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1 | Cross-Text Connections | In 1916, H. Dugdale Sykes disputed claims that The Two Noble Kinsmen was coauthored by William Shakespeare and John Fletcher. Sykes felt Fletcher’s contributions to the play were obvious—Fletcher had a distinct style in his other plays, so much so that lines with that style were considered sufficient evidence of Fletch... | Scholars have accepted The Two Noble Kinsmen as coauthored by Shakespeare since the 1970s: it appears in all major one-volume editions of Shakespeare’s complete works. Though scholars disagree about who wrote what exactly, it is generally held that on the basis of style, Shakespeare wrote all of the first act and most ... | Based on the texts, both Sykes in Text 1 and the scholars in Text 2 would most likely agree with which statement? | {
"A": "John Fletcher’s writing has a unique, readily identifiable style.",
"B": "The women characters in John Fletcher’s plays are similar to the women characters in Philip Massinger’s plays.",
"C": "The Two Noble Kinsmen belongs in one-volume compilations of Shakespeare’s complete plays.",
"D": "Philip Massin... | A | Choice A is the best answer. Text 1 states that Sykes felt Fletcher’s contributions to the play were obvious because he had a distinct style in his other plays. Text 2 states that scholars generally agree 'on the basis of style' that Fletcher wrote most of the three middle acts. Both texts imply that Fletcher’s writing... | Hard |
2 | Cross-Text Connections | Public policy researcher Anthony Fowler studied the history of elections in Australia, a country that requires citizens to vote. Fowler argues that requiring citizens to vote leads to a significant increase in voters who would otherwise not have the time or motivation to vote. Thus, election results in countries that r... | Governments in democratic countries function better when more people vote. However, forcing people to vote may have negative consequences. Shane P. Singh and Jason Roy studied what happens when a country requires its citizens to vote. They found that when people feel forced to vote, they tend to spend less time looking... | Based on the texts, how would Singh and Roy (Text 2) most likely respond to the research discussed in Text 1? | {
"A": "Only countries of a certain population size should implement mandatory voting.",
"B": "People who are forced to vote are likely to become politically engaged in other ways, such as volunteering or running for office.",
"C": "Requiring people to vote does not necessarily lead to election outcomes that bett... | C | Choice C is the best answer. Text 1 claims that mandatory voting results in elections that 'better reflect the preferences of the country.' Singh and Roy disagree. They claim that more voters doesn’t equal more quality votes—instead, they argue that forced voting may lead to less-informed votes that 'may not reflect [v... | Easy |
3 | Cross-Text Connections | Growth in the use of novel nanohybrids—materials created from the conjugation of multiple distinct nanomaterials, such as iron oxide and gold nanomaterials conjugated for use in magnetic imaging—has outpaced studies of nanohybrids’ environmental risks. Unfortunately, risk evaluations based on nanohybrids’ constituents ... | The potential for enhanced toxicity of nanohybrids relative to the toxicity of constituent nanomaterials has drawn deserved attention, but the effects of nanomaterial conjugation vary by case. For instance, it was recently shown that a nanohybrid of silicon dioxide and zinc oxide preserved the desired optical transpare... | Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 2 most likely respond to the assertion in the underlined portion of Text 1? | {
"A": "By concurring that the risk described in Text 1 should be evaluated but emphasizing that the risk is more than offset by the potential benefits of nanomaterial conjugation",
"B": "By arguing that the situation described in Text 1 may not be representative but conceding that the effects of nanomaterial conju... | D | Choice D is the best answer. The author of Text 2 acknowledges that nanohybrids may be more toxic than their constituent parts, but also provides an example of a nanohybrid that has reduced toxicity compared to its components: silicon dioxide and zinc oxide together have all the benefits of zinc oxide nanoparticles wit... | Hard |
4 | Cross-Text Connections | Africa’s Sahara region—once a lush ecosystem—began to dry out about 8,000 years ago. A change in Earth’s orbit that affected climate has been posited as a cause of desertification, but archaeologist David Wright also attributes the shift to Neolithic peoples. He cites their adoption of pastoralism as a factor in the re... | Research by Chris Brierley et al. challenges the idea that Neolithic peoples contributed to the Sahara’s desertification. Using a climate-vegetation model, the team concluded that the end of the region’s humid period occurred 500 years earlier than previously assumed. The timing suggests that Neolithic peoples didn’t e... | Based on the texts, how would Chris Brierley (Text 2) most likely respond to the discussion in Text 1? | {
"A": "By pointing out that given the revised timeline for the end of the Sahara’s humid period, the Neolithic peoples’ mode of subsistence likely didn’t cause the region’s desertification",
"B": "By claiming that pastoralism was only one of many behaviors the Neolithic peoples took part in that may have contribut... | A | Choice A is the best answer. Brierley et al.’s research directly challenges Wright’s claim that pastoralism turned the Sahara into a desert, suggesting that, in a Sahara that turned arid 500 years earlier than previously thought, pastoral practices may have actually 'preserved vegetation' rather than depleting it. Choi... | Hard |
5 | Cross-Text Connections | Soy sauce, made from fermented soybeans, is noted for its umami flavor. Umami—one of the five basic tastes along with sweet, bitter, salty, and sour—was formally classified when its taste receptors were discovered in the 2000s. In 2007, to define the pure umami flavor scientists Rie Ishii and Michael O’Mahony used brot... | A 2022 experiment by Manon Jünger et al. led to a greater understanding of soy sauce’s flavor profile. The team initially presented a mixture of compounds with low molecular weights to taste testers who found it was not as salty or bitter as real soy sauce. Further analysis of soy sauce identified proteins, including d... | Based on the texts, if Ishii and O’Mahony (Text 1) and Jünger et al. (Text 2) were aware of the findings of both experiments, they would most likely agree with which statement? | {
"A": "On average, the diets of people in the United States tend to have fewer foods that contain certain dipeptides than the diets of people in Japan have.",
"B": "Chemical compounds that activate both the umami and salty taste receptors tend to have a higher molecular weight than those that only activate umami t... | D | Choice D is the best answer. Ishii and O’Mahony were trying to isolate the pure umami flavor, while Jünger et al. were focused on recreating the complex flavor profile of soy sauce. The broths from the 2007 experiment, which were made from shiitake mushrooms and kombu seaweed, are not described as containing the dipept... | Hard |
6 | Cross-Text Connections | Dance choreographer Alvin Ailey’s deep admiration for jazz music can most clearly be felt in the rhythms and beats his works were set to. Ailey collaborated with some of the greatest jazz legends, like Charles Mingus, Charlie Parker, and perhaps his favorite, Duke Ellington. With his choice of music, Ailey helped bring... | Jazz is present throughout Ailey’s work, but it’s most visible in Ailey’s approach to choreography. Ailey often incorporated improvisation, a signature characteristic of jazz music, in his work. When managing his dance company, Ailey rarely forced his dancers to an exact set of specific moves. Instead, he encouraged hi... | Based on the texts, both authors would most likely agree with which statement? | {
"A": "Dancers who worked with Ailey greatly appreciated his supportive approach as a choreographer.",
"B": "Ailey’s work was strongly influenced by jazz.",
"C": "Audiences were mostly unfamiliar with the jazz music in Ailey’s works.",
"D": "Ailey blended multiple genres of music together when choreographing d... | B | Choice B is the best answer. Author 1 states that Ailey had a 'deep admiration for jazz music' and that he 'helped bring jazz to life for his audiences.' Author 2 states that 'Jazz is present throughout Ailey’s work.' While the authors name different aspects of Ailey’s work as the most influenced by jazz, they agree th... | null |
7 | Cross-Text Connections | Microbes are tiny organisms in the soil, water, and air all around us. They thrive even in very harsh conditions. That’s why Noah Fierer and colleagues were surprised when soil samples they collected from an extremely cold, dry area in Antarctica didn’t seem to contain any life. The finding doesn’t prove that there are... | Microbes are found in virtually every environment on Earth. So it’s unlikely they would be completely absent from Fierer’s team’s study site, no matter how extreme the environment is. There were probably so few organisms in the samples that current technology couldn’t detect them. But since a spoonful of typical soil e... | Based on the texts, Fierer’s team and the author of Text 2 would most likely agree with which statement about microbes? | {
"A": "Most microbes are better able to survive in environments with extremely dry conditions than in environments with harsh temperatures.",
"B": "A much higher number of microbes would probably be found if another sample of soil were taken from the Antarctic study site.",
"C": "Microbes are likely difficult to... | D | Choice D is the best answer because it presents a statement about microbes with which both Fierer’s team and the author of Text 2 would most likely agree. Text 1 indicates that microbes typically thrive in harsh conditions, making the near absence of life in Antarctica surprising and suggesting that the environment sev... | Medium |
8 | Cross-Text Connections | Historians studying pre-Inca Peru have looked to ceramic vessels to understand daily life among the Moche people. These mold-made sculptures present plants, animals, and human faces in precise ways—vessels representing human faces are so detailed that scholars have interpreted facial markings to represent scars and oth... | Art historian and archaeologist Lisa Trever has argued that the interpretation of Moche “portrait” vessels as hyper-realistic portrayals of identifiable people may inadvertently disregard the creativity of the objects’ creators. Moche ceramic vessels, Trever argues, are artworks in which sculptors could free their imag... | Based on the texts, what would Lisa Trever (Text 2) most likely say about the interpretation presented in the underlined portion of Text 1? | {
"A": "Depictions of human faces are significantly more realistic than depictions of plants and other animals are.",
"B": "It is likely that some depictions of human faces with extensive markings are intended to portray the same historical individual.",
"C": "Some vessels may have been damaged during their excav... | D | Choice D is the best answer. Trever argues that interpreting the vessels as hyper-realistic portrayals of identifiable people disregards the creators’ imaginative input, suggesting that the facial markings may not be intended to depict actual physical details. Choices A, B, and C introduce ideas that are not supported ... | Easy |
9 | Cross-Text Connections | Italian painters in the 1500s rarely depicted themselves in their work. Even more rare were self-portrait paintings that portrayed the artist as a painter. At the time, painting was not yet respected as a profession, so painters mostly chose to emphasize other qualities in their self-portraits, like their intellect or ... | In their self-portraits, Bolognese artists typically avoided referring to the act of painting until the mid-1600s. However, Lavinia Fontana’s 1577 painting, Self-Portrait at the Keyboard, stands out as the earliest example of such a work by an artist from Bologna. Although the artist is depicted playing music, in the b... | Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 2 most likely respond to the underlined claim in Text 1? | {
"A": "Carracci and Fontana were among the most well-respected painters in Bologna at the time.",
"B": "The depiction of Fontana in Self-Portrait at the Keyboard was intended to underscore the artist’s creativity.",
"C": "Fontana likely inspired the reference to an easel and palette in Carracci’s painting.",
"... | D | Choice D is the best answer. The author of Text 2 states that Fontana’s painting, which depicts a painting easel in the background, was made in 1577, eight years before Carracci’s painting. Therefore, they might argue that Carracci was not 'the first artist' to depict themself as a painter. Choice A is incorrect becaus... | Easy |
10 | Cross-Text Connections | Astronomer Mark Holland and colleagues examined four white dwarfs—small, dense remnants of past stars—in order to determine the composition of exoplanets that used to orbit those stars. Studying wavelengths of light in the white dwarf atmospheres, the team reported that traces of elements such as lithium and sodium sup... | Past studies of white dwarf atmospheres have concluded that certain exoplanets had continental crusts. Geologist Keith Putirka and astronomer Siyi Xu argue that those studies unduly emphasize atmospheric traces of lithium and other individual elements as signifiers of the types of rock found on Earth. The studies don’t... | Based on the texts, how would Putirka and Xu (Text 2) most likely characterize the conclusion presented in Text 1? | {
"A": "As unexpected, because it was widely believed at the time that white dwarf exoplanets lack continental crusts",
"B": "As premature, because researchers have only just begun trying to determine what kinds of crusts white dwarf exoplanets had",
"C": "As questionable, because it rests on an incomplete consid... | C | Choice C is the best answer because it reflects how Putirka and Xu would likely characterize the conclusion in Text 1. The study discussed in Text 1 infers the existence of exoplanets with continental crusts based on the detection of lithium and sodium, while Text 2 explains that these elements are present in various m... | Hard |
11 | Cross-Text Connections | The idea that time moves in only one direction is instinctively understood, yet it puzzles physicists. According to the second law of thermodynamics, at a macroscopic level some processes of heat transfer are irreversible due to the production of entropy—after a transfer we cannot rewind time and place molecules back e... | In 2015, physicists Tiago Batalhão et al. performed an experiment in which they confirmed the irreversibility of thermodynamic processes at a quantum level, producing entropy by applying a rapidly oscillating magnetic field to a system of carbon-13 atoms in liquid chloroform. But the experiment “does not pinpoint ... w... | Based on the texts, what would the author of Text 1 most likely say about the experiment described in Text 2? | {
"A": "It would suggest an interesting direction for future research were it not the case that two of the physicists who conducted the experiment disagree on the significance of its findings.",
"B": "It provides empirical evidence that the current understanding of an aspect of physics at a microscopic level must b... | B | Choice B is the best answer. Author 1 discusses the perplexing issue of why irreversible processes occur at the macroscopic level even though microscopic physical laws suggest they should be reversible. The experiment in Text 2 confirms irreversibility at the microscopic level, which supports the notion that our curren... | Medium |
12 | Cross-Text Connections | What factors influence the abundance of species in a given ecological community? Some theorists have argued that historical diversity is a major driver of how diverse an ecological community eventually becomes: differences in community diversity across otherwise similar habitats, in this view, are strongly affected by ... | In 2010, a group of researchers including biologist Carla Cáceres created artificial pools in a New York forest. They stocked some pools with a diverse mix of zooplankton species and others with a single zooplankton species and allowed the pool communities to develop naturally thereafter. Over the course of four years,... | Based on the texts, how would Cáceres and colleagues (Text 2) most likely describe the view of the theorists presented in Text 1? | {
"A": "It is largely correct, but it requires a minor refinement in light of the research team’s results.",
"B": "It is not compelling as a theory regardless of any experimental data collected by the research team.",
"C": "It may seem plausible, but it is not supported by the research team’s findings.",
"D": "... | C | Choice C is the best answer. The theorists in Text 1 argue that historical diversity plays a major role in determining eventual species diversity in a community. However, the findings by Cáceres and colleagues in Text 2 undermine this view, as they observed little to no difference in species diversity between pools tha... | Hard |
13 | Cross-Text Connections | In a study of the benefits of having free time, Marissa Sharif found that the reported sense of life satisfaction tended to plateau when participants had two hours of free time per day and actually began to fall when they had five hours of free time per day. After further research, Sharif concluded that this dip in lif... | Psychologist James Maddux cautions against suggesting an ideal amount of free time. The human desire for both free time and productivity is universal, but Maddux asserts that individuals have unique needs for life satisfaction. Furthermore, he points out that there is no objective definition for what constitutes produc... | Based on the texts, how would Maddux (Text 2) most likely respond to the conclusion Sharif (Text 1) reached after her further research? | {
"A": "By acknowledging that free time is more likely to enhance life satisfaction when it is spent productively than when it is spent unproductively.",
"B": "By challenging the reasoning in Text 1, as it has not been proved that productivity commonly contributes to individuals’ life satisfaction.",
"C": "By war... | C | Choice C is the best answer because it captures Maddux's stance that there is no objective definition of productivity. While Sharif concludes that unproductive free time lowers life satisfaction, Maddux would caution against a broad assumption that categorically deems certain activities as unproductive. Instead, he emp... | Medium |
14 | Cross-Text Connections | Today the starchy root cassava is found in many dishes across West Africa, but its rise to popularity was slow. Portuguese traders brought cassava from Brazil to the West African coast in the 1500s. But at this time, people living in the capitals further inland had little contact with coastal communities. Thus, cassava... | Cassava’s slow adoption into the diet of West Africans is mainly due to the nature of the crop itself. If not cooked properly, cassava can be toxic. Knowledge of how to properly prepare cassava needed to spread before the food could grow in popularity. The arrival of formerly enslaved people from Brazil in the 1800s, w... | Based on the texts, the author of Text 1 and the author of Text 2 would most likely agree with which statement? | {
"A": "Cassava did not become a significant crop in West Africa until long after it was first introduced.",
"B": "Several of the most commonly grown crops in West Africa are originally from Brazil.",
"C": "The climate of the West African coast in the 1500s prevented cassava’s spread in the region.",
"D": "The ... | A | Choice A is the best answer. Text 1 states that cassava’s 'rise to popularity was slow' in West Africa, and Text 2 also describes cassava’s 'slow adoption into the diet of West Africans.' Although the texts identify different causes for this slow adoption, they both agree that cassava took a long time to catch on. Choi... | Easy |
15 | Cross-Text Connections | Fossils of the hominin Australopithecus africanus have been found in the Sterkfontein Caves of South Africa, but assigning an age to the fossils is challenging because of the unreliability of dating methods in this context. The geology of Sterkfontein has caused soil layers from different periods to mix, impeding strat... | Archaeologists used new cosmogenic nuclide dating techniques to reevaluate the ages of A. africanus fossils found in the Sterkfontein Caves. This technique involves analyzing the cosmogenic nucleotides in the breccia—the matrix of rock fragments immediately surrounding the fossils. The researchers assert that this appr... | Based on the texts, how would the researchers in Text 2 most likely respond to the underlined portion in Text 1? | {
"A": "They would emphasize the fact that the A. africanus fossils found in the Sterkfontein Caves may have been corrupted in some way over the years.",
"B": "They would contend that if analyses of surrounding layers and bones in the Sterkfontein Caves were combined, then the dating of the fossils there would be m... | C | Choice C is the best answer. Text 2 states that the researchers used cosmogenic nuclide dating to 'avoid the potential for misdating' caused by the geology of Sterkfontein, which Text 1 describes as challenging and unreliable. Choice A is incorrect because neither text suggests that the fossils themselves have been cor... | Hard |
16 | Cross-Text Connections | Films and television shows commonly include a long list of credits naming the people involved in a production. Credit sequences may not be exciting, but they generally ensure that everyone’s contributions are duly acknowledged. Because they are highly standardized, film and television credits are also valuable to anyon... | Video game scholars face a major challenge in the industry’s failure to consistently credit the artists, designers, and other contributors involved in making video games. Without a reliable record of which people worked on which games, questions about the medium’s development can be difficult to answer, and the accompl... | Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 1 most likely respond to the discussion in Text 2? | {
"A": "By recommending that the scholars mentioned in Text 2 consider employing the methods regularly used by film and television researchers",
"B": "By pointing out that credits have a different intended purpose in film and television than in the medium addressed by the scholars mentioned in Text 2",
"C": "By s... | D | Choice D is the best answer because it reflects how the author of Text 1 would respond. Text 1 highlights that in film and television, the consistent use of credits ensures that all contributors are acknowledged and provides valuable information for research. This implies that the problem faced by video game scholars—w... | Hard |
17 | Cross-Text Connections | The live music festival business is growing in event size and genre variety. With so many consumer options, organizers are finding ways to cement festival attendance as a special experience worth sharing. This phenomenon is linked to the growing “experiential economy,” where many find it gratifying to purchase lived ex... | Music festival appearances are becoming a more important part of musicians’ careers. One factor in this shift is the rising use of streaming services that allow access to huge numbers of songs for a monthly fee, subsequently reducing sales of full-length albums. With this shift in consumer behavior, musicians are incre... | Based on the texts, both authors would most likely agree with which statement? | {
"A": "Consumers are more interested in paying subscription fees to stream music than in attending music festivals in person.",
"B": "Consumers’ growing interest in purchasing experiences is mostly confined to the music industry.",
"C": "Changing consumer behaviors are leading to changes in music-related busines... | C | Choice C is the best answer. Both texts indicate that shifts in consumer behavior are impacting the music industry. Text 1 explains that consumers are increasingly valuing 'lived experiences,' which shapes how music festivals are organized, while Text 2 highlights that the rise of streaming services affects album sales... | Medium |
18 | Cross-Text Connections | On April 26th, 1777, Sybil Ludington rode 40 miles by horse through Putnam County, New York, to gather up local militia. British forces were burning nearby Danbury, Connecticut, and Ludington wanted to rally rebel troops to meet them. Although she was only 16 years old at the time, her brave feat made Ludington one of ... | Historian Paula D. Hunt researched the life and legacy of Sybil Ludington but found no evidence for her famous ride. Although many articles and books have been written about Ludington, Hunt believes writers may have been inventing details about Ludington as they retold her story. Ludington is revered by Americans today... | Based on the texts, both authors would most likely agree with which statement? | {
"A": "Sybil Ludington was crucial to the outcome of the Revolutionary War.",
"B": "Historians have confirmed which route Sybil Ludington took.",
"C": "Sybil Ludington was likely not a real person.",
"D": "Many people have come to admire the story of Sybil Ludington’s ride."
} | D | Choice D is the best answer. Both texts acknowledge that Sybil Ludington’s story has been widely celebrated and revered by Americans—Text 1 through mentions of postage stamps, statues, and TV series, and Text 2 by noting the plethora of articles and books written about her. The other choices suggest ideas that neither ... | Easy |
19 | Cross-Text Connections | The Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction event is usually attributed solely to an asteroid impact near Chicxulub, Mexico. Some scientists argue that volcanic activity was the true cause, as the K-Pg event occurred relatively early in a long period of eruption of the Deccan Traps range that initially produced hug... | In a 2020 study, Pincelli Hull and her colleagues analyzed ocean core samples and modeled climate changes around the K-Pg event. The team concluded that Deccan Traps gases did affect global conditions prior to the event, but that the climate returned to normal well before the extinctions began—extinctions that instead ... | Based on the texts, how would Hull’s team (Text 2) most likely respond to the argument in the underlined portion of Text 1? | {
"A": "By agreeing that the Chicxulub impact changed the climate and that the Deccan Traps eruption caused the K-Pg event",
"B": "By declaring that the changes in climate caused by the Deccan Traps eruption weren’t the main cause of the K-Pg event",
"C": "By questioning why those scientists assume that the Chicx... | B | Choice B is the best answer because it reflects that Hull’s team acknowledged that while the Deccan Traps eruption did affect the climate prior to the K-Pg event, the climate had returned to normal before the extinctions began. This implies that the volcanic activity was not the main cause of the mass extinction, there... | Hard |
20 | Cross-Text Connections | For decades, bluegrass musicians have debated whether their genre should exclude influences from mainstream genres such as rock. Many insist that bluegrass is defined by its adherence to the folk music of the US South, out of which bluegrass emerged. Such 'purists,' as they are known, regard the recordings of Bill Monr... | Bluegrass isn’t simply an extension of folk traditions into the era of recorded music. In reality, Bill Monroe created the bluegrass sound in the 1940s by combining Southern folk music with commercial genres that had arisen only a few decades before, such as jazz and the blues. Since bluegrass has always been a mixed g... | Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 2 most likely regard the perspective of bluegrass purists, as described in Text 1? | {
"A": "As inconsistent, since bluegrass purists themselves enjoy other musical genres",
"B": "As unrealistic, since bluegrass purists have no way of enforcing their musical preferences",
"C": "As shortsighted, because bluegrass could enlarge its audience by including influences from mainstream genres",
"D": "A... | D | Choice D is the best answer. According to Text 1, purists insist that bluegrass should adhere strictly to its folk music roots. In contrast, Text 2 explains that Bill Monroe created bluegrass by blending Southern folk music with commercial genres such as jazz and blues, thus suggesting that the purists overlook the mix... | Easy |
21 | Cross-Text Connections | Stage lighting theorist Adolphe Appia was perhaps the first to argue that light must be considered alongside all the various elements of a stage to create a single, unified performance. Researcher Kelly Bremner, however, has noted that Appia lacked technical expertise in the use of light in the theater. As a result of ... | Adolphe Appia was not an amateur in the practice of lighting. Instead, it is precisely his exposure to lighting techniques at the time that contributed to his theory on the importance of light. When working as an apprentice for a lighting specialist in his youth, Appia observed the use of portable lighting devices that... | Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 2 most likely respond to the claim about Appia’s level of technical expertise made by Bremner in Text 1? | {
"A": "Many lighting technicians dismissed Appia’s ideas about light on the stage.",
"B": "Appia likely gained a level of technical expertise during his time as an apprentice.",
"C": "Theater practitioners who worked with Appia greatly admired his work.",
"D": "Appia was unfamiliar with the use of music and so... | B | Choice B is the best answer. The author of Text 2 directly contradicts Bremner’s claim that Appia lacked technical expertise by stating that Appia was 'not an amateur in the practice of lighting.' His experience as an apprentice for a lighting specialist helped him develop an understanding of what was possible in stage... | Medium |
22 | Cross-Text Connections | Most scientists agree that the moon was likely formed after a collision between Earth and a large planet named Theia. This collision likely created a huge debris field, made up of material from both Earth and Theia. Based on models of this event, scientists believe that the moon was formed from this debris over the cou... | Researchers from NASA’s Ames Research Center used a computer to model how the moon could have formed. Although simulations of the moon’s formation have been done in the past, the team from NASA ran simulations that were much more detailed. They found that the formation of the moon was likely not a slow process that too... | Which choice best describes a difference in how the author of Text 1 and the author of Text 2 view the evidence for the formation of the moon? | {
"A": "The author of Text 1 argues that the formation of the moon occurred much earlier than the author of Text 2 argues.",
"B": "The author of Text 1 suggests there is more evidence confirming the existence of Theia than the author of Text 2 suggests.",
"C": "The author of Text 1 claims that the moon’s surface ... | D | Choice D is the best answer. Text 1 states that the moon was formed from the debris 'over the course of thousands of years,' while Text 2 states that the moon’s formation happened 'immediately after impact, taking just a few hours.' This represents a clear difference in how the two authors view the speed of the moon’s ... | Easy |
23 | Cross-Text Connections | In 2021, a team led by Amir Siraj hypothesized that the Chicxulub impactor—the object that struck the Yucatán Peninsula sixty-six million years ago, precipitating the mass extinction of the dinosaurs—was likely a member of the class of long-period comets. As evidence, Siraj cited the carbonaceous chondritic composition... | Although long-period comets contain carbonaceous chondrites, asteroids are similarly rich in these materials. Furthermore, some asteroids are rich in iridium, as Natalia Artemieva points out, whereas long-period comets are not. Given the prevalence of iridium at the crater and, more broadly, in geological layers deposi... | Based on the texts, how would Artemieva likely respond to Siraj’s hypothesis, as presented in Text 1? | {
"A": "By insisting that it overestimates how representative Wild 2 is of long-period comets as a class",
"B": "By arguing that it does not account for the amount of iridium found in geological layers dating to the Chicxulub impact",
"C": "By praising it for connecting the composition of Chicxulub crater samples... | B | Choice B is the best answer. Siraj’s hypothesis asserts that the Chicxulub impactor was a long-period comet. However, Artemieva counters this by highlighting the presence of iridium in geological layers dating to the impact, which is more consistent with an asteroid impact. This indicates that Siraj’s hypothesis does n... | Medium |
24 | Cross-Text Connections | Philosopher G.E. Moore’s most influential work entails the concept of common sense. He asserts that there are certain beliefs that all people, including philosophers, know instinctively to be true, whether or not they profess otherwise: among them, that they have bodies, or that they exist in a world with other objects... | External world skepticism is a philosophical stance supposing that we cannot be sure of the existence of anything outside our own minds. During a lecture, G.E. Moore once offered a proof refuting this stance by holding out his hands and saying, 'Here is one hand, and here is another.' Many philosophers reflexively reje... | Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 1 most likely respond to proponents of the philosophical stance outlined in Text 2? | {
"A": "By agreeing with those proponents that Moore’s treatment of positions that contradict his own is fundamentally unserious",
"B": "By suggesting that an instinctive distaste for Moore’s position is preventing external world skeptics from constructing a sufficiently rigorous refutation of Moore",
"C": "By ar... | D | Choice D is the best answer. The concept of common sense as presented by Moore—where certain beliefs are instinctively and universally held—implies that external world skepticism, which doubts the existence of an external reality, contradicts these self-evident truths. Thus, Moore would likely argue that external world... | Medium |
25 | Cross-Text Connections | Like the work of Ralph Ellison before her, Toni Morrison’s novels feature scenes in which characters deliver sermons of such length and verbal dexterity that for a time, the text exchanges the formal parameters of fiction for those of oral literature. Given the many other echoes of Ellison in Morrison’s novels, both in... | In their destabilizing effect on literary form, the sermons in Morrison’s works recall those in Ellison’s. Yet literature by Black Americans abounds in moments where interpolated speech erodes the division between oral and written forms that literature in English has traditionally observed. Morrison’s use of the sermon... | Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 2 most likely characterize the underlined claim in Text 1? | {
"A": "As failing to consider Ellison’s and Morrison’s equivalent uses of the sermon within the wider cultural context in which they wrote",
"B": "As misunderstanding the function of sermons in novels by Black American writers other than Ellison and Morrison",
"C": "As disregarding points of structural and styli... | A | Choice A is the best answer. The author of Text 2 argues that while Ellison’s influence on Morrison is evident, Morrison’s use of the sermon is also part of a broader community-wide strategy of resistance to externally imposed literary conventions. This perspective suggests that the underlined claim in Text 1, which cr... | Hard |
26 | Cross-Text Connections | Virginia Woolf’s 1928 novel Orlando is an oddity within her body of work. Her other major novels consist mainly of scenes of everyday life and describe their characters’ interior states in great detail, whereas Orlando propels itself through a series of fantastical events and considers its characters’ psychology more s... | Like Woolf’s other great novels, Orlando portrays how people’s memories inform their experience of the present. Like those works, it examines how people navigate social interactions shaped by gender and social class. Though it is lighter in tone—more entertaining, even—this literary 'joke' nonetheless engages seriously... | Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 2 most likely respond to the assessment of Orlando presented in Text 1? | {
"A": "By conceding that Woolf’s talents were best suited to serious novels but asserting that the humor in Orlando is often effective.",
"B": "By agreeing that Orlando is less impressive than certain other novels by Woolf but arguing that it should still be regarded as a classic.",
"C": "By acknowledging that O... | C | Choice C is the best answer because it reflects how the author of Text 2 would most likely respond to the assessment in Text 1. Both texts agree that Orlando differs from Woolf’s other major novels—Text 1 characterizes it as an 'oddity' with a more superficial treatment of character psychology and a humorous origin, wh... | Hard |
27 | Cross-Text Connections | Most animals can regenerate some parts of their bodies, such as skin. But when a three-banded panther worm is cut into three pieces, each piece grows into a new worm. Researchers are investigating this feat partly to learn more about humans’ comparatively limited abilities to regenerate, and they’re making exciting pro... | When Mansi Srivastava and her team reported that panther worms, like humans, possess a gene for EGR, it caused excitement. However, as the team pointed out, the gene likely functions very differently in humans than it does in panther worms. Srivastava has likened EGR to a switch that activates other genes involved in r... | Based on the texts, what would the author of Text 2 most likely say about Text 1’s characterization of the discovery involving EGR? | {
"A": "It is reasonable given that Srivastava and her team have identified how EGR functions in both humans and panther worms.",
"B": "It is overly optimistic given additional observations from Srivastava and her team.",
"C": "It is unexpected given that Srivastava and her team’s findings were generally met with... | B | Choice B is the best answer because it reflects how the author of Text 2 would most likely respond to Text 1’s enthusiastic characterization of the EGR discovery. Text 1 describes the finding of the regeneration-linked gene EGR in both panther worms and humans as 'especially promising' and a sign of 'exciting progress'... | Hard |
28 | Cross-Text Connections | Because literacy in Nahuatl script, the writing system of the Aztec Empire, was lost after Spain invaded central Mexico in the 1500s, it is unclear exactly how meaning was encoded in the script’s symbols. Although many scholars had assumed that the symbols signified entire words, linguist Alfonso Lacadena theorized in ... | The growing consensus among scholars of Nahuatl script is that many of its symbols could signify either words or syllables, depending on syntax and content at any given site within a text. For example, the symbol signifying the word huipil (blouse) in some contexts could signify the syllable “pil” in others, as in the ... | Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 2 most likely characterize Lacadena’s theory, as described in Text 1? | {
"A": "By praising the theory for recognizing that the script’s symbols could represent entire words",
"B": "By arguing that the theory is overly influenced by the work of earlier scholars",
"C": "By approving of the theory’s emphasis on how the script changed over time",
"D": "By cautioning that the theory ov... | D | Choice D is the best answer. Lacadena’s theory posits that Nahuatl script symbols signified syllables, but the consensus described in Text 2 is that the symbols can signify either words or syllables depending on context. Thus, the author of Text 2 would likely argue that Lacadena’s theory is overly simplistic and overl... | Medium |
29 | Cross-Text Connections | When companies in the same industry propose merging with one another, they often claim that the merger will benefit consumers by increasing efficiency and therefore lowering prices. Economist Ying Fan investigated this notion in the context of the United States newspaper market. She modeled a hypothetical merger of Min... | Economists Dario Focarelli and Fabio Panetta have argued that research on the effect of mergers on prices has focused excessively on short-term effects, which tend to be adverse for consumers. Using the case of consumer banking in Italy, they show that over the long term (several years, in their study), the efficiency ... | Based on the texts, how would Focarelli and Panetta (Text 2) most likely respond to Fan’s findings (Text 1)? | {
"A": "They would recommend that Fan compare the near-term effect of a merger on subscription prices in the Minneapolis area with the effect of a merger in another newspaper market.",
"B": "They would argue that over the long term the expenses incurred by the merged newspaper company will also increase.",
"C": "... | C | Choice C is the best answer because, according to the information in Text 2, Focarelli and Panetta argue that merger research has overly focused on short-term effects which tend to be adverse for consumers, whereas their work on consumer banking shows that efficiency gains from mergers can translate into economic benef... | Medium |
30 | Cross-Text Connections | Literary scholars have struggled with the vastness of Nigerian writer Wole Soyinka’s collective works of drama (spanning over 20 plays in total). It is best, however, to understand Soyinka’s body of work as a dramatist chronologically. Soyinka’s progression as a playwright can be considered to fall into three periods, ... | It is tempting to impose a linear sense of order on the expanse of Wole Soyinka’s body of work as a dramatist. However, critics who have considered Soyinka’s plays to fit neatly into three phases overlook potential commonalities in Soyinka’s work that span across these phases. Additionally, this view may discount signi... | Which choice best describes a difference in how the author of Text 1 and the author of Text 2 view the study of Soyinka’s works of drama? | {
"A": "While the author of Text 1 believes that thinking about Soyinka’s works of theater in phases is useful, the author of Text 2 views such an approach as limiting.",
"B": "Although the author of Text 1 claims that Soyinka’s style as a dramatist has evolved over time, the author of Text 2 argues that Soyinka’s ... | A | Choice A is the best answer. The author of Text 1 argues that it is useful to analyze Soyinka’s dramatic works by dividing them into three chronological periods, which suggests that a phased approach is a valuable method for understanding his work. In contrast, the author of Text 2 critiques this approach, arguing that... | Easy |
Educational Benchmarks & LLM-Evaluation Suite
A single-stop repository for evaluating GPT-family, LLaMA, Gemini and other large-language models on GRE, GMAT, SAT, TOEFL and IELTS style question sets.
The suite ships:
- Curated JSON datasets for each exam section
- One Python driver per dataset per model
- A generic
runtime.pysummariser that converts those JSON files into latency/accuracy CSV tables - Utility scripts for cross-dataset accuracy aggregation and plotting
1 · Repository Layout
Folder Naming Rules
| Prefix | Contains |
|---|---|
GRE * |
Any GRE section (Math/RC/Verbal) |
GMAT/ |
Quant, Verbal, Data Insights |
SAT/ |
Math & Reading subsections |
TOFEL/ |
TOEFL Reading & Listening |
IELTS/ |
IELTS Reading & Listening |
2 · Prerequisites
- Python ≥ 3.10
##3 · Quick Start
pip install g4f
# clone
git clone https://github.com/<your-org>/Education.git
cd Education
# virtual environment
python -m venv .venv && source .venv/bin/activate
# run a dataset: GRE Math Medium
cd "GRE Math Medium"
python run_gpt4o.py # ➜ gre_math_medium_gpt4o.json ← already includes overall accuracy
#Generate Latency CSV
cd ../../tools
python runtime.py ../GRE\ Math\ Medium/gre_math_medium_gpt4o.json \
--out ../runtime_gre/gre_math_medium_gpt4o.csv
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