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Salts and radiation products on the surface of Europa |
The surface of Europa could contain the compositional imprint of a underlying interior ocean, but competing hypotheses differ over whether spectral observations from the Galileo spacecraft show the signature of ocean evaporates or simply surface radiation products unrelated to the interior. Using adaptive optics at the... |
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Statistical and Numerical Study of Asteroid Orbital Uncertainty |
The knowledge of the orbit or the ephemeris uncertainty of asteroid presents a particular interest for various purposes. These quantities are for instance useful for recovering asteroids, for identifying lost asteroids or for planning stellar occultation campaigns. They are also needed to estimate the close approach of... |
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Asteroid 2012 XE133: a transient companion to Venus |
Apart from Mercury that has no known co-orbital companions, Venus remains as the inner planet that hosts the smallest number of known co-orbitals (two): (322756) 2001 CK32 and 2002 VE68. Both objects have absolute magnitudes 18 < H < 21 and were identified as Venus co-orbitals in 2004. Here, we analyse the orbit ... |
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The Mass of KOI-94d and a Relation for Planet Radius, Mass, and Incident Flux |
We measure the mass of a modestly irradiated giant planet, KOI-94d. We wish to determine whether this planet, which is in a 22-day orbit and receives 2700 times as much incident flux as Jupiter, is as dense as Jupiter or rarefied like inflated hot Jupiters. KOI-94 also hosts 3 smaller transiting planets, all of which w... |
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A revised estimate of the occurrence rate of terrestrial planets in the habitable zones around kepler m-dwarfs |
Because of their large numbers, low mass stars may be the most abundant planet hosts in our Galaxy. Furthermore, terrestrial planets in the habitable zones (HZs) around M-dwarfs can potentially be characterized in the near future and hence may be the first such planets to be studied. Recently Dressing & Charbonneau... |
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The orbit of the Chelyabinsk event impactor as reconstructed from amateur and public footage |
A ballistic reconstruction of a meteoroid orbit can be made if enough information is available about its trajectory inside the atmosphere. A few methods have been devised in the past and used in several cases to trace back the origin of small impactors. On February 15, 2013, a medium-sized meteoroid hit the atmosphere ... |
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Oort Cloud and Scattered Disc formation during a late dynamical instability in the Solar System |
One of the outstanding problems of the dynamical evolution of the outer solar system concerns the observed population ratio between the Oort Cloud (OC) and the Scattered Disc (SD): observations suggest that this ratio lies between 100 and 1000 but simulations that produce these two reservoirs simultaneously consistentl... |
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Three new stable L5 Mars Trojans |
Mars was second to Jupiter in being recognized as the host of a population of Trojan minor bodies. Since 1990, five asteroids - 5261 Eureka, (101429) 1998 VF31, (121514) 1999 UJ7, 2001 DH47 and (311999) 2007 NS2 - have been identified as Mars Trojans, one L4 and four L5. Dynamical and spectroscopic evidence suggests th... |
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The vertical structure of Jupiter's equatorial zonal wind above the cloud deck, derived using mesoscale gravity waves |
Data from the Galileo Probe, collected during its descent into Jupiter's atmosphere, is used to obtain a vertical profile of the zonal wind from $\mathbf{\sim 0.5}$ bar (upper troposphere) to $\mathbf{\sim 0.1\, \mu{bar}}$ (lower thermosphere) at the probe entry site. This is accomplished by constructing a map of g... |
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Phoebe's orbit from ground-based and space-based observations |
The ephemeris of Phoebe, the ninth satellite of Saturn, is not very accurate. Previous dynamical models were usually too simplified, the astrometry is heterogeneous and, the Saturn's ephemeris itself is an additionnal source of error. The aim is to improve Phoebe's ephemeris by using a large set of observations... |
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The Formation of Pluto's Low Mass Satellites |
Motivated by the New Horizons mission, we consider how Pluto's small satellites -- currently Styx, Nix, Kerberos, and Hydra -- grow in debris from the giant impact that forms the Pluto-Charon binary. After the impact, Pluto and Charon accrete some of the debris and eject the rest from the binary orbit. During the e... |
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Measuring Transit Signal Recovery in the Kepler Pipeline I: Individual Events |
The Kepler Mission was designed to measure the frequency of Earth-size planets in the habitable zone of Sun-like stars. A crucial component for recovering the underlying planet population from a sample of detected planets is understanding the completeness of that sample - what fraction of the planets that could have be... |
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Thermal Processes Governing Hot-Jupiter Radii |
There have been many proposed explanations for the larger-than-expected radii of some transiting hot Jupiters, including either stellar or orbital energy deposition deep in the atmosphere or deep in the interior. In this paper, we explore the important influences on hot-Jupiter radius evolution of (i) additional heat s... |
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Extending the Planetary Mass Function to Earth Mass by Microlensing at Moderately High Magnification |
A measurement by microlensing of the planetary mass function of planets with masses ranging from 5M_E to 10M_J and orbital radii from 0.5 to 10 AU was reported recently. A strategy for extending the mass range down to (1-3)M_E is proposed here. This entails monitoring the peaks of a few tens of microlensing events with... |
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All Six Planets Known to Orbit Kepler-11 Have Low Densities |
The Kepler-11 planetary system contains six transiting planets ranging in size from 1.8 to 4.2 times the radius of Earth. Five of these planets orbit in a tightly-packed configuration with periods between 10 and 47 days. We perform a dynamical analysis of the system based upon transit timing variations observed in more... |
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WASP-80b: a gas giant transiting a cool dwarf |
We report the discovery of a planet transiting the star WASP-80 (1SWASP J201240.26-020838.2; 2MASS J20124017-0208391; TYC 5165-481-1; BPM 80815; V=11.9, K=8.4). Our analysis shows this is a 0.55 +/- 0.04 Mjup, 0.95 +/- 0.03 Rjup gas giant on a circular 3.07 day orbit around a star with a spectral type between K7V and M... |
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Transmitting signals over interstellar distances: Three approaches compared in the context of the Drake equation |
I compare three methods for transmitting signals over interstellar distances: radio transmitters, lasers and artificial transits. The quantitative comparison is based on physical quantities depending on energy cost and transmitting time L, the last parameter in the Drake equation. With our assumptions, radio transmitte... |
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Space LLM Training Data (~1.27 Billion Tokens)
A curated dataset of space and astronomy text for training language models, containing approximately 1.27 billion tokens collected from academic papers, arXiv abstracts, and educational web content.
Dataset Summary
| File | Size | Est. Tokens | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
jsalt_astroph_full.txt |
2.88 GB | ~862M | 271K full astrophysics papers (abstract + introduction + conclusions) |
arxiv_astro_full.txt |
360 MB | ~108M | 284K arXiv paper abstracts (8 space categories) |
fineweb_space_combined.txt |
1.02 GB | ~305M | 95K space-related educational web texts |
| Total | 4.16 GB | ~1.27B |
Sources
1. JSALT Astrophysics Dataset (jsalt_astroph_full.txt)
- Source: charlieoneill/jsalt-astroph-dataset
- Content: Full paper text (abstract, introduction, conclusions) from 271,544 astrophysics papers
- Categories: astro-ph (all subcategories)
- Format: Documents separated by
---
2. arXiv Space Categories (arxiv_astro_full.txt)
- Source: permutans/arxiv-papers-by-subject
- Content: Title + abstract from 283,699 papers across 8 space-related categories:
astro-ph.CO(Cosmology & Nongalactic Astrophysics)astro-ph.GA(Galaxy Astrophysics)astro-ph.HE(High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena)astro-ph.IM(Instrumentation & Methods)astro-ph.SR(Solar & Stellar Astrophysics)astro-ph.EP(Earth & Planetary Astrophysics)gr-qc(General Relativity & Quantum Cosmology)physics.space-ph(Space Physics)
- Format: Documents separated by
---
3. FineWeb-Edu Space Filtered (fineweb_space_combined.txt)
- Source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
- Content: ~95K educational web texts filtered for space/astronomy keywords
- Filtering keywords: astronomy, astrophysics, black hole, galaxy, cosmology, planet, solar system, dark matter, supernova, nasa, orbit, telescope, universe, big bang, stellar, exoplanet, space, rocket, spacecraft, moon, satellite, nebula, quasar, etc.
- Format: Documents separated by
---
Intended Use
This dataset is designed for training and fine-tuning language models focused on space, astronomy, and astrophysics domains. It was specifically curated for the Space LLM project.
Token Count Estimation
Token counts are estimated using the heuristic of ~3.5 characters per token for mixed academic and web text.
How to Use
from datasets import load_dataset
# Load from HuggingFace
dataset = load_dataset("Ashu9675/space-llm-training-data")
# Or read the text files directly
with open("jsalt_astroph_full.txt") as f:
documents = f.read().split("\n---\n")
License
- arXiv content: MIT (as per source dataset licenses)
- FineWeb-Edu content: ODC-BY (as per FineWeb-Edu license)
- Combined dataset: MIT
Limitations
- Token counts are estimates, not exact
- Some documents may contain LaTeX formatting from academic papers
- FineWeb content is keyword-filtered and may include some false positives
- The jsalt dataset includes only abstract, introduction, and conclusions (not full paper body)
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