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bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011

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bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf_chunk_0	BERNARD DE GRUNNE # BONGO MONUMENTAL STATUARY FROM SOUTHERN SUDAN ![img-0.jpeg](img_ref_1) . BERNARD DE GRUNNE 2011 # BONGO MONUMENTAL STATUARY FROM SOUTHERN SUDAN ![img-1.jpeg](img_ref_2) 2 ![img-2.jpeg](img_ref_3) Fig.1: Grave of Bongo chief named Yanga in the village of Mouhdi in 1869 from George Schweinfur...	BERNARD DE GRUNNE BONGO MONUMENTAL STATUARY FROM SOUTHERN SUDAN . BERNARD DE GRUNNE 2011 BONGO MONUMENTAL STATUARY FROM SOUTHERN SUDAN 2 Fig.1: Grave of Bongo chief named Yanga in the village of Mouhdi in 1869 from George Schweinfurth, Au Coeur de l'Afrique 1868-1871. Voyages et découvertes dans les régions inex...			[ "img_ref_1", "img_ref_2", "img_ref_3" ]	3	true	bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf	0	463
bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf_chunk_1	# Bongo Monumental Statuary from Southern Sudan: the Ur-style of African statuary. Life-size wooden statuary representing founding patriarchs, important chiefs or cultural heroes is a rare occurrence in the art styles of Sub-Saharan Africa. Other than the Bongo and related groups from southern Sudan, a cursory survey ...	Bongo Monumental Statuary from Southern Sudan: the Ur-style of African statuary. Life-size wooden statuary representing founding patriarchs, important chiefs or cultural heroes is a rare occurrence in the art styles of Sub-Saharan Africa. Other than the Bongo and related groups from southern Sudan, a cursory survey fi...	Bongo Monumental Statuary from Southern Sudan: the Ur-style of African statuary.		[]	0	false	bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf	463	941
bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf_chunk_2	Traditionally, scholars have used the name Bongo to describe various large size statues created not only by the Bongo themselves, but also other related ethnic groups such as the Bongo-Mittu, Belanda, Basiri, Madi-Moro, Babukur, Kref and the Luo groups. The Bongo and their neighbors may have numbered up to 250.000 peo...	Traditionally, scholars have used the name Bongo to describe various large size statues created not only by the Bongo themselves, but also other related ethnic groups such as the Bongo-Mittu, Belanda, Basiri, Madi-Moro, Babukur, Kref and the Luo groups. The Bongo and their neighbors may have numbered up to 250.000 peo...	Bongo Monumental Statuary from Southern Sudan: the Ur-style of African statuary.		[]	0	false	bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf	1,404	616
bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf_chunk_3	These small groups live the southern part of the province of Bahr-el-Ghazal, a region of deserted grassland in southwestern Sudan. According to Krüger who collected some Bongo figures during his trip in 1974, these small groups live isolated from each other, with concentrations around the towns of Tonj, in the region o...	These small groups live the southern part of the province of Bahr-el-Ghazal, a region of deserted grassland in southwestern Sudan. According to Krüger who collected some Bongo figures during his trip in 1974, these small groups live isolated from each other, with concentrations around the towns of Tonj, in the region o...	Bongo Monumental Statuary from Southern Sudan: the Ur-style of African statuary.		[]	0	false	bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf	2,020	409
bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf_chunk_4	(1) C. & B. Seligman, Pagan Tribes of the Nilotic Sudan, Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, London, 1932, p. 463 & C. Evans-Pritchard, "The Bongo" in Sudan Notes and Records, Vol. 12, 1929. (2) Jeremy Coote, "catalogue entries 2.18a & 2.18b" in Tom Phillips, ed., Africa. The Art of a Continent, London, Royal A...	(1) C. & B. Seligman, Pagan Tribes of the Nilotic Sudan, Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, London, 1932, p. 463 & C. Evans-Pritchard, "The Bongo" in Sudan Notes and Records, Vol. 12, 1929. (2) Jeremy Coote, "catalogue entries 2.18a & 2.18b" in Tom Phillips, ed., Africa. The Art of a Continent, London, Royal A...	Bongo Monumental Statuary from Southern Sudan: the Ur-style of African statuary.		[ "img_ref_4", "img_ref_5", "img_ref_6" ]	3	true	bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf	2,429	1,013
bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf_chunk_5	Their social structure is characterized by a system of clans which consists usually of less than 100 members each and are led by an elder who functions as a chief. The loma, the creator god, plays a central role in the religious life of the Bongo. He is believed to be an omnipresent spiritual power that pervades everyt...	Their social structure is characterized by a system of clans which consists usually of less than 100 members each and are led by an elder who functions as a chief. The loma, the creator god, plays a central role in the religious life of the Bongo. He is believed to be an omnipresent spiritual power that pervades everyt...	Bongo Monumental Statuary from Southern Sudan: the Ur-style of African statuary.		[]	0	false	bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf	3,442	876
bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf_chunk_6	Since each Bongo man could gain prestige by successfully hunting large animals and killing enemies in battle, his relatives would honor him a year after his death by erecting these ngya figures on his graveside and holding a feast. Apart from the effigy of the deceased, the relatives would also add large notched posts ...	Since each Bongo man could gain prestige by successfully hunting large animals and killing enemies in battle, his relatives would honor him a year after his death by erecting these ngya figures on his graveside and holding a feast. Apart from the effigy of the deceased, the relatives would also add large notched posts ...	Bongo Monumental Statuary from Southern Sudan: the Ur-style of African statuary.		[]	0	false	bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf	4,318	562
bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf_chunk_7	The first westerner to reach the Bongo region was John Petherick, Her Majesty's Consul for the Sudan, who describes in November 1855 a Dôr village of the Djour[Jur] tribe "where narrow footpaths leading to the center of the village with both sides ornamented with rough wooden posts, carved into semblances of human figu...	The first westerner to reach the Bongo region was John Petherick, Her Majesty's Consul for the Sudan, who describes in November 1855 a Dôr village of the Djour[Jur] tribe "where narrow footpaths leading to the center of the village with both sides ornamented with rough wooden posts, carved into semblances of human figu...	Bongo Monumental Statuary from Southern Sudan: the Ur-style of African statuary.		[]	0	false	bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf	4,880	952
bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf_chunk_8	(4) John Petherick, Egypt, The Soudan and Central Africa, William Blackwood and Sons, Edinburgh, 1861, p. 402 (5) J.C. Wood, The Natural History of Man being an account of the manners and customs of the uncivilized races of men, London, George Routledge and Sons, 1868, p. 500. The Bongo figure (height: 98 cm) is in th...	(4) John Petherick, Egypt, The Soudan and Central Africa, William Blackwood and Sons, Edinburgh, 1861, p. 402 (5) J.C. Wood, The Natural History of Man being an account of the manners and customs of the uncivilized races of men, London, George Routledge and Sons, 1868, p. 500. The Bongo figure (height: 98 cm) is in th...	Bongo Monumental Statuary from Southern Sudan: the Ur-style of African statuary.		[ "img_ref_7", "img_ref_8", "img_ref_9" ]	3	true	bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf	5,832	961
bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf_chunk_9	During his travels between 1868 and 1871, German botanist Georg Schweinfurt illustrated the grave of a Bongo chief named Yanga in the village of Mouhdi. As one can see from his drawing (fig. 1), the tomb was decorated both by Bongo anthropomorphic figures as well as two tall abstract posts clearly more Moro or Mittu in...	During his travels between 1868 and 1871, German botanist Georg Schweinfurt illustrated the grave of a Bongo chief named Yanga in the village of Mouhdi. As one can see from his drawing (fig. 1), the tomb was decorated both by Bongo anthropomorphic figures as well as two tall abstract posts clearly more Moro or Mittu in...	Bongo Monumental Statuary from Southern Sudan: the Ur-style of African statuary.		[]	0	false	bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf	6,793	784
bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf_chunk_10	Secondly, statues could have a role in a judicial context: the statue carved as a portrait of a man killed by another member of the same village was abruptly displayed during a special gathering of the entire village and its sudden appearance would frighten the culprit who by trying to run away would be immediately ide...	Secondly, statues could have a role in a judicial context: the statue carved as a portrait of a man killed by another member of the same village was abruptly displayed during a special gathering of the entire village and its sudden appearance would frighten the culprit who by trying to run away would be immediately ide...	Bongo Monumental Statuary from Southern Sudan: the Ur-style of African statuary.		[]	0	false	bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf	7,577	343
bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf_chunk_11	(6) I tried to locate this village in Schweinfurt's maps in his book but could but could not find it. (7) George Schweinfurt, Au cœur de l'Afrique, 1868-1971, Paris, Hachette, 1875, p. 273 (8) George Schweinfurt, Artes Africanae, F.A. Brockhaus, Leipzig, 1875, plate viii (9) George Schweinfurt, Au cœur de l'Afrique, 18...	(6) I tried to locate this village in Schweinfurt's maps in his book but could but could not find it. (7) George Schweinfurt, Au cœur de l'Afrique, 1868-1971, Paris, Hachette, 1875, p. 273 (8) George Schweinfurt, Artes Africanae, F.A. Brockhaus, Leipzig, 1875, plate viii (9) George Schweinfurt, Au cœur de l'Afrique, 18...	Bongo Monumental Statuary from Southern Sudan: the Ur-style of African statuary.		[]	0	false	bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf	7,920	974
bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf_chunk_12	The anthropologist Charles G. Seligman was the first to publish a Bongo funerary sculpture in 1917. The statue as far as one can judge from the fairly poor quality photo published seems to be an elongated male torso.¹¹ This portrait of a deceased Bongo chief was found on the El Ateesh road from Wau to Tembura and was c...	The anthropologist Charles G. Seligman was the first to publish a Bongo funerary sculpture in 1917. The statue as far as one can judge from the fairly poor quality photo published seems to be an elongated male torso.¹¹ This portrait of a deceased Bongo chief was found on the El Ateesh road from Wau to Tembura and was c...	Bongo Monumental Statuary from Southern Sudan: the Ur-style of African statuary.		[]	0	false	bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf	8,894	407
bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf_chunk_13	Charles and Brenda Seligman as well as their student Edward Evans Pritchard published detailed studies of the tombs of the Tonj region of both the Bongo, Belanda and Moro groups. They describe in detail the construction of a Bongo /Belanda grave as a vertical shaft with a terminal chamber for the corpse bounded in a ti...	Charles and Brenda Seligman as well as their student Edward Evans Pritchard published detailed studies of the tombs of the Tonj region of both the Bongo, Belanda and Moro groups. They describe in detail the construction of a Bongo /Belanda grave as a vertical shaft with a terminal chamber for the corpse bounded in a ti...	Bongo Monumental Statuary from Southern Sudan: the Ur-style of African statuary.		[]	0	false	bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf	9,301	755
bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf_chunk_14	They distinguished four types of funerary monuments (fig. 4, 5, 6): the Bongo tombs where the statue of the deceased is planted in the ground in front of the tomb covered by heaps of stones; the Mittu tombs where the grave is surrounded by stakes about four feet high, with the central space filled with lumps of iron-st...	They distinguished four types of funerary monuments (fig. 4, 5, 6): the Bongo tombs where the statue of the deceased is planted in the ground in front of the tomb covered by heaps of stones; the Mittu tombs where the grave is surrounded by stakes about four feet high, with the central space filled with lumps of iron-st...	Bongo Monumental Statuary from Southern Sudan: the Ur-style of African statuary.		[]	0	false	bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf	10,056	869
bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf_chunk_15	The lusi, while not carved in the likeness of a human figure, was meant to represent a dead man or women as the prominence given to the umbilicus makes clear.	The lusi, while not carved in the likeness of a human figure, was meant to represent a dead man or women as the prominence given to the umbilicus makes clear.	Bongo Monumental Statuary from Southern Sudan: the Ur-style of African statuary.		[]	0	false	bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf	10,925	162
bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf_chunk_16	A detailed study of Bongo graves and monuments was carried during their field work in 1958/59 by Andreas and Waltraud Kronenberg. They collected sixteen posts for the Ethnographic Museum in Khartoum of which thirteen were full figures or torsos and three abstracts posts.¹³ The Kronenbergs were the first scholars to pro...	A detailed study of Bongo graves and monuments was carried during their field work in 1958/59 by Andreas and Waltraud Kronenberg. They collected sixteen posts for the Ethnographic Museum in Khartoum of which thirteen were full figures or torsos and three abstracts posts.¹³ The Kronenbergs were the first scholars to pro...	Bongo Monumental Statuary from Southern Sudan: the Ur-style of African statuary.		[]	0	false	bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf	11,087	926
bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf_chunk_17	The third figure, a female figure, was carved also by Usta Ukun in 1959 as a commission for the Ethnographic Museum. (Inv. n° 2473, height: 181 cm). The sculpture looked indeed brand new when it was collected and does not show any sign of wear or age. If indeed all three posts were carved by Usta Ukun, he must have bee...	The third figure, a female figure, was carved also by Usta Ukun in 1959 as a commission for the Ethnographic Museum. (Inv. n° 2473, height: 181 cm). The sculpture looked indeed brand new when it was collected and does not show any sign of wear or age. If indeed all three posts were carved by Usta Ukun, he must have bee...	Bongo Monumental Statuary from Southern Sudan: the Ur-style of African statuary.		[]	0	false	bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf	12,013	479
bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf_chunk_18	(10) Hamburg, Museum für Völkerkunde inv. n° 12.148/1909, Height: 191 cm. Cfr. Beate Schneider & Christine Stelzig, "From the Congo to the Niger and the Nile. The Second Central African expedition of Duke Friederich of Mecklenburg, 1910-1911", in J.-L. Grootaers, *Uban-gui. Art and Cultures from the African Heartla...	(10) Hamburg, Museum für Völkerkunde inv. n° 12.148/1909, Height: 191 cm. Cfr. Beate Schneider & Christine Stelzig, "From the Congo to the Niger and the Nile. The Second Central African expedition of Duke Friederich of Mecklenburg, 1910-1911", in J.-L. Grootaers, Uban-gui. Art and Cultures from the African Heartlan...	Bongo Monumental Statuary from Southern Sudan: the Ur-style of African statuary.		[]	0	false	bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf	12,492	851
bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf_chunk_19	(12) C. & B. Seligman, Pagan Tribes of the Nilotic Sudan, Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, London, 1932, p. 470, 473 & 486; C. Evans-Pritchard, "The Bongo" in Sudan Notes and Records, Vol. 12, 1929, pp. 1-61 (13) Ethnographic Museum, Khartoum Inv. n° 2465, 2466 & 2467 are the abstract ones and Inv. N° 2...	(12) C. & B. Seligman, Pagan Tribes of the Nilotic Sudan, Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, London, 1932, p. 470, 473 & 486; C. Evans-Pritchard, "The Bongo" in Sudan Notes and Records, Vol. 12, 1929, pp. 1-61 (13) Ethnographic Museum, Khartoum Inv. n° 2465, 2466 & 2467 are the abstract ones and Inv. N° 2458,...	Bongo Monumental Statuary from Southern Sudan: the Ur-style of African statuary.		[ "img_ref_10", "img_ref_11" ]	2	true	bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf	13,343	787
bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf_chunk_20	![img-11.jpeg](img_ref_12) Fig.7: Anonymous photo of a Ngbandi Figure next to an ancestor hut by a Flemish Kapucijn missionary before 1910 in Jan-Lodewijk Grootaers, Ubangui. Art and Cultures from the African Heartland, Brussels, Mercatorfonds, 2007, plate 1.17, p. 28 ![img-12.jpeg](img_ref_13) Fig.8: Photo of a North...	Fig.7: Anonymous photo of a Ngbandi Figure next to an ancestor hut by a Flemish Kapucijn missionary before 1910 in Jan-Lodewijk Grootaers, Ubangui. Art and Cultures from the African Heartland, Brussels, Mercatorfonds, 2007, plate 1.17, p. 28 Fig.8: Photo of a Northern Ngbandi Figure next to an ancestral hut in the vil...	Bongo Monumental Statuary from Southern Sudan: the Ur-style of African statuary.		[ "img_ref_12", "img_ref_13" ]	2	true	bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf	14,130	871
bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf_chunk_21	Two Bongo posts were also collected by the Kronenbergs. The first, an elongated torso without legs is the portrait of Ngul Pot, great hunter who killed ten elephants.[15] The second post, a long and narrow full figure, is the portrait of a Zande warrior killed by Ngul Pot.[16] Finally, they also collected three figures...	Two Bongo posts were also collected by the Kronenbergs. The first, an elongated torso without legs is the portrait of Ngul Pot, great hunter who killed ten elephants.[15] The second post, a long and narrow full figure, is the portrait of a Zande warrior killed by Ngul Pot.[16] Finally, they also collected three figures...	Bongo Monumental Statuary from Southern Sudan: the Ur-style of African statuary.		[]	0	false	bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf	15,001	1,001
bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf_chunk_22	Although Bongo art had been known by a few specialists, no major Bongo work appeared in any Western public collection until Belgian dealer Christian Duponcheel went to Sudan in 1972, just after the cease-fire of March 1972 of a long civil war which had started in 1955. He collected eleven anthropomorphic figures of whi...	Although Bongo art had been known by a few specialists, no major Bongo work appeared in any Western public collection until Belgian dealer Christian Duponcheel went to Sudan in 1972, just after the cease-fire of March 1972 of a long civil war which had started in 1955. He collected eleven anthropomorphic figures of whi...	Bongo Monumental Statuary from Southern Sudan: the Ur-style of African statuary.		[]	0	false	bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf	16,002	450
bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf_chunk_23	1. New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art Inv; n° 1973.264, sold by Alan Brandt in 1973 Height: 191,3 cm 2. Houston, Menil Foundation Inv. n° 83-029 DJ, sold by Baron Freddy Rolin in 1983. Height: 240 cm 3. Toronto, Art Gallery of Ontario, Gift of Barbara and Murray Frum, 1999, sold by Christian Duponcheel in 1979, Heigh...	1. New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art Inv; n° 1973.264, sold by Alan Brandt in 1973 Height: 191,3 cm 2. Houston, Menil Foundation Inv. n° 83-029 DJ, sold by Baron Freddy Rolin in 1983. Height: 240 cm 3. Toronto, Art Gallery of Ontario, Gift of Barbara and Murray Frum, 1999, sold by Christian Duponcheel in 1979, Heigh...	Bongo Monumental Statuary from Southern Sudan: the Ur-style of African statuary.		[]	0	false	bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf	16,452	999
bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf_chunk_24	10. Zug, Collection Wally and Udo Horstman, Height: 157 cm sold by C. Duponcheel in 1990 11. Bruxelles, Collection privée, Sold by Duponcheel to Alvin Abrams in 1979, Raymond A. Britt Family Collection (Sotheby's New York, November 11, 2005, lot 145, Height: 112 cm)	10. Zug, Collection Wally and Udo Horstman, Height: 157 cm sold by C. Duponcheel in 1990 11. Bruxelles, Collection privée, Sold by Duponcheel to Alvin Abrams in 1979, Raymond A. Britt Family Collection (Sotheby's New York, November 11, 2005, lot 145, Height: 112 cm)	Bongo Monumental Statuary from Southern Sudan: the Ur-style of African statuary.		[]	0	false	bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf	17,451	268
bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf_chunk_25	Klaus-Jochen Krüger published the most recent study on this style. After collecting himself a wonderful statue in 1974, he published first a very interesting essay on Bongo statuary and Gwanja Gete, the "Master of Tonj" in my Masterhands catalogue in 2001.¹⁹ According to his research, Gwanja Gete invented his own style...	Klaus-Jochen Krüger published the most recent study on this style. After collecting himself a wonderful statue in 1974, he published first a very interesting essay on Bongo statuary and Gwanja Gete, the "Master of Tonj" in my Masterhands catalogue in 2001.¹⁹ According to his research, Gwanja Gete invented his own style...	Bongo Monumental Statuary from Southern Sudan: the Ur-style of African statuary.		[]	0	false	bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf	17,719	858
bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf_chunk_26	The Duponcheel expedition really put Bongo statuary on the map of African art history. Since the 1980's a number of statues and posts have reached Europe. Thanks to the interest in this important style, these abandoned funerary sculptures have now been saved from destruction, fire and civil disturbance associated also ...	The Duponcheel expedition really put Bongo statuary on the map of African art history. Since the 1980's a number of statues and posts have reached Europe. Thanks to the interest in this important style, these abandoned funerary sculptures have now been saved from destruction, fire and civil disturbance associated also ...	Bongo Monumental Statuary from Southern Sudan: the Ur-style of African statuary.		[]	0	false	bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf	18,577	958
bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf_chunk_27	(17) Inv. n° 2469 total height: 143 cm and height of figure: 112 cm, Inv. 2468, Total height: 128 cm and height of figure: 98 cm and Ibidem, abb. 30 (18) Jeremy Coote mentions fifteen statues ('See J. Coote, "catalogue entry Bongo" in Laurence Mattet, ed., Arts d'Afrique et d'Océanie. 100 ans de collections Barbier-Mue...	(17) Inv. n° 2469 total height: 143 cm and height of figure: 112 cm, Inv. 2468, Total height: 128 cm and height of figure: 98 cm and Ibidem, abb. 30 (18) Jeremy Coote mentions fifteen statues ('See J. Coote, "catalogue entry Bongo" in Laurence Mattet, ed., Arts d'Afrique et d'Océanie. 100 ans de collections Barbier-Mue...	Bongo Monumental Statuary from Southern Sudan: the Ur-style of African statuary.		[]	0	false	bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf	19,535	969
bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf_chunk_28	(20) Klaus-Jochen Krüger, « The Arts of Bahr-el-Ghazal ; Funerary Sculptures of the Bongo and Belanda », in Tribal Arts, Spring 2000, VI:1, pp. 82-101 and "The Arts of Bahr-el-Ghazal, Part 2: Funerary Sculptures of the Avukaya, Morokodu, Nyamusa, Beli,Lori and Zanda," in Tribal Arts, Summer 2002, VII:3, pp. 80-95. (21)...	(20) Klaus-Jochen Krüger, « The Arts of Bahr-el-Ghazal ; Funerary Sculptures of the Bongo and Belanda », in Tribal Arts, Spring 2000, VI:1, pp. 82-101 and "The Arts of Bahr-el-Ghazal, Part 2: Funerary Sculptures of the Avukaya, Morokodu, Nyamusa, Beli,Lori and Zanda," in Tribal Arts, Summer 2002, VII:3, pp. 80-95. (21)...	Bongo Monumental Statuary from Southern Sudan: the Ur-style of African statuary.		[]	0	false	bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf	20,504	473
bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf_chunk_29	anonymous missionary from the Flemish Kapucijnen missionaries in 1910 and published by Jan-Lodewijck Grootaers shows a Ngbandi large statue next to an ancestor hut in a manner similar to the Bongo and Belanda rituals.²² The second photo (fig. 8) taken by another Kapucijn missionary Father Basiel Tanghe in 1920 also sho...	anonymous missionary from the Flemish Kapucijnen missionaries in 1910 and published by Jan-Lodewijck Grootaers shows a Ngbandi large statue next to an ancestor hut in a manner similar to the Bongo and Belanda rituals.²² The second photo (fig. 8) taken by another Kapucijn missionary Father Basiel Tanghe in 1920 also sho...	Bongo Monumental Statuary from Southern Sudan: the Ur-style of African statuary.		[]	0	false	bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf	20,977	787
bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf_chunk_30	Ngya statues are obviously of a very archaic style: they are generally frontal, rather simple in their modeling of the human body and elongated. Ngya statuary is reduced to its basic rudiments, the simple kind of pole sculpture that might almost have been carved on a living tree. It is reminiscent of what the German ar...	Ngya statues are obviously of a very archaic style: they are generally frontal, rather simple in their modeling of the human body and elongated. Ngya statuary is reduced to its basic rudiments, the simple kind of pole sculpture that might almost have been carved on a living tree. It is reminiscent of what the German ar...	Bongo Monumental Statuary from Southern Sudan: the Ur-style of African statuary.		[]	0	false	bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf	21,764	655
bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf_chunk_31	He remarked that “for between five and ten thousand years in this area of southern Sudan, the Bongo or their predecessors have maintained this genuinely primitive art unchanged in essence from the time when there was no other African art.”²⁵ For Fagg, even if one cannot prove any direct link between a nineteenth centur...	He remarked that “for between five and ten thousand years in this area of southern Sudan, the Bongo or their predecessors have maintained this genuinely primitive art unchanged in essence from the time when there was no other African art.”²⁵ For Fagg, even if one cannot prove any direct link between a nineteenth centur...	Bongo Monumental Statuary from Southern Sudan: the Ur-style of African statuary.		[]	0	false	bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf	22,419	520
bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf_chunk_32	Pushing Fagg’s argument even further, one could speculate some kind of link between the Bongo / Belanda traditions of funerary mounds and statues to guard them with the ancient traditions of Egypt and their pyramids. The image of a wonderful bronze statue (fig. 10) of a Sudanese Kushite king from the Meroitic dynasties...	Pushing Fagg’s argument even further, one could speculate some kind of link between the Bongo / Belanda traditions of funerary mounds and statues to guard them with the ancient traditions of Egypt and their pyramids. The image of a wonderful bronze statue (fig. 10) of a Sudanese Kushite king from the Meroitic dynasties...	Bongo Monumental Statuary from Southern Sudan: the Ur-style of African statuary.		[]	0	false	bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf	22,939	578
bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf_chunk_33	## Acknowledgments I would like to thank Klaus-Jochen Krüger, Francesco Pelizzi, Udo Horstman, Dr. K.F. Schädler, Charles Meur, Lavuun Quackelbeen, Jo Christaens, Eric Duponcheel and Heini Schneebeli for their help. (22) Jan-Lodewijck Grootaers, Ubangi. Art and Cultures from the African Heartland, Mercatorfonds, Brus...	Acknowledgments I would like to thank Klaus-Jochen Krüger, Francesco Pelizzi, Udo Horstman, Dr. K.F. Schädler, Charles Meur, Lavuun Quackelbeen, Jo Christaens, Eric Duponcheel and Heini Schneebeli for their help. (22) Jan-Lodewijck Grootaers, Ubangi. Art and Cultures from the African Heartland, Mercatorfonds, Brussel...	Bongo Monumental Statuary from Southern Sudan: the Ur-style of African statuary.	Acknowledgments	[]	0	false	bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf	23,517	900
bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf_chunk_34	# The Duponcheel Bongo Expedition Although Bongo art had been known by a few specialists, no major Bongo work appeared in any Western public collection until Franco/Belgian dealer Christian Duponcheel went to Sudan in 1972, just after the cease-fire of March 1972 of a long civil war which had started in 1955.	The Duponcheel Bongo Expedition Although Bongo art had been known by a few specialists, no major Bongo work appeared in any Western public collection until Franco/Belgian dealer Christian Duponcheel went to Sudan in 1972, just after the cease-fire of March 1972 of a long civil war which had started in 1955.	The Duponcheel Bongo Expedition		[]	0	false	bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf	24,417	313
bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf_chunk_35	Christian Duponcheel (born in Estaimpuis, France Avril 2nd 1941, married to Nicole Vervaeck with whom he had one son Eric, born in 1966 and deceased in Pietrebais on the 23 December 2004) was a self-taught art dealer and scholar. His first trip to Africa was his honeymoon voyage where he hitched-hike all the way with h...	Christian Duponcheel (born in Estaimpuis, France Avril 2nd 1941, married to Nicole Vervaeck with whom he had one son Eric, born in 1966 and deceased in Pietrebais on the 23 December 2004) was a self-taught art dealer and scholar. His first trip to Africa was his honeymoon voyage where he hitched-hike all the way with h...	The Duponcheel Bongo Expedition		[]	0	false	bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf	24,730	790
bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf_chunk_36	He left on a second trip to West Africa lasting nine months in Nigeria in 1968, financed partially by the Musée Royale de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren. He carried out a major excavation of a Nok site at that time finding the first complete Nok statue ever, since only heads and fragments were known before. He also field...	He left on a second trip to West Africa lasting nine months in Nigeria in 1968, financed partially by the Musée Royale de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren. He carried out a major excavation of a Nok site at that time finding the first complete Nok statue ever, since only heads and fragments were known before. He also field...	The Duponcheel Bongo Expedition		[ "img_ref_14" ]	1	true	bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf	25,520	809
bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf_chunk_37	collection (Cfr. Alisa La Gamma, Eternal Ancestors. The Art of the Central African Reliquary, New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2007, plate 13, p145) while the second is in the collection of Alain Schoffel (Cfr. P. Laburthe-Tolra et C. Falgayerettes-Levau, Fang, Paris, Musée Dapper, 1991, p. 139). He published...	collection (Cfr. Alisa La Gamma, Eternal Ancestors. The Art of the Central African Reliquary, New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2007, plate 13, p145) while the second is in the collection of Alain Schoffel (Cfr. P. Laburthe-Tolra et C. Falgayerettes-Levau, Fang, Paris, Musée Dapper, 1991, p. 139). He published...	The Duponcheel Bongo Expedition		[]	0	false	bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf	26,329	832
bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf_chunk_38	1. New York, Private Collection, Height : 185 cm 2. Collection Georg Baselitz, Derneburg Germany, Height : 220 cm 3. Collection Georg Baselitz, Derneburg Germany, Height : 191 cm 4. Geneva, Musée Barbier Mueller Inv. n° 1027-1, Height : 200 cm 5. Private Collection, Belgium, Former Collection Count Baudouin de Grunne, ...	1. New York, Private Collection, Height : 185 cm 2. Collection Georg Baselitz, Derneburg Germany, Height : 220 cm 3. Collection Georg Baselitz, Derneburg Germany, Height : 191 cm 4. Geneva, Musée Barbier Mueller Inv. n° 1027-1, Height : 200 cm 5. Private Collection, Belgium, Former Collection Count Baudouin de Grunne, ...	The Duponcheel Bongo Expedition		[ "img_ref_15", "img_ref_16", "img_ref_17", "img_ref_18", "img_ref_19", "img_ref_20", "img_ref_21", "img_ref_22", "img_ref_23", "img_ref_24" ]	10	true	bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf	27,161	1,011
bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf_chunk_39	# Bongo Funerary post, Bussere Style Total height: 184 cm Height statue: 129 cm Dotation: A.D. 1770 ± 45 years (Test C 14, Dr. George Bonani, Zurich, n° ETH 20227, April 1999) ![img-24.jpeg](img_ref_25) Bongo grave, photo by E. Evans-Prichard in Charles and Brenda Seligman, Pagan Tribes of the Nilotic Sudan, London...	Bongo Funerary post, Bussere Style Total height: 184 cm Height statue: 129 cm Dotation: A.D. 1770 ± 45 years (Test C 14, Dr. George Bonani, Zurich, n° ETH 20227, April 1999) Bongo grave, photo by E. Evans-Prichard in Charles and Brenda Seligman, Pagan Tribes of the Nilotic Sudan, London Routledge & Kegan Paul Lt...	Bongo Funerary post, Bussere Style		[ "img_ref_25", "img_ref_26", "img_ref_27", "img_ref_28", "img_ref_29", "img_ref_30", "img_ref_31", "img_ref_32", "img_ref_33" ]	9	true	bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf	28,172	1,015
bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf_chunk_40	# Bongo Funerary Post Total height: 138 cm Height statue: 83 cm ![img-33.jpeg](img_ref_34) ![img-34.jpeg](img_ref_35) ![img-35.jpeg](img_ref_36) Bongo Funerary Figure, region of Wau Total height: 164 cm ![img-36.jpeg](img_ref_37) ![img-37.jpeg](img_ref_38) # Bongo Funerary Figure, region of Wau Total height : ...	Bongo Funerary Post Total height: 138 cm Height statue: 83 cm Bongo Funerary Figure, region of Wau Total height: 164 cm Bongo Funerary Figure, region of Wau Total height : 158,5 cm Height statue : 97 cm Bongo Funerary post, Bussere Style Total height : 145 cm 10 Bongo Funerary post, Region of Tonj Total height ...	Bongo Funerary Post		[ "img_ref_34", "img_ref_35", "img_ref_36", "img_ref_37", "img_ref_38", "img_ref_39", "img_ref_40", "img_ref_41", "img_ref_42", "img_ref_43", "img_ref_44", "img_ref_45", "img_ref_46", "img_ref_47", "img_ref_48" ]	15	true	bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf	29,187	908
bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf_chunk_41	# 13 Bongo Funerary post, region of Tonj Total height : 140 cm 14 Bongo Funerary post, region of Tonj Total height : 113 cm ![img-48.jpeg](img_ref_49) ![img-49.jpeg](img_ref_50) 15 Belanda funerary post Total height: 121 cm ![img-50.jpeg](img_ref_51) 16 # Belanda Funerary Post Total height: 173 cm ![img-51.j...	13 Bongo Funerary post, region of Tonj Total height : 140 cm 14 Bongo Funerary post, region of Tonj Total height : 113 cm 15 Belanda funerary post Total height: 121 cm 16 Belanda Funerary Post Total height: 173 cm 17 Bongo Funerary torso Total height : 103,5 cm 18 18 Bongo Funerary post, Tembura region To...	13		[ "img_ref_49", "img_ref_50", "img_ref_51", "img_ref_52", "img_ref_53", "img_ref_54", "img_ref_55" ]	7	true	bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf	30,095	581
bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf_chunk_42	# Morokodu Funerary post Total height : 232 cm ![img-55.jpeg](img_ref_56) Grave of Bongo chief named Yanga in the village of Mouhdi in 1869 from George Schweinfurth, Au Coeur de l'Afrique 1868-1871. Voyages et découvertes dans les régions inexplorées de l'Afrique centrale, Paris, Hachette, 1875, p. 274 44 \| ![img...	Morokodu Funerary post Total height : 232 cm Grave of Bongo chief named Yanga in the village of Mouhdi in 1869 from George Schweinfurth, Au Coeur de l'Afrique 1868-1871. Voyages et découvertes dans les régions inexplorées de l'Afrique centrale, Paris, Hachette, 1875, p. 274 44 \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| 20 Avukaya F...	Morokodu Funerary post		[ "img_ref_56", "img_ref_57", "img_ref_58", "img_ref_59", "img_ref_60", "img_ref_61" ]	6	true	bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf	30,676	948
bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf_chunk_43	# Publications by Bernard de Grunne Le Maître d'Ogol, in Tribal Arts, Printemps 2011 Henri Pareyn : Un destin exceptionnel, avec Marcel De Toledo, a paraître La Statuaire Africaine Un Art Classique ? in Liber Amicorum Robert Senelle, forthcoming. Un histoire de l'art des Maîtres Sculpteurs d'Afrique, in *Sotheb...	Publications by Bernard de Grunne Le Maître d'Ogol, in Tribal Arts, Printemps 2011 Henri Pareyn : Un destin exceptionnel, avec Marcel De Toledo, a paraître La Statuaire Africaine Un Art Classique ? in Liber Amicorum Robert Senelle, forthcoming. Un histoire de l'art des Maîtres Sculpteurs d'Afrique, in Sotheby's Par...	Publications by Bernard de Grunne		[]	0	false	bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf	31,624	964
bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf_chunk_44	Mains de Maîtres chez les Lega : Le style Bibendum et le style Aviateur, dans Tribal Art, Automne Hiver 2008, XIII-1, n° 50, pp. 132-137 Archetypical Kota Statuary, in The Collection of Frieda and Milton Rosenthal : African and Oceanic Art, Sotheby's New York, November 14, 2008, pp. 94-95. Is African sculpture ...	Mains de Maîtres chez les Lega : Le style Bibendum et le style Aviateur, dans Tribal Art, Automne Hiver 2008, XIII-1, n° 50, pp. 132-137 Archetypical Kota Statuary, in The Collection of Frieda and Milton Rosenthal : African and Oceanic Art, Sotheby's New York, November 14, 2008, pp. 94-95. Is African sculpture classi...	Publications by Bernard de Grunne		[]	0	false	bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf	32,588	929
bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf_chunk_45	Une main de maître Mumuye de l'est du Nigeria, in B. de Grunne, ed., Mains de Maîtres. A la découverte des sculpteurs d'Afrique, Bruxelles, 2001 Quelques maîtres sculpteurs des royaumes du bassin du Congo, in B. de Grunne, ed., Mains de Maîtres. A la découverte des sculpteurs d'Afrique, Bruxelles, 2001 Bela Hein ...	Une main de maître Mumuye de l'est du Nigeria, in B. de Grunne, ed., Mains de Maîtres. A la découverte des sculpteurs d'Afrique, Bruxelles, 2001 Quelques maîtres sculpteurs des royaumes du bassin du Congo, in B. de Grunne, ed., Mains de Maîtres. A la découverte des sculpteurs d'Afrique, Bruxelles, 2001 Bela Hein gran...	Publications by Bernard de Grunne		[]	0	false	bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf	33,517	991
bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf_chunk_46	Beauty in abstraction: The Barbier-Mueller Nukuoro statue, in Tribal Art, Annual Bulletin, The Barbier-Mueller Museum, Geneva, 1994 La sculpture classique Tellem: essai d'analyse stylistique, in Arts d'Afrique Noire, Décembre 1993 Heroic riders and divine horses: an analysis of ancient Soninke and Dogon equestrian fi...	Beauty in abstraction: The Barbier-Mueller Nukuoro statue, in Tribal Art, Annual Bulletin, The Barbier-Mueller Museum, Geneva, 1994 La sculpture classique Tellem: essai d'analyse stylistique, in Arts d'Afrique Noire, Décembre 1993 Heroic riders and divine horses: an analysis of ancient Soninke and Dogon equestrian fi...	Publications by Bernard de Grunne		[]	0	false	bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf	34,508	986
bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf_chunk_47	The concept of style in Tabwa art, in The rising of the new moon. One century of Tabwa art, University of Michigan Museum of Art, Ann Arbor, 1987 La terre cuite ancienne du Mali, in Balafon, 1984 Boccioni and the futurist style of motion, in A. Hanson, ed., The Futurist imagination, Yale University Art Gallery, New H...	The concept of style in Tabwa art, in The rising of the new moon. One century of Tabwa art, University of Michigan Museum of Art, Ann Arbor, 1987 La terre cuite ancienne du Mali, in Balafon, 1984 Boccioni and the futurist style of motion, in A. Hanson, ed., The Futurist imagination, Yale University Art Gallery, New H...	Publications by Bernard de Grunne		[]	0	false	bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf	35,494	992
bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf_chunk_48	BERNARD DE GRUNNE 180 avenue Franklin Roosevelt B-1050 Brussels \| Belgium Tel.: +322 5023171 Fax: +322 5033969 Email: grunne@skynet.be © Bernard de Grunne Photos: © Roger Asselberghs-Frédéric Dehaen, Brussels Graphic design, prepress, printing and binding: Snel SOME TIME & PARTIR www.snel.be . BONGO MONUMENTA...	BERNARD DE GRUNNE 180 avenue Franklin Roosevelt B-1050 Brussels \| Belgium Tel.: +322 5023171 Fax: +322 5033969 Email: grunne@skynet.be © Bernard de Grunne Photos: © Roger Asselberghs-Frédéric Dehaen, Brussels Graphic design, prepress, printing and binding: Snel SOME TIME & PARTIR www.snel.be . BONGO MONUMENTA...	Publications by Bernard de Grunne		[ "img_ref_62" ]	1	true	bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf	36,486	414

bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011

Dataset created with PDF2Dataset -- OCR + structure-aware chunking pipeline.

Dataset Summary

Metric	Value
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Avg chars/chunk	753
Avg images/chunk	1.27
Source files	1
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Quality filtered	0

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Source Files

File	Chunks
`bongo-bernard-de-grunne-tefaf-2011.pdf`	49

Document Structure

Chapters found in the source documents:

13
Bongo Funerary Post
Bongo Funerary post, Bussere Style
Bongo Monumental Statuary from Southern Sudan: the Ur-style of African statuary.
Morokodu Funerary post
Publications by Bernard de Grunne
The Duponcheel Bongo Expedition

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Chunking -- Structure-aware recursive splitting preserves document hierarchy
Validation -- Schema validation ensures every chunk has required fields
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