instruction stringlengths 96 3.61k | input float64 | output stringlengths 25 254 |
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A 61-year-old man comes to the physician for shortness of breath and chest discomfort that is becoming progressively worse. He has had increasing problems exerting himself for the past 5 years. He is now unable to walk more than 50 m on level terrain without stopping and mostly rests at home. He has smoked 1–2 packs of... | null | Elevated pulmonary artery pressure. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 71-year-old woman comes to her doctor because she is having trouble staying awake in the evening. Over the past year, she has noticed that she gets tired unusually early in the evenings and has trouble staying awake through dinner. She also experiences increased daytime sleepiness, fatigue, and difficulty concentrati... | null | Advanced sleep phase disorder. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 65-year-old man presents with hypercholesterolemia. Family history is significant for multiple cardiac deaths and other cardiovascular diseases. The patient reports a 40-pack-year smoking history. BMI is 28 kg/m2. Total cholesterol is 255 mg/dL and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is more than 175 mg/dL. Lifestyle and d... | null | Atorvastatin. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 74-year-old female is brought to the emergency department because of a 2-week history of increasing weakness and chills. She also notes difficulty breathing for the last three days. Eight weeks ago, she underwent left hemicolectomy for adenocarcinoma of the colon. She subsequently developed a severe urinary tract inf... | null | Enterococcus faecalis infection. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 26-year-old man presents to the emergency department with complaints of intractable, 10/10 abdominal pain without nausea or vomiting. His CT is unremarkable, and other aspects of his history and physical examination suggest that his complaints may not be organic in etiology. His medical record is notable for previous... | null | Malingering. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 2-day-old male infant is brought to the emergency department by ambulance after his parents noticed that he was convulsing and unresponsive. He was born at home and appeared well initially; however, within 24 hours he became increasingly irritable and lethargic. Furthermore, he stopped feeding and began to experience... | null | Benzoate administration. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 48-year-old man who emigrated from Sri Lanka 2 years ago comes to the physician because of a 1-month history of fever, cough, and a 6-kg (13-lb) weight loss. He appears ill. An x-ray of the chest shows patchy infiltrates in the upper lung fields with a cavernous lesion at the right apex. A CT-guided biopsy of the les... | null | CD14. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 19-year-old African American male with a history of bipolar I disorder presents to the psychiatrist for a follow-up visit. During the session, the patient explains that for the past 2 months he has felt significantly fatigued and constipated. He is always complaining of feeling cold and has gained several pounds alth... | null | Lithium. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 65-year-old woman returns to the outpatient oncology clinic to follow up on her recently diagnosed breast cancer. A few months ago, she noticed a lump during a breast self-exam that was shown to be breast cancer. A lumpectomy revealed invasive ductal carcinoma that was estrogen- and progesterone receptor-positive wit... | null | Inhibit peripheral conversion of androgens to estrogen. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 20-year-old woman is brought to the physician by her mother because she has been worried about her daughter's strange behavior for the past 2 years. She does not have any friends and spends most of her time alone in her room. She usually wears a long, black, hooded cloak. She is anxious at college because she is unco... | null | Schizotypal personality disorder. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 32-year-old woman presents with a 3-month history of intermittent blurred vision and problems walking. The patient states that she often feels “pins and needles” in her legs that cause her problems when she’s walking. The patient is afebrile, and her vital signs are within normal limits. An autoimmune disorder is sus... | null | Damaged myelin sheath and myelin-producing cells. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 7-year-old boy is brought to the physician for a follow-up examination after the removal of a tooth. During the procedure, he had prolonged bleeding that did not resolve with pressure and gauze packing and eventually required suture placement. His older brother had a similar episode a year ago, but his parents and tw... | null | Factor VIII. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 5-year-old patient is brought to the emergency department by his parents for concerning behavior. His parents relate that over the past 3 weeks, he has had multiple episodes of staring into space, lip smacking, and clasping his hands together. The patient has his eyes open during these episode but does not respond to... | null | Complex partial seizure. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 48-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of sudden right flank pain that began 3 hours ago. He also noticed blood in his urine. Over the past two weeks, he has developed progressive lower extremity swelling and a 4-kg (9-lb) weight gain. Examination shows bilateral 2+ pitting edema of the lower extre... | null | Loss of antithrombin III. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 71-year-old woman comes to the physician because of sudden loss of vision in her right eye for 15 minutes that morning, which subsided spontaneously. Over the past 4 months, she has had fatigue, a 4-kg (8.8-lb) weight loss, and has woken up on several occasions at night covered in sweat. She has had frequent headache... | null | Thoracic aortic aneurysm. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 4430-g (9-lb 10-oz) male newborn is delivered at term to a 27-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 1. The second stage of labor was prolonged and required vacuum-assisted vaginal delivery. Apgar scores are 9 and 10 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. Examination of the neonate 2 hours later shows a soft, nonpulsatile swelli... | null | Cephalohematoma. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 15-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his mother because of 4 months of strange behavior. She says that during this period, he has had episodic mood swings. She has sometimes found him in his room “seemingly drunk” and with slurred speech. These episodes usually last for approximately 15 minutes, after which... | null | Inhalants. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 23-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by ambulance following a motor vehicle accident. He was pinned between 2 cars for several hours. The patient has a history of asthma. He uses an albuterol inhaler intermittently. The patient was not the driver, and admits to having a few beers at a party prior to... | null | Succinylcholine. Unknown
Explanation: |
Please refer to the summary above to answer this question
Further evaluation of this patient is most likely to show which of the following findings?"
"Patient Information
Age: 28 years
Gender: F, self-identified
Ethnicity: unspecified
Site of Care: office
History
Reason for Visit/Chief Concern: “I'm not making breast m... | null | Decreased serum cortisol concentration. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 4-year-old girl is brought by her mother to the pediatrician for neck drainage. The mother reports that the child has always had a small pinpoint opening on the front of her neck, though the opening has never been symptomatic. The child developed a minor cold approximately 10 days ago which resolved after a week. How... | null | Epithelial tonsillar lining. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 47-year-old woman with a history of recent gastric bypass surgery presents for a follow-up visit. 8 months ago, she underwent gastric bypass surgery because she was struggling with maintaining her BMI below 42 kg/m². She previously weighed 120 kg (265 lb), and now she weighs 74.8 kg (165 lb). She says that she has lo... | null | Iron. Unknown
Explanation: |
The human body obtains vitamin D either from diet or from sun exposure. Darker-skinned individuals require more sunlight to create adequate vitamin D stores as the increased melanin in their skin acts like sunscreen; thus, it blocks the necessary UV required for vitamin D synthesis. Therefore, if these individuals spen... | null | Cholecalciferol (D3). Unknown
Explanation: |
A 26-year-old man undergoing surgical correction of his deviated septum experiences excessive bleeding on the operating room table. Preoperative prothrombin time and platelet count were normal. The patient’s past medical history is significant for frequent blue blemishes on his skin along with easy bruising since he wa... | null | Desmopressin and tranexamic acid. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 36-year-old software professional consults a physician to discuss his concerns about small-vessel vasculitis as his mother and sister both have autoimmune small-vessel vasculitides. He has read about vasculitides and recently he came across an article which stated that an analgesic that he often uses for relief from ... | null | Palpable purpura. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 19-year-old woman presents with worsening pain in her neck for the past 5 days. She says she is not able to wear her tie for her evening job because is it too painful. She also reports associated anxiety, palpitations, and lethargy for the past 10 days. Past medical history is significant for a recent 3-day episode o... | null | Aspirin. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 6-year-old female from a rural village in Afghanistan presents with her mother to a local health center complaining of leg weakness. Her mother also reports that the patient had a fever, fatigue, and headache a week prior that resolved. The patient has not received any immunizations since being born. Her temperature ... | null | Non-enveloped (+) ssRNA virus. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 44-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 3-week history of progressive pain while swallowing. She has the feeling that food gets stuck in her throat and is harder to swallow than usual. She has a history of high-grade cervical dysplasia which was treated with conization 12 years ago. Four months ago, she... | null | Therapy with oral fluconazole. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 34-year-old man presents to his primary care provider for evaluation of nocturnal cough and dyspnea. He has been a smoker for the past 15 years with a 7.5-pack-year smoking history. He has no significant medical history and takes no medications. His blood pressure is 118/76 mm Hg, the heart rate is 84/min, the respir... | null | Atopic asthma. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 56-year-old man comes to the physician for increasing shortness of breath and retrosternal chest pain on exertion. He has smoked 2 packs of cigarettes daily for 35 years. His blood pressure is 145/90 mm Hg. Cardiac examination is shown. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's auscultation fi... | null | Left ventricular failure. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 2-month-old boy presents to the clinic with his mother for evaluation of crusty, greasy patches on the skin of the scalp that appeared 1 week ago. The mother states that the patient has been acting normally and is feeding well. She had a vaginal birth with no complications. On examination, the patient is smiling and ... | null | Seborrheic dermatitis. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 13-month-old boy is referred to an immunologist with recurrent otitis media, bacterial sinus infections, and pneumonia, which began several months earlier. He is healthy now, but the recurrent nature of these infections are troubling to his parents and they are hoping to find a definitive cause. The boy was born at 3... | null | Flow cytometry. Unknown
Explanation: |
One week after admission to the hospital for an extensive left middle cerebral artery stroke, a 91-year-old woman is unable to communicate, walk, or safely swallow food. She has been without nutrition for the duration of her hospitalization. The patient's sister requests placement of a percutaneous endoscopic gastrosto... | null | Encourage a family meeting. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 30-year-old woman presents to her primary care provider with blood in her urine and pain in her left flank. She has a 5-year history of polycystic ovarian syndrome managed with oral contraceptives and metformin. She is single and is not sexually active and denies a history of kidney stones or abdominal trauma. She ha... | null | Administer heparin. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 23-year-old woman comes to the physician because of vaginal discharge for 3 days. She has been sexually active with three male partners over the past year and uses condoms inconsistently. Her only medication is an oral contraceptive. Physical exam shows thin grayish-white vaginal discharge. There is no erythema of th... | null | Gram-variable rod. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 5-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his mother because he does not “listen to her” anymore. The mother also reports that her son cannot concentrate on any tasks lasting longer than just a few minutes. Teachers at his preschool report that the patient is more active compared to other preschoolers, frequently... | null | Behavior therapy. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 22-year-old white woman comes to the physician because of a 6-month history of lower abdominal pain. She has also had multiple episodes of loose stools with blood during this period. She has had painful bowel movements for 1 month. Over the past year, she has had a 10-kg (22-lb) weight loss. She was treated for strep... | null | Confluent inflammation of the colonic mucosa with edema, fibrin-covered ulcers, and loss of vascular pattern. Unknown
Explanation: |
An investigator is studying obesity in mice. Over the course of 2 weeks, mice in the experimental group receive a daily injection with a synthetic analog of an endogenous hormone. Compared to the control group, the hormone-injected mice eat more and gain significantly more weight. Which of the following is the most lik... | null | Ghrelin stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 24-year-old man comes to the physician for a 1-week history of a painless swelling on the right side of his neck that he noticed while showering. He is 203 cm (6 ft 8 in) tall and weighs 85 kg (187 lb); BMI is 21 kg/m2. Physical examination shows long, thin fingers and an increased arm-length to body-height ratio. Ex... | null | Oral tumors. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 29-year-old nulligravid woman comes to the physician for evaluation of infertility. She has been unable to conceive for 14 months. One year ago, she stopped taking the oral contraceptive pill, which she had been taking since she was 17. Her husband's semen analysis was normal. Four years ago, she had an episode of a ... | null | Loss of ciliary action. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 5-year-old is presented to the emergency department after being involved in an accident on the way to school. According to the paramedics, the patient was hit by a motor vehicle and his right leg was crushed. The parents were immediately contacted, and the physician explains that a limb-saving operation is the best t... | null | Inform the hospital Ethics Committee, state authority, and child protective services, and try to get a court order if it takes too long to proceed with the physician’s treatment plan.. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 48-year-old man from Argentina presents to your office complaining of difficulty swallowing for the past few months. He is accompanied by his wife who adds that his breath has started to smell horrible. The patient says that he feels uncomfortable no matter what he eats or drinks. He also has lost 5 kg (11 lb) in the... | null | Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 10-year-old boy from Sri Lanka suffers from an autosomal dominant condition, the hallmark of which is hyperimmunoglobulinemia E and eosinophilia. He suffers from recurrent infections and takes antibiotic chemoprophylaxis. A STAT3 mutation analysis has been performed to confirm the diagnosis of Job syndrome.
Eosinophi... | null | I, II, V. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 40-year-old male presents to the physician's office complaining of an inability to push doors open. He has had this problem since he was playing football with his children and was tackled underneath his right arm on his lateral chest. On examination, he has a winged scapula on the right side. Which of the following n... | null | Long thoracic nerve. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 36-year-old woman is admitted to the hospital because of irritability, nausea, and diarrhea. She has a history of recreational oxycodone use and last took a dose 48 hours ago. Physical examination shows mydriasis, rhinorrhea, and piloerection. A drug is administered that provides an effect similar to oxycodone but do... | null | Lower efficacy. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 56-year-old man comes to the physician for a follow-up examination one week after a chest x-ray showed a solitary pulmonary nodule. He has no history of major medical illness. He has smoked 1 pack of cigarettes daily for the past 30 years. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. A tuberculin skin test is negativ... | null | Pulmonary hamartoma. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 53-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by her husband because of difficulty walking, slurred speech, and progressive drowsiness. The husband reports that his wife has appeared depressed over the past few days. She has a history of insomnia and social anxiety disorder. She appears lethargic. Her temp... | null | GABAA receptor. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 63-year-old man presents to the emergency department because of progressive difficulty with breathing. He has a history of diabetes, hypertension, and chronic bronchitis. He has been receiving medications to moderate his conditions and reports being compliant with his schedule. He reports a recent difficulty with tac... | null | O2 supplementation. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 66-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician for a wellness exam. She noticed mild spotting a few days prior to presentation. Her last menstrual period was when she was 53 years of age, and she denies any trauma to the area. She is sexually active with one male partner and does not use condoms. Medical hi... | null | Megestrol acetate. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 68-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department after being found unresponsive in her bedroom in a nursing home facility. Her past medical history is relevant for hypertension, diagnosed 5 years ago, for which she has been prescribed a calcium channel blocker and a thiazide diuretic. Upon admission, she is f... | null | Charcot-Bouchard aneurysm rupture. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 47-year-old man presents to the emergency department due to a rash. He states the rash started last night and is very concerning to him. The patient cannot remember being exposed to any environmental stimuli such as new detergents or poison ivy. The patient recently started following with a primary care provider who ... | null | Steven-Johnson syndrome. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 15-year-old boy presents to the clinic complaining of an uncomfortable skin condition that started 2 years ago. The patient states that his skin feels ‘oily’ and that he is embarrassed by his appearance. On examination, he is a healthy-looking teenager who has reached the expected Tanner stage for his age. The skin o... | null | Cutibacterium acnes. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 20-year-old male is involuntarily admitted to the county psychiatric unit for psychotic behavior over the past three months. The patient's mother explained to the psychiatrist that her son had withdrawn from family and friends, appeared to have no emotions, and had delusions that he was working for the CIA. When he s... | null | Schizophreniform disorder. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 48-year-old woman presents with a 15-year history of long, painful menses that is only partially relieved with oral contraceptives. She desires definitive treatment. She denies weight loss or post-coital bleeding, and her husband has been her only sexual partner. She does not have a history of smoking, alcohol or ill... | null | Iatrogenic injury near the suspensory ligaments. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 12-month-old boy is brought to the pediatrician for a routine examination. Past medical history is significant for a pyloric myomectomy at 2 months of age after a few episodes of projectile vomiting. He has reached all appropriate developmental milestones. He currently lives with his parents and pet cat in a house bu... | null | Decreased hemoglobin. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 47-year-old woman presents to the physician with complaints of fatigue accompanied by symmetric pain, swelling, and stiffness in her wrists, fingers, knees, and other joints. She describes the stiffness as being particularly severe upon awakening, but gradually improves as she moves throughout her day. Her physician ... | null | Nephrotoxicity. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 45-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 5-month history of recurrent retrosternal chest pain that often wakes her up at night. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. Upper endoscopy shows hyperemia in the distal third of the esophagus. A biopsy specimen from this area shows non-keratinized stratif... | null | Proximal migration of the gastroesophageal junction. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 15-year-old boy is sent from gym class with a chief complaint of severe muscle aches. In class today he was competing with his friends and therefore engaged in weightlifting for the first time. A few hours later he was extremely sore and found that his urine was red when he went to urinate. This concerned him and he ... | null | Normal glycogen structure. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 3-year-old boy is brought to his pediatrician by his mother when he developed redness, burning, itching, and exquisite pain all over his arms, lower legs, neck, and face. The mother states that she just recently began taking him to the local playground in the afternoons. She reports that she applied liberal amounts o... | null | Initiate oral beta carotene. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 26-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 3-day history of redness, foreign body sensation, and discharge of both eyes. She reports that her eyes feel “stuck together” with yellow crusts every morning. She has a 3-year history of nasal allergies; her sister has allergic rhinitis. She is sexually active wi... | null | Topical erythromycin. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 45-year-old man comes to the physician because of numbness and tingling in his fingers and toes for the past month. He also describes difficulty with balance while walking. Laboratory studies show a hemoglobin concentration of 9.5 g/dL. Serum homocysteine and methylmalonic acid levels are elevated. Peripheral blood s... | null | Cyanocobalamin supplementation. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 60-year-old Caucasian man is brought to the emergency department by his roommate after he reportedly ingested a bottle of Tylenol. He reports being suddenly sad and very lonely and impulsively overdosed on some pills that he had laying around. He then immediately induced vomiting and regurgitated most of the pills ba... | null | He has a previous attempt. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 50-year-old woman presents with a severe headache and vomiting. She says that symptoms onset after attending a wine tasting at the local brewery. She says that her headache is mostly at the back of her head and that she has been nauseous and vomited twice. Past medical history is significant for depression diagnosed ... | null | Blood pressure. Unknown
Explanation: |
You are culturing bacteria on lactose-rich and glucose-free media. These bacteria regulate gene expression via the lac operon to ferment lactose into glucose and galactose for their metabolic needs. You add free glucose to the media. The addition of glucose reduces lactose fermentation secondary to which of the followi... | null | Decreased level of cAMP. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 28-year-old man comes to the physician for a pre-employment examination. He has no history of serious illness and takes no medications. A screening blood test is performed in which peptides are added to the sample to stimulate in vitro production of interferon-gamma, which is then measured using an enzyme-linked immu... | null | Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 51-year-old man presents to the urgent care center with a blood pressure of 201/111 mm Hg. He is complaining of a severe headache and chest pain. Physical examination reveals regular heart sounds and clear bilateral lung sounds. Ischemic changes are noted on his electrocardiogram (ECG). What is the most appropriate t... | null | IV labetalol - lower mean arterial pressure no more than 25% over the 1st hour. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 27-year-old man with a history of intravenous drug use comes to the physician because of anorexia, nausea, dark urine, and abdominal pain for 2 weeks. Physical examination shows scleral icterus and right upper quadrant tenderness. Serum studies show:
Alanine aminotransferase 1248 U/L
Aspartate aminotransferase 980 U/... | null | Slowly progressive hepatitis. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 35-year-old G2P1 delivers a boy in the 40th week of gestation. The pregnancy was uncomplicated. The newborn had Apgar scores of 7 and 9 at the 1st and 5th minutes, respectively. On physical examination, the newborn is noted to have a left-sided cleft lip. The hard palate and nose are normal. Which of the following st... | null | Failure of fusion of the left maxillary prominence and the medial nasal process of the frontonasal prominence. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 42-year-old male presents to his primary care physician with complaints of fatigue and occasionally darkened urine over the past 3 months. Upon further questioning, the patient reveals that he has regularly had dark, 'cola-colored' urine when he has urinated at night or early in the morning. However, when he urinates... | null | Deficiency of CD-55 and CD-59 cell membrane proteins. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 48-year-old woman comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. At her visit 1 month ago, her glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was 100 mL/min/1.73 m2 and her renal plasma flow (RPF) was 588 mL/min. Today, her RPF is 540 mL/min and her filtration fraction (FF) is 0.2. After her previous appointment, this patient... | null | Constriction of the efferent arteriole. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 47-year-old man with gastroesophageal reflux disease comes to the physician because of severe burning chest pain and belching after meals. He has limited his caffeine intake and has been avoiding food close to bedtime. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy shows erythema and erosions in the distal esophagus. Which of the follow... | null | Inhibition of ATPase. Unknown
Explanation: |
A newborn boy develops projectile vomiting 48 hours after delivery. He is found to be lethargic, with poor muscle tone, and is hyperventilating. Within hours, he suffers important neurological deterioration, leading to seizures, coma, and, ultimately, death. An autopsy is performed and the pathology team makes a diagno... | null | Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 65-year-old male presents to the emergency department with a 2-day onset of right-lower quadrant and right flank pain. He also states that over this period of time he has felt dizzy, light-headed, and short of breath. He denies any recent trauma or potential inciting event. His vital signs are as follows: T 37.1 C, H... | null | CT abdomen/pelvis. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 57-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because of dizziness, nausea, and vomiting for 4 days. Her temperature is 37.3°C (99.1°F), pulse is 100/min, respirations are 20/min, and blood pressure is 110/70 mm Hg. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. Arterial blood gas analysis on room air shows:
pH 7... | null | Urine chloride. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 22-year-old man comes to the physician for a routine physical examination. He feels well. He has no history of major medical illness and takes no medications. His vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies, including a complete blood count and a standard electrolyte p... | null | No changes needed. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 65-year-old woman is transferred to the intensive care unit after she underwent coronary stenting for a posterior-inferior STEMI. She is known to have allergies to amiodarone and captopril. A few hours after the transfer, she suddenly loses consciousness. The monitor shows ventricular fibrillation. CPR is initiated. ... | null | Adrenaline and lidocaine. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 32-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of nausea and vomiting for the past 2 hours. The patient has neither had diarrhea nor fever. Four hours ago he ate some leftover Indian rice dish he had ordered the night before. There is no history of serious illness. He immigrated from India 8 years ago with... | null | Bacillus cereus. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 35-year-old pregnant woman gives birth to a baby at term. The antepartum course was uneventful. She was compliant with all prenatal examinations and was given a prophylactic tetanus vaccine. While performing the neonatal examination, the pediatrician reports Apgar scores of 9 and 10 at 1 and 5 min, respectively. The ... | null | Increased amount of 11-deoxycorticosterone. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 56-year-old man with a history of HIV presents with diarrhea. The patient has had diarrhea for the past week and it has been gradually worsening. The patient describes it as profuse and watery. He has lost 15 pounds during this time frame and feels very weak. The patient is not currently taking his antiretroviral med... | null | Nitazoxanide. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 65-year-old man presents with low-grade fever and malaise for the last 4 months. He also says he has lost 9 kg (20 lb) during this period and suffers from extreme fatigue. Past medical history is significant for a mitral valve replacement 5 years ago. His temperature is 38.1°C (100.6°F), respirations are 22/min, puls... | null | Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp.. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 9-year-old girl is brought to the physician because her parents are concerned about their daughter's physical changes. She recently started wearing a bra and uses a facial scrub for oily skin. The parents have also noticed increasing body odor. The patient has a history of migraine headaches controlled with propranol... | null | Physiological development. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 72-year-old patient is referred to an ophthalmologist because he has noticed some mild discomfort in his eyes though his vision remains unchanged. He cannot recall when this feeling started. His past medical history is significant for diabetes mellitus and two myocardial infarctions that have led to significant cardi... | null | It decreases intracellular cyclic AMP levels. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 45-year-old man presents to the physician with limb weakness over the last 24 hours. He is an otherwise healthy man with no significant past medical history. On physical examination, his vital signs are stable. On neurological examination, there is decreased strength in the muscles of all 4 extremities, and the deep ... | null | Acute hypercalcemia. Unknown
Explanation: |
A mother brings her 3-week-old infant to the pediatrician's office because she is concerned about his feeding habits. He was born without complications and has not had any medical problems up until this time. However, for the past 4 days, he has been fussy, is regurgitating all of his feeds, and his vomit is yellow in ... | null | Abnormal migration of ventral pancreatic bud. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 59-year-old male presents to his primary care physician complaining of a tremor. He developed a tremor in his left hand approximately three months ago. It appears to be worse at rest and diminishes if he points to something or uses the hand to hold an object. His past medical history is notable for emphysema and myas... | null | Major depressive disorder. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 53-year-old woman presented to her PCP with one week of difficulty falling asleep, despite having good sleep hygiene. She denies changes in her mood, weight loss, and anhedonia. She has had difficulty concentrating and feels tired throughout the day. Recently, she was fired from her previous job. What medication woul... | null | Zolpidem. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 7-month-old boy presents with fever, chills, cough, runny nose, and watery eyes. His elder brother is having similar symptoms. Past medical history is unremarkable. The patient is diagnosed with an influenza virus infection. Assuming that this is the child’s first exposure to the influenza virus, which of the followi... | null | Natural killer cell-induced lysis of virus infected cells. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 39-year-old woman, gravida 5, para 4, at 41 weeks' gestation is brought to the hospital because of regular uterine contractions that started 2 hours ago. Pregnancy has been complicated by iron deficiency anemia treated with iron supplements. Pelvic examination shows the cervix is 90% effaced and 7-cm dilated; the ver... | null | Emergent cesarean delivery. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 53-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician with complaints of pain and swelling in her hands and fingers. She states that she has had these symptoms since she was in her 20s, but they have recently become more severe. She states that her wedding ring no longer fits, due to increased swelling of her fing... | null | Administer indomethacin and methotrexate. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 34-year-old man comes to the physician for a routine health maintenance examination. He was diagnosed with HIV 8 years ago. He is currently receiving triple antiretroviral therapy. He is sexually active and uses condoms consistently. He is planning a trip to Thailand with his partner to celebrate his 35th birthday in... | null | Measles, mumps, rubella vaccine. Unknown
Explanation: |
A clinical trial investigating a new biomedical device used to correct congenital talipes equinovarus (club foot) in infants has recently been published. The study was a preliminary investigation of a new device and as such the sample size is only 20 participants. The results indicate that the new biomedical device is ... | null | Mode. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 68-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 5-month history of undulating, dull pain in his right thigh. Physical examination shows a tender, round mass located above the right knee on the anterior aspect of the thigh. An x-ray of the right thigh shows sunburst pattern of osteolytic bone lesions in combinatio... | null | Paget disease of bone. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 14-year-old boy is brought to a child psychiatry office by his father, who is concerned about his grades and teachers’ comments that he has “problems focusing.” He has a B- average. The boy's teachers in math, social studies, and English say that he often appears to not be listening in class, instead talking to class... | null | Reduced interest. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 23-year-old primigravida presents to her physician’s office at 12 weeks gestation complaining of increased sweating and palpitations for the last week. She does not have edema or dyspnea, and had no pre-existing illnesses. The patient says that the symptoms started a few days after several episodes of vomiting. She m... | null | Ensure proper hydration and prescribe a beta-blocker. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 51-year-old gentleman presents with new onset bilateral paresthesias of his feet. He also admits that he has not been able to exercise as much as previously and his friends have commented that he looks pale. Upon physical exam you find that he has conjunctival pallor and mildly decreased sensation and proprioception ... | null | Pernicious anemia. Unknown
Explanation: |
A newborn infant presents with severe weakness. He was born to a G1P1 mother at 40 weeks gestation with the pregnancy attended by a midwife. The mother's past medical history is unremarkable. She took a prenatal vitamin and folic acid throughout the pregnancy. Since birth, the child has had trouble breastfeeding despit... | null | Acid maltase deficiency. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 28-year-old woman presents to discuss the results of her Pap smear. Her previous Pap smear 1 year ago showed atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance. This year the Pap smear was negative. She had a single pregnancy with a cesarean delivery. Currently, she and her partner do not use contraception because ... | null | HPV vaccination is not recommended for women older than 26 years of age.. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 44-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 25 minutes after falling off the roof of a house. He was cleaning the roof when he slipped and fell. He did not lose consciousness and does not have any nausea. On arrival, he is alert and oriented and has a cervical collar on his neck. His pulse is 96/min, respi... | null | CT scan of the cervical spine. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 2-month-old infant boy is brought into the clinic for a well-child check. Mom reports a healthy pregnancy with no complications. Though she said the ultrasound technician saw “some white deposits in his brain” during a prenatal check, mom was not concerned. The baby was delivered at 38 weeks of gestation during a hom... | null | Sensorineural hearing loss. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 41-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of fatigue, worsening abdominal discomfort, and progressive swelling of his legs for 3 months. The swelling is worse in the evenings. His only medication is ibuprofen for occasional joint pain. The patient does not smoke and drinks 2–3 beers each weekend. His ... | null | Impaired relaxation of the right ventricle. Unknown
Explanation: |
A 31-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department for a severe throbbing headache, nausea, and photophobia for the past 3 hours. She has severe occipital pain and chest tightness. Prior to the onset of her symptoms, she had attended a networking event where she had red wine and, shortly after, a snack consisti... | null | Phenelzine. Unknown
Explanation: |
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