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value | date int32 2k 2k | text stringlengths 205 1.13M | token_count int32 47 281k | category stringclasses 1
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redpajama_arxiv | 2,004 | Introduction
Plasmas comprising assemblies of charged particles, which interact
with each other through the Coulomb force, are known to reveal various
kinds of unique properties.
A typical plasma consists of electrons and positive ions,
and the mass difference between negative- and positive-charged particles
essen... | 4,022 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,004 | Introduction
Quantum random walk is a theoretical concept conceived to simulate
certain algorithms using quantum mechanical elements, i.e. unitary
operators and measurements . In particular, it has been shown recently that
it is possible to use a quantum random walk to perform a search in a
database with the topology ... | 6,735 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,004 | Introduction
Investigations of magnetic-field-aligned (parallel) and transverse (perpendicular) sheared plasma flows have been widely performed in connection with the excitation or the suppression of plasma fluctuations and turbulences, which are considered to generate energetic particles and induce cross-field transp... | 2,704 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,004 | Introduction.
Quantum electrodynamics (QED) offers new phenomena with no classical
counterparts, such as the Casimir effect. Similarly, and related to the
Casimir effect, is so called photon--photon scattering (see, e.g.,
).
The effective interaction between photons in a quantum vacuum is
mediated by virtual elec... | 1,878 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,004 | Introduction
Stabilizer states constitute a class of multipartite pure quantum states which is of considerable
interest in quantum information theory (QIT) and quantum computing (QC). A stabilizer state on n
qubits is defined as a simultaneous eigenvector of a maximal set of commuting observables in the
Pauli group, ... | 4,641 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,004 | Introduction
It is possible to consider that cognitive psychology appeared as a reaction to behaviorist approaches, where the mental content plays the role of a black box . In contrast, this content constitutes a central issue in cognitive sciences. Consequently, the use of computers to implement or imitate human inte... | 5,869 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,004 | Introduction
Quantum tunneling, where a particle has finite probability to penetrate a
classically forbidden region is an important feature of wave mechanics.
Invention of the tunnel diode , the scanning tunneling microscope
etc. make it useful from a technological point of view. In 1932
MacColl pointed out that tunn... | 4,546 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,004 | Introduction
Forty years have elapsed since John Bell ,
discovered his celebrated inequalities. These inequalities, which involve
measurable quantities, provide necessary conditions for local realism
. Bell also proved that, in some experiments with ideal set-ups, the
predictions of quantum mechanics violate the ineq... | 12,487 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,004 | "Introduction\n\n The dynamic and promising field of quantum\ninformation with continuous variables (...TRUNCATED) | 7,776 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,004 | "INTRODUCTION\n\nThe interaction between a spectrally structured field-continuum and a two-level \ns(...TRUNCATED) | 5,108 | academic |
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