Static Embeddings with BERT uncased tokenizer finetuned on various datasets
This is a sentence-transformers model trained on the gooaq, msmarco, squad, s2orc, allnli, paq, trivia_qa, msmarco_10m, swim_ir, pubmedqa, miracl, mldr and mr_tydi datasets. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 1024-dimensional dense vector space and is designed to be used for semantic search.
Read our Static Embeddings blogpost to learn more about this model and how it was trained.
- 0 Active Parameters: This model does not use any active parameters, instead consisting exclusively of averaging pre-computed token embeddings.
- 100x to 400x faster: On CPU, this model is 100x to 400x faster than common options like all-mpnet-base-v2. On GPU, it's 10x to 25x faster.
- Matryoshka: This model was trained with a Matryoshka loss, allowing you to truncate the embeddings for faster retrieval at minimal performance costs.
- Evaluations: See Evaluations for details on performance on NanoBEIR, embedding speed, and Matryoshka dimensionality truncation. In short, this model is 87.4% as performant as the commonly used
all-mpnet-base-v2
. - Training Script: See train.py for the training script used to train this model from scratch.
See static-similarity-mrl-multilingual-v1
for a general-purpose multilingual static embedding model. It's been trained for semantic textual similarity, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.
Model Details
Model Description
- Model Type: Sentence Transformer
- Maximum Sequence Length: inf tokens
- Output Dimensionality: 1024 tokens
- Similarity Function: Cosine Similarity
- Training Datasets:
- Language: en
- License: apache-2.0
Model Sources
- Documentation: Sentence Transformers Documentation
- Repository: Sentence Transformers on GitHub
- Hugging Face: Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face
Full Model Architecture
SentenceTransformer(
(0): StaticEmbedding(
(embedding): EmbeddingBag(30522, 1024, mode='mean')
)
)
Usage
Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)
First install the Sentence Transformers library:
pip install -U sentence-transformers
Then you can load this model and run inference.
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("tomaarsen/static-retrieval-mrl-en-v1")
# Run inference
sentences = [
'Gadofosveset-enhanced MR angiography of carotid arteries: does steady-state imaging improve accuracy of first-pass imaging?',
'To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of gadofosveset-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) angiography in the assessment of carotid artery stenosis, with digital subtraction angiography (DSA) as the reference standard, and to determine the value of reading first-pass, steady-state, and "combined" (first-pass plus steady-state) MR angiograms.',
'In a longitudinal study we investigated in vivo alterations of CVO during neuroinflammation, applying Gadofluorine M- (Gf) enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of multiple sclerosis. SJL/J mice were monitored by Gadopentate dimeglumine- (Gd-DTPA) and Gf-enhanced MRI after adoptive transfer of proteolipid-protein-specific T cells. Mean Gf intensity ratios were calculated individually for different CVO and correlated to the clinical disease course. Subsequently, the tissue distribution of fluorescence-labeled Gf as well as the extent of cellular inflammation was assessed in corresponding histological slices.',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 1024]
# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]
This model was trained with Matryoshka loss, allowing this model to be used with lower dimensionalities with minimal performance loss (See Matryoshka Evaluations for evaluations).
Notably, a lower dimensionality allows for much faster and cheaper information retrieval. You can specify a lower dimensionality with the truncate_dim
argument when initializing the Sentence Transformer model:
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
model = SentenceTransformer("tomaarsen/static-retrieval-mrl-en-v1", truncate_dim=256)
embeddings = model.encode([
"what is the difference between chronological order and spatial order?",
"can lavender grow indoors?"
])
print(embeddings.shape)
# => (2, 256)
Evaluation
Metrics
Information Retrieval
- Datasets:
NanoClimateFEVER
,NanoDBPedia
,NanoFEVER
,NanoFiQA2018
,NanoHotpotQA
,NanoMSMARCO
,NanoNFCorpus
,NanoNQ
,NanoQuoraRetrieval
,NanoSCIDOCS
,NanoArguAna
,NanoSciFact
andNanoTouche2020
- Evaluated with
InformationRetrievalEvaluator
Metric | NanoClimateFEVER | NanoDBPedia | NanoFEVER | NanoFiQA2018 | NanoHotpotQA | NanoMSMARCO | NanoNFCorpus | NanoNQ | NanoQuoraRetrieval | NanoSCIDOCS | NanoArguAna | NanoSciFact | NanoTouche2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
cosine_accuracy@1 | 0.32 | 0.7 | 0.46 | 0.28 | 0.64 | 0.18 | 0.42 | 0.24 | 0.8 | 0.28 | 0.1 | 0.52 | 0.5714 |
cosine_accuracy@3 | 0.52 | 0.84 | 0.8 | 0.44 | 0.82 | 0.42 | 0.56 | 0.44 | 0.96 | 0.48 | 0.46 | 0.6 | 0.898 |
cosine_accuracy@5 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 0.84 | 0.54 | 0.86 | 0.5 | 0.62 | 0.58 | 1.0 | 0.54 | 0.56 | 0.62 | 0.9796 |
cosine_accuracy@10 | 0.78 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.64 | 0.96 | 0.66 | 0.72 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 0.74 | 0.76 | 1.0 |
cosine_precision@1 | 0.32 | 0.7 | 0.46 | 0.28 | 0.64 | 0.18 | 0.42 | 0.24 | 0.8 | 0.28 | 0.1 | 0.52 | 0.5714 |
cosine_precision@3 | 0.1933 | 0.5867 | 0.2667 | 0.1933 | 0.3733 | 0.14 | 0.3733 | 0.1467 | 0.3867 | 0.2267 | 0.1533 | 0.2067 | 0.6054 |
cosine_precision@5 | 0.14 | 0.544 | 0.18 | 0.16 | 0.26 | 0.1 | 0.32 | 0.124 | 0.248 | 0.188 | 0.112 | 0.132 | 0.6204 |
cosine_precision@10 | 0.104 | 0.452 | 0.1 | 0.104 | 0.148 | 0.066 | 0.244 | 0.076 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.074 | 0.084 | 0.5306 |
cosine_recall@1 | 0.1467 | 0.0805 | 0.4367 | 0.1519 | 0.32 | 0.18 | 0.0428 | 0.24 | 0.7107 | 0.0597 | 0.1 | 0.485 | 0.0398 |
cosine_recall@3 | 0.239 | 0.1605 | 0.7467 | 0.2983 | 0.56 | 0.42 | 0.0984 | 0.43 | 0.9253 | 0.1417 | 0.46 | 0.57 | 0.1236 |
cosine_recall@5 | 0.279 | 0.218 | 0.8033 | 0.3793 | 0.65 | 0.5 | 0.1196 | 0.58 | 0.9627 | 0.1947 | 0.56 | 0.595 | 0.2095 |
cosine_recall@10 | 0.4197 | 0.3143 | 0.9033 | 0.4838 | 0.74 | 0.66 | 0.1389 | 0.69 | 0.9793 | 0.2887 | 0.74 | 0.75 | 0.337 |
cosine_ndcg@10 | 0.3309 | 0.5681 | 0.6922 | 0.3651 | 0.6547 | 0.4041 | 0.3242 | 0.4534 | 0.8951 | 0.2643 | 0.4078 | 0.6111 | 0.5703 |
cosine_mrr@10 | 0.4453 | 0.7854 | 0.6397 | 0.3915 | 0.7485 | 0.3245 | 0.5041 | 0.3764 | 0.88 | 0.3998 | 0.3034 | 0.5837 | 0.744 |
cosine_map@100 | 0.2598 | 0.4335 | 0.6205 | 0.3024 | 0.5798 | 0.3389 | 0.1449 | 0.389 | 0.8594 | 0.205 | 0.3151 | 0.5683 | 0.447 |
Nano BEIR
- Dataset:
NanoBEIR_mean
- Evaluated with
NanoBEIREvaluator
Metric | Value |
---|---|
cosine_accuracy@1 | 0.424 |
cosine_accuracy@3 | 0.6337 |
cosine_accuracy@5 | 0.703 |
cosine_accuracy@10 | 0.8108 |
cosine_precision@1 | 0.424 |
cosine_precision@3 | 0.2963 |
cosine_precision@5 | 0.2406 |
cosine_precision@10 | 0.1733 |
cosine_recall@1 | 0.2303 |
cosine_recall@3 | 0.398 |
cosine_recall@5 | 0.4655 |
cosine_recall@10 | 0.5727 |
cosine_ndcg@10 | 0.5032 |
cosine_mrr@10 | 0.5482 |
cosine_map@100 | 0.4203 |
We've evaluated sentence-transformers/static-retrieval-mrl-en-v1 on NanoBEIR and plotted it against the inference speed computed on a RTX 3090 and i7-13700K. For the inference speed tests, we calculated the number of computed query embeddings of the GooAQ dataset per second, either on CPU or GPU.
We evaluate against 3 types of models:
Attention-based dense embedding models, e.g. traditional Sentence Transformer models like
all-mpnet-base-v2
,bge-base-en-v1.5
, andgte-large-en-v1.5
.Static Embedding-based models, e.g.
static-retrieval-mrl-en-v1
,potion-base-8M
,M2V_base_output
, andglove.6B.300d
.Sparse bag-of-words model, BM25, often a strong baseline.
Click to expand BM25 implementation details
I relied on the highly efficient bm25s implementation, using
model.get_scores()
on tokens after tokenization and stemming with the EnglishPyStemmer
.
NOTE: Many of the attention-based dense embedding models are finetuned on the training splits of the (Nano)BEIR evaluation datasets. This gives the models an unfair advantage in this benchmark and can result in lower downstream performance on real retrieval tasks.
static-retrieval-mrl-en-v1 is purposefully not trained on any of these datasets.
GPU
CPU
We can draw some notable conclusions from these figures:
static-retrieval-mrl-en-v1
outperforms all other Static Embedding models.static-retrieval-mrl-en-v1
is the only Static Embedding model to outperform BM25.static-retrieval-mrl-en-v1
is- 87.4% as performant as the commonly used
all-mpnet-base-v2
, - 24x faster on GPU,
- 397x faster on CPU.
- 87.4% as performant as the commonly used
static-retrieval-mrl-en-v1
is quicker on CPU than on GPU: This model can run extraordinarily quickly everywhere, including consumer-grade PCs, tiny servers, phones, or in-browser.
Matryoshka Evaluations
We experimented with the results on NanoBEIR performance when we performed Matryoshka-style dimensionality reduction by truncating the output embeddings to a lower dimensionality.
Dimensionality | NanoBEIR_mean | NanoArguAna | NanoClimateFEVER | NanoDBPedia | NanoFEVER | NanoFiQA2018 | NanoHotpotQA | NanoMSMARCO | NanoNFCorpus | NanoNQ | NanoQuoraRetrieval | NanoSCIDOCS | NanoSciFact | NanoTouche2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1024 | 0.5031 | 0.4077 | 0.3308 | 0.5681 | 0.6921 | 0.3651 | 0.6547 | 0.4040 | 0.3241 | 0.4533 | 0.8950 | 0.2642 | 0.6111 | 0.5702 |
512 | 0.4957 | 0.3878 | 0.3360 | 0.5626 | 0.6945 | 0.3517 | 0.6280 | 0.3892 | 0.3206 | 0.4505 | 0.8986 | 0.2657 | 0.5953 | 0.5635 |
256 | 0.4819 | 0.3855 | 0.3203 | 0.5407 | 0.6734 | 0.3518 | 0.6027 | 0.4144 | 0.2860 | 0.4254 | 0.8948 | 0.2466 | 0.5620 | 0.5605 |
128 | 0.4622 | 0.4001 | 0.2982 | 0.5266 | 0.6273 | 0.3188 | 0.5606 | 0.4025 | 0.2693 | 0.4021 | 0.8930 | 0.2283 | 0.5447 | 0.5368 |
64 | 0.4176 | 0.3424 | 0.2809 | 0.5022 | 0.5480 | 0.2831 | 0.4680 | 0.3739 | 0.2153 | 0.3845 | 0.8525 | 0.1680 | 0.5045 | 0.5050 |
32 | 0.3532 | 0.2866 | 0.1870 | 0.4292 | 0.4193 | 0.2292 | 0.3602 | 0.3587 | 0.1444 | 0.3525 | 0.8325 | 0.1525 | 0.3983 | 0.4408 |
These findings show that reducing the dimensionality by e.g. 2x only has a 1.47% reduction in performance (0.5031 NDCG@10 vs 0.4957 NDCG@10), while realistically resulting in a 2x speedup in retrieval speed.
Training Details
Training Datasets
gooaq
- Dataset: gooaq at b089f72
- Size: 3,012,496 training samples
- Columns:
question
andanswer
- Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
question answer type string string details - min: 18 characters
- mean: 43.23 characters
- max: 96 characters
- min: 55 characters
- mean: 253.36 characters
- max: 371 characters
- Samples:
question answer what is the difference between broilers and layers?
An egg laying poultry is called egger or layer whereas broilers are reared for obtaining meat. So a layer should be able to produce more number of large sized eggs, without growing too much. On the other hand, a broiler should yield more meat and hence should be able to grow well.
what is the difference between chronological order and spatial order?
As a writer, you should always remember that unlike chronological order and the other organizational methods for data, spatial order does not take into account the time. Spatial order is primarily focused on the location. All it does is take into account the location of objects and not the time.
is kamagra same as viagra?
Kamagra is thought to contain the same active ingredient as Viagra, sildenafil citrate. In theory, it should work in much the same way as Viagra, taking about 45 minutes to take effect, and lasting for around 4-6 hours. However, this will vary from person to person.
- Loss:
MatryoshkaLoss
with these parameters:{ "loss": "MultipleNegativesRankingLoss", "matryoshka_dims": [ 1024, 512, 256, 128, 64, 32 ], "matryoshka_weights": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ], "n_dims_per_step": -1 }
msmarco
- Dataset: msmarco at 84ed2d3
- Size: 502,939 training samples
- Columns:
query
,positive
, andnegative
- Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
query positive negative type string string string details - min: 11 characters
- mean: 33.26 characters
- max: 197 characters
- min: 96 characters
- mean: 356.24 characters
- max: 1006 characters
- min: 68 characters
- mean: 327.52 characters
- max: 995 characters
- Samples:
query positive negative when was the sullivan acts
Sullivan Act Tim Sullivan, a major Irish criminal passed the Sullivan Act in 1911 to help his constituents rob strangers or to help them against Italian incomers. That is the crux of story that goes with a very early gun control law.
Sullivan Act Tim Sullivan, a major Irish criminal passed the Sullivan Act in 1911 to help his constituents rob strangers or to help them against Italian incomers. That is the crux of story that goes with a very early gun control law.
can lavender grow indoors
Growing Lavender Indoors. People ALWAYS ask if you can grow lavender indoors. Well, you can, but most Lavender does best outside. Here is our winter experiment to show you what it would look like. This is one of our 4 Lavender Babies from Fall 2010. Our test specimen is L. x intermedia 'Grosso'.
Lavender can be grown indoors with a bit of effort to keep it in the conditions it loves to thrive. First off begin with choosing a variety that is better able to tolerate the conditions inside a home. To successfully grow Lavender indoors you need to create optimal growing conditions which is hard to do inside a house.
what kind of barley do you malt
Barley is a wonderfully versatile cereal grain with a rich nutlike flavor and an appealing chewy, pasta-like consistency. Its appearance resembles wheat berries, although it is slightly lighter in color. Sprouted barley is naturally high in maltose, a sugar that serves as the basis for both malt syrup sweetener.
Specialty grains that can be used in this way are usually barley, malted or unmalted, that has been treated differently at the malting company. Crystal malt is one of the specialty grains. It is available in a whole range of colors, from 20 to 120 Lovibond. Crystal malt is malted barley that is heated while wet.
- Loss:
MatryoshkaLoss
with these parameters:{ "loss": "MultipleNegativesRankingLoss", "matryoshka_dims": [ 1024, 512, 256, 128, 64, 32 ], "matryoshka_weights": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ], "n_dims_per_step": -1 }
squad
- Dataset: squad at d84c8c2
- Size: 87,599 training samples
- Columns:
question
andanswer
- Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
question answer type string string details - min: 14 characters
- mean: 59.66 characters
- max: 150 characters
- min: 156 characters
- mean: 769.53 characters
- max: 3706 characters
- Samples:
question answer What did Business Insider call San Diego in 2013?
San Diego was ranked as the 20th-safest city in America in 2013 by Business Insider. According to Forbes magazine, San Diego was the ninth-safest city in the top 10 list of safest cities in the U.S. in 2010. Like most major cities, San Diego had a declining crime rate from 1990 to 2000. Crime in San Diego increased in the early 2000s. In 2004, San Diego had the sixth lowest crime rate of any U.S. city with over half a million residents. From 2002 to 2006, the crime rate overall dropped 0.8%, though not evenly by category. While violent crime decreased 12.4% during this period, property crime increased 1.1%. Total property crimes per 100,000 people were lower than the national average in 2008.
What did the Spanish call this region?
The name Montana comes from the Spanish word Montaña, meaning "mountain", or more broadly, "mountainous country". Montaña del Norte was the name given by early Spanish explorers to the entire mountainous region of the west. The name Montana was added to a bill by the United States House Committee on Territories, which was chaired at the time by Rep. James Ashley of Ohio, for the territory that would become Idaho Territory. The name was successfully changed by Representatives Henry Wilson (Massachusetts) and Benjamin F. Harding (Oregon), who complained that Montana had "no meaning". When Ashley presented a bill to establish a temporary government in 1864 for a new territory to be carved out of Idaho, he again chose Montana Territory. This time Rep. Samuel Cox, also of Ohio, objected to the name. Cox complained that the name was a misnomer given that most of the territory was not mountainous and that a Native American name would be more appropriate than a Spanish one. Other names such as...
Small missiles were designed that could be mounted on what?
As this process continued, the missile found itself being used for more and more of the roles formerly filled by guns. First to go were the large weapons, replaced by equally large missile systems of much higher performance. Smaller missiles soon followed, eventually becoming small enough to be mounted on armored cars and tank chassis. These started replacing, or at least supplanting, similar gun-based SPAAG systems in the 1960s, and by the 1990s had replaced almost all such systems in modern armies. Man-portable missiles, MANPADs as they are known today, were introduced in the 1960s and have supplanted or even replaced even the smallest guns in most advanced armies.
- Loss:
MatryoshkaLoss
with these parameters:{ "loss": "MultipleNegativesRankingLoss", "matryoshka_dims": [ 1024, 512, 256, 128, 64, 32 ], "matryoshka_weights": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ], "n_dims_per_step": -1 }
s2orc
- Dataset: s2orc at 8cfc394
- Size: 90,000 training samples
- Columns:
title
andabstract
- Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
title abstract type string string details - min: 31 characters
- mean: 80.02 characters
- max: 185 characters
- min: 84 characters
- mean: 635.31 characters
- max: 1023 characters
- Samples:
title abstract Modeling Method of Flow Diversion of the Three Outlets in Jingjiang Reach Under Unsteady Flow Conditions
The Yangtze River Flood Protection Physical Model is built under the financial support of World Bank loan.Based on theoretical analysis and experimental study,a modeling method of flow diversion of the three outlets in Jingjiang Reach under unsteady flow conditions was established for the model.Validation tests under both steady and unsteady flow conditions manifested that with this modeling method,the experimental flow diversion proves to be consistent with that of the prototype and therefore meets the requirements for precision.Being validated,this modeling method has been applied to Yangtze River Flood Protection Physical Model to study the flood routing features in Jingjiang reach.
Enlightening on medical administration by clinical governance in British
Medical quality and safety were the responsibilities of medical system in view of British clinical governance. Medical regulation institutes were considered to be built and be authorized regulation rights. British medical administration was introduced and its enlightening in China was mentioned.
APPLICATION OF A FUZZY MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION-MAKING MODEL FOR SHIPPING COMPANY PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
Combining fuzzy set theory, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and concept of entropy, a fuzzy Multiple Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) model for shipping company performance evaluation is proposed. First, the AHP is used to construct subjective weights for all criteria and sub-criteria. Then, linguistic values characterized by triangular fuzzy numbers and trapezoidal fuzzy numbers are used to denote the evaluation values of all alternatives with respect to various subjective and objective criteria. Finally, the aggregation fuzzy assessment of different shipping companies is ranked to determine the best selection. Utilizing this fuzzy MCDM model, the decision-maker's fuzzy assessment and the trade-off between various evaluations criteria can be taken into account in the aggregation process, thus ensuring more effective and accurate decision-making.
- Loss:
MatryoshkaLoss
with these parameters:{ "loss": "MultipleNegativesRankingLoss", "matryoshka_dims": [ 1024, 512, 256, 128, 64, 32 ], "matryoshka_weights": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ], "n_dims_per_step": -1 }
allnli
- Dataset: allnli at d482672
- Size: 557,850 training samples
- Columns:
anchor
,positive
, andnegative
- Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
anchor positive negative type string string string details - min: 18 characters
- mean: 34.88 characters
- max: 193 characters
- min: 15 characters
- mean: 46.49 characters
- max: 181 characters
- min: 16 characters
- mean: 50.47 characters
- max: 204 characters
- Samples:
anchor positive negative A person on a horse jumps over a broken down airplane.
A person is outdoors, on a horse.
A person is at a diner, ordering an omelette.
Children smiling and waving at camera
There are children present
The kids are frowning
A boy is jumping on skateboard in the middle of a red bridge.
The boy does a skateboarding trick.
The boy skates down the sidewalk.
- Loss:
MatryoshkaLoss
with these parameters:{ "loss": "MultipleNegativesRankingLoss", "matryoshka_dims": [ 1024, 512, 256, 128, 64, 32 ], "matryoshka_weights": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ], "n_dims_per_step": -1 }
paq
- Dataset: paq at 74601d8
- Size: 64,371,441 training samples
- Columns:
query
andanswer
- Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
query answer type string string details - min: 25 characters
- mean: 50.56 characters
- max: 104 characters
- min: 509 characters
- mean: 620.96 characters
- max: 773 characters
- Samples:
query answer in veetla visheshanga ganesh is the husband of
Veetla Visheshanga a song which reminds Ganga's memory. She is actually not Ganga but Gowri and her lover is the groom named Ganesh. When both were about to marry they were stopped by some goons because of which Gowri fell from the mountain but survived with injuries. Gopal who found the truth brought Ganesh to unite them. Gopal insists Gowri to marry Ganesh as both of them are lovers to which Gowri unwillingly accepts. But while Ganesh tries to tie the Mangal Sutra, Gowri stops him and she goes to Gopal saying that he may not need her but she needs him
when did simon property group became a publicly traded company
of the S&P 100. Simon Property Group has been the subject of several lawsuits and investigations regarding civil rights and discrimination. Simon Property Group was formed in 1993 when the majority of the shopping center interests of Melvin Simon & Associates became a publicly traded company. Melvin Simon & Associates, owned by brothers Melvin Simon and Herbert Simon, was founded in 1960 in Indianapolis, Indiana, and had long been one of the top shopping center developers in the United States. In 1996, Simon DeBartolo Group was created when Simon Property merged with former rival DeBartolo Realty Corp. This was shortly
what was the nationality of antoine faivre
Theosophy (Boehmian) below. "Theosophy": The scholar of esotericism Wouter Hanegraaff described Christian theosophy as "one of the major currents in the history of Western esotericism". Christian theosophy is an under-researched area; a general history of it has never been written. The French scholar Antoine Faivre had a specific interest in the theosophers and illuminists of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. He wrote his doctoral thesis on Karl von Eckartshausen and Christian theosophy. Scholars of esotericism have argued that Faivre's definition of Western esotericism relies on his own specialist focus on Christian theosophy, Renaissance Hermeticism, and Romantic "Naturphilosophie" and therefore creates an "ideal"
- Loss:
MatryoshkaLoss
with these parameters:{ "loss": "MultipleNegativesRankingLoss", "matryoshka_dims": [ 1024, 512, 256, 128, 64, 32 ], "matryoshka_weights": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ], "n_dims_per_step": -1 }
trivia
_qa- Dataset: trivia_qa at a7c36e3
- Size: 73,346 training samples
- Columns:
query
andanswer
- Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
query answer type string string details - min: 21 characters
- mean: 76.91 characters
- max: 455 characters
- min: 136 characters
- mean: 3273.89 characters
- max: 4096 characters
- Samples:
query answer What type of rock is formed by the solidification of molten magma?
igneous rock - Dictionary Definition : Vocabulary.com igneous rock n rock formed by the solidification of molten magma Types: a rare type of peridotite that sometimes contains diamonds; found in South Africa and Siberia Type of: material consisting of the aggregate of minerals like those making up the Earth's crust Word Family Usage Examples Sign up, it's free! Whether you're a student, an educator, or a life-long learner, Vocabulary.com can put you on the path to systematic vocabulary improvement.
Which river flows through the town of Shrewsbury?
River Severn
Which band's name was inspired by a novel by Herman Hesse?
23 Band Names Inspired by Literature :: Books :: Lists :: Paste 23 Band Names Inspired by Literature By Wyndham Wyeth
- Loss:
MatryoshkaLoss
with these parameters:{ "loss": "MultipleNegativesRankingLoss", "matryoshka_dims": [ 1024, 512, 256, 128, 64, 32 ], "matryoshka_weights": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ], "n_dims_per_step": -1 }
msmarco_10m
- Dataset: msmarco_10m at 8c5139a
- Size: 10,000,000 training samples
- Columns:
query
,positive
, andnegative
- Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
query positive negative type string string string details - min: 10 characters
- mean: 33.47 characters
- max: 158 characters
- min: 53 characters
- mean: 353.76 characters
- max: 948 characters
- min: 67 characters
- mean: 343.74 characters
- max: 1063 characters
- Samples:
query positive negative what is ged equivalent
A GED is equivalent to a high school diploma however colleges do not look at it the same. A huge part of high school is commitment and dedication, therefore if you choose to drop out of high school you will probably not get accepted into any top colleges. However, you could always start at a community college and work your way up. Good Luck
If you are not far along in your Army career, education is an especially good way to boost your chances of promotion. Continuing your education at any level can earn you points. For completing your GED or bachelor's degree, you earn 10 points.
foods that help with diverticulitis
Diet for Diverticulitis. Gradually you can ease back into a regular diet. Your doctor may advise you to start with low-fiber foods (white bread, meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and dairy products) before introducing high-fiber foods. Fiber softens and adds bulk to stools, helping them pass more easily through the colon.
During an attack of diverticulitis, your doctor may recommend a clear liquid diet or a low-fiber diet. This helps the area of infection to heal. Foods allowed on a clear-liquid diet include: 1 Plain water.iverticulitis occurs when small, bulging pouches (diverticula) in your colon become infected and inflamed â causing severe abdominal pain, nausea, and fever. The treatment of a diverticulitis attack will depend on the severity of the symptoms and whether this is your first attack.
calories burned in turbo kick class
The American Council on Exercise did a study to find out how many calories are burned during a turbo kick class. The study looked at 15 women in a turbo kick class who weighed about 135 lbs and found that they burned between 6.45 to 8.3 calories a minute. This comes out to about 350 to 450 calories an hour.
Popular Calories Burned Searches: 1 Calories Burned For Intervals of run/walk or walk/jog: 6 mph or slower (> 10 minutes per mile) 2 Calories Burned For Walking: 3.5 mph (17 minutes per mile) 3 Calories Burned For Walking: 4 mph (15 minutes per mile) Calories Burned For Walking: 4.6 mph (13 minutes per mile)
- Loss:
MatryoshkaLoss
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swim_ir
- Dataset: swim_ir at 834c20f
- Size: 501,538 training samples
- Columns:
query
andtext
- Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
query text type string string details - min: 0 characters
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- min: 208 characters
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- Samples:
query text How many blocked kicks did Williams have in his second year at Bowling Green State University?
Williams accepted a football scholarship from Bowling Green State University, where he became one of the best special teams players in school history. As a redshirt freshman, he was a wide receiver on the scout team. The next year, he played mainly on special teams and had 3 blocked kicks.
How many town councils are there in the metropolitan borough?
Horwich, Westhoughton and Blackrod are now constituted as civil parishes. There are three town councils in the metropolitan borough, Westhoughton Town Council, Horwich Town Council and Blackrod Town Council. The rest of the metropolitan borough, Bolton, Farnworth, Kearsley, Little Lever, and South Turton, have remained unparished areas since 1974.
What is the name of the person selected to lead BART’s 296-member police force?
In 2009, the hiring of two independent organizations reviewed BART's policies and procedures in the process of overseeing the BART Police. The two independent firms investigated the matters of BART Police Shooting of Oscar Grant and were charged with making recommendations to the board. Ward Allen formulated and chaired BART's first Police Department Review Committee, and as a result, BART made sweeping changes on many security measures, as well as corrected and implemented several policies and procedures. BPD Review Committee has led to the re-training of all officers on use of force, diversity re-training and other issues. Ward Allen hired Kenton Rainey, the person selected to lead BART’s 296-member police force, to take command as Chief of Police.
- Loss:
MatryoshkaLoss
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pubmedqa
- Dataset: pubmedqa at a1ef0b5
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- Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
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anchor positive negative_1 negative_2 negative_3 negative_4 negative_5 negative_6 negative_7 negative_8 negative_9 negative_10 negative_11 negative_12 negative_13 negative_14 negative_15 negative_16 negative_17 negative_18 negative_19 negative_20 Visceral adipose tissue area measurement at a single level: can it represent visceral adipose tissue volume?
Measurement of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) needs to be accurate and sensitive to change for risk monitoring. The purpose of this study is to determine the CT slice location where VAT area can best reflect changes in VAT volume and body weight.
46 patients with psoriasis and 46 sex- and age-matched control patients were included in this study. The abdominal fat area [visceral fat area (VFA), subcutaneous fat area (SFA) and total fat area (TFA)] at the level of the umbilicus was evaluated by computed tomography.
A retrospective review of CRC patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy at a single center during the period 2006-2009 identified from a prospectively maintained database. Visceral adiposity was determined by measuring visceral fat area (VFA) on preoperative staging CT. All patients were followed up to study completion or death.
A total of 1941 participants without known cardiovascular disease were enrolled from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. Visceral fat area (VFA) was assessed by computed tomography. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) was estimated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and was used as a percentage of body weight (ASM/Wt). LV structure and function were assessed by tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) echocardiography.
One hundred and forty nonobese patients (BMI <25 kg/m2) were enrolled. EFV and visceral fat area were measured by MDCT. Patients were classified according to the plaque components (noncalcified, mixed and calcified) and severity of CAD. Inflammatory biomarkers were also measured, and compared with each CT parameter.
The blood gas level in each pulmonary vein (PV) was measured in supine subjects with diverse body mass index (BMI) values, to determine whether there was a regional insufficiency in gas exchange depending on the subject's BMI.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of 163 patients with cholecystolithiasis and 163 non-cholecystolithiasis control subjects admitted to our institution between March 2011 and September 2013 were included in this cross-sectional evaluation. There were 98 women and 65 men in cholecystolithiasis group with an average age of 57±16 years (range 25-86 years). There were 87 women and 76 men in the control group with an average age of 41±16 years (range 14-77 years). Visceral adipose tissue (VAT), abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and total abdominal adipose tissue (TAT) of all the subjects at navel level were measured on abdominal MRI. According to the visceral adipose area (cut-off point VAT = 100 cm2), study subjects were divided into 1) increased accumulation of intra-abdominal fat and 2) normal distribution of intra-abdominal fat. Logistic regression was used to assess the association of fat with the presence of cholecystolithiasis, adjusted for age and sex.
We reviewed the medical records of 106 patients undergoing LA or LESS-A at our institution. Total fat area (TFA) and visceral fat area (VFA) were measured at the level of the L4 vertebra by computed tomography. To categorize the type of obesity, the VFA/TFA ratio was calculated. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to identify independent predictors of prolonged operative time.
The weight gain was 5.2% greater in rats exposed to fructose than in controls (P = 0.042). Total and visceral adipose tissue volumes were 5.2 cm3 (P = 0.017) and 3.1 cm3 (P = 0.019) greater, respectively, while lean tissue volumes did not differ. The level of triglycerides and apolipoprotein A-I was higher (P = 0.034, P = 0.005, respectively) in fructose-exposed rats.
A total of 1593 middle-aged to older patients participated in this cross-sectional study. Brachial-to-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) was measured as an index of arterial stiffness. Second PP (PP2) at the second peak of radial SBP was used to estimate central PP. Radial augmentation index was calculated as PP2/PP. Thigh muscle cross-sectional area and abdominal visceral fat area were quantified by computed tomography. Patients were classified as sarcopenic if their hand grip strength or skeletal muscle mass (measured by bioelectrical impedance) was more than 1 SD lower than the mean of those in a reference group aged below 50 years, or in the lowest 20% of the studied population. Visceral obesity was defined as visceral fat area greater than 100 cm.
Visceral adiposity is linked with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) (called Syndrome Z), and both correlate with coronary artery disease (CAD). The aim of the present study was to determine the significance of excess visceral fat, SDB and circulating levels of biomarkers in CAD in Japanese men.
There are no published studies on the impact of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) change on outcomes of restorative proctocolectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA). The aim of this historic cohort study was to evaluate the impact of excessive VAT gain on the outcomes of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients with IPAA.
A subgroup of 46 men (n = 20, aged 29.1-33.4 years) and women (n = 26, aged 29.1-33.8 years) were recruited from an ongoing population study at our institution. Anthropometric variables including weight, height, and waist circumference were measured using standard procedures, and body mass index was calculated (kg/m(2)). Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) was measured with magnetic resonance imaging. Plasma apolipoproteins, lipids, glucose, and insulin were measured after an overnight fasting.
Our aim was to describe adipose tissue content and distribution in ALS patients.
This was a cross-sectional study of 140 Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes (mean age 65 ± 11 year; 44.6% women). Visceral fat area (VFA; cm(2) ) and liver attenuation index (LAI) were assessed by abdominal computed tomography. The patients were divided into four groups by VFA and body mass index (BMI; kg/m(2) ) as follows: BMI <25 kg/m(2) and VFA <100 cm(2) (OB[-]VA[-]), BMI ≥25 kg/m(2) and VFA <100 cm(2) (OB[+]VA[-]), BMI <25 kg/m(2) and VFA ≥100 cm(2) (OB[-]VA[+]), and BMI ≥25 kg/m(2) and VFA ≥100 cm(2) (OB[+]VA[+]). Multivariate linear regression and logistic regression analysis were carried out to determine the impact of OB(-)VA(+) on LAI.
Epicardial adipose tissue represents visceral adiposity, the early detection of which could be helpful for assessing subclinical target organ damage. Although previous studies have reported a relationship between epicardial fat thickness (EFT) and carotid intima-media thickness, there have been no studies detailing the relationship between EFT and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV).
Higher adiponectin levels were associated with lower risk of diabetes (P < 0.001). Visceral fat was the only adiposity measure associated with diabetes after adjusting for BMI (odds ratio 3.0 [2.1-4.3] in women and 1.3 [1.0-1.6] in men, P < 0.001 between-sex comparison). Adipocytokines attenuated the association between visceral fat and diabetes for both sexes but more strongly in men (women 2.3 [1.5-3.3], men 1.1 [0.9-1.4]). In men, adiponectin, IL-6, and PAI-1 remained independently associated with diabetes after adjusting for fat depots; in women, adiponectin was the only independently associated adipocytokine. Controlling for insulin, HDL, triglycerides, and blood pressure did not change these results.
Ninety obesity patients and 95 non-obesity Uygur individuals were enrolled in this study. CD68 levels in abdominal subcutaneous and omental adipose tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry. The cytokine expression levels of adiponectin (APMI) and visfatin in serum were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Infection of 3T3-L1 cells with Ad36 was performed. Real-time PCR was performed to determine expression levels of APMI and Visfatin genes in the 3T3-L1 preadipocytes infected with Ad36.
Serum CEA levels correlated with visceral fat area, fasting glucose, and triglyceride levels after adjusting for age and BMI. The mean visceral fat area increased significantly with the increasing CEA tirtiles. In a step-wise multiple regression analysis, age (β = 0.26, p<0.01) and visceral fat area (β = 0.19, p = 0.03) were identified as explanatory variables for serum CEA level.
The visceral adiposity index (VAI) has proved to be a marker of visceral adipose dysfunction, strongly associated with insulin sensitivity in both the general and specific populations of patients at metabolic risk.
Visceral adiposity is associated with hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The visceral adiposity index (VAI), a novel marker of visceral fat distribution and dysfunction, has been correlated with histology in hepatitis C. We assessed the ability of VAI to predict disease severity in NAFLD and hence its role as a non-invasive marker of liver damage.
Do general practitioner hospitals reduce the utilisation of general hospital beds?
Observational study comparing the total rates of admissions and of occupied bed days in general hospitals between populations with and without access to GP hospitals. Comparisons were also made separately for diagnoses commonly encountered in GP hospitals.
To study the prevalence of GERD comorbidities in a tertiary care hospital.
The population studied was a sample of 10% of the patients 65 years or older registered with a general practitioner contributing to the General Practice Research Database between 1988 and 1996.
Tertiary University Hospitals.
University hospital and district general hospital.
Inpatient rehabilitation facilities.
Inpatient rehabilitation facilities.
General medical service at a teaching hospital.
To examine the hypothesis that nursing homes responding to these changes in demand shifted the balance of resources from hotel to clinical activities.
Outpatient practices of general practitioners in the United Kingdom who contribute to the General Practice Research Database.
Hospital rehabilitation programs.
Surgical department of a large district general hospital.
Hospital-based case-control study.
Patients' homes.
the relationship between proximity to death and the amount of care provided by general practitioners (GPs) is largely unknown.
Public hospital, primary care clinic.
A teaching hospital and a district general hospital.
District General Hospital in the UK.
Academic general internal medicine practice.
A hospital-based study was conducted.
To evaluate the impact of participation in a trial on General Practitioners management and patient behaviour.
"Occult" posttraumatic lesions of the knee: can magnetic resonance substitute for diagnostic arthroscopy?
We identified three types of occult post-traumatic injuries by morpho-topographic and signal intensity patterns: bone bruises (no. 25), subchondral (no. 33) and osteochondral (no. 35) injuries. Arthroscopy depicted 45 osteochondral and 19 chondral injuries. A bone bruise was defined as a typical subcortical area of signal loss, with various shapes, on T1-weighted images and of increased signal intensity on T2-weighted and FIR images. The cortical bone and articular cartilage were normal in all cases, while osteochondral injuries exhibited associated bone and cartilage damage with the same abnormal MR signal intensity. Sprain was the mechanism of injury in 52 cases, bruise in 12 and stress in 6. In 52 sprains (30 in valgus), the injury site was the lateral compartment in 92.3% of cases (100% in valgus), associated with meniscal damage in 73% of cases (90% in valgus) and with ligament injury in 90.4% (100% in valgus). In 12 bruises, the injury site was the lateral compartment in 58.3% of...
Preoperative range of motion (ROM) has been regarded as one of the most important factors in predicting postoperative ROM following total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Mobile-bearing TKA designs have been suggested to possibly improve the knee kinematics compared to fixed-bearing designs. The purpose of this study was to examine the difference in postoperative flexion as a function of preoperative flexion in a consecutive series of TKAs done using a posterior-stabilized rotating-platform prosthesis.
To assess the association of underlying diagnosis with outcomes after revision total knee arthroplasty (TKA).
We identified 37 knees diagnosed with osteoarthritis with a preoperative knee flexion ≥120° but a 12-month postoperative range of motion (ROM) ≤110°. A random sample of 111 patients (1:3) from the same database, whose knees had a preoperative and 12-month postoperative ROM ≥120°, based on a diagnosis of primary osteoarthritis and no previous open knee surgery, were selected as the controls.
This study reports a series of patients operated on by anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction combined with valgus high tibial osteotomy (HTO) for chronic anterior knee instability associated with medial tibiofemoral osteoarthritis. It was hypothesized that the combined surgery would enable return to sport, stabilize the knee and relieve medial pain.
To determine the prevalence and factors associated with knee osteoarthritis (OA) defined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and specific OA features on MRI 1 year after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR).
In anterior ankle arthroscopy, the anterior working area (AWA) is restricted by the presence of the dorsalis pedis artery (DPA) and tendons. Pseudoaneurysms caused by iatrogenic damage to the DPA are difficult to identify intraoperatively. In knee arthroscopy, risk of popliteal artery damage is reduced in the flexed position [1]. This study investigates how DPA movement is affected by dorsiflexion and plantarflexion with the aim of identifying the positions providing the greatest AWA.
To investigate whether sex affects the trajectory of functional recovery after total knee arthroplasty (TKA).
To determine whether magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evidence of tendinopathy in early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) could be used to predict the course of tendon involvement in later disease and specifically the risk of tendon rupture.
With the advent of MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), Synovial lesions around knee are being more and more easily detected. Synovial lesions of knee present with boggy swelling, effusion, pain, and restriction of motion. Differential diagnoses of such lesions include pigmented villonodular synovitis, synovial lipoma, synovial chondromatosis, rheumatoid arthritis, synovial hemangioma, amyloid arthropathy, xanthomata and lipoma arborescens. CT and MRI often help in diagnosis of such lesions. MRI of Lipoma Arborescens has been regarded to have characteristic diagnostic appearance - it includes a synovial mass with frond-like architecture and fat signal intensity on all pulse sequences. Sometimes Lipoma Arborescens can present in conjunction with inflammatory arthritis. Synovectomy is often curative for such conditions.
Joint trauma can lead to a spectrum of acute lesions, including cartilage degradation, ligament or meniscus tears, and synovitis, all potentially associated with osteoarthritis (OA). This study was undertaken to generate and validate a murine model of knee joint trauma following noninvasive controlled injurious compression in vivo.
To determine which subregions of the knee joint have a high prevalence of pre-radiographic osteoarthritic changes, i.e., cartilage damage and osteophytes that can only be detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), in radiographically normal knees.
78 of initially 84 patients (80 of 86 knees) were clinically and radiographically reassessed 5 (5.1-5.9) years after conventional, image-based, and image-free total knee arthroplasty. The methodology was identical to that used preoperatively and at 2 years, including the Knee Society score (KSS) and the functional score (FS), and AP and true lateral standard radiographs.
In adult patients with trauma, an increase in the thickness of the retropharyngeal soft tissues is commonly used as a potential indicator of occult injury, but no studies have examined this parameter using computed tomography (CT) as a screening modality.
To evaluate the thickness of cartilage at the posterior aspect of the medial and lateral condyle in Osteoarthritis (OA) knees compared to non-OA knees using computed tomography arthrography (CTA).
Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) successfully alleviates pain from knee osteoarthritis; but deficits in function can persist long term. Despite these well-known deficits, there is little evidence supporting the use of rehabilitation interventions following TKA.
The anterior intermeniscal ligament of the knee is at risk during knee arthroscopy, anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, and tibial nail insertion.
It has been previously demonstrated that radiographic severity of arthritis predicts outcome following knee replacement. In certain circumstances, patients may undergo arthroplasty without severe radiographic disease. An example may be the patient with significant chondral damage unsuccessfully treated with arthroscopy. This patient may proceed to joint replacement when their radiographs would not normally merit such intervention. We investigated whether these findings were also applicable to total ankle replacements (TARs).
There is an increasing body of evidence that magnetic resonance imaging-occult tissue damage is an important component of primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) pathology. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) can be used to measure in vivo whole-brain N-acetylaspartate (WBNAA) concentrations, the decrease of whose levels is considered a marker of neuronal-axonal injury.
Meniscectomy and articular cartilage damage have been found to increase the prevalence of osteoarthritis after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, but the effect of knee range of motion has not been extensively studied.
Patients 50 years and older with knee osteoarthritis who underwent arthroscopy between 1998 and 2010 were retrospectively identified and an annual arthroscopy rate was calculated from 1998 through 2002 and from 2006 through 2010. Patients who underwent knee arthroplasty within 2 years of arthroscopy during each period were identified, and a 2-year conversion to arthroplasty rate was calculated.
- Loss:
MatryoshkaLoss
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miracl
- Dataset: miracl at 07e2b62
- Size: 789,900 training samples
- Columns:
anchor
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- Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
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- Samples:
anchor positive negative Who created The Walking Dead comic books?
Days Gone Bye (The Walking Dead)
Robert Kirkman, the creator of the eponymous series of comic books, considered the idea of creating a television show based on the comic series, but did not move forward. Frank Darabont expressed interest in developing the series for television. In January 2010, AMC formally announced that it had ordered a pilot for a possible series adapted from "The Walking Dead" comic book. In the announcement, the executives stated that Darabont would serve as writer, director, and an executive producer alongside Gale Anne Hurd.Living Dead
The Walking DeadWhen was the first car invented?
Car
In 1879, Benz was granted a patent for his first engine, which had been designed in 1878. Many of his other inventions made the use of the internal combustion engine feasible for powering a vehicle. His first "Motorwagen" was built in 1885 in Mannheim, Germany. He was awarded the patent for its invention as of his application on 29 January 1886 (under the auspices of his major company, Benz & Cie., which was founded in 1883). Benz began promotion of the vehicle on 3 July 1886, and about 25 Benz vehicles were sold between 1888 and 1893, when his first four-wheeler was introduced along with a model intended for affordability. They also were powered with four-stroke engines of his own design. Emile Roger of France, already producing Benz engines under license, now added the Benz car to his line of products. Because France was more open to the early cars, initially more were built and sold in France through Roger than Benz sold in Germany. In August 1888 Bertha Benz, the wife of Karl B...Elwood Haynes
In 1905, three years after the Apperson brothers split from Haynes, Haynes-Apperson was renamed the Haynes Automobile Company and Haynes launched a series of publicity campaigns. A parade of 2,000 cars was organized in New York City during 1908 and Haynes, whom many recognized as the inventor of the American automobile, led the parade down Broadway riding in the "Pioneer". He was followed by ten Haynes cars, a model from each year to display the advancement in technology. On his way to the parade, Haynes was unaware of the city's newly established speeding laws and was arrested for driving too fast—in a car with a top speed of 15 mph (17 km/h)—and taken to jail. He was soon able to see a magistrate who released him after learning that he was Elwood Haynes and had come to lead the parade. The celebration was intended to be a ten-year commemoration of the invention of the automobile, although earlier self-vehicles dated back nearly twenty years in Europe. Haynes donated the...How many doctors are in Doctor Who?
The Doctor (Doctor Who)
The Doctor is the title character in the long-running BBC science fiction television programme "Doctor Who". Since the show's inception in 1963, the character has been portrayed by thirteen lead actors. In the programme, "the Doctor" is the alias assumed by a centuries-old alien—a Time Lord from the planet Gallifrey—who travels through space and time in the TARDIS, frequently with companions. The transition to each succeeding actor is explained within the show's narrative through the plot device of "regeneration", a biological function of the Time Lord race that allows a change of cellular structure and appearance with recovery following a potentially fatal injury.Sixth Doctor
The Sixth Doctor is an incarnation of the Doctor, the protagonist of the BBC science fiction television series "Doctor Who". He is portrayed by Colin Baker. Although his televisual time on the series was comparatively brief and turbulent, Baker has continued as the Sixth Doctor in Big Finish's range of original "Doctor Who" audio adventures. Within the series' narrative, the Doctor is a centuries-old Time Lord alien from the planet Gallifrey who travels in time and space in his TARDIS, frequently with companions. At the end of life, the Doctor can regenerate his body; in doing so, his physical appearance and personality change. Baker portrays the sixth such incarnation, an arrogant, flamboyant character in brightly coloured, mismatched clothes whose brash, often patronising personality set him apart from all his previous incarnations. - Loss:
MatryoshkaLoss
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mldr
- Dataset: mldr at 40ad767
- Size: 200,000 training samples
- Columns:
anchor
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- Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
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anchor positive negative When was the art museum in Santa Barbara first opened to the public?
The Santa Barbara Museum of Art (SBMA) is an art museum located in downtown Santa Barbara, California.
Founded in 1941, it is home to both permanent and special collections, the former of which includes Asian, American, and European art that spans 4,000 years from ancient to modern.
History
The Santa Barbara Museum of Art opened to the public on June 5, 1941, in a building that was at one time the Santa Barbara Post Office (1914–1932). The idea for an art museum first came from the local artist Colin Campbell Cooper when he learned that the post office was going to be sold. In a letter to the editor published in the Santa Barbara News-Press in July 1937, Cooper proposed that the impressive Italianate structure should be transformed into a museum. After gaining momentum in town and with the support of local businesses, politicians and art collectors the Santa Barbara Museum of Art was officially established just four years after Cooper's letter was published. The renowned Chicago arc...The Knott's Berry Farm amusement park in Orange County, California, originated from a berry farm owned by Walter Knott (1889–1981). In the 1920s, Knott and his wife, Cordelia, sold berries, berry preserves and pies from a roadside stand beside State Route 39, near the small town of Buena Park.
In 1932, on a visit to Rudolph Boysen's farm in nearby Anaheim, Walter Knott was introduced to a new hybrid berry of a blackberry, a red raspberry, and a loganberry cross-bred by Boysen, who gave Walter his last six wilted berry-hybrid plants. Walter planted and cultivated them, then the family sold the berries at their roadside stand. When people asked what kind they were, he called them "boysenberries".
In 1934, to make ends meet, Knott's wife Cordelia (1890–1974) reluctantly began serving fried chicken dinners on their wedding china. For dessert, Knott's signature Boysenberry Pie was also served to guests dining in the small tea room. As Southern California developed, Highway 39 became the ma...What is the objective of Opération Chammal?
Opération Chammal is a French military operation in Iraq and Syria in an attempt to contain the expansion of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and to support the Iraqi Army. Its name comes from the Shamal (Chammal in French), a northwesterly wind that blows over Iraq and the Persian Gulf states.
Airstrikes over Iraq started 19 September 2014 and airstrikes over Syria started by the end of September 2015. The French operation is limited to airstrikes; French president François Hollande has reiterated that no ground troops would be used in the conflict. Additionally, the French frigate has joined the United States Navy's Commander Task Force 50 (CTF 50) as an escort.
On 14 November 2015, ISIL claimed that the attacks that took place in Paris the previous day were retaliation for Opération Chammal. In response, French forces increased their attacks against ISIL in Syria.
Background
On 10 June 2014, the terrorist group of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and several ot...CMA CGM S.A. is a French container transportation and shipping company. It is the world’s 3rd largest container shipping company, using 257 shipping routes between 420 ports in 160 different countries. Its headquarters are in Marseille, France and its North American headquarters are in Norfolk, Virginia, United States.
The name is an acronym of two predecessor companies, Compagnie Maritime d'Affrètement (CMA) and Compagnie Générale Maritime (CGM), which translate as "Maritime Freighting Company" and "General Maritime Company".
History
The history of CMA CGM can be traced back to the middle of the 19th century, when two major French shipping lines were created, respectively Messageries Maritimes (MM) in 1851 and Compagnie Générale Maritime (CGM) in 1855, soon renamed Compagnie Générale Transatlantique in 1861. Both companies were created partly with the backing of the French State, through the award of mail contracts to various destinations, French colonies and overseas territories a...What was the reason for Williams-Franklin's decision to become a vegan during her time as a player?
Taj McWilliams-Franklin (born October 20, 1970) is a former American professional women's basketball player.
A two-time WNBA champion with the Detroit Shock and Minnesota Lynx and six-time all-star, McWilliams-Franklin's professional career has spanned three decades, and began before the WNBA was founded. She retired from the WNBA after the 2012 season.
College years
After attending T. W. Josey High School in Augusta, Georgia, McWilliams-Franklin attended Georgia State University in 1989 and played on the school's basketball team for one season. However, she had become pregnant during her senior year in high school, and after the coach who recruited her to Georgia State was let go, the incoming staff told her "school was no place for kids." McWilliams-Franklin moved to Austin, Texas, where a friend connected her with St. Edward's University coach Dave McKey. She enrolled at St. Edwards as a Rhetoric major.
While at St. Edward's, she set school records and individual achievements, in...Spider-Woman (Gwendolyne Maxine Stacy; colloquial: "Spider-Gwen" or "Ghost-Spider") is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. She was created by Jason Latour and Robbi Rodriguez. The character debuted in Edge of Spider-Verse issue #2 as part of the 2014–15 "Spider-Verse" comic book storyline, leading to the ongoing series Spider-Gwen that began in 2015.
Spider-Woman is a variant of Spider-Man and an alternate-universe version of Gwen Stacy. She lives on Earth-65, where Gwen Stacy is bitten by a radioactive spider and becomes a superhero instead of Peter Parker becoming Spider-Man. The character's various enemies include Earth-65 versions of Matt Murdock and Frank Castle. Gwen Stacy's Spider-Woman harbors much of Peter's personality and conflicts along with his powers and abilities.
Spider-Woman was met with positive reviews from critics, with them applauding her design—cited as a popular choice for cosplay—and a feminist perspective. For promotion, ... - Loss:
MatryoshkaLoss
with these parameters:{ "loss": "MultipleNegativesRankingLoss", "matryoshka_dims": [ 1024, 512, 256, 128, 64, 32 ], "matryoshka_weights": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ], "n_dims_per_step": -1 }
mr_tydi
- Dataset: mr_tydi at abbdf55
- Size: 354,700 training samples
- Columns:
anchor
,positive
, andnegative
- Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
anchor positive negative type string string string details - min: 12 characters
- mean: 38.85 characters
- max: 95 characters
- min: 64 characters
- mean: 645.85 characters
- max: 4067 characters
- min: 21 characters
- mean: 626.85 characters
- max: 2870 characters
- Samples:
anchor positive negative Is amnesia real?
Amnesia
Amnesia is a deficit in memory caused by brain damage, disease, or psychological trauma.[1] Amnesia can also be caused temporarily by the use of various sedatives and hypnotic drugs. The memory can be either wholly or partially lost due to the extent of damage that was caused.[2] There are two main types of amnesia: retrograde amnesia and anterograde amnesia. Retrograde amnesia is the inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an accident or operation.[3] In some cases the memory loss can extend back decades, while in others the person may lose only a few months of memory. Anterograde amnesia is the inability to transfer new information from the short-term store into the long-term store. People with this type of amnesia cannot remember things for long periods of time. These two types are not mutually exclusive; both can occur simultaneously.Amnesia
Head trauma is a very broad range as it deals with any kind of injury or active action toward the brain which might cause amnesia. Retrograde and anterograde amnesia is more often seen from events like this, an exact example of a cause of the two would be electroconvulsive therapy, which would cause both briefly for the receiving patient. Traumatic events are more subjective. What is traumatic is dependent on what the person finds to be traumatic. Regardless, a traumatic event is an event where something so distressing occurs that the mind chooses to forget rather than deal with the stress. A common example of amnesia that is caused by traumatic events is dissociative amnesia, which occurs when the person forgets an event that has deeply disturbed them.[8] An example would be a person forgetting a fatal and graphic car accident involving their loved ones. Physical deficiencies are different from head trauma because physical deficiencies lean more toward passive physical issues.What is the largest naval base in the world?
Naval Station Norfolk
Naval Station Norfolk, is a United States Navy base in Norfolk, Virginia. It supports naval forces in the United States Fleet Forces Command,[1] those operating in the Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, and the Indian Ocean. The installation occupies about 4 miles (6.4km) of waterfront space and 11 miles (18km) of pier and wharf space of the Hampton Roads peninsula known as Sewell's Point. It is the world's largest naval station, with the largest concentration of U.S. Navy forces through 75 ships alongside 14 piers and with 134 aircraft and 11 aircraft hangars at the adjacently operated Chambers Field and [2] Port Services controls more than 3,100 ships' movements annually as they arrive and depart their berths.Clark Air Base
Clark Air Base was arguably the most urbanized military facility in history and was the largest American base overseas. At its peak around 1990, it had a permanent population of 15,000. It had a base exchange, a large commissary, a small shopping arcade, a branch department store, cafeterias, teen centers, a hotel, miniature golf, riding stables, zoo, and other concessions.What is the power of the Red Lantern?
Red Lantern Corps
In Final Crisis: Rage of the Red Lanterns, Atrocitus is shown in a flashback as having apparently formed a central power battery by using the blood of the other Inversions in blood magic rituals. The battery stands before a great lake of blood from which he forms his red power ring (crystallized by his anger), as well as other rings and batteries used to form the Red Lantern Corps. Harnessing the red light of rage, he sends his rings out into the universe; however, upon accepting the rings, his recruits' hearts are rendered useless. Their blood spoils from within, forcing them to expel the violently flammable and corrosive material from their mouths. Additionally, the Red Lanterns are reduced to an almost animalistic state, with only Atrocitus appearing to be in full control of himself. Once Atrocitus assembles a sufficient force, he leads them on a mission to capture Sinestro (who is being transferred to Korugar for his execution). Coincidentally, the Sinestro Corps ...Green Lantern in other media
John Stewart is a member of the Justice League in the "Justice League" animated series. In this series, Stewart's ring was initially constrained to permitting him to fly, generating a protective force field, creating walls, and firing energy blasts; this limitation was established as being due to Stewart's mindset, not an inherent limitation of the ring itself (the series' version of Stewart is a former U.S. Marine, not an architect). After being berated by Katma Tui for his unimaginative use of the ring, Stewart has learned to generate complex tools (to defuse a bomb in one instance) and weapons. (He was also shown to be more creative when transformed into a child in the episode "Kids Stuff".) In a development not seen in any other version of the Green Lantern mythos, Stewart's eyes glow green when wearing his charged power ring. The glow fades when the ring runs out of power. The series has been inconsistent about the ring's effectiveness against yellow; ... - Loss:
MatryoshkaLoss
with these parameters:{ "loss": "MultipleNegativesRankingLoss", "matryoshka_dims": [ 1024, 512, 256, 128, 64, 32 ], "matryoshka_weights": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ], "n_dims_per_step": -1 }
Evaluation Datasets
gooaq
- Dataset: gooaq at b089f72
- Size: 3,012,496 evaluation samples
- Columns:
question
andanswer
- Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
question answer type string string details - min: 18 characters
- mean: 43.17 characters
- max: 98 characters
- min: 51 characters
- mean: 254.12 characters
- max: 360 characters
- Samples:
question answer how do i program my directv remote with my tv?
['Press MENU on your remote.', 'Select Settings & Help > Settings > Remote Control > Program Remote.', 'Choose the device (TV, audio, DVD) you wish to program. ... ', 'Follow the on-screen prompts to complete programming.']
are rodrigues fruit bats nocturnal?
Before its numbers were threatened by habitat destruction, storms, and hunting, some of those groups could number 500 or more members. Sunrise, sunset. Rodrigues fruit bats are most active at dawn, at dusk, and at night.
why does your heart rate increase during exercise bbc bitesize?
During exercise there is an increase in physical activity and muscle cells respire more than they do when the body is at rest. The heart rate increases during exercise. The rate and depth of breathing increases - this makes sure that more oxygen is absorbed into the blood, and more carbon dioxide is removed from it.
- Loss:
MatryoshkaLoss
with these parameters:{ "loss": "MultipleNegativesRankingLoss", "matryoshka_dims": [ 1024, 512, 256, 128, 64, 32 ], "matryoshka_weights": [ 1, 1, 1, <