya sake kasancewa batun kamfanin ruwa mai zaman kansa a cikin takaddama ta kwantiragi da gwamnati, a wannan karon Jamhuriyar Tanzania ce Wannan kwangilar ta kasance don aiki da gudanar da tsarin ruwan Dar es Salaam. A watan Mayu 2005, gwamnatin Tanzaniya ta kawo karshen kwangilar da Biwater Gauff saboda zargin rashin cika alkawuran aiki. A watan Yulin 2008, Kotun ta fitar da hukuncin ta game da karar, inda ta bayyana cewa gwamnatin Tanzania ta karya yarjejeniyar da ta kulla da Biwater Gauff. bata bada komai, yarda da cewa damuwar jama'a ita ce mafi mahimmanci a cikin takaddamar. 'Yancin ruwa a cikin dokar gida Ba tare da kasancewar ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa da za ta iya tilasta ta ba, haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa ya dogara da ayyukan kotunan ƙasa. Tushen wannan an kafa shi ta hanyar tsarin mulki na haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu ya da kullum da akeyi ESCR ta ɗayan hanyoyi biyu: azaman "ƙa'idodin umarni" waɗanda suke da maƙasudai kuma galibi ba masu adalci ba ne; ko kamar yadda kariya ta musamman da tilasta aiwatarwa ta kotuna. Afirka ta Kudu A Afirka ta Kudu, haƙƙin samun ruwa yana cikin tsarin mulki kuma ana aiwatar da shi ta hanyar ƙa'idodi na yau da kullun. Wannan hujja ce ta sauyin sauyi kaɗan na dabara ta biyu ta tsarin mulki wanda ake kira "ƙirar dokokin ƙira". Wannan yana nufin cewa babban ɓangare na abun ciki da aiwatar da haƙƙin an yi ƙa'idar ƙa'idar gida ta yau da kullun tare da wasu tsayuwa na tsarin mulki. Mazaunan Bon Vista Mansions v. Karamar Hukumar Kudancin Birni Babban sananne na farko wanda kotuna suka aikata shine Mazaunan Bon Vista Mansions v. Karamar Hukumar Kudancin Birni Mazauna wani rukunin gidaje (Bon Vista Mansions) ne suka kawo karar, biyo bayan yankewar ruwan da karamar hukumar ta yi, sakamakon rashin biyan kudin ruwan Wanda hakan ya sanya su cikin matsi. Kotun ta ce bisa biyayya ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu, cewa a tsarin mulki ya kamata dukkan mutane su sami ruwa a matsayin 'yanci. Arin dalilan yanke shawara ya dogara da Janar Sharhi 12 kan Hakkin Abinci, wanda Kwamitin Majalisar oninkin Duniya kan Economicancin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu ya sanya wa waɗanda ke cikin yarjejeniyar wajibcin kiyayewa da mutunta damar samun wadataccen abinci da ke akwai ta hanyar rashin aiwatarwa duk wani matakan cin amana. Kotun ta gano cewa dakatar da tushen ruwan da ake da shi, wanda bai bi ka'idojin "adalci da ma'ana" na Dokar Sabis na Ruwan Afirka ta Kudu ba, ya saba wa doka. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa yanke shawara ta riga ta kasance kafin a amince da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da Shafi na 15. Mazibuko v. Birnin Johannesburg An ci gaba da tattauna yawan ruwan da za'a bayar a cikin Mazibuko v. Birnin Johannesburg Shari'ar ta shafi rarraba ruwa ta bututu zuwa Phiri, ɗayan tsofaffin yankuna na Soweto. Wannan shari'ar ta shafi manyan batutuwa biyu: shin ko manufar garin game da samar da ruwan sha kyauta, kilogram 6 a kowane wata ga kowane mai asusun a cikin garin ya ci karo da Sashe na 27 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu ko Sashe na 11 na Ayyukan Ruwa. Dokar. Batu na biyu kasancewar shin ko girka mitatun ruwa da aka riga aka biya ya halatta. An gudanar dashi a babbar kotun cewa dokokin garin basu bada damar sanya mitoci ba sannan kuma sanya su haramtacce ne. Bugu da ari, yayin da mitoci suka dakatar da samar da ruwa zuwa mazauni da zarar an gama samar da ruwan sha kyauta, wannan ana ganin dakatar da samar da ruwan ba bisa ka'ida ba. Kotun ta rike mazauna Phiri ya kamata a samar musu da ruwa na asali na lita 50 kowane mutum a kowace rana. Aikin Cibiyar Nazarin Nazarin Shari'a (CALS) na Jami'ar Witwatersrand a Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu da Cibiyar Pacific a Oakland, California sun raba Kyautar Kyautar Kasuwanci ta Kasuwancin 2008 ta BENNY don aikin da suka yi a kan wannan shari'ar. Cibiyar Pacific Pacific ta ba da gudummawar shaidar shari'a bisa ga aikin Dr. Peter Gleick wanda ke bayyana haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da ƙididdigar bukatun ɗan adam na ruwa. Manyan wadanda ake kara sun gabatar da karar zuwa Kotun Koli ta Koli SCA wacce ta tabbatar da cewa an tsara manufofin ruwa na gari ne bisa kuskuren kayan aiki na doka dangane da wajibin garin na samar da mafi karancin saiti a Tsarin Afirka ta Kudu, saboda haka aka ware shi. Kotun ta kuma rike adadin don kasancewar mutum mai mutunci kamar yadda sashi na 27 na kundin tsarin mulki ya nuna a zahiri lita 42 na kowane mutum a kowace rana maimakon lita 50 na mutum daya a kowace rana. Hukumar ta SCA ta bayyana cewa sanya mitocin ruwa ya sabawa doka, amma ta dakatar da umarnin na tsawon shekaru biyu domin ba wa garin damar gyara lamarin. Batutuwan sun kara zuwa Kotun Kundin Tsarin Mulki, wacce ta ce aikin da kundin tsarin mulki ya kirkira ya bukaci jihar ta dauki matakan doka da sauran matakai a hankali don fahimtar nasarar da aka samu ta samun ruwa, a cikin wadatar da take da shi. da kotun tsarin kuma gudanar da shi ne wani al'amari ga majalisar dokoki da kuma zartarwa ma'aikata na gwamnatin da aiki a cikin allowance na kasafin kudi da kuma cewa ta bincika shirye-shirye ne wani al'amari na mulkin demokra en Saboda haka, mafi karancin abun da doka 3 (b) ta shimfida shine na tsarin mulki, wanda ke baiwa gawarwowi karkata zuwa gaba kuma baya dacewa bai kamata kotu ta yanke hukunci ga nasarar duk wani hakki na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da gwamnati ta dauka don aiwatarwa ba. Maimakon kotuna sun fi mayar da hankali kan bincikensu kan ko matakan da Gwamnati take bi suna da ma'ana, kuma ko Gwamnati tana bin manufofinta don yin nazari akai. An soki hukuncin saboda yin amfani da "takaitaccen ra'ayi na girmamawa ga shari'a". Indiya Laifuka biyu da suka fi shahara a Indiya game da haƙƙin ruwa suna misalta cewa kodayake ba a kiyaye wannan a bayyane a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya, kotuna sun fassara ta cewa haƙƙin rayuwa ya haɗa da haƙƙin samun lafiya da isasshen ruwa. Delhi Ruwayar v. Jihar Haryana Anan wata takaddama ta amfani da ruwa ta samo asali saboda gaskiyar cewa jihar Haryana tana amfani da Kogin Jamuna don ban ruwa, yayin da mazaunan Delhi suke buƙatar hakan da nufin sha. Anyi la'akari da cewa amfani da gida ya wuce yadda ake amfani da ruwa kuma kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa Haryana dole ne ta ba da isasshen ruwa don zuwa Delhi don amfani da amfanin gida. Subhash Kumar v. Jihar Bihar Har ila yau sananne shine batun Subhash Kumar v. Jihar Bihar, inda aka shigar da kwararar kwararar abubuwa daga kayan wanki zuwa Kogin Bokaro ta hanyar shari'ar bukatun jama'a. Kotuna sun gano cewa haƙƙin rai, kamar yadda doka ta 21 ta Tsarin Mulki na Indiya ta tanada, ya haɗa da haƙƙin more ruwa mara ƙazanta. Shari'ar ta gaza kan hujjojin kuma an gabatar da cewa ba a gabatar da karar ba don wata maslaha ta jama'a ba amma don bukatun mai karar ne don haka ci gaba da shari'ar na iya zama cin zarafin aiki. 'Yancin Duniya na Ranar Ruwa Ruwa yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwar rayayyun halittu gami da mutane. Sabili da haka, samun ruwa mai tsabta da isasshe haƙƙin ɗan adam ne wanda ba za a iya raba shi ba. Saboda haka, Eco Needs Foundation (ENF) yana ganin ya zama dole a amince da haƙƙin ruwa (tare da tabbatar da ƙarancin adadin ruwa) ta hanyar dacewa da aka gabatar da doka. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tare da alkawurra da dama sun wajabta ta ga dukkan kasashe don tabbatar da raba ruwa daidai tsakanin dukkan 'yan kasa. Dangane da haka, ENF ya fara lura da inganta bikin Ranar 'Yancin Duniya na Ruwa a ranar 20 ga Maris, ranar da Dokta Babasaheb Ambedkar ("mahaifin Indiya ta zamani") ya jagoranci satyagraha na farko a duniya don ruwa a 1927. Ranar Ranar 'Yancin Ruwa ta Duniya ta yi kira da a zartar da doka ta musamman da ta kafa' yancin samun ruwa a duniya. A karkashin jagorancin wanda ya kirkiro Dr Priyanand Agale, ENF ta shirya shirye-shirye iri-iri da dama don tabbatar da 'yancin samun ruwa ga yan kasar ta Indiya. New Zealand Ba a kariya ga ESCR a bayyane a cikin New Zealand a halin yanzu, ko dai ta Rightsancin Dan Adam ko Dokar 'Yancin Hakkoki, saboda haka ba a kare haƙƙin ruwa a wurin. Lawungiyar Doka ta New Zealand ta kwanan nan ta nuna cewa wannan ƙasar za ta ba da ƙarin haske ga matsayin doka na haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu. Amurka A cikin Pilchen v. Birnin Auburn, New York, wata uwa mai suna Diane Pilchen tana zaune a matsayin hayar haya a wani gida da aka killace, wanda mai shi (mai gidan) ya kasa biyan kudin ruwa na wani lokaci. Birnin Auburn ya biya Pilchen bashin bashin mai gida, kuma ta rufe hidimarta na ruwa ba tare da sanarwa ba lokacin da ta kasa biyan wadannan basussukan, wanda hakan yasa gidan ba mai zama. Gari ya la'anci gidan kuma ya tilastawa Pilchen da ɗanta su ƙaura. Pilchen ya sami wakilcin Projectungiyar Dokar Ba da Amfani da Jama'a ta New York (PULP) a cikin ƙarar. Birnin Auburn ya yi ƙoƙari ba tare da nasara ba don jayayya cewa ruwa ba haƙƙin tsarin mulki ba ne saboda ana iya amfani da ruwan kwalba a maimakon haka, wata hujja da PULP ta yi takara a matsayin wauta. A cikin 2010, Pilchen ta yi nasarar yanke hukunci a inda ta yanke hukuncin cewa rufe ruwan ya keta hakkinta na tsarin mulki, kuma ba za a iya biyan Pilchen da dakatar da samun ruwa ba sakamakon jinkirin biyan wata kudin ruwa. Tsayayyar Rock Sioux Tribe v. Armyungiyar Injiniyan Sojojin Amurka A cikin 2016, akwai shahararren shari'ar da aka sani da Tsayayyar Rock Sioux Tribe v. Armyungiyar Injiniyan Sojojin Amurka, inda Sioux Tribe suka ƙalubalanci ginin Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL). Wannan bututun danyen mai ya fadada sama da jihohi hudu, wanda ya hada da farawa a Dakota ta Arewa, sannan ya ratsa ta biyu ta Dakota ta Kudu da Iowa, ya ƙare a Illinois Ajiyar Dutse na Tsaye yana kusa da kan iyakar Arewa da Dakota ta Kudu kuma an gina bututun a tsakanin rabin mil daga gare shi. Tunda an gina bututun a kusa da wurin ajiyar, kabilar sun ji tsoron cewa za a iya lalata mahimmancin tarihi da al'adun tafkin Oahe, duk da cewa bututun ba ya tafiya kai tsaye ta cikin tafkin. Tafkin Oahe yana ba da buƙatun ruwa na asali ga Kabilar Sioux kamar ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli. Gina bututun mai na nufin akwai yiwuwar fuskantar malalar mai a cikin tafkin Oahe, wanda ya sanya kabilar ta damu. Kabilar Sioux ta kai karar kamfanin na DAPL saboda sun yi amannar cewa kirkirar bututun ya sabawa dokar kare muhalli ta kasa (NEPA) da kuma dokar tarihi ta kasa (NHA). Bayan bayanin 2016, kotu ta kasa zuwa ga ƙarshe, don haka kotun ta yanke shawarar yin ƙarin bayanan. Bayan bayanai 5 da aka gabatar a 2017 da kuma bayani 1 a 2018, kotu ta ba da izinin gina bututun, amma kabilar ta Rock Rock na ci gaba da gwagwarmaya don ganin an cire bututun. Ostiraliya Hankali a Ostiraliya yana kan haƙƙin ofan Asalin Australiya na ruwa da tsafta. Tarihin mulkin mallaka-ya mamaye mulkin yau da ke tsara tsarin amfani da ruwa ga 'yan asalin Australiya. Akwai yarjejeniyoyin gwamnati da yawa, amma mafi yawansu basu cika yin tasiri sosai ga ikon mallakar toan asalin ƙasar na samun ruwa da tsafta ba A cikin <i id="mwAVo">Mabo v Queensland</i>, 1992, an amince da haƙƙin ativean ativean asali bisa doka a karon farko. 'Yan asalin ƙasar Australiya galibi suna da'awar alaƙar al'adu da ƙasar. Kodayake "al'adu" an san shi a cikin kotu kamar albarkatun ƙasa, al'adun gargajiyar da ruhaniya na Aborigines don shayar da jiki suna da ban tsoro. Yana da kalubale amma ana buƙata don ƙetare darajar al'adunsu da na ruhaniya zuwa fagen shari'a. A yanzu, kusan babu wani ci gaba. Dokar ruwa ta Ostiraliya tana tsara ruwan ƙasa don 'yan ƙasa waɗanda zasu iya amfani da ruwan ƙasa amma ba za su iya mallaka ba. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, duk da haka, babu wani kwatanci game da cikin ruwa da kuma na ruwa. Sabili da haka, yanayin haƙƙin haƙƙin ruwa na ruwa raƙuman ruwa sune farkon ayyukanta na jihar. Gwamnatin Commonwealth ta sami iko kan ruwa ta hanyar aron taimakon alaƙar waje, gami da rantsarfin Ba da Talla, Kasuwanci da Comarfin Kasuwanci. A 2000, Kotun Tarayya ta kammala yarjejeniyar da ta ba wa masu mallakar ƙasa damar shan ruwa don abubuwan gargajiya. Koyaya, amfani yana iyakance ga mahimmancin al'ada, wanda bai haɗa da ban ruwa ba azaman al'adar gargajiya. A watan Yunin 2004, CoAC ta kulla wata yarjejeniya tsakanin gwamnatoci kan shirin National Water Initiative (NWI), don inganta amincewa da 'yan asalin yankin na ruwa. Koyaya, NWI bata damu sosai game da rikitaccen tarihin mulkin-mallaka ba, wanda ya haifar da tsari mai kyau na rarraba ruwa. 'Yan asalin Australiya koyaushe suna neman haƙƙin samun ruwa. Tattaunawa da suka rage Tasirin wuce gona da iri Ganin cewa samun ruwa shine tushen damuwa da rikice rikice a Gabas ta Tsakiya, Kudancin Asiya, Gabashin Bahar Rum da sassan Arewacin Amurka tsakanin sauran wurare, wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) da masana suna jayayya cewa haƙƙin samun ruwa kuma yana da yanayin canjin ƙasa ko na waje. Suna jayayya cewa idan aka yi la’akari da cewa samar da ruwa a dabi'ance ya wuce kuma ya tsallaka kan iyakoki, jihohi ma suna da hurumin doka kada su yi aiki ta hanyar da ka iya yin mummunan tasiri ga jin daɗin haƙƙin ɗan adam a wasu jihohin. Amincewa da wannan aikin na doka na iya hana mummunan tasirin tasirin "matsalar ruwa" a duniya (a matsayin barazanar nan gaba da sakamako mara kyau na yawan mutane Karancin ruwa da kuma yawan amfani da ruwan sha na sanya wannan haƙƙin ya zama mai rikitarwa. Yayinda yawan mutanen duniya ke karuwa cikin sauri, karancin ruwa zai haifar da matsaloli da yawa. Karancin ruwa mai yawa ya kawo batun ko ya kamata a canza ruwa daga wata ƙasa zuwa wata. Rigimar ruwa tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan Takaddama kan ruwa tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan ta rinjayi ƙarancin ruwa a yankin Asiya ta Kudu Kasashen biyu suna da wata yarjejeniya wacce aka riga aka sani da Yarjejeniyar Ruwan Indus An kafa yarjejeniyar ne don takaita rikici tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan dangane da amfani da kogin Indus da kuma samar da ruwa ga kasashen biyu bayan da kasashen suka sami 'yencin kai. Koyaya, rashin jituwa game da shi ya bayyana. A cewar yarjejeniyar, an bar Indiya ta yi amfani da gabar kogin yamma don ban ruwa da kuma dalilan da ba na cuwa-cuwa ba, yayin da Pakistan ke da rinjaye a kan jirgin. Koyaya, Pakistan ta nuna damuwarta cewa ginin Indiya akan kogunan na iya haifar da matsanancin ƙarancin ruwa a Pakistan. Bugu da ƙari, Pakistan ta yi furucin cewa ana iya amfani da madatsun ruwan da Indiya ta gina don dalilai marasa amfani don juya ruwa da kuma kawo cikas ga samar da ruwan Pakistan. Bugu da kari, yarjejeniyar ta shafi kogunan da suka samo asali daga Jammu da Kashmir, wadanda aka cire su daga kula da jikinsu na ruwa. Kasuwancin ruwa da samarda jiha Akwai takaddama game da wanda, idan kowa, alhakin sa ne don tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsafta. Sau da yawa, makarantun tunani guda biyu suna fitowa daga irin wannan maganganun: hakkin jihar ne ta samar da damar samun ruwa mai tsafta ga mutane ta hanyar ba da tallafi da tsabtace muhalli. Ana ba da kasuwancin ruwa a matsayin amsa ga ƙarancin ƙarancin ruwa wanda ya haifar saboda yawan mutanen duniya sau uku yayin da buƙatar ruwa ya ƙaru sau shida. Ka'idodin muhalli na kasuwa suna amfani da kasuwanni azaman mafita ga matsalolin muhalli kamar lalacewar muhalli da rashin amfani da albarkatu. Magoya bayan masana harkokin tsabtace muhalli sun yi imanin cewa sarrafa ruwa a matsayin fa'idar tattalin arziki ta kamfanoni masu zaman kansu zai kasance mafi inganci fiye da gwamnatocin samar da albarkatun ruwa ga 'yan ƙasa Irin wadannan masu ikirarin suna ikirarin cewa kudin da gwamnati ke kashewa don bunkasa abubuwan more rayuwa don rabon albarkatun ruwa bai cancanci amfanin kadan na samar da ruwa ba, don haka suke ganin jihar a matsayin mai samar da ruwa mara tasiri. Bugu da ƙari, ana jayayya cewa sake ruwa yana haifar da ci gaba da gudanar da ruwa mai ɗorewa saboda ƙarfin tattalin arziƙi ga masu amfani da su don amfani da ruwa yadda ya kamata. Abokan adawar sun yi imanin cewa sakamakon ruwa kasancewar haƙƙin ɗan adam ne ban da sa hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu kuma yana buƙatar a ba da ruwa ga dukkan mutane saboda yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwa. Samun ruwa a matsayin 'yancin ɗan adam da wasu ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ke amfani da shi a matsayin hanyar yaƙi da yunƙurin sayar da kamfanoni. 'Yancin ɗan adam na samun ruwa "galibi yana kan dalilai biyu: rashin maye gurbin ruwan sha mai mahimmanci ga rayuwa da kuma gaskiyar cewa wasu haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam da yawa waɗanda aka yarda da su a fili a cikin Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya an tsara su a kan (ɗauka) samun ruwa (misali yancin cin abinci Ra'ayoyin jamaa a matsayin ma'ana don kare haƙƙin al'umma mara ƙarfi Hikimar yalwar jamaa na kara samun karfi, tare da tunanin Anthropocene da kuma amincewa da yan asalin kasar wadanda ke fuskantar mummunar kutse ta hakkinsu zuwa ga kasar tasu mai muhimmanci da ruwa. Ra'ayoyin jamaa hanya ce ta fannoni da yawa, wanda ke amfani da dokoki daban-daban ga rukunin mutane. Akwai yarjejeniya ta ƙasa da ƙasa da yawa, waɗanda ke taƙaita ikon kan haƙƙin igenan asali na ruwa, amincewa da haƙƙin igenan asali, da inganta su. Misali, sun hada da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa da kasashe 167 suka amince da ita a shekarar 1996, wanda ya kwace ikon kasa wanda ya keta hakkin' yan asalin kasar kuma ya ba da damar cin gashin kai ga 'yan asalin kasar. Determinationudurin kai shine ra'ayin da yakamata mutane su iya sarrafa ikon kansu ta hanyar sarrafa albarkatun ƙasa. Hakanan, a cikin wannan shekarar, Yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniyar Tattalin Arziki, Tattalin Arziki da Al'adu ICESCR ta amince da ƙaddarar kai tsaye na 'yan asalin ƙasar don amfani da ruwa da ruwa. Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Muhalli da Ci Gaban ya zartar da ajanda 21 wanda ke samun goyon baya daga jihohi 174, tare da kara kare ‘yan asalin daga kutse daga albarkatun kasa. Akwai wasu shirye-shirye da yawa a fagen duniya da na gida. Masana game da jamaa game da dukansu su yi amfani da waɗannan ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodi daban-daban zuwa iko ɗaya a kan shari'a-da-hali. Akwai iyakoki da yawa akan wannan hanyar ta fannoni da yawa, kodayake. Wasu sharuɗɗa suna amfani da harsunan da ba a sani game da haƙƙin, wanda ke nuna shubuha. Sau da yawa wata jiha ke amfani da su don ba da ikon haƙƙin albarkatun ruwa akan takamaiman al'umma. Yawancin jihohi suna sanya doka bin ƙa'idodin al'adunsu maimakon tsarin ƙasashe. Hakanan, abun cikin kowane ka'idoji yana da fasali daban, yana haifar da "rashin daidaito" a ƙarƙashin abun ciki ɗaya, ajanda. Shubuha, dokokin al'ada, da rashin jituwa sun zama cikas don aiwatar da ra'ayoyin jamaa da yawa. Duk da wadannan matsalolin, mahangar jamaa ta samar da wasu zabin ga shugabanci don taimakawa marasa karfi na zamantakewar al'umma, gami da yan asalin gari, saboda haka yana da kyau a kara bincike. Kungiyoyi Listedungiyoyin da ke aiki kan haƙƙin ruwa da tsaftar ƙasa an jera su a ƙasa. Nationsungiyoyin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya OHCHR (Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam) UNDP UNICEF Tsabta da Ruwa ga Kowa Hukumomin hadin gwiwar gwamnati DFID (Hukumar Hadin gwiwar Burtaniya) GIZ (Kamfanin Tarayyar Jamus don Haɗin Kan Duniya) SDC (Hukumar Ci Gaban da Hadin Kan Switzerland) EPA (Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka) Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da cibiyoyin sadarwa na duniya Aiki kan Yunwa (ACF) Jini: Ruwa Cibiyar Tsaron Ruwa da Hadin gwiwa Freshwater Action Network (FAN) Tsarkakakken Ruwa ga Duniya Hakkin DigDeep na Tsarin Ruwa Cibiyar Pacific Aikin Ruwa Cibiyar kasa da kasa tare da aikin Adalcin Ruwa UUSC WaterAid WaterLex (wanda aka daina aiki tun daga shekarar 2020) Zaman LafiyaJam Duba kuma Bayani Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Mai ba da rahoto na musamman kan haƙƙin ɗan adam na tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli daga Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar foran Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Ruwayar Ruwa 'Yancin Haƙin Mutum na Ruwa da Tsarin Tsabtace Tsarin Tsabta cikin Aiwatarwa (2009) na GIZ 'Yancin Ruwa: Fahimtar haƙƙin yara na shayarwa akan Humanium Pages with unreviewed

20977

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Tsaron%20Shugaban%20kasa

Kungiyar Tsaron Shugaban kasa

Kungiyar Tsaron Shugaban kasa R.S.P wani lokaci ana kiransa kungiyar Tsaron Shugaban kasa, ita ce ƙungiyar ba da sabis na ɓoye da ke da alhakin tsaro ta VIP ga Shugaban Burkina Faso, ƙasar da ba ta da iyaka a Afirka ta Yamma Ya kasance mai cin gashin kansa daga Sojojin Har zuwa 31 ga Oktoban shekarata 2014, Shugaban ya kasance Blaise Compaoré, wani jami'in soja wanda ya hau mulki a juyin mulki na shekarar 1987. kungiyoyin sanannun sanannun sanannun sa hannu ne cikin siyasar Burkina Faso, suna yi wa shugaban Compaoré ƙarfe a cikin mamayar sa da ƙasar. Mutane da yawa a ƙasar sun ce suna tsoron su sosai, wanda a cikin 2012 shekaru biyu kafin ƙarshen gwamnatin Compaoré kungiyar Demokraɗiyya ta bayyana shi da "mulkin kama-karya". A ranar 1 ga watan Nuwamba, 2014, Laftanar Kanar Yacouba Isaac Zida mataimakin kwamandan rundunar tsaro ta Shugaban kasa a takaice ya hau mukaddashin Shugaban kasa bayan korar Compaoré. Daga baya a cikin watan, an nada Zida Firayim Minista. A ranar 16 ga watan Satumbar 2015, bayan da aka ba da shawarar a rusa ta, RSP ta sake yin wani juyin mulki wanda ya yi garkuwa da Michel Kafando da gwamnatinsa. Sojoji sun shiga ciki kuma an dawo da Kafando a ranar 23 ga watan Satumba. An rusa rundunar tsaro ta Shugaban kasa, kamar yadda aka ba da shawarar a baya, a ranar 25 ga watan Satumba 2015. Tarihi Taimako na Compaoré Yunƙurin girma bayan da Kyaftin Blaise Compaoré ya ƙwace mulki a wani juyin mulkin soja na 1987, ya kuma shiga cikin kashe-kashe da yawa ba bisa umarnin Shugaba Compaoré ba a cikin shekarun 1990s, yana aiki a matsayin rundunar mutuwa da masu tsaron lafiyarsa A cikin 1990, RSP ya azabtar da dalibin likitan nan kuma mai gwagwarmaya matasa David Boukary har ya mutu. A shekarar 1998, an kashe David Ouedraogo direban dan uwan shugaban kasar François Compaoré wanda hakan ya haifar da bincike daga dan jaridar Norbert Zongo, fitaccen mai sukar gwamnati a kasar a lokacin. A ranar 13 ga watan Disambar 1998 an tsinci gawar Zongo, dan uwansa Ernest, Ablassé Nikiema da Blaise Ilboudo a Sapouy, cike da harsasai. Da farko watsi da kisan a matsayin "mummunan haɗari", daga ƙarshe matsin lamba daga jama'a ya tilasta wa gwamnati sanya wani bincike. Kwamitin mai zaman kansa na binciken ya gano cewa sojojin RSP sun azabtar da Ouedraogo har lahira a barikinsu saboda zargin da ya yi na satar dan uwan Shugaban kasar, kuma Norbert Zongo da sauran ukun suma RSP din sun kashe su. Bayan haka Compaoré ya yi alkawarin sake fasalin RSP, kuma an kame sojoji da yawa, daga cikinsu Marcel Kafando, wanda shi ne kwamandan sashin a lokacin kisan. Zuwa 2006, duk da haka, duk an wanke su ko kuma an dakatar da tuhume-tuhumensu. Ba wai kawai suna aiki a matsayin masu tilasta Compaoré ba, an zargi mambobin RSP a kalla sau biyu da shiga cikin yunkurin kwace mulki. A watan Oktoba 1996 an kama sojoji RSP ashirin da biyar, kuma tare da kwamandan Regiment Hyacinthe Kafando (ba shi da dangantaka da Marcel Kafando, magajinsa), wanda yake waje a lokacin an gurfanar da su a gaban kuliya saboda shirya makarkashiyar juyin mulki d 'état, mai yiwuwa tare da sa hannun dan Ivory Coast. Kafando, wanda ya kasance cikin juyin mulkin soja na Compaoré na 1987 (wanda hakan ma ya samu taimako daga gwamnatin Ivory Coast a lokacin), an ba shi damar komawa Burkina Faso daga gudun hijirar da ya yi a shekarar 2001. A watan Oktoba na 2003 gwamnati ta ba da sanarwar cewa ta yi nasarar hana juyin mulkin da aka shirya A farkon watan Janairun 2004 an kame sojoji goma sha biyar, gami da mambobin RSP da dama, tare da fararen hula biyu kan zargin suna da hannu a wata makarkashiyar da ake zargi. Bayan da Shugaba Compaoré ya yi murabus a ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba 2014 saboda zanga-zangar adawa da shawarar da ya bayar na soke iyakar lokacin shugaban kasa, RSP ta yi juyin mulki a ranar 16 ga watan Satumbar 2015 bayan an ba da shawarar a rusa ta, tare da kwace ikon Ouagadougou Koyaya, bayan yawan adawar da aikin soja na yau da kullun, shugaban rikon kwarya Michel Kafando da Firayim Minista Yacouba Zida an mai da su kan mukamansu a ranar 23 ga watan Satumbar 2015. Imentungiyar Tsaron Shugaban hadasa tana da rawar gani wajen dakatar da zanga-zangar Burkinabé ta 2011, wacce ta ɓarke a watan Fabrairu kuma ta ci gaba har zuwa lokacin da aka sasanta a watan Yuni. Baya ga manyan zanga-zangar tituna da yajin aikin, tashin hankalin ya shafi shari'oi da yawa na lalata mutane tsakanin sojojin. RSP ya kasance mai taimakawa wajen kawar da wadannan rikice-rikicen, alal misali sanya kewaye ga sansanin soja a Bobo-Dioulasso a watan Yuni kuma suna fada da sojoji masu tawaye a can. Waɗannan abubuwan sun haifar da rikici tsakanin Sojoji da runduna, ɗayan yana tsoron Compaoré ɗayan kuma amintacce. Sakamakon rawar da suka taka a cikin zanga-zangar, RSP ta karɓi makami mafi kyau fiye da sauran sojoji, ban da ƙarin albashi. A ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu 2012, wani soja da ya fice daga Regiment, Romuald Tuina, ya yi fashi a bankin Ouagadougou da rana tsaka, ya kwashe sama da CFA miliyan bakwai ya gudu zuwa Ivory Coast. A daren 30 zuwa 31 ga watan Agusta 2013, Tuina bayan ya dawo Burkina Faso ya yi yunƙurin kashe Compaoré, inda ya buɗe wuta a ofishin Shugaban bayan ya kutsa kai cikin fadar shugaban ƙasa sanye da kayan soja. An kashe shi a musayar harbe-harben da ke tafe. 2014 Burkinabé tawaye Bayan shekaru 27 na mulki, Shugaba Blaise Compaoré ya yi yunkurin cire dokar da kundin tsarin mulki ya gindaya kan sharuddan shugaban kasa, ta ba shi damar sake tsayawa takara a zaben 2015 Wannan ya haifar da boren Burkinabé na 2014 a ƙarshen Oktoba, wanda ya ga dubun dubatar masu zanga-zangar adawa da tsarin mulki. Initiallyungiyar Tsaron Shugaban initiallyasa ta fara shiga cikin rikicin ne daga bangaren Shugaban, suna ta harbe-harbe da hayaki mai sa hawaye lokacin da masu zanga-zangar suka yi tattaki zuwa fadar shugaban, da kashe aƙalla masu zanga-zangar uku da suka yi ƙoƙari su afka gidan ɗan’uwan Shugaban, Francis Compaoré A ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba, Shugaba Blaise Compaoré ya yi murabus daga shugabancin ya gudu daga kasar. Bayan wannan, Janar Honoré Traoré, babban hafsan sojojin, ya yi ikirarin kafa gwamnatin soja ta rikon kwarya tare da kansa a matsayin Shugaban kasa. Amma masu zanga-zangar da yawa sun ƙi Traoré a matsayin babban aminin Compaoré, kuma a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci Laftanar Kanar Yacouba Isaac Zida shi ma ya yi iƙirarin matsayin. Zida, na biyu a kwamandan rundunar tsaro ta shugaban kasa, ya yi kira da a mika mulki cikin lumana, yana mai cewa "zai dauki nauyin shugaban wannan sauyin da kuma shugaban kasa don tabbatar da ci gaban jihar." Daga baya Sojoji suka amince da da'awar ta Zida, shugabanninsu sun ba da sanarwar cewa "an zabi Zida gaba daya ya jagoranci lokacin mika mulki". Yayin da wasu kungiyoyin adawa, kamar Le Balai Citoyen, suka goyi bayan Zida kai tsaye, zanga-zangar adawa da kwace sojoji ya biyo baya ba da jimawa ba. A cikin 'yan kwanaki masu zuwa Zida ya sadu da shugabannin siyasa da masu fada a ji na al'umma, da kokarin sasanta rikicin don samar da gwamnatin hadin kan kasa. Ba da daɗewa ba ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na duniya suka fara gabatar da buƙatun miƙa mulki ga sojojin farar hula. 2015 Burkinabé juyin mulki A ranar 16 ga watan Satumbar 2015, kwanaki biyu bayan kwamitin gyara ya ba da shawarar a rusa RSP, mambobin RSP suka fara juyin mulki, tare da kame Shugaba Michel Kafando, Firayim Minista Yacouba Zida da sauran mambobin gwamnatin rikon kwaryar. Sabuwar majalisar mulkin sojan ta kasa karfafa ikonta a duk fadin kasar kuma ta fuskanci zanga-zanga daga shugabannin yankin, kuma daga karshe daga sojoji na yau da kullun, don maido da gwamnatin rikon kwarya. Bayan sojoji sun shiga Ouagadougou don tunkarar RSP, an sake maida Kafando a matsayin Shugaban kasa a ranar 23 ga watan Satumba kuma Zida shi ma ya koma kan mukaminsa na Firayim Minista. Gilbert Diendéré ya ce juyin mulkin kuskure ne kuma "mun san cewa mutanen ba su goyi bayan hakan ba. Don haka ne muka yanke kauna. Bayan haka Mutane 11 suka mutu, kuma sama da 250 suka ji rauni yayin juyin mulkin. A taron farko na majalisar ministocin bayan juyin mulkin, an kori Ministan Tsaro kuma an soke matsayin shugaban kwamitin soja na shugaban kasa. An kafa kwamiti don gano wadanda ke da hannu a juyin mulkin kuma aka ba su kwanaki talatin su kawo rahoto. Ana sa ran gabatar da kara. Rushewa A watan Satumba na 2015, RSP ya wargaje, kamar yadda aka ba da shawara jim kaɗan kafin juyin mulkin 2015. Duba kuma 2014 Burkinabé tawaye 2015 Burkinabé juyin mulki Manazarta Pages with unreviewed

51327

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanne%20Bier

Susanne Bier

Susanne Bier su s a nə 1 fina-finan Danish ce, an haife ta a Copenhagen, Denmark a cikin sha biyar ga Afrilu a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da shittin Tarihin Rayuwar ta Samuwar da farko Susanne Bier ta yi karatun zane-zane a makarantar Bezalel da ke Urushalima, sannan ta yi karatun gine-gine a Landan, kafin ta shiga Makarantar Fina-finai ta Denmark A shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da bakwai, fim dinsa na digiri na De saliges ya lashe lambar yabo ta farko a Filmschoolfest Munich (cikin) a Jamus da Yayin da take yin faifan bidiyo da tallace-tallace, ta ci gaba da aikinta na fim. Ta jagoranci fim ɗinta na farko a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da daya, Freud Leaves Home, wanda Peter Stormare ya bayyana. Ta canza nau'ikan wasan ban dariya na dangi Al'amuran Iyali a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da hudu) zuwa mai ban sha'awa Sekten a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da bakwai). Ƙaddamar da Ƙasashen Duniya (2000s) A cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da hudu tare da Brothers, wanda ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarni, ta sami karɓuwa a duniya. Lalle ne, an fitar da wannan fim ɗin sosai a Turai kuma ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa a lokacin bukukuwa, kuma an shirya wani remake na Amurka, har yanzu mai suna Brothers, a cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da tara, wanda Jim Sheridan ya jagoranta tare da Tobey Maguire, Jake Gyllenhaal da Natalie Portman A cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da shida, darektan ya ƙara yawan sanannunta tare da Bayan Bikin aure, wanda aka saki a shekara ta dubu biyu da bakwai a Amurka kuma an zabi shi don Oscar don mafi kyawun fina-finai na waje Tsayawa da tsayin daka, a cikin shekata dubu biyu da takwas ta harbe Tunawa da Ƙonanmu, tare da simintin Hollywood. Halle Berry da Benicio del Toro Sam Mendes ya shirya fim ɗin fasalin. Masu suka sun yi maraba da wannan fasalin amma ofishin akwatin ya kasance abin takaici Har ila yau, a cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da takwas, a lokacin 61 Cannes Film Festival, ta kasance memba na Cinéfondation da gajeren fina-finai juri, wanda darektan Hou Hsiao-hsien ya jagoranta. Ta koma Denmark don yin fim dinta na gaba a cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha daya an saki melodrama Revenge, wanda ya ba shi kyautar Golden Globe don mafi kyawun fina-finai na kasashen waje da kuma Oscar don mafi kyawun fina-finai na kasashen waje A wannan shekarar, ta kasance wani ɓangare na juri na 6 Rome International Film Festival, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin mawallafin Italiyanci Ennio Morricone Darakta yanzu ta sadaukar da kanta ga ayyukan Hollywood. Ayyukan Hollywood (shekara ta dubu biyu da goma) A shekarar shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha biyu ta gan ta ta bayyana ban mamaki mai ban dariya Soyayya ita ce kawai abin da kuke buƙata, wanda ta kewaye Pierce Brosnan tare da simintin Danish gaba ɗaya. A cikin Fabrairu shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha uku, ta kasance a kan juri na bikin fina-finai na Berlin e, wanda darekta Wong Kar-wai ya kasance shugaban kasa, yayin da yake gwada hannunta a wasan kwaikwayo na Danish A karo na biyu, wanda wani dan wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya zama tauraron duniya, Nikolaj Coster Waldau Reviews wannan lokacin gauraye ne Ayyukanta na gaba shine melodrama na Amurka Serena, wanda aka shirya don saki a cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha huɗu. Daraktan ya maye gurbin Darren Aronofsky, wanda ya ƙi aikin. Jennifer Lawrence ya maye gurbin Angelina Jolie, yana fuskantar Bradley Cooper Amma masu sukar Arewacin Amurka ne suka shirya fim ɗin, kuma sun yi ƙoƙari don rarrabawa a duniya Tsakanin Satumba da Oktoba shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha huɗu, ita ce shugabar juri na bikin fina-finai na Zurich 10 Bayan wata daya, an sanar da ita a matsayin memba na juri na fina-finai na fim na 14 Marrakech International Film Festival, wanda Isabelle Huppert ya jagoranta. Daga karshe dai ba za ta kasance ba. A cikin Oktoba shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha biyar, tana cikin juri na kasa da kasa na bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Tokyo ashirin da takwas, karkashin jagorancin darektan Amurka Bryan Singer Bayan wadannan gazawar guda biyu, darektan ya jagoranci karamin jerin The Night Manager, wanda wasu 'yan wasan Burtaniya biyu ke dauke da su. Hugh Laurie da Tom Hiddleston Reviews suna da kyau lokacin da aka watsar da dukkan sassa shida a cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha shida kuma suka farfado. Shekarar shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha takwastana nuna alamar fitowar fim ɗinta na uku na Amurka, Akwatin Bird mai ban sha'awa mai ban sha'awa, wanda Sandra Bullock ke sawa, kuma an sake shi na musamman akan Netflix John Malkovich da rap Machine Gun Kelly sun zagaya simintin. Binciken yana da gamsarwa kuma fim ɗin fasalin shine babban nasara a cikin tarihin dandamali na buƙatun bidiyo A cikin Satumba ashekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha takwas, Ta shugabanci juri na Venice Virtual Reality sashe a Venice Film Festival na 75 Venice Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

39924

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamoud%20Ali%20Shire

Mohamoud Ali Shire

Sultan Mohamoud Ali Shire, MBE Somali dattijon Somaliya ne na ƙabilar Warsangali. Ya sami laƙabin Sultan (wanda kuma ake kira Senior Akil) na Warsangali. Ya kasance a tsakkiyar Las Khorey. Mulki Mohamoud Ali Shire yayi aiki a matsayin Sultan na dangin Warsangali a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20. Dervish movement Shire shi ne surukin Sayyid Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, wanda ƙungiyarsa ta Derwish ta yi yaki na tsawon shekaru biyu da sojojin Birtaniya, Italiya da Habasha. 'Shire ya naɗa mata huɗu. Sai ya nemi ya auri ‘yar Hassan Faṭmah, inda ya bayar da farashin amarya yarad na rakuma goma makil da labule da siliki, amma Hassan yaƙi aurar da ita ga shire. A kai a kai shugabannin biyu sun tsunduma cikin harkokin kasuwanci da siyasa. A shekara ta 1886, Shire da wasu dattawan ƙabilar Warsangali sun rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da daular Biritaniya ta kafa wata hukuma a yankinsa. Wannan ya biyo bayan wasu yarjejeniyoyin kariya da Daular Burtaniya da sauran dangin Somaliya suka sanya hannu Habar Awal, Gadabuursi, Habar Toljaala, Habar Gerhajis da Easa A lokacin fafatawar mulki da aka yi tsakanin sojojin Derwish na Hassan da sojojin Burtaniya, Shire ya yanke shawarar jefa kuri'ar Warsangali ga tsohuwar jam'iyyar shi. A cikin Janairu 1908, mutanensa sun buɗe wuta a kan wani jirgin ruwa na Birtaniya da ke shirin sauka a kan jirginsu. Bayan riƙe sojojin Birtaniya na tsawon kashi 1 bisa huɗu na ƙarni, a bakin teku, a karshe dai dakarun Dervishes sun sha kaye a shekarar 1920 sakamakon tsarin sabuwar manufar Biritaniya ta kai hare-hare ta sama. Hijira zuwa Seychelles Ba da daɗewa ba bayan da Dervishes suka sha kashi, Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Birtaniya ya yanke wa Shire hukuncin gudun hijira a Seychelles na tsawon shekaru bakwai. Dalilin korar shi shi ne, shire ya yi nasa nau'i na "ikon 'yan ƙasa". A cewar Wardheer News, "siyasa mai zaman kanta, ƙarfinsa da kuma halin ko in kula ga ikon da ke kewaye da shi, ciki har da Birtaniya [sun] yi wa London barazana kai ga kama shi da kuma fitar da shi". An kama shi kuma aka ɗauke shi cikin jirgin ruwa zuwa Berbera, inda daga baya ya yi yunƙurin tserewa a ranar 5 ga Janairun shekarar 1920. A ranar 5 ga Mayun shekarata 1920, an aika da saƙon waya zuwa ga sakataren gwamnatin mulkin mallaka don korar Sultan Mohamoud Ali Shire. Wasikar ta ce,Mai martaba zai lura cewa hukuncin korar ba ya dauke da hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku, don haka ya kamata a ɗauke tsohon Sultan a matsayin detenu na siyasa a Seychelles Mai yiyuwa ne ya yi ƙoƙarin tserewa daga Seychelles kuma ya koma ƙasar Warsangeli Idan ya yi nasara a kowane irin wannan yunƙurin, zai iya haifar da mummunan sakamako na siyasa a nan; kuma ina da, saboda haka, in nemi cewa a sanya ido sosai kan motsinsa. A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 1920, a cikin jirgin HMS Odin, an kai Sultan Shire ga hukumomin Biritaniya a Seychelles daga mulkin mallaka a Bombay, Indiya. A lokacin da ya isa tsibirin Seychelles, an kuma yi kai wasu fitattun shugabannin masu adawa da mulkin mallaka a can, ciki har da Sa'ad Zaghloul Pasha, tsohon Firaministan Masar, wanda nan ba da daɗewa ba Sultan Shire zai kulla wata alaƙa da shi. Shire ya zauna a wani gida a gundumar Anse Etoile a tsibirin Mahe, wanda ke zaune a kan wata hanya kusa da titi. Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta yi hayar ƙasar daga Charles Mederic Savy. A ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar hayar, an ba masu haya damar tattara kwakwa, tattara ruwa daga kogin, da kiwon kaji da alade. Shi ma sai da Shire ya riƙa shiga sau uku a kowace rana a ofishin 'yan sanda na yankin da ke kan titi. Duk da cewa sharuɗɗan fitar da shi Shire ya ba shi damar kawo mata, amma ya yi zaman gudun hijira shi kaɗai, ba tare da dangi ko mabiyansa ba. Shire ya rubuta wasiƙu da dama zuwa ga gwamnonin mulkin mallaka na British Somaliland Protectorate da Seychelles, Waɗanda suka nemi a sake shi. Waɗannan wasiƙun sun kasance da son rai, wuce gona da iri da ƙetarewa daga ɓangaren Shire, waɗanda ke yin aiki don rufe dabarun juriya. A cikin irin wannan wasiƙar ta farko da aka aika a 1922, Shire ya roƙi Gwamnan Seychelles da ya bar shi ya koma ga iyalinsa: A matsayina na shugabana, mai girma, ka ji muryata mara kyau, bari in koma gida. Zan yi farin cikin ganin kasata a karkashin mulkin turawan Ingila, ban sake neman a ɗauke ni a matsayin Sarkin Musulmi ba, duk bindigogina da harsasai na turawa ne. Zan gamsu da zama bawa mai tawali'u na kasar Ingila; Abin da na fi so shi ne jin daɗin kasancewa cikin iyalina, ’ya’yana da matata, kuma wannan shi ne kawai burina. Afuwa nake tambaya, nayi alkawarin yin biyayya da mutuntawa turawan Ingila, ba zan kara son zama Sarkin Musulmi ba, abin da ya kamata in kasance ƙarƙashin umarnin Bature. Na rantse da abin da na faɗa a sama, na rantse da sake rantsuwa da shi. Bayan da ya jaddada cewa yana so ne kawai ya koma ma matarsa da ’ya’yansa da kuma tabbatar da cewa ba ya son zama Sarkin Musulmi, Shire ya yi rantsuwa cewa ya yi watsi da imaninsa na siyasa na farko kuma ya yi alƙawarin amincewa da ikon gwamnatin Birtaniya. Waɗannan tabbacin ba su da tasiri. Shire ya ci gaba da neman a mayar da shi gida, amma gwamnonin ‘yan mulkin mallaka suka yi watsi da waɗannan buƙatu. Domin kaucewa haifar da kyamar mulkin mallaka, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta sanya dokar da ke tantance wasiƙun da aka aika zuwa ga iyalansu da ’yan uwansu a gida. Shire akai-akai ya sami hanyar da za a kewaye da waɗannan ikon ta hanyar amfani da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Somaliya a matsayin masu jigilar kaya, tare da ɗayan waɗannan makasudin sun isa Somaliland ta Ceylon. Shi da wasu fitattun ’yan gudun hijira sun yi amfani da rubuce-rubucen wasiƙa a matsayin manyan kayan aikin sadarwa na siyasa marasa tashin hankali, ta yadda suka sami damar bayyana lokacin da suke gudun hijira fiye da Seychelles. A farkon 1928, Shire ya kawo wata yarinya 'yar kasar Seychelles mai shekaru goma sha shida a matsayin kuyangarsa, wata budurwa 'yar asalin Indiya wacce ya gabatar da ita a cikin wuraren zamansa a ranar Sabuwar Shekara don biyan buƙatunsa. Jami’in ɗan sandan da ke kula da fursunonin siyasa ya yi gaggawar cire yarinyar daga harabar gidan. Duk da haka, wannan yanayin ya ba shi mamaki. Fiennes, wanda ke da alhakin tsaron lafiyar sa, ya yi jayayya cewa Sultan zai fi zama idan matarsa tana tare da shi. A wani al’amari da ba a saba gani ba ga ɗan sandan, daga baya ɗan sandan ya rubuta wasika inda ya buƙaci Gwamnan da ya sake tunani, inda ya rubuta game da Shire cewa: “Wannan mutumi har yanzu matashi ne kuma cike da rayuwa. Abin baƙin ciki ne da aka aiko shi nan ba tare da ɗaya daga cikin matansa ba.” Gwamnan mai tsaron ya yi watsi da wannan shawarar ne bisa hujjar cewa ajiye Sarkin na gudun hijira ya riga ya ci wa hukuma asarar R.100 a kowane wata. Ya kuma ba da shawarar cewa Sarkin Musulmi zai iya “tsaro wa yaron da zai iya dafa abinci da kuma hidima idan ya so a yi mana hidima”. Shire bai gamsu da wannan sulhu ba, kuma ya roƙi a maimakon abin da ya kira "mace mai mutunci". Komawa ga yankin Somaliland A watan Mayun 1928, bayan da Gwamna Byrne ya yi amfani da shi a madadin Shire, lokacin da Shire ya yi gudun hijira a Seychelles ya ƙare. An kai shi Aden akan jirgin SS Karapara. Shire ya koma yankin Kare na Somaliland, yana mai yin alkawarin yin biyayya ga gwamnati da kyawawan halaye na gaba. Har yanzu ya ba da umarnin amincin mutanensa. Sannu a hankali Shire ya isa masauki tare da gwamnatin Burtaniya. Hukumomin mulkin mallaka sun fahimci tasirin da zai iya yi a kan danginsa, kuma a ƙarshe aka dawo da matsayinsa na Sarkin Musulmi. Daga baya an nuna Shire a bangon Tarihi a yau, yana fitowa a cikin fitowar 1960 na mujallar tarihi da aka wallafa kowane wata. A shekarar 1960, ya rasu yana tsaka da barcinsa. Duba kuma Yusuf Ali Kenadid Ali Yusuf Kenadid Majeerteen Sultanate Osman Mahamuud Sultanate of Hobyo Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Warsangeli Sultanate (Official website) Mutuwan 1960 Sarakunan

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madinar%20Tunis

Madinar Tunis

Madinar Tunis ita ce kwata ta madina ta Tunis, babban birnin kasar Tunisia. Ya kasance wurin Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO tun 1979. Madina na kunshe da abubuwan tarihi guda 700 da suka hada da fadoji, masallatai, kabarbare, madrasa da mabubbuga tun daga zamanin Almohad da Hafsid. Tarihi An kafa shi a cikin 698 a kusa da ainihin ainihin Masallacin Zitouna, Madinar Tunis ta ci gaba a cikin Tsakanin Zamani. Babban madaidaicin shine tsakanin masallacin da cibiyar gwamnati zuwa yamma a cikin kasbah. Zuwa gabas wannan babbar hanya ta miƙe zuwa Bab el Bhar. Fadada arewa da kudu ya raba babbar madina gida biyu arewa (Bab Souika) da kudu (Bab El Jazira). Kafin Khalifancin Almohad, wasu garuruwa irin su Mahdia da Kairouan sun kasance manyan birane. A karkashin mulkin Almohad, Tunis ta zama hedkwatar Ifriqiya, kuma a zamanin Hafsid ta bunkasa ta zama cibiyar addini, ilimi da tattalin arziki. A zamanin Hafsid ne madina kamar yadda muka sani a yanzu ta dauki nauyinta mai muhimmanci. A hankali ta sami wasu gine-gine da abubuwan tarihi waɗanda suka haɗa nau'ikan Ifriqiya, Andalusian da tasirin Gabas, amma kuma ta ari wasu ginshiƙai da manyan abubuwan tarihi na Roman da Rumawa. Tsarin zamantakewa da na birni Tare da fadin kadada 270 (kadada 670) (tare da kadada 29 (kadada 72) na gundumar kasbah) kuma kusan mazaunan 110,000, Madina tana da kashi goma na yawan al'ummar Tunis kuma kashi shida na yankin birni na kasar. agglomeration. Rukunin tsarin gine-ginen birni ya rura wutar gabaɗayan wallafe-wallafen mulkin mallaka na Madina mai haɗari, tashin hankali da rikice-rikice, da yankin kwanto. Duk da haka, tun daga shekarun 1930, tare da isowar masana ilimin ƙabilanci na farko, bincike ya nuna cewa faɗar yankunan Madina ba da gangan ba ne, kuma ana gina gidaje bisa ga ƙa'idodin zamantakewar al'umma, waɗanda aka tsara su bisa ga hadaddun nau'ikan dangantakar ɗan adam. Yawancin wallafe-wallafen sun yi cikakken bayani game da ci gaban tsarin Madina da tsarin ba da fifiko ga wuraren jama'a da masu zaman kansu, wuraren zama da kasuwanci, masu tsarki da ƙazanta. Tsarin birni na Madina na Tunis yana da bambanci na rashin biyayya ga shimfidu na geometric ko na yau da kullun kamar gridlines. Duk da haka gatari arewa-kudu da gabas-maso-yamma suna kwatankwacin kwatankwacin kado na Roman kado da decumanus (Sidi Ben Arous, Jemaa Zitouna da Pasha Streets) da ke haduwa a harabar masallacin Zitouna, gidan sallah da karatu. Manyan tituna sun hada da manyan tituna; titunan sakandare kuma a ƙarshe, ƙananan cul-de-sacs. Wani lokaci ana keɓe gabaɗayan wuraren masu zaman kansu don mata. Yanayin da aka gina gabaɗaya yana da alaƙa da juxtaposition na manyan filaye (600 m) da mallakar haɗin gwiwa. Ma'anar sararin samaniya yana da shakku a cikin Madina inda ake daukar tituna a matsayin fadada gidaje da kuma bin abubuwan zamantakewa. Tunanin mallakar mutum ɗaya ba shi da ƙarfi kuma nuni a cikin souks galibi suna zubewa kan babbar hanya. An ƙarfafa wannan ra'ayin ta wurin wurin shago (kimanin 3 m) da ɗakin kwana (10m)Dangane da gine-ginen cikin gida, yayin da ake mayar da gini baya daga shagunan, ana samun ƙarin darajarsa. Manufar janyewa da keɓantawa shine mafi mahimmanci. Ƙarshen ƙaddamar da tsarin magudanar ruwa yana nufin cewa har yanzu ruwan sharar gida da yawa yana gudana a cikin titunan Madina. Manyan gidaje da wurare masu daraja gabaɗaya suna cikin gundumar da take da tsayi mafi tsayi, kwata na Kasbah. Filayen rufin Madina kuma wuri ne mai mahimmanci ga zamantakewa, kamar yadda fim din Halfaouine na Férid Boughedir ya bayyana. A zamanin yau, kowace gunduma tana riƙe da al'adunta kuma fafatawa na iya yin ƙarfi. Don haka, yankin arewa na goyon bayan kulob din kwallon kafa na Espérance Sportive de Tunis yayin da bangaren kudancin ke zama gunduma na kishiyar Club Africain. Madina ta kuma shaida rabuwar zamantakewa: gundumomin Tourbet el Bey da kasbah sun fi wadata, masu alƙalai da ƴan siyasa, titin Pasha sojoji ne da ƴan kasuwa ('yan kasuwa da manyan mutane), da ƙananan al'ummomi irin su Hafisa. al'ummar Yahudawa sun rayu a al'ada. Gine-gine Daular Muradin sun kasance manyan magina a Madina. Hammouda Pasha (1631 1666) shi ne ke da alhakin gina wasu souks da yawa a cikin Madina, da kuma fadoji da dama, ciki har da Dar Hammouda Pacha da wanda ya gabaci Dar El Bey na zamani. A shekara ta 1655, ya sa masu gine-ginen Daular Usmaniyya suka gina masallacin Hammouda Pacha a cikin salon Turkawa, tare da wata katafaren minarat mai ban sha'awa, wanda a karkashinta ya gina katafaren danginsa. Ɗansa Murad II Bey (1666-1675) ya gina Madrasah na Mouradia, wanda aka sadaukar da shi ga mazhabar shari'ar Musulunci ta Maliki. Dan Murad Mohamed Bey El Mouradi (1686-1696) ya gina abubuwan tarihi da dama a kasar Tunisiya da suka hada da (Masallacin Sidi Mahrez), wanda aka kera a masallatan Istanbul tare da babban kubba na tsakiya. Sarkin Husaini Ali II ibn Hussein (1759-1782) ya gina Tourbet el Bey a kudancin Madina a matsayin makabarta ga danginsa, ita ce abin tunawa mafi girma a Tunis. A zamanin Muhammad III as-Sadik (1859-1882) ganuwar Madina ta yi mugun gyare-gyare ta yadda a wasu wuraren suka yi barazanar rugujewa. A shekara ta 1865 ya fara rusa su, tare da wasu ƙofofin tarihi na Madina: Bab Cartagena, Bab Souika, Bab Bnet da Bab El Jazira. Gine-gine na cikin gida Dar Lasram Dar Al Jaziri Dar Bach Hamba Dar Ben Ayed Alamomin ƙasa Ƙofofi birni Madrasa Tun zamanin Hafsid an fara samun madrasa a madina ta Tunis wacce ta fito da salon Gabashin Larabawa. An kafa ta don yi wa Almohads hidima ta hanyar haɓaka ma'aikata don ayyukan jama'a. Sarakunan Hafsidu ne suka dauki nauyin kafa makarantun, kuma sarakunan sarakunan sun halarci wannan yunkurin da kuma shirye-shiryen malamai da limamai a wannan fanni, inda madrastoci da dama suka bullo a matsayin hanyar da za a bi wajen hada kai. An ci gaba da kafa makarantu bayan mamaye kasar Tunusiya da Daular Usmaniyya ta yi, sai dai makasudin kafa wadannan makarantun ya canza a tsawon lokaci. Tun a karni na 17 da Daular Usmaniyya suka iso, suka yi amfani da wadannan madrasas don yada mazhabar Hanafiyya. Duk da haka a cikin karni na 20, rawar da waɗannan madrasas ke takawa ya ta'allaka ne ga masaukin ɗaliban da ke karatu a Jami'ar Ez-Zitouna. Masallatai Madina ta kunshi galibin manya manyan masallatai na babban birnin kasar, wadanda duk an gina su tun kafin ma'aikatar tsaron Faransa. An gina babban masallacin Zitouna a shekara ta 732 a tsakiyar birnin Madina, sannan aka sake gina shi a shekara ta 864. Haka nan kuma ya kasance wuri mai muhimmanci na al'adu da ilimi na tsawon lokaci, wanda ya kasance gidan jami'ar Zitouna har zuwa lokacin da kasar Tunisia ta samu 'yancin kai. Har yanzu dai tana gudanar da bukukuwan tunawa da manyan ranakun kalandar musulmi da shugaban kasar ke halarta akai-akai. Masallacin Kasbah da aka gina a tsakanin shekara ta 1231 zuwa 1235, shi ne masallaci na biyu da aka gina a Madina, wanda aka yi wa masu mulki da kansu, wadanda ke zaune a Kasbah da ke kusa. An bambanta shi musamman da kubba a cikin stalactites da ke gaban mihrab da kuma minaret da ke tunawa da na Koutoubia na Marrakech kuma ita ce mafi girma a cikin Madina. Masallacin Ksar na ibadar Hanafiyya da ke gaban Dar Hussein (Bab Menara), an gina shi ne a karni na 12 a karkashin daular Khurasanid. Masallacin Youssef Dey ya fara aiki ne a matsayin larabci kafin ya zama masallaci a shekara ta 1631, kuma shi ne masallacin farko na zamanin Daular Usmaniyya da Turkiyya. Masallacin Hammouda-Pacha, wanda aka gina a shekara ta 1655, shi ne masallaci na biyu na ibadar Hanefite da aka gina a kasar Tunisiya yayin da masallacin Sidi Mahrez ya kasance masallaci mafi girma da irin wannan a kasar. An gina shi daga shekara ta 1692 zuwa 1697, wanda Ottoman ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi, kuma yana tunawa da wasu masallatan Istanbul kamar Blue Mosque (wanda aka gina tsakanin 1609 zuwa 1616) da Yeni Valide (aka kammala a 1663). Masallacin El Jedid, wanda wanda ya kafa daular Hussein Hussein the Ist Bey ya gina tsakanin 1723 zuwa 1727, yana da, kamar masallatan Youssef Dey da Hammouda-Pacha, minaret octagonal na Ottoman. Fadaje Fadaje ko Dars na daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan tarihi na tsohon birnin Tunis, wadanda 'yan siyasa, masu hannu da shuni da manyan mutane ke zaune a birnin. Fasahar zamani Madina, tsohon birni, na Tunis yana ɗaukar nauyin manyan ayyuka biyu mafi girma na fasahar zamani a Tunisiya. Madina tana musanya kowace shekara tsakanin karbar INTERFERENCE da Dream City. Waɗannan ayyukan fasaha guda biyu suna saka hannun jari a sararin samaniya kuma suna zana ciki da waje na waɗannan tsoffin kayan gini don ƙirƙirar fasaha. Amma waɗannan kuma wurare ne inda masu sauraro za su iya samun ƙwarewa ta musamman na fasaha na zamani. An kafa Dream City a cikin 2007 ta Salma Ouissi da Sofian Ouissi "a matsayin amsa ga yanayin siyasar Tunisiya da kuma sake dawo da filin jama'a da 'yan siyasa suka kwace". Yana ci gaba da zama aikin fasaha guda ɗaya wanda ke ƙalubalantar kyawawan abubuwan zamani a cikin ƙasar. Kowane bugu na bikin yana ba da abubuwan ƙirƙira daban-daban na Tunis a fagagen fasaha da yawa: raye-raye, fasahar filastik, bidiyo, wasan kwaikwayo, kiɗa, adabi, wasan kwaikwayo, da sauransu. Ayyukan sun sami wahayi ta jigon zamantakewa na shekara kuma an tsara su don kowane wuri. INTERFERENCE shine aikin fasahar haske na farko na wannan sikelin da zai gudana a nahiyar Afirka. Aymen Gharbi da Bettina Pelz ne suka kafa a cikin 2016, bugu na farko ya yi nasara saboda yunƙurin haɗin gwiwar masu sa kai kusan 200, al'ummar Madina, ɗimbin ƙungiyoyi, cibiyoyi, da kamfanoni da ɗimbin masu fasaha na duniya. Dukansu Gharbi da Pelz an korisu don ƙirƙirar wannan biki ta rashin bambance-bambance a cikin damar sana'a ga matasa masu ƙirƙira a Tunisiya. A cikin martani, waɗannan masu ba da izini biyu sun samar da sarari don gina sabbin damar yin aiki tare da faɗaɗa hangen nesa na fasaha. Tsarin birni da zamantakewa na Madina yana ba da kyakkyawar ƙasa don ƙirƙirar zane-zane na zamani da keɓantaccen wuri. Duka bukukuwa da kuma sauran shirye-shiryen al'adu a Tunis sun sami fa'ida daga yanayin zamantakewar al'ummar Madina kuma ana ci gaba da la'akari da shi a matsayin wata hanyar bunkasa fasaha da ci gaba. Masu fasaha da masu ƙirƙira suna cike da wadatar gine-ginen gine-gine da zamantakewa na tsohon birni kuma suna ganin yana da ban sha'awa da ƙarfafawa ga aikin zane-zane. Kamar yadda gentrification bai shafi Madina a kan wani babban sikelin kawai har yanzu, da zamantakewa da kuma birane nama yana ba da batutuwa da wuraren da za a gano da kuma zama wani ɓangare na m tsari na duka kasa da kasa da kuma na kasa artists don gudanar da bincike na zamani zamantakewa duniyoyin Tunisiya. A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, fasahar zamani ta zama wani muhimmin sashi na ainihin Madina ta Tunis kanta. Duba kuma Addini a Tunisia Cocin Sainte-Croix na Tunis, tsohon ginin coci Tsarin gine-ginen Moorish

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reputation.com

Reputation.com

Reputation.com ne a kasuwanci zuwa kasuwanci online suna masu lura da kuma abokin ciniki kwarewa masu lura kamfanin hedkwata a babban birnin Redwood, California. Kamfanin ya yi iƙirarin dandamalin soptwe a sabis yana taimaka wa kamfanoni su saka idanu da amsa tambayoyin kan layi, kafofin watsa labarun, da safiyo; bincika yanayin abokin ciniki; da haɗin kai don inganta ayyukan aiki. Tarihi An kafa Reputation.com a matsayin mai bayar da kariya ga Reputation daga Michael Fertik a 2006. A cikin Janairu 2011, kamfanin ya canza suna daga Reputation zuwa Reputation.com yayin da mayar da hankali ya canza zuwa ayyukan kasuwanci. An ci gaba da siyar da layukan samfuran kasuwanci zuwa mabukaci a ƙarƙashin sunan mai bayar da akariya ga Reputation. A cikin shekara ta 2018, an sayar da reshen kasuwanci zuwa mabukaci, tare da kadarorin da ke da alaƙa. Joe Fuca, tsohon mataimakin shugaban DocuSign kuma shugaban FinancialForce, an nada shi a matsayin Shugaba a watan Agusta 2018. Sayar da Kasuwancin Magana A cikin 2018 kamfanin ya sayar da layin kasuwancin ReputationDefender da kadarorin da ke da alaƙa da alhaki ga Stagwell Group. Sayarwar ta haɗa da duk kasuwancin da ke da alaƙa da mabukaci, gami da sirrinsa- da sabis masu alaƙa da mutunci ga daidaikun mutane. A cikin Maris 2020, Reputation.com ta ba da sanarwar nada Rebecca Biestman a matsayin sabon CMO na kamfanin. Ayyuka Reputation.com ne wani masu lura da yanar gizo kamfanin, wanda bisa ga mawallafin Lori Andrews zarginta da abokan ciniki a cire abubuwa game da su daga yanar gizo tare da "babu tabbacin samun nasara." Farkon lokuta inda Reputation.com ya nemi cire hotuna daga Intanet, alal misali, cire kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na kwafin daga yanar gizo, amma ba zai iya cire ragowar ba. Shafukan yanar gizo kamar Spokeo ana biyan su diyya ga mutanen da suka jagoranta zuwa Reputation.com waɗanda suka zama Reputation.com abokan ciniki. Wanda ya kafa Reputation.com ya bayyana cewa wannan tsari ya sanya Spokeo cikin wani matsayi wanda zai iya cin riba daga ƙara abubuwa marasa kyau game da waɗanda ke da bayanan martaba a rukunin yanar gizon su. A wasu lokuta zai haifar da gidajen yanar gizo da bayanan bayanan kafofin watsa labarun da aka yi niyya don matsayi mafi girma a cikin bincike fiye da sakamako mara kyau. Hakanan yana iya tura wasu abokan ciniki zuwa lauyoyi. Kamfanin galibi yana farawa ne ta hanyar rubutawa ga masu aiki da gidajen yanar gizon da ke ɗaukar abubuwan da ba su da kyau game da abokin ciniki, yana neman su cire bayanin. A cewar <i id="mwKg">The</i> <i id="mwKw">Wall Street Journal</i>, haruffan "ba sa yin barazana Reputation.com yana caji don ƙaruwa a cikin tsananin harshen da ake amfani da shi. Gabaɗaya ba zai iya cire jaridu ko bayanan kotu ba. Kamfanin ya fara cajin kusan dala goma sha biyar ga kowane abokin ciniki, kuma ya nemi aƙalla 1,000 a shekara don ayyukansa. A cikin 2007 ya gabatar da sabis na 10,000 ga masu zartarwa. Wasu daga cikin software na kamfanin sun haɗa da tsarin ƙira wanda aka yi amfani da shi don gano bayanan mabukaci da samar da ƙimar daraja ga daidaikun mutane. Yana da software wanda ke gano gidajen yanar gizo inda aka jera bayanan sirri na mutum ba tare da an sani ba kuma yana ƙoƙarin cire shi. Hakanan yana iya bin diddigin kan layi da tuntuɓar abokan ciniki don neman ingantattun bita, amma kuma yana iya ɓoye sukar da ta dace game da kamfani, wanda wanda ya kafa kamfanin ya bayyana zargi ne na halal na ƙirar kasuwancin sa. Rahoton jama'a ya nuna cewa kamfanin yana hidimar masana'antu da suka haɗa da kiwon lafiya, dillali, motoci, gidajen abinci, da sarrafa kadarori. Muhimmin abokan ciniki da aka bayyana a bainar jama'a sun haɗa da Banner Health, BMW, Ford Motor Company, Hertz, General Motors, Sutter Health, Bankin Amurka da kusan wasu abokan cinikin 750 a cikin madaidaitan masana'antu 77. Karɓar baki A shekarar 2012, BusinessWeek lura cewa, "Reputation.com zamba" an autocompleted magana a lokacin da buga kamfanin sunan a cikin Google search engine da cewa da yawa ya fi karfinsu search results aka boye a karo na biyu shafi na na search results for da keyword "Reputation.com". Kalmomin da aka gama da dabara dabara ce ga Reputation.com don ɓoye duk wani bita game da kamfanin da ke yi masa lakabi da zamba, koda kuwa halal ne. Bisa lafazin The New York Times, Reputation.com ya shahara, amma mai rikitarwa, saboda ƙoƙarinsa na cire bayanai marasa kyau waɗanda za su iya zama fa'idodin jama'a. A cewar Susan Crawford, kwararre kan harkar yanar gizo daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Cardozo, galibin gidajen yanar gizo za su cire abun ciki mara kyau lokacin da aka tuntube su don gujewa karar. Jaridar Wall Street Journal ta lura cewa a wasu lokuta rubuta wasiƙa ga mai ɓarna na iya haifar da sakamakon da ba a yi niyya ba, duk da cewa kamfanin yana yin ƙoƙarin gujewa yin rubutu ga wasu masu aikin gidan yanar gizon da wataƙila za su ba da amsa mara kyau. Babban jami'in kamfanin ya ce yana mutunta Kwaskwarimar Farko kuma ba ya kokarin cire "magana mai gaskiya." Gabaɗaya ba zai iya cire manyan labaran labarai daga ingantattun littattafai ko bayanan kotu ba. A cikin shekara ta 2008, tsohon mai gudanar da AutoAdmit Anthony Ciolli ya shigar da kara a kan Reputation.com, tsakanin sauran wadanda ake tuhuma. Karar ta mayar da martani ne kan karar da wasu daliban Makarantar Lauyan Yale guda biyu suka shigar kan Ciolli saboda bata musu suna da aka yi a kan sakon sakon Intanet, wanda shine dandali na daliban makarantun lauyoyi na yanzu da na gaba. Ciolli ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya rasa tayin aiki sakamakon mummunan talla daga asalin suturar. A cikin takarda ta 2009 a cikin Harvard Journal of Law Gender, farfesa na doka Ann Bartow ya ce Reputation.com ya yi amfani da cin zarafin mata a Intanet don kula da kafofin watsa labarai. Watanni biyu bayan kafa kamfani, an yi hayar ReputationDefender don cire hotunan kan layi na hatsarin mota na Nikki Catsouras mai shekaru 18, wanda 'yan sanda suka ce wani jami'in ya fallasa. Kamfanin ya sami damar saukar da hotunan akan kusan 300 daga cikin gidajen yanar gizo 400. Jaridar New York Post ta ce kokarin nasu "abin mamaki ne mai tasiri" amma ya tayar da damuwa cewa haruffansa masu ladabi suna haifar da takunkumin cin zarafin kayan ga abokan cinikin su. Newsweek ta ce ba ta da tasiri. ReputationDefender ya ce cire hotunan "yaƙin da ba za a iya shawo kansa ba". Jon Ronson, marubucin So You've Been Publicly kunya, ya ce kamfanin ya taimaka wa wasu mutanen da suka zama agoraphobic saboda wulakancin jama'a daga kunyatar da yanar gizo, amma sabis ne mai tsada wanda da yawa ba za su iya biya ba. Nassoshi Hanyoyin waje Shafin yanar gizo Pages with unreviewed

53720

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Jackson%20ya%20ba%20da%20labari%20maras%20aure

Michael Jackson ya ba da labari maras aure

Mawaƙin Ba'amurke Michael Jackson ya fitar da waƙoƙi 67 a matsayin jagorar mai fasaha, da 10 a matsayin fitaccen mai fasaha. Ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun masu sayar da fasaha na kowane lokaci, kundin sa da tallace-tallace guda ɗaya kamar na 2013 ya tsaya a 400 miliyan. A cikin Amurka, Jackson ya tara 13 <i id="mwEQ">Billboard</i> Hot 100 lamba-daya (fiye da kowane mai fasaha a zamanin Hot 100) kuma shi ne ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na farko da ya sami ɗaya daga cikin manyan guda goma a cikin <i id="mwEw">Billboard</i> Hot 100 a cikin shekaru biyar daban-daban. A cikin 2012, Jackson ya kasance a matsayi na biyar mafi kyawun siyar da mawaƙin aure a Burtaniya tare da siyar da ɗigo miliyan 15.3. Shigowar solo na farko na Jackson akan ginshiƙi na waƙoƙin Billboard Hot 100 shine Got to Be There wanda ya kai lamba huɗu a cikin 1971. Lambar farko ta Jackson-daya ta buga akan ginshiƙi ita ce Ben a cikin 1972. Jackson ya ci gaba da sakin ƴan aure a cikin 1970s. Kundin Kashe bangon (1979) ya ƙunshi ɗimbin maɗaukaki biyar, gami da ginshiƙi mai taken Kada ku Daina' Har sai kun isa da Rock tare da ku Dukansu suna da ƙwararrun Platinum da yawa ta Ƙungiyar Masana'antar Rikodi ta Amurka (RIAA) a cikin Amurka don siyarwa fiye da kwafi miliyan 6. Tare da waƙoƙi masu zuwa "Kashe bango" da Ta fita daga Rayuwata suma sun kai saman 10 na Amurka, Jackson ya zama ɗan wasan solo na farko da ya sami mawaƙa guda huɗu daga kundi ɗaya ya kai saman 10 na Billboard Hot 100. A cikin 1982, Jackson ya saki kundi na studio na shida, Thriller Yarinyar tawa ce haɗin gwiwa tare da Paul McCartney, an sake shi azaman ɗayan farko daga kundin. Ɗayan ya yi kololuwa a lamba biyu akan Billboard Hot 100. Billie Jean ita ce kundi na biyu. Mutum daya ne ya kan gaba a jerin kasashe 13, ciki har da Amurka. Guda ya sayar da fiye da kwafi miliyan 10 a cikin Amurka da sama da miliyan 1.4 a cikin Burtaniya. Beat It wanda aka saki wata daya bayan haka, ya kai matsayi na daya a kasashe tara kuma ya sayar da fiye da kwafi miliyan takwas a Amurka. An saki Thriller a watan Nuwamba 1983 kuma ya hau lamba hudu akan Billboard Hot 100. Guda ya sayar da kwafi miliyan 10 a cikin Amurka shi kaɗai, wanda ya sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun siyarwar Jackson. A cikin 1983, Jackson ya sake yin haɗin gwiwa tare da McCartney kuma an fitar da Say Say Say a matsayin na farko daga littafin McCartney's 1983 Pipes of Peace An buge lamba daya a Amurka. Kundin studio na bakwai na Jackson, Bad (1987), ya samar da wakoki tara tare da zane bakwai a cikin Amurka. Biyar daga cikin waɗannan mawaƙa Ba zan iya daina son ku ba Mummuna Hanyar da kuka sa ni ji Man in the Mirror da Dirty Diana sun kai lamba ɗaya a kan Billboard Hot 100, rikodin mafi yawan lamba-1 Hot 100 guda ɗaya daga kowane kundi guda. In 1991, Jackson released his eighth studio album, Dangerous, co-produced with Teddy Riley. The album produced four top-ten singles on the Billboard Hot 100: "Remember the Time", "In the Closet", "Will You Be There" (produced and performed by Jackson as the theme for the film Free Willy) and the number-one hit "Black or White". In June 1995, Jackson released his ninth album, HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I, a double album. The first disc, HIStory Begins, is a 15-track greatest hits album. The second disc, HIStory Continues, contains 13 original songs and two cover versions. The album features "Scream", a duet with Jackson's youngest sister Janet; "Earth Song"; "They Don't Care About Us"; and "You Are Not Alone". "You Are Not Alone" holds the Guinness World Record for the first song ever to debut at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. "Earth Song" was the third single released from HIStory, and it topped the UK Singles Chart for six weeks over Christmas 1995 and sold over 1.2 million copies, making it one of Jackson's most successful singles in the UK. Jackson worked with collaborators including Teddy Riley and Rodney Jerkins to produce his tenth solo album, Invincible (2001). Invincible spawned three singles: "You Rock My World", "Cry", and "Butterflies". Following Jackson's death in 2009, sales of his previous work soared and Jackson became the first act to sell more than 1 million song downloads in a week, with 2.6 million downloads. Following the surge in sales, in March 2010, Sony Music signed a $250 million deal with the Jackson estate to extend their distribution rights to Jackson's back catalog until at least 2017. As part of this deal, two posthumous albums of previously unreleased tracks were released. In 2017, Sony renewed its deal for $250 million, which went into effect in January 2018. A matsayin jagorar mai

25810

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masarautar%20Najeriya

Masarautar Najeriya

Masarautar Najeriya ita ce tsarin sarauta wanda ya fito daga Najeriya Ya kunshi komai daga sarakunan kasar nan har zuwa manyan dattawan dangi, masarautar gaba ɗaya tana ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin cibiyoyi masu ci gaba da wanzuwa a Najeriya kuma gwamnatin ta amince da su bisa doka. Tarihi Jihohin Najeriya kafin mulkin mallaka sun kasance ana shirya su a matsayin biranen birni Daulolin da suka wanzu, kamar masarautar Kanem-Borno, masarautar Oyo, masarautar Benin da halifancin Sakkwato, ainihin ƙungiyoyin waɗannan jahohi ne na gari. Saboda wannan, yawancin ikon gida ya tattara a hannun masu mulki wanda ya kasance kusan dindindin a cikin manyan biranen su. Waɗannan masu mulkin suna da ayyuka na alfarma da yawa daga cikinsu ma ana ɗaukar su da kansu tsarkaka sabili da haka galibi suna rayuwa cikin keɓewa a sakamakon. Manyansu, duka na gado da in ba haka ba, galibi kuma suna da ayyuka waɗanda ke da alaƙa da al'adun addini na masarautun da suke hidima. A Kudu, manyan mutane suna mulkin jahohi a kowace rana a madadin sarakunansu ta hanyar jerin kungiyoyin asiri na farko. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin sun haɗa ayyukan firist ɗin da aka ambata tare da na shari'a, kuma sun bayar da masu ba da shawara ga sarakunan da ake magana akai. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan al'ummomin, kamar Ogboni da Nze na Ozo, sun tsira har zuwa yau a matsayin ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa na aristocratic a cikin kabilun su. A halin da ake ciki, a Arewa, masarautun tsohuwar halifanci galibi ana raba su zuwa gundumomi, kuma waɗannan biranen suna biye da sarakunan da aka sani da Hakimi (pl. Hakimai waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin sarakuna. A matsayin taken sarauta ba koyaushe ke wucewa daga uba zuwa ɗa ba; iyalai da yawa na sarauta da masu daraja duk da haka sun ba da adadin masu mallaka sama da ƙarni da yawa. A kudu, laƙabin da manyan mutane ke riƙe da su ba iri ɗaya ba ne da waɗanda wasu ke riƙe da su a cikin zuriyarsu. Wasu sarakuna har ma sun kasance barorin da ba a ba su suna ba, don haka ba su da magabatan da aka yi wa lakabi da su kafin daga baya su hau kan mukaman aristocracy. Kodayake mazaunan da aka ambata a sama sun mamaye su, masarautu da yawa kuma suna da alaƙa iri ɗaya na al'adun mata na musamman waɗanda ke aiki tare tare da takwarorinsu maza. Wasu kuma za su keɓe wasu laƙabi na musamman, irin su Yarima Iyalode, ga matansu. A lokacin farkon Turawa zuwa Afirka, sarakunan Najeriya sarakuna da manyan mutane sun kasance sun kasu gida biyu masu adawa: manyan masu adawa da Turawa a gefe guda (waɗanda ba sa son yin komai da Turawa kuma suna son su bar, a mahimmin mashin idan ya cancanta) da manyan masu goyon bayan Turai (waɗanda suka fi son ci gaba da hulɗar abokantaka da Turawa, koda kuwa yana nufin sadaukar da wasu madafun iko na siyasa). Lokacin karuwar tasirin Birtaniyya a Najeriya a cikin karni na 19, manyan masu adawa da Turawa sun yi amfani da dabaru iri-iri don yin aiki da tasirin kasashen waje, ta hanyar amfani da sifofin kai tsaye da na kai tsaye. Gwamnatin Turawan mulkin mallaka ta mayar da martani ta hanyar fifita manyan sarakunan da ke goyon bayan Turai tare da tallafa wa masu da'awar neman mukaman Najeriya a kokarin dakile manyan sarakunan da ke adawa da Turai. An yi ƙananan yaƙe-yaƙe tare da sarakunan da ke adawa da Turai, yayin da sarakunan da ke goyon bayan Turai suka bunƙasa ta hanyar kasuwanci tare da Biritaniya don haka sun kasance cikin aminci a siyasance sakamakon haka. A lokacin Scramble for Africa, sannu a hankali an maye gurbin sarakunan da ke adawa da Turawa tare da masu goyon bayan Turawa, kuma Najeriya ta fara mulkin mallaka ta tsarin da aka sani da mulkin kai tsaye, wanda ya haɗa da sarakunan asali su zama wani ɓangare na tsarin gudanarwa don sauƙaƙe farashin gudanarwa. Ta wannan hanyar, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta sami damar gujewa duk wani tawaye ga ikon ta. Bayan samun 'yancin kan Najeriya a shekara ta 1960, kowace runduna ta tarayyar ƙasar tana da Gidan Sarakuna, wanda yana cikin tsarin samar da doka. Tun daga wannan lokacin aka maye gurbin waɗannan gidajen da manyan Majalisar Sarakunan Gargajiya Bugu da ƙari, da yawa daga cikin iyayen da suka kafa jamhuriyya ta farko ciki har da manyan troika na Dakta Nnamdi Azikiwe, Cif Obafemi Awolowo da Alhaji Sir Ahmadu Bello duk dangin sarauta ne ko manyan mutane a tsarin sarautun Najeriya. Wannan ya ci gaba da aiki tun lokacin su a matsayin tsarin karramawar da ake sarrafawa a cikin gida tare da takwaransa na ƙasa, wanda shi kansa yana cikin kyautar Gwamnatin Tarayya Yau A yau, fitattun 'yan Najeriya da yawa suna burin samun muƙami. Dukansu Cif Olusegun Obasanjo da Alhaji Umaru Musa Yar'Adua, shuwagabannin Najeriya guda daya, duk sun kasance cikin madafun iko na masarautar Najeriya. Sarakunan gargajiya na Najeriya da masu yi musu hidima a halin yanzu suna samun karfinsu daga Dokokin Sarakuna daban-daban, waɗanda sassan hukuma ne na dokokin Najeriya na zamani. A sakamakon haka, mafi girman matsayi a tsakanin su yawanci yana karɓar ma'aikatan ofis kuma ta hanyar su ne sanannu a hukumance daga gwamnonin jihohin Tarayyar a matsayin ƙarshen bikin nadin sarautar su da saka hannun jarin su. Laƙabi na sarauta galibi suna da maki daban-daban, kuma galibi ana yin su gwargwadon dalilai iri -iri. Ko gwamnati ta gane su ko a'a, ko suna da ƙarfi a al'adance ko kuma tsarkakakku na girmamawa, menene matsayin dangi na ƙungiyoyin waɗanda suke (idan akwai) suna cikin umarnin sarauta na fifiko, tsoffin danginsu, yadda suke tsada za su samu, ko sun kasance na gado, ko kuma a'a, kuma ana amfani da wasu irin waɗannan masu ƙayyadaddun al'adu don sanya matsayi. Yawancin masarautu kuma suna amfani da rigunan da aka tsara masu launi don nuna ko dai mubaya'a ga ƙungiyoyin take ko matsayi ɗaya a cikinsu. Misalan wannan lamari ya haɗa da Manyan Hafsoshi na Ƙasar Igbo da Manyan Hafsoshin Ƙasa na Legas, kowannensu shine mafi girman matsayi na manyan sarakuna a cikin ƙaramin tsarin sa. Masu riƙe da muƙaman Najeriya Sarakuna Kafin mulkin mallaka Sarakunan Najeriya Lamido Oba Eze Mulkin mallaka Hukumomin Ƙasar Bayan mulkin mallaka Sarakunan gargajiya na Najeriya Lamido Sarkin Musulmi Sarkin Kano Shehun Borno Oba Ooni na Ife Alafin Oyo Awujale na Ijebu Eze Eze Nri Obi na Onitsha Igwe na Nnewi Sauran Shugabanni Madaki Waziri Hakimi Eso Ikoyi Ogboni Nze na Ozo Ichie Duba kuma Ajin zamantakewa a Najeriya Jaridar Najeriya Sarakunan gargajiya na Najeriya Jihohin gargajiya na Najeriya Manazarta Majiyoyi Ejiogu, EC (2011), Tushen Rikicin Siyasa A Nijeriya: Juyin Juya Halin Siyasa da Ci Gaban Yankin Neja, shafi. 63. Johnson, Samuel (1921), Tarihin Yarbawa, tun daga Farkon Zamani zuwa Farkon Masarautar Burtaniya, p. 70. Sklar, Richard L. (2004), Jam’iyyun Siyasar Najeriya: Ƙarfi A Ƙasar Ƙasar Afirka ta Farko, shafi. 234. Ebenezer Obadare da Wale Adebanwi (2011), Nigeria At Hamif: The Nation In Narration, p. 32. Masarautu a Nijeriya Masarautu Masarauta Masarautar Safad Sarakunan Daura Sarakuna na Afrika Sarakunan Bida Sarakuna mata

50190

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaVerne%20Krause

LaVerne Krause

LaVerne Erickson Krause (1924-1987) Yar wasan Amurka ce.Ta kafa shirin buga littattafai na Jami'ar Oregon kuma ta koyar a wurin har tsawon shekaru ashirin,ta samar da zane-zane asama da dubu goma a rayuwarta.It mai ba da shawara ce ga yanayin tattalin arziki da aiki na masu fasaha, ta taka rawar gani wajen kafa babin Oregon na Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Ƙasa.An "san tane saboda fitattun gudunmawar da ta bayar a matsayin ta na malama, mai zane-zane,sannan mai fafutukar fasaha". Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi LaVerne Krause a Portland, Oregon An ɗauke ta tana da shekara shida da haihuwa kuma ta girma a wata gona a wajen Portland tare da Mayan kawunenta maza da mata,james Martin da Hannah (Wrolstad) Erickson. Ta halarci Jami'ar Oregon da ke Eugene a kan tallafin karatu na fasaha, tana aiki a lokacin bazara a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Commercial Iron Works a Portland a matsayin ma'aunin sikeli da ke lalata tarkacen jiragen ruwa don cire tsatsa,kuma a ƙarshe a matsayin ma'aikaciyar injin zane a wani aikin ƙarfe na jirgin ruwa,poole McGonigle. Ta kammala karatu a shekarar 1946. Yayin da take Jami'ar Oregon,ta yi karatu a karkashin Jack Wilkinson, wanda ta daukeshi a matsayin babban malaminta. A Portland,ta halarci azuzuwa kuma daga ƙarshe ta fara koyarwa a Makarantar Art Museum Bayan kammala karatun digiri a Jami'ar Oregon a 1946,ta auri Labrecht Gerhard Krause,b alokacin taking sojojin duniya na biyu wanda ta san tun daga makarantar firamare.Sun haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu da mace daya. A cikin 1949 ma'auratan sun koma Portland,inda ya ci gaba da aiki da Kamfanin Biscuit na kasa. Sana'a Nunin farko na Krause a cikin nunin fasaha mai juried ya kasance a gidan kayan gargajiya na Portland a cikin sheka ta 1949. A shekara ta 1951,ta fara daukar darasi a Makarantar Fasaha ta kayan tarihi, wanda gidan kayan tarihi na Portland ke daukar nauyinta, kuma hotonta na farko da aka nuna ya kasance a Louis Bunce's Kharouba Gallery a Portland. A shekara ta 1952,ta gudanar da baje kolin solo na farko a Portland Art Museum. A 1954,aikin mijinta ya mayar da iyali zuwa Eugene kuma Krause ya zama mai aiki a cikin gida Artists Equity. Sun koma Portland shekaru biyu bayan haka, inda Krause ya zama mai sha'awar yankan itace da etching ta 1956,da bugawa ta 1958,a matsayin dalibi na rabin lokaci a Makarantar Art Museum. An sake ta a shekar ta 1960, Krause ta koyar da azuzuwan yara a Makarantar Art Museum, kuma ta halarci wurin a rabin a way na lokaci a matsayin ɗaliba. Ta baje kolin zane-zanenta na siyarwa a wani dakin shakatawa da kuma a harabar gidan cin abinci na Gay Nineties a kudu maso yammacin Portland. A cikin shekara ta 1965, Jack Wilkinson ya gayyaci Krause don ba da lacca a Eugene a kan "Long Life of the woodcut", kuma daga baya ya gayyace ta shiga ciki dan baiwa don koyar da etching. Ta fara shirin bugawa a Jami'ar Oregon a matsayin mace daya tilo a cikin Sashen Fine da Aiyuka Arts (yanzu Sashen Fasaha). Ta yi aiki a Kwamitin Ilimin Jami'a akan Matsayin Mata, kuma Gov. Mark Hatfield ya nada ta a Majalisar Tsare-tsare don Fasaha, wanda ya kai ga kafa Hukumar Fasaha ta Oregon A cikin 1981 ta taimaka wajen kafa Majalisar Bugawa na Arewa maso Yamma. Krause ta koyar a Jami'ar Oregon daga 1966 zuwa 1986,inda aka san ta da "tasiri mai karfi akan daliban fasaha da matasa masu fasaha". Ta ƙirƙiro da zane sama da dubu goma a rayuwarta. Krause ya ba da shawara ga yanayin tattalin arziki da aiki na masu fasaha, kuma ya zama memba mai kafa na ƙungiyar ƙwararrun masu fasaha ta Oregon.Ta zama shugabar ta daga 1954 zuwa 1955 da 1966–1968; ta kasance shugaban kasa na Ma'aikatar Masu Mahimmanci daga 1969 zuwa 1970. A cewar Arlene Schnitzer, "Hanyar baya kafin ta kasance gaye, ta kasance mai gwagwarmaya madadin mata da masu fasaha." "Ta koyar dani Abu da yawa," in ji Schnitzer Krause ta mutu a Babban Asibitin Zuciya a ranar 6 ga Mayu, 1987,a shekaru 62, bayan ta yi fama da cutar kansa tsawon shekaru hudu. Salon fasaha Gidan kayan gargajiya na Portland sun ajiye kayan tarihin rayuwar Krause da aka buga a cikin Oregon Painters: Shekaru Ɗari na Farko (1859-1959), lura da cewa a cikin 1959 salonta ya koma ga rashin fahimta:palette dinta ya bambanta daga zazzafan purple, ja, da turquoise zuwa pastels masu sanyi, tare da launi mai maimaitawa. Ta yi imani haske da launi sune tsakiyar isar da yanayin abin da aka samu. Hotunanta na farko sun nuna gadoji, birane, da gine-gine waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don halayen tsarin su da kuma ikonsu na motsa jiki. Yayin da zanenta ya girma, sai ta sauke su zuwa mafi sauƙi, ta yin amfani da launi da haske don haɓaka hangen nesa. Kyaututtuka da gado Krause ta sami lambar yabo ta Ford Foundation a 1964 a Seattle. Ta kasance sananniya a cikin 1980 tare da mafi girman girmamawar da Oregon ya ba wa mai fasaha, lambar yabo ta Gwamnan Oregon. A cikin 1991, Jami'ar Oregon ta ƙirƙira LaVerne Krause Gallery a Lawrence Hall don girmama ta. Gidan hoton yana ɗaukar baje kolin zane-zane na ɗalibai a duk shekara ta ilimi. Duba kuma Jami'ar Oregon School of Architecture da Allied Arts Nassoshi Bayanan kula a. Majiyoyin sun yi karo da ranar mutuwar ta. Eugene Register-Guard a ranar Alhamis, 7 ga Mayu, 1987, antabbatar da rahoton mutuwarta a ranar Laraba (Mayu 6, 1987) Madogara na biyu, duk da haka, rikodin "Oregon Death Index, 1898-2008" akan Ancestry.com, ya ba da rahoton mutuwar daban-daban: Mayu 5, 1987 (ana buƙatar biyan kuɗi don samun damar yin rekodin akan Ancestry.com. b. Majiyoyin sun yi karo da yadda aka rubuta sunan mijinta. Tattaunawar tarihin baka na LaVerne Krause a cikin Smithsonian Archives of American Art ya rubuta sunansa da "a" a farkon syllable, a matsayin "Labrecht". USMarine Muster Rolls da aka lissafta akan Ancestry.com jera sunansa a matsayin Lebrecht tare da "e" a farkon syllable. Fihirisar Aure na Oregon da Laburaren Jihar Oregon ke kula da shi kuma ya lissafa sunansa a matsayin "Lebrecht" (ana buƙatar biyan kuɗi don samun damar yin rikodin akan

29924

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciwon%20Daji%20na%20Kai%20da%20Wuya

Ciwon Daji na Kai da Wuya

Ciwon daji na kai da wuya yana tasowa daga cikin lebe da rami na baki (baki), larynx (makogwaro), glandan salivary, hanci, sinuses ko fatar fuska. Mafi yawan nau'in ciwon daji na kai da wuya yana faruwa a cikin lebe, baki, da makogwaro. Alamomin da suka fi yawa sun hada da ciwon da baya warkewa ko sauya murya. Wasu na iya samun ciwon makogwaro wanda baya tafiya. A cikin wadanda ke da ci-gaban cuta, za a iya samun zubar jini da ba a saba gani ba, ciwon fuska, radasi ko kumburi, da kullun da ake gani a waje na wuya ko kuma rami na baki. Idan aka yi la’akari da wurin da waɗannan cututtukan daji suke, ana iya samun matsalar numfashi. Yawancin ciwon kansa na wuyansa yana haifar da amfani da barasa ko taba, ciki har da taba maras hayaki, tare da karuwar lokuta masu alaka da papillomavirus (HPV). Sauran abubuwan hadari sun hada da kwayar cutar Epstein-Barr, betel quid, fallasa radiation, wasu abubuwan da ke faruwa a wurin aiki. Kimanin kashi 90% an rarraba su azaman cututtukan daji na squamous cell. An tabbatar da ganewar asali ta hanyar biopsy na nama. Za'a iya tantance matakin mamaye nama da ke kewaye da yaduwa mai nisa ta hanyar hoton likita da gwajin jini Rashin amfani da taba ko barasa na iya rage hadarin kansa da wuyansa. Alurar rigakafin HPV na iya rage hadarin rayuwa ta kansa ta baki idan an sha kafin fara jima'i, amma tabbas ba za a iya saninsa ba sai a kusa da 2060. Wannan saboda ciwon daji na oropharyngeal yana nunawa a cikin shekaru 4th 6th na rayuwa, kuma wannan sabon maganin rigakafi ne. Yayin da nunawa a cikin yawan jama'a bai bayyana yana da amfani ba, tantance gungiyoyi masu hadari ta hanyar nazarin makogwaro na iya zama da amfani. Ciwon kai da wuya sau da yawa ana warkewa idan an gano shi da wuri; duk da haka, sakamakon yawanci ba shi da kyau idan an gano shi a makare. Jiyya na iya hadawa da hadin tiyata, maganin radiation, chemotherapy, da maganin da aka yi niyya. Binciken da ya gabata da kuma maganin kansar kansa da wuyansa yana ba da hadarin haɓaka kansa na biyu da kansa na wuya ko sake dawowa. A duk duniya, cutar kansar kai da wuya ta haifar da sabbin cututtukan daji 650,000 da mutuwar 330,000 kowace shekara a matsakaici. A cikin 2018, ita ce ta bakwai mafi yawan cutar kansa a duniya tare da sabbin maganganu 890,000 da aka rubuta kuma 450,000 ke mutuwa daga cutar. A Amurka, ciwon daji na kai da wuya yana da kashi 3% na duk cututtukan daji (matsakaicin sabbin bincike 53,000 a kowace shekara) da 1.5% na mutuwar ciwon daji. Alkaluman na 2017 na duniya ya ambaci kansa da wuyansa kamar yadda yake wakiltar 5.3% na duk cututtukan daji (ba tare da cututtukan cututtukan fata wadanda ba melanoma ba). Musamman ma, ciwon daji na kai da wuya na biyu zuwa barasa na yau da kullun ko shan taba yana raguwa a hankali yayin da kasa da jama'a ke shan taba. Koyaya, ciwon daji na oropharyngeal mai alaka da HPV yana karuwa, musamman a cikin matasa a cikin kasashen yamma, wanda ake tunanin yana nuna canje-canje a cikin ayyukan jima'i na baka, musamman dangane da adadin abokan jima'i na baka. Wannan karuwa tun daga shekarun 1970 ya fi shafar kasashe masu arziki da yawan maza. Wannan ya faru ne saboda shaidun da ke nuna cewa yawan watsa kwayar cutar HPV daga mata zuwa maza ya fi maza zuwa mata, saboda sau da yawa mata suna da karfin rigakafi ga kamuwa da cuta. Yawan shekarun da aka saba a ganewar asali shine tsakanin shekaru 55 zuwa 65. Matsakaicin rayuwa na shekaru 5 bayan ganewar asali a cikin kasashen da suka ci gaba shine 42-64%. Alamomi Alamomin da suka fi yawa sun hada da ciwon fuska ko rami na baki wanda baya warkewa, matsalar hadiye, ko canjin murya. A cikin wadanda ke da ci-gaban cuta, za a iya samun zubar jini da ba a saba gani ba, ciwon fuska, radadi ko kumburi, da kullun da ake gani a waje na wuya ko kuma rami na baki. Ciwon daji na kai da wuya yakan fara da alamu marasa kyau da alamun cuta, kamar kakkarfan kumburin lymph a waje na wuyansa, karar murya ko kara tari ko ciwon makogwaro. Game da ciwon kai da wuyansa, wadannan alamun za su kasance masu tsayi sosai kuma su zama na yau da kullum. Ana iya samun dunkule ko ciwon makogwaro ko wuya wanda baya warkewa ko ya tafi. Ana iya samun hadiya mai wahala ko mai radadi. Magana na iya zama da wahala. Hakanan ana iya samun ciwon kunne mai tsayi Sauran alamomin na iya hadawa da: dunƙule a cikin lebe, baki ko kumburi, gyambo ko ciwon baki wanda baya warkewa, zubar jini daga baki ko ramewa, warin baki, rashin launi da ke dawwama a cikin baki, ciwon harshe, da ɓacin magana. idan ciwon daji yana shafar harshe. Hakanan ana iya samun cunkoson sinuses, asarar nauyi, da wasu lamuni ko gurɓataccen tsokar fuska Baki Ciwon daji na squamous cell ya zama ruwan dare a wuraren bakin, ciki har da lebe na ciki, harshe, kasan baki, gumi, da kuma taurin baki Ciwon daji na baki yana da alaka da shan taba, musamman amfani da taba taba ko tsoma taba, da kuma yawan shan barasa Ciwon daji na wannan yanki, musamman harshe, an fi yin tiyata akai-akai fiye da sauran ciwon daji na kai da wuya. Ciwon daji na lebe da na baka sune nau'in ciwon kansa da wuyan da aka fi ci karo da su. Ayyukan tiyata don ciwon daji na baki sun haɗa da: Maxillectomy (za a iya yi tare da ko ba tare da exenteration orbital Mandibulectomy (cire ƙananan mukamuƙi ko ɓangarensa) Glossectomy (cire harshe, na iya zama duka, hemi ko bangare) Rage wuyan wuyansa Haduwa misali, glossectomy da laryngectomy anyi tare. Lalacewar yawanci ana rufe/ inganta ta ta yin amfani da wani sashe na jiki da/ko dasawar fata da/ko sanye da kayan aikin roba Hanci Paranasal sinus da ciwon daji na hanci yana shafar kogon hanci da kuma sinuses na paranasal Yawancin wadannan cututtukan daji sune carcinomas squamous cell. Nasopharynx Ciwon daji na Nasopharyngeal yana tasowa a cikin nasopharynx, yankin da kumburi na hanci da tubes na Eustachian suna haduwa da bangaren sama na makogwaro. Yayin da wasu ciwon daji na nasopharyngeal suna da ilimin halitta kama da na kowa kai da wuyansa squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs), "mara kyau daban-daban" nasopharyngeal carcinoma ne lymphoepithelioma, wanda ya bambanta a cikin cututtukan cututtuka, ilmin halitta, halin asibiti, da magani, kuma ana bi da shi a matsayin daban. cuta ta masana da yawa. Magogwaro Yawancin ciwon daji na oropharyngeal su ne squamous cell carcinomas wanda ya fara a cikin oropharynx (magogwaro), tsakiyar bangaren makogwaro wanda ya hada da lallausan, tushe na harshe, da tonsils Ciwon daji na squamous cell na tonsils yana da alaka da kamuwa da cutar papillomavirus fiye da ciwon daji na wasu yankuna na kai da wuyansa. HPV-tabbataccen ciwon daji na oropharyngeal gabadaya yana da sakamako mafi kyau fiye da cutar HPV-mara kyau tare da mafi kyawun rayuwa 54%, amma wannan fa'ida ga ciwon daji mai alaka da HPV ya shafi cututtukan daji na oropharyngeal ne kawai. Mutanen da ke da carcinomas na oropharyngeal suna cikin babban hadarin habaka kansa na farko na biyu da kansa. Hypopharynx Hypopharynx ya hada da sinuses na pyriform, bangon pharyngeal na baya, da yankin postcricoid. Ciwon daji na hypopharynx akai-akai suna da mataki na gaba a ganewar asali, kuma suna da mafi munin tsinkaye na ciwan pharyngeal. Suna yawan yin metastasize da wuri saboda babban hanyar sadarwa na lymphatic a kusa da makogwaro Larynx Ciwon daji na makogwaro yana farawa a cikin makogwaro ko "akwatin murya", kuma shine nau'in ciwon kai da wuya na biyu da aka fi fuskanta. Ciwon daji na iya faruwa akan muryoyin murya da kansu (cancer "glottic"), ko akan kyallen takarda a sama da ƙasa da igiyoyin gaskiya ("supraglottic" da "subglottic" cancers bi da bi). Ciwon daji na makogwaro yana da alaƙa da shan taba Tiyata na iya hadawa da fida laser na ƙananan raunuka na igiyar murya, bangaren laryngectomy (cire wani bangare na larynx) ko jimlar laryngectomy (cire dukan makogwaro). Idan an cire duka makogwaron, an bar mutumin da tracheostomy na dindindin. Ana iya samun gyaran murya a cikin irin waɗannan marasa lafiya ta hanyoyi masu mahimmanci guda uku magana mai ciki, tracheoesophageal huda, ko electrolarynx. Watakila mutum zai buƙaci taimakon koyarwa mai zurfi da maganin magana da/ko na'urar lantarki. Trachea Ciwon daji na trachea wani ciwon daji ne da ba kasafai ake kira shi da kansar huhu ba Mai marurai na salivary gland bambanta daga kowa squamous cell carcinomas na kai da wuya a yi wa, histopathology, asibiti gabatarwa, da kuma far. Sauran ciwace-ciwacen da ba a saba gani ba da ke tasowa a kai da wuyansa sun haɗa da teratomas, adenocarcinomas, adenoid cystic carcinomas, da mucoepidermoid carcinomas Rarer har yanzu melanomas ne da lymphomas na sashin iska mai iska. Dalilai Barasa da taba Kusan kashi 75% na lokuta ana samun su ta hanyar barasa da shan taba Shan taba yana daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da kansar kai da wuya. Wani babban fili na carcinogenic a cikin hayakin taba shine acrylonitrile Acrylonitrile ya bayyana a kaikaice yana haifar da lalacewar DNA ta hanyar kara yawan damuwa na oxidative, yana haifar da kara yawan matakan 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG) da foramidopyrimidine a cikin DNA. (duba hoto). Dukansu 8-oxo-dG da foramidopyrimidine sune mutagenic DNA glycosylase NEIL1 yana hana mutagenesis ta 8-oxo-dG kuma yana cire foramidopyrimidine daga DNA. Duk da haka, masu shan taba sigari suna da hadarin hadari na kai da wuyansa wanda ya ninka 5- zuwa 25 fiye da yawan jama'a. Haɗarin tsohon mai shan taba don haɓaka kansa da kansa na wuyansa ya fara kusantar haɗarin a cikin yawan jama'a shekaru 15 bayan daina shan taba. Yawaitar shan taba da barasa a duk duniya da kuma yawan alakar wadannan cututtukan daji tare da wadannan abubuwan ya sa su zama manufa manufa don inganta rigakafin cutar kansa. Taba mara shan taba yana haifar da ciwon daji na baki da kuma ciwon daji na oropharyngeal Taba mara shan taba (ciki har da kayayyakin da ake tauna sigari) yana da alaƙa da hadarin kamuwa da kansa da kansa; An kafa wannan hanyar sadarwa a Amurka da kuma a kasashen Gabashin Asiya. Shan taba sigari kuma muhimmin abu ne mai hadari ga kansar baki. Ya kamata a kuma lura cewa amfani da sigari na lantarki kuma yana iya haifar da haɓakar kansar kai da wuyansa saboda sinadarai kamar propylene glycol, glycerol, nitrosamines da karafa da ke cikin; wanda zai iya haifar da lahani ga hanyoyin iska. Wannan yanki na binciken yana bukatar karin bincike don tabbatar da alaka da/ko sanadi, duk da haka. Sauran cututtukan daji na muhalli da ake zargi da zama abubuwan da ke haifar da kansa da wuyansa sun hada da abubuwan da suka shafi sana'a irin su tace nickel, fallasa zaruruwan yadi, da aikin itace. Amfani da marijuana, musamman ma lokacin kanana, an danganta shi da haɓakar cututtukan cututtukan kwayar cuta a cikin akalla binciken guda daya, yayin da wasu nazarin ke nuna amfani da shi ba a nuna yana da alaƙa da kwayar kwayar kwayar kwayar cuta ta baka, ko kuma hade da raguwa. squamous cell carcinoma. Bincike Immunotherapy tare da masu hana shinge na rigakafi ana bincikar kansa a cikin kansa da wuyansa. Manazarta Cutar daji Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

20425

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98abilar%20Kanuri

Ƙabilar Kanuri

Ƙabilar Kanuri (Kanouri, Kanowri, da Yerwa, Bare Bari da sauran sunaye masu yawa) ƙabilu ne na Afirka waɗanda ke zaune a mafi yawan ƙasashen tsohuwar Kanem da daular Bornu a Nijar, Najeriya, Sudan, Libya da Kamaru. Wadanda galibi ake kira Kanuri sun haɗa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi da ƙungiyoyin yare, da yawa daga cikinsu wadanda suke da bambanci da Kanuri. Yawancinsu suna gano asalinsu zuwa layin mulkin masarautar Kanem-Bornu, da kuma jihohin abokan cinikinta ko lardunan. Ya kuma bambanta da makwabtan makiyaya na Toubou ko Zaghawa, kungiyoyin Kanuri a al'adance suna zaman kashe wando, yin noma, kamun kifin Chadi, da tsunduma cikin kasuwanci da sarrafa gishiri. Bayan Fage Ƙabilar Kanuri sun haɗa da ƙananan rukuni da yawa, da kuma tantance su da sunaye daban-daban a wasu yankuna. Yaren Kanuri shine babban yare na Daular Bornu kuma har yanzu shine babban yare a kudu maso gabashin Niger, arewa maso gabashin Nigeria da arewacin Kamaru, amma a Chadi an iyakance shi ga handfulan masu magana a cikin biranen. Mafi yawan ƙabilar Kanuri suna zaune a kusurwar arewa maso gabashin Najeriya, inda masarautar Bornu ta samo asali ne daga daular Kanem-Bornu, wacce aka kafa tun kafin Ƙarni na 1000 CE. Kimanin masu magana da Kanuri miliyan 3 ke zaune a Nijeriya, ba tare da wasu masu magana da yaren Manga ko Mangari 200,000 ba. Mutanen Nga a cikin jihar Bauchi sun gano asalinsu daga ƙabilar Kanuri. A kudu maso gabashin Nijar, inda suka fi yawa a cikin masu yawan tayar da zaune tsaye, Kanuri ana kiransu Bare Bari (sunan Hausawa). Yawan Kanuri dubu dari hudu a Nijar ya haɗa da rukunin Manga ko Mangari, wanda yawansu ya kai 100,000 (1997) a yankin gabashin Zinder, waɗanda ke ɗaukar kansu kamar sun bambanta da Bare Bari Kimanin mambobi 40,000 (1998) na ƙungiyar Tumari, wani lokacin ana kiranta Kanembu a Nijar, wasu keɓaɓɓun ƙungiyoyin Kanuri ne da ke zaune a yankin N'guigmi, kuma sun bambanta da mutanen Kanembu na ƙasar Chadi. A cikin mashigar Kaour ta gabashin Nijar, Kanuri ya kara kasu kashi biyu zuwa Bla Bla subgroup, yawan su yakai 20,000 (2003), kuma sune mafi rinjaye a cikin ƙabilar gishiri da masana'antar kasuwanci ta Bilma. Kanuri yana magana da ire-iren Kanuri, ɗayan yarukan Nilo-Saharan Rarrabawar sun haɗa da yarukan Manga, Tumari, da Bilma na Kanuri ta Tsakiya da yaren Kanembu da ya bambanta. Gado da al'adun addini da al'adun jihar Kanem-Bornu, ƙabilar Kanuri galibi Musulmin Sunni ne. A Chadi, masu magana da Kanembu sun banbanta kansu da manyan kabilun Kanuri. Kanembu suna tsakiya a lardin Lac da kuma lardin Kanem na kudu. Kodayake Kanuri shine babban yare na Daular Bornu, a cikin Kasar Chadi, masu magana da Kanuri sun iyakance ga kaɗan daga masu magana a cikin biranen. Kanuri ya kasance babban harshe a kudu maso gabashin Nijar, arewa maso gabashin Najeriya da arewacin Kamaru. A farkon shekarar 1980s, Kanembu ya kasance mafi yawan ɓangare na yawan lardin Lac, amma wasu Kanembu suma sun rayu a Chari-Baguirmi Prefecture Da zarar asalin ƙabilar Masarautar Kanem-Borno, waɗanda ƙasashe a wani lokaci sun haɗa da arewa maso gabashin Najeriya da kudancin Libya, Kanembu ta riƙe alaƙa fiye da kan iyakar Chadi. Misali, dangin dangi da na kasuwanci sun hada su da Kanuri na arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. A cikin Chadi, Kanembu da yawa na lardin Lac da Kanem suna da alaƙa da Alifa na Mao, gwamnan yankin a zamanin mulkin mallaka. Asalin mutanen makiyaya ne, Kanuri suna ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin Nilo-Sahara da yawa waɗanda ke da asalin Sahara ta Tsakiya, suka fara fadada a yankin Tafkin Chadi a karshen karni na 7, kuma suka shagaltar da 'yan asalin Nilo-Saharan da Chadic (Afro-Asiatic) masu magana. A al'adar Kanuri, Sef, ɗan Dhu Ifazan na Yemen, ya isa Kanem a ƙarni na tara kuma ya haɗu da mutane zuwa daular Sayfawa Wannan al'adar, wataƙila samfurin ne daga tasirin Islama na gaba, wanda ke nuna alaƙar da asalin Larabawa a zamanin Islama. Tabbacin shaidar asalin statean asali a yankin Tafkin Chadi ya faro ne zuwa kusan 800 KZ a Zilum. Addini Amfani da karin magana a bayyane ya ke a cikin addinin Kanuri na Islama inda ake amfani da su don taimakawa wajen fahimtar abubuwan da ke faruwa a zamantakewa da kuma koyar da ma'anonin abubuwa. Waɗannan karin magana an ƙirƙira su ne da tsofaffin maza masu hikima tare da mahangar ra'ayi dangane da halin da ake ciki da kuma wane darasi da ake ƙoƙarin koyarwa. Misalai galibi suna magana ne akan abubuwan da aka samo a rayuwar yau da kullun. Koyaya, ana amfani da abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin karin magana ta yadda za su koyar da halaye na zamantakewa, imani ko gogewa. Sau da yawa ana gina karin magana a kusa da ayyukan da ake buƙata waɗanda ake aiwatarwa a cikin rayuwar yau da kullun, amma ana sanya su don a sauƙaƙe su gani kuma a yi amfani da su ga wasu, yanayi mai tsanani. Za'a iya amfani da karin magana na Kanuri a matsayin wata hanya ta tsoratarwa ko gargaɗi ga mutane game da ayyukan wauta ko haɗari, amma kuma na iya zama mai sauƙin zuciya da ƙarfafawa. Kanuri sun zama musulmai a karni na 11. Kanem ya zama cibiyar karatun musulmai kuma Kanuri ba da daɗewa ba ya mallaki duk yankin da ke kewaye da Tafkin Chadi da kuma daula mai ƙarfi da ake kira Kanem Empire, wacce ta kai tsayi a ƙarni na sha shida da sha bakwai lokacin da suke mulkin yawancin Afirka ta Tsakiya. Yankunan gargajiya Bayan faɗuwar Daular Bornu da kuma Scramble for Africa a cikin ƙarni na 19, Kanuri ya kasu kashi biyu karkashin mulkin Masarautun Burtaniya, Faransa da Jamus. Duk da asarar da Kanuri ta yi, Shehu na Bornu ya ci gaba a matsayin shugaban Masarautar Bornu. Wannan jihar ta Kanuri Kanembu ta gargajiya tana kula da tsarin al'adar ƙabilar Kanuri da ke zaune a Maiduguri, Jihar Borno, Najeriya amma ta amince da Kanuri miliyan 4 a ƙasashe maƙwabta. Shehun ("Sheik") na Bornu ya zaro ikonsa daga jihar da aka kafa kafin 1000 CE, masarautar Kanem-Bornu. Layin mulki na yanzu, daular al-Kanemi, ya samo asali ne daga hawan Muhammad al-Amin al-Kanemi a farkon karni na 19, tare da raba daular Sayfawa da ta yi mulki daga kusan 1300 CE. Shehu na 19, Mustafa Ibn Umar El-Kanemi, ya mutu a watan Fabrairun 2009, kuma Abubakar Ibn Umar Garbai El-Kanemi ya gaje shi. Shugabannin siyasa A Najeriya, shahararrun shugabannin Kanuri bayan samun ‘yanci sun haɗa da‘ yan siyasa Kashim Ibrahim, Ibrahim Imam, Zannah Bukar Dipcharima, Shettima Ali Monguno, Abba Habib, Muhammad Ngileruma, Baba Gana Kingibe, tsohon shugaban GNPP Waziri Ibrahim, da tsohon shugaban mulkin soja, Sani Abacha A Nijar, shugabannin siyasa na Kanuri sun haɗa da tsohon Firayim Ministan Nijar Mamane Oumarou, da tsohon Shugaban Nijar, Mamadou Tandja. Yankin Kanuri a Najeriya Wata takamaiman ƙaramin Ƙungiyoyin kishin ƙasa da ya fito a cikin shekarar 1950s, wanda ke kan Bornu. Wasu Pan-Kanuri masu kishin ƙasa sun yi da'awar yanki na don yankin abin da suka kira "Babban Kanowra", gami da lardunan Lac da Kanem na zamani a Chadi, Yankin Arewa mai Nisa a Kamaru da Yankunan Diffa da Zinder a Nijar da darfur a Sudan A cikin shekarar 1954, aka kafa kungiyar 'Yan Matasa ta Borno (BYM) kuma suka taka rawa a matsayin babbar jam'iyyar siyasa mai yanki har zuwa karshen mulkin mallaka, duk da cewa ta samu' yanci. Manazarta Majiya "Kanuri" Encyclopædia Britannica 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica akan layi. An shiga 2 Afrilu 2009. Fuchs, Peter (1989). Fachi: Sahara-Stadt der Kanuri 2 vol.., Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden Fuchs, Peter (1983). Fachi: Das Brot der Wüste Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden Lange, Dierk. "Ethnogenesis daga cikin yankin Chadi: Wasu Tunani kan Tarihin Kanem-Borno", Paideuma: Mitteilungen zur Kulturkunde 39 (1993), 261-277. Malone, Martin J. "Society-Kanuari" Atlas na Attaura Jami'ar Kent a Canterbury da Jami'ar Durham (Ingila, Ingila). (Babu kwanan wata. An shiga 5 Yuli 2019. An adana 4 Mayu 1997. "Kanuri" Afrikanische Sprachen. Rüdiger Köppe Verlag akan layi (27 Nuwamba Nuwamba 2008). Hanyoyin haɗin waje Ƙungiyar Nazarin Kanuri Jami'ar Maiduguri, Jihar Borno, Najeriya. Kabila Al'ummomin Nijeriya Al'ummomi Al'umma Al'adun ƙasashen Harsunan

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schaefer

Schaefer

Schaefer madadin rubutun kalmomi ne da kuma ƙididdigewa ga kalmar Jamusanci schäfer, ma'ana 'makiyayi', wanda da kansa ya fito daga Tsohon Babban Jamusanci scāphare Bambance-bambancen "Shaefer", "Schäfer" (daidaitaccen rubutun kalmomi a yawancin ƙasashen Jamusanci bayan 1880), ƙarin madadin rubutun "Schäffer", da siffofin anglicised "Schaeffer", "Schaffer", "Shaffer", "Shafer", da "Schafer" duk sunayen suna gama gari ne. Schaefer An haife shi a shekara ta 1800-1899 Arnold Schaefer (1819-1883), masanin tarihin Jamus Jamus Schaefer (1877–1919), ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando na Amurka Jacob Schaefer Sr (1850–1910), ƙwararren ɗan wasan biliards na Amurka Jacob Schaefer Jr (1894–1975) ƙwararren ɗan wasan biliards na Amurka Jacob Schaefer (mawaƙi) (1888-1936), mawakin Bayahude na Amurka kuma mai gudanarwa. Marie Charlotte Schaefer (1874-1927), likitan Amurka Rudolph Jay Schaefer I (1863-1923), ɗan kasuwan Amurka An haife shi a shekara ta 1900-1949 Fred K. Schaefer (1904-1953), Bajamushe da kuma Ba'amurke masanin labarin kasa Walter V. Schaefer (1904-1986), masanin shari'a na Amurka kuma malami Vincent Schaefer (1906-1993), masanin ilmin sunadarai na Amurka da masanin yanayi wanda ya haɓaka shukar girgije. Jack Warner Schaefer (1907-1991), marubucin almara na Amurka Milner Baily Schaefer (1912 1970), masanin kifin kifin Amurka William Donald Schaefer (1921-2011), ɗan siyasan Amurka Udo Schaefer (1926–2019), marubucin Baha'i na Jamus Will Schaefer (1928–2007), mawakin Amurka Bill Schaefer 1925-2003), ɗan wasan hockey na New Zealand Kermit Schaefer (1923 1979), marubucin Ba’amurke, watsa shirye-shirye da mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen rikodin My Blooper Daniel Schaefer (1936-2006), ɗan siyasan Amurka James Schaefer (1938-2018), ɗan siyasan Amurka kuma mai kiwo Bob Schaefer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1944), ƙwararren mai horar da ƙwallon kwando na Amurka Henry F. Schaefer, III (an haife shi a shekara ta 1944), masanin ilimin kimiya na Amurka da ilimin kimiya, malami da malamin Furotesta. Gerard John Schaefer (1946-1995), kisan Ba'amurke, mai fyade, kuma wanda ake zargi da kisan kai. Ronald P. Schaefer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1945), masanin ilimin harshe na Amurka kuma malamin jami'a. An haife shi bayan 1950 Vic Schaefer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1961), kocin kwando na Amurka Peter Schaefer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1977), ƙwararren ɗan wasan hockey na Kanada Jarrett Schaefer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1979), darektan fina-finan Amurka kuma marubucin allo Nolan Schaefer (an haife shi 1980), ƙwararren ɗan wasan hockey na Kanada Bradley E. Schaefer (mai rai), masanin kimiyyar lissafi na Amurka Kurt Schaefer (mai rai), masanin Amurka Peter Schaefer (marubuci) (mai rai), marubucin ilimin kimiyya da tarihin addini na Amurka Laura Schaefer (rashin fahimta), mutane da yawa Schaeffer Schäfer Haihuwa bayan 1800 Wilhelm Schäfer (1868-1952), marubucin Halitta na Jamusanci kuma mawallafin mujallu Dirk Schäfer,(1873-1931), dan wasan piano na Dutch kuma mawaƙi Karl Emil Schäfer (1891-1917), matukin jirgi na Yaƙin Duniya na Jamus, wanda ya karɓi Pour le Mérite. An haife shi bayan 1900 Emanuel Schäfer (1900-1974), jami'i a Jamus SS, shugaban 'yan sandan tsaro na Serbia a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Gustav Schäfer (1906 1991), mai tukin jirgin ruwa na Jamus Karl Schäfer (1909-1976), ɗan wasan skater na Ostiriya Ernst Schäfer (1910-1992), mafarauci na Jamus, masanin dabbobi da likitan ido. Willy Schäfer (dan wasan ƙwallon hannu) (1913–1980), ɗan wasan ƙwallon hannu na filin Olympics na Switzerland Paul Schäfer (1921 2010), jagoran al’adun Jamus-Chile Hans Schäfer (1927–2017), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Jamus mai ritaya Karl Heinz Schäfer (1932 1996), mawaƙi ɗan ƙasar Jamus kuma mai tsara aiki a Faransa. Willy Schäfer (1933-2011), ɗan wasan Jamus Hans-Bernd Schäfer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1943), masanin tattalin arzikin Jamus kuma masani Manfred Schäfer (1943–2023), Bajamushe-Australian ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa mai ritaya. Wolfgang Schäfer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1945) shi ne jagoran ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Jamus da kuma ilimi An haife shi bayan 1950 Winfried Schäfer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1950), manajan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Jamus Anita Schäfer (an haife ta a shekara ta 1951) 'yar siyasar Jamus ce Axel Schäfer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1952), ɗan siyasan Jamus Dagmar Schäfer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1968), masanin kimiyyar sinadarai na Jamus kuma masanin tarihi na kimiyya Klaus Schäfer SAC (an haife shi a shekara ta 1958), Masanin tauhidin Katolika na Jamus, Firist da Mawallafi. Michael Schäfer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1959) shi ne manajan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Denmark Markus Schäfer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1961), ɗan ƙasar Jamus Thomas Schäfer (1966-2020) Lauyan Jamus kuma ɗan siyasa, Ministan Kuɗi a Hesse Bärbel Schäfer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1963), mai gabatar da talabijin na Jamus Christine Schäfer (an Haife shi a shekara ta 1965), Soprano na Jamus Jan Schäfer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1974). Raphael Schäfer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1979) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Jamus Marcel Schäfer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1984) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Jamus András Schäfer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1999) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Hungary Schäffer Haihuwa bayan 1800 Saint Anna Schäffer (1882-1925), sufi Jamusanci, wanda Paparoma Benedict ya kafa a 2012 Charles Schäffer (1838-1903), likitan Amurka kuma masanin ilimin halittu Fritz Schäffer (1888-1967), ɗan siyasan Jamus Julius Schäffer (1882-1944), Masanin ilimin kimiyya na Jamus Mary TS Schäffer (1861-1939), Ba'amurke ɗan halitta, mai zane, kuma mai bincike a Kanada An haife shi bayan 1950 Andreas Schäffer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1984) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Jamus Schafer Ha ihuwa bayan 1800 Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer (1850-1935), tsohon Edward Albert Schäfer, masanin ilimin lissafi na Ingilishi. An haife shi bayan 1900 Natalie Schafer (1900-1991), 'yar wasan Amurka Harold Schafer (1912-2001), ɗan kasuwan Amurka Alice Turner Schafer (1915-2009), ƙwararriyar lissafin Amurka Richard D. Schafer (1918–2014), masanin lissafin Amurka Roy Schafer (1922-2018), Masanin ilimin halin dan Adam-Masanin ilimin halin dan Adam R. Murray Schafer (1933–2021), mawakin Kanada, marubuci, mai koyar da kiɗa da muhalli. Ronald W. Schafer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1938), injiniyan lantarki na Amurka da ilimi Ed Schafer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1946), ɗan siyasan ƙasar Amurka kuma Sakataren Noma na Amurka William J. Schafer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1948), ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a fim da kuma a kan Stage An haife shi bayan 1950 Avi Schafer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1998), ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando ƙwararren ɗan ƙasar Japan ne Tim Schafer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1967), mai tsara wasan kwamfuta na Amurka Arthur Schafer (mai rai), masanin ilimin Kanada da ilimi Eric Schafer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1977), ɗan wasan yaƙin yaƙi na Amurka Jordan Schafer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1986), ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando na Amurka Hunter Schafer (an Haife shi 1999), ƙirar Amurka, ɗan gwagwarmaya, kuma yar wasan kwaikwayo Sakura Schafer-Nameki, Jamus masanin kimiyyar lissafi Schaffer Haihuwa bayan 1800 Károly Schaffer (1864-1939), Masanin anatomist na Hungarian da likitan jijiyoyi Alfréd Schaffer (1893-1945), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Hungary An haife shi bayan 1900 Jimmie Schaffer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1936) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando na Amurka Janne Schaffer (an Haife shi a shekara ta 1945), marubucin mawaƙin Sweden kuma ɗan wasan guitar An haife shi bayan 1950 Simon Schaffer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1955), masanin ilimin Ingilishi Frank Schaffer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1958), ɗan wasan Olympics na Gabashin Jamus mai ritaya Bob Schaffer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1962), ɗan siyasar ƙasar Amurka Jon Schaffer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1968), ɗan wasan guitar Amurka kuma marubuci Daniel Schaffer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1969), marubucin marubuci ɗan Burtaniya ne Akiva Schaffer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1977), marubuciyar wasan barkwanci ta Amurka kuma marubuci Denny Schaffer (mai rai), halayen rediyo na Amurka Gail Schaffer (mai rai), ɗan siyasar ƙasar Amurka Ken Schaffer (mai rai), ɗan asalin Amurka Lewis Schaffer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1957), ɗan wasan barkwanci na Amurka Jonathan Schaffer (mai rai), Ba'amurke-Australian falsafa Shafar An haife shi bayan 1800 Jacob K. Shafer (1823–1876), ɗan siyasan ƙasar Amurka Orator Shafer (1851–1922), ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando na Amurka John Adolph Shafer (1863-1918), masanin ilmin tsirrai na Amurka Taylor Shafer (1866-1945), ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando na Amurka George F. Shafer (1888-1948), ɗan siyasar ƙasar Amurka Tillie Shafer (1889–1962), ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando na Amurka Phil Shafer (1891-1971), direban motar tseren Amurka Paul W. Shafer (1893–1954), ɗan siyasan ƙasar Amurka An haife shi bayan 1900 Raymond P. Shafer (1917–2006), ɗan siyasar ƙasar Amurka Whitey Shafer (1934–2019), marubucin mawaƙin ƙasar Amurka kuma mawaki Ruth Shafer (1912 1972), injiniyan Amurka An haife shi bayan 1950 Ross Shafer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1954), ɗan wasan barkwanci na Amurka kuma mai magana mai kuzari Robert R. Shafer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1958), ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka Dirk Shafer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1962), samfurin Amurka, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, marubucin allo kuma darekta Scott Shafer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1967), kocin ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka David Shafer (dan siyasa) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1965), ɗan siyasar ƙasar Amurka Glenn Shafer (mai rai), masanin lissafin Amurka, mai haɓaka ka'idar Dempster-Shafer Jack Shafer (mai rai), ɗan jaridar Amurka kuma marubuci Jeremy Shafer (mai rai), Ba'amurke ɗan wasan nishadantarwa kuma mai magana Justin Shafer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1992), ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando na Amurka Shafar Haihuwa bayan 1800 Shaffer (baseball), ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando John Shaffer (dan siyasa) (1827-1870), gwamnan yanki na Amurka Joseph Crockett Shaffer (1880-1958), ɗan siyasan ƙasar Amurka Harry G. Shaffer (dan siyasa) (1885–1971), ɗan siyasar ƙasar Amurka An haife shi bayan 1900 Anthony Shaffer (marubuci) (1926-2001), marubucin wasan kwaikwayo na Ingilishi, marubuci, kuma marubucin allo. David Shaffer (an haife shi 1936), likitan Amurka Earl Shaffer (1918–2002), Ba’amurke a waje kuma marubuci Elaine Shaffer (1925-1973), 'yar Amurka Harry G. Shaffer (1919-2009), masanin tattalin arziki na Australiya-Amurka Jack Shaffer (1909 1963), ƙwararren ɗan wasan kwando na Amurka James Shaffer (1910–2014), shugaban addinin Amurka Jay C. Shaffer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1936-) masanin ilimin halitta, mai kula da lepidoptera a Gidan Tarihi na Tarihi na Halitta, London Jim G. Shaffer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1944), masanin ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi na Amurka da ilimin ɗan adam John H. Shaffer (1919–1997), mai gudanarwa na gwamnatin Amurka Juliet Popper Shaffer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1932), ƙwararren ɗan adam ɗan Amurka kuma ƙwararren kididdiga Lee Shaffer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1939), ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando ƙwararren ɗan Amurka ne Leland Shaffer (1912–1993), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka Louise Shaffer (an Haife shi 1942), 'yar wasan Amurka, marubucin rubutun, kuma marubuci Tim Shaffer (1945-2011), ɗan siyasan Amurka Mary Shaffer (an Haife shi a shekara ta 1947), ɗan wasan Amurka Paul Shaffer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1949), mawaƙin Ba-Amurke ɗan ƙasar Kanada, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, marubuci, ɗan wasan barkwanci da mawaki. Sir Peter Shaffer (1926–2016), ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Ingilishi kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo Robert H. Shaffer (1915–2017), malamin Amurka An haife shi bayan 1950 Anthony Shaffer (jami'in leken asiri) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1962), Laftanar Kanar na Sojojin Amurka kuma jami'in leken asirin CIA. Erica Shaffer (an Haife shi a shekara ta 1970), 'yar wasan Amurka James Shaffer (an Haife shi a shekara ta 1970), ɗan wasan guitar Ba'amurke Matthew Shaffer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1978), gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗan Amurka, talabijin, kuma ɗan wasan fim Brian Shaffer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1979), dalibin likitancin Amurka ya ɓace Kevin Shaffer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1980) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Amurka Atticus Shaffer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1998), ɗan wasan Amurka ne Justin Shaffer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1998) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka Brenda Shaffer (mai rai), marubuciyar kimiyyar siyasar Amurka Chris Shaffer (mai rai), mawaƙin Amurka-mawaƙi Deborah Shaffer (mai rai), mai shirya fina-finan Amurka Duba kuma Kamfanin Shafer Valve Schafferer Schieffer Sheaffer Shepherd (sunan mahaifi) Nassoshi

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dino%20Visser

Dino Visser

Dino Ben Visser (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta alif ɗari tara da tamanin da tara 1989), ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida a ƙungiyar National League North ta Hereford Ya fara aikinsa da Platinum Stars a ƙasarsa ta haihuwa Afrika ta Kudu, inda ya fara buga gasar Premier a watan Maris na shekarar 2011. An yi la'akari da Visser a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun matasa masu sa ido daga Afirka ta Kudu na ɗan lokaci. Visser ya taka leda a Bloemfontein Celtic, Black Leopards da Polokwane City kuma ya sami lambar yabo lokacin da Bloemfontein Celtic ya lashe Telkom Knockout na shekarar 2012 Ya kasance mai tsaron gida na farko na yau da kullum a Santos a lokacin kakar shekarar 2016-2017. Duk da wannan, kulob ɗin da aka relegated daga National First Division Ya koma saman-flight tare da tsohon kulob ɗin Platinum Stars na gaba kakar a matsayin na yau da kullum na farkon-zaɓi Goalkeeper kuma ya kasance kamar yadda irin wannan lokacin da Platinum Stars da aka sayar da kuma sake masa suna zuwa Cape Umoya United A cikin watan Yunin 2019, Visser ya yanke shawarar komawa Ingila kuma a ƙarshe ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ɗan gajeren lokaci a Exeter City Bayan ƙarewar kwantiraginsa ya bar ƙungiyar a maimakon haka ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar gajeriyar lokaci da Crewe Alexandra a watan Maris ɗin 2020. Ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya da Port Vale watanni biyar bayan haka, amma ya bar ƙungiyar bayan ya shafe rabin na biyu na kakar shekarar 2020-2021 yana jin rauni. Ya sanya hannu tare da Hereford a cikin watan Satumbar 2022. Sana'a Afirka ta Kudu Visser ya fara aikinsa tare da Platinum Stars, inda babban kocin Steve Komphela ya bayyana shi da abokinsa Allan Thomas a matsayin "masu tsaron gida masu kyau, masu tasowa masu tasowa". A cikin shekarar 2010, Visser ya buga wa Platinum Stars a wasan sada zumunci da Ingila, a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirye-shiryen su don gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar 2010 Visser ya fara buga wasansa na farko a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Owen Da Gama a ranar 5 ga Maris ɗin 2011, yana mai tsafta da kyautar gwarzon ɗan wasa a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da SuperSport United a filin wasa na Royal Bafokeng a gasar Premier League., tare da mai kula da yau da kullum Tapuwa Kapini dakatar. Wannan zai zama kawai bayyanarsa ga "Dikwena" duk da haka saboda ya ki sanya hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniya ta shekaru uku da kulob ɗin kuma a maimakon haka ya zaɓi ya zama wakili na kyauta a lokacin rani. Ya koma Bloemfontein Celtic kuma ya kasance wanda ba a yi amfani da shi ba a wasan ƙarshe na Telkom Knockout na shekarar 2012, yayin da Celtic ta doke Mamelodi Sundowns da ci 3-0 a filin wasa na Moses Mabhida An ba da shi aro ga Black Leopards na National First Division na kakar 2013–2014 Ya buga wasanni 16 don taimakawa Kosta Papić 's "Lidoda Duvha" don yin rikodin kammala matsayi na biyu, kodayake sun rasa haɓaka yayin da suka ci gaba da shan kashi a hannun Polokwane City a cikin wasannin motsa jiki; Visser ya shiga wasan ne a minti na 31 wanda ya maye gurbin Jacob Mokhasi, inda Leopards tuni suka zura ƙwallaye biyu a raga, kuma ƙwazon da ya yi sun makara wajen murza wasan. Daga nan Visser ya sanya hannu tare da Polokwane City kuma ya fara a matsayin zaɓi na farko a cikin shirin kocin Boebie Solomons na kakar shekarar 2014-2015 yayin da ɗan wasan Botswana Modiri Marumo ke jiran izinin aiki. Ya buga wa kulob ɗin wasanni 11 ne kawai bayan ya samu sabani da tsarin mallakar kulob ɗin, wanda ya fito ya musanta jita-jitar cewa an sake shi a tsakiyar kakar wasa ta shekarar 2015-2016 Visser ya shiga Santos a cikin watan Agustan 2016. Ya buga wasanni 24 a lokacin kakar shekarar 2016–2017, kodayake "Ƙungiyar Jama'a" za ta koma rukunin SAFA na biyu a matsayi na ƙarshe. Ya koma Platinum Stars a cikin watan Agustan 2017, inda ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu, don yin gogayya da Mwenya Chibwe, Steven Hoffman da Mbongeni Mzimela domin neman gurbi a farkon Peter Butler Taurari sun ƙare a mataki na biyu a gasar Premier ta Afirka ta Kudu kuma aka yi waje da su; Visser ya nuna jimlar sau 21, gami da wasa a duk wasannin da aka buga. The Platinum Stars mahaluži da aka sayar da kuma sake masa suna Cape Umoya United, wanda aka yi nufin gabatarwa ƙarƙashin shugaban kocin Roger De Sá Ya fito sau 24 a cikin kamfen na shekarar 2018–2019, kodayake "Masu Ruhi" suna iya sarrafa matakin matsayi na goma kawai. Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan

25007

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98wallon%20%C6%99afa%20a%20Najeriya

Ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya

Wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ya shahara a Najeriya. Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya tana gasa akai akai don lashe kambun kasa da kasa kuma 'yan wasan kwallon kafa da dama na Najeriya suna gasa a Turai, musamman a Ingila.Najeriya tana daya daga cikin fitattun kungiyoyin kasa a Afirka kuma ta samar da fitattun 'yan kwallon da suka hada da Mudashiru Lawal, Rashidi Yekini, Jay Jay Okocha, Nwankwo Kanu, Vincent Enyeama, Joseph Yobo da Mikel John Obi. Tarihi Baturen Ingila ne ya fara gabatar da kwallon kafa a Najeriya a farkon karni na ashirin.Wasan kwallon kafa na farko da aka yi rikodin a Nijeriya shi ne a shekara ta 1904. Zuwa shekarar ta 1950, kwallon kafa ta zama wasan kasa na kasar. A wannan lokacin a tarihin Afirka, ƙasashe da yawa sun fara shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin kishin ƙasa inda suka nuna rashin amincewa da ikon mulkin mallaka.A Najeriya, kwallon kafa ta bai wa 'yan kasa abin alfahari na kasa tare da zaburar da su don samun' yancin siyasa. Wani mutum mai suna Nnamdi Azikiwe ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen taimakawa Najeriya samun 'yanci daga Biritaniya. Peter Alegi, mataimakin farfesa na tarihi a Jami'ar Jihar Michigan, ya ce, "Nnamdi Azikiwe ya fito a matsayin babban jigon da ke haɗa wasanni da siyasa a ƙarshen mulkin mallaka" (37). A tsawon rayuwarsa, Azikiwe ya fusata saboda wariyar launin fata da wariyar launin fata da ke wanzu a cikin wasanni. Akwai abubuwa biyu na musamman a rayuwarsa waɗanda suka motsa shi ya ƙarshe ɗaukar mataki. Taron farko shi ne lokacin da "aka hana shi damar yin gasa a wasan tsere da gudu a Gasar Daular 1934 saboda an hana Najeriya shiga" (Alegi 39). Lamari na biyu shi ne lokacin da aka ki amincewa da bukatar shiga kungiyar kwallon tennis a Legas saboda asalinsa Igbo. Waɗannan abubuwan sun haifar da Azikiwe ya ƙirƙiri Zik's Athletic Club (ZAC) a Legas a watan Afrilu shekara ta 1938. Wannan ƙungiyar wasanni tana da wurare da kayan aiki don wasanni da yawa kamar ƙwallon ƙafa, dambe, da wasan tennis. Kulob din da sauri ya zama wata alama ta cin gashin kan Afirka da kishin kasa a Najeriya. A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, Azikiwe ya ci gaba da sukar Burtaniya saboda fada a yakin demokaradiyya, amma kuma a lokaci guda, yana zaluntar 'yan Afirka daga cin gashin kansu. Don yada ra'ayoyinsa da yada wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, Azikiwe ya yi yawo da yawa a fadin Najeriya a lokacin yaƙin. Ya kuma kafa jaridar kishin kasa, Pilot ta Yammacin Afirka, a shekara ta 1937. Wannan jarida ta tallata wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya kuma ta mai da shi muhimmin sashi na asalin ƙasar. Ya taimaka wajen samar da kyakkyawar fahimtar al'umma a cikin Najeriya kuma ya haifar da tunanin pan-Afirka. Takardar ta kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ɗaga hankalin jama'a. Ta hanyar ɗaukar labarin ƙwallon ƙafa, Pilot ya sami damar cimma manufarsa. A karshen yakin, kwallon kafa ta zama ginshikin sanin Najeriya. A ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba, shekara ta 1960, Najeriya ta sami 'yencin kanta daga hannun Birtaniya. A bana ma Najeriya ta zama mamba a hukumar kwallon kafa ta duniya. Naamdi Azikiwe ya ci gaba da zama Shugaban Najeriya na farko a shekara ta 1963. Gasar kasa Ƙungiya ta ƙasa Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya da ake yi wa lakabi da Super Eagles, ita ce kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya kuma hukumar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya ce ke kula da ita Dangane da martabar FIFA ta Duniya, Najeriya, a matsayi na 39, a halin yanzu ita ce ta biyar mafi kyau a cikin Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Afirka Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya ta buga wasan farko na kasa da kasa da Saliyo a Freetown a ranar 8 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 1949. Najeriya ta yi nasara da ci 2-0. Babbar nasarar da suka samu shine 16 1 akan Benin Mafi kyawun wasan da Najeriya tayi a gasar cin kofin duniya shine 1994, 1998, da 2014 inda suka kai zagaye na biyu. Matasa Kungiyoyin matasan Najeriya sun lashe gasar cin kofin duniya ta matasa 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 a shekarar 1985 haka kuma a shekarar 1993, 2007, 2013, 2015 An san kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 da Golden Eaglets da kungiyar' yan kasa da shekaru 20 da "Flying Eagles". Tawagar Flying Eagles ta Najeriya ta cancanci shiga gasar a karon farko don wakiltar Afirka a gasar matasa ta duniya ta FIFA a shekara ta 1983 a Mexico Duk da cewa Najeriya ba ta wuce zagayen farko ba, amma ta doke USSR da ta yi fice sosai kuma ta rike Netherlands da ci daya mai ban haushi. A shekarar 1985, kungiyar kwallon kafa ta 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 ta tafi kasar Sin kuma ta ci duniya a gasar FIFA ta' yan kasa da shekaru 17 ta farko Nasarar ta kai wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na matasan Najeriya zuwa wani babban matsayi, wanda ya kafa matakin girmama Najeriya a gasa ta duniya. Tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 ta tafi Saudi Arabiya don gasar matasa ta duniya ta shekarar 1989 kuma ta yi rashin nasara a wasan karshe da Portugal Tawagar ta janye almara "Miracle of Damman", inda ta goge raunin 4-0 ga Tarayyar Soviet don ta daure sannan ta lashe wasan da bugun fanareti. A shekara ta 2007, 'yan wasan' yan kasa da shekaru 17 sun zama zakarun duniya a Koriya ta Kudu a karo na 3. Najeriya ta karbi bakuncin gasar matasa ta duniya ta shekara 1999 da gasar cin kofin duniya ta matasa 'yan kasa da shekara 17 na shekarar 2009 U-23 Kungiyar ta 'yan kasa da shekaru 23 ta 1996 ta lashe lambar zinare a gasar wasannin bazara ta 1996 da aka gudanar a Atlanta. Bayan doke Brazil da ci 4-3 a wasan kusa da na karshe, sun ci wasan karshe da Argentina 3-2. Haka kuma Najeriya ta lashe gasar cin kofin duniya ta Unity a karon farko a 2014. Kwallon mata Kungiyar mata ta kasa (Super Falcons) ta kasance mafi rinjaye a nahiyar Afirka tun kafuwarta. Sun cancanci shiga gasar cin Kofin Duniya na Mata na FIFA kuma sun lashe Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta CAF guda bakwai na farko kafin a kare a shekara ta 2008 a kan Equatorial Guinea Manyan 'yan wasan Falcons sun hada da Mercy Akide, Maureen Mmadu da Perpetua Nkwocha Duba kuma Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Najeriya Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Najeriya Gasar Firimiyar Najeriya Kwallon mata a Najeriya Littafin tarihin Nassoshi Pages with unreviewed

37148

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogo%20Dalot

Diogo Dalot

José Diogo Dalot Teixeira (lafazin Portuguese pronunciation: oɡu lo] an haife shi 18 watan Maris 1999) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Portugal wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Premier League United da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Portugal Dalot samfur ne na tsarin matasa na Porto kuma ya buga wasansa na farko na ƙwararru ga ƙungiyar B a cikin watan Janairu shekarar 2017. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a wasan Taça de Portugal a watan Oktoba 2017. Bayan ya buga wa Porto wasanni takwas, ya koma Manchester United a watan Yunin shekarar 2018 kan kudi Yuro 22. miliyan (£19 miliyan). Daga Oktoba 2020 zuwa Yuni 2021, an ba Dalot aro zuwa kulob din Serie A na Italiya AC Milan Dalot ya kasance matashi na kasa da kasa kuma ya wakilci Portugal daga kasa da 15 zuwa matakin kasa da 21 Ya kasance memba na tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 da suka lashe gasar zakarun Turai na 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 na 2016 Ya buga wasansa na farko a duniya a Portugal a UEFA Euro 2020 Aikin kulob Porto An haife shi a Braga, Dalot ya shiga tsarin matasa na Porto a cikin shekarar 2008, yana da shekaru tara. A kan 28 shekarar Janairu 2017, ya fara halarta na farko tare da ƙungiyar B, yana wasa cikakken mintuna 90 a cikin asarar gida 2-1 da Leixões don gasar zakarun LigaPro Dalot ya fara bayyana tare da tawagar farko a wasan gasa ranar 13 ga Oktoba 2017, wanda ya fara a wasan da suka doke Lusitano de Évora da ci 6-0 a gasar Taça de Portugal Ya fara taka leda a gasar Premier a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2018, yana zuwa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin minti na 75 a cikin 5-0 na gida na Rio Ave. Manchester United Wasannin farko a Manchester Dalot ya rattaba hannu a kulob din Premier League na Manchester United a ranar 6 ga Yunin 2018 kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar kan fam 19. miliyan. Lokacin da ya isa Manchester, kocin José Mourinho ya ce, la'akari da shekarunsa, ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi kyawun 'yan baya a kusa. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a ranar 19 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2018 a wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai UEFA Champions League da kungiyar Young Boys ta Switzerland, amma ya kasa ci gaba da kasancewa a kungiyar saboda raunin da ya samu a kakar wasa ta baya. Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar Premier a ranar 1 ga watan Disamba a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 a waje da Southampton Duk da korar Mourinho da aka nada Ole Gunnar Solskjaer a matsayin sabon koci, Dalot ya kasance zabi mai mahimmanci: a karshen kakar wasa ta bana, ya buga wasanni 23. A lokacin wannan kakar, yana da wasan da ba za a iya mantawa da shi ba a birnin Paris, a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na kusa da na karshe na 2nd kafa da Paris Saint-Germain, inda Manchester United ta kammala wani gagarumin koma baya saboda bugun fanareti, wanda ya yi nasara bayan harbin Dalot. Ya zura kwallo ta biyu a wasan cin kofin FA da Tranmere Rovers da ci 6-0 ita ce kwallonsa ta farko ga United. A lokacin farkon kakarsa na kulob din, Dalot ya yi fama da raunuka daban-daban kuma bayan zuwan Aaron Wan-Bissaka, ayyukansa sun yi rauni sosai a karkashin kocin Ole Gunnar Solskjaer. Loan zuwa AC Milan Bayan amfani da Manchester United na lokaci-lokaci, an ba Dalot aro ga AC Milan ta Italiya a kakar shekarar 2020-21. Ya buga wasansa na farko a Milan a ranar 22 ga watan Oktoba, inda ya fara a wasan da suka doke Celtic da ci 3-1 a wasan rukuni na rukuni na UEFA Europa League Kwanaki bakwai bayan haka, Dalot ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a Milan kuma ya ba da taimako ga dan kasar Rafael Leão a wasan da ci 3-0 a gida a gasar cin kofin Europa da Sparta Prague Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar Seria A ranar 1 ga watan Nuwamba, inda ya maye gurbin Davide Calabria a cikin mintuna na 71 na wasan da suka tashi 2-1 da Udinese Ya fara wasansa na farko a gasar a wasan da suka tashi 2–2 da Genoa A ranar 7 ga watan Maris 2021, Dalot ya zira kwallayen sa na farko a gasar Seria A cikin 2-0 a waje a Hellas Verona A lokacin kakar wasa, iyawar Dalot ya ba shi damar yin wasa ko dai a matsayin dama da baya na hagu Wannan ya sa ya zama wani muhimmin ɓangare na ƙungiyar Stefano Pioli, yana taimaka wa Milan ta sami matsayi na biyu a cikin 2020-21 Seria A da cancantar shiga Gasar Zakarun Turai ta 2021-22 bayan rashin shekaru takwas. A lokacin da yake wasa a matsayin Rossonero, ya iya yin wasa akai-akai, yana yin wasanni Talat in da uku 33, ya zira kwallaye biyu kuma ya ba da taimako uku. Kamar yadda Dalot ya fada sau da yawa, a Italiya ya iya inganta tsaro, ba tare da rasa ikonsa na kai hari ba. Komawa Manchester United A lokacin bazara na shekarar 2021, Manchester United ta yi sha'awar siyan wani dan wasan baya na dama. A halin da ake ciki, Milan, wacce ta ji dadin Dalot a lokacin da ya koma kungiyar a matsayin aro, ya fara tattaunawa da Manchester United don siyan shi na dindindin. Bayan ya koma Manchester United, ya burge kociyan kungiyar Ole Gunnar Solskjaer da irin rawar da ya taka a lokacin wasannin share fage. Ita ma Borussia Dortmund tana sha'awar siyan shi a matsayin aro, amma ya yanke shawarar ci gaba da zama a United don yin gogayya da Aaron Wan-Bissaka don samun gurbin farawa. A ranar 22 ga watan Satumba, Dalot ya ba da farkon farkon kakar wasa, wanda ke nuna a cikin asarar gida 1-0 zuwa West Ham United a zagaye na uku na gasar cin kofin EFL Tun daga wannan lokacin, yana da iyakacin damar da ya fara sau biyu da kuma sau uku. Ya buga wasa da Villarreal a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai wasan rukuni-rukuni bayan an dakatar da Wan-Bissaka wasanni biyu. A ranar 2 ga watan Disamba, Dalot ya ba shi farkon farawa a gasar a karkashin kocin rikon kwarya Michael Carrick, yana mai ban sha'awa sosai kuma ya haifar da burin na biyu a cikin nasara a gida da ci 3-2 a kan United ta hammayarsu Arsenal a Old Trafford Bayan isowa na riko manajan Ralf Rangnick, Dalot cemented wurinsa a matsayin Starter ga kulob din, bin da m wasanni a kulob din na gaba biyu matches da Crystal Palace da Norwich City Ayyukan kasa da kasa Matasa Dalot ya taimaka wa Portugal lashe gasar cin kofin nahiyar Turai ta 2016 na 'yan kasa da shekaru 17, inda ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasanni biyar a Azerbaijan ciki har da sau daya a wasan karshe da Spain A wannan shekarar, ya taimaka wa tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 19 zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar daya. Tare da 'yan kasa da shekaru 19, Dalot ya shiga cikin 2017 UEFA European Under-19 Championship, yana taimakawa kammalawa a matsayin wanda ya zo na biyu, bayan da ya yi rashin nasara a wasan karshe a Ingila Don bajintar da ya yi a duk lokacin gasar, an ba shi suna a cikin "Team of Tournament". Dalot ya buga wa Portugal wasa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA U-20 na 2017, yana farawa a duk wasannin da aka yi a karshen wasan daf da karshe. A ranar 10 ga watan Nuwamba 2017, ya lashe wasansa na farko ga Portugal Under-21s, wanda ya fara a kunnen doki 1-1 da Romania don neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta 2019 UEFA An fara a cikin watan Maris shekarar 2021, Dalot ya shiga cikin 2021 Gasar Cin Kofin Turai na Under-21 Portugal ta kare a matsayi na biyu bayan ta sha kashi a wasan karshe da Jamus da ci 1-0 a ranar 6 ga Yuni 2021. Babban A ranar 13 ga watan Yuni 2021, Dalot ya kasance cikin tawagar Portugal don buga gasar Euro 2020 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin João Cancelo, wanda ya fice bayan an gwada ingancin COVID-19 Ya buga wasansa na farko bayan kwanaki goma a wasan karshe na rukuni -rukuni da suka tashi 2-2 da Faransa a Budapest inda ya maye gurbin Nélson Semedo na mintuna 11 na karshe. A kan 27 ga watan Yuni, Dalot ya fara farawa na farko tare da babban tawagar kasar, a cikin rashin nasarar 1-0 zuwa Belgium a zagaye na 16. A watan Oktoba shekarar 2021, Portugal ta kira shi kuma a ranar 9 ga Oktoba, ya ba da taimako biyu, yayin da Cristiano Ronaldo ya farke shi a wasan da suka doke Qatar da ci 3-0. A ranar 24 ga watan Satumba 2022, Dalot ya zira kwallayen sa na farko na kasa da kasa guda biyu a cikin nasara da ci 4-0 a waje da Jamhuriyar Czech yayin gasar cin kofin UEFA ta 2022-23 Salon wasa Dalot shine mai tsaron gida mai ƙarfi wanda aka sani da saurinsa, fasaha da kuma iyawar sa. Yana iya taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ko winger a kowane gefe, ko da yake yakan yi wasa a dama. Yawancin lokaci ana tura shi azaman reshe-baya a hannun dama amma a cikin aikin cikakken baya na al'ada a hagu. A matsayinsa na dan wasan baya na hagu, an yabe shi saboda yadda yake da’a da kuma wayar da kan shi na tsaro. Yana da fasaha mai kyau na dribbling kuma ana lura da shi saboda shigar da ya yi wajen kai hare-hare ta hanyar tsallake- tsallake ko dogayen wuce gona da iri Jikinsa yana ba shi damar yin aiki mai kyau a cikin duels na iska. Kididdigar sana'a Kulob Ƙasashen Duniya Scores and results list Portugal's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Dalot goal. Girmamawa Porto Premier League 2017-18 Portugal Gasar cin Kofin Zakarun Turai na U-17 2016 Mutum Ƙungiyar Gasar Cin Kofin Turai ta Uefa ta 'yan kasa da shekaru 17: 2016 Ƙungiyar Gasar Zakarun Turai ta Uefa ta 'yan kasa da shekara 19 2017 Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Manchester United profile Bayanan martaba na League na Portuguese Bayanan ƙungiyar ƙasa Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1999 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

33190

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Senufo

Mutanen Senufo

Mutanen Senufo, waɗanda kuma aka sani da Siena, Senefo, Sene, Senoufo, da Syénambélé, ƙungiyar ƙabilanci ce ta yammacin Afirka. Sun ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi daban-daban da ke zaune a yankin da ya shafi arewacin Ivory Coast, kudu maso gabashin Mali da kuma yammacin Burkina Faso. Ƙungiya ɗaya, Nafana, ana samunsa a arewa maso yammacin Ghana. Mutanen Senufo galibinsu masu son rai ne, wasu kuma musulmi ne. Sun shahara a yanki saboda sana'o'in hannu, da yawa daga cikinsu sun ƙunshi jigogin al'adu da imani na addini. Alkaluma da harsuna A cikin shekarun 1980, alkaluma sun nuna jimillar al'ummar kabilar Senufo a tsakanin miliyan 1.5 zuwa 2.7. Wani kiyasi na shekarar 2013 ya nuna jimlar sama da miliyan 3, inda akasarinsu ke zaune a Ivory Coast a wurare irin su Katiola, da kuma wasu miliyan 0.8 a kudu maso gabashin Mali. Mafi yawan yawan jama'a ana samun su a cikin ƙasa tsakanin kogin Black Volta, kogin Bagoe da kogin Bani. Ƙungiyarsu ta matrilineal ce. Yawanci, ana nazarin mutanen Senufo a cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi uku waɗanda aka keɓe. Ana kiran Senufo na arewacin "Supide ko Kenedugou", wanda aka samo a kusa da Odienne, kuma wanda ya taimaka wajen kafa wata muhimmiyar masarauta ta yammacin Afirka kuma ya kalubalanci Musulmai mishan da 'yan kasuwa. Kudancin Senufo sune rukuni mafi girma, wanda ya kai sama da miliyan 2, waɗanda suka ba da izinin ƴan kasuwa musulmi su zauna a cikin al'ummominsu a ƙarni na 18 waɗanda suka yi ƙwazo, kuma kusan kashi 20% na kudancin Senufo Musulmai ne. Ƙungiya ta uku ƙanana ce kuma ta keɓe daga arewaci da kudancin Senufo. Wasu masana ilimin zamantakewa irin su Masanin Faransa Holas ya ambaci wasu ƙananan ƙungiyoyin Senufo guda goma sha biyar, masu yaruka talatin da sifofi huɗu sun warwatse a tsakaninsu. Kalmar Senufo tana nufin ƙungiyar harshe da ta ƙunshi yaruka kusan talatin masu alaƙa a cikin babban dangin harshen Gur. Nasa ne na reshen Gur-gur na dangin yaren Nijar-Congo, kuma ya ƙunshi yaruka daban-daban guda huɗu waɗanda suka haɗa da Palaka (wanda aka fi sani da Kpalaga), Djimini (wanda kuma ake rubuta Dyimini), da Senari a Côte d'Ivoire da Suppire (wanda aka rubuta Supyire) a Mali, da kuma Karaboro a Burkina Faso. A cikin kowace ƙungiya, ƙungiyoyi masu yawa suna amfani da sunayensu don mutane da harshe; sunan Senufo ya fito daga waje. Palaka ya rabu da babban hannun jari na Senufo tun kafin ad karni na 14; a daidai lokacin da aka kafa garin Kong a matsayin tashar kasuwanci ta Bambara, sauran jama'a sun fara ƙaura zuwa kudanci, yamma, da arewa, wanda ya haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna a yanzu. Mutanen da ke magana da Senufo sun kai 800,000. zuwa miliyan daya kuma suna zaune a cikin al'ummomin da suka dogara da aikin noma galibi suna cikin Cote d'Ivoire, Afirka ta Yamma, Afirka. Korhogo, wani tsohon gari ne a arewacin Ivory Coast tun daga karni na 13, yana da alaƙa da mutanen Senufo. Ana iya danganta wannan rarrabuwar harsuna da ƙungiyoyin ƙabilanci da ƙaura na ƙarni na 14 tare da kafuwarta tare da hanyar kasuwanci ta Bambara. Tarihi Mutanen Senufo sun fito a matsayin rukuni wani lokaci a cikin karni na 15 ko na 16. Sun kasance wani muhimmin yanki na Masarautar Kénédougou na ƙarni na 17 zuwa 19 (a zahiri "ƙasar fili") tare da babban birnin Sikasso. Wannan yanki ya ga yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa da suka haɗa da mulkin Daoula Ba Traoré, wani mugun zalunci wanda ya yi mulki tsakanin 1840 zuwa 1877. Musuluntar mutanen Senufo ya fara ne a cikin wannan lokaci na tarihi na Masarautar Kénédougou, amma sarakuna sarakuna ne suka musulunta, yayin da suka musulunta jama'ar Senufo gabaɗaya sun ƙi. Daoula Ba Traoré ya yi ƙoƙari ya Musuluntar da mulkinsa, inda ya lalata ƙauyuka da yawa a cikin masarautar kamar Guiembe da Nielle a 1875 saboda sun ki amincewa da ra'ayinsa. Su ma sarakunan daular Kénédougou sun kai hari ga maƙwabtansu, irin su mutanen Zarma kuma su ma sun kai farmaki sau da yawa tsakanin 1883 zuwa 1898. Yaƙe-yaƙe da tashe-tashen hankula kafin mulkin mallaka ya haifar da ƙaura zuwa Burkina Faso a yankunan da suka zama garuruwa irin su Tiembara a Sashen Kiembara. Masarautar Kénédougou da daular Traoré sun wargaje ne a shekara ta 1898 bayan zuwan turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa. Bauta Al’ummar Senufo duk sun kasance wadanda aka azabtar da su kuma sun yi ta bautar da su yayin da suke cin zarafin wasu kabilu ta hanyar bauta. An bautar da su daga kabilu daban-daban na Afirka kamar yadda aka kai wa jihohin Denkyira da Akan hari ko kuma aka fada a karni na 17 da 18. Su da kansu sun saya da sayar da bayi ga ’yan kasuwa musulmi, mutanen Asante da mutanen Baoulé. Yayin da 'yan gudun hijira daga wasu ƙabilun Afirka ta Yamma suka tsere daga yaƙe-yaƙe, in ji Paul Lovejoy, wasu daga cikinsu sun ƙaura zuwa ƙasashen Senufo, suka kwace filayensu kuma suka bautar da su. Bukatar bayi mafi girma da farko ta fito ne daga kasuwannin Sudan, kuma da dadewa, cinikin bayi wani muhimmin aiki ne na tattalin arziki a yankin Sahel da yammacin Afirka, in ji Martin Klein. Sikasso da Bobo-Dioulasso sun kasance mahimman tushen bayi da aka kama waɗanda aka ƙaura zuwa Timbuktu da Banamba akan hanyarsu ta zuwa kasuwannin bayi na Sudan da Mauritaniya. Waɗanda aka bautar a ƙasashen Senufo sun yi aikin ƙasar, da kiwo da kuma hidima a cikin gida. Shi ma mai gidansu da wanda yake dogara da shi suna da hakkin yin jima'i da kuyangin gida mata. 'Ya'yan baiwa mace sun gaji matsayin bawa. Daular Kong Al'umma da al'adu Senufo galibin manoma ne masu noman masara, gero, dawa, da gyada. Kauyukan Senufo sun kunshi kananan gidajen bulo na laka. A yankunan kudancin Senufo da ake ruwan sama, rufin ciyayi ya zama ruwan dare, yayin da rufin rufin ya zama ruwan dare a busasshiyar hamada kamar arewa. Senufo wata al'umma ce ta dangin dangi, inda aka shirya auren dangi da mata fiye da ɗaya ya zama gama gari, duk da haka, gado da gadon kadara ya kasance na matrilineal. A matsayinsu na masu noma, suna noma iri-iri iri-iri da suka hada da auduga da kayan amfanin gona don kasuwannin duniya. A matsayinsu na mawaƙa, sun shahara a duniya, suna wasa da kayan kida da yawa daga: na'urorin iska (Aerophones), kidan zare (Chordaphones) da kayan kida (Membranophones). Al'ummomin Senufo suna amfani da tsarin yanki, kowane yanki da aka sani da katioula. A cikin wannan tsarin manoma, wanda aka fi sani da Fo no, da masu sana'a a kishiyar ƙarshen bakan. Kalmar artisan ta ƙunshi ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗaikun mutane a cikin al'ummar Senufo da suka haɗa da maƙera (Kule), masu sassaƙa (Kpeene), maƙeran ƙarfe (Tyeli), masu tukwane, da ma'aikatan fata, waɗanda rayuwarsu ta ta'allaka ne akan ayyuka, nauyi, da tsarin da aji ɗaya ke zama. Horon zama mai sana'a yana ɗaukar kimanin shekaru bakwai ko takwas; farawa tare da horarwa inda masu horarwa ke ƙirƙirar abubuwan da ba su da alaƙa da addinin Senufo, sannan su ƙare tare da tsarin farawa inda suke samun damar ƙirƙirar abu na al'ada. A yanki, Senufo sun shahara a matsayin mawaƙa da ƙwararrun masu sassaƙa sassa na itace, abin rufe fuska, da figurines. Mutanen Senufo sun ƙware aikin fasaha da aikin hannu ta ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, inda ake koyan fasahar a cikin wannan rukunin, daga tsara zuwa na gaba. Kulubele sun ƙware a matsayin masu sassaƙa katako, Fonombele sun kware a aikin maƙera da ƙwallon kwando, Kpeembele sun ƙware wajen yin simintin ƙarfe, Djelebele sun shahara wajen sana’ar fata, Tchedumbele ƙwararrun maƙeran bindigogi ne, yayin da Numu ya kware a sana’a da saƙa. A waje da ƙungiyoyin masu sana'a, mutanen Senufo suna da mafarauta, mawaƙa, masu tona kabari, masu duba, da masu warkarwa waɗanda ake kira Fejembele. A cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi daban-daban, ma'aikatan fata ko Djelebele su ne waɗanda suka fi karɓar Musulunci, kodayake waɗanda suka musulunta suna riƙe da yawa daga cikin ayyukansu na tashin hankali. A al'adance, al'ummar Senufo sun kasance al'umma mai ratsa jiki, kama da yawancin kabilun Yammacin Afirka da ke da ƙabilu. Waɗannan ɓangarorin da ke da iyaka ana kiran su Katioula a cikin gida, kuma ɗayan sassan wannan rukunin ya haɗa da bayi da zuriyar bayi. A cewar Dolores Richter, tsarin kabilanci da aka samu a tsakanin mutanen Senufo yana da fasalin "matsayin matsayi wanda ya hada da ƙananan simintin gyare-gyare, ƙayyadaddun sana'a, haɗin kai na al'ada, zamantakewar aure, zama memba na gado, warewar zama, da fifikon siyasa na manoma a kan masana'antar fasaha". Mutanen Senufo yawanci suna fada cikin al'ummomi huɗu a cikin al'adun su: Poro, Sandogo, Wambele, ko Tyekpa. Yayin da dukkanin al'ummomi ke cika matsayi na musamman a cikin harkokin mulki da ilimi na mutanen Senufo, Poro da Sandogo. Ruhaniya da duba sun kasu kashi biyu tsakanin wadannan al'ummomi guda biyu masu wajabta jinsi tare da mata sun fada karkashin al'ummar Sando ko Sandogo, da maza suna fada karkashin al'ummar Poro ban da mazan da suke cikin matan saboda mahaifiyarsu. Waɗannan al'ummomin su ne biyu waɗanda ke ƙirƙirar mafi yawan fasahar Seunfo. Yawanci, ƙauyukan Senufo suna da 'yancin kai daga juna, kuma kowannensu yana da ƙungiyar asiri na maza da ake kira Poro tare da ƙayyadaddun al'ada na farawa a cikin gandun daji da suke ɗauka a matsayin mai tsarki. Ayyukan ƙaddamarwa sun haɗa da abin rufe fuska, siffofi, da kayan aikin al'ada waɗanda mutanen Senufo suka sassaƙa kuma suka inganta. Sirrin da aka yi ya taimaka wa mutanen Senufo don kiyaye al'adunsu a lokutan yaƙe-yaƙe da matsin lamba na siyasa. Senufo yana sa kayan ado na tagulla na musamman, kamar waɗanda ke kwaikwayon namun daji. "Babban aikin Poro shine tabbatar da kyakkyawar dangantaka tsakanin duniya mai rai da kakanni. Nerejao kakanin kakanni ne wanda aka gane shi a matsayin ainihin shugaban al'ummar Poro, duba, wanda ke karkashin jagorancin al'ummar Sandogo, kuma yana da mahimmanci. wani bangare na addinin Senufo, duk da cewa ana daukar Sandogo a matsayin al'ummar mata, amma mazan da aka kira zuwa wannan sana'a kuma suka gaji ta hanyar matrilineal an yarda su zama masu duba." 'Yan Sandogo mata ne masu duba a cikin mutanen Senufo. Suna da nasu ibada da tsarin sirri. Bugu da kari, mutanen Senufo suna da Wambele da Typka, masu yin sihiri da tsafi. A cikin al'adun Senufo, nau'in mace yana da fifiko fiye da kowa dangane da kyau da kayan ado kuma ana ganin siffofin caryatid tare da al'adu daban-daban. Wannan yana da alaƙa cikin bautar ruhu, "Uwar Tsohuwar", ko ruhu, "uwa", Maleeo, wanda ake girmamawa a matsayin jagorar jagora ta duk ƙungiyar Poro da mambobi. Goddess Maleeo yana da abokin tarayya, allahn Kolocolo, wanda ake gani a matsayin allahntakar Sandogo, wanda ya ba wa mutane aure da irin wannan nau'i na jinsi don ba da damar sadarwa daga bil'adama da kuma duniyar ruhu. Ana ganin kididdigar Caryatid a matsayin wakilcin matsayin mata a matsayin masu shiga tsakani na ruhaniya kuma Sandogo suna amfani da su a cikin bukukuwa a matsayin alamomin wannan magana ta sama. Hakazalika, a game da Poro, akwai rubuce-rubucen da ake amfani da su na caryatid a cikin bukukuwan da ake amfani da su don tunawa da ci gaba a cikin zagayowar shekaru, da kuma amfani da su don tara kudade ta hanyar farawa na al'umma. An yi amfani da ƙididdiga masu ƙididdiga a wani bikin jana'izar tyekpa a matsayin sassaka na rawa, wanda aka yi a kan masu rawa yayin bikin. Addinin Senufo na gargajiya nau'in tashin hankali ne. Wannan imani na Senufo ya haɗa da kakanni da ruhohin yanayi, waɗanda za a iya tuntuɓar su. Sun yi imani da Mafifici, wanda ake kallonsa a cikin mace biyu-namiji: Uwar Tsohuwar, Maleeo ko Katieleo, da Allah Mahalicci na namiji, Kolotyolo ko Koulotiolo. Tasiri Fasahar mutanen Senufo ta zaburar da masu fasahar Turai na ƙarni na ashirin kamar Pablo Picasso da Fernand Léger. Cubism da abin rufe fuska da aka samu a cikin sassan Senufo sun kasance babban tasiri ga lokacin Pablo Picasso na Afirka. Kalmar Senufo ta zama nau'i ga masu tattara kayan fasaha da masana, alamar al'adun fasaha na yammacin Afirka, tun daga farkon karni na ashirin. Ana samun tsoffin sassan fasahar Senufo a manyan manyan gidajen tarihi na duniya. Cornélius Yao Azaglo August, mai daukar hoto, ya kirkiro mujallar daukar hoto na mutanen Senufo daga 1955 zuwa gaba. Manazarta Littafi Mai Tsarki Holas, Bohumil (1957) Les Sénoufo (y compris les Minianka), Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. Spindel, Carol (1989). In the Shadow of the Sacred Grove. Vintage. ISBN 0-679-72214-9. ISBN 978-0-679-72214-4. Glaze, Anita J. (1981) Art and Death in a Senufo Village. Bloomington: Indiana University

48008

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habo

Habo

Habo, wanda kuma aka sani da epistaxis, misali ne na zubar jini daga hanci Jini na iya gangara zuwa cikin ciki, kuma yana haifar da tashin zuciya da amai A lokutan da yayi tsanani, jini na iya fitowa daga cikin hanci biyu. Bai cika faruwa ba, amma zubda jini na iya saka karfin hawan jini ya ragu. Hakanan jini na iya fitowa daga duct na nasolacrimal kuma ya fita daga ido. Abubuwan daka iya kawoshi sun hada da sun haɗa da rauni, ciki har da sanya yatsa a cikin hanci, masu ba da jini, hawan jini, shan barasa, rashin lafiyar yanayi, yanayin bushewa habo ya kasu gida biyu: na daya shine na gaba, wanda ya fi kowane yawa da na baya, wanda ba shi da yawa amma ya fi tsanani. Jinin na gaba gabaɗaya yana fitowa daga plexus Kiesselbach yayin da jini na baya gabaɗaya yana fitowa daga jijiya sphenopalatine Sakamakon ganewar asali shine ta hanyar kallo kai tsaye. kariya daga faruwar hakan na iya haɗawa da amfani da jelly na man fetur a cikin hanci. Da farko, magani gabaɗaya shine aikace-aikacen matsa lamba na akalla mintuna biyar akan ƙasan rabin hanci. Idan wannan bai wadatar ba, ana iya amfani da tattarawar hanci Tranexamic acid kuma na iya taimakawa. Idan zubar jini ya ci gaba, ana ba da shawarar endoscopy Kusan kashi 60 cikin 100 na mutane sun taba yin habo a wani lokaci a rayuwarsu. Kusan kashi 10% na jinin hanci suna da tsanani. Jinin hanci ba kasafai yake yin kisa ba, wanda ya kai 4 kawai daga cikin miliyan 2.4 da suka mutu a Amurka a shekarar 1999. Ciwon hanci ya fi shafar wadanda ke kasa da shekara 10 zuwa sama da 50. Abubuwan da ke kawo habo Habo na iya faruwa saboda dalilai da dama. Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi sani sun haɗa da rauni daga tsokalar hanci, rauni wanda ya tsananta (kamar haɗarin abin hawa), ko shigar da wani abu a cikin hanci (mafi yawa a yara). Dangantakar zafi na muhalli (ciki har da gine-gine masu zafi na tsakiya), cututtuka na hanyoyin iska, mura, rhinitis ko abubuwan da zasu iya canzawar hanci na iya haifar da kumburi da kaurarawar na fata din dake a cikin hanci, haifar da yiwuwar zubar da jini daga hanci. Yawancin abubuwan da ke haifar habo da suna iya warkewa da kansu sannan kuma ba sa buƙatar kulawar likita., saidai kuma idan jini na hanci yana zowa bayan lokaci zuwa lokaci ko kuma bai amsa maganin gida ba,irin wannan yana buƙatar bincike. An jera wasu daga cikin dalilan dake kawo habo kamar haka Thrombocytopenia thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura Cutar von Willebrand Hemophilia Cutar sankarar bargo HIV Ciwon hanta na yau da kullun -cirrhosis yana haifar da rashi na factor II, VII, IX, X Abincin abinci Sulfur dioxide (sulfur dioxide) E220 (a matsayin abinci mai kiyayewa da ake amfani dashi musamman a cikin giya, busassun 'ya'yan itatuwa, da sauransu. Sulfites a matsayin masu kiyaye abinci Salicylates da ke faruwa a cikin wasu 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan dalilin kumburi granulomatosis tare da polyangiitis Tsarin lupus erythematosus Magunguna Anticoagulation warfarin, heparin, aspirin, da dai sauransu). Magunguna masu lalacewa (musamman cocaine Nasal sprays (musamman tsawaitawa ko rashin amfani da kwayoyin steroids na hanci) Dalilin ciwon daji Squamous cell carcinoma Adenoid cystic carcinoma Melanoma Nasopharyngeal carcinoma Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma Zubar da hanci na iya zama alamar ciwon daji a yankin sinus, wanda ba kasafai ba ne, ko ciwace-ciwacen da ke farawa daga gindin kwakwalwa, kamar meningioma Saboda wuri mai mahimmanci, zubar jinin hanci da ciwace-ciwacen daji ke haifarwa yawanci yana da alaƙa da wasu alamomi, kamar matsalolin ji ko hangen nesa. Mai rauni Nakasar jiki misali septal spurs) Ciwon kai (yawanci bugun fuska kamar naushi, wani lokacin yana rakiyar karayar hanci Jiki na waje (kamar yatsu yayin ɗaukar hanci Dijital rauni Barotrauma na kunne na tsakiya (kamar daga zuriya a cikin jirgin sama ko hawan hawan ruwa) Karyewar kashi na hanci Karya/katsewa Tiyata misali septoplasty da aikin endoscopic sinus tiyata Jinin hanci na iya kasancewa saboda karyewar kasusuwan fuska wato maxilla da zygoma.Mai rauni Jijiyoyin jini Hemorrhagic telangiectasia (cutar Osler-Weber-Rendu) Angioma Aneurysm na carotid artery Pathophysiology Mucosa na hanci yana dauke da wadataccen jini wanda zai iya rushewa cikin sauƙi kuma ya haifar da zubar jini. Fashewa na iya zama na kai tsaye ko kuma ya fara ta ta hanyar rauni. An ba da rahoton zubar da jini a cikin kashi 60% na yawan jama'a tare da mafi yawan abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin waɗanda ba su kai shekaru goma ba da kuma sama da shekaru 50 kuma suna bayyana a cikin maza fiye da mata.

27935

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemi%20Ajibade

Yemi Ajibade

Articles with hCards Yemi Ajibade (28 Yulin shekarar 1929 24 Janairu 2013 yawanci yaba kamar yadda Yemi Ajibade, Yemi Goodman Ajibade ko Ade-Yemi Ajibade, wani danNijeriya marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo, actor kuma darekta wanda, bayan ya magance a Ingila a cikin shekara ta 1950s, sun ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya da kuma kundin wasan kwaikwayo na Black. A cikin sana'ar da ta dauki tsawon rabin karni, ya bayar da umarni da rubuta wasannin kwaikwayo da dama da suka samu nasara, da kuma yin wasan kwaikwayo da dama na talabijin, da mataki, da rediyo da kuma fina-finai. Asali da kuma ilimi An haifi Adeyemi Olanrewaju Goodman Ajibade a gidan sarauta na Ọràngún daga Ìlá Òràngún, Jihar Osun, a kudu maso yammacin Najeriya Ya halarci Makarantar Grammar Abeokuta, sannan ya yi karatu a Landan, a Kwalejin Shari'a da Kasuwanci ta Kennington (1955), a The Actors' Workshop (1960), sannan daga 1966 zuwa 1968 a Makarantar Fasaha ta Fina-Fina ta London (yanzu fim ɗin London. Makaranta inda ya kasance tare da mai shirya fina-finai Horace Ové (wanda ya tuna cewa su ne kawai dalibai biyu baƙar fata a makarantar a lokacin). Ayyuka Tun farkon zamansa a Burtaniya, Ajibade ya yi wasan kwaikwayo na wasannin gidan rediyo na Sashen Afirka na BBC Kamar yadda furodusa Fiona Ledger ta tuna a shekara ta 2007: “A shekarar 1960 ne shugaban Sashen Afirka ya nemi Marigayi furodusan BBC John Stockbridge ya tsara wani irin wasan kwaikwayo ga masu sauraron Afirka. Ya fito da jerin shirye-shirye, wasan opera na sabulu da aka saita a Landan. Babu kwafin da ya tsira, amma" Yemi Ajibade "ya ɗauki matsayin ma'aikacin zamantakewa, yana zagawa Ingila da sasanta rigima." A ci gaba da bunkasa aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo, an yaba masa a shekarar 1963 a matsayin "daya daga cikin 'yan wasan da suka fi fice a Afirka ta Yamma". Tare da masu yin wasan kwaikwayo waɗanda suka haɗa da Yulisa Amadu Maddy, Leslie Palmer, Eddie Tagoe, Karene Wallace, Basil Wanzira, da Elvania Zirimu, da sauransu, Ajibade ya fito a cikin wani shiri na Lindsay Barrett 's Blackblast! wanda aka yi fim a 1973 don bugu na musamman na BBC Biyu na shirin fasaha da nishadi Cikakken Gida wanda aka sadaukar da shi ga ayyukan marubuta, masu fasaha, mawaƙa da masu shirya fina-finai na Yammacin Indiya. Kundin wasanninsa ya ƙunshi ayyuka a cikin jerin wasannin talabijin kamar Armchair Theater (wanda ya yi tauraro a cikin 1963 a cikin "Bishiyar Chocolate" na Andrew Sinclair, tare da Earl Cameron da Peter McEnery Mutumin Haɗari (1965), Dixon na Dock Green. (1968), Douglas Botting 's The Black Safari (1972), The Fosters (1976), Fursunonin Conscience (1981), da Silent Witness (1996), da kuma aiki a kan mataki misali, a cikin "Plays Umbrella", kakar sabbin wasannin kwaikwayo guda biyar da aka ba da izini na musamman, a Riverside Studios (a cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da Drum Arts Center, London) a cikin watan Agusta 1980, da Nicholas Wright 's suna wasa Day Fine Day (1980 a Riverside Studios) da The Custom na Ƙasar (1983 a The Pit, Cibiyar Barbican da kuma a cikin Lorraine Hansberry 's Les Blancs Royal Exchange Theatre, 2001) da kuma bayyanar fina-finai ciki har da a cikin Terence Fisher 's The Devil Rides Out (1968), Monte Hellman 's Shatter (1974), Hanif Kureshi 's London Kills Ni (1991), Skin (1995, wr) itten ta Sarah Kane Dirty Pretty Things (2002), Exorcist: The Beginning (2004) da Flawless tare da Demi Moore da Michael Caine (2007). A cikin shekara ta 1966 Ajibade ya jagoranci tawagar 'yan Burtaniya, Indiya ta Yamma da Afirka zuwa bikin Baƙar fata ta Duniya a Dakar, Senegal, inda ya jagoranci shirya wasan kwaikwayo na Obi Egbuna na Wind Versus Polygamy a Bikin Bakar Fata na Duniya karo na biyu da aka yi a Legas a shekarar 1977 Ajibade ya kasance mai kula da al’amuran wasan kwaikwayo. A cikin 1975 Hukumar Ilimi ta London ta nada shi a matsayin mai koyarwa, kuma ya zama daraktan fasaha na Cibiyar Keskidee da ke arewacin Landan, inda ya ba da umarnin shirya fim ɗin Wole Soyinka 's The Swamp Dwellers (13-23 Maris). 1975). Daga cikin sanannun aikin Ajibade a matsayin marubucin wasan kwaikwayo shine Parcel Post, wanda anyi amfani dasu wajen wasanni 29 na Kamfanin Turanci na Stage Company a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal Court a 1976-77, wanda Donald Howarth ya jagoranta, tare da simintin gyare-gyaren da ke nuna irin su Rudolph Walker, Christopher. Asante, da Taiwo Ajai (wanda ta ce nata aikin wasan kwaikwayo ya fara ne kwatsam "lokacin da ta yi tuntuɓe a kan Yemi Ajibade akan wani shiri"). Wasan kwaikwayo na Ajibade na baya sun haɗa da Fingers Only (asali mai suna Lagos, Yes Lagos lokacin da BBC ta watsa shi a cikin 1971 kuma aka buga shi a cikin Nine African Plays for Radio a 1973), wanda a cikin 1982 ya shirya don Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon Kwando ta Black Theater Yanzu NitroBeat Mustapha Matura ne ya jagoranci shi a The Factory Theatre, Battersea Arts Center, da Albany Empire Ana jiran Hannibal ya buɗe a watan Yuni 1986 a Drill Hall, sannan kuma yawon shakatawa na ƙasa ya biyo baya, tare da Burt Caesar da Ajibade suna jagorantar simintin gyare-gyare wanda ya haɗa da Judith Jacobs, Wilbert Johnson da sauransu; da Dogon Hanya Daga Gida Nicolas Kent ne ya samar da shi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Tricycle a 1991, tare da Ajibade da kansa ya jagoranci wasan kwaikwayo. Ajibade ya kuma yi aiki a Ibadan a karshen shekarun 1970, a matsayin marubuci kuma mai bada umurni tsakanin (1976 79) tare da Masallatan Unibadan, kamfanin wasan kwaikwayo na Jami’ar Ibadan A cikin Fabrairu shekara ta 2008, a All-Star Gala da aka gudanar a gidan wasan kwaikwayo Royal Stratford East a kan bikin 10th na Tiata Fahodzi, Ajibade an karrama shi a matsayin jagoran gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Birtaniya da Afirka, tare da Taiwo Ajai-Lycett, Dotun Adebayo, Dona Croll, Femi Oguns, Chiwetel Ejiofor, Hugh Quarshie da sauransu. Yemi Ajibade ya rasu a kasar Birtaniya a ranar 13 ga watan Janairun 2013 a lokacin yana da shekaru 83. Wasanni Kyauta (ba a samar da shi ba) Bayan Dutsen wanda aka fara samar da shi: Masallatan Unibadan, 1977 Fingers Only wanda aka fara samar da shi: The Factory, Battersea Arts, London (Black Theater Co-operative, wanda Mustapha Matura ya jagoranta), 1982. Kamar Legas, Ee Legas, Rediyon BBC, 1971. Hanya mai tsayi daga Gida wanda aka fara samarwa: Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Tricycle, London (Nicolas Kent ne ya jagoranci), 1991 Mokai wanda aka fara samarwa: Masallatan Unibadan, 1979 Parcel Post wanda aka fara samarwa: Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal Court, London, 16 Maris 1976 Jiran Hannibal wanda aka fara samarwa: Drill Hall, London (Haɗin gwiwar Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Black, wanda Ajibade ya jagoranta tare da Burt Caesar), 1986 Para Ginto (baƙin sigar Peer Gynt Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Tricycle, 1995 Nassoshi Yatsu Kawai Kuma Wani Mutum Yayi Suna Mokai Ibadan: Y-Book Drama series, 2001, 142 pp. Rubutun Parcel da Bayan Dutsen Ibadan: Y-Book Drama series, 2001, 147 pp. ISBN 978-2659-89-4 Gwyneth Henderson da Cosmo Pieterse (eds), Wasan Afirka Tara don Rediyo (ya haɗa da "Lagos, Yes Lagos" na Yemi Ajibade), Littattafan Ilimi na Heinemann, AWS, 127, 1973. Fina-finai Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Yemi Ajibade a Dollee.com DuniyaCat. Records na Black Theater Co-operative Nitro Theatre Company, The National Archives. "Yemi Ajibade", Black Plays Archive, National Theatre. Yemi Ajibade jarumin ya yaba, Filmography at Cineplex. Manazarta Yarimomi a Najeriya Marubutan kasar turai a karni na 20 Yan Najeriya da sukai hijira zuwa Burtaniya Yan Najeriya masu bada umurni shiri Yan wasan kwaikwayo Burtaniya a karni na 20 Yan wasan kwakwayo da drama na kasar Burtaniya Daliban jami'ar Ibadan Tsaffin daliban London Film School\ Yarimomi yarbawa 'Yan Najeriya masu jinin sarauta Yan wasan fim maza yan Najeriya Jaruman fim maza na Najeriya Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

29191

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C6%99in%20Siffin

Yaƙin Siffin

An gwabza Yakin Siffin ne a shekara ta 657 miladiyya (37H) tsakanin Ali bin Abi Talib na hudu na Khalifofin Rashidun kuma Imamin Shi'a na farko da Mu'awiyah bn Abi Sufyan, gwamnan Sham mai tawaye. An yi wa yakin suna ne bayan wurin da yake, Siffin, a gabar kogin Furat. Fadan dai ya tsaya ne bayan da 'yan kasar Siriyan suka fuskanci kalubale mai karfin gaske, suka bukaci a shiga tsakani. Tsarin sasantawa ya kare ba tare da cikawa ba a cikin shekara ta 658 AZ. Ana daukar yakin a matsayin wani bangare na Fitna ta Farko. Wuri Filin yakin ya kasance a Siffin, kauyen kauyen Rumawa da aka lalatar da ke da nisan yadi dari daga hannun dama na Kogin Furat da ke kusa da Raqqa a Siriya ta yau. An gano shi da kauyen Abu Hureyra na zamani a cikin gundumar Raqqa. Bayan Fage Kisan Usman Mulkin halifa na uku, Usman, ya kasance mai cike da nuna son kai da tabarbarewar tarbiyya. A shekara ta 656 AZ, yayin da rashin gamsuwar jama'a da son zuciya da cin hanci da rashawa ya kai ga tafasa, 'yan tawaye sun kashe Usman a wani farmaki da suka kai masa. Ali ya kasance mai shiga tsakani tsakanin ‘yan tawaye da Usman. A cewar Jafri, duk da cewa ya yi Allah wadai da kisan Uthman, amma mai yiyuwa ne Ali ya dauki gwagwarmayar juriya a matsayin wani sashe na adalci na talakawa da wadanda ba a basu hakkinsu ba. Fusatattun ’yan iska sun ji wa dansa Hasan rauni a lokacin da yake gadi a gidan Uthman bisa bukatar Ali. Jim kadan bayan kashe Usman, jama’ar Madina suka koma ga Ali domin ya shugabanci, aka ki tun farko. Aslan ya danganta kin farko da Ali ya yi da tada zaune tsaye tsakanin al’ummar Musulmi bayan kisan Uthman. A gefe guda kuma, Durant ya ba da shawarar cewa, "[Ali] ya nisanta daga wasan kwaikwayo wanda siyasa ta raba addini, da sadaukarwa ta hanyar makirci." Amma duk da haka, in ba a samu wata babbar adawa da kuma buqatar ta musamman daga ‘yan tawayen Iraqi da Ansar ba, daga qarshe Ali ya xaukar nauyin halifa da musulmi ya cika masallacin Annabi da ke Madina da harabar gidansa don yi masa mubaya’a. A cewar Shaban, yanayin tashin hankali bayan kisan Uthman, mai yiwuwa ne ya sa Ali ya amince da halifanci don gudun tashin hankali. Ba da jimawa Ali ya hau mulki ba, sai ya kori mafi yawan gwamnonin Usman, wadanda ya ke ganin gurbacewarsu, ciki har da Muawiya, dan Uthman. A karkashin Uthman mai sassaucin ra'ayi, a cewar Madelung, Mu'awiya ya gina wani tsarin wutar lantarki mai kama da juna a kasar Siriya wanda ya yi kama da kishin daular Rumawa. Halifa na biyu Umar ya nada shi gwamnan Sham, sannan Usman ya sake tabbatar da shi. An lura cewa Muawiya ya kasance marigayi musulunta wanda mahaifiyarsa Hind ce ke da alhakin yanke gawar kawun Muhammad, Hamza. Mahaifin Mu’awiya, Abu Sufyan, shi ne ya jagoranci sojojin Makka a kan musulmi a lokacin yakin Uhudu da yakin Khandaq. Ali ya ki amincewa da shawarar jinkirta shirin tsige Mu'awiya har sai lokacin da ikonsa ya tabbata. A cewar Hazleton, dangane da wannan shawara, Ali ya yi tsokaci kan cewa ba zai yi sulhu da imaninsa ba, ya kuma tabbatar da Muawiya, mutum mai raini a wajen Ali, a matsayin gwamna ko da na kwana biyu. Ayyana yakin Muawiya A lokacin da Muawiya ya ki komawa Madina, Ali ya rubuta masa cewa wata mubaya’a ta jama’a a Madina tana kan Mu’awiyya, yana mai cewa mutanen da suka yi mubaya’a ga halifofin da suka gabata ne. A martanin da Mu'awiya ya mayar, ya nemi a ba shi lokaci domin neman ra'ayin 'yan kasar Sham, a wani mataki da aka fassara a matsayin wani mataki na jinkirtar da Mu'awiya wajen hada dakarunsa don yakar Ali. A cewar Madelung, Mu’awiya ya kuma kaddamar da farfaganda a tsakanin ‘yan kasar Sham wanda ke nuna kishin kasa da kuma nuna kansa a matsayin dangin Uthman, wanda ke da alhakin daukar fansa. Har ila yau, ta bakin wani wakili, Mu’awiya ya sanar da Ali a asirce cewa zai amince da halifancin Ali idan har yana so ya mikawa Sham da Masar ga Mu’awiya. An yi wannan shawara ne a asirce, a cewar Madelung, domin wata shawara da jama’a za su yi za ta tona asirin da’awar Mu’awiya na ramuwar gayya ga Uthman. Mai yiyuwa ne Ali ya fahimci wannan shawara a matsayin wata dabara ce daga Mu’awiya ta karbe mulkin halifanci mataki-mataki. Yayin da aka ki amincewa da shawararsa, Muawiya ya shelanta yaki da Ali a wata wasika a madadin mutanen Sham, da nufin kashe wadanda suka kashe Usman, da tsige Ali, da kafa majalisar (shura) ta Sham don nada halifa na gaba, mai yiwuwa Muawiya. Game da wannan wasika, Madelung ya lura da haka Wasu majiyoyi da dama sun ci gaba da cewa, Marwan ne ya dasa umarnin hukunta 'yan tawaye bisa ingizawar Mu'awiya, domin tada zaune tsaye a kan Uthman. Ana zargin cewa da gangan Mu'awiya ya hana taimakon da Uthman da aka yiwa kawanya ya nema jim kadan kafin kashe shi. Dangane da shelanta yaki da Mu'awiya ya yi, Ali ya rubuta masa wasika yana mai nuni da cewa Muawiya ba dangin Usman ba ne don daukar fansa a kan mutuwarsa amma har yanzu yana maraba da gabatar da kararsa a gaban kotun shari'ar Ali. Sannan ya kuma kalubalanci Mu’awiya da ya bayar da duk wata hujja da za ta sa shi a kashe Usman. Har ila yau Ali ya kalubalanci Muawiya da ya bayyana sunan duk wani dan kasar Sham da zai cancanci zama majalisa. Shi ma Mu'awiya ya yi amfani da wannan taga wajen fadada kawancensa. Musamman tare da alkawarin zama gwamnan Masar, Muawiya ya kawo Amr bn al-As sansaninsa. Amr, masanin dabarun siyasa, an yi imanin cewa shi ne shege dan baban Muawiya, Abu Sufyan. Amr kuma ya kasance babban mai tada hankali a kisan Uthman kuma ya fito fili ya dauki wani abu a kansa. Sai dai daga baya Amr ya nisanta kansa daga kisan Uthman kuma ya yi kawance da Mu’awiya, inda suka zargi Ali a maimakon haka. Farkon tashin hankali Bayan ayyana yaki da Mu'awiya Ali ya kira wata majalisar sarakunan musulunci wadda ta bukace shi da ya yaki Muawiya. Duk da haka, Ali ya hana mabiyansa la'antar Siriyawa, yana mai cewa hakan na iya kawo cikas ga duk wani fatan da ya rage na gujewa zubar da jinin da ke kusa. A farkon lokacin rani na shekara ta 657 AZ, sojojin Ali sun isa Siffin da ke yammacin kogin Furat, inda sojojin Muawiya suka yi ta jiransu. An umurci sojojin Siriya da su katse hanyoyin da makiya suke da shi na ruwan sha. Mu’awiya, a cewar Madelung, mai yiyuwa ne farfagandarsa ta tafi da ita cewa waxannan su ne waxanda suka kashe Usman da ya kamata a kashe su da qishirwa.” Amma sojojin Ali sun samu nasarar korar mutanen Sham tare da karva iko da wurin ruwa. Ali ya ba wa Siriyawa damar shiga ruwan cikin 'yanci. Bayan haka, tsawon makonni, bangarorin biyu sun yi shawarwari. Musamman Mu'awiya ya sake maimaita shawararsa na amincewa da Ali a matsayin mayar da martani ga Siriya da Masar, wanda kuma aka yi watsi da shi. Shi kuma Ali ya kalubalanci Mu’awiya da a yi fada-a-ce-ku-ce don daidaita al’amura da kaucewa zubar da jini. Muawiya ya ki amincewa da wannan tayin. Tattaunawar ta ci nasara a ranar 18 ga Yuli 657 kuma bangarorin biyu sun shirya don yakin. Madina, da Kufan, da Basranawa ne suka kasance a matsayi na rundunar Ali. Sahabbai masu yawa sun kasance a cikin rundunar Ali. Sojojin Muawiya dai sun kunshi wadanda suka makara zuwa Musulunci wadanda aka jawo su zuwa lardunan da ke kan iyaka da fatan samun ganima. Babban alkawari Babban yakin ya fara ne a ranar Laraba, 26 ga Yuli, kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa Juma'a ko safiyar Asabar. Ali ya yi yaki da mutanensa a fagen daga yayin da Muawiya ya jagoranci daga rumfarsa. A ƙarshen rana ta farko, bayan ya ture reshen dama na Ali, Muawiya ya yi kyau gaba daya. A rana ta biyu, Mu'awiya ya mayar da hankalinsa kan bangaren hagu na Ali, amma sai yaki ya rikide, aka kori mutanen Sham. Mu'awiya ya gudu daga rumfarsa ya fake a cikin tantin sojoji. A wannan rana ne aka kashe Ubayd Allah dan halifa na biyu Umar kuma mai kisan kai sau uku yana yakar Mu'awiya. A daya bangaren kuma, an kashe Ammar bn Yasir, wani sahabi Muhammad dari bisa dari yana yakar Ali. Kamar yadda Sahihul Bukhari da Sahih Muslim suka ruwaito, hadisin da aka jingina wa Muhammad ya yi annabcin mutuwar Ammar, inda ya kara da cewa, “Shi (Ammar) zai kira su (Rundunar Mu’awiya) zuwa ga Allah, kuma za su kira shi zuwa wuta”. A rana ta uku, duk da roƙon da sojojinsa suka yi, Mu'awiya ya ki amincewa da fafatawar da Ali don kawo karshen kisan. Bayan wata rana da ba a tantance ba, an ci gaba da gwabzawa cikin dare a cikin abin da ake tunawa da daren lailatul kadari. Washe gari ma'auni ya koma ga Ali. Sai dai kafin azahar wasu daga cikin mutanen Sham suka daga magunansu na Alkur'ani, suna ta kirari guda suna cewa, "Bari littafin Allah ya yi hukunci a tsakaninmu." Fadan ya tsaya. Daga cikin wadanda suka mutu, an kiyasta cewa Ali ya rasa mazaje 25,000, yayin da Muawiyah ya rasa 45,000. Sulhu An yi imanin cewa Muawiya ya yi amfani da dabarar sasantawa a sama a lokacin da babban janar dinsa, Amr bn al-As ya sanar da shi cewa, mutanen Sham ba za su iya yin nasara a yakin ba. Da yake fuskantar kira zuwa ga littafinsu mai tsarki, sojojin Ali sun daina fada, duk kuwa da gargadin da Ali ya yi cewa Muyawiyya ba mai addini ba ne, kuma tada Alkur’ani yaudara ce. An ruwaito cewa, Ash’ath ibn Qays al-Kindi, shugaban qabilar Kufa mafi qarfi, ya shaida wa Ali cewa babu wani daga cikin kabilarsa da zai yaqe shi idan bai amince da kiran da aka yi masa ba. Har ila yau, kiraye-kirayen da Ali ya yi wa sojojinsa ya fuskanci barazanar halaka, musamman wadanda za su zama jagororin Khawarijawa. Don haka aka tilasta Ali ya amince da waɗannan buƙatun kuma ya kira babban kwamandansa, al-Ashtar, wanda ya yi nisa zuwa sansanin Siriya. An amince da cewa wakilai daga bangarorin biyu za su yi sulhu kamar yadda Alkur'ani ya tanada. Lokacin da bayanin shawarar Mu'awiya ya fito fili, wasu tsiraru daga cikin sojojin Ali sun ki amincewa da sulhuntawa, da alama sun fahimci manufar siyasar Muawiya. Wannan tsiraru dai sun bukaci Ali ya koma yakin. Ko da yake an ruwaito cewa Ali ya fifita hakan, amma ya ki amincewa da wannan shawara, yana mai nuni da cewa mafiya yawa za su murkushe wannan tsiraru da kuma Siriyawa wadanda duk suka bukaci a yi sulhu. Wasu daga cikin ‘yan adawar sun tafi Kufa, wasu kuma suka zauna, suna fatan Ali ya canja ra’ayinsa daga baya. Yayin da yake fuskantar kakkarfan ra'ayin zaman lafiya a cikin sojojinsa, Ali ya karbi shawarar sasantawa, a kan hukuncin da ya yanke. Yawancin sojojin Ali a yanzu sun matsa kaimi wajen ganin Abu Musa al-Ashari mai tsaka-tsaki a matsayin wakilinsu, duk da rashin amincewar Ali kan butulcin siyasar Abu Musa. Duk da haka, an rubuta yarjejeniyar sasantawa kuma bangarorin biyu suka sanya hannu a ranar 2 ga Agusta, 657 AZ. Abu Musa ya wakilci rundunar Ali yayin da babban janar na Muawiya Amr ibn al-As yake wakiltar dakarun Muawiya. Wakilan biyu sun kuduri aniyar yin riko da Alkur'ani da Sunna, da kuma ceto al'umma daga yaki da rarrabuwar kawuna, wani sashi da ya fito fili don farantawa kungiyar zaman lafiya hankali. Duk da haka, an lura cewa Amr ya yi nisa daga tsaka-tsaki kuma ya yi aiki ne kawai don amfanin Muawiya. Bayan kwana biyu da wannan yarjejeniya sojojin biyu sun bar fagen daga. Bayan dawowarsa Kufa, Ali ya sami nasarar maido da goyon bayan masu adawa da sulhu. Ya tunatar da sauran abokan hamayyar cewa sun zabi yin sulhu duk da gargadin da ya yi. Sai suka yarda suka gaya wa Ali cewa sun tuba daga zunubansu kuma suka bukaci Ali ya yi haka. Sai dai Ali ya tabbatar da yarjejeniyar da aka yi da Mu’awiya, kuma a hankali ‘yan adawa suka kafa Khawarijawa, ma’ana ‘yan ballewa, wadanda daga baya suka dauki makaman yaki da Ali a yakin Nahrawan. An dauki Khawarijawa a matsayin sahun gaba na masu tsattsauran ra'ayin Musulunci. Bayan watanni da dama na shirye-shiryen, masu sasantawa biyu sun hadu tare, na farko a Dumat al-Jandal sannan kuma a Udhruh. Shari'ar ta ci gaba har tsawon makonni, mai yiwuwa ya wuce tsakiyar Afrilu 658 CE. A Dumat al-Jandal, masu sasantawa sun kai ga yanke hukuncin cewa an kashe Usman bisa zalunci, kuma Muawiya yana da hakkin ya dauki fansa. Ana kallon wannan a matsayin hukunci na siyasa, maimakon na shari’a, kuma kuskure ne na Abu Musa mai butulci. Hukuncin ya karfafa goyon bayan mutanen Sham ga Mu’awiya da raunana matsayin Ali. A cewar Madelung, taro na biyu a Udhruh ya watse cikin rudani. A karshe, daya daga cikin bayanin shi ne cewa Abu Musa, bisa yarjejeniyarsa da Amr, ya kori Ali da Muawiya, kuma ya yi kira da a kafa majalisa don nada sabon halifa. A lokacin da Amr ya hau wannan mataki, ya tabbatar da cewa lallai masu sasantawa sun yi ittifaqi a kan sauke Ali amma ya kara da kuma cewa Muawiya ya ci gaba da mulki, don haka ya saba yarjejeniyarsa da Abu Musa. Tawagar Kufan ta mayar da martani da kakkausar murya ga rangwamen da Abu Musa ya yi. An kunyata shi ya gudu zuwa Makka, yayin da Amr ya sami karbuwa daga Muawiya da nasara bayan ya dawo Sham. Bayan haka Bayan kammala sulhu, mutanen Sham suka yi mubaya'a ga Mu'awiya a matsayin halifa na gaba a shekara ta 659 miladiyya. Ali ya yi Allah-wadai da abin da mahukuntan biyu suka yi da cewa ya saba wa Alkur’ani, ya kuma fara shirya wani sabon balaguro zuwa kasar Sham. Sai dai da labarin cin zarafi da suka yi wa fararen hula, Ali ya dage yakin da yake yi na ganin kasar Sham ta fatattaki Khawarijawa a yakin Nahrawan a shekara ta 658 Miladiyya. Da ya ji cewa Muawiya ya ayyana kansa a matsayin halifa, sai Ali ya yanke duk wata alaka da shi, ya yi masa la’ana, bisa tafarkin Muhammadu. Mu’awiya ya rama ta hanyar gabatar da la’ana ga Ali, da ‘ya’yansa, da babban janar dinsa. Kafin ya fara yakinsa na biyu zuwa Sham a shekara ta 661 Miladiyya, lokacin da yake addu’a a Masallacin Kufa, wani dan Khawarijawa ne ya kashe Ali. Manazarta Littafi Mai

20299

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masarautar%20Igala

Masarautar Igala

Masarautar Igala, wacce aka fi sani da Masarautar Idah, Anè-Ìgàlá, ita ce daular Afirka ta Yamma kafin mulkin mallaka, Middle Belt kamar su kwara state, kogi state, Benue, Niger state, da dai sauransu a Najeriya .Mutanen Igala ne suka kafa masarautarsu, sannan suka yadda da Attah a matsayin Sarkin su, Uba kuma shugaban ruhaniya, tare da babban birninta a Idah Ko da yake mutanen Igala sun yi ƙaura zuwa wasu ƙasashe, an yi imanin cewa mafi yawa idan ba duka Igala ba ne suka zauna ko suka fito daga Idah wanda shine Babban birni na Masarautar Igala. Masarautar Igala ta yi tasiri kuma ta sami tasiri daga Yarbawa, Idoma, Igbo da Jukun kuma mai yiwuwa ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin zuriyar waɗannan rukunin waɗanda suka zauna tare da mazaunan Igala. Ilimin harshe na Igala (Abo-Igala mutane) (Al'adu ÌCHÒLÒ ÙCHÒLÒ) (Ichi Igala Yaren Igala) Yanzu game da sanya sunan igala ana iya rushe shi azaman Iga wanda ke nufin bangare, toshewa, bango mai raba kuma wanda Ala ke nufin "Tumaki". Iga-ala ya zama igala Dangane da dalilan da suka sa mutanen Igala suka bayyana kansu da kuma al'ummarsu saboda wannan a halin yanzu ya wuce sanin masaniyar ilimi watakila saboda aikatawa Tunanin mutane na tumaki kuma jihar ta zama bango ko bangare da ke kare su. Addini Animism shine addini na gargajiya na Igala kuma har yanzu mutane igalan kenan da yawa suna bin shi. Wannan tsarin imani an tsara shi akan tsarin ruhun magabata. Yawancin al'ummomi, iyalai, da mutane suna da wuraren bautar gumaka waɗanda suke bauta wa gumaka da ruhunai. Masu kula da gida suna aiki a matsayin likitocin magani, kuma suna da ilimin tarihin gargajiya na baka da kuma amfani da ganye da tsirrai don warkar da cututtuka. Addinin Musulunci yana cikin addinin da Igala sukeyi An gabatar da addinin ta hanyar kasuwanci da Sokoto, Kaduna, Kano, da dukkan masarautu da masarautun arewacin Najeriya. Ciniki a arewacin Nijeriya ya rinjayi yawancin al'adu a cikin kasar Igala tare da gabatar da rubutun larabci na Ajami. Kiristanci ana amfani da shi ne daga mutanen Igala a matsayin sakamakon kai tsaye na fatauci tare da Portuguesawa kasuwar Fotigal ta hanyar Masarautar Benin kuma turawan yankin suka hanzarta. Furotesta, Katolika, Angalika, Baftisma, da Methodisma suna cikin siffofin Kiristanci da ake yi. Tsarin siyasa Kotun Àtá ana kiranta da suna Ogbede tare da shugabanta ana kiranta da Ogbe ko shugaban kotun Amedibo su ne bayin Sarauta kuma Amonoji su ne baban Àan alamun Alama na iko su ne kayan Royal waɗanda suka haɗa da dutsen ado (beads) kalmomin (wuyan-wuyansu) tufafi (olawoni) jan-hula (olumada) da otihi (flywhisk) kamar yin ado da gashin tsuntsaye. Ejubejuailo (The Ata's pectoral Mask) 2) Onunu-Ere (Royal Crown) 3) Unyiale Ata (Royal Umbrella) 4) Odechi Okakachi (Royal Band) 5) Oka kpai Okwu (Royal Beads) 6) Akpa-Ayegba (Wurin zama) Àtá Igala mai kula da manyan abubuwa masu tsarki na Igala, wuraren bauta da bukukuwa Ach'adu Babban jami'in Oko-Ata (mijin gargajiya na Ata ko Firayim Minista Ach'adu) Har ila yau, shugabannin lardin (ONU) Hakiman lardin (Am'onu) suna tsare da wuraren bautar gumaka, tsatsuba, abubuwa masu alfarma da bukukuwa a yankunansu. Shugabannin gundumomi (Am'onu-ane). KAFOFIN AL'UMMA (GAGO) Shugabannin Kauyen (OMADACHI) SHUGABAN MATASA (ACHIOKOLOBIA) Daga cikin taken Igala taken mutane biyu ne kacal a lokaci daya yayin take na Onu, Achema, Akoji, Makoji, Eje, Onoja mutane da yawa suna amfani da wadannan taken har ila yau ana iya amfani dasu a matsayin sunaye a lokuta da yawa wadannan sunayen suna da nasaba da sana'oi sabanin kasancewa suna ne kawai da ake gudanarwa kamar su Gago wanda shine shugaban dangi ko Onoja shine shugaban kasuwa har ma da sunayen da ake amfani da su kamar lakabi kamar Akoji wakili da Makoji wakilci kuma maye gurbin Ata ko Sarki ana ba da irin waɗannan sunaye da fatan cewa yaron zai sami wannan taken har ila yau ya kamata a lura cewa ba safai ake bayar da taken saboda kawai arzikin wani ba amma ƙari bisa cancanta Bangarorin Igala Ƙasar Igala tana da majalisun gargajiya na mulki guda tara wadanda suka hada da Idah babban birnin kasar. Hukumomiiguda tara kowannensu yana da sarki (Onuh wanda aka nada shi ta hanyar addini ta hanyar hadaddun tsarin al'adun gargajiyar da kuma aikace-aikacen da shugaban majalisar Attah Igala a Idah ke gudanarwa Shuwagabannin Igala bakwai sune: Ankpa, Ajaka, Ugwolawo, Anyigba, Dekina, Omalla, Olamaboro A tarihance, kowace majalisa tana da matakai daban-daban na tsarin mulkin gargajiya wanda ya danganci karbar haraji daga masu mallakar filaye, masunta da kasuwancin kasuwa. Ata Na farko Ata lakabin da aka baiwa mai mulkin, shine Ebulejonu, mace; ita ce dan uwanta Aganapoje, mahaifin Idoko. Idoko daga baya zai gaje shi a matsayin Ata, kuma ya haifi yara biyu Atiyele da Ayegba om'Idoko (Ayegba dan Idoko), Atiyele dan fari na Idoko ya yi hijira zuwa gabashin masarautar don kafa masarautar Ankpa yayin da Ayegba na biyu na Idoko ya gaji mahaifinsa. kamar yadda Ata'IGala. Ya jagoranci yaƙi da Jukun, wanda ya haifar da nasara. An nada HRH Idakwo Micheal a matsayin sabon Ata na Igala a watan Disambar shekara ta 2012. Matsayin Ata Igala yana juyawa tsakanin rassa huɗu na dangin masarauta. Abutu- Eje ne ya kafa masarautar Igala a karni na 16. Mulkin da manyan jami'ai tara na mulki ke jagorantar jami'an kira da igala Yaar Sharabi ke hannunsu na wurin ko kuma ƙasa mai alfarma Kujerar sarauta ta Ata a halin yanzu tana juyawa tsakanin dangin Aju Akogwu, Aju nazarin, Aju Akwu, Aju Ocholi, Aju na nufin nuna ko wanene dangin suka fito kasancewar shi kakannin dangin Abutu Eje 'Yancin Zamani Ata Ebulejonu mm Abutu (f) Agana poje mm Abutu Idoko mm Agana poje Ayegba mm Idoko Akumabi mm Ayegba (Onu) Akogwu mm Ayegba Ocholi mm Ayegba (Ohiemi Obogo) Agada Elame mm Ayegba Amacho mm Akumabi Itodo Aduga mm Akumabi Ogala mm Akogwu Idoko Adegbe mm Ocholi Onuche mm Amacho 1835 Ekalaga mm Ogala 1835-1856 Amocheje mm Itodo 1856-1870 Odiba mm Idoko 1870-1876 Okoliko mm Onuche 1876–1900 Amaga mm Ekalaga Lokacin da Turawan British sukayi mulkin mallaka a masarautar Ata 1900-1903 Ocheje Onokpa mm Amocheje 1905–1911 Ame Oboni mm Odiba 1911–1919 Oguche Akpa mm Okoliko 1919–1926 Atabo mm Amaga 1926–1945 Obaje mm Ocheje 1945 23 Yuni 1956 Umaru Ame Akpoli mm Oboni Ƴancin mulki a Najeriya a Ata 20 ga Oktoba 1956 16 ga Yuli 2012: Aliyu Ocheja Om Obaje Turawan Ingilishi suka nada shi jim kadan kafin samun ‘yancin kai 10 ga Maris 2013 27 ga Agusta 2020: Idakwo Michael Ameh Oboni II Tarihi Masarautar Igala ba ta tsufa kamar yadda wasu ke da'awa ba. Dangane da labaran Igala na asali da kuma binciken masana kimiyyar kayan tarihi, ba a kafa masarautar Igala ba har zuwa tsakiyar 1500s, kusan 1550s lokacin da Attah ta farko, Ebule Jonu (mace) ta kafa masarautar tare da babban birninta a Idah. Ebule Jonu diyar Abutu Eje ce, wacce ta yi kaura zuwa Amagede a ƙasar Igala daga Masarautar Doma ta Nassarawa. A wancan lokacin, yankin yana kiran yankin Doma, Keana, da Wukari a matsayin Kororofa da hausawa. Abutu Eje yayi ƙaura tare da mabiyan sa zuwa Amagede a farkon shekarun 1530. Doma masarautar Arago ce. Arago rukuni ne na mutanen Idoma. Koyaya, wani yanki na Doma yayi ƙaura daga Bida, wanda ke cikin ƙungiyar Beni, ya haɗu sosai har ya samar da daular Doma mai mulki. Daga wannan ɓangaren Nupe ɗin da aka lalata a cikin masarautar Doma ne Abutu Eje ya fito. Don haka Attah ta Igala na yanzu mutumin Idoma ne mai al'adun Nupe. Babban birnin Igala, Idah, kalma ce ta Arago-Nupe wacce ke nufin Cliff Canyon, wanda ke bayanin yanayin Idah. Da'awar Jukun hijirar karya ce. Wannan labarin ya samo asali ne daga zaton da wasu marubutan Turai suka yi cewa Kororofa ƙungiyar Jukun ce yayin da a zahiri yanki ne na mutane wanda Hausawa suka kira da Kororofa Kwararafa wanda ke nufin 'Mutumin da ke zaune a gefen kogin Kwara'. A zahiri, masarautar Ebira ta Opanda ta gabaci Masarautar Igala. Yana da kyau a sani cewa kamar yadda ikirarin zuriyar Jukun ya zama karya kuma babu wata alama ta tasirin Jukun a Igala, haka nan babu tasirin Igala walau na al'ada ko na yare a yankunan da ba a bayyana su ba kamar yadda ake gabatar da girmamawa ga Attah na Igala. Kuma ƙari, Attah na Igala Igara ba sunan asalin sa bane. Attah ce ta Idah. Kafin fitowar kungiyar 'yan ci-rani daga Doma wurin da yanzu ake kira ƙasar Igala kasa ce da ta kunshi hadaddun rukunin Yarabawa, Idomawa(Idoma dace Akpoto), da Igbo. Wannan rukunin matasan shine Igala naku na yau. Wannan ma ya yarda da shi a cikin 2017 ta Attah Ameh Oboni a wata hira da ya yi da punch; kodayake a yau ya ce Igala daga Masar ne. Duba don ganin tattaunawar da jaridar Punch da su https://punchng.com/im-first-attah-in-igala-history-with. Yana da mahimmanci a san cewa babu wata kalma a cikin yaren Igala, ban da waɗanda suka aro daga Hausa a lokacin ranakun yankin Najeriya ko kuma aka aro daga maƙwabcin Ebira, Nupe, ko Okpoto (ba Akpoto ba), wannan ba ko dai kalma ce ba fahimtar kalma daga Idoma, Yarbanci, ko yaren Igbo. Kabilar Idoma, Yarbawa, da Ibo sune kungiyoyin da suka kafa kungiyar masu ilimin yare a Igala. Duba kuma Mutanen Igala Idah Pages with unreviewed

25110

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razak%20Omotoyossi

Razak Omotoyossi

Razak Omotoyossi (an haife she a ranar 8 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 1985) dan asalin Nejeriya ne dan kwallon kafa na kasar Benin wanda ke taka leda a matsayin dan wasan gaba na JA Cotonou da kungiya kwallon kafa ta Benin Ya buga wasa a Najeriya, Masar, Sweden,Saudi Arabia da Faransa. Aikin kulob Farkon aiki An haife shi a Legas Omotoyossi ya fara wasansa a mahaifarsa ta Najeriya, amma kusan ya baci lokacin da shi na tsawon shekara biyar saboda zargin cin zarafin alkalin wasa yayin wasan Firimiya tsakanin kungiyarsa, Sunshine Stars da ziyartar Enyimba ya riga ya bar wasa a kasar Benin a wannan shekarar. Ya fara aikinsa na kwararru a Benin tare da JS Pobe FC Sheriff Omotoyossi ya sanya hannu a kulob din Moldove FC sheniff a watan Nuwamba shekara ta dubu bioyu da biyar 2005 A ranar 26 ga watan Yuli shekara ta dubu biyu da shidda 2006, ya zira kwallaye daidai gwargwado na minti na chasain da biyu 92 ga Sheriff 2006 -07 UEFA Champions Leaque A watan Maris na shekara ta Dubu biyu da bakai 2007 aka yi masa shari'a tare da kungiyar Hapoel Kfar Saba ta Premier ta Isra'ila Ya zira kwallaye a wasan Toto Cup, amma bai rattaba hannu a kansu ba yayin da ya ga ƙalubalen Swedish Allsvenskan ya fi samun tagomashi. Helsingborg Om 0motoyossi ya sanya hannu dan Helsinborgs IF a lokacin bazara shekara ta dubu biyu da bakwai 2007. A cikin rawar da Henrik Larsson abokin aikin yayi aiki Omotoyissi ya gama kakar 20007 a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa zira kwallaye a raga bayan ya zura kwallaye goma sha hudu 14 a cikin wasanni 23 A cikin shekara ta 2007 08 UEFA Cup, ya zira kwallaye biyu a zagayen farko na cancantar shiga gasar Kwallan sa na farko ya zo ne a wasan farko na zagaye na farko na neman cancantar shiga gida a kan Narva Trans na Estonian Meistriliiga a rana rshatara 19 gawatan Yulishekara ta 2007, sannan ya zira kwallaye a zagaye na biyu, wasan kafa na biyu, nasarar gida 3-0 kan League of Ireland Kungiyar Drogheda United Ya kara wasu kwallaye hudu a matakin rukuni yayin da Helsingborg ta kare a matsayi na biyu a rukunin H. Omotoyossi ya ci kwallaye shida cikin wasanni shida: kwallaye uku a kan SC Heerenveen, biyu a kan Austria Wien da guda daya a kan Galatasaray wanda ya sa ya zama dan wasan gaba tare da abokin wasansa Henrik Larsson da Luca Toni na Bayern Munich Manufofinsa shida sun kasance masu mahimmanci a cikin Helsingborgs suna yin rikodin wucewarsu zuwa talatin da biyu 32 na ƙarshe. Tare da kwallaye shida cikin jimlar wasanni takwas, Omotoyossi ya gama a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa cin ƙwallo a gasar. Duk da kasancewa babban dan wasa a Helsingborg. Ya kuma bayyana a waccan shekarar a Guerin Sportivo ta Italiya a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan taurari guda hamsin 50 na duniya nan gaba kadan. Wannan rikodin ya dauki hankalin kulob din Eredivisie SC Heerenveen, kuma ana rade -radin cewa suna son dan wasan a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin dan wasan Brazil Afonso Alves wanda aka shirya zai tafi zuwa Middlesbrough ta Ingila Bayan an rufe kasuwar musayar 'yan wasa ta watan Janairu, an bayyana cewa Omotoyossi ya ki komawa kungiyar Dutch Eredivisie, FC Groningen, a cikin yarjejeniyar da za ta ksi dala milliyan 2.5. Al-Nasiru Al-Nasiru A watan Yulin shekara ta 2008 Omotoyossi ya rattaba hannu kan Al-nassr a Saudi Arabi akan dala miliyan uku. Yana da ɗan gajeren lokaci a kulob ɗin Larabawa inda ya fito a wasanni tara, inda ya ci kwallaye huɗu a kakar shekara ta 2008-09 yayin da Al-Nassr ya gama 5th a Saudi Professional League Metz A ranar 9 gawatan Yuni shekara ta 2009, Omotoyoissi ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku tare da FC Metz na Ligue 2 na Faransa. Ya zira kwallaye biyu a cikin farawa 8 da 14 a matsayin mai maye gurbin mai kunnawa yayin da Metz ya gama na huɗu a kakar shekara ta 2009-10, kawai ya rasa haɓaka zuwa Ligue 1 GAIS A ranar 30 gawatan maris shekara ta 20011, kulob din GAIS na Sweden ya tabbatar da cewa sun rattaba hannu kan Omotoyossi, an sanya masa hannu kan kwangilar gajere har zuwa watan Yuli. Siriya FC A ranar 21 gawatan Yuli shekara ta 20011, Omotoyossi ya rattaba hannu kan kwangilar gajere tare da Syrianska FC in da ya buga wasanni 5 biyar kawai kafin ya tafi Zamalek SC ta Masar. Zamalek SC A ranar sha biya 15 gawatan Satumba shekara ta 2011, Omotoyossi ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku tare da kulob din Zamalek SC na Masar. Ya fara bugawa kungiyar wasa a wasan da suka buga da El-Entag El-Harby. Union Sportive Seme Bayan barin kulob din Safiyya na Morocco a shekara ta 2015, Omotoyossi ya kasance ba tare da kulob ba tsawon shekaru hudu, kafin ya rattaba hannu kan USS Kraké a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2019. Aikin duniya Omotoyossi ya wakilci Benin a 'yan kasa da shekara ashirin 20 da cikakkun matakan kasa da kasa. A ranar goma 10 gawatan Yuni shekara ta 2005, ya zira kwallaye a rukunin A 1-1 da Australia a Gasar Matasan Duniya ta shekara ta 2005 a Netherlands Ita ce kwallon farko da Benin ta ci a wasan karshe a duniya. "A koyaushe ina son in zura kwallaye, duk lokacin da zan fita filin wasa." yace a lokacin. A ranar bakwai 7 gawatan Fabrairun shekara ta 2007, ya ci kwallo a wasan sada zumunta da ci 2-1 a Senegal a Rouen, Faransa. Ya taka leda a gasar cin kofin Afirka ta 2008, inda ya ci kwallo daya a wasan share fage a wasan da gida 4-1 ta doke Togo a ranar shatara 19 gawatan Yunin shekara ta 2007 yayin da Benin ta kare a matsayi na biyu a rukunin tara 9 don tsallakewa zuwa wasan karshe a Ghana Sannan a wasan karshe, inda Benin ta kare a matsayi na karshe a rukunin B ya zira kwallaye a raga yayin da Benin ta sha kashi 4-1 a hannun Ivory Coast a ranar ashirin 25 gawatan Janairun shekara ta 2008. Ya zura kwallaye takwas cikin wasanni takwas a shekara ta 2008 ga kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa, abin da ya sa ya zama dan wasan da ya fi kowa zira kwallaye a wasannin share fagen shiga gasar cin kofin duniya da na kasashen Afirka tare da Samuel Eto'o Ya zira kwallaye shida a zagaye na biyu na cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta shekara ta 2010 yayin da Benin ta kare a matsayi na uku 3. Kwallaye biyunsa na farko sun zo ne a ranar 8 ga Yuni 2008 a wasan da suka ci Uganda 4-1. Bayan kwana shida ya ci kwallo a wasan da suka doke Nijar da ci 2-0. A ranar 7 gawatan Satumba, kwallaye biyun da ya ci a wasan da suka doke Angola da ci 3 2 ya taimaka wa Benin samun gurbin shiga zagaye na uku. Kwallonsa ta shida ta zo ne a wasan rukuni na ƙarshe, wanda aka doke Uganda da ci 2-1 ranar 12 ga watan Oktoba. A zagaye na uku kuma na karshe, ya zira kwallaye biyu yayin da Benin ta kammala ta biyu a rukunin D, kawai ta rasa samun cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya. Ya ci kwallon da Benin ta ci da Sudan a ranar 5 gawatan Yuni shekara ta 2009, kuma ya ci fanareti a wasan su na karshe na rukuni, wanda ya ci Sudan 2-1 a ranar 10 gawatan Nuwamba. Manufofin duniya Sakamakon da sakamakon sun lissafa yawan ƙwallon da Benin ta fara zirawa, shafi na nuna maki bayan kowace ƙwallon Omotoyossi Manazarta Hanyoyin waje Profile at hif.se at the Wayback Machine (archived 2007-04-28) Just-Football.com Good Player Guide #4: Razak Omotoyossi at the Wayback Machine (archived 2008-05-01) Razak Omotoyossi at FootballDatabase.eu Haifaffun 1985 Rayayyun Mutane 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Benin Pages with unreviewed

24057

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blinx%3A%20The%20Time%20Sweeper

Blinx: The Time Sweeper

An tallata shi azaman "Wasan Farko na Farko na 4D na Duniya", Blinx: The Time Sweeper yana mai da hankali ne kan halin ɗabi'a, cat ɗin anthropomorphic da ake kira Blinx, wanda ke kan manufa don hana ƙarshen B1Q64 na duniya da ceto gimbiya ta daga mugun Tom-Tom Gang. Blinx an sanye shi da TS-1000 Vacuum Cleaner, wanda zai iya yin amfani da iko akan lokaci da kansa ta musamman "Sarrafa Lokaci" guda biyar: rage jinkiri, saurin sauri, yin rikodin ɗan lokaci cikin lokaci, juyawa lokaci, da dakatar da lokaci gaba ɗaya. Makirci Lokacin da gungun mugayen aladu da aka sani da Tom-Tom Gang suka fara sata lokaci daga B1Q64 na Duniya, zai zama mara kwanciyar hankali na ɗan lokaci har zuwa lokacin da Masu Siyarwa na Zamani suka yanke shawarar cewa ya fi aminci ga duk duniyoyin idan an dakatar da samar da lokaci zuwa Duniya B1Q64, dakatar da ita da mazaunanta har abada. Lokacin da Blinx ya karɓi saƙo daga wata gimbiya ƙarama da ta makale a cikin halaka, Blinx ya shiga ɗakin da aka ajiye ƙofar da ke jagorantar Duniya B1Q64. Ko da yake sauran ma'aikatan Ma'aikatar Lokaci suna adawa da shi, Blinx yana nutsewa cikin lokacin ƙofar kafin ya rufe. Daga nan ya yi balaguro zuwa sassa da yawa na duniya, yana yaƙar dodanni na lokaci, da kuma dawo da kristal ɗin da aka haifar a cikin matsananciyar yunƙurin ceton Duniya B1Q64. Bayan tafiya mai nisa, ya sami damar cim ma Tom-Toms da gimbiya a Momentopolis. Yana bin su zuwa filin wasan, wanda ke kewaye da manyan lu'ulu'u na lokaci. Ba zato ba tsammani, haske ya fito a tsakiyar dandalin filin wasan, wanda ya sa Tom-Tom Gang da Gimbiya suka daskare, kuma suka zagaye hasken, tare da sauran lu'ulu'u na lokacin. Haɗin lu'ulu'u na lokaci, Gimbiya, da Tom-Toms suna haifar da dodo na ƙarshe: Chronohorn, wanda kuma zai iya amfani da Sarrafa Lokacin. Kafin Blinx ya iya yaƙi da shi, Chronohorn yana jujjuya lokaci, kuma yana tilasta Blinx yaƙi shugabannin huɗu da suka gabata (duk waɗannan sune ingantattun sigogin waɗanda kuke faɗa a cikin zagaye na 1, 2, 3 da 5). Bayan ya sake cin su duka, ya yi yaƙi da Chronohorn, ya ci nasara ya ceci gimbiya mai barci yayin barin Tom-Toms ya tsere. Tare da Tom-Toms ya tafi, kuma lokaci ya sake farawa a cikin B1Q64 na Duniya, Blinx ya gamsu da cewa aikinsa ya cika. Yayin da gimbiya ta tashi daga kan bencin da aka dora ta, Blinx ba tare da son rai ba ta yi bankwana ta tafi. Gimbiya ta yi ƙoƙari ta bi shi, amma ya yi tsalle zuwa cikin wata ƙofar tashar kuma ya dawo cikin masana'antar Lokaci don yin maraba da tafi daga sauran Time Sweepers. Sanarwa daga Uwar Kwamfuta ta yi bayanin cewa ba za a yanke B1Q64 na Duniya daga masana'antar Lokaci ba, kuma Blinx yana taya Shugaban Kamfanin, Mai Aiki da Mai Gudanarwa na Uku na Ma'aikatar Lokaci. Bayan jujjuyawar kuɗi, ɗan wasan yana ganin saƙon da gimbiya ta rubuta (an bayyana sunanta na ainihi, Gimbiya Lena a wannan lokacin). Sakon ya ce Lena tana da lu'ulu'u na lokacin da Blinx ya tattara, kuma za ta yi amfani da su don mafi mahimmancin komai. Ta yin amfani da lu'ulu'u na lokacin, tana mayar da lokacin zuwa lokacin da Blinx ke shirin tafiya. Kafin ya sake shiga cikin tashar, ta farka, ta rungumi Blinx, ta gode masa. Ci gaba Illolin Naoto Ohshima don Blinx ya fito ne daga tatsuniyar Puss in Boots Lokacin da Ohshima ya fara zana Blinx, dabbar tana da fur fur. Blinx a matsayin mascot GameSpy da shawarar cewa Blinx aka gabatar a matsayin yiwu mascot ga Xbox tsarin, rivaling Nintendo 's Mario, Sega s Sonic bushiya, kuma tun da babban harafin da halo: Yaki samo asali Master Chief aka dauke ma m kuma ba su da asali a bayan mai gani), kuma jami'ai suna son "abokantaka, fushin fuska" don jagorantar tallace -tallace tsakanin ƙaramin abokan ciniki. Saboda rashin son wasan, bai taɓa cimma burin da aka ba da shawarar ba kuma ana ganin Jagora Chief ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a matsayin mascot, kodayake a zahiri an ba da shawarar Blinx a matsayin mascot na Xbox a Japan na ɗan lokaci. Karfin baya Tuni akwai ta hanyar jituwa ta baya akan Xbox 360, Microsoft ya tabbatar da cewa ana tallafawa jituwa ta baya don Blinx: The Sweeper Time on Xbox One a watan Afrilu shekara ta guda 2018. Ana iya kunna faifai na jiki akan tsarin, yayin da ake samun su akan Xbox Live Store azaman zazzagewa na dijital. Karɓar baki An sadu da Blinx tare da kyakkyawar tarba mai daɗi yayin sakin, kamar yadda GameRankings ya ba shi maki 73.09%, yayin da Metacritic ya ba shi guda 71 cikin guda Dari 100. GameSpy ya haɗa wasan a cikin "Mafi yawan Wasannin da Aka Ci Gaba". Kodayake ana yaba wa zane -zanen gabaɗaya, kisan wasan, musamman hanyar sarrafawa, an ɗauka cewa ya haifar da wasan yana da wahala. Saleswise, ta 2003, an sayar da kwafi 156,000. A cikin shekara ta shekara 2003, Blinx kuma ya shiga cikin kewayon Platinum Hits (a matsayin wani ɓangare na Dit na Iyalin Platinum na kowane zamani). Editan GameSpot Greg Kasavin ya ba shi maki 6.3 daga cikin guda 10, lura da cewa 'yan wasa suna samun natsuwa daga kammala matakin, maimakon jin daɗi ko gamsuwa. Shi ne mai mai gudu-up for gameSpot shekara-shekara "Mafi m Game a kan Xbox" lambar yabo, wanda ya tafi zuwa ToeJam &amp; Earl III. Wasan Wasan Lantarki na wata -wata ya ba shi 7.5/5.5/8: mai bita na biyu ya ga wasan ya kasance mai gajiya da maimaitawa, amma na ukun ya yi imanin cewa "batutuwa a gefe, salo na musamman da makanikai suna sa [ya] yi fice". A Japan, Famitsu ya ba shi maki kwara talatin da daya 31 daga cikin guda arbain 40. Hanyoyin waje Blinx: The Time Sweeper at MobyGames

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boydell%20Shakespeare%20Gallery

Boydell Shakespeare Gallery

Boydell Shakespeare Gallery a Landan, Ingila, shine matakin farko na bangarori uku da aka fara shi a watan Nuwamba 1786 da mai zane da kuma mai wallafa John Boydell a ƙoƙarin haɓaka makarantar zanen tarihin Biritaniya. Baya ga kafuwar gidan tarihin, Boydell ya shirya samar da wani hoto mai kyau na wasan kwaikwayon William Shakespeare da kuma rubutun kwafi wanda aka tsara bisa jerin zane-zanen da masu zane daban-daban suka yi. A lokacin shekarun 1790 hotunan gidan Landan wanda ya nuna zane-zanen asali sun fito a matsayin mafi shaharar aikin. Ayyukan William Shakespeare sun more farin cikin sabon shahara a Biritaniya na ƙarni na 18. Yawancin bugu da yawa na ayyukansa an buga su, an sake farfado da wasan kwaikwayon a gidan wasan kwaikwayo kuma an ƙirƙiri ayyukan fasaha da yawa waɗanda ke nuna wasan kwaikwayo da takamaiman abubuwan da aka samar dasu. Amfani da wannan sha'awar, Boydell ya yanke shawarar buga babban zane-zane na wasannin Shakespeare wanda zai nuna baiwar masu zane-zanen Burtaniya da masu zane-zane. Ya zaɓi shahararren masanin kuma editan Shakespeare George Steevens ya kula da bugun, wanda aka fitar tsakanin 1791 da 1803. 'Yan jarida sun ba da rahoto kowane mako a kan ginin gidan tarihin Boydell, wanda George Dance the Younger ya tsara, a wani shafi a Pall Mall. Boydell ya ba da aikin ne daga shahararrun masu zanen zamanin, kamar su Joshua Reynolds, kuma rubutun zane-zane sun tabbatar da mafi girman abin da kamfanin ya bari. Koyaya, jinkirin jinkirin buga ɗab'in da hoton da aka zana ya haifar da suka. Saboda sun yi sauri, kuma ƙananan zane-zane sun yi zane-zane da yawa, an yanke hukuncin samfuran ƙarshe na kamfanin Boydell ya zama abin takaici. Aikin ya sa kamfanin Boydell ya zama ba shi da kuɗi, kuma an tilasta musu su sayar da gidan a gidan caca. Shakespeare a cikin karni na 18 A cikin karni na 18, Shakespeare ya kasance yana da alaƙa da haɓakar kishin Biritaniya, kuma Boydell ya shiga cikin irin yanayin da yawancin 'yan kasuwa ke amfani da shi. Shakespeare bai yi kira ga masu fada aji kawai ba wadanda suka yi alfahari da gwaninta ta fasaha, har ma da masu fada aji wadanda suka ga ayyukan Shakespeare hangen nesan al'umma daban-daban. Tsakanin karnin Shakespearean na farkawa mai yiwuwa shine mafi alhakin sake gabatar da jama'ar Birtaniyya ga Shakespeare. Wasannin Shakespeare sun kasance masu mahimmancin farfado da gidan wasan kwaikwayo a wannan lokacin. Duk da rikice-rikicen wasan kwaikwayo, rubuce-rubucen bala'i bai kasance mai riba ba, don haka an rubuta kyawawan masifu. Ayyukan Shakespeare sun cike gibin da ke cikin littafin, kuma sanadin sa ya girma sakamakon haka. A ƙarshen karni na 18, ɗayan ɗayan wasanni shida da aka yi a London shine Shakespeare. Mai wasan kwaikwayo, darekta, kuma furodusa David Garrick ya kasance babban jigo a farfajiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Shakespeare. Ya bayar da rahoto game da kyakkyawan aiki, abubuwan da ba a iya gwadawa ba, da hotunan hotuna na Shakespearean da yawa, da kuma fitaccen mai suna Shakespeare Jubilee ya taimaka wajen tallata Shakespeare a matsayin samfurin kasuwa da kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo na kasa. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Drrick Lane na Garrick shine tsakiyar Shakespeare mania wanda ya mamaye ƙasar. Abubuwan gani na gani suma sun taka rawar gani wajen faɗaɗa shahararren Shakespeare. Musamman, sassan tattaunawar da aka tsara musamman don gidaje sun samar da ɗimbin masu sauraro don fasahar adabi, musamman fasahar Shakespearean. Wannan al'adar ta fara ne da William Hogarth (wanda kwafinsa ya kai dukkan matakan al'umma) kuma ya kai kololuwa a baje kolin Royal Academy, wanda ke nuna zane-zane, zane-zane, da zane-zane. Nunin ya zama muhimmin taron jama'a: dubbai sun yi tururuwa don ganin su, kuma jaridu sun ba da rahoto dalla-dalla kan ayyukan da aka nuna. Sun zama wuri mai kyau da za a gani (kamar Boydell's Shakespeare Gallery, daga baya a cikin karni). Ana cikin haka, sai aka sake ba jama'a damar aikin Shakespeare. Bugun Shakespeare Yunƙurin shaharar Shakespeare ya yi daidai da saurin sauyawar Birtaniyya daga baka zuwa al'adar bugawa. Zuwa ƙarshen karni, asalin shaharar Shakespeare ya canza. Tun asali ana girmama shi a matsayin marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, amma da zarar gidan wasan kwaikwayo ya kasance yana da alaƙa da talakawa, sai matsayin Shakespeare na "babban marubuci" ya canja. Nau'i biyu na al'adun bugawa na Shakespearean sun fito: shahararren bugu na bourgeois da wallafe-wallafe masu mahimmancin ilimi. Don juya riba, masu sayar da littattafai sun zaɓi sanannun marubuta, irin su Alexander Paparoma da Samuel Johnson, don shirya bugu na Shakespeare. A cewar masanin Shakespeare Gary Taylor, sukan Shakespearean ya zama "yana da alaƙa da wasan kwaikwayo na adabin Ingilishi na ƙarni na 18 [cewa] ba za a iya cire shi ba tare da tumɓuke karni da rabi na kundin tsarin mulki na ƙasa". Buga na farko na Shakespeare a ƙarni na 18, wanda kuma shi ne farkon zane-zane na wasan kwaikwayo, an buga shi a cikin 1709 daga Jacob Tonson kuma Nicholas Rowe ya shirya shi. Wasan kwaikwayon ya fito a cikin "littattafai masu dadi da karantu a kananan tsari" wadanda "ya kamata" an dauke su ne don amfani na gari ko na lambu, na gida maimakon na laburare Shakespeare ya zama "mai gida" a cikin karni na 18, musamman tare da buga kwafin dangi irin na Bell na 1773 da 1785-86, wadanda suka tallata kansu a matsayin "masu karantarwa da fahimta; musamman ga matasa mata da matasa; ana cire lalata da lalata. Littattafan malamai suma sun yadu. Da farko, waɗannan marubutan-marubuta sun shirya su kamar su Paparoma (1725) da Johnson (1765), amma daga baya cikin ƙarni wannan ya canza. Editoci kamar su George Steevens (1773, 1785) da Edmund Malone (1790) sun fitar da fitattun bugu tare da bayanai masu fa'ida. Bugun farko sun yi kira ga masu matsakaita da wadanda ke sha'awar karatun Shakespeare, amma fitowar ta gaba ta yi kira ne kawai ga na karshen. Bugun Boydell, a ƙarshen karni, yayi ƙoƙari ya haɗa waɗannan igiyoyin biyu. Ya ƙunshi zane-zane amma George Steevens ne ya shirya shi, ɗayan manyan mashahuran Shakespeare na wannan lokacin. Boydell's Shakespeare kamfani Aikin Shakespeare na Boydell ya ƙunshi sassa uku: fitaccen ɗab'in wasannin Shakespeare; folio na kwafi daga taswirar (asalin an yi niyyar zama folio na kwafi daga bugun wasan Shakespeare); da kuma dandalin baje kolin jama'a inda ainihin zane zanen da za'a buga. An kirkiro ra'ayin babban littafin Shakespeare yayin cin abincin dare a gidan Josiah Boydell (ɗan gidan John) a ƙarshen 1786. Muhimman muhimman labarai biyar na bikin sun rayu. Daga waɗannan, an tattara jerin baƙo da sake gina tattaunawar. Jerin baƙon ya nuna adadin abokan hulɗar Boydell a cikin duniyar fasaha: ya haɗa da Benjamin West, mai zane ga Sarki George III; George Romney, wani shahararren mai zanan hoto; George Nicol, mai sayar da littattafai ga sarki; William Hayley, wani mawaki; John Hoole, masani kuma mai fassarar Tasso da Aristotle; da kuma Daniel Braithwaite, sakatare-janar na babban sakatare kuma mai kula da masu fasaha irin su Romney da Angelica Kauffman. Yawancin asusun ma suna sanya ɗan zanen Paul Sandby a wurin taron. Boydell ya so ya yi amfani da bugun don taimaka wajan motsa wata makarantar Biritaniya ta zane-zane. Ya rubuta a cikin "Gabatarwa" ga folio cewa yana so "don ciyar da wannan fasaha zuwa ga balaga, da kuma kafa Makarantar Turanci na Tarihin Zane Tarihi". Wata takaddar kotu da Josiah ya yi amfani da ita don karɓar bashi daga abokan ciniki bayan mutuwar Boydell ya ba da labarin abincin dare da kuma kwarin gwiwar Boydell:[Boydell ya ce] ya kamata ya so kawar da batancin da duk masu sukar baƙi suka jefa wa wannan al'umma cewa ba su da wata dabara ta zanen tarihi. Ya ce yana da tabbaci daga nasarorin da ya samu wajen karfafa zane-zane cewa Turawan Ingila ba sa son komai sai karfafawa da dacewa da kuma batun da ya dace da zane-zane na tarihi. Thearfafawa da zai yi ƙoƙari ya samu idan aka nuna batun da ya dace. Mista Nicol ya amsa cewa akwai babban batun Kasa guda daya wanda ba za a sami ra'ayi na biyu ba, kuma ya ambaci Shakespeare. An sami shawarar tare da yabo daga Alderman [John Boydell] da dukan kamfanin.Koyaya, kamar yadda Frederick Burwick yayi jayayya a cikin gabatarwarsa ga tarin makaloli a Boydell Gallery, "[w] mai ƙiyayya ya yi iƙirarin cewa Boydell zai iya yin magana game da ci gaba da sanadin zanen tarihi a Ingila, ainihin ƙarfin haɗakarwa wanda ya haɗu da masu zane don ƙirƙirar Shakespeare Gallery shine alƙawarin wallafa zane da kuma rarraba ayyukansu. Bayan nasarar farko ta Shakespeare Gallery, da yawa suna son ɗaukar daraja. Henry Fuseli ya daɗe yana da'awar cewa rufin Shakespeare da ya shirya (a kwaikwayon silin Sistine Chapel) ya ba Boydell ra'ayin zane. James Northcote ya yi ikirarin cewa Mutuwarsa ta Wat Tyler da Kisan Shugabannin a Hasumiyar ne ya sa Boydell ya fara aikin. Koyaya, a cewar Winifred Friedman, wanda ya yi bincike a Boydell Gallery, mai yiwuwa laccar Royal Academy ta Joshua Reynolds kan fifikon zanen tarihi ne ya fi rinjayi Boydell. Abubuwan dabaru na kasuwancin sun kasance da wahalar tsarawa. Boydell da Nicol sun so su samar da kwatancen zane mai tarin yawa kuma an yi niyyar ɗaura da sayar da manyan kwafi 72 daban a cikin folio. Ana buƙatar gallery don nuna zane-zanen da aka zana hotunan. Bugun ya kasance za a sami kuɗi ta hanyar kamfen biyan kuɗi, yayin da masu siye zasu biya wani ɓangare na farashin gaba da saura a lokacin isarwa. Wannan al'adar baƙon abu ya zama dole saboda gaskiyar cewa fiye da 350,000 kuɗi mai tsoka a lokacin, wanda ya kai kimanin 43.3 miliyan a yau daga ƙarshe aka kashe. An buɗe shagon a cikin 1789 tare da zane 34 kuma an ƙara ƙarin 33 a cikin 1790 lokacin da aka buga zane-zanen farko. Publishedarshe na ƙarshe na bugu da ofaukar Mallaka an buga shi a cikin 1803. A tsakiyar aikin, Boydell ya yanke shawarar cewa zai iya samun ƙarin kuɗi idan ya buga ɗab'i daban-daban a cikin folio fiye da wanda aka zana; sakamakon haka, hotunan hotunan guda biyu ba su da kama. An bayar da tallace-tallace kuma an sanya su a cikin jaridu. Lokacin da aka rarraba rajista don lambar yabo don bugawa, kwafin ya karanta: "Masu ƙarfafa wannan babban aiki na ƙasa suma za su sami gamsuwa don sanin, cewa za a miƙa sunayensu zuwa Posterity, kamar yadda Patrons of Native Genius, suka yi rajista da hannayensu, a cikin littafi guda, tare da mafi kyawun Sarakuna. Harshen tallan da lambar yabon sun jaddada rawar da kowane mai biyan kuɗi yake takawa a cikin ayyukan fasaha. Masu biyan kuɗin sun kasance farkon masu matsakaitan mazauna London ne, ba masu girman kai ba. Edmund Malone, shi kansa edita ne na wani kishiyar bugun Shakespeare, ya rubuta cewa "kafin shirin ya kasance da kyau, ko kuma an gabatar da shawarwarin gaba daya, kusan mutane dari shida sun yi sha'awar rubuta sunayensu, kuma sun biya rajistar su ga jerin littattafai da kwafi wanda zai batawa kowane mutum rai, ina tsammanin, kimanin guineas casa'in; kuma idan muka duba jerin, babu sama da sunaye ashirin a cikinsu da kowa ya sani Shafin hoto na Shakespeare da folio "Kyakkyawan kuma daidai" bugun Shakespeare wanda Boydell ya fara a cikin 1786 shine ya zama abin da ya shafi kasuwancinsa-ya kalli bugun bugawa da kuma zane-zanen a matsayin wasu manyan ayyukan. A cikin wata talla da aka shirya a farkon juzu'in, Nicol ya rubuta cewa "ɗaukaka da ɗaukaka, haɗe da daidaitaccen rubutu sune manyan abubuwa na wannan Editionab'in". Littattafan da kansu sun kasance kyawawa, tare da shafuka masu walƙiya wanda, sabanin waɗanda ke cikin ɗab'un ilimi na baya, ba a da alamun tawaye. Kowane wasa yana da nasa taken shafi wanda yake biye da jerin "Mutanen da ke Cikin Wasannin". Boydell bai kashe kuɗi ba. Ya ɗauki hayar masana ƙirar rubutu William Bulmer da William Martin don haɓaka da yanke sabon nau'in rubutu musamman don bugun. Nicol yayi bayani a cikin gabatarwar cewa "sun kafa gidan buga takardu [da] wata ma'adanai don jefa ire-irensu; har ma da masana'anta don yin tawada". Boydell kuma ya zaɓi amfani da sakakkiyar takarda mai laushi ta Whatman. An buga zane-zane da kansa kuma ana iya sakawa da cire su kamar yadda mai siye yake so. An buga kundin farko na Ayyukan Dramatic a cikin 1791 kuma na ƙarshe a cikin 1805. Boydell ne ke da alhakin "ɗaukaka", kuma George Steevens, babban edita, ke da alhakin "daidaito na rubutu". Steevens, a cewar Evelyn Wenner, wanda ya yi nazarin tarihin bugun Boydell, "da farko ya kasance mai ƙwazo sosai game da shirin" amma "ba da daɗewa ba ya fahimci cewa editan wannan rubutun dole ne a cikin ainihin makircin abubuwa ya ba wa masu zane, masu bugawa da masu zane-zane Hakanan daga ƙarshe ya sami takaici game da ingancin bugawa, amma bai ce komai ba don ya kawo cikas ga tallan bugu. Steevens, wanda ya riga ya gyara cikakkun littattafan Shakespeare guda biyu, ba a nemi ya sake rubutun ba sabuwa; a maimakon haka, ya zaɓi wane nau'in rubutun don sake bugawa. Wenner ya bayyana sakamakon samfurin matasan: A cikin bugun, fassarar zamani (watau ƙarni na 18) an fifita ta kamar yadda karatun Foliyo na Farko yake. Boydell ya nemi mashahuran masu zane da zane-zane na wannan rana don ba da gudummawar zane-zane ga ɗakin zane, zane-zanen folio, da zane-zane don bugun. Masu zane-zanen sun hada da Richard Westall, Thomas Stothard, George Romney, Henry Fuseli, Benjamin West, Angelica Kauffman, Robert Smirke, James Durno, John Opie, Francesco Bartolozzi, Thomas Kirk, Henry Thomson, da dan uwan Boydell kuma abokin harkarsa, Josiah Boydell. Maganar da Shakespeare ya buga ya kasance "har zuwa yanzu mafi girman masana'antar zane-zanen da aka taɓa yin su a Ingila". Kamar yadda mai tara takardu da dillali Christopher Lennox-Boyd ya bayyana, "da ba a sami kasuwa ga irin wadannan zane-zanen ba, da ba da daya daga cikin zane-zanen da aka ba da izini, kuma kadan ne, idan akwai, daga cikin masu zane-zanen za su yi kasadar zana wadannan zane-zanen." Masana sunyi imanin cewa an yi amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban na zane-zane kuma zanen zanen shine "matsakaicin matsakaici" saboda "bayyananniya ce kuma mai wahala" kuma saboda tana da babban suna. Siffar zane, wacce take da sauri kuma galibi ana amfani da ita don haifar da tasirin inuwa, ta yi saurin lalacewa kuma ba ta da daraja sosai. Yawancin faranti sun kasance cakuda duka biyun. Masana da yawa sun ba da shawarar cewa an yi amfani da mezzotint da aquatint. Lennox-Boyd, duk da haka, ya yi iƙirarin cewa "bincika faranti sosai ya tabbatar" cewa ba a yi amfani da waɗannan hanyoyin biyu ba kuma yana jayayya cewa ba su dace ba mezzotint ya sa da sauri kuma akwatin ruwa ya kasance sabo ne (da ba a sami wadatattun masu fasaha ba. aiwatar da shi). Yawancin masu zane-zanen Boydell suma an horar dasu ne ta hanyar zane-zane; Misali, Bartolozzi ya shahara ne da fasahar kere kere. Abokancin Boydell tare da masu zane-zanensa gabaɗaya na yau da kullun ne. Daya daga cikin su, James Northcote, ya yaba da kudaden da Boydell ya bayar. Ya rubuta a cikin wasika ta 1821 cewa Boydell "ya yi aiki sosai don ci gaban zane-zane a Ingila fiye da dukkanin manyan masu fada a ji! Ya biya ni mafi kyau fiye da kowane mutum da ya yi; Boydell yawanci yana biyan masu zanan tsakanin 105 zuwa 0 210, kuma masu zane tsakanin 262 da 315. Joshua Reynolds da farko ya ƙi tayin Boydell na aiki a kan aikin, amma ya yarda lokacin da aka matsa shi. Boydell ya ba wa Reynolds carte blanche don zanensa, ya ba shi biyan kuɗi 500, adadi mai ban mamaki ga mai zane wanda bai ma yarda ya yi takamaiman aiki ba. Boydell ya biya shi jimlar 1,500. Akwai zane-zane 96 a cikin juzu'i tara na hoton da aka buga kuma kowane wasa yana da akalla guda daya. Kimanin kashi biyu cikin uku na wasan kwaikwayo, 23 daga 36, kowane mai zane ɗaya ne ke zane kowane. Kimanin kashi biyu cikin uku na jimlar zane-zane, ko 65, masu fasaha uku ne suka kammala su: William Hamilton, Richard Westall, da Robert Smirke. Masu shahararrun zane-zanen bugu an san su da masu zane-zanen littafi, yayin da yawancin mawaƙa da aka haɗa a cikin folio an san su ne da zane-zane. Lennox-Boyd ta bayar da hujjar cewa zane-zanen da ke cikin bugu suna da "daidaito da daidaituwa" wanda folio ta rasa saboda masu zane da zane-zane da ke aiki a kansu sun fahimci zane-zanen littafi yayin da waɗanda ke aiki a kan folio ke aiki a wata hanyar da ba a sani ba. Bugun folio, ofaukunan Bugawa, Daga Hotunan da Aka Zana don Dalilin Bayyanar da Ayyuka na Shakspeare, na Greatan wasan Burtaniya (1805), da farko an yi niyyar su zama tarin zane-zanen daga bugun, amma a 'yan shekaru cikin aikin, Boydell ya canza shirinsa. Ya yi tsammani cewa zai iya siyar da ƙarin folios da bugu idan hotunan sun bambanta. Daga kwafi 97 da aka zana daga zane-zane, kashi biyu bisa uku daga cikinsu masu zane-zane goma ne suka yi su. Masu zane-zane uku suna lissafin kashi ɗaya bisa uku na zanen. A cikin duka, masu fasaha 31 sun ba da gudummawar ayyuka. Ginin gallery A watan Yunin 1788, Boydell da dan dan uwansa sun kulla yarjejeniyar a wani wuri a 52 Pall Mall (51 30′20.5 N 0 8′12 W) don gina gidan baje kolin kuma suka shiga cikin George Dance, sannan magatakarda na Ayyukan City a matsayin mai tsara aikin. Pall Mall a wancan lokacin yana da haɗin gidaje masu tsada da ayyukan kasuwanci, kamar ɗakunan karatu da kulake na maza, sanannen sanannen jama'ar London. Har ila yau yankin ya ƙunshi wasu ƙananan kamfanoni masu daraja: Wurin Sarki (yanzu Pall Mall Place), hanyan da ke gudana zuwa gabas da bayan gidan tarihin Boydell, shi ne rukunin gidan karuwai na Charlotte Hayes. A gefen Sarki, nan da nan zuwa gabashin ginin Boydell, 51 Pall Mall an siya a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu 1787 ta George Nicol, mai sayar da littattafai kuma mijinta na gaba ga 'yar'uwar Josiah, Mary Boydell. A matsayin alama ta canjin yanayin yankin, wannan kadarar ta kasance gidan gidan kulab din mutumin kirki na Goostree daga 1773 zuwa 1787. An fara ne a matsayin cibiyar caca ga samari masu hannu da shuni, daga baya ta zama kungiyar siyasa mai neman kawo sauyi wacce ta kirga William Pitt da William Wilberforce a matsayin membobi. Gine-ginen Shakespeare na Gidan Rawa yana da babban dutse a gaban dutse, da kuma babban zauren baje koli a falon ƙasa. Roomsakunan baje koli masu haɗa juna guda uku sun mamaye saman bene, tare da jimillar sama da murabba'in ƙafa 4,000 (370 m2) na bangon fili don nuna hotuna. Façade mai hawa biyu bai kasance babba ga titin ba, amma ƙaƙƙarfan tsarin gargajiya yana da tasiri. Wasu rahotanni suna bayyana waje da cewa "an cinye shi da tagulla". Storeofar bene ta façade ta mamaye babbar ƙofar da take zagaye a tsakiya. Bakin da ba za a iya kwance shi ba ya doru a kan maruru masu fadi, kowannensu ya karye ta wata karamar taga, a sama wacce ke gudanar da wani kwali mai sauki. Rawa ta sanya transom a ƙofar ƙofar a matakin masarar da ke ɗauke da rubutun "Shakespeare Gallery". Asan ƙofar akwai manyan ƙofofin shiga, tare da bangarori masu haske da fitilun gefe waɗanda suka dace da tagogin gilashi. Haske mai haske ya cika abincin dare saman fasalin. A cikin kowane spandrels zuwa hagu da dama na baka, Rawa saita wani sassaka na lyre a cikin ribboned fure. Sama da duka wannan hanyar hanya ce wacce ta raba ƙananan bene daga babba. Façade na sama yana ƙunshe da pilasters haɗe a kowane ɓangare, da kuma kafa mai kauri da kuma takaddama mai kusurwa uku. Mai zanen sirrin Sir John Soane ya soki haɗakar Rawa da siririyar pilasters da kuma mai rikon sakainar kashi a matsayin "abin ban mamaki da almubazzaranci". Manyan biranen pilasters suna wasa da ƙarfi a cikin sifar burbushin ammonite. Rawa ta ƙirƙira wannan fasalin neo-na gargajiya, wanda ya zama sananne da Amon ɗin Order, musamman don hotunan. A cikin hutu tsakanin pilasters, Rawa ta sanya hoton Shakespeare na Thomas Banks wanda ya samu halartar Painting da Shayari, wanda aka biya ɗan wasan fan guineas 500. Siffar ta nuna Shakespeare, yana kwance a kan dutse, tsakanin Dramatic Muse da kuma Genius of Painting. A ƙasansa akwai matattarar lafazin da aka rubuta tare da ambato daga Hamlet: "Mutum ne, ɗauki shi gaba ɗaya, ba zan sake yin kama da irinsa ba". Amsawa Shalejin Shakespeare, lokacin da aka buɗe shi a ranar 4 ga Mayu 1789, ya ƙunshi zane-zane 34, kuma a ƙarshen aikinsa yana da tsakanin 167 da 170. (Ba a san ainihin abin da aka lissafa ba kuma yawancin zane-zanen sun ɓace; kusan zane 40 ne kawai za a iya wanda aka gano da tabbas.) A cewar Frederick Burwick, yayin aikinta na shekaru goma sha shida, Gidan Tarihi ya nuna miƙa mulki daga Neoclassicism zuwa Romanticism. Ayyuka da masu zane-zane irin su James Northcote ke wakilta na masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, abubuwan neoclassical na ɗakin hotunan, yayin da na Henry Fuseli ke wakiltar sabuwar ƙungiyar Romantic mai tasowa. William Hazlitt ya yaba wa Northcote a cikin wata makala mai taken "A kan Tsohuwar Zamani na 'Yan Kwana", inda ya rubuta "Na yi tunanin duk wani mutum zai fi zama da Mista Fuseli da farko, amma zan so in ziyarci Mista Northcote sau da yawa." Gidan hotunan kansa ya kasance mai kayatarwa tare da jama'a. Jaridu sun dauki ɗaukakawar ginin wajan hotunan, har zuwa zane don façade da aka gabatar. Mai Talla na Daily ya fito da shafi na mako-mako a kan hotunan daga Mayu zuwa Agusta (lokacin baje koli). Masu zane-zane waɗanda ke da tasiri tare da 'yan jaridu, da Boydell da kansa, sun wallafa labaran da ba a sani ba don haɓaka sha'awar ɗakin, wanda suke fatan zai haɓaka tallace-tallace na bugu. A farkon kasuwancin, halayen sun kasance tabbatattu tabbatattu. Mai Tallace-tallacen Jama'a ya rubuta a ranar 6 ga Mayu 1789: "Hotunan gabaɗaya sun ba madubi na mawaƙi [Shakespeare Gallery] yana ba da fata don samar da irin wannan tarihin a cikin Tarihin Fine Arts, kamar yadda zai tabbatar kuma ya tabbatar da fifiko. na makarantar Turanci Times ya rubuta wata rana daga baya: Fuseli da kansa na iya rubuta wannan bita a cikin Nazarin Nazari, wanda ya yaba da shirin gaba ɗaya na gidan wajan yayin kuma a lokaci guda yana shakkar: "Irin waɗannan batutuwa daban-daban, ana iya tsammani, dole ne su nuna iko iri-iri; duk ba za su iya zama na farko; yayin da wasu dole ne su yi sama, wasu kuma dole ne su rake filin ciyawar, wasu kuma su gamsu da tafiya cikin mutunci Koyaya, a cewar Frederick Burwick, masu sukar a cikin Jamus "sun mai da martani ga Shalelen Shagon tare da kulawa sosai da sosai fiye da yadda masu sukar ke yi a Ingila". Zargi ya karu yayin da aikin ke ci gaba: girman farko bai bayyana ba sai a shekarar 1791. James Gillray ya wallafa zane mai ban dariya "Boydell yana sadaukar da Ayyukan Shakespeare ga Shaidan na Jaka-Jaka". Marubucin kuma ba da daɗewa ba zai kasance marubucin marubucin littafin yara na Tatsuniyoyi daga Shakespeare (1807) Charles Lamb ya soki lamarin tun daga farko: Northcote, yayin da yake yaba wa aikin Boydell, ya kuma soki sakamakon aikin: "Ban da wasu hotuna kaɗan daga Joshua [Reynolds] da [John] Opie, kuma ina fata zan iya ƙarawa-da kaina, irin wannan tarin zamewa-slop imbecility kamar yadda yake da ban tsoro don kallo, kuma ya juya, kamar yadda na yi tsammani hakan zai kasance, cikin lalata lamuran talakawan Boydell Rushewa A shekara ta 1796, rajistar bugawar ta ragu da kashi biyu bisa uku. Mai zane da mai zane Joseph Farington ya rubuta cewa wannan sakamakon sakamakon zane-zane mara kyau: An soki haɗin salon zanen zane; Layin zane-zane an dauke shi mafi kyawun tsari kuma masu fasaha da masu biyan kuɗi ba sa son cakuda ƙananan siffofin da shi. Bugu da ƙari, masu zanen Boydell sun faɗi ƙasa da jadawalin, suna jinkirta aikin duka. An tilasta shi ya shiga cikin ƙananan masu fasaha, kamar su Hamilton da Smirke, a rahusa don kammala littattafan saboda kasuwancinsa ya fara gazawa. Masana tarihin zane-zane na zamani gabaɗaya sun yarda cewa ingancin zane-zane, musamman a cikin folio, mara kyau ne. Bugu da ƙari, yin amfani da masu fasaha daban-daban da masu zane-zane ya haifar da rashin haɗin kai. Kodayake Boydells ya ƙare tare da rajista na 1,384, ƙimar rajistar ta ragu, kuma sauran rajistar suma suna ƙara cikin shakka. Kamar yawancin kasuwanni a lokacin, kamfanin Boydell ya riƙe recordsan bayanai. Abokan ciniki kawai sun san abin da suka saya. Wannan ya haifar da matsaloli da yawa tare da masu bin bashi waɗanda suka yi iƙirarin cewa ba su taɓa yin rajista ba ko sun yi rijista don ƙasa da ƙasa. Yawancin masu biyan kuɗi sun kasa aiki, kuma Josiah Boydell ya share shekaru bayan mutuwar John yana ƙoƙarin tilasta musu su biya. The Boydells sun mai da hankalinsu gaba daya kan bugun Shakespeare da sauran manyan ayyuka, kamar Tarihin Kogin Thames da Kammalallen Ayyukan John Milton, maimakon a kan ƙananan kasuwanci masu fa'ida. Lokacin da kamfanin Shakespeare da littafin Thames suka gaza, kamfanin bai da jari da zai faɗi. Farawa daga 1789, tare da farkon juyin juya halin Faransa, kasuwancin kasuwancin fitarwa na John Boydell zuwa Turai ya yanke. A ƙarshen 1790s da farkon karni na 19, kashi biyu cikin uku na kasuwancinsa waɗanda suka dogara da kasuwancin fitarwa suna cikin mawuyacin halin kuɗi. A cikin 1804, John Boydell ya yanke shawarar ɗaukaka ƙara zuwa Majalisar don neman doka na sirri don ba da izinin caca don zubar da komai a cikin kasuwancinsa. Kudirin ya sami amincewar masarauta a ranar 23 ga Maris, kuma zuwa Nuwamba Boydells sun kasance a shirye don siyar da tikiti. John Boydell ya mutu kafin a fara cacar a ranar 28 ga Janairun 1805, amma ya rayu tsawon lokaci don ganin kowane tikiti 22,000 da aka saya a guineas guda ɗaya 280 kowanne a cikin tsarin zamani). Don karfafa tallan tikiti da rage ƙididdigar da ba a sayar ba, an tabbatar wa kowane mai siye da karɓar bugawa mai darajar kwalliya ɗaya daga hannun kamfanin Boydell. Akwai tikiti masu cin nasara na 64 don manyan kyaututtuka, mafi girma shine Gidan Hoto kanta da tarin zanen ta. Wannan ya je wurin William Tassie, mai zane-zane da zane-zane, na filayen Leicester (yanzu filin Leicester). Josiah ya ba da siyen gidan da kuma zane-zanen da aka dawo da shi daga Tassie a kan 10,000 (kimanin worth 820,000 a yanzu), amma Tassie ya ƙi kuma ya yi gwanjon zanen a Christie. Tarin zanen da kayan taimako guda biyu da Anne Damer ta samu sun kai 6,181 18s. 6da. Initiallyungiyoyin banki na banki daga façade da farko an yi niyya don kiyaye su a matsayin abin tunawa ga kabarin Boydell. Madadin haka, ya kasance wani ɓangare na façade na ginin a cikin sabon salonsa a matsayin Instungiyar Biritaniya har sai da ginin ya rushe a 1868-69. Daga nan aka sassaka sassaka Banks zuwa Stratford-on-Avon kuma aka sake gina shi a cikin New Place Garden tsakanin watan Yuni zuwa Nuwamba 1870. Gasar caca ta ceci Josiah daga fatarar kuɗi kuma ta sami 45,000, ta ba shi damar sake fara kasuwanci a matsayin mai buga takardu. Cigaba Tun daga farko, aikin Boydell ya karfafa gwiwar masu kwaikwayo. A cikin watan Afrilu na shekarar 1788, bayan da aka fitar da sanarwar Shalejin Shale, amma shekara daya kafin bude shi, Thomas Macklin ya bude wani Kundin Tarihi na Mawaka a tsohon ginin Royal Academy da ke kudu da Pall Mall. Nunin farko ya nuna aiki ɗaya daga kowane ɗayan masu fasaha 19, gami da Fuseli, Reynolds, da Thomas Gainsborough. Gidan yanar gizon ya kara sabbin zane-zane na batutuwa daga shayari kowace shekara, kuma daga 1790 an ƙara waɗannan abubuwa tare da shimfidar wurare daga Baibul. Gidan Tarihi na Mawaka ya rufe a cikin 1797, kuma an ba da abubuwan da ke ciki ta hanyar caca. Wannan bai hana Henry Fuseli ya bude Gidan Milton ba a wannan ginin a shekarar 1799. Wani irin wannan kamfani shine Tarihin Tarihi wanda Robert Bowyer ya bude a Schomberg House a 87 Pall Mall a kusan shekara ta 1793. Gidan hoton ya tara zane 60 (da yawa iri ɗaya ne) masu zane-zane waɗanda suka yi aiki ga Boydell) an ba da izini don kwatanta sabon fitowar littafin David Hume na Tarihin Burtaniya. Daga qarshe, Bowyer ya nemi yardar majalisar don siyarwa ta hanyar caca a cikin 1805, kuma sauran kamfanoni, kamar na Boydell, suma sun ƙare da gazawar kuɗi. An sayi ginin a Pall Mall a cikin 1805 daga Britishungiyar Burtaniya, wani kamfani mai zaman kansa na masu ba da labari ya kafa wannan shekarar don gudanar da nune-nunen. Ya kasance wani muhimmin bangare na zane-zanen Landan har sai da ya watse a 1867, yawanci yana gudanar da baje kolin sabbin ayyuka don sayarwa daga farkon watan Fabrairu zuwa makon farko na Mayu, da kuma baje kolin tsoffin mashahurai, galibi ba na sayarwa ba, daga makon farko na Yuni zuwa ƙarshen Agusta. Zane-zanen da zane-zanen da suka kasance a cikin Boydell Gallery sun shafi yadda aka tsara wasannin Shakespeare, aiki, da zane a cikin karni na 19. Hakanan sun zama batun zargi a cikin mahimman ayyuka kamar su Mawallafin Romantic kuma marubuci Samuel Taylor Coleridge's "Lectures on Shakespeare" da William Hazlitt na suka mai ban mamaki. Duk da sukar da Charles Lamb ya yi game da abubuwan da aka kera a Gidan Rediyon, an nuna littafin Charles da Mary Lamb na yara, tales daga Shakespeare (1807) ta amfani da faranti daga aikin. Abubuwan da Boydell ya mallaka shine mafi kyawun abin gado. An sake sake shi a cikin karni na 19, kuma a cikin 1867, "ta hanyar daukar hoto dukkan jerin, ban da hotunan Majesties George III. Da Sarauniya Charlotte, yanzu an gabatar da su a cikin wani tsari mai kyau, wanda ya dace da dakunan karatu na yau da kullun ko zane. teburin daki, kuma an gabatar dashi azaman tunawa mai dacewa na bikin cikar shekaru mawaka Masana sun bayyana Boydell's folio a matsayin share fage ga littafin teburin kofi na zamani. Jerin ayyukan fasaha Jerin Folio da Illustrated Edition an ɗauke su daga Friedman's Boydell's Shakespeare Gallery. Zane-zane Shakespeare ya sami halartar zane-zane da Shayari daga Thomas Banks (kan facade na ginin gallery) Wurin da yake yanzu: Sabon Wuraren Lambuna, Stratford-upon-Avon Coriolanus na Anne Seymour Damer (bas taimako) Antony da Cleopatra na Anne Seymour Damer (bas taimako) Zane-zane Jerin Zane-zanen an samo su ne daga lamba mai lamba Baje kolin Shakspeare gallery, Pall-Mall: kasancewar shine karo na karshe da hotunan zasu iya zama duka tarin (London: W. Bulmer Co., 1805), The Boydell Shakespeare Galter da Walter Pape da Frederick Burwick suka shirya (ottasa: Peter Pomp, 1996), da "Abin da Jane Ta Gana". Rubutun folio Volume Na Taken shafi: Coriolanus na William Satchwell Leney bayan Anne Seymour Damer Gaban gaba: Hoton George III na Benjamin Smith bayan William Beechey Shakespeare ya samu halartar zane-zane da Shayari daga Benjamin Smith bayan Thomas Banks Jariri Shakespeare na Benjamin Smith bayan George Romney Tempest, Act I, scene 1 na Benjamin Smith bayan George Romney Tempest, Dokar I, yanayi na 2 na Jean-Pierre Simon bayan Henry Fuseli Tempest, Dokar IV, yanayin 1 na Robert Thew bayan Joseph Wright na Derby Tempest, Dokar V, yanayin 1 na Caroline Watson bayan Francis Wheatley Biyun Biyun na Verona, Dokar V, fage na 3 na Luigi Schiavonetti bayan Angelica Kauffman Matan Merry na Windsor, Dokar I, yanayi na 1 na Jean-Pierre Simon bayan Robert Smirke Matan Merry na Windsor, Dokar II, yanayin 1 na Robert Thew bayan William Peters Matan Merry na Windsor, Dokar III, yanayi na 3 na Jean-Pierre Simon bayan Matta Peters Matan Merry na Windsor, Dokar IV, yanayin 2 na Thomas Ryder bayan James Durno Matan Merry na Windsor, Dokar V, yanayin 5 na Isaac Taylor, Jr. bayan Robert Smirke Ma'auni don auna, Aikata I, yanayi na 1 na Thomas Ryder bayan Robert Smirke Ma'auni don auna, Dokar V, yanayi na 1 na Jean-Pierre Simon bayan Thomas Kirk Majalissar kurakurai, Dokar V, yanayi na 1 na Charles Gauthier Playter bayan John Francis Rigaud Yawancin Ado Game da Komai, Dokar III, yanayi na 1 na Jean-Pierre Simon bayan Matta Peters Yawa game da Komai, Dokar IV, yanayi na 1 na Jean-Pierre Simon bayan William Hamilton Yawancin Ado Game da Komai, Dokar IV, yanayi na 2 na John Ogborne bayan Robert Smirke 'Saunar Laborauna ta ,auna, Dokar IV, yanayi na 1 na Thomas Ryder bayan William Hamilton Mafarkin-Daren Mafarki, Dokar II, yanayin 1 na Jean-Pierre Simon bayan Henry Fuseli Mafarkin Tsakanin-Dare, Dokar IV, yanayin 1 na Jean-Pierre Simon, bayan Henry Fuseli Mai ciniki na Venice, Dokar II, zane na 5 na Jean-Pierre Simon bayan Robert Smirke Mai ciniki na Venice, Dokar V, zane na 1 da John Browne ya yi bayan William Hodges Kamar yadda kuke so, Dokar I, yanayi na 2 na William Satchwell Leney bayan John Downman Kamar yadda kuke so, Dokar II, yanayi na 1 na Samuel Middiman bayan William Hodges Kamar yadda kuke so, Dokar IV, yanayi na 3 na William Charles Wilson bayan Raphael Lamar West Kamar yadda kuke so, Dokar V, yanayi na 4 na Jean-Pierre Simon bayan William Hamilton Taming na Shrew, Gabatarwa, yanayin 2 na Robert Thew bayan Robert Smirke Taming of the Shrew, Act III, scene 2 na Jean-Pierre Simon bayan Francis Wheatley Dukkanin Wannan Yana Wellarshe Da kyau, Dokar V, yanayi na 3 na Georg Siegmund da Johann Gottlieb Facius bayan Francis Wheatley Dare Na Sha Biyu, Dokar III, yanayi na 4 na Thomas Ryder bayan Johann Heinrich Ramberg Dare Na Sha Biyu, Dokar V, yanayi na 1 na Francesco Bartolozzi bayan William Hamilton Labarin Hunturu, Dokar II, yanayi na 3 na Jean-Pierre Simon bayan John Opie Labarin Hunturu, Dokar III, yanayi na 3 na Samuel Middiman bayan Joseph Wright na Derby Labarin Hunturu, Dokar IV, yanayi na 3 na James Fittler bayan Francis Wheatley Labarin Hunturu, Dokar V, yanayi na 3 na Robert Thew bayan William Hamilton Macbeth, Dokar I, yanayi na 3 na James Caldwell bayan Henry Fuseli Macbeth, Dokar I, yanayi na 5 na James Parker bayan Richard Westall Macbeth, Dokar IV, yanayin 1 na Robert Thew bayan Joshua Reynolds Kamar yadda kuke so shi, Shekaru bakwai, Dokar II, yanayin 7 na Petro William Tomkins bayan Robert Smirke Kamar yadda kuke so shi, Shekaru bakwai, Shekaru na biyu, Dokar II, yanayin 7 na John Ogborne bayan Robert Smirke Kamar yadda kuke so shi, Shekaru bakwai, Shekaru na Uku, Dokar II, yanayin 7 na Robert Thew bayan Robert Smirke Kamar yadda kuke so shi, Shekaru bakwai, Shekaru na Hudu, Dokar II, yanayin 7 na John Ogborne bayan Robert Smirke Kamar yadda kuke so shi, Shekaru bakwai, Shekaru na Biyar, Dokar II, yanayin 7 na Jean-Pierre Simon bayan Robert Smirke Kamar yadda kuke so shi, Shekaru bakwai, Shekaru na shida, Dokar II, yanayin 7 na William Satchwell Leney bayan Robert Smirke Kamar yadda kuke so shi, Shekaru bakwai, Shekaru na Bakwai, Dokar II, yanayin 7 na Jean-Pierre Simon bayan Robert SmirkeVolume II Antony da Cleopatra Terracotta bas taimakon shafi mai taken Thomas Hellyer bayan Anne S. Damer Hoton Sarauniya Charlotte ta Thomas Ryder da Thomas Ryder, Jr. bayan William Beechey Sarki John, Dokar IV, yanayi na 1 na Robert Thew bayan James Northcote King Richard II, Act IV, scene 1 by Benjamin Smith bayan Mather Browne King Richard II, Act V, scene 2 na Robert Thew bayan James Northcote Henry IV, sashi na 1, Dokar II, yanayin 2 na Samuel Middiman Robert Smirke da Joseph Farington Henry na IV, sashi na 1, Dokar II, yanayin 4 na Robert Thew bayan Robert Smirke Henry na IV, kashi na 1, Dokar III, yanayi na 1 na Jean-Pierre Simon bayan Richard Westall Henry IV, sashi na 1, Dokar V, yanayin 4 ta Thomas Ryder bayan John Francis Rigaud Henry na IV, sashi na 2, Dokar II, yanayin 4 na William Satchwell Leney bayan Henry Fuseli Henry IV, sashi na 2, Dokar III, yanayin 2 na Thomas Ryder bayan James Durno Henry na hudu, sashi na 2, Dokar IV, yanayin 4 na Robert Thew bayan Josiah Boydell Yarima Henry Dauke da Sarauta Henry na hudu, sashi na 2, Dokar ta IV, yanayin 4 na Robert Thew bayan Josiah Boydell Apology na Prince Henry Henry V, Dokar II, yanayin 2 na Robert Thew bayan Henry Fuseli Henry VI, kashi na 1, Dokar II, yanayi na 3 na Robert Thew bayan John Opie Henry VI, kashi na 1, Dokar II, fage na 4 na John Ogborne bayan Josiah Boydell Henry VI, kashi na 1, Dokar II, yanayi na 5 na Robert Thew bayan James Northcote Henry VI, part 2, Act I, scene 4 na Charles Gauthier Playter da Robert Thew bayan John Opie Henry VI, part 2, Act III, scene 3 na Caroline Watson bayan Joshua Reynolds Henry VI, part 3, Act I, scene 3 na Charles Gauthier Playter da Thomas Ryder bayan James Northcote Henry VI, kashi na 3, Dokar II, wasan kwaikwayo na 5 na John Ogborne bayan Josiah Boydell Henry VI, kashi na 3, Dokar IV, yanayi na 5 na Jean Baptiste Michel da William Satchwell Leney bayan William Miller Henry VI, kashi na 3, Dokar V, yanayi na 7 na Jean Baptiste Michel bayan James Northcote Richard III, Dokar III, yanayin 1 na Robert Thew bayan James Northcote Richard III, Dokar IV, yanayi na 3 na Francis Legat bayan James Northcote Matasan Yariman da aka Kashe a Hasumiyar Richard III, Dokar IV, yanayi na 3 na William Skelton bayan James Northcote Binnewar Royal Royal Henry VIII, Act I, scene 4 na Isaac Taylor bayan Thomas Stothard Henry VIII, Act III, scene 1 na Robert Thew bayan Matiyu Peters Henry VIII, Dokar IV, yanayin 2 na Robert Thew bayan Richard Westall Henry VIII, Dokar V, yanayin 4 na Joseph Collyer bayan Matta Peters Coriolanus, Dokar V, yanayi na 3 na James Caldwell bayan Gavin Hamilton Julius Cæsar, Dokar IV, yanayi na 3 na Edward Scriven bayan Richard Westall Antony da Cleopatra, Dokar III, yanayi na 9 da Georg Siegmund da Johann Gottlieb Facius bayan Henry Tresham Timon na Athens, Dokar IV, yanayi na 3 na Robert Thew bayan John Opie Titus Andronicus, Dokar IV, zane na 1 wanda Thomas Kirk ya zana Troilus da Cressida, Dokar II, fage na 2 na Francis Legat bayan George Romney Troilus da Cressida, Dokar V, yanayin 2 ta Luigi Schiavonetti bayan Angelica Kauffman Cymbeline, Dokar I, yanayi na 2 na Thomas Burke bayan William Hamilton Cymbeline, Dokar III, yanayin 4 na Robert Thew bayan John Hoppner King Lear, Act I, scene 1 na Richard Earlom bayan Henry Fuseli Sarki Lear a cikin Guguwar daga Sarki Lear, Dokar III, yanayin 4 na William Sharp bayan Benjamin West King Lear, Dokar V, yanayi na 3 na Francis Legat bayan James Barry Romeo da Juliet, Dokar I, yanayi na 5 na Georg Siegmund da Johann Gottlieb Facius bayan William Miller Romeo da Juliet, Dokar IV, yanayi na 5 na Georg Siegmund da Johann Gottlieb Facius bayan John Opie Romeo da Juliet, Dokar V, yanayi na 3 na Jean-Pierre Simon bayan James Northcote Hamlet, Dokar I, yanayin 4 na Robert Thew bayan Henry Fuseli Hamlet, Dokar IV, zane na 5 ta Francis Legat bayan Benjamin West Othello, Dokar II, yanayin 1 na Thomas Ryder bayan Thomas Stothard Bedchamber, Desdemona a cikin Barci Barci daga Othello, Dokar V, yanayi na 2, na William Satchwell Leney bayan John Graham Cymbeline. Dokar III, yanayin 6 by Thomas Gaugain bayan Richard Westall Shakespeare Ya Shayar da Bala'i da Comedy ta Benjamin Smith bayan George Romney Desdemona a cikin Barci Barci daga Othello, Dokar V, yanayi na 2, na William Satchwell Leney bayan Josiah Boydell Buga mai zane Volume Na</br> Guguwar Dokar I, scene na 2 na James Parker bayan William Hamilton Dokar II, wasan 2 na William Charles Wilson bayan Robert Smirke Ferdinand da Miranda (Dokar III, yanayi na 1) na Anker Smith bayan William Hamilton </br> Biyun Biyun Verona Dokar V, yanayi na 3 na John Ogborne bayan Thomas Stothard </br> Matan Merry na Windsor Mrs. Shafi tare da Harafi (Dokar II, yanayin 1) na Joseph Saunders bayan Matiyu Peters Dokar I, fage na 1 na Musa Haughton bayan Robert Smirke Dokar I, scene na 4 ta Anker Smith bayan Robert Smirke Dokar IV, zane na 1 da Thomas Holloway bayan Robert Smirke Dokar V, yanayi na 5 na William Sharpe bayan Robert Smirke </br> Ma'auni don aunawa Dokar II, fage na 4 daga William Charles Wilson bayan Robert Smirke Dokar ta IV, fage na 3 daga William Charles Wilson bayan Robert Smirke </br> Volume II</br> Barkwancin Kurakurai Dokar I, scene 1 na James Neagle bayan Francis Wheatley Dokar IV, yanayi na 4 na James Stow bayan Francis Wheatley </br> Da yawa Ado Game da Komai Jarumi, Ursula, da Beatrice (Dokar III, yanayin 1) na James Heath bayan Matiyu Peters Borachio, Conrade da Watchmen (Dokar III, yanayi na 3) na George Noble bayan Francis Wheatley Dokar ta IV, ta 1 da Thomas Milton da Testaloni suka yi bayan William Hamilton Gwaji (Dokar IV, yanayin 2) na James Heath bayan Robert Smirke Dokar V, yanayi na 4 na James Fittler bayan Francis Wheatley </br> Labaran Soyayya Ya Bace Dokar IV, scene na 2 na James Neagle bayan Francis Wheatley Dokar V, yanayi na 2 na William Skelton bayan Francis Wheatley </br> Mafarkin Daren bazara Puck (Dokar II, yanayin 1) na James Parker bayan Henry Fuseli Puck (Dokar II, yanayin 2) na Luigi Schiavonetti bayan Joshua Reynolds </br> Juzu'i na III</br> Dan kasuwa na Venice Dokar III, yanayin 2 na George Noble bayan Richard Westall Dokar III, yanayi na 3 na James Parker bayan Richard Westall </br> Kamar yadda kuke so Jacques da Stagen rauni (Dokar II, yanayin 1) na Samuel Middiman bayan William Hodges Dokar II, yanayi na 6 na George Noble bayan Robert Smirke Dokar ta IV, ta uku ta William Charles Wilson bayan Robert Smirke Dokar V, yanayi na 4 ta Luigi Schiavonetti bayan William Hamilton </br> Taming na Shrew Dokar ta IV, ta 1 ta Anker Smith bayan Julius Caesar Ibbetson Dokar ta IV, yanayi na 5 na Isaac Taylor bayan Julius Caesar Ibbetson </br> Duk Lafiya lau Yana Karshe Lafiya Dokar I, scene na 3 na Francis Legat bayan Francis Wheatley Dokar II, yanayi na 3 na Luigi Schiavonetti bayan Francis WheatleyMujalladi na huɗu</br> Dare Na Goma sha biyu Olivia, Viola da Maria (Dokar I, yanayi na 5) na James Caldwell bayan William Hamilton Sir Toby, Sir Andrew da Maria (Dokar II, yanayin 3) na James Fittler bayan William Hamilton Dokar ta IV, ta uku ta William Angus bayan William Hamilton </br> Labarin Hunturu Leontes da Hermione (Dokar II, yanayin 1) na James Fittler bayan William Hamilton Paulina, Yaro, Leontes, da Antigonus (Dokar II, yanayi na 3) daga Francesco Bartolozzi bayan William Hamilton Katin Makiyayi (Dokar IV, yanayi na 3) na Joseph Collyer bayan William Hamilton </br> Macbeth Dokar I, yanayi na 3 na James Stow bayan Richard Westall Dokar III, yanayi na 4 na James Parker bayan Richard Westall Dokar V, yanayi na 1 daga William Charles Wilson bayan Richard Westall </br> Sarki John Dokar IV, yanayi na 3 na Isaac Taylor bayan Robert Ker Porter Dokar III, yanayi na 4 daga Anker Smith bayan Richard Westall </br> Volume V</br> Sarki Richard II Dokar III, yanayi na 2 na James Parker bayan William Hamilton Dokar V, yanayi na 2 na James Stow bayan William Hamilton </br> Sashi na Farko na Sarki Henry IV Dokar II, yanayin 1 na James Fittler bayan Robert Smirke Dokar II, yanayi na 3 na James Neagle bayan Robert Smirke Dokar V, yanayi na 4 na James Neagle bayan Robert Smirke </br> Kashi na biyu na Sarki Henry IV Dokar ta IV, ta 4 ta William Charles Wilson bayan Robert Smirke Dokar V, yanayi na 5 na Joseph Collyer bayan Robert Smirke </br> Sarki Henry V Dokar III, yanayi na 3 na James Stow bayan Richard Westall </br> Umeara VI</br> Sashi na Farko na Sarki Henry VI Dokar II, fage na 4 na John Ogborne bayan Josiah Boydell Dokar II, zane na 5 na Isaac Taylor bayan William Hamilton Mutuwar Mortimer (Dokar II, yanayin 5) na Andrew Gray bayan James Northcote Joan na Arc da Furies (Dokar V, yanayin 4) na Anker Smith bayan William Hamilton </br> Kashi na biyu na Sarki Henry VI Dokar II, wasan 2 na Anker Smith bayan William Hamilton Dokar III, yanayi na 2 na Isaac Taylor bayan William Hamilton Mutuwar Cardinal Beaufort (Dokar III, yanayin 3) na Andrew Gray bayan Joshua Reynolds </br> Kashi na Uku na Sarki Henry VI Dokar III, yanayi na 2 na Thomas Holloway bayan William Hamilton Dokar V, yanayi na 5 na Thomas Holloway bayan William Hamilton </br> Richard III Haɗuwa da Yariman Sarakuna (Dokar III, yanayi na 1) na J. Barlow bayan James Northcote Dokar III, yanayi na 4 daga Anker Smith bayan Richard Westall Murananan Yariman da aka Kashe a cikin Hasumiyar (Dokar ta IV, yanayi na 3) daga James Heath bayan James NorthcoteVolume VII</br> Sarki Henry VIII Dokar I, scene na 4 na Isaac Taylor bayan Thomas Stothard Wolsey ta wulakanta (Dokar III, yanayi na 2) na William Charles Wilson bayan Richard Westall Dokar ta IV, ta 2 ta James Parker bayan Richard Westall Dokar V, yanayi na 1 na William Satchwell Leney bayan Richard Westall </br> Coriolanus Dokar I, yanayi na 3 na James Stow bayan Robert Ker Porter Dokar ta IV, ta 5 ta James Parker bayan Robert Ker Porter </br> Julius Cæsar Dokar III, yanayi na 1 na James Parker bayan Richard Westall Dokar V, yanayi na 5 na George Noble bayan Richard Westall </br> Antony da Cleopatra Dokar ta IV, ta 4 ta Charles Turner Warren da George Noble bayan Henry Tresham Mutuwar Cleopatra (Dokar V, yanayi na 2) na George Noble bayan Henry Tresham </br> Volume VIII</br> Timon na Atina Dokar I, yanayi na 2 na Richard Rhodes bayan Henry Howard Dokar ta IV, ta 1 ta Isaac Taylor bayan Henry Howard </br> Titus Andronicus Dokar II, zane na 3 da Anker Smith ya yi bayan Samuel Woodforde Dokar IV, yanayi na 1 da Burnet Karatu bayan Thomas Kirk Dokar IV, yanayi na 2 na Yakubu Hogg bayan Thomas Kirk </br> Troilus da Cressida Dokar I, yanayi na 2 na Charles Turner Warren bayan Thomas Kirk Dokar V, yanayi na 3 na James Fittler bayan Thomas Kirk </br> Cymbeline Dokar II, yanayi na 2 na James Stow bayan Richard Westall Dokar II, zane na 4 daga William Charles Wilson bayan Richard Westall Dokar III, yanayi na 6 na James Parker bayan Richard Westall </br> Iara IX</br> Sarki Lear Dokar I, yanayin 1 na William Sharpe bayan Robert Smirke Dokar III, yanayi na 4 ta Luigi Schiavonetti bayan Robert Smirke Dokar ta IV, yanayi na 7 daga Anker Smith bayan Robert Smirke </br> Romeo da Juliet Dokar I, kashi na 5 na Anker Smith bayan William Miller Dokar II, wasan 5 na James Parker bayan Robert Smirke Dokar III, yanayi na 5 na James Stow bayan John Francis Rigaud Capulet ya samo Juliet Matattu (Dokar IV, yanayin 5) na Jean Pierre Simon da William Blake bayan John Opie Dokar V, yanayi na 3 na James Heath bayan James Northcote </br> Hamlet Dokar III, yanayi na 4 daga William Charles Wilson bayan Richard Westall Dokar ta IV, yanayi na 7 da James Parker ya yi bayan Richard Westall </br> Othello Dokar IV, yanayi na 2 na Andrew Michel bayan Robert Ker Porter Desdemona Barci (Dokar V, yanayin 2) na Andrew Michel bayan Josiah Boydell Kamar yadda kuke so Dokar II, yanayi na 7 na Robert Thew (lamba. 99), Peltro William Tomkins (lamba. 97), Jean Pierre Simon (lamba. 101, 103), John Ogborne (lamba 98, 100), da William Satchwell Leney (a'a. 102) bayan Robert Smirke Bayanan kula Manazarta Pages with unreviewed

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit

Sanskrit

Sanskrit saṃskṛta-; mai saṃskṛtam, IPA: tɐm] harshe ne na gargajiya mallakar reshen Indo-Aryan na harsunan Indo-European. Ya taso ne a Kudancin Asiya bayan harsunan da suka gabace sa sun bazu a can daga arewa maso yamma a ƙarshen zamanin Bronze. Sanskrit shine harshen Hindu mai tsarki, harshen falsafar Hindu na gargajiya, da na rubutun tarihi na Buddha da Jainism. Ya kasance harshen haɗin gwiwa a zamanin da da na tsakiyar Asiya ta Kudu, kuma bayan watsa al'adun Hindu da Buddha zuwa kudu maso gabashin Asiya, Gabashin Asiya da Asiya ta Tsakiya a farkon zamanin da, ya zama yaren addini da al'adu masu girma, kuma na manyan siyasa. a wasu daga cikin wadannan yankuna. Sakamakon haka, Sanskrit ya yi tasiri mai ɗorewa a kan harsunan Kudancin Asiya, Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya da Gabashin Asiya, musamman a cikin ƙamus ɗinsu na yau da kullun da koyo. Sanskrit gabaɗaya yana nuna nau'ikan yaren Indo-Aryan da yawa. Mafi girma daga cikin waɗannan shine Vedic Sanskrit da aka samu a cikin Rigveda, tarin waƙoƙi 1,028 da kabilun Indo-Aryan suka yi ƙaura daga gabashin Pakistan zuwa arewa maso yammacin Indiya tsakanin 1500 KZ da 1200 KZ. Vedic Sanskrit ya yi hulɗa tare da tsoffin harsunan da suka rigaya sun kasance na yanki, suna ɗaukar sunayen sabbin tsirrai da dabbobi; bugu da kari, tsoffin harsunan Dravidian sun rinjayi salon sauti na Sanskrit. Sanskrit kuma yana iya ƙara kunkuntar zuwa ga Sanskrit na gargajiya, ingantaccen tsari kuma daidaitacce na nahawu wanda ya fito a tsakiyar karni na 1 KZ kuma an daidaita shi a cikin mafi ƙarancin nahawu na zamanin da, Aṣṭādhyāyī ('surori takwas') na Pāṇini. Babban ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a Sanskrit, Kālidāsa, ya rubuta a cikin Sanskrit na gargajiya, kuma an fara bayanin tushen ilimin lissafi na zamani a cikin Sanskrit na gargajiya. Manyan almara guda biyu na Sanskrit, Mahābhārata da Rāmāyaṇa, duk da haka, an haɗa su cikin kewayon rajistar labarun baka da ake kira Epic Sanskrit wanda aka yi amfani da shi a arewacin Indiya tsakanin 400 KZ da 300 CE, kuma kusan. na zamani tare da Sanskrit na gargajiya. A cikin ƙarnuka masu zuwa, Sanskrit ya zama mai ɗaure al'ada, ya daina koyo a matsayin yaren farko, kuma a ƙarshe ya daina haɓaka a matsayin harshe mai rai. Waƙoƙin Rigveda sun yi kama da mafi kyawun kasidu na iyalai na Iran da Girkanci, Gathas na tsohon Avestan da Iliad na Homer. Kamar yadda Rigveda aka watsa ta baki ta hanyoyin haddace na musamman hadaddun, tsauri da aminci, a matsayin rubutu guda ɗaya ba tare da bambance-bambancen karatu ba, da aka kiyaye ta archaic syntax da ilimin halittar jiki suna da mahimmanci mahimmanci a cikin sake ginawa. harshen magabata na gama gari Proto-Indo-European. Sanskrit ba shi da ingantaccen rubutun ɗan ƙasa: daga kusan ƙarshen karni na 1st CE, an rubuta shi a cikin rubutun Brahmic daban-daban, kuma a cikin zamani na yau da kullun a Devanagari. [lower-alpha 1] An gane matsayin Sanskrit, aiki, da wuri a cikin al'adun gargajiyar Indiya ta hanyar shigar da shi cikin Tsarin Tsarin Harsunan Jadawali na takwas na Indiya. Koyaya, duk da ƙoƙarin farfaɗowa, babu masu magana da harshen farko na Sanskrit a Indiya. A cikin kowace ƙidayar shekara ta Indiya na baya-bayan nan, 'yan ƙasa dubu da yawa sun ba da rahoton Sanskrit ya zama yarensu na asali, amma ana tsammanin lambobin suna nuna buri na daidaitawa da martabar harshen. An koyar da Sanskrit a cikin gurukulas na gargajiya tun zamanin da; ana koyar da shi a yau a matakin sakandare. Kwalejin Sanskrit mafi tsufa ita ce Kwalejin Benares Sanskrit da aka kafa a 1791 yayin mulkin Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya. Ana ci gaba da amfani da Sanskrit sosai a matsayin harshe na biki da al'ada a cikin waƙoƙin Hindu da na Buddha da waƙoƙi. Etymology da nomenclature A cikin Sanskrit, sifa na fi'ili sáṃskṛta- kalma ce da ta ƙunshi ('tare, mai kyau, da kyau, cikakke') da -('made, formed, aiki'). Yana nuni da aikin da aka “shirya da kyau, tsarkakakke kuma cikakke, goge, mai tsarki”. A cewar Biderman, kamalar mahallin da ake magana a kai a cikin asalin asalin kalmar shine tonal-maimakon ma'anar-halaye. Sauti da watsawa na baka sun kasance halaye masu kima sosai a tsohuwar Indiya, kuma masu hikimarta sun tace haruffa, tsarin kalmomi da ainihin nahawunsu cikin “tarin sauti, wani nau’in kyakyawan kyawon kide-kide”, in ji Biderman, a matsayin harshe na gama-gari. ake kira Sanskrit. Daga ƙarshen lokacin Vedic zuwa gaba, jihar Annette Wilke da Oliver Moebus, sauti mai raɗaɗi da tushe na kaɗe-kaɗe sun jawo "madaidaicin adadin litattafan harshe, falsafa da na addini" a Indiya. An hango sauti a matsayin "mafificin dukkan halitta", wani wakilcin duniya kanta; "Maganin ban mamaki" na tunanin Hindu. Neman kamala a cikin tunani da makasudin 'yanci na daga cikin ma'auni na sauti mai tsarki, kuma zaren gama gari wanda ya sadar da dukkan ra'ayoyi da zaburarwa tare ya zama neman abin da Indiyawan da suka yi imani da shi ya zama cikakken yare, "phonocentric episteme". ta Sanskrit. Sanskrit a matsayin yare ya yi gogayya da yarukan Indiya da yawa, marasa madaidaicin harsunan Indiya da ake kira Prakritic harsuna (prākṛta). Kalmar a zahiri tana nufin "na asali, na halitta, na al'ada, mara fasaha", in ji Franklin Southworth. Dangantakar da ke tsakanin Prakrit da Sanskrit tana samuwa a cikin matani na Indiya da aka kwanan wata zuwa karni na 1 AZ. Patañjali ya yarda cewa Prakrit shine yaren farko, wanda kowane yaro ya karbe shi da dukkan kurakuren sa kuma daga baya yana haifar da matsalolin fassara da rashin fahimta. Tsarin tsarkakewa na harshen Sanskrit yana kawar da waɗannan kurakurai. Mawallafin nahawu na Sanskrit na farko Daṇḍin ya bayyana, alal misali, cewa yawancin harsunan Prakrit sun samo asali ne a cikin Sanskrit, amma ya ƙunshi "asarar sautuna" da lalata da ke haifar da "rashin kula da nahawu". Daṇḍin ya yarda cewa akwai kalmomi da tsarin ruɗani a cikin Prakrit waɗanda ke bunƙasa ba tare da Sanskrit ba. Ana samun wannan ra'ayi a cikin rubutun Bharata Muni, marubucin tsohuwar rubutun Natya Shastra. Masanin Jain na farko Namisādhu ya yarda da bambancin, amma ya ƙi yarda cewa yaren Prakrit lalata ne na Sanskrit. Namisādhu ya bayyana cewa yaren Prakrit shine ('ya zo gabanin, asali') kuma ya zo ga yara bisa ga dabi'a, yayin da Sanskrit ya kasance gyaran Prakrit ta hanyar "tsarkake ta hanyar nahawu". Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

26483

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27A%27isha%20al-Ba%27uniyya

'A'isha al-Ba'uniyya

Ā'ishah bint Yūsuf ūniyyah ta rasu a rana ta goma sha shida na Dhū al-Qa'dah, 922/1517) malamar Sufi ce kuma mawaki. Tana ɗaya daga cikin mata masu kishin Islama na tsaka -tsaki waɗanda suka rubuta ra'ayoyinsu a rubuce, kuma "tabbas ta haɗa ayyuka da yawa cikin Larabci fiye da kowace mace kafin ƙarni na ashirin". 'A cikin ta hazaƙan adabi da halayen Safiyya na iyalinta sun cika'. An haife ta kuma ta mutu a Damascus Rayuwa Mahaifinta Yūsuf (haifaffen Urushalima, 805/1402-ya mutu a Damascus, shekara ta 880/1475) ya kasance qadi a Safed, Tripoli, Aleppo, da Damascus, kuma memba ne na fitaccen dangin ūnī, wanda aka sani a cikin karni na sha biyar don malamai, mawaka da malaman fikihu. Kamar mahaifinta Ā'ishah mahaifinta ne ya koyar da ita, tare da sauran 'yan uwa, karatun Alqur'ani, hadisi, fikihu, da waƙa, da kuma da'awarta, tun tana shekara takwas, Ā'ishah hafiza ce. (ta koyi Qur'ani da zuciya). A halin yanzu, manyan malaman Sufi su ne Jamāl al-Dīn Ismā'īl al-Ḥawwārī (fl. Ƙarshen ƙarni na tara/goma sha biyar) da magajinsa Muḥyī al-Dīn Yaḥyá al-Urmawī (fl. wanda ta girmama sosai. Wataƙila a cikin 1475, Ā'ishah ta yi aikin hajji a Makka. Ta auri Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad Ibn Naqīb al-Ashrāf (d. 909/1503), daga fitaccen 'dangin Alid na Dimashƙu, su ma sun shahara da ilimin su; ta lissafin 'Ā'ishah, Amad ya fito ne daga' yar Mu'ammad Fa'imah da mijinta 'Ali, ta hanyar ɗansu al-aynusayn. 'Ā'ishah da Ahmad sun haifi' ya'ya biyu da aka sani, ɗa, Abd al-Wahhāb (b. 897/1489), da 'yarsa Barakah (b. 899/1491). Karatu a Alkahira da mutuwa A cikin shekara ta 919/1513, 'Ā'ishah da ɗanta sun ƙaura daga Damascus zuwa Alkahira, sun dawo Damascus a shekara ta 923/1517. Manufar Ā'ishah ita ce ta tabbatar da aikin ɗanta. A kan hanya, bandan fashi sun kai wa ayarinsu hari kusa da Bilbeis, waɗanda suka sace dukiyoyinsu, gami da rubuce -rubucen Ā'ishah. Ya bayyana cewa a Alkahira, Maḥmūd ibn Muḥammad ibn Ajā ne ya karɓi baƙuncin ta da ɗanta (b. 854/1450, d. 925/1519), wanda ya kasance sakatare na sirri kuma ministan harkokin waje ga sarkin Mamluk al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri (d. 922/1516). Ibn Ajā ya taimaka wa Abd al-Wahhāb ya sami aiki a cikin kantin kayan abinci kuma ya taimaka wa Ā'ishah ta shiga cikin da'irar hankali ta Alkahira; 'Ā'ishah ta ci gaba da rubuta masa' ƙalubale masu yawan haske A Alkahira, 'Ā'ishah ta karanci shari'a kuma an ba ta lasisin yin karatu a shari'a da bayar da fatawa (ra'ayoyin shari'a); "ta sami karbuwa sosai a matsayinta na masanin shari'a". 'Ā'ishah ta bar Alkahira a shekara ta 922/1516, tare da ɗanta da Ibn Ajā, tare da al-Badr al-Suyūfī (c. 850-925/1446–1519), al-Shams al-Safīrī (877-956/1472) –1549), da wasu sanannun masana, an ba su masu sauraro tare da Sultan Qansuh al-Ghawri a Aleppo jim kaɗan kafin shan kashi a Yaƙin Marj Dabiq 'wani abin al'ajabi wanda ya dace da rayuwar ta ta musamman'. Daga nan Ā'ishah ta koma Damascus, inda ta rasu a 923/1517. Ā'ishah "ta gaji 'yancin kai na tunani da hangen nesa wanda ake gani a cikin kawancen ta tare da mutanen zamanin ta daidai gwargwado". Don haka ta kasance abokiyar Abu 'al-Thanā' Maḥmūd b. Ajā, wanda shine ṣāḥib dawāwīn na zamanin Mamluk, kuma yayi daidai, a cikin aya, tare da masanin Masar 'Abd al-Raḥmān al-'Abbāsī (b. 867/1463, d. 963/1557). 'Ya bayyana a bayyane daga tarihin Ā'ishah da kuma daga tsokacin da ta yi a rubuce -rubucen ta cewa an ɗauke ta a matsayin mace mai ibada kuma shugabar Sufi.' Ayyuka Jerin ayyukan A cewar Th. Emil Homerin, tarihin aikin Ā'ishah har yanzu ba a san shi ba, kuma tabbas mafi yawa sun ɓace, amma sanannun ayyukan Ā'ishah sune kamar haka: Dīwān al-Bā'ūniyyah (tarin waƙoƙi) Durar al-ghā'iṣ fī baḥr al-Mu'jizāt wa 'l-kha-ṣā'iṣ al-Fatḥ al-ḥaqqī min fayḥ al-talaqqī (Inspiration na Gaskiya, daga Ƙamshin Turaren Ilmin Asiri (batacce) al-Fatḥ al-mubīn fī madḥ al-amīn al-Fatḥ al-qarīb fī mi'rāq al-ḥabīb Fayil al-faḍl wa-jam 'al-shaml Fayḍ al-wafā fī asmā 'al-muṣṭafā al-Ishārāt al-khafiyyah fī 'l-Manāzi al-'aliyyah (Alamun Boye, akan "Maɗaukaka Tashoshi") (batattu) Madad al-wadūd fī mawlid al-maḥmūd (Taimakon Allah Mai Ƙauna, a Haihuwar Annabi Mai Godiya) (batacce) al-Malāmiḥ al-sharīfah min al-āthār al-laṭīfah (Manyan Siffofin, akan Rahoto Mai Kyau) (batattu) al-Mawrid al-ahnā fī 'mawlid al-asnā al-Munktakhab fī uṣūl al-rutab (Zaɓuɓɓuka akan Asusun Tashoshi) al-Qawl al-ṣaḥīḥ fī takhmīs Burdat al-madīḥ (Amintattun Kalmomi, a kan Quintains na "Mantle of Eulogy") Salatul-salām fī faḍl al-salal wa 'salām (Kyaututtukan Salama, akan Albarka da Sallama) (batattu) Tashrīf al-fikr fī naẓm fawā'id al-zikr al-Zubdah fī takhmīs al-Burdah (The Fresh Cream Quintain of "The Mantle") (batacce) Baya ga waɗannan, Ā'ishah ta daidaita da wasu matani. Homerin ya kuma buga wasu daga cikin fassarar ayyukan Ā'ishah zuwa Turanci: Th. Emil Homerin, 'Soyayyar Rayuwa: Rubutun Asiri na Ā'ishah ūniyyah (d. 922/1516)', Binciken Nazarin Mamluk, 7 (2003), 211-34 al-Fatḥ al-mubīn fī madḥ al-amīn Mafi shaharar aikin Ā'ishah ita ce al-Fatḥ al-mubīn fī madḥ al-amīn (bayyananniyar wahayi, kan Yabo ga Amintaccen), Bad'i'iyya mai ayoyi 130 (wani tsari da aka tsara don misalta mugun magana ko na'urorin magana a cikin waƙar waka, tare da kowace aya tana nuna wata na’ura) don yabon annabin musulunci Muhammad. Yin ishara ga kusan mawaƙa hamsin da suka gabata, aikin yana jaddada faɗin karatun Ā'ishah. Wannan rubutu 'babu shakka' ya yi wahayi zuwa ga Nasamāt al-Azhār na Abd al-Ghanī al-Nābulusī marubutan biyu sun yi rakiyar nasu badiya'i tare da sharhi. Fayḍ al-faḍl wa-jam 'al-shaml Fayḍ al-faḍl wa-jam 'al-shaml (The Emanation of Grace and the Gathering of the Union) tarin tarin waƙoƙi sama da 300 a ciki inda Ā'ishah' ta bayyana jihohin sihiri tare da yabawa daban-daban Muhammad, wanda ya kafa umarninta. 'Abd al-Qadir Jilani, da shaihunnan Sufi nata. Ta yi amfani da kalmomin kalmomin Sufi na fasaha da abubuwan da aka saba amfani da sufi kamar su ruwan inabi da ƙauna a cikin waƙoƙin ta Da alama sun yi zamani tun daga rayuwar Ā'ishah har zuwa lokacin da ta ƙaura zuwa Alkahira, kuma sun nuna umurnin ta kusan dukkan nau'ikan waƙoƙin Larabci na lokacin. Bugawa al-Mawrid al-ahnā fī 'mawlid al-asnā da al-Fatḥ al-mubīn fī madḥ al-amīn, a cikin Ā'ishah al-Bā'ūniyyah al-Dimashqiyyah, ed. F. al-'Alawī (Damascus: Dār Ma'add, 1994) Dīwān Fayḍ al-faḍl al-shaml, ed. by Mahdī ad Arār (Bayrūt Dār al-Kutub al-lIlmīyah, 2010). Manazarta Mata Marubuta Mata Mata Mawaka Pages with unreviewed

19930

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bawa%20Muhaiyaddeen

Bawa Muhaiyaddeen

Muhammad Raheem Bawa Muhaiyaddeen wanda aka fi sani da Bawa (An haife shi a shekarar 1900-ya rasu 8 Disamban shekarata 1986). ya kasance malami mai magana da yaren Tamil kuma Sufi sufi daga Sri Lanka wanda ya zo Amurka a shekara ta 1971, ya kafa mabiya, Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship a Philadelphia Ya haɓaka rassa a Amurka, Kanada, Ostiraliya da Burtaniya yana ƙarawa zuwa ƙungiyoyin da ke akwai a Jaffna da Colombo, Sri Lanka. An san shi da koyarwarsa, jawabai, waƙoƙi, da zane-zane. Rayuwar farko Ko da yake ba a san komai game da rayuwarsa ta farko ba, aikin Bawa Muhaiyaddeen ya fara ne a kasar Sri Lanka a farkon shekara ta 1940s, lokacin da ya fito daga dajin arewacin Sri Lanka. Bawa ya sadu da mahajjata waɗanda ke ziyartar wuraren bauta a arewa, kuma sannu-sannu ya zama sananne sosai. Akwai rahotanni game da mafarki ko haɗuwa da Bawa waɗanda suka gabaci saduwa da jiki. A cewar wani lissafi daga shekara ta 1940, Bawa ya dau lokaci a Kataragama wani wurin bauta a dajin kudu da kuma tsibirin, da kuma a cikin 'Jailani', wani wurin ibada na tsauni da aka keɓe wa Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani na Baghdad, wani tarayyar da ke alakanta shi da tsarin Qadiriyya na Sufanci. Yawancin mabiyansa waɗanda ke zaune a kewayen arewacin garin Jaffna 'yan Hindu ne kuma sun yi masa magana a matsayin swami ko guru, inda ya kasance mai warkarwa da imani na kuma ya warkar da mallakar aljanu Bayan haka, mabiyansa sun kafa ashram a Jaffna, da gona a kudu da garin. Bayan ya sadu da matafiya daga kudu, an kuma gayyace shi ya ziyarci Colombo, babban birnin Sri Lanka, a lokacin Ceylon. Zuwa shekara ta v1967, 'erenalibai ɗaliban Colombo waɗanda galibinsu Musulmai ne suka kafa' Serendib Sufi Study Circle A farkon shekara ta 1955, Bawa ya kafa harsashin ginin 'gidan Allah' ko masallaci a garin Mankumban, a gabar arewa. Wannan sakamakon sakamakon "gogewa ta ruhaniya tare da Maryamu, mahaifiyar Yesu." Bayan shekaru 20, ɗalibai daga Amurka waɗanda ke ziyarar Jaffna ashram suka gama ginin. An buɗe ta a hukumance kuma an sadaukar da ita a shekarar 1975. Bawa ya koyar ta amfani da labarai da tatsuniyoyi, wanda ya nuna asalin ɗalibin ko mai sauraren sa kuma ya haɗa da Hindu, Buddha, Bayahude, Kirista, da al'adun addinan musulmai; da kuma maraba da mutane daga dukkan al'adu da al'adu. Yi aiki a Amurka A cikin shekara ta 1971, an gayyaci Bawa zuwa kasar Amurka kuma daga baya ya koma Philadelphia, kafa mabiya, kuma ya kafa Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship a cikin shekara ta 1973. Gidan taron zumunci ya gabatar da taron jama'a na mako-mako. Kamar yadda yake a kasar Sri Lanka, Bawa ya sami cigaba tsakanin mabiya addinai, zamantakewa da ƙabila daban-daban, waɗanda suka zo Philadelphia don sauraron maganarsa A cikin Amurka, ƙasar Kanada da Ingila, malaman addini, 'yan jaridu, malamai da shugabanni sun amince da shi. Mataimakin Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Robert Muller, ya nemi jagorar Bawa a madadin 'yan adam yayin ganawa a shekara ta 1974. A lokacin rikicin garkuwa da mutanen Iran na shekara ta 1978-1980, ya rubuta wasika zuwa ga shugabannin duniya da suka hada da Khomeini na Iran, Firayim Minista Begin, Shugaba Sadat da Shugaba Carter don karfafa sasanta rikicin cikin lumana. Mujallar Times, a lokacin rikicin a shekarar 1980, ta ambato Bawa yana cewa lokacin da Iraniyawa suka fahimci Kur'ani "za su saki wadanda aka yi garkuwar da su nan take." Tattaunawa da Bawa sun bayyana a cikin Psychology A yau, Harvard Divinity Bulletin, da kuma a cikin Filadelfia Inquirer da kuma Pittsburgh Press Ya ci gaba da koyarwa har zuwa rasuwarsa a ranar 8 ga Disamba, 1986. A Bayansa A watan Mayu, na shekara ta 1984, an kammala Masallacin Shaikh MR Bawa Muhaiyaddeen a kan kayan Philadelphia na Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship, a kan Overbrook Avenue. Ginin ya ɗauki watanni 6 kuma kusan dukkanin aikin membobin ƙungiyar ne suka yi shi ƙarƙashin jagorancin Bawa. Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship Farm ne a Chester County, Pennsylvania, kudu da Coatesville da prominently siffofi Bawa ta kabarin, ko Mazar Ginin ya fara jim kaɗan bayan mutuwarsa kuma an kammala shi a cikin shekara ta 1987. Wuri ne na mabiya addinai. Bawa ya kafa cin ganyayyaki a matsayin ƙa'idar mabiyansa kuma ba a ba da izinin kayan nama a cibiyar tarayya ko gona ba. Bawa ya kirkiro zane-zane da zane wanda ke nuna alaƙar da ke tsakanin mutum da Allah, yana mai bayyana aikin fasaharsa a matsayin "aikin zuciya." Misalai guda biyu an sake buga su a cikin littafinsa na Hikimar Mutum wani kuma shine bangon gaban littafin na Matakai Hudu zuwa Tsarkake Iman A cikin 1976, Bawa ya yi rikodin kuma ya fitar da kundin faifai na tunani, a kan Folkways Records mai taken, Cikin Sirrin Zuciya daga Guru Bawa Muhaiyaddeen. A Amurka, daga shekara ta 1971 zuwa shekara ta 1986, Bawa ya wallafa littattafai sama da ashirin da biyar, wanda aka kirkira daga sama da awanni 10,000 na rikodin sauti da bidiyo na jawabansa da wakokinsa. Wasu taken sun samo asali ne daga Sri Lanka kafin isowarsa Amurka kuma an sake rubuta su daga baya. Baungiyar Bawa Muhaiyaddeen tana ci gaba da karatu da kuma yada wannan ma'ajiyar koyarwar tasa. Ba ta sanya sabon shugaba ko Sheik don maye gurbin matsayinsa na malami da jagorar kansa ba. Laqabinsa da girmamawa Bawa Muhaiyaddeen ana kiransa Guru, Swami, Sheikh ko Mai Martaba ya danganta da asalin mai magana ko marubucin. Ya aka ma jawabi kamar yadda Bawangal da wadanda Tamil jawabai da suke kusa da shi, shi da wanda ya so ya yi amfani da wani m adireshin.Ya sau da yawa kira kansa a matsayin 'tururuwa mutum', watau, wani sosai kananan rayuwa a cikin halittar Allah. Bayan isowarsa Amurka, ana kiransa da Guru Bawa ko kuma kawai Bawa, kuma ya kafa ƙungiyar. Zuwa shekara ta 1976, ya ji cewa wasu waɗanda ba malamai na gaske ba sun wulaƙanta taken 'guru' kuma ya bar taken Guru, tare da ƙungiyar ta zama Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship Ya zuwa shekara ta 2007, ɗalibansa sun yi amfani da Kutb mai daraja a cikin wallafe-wallafen maganganun nasa. Qutb yana nufin sanda ko axis, kuma yana nuna cibiyar ruhaniya. Sunan Muhaiyaddeen na nufin 'mai rayarwa zuwa imani na gaskiya' kuma an danganta shi da Kutub da suka gabata. Bayanansa "Sallolin da kuke yi, ayyukan da kuke yi, sadaka da kauna da kuke bayar daidai yake da digo ɗaya. Amma idan kuka yi amfani da wannan digo guda, ku ci gaba da aikinku, kuma ku ci gaba da tonowa a ciki, to sai mabudin falalar Allah da halayensa za su gudana a yalwace. "Mutanen da suke da hikima sun san cewa yana da muhimmanci su gyara kuskurensu, yayin da mutane ba tare da hikima ba suke ganin ya zama dole a nuna kuskuren wasu. Mutanen da ke da ƙaƙƙarfan bangaskiya sun san cewa yana da mahimmanci a tsabtace zukatansu, yayin da waɗanda ke da bangaskiya mara ƙarfi suna neman ɓata cikin zukatan wasu da addu'o'insu. Wannan ya zama dabi'a a rayuwarsu. Amma wadanda suka roki Allah da imani da azama da yakini sun san cewa mafi muhimmanci a rayuwa shi ne mika zukatansu ga Allah "Abubuwan da suka canza ba shine ainihin rayuwar mu ba. A cikinmu akwai wani jiki, wani kyau. Na wannan hasken haske ne wanda baya canzawa. Dole ne mu gano yadda ake cudanya da shi kuma mu zama ɗaya da wannan abin da ba ya canzawa. Dole ne mu gane kuma mu fahimci wannan taskar gaskiya. Don haka ne muka zo duniya "Loveaunar ku, yayana. Kadan ne cikin mutane zasu yarda da maganin hikima. Hankali ya ƙi hikima. Amma idan kun yarda da yarda da shi, za ku sami alherin, kuma lokacin da kuka sami wannan alherin, kuna da halaye masu kyau. Lokacin da kuka sami halaye masu kyau, zaku san ƙauna ta gaskiya, kuma idan kuka karɓi soyayya, za ku ga haske. Lokacin da kuka karɓi haske, za ku ga ƙyalli, kuma idan kuka karɓi wannan ƙyallen, dukiyar duniyan nan uku za ta cika a cikinku. Da wannan cikakkiyar, za ku karɓi mulkin Allah, kuma za ku san Ubanku. Idan kuka ga Mahaifinku, duk alaƙar ku da karma, yunwa, cuta, tsufa zai bar ku. Jikokina, wannan shine yadda abubuwa suke da gaske. Dole ne muyi komai tare da kauna a cikin zukatanmu. Allah na kowa ne. Ya ba da gama gari ga dukan halittunsa, kuma kada mu ɗauka da kanmu. Kada mu dauki fiye da rabonmu. Dole ne zukatanmu su narke da kauna, dole ne mu raba komai da wasu, kuma dole ne mu bayar da kauna don sanya wasu cikin lumana. Sa'annan zamuyi nasarar kyan mu na gaske da kuma kwatowar ruhin mu. Da fatan za a yi tunani a kan wannan. Addu'a, halayen Allah, ayyukan Allah, imani da Allah, da kuma bautar Allah su ne falalar ku. Idan kana da wadannan, Allah zai zama naka kuma arzikin lahira zai zama naka. Jikokina, ku fahimci hakan a rayuwar ku. Ka yi la’akari da rayuwarka, ka nemi hikima, ka nemi ilimi, ka kuma nemi wannan kaunar Allah wanda yake ilmin Allah ne, ka kuma bincika halayensa, da kaunarsa, da ayyukansa. Hakan zai yi kyau. Amin. Ya Rabbal-'alamin. Haka abin ya kasance. Ya Sarkin talikai. Allah Ya ba ku wannan. "Allah yana da gida a cikin zuciyarmu. Dole ne mu sami gida a cikin gidan Allah a cikin zuciyarmu Bawa Mahaiyaddeen ya raba shi cikin tattaunawa tare da mai ba da shawara ga marasa gida a yankin Muhaiyaddeen da ke Philadelphia 1986. Rubutunsa da Dalibansa da Sauransu Littattafan mabiyansa da wasu game da MR Bawa Muhaiyaddeen sun hada da: Littafin Mai Mallaka ga Beingan Adam ta Mitch Gilbert, mai buga Haske mai haske, 2005, Hasken Haske: Sallah ta Sau 5 na Sufaye na Coleman Barks da Michael Green, mai wallafa Ballantine Wellspring, 2000, A cewar mawallafin, littafin "ya gabatar da gabatarwa mai gamsarwa game da hikima da koyarwar masoyinka Sufi na wannan zamani Bawa Muhaiyaddeen, wanda ya kawo sabuwar rayuwa ga wannan al'adar ta sihiri ta hanyar bude hanya zuwa ga zurfinta, hakikanin duniya. Ayyuka ne na ƙauna na sanannun ɗalibai biyu na Bawa, Coleman Barks da Michael Green, waɗanda kuma suka ƙirƙira Hasken Hasken Rumi Wata Waƙa: Wani Sabon Haske mai Rumi na Michael Green, Mawallafin Gudanar da Labarai, 2005, Shekaruna Na tare da Kutub: Tafiya a Aljanna daga Farfesa Sharon Marcus, mawallafin Sufi Press, 2007, Hotunan MIRROR da Tunani kan Rayuwa tare da MR Bawa Muhaiyaddeen (Ral.) Na Chloë Le Pichon da Dwaraka Ganesan da Saburah Posner da Sulaiha Schwartz, waɗanda Chloë Le Pichon suka buga a ɓoye, 2010, Pageaukar hoto mai girma mai shafuka 237 tare da sharhi daga masu ba da gudummawa 78. Rayuwa tare da Guru ta Dr. Art Hochberg, mai wallafa Kalima, 2014, Elixir na Gaskiya: Tafiya a kan Tafarkin Sufanci, Juzu'i na ɗaya daga Musa Muhaiyaddeen, Shaida A cikin mawallafi, 2013, Neman Hanyar Gida ta Dr. Lockwood Rush, Ilm House m, 2007, GPS don Rai: Hikimar Jagora ta Dana Hayne, BalboaPress m, 2017, Coleman Barks, wani mawaƙi kuma mai fassara zuwa Turanci na ayyukan mawaƙin Musulmin Sunni na ƙarni na 13 Jalāl ad-Dīn Muḥammad Rūmī, ya bayyana haɗuwa da Bawa Muhaiyaddeen a cikin mafarki a cikin shekara ta 1977. Bayan wannan kwarewa ya fara fassara baitocin Rumi. Daga karshe Coleman ya hadu da Bawa Muhaiyaddeen a watan Satumba, na shekara ta 1978 kuma ya ci gaba da yin mafarki inda zai sami koyarwa. Coleman ya kamanta Bawa Muhaiyaddeen da Rumi da Shams Tabrizi, abokin Rumi. Artist Michael Green yayi aiki tare da Coleman Barks don samar da fasali na ayyukan Rumi. A cikin "Shaidan Mai Shuɗi", Michael Muhammad Knight yayi ƙoƙari ya karɓi saƙo daga Bawa a cikin mafarki, a wata hanyar Sufi da ake kira istikhara Yana tafiya zuwa mazar ɗin kuma ba tare da nasara ba yayi ƙoƙari ya yi bacci a kan matasai, amma mai tsaron filayen ne ya tashe shi. Kun bincika koyarwar Bawa a cikin kundin waƙoƙin su na huɗu, Duk Hauka ne! Duk Karya Ne! Duk Mafarki Ne! Yayi kyau Labarin malamin na "The Fox, the Crow, and Cookie" daga Loveaunar Ku Mya Childrenana: Labari na 101 ga Yara an faɗi shi da labarinsa game da "Sarki Beetle" daga Hikimar Allah mai Haskakawa wanda ke Warwatsa Duhu. Duba kuma Sufi Jerin Sufaye Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Shafin Wikiwaote Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Yanar Gizo Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Gidan Yanar Sadarwar Gona Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Serendib Sufi Karatun Yanar Gizo Labarin Malami da Bayanan karatu Al'adar Gargajiya da Bidi'a a Zamanin Addinin Addinin Musulunci na Amurka: Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship Babi na 4 na Muslimungiyoyin Musulmai a Arewacin Amurka na Gisela Webb, Farfesa na Nazarin Addini a Jami'ar Seton Hall Wave Sufism Na Uku a Amurka da Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship Fasali na 4 na Sufanci a Yammacin Gisela Webb, Farfesan Nazarin Addini a Jami'ar Seton Hall Da yake magana da Sufis Fasali na 11 na Tattaunawar Addinai da Canjin Al'adu daga Frank J. Korom, Farfesa na Addini da Anthropology a Jami'ar Boston Doguwa da kasancewa a wata tsarkakakkiyar bauta ta Su abroadasashen waje Fasali na 4 na Islama, Sufanci da Siyasar Yau da kullun game da Kudancin Asiya ta Frank J. Korom, Farfesa na Addini da Anthropology a Jami'ar Boston Masjids, Ashrams da Mazars: Sufancin nasashen waje da Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship Wilfrid Laurier University Ph.D. takaddar M. Shobhana Xavier Bawa Muhaiyaddeen: Nazarin Makaranta Addini a Jami'ar Haikali Ph.D. Bayanin daga Saiyida Zakiya Hasna Islam, Agusta 2017 Shin Sufaye Suke Mafarkin Shehunan lantarki? Matsayin Fasaha a tsakanin Religungiyoyin Addini na Amurka Jami'ar Florida MA rubuce rubuce daga Jason Ladon Keel ZANGO: Theungiyar Bawa Muhaiyaddeen da theabi'ar Unity Haverford Takardar Kwalejin Benjamin Snyder Littattafan Layi da Bidiyo Littattafan MR Bawa Muhaiyaddeen akan layi a Littattafai. Google. Com "Lu'u-lu'u na Hikima (Guru Mani)", Serendib Sufi Nazarin Da'irar littafin maganganu daga 1940s da aka fassara zuwa Turanci kuma aka buga Janairu, 2000. "Hikimar Allahntaka Kashi Na 5", Serendib Sufi Study Circle bazawa. Maganganun bidiyo "Loveauna ta Gaskiya", Fabrairu 9, 1980, Philadelphia, 55 min. Maganganu na bidiyo "Gaskoki Na Gaskiya na Dhikr", (mai yin zikirin Allah koyaushe), Lex Hixon Interview, 18 ga Mayu, 1975, gidan rediyon WBAI Radio, Birnin New York, 60 min. Enaddamar da jawabai da karatuttuka "Loveaunar Duk Rayuwa a Matsayinku", jawaban da aka rubuta a watan Nuwamba 9,1980 da Satumba 30,1983, 28 min. Tattaunawar Bidiyo "Koyon Wani Mutum Tururuwa" 18 ga Mayu, 1975, Cocin St. Peter, Birnin New York, 83 min. Ganawa tare da Bawa Muhaiyaddeen a Philadelphia a Kindred Spirits jama'a rediyo show by David Freudberg Sauran Hanyoyin Sadarwar Waje Mafarkin Coleman Bark na Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Guru Bawa Muhaiyaddeen ya shiga cikin Sirrin Zuciya a Smithsonian Folkways Musulman Sri lanka Sufi Sufaye Pages with unreviewed

42964

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98ungiyar%20%C6%99wallon%20kafa%20ta%20Togo

Ƙungiyar ƙwallon kafa ta Togo

Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Togo, tana wakiltar Togo a wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasa da ƙasa kuma hukumar kula da wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Togo ce ke tafiyar da ita. Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Togo ta fara shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a shekara ta 2006. Motar tawagarsu ta fuskanci wani mummunan hari a Angola kafin gasar cin kofin Afrika ta shekarar 2010 Sun janye daga gasar kuma daga bisani hukumar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Afirka (CAF) ta dakatar da su daga shiga gasar. A shekara ta 2013 a karon farko a tarihi, Togo ta kai wasan daf da na kusa da na ƙarshe a gasar cin kofin Afrika Tawagar tana wakiltar duka FIFA da kuma Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Afirka (CAF). Tarihi Sun fara bayyanar da gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a tarihinsu a shekara ta 2006, bayan da Stephen Keshi ya horas da su a duk lokacin yakin neman zaɓen Kocin Jamus Otto Pfister ne ya jagoranci ƙungiyar a wasan ƙarshe, duk da cewa ya kuma yi murabus kwanaki uku kafin wasansu na farko kan taƙaddamar alawus alawus din 'yan wasa, sai dai 'yan wasan sun shawo kan su dawo. Kafin samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1960, an san ƙungiyar da sunan Faransa Togoland Gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2006 Togo ta yi rashin nasara a wasanta na farko na gasar cin kofin duniya, duk da cewa ta jagoranci ƙasar Koriya ta Kudu ta hanyar cin ƙwallo ta hannun Mohamed Kader Bayan an dawo daga hutun rabin lokaci ne aka kori Jean-Paul Abalo bayan mintuna 55, kuma ƙwallayen da Lee Chun-Soo da Ahn Jung-Hwan suka zura a ragar Togo ta doke su da ci 2-1. Ƙasar Togo ta gaba a rukunin G ita ce Switzerland, inda za a buga wasan da yammacin ranar 19 ga watan Yuni. Duk da haka, tawagar Togo da manajan Pfister sun yi barazanar ƙin cika ƙa'idar da kuma ɗaukar matakin yajin aiki An ambato 'yan wasan da manaja suna neman a biya su daga Hukumar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Togo don halartar gasar kusan 155,000 US 192,000) tare da ƙari don cin nasara ko canjaras. FIFA ta tattauna da 'yan wasan da manaja a ranar 17 ga watan Yuni, inda ta shawo kansu su tafi Dortmund cikin lokaci don cika wasan; ƙwallaye daga Alexander Frei da Tranquillo Barnetta sun haifar da rashin nasara da ci 2-0. Daga baya FIFA ta ci tarar CHF 100,000 ga hukumar Togo saboda "halayen da ba su cancanci shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ba." Wasan ƙarshe na rukuni na Togo da Faransa ya kare da ci 2-0. Annobar iskar Saliyo Bayan wasan neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka a shekarar 2008 da Saliyo a ranar 3 ga watan Yunin shekarar 2007, mambobi 20 na tawagar jami'an wasanni daga Togo ciki har da ministan wasanni na Togo Richard Attipoe sun mutu a lokacin da jirginsu mai saukar ungulu ya fashe ya faɗo a filin jirgin sama na Lungi Babu wani ɗan wasan tawagar ƙasar Togo da ke cikin waɗanda abin ya shafa. 'Yan wasan ƙasar Togo da jami'an ƙungiyar sun daɗe suna jiran ɗaukar jirgi mai saukar ungulu na gaba zuwa tsibirin da filin jirgin ya ke. 2010 bas kwanto da ban A ranar 8 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2010, wasu ‘yan bindiga sun kai wa motar bas ɗin tawagar kasar Togo hari a lokacin da take tafiya gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka ta shekarar 2010, inda suka kashe uku tare da jikkata wasu da dama. Ƙungiyar 'yan aware ta Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC) ta ɗauki alhakin kai harin. An bayar da rahoton mutuwar mai tsaron gida Kodjovi Obilale kwana guda bayan harin. Daga baya kulob dinsa na GSI Pontivy ya yi watsi da irin wadannan rahotannin a wata sanarwar manema labarai, inda ya ce da gaske dan wasan yana yin tiyata a Afirka ta Kudu. Bayan harin kwantan ɓauna da aka kai wa motar bas, hukumar kwallon kafar Togo ta bayyana cewa za ta fice daga gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka na shekarar 2010 duk da iƙirarin cewa ƙungiyar tun daga lokacin ta sauya shawarar kuma za ta fafata "don nuna launukanmu na ƙasa, dabi'unmu da kuma cewa mu maza ne" (kamar yadda Thomas Dossevi ya sanar), daga baya gwamnati ta ba da umarnin cewa tawagar ta koma gida. Bayan ficewar ƙungiyar, hukumar kwallon kafar Afirka CAF ta haramtawa Togo shiga gasar cin kofin ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasashe biyu masu zuwa tare da ci tarar dalar Amurka 50,000 saboda shawarar da hukumomin siyasa suka yi. Kwamitin zartarwa na CAF ya yi la'akari da cewa 'yan wasan Togo suna cikin "batar da sanarwar ƙasa da kwanaki ashirin kafin farawa ko lokacin gasar ƙarshe" (Art. 78 na Dokokin Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka), maimakon janyewa (Art. 80), kuma ya ƙi yin la'akari da yanayin a matsayin ƙarfin majeure (Art. 87). Nan take gwamnatin Togo ta ce za ta kai kara saboda CAF "ba ta da wani la'akari da rayukan sauran bil'adama" kuma hakan na kara cin fuska ga iyalan wadanda suka rasa rayukansu da wadanda suka ji rauni sakamakon harin. Har yanzu FIFA ba ta ce uffan ba kan batun. Dan kwallon Togo Thomas Dossevi ya ce "Mu gungun 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne da suka fuskanci suka kuma yanzu ba za mu iya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ba. Suna murƙushe mu.” Kyaftin din Togo Emmanuel Adebayor ya bayyana matakin a matsayin "abin takaici" ya kuma ce shugaban CAF Issa Hayatou ya ci amanar 'yan wasan Togo gaba daya. Sakamakon abubuwan da suka faru, Emmanuel Adebayor ya sanar da yin ritaya daga buga kwallon kafa na duniya a ranar 12 ga Afrilun shekarar 2010. Amma a ranar 22 ga watan Maris shekarar 2011 Adebayor ya sanar da cewa ya sake kasancewa a tawagar kasar. Ƙungiyar Togo ta bogi A ranar 7 ga watan Satumbar shekarar 2010, Togo ta yi zargin cewa ta buga wasan sada zumunci da Bahrain a wasan sada zumunta da suka yi rashin nasara da ci 3-0. Sai dai a ranar 14 ga watan Satumba hukumar FA ta Togo ta yi iƙirarin cewa wata ƙungiya ta bogi ta buga da Bahrain. Ministan wasanni na Togo Christophe Tchao ya shaida wa mujallar Jeune Afrique cewa babu wani a Togo da ya taba samun labarin irin wannan wasa. A ranar 20 ga watan Satumbar shekarar 2010, an bayyana cewa tsohon manajan Togo Bana Tchanilé ne ya aikata laifin kuma hukumar FA ta Togo ta dakatar da shi na tsawon shekaru uku baya ga dakatar da shi na tsawon shekaru biyu da aka yi masa a watan Yulin shekarar 2010 saboda daukar 'yan wasan Togo don buga gasa. a Masar. An danganta gyaran wasan da Wilson Raj Perumal da ƙungiyar daidaita wasan ta Singapore da ake zargin Tan Seet Eng Cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2014 Togo ta fara samun tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar 2014 a ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 2011, da Guinea-Bissau. A wasan farko sun tashi 1-1. A ranar 15 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 2011, sun yi nasara da ci 1-0. A ranar 3 ga watan Yuni, shekarar 2012, sun buga wasan Libya a Lome kuma sun tashi 1-1. Ba da jimawa ba a ranar 10 ga watan Yuni, sun fafata da Congo DR a Kinshasa da ci 2-0. Sun ci gaba a ranar 3 ga watan Maris, shekarar 2013, kuma sun kara da Kamaru a Yaounde da ci 2-1. Sun sake karawa a ranar 9 ga watan Yuni a Lome kuma Togo ta ci 2-0. A karshe Togo ta kasa samun tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya da za a yi a Brazil a shekara ta 2014. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Hukumar FA ta Togo Hoton kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Togo Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

40894

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Edison

Thomas Edison

Thomas Alva Edison (11 ga watan Fabrairu, 1847Oktoba 18, 1931) ɗan Amurka ne kuma inventor kuma ɗan kasuwa. Ya ƙera na'urori da yawa a fannoni kamar samar da wutar lantarki, sadarwar jama'a, rikodin sauti, da hotuna masu motsi (motion pictures). Waɗannan abubuwan ƙirƙira waɗanda suka haɗa da phonograph, kyamarar hoto mai motsi, da farkon nau'ikan kwan fitilar lantarki, sun yi tasiri sosai a duniyar masana'antu ta zamani. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu ƙirƙira na farko don yin amfani da ka'idodin kimiyyar da aka tsara da haɗin gwiwa zuwa tsarin ƙirƙira, aiki tare da masu bincike da ma'aikata da yawa. Ya kafa dakin bincike na masana'antu na farko. Edison ya girma a Midwest Amurka. A farkon aikinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin telegraph, wanda ya ƙarfafa wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ya fara ƙirƙira. A cikin shekarar 1876, ya kafa dakin gwaje-gwajensa na farko a Menlo Park, New Jersey, inda aka ɓullo da yawancin abubuwan ƙirƙira na farko. Daga baya ya kafa dakin gwaje-gwaje na kayan lambu a Fort Myers, Florida, tare da haɗin gwiwar 'yan kasuwa Henry Ford da Harvey S. Firestone, da dakin gwaje-gwaje a West Orange, New Jersey, wanda ya nuna gidan wasan kwaikwayo na farko na duniya, Black Maria. Tare da haƙƙin mallaka na Amurka 1,093 a cikin sunansa, da kuma haƙƙin mallaka a wasu ƙasashe, ana ɗaukar Edison a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa ƙirƙira a tarihin Amurka. Edison ya yi aure sau biyu kuma ya haifi ‘ya’ya shida. Ya mutu a shekara ta 1931 saboda matsalolin ciwon sukari. Ƙuruciya An haifi Thomas Edison a cikin shekarar 1847 a Milan, Ohio, amma ya girma a Port Huron, Michigan, bayan dangi ya ƙaura a 1854. Shi ne ɗa na bakwai kuma na ƙarshe na Samuel Ogden Edison Jr. (1804-1896, an haife shi a Marshalltown, Nova Scotia) da Nancy Matthews Elliott (1810-1871, an haife shi a gundumar Chenango, New York). Layin danginsa na mahaifa shine Yaren mutanen Holland ta hanyar New Jersey; sunan farko shine "Edeson". Kakansa John Edeson ya gudu daga New Jersey zuwa Nova Scotia a 1784, mahaifinsa ya koma Vienna, Ontario kuma ya gudu bayan ya shiga cikin tawayen 1837. Edison ya kasance mahaifiyarsa ce ta koya masa karatu da rubutu da lissafi. Ya yi makarantar 'yan watanni kawai. Duk da haka, wani marubucin tarihin rayuwa ya kwatanta shi a matsayin yaro mai son sani wanda ya koyi abubuwa da yawa ta wurin karatu da kansa. Lokacin yana yaro, ya zama abin sha'awar fasaha kuma ya shafe sa'o'i yana aiki a kan gwaji a gida. Edison ya sami matsala ta ji yana da shekaru 12. An alakanta dalilin kurmarsa da bullar scarlet fever a lokacin yana yaro da kuma ciwon middle ear infection da ke taruwa akai-akai. Daga baya ya shirya fitattun labarai na ƙagaggun labarai game da musabbabin kurmarsa. Yayin da ya kasance kurma gaba daya a kunne daya kuma da kyar yake ji a daya, ana zargin Edison zai saurari mai kunna kiɗa ko piano ta hanyar cusa haƙoransa a cikin itace don ɗaukar raƙuman sauti a cikin kwanyarsa. Yayin da ya girma, Edison ya yi imanin cewa rashin jinsa ya ba shi damar kauce wa damuwa kuma ya fi mayar da hankali kan aikinsa. Masana tarihi na zamani da ƙwararrun likita sun nuna cewa yana iya samun ADHD. An san cewa a farkon aikinsa ya shiga cikin kwas din sunadarai a The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art don tallafawa aikinsa akan sabon tsarin telegraphy tare da Charles Batchelor. Wannan da alama ita ce kawai rajistar da ya yi a kwasa-kwasan a wata babbar jami'a. Farkon aiki Thomas Edison ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mahautan labarai, yana sayar da jaridu, alewa da kayan lambu a kan jiragen da ke gudana daga Port Huron zuwa Detroit. Ya juya ribar dala 50 a mako tun yana dan shekara 13, yawancinsu sun je siyan kayan aikin gwajin lantarki da na sinadarai. Yana da shekaru 15, a cikin shekarar 1862, ya ceci Jimmie MacKenzie mai shekaru 3 daga wani jirgin da ya gudu. Mahaifin Jimmie, wakilin tashar JU MacKenzie na Dutsen Clemens, Michigan, ya yi godiya sosai cewa ya horar da Edison a matsayin ma'aikacin telegraph. Aikin farko na Edison na wayar tarho daga Port Huron ya kasance a Stratford Junction, Ontario, akan Grand Trunk Railway. Ya kuma yi nazarin qualitative analysis kuma ya gudanar da gwaje-gwajen sinadarai har sai da ya bar aikin maimakon a kore shi bayan an kama shi da laifin wani karo kusa da jiragen kasa biyu. Edison ya sami keɓantaccen haƙƙin sayar da jaridu akan hanya, kuma, tare da taimakon mataimaka huɗu, ya saita nau'in kuma ya buga Grand Trunk Herald, wanda ya sayar da sauran takaddunsa. Wannan ya fara dogon zango na ayyukan kasuwanci na Edison, yayin da ya gano hazakarsa a matsayinsa na dan kasuwa. A ƙarshe, kasuwancinsa ya kasance tsakiyar kafa wasu kamfanoni 14, ciki har da General Electric, wanda ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin kasuwanci a duniya. Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

23760

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarihin%20Kasar%20Sin

Tarihin Kasar Sin

Tarihin Kasar Sin ya kunshi dubban shekaru Aru Aru. Litattafan farko sun kasance daga kusan shekaru 1250 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa amma an san wasu abubuwa game da lokutan baya. Tarihin kasar Sin ya kunshi lokuta da dauloli da dama. Ana iya raba shi zuwa sassa masu kamar haka: Tarihi Tarihi yana nufin tarihin wani lokaci kafin kowane rubutaccen rikodin. A irin wannan yanayi, yana da matukar wahala a faɗi wani abu tabbatacce game da tarihin China ko wata ƙasa. Ko da a lokacin, masana tarihi sun yi imani da wasu bayanai game da China na wancan lokacin. Kimanin shekaru miliyan da suka wuce Homo erectus, wani nau'in ɗan Adam na farko, ya rayu a China. Daga baya, kimanin shekaru 65,000 da suka gabata, 'yan Adam na zamani Homo sapiens sun isa China daga Afirka. Don neman abinci, suna farautar namun daji. Sun kuma fara karba da tattara 'ya'yan itatuwa, wanda a ƙarshe ya haifar da koyon Sinanci don yin noma a shekara ta 5000 K.Z. Sun fara noman shinkafa da wataƙila wasu nau'ukan hatsi. A shekara ta 2500 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, zamanin Tagulla ya zo China. Ajin masu mulki tare da sarakuna sun shigo cikin al'umma. Tsohon Tarihi Daular Xia Wasu masana suna tunanin cewa kimanin shekaru 4000 da suka gabata, daular Xia ta yi mulkin ƙasar Sin. Yu (Da Yu) shi ne farkon mai mulkin wannan daular. Akwai wasu sahihan labarai masu aminci game da Yu (wanda zai iya zama almara), lokacin sa, da sauran sarakunan daular Xia. Daular Shang Daga lokacin daular Shang, akwai wasu rubutattun tarihi. An yi rubuce-rubuce a kan Ƙasoshin Oracle. An samu irin wannan kasusuwa da harsashi da yawa. Masana sun kuma yi imanin cewa a yau Henan shi ne babban birni na tara kuma na ƙarshe na sarakunan daular Shang. Yawancin masana tarihi na ƙasar Sin na wancan lokacin suna tunanin cewa daulolin daya na bin daya ce. Amma kuma yana iya yiwuwa dauloli biyu suna mulki a sassa daban -daban na ƙasar Sin a lokaci guda. Don haka, wasu masana suna tunanin cewa daular Xia da daular Shang na iya yin mulki a lokaci guda, amma a yankuna daban-daban na kasar Sin. Daular Zhou Game da shekara ta 1046 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, daular Zhou ta ci sarkin ƙarshe na daular Shang da yaki kuma ta hau mulki. Sun canza babban birnin daga Henan zuwa wani wuri kusa da Xi'an na yanzu, kusa da Kogin Yellow. Daular Zhou kuma ta kawo sabuwar ka'ida ga kasar Sin (duba Dokar Sama). Kusan dukkan daulolin sarakunan China sun ci gaba da maimaita wannan ka'idar. Sarakunan wannan daular sun ci sabbin yankuna da yawa. A karon farko a tarihin kasar Sin, adadi mai yawa na mutane kuma sun tashi daga wannan yanki zuwa wani yanki don yin sulhu. Lokacin bazara da kaka Lokacin bazara da kaka ya kusan ƙarni na 8 BC. Daular Zhou ta cigaba, amma karfin ta ya ragu yayinda ubangiji ya samu filaye da mabiya. Sarakuna da yawa sun yi mulki a sassa daban-daban na kasar Sin. China ta zama jahohi masu rarrabuwar kawuna, kowanne sarki daban ke mulkin sa. A wasu lokuta, wani Sarki yana mulkin ƙauyen da ke da ƙaramin sansanin soja. A wannan lokacin na China, sabbin layin tunani da yawa sun tashi. Wasu daga cikinsu har yanzu suna cigaba da zama masu mahimmanci. Su ne Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism da Mohism Lokacin jahohi Lokacin bazara da kaka ya cigaba kusan shekaru 300. Ya zuwa ƙarni na 5 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, sauran manyan china guda bakwai ne suka rage. Sun kwace dukkan ƙananan wurare. Wadannan jihohi sun cigaba da yakar juna. Masana tarihi sun kira wannan lokacin lokacin Yaƙin Jihohi saboda yaƙe -yaƙe da faɗa tsakanin waɗannan jihohin. A shekara ta 221BC, Ying Zheng, Sarkin jihar Qin, ya haɗe dukkanin jihohi bakwai. Ya mai da kansa Sarkin China kuma ya kafa daular Qin. Masarautar China Daular Qin Daular Qin sarauta ce mai matuƙar muhimmanci a tarihin ƙasar Sin. Sun bi falsafar Legalism. Babban birninsu yana Xianyang. A karkashin Sarkin wannan daular, China ta zama kasa mai ƙarfi. An yi sabbin abubuwa da yawa a karon farko. An bi tsarin doka mai tsauri. An bunƙasa harshe da aka rubuta. An yi amfani da kuɗin gama gari. An fara gina babbar ganuwar China. Daular Han Liu Bang ne ya kafa daular Han bayan daular Qin ta kare. A lokacin daular Han, yankin ƙasar Sin ya fadada, kuma an samu cigaba da yawa a fannin kimiyya da fasaha. An ɗauke shi a zaman zinare a tarihin ƙasar Sin. Masarautu Uku Lokacin Masarautu Uku (Sinawa na gargajiya: Sinawa da aka sauƙaƙe: pinyin: Sānguó) lokaci ne na tarihi inda aka raba China zuwa jihohin Cao Wei, Shu Han, da Wu Wu ta Gabas. Daular Han ta Gabas ta rasa duk wani iko. Daga ƙarshe, sarkin daular Han ya yi murabus. Daular Jin Daular Sui Daular Sui Suí cháo; 581-618) Sarkin Wen, ko Yang Jian ne ya kafa shi. Babban birninta shi ne Chang'an Xi'an na yanzu Daular tana da mahimmanci saboda ta sake haɗa kan Kudanci da Arewacin China kuma an gina Babban Canal a wancan lokacin. Daular Tang Gidan Li ne ya kafa daular Tang, wanda ya hau mulki a lokacin faɗuwar Daular Sui. A zamanin daular aka katse wani ɗan gajeren lokaci da biyu Zhou daular (16 Oktoba 690-3 Maris 705) a lokacin da Empress Wu Zetian ke gudanar da da'awar da kursiyin, zama na farko da kawai Sin Empress Babban birnin Tang, Chang'an (Xi'an na yau), shi ne birni mafi girma a duniya a lokacin. Yawancin masana tarihi suna ganin daular Tang a matsayin babban matsayi a cikin wayewar ƙasar Sin kuma a matsayin zamanin zinare na al'adun duniya. Dauloli Biyar da Masarautu Goma Daular Song Daular Yuan Daular Yuan ta fara mulkin Genghis Khan, shugaban Mongoliya wanda ya karɓe iko daga daular Song. An dauke shi bare ne ba wayewa ba. Jikansa, Kublai Khan, na ɗaya daga cikin mashahuran sarakunan daular Yuan. Ya buɗe ƙasar Sin ga sauran al'adu da yawa kuma ya kyautata rayuwar Sinawa sosai. Daular Ming A shekara ta 1368, tawayen da Zhu Yuanzhang ke jagoranta ya ɓarke a Kudancin kasar Sin, daga karshe ya kifar da daular Yuan. Daga nan Zhu Yuanzhang ya kafa daular Ming a Nanjing, babban birninta har sai da Sarki Yongle ya canza babban birnin zuwa Beijing. A karni na 15, wani mutum mai suna Zheng He ya dauki mafi yawan sojojin ruwa na Ming ya kuma bincika tekun Indiya, ya kawo dukiya da iko ga Daular Ming. Masarautar ta sami lokacin wadata har zuwa 1449, lokacin da Yakin Tumu ya ɓarke. A cikin yaƙin 'yan kabilar Mongol na Yuan sun kame Sarkin kuma sun kewaye babban birnin. Bayan yakin da Mongols, Ming ya fara raguwa. A wannan lokacin, daular ta yi yaƙe-yaƙe biyu tare da Jafananci (na farko kan masu fashin teku na Japan ya faru a Kudu Maso Gabashin China; na biyu a kan sojojin Toyotomi Hideyoshi wadanda suka mamaye Koriya), da yaki kaya tare da Fotigal na Macao. Wadannan yaƙe -yaƙe a ƙarshe sun raunana daular da ke raguwa. A cikin 1616, tawaye ya ɓarke a Manchuria da Shanxi. Shekaru ashirin da takwas bayan haka, Manchus ya ƙetare Babban Ganuwar, ya mamaye babban birnin, ya lalata 'yan tawayen Shanxi. Daular Qing Zamani Jamhuriyar China Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin Mao Zedong shi ne shugaban Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin daga 1949 har zuwa rasuwarsa a 1976. A ƙarni na 21 ƙasar Sin ta zama ƙasa mafi arziki a duniya ta fuskar GDP Hotuna Sauran shafukan yanar gizo Tarihin China: Teburin Abun ciki Ƙungiyar Hargitsi a Jami'ar Maryland Database na kasar Sin ta Academia Sinica Rubuce -rubucen Rubuce -rubuce da Database na Academia Sinica China Chronology Duniya Tarihi Database Archived Archived Tsohon Duniyar Asiya ta Asiya Tarihi, al'adu da ilimin kimiya na tsohuwar nahiyar Asiya. Labarai da hotuna da yawa Jagorar duniya don nazarin China Archived Dandalin Tarihin Kasar Sin Tarihi Forum Tattauna tarihin kasar Sin a tarihi Forum ta Asian Tarihi sashe Sin Siege Yin yãƙi Mechanical harbi da Siege Makamai tsufa An kwatanta Tarihi sayi zuwa gare ku daga Tarihi Forum Tarihin Saukaka na China Yin Yu Tang: Gidan Sinawa Ya bincika abubuwan da ke cikin kayan gine -gine na cikin gida a lokacin daular Qing da kuma alaƙar sa da al'adun gargajiyar Sinawa da al'adun tarihi. Farkon na da China Archived jarida ce da aka sadaukar da ita ga malanta na ilimi wanda ya shafi lokacin kusan tsakanin ƙarshen Han da farkon zamanin Tang. Hoton Fagen Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu Kasar Sin ta sake gano Tarihin da ta mallaka na tsawon minti 100 kan tarihin kasar Sin wanda mashahurin masani/marubuci Yu Ying-shih, Farfesa Emeritus na Nazarin Asiya ta Gabas da Tarihi a Jami'ar Princeton ya bayar. Abubuwan albarkatu ga ɗaliban Makarantar Tsakiya Ana iya karanta albarkatun da ake iya karantawa ga ɗalibai a aji 5-9 fiye da hanyoyin haɗi 250. China, tarihi -Citizendium Sin Pages with unreviewed

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafafen%20watsa%20labarai%20a%20Ghana

Kafafen watsa labarai a Ghana

Kafofin yada labarai a Ghana, sun hada da talabijin, rediyo, tashohin sadarwa na yanar gizo da kuma jaridu. Tarihi karni na 19 Kafofin watsa labarai a cikin Kogin Zinariya sun fara bayyana a cikin karni na 19 tare da buga The Gold Coast Gazette and Commercial Intelligencer a 1822. Takardar tana da ayyuka da yawa: don samar da bayanai ga ma'aikatan gwamnati da fatake na Turai; da kuma taimakawa ci gaban yawan karatu da rubutu da ci gaban karkara tsakanin mazauna yankin tare da karfafa hadin kai tare da gwamnatin Kogin Zinariya. A tsakiyar karni na 19, yawancin takardu mallakar mallakar Afirka sun bayyana wadanda galibi ba su da iyakancewa daga mulkin mallaka. Wannan ya haifar da hauhawar 'yan jarida masu zaman kansu, wanda hakan ya haifar da samun' yancin kan Ghana. Gwamnan mulkin mallaka Sir Arnold Hodson ya gabatar da tashar rediyo ta farko, mai suna Radio ZOY, a cikin 1935. Babban amfani da ita shine yada farfaganda don samun goyon bayan mulkin mallaka.<ref>In the mid-19th century, a diverse number of African-owned papers appeared that were largely unrestricted by the colonial government. This led to a surge of independent press, which in part led to the independence of Ghana. Bayan 'yanci Bayan sanarwar ranar 7 ga Maris 1957 da Ghana ta samu daga Kasar Ingila, jaridu kusan huɗu ne kawai. Jagora Kwame Nkrumah daga karshe ya mallaki dukkan 'yan jaridu a Ghana kuma ya gan ta a matsayin kayan aikin hukuma, yana ba da farfaganda da ke karfafa haɗin kan kasa da kirkirar tsarin tsarin kayan aiki na jihohi don kula da kafofin yada labarai. Canja wurin kafofin watsa labarai ya canza hannuwa daga na farar hula zuwa na soja, kuma jerin kamewa da dauri na adawar siyasa da Nkrumah ya yi matukar tasiri kan kafofin yada labarai. 'Yan adawa Ashanti Pioneer, wadanda suka yi aiki tun daga shekarun 1930, Nkrumah ya rufe su bayan an sanya su cikin takunkumi. Bayan hambarar da Nkrumah a wani juyin mulki, yawancin hanyoyin jihar sun canza hannu, duk da cewa har yanzu suna karkashin ikon jam'iyyar mai mulki. National Liberation Council (NLC) ta sanya tsauraran matakai a kan gidajen sayar da kayayyaki na cikin gida; misali, Dokar jita-jita a shekarar 1966 wacce ta hana kowa karar jaridun mallakin gwamnati. A cikin 1969, zaɓaɓɓiyar gwamnatin farar hula ta Kofi Busia wacce ta biyo bayan NLC an bar ta da adadi mai yawa na kafafen yada labarai karkashin ikon jihar. Busia ta soke ayyuka daban-daban tare da sallamar mai jaridar Daily Graphic mallakar gwamnati saboda adawa da Busia, wanda ya ɗaukaka kara don tattaunawar Afirka da gwamnatin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu. Koyaya, lokacin da Ignatius Kutu Acheampong ya hambarar da gwamnatin Busia, ya sake dawo da tsauraran matakan kula da kafafen yada labarai tare da danniya a kan kafofin watsa labarai ta hanyar yanke kudaden kasashen waje. Koyaya, kafofin watsa labarai da dama na adawa ba su sami matsala ba a lokacin mulkin Acheampong, kuma a shekara ta 1978 sun karu a kiraye-kirayensu na dimokiradiyya mai jam'iyyu da yawa a Ghana. Janar Akuffo ne ya kifar da gwamnatin Acheampong a watan Mayu 1978, wanda ya sauya wasu manufofin magabatansa da suka gabace shi ya kuma saki 'yan jarida da mambobin adawa. Wannan ya haifar da kafa takaddun jam'iyya biyu: Star na Popular Front Party (PFP) da Gong Gong na People's National Party (PNP). Mulkin Akuffo bai daɗe ba, ya ƙare a wani juyin mulki da Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC) ƙarƙashin jagorancin Jerry Rawlings, waɗanda suka soke dokokin 'yan jarida waɗanda Acheampong ya zartar. Rawlings ya maye gurbin babban editan jaridar Daily Graphic wanda ya soki hukuncin kisan na AFRC, duk da cewa ba su da ikon yin hakan saboda ya kaskantar da kundin tsarin mulkin Jamhuriya ta Uku, wanda ya ce dole ne a maye gurbinsu da Hukumar 'Yan Jaridu. Bayan watanni takwas na mulkin AFRC, wanda ya yi alkawarin sake fasalin kafofin watsa labarai amma a karshe ba ta samu ba, sai aka mayar da mulki ga zaɓaɓɓen demokradiyya PNP tare da Hilla Limann a ranar 24 ga Satumba 1979. Limann ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga sake fasalin kafofin yaɗa labaru, ya kafa Kwamitin 'Yan Jaridu mai mambobi 12 a ranar 25 ga Yulin 1980. A cikin jawabin nasa ya ce: Hukumar 'Yan Jarida, kamar yadda doka ta tanada, ita ce ta binciki korafe-korafen da ake yi game da' yan jaridu, da tabbatar da 'yancin' yan jarida da samar da dokoki da lasisin da ya kamata ga kafofin yada labarai. A lokacin mulkin Limann, ya mutunta sabon Tsarin Mulki kuma ya yarda da suka daga kafofin watsa labarai. Wannan bai dade ba duk da haka, kamar yadda John Rawlings, yana ambaton "cin hanci da rashawa da rashin tsari," ya sake kwace mulki a karkashin Provisional National Defence Council a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1981, kuma ya soke sauye-sauyen kafofin watsa labarai masu sassaucin ra'ayi da Limann ya kirkiro. A karkashin sabuwar gwamnatin, an soke Tsarin Mulki na Uku, tare da Hukumar 'Yan Jarida. Ta hanyar jaridar Daily Graphic mallakar gwamnati a ranar 5 ga Janairun 1982, ya gaya wa manema labarai cewa su jagoranci “Yakin Mai Tsarki” kuma su jagoranci juyin juya halin. Rawlings ya zartar da wasu dokoki wadanda suka hana sukar gwamnati ko manufofinta, ta kori editocin da ke sukar sa sannan ya zartar da dokoki da dama kamar Dokar Kare Rigakafi da Dokar lasisin Jarida wacce ta ba da damar tsarewa ba tare da an yanke hukunci ga ‘yan jarida ba, da kuma dakile ci gaban kafafen yada labarai masu zaman kansu. Sakatariyar Watsa Labarai ta PNDC Joyce Aryee a 1983 ta kare ikon gwamnati kai tsaye: Manufofin ba wai kawai sun shafi kafofin watsa labarai ba har ma da Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Ghana, tare da kora da yawa ko ritaya da wuri. Sakamakon haka, wasu kafofin watsa labarai sun guji duk tattaunawar siyasa gaba ɗaya kuma sun mai da hankali kan wasu batutuwa kamar wasa ko nishaɗi maimakon. 1992-2000 A shekarar 1992, Ghana ta fitar da sabon kundin tsarin mulki, ta koma mulkin dimokiradiyya a ranar 7 ga Janairun 1993. Rawlings a matsayin wani bangare na National Democratic Congress (ya yi ritaya wani Laftanar Laftanar na Sojojin Ghana) ya ba da damar yada labarai ta hanyar soke dokokin da PNDC ta sa hannu a baya. Kafofin yada labarai masu zaman kansu, wadanda a baya aka kame bakinsu a karkashin gwamnati a cikin shekaru goman da suka gabata, sun yi amfani da sabbin dokokin 'yancin' yan jarida wajen yin suka a kan Rawlings na tsauraran dokokin na shekarun da suka gabata tare da wallafa zarge-zarge da dama na kama-karya da muggan kwayoyi. Kafofin watsa labarai na gwamnati duk da haka, sun ci gaba da ɗaukar hoto na Rawlings. Rawlings ya yarda da shekarun danniya da kafofin watsa labarai, duk da cewa ya kare juyin mulkin soja: Duk abin da ya faru a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata ba za a iya sakewa daga tsarin tsarin mulki na yau ba. Babu wanda zai kasa yin godiya ga mahimmancin juyin juya halin 31 ga Disamba wajen kawo 'yan Ghana zuwa mashigar Jamhuriyya ta huɗu, da kafa ƙa'idodin adalci na zamantakewar al'umma wanda zai sa tsarin mulki ya zama zahirin rayuwa yin hakan na nufin gurbata tarihin Ghana tare da ajiye wadancan muhimman darussa wadanda hakika zasu bunkasa wannan matakin na kwarewar Ghana. Bugu da kari, Rawlings ya sha alwashin mutunta Fasali na 12 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Ghana, inganta 'yancin' yan jarida, hakkin bangarorin masu zaman kansu da na jihohi da kuma wadannan 'yanci su zama karin' yancin dan adam. An kirkiro sabuwar Hukumar 'Yan Jaridu ta kasa (daga baya ga Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Ghana) mai' yanci daga gwamnati, wanda zai kula da ayyukan da aka ambata a baya. Duk da wadannan sabbin sauye-sauyen, Shugaba Rawlings da gwamnatin NDC sun ci gaba da sukar 'yan jaridu masu zaman kansu, suna masu kiranta "mara sa hankali a siyasance" kuma ta hanyar amfani da riba ne. Wani jami'in gwamnati ya yi iƙirarin cewa kafofin watsa labarai masu zaman kansu "sun gwada iyakokin gwamnati", yayin da wasu kuma suka zarge ta da nuna Majalisar ba ta da ƙarfi. Wata kungiya mai suna Abokan Dimokiradiyya ta yi ikirarin cewa tana da sa hannun dubu daya da ke nuna adawa da kafafen yada labarai masu zaman kansu. Editoci daga Free Press da New Statesman sun ba da rahoton cewa an aika musu da barazanar kisa daga NDC saboda sukar gwamnatin. Valerie Sackey wacce mataimakiya ce ga Shugaba Rawlings, ta lura cewa 'yan jaridu masu zaman kansu suna da aikin bayar da halattacciyar suka ga gwamnati da kuma yin abin da ya dace, maimakon kawai nuna cewa gwamnati na kokarin rufe bakinsu. 2000-yanzu Bayan zaben a 2000 na John Kufuor rikice-rikice tsakanin kafofin watsa labarai masu zaman kansu da gwamnati sun ragu. Kufuor ya kasance mai goyon bayan 'yancin' yan jarida kuma ya soke dokar ɓarna da aikata laifi, kodayake ya ci gaba da cewa dole ne kafofin watsa labaru su yi aiki yadda ya kamata. An bayyana kafofin yada labaran na Ghana a matsayin "daya daga cikin wadanda ba su da cikakkun bayanai" a Afirka, suna aiki ba tare da takaita hanyoyin yada labarai ba. 'Yan jarida masu zaman kansu galibi suna ɗauke da suka game da manufofin gwamnati. Kafofin watsa labarai, da kafafen yada labarai musamman, sun kasance masu karfin gwiwa wajen bayar da labarin zaben shugaban kasar ta Ghana a shekarar 2008, kuma kungiyar Ghana Journalists Association (GJA) ta yaba wa John Atta Mills game da zaben nasa, tare da fatan samar da kyakkyawar dangantakar‘ yan jarida da gwamnatin. 'Yan Jarida sun tilastawa Gwamnati ta yarda cewa jami'ai suna da lissafi A gare ni kyakkyawar alama ce a gare ni cewa kafofin watsa labarai na Ghana sun yi wani tasiri a kan dimokiradiyya tun kafuwar Jamhuriyya ta 4 Seyd, C., 4 June 1999 Saboda sabuwar 'yancin yada labarai, masana'antar wasan bidiyo a Ghana na bunkasa. Alaka da kafafan yada labarai na kasashen waje Kafofin yada labaran Ghana na da kyakkyawar dangantaka da kafofin yada labarai na kasashen waje, tare da yawancin ‘yan jaridun duniya daga kungiyoyin Yammacin Turai da na Afirka da ke Asiya da ke Accra babban birnin kasar. Ba a hana ‘yan jarida cikas yayin aikin su, kuma ba a bincikar bayanan cikin ko fita kasar. Babban kamfanin dillacin labarai, Kamfanin dillacin labarai na Ghana, Nkrumah ne ya kafa shi a shekarar 1957 don samar da daidaitattun bayanai kan labaran gida da na duniya. Kamfanin dillancin labarai na Reuters ya taimaka wajan baiwa kamfanin jagora da taimakon fasaha har zuwa shekarar 1961. Hukumar ta samu rajista daga kungiyoyi sama da 140 da kuma kanfanin dillacin labarai shida a shekarar 2000. Kalubale ga kafofin yada labaran Ghana Duk da 'yanci na dangi, kafofin yada labarai a Ghana na fuskantar wasu kalubale. 'Yan jarida a Ghana galibi ba su cika albashi ba, ba sa samun wadataccen aiki, kuma galibi ba sa samun horo. A sakamakon haka, 'yan jaridu a Ghana sun sami kansu cikin saukin cin hanci da kuma bincikar kansu. Ingancin shirye-shiryen watsa labarai na rediyo da talabijin yana da ƙasa. Game da jaridu, yanayin mallakar jaridu na da siyasa a siyasance tare da yawancin jaridu suna goyon bayan bangaren gwamnati ko na jam’iyyun adawa. Jarida guda ɗaya tak, mallakar mallakar gwamnati ta Daily Graphic da gaske ana rarraba ta ƙasa. 'Yancin' yan jarida Kodayake tsarin mulki da doka sun tanadi 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da kuma' yan jaridu, wani lokacin gwamnati na ta tauye wa] annan 'yancin. 'Yan sanda na kame' yan jarida ba bisa ka'ida ba. Wasu 'yan jaridar na yin takunkumin kansu. Tsarin mulki ya hana kutsa kai cikin sirri, iyali, gida, ko rubutu, kuma gwamnati tana girmama waɗannan hanin a aikace. A cikin 2002 gwamnatin Ghana ta binciki kafofin yada labarai ta Intanet game da rikicin kabilanci a Arewacin Ghana. Jaridu Kimanin jaridu 135 ake bugawa a Ghana, gami da jaridu 16 masu zaman kansu da kuma jaridu 9 na kullum. Gudummawar da adadi mai yawa na jaridu na jihohi da masu zaman kansu ke bayarwa ya haifar da yanayi daban-daban na yada labarai a Ghana. Takardun jihohi kamar su Daily Graphic da Ghanaian Times sun saba da ingantawa da karfafa goyan baya ga manufofin gwamnati da bin layi mai bin ra'ayin mazan jiya, ba kamar yadda 'yan jaridu masu zaman kansu suka fallasa kyawawan ayyukan jami'an gwamnati da rashin kyakkyawan tsarin tafiyar da al'amuran gwamnati ba. Kwamitin yada labarai na kasa na Ghana, kwamiti mai zaman kansa, an kafa shi ne domin sanya ido tare da karbar korafe-korafe game da kafafen yada labarai. Hukumar ta karbi korafe-korafe 50 a 2002, kuma a cikin Mayu 2001, ta tilasta wa Chronicle na Ghana ta ba da hakuri kan wallafa "labaran karya" a kan mutane ba tare da kwararan hujjoji ba. Koyaya, ba a kula da irin waɗannan hukunce-hukuncen saboda rashin iko. Talabijan da rediyo An gabatar da Talabijin ga Ghana a 1965 kuma yana karkashin ikon Jiha. Ghana Broadcasting Corporation ya gudanar da ayyukanta ta hanyar watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin har zuwa 1994, biyo bayan kundin tsarin mulkin 1992 na sabuwar gwamnatin da aka zaba ta hanyar dimokiradiyya. Wani bangare na kundin tsarin mulki na 1992 ya kafa National Media Commission wacce ta dauki nauyin inganta da kuma tabbatar da ‘yancin kafafen yada labarai. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan juyin mulkin 1966 na Nkrumah ta hanyar National Liberation Council (wacce ta riƙe maƙarƙashiyar Jiha a kafofin watsa labarai na ƙasar), Ghana Broadcasting Corporation ta sanar da doka ga, "watsa shirye-shirye a fagen al'adu, ilimi, bayanai da nishaɗi, don nuna ci gaban kasa da buri, da kuma watsa shirye-shirye a cikin manyan yarukan Ghana da Turanci.” Akwai tashoshin watsa shirye-shirye bakwai a cikin 2007. Daga cikin tashoshin, akwai gudanar da gwamnatin Ghana Broadcasting Corporation da wasu tashoshi masu zaman kansu guda hudu, TV3, Metro TV, Viasat 1, TV Skyy, da TV Africa, tare da TV3 da Metro TV da ke aiki a shekarar 1997. Ana iya samun tashoshin kasashen waje irin su CNN da BBC a kyauta. Rediyon FM ya fara ne a shekarar 1988, wanda ya baiwa gidajen rediyon kasashen waje damar shigowa cikin kasar, kamar su Voice of America, Radio France Internationale da kuma watsa labarai na BBC a kan 101.3FM. Zanga-zangar da jama'a suka yi a shekarar 1995 game da kwace kayan aiki daga wani gida mai zaman kansa, Radio EYE, ya tilasta wa gwamnati ta samar da mitocin FM da yawa ga wasu tashoshin masu zaman kansu, abin da ya haifar da wani sabon zamani na "watsa labarai da yawa". Tattaunawar tattaunawa ta wayar tarho kan lamuran gida da na ƙasa sun shahara sosai a gidan rediyon Ghana. Baya ga tashoshin Turanci, akwai da yawa a cikin yaren gida. A cikin 2007, FM 86 da tashoshin gajeren zango uku sun wanzu. Intanet Kimanin 'yan Ghana miliyan 4.2 ne suka yi amfani da Intanet a shekarar 2012, kimanin kashi 17% na yawan jama'ar. Babu wani ci gaba mai mahimmanci a cikin 2014 kamar yadda rahoton kididdigar Duniya na Intanet ya ruwaito "akwai masu amfani da Intanet na 5,171,993 a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2014, 19.6% na yawan jama'a, a kowane IWS." Ba shi da iyakancewa daga gwamnati. Duba kuma Ghana 2004 Annual Report, Reporters Without Borders Manazarta Ghana Ghana

14769

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayan%20abinci%20na%20Ghana

Kayan abinci na Ghana

Kayan abinci na Ghana shine na mutanen ƙasar Ghana. An shirya manyan kayan abinci na Ghana a kusa da ingantaccen abinci, wanda ake amfani da miya ko miya wacce ke dauke da tushen sinadarai. Babban sinadarin mafi yawancin miya dai shine tumatirin-gwangwani ko za'a iya amfani da sabon tumatir. A sakamakon haka, kusan dukkanin kayan miyan Ghana da na suya suna ja ko kalan lemu a cikin su. Babban abincin yau da kullun Abincin yau da kullun a kudancin Ghana sun hada da rogo da ayaba. A bangaren arewa, manyan abincin da ake ci sun hada da gero da dawa. Doya, masara da wake ana amfani da su a duk ƙasar Ghana a matsayin abincin yau da kullun. Dankali mai zaki da koko ma suna da muhimmanci a cikin abincin Ghana da abinci. Tare da shigowar duniya gaba ɗaya, hatsi kamar su shinkafa da alkama an ƙara saka su cikin kayan abinci na ƙasar Ghana. Abincin da ke ƙasa yana wakiltar jita-jita na Ghana waɗanda aka yi su daga waɗannan abinci mai ƙima. Abincin da aka yi da masara Akple, abincin gargajiya ne na Ewe, ana yin shi ne da garin masara kuma ana iya cin sa da miyar barkono, jar miya ko kowace irin miya. Yawanci ana amfani dashi da miyar kubewa ,okra (fetridetsi) ko kayan marmari (abɔbitadi) .Akl ba a shirya shi daidai da "Banku". Wani muhimmin abin rarrabewa tsakanin kayayyakin biyu shine "Banku" yana buƙatar amfani da wani abu mai ruwa wanda aka riga aka tsara shi wanda ake kira "-kaɗan-Fermented Masara-Rogo dunkulewar kullu", dafa shi zuwa taushi mai taushi na "Masarar-Rogo Kullu AFLATA", yana bi zuwa mai daɗin "Banku" mai laushi tare da ƙarin girke-girke, da "-kaɗan-Fermented Masara-Rogo dunkulewar kullu" ba 'kayan sa hannu bane' na kowane nau'i na samfurin "Akple". Bayani daidai da na gaskiya shine kamar haka; Abincin Banku, tare da dukkanin ire-irensa masu ban sha'awa shine Ga Dangme (ko Ga) kabila na Babban yankin Accra, a matsayin 'yar karkacewa daga aiwatar da shirin Ga-Kenkey, yana bukatar wani magudi daban na' 'AFLATA' gauraye da garin rogo, amma sabanin Ga-Kenkey baya bukatar amfani da kwaryar masara. Daya daga cikin Manyan-kabilu GaDangme (ko Ga) -Kabila an ba su kyauta ta ainihin girke-girke na 'abincin banku' kodayake ana iya yin jayayya a tsakanin Manyan-kabilu. Wani lokaci ana amfani da furen masara kawai amma a yankuna da yawa ana dafa ƙullun rogo tare da garin masar mai yisti. Ana dafa Mmore dafaffun masarar dawa ba tare da rogo ba, an shirya shi kamar banku tsakanin mutanen Akan. Kenkey/[Komi]/ Dokonu kulluwar masara mai ƙanshi, a nannade cikin masarar da ta samo asali daga Ga waɗanda ke kiranta komi ko Ga kenkey. Wani nau'in da ya samo asali daga mutanen Fanti shine Fante Dokono ko Fanti Kenkey wacce aka lullubeta da ganyen plantain wanda yake bashi wani irin yanayi, dandano da launi daban-daban idan aka kwatanta da Ga kenkey. Dukansu an tafasa su tsawon lokaci zuwa madaidaitan kwallaye. Tuo Zaafi gero, dawa ko masara wacce ta samo asali daga Arewacin Ghana. Fonfom abincin masara da ya shahara a kudu maso yammacin Ghana. Abincin da aka yi da shinkafa Waakye kwanon shinkafa da wake mai kalar purple-brown. Launin ya fito ne daga ganye ɗan asalin ƙasa wanda aka fi sani da sorghum bicolor. Wannan abincin na gefen yana da kamanceceniya da Yammacin Indiya da wake. An dafa shinkafar kuma an tafasa ta da ganyen 'yan asali, kwakwa da bugun jini kamar su ido mai baƙi ko wake. Omo Tuo/Kwallan Shinkafa mashed shinkafa mai sanko ana yawan ci da miyar Ghana. Shinkafa ta gari dafaffiyar shinkafa tana tare da yawancin nau'ikan jan stew. Jollof shinkafa da aka dafa a cikin wani stew wanda ya ƙunshi kayan marmari, tumatir, kayan ƙamshi, da naman da aka dafa shi tare. Wannan abincin ya samo asali ne daga tradersan kasuwar Djolof daga Senegal waɗanda suka zauna a Zongos kafin lokacin mulkin mallaka. An daidaita shi don dandano na ƙasar Ghana, yawanci ana cinsa da akuya, rago, kaza ko naman sa wanda aka dafa, gasashe ko gasa. Fried rice soyayyen shinkafa irin ta China wacce ta dace da dandanon Ghana. Angwa moo Hakanan ana kiransa "shinkafar mai". Wannan ba kamar soyayyen shinkafa bane wanda kuke dafa shinkafar kafin a soya. Ana dafa shinkafar da aka shafa da farko ta soya man, sannan a ƙara ruwa bayan albasar ta yi fari. Wannan zai ba shinkafar wani kamshi na daban. Ana dafa shinkafa a cikin ruwan mai-mai, don bawa shinkafar mai ta ji idan an shirya ta. Za'a iya dafa shi da kayan lambu ko naman daɗa, don ƙarawa dandano. Ana amfani da shi galibi tare da barkono na ƙasa, tare da ko sarƙaƙen mai, ko soyayyen ƙwai waɗanda ke haɓaka shi. Ngwo moo (Shinkafar dabino) Ya zama madadin shinkafar mai. Wannan kawai ana dafa shi da man dabino, maimakon man girki. Ana dandano dandano ne da nau'in dabinon da aka yi amfani da shi. Abincin da aka yi da rogo Kokonte ko Abete daga busasshen garin rogo wanda aka busar da shi galibi ana aiki tare da Miyan Gyada, wanda ya ƙunshi jan nama iri-iri kamar su tudu, rago da kifin kifi mai hayaki. Fufuo ya buga rogo da ayaba ko kuma ya buga doya da ayaba, ko kuma yaji cocoyam/taro. Wannan abincin na kowane lokaci ana tare shi da ɗayan nau'ikan kayan miya na Ghana. Gari anyi daga rogo. Sau da yawa ana aiki tare da "Red Red" kifi da wake-wake-wake-wake ko Shito da kifi. Attiéké ko Akyeke an yi shi daga rogo kuma sananne ne tsakanin mutanen Ahanta, Nzema da masu magana da Akan na ƙasar Ivory Coast. Plakali wanda aka yi daga rogo kuma sananne ne tsakanin mutanen Ahanta, Nzema da masu magana da Akan na ƙasar Ivory Coast. Abincin da aka yi da wake Karkatawa ga sitaci da hadin stew sune "Red Red" da "tubaani". Waɗannan sune tushen farko akan furotin na kayan lambu (wake). "Red Red" sanannen wake ne da wake na Ghana da ake dafawa tare da soyayyen ɗanyen bishiyar itacen kuma galibi ana tare shi da gari, kifi da ƙwaya. Yana samun sunan shi daga man dabino wanda yake shayar da wake da kuma launin lemu mai haske na soyayyen ɗanyen ayaba. Tubaani shine dafaffen biredin wake, wanda kuma ake kira moimoi a Najeriya. Abincin da aka yi da doya Ampesie dafaffun doya. Hakanan za'a iya yin sa da ayaba, koko, dankali, dawa ko rogo. Ana cin wannan abincin gefen tare da naman kifi wanda ya kunshi tumatir, mai da kayan yaji. Yam fufuo fufuo da aka yi da doya maimakon garin rogo ko ayaba ko koko, wannan dunƙulen naman a gargajiyance ana cin shi da kowane irin miyar Ghana. Sananne ne a Arewacin da kudu maso gabashin Ghana. Mpotompoto (doya casserole ko porridge) yanyanka na yam da aka dafa shi da ruwa mai yawa da kuma barkono mai ɗumi, albasa, tumatir, gishiri da ɗanɗano mai daɗi. Ana cinsa ko'ina cikin ƙasar Ghana amma ba kamar sauran jita-jita ba. Miya da suya Yawancin abinci na ƙasar Ghana ana amfani da su ne da miya, da miya ko Mako (wani ɗanɗano mai ƙanshi wanda aka yi da ɗanyen ja da koren barkono, albasa da tumatir (barkono miya). Gwanar Ghana da miyar ta gari suna da wayewa sosai, tare da amfani da sassauƙan kayan masarufi, nau'ikan ɗanɗano, kayan ƙanshi da laushi. Kayan lambu kamar su dabino, gyada, ganyen koko, ayoyo, alayyaho, naman kaza, okra, qwai na lambu, tumatir da nau'ikan nau'ikan marmari sune manyan abubuwan da ake amfani da su a cikin kayan miya da na stew na ƙasar ta Ghana kuma a yanayin ɗari-ɗari, na iya ninkawa a matsayin babban sinadarin furotin. Naman sa, naman alade, akuya, rago, kaza, turkey mai hayaki, tattaka, busassun katantanwa, da soyayyen kifi sune tushen tushen sunadarai a cikin kayan miyan Ghana da miya, wani lokacin sukan hada nama iri daban-daban kuma wani lokaci kifi a cikin miya daya. Miyan ana amfani da shi azaman babban hanya maimakon farawa. Hakanan abu ne na yau da kullun a sami nama mai hayaki, kifi da abincin teku a cikin kayan miyan Ghana da miyar taushe. Sun hada da kaguwa, jatan lande, periwinkles, dorinar ruwa, katantanwa, gurnani, agwagwa, kayan alatu, da alawar alade. Har ila yau, kawa. Nama, namomin kaza da abincin kifi na iya shan kyafaffen, gishiri ko busasshe don inganta dandano da kiyayewa. Kifi mai gishiri ana amfani dashi sosai don dandana kuzarin kifin. Ana amfani da kayan ƙamshi irin su thyme, tafarnuwa, albasa, ginger, barkono, curry, basil, nutmeg, sumbala, Tetrapleura tetraptera (prekese) da ganyen bay ana yin amfani da su cikin nishaɗi don cin abinci mai ɗanɗano da keɓaɓɓe wanda ya bambanta abincin Ghana. Man dabino, man kwakwa, shea butter, man kernel da man gyada sune mahimmancin man Ghana da ake amfani da shi wajen dafa abinci ko soya kuma wani lokaci ba za a sauya shi a wasu jita-jita na Ghana ba. Misali, amfani da dabino a cikin stero na okro, eto, fante fante, red red, egusi stew da mpihu mpotompoto (kwatankwacin Poi). Man kwakwa, man dabino da man ja da shea sun rasa farin jinin su a girki a Ghana saboda gabatar da ingantaccen mai da kuma tallata labarai marasa kyau na Ghana da aka yi niyya akan wadancan man. Yanzu ana amfani dasu galibi a cikin gidajen gargajiya kaɗan, don yin sabulu da kuma ta hanyar kasuwanci (abincin titi) masu siyar da abinci a matsayin mai maimakon mai daɗaɗa mai. Miyan Ghana na yau da kullum sune miyar gyada, miyar (tumatir), kontomire (ganyen tarugu) miya, miyar dabino, miyar ayoyo da miyar okra. Gwanon tumatir na Gana ko kayan miya shi ne wanda ake yawan amfani dashi da shinkafa ko waƙar. Sauran stews na kayan lambu ana yinsu ne da kontomire, kwai na lambu, egusi ('ya'yan kabewa), alayyaho, okra, da dai sauransu. Abincin karin kumallo Yawancin jita-jita da aka ambata a sama ana ba da su ne a lokacin cin abincin rana da abincin dare a cikin Gana ta zamani. Koyaya, waɗanda ke yin aikin hannu da yawancin mazaunan birane har yanzu suna cin waɗannan abincin don karin kumallo kuma galibi za su siya daga tituna. A manyan biranen Ghana, yawancin masu aiki suna shan 'ya'yan itace, shayi, abin sha na cakulan, hatsi, hatsin shinkafa (wanda ake kira ruwan shinkafa a cikin gida) kooko (garin masara mai dahuwa) da koose/akara ko maasa. Sauran abincin karin kumallo sun hada da grits, tombrown (gasasshen masara porridge), da gero porridge. Gurasa muhimmin abu ne a cikin karin kumallo na ƙasar Ghana da kuma abincin da aka toya. Burodin Ghanan, wanda aka san shi da kyau, ana yin shi da garin alkama kuma wani lokacin ana ƙara garin rogo don inganta yanayin. Akwai manyan burodi guda hudu a cikin Ghana. Burodi ne na shayi (kama da buhunan burodi), burodin sikari (wanda shine burodi mai daɗi), biredin (cikakkiyar alkama), da kuma biredin burodi. Gurasar hatsi, burodin oat da burodin malt suma galibi ne. Abincin mai zaki Akwai abinci mai dadi na gida da yawa waɗanda aka ware saboda ƙarancin buƙatarsu da tsari mai tsawo. Abinci Ghana masu dadi (ko kayan ƙanshi) na iya zama soyayyen, gyada, dafa shi, gasa shi, gasa shi ko kuma dafa shi. Soyayyen abinci mai zaki sun hada da 'ya'yan itace da yaji ayaba (kelewele) wani lokacin ana amfani da gyada. Koose anyi daga wake da aka huce (da dan tagwayen Acarajé ko akara da aka yi daga wake wanda ba a share shi ba), maasa, pinkaaso, da bofrot/Puff-puff (wanda aka yi da garin alkama); kuli-kuli, dzowey da nkate cake (wanda aka yi shi da gyada); kaklo da tatale (cikakkun faranti); kube cake da kube toffee (wanda aka yi da kwakwa); bankye krakro, biskit din gari, da krakye ayuosu (wanda aka yi daga rogo); madara mai sanƙara, tofi, tainanyen ayaba (ko soyayyen plantain) da wagashi (soyayyen cuku na manomi) su ne soyayyun kayan abinci na 'yan ƙasar Ghana (kayan kamshi). Kebab mashaya ne na gari kuma ana iya yin sa daga naman shanu, akuya, naman alade, garin soya, tsiran alade da kaza. Sauran gasasshen abinci mai daɗin ci sun haɗa da gasasshen ayaba, masara, doya da koko. Steamed sabo masara, Yakeyake, Kafa, Akyeke, tubani, moimoi (biredin wake), emo dokonu (biredin shinkafa) da esikyire dokonu (zakikin kenkey) duk misalai ne na tataccen dafaffun abinci yayin da keɓaɓɓen burodi, (plantain cake), da nama. kek irin na Jamaican patties da empanadas ana dafa su ne da ɗanɗano. Aprapransa, eto (mashed doya) da madarar atadwe (ruwan tiger nut) wasu abinci ne masu ɗanɗano. Soyayyar Gari abar so ce ta zamani. Cakuda gari ne (busasshe, gasasshen rogo), sukari, gyada (gyada) da madara. Abubuwan sha A Kudancin Ghana, ruwan giya kamar su asaana (wanda aka yi da masara mai kauri) sun zama ruwan dare. A gefen Tafkin Volta da kuma a kudancin Ghana, ana iya samun ruwan inabin da aka ɗebo daga itaciyar dabinon, amma yana saurin yin ɗumi bayan haka kuma ana amfani da shi ne don kawar da akpeteshie (gin na gari). Bugu da kari, ana iya yin abin sha daga kenkey kuma a sanyaya shi a cikin abin da ke Ghana wanda ake kira iced kenkey. A arewacin Ghana, bisaab/zobo, toose da lamujee (abin sha mai ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano) su ne abubuwan sha da ba na giya ba yayin da pitoo (giyar da ake yin garin gero da ita) abin sha ne na giya. A cikin biranen ƙasar Ghana abubuwan sha zasu iya haɗawa da ruwan 'ya'yan itace, abubuwan sha na koko, ruwan kwakwa sabo, yogurt, ice cream, abubuwan sha mai ƙamshi, abubuwan sha na malt da madarar waken soya. Bugu da kari, daskararrun na kasar Ghana suna samar da giya daga koko, malt, rake, ganyen magani na gida da kuma gandun daji. Sun hada da masu ɗaci, giya, busasshen gins, giya, da kuma abubuwan sha. Abincin titi a Ghana Abincin titi ya shahara sosai a ƙauyuka da biranen Ghana. Yawancin iyalai na Ghana suna cin abinci aƙalla sau uku a mako daga masu sayar da abinci a titi, waɗanda za a iya sayan kowane irin abinci daga gare su, gami da mahimman abinci irin su kenkey, ja ja da waakye. Sauran abinci mai daɗi irin su kebab, dafaffun masara, boflot (bo-float) da gasasshen ayaba ana sayar dasu galibi daga masu siyar da abinci akan titi. Abincin gama gari na Ghana

29883

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreedomBox

FreedomBox

FreedomBox tsarin sabar gida ce ta software kyauta bisa Debian, wanda Gidauniyar FreedomBox ke goyan bayan An ƙaddamar da shi a cikin shekara ta 2010, FreedomBox ya girma daga tsarin software zuwa tsarin muhalli wanda ya haɗa da al'ummar DIY da kuma wasu samfuran kasuwanci. Tarihi An sanar da aikin Eben Moglen, Farfesa na Shari'a a Makarantar Shari'a ta Columbia, a cikin jawabin da ake kira "'Yanci a cikin Cloud" a taron New York ISOC a ranar Fabrairu 2, 2010. A cikin wannan jawabin, Moglen ya yi hasashen irin barnar da Facebook zai yi wa al'umma: ."Mista Zuckerberg ya samu wani tarihi da ba za a iya mantawa da shi ba: ya cutar da bil'adama fiye da kowa da shekarunsa." A cikin martani kai tsaye ga barazanar da Facebook ke yi a cikin shekara ta 2010, Moglen ya bayar da hujjar cewa FreedomBox yakamata ya samar da tushe don madadin gidan yanar gizo. Kamar yadda Steven J. Vaughan Nichols ya lura, “[Moglen] ya ga rudanin da muke fuskanta kusan shekaru 10 da suka wuce. Hakan ya kasance kafin Facebook ya nuna cewa bai dace da tsaro ba tare da sayar da bayanan ku ga Cambridge Analytica don zamba ga masu amfani da Facebook miliyan 50 na Amurka tare da farfagandar anti-Clinton da farfagandar goyon bayan Trump a zaɓen shekara ta 2016." A ranar 4 ga Fabrairun shekara ta, 2011, Moglen ya kafa Gidauniyar FreedomBox don zama hedkwatar gudanarwa na aikin, kuma a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, 2011, gidauniyar ta fara yaƙin neman zaɓe don tara 60,000 a cikin kwanaki 30 akan sabis na tattara kuɗi, Kickstarter An cimma burin a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, da kuma ranar 19 ga Maris, 2011, yakin ya ƙare bayan tattara $86,724 daga masu goyon bayan 1,007. Masu haɓakawa na farko sun yi niyya don ƙirƙira da adana keɓaɓɓen keɓaɓɓen keɓaɓɓu ta hanyar samar da ingantaccen dandamali don gina ƙaƙƙarfan aikace-aikacen dijital. Sun yi niyya ga software na FreedomBox don toshe kwamfutoci da kwamfutoci guda ɗaya waɗanda za su iya kasancewa cikin sauƙi a cikin gidaje ko ofisoshi. Bayan 2011, aikin FreedomBox ya ci gaba da girma a karkashin jagorancin daban-daban. A cikin shekara ta 2017, aikin ya yi nasara sosai cewa "kamfanin fasaha na duniya mai zaman kansa ThinkWorks ya dauki hayar masu haɓaka biyu a Indiya don yin aiki a kan FreedomBox cikakken lokaci." Aikin FreedomBox yanzu yana da tsarin muhalli na software na kansa, tare da gudummawa daga sama da masu haɓaka 60 a tsawon tarihin aikin. The goal was met on February 22, The early developers aimed to create and preserve personal privacy by providing a secure platform for building decentralized digital applications. A cikin shekara ta 2019, Gidauniyar FreedomBox ta ba da sanarwar cewa samfurin FreedomBox na kasuwanci na farko Olimex, mai kera kayan masarufi ne zai siyar da shi. FreedomBox da Debian FreedomBox shine Debian Pure Blend Duk aikace-aikace akan FreedomBox an shigar dasu azaman fakitin Debian Aikin FreedomBox da kansa yana rarraba software ta wurin ajiyar Debian. Dangane da Debian don kula da software shine ɗayan dalilan da yasa FreedomBox ya ƙare da yawa makamantan ayyukan da suka yi amfani da rubutun shigarwa na hannu maimakon. FreedomBox yana zuwa tare da sabunta software ta atomatik wanda Debian ke ƙarfafawa. Hardware neutrality FreedomBox an ƙera shi don ya zama tsaka-tsakin hardware: Masu haɓakawa suna nufin a iya shigar da shi akan kusan kowace kayan aikin kwamfuta. Ɗaya daga cikin fa'idodin kasancewar Debian Pure Blend shine FreedomBox ya gaji dacewa da kayan aikin Debian iri-iri. Tun daga Afrilun shekara ta 2019, FreedomBox yana kunshe cikin hotunan tsarin aiki na al'ada don kwamfutoci 11 guda 11. An yi bayanin kayan aikin da aka gabatar don amfani da software na FreedomBox akan shafin Hardware An fi son ƙirar OSHW, kamar Olimex A20 OLinuXino Lime 2 ko BeagleBone Black,. Rufe allo allo kamar DreamPlug, Cubietruck da Rasberi Pi ne mai yiwuwa zažužžukan, yayin da wasu suna kan hanya. Hakanan akwai hoton VirtualBox. Hakanan za'a iya shigar da FreedomBox akan ingantaccen shigarwar Debian. Samfur na kasuwanci A ranar 22 ga Afrilu, 2019, Gidauniyar FreedomBox ta ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da siyar da samfuran FreedomBox na kasuwanci na farko. Olimex, kamfani wanda ke ƙirƙirar Hardware na Buɗewa shine ke samarwa da sayar da "Pioneer Edition FreedomBox Home Server Kit". Dan jaridar fasaha Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols ya ce game da ƙaddamar da samfurin FreedomBox, An ƙirƙiri samfurin don sauƙaƙe wa masu zaman kansu damar ɗaukar sabar nasu. Marubucin fasaha Glyn Moody ya lura cewa “aikin FreedomBox yana da matukar amfani, ba ko kadan ba a matsayin hujja cewa ana iya gina tsarin rarrabawa. Sabuwar hanyar kasuwanci ana maraba da ita musamman don rage shingen shiga har yanzu gaba." Duba kuma arkOS Commotion Wireless MaidSafe Rukunin sadarwar Mai sarrafa bayanan sirri PirateBox (mai kama da aikin FreedomBox) Yunohost (kuma mai kama da aikin zuwa FreedomBox) Mara waya raga cibiyar sadarwa Manazarta Latsa sharhi "Eben Moglen yana sake fasalin Intanet tare da Akwatin 'Yanci Jaridar New York Times." [Akan layi]. Akwai: https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/16/nyregion/16about.html [An ci gaba da 2016-10-06]. "Tsoron Danniya Malamai da masu fafutuka na Spurs don Gina Madadin Intanet Tarihin Babban Ilimi." [Akan layi]. Akwai: http://www.chronicle.com/article/fear-of-repression-spurs/129049 [An ci gaba da 2016-10-06]. "Gigaom Lokacin da dokoki suka kasa: fasaha kamar Akwatin 'Yanci na iya kare mu daga PRISM?" [Akan layi]. Akwai: https://gigaom.com/2013/06/17/when-laws-fail-can-technology-like-freedom-box-shield-us-from-prism/ [An ci gaba da 2016-10-06]. "Albishir ga 'Yan leƙen asiri da Masu Mulki: 'FreedomBox' yana cikin Haɗarin Mutuwar Farko WIRED." [Akan layi]. Akwai: https://www.wired.com/2012/06/freedombox/ [An ci gaba da 2016-10-06]. "Google Fiber Yana Ci Gaba da Mummunan Al'adar ISP na Hana 'Sabis' Gidauniyar Frontier Electronic." [Akan layi]. Akwai: https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2013/08/google-fiber-continues-awful-isp-tradition-banning-servers [An ci gaba da 2016-10-06]. "Samar da Intanet da keɓantawa tare da FreedomBox Opensource.com." [Akan layi]. Akwai: https://opensource.com/life/15/12/freedombox [An ci gaba da 2016-10-06]. "Shin Kariyar Keɓaɓɓen 'Mafi Al'ajabi Ya Fi Kuɗi'? Duk Tech La'akari NPR." [Akan layi]. Akwai: https://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2014/12/06/369012826/is-privacy-protection-more-awesome-than-money [An ci gaba da 2016-10-06]. "Jacob Appelbaum: NSA na nufin cikakken sa ido ITWeb." [Akan layi]. Akwai: http://www.itweb.co.za/index.php?id=134825 [An shiga 2016-10=06]. "Ina da haɗin kai, mai amfani da Intanet: la rivoluzione del mesh networking -Repubblica.it." [Akan layi]. Akwai: http://www.repubblica.it/tecnologia/2014/05/12/news/mi_connetto_lontano_da_internet_la_rivoluzione_del_mesh_networking-85929965/?refresh_ce [An shiga 2016-10=06]. "Wannan buɗaɗɗen tushen sabar masu zaman kansu yana da sauƙin amfani azaman wayar hannu kuma yana iya sauƙaƙa damuwar sirrin ku Sabbin Labarai Sabuntawa a Labaran Daily Analysis." [Akan layi]. Akwai: http://www.dnaindia.com/scitech/report-this-open-source-private-server-is-as-easy-to-use-as-a-smartphone-and-can-ease-your- sirri-damuwa-2184605 [An shiga 2016-10=06]. Haƙƙoƙi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

21056

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9%20Salifou

André Salifou

André Salifou (an haife shi a shekara ta 1942 ɗan siyasan Nijar ne, Wanda yake da ilimin diflomasiyya, kuma farfesa. Ya kasance Shugaban Majalisar koli ta Jamhuriyya a shekarar 1991 zuwa– 93, a takaice ya yi Ministan Harkokin Kasashen Waje a shekarar 1996, kuma ya kasance dan takarar shugaban kasa da bai yi nasara ba a shekarar 1999. Tarihin rayuwa An haifi Salifou a garin Zinder Daga shekarar 1972 zuwa shekara ta 1979, kuma ya yi aiki da Hukumar Hadin Gwiwar Al'adu da Fasaha Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique UNESCO, da Maurungiyar gamaiyar Afirka da Mauritian Organisation Karatu Sannan ya zama Farfesan Tarihi a Jami'ar Yamai har zuwa shekara ta 1991. Don karatun digirin digirgir dinsa ya rubuta takaddun mulkin mallaka da zamantakewar al'umma a Nijar zuwa la fin du XIXe siècle à la début de la Seconde Guerre mondiale Mulkin Mallaka da igenan asalin Nijar daga ƙarshen karni na 19 zuwa farkon na biyu Yaƙin Duniya Harkar siyasa Matsayi a Taron Kasa da Babban Majalisar Jamhuriya A ƙarshen shekarar 1980s mulkin soja na Birgediya Janar Ali Saibou ya fuskanci matsin lamba na cikin gida da hamayyar jama'a. A karshen shekarar 1990, gwamnatin ta amince da bukatar komawa ga mulkin farar hula sannan aka kira taron kasa a watan Yulin shekarar 1991 don shirya hanyar amincewa da sabon kundin tsarin mulki da kuma gudanar da zabe cikin gaskiya da adalci. An zabi Farfesa Salifou a matsayin mai tsaka-tsaki don zama Shugaban Presidium na Babban Taron Kasa, wanda aka gudanar daga 29 ga watan Yulin shekarar 1991, zuwa ranar 3 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1991 kuma aka kafa gwamnatin rikon kwarya da ke jagorantar zaben dimokiradiyya. A Taron, an zabe shi a matsayin Shugaban Babban Majalisar Jamhuriya, wanda aka kirkireshi don yin aiki a cikin aikin majalisa a lokacin rikon kwarya, wanda ya kasance daga Satan Nuwamba shekarar 1991 zuwa watan Afrilu shekarar 1993. A ƙarshen watan Fabrairun shekarar 1992 sojoji suka nemi a biya shi albashi tare da Ministan cikin gida, Mohamed Moussa a takaice. an sake shi da Moussa bayan an yi wa sojoji alkawarin cewa za su karɓi albashin. Dan siyasa mai adawa A zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Fabrairun shekarar 1993, Salifou ya kasance dan takarar jam’iyyarsa, Union of Democratic and Progressive Patriots (UPDP-Chamoua), a yankin Zinder, kuma an zabe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa Kamar Firayim Minista Ahmadou Cheiffou, taron kasa ya hana shi tsayawa takara a zaben shugaban kasa da aka gudanar a cikin wannan watan saboda matsayinsa na Shugaban Majalisar koli ta Jamhuriya. Bayan zaben, jam’iyyar UPDP, wacce Salifou ke jagoranta, ta zama wani bangare na ‘yan adawa tare da National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD). Salifou ya halarci zanga-zangar adawa a ranar 16 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 1994, kuma an kame shi tare da wasu 90, ciki har da shugaban MNSD Tandja Mamadou Karkashin mulkin soja Bayan da Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki da sojoji suka yi a ranar 27 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1996, an naɗa Salifou a matsayin karamin minista mai kula da ilimi mai zurfi da bincike a cikin sabuwar gwamnatin rikon kwaryar da aka ambata a ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairu. Watanni uku bayan haka, a ranar 5 ga watan Mayu, maimakon haka aka nada Salifou karamin Minista mai kula da alakar kasashen waje Ya bar wannan mukamin ne a watan Disambar shekarar 1996, lokacin da aka mayar da shi karamin Minista mai kula da Hulda da Majalisun; ya kasance a matsayi na ƙarshe har zuwa watan Disamba shekara ta 1997. Koma kan dimokuradiyya A karshen watan Agustan shekarar 1999, Salifou ya bayyana cewa zai tsaya takarar dan takarar jam’iyyar UPDP a zaben shugaban kasa na watan Oktoba na shekarar 1999 A cikin zaben, ya sanya na shida tare da kashi 2.08% na kuri'un. Bayan zaben shekarar 1999, Salifou ya yi rawar diflomasiyya ga kungiyoyin kasa da kasa. Ya kasance wakili na musamman na La Francophonie zuwa Comoros a ranar 15 ga watan Maris,shekarar 2001, 'yan adawar Comoran sun yi zargin cewa Salifou, tare da jakadan Faransa, sun yi aiki a asirce game da kasancewar Kungiyar Hadin Kan Afirka a Comoros. Daga baya, a ranar 30 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 2002, aka nada Salifou a matsayin wakili na musamman na Sakatare-janar na kungiyar OAU Amara Essy zuwa Madagascar Shugaba Tandja ne ya nada Salifou a matsayin Wakilinsa na Musamman a La Francophonie, kuma an hada shi da wakilan Jamhuriyar Nijar zuwa taron La Francophonie karo na tara, wanda aka yi a Beirut a watan oktobar shekarar 2002. Ya kuma jagoranci tawagar Tarayyar Afirka zuwa Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2002, inda ya gana da Shugaban Afirka ta Tsakiya Ange-Félix Patassé a ranar 19 ga watan Nuwamba don tattaunawa kan "yanayin dawo da zaman lafiya a CAR". A ranar 13 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 2003, an nada shi a matsayin wakili na musamman na Essy, wanda a wannan lokacin ya kasance Shugaban rikon kwarya na Kwamitin Tarayyar Afirka, zuwa Côte d'Ivoire Bayan Mahamadou Issoufou ya hau mulki a matsayin Shugaban kasa, ya nada Salifou a matsayin Mashawarci na Musamman ga Shugaban Kasa, tare da mukamin Minista, a ranar 20 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 2011. Salifou shi ne zai rike wannan mukamin a lokaci daya tare da matsayin sa na Wakilin Shugaban Kasa na musamman a La Francophonie. Manazarta Mutane daga Zinder Mutane daga Nijar Mutanan Nijar Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1942 Ministocin

50567

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabrina%20Erdely

Sabrina Erdely

Sabrina Rubin Erdely wata tsohuwar 'yar jarida ce kuma mai ba da rahoto na mujallar, wacce a cikin 2014 ta rubuta labarin batanci a cikin Rolling Stone da ke kwatanta zargin fyade da wasu 'yan'uwa da yawa suka yi wa wata dalibar Jami'ar Virginia. Labarin mai taken Wani Fyade A Harabar Jami'ar", daga baya ya sha kaye. Mujallar ta janye labarin bayan nazarin Makarantar Jarida ta Jami'ar Columbia wanda ya kammala da cewa Erdely da Rolling Stone sun kasa shiga "na asali, har ma da aikin jarida na yau da kullum". Sakamakon haka, an ambaci sunan Erdely a cikin kararraki uku tare da bukatar sama da dala miliyan 32 a hade domin samun diyya sakamakon buga labarin. Wani wanda ya kammala karatun digiri a Jami'ar Pennsylvania, Erdely ya rubuta game da fyade da cin zarafi. Kafin labarin Rolling Stone, aikinta ya bayyana a GQ, Self, New Yorker, Uwar Jones,Glamour, Lafiyar maza da Philadelphia. In November 2016, a federal court jury found Erdely was liable for defamation with actual malice in a lawsuit brought by University of Virginia administrator Nicole Eramo, and Erdely was found personally responsible for $2 million in damages. Ilimi da farkon rayuwa An haifi Erdely a New York. Ta kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar Pennsylvania a 1994. A cewar Erdely, ta kasance da farko a pre-med dalibi amma ya zama Turanci babba yayinda yake aiki a kan ma'aikatan 34th Street, mujallu sakawa ga Daily Pennsylvanian, harabar jaridar A lokacin da take aiki a titin 34th, abokin aikinta Stephen Glass "ya jefi dacewa mai kyau" bayan ita da abokin aikinta "sun shirya wani labari mai ban dariya kuma a bayyane yake" ga mujallar Daga baya, a cikin wata kasida da ta rubuta wa mujallar tsofaffin ɗalibai na Jami'ar Pennsylvania, ta kira Glass a "sociopathic creep" saboda, in ji ta, ya ƙirƙira labarun da aka buga a matsayin aikin jarida na gaskiya a cikin New Republic. Sana'a Bayan yamujallnn, Erdely ya tafi aiki don Philadelphia kafin ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin marubucin mujallar mai zaman kansa. Rubutun mujallu Labarin Erdely na 1996 na Philadelphia, game da wata mace da ta yi zargin cewa likitan mata ya yi mata fyade, an zabi shi don lambar yabo ta kasa. Wani labari na 2012 don Rolling Stone, ke zargin cin zarafi na daliban gayu a Minnesota, an zabe shi kamar haka kuma ya sami lambar yabo ta GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Magazine Articl. A cikin 2003 Erdely a rubuta wani labari mai ban sha'awa a cikin GQ game da sanannen con man Steve Comisar. Labari na Rolling Stone na Erdely na 2013, "The Rape of Petty Officer Blumer," ya ba da labarin zargin yin amfani da kwayoyi da fyade ga wata karamar jami'ar sojan ruwa ta Amurka da wasu sojojin Amurka uku suka yi. Labarin Rolling Stone:"Faylolin Laifukan Jima'i na Cocin Katolika" A cikin 2011, Erdely ya ba da labarin wani labari na Rolling Stone game da cin zarafin yara a cikin Cocin Roman Katolika a Philadelphia.(An yi bincike a cocin a birane da yawa tun lokacin da The Boston Globe fallasa a cikin 02 a kariyar cocin na firistoci masu farauta.) Labarin Erdely ya kwatanta wani yaro mai daraja na biyar na bagadi da ake kira "Billy Doe" wanda "mummunan hare-haren ya juya Billy Doe ya kasance babba lokacin da ya gabatar da zarge-zargen nasa, wanda ya haifar da tuhumar laifukan da ya kai ga daure wasu ma'aikatan coci uku. Doe ya kuma shigar da babbar kara a kan cocin. Ralph Cipriano ya rubuta a cikin Newsweek cewa "Erdely bai sani ba ko kuma ya damu don ganowa cocicewa Billy ya riga ya ba da labarinsa ga babban coci, 'yan sanda, da kuma babban uri, kuma daga bisani zai sake ba da shi ga wasu alkalai guda biyu daban-daban a cikin masu laifi iyu. louta. Kuma a duk lokacin da ya ba da labarnsa, bayanan sun yi ta canjawa.” A karo na farko na fyaden Billy Doe ya yi iƙirarin jimrewa, an buga shi a ume, an tubeshi, an ɗaure shi da bagadin coci da sahes, kuma an yi masa fyade a kan bagadi na tsawon sa'o'i byar. Abubuwan da suka biyo baya na fyaden da Doe ya yi ba su da ban maaki; wani juzu'i na ƙarshe ya tsallake fyaden tsuliya na awa biyar na baadi. Madadin haka, Billy Doe ya bayana, an tilasta masa shiga cikin al'aurar.na Cipriano ya soki Erdely saboda kasa haɗa bayanai game da bayanan Billy Doe wanda zai iya lalata amincinsa;Alal misali,an kama shi sau shida,sau ɗaya yayin da yake fataucin buhunan tabar heroin 56. Lauyan Doe Slade McLaughlin,da David Clohessy,shugaban SNAP,sun lura a cikin mayar da martani cewa shan miyagun ƙwayoyi abu ne na yau da kullum ga cin zarafin yara. Rolling Stone article: "The Rape of Petty Officer Blumer" Labarin Rolling Stone "Wani Fyade A Harabar Jami'a" An buga labarin Erdely na Rolling Stone,mai suna "Rape on Campus",a cikin fitowar Disamba 2014 na waccan mujallar.An yi zargin cewa mutane bakwai na Phi Kappa Psi a Jami'ar Virginia sun yi wa wata daliba fyade a gidan 'yan uwanta a ranar 28 ga Satumba,2012. Tambayoyi daban-daban na Phi Kappa Psi da The Washington Post sun nuna manyan kurakurai da sabani a cikin rahoton.Labarin Erdely ya fuskanci suka a kafafen yada labarai da tambayoyi game da gaskiyar sa. Jaridar Washington Post da Boston Herald duk sun yi kira ga ma'aikatan mujallar da ke da hannu a cikin rahoton da a kori.11 Natasha Vargas-Cooper,marubuci a The Interceptya ce labarin Erdely ya nuna "mummunan ra'ayi mai ban tsoro,ɓoye,"yayin da edita a cikin Wall Street Journal ya yi zargin cewa "Ms.Erdely ba ta gina wani labari ba bisa ga gaskiya,amma ta tafi neman don hujjojin da suka dace da ka'idarta."Yayin da ake ci gaba da sukar labarin, Erdely ta bace daga idon jama'a,inda kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban suka kwatanta ta da "MIA" da "kashe grid." Rolling Stone daga baya ya ba da uzuri uku game da labarin.A ranar 10 ga Disamba,2014, The Washington Post ta buga wani sabon lissafi na bincikenta game da labarin Rolling Stone.Da yake taƙaita wannan rahoton,Slate ya lura cewa "yana da ƙarfi,ba tare da faɗin haka ba,cewa za a iya ƙirƙira ƙungiyar fyade a tsakiyar labarin Sabrina Rubin Erdely." Manazarta Rayayyun

29771

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei%20Parajanov

Sergei Parajanov

Articles with hCards Serhii Parajanov Armenian ;dan Georgian dan Ukraine wani lokacin rubuta Paradzhanov ko Paradjanov Janairu 9, 1924 Yuli 20, 1990) darektan fina-finai ne na Soviet Armenia, marubucin fina-finai kuma mai zane wanda ya ba da gudummawar seminal ga cinema na duniya tare da fina-finansa Inuwar Magabata da Launin Ruman. Parajanov yana daga cikin masu sharhin fina-finai, masana tarihin fina-finai, da masu shirya fina-finai a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu shirya fina-finai da suka fi tasiri a tarihin sinima. Ya ƙirƙiro salon silima nasa, wanda ba shi da tsari tare da ka'idodin jagora na hakikar gurguzu; kawai salon fasaha da aka ba da izini a cikin USSR. Wannan, haɗe da salon rayuwarsa da halayensa, ya sa hukumomin Soviet suka ci gaba da tsananta masa da ɗaure shi, da kuma danne fina-finansa. Duk da haka, an nada Parajanov ɗaya daga cikin 20 Direktocin Fina-Finai na Gaba ta Rotterdam International Film Festival, kuma fina-finansa sun kasance cikin manyan fina-finai na kowane lokaci ta mujallar Cibiyar Fina-Fina ta Burtaniya ta Sight &amp; Sound. Ko da yake ya fara sana'ar shirya fina-finai a shekarar 1954, daga baya Parajanov ya musanta dukkan fina-finan da ya yi kafin 1965 a matsayin "bola". Bayan jagorancin Shadows of Forgotten magabata (wanda aka sake masa suna Wild Horses of Fire don yawancin rarrabawar kasashen waje) Parajanov ya zama wani abu na mashahuriyar duniya kuma a lokaci guda hari na USSR. Kusan duk ayyukansa na fina-finai da tsare-tsare daga 1965 zuwa 1973 gwamnatocin fina-finan Soviet ne suka haramta, kora ko rufe su, na gida (a Kyiv da Yerevan da na tarayya Goskino kusan ba tare da tattaunawa ba, har sai da aka kama shi a ƙarshen 1973. akan tuhumar karya da laifin fyade, luwadi da cin hanci An daure shi har zuwa 1977, duk da neman afuwar da wasu masu fasaha suka yi. Ko da bayan an sake shi (an kama shi a karo na uku da na ƙarshe a cikin 1982) ya kasance mutumin da ba grata ba ne a fim ɗin Soviet. Sai a tsakiyar shekarun 1980, lokacin da yanayin siyasa ya fara shakatawa, zai iya ci gaba da jagoranci. Duk da haka, yana buƙatar taimakon ƙwararren ɗan wasan Jojiya Dodo Abashidze da sauran abokansa don ganin fina-finansa na ƙarshe sun haskaka. Lafiyarsa ta yi rauni sosai bayan shekaru hudu a sansanonin aiki da watanni tara a kurkuku a Tbilisi. Parajanov ya mutu ne sakamakon cutar kansar huhu a shekarar 1990, a daidai lokacin da, bayan kusan shekaru 20 na danne fina-finansa, ana nuna fina-finansa a bukukuwan fina-finai na kasashen waje. A cikin wata hira da aka yi da shi a 1988 ya bayyana cewa, "Kowa ya san cewa ina da Motherland guda uku. An haife ni a Jojiya, na yi aiki a Ukraine kuma zan mutu a Armeniya." An binne Parajanov a Komitas Pantheon a Yerevan. Fina-finan Parajanov sun sami kyaututtuka a bikin fina-finai na Mar del Plata, bikin fina-finai na Istanbul International, kyautar Nika Awards, Rotterdam International Film Festival, Sitges Catalan International Film Festival, São Paulo International Film Festival da sauransu. Cikakken bita a cikin Burtaniya ya faru a cikin 2010 a BFI Southbank Layla Alexander-Garrett da kwararre na Parajanov Elisabetta Fabrizi ne suka yi la'akari da abin da ya biyo baya wanda ya ba da izini ga sabon hukumar Parajanov da aka yi wahayi a cikin BFI Gallery ta mai zane na zamani Matt Collishaw ('Retrospectre'). An sadaukar da wani taron karawa juna sani ga aikin Paradjanov wanda ya hada masana don tattaunawa da kuma nuna farin ciki da gudummawar da darektan ya bayar ga cinema da fasaha. Kuruciya da fina-finai An haifi Parajanov Sarkis Hovsepi Parajaniants ga iyayen Armeniya mawaka, Iosif Paradjanov da Siranush Bejanova, a Tbilisi, Jojiya duk da haka, sunan iyali na Parajaniants an tabbatar da shi ta wani takardun tarihi mai rai a Serhii Parajanov Museum da ke Yerevan. Ya sami damar yin fasaha tun yana karami. A 1945, ya yi tafiya zuwa Moscow, ya shiga cikin sashen bayar da umarni a VGIK, daya daga cikin tsofaffi kuma mafi girma a makarantun fina-finai a Turai, kuma ya yi karatu a karkashin jagorancin darektoci Igor Savchenko da Oleksandr Dovzhenko A cikin 1948 an same shi da laifin yin luwadi (wanda ba bisa ka'ida ba a lokacin a cikin Tarayyar Soviet) tare da wani jami'in MGB mai suna Nikolai Mikava a Tbilisi. Daga baya an tabbatar da wadannan tuhume-tuhumen cewa karya ne. An yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru biyar a gidan yari, amma an sake shi bisa afuwar bayan watanni uku. A cikin hirar bidiyo, abokai da dangi suna adawa da gaskiyar duk wani abu da aka tuhume shi da shi. Suna kyautata zaton hukuncin zai kasance wani nau'i ne na ramuwar gayya na siyasa don ra'ayinsa na tawaye. A 1950 Parajanov ya auri matarsa ta farko, Nigyar Kerimova, a kasar Moscow. Ta fito daga dangin Tatar Musulma kuma ta koma Kiristanci ta Gabas don ta auri Parajanov. Daga baya ‘yan uwanta ne suka kashe ta saboda musuluntarta. Bayan kisan kai Parajanov ya bar Rasha zuwa Kyiv, Ukraine, inda ya samar da wasu takardun shaida Dumka, Golden Hands, Natalia Uzhvy da kuma wasu fina-finai masu ban sha'awa: Andriesh (dangane da tatsuniya na marubucin Moldovan Emilian Bukov The Top Guy (mai kida kolkhoz Ukrainian Rhapsody (wani melodrama na yaƙi), da Flower on the Stone (game da wata ƙungiyar addini da ke kutsawa cikin garin hakar ma'adinai a cikin Donets Basin Ya zama ƙwararren harshen Ukrainian kuma ya auri matarsa ta biyu, Svitlana Ivanivna Shcherbatiuk (1938-2020 wanda kuma aka sani da Svetlana Sherbatiuk ko Svetlana Parajanova, a cikin 1956. Shcherbatiuk ta haifi ɗa, Suren, a cikin 1958. A ƙarshe ma'auratan sun rabu kuma ita da Suren suka ƙaura zuwa Kyiv, Ukraine. Fita daga Soviet Fim ɗin farko na Andrey Tarkovsky na Ivan's Childhood ya yi tasiri sosai a kan gano kansa na Parajanov a matsayin ɗan fim. Daga baya tasirin ya zama juna, kuma shi da Tarkovsky sun zama abokai na kusa. Wani tasiri shi ne dan wasan kwaikwayo na Italiyanci Pier Paolo Pasolini, wanda Parajanov zai bayyana a matsayin "kamar Allah" a gare shi da kuma darektan "style majestic". A cikin 1965 Parajanov ya watsar da gaskiyar gurguzanci kuma ya jagoranci mawaƙan Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors, fim ɗinsa na farko wanda yake da cikakken ikon sarrafawa. Ya lashe lambobin yabo na kasa da kasa da yawa kuma, ba kamar launi na Ruman na gaba ba, hukumomin Soviet sun sami karbuwa sosai. Kwamitin Edita na Rubutun a Goskino na Ukraine ya yaba wa fim ɗin don "ba da ingancin shayari da zurfin falsafa na labarin M. Kotsiubynsky ta hanyar harshen sinima," kuma ya kira shi "kyakkyawan nasarar ƙirƙirar ɗakin studio Dovzhenko." Har ila yau, Moscow ta amince da bukatar Goskino na Ukraine na sakin fim ɗin tare da ainihin sauti na Ukraine, maimakon rage tattaunawar zuwa Rasha don sakin Tarayyar Soviet, don kiyaye dandano na Ukrain. (Rubutun Rashanci ya kasance daidaitaccen aiki a wancan lokacin don fina-finai na Soviet wadanda ba na Rasha ba lokacin da aka rarraba su a wajen jamhuriyar asali. Parajanov ya bar Kyiv jim kaɗan zuwa ƙasar kakannin sa, Armeniya. A cikin 1969, ya shiga Sayat Nova, fim ɗin da mutane da yawa ke ɗauka a matsayin nasarar da ya samu, ko da yake an harbe shi a cikin ƙananan yanayi kuma yana da ƙananan kasafin kuɗi da aka tanada. Masu binciken Soviet sun shiga tsakani kuma sun haramta Sayat Nova saboda abubuwan da ake zargin sa na tayar da hankali. Parajanov ya sake gyara hotunansa kuma ya sake suna fim din Launi na Ruman Actor Alexei Korotyukov ya ce: "Pradjanov ya yi fina-finai ba game da yadda abubuwa suke ba, amma yadda za su kasance da ya kasance ubangiji." Mikhail Vartanov ya rubuta a cikin 1969 cewa "Baya ga yaren fina-finai da Griffith da Eisenstein suka ba da shawara, sinimar duniya ba ta gano wani sabon juyin yanayi ba sai lokacinda ya saki fim dinsa naThe Color of Pomegranates Daurin yari kuma daga baya aiki A watan Disamba na 1973, hukumomin Soviet sun kara tsananta shakku game da ayyukan da Parajanov ya dauka, musamman ma na sha'awar jinsi maza da mata, kuma sun yanke masa hukuncin shekaru biyar a wani da horo mai tsanani saboda "fyade ga memba na Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci, da yada fina-finan batsa." Kwanaki uku kafin a yanke wa Parajanov hukunci, Andrei Tarkovsky ya rubuta wasiƙa zuwa ga kwamitin tsakiya na Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Ukraine, yana mai cewa "A cikin shekaru goma da suka wuce Sergei Paradjanov ya yi fina-finai biyu kawai: Shadows na kakanninmu da aka manta da kuma launi na Ruman. Sun yi tasiri a cinema na farko a Ukraine, na biyu a wannan ƙasa gaba ɗaya, kuma na uku a duniya gabaɗaya. A fasaha, akwai 'yan mutane a duk duniya, wanda zai iya maye gurbin Paradjanov. Yana da laifi laifin kadaici. Muna da laifin rashin tunaninsa kullum da kuma kasa gano ma'anar ubangida." Wata ƙungiyar masu fasaha, ƴan wasan kwaikwayo, masu shirya fina-finai da masu fafutuka sun yi zanga-zanga a madadin Parajanov, suna masu kira da a sake shi cikin gaggawa. Daga cikinsu akwai Robert De Niro, Francis Ford Coppola, Martin Scorsese, Leonid Gaidai, Eldar Ryazanov, Yves Saint Laurent, Marcello Mastroianni, Françoise Sagan, Jean-Luc Godard, François Truffaut, Luis Buñuel, Federico Fellini ovsky da Andrei Michel ovsky Mikhail Vartanov Parajanov ya yi shekaru hudu daga cikin hukuncin daurin shekaru biyar, kuma daga baya ya ba da labarin sakinsa na farko ga kokarin mawallafin Faransanci na Surrealist Louis Aragon, da Rasha Elsa Triolet (matar Aragon), da marubucin Amurka John Updike. Leonid Brezhnev, Babban Sakatare na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Tarayyar Soviet ne ya ba da izinin sakinsa da wuri, mai yiwuwa sakamakon samun damar ganawa da Brezhnev da Aragon da Triolet a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Bolshoi a Moscow. Lokacin da Brezhnev ya tambaye shi ko zai iya taimakawa, Aragon ya bukaci a saki Parajanov, wanda aka yi a watan Disamba 1977. Yayin da yake tsare, Parajanov ya samar da adadi mai yawa na ƙananan sassake-sassake (wasu daga cikinsu sun ɓace) da kuma wasu zane-zane 800 da haɗin gwiwar, yawancin su daga baya an nuna su a Yerevan, inda Serhii Parajanov Museum yanzu ya kasance na dindindin. (Gidan gidan kayan gargajiya, wanda aka buɗe a cikin 1991, shekara guda bayan mutuwar Parajanov, yana ɗaukar ayyuka sama da 200 da kayan masarufi daga gidansa a Tbilisi Ƙoƙarin da ya yi a cikin sansanin ya sha wahala daga masu gadin kurkuku, waɗanda suka hana shi kayan aiki kuma suka kira shi mahaukaci, zaluncinsu ya ragu ne kawai bayan wata sanarwa daga Moscow ta yarda cewa "darektan yana da basira sosai." Bayan da ya dawo daga kurkuku zuwa Tbilisi, sa idon na Soviet censors ya hana Parajanov ci gaba da ayyukansa na cinematic kuma ya kai shi ga wuraren fasahar da ya reno a lokacin da yake kurkuku. Ya ƙera manyan ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙira, ya ƙirƙiri tarin zane-zane masu tarin yawa kuma ya bi wasu hanyoyi masu yawa na fasaha da ba na cinema ba, ɗinkin ƴan tsana da wasu kaya masu ban sha'awa. A cikin Fabrairu 1982 an sake daure Parajanov a kurkuku, a kan zargin cin hanci da rashawa, wanda ya faru daidai da komawarsa Moscow don fara wasan kwaikwayo na tunawa da Vladimir Vysotsky a Taganka Theater, kuma an yi shi da wani mataki na yaudara. Duk da hukuncin daurin rai da rai, an sake shi cikin kasa da shekara guda, inda lafiyarsa ta yi rauni sosai. A cikin 1985, fara rugujewar Tarayyar Soviet ya sa Parajanov ya ci gaba da sha'awar cinema. Tare da ƙarfafawar ƙwararrun masu ilimin Georgian daban-daban, ya kirkiro fim ɗin da aka ba da lambar yabo da yawa The Legend of Suram Fortress, bisa ga wani labari na Daniel Chonkadze, komawar sa na farko zuwa cinema tun Sayat Nova shekaru goma sha biyar da suka wuce. A cikin 1988, Parajanov ya yi wani fim ɗin da ya sami lambar yabo da yawa, Ashik Kerib, bisa labarin da Mikhail Lermontov ya yi. Labari ne na mawaƙa mai yawo, wanda aka kafa a cikin al'adun Azerbaijan Parajanov ya sadaukar da fim din ga abokinsa Andrei Tarkovsky da "ga dukan 'ya'yan duniya". Mutuwa Parajanov sai yayi ƙoƙari ya kammala aikinsa na ƙarshe. Ya mutu da ciwon daji a Yerevan, Armeniya a ranar 20 ga Yuli, 1990, yana da shekaru 66, ya bar wannan aikin na ƙarshe, The Confession, bai gama ba. Abokinsa na kusa ya karasa aikin a matsayin Parajanov: The Last Spring, wanda abokinsa Mikhail Vartanov ya tattara a 1992. Federico Fellini, Tonino Guerra, Francesco Rosi, Alberto Moravia, Giulietta Masina, Marcello Mastroianni da Bernardo Bertolucci na daga cikin wadanda suka fito fili suka yi alhinin mutuwarsa. Sun aika da telegram zuwa Rasha tare da wannan sanarwa: "Duniyar cinema ta rasa mai sihiri". Tasiri da manufofin da ya bari Duk da karatun fim da yayi a VGIK, Parajanov ya gano hanyarsa ta fasaha ne kawai bayan ya ga fim din farko mai kama da mafarki na darektan Soviet Andrei Tarkovsky Ivan's Childhood Parajanov ya kasance mai matukar godiya ga Tarkovsky da kansa a cikin fim din tarihin rayuwarsa Voyage in Time ("Koyaushe tare da babbar godiya da jin daɗi na tuna da fina-finai na Serhii Parajanov wanda nake so sosai. Hanyar tunaninsa, abin ban mamaki, waƙarsa ikon son kyan gani da ikon samun cikakkiyar 'yanci a cikin hangen nesansa"). A cikin wannan fim din Tarkovsky ya bayyana cewa Parajanov yana daya daga cikin masu shirya fina-finai da ya fi so. Mai shirya fina-finai na Italiya Michelangelo Antonioni ya bayyana cewa ("Launi na Ruman ta Parajanov, a ganina yana daya daga cikin mafi kyawun daraktocin fina-finai na zamani, ya buga da kamalar kyawunsa." Parajanov kuma ya sami sha'awar ɗan fim ɗan Amurka Francis Ford Coppola Daraktan fina-finan Faransa Jean-Luc Godard kuma ya bayyana cewa ("A cikin haikalin cinema, akwai hotuna, haske, da gaskiya. Sergei Parajanov shi ne shugaban wannan haikalin"). Mai shirya fina-finai na Soviet Mikhail Vartanov ya ce ("Wataƙila, ban da yaren fim ɗin da Griffith da Eisenstein suka ba da shawara, sinimar duniya ba ta gano wani sabon juyin juya hali ba har sai Paradjanov's The Color of Ruman." Bayan mutuwar Parjanov, Federico Fellini, Tonino Guerra, Giulietta Masina, Francesco Rosi, Alberto Moravia, Bernardo Bertolucci, da Marcello Mastroianni tare sun aika da wasiƙar zuwa Tarayyar Soviet suna cewa ("Tare da mutuwar Parajanov, cinema ya rasa daya daga cikin masu sihiri. Fantasy Parajanov zai kasance mai ban sha'awa har abada kuma ya kawo farin ciki ga mutanen duniya Duk da cewa yana da masu sha'awar fasaharsa da yawa, hangen nesansa bai jawo masa mabiya da yawa ba. "Duk wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi koyi da ni ya ɓace," in ji shi. Duk da haka, masu gudanarwa irin su Theo Angelopoulos, Béla Tarr da Mohsen Makhmalbaf sun raba hanyar Parajanov zuwa fim a matsayin mai mahimmanci na gani maimakon a matsayin kayan aiki na labari. An kafa Cibiyar Parajanov-Vartanov a Hollywood a shekara ta 2010 don yin nazari, adanawa da inganta abubuwan fasaha na Sergei Parajanov da Mikhail Vartanov. Fina-finai Wasan kwaikwayo Ƙirƙirar wasan kwaikwayo da kuma wani ɓangare na wasan kwaikwayo Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors 1965, wanda aka rubuta tare da Ivan Chendei, bisa ga littafin Mykhailo Kotsiubynsky Kyiv Frescoes 1965) Sayat Nova 1969, samar da wasan kwaikwayo na Launi na Ruman Furuci 1969–1989) Nazarin Game da Vrubel tydy bele, 1989, nunin lokacin Mikhail Vrubel 's Kyiv, wanda Leonid Osyka ya rubuta kuma ya jagoranci) Lake Swan: Yankin 1989, wanda aka yi fim a 1990, wanda Yuriy Illienko ya jagoranta, mai cinematographer na Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors Wasan kwaikwayo da ayyukan da ba a samar da su ba Fadar Dormant 1969, bisa ga waƙar Pushkin The Fountain of Bakhchisaray Intermezzo (1972, bisa ga gajeriyar labarin Mykhailo Kotsiubynsky) Icarus 1972) The Golden Edge 1972) Ara the Beautiful 1972, bisa ga waƙar na karni na 20 mawaƙin Armeniya Nairi Zaryan game da Ara the Beautiful Demon 1972, bisa ga waka mai suna Lermontov The Miracle of Odense 1973, sako-sako da bisa ga rayuwa da ayyukan Hans Christian Andersen Dauda na Sasun tsakiyar 1980s, bisa ga waƙar Armeniya David na Sasun Shahadar Shushanik 1987, bisa ga tarihin Jojiya na Iakob Tsurtaveli Taskar Dutsen Ararat Daga cikin ayyukansa, akwai kuma shirye-shiryen daidaitawa Longfellow 's The Song of Hiawatha, Shakespeare 's Hamlet, Goethe 's Faust, Tsohon Gabas Slavic waka The Tale of Igor's Campaign, amma ba'a taba kammala rubutunsu ba Nassoshi a cikin shahararrun al'adu Labarin rayuwar Parajanov yana ba da (sauƙi) tushen tushen littafin Stet na 2006 na marubucin Amurka James Chapman. Bidiyon Lady Gaga 911 yayi nuni ga shirin The Color of Pomegranates na akasarin sassan bidiyon. Hoton fim ɗin kuma ya bayyana a kan titi a ƙarshen bidiyon. Bidiyon Gaga yana gabatar da alamun fim ɗin a cikin kwatancenta na tsananin rayuwa. Bidiyon waƙar Madonna na 1995 Labarin Kwanciya ya sake dawo da wasu abubuwan da ke cikin fim ɗin (kamar wurin wani ƙaramin yaro yana kwance a wuri tayi a kan pentagram a ƙasa yayin da babba ya lulluɓe shi da bargo, wani kuma inda ƙafar tsirara ta murkushe shi. gungun inabi suna kwance akan kwamfutar hannu da aka rubuta), a tsakanin sauran ƙwaƙƙwaran fasaha waɗanda ke nuna mafarkai da zane-zane na zahiri a cikin bidiyon. Nicolas Jaar ya fito, a cikin album na Pomegranates a shekara ta 2015, na Ruman, wanda aka yi nufi a matsayin madadin sauti na fim din. Hakanan ya haifar da madadin bidiyon kiɗan REM na rukunin rock don Rasa Addinina Kyaututtuka da karramawa Akwai wani karamin mutum-mutumi na Parajanov a Tbilisi Akwai plaque a bangon gidan yara na Parajanov Titin Parajanov ya girma, titin Kote Meskhi, an sake masa suna Parajanov Street a cikin 2021. Akwai gidan kayan gargajiya da aka keɓe ga Parajanov a Yerevan, Armenia Duba kuma Fim ɗin fasaha Asteroid 3963 Paradzhanov Cinema na Armenia Cinema na Jojiya Cinema na Tarayyar Soviet Cinema na Ukraine Serhii Parajanov Museum Jerin daraktoci masu alaƙa da fim ɗin fasaha Manazarta Nassoshi Zaɓaɓɓen nassi na littattafai da kuma masana articles game da Sergei Parajanov. Hakaitowa daga harshen Turanci Dixon, Wheeler Foster, Gwendolyn. "Gajeren Tarihin Fim". New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2008. ISBN 9780813542690 Cook, David A. Shadows of Forgotten magabata Fim a matsayin Art Art." Buga Rubutun 3, a'a. 3 (1984): 16–23. Nebesio, Bohdan. Shadows of Forgotten magabata Labari a cikin Novel da Fim." Adabi/Fim na Kwata na 22, No. 1 (1994): 42–49. Oeler, Karla. "Ƙararren Ƙwararren Cikin Gida: Sergei Parajanov da Eisenstein's Joyce-Inspired Vision of Cinema." Sharhin Harshen Zamani 101, No. 2 (Afrilu 2006): 472-487. Oeler, Karla. Nran guyne/Launi na Ruman Sergo Parajanov, USSR, 1969." A cikin Cinema na Rasha da tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet, 139-148. London, Ingila: Wallflower, 2006. [Babin Littafi] Papazian, Elizabeth A. "Tsarin Tarihi, Tarihi da kuma 'Motsi na dindindin' a cikin Sergei Paradjanov's Ashik- Kerib Adabi/Fim Kwata na 34, No. 4 (2006): 303–12. Paradjanov, Sergei. Hanyoyi bakwai. Galia Ackerman ne ya gyara shi. Guy Bennett ne ya fassara. Los Angeles: Green Integer, 1998. ISBN 1892295040 Parajanov, Sergei, Zaven Sarkisian. Parajanov Kaleidoscope: zane, Collages, Taro. Yerevan: Gidan Tarihi na Sergei Parajanov, 2008. ISBN 9789994121434 Steffen, James. Cinema na Sergei Parajanov. Madison: Jami'ar Wisconsin Press, 2013. ISBN 9780299296544 Steffen, James, ed. Sergei Parajanov batu na musamman. Binciken Armeniya 47/48, no. 3–4/1–2 (2001/2002). Batu biyu; gidan yanar gizo mai wallafa Steffen, James. Kyiv Frescoes Sergei Parajanov's Film Project wanda ba a gane ba." Fito na Musamman na KinoKultura 9: Cinema na Yukren (Disamba 2009), kan layi. URL: KinoKultura Schneider, Steven Jay. "Masu Daraktocin Fina-Finai 501." London: Hachette/Cassell, 2007. ISBN 9781844035731 Mabubbugar harsunan waje Bullot, Érik. Sayat Nova de Serguei Paradjanov: La face et le Profil. Crisnée, Belgium: Editions Yellow Yanzu, 2007. (harshen Faransanci) Kasal, Patrick. Serguei Paradjanov. Paris: Cahiers du cinema, 1993. (harshen Faransanci) Chernenko, Miron. Sergei Paradzhanov: Tvorcheskii hoto. Moscow: "Soiuzinformkino" Goskino SSSR, 1989. (harshen Rasha) Sigar kan layi Grigorian, Levon. Paradzhanov. Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia, 2011. (harshen Rasha) Grigorian, Levon. Tri tsveta odnoi strasti: Triptikh Sergeia Paradzhanova. Moscow: Kinotsentr, 1991. (harshen Rasha) Kalantar, Karen. Ocherki ko Paradzhanove. Yerevan: Gitutiun NAN RA, 1998. (harshen Rasha) Katanian, Vasilii Vasil'evich. Paradzhanov: Tsena vechnogo prazdnika. Nizhnii Novgorod: Dekom, 2001. (harshen Rasha) Liehm, Antonín J., ed. Serghiej Paradjanov: Shaida e documenti su l'opera e la vita. Venice: La Biennale di Venezia/Marsilio, 1977. (harshen Italiyanci) Mechitov, Yuri. Sergei Paradzhanov: Khronika tattaunawa. Tbilisi: GAMS- bugu, 2009. (harshen Rasha) Paradzhanov, Sergei. An samu'. Kora Tsereteli ya gyara. Petersburg: Azbuka, 2001. (harshen Rasha) Paradzhanov, Sergei, Garegin Zakoian. Abin farin ciki. Yerevan: Fil'madaran, 2000. (harshen Rasha) Simyan, Tigran Sergei Parajanov a matsayin Rubutu: Mutum, Habitus, da Ciki (akan kayan rubutun gani) Jaridar Visual Semiotics 2019, N 3, shafi. 197-215 Schneider, Steven Jay. "501 Directores de Cine." Barcelona, Spain: Grijalbo, 2008. ISBN 9788425342646 Tsareteli, Kora, ed. Kollazh na fone avtoportreta: Zhizn'–igra. 2nd ed. Nizhnii Novgorod: Dekom, 2008. (harshen Rasha) Vartanov, Mikhail. "Sergej Paradzanov." A cikin "Il Cinema Delle Repubbliche Transcaucasiche Sovietiche." Venice, Italiya: Marsilio Editori, 1986. (harshen Italiyanci) Vartanov, Mikhail. "Les Cimes du Monde." Cahiers du Cinéma" no. 381, 1986 (harshen Faransanci) Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Yanar Gizo (Parajanov.com) Sergej Parajanov Museum Hollywood Reporter Ranar ƙarshe na Hollywood The Moscow Times ENCI.com Shari'ar Parajanov, Maris 1982 Sergei Parajanov shekaru 75 Cinemaseekers Honor Roll Gidan kayan gargajiya na Sergei Parajanov akan GoYerevan.com Hira da Ron Holloway Jaruma Sofiko Chiaureli da wasu da yawa game da shi Arts: Armenian Rhapsody An cire shi daga "Fina-finan Paradjanov akan tarihin Soviet" na Jonathan Rosenbaum Ga wadanda suke so su sani game da Parajanov Maraice na Moscow Newspaper Ma'aurata na Sergei Parajanov da Mikhail Vartanov sun sami kyaututtuka a Hollywood Sergey Parajanov. Ƙungiyoyin. Zane-zane. Ayyukan Ado Art. Kyiv, 2008. Darektocin fim na Soviet Haihuwan 1924 Mutuwar 1990 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khadijah%20Hashim

Khadijah Hashim

Khadijah Hashim (an haife ta a ranar 20 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta alif da Dari tara da arba'in da biyu(1942) a cikin gundumar Batu Pahat, Jahar, Kasar Malaysia marubuciya ce, malama kuma ’yar jarida a Malaysia. Ta yi aiki a matsayin malama sannan kuma a matsayin 'yar jarida tare da jaridun cikin gida Utusan Melayu a shekara ta (1974-1976) da Berita Harian a shekara ta (1976-1985). An fi saninta da marubuta, kuma ta samar da litattafai 19. Ta kuma faɗaɗa kirkirarta a fagen gajerun labarai, rubutun wasan kwaikwayo na rediyo littattafan yara, waƙoƙi da shayari. An kuma zabi littafin waka na yara "Sayang Sayang" don ya kasance a cikin jerin sunayen girmamawa na kwamitin kasa da kasa kan littattafan matasa (IBBY) a Basel, Switzerland a shekara ta dubu biyu da biyu(2002) da kuma "Semerbak Poetry" a Macau, China a shekara ta dubu biyu da shida (2006). Khadijah ta ci gaba da sha'awar burinta a rubuce, wanda ya haifar da sabuwar fasahar "Putera-puteri Malaysia". Wallafa Da yawa daga cikin gajeren labarai da litattafan Khadijah sun dace da wasan kwaikwayo na TV. Daga cikinsu akwai "Mawar Merah di Jambangan", "Sekapur Sirih Segeluk Air", "Ditepi Pagar", da "Badai Semalam" da "Dekat Disayang Jauh Dikenang". Littafin "Laila Azwa Gadisku" ya dace da fim din talabijin. A halin yanzu, an shirya litattafan "Mira Edora" da "Pelangi Pagi" a fina-finan finafinai tare da taken "Mira Edora" da "Bicara Hati" bi da bi. Na farko kuma ɗayan sanannen sananniyar tatsuniyarta "Badai Semalam" a shekara ta (1968) an kuma yi amfani da ita azaman littafin makaranta a Singapore da Malaysia. An fassara labari zuwa Turanci, "Storms of jiya", na Mahani Abdul Hamid a shekara ta( 1991) da Spanish, "Tormentos del ayer", na Alberto Balanza da Yahia a cikin shekara ta( 2010) "Badai Semalam" an sake buga shi sau da yawa kuma na baya-bayan nan ya kasance a cikin shekara ta (2006) ta Alaf (21) a cikin silsilar sabon labari. Hakanan an sake buga fassarar Ingilishi a shekara ta (2009) ta Institut Terjemahan Negara Malaysia a ƙarƙashin Sashin Adabin Malaysian. Littafin "Merpati Putih Terbang Lagi" ya sami kyautar ta'aziya a gasar rubutu a bikin cikar Malaysia shekaru goma da samun 'yanci. Hakanan Tatsun Hoshino ya fassara littafin zuwa Jafananci. An kuma zaɓi littafin "Exiled" don kyautar lambar yabo ta adabin Dublin ta Duniya a shekara ta 1997. Littafin nata mai suna "Langkah Pertama" ya lashe lambar yabo ta Littafin Yara na Mobil-MABOPA a shekara ta 1995. Khadijah ita ce ta sami kyautar Marubutan Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya a cikin shekara ta 1999 kuma ta yi aikin Rubuta Tsarin Duniya a Jami'ar Iowa a shekara ta 1994. Jerin littafin labarin yayanta, "Siri Lagenda", "Siri Aura dan Fauna" da "Siri Teladan dari Rimba" an fassara su zuwa Ingilishi daga Cibiyar Terjemahan Negara Malaysia a shekara ta (2009). Littattafai Badai Semalam, Singapura: Pustaka Nasional, 1968, 201 shafuka. Jalan ke Kubur, Singapura: Pustaka Nasional, 1969, 139 shafuka. Pelangi pagi, Johor Baru, Penerbitan Penamas Malaysia, 1971, 133 shafuka. Merpati Putih Terbang lagi, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 1972, shafuka 289. Belum Masanya, Kuala Lumpur: Penerbitan Utusan Melayu (M) Bhd., 1976, shafuka 96. Di Tengah Kabus, Singapura: Pustaka Nasional, 1980, shafuka 123. Bila dan di Mana, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 1981, shafuka 199. Mira Edora, Kuala Lumpur: K Buga Sdn Bhd, 1984 Dekat Disayang Jauh Dikenang, Petaling Jaya: K 'Bugawa Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd., 1984, shafuka 133. Laila Azwa Gadisku, Kuala Lumpur: K 'Bugawa da Rarraba Sdn. Bhd., 1986, shafuka 144. Cinta Kedua, Kuala Lumpur: K 'Bugawa Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd., 1989 Alun Hidup, Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa Rarrabawa, 1990, shafuka 217. Di Ruangmu Aku di Sini, Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa Rarrabawa, 1992 Ke Mana Kasih Hendak Dibawa, Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa Masu Rarrabawa, 1993, shafuka 133. Melawan Arus, 'K' Buguwa Masu Rarrabawa, 1993, shafuka 229. Sanata Adila, Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa da Rarrabawa 1993 Langkah Pertama, Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa Masu Rarrabawa, 1994, shafuka 126. Fasa Kedua, Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa Rarrabawa, 1995 Mencari Azizah, Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa Rarrabawa, 1998 Gajerun labarai Segeluk Air, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 1974, 142 shafuka. Koleksi Cerpen-cerpen Malaysia (antologi bersama), Kuala Lumpur: Penerbitan Universiti Malaya, 1977, shafuka 446. Cerpen-cerpen ASEAN (antologi bersama), Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 1978, 279 pages. Aku Anak Menteri, Petaling Jaya: Penerbitan Fajar Bakti Sdn. Bhd. 1980, Shafuka 73. Batas Menanti, Kuala Lumpur: Jami'o'in Gabas Latsa (M) Sdn. Bhd., 1982, Shafuka 95. Hawa (antologi bersama), Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 1984, shafuka 250. Angin Senja, Petaling Jaya: 'K' Bugawa Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd 1985. Shafuka 93. Bujang Kota, Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd., 1985, shafuka 144. Dongeng Merdeka (antologi bersama), Petaling Jaya Penerbit Fajar Bakti Sdn. Bhd., 1985, shafuka 339. Alun Menggulung Perlahan (antologi bersama), Petaling Jaya Penerbit Fajar Bakti Sdn. Bhd., 1986, shafuka 286. Kasih Entah di Mana, Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd., 2001 Mawar Merah di Jambagan, Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Publishing Distributor Sdn. Bhd., 2001 Gajeren Labarin Matasa Mawar Merah di Jambangan, Petaling Jaya: Penerbit Fajar Bakti Sdn. Bhd., 1979, shafuka 129. Angin dari Sawah, Petaling Jaya: Penerbit Fajar Sdn. Bhd., 1980, Shafuka 95. Arnizah (Peny. Bersama Othman Puteh) Petaling Jaya: 'K' Buguwa Masu Rarraba Sdn. Bhd., 1984, shafuka 82. Malang Tak Berbau (Peny. Bersama Othman Puteh), Petaling Jaya: 'K' Buguwa Masu Rarraba Sdn. Bhd., 1984, shafuka 54. Rahsia Gadis Bisu (Peny. Bersama Othman Puteh), Petaling Jaya: 'K' Buguwa Masu Rarraba Sdn. Bhd., 1984, shafuka 61. Littattafan labarin yara Anak Kucing, Petaling Jaya: Penerbit Fajar Bakti Sdn. Bhd., 1983. Anak Monyet Mati Ibu, Kuala Lumpur: Jami'o'in Gabas ta Tsakiya Press (M) Sdn. Bhd., 1983. Balik Kampung, Petaling Jaya: Penerbit Fajar Bakti Sdn. Bhd., 1983. Dua Kali Dibedah, Kuala Lumpur: Jami'o'in Gabas Press (M) Sdn. Bhd. 1983. Hati Nurani Berdebar, Petaling Jaya: Penerbit Fajar Bakti Sdn. Bhd., 1983. Lauk Kenduri, Kuala Lumpur: Jami'o'in Gabas ta Tsakiya Press (M) Sdn. Bhd., 1983. Sepatu Bola, Petaling Jaya: Penerbit Fajar Bakti Sdn. Bhd., 1983. Tak Susah Sebut 'R', Kuala Lumpur: Jami'o'in Gabas Ta Tsakiya (M) Sdn. Bhd., 1983. Siri Citra Sang Unggas: 'K' Bugawa Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd., 2009 Dendam Helang Jalak. Ya Jalak Hati Kera Helah Murai Gagak Putih Siri Cerita Rakyat Si Awang: 'K' Bugawa Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd. Awang dengan Tempayan Buruk Awang Lidi Sebatang Awang dengan Bapa Burung Awang Kenit Awang dengan Gergasi Siri Insan Madani: 'K' Bugawa Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd., Balasan Tsklabah 500 Tahun Beribadat Allah Pencipta Alam Pembukaan Kota Makkah Kasih Sejati Siri Kembara Sang Kancil 1: 'K' Publishing Distributor Sdn. Bhd., Sang Bedal yang Bebal Buluh Berjasa Kepingin Mentimun Muda Siri Kembara Sang Kancil 2: 'K' Publishing Distributor Sdn. Bhd., Gong Berdengung Benkung Bernyawa Dendam Belum Berakhir Siri Kembara Sang Kancil 3: 'K' Publishing Distributor Sdn. Bhd., Sang Bedal Tak Berbudi Mati Hidup Semula Kula da Berbisa Siri Kembara Sang Kancil 4: 'K' Bugawa Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd., Kenduri Besar Cikgu Sang Kancil Langit Nak Runtuh Siri Kembara Sang Kancil 5: 'K' Publishing Distributor Sdn. Bhd., Kecundang Sudahnya Bakal Pengantin Hidangan istimewa Siri Legenda: 'K' Bugawa Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd., Si Tanggang Batu Belah Batu Bertangkup Badang Puteri Gunung Ledang Bawang Putih Bawang Merah, Kuala Lumpur Siri Teladan dari Rimba: 'K' Bugawa Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd., Helah Si Bangau Tua Singa Mai Cin Ganyayyaki Jasa Tikus dan Semut Hitam Burung Hantu Tertipu Gajah dan Ular Buta Siri Aura Fauna, 'K' Bugawa Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd., 2008 Semut Melancong ke Pulau Pinang Sedap Rumput Enak Lagi Lobak Rama-rama Nakal Itik dan Buaya Mencari Damai Siri Sukabaca, 'K' Bugawa Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd., 2010 Angsa Berjasa Arnab Buta Misi Katak ke Angkasa Ikan Emas Mangsa Banjir Atungiyar Anjing Manja si Kucing Mafi Kyawun Labari da Aka Fada Game da Jerin: 'K' Bugawa Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd., Yaro da Kato Yaro daga Kwakwa Yaro da aku Yaron Da Ya Ci Jarabawa Yaron Da Bai Iya Rago Gatarin ba Siri Pantun Kanak-kanak 'K' Bugawa Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd., Mari Berpantun 1 Mari Berpantun 2 Mari Berpantun 4 Waka 808 Pantun Baru, Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd., 1997 1001 Pantun Baru, Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd., 1999 Mastika Warisan, Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd., 2005 1010 Pantun Baru, Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd., 2010 Tarin Littattafan Matasa Cerdik Tak Berakal (Peny. Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd., 1985, shafuka 87. Ibuku Sayang (Peny. Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd., 1985, shafuka 90. Sayang Telani (Peny. Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd., 1985, shafuka. Waka Semerbak Puisi, Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd., 2004 Dua Dimensi Khadijah Hashim (sajak dan lukisan berus Cina), Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Publishing Distributor Sdn. Bhd., 2008 Puisi Tunas Bangsa, Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa Masu Raba Sdn. Bhd., 2008 Putera-puteri Malaysia, 'K' Publishing Distributor Sdn. Bhd., 2010 Nazarin Panduan Menulis Skrip Drama Radio, Kuala Lumpur: 'K' Bugawa Masu Rarrabawa, a shekara ta 1986, shafuka 136. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Khadijah Hashim di DBP. Haifaffun 1942 Rayayyun mutane Mutane daga johor 'Yan jarida 'Yan jaridan maleshiya Pages with unreviewed

50054

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakim%20Ahmad%20Shuja

Hakim Ahmad Shuja

Hakim Ahmad Shuja MBE wani lokaci ana rubuta shi da ‘Hakeem Ahmed Shuja’ da ‘Hakim Ahmad Shuja Pasha’ (4 Nuwamban shekarar 1893 –4 January 1969),shahararren mawakiyar Urdu ne kuma Farisa,marubuciyar wasan kwaikwayo,marubuci, marubuciyar fina-finai da mawaka, masaniya kuma mai sufi,daga tsohon dan Birtaniya.Indiya,daga baya Pakistan. Fage An haifi Hakim Ahmad Shuja a cikin wani tsoho kuma fitaccen gidan sufaye da malaman addinin Musulunci,wadanda suka yi hijira daga Larabawa. Afganistan da Turkiyya zuwa Indiya tsakanin karni na 10-12 miladiyya. Daga bangaren ubanta,zuriyarsa ce kai tsaye na Abdulqadir Gilani,Abu Ayyub al-Ansari da Abdul Wahid bin Zaid,kuma daga wajen uwayenta,na kabilar Sadozai wadda a wani lokaci ta yi mulkin Afganistan.; Har ila yau,Lazard, a sama</ref> A zamanin Sultans na Delhi,iyali sun zama sananne a matsayin alloli na addini da kuma Hakims watau masu aikin Hikmat na gargajiya Unini, ko tsarin Girkanci na magani) kuma a lokacin.na Sarkin Mughal Akbar Mai Girma (c.1542-1605)an kafa su a matsayin Likitocin Kotu a Lahore,a yankin Ƙofar Bhati na Tsohon Gari.Daga baya,'yan uwa sun yi aiki a matsayin Cif Qazis (ko Qadis a Lahore da Kashmir a ƙarƙashin mulkin Afghanistan Durrani ),kuma reshe sun kasance ministoci a lokacin mulkin Sikh na Ranjit Singh.Iyalan Hakim, ko 'Hakim-Khana' na Old Lahore galibinsu Musulmai Sunni ne,amma a cikin ƙarni na 18th da 19th wani reshe 'Fakir-Khana' ya zama Shi'a Mahaifin Ahmad Shuja,Hakim Shuja-ed-din, shi ne Sufaye sufi na tsarin Chishtiya kuma daya daga cikin farkon majagaba na wallafe-wallafen Urdu a Lahore, ya fitar da sanannen mujallar Shor-i-Mahshar kuma yana shiga cikin aikin kungiyoyin Anjuman-i-Himayat-i-Islam da Anjuman i Punjab Rayuwar farko da aiki Hakim Ahmad Shuja shi ne da ne tilo a wajen iyayensa, wadanda su biyun suka rasu tun yana karami, aik kuma wani dattijo dan uwansu, aiHakim Amin-ed-din, barrister ne ya rene shi.Bayan ya kammala karatunsa na farko a cikin harshen Larabci da na Al-Qur'ani a gida,sannan ya samu horon Sufaye a karkashin malaman sufaye daban-daban a cikin al'adun Chishti da Qadiri,sannan ya sami gurbin karatun 'Turanci' a tsohuwar makarantar Model ta Tsakiya,Lahore,daga baya kuma ya tafi shahararriyar Aligarh.Jami'ar Musulunci,daga nan ne ya kammala karatunsa da girmamawa. Daga nan sai Ahmad Shuja ya yi aiki a matsayin malami a jami'ar Osmania da ke jihar Hyderabad (Deccan) amma bai ji dadi ba ya koma Lahore don neman aiki a can.Bayan ayyukan jarida da na ilimi da yawa,ciki har da kasancewa editan mujallar adabi ta Urdu Hazar Dastaan a cikin 1922-23, a ƙarshe ya zauna ya yi hidima na yau da kullun a sakatariyar Majalisar Dokokin Punjab,a ƙarshe ya yi ritaya a matsayin Sakataren Majalisar Punjab a cikin shekarun 1950. Rubuce-rubuce Hakim Ahmad Shuja ya kasance ƙwararren marubuci kuma ƙwararren marubuci, haƙiƙa, Rubuce-rubuce ya samar da tarin wakoki na Urdu da Farisa,kasidu marasa adadi da kasidu da aka buga a jaridu da mujallu a duk faɗin Indiya (da kuma Pakistan daga baya),ɗaya daga cikin farkon fassarar Alqur'ani a Punjabi. Harshe,ayyuka masu ban mamaki da yawa tare da haɗin gwiwar Imtiaz Ali Taj, Agha Hashar Kashmiri da sauran masu shirya wasan kwaikwayo,kuma, daga baya,wasan kwaikwayo da waƙoƙi na farkon cinema na Indo-Pakistan.Duk da haka,shahararsa a yau ta dogara ne akan waɗannan ayyukan da aka sani: "Lahore ka Chelsea" (1967; 1989 sake bugawa),tarin abubuwan tunawa na Old Lahore; "Khoon-Baha" (1962),wasu daga cikin sauran abubuwan tarihinsa; "Gard-i-Karvan" (1950s; sake buga 1960),tarin wakoki da kasidu don yabon Annabin Musulunci Muhammad da 'Ahl i Bait' ('yan gidan Annabi) a matsayin abin koyi na 'Mai kyau' halayen musulmi. da wakokinsa masu kayatarwa,wakoki,wadanda daga baya aka samu nasarar daidaita wasu daga cikin wakokin fim. Wadannan ayyukan suna nuna kyakkyawan ra'ayinsa da mutuntaka da bangaskiya mai zurfi da kuma Romanticism wanda ke nuna al'adun gargajiya na Urdu da Farisa,da kuma tasirin marubutan Yammacin Turai kamar Shelley, Thomas Carlyle, Goethe da Victor Hugo.. Daga baya rayuwa da gado Hakim Ahmad Shuja continued to write even until the time of his death in 1969. Between the 1950s and 1960s, he became especially interested in the potentialities of film-making and cinema. Perhaps because of the involvement of his son Anwar Kamal Pasha, one of South Asia's early and most renowned film directors, in this genre. Many well-known lyrics and songs of his popular films, such as Tu Laakh Challay Ri Gori and Ham Bhi Parrhay Hain Rahon Mein, were in fact written originally as poems by Shuja and later adapted by him and his team of assistants for film. Some of these songs/lyrics are at times wrongly ascribed to some of these assistants, such as poet Qateel Shifai. However, that Shuja had already been involved to a lesser extent in writing songs/lyrics and also stories for Urdu/Hindi cinema even earlier, is borne by his early lyrics for the song "Hairaat-e-Nazzaraa Aakir", sung by the Kundan Lal Saigal, and also his writing of the storylines of the Indian Bollywood films like Behram Khan, Sheesh Mahal and Shahida, the early Pakistani film from 1949. In many ways, thus, he had a direct influence and bearing upon the development of both early Indian and Pakistani literature and cinema. In addition, he also made a significant contribution to the early development of Urdu language, linguistics and etymology as permanent secretary and one of the main compilers/editors of Pakistan's Official Language Committee, 1949, responsible for the standardization of official and court terms, from English to Urdu. Shuja ya kasance mai zamani da alaƙa da mutane kamar Agha Hashar Kashmiri, Imtiaz Ali Taj, Abul Kalam Azad,Allama Iqbal,Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan, Hakim Ajmal Khan, Sohrab Modi,da Muhammad Ali Jauhar Duba kuma Ghaus-e-Azam Khwaja Abdullahi Ansari Adabin Urdu Anwar Kamal Pasha Riffat Hassan Yawar Hayat

42425

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdisalam%20Ibrahim

Abdisalam Ibrahim

Abdisalam Abdulkadir Ibrahim (an haife shi 1 ga watan Mayun 1991), ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Norway wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na Ullensaker/Kisa a cikin OBOS-ligaen Aikin kulob Farkon aiki An haife shi a Somaliya, Ibrahim ya ƙaura zuwa Norway a shekarar 1998. Ya fara wasan kwallon kafa tun yana matashi a Norway tare da Øyer-Tretten kafin daga bisani ya koma Lørenskog, inda ya bugawa Fjellhamar wasa Ya samu halarta na farko a babbar kungiyar Fjellhamar a shekarar 2006. Ya koma Manchester City daga 1 Yulin 2007. A cikin bazara na shekarar 2008, yana cikin tawagar da ta yi nasara a gasar cin kofin matasa na FA, yayin da Manchester City ta doke Chelsea da ci 4-2 a jimillar. Ibrahim ya buga wasan tsakiya Yayin da yake da shekaru 18, wasu a kulob din sun kwatanta salon wasansa yizuwa abokin wasansa Patrick Vieira Ibrahim ya fara buga wasansa na farko a ranar 24 ga Janairun 2010, a gasar cin kofin FA da Scunthorpe United Ya kasance a kan benci a wasan da Manchester United ta sha kashi da ci 3-1 a wasan kusa da na karshe na cin kofin League a Old Trafford, da kuma karawar da suka yi da Portsmouth a Eastlands ranar 31 ga watan Janairu. A ranar 21 ga Fabrairun 2010, ya fara buga gasar Premier a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Manchester City a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Liverpool Ibrahim ya samu sabon kwantiragi ne a ranar 7 ga Afrilun 2010, wanda ya daure shi da kungiyar har zuwa shekarar 2014. Ibrahim ya fara buga gasar League Cup kuma ya fara halarta a West Brom a ranar Laraba, 22 ga Satumbar 2010. A ranar 14 ga Janairun 2011, an ba da sanarwar cewa zai shiga Scunthorpe United a matsayin aro na wata ɗaya, wannan lokacin lamuni daga baya an ƙara shi a tsakiyar Fabrairu zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa. A ranar 31 ga Yulin 2011, an ba da sanarwar cewa zai koma kungiyar NEC ta Eredivisie ta Holland kan yarjejeniyar lamuni na tsawon kakar wasa. Ibrahim ya buga wasanni biyu na kofuna kuma yana da takwas Eredivisie ya zura kwallo daya kafin a soke yarjejeniyar aro a ranar 22 ga Maris bisa amincewar juna saboda Ibrahim ya samu matsala da rawar da ya taka a benci a mafi yawan kakar wasanni. Ibrahim ya shafe rabin na biyu na kakar shekarar 2012 a kan aro tare da Strømsgodset, kafin ya sake kasancewa a kan lamuni na watanni shida zuwa Godset a cikin Janairun 2013. A cikin shekarar 2013 kakar, Ibrahim buga 17 matches for Strømsgodset lokacin da tawagar lashe Tippeligaen, wanda shi ne na farko take a matsayin pro. A ranar 22 ga watan Janairun 2014, Ibrahim's ya samu saki daga kwantiraginsa a Manchester City, bayan ya zauna a Ingila tsawon shekaru uku da rabi. Girka A ranar 24 ga Janairu, 2014, Ibrahim ya sanar da cewa zai koma kungiyar zakarun Girka Olympiacos na tsawon shekaru 3.5 masu zuwa. Ibrahim ya buga wasa daya kacal ga zakarun Girka kuma nan da nan ya koma kungiyar Superleague Ergotelis a matsayin aro har zuwa karshen kakar wasa A farkon kakar 2014-15 ya koma Olympiakos Bayan an sake shi ta kyauta daga Olympiacos, Ibrahim ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu tare da kulob din Veria na Girka a ranar 24 ga Agusta 2015. Ibrahim ya fafata a ranar 29 ga Agusta 2015 a waje da suka ci Panthrakkos 0–2. An kore shi daga tsohuwar kungiyarsa, Olympiacos a ranar 31 ga Oktoba 2015. Komawa Norway A kan 13 Janairu 2016, Ibrahim ya sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da kulob din Norwegian Tippeligaen Viking Kwantiraginsa yana da shekaru uku, har zuwa 31 ga Disamba 2018. Ibrahim ya kulla yarjejeniya da Vålerenga a watan Maris 2017, kuma ya sake barin kungiyar a karshen kakar wasa ta 2018. Cyprus Ya shiga ƙungiyar Cypriot Pafos a matsayin wakili na kyauta a ranar ƙarshe, 31 Janairu 2019. A ranar 30 ga Agusta an sauya shi da AEK Larnaca minti 36 kacal da fara wasan Pafos na biyu na rukunin farko na Cypriot na kakar, saboda rauni. Daga baya aka yanke masa hukuncin wata shida zuwa takwas. Italiya A ranar 24 ga Maris 2021, ya koma ƙungiyar Bisceglie ta Serie C ta Italiya. Ayyukan kasa da kasa A matakin kasa da kasa, Ibrahim ya wakilci Norway a kowane rukuni daga 'yan kasa da shekaru 15 zuwa kasa da 21. Har yanzu dai ya cancanci shiga kasarsa ta haihuwa Somalia da kuma kasar da ta karbe shi, amma ya bayyana muradinsa na wakiltar tawagar kasar Norway idan an kira shi. A ranar 15 ga Janairu, 2014, ya buga wasansa na farko tare da tawagar kasar a wasan sada zumunci da suka tashi 2-1 da Moldova Da yake bai taba buga wa Norway wasan gasa ba, Ibrahim ya kasance mai yuwuwar cancantar shiga Somaliya Rayuwa ta sirri Abdisalam yana da babban yaya, Abdirashid Ibrahim, ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa wanda tsohon FC United na Manchester da Rossendale United Yana kuma da kane mai suna Abdijabar Ibrahim, wanda ke halartar Kwalejin ESSA. Ibrahim ya kasance mai goyon bayan Arsenal lokacin da yake girma kuma Patrick Vieira shine gwarzonsa kuma kwanan nan Yaya Toure. Laƙabin sa Abdi. A cikin 'yan makonni a ƙarshen bazara na 2013, ƙanwarsa ta rasu kuma Ibrahim ya zama uba a karon farko. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Abdisalam Ibrahim at the Norwegian Football Federation (in Norwegian) Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1991 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

56617

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar%20Mark%20V

Jaguar Mark V

Jaguar Mark V lafazi 5 mota ce ta alfarma da Jaguar Cars Ltd na Coventry ta gina a Ingila daga 1948 zuwa 1951. Ya kasance a matsayin Saloon kofa huɗu (sedan) da mai iya canzawa mai kofa biyu da aka sani da Drop Head Coupé, duka nau'ikan wurin zama manya biyar. Shi ne Jaguar na farko tare da dakatarwar gaba mai zaman kanta, na farko tare da birki na hydraulic, na farko tare da spats (siket ɗin fender), na farko da aka tsara musamman don samarwa a cikin saitunan Dama da Hagu na Drive, na farko tare da ƙafafun cibiyar diski, na farko tare da ƙaramin faffadan 16" Tayoyin balan-balan, wanda za a fara ba da shi tare da rufaffiyar fitilun kai da kuma sigina masu walƙiya don muhimmiyar kasuwar Amurka, da kuma samfurin ƙarshe don amfani da injin turad Tarihi An gabatar da Mark V ga masu rarrabawa da manema labarai a ranar 30 ga Satumba 1948 kuma an ƙaddamar da shi a ranar 27 ga Oktoba 1948 a Nunin Mota na London a daidai lokacin da sanarwar XK120, tare da abin da ya raba tsaye. XK120, kodayake ba a shirye don samarwa ba, shine tauraruwar wasan kwaikwayo. Koyaya, Mark V ya sayar da XK120 da yawa ta kusan motoci 5,000 a kowace shekara idan aka kwatanta da motoci 2,000 a kowace shekara don XK120. An gina motoci uku a ƙarshen 1948 kuma samar da saloon ya yi nisa sosai a masana'antar da ke kan titin Swallow a Holbrook Lane a gundumar Foleshill na Coventry a watan Maris 1949, kodayake DHC ta yi jinkiri na wasu watanni, kuma an gina motocin na ƙarshe a tsakiyar tsakiyar. 1951. Siffofin Yayin da XK120 ke da sabon injin XK -camshaft na sama, Mark V ya riƙe layin 1946-48 ciki har da na'ura mai ɗaukar nauyi-6 L da injunan L, yanzu tun 1946 wanda Jaguar ya samar, wanda kamfanin ya saya daga Standard Kamfanin Motoci kafin yakin duniya na biyu da akwatin gear mai sauri guda hudu wanda Jaguar da Kamfanin Moss Gear na Birmingham suka samar. Ba a samu watsawa ta atomatik ba a wannan lokacin. Ba a bayar da ingin L da aka yi amfani da shi a samfuran da suka gabata ba a cikin Mark V. Fitar da wutar lantarki da ake da'awar a cikin wannan aikace-aikacen shine don 2664 cc Mark V da don ƙarin mashahurin 3485 cc ɗan uwanta. Firam ɗin chassis sabo ne tare da sassan akwatin zurfi da ƙetare takalmin gyaran kafa don ingantacciyar tauri a cikin sarrafawa da kusurwa, da dakatarwar gaba mai zaman kanta ta kasusuwan buri biyu da sanduna, tsarin da Jaguar zai yi amfani da shi don yawancin abubuwan hawa na gaba. Yana da kayan walda da maƙallan da aka tanadar don birki na Hannun Dama da Hannun Dama da haɗin haɗin gwiwa, don haka za'a iya haɗa chassis cikin kowane tsari. Hakanan yana da birki na hydraulic, waɗanda suka zama dole tare da dakatarwa mai zaman kanta, kuma wanda Jaguar ya yi jinkirin ɗauka idan aka kwatanta da sauran masana'antun, da kuma duk jikin ƙarfe da aka matse akan salon, kodayake DHC har yanzu tana da katako a cikin kofofin. Wani sabon fasalin shi ne cewa baya na chassis ya mamaye gatari na baya don samar da mafi girman motsi don ingantacciyar ta'aziyya, yayin da a kan samfuran da suka gabata an yi watsi da shi. Salon motar ya biyo bayan layukan SS-Jaguar na prewar tare da grille chrome madaidaiciya kuma akwai mascot mai tsalle-tsalle na Jaguar a matsayin zaɓi. Motar ta Autocar ta kira shi mai arziki duk da haka tare da kamanni mara kyau, a cikin fayyace tsaka-tsaki tsakanin tsofaffi da sababbi. Akwai keɓantaccen alama na yanayin zamani na Bentley a cikin salon gasa na gaba. Tayoyin sun kasance nau'in diski-karfe, mafi ƙanƙanta fiye da ƙafafun MK IV. Daga gefe, taɓawar salo na musamman akan saloon ya kasance "ƙulla" lanƙwasa a gindin taga kwata na baya yana bin bayanin martabar gilashin gefe, fasalin da ke kan samfuran da yawa na gaba. Matsalolin baya sun kasance daidai. Akwai kuma juzu'in coupé drophead. Ga Burtaniya da galibin kasuwannin ketare, an yi amfani da fitilun fitilar 7.7 inci Lucas PF770, tare da jujjuyawar masu safarar safa. Don muhimmiyar kasuwar Amurka, an yi amfani da fitilolin mota 7" da aka rufe, tare da sigina masu walƙiya da aka haɗa a cikin fitilun gefen gaba da na'urar fitilun wutsiya a madadin masu safara. Ana samun Mark V mai launin fenti guda 12, a hade daban-daban mai launuka 7, amma masana'antar ba ta ba da magani mai sautin biyu ba, kuma ba ta bayar da farar tayoyin bango ba. Motoci biyu da masana'antar ta yi masu nau'i-nau'i biyu, da kuma wasu 32 masu launi daban-daban na musamman, saboda dalilai da ba a sani ba. Wasu ƙila dillalan Amurka sun yi musu fenti mai launi biyu kafin ko bayan siyar da su, da kuma tayoyin farar

35431

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tteokbokki

Tteokbokki

ko Simmered rice cake, sanannen abincin Koriya ne da aka yi daga ƙaramin garae-tteok (dogayen, fari, waina mai siffar Silinda) wanda ake kira tteokmyeon "noodles shinkafa") ko yawanci tteokbokki-tteok "teokbokki shinkafa kek"). Eomuk (cakulan kifi), dafaffen ƙwai, da scallions wasu sinadarai ne na gama gari waɗanda aka haɗa tare da tteokbokki a cikin jita-jita. Ana kuma iya dafa shi da ko dai gochujang mai yaji (manna chili) ko ganjang maras yaji (soya sauce) tushen miya; na farko shine nau'i na yau da kullum, yayin da na karshen ba shi da yawa kuma wani lokaci ana kiransa gungjung-tteokbokki (kotun sarki tteokbokki). A yau, bambance-bambancen sun haɗa da curry-tteokbokki, cream sauce-tteokbokki, jajang-tteokbokki, abincin teku-tteokbokki, rose-tteokbokki, galbi-tteokbokki da sauransu. Ana sayan Tteokbokki da cin abinci a bunsikjip (sandunan ciye-ciye) da kuma pojangmacha (kantunan titi). Akwai kuma gidajen cin abinci da aka keɓe don tteokbokki, inda ake kiransa da jeukseok tteokbokki (impromptu tteokbokki). Har ila yau, sanannen abinci ne na gida, kamar yadda za a iya siyan kek ɗin shinkafa (garae-tteok) a cikin kayan da aka riga aka shirya, sigar da ba ta da ruwa. Tarihi Rikodi na farko akan tteok-bokki ya bayyana a cikin Siuijeonseo, littafin dafa abinci na ƙarni na 19, inda aka jera tasa ta amfani da steokbokgi na zamani A cewar littafin, tteok-bokki an san shi da sunaye daban-daban da suka haɗa da tteokjjim (guraren shinkafa mai tuƙafi), tteok-japchae (cake-soyayyen shinkafa), da tteok-jeongol (cakulan shinkafa mai zafi). An yi sigar gidan sarauta ne daga farar tteok (kudin shinkafa), sirloin, man sesame, soya miya, scallions, rock tripe, pine nuts, da gasasshen tsaba na sesame, yayin da aka yi savory, tteok-bokki na tushen miya. a cikin babban gidan dangin Papyeong Yun, inda aka yi miya mai inganci. A cikin wannan sigar, sinadarai irin su gajeriyar hakarkarinsu sun kasance gama gari. Sunan tteok-bokki shima ya bayyana a cikin sabuntawar edition na Joseon Yori Jebeop, inda aka siffanta shi da abinci mai ɗanɗano na tushen soya. An yi imanin cewa bambance-bambancen yaji na tteok-bokki da aka yi da miya na gochujang ya fara bayyana a cikin 1953. Lokacin da Ma Bok-Lim ta halarci buɗaɗɗen wani gidan cin abinci na Koriya da China, da gangan ta jefar da tteok, ko kek ɗin shinkafa, da aka miƙa. lokacin budewa cikin jajangmyeon. Da sanin cewa yana da daɗi, sai ta haɓaka ra'ayin kayan yaji a cikin miya ta Koriya, gochujang. Bayan haka, ta fara sayar da shi a Sindang, wanda a yanzu ya zama mafi yawan bambancin tteok-bokki. Saboda haka, gundumar Sindang yanzu ta shahara da tteok-boki. A yau, tteok-bokki na yau da kullun da aka saya kuma ana ci a bunsikjip (sandunan ciye-ciye) da pojangmacha (kantunan titin) ja ne da yaji, yayin da tushen soya, sigar da ba ta da yaji ana kiranta gungjung-tteok-bokki "kotun sarki tteok-bokki"). Rice tteok ya tashi da shahara yayin da tattalin arzikin Koriya ta Kudu ya haɓaka, kuma nau'ikan tasa daban-daban sun haɓaka tun daga lokacin. Da yake a da abinci ne mai ajin aiki, ana yawan maye gurbin alkama tteok da shinkafa. [ana bukatar bayani] Iri Kamar sauran shahararrun jita-jita na Koriya, tteok-bokki ya ga bambance-bambancen da yawa da haɗuwa. Dafaffen ƙwai da soyayyen <i id="mwfA">mandu</i> dumplings an saba haɗa su da tteok-bokki. Sinadaran irin su abincin teku, gajeriyar haƙarƙari, noodles nan take, noodles masu tauna suma ƙari ne na yau da kullun ga tasa. Bambance-bambance dangane da abubuwan da aka ƙara Haemul-tteok-bokki, "abincin teku tteok-bokki yana da fasalin abincin teku a matsayin sinadaren sa na biyu. Galbi -tteok-bokki "gajeren haƙarƙari tteok-bokki yana da gajerun haƙarƙari azaman sinadarin sa na biyu. Ra-bokki "nan take noodle tteok-bokki da jol -bokki "chewy noodle tteok-bokki suna da bambance-bambancen iri ɗaya waɗanda ke ƙara noodles zuwa tteok-bokki Ra-bokki yana ƙara ramyeon (ramen) noodles, kuma jjol-bokki yana ƙara chewy jjolmyeon noodles na alkama. Jeukseok-tteok-bokki Jeongol (tukun zafi) nau'in tteok-bokki ana kiransa jeukseok-tteok-bokki "on-the-tabo tteok-bokki kuma ana dafa shi a kan murhu na saman tebur yayin cin abinci. Akwai nau'ikan kari daban-daban, kamar kayan lambu, mandu (dumplings), da ramyeon ko noodles na udong a gidajen cin abinci na jeukseok-tteok-bokki Kamar yadda jeukseok-tteok-bokki yawanci abinci ne maimakon abun ciye-ciye, galibi ana haɗa shi da bokkeum-bap (soyayyen shinkafa). Bambanci bisa miya Gochujang tteok-bokki Piquant, ja gochujang na tushen tteok-bokki ɗaya ne daga cikin shahararrun kayan ciye-ciye na Koriya. Yayin da nau'in miya guda biyu gungmul-tteok-bokki miya tteok-bokki da bushe gireum-tteok-bokki "Oil tteok- bokki an fi jin daɗinsa, na farko ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin daidaitaccen salon. A cikin gungmul-tteok-bokki, ana amfani da kelp anchovy stock sau da yawa don fitar da dandano mai daɗi. Ana ƙara Gochugaru (foda barkono) sau da yawa don ƙarin zafi da launi, yayin da mullyeot (shinkafa syrup) yana taimakawa tare da zaƙi da daidaito. Eomuk (cakulan kifi), dafaffen ƙwai, da yankakken yankakken scallions sune ƙari na kowa ga tasa. A cikin gireum-tteok-bokki, cakuda gochugaru "Fuɗen barkono Koriya"), soya sauce, sugar ko syrup, da man sesame sau da yawa ya maye gurbin gochujang (manna chili). Ana yayyafa sanduna masu laushi masu laushi tare da cakuda miya, sannan a soya a cikin mai dafa abinci tare da dintsi na yankakken scallions a yi amfani da su. Kasuwar Tongin a Jongno, Seoul ta shahara da gireum-tteok-bokki Hakanan akwai bambance-bambance masu yawa a cikin gochujang tteok-bokki, kamar sigar da aka yi da ganyen perilla Ganjang tteok-bokki Mai dadi da mai daɗi, tteok-bokki na tushen soya mai launin ruwan kasa ana kiransa gungjung-tteok-bokki "kotun sarki tteok-bokki Tarihinsa ya samo asali ne daga tasa na kotun sarauta kafin gabatar da barkono barkono zuwa yankin Koriya a tsakiyar zamanin Joseon (ƙarni na 17 da 18). An samo farkon rikodin gungjung tteok-bokki a cikin littafin dafa abinci na 1800 mai suna Siuijeonseo Samun ɗanɗano mai kama da japchae (noodles da kayan lambu da aka soyayyen gilashi), dangin sarauta suna jin daɗinsa a matsayin banchan kuma azaman abun ciye-ciye. Ko da yake an yi tteok-bokki na gargajiya tare da miya soya, wanda shine na gargajiya (kuma a lokacin, kadai) nau'in miya na soya a Koriya ta zamani, miya mai dadi na yau da kullum ya dauki wurinsa a zamanin yau. Sauran sinadaran gargajiya irin su sirloin ko gajeriyar hakarkarinsa, man sesame, scallions, rock tripe, Pine nuts, da gasassun tsaba da kuma tsaba na sesame har yanzu ana amfani da su a gungjung-tteok-bokki na zamani Sauran sinadarai irin su tsiron wake, karas, albasa, busasshen zucchini na Koriya, tafarnuwa, da namomin kaza na shiitake su ma suna da yawa. Yawanci ana ba da tasa da kayan ado Sauran bambancin Gungmul (miyan) tteok-bokki waɗanda ba a kan ko dai waken soya ko gochujang su ma sun sami karɓuwa. Akwai wasu sanannun bambance-bambance. Curry tteok-bokki yana amfani da tushe mai launin rawaya irin na Koriya. Cream sauce tteok-bokki yana amfani da tushe wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa ga carbonara Ana amfani da miya da naman alade maimakon gochujang da wainar kifi. Rose tteok-bokki mai suna bayan fure taliya, a matsayin bambancin. Don wannan tteok-bokki, ana ƙara miya mai tsami zuwa ainihin tteok-bokki <i id="mwARk">Jajang</i> -tteok-bokki yana nuna miya bisa jajang (manna wake mai zaki). Cuku tteok-bokki wani bambance-bambancen da tteok-bokki ake ko dai toshe ko cuku. Ana sayar da shi a mashaya na ciye-ciye kuma ana iya yin shi cikin sauƙi a gida. Dangane da abin da ake so, ana iya ci tare da kayan yaji kamar koren shayi, foda, sesame, ko faski. Shanghainese chǎo nián gāo abinci ne mai soyayyen soyayyen da aka yi da kek ɗin shinkafa wanda aka yanka a cikin siffa mai laushi, scallions, naman sa, naman alade, da kabeji. Gireum and gyeran tteok-bokki Gireum tteok-bokki "Oil tteok-bokki wani nau'in tteok-bokki ne da ake soyawa a cikin mai kuma a yi shi da miya ko kaɗan. Gyeran tteok-bokki "kwai tteok-bokki") wani bambancin ne wanda ba shi da miya. Ana amfani da tteok (kudin shinkafa), qwai, kayan lambu, da kayan yaji (musamman gishiri). Ya bambanta da gireum tteok-bokki domin ba yaji.</br> Gallery Duba kuma Bunsik Gimbap Abincin Koriya Abincin gidan sarauta na Koriya Shinkafa cake Sundae Soyayya mai zurfi Nian gao Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Yanar Gizo na hukuma na Dongdaemoon Yeopgi Tteokbokki Yanar Gizo na hukuma na Sinjeon Tteokbokki Gidan yanar gizon hukuma na BaeDDuck Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

29906

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafiya%20ta%20hanyoyin%20ruwa%20a%20Kerela

Tafiya ta hanyoyin ruwa a Kerela

Hanyoyin ruwa koyaushe sun kasance muhimmin yanayin sufuri a Kerala Jimlar tsawon hanyar da za a yi amfani da ita a Kerala ya kai kusan kilomita 1,900 kuma kogunan da ake kewayawa sun ƙunshi kusan kashi 54 na hanyoyin ruwa. Koguna 41 da ke gudana zuwa Yamma tare da magudanar ruwa wani sashe ne mai haɗin gwiwa na tsarin kewayawa cikin ƙasa a Kerala. A cikin Kerala sufurin ruwa ta waɗannan tashoshi galibi ƙananan sabis na fasinja ne, jiragen ruwa na ƙasa na yau da kullun, jigilar kaya zuwa PSU kamar takin zamani da Chemical Travancore, Kochi da sauransu. Magudanan ruwa na cikin jihar suna ratsa ta yankuna masu yawan jama'a babban har yanzu ba a gama dakatar da Canal Coast na Yamma ba (WCC). Yawancin mazauna yankin sun tsunduma cikin sana'o'in gargajiya kamar su coir, cashew, yin bulo da kamun kifi. Duk wani yunƙuri na haɓaka magudanan ruwa na cikin ƙasa zai yi tasiri sosai ga jin daɗin waɗannan mutane. Hakanan tare da Tiruvananthapuram-Kasargode Semi High Speed Rail Corridor da Babban Hanyar Kasa 66 Kanyakumari zuwa Mumbai (Trivandrum Kasaragod shimfidawa a Kerala) WCC zai kammala hanyar sadarwa na multimodal arewa maso kudu corridor a fadin Kerala A zamanin kafin samun yancin kai, musamman sufuri a Kerala ya kasance ta hanyar jiragen ruwa. Cibiyoyin hanyoyin sadarwa a cikin jihar ba su isa sosai ba. Duk da haka daga baya lokacin da hanyoyin mota da na dogo suka fara haɓaka mahimmancin hanyoyin ruwa sun fara raguwa. A wani bangare na karni na 20 daukakar magudanan ruwa da suka gabata a karni na 18 da na 19 ya ragu cikin sauri. Duk da haka, a cikin karni na 21st an fara samun sabuntawa kan hanyoyin ruwa na jihar. A cikin shekarata 2005 Shugaban Indiya Shri. APJ Abdul Kalam ta gabatar da ajandar ci gaba mai maki 10 da nufin mayar da jihar ta zama cibiyar tattalin arziki nan da shekarar 2015. Duk A cikin wannan ya ambata da ƙarfi game da yuwuwar hanyoyin ruwa na Kerala. Manyan hanyoyin ruwa na Kerala Kusan dukkanin manyan hanyoyin ruwa a Kerala wani bangare ne na tsarin canal na gabar Yamma (WCC). Wannan tsarin magudanar ruwa ya haɗu da kogin baya, kogunan kogi da tsarin magudanar ruwa da mutum ya yi. Kadan mahimman shimfidar kewayawa a cikin dukkan wannan babban tsarin Kuma shiyasa(wasu daga cikinsu suna cikin lalacewa a halin yanzu) sune kamar haka, National Waterway 3 Kollam zuwa Kozhikkode 375 km wanda ya ƙunshi tashar Kogin Yamma, Champakkara Canal da, Udyogamandal Canal, Lake Ashtamudi, Kayamkulam Kayal, Tekun Vembanad da masu rarraba Periyar (kogin) Thiruvananthapuram Shoranur canal wanda ya ƙunshi tsarin kogin Bharathappuzha, Kollam Canal, Kadinamkulam Kayal da sauransu. Canal Canal kusan 200 km, Kodungallur zuwa Vatakara ta hanyar Kozhikode Alappuzha-Sherthala AS Canal 22 km daga Vada Canal a Alappuzha zuwa tafkin Vembanad kusa da Cherthala. Hanyar Ruwa ta Kasa 8 Canal Alappuzha-Changanassery 28 km. Hanyar Ruwa ta Kasa 9 Alappuzha-Kottayam-Athirampuzha Canal 38 km. Wannan magudanar ruwa na iya inganta yanayin kewayawa na kaya zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na Kottayam Hakanan yana amfani da tsarin kogin Meenachil da Vembanad Ya haɗa Mannanam da Kainikkara, wurin haifuwar St.Kuriakose Elias Chavara Hanyar Ruwa ta Kasa 59 Kottayam-Vaikom Canal 28 km. Ya fara kusa da Kodimatha a cikin garin Kottayam kuma ya wuce ta kogin Meenachil ta Ilikkal, Thiruvaataa, Pulikkuttisseri don shiga tafkin Vembanad kusa da Cheepungal sannan ya isa Vaikom ta Thanneermukkom Bund Canal AVM (Hanyar Ruwa ta Ƙasa 13) 11 km daga Colachel a Tamil Nadu zuwa Pozhiyoor a cikin Trivandrum. Tsarin Canal na Kogin Yamma (WCC). WCC ita ce hanyar ruwa ta cikin kasa ta Jiha, wacce ake kera ta zuwa ma'auni na hanyar ruwa ta kasa. Wannan shine Rs 2,300-crore rupees aikin wanda aka yi niyya don yin duka 633 hanyoyin ruwa mai nisa kilomita tare da bakin tekun Kerala daga Kovalam gundumar Thiruvananthapuram zuwa Bekal gundumar Kasaragod mai cikakken kewayawa da haɗa manyan filayen jirgin saman Kerala guda uku kamar Filin jirgin saman Trivandrum International Airport, Filin Jirgin Sama na Cochin International da Filin Jirgin Sama na Kannur ta hanyoyin ruwa ta Mayu shekarata 2020. Aikin Kerala Waterways and Infrastructure Development Ltd., Mota na Musamman (SPV) da aka kafa a watan Oktoba 2017 don bunkasa hanyoyin ruwa na cikin kasa a kan lokaci. Gwamnatin Kerala da CIAL suna da ruwa da tsaki a ciki. An danƙa wa SPV ayyuka kamar gine-ginen giciye, Kuma zubar da ruwa, faɗaɗawa da tsaftace hanyoyin ruwa. Aikinsu na farko shi ne sabunta ayyukan 18 km Akkulam Kovalam stretch na Parvathi Puthannaar a Trivandrum da aka ba su a watan Mayu shekarata 2018. Cibiyar Tsare-tsare da Tsare-Tsare na Sufuri ta kasa, a cikin bincikenta na yuwuwar fasaha da tattalin arziki, ta ce kashi 16.6 na yawan zirga-zirgar kayayyaki ta hanya za a iya karkatar da su zuwa tsarin jigilar ruwa na cikin gida da zarar an kammala WCC. Daban-daban na WCC daga Kudu zuwa Arewacin Kerala sune kamar haka. Kovalam Aakkulam Parvathi Puthannaar (Trivandrum) yanki TS Canal (Vallakkadavu tafkin Kadinamkulam tafkin Anchuthengu Varkala Tunnel Edava Nadayara Kaayal Paravur Kayal Kollam Canal National Waterway 3 yana shimfiɗa har zuwa Ponnani ban da Ponnani Shoranur stretch) National Waterway 3 Kollam zuwa Kozhikode 375 km. Canoli Canal Vatakara Mahe Canal 17.4 kilomita yana wucewa ta Thiruvallur, Maniyoor, Villiyapilly, Purameri, da Ayancherry a cikin mazabar Kuttiyadi; Edacherry a cikin mazabar Nadapuram; da Eramala da Azhiyoor a mazabar Vadakara. Wannan kuma wani bangare ne na Vision Vadakara zuwa shekarar 2025. Mahé Valapattanam Canal 51 km (26 km ya bi ta rafukan ruwa da ke da sauran 25 km yana buƙatar yanke wucin gadi) wannan wata hanyar haɗin gwiwa ce ta ɓace a cikin tsarin ruwan baya da ke tafiya daidai da Tekun Kerala ta Arewa don haka, babban cikas ga yuwuwar kewayawa cikin ƙasa na yankin. Wannan shimfidawa yana buƙatar ɗan adam ya yi magudanan ruwa a kan shimfida uku don haɗa tsarin kogin Mahé tare da tsarin kogin Valapattanam ta kogin Anjarakkandy, Kuyyalipuzha da kogin Dharmadom Matsakaicin kogin Anjarakkandy daga canal har zuwa Mattanur za a yi amfani da shi don haɗa WCC tare da Filin Jirgin Sama na Kannur Daidaiton wannan magudanar ruwa kamar haka ne, Yana farawa azaman yanke wucin gadi yana farawa daga Kogin Mahé kusa da Peringathur kuma yana ƙarewa a Kuyyalipuzha kusa da Ponniam ta hanyar Palathayi, Elankode, Kannamvally da Mokery na nesa na 9.2 km. Sa'an nan kuma ta ci gaba da gudana ta Kuyyalipuzha har zuwa kusa da yankunan Thalassery Daga Kuyyalipuzha tashar da mutum ya yi ta 0.85 kilomita an yi shi don magudanar ruwa don shiga cikin kogin Dharmadom wanda ke rarraba kogin Anjarakkandy A cikin tsarin kogin Anjarakkandy, magudanar ruwa tana tafiya har zuwa ƙarshen tsibirin Dharmadam sannan kuma wani yanki na wucin gadi na mutum ya fara kusa da Mamakunnu wanda ke tafiya 15. kilomita mai tsawo ta hanyar Kadachira, Chala, Varam da Chelora kuma ku hadu da kogin Valapattanam Bayan haka magudanar ruwa ta gangara zuwa ƙasa har zuwa garin Valapattanam ta cikin kogin. Valapattanam Neeleeswaram hanyar ruwa 50 km Wannan ita ce hanyar ruwa mafi tsayi a yankin Malabar Yana tafiya daga Valapattanam zuwa Pazhayangadi na nisa na 13 km ta hanyar saukar da rafin Valapattanam har zuwa Azhikal estuary sannan a haye kan Kogin Kuppam har zuwa Pazhayangadi A Pazhayangadi yana shiga cikin Sulthan Thodu ko Canal Sulthan a 4 km man made canal har Madayi. An kammala Canal Canal a cikin 1766 yayin mamayewar Mysorean na Malabar ta Sultanate na Mysore Daga Madayi hanyar ruwa ta shiga cikin tsarin kogin Perumba kuma ta fita zuwa Valiyaparamba Kavvayi Backwaters a Kavvayi. Sannan ta wuce ta Ayitti Thrikaripur Padanna na gundumar Kannur Kasaragod Neeleeswaram Bekal, Kasaragod waterway 24 km (kammala 140 kilomita mai tsayi Payyoli Bekal isar WCC). Canals da Waterways na Alappuzha Alappuzha ana kiransa Venice na Gabas. Babu wani gari a Kerala da ya dogara da hanyoyin ruwa da magudanar ruwa kamar Alappuzha. Tsarin hanyar ruwa a Alappuzha ya haɓaka saboda gine-ginen birnin Raja Kesavadas a ƙarni na goma sha takwas 18. Manyan magudanan ruwa da magudanan ruwa a cikin garin Alappuzha da yankunan da ke makwabtaka da su su ne. AS Canal Vada canal Link Canal Canal na Kasuwanci Kottaram Thodu Kappirithode Jirgin ruwa Har ila yau, sufurin ruwa yana wanzuwa a matsayin ƙaramin jirgin ruwa kadathu a yaren gida) a sassa daban-daban na jihar musamman akan koguna. Wannan yana sauƙaƙe tsallakawa daga wannan gaɓa zuwa wancan inda babu gadoji. Yana da tasiri mai tsada kuma ana iya kafa shi har ma a mafi girma na kogin waɗanda galibi ba su da wuraren kewayawa na yau da kullun. Akwai kuma manya-manyan jiragen ruwa masu saukaka hatta ababen hawa don tsallakawa tashar. Wasu daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin jihar. Azhikode Munambam Jangar Ferry Fort Kochi Vypin RoRo Jangar Ferry Kannankadu Ferry, Munroe Island Perumon Jangar, Munroe Island Manjapetty Ferry a haye Periyar (kogin) Chaliyam Beypore jirgin ruwa Azhikal Matool jirgin ruwa. Jirgin ruwa a Dam Hakanan akwai sabis na jirgin ruwa a cikin tafkunan ruwa da yawa a Kerala. Waɗannan sabis na jirgin ruwa ana yin su ne da farko don dalilai na yawon buɗe ido. Hakanan akwai ƴan wurare kamar su Amboori, Neyyar Dam inda akwai sabis na jirgin ruwa na ƙasa ta hanyar tafki don haɗa ƙauyuka na kabilanci. Manyan wuraren jirgin ruwa na tafki sune, Sai Mala Dam Thekkady Kakkayam Dam Matupetty Dam Idukki Dam Bhoothankettu Sengulam Dam Malampuzha Dam Neyyar Dam Kallarkutti Dam Adavi Eco Tourism da dai sauransu. Muhimmanci Filin jirgin sama na Trivandrum shine kawai filin jirgin sama a cikin ƙasa wanda ke da alaƙa da hanyoyin ruwa, watau Canal TS SmartCity, Kochi da Technopark Kollam wuraren shakatawa ne na IT guda biyu na Kerala waɗanda ke da alaƙar hanyar ruwa. Ramin Varkala a Kerala shine mafi tsayi kuma kawai rami a cikin hanyar ruwa a Indiya. Kollam KSWTD Terminal Tafiya na jirgin ruwa Alappuzha shine sabis na jirgin ruwa mafi tsayi a Kudancin Indiya Tafiya Sashen Sufuri na Jihar Kerala SWTD Sashen Sufuri na Ruwa na Jiha yana jigilar fasinjoji kusan lakhs 150 a kowace shekara ta amfani da katako ƙarfe da fiber Glass Boats. Kimanin mutane kimanin 40,000 ke amfani da sabis ɗin su kowace rana. Yana aiki da jiragen ruwa masu ɗaukar kaya (Biyu) a cikin sabis na jirgin ruwa. Nisan aiki a kowace rana shine 700 km kusan. Sashen Sufurin Ruwa na Jiha na Kerala (SWTD), yana da sabis na jirgin ruwa na fasinja a cikin gundumomi masu zuwa, Kollam (Tafkin Ashtamudi) Alappuzha (Tafkin Kayamkulam, tafkin Vembanad) Kottayam (Tafkin Vembanad) Ernakulam (Lake Vembanad, Champakara Canal da Udyogmandal Canal) Kannur Kogin Valapattanam Kasaragod Viyaparamba backwaters Suna da sabis na taksi na ruwa a Alappuzha Hakanan akwai sabis na motar daukar marasa lafiya na ruwa wanda SWTD ke gudanarwa. Kochi Water Metro Irinsa ne na farko a Indiya An yi niyya don haɗawa tare da Kochi Metro kuma ya yi aiki a ƙarƙashin Haɗin gwiwar Hukumar Kula da Sufuri ta birnin Kochi Tafiyar kaya Taki da Sinadarai Travancore yana gudanar da jiragen ruwa ta hanyar Champakkara a Kochi don jigilar kayayyaki tsakanin Ambalamedu da tashar Kochi. Hakanan akwai motsin kwantena tsakanin Kottayam Inland Port da Tashar jigilar kwantena ta kasa da kasa, Kochi Yawon shakatawa Ana samun Boats masu yawon buɗe ido da yawa da Kettuvallam (Jirgin gidaje) na Kerala kusa da Kollam, Alappuzha, Kumarakom, Kochi da Valiyaparamba a cikin Arewacin Malabar. Alumkadavu kusa da Karunagappalli babbar cibiyar kera kwale-kwalen gidaje na alfarma a Kerala. Akwai sabis na jirgin ruwa da aka yi a cikin tafkunan ruwa da yawa a Kerala don masu yawon bude ido. Manyan Hatsari 1924 Pallana Boat Accident in Alappuzha, Mahakavi Kumaran Asan da wasu 23 sun mutu. 1980 Hatsarin Kannamaali a Ernakulam, mutane 29 sun mutu. 1983 Vallarpadam Accident, 18 an kashe shi. 1990 Peppara Dam Hatsarin, An kashe 7. 1991 Punnamada Accident, uku sun rasa rayuka. 1994 Vellayikkode hatsarin jirgin ruwa, Kozhikkode, shida samu kashe. 1997 Aluva Accident,4 ya mutu 2002 Kumarakom Boat Accident, 29 samu kashe. 2007 Thattekad Accident, 18 aka kashe. 2009 Thekkady jirgin ruwa bala'i, 31 aka kashe. Duba wasu abubuwan Kerala Shipping and Inland Navigation Corporation Sashen Sufuri na Jihar Kerala Kottayam Port Manazarta Hanyoyi Ruwa Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia%20Altizer

Sonia Altizer

Sonia M. Altizer (an haife ta a shekara ta 1970) wata farfesa ce kuma Mashawarcin Ilimi da kuma Kungiyar Wasannin Ilimin Jami'a a Jami'ar Georgia, Odum School of Ecology Rayuwar farko An haifi Altizer a matsayin ɗiyar Jim da Chris Altizer na Watkinsville, Georgia Sha'awarta ta ilmin halitta da duniyar ta fara ne lokacin da ta sami kyautar madubin hangen nesa da kuma kayan kara-girma-naka-kan-kan-kan-kan-ta a ranar haihuwar ta goma sha biyu. Ilimi Altizer ta sami BS daga Jami'ar Duke a shekara ta 1992 da kuma Ph.D. daga Jami'ar Minnesota a shekara ta 1998. Ta kuma yi karatun digiri a Jami’ar Princeton da Jami’ar Cornell Ayyuka Domin shekaru 20 tun a digiri na biyu dalibi na jami'ar Minnesota, Altizer tafiya cikin duniya zuwa binciken monarch malam hijirarsa, da lafiyar qasa, sannan kuma interactions da protozoan m Ta yi bincike kan yadda ƙaurawar lokaci-lokaci na waɗannan malam buɗe ido ke shafar yaduwar kwayar cuta, kuma ta haɓaka ɗakunan bayanai na haɗin gwiwa na cututtukan dabbobi masu ɗauke da dabbobi, kan halayen mai gida, ilimin ɗabi'a, da kuma tarihin rayuwa da ke hulɗa tare da sifofin ƙarancin yanayin duniya Har ila yau, ta mayar da hankali ga bincike game da tasirin songbird-pathogen, ciki har da nazarin gida finch conjunctivitis, West Nile virus, da salmonellosis Altizer ta buga wallafe-wallafe da yawa kuma a kwanan nan ta sake shirya wani littafi wanda za a buga a cikin shejara ta 2015, mai taken Sarakuna a cikin Canjin Duniya: Biology da Conservation na wani Iconic Kwari. Ta kuma shiga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin aiki waɗanda aka keɓe ga masarautar kiyaye malam buɗe ido. Wani aikin kimiyyar dan kasa mai suna Monarch Health wanda dalibanta ke gudanarwa a jami'ar Georgia, wanda yanzu shine shekara ta takwas. Akwai daruruwan masu sa kai a duk fadin Arewacin Amurka a cikin samfurin sarakunan daji don cuta. Yankunan bincike Abubuwan bincike na Altizer shine ilimin halittu na cututtuka a cikin al'ummomin ƙasa, juyin halitta na juriya da rikice- rikicen ƙwayoyin cuta, ilimin kwari da kuma juyin halitta, ƙaurawar dabbobi, da canjin yanayin ɗan adam da cututtuka. Rayuwar mutum Lokacin da Altizer ba ta cikin harabar jami'a ko tafiya don aiki, sai ta hau kan dokinta a ƙauyen Watkinsville tare da mijinta, wanda take da 'ya'ya maza biyu tare da shi. Littattafai 2014 Rushmore, J., Caillaud, D., Hall, RJ, Stumpf, RM, Meyers, LA da Altizer, S. Alurar riga kafi ta hanyar sadarwar yanar gizo na inganta ƙwarewar sarrafa cuta a cikin chimpanzees na daji. Jaridar Royal Society Interface. 11 (97), 20140349 2013 Altizer, S., Ostfeld, RS, Harvell, CD, Johnson, PTJ, da Kutz, S. Canjin yanayi da cututtukan cututtuka: daga shaida zuwa tsarin tsinkaye. Kimiyya. 341: 514-519. 2013 Rushmore, J., D. Caillaud, L. Matamba, RM Stumpf, SP Borgatti, da S. Altizer. Nazarin hanyar sadarwar zamantakewar jama'a na kifin kifin daji tare da hangen nesa game da haɗarin cututtukan cututtuka. Jaridar Lafiyayyun Dabbobi, 82: 976-986. 2012 Streicker, DG, Recuenco, S., Valderrama, W., Gomez-Benavides, J., Vargas, I., Pacheco, V., Condori, RE, Montgomery, J., Rupprecht, CE, Rohani, P. da Altizer, S. Ecological da anthropogenic direbobi na cutar hauka a cikin jemage vampire: abubuwan da ke faruwa don watsawa da sarrafawa. Ayyukan Royal Society Series B. 279 (1742): 3384-92. 2011 Altizer, S., Han, B da Bartel, R. Hijira da dabba da cututtukan cututtuka. Kimiyya. 331: 296-302 2010 Altizer, S., da Davis, AK Yawan jama'a na masarautar masarauta tare da halaye daban-daban na ƙaura suna nuna bambancin ra'ayi a cikin ilimin halittar fuka. Juyin Halitta. A cikin Latsa. 2010 DeRoode, JC da Altizer, S. Tattaunawar kwayar halittar mahaifa da alakar yaduwar kwayar cuta a tsakanin al'ummomin masarautar masarauta. Juyin Halitta. A latsa. 2009 Harvell, CD, Altizer, S., Cattadori, I., Harrington, L. da Weil, E. Canjin yanayi da cututtukan namun daji: yaushe mai masaukin baki ya fi damuwa? Ilimin halittu 90: 912-920. 2008 De Roode, JC, Yates, AJ da Altizer, S. Virulence-watsa ciniki da cinikayyar mutane da bambancin yawan mutane a cikin lalata a cikin wani abu mai rikitarwa na malam buɗe ido. PNAS. 105: 7489-7494 2008 Bradley, CA, Gibbs, SEJ da Altizer, S. banasar amfani da ƙasar ta yi tsinkayen kamuwa da cutar West Nile a cikin tsuntsaye. Aikace-aikacen muhalli. 18: 1083–1092 Girmamawa da kyaututtuka 2018 Lamar Dodd Kyautar Binciken Bincike 2014 UGA leticungiyar Wasannin Wasannin Wasannin Wasannin Wasannin Kasa ta UGA 2012 Odum School of Ecology Faculty Malami na Kyautar Shekara 2008 Kyautar Farkon Aikin Shugaban Kasa a Kimiyya da Injiniya (PECASE) 2008 Kyautar Kyautar Kwarewa a Jami'ar Georgia 2008 Odum School of Ecology Award don Koyarwar Kwarewa Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Sonia Altizer Ilimin Lafiyar Cututtuka a cikin Labarin Altizer Sonia Altizer Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1970 Pages with unreviewed

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waris%20Dirie

Waris Dirie

Articles with hCards Waris Dirie Somali (an haife ta 21 Oktoba 1965) abin koyi ne na ƙasar Somaliya, marubuciya, ƴar wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin ɗan adam a yaƙin da ake yi da kaciyar mata FGM Daga 1997 zuwa 2003, ta kasance jakadiyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta musamman kan yaki da kaciyar mata. A cikin 2002 ta kafa ƙungiyar ta a Vienna, Gidauniyar Furen Fure. Rayuwar farko An haifi Dirie a matsayin daya daga cikin yara goma sha biyu a cikin dangin makiyaya a 1965 a yankin Galkacyo Sunanta na farko, Waris, yana nufin furen hamada Lokacin da ta kai shekaru biyar, an yi mata kaciya ta hanyar lalata Tana da shekaru goma sha uku, ta gudu ta cikin jeji zuwa Mogadishu domin ta kubuta daga shirin auren wani dattijo mai shekaru 60. Ta fara zama a wurin tare da 'yan uwa, duk da cewa ba a amince da guduwar ta ba. Daya daga cikin kawunta, wanda a lokacin shi ne jakadan Somaliya a Burtaniya, yana neman kuyanga. Da taimakon goggo ta shawo kan kawun nata ya dauketa aiki ya kaita Landan, inda take aiki a gidan kawun nata akan kudi kadan. Bayan wa'adin kawun nata na shekara hudu, Dirie ya tafi ya zauna a cikin wasu tsare-tsaren gidaje marasa kwanciyar hankali, daga baya ya yi hayan ɗaki a cikin YMCA Ta sami rayuwarta a matsayin mai tsaftacewa a cikin McDonald's na gida. Ta kuma fara karatun yamma don koyon turanci. Sana'a Tana da shekaru 18, mai daukar hoto Mike Goss ya gano Dirie kwatsam, yayin da ta tsaya jiran cajin ta a wajen makarantar 'yarsa. Ta hanyar sa yaran su fassara musu, Mike ya shawo kan Waris ta yi masa abin koyi. Bayan haka, ya taimaka mata ta sami babban fayil tare da samun wakilcinta, kodayake yawancin hukumomin ƙirar ƙira sun yi iƙirarin cewa babu 'kira ga ƙirar baƙi'. Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukanta na farko na ƙirar ƙira shine na Terence Donovan, wanda ya dauki hotonta a 1987 tare da samfurin Naomi Campbell wanda har yanzu ba a san shi ba don taken Pirelli Calendar Daga can, Dirie ta yin tallan kayan kawa ya tashi, nan da nan ya zama samfurin nasara, yana bayyana a cikin tallace-tallace na manyan samfurori irin su Chanel, Levi's, L'Oréal da Revlon A cikin 1987, Dirie ta taka rawa a cikin fim ɗin James Bond The Rayayyun Rana Ta kuma bayyana a kan titin jiragen sama na London, Milan, Paris da New York City, kuma a cikin mujallu na zamani kamar Elle, Glamour da Vogue An bi wannan a cikin 1995 da wani shirin shirin BBC mai suna A Nomad in New York game da aikinta na yin tallan kayan kawa. A cikin 1997, a tsayin aikinta na ƙirar ƙira, Dirie ta yi magana a karon farko tare da Laura Ziv na mujallar mata Marie Claire game da kaciyar mata (FGM) da aka yi mata tun tana ƙarama, tana ɗan shekara biyar tare da ƴan uwanta mata biyu. A wannan shekarar, Dirie ya zama wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don kawar da FGM. Daga baya ta kai wa mahaifiyarta ziyara a ƙasarsu ta Somaliya. A cikin 1998, Dirie ta ba da labarin littafinta na farko tare da marubucin marubuci Cathleen Miller Desert Flower, tarihin tarihin rayuwar da ya ci gaba da zama mafi kyawun siyarwar duniya. Sama da kwafi miliyan 11 an sayar da su a duk duniya zuwa yau, miliyan 3 a Jamus kaɗai. Daga baya ta fitar da wasu littafai masu nasara da suka hada da Desert Dawn, Wasika zuwa ga Mahaifiyata da Yara na Hamada, wanda aka kaddamar da na karshen tare da yakin Turai na yaki da FGM. A cikin 2002, Dirie ta kafa Gidauniyar Desert Flower Foundation a Vienna Gidauniyar tana tattara kuɗi don wayar da kan jama'a game da matsalar FGM a duniya da kuma taimakawa waɗanda abin ya shafa. A wannan shekarar, ta sami lambar yabo ta adabin Corine A cikin 2004, ta sami lambar yabo ta zamantakewa ta Duniya ta Mikhail Gorbachev a Gasar Mata ta Duniya a Hamburg, Jamus. Dirie ya bude taron duniya game da FGM a Nairobi, ya gabatar da jawabin da aka lura sosai, kuma ya buga a karon farko Waris-Dirie Manifesto game da FGM. Shugaban Tarayyar Ostiriya Heinz Fischer ya ba ta lambar yabo ta Romero a madadin kungiyar mazan Katolika ta Austriya. A shekara ta 2006, ta yi jawabi ga taron ministocin dukan ƙasashe membobin EU a Brussels Daga nan ne kungiyar Tarayyar Turai ta sanya batun yaki da kaciyar mata a cikin ajandar ta, bayan haka an tsaurara dokoki tare da kaddamar da matakan kariya a kasashen Turai da dama. A cikin 2007, tashar Larabawa Al Jazeera ta gayyaci Waris Dirie zuwa mashahuran wasan kwaikwayo na Riz Khan Ta yi magana a karon farko a wata tashar Larabawa a gaban masu kallo sama da miliyan 100 game da batun haramtacciyar "Kaciyar mata". A cikin 2009, Desert Flower, wani fim mai tsayi da aka gina akan littafin Waris Desert Flower an fito da shi, tare da babbar jarumar Habasha Liya Kebede tana wasa da ita. Sherry Hormann ne ya jagoranci fim din, wanda ya lashe kyautar Oscar Peter Herrmann ne ya shirya shi. Benjamin Herrmann da Waris Dirie sun kasance masu haɗin gwiwa. Ya zuwa yanzu dai an fitar da fim din a kasashe 20 da suka hada da Faransa da Spain da Isra'ila da Girka da Poland da Brazil A cikin Janairu 2010, ta lashe kyautar Bavarian Film Awards a Munich a cikin "Mafi kyawun Fim". Har ila yau, an zabi shi don lambar yabo ta Fim a Zinariya a cikin "Fitaccen Fim ɗin Fim" a Kyautar Fina-Finan Jamus, kuma ya lashe lambar yabo ta masu sauraro a cikin "Mafi kyawun Fim na Turai" a San Sebastián International Film Festival A cikin 2010, Tarayyar Afirka ta nada Dirie Jakadan zaman lafiya da tsaro a Afirka. Ayyukan jin kai, yakin neman zabe, kyaututtuka 2002 yanzu A cikin 2002 Dirie ta kafa gidauniyar Desert Flower Foundation a Vienna, kungiyar da burinta shine kawar da kaciyar mata a duniya. Ayyukan Gidauniyar tana samun kuɗi ne ta hanyar gudummawa. UA 2009 Dirie ya zama memba na kafa PPR Foundation for Women's Dignity and Rights, ƙungiyar Faransanci mai suna François-Henri Pinault (Shugaba na PPR da matarsa, Hollywood actress Salma Hayek Har ila yau, ta fara gidauniyar Desert Dawn, wanda ke tara kuɗi don makarantu da dakunan shan magani a ƙasarta ta Somalia, kuma tana tallafawa Gidauniyar Zeitz, ƙungiyar da ke mai da hankali kan ci gaba mai dorewa da kiyayewa Dirie ta yi kamfen sosai don jawo hankali kan kaciyar mata. A cikin 2010 tare da "Dakatar da FGM Yanzu" tare da haɗin gwiwar hukumar Berlin Heymann Brandt de Gelmini. An ba da wannan yunƙuri lambar yabo ga Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Jamus mafi kyawun NGO na Social Media. "Tare don Matan Afirka" ya biyo baya a cikin 2011, haɗin gwiwa tare da hukumar Hamburg Jung von Matt da lakabin wanki Mey. Bayan ceton Desert Flower Safa daga FGM a cikin 2014, an ƙaddamar da shirin tallafawa "Ajiye Ƙananan Furen Hamada". A watan Maris na 2019 ya zo yaƙin neman zaɓe mai girma "Ƙarshen FGM" tare da alamar kamfai na Burtaniya Coco de Mer. Dirie ya gabatar da tarin kamfani (a matsayin magajin Pamela fu kuma mai daukar hoto Rankin Rankin kuma ya samar da gajeren fim na yakin. An ba da wannan yunƙurin idan lambar yabo ta Social Impact 2019 ta iF International Forum Design mai hedkwata a Hanover kuma an tallafa shi da kuɗin kyauta. l.Ga Dirie hoton da aka yi tare da Rankin a London ya kasance dawowa [bayani da ake buƙata] azaman abin ƙira.[1][2] Cibiyar Furen Hamada Anvu ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2013, Dirie a matsayin majiɓinci ya buɗe cibiyar kiwon lafiya ta farko ta duniya don kulawa da kulawa da waɗanda aka yi wa FGM a Berlin tare da Asibitin Waldfriede a matsayin asibitin haɗin gwiwa na Gidauniyar Furen Fure. Cibiyar Furen Hamada ta sami lambar yabo ta Louise Schroeder ta Jihar Berlin a cikin 2016. A cikin 2014, Cibiyar Horar da Fitowa ta Desert Flower don likitocin tiyata, likitocin mata, urologists da ma'aikatan jinya an kafa su a Amsterdam tare da Gidauniyar Desert Flower BENELUX. An kafa Cibiyar Flower Center Scandinavia a cikin 2015 tare da haɗin gwiwar Asibitin Jami'ar Karolinska a Stockholm A cikin 2017 Cibiyar Fleur du Desert ta buɗe tare da Fondation Fleur du Desert a cikin m n jjj have already jjnnnuafakar mata a asibitin Delafontaine a Paris Saint-Denis. Shugaban Faransa Emmanuel Macron ya ziyarci Cibiyar Fleur du Desert a cikin Disamba 2017. Education projects in Sierra Leone Buqe u.dbyA cikin 2016 Dirie da ƙungiyar Gidauniyar Desert Flower Foundation sun yanke shawarar mayar da batun "Ilimi a Afirka" abin da ke mayar da hankali kan aikinsu. Ta hanyar daukar nauyin shirin "Ajiye 'yar Hamada" za a iya ceto 'yan mata 1,000 daga FGM a Saliyo. An sanar da gina makarantu uku na farko na "Desert Flower" a Saliyo a farkon 2019. Gidauniyar Diries Desert Flower Foundation kuma tana gina “Gida mai aminci”, inda wadanda FGM ke fama da su ke samun mafaka da kariya. Akwai kuma ɗakin karatu da cibiyar kwamfuta. Bugu da kari, za a raba kwafin 10,000 na littafin karatu na Waris Dirie mai suna "My Africa The Journey" tare da akwatunan koyarwa na fure-fure na Desert Flower ga makarantu 34 a Saliyo. Dirie ta samu kyaututtuka da kyautuka da yawa don ayyukan jin kai da littafai da suka hada da: Woman of the Year Award (1998) by Glamour magazine. Corine Award (2002) of the umbrella association of the German bookselling trade. Women's World Award (2004) from former President of the USSR, Mikhail Gorbachev. Bishop Óscar Romero Award (2005) by the Catholic Church. Chevalier de la Légion d’Honneur (2007) from former President of France, Nicolas Sarkozy. Prix des Générations (2007) by the World Demographic Association. Martin Buber Gold Medal from the Euriade Foundation (2008), founded by Werner Janssen in 1981. Gold medal of the President of the Republic of Italy (2010) for her achievements as a human rights activist. Thomas Dehler Prize (2013) of the Thomas Dehler Foundation, presented by Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger Woman Of The Year Campaigning Award (2013) in London presented by Sacla International Freedom Prize (2014) presented at the House of Lords in London by British Minister Lynne Featherstone Women for Women Award (2017), awarded in Vienna by the magazine "look! Donna dell'Anno (2018) in Italy Million Chances Award (2018) donated by the Fritz Henkel Foundation Sunhak Peace Prize (2019) for her commitment to women's rights, awarded in Seoul. Kai hari da bacewar A cikin Maris 2004, Dirie an kai hari a gidanta a Vienna. An tsare wani dan kasar Portugal mai shekaru 26 a gidan yari bayan da ya yi mata birki mai tsawon mil 1,000 a fadin Turai, inda daga karshe ya samu shiga gidanta ta hanyar hawa ta tagar makwabcinsa. “Ta firgita kuma a gigice ta bar shi ya shigo,” in ji kakakin ‘yan sandan. Da alama Dirie ya samu kananan raunuka lokacin da maharin ya jefa ta a kasa. Maharin ya tashi ne a cikin motar haya, amma daga baya ya dawo ya farfasa daya daga cikin tagogin bene na ginin. An kama shi ne lokacin da makwabta suka kira ‘yan sanda kuma daga baya aka ba shi dakatarwar na tsawon watanni biyar. An bayyana cewa wanda ake zargin ya hadu da Dirie watanni shida da suka wuce lokacin da dan uwansa ke aiki a gidanta na baya a Wales. Daga baya ya shiga wannan gidan ya sace mata kayanta. A wani lamari kuma, a farkon watan Maris na shekara ta 2008, Dirie ta bace tsawon kwanaki uku yayin da take zaune a Brussels. Wani dan sandan Brussels ne ya same ta. Rayuwa ta sirri Sabanin sanannen imani, Dirie ba shi da alaƙa da ɗan'uwan ɗan ƙasar Somaliya Iman A cikin littafinta na Desert Flower, Dirie ta bayyana cewa mahaifiyar Iman ta kasance abokantaka sosai tare da inna, dangi wanda ta taɓa zama tare da ita a lokacin da take a Landan. Tun 2009 Dirie yana zaune a Gdańsk, Poland. Na ɗan lokaci kuma a Vienna. Ita ce mahaifiyar 'ya'ya maza biyu (Aleeke, Leon). Tun daga Maris 2005, Dirie yana riƙe da ɗan ƙasar Austriya. Filmography, littattafai da kuma ƙida-kide Fina-finai Hasken Rayayyun Rayayyun (1987) A cikin fim ɗin James Bond na 15, Dirie yana taka Waris Walsh a cikin rawar tallafi. Makiyayi a New York (1995) shirin BBC game da aikin Waris Dirie. Furen Desert (2009) wasan kwaikwayo ya dogara ne akan littafin tarihin rayuwa da mai siyarwa. Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1965 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Dannatt

Richard Dannatt

Janar Francis Richard Dannatt, Baron Dannatt, GCB CBE MC DL (an haife she a radar 23 ga watan Disamba shekarar 1950) mai ritaya m sojan Birtaniya jami'in da kuma memba na House Iyayengiji Ya kasance babban hafsan hafsoshin soja (shugaban sojoji) daga shekarar 2006 zuwa 2009. An ba Dannatt izuwa cikin Green Howards a cikin Shekarar 1971, kuma rangadin aikinsa na farko ya kasance a Belfast a matsayin kwamandan yaƙi. A yayin rangadinsa na biyu na aiki, har ila yau a Arewacin Ireland, an ba Dannatt Kuros ɗin Soja Bayan wani mummunan rauni a cikin shekarar 1977, Dannatt yayi tunanin barin Soja, amma kwamandan sa (CO) ya ƙarfafa shi ya ci gaba. Bayan Kwalejin Ma'aikata, ya zama kwamandan kamfani kuma daga ƙarshe ya karɓi jagorancin Green Howards a cikin shekarar 1989. Ya halarci sannan kuma ya ba da umarnin Babban Kwalejin da Kwalejin Ma'aikata, bayan haka an ba shi karin girma zuwa birgediya. An ba Dannatt kwamandan runduna ta 4 ta Armored Brigade a 1994 kuma ya umurci sashin Birtaniyya na Imaddamar da (addamarwa (IFOR) a shekara mai zuwa. Dannatt ya karɓi kwamandan Rukuni na 3 a cikin 1999 kuma a lokaci guda ya ba da umarnin sojojin Burtaniya a Kosovo Bayan gajeriyar rangadi a Bosniya, an nada shi Mataimakin Babban Hafsan Sojoji (ACGS). Bayan hare-haren 11 ga Satumba 2001, ya tsunduma cikin tsara ayyukan gaba a Gabas ta Tsakiya. A matsayinsa na Kwamandan kungiyar Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC), rawar da ya hau a 2003, Dannatt ya jagoranci hedkwatar ARRC a shirin tura turawa zuwa Iraki da Afghanistan Kungiyar ta ARRC ta yi aiki a Afghanistan a 2005, amma a wannan lokacin Dannatt ya kasance Babban-Kwamanda, Kwamandan Kasa kwamandan rundunar Birtaniyya yau da kullun. Ya kasance mai alhakin aiwatar da rikice-rikicen sake tsara fasalin sojojin wanda a ƙarshe ya haifar da mulkinsa, Green Howards, aka haɗu a cikin imentungiyar Yorkshire An nada Dannatt Babban hafsan hafsoshi (CGS) a watan Agusta shekarar 2006, wanda ya gaji Janar Sir Mike Jackson Dannatt ya gamu da cece-kuce game da fito na fito da shi, musamman kiraye-kirayensa na inganta albashi da yanayin sojoji da kuma rage ayyukan da ake yi a Iraki don inganta mutanen da ke Afghanistan. Ya kuma yunkuro don kokarin kara martabarsa a bainar jama'a, yana cikin damuwa cewa ba za a iya gane shi sosai ba a lokacin da ya kare martabar Sojoji game da zargin cin zarafin fursunoni a Iraki Daga baya ya taimaka tare da kirkirar Taimako ga Jarumai don samar da wurin yin iyo a Kotun Headley kuma, daga baya a lokacinsa, ya kulla yarjejeniya da manema labarai na Burtaniya wanda ya ba Yarima Harry damar yin aiki a Afghanistan. Sir David Richards ne ya gaje shi a matsayin CGS kuma ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 2009, inda ya karɓi matsayin girmamawa na ablean sanda na Hasumiyar London, wanda ya riƙe har zuwa watan Yunin shekarar 2016. Tsakanin watan Nuwamba shekarar 2009 da babban zaɓen Birtaniyya a cikin Mayu 2010, Dannatt ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara na tsaro ga shugaban Jam'iyyar Conservative David Cameron Dannatt ya yi murabus lokacin da jam'iyyar Cameron ta kafa gwamnatin hadin gwiwa tare da Liberal Democrats bayan zaben ya samar da majalisar da aka rataye, yana mai cewa Firayim Ministan ya kamata ya dogara da farko da shawarar shugabannin aiyuka masu ci. Dannatt ya wallafa tarihin rayuwa a cikin 2010 kuma yana ci gaba da kasancewa tare da wasu kungiyoyin agaji da kungiyoyi masu alaka da sojojin. Ya yi aure tare da yara huɗu, ɗayan ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'i a cikin Grenadier Guards Rayuwar farko Dannatt, ɗan Anthony da Maryamu née Chilvers), an haife su ne a gida a Broomfield yanzu wata unguwa ce ta Chelmsford —in Essex Mahaifinsa da kakansa gine-gine ne, suna aiki ne daga wata kwalliya a Chelmsford, kuma mahaifiyarsa malama ce ta ɗan lokaci a Kwalejin Baibul na Landan Yana da yaya mace dattijuwa wacce ta mutu daga cutar kansa a Shekarar 1988. Dannatt ya sami tasirin gaske daga kakannin mahaifinsa, manomi dan Victoria da Kiristanci masu ibada waɗanda suka tsara tsarin magudanar ruwa An tura Dannatt da 'yar uwarsa zuwa makarantun kwana daban. Ya halarci Felsted Junior School, inda ya sami burin zama ƙwararren mai wasan ƙwallo Don karatunsa na sakandare, an tura shi zuwa Kwalejin St. Lawrence da ke Ramsgate, Kent, inda ya shiga cikin Combined Cadet Force (CCF) kuma daga karshe ya koma babban jami’i. Yayinda yake makaranta, ya nuna rashin son sunansa na farko, Francis, bayan an yi kuskure da na yarinya kuma an gayyace shi zuwa bikin maulidi wanda shi kaɗai ne yaro. Daga ƙarshe ya canza zuwa sunansa na tsakiya, Richard, lokacin da yake ɗan shekara goma sha biyar. A lokacin yana son zama lauya, Dannatt ya nemi karatun lauya a Kwalejin Emmanuel, Cambridge amma aka ki amincewa bayan wata hira, a lokacin ne burinsa ya koma aikin soja. Farkon aikin soja Bayan da farko ya kasance yana da sha'awar rundunar tanki, an yi hira da Dannatt a Kwamitin Kwamitin Tsaro (wanda daga baya aka sauya masa suna zuwa Hukumar Zabe ta Soja) daga wani jami'in daga Green Howards, wanda ya lallashe shi ya yi la’akari da dakaru kuma ya shirya ziyarar barikin da ke kusa Colchester. A can ya haɗu da Peter Inge, sannan babban jami'i, kuma Dannatt ya fara shirin shiga Green Howards. Ya shiga Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst a watan Satumba Shekarar 1969 kuma an ba shi izini a cikin Green Howards a matsayin mai mukamin na biyu a ranar 30 ga watan ga Yulin 1971. Bayan ɗan gajeren hutu, an aika shi zuwa Belfast, Arewacin Ireland, a matsayin kwamandan platoon Bayan kammala rangadin, Dannatt ya koma yankin Burtaniya don ɗaukar kwas na kwamandoji, bayan haka ya koma Green Howards a barikinsu da ke Yammacin Jamus Shi da platoon nasa sun dawo Belfast a ƙarshen 1972. Don nuna farin ciki a kan aikin da aka fara harbin sa a Gabas ta Belfast a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu 1972, daga baya aka ba shi Giciyen Soja Tallarsa ta farko ita ce ta mukamin Laftana a ranar 30 ga Janairun 1973. Bayan kammala rangadinsa a Arewacin Ireland, Dannatt ya nemi yin digiri na "in-service" digiri a jami'ar farar hula da Sojoji ke ɗaukar nauyi-a Kwalejin Hatfield, Jami'ar Durham An yarda da shi, kuma ya fara nazarin tarihin tattalin arziki daga baya a cikin 1973. A lokacin shekarar sa ta farko a jami'a, Dannatt ya halarci muhawara a Kwalejin Trinity, Dublin -wata dama ce da ba kasafai ake samu ba ga wani jami'in Burtaniya da ke aiki a tsayin The Troubles A cikin 1974 ya shiga tara kudi don wata karamar mota wacce aka kera ta musamman da za a samar wa wani dalibi nakasasshe, Sue Foster, wanda ya hada da cin abincin sadaka da aka yi a kwalejoji daban-daban da kuma daukar nauyin tafiya zuwa yankin Scotch Corner da baya. A matsayin wani ɓangare na tsari don digirin "in-service", an bukaci Dannatt ya koma Green Howards yayin hutun bazara. A duka lokacin bazarar, rundunar tana aiki ne a Arewacin Ireland a Armagh a 1974 da Kudu Armagh a 1975. A lokacin yawon shakatawa ne na 1975 cewa Dannatt ya shiga cikin aikin lalata wata fashewar nakiya. Na'urar ta makale ne, kuma yunƙurin kashe shi ya haifar da fashewarta. Dannatt ba shi da rauni amma sojoji hudu, gami da kwamandan kamfanin Dannatt Manjo Peter Willis aka kashe. Jim kaɗan bayan haka, Dannatt ya kame wani mutum dangane da lamarin kuma daga baya ya ba da shaida a kansa a kotu. Dannatt ya kammala karatu a cikin shekarar 1976 kuma, ya sake haɗuwa da rundunarsa, an tura shi zuwa Berlin. An nada shi bataliyar da ke makwaftaka sannan aka ba shi mukamin kaftin a watan Yunin shekarar 1977. A ranar 11 ga Nuwamba 1977, Dannatt, a lokacin yana ɗan shekara 26 kawai, ya kamu da cutar bugun jini kuma ya shafe yawancin shekaru biyu masu zuwa yana murmurewa, amma an ba shi izinin komawa bakin aiki a 1978. An aika shi zuwa Arewacin Ireland, tare da matar sa, wacce ta haifi ɗa na farko a ma'auratan a cikin Asibitin Yankin Craigavon 'yan makonni kaɗan a cikin rangadin. Dannatt ya bar Arewacin Ireland a gaba da sauran bataliyar kuma an tura shi zuwa Royal Military Academy Sandhurst a Surrey, sannan a ƙarƙashin umarnin Manjo Janar (daga baya Janar Sir) Rupert Smith, kuma yana sa ran wannan zai zama aikawarsa ta ƙarshe a cikin hasken bugun sa. Ya nemi aiki da dama a wajen Sojoji amma, bayan karfafawar Smith, ya zauna jarabawar shiga Kwalejin Ma’aikata, Camberley, kuma a Surrey. Ya ci jarrabawar shiga kuma ya ƙi ba da aikin farar hula guda biyu don karɓar wurinsa. Kafin Camberley, a ƙarshen 1980, an tura Dannatt zuwa Catterick Garrison, North Yorkshire, a matsayin kwamandan kamfanin A farkon 1981, kamfaninsa ya karɓi ragamar HM Prison Frankland a lokacin yajin aikin da jami'an gidan yarin suka yi na wata guda. Jim kaɗan bayan ƙarshen yajin aikin, an tura shi zuwa Cyprus tare da rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kafin ya koma Surrey don fara Dokar Horas da Ma’aikata ta shekara ɗaya a Camberley. Bayan ya kammala karatun, ya sami karin girma zuwa 30 ga Watan Satumba 1982, kuma ya naɗa shugaban hafsoshin sojoji zuwa na 20 Armored Brigade, da ke Jamhuriyar Yammacin Jamus Bayan shekaru biyu a matsayin shugaban ma'aikata, Dannatt ya koma Green Howards, sannan kuma yana zaune a Yammacin Jamus, don ba da umarnin wani kamfani a karo na biyu a aikinsa. An tura shi zuwa Arewacin Ireland na tsawon watanni shida a cikin 1985, yawon shakatawa na biyar a lardin, kodayake ya fi natsuwa fiye da rangadin da ya gabata. An nada shi Mataimakin Soja ga karamin Ministan Sojoji a 1986, mukaminsa na farko a Ma'aikatar Tsaro (MoD) a Landan. Wanda aka gabatar dashi ga Laftanar kanar a ranar 30 ga watan Yuni shekarar 1987, Dannatt ya kwashe shekaru uku a MoD, a cikin rawar da ya bayyana a matsayin "dinke baraka" tsakanin sojoji da 'yan siyasa, wadanda akasarinsu ba su da kwarewa ta farko a bangaren makamai sojojin. A karshen aikinsa, ya kasance tare da Field Marshal Sir Nigel Bagnall 's Koyarwar Soja ta Burtaniya a matakin karshe kamar yadda aka gabatar don amincewar minista. The Green Howards sun yi bikin cika shekaru 300 a 1988 kuma Dannatt ya karɓi ragamar mulkin a 1989. Ya kasance alhakin overseeing ta mika mulki cikin wani airmobile rawa, forming wani ɓangare na 24th Airmobile Brigade Ya yi hidimar tafiya ta shida kuma ta ƙarshe a Arewacin Ireland a 1991 lokacin da aka tura Green Howards zuwa Kudu Armagh na wata ɗaya. Da yake komawa Kwalejin Ma’aikata, Camberley, Dannatt ya ɗauki Babban Ma’aikaci da Horas da Ma’aikata (HCSC), bayan haka ya sami ci gaba zuwa kanar a ranar 31 ga Disambar 1991, wanda ya koma zuwa 30 ga Yuni 1991, kuma aka ɗora masa alhakin gudanar da aikin. HCSC, kazalika da sabunta Koyarwar Soja ta Burtaniya a ƙarshen ƙarshen Yakin Cacar Baki. Ya kuma tsara shirin yakin neman zabe ga Laftanar Janar (daga baya Janar Sir) Mike Rose na kwamandan Rundunar Kare Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNPROFOR) a cikin yankin Balkans. An inganta Dannatt zuwa Birgediya a ranar 31 ga Disambar 1993, wanda ya koma 30 ga Yuni 1993, kuma ya karbi ragamar runduna ta 4 ta Armored Brigade, da ke Jamusawa. Ya shafe 1994 yana ba da umarni ga brigade da kuma kula da horo kuma, a cikin 1995, an tura shi zuwa Bosniya tare da ma'aikatan hedkwatar sa, ya bar sauran rundunonin a cikin Jamus kuma ya ɗauki jagorancin rundunoni daban daban da aka riga aka tura a Bosnia. Ya umarci Sashin Kudu maso Yammacin UNPROFOR, wanda ya kunshi dakaru daga kasashe da yawa, yayin da kuma yake a matsayin Kwamandan Sojojin Birtaniyya (COMBRITFOR), wanda ke da alhakin kula da ayyukan dukkan sojojin Burtaniya a Bosnia. Bayan sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Dayton a watan Nuwamba 1995, UNPROFOR ya zama Imarfin Aiwatar da NATOungiyar NATO kuma Danungiyar Dannatt ta kasance cikin rukunin ƙasashe da yawa wanda Mike Jackson ya umarta. Daga baya an nada Dannatt a matsayin Kwamandan Umarni na Masarautar Burtaniya (CBE) don hidimarsa a cikin yankin Balkans. Da yake ba da David Brighards Brigade na 4, sai aka nada Dannatt Darakta, Jami'in Shirye-shiryen Tsaro a MoD a 1996 kuma shi ke da alhakin wani bangare na aiwatar da Dabarun Tsaro na Tsare-tsare, wanda gwamnatin Labour ta samar wanda ya hau mulki a Shekarar 1997. Babban umarni Bayan shekaru uku a MoD, Dannatt ya sami matsayin babban hafsa tare da ci gaba zuwa babban janar, kuma ya karɓi jagorancin runduna ta 3 ta Mechanized Division a watan Janairun Shekarar 1999. Daga baya a cikin shekarar, yiwuwar shiga tsakani na NATO a cikin yakin Kosovo ya zama mai yiwuwa, kuma Dannatt da mukarrabansa sun fara shirin mamaye yankin. A cikin taron, Slobodan Milošević ya amince da janye sojojin Serbian Yugoslav daga Kosovo, wanda za'ayi amfani da su Mike Jackson ya tattauna. An yanke shawara, saboda yawan sojojin Burtaniya da ke aiki a matsayin wani bangare na rundunar Kosovo Force (KFOR), cewa hedkwatar runduna ta 3 za ta tura don kula da ayyukan Burtaniya, tare da Dannatt a matsayin COMBRITFOR. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan isowar Dannatt, wani rukuni mai sulke na Rasha ya shiga Kosovo kuma ya karɓi ikon Filin jirgin saman Pristina Wesley Clark, Babban Kwamandan Kungiyar Kawancen Tsaro ta Turai, daga baya ya umarci Jackson, kwamandan KFOR, da ya toshe hanyoyin sauka da tashin jiragen sama da hana Rasha tashi a cikin karin karfi. Maganar daga baya ta zama mai zafi amma Dannatt, a matsayin COMBRITFOR, an ba da umarnin veto amfani da sojojin Birtaniyya da aka sani a NATO a matsayin "jan kati", da aka bai wa kowane kwamandan rundunar da ke aiki don kowane irin aiki. Daga baya aka ba shi yabo na Sarauniya don Valaukakkun Sabis saboda halin da ya yi a Kosovo. Komawa zuwa Runduna ta 3, Dannatt ya shirya atisaye guda biyu a theungiyar Sojojin Burtaniya ta Suffield a Kanada. Na farko shi ne, a lokacin, atisaye mafi girma da Sojoji suka yi tun ƙarshen Yaƙin Cacar Baki; na biyu kawai ya faru bayan aikin Dannatt a matsayin kwamanda ya ƙare. Dannatt ya shaida matsayin gwani shaida a shari'ar Radislav Krstić dangane da Srebrenica kisan kiyashin, jim kadan bayan da ya aka posted a Bosnia, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin kwamanda na kungiyar tsaro ta NATO ta shimfida zaman lafiya Force a 2000. Yawon shakatawa, wanda aka tsara zai ɗauki tsawon shekara guda an katse shi lokacin da Sir Michael Willcocks ya yi ritaya da wuri daga Soja don zama Black Rod Sakamakon canje-canje da ma'aikata suka samu don cike gurbin ya nuna cewa an nada Dannatt Mataimakin Babban Hafsan Janar (ACGS) a watan Afrilu 2001. A watan Satumbar 2001, yana cikin ziyarar sojojin Ingila a Cyprus kuma ya kalli abin da ya biyo bayan harin na 11 ga Satumba a talabijin. A matsayinsa na ACGS, ya kasance yana da hannu dumu-dumu wajen tsara yadda sojoji za su ci gaba a Afghanistan da Iraki daga baya, tare da tsayawa ga Shugaban Janar Janar (sannan Michael Walker lokacin da Walker bai samu ba. Dannatt ya gaji ACGS ne daga David Richards, wanda ya ba shi ragamar runduna ta 4 ta Armored Brigade a shekarar 1996 kuma daga baya ya gaje shi Dannatt a matsayin Shugaban Janar Janar. An nada Dannatt Kwamanda, Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (COMARRC) a ranar 16 ga Janairun Shekarar 2003 kuma aka ba shi mukamin Laftanar janar a wannan ranar. A lokacin mulkinsa, galibi ya damu da tsara yadda za'a tura ARRC a Iraq da Afghanistan. A ƙarshe aka tura shi Afghanistan, amma har sai bayan da Dannatt ya ba da umarninsa ga David Richards. Dannatt ya kware tare da jarinsa a matsayin Babban Kwamandan Kwamandan Bath (KCB) a watan Yunin 2004. Ya gaji Sir Timothy Granville-Chapman a matsayin Babban-kwamanda, Kwamandan Kasa (CINCLAND) wanda ba shi da alhakin tafiyar da harkokin yau da kullun na soja a ranar 7 ga Maris 2005, kuma an ba shi mukamin cikakken janar a wannan ranar. Batun da ya mamaye lokacin da yake Kwamandan-Babban-hafsan shi ne sake tsara rundunar sojoji, wani lamari mai tayar da hankali saboda hakan ya haifar da asarar sunaye da yawa na tarihi, gami da na Dannatt, Green Howards, wanda ya zama Bataliya ta 2, Yankin Yorkshire (Green Howards). Koyaya, lokacinsa ya kuma yi daidai da ƙaruwa da ƙarfi na aiki a lokaci ɗaya a Iraki da Afghanistan, kuma Dannatt ya kafa ra'ayin cewa fifikon kashe kuɗi na gwamnati bai yi daidai da alƙawarin da Armedungiyar Sojojin Burtaniya ta yi a lokacin ba. Shugaban hafsan soji Bayan ritayar Sir Mike Jackson, an nada Dannatt Babban hafsan hafsoshi (CGS) kwararren shugaban Sojan Burtaniya a ranar 29 ga Watan Agusta Shekarar 2006. Ya damu da cewa kafa ofungiyar Sojojin Birtaniyya ya nuna cewa sojoji suna daina amincewa da janar-janar don neman shawara a madadinsu, aikinsa na farko a matsayin CGS shi ne ya rubuta doguwar wasiƙa ga Sakataren Harkokin Tsaro, Des Browne, wanda ya kwafa babban ma'aikacin gwamnati na MoD, Bill Jeffrey Air Chief Marshal Sir Jock Stirrup, Babban hafsan hafsoshin tsaro (CDS); kuma zuwa ga Tekun Farko na Ubangiji da Babban hafsan hafsoshin sama lambobinsa masu akasin haka a cikin Royal Navy da Royal Air Force bi da bi. A cikin wasikar, ya tabbatar da ra'ayinsa cewa Sojoji sun fi karfin aiki ta hanyar aiki a Iraki da Afghanistan kuma cewa kayan aiki masu mahimmanci, kamar jirage masu saukar ungulu, babu su ko kuma basu da inganci kuma sun tsufa, kamar kwace Land Rover Ya kuma nuna damuwa game da matsugunin da aka tanadar wa sojoji a gida da kuma albashin sojoji. A karshen mako mai zuwa, ya yi balaguro zuwa Afghanistan a ziyarar aiki ta farko kamar CGS. Ya sadu da Des Browne da kansa a karon farko kwana biyu bayan ya zama CGS kuma daga baya ya yarda da matsalolin da sakatarorin tsaro ke fuskanta a cikin ɗan lokacin da za su shirya don rawar. Daga baya a lokacin da yake aiki a matsayin CGS, Dannatt ya damu da cewa martabarsa ta jama'a ba ta isa ta yadda za a saurare shi a wajen Sojoji ba, musamman idan aka yi la'akari da rikice-rikicen da ke faruwa game da kotunan sojoji da ake zargin suna da hannu a mutuwar Baha Musa Kamar haka, ya karɓi gayyatar zuwa ga ganawa ta yau da kullun na jami'ai da 'yan jarida a Cavalry da Guards Club a cikin Satumba 2006. A yayin taron, ya tattauna da manema labarai game da kashe kudade gaba daya da kuma karin albashin sojoji. Abin ya ba shi mamaki, kuma sakamakon matsin lamba da kafofin yada labarai suka yi, an ba da sanarwar kyautatawa ga sojojin da suka yi watanni shida suna rangadi a kasashen Iraki da Afghanistan bayan wata daya. Dannatt ya bayyana a cikin kanun labarai a watan Oktoba na shekarar 2006 lokacin da yake yin wata hira da Sarah Sands na jaridar Daily Mail inda ya nuna cewa cire sojoji daga Iraki ya zama dole domin baiwa Sojoji damar mayar da hankali kan Afghanistan, kuma ya kamata sojoji da suka ji rauni su murmure. a cikin yanayin soja maimakon asibitocin farar hula. Kalaman nasa sun sami goyon bayan 'yan jarida da dama da kuma jami'ai da suka yi ritaya, duk da cewa wasu sun yi amannar cewa Dannatt ya yi ba daidai ba kuma suka yi kira da ya yi murabus, yayin da Simon Jenkins na The Times ya kira maganganun Dannatt "ko dai ya yi ƙarfin hali ko kuma ya yi butulci gaba ɗaya". Dannatt ya ci gaba da jagorantar taron masu ba da jin dadi ga jami'an soji domin nuna cewa Sojojin sun fahimci batutuwan da suka shafi dakarunta da kuma shirya jerin kananan taruka, wanda shi da Sir Freddie Viggers suka shirya sannan Adjutant-General to the Forces don tattauna batutuwan jin daɗi tare da kwamandoji a faɗin Burtaniya. A shekarar 2007, Dannatt da matarsa, Pippa, sun ziyarci Kotun Headley, wata cibiyar kula da lafiyar masu rauni na MoD, inda babban kwamandan ya sanar da Dannatts bukatar sa ta wurin ninkaya, amma ya yarda cewa da wuya ya samu tallafin gwamnati. Wani lokaci daga baya, Sarah-Jane Shirreff matar Sir Richard Shirreff ta gabatar da Dannatts ga Bryn da Emma Parry kuma Dannatts sun taimaka wa Parrys tare da kafa Taimako ga Jarumai, wanda aka kafa tare da takamaiman manufar ba da gudummawar kudin iyo waha a Kotun Headley. Da farko Dannatt ya damu cewa burin sadaka miliyan 2 mai yiwuwa ya gagara, amma daga ƙarshe ya sami isassun kuɗi don gina duka wurin wanka da gidan motsa jiki, waɗanda aka buɗe a shekara ta 2010. Shi da Pippa daga baya sun taimaka duka Taimako Ga Jarumai da SSAFA Forces Taimako a kokarin gina gidaje don saukar da iyalan wadanda suka jikkata a Kotun Headley da Royal Center for Defence Medicine a Birmingham, sakamakon wahalolin da dangin George Cross suka samu. Peter Norton Wani babban fifiko na Dannatt shi ne magance fahimtar ayyukan Birtaniyya a Iraki da Afghanistan, saboda ya damu da kafofin watsa labarai kuma jama'ar Birtaniyya ba su san dalili ko ƙarfin ayyukan ba. Rashin jin dadin shi ta hanyar karin maganganu marasa kyau, ya katse hutun dangi a Cornwall don tashi zuwa Afghanistan a kokarin canza yanayin ta hanyar jerin hirarraki. A yayin ziyarar, ya sami damar ganawa da dansa, Bertie, wanda ke aiki a kasar tare da Grenadier Guards Daga baya a cikin Shekarar 2007, Dannatt ya gabatar da wannan batun a cikin lacca ga Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Internationalasa ta Duniya da ke London. A farkon wannan shekarar, Dannatt ya yanke shawarar ƙin barin Yarima Harry ya yi aiki a Iraki. Koyaya, bayan Dannatt ya sasanta da jaridun Burtaniya, Harry ya sami damar yin aiki a Afghanistan tsawon watanni uku a ƙarshen shekarar 2007 da farkon shekarar 2008 har sai labarin ya ɓarke kuma an umurce shi ya koma gida. A cikin shekarar 2008, a jawabin farko da wani CGS ya yi, Dannatt ya yi jawabi a taron hadin gwiwa na hudu da Sojoji suka shirya kan 'Yan Madigo, Gay, Bisexual da Transsexual Matters, yana mai cewa' yan luwadi maraba da yin aikin Soja. An daga Dannatt daga Knight Commander zuwa Knight Grand Cross na Order of Bath (GCB) a cikin jerin sunayen girmamawa na Sabuwar Shekarar 2008 zuwa 2009 Matsayinsa a matsayin CGS ya kare a watan Agusta Shekarar 2008 kuma Sir David Richards ne ya gaje shi a karshe. Gwamnati ta dauki matakin da ba a saba ba don kara wa'adin Air Chief Marshal Sir Jock Stirrup a matsayin CDS, maimakon tallata daya daga cikin shugabannin hafsoshin mai barin gado. Don haka dukkan su ukun, gami da Dannatt, sun yi ritaya, a yayin da ake ikirarin cewa Firaminista Gordon Brown ne da kansa ya yi fatali da damar da Dannatt ke samu zuwa CDS Ayyukansa na ƙarshe a matsayin CGS shine zaɓi Nick Houghton don zama Mataimakin Shugaban Babban Jami'in Tsaro na gaba Lakabi na girmamawa An nada Dannatt Kanal, The Green Howards a ranar 1 ga Watan Disamba Shekarar 1994, wanda ya gaji Field Marshal Sir Peter Inge Shi kuma Brigadier John Powell ya sami sauki a watan Mayu Shekarar 2003. Dannatt ya gaji Sir Christopher Wallace a matsayin Mataimakin Kwamandan Kanar na Janar Adjutant General a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 1999, rike da mukamin har zuwa 17 ga Yuni 2005, lokacin da Manjo Janar Bill Rollo ya sami sauki. An nada shi Kanal Kwamanda na Sashin Sarki, a bayan Sir Scott Grant, a ranar 1 ga Watan Yulin Shekarar 2001. Ya bar taken a ranar 10 ga Disamba 2005 ga ɗan'uwansa Green Howard, Laftanar Janar (daga baya Janar Sir) Nick Houghton. Tsakanin nade-naden a 2002, Dannatt ya yi makonni shida a Makarantar Sojan Sama a Sojan Sama na Unguwar Middle Wallop, inda aka horar da shi a matsayin matukin jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu domin cika aikinsa a matsayin Kanar Kwamandan Rundunar Sojojin Sama (AAC), wanda an nada shi a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2004, ya gaji Michael Walker; Hakanan a bayan Walker, an nada shi Aide de Camp General (ADC Gen) ga Sarauniya Elizabeth II a ranar 5 ga Watan Yuni Shekarar 2006. Manjo Janar Adrian Bradshaw ne ya gaje shi a mukaminsa tare da AAC a ranar 1 ga Yulin 2009, kuma ya bar nadin ADC Gen a ranar 1 ga Watan Satumba Shekarar 2009. Ritaya An sanar da shi a watan Fabrairun shekarar 2009 cewa, bayan ya yi ritaya, za a sanya Dannatt a matsayin ablean sanda na 159 na Hasumiyar London Wa'adin wanda ke kan karagar mulki, Janar Sir Roger Wheeler, shi ma tsohon CGS, ya kare ne a ranar 31 ga Yuli kuma Dannatt ya zama dan sanda a ranar 1 ga Agusta 2009. Constan sanda ya kasance babban jami'i a Hasumiyar London tun ƙarni na goma sha ɗaya. A yau, rawar ita ce ta al'ada, kuma ana ba da ita ga marshals ɗin filin ko janar-janar da suka yi ritaya waɗanda yawanci sukan yi aiki na shekaru biyar. Bayan ritayarsa, an nada Dannatt ya zama Mataimakin Laftanar na Babban Landan a ranar 30 ga Yunin 2010 da na Norfolk a ranar 19 ga Maris 2012. Bayan barin ofis a matsayin CGS, Dannatt ya yi ritaya daga aikin Soja, amma ta hanyar fasaha ya ci gaba da kasancewa mai aiki har zuwa Nuwamba 2009. Jim kaɗan bayan barin ofishinsa, David Cameron, shugaban wancan lokacin na Jam'iyyar Conservatives kuma Shugaban adawa, ya je wurin Dannatt. Cameron ya gayyaci Dannatt ya zama mai ba da shawara na tsaro ga Shadow Cabinet da zarar ya yi ritaya a hukumance daga Soja kuma ba zai sake bin Dokokin Sarauniya ba, wanda ke ba da izinin tsaka-tsaki siyasa a cikin sojojin. Kodayake baƙon abu ne ga tsohon hafsan hafsoshi ya haɗa kai da ƙungiyar siyasa ɗaya, Dannatt ya karɓi matsayin bisa ƙa'ida. Lokacin yanke shawara, wanda ya fito fili a cikin watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2009 a cikin watanni biyu na aikin da Dannatt ya yi na ritaya mai inganci ya jawo cece-kuce, tare da wasu tsoffin ministoci da ma'aikatan gwamnati da ke ba da shawarar cewa mai yiwuwa ya kawo rashin daidaito na sojojin. Ya shawarci Cameron da inuwarsa ta minista har sai ya yi murabus, jim kadan bayan babban zaben shekara ta 2010, yana mai cewa Cameron, a lokacin firaminista na wancan lokacin, ya kamata ya koma kan manyan hafsoshin da ke kan karagar mulki don neman shawarar tsaro tare da nuna rashin sha'awar zama mashawarci na musamman Majalisar na Royal United Services Institute (RUSI), a siyasance m tunani tank sadaukar da tsaro da al'amurran da suka shafi, zabe Dannatt matsayin institute ta shugaban a watan Yuni 2009. Ya fara nadin ne a ranar 1 ga Satumbar 2009, amma ya yi murabus a watan Oktoba na wannan shekarar bayan sanarwar cewa shi zai zama mai ba da shawara ga David Cameron, yana mai imanin cewa murabus din nasa ya zama dole ga RUSI ta ci gaba da tsaka tsaki a siyasance. Daga karshe tsohon Sakataren Tsaro John Hutton, Baron Hutton na Furness ne ya gaje shi. Dannatt ya rubuta tarihin rayuwarsa, mai taken Leading from the Front, wanda kamfanin Bantam Press ya buga a shekarar 2010. A cikin littafin, ya soki gwamnatin Labour da ta jagoranci Burtaniya daga shekarar 1997 zuwa shekara ta 2010 da kuma Gordon Brown, Chancellor of the Exchequer kuma daga baya Firayim Minista, musamman, yana zarginsa da "kutse mara kyau" kuma, yayin da shugabar gwamnati, ta ƙi don tallafawa manufofin tsaron Tony Blair. Ya kuma soki Tony Blair game da barin Brown ya mallake shi yadda ya kamata sannan ya ce game da Air Chief Marshal Sir Jock Stirrup, sannan CDS, cewa "duk da cewa yana da hazaka a abin da ya yi, ba za a iya tsammanin ya fahimci abubuwan gani ba, sauti da ƙanshin filin yaƙi Jaridar Daily Telegraph ta kira littafin "mummunan zargi game da yadda New Labour, kuma har zuwa wani lokaci babban kwamandan sojoji, suka kasa jagorantar yadda ya kamata, ba da tallafi da kuma samar da kayan aiki ga rundunonin soji don yake-yake a Iraki da Afghanistan". A watan Yulin Shekarar 2010, Dannatt ya ba da shaida ga binciken Iraki, yana mai da hankali kan rawar da ya taka a matsayin ACGS a 2002. Ya bayyana rashin yarda da farko don aikata Sojojin kuma ya bayyana cewa shirin ya kasance don ƙaddamar da ƙasa kaɗan da kuma samar da jiragen ruwa da jiragen sama na sama ga Amurka. Ya kuma maimaita maganganun da ya gabatar a baya cewa sojoji sun fi karfin aiki a lokaci guda a Iraki da Afghanistan a shekarar 2006 kuma ya sake bayyana ra'ayinsa cewa Afghanistan ta fi muhimmanci ga bukatun Burtaniya. Shaidun Dannatt sun biyo bayan wanda ya gada a matsayin CGS, Janar Sir Mike Jackson. David Cameron ne ya zabi Dannatt don taka-leda a rayuwa yayin da Cameron yake Jagoran adawa Duk da cewa an tsayar da shi don tattaunawa a siyasance a kan bencin Jam'iyyar Conservative, amma ya zaɓi zama a matsayin mai gicciye kuma an ba shi suna kamar Baron Dannatt a watan Nuwamba shekarar 2010. A cikin Watan Oktoba Shekarar 2012, The Times ta gudanar da bincike a asirce game da ayyukan danniya na Dannat. A cewar Guardian, Dannatt ya ba da shawarar zauren Bernard Gray, wanda a lokacin shi ne Shugaban Tsaro Materiel An ruwaito Dannatt yana cewa ya kirkiro wurin zama ne a wata liyafar cin abinci tare da sabon sakataren din-din-din na Ma’aikatar Tsaro, Jon Thompson, don taimaka wa wani kamfanin, Capita Symonds, wanda ke neman kwangilar kula da gidajen MoD. A cewar jaridar Independent, Dannatt ya amince da cewa ya bayar da gudummawa wajen saukaka tattaunawa, amma ya bayyana cewa ya yi watsi da tayin na 8,000 a kowane wata don yin shiga a madadin kungiyar kuma cewa ba shi da "son zuciya" na saba wa dokoki kan yin kira, kuma za su ɗauki kowane irin iƙirarin a matsayin "mummunan ɓatanci". A watan Yuni Shekarar 2016, ya ba da matsayinsa na Hasumiyar London bisa ga matsayin Mataimakin Gwamna kuma Sir Nick Houghton ya gaje shi a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2016. Har ila yau, a cikin shekarar 2016, littafinsa mai suna Boots on the Ground: Birtaniyya da Sojojin ta tun shekarar 1945, an buga shi. A cikin littafin, ya nuna cewa "zuwa Iraki kuskure ne na dabaru da ke kusa da tsarin littafi mai tsarki" kuma kasafin kudin tsaro na kashi 2% na GDP "ba shi da yawa a yanayin tsaro na yanzu". Da yake tsokaci game da Kamfen din 'Yancin wanda aka zaba a watan Satumban Shekarar 2018, ya fada wa kafafen yada labarai cewa sojoji da suka yi ritaya, da jiragen sama da masu tukin jirgin ruwa ya kamata su sami kimantawa na halayyar dan adam a matsayin wani bangare na shirin sake tsugunar da su kafin barin aikin don taimaka musu kauce wa kurkuku nan gaba da rashin gida. Rayuwar mutum Dannatt ya sadu da matarsa, Philippa ("Pippa"; née Gurney a cikin shekarar farko a Jami'ar Durham a Shekara ta 1973. Ma'aurata sun yi alkawari, kuma sun yi aure a watan Maris na shekarar 1977, bayan haka Pippa ya raka Dannatt bayan dawowarsa Berlin. Sun haifi yara hudu uku maza daya mace. Bertie, ɗa na biyu, ya yi aiki tare da Grenadier Guards tsarin mulkin mahaifinPipa a Iraki da Afghanistan, inda ya sami ambaton rashin aiki har ya kai matsayin kaftin kafin ya bar Sojoji a shekarar 2008. A cikin shekarar 1977, sannan kawai ɗan shekara 26, Dannatt ya sami babban bugun jini, wanda ya sa ya kasa magana kuma ya bar gefen dama na jikinsa ya shanye. Ya shafe tsawon shekaru biyu masu zuwa yana murmurewa kuma daga karshe an bashi damar komawa bakin aiki, kodayake har yanzu yana saurin gajiya a gefen damarsa fiye da na hagu kuma yana da sauran ƙananan abubuwan saura. A lokacin da yake murmurewa, Dannatt, Kirista mai ba da gaskiya, an nuna shi ga ayoyin Littafi Mai-Tsarki guda biyu, wanda ya sa shi ya yi imanin cewa sadaukar da kai ga imaninsa ya zuwa yanzu "mai-rabin zuciya" kuma ya ba shi ƙarfin yin babban ƙaddamarwa wanda, a cewarsa tarihin rayuwar mutum, "ya taimaka wajen ayyana wanda na zama sai, a matsayin mutum da soja." Daga baya Dannatt ya danganta tsira daga cutar shanyewar jikinsa da sauran abubuwan da suka kusan mutuwa gami da abin da ya sa aka ba shi Giciyen Soja ga ƙalubale daga Allah na "sadaukar da ransa ga Kristi". Dannatt ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Christianungiyar Soja ta Unionungiyar Soja tun daga Shekarar 1998 kuma Shugaba Emeritus na theungiyar Sojoji da menungiyar menwararrun menwararrun Airmen tun daga shekarar 2020 (ya kasance shugaban ƙasa daga 1999 zuwa 2019). Ya kasance Shugaban Rungiyar ifungiyar Bindiga daga shekarar 2000 zuwa shekara ta 2008 da na Royal Norfolk Aikin Gona a 2008, yana shugabancin Show na Royal Norfolk Show na wannan shekarar, wanda Yarima Harry ya halarta bisa gayyatar da Dannatt ya yi. Ya yi aiki a matsayin wakili na kamfanin Windsor Leadership Trust tun daga 2005 da kuma matsayin mai kula da Gidaje da Gidaje na Yara tun 2006, sannan ya ci gaba da taimakonsa na Taimako ga Jarumai, wadanda ya taimaka wajen kafawa yayin CGS. Ya jera abubuwan sha'awarsa kamar wasan kurket, wasan tanis, kamun kifi da harbi. An nada shi shugaban Norfolk Churches Trust a watan Nuwamba na 2011, da Mataimakin Shugaban kungiyar The Western Front Association a 2013. Shima shugaban YMCA Norfolk ne. Shi da matarsa suna zaune a bakin Kogin Yare a Keswick kudu da Norwich. Manazarta Bibliography Ambato Hanyoyin haɗin waje Pages with unreviewed

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiya

Abiya

Jihar Abiya Jiha ce dake yankin Kudu maso Gabashin Najeriya, wacce ta hada iyaka daga arewa da kuma arewa maso kudu da jihohin Enugu da Ebonyi; sai kuma daga yamma da Jihar Imo, Jihar Cross River daga gabas, Akwa Ibom daga kudu maso gabas, sai kuma Jihar Rivers daga kudu. Jihar ta samo asalin sunanta ne daga yankunan da suka fi kowanne yawan jama'a a garin: Aba, Bende, Isuikwuato, da kuma Arochukwu. Babban birnin jihar itace Umuahia, a yayin da Aba ta kasance mafi girma kuma cibiyar kasuwancin garin. Acikin jihohi 36 na Najeriya, Abia itace ta 32 a fadin kasa kuma na 27 a yawan jama'a da kiyasin mutane akalla 3,720,000 a bisa kidayar shekara ta 2016. Dangane da yanayin kasa, jihar ta kasu zuwa kashi biyu, Niger Delta swamp forests daga karshen kudancin garin, da kuma busasshen yanayi na Cross–Niger transition forests da yanayi savanna a sauran sassan garin. Sauran muhimman yankunan garin sun hada da Rafukan Imo and Aba wadanda ke kwarara ta yammaci da kudancin iyakar Abiya. Akwai yaruka da dama da suke zaune a Jihar Abiya a yau, musamman Inyamurai. A lokacin mulkin turawa, yankin Jihar Abiya ta yau na daga cikin yankin mutanen Arochukwu na Daular Aro kafin a turawa su ci su da yaki a Yakin Yakin Anglo-Aro a farkon karni na 1900. Turawa sun mamaye yankin bayan yakin, kuma suka sanya ta cikin Yankin Kudancin Najeriya karkashin kariyar Turawa, wacce daga baya aka hadeta cikin yankin Najeriya ta Mulkin Burtaniya; bayan an hade ta, Jihar Abiya ta zamo cibiyar adawa ga mulkin mallaka turawa wanda ya janyo yakin mata da aka fara a Oloko. Bayan samun 'yanci a 1960, Jihar Abiya ta yau na daga cikin Yankin Kudancin Najeriya har zuwa 1967 lokacin da aka rarraba yankin zuwa yankin Jihar Gabas ta Tsakiya. Kasa da watanni biyu bayan faruwar hakan, tsohuwar yankin na Gashin Najeriya ta jawo yakin basasa na tsawon shekaru uku a Najeriya, tare da Abiya na daga cikin garuruwan tawaye na Biyafara. Bayan yakin ya kare kuma an sake hade yankunan a Najeriya, an mayar da Jihar Gabas ta Tsakiya har zuwa 1976 lokacin da Murtala Mohammed ya samar da sabuwar Jihar Imo (wacce ta hada da JIhar Abiya a cikin ta). Bayan shekaru sha biyar, an sake raba Jihar Imo inda aka cire gabashin Imo don samar da Jihar Abiya; amma a shekarar 1996, an sake raba jihar Abiya inda aka samar da Jihar Ebonyi ta yau. Ta fuskar tattalin arziki, Jihar Abiya ta ta'allaka a samar da man-fetur da natural gas dadi da noma, musamman na doya, masara, taro, man-ja da rogo. Akwai kamfanoni sarrafe-sarrafe musamman a yankin Aba. Dangane da saurin habakar ta a fuskar yawan jama'a da masanaantu, Abiya ta shiga na 8 daga cikin jerin cigaban al'umma a Najeriya. Tana da yawan fili kimani na kilomita arabba’i 6,320 da yawan jama’a milyan biyu da dubu dari takwas da talatin da uku da dari tara da tisa'in da tara (ƙidayar yawan jama'a shekara 2006). Babban birnin tarayyar jahar ita ce Umuahia. Okezie Ikpeazu shi ne gwamnan jihar tun zaben shekara ta 2015 har zuwa yau. Mataimakin gwamnan shi ne Ude Okochukwu. Dattijan jihar su ne: Eyinnaya Abaribe, Theodore A. Orji da Mao Ohuabunwa. Labarin kasa Jihar Abiya wacce ta mamaye fadin kasa kimanin 6,320sqkm, ta hada iyaka daga kudu da kudu maso gabas da jihohin Enugu da Ebonyi. Jihar Imo daga yamma, Jihar Cross River daga gabas da kuma Jihar Akwa Ibom daga kudu maso gabas, sai kuma Jihar Rivers daga kudu. Sashin kudancin garin na fuskantar ruwan sama mai karfi na kimanin 2,400 millimetres (94 in) a duk shekara, kuma yafi karfi a tsakanin watannin Aprelu zuwa Octoba. Rafuka mafi muhimmanci a jihar sune; Imo da Kogin Aba wanda ke kwarara acikin tekun Atlantic ta jihar Akwa Ibom. Tarihi da yawan jama'a Abiya na daga cikin jihohi 36 na Najeriya kuma tana da kananan hukumomi guda 17. An kafa jihar Abiya a ranar 27 ga watan Augustan shekara ta 1991, a lokacin mulkin General Ibrahim Babangida. Jihar na zaune a yankin kudu maso gabashin Najeriya. An samar da jihar Abiya daga cikin jihar Imo kuma jihohin biyu sun hada iyaka. Jihar Abiya na daga cikin garuruwan Niger Delta. Babba birnin jihar itace Abiya, sannan ana mata lakabi da GOD’s OWN STATE. Jihar Abiya ta samo asalin sunanta ne daga yankunan ta hudu da sukafi ko ina yawa wato: Aba, Bende, Isuikwuato, da Afikpo. Jihar Abiya jiha ce ta Inyamurai kuma da yaren Igbonci ake magana a garin. Inyamurai ne suka cike kusan kaso 95% na yawan mutanen garin. Sannan haka zalika ana amfani da harshen turanci a garin, kuma shine matsayin yaren gwamnati da kuma cinikayya. A jihar Abiya, fiye da mutum miliyan 7 kiristoci ne. Tattalin arziki da ababen more rayuwa Samar da man-fetur da gas sune muhimman tattalin arzikin Jihar Abiya, wanda yake wakiltan kaso 39% na kudaden shiga (GDP) na Jihar. Amma duk da haka kwararan kamfanonin gida na jihar dangane da shirin Marginal Fields Programme (MFP)- na samun karancin kudade da zai basu damar hakan mai a rijiyoyi kusan 50 dake jihar. Masana'antun kere-kere na wakiltar kudaden shiga kashi 2% kacal. Cibiyar masana'antun Jihar Abia na nan a birnin Aba, wanda suka hada da kamfanonin sarrafa magunguna, sabulai, robobi, siminti, takalma da kuma kayan kwalliya. Bugu da kari, Jihar Abiya ta samar da wurin taro na kasa da kasa mai daukan mutum akalla 9000 a babban birnin Umuahia. Gwamna T.A Orji ya gina wannan katafaren wuri don bunkasa tattalin arziki ta hanyar tarar baki a tarukan kasa da kasa ko kuma na gida Najeriya da kuma masu yawan bude idanu a Jihar. Noma na wakiltar kaso 27% na kudaden shiga na Jihar (GDP), kuma ta samar da aiki ga kaso 70% na mutanen garin. Dangane da ruwan sama mai yawa a Jihar, Abiya na da kasar noma mai kyau kuma suna noman doya, masara, dankali shinkafa, kashuw, plantain, taro da kuma rogo. Kwakwan manja ya kasance muhimmin kayan masarufi na siyarwa a Jihar. Hako Man-fetur da Gas Akwai akalla rijiyoyin mai guda 100 da kuma masarrafu guda uku a jihar Abiya. Akwai kuma masarrafar gas na "Abia/NNPC gas plant". Yi zuwa shekara ta 2012, cibiyar boundary Commission ta sanar da cewa ta maido da rijiyoyin mai 42 daga Jihar Rivers zuwa Abiya. Hakan na nufin cewa, Jihar Abiya ta zamo na hudu a samar da man fetur a Najeriya. Mashahuriyar kamfanin man fetur wato Shell, ke da mallakin mafiya yawan rijiyoyin man da ke Jihar, kuma ta ware kusan guda 50 wanda ake dauka a matsayin mafi muhimmanci. Jihar tana samar da 36,000 barrels na man-fetur a duk rana; "Imoturu na samar da barrel 23,000 a duk rana; a yayin da ita kuma tashar man-fetur na Isimili ke samar da fiye da barrel 8,000 a duk rana. Akwai rijiyoyin mai guda 4 a yankin mabubbugan Izaku zuwa Obigo. Akalla rijiyoyin mai guda 30 suna kwarara zuwa Umuri sannan kuma akalla rijiyoyin mai guda 8 suna kwarara daga Umurie zuwa Afam" kamar yadda Samuel Okezie Nwogu, Chairman na Abia State Oil Producing Development Area Commission (ASOPADEC). Amma duk da haka, jihar na kukan rashin isasshen kudi daga kudaden da ake samu na man fetur daga Gwamnatin Tarayya. Matsalolin Muhalli Bola Kungiyar kula da muhalli wato Municipal solid waste management (MSWM), ke da alhakin kwashe shara da tattara ta, da zubar da ita don tabbatar da cewa bata cutar da mutane ba. Akwai matsaloli da dama da suke jawo tara shara a yankuna birane, wanda suka hada da yanayin samun kudi, yanayin sararin samaniya, birane da kuma habakar tattalin arziki. Ma'aikatar MSW a jihar Abiya ta kasu kashi uku; Sharar gida (shara daga gidaje, wuraren cin abinci, kasuwanni da sauran wuraren cinikayya) Sharar Masana'antu (wanda suka hada da abubuwa masu cutarwa wanda ke bukatar kulawa ta musamman) Sharar Ma'aikatu (wannan sun hada da shara daga ma'aikatun gwamnati, makarantu, asibitoci da wuraren shakatawa) Ma'adanan Jihar Abiya Zinare Lead/Zinc Limestone Oil/gas Salt Kaolin Limestone Jami'oi da Kwalejoji Akwai jami'oi shida a jihar, akwai na gwamnatin tarayya wato Michael Okpara University of Agriculture a Umudike, Abia State University a Uturu, akwai kuma ta 'yan kasuwa Gregory University dake Uturu, Rhema University a Abia, Spiritan University a Umu Nneochi da kuma Clifford University da ke Owerrinta. Akwai kuma kwalejin Ilimi na Abiya dake Arochukwu, akwai kuma kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya dake Aba. Temple Gate Polytechnic dake a Aba, da kuma Abia State Polytechnic. Sufuri Tashar jirgin sama mafi kusa a Jihar Abiya itace tashar Sam Mbakwe Cargo Airport (Tashar Jirgin sama na Owerri), tafiyar sa'a daya na iya kai mutum i zuwa Umuahia, Aba kuma tafiyar sa'a biyu ne zuwa Tashar jirgin saman Port Harcourt International Airport. Za'a iya ziyartar tashar jirgin sama na Akwa Ibom Airport (dake Akwa Ibom). Akwai nisan kimanin kilomita 73.28 (45.53 mi) a tsakanin Birnin Uyo (Akwa Ibom) da Birnin Umuahia (Abia). Har wayau, akwai kuma tashar jirgin kasa wacce ake zirga-zirga ta hanyoyinta, amma ana kan gyaranta a yanzu. Aba ta hade da jihar Porthacourt ta titin jirgin kasa. Birnin Umuahia ta hade da Aba da Enugu ta titin jirgin kasa. Ana iya zirga zirga ta yankunan ruwayen garin akan jirgin ruwa ko kwale-kwale. Yaruka A kasa akwai jerin harsuna da ake amfani dasu a Jihar Abiya dangane da kananan hukumominsu: Siyasa Gwamnan jihar shi ke gudanar da harkokin siyasa a jihar tare da taimakon mukarrabansa na majalisar dokokin jihar. Babban birnin Jihar itace Umuahia. Akwai kananan hukumomi 17 a jihar. A lokacin da ta zamo jiha a 1991, shugaban kasa Ibrahim Babangida ya nada jagoran yankin wato Frank Ajobena kafin a zabi Ogbonnaya Onu a matsayin gwamna a Tarayyar Najeriya ta uku. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, shugabankasa Sani Abacha ya kawo karshen Tarayyar Najeriya ta Uku (Third Republic) kuma ya tilasta mulkin soja a ko ina. A zamanin mulkin Abacha, an sake nada mutane uku (Chinyere Ike Nwosu, Temi Ejoor, da kuma Moses Fasanya) har zuwa lokacin da Abacha ya mutu shi kuma Abdulsalami Abubakar ya cigaba da mulki. Abubakar ya sake nada mai gudanarwa soja Anthony Obi, kafin a fara aiki da dimukradiyya a shekarar 1998. A 1999, Najeriya ta cigaba da bin tsarin dimukradiyya kuma an zabi Orji Uzor Kalu a matsayin gwamna a karkashin jam'iyyar PDP. An rantsar dashi a ranar 29 ga watan Mayun 1999. A sabon zabe a shekara ta 2003, Kalu ya sake fitowa takarar gwamna kuma an sake zabar sa har zuwa shekara ta 2007 inda wa'adinsa na wa'adi biyu suka zo karshe. Theodore Orji (PPA) yayi nasarar kayar da Onyema Ugochukwu (PDP) a zaben gwmanan jihar Abiya a 2007. A zaben shekara ta 2011, Theodore Orji ya fice daga jam'iyyar PPA zuwa jam'iyyar PDP bayan nan a sake zaben shi don komawa wa'adi na biyu a matsayin gwamna. A zaben shekara ta 2015, an zabi Okezie Ikpeazu (PDP) a matsayin gwamnan jihar Abiya na tara. Ya sake yin nasara a zaben shekara ta 2015, inda ya kayar da Uche Ogah na jam'iyyar APC da Alex Otti na jam'iyyar APGA kuma an rantsar dashi a ranar 29 ga watan Mayun 2019. Kananan Hukumomi Jihar Abia nada Kananan Hukumomi guda goma sha bakwai (17), Sune: Aba ta Arewa Aba ta Kudu Arochukwu Bende Ikwuano Isiala Ngwa ta Arewa Isiala Ngwa ta Kudu Isuikwuato Obi Ngwa Ohafia Osisioma Ngwa Ugwunagbo Ukwa ta Gabas Ukwa ta Yamma Umuahia ta Arewa Umuahia ta Kudu Umu Nneochi Sarakunan Jihar class="wikitable" style="width:80%;" Mukami Ethnic Group Suna Class Karamar Hukuma Fada Enyi (Eze) na Aba Igbo Eziama Aba Eze Issac Ikonne 1 Aba ta Arewa Osusu Aba Ochiudo 1 na Aba Ukwu Igbo Aba Jonathan U. oguejiofor (JP): Alkalin Zaman Lafiya na Tarayyar Nijeriya, Jihar Abia Osimiri III na Aba Igbo Aba Eze (Barrister) Sunday Emejiaka 1 Aba ta Kudu Aba Eze Aro Igbo Arochukwu Mazi Ogbonnaya Vincent Okoro (Eze Aro III) 1 Arochukwu Oro Arochukwu Ugwumba 1 na Ndida Ozaar Igbo Asa Eze Samuel Chukwuemeka Agu Ukwa ta Yamma Umuebulungwu, Ndida Ozaar Ike 1 na Ikeisu Igbo Isu Augustine O. Igwe (Ike I) Arochukwu Ikeisu (Utugiyi) Ezeala III na Aro Ngwa Igbo Aro Ngwa Eze Edward Enwereji Osisioma Ngwa Ugo Oha (Eze) na Etiti Mgboko Umuanunu Igbo Etiti Ngozi Ibekwe 1 Obi ngwa Eze 1 na ovukwu abam onyerubi Igbo Ndi oji Abam Oriji Ojembe 1 Isuikwuato Eze Ukwu 1 of Ngwa-Ukwu Igbo Ngwa Benard Enweremadu 1 ||Isiala Ngwa Ngwa Ukwu Kingdom. The ancestral home of Ngwa Land. Nya 1 of Nunya Igbo Oguduasaa M.E. Ihevume Isuikwuato ||Nunya Autonomous Community Ossah-Ibeku (Eze) of Umuahia|| Igbo Osaa ||HRH Nze Hope Onuigbo X X Umuahia Amibo, Nsukwe Eze of Uturu Igbo Uturu A.E. Ude Isuikwuato Uturu Igbojiakuru (Eze) of Alayi Igbo Alayi Ukeje Philip Bende Ndi Elendu, Amaeke Alayi Awu (Eze)of Isuamawu Igbo Isuikwuato Surveyor Chris E Aboh,FNIS Isuikwuato Eluama Isuama Eze of Obun Igbo Isuikwuato ||Ndubuisi N. Alatta Isuikwuato Local Government Area Eluama Enyi (Eze) of Aba Igbo Eze Issac Ikonne Eze of Obunebere Igbo Isuikwuato ||Ndubuisi N. Alatta Isuikwuato Local Government Area Eluama Enachioken Of Abiriba Igbo Abiriba ||Kalu Kalu Ogbu 1 Ohafia Abiriba Ohanyere I Of Ohiya Igbo Umuahia ||Eze Abel E. Uhuegbue Umuahia South Abia Eze Ohanyere I Of Ahiaba Ubi Igbo Isiala Ngwa ||Eze D.O. Ogbuisi Isiala Ngwa North Abia EZE TOWE 1 of umutowe. Igbo Ohiya ||Eze G. C Onwuka Umuahia South Abia Ome Udo II Of Umueze, Ohiya Igbo Ohiya ||Uche Nwamarah Umuahia South Abia Okaa Omee I of Amaikwu, Abia Igbo Ohiya ||Uche Nwamarah Umuahia South Abia |"Ehi II" of Ehi na Uguru Auto. Comm, Umuguru Igbo Umuguru ||Eze E. E. Eluwa 1 Isiala Ngwa South |"Ochi 1" of Ochi na Isuochi. Comm, Umunneochi Igbo Umu Nneochi ||HRM EZEKWESIRI 1 Umu Nneochi Abia Al'adu da wuraren bude idanu Arochukwu wacce ke da alaka da cinikayyar bayi Azumini Blue River waterside The Amakama wooden cave; wani rami a jikin bishiya dake iya daukan mutum 20 Kogo da ke arewa, sun hada da Umu Neochi zuwa Arochukwu. Rawar al'ada da gargajiya National War Museum, Umuahia da Ojukwu Bunker a Umuahia Wurin tarihin mulkin mallakan turawa na ABiya Akwete” wuri saqa kaya a karamar hukumar Ukwu ta gabas Masu rawar yakin Ohafia Bikin tunawa da AmaforIsingwu biannual Iza aha Bikin Akpe Festival a Umuahia Sanannun mutane Abai Ikwechegh Jurist Acho Nwakanma Former Deputy Governor of Abia State Adaobi Tricia Nwaubani novelist and essayist Adolphus Wabara Former Senate President of Nigeria. Akwaeke Emezi novelist Alex Mascot Ikwechegh, politician, businessman and philanthropist Alexx Ekubo, Nollywood actor and Top Model Alex Otti Former Group Managing Director of Diamond Bank PLC. Alvan Ikoku, OBE educationist (1900–1971) Anthony Eze Enwereuzor Former member of the Abia State House of Assembly Anya Oko Anya, technocrat and academic Ashley Nwosu Former Nigerian Actor Arunma Oteh Former World Bank Vice President and Treasurer. Azubuike Ihejirika Lt. General and former Chief of Army Staff Azubuko Udah Former Deputy-Inspector General of the Nigerian Police Force Basketmouth comedian Benjamin Kalu politician and member of the House of Representatives Blessing Nwagba Female Politician Bob Nwannunu Politician Bright Chimezie Highlife Musician Buchi Atuonwu Gospel Artiste Chelsea Eze award-winning Nollywood actress Chidi Imoh Athlete Chijioke Nwakodo Politician Chika Chukwumerije Olympic Taekwondo Medalist (Beijing 2008); 3-time Olympian; first Black African Olympic Medalist in the Martial Arts. Chika Okeke-Agulu Art historian. Chinedu Ikedieze award-winning Nollywood actor Chinedum Enyinnaya Orji Speaker of the Abia State House of Assembly Chinweizu Ibekwe Renowned essayist, poet, and journalist. Chinyere Almona business executive Chinyere Kalu Nigeria's first female pilot. Chioma Agomo Professor of Law Chioma Onyekwere Nigeria's Discus Champion. Chioma Toplis Nollywood Actress. Chisom Chikatara Professional Footballer Christy Ucheibe Female Nigerian Professional Footballer Chuku Wachuku Statesman and former Director-General of Nigeria's NDE: National Directorate of Employment Christopher Kanu Former Nigerian Professional Footballer. Christopher Osondu Former Navy Captain and Military Administrator of Cross River State Chukwuemeka Ngozichineke Wogu Former Minister of Labour and Productivity Clifford Ohiagu Politician Daniel Kanu Nigerian-American Politician. Dike Chukwumerije Award-winning Novelist, Poet, Public Speaker and Spoken-word artiste. Listed on 100 most influential Africans. Ebitu Ukiwe former Military Vice President; Former Governor of Niger and Lagos States. Ejike Asiegbu- Nollywood Veteran actor Ejikeme Ikwunze Sports Journalist Emma Ugolee Media Personality and Author Emmanuel Acho Former American Football Player; Analyst at Fox Sports 1 Emeka Ananaba Former Deputy Governor of Abia State Eni Njoku pioneer Vice Chancellor, University of Lagos and first black Vice Chancellor, University of Nigeria Nsukka. Enyinnaya Abaribe Senator and former Deputy Governor Eucharia Oluchi Nwaichi Environmental biochemist, Soil Scientist, and Toxicologist Ezinne Kalu, Female Basketballer Eziuche Ubani Female Politician Felix Nmecha Professional Football Player Fortunatus Nwachukwu Catholic Prelate Francis Ezeh Professional Football Player Godswill Obioma Former National Examination Council Registrar Ifu Ennada Actress, Fashion Designer, and Former Big Brother Naija Housemate. Iheanacho Obioma Politician IK Ogbonna, Nollywood Actor and Top Model Ike Ibeabuchi, Professional Boxer. Ike Nwachukwu, military officer, former state governor, diplomat, former senator and former chairman of the governing board of Nigerian Institute of International Affairs. Ikechi Uko- Renowned travel consultant Ikechukwu Uche Former Nigerian Professional Footballer Ikeogu Oke Author, Journalist, and Award-winning Poet Isaac Nwaobia Anglican Bishop Ivy Uche Okoronkwo First Female Deputy Inspector General of Police J. Martins, Afro-pop artiste Jaja Wachuku First Minister of Foreign Affairs in Nigeria, First indigenous Speaker of the House of Representatives of Nigeria and first Nigerian Permanent representative to the UN. Joe Irukwu Nigeria's First Professor of Insurance. Joel Kachi Benson, documentary film maker. John Godson Polish lawmaker and philanthropist. Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi Nigeria's Military Officer and former Head of State. Josaiah Ndubuisi Wachuku Former Eze of Ngwa land. Joyce Kalu Nollywood Actress Kalu Uche Former Nigerian Professional Footballer Kalu Idika Kalu former Finance Minister and politician Kalu Ikeagwu Movie Actor and Writer. Kalu Ndukwe Kalu Political scientist and Distinguished Research Professor of Political Science and National Security Policy at Auburn University Kelechi Emeteole Former Nigerian Professional Footballer Kenneth Omeruo Nigerian Professional Footballer Larry Gaaga Renowned Songwriter and Music Producer Linda Ejiofor Nollywood Actress Lukas Nmecha Professional Football Player Mao Ohuabunwa, industrialist and politician Mary Ikoku Development Consultant Mary Lazarus Nollywood Actress Martins Azubuike Former Speaker of Abia State House of Assembly. Michael Okpara premier of Nigeria's Eastern Region from 1959 to 1966 Mr Raw Igbo rap music pioneer Nathan Kanu Anglican Bishop Ndubuisi Kanu Former Governor of Lagos State and old Imo State. Njoku Nnamdi Former Member of the Abia State House of Assembly Nkechi Blessing Sunday Nollywood actress Nkechi Justina Nwaogu Two Time Senator Abia Central Senatorial District and Immediate Past Pro Chancellor University of Calabar. Nkiru Sylvanus Awarding winning Nollywood actress Nnamdi Kanu founder of the Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB), a separatist group. Nnamdi Udoh Aeronautical Engineer Ndubuisi Ekekwe Notable Inventor Nnenna Elendu Ukeje Female Politician Nwabueze Nwokolo British Lawyer Nwankwo Kanu Two time African Footballer of the year and Arsenal FC legend. OC Ukeje Lagos-based Multiple Award Winning Nollywood actor Ogbugo Kalu Renowned Army Officer. Oji Umozurike, professor of law Ojo Maduekwe Former Nigerian Politician. Okechukwu Enelamah former Minister for Trade and Investment (2015–2019) Okezie Ikpeazu Abia State Governor Olu Oguibe Professor of art at the University of Connecticut and senior fellow at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC Oluchi Onweagba International model and first winner of M-Net Face of Africa Onwuka Kalu Business Mogul and co-founder of Fidelity Union Merchant Bank Onyema Ogbuagu Medical Researcher Onyema Ugochukwu First Executive Chairman of the Niger Delta Development Commission(NDDC) Orji Uzor Kalu chairman, SLOK Group; Former State Governor and one time Founder of Progressive People's Alliance (PPA); Senator of the Federal Republic of Nigeria Pascal Atuma Canadian-Nigerian actor, screenwriter, film producer, director and CEO/Chairman TABIC Record Label. born in Ikwuano Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria. Pascal Ojigwe Nigerian former professional footballer and Abia State Commissioner of Sports. Paul Agbai Ogwuma former Governor of Nigeria's Central Bank Randy Onuoha, Professional Footballer. Rosemary Inyama Female Politician Ruggedman, Afro-Rap artiste. 2Shotz, AfroRap Artiste Sam Acho ESPN Sports Analyst and Veteran American Football Player. Sam Ohuabunwa Founder of Neimeth Pharmaceutical and Former President of the Pharmaceutical Society of Nigeria Samuel Achilefu Notable Inventor Samuel Chukwueze Nigeria National Team football player Samuel Kalu Nigerian Professional Footballer. Sunday Mba Nigerian Professional Footballer Theodore Orji former State Governor and a serving Senator of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Uche Jombo, award-winning Nollywood actress. Macebuh Chinonyerem Former member of the Abia State House of Assembly Mike Ezuruonye Award-winning Nollywood actor. Nwakanwa Chimaobi Former member of the Abia State House of Assembly Uche Chukwumerije 3-time Senator of Fed Rep of Nigeria; Former Nigerian Minister of Information and Culture; Former Biafran Minister of Information; Publisher Afriscope Magazine. Uche Elendu Nollywood actress Uche Okechukwu former Nigerian Team footballer Uchechukwu N. Maduako Former Member of the Abia State House of Assembly Uchechukwu Sampson Ogah Businessman and Politician Uchenna Ikonne Academic and Public Administrator Uchenna Kanu Female Nigerian Professional Footballer Ude Oko Chukwu Deputy Governor of Abia State Uko Nkole Politician Uma Ukpai evangelist. Umeh Kalu Former Commissioner of Justice for Abia State. Uzo Asonye Partner at Davis Polk Wardwell Uzodinma Iweala US-based medical doctor and author of the book Beasts of No Nation''. Uzoma Emenike- Nigeria's Ambassador to the United States of America. Victoria Inyama Nollywood Actress. Vincent Eze Ogbulafor Former National Chairman of the People's Democratic Party Waconzy Musician Yagazie Emezi Award-winning photojournalist Yvonne Okoro Ghanaian-Nigerian actress Manazarta Jihohin

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamba

Lamba

Lamba abu ne na lissafi da ake amfani da shi don ƙidaya, auna, da kuma lakabi. Misalai na asali sune lambobi na halitta 1, 2, 3, 4, da sauransu. Ana iya wakilta lambobi cikin harshe tare da kalmomin lamba Ƙari a duniya, ana iya wakilta lambobi ɗaya ta hanyar alamomi, da ake kira lambobi misali, "5" lamba ce da ke wakiltar lamba biyar. Kamar yadda kawai ƙananan adadin alamomin za a iya haddace su, ƙananan lambobi yawanci ana tsara su a cikin tsarin lambobi, wanda hanya ce mai tsari don wakiltar kowace lamba. Mafi yawan tsarin lambobi shine tsarin lambobi na Hindu-Larabci, wanda ke ba da izinin wakilcin kowane lamba ta amfani da haɗuwa da alamomin ƙididdiga guda goma, da ake kira lambobi. Baya ga amfani da su wajen kirgawa da aunawa, ana amfani da lambobi sau da yawa don lakabi (kamar yadda suke da lambobin tarho don yin oda (kamar yadda tare da lambobin serial da kuma lambobin (kamar yadda suke da ISBNs). A cikin amfanin gama-gari, lamba ba ta bambanta a fili da lambar da take wakilta ba. A cikin ilimin lissafi, an tsawaita ra'ayin lamba a cikin ƙarni don haɗawa da sifili (0), lambobi mara kyau, lambobi masu ma'ana kamar rabi ɗaya. lambobi na ainihi kamar tushen murabba'in 2 da da lambobi masu rikitarwa waɗanda ke tsawaita ainihin lambobi tare da tushen murabba'i na−1 (da haɗe-haɗe tare da lambobi na ainihi ta ƙara ko rage yawan adadinsa). Ana yin ƙididdigewa tare da lambobi tare da ayyukan lissafi, wanda aka fi sani da ƙari shine ƙari, raguwa, ninkawa, rarrabawa, da ƙari. Nazarin su ko amfani da su ana kiran su lissafi, kalma wanda kuma yana iya komawa zuwa ka'idar lamba, nazarin kaddarorin lambobi. Bayan amfaninsu na amfani, lambobi suna da mahimmancin al'adu a duk faɗin duniya. Misali, a cikin al'ummar Yamma, ana ɗaukar lamba 13 a matsayin rashin sa'a, kuma "miliyan" na iya nuna "mai yawa" maimakon ainihin adadi. Ko da yake yanzu ana ɗaukarsa azaman pseudoscience, imani da mahimmancin sufi na lambobi, wanda aka sani da numerology, ya mamaye tunanin da da na da. Ƙididdigar ƙididdiga ta yi tasiri sosai ga ci gaban ilimin lissafi na Girkanci, yana ƙarfafa binciken matsalolin da yawa a ka'idar lamba waɗanda har yanzu suna da sha'awa a yau. A cikin karni na 19, masu ilmin lissafi sun fara haɓaka ƙididdiga daban-daban waɗanda ke raba wasu kaddarorin lambobi, kuma ana iya ganin su suna faɗaɗa ra'ayi. Daga cikin na farko akwai lambobin hypercomplex, wanda ya ƙunshi nau'i-nau'i daban-daban ko gyare-gyare na tsarin lambobi masu rikitarwa A cikin ilimin lissafi na zamani, ana ɗaukar tsarin lambobi masu mahimmanci misalai na musamman na ƙarin tsarin algebra gaba ɗaya kamar zobba da filayen, kuma aikace-aikacen kalmar "lambar" lamari ne na al'ada, ba tare da mahimmancin mahimmanci ba. Tarihi Lambobi Ya kamata a bambanta lambobi daga lambobi, alamomin da ake amfani da su don wakiltar lambobi. Masarawa sun ƙirƙiro tsarin ƙididdiga na farko, kuma Girkawa sun bi taswirar ƙidayar su akan haruffan Ionian da Doric. Lambobin Roman, tsarin da ya yi amfani da haɗin haruffa daga haruffan Roman, ya kasance mafi rinjaye a Turai har zuwa yaduwar tsarin lambobi mafi girma na Hindu-Larabci a kusa da ƙarshen karni na 14, kuma tsarin lambobi na Hindu-Larabci ya kasance mafi yawan tsarin wakilci don wakiltar. lambobi a duniya a yau. Makullin tasirin tsarin shine alamar sifili, wanda tsoffin masana lissafin Indiya suka haɓaka a kusa da 500 AD. Amfani da lambobi na farko An gano kasusuwa da sauran kayan tarihi tare da yanke alamomin da mutane da yawa suka yi imani da alama tally ne. Wataƙila an yi amfani da waɗannan alamomin don kirga lokacin da suka wuce, kamar adadin kwanaki, zagayowar wata ko adana bayanai na adadi, kamar na dabbobi. Tsarin ƙididdigewa ba shi da ra'ayi na ƙimar wuri (kamar yadda yake a cikin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙididdiga na zamani), wanda ke iyakance wakilcin adadi masu yawa. Duk da haka, ana ɗaukar tsarin ƙididdigewa a matsayin nau'in tsarin ƙididdiga na farko. Tsarin da aka sani na farko tare da ƙimar wuri shine tushen Mesopotamiya<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwhQ">&nbsp;</span>tsarin 60 BC) da kuma sansani na farko 10 tsarin kwanakin zuwa 3100 BC a Misira. Sifili Sanin farko da aka rubuta amfani da kwanakin sifili zuwa AD 628, kuma ya bayyana a cikin Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta, babban aikin masanin lissafin Indiya Brahmagupta. Ya yi magani 0 a matsayin lamba kuma sun tattauna ayyukan da suka haɗa da shi, gami da rarraba. A wannan lokacin (7th karni) manufar ta kai ga Cambodia a matsayin lambobin Khmer, kuma bayanai sun nuna ra'ayin daga baya ya yadu zuwa kasar Sin da kasashen musulmi. Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta na Brahmagupta shine littafi na farko da ya ambaci sifili a matsayin lamba, don haka Brahmagupta yawanci ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin farkon wanda ya tsara manufar sifili. Ya ba da ka'idojin amfani da sifili tare da lambobi marasa kyau da masu kyau, kamar "sifili da lambar tabbatacce ita ce lamba mai kyau, kuma lambar mara kyau da sifili ita ce mummunan lamba." Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta shine rubutun farko da aka sani don ɗaukar sifili azaman lamba a kansa, maimakon a matsayin kawai lamba mai riƙewa a wakiltar wata lamba kamar yadda Babila suka yi ko kuma a matsayin alama don ƙarancin yawa kamar yadda Ptolemy ya yi kuma Romawa. Amfani da 0 a matsayin lamba ya kamata a bambanta daga amfani da shi azaman adadin ma'auni a tsarin ƙimar wuri An yi amfani da litattafai na dā da yawa 0. Nassosin Babila da na Masar sun yi amfani da shi. Masarawa sun yi amfani da kalmar nfr don nuna sifili ma'auni a cikin lissafin shiga biyu. Rubutun Indiya sun yi amfani da kalmar Sanskrit ko don komawa ga manufar banza A cikin rubutun lissafi wannan kalma sau da yawa tana nufin lamba sifili. A cikin irin wannan yanayin, Pāṇini (ƙarni na 5 BC) ya yi amfani da ma'aikacin null (sifili) a cikin Ashtadhyayi, misali na farko na nahawu na algebra don harshen Sanskrit (kuma duba Pingala Akwai sauran amfani da sifili kafin Brahmagupta, kodayake takaddun ba su cika kamar yadda yake a cikin Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta Bayanai sun nuna cewa Girkawan zamanin da ba su da tabbas game da matsayin 0 a matsayin lamba: sun tambayi kansu "ta yaya 'babu' zai zama wani abu?" haifar da ban sha'awa falsafa da kuma, ta hanyar Medieval zamani, addini muhawara game da yanayi da wanzuwar 0 da vacuum. Paradoxes na Zeno na Elea sun dogara da wani sashi akan fassarar rashin tabbas na 0. (Tsohon Helenawa ma sun yi tambaya ko 1 ya kasance lamba.) Marigayi Olmec na kudancin tsakiyar Mexico sun fara amfani da alamar sifili, harsashi glyph, a cikin Sabuwar Duniya, mai yiwuwa a 4th century BC amma tabbas ta hanyar 40. BC, wanda ya zama wani muhimmin sashi na lambobi na Maya da kalandar Maya. Mayan lissafin da aka yi amfani da tushe 4 da gindi 5 an rubuta azaman tushe 20. George I. Sánchez a cikin 1961 ya ba da rahoton tushe 4 ,baza 5 "yatsa" abacus. A shekara ta 130 AD, Ptolemy, wanda Hipparchus da Babila suka rinjaye shi, yana amfani da alamar 0 (ƙaramin da'ira mai tsayi mai tsayi) a cikin tsarin lambobi na jima'i in ba haka ba ta amfani da lambobin haruffa na Helenanci. Domin an yi amfani da shi shi kaɗai, ba a matsayin mai riƙe da wuri kawai ba, wannan sifili na Hellenistic shine farkon rubuce-rubucen amfani da sifilin gaskiya a cikin Tsohuwar Duniya. A cikin rubuce-rubucen Byzantine daga baya na Syntaxis Mathematica Almagest sifilin Hellenistic ya rikiɗe zuwa harafin Helenanci Omicron (in ba haka ba ma'ana). 70). An yi amfani da wani sifili na gaskiya a cikin tebur tare da lambobin Roman ta 525 (wanda Dionysius Exigus yayi amfani da shi na farko), amma a matsayin kalma, ma'ana ba komai, ba a matsayin alama ba. Lokacin da aka samar 0 a matsayin saura, kuma ba ma'anar komai ba, an yi amfani da shi. Wadannan sifilai na tsakiya duk masu kwamfutoci na gaba (masu ƙididdigewa na Easter sun yi amfani da su. An yi amfani da keɓantaccen amfani da farkon su, N, a cikin tebur na lambobi na Romawa ta Bede ko abokin aiki kusan 725, alamar sifili na gaskiya. Manazarta Tobias Dantzig, Lamba, harshen kimiyya; Wani bincike mai mahimmanci da aka rubuta don wanda ba masanin lissafi ba, New York, Kamfanin Macmillan, 1930. <span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN<span typeof="mw:Entity">&nbsp;</span>bace</span> Erich Friedman, Menene na musamman game da wannan lambar? Archived Steven Galovich, Gabatarwa ga Tsarin Lissafi, Harcourt Brace Javanovich, 1989, Paul Halmos, Naive Set Theory, Springer, 1974, Morris Kline, Tunanin Lissafi daga Tsohuwar Zuwa Zamani, Jami'ar Oxford Press, 1990. ISBN 978-0195061352 Alfred North Whitehead da Bertrand Russell, Principia Mathematica zuwa *56, Jami'ar Cambridge University Press, 1910. <span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN<span typeof="mw:Entity">&nbsp;</span>bace</span> Leo Cory, Takaitaccen Tarihin Lambobi, Jami'ar Oxford Press, 2015, Alƙaluma Lambobi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

34196

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahra%20Khanom%20Tadj%20es-Saltaneh

Zahra Khanom Tadj es-Saltaneh

Zahra Khanom ko Taj al-Saltaneh (1884 25 Janairu 1936; Persian wanda kuma aka fi sani da gimbiya Qajar, gimbiya ce ta daular Qajar, wacce aka fi sani da mata, mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata kuma mai tarihi. Ita ce 'yar Naser al-Din Shah, Sarkin Farisa daga shekarar alif 1848 zuwa watan Mayu shekarata alif 1896. Ita ce soyayyar Yousef Abdu Aref Qazvini wanda ya rubuta mata wakarsa Fe eh ya Qajar Rayuwa A cikin tarihinta, ta bayyana yadda ta taso a cikin gidan sarauta, ta yin amfani da cikakkun bayanai game da dokokin kotu game da samun ma'aikatan jinya da bayi a matsayin buɗaɗɗen sukar al'ummar Qajar da kuma iyakokin da matan Farisa suka fuskanta. Ta bayyana fahimtarta game da nasarar makirci da kashe mahaifinta a 1896. Ta yi aure tana shekara 13 ga Sardar Hassan Shojah al-Saltaneh, wani basarake kuma dan ministan tsaro Shojah al-Saltaneh. Sun haifi 'ya'ya hudu. Taj ta rabu da mijinta, ta karya doka kuma ta zama ɗaya daga cikin matan farko a gidan sarauta da aka saki. Ta yi cikakken bayani game da radadin aurenta tana da shekara takwas da kuma lalacewar da aka yi mata. Ta ba da hujja mai ma'ana game da lulluɓi a matsayin lahani ga rayuwar iyali da al'ummar Farisa gabaɗaya. Labarin ya kuma hada da radadin da mijinta ke yi na rashin aure da kuma zabin zubar da ciki saboda tsoron mutuwa a lokacin haihuwa. A shekarunta na baya, ta sadaukar da rayuwarta wajen rubuce-rubuce da karatu da kuma renon jikarta masoyiya Taj Iran, wadda suke da alaka ta musamman da ta yi tasiri matuka wajen tarbiyyar ta. Ta zauna da diyarta Tooran al-Dowleh har ta rasu. Majagaba Marubuciya ce, mai zane-zane, haziƙi, kuma ƴar fafutuka da ke karbar bakuncin wuraren shakatawa na adabi a gidanta sau ɗaya a mako. Ta iya harshen Larabci da Faransanci kuma tana buga violin. Ita ce mace ta farko a kotu da ta cire hijabi ta sanya kayan kasashen yamma. Wanda ya fara rubuta tarihin tarihi da kuma mai sukar masarauta a karkashin mahaifinta Naser al-Din Shah da kuma dan'uwansa Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Ta dora alhakin yawancin matsalolin Iran a wancan lokacin, da suka hada da talauci, rashin ilimi ga talakawa da 'yancin mata, a kan sarakunan da ba su iya aiki ba. Muryarta ita kaɗai ce muryar mace mai fafutukar kawo sauyi da dimokuradiyya. Ƙaunar mata Taj al-Saltaneh ta kasance mai bin hakkin mata a Iran kuma mai ra'ayin mata Ta kasance fitacciyar memba a kungiyar kare hakkin mata ta Iran ta karkashin kasa Anjoman Horriyyat Nsevan ko Kungiyar 'Yancin Mata (Society of Women's Freedom), tana aiki don daidaita hakki ga mata kusan 1910. Ta shirya a asirce tare da halartar tarurrukan kare hakkin mata na karkashin kasa tana shaida wa ‘ya’yanta da jikokinta cewa tana halartar taron addini. Ta taba jagorantar gangamin 'yancin mata zuwa majalisa kuma ta kasance mai goyon bayan juyin juya halin tsarin mulkin Iran Memoirs An buga tarihin tarihinta a ƙarƙashin taken Crowing Anguish: Memoirs of a Persian Princess from the Harem to Modernity 1884 1914 (1996), wanda Abbas Amanat ya shirya da gabatarwa kuma Anna Vanzan da Amin Neshati suka fassara. An karɓe su da kyau, Ƙarin Adabin Labarai na Times yana kwatanta su kamar haka: "A cikin ɗan sabon salo kuma mai ban sha'awa, tarihin Taj, wanda aka rubuta a cikin 1914, ya rufe tsawon shekaru talatin na zamani mai saurin canzawa Haɗe-haɗe mai ban sha'awa na sake ginawa da tunani, Taj al Saltaneh's memoirs ya kawo gida mai tsanani rikice-rikice na rayuwa straddling haram da zamani." (Maris 4, 1994) Binciken Nesta Ramazaini a cikin Jarida ta Gabas ta Tsakiya ya yaba da yadda littafin ya bayyana a sarari game da rayuwar yau da kullun da rigingimun siyasa a Qajar Haram. Rubutun nata da aka rubuta da hannu ya kasance ba a buga shi ba har zuwa shekaru 60 bayan rasuwarta, kuma a halin yanzu tana cikin rumbun adana kayan tarihi na National Library na Iran. Legacy An binne ta a makabartar Zahir od-Dowleh da ke Tajrish Rayuwarta da rubuce-rubucenta da rawar da ta taka a matsayinta na ƙwararrun mata wani batu ne na karatun Gabas ta Tsakiya a jami'o'i daga Jami'ar Tehran zuwa Harvard A cikin 2015 Harvard ta samu daga zuriyarta hotunan danginsu, rubuce-rubuce, labarai da labarai game da rayuwar Taj al-Saltaneh don tarihin tarihinta. Duba kuma Farnaz Fasihi Gallery Nassoshi Kara karantawa Mahdavi, Shireen. Taj al-Saltaneh, an Emancipated Qajar Princess. Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 23, No. 2 (Apr., 1987), pp. 188–193. Najmabadi, Afsaneh. Tāj-al-Salṭana. Encyclopædia Iranica. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Takaitaccen tarihin yunkurin mata a Iran 1850 2001 (parstimes.com) Duniyar Mata a Qajar Iran (qajarwomen.org, Jami'ar Harvard) Prinzessin qajar (tunlog.com) Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

22493

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulip%20na%20%C6%B3ancin%20%C6%8Aan%20Adam

Tulip na Ƴancin Ɗan Adam

Tulip na 'Yancin Ɗan Adam (Dutch) kyauta ce ta shekara-shekara da ma'aikatar harkokin waje ta Dutch ke bayarwa ga mai kare hakkin dan adam ko kungiyar da ke karfafawa da kuma tallafawa 'yancin dan adam ta hanyoyin kirkire-kirkire. An kafa Tulip na 'Yancin Dan Adam a shekara ta 2007 kuma aka gabatar da shi a karon farko ranar 10 ga Disamban shekarar 2008. Kyautar ta ƙunshi mutum-mutumi da tallafi na 100.000 don taimakawa mutum ko ƙungiyar da ta ci nasara don ci gaba da haɓaka haɓaka ƙirar su. Hanyar bayar da Tulip na 'Yancin Dan Adam yana farawa tare da hanyar gabatar da takara. Ministan Harkokin Wajen Holland ne ke zaban wanda ya lashe zaben bisa la’akari da kuri’ar da jama’a suka jefa ta da kuma shawarar sharia mai zaman kanta. A watan Oktoban shekara ta 2013, Ministan Harkokin Wajen Netherlands Frans Timmermans ya yanke shawarar riƙe kyautar amma don neman ƙarin wayewar kai game da ita. A watan Yunin shekarar 2014, ma'aikatar harkokin waje ta nada kungiyar ci gaban kasa da kasa Hivos don gudanar da tsarin zabar kyautar. Wannan haɗin gwiwar ya ci gaba a cikin shekara ta 2015, lokacin da zaɓaɓɓu na 'yan takara shida ya ƙunshi uku da suka sami kuri'u mafi yawa a cikin tsarin zaɓen jama'a, da kuma ƙarin uku da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje da Hivos suka zaɓa. Gwarzon masu nasara Wanda ya lashe kyautar a shekara ta 2008 shi ne Justine Masika Bihamba daga Goma a lardin Kivu ta Arewa a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Congo Organizationungiyarta, Hadin gwiwar Mata don waɗanda ke fama da Rikicin Jima'i (Synergie des femmes pour les imesarfafawa ta hanyar lalata da mata) Tun daga shekara ta 2002 ke yaƙi da amfani da cin zarafin mata da yawa a cikin rikici na makamai a gabashin DRC Wanda ya ci kyautar a shekara ta 2009 shi ne Shadi Sadr daga Tehran, Iran, wata mai rajin kare hakkin mata kuma mai fafutukar kin jifa a matsayin hanyar aiwatarwa. Wanda ya lashe kyautar a shekara ta 2010 ita ce Bertha Oliva daga Honduras, saboda gwagwarmayar da ta dade tana yi domin kare hakkin dangin mutanen da suka bace a Honduras tsakanin shekara ta 1979 da shekara ta 1989. Wanda ya lashe kyautar a shekara ta 2011 shi ne Ni Yulan, wani lauya daga kasar China Wanda ya lashe kyautar a shekara ta 2012 shine Marimuthu Bharathan, wani dalit dan kare hakkin bil'adama daga kasar Indiya, duk da cewa ba zai iya karbar kyautar da kansa ba saboda gwamnatin Indiya ta hana shi fasfo. Wanda ya lashe kyautar a shekara ta 2013 ita ce Aahung, wata kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam daga ƙasar Pakistan da ke kokarin kara lafiyar jima'i da haihuwa da hakkokinsu Wanda ya ci kyautar ta shekara ta 2014 shi ne Mideast Youth, wanda ke kirkirar hanyoyin yanar gizo don tattaunawa kan al'amuran da suka shafi hakkin dan adam a sassan Gabas ta Tsakiya An bayar da kyautar ga Esra'a Al Shafei, wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar kuma darakta. Kyautar ta shekara ta2015 ta kasance ga kungiyar IRA-Mauritania, k5ungiyar da ke ƙalubalantar bautar a Mauritania Nighat Dad ne ya samu kyautar a shekarar 2016, wani dan gwagwarmaya dan kasar Pakistan wanda ke goyon bayan ‘yancin mata na shiga yanar gizo da amfani da shi ba tare da tsangwama ba. Kyautar ta shekara ta 2017 ta kasance ga Graciela Pérez Rodriguez, wata mai rajin kare hakkin dan Adam ta Mexico, wacce ke kare hakkin dangin mutanen da suka bace a Mexico. Kyautar ta shekara ta 2018 ta tafi ne ga Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein Wadanda aka zaba 2014 A shekara ta 2014, an gabatar da ‘yan takara guda 30 don kyautar: Ladislaus Kiiza Rwakafuuzi, Elena Klimova, Audrey Mbugua, Meng Lin, Mideast Youth platform, Chidi Odinkalu, Sahil, Sima Samar, SHEILD, Terre des hommes, Underarƙashin Samearya Sun, WADI, YASunidos, Leyla Yunus, Margarita Zamora Tobar, Abounaddara, ASL19, CADHAC, Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies, Center for Civil Society and Democracy in Syria, Colectiva Feminista para el Desarallo Local, Kwamitin da ke adawa da azabtarwa, Mazen Darwish, Droit et Adalci, Euromaidan SOS, Foro de Jovenes con Liderazgo, Hasht-e Subh, Yakin Duniya na 'Yancin Dan Adam a Iran, Rasul Jafarov, da Jan Sahas 2020 A shekara ta 2020, an gabatar da ‘yan takara guda 13 don kyautar: Lilit Martirosyan (Turai), Kwamitin Belarus Helsinki (Turai), Cibiyar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam ZMINA (Turai), Victor Domingo Zambrano Gonzales (Latin Amurka), Georgina Orellano (Latin Amurka), Carlos Fernando Charmorro Barrios (Latin Amurka), Francisco José de Roux Rengifo (Latin America), zk´at Red de Sanadoras del Feminismo Comunitario Territorial (Latin America), Parveena Ahangar (Asia), Quanzhang Wang da Wenzu Li (Asiya) da Hukumar 'Yanci da' Yanci ta Masar (Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka), da Kungiyar Matan Palasdinawa don Ci Gaban (Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka), da kuma Kungiyar Kwararru ta Sudan (Saharar Afirka). Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Tulip na 'Yancin Dan Adam, shafin yanar gizon Gwamnatin Netherlands Tulip na 'Yancin Dan Adam, novirƙirar Forumungiyar Adalci Tulip na 'Yancin Dan Adam HiiL Hoton mutum-mutumin Tulip gidan yanar gizon Aahung) Ƴancin Ɗan Adam Ƴancin muhalli Rajin Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam Pages with unreviewed

23875

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuka%20mai%20Shekaru

Shuka mai Shekaru

Itace ne tsirrai ko kuma kawai tsirran shine tsirrai wanda ke rayuwa sama da shekaru biyu., Kalmar per- -nnial, "ta cikin shekaru") galibi ana amfani da ita don rarrabe shuka daga gajerun shekaru da biennials Hakanan ana amfani da kalmar sosai don rarrabe, tsirrai tare da ƙarancin girma ko babu girma,(girma na biyu a girth) daga bishiyoyi da bishiyoyi, waɗanda su ma ƙwaƙƙwaran shekaru ne. Shukoki masu shekaru musamman ƙananan tsire -tsire masu furanni waɗanda ke girma da fure akan bazara da bazara, suna mutuwa kowane kaka da hunturu, sannan su dawo a cikin bazara daga tushen su ko wani tsarin da ya kuma mamaye su, an san su da perennials Ko yaya, ya danganta da tsananin yanayin gida (zazzabi, danshi, abubuwan da ke cikin ƙasa, ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta), shuka wanda ke zama a cikin mazaunin sa na asali, ko a cikin lambun da ya fi sauƙi,mai lambu na iya kula da shi a zaman shekara -shekara da shuka kowace shekara, daga iri, daga cuttings, ko daga rarrabuwa. Tumatir inabõbi, misali, live shekaru da dama a cikin halitta wurare masu zafi subtropical mazauninsu amma suna girma kamar yadda annuals a temperate yankunan domin su sama-ƙasa biomass ba tsira da hunturu. Hakanan akwai aji na har abada, ko marasa tsiro, perennials, gami da tsirrai kamar Bergenia waɗanda ke riƙe da mayafi na ganye a duk shekara. An san wani tsaka -tsakin tsirrai da ake kira subshrubs, wanda ke riƙe da tsarin katako a cikin hunturu, misali. Penstemon Alamar shuka na shekara -shekara, dangane da nau'ikan Plantarum ta Linnaeus, alama ce ta wakilta: wanda kuma shine alamar astronomical ga duniyar Jupiter Zagayen rayuwa da tsari Shuke -shuke masu shekaru da yawa sun fi yawan shuke -shuke (shuke -shuke da ke da ganyayyaki da mai tushe waɗanda ke mutuwa a ƙasa a ƙarshen lokacin girma kuma wanda ke nuna girma na farko kawai) ko na itace (shuke -shuke masu ɗorewa sama da tushe mai tushe wanda ke tsira daga lokacin girma zuwa na gaba, tare da ci gaban firamare da na sakandare, ko girma cikin fa'ida ta kariya ta waje), wasu kuma har abada suna da ganye mai ɗorewa ba tare da tushe ba. Suna iya zama na ɗan gajeren lokaci ('yan shekaru kawai) ko tsawon rai. Sun haɗa da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na tsire-tsire daga tsire-tsire marasa furanni kamar ferns da hanta zuwa ga shuke-shuken furanni iri-iri kamar orchids, ciyawa, da tsirrai Shuke -shuke da furanni da 'ya'yan itace sau ɗaya kawai sannan suka mutu ana kiranta monocarpic ko semelparous, waɗannan nau'in na iya rayuwa na shekaru da yawa kafin su yi fure, misali, shuka na ƙarni na iya rayuwa tsawon shekaru 80 kuma ya yi tsayi mita 30 kafin fure da mutuwa. Koyaya, yawancin perennials sune polycarpic (ko iteroparous), suna fure akan yanayi da yawa a rayuwarsu. Perennials suna saka albarkatu fiye da na shekara -shekara zuwa tushen, rawanin, da sauran sifofi waɗanda ke ba su damar rayuwa daga shekara guda zuwa na gaba, amma suna da fa'idar gasa saboda za su iya fara haɓaka su kuma cika a farkon lokacin girma fiye da shekara -shekara, a yin haka za su iya yin gasa mafi kyau don sararin samaniya da tattara ƙarin haske. Shuke-shuke masu shekaru galibi suna haɓaka tsarukan da ke ba su damar dacewa da rayuwa daga shekara guda zuwa na gaba ta hanyar siyan tsiro maimakon shuka. Waɗannan tsarin sun haɗa da kwararan fitila, tubers, rawanin katako, rhizomes da turions Suna iya samun tushe na musamman ko rawanin da zai ba su damar tsira lokacin bacci akan lokacin sanyi ko lokacin bushewa a cikin shekarar. Shekara -shekara, sabanin haka, suna samar da iri don ci gaba da nau'in a matsayin sabon ƙarni. A lokaci guda, lokacin shuka ya dace, kuma tsaba suna rayuwa akan sanyi ko lokacin bushewa don fara girma lokacin da yanayin ya sake dacewa. Yawancin perennials suna da fasali na musamman waɗanda ke ba su damar tsira daga matsanancin yanayin muhalli. Wasu sun saba da yanayin zafi ko bushe wasu kuma sun yi sanyi sosai; suna son saka hannun jari a cikin daidaitawarsu kuma galibi ba su yin fure da saita iri har sai bayan 'yan shekarun girma. A cikin yanayin yanayin zafi duk tsawon shekara, perennials shuke-shuke masu shekari na iya ci gaba da girma. A cikin yanayin yanayi, ci gaban su yana iyakance ta zafin jiki ko danshi zuwa lokacin girma. Wasu tsirrai da yawa suna riƙe da ganyen su shekara-shekara; Waɗannan su ne shuke -shuke marasa tushe. Ƙwayayyun bishiyoyi suna zubar da duk ganyensu na shekara, sun haɗa da tsire -tsire masu tsire -tsire da na itace; tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire suna da tushe wanda ba shi da ƙarfi, girma mai ƙarfi, yayin da tsire-tsire masu ƙarfi suna da tushe tare da tsiron da ke rayuwa sama da ƙasa yayin dormancy, wasu perennials shuke-shuke masu shekaru ba su da yawa, ma'ana suna rasa wasu daga cikin ganyayyakin su a cikin hunturu ko bazara. Ƙwayoyin da ba su da yawa suna zubar da ganyensu lokacin da yanayin girma bai dace da photosynthesis ba, kamar lokacin sanyi ko bushewa. A wurare da yawa na duniya, ana nuna yanayin yanayi a matsayin lokacin rigar da bushewa maimakon lokacin zafi da sanyi, kuma tsirrai masu shuɗewa suna rasa ganyensu a lokacin bazara. Ana kiyaye wasu tsirrai na tsirrai daga gobarar daji saboda suna da tushen ƙasa wanda ke haifar da harbe -harbe, kwararan fitila, kambi, ko tushe wasu tsirrai kamar bishiyoyi da bishiyoyi na iya samun yadudduka masu kauri da ke kare mai tushe. Tsarin tsire -tsire masu tsire -tsire daga yankuna masu tsaka -tsaki da tsaunuka na duniya na iya jure sanyi yayin hunturu. Tsarin shuke -shuke na iya zama na dindin na dogon lokaci sannan kuma ya ba da shawarar haɓaka da haɓaka lokacin da yanayi ya fi dacewa, yayin da yawancin tsire -tsire na shekara -shekara ke kammala zagayen rayuwarsu a lokacin girma ɗaya, kuma biennials suna da lokacin girma biyu. Meristem na tsire -tsire masu tsire -tsire suna magana da hormones da aka samar saboda yanayin muhalli (watau yanayi), haifuwa, da matakin ci gaba don farawa da dakatar da ikon girma ko fure. Hakanan akwai bambanci tsakanin ikon girma da ainihin aikin haɓaka. Misali, yawancin bishiyoyi suna samun ikon yin girma a lokacin hunturu amma basa fara haɓaka jiki har zuwa lokacin bazara da bazara. Ana iya ganin farkon dormancy a cikin tsire -tsire masu tsire -tsire ta hanyar bushewar furanni, asarar ganyayyaki akan bishiyoyi, da dakatar da haifuwa a duka furanni da tsiro. Bishiyoyi masu dogon kwana jinsunan iya nuna mun gwada manyan tsaba da cewa suna da amfani na samar da ya fi girma seedlings cewa za a fi gasa da sauran shuke-shuke. Perennials kuma suna samar da tsaba tsawon shekaru da yawa. Noma Shuke-shuke masu shekaru da ake nomawa sun haɗa da: tsirrai masu itace kamar bishiyoyin 'ya'yan itace da aka shuka don' ya'yansu masu cin abinci; shrubs da bishiyoyin da aka girma kamar kayan ado na shimfidar wuri; amfanin gona na ganye kamar bishiyar asparagus, rhubarb, strawberries da tsire -tsire masu saukin yanayi ba su da ƙarfi a cikin wurare masu sanyi kamar tumatir, eggplant, da coleus (waɗanda ake bi da su shekara -shekara a wuraren sanyi). Perennials kuma sun haɗa da tsire -tsire da aka shuka don furannin su da sauran ƙimar kayan ado ciki har da: kwararan fitila (kamar tulips, narcissus, da gladiolus); da ciyawar ciyawa, da sauran murfin ƙasa, (kamar periwinkle da <i id="mwhA">Dichondra</i> Kowane nau'in shuka dole ne a rarrabe daban; misali, shuke -shuke waɗanda ke da tsarin tushen fibrous kamar yini -rana, Siberian iris ko ciyawa za a iya raba su tare da allurar lambu guda biyu da aka saka a baya, ko a yanka ta wuƙaƙe. Koyaya, tsirrai irin su gemun gemu suna da tsarin rhizomes; Dole ne a dasa waɗannan tushen tushen tare da saman rhizome sama da matakin ƙasa, tare da ganyayyaki daga shekara mai zuwa. Batun raba perennials shine don haɓaka adadin nau'in shuka guda ɗaya a cikin lambun ku. A Amurka an sayar da fiye da dalar Amurka miliyan 900 na tsirrai na tsirrai masu shuke -shuke a shekarar 2019. Amfanin noma Ko da yake yawancin mutane ana ciyar da su ta hanyar sake shuka iri na amfanin gona na hatsi na shekara-shekara, (ko ta halitta ko ta ƙoƙarin ɗan adam), amfanin gona na shekara-shekara yana ba da fa'idodi masu yawa. Perennial shuke-shuke masu shekaru sau da yawa da zurfi, m tushen tsarin wanda zai iya riƙe ƙasa don hana yashewa, kama narkar da nitrogen da shi zai iya sama kasa da kuma ruwa surface, da kuma fitar da-gasa weeds (rage bukatar herbicides Waɗannan fa'idodin fa'idoji na dindindin sun haifar da sabbin ƙoƙarin ƙara yawan amfanin gona na nau'ikan tsirrai, wanda zai iya haifar da ƙirƙirar sabbin amfanin gona na tsirrai. Wasu misalan sabbin amfanin gona da ake ci gaba da haɓakawa sune shinkafa mai ɗorewa da ciyawar alkama Cibiyar Land ta kiyasta cewa amfanin gona, amfanin gona na amfanin gona mai ɗimbin yawa zai ɗauki aƙalla shekaru 25 kafin a cimma. Wuri Shuke -shuken tsirrai suna mamaye tsarukan halittu da yawa a ƙasa da cikin ruwa mai daɗi, tare da kaɗan kaɗan (misali Zostera yana faruwa a cikin ruwan teku mara zurfi. Herbaceous perennial shuke-shuke ne musamman rinjaye a cikin yanayi ma wuta-yiwuwa ga itatuwa da kuma shrubs, misali, mafi shuke-shuke a kan prairies da kuma matakan ne Bishiyoyi masu dogon kwana. su ma sun fi rinjaye a kan tundra da sanyi sosai don girma itacen. Kusan duk tsire -tsire na gandun daji suna da yawa, gami da bishiyoyi da shrubs. Tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire galibi sune mafi kyawun masu fafatawa na dogon lokaci, musamman a ƙarƙashin kwanciyar hankali, yanayin talauci. Wannan ya faru ne saboda haɓaka manyan tsarin tushen da zai iya samun ruwa da abubuwan gina jiki ƙasa a cikin ƙasa kuma zuwa farkon fitowar bazara. Shuke -shuke na shekara -shekara suna da fa'ida a cikin mawuyacin yanayi saboda saurin haɓakarsu da haɓaka haɓakar su. Nau'ukan Misalan tsirrai masu shuɗi sun haɗa da Begonia da ayaba Misalan gandun daji na ganye sun haɗa da goldenrod da mint Misalan monocarpic perennials sun haɗa da Agave da wasu nau'ikan Streptocarpus Misalan woody Bishiyoyi masu dogon kwana hada da Maple, Pine, da kuma apple itatuwa. Misalan herbaceous Bishiyoyi masu dogon kwana, a wajen noma hada alfalfa, Thinopyrum intermedium, da kuma Red Clover Jerin shuke-shuke masu shekaru Furen furanni Perennials da aka girma don furannin kayan ado sun haɗa da nau'ikan iri da iri. Misalan sun hada da Dahlia Kniphofia Hollyhock Lupin 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari Yawancin tsire -tsire masu ba da 'ya'ya suna da yawa ko da a cikin yanayin yanayi. Misalan sun hada da Ganyen tsirrai Yawancin ganye suna da yawa har da waɗannan misalai: Kayan lambu da yawa Yawancin tsire -tsire na kayan lambu na iya girma a matsayin tsirrai a cikin yanayin zafi, amma suna mutuwa a cikin yanayin sanyi. Misalan wasu daga cikin mafi yawan kayan lambu na yau da kullun sune: Bayanan kula Manazarta Hanyoyin waje Taswirar Yankin Hardiness na USDA Noma tare da Perennials Aroids masu cin abinci Shuke -shuke don Gaba Shuka Annual plant Biennial plants Pages with unreviewed

21433

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wamdeo

Wamdeo

Wamdeo birni ne, da ke a wani yanki, a cikin karamar hukumar Askira Uba dake Jihar Borno, a Nijeriya Tana da iyaka da Uba zuwa Gabas, Uvu zuwa Kudu, Mussa zuwa Arewa, Mishara zuwa Arewa maso Gabas da Rumirgo zuwa Yamma. A garin sunan da aka asali da sunan "Wandi" amma daga baya metamorphosed zuwa "Wamdeo" saboda hanyar da nomadic Fulani furta shi. An haɗu da shi gaba ɗaya ta dangi biyu: Muva (ƙarin raba zuwa Njila-Njila, Bilata, Dagufla da Patha) da Zugubi (ƙarin raba zuwa Kidimbla, Mbla Kauchacha, Gutha da Fidigutum) Tarihi Wamdeo ya samo asali ne daga kalmar “Wandi” kuma ya wanzu fiye da shekaru 500. Ra'ayoyi da yawa suna nan game da da'awa game da mazaunan farko na yankin amma Dagu-Flas da Zugubis suna da'awar su ne farkon mazauna yankin. Sauran manyan dangin sun hada da Midala wanda aka fi sani da mai wa kra tha (wanda aka samo shi daga kan saniyar da aka ba su a tsohon tarihi), Lere sun yi imanin cewa sun yi kaura daga Arewacin Kamaru da Gabashin Chadi, Holma wanda aka fi sani da Bla-ta ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Marghi 'mai ma ki bla ta nga' ma'ana a nemi mafaka a karkashin waccan ganji) an yi imanin cewa 'yan gudun hijira ne don neman mafaka daga yankin Kilba, Fidigutum ana ganin sun yi ƙaura daga ƙasar Fali Vimtim) kuma a ƙarshe Pazza ta samo asali ne daga yankin Biu zuwa dutsen Pazza yanzu Bazza. Sakamakon aikin mishan a yankin karkashin jagorancin Stover Kulp, an gabatar da addinin kirista zuwa Wamdeo a cikin shekarar 1937 a lokacin mulkin Shal-Tagu daga dangin Dag-Fla. A cikin shekarar 1938, mishan ne suka gina gidan magani na farko a Wamdeo kuma a cikin shekarar 1945, an kafa CRI ta farko a Wamdeo a lokacin mulkin Lawan Mumini daga dangin Zugubi. Shugabanci Kafin rabewar Gongola zuwa jihar Adamawa da Taraba, gwamnati da daular Wamdeo sun kasance suna da lada ga Lamido a Yola, amma bayan kirkirar jihar Adamawa, Wamdeo ya zama gunduma a cikin Askira Uba Local Government of Borno State Wamdeo al'ada ce ta Hakkimi a cikin mulkin Alh. Saidu Mohammed tare da Lauyoyi hudu: Lawan Buba Glaji, Lawan Zubairu, da wasu biyu 2 daga Kwa-bula da Wallafa. Labarin kasa Wamdeo ya kasance tsakanin 10 o 31 '33''N, 13 o 07'30''E. Wamdeo yana kwance a tsawan kimanin mita 555 sama da matakin teku, a ƙasan wani babban Inselberg da aka sani da tsaunin Wamdeo wanda ya tashi zuwa mita 758 sama da matakin ruwan teku. Wamdeo yana da mafi girman filin a duk cikin karamar hukumar Askira Uba wanda ya kunshi kauyuka da dama da suka hada da Kwa-bula, Mungum, Wallafa, Gajelli, da kuma Miya. Lambatu Garin Wamdeo yana kan ruwa tsakanin kogin Yedzaram zuwa Arewa da Gabas (Basin Chadi) da na Hawul zuwa Kudu maso Gabas, Kudu maso Yamma da Arewa maso Yamma (Gongola Basin) Kayan lambu Ciyawar a Wamdeo ta ƙunshi manyan bishiyun Acacia da tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire wanda ke daɗa kauri tare da hanyar magudanan ruwa da ƙasan tsaunuka. Layin magudanan ruwa na Mbulashibu da Kofiwa na da ciyayi masu kauri, haka kuma ƙasan Fum Hill. Amdeasar Wamdeo tana da wadataccen yanki a cikin garin, inda ayyukan ɗan adam ya canza alamun ciyayi da ƙasa. Ilimin kasa da kasa Wamdeo kamar yawancin yankuna a Kudancin Barno yana kan ementasa ne kuma an bayyana shi ta hanyar ƙananan kwandunan da ke ɗauke da kuloli waɗanda suka bambanta da shekaru daga yanayin aiki zuwa na quaternary. Kogin Chadi ya ta'allaka ne da Arewa da kuma yankin Benuwai a kudu. Daga yamma akwai wani kwari mara zurfin ruwa da aka sani da dutsen Zambuk wanda ya hada manyan Basins biyu. Wamdeo yana cikin Yankin Arewa ta Tsakiya na Yankin Basement na Borno. Kimanin Kilomita arba'in da biyar 45 zuwa Arewa, ginshikin ya ɓace a ƙarƙashin abubuwan da ke cikin tafkin Chadi. Babban ginshiki ya fadi game da yanayin Wamdeo na arewa da arewa maso gabas Tsarin aiki Ginin garin Wamdeo an kafa shi ta hanyar dutse mai ƙwaraƙƙwara. Stungiyar Stratigraphy ta cika ta hanyar adana ɗakunan sama da ƙananan ajiya na alluvium. Ginshiƙin Ginshiƙin Mafi yawan ginshiƙan ginshiƙan yankin sun mamaye grantitic granite wanda ke da launin toka mai haske, maraƙƙarfan hatsi kuma lokaci-lokaci pegmatitic da aplitic. Porphoric feldspar yana lokaci-lokaci kuma wani lokacin yana nuna daidaito gaba ɗaya. Babban waje a yankin shine tsaunin Wamdeo. Sauran sun hada da Yawa, Mizra, Para, Auta, Fum, da sauransu. Yawancin ɓangaren gabashin garin ba su da ginshiƙan dutsen ƙasa.

33192

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Kokawa%20ta%20Afirka

Kungiyar Kokawa ta Afirka

Ƙungiyar Kokawa ta Afirka AWA wadda aka fi sani da Hukumar Kokawa ta Afirka ta Kudu, wani ƙwararren gwani ne na Afirka ta Kudu wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1995. Kamfanin na yanki mallakar Shaun Koen da Koos Rossouw ne. Tallace-tallace ce ta al'ada wacce kasuwar kokawa ta duniya ta yi tasiri, kamar gasar kokawa ta Turai da Amurka. Salon da ƴan kokawa na talla ke tattare da shi ana kiransa da Rofstoei (kalmar Afrikaans). Tarihi Shaun Koen da matarsa sun kafa kungiyar kokawa ta Afirka (AWF) a shekarar 1995 bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa, Jackie Koen, a ranar 16 ga Disambar 1994. AWF ta fara ne a matsayin ci gaban yanki da ke Cape Town, yana gudana akai-akai a yankunan Goodwood da Parow Bayan 'yan shekarun baya AWF ta fara yin rangadi a cikin kasa baki daya sannan kuma ta yi waje da Afirka ta Kudu don rangadin kasashe kamar Swaziland da Zimbabwe. A cikin shekarar 2003 AWF ta rattaba hannu kan kwangilar gidan talabijin na tsawon shekara tare da eTV don nuna nunin mako-mako a 2004. An san jerin abubuwan da AWF akan E Slam Series, kuma an yi rikodin abubuwan da suka faru a fage kamar Cibiyar Hope mai kyau, Carnival City da Coca-Cola Dome. Ainihin lokacin gudu na waɗannan abubuwan ya ɗauki sa'o'i uku zuwa huɗu, amma don rage farashin, an raba su zuwa sa'a ɗaya don kowane lamari. A ƙarshen shekarar 2004, ƙima da halarta sun fara raguwa. CD mai rikodin sauti, AWF akan E Sautin Sauti, an sake shi a ƙarƙashin alamar EMI don haɓaka wasan kwaikwayon talabijin. Tsawon lokacin kakar shekara ya ƙare a cikin sa'o'i biyu na musamman da aka gudanar a Sun City a ranar 11 ga Disamba na shekarar 2004. An fara shirye-shiryen samun yanayi na biyu a cikin shekarar 2005, amma AWA da eTV sun kasa yarda da sabbin sharudda. Wannan ya sa tallan ya rasa ikon mallakar sunan Tarayyar Kokawar Afirka kuma ya tilasta musu ƙirƙirar sabbin alamun kasuwanci. An kafa sunan kungiyar kokawa ta Afirka (AWA) a cikin Maris na shekarar 2005. Saboda rashin bayyanar talabijin bayan AWF akan E, wasu manyan sunaye kamar The Saint, Skull, Rey Bourne da Jacques Rogue sun bar AWA don biyan wasu bukatu. Coca-Cola Royal Rumble AWA tana gudanar da wasan kwaikwayo na Royal Rumble na shekara-shekara a wurin Parow Civic Center (wanda ake yiwa lakabi da The House of Pain a watan Disamba. Coca-Cola ne ke daukar nauyin taron a kai a kai. Zakara na ƙarshe shine William McQueen, wanda ya ci gasar AWA Royal Rumble a ranar 3 ga Disamba na shekarar 2007 a babban taron sarauta na mutum 21. Yawon shakatawa da aikin agaji Ko da yake AWA a halin yanzu ba ta watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin ba, tallata yanki, yana da babban tasiri a kan masana'antar kokawa ta Afirka ta Kudu kuma akai-akai yana yawon shakatawa fiye da hedkwatarsa, yana gudanar da abubuwan da ke kewaye da Cape Town da kuma a cikin kasashe makwabta kamar Swaziland Mozambique da Zimbabwe Har ila yau, haɓakawa yana shiga cikin ayyukan agaji. A cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da masu tallafawa da yawa da kuma Isar da Gidauniyar Mafarki, ana ba wa yaran da ba su da gata damar halartar wasu nunin kyauta kuma su sadu da membobin roster. Makarantar horarwa Cibiyar horar da AWA a halin yanzu tana kan tushe a Wingfield Army Base a Goodwood, Cape Town Ana gudanar da darasi akai-akai kowace Talata da Alhamis. Shugaban makarantar shine Shaun Koen. Gasar cin kofin duniya Mai aiki Mara aiki AWA African Cruiserweight Championship Gasar Ajin Nauyin Cruiserweight ta AWA ƙwararriyar gasar kokawa ce mallakar AWA gabatarwa An ƙirƙira taken kuma an yi muhawara akan 11 Disambar shekarar 2004 a wani na musamman na gidan talabijin na sa'o'i biyu, AWF akan E Slam Series Final, lokacin da Johnny Palazzio ya ci nasara a yaƙin sarauta. Ana ƙayyade sarautar taken ko dai ta hanyar ƙwararrun ƴan kokawa da ke da hannu a cikin rigingimun da aka riga aka rubuta da kuma labarun labarai, ko kuma ta yanayin da aka rubuta. Ana nuna ’yan kokawa a matsayin ’yan iska ko kuma jarumai yayin da suke bin jerin abubuwan da ke haifar da tashin hankali, wanda ya kai ga wasan kokawa ko kuma jerin wasannin gasar zakarun Turai. Canje-canjen taken suna faruwa a al'amuran rayuwa, waɗanda galibi ana fitowa akan DVD. Roster Sashen Nauyin Nauyi Farashin BDX Bulldog Johnny Palazzio Ted kawai Bace Link Sammy Swiegers mai salo Shaun Ko Oz Rukunin Cruiserweight Division Miss Gorgeous Mr Money Nitro Rashiedi Rasta Man Vinnie Vegas] William McQueen Rarraba Mara nauyi Ed-Electric Hillbilly Kid Nick Fury Revyv Sauran ma'aikata Stan Mars Mai Sanarwa na Ring Billy Daniels Mai kiyaye lokaci Robert Meyer Alkali Black Mamba Alkali Kenny alkalin wasa Tony "The Hammer" Alkali Leon Venter Alkali Tsofaffin dalibai African Warrior Alkatraz Archangel Big Bad Bruce Billy West The Bruiser Butcher The Chad Danie Brits Dusty Wolfe Du Congo El Matador Geronimo Majive The Great Raj Gypsey Iron Bone Jacques Roque Johan Voges Leslie van der Westhuizen Mr Pain Nizaam "the champ" Hartley The Protector Rollerball Danny The Saint Skull Solid Gold Grant Smith Sunny Surf Sledgehammer Spider Nel Terry Middoux Tolla the Animal Tommy Rich Trashman Trevor van der Westhuizen The Viper Vamp Warlock Wurm Visagie X-Hale Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Official Website Wrestle Mania ta dauki Cape Town da guguwa Rikici a Filin Jirgin Sama Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

27247

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantics

Atlantics

Atlantics Fim ne a shekarar 2019, Ƙasashen duniya sunyi jaɗin gwuiwa na samar allahntaka romantic wasan kwaikwayo fim mai ba da umarni Mati Diop, a ta ƙunshi directorial halarta a karon. An zaɓi shi don yin gasa don Palme d'Or a 2019 Cannes Film Festival Diop ya kafa tarihi lokacin da aka fara fim din a Cannes, inda ta zama Bakar fata ta farko da ta ba da umarni a fim din da aka nuna a gasar a bikin. Fim ɗin ya ta'allaƙa ne akan wata budurwa, Ada, da abokin aikinta, Souleiman, suna fafitikar fuskantar aikin yi, aji, ƙaura, laifi, gwagwarmayar dangi, da fatalwa Yin aiki mafi yawa tare da 'yan wasan da ba a san su ba, Diop ya mayar da hankali a cikin fim din game da batutuwa irin su rikicin 'yan gudun hijira, nadama, asara, baƙin ciki, gwagwarmayar aji, da ɗaukar nauyin (ko a'a) na ayyukan mutum. Ana amfani da Tekun Atlantika ta hanyoyi da yawa a cikin fim ɗin, gami da a matsayin alama da injin don canji, girma, rayuwa, da mutuwa. Labari A wata unguwa da ke birnin Dakar da ke kan gaɓar tekun Atlantika, ana gab da bude hasumiya mai kama da zamani a hukumance. Ma’aikatan ginin ba a biya su albashi ba tsawon watanni. Wani dare, ma'aikatan sun yanke shawarar barin ƙasar ta teku, don neman kyakkyawar makoma a Spain. Daga cikinsu akwai Souleiman, masoyin Ada. Duk da haka, Ada an aura ga wani mutum Omar attajiri. Ada ta damu matuka game da Souleiman, yayin da take jiran labarin makomarsa a shirin aurenta. A ranar daurin aurenta, gadon Omar a ban mamaki ya kama wuta a wani harin da ake zargin an kai mata ne, kuma an tura wani matashin jami’in tsaro domin ya binciki lamarin. A cikin kwanaki masu zuwa, Ada ta faɗa cikin tuhuma kuma an yi masa tambayoyi da gwajin budurcinta. A halin yanzu, kawarta Fanta, da kuma matashin mai binciken suna fama da wata cuta mai ban mamaki. A hankali ya bayyana cewa ruhohin mutanen da suka bace a teku suna dawowa kuma kowane dare ya mallaki gawarwakin wasu mazauna Dakar. Galibi dai sun mayar da hankali ne kan hamshakin attajirin da ya hana su albashi, lamarin da ya tilasta musu ketare teku. Suna neman a biya su albashi, inda suka yi barazanar kona hasumiya idan ba haka ba. Lokacin da suka karɓi albashinsu daga hannun attajirin sai su tilasta masa ya tona kaburburansu domin ruhinsu ya huta. Amma Souleiman yana so kawai ya kasance tare da Ada. Abin takaici, ya mallaki matashin mai binciken, wanda da farko ya tsorata Ada. Amma yayin da ta sadu da sauran ruhohi, ciki har da wanda ya mallaki Fanta, ta fahimci kuma ta kwana tare da sabon Souleiman. Yayin da yake nazarin faifan bidiyon daurin auren, jami'in binciken ya ga cewa, a ƙarƙashin ikon ruhun Souleiman, shi ne ya aikata kone-kone. Ya rufe ƙarar. Ƴan wasa liyafa Mahimman liyafa Shafin yanar gizon mai tarawa na Rotten Tomatoes ya ruwaito cewa 95% na masu sukar sun ba da fim ɗin kyakkyawan nazari bisa 155 sake dubawa, tare da matsakaicin ƙimar 7.9/10. Ijma'in masu sukar gidan yanar gizon ya karanta, "Wani wasan kwaikwayo na allahntaka wanda ba a iya faɗi ba wanda ya samo asali a cikin sharhin zamantakewa na duniya, Atlantique yana nuna kyakkyawar makoma mai ban sha'awa ga mai yin fim Mati Diop." A kan Metacritic, fim din yana da nauyin nauyin 85 daga cikin 100 bisa ga masu sukar 30, yana nuna "yabo na duniya". Hannah Giorgis na The Atlantic yayi sharhi, "A cikin Atlantics, fim ɗin Cannes Grand Prix wanda darektan Faransa-Senegal Mati Diop ya lashe, ruwan duka barazana ne kuma tushen ta'aziyya. Tare da aikin kyamara mai laushi da tattaunawa mai nunawa, Diop yana jefa inuwa bisa teku da duk damarsa. Sakamako shine labarin soyayya mai ɗaukar nauyi tare da ɓarna na sukar zamantakewa wanda ke gudanar da zama a lokaci ɗaya mai ban tsoro da bege." K. Austin Collins da ya rubuta wa Vanity Fair ya bayyana cewa, Atlantics sun ba da mamaki da mamaki saboda yana ƙoƙarin cire wani abu mai banƙyama da wuya a ayyana shi, labarin fatalwa (ko labarin aljan ne?) wanda ya samo asali ne daga gaskiyar abin da ke Dakar da kuma ta. ƙananan azuzuwan, wannan siyasa ce a sarari, saboda haka, amma wanda kuma da alama yana da ban tsoro kuma ba gaskiya bane, yana raye ga duk abin da waɗannan asirin ke da shi. Bilal Ƙureshi na NPR ce, "Atlantics ne fatalwa labarin game da hijirarsa. Yana ba da tarihin samarin da suka bar ƙasashe kamar Senegal da fatan isa Turai, da kuma yadda rashinsu da rashinsu ke damun matan da suka bari.” Jay Weissberg da ya rubuta wa Iri-iri ya bayyana cewa, "Babban teku mai yawan gaske ne mai maimaitawa, hoto mai ban sha'awa a cikin fasalin Mati Diop na farko na Atlantics, amma idan aka yi la'akari da mummunan ma'anarsa ga mutanen Senegal, wadanda suka yi hasarar rayuka da yawa zuwa zurfinsa, darektan ya tabbatar da hakan. mirgina tãguwar ruwa zama hypnotic maimakon kyau. Wannan yanke shawara ce da ta dace ga wannan fim na soyayya da jin daɗi, wanda ya fi dacewa da wasu zaɓen ba da labari mara kyau waɗanda ke cike da takaici duk da cewa ba sa daidaita yanayin asara da haɗin kai na mata a cikin labarin wata budurwa da soyayya ta mutu a teku." Justin Chang a cikin bita na jaridar Los Angeles Times ya lura cewa, "Da yake zana wani tasiri mai karfi na tatsuniyoyi na gida, Diop ta saƙa waɗannan abubuwan da ba su dace ba a cikin zanenta tare da cin kasuwa, fasaha da kuma ƙarfafa al'amuran gaskiya. A hannunta, fatalwa mai ramuwar gayya ba ta zama wauta ko rashin hankali ba kamar, a ce, hasumiya mai tsayi mai tsayin nan da ake ginawa a bakin teku.” Kelsey Adams na Yanzu ya ba fim ɗin taurari huɗu cikin biyar kuma ya rubuta, “Ko da yake labarin ƙaura ne, yana mai da hankali kan waɗanda aka bari a baya. Yayin da matan da ke cikin kunci ke kokawa da tafiyar mazajensu, al'amura suna ƙara zama ban tsoro. Konewar da ba a bayyana ba da cututtuka suna jujjuya Atlantika zuwa wani yanki na allahntaka, kuma Diop ya haɗa abubuwa na sufanci na musulmi da tarihin Faransanci ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba. Haɗin kai na fantasy da wasan kwaikwayo yana amfani da abubuwan allahntaka don gida a kan abubuwa masu yawa, rashin adalci da haruffan ke fuskanta." David Tsoron Rolling Stone ya ba fim ɗin taurari huɗu da rabi a cikin biyar, yana yin sharhi "ko da lokacin da abubuwa suka fara tsomawa cikin ƙasa na allahntaka, Atlantics ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin ƙasa mara kyau, har yanzu ana sadaukar da shi don magance batun batun ba tare da ka'ida ba. Kuna jin kamar kuna kallon wani abu da ke da takamaiman yanki, amma duk da haka baya sa halayensa su ji kamar "wasu." Haka kuma ba ka taba jin cewa aikin ba wa wadannan mata masu ƙaramin ƙarfi murya wani abu ne da ya ginu a cikin sadaka, saboda Diop yana sa aikin ya ji kamar wajibi ne." Namwali Serpell na The Nation ya ce, "A asalinsa a tunanin Larabawa, djinn yana iya zama mai kyau ko mara kyau. A cikin asalinsa a cikin baƙi baƙi, aljanu bawa ne da aka tilasta yin umarni na wasu. Diop ya haɗu da al'amura guda biyu zuwa ƙarshen rashin fahimtar juna: waɗanda aka kora namiji da mace, gudanarwa da aiki ba a matsayin abokan gaba ba amma a matsayin gwarzo na gama gari." A cikin bitar ta ga The Hollywood Reporter, Leslie Felperin ta lura, "Claire Mathon ta harbe shi sosai kuma Fatima Al Qadiri ta yi nasara, fim ɗin ya tattara wasu abubuwa masu ƙarfi sosai Da yawa ra'ayoyi game da aji, post-imperialism da kuma ruhaniya dabi'u leke sama daga saman rubutu, amma ba su ci gaba da yawa rigima idan aka kwatanta da abin da Diop conjured da mafi tsanani da kuma kasa lokaci a cikin Dubban Suns. Richard Brody na New Yorker ya lura cewa, "Diop yana yin fina-finai da haruffa da kuma birni tare da kusanci mai zurfi da kuma kuzari mai ƙarfi wanda sautin sauti da kiɗan kiɗan ya haɓaka; ta nuna kwarewar sirri na al'amuran jama'a al'adar addini, cin gashin kansa na mata., ƙaura, cin hanci da rashawa tare da zazzafan rubuce-rubuce, sha'awar ƙwazo, da tabbaci mai ƙarfi." Monica Castillo ta RogerEbert.com ta ba fim ɗin taurari huɗu cikin huɗu, tana yin sharhi, "A saman, wannan sanannen labarin masoya ne da aka ware ta hanyar yanayi da ya wuce ikon su, amma Atlantics da sauri ya bayyana kansa ya fi zurfi sosai. Diop, wanda ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayo tare da Olivier Demangel, ya haɗu da labarin tare da matsananciyar damuwa da ke tilasta su barin gida da kuma ƙaunatattun su, da sake maimaita rikicin 'yan gudun hijirar, kallon cin zarafin matalauta da masu arziki da tayin budurci., tsarki, da aure. Sirrin Atlantika yana buɗewa sannu a hankali, murɗaɗɗensa yana ɓoye abubuwan mamaki a bayyane." The Guardian 's Peter Bradshaw ya ba fim ɗin taurari huɗu daga cikin biyar kuma ya rubuta, Atlantique game da dawowar wadanda aka zalunta, ko kuma wadanda aka danne: mutanen da aka hana su hakkinsu a kan ginin ginin sannan kuma sun fuskanci ainihin yiwuwar wani abu. ƙabari ruwa. Ruhinsu ya tashi, kuma wannan ya zama labarin fatalwa ko labarin ramuwar gayya. Maiyuwa Atlantique bai zama cikakke ba, amma na yaba da yadda Diop ba kawai ya mika wuya ga yanayin da ake tsammani daga irin wannan kayan ba, amma duk da haka ba ta shiga cikin yanayin sihiri da gaske ba, kuma ba ta sanya labarin soyayya a fili yake ba. tsakiya. Fim ɗinta yana da asiri mai ruɗi." Eric Kohn na IndieWire ya ba da darajar fim ɗin B+ kuma ya lura, "Yayin da yake ci gaba da ci gaba da tafiya tare da hanyar sihiri, Atlantics ya kasance aikin soyayya mai zurfi wanda ya haifar da fargabar mutanen da ke kewaye da su da kuma neman abokantaka da za su iya kubutar da su daga yanke ƙauna. Ba ya ƙyale su isa wurin, amma Diop baya buga sautin rashin bege gaba ɗaya. Daga ƙarshe, Atlantics ya nuna yadda ko da waɗannan munanan yanayi na iya samun ƙarfafawa ga matan da ke bakin tekun, da kuma dalilin da ya sa ya zama hanyar hanyar rayuwa mafi kyau ko da sun kasance a tsaye." Yabo A Cannes, fim din ya lashe Grand Prix An zabe shi azaman shigarwar Senegal don Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Fim na Duniya a kyautar 92nd Academy Awards, yana yin jerin sunayen Disamba. Atlantique ya lashe Mafi kyawun Farko na Farko a cikin Zaɓen IndieWire na 2019 Critics Poll, kuma ya kasance matsayi na huɗu a cikin Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Waje. Tsohon Shugaban Amurka Barack Obama ya sanya sunan Atlantics a cikin fina-finan da ya fi so da kuma jerin talabijin na 2019 a cikin jerin fina-finansa na shekara-shekara, waɗanda ya fito a kan shafin Twitter a ranar 29 ga Disamba 2019. Kafofin watsa labarai na gida A cikin Janairu 2020, an ba da sanarwar cewa Atlantics, ɗan Irish, Labari na Aure da Masana'antar Amurka za su karɓi faifan DVD da Blu-ray ta The Criterion Collection Magana Fina-finai Sinima a Afrika Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

19318

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiglio

Artiglio

Artiglio ("Talon") wani steamship amfani da wani salvage jirgin da shipping kamfanin SO. RI. MA. (Society for Maritime Recovery) na Genoa, wanda aka kafa a 1926 ta Commendatore Giovanni Quaglia A lokacin rashinta a cikin 1930, Artiglio shi ne jirgi mai ceto na zamani a duniya. Tarihi An gina Artiglio a Glasgow a cikin shekarar 1906. Da farko an sanya masa suna Macbeth sannan daga baya aka kira shi Ideale. A da flagship na karamin rundunar wanda ya hada da Rostro, Raffio da Arpione, outfitted a twenties da kuma amfani ga dawo da sunken jiragen ruwa ya fi a lokacin yakin duniya na farko da kuma bayan da yakin duniya na biyu, da kuma crewed da wani rukuni na gogaggen iri iri Jirgin ruwan sanye yake da kayan aiki na zamani da kuma na gaba a lokacin, godiya ga kwazon mai gidanta wanda ya sayi rigar ruwa ta farko ta zamani da aiki, da kuma kirkirar Alberto Gianni, wanda aka san shi da ƙirƙirar "torretta butoscopica", wurin bincike. ana amfani dasu don dawo dasu a zurfin zurfi, sannan har yanzu yana da haɗari ga masu yawa tare da kayan aikin gargajiya. Musamman Artiglio ya sami kulawa sosai a cikin labaran duniya yayin da aka aika shi, a madadin Lloyd na Landan, zuwa Tekun Atlantika da ke gefen Brest, Faransa, don neman jirgin ruwan teku, ya tashi da tutar Burtaniya, ɗauke da kaya masu daraja waɗanda suka ƙunshi tsabar kuɗi da zinare na zinariya don bankunan Indiya, sannan har yanzu mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. Biyo bayan gazawar abubuwa da yawa daga wasu manyan kamfanoni na Ingilishi da Yaren mutanen Holland, an ba da kwangilar bincike da farfadowa ga SO. RI. MA. na Genoa. Shugaban da ke karkatar da ruwa Alberto Gianni shi ne ke jagorantar ayyukan. An gano tarkacen jirgin na Masar a ranar 29 ga Agusta 1930 a zurfin -130m amma mummunan yanayin hunturu ya tilasta dage farfadowar zuwa bazara mai zuwa. A halin yanzu, an aika Artiglio zuwa tsibirin Belle Île, a arewa maso yammacin Faransa, don dawo da jirgin Florence H, wanda ya nitse a cikin 1917, ɗauke da tarin abubuwa masu fashewa, a gaban tashar jirgin da ke hana hanyar wucewa. A lokacin rushewar Florence H., an yi kuskuren ɗauka cewa fashewar, nutsar da fiye da shekaru 13, ba ta da amsa. A ranar 8 ga Disamba 1930, sakamakon cajin rusau, yawan biya a cikin jirgin shima ya fashe. Artiglio, wanda aka kafa ta kuskuren kuskure na kimantawa a wata tazarar da ba ta isa ba, fashewar ta lalata kuma ta nitse a cikin Bay of Biscay tsakanin Belle Île da Houat, Morbihan, Faransa. Ma’aikatan jirgin 12 suka mutu a cikin hatsarin, hada da Alberto Gianni iri iri, Aristide Franceschi, da Alberto Bargellini, dukkansu daga Viareggio, da kwamandan jirgin, Kyaftin Bertolotto di Camogli. Wadanda suka tsira sun sami ceto daga Rostro Artiglio na II Don dawo da dukiyar Masar, Commendatore Quaglia da sauri ya sanya jirgi na biyu, wanda asalinsa aka ba shi suna Maurétanie, kuma aka sake masa suna da Artiglio II ya kasance, duk da haka, ba da daɗewa ba ake kira "Artiglio". Tare da wannan jirgin, wanda aka gyara da kuma dawo dashi ta ma'aikatan SO. RI. MA., Galibi sanye take da kayan da aka kwato daga Artiglio, saboda abubuwan kirkira da tsarawar da Alberto Gianni ya bari, kuma a gaban manyan hadayu a ɓangaren ma'aikata a cikin ruwan guguwa da ke gabar Brest, duk dukiyar Masar. a ƙarshe an dawo da su, galibi sun yi tsabar kudi, sanduna da zinare gwal gami da sanduna na azurfa da yawa. Saukewarwar ya faru ne a zurfin da ake ganin ba zai yiwu a kai shi a lokacin ba daga wasu masu ruwa da tsaki, wadanda suka yi amfani da shahararriyar "torretta butoscopica" da Gianni ta kirkira, ya sauka zuwa -130 mita, don jagorantar aikin guga da ake sarrafawa a cikin Artiglio. Wannan taron ya kawo babbar daraja ga Italiya, nasarar da shugabannin ƙasashe da gwamnatocin lokacin suke yabawa a duk duniya. An aika da sakon taya murna daga ko'ina cikin duniya, gami da daga George V Sarkin Ingila Benito Mussolini sannan ministan sadarwa na wancan lokacin Costanzo Ciano Giovanni Quaglia Commendatore Giovanni Quaglia, mutum ne mai matukar hazakar kasuwanci da hangen nesa, ya kasance mai share fagen duk ayyukan zurfin jiragen ruwa na zamani da kuma ayyukan sake ruwa. Godiya gareshi, duk kamfanonin mai da sojojin ruwa na duniya suma an tanada musu ababen hawa da kayan aiki masu bin falsafar aiki ta Artiglio da SO. RI. MA. wanda ya kafa kuma ya jagoranta, kamfani wanda ya kammala ayyukan ceto da yawa na teku, kuma wanda godiya ga ci gaban nasarorin da aka ɗauka shine mafi kyau da gasa a matakin duniya. Ya kuma kasance mai mallakar Italiya na farko da ya kafa rundunar jiragen ruwa na dakon mai Abin takaici, an kuma dauke shi a matsayin mutumin da ba shi da katutu kuma ba ya girmama alkawurra tare da masu yawa da ma'aikatan da suka sami daraja da kuɗi, ba tare da ba da lambobin yabo da yin alkawarin biyan diyya ba. Tare da hadin gwiwar gwamnatin Fascist ya sami nasarar gujewa bukatun kungiyar ta kungiyar hadin kan teku. David Scott A kan Artiglio ne dan jaridar kuma marubuci David Scott ya rayu, wakili na musamman na The Times na London, wanda ya aika da labarai ta hanyar rediyo nan da nan. A ranar nutsar da shi yana cikin ƙasa, amma ya kasance a lokacin kamfen don kwato dukiyar Masar, duk matakan da ya bayyana dalla-dalla. Ya kasance kusa da ƙungiya kuma daga baya ya rubuta littattafai da yawa akan abubuwan da suka shafi kamfanin SO. RI. MA. hakan yana da nasarorin ƙasa da ƙasa, don haka ya taimaka ƙirƙirar labarin tarko na diversasar Italiya. Littattafan da ya rubuta suna da mahimmin abin duba ga masu sha’awa da masana tarihi, saboda suna da yawa kuma suna ba da cikakkun bayanai game da abubuwan tarihin da suka shafi duniyar Turawan Italiya a wancan lokacin. Viareggio Don tunawa da jirgin da masu ba da labarin daga garin Viareggio, an kafa Gidauniyar Artiglio Turai a Viareggio. Tana ba da lambar yabo ta Artiglio ta Duniya ga waɗanda suka bambanta kansu a cikin duniyar ruwa da nazari da kariya ga yanayin ruwan. Hakanan akwai makarantar sakandare a Viareggio, Istituto Tecnico Nautico Artiglio (Nautical State School "Artiglio"), wanda ke shirya ɗalibai don aiki a cikin inungiyar Sojan Ruwa da kuma masu ginin jirgi Tun daga 1966, garin ya sarrafa "kulob din subacqueo Artiglio" Kulob din ruwa na Artiglio"). Gidan kayan gargajiya na teku yana da babban sashi wanda aka keɓe don ayyukan masu bautar Viareggio da kayan aikin ruwa waɗanda mambobin ƙungiyar suka samar. Duba kuma Diungiyar Ruwa ta Tarihi Jirgin Ruwa Ruwa cikin ruwa Hanyoyin haɗin waje Jirgin Ruwa na Italiya a Galley Head Sunan P O Liner 'Misira' ana kiransa "rashi mai yuwuwa" SS Misira na 1897 Tarihin Misira akan Deepimage.co.uk kwatancin kwatankwacin tsira na SS Egypt

51279

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufuri%20a%20Senegal

Sufuri a Senegal

Wannan muƙalar ta na bayyana tsarin sufuri a Senegal, na jama'a da masu zaman kansu. Wannan tsarin ya ƙunshi tituna, sufurin jirgin ƙasa, sufurin Jirgin ruwa, da sufurin jiragen sama. Hanyoyi Tsarin tituna a Senegal yana da yawa bisa ka'idojin yammacin Afirka, tare da shimfidar titunan da suka isa kowane lungu na kasar da dukkan manyan garuruwa. Manyan tituna na duniya Dakar ita ce ƙarshen hanyoyi guda uku a cikin hanyar hanyar sadarwa ta Trans-African Highway. Wadannan su ne kamar haka: Babban titin Alkahira zuwa Dakar wanda ya ratsa gefen sahara Babban titin Dakar-Ndjamena wanda ya haɗu da ƙasashen Sahel, wanda kuma ake kira babbar hanyar Trans-Sahelian. Babban titin Dakar-Lagos da ke tafiya a gabar tekun yammacin Afirka kuma kungiyar raya tattalin arzikin kasashen yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) ta kira babbar hanyar gabar tekun Trans-West Africa (ko da yake ECOWAS na ganin wannan hanyar za ta fara ne a birnin Nouakchott na kasar Mauritania). Hanyar sadarwa ta Senegal tana da alaka ta kut-da-kut da ta Gambiya, tun da mafi guntuwar hanyar tsakanin gundumomin kudu maso yamma a daya bangaren da yamma ta tsakiya da arewa maso yammacin kasar ta Gambia. Hanyoyin mota Hanya guda daya tilo da ke aiki a Senegal a halin yanzu tana aiki na 34 km. tsakanin Dakar da Diamniadio, kuma babbar hanyar mota ce. Wani sabon yanki na babbar hanyar, na 16.5 km. A halin yanzu ana kan ginawa, wanda zai isa filin jirgin sama na Blaise Diagne Wani sashi na 50 km. Har ila yau, ana gina shi, yana haɗa filin jirgin sama zuwa Thiès; kuma 115 km. shimfiɗa daga Thiès zuwa Touba, makoma ta ƙarshe na hanyar da aka tsara, za a fara aikin ginin nan gaba kaɗan. Hanyoyin kasa Manyan tituna a Senegal an riga an sanya su "N" kuma an ƙidaya su daga 1 zuwa 7: N1 Dakar Mbour Fatick Kaolack Tambacounda Kidira Mali N2 Pout Thiès Louga St-Louis Richard Toll Ouro Sogui Kidira Mali N3 Wannan Diourbel Touba Linguère Ouro Sogui N4 Kaolack Hanyar Trans-Gambia Bignona Ziguinchor Guinea-Bissau N5 Bignona Diouloulou Gambia Sokone Kaolack N6 Tambacounda Vélingara Kolda Ziguinchor Guinea-Bissau N7 Ouro Sogui Tambacounda Niokolo-Koba Kédougou Guinea Hanyoyin yanki R20, R21, R22 R30, R31, R32 R60, R61 R70 Manyan al'amura Hadarin motar bas ta Senegal (2023) Layin dogo jimla: 906 km gauge: 906 km da 1,000 mm Taswirori Taswirar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Sufurin kasa An kiyasta kimanin 4,271 kilomita 10,305 na titin da aka shimfida kilomita na hanyoyin da ba a buɗe ba tun daga 1996. Tasi (baƙar rawaya ko shuɗi-rawaya mai launi) suna da arha, da yawa kuma ana samun su a ko'ina cikin Dakar. Yana da al'adar da yin shawarwari game da farashi tunda yawancin mita da aka sanya a cikin tasi sun lalace ko sun ɓace. Don tafiya a wajen Dakar, ana samun jigilar jama'a amma galibi ba abin dogaro bane da rashin jin daɗi. Hanyoyin ruwa 897 km duka; 785 km a kan kogin Senegal, da 112 km akan kogin Saloum. Tashoshi da tashar jiragen ruwa Dakar railhead Kaolack, Matam, Podor, Richard Toll, Saint-Louis, Ziguinchor Dakar na da daya daga cikin manyan tashoshin ruwa masu zurfi a gabar tekun Afirka ta Yamma. Tsarinsa mai zurfi da tashar shiga tashar tana ba da damar yin amfani da tashar jiragen ruwa kowane lokaci. Abubuwan da ake amfani da su a halin yanzu sun haɗa da jigilar jiragen ruwa da tashoshi masu saukarwa, tashar kwantena mai ɗaukar nauyin 3000 daidai da ƙafa 20, tashar hatsi da tashar kamun kifi, tashar phosphate da aka keɓe da kuma wurin gyaran jirgi mai zaman kansa. Wurin tashar jiragen ruwa a iyakar yammacin Afirka, a mararrabar manyan hanyoyin tekun da ke haɗa Turai da Kudancin Amirka, ya sa ta zama tashar jiragen ruwa ta dabi'a ga kamfanonin jigilar kaya. Jimlar zirga-zirgar jigilar kayayyaki ta kai tan miliyan 10. filayen jiragen sama Akwai kimanin filayen jirgin sama 20 a shekarar 1999. Blaise Diagne International Airport a Diass ya zama cibiyar yankin. An haɗa Dakar zuwa biranen Afirka da yawa ta hanyar jirgin sama, kuma jirage na yau da kullun na zuwa Turai. Delta Air Lines yana tashi kullun zuwa /daga Atlanta/Dakar/Johannesburg. Jirgin na Afirka ta Kudu yana tashi kullum zuwa New York da Washington, DC daga Johannesburg ta Dakar. Tsohuwar filin jirgin sama na Léopold Sédar Senghor da ke Dakar yanzu ya kasance a matsayin tashar kaya kawai. Duba kuma Senegal Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

29872

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruwa%20mai%20gishiri

Ruwa mai gishiri

ruwa Mai gishiri shine tsari na kwararar gishiri da ke gurɓata yanayin ruwa, wanda zai iya cutar da nau'in ruwa a wasu adadi kuma yana lalata ruwan sha Sau da yawa ana auna shi ta hanyar ƙara yawan adadin ma'adanai da aka narkar da fiye da abin da aka yi la'akari da shi na al'ada don yankin da ake kallo. Ana kiran salinization na halitta a matsayin salinization na farko; wannan ya hada da ruwan sama, yanayin dutse, kutsawar ruwan teku, da ma'adinan iska. Salinization da ɗan adam ya haifar ana kiransa salinization na biyu, tare da yin amfani da gishirin hanya mai ƙazantawa a matsayin mafi yawan nau'in zubar da ruwa. Kimanin kusan kashi 37% na magudanar ruwa a Amurka an yi su ne ta hanyar salinization a cikin ƙarni da suka gabata. EPA ta ayyana kofa biyu don ingantaccen matakan salinity a cikin muhallin ruwan ruwa: 230 mg/L Cl don matsakaicin matakan salinity da 860 mg/L Cl don shigarwar gaggawa. Salinization na farko Salinity plays a major role in a freshwater organism's attempts to maintain an osmotic balance between ion concentration and their internal fluids. Salinization increases osmotic pressure, thus negatively affecting the chance of an organism's fitness and survival. Higher levels of salinity present in freshwater environments can lead to declining species richness in general observations, though toxicity varies among freshwater species and the identity of the ions that are causing the salinization. Excluding an organism's death, excess salinity may also lead to a decrease in both individual and population fitness via stunted growth during adolescence, decreased feeding ability, oxidative stress, and overall bodily disfigurement. Yawan ruwan gishiri mai yawa a wuraren da ruwa mai dadi kuma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa akan ma'auni masu yawan jama'a; za su iya canza mu'amala mai zafi a cikin yanayin halittu kuma su canza zagayowar sinadarai na zamani zuwa 'sababbin' ta hanyar canza kwararar hanyar fili. Haɓaka yanayin muhalli na iya sauƙaƙe kutsawa na nau'ikan ɓarna waɗanda ke da ikon sarrafa yanayin ruwan gishiri da gishiri Tasiri kan lafiyar dan adam Yawancin ruwan da mutane ke amfani da su da kuma cinye su a kullum suna samo asali ne daga tushen ruwa mai kyau. Yawan gishiri mai yawa a cikin wuraren ruwan sha na iya haifar da illoli da yawa ga lafiyar ɗan adam. Wani bincike da aka yi kan wasu kauyuka biyu da ke gabar teku a Bangladesh ya nuna cewa idan aka sha ruwa mai gurbataccen ruwa mai yawan gishiri, yana iya haifar da al’amuran lafiya kamar su zubar gashi, cututtukan fata, matsalolin ciki, gudawa, da hawan jini. Yawan gishiri mai yawa a cikin ruwan sha kuma an gano yana da alaƙa da cututtukan zuciya irin su (CVD). Ruwan ruwan da ke da alkaline da gishiri kuma na iya tattarawa da sakin nau'ikan sinadarai da ke tafiya tare a cikin magudanar ruwa, suna gurɓata tushen ruwan ɗan adam, kuma suna iya haifar da lahani iri-iri ga lafiyar ɗan adam idan an sha. Wadannan sinadarai masu guba, galibi suna kunshe da karafa da nitrogen mai dauke da mahadi, ko dai an tilasta musu fitar da su daga cikin kasa mai rafi da ions gishiri, ko kuma gishirin da ke cikin ruwa ya lalata bututu ta hanyar wucewa, yana sakin sinadarai zuwa tushen ruwa. Misalin abin da ya faru shine a Flint, Michigan Saboda yawan gishirin da ake samu a kogin Flint daga magudanar ruwan gishirin da ke kusa da titin, ruwan da ke ratsa bututun mazauna ya taimaka wajen lalata da kuma sakin gubar a cikin ruwan sha. Salinization na biyu Haɗin gwiwar ɗan adam yana haɓaka ƙimar salinization na farko. Ci gaban ƙasa, kamar gine-gine da hakar ma'adinai, yana haifar da abubuwan da aka samu a cikin gadon gado don sakin su daga wuraren da suke da ƙarfi su zo saman, wanda daga nan sai a fallasa su ga haɓakar yanayin yanayi, a ƙarshe yana haifar da leaching ions a cikin hanyoyin ruwa na kusa. Har ila yau, sannan ayyukan noma suna haifar da ban ruwa mai gishiri wanda zai iya shiga cikin ruwa mai tsabta ta hanyar shigar da magungunan kashe qwari iri-iri ko zubar da ruwa mai alaka da kiwo, kuma a dabi'a za a iya kawo ruwan gishiri a fili ta hanyar share ƙasa Chloride a cikin nau'i na chlorine an gane shi a matsayin mafi yawan nau'in gishirin ɗan adam da aka fallasa ga muhalli. A cikin ayyukan noma, chlorine yana haɗe tare da wasu mahadi don samar da kaushi na ƙwayoyin cuta da ake amfani da su don magance ruwa. Wannan ruwan da aka yi da shi yana motsawa daga filayen zuwa magudanar ruwa inda zai iya wanzuwa na dogon lokaci gaba daya. Tarin chlorine yana yaɗu musamman inda rashin ban ruwa ya faru. Haɓaka matakan chloride na iya haifar da acidification, motsi na mahadi na metalloid ta hanyar musayar ion tare da gadon rafi, ɓata jadawalin hada tafki, ƙoramai da gyare-gyaren alaƙar biotic na ruwa. Tasiri akan kwayoyin ruwa mai dadi Saboda raɗaɗin jiki, salinity na yanayin ruwa na kwayoyin halitta zai iya yin tasiri mai yawa akan kwanciyar hankali ta salula. Halittu da ke zaune a cikin yanayin yanayin ruwa mai daɗi suna buƙatar kiyaye ma'aunin osmotic tsakanin ruwan jikinsu da yawan ion a cikin ƙwayoyin su. Canje-canje a cikin matsa lamba osmotic yana buƙatar makamashi mai yawa kuma zai iya haifar da lalacewar salula da mutuwar salula a cikin kwayoyin halitta. Canje-canje a cikin matakan salinity yana shafar kwayoyin halitta a cikin yanayin muhallin ruwa kai tsaye da kuma a kaikaice. Matakan mai guba na ions gishiri na iya haifar da sauye-sauyen ilimin lissafi a cikin nau'in halitta wanda zai iya haifar da illa ga ba kawai mutum ba, har ma da yawan nau'in. Daban-daban tasirin akan waɗannan kwayoyin halitta na iya yin tasiri a kaikaice gabaɗayan yanayin yanayin ruwan ruwa ta hanyar gyara tsarin al'ummar ruwa da ayyukansu. Yayin da salinity ke ƙaruwa a cikin yanayin yanayin ruwa mai daɗi, galibi wannan yana haifar da raguwar bambance-bambancen biota da wadata. Adadin bacewa ga kwayoyin ruwa mai tsafta yana daga cikin mafi girma a cikin duniya, kuma yayin da matakan gishiri a cikin waɗannan halittun ruwa ke ci gaba da karuwa, ƙarin nau'ikan da mahallin su za su zama barazana da Illa. Salin salin ruwan daɗaɗɗen ruwa na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga wadatar nau'ikan, bambance-bambance, da abun da ke tattare da al'umma a cikin matakan trophic da yawa. Haɗin gwiwar gasa tsakanin zooplankton na iya canzawa yayin da salinity ke ƙaruwa, manyan nau'ikan Simocephalus vetulus sun ƙetare mafi rinjayen Daphnia galeata a ƙarƙashin manyan jiyya na salinity. Wadatar nau'ikan invertebrate suna raguwa yayin da gishiri ya karu. Mayflies, stoneflies, da caddisflies, waɗanda ake la'akari da su zama alamomi masu kyau na lafiyar rafi, sun nuna raguwa musamman saboda karuwar salinity. Wasu nau'in kifi suna yin mummunan tasiri ta hanyar salinization. A cikin ƙananan kogin Pecos, 13 daga cikin nau'in kifi na asali 44 sun bace a wuraren da ake yawan gishiri. Koyaya, wasu kifin suna nuna raguwa ne kawai lokacin da gishiri ya kai matsananciyar matakan. Wani bincike da aka yi a Baltimore ya nuna cewa, a cikin ƙananan matakan chloride, ƙara yawan matakan chloride yana hana tsarin cirewa a cikin tafkuna, wanda ke da mahimmanci don cire nitrate, sakamakon ammoniya daga kifi da sauran kwayoyin ruwa. Ma'aunin Chloride a Arewa maso Gabashin Amurka yana karuwa akan lokaci zuwa kusan giram 5 a kowace lita daga gishirin titi da ake amfani da su a lokacin sanyi. Dukkanin Wannan ɓarkewar yana sa al'ummomin ruwan da ke kusa da birane su sami raguwar bambance-bambancen halittu dama kuma yanayin zafi. Biomodification na gishiri mai guba Saboda yawan damuwa da ke faruwa a cikin al'ummomin ruwa, ƙara yawan matakan salinization na iya samun tasirin da ba a zata ba ta hanyar hulɗa tare da wasu mahadi. Ciwon salinization na ruwa (FSS) an ambaci shi ya zama sanannen barazana ga ruwan ruwan da ke Arewacin Amurka da Turai Haɗin kai tsakanin gishiri da pH, abubuwan gina jiki, karafa, da cations tushe ba a san su sosai ba, kodayake na iya ƙara tsananta al'amuran da ke akwai don yin mummunan tasiri ga ingancin ruwa, ƙididdigar carbon dioxide, da bambancin halittu Matsakaicin ion na guba na gishiri na iya canza matakin sake kunnawa wani nau'in zai amsa da shi. Don samun damar gane da kyau wasan kwaikwayon barazanar salinity yana buƙatar daidaitattun adadin kowane ion da ake ciki don a lissafta su. Hankali kuma ya bambanta tsakanin jinsuna. Nazarin da ke mayar da hankali kan hulɗar abiotic tare da kwayoyin ruwa mai tsabta sun gano cewa salinity yana da tasiri mai tasiri akan mahadi masu lahani da ake lura da su a mafi yawan lokuta, to amma ba koyaushe ba, wanda ke sa tsarin tsinkaya ya zama mai wahala ga masana kimiyya. An haɗu da salinization da alkalization ta hanyar nazarin yankuna masu bushewa a duk faɗin Arewacin Amurka kuma sun yi mummunan tasiri kimanin 37% da 90% na wuraren magudanar ruwa, bi da bi. An fi lura da hulɗar su ta matakan haɓaka pH a cikin rafuka da koguna da aka auna a cikin 232 USGS shafukan a 2018. Daga cikin waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon, 66% sun nuna babban haɓakar pH, sannan Kuma a yankin da aka fi fama da shi shine birni mai yawan gaske a gabas da tsakiyar yamma. Tare da masu laifin salinization na yau da kullun na kwararar ruwa da kankara na hanya, lemun tsami da siminti suna saurin saukowa don ba da gudummawar ions da gishiri cikin rafukan ruwa. Sanann alamun FSS sun haɗa da tabarbarewar ababen more rayuwa, raguwar rabe-raben halittu, da ƙara yawan gurɓata yanayi a cikin tsarin ruwa. Tare da haɗin gwiwar kwayoyin halitta na photoynthetic, matakan asali na pH na iya shigar da madaidaicin ra'ayi ta hanyar rashi na narkar da carbons a cikin ruwa dangane da adadin da aka narkar da carbon dioxide, don haka ya kara tsananta FSS. Rigakafi da gyarawa Gyara na iya faruwa ta hanyar ƙirƙirar daidaitaccen tushen bayanai na ƙasa inda ƙananan hukumomi da kamfanoni za su iya ba da rahoton adadi da yawan sinadarai na gishirin hanyar da aka fitar don dalilai na cire ƙanƙara. Wannan zai taimaka wajen daidaitawa da lura da ions da ake fitarwa zuwa cikin muhalli don haka za'a iya sa ido kan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa na kusa don fallasa a hankali. Hakanan akwai buƙatar samun daidaitaccen bayanin da ƙwararrun masana kimiyya suka haɓaka wanda ke nuna menene matsakaicin matsakaicin matakan ion gishiri don yanayin yanayin ruwa na yau da kullun. Wani bincike na Kanada ya ba da shawarar yin amfani da tsire-tsire na halophyte don taimakawa wajen daidaita yanayin gishiri a cikin ƙasa da kuma hana shigar da shi cikin ruwan ƙasa. Halophytes tsire-tsire ne da ke da juriya ga gishiri, kuma makasudin binciken shine don ganin ko za a iya dasa su a kusa da wuraren da ake amfani da gishiri mai yawa a hanya don hana kutsawa cikin ruwa. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa lokacin da aka gwada ƙasan da ke kewaye, 11% na Cl ions da 87% na Na ions an kiyaye su a cikin saman ƙasan ƙasa lokacin da halophytes ke nan. Wannan yana nuna yuwuwar rigakafin kwararar gishirin hanya daga samun ruwa mai kyau. Idan akwai yuwuwar dasa halophytes a kusa da tushen ruwa mai yiwuwa ions gishiri ba zai yi yuwuwar zubewa zuwa tushen ruwan ba kuma ana iya iyakance ko hana salinity. Dangane da wasu halaye masu cutarwa na ɗan adam kamar hakar ma'adinai, masu kiyayewa da masu sa kai suna dasa nau'ikan itatuwan Appalachian na asali da tsare-tsare a wuraren da ake amfani da su a baya don ayyukan hakar ma'adinai. Sake dasa waɗannan tsire-tsire na asali zai yi fatan gyara ƙasar da ayyukan haƙar ma'adinai na saman dutse suka lalata da kuma haɓaka nau'ikan halittu a Appalachia. Jan spruce wani nau'i ne na asali wanda aka sake dawo dashi saboda mahimmancin ikonsa na tacewa da kama ruwa daga zurfin kwayoyin halitta a cikin ƙasan da ke kewaye. 90% na jajayen bishiyar spruce da aka shuka sun tsira, wanda ke nuna alƙawarin ƙoƙarin gyarawa ta hanyar amfani da nau'in asali ko na zahiri. Litattafai Yanayi Shara Ruwa Muhalli Gishiri Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

14479

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold%20Coast%20%28Mulkin%20mallaka%20na%20Birtaniyya%29

Gold Coast (Mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya)

Gold Coast yanki ne na mulkin mallakan Birtaniya da ke Gulf na Guinea a Afirka ta Yamma daga shekarar 1821 zuwa samun 'yancin kai a matsayin wani bangare na al'ummar Ghana a shekara ta 1957. Hakanan ana amfani da kalmar Gold Coast galibi don bayyana duk ƙananan hukunce-hukuncen guda huɗu waɗanda suke ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Gwamna na Gold Coast Waɗannan su ne Yankin Gold Coast da kanta, Ashanti, Protearfafa Yankin Arewacin da kuma yankin amintaccen Burtaniya Togoland. Farkon masu binciken Turai da suka isa bakin tekun su ne Fotigal a cikin shekarar 1471. Sun gamu da masarautun Afirka iri-iri, wasu daga cikinsu suna sarrafa tarin zinare a cikin ƙasa. A shekarar 1483, Turawan Fotigal sun zo nahiyar don karuwar kasuwanci. Sun gina Castle of Elmina, matsuguni na farko na Turai akan Gold Coast. Daga nan suka sami bayi da zinariya a cikin cinikin kayan Turai, kamar su wukake na ƙarfe, beads, madubai, rum, da bindigogi. Labarin cinikin nasara ya bazu cikin sauri, kuma 'yan kasuwa na Burtaniya, Dutch, Danish, da Sweden suma sun zo. 'Yan kasuwar Turai sun gina kagarai da yawa a gefen bakin teku. Kogin Gold ya daɗe yana suna ga yankin da Turawa ke amfani da shi saboda albarkatun zinare da ake samu a yankin. Kasuwancin bayi shine babban musayar kuma babban ɓangare na tattalin arziƙin shekaru. A wannan lokacin, ƙasashen Turai sun fara bincika da mulkin mallaka na Amurka. Ba da daɗewa ba Fotigal da Sifen suka fara fitar da bayin Afirka zuwa ƙasashen Caribbean, da Arewacin da Kudancin Amurka. Dutch da Ingilishi suma sun shiga cinikin bayi, da farko suna ba da kasuwanni a cikin Caribbean da kuma gabar tekun Caribbean na Kudancin Amurka. Kamfanin Royal Trading ya kafa ta a cikin shekarata 1752 don jagorantar kasuwancin ta a Afirka. Kamfanin Afirka na hanan Kasuwa ne ya maye gurbinsa, wanda ya jagoranci yunƙurin kasuwancin Biritaniya zuwa farkon ƙarni na 19. A cikin 1821 gwamnatin Burtaniya ta janye yarjejeniyarsu kuma ta ƙwace ƙasashe masu zaman kansu a bakin tekun. A cikin 1821, gwamnati ta kafa mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya na Kogin Gold, bayan da ta karɓi ragowar bukatun sauran ƙasashen Turai. Sun sayi kuma sun sanya kasar Kogin Zinariya a cikin 1850 da Dutch Kogin Zinariya, gami da Fort Elmina, a cikin shekarar 1872. Burtaniya ta fadada mulkin mallaka a hankali ta hanyar mamayewa da yin biyayya ga masarautun cikin gida har ila yau, musamman ma ƙungiyar Ashanti da Fante. Mutanen Ashanti sun mallaki yawancin yankuna na Ghana kafin zuwan Turawa kuma galibi suna rikici dasu. A cikin karni na 21 sun ci gaba da kasancewa mafi yawan al'ummomin kabilu a Ghana. Yaƙe-yaƙe huɗu, yaƙe-yaƙe na Anglo-Ashanti, an yi su ne tsakanin Ashanti (Asante) da Birtaniyya, waɗanda a wasu lokutan suke ƙawance da Fante. A lokacin Yaƙin Anglo-Ashanti na Farko (1822-24), ƙungiyoyin biyu sun yi faɗa saboda rashin jituwa a kan shugaban Ashanti da bautar. Turawan ingila sun soke cinikin bayi na tekun Atlantika amma suka ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin yankunanta har zuwa 1834. Tashin hankali ya karu a 1874 yayin Yakin Ashanti na Biyu (1873-74) lokacin da Birtaniyya ta kori Ashanti babban birnin Kumasi. Yakin Ashanti na Uku (1893–94) ya faru ne saboda sabon mai mulkin Ashanti Asantehene yana son yin amfani da sabon taken nasa. Daga shekarar 1895–96 Turawan Burtaniya da Ashanti suka fafata a Yakin Ashanti na hudu kuma na karshe, inda Ashanti suka yi gwagwarmaya kuma suka rasa ‘yancinsu. A cikin 1900 tashin Ashanti ya faru. Turawan ingila sun murkushe tashin hankali kuma suka kame garin Kumasi. A karshen wannan makon Ashanti War, karkarar da Ashanti mutanen da suka zama a Birtaniya protectorate a 1 ga watan Janairun shekarata 1902. Zuwa shekarar 1901, Birtaniyya ta kafa mulkin mallaka wanda ya hada dukkan Zinariya, tare da masarautun ta da kabilun da suke dauke da rukuni daya. Turawan sun yi amfani da albarkatun ƙasa iri-iri kamar su zinariya, karafan ƙarfe, lu'ulu'u, hauren giwa, barkono, katako, hatsi da koko. Turawan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya sun gina hanyoyin jirgin kasa da hadaddun hanyoyin sufuri don tallafawa jigilar irin wadannan kayan masarufi. Wannan ya kafa tushe ga kayayyakin sufuri a cikin ƙasar Ghana ta zamani. Sun kuma gina asibitoci da makarantu irin na Yamma don samar da abubuwan more rayuwa ga mutanen masarautar. Alkawarin Ashanti da Fante samari galibi sun kammala karatun su a Biritaniya a wasu manyan jami'o'in ta. Zuwa 1945, a sakamakon babban rawar mulkin mallaka a yakin duniya na biyu, masu kishin kasa a Kogin Zinariya sun dauki matsayin jagoranci wajen neman karin ikon cin gashin kai. A shekarar 1951-55 sun raba mulki tare da Birtaniyya. Zuwa 1956, Burtaniya Togoland, Ashanti protectorate, da Fante protectorate sun hade da Kogin Zinariya don kirkirar yanki daya, wanda ya zama sananne da Kogin Zinariya. Dokar 'Yancin Gana ta 1957 ta zama masarautar masarautar Kogin Zinariya a matsayin wani bangare na sabuwar mamayar Ghana. Tarihi Mulkin Burtaniya A ƙarshen karni na 19, Turawan Birtaniyya, ta hanyar mamaya ko sayayya, sun mamaye yawancin katangar bakin tekun. Manyan dalilai guda biyu sun aza harsashin mulkin Burtaniya da kuma kafa mulkin mallaka a kan Kogin Zinariya: Abin da Birtaniyya ta yi game da yaƙe-yaƙe na Asante da sakamakon rashin kwanciyar hankali da rikice-rikice na kasuwanci, da ƙwarewar Birtaniyya tare da danniya da kawar da cinikin bayi. A lokacin mafi yawan karni na 19, Asante, mafi karfin iko na cikin gidan Akan, ya nemi fadada mulkin sa da inganta da kuma kare kasuwancin sa. Yaƙin Asante na farko na yankunan bakin teku ya faru ne a cikin 1807; ‘yan Asante sun sake komawa kudu a yakin Ga-Fante na shekara ta 1811 da kuma a yakin Ashanti Akim Akwapim na 1814-16. Waɗannan hare-haren, duk da cewa ba su yanke hukunci ba, sun katse fatauci a cikin kayayyakin irin su fuka-fukai, hauren giwa, roba da man dabino, kuma sun yi barazanar tsaron ƙauyukan Turai. Hukumomin Birtaniyya, Dutch, da na Danish duk an tilasta musu su sasanta da Asante. A cikin 1817 Kamfanin Afirka na Mercan Kasuwa suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar abota wacce ta amince da iƙirarin Asante ga ikon mallakar manyan yankuna na gabar teku da jama'arta. Kadarorin Kamfanin 'Yan Kasuwa na Afirka sun ƙunshi manyan wuraren kasuwanci tara ko masana'antu: Fort William, Fort James, Fort Sekondi, Fort Winneba, Fort Apollonia, Fort Tantumquery, Fort Metal Cross, Fort Komenda, da Cape Coast Castle, na ƙarshe na wacce ita ce cibiyar gudanarwa. Mutanen da ke bakin teku, musamman wasu daga cikin Fante da mazauna sabon garin Accra, wadanda suka kasance manyan Ga, sun dogara ne da kariyar Burtaniya daga mamayar Asante. Amma kamfanonin kasuwanci suna da iyakantaccen ƙarfin samar da irin wannan tsaro. Masarautar Burtaniya ta rusa kamfanin a shekarar 1821, tare da ba da iko kan masarautar Burtaniya a kan Gold Coast ga Charles MacCarthy, gwamnan mulkin mallaka na Saliyo. Kungiyoyin Birtaniyya da Saliyo sun kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin gama gari don rabin farkon karni. Umurnin MacCarthy shine gabatar da zaman lafiya da kuma kawo karshen cinikin bayi. Ya nemi yin hakan ta hanyar ƙarfafa mutanen bakin teku su yi adawa da mulkin Kumasi da kuma rufe manyan hanyoyi zuwa bakin tekun. Abubuwa da yaƙe-yaƙe na lokaci-lokaci sun ci gaba, duk da haka. A cikin 1824 an kashe MacCarthy kuma an shafe yawancin ƙarfinsa a cikin yaƙi tare da sojojin Asante. Turawan sun sami nasarar fatattakar mamayar Asante na bakin tekun a cikin shekarata 1826 tare da haɗin gwiwa na sojojin Burtaniya da na cikin gida, gami da Fante da mutanen Accra. Lokacin da gwamnatin Burtaniya ta ba da izinin kula da matsugunan Gold Coast don komawa ga Kamfanin Kasuwancin Afirka na Burtaniya a ƙarshen 1820s, dangantaka da Asante har yanzu tana da matsala. Daga ra'ayin Asante, Birtaniyyawa sun kasa sarrafa ayyukan ƙawayen yankinsu na bakin teku. Idan aka yi haka, da Asante ba ta ga ya zama dole ba don yunƙurin sanya zaman lafiya a kan mutanen bakin teku. Arfafawar MacCarthy ga adawa da bakin teku ga Asante da harin soja na Biritaniya na 1824 wanda ya biyo baya ya ƙara nuna wa shugabannin Asante cewa Turawa, musamman ma Burtaniya, ba su girmama Asante ba. A cikin shekarar 1830 wani kwamiti na 'yan kasuwa na London ya zaɓi Kyaftin George Maclean ya zama shugaban ƙaramar hukumar' yan kasuwa. Kodayake ikon ikonsa na yau da kullun yana da iyaka, nasarorin Maclean na da yawa; misali, ya shirya yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tare da Asante a 1831. Maclean ya kuma kula da mutanen bakin teku ta hanyar rike kotu na yau da kullun a Cape Coast, inda ya yanke hukunci tare da hukunta wadanda aka samu da laifin tayar da zaman lafiya. Tsakanin 1830 da 1843, yayin da Maclean ke kula da lamura a kan Gold Coast, babu wani rikici da ya faru da Asante. Reportedlyarar kasuwancin ta ba da rahoton sau uku. Aikin Maclean na iyakance ikon shari'a a bakin ruwa yayi tasiri sosai har wani kwamiti na majalisar dokoki ya ba da shawarar cewa gwamnatin Burtaniya ta gudanar da ayyukanta na dindindin tare da tattauna yarjejeniyoyi tare da shuwagabannin gabar teku don ayyana alakar Biritaniya da su. Gwamnatin ta yi haka a cikin shekarata 1843, a wannan shekarar aka sake dawo da gwamnatin ta kambi. An nada kwamanda Henry Worsley Hill gwamnan farko na Gold Coast A karkashin gwamnatin Maclean, yawancin kabilun bakin teku sun mika wuya don kariyar Burtaniya. Hill ya ci gaba da ayyana yanayi da nauyi na ikon sa a kan yankunan da aka kiyaye. Ya yi yarjejeniya da wata yarjejeniya ta musamman tare da wasu Fante da sauran shugabannin gargajiya waɗanda aka sansu da suna Jond na 1844. Wannan takaddar ta tilasta wa shugabannin yankin gabatar da manyan laifuka, kamar kisan kai da fashi, zuwa ikon Burtaniya; ta aza harsashin doka don mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya na gaba na yankin bakin teku. Karin jihohin bakin teku da kuma sauran jihohin da ke nesa daga baya sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar, kuma an karɓi tasirin Burtaniya, an ƙarfafa shi, an faɗaɗa shi. A karkashin sharuddan tsarin 1844, Burtaniya ta bayyana don samar da tsaro ga yankunan bakin teku; don haka, tsarin kare jama'a ya kasance. Kamar yadda nauyin kare kawancen cikin gida da kula da lamuran tsaron gabar teku ya karu, an raba gudanar da Gold Coast da Saliyo a 1850. A kusan lokaci guda, karɓar karɓar fa'idodin da kasancewar Burtaniya ta haifar da ƙaddamar da wani muhimmin mataki. A watan Afrilu na 1852, manyan sarakuna da dattawa sun hadu a Cape Coast don tuntubar gwamnan kan hanyoyin samun kudaden shiga. Tare da amincewar gwamnan, majalisar sarakuna ta kafa kanta a matsayin majalisar dokoki. A yayin amincewa da kudurorin nata, gwamnan ya nuna cewa taron shugabannin ya kamata ya zama kayan aiki na dindindin na kayan kare kundin tsarin mulki, amma ba a ba wa majalisar takamaiman ikon tsarin mulki ta zartar da dokoki ko karbar haraji ba tare da yardar mutane ba. A cikin 1872 tasirin Birtaniyya akan Gold Coast ya ƙara haɓaka lokacin da Birtaniyya ta sayi theasar Zinariya ta Dutch. Asante, wanda ya kwashe shekaru yana ɗaukar Yaren mutanen Holland a Elmina a matsayin ƙawayensu, saboda haka ya rasa hanyar kasuwanci ta ƙarshe zuwa cikin teku. Don hana wannan asara kuma don tabbatar da cewa kudaden shiga da aka samu daga wannan mukamin sun ci gaba, Asante sun yi mamayar su ta ƙarshe a bakin tekun a cikin 1873. Bayan nasarorin da suka samu da wuri, daga ƙarshe suka yi yaƙi da sojojin Burtaniya da suka sami horo sosai waɗanda suka tilasta su koma baya hayin Kogin Pra Daga baya ƙoƙarin sasantawa da Birtaniyya ya ƙi amincewa da komandan sojojinsu, Manjo Janar Sir Garnet Wolseley. Don daidaita matsalar Asante har abada, Birtaniyyawa sun mamaye Asante tare da manyan sojoji. Harin, wanda sojojin Birtaniyya 2500 da dimbin mataimakan Afirka suka kaddamar a watan Janairun 1874, ya haifar da mamaya da kone Kumasi, babban birnin Asante. Yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da ta biyo baya ta buƙaci Asante ta yi watsi da duk wata da'awar zuwa yankuna da yawa na kudu. Hakanan Asante dole ne ta buɗe hanyar zuwa Kumasi a buɗe don kasuwanci. Daga wannan lokaci zuwa gaba, ƙarfin Asante ya ci gaba da raguwa. Kungiyar a hankali ta wargaje yayin da yankuna da ke ƙarƙashin suka balle kuma yayin da yankuna da ke da kariya suka koma mulkin Burtaniya. Aiwatar da yarjejeniyar ya haifar da matsaloli da rikice-rikice. A cikin 1896 Burtaniya ta sake tura wani balaguro wanda ya mamaye Kumasi kuma ya tilasta Asante ta zama kariyar Masarautar Burtaniya. Burtaniya ta soke matsayin asantehene kuma ta kori mai ci daga mulkin mallaka. Babban jigon tarayyar Asante ya karɓi waɗannan sharuɗɗan da gangan. A cikin 1900 Asante sun yi tawaye a Yakin Zinari na Zinare amma an ci su a shekara mai zuwa. A cikin 1902 Burtaniya ta shelanta Asante a matsayin mallaka a ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnan Gold Coast. An sanya rakiyar tare da rashi tunani da tunani a bangarorin biyu. Tare da fatattakar Asante da haɗe shi, mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya na yankin ya zama gaskiya. Mulkin mallaka Rikicin soja tsakanin Asante da Fante ya ba da gudummawa ga haɓakar tasirin Birtaniyya a kan Gold Coast. Damuwa ce game da ayyukan Asante a gabar tekun wanda ya tilastawa jihohin Fante sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ta 1844. A ka'ida, jingina ta bai wa Birtaniyya iyakantattun ikon shari'a-kokarin kisan kai da kuma karar fashi kawai. Hakanan, Turawan ba za su iya samun ƙarin haƙƙoƙin shari'a ba tare da yardar sarakuna, da sarakuna, da kuma mutanen da ke cikin kariya ba. A zahiri, duk da haka, ƙoƙarin Burtaniya don ƙwace ikon mallakar shari'a da yawa ya ci nasara ƙwarai da gaske cewa a cikin 1850s sun yi tunanin kafa kotunan Turai maimakon na gargajiya na Afirka. Sakamakon motsa jiki na kara fadada ikon shari'a a bakin teku da kuma tabbatar da cewa mutanen bakin teku sun kasance cikin karfin iko, Turawan Burtaniya, bayan kayen da suka yi da Asante a 1874, ya yi shelar tsohuwar masarautar bakin teku mai mulkin mallaka. Yankin Yankin Gold Coast, wanda aka kafa a ranar 24 ga Yuli 1874, ya ƙunshi yankunan bakin teku kuma ya faɗaɗa har zuwa kan iyakokin mara iyaka na Asante. Mutanen da ke bakin teku ba su yi maraba da wannan motsi da farin ciki ba. Ba a shawarce su ba game da wannan haɗakar, wanda ya ba da izinin ware Jond na 1844 ba tare da izini ba kuma ya ɗauki masu sanya hannun sa kamar yankunan da aka ci da yaƙi. Birtaniyyawa, duk da haka, ba ta da'awar kowane haƙƙin mallakar ƙasa, yanayin da wataƙila ke bayyana rashin jituwa tsakanin jama'a. Jim kaɗan bayan ayyana yankin bakin teku a matsayin mallaka, Turawan ingila suka ƙaura da babban birnin mulkin mallaka daga Cape Coast zuwa tsohuwar gidan Danish a Christianborg da ke Accra. Kasar Biritaniya ta sami tasiri daga ƙarshe har ya haɗa da Asante. Bayan kayen Asante a cikin 1896, Turawan Burtaniya sun yi shelar kariyar mulkin mallaka. Da zarar an kori mutanen asantehene da majalisarsa, sai Birtaniyya ta nada wani kwamishina a garin Asante, wanda aka ba shi ikon yin farar hula da na aikata laifi a kan yankunan. Ana gudanar da kowace jihar Asante daga Kumasi a matsayin wani keɓaɓɓen mahaluƙi kuma yana da matuƙar alhakin gwamnan Kogin Zinariya. Kamar yadda muka gani a sama, Asante ta zama mulkin mallaka bayan shan kayen ta na karshe a shekarar 1901. A halin yanzu, Turawan Burtaniya sun sami sha'awar manyan yankuna a arewacin Asante, wanda aka fi sani da Yankin Arewa. Wannan buƙata ta samo asali ne ta hanyar buƙatar hana Faransawa da Jamusawa, waɗanda ke samun ci gaba cikin sauri a yankunan kewayen. Jami'an Burtaniya sun fara kutsawa yankin a cikin 1880s, kuma bayan 1896 an ba da kariya ga yankunan arewacin da Asante ke kula da kasuwancinsu da gabar teku. A cikin 1898 da 1899, ikon Turawan mulkin mallaka ya shata kan iyakokin tsakanin Terasashen Arewacin da yankunan da ke kewaye da Faransa da Jamusawa. An ayyana Yankin Arewacin a matsayin mai mulkin mallakar Biritaniya a cikin shekarar 1902. Kamar Asante protectorate, Yankin Arewa an sanya shi ƙarƙashin ikon kwamishina mazaunin wanda ke da alhakin gwamnan Gold Coast. Gwamnan ya mulki Asante da yankunan Arewacin ta hanyar sanarwa har zuwa 1946. Tare da arewa karkashin ikon Birtaniyya, yankuna uku na Gold Coast Yankin mallaka (yankuna na gabar teku), Asante, da Yankin Arewacin sun zama, ga dukkan dalilai masu amfani, rukunin siyasa daya, ko mulkin mallaka, wanda aka fi sani da "dogaro" ko kuma kawai a matsayin Kogin Zinariya. Iyakokin ƙasar Ghana ta yau sun farga ne a watan Mayu 1956 lokacin da mutanen yankin Volta, waɗanda aka fi sani da British Mandated Togoland, suka jefa ƙuri'a cikin yardar rai don zama ɓangare na Ghana ta zamani. Mulkin mallaka Farawa a cikin 1850, yankuna na bakin teku suna ƙara ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnan masarautun Birtaniyya, wanda Majalisar Zartarwa da Majalisar dokoki suka taimaka masa. Majalisar Zartarwa karamar kungiya ce ta shawarwari ta jami'an Turai da ke ba da shawarar dokoki da jefa kuri'a, gwargwadon amincewar gwamna. Majalisar Dokokin ta hada membobin Majalisar Zartarwa da mambobin da ba na hukuma ba wadanda aka zaba da farko daga bukatun kasuwancin Burtaniya. Bayan 1900 an kara shugabannin uku da wasu 'yan Afirka uku a cikin Majalisar Dokokin, an zaba wadannan daga al'ummomin Turai da suka hada da Accra, Cape Coast, da Sekondi. Cire 'yan Afirka daga Asante da Yankin Arewa bai faru ba sai daga baya. Kafin shekara ta 1925, duk mambobin majalisar dokoki da gwamna ya nada. Membobin hukuma koyaushe suna da yawa fiye da membobin hukuma. Samuwar sannu-sannu game da mulkin mallakar mulkin mallaka ya kawo ikon dunkulewa kan ayyukan gida, kodayake har yanzu ana ba da ainihin ayyukan waɗannan ayyukan ga ƙananan hukumomi. An bayyana takamaiman ayyuka da nauyi a fili, kuma an bayyana rawar da gwamnatocin gargajiya ke takawa a harkokin cikin gida. Tsarin kananan hukumomi ya samo asali ne daga tsarin mulkin gargajiya. Kungiyoyin shugabannin gari da dattawa kusan ke da alhakin biyan bukatun kowane yanki, ciki har da doka da oda da kuma jin daɗin jama'a. Kansiloli, duk da haka, ana mulkinsu da yardar rai maimakon ta hanyar dama. Ajin masu mulkin al'umma ne suka zabi shuwagabanni; wani shugaban gargajiya ya ci gaba da mulki ba wai kawai don shi ne zabin abin da za a iya kira mai martaba ba, amma kuma saboda mutanensa sun yarda da shi. Batun kwance sarauta ko ɓata sunan da dattawan ƙabila suka yi ya zama al'ada gama gari idan sarki ya gaza biyan buƙatu ko tsammanin jama'a. Sarakunan gargajiya sun yi fice sosai a tsarin mulkin kai tsaye da hukumomin Burtaniya suka amince da shi don gudanar da mulkin mallaka a Afirka. A cewar Frederick Lugard, mai tsara manufofin, dokar kai-tsaye ba ta da tsada saboda ta rage yawan jami'an Turai a fagen. Ta hanyar barin sarakunan cikin gida suyi amfani da ikon gudanarwa kai tsaye akan mutanen su, za a rage masu adawa da mulkin Turawa daga yawan jama'ar yankin. Manyan, duk da haka, yakamata su karɓi umarni daga shuwagabanninsu na Turai. Tsarin, a cewar Lugard, yana da ƙarin fa'idar wayewa da 'yan ƙasar, saboda ya fallasa sarakunan gargajiya ga fa'idodin ƙungiyar siyasa ta Turai da ɗabi'u. Wannan tsarin "wayewa" duk da cewa, dokar kai tsaye tana da babbar fa'ida ta tabbatar da kiyaye doka da oda. Amfani da mulkin kai tsaye a cikin Kogin Zinariya ya zama mai mahimmanci, musamman bayan an kawo Asante da Yankin Arewa ƙarƙashin mulkin Burtaniya. Kafin ingantaccen mulkin mallaka na waɗannan yankuna, niyyar Burtaniya ta yi amfani da ƙarfi da yarjejeniyoyi don sarrafa sarakunan Asante da arewa. Da zarar an aiwatar da mulkin kai tsaye, sarakunan sun zama masu alhakin hukumomin mulkin mallaka waɗanda suka goyi bayan su. Ta fuskoki da yawa, sabili da haka, an haɓaka ƙarfin kowane sarki sosai. Kodayake Lugard ya nuna tasirin wayewar kai na mulkin kai tsaye, masu sukar manufofin sun yi iƙirarin cewa an cire asalin shigar jama'a daga tsarin siyasa na gargajiya. Duk da takaddun ka'idoji na nuna bangaranci, mulkin kai tsaye a aikace ya sa shuwagabanni neman izini zuwa Accra (babban birni) maimakon neman shawarar mutanensu ga mutanensu. Shugabanni da dattawa da yawa sun ɗauki kansu a matsayin masu mulkin mallaka. Gabaɗaya kwamishinonin gwamnati ne ke jagorantar majalisunsu, waɗanda galibi suke ba wa sarakuna girmamawa, ado, da kuma kwarjini. Dokar kai tsaye ta kasance tana adana hanyoyin gargajiya da hanyoyin samun iko, amma, kuma ya kasa samar da dama mai ma'ana ga karuwar samari masu ilimi da ke hankoron samun wani ci gaba a cikin kasarsu. Sauran kungiyoyin ba su gamsu ba saboda babu wadataccen hadin kai tsakanin majalisun da gwamnatin tsakiya kuma saboda wasu na ganin cewa shugabannin yankin sun fi karfin kwamishinonin gundumar Burtaniya A cikin 1925 majalisun larduna na sarakuna an kafa su a duk yankuna uku na mulkin mallaka, wani ɓangare don bawa sarakunan cikakken aikin mallaka. An bi wannan motsawar ne a cikin 1927 ta hanyar gabatar da Dokar Gudanar da Nan ƙasar, wanda ya maye gurbin tsari na 1883 wanda ya sanya sarakuna a cikin Coastasar Gold Coast a ƙarƙashin kulawar Burtaniya. Manufar ita ce a bayyana tare da tsara iko da yankunan ikon sarakuna da kansiloli. An bai wa majalisu takamaiman ayyuka a kan rikice-rikicen zaɓe da kuma rashin kujerun sarakuna; an bayyana yadda ake zaben shugabanni; kuma an ayyana ikon alkalai kuma an ba da su. An damka wa kansiloli matsayin ayyana dokar gargajiya a yankunansu (dole ne gwamnati ta amince da shawarar da suka yanke), kuma an baiwa majalisun larduna ikon zama kotunan yanke hukunci game da al'amuran dokar al'ada lokacin da takaddama ta kaure tsakanin sarakuna a wasu mukamai daban-daban. Har zuwa 1939, lokacin da aka zartar da Dokar Baitul Malin 'Yan ƙasar, kodayake, babu tanadi don kasafin kuɗin gida. A cikin 1935 Dokar Hukumomin Nan ƙasar ta haɗu da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta tsakiya da ƙananan hukumomi zuwa tsarin mulki ɗaya. Sabbin hukumomi na asali, waɗanda gwamnan ya nada, an ba su iko na ƙananan hukumomi a ƙarƙashin kulawar kwamishinonin lardunan gwamnatin tsakiya, waɗanda suka tabbatar da cewa manufofinsu za su kasance na gwamnatin tsakiya. A shekarar 1948 yan asalin kasar Ghana sun yanke shawarar yin gwagwarmayar neman yanci. Majalisun larduna da motsawa don ƙarfafa su ba sanannen abu ba ne. Ko da ta ma'aunin Burtaniya, ba a ba wa sarakuna isasshen ƙarfi don zama ingantattun kayan aiki na mulkin kai tsaye ba. Wasu 'yan Ghana sun yi imanin cewa sake fasalin, ta hanyar ƙaruwa da ikon sarakuna ta hanyar yunƙurin gida, ya ba da izinin mulkin mallaka ya guji motsi zuwa kowane nau'i na shahararren mashahuran gwamnatin mulkin mallaka. Ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewar al'umma a cikin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya Shekarun mulkin Burtaniya na Gold Coast a cikin ƙarni na 20 wani zamani ne na ci gaba mai mahimmancin ci gaban zamantakewar jama'a, tattalin arziki, da ci gaban ilimi. An inganta sadarwa sosai. Misali, layin dogo na Sekondi-Tarkwa, wanda aka fara a shekarar 1898, an tsawaita shi har sai ya hade yawancin mahimman cibiyoyin kasuwanci na kudu, kuma zuwa 1937, akwai tituna na kilomita 9,700. An kuma fara ayyukan sadarwa da gidan waya. Sabbin amfanin gona suma an gabatar dasu kuma sun sami karbuwa sosai. Bishiyoyin Cacao, waɗanda aka gabatar a cikin 1878, sun kawo amfanin gona na farko ga manoman cikin gida; ya zama babban ginshiƙin tattalin arzikin ƙasa a cikin shekarun 1920 lokacin da cuta ta shafe bishiyoyin Brazil. Noman koko ya kasance mafi yawa a hannun 'yan Afirka. An kirkiro Hukumar Tallace-tallace koko a cikin 1947 don taimakawa manoma da kuma daidaita samar da sayar da amfanin gonar su. A karshen wannan shekarun, Gold Coast na ta fitar da fiye da rabin koko na duniya. Abubuwan da mulkin mallaka suka samu ya karu daga fitowar katako da zinariya. Zinare, wanda da farko ya kawo Turawa zuwa Gold Coast, ya kasance a hannun 'yan Afirka har zuwa 1890s. Dabarun gargajiya na yin fankoki da hakar ma'adinai, amma, ba da wadataccen fitarwa ba. Ci gaban zamani na hakar ma'adanai ya sanya hakar gwal ya zama wani kamfani ne na ƙetare na ƙasashen waje. Misali, Kamfanin Ashanti Goldfields Corporation, wanda aka shirya shi a shekarar 1897, ya sami rangwamen kusan kilomita murabba'i 160 wanda a ciki za a iya samun kasuwancin zinariya. Kodayake wasu hukumomin kabilun sun ci riba sosai daga ba da gudummawar haƙar ma'adinai, amma kamfanonin haƙar ma'adinai na Turai da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ne suka tara yawancin arzikin. Kudin shiga daga fitarwa na albarkatun kasa na mulkin mallaka ya inganta kudaden cikin gida a cikin ababen more rayuwa da ayyukan zamantakewa. Tushen tsarin ilimin da ya ci gaba fiye da kowane irin sa a Afirka ta Yamma kuma ya samo asali ne daga kudaden fitarwa na ma'adinai. Yawancin ci gaban tattalin arziki da haɓaka a cikin Gold Coast a farkon ɓangaren wannan ƙarni na yanzu an danganta su ne ga Frederick Gordon Guggisberg, gwamna daga 1919 zuwa 1927. Guggisberg an haife shi a Galt (kusa da Toronto), Kanada, ya shiga rundunar sojojin Burtaniya a 1889. A cikin shekaru goma na farko na karni na 20, yayi aiki a matsayin mai safiyo a cikin kasashen masarautar Burtaniya na Kogin Zinariya da Najeriya, sannan daga baya, a lokacin yakin duniya na daya, yayi aiki a Faransa. A farkon gwamnan sa na Gold Coast, Guggisberg ya gabatar da wani shiri na cigaban shekaru 10 ga majalisar dokoki. Ya ba da shawarar farko game da inganta harkokin sufuri. Bayan haka, saboda fifikon, inganta abubuwan da aka tsara sun hada da samar da ruwa, magudanan ruwa, ayyukan samar da wutar lantarki, gine-ginen jama'a, inganta gari, makarantu, asibitoci, gidajen yari, layukan sadarwa, da sauran ayyuka. Guggisberg ya kuma kafa burin cika rabin matsayin mulkin mallaka da yan Afirka da zaran sun samu horo. An bayyana shirin nasa a matsayin mafi girman burin da aka gabatar a Afirka ta Yamma har zuwa wannan lokacin. Wani shiri na gwamnan ya haifar da kirkirar tashar jiragen ruwa a Takoradi, wanda daga baya ya zama tashar jirgin ruwa ta farko a Ghana. Kwalejin Achimota, wacce ta haɓaka zuwa ɗayan mafi kyaun makarantun sakandare na ƙasar, ita ma ra'ayin Guggisberg ne. Lokacin auna tasirin tasirin rayuwa a lokacin mulkin mallaka, ƙuntataccen bayyananniyar hangen nesa shine iyakantaccen adadin bayanai masu dacewa da daidaitaccen ma'aunin lafiyar ɗan adam. Hanyoyin ilimin lissafi suna ba da wata hanya don shawo kan iyakoki, kuma suna bayyana canjin lokaci mai tsawo. Baten ya zana abin da ya dade yana gudana wanda ya hada da kwarewar zamanin mulkin mallaka, mulkin mallaka da kuma bayan samun 'yanci. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa ga Ghana, lokacin mulkin mallaka na karni na 20 bai kasance mara kyau ba musamman. Don zama mafi daidaitaccen tsarin rayuwa ya inganta cikin sauri a farkon shekaru goma na karni na 20 lokacin da noman koko ya tashi. Gabaɗaya, aiwatar da tattalin arziƙi da tsarin rayuwa na lokacin mulkin mallaka yana nuna kyakkyawan tarihi fiye da lokacin bayan yancin kai. Ta hanyar ilimantarwa irin ta Biritaniya ne wani sabon mashahurin dan Ghana ya sami dukiya da sha'awar yin gwagwarmayar neman 'yanci. A lokacin shekarun mulkin mallaka, cibiyoyin ilimin kasar sun bunkasa sosai. Tun daga farko a makarantun mishan, a farkon karni na 20 an sami ci gaba sosai a fannoni da dama, kuma, kodayake ayyukan sun ci gaba da shiga, amma gwamnatin ta ci gaba da kara kauna da tallafi. A cikin 1909 gwamnati ta kafa makarantar fasaha da kwalejin horar da malamai a Accra; Ofishin jakadancin ya kafa wasu makarantun sakandare da yawa. Gwamnati a hankali ta kara tallafawa ta kudi don karuwar adadin makarantun jihohi da na mishan. A shekarar 1948 kasar ta bude cibiyar farko ta manyan makarantu, kwalejin jami'a. Mulkin mallaka ya taimaki Birtaniyya a duka Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya da na Yaƙin Duniya na II. Daga 1914 zuwa 1918, ,ungiyar Kogin Zinariya ta yi aiki da bambanci a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe da sojojin Jamusawa a Kamaru da cikin yaƙin neman zaɓe na Gabashin Afirka. A Yaƙin Duniya na II, dakaru daga yankin Kogin Zinariya sun sami babban daraja bayan manyan ayyuka a wurare kamar Habasha da Burma. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, duk da haka, matsalolin bayan tashin hankali na hauhawar farashi da rashin kwanciyar hankali ya yi matukar kawo cikas ga gyara ga tsoffin sojoji, wadanda ke kan gaba cikin rashin jin dadi da tashin hankali. Yakinsu na yaƙi da ƙungiyoyin tsoffin sojoji sun faɗaɗa tunaninsu, wanda ya sanya ya zama da wuya a gare su su koma ga ƙasƙantar da kai da matsayin da gwamnatocin mulkin mallaka suka ware wa Afirka. Kishin Kasa Yayin da kasar ta ci gaba ta fuskar tattalin arziki, a hankali hankalin gwamnati ya karkata daga hannun gwamna da jami'ansa zuwa na 'yan Ghana. Canje-canjen ya samo asali ne daga ci gaba sannu a hankali na karfi mai karfi na kishin kasa kuma ya haifar da 'yanci daga karshe. Ci gaban wayewar kai na ƙasa ya hanzarta bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, lokacin da, ban da tsofaffin masu yi wa ƙasa hidima, wasu gungun maƙwabtan Afirka da 'yan kasuwa da suka fito don ba da tallafi ga burin ƙananan ƙalilan masu ilimi. Da zarar motsi ya fara, al'amuran sun ci gaba cikin sauri-ba koyaushe suna saurin isa don gamsar da shugabannin kasa ba, amma har yanzu a wani saurin da ba mamaki ba kawai ga mulkin mallaka ba amma da yawa daga cikin kasashen Afirka masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ma. Farkon bayyanuwa Tun farkon ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, yawancin African Afirka masu ilimi sun ƙara samun tsarin siyasa mara izini wanda ba za a amince da shi ba wanda ya sanya kusan dukkan iko a hannun gwamna ta hanyar nadin mambobin majalisar. A cikin 1890s, wasu membobin mashahuran bakin ruwa sun shirya kansu cikin Kungiyar Kare Hakkokin 'Yan Asalin don nuna rashin amincewarsu da dokar filaye da ke barazanar mallakar filaye na gargajiya. Wannan zanga-zangar ta taimaka wajen kafa harsashin aiwatar da siyasa wanda a karshe zai haifar da 'yanci. A cikin 1920 daya daga cikin membobin Afirka na Majalisar Dokoki, Joseph E. Casely-Hayford, ya kira Babban Taro na Birtaniyya ta Yammacin Afirka, wanda ya aika da wakilai zuwa London don roƙon Ofishin Coan Mulkin mallaka da ya yi la’akari da ƙa’idar zaɓen wakilci. Kungiyar, wacce ta yi ikirarin yin magana da duk kasashen da suka mallaki yankin Afirka ta Yamma, sun wakilci farkon nuna hadin kan siyasa tsakanin masana da masu kishin yankin. Kodayake ba a karɓi wakilan ba a Landan (bisa dalilan da ke wakiltar muradun wani ƙaramin rukuni na 'yan Afirka mazauna birane), ayyukanta sun haifar da babban goyon baya tsakanin fitattun Afirka a gida. Duk da kiran da suka yi na zabar wakilci sabanin tsarin da gwamnan ya nada mambobin majalisa, wadannan masu kishin kasa sun dage cewa su masu biyayya ne ga masarautar Burtaniya kuma kawai suna neman a tsawaita ayyukan siyasa da zamantakewar Burtaniya ne ga 'yan Afirka. Fitattun shugabannin sun haɗa da Africanus Horton, Jr; J. M. Sarbah; da S. R. B. Attah-Ahoma. Irin waɗannan mutanen sun ba wa ƙungiyar kishin ƙasa dandano mai ɗanɗano wanda zai kasance har zuwa ƙarshen 1940s. Tsarin mulki na 1925, wanda Gordon Guggisberg ya gabatar, ya kirkiro majalisun larduna na manyan sarakuna ga duka amma lardunan arewa na mulkin mallaka. Wadannan kansilolin kuma sun zabi shuwagabanni shida a matsayin wadanda ba na hukuma ba ne a majalisar dokoki. Kodayake sabon kundin tsarin mulki ya bayyana ya amince da tunanin Afirka, amma Guggisberg ya fi damuwa da kare bukatun Burtaniya. Misali, ya samar wa ‘yan Afirka takaitacciyar murya a gwamnatin tsakiya; amma duk da haka, ta hanyar takaita nade-naden ga sarakuna, ya haifar da baraka tsakanin shuwagabannin da kuma wadanda suke da ilimi. Masanan sun yi amannar cewa sarakunan, don neman goyon bayan Birtaniyya, sun ba wa majalisun lardunan fada gaba daya karkashin ikon gwamnati. Zuwa tsakiyar 1930s, koyaya, kusanci tsakanin shugabanni da masu hankali ya fara. Gaggawa don ƙarin wakilcin da ya dace ya ci gaba. Jaridu mallakin 'yan Afirka kuma ke sarrafa su sun taka rawa wajen tsokanar wannan rashin jin daɗin an buga shida a cikin 1930s. A sakamakon kiran da aka yi na neman karin wakilci, an kara wasu mambobin Afirka biyu da ba na hukuma ba a Majalisar Zartawa a 1943. Canje-canje a Majalisar Dokoki, duk da haka, dole ne su jira wani yanayi na siyasa daban a London, wanda ya samo asali ne kawai bayan zaɓen bayan gwamnatin Labour ta Burtaniya. Sabon kundin tsarin mulki na Gold Coast na 1946 (wanda kuma aka sani da kundin tsarin mulki na Burns bayan gwamnan wancan lokacin) ya kasance takarda mai karfin gaske. A karo na farko, an watsar da batun rinjayen hukuma. Majalisar Dokoki yanzu ta kasance daga mambobi shida na zartarwa, mambobi shida da aka zaba, da membobi goma sha takwas da aka zaba. Tsarin mulki na 1946 kuma ya shigar da wakilai daga Asante cikin majalisar a karon farko. Ko da tare da gwamnatin Jam'iyyar Labour da ke kan mulki, amma, Turawan Burtaniya sun ci gaba da kallon yankunan mulkin mallaka a matsayin tushen albarkatun kasa da ake bukata don karfafa gurgunta tattalin arzikinsu. Canjin da zai ba da karfi na gaske a hannun Afirka bai kasance fifiko a tsakanin shugabannin Biritaniya ba har sai bayan tarzoma da sace-sace a Accra da sauran garuruwa da biranen a farkon 1948 kan batun fansho na tsoffin ma’aikata, babban matsayin baƙi a cikin tattalin arziki, ƙarancin gidaje, da sauran korafe-korafen tattalin arziki da siyasa. Tare da zaɓaɓɓun mambobi cikin mafi rinjaye, Ghana ta kai matakin girma na siyasa wanda babu kamarsa a cikin Afirka ta mulkin mallaka. Tsarin mulki bai ba da, ba, ba da cikakken mulkin kai ba. Ikon zartarwa ya kasance a hannun gwamnan, wanda Majalisar Dokoki ke da alhakin sa. Saboda haka, tsarin mulki, kodayake an gaishe shi da farin ciki a matsayin babban ci gaba, ba da daɗewa ba ya sami matsala. Yaƙin Duniya na II ya ƙare, kuma yawancin tsoffin sojan Gold Coast waɗanda suka yi aiki a balaguron ƙasashen Biritaniya sun koma ƙasar da ke cikin ƙarancin talauci, hauhawar farashi, rashin aikin yi, da ayyukan baƙar fata. A can tsoffin sojoji, tare da abubuwan da ba su da kyau a birane, sun kafa cibiya na rashin gamsuwa cikakke don aiwatar da rikici. Yanzu haka manoma sun hade da su, wadanda suka fusata da tsauraran matakan gwamnati da ake bukata na sare bishiyoyin cacao mai cuta don magance annobar, da kuma wasu da dama wadanda ba su ji dadin cewa karshen yakin ba ya biyo bayan ci gaban tattalin arziki. Siyasar ƙungiyoyin 'yanci Kodayake kungiyoyin siyasa sun kasance a cikin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya, Hadaddiyar United Gold Coast (UGCC) ita ce farkon kungiyar kishin kasa da nufin mulkin kai "a cikin mafi karancin lokaci". Wanda aka kafa a watan Agusta 1947 ta byan Afirka masu ilimi waɗanda suka haɗa da JB Danquah, GA Grant (wanda aka sani da Paa Grant), RA Awoonor-Williams, Eric Ato Nkrumah (dukkan lauyoyi ban da Grant, wanda yake ɗan kasuwa ne mai kuɗi), da sauransu, jagorancin kungiyar ta yi kira da a sauya shugabannin da ke Majalisar Dokoki tare da masu ilimi. Ga waɗannan shugabannin siyasa, mulkin gargajiya, wanda aka aiwatar da shi ta hanyar kai tsaye, an gano shi da sha'awar mulkin mallaka da abubuwan da suka gabata. Sun yi imani cewa alhakinsu ne su jagoranci kasarsu cikin sabon zamani. Sun kuma nemi cewa, saboda ilimin da suka yi, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta girmama su ta kuma ba su mukami na daukar nauyi. Kamar yadda wani marubuci a kan lokacin ya ruwaito, "Alamomin ci gaba, kimiyya, 'yanci, matasa, duk sun zama alamu wanda sabon jagoranci ya fitar kuma ya karfafa shi." Musamman, shugabancin UGCC ya caccaki gwamnati kan gazawarta na magance matsalolin rashin aikin yi, hauhawar farashi, da rikice-rikicen da suka zo nuna halayen al'umma a ƙarshen yaƙin. Rashin adawar su ga mulkin mallaka duk da haka, membobin UGCC sun kasance masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ta yadda shugabancin su ba ya neman canji ko juyin juya hali. Wannan wataƙila sakamakon horon da suka samu ne a hanyar Burtaniya ta yin abubuwa. Hanyar da aka gudanar da siyasa a wancan lokacin ita ce canzawa bayan Kwame Nkrumah ya kirkiro Jam'iyarsa ta Taron Jama'a (CPP) a watan Yunin 1949. An haifi Nkrumah ne a Nkroful a yankin Nzema kuma ya yi karatu a makarantun Katolika a Half Assini da kuma Achimota School. Ya sami ƙarin horo a Amurka a Jami'ar Lincoln da kuma a Jami'ar Pennsylvania. Daga baya, a Landan, Nkrumah ya zama mai aiki a cikin Studentsungiyar Studentsalibai na Afirka ta Yamma da Majalisar Pan-Afrika. Ya kasance ɗayan African Afirka kaɗan da suka halarci Babban Taron Afirka na Biyar wanda aka gudanar a Manchester a cikin 1945. A lokacinsa a Biritaniya, Nkrumah ya san irin fitattun masu adawa da mulkin mallaka da masana kamar Yammacin Indiya George Padmore, da Ba’amurke Ba’amurke W. E. B. Du Bois A shekarar 1947 lokacin da aka kirkiro UGCC a yankin Gold Coast dan adawa da mulkin mallaka, an gayyaci Nkrumah daga Landan don ya zama babban sakataren kungiyar. Zamanin Nkrumah tare da UGCC ya kasance babban hadari ne. A watan Maris 1948, an kama shi kuma an tsare shi tare da wasu shugabannin UGCC don gwagwarmayar siyasa. An san su da Manyan Shidaa Siyasar Ghana. Daga baya, bayan an gayyaci sauran membobin kungiyar UGCC don ba da shawarwari ga kwamitin Coussey, wanda ke ba gwamnan shawara kan hanyar samun ‘yanci, Nkrumah ya fasa UGCC ya kafa CPP. Sabanin kiran da UGCC ke yi na neman mulkin kai "a cikin mafi karancin lokaci", Nkrumah da CPP sun nemi "gwamnatin kai a yanzu". Shugabannin jam'iyyar, wadanda suka hada da Nkrumah, Kojo Botsio, Komla A. Gbedemah, da gungun galibin matasa masana siyasa da aka fi sani da "Verandah Boys", sun fi bayyana kansu da mutanen da ke aiki fiye da na UGCC da masu hankali. Salon Nkrumah da alkawurran da ya yi sun yi kira kai tsaye ga yawancin ma'aikata, manoma, da matasa waɗanda suka ji shi; ya zama kamar shi ne shugaban ƙasa wanda za su iya mai da hankali ga fatarsa. Ya kuma sami goyon baya daga, tare da wasu, matan kasuwa masu tasiri wadanda, ta hanyar mamayar da suka yi da karamin ciniki, sun kasance tashoshin sadarwa masu tasiri a matakin yanki. Mafi yawan jama'ar da ake siyasarta, wadanda suka zuga a shekarun bayan yakin ta hanyar jaridu da suka fito fili, sun rabu da shugabannin kabilun da masu fada aji na Anglophile kusan kamar yadda suke daga turawan Ingila ta hanyoyin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, da kuma ilimi. Wannan mafi rinjayen ya kunshi tsoffin ma'aikata ne, wadanda suka yi karatu wadanda suke da wasu makarantun firamare, 'yan jarida, da malaman makarantar firamare, wadanda dukkansu suka bunkasa dandano na fahimtar jama'a game da dimokiradiyya. Yawancin ma'aikatan masana'antu marasa ilimi amma masu birni sun zama wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar tallafi. Nkrumah was able to appeal to them on their own terms. A watan Yunin 1949, lokacin da aka kafa CPP tare da kyakkyawar manufar neman shugabancin kai tsaye, Nkrumah yana da dimbin mabiya. Tsarin mulki na 1951 ya samo asali ne daga rahoton Kwamitin Coussey, wanda aka kirkira saboda tashin hankali a Accra da wasu biranen a 1948. Baya ga baiwa Majalisar Zartarwa mafi yawan ministocin Afirka, ta kirkiro taro, rabin zababbun membobinsu zasu fito daga garuruwa da yankunan karkara rabin kuma daga majalisun gargajiyar, gami da, a karon farko, Arewacin Yankuna. Kodayake babban ci gaba ne, har yanzu sabon kundin tsarin mulki ya yi kasa sosai da kiran da CPP ta yi na cikakken mulkin-kai. Ikon zartarwa ya kasance a hannun Birtaniyya, kuma an tsara majalisar dokoki don ba da izinin iko ta hanyar sha'awar gargajiya. Tare da samun goyan bayan mashahuri, CPP a farkon 1950 ta ƙaddamar da kamfen na "aiki mai kyau", da nufin haifar da yajin aikin gama gari da adawa mai ƙarfi. Lokacin da wasu rikice-rikicen rikice-rikice suka faru, Nkrumah, tare da manyan hadimansa, an hanzarta kama su tare da daure su saboda tawaye. Amma wannan kawai ya ƙara masa daraja a matsayin shugaba kuma gwarzo na dalilin kuma ya ba shi matsayin shahidai. A watan Fabrairun 1951, an yi zaben farko na Majalisar Dokoki a karkashin sabon kundin tsarin mulki. Nkrumah, wanda har yanzu yana kurkuku, ya sami nasara, sannan CPP ta samu gagarumar nasara da kashi biyu bisa uku na kujeru 104. Gwamnan, Sir Charles Arden-Clarke, ya saki Nkrumah kuma ya gayyace shi ya kafa gwamnati a matsayin "jagoran kasuwancin gwamnati", matsayin da ya yi daidai da na firayim minista. Nkrumah ya karba. Wata muhimmiyar rawa aka wuce akan hanyar samun yanci da mulkin kai. Duk da haka, kodayake CPP ta yarda ta yi aiki a cikin sabon tsarin tsarin mulki, tsarin gwamnati wanda ya kasance a 1951 tabbas ba abin da CPP ta fi so ba. Ma'aikatan tsaro, harkokin waje, kudi, da shari'a har yanzu suna hannun jami'an Burtaniya wadanda ba su da alhakin majalisar dokoki. Har ila yau, ta hanyar samar da wakilci mai yawa na sarakunan gargajiya a Majalisar Dokoki, tsarin mulki ya jaddada rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin shugabannin siyasa na zamani da shugabannin gargajiya na majalisun sarakuna. Farkon wa'adin Nkrumah na farko a matsayin "jagoran kasuwancin gwamnati" ya kasance da kyakkyawar fahimta da haɗin gwiwa tare da gwamnan Burtaniya. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, sannu a hankali gwamnatin ta rikide zuwa cikakken tsarin majalisar dokoki. Canje-canjen sun kasance masu adawa da wasu al'adun gargajiya na Afirka, musamman a Asante da Yankin Arewa. Wannan hamayyar, kodayake, ba ta da wani tasiri ta fuskar ci gaba da kuma ƙaruwa da goyan baya ga ɗayan ra'ayi na hawa-hawa-kai a farkon kwanan wata. A cikin 1952 an kirkiro matsayin firaminista kuma Majalisar Zartarwa ta zama majalisar minista. Firayim Ministan ya kasance mai daukar nauyin majalisar, wacce ta zabi Firayim Minista Nkrumah. Tsarin mulki na 1954 ya kawo karshen zaben mambobin majalissun da majalisun kabilun suka yi. Majalisar Dokokin ta kara girma, kuma an zabi dukkan mambobi ta hanyar zabe kai tsaye daga mazabu iri daya, na mambobi daya. Tsaro da manufofin kasashen waje ne kawai suka rage a hannun gwamna; an ba majalisar da aka zaba iko da kusan dukkanin al'amuran cikin gida na mulkin mallaka. CPP ta bi manufofin sanya siyasa, wacce ta gamu da adawa mai tsanani. Jim kadan bayan zaben 1954, aka kafa wata sabuwar jam’iyya, wacce aka kafa ta Asante National Liberation Movement (NLM). NLM sun ba da shawarar tsarin gwamnatin tarayya, tare da haɓaka ƙarfi ga yankuna daban-daban. Shugabannin NLM sun soki CPP saboda abubuwan da ake gani da kama-karya. Sabuwar jam'iyyar ta yi aiki tare da hadin gwiwa tare da wata kungiyar masu ra'ayin yanki, Jam'iyyar Mutanen Arewa. Lokacin da wadannan bangarorin biyu suka fice daga tattaunawa kan sabon kundin tsarin mulki, jam'iyyar CPP ta ji tsoron cewa London na iya daukar wannan rashin hadin kai wata alama ce da ke nuni da cewa mulkin mallaka bai riga ya shirya ba zuwa mataki na gaba na mulkin kai ba. Mai ba da shawara kan tsarin mulki na Burtaniya, duk da haka, ya goyi bayan matsayin CPP. Gwamnan ya rusa majalisar ne domin ya gwada goyon bayan da jam’iyyar CPP ke nema na samun ‘yanci kai tsaye. Masarautar ta amince ta ba da ‘yancin kai idan har hakan ya samu rinjaye daga kashi biyu cikin uku na sabbin‘ yan majalisar. An sake gudanar da sabon zabe a watan Yulin 1956. A zabukan da aka fafata sosai, jam'iyyar CPP ta sami kashi 57 cikin 100 na kuri'un da aka jefa, amma rarrabuwa tsakanin 'yan adawa ya ba wa CPP duk wata kujera a kudu gami da isassun kujeru a Asante, da Arewacin Yankin, da Trans-Volta Region don rikewa kashi biyu bisa uku na kujeru 104. Kafin babban zaben watan Yulin 1956 a cikin Kogin Zinariya, an gudanar da yardar rai a karkashin kulawar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) don yanke shawarar halin da Burtaniya da Togoland na Faransa za su kasance nan gaba. Amintaccen Birtaniyya, ɓangaren yamma na tsohuwar mulkin mallakar Jamusawa, yana da alaƙa da Gold Coast tun 1919 kuma yana da wakilci a majalissarta. Mafi yawan mazaunan Togoland na Burtaniya sun zabi amincewa da haɗin kai da maƙwabtansu na yamma, kuma yankin ya shiga cikin Kogin Zinariya. Duk da haka, akwai adawa mai ƙarfi ga haɗawar daga wasu daga cikin Ewe a kudancin Burtaniya Togoland. 'Yancin kai A ranar 6 ga Maris 1957, Mulkin mallaka na Kogin Zinariya ya sami 'yanci a matsayin ƙasar Ghana. Nassoshi Pages with unreviewed

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarihin%20Annabawa%20da%20Sarakuna

Tarihin Annabawa da Sarakuna

Tarihin Annabawa da Sarakuna Tārīkh al-Rusul wa al-Mulūk wanda aka fi sani da Tarikh al-Tabari ko Tarikh-i Tabari ko The History of al-Tabari Persian tarihi ne na harshen Larabci wanda masanin tarihin musulmi Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (225-310 AH, 838-923 AD) ya kammala a shekara ta 915 miladiyya. Ya fara da halitta, kuma ya zayyana tarihin musulmi da na Gabas ta Tsakiya tun daga tatsuniyoyi da kuma tatsuniyoyi masu alaƙa da tsohon alkawari har zuwa tarihin zamanin Abbasiyawa, har zuwa shekara ta 915. Shafi ko ci gaba, Abu Abdullah b. Ahmad b. Ja'afar al-Farghani, daliɓin al-Tabari. Bugawa Bugu daban-daban na Annals sun haɗa da: Bugu da aka buga a ƙarƙashin editan MJ de Goeje a cikin jeri uku da suka ƙunshi juzu'i na 13, tare da ƙarin juzu'i biyu masu ɗauke da fihirisa, gabatarwa da ƙamus Leiden, 1879-1901). Bugu da aka buga a ƙarƙashin editan Muhammad Abu al-Fadl Ibrahim (1905-1981) a cikin juzu'i 10 Alkahira Dar al-Ma'arif, 1960-1969. Fassarar Farisa na wannan aikin, wanda masaninSamanid al-Bal'ami ya yi a cikin shekarar 963, wanda Hermann Zotenberg ya fassara zuwa Faransanci (vols. i.-iv., Paris, 1867-1874). Fassarar Turanci a cikin juzu'i na 39 (da fihirisa), wanda Jami'ar Jiha ta New York Press ta buga daga shekarar 1985 zuwa 2007. Editoci daban-daban da masu fassara 29. (hc), (pb), Marubuci: Tabari (masu fassara daban-daban), Mawallafi: SUNY Press Juzu'i na fitowar SUNY Vol. 01 Gabaɗaya kuma daga Halitta zuwa Tufana Franz Rosenthal Vol. 02 Annabawa da Ubanni (William Brinner) Vol. 03 Bani Isra'ila (William Brinner) Vol. 04 Masarautar Tsohuwar (Moshe Perlmann) Vol. 05 Sassanids, Rumawa, Lakhmids, da Yemen CE Bosworth Vol. 06 Muhammad a Makka W. Montgomery Watt da MV McDonald) Vol. 07 Foundation of the Community Muhammad at al- Madina, AD 622-626 (MV McDonald) Vol. 08 Nasarar Musulunci (Michael Fishbein) Vol. 09 Shekarun Ƙarshen Annabi: Samuwar Jiha, AD 630-632-AH 8-11 Ismail Poonawala Vol. 10 The Conquest of Arabia, AD 632-633 AH 11 Fred M. Donner Vol. 11 Ƙalubalen Daular Khalid Blankinship Vol. 12 Yakin al-Qadisiyyah da yaƙar Sham da Palastinu Yohanan Friedmann Vol. 13 Yaƙin Iraƙi, Kudu maso Yammacin Farisa, da Masar: Tsakanin Shekarun Khalifancin Umar, AD 636-642-AH 15-21 GHA Juynboll Vol. 14 Yaƙin Iran, AD 641-643 AH 21-23 (G. Rex Smith) Vol. 15 Rikicin Halifancin Farko: Mulkin Uthman, AD 644-656 AH 24-35 R. Stephen Humphreys Vol. 16 An Raba Al'umma: Halifancin Ali I, AD 656-657-AH 35-36 (Adrian Brockett) Vol. 17 Yaƙin Basasa na Farko: Daga Yaƙin Siffin zuwa Wafatin Ali, AD 656-661-AH 36-40 GR Hawting Vol. 18 Tsakanin Yaƙin Basasa: Halifancin Mu'awiyah 40 AH, 66 AD-60 AH, 680 AD Michael G. Morony Vol. 19 Halifancin Yazid ibn Mu'awiyah, AD 680-683 AH 60-64 (IKA Howard). Vol. 20 Rugujewar Hukumar Sufyani da Zuwan Marwaniyyawa Khalifofin Mu'awiyah II da Marwan I (GR Hawting) Vol. 21 Nasara Marwanid, AD 685-693-AH 66-73 (Michael Fishbein) Vol. 22 Mayar da Marwanid: Halifancin Abd al-Malik AD 693-701 AH 74-81 Everett K Rowson Vol. 23 Zenith na Gidan Marwanid: Shekarun Karshe na Abd al-Malik da Khalifancin al-Walid AD 700-715-AH 81-95 Martin Hinds Vol. 24 Daular Canji: Halifancin Sulaiman, Umar, da Yazid, AD 715-724-AH 96-105 (Stephan Powers). Vol. 25 Ƙarshen Faɗawa: Halifancin Hisham, AD 724-738-AH 105-120 (Khalid Blankinship) Vol. 26 Zaman Halifancin Umayyawa: Gabatarwa zuwa Juyin Juya Hali, AD 738-744 AH 121-126 Carole Hillenbrand Vol. 27 Juyin juya halin Abbasid, AD 743-750 AH 126-132 (John Alden Williams) Vol. 28 Hukumar Abbasiyawa ta tabbatar: Farkon shekarun al-Mansur Jane Dammen McAuliffe Vol. 29 Al-Mansur dan al-Mahdi, AD 763-786-AH 146-169 Hugh N. Kennedy Vol. 30 Halifancin Abbasiyawa A Daidaito: Halifancin Musa al-Hadi da Haruna Al-Rashid, AD 785-809 AH 169-192 (CE Bosworth). Vol. 31 Yaƙi Tsakanin Yan'uwa, AD 809-813 AH 193-198 (Michael Fishbein) Vol. 32 The Absolutists in Power: Halifancin al-Ma'mun, AD 813-33 AH 198-213 (CE Bosworth) Vol. 33 Guguwa da Damuwa Tare da Iyakokin Arewa na Halifancin Abbasid (CE Bosworth) Vol. 34 Incipient Decline: Halifancin al-Wathig, al-Mutawakkil da al-Muntasir, AD 841-863-AH 227-248 (Joel L Kraemer) Vol. 35 Rikicin Halifancin Abbasiyawa George Saliba Vol. 36 Tawayen Zanj, AD 869-879 AH 255-265 (David Waines) Vol. 37 Farfadowar Abbasiyawa: Yaƙin Zanj Ya Kare (Philip M Fields) Vol. 38 Komawar Halifanci Bagadaza: Halifancin al-Mu'tadid, al-Muktafi da al-Muqtadir, AD 892-915 (Franz Rosenthal) Vol. Tafsirin Sahabban Annabi 39 da Magadansu: Al-Tabari 's Qarfafa Tarihinsa (Ella Landau-Tasseron) Vol. 40 Index (Alex V Popovkin ya shirya a ƙarƙashin kulawar Everett K. Rowson Abun da ke ciki Babbar manufar Tabari ita ce rubuta tarihi bisa ga ilimin riwaya. Wato ya kawo riwaya ba tare da tsoma baki ta kowace fuska ba. Babu tushen tushen da ake buƙata Daga cikin abubuwan da ke cikinsa ana iya samunsu: Hadisin alƙalami da takarda Bayani a kan Zaid al-Khayr Bayani a kan Utbah ibn Ghazwan Bayanin Ka'ab al-Ahbar Muhammad bn Abi Bakr shi ne farkon wanda ya kai hari wajen kashe Usman Wasu hadisi dangane da shekarun Aisha a wajen aure. Bawan Zanj tawaye Tabari a wasu lokuta yana zana a kan Romance na Syriac Julian Duba kuma Jerin malaman tarihi na musulmi Jerin littafan Sunna

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarjejeniyar%20Axim

Yarjejeniyar Axim

An kammala Yarjejeniyar Axim tsakanin Netherlands da sarakunan Axim a yankin yammacin tekun Gold Coast (Afirka ta Yamma) kuma an sanya hannu a Fort St. Anthony kusa da Axim a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu 1642. Yarjejeniyar ta kayyade ikon Netherlands da Kamfanin Dutch West India Company a cikin gari da kuma ikon Axim bayan Kamfanin Dutch West India Company ya yi nasarar kai farmaki ga Fotigal waɗanda ke zaune a Fort St. Anthony a cikin garin. A tsawon lokaci, yarjejeniyar ta kasance wani ɓangare kuma an maye gurbin ta da sabbin kwangila da yarjejeniyoyi. Yarjejeniyar ta kasance tushen tushen ikon Dutch da alaƙar siyasa tsakanin Axim da Dutch har sai ƙarshen ya bar Gold Coast a 1872. Bayan Fage Jihar Axim, wacce a yanzu ake kira Yankin Yammacin Jamhuriyar Ghana, ta kafa ikon yanki a cikin yanayin birni tare da manyan sarakuna biyu, kowannensu yana da yankinsa da mazabarsa. Axim ya kasance gidan kasuwanci na Fotigal tun daga ƙarshen karni na 15, an ƙarfafa shi da sansanin St. Antonio (St. Anthony) tun farkon karni na 16. Bayan cinye babban ginin Fotigal a Elmina a 1637, Kamfanin Dutch West India Company ya hanzarta karya juriya ta Portuguese a wani wuri kusa da bakin tekun. Ƙarfafawa a Axim shine babban sansanin da ya rage. Yaren mutanen Holland sun kwace sansanin a shekara ta 1642, sun baiwa Fotigal da kawayensu damar wucewa kyauta, kuma sun yi yarjejeniya da shugabannin siyasa na Axim domin daidaita lamarin. Tare da cin nasarar Axim, Mutanen Holland ya zama babban iko a yankin. An kammala yarjejeniya da manyan sarakuna biyu na Axim a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu 1642, nan da nan bayan mamaye sansanin. Yarjejeniyar ta ƙunshi abubuwa da yawa na musamman, waɗanda ke ma'amala da batutuwa daban -daban. Da fari dai, an fuskanci canjin aminci daga Fotigal zuwa na Dutch tare da shelar ƙiyayya ga abokan gaba na Dutch. Dangane da ikon da Dutch ta buƙaci iko akan harkokin kasashen waje na jihar, mai yiwuwa kawai dangane da sauran ƙasashen Turai, kodayake ana iya karantawa don haɗa dukkan ƙasashen waje. An bai wa Fotigal da kawayensu da ke cikin sansanin da gari lafiya hanya da taimako tare da tashi daga Axim. Ragowar yarjejeniyar ta shafi taimakon juna a lokacin yaƙi, ikon shari'a, haraji da ƙa'idodin kasuwanci. Ga na ƙarshe akan kwafin ƙa'idodin da ke aiki a Elmina, wanda yana iya zama daidai da waɗanda ke aiki a ƙarƙashin ikon Fotigal. A sharuddan diflomasiyya wani bangare ne kawai na yarjejeniyar za a iya dauka a matsayin yarjejeniya da ta dace. Tsawon shekaru an sabunta dokokin cikin gida akai -akai ta hanyar kwangilar tattaunawa. Bugu da ƙari, halayen su ba ainihin diflomasiyya ba ne. Dangane da haka Yarjejeniyar Axim ta bambanta sosai daga Yarjejeniyar Butre da aka tsara shekaru 14 daga baya. A cikin wannan takaddar an tattauna batutuwan diflomasiyya da siyasa ne kawai (zaman lafiya da abokantaka da kafa kariya), wanda ya sanya waccan yarjejeniya ta ci gaba da aiki har tsawon fiye da shekaru 213. Wannan ba haka bane da Yarjejeniyar Axim, kodayake tsarin diflomasiyya da siyasa ya ci gaba da aiki har sai da Dutch ta bar Gold Coast a ranar 6 ga Afrilu 1872. Abun ciki Taken An yi wa yarjejeniyar taken "Yarjejeniya tsakanin Janar Jacob Ruijchaver da caboceros na Axem, wanda aka rufe ranar 17 ga Fabrairu 1642." Ruijchaver ya kasance babban darakta mai ci na yankin Gold Coast na Holland, babban jami'in kamfanin Dutch West India Company a Afirka kuma wakilin Janar na Amurka, ikon mulkin Jamhuriyar United Netherlands. "Caboceros na Axem" inda manyan sarakuna biyu na Axim, masu kula da Babban da ƙananan Axim bi da bi. Wuri da kwanan wata Wakilan Axim da na Dutch sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar a St. St. Anthony a Axim a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu 1642 kuma ta fara aiki nan take. Abokan kwangila Bangarorin da suka yi kwangilar a ɓangaren Dutch sun kasance: Kamfanin Yammacin Yammacin Indiya, don kansa, kuma ta hanyar babban daraktan ta wanda ke wakiltar Janar na Jihohi, ikon mulkin ƙasar, ga Jamhuriyar United Netherlands. Wanda ya sanya hannu shine janar Jacob Ruijchaver, darakta janar na Gold Coast na Dutch. Abokan kwangilar a gefen Axim sune "caboceers" (sarakuna) na Axim, mai yiwuwa manyan sarakuna biyu na jihar ne suka wakilce su, da kuma masu sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar, Atty Ansi da Peter Agoey. Sharuɗɗa Yarjejeniyar ko yarjejeniya ta shafi batutuwan aminci da tsaro, da kuma harkokin cikin gida a cikin kasidu goma. Shugabannin Axim sun bayyana tare da Yaren mutanen Holland cewa Sarkin Spain da abokansa za su kasance abokan gaba har abada. Sun kuma kara bayyana amincewa da janar -janar na United Netherlands, Mai Martaba Yariman Orange, da Kamfanin Yammacin Yammacin Indiya, wanda suka ayyana a matsayin bayi masu aminci. Ba a ba wa shugabannin Axim damar yin hulɗa ko kasuwanci da kowace ƙasa ba tare da izini daga hukumomin Dutch ba. Yaren mutanen Holland sun yi alƙawarin shiga cikin aminci ga Fotigal, 'yan Afirka na cakuda zuriyar Yuro-Afirka, Musulmai, da bayi waɗanda ke cikin ginin Portuguese, da masu dogaro da su, da sharadin sun karɓi ikon Dutch. Sarakunan Axim da “dan kasuwa na sansanin” (watau gwamnan Holland), wanda zai yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kasa ne za su magance batutuwan farar hula da na laifi. Tarar da aka sanya ta tafi ga sarakuna, kamar yadda ake yi a Elmina. Idan wani yaƙi ya shiga tsakanin ƙungiyoyin kwangila ta wata ƙungiya ta waje, ƙungiyoyin kwangilar za su taimaki juna nan da nan akan azabar azaba. An saita harajin kifin a matakin daidai da na Elmina: 1 kifi mai kyau a cikin 5 da shugaban babban kifi. Rashin biyan kuɗi zai jawo hukuncin kifar kwale -kwalen kamun kifi. Mallakar duk gidaje, lambuna, mahadi, da sansanin soja, tsohon mallakar Fotigal, ana tura shi ga gwamnatin Dutch don amfani da ita don kowane irin manufa. Ba wanda aka yarda ya lalata dukiya. Ana biyan sarakunan Axim na zinariya guda ɗaya ga kowane sabon jirgin ruwa da ke shigowa daga Netherlands, yana kawo kaya don Gold Coast. Dangane da ƙima ko ƙimar kayan da aka sauke za a ƙara ko rage adadin kuɗin. An ba da izinin 'yan Afirka masu siyan kaya a Axim "dash" (kyauta) daidai da tsarin da ake amfani da shi a Elmina. Don tabbatar da cewa yarjejeniyar ta kasance mai ƙarfi, ɓangarorin za su rattaba hannu kan takaddar, kuma shugabannin Axim kowannensu ya miƙa ɗayan ɗayansu ga Dutch. Duba kuma Yarjejeniyar Asebu (1612) Yarjejeniyar Butre (1656) Kogin Zinariya (Mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya) Manazarta Bayanan kula

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom%20From%20Religion%20Foundation

Freedom From Religion Foundation

The Freedom From Religion Foundation FFRF kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Amurka, wacce ke ba da shawarwari ga wadanda basu yarda da Allah ba, wadanda basu yarda da Allah ba, da wadanda basu yarda da Allah ba An kafa shi a cikin shekara ta 1976, FFRF tana haɓaka rarrabuwar coci da jiha, kuma tana ƙalubalantar halaccin shirye-shiryen tarayya da na jihohi da yawa waɗanda suka dogara da bangaskiya. Tana tallafa wa ƙungiyoyi irin su ɗalibai marasa addini da limaman coci waɗanda suke so su bar imaninsu. Tarihi An kafa FFRF tare da Anne Nicol Gaylor da 'yarta, Annie Laurie Gaylor, a cikin 1976 kuma an haɗa shi a cikin ƙasa a ranar 15 ga Afrilu, 1978. Ƙungiyar ta sami goyon bayan mambobi sama da 19,000 a cikin 2012 kuma ta yi aiki daga wani gini na 1855 a Madison, Wisconsin, wanda ya taɓa yin hidima a matsayin rectory na coci. A cikin Maris 2011, FFRF, tare da Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science, sun fara aikin Clergy Project, al'umma mai sirri na kan layi wanda ke tallafawa malamai yayin da suke barin bangaskiyarsu. A cikin 2012, ta ba da 'Yanci na Farko Daga Gidauniyar Addini da Aikin Limamai na "Kyaucewa Kyauta" ga Jerry DeWitt, tsohon Fasto wanda ya bar ma'aikatar don shiga ƙungiyar masu yarda da Allah. FFRF tana ba da tallafin kuɗi ga Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru, ƙungiyar da ke da ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa ga ɗaliban da ba su da addini a makarantun koleji. A cikin 2015, FFRF ta sanar da Nonbelief Relief, ƙungiyar da ke da alaƙa wacce ta samu kuma daga baya ta ba da matsayinta na keɓe haraji na tarayya. Taimakon rashin imani bai yi nasara ba a cikin ƙarar da aka yi wa IRS saboda ba ta da tsayin daka don ƙalubalantar keɓantawar Form 990 wanda ya shafi majami'u. Relief Nonbelief wata hukuma ce ta jin kai ga waɗanda basu yarda da Allah ba, waɗanda basu yarda da Allah ba, masu tunanin yanci, da magoya bayansu. Kwamitin zartarwa na FFRF ne ya ƙirƙiri Taimakon Ƙarfafa Imani don daidaita yanayin wahalar ɗan adam da rashin adalci a duniya, walau sakamakon bala'o'i, ayyukan ɗan adam ko kuma bin ƙa'idodin addini. Kafofin watsa labarai da wallafe-wallafe FFRF tana buga jarida, Freethought A Yau, sau goma a shekara. Tun a shekara ta 2006, a matsayin Freethought Radio Network, FFRF ta samar da Freethought Radio show, na tsawon sa'a daya watsa shirye-shirye kai tsaye a WXXM-FM Asabar da karfe 11 na safe. CDT. Hakanan an watsa shi akan Air America kafin wannan sabis ɗin ya daina aiki a cikin Maris, 2010. Ana gudanar da wasan kwaikwayon ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar shugabannin FFRF, Dan Barker da Annie Laurie Gaylor Siffofin yau da kullun sun haɗa da "Faɗakarwar Theocracy" da "Freethinkers Almanac." Ƙarshen yana haskaka masu tunani na tarihi, waɗanda yawancin su ma marubutan waƙa ne. Gabatarwar nunin da fitar da shirin suna amfani da Imagine na John Lennon Annie Laurie Gaylor, co-shugaban FFRF, ita ce marubucin Mata Ba tare da camfi: Babu Gods Babu Masters da kuma littafin da ba na fiction a kan limamai cin zarafin yara cin amana: Clergy Abuse of Children (babu buga) da kuma edita na anthology. Kaicon Mata Ta gyara jaridar FFRF Freethought A Yau har zuwa Yuli 2008. Mijinta, Dan Barker, marubucin Rasa Bangaskiya ga Bangaskiya: Daga Mai Wa'azi zuwa Atheist, Mara Allah: Yadda Mai Wa'azin Bishara Ya Zama Daya Daga Cikin Manyan Masu Rashin Allahntakar Allah, Mai Kyawun Atheist: Rayuwa Mai Cika Manufa Ba tare da Allah ba, "Manufar Rayuwa", "Allah: Mafi Mummunan Hali a cikin Duk Fiction", kuma kawai Pretend: Littafin Freethought ga Yara, mawaƙa ne kuma marubucin mawaƙa, tsohon ministan Kirista na Pentikostal, kuma shugaban FFRF. Shari'a da batutuwa Shirye-shiryen zamantakewa Ayyukan zamantakewa A cikin watan Yuni na shekara ta 2004, FFRF ta ƙalubalanci tsarin mulki na Ofishin Fadar White House na tushen Bangaskiya da Ƙaddamarwar Al'umma Koken na gidauniyar ya yi zargin cewa “amfani da kudaden da Majalisa ta ware a karkashin sashe na 1, sashe na 8, don daukar nauyin tarukan da hukumomin zartarwa daban-daban ke gudanarwa don tallata shirin Shugaba Bush na ‘Faith-Based and Community Initiatives’ ya ci karo da gyara na farko. Kotun ta kara da cewa jami’an da ake tuhumar sun karya dokar kafa ta hanyar shirya tarukan kasa da na shiyya inda aka ware kungiyoyin masu imani da cewa sun cancanci tallafin tarayya musamman saboda tsarin addini, kuma imani da Allah yana daukaka. bambance tasirin da ake da'awar na ayyukan zamantakewa na tushen imani." FFRF ta kuma yi zargin cewa "jami'an da ake tuhuma" suna yin ayyuka da yawa, kamar gabatar da jawabai a bainar jama'a, a duk faɗin Amurka, da nufin haɓakawa da bayar da shawarwari don samar da kuɗi ga ƙungiyoyin bangaskiya. FFRF ta kara da cewa, "ana amfani da kudaden majalisa don tallafawa ayyukan wadanda ake tuhuma." A cikin 2007 Kotun Koli ta yanke hukunci 5-4 cewa masu biyan haraji ba su da ikon kalubalantar kundin tsarin mulki na kashe kudaden da bangaren zartarwa ya yi. Kula da lafiya A cikin Afrilu 2003, FFRF, a madadin mazauna Montana, ta kai karar Ofishin Montana na Kiwon Lafiyar Karkara da babban darektan ta David M. Young tare da Jami'ar Jihar Montana-Bozeman da Montana Faith-Health Cooperative. An yi zargin cewa Young ya goyi bayan shirye-shiryen Ikklesiya na reno na tushen bangaskiya don tallafin jihohi. A cikin Oktoban shekara ta 2004, Kotun Lardi na Tarayya na Gundumar Montana ta gudanar da cewa "kudin kai tsaye da fifikon tallafin shirye-shiryen jinya na Ikklesiya na zahiri da kuma mamaye addini an gudanar da shi don dalilai mara izini, kuma yana da tasirin da ba zai yuwu ba, na fifita da haɓaka haɗin gwiwa addini cikin samar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya na duniya." A cewar kotun, tallafin da jihar ke bayarwa na kiwon lafiya na tushen imani ya saba wa kwaskwarimar farko. A cikin Afrilun shekara ta 2006, FFRF ta kai ƙara don ƙalubalantar haɗakar da "ruhaniya" cikin kula da lafiya ta Sashen Harkokin Tsohon Sojoji. Musamman bayyana cewa al'adar tambayar marasa lafiya game da addininsu a cikin kima na ruhaniya, amfani da limamai don kula da marasa lafiya, da shirye-shiryen maganin miyagun ƙwayoyi da barasa waɗanda suka haɗa da addini sun keta rarrabuwar ƙasa da coci. Daga baya an yi watsi da shari’ar bayan yanke hukuncin da Hein ya yanke saboda rashin tsayawa. Ilimi A cikin shekara ta 2001, FFRF, a madadin masu ƙara da ba a san sunansu ba, ta kai ƙarar gundumar Rhea County School District. Masu shigar da kara sun yi zargin cewa ana gudanar da azuzuwan Littafi Mai Tsarki na mako-mako ga dukkan daliban da ke makarantun firamare. A watan Yuni na shekara ta 2004, Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Shida ta tabbatar da hukuncin gunduma cewa bai dace ba ga gundumar makaranta ta “koyar da Littafi Mai Tsarki a matsayin gaskiya ta zahiri” ga ɗalibai, gami da ƴan aji na farko. A cikin Maris na shekara ta 2005, FFRF ta shigar da kara a kan Jami'ar Minnesota saboda haɗin kai tare da Ƙungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Minnesota, haɗin gwiwa tare da Lutheran Seminary, wanda ke da alaƙa da Ikilisiyar Lutheran Church of America, da Fairview Health Services, yana bayyana cewa mai biyan haraji na jihar. kudade suna taimakawa don tallafawa ƙungiyar da ta dogara da bangaskiya. A watan Satumba na shekara ta 2005, Jami'ar ta amince da kawo karshen haɗin gwiwa da kuma dakatar da koyarwa "darussan kan tsaka-tsakin bangaskiya da lafiya", tare da FFRF ta amince da janye karar ta. A cikin Afrilun shekara ta 2005, FFRF ta shigar da ƙara a kan Sashen Ilimi na Amurka saboda rabon kuɗi zuwa Kwalejin Kirista ta Alaska, kwalejin Littafi Mai Tsarki da Cocin Ikklisiya na Alƙawari na Alaska ke gudanarwa. Gidauniyar ta bayyana cewa a shekarar farko da daliban suka yi a kwalejin, suna daukar kwasa-kwasan da suka shafi addini ne kawai, kuma a waccan shekarar suna kammala karatunsu ne da takardar shaidar karatun Littafi Mai Tsarki. Kwalejin, in ji gidauniyar, "ba ta bayar da kwasa-kwasan kwalejoji na gargajiya, kamar lissafi ko Ingilishi". A cikin Oktoban shekara ta 2005 FFRF da Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Amurka sun daidaita karar, tare da Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta amince ba a raba $435,000 ba. na kuɗin tarayya zuwa Kwalejin. Labari na Disambar shekara ta 2020 ta Hemant Mehta ya bayyana ƙoƙarin FFRF kwanan nan. FFRF ta yi jayayya da iyakance aikin Fasto Mark Thornton a jihar Boise Wasiƙar da Lauyan Ma'aikatan FFRF Chris Line ya aike ya haɗa da: "'Yan wasan kwallon ƙafa na jihar Boise ba su da wani nauyi da gwamnati ta dora musu a kan addininsu, don haka babu bukatar ko halastaccen dalili na shari'a jihar Boise ta ba su limamin coci." Lauyan shari'a na Jami'ar ya amsa da haka: "Mun kasance muna tattaunawa da Sashen Wasanni don ba da ilimantarwa game da wannan batu da kuma tabbatar da cewa an dauki matakai a yanzu da kuma nan gaba don warware matsalar da kuma kafa iyakokin da suka dace. Mista Thornton bai yi tafiya tare da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa zuwa wasanmu na baya-bayan nan a Wyoming ba kuma jami'ar ba za ta ƙara haɗa da limamin coci a cikin liyafar ta ba. Rubuce-rubucen da aka yi wa Mista Thornton a matsayin limamin kungiyar kwallon kafa an riga an cire shi ko kuma ana kan aiwatar da cirewa kuma ba za a yi wani bayani a nan gaba a rubuce ko akasin haka ba.” Mehta ya ci gaba da cewa: Babu ɗayan wannan yana nufin ɗalibai ba za su iya neman Thornton da kansu ba. Sun kasance suna da 'yanci don yin hakan. Amma Thornton ba zai iya kuma bai kamata ba yana da kowane irin rawar hukuma a wurin. Shirye-shiryen shari'ar laifuka A cikin Oktoba na shekara ta 2000, FFRF ta kawo kara, a matsayin masu biyan haraji a cikin jihar Wisconsin, a kan Ayyukan bangaskiya da ke Milwaukee. Shari'ar tasu ta bayyana cewa bai kamata a yi amfani da shirin maganin jaraba na bangaskiya a matsayin tsarin kulawa da kotu ta ba da umarnin yin amfani da kudaden masu biyan haraji ba. A watan Janairun shekara 2002, an yanke hukuncin ne bisa yardar FFRF; cewa karbar dubban daruruwan daloli a cikin kudaden jama'a ya saba wa Tsarin Kafa. Alkalin ya rubuta "Saboda na gano cewa tallafin da Ma'aikatar Ci Gaban Ma'aikata ta bayar ga Ayyukan Imani ya ƙunshi ba tare da iyakancewa ba, tallafin kai tsaye na ƙungiyar da ke shiga cikin koyarwar addini, na kammala cewa wannan tallafin kuɗi ya saba wa ka'idar kafa." A kan daukaka kara, a cikin Afrilun shekara ta 2003, Sashe na Bakwai daga baya ya yanke hukunci a kan FFRF a kan kunkuntar batun ko fursunoni sun shiga takamaiman shirye-shirye na tushen bangaskiya bisa yancin kansu na tilastawa gwamnati amincewa da addini. Hukumar ta FFRF ta kawo kara kan bada tallafin gwamnatin tarayya ga ƙungiyar MentorKids USA, ƙungiyar da ke bayar da shawarwari ga yaran fursunoni, inda ta yi zargin cewa malaman addinin Kirista ne kawai ake ɗaukar hayar, kuma za su rika ba da rahoton ayyukan addini na yara duk wata. A cikin watan Mayun shekara ta 2006, FFRF ta shigar da kara a gaban Ofishin Fursunoni na Tarayya inda ta yi zargin cewa shawarar da ta yanke na bayar da kudade ba wai kawai shirye-shirye na tushen bangaskiya ba har ma da tsarin addini daya ya saba wa ka'idojin tsarin mulki na raba ƙasa da coci. Daga baya bangarorin sun amince da yin watsi da waccan da'awar, amma an ci gaba da ci gaba da yin ƙarin kirga a cikin ƙarar, da ake zargi da keta haddi daban-daban. Addini a fagen jama'a Matsalolin aiki A cikin shekara ta 1995, FFRF ta kai ƙarar jihar Wisconsin don ayyana Good Friday a matsayin hutun shari'a na jiha. A cikin shekara ta 1996, kotun gundumar tarayya ta yanke hukuncin cewa hutun Jumma'a mai kyau na Wisconsin ya kasance cin zarafi na Farko saboda, dangane da dokar hutun Jumma'a mai kyau ta Wisconsin, "ci gaba da Kiristanci shine ainihin dalilin doka." Tallafin jama'a FFRF ya yi adawa da birnin Versailles, Kentucky yana taimakawa coci don samun tallafin tarayya don ƙirƙirar cibiyar agajin bala'i. Nunin addini akan kadarorin jama'a A cikin Disambar shekara ta 2007, FFRF, a madadin gungun mazauna Green Bay da suka damu da kuma kiran haƙƙin Gyaran Farko na duk mazauna birnin, sun kai ƙarar birnin saboda sanya wurin haihuwa a zauren taron Green Bay. Kafin a saurari karar, birnin ya cire wurin da aka haifi haihuwar. Daga nan ne alkalin ya yi watsi da karar saboda rashin hurumin shari’a. Tunda an riga an cire wurin haihuwar kuma an sanya dokar hana fita a nan gaba, babu wani tushe na ci gaba da jayayya. Ya ci gaba da cewa, masu shigar da kara sun riga sun yi nasara ...Masu gabatar da kara sun samu gagarumar nasara wadda ta sauya al'amura a kasa." A cikin shekara ta 2011, don mayar da martani ga kin birnin Warren, Michigan, don cire nuni na haihuwa a cikin cibiyar jama'a, FFRF ya nemi sanya nunin solstice na hunturu. Magajin garin ya ki amincewa da bukatar kuma FFRF ta kawo karar. Alkali Zatkoff na Kotun Lardin Amurka ya yi watsi da karar; Kotun da'a ta 6 ta Amurka ta amince da korar a cikin 2013. A cikin Satumba na shekara ta 2011, FFRF, tare da Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Jama'a ta Amirka (ACLU), sun kai ƙarar gundumar Giles, Virginia, a madadin masu ƙara da ba a san su ba. An sanya nunin Dokoki Goma tare da kwafin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka a makarantun gwamnati na gundumar Giles. Kafin shigar da karar, a watan Janairu da Yuni 2011, FFRF da ACLU sun aika da wasiku ga hukumar makarantar suna neman a cire nunin. Shugaban makarantar ya ba da umarnin a cire nunin Dokoki Goma. Hukumar makarantar Giles County ta gana a watan Yunin 2011 kuma ta kada kuri'a don soke shawarar da babban jami'in ya yanke na cire nunin. Bayan da aka shigar da karar, hukumar makarantar a shekarar 2012 ta amince da cire hoton da kuma biyan kudaden lauyoyi. A cikin Nuwamba 2011, Gwamnan Wisconsin Scott Walker ya kira bishiyar Kirsimeti ta Capitol a matsayin "itacen Kirsimeti" maimakon "itacen biki." FFRF, wa A cikin Mayu 2012, FFRF, wanda ke aiki a kan wani korafi daga mazaunin, ya tambayi birnin Woonsocket, Rhode Island, don cire giciye na Latin daga yakin duniya na II da na II a kan ƙasar jama'a. Birnin ya ki yin haka. Hukumar ta FFRF ta bayyana cewa a halin yanzu tana neman mai shigar da kara a yankin da zai wakilci kara, wanda har yanzu FFRF din ba ta yi ba, inda ta yi nuni da irin wahalar da aka samu da wata karar da ta faru da wata mai shigar da kara a jihar, Jessica Ahlquist, a cikin shari'ar Ahlquist v. Cranston A ranar 24 ga Yuli, 2012, bayan samun wasiƙa daga FFRF, Steubenville, Ohio, majalisar birni ta yanke shawarar cire hoton Kristi King Chapel a Jami'ar Franciscan na Steubenville daga tambarin garin. A watan Agustan 2012, FFRF, a madadin wani mazaunin, ta yi barazanar karar da ke kalubalantar giciye na Latin da aka nuna a saman hasumiya na ruwa na Whiteville, Tennessee Bayan da FFRF ta rubuta wasiku na farko guda uku, amma kafin a shigar da karar, garin ya cire hannu daya na giciye. Cire garin ya ci $4,000, kuma a wani bangare na sasantawar garin ya biya $20,000 a cikin kudaden lauyoyin FFRF. Garin ya kuma amince da cewa ba za a taba maye gurbin hannun da ya bace ba, sannan kuma kada a sanya wasu giciye a kan kadarorin jama'a. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2012, FFRF, a madadin wani mazaunin Montana, ta kai ƙarar Ma'aikatar gandun daji ta Amurka. An ba da izinin amfani na musamman don sanya mutum-mutumin Yesu a ƙasar tarayya a cikin 1954 bisa buƙatar Knights na Columbus Ma'aikatar daji ta ci gaba da ba da sabunta izinin har zuwa 2010. Lokacin da Sabis ɗin ya ƙi sabuntawa, Knights sun ƙi cire mutum-mutumin suna ambaton "al'ada" da ƙimar "tarihi" na mutum-mutumi. Bayan zanga-zangar ta kan layi an ba wa mutum-mutumin izinin zama kuma an ba da izini. FFRF ta shigar da kara a watan Fabrairun 2012. A cikin watan Yunin 2013, wani alkali na tarayya ya samu goyon bayan wadanda ake kara, inda ya kyale mutum-mutumin ya ci gaba da kasancewa. A watan Agustan 2013, FFRF ta shigar da kara kan hukuncin. Kotun daukaka kara ta tara ta ki amincewa da hujjojin FFRF kuma ta amince da abin tunawa. A cikin shekara ta 2012, FFRF ya rubuta wasiƙu da yawa zuwa gidan cin abinci na Prudhommes, a Columbia, Pennsylvania, yana bayyana cewa bayar da rangwamen 10% ga majiɓintan Lahadi waɗanda ke gabatar da sanarwar coci ya saba wa dokar jiha da tarayya, musamman Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964 Mutumin da ya gabatar da lamarin ga FFRF ya shigar da korafin nuna wariya ga Hukumar Hulda da Jama'a ta Pennsylvania. FFRF ta kasance cikin ikon ba da shawara kawai. Hukumar Hulɗa da Jama'a ta Pennsylvania ta shiga oda ta ƙarshe ta baiwa gidan abincin damar ci gaba da rangwamen taswirar cocin. Gundumar ta cire gicciye mai haske a wurin shakatawa na jama'a a Honesdale, Pennsylvania, a cikin 2018 bayan korafi daga FFRF. Ba da nisa da wurin shakatawar wani mazaunin garin ya kafa giciye mai tsawon kafa 28 mai amfani da hasken rana a kan kadarorinsa. Addu'a a cikin gwamnati/makarantu A cikin Oktoban shekara ta 2008, FFRF ta shigar da kara a kan gwamnatin Amurka game da dokar kafa Ranar Sallah ta Kasa (NDoP). A cikin shekara ta 2010, alkali na tarayya Barbara Brandriff Crabb ya yanke hukuncin cewa bai dace da tsarin mulki ba saboda "aikin addini ne na asali wanda ba ya aiki na duniya". Gwamnatin Amurka ta daukaka kara kan wannan hukunci. A watan Afrilun 2011, Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Bakwai ta Amurka ta yi watsi da kalubalantar FFRF ga NDoP, tana mai cewa FFRF ba ta da tsayayye don kalubalantar dokar NDoP ko shela kuma shugaban kasa ne kawai ya ji rauni har ya kalubalanci dokar NDoP. Hukumar ta FFRF, a cikin Janairun shekara ta 2013, bayan ta sami ƙara daga wurin wani mazaunin garin, ta nemi majalisar birnin Rapid City, South Dakota, ta kawar da al’adarta ta soma kowace majalisar birni da addu’ar Kirista. Bayan da FFRF ta aike da wasika ta biyu a watan Fabrairun 2013, magajin garin ya bayyana a wancan lokacin cewa za a ci gaba da addu’a. Sabis na Harajin Cikin Gida Keɓewar Ikklesiya FFRF ta shigar da kara a kan IRS game da keɓantawa na Ikklesiya wanda ke ba da damar “ma’aikatan bishara” su karɓi wani ɓangare na albashinsu a matsayin alawus ɗin gidaje mara haraji. An fara shigar da wannan ne a cikin 2009, a California, sannan daga baya ya faɗi kuma ya sake shigar da shi a cikin 2011, a Wisconsin, saboda tsayawa. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2012, wani alkali na tarayya ya ce ƙarar za ta iya ci gaba. A cikin watan Agustan 2013, Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta yi jayayya cewa shugabannin ƙungiyar da ba su yarda da Allah ba na iya cancanci samun keɓewar Ikklesiya. Gaylor ya ce "ba haka muke ba", ya ci gaba da cewa bai kamata gwamnati ta baiwa kungiyoyin addini wani kulawa ta musamman ba. A ranar 21 ga Nuwambar shekara ta, 2013, wani alkalin tarayya ya yanke hukunci a kan FFRF. A cikin Janairun shekara ta 2014, Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta shigar da kara a kotun tarayya. A watan Nuwambar shekara ta 2014, Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Amurka na Zartarwa ta Bakwai ta ba da shawararta, inda ta kammala cewa tanadin kundin haraji na tarayya da ke kula da alawus-alawus na gidaje da coci-coci ke bayarwa ga ministoci a matsayin rashin harajin shiga dole ne ya tsaya. Zaɓe A cikin Nuwambar shekara ta 2012, FFRF ta shigar da kara a kan IRS saboda rashin aiwatar da nata dokokin zaben FFRF a cikin kwat da wando ya ba da sanarwar sanya cikakken tallace-tallacen shafi na Billy Graham Evangelistic Association; Diocese da ke bukatar limaman coci su karanta wata sanarwa da ta bukaci mabiya ɗarikar Katolika su kada kuri’a; da kuma ma'aikata na "Pulpit Freedom Lahadi". Kungiyar ta yi ikirarin cewa rashin aiwatar da ka’idojin haraji na tarayya da suka haramta wa kungiyoyin addinai da ba su haraji shiga zabe ya saba wa Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Farko. Ƙungiyar ta bayyana cewa kara shigar da cibiyoyin addini a harkokin siyasa "na nuni ne a fili da gangan wajen hana zaben". IRS ta gabatar da bukatar yin watsi da shi a kotun tarayya, amma a watan Agustan shekara ta 2013 an yanke shawarar cewa karar za ta iya ci gaba da bayyana cewa FFRF "tana tsaye don neman odar da ke bukatar IRS ta kula da ƙungiyoyin addini da kyau fiye da yadda take bi da Gidauniyar. A cikin shekara ta 2014, alkalin kotun tarayya ya yi watsi da karar bayan bangarorin sun cimma yarjejeniya. Duba kuma Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Haƙƙoƙi Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony%20Elumelu

Tony Elumelu

Tony Onyemaechi Elumelu (An haife shine a 22 ga watan Maris a shekarar ta 1963) Shi dai wani masanin tattalin arziki ne, kuma dan-kasuwa, san nan kuma mai son taimakon jama’a ne, mazauni kuma haifaffen dan Afrika Shine shugaban Heirs Holdings, The United Bank for Africa, Transcorp sannan kuma shine wanda ya kirkiro wata kungiya ta taimakon kananan yan kasuwa a Afrika wacce ake kira da The Tony Elumelu Foundation. Elumelu yanada shedan girmamawa ta The Nigerian National Honours, The Commander of the Order of the Niger (CON) kuma mamba ne a Order of the Fideral Republic (MFR) a shekarar ta 2003. Ya samu shaidan kasancewa mai hazaka a shekarar ta 2019 daga Nigeria’s National Productivity Order. Elumelu yana cikin mutane dari (100) masu matukar amfani da aka lissafa a cikin mujallar lokuta (Time Magazine) a shekarar ta 2020. Rayuwa da Ƴan'uwa An haife shi ne a Jos, Jahar Plateau, Nigeria, a shekarar ta 1963. Ya taso daga Onicha-Ukwu a Karamar Hukumar Aniocha na Jahar Delta. Yana da digiri guda biyu a bangaren tattalin arziki (Economics) daga jami’oin Nigeria, kamar haka: Digirinsa na farko watau (Bachelor Degree) daga Jami’ar Ambrose Ali daku, digirinsa na biyu na kimiyya watau mastas (Maters) daga Jami’ar Lagos. Elumelu ya auri wata malamar likitanci wacce ake kira da Awele Vivien Elumelu a shekarar ta1993, kuma suna da yara bakwai (7) a tare dasu. Yanada 'yan uwa guda hudu (4), daya daga cikinsu shi ne Ndudi Elumelu, wanda ya kasance dan Majalisa ne a Nigeria. Aiki Elumelu ya fara aikinsa na farko ne a Union Bank a matsayin dan bautar kasa a shekarar ta 1985. Ya samu kwarewa sosai inda a shekarar ta 2005 ya fara aiki da Standard Trust Bank da kuma United Bank for Africa (UBA) daga baya. Bayan barin aikinsa daga UBA a shekarar ta 2010, ya samar da kamfani mai suna Heirs Holding wanda ya karkata a bangarori kamar haka: harkoki na kudi, makamashi, dillanci da karimci, harkokin noma, da kuma bangaren kiwon lafiya. Kuma a wannan shekaran ya kirkiro kungiyar The Tony Elumelu Foundation, wanda ta kasance kungiya da take zaune a Afrika kuma kungiyar masu son taimaka ma jama’a na Afrika. Yayi hidima a matsayin mai bada shawara ga wata kugiya mai suna USAID’s Private Capital for Africa (PCGA). Ya bada gudummawa ga Nigerian President’s Agricultural Transformation Council (ATIC). Ya kasance mataimakin shugaban wata mai suna National Competitiveness Council of Nigeria (NCCN), wanda ya bada gudummawa mai karfi a cikinta, kuma ya zama mai fada aji na kungiyar Aspen Institute Dialogue Series on Global Food Security. Dadin gushi ya gudanar da kungiyar Ministerial Committee domin samar da ingantattun asibitoci da wuraren gwaje-gwaje a duka fadin Nijeriya, a kuma gayyatar da gwamnatin tarayya (Federal Government) da kungiyar samar da aiki na shugaban kasa (Presidential Jobs Board) sukayi masa yayi ikirarin samar da miliyoyin ayyuka a cikin shekara daya. Ya kuma yi hidima a matsayin mamba a kungiyar Global Advisory Board of the United Nations Sustainable Energy for All Initiatives (SE4ALL) da USAID’s Private Capital Group for Africa Partners Forum. Kungiya The Tony Elumelu Foundation Bayan barin aikinsa daga United Bank for Africa a watan July a shekarar ta 2010, sai ya samar da kungiyar The Tony Elumelu Foundation. Wadansu Gudummuwar daya Bayar Kasancewarshi a cikin kungiyar Bretton Woods Committee ya kawo hadin kan manyan shuwagabanni cikin harkokin bankunan duniya, wanda wannan ma ya kasance ya kawo cigaban Africa. Ya kasance shima dan kungiyar Nigerian Leadership Initaitive (NDL) ne. Ya kasance yanada sa hannu a cikin kafuwar wata kungiya tareda The Tony Blair Africa Governance Initiative (AGI) ta hanyar hadin gwiwa mai karfi da sukayi domin su karfafa bangarorin dogaro da kai ta hanyar janza tattalin arzikin wasu zababbun kasashe a Africa. Wannan hadin gwiwa a kiransa da The Blair_Elumelu Fellowship Programme. Ya kasance mai-fada aji a kungiyar Africa Energy Leader’s Group (AELG). Lambobin Yabo da Girmamawa A shekarar ta 2003, Gwamnatin Tarayyar Nijeriya ta bama Elumelu inkiyar kasancewa dan Order of the Federal Republic (MFR), wanda wannan ya kasance girmamawa ne na kasa baki daya. Kuma a shekarar ta 2006, yaci kyautan wanda ya kasance shugaban yan kasuwan Afirka na wannan shekaran (African Business Leader of the Year) wanda mujallar United Kingdom ta buga a bangaren masu sanya hannun jarin Afirka. A shekarar ta 2009, Shugaban Kasa Umaru Musa Yar’adua ya bukaci da yayi aiki dashi a bangaren kwamitin shugaban kasa na warware matsalolin kudi na kasa (Presidential Committee on the Global Financial Crisis). Haka kuma a shekarar ta 2012, aka bashi lambar yabo na girmamawan kasa akan kasancewa komanda mai bada tsarin Niger (The National Honour of Commander of the Order of the Niger (CON)) saboda gudummuwar daya bada wajen kawo cigaban kasuwancin masu zaman kansu. A wajen bikin shekara-shekara karo na biyar na Economic Forum of the Ivorian National Council of Employers, CGECI Academy, (CGECI) a garin Abidjan a watan Afrilu a shekarar ta 2016 aka bashi lambar yabo na (Lifetime Achievement Award). Kuma dai a wannan shekara ta 2016 aka bashi lambar yabo na kasancewa Dan Nijeriyan da yafi kowa kwazo a wannan shekara (Nigerian Man of the Year) daga jaridar ‘daily times’. Wallafawa Ya kasance yayi rubutu akan yayi bincike da kuma daukaka tattalin arzikin Afirka a rubutu daban-daban da yayi a fadin duniya kamar su, Masanin Tattalin Arzikin Kasa (The Economist), Jaridar Bangon Layi (The Wall Street Journal), da kuma Lokutan Harkokin Kudi (The Financial Times). Manazarta Rayayyun Mutane Haifaffun

42081

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed%20Mulibah%20Shariff

Mohammed Mulibah Shariff

Mohammed Mulibah Sherif (an haife shi a watan 16 Afrilu 1975) shine Babban Manajan Kamfanin watsa labarai na yanki TRANSCO CLSG (Cote d'Ivoire, Laberiya, Saliyo, Guinee) da ke garin Abidjan, a kasar Cote d'Ivoire. Masanin tattalin arziki ne kuma kwararre akan gudanar da ayyuka. An karrama shi ne saboda rawar da ya taka wajen yafe basussukan Laberiya ta hanyar tsarin kasashe masu fama da lamuni (HIPC) da kuma taimakawa wajen daidaita tattalin arzikin Laberiya daga illar rikicin cikin gida da aka dade ana yi. Yana da aure da ‘ya’ya biyar. Sherif tsohon babban masanin tattalin arziki ne na Kasar Laberiya kuma ana yaba masa bisa gudanar da ayyukan ayyuka da dama wadanda suka samar da riba mai yawa don aiwatar da babban ajandar ci gaban Kasar Laberiya Ajandar kawo sauyi. Ya yi nasarar daidaita ayyukan sashen kasafin kudi na Macro a Ma'aikatar Kudi, Jamhuriyar Laberiya. Ya kammala karatunsa na digiri a Jami'ar Usmanu Danfodiyo daga 1999 zuwa 2002, inda ya samu digiri na farko a fannin fasaha tare da maida hankali a fannin kididdiga. Sherif ya kuma ba da jagoranci kan manyan tarurruka da dama ga gwamnatin Laberiya ciki har da yankin yammacin Afirka (WAMZ), taron bazara da na shekara-shekara na Bankin Duniya da Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya (IMF). Ya yi tafiye-tafiye da yawa a madadin gwamnatin Laberiya a kan manyan tarurruka tarurruka da yawa waɗanda suka kawo kuɗin haɓaka ci gaba a ƙasar bayan rikice-rikice. Tasowarsa, ilimi gogewa A ranar 16 ga Afrilu, a shekarar 1975, an haifi Mohammed Mulbah Sherif a Voinjama, Lofa County, Laberiya ga marigayi Mr., Mrs. Mulibah Sharif. Ya yi shekarun kuruciyarsa a Yekepa, gundumar Nimba inda kuma ya fara karatun boko a makarantar St. Francis Elementary da United Muslim Junior High School. Bayan yakin basasa a shekarar 1990, Mohammed Sherif ya koma Monrovia da zama, babban birnin kasar Laberiya, ya kuma halarci Kwalejin Yammacin Afirka a shekarar 1994. Daga baya ya gudo zuwa Najeriya sakamakon barkewar yaki a ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 1996. A lokacin da yake Najeriya, ya halarci Jami’ar Usmanu Danfodiyo daga shekarar 1999 zuwa 2002, inda ya samu digirin farko na fasaha a fannin kididdiga Ya koma Ghana ya kwashe shekara guda kafin ya koma Laberiya a shekara ta 2004, sannan ya fara aiki a ma'aikatar kudi daga 2004 2006 a matsayin mataimakin gudanarwa sannan kuma masanin tattalin arziki. A watan Nuwambar 2006, Mohammed Sherif ya yi karatun digirinsa na farko a fannin Siyasa da Gudanar da Tattalin Arziki a Cibiyar Cigaban Tattalin Arziki da Tsare-tsare ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke Dakar, Senegal inda ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin manufofin tattalin arziki da gudanarwa a shekarar 2008. Bayan kammala karatunsa, an dauke shi aiki a matsayin Babban Masanin Tattalin Arziki daga watan Nuwamba 2008 zuwa Agusta 2010 tare da shirin tallafawa cibiyoyi na Bankin Raya Afirka (AfDB) ga Ma'aikatar Kudi ta Laberiya. Daga baya aka kara masa girma a matsayin Babban Masanin Tattalin Arziki a cikin Agusta 2010 zuwa Janairu 2012. Sherif ya samu horon kwararru daga jami'o'i da dama da suka hada da Jami'ar Duke, Amurka; Harvard School of Professional Education, Amurka; Cibiyar IMF, Amurka; Cibiyar Bankin Duniya da ke Washington DC, Amurka; Ya koyar da Kididdigar Kasuwanci na shekaru hudu da Kudi na Jama'a na shekara guda a shirin kammala karatun digiri na Jami'ar Laberiya a Gudanar da Kuɗi na Jama'a. Kafin ya hau sabon mukaminsa na Babban Manaja na TRANSCO CLSG a watan Satumba na 2014, Mohammed Sherif ya yi aiki a matsayin babban masanin tattalin arziki na Laberiya a ma'aikatar kudi daga Fabrairu 2012 Yuni 2014. A cikin aikinsa na ƙwararru a Ma'aikatar Kuɗi, Laberiya, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka shirye-shiryen dabarun nasara a Laberiya ciki har da Takardar Rage Talauci (2008-2011), Agenda for Canji (2012-2017), Laberiya. Dokar Kuɗin Jama'a ta 2009 kuma ta ɗauki nauyin jagoranci na fasaha wajen samar da Takardun Tsarin Kasafin Kuɗi guda biyar waɗanda suka dogara da kasafin matsakaicin wa'adi na Laberiya tun daga shekarar 2010/2011 har zuwa 2014/15. Mohammed Sherif ya kuma yi aiki a kan Tsare-tsaren Gudanar da Bashi na Matsakaici na 2013, da Dabarun Binciken Hatsari don aiwatar da kasafin kuɗi na 2013/14. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da sashen makamashi a ma'aikatar kudi daga 2008-2014. Mohammed Sherif ya kuma tsara yadda ya kamata ya daidaita buƙatun rahoton Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya (IMF), Rage Talauci da Ci gaban Tsarin Ƙirar Lamuni a kasar Laberiya daga shekarar 2008 wanda ya kai ga Laberiya ta cimma nasarar kawar da basussuka a ƙarƙashin tsarin ƙasashe matalauta masu cin bashi a shekarar 2010. Ya kuma daidaita tattaunawar sabon shirin IMF ECF wanda ya shafi shekarar 2013 zuwa 2015. Ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen dabarun taimakon kasashe daban-daban daga 2009 zuwa 2013, tare da cibiyoyi da yawa da suka hada da Bankin Duniya da Bankin Raya Afirka (AfDB). Kai tsaye ya shiga cikin shawarwarin yarjejeniyar lamuni da yawa don Laberiya gami da kiredit na Ƙungiyar Ci gaban Ƙasashen Duniya (IDA). A matsayinsa na Babban Manaja na TRANSCO CLSG, Mohammed Sherif ya samu matsayi a tsakanin shugabannin matasan Afirka da ke kokarin sauya kasashensu zuwa kasashe masu tasowa cikin sauri. Ya ci gaba da kasancewa babban kadara ga gwamnatin Laberiya har zuwa hawansa matsayi na farko a cibiyar TRANSCO CLSG (Cote d'Ivoire, Laberiya, Saliyo da Guinea) da ke hada wadannan kasashe don ba da damar musayar wutar lantarki mai moriyar juna da samar da ingantaccen wutar lantarki. wadanda suka zama dole domin bunkasar tattalin arziki da kuma karfafa zaman lafiya mai rauni da aka samu kawo yanzu a wadannan kasashe. Kalubale Mohammed M. Sherif ya isa kampanin TRANSCO CLSG da niyyar tabbatar da an maido da wutar lantarki mai sauki ga miliyoyin mutane a kogin Mano. Manufarsa game da makomar TRANSCO CLSG ya dace da ci gaban buri na nahiyar Afirka. Ya yi shirin ginawa kan nasarorin da aka samu a tafkin wutar lantarki na yammacin Afirka (WAPP) da kuma sa kaimi ga bunkasuwar ci gaban da za ta samar da ci gaba a yankin, tallafin da zai samar da masana'antu masu tasowa da kara samar da ayyukan yi a matsayin hanyar rage fatara. "Hani na game da abin da TRANSCO CLSG zai iya yi wa Afirka, shine samar da hanyar sadarwa mai rahusa, abin dogaro, mafi fa'ida mai amfani da makamashi. Bugu da ƙari, ina tsammanin za a fara ƙoƙarin yin haɗin gwiwa a nan gaba, haɗa haɗari, raba farashi, da samun ma'aunin tattalin arziki," cewar Sherif. Mohammed Sherif ya yi imanin cewa bayan shekara ta 2017, yankin zai ga wani kamfani na kasuwanci mai inganci da inganci wajen tabbatar da samar da wutar lantarki mai sauki a cikin CLSG da kuma ECOWAS. Farashin TRANSCO CLSG A watan Janairu, shekara ta 2006, mambobin kungiyar ECOWAS, sun kafa wata yarjejeniyar kafa sabuwar kungiyar wutar lantarki ta yammacin Afirka (WAPP). Manufar WAPP ita ce kafa babbar kasuwar wutar lantarki a yankin Afirka ta Yamma ta hanyar samar da muhimman ababen more rayuwa da za su ba da damar isa ga albarkatun da kuma tattalin arziki, ga dukkan kasashe kungiyar ECOWAS. Aikin haɗin gwiwar Kasar Cote d'Ivoire, Kasar Laberiya da kuma Kasar Saliyo Guinea na ɗaya daga cikin manyan tsare-tsare na samar da wutar lantarki ta Afirka ta Yamma (WAPP), da nufin haɗa ƙasashe huɗu da ke fama da rikice-rikice cikin samar da wutar lantarki guda ɗaya; ta hanyar haɗin kai mai ƙarfi daga Kasar Cote d'Ivoire zuwa Kasar Guinea ta hanyar Saliyo da Laberiya. Samar da isasshiyar wutar lantarki mai inganci zai inganta tsaro, kyakkyawan shugabanci, bunkasa masana'antu tare da inganta rayuwar al'ummomin yankin. Layin CLSG yana da nisan kilomita dubu daya da dari ukku da ukku 1,303, yana fitowa daga garin Man zuwa Danane; daga Danane zuwa Yekepa; daga Yekepa zuwa Buchanan; daga Buchanan zuwa Dutsen Kofi; daga Dutsen Coffee zuwa Bo Waterside, wanda ke ba da dama ga Laberiya. Kungiyar raya tattalin arzikin kasashen yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS), ta hanyar tafkin wutar lantarki ta yammacin Afirka (WAPP) ta sanya hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki a yankin fifiko cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa. Don haka, kafa TRANSCO CLSG ya haifar da damammaki masu tasowa a duk yankin.

21834

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekun%20Guinea

Tekun Guinea

Tekun Guinea shine yankin arewa maso gabas na yankin Tekun Atlantika mai zafi daga Cape Lopez a Gabon, arewa da yamma zuwa Cape Palmas a Laberiya. Yankin mahada na Equator da Prime Meridian (latitude da longitude digiri) yana cikin gulf. Daga cikin koguna da yawa da ke malala zuwa Tekun Guinea sun hada da Nijar da Volta. Yankin bakin teku da ke gabar teku ya hada da Gwanin Benin da na Bonny. Suna Asalin sunan Guinea ana zaton yanki ne a yankin, ko da yake takaddama game da takamaiman sunan Bovill (1995) ya ba da cikakken kwatancen: Sunan "Guinea" an kuma amfani dashi a gaɓar tekun kudu na Yammacin Afirka, arewacin Tekun Guinea, wanda ya zama sananne da "Upper Guinea", da kuma yammacin gabar Kudancin Afirka, zuwa gabas, wanda ya zama ana kiranta "Lower Guinea". Sunan "Guinea" har yanzu yana nan a cikin sunayen ƙasashe uku na Afirka: Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, da Equatorial Guinea, da New Guinea a Melanesia. Labarin kasa Babban kogin da ke zubar da ruwansa a cikin kogin shine Kogin Neja. An bayar da ma'anoni daban-daban game da iyakokin Tekun Guinea; Kungiyar Hydrographic International ta bayyana iyakar kudu maso yamma na Tekun Guinea a matsayin "layin B daga Cap Lopez (0°37′S 8°43'E), a Gabon, arewa maso yamma zuwa Ihléu Gago Coutinho (Ilhéu das Rôlas) (0° 01'S 6°32′E); kuma daga can layin daga Ihléu Gago Coutinho arewa maso yamma zuwa Cape Palmas (4 22′N 7 44′W), a Laberiya. Tsibiri a cikin Tekun Guinea Tekun Guinea ya ƙunshi tsibirai da yawa, mafi girma daga cikinsu suna cikin jerin kudu maso yamma-arewa maso gabas, suna zama wani ɓangare na layin Kamaru na aman wuta. Annobón, wanda aka fi sani da Pagalu ko Pigalu, tsibiri ne wanda ke cikin yankin Equatorial Guinea. Tsibirin Bobowasi tsibiri ne da ke gabar yamma da gabar Afirka a cikin Tekun Guinea wanda ke cikin Yankin Yammacin Ghana. Bioko tsibiri ne daga yankin Ambazonian na Kamaru a cikin Tekun Gini a ƙarƙashin ikon Equatorial Guinea. Corisco tsibiri ne na Equatorial Guinea. Elobey Grande da Elobey Chico wasu ƙananan tsibirai ne biyu na ƙasar Equatorial Guinea. São Tomé da Príncipe (a hukumance Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar São Tomé da Príncipe) ƙasa ce tsibiri mai jin yaren Fotigal a cikin Tekun Guinea da ta sami yancin kai daga Portugal a 1975. Tana can daga gabar yamma ta yammacin Afirka kuma tana da tsibirai biyu, São Tomé da Príncipe. Suna kusa da kilomita 140 (mil 87) nesa da kusan kilomita 250 da 225 (155 da 140 mi), bi da bi, kusa da gabar arewa maso yammacin Gabon. Duk tsibiran wani bangare ne na tsaunuka masu lalacewa. São Tomé, babban tsibirin kudu, yana arewacin arewacin Equator. Tsaron teku Tsaron teku a tekun Guinea ya kunshi kasashe 18 masu cikakken iko. Yawancin umarni na hukumomi sun magance matsalar tsaro a tekun Guinea na Guinea: Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma (ECOWAS) da Kungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya (ECCAS). Bugu da kari, kwamitin kula da gabar ruwan Guinea (GGC) ya magance matsalar tsaron tekun a yankin na Guinea. Tsaron teku a cikin Gulf of Guinea ba a san shi kadai bane ta hanyar fashin teku ba amma akwai dumbin laifuffukan teku duk da fashin da galibi ke mamaye tattaunawar kan tsaron ruwan. Dangane da ‘Takardar da ta Bada mahimmanci ga kokarin Danemark don yaki da masu satar fasaha da sauran nau’ikan Laifukan Jirgin Ruwa na shekarar 2019-2022 satar fasinjoji da aikata laifukan ruwa kamar haka: Za a iya bayyana fashin teku a matsayin duk wani haramtaccen aiki na tashin hankali, tsarewa ko ɓata rai da aka yi don dalilai na sirri a manyan tekuna kan wani jirgi ko jirgin sama. Laifin teku na iya hadawa da fashi da makami a teku, safarar mutane ko safarar haramtattun kayayyaki, kwayoyi da makamai, kamun kifi ba bisa doka ba, satar mai da sauransu. Sauran laifukan da ake gani a Tekun Guinea sun hada da kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba, satar mutane don neman kudin fansa, fataucin miyagun kwayoyi da kuma fasa-kwaurin mai. Fataucin mai ba bisa ka'ida ba ya kunshi kai hare-hare kan jiragen ruwa da ke jigilar mai da kuma tura mai zuwa jirgin ruwan barayi. Bayan haka ana sayar da man a kasuwannin gida da na waje. Satar mutane domin neman kudin fansa na daya daga cikin laifuffukan teku na yankin. Tsakanin shekarar 2018 zuwa 2019, yawan ma’aikatan da aka sace a tekun Guinea ya karu da kashi 50%, wanda hakan ya sa yankin ke yin kashi 90 na sace-sacen duniya da ake yi a teku.

27876

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erna%20Kretschmann

Erna Kretschmann

Erna Kretschmann (Nuwamba 12, 1912 a matsayin Erna Jahnke a Bollinken (kusa da Stettin); ta mutu Janairu 6, 2001 a Bad Freienwalde (Oder)) mai kiyayewa kuma ɗan siyasa, mai son zaman lafiya da cin ganyayyaki. Tare da Kuma mijinta Kurt Kretschmann, ta yi aiki da yawa don ci gaban yanayi da kare muhalli a cikin GDR; ana daukar su biyun a matsayin "mahaifiya kuma uba na kiyaye dabi'ar Jamus ta Gabas". Erna da Kurt Kretschmann haɗin gwiwa ne na lambar yabo ta muhalli ta Turai da kuma 'yan ƙasa na girmamawa na birnin Bad Freienwalde (Oder). Rayuwa Erna Jahnke ita ce ƙaramin ɗan mai dafa abinci Martha Jahnke (née Thomas) da kuma manomi Otto Jahnke. Ta yi makarantarta da karatunta na shekaru a Köslin. A can kuma ta koyi sana'ar malamin kindergarten da ma'aikaciyar kula da bayan makaranta; Bayan haka ta yi aiki a cikin sanatorium na yara Pomerania a Großmöllen. A 1935 ta auri ma'aikaci Max Scherff a Rüdnitz, wanda ta haifi 'ya'ya biyu: Gilwar (1936) da Christel (1939). An yi kisan aure a shekara ta 1941. A cikin shekara ta gaba, Erna Scherff ta auri likita Kurt Kretschmann, wanda aka tura a gaban Rasha a lokacin. An haifi dan Friedhart a cikin wannan shekarar. Daga 1942 zuwa 1945 ta zauna tare da abokai a Bad Freienwalde (Oder). Bayan da mijinta Kurt ya gudu a lokacin da yake hutu a gaba a farkon Janairu 1945 kuma ya sami kansa a cikin rami a cikin a Bad Freienwalde, ta ba shi abinci a asirce na kwanaki 75 a lokacin yakin karshe. A watan Agustan 1945, ɗansu mai shekaru uku Friedhart ya mutu sakamakon cutar diphtheria, ƴan kwanaki kafin mahaifinsa ya dawo daga ɗan wani ɗan fursuna na yaƙi na Soviet. A cikin 1946 Erna Kretschmann ta shiga cikin KPD, nan da nan aka zabe ta a matsayin memba na gundumar Bad Freienwalde kuma ta yi aiki a can a matsayin mai kula da gundumar don samun ilimin har zuwa 1949. Daga 1948 ta kasance sakatariyar Gesellschaft für Deutsch-Sowjetische Freundschaft. Daga 1951 zuwa 1952 ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga kiyaye yanayi a majalisa ta gundumar Bad Freienwalde. Daga 1952 ta kasance memba na kwamitin kwararru na tsakiya don tsara shimfidar wuri da kiyaye yanayi a cikin Kulturbund na shekaru 10. Tsakanin 1954 da 1960 ta kasance memba na girmamawa a cikin gundumar kula da Kulturbund har ma da kwamishinan gundumar don kiyaye yanayin a Frankfurt (Oder). Daga 1960 zuwa 1964 ta rike ofishin sakataren gundumar don yanayi da mahaifarta a cikin Kulturbund Frankfurt (Oder). Daga 1964 zuwa 1968 tana da aikin ɗan lokaci a cikin kantin sayar da littattafai na mutane a Bad Freienwalde. Daga 1968 Erna da Kurt Kretschmann sun kula da cikakken "Gidan Kula da Yanayi" a Bad Freienwalde, har zuwa 1982 sun koma wani gidan kusa don dalilai na shekaru kuma sun canza gidan zuwa garin Bad Freienwalde. Ƙirƙiri A cikin shekarun bayan ƙarshen yaƙin (1945/46), ma'auratan Kretschmann sun gina gidan log don kansu da yaransu, wanda daga baya ya zama "Gidan Kula da Yanayi". A lokacin da take a matsayin mai wakiltar gundumar don samun ilimi mai zurfi (1946-1949) Erna Kretschmann ce ta dauki nauyin sake fasalin Fadar Freienwalde zuwa "Gidan Al'adu na Alexander Puschkin" (Gidan Pushkin) ɗayan gidajen farko na al'adu a cikin GDR. A shekara ta 1950 sun gina nune-nune don nuna damuwa kan batun kiyaye yanayi a cikin tsohuwar motar kayan daki kuma suka wuce ta Brandenburg tsawon watanni don inganta damuwar su. A shekarar 1952 ta fara dasa tsiron iska na farko a cikin jihar Brandenburg bayan yakin Metzdorf am Oderbruch. A shekara ta 1954, mijinta da Karl Bartels sun kafa Zentrale Lehrstätte für Naturschutz a wata gona da aka watsar da ita a farfajiyar tsuntsu a Müritz, Müritzhof. An ba da horo ga masu ba da agaji na masu ba da agaji a can har zuwa 1990, kuma Erna Kretschmann ya kasance mai himma a cikin ƙungiyar da aiwatarwa har zuwa 1960. Daga 1956 zuwa 1961 Erna Kretschmann ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar edita na mujallar Märkische Heimat. Tsakanin 1957 da 1974 kadai, sannan tare da mijinta har zuwa 1982, Erna Kretschmann ta shiga cikin gyaran kalandar gida na Heimatkalenders des Kreises Bad Freienwalde. Daga 1960 zuwa gaba, Erna da Kurt Kretschmann sun canza yankin tare da gidan ajiyar su zuwa "Gidan Kula da Yanayi": Ba tare da umarnin gwamnati ko tallafin kudi ba, an yi amfani da kayan aikin muhalli da kuma nuna lambun, An gina gidajen baƙi kuma an shirya darussan horo don ƙarfafa baƙi don yin aikin kiyaye yanayi Ta hanyar kokarinsu, "cibiyar sadarwa ta masu kiyaye dabi'a, masu sha'awar yanayi da masoya yanayi" suka fito. A karo na farko (har zuwa 1964) Erna Kretschmann har yanzu tana da cikakken aiki a Frankfurt (Oder) don tabbatar da rayuwar dangi. A shekarar 1964 ta amince da aikin na wani lokaci a cikin kantin sayar da littattafai na mutane a Bad Freienwalde don samun karin lokaci don "Gidan Kula da Yanayi". Daga shekarar 1968 ita da mijinta sun kula da wannan ginin. Erna Kretschmann ta aiwatar da ayyukanta na al'adu da siyasa a cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan kuma, ta hanyar ayyukanta masu yawa, ta daɗe tana ɗaukar nauyin rayuwar iyali; Mijinta, a gefe guda, yi aiki da yawa da son rai, saboda ba a aiwatar da damuwar sa cikin sauri kuma a kai a kai a cikin injin kayan aikin jihar. Ko ta yaya, tana kulawa da kula da halittun halittu a "Gidan Kula da Yanayi", don kula da dubban baƙi, don rubuta labarai kan tambayoyi game da kiyaye yanayin halitta da kuma kula da wasiƙarta da ta mijinta: Don haka tana da yawancin ayyukan kiyaye yanayin ta hanyar tallafin kuɗi da fasaha. Girmamawa Medal Johannes R. Becher a Azurfa (1962) Medal Johannes R. Becher a Zinare (1979) Medal na girmamawa na 40th Bikin bukin GDR (1989) Kyautar Muhalli ta Turai (1993, tare da Kurt Kretschmann) NABU: Ado na Daraja a Zinare (1998) Babban ɗan ƙasa na birnin Bad Freienwalde (1999, tare da Kurt Kretschmann) Sunan Bad Freienwalder Oberschule a cikin "Erna-und-Kurt-Kretschmann-Oberschule" (2009) Labarai Rat des Kreises (Hrsg.): Kleiner Wanderführer zu den Naturschutzgebieten, Landschaftsschutzgebieten, bemerkenswerten Waldteilen, Naturdenkmalen des Kreises. Oberbarnim 1952 (10 S.). Rat des Bezirkes, Abteilung Wasserwirtschaft, Naturschutz (Hrsg.): Frankfurt (Oder) 1955 (8 S.). Mit einem Verzeichnis der geschützten Baumriesen, Wanderblöcke u. Naturmerkwürdigkeiten Band 4). Sachsenverlag, Dresden 1955 (117 S.). Rat des Bezirkes Frankfurt ⟨Oder⟩, Bezirksnaturschutzverwaltung (Hrsg.): Urania, Jena 1955 (12 S.). Nr. 57). VEB Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig 1956 (59 S.). Rat des Kreises Bad Freienwalde, Referat Landeskultur (Hrsg.): Bad Freienwalde (87 S., zusammen mit Kurt Kretschmann). verschiedene Artikel im Heimatkalender für den Kreis Bad Freienwalde zwischen 1957 und 1981 Adabi Günter Queißer: Ehrennadel für Naturschutz-Nestorin. Erna Kretschmann erhält in dieser Woche die höchste Auszeichnung des NABU. In: Neues Deutschland. 9. März 1998, ISSN 0323-3375, S. 10 (Online [abgerufen am 17. April 2021]). Günter Queißer: Zum Tode von Erna Kretschmann. »Mutter des Naturschutzes« plötzlich verstorben. In: Neues Deutschland. 9. Januar 2001, ISSN 0323-3375, S. 14 (Online [abgerufen am 17. April 2021]). Astrid Mignon Kirchhof: Der freie Mensch fordert keine Freiheiten, er lebt einfach. Die Nestoren des DDR-Naturschutzes und die Herausbildung einer reformbewegten Gegenwelt. In: Geschichte und Gesellschaft. Band 41, Nr. 1. Göttingen 2015, S. 71–106, JSTOR:24368727. Gebhard Schultz: Erna-und-Kurt-Kretschmann-Archiv Online-Findbuch. Schriftgutbestand. 2., überarbeitete Auflage. 7. April 2011 (Online [PDF; abgerufen am 19. April 2021]). Marion Schulz: Ein Leben in Harmonie. Kurt und Erna Kretschmann für den Schutz und die Bewahrung der Natur. Hrsg.: NABU Naturschutzbund Deutschland Landesverband Brandenburg e. V. Findling Buch- und Zeitschriftenverlag, Neuenhagen 1999, ISBN 3-933603-02-1. Haus der Naturpflege. Haus der Naturpflege e.V., abgerufen am 19. April 2021. Haus der Naturpflege Raum für Naturliebhaber. Bad Freienwalde Tourismus GmbH, abgerufen am 19. April 2021. Manazarta Jawabi Mutuwan

21270

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilal%20El-Helwe

Hilal El-Helwe

Hilal Bassam El-Helwe Larabcin Lebanon: l m ħɪlwe] an haife shi ne a ranar 24 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 1994) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Labanon wanda ke taka leda a gaba ga ƙungiyar Al-Faisaly ta Jordan da ƙungiyar ƙasar Lebanon. Gaban gaba, zai iya taka leda a tsakiya kuma a matsayin dan wasan gefe a kowane bangare. Bayan yayi wasa na tsawon shekaru biyar a Germany na, TSV Havelse, VfL Wolfsburg II, and Hallescher FC, El-Helwe ya koma Greece a cikin shekarar 2018 zuwa Apollon Smyrnis. A cikin shekarar 2019, ya koma kasar Germany, ya sa hannu ma SV Meppen, kafin ya shiga Al-Faisaly a cikin Jordan a shekarar 2021. A Lebanon, El-Helwe scored a brace against North Korea in the 2019 AFC Asian Cup, helping Lebanon win their first ever game in the competition and becoming their top scorer in the competition to date. Klub din Da yake zuwa ta tsarin matasa, El-Helwe ya fara yin fito na fito da babban jami'in TSV Havelse a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2013 yana zuwa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Eintracht Braunschweig II da ci 3-2. Burinsa na farko a cikin Yankin Nordalliga Nord ya zo ne a ranar 27 ga watan Oktoba na wannan shekarar, inda ya zura kwallo daya a ragar SV Wilhelmshaven a minti na 14. Ya kuma kawo karshen kakarsa ta farko a kungiyar da kwallaye shida a wasanni 26 da ya buga. In his second season, El-Helwe scored his first domestic brace on 10 October 2014 against Schwarz-Weiß Rehden. He improved on his previous tally scoring 10 goals in 33 appearances for the club, earning him a move to VfL Wolfsburg II the following season. VfL Wolfsburg II A ranar 5 ga Watan Satumbar shekarar 2015, El-Helwe ya fara buga wasa don VfL Wolfsburg II akan tsohuwar kungiyarsa TSV Havelse a wasan da suka samu nasara da ci 6-1, yana zuwa a madadin a minti na 65. A ranar 1 Nuwamban shekarar 2015, ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kan Borussia Hildesheim a wasan da aka tashi 1-5. El-Helwe ya buga duka wasannin lig 22 a gefe, ya zira kwallaye bakwai ya taimaka bakwai a ci gaba. Ya taimakawa Wolfsburg lashe Regionalliga Nord, kuma ya buga wasannin share fagen shiga biyu da Jahn Regensburg, inda aka tashi 2-1 a jimillar. Hallescher FC A ranar 22 ga Yuni shekarar 2016, 3. Kungiyar Hallescher FC ta Laliga ta sanar da sayen El-Helwe daga VfL Wolfsburg II kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu. A ranar 6 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2016, ya buga wasansa na farko a gida tare da Chemnitzer FC a wasan da aka tashi 1-1, yana zuwa maimakon Sascha Pfeffer a minti na 78. Kwallayen farko da El-Helwe ya ci wa kulob din ya zo ne ta hanyar kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka yi a DFB Pokal da 1. FC Kaiserslautern a ranar 20 ga Agusta 2016, inda ya ci kwallaye biyu a cikin mintina hudu a wasan da ci 4-3. A kakar wasa mai zuwa, El-Helwe ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a ranar 22 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2017 a wasan farko na kakar, inda ya ci kwallo a minti na 73 da SC Paderborn bayan ya fito daga benci a wasan da aka tashi 4-4. El-Helwe ya ci kwallaye jimillar kwallaye hudu a ragar Halle, duk a lokacin kaka ta 2017-18. Apollon Smyrnis Tare da kwantiraginsa ya kare, El-Helwe ya koma kungiyar Apollon Smyrnis ta Super League ta Girka a kan musayar kyauta na kakar 2018-19. Burin El-Helwe na farko ga kungiyar, wanda ya zo a ranar 15 ga watan Satumbar shekarar 2018, shi ne kuma na farko da Apollon Smyrnis ya ci a kakar wasa ta bana, inda ya zira kwallon ta’aziya a kan PAS Giannina a wasan da aka ci su 2-1. A ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairun 2019, El-Helwe ya zira kwallaye a ragar AEK mai rike da kambun, kuma wasan ya ƙare 2-1 ga ƙungiyar da ke hamayya. Duk da kammalawa ta karshe a gasar, El-Helwe shi ne dan wasan Apollon Smyrnis da ya fi kowa zira kwallaye a kakar 2018–19 da kwallaye uku da daya a raga a wasanni 21. SV Meppen A ranar 3 ga watan Yuli shekarar 2019, 3. Kungiyar SV Meppen da ke Laliga ta sanar da kulla yarjejeniya da El-Helwe a kan kyauta, tare da kwantiraginsa na aiki har zuwa 2021. Burin sa na farko ya zo ne a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba shekarar 2019, inda ya zira kwallaye a ragar Bayern Munich II a wasan da suka doke gida da ci 5-3 A ranar 12 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2020, El-Helwe ya zira kwallaye a ragar tsohuwar kungiyarsa Hallescher FC yana zuwa a madadin. Duk da cewa ya daidaita sakamakon 1-1, wasan ya ƙare a rashin 2-3. A wasannin karshe biyu na kakar 2019-20, a ranakun 1 da 4 na Yulin 2020, El-Helwe ya ci kwallaye biyu kuma ya taimaka aka zura kwallo daya. Ya zira kwallo a ragar Preußen Münster a wasan da suka tashi 3-0 a waje, kuma ya ci kuma ya taimaka aka ci daya a kan Eintracht Braunschewig, inda ya taimakawa kungiyarsa ta samu nasara da ci 4 da 3. El-Helwe ya kammala kakar wasa ta bana da kwallaye biyar kuma ya taimaka sau uku a wasanni 27, matsakaita gudummawa a kowane minti 144; SV Meppen ya gama a wuri na 7 daga cikin 20. El-Helwe ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kakar 2020 zuwa 21 a ranar 3 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2020, a wasan da suka sha kashi 2-1 a gidan Verl. Ya amince da dakatar da kwantiraginsa da SV Meppen a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu 2021. Al-Faisaly A ranar 1 ga watan Maris shekarar 2021, El-Helwe ya koma kungiyar Al-Faisaly ta kasar Jordan. Ya fara wasansa na farko ne a ranar 4 ga Maris, yana zuwa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin minti 75 a wasan Kofin Gasar Kofin Jordan da Al-Ramtha wanda ya tashi kunnen doki da ci 2-2. Wasan El-Helwe na farko a gasar ya zo ne a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Sahab Ayyukan duniya Tun da iyayensa duka 'yan Lebanon ne, El-Helwe ya cancanci wakiltar Lebanon a duniya. A ranar 8 ga Oktoba 15, 2015, El-Helwe ya fara buga wa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Lebanon, farawa a wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2018 da ci 2-0 da Myanmar. Ya kasance cikin sahun farawa kuma ya buga wasa har sai maye gurbinsa bayan minti 56 daga farawa. Koyaya, bai sami ikon shigar da takardar ba. El-Helwe ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a duniya a ranar 29 ga watan Maris din shekarar 2016 a wasan da Lebanon ta yi da Myanmar a lokacin wasannin neman cancantar zuwa gasar Kofin Duniya na 2018, ya samu nasarar yin kunnen doki 1-1 ga tawagarsa a minti na 88 na wasan. A watan Disamba shekarar 2018, an kira shi don 2019 AFC Asian Cup team, kuma ya buga dukkan wasannin matakin rukuni uku. A ranar 17 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2019, a lokacin wasan karshe da Koriya ta Arewa, ya ci kwallon a minti na 65 saboda goron da Mohamad Haidar ya yi don sanya Lebanon a gaba. A minti na bakwai na karin lokaci, ya zira kwallaye na biyu da ya kawo karshen karawar a wasan da ci 4-1 kuma hakan ya ba Lebanon nasara ta farko a tarihin Kofin Asiya. Tare da kwallon da ya bugawa Koriya ta Arewa, El-Helwe ya zama dan wasan Labanan na farko da ya ci kwallaye sama da daya a gasar cin Kofin Asiya ta AFC. Salon wasa El-Helwe dan wasan gaba ne wanda kuma zai iya buga wasa a gefe biyu. Duk da tsayinsa na wanda ya sa ya zama mai kyau a riƙe wasa, shi ɗan wasa ne mai sauri wanda ke gudu a bayan tsaro. El-Helwe shima kyakkyawan kammalawa ne a cikin akwatin. Kididdigar aiki Kulab Na duniya Sakamako da sakamako sun lissafa yawan kwallayen Labanon da farko, rukunin maki yana nuna kwallaye bayan kowane burin El-Helwe. Daraja VfL Wolfsburg II Regionalliga Nord: 2015-16 Duba kuma Jerin 'yan wasan kwallon kafa na kasar Lebanon da aka haifa a wajen Lebanon Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Hilal El-Helwe at FA Lebanon Hilal El-Helwe at DFB (also available in German) Hilal El-Helwe at kicker (in German) Hilal El-Helwe at Goalzz.com (available in Arabic at Kooora.com) 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Jamus Pages with unreviewed

27404

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter-Dirk%20Uys

Pieter-Dirk Uys

Pieter-Dirk Uys /eɪ s an haife shi a ranar 28 ga watan Satumban shekara ta 1945) ne a ƙasar Afrika ta Kudu mai yi, marubucin, satirist, da kuma zamantakewa himmar aiki. Daya daga cikin mafi kyau da aka sani matsayin ne a matsayin Evita Bezuidenhout, wani Afrikaner socialite. Bayanan baya da farkon rayuwa An haifi Uys a Cape Town a ranar 28 ga Satumban shekara ta 1945, ga Hannes Uys, mahaifin Afrikaner na Calvin, da Helga Bassel, mahaifiyar Bayahudiya ce haifaffen Berlin. Hannes Uys, ɗan Afirka ta Kudu ƙarni na huɗu na hannun jarin Dutch da Belgian Huguenot stock, mawaƙi ne kuma mai tsara halitta a cikin cocinsa. Bassel dan wasan piano ne na Jamus, wanda Nazis suka kore shi daga Reichsmusikkammer a shekara ta 1935 a matsayin wani bangare na kamfen dinsu na kawar da masu fasahar Yahudawa. Daga baya ta tsere zuwa Afirka ta Kudu kuma ta sami damar ɗaukar babban piano dinta, wanda tare da ita ta koya wa yarta Tessa Uys (b. 1948), a yanzu ƴar wasan piano ce da ke Landan. Bassel ta yi magana kaɗan game da bayahudiyanta ga 'ya'yanta. Bayan ta kashe kanta ne suka gano cewa ita cikakkiyar Bayahudiya ce. Uys da 'yar uwarsa sun sami renon NG Kerk kuma mahaifiyarsu ta ƙarfafa su su rungumi al'adun Afrikaner Sana'a Uys ya sami digiri na BA daga Jami'ar Cape Town inda ya fara aikinsa na ban mamaki a matsayin ɗan wasa a ƙarƙashin kulawar Rosalie van der Gught, Mavis Taylor da Robert Mohr, da sauransu. Ayyukansa a wannan lokacin sun haɗa da rawar da ya taka a cikin <i id="mwNw">Little Malcolm da gwagwarmayarsa da Eunuchs</i>, Fantasticks da kuma Sau ɗaya a kan katifa Daga baya ya ci gaba da karatu a Makarantar Fina-finai ta Landan a farkon shekara ta 1970s. Ya kasance a cikin ɗaya daga cikin fina-finan ɗalibansa, tallace-tallace na madara, wanda ya yi a cikin ja a karo na farko (a matsayin mai nono Daga nan ya fara wani lokaci a cikin aikinsa na ban mamaki a matsayin babban marubucin wasan kwaikwayo. An yi wasanninsa da yawa a filin wasan kwaikwayo na Space, Cape Town, kuma wasansa na 1979 Paradise is Closing Down an yi shi ne a Landan, a bikin Edinburgh (wanda William Burdett-Coutts ya shirya kuma daga baya ya yi don Granada. Television a shekara ta 1981. Daga baya ya koma yin ra'ayi na mutum ɗaya a tsayin zamanin Apartheid. Uys sananne ne musamman don halayensa Evita Bezuidenhout (wanda kuma aka sani da Tannie Evita, Afrikaans don "Auntie Evita"), farar fata Afrikaner zamantakewa kuma mai fafutukar siyasa. Halin ya samo asali ne daga halayen ɗan wasan barkwanci na Australiya Barry Humphries Dame Edna Everage Evita ita ce tsohuwar jakada ta Bapetikosweti Bantustan tatsuniyar ko kuma baƙar fata wacce ke wajen gidanta a cikin mawadata, a da fari-kawai kewayen birnin Johannesburg Ana kiran Evita Bezuidenhout don girmama Eva Perón Karkashin mulkin wariyar launin fata, Uys ya yi amfani da salon barkwanci da barkwanci wajen suka da kuma fallasa wauta da manufofin gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu na launin fata. Yawancin ayyukansa ba a cece su ba, wanda hakan ke nuni da amincewar da ra'ayinsa da yawa daga 'ya'yan jam'iyya mai mulki, wadanda ba su da kwarin gwuiwa wajen amincewa da kura-kurai da sukar manufofin da kansu. Shekaru da dama Uys yana kokawa da mulkin Afirka ta Kudu da shugabanninta, da kuma munafuncin wani lokaci na masu sassaucin ra'ayi. Ɗaya daga cikin halayensa, kugel mace Bayahudiya mai hawan jama'a ya taɓa cewa, "Akwai abubuwa biyu da ba daidai ba a Afirka ta Kudu: wariyar launin fata ɗaya da kuma sauran baƙar fata". Wannan daga baya kuskure ne aka jingina shi ga Uys da kansa. Bayan zaben farko na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ba na kabilanci ba a shekarar 1994, Uys ya yi tauraro a cikin shirin TV, Funigalore, inda Evita ya yi hira da Nelson Mandela da wasu fitattun 'yan siyasa na lokacin. A cikin wasan kwaikwayo, wasan kwaikwayo na Uys/Evita sun haɗa da You ANC Ba Komai Tukuna Shi da halayensa sun shahara da jajircewa wajen gudanar da ayyukansu a sahun gaba na fafutuka da ilimin cutar kanjamau. A halin yanzu yana da hannu wajen koyar da wayar da kan yara kan cutar kanjamau da ilimin amfani da kwaroron roba, yana tafiya zuwa makarantu a duk faɗin Afirka ta Kudu don isar da saƙon aminci, jima'i Uys kuma yana aiki a kwamitin gudanarwa na gidauniyar Desmond Tutu HIV, ƙungiya mai zaman kanta da aka kafa don ba da magani da gudanar da bincike game da HIV. Uys ya canza tsohuwar tashar jirgin kasa da ba a amfani da ita a Darling, inda yake zaune, zuwa wurin cabaret da ake kira Evita se Perron (Perron shine Afrikaans don dandalin tashar kuma yana yin can akai-akai. A lokacin shekara ta 2004, Pieter-Dirk Uys ya shiga cikin labarin Carte Blanche, yana magana da kwayoyin halitta da kuma buɗe asirin launin fata da kabilanci, mai suna "Don haka, Daga Ina Muka fito?" Uys ya gano cewa yana da gadon Afirka ta Tsakiya daga wajen mahaifiyarsa. Uys ya sami lambar yabo ta Teddy na musamman 2011 a bikin fina-finai na Berlin na kasa da kasa (Berlinale) saboda jajircewarsa ga ilimin cutar kanjamau a makarantun Afirka ta Kudu da kuma canjin yanayinsa, Evita Bezuidenhout. Jury mai zaman kanta yana ba da lambar yabo ta Teddy ga daidaikun mutane don nasarorin rayuwa na rayuwa don fina-finai tare da batutuwan LGBT ('yan luwaɗi, madigo, bisexual, transgender). Kyaututtuka da karramawa Kyautar 2011 TMSA Naledi Kyautar Rayuwa ta Rayuwa Kyautar Teddy ta Musamman a Bikin Fim na Duniya na Berlin (Berlinale) 2011 Kyautar Sasantawa a 2001 An ba Mrs Evita Bezuidenhout lambar yabo ta Living Legacy 2000 a San Diego. Kyautar nasarar rayuwa ta Cape Tercentenary Foundation Doctor Honouris causa daga Jami'ar Rhodes: D.Litt. (Malam), 1997 Jami'ar Cape Town: D.Litt. don bambanta, aikin kirkire-kirkire mai alhaki a cikin 2003 Jami'ar Western Cape: D.Ed. (Hon.), 2003 Kyautar Hertzog na 2018 don wasan kwaikwayo Littattafai Farce game da Uys Majalisar Dokoki a cikin Ayyukan Tarzoma Biyu (1983) Jonathan Ball da Ad. Donker Publishers Labarin Selle ou Wasan kwaikwayo (1983) Ad. Donker, Johannesburg Aljanna tana Rufewa da Sauran Wasannin (1989) Penguin Books Ltd Funigalore: Kasadar Rayuwa ta Gaskiya ta Evita a cikin Wonderland (1995) Ƙungiyar Penguin (SA) Pty Ltd. Muhimmancin Evita Bezuidenhout (1997) David Philip Publishers, Cape Town Wani Sashe na Ƙimar Sashe na Ƙauna: Labarin Evita Bezuidenhout (1994) Hond, Groenkloof Babu sarari akan Long Street Marshrose wasanni biyu (2000) ComPress, Cape Town Tafiya zuwa Teema (2001) Compress, Cape Town Zaɓuɓɓuka Kazafi: Memoir of Tsoro da Nishaɗi (2003) Zebra Press, Cape Town Fina-finai da Documentary Skating a kan bakin ciki Uys, 1985 wasan barkwanci PW Botha Darling! Labarin Pieter Dirk Uys wani shirin gaskiya na 2007 na Julian Shaw Yadda ake yin Rooibos Rusks tare da Evita Bezuidenhout, YouTube na 2016 ta SuzelleDIY Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafin farko na Pieter-Dirk Uys Shafin yanar gizo na Evita Kyautar Gidauniyar Cape Tercentenary Fina-finai

12220

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98aura%20daga%20Ghana%20zuwa%20Jamus

Ƙaura daga Ghana zuwa Jamus

Hijira daga Ghana zuwa Jamus ya fara a farkon shekarun 1950 a lokacin da wata manufa ta yammacin Jamus ta ba da izinin tafiya tsakanin ɗalibai daga wasu kasashen Afirka zuwa Jamus don cigaba da karatunsu. Wannan manufar ita ce samar wa daliban ilimi da za su yi amfani a kasarsu ta asali lokacin da suka dawo. Kamar yadda yake a shekarar 2009, akwai 'yan kasar Ghana kimani 40,000 wadanda ke da asalin kaura a Jamus; Inda 'yan kasar ta Ghana da ke kaura ta Ghana 'da kuma' karni na biyu da na uku na 'yan Ghana da aka hakura a Jamus da yaran daga kawancen hadin gwirar da ba su yi kaura ba da kansu'' a cewar Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ). A cewar (GTZ), akwai adadi mai yawa na baki ba tare da izini ba, yawancinsu sun isa Jamus tare da takardar izinin shiga amma suna zama ba tare da izinin zama ba bayan lokacin da aka ba su. Sanadi da Dalilai na Kaura Matsalar tattalin arziki, yake-yake, rikice-rikice na kabilanci da gwagwarmaya na rayuwa sune dalilin mutane da yawa sun bar kasarsu ta asali. Matsayin 'yan gudun hijira a cikin duniya ya hadu da karancin tsoro kuma yana karuwa kowace shekara. Dalilan tattalin arziki, yawaitar talauci da kuma yawan jama'a suna daga wasu dalilan da ke tasiri ga mutane su bar gidajensu ko kuma asalinsu. Nau'ikan Hijira daga Ghana zuwa Jamus Za'a iya ganin nau'ikan kaura guda uku a cikin tarihin mutanen Ghana da ke kaura zuwa Jamus. Sun hada da kaura don ilimi, kaura neman mafaka, da kaura don haduwa da iyali. Ba kasafai aka ba wa bakin hauren 'yan kasar ta Ghana takardar izinin shiga ba. Hijira ta Neman Ilimi Yawancin baki masu neman ilimi suna kaura zuwa kasashe na uku bayan sun kammala karatunsu a Jamus. Hijirar mai Neman Mafaka Baki daga wannan lema sun zama wadanda ke dawwama a cikin Jamus a yau. Tun daga shekarun 1970, mawuyacin halin tattalin arziki da rikice-rikice siyasa a lokacin gwamnatocin sojoji a Ghana sun fadada adadin 'yan gudun hijirar Ghana da suka nemi mafaka a kasashen Turai da na Afirka. Takaddar karbar 'yan gudun hijirar siyasa daga Ghana ta cigaba da kasancewa kasa da kashi daya, yayin da hukumomi ke nuna yawancin Ghanaan gudun hijirar Ghana a matsayin yan gudun hijirar tattalin arziki. Mutane 112 ne kacal tsakanin 1983 da 2007 aka karba a matsayin a yan gudun hijirar siyasa.. Haduwa ta Iyali Baƙi a cikin wannan lema suna ɗaukar matsayin waɗanda ke dawwama a cikin Jamus a yau. Sama da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na yan ƙasar Ghana na ƙaura suna zuwa Jamus ta hanyar haɗuwa da dangi. Hijirar yau da Kullum da kan Lokaci zuwa Jamus Kungiyar kasashen Duniya don Hijira ta fassara kaura ta yau da kullum a matsayin kaura wanda ke faruwa a cikin bin ka'idodi na kasar asalin, kaura, da makoma. (IOM) ta kuma bayyana kaura ta al'ada kamar motsin mutane wadanda ke faruwa a waje da dokoki, ka'idoji, ko yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa da ke jagorantar shigowa ko fita daga asalin, jigilar kaya, ko makoma. Akwai hanyoyi don kaura don duka motsi na yau da kullum. Hanyoyi na Yau da Kullum Ofishin harkokin waje na tarayyar Jamus ya ba da shawarar hanyoyi daban-daban don aminci da kaura bisa doka dangane da dalilin kaura. Hanyan yau da kullum ana nufin samun visa. Samun Visa Gajeran zaman visa Ofishin jakadancin na Jamus ya ba da izinin karbar takardar visa ta Schengen na dan gajeran lokacin (har zuwa 90 kwanakin a tsakanin tsawon kwanaki 180) a cikin Jamus (da kasashen Turai a cikin yankin Schengen) don yawon shakatawa, ziyarar ko kuma dalilai na kasuwanci. Ana bukatar masu neman izini don cike fom, sanya alkawura. Ofishin jakadancin dake Accra ya ba da jerin abubuwan da ake bukata na takaddar visa. Visa na Tsawon Lokaci Ofishin jakadancin ya kuma ba da takardar izinin zama na dalibai ga dalibi, haduwa da iyali, takardar neman aiki a tsakanin wasu, da bayar da bukatunsu. Hijira na Lokaci Shiga da fice Afirka zuwa Turai ta hanyoyin da ba bisa doka ba yana da muhimmanci. Yawancin baki da ke yin irin wadannan tafiye-tafiye sun fito ne daga kasashen Afirka masu tasowa da ke neman ingancin rayuwa a Turai. Baki yawanci sukan je Arewacin Afirka, musamman Libya, wanda ya zama farkon tashi kaura zuwa Turai ba bisa ka'ida ba. Daga Libya, suna tafiya cikin jirgi a tekun Bahar Rum. Wadansu bakin haure kuma suna bi ta kasa ta hanyar Enutawan na Ceuta da Melilla, suna fuskantar mummunan rauni har ma da mutuwa. Masu fataucin mutane da masu fataucin mutane sun yi amfani da halin da ake ciki don samun kudi a ciki, galibi suna yin wa baki kawancen game da dama a Turai. A watan Yuni na shekarar 2019, IOM kididdiga ta nuna cewa mutuwar da aka yi wa lakabi da manyan hanyoyin uku na Tekun Bahar Rum zuwa Italiya, Malta da Cyprus a watan Yumi na 2019 sun kai mutane 555. Zuwa watan Disamba na 2019, adadin ya haura zuwa 738 tare da nutsar da ruwa, cin zarafi ta jiki, cin zarafin jima'i, matsananciyar yunwa, rashin lafiya da rashin damar kiwon lafiya da rashin ruwa a jiki sune manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwa. An bayar da rahoton cewa 'yan kasar Ghana na kan gaba sosai a tsakanin bakin haure da ke fatan zuwa Turai duk da cewa kasar ta aminta da kwanciyar hankali ta fuskar siyasa fiye da sauran kasashen da bakin haure suke. Kimanin 'yan kasar Ghana 5,636 ne suka isa Italiya ta jirgin ruwa a shekarar 2016. A cikin 2017, yankin Brong-Ahafo, wanda yanzu ya kasu kashi uku na Ahafo, Brong da Bono Gabas, suna da mafi yawan kaura. Cikin mutane 4,092 da suka dawo daga Libya, mafi yawan 1,562, wanda ke wakiltar kaso 38.17 bisa dari, sun fito ne daga Brong Ahafo. Yankin Ashanti yana da 601, wanda ke nuna kashi 13.63. Amincewa da Hijira na yasar Jamus Yawancin mutanen da suka zo neman zama a Jamus ana tura su gudun hijira saboda da'awar su na neman mafaka, da 'yancin sake saduwa da dangi, ba su yi nasara ba. Masu neman mafaka kawai wadanda suka karbi dayan nau'ikan kariya hudu an ba su ikon zama. Siffofin guda hudu sun hada da Kariyar 'Yan Gudun Hijira, Shigarwa zuwa Mafaka, Kariyar Tallafi, da kuma dokar hana fitar dangi. Yawancin lokaci, masu neman nasara sune wadanda ba za su iya ba da shaidar zalunci a kasarsu ta asali da sauran manyan kalubalen gida ba. Mutanen da suka zo Jamus don inganta yanayin tattalin arzikin su ba 'yan gudun hijira bane. Bugu da kari, kaura daga wannan kasar ta EU zuwa wancan baya izinin sake neman izinin zama a wata kasar EU. Hakanan Jamus tana ba da taimako don dawo da son rai na wasu bakin haure. Hanyoyin sadarwa na waje 'Yan Ghana a Jamus DAAD Yarjejeniyar Duniya don Hijira PDF Visa da Tafiya zuwa Jamus Mutuwar Hijira

32820

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip%20Bradbourn

Philip Bradbourn

Philip Charles Bradbourn, OBE (9 ga watan Agusta 1951 19 Disamba 2014) ɗan siyasan Jam'iyyar Conservative ne na Biritaniya. Ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Tarayyar Turai (MEP) ga West Midlands daga 1999 zuwa 2014. Rayuwa An haife shi a Tipton a shekarar 1951, Bradbourn ya yi karatu a Makarantar Grammar Tipton da Kwalejin Wulfrun da Kwalejin Worcester, inda ya sami Difloma bayan kammala karatun digiri a Gudanarwar Municipal a 1972. Taso a cikin Black Country, ya zauna a yankin har mutuwarsa. An ba shi lambar yabo ta OBE don hidimar jama'a da siyasa a cikin jerin karramawar ranar haihuwar Sarauniya a 1994. Siyasa Bradbourn ya fito takarar majalisar Wolverhampton Kudu maso Gabas a babban zaben 1992 kuma ya tsaya takarar Majalisar Turai a County Durham a 1994. Har zuwa zabensa ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga Jagoran Rukunin Conservative kan Majalisar Birnin Wolverhampton Ya rike mukamai daban-daban na kananan hukumomi musamman dangane da tsare-tsare. Ya kuma kasance shugaban jam'iyyar Conservatives reshen West Midlands. Bayan mutuwarsa, tsohon dan wasan cricketer Daniel Dalton ya gaje kujerar Bradbourn. Kadarori Bradbourn ya bi wani korafi game da Labaran Duniya tare da Hukumar Korafe -korafen Jarida. The News of the World sannan ta ba da wannan uzuri "Saɓani da rahoton a cikin labarinmu "EU ta busa miliyoyin a kan gaskiyar nemo masu kyauta ga MEPs" (18 ga Mayu 2008), Philip Bradbourn MEP bai ziyarci Dutsen Tebur ba ko kuma wani yanki na ruwan inabi a lokacin Afirka ta Kudu. tafiya. Muna neman afuwar duk wani abin kunya.” Lamarin shan taba A ranar 12 ga Satumba, 2007, wata kasida ta bayyana a mujallar The Times tana magana akan wani lamari da ya faru a Majalisar Tarayyar Turai (ginin da ba a shan taba), inda aka sami Bradbourn yana shan taba a cikin wani titi. Da aka nuna masa cewa ba a ba shi damar shan taba a cikin Majalisar ba, sai ya ce “Ni dan majalisa ne. Ina yin dokoki." Bradbourn, ya musanta hakan, yana mai cewa ainihin kalamansa shine, "Mambobin da aka zaba suna yin dokoki a majalisa, ba ma'aikata ba." Ruɗani a Birmingham A shekarar 2008 an gano cewa gidan yanar gizon West Midlands Conservative MEPs ya nuna hoton Birmingham, Alabama maimakon Birmingham, Ingila Mutuwa da jana'iza Bradbourn ya mutu ne daga ciwon daji na hanji a ranar 20 Disamba 2014, yana da shekaru 63, yayin da yayi jinya a Asibitin Good Hope, Sutton Coldfield Ashley Fox, shugaban MEPs masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, ya ce Bradbourn ya kasance "mai-da-kai" ya kara da cewa "ya kasance mai matukar kaunar hali wanda za a iya dogara da shi a koyaushe don tsangwama mai karfi da kuma takaitaccen bayani na siyasa". Fox ya ci gaba da cewa: "Tsarin rashin hankalinsa game da harkokin siyasa ya sa ya zama babban murya ga West Midlands tare da tsayawa tsayin daka na kare muradun masu biyan haraji na Burtaniya a Brussels da Strasbourg." Kamar yadda Bradbourn ya mutu bai bar dangi ba, tsohon shugaban ma'aikatan siyasa Alastair Little an ayyana shi bisa doka don ya iya shirya jana'izar Bradbourn. An yi jana'izar da konawa a ranar 16 ga Janairu 2015 a Bushbury crematorium, Wolverhampton A ranar 16 ga Fabrairu an shawarci Mista Little ta wayar tarho cewa an samu kuskuren gudanarwa a dakin ajiye gawarwaki na Co-operation Funeralcare ta Tsakiyar Ingila, kuma an bada wata gawar ta daban ga masu daukar nauyin jana'izar Bradbourn. Wani mai suna Philip Bradburn ya riga ya mutu a Asibitin Jami'ar Birmingham kafin Kirsimeti, kuma an sarrafa shi a dakin ajiyar gawa guda, wanda ke kula da gawarwakin asibitocin NHS da yawa da ke yankin. Daga nan aka saki gawar daidai ga masu aikin, sannan aka sake yin jana'izar da konawa a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu 2015 a wurin konewar Bushbury. The Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Central England Co-operative, da abin ya shafa masu aiki da crematorium duk suna bincike. MEP mai ra'ayin mazan jiya Malcolm Harbor, abokin Mista Bradbourn, ya ce "ba za a iya bayyanawa ba" cewa irin wannan lamarin na iya faruwa: "Muna so mu tabbatar da cewa hakan ba zai sake faruwa ba kuma na tabbata mutanen da ke kula da asibitin da abin ya shafa za su sami cikakkiyar nasara. bincike kuma zai gaya wa kowa sakamakon." Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje West Midlands Conservative MEP Team Haihuwan 1951 Mutuwar 2014 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

24991

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi%20Taremi

Mehdi Taremi

Mehdi Taremi Persian an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan yuli, shekara ta 1992) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Iran ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba na kulob ɗin Firama La Ligaciub FC Porto da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Iran Taremi ya taka leda a Persepolis tsakanin shekarar 2014 da shekara ta 2018. Ya kasance babban mai zira kwallaye a gasar Persian Gulf Pro League sau biyu shekarar (2015 zuwa 2016 da 2016 zuwa 17). Ya kuma lashe Primeira Liga mafi yawan masu zira kwallaye a shekarar 2019 zuwa 2020 Taremi ya fara bugawa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Iran a shekarar 2015. Aikin kulob Farkon aiki Taremi ya fara aikinsa tare da Bargh Bushehr's Academy kafin ya wuce zuwa Makarantar Matasan Iranjavan. Ya shiga Shahin Bushehr a lokacin bazarar shekarar 2010. Ya buga wasanni 7 kuma ya ci kwallo daya a dukkan gasa. A cikin hunturu na shekarar 2012, Shahin Bushehr ya sake shi don ya yi lokacin aikin soja a kulob na soja, amma ya kasa shiga kulob kuma an tilasta masa ya kashe lokacin aikin soja a sansanin da aka saba. Ya shiga Iranjavan a lokacin bazara na shekarar 2013 kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu har zuwa ƙarshen kakar shekarar 2014-15 kuma an ba shi lambar 9. Taremi ya zira kwallaye 12 a wasanni 22 a cikin shekarar 2013 14, kuma ya zama mai zira kwallaye na biyu a gasar bayan Mokhtar Jomehzadeh. Bayan zama dan wasan da ya fi kowa zira kwallaye a kungiyar Azadegan, Taremi yana da tayin daga kungiyoyi da yawa. Ya koma kulob din Persepolis FC a lokacin bazarar shekarar 2014 kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu zuwa watan Yuni shekarar 2016. 2014–15 Ya fara wasansa na farko a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Naft Tehran, inda ya zo a madadin Reza Norouzi a minti na 90. Ya zura kwallon sa ta farko a kulob din a ranar 15 ga watan Augusta shekarar 2014 a wasan da suka doke Zob Ahan da ci 1-0. A ranar 8 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2015 Taremi ya ci bugun fenariti a wasan Persepolis da ci 1-0 a gasar zakarun Asiya a kan Al Nassr ta Saudi Arabiya. Ya zira kwallaye da yawa ga kulob din, kuma ya ba da taimako mai inganci don lashe Kyautar Mafi Kyawun Gasar watan 14th Persian Gulf Pro League a ƙarshen kakar shekarar 2014 15. Taremi bai buga makon farko na sabuwar kakar ba saboda dakatarwar da aka yi masa, amma a wasansa na farko da ya dawo ranar 6 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2015, ya zira kwallaye a ragar Esteghlal Khuzestan da ci 2-1. Taremi ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan mako na 2-0 da Foolad Wannan ita ce nasarar farko da Persepolis ta samu a kakar wasa ta bana kuma ta fitar da su daga matsayinta na kasa. Kyakkyawan rawar da Taremi ya yi a cikin watan Agusta ya sa ya zama ɗan wasan Navad na watan kamar yadda magoya baya suka zaɓa. A ranar 18 ga watan Disamba shekarar 2015 Taremi ya zira kwallaye biyu a ragar Rah Ahan a nasarar Persepolis da ci 2-0. Ya kawo karshen wasan farko na gasar a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa zira kwallaye da kwallaye 9 cikin wasanni 12. A ranar 4 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2016 Taremi ya ci kwallo biyu a wasan da suka ci Siah Jamegan da ci 3-2 don ci gaba da kasancewa Persepolis a matsayi na uku. A ranar 12 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2016 Taremi yana cikin tattaunawa don tsawaita kwantiraginsa zuwa ƙarshen kakar shekarar 2017-18. Amma, a ƙarshe ya yanke shawarar ba zai sabunta kwangilarsa ba. A ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2016 Taremi ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan da Persepolis ta doke Esteghlal da ci 4-2 a wasan Tehran derby Ya zama dan wasan da ya fi kowa zira kwallaye a gasar da kwallaye 16 a karshen kakar wasa ta bana, duk da kwazon da kungiyarsa ta samu na lashe gasar a makon da ya gabata. Kafin fara sabuwar kakar wasa, Taremi ya sanar da cewa ba zai tsawaita kwantiraginsa ba, don shiga wata kungiyar Turai. A watan Yuli shekarar 2016, an ba da rahoton cewa Taremi yana da alaƙa da ƙungiyar Süper Lig Çaykur Rizespor An soke matakin bayan da Taremi ya dawo Iran ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da Persepolis Ya buga wasansa na farko ga Persepolis a wasan da suka doke Saipa da ci 1-0, ya maye gurbin Omid Alishah a minti na 77. Ya kuma ci kwallon sa ta farko a kakar wasa ta 4 a kan Saba Qom Ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Sepahan da ci 3-1, a wasan da ake kira El Clasico na Iran A karshen kakar wasa ta bana, kungiyar ta yi bikin lashe gasar Iran Pro League karo na 10, tare da Taremi ya zama mai zira kwallaye a kakar wasa ta biyu a jere da kwallaye 18. A ranar 8 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2017, Taremi ya zira kwallaye uku a ragar Al Wahda ta Emirati a cikin nasarar 4 2 don taimakawa tawagarsa ta cancanci zuwa zagaye na 16 na gasar zakarun Turai ta AFC ta 2017 Bayan kyawawan ayyukansa, Taremi yana da alaƙa da Dinamo Zagreb 2017–18 Ya buga wasanni 7, ya zura kwallaye 4, kuma a lokacin kakar shekarar 2017 18, an dakatar da Taremi tsawon watanni hudu saboda takaddamar kwangila da kulob din Turkiyya kuraykur Rizespor tun daga watan Yuninshekarar 2016, lokacin da dan wasan ya cimma yarjejeniya da kungiyar. daga baya ya dawo Persepolis. An kuma dakatar da Persepolis daga sayan 'yan wasa don musayar' yan wasa biyu. FIFA ta yanke hukuncin goyon bayan kulob din na Turkiya tare da sanya haramcin. Al Gharafa A ranar 8 ga watar Janairu shekarar 2018, Taremi ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin watanni 18 tare da kulob din Al-Gharafa na Qatar. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a wasan farko na gasar zakarun Turai na 2018 da Al Jazira na UAE Taremi ya fara cin kwallo a gasar Qatar da Al Kharaitiyat SC ranar 16 ga watan Fabrairu. A ranar 19 ga watan Fabrairu, ya zira kwallaye biyu a ragar Tractor Sazi ta Iran a wasa na biyu na gasar zakarun Turai ta AFC. A ranar 23 ga watan Yuli shekarar 2019, Taremi ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu tare da kulob din kwallon kafa na Portugal Rio Ave. Taremi ya zira kwallaye uku a wasan farko na Primeira Liga na kulob din a ranar 23 ga watan Agusta 2019 a wasan da CD Aves A ranar 31 ga watan Agusta, Taremi ya ci wa kungiyarsa bugun fenariti uku a karawar da suka yi da Sporting CP, duk kan laifukan da Sebastián Coates ya aikata, kamar yadda Rio Ave ta ci 3-2. Porto A watan Agusta shekarar 2020, Taremi ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu tare da kulob din FC Porto na Fotigal Ya ci wa Porto kwallonsa ta farko a gasar a ranar 8 ga watan Nuwamba 2020 a wasan da suka ci Portimonense 3-1. An yi laifi tare da Taremi a lokacin Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira na shekarar 2020 a cikin Disamba 2020 wanda ya ba Porto bugun fanareti kuma ya haifar da burin su na farko na wasan da Sérgio Oliveira ya ci Porto ta ci gaba da lashe gasar 42nd na gasar 2 0, wanda ya ba Mehdi Taremi lambar yabo ta Turai ta farko. A ranar 17 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2021, Taremi ne ya fara zirawa Porto kwallaye a ragar Juventus a wasan zagaye na 16 a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta UEFA Ya zama dan kasar Iran na farko da ya ci kwallo a matakin farko na buga gasar. A ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu, ya zura kwallon da ta lashe wasan tare da bugun keke mai kayatarwa a wasan da suka doke Chelsea da ci 1-0 a wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai, amma duk da haka kulob din ya yi rashin nasara da ci 1-2. Bayan wasan karshe, an zabi burin sa akan Chelsea a matsayin mafi kyawun burin gasar zakarun Turai ta kakar, sannan daga baya ya lashe "UEFA.com Goal of the Season". Taremi ya kammala kakar wasansa da kwallaye 16 da kuma taimakawa 11, ya zama babban mai wucewa a wannan kakar. Hakanan ya kasance a cikin Team of The Season of Primeira Liga Taremi ya buga wa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ɗalibin ƙasar Iran a gasar Turkiyya kuma ya ci wa ƙungiyar kwallaye 9. Alireza Mansourian ne ya kira shi don ya shiga sansanin horon ƙungiyar a Tsibirin Kish a shekarar 2013. A ranar 3 ga watan Satumbar shekarar 2015, Taremi ya zira manyan ƙwallo na farko, abin ƙwallo, a cikin nasarar 6 0 akan Guam a wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2018 A ranar 23 ga watanMaris shekarar 2017, Taremi ya ci nasara da kuma ƙwallaye guda ɗaya a nasarar da Iran ta samu akan Qatar a zagayen ƙarshe na neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya. Ya ci gaba da wannan tare da wani burin a ranar 28 ga watan Maris shekarar 2017, a cikin nasara da ci 1-0 da China A ranar 12 ga watan Yuni shekarar, 2017, Taremi ya ci wa Iran kwallo ta biyu a wasan da suka doke Uzbekistan da ci 2-0 don tabbatar da cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya biyu a jere. A cikin watan Yuni shekarar 2018, ya aka mai suna a cikin Iran ta karshe 23 da tawagar da 2018 FIFA World Cup a Rasha. Tare da ci 1-1 a cikin lokacin dakatarwa a wasan rukuni na Iran tare da Portugal, Taremi ya rasa bugun tazara mai maki daya wanda zai kawar da Portugal kuma ya tsallake Iran zuwa zagaye na 16. Taremi shine na uku kuma ƙaramin yaro na danginsa. Babban ɗan'uwansa Mohammad shima ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne. Yana cikin dangantaka da 'yar wasan kwaikwayon Iran Sahar Ghoreishi tsawon watanni a shekarar 2018. A cikin watan Maris shekarar 2020, Taremi ya ba da sanarwar yana cikin sabuwar dangantaka kuma yana shirin yin aure. Kulob Gasar Farisa ta Farisa 2016 17 Super Cup na Iran 2017 Kofin Kwallon Kafar Qatar: 2018–19 Dan wasan ƙwallon ƙasar Iran na shekara 2016, 2017 Dan wasan Gasar Farisa na Gasar Pro na Shekara 2014-15, 2015–16, 2016–17 Manyan Goalscorer na Farisa Gulf Pro League 2015–16, 2016–17 Teamungiyar Gasar Persian Gulf Pro League ta Shekara: 2014-15, 2015–16, 2016–17 Manyan Goalscorer League na Azadegan (Rukunin B): 2013–14 Kungiyar Firayim Minista ta La Liga 2019–20, 2020–21 Babban Firayim Minista La Liga 2019–20 Gwarzon Dan Wasan Rio Ave: 2019–20 Firayim Ministan La Liga na Watan: Disamba 2020, Janairu 2021, Fabrairu 2021 Firayim Ministan La Liga na watan: Janairu 2021 Dan wasan SJPF na Watan Janairu 2021 Burin Golan Gasar Gasar UEFA: 2020–21

24548

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nura%20%28company%29

Nura (company)

Nura kamfani ne mai amfani da kayan lantarki da ke Melbourne, Ostiraliya, wanda ke ƙira da ƙera belun kunne tare da fasahar sauti na musamman. Nura ta na mallakar tajirai fasahar ta atomatik ƙaddara mai amfani ta ji sensitivities zuwa daban-daban mitoci ta sa idanu otoacoustic watsi. Wannan tsarin ji na ji yana ɗaukar mintuna 1-2. Sannan belun kunne ya da-idaita amsar mitar su zuwa sauraron mai amfani, yana bawa mai amfani damar jin ƙarin dalla-dalla lokacin sauraron kiɗa. Samfurin farko na nura da nuraphone ya ƙaddamar a ranar 3 ga watan Oktoban, shekara ta 2017 kuma ya sami ingantattun bita a cikin manema labarai. A watan Yuli a shekara ta 2018, nura ya zama kamfani guda ɗaya da ya taɓa ƙara soke hayaniya zuwa lasifikan kai ta hanyar sabunta software. Tarihi nura ya kafa a shekara ta 2015, Dr Luke Campbell, Dr. Dragan Petrović da Kyle Slater. Fasahar mallakar kamfani wanda ke auna ƙimar otoacoustic ya dogara ne akan bincike wanda Campbell, likitan likita kuma masanin kimiyyar ji, aka gudanar a Sashen Jami'ar Otolaryngology na Melbourne a ƙarƙashin jagorancin masanin kimiyyar jiyya, Dr David Sly. Tallafawa Shirin Hanzarta Melbourne Shirin Gudun Hijira na Melbourne ya ba da nura (sannan mai suna "nuraloop Fungiyar Kasuwanci a shekara ta 2015, yana ba da sararin ofishin nura, jagoranci da 20,000 a cikin kudade don haɓaka ƙirar farko na nuraphone ta amfani da fasahar keɓancewa. HAX A cikin shekarata 2016, nura ya shiga HAX, shirin haɓaka kayan aiki wanda ya fito daga Shenzen, China, wanda ya ba wa nura kuɗi don haɓaka samfuran nuraphone da aka yi amfani da su don ƙaddamar da Gangamin Kickstarter na nuraphone. Crowdfunding nura ya gudanar da kamfen mai yawa a Kickstarter tsakanin Mayu 16,ga wata shekara ta 2016, da 15 ga watan Yuli,na shekara ta 2016, don tara kuɗi don fara samar da nuraphone. Manufar kamfen ɗin ta farko ta 100,000 (USD) an isa cikin awanni 14. A ƙarshe kamfen ɗin Kickstarter ya tara dala miliyan 1.8 (USD) daga masu tallafawa 7730 don zama kamfen mafi girma na Kickstarter a tarihin Ostiraliya. Babban jari A May shekara ta 2017, Nura tashe miliyan 6 (AUD) iri-kudade zagaye, wanda aka jagorancin blackbird Ventures, tare da ƙarin zuba jari daga SOSV, Qualgro, Sean Parker, Craig Barratt, San Francisco 49ers da abokan Perkins Coie. Biye da samar da iri ya biyo bayan jerin dala miliyan 21 (AUD) A zagaye kuma wanda Blackbird Ventures ke jagoranta, wanda aka rufe a watan Satumba a 2018. Kaddamarwa nura ya fara aiki a hukumance a ranar 3 ga watan Oktoba, shekara ta 2017, yana baiwa jama'a damar samun nuraphone. Kayayyaki nuraphone Nuraphone wayar kai ce wacce ke keɓanta sauti ta hanyar auna yadda kunnen ɗan adam ke amsa mitar sauti daban-daban, kuma yana da kariya ta patent a matsayin lasifikan lantarki na masu amfani kawai don yin hakan ta hanyar sa ido kan fitar da iska. Karɓar baki Nuraphone ya sami ingantattun bita, tare da masu bita suna yaba inganci da keɓantaccen sautin nuraphone. Wasu masu bita sun lura da nuraphone da ba a saba haɗawa a cikin kunne da ƙirar kunne; duk da haka, masu bita da yawa sun kuma yaba ta'aziyya da ƙira. nuraphone /G2 nura ya fitar da sabunta firmware na kyauta don nuraphone a cikin Yuli a shekara ta 2018 wanda ya ba da damar ƙarin fasali kamar soke amo mai aiki, wucewar sauti, da haɓakawa zuwa kiran murya da latsa maɓallin. Zane da Fasaha Keɓancewa A nuraphone ta personalization aiki da sa idanu mai amfani da otoacoustic watsi sa'an nan daidaitawa sauti dangane da ma'aunai, kyale mai amfani ga jin more daki-daki a lokacin da sauraron kiɗa. Zane A nuraphone yana da wani jadadda mallaka zane (Inova) da ya hada da duka biyu a-kunne a yanki da kuma a kan-kunne kofuna. Bawul din Tesla Nuraphone yana fasalta bawul ɗin Tesla waɗanda ke watsa iska ta cikin kofunan kunne don sanya kunnuwan mai amfani su yi sanyi yayin amfani. Patent mallakar nura Amurka 9,497,530 Amurka 9,794,672 Amurka 10,154,333 Amurka 10,165,345 WO2017040327 Kyaututtuka Kyautar Innovation CES A Shekara Ta 2018 nura ya lashe Kyautar Innovation a CES Innovation Awards a shekara ta 2018 don nuraphone. Kyautar Red Dot Award A Shekara Ta 2018 Nuraphone ya ci lambar yabo ta Red Dot Award a shekara ta 2018 Mafi Kyawun Kyau, babbar kyauta a cikin lambar yabo ta Red Dot: ƙirar samfur a cikin rukunin kayan lantarki. Wadanda suka ci nasara a baya sun hada da Apple AirPods da Google Home Kyauta mai Kyau A Shekara Ta 2018 Nuraphone ya ci kyautar Kyautar Kyakkyawar Kyauta a shekara ta 2018 don ƙirar samfura a cikin na'urorin lantarki. IDEA 2018 Nuraphone ya lashe Zinariya a lambar yabo ta IDSA.org IDEA shekara ta 2018 a fannin fasahar masu amfani. Manazarta Hanyoyin waje Tashar yanar

59692

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talla

Talla

Talla shine tsarin bincike, ƙirƙira, da isar da ƙima don biyan buƙatun kasuwar da aka yi niyya ta fuskar kayayyaki da ayyuka; mai yuwuwa gami da zaɓin masu sauraro da aka yi niyya; zaɓi na wasu halaye ko jigogi don jaddadawa a cikin talla; aiki na tallan talla halartar nunin kasuwanci da taron jama'a; zane na samfurori da marufi masu ban sha'awa ga masu siye; ayyana sharuɗɗan siyarwa, kamar farashi, rangwame, garanti, da manufofin dawowa; sanya samfur a cikin kafofin watsa labarai ko tare da mutanen da aka yi imani da tasiri akan halayen siyan wasu; yarjejeniya tare da dillalai, masu rarraba jumloli, ko masu siyarwa; da ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar wayar da kan jama'a na, aminci ga, da ingantattun ji game da alama. Kasuwanci yawanci mai siyarwa ne ke yin shi, yawanci dillali ko masana'anta. Wani lokaci ana ba da kwangilar ayyuka zuwa wani kamfani na tallace-tallace da aka keɓe ko hukumar talla Da wuya, ƙungiyar kasuwanci ko hukumar gwamnati (kamar Sabis ɗin Tallan Noma suna talla a madadin masana'antu ko yanki gaba ɗaya, galibi takamaiman nau'in abinci (misali. Ya samu Madara? abinci daga wani yanki na musamman, ko birni ko yanki a matsayin wurin yawon buɗe ido. Yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan sarrafa kasuwanci da kasuwanci Masu kasuwa za su iya jagorantar samfurin su zuwa wasu kasuwancin Kasuwancin B2B ko kai tsaye ga masu siye (cin kasuwan B2C). Ko da wanene ake tallatawa, abubuwa da yawa sun shafi, gami da yanayin da 'yan kasuwa za su yi amfani da su. An san su azaman daidaitawar kasuwa, suna ƙayyade yadda 'yan kasuwa ke fuskantar matakin tsara tallace-tallace. Kalmar tallace-tallace, abin da aka fi sani da jawo hankalin abokan ciniki, ya haɗa da ilimin da aka samu ta hanyar nazarin gudanar da mu'amalar musayar kuma shine tsarin kasuwanci na ganowa, tsinkaya da biyan bukatun abokan ciniki da bukatun. Ma’anarsa A halin yanzu ana siffanta tallace-tallace ta Ƙungiyar Kasuwancin Amurka (AMA) a matsayin "aikin, saitin cibiyoyi, da matakai don ƙirƙira, sadarwa, bayarwa, da musayar abubuwan da ke da ƙima ga abokan ciniki, abokan ciniki, abokan tarayya, da al'umma gaba ɗaya". Duk da haka, ma'anar tallace-tallace ya samo asali a cikin shekaru. AMA ta sake duba wannan ma'anar da ma'anarta don "binciken tallace-tallace" kowace shekara uku. Abubuwan da ake bukata na "al'umma gaba ɗaya" an ƙara su cikin ma'anar a cikin 2008. Ana iya ganin haɓakar ma'anar ta hanyar kwatanta ma'anar 2008 tare da sigar AMA ta 1935: "Kasuwanci shine aikin ayyukan kasuwanci wanda ke jagorantar jigilar kayayyaki, da sabis daga masu samarwa zuwa masu amfani". Sabuwar ma'anar tana ba da ƙarin fifikon sauran masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin sabon tunanin Ma'anar tallace-tallace na baya-bayan nan suna ba da fifiko ga dangantakar mabukaci, sabanin tsarin musanya mai tsafta. Misali, ƙwararren marubucin tallace-tallace kuma malami, Philip Kotlerya haɓaka ma'anar tallan sa. A cikin 1980, ya bayyana tallace-tallace a matsayin "mai gamsarwa da buƙatu da buƙatu ta hanyar tsarin musayar", kuma a cikin 2018 ya ayyana shi a matsayin "tsarin da kamfanoni ke haɗa abokan ciniki, haɓaka dangantakar abokan ciniki mai ƙarfi, da ƙirƙirar ƙimar abokin ciniki don ɗaukar darajar. daga abokan ciniki a dawo". ma’anar da ke da alaƙa, daga tsarin aikin injiniya na tallace-tallace, ya bayyana tallace-tallace a matsayin "tsarin tsarin da ke da alaƙa da haɗin kai tare da wasu ayyuka na kasuwanci da ke da nufin cimma sha'awar abokin ciniki da gamsuwa. Wasu ma'anoni na tallace-tallace suna nuna ikon tallace-tallace don samar da ƙima ga masu hannun jari na kamfani kuma. A cikin wannan mahallin, ana iya bayyana tallace-tallace a matsayin "tsarin gudanarwa wanda ke neman haɓaka komawa ga masu hannun jari ta hanyar haɓaka dangantaka da abokan ciniki masu kima da kuma samar da fa'ida mai gasa". Misali, Cibiyar Tallace-tallace ta Charteredta bayyana tallace-tallace daga mahanga ta abokin ciniki, tana mai da hankali kan “tsarin gudanarwa da ke da alhakin ganowa, tsinkaya da gamsar da buƙatun abokin ciniki cikin A baya, marketing yi oyan da za a gani a matsayin m masana'antu, wanda ya hada da talla, rarrabawada sayarwa, har ma a yau da yawa sassa na marketing tsari (misali samfurin zane, art director, iri management, talla, inbound marketing, copywritingda dai sauransu ya ƙunshi amfani da fasahar kere kere. Duk da haka, saboda tallace-tallace yana amfani da ilimin zamantakewa, ilimin halin dan Adam, ilimin zamantakewa, lissafi, tattalin arziki, ilimin halin dan adamda neuroscience, yanzu an san sana'ar a matsayin kimiyya. Kimiyyar tallace-tallace ta samar da ingantaccen tsari wanda za a iya bi don ƙirƙirar tsarin tallace-tallace. Ra’ayi tallace-tallace" yana ba da shawarar cewa don kammala manufofin ƙungiyar, ya kamata ƙungiya ta yi hasashen buƙatu da buƙatun masu amfani da kuma gamsar da su yadda ya kamata fiye da masu fafatawa. Wannan ra'ayi ya samo asali daga littafin Adam Smith The Wealth of Nationsamma ba za a yi amfani da shi sosai ba sai bayan shekaru kusan 200. Ka'idodin Kasuwanci da Talla suna da alaƙa kai tsaye. Idan aka yi la'akari da tsakiyar buƙatun abokin ciniki, da kuma abin da ake so a cikin tallace-tallace, kyakkyawar fahimtar waɗannan ra'ayoyin yana da mahimmanci: Nau’ikon Talla 1.TallaceTallace hajoji (content marketing)Tallace-tallacen abun ciki dabara ce ta tallace-tallace da ake amfani da ita don jan hankali, haɗawa, da riƙe masu sauraro ta hanyar ƙirƙira da raba labaran da suka dace, bidiyo, kwasfan fayiloli, da sauran kafofin watsa labarai. Wannan hanyar tana samar da ƙwarewa, tana haɓaka wayar da kan jama'a, da kuma sa kasuwancin ku ya kasance cikin tunani lokacin da lokaci ya yi don siyan abin da kuke siyarwa 2.TallaceTallace kafofin watsa labarai (social media marketing) Tallace-Tallacen kafofin watsa wani nau'i ne na tallace-tallace na dijital wanda ke ba da damar shahararrun hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa don cimma burin tallan ku da alamar alama. 3.Tallace Tallacen kai tsaye (direct marketing) Talla na kai tsaye wani nau'in talla ne wanda ya ƙunshi sadarwa kai tsaye tare da abokan ciniki da abokan ciniki masu yuwuwa don haɓaka samfura da sabis. Ana iya gudanar da tallan kai tsaye ta hanyoyi daban-daban, gami da imel, saƙonnin rubutu, kasida, kiran waya, da wasiku kai tsaye. 4.Yin Talla (Advertising) Talla dabara ce ta tallace-tallace da ta haɗa da biyan kuɗi don sarari don haɓaka samfur, sabis, ko sanadi. Ana kiran ainihin saƙonnin talla tallace-tallace, ko tallace-tallace a takaice. Manufar talla ita ce a kai ga mutane masu yuwuwa su kasance masu son biyan kuɗin samfur ko sabis na kamfani kuma su yaudare su su saya. 5.Tallace Tallacen Kasuwancin (Business marketing) Tallace-tallacen kasuwanci al'ada ce ta kasuwanci ta mutane ko ƙungiyoyi (ciki har da kasuwancin kasuwanci, gwamnatoci, da cibiyoyi). Yana ba su damar sayar da kayayyaki ko ayyuka ga wasu kamfanoni ko ƙungiyoyin da ke sake sayar da su, amfani da su a cikin samfuransu ko ayyukansu, ko amfani da su don tallafawa ayyukansu. 6.Tallace Tallacen duniya (global marketing)Tallace-tallacen duniya shine mayar da hankali kan tallan samfuran ko sabis na ƙungiyar a kasuwannin duniya kuma a cikin al'ummar duniya da ke haɓaka, tare da haɗin gwiwar mutane fiye da kowane lokaci, yanki ne mai mahimmanci na sarrafa tallace-tallace. 7.Tallace-tallacen dijital, wanda kuma ake kira tallan yanar gizo, (digital marketing or online marketing) shine haɓaka samfuran don haɗawa da abokan ciniki masu yuwu ta amfani da intanit da sauran nau'ikan sadarwar dijital. Wannan ya haɗa da ba kawai imel, kafofin watsa labarun, da tallace-tallace na tushen yanar gizo ba, har ma da saƙonnin rubutu da saƙonnin multimedia azaman tashar tallace-tallace.

51690

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigobert%20Roger%20Andely

Rigobert Roger Andely

Rigobert Roger Andely (an haife shi a watan Yuni 7, 1953), ma'aikacin babban banki ne na Kongo kuma ƙwararren masanin a fannin kuɗi da tattalin arzikin banki. Ya kasance Mataimakin Gwamnan Babban Bankin Afirka ta Tsakiya (BEAC) daga 1998 zuwa 2002, Ministan Kudi a gwamnatin Kongo-Brazzaville daga 2002 zuwa 2005, kuma Mataimakin Gwamnan BEAC daga shekarun 2005 zuwa 2010. A halin yanzu shi ne shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa na bankin Sino-Congo na Afirka (BSCA Bank) da kuma Shugaban Hukumar Kula da Kasuwancin Jama'a (ARMP a Kongo-Brazzaville. Ilimi An haife shi a Mossaka, Andely ya halarci makarantar firamare a Lébango da Etoumbi a Cuvette-Ouest, kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare a Collège de Boundji a Cuvette. Bayan haka ya tafi Makarantar Fasaha ta Jiha a Brazzaville, inda ya sami digiri na Faransanci a fannin sarrafa kasuwanci a cikin 1973. An shigar da shi a Jami'ar Brazzaville a shekarar 1973, Andely ya kammala karatun digiri tare da Jagoran Tattalin Arziki a shekarar 1977. Bayan kammala karatun digiri na biyu a fannin kudi da tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Clermont-Ferrand da ke Faransa, Andely ya ɗauki aiki a Paris don shiga Bankin Afirka ta Tsakiya (BEAC) sannan ya shigar da shi Cibiyar Horar da Ma'aikata ta BEAC don Gudanar da Ma'aikata., daga nan ne ya kammala karatunsa na farko a cikin watan Oktoba 1979. An ba shi hedkwatar BEAC a Yaoundé, Kamaru, ba da daɗewa ba ya zama shugaban Sashen Nazarin Kuɗi da Kididdigar Kuɗi. A shekarar 1982, ya samu digirinsa na uku a fannin kudi da tattalin arziki. Sana'a Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya A watan Yulin 1987, Andely ya kasance na biyu a Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya a Washington, DC, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin Masanin Tattalin Arziki na Benin da Mukaddashin Masanin Tattalin Arziki na Ivory Coast da Togo. A wannan lokacin, ya yi aiki a kan digirinsa na PhD a fannin tattalin arziki, mai taken "Neoliberal Monetary and Financial Strategy for Development: Application to Sub-Saharan Africa". A shekarar 1988, ya sami nasarar kare karatunsa a Jami'ar Clermont-Ferrand kuma ya sami karramawa na farko. Komawa zuwa BEAC Bayan ya dawo hedkwatar BEAC a 1990, an nada Andely Mataimakin Daraktan Bincike da Hasashe. A lokacin da yake rike da mukamin Mataimakin Darakta, ya bullo da wasu manyan sauye-sauye na kudi guda hudu wadanda ke ci gaba da jagorantar ayyukan BEAC a halin yanzu. Waɗannan sun haɗa da: shirye-shiryen kuɗi, wanda ya ba da damar Babban Bankin su yi rajistar ayyukansu a cikin ƙididdiga na tsarin tattalin arziki sabuwar manufar kuɗi bisa amfani da na'urorin manufofin kai tsaye amfani da kayan kasuwancin kuɗi maimakon ci gaban kai tsaye zuwa bankuna, da gabatar da karatun farko na kasuwar hada-hadar kudi a Afirka ta Tsakiya (the Central Africa Stock Exchange Ministan Tattalin Arziki, Kudi, da Kasafin Kudi A shekara ta 1998 Andely ya ci gaba da hawansa a BEAC lokacin, yana da shekaru 45, aka nada shi mataimakin gwamnan babban bankin kasa, mukamin da ya rike har zuwa watan Agusta 2002, lokacin da aka nada shi Ministan Tattalin Arziki, Kudi., da kasafin kudin Jamhuriyar Congo. A matsayinsa na Ministan Kudi, Andely ya jagoranci tattaunawa da kungiyoyin Paris da na Landan wanda ya taimaka matuka wajen rage basussukan Kongo-Brazzaville a daidai lokacin da ake daukar kasar a matsayin kasar da ta fi kowacce kasa bashi. A lokacin da yake rike da mukamin a ma’aikatar kudi, Andely ya kuma jagoranci biyan manyan basussukan cikin gida, da tabbatar da biyan basussukan albashi ga ma’aikatan gwamnati, da kammala aikin samar da kudade na madatsar ruwa ta Imboulou, da kuma kafa gyare-gyare don tabbatar da gaskiya da gudanar da shugabanci na gari domin ya dace dan zaburar da ci gaban tattalin arzikin Kongo. Komawa zuwa BEAC Bayan shekaru uku a matsayin Ministan Kudi na Kongo-Brazzaville, Andely ya koma matsayinsa na Mataimakin Gwamnan Babban Bankin Afirka ta Tsakiya a cikin watan Fabrairu 2005. Duk da haka, bayan shawarar da shugabannin kasashen kungiyar tattalin arziki da hada-hadar kudi ta kasashen tsakiyar Afirka (CEMAC) suka yanke a shekarar 2010 Andely ya bar wannan mukamin saboda matsalolin da suka shafi kudaden saka hannun jari na BEAC da Société Générale ke gudanarwa, duk da cewa ba shi da hannu kai tsaye, a cikin yanke shawara da suka shafi kudaden zuba jari. Bayan barin BEAC, shugaban kasar Kongo Denis Sassou Nguesso ya nada Andely a shekarar 2011 a matsayin shugaban hukumar kula da sayan jama'a kuma a shekarar 2012, ya shiga Kungiyar Ba da Shawarwari ta Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya IMF na Afirka kudu da hamadar Sahara a matsayin mai ba da shawara. A shekara ta 2014, Andely ya jagoranci kwamitin da ke kula da samar da bankin Sin da Kongo na Afirka, wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga watan Yuli, 2015 tare da hedikwata a Brazzaville. A halin yanzu shi ne shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa na bankin Sino-Congo na Afirka (BSCA). Banki). Girmamawa da kyaututtuka Andely ya samu karramawa da kyautuka da dama saboda aikin da ya yi a Afirka, ciki har da Umarni na karramawa daga kasashe uku, wato Ivory Coast, Gabon da Equatorial Guinea, da kuma babban jami'in Congo de l'Ordre du Mérite. Sabis na ilimi da aiki Andely mai magana ne na yau da kullun a Cibiyar Nazarin da Bincike kan Ci gaban Duniya (CERDI) a Jami'ar Clermont-Ferrand a Faransa. Ya kuma buga labarai da yawa cikin Faransanci da Ingilishi, kan tattalin arziki, manufofin kuɗi, da banki, musamman a cikin “Bincike da Ƙididdiga na BEAC.” Shi ma memba ne na kwamitin dabarun Gidauniyar Bincike da Bincike na Ci gaban Kasa da Kasa (FERDI) Yana da yare biyu cikin Ingilishi da Faransanci. Rayuwa ta sirri Andely yana da aure kuma mahaifin yara 10. Yana da sha'awar yanayi kuma yana son ya kula da filayen safu da ke da nisan kilomita 45 daga Brazzaville. Mutum ne mai son karanta littattafan tarihi. Hakanan yana sha'awar kiɗan Kongo da kiɗan ƙasar Amurka. Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1953 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

50558

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annoba%20a%20Najeriya

Annoba a Najeriya

Bala'o'i na halitta a Najeriya galibi suna da alaƙa da yanayin Najeriya, wanda aka ruwaito ya haifar da asarar rayuka da dukiya. Wata bala'i ta halitta na iya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa, rushewar ƙasa, da ƙwayoyin cuta, a tsakanin sauran. Don a rarraba shi a matsayin bala'i, ana buƙatar samun tasirin muhalli mai zurfi ko asarar ɗan adam kuma dole ne ya haifar da asusun kuɗi. Wannan abin da ya faru ya zama batun damuwa, yana barazana ga yawancin mutanen da ke zaune a wurare daban-daban a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Najeriya ta gamu da nau'o'in bala'i da yawa, wadanda suka hada da ambaliyar ruwa, rushewar ƙasa, raƙuman ruwa masu yawa. Ana iya cewa yanayin da ke ƙarƙashin kariya da fadada ƙasar ya ba da gudummawa ga sa mutane su kasance masu saukin kamuwa da waɗannan bala'o'i. Sauran haɗari sun haɗa da guguwar ƙura ta arewa, wanda yawanci daga jihohin arewa zuwa kudu; yana haifar da lalacewa ta hanyar manyan ajiyar ƙurar da datti daga waɗannan yankuna. Hail wani dalili ne, wanda ba ya faruwa a wasu sassan Najeriya, yana haifar da lalacewar amfanin gona da dukiya. Nau'o'in fari An yi amfani da fari na 1972 da 1973 ga mutuwar kashi 13% na dabbobi a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya da kuma asarar amfanin gona na shekara-shekara sama da 50%. Yanayin ruwan sama tsakanin 1960 da 1990 a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya ya ragu da kusan 8 mm shekara. Rashin fari na baya-bayan nan a Najeriya ya kasance tsakanin 1991 da 1995. Ruwan sama a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya tsakanin lokacin 1994 zuwa 2004 ya nuna cewa jimlar ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya kasance daga 500 zuwa sama da 1000 mm. Matsalar fari tana hanzarta hamada: 63.83% na jimlar ƙasar tana da alaƙa da hamadar. Ambaliyar ruwa Ambaliyar ruwa a sassa daban-daban na Najeriya ta haifar da mummunar lalacewar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, rauni da asarar rayuka. Wasu daga cikin mummunan sakamakon ambaliyar sun hada da asarar rayuwar mutum, lalacewar dukiya, tsarin sufuri na jama'a, samar da wutar lantarki, amfanin gona, da dabbobi. 2021 A watan Agusta, ambaliyar ruwa ta faru a jihar Adamawa, ta shafi al'ummomi 79 a yankuna 16 na kananan hukumomi. Rahotanni sun ce mutane bakwai sun rasa rayukansu kuma kimanin mutane 74,713 da suka rasa muhallinsu sun zama marasa gida; Duk da yake an lalata gonaki 150 da kimanin gidaje 66 a cewar Hukumar Kula da Gaggawa ta Jihar Adamawa (ADSEMA). 2020 A cikin 2020, mutane 68 sun mutu kuma mutane 129,000 sun rasa muhallinsu saboda ambaliyar ruwa ta 2020. Wannan ya faru ne a cewar Darakta Janar na NEMA, Muhammadu Muhammed. 2017 Ambaliyar ruwa ta Jihar Benue ta 2017 ta faru ne a watan Satumbar 2017 a tsakiyar Najeriya. Makonni na ruwan sama ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa, zubar da ruwa da kogin da ke gudana a Jihar Benue. Ya kori mutane 100,000, kuma ya lalata gidaje kusan 2,000. 2010 Kimanin mazauna 1000 na Legas da jihohin Ogun na Najeriya sun yi gudun hijira saboda ambaliyar da ke da alaƙa da ruwan sama mai yawa, wanda ya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar sakin ruwa daga madatsar ruwan Oyan zuwa Kogin Ogun Kimanin 'yan Najeriya 250,000 ne ambaliyar ta shafa a shekarar 2016, yayin da 92,000 suka shafa da ita a shekara ta 2017 2023 A ranar 3 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2023, an yi ruwan sama mai yawa a Oke-Ako a yankin karamar hukumar Ikole na Jihar Ekiti. Yanayin ya dauki sama da sa'o'i biyu kuma ya lalata kimanin gidaje 105. Ruwan sama mai yawa ya lalata wasu kayan aikin lantarki a duk faɗin garin, wanda ya sanya mazauna cikin cikakken duhu. Gwamnan Jihar Ekiti, Mista Biodun Oyebanji, ta hanyar mataimakinsa Mrs. Monisade Afuye, ya bayyana abubuwan da suka faru a matsayin masu lalacewa kuma ya tabbatar wa wadanda abin ya shafa cewa gwamnati za ta ba da duk wani tallafi da ake bukata don rage duk abin da wannan yanayin ya haifar musu. Gudanarwar gaggawa Hukumar Taimako ta Gaggawa ta Kasa (NERA) Hukumar Taimako ta Gaggawa ta Kasa (NERA) an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar Dokar 48 ta 1976 don mayar da martani ga ambaliyar ruwa mai lalacewa tsakanin 1972 da 1973. NERA wata hukumar kula da bala'i ce bayan da take mai da hankali kan daidaitawa da rarraba kayan agaji ga wadanda ke fama da masifu. Hukumar Kular Gaggawa ta Kasa (NEMA) Tsarin Gudanar da Bala'i na Kasa na Najeriya(NDMF) An kirkiro tsarin Gudanar da Bala'i na Kasa na Najeriya (NDMF) a cikin 2010 don aiki a matsayin kayan aiki na shari'a don jagorantar sa hannun masu ruwa da tsaki tare da girmamawa gudanar da bala'o'in a Najeriya. An kirkireshi ne don inganta ingantaccen gudanar da bala'i tsakanin Gwamnatocin Tarayya, Jiha da Kananan Hukumomi, Kungiyoyin Jama'a da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. NDMF tana da wuraren mayar da hankali 7 da ka'idojin isasshen, wato: Ikon Cibiyar Haɗin kai Binciken Hadarin Bala'i Rage Hadarin Bala'i Rigakafin Bala'i, Shirye-shiryen da Ragewa Amsawar Bala'i Farfado da Bala'i Masu ba da gudummawa da Masu Ba da Gudanarwa Duba kuma fari na Sahel na 2012 Canjin yanayi a Najeriya Batutuwan muhalli a cikin Delta na Nijar Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

29638

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaki%20da%20kuma%20Dokar%20Muhalli

Yaki da kuma Dokar Muhalli

Yaki na iya yin illa sosai ga muhalli, kuma kasashen da ke fada da juna sukan sanya bukatun aiki a gaban matsalolin muhalli na tsawon lokacin yakin. An tsara wasu dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa don iyakance wannan cutarwar muhalli. Yaki da ayyukan soji suna da tasirin illa ga muhalli. Makamai, motsin sojoji, nakiyoyin ƙasa, ƙirƙira da lalata gine-gine, lalata dazuzzuka ta hanyar lalata ko amfani da sojoji gabaɗaya, guba daga tushen ruwa, harbin dabbobi don yin aiki, cinye nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari saboda rashin bege da sauransu, wasu ne kawai. daga cikin misalan yadda ayyukan soji na yaƙi da lokacin zaman lafiya (kamar horo, ginin tushe, da safarar makamai) ke cutar da muhalli. Ƙasa mai ƙasƙanci da guba rijiya misalai ne na gargajiya na irin wannan tasirin. Misalai na baya-bayan nan sun hada da zubar da mai da wutar da Iraki ta yi a Kuwait 1990/1991, da karancin amfani da Uraniyom a Kosovo 1999, iskar gas da ake amfani da su a Afghanistan tun a shekarar 2101. Daga mahangar shari'a, kare muhalli a lokutan yaƙi da ayyukan soja ana magana da su a wani bangare ta dokar muhalli ta ƙasa da ƙasa. Ana kuma samun ƙarin tushe a fannonin doka kamar dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa gabaɗaya, dokokin yaƙi, dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam da dokokin gida na kowace ƙasa da abin ya shafa. Sai dai wannan labarin ya fi mayar da hankali ne kan muhalli kuma da zaran kasashen biyu ke fafatawa da shi, lamarin ya zama wani abin da ya shafi kasashen duniya. Don haka, dokokin muhalli na kasa da kasa da Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ke aiwatarwa shine abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a nan. Dokar tashe-tashen hankula ba ta da kyau sosai idan aka kwatanta da sauran sassan dokokin duniya. Kwamitin Sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ne kadai ke da iko da hurumin tsara ci gabansa da aiwatar da shi, ko kuma sanya ido kan yadda ake kiyaye shi. Tushen dokoki Dokokin kasa da kasa na al'ada da kuma doka mai sauki/laushi Dokokin kasa da kasa na al'ada da takaddun doka masu sauki sun yi magana game da kare muhalli a lokutan rikici na makamai da ayyukan soja. Hukumar Shari'a ta Duniya (ILC) ta tsara Dokar Laifin bisa kan Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro na Dan Adam (1954). “Dole ne a kiyaye dan Adam da muhallinsa daga illar makamin nukiliya da sauran hanyoyin lalata jama’a. Dole ne jihohi su yi ƙoƙari don cimma yarjejeniya cikin gaggawa, a cikin sassan duniya da suka dace, game da kawar da kuma lalata su gaba ɗaya Ƙa'ida ta 26 sanarwar Stockholm 1972 Babi na 11 na Rahoton Brundtland: Aminci, Tsaro, Ci gaba, da Muhalli. Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya ta shekarar 1982 "Za a kiyaye yanayi daga lalacewa ta hanyar yaƙi ko wasu ayyukan maƙiya." “Yaki a zahiri yana lalata ci gaba mai dorewa. Don haka kasashe za su mutunta dokokin kasa da kasa da ke ba da kariya ga muhalli a lokutan rikice-rikicen makamai da kuma hada kai wajen ci gabanta, kamar yadda ya dace" Ka'ida ta 24 1992 Sanarwar Rio sakin layi na 39.6 na Ajanda 21: "Ya kuma kamata a yi la'akari da matakan da suka dace da dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa. don magance, a lokutan rikice-rikice na makamai, lalata muhalli mai yawa wanda ba za a iya tabbatar da shi ba a karkashin dokokin kasa da kasa". Kudirin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya mai lamba 47/37 (1992) ya tanadi: gina muhalli, ba a tabbatar da larura ta soja ba, kuma a aiwatar da shi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, a fili ya saba wa dokokin duniya da ake da su." Dokar yarjejeniya Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da dama, ciki har da Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta hudu, Yarjejeniyar Tarihi ta Duniya ta 1972 da Yarjejeniyar Gyaran Muhalli ta 1977 suna da tanadi don iyakance tasirin muhalli na yaƙi ko ayyukan soja. Iraki ta kasance abin dogaro a karkashin dokar kasa da kasa don lalacewar muhalli da lalata albarkatun ƙasa sakamakon mamayewa da mamaye Kuwait ba bisa ka'ida ba:Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuduri na 687 (1991). "Lalacewar yanayi, ba a tabbatar da larura ta soja ba, kuma ana aiwatar da ita ba kawai ba, ya saba wa dokokin kasa da kasa da ake da su." Kudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 47/37 (1992). A Shekarar 1977 Yarjejeniyar Gyaran Muhalli Yarjejeniyar Gyaran Muhalli yarjejeniya ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa da ke hana sojoji ko wasu amfani da dabarun gyara muhalli da ke da tartsatsi, mai dorewa ko mai tsanani. Yarjejeniyar ta haramta yakin yanayi, wanda shine amfani da dabarun gyara yanayi don dalilai na haifar da lalacewa ko lalacewa. Wannan yerjejeniyar tana aiki kuma an amince da ita (karɓar da ita a matsayin ɗaure) ta hanyar jagorancin ikon soja. Yarjejeniyar tana da iyakance iyaka kawai. Ya haramtawa ɓangarorin shiga cikin 'soja ko duk wani amfani da dabarun gyara muhalli da ke da tartsatsi, dogon lokaci ko mummunan tasiri a matsayin hanyar lalata, lalacewa ko rauni' ga kowace ƙungiya Agent Orange amfani a Vietnam. Sauran yarjejeniyoyin da suka dace 1925 Geneva Gas Protocol 1949 Geneva Yarjejeniyar ta hudu art. 53 (4) Dokokin Hague art. 23(g): haramcin lalacewa ta hanyar mamaye iko sai cikakkiyar buƙatun soji 1972 Yarjejeniyar Makamai Na Halittu Yarjejeniyar 1980 akan Wasu Makamai na Al'ada da ka'idoji guda 5: Protocol III (makamai masu ƙonewa) art. 2 (4) (rufin daji da shuka); 2003 Protocol V (clearance of explosive remnants) 1997 Anti-Personnel Mines Convention (Ottawa Treaty) 2008 Yarjejeniya kan Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyi 1972 Yarjejeniyar Tarihi ta Duniya 1993 Yarjejeniyar Makamai Masu Guba Ba rufe maganin herbicides ko tasiri akan flora ba. Aiwatar da doka Dokokin kasa da kasa na yaki da rikice-rikicen makami da dokokin kare muhalli gaba daya Mafarin farawa shine cewa yanayin yanayi abu ne na farar hula a karkashin dokar jin kai ta duniya. Sai dai in ba haka ba, mazauna da mayaƙan suna "ƙarƙashin kariya da tsarin ka'idodin dokokin al'ummai, saboda sun samo asali ne daga amfani da aka kafa tsakanin al'ummomi masu wayewa, daga dokokin bil'adama da kuma ra'ayin jama'a": Martens Sashe Preamble, 1907 Hague Convention 4 mutunta Dokoki da Kwastam na Yaƙi akan Ƙasa). Art. 22 ta iyakance haƙƙin mayaƙan yin amfani da hanyoyin cutar da abokan gaba. Fasaha. 35 (3) (haramcin hanyoyin) da 55 (ayyukan kulawa) na 1977 Ƙarin Yarjejeniyar i zuwa Yarjejeniyar Geneva (fadi amma ba yarda da duniya ba) suna ba da ƙarin kariya ga muhalli. "A haɗe, waɗannan tanade-tanaden sun ƙunshi babban wajibi don kare yanayin yanayi daga lalacewa, dogon lokaci da kuma mummunar lalacewar muhalli haramcin hanyoyi da hanyoyin yaki waɗanda aka yi niyya, ko kuma ana iya sa ran, don haifar da irin wannan lalacewa; da kuma haramcin kai hare-hare a kan mahalli ta hanyar ramuwar gayya para 31, Ra'ayin Shawarar ICJ kan Makaman Nukiliya 1996; duba kuma aikace-aikacen ICJ Yugoslavia v UK 1999, DR Congo da Rwanda 2002. "Uganda, ta hanyar ayyukan kwasar ganima, wawashewa da kuma amfani da albarkatun kasa na Kongo da sojojin Uganda suka aikata a cikin Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwongo, da kuma rashin cika nauyin da ya rataya a wuyanta a matsayinta na mamaya a gundumar Ituri. hana ayyukan wawashewa, wawashewa da almubazzaranci da albarkatun kasa na Kongo, keta hakkin da ake bin Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango a karkashin dokokin kasa da kasa": Hukuncin ICJ DR Congo da Uganda (Ayyukan Armed Akan Yankin Kongo) 2005. “Ayyuka ko na’urorin da ke dauke da dakaru masu hadari, wato madatsun ruwa, dike da tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki na nukiliya, ba za a mayar da su abin kai hari ba, ko da kuwa wadannan abubuwa ne na soji, idan irin wannan harin na iya haifar da sakin dakarun da ke da hatsari da kuma asara mai tsanani a tsakanin su. farar hula." art. 15 na shekarar 1977 Ƙarin Yarjejeniya ta 2 (rikicin makami na duniya, wanda ba a yarda da shi ba fiye da AP I); makamancin haka art. 56(1) na shekarar 1977 Ƙarin Ƙa'idar I don rikice-rikice na makamai na duniya. “Da gangan kaddamar da hari da sanin cewa irin wannan harin zai haifar da hasarar rayuka ko jikkata ga farar hula ko lahani ga farar hula ko kuma yaduwa, na dogon lokaci da kuma mummunar illa ga muhallin da zai wuce gona da iri a fili dangane da siminti kuma kai tsaye gabaɗayan fa'idar soji da ake tsammani" laifi ne na yaƙi, kasancewar "mummunan keta dokoki da al'adun da ake aiwatarwa a cikin rikice-rikicen makami na ƙasa da ƙasa, a cikin tsarin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa" art. 8 (2) (b) (iv) Dokar Rome ta Kotun Hukunta Manyan Laifuka ta Duniya. A taƙaice: “Ƙa'idodin gama gari kan gudanar da yaƙi sun shafi yanayin yanayi: A. Ba wani ɓangare na yanayin da za a iya kai hari ba, sai dai idan manufar soja ce. B. An haramta lalata kowane yanki na yanayin yanayi, sai dai idan an buƙata ta hanyar larura ta soja. C. Kaddamar da wani hari a kan manufar soji wanda ana iya sa ran zai haifar da lahani ga muhalli wanda zai wuce gona da iri dangane da siminti da fa'idar soja kai tsaye da ake tsammani an haramta" ICRC Customary IHL Rule 43 (Aikace-aikacen Babban Ka'idoji akan Gudanar da Yaki ga Muhallin Halitta). Wasu jihohi sun dage irin waɗannan ƙa'idodin (gami da. Ƙarin Protocol I) kawai ya shafi makamai na al'ada kuma ba su shafi makaman nukiliya ba. Duba kuma Dokoki 44 (saboda la'akari) da 45 (lalacewa mai tsanani). Ka'idojin daftarin ILC game da kare muhalli dangane da rikice-rikicen makamai Wakiliya ta musamman Marie G. Jacobsson ta yi la'akari daga shekarar 2013 zuwa 2015 wajibai kafin, lokacin, da kuma bayan rikicin makami da kuma gabatar da daftarin jus 5 a cikin ka'idodin bello (daidaitacce, bambanci, taka tsantsan, kiyayewa). babu ramuwa, yankunan kariya) da sauransu. Mai ba da rahoto na musamman Marja Lehto ya ci gaba a cikin shekarar 2018 tare da wasu daftarin ka'idoji guda 21 da suka shafi dukkan matakai 3 da kuma sana'a. Ya zuwa tsakiyar shekarata 2019, wasu ka'idoji 28 (ciki har da 'yan wasan da ba na jiha ba) kwamitin da aka zayyana ya amince da shi na ɗan lokaci tare da sassa masu zuwa: Gabatarwa Ka'idodin aikace-aikacen gabaɗaya Ka'idodin da suka dace yayin rikicin makami Ka'idodin da suka dace a yanayin ma'aikata Ka’idojin da ake amfani da su bayan rikicin makami. Dokokin muhalli na duniya a lokacin yaƙi da rikice-rikicen makamai Wasu yarjejeniyoyin muhalli sun bayyana tanadi game da sojoji da rikice-rikice; Wasu suna buƙatar dogara ga rebus sic stantibus (art. 62 VCLT) don fassarawa a lokacin yaƙi 2011 ILC Draft Articles on the Effects of Armed Conflict on Treaties Muhalli yarjejeniyoyin ci gaba sai dai idan an bayyana wani tanadi. Yakin makamin kare dangi (Thermonuclear war) Ra'ayi mai ba da shawara na Kotun Duniya kan Halaccin Barazana ko Amfani da Makaman Nukiliya ya ɗauki yanayi a matsayin ƙaramin batu game da halaccin yakin makamin nuclear amma ba ta ga an haramta duk wani yaƙin makamin nuclear ba. "Kotu ba ta yi la'akari da cewa yarjejeniyar da ake magana a kai na da nufin hana wata kasa yin amfani da 'yancinta na kare kai a karkashin dokokin kasa da kasa saboda wajibcinta na kare muhalli. Duk da haka kuma, dole ne jihohi su yi la'akari da yanayin muhalli yayin da suke tantance abin da ya dace da kuma daidai da abin da ya dace wajen neman halaltattun manufofin soji. Mutunta yanayi yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke zuwa tantance ko wani aiki ya dace da ka'idodin larura da daidaituwa para 30, Ra'ayin Shawarar ICJ akan Makaman Nukiliya 1996 Ƙungiyoyi Ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da ke da haƙƙin muhalli ana iya yin kira a lokacin rikicin makami don taimakawa wajen sasantawa ko magance barnar da rikicin makami ya haifar, misali. Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, Hukumar Kula da Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Duniya, Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Ruwa ta Duniya, da Kwamitin Kasa da Kasa na Red Cross. Kwamitin Sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya kuma nuna damuwa game da muhalli a shawarwari kan rikice-rikice na baya-bayan nan, alal misali, a lokacin yakin Gulf na shekarar 1991. UNEP da IMO suma sun shiga cikin wannan rikici, suna ƙoƙarin magance mafi munin illolin muhalli. Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

29779

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%20Sten

Anna Sten

Articles with hCards Anna Sten 'yar Ukraine ce; Anna Petrovna Fesak,tayi rayu tsakanin Disamba 3, 1908Nuwamba 12, 1993) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka wacce aka haifa a Ukrainian. Ta fara aikinta a fagen wasan kwaikwayo da fina-finai a Tarayyar Soviet kafin ta tafi Jamus, inda ta fito a fina-finai da dama. Mai shirya fina-finai Samuel Goldwyn ya lura da ayyukanta, wanda ya kawo ta Amurka da nufin ƙirƙirar sabon yanayin fim ga kishiyar adawarsa Greta Garbo. Bayan wasu fina-finan da ba su yi nasara ba, Goldwyn ya sake ta daga kwangilar ta. Ta ci gaba da yin aiki lokaci-lokaci har zuwa fitowarta a fim dinta na ƙarshe a 1962. Kuruciya da ilimi An haifi Sten a ranar 3 ga Disamba, 1908, a Kiev, sa'an nan kuma wani ɓangare na Daular Rasha. Akwai wasu kwanakin haihuwa masu karo da juna: 1910 da 1906 daga kwanakin da aka rubuta da kansu a cikin takardun neman aiki daga kwaleji. Mahaifiyarta Alexandra, ta lissafta ranar haihuwar Anna a matsayin ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 1906, bayan isowarta a Amurka, kodayake wasu bambance-bambancen na iya kasancewa daga canjin kalandar Julian (har yanzu ana amfani da su a cikin Daular Rasha har zuwa 1918) zuwa ga Kalandar Gregorian. Bisa ga hukuma tarihin rayuwa, an haifi mahaifinta daga wani Cossack iyali, yi aiki a matsayin mai wasan kwaikwayo artist da m. Mahaifiyarta ’yar kasar Sweden ce ta haihuwa kuma ‘yar wasan ballerina ce. A Kiev a tsakiyar shekarun 1920 ta auri mai wasan kwaikwayo da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Boris Sten (né Bernstein), kuma ta ɗauki sunansa a matsayin nata. A mafi yawan ayyukan ta na kasashen waje sunayen da ake kiranta su ne Stenska da Sudakevich, ko kuma hade da su (kamar bambance-bambancen Anel (Anyushka) Stenska-Sudakevich ko Annel (Anjuschka) Stenskaja Sudakewitsch), wanda shine dalilin da ya sa Sten ya yi kuskure tare da 'yar wasan kwaikwayo na Rasha. Anel Sudakevich, wanda ya taka rawa a cikin fina-finan Soviet a lokaci guda kuma tare da wasu daraktoci guda kamar Anna Sten. ’Yan fim din sun sha rudewa junansu. Sten ta samu ilimi a Kiev State Theatre College, tayi aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto sannan kuma ta taka rawa a Kiev Maly Theater, ta halarci azuzuwan a studiyon wasan kwaikwayo inda ta yi aiki a cikin Stanislavsky System. A 1926, ta samu nasarar cinye jarrabawarta na samun aikinta na farko a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Proletcult, Moscow. Sana'a A shekara ta 1926, bayan kammala karatunta a makarantar wasan kwaikwayo na Kiev, Sten ta gayyaci darektan fina-finai na Ukraine Viktor Turin don fitowa a cikin fim din Provokator, bisa ga littafin da marubucin kasar Ukraine Oles Dosvitnyi ya rubuta. [Note 1] Daraktan mataki na Rasha kuma malami Konstantin Stanislavsky ne ya gano baiwar Sten, wanda ya shirya mata wani gabaarwa a Kwalejin Fim na Moscow. ta cigaba da yin wasan kwaikwayo a Ukraine da Rasha, gami da wasan barkwanci na Boris Barnet The Girl with a Hatbox (1927). Ita da mijinta, darektan fina-finan Rasha Fedor Ozep, sun yi tafiya zuwa Jamus don fitowa a cikin wani fim da Jamus da Soviet Studios suka shirya, The Yellow Ticket (1928). Bayan an kammala fim din, Anna Sten da mijinta sun yanke shawarar kada su koma Tarayyar Soviet. Yin gyare-gyare mai sauƙi ga hotuna masu magana, Sten ta fito a cikin irin waɗannan fina-finan na Jamus kamar Salto Mortale (1931) da kuma The Murderer Dimitri Karamazov (1931) har sai da ta zo hankalin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka Samuel Goldwyn Goldwyn yana neman 'yar wasan kwaikwayo na waje wanda zai iya ginawa a matsayin kishiya ga Greta Garbo, kuma mai yiwuwa magaji ga Vilma Bánky, wanda Goldwyn ya sami babban nasara a zamanin shiru. Shekaru biyu bayan kawo Sten zuwa Amurka, Goldwyn ya sami horon sabon tauraronsa a Turanci kuma ya koyar da hanyoyin wasan kwaikwayo na Hollywood. Ya ba da lokaci mai yawa da kuɗi a cikin fim ɗin Amurka na farko na Sten, Nana (1934), wani nau'i mai kama da juna na littafin abin kunya na karni na 19 na Émile Zola Amma fim din bai yi nasara ba a ofishin akwatin, kuma ba a yi fina-finai na biyu na Goldwyn ba, We Live Again (1934) da The Wedding Night (1935), suna wasa da Gary Cooper Ba tare da so ba, Goldwyn ya narkar da kwantiraginsa da "sabon Garbo". An ambaci koyarwar Goldwyn na Sten a cikin waƙar Cole Porter ta 1934 Duk abin da ke faruwa daga mawaƙa na wannan sunan "Lokacin da Sam Goldwyn zai iya da babban tabbaci umurci Anna Sten a cikin ƙamus Sa'an nan Anna ya nuna Duk abin da ke faruwa." A cikin 1940s, Sten ta fito a cikin fina-finai da yawa, ciki har da "The Man I Married" (1940), So Ends Our Night (1941), Chetniks! Guerrillas Fighting (1943), They Came to Blow Up America" (1943), Three Russian Girls (1943), da Let's Live a Little (1948). Sten ta ci gaba da yin fina-finai a Amurka da Ingila, amma babu wanda ya ci nasara a cikinsu. Ƙoƙarin gyara wannan yanayin ta hanyar karatu a The Actors Studio, Sten ya bayyana a cikin jerin talabijin da yawa a lokacin 1950s, ciki har da The Red Skelton Show (1956), Fayil na Walter Winchell (1957), da Adventures a cikin Aljanna 1959). Rayuwar ta daga baya Yawancin fina-finan da Sten ke fitowa daga baya sun kasance ta dalilin alfarman mijinta ne. Ta ɗan ƙaramin tawaya a cikin fim dinta da Frenke ya shirya wato Heaven Knows, Mista Allison (1957), da cikakken jagora a cikin fim ɗinta na ƙarshe (wanda Frenke kuma ya samar), The Nun and the Sergeant (1962). Sten ta mutu a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 1993, a birnin New York a lokacin tana da shekaru 84. Rayuwa ta sirri Sten ya auri mai shirya fim Eugene Frenke, wanda ya yi fice a Hollywood bayan ya bi matarsa a can a 1932. Anna Sten tana da ɗiya Anya Sten wacce daliba ce a Makarantar Monticello da ke Los Angeles tun farkon 1930s. Cikakkun fina-finai Duba kuma Allah Nazimov Kathe von Nagy Igor Ilyinsky Ivan Mozzhukhin Ossip Runitsch Vera Kholodnaya Manazarta Bayanan kula ambato Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Anna Sten Hotuna da wallafe-wallafe Anna Sten Anna Sten Biography (a cikin Rashanci) "Anna Sten ba Rasha ba", Ukrainian Mako 1934 No.17, shafi na 3 "Shin Anna Sten yar Ukrainian ce?" Ukrainian Mako-mako 1937 No.52, shafi 4 Jaruman fim daga Kyiv Haihuwan 1908 Mutuwar 1993 Kiristocin

42975

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/YeboTonyah

YeboTonyah

Anthony Yeboah (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga watan Yunin shekarar 1966) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Ghana wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba Ana yi masa kallon ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan da suka fi zura ƙwallon a raga a tarihin ƙwallon ƙafar Ghana da Afrika, kuma ya yi ƙaurin suna wajen zura ƙwallaye masu ban sha’awa waɗanda a lokuta da dama sukan fito a gasar Goal of the month ko Goal of the Season. taron jama'a. An fi sanin Yeboah a lokacinsa a ƙungiyoyin Turai 1. FC Saarbrücken, Eintracht Frankfurt, Leeds United da Hamburger SV a lokacin 1990s. Ya kuma buga wa Asante Kotoko, Cornerstones Kumasi, Okwawu United da Al-Ittihad Doha Sau 59 ya buga wa Ghana wasa, inda ya ci ƙwallaye 29. Yanzu haka yana gudanar da hukumar wasanni ta kasa da kasa da jerin otal a Ghana. Ya lashe takalmin zinare na Bundesliga sau biyu a shekarun 1992–1993, 1993–1994 yana wasa da Eintracht Frankfurt Aikin kulob An haifi Yeboah a Kumasi, Ghana Bayan ya yi ƙuruciyarsa a Kumasi, Yeboah ya koma kulob din Jamus 1. FC Saarbrücken a shekarar 1988. Wannan motsi yana da wasu mahimmancin tarihi, saboda Yeboah ya zama ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan baƙar fata na farko da suka bayyana a Bundesliga Yeboah yana da sannu a hankali a shekarar farko, amma sai ya zira kwallaye 17 a gasar a shekararsa ta Saarbrücken ta biyu. Kulob ɗin Eintracht Frankfurt An canza shi zuwa Eintracht Frankfurt a cikin shekarar 1990, inda da farko wani sashe na magoya baya suka yi masa ihu kuma kasancewarsa baƙar fata na farko da ƙungiyar ta taɓa sanyawa yana fuskantar hayaniya ta biri da sauran zagi na wariyar launin fata. A cikin babban birnin Hesse, Yeboah da sauri ya kafa kansa a matsayin dan wasan kisa, inda ya rufe baki ɗayan masu suka, kuma ya zama kyaftin din kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Bundesliga na farko. Ya kasance babban dan wasan Bundesliga sau biyu tare da Eintracht, a cikin shekarar 1993 da 1994. Kulob ɗin Leeds United Yeboah ya koma kulob din Leeds United na Ingila daga Eintracht Frankfurt kan fan miliyan 3.4 a watan Janairun 1995. A kakarsa ta biyu a Elland Road an zabe shi dan wasan na shekara Yeboah ya ci wa Leeds United jimillar kwallaye 32 a wasanni 66, kuma har yanzu ana girmama shi a matsayin gwarzon kungiyar asiri a kulob din Yorkshire saboda yawan kwallayen da ya ci. Wasan da ya yi a kan Liverpool da wasansa da Wimbledon a kakar wasa ta shekarar 1995–1996 na daga cikin fitattun kwallayen da ya sa a gaba, kuma ya kasance mai taka rawar gani a Goal na Watan a gasar Premier Ya shaida wa Team 33 na Newstalk a shekarar 2014 cewa burin da ya fi so shi ne wanda ya ci Liverpool. An ba da burin da aka buga da Wimbledon Goal of the Season a cikin shekarar 1995–1996. Har sai da Gareth Bale ya yi daidai da wasan a shekarar 2013, Yeboah ne kawai dan wasa da ya taba lashe gasar BBC Match of the Day Goal of the Month a jere, yana yin hakan a watan Satumba da Oktoba 1995. Ya kuma zura ƙwallaye uku a ragar Leeds; na farko da Ipswich Town a gasar Premier a Elland Road a ranar 5 ga Afrilu shekarar 1995, wanda ya sanya shi zama dan wasa na uku a waje da ya ci hat-trick ga Leeds (Cantona v Tottenham a watan Agustan shekarar 1992 shi ne na farko, kuma Phil Masinga watanni uku a baya). a gasar cin kofin FA Hat-trick na biyu na Yeboah ya zo ne da Monaco a gasar cin kofin Uefa na shekarar 1995–96 a ranar 12 ga Satumba 1995, da kuma kwana 11 na uku a wasan Premier da Wimbledon a Selhurst Park wanda ya hada da Goal of the Season da aka ambata. An fitar da wani bidiyo mai suna 'Yeboah Shoot to Kill' yayin da yake Leeds. Raunin da aka samu (da dama da aka ɗauka yayin da yake kan aikin ƙasa da ƙasa) ya taƙaita wasansa lokacin da ya buga wasa kuma ya hana shi barin kungiyar Leeds a lokuta da yawa. Lokacin da George Graham ya zama koci, an yi taho-mu-gama tsakanin mutane kuma an sayar da Yeboah ga Hamburger SV a watan Satumbar shekarar1997, bayan ya buga wasa sau shida kacal a ƙarƙashin Graham. Daga baya aiki Yeboah ya koma ƙungiyar Hamburger SV ta Jamus kuma ya ci gaba da zama a can har zuwa shekarar 2001, inda ya ci ƙwallaye 28. Ya tafi ne domin ya shiga Al Ittihad, inda ya taka leda a karkashin kocin Austria Josef Hickersberger Ayyukan kasa da kasa Ya kasance memba a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ghana sama da shekaru goma, kuma ya wakilci kasarsa a gasar cin kofin kasashen Afrika uku a shekarun 1990. Yeboah ya zira ƙwallaye 29 a wasanni 59 da ya buga wa Ghana, wanda shi ne na huɗu mafi yawan ƙwallaye a tarihin ƙasar bayan Asamoah Gyan, Edward Acquah da Kwasi Owusu Bayan yin wasa A ranar 3 ga Nuwambar 2008, an naɗa shi a matsayin sabon shugaban sabuwar ƙungiyar Premier ta Ghana Berekum Chelsea Rayuwa ta sirri Yeboah tare da ɗan uwansa tsohon ɗan wasan Mainz Michael Osei suna gudanar da hukumar wasanni ta ƙasa da ƙasa mai suna Anthony Yeboah Sportpromotion kuma suna da jerin otal a Ghana (Accra, Kumasi) mai suna Yegoala Yana da aure kuma yana da ’ya’ya biyu. Dan uwansa, Kelvin Yeboah, shi ma kwararren dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne. Kididdigar sana'a Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Bayanin Premier League Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1966 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

32009

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20Maxim%20Choupo-Moting

Eric Maxim Choupo-Moting

Jean-Eric Maxim Choupo-Moting (lafazin German pronunciation: ʀɪk ɪm mɔ.tɪŋ]; an haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Maris a shekara ta 1989) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin gaba a ƙungiyar Bundesliga ta Bayern Munich. An haife shi a Jamus, yana buga wa tawagar kasar Kamaru wasa. Choupo-Moting ya fara aikinsa da Hamburger SV, inda ya fara buga gasar Bundesliga a watan Agustan 2007. Ya ciyar da lokacin 2009-10 akan aro a 1. FC Nürnberg kuma a watan Agusta 2011 ya shiga 1. FSV Mainz 05. Bayan wasanni uku tare da Mainz ya koma Schalke 04 a watan Agusta 2014. Ya zama dan wasa na yau da kullun a kulob din Gelsenkirchen, kuma ya buga wasanni sama da 80, kafin ya koma Stoke City ta Premier a watan Agustan 2017. Ya yi gwagwarmaya na mintuna a gasar EFL tare da Stoke, ya yanke shawarar komawa kulob din Paris Saint-Germain na Ligue 1 kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu a watan Agusta 2018. Bayan kwantiraginsa da Paris Saint-Germain ta kare, Choupo-Moting ya koma kungiyar Bundesliga ta Bayern Munich a watan Oktoban 2020 kan musayar kudi kyauta. Aikin kulob/ƙungiya Farkon aiki An haifi Choupo-Moting a Hamburg Mahaifiyarsa 'yar ce Jamus kuma mahaifinsa ɗan Kamaru kuma ya fara buga kwallon kafa tun yana karami. Ya taka leda a kungiyoyin matasa a Teutonia 05, Altona 93 da FC St. Pauli kafin ya shiga Hamburger SV a 2004. Ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙwararru tare da Hamburger SV II a cikin Regionalliga Nord kafin ya shiga ƙungiyar farko a watan Agusta 2007. Hamburger SV Choupo-Moting ya fara bayyanarsa a matsayin dan wasan Hamburger SV a wasan Bundesliga a ranar 11 ga Agusta 2007, ana aika shi a madadinsa a minti na 69 da Hannover 96. Choupo-Moting yayi gwagwarmaya don kafa kansa a bangaren Martin Jol kuma ya shafe kakar 2009-10 akan aro a 1. FC Nürnberg wanda ya zira kwallaye shida a wasanni 27 tare da Nürnberg ya ci gaba da rike matsayin Bundesliga. A lokacin da ya koma Hamburg, Choupo-Moting yayi ƙoƙari don yin tasiri sosai a cikin 2010-11 kuma bayan ya zira kwallaye biyu kawai a watan Janairu an saita shi don wani lamuni a wannan lokacin zuwa 1. FC Köln, duk da haka motsi ya fadi bayan da aka aika fax takardun rajista zuwa Hukumar Kwallon kafa ta Jamus da latti. Bayan canja wurin da ya yi, ya ciyar da rabin na biyu na yakin tare da masu ajiya. Mainz 05 A ranar 18 ga Mayu 2011, Choupo-Moting ya rattaba hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku tare da kungiyar Bundesliga 1. FSV Mainz 05 akan canja wuri kyauta daga Hamburg. Choupo-Moting ya ji dadin nasarar kakar 2011-12 tare da kulob din, inda ya zira kwallaye goma a gasar Bundesliga. Duk da haka, ya rasa yawancin lokacin 2012-13 tare da raunin gwiwa kuma saboda haka ya kasa yin tasiri. Ya koma kafa a 2013-14, ya zira kwallaye goma a wasanni 32 yana taimakawa Mainz ta sami matsayi na bakwai da cancantar zuwa gasar UEFA Europa League, duk da haka a karshen yakin ya yanke shawarar kada ya sabunta kwangilarsa da kulob din. Schalke 04 A ranar 5 ga Yuli 2014, bayan kwangilar Choupo-Moting ta kare a Mainz, FC Schalke 04 ta tabbatar da ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar ƙwararrun shekaru uku tare da su har zuwa 30 Yuni 2017. An bayar da rahoton canja wuri a matsayin kyauta ta hanyar wasanni na Schalke da manajan sadarwa Horst Heldt An sanya Choupo-Moting lambar tawagar 13. A kan 6 Disamba 2014, ya zira kwallaye hat-trick a cikin nasarar gida 4-0 akan VfB Stuttgart. Stoke City A ranar 7 ga Agusta 2017, Choupo-Moting ya koma kungiyar Stoke City ta Premier a kan kwantiragin shekaru uku. Ya fara bugawa Stoke wasa a ranar 12 ga Agusta 2017 da Everton. Choupo-Moting ya zura kwallaye biyun a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Manchester United a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2017 kuma BBC Sport ta nada shi dan wasan. A karawar da suka yi da Everton, ya zo ne a madadinsa, inda ya zura kwallo cikin mintuna biyar da zuwansa, amma ya ji rauni a wasan inda Stoke ta sha kashi da ci 2-1. Choupo-Moting ya taka leda sau 32 a cikin 2017–18, inda ya zira kwallaye biyar yayin da Stoke ta sha fama da koma baya zuwa Gasar EFL. Paris Saint-Germain 2018-19 kakar A ranar 31 ga Agusta 2018, Choupo-Moting ya shiga zakarun Ligue 1 Paris Saint-Germain akan canja wuri kyauta. Ya buga wasansa na farko a kungiyar a ranar 18 ga Satumba 2018 a gasar zakarun Turai da suka doke Liverpool da ci 3-2 kafin ya zura kwallo a gasar Ligue 1 ta farko da Rennes kwanaki biyar bayan haka. A ranar 7 ga Afrilu 2019, Choupo-Moting ya yi kuskure a wasan gida na Ligue 1 da Strasbourg; a lokacin da wani bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida Christopher Nkunku ke shirin tsallakewa a raga, Choupo-Moting ya yi yunkurin taba kwallon da kafarsa ta hagu a kan layin kwallon amma ba da gangan ba ya karkatar da kwallon zuwa kusa da raga sannan ya hana wata kwallo. BBC ta bayyana shi a matsayin "daya daga cikin mafi muni da aka rasa a tarihin kwallon kafa". kakar 2019-20 A kan 25 Agusta 2019, Choupo-Moting ya fito daga benci don maye gurbin Edinson Cavani wanda ya ji rauni a cikin minti na 16th kuma ya zira kwallaye biyu a rabi na biyu na 4-0 na gida a kan Toulouse; burinsa na farko shine ƙwallo mai ban sha'awa da ya zura a raga bayan ya doke 'yan wasan Toulouse guda huɗu a filin wasa na fanariti. A ranar 12 ga Agusta 2020, Choupo-Moting ya zura kwallo a minti na uku na tsayawa a karawar da suka yi da Atalanta a gasar zakarun Turai, inda ya kammala zagayen karshe na PSG tare da tura kungiyar zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar a karon farko cikin shekaru 25. Daga baya, ya zo a matsayin madadin a gasar zakarun Turai wasan karshe, wanda ya ƙare da ci 1-0 Paris Saint-Germain da Bayern Munich. Bayern Munich A kakar 2020-21 A ranar 5 ga Oktoba 2020, Choupo-Moting ya koma Bayern Munich kan kwantiragin shekara guda. Choupo-Moting ya fara bugawa Bayern wasa a zagayen farko na gasar DFB-Pokal a ranar 15 ga watan Oktoba kuma ya zura kwallaye biyu yayin da kungiyar ta doke kungiyar a matakin rukuni na biyar 1. FC Düren da ci 3-0. A ranar 9 ga Disamba, ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar zakarun Turai tare da Bayern Munich a 2-0 nasara akan Lokomotiv Moscow. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu 2021, inda ya ci kwallon farko a wasan da Bayern ta doke 1 da ci 5-1. FC Koln. A watan Afrilun 2021, ya zira kwallaye a wasannin Quarter Final na gasar zakarun Turai da tsohuwar kungiyarsa ta Paris Saint-Germain, ciki har da nasarar da ta ci 1-0 a waje a Parc des Princes, duk da haka kulob dinsa ya yi rashin nasara a kan dokar cin kwallaye a waje bayan sun tashi 3-3. a jimlar. A watan Mayun 2021, ya daga kofin Bundesliga na farko tare da Bayern. A kakar 2021-22 A ranar 17 ga Agusta 2021, ya zo a cikin minti na 88th don Robert Lewandowski yayin 2021 DFL-Supercup, nasara da ci 3-1 akan Borussia Dortmund don lashe taken DFL-Supercup. A ranar 25 ga Agusta 2021, ya yi hat-trick dinsa na farko a Bayern bayan ya zira kwallaye hudu a wasan farko da kungiyar ta doke Bremer SV da ci 12-0 a gasar DFB-Pokal. Wannan ya sanya shi zama dan wasa na farko na Bayern tun Maris 2005 lokacin da Claudio Pizarrio ya zira kwallaye hudu a ragar SC Freiburg a kakar 2004-05 DFB-Pokal. Ya kuma kafa wasu kwallaye uku a wasan, abin da ya sa ya zama dan wasan Bayern na farko da ya shiga cikin kwallaye bakwai a cikin DFB-Pokal tun lokacin da aka fara rikodin a kakar 2008-09. Ayyukan kasa da kasa Jamus Choupo-Moting yana da fasfo na Jamus kuma ya wakilci ƙasarsa ta haihuwa da kuma ƙasar mahaifiyarsa Jamus a 2008 UEFA European Under-19 Championship cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta 2008 UEFA European Under-19 Championship da kuma a 2011 UEFA European European Under-21 Championship cancantar zuwa 2011 UEFA gasar cin kofin Turai 'yan kasa da shekaru 21 Kamaru A ranar 11 ga Mayu, 2010, Choupo-Moting ya sami kiransa na farko ga tawagar 'yan wasan Kamaru kuma ya wakilci Kamaru a gasar cin kofin duniya na FIFA 2010 a Afirka ta Kudu. Haka kuma an gayyace shi zuwa tawagar Kamaru a gasar cin kofin duniya da za a yi a Brazil a shekara ta 2014 A ranar 3 ga Janairu 2017, ya sanar da cewa ba zai taka leda a gasar cin kofin Afrika ta 2017 ba Binciken cancantar Kamaru Hukumar kwallon kafa ta Tunisiya mai kula da 'yan wasan kasar Tunisia ta yi wa FIFA tambayoyi kan ko Choupo-Moting ya cika sharuddan dan kasar Kamaru "Game da zanga-zangar da Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Tunisiya ta yi dangane da cancantar Choupo-Moting mai wakiltar Kamaru, FIFA ta sanar da Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Tunisiya cewa babu wani keta dokokin FIFA da Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Kamaru ta yi. kakakin FIFA ya shaidawa BBC Sport Choupo-Moting ya taka leda a kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na matasa na Jamus da kuma tawagar Jamus na kasa da shekaru 21, ciki har da haihuwa a Jamus da girma a Jamus tare da iyayen Jamusanci, amma FIFA ta amince da sauya sheka ta kasa kafin ya wakilci. Kamaru. Koken hukumar kwallon kafar Tunisiya ya zo ne a lokacin gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA na 2014 CAF zagaye na uku duk da Choupo-Moting ya taka leda a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2010 a Afirka ta Kudu. Rayuwa ta sirri An haifi Choupo-Moting a Altona, Hamburg, kuma ya halarci Gymnasium Altona. Mahaifiyarsa Bajamushiya ce kuma mahaifinsa ɗan Kamaru. Choupo-Moting yana da mata Bajamushiya mai suna Nevin. Suna da ɗa guda, Liam, wanda aka haifa a ranar 17 ga Oktoba 2013. Salon wasa Ana yawan ajiye Choupo-Moting a matsayin dan wasan gaba ko a bangaren hagu. Shi ƙwararren mai buga wasa ne kuma yana da ma'ana da ƙarfin jiki, a ko dai gefen hagu ko dama ko ta tsakiyar filin. Choupo-Moting sananne ne don ƙimar aiki mai girma, tsayin daka da ƙarfi, ikon dribbling kai tsaye. Kididdigar sana'a Kulob Ƙasashen Duniya Kamar yadda wasan ya buga 29 Maris 2022. Makin Kamaru da aka jera farko, ginshiƙin maki yana nuna maki bayan kowace ƙwallon Choupo-Moting. Girmamawa Paris Saint-Germain Ligue 1 2018-19, 2019-20 Coupe de France 2019-20 Coupe de la Ligue 2019-20 UEFA Champions League ta biyu: 2019-20 Bayern Munich Bundesliga 2020-21, 2021-22 DFL-Supercup 2021 FIFA Club World Cup 2020 Kamaru Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka Matsayi na uku: 2021 Mutum Medal Fritz Walter: Medal Azurfa ta U18 2007 Manazarta 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Kameru Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Jackson

Mike Jackson

Michael Jackson dubu daya da Dari Tara da hamsin da takwas zuwa dubu biyu da Tara (daga shekarata 1958 -zuwa shekarar 2009) mawaƙin Ba’amurke ne, mawaƙa kuma mai rawa wanda aka sani da “Sarkin Pop”. Michael Jackson, Mike Jackson, ko Mick Jackson na iya nufin: Jama'a Masana’antar nishaɗi Michael Jackson (mai sharhin rediyo) (an haife shi a dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da hudu 1934), mai watsa shirye -shiryen rediyon Amurka, KABC da KGIL, Los Angeles Michael Jackson (marubuci) dubu daya da Dari da tara da arba'in da biyu zuwa dubu biyu da bakwai(1942 2007), Beer Hunter ya nuna mai masaukin baki, giya da ƙwararren maski Mick Jackson (darekta) (an haife shi a dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da uku 1943), fim ɗin Burtaniya da darektan TV, wanda aka sani da The Bodyguard Michael J. Jackson (an haife shi a 1948), ɗan wasan Ingila daga Liverpool, wanda aka fi sani da rawar da ya taka a Brookside Michael Jackson (shugaban gidan talabijin) (an haife shi a dubu daya da dari tara da hamsin da takwas 1958), shugaban gidan talabijin na Burtaniya Mick Jackson (marubuci) (an haife shi a dubu daya da dari tara da sittin 1960), marubucin Burtaniya, wanda aka sani da Man Underground Mike Jackson (mai daukar hoto) (an haife shi dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da shida 1966), ɗan asalin Burtaniya ne kuma mai ɗaukar hoto mai faɗi, wanda aka sani da hotunan Poppit Sands. Michael Jackson (ɗan wasan kwaikwayo) (an haifi 1970), ɗan wasan Kanada Mike Jackson (furodusan fim) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1972), mai shirya fina -finan Amurka kuma manajan baiwa Michael R. Jackson, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka, mawaki, kuma mawaƙi Mawaƙa Mike Jackson (mawaƙi) (1888 1945), mawaƙin jazz na Amurka kuma mawaki Mike Jackson (ɗan wasan nishaɗi na Ostiraliya) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1946), mawaƙa na Australiya da yawa, mawaƙa kuma mai nishaɗin yara Mick Jackson (mawaƙi) (an haife shi a shekara 1947), mawaƙin Turanci-mawaƙa Michael Gregory (mawaƙin jazz) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1953), mawaƙin jazz na Amurka, an haife shi Michael Gregory Jackson Mike da Michelle Jackson, 'yan wasan Australia da yawa Michael Jackson (mawaƙin Ingilishi) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1964), mawaƙin Burtaniya tare da babban maƙarƙashiyar ƙarfe Shaidan/Pariah Oh No (mawaƙa) ko Michael Jackson (an haife shi a shekara ta 1978), mawaƙin Amurka Michael Lee Jackson, mawaƙa Soja da mayaka Michael Jackson (sojan Amurka) (1734-1801), soja daga Massachusetts, ya ji rauni a Bunker Hill Mike Jackson (jami'in sojan Burtaniya) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1944), tsohon shugaban rundunar sojan Burtaniya Salman Raduyev ko Michael Jackson (1967 2002), sarkin yaƙi na Chechnya 'Yan siyasa da jami'ai Mike Jackson (ɗan siyasan Texas) (an haife shi 1953), memba na Republican na Majalisar Dattawa ta Texas Michael P. Jackson (an haife shi a shekara ta 1954), Mataimakin Sakataren Tsaron Cikin Gida na Amurka, 2005–2007 Michael W. Jackson (an haifi 1963), Lauyan gundumar Alabama Michael A. Jackson (ɗan siyasa) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1964), daga gundumar Prince George, Maryland Mike Jackson (ɗan siyasan Oklahoma) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1978), memba na Majalisar Wakilan Oklahoma Mutanen Wasanni Mike Jackson (an haife shi a shekara ta 1939) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Scotland da kuma manaja Mike Jackson (rami na hagu) (an haife shi a 1946), ɗan wasan ƙwallon baseball na Amurka Mike Jackson (kwando) (an haife shi 1949), ɗan wasan kwando na ABA pro na Amurka (1972 1976) Michael Jackson (dan wasan layi) (an haife shi 1957), dan wasan baya na NFL na Amurka (1979 1986) Michael Jackson (an haife shi a shekara ta 1963) ko Michael Jackson (an haife shi a shekara ta 1963), dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Brazil Michael Jackson (kwando) (an haife shi 1964), ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando na NBA na Amurka, Sarakuna Sacramento (1987 1990) Mike Jackson (rami na hannun dama) (an haife shi 1964), ɗan wasan ƙwallon baseball na Amurka Michael Jackson (mai karɓa mai faɗi) (1969 2017), ɗan siyasan Amurka kuma mai karɓar NFL Michael Jackson (rugby league) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1969), shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasar Burtaniya, Wakefield Trinity, Halifax Mike Jackson (an haife shi a shekara ta 1973), shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila Michael Jackson (an haife shi a shekara ta 1980) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila Mike Jackson Sr. (an haife shi a shekara ta 1997), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka Mike Jackson (kokawar) (an haifi 1949), ƙwararren ɗan kokawa na Amurka Wasu mutane Michael James Jackson (1925-1995), firist da Canon a Cocin Ingila; duba Ministar St George, Doncaster Michael A. Jackson (an haifi 1936), mai haɓaka hanyoyin haɓaka software Michael Jackson (masaniyar ɗan adam) (an haife shi a 1940), New Zealand, farfesa a fannin ilimin ɗan adam da marubuci Mike Jackson (mota) (an haife shi 1949), tsohon Shugaba na Mercedes-Benz USA kuma Shugaba na AutoNation Mike Jackson (masanin kimiyyar tsarin) (an haife shi 1951), masanin ƙungiya ta Burtaniya kuma mai ba da shawara Mike Jackson (mai siyarwa) (an haife shi 1954), tsohon shugaban ƙasa kuma COO na Supervalu Michael Jackson (bishop) (an haife shi 1956), Cocin Ireland Archbishop na Dublin, Ireland, tun 2011 Michael Jackson (ɗan jarida), ɗan jaridar Niuean kuma tsohon ɗan siyasa Michael Jackson, mai laifin Amurka tare da Tiffany Cole Halaye Michael "Mike" Jackson, hali a cikin littafin Psmith na PG Wodehouse Wakoki "Michael Jackson", waƙar Cash Cash daga The Beat Goes On "Michael Jackson", waƙar Das Racist daga Relax "Michael Jackson", waƙar Fatboy Slim, B-side na Fita Daga Kai na "Michael Jackson", waƙar The Mitchell Brothers "Michael Jackson", waƙar Negativland daga Tserewa daga Noise Duba kuma Michael A. Jackson Michael L. Jackson (rashin fahimta) Jackson (rashin fahimta) Jackson (sunan) Mika'ilu (ba a sani ba) Mitchell Jackson (rashin fahimta) All pages with titles containing Michael Jackson All pages with titles containing Mike Jackson All pages with titles containing Mick